bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pythium myriotylum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pythium myriotylum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ananas comosus, Arachis hypogaea, Carica papaya, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis sativus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Medicago sativa, Nicotiana tabacum, Oryza sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Robinia pseudoacacia
,
Solanum melongena, Zingiber officinale
. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings including tobacco, black locust and watermelon; seedling root rot of lucerne, papaw and tomato; soft rot of ginger rhizomes and fruit rot of watermelon, cucumber and eggplant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common only in warm climates: Africa (Madagascar, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa); Asia (Ceylon, India, Sumatra); Australasia (Australia); North America (U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Incidence reported highest in virgin soil containing abundant decomposing organic matter (37: 244). Spread by aerial mycelium under conditions of high humidity (10: 210). Transport over long distances on ginger rhizomes has been reported (22: 197).
Phoma glomerata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Morgan-Jones G.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma glomerata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vitis vinifera
; also on
Citrus, Coniferae, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malluspumila, Solanum tuberosum
. DISEASE: Blight of vine flowers and grapes. Secondary invader causing rot of tomato, potato tubers and citrus. Causes leaf and fruit spot of apple and damping off of conifers. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan); Asia (India, Iraq); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy Netherlands, Yugoslavia); N. America (Canada, United States). (Literature and Herb. IMI) TRANSMISSION: Seed and soil borne. Also survival on glumes, fruit and plant debris. Dissemination by rain.
Phoma prunicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Morgan-Jones G.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma prunicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Malus
spp.,
Prunus
spp., and a variety of other substrates. DISEASE: Leaf spot of apple, pear and species of
Prunus
. Thought to be a secondary invader. Isolated from fruit rot of lemon (31: 487). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania); Asia (India, Israel); Australasia (Tasmania); Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, U.S.S.R.); N. America (United States). TRANSMISSION: Probably seed and soil borne. Dissemination by rain.
Septoria obesa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria obesa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Chrysanthemum arcticum, C. morifolium
. Also by inoculation on
Chrysanthemum azaleanum, C. cinerariaefolium, C. corymbosum, C. indicum, C. koreanum, C. nivellii, C. marshallii, C. parthenium, C. rubellum, C. segetum
(Punithalingam & Wheeler, 1965, Schneider, 1959). DISEASE: Brown spot of cultivated chrysanthemum (Hemmi & Nakamura, 1927). The first visible disease symptom is a small chlorotic area with a central necrotic spot that eventually enlarges to form brown or even black, circular to very irregular blotch-like lesions. These have indistinct margins and several of them may coalesce to occupy most of the leaf area. The disease is usually severe and in such cases the leaves turn yellow and subsequently wither. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Uganda, Zambia), Asia (Ceylon. Formosa. Japan); Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Norway) and U.S.A. TRANSMISSION: According to Dimock (22: 312) the spores of the pathogen are disseminated by splashed or wind blown water or by mechanical transfer on workmen's clothing, tools and the cloth covering plants when the foliage is wet. Also the spores are said to be splashed from leaves left on the ground up to a height of 8-16 inches. The pathogen overwinters in diseased leaves left in autumn. Waddel & Weber (1963) from their viability tests with buried infected leaves concluded that the pathogen overwinters in the soil from November to April.
Erysiphe heraclei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kapoor J. N.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Erysiphe heraclei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On about 85 genera of the
Umbelliferae
(Hirata, 1966). DISEASES: Powdery mildew of carrot, fennel, parsley and other umbelliferous crops. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Morocco, Sudan, Tanzania, United Arab Republic (Egypt)); Asia (Afghanistan, Burma, India, Iran, IsraeL Japan, Turkey, U.S.S.R., W. Pakistan); Europe (widely distributed); South America; U.S.A. (Hirata, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Reported on carrot seed in Holland and India (43, 230; 2185c) and on parsley seed from Hungary (28: 510).
Podosphaera leucotricha
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kapoor J. N.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Podosphaera leucotricha
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Malus
spp., chiefly on
M. pumila
(apple), peach (
Prunus persica
), quince (
Cydonia ualgaris
) and
Photinia
spp. also attacked (Hirata, 1966). Also reported on almond fruit (43, 2544). DISEASE: Powdery mildew of apple. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (? Kenya, Rhodaia, South Africa, Tanzania); Asia (China, India, Israel, Japan, U.S.S.R.); Australia and New Zealand, Europe (widely distributed) North America (Canada and U.S.A.); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru). (CMI map 118). TRANSMISSION: Overwinters on host as dormant mycdium in blossom buds. The role of deistothecia in overwintering is doubtful. Spread by wind-borne conidia (Anderson, 1956).
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kapoor J. N.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On numerous genera of
Compositae, Cucurbitaceae
and
Scrophulariaceae
. Also on
Helianthemum
spp. (
Cistaceae
);
Arabis
spp.,
Braya
spp.,
Capscila
spp.,
Cardaminc
spp.,
Draba
spp.,
Parrya
spp. (
Cruciferae
);
Dipsacus
spp. (
Dipsacaceae); Astragalu
, spp.,
Glycine max, Phascolus
spp.,
Rhynchosia
spp.,
Vigna
spp.(
Leguminosae); Plantago
spp. (
Plantaginaceae); Hibiscus esculentus (Malvaceae); Hyoscyarnus niger
,
Mandragora officinalis, Petunia
spp.,
Physalis
spp.,
Solanum melongena (Solanaceae
). (Blumer, 1967; Hirata, 1966). DISEASE: Powdery mildew of cucurbits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Acroconidiella tropaeoli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Acroconidiella tropaeoli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Tropaeolum
spp. DISEASE: Causes severe losses in nasturtium seed fields in coastal California. It produces a yellowing and death of the leaves after mid season and this reduces yield. The fungus occurs sometimes on stems and is present on seeds but is most abundant on leaves where it forms characteristic irregular or subcircular brownish or purple spots visible on both sides. These are up to 1 cm diam. or often larger through confluence, the centres later shrivel and the surrounding tissues may form a broad yellow margin. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Ceylon, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Mauritius, New Guinea, New Zealand, Tanzania, Uganda, U.S.A. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is borne internally and externally in up to 93% of commercial nasturtium 'seed', persisting for at least 3 years in the form of thick-walled mycelium in the pericarp and seed.
Deightoniella torulosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Subramanian C. V.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Deightoniella torulosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Musa
spp. DISEASES: Causing black-tip (black-end, black-spot) of fruit and characteristic leaf spots and blotches in bananas, induding a peculiar black scab-like fruit spot in Jamaica; also causing a rot of the pseudostem and leaf spot in abaca (
Musa textilis
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt ?, Ethiopia, Ghana, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Ivory Coast, Mozambique, Sudan, Mauritius); Asia (British Solomon Islands, Ceylon, India, Philippines, Malaysia, Sabah, Vietnam); Australasia (Queensland, Papua New Guinea, Australia); N. America (Bermuda); C. America and W. Indies (Antilles, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadaloupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad); S. America (Brazil, Guayana, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam). (CMI Map 175, ed. 2.) TRANSMISSION: Apparently air-borne, the pathogen growing as a saprophyte and sporulating on decaying vegetation on the plantation floor (42: 271-72).
Helminthosporium solani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Helminthosporium solani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanum tuberosum
. DISEASE: Silver scurf of potato tubers. It causes a blemish of the skin which becomes discoloured brown or silvery in patches, more conspicuous in spring especially on greened tubers. The silvery appearance is most apparent when tubers are washed. Sometimes the affected areas become dry and flake-off. Where infection is severe under storage conditions the entire surface of the tuber may become sooty owing to the presence of large numbers of conidiophores and conidia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 233 shows distribution up to 1951. Countries from which the disease has been reported since then include: Greece, India, Jersey, Mozambique, Peru, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Through infected seed tubers.
Puccinia carthami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia carthami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Carthamus tinctorius, C. glaucus, C. lanatus, C. oxycantha, C. syriacus
and
C. tenuis
. DISEASE: Safflower rust. Chiefly on leaves, but is also prevalent on the foot, root and tender stems. Seedlings and older plants are equally susceptible. Affected plants initially show discolouration of leaves and this is later followed by drooping or wilting. In certain cases seedlings have been known to die without showing any above ground symptoms. Infection on the hypocotyl causes hypertrophy and in older plants girdling of invaded areas is very characteristic (Schuster & Christiansen, 1952). Severe infection leads to reduction in stands and serious damage to safflower production. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan); Asia (India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, U.S.S.R.); Europe (Austria, Bohemia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Rumania, Spain); N. America (Canada, U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Seed and soilborne teliospores account for the widespread occurrence of the disease. Schuster (1956) demonstrated that teliospores remain viable for 12 months under field conditions and on infected safflower straw stored at 5°C for a period of 45 months.
Nematospora coryli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Nematospora coryli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On seeds of
Gossypium hirsutum
. Also on
Anacardium occidentale, Citrus
spp.,
Coffea
spp.,
Corylus avellana, Crotalaria juncea, C. striata, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablab, Phaseolus atropurpureus, P. acutifolius, P. lunatus, P. vulgaris, Tephrosia wegelii
and
Vigna sinensis
[Vigna unguiculata]
(5: 390; Leach, 1940; Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958). DISEASE: Yeast spot of bean and a large number of other seeds, Internal Boll Rot or Cotton staining or Stigmatomycosis. Cotton lint becomes dirty yellow and seeds are shrivelled. Spots mostly on the fruit and other fleshy parts or on the seed. On Lima bean cotyledons the lesions are a dark brown, sunken, wrinkled areas. After infection, beans cease developing and later become dwarfed or die. The earlier the attack, the more injury the bean sustains (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). Infection occurs only when the fruits are young and the atmosphere humid. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Mostly in Africa and Asia but has been reported from U.S.A. and Europe (4: 90; 26: 93; CMI Map 163, ed. 3, 1959). TRANSMISSION: Mechanically transmitted from plant to plant by pentatomid bugs of the genera
Antestiopsis, Nezara
and
Dysdercus nigrofasciatus
. The yeast always enters through insect punctures (5: 390; 14: 507; 23: 207). Its dissemination is favoured by bright sunny days which facilitate the movement of the carrier from one plant to another (Chupp & Sherf, 1960).
Phyllactinia dalbergiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllactinia dalbergiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Dalbergia sissoo
and other species of
Dalbergia
(Patil, 1962; Patwardhan, 1962, 1966; Pirozynski, 1965). DISEASES: Powdery mildew of sisam. This is the commonest powdery mildew found in India. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Chiefly India and Pakistan but also known from China and Japan and other Asian countries. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and by cleistothecia which overwinter on the detached decaying leaves.
Sphaerotheca pannosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Sphaerotheca pannosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Rosa
and other members of the
Rosaceae
(Salmon, 1900; Blumer, 1967; Junell, 1967). DISEASE: Rose mildew. Leaves and young shoots are most seriously attacked, but the pathogen may also invade petals, sepals and receptacles of flower buds. Sunny and dry conditions favour the disease. If the mycelial felt is thick and abundant, the attack may be lethal (Junell, 1967; 44, 729). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide on roses. TRANSMISSION: Overwinters as mycelium on leaves or shoots in mild seasons or in dormant buds, the emerging, infected, shoots providing a source of inoculum (33: 305; 41: 95). Conidia are adapted for dissemination over short distances (Longree, 1939).
Phellinus pomaceus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Waterston J. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phellinus pomaceus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Largely confined to trees belonging to the
Rosaceae
, chiefly on
Prunus
and rarely on
Malus, Pyrus, Syringa
. DISEASE: Heart rot of plum. Of a general delignifying type, with the wood becoming white and crumbling, bounded by a dark purplish-brown zone of incipient decay. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, Japan, U.S.S.R.); Europe (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Spain); North America (Canada, U.S.A.), Central America (Mexico). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores which may be discharged during the winter months from November onwards (22: 2). Spores may remain viable for 24 weeks and mycelium in wood blocks up to 31 yr. (Fisher, 1935).
Elm phloem necrosis virus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Elm phloem necrosis virus
. Hosts: Elm (Ulmus spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, USA.
Puccinia pittieriana
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Puccinia pittieriana
P. Henn. Hosts: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), Solanum spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Costa Rica, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil (Espirito Santo), Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.
Dahlia mosaic virus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Dahlia mosaic virus
Brierly. Hosts: on Dahlia spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania (Wallace) Zambia, Zimbabwe, ASIA, China, Taiwan, AUSTRALASIA, Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, EUROPE, Belgium, Britain (Dennis & Foister; Moore), Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, Sweden, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais).
Lucerne witches' broom virus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Lucerne witches' broom virus
Edwards. Hosts: on Lucerne (Medicao sativa), M. lupulina, clover (Trifolium), and Melilotus alba. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, USSR (Tashkent), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada (British Columbia, Alta), USA.
Pseudomonas mors-prunorum
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Pseudomonas mors-prunorum
Wormald. Hosts: on plum, cherry, and other Prunus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, South Africa, ASIA, Lebanon, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (New South Wales, Southern Australia), EUROPE, Britain & Northern Ireland, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France (S. and Central), Germany, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, USSR (Ukraine), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada (NS), USA (Michigan).
Pseudomonas savastanoi var. fraxini
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Pseudomonas savastanoi var. fraxini
(Brown) Dowson, 1957. Hosts: on Ash (
Fraxinus
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Czechoslovakia, England, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,? Scotland, Switzerland, USSR (Voronezh), Yugoslavia.
Colletotrichum lini
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Colletotrichum lini
(Westerdijk) Tochinai. Hosts: on Flax (Linum usitatissimum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, ASIA, Burma, China, Iran, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, USSR (Siberia), EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Britain & Northern Ireland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Irish Republic, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, USSR, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Santa Fe), Chile, Paraguay, Peru.
Botrytis byssoidea
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Botrytis byssoidea
J.C. Walker. Hosts: on Onion (Allium cepa) and Leek (A. porrum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Japan, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (New South Wales), New Zealand, EUROPE, Britain, Bulgaria, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, NORTH AMERICA, USA.
Tilletia indica
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Tilletia indica
Mitra. Hosts: Wheat (Triticum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, India (Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh), Iraq, Pakistan.
Phytophthora syringae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Phytophthora syringae
(Kleb.) Kleb. Hosts: Apple (Malus pumila), pear (Pyrus communis), Prunus spp., Citrus etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Morocco, South Africa, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New Zealand, EUROPE, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy (incl. Sicily), Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, USSR (Lithuania), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA.
Puccinia psidii
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Puccinia psidii
Wint. Hosts: Guava (Psidium guajava), pimento (Pimenta officinalis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Chaco), Brazil (Sao Paulo, Paraiba, Rio Grande de Sul, Espirito Santo), (Amazonia), Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela.
Phaeolus schweinitzii
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Phaeolus schweinitzii
(Fr.) Pat. Hosts: Pine (Pinus), spruce (Picea), larch (Larix), and other Coniferae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Morocco, South Africa, ASIA, China (Szechwan, Yunnan), India (Himalayas, Punjab), Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, USSR (Central Siberia), AUSTRALASIA, New Zealand, EUROPE, Austria, Britain, and Northern, Ireland, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, USSR (Voronezh), NORTH AMERICA, Canada (British Columbia, Man, NB, Nova Scotia, Ont, Prince Edward Island, Que, Newfoundland), Mexico, USA, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Cuba, Jamaica, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil.
Elsinoe phaseoli
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Elsinoe phaseoli
Jenkins. Hosts: Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and other Phaseolus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, ASIA, China, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, United States (South Carolina), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Salvador, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Surinam.
Venturia carpophila
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Venturia carpophila
Fisher. Hosts: Prunus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Rhodesia, South Africa, Zambia, ASIA, Afghanistan, China (Kiangsu, Szechwan), Iraq, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Taiwan, Turkey, USSR (Republic of Georgia), (Krasnodar), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New Zealand, EUROPE, Austria, Azores, Britain & Northern Ireland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece (Crete), Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA (general), SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay.
Xanthomonas phaseoli var. fuscans
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Xanthomonas phaseoli
(E.F. Smith) Dowson var. fuscans (Burkholder). Hosts: Starr & Burkholder Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, P. lunatus, P. coccineus). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (New South Wales), New Zealand, EUROPE, West Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA (New York, Wisconsin), SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil (Sao Paulo). This map has since been incorporated into Map No. 401, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et al.
Sphacelotheca sacchari
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Sphacelotheca sacchari
(Rab.) Cif. Hosts: Sugarcane (
Saccharum officinalis
) and other Saccharum spp. etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Central Asia, China (Szechuan), India(Bihar, Punjab, U.P.), Iran, Malaya, Pakistan (W.), Philippines, EUROPE, Italy (Ravenna).
Alternaria sesami
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Alternaria sesami
(Kawamura) Mohanty & Behera. Hosts: Sesame (Sesamum indicum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, ASIA, Afghanistan, Cambodia (now Kampuchea), China, India, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Turkey, EUROPE, Greece, USSR (N. Caucasus, Ukraine), NORTH AMERICA, USA (Iowa, Florida, Maryland, Mississippi, South Carolina), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, El Salvador, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Buenos Aires), Brazil (Bahia), Venezuela.
Valsa sordida
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Valsa sordida
Nits. Hosts: Poplar (Populus spp.) etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Morocco, South Africa, ASIA, China, India (Delhi, Uttar Pradesh), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea, Turkey, USSR (Bash Kir), (Uzbekistan), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (New South Wales) (Victoria), New Zealand, EUROPE, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, USSR (Russia, Ukraine, Voronezh), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia., Ontario), (NS, Quebec, Sask), USA (general), SOUTH AMERICA, Chile.
Stagonospora sacchari
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Stagonospora sacchari
Lo & Ling. Host: Sugarcane (Saccharum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, South Africa (Natal), ASIA, India (Karnataka), Japan, Philippines, Taiwan (Martin et al., loc. cit.), Thailand, Vietnam, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Panama, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Tucuman).
Pleospora betae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Pleospora betae
(Berl.). Nevodovsky. Host: Beet (Beta spp). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, ASIA, Afghanistan, India (Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab), Israel, Japan, Korea, Peninsular Malaysia, Turkey, USSR (Altai, Bashkir, Kursk, non-chernozem region, W. Siberia), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, Tas., New Zealand, EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Britain & Northern Ireland, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (Latvia, Ukraine), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA (General), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Barbados.
Gymnosporangium confusum
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Gymnosporangium confusum
Plowr. Hosts: Juniperus, Cydonia vulgaris, Crataegus spp. and other hosts. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, ASIA, India (Kashmir, N. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), Iran, Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey, USSR (Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgiz, Novosibirsk, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), EUROPE, Austria, Central Cyprus, Denmark, England, France (S), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (Crimea, Rostov) (Ukraine), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, USA (California).
Pythium splendens
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Pythium splendens
Braun. Hosts: Various. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Congo, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, ASIA, India, Iran, Japan, Peninsular Malaysia (Sarawak, Sabah), Singapore, Taiwan, Vietnam, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (Tasmania), Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, EUROPE, Belgium, England, France, Germany, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, NORTH AMERICA, USA, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago (Baker & Dale, 30: 489), SOUTH AMERICA, Colombia.
Pangola stunt virus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Pangola stunt virus
Dirven & Van Hoof. Hosts: Digitaria decumbens. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Malaysia (Malaya; Sabah, Sarawak), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Fiji, SOUTH AMERICA, Guyana, Peru, Surinam.
Spilocaea pyracanthae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Spilocaea pyracanthae
(Otth) Arx. Hosts: Loquat (
Eriobotrya japonica
), Medlar (
Mespilus germanica
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, ASIA, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, USSR, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New Zealand, EUROPE, Britain (England), Cyprus, France (Mediterranean & Maritime Alps), Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, USSR (Caucasus), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Bermuda, Canada, USA (Widespread), SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Uruguay.
Gnomonia fragariae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Gnomonia fragariae
Kleb. Hosts: Strawberry (
Fragaria spp
.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Israel, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New Zealand, EUROPE, Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Spain, NORTH AMERICA, Canada (British Columbia), USA.
Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli
Diet. Hosts: Picea and Arctostaphylos spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada - Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Northwest Territory Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Territory United States - Alaska Arizona Colorado Idaho Maine Michigan Montana New Mexico New York Oregon South Dakota Utah Washington Wisconsin Wyoming.
Sclerotinia borealis
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Sclerotinia borealis
Bubák & Vleugel. Hosts: Cereals and grasses. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Japan, U.S.S.R (Soviet Far East, Sverdlovsk), EUROPE, Finland, Norway, Sweden, USSR (Gorki; Kirov; Leningrad; Ukraine), NORTH AMERICA, Canada (B.C., Yukon), United States (Alaska, Washington State).
Elsinoe batatas
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Elsinoe batatas
(Saw.) Viegas & Jenkins. Hosts: Sweet potato (
Ipomoea batatas
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Brunei, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Caroline Islands, Fiji, Guadalcanal, Guam, New Britain, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil (Sao Paulo, Bahia, Campinas, Algoinhas, Rio Grande).
Cronartium harknessii
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Cronartium harknessii
[Endocronartium harknessii]
(J. P. Moore) Meinecke. Hosts: Pine (Pinus spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Mexico (Northern), USA (California).
Hypoxylon mammatum
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Hypoxylon mammatum
(Wahl.) Miller. Hosts: Aspen and poplar (Populus spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Czechoslovakia, USSR (Ukraine), NORTH AMERICA, Canada, United States (New England, Great Lake and western states).
Septoria helianthi
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Septoria helianthi
Ell. & Kell. Hosts: Sunflower (Helianthus spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, ASIA, China, Japan (Kanagawa), USSR (Far East), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (Queensland), EUROPE, Germany, Hungary, Romania, USSR, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA.
Monographella albescens
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Monographella albescens
(Thum.) Parkinson, Sivanesan & Booth. Hosts: Rice (
Oryza sativa
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ghana, Ivory, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Zambia, ASIA, Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, India (Kerala), (Maharastra), (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalayay, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizaram, Sikkim, Tripura), (Andhra Pradesh), Indonesia (Celebes), Japan, Peninsular Malaysia, (Sarawak), Thailand, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, Fiji, Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands), Papua New Guinea, EUROPE, France, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Salvador, Trinidad, NORTH AMERICA, USA, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Colombia, French, Guiana, Guyana, Surinam.
Septoria passerinii
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Septoria passerinii
Sacc. Hosts: Barley (Hordeum vulgare), other Hordeum spp. & Lolium. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, South Africa, ASIA, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, EUROPE, Britain (England & Scotland), Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Spain, USSR (Lithuania), NORTH AMERICA, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan), USA (North Central States to South Carolina, Ark and North Dakota).
Cronartium flaccidum
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Cronartium flaccidum
(Alb. & Schwein.) Winter. Hosts: pine (Pinus spp.), Paeonia, Pedicularis, Tropaeolum, Vincetoxicum and others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, China, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Japan, Korea, USSR, Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Siberia, EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Southern England, USSR, Azerbaijan, etc. Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine (Crimea), Yugoslavia.
Diaporthe mali
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Diaporthe mali
Miura. Host: Malus pumila: cultivated forms (apple). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Japan: north.
Gibberella stilboides
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Gibberella stilboides
Gordon ex Booth. Host: Coffea arabica. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, West Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, ASIA, India, West Bengal, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Papua New Guinea, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Dominica, West Indies.
Ustilago scorzonerae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Ustilago scorzonerae
(Alb. & Schwein.) Schröter. Hosts: black salsify (Scorzonera spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Zakarpatskaya, Yugoslavia, ASIA, Israel, USSR, Altai, Krasnoyarskii, krai, Tul'skaya obl., Yakutskaya, ASR, Siberia, central Asia.
Alternaria dianthicola
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Alternaria dianthicola
Neergaard. Hosts: carnation and other Dianthus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Malawi, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, ASIA, Bhutan, Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia, Thailand, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, Tas., New Zealand, EUROPE, Austria, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Spain, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Ontario, Quebec, USA, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Jamaica, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Pernambuco, Chile.
Phyllachora canafistulae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Phyllachora canafistulae
F.L. Stevens & Dalby. Hosts: Cassia spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Bermuda, USA, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican, Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil.
Rhagoletis pomonella
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Rhagoletis pomonella
(Walsh). Diptera: Tephritidae. Attacks apple, hawthorn (
Crataegus
),
Prunus
, pear. Information is given on the geographical distribution in North America, Canada, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, USA, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachussets, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Central America, Mexico.
Rhagoletis cerasi
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Rhagoletis cerasi
(Linnaeus). Diptera: Tephritidae (cherry fruit fly). Attacks cherry,
Lonicera
spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe, Austria, Bulgaria, Crete, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Yugoslavia, USSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Russian SFSR, Krasnoyarsk, Leningrad region, Siberia, Sverdlovsk region, Tadzhik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Uzbekistan, Asia, Iran.
Chilo partellus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Chilo partellus
(Swinhoe). Lepidoptera: Pyralidae (spotted stem borer). Attacks
Sorghum
, maize, millet, rice, sugarcane, Job's tears and many grasses. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Botswana, Cameroon, Comoro Islands, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Réunion, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Asia, Afghanistan, Cambodia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen, Benin, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan.
Experimental characterization of friction and wear behavior of textured Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) for enhanced tribological performance
Authors: Segu Dawit Zenebe , Wang Lei-Lei , Hwang Pyung , Kang Seok-Won
Published: August 2021

Laser surface texturing (LST) is an effective surface engineering technique that can improve the efficiency and reliability of a tribosystem. In this study, surface textures with combined dimple patterns were prepared on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface using a Nd:YAG pulsed laser. Sliding dry and MoS2 solid-lubricated experiments were performed to assess the tribological characteristics of these specimens using a ball-on-disk mode. An L9 (34) orthogonal array table was used to prepare an experimental plan, which contained three parameters: the sliding speed, applied load, and the area density of dimple on the friction properties. The results show that the MoS2-added textured surface effectively decreased the coefficient of friction and reduced adhesion wear compared to an untextured surface. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggested that the texture area density has a major effect on the friction coefficient at a confidence level of 99%, followed by the applied load and sliding speed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the wear mechanisms were adhesive and abrasive wear, and a transfer layer from the Ti-6Al-4V alloy was obtained on the counterpart ceramic ball. In conclusion, a higher texture area density is advantageous to increase the friction and wear performance of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface.
Comagnetometer probes of dark matter and new physics
Authors: Terrano W A , Romalis M V
Published: August 2021

Modern comagnetometry is—in absolute energy units—the most sensitive experimental technique for measuring the energy splitting between quantum states, with certain implementations measuring the nuclear spin-up/spin-down splitting at the 10−26 eV level. By measuring and subtracting the leading magnetic effects on the spins, comagnetometry can be used to study non-standard-model spin interactions. New physics scenarios that comagnetometers can probe include EDMs, violations of Lorentz invariance, Goldstone bosons from new high-energy symmetries, spin-dependent and CP-violating long-range forces, and axionic dark matter. We describe the many implementations that have been developed and optimized for these applications, and consider the prospects for improvements in the technique. Based purely on existing technology, there is room for several orders of magnitude in further improvement in statistical sensitivity. We also evaluate sources of systematic error and instability that may limit attainable improvements.
Half-life of 67Cu
Authors: Merrick Michael J , Rotsch David A , Tiwari Ashok , Nolen Jerry , Brossard Thomas , Song Jeongseog , Wadas Thaddeus J , Sunderland John J , Graves Stephen A
Published: August 2021

The half-life of 67Cu was determined through serial gamma-ray spectrometry measurements of the dominant gamma emission (E
γ
: 184.6 keV; branching ratio: 48.7%) produced following β- decay. Data were collected consecutively for 1000 s per measurement, with a total of 3063 measurements over the duration of 36 days. The incidence rate for the 184.6 keV gamma-ray was determined from the spectral peak area and duration of each measurement. This rate was then corrected to account for detector dead-time, radioactive decay during each acquisition and drift in the computer clock in comparison to NIST nuclear clock. Least-squares regression analysis was performed to determine the half-life of 67Cu. The result was 61.761 ± 0.004 h, which is the highest precision measurement to date, and marks a 24-fold precision improvement over the current Nuclear Data Sheets value.
Insurance Type Influences Access to Biologics and Healthcare Utilization in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Quiros Jose Antonio , Andrews Annie Lintzenich , Brinton Daniel , Simpson Kit , Simpson Annie
Published: August 2021

Background

The objective of this study is to determine if there is an association between insurance status and access to biologics among children with Crohn’s disease (CD). Additionally, we seek to determine differences in healthcare utilization between these groups, utilizing a national sample of children with CD.

Methods

Children aged 8–18 with a diagnosis of CD were identified from 2012–2016 Truven Health MarketScan (IBM Watson Health). Patients were classified into Public/Medicaid or as Commercial/Privately Insured. Descriptive statistics were compared between groups and sensitivity analysis performed using inverse probability of treatment weighting. Adjusted differences in healthcare utilization were estimated by multiple linear regression models.

Results

We identified 6163 patients with a diagnosis of CD. There were no significant differences in each payer group’s demographic characteristics, comorbidities, or surgery rates. Over the 18-month follow-up period, 132 (20.4%) subjects in the public insurance group and 851 (15.4%) children in the private insurance group received biologics. Medicaid patients were 39% more likely to receive a biologic agent within 18 months of diagnosis compared to privately insured children (P = .0004). Postdiagnosis rates of hospitalizations and Emergency Department visits were significantly higher for the Medicaid group.

Conclusions

In this national sample of children with CD, publicly insured children were more likely to receive a biologic within 18 months of diagnosis compared to children with private insurance. At all points in time, publicly insured children also utilized emergency room services and required hospitalization at a significantly higher rate.