bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the thermodynamic stability of double-perovskite halides from density functional theory
Authors: Han Dan , Zhang Tao , Huang Menglin , Sun Deyan , Du Mao-Hua , Chen Shiyou
Published: May 2018

Recently, a series of double-perovskite halide compounds such as Cs2AgBiCl6 and Cs2AgBiBr6 have attracted intensive interest as promising alternatives to the solar absorber material CH3NH3PbI3 because they are Pb-free and may exhibit enhanced stability. The thermodynamic stability of a number of double-perovskite halides has been predicted based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations of compound formation energies. In this paper, we found that the stability prediction can be dependent on the approximations used for the exchange-correlation functionals, e.g., the DFT calculations using the widely used Perdew, Burke, Ernzerhof (PBE) functional predict that Cs2AgBiBr6 is thermodynamically unstable against phase-separation into the competing phases such as AgBr, Cs2AgBr3, Cs3Bi2Br9, etc., obviously inconsistent with the good stability observed experimentally. The incorrect prediction by the PBE calculation results from its failure to predict the correct ground-state structures of AgBr, AgCl, and CsCl. By contrast, the DFT calculations based on local density approximation, optB86b-vdW, and optB88-vdW functionals predict the ground-state structures of these binary halides correctly. Furthermore, the optB88-vdW functional is found to give the most accurate description of the lattice constants of the double-perovskite halides and their competing phases. Given these two aspects, we suggest that the optB88-vdW functional should be used for predicting thermodynamic stability in the future high-throughput computational material design or the construction of the Materials Genome database for new double-perovskite halides. Using different exchange-correlation functionals has little influence on the dispersion of the conduction and the valence bands near the electronic bandgap; however, the calculated bandgap can be affected indirectly by the optimized lattice constant, which varies for different functionals.
Design and fabrication of low-loss antireflection structures for Si windows in 10–30 THz
Authors: Chang Huiting , Liu Liu , Song Yanan , Zhang Chi , Hu Xinhua
Published: May 2018

We report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of low-loss antireflection (AR) structures for Si windows in 10–30 THz. Based on scattering-matrix simulations and effective medium theory, optimal Si filling ratios are presented for AR structures composed of Si-rod arrays and holey-Si films with different periods. To reduce the difficulties in fabrications, we fabricated Si rod arrays with optimal AR parameters. Experiments show that by using a single layer of AR structure, the transmission of Si wafer can be enhanced by 38% at 20 THz, agreeing well with numerical simulations.
Radiation creation of cation defects in alkali halide crystals: Review and today's concept (Review Article)
Authors: Lushchik A. , Lushchik Ch. , Vasil'chenko E. , Popov A. I.
Published: May 2018

Irradiation of alkali halide crystals creates pairs of Frenkel defects both in anion and cation sublattices. However, the particular nonimpact creation mechanisms (related to the decay of different electronic excitations) of cation Frenkel pairs are still unclear. At helium temperatures, there is yet no direct evidences of the creation of stable (long-lived) elemental cation defects. On the other hand, a number of complex structural defects containing cation vacancies and/or interstitials, were detected after irradiation of alkali halides at higher temperatures. Besides already proved mechanism related to the association of H and VK centers into trihalide molecules, the following possibilities of cation interstitial-vacancy pair creation are analyzed as well: (i) a direct decay of cation or anion excitons, (ii) the transformation of anion Frenkel pairs, formed at the decay of anion excitons or e-h recombination, into cation ones.
Seasonal variation in occurrence of oxalate nephrosis in South Australian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: Speight Natasha , Colella Daniel , Boardman Wayne , Taggart David A. , Haynes Julie I. , Breed William G.
Published: May 2018

Many koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, are affected by oxalate nephrosis, in which renal calcium oxalate deposition occurs. In other species, suboptimal water intake increases the risk of urinary calcium oxalate crystal formation. Koalas principally rely on eucalypt leaf moisture content to maintain hydration but the Mount Lofty Ranges region has hot, dry summers. This study investigates the association between temperature, rainfall and eucalypt leaf moisture and the occurrence of oxalate nephrosis in this population of koalas. Koalas from the Mount Lofty Ranges population that had died or were euthanased between 2008 and 2016 were necropsied and oxalate nephrosis was determined by histopathology (n=50). Leaf moisture content of Mount Lofty eucalypts was determined seasonally. It was found that increased numbers of koalas with oxalate nephrosis died in the months following high mean maximal temperature and in the months following low rainfall. Eucalypt leaf moisture content was not significantly associated with koala deaths. These findings suggest that hot and dry summer/autumn periods contribute to an increased incidence of koala deaths due to oxalate nephrosis. This is probably due to the effects of evaporative water loss and/or lack of access to supplementary drinking water at this time.
Grain refinement in coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Al–Ti–Mg complex deoxidised steel
Authors: Liu Yu , Wan Xiangliang , Li Guangqiang , Wang Yong , Zheng Wan , Hou Yanhui
Published: May 2018

The particles and microstructure characteristics of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in Al–Ti–Mg killed steels with different Al contents were investigated. The results show that inclusion in high Al steel consists of Al–Mg oxide surrounded with a layer of MnS. However, inclusion in low Al steel is Al–Ti–Mg oxide covered with a layer of MnS, effectively promoting the formation of acicular ferrite. The precipitates of both steels are (Ti, Nb)N, the finer and more dispersed inclusions and precipitates in low Al steel can effectively inhibit austenite grain growth by grain boundary pinning during the thermal cycle. The fine-grained microstructure is obtained in CGHAZ of the low Al steel due to the pinning effect of finer particles and the high density of acicular ferrite.
Does maximalist footwear lower impact loading during level ground and downhill running?
Authors: Chan Zoe Y. S. , Au Ivan P. H. , Lau Fannie O. Y. , Ching Eric C. K. , Zhang Janet H. , Cheung Roy T. H.
Published: May 2018

A new model of running shoes which features an extreme cushioning and an oversized midsole, known as the maximalist (MAX) was launched. This design claims to provide excellent shock absorption, particularly during downhill running. This study sought to assess the effects of MAX on the external impact loading, footstrike pattern, and stride length during level ground and downhill running on an instrumented treadmill. Twenty‐seven distance runners completed four 5‐minute running trials in the two footwear conditions (MAX and traditional running shoes (TRS)) on a level surface (0%) and downhill (10%‐declination). Average and instantaneous loading rates (ILRs), footstrike pattern and stride length were measured during the last minute of each running trial. A 12% greater ILR was observed in downhill running with MAX (p = .045; Cohen's d = 0.44) as compared to TRS. No significant difference was found in the loading rates (p > .589) and stride length (p = .924) when running on a level surface. Majority of runners maintained the same footstrike pattern in both footwear conditions. Findings of this study suggested that MAX might not reduce the external impact loading in runners during level and downhill treadmill running. Instead, this type of footwear may conceivably increase the external impact loading during downhill treadmill running.
The influence of hold regularity on perceptual‐motor behaviour in indoor climbing
Authors: Button Chris , Orth Dominic , Davids Keith , Seifert Ludovic
Published: May 2018

Climbers often train on indoor climbing walls, which are modifiable to simulate features of outdoor climbing environments at different levels of difficulty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of regularity of climbing holds on emergent perceptual‐motor behaviours. Skilled climbers performed six repetitions of two topographically similar routes on an indoor climbing wall. One route was composed of 18 different types of hand holds (irregular route), whereas the other route had only two types of hand holds (regular route). Preview and climbing durations, as well as visual search behaviours, were recorded. Participants rated the regular route as more difficult to climb, requiring greater perceived effort to complete. The time spent previewing, and then climbing the routes, was reduced on average by 12% and 16%, respectively in the irregular route compared to the regular route. There were more fixations made when climbing the regular route (281 vs. 222 fixations per trial). It seems the climbers were more careful and thorough in their gaze behaviours with the regular route because of the additional technical demands it presented, whereas the irregular route afforded a more superficial visual exploration with use of more frequent saccades between holds. The findings suggest how irregularity in the environment is exploited by skilled climbers, apparently making the practice context easier to perceive and act in.
Demography: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Harper Sarah
Published: May 2018

Demography—the study of people—addresses the size, distribution, composition, and density of populations, and considers the impact these factors have on individual lives and the changing structure of human populations. Each generation’s demographic composition influences a person’s life chances; the economic and political structures within which that life is lived; the person’s access to social and natural resources; and life expectancy. Demography: A Very Short Introduction considers how the global population has evolved over time and space and discusses the theorists, theories, and methods involved in studying population trends and movements. It also looks at the emergence of new demographic sub-disciplines and addresses some of the future population challenges.
Sub-disciplines arise
Authors: Harper Sarah
Published: May 2018

While most of the social science disciplines deal with people, some have developed a specific interest in demographic analysis and demographic theories, and these have been formalized into sub-disciplines of demography. In many cases they represent a merging of an area within the main discipline of demography. ‘Sub-disciplines arise’ looks at several of these sub-disciplines in turn: anthropological demography, bio-demography, economic demography (or population economics), family demography, historical demography, mathematical demography, palaeodemography, population geography (or spatial demography), population studies, and social demography. These all now form part of a broad field of population studies that analyse the relationships between economic, social, cultural, and biological processes influencing a population.
The reign of terror
Authors: Townshend Charles
Published: May 2018

What are the origins of terrorism? ‘The reign of terror’ explains that the notion of terrorism, or terror, came from the French Revolution. The terror transformed the Revolution from a liberating to a destructive force. Those who instigated the terror had to find justification for their violent killing. Their motivation provides a key to the distinctive nature of modern terrorism. The revolutionaries may have seemed to act as crusaders, but the Reign of Terror was informed by the Enlightenment assumption that human agency can change the social order. The French Revolution’s use of violence created a model for the application of terrorizing force by state actors that lasted two centuries.
Revolutionary terrorism
Authors: Townshend Charles
Published: May 2018

The word ‘revolutionary’ has been applied over the last century in three social-political contexts: within existing nation-states; in external colonial situations; and in ‘internal colonial’ situations where ethnic groups are oppressed by a majority group within a single area. ‘Revolutionary terrorism’ explores contrasting motives for revolution: social transformation, assertion of ethnic identity, and progressive ideology. Terrorism can be divided into two ages: the late 19th century to early 20th century, where the aim was to seize political power from the established regime to bring about profound political and social change; and the early 20th century onwards, on the sidelines of political action, a terrorism of resistance.
Nationalism and terror
Authors: Townshend Charles
Published: May 2018

The framework for much of modern terrorist action is ethnic or nationalist, with each nationalism being culturally unique. The emblematic terrorist act—the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914—was a nationalist act. Nationalist movements have shown greater resilience than smaller left-wing revolutionary groups. Nationalism is a very strong force, so even a nation whose struggle seems likely to fail, such as the Chechens, may never give up. ‘Nationalism and terror’ looks at how nationalists have used terror to fight their cause, illustrating this with the case studies of the Irish republican IRA, the Basque separatists ETA, and Zionists in Palestine. Can terror liberate nations?
Countering terrorism
Authors: Townshend Charles
Published: May 2018

What can be done about terrorism? The multiplicity of possible responses range from mild regulation to full-blooded military repression, but what are the possible benefits and what are the likely costs? ‘Countering terrorism’ considers the differences between antiterrorist and counterterrorist measures, looking at the pros and cons in impulsive, appropriate, and long-term responses to terrorist acts, especially in light of recent terrorist attacks in European cities; and discusses democracy against terrorism and the balance between freedom and security. It is unlikely that terrorism will ever end, but the belief is that it is no more likely to bring about the destruction of Western civilization than it was a century ago.
1. An Ad Hoc Navy
Authors: Symonds Craig L.
Published: May 2018

‘An ad hoc navy: the Revolutionary War (1775–1783)’ describes the Patriots’ response to the British Royal Navy strongholds in Boston and New York and the role of armed vessels during the Revolutionary War. It begins with George Washington’s attempts to threaten the British supply line using boats. The Continental Navy was founded on October 13, 1775, but the new program could hardly challenge the Royal Navy. With the exception of John Paul Jones, the Continental Navy proved mostly disappointing. The United States won its independence largely because the determination of the Patriot forces outlasted the British willingness to fight—and to pay for—a war three thousand miles away.
3. An American Navy Confirmed
Authors: Symonds Craig L.
Published: May 2018

When America declared war against the British in 1812, most U.S. Navy ship captains hoped to conduct independent cruises against British commerce, but John Rodgers lobbied successfully for concentrating much of America’s naval power into one squadron under his command. After an unsuccessful campaign, the meagre forces were then scattered across the seas, leading to a number of individual ship-to-ship engagements between American and British frigates that greatly boosted American morale. ‘An American navy confirmed: the War of 1812’ also describes the strategic victories on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain and the enthusiasm after the war ended in 1914 for the establishment of a Board of Navy Commissioners and increase in the navy’s resources.
7. A Navy Second to None
Authors: Symonds Craig L.
Published: May 2018

The U.S. Navy thrived during the Theodore Roosevelt administration with several new battleships commissioned—the Great White Fleet—and the construction of the Panama Canal, which opened in 1914 just as Europe was tumbling into war. ‘A navy second to none: the U.S. Navy in World War I (1900–1939)’ describes the battles between the Allied and German navies and dramatic changes in ship design that redefined the index of naval power, including Britain’s development of the Dreadnought. It also outlines the impacts of the 1916 Big Navy Act, the 1922 Washington Naval Arms Limitation Treaty, and the 1934 Vinson–Trammel Act that overturned the interwar cutbacks.
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of proactive and multidisciplinary integrated care for older people with complex problems in general practice: an individual participant data meta-analysis
Authors: Blom J W , Van den Hout W B , Den Elzen W P J , Drewes Y M , Bleijenberg N , Fabbricotti I N , Jansen A P D , Kempen G I J M , Koopmans R , Looman W M , Melis R J F , Metzelthin S F , Moll van Charante E P , Muntinga M E , Numans M E , Ruikes F G H , Spoorenberg S L W , Stijnen T , Suijker J J , De Wit N J , Wynia K , Wind A W , Gussekloo J ,   TOPICS-MDS research consortium
Published: May 2018

Purpose

to support older people with several healthcare needs in sustaining adequate functioning and independence, more proactive approaches are needed. This purpose of this study is to summarise the (cost-) effectiveness of proactive, multidisciplinary, integrated care programmes for older people in Dutch primary care.

Methods design

individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of eight clinically controlled trials.

Setting

primary care sector.

Interventions

combination of (i) identification of older people with complex problems by means of screening, followed by (ii) a multidisciplinary integrated care programme for those identified.

Main outcome

activities of daily living, i.e. a change on modified Katz-15 scale between baseline and 1-year follow-up.

Secondary outcomes

quality of life (visual analogue scale 0–10), psychological (mental well-being scale Short Form Health Survey (SF)-36) and social well-being (single item, SF-36), quality-adjusted life years (Euroqol-5dimensions-3level (EQ-5D-3L)), healthcare utilisation and cost-effectiveness.

Analysis

intention-to-treat analysis, two-stage IPD and subgroup analysis based on patient and intervention characteristics.

Results

included were 8,678 participants: median age of 80.5 (interquartile range 75.3; 85.7) years; 5,496 (63.3%) women. On the modified Katz-15 scale, the pooled difference in change between the intervention and control group was −0.01 (95% confidence interval −0.10 to 0.08). No significant differences were found in the other patient outcomes or subgroup analyses. Compared to usual care, the probability of the intervention group to be cost-effective was less than 5%.

Conclusion

compared to usual care at 1-year follow-up, strategies for identification of frail older people in primary care combined with a proactive integrated care intervention are probably not (cost-) effective.
Knotty: efficient and accurate prediction of complex RNA pseudoknot structures
Authors: Jabbari Hosna , Wark Ian , Montemagno Carlo , Will Sebastian
Published: May 2018

Motivation

The computational prediction of RNA secondary structure by free energy minimization has become an important tool in RNA research. However in practice, energy minimization is mostly limited to pseudoknot-free structures or rather simple pseudoknots, not covering many biologically important structures such as kissing hairpins. Algorithms capable of predicting sufficiently complex pseudoknots (for sequences of length n) used to have extreme complexities, e.g. Pknots has O(n6) time and O(n4) space complexity. The algorithm CCJ dramatically improves the asymptotic run time for predicting complex pseudoknots (handling almost all relevant pseudoknots, while being slightly less general than Pknots), but this came at the cost of large constant factors in space and time, which strongly limited its practical application (∼200 bases already require 256 GB space).

Results

We present a CCJ-type algorithm, Knotty, that handles the same comprehensive pseudoknot class of structures as CCJ with improved space complexity of Θ(n3+Z)—due to the applied technique of sparsification, the number of ‘candidates’, Z, appears to grow significantly slower than n4 on our benchmark set (which include pseudoknotted RNAs up to 400 nt). In terms of run time over this benchmark, Knotty clearly outperforms Pknots and the original CCJ implementation, CCJ 1.0; Knotty’s space consumption fundamentally improves over CCJ 1.0, being on a par with the space-economic Pknots. By comparing to CCJ 2.0, our unsparsified Knotty variant, we demonstrate the isolated effect of sparsification. Moreover, Knotty employs the state-of-the-art energy model of ‘HotKnots DP09’, which results in superior prediction accuracy over Pknots.

Availability and implementation

Our software is available at https://github.com/HosnaJabbari/Knotty.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The national cost of adverse drug events resulting from inappropriate medication-related alert overrides in the United States
Authors: Slight Sarah P , Seger Diane L , Franz Calvin , Wong Adrian , Bates David W
Published: May 2018

Objective

To estimate the national cost of ADEs resulting from inappropriate medication-related alert overrides in the U.S. inpatient setting.

Materials and Methods

We used three different regression models (Basic, Model 1, Model 2) with model inputs taken from the medical literature. A random sample of 40 990 adult inpatients at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) in Boston with a total of 1 639 294 medication orders was taken. We extrapolated BWH medication orders using 2014 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data.

Results

Using three regression models, we estimated that 29.7 million adult inpatient discharges in 2014 resulted in between 1.02 billion and 1.07 billion medication orders, which in turn generated between 75.1 million and 78.8 million medication alerts, respectively. Taking the basic model (78.8 million), we estimated that 5.5 million medication-related alerts might have been inappropriately overridden, resulting in approximately 196 600 ADEs nationally. This was projected to cost between $871 million and $1.8 billion for treating preventable ADEs. We also estimated that clinicians and pharmacists would have jointly spent 175 000 hours responding to 78.8 million alerts with an opportunity cost of $16.9 million.

Discussion and Conclusion

These data suggest that further optimization of hospitals computerized provider order entry systems and their associated clinical decision support is needed and would result in substantial savings. We have erred on the side of caution in developing this range, taking two conservative cost estimates for a preventable ADE that did not include malpractice or litigation costs, or costs of injuries to patients.
Relationship of coronary artery calcification with renal function decline and mortality in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Lamarche Michelle C , Hopman Wilma M , Garland Jocelyn S , White Christine A , Holden Rachel M
Published: May 2018

Background

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have higher levels of coronary artery calcification (CAC) compared with the general population. The role of CAC in renal function decline is not well understood.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study of Stages 3–5 CKD patients with CAC scores kidney function decline, development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and all-cause mortality were determined at 5 and 10 years. Baseline variables included markers of CKD and chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), demographics and comorbidities. Multivariable analyses identified predictors of outcomes, and survival curves demonstrated the association of CAC score with ESKD and mortality.

Results

One hundred and seventy-eight patients were enrolled between 2005 and 2007. Independent predictors of ESKD at 5 years were estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR); at 10 years, eGFR was no longer a predictor, but CAC was now significant. Those who developed ESKD at the fastest rate either had the highest CAC score (≥400 AU) or were youngest and had the lowest calcidiol, and highest serum phosphate, UACR and percentage change in CAC per year. Predictors of eGFR decline over 5 years were UACR, parathyroid hormone and CAC score. Predictors of mortality at 5 years were age, diabetes and eGFR and at 10 years also included CAC score.

Conclusions

In Stages 3–5 CKD patients, CAC is an independent predictor of both ESKD and mortality at 10 years. Those who developed ESKD at the fastest rate either had the highest CAC score or the worst CKD-MBD derangements.
Ancient Skepticism
Authors: Bett Richard
Published: May 2018

While ideas that can loosely be called skeptical may be found from very early in Greek philosophy, skepticism as an organized method of thinking in Greco-Roman antiquity appears in the post-Aristotelian period. There are two distinct traditions or movements of skeptical thought: Pyrrhonian and Academic. The hallmark of ancient Greco-Roman skepticism, in both traditions, is suspension of judgement, brought about by the juxtaposition of equally persuasive opposing views on any given question. In the Pyrrhonist version, but not the Academic, this is claimed to have a practical benefit: ataraxia or tranquility. In both traditions, however, skepticism is understood not merely as a topic of theoretical reflection, but as something to be lived. The Pyrrhonian tradition claimed inspiration from Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–270 bce), who is usually considered the first Greek skeptic. However, the exact nature of Pyrrho’s thinking is very hard to reconstruct, given the scarcity of the evidence. Pyrrho’s direct influence seems to have been short-lived. But shortly after Pyrrho another skeptical movement arose in the Academy, the school founded by Plato. The first head of the Academy to take the school in a skeptical direction was Arcesilaus of Pitane (316/5–241/0 bce). Whether Pyrrho was an influence on him is a disputed question. But some aspects of Socrates’ activity, as Plato portrays him, might seem to encourage skepticism, and Arcesilaus is said to have acknowledged this influence. The skeptical Academy lasted for roughly two centuries, its other major figure being Carneades of Cyrene (214–129/8 bce). By the early 1st century bce the skepticism of the Academy seems to have moderated considerably, and it was at this point that the Academy itself, as an institution, came to an end. But in reaction to this softening of the skeptical attitude came a new skeptical movement led by Aenesidemus of Cnossos (dates uncertain, but active in the early first century bce), repudiating the Academy and instead identifying itself with Pyrrho. This later Pyrrhonian movement continued for roughly three centuries. We know the names of a few Pyrrhonists. But the only complete Pyrrhonist works we have are the extensive surviving writings of Sextus Empiricus (probably late 2nd or early 3rd century ce). Because Oxford Bibliographies for Pyrrho of Elis and The Academy already exist, this bibliography is somewhat weighted toward the later Pyrrhonist tradition stemming from Aenesidemus.
Documentary and Communication
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty
Published: May 2018

Documentary is a mediated storytelling genre and communication practice shaped by the creative freedom of scripted entertainment storytelling, alongside aspects of the research, reporting practices, and outputs of journalism. Documentary, therefore, is both an artistic expression and product, as well as reflection of truth. In this context, it can also be understood as a mechanism for communication in pursuit of social change and engagement with the public about topical issues. Documentary storytelling in the United States and around the world is often produced by independent filmmakers who are external to the decision-making boundaries of formal media institutions. Independence permits often-unseen perspectives to be reflected in the culture and enables community-centered storytellers and collaboration. Documentary production practices and audience accessibility have evolved in the digital era and consequently so has the potential for nonfiction storytelling to actively engage publics. As contemporary audiences are able to access documentaries in theaters, TV, online streaming outlets, and social media channels, documentary storytelling plays an influential persuasive role, shaping public opinion and spotlighting social issues. Documentary is often leveraged as an advocacy communication mechanism to raise awareness and advocate for change on challenging social problems and issues. Historically, documentary scholarship has resided primarily within film journals. However, as the professional ecosystem around documentary storytelling as communication mechanism has evolved, and as documentaries are more readily available in the entertainment marketplace, scholars across disciplines increasingly examine documentary influence and practices related to public engagement. This article is not an exhaustive examination of documentary storytelling as an art form, nor does it attempt to present all documentary genres; rather, it locates documentary intentionally within communication practice and available scholarship, while including core principles of documentary as a media genre. The work also acknowledges that documentary genres—within the context of communication and public engagement—are not mutually exclusive. This article offers an overview of documentary as a communication practice and source of contemporary societal influence. It does so by presenting relevant literature within three broad themes that reveal documentary as communication practice, not simply documentary as entertainment or art form: cultural context and production of documentary, contemporary documentary genres as communication and advocacy, and documentary influence and impact, which includes both media effects and grassroots community engagement. Across genres of documentary as communication, legal and ethical challenges are crucial, given the centrality of both arenas to production, distribution, and audience reception of artistic reflections of real life.
Carter
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

This book surveys the life and work of the great American composer Elliott Carter (1908–2012). It examines his formative, and often ambivalent, engagements with Charles Ives and other “ultra-modernists”, with the classicist ideas he encountered at Harvard and in his three years of study with Nadia Boulanger in Paris; and with the populism developed by his friends Aaron Copland and Marc Blitzstein in Depression-era New York, and the unique synthesis of modernist idioms that he began to develop in the late 1940s. The book re-groups the central phase of Carter’s career, from the Cello Sonata to Syringa in terms of Carter’s synthesis of European and American modernist idioms, or “neo-modernism,” and his complex relation to the European avant-garde. It devotes particular attention to the large number of instrumental and vocal works of Carter’s last two decades, including his only opera, What Next?, and a final legacy project: seven works for voice and large ensemble to poems by the founding generation of American modern poetry: e.e. cummings, T.S. Eliot, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, Wallace Stevens and William Carlos Williams.
Remembering Mr. Carter (A Double Portrait)
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

An account of the forty-year relationship between the author and the composer with an emphasis on Carter’s role as a teacher of composition. The author met Carter in 1971 when he attended rehearsals and performances of the Concerto for Orchestra by the Cleveland Orchestra conducted by Pierre Boulez. He studied composition with Carter while pursuing a doctorate at the Juilliard School. After Carter asked him to write a book about his music he spent much time with the composer at rehearsals, performances and recording sessions and at his homes in New York City and Westchester. The chapter details the history of their relationship and also portrays the Carters’ social circle.
A Modernistic Education (1924–1935)
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

Carter’s formative years in New York, Harvard, and Paris brought him into contact with a broad range of contending and often contradictory aesthetic ideas and musical movements, including primitivism, expressionism, ultra-modernism, and neo-classicism. While in high school he encountered the ideas and music of American ultra-modernists and European modernists, often of an experimental or mystical nature, but at Harvard he was taught the classicist ideas of T.S. Eliot and sang with the Harvard Glee Club in the American premiere of Stravinsky’s neo-classical opera-oratorio Oedipus Rex. While Carter’s neo-classical leanings were encouraged by Walter Piston and Nadia Boulanger, the visionary romantic poetry of Hart Crane presented a different model for an artist’s life and work.
Turning Points (1945–1948)
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

Until the appearance of his Piano Sonata in 1946, and Sonata for Violoncello and Piano in 1948 Carter seemed to lack a distinctive voice. Aaron Copland, a close friend, taunted Carter about the “difficulty” of works that Carter had tried to make accessible, and did not mention Carter in an important 1948 article on emerging composers. Carter’s music at this time, however, was moving in new directions. The two sonatas for the first time deploy the distinctive formal and contrapuntal techniques of his mature style. Their idioms also reflect Carter’s realignment with ultra-modernism in his renewed friendship with Varèse and involvement with the publication and performance of Ives’ works. The appearance of metrical modulation in the Cello Sonata, an innovative approach to rhythmic organization, also sprang from Rudolf Kolisch’s study of tempo in Beethoven’s music.
Migration and “Skipped Generation” Households in Thailand
Authors: Ingersoll-Dayton Berit , Punpuing Sureeporn , Tangchonlatip Kanchana , Yakas Laura
Published: May 2018

Many working-age adults in developing countries leave their homes for jobs to support their families and leave their children behind in the care of their own parents. This chapter focuses on these “skipped generation” households, in which grandparents live only with their grandchildren due to the migration of their adult children. The authors explore the experiences of caregivers, including how tasks and responsibilities are distributed within families, the nature of exchanges between grandparents and their adult children and between grandchildren and grandparents, and the ways in which “skipped generation” households cope with separation and the maintenance of family ties. The chapter examines how culturally grounded ethnotheories and religious concepts (i.e., karma and merit-making) factor into decisions to assume the caregiving role and considers the impact of this situation on the grandparents and the complexity of their experience.
Changing Country, Changing Gender Roles
Authors: Kosakowska-Berezecka Natasza , Żadkowska Magdalena , Gjerstad Brita , Świdrak Justyna , Kwiatkowska Anna , Odden Gunhild , Ryndyk Oleksandr , Kryś Kuba , Vedøy Gunn
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores family lives of couples who migrate from a less gender-egalitarian (i.e., Poland) to a more egalitarian nation (i.e., Norway). The authors present selected results from a large-scale mixed-methods study drawing from interviews conducted longitudinally with couples in Poland and in Norway, interviews with public-sector servants and employers in Norway, and surveys on attitudes toward gender equality and men’s and women’s practices concerning division of parental roles and household duties in both Poland and Norway. The chapter examines the distribution of domestic responsibilities and potential change within cultural norms and practices in the context of migration and highlights cultural and psychological factors that facilitate social change from gender inequality to equality and from nonegalitarianism to egalitarianism among Polish migrant couples in Norway. The evolution of new, de-gendered family roles is discussed, with attention on factors enabling men to be more active in family life.
Children as Providers and Recipients of Support
Authors: Ruiz-Casares Mónica , Gentz Shelene , Beatson Jesse
Published: May 2018

Processes associated with the formation of child-headed households (CHH) are complex. Findings are mixed with regard to the impact of living in CHHs on children. On the one hand, children in CHHs do not necessarily have more unmet basic needs than do peers in adult-headed households and, in fact, have more opportunities to develop self-esteem and care for others. Nonetheless, children in CHHs confront specific challenges to their well-being. This chapter summarizes the state of the literature pertaining to CHHs, with a particular focus on CHHs as indicators of “the breakdown of the extended family” as a safety net. The authors present two case studies from Namibia that illustrate changes in children’s relationships and other aspects of the CHH experience and explore immediate and deferred reciprocity as a measure of accessibility and strength of their relationships and as an indicator of the changing status of children and family dynamics.
Allusions of Grandeur
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores how video games can seek to raise their artistic profile by using classical music to allude to cinema history. After describing some of the visual elements that can be incorporated in games to create a cinematic feeling for players, the chapter traces the use of classical compilation scores in games, connecting the practice to early cinema history. It then turns to more specific topics: first, video game versions of the Disney film Fantasia, such as the Atari 2600 title Sorcerer’s Apprentice (1983) and the Sega Genesis platformer Fantasia (1991), followed by the incorporation of Philip Glass’s score to the film Koyaanisqatsi in Grand Theft Auto IV.
Violent Offenders and Violin Defenders
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers video games that feature classical music and musicians as part of their narrative. In that setting, musicians often act as stand-ins both for art as a whole and for its cultural roles. Case studies include two very different musicians: in Fallout 3, the gentle violinist Agatha, for whom the player tries to retrieve a family heirloom, a Stradivarius violin; and in BioShock, the psychopathic composer Sander Cohen, an artist driven mad by his pursuit of artistic perfection. Finally, the chapter turns to Mozart: Le Dernier secret as an example of the unique challenges of including real-world classical musicians in metafictional narratives.
Playing Chopin
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores two video games that feature the nineteenth-century pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin as the main character: the Japanese role-playing game Eternal Sonata and the mobile game Frederic: Resurrection of Music. The chapter begins by examining three mythic identities that have shaped audience’s understandings of Chopin and his music and that play a role in Eternal Sonata and Frederic: the salon composer, the Romantic composer, and the Slavic composer. To address the challenges of creating a compelling video game narrative about a real-world composer, both games employ innovative but problematic narrative strategies to transform Chopin into a more stereotypically heroic character. Moreover, both games include his music in ways designed to reinforce its musical greatness and increase the music’s appeal to younger audiences.
Gamifying Classical Music
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses the ways in which classical music lends itself to gamification, a pervasive trend in contemporary culture in which aspects of games are applied to non-game activities to encourage desired behaviors. The chapter presents two case studies of recent mobile applications that illustrate different approaches to the gamification of classical music. The first of these discusses the Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra, an app that updates traditional, and problematic, approaches to music education, namely, music appreciation. The second case study considers Steve Reich’s Clapping Music, an app that embraces the interactivity of games to blur the lines between education and musical performance.
Cultural Diversity (Fractionalization) and Economic Complexity
Authors: Kwan Letty Y.-Y. , Chiu Chi-yue
Published: May 2018

Does cultural diversity drive creativity and human development? The answer seems to be no, according to the diversity debit hypothesis. In this chapter, we will review the evidence pertaining to the linkages between cultural diversity, on the one hand, and innovation and human development, on the other. To understand these linkages, we consider the multidimensional nature of cultural diversity and distinguish between cultural fractionalization and cultural complexity. Specifically, we argue with evidence from a multinational study that although the extent of ethnolinguistic fractionalization within a country is negatively related to its innovation performance and progress in human development, cultural complexity is positively related to innovation performance, and it can attenuate the negative association between ethnolinguistic fractionalization and progress in human development.
The Antipodes of the Mind
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

In 1956, in a letter to Aldous Huxley, the British psychiatrist Humphry Osmond coined the term “psychedelic.” This chapter provides an analysis of the events that led up to Huxley’s psychedelic epiphany under the influence of mescaline, including Albert Hofmann’s discovery of LSD and subsequent psychedelic research. Particular attention is given to Huxley’s interpretation of the psychedelic state. This is important because Huxley was a catalytic figure at an important moment in the postwar Western world and his ideas had a formative influence on the culture of the 1960s. There is also analysis of R. C. Zaehner’s strident critique of Huxley’s thesis.
How to Combat Recession
Authors: Seidman Laurence
Published: May 2018

This work analyzes all aspects of a new policy to combat recession: “stimulus without debt.” Fear of deficits and debt kept Congress from enacting a large enough fiscal stimulus to overcome the Great Recession that began in 2008, and this fear is likely to restrict fiscal stimulus in the next severe recession. “Stimulus without debt” is a new policy that would increase aggregate demand for goods and services in a recession without increasing government debt. Stimulus without debt consists of a transfer (not loan) from the central bank to the national Treasury (or to national treasuries in the case of the eurozone) so that the Treasury does not have to borrow to finance fiscal stimulus enacted by the legislature. In the United States, Congress would enact a fiscal stimulus package that consists mainly of cash tax rebates to households but also other temporary expenditures and temporary tax cuts; the fiscal stimulus would raise aggregate demand. The Federal Reserve would use new money to give a large transfer (not loan) to the Treasury equal to the fiscal stimulus package so that the Treasury does not have to borrow to pay for the package. Hence, there would be no increase in government debt.
Would Stimulus without Debt Be Inflationary?
Authors: Seidman Laurence
Published: May 2018

Would stimulus without debt be inflationary? This question should be divided into two parts. First, will stimulus without debt generate inflation before the economy fully recovers from the recession? This chapter answers no. Unemployed workers would be glad to work without any increase in wages, so the increase in demand would cause employers to hire unemployed workers, thereby increasing output with no increase in wages, costs, or prices. Second, can stimulus without debt be phased out by the time the economy reaches full employment so that it doesn’t generate inflation? This chapter answers yes. Although stimulus without debt temporarily raises money in the economy above its normal growth path, the Fed can return money to its normal growth path before the economy reaches full employment by reducing its purchases of bonds, thereby reducing its injection of money into the economy.
What Have Others Written about Stimulus without Debt?
Authors: Seidman Laurence
Published: May 2018

In the past few years there have been many blogs, short articles, and comments through various media about stimulus without debt and helicopter money. This chapter reviews some of these writings and reacts to them. It begins with an article written decades ago by Milton Friedman presenting a helicopter money parable. Stimulus without debt is similar to helicopter money in some ways but differs in others. It’s similar because in both the helicopter money parable and the stimulus-without-debt plan the population receives newly created money as a transfer that can be kept, not a loan that must be repaid. Stimulus without debt differs from helicopter money because stimulus without debt creates checks and balances by assigning specific roles to specific institutions in its implementation; and because Friedman dropped helicopter money on a fully employed economy whereas stimulus without debt should only be applied to an economy in recession. These articles and blogs about stimulus without debt and helicopter money indicate that the proposal has made headway in receiving attention and some support.
Can Stimulus without Debt Combat Secular Stagnation?
Authors: Seidman Laurence
Published: May 2018

Two possible sources of “secular stagnation” must be distinguished. The first source is chronically insufficient aggregate demand for goods and services; insufficient demand is demand that is less than the potential output of the economy. The second source is slow growth in the potential output of the economy. If secular stagnation occurs due to chronically insufficient demand, a stimulus-without-debt policy that is applied as long as demand would otherwise be insufficient can keep actual output equal to potential output and therefore can achieve and maintain full employment (because potential output is defined as the output that would be produced in a given year if labor is fully employed in that year); every year, the level of output and employment would be equal to potential output instead of being below potential output.
Developmental Manifestations of Relational Aggression
Authors: Casas Juan F. , Bower Alicia A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on a review of the pertinent literature examining the developmental manifestations of engagement in relational aggression across the life course, from infancy to old age. Throughout the chapter, special attention is paid to the normative developmental changes taking place in the various domains of development that are believed to underlie the significant alterations taking place in the expression of relational aggression. While the primary emphasis is on changes in relational aggression in the peer group, a review of important differences across contexts (e.g., school, work, etc.) and close relationships (siblings, friendships, romantic relationships, etc.) are also discussed, as are important technological advances that have helped shape the form of these behaviors at different points in development.