bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Particle Swarm Optimization with Sequential Niche Technique for Dynamic Finite Element Model Updating
Authors: Shabbir Faisal , Omenzetter Piotr
Published: September 2014

Due to uncertainties associated with material properties, structural geometry, boundary conditions, and connectivity of structural parts as well as inherent simplifying assumptions in the development of finite element (FE) models, actual behavior of structures often differs from model predictions. FE model updating comprises a multitude of techniques that systematically calibrate FE models in order to match experimental results. Updating of structural models can be posed as an optimization problem where model parameters that minimize the errors between the responses of the model and actual structure are sought. However, due to limited number of experimental responses and measurement errors, the optimization problem may have multiple admissible solutions in the search domain. Global optimization algorithms (GOAs) are useful and efficient tools in such situations as they try to find the globally optimal solution out of many possible local minima, but are not totally immune to missing the right minimum in complex problems such as those encountered in updating. A methodology based on particle swarm optimization (PSO), a GOA, with sequential niche technique (SNT) for FE model updating is proposed and explored in this article. The combination of PSO and SNT enables a systematic search for multiple minima and considerably increases the confidence in finding the global minimum. The method is applied to FE model updating of a pedestrian cable‐stayed bridge using modal data from full‐scale dynamic testing.
Are you talking to me? A possible role for γ‐butyrolactones in interspecies signalling
Authors: Nodwell Justin R.
Published: September 2014

The secreted γ‐butyrolactone signalling molecule SVB1 regulates the biosynthesis of jadomycin in Streptomyces venezuelae. Interestingly, this molecule is identical to SCB3, a secreted regulator of secondary metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor. This is a departure for this class of signalling molecules as there are no previous reports of identical signalling molecules produced in different species. One implication of this work is that different species of bacteria could use shared extracellular signals to co‐ordinate secondary metabolism when and if it is advantageous to do so.
Alterations in global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation are not detected in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lashley Tammaryn , Gami Priya , Valizadeh Navid , Li Abi , Revesz Tamas , Balazs Robert
Published: September 2014

Aims

Genetic factors do not seem to account fully for Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. There is evidence for the contribution of environmental factors, whose effect may be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics involves the regulation of gene expression independently of DNA sequence and these epigenetic changes are influenced by age and environmental factors, with DNA methylation being one of the best characterized epigenetic mechanisms. The human genome is predominantly methylated on CpG motifs, which results in gene silencing; however methylation within the body of the gene may mark active transcription. There is evidence suggesting an involvement of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which prompted our study examining DNA methylation in this disorder.

Methods

Using immunohistochemistry with 5‐methylcytosine/5‐hydroxymethylcytosine antibodies we studied, in comparison with age matched controls, DNA methylation in sporadic and familial AD cases in the entorhinal cortex that exhibits substantial pathology and the cerebellum, which is relatively spared.

Results

Neuronal nuclear labelling with 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) and 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was evident in all cases studied. We did not detect any significant change in the levels of nuclear staining in the AD samples compared to neurologically normal controls. In the entorhinal cortex we also examined global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Conclusion

No significant differences were found between AD and control cases in global levels of 5mC and 5hmC in the entorhinal cortex using immunohistochemistry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.
Lentiviral labeling of mouse and human enteric nervous system stem cells for regenerative medicine studies
Authors: Natarajan D. , Cooper J. , Choudhury S. , Delalande J.‐M. , McCann C. , Howe S. J. , Thapar N. , Burns A. J.
Published: September 2014

Background

Reliable methods of labeling human enteric nervous system (ENS) stem cells for use in novel cell replacement therapies for enteric neuropathies are lacking. Here, we explore the possibility of using lentiviral vectors expressing fluorescent reporter genes to transduce, label, and trace mouse and human ENS stem cells following transplantation into mouse gut.

Methods

Enteric nervous system precursors, including ENS stem cells, were isolated from enzymatically dissociated mouse and human gut tissues. Lentivirus containing eGFP or mCherry fluorescent reporter genes was added to gut cell cultures at a multiplicity of infection of 2–5. After fluorescence activated cell sorting for eGFP and subsequent analysis with markers of proliferation and cell phenotype, transduced mouse and human cells were transplanted into the gut of C57BL/6 and immune deficient Rag2‐/gamma chain‐/C5 mice, respectively and analyzed up to 60 days later.

Key Results

Mouse and human transduced cells survived in vitro, maintained intense eGFP expression, proliferated as shown by BrdU incorporation, and formed characteristic neurospheres. When transplanted into mouse gut in vivo and analyzed up to 2 months later, transduced mouse and human cells survived, strongly expressed eGFP and integrated into endogenous ENS networks.

Conclusions & Inferences

Lentiviral vectors expressing fluorescent reporter genes enable efficient, stable, long‐term labeling of ENS stem cells when transplanted into in vivo mouse gut. This lentiviral approach not only addresses the need for a reliable fluorescent marker of human ENS stem cells for preclinical studies, but also raises the possibility of using lentiviruses for other applications, such as gene therapy.
Reintroduction failure after negative peanut challenges in children
Authors: van Erp Francine C. , Boot Jenneke , Knulst André C. , Pasmans Suzanne G. M. , van der Ent Cornelis K. , Meijer Yolanda
Published: September 2014

Background

A negative double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) should normally be followed by reintroduction of the food. However, reintroduction fails in a subset of children. The observed reintroduction problems could be due to refusal of the food that long has been avoided, to other behavioural/psychological factors or to false negative DBPCFC outcome. This study analyses the frequency, causes and risk factors for reintroduction failure in children after negative peanut DBPCFC.

Methods

A retrospective study of children with a negative DBPCFC for peanut was performed. During follow‐up after DBPCFC, parents were systematically interviewed about the current diet, symptoms and problems during reintroduction, and reactions to peanut after the reintroduction period. Successful reintroduction was defined as eating peanut or products containing peanut as ingredient on a regular basis.

Results

Follow‐up data were obtained in 103 children with a negative peanut challenge. In 70 (68%) children, reintroduction was successful (54 children tolerated peanut, 16 children tolerated peanut as ingredient). Reintroduction failed in 33 (32%) children. Food refusal (45%) and peanut‐related symptoms (33%) were the most reported reasons. Risk factors for reintroduction failure were an elimination diet for more than three other foods (p = 0.019), a long elimination diet for peanut (p = 0.048) and peanut‐related symptoms at home (p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Reintroduction failure is a common problem in children after negative peanut challenge. To guide reintroduction and identify potential peanut‐related symptoms at home, careful follow‐up after negative DBPCFC is advised. When symptoms occur or persist, food challenge outcome needs to be reconsidered.
Hypersensitivity reactions to non‐betalactam antibiotics in children: An extensive review
Authors: Kuyucu Semanur , Mori Francesca , Atanaskovic‐Markovic Marina , Caubet Jean‐Christoph , Terreehorst Ingrid , Gomes Eva , Brockow Knut ,   Pediatric Task Force of EAACI Drug Allergy Interest Group
Published: September 2014

In contrast to hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to β‐lactam antibiotics in children, studies aboutHSRto non‐β‐lactam antibiotics (NBLAs) such as sulfonamides, macrolides, quinolones, and antituberculosis agents are scarce, and information is generally limited to case reports. The aim of this extensive review was to summarize our present knowledge on clinical characteristics, evaluation, and management ofHSRtoNBLAs in children based on the literature published between 1980 and 2013.NBLAs have been reported to induce a wide spectrum ofHSRs from mild eruptions to severe, and sometimes fatal, systemic drug reactions, especially in some high‐risk groups. The diagnosis relied upon history and remained unconfirmed by allergological tests in most of the cases. Obtaining a detailed history is valuable in the diagnosis of suspected reactions toNBLAs. Diagnosticin vivoandin vitrotests forNBLAs lack validation, which makes the diagnosis challenging. The definitive diagnosis ofNBLAhypersensitivity frequently depends upon drug provocation tests. Studies including children showed that only 7.8 to 36% of suspected immediate and delayedHSRs toNBLAs could be confirmed by skin and/or provocation tests. Therefore, a standardized diagnostic approach and management strategy should be developed and employed for pediatric patients in the evaluation of suspectedHSRs toNBLAs, some of which may be critical and unreplaceable in certain clinical situations.
Variations in inpatient pediatric anesthesia in California from 2000 to 2009: a caseload and geographic analysis
Authors: Mudumbai Seshadri C. , Honkanen Anita , Chan Jia , Schmitt Susan , Saynina Olga , Hackel Alvin , Gregory George , Phibbs Ciaran S. , Wise Paul H.
Published: September 2014

Background

Regional referral systems are considered important for children hospitalized for surgery, but there is little information on existing systems.

Objectives

To examine geographic variations in anesthetic caseloads in California for surgical inpatients ≤6 years and to evaluate the feasibility of regionalizing anesthetic care.

Methods

We reviewed California's unmasked patient discharge database between 2000 and 2009 to determine surgical procedures, dates, and inpatient anesthetic caseloads. Hospitals were classified as urban or rural and were further stratified as low, intermediate, high, and very high volume.

Results

We reviewed 257 541 anesthetic cases from 402 hospitals. Seventeen California Children's Services (CCS) hospitals conducted about two‐thirds of all inpatient anesthetics; 385 non‐CCS hospitals accounted for the rest. Urban hospitals comprised 82% of low‐ and intermediate‐volume centers (n = 297) and 100% of the high‐ and very high‐volume centers (n = 41). Ninety percent (n = 361) of hospitals performed <100 cases annually. Although potentially lower risk procedures such as appendectomies were the most frequent in urban low‐ and intermediate‐volume hospitals, fairly complex neurosurgical and general surgeries were also performed. The median distance from urban lower‐volume hospitals to the nearest high‐ or very high‐volume center was 12 miles. Up to 98% (n = 40 316) of inpatient anesthetics at low‐ or intermediate‐volume centers could have been transferred to higher‐volume centers within 25 miles of smaller centers.

Conclusions

Many urban California hospitals maintained low annual inpatient anesthetic caseloads for children ≤6 years while conducting potentially more complex procedures. Further efforts are necessary to define the scope of pediatric anesthetic care at urban low‐ and intermediate‐volume hospitals in California.
Hemodynamic instability during anesthesia in an adolescent with Loeys‐Dietz syndrome: a case report
Authors: Bunting Alexandra C. , Bould M. Dylan
Published: September 2014

We present a case of a 12‐year‐old male with Loeys‐Dietz syndrome (LDS), a rare life‐threatening genetic disorder. Multiple manifestations of LDS were present, including easy bruising, aortic root dilatation, multiple areas of vessel tortuosity, and joint laxity. The patient's medications included a beta‐blocker and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist for prophylaxis against further aortic root dilatation due to his LDS. He experienced intraoperative hemodynamic instability and became pulseless during an orthopedic procedure, which had to be abandoned. Anesthesia was reattempted 2 days after cessation of the patient's antihypertensive medications and was successful with only minor postoperative hypertension.
Association Between Human Pain‐Related Genotypes and Variability in Opioid Analgesia: An Updated Review
Authors: Nielsen Lecia M. , Olesen Anne E. , Branford Ruth , Christrup Lona L. , Sato Hiroe , Drewes Asbjørn M.
Published: September 2014

On an individual level, there is a difference in the analgesic response to a given opioid. Various factors such as gender, age, and genetic variation can affect the analgesic response. The genetic variation can influence pharmacokinetics (eg drug transporters and drug‐metabolizing enzymes) and/or pharmacodynamics (eg opioid receptor and catechol‐O‐methyltransferase enzymes). We present recent experimentally induced pain, postoperative pain, and cancer pain and chronic non‐malignant pain conditions studies in humans, focusing on the association between genetic variation and analgesic response assessed as opioid consumption or changes in pain scores. Studies have shown promising results regarding pharmacogenetics as a diagnostic tool for predicting the individual response to a given opioid in the experimental settings; however, in the clinic, it is a more complicated task to accomplish.
A novel noninvasive procedure for high‐throughput screening of major seed traits
Authors: Rolletschek Hardy , Fuchs Johannes , Friedel Svetlana , Börner Andreas , Todt Harald , Jakob Peter M. , Borisjuk Ljudmilla
Published: September 2014

The large numbers of samples processed in breeding and biodiversity programmes require the development of efficient methods for the nondestructive evaluation of basic seed properties. Near‐infrared spectroscopy is the state‐of‐the‐art solution for this analytical demand, but it also has some limitations. Here, we present a novel, rapid, accurate procedure based on time domain‐nuclear magnetic resonance (TD‐NMR), designed to simultaneously quantify a number of basic seed traits without any seed destruction. Using a low‐field, benchtop 1H‐NMR instrument, the procedure gives a high‐accuracy measurement of oil content (R2 = 0.98), carbohydrate content (R2 = 0.99), water content (R2 = 0.98) and both fresh and dry weight of seeds/grains (R2 = 0.99). The method requires a minimum of ~20 mg biomass per sample and thus enables to screen individual, intact seeds. When combined with an automated sample delivery system, a throughput of ~1400 samples per day is achievable. The procedure has been trialled as a proof of concept on cereal grains (collection of ~3000 accessions of Avena spp. curated at the IPK genebank). A mathematical multitrait selection approach has been designed to simplify the selection of outlying (most contrasting) accessions. To provide deeper insights into storage oil topology, some oat accessions were further analysed by three‐dimensional seed modelling and lipid imaging. We conclude that the novel TD‐NMR‐based screening tool opens perspectives for breeding and plant biology in general.
Role of the cystathionine γ lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in human melanoma progression
Authors: Panza Elisabetta , De Cicco Paola , Armogida Chiara , Scognamiglio Giosuè , Gigantino Vincenzo , Botti Gerardo , Germano Domenico , Napolitano Maria , Papapetropoulos Andreas , Bucci Mariarosaria , Cirino Giuseppe , Ianaro Angela
Published: September 2014

In humans, two main metabolic enzymes synthesize hydrogen sulfide (H2S): cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β synthase (CBS). A third enzyme, 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3‐MST), synthesizes H2S in the presence of the substrate 3‐mercaptopyruvate (3‐MP). The immunohistochemistry analysis performed on human melanoma samples demonstrated that CSE expression was highest in primary tumors, decreased in the metastatic lesions and was almost silent in non‐lymph node metastases. The primary role played by CSE was confirmed by the finding that the overexpression of CSE induced spontaneous apoptosis of human melanoma cells. The same effect was achieved using different H2S donors, the most active of which was diallyl trisulfide (DATS). The main pro‐apoptotic mechanisms involved were suppression of nuclear factor‐κB activity and inhibition of AKT and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathways. A proof of concept was obtained in vivo using a murine melanoma model. In fact, either l‐cysteine, the CSE substrate, or DATS inhibited tumor growth in mice. In conclusion, we have determined that the l‐cysteine/CSE/H2S pathway is involved in melanoma progression.
Copy number variation of GATA4 and NKX2‐5 in Chinese fetuses with congenital heart disease
Authors: Liu Zhen , Wang Jing , Liu Shanling , Deng Ying , Liu Hongqian , Li Nana , Li Shengli , Chen Xinlin , Lin Yuan , Wang He , Zhu Jun
Published: September 2014

Background

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects in newborns. The etiology of CHD has remained largely unknown, but it is assumed to result from the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors. Recent investigations have detected potentially pathogenic copy number variations (CNV) in a proportion of patients with CHD. The present case–control study evaluated whether CNV in the GATA4 and NKX2‐5 genes contribute to the pathogenesis of CHD in Chinese fetuses (n = 117), by comparing them with non‐CHD control subjects (n = 100).

Methods

Multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification with the P311A probe mixture was used to detect CNV.

Results

The normalized signals were within the normal range for all exons in all CHD patients and non‐CHD control subjects. Of the 117 CHD patients, three had a deletion of 22q11, and two had a duplication of 22q11.

Conclusions

There was no evidence of a role for NKX2‐5 and GATA4 CNV in fetal CHD; therefore, these CNV may not be common in fetal CHD in China.
Long‐term therapeutic effectiveness of maintenance enteral nutrition for Crohn's disease
Authors: Konno Mutsuko , Takahashi Michiko , Toita Nariaki , Fujiwara Shin‐ichi , Nojima Masanori
Published: September 2014

Background

Long‐term effectiveness of enteral nutrition for maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) is poorly documented. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the long‐term effectiveness of enteral nutrition with aminosalicylates as maintenance therapy for those in whom remission was primarily induced by total parenteral nutrition or exclusive enteral nutrition with aminosalicylates.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data for 58 pediatric patients with newly diagnosed CD during a median follow‐up period of 50 months (range, 12–216 months). Data for remission‐induced patients in whom enteral nutrition with aminosalicylates was used as maintenance therapy were analyzed with particular reference to time to first relapse and time to first intestinal surgery.

Results

Twenty‐five (43.1%) of the patients relapsed with a median duration of remission of 32.4 months (range, 6–73.2 months). The cumulative rates of continuous remission were 0.88 (95%CI: 0.79–0.96) at 1 year, 0.73 (95%CI: 0.61–0.85) at 2 years, and 0.52 (95%CI: 0.35–0.68) at 5 years. None of the patients received corticosteroids, immunomodulators or anti‐tumor necrosis factor agents until relapse. Disease location had no impact on timing of relapse, but with regard to disease behavior there was a trend towards earlier relapse in patients with penetrating type. Only six of the 58 patients (10.3%) needed intestinal surgery. There was a trend towards need for surgery in patients with ileal disease and with stricturing type.

Conclusions

Enteral nutrition therapy with aminosalicylates is effective for maintaining remission and decreasing the rate of intestinal surgery in pediatric CD.
Neonatal clavicular fracture: Recent 10 year study
Authors: Ahn Eun Sub , Jung Moon Sun , Lee Yeon Kyung , Ko Sun Young , Shin Son Moon , Hahn Myung Hoon
Published: September 2014

Background

The clavicle is the bone most frequently fractured during the delivery process.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of all births with clavicular fractures from January 2003 to December 2012. Risk factors for fracture were determined and then compared to the control group. The data were compared and analyzed with previous studies.

Results

Three hundred and nineteen cases of clavicular fracture (0.41% of total live births, n = 77 543) were identified. Prior to discharge, 275 cases (86.2%) were detected, and 44 cases (13.8%) were not detected until after discharge. Physical examination identified 144 cases (45.1%), while 175 cases (54.9%) were identified on chest X‐ray incidentally. All babies with fracture, including five (1.6%) with brachial plexus palsy, recovered without treatment. Vacuum delivery was associated with a significantly higher incidence of clavicular fracture, as were mothers of advanced age with relatively shorter height. High birthweight, low head to chest circumference ratio and low Apgar score were other variables also significantly associated with clavicular fracture. On logistic regression analysis vacuum delivery and birthweight were significant risk factors. When analyzing and comparing findings from previous studies, only birthweight was identified as common to the risk factors affecting clavicular fracture.

Conclusion

Major risk factors for clavicular fracture were vacuum delivery and birthweight. Considering the previous studies together, neonatal clavicular fracture appears to be a transient event without sequelae and most probably not preventable during birth.
Immunity in urogenital protozoa
Authors: Malla N. , Goyal K. , Dhanda R. S. , Yadav M.
Published: September 2014

Innate and adaptive immunity play a significant role in urogenital infections. Innate immunity is provided by the epithelial cells and mucus lining along with acidic pH, which forms a strong physical barrier against the pathogens in female reproductive tract. Cells of innate immune system, antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, chemokines and adaptive immunity in the reproductive tract are evolved during infection, and a pro‐inflammatory response is generated to fight against the invading pathogenTrichomonas vaginalis, a primary urogenital protozoa, the etiological agent of human trichomoniasis, a curable sexually transmitted infection. The involvement of the urogenital tract by other protozoal infections such asP. falciparum,Trypanosoma,Leishmania,Toxoplasma,Entamoeba histolyticaandAcanthamoebainfection is rarely reported.Trichomonasinduce pro‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses in infected subjects. Multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms including parasite adherence, cysteine proteases, lipophosphoglycan, free radical, cytokine generation andToll‐like receptors appear to interplay with the induction of local and systemic immune responses that ultimately determine the outcome of the infection. However, the involvement of urogenital pathogen‐specific immune mechanisms and effect of normal local resident flora on the outcome (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic) of infection are poorly understood. Moreover, immune interactions in trichomoniasis subjects co‐infected with bacterial and viral pathogens need to be elucidated.
Apicomplexan infections in the gut
Authors: Wilhelm C. L. , Yarovinsky F.
Published: September 2014

Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum are intracellular protozoan parasites that establish infection through the small intestinal bowel after the ingestion of contaminated food products. These Apicomplexan parasites have emerged as an important cause of chronic and fatal disease in immunodeficient individuals, in addition to being investigated as possible triggers of inflammatory bowel disease. T. gondii disseminates to the brain and other tissues after infection, whereas C. parvum remains localized to the intestine. In the following review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of these parasitic diseases in the small intestine, the site of initial invasion. Themes include the sequence of invasion, the structure of Th1 immunity provoked by these parasites and the contribution of intestinal microbiota to the development of the mucosal immune response.
The Confluence of Academia and Industry: A Case Study of theTaiwanese Biopharmaceutical Innovation System
Authors: Chen Shih‐Hsin
Published: September 2014

This study challenges existing literature which maintains that technology latecomers usually depend on imported technologies to develop emerging high‐tech sectors. This paper argues that the domestic institutional environment in facilitating networking might be more important for developing academia‐industry (A‐I) networks. The co‐evolution of institutions and the knowledge transfer process in theTaiwanese Biopharmaceutical Innovation System (TBPIS) is a case in point. Far from relying purely on foreign technologies, several important institutional and policy changes, which transform the institutional environment from prohibitingA‐Iintertwining into encouragingA‐Icollaborations, have enabled domestic research institutes to influence the acquisition, creation, and diffusion of knowledge in the innovation network. Nonetheless, the country continues to struggle in commercializing domestic scientific research to step into a knowledge‐based economy. Therefore, this paper suggests that more productive strategies would be helpful to advance domestic academic research, sustainA‐Inetworks, and strengthen the innovation system.
Diversity of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin‐Like Receptor Genes in the Bengali Population of Northern West Bengal, India
Authors: Guha P. , Bhattacharjee S. , Chaudhuri T. K.
Published: September 2014

The Indian Subcontinent exhibits extensive diversity in its culture, religion, ethnicity and linguistic heritage, which symbolizes extensive genetic variations within the populations. The highly polymorphic Killer cell Immunoglobulin‐like Receptor (KIR) family plays an important role in tracing genetic differentiation in human population. In this study, we aimed to analyse the KIR gene polymorphism in the Bengali population of northern West Bengal, India. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the KIR gene polymorphism in the Bengalis of West Bengal, India. Herein, we have studied the distribution of 14 KIR genes (KIR3DL1‐3DL3, KIR2DL1‐2DL5, KIR2DS1‐2DS5 AND KIR3DS1) and two pseudogenes (KIR3DP1 and 2DP1) in the Bengalis. Apart from the framework genes (KIR2DL4, 3DL2, 3DL3 and 3DP1), which are present in all the individuals, the gene frequencies of other KIR genes varied between 0.34 and 0.88. Moreover, upon comparing the KIR polymorphism of the Bengalis with the available published data of other world populations, it has been found that the Indo‐European‐speaking Bengalis from the region share both Dravidian and Indo‐Aryan gene pool with considerable influences of mongoloid and European descents. Furthermore, evidences from previously published data on human leucocyte antigen and Y‐chromosome haplogroup diversity support the view. Our results will help to understand the genetic background of the Bengali population, in illustrating the population migration events in the eastern and north‐eastern part of India, in explaining the extensive genetic admixture amongst the different linguistic groups of the region and also in KIR‐related disease researches.
Pre‐Alpine discordant granitic dikes in the metamorphic core of the Betic Cordillera: tectonic implications
Authors: Sánchez‐Navas Antonio , García‐Casco Antonio , Martín‐Algarra Agustín
Published: September 2014

Pegmatite dikes bearing andalusite crosscut foliation S2 in Alpujarride gneisses and schists. Post‐S2 andalusite is transposed by a foliation S3, defined by fibrolite, which affects the dikes. The dikes represent highly differentiated granitic magmas with low REE and Zr contents and a positive Eu anomaly. U‐Pb SHRIMP dating of magmatic zircons provided Pan‐African ages (cores) and late Variscan ages (rims). However, U‐rich rims also provided metamorphic Alpine ages, supporting a polyorogenic tectonometamorphic history for pre‐Mesozoic Alpujarride rocks.
Network or Hierarchical Relations? A Plea for Redirecting Attention to the Control Functions of Global Cities
Authors: Parnreiter Christof
Published: September 2014

The paper discusses in a personal appreciation of the literature whether the ‘interlocking world city network model’ (IWCNM) has contributed to overcoming the evidential crisis of world or global city research. After a brief summary of the main arguments made by JohnFriedmann and Saskia Sassen, the paper deduces methodological implications that follow from their economic‐geographical conceptualisation of global cities. In the third and fourth sections of the paper I recapitulate the rationale(s) given byPeterTaylor for theIWCNMand assess the model's contribution to empirically corroborating the global city concept. The paper's main claim is that theIWCNMbypasses the theoretical core of the global city paradigm, for which reason an evidential crisis continues to undermine the strength of the global city argument. Accordingly, in the last section of the paper a research strategy is proposed that is apt to take global city studies a step forward.
Cities As Networks within Networks of Cities: The Evolution of the City/Firm‐Duality in the World City Network, 2000–2010
Authors: Liu Xingjian , Derudder Ben , Witlox Frank , Hoyler Michael
Published: September 2014

We explore the temporal evolution of cities and firms (i.e. both modes) in a two‐mode intercity corporate network formed by 50 leading advanced producer service firms across 154 cities for the years 2000 and 2010. Drawing upon one‐mode network projection and three network centralities, we assess the shifting positions of individual cities and firms in the one‐mode intercity and interfirm networks. Major findings include: (1) the intercity network is more stable and hierarchical than the interfirm network; (2) brokerage functions, as captured by betweenness centrality, remain highly uneven for both cities and firms. For example, New York and London's distinct positions as the world's leading producer service centres remain intact; and (3) regional and sectoral tendencies are evident in terms of growth rates of centralities.
World City Network Research at a Theoretical Impasse: On the Need toRe‐Establish Qualitative Approaches to Understanding Agency in World City Networks
Authors: Watson Allan , Beaverstock Jonathan V.
Published: September 2014

From the late 1990s, the establishment of a new relational ‘turn’ in the study of world city connectedness in globalisation has run parallel to the wider relational turn occurring in economic geography. Early work, built firmly upon a qualitative approach to the collection and analyses of new intercity datasets, considered cities as being constituted by their relations with other cities. Subsequent research, however, would take a strong quantitative turn, best demonstrated through the articulation of the inter‐locking world city network (ILWCN) ‘model’ for measuring relations between cities. In this paper, we develop a critique of research based around theILWCNmodel, arguing that this ‘top down’ quantitative approach has now reached a theoretical impasse. To address this impasse, we argue for a move away from structural approaches in which the firm is the main unit of analysis, towards qualitative approaches in which individual agency and practice are afforded greater importance.
European Global Cities in the Recent Economic Crisis
Authors: Musil Robert
Published: September 2014

Macroeconomic imbalances are a substantial characteristic of the recent economic crisis inEurope. As several authors emphasise the impact of the state, public institutions and territorial structures on the world city, the impact of the crisis on the economic performance of global cities becomes a crucial question. After discussing the theoretical aspects of the state – global city linkages and discussing two fields of influence on the global city formation, the empirical section analyses the deviation of national and regional growth performance to estimate the decoupling ofEuropean global cities from the national economies. The results show that the correlation betweenEuropean global cities and the national scale also depends on the form of capitalism and the territorial organisation of statehood.
Differential expression of THELPER1 cytokines upon antigen stimulation predicts ex vivo proliferative potential and cytokine production of virus‐specific T cells following re‐stimulation
Authors: Feucht J. , Leibold J. , Halder A. , Kayser S. , Hartl L. , Rammensee H.‐G. , Handgretinger R. , Feuchtinger T.
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human adenovirus (ADV) infections are causes of morbidity after stem cell transplantation. Antigen (Ag)‐specific T cells are essential for the control of viral infections. However, in vivo expansion potential of T‐cell subpopulations is hardly predictable in humans. Furthermore, ex vivo identification of human T cells with repopulating capacity for adoptive T‐cell transfer has been difficult.

Methods

We analyzed Ag‐specific T‐cell populations, subdivided according to the expression of different THELPER‐1 (Th1) cytokines. Isolation by flow cytometry was based on interferon‐gamma (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐2, or tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) secretion of T cells after ex vivo stimulation with the Ags hexon (for ADV) and pp65 (for CMV). Isolated T cells were expanded and examined for functional characteristics, expansion/differentiation potential, and naïve, effector memory, central memory, and late effector phenotypes.

Results

Isolation based on IFN‐γ production provides a T‐cell population with a mixture of early, central memory, and effector memory T cells, high expansion potential, and effective cytokine production. Selection of T cells with Ag‐specific expression of IL‐2 or TNF‐α, however, results in a T‐cell population with reduced proliferation and lower effector potential after expansion.

Conclusion

We conclude that the exclusive secretion of IFN‐γ in the human antiviral T‐cell responses preferentially leads to higher repopulation capacities of antiviral T cells, compared to IL‐2 or TNF‐α secreting T‐cell populations.
Evaluation of a multi‐center randomised clinical trial on prophylactic transfusion of fresh frozen plasma: implications for future trials
Authors: Müller M. C. A. , de Haan R. J. , Vroom M. B. , Juffermans N. P.
Published: September 2014

Background

Prophylactic use of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in critically ill patients with a coagulopathy is common. However, a lack of evidence of efficacy has resulted in a call for trials on the benefit of FFP in these patients. To date, conducting a trial on this subject has not been successful. Recently, a multi‐center randomised trial was stopped prematurely due to slow inclusion.

Objective

To assess clinicians' opinions regarding a trial on prophylactic administration of FFP in coagulopathic critically ill patients who need to undergo an intervention.

Methods

A survey among 55 intensivists who all participated in a randomised trial on the risks and benefits of FFP in critically ill patients.

Results

Response rate was 84%. Majority of respondents indicated that international normalised ratio (INR) should be assessed before insertion of a central venous catheter (CVC) (61%), chest tube (89%) or tracheostomy (91%). Reasons to withhold transfusion of FFP to non‐bleeding critically ill patients are risk of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) (46%), fluid overload (39%) and allergic reaction (24%). Although, the majority of respondents expressed the opinion that the trial was clinically relevant, 56% indicated that ≥1 patient subgroups should have been excluded from participation.

Conclusion

Intensivists express the need for more evidence on the prophylactic use of FFP in coagulopathic critically ill patients. However, lack of knowledge about FFP and personal beliefs about the preferable transfusion strategy among clinicians, resulted in premature termination of a clinical trial on this topic.
Preliminary Investigation of Direct Injection Neat n-Butanol in a Diesel Engine
Authors: Yanai Tadanori , Han Xiaoye , Reader Graham T. , Zheng Ming , Tjong Jimi
Published: September 2014

The characteristics of combustion, emissions, and thermal efficiency of a diesel engine with direct injection (DI) neat n-butanol were investigated. The engine ran at a load of 6.5–8.0 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) at 1500 rpm engine speed and the injection pressure was controlled to 900 bar. The intake boost pressure, injection timing, and EGR rate were adjusted to investigate the engine performance. The tests demonstrated that neat n-butanol had the potential to achieve ultralow emissions. However, challenges related to reducing the pressure rise rate and improving the ignition controllability were identified.
Development of a New Calibration Procedure and Its Experimental Validation Applied to a Human Motion Capture System
Authors: Royo Sánchez Ana Cristina , Aguilar Martín Juan José , Santolaria Mazo Jorge
Published: September 2014

Motion capture systems are often used for checking and analyzing human motion in biomechanical applications. It is important, in this context, that the systems provide the best possible accuracy. Among existing capture systems, optical systems are those with the highest accuracy. In this paper, the development of a new calibration procedure for optical human motion capture systems is presented. The performance and effectiveness of that new calibration procedure are also checked by experimental validation. The new calibration procedure consists of two stages. In the first stage, initial estimators of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are sought. The camera calibration method used in this stage is the one proposed by Tsai. These parameters are determined from the camera characteristics, the spatial position of the camera, and the center of the capture volume. In the second stage, a simultaneous nonlinear optimization of all parameters is performed to identify the optimal values, which minimize the objective function. The objective function, in this case, minimizes two errors. The first error is the distance error between two markers placed in a wand. The second error is the error of position and orientation of the retroreflective markers of a static calibration object. The real co-ordinates of the two objects are calibrated in a co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM). The OrthoBio system is used to validate the new calibration procedure. Results are 90% lower than those from the previous calibration software and broadly comparable with results from a similarly configured Vicon system.
Hybrid Low-Cost Approach for Quadrotor Attitude Estimation
Authors: Emran Bara J. , Al-Omari Muhannad , Abdel-Hafez Mamoun F. , Jaradat Mohammad A.
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a new approach to estimate the orientation of a quadrotor using single low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor. The proposed hybrid solution uses two extended Kalman filters (EKF) along with a direction cosine matrix (DCM) algorithm. An EKF utilizes the dynamics of the quadrotor to filter the noise on the body-frame (B-frame) angular rates measured by the three-axis gyroscope sensor. Then, a DCM algorithm uses the filtered gyro signal along with the reading from a three-axis accelerometer and a three-axis magnetometer sensor to estimate the Euler angles. Finally, an additional EKF is presented to enhance the final estimates of the Euler angles. The performance of the proposed hybrid approach is tested and compared with other commonly used methods. Results are presented at the end of the paper to verify the performance of the proposed method. The results show an improvement in the estimated quadrotor's state. Monte Carlo tests are performed to ensure sustained high accuracy estimation.
Comparative Study of Energy Management Strategies for Hydraulic Hybrids
Authors: Deppen Timothy O. , Alleyne Andrew G. , Meyer Jonathan J. , Stelson Kim A.
Published: September 2014

The sensitivity of energy management strategies (EMS) with respect to variations in drive cycle and system parameters is considered. The design of three strategies is presented: rule-based, stochastic dynamic programming (SDP), and model predictive control (MPC). Each strategy is applied to a series hydraulic hybrid powertrain and validated experimentally using a hardware-in-the-loop system. A full factorial design of experiments (DOE) is conducted to evaluate the performance of these controllers under different urban and highway drive cycles as well as with enforced modeling errors. Through this study, it is observed that each EMS design method represents a different level of tradeoff between optimality and robustness based on how much knowledge of the system is assumed. This tradeoff is quantified by analyzing the standard deviation of system specific fuel consumption (SSFC) and root mean square (RMS) tracking error over the different simulation cases. This insight can then be used to motivate the choice of which control strategy to use based on the application. For example, a city bus travels a repeated route and that knowledge can be leveraged in the EMS design to improve performance. Through this study, it is demonstrated that there is not one EMS design method which is best suited for all applications but rather the underlying assumptions of the system and drive cycle must be carefully considered so that the most appropriate design method is chosen.
Time-Delayed Control of SISO Systems for Improved Stability Margins
Authors: Galip Ulsoy A.
Published: September 2014

While time delays typically lead to poor control performance, and even instability, previous research shows that time delays can, in some cases, be beneficial. This paper presents a new benefit of time-delayed control (TDC) for single-input single-output (SISO) linear time invariant (LTI) systems: it can be used to improve robustness. Time delays can be used to approximate state derivative feedback (SSD), which together with state feedback (SF) can reduce sensitivity and improve stability margins. Additional sensors are not required since the state derivatives are approximated using available measurements and time delays. A systematic design approach, based on solution of delay differential equations (DDEs) using the Lambert W method, is presented using a scalar example. The method is then applied to both single- and two-degree of freedom (DOF) mechanical systems. The simulation results demonstrate excellent performance with improved stability margins.
Additive Manufacturing of Glass
Authors: Luo Junjie , Pan Heng , Kinzel Edward C.
Published: September 2014

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a technique for the additive manufacturing (AM) of metals, plastics, and even ceramics. This paper explores using SLM for depositing glass structures. A CO2 laser is used to locally melt portions of a powder bed to study the effects of process parameters on stationary particle formation as well as continuous line quality. Numerical modeling is also applied to gain insight into the physical process. The experimental and numerical results indicate that the absorptivity of the glass powder is nearly constant with respect to the processing parameters. These results are used to deposit layered single-track wide walls to demonstrate the potential of using the SLM process for building transparent parts. Finally, the powder bed process is compared to a wire-fed approach. AM of glass is relevant for gradient index optics, systems with embedded optics, and the formation of hermetic seals.
The Piezoelectric Valve-Less Pump: Series and Parallel Connections
Authors: Ullmann Amos , Taitel Yehuda
Published: September 2014

The piezoelectric valve-less pump is an attractive device to be used as a micropump for low flow rates. In these pumps, the nozzle/diffuser elements that have a preferential flow direction replace conventional valves, to direct the flow from the inlet to the outlet. This work is a study on the performance of such pumps when several of them (up to four) are combined for use in series and/or parallel arrangement. Two basic pumping configurations are considered: (a) pumping of fluid from low pressure to a higher pressure in an open circuit and (b) pumping of fluid in a closed circuit through a flow resistance. The performance analysis procedure developed is simple and quick and allows studying a wide range of operational conditions. Such an analysis is difficult to conduct using elaborate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. The performance characteristics of the different combinations is reported and critically evaluated.
Finding the “Me” in Endurance Sports: An Apology for Runners and Joggers, Cyclists and Riders
Authors: Hopsicker Peter M. , Hochstetler Douglas
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we ethically examine the value of dichotomies to the endurance community or any sports community bifurcated by attitudes of superiority in one qualitative method of experiencing an activity over another—as Pearl Izumi's 2007 advertising campaign “We are not joggers” has done by dividing the bipedal ambulatory endurance community into “runners” and “joggers.” Using the writings of American pragmatists William James and John Dewey, we will describe the endurance sports community in terms of “unsympathetic characters” and “sympathetic characters.” We will then layer conceptions of the “static” self and the “dynamic” self on top of this dichotomy. The results of this examination will not support Pearl Izumi's dichotomy in “static” ways. However, if these perspectives are viewed as exemplifying a temporal measure of the “dynamic” self, as part of the endurance athletes' personal narratives, then actions and attitudes based on these dichotomies can be seen as part of meaningful personal and community growth as well as a potential source of virtue.
Research … How Fun Is That? Interesting Questions Relative to the Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance
Authors: Etnier Jennifer L.
Published: September 2014

In developing a senior lecture for the 2014 national meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, I had the opportunity to reflect upon a career of research and to focus on three interesting questions that my colleagues and I have attempted to address. These questions have led to several studies that all revolve around identifying ways to increase the effects of exercise on cognitive performance. In particular, the questions examine the possibility of increasing effects by focusing on particular populations (e.g., older adults, children) and by increasing our understanding of dose-response relationships between exercise parameters (e.g., intensity, duration) and cognitive outcomes. I present empirical evidence relative to each of these questions and provide directions for future research on physical activity and cognitive functioning.
Sounding the Alarm for RAGE
Authors: Smith Orla
Published: September 2014

Traumatic brain injury induces acute lung injury that negatively impacts the physiology of the donor lung before and after lung transplantation.
Effective to the Bone
Authors: Nusinovich Yevgeniya
Published: September 2014

Dovitinib is therapeutically active in a subset of patients with prostate cancer bone metastases, partly due to blockade of FGFR-mediated stromal-epithelial interactions in the bone microenvironment.