bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing adherence–concentration–efficacy thresholds of TDF–FTC pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in African women: a protocol for the Women TDF–FTC Benchmark Study
Authors: Wu Linxuan , Saina Matilda , Brown Clare , Chege David , Donnell Deborah , Glidden David V. , Ngure Kenneth , Mugo Nelly R. , Akelo Nina , Schaafsma Torin , Anderson Peter L. , Mugwanya Kenneth K.
Published: May 2024

Background

Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using co-formulated emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a potent HIV prevention method for men and women, with its efficacy highly dependent on adherence. A pivotal HIV efficacy study combined with a directly observed pharmacological study defined the thresholds for HIV protection in men who have sex with men (MSM), which are the keys to PrEP promotion and development of new PrEP agents. For African women at risk for HIV and belonging to a priority group considered due to disproportionately high incident HIV infections, the variable adherence in PrEP clinical trials and the limited pharmacologic data have resulted in a lack of clarity about the PrEP adherence required for HIV protection. We propose a study to quantify the adherence–concentration–efficacy thresholds of TDF/FTC PrEP among African cisgender women to inform decisions about optimal PrEP dosing and adherence for HIV protection.

Methods

We randomized 45 low-risk HIV-uninfected African women, aged 18–30 years old, to directly observe the TDF/FTC PrEP of two, four, or seven doses per week for 8 weeks. A complementary age-matched pregnant women cohort at high risk of HIV, who will receive seven doses per week, was recruited (N = 15) with the primary aim of establishing benchmark concentrations in dried blood spots and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Plasma, whole blood (WB), urine, hair, vaginal fluid, and vaginal tissue (non-pregnant women only) were archived for future testing. Drug concentrations were measured using methods validated for each biological matrix. Pharmacokinetic models were fitted to drug concentrations to quantify concentration–adherence thresholds. To define the drug concentrations associated with HIV protection, we applied the newly defined thresholds from the primary pharmacologic trial to the subset of women randomized to TDF/FTC or TDF in the Partners PrEP Study with the drug concentration assessed in plasma and WB samples. Multiple imputation was used to construct a data set with drug concentrations at each visit when an HIV test was performed for the entire cohort, replicating the work for MSM.

Discussion

The proposed study generated the first African women-specific TDF–PrEP adherence–concentration–efficacy thresholds essential for guiding the accurate interpretation of TDF/FTC PrEP programs and clinical trials of novel HIV prevention products using TDF/FTC as an active control.

Clinical Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier (NCT05057858).
Effect of heat stress on blood biochemistry and energy metabolite of the Dazu black goats
Authors: Wang Le , Zhang Pengjun , Du Yuxuan , Wang Changtong , Zhang Li , Yin Li , Zuo Fuyuan , Huang Wenming
Published: May 2024

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of heat stress (HS) on physiological, blood biochemical, and energy metabolism in Dazu black goats. Six wether adult Dazu black goats were subjected to 3 experimental periods: high HS (group H, temperature-humidity index [THI] > 88) for 15 d, moderate HS (group M, THI was 79-88) for 15 d, and no HS (group L, THI < 72) for 15 d. Rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) were determined on d 7 and 15 of each period, and blood samples were collected on d 15 of each period. All goats received glucose (GLU) tolerance test (GTT) and insulin (INS) tolerance test on d 7 and d 10 of each period. The results showed that HS decreased dry matter intake (DMI) and INS concentrations (p < 0.05), and increased RT, RR, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), cortisol (COR), and total protein (TP) concentrations (p < 0.05). Compared to group L, the urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration increased and GLU concentration decreased in group H (p < 0.05).During the GTT, the area under the curve (AUC) of GLU concentrations increased by 12.26% (p > 0.05) and 40.78% (p < 0.05), and AUC of INS concentrations decreased by 26.04% and 14.41% (p < 0.05) in groups H and M compared to group L, respectively. The INS concentrations were not significant among the three groups (p > 0.05) during the ITT. A total of 60 differentially expressed metabolites were identified in response to groups H and M. In HS, changes in metabolites related to carbohydrate metabolism and glycolysis were identified (p < 0.05). The metabolites related to fatty acid βoxidation accumulated, glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids were significantly increased, while glycerophospholipid metabolites were decreased in HS (p < 0.05). HS significantly increased 1-methylhistidine, creatinine, betaine, taurine, taurolithocholic acid, inosine, and hypoxanthine, while decreasing vitamin E in blood metabolites (p < 0.05). In summary, HS changed the metabolism of fat, protein, and energy, impaired GLU tolerance, and mainly increased amino acid metabolism to provide energy in Dazu black goats.
Automated Personalized Loudness Control for Multi-Track Recordings
Authors: Moroșanu Bogdan , Negru Marian , Paleologu Constantin
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a novel approach to automated music mixing, focusing on the optimization of loudness control in multi-track recordings. By taking into consideration the complexity and artistic nature of traditional mixing processes, we introduce a personalized multi-track leveling method using two types of approaches: a customized genetic algorithm and a neural network-based method. Our method tackles common challenges encountered by audio professionals during prolonged mixing sessions, where consistency can decrease as a result of fatigue. Our algorithm serves as a ‘virtual assistant’ to consistently uphold the initial mixing objectives, hence assuring consistent quality throughout the process. In addition, our system automates the repetitive elements of the mixing process, resulting in a substantial reduction in production time. This enables engineers to dedicate their attention to more innovative and intricate jobs. Our experimental framework involves 20 diverse songs and 10 sound engineers possessing a wide range of expertise, offering a useful perspective on the adaptability and effectiveness of our method in real-world scenarios. The results demonstrate the capacity of the algorithms to mimic decision-making, achieving an optimal balance in the mix that resonates with the emotional and technical aspects of music production.
Cyclic Ablation Properties of C/SiC-ZrC Composites
Authors: Ge Hailang , Zhang Lu , Zhang Huajun , Wang Fang , Gao Xiguang , Song Yingdong
Published: May 2024

To reveal the ablation performance of C/SiC-ZrC composites under different ablation modes, C/SiC-ZrC composites were prepared using chemical vapor deposition, precursor infiltration, and pyrolysis. Single ablation and cyclic ablation tests were conducted on the C/SiC-ZrC composites using an oxyacetylene flame, in order to obtain ablation parameters, as well as macroscopic and microscopic ablation morphology for the different ablation modes. The results show that the linear ablation rate and mass ablation rate of different ablation modes decrease with increasing time. The linear ablation rate and mass ablation rate of cyclic ablation are 12% and 24.2% lower than those of single ablation. Within the same ablation time, the C/SiC-ZrC composites subjected to cyclic ablation exhibit shallower and more evenly distributed pits, caused by high-temperature airflow ablation. The material surface has a white oxide layer composed of SiO2 and ZrO2, and the carbon fibers inside are wrapped by oxide particles, enhancing the ablation resistance of C/SiC-ZrC composites.
Identification of Conserved Pathways in Bacillus Strains Known for Plant Growth-Promoting Behavior Using a Multifaceted Computational Approach
Authors: Das Vandana Apurva , Gautam Budhayash , Yadav Pramod Kumar , Singh Satendra
Published: May 2024

Bacillus strains have long been recognized for their beneficial interactions with plants, enhancing growth, nutrient uptake, and stress resistance. Understanding their molecular mechanisms and plant-microbe interactions is crucial for harnessing their potential in sustainable agriculture. Here we used ten strains from the 5 Bacillus species namely Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus altitudinis and Bacillus amylofaciens, which are previously reported for PGPR activity. A comparative analysis of these strains was performed to determine their evolutionary relationships, which revealed that Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens are closely related based on underlying genetic and proteomic similarities. Bacillus altitudinis strain LZP02 was the most distantly related to all the other selected strains. On the other hand, Bacillus atrophaeus strains GQJK17 and CNY01 are shown to be closely related to each other. Mauve alignment was performed to determine the genetic relationships between these strains. The LZP02 strain exhibited several unique inversions harboring important genes, such as betB, ftsW, and rodA, which are important for bacterial survival. Proteomic analysis highlighted important pathways that were conserved across these strains, including xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, biosynthesis of polyketides and nonribosomal pathways, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, all of which have been shown to be involved in plant growth promotion.
Effect of Drought and Seed Tuber Size on Agronomical Traits of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under In Vivo Conditions
Authors: Hanász Alexandra , Zsombik László , Magyar-Tábori Katalin , Mendler-Drienyovszki Nóra
Published: May 2024

Drought may considerably decrease the growth and yield of potatoes. Small tubers may have lower performance and be more sensitive to abiotic stresses than larger tubers. Since an increase in drought areas may be expected, the development of potato varieties with drought tolerance has become necessary. Two-year greenhouse experiments were conducted to test the drought tolerance of potato breeding lines (C103, C107, C20) with great osmotic stress tolerance. Minitubers with diameters of 25–35, 20–24, 15–19 and 10–14 mm were planted. Treatments were the optimal irrigated control (100%) and moderate and severe drought (60% and 20% of optimum water supply). To study the after-effects of drought, tubers from different treatments were planted separately the following year because seed tuber priming may increase drought tolerance. Seed tubers (25–35 mm), two irrigation treatments (control and severe drought), and two control cultivars were used in the second year. We observed the rate of emergence from day-after-planting (DAP) 20 to 30 and flowering from 48 to 54. NDVI measurements were performed on the DAP35-45-75. Plant height and fresh weight of aboveground biomass (AGB) were recorded on DAP76. Harvested tubers were counted, weighed, and size-categorized, and then the number and fresh tuber yield per plant (TN and TY) were calculated. Stress indices (SI) were calculated as percentages of the results of control plots to compare the responses of genotypes to drought stress. We found that each breeding line showed adequate drought tolerance, although only the C103 and C107 breeding lines were stable in in vivo conditions. SI values for tuber number/tuber yield were 103/57; 102/63; 83/52; 80/58 and 55/41 in C103, C107, C20, ‘Boglárka’ and ‘Desiree’ (the last two were control varieties), respectively. The size of the seed tuber significantly affected each character, and usually minitubers larger than 20 mm performed better than smaller ones. No significant after-effect of drought stress on the next generation was found. Although we found a positive correlation (r = 0.83) between NDVI values and yield parameters, the correlations in our study were not consistent in all genotypes and water treatments.
Characterization of Biofertilization and Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus velezensis KHH13 from Organic Soils
Authors: Chen Tai-Yuan , Tzean Yuh , Chang Tsai-De , Wang Xing-Ru , Yang Chun-Min , Lin Ying-Hong
Published: May 2024

Efficient and sustainable food production is crucial in global agricultural development. Overuse of chemical fertilizers leads to soil acidification, destruction of soil properties, and harm to soil micro-organisms. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as a solution, enhancing soil fertility and crop yields while reducing chemical fertilizer dependency and disease occurrence. In this study, Bacillus strains KHC2, KHH5, and KHH13, isolated from organic rice field soils in Taiwan, were identified through molecular techniques as B. velezensis (KHC2, KHH13) and B. amyloliquefaciens (KHH5). The strains exhibited various hydrolytic enzymes (including protease, cellulase, amylase, and lecithinase), with KHH13 showing the highest phosphate solubilization (2186.1 µg mL−1 day−1) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production (63.067 ± 0.595 ppm mL−1). These properties indicate KHH13’s potential as a bio-enhancer for plant growth. Therefore, we hypothesized that KHH13 can enhance plant growth and control soil-borne diseases. A greenhouse experiment demonstrated that KHH13, KHC2, and KHH5 effectively promoted the growth of red lettuce, with KHH13 showing superior efficacy. The study also found KHH13’s treatment enhanced the growth of various vegetables, including tomato, cucumber, and red lettuce. In terms of disease control, KHH13 significantly reduced Fusarium wilt in cucumbers, as evidenced by the reduction in disease index from 74.33% to 41.67% after KHH13 treatment. The treatment group displayed better plant growth, including plant height and fresh weight, compared to the control group in the greenhouse experiment. Furthermore, oral and pulmonary acute toxicity analysis in rats showed no adverse effects on rat weight or mortality, indicating KHH13’s safety for mammalian use. These findings suggest B. velezensis KHH13 as a safe, effective, and sustainable biological agent for enhancing vegetable growth and controlling soil-borne diseases, with potential applications in sustainable agriculture.
Long-Term Nitrogen Addition Stimulated Soil Respiration in a Rainfed Wheat Field on the Loess Plateau
Authors: Li Chao , Song Xinli , Yang Bosen , Zhang Yan , Zhang Huirong , Zong Yuzheng , Shangguan Zhouping , Hao Xingyu
Published: May 2024

Increased nitrogen (N) application has profound effects on CO2 flux in croplands. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of long-term N addition on soil respiration (SR) in a rainfed winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field in the Loess Plateau of China. Two wheat cultivars were planted under three levels of N application (0, 180, and 360 kg N ha−1 year−1) in non-irrigated cropland from 2004 to 2013. The diurnal and seasonal SR variations and abiotic and biotic factors were measured during the growing seasons in 2012–2013. The results showed that N180 and N360 increased the cumulative CO2 flux by 30.3% and 32.4% on average after 5 and 10 years of N application, respectively. Multiple regressions revealed that the seasonal SR was mainly controlled by the soil temperature (ST), at a depth of 8 cm, and the leaf area index. Diurnal SR was mainly controlled by the ST and the net photosynthesis rate. Long-term N application stimulated SR by increasing the photosynthetic leaf area and temperature sensitivity. Overall, N application at a rate of 360 kg N ha−1 year−1 did not reach the threshold for limiting SR in the investigated semi-humid rainfed wheat cropland in the Loess Plateau of China.
Effects of Ensiling Density on the Fermentation Profile and Aerobic Stability of Wilted Alfalfa Silage
Authors: Liu Haopeng , Li Xinbao , Yang Feifei , Hu Junfeng , Jia Yushan , Shao Tao
Published: May 2024

Silage quality and aerobic stability are the key factors affecting the utilization efficiency of silage feed, and ensiling density stands as the fundamental principle of silage making. The experiment presented here evaluates the effects of ensiling density on the silage quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage. In this experiment, alfalfa was harvested, wilted, chopped, and subsequently packed into 10 L laboratory silos. The ensiling densities were set to 800 g/L, 700 g/L, and 600 g/L, respectively, with three replicates in each group. Sampling and analysis were carried out at 45 days of silage and 8 days of aerobic exposure. The results showed that ensiling density significantly (p < 0.05) affected the content of ammonia nitrogen, Flieg score, the counts of yeast, and mold. After 45 days of ensiling, 800 g/L silage had the highest contents of dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates, crude protein, lactic acid, and total organic acids, and the lowest pH and ammonia nitrogen compared to the 700 g/L and 600 g/L silage (p < 0.05). The Flieg score of 800 g/L silage was higher than those of the 700 g/L and 600 g/L silage. The counts of yeast and mold of 800 g/L silage was significantly lower than those of the 700 g/L and 600 g/L silage. During aerobic exposure, a consistent decrease in lactic acid and an increase in pH were observed among all silages. The aerobic stability of 800 g/L silage (156 h) was significantly higher than that in the 700 g/L (136 h) and 600 g/L silage (111 h). It was suggested that the increasing ensiling density above 800 g/L was an effective method to improve both the silage quality and the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage.
Inclusion of Sorghum in Cyprinus carpio L. Diet: Effects on Growth, Flesh Quality, Microbiota, and Oxidative Status
Authors: Barbacariu Cristian-Alin , Dumitru Gabriela , Rimbu Cristina Mihaela , Horhogea Cristina Elena , Dîrvariu Lenuța , Todirașcu-Ciornea Elena , Șerban Dana Andreea , Burducea Marian
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the impact of including sorghum in the diet of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on its growth, blood parameters, meat composition, intestinal microbiota, and oxidative stress. Experimental diets with varying sorghum content (0%—V0 or control, 10%—V1, 20%—V2, and 30%—V3) were administered to carp weighing 43 g initially. Notably, in the 30% variant, sorghum entirely replaced corn and barley in the diet. Chemical analysis of sorghum unveiled a protein content of 14% and a fat content of 3.9%. Sorghum inclusion led to a decline in final body weight and weight gain, particularly notable in the V3 group with 30% sorghum. However, other physiological parameters, such as feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and organ indices, remained unaffected. Protein and salt content in carp flesh increased with higher sorghum inclusion levels, while hematological parameters showed minimal variations. Analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed increases in both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial populations with sorghum inclusion. Furthermore, sorghum concentration inversely correlated with glutathione levels and positively correlated with malondialdehyde content, indicating a disruption of antioxidant defense mechanisms and elevated oxidative stress.
Love Hug—Functional Validation of Nuptial Pad-Secreted Pheromone in Anurans
Authors: Zheng Puyang , Gong Yuzhou , Wang Bin , Yu Haoqi , Huang Sining , Liao Xun , Jiang Jianping , Ran Jianghong , Xie Feng
Published: May 2024

Chemical communication is an important mode of communication in the courtship and breeding processes of amphibians. In caudates, multiple components of sexual pheromones have been identified and functionally verified. One of these pheromone systems is plethodontid modulating factor (PMF). In anurans, the pheromone called amplexin was found in nuptial pads of ranids and was considered a member of the PMF system, yet its bio-function has not been tested. In this study, we obtained 18 amplexin transcript sequences from nuptial pads of Nidirana pleuraden (Amphibia, Ranidae) by transcriptome sequencing and found that the proteins translated by these transcripts are diversified, hydrophilic, and relatively stable. We also acquired a N. pleuraden amplexin isoform with the highest expression level in the transcriptome analysis through the prokaryotic expression system. Using two different animal behavioral experimental settings, we have tested the bio-function of the recombinant PMF protein (rPMF) in N. pleuraden’s reproduction and found that the rPMF does not attract females but shortens the duration of amplexus significantly. This is the first study to verify the function of the PMF pheromone in Anura, indicating the pervasiveness of chemical communication during breeding in amphibians.
On-field Gross Morphology Evaluation of Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Fetal Membranes
Authors: Monaco Davide , Castagnetti Carolina , Lanci Aliai , Osman Taher Kamal , Lacalandra Giovanni Michele , Fusi Jasmine
Published: May 2024

The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) fetal membranes, commonly referred to as “the placenta”, are epitheliochorial, diffuse, and microcotyledonary, similarly to the mare’s placenta. The evaluation of the placenta is an essential component of the neonatal evaluation in the equine species. However, post-partum or post-abortion placental assessment in dromedary camels is unfortunately too frequently neglected and, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the dromedary camel species lacks a comprehensive description of the normal placenta’s gross morphology. In order to facilitate its on-field evaluation, the current study describes the macroscopic features of the placenta of the dromedary camel after full-term pregnancy and spontaneous parturition.
Composition of the Midgut Microbiota Structure of Haemaphysalis longicornis Tick Parasitizing Tiger and Deer
Authors: Liu Zi-Ling , Qiu Qi-Guan , Cheng Tian-Yin , Liu Guo-Hua , Liu Lei , Duan De-Yong
Published: May 2024

Haemaphysalis longicornis is a common tick species that carries several pathogens. There are few reports on the influence of different hosts on the structure of midgut microflora in H. longicornis. In this study, midgut contents of fully engorged female H. longicornis were collected from the surface of tiger (Panthera tigris) and deer (Dama dama). The bacterial genomic DNA of each sample was extracted, and the V3–V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA were sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq sequencing. The diversity of the bacterial community of the fully engorged female H. longicornis on the surface of tiger was higher than that of deer. In total, 8 phyla and 73 genera of bacteria annotations were detected in the two groups. At the phylum level, the bacterial phyla common to the two groups were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota. At the genus level, there were 20 common bacterial genera, among which the relative abundances of Coxiella, Morganella, Diplorickettsia, and Acinetobacter were high. The Morganella species was further identified to be Morganella morganii. The alpha diversity index indicated that the bacterial diversity of the tiger group was higher than that of the deer group. Bacteroidota, Patescibacteria, Desulfobacterota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Cyanobacteria were solely detected in the tiger group. A total of 52 bacterial genera were unique in the tiger group, while one bacterial genus was unique in the deer group. This study indicates that there are differences in the structure of the gut bacteria of the same tick species among different hosts. Further culture-based methods are needed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the tick microbiota parasitizing different hosts.
Are Current Protection Methods Ensuring the Safe Emancipation of Young Black Storks? Telemetry Study of Space Use by Black Storks (Ciconia nigra) in the Early Post-Breeding Period
Authors: Anderwald Dariusz , Sławski Marek , Zadworny Tomasz , Zawadzki Grzegorz
Published: May 2024

The black stork is a protected species in Poland, and its numbers have declined significantly in recent years. The protection of nesting sites during the period of growth and independence of young birds is crucial for the population. In 2022–2023, 34 young storks were equipped with GPS-GSM backpack loggers. On average, birds had left the nest by the 87th day of life. In the period between the first flight attempt and the final abandonment of the nest, the birds spent 82% of their time in a zone up to 200 m from the nest. During the period of independence, resting areas played an important spatial role, 75% of which were located within 500 m of the nest. As the young birds grew older, their area of activity gradually increased. Differences in nesting phenology were observed depending on the geographical location of the nest. A shorter migration route from the wintering grounds allowed for earlier breeding. As a result, the young birds begin to fledge earlier. The data collected confirm the validity of designating protective zones with 500 m radii around nests and the need to maintain them from the beginning of the breeding season in March until the end of August.
Use of Short-Term CIDR-Based Protocols for Oestrus Synchronisation in Goats at Tropical and Subtropical Latitudes
Authors: Nakafeero Angella , Gonzalez-Bulnes Antonio , Martinez-Ros Paula
Published: May 2024

This review aims to provide an insight into the application and efficiency of CIDR-based protocols for ES in goats raised under tropical and subtropical environments. In temperate regions, short-term CIDR treatments are replacing long-term treatments and sponges used in earlier decades. In addition, the use of co-treatments for the induction of ovulation is gradually changing from hormonal to non-hormonal methods, given the drive towards clean, green, and ethical techniques for reproductive management. Whereas the subtropical region registers ongoing research in the development of new ES protocols, there are few reports from the tropics, particularly Africa, one of the regions with the highest population of goats. Therefore, this calls for research to develop the most appropriate protocols for these regions, since the protocols currently used are largely hormonal based, as they were developed for goats at higher latitudes. Management and environmental factors determine the breeding pattern of goats at tropical latitudes rather than photoperiods, and they are the main causes of reproductive seasonality. The use of ES methods, particularly short-term CIDR-based protocols, along with artificial insemination, may have a significant impact on the productivity of goats in these regions when these factors are controlled.
Characterisation of Pasteurella multocida Strains from Different Lesions in Rabbits
Authors: D’Amico Francesco , Messina Davide , Casalino Gaia , Schiavitto Michele , Bove Antonella , Romito Diana , D’Onghia Francesco Paolo , Camarda Antonio , Circella Elena
Published: May 2024

Pasteurellosis, a disease caused by Pasteurella multocida, is responsible for economic losses in rabbit industrial farms due to rhinitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, metritis, mastitis, orchitis, subcutaneous abscesses, otitis, encephalitis, and septicaemic forms. Although the occurrence of the disease is conditioned by predisposing factors that affect the rabbit immune response, the strains of P. multocida involved in the infection may have a different pathogenic ability. Therefore, typing of strains spread among the rabbits is important to assess their pathogenic potential. The aim of this study is to investigate the P. multocida strains responsible for disease in rabbit industrial farms. A total of 114 strains identified from different lesions were serotyped. Additionally, the presence of virulence-associated genes was investigated using three PCR (polymerase chain reaction) protocols. Capsular type A was prevalently found in strains from respiratory lesions while types D and F in those from metritis, mastitis, and other lesions. Different associations between some virulence-associated genes and both capsular type and lesions found in rabbits were detected. The presence of 8 virulence-associated genes seems to increase the occurrence of metritis. In addition, strains belonging to capsular type A and responsible for respiratory disorders especially, were found equipped with 10 and 11 virulence-associated genes. Nevertheless, the presence of strains responsible only for rhinitis was also detected among the latter, suggesting that the pathogenic ability of the bacteria depends on the expression rather than the presence of a gene.
Mercury and Selenium Accumulation in the Tissues of Stranded Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Northeast Florida, 2013–2021
Authors: Bielmyer-Fraser Gretchen K. , Courville Julia M. , Ward Ashlen , Hardie Mckenna M.
Published: May 2024

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are long-lived marine mammals, upper-level predators, and they inhabit near-shore environments, which increases their exposure to pollution. Mercury is a ubiquitous and persistent metal pollutant that can bioaccumulate and biomagnify up the food chain. Dolphins are known to accumulate mercury, and limited research has shown that mercury exposure can weaken the immune system of dolphins. The objectives of this study were to assess the mercury concentrations in the tissues (muscle, small intestine, liver) of stranded bottlenose dolphins and to compare the tissue mercury levels in dolphins that were stranded during the 2013–2015 morbillivirus Unusual Mortality Event (UME; immunosuppressed individuals) with the levels of those that were stranded at a normal rate (2016–2021). Selenium has been shown to reduce mercury toxicity in many animals; therefore, tissue selenium concentration and the molar ratio of selenium to mercury were also assessed. The tissue mercury (muscle, liver) and selenium (liver) concentrations increased with the age of the dolphins, with the liver accumulating the highest concentrations. No sex differences were observed in the mercury and selenium concentrations. While differences in tissue mercury concentrations were not observed due to the UME, the selenium accumulation profiles were significantly different between the two time periods. These results suggest that selenium may not have been as protective against mercury toxicity in the bottlenose dolphins that were stranded during the UME, possibly due to infection with morbillivirus.
The Ecological Separation of Deer and Domestic, Feral and Native Mammals in Tropical Northern Australia—A Review
Authors: Murray Peter J. , Nevard Timothy D.
Published: May 2024

We explored the ecological and historical factors that led to formation of the unique guild of native and introduced mammalian herbivores between 5 and 1000 kg in northern Australia. Following the disappearance of large native herbivores about 46 kya, and until the arrival of Europeans and their livestock, the only herbivorous mammals were mid-sized endemic marsupial macropods, which continued to utilise the same vegetation as their much larger former neighbours. Only one species of contemporary native herbivore has an adult bodyweight approaching 100 kg, and for the past 150–200 years, the total biomass of introduced domestic and wild vertebrate herbivores has massively exceeded that of native herbivorous species. We conclude that the current guild of native and introduced mammalian herbivores differentially utilises the landscape ecologically. However, climate- and anthropogenically related changes due to fire, drought, flooding, predation and introduced weeds are likely to have significant impacts on the trajectory of their relative ecological roles and populations. Given their differing ecological and dietary characteristics, against this backdrop, it is unclear what the potential impact of the dispersal of deer species could have in northern Australia. We hence focus on whether sufficient knowledge exists against which the potential impacts of the range expansion of three deer species can be adequately assessed and have found a dearth of supporting evidence to inform appropriate sustainable management. We identify suitable research required to fill the identified knowledge gaps.
Application of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Techniques for Selected Companion Animals
Authors: Domrazek Kinga , Jurka Piotr
Published: May 2024

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques have revolutionized veterinary medicine for cats and dogs, offering insights across various domains. In veterinary parasitology, NGS enables comprehensive profiling of parasite populations, aiding in understanding transmission dynamics and drug resistance mechanisms. In infectious diseases, NGS facilitates rapid pathogen identification, characterization of virulence factors, and tracking of outbreaks. Moreover, NGS sheds light on metabolic processes by elucidating gene expression patterns and metabolic pathways, essential for diagnosing metabolic disorders and designing tailored treatments. In autoimmune diseases, NGS helps identify genetic predispositions and molecular mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation. Veterinary oncology benefits from NGS through personalized tumor profiling, mutation analysis, and identification of therapeutic targets, fostering precision medicine approaches. Additionally, NGS plays a pivotal role in veterinary genetics, unraveling the genetic basis of inherited diseases and facilitating breeding programs for healthier animals. Physiological investigations leverage NGS to explore complex biological systems, unraveling gene–environment interactions and molecular pathways governing health and disease. Application of NGS in treatment planning enhances precision and efficacy by enabling personalized therapeutic strategies tailored to individual animals and their diseases, ultimately advancing veterinary care for companion animals.
Molecular Detection, Characterization, Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Epidemiology of Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Shelenkov Andrey
Published: May 2024

In recent decades, growing attention has been directed worldwide toward antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial pathogens causing infections in clinical, environmental, and food chain production settings [...]
Accuracy of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and British Thoracic Society Criteria for Acute Pneumonia in Differentiating Chemical and Bacterial Complications of Aspiration in Comatose Ventilated Patients Following Drug Poisoning
Authors: Delforge Quentin , Gaudet Alexandre , Boddaert Pauline , Wallet Frédéric , Voisin Benoit , Nseir Saad
Published: May 2024

Drug poisoning frequently leads to admission to intensive care units, often resulting in aspiration, a potentially life-threatening condition if not properly managed. Aspiration can manifest as either bacterial aspiration pneumonia (BAP) or aspiration pneumonitis (AP), which are challenging to distinguish potentially leading to overprescription of antibiotics and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study aims to assess the accuracy of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and British Thoracic Society (BTS) criteria in differentiating BAP from AP in comatose ventilated patients following drug poisoning. This cross-sectional study included 95 patients admitted for drug poisoning at the Lille University Hospital intensive care department, between 2013 and 2017, requiring mechanical ventilation and receiving antibiotics for aspiration. Patients were categorized as having bacterial complications if tracheal sampling yielded positive culture results, and if they were otherwise considered to have chemical complications. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of IDSA and BTS criteria in identifying patients with bacterial complications were evaluated. Among the patients, 34 (36%) experienced BAP. The IDSA criteria demonstrated a sensitivity of 62% and specificity of 33%, while the BTS criteria showed a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 38%. Both the IDSA and BTS criteria exhibited poor sensitivity and specificity in identifying microbiologically confirmed pneumonia in comatose ventilated patients following drug poisoning.
Evaluation of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) as a Functional Feed Ingredient on Growth Performance, Immune Enhancement, and Disease Resistance in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) under High Stocking Density
Authors: Bae Jinho , Moniruzzaman Mohammad , Je Hyeong-Woo , Lee Seunghan , Choi Wonsuk , Min Taesun , Kim Kang-Woong , Bai Sungchul C.
Published: May 2024

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that is found in the brain and central nervous system of animals as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It has been shown to have a variety of physiological functions, including stress reduction and immune enhancement. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with GABA on growth, serum biochemistry, innate immunity, and disease resistance in juvenile olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) challenged with Edwardsiella tarda under high-stocking density. A control diet and three experimental diets were prepared, with 150 mg/kg (GABA150), 200 mg/kg (GABA200), and 250 mg/kg (GABA250) of GABA added to each diet, respectively. Each experimental diet was fed to olive flounders in triplicate with an initial weight of 12.75 g ± 0.3 g in 40 L tanks at two stocking densities: normal density (20 fish/tank) and high density (40 fish/tank). After 8 weeks of the feeding trial, growth, feed utilization, whole-body proximate compositions, blood analyses, and non-specific immune responses were measured, and challenge tests were performed. There were no significant differences in the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed the GABA-supplemented diets at the two stocking densities. However, the normal-density groups showed significantly higher WG and SGR than the high-density groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio among all groups. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the whole-body proximate composition analysis (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in cortisol levels in fish fed the GABA at both densities, but the high-density group showed a significantly higher cortisol than the low-density group. Blood GABA significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner regardless of the density groups (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity showed significantly higher levels than the control group, but there was no significant effect of the stocking densities in fish fed the GABA diets (p < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activities in fish fed the GABA200 and GABA250 diets showed significantly higher levels at both of the stocking densities (p < 0.05). Lysozyme activity was significantly higher in the GABA150 group than in the CON, GABA200, and GABA250 groups (p < 0.05). After 15 days of challenge tests with Edwardsiella tarda, the cumulative survival rates of the GABA150, GABA200, and GABA250 groups were significantly higher than that of the CON group (p < 0.05). The results suggested that the optimal dietary GABA level for juvenile olive flounder culture is 150 mg/kg, regardless of rearing density, to enhance growth, immunity, and disease resistance.
Supplementation with Combined Additive Improved the Production of Dairy Cows and Their Offspring with Maintenance of Antioxidative Stability
Authors: Zhang Hongxing , Nuermaimaiti Yiliyaer , Hao Kebi , Qi Yan , Xu Yiming , Zhuang Yimin , Wang Fei , Hou Guobin , Chen Tianyu , Xiao Jianxin , Guo Gang , Wang Yajing , Li Shengli , Cao Zhijun , Liu Shuai
Published: May 2024

Oxidative stress damage in periparturient cows decreases both production and their health; supplementation with complex additives during the periparturient period has been used as an important strategy to enhance the antioxidant status and production of dairy cows. The periparturient cows not only risk a negative energy balance due to reduced dry matter intake but also represent a sensitive period for oxidative stress. Therefore, we have developed an immunomodulatory and nutritional regulation combined additive (INC) that hopefully can improve the immune status and production of cows during the periparturient period and their offspring health and growth by improving their antioxidant stress status. The INC comprised a diverse array of additives, including water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, Selenomethionine, and active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Forty-five multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to three treatments: CON (no INC supplementation, n = 15), INC30 (30 g/d INC supplementation, n = 15), and INC60 (60 g/d INC supplementation, n = 15) based on last lactation milk yield, body condition score, and parity. Newborn calves were administered 4 L of maternal colostrum originating from the corresponding treatment and categorized based on the treatment received by their respective dams. The INC not only served to maintain the antioxidative stress system of dairy cows during the periparturient period but also showed a tendency to improve the immune response (lower tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6) during the perinatal period. A linear decrease in concentrations of alkaline phosphatase postpartum and β-hydroxybutyrate was observed with INC supplementation. Milk fat yield, milk protein yield, and energy-corrected milk yield were also increased linearly with increasing additive supplementation. Calves in the INC30 group exhibited greater wither height and chest girth but no significant effect on average daily gain or body weight. The diarrhea frequency was linearly decreased with the incremental level of INC. Results indicate that supplementation with INC in peripartum dairy cows could be a major strategy to improve immune response, decrease inflammation, maintain antioxidant stress status in transition dairy cows, and have merit in their calves. In conclusion, this study underlines the benefits of INC supplementation during the transition period, as it improved anti-inflammatory capacity, could positively impact antioxidative stress capacity, and eventually enhanced the production performance of dairy cows and the health and growth of calves.
Seismic Design Procedure for Low-Rise Cold-Formed Steel–Special Bolted Moment Frames
Authors: Sato Atsushi , Kitagawa Honoka
Published: May 2024

In 2007, the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) established a standard for cold-formed steel–special bolted moment frames (CFS-SBMFs). This structural system is designed to resist seismic forces. The CFS-SBMF system employs double-channel beams and square hollow structural section (HSS) columns that are bolted together to create a sturdy and robust structural frame. However, the CFS-SBMF system is only suitable for constructing one-storey buildings, and ASCE 7 prohibits its use in buildings with a height of over one storey. This study was conducted to expand the use of CFS-SBMFs to the construction of multi-storey low-rise buildings. Firstly, a new moment connection detail is proposed, and a design procedure is proposed to ensure that bolted connections, instead of beams or columns, have the ductility to withstand seismic forces. Secondly, the proposed design procedure for bolted connections was verified through full-scale cyclic testing. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation was undertaken to evaluate the proposed structural system’s performance under seismic excitation. The evaluation included nonlinear dynamic analysis and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) according to FEMA P695, which provided a detailed understanding of the seismic design factors (SDFs) in multi-storey low-rise CFS-SBMF buildings.
Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Hydrophobic Coatings—Experience from Application on Sandstone
Authors: Dunčková Lucia , Durmeková Tatiana , Adamcová Renáta
Published: May 2024

Protecting stone on facades or exterior art works from deterioration is primarily about protecting them from rainwater. Hydrophobic coatings are widely used for this purpose. Here, two factors affecting the long-term efficiency of some coatings applied on stones were investigated: the number of coating layers and the curing time after their application. Tests of water absorption by capillarity, absorption at total immersion in water, and a visual check of the penetration depth have been carried out. The coating’s efficiency coefficient Cef was defined as the ratio of the maximum water absorption of a treated sample to an untreated one. Two commercial silicon-based coatings were applied on the highly porous Hořice sandstone alternatively. Curing times of 2 days vs. 2 weeks, and 2 coating layers vs. 3 layers were compared. The experiments showed that the coating’s efficiency is affected more by the curing time than by the number of applied coating layers. The curing time of 2 days after coating’s application is too short, but 2 weeks proved to be sufficient for both tested coatings. There was no big difference regarding the number of coating layers; two layers seem to be sufficient if a long rain-free curing time can be guaranteed.
Cellular Basis of Adjuvant Role of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cancer Therapy: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Potential against Human Melanoma
Authors: Rojas-Solé Catalina , Torres-Herrera Benjamín , Gelerstein-Claro Santiago , Medina-Pérez Diego , Gómez-Venegas Haziel , Alzolay-Sepúlveda Javier , Chichiarelli Silvia , Saso Luciano , Rodrigo Ramón
Published: May 2024

Human melanoma is a highly aggressive malignant tumor originating from epidermal melanocytes, characterized by intrinsic resistance to apoptosis and the reprogramming of proliferation and survival pathways during progression, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. This malignancy displays a marked propensity for metastasis and often exhibits poor responsiveness to conventional therapies. Fatty acids, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids, exert various physiological effects on melanoma, with increasing evidence highlighting the anti-tumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Additionally, n-3 PUFAs have demonstrated their ability to inhibit cancer metastatic dissemination. In the context of cancer treatment, n-3 PUFAs have been investigated in conjunction with chemotherapy as a potential strategy to mitigate severe chemotherapy-induced side effects, enhance treatment efficacy and improve safety profiles, while also enhancing the responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Furthermore, dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs has been associated with numerous health benefits, including a decreased risk and improved prognosis in conditions such as heart disease, autoimmune disorders, depression and mood disorders, among others. However, the specific mechanisms underlying their anti-melanoma effects and outcomes remain controversial, particularly when comparing findings from in vivo or in vitro experimental studies to those from human trials. Thus, the objective of this review is to present data supporting the potential role of n-3 PUFA supplementation as a novel complementary approach in the treatment of malignant cancers such as melanoma.