bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Opportunities to Improve Glass Melting
Authors: Nĕmec Lubomír , Jebavá Marcela
Published: March 2009

The values of the specific energy consumption and the melting performance calculated
from laboratory measurements of soda-lime-silica glass predict efficient sand dissolution and bubble
removal under conditions of rapid melting kinetics and high utilization of the melting space. The
impact of glass flow character on bubble removal was investigated in the continuous horizontal or
vertical melting channel. The results gave a chance to control the fining performance of the channel
by proper temperature boundary conditions.
The model of the bubble behavior under effect of both gravitational and centrifugal force has
been established in the rotating discontinuous cylinder. The separation of bubbles by centrifuging
was influenced by bubble contraction and by partial or complete dissolution in the melt; optimum
conditions of the process, applicable in practice, lie in the region of relatively low rotation
velocities.
Sulfur compounds as chemical accelerator of glass melting were investigated from the point
of view of several processes: sand dissolution, fining, bubble nucleation and melt foaming. The
experimental work attempts to present the picture of glass melting with sulfur compounds in its
complexity.
The presented subjects are intended to contribute to advanced glass melting process.
Network-Forming Ions Diffusion in Metasilicate and Pyrophosphate MeIts: Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Boiko G.G. , Berezhnoi G.V.
Published: March 2009

The specific features of the dynamics of oxygen ions in Ме2O · SiO2 (Ме = Li, Na, K,
Cs) and Na2O·ZnO·P2O5 melts at а temperature of 2000 K were investigated bу the molecular
dynamics method. It is demonstrated that, as in the systems studied earlier, the formation of defect
complexes is а necessary condition fог an oxygen diffusion event to bе successful. The scenarios of
generating defect соmplexes аrе described, and the lifetimes of these complexes are calculated. The
structure of the defect complexes is determined. It is shown that two-membered rings, free and
threefold-coordinated oxygen ions сап also bе involved in the formation of defect complexes.
Effect of Isopipe Temperature on the Glass Sheet Forming for Overflow Fusion Process by Numerical Simulation
Authors: Lin Huey Jiuan , Hsu Fu Yuang , Chang Wei Kuo
Published: March 2009

The overflow fusion process was an important method for the manufacture of glass sheet that
is currently used for the production of TFT/LCD display devices. The design of forming apparatus
was critical for very high surface quality of glass to allow the successful application of
semiconductor type material. However, there is only a little of researches had been presented in the
literatures, because of difficulties and expansions in experiments. In this study, a numerical model
for simulation of molten glass flow through the isopipe during overflow fusion process was carried
out. The effect of temperature of forming apparatus and of molten glass on the flow patterns during
overflow fusion process was investigated. It was found that the stability and flatness of sheet glass
was influenced strongly by the temperature of forming apparatus and molten glass. A precise
control of overflow temperature and temperature distribution of isopipe was needed for maintaining
a stable flow and uniform thickness.
Synthesis and Selected Properties of Silicate Hybrids Containing Sepharose
Authors: Chernev Georgi , Samuneva B. , Djambaski P. , Kabaivanova L. , Emanuilova E. , Miranda Salvado I.M. , Wu Ai Ying
Published: March 2009

The main purpose of the present work is the sol-gel synthesis, structure and application
of hybrid inorganic–organic hybrids based on different silica precursors and addition of the organic
compound sepharose (SP). The structural evolution of the hybrid materials containing different
amounts of SP is examined. Formation of silica nanocomposites by self-assembling processes was
studied by AFM and roughness analysis. The average size of nanoparticles on the sample surface is
about 7 to 14 nm and the formation of their self-organized structures is observed.
The hybrids are used for immobilization of bacterial cells, producers of thermostable nitrilase. The
biocatalysts show good operational stability for a long period-18 days, as well as high
thermostability. The degradation capability is greater for the encapsulated cells in the hybrid matrix
with 5% SP.
Nickel Sulphide Inclusions in Tempered Glass
Authors: Bielecki S. , Reben Manuela , Wasylak Jan
Published: March 2009

The goal of the work was to determine and characterize the inclusions of nickel sulphide in
tempered glass. During the tempering process where the glass is heated the nickel sulphide stones
are completed transformed to the high temperature modification which is unstable when the
temperature decreased. The glass samples, which include the NiS stones, were investigated by
microscopic method (SEM) and characterized by EDAX analysis. The glass samples were analysis
by elastooptic studies but it did not prove occurrence of stresses. Obtained results will help to solve
the problem with forming nickel sulphide inclusions.
Influence of Montmorillonite Clay on Structure and Properties of Sodium Borate Glasses
Authors: Diamanti E. , Lekatou A. , Matikas T. , Karakassides M.A.
Published: March 2009

In the light of environmental perspective, clay minerals attract special interest because of
their capability to absorb and chemically stabilize heavy metals in their structure [1, 2]. The
absolute suppression of heavy element leakage from clay structures to the environment, which is
obviously a strict demand, can be achieved with clay vitrification. This work is related to the
influence of the addition of (0-50 wt%) of montmorillonite to a borate glass with composition of
0.33Na2O-0.67B2O3 on its structure. This influence has been studied with Raman and FT-IR
spectroscopies, Archimedean density measurements, chemical durability in 90°C water and finally
by studying of the ultrasonically measured elastic properties, such as Young’s and shear modulus
and Poisson’s ratio, of the resultant glasses. The experimental results showed that the glass structure
is predominantly comprised from tetrahedral and trigonal borate units and silicon and/or aluminium
tetrahedral units. The results of density and chemical durability are fairly well correlated with
structure. Higher amounts of montmorillonite lead to glasses of higher mechanical strength and
chemical durability.
The Permanently Bonded Glass Decor from Chemical Precursors
Authors: Niciu H. , Radu Dorel , Onose C. , Ioncea A. , Niciu Daniela , Stroescu H. , Onose C.S.
Published: March 2009

Alkaline earth metal silicates as well as many polyvalent metals silicates can be obtained
through aqueous solutions reactions between an alkaline silicate solution and the solutions of metal
salts. The vitrifiation of the oxide compositions, established by the necessary molar ratios for the
projected glass, is realised by calculating the concentration of chemical precursors, through their
reaction directly on the substrate. The sodium silicate viscosity in aqueous solution and the
viscosity of nitrogenated compounds or oxalates necessary in the silicates synthesis is compatible
with the necessary viscosity for ink-jet cartridges. The necessary silicates forming reactions were
studied directly on the deposition support, so that the functional characteristics of the
multicompartment ink-jet cartridges were used. Compositions were realised, in which the colouring
effect was obtained with ionic colorants. The vitrifiation and the quality of the obtained thin films
were studied through Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy.
Rate Controlled Debindering of Glass Ceramic Composites
Authors: Reinsch Stefan , Gaber Martin , Müller Ralf , Schiller Wolfgang A.
Published: March 2009

Green compacts of ceramics, glass ceramic composites and sinter glass ceramics contain
different amounts of organic materials added as pressing aids or binders. Before sintering, these
organics have to burn out completely. In oxidising atmospheres, the debindering process is mostly
exothermic and therefore difficult to control. This uncontrolled heat production due to locally enhanced
debindering and respective gas release may cause damages in the green compact microstructure.
Therefore, debindering is usually operated with very low heating rates (< 3 K/min) which requires
long processing times of many hours. In this paper, we will show that it is possible to reduce
the processing time for debindering dramatically by using the decomposition rate of the organic
binder, detected by the weight loss of the sample, as a control factor of the furnace.
Structure and Properties of 137Cs Containing Waste Glass
Authors: Stoch Pawel
Published: March 2009

Vitrification has been recognized as the best method of the neutralization and immobilization of the
radioactive and toxic wastes. Toxic elements are introduced into the structure of chemically durable
glasses (waste glasses). Radioactive 137Cs is a dangerous contaminant of hospital and laboratory
wastes. Incineration of these waste followed by vitrification of the ashes by co-melting them with
borosilicate glass is a prospective method of immobilization of 137Cs for safety waste storage. The
influence of partial substitution of Na by Cs and introduction of CaO as the main component of the
hospital waste incineration ash on the structure, crystallization ability, and physical properties of
SiO2-B2O3 -Al2O3-Na2O glass was studied. It was established that due to crystallochemical
differences between Cs+ and Na+ as the glass structure modifiers, in the presence of even a
relatively small amount of Cs2O (5 mass %) the degree of polymerization of the glass network and
its stability increases which means, simultaneously the increase of the chemical durability of the
glass. On the other hand above glass transformation temperature (Tg), cesium acts as the strong
depolymeriser of network, increasing the tendency for crystallization of the basic glass. It becomes
incorporated into the structure of the newly formed crystal phases such as the chemically resistant
aluminosilicates (pollucite, nepheline).
Zinc Borophosphate Glasses Doped with Molybdenum Oxide
Authors: Šubčík Jiří , Koudelka Ladislav , Mošner Petr , Černošek Zdeněk
Published: March 2009

The glasses of the series (1-x)[0.5ZnO-0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5]-xMoO3 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 were
prepared by slow cooling of the melt. These glasses were characterized by the measurements of
density, molar volume, chemical durability, glass transition temperature and the thermal expansion
coefficient. The density and molar volume of the glasses increase with increasing MoO3 content.
All glasses crystallize on heating and their crystallization temperature decreases with increasing
MoO3 content. An incorporation of MoO3 into the parent borophosphate glass results in a
substantial decrease of their glass transition temperature and also of their chemical durability. The
observed changes were ascribed to the gradual replacement of stronger P-O-P bonds by weaker Mo-
O-P and Mo-O-Mo bonds. ESR spectra revealed the presence of Mo5+ ions responsible for the blue
colour of the glasses and the relative ratio of Mo5+/Mototal decreases with increasing MoO3 content.
Fracture of Quasi-Brittle Materials like Concrete under Compressive Loading
Authors: van Mier Jan G.M. , Meyer Dominik , Man Hau Kit
Published: March 2009

Fracture under compression is one of the most commonly studied properties of geomaterials
like concrete and rock, in particular since these materials reach their best performance in
compression. The fracture process is however rather complex due to the heterogeneous structures of
said materials. Over the years fundemental studies of fracture under compression have led to a
much improved insight in the details of the fracture process depending on the actual composition of
the material. Fracture can be described by means of a 4-stage fracture model, which included as
most important aspects pre-peak cracking, which is stable and can be arrested by stiffer and stronger
elements in the material structure, and post-peak cracking [1]. The latter macroscopic cracks are
basically un-stable and can only be arrested by measures at a structural scale, such as applying
confining stress or by using positive geometries. The material structure cannot assist in the arrest of
the large energetic cracks other than locally affecting the crack path. In the paper an overview is
given of the fracture process in compression. Recently we embarked on studying compressive
fracture using a simpler material structure, namely foamed hardened cement paste [2]. Stiff
aggregates that are normally included in normal concrete have been left-out; instead a larger than
usual quantity of large pores is brought into the material, even up to 80%. Studying fracture
processes in this simpler material system ultimately allows for a better understanding of the details
of the pre-peak cracking process, which is considered more important than the post-peak process
since it defines strength.
Study on Ramie Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites (RF-PP) and its Mechanical Properties
Authors: He Li Ping , Tian Yong , Wang Lu Lin
Published: March 2009

Natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (NF/PP) have attracted a lot of
attention because of their light weight, good mechanical properties, recyclable and environmental
friendly features. This work has successfully fabricated ramie fiber reinforced polypropylene
composites (RF/PP) with a hybrid method of melt-blending and injection molding. Different RF/PP
eco-materials have been fabricated by varying the fiber length, fiber content and way of fiber
pre-treatment. This paper studied the mechanical properties of the fabricated RF/PP composites in
depth by investigating the mechanical behaviors of RF/PP and microstructures of the ruptured
surfaces. The results show that the increases of fiber length and fiber content can improve the
tensile strength, flexural strength and compression strength apparently, but result in negative
influences on the impact strength and elongation behaviors of RF/PP composites. The optimal
addition amount of ramie fiber is around 20 wt%. The pre-treatment of ramie fiber in 10%~15%
NaOH is good to the mechanical properties of RF/PP. The fiber length can be varied in the range of
3-8 mm. It is expected that the fabricated RF/PP composites can be applied to automobile industry
as environmental friendly eco-materials.
Kowari – OPAL’s Residual-Stress Diffractometer and its Application to Materials Science and Engineering
Authors: Kirstein Oliver , Luzin Vladimir , Brule Alain , Nguyen Hien , Tawfik David
Published: March 2009

The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) has recently
started commissioning the new Australian Research Reactor OPAL that has replaced the old
HIFAR reactor in January 2007. At the first stage, the new reactor will provide neutrons to several
neutron scattering instruments. Among them is the residual stress diffractometer Kowari that was
designed to study engineering problems related to residual stresses as well as allow material science
research using neutron diffraction. We give an update on the progress of the instrument’s
installation and commissioning and present an example to illustrate how neutron diffraction can be
used to obtain information about residual stresses in a flash butt welded plate.
Application of Lubrication Theory to Near-Dry Green Grinding – Feasibility Analysis
Authors: Li Chang He , Hou Ya Li , Xiu Shi Chao , Cai Guang Qi
Published: March 2009

This paper describes an investigation about the grinding fluid optimization supply based
on lubrication theory. The models for three-dimensional hydrodynamic flow pressure in contact
zone between wheel and work are presented based on Navier-Stokes equation and continuous
formulae. It is well known that hydrodynamic fluid pressure generates due to this fluid flux, and
that it affects overall grinding resistance and machining accuracy. Moreover, conventional methods
of delivering grinding fluid, i.e. flood delivery via a shoe or jet delivery tangential to the wheel via a
nozzle, have been proved that they can not fully penetrate this boundary layer and thus, the majority
of the cutting fluid is deflected away from the grinding zone. Therefore, in this paper, a new
delivery method of grinding fluid, the minimum quantity lubricant (MQL)-near-dry green grinding
is presented and analyzed for it not only reduces hydrodynamic lift force but also reduces grinding
fluid cost to achieve green manufacturing. Experiments have been carried out to validate the
performance of the MQL supply compared with conventional flood cooling. The experimental
results have shown that the theoretical model is in agreement with experimental results and the
model can well forecast hydrodynamic pressure distribution at contact zone between and workpiece
and the MQL supply in grinding is feasible. Experiments have also been carried out to evaluate the
performance of the MQL technology compared with conventional flood cooling. Experimental data
indicate that the proposed method does not negatively affect to the surface integrity and the process
validity has been verified.
Reduction of Friction and Calibration Pressure by Section Preform during Hydroforming of Tubular Automotive Structural Components
Authors: Han Cong , Yuan Shi Jian , Sun L.N.
Published: March 2009

In the past decade, hydroformed structural components have been widely used in industrial
areas in North American and Europe and there is a large potential market in Asia with the
development of automotive industry. An extraordinary feature of tube hydroforming is that a hollow
component with a three dimension axis and variable closed-sections can be integrally formed, so that
the number of component parts is minimized, weight is reduced and stiffness of the part is increased.
The section shapes in many automotive hollow components are complex and it is usually difficult or
impossible to hydroform these typical sections directly from circular section tube, so that satisfactory
preforms are necessary. In this paper, a method to reduce the friction and calibration pressure through
a petal-like cross-section shape preform is presented and its mechanism is analyzed. Preforms for
rectangular, trapezoidal and polygonal sections used in hollow components are investigated and
satisfactory preforms are obtained. Taking an engine cradle as example, satisfactory preform section
shapes have been designed, by which the thickness distribution was controlled and the flash generated
from the die-parting surface in the final forming was avoided. So a carefully selected preform process
can contribute significantly to the reduction of friction and calibration pressure and it is a dominant
factor for successful hydroforming.
Dynamic Response Analysis for Structures with Interval Parameters Based on Affine Arithmetic
Authors: Zhu Zeng Qing , Chen J.J.
Published: March 2009

This paper aims to study the uncertainty of the MDOF structural dynamic response, taking
not only the interval characteristics of structural physical parameters and geometric dimension, but
also the interval characteristics of applied load simultaneously . By means of the description of the
interval parameters of uncertain structure with affine forms, the interval structural dynamic equation
is studied, and an improved affine arithmetic based on interval division is presented, where
correlations between the interval elements in eigenvalue and responses equations are considered,
independent uncertain parameters are transformed to affine forms, and the solution of eigenvalue and
response equations are transformed into the corresponding certain ones. With general affine
arithmetic, the eigenvalue of each order and response bounds are determined by searching for the
maximum and minimum in the solutions. Finally, some mathematical examples and a further
engineering application confirm the feasibility and validity of this approach.
Process Planning Dynamic Model Based on HOOPN for Top-Down Collaborative Assembly Design
Authors: Yang Yu Dong , Li Zhi Hua , Zhang Shu Ting
Published: March 2009

According to the characteristics of the design process of top-down collaborative
assembly design, process planning dynamic model based on HOOPN (hierarchical object-oriented
Petri-net) is constructed for top-down collaborative assembly design. The outside and inside task
dependent relationships among the task groups include parallel, sequence and coupling are
implemented. The definitions of attribute for each element and the activation rules are presented for
Petri-net. The fuzzy overall evaluation model is applied for risk evaluation of design process, and
the local and global risk level is determined. The whole process planning is adjusted and controlled
based on special risk decision-making mechanism.
Integrated Fuzzy Analysis and Group Decision Making Method for Collaborative Product Development
Authors: Qiu Hao Bo , Zhang Chao Yong , Jiang Ping , Shao Xin Yu
Published: March 2009

Group decision-making is one of the most important issues in product development. In
order to tackle the vague and sometimes conflicting decision data, this paper presents a new approach
based on fuzzy similarity and fuzzy compromise to deal with the fuzzy nature of group decisions. In
the proposed method, a modified fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process method is used to get the
criterion weights, a novel consensus aggregation algorithm is given to obtain the conflict-free results,
and an improved compromise decision means is utilized to calculate the utilities of alternatives.
Finally an integrated product development solution evaluation process is illustrated as a numerical
example, and the corresponding software package is also developed.
Robustness Analysis of Responses of Structures with Uncertain Parameters
Authors: Chen Yu Dong , Chen S.H.
Published: March 2009

In the engineering structures, the design parameters may be uncertain because of the
manufacture errors and inaccuracy in measurement, etc. The uncertainties of structural parameters
may lead to large and unexpected excursion of responses that may lead to drastic reduction in
accuracy and precision of the operations. Uncertainties in the design parameters are often
considered to ensure that the structure is robust with respect to response errors. The paper discusses
the robustness of responses of structures with uncertainties, which are described with three models,
the random, convex, and interval models. The three corresponding methods for estimating the upper
and lower bounds of responses are given, and the upper bounds of responses are used to estimate
the robustness of responses of the structure with uncertain parameters. The comparison of the three
methods for robustness analysis is given and some important conclusions are drawn.
Integrity Stable Reliability Analysis of Stochastic Structure System under Multiple Stochastic Loads
Authors: An Wei Guang , Tian G.P. , Zhou L. , Wang Li
Published: March 2009

Generally, a safe margin equation is established by critical load coefficient and external
load coefficient of the system in structural integrity stable reliability analysis, and then the reliability
index of structural integrity stability is educed. Critical load coefficient is always obtained on
condition that structure is acted on by one load. Actually, besides one load acting on the structure,
their distribution is not always the same. In addition, because of the stochastic characteristic of
structure system itself (e.g., cross-section of element, length, modulus of elasticity etc. are random
variables), it is difficult for structural integrity stable reliability analysis. According to the theory of
structure system stability and basal concept of reliability, the safe margins of structure system under
different distribution loads are presented in this paper. The expression of safe margin sensitivity is
given by stochastic finite element method because the safe margin is the expression of implicit
function. Furthermore, the reliability indexes of the safe margin under different condition are educed
by the advanced first order second moment method (AFOSM). By comparison and analysis, the
structural integrity stable reliability index is ultimately obtained.
Reliability Analysis for Rubbing in Cracked Rotor System
Authors: Su Chang Qing , Zhang Yi Min
Published: March 2009

The rubbing phenomenon occurs when a rotating element eventually hits a stationary part
of the rotating machinery. Increasing the rotor speed and decreasing the radial clearance between the
rotating and the non-rotating parts can enhance the performance of the rotating machinery. This leads
to an increased risk of rubbing contact. Rotor rubbing is the source of numerous different phenomena,
for example sub- and super-harmonic vibrations, amplitude jumps and rotor instability. So the
reliability analysis and sensitivity analysis of rotor system with rubbing is important for design
purposes. Reliability analysis can help the designer to establish acceptable tolerance on rotor system.
Sensitivity analysis can help the designer to know which problem in rotor system with rubbing is
being solved and how the solution may affect the design of rotor system for system correction and
reanalysis. On the basis of the dynamic equations of the cracked rotor system model and with
consideration of the random parameters including shaft stiffness and damping, disk damping, radial
clearance and stator radial stiffness, the random responses of cracked rotor system are researched. The
reliability and sensitivity analysis of the cracked rotor system with rubbing are studied. According to
the discretization of random process and stress-strength interference theory, the transient reliability
model of cracked rotor system with rubbing is proposed. The reliability for rubbing in cracked rotor
system is obtained by way of statistical fourth moment method, Edgeworth series technique and first
passage theory. Numerical results are also presented and discussed.
Rapid Prototyping of Constraint-Based Production Flows in Outsourcing
Authors: Saniuk Sebastian , Saniuk Anna
Published: March 2009

In this publication a problem of production order planning is considered. The concept of a
critical resource and a critical process, a constraint-based approach has been proposed. The question
considered regards of an admissible production flow organization-guaranteeing completion of the
production order under assumed limits, while taking into account the logistics constraints imposed. In
that context the approach proposed can be seen as one following the Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints
(TOC).
Methodology to Support a Collaborative DFX Process with Integration of PDM and Expert System Tools
Authors: Ramón-Raygoza E.D. , Guerra-Zubiaga David A. , Tomovic M.
Published: March 2009

Designers need to reuse relevant knowledge types to make important decisions. These
decisions are based not only on experience, but also on key knowledge global partners. A
methodology to support information-knowledge management for global collaboration using DFX,
PDM and Expert System tools is proposed. This new approach shows a manner to provide
information from each stage of the product lifecycle to the designers through a PDM system. In
addition, it includes a manner to store and share the knowledge created during the DFX process using
an Expert System. This methodology provides integration to product realization technologies while
supporting design stage in a collaborative environment when a large amount of information and
knowledge to get a decision is required. The new approach implemented provides important benefits
such as launching time and cost reduction, increased efficiency of designers and product innovation.
Optimization Analysis for Fuel Cell Bus Body Structure in Multi-Load Cases
Authors: Gao Yun Kai , Liu P.
Published: March 2009

In recent years, for the sake of energy saving and environment protection, lightweight body
structure becomes the trend of vehicle development. Based on this objective, it is significant to make
a research on optimization for the body structure. When structure optimization for the single work
condition is carried out, the common mechanism optimization design method can provide the
optimum result for certain condition according to the corresponding restriction and objective
functions, whereas, the same variable has different variation trends in different conditions. In order to
satisfy the requirements of the actual condition with multi-load cases optimization, synthesis analysis
should be carried out by introducing weights for corresponding variables. First of all, the optimization
section sizes of frame members of one semi-integral fuel cell bus body are analyzed respectively
under four different load cases by applying common mechanism optimization design method.
Furthermore, orthogonal design of experiment method is adopted to analyze the effect factor of the
four optimization results in the synthesis optimization analysis and ascertain the integral optimum
scheme. By analyzing and checking the bus body gained from the optimum synthesis scheme, it is
confirmed that the synthesis optimization method for structure by adopting both common mechanism
optimization design method and orthogonal design of experiment method can be used to carry out the
optimization analysis under multi-load cases for bus body frame and the lightweight of bus
framework, on the premise of ensuring the bus body performance index such as strength, stiffness and
mode.
Study of Electro-Hydraulic Converter with Strong Restoring-Motion
Authors: Zhang Xiao Ying , Dang Cun Lu , Chai L. , Jiang C.P.
Published: March 2009

In order to eliminate the disadvantages of the traditional electro-hydraulic converters in the
turbine governor, a new electro-hydraulic converter with strong restoring-motion was studied in this
paper. The basic structure and working principal were analyzed, and the basic characteristics were
described in detail. The simulation analysis of its dynamic characteristics was made by using
Simulink software and the methods for improvement of the performances were suggested. The results
of field tests indicated that the performance indexes of the hydro-turbine governors with this new
technology were conformable to or higher than GB. It is concluded that the new electro-hydraulic
converter has a promising future in engineering applications, especially in turbine governing systems
that suffer from jam fault.
A Statistically Load-Weighted Probabilistic Fatigue Life Model
Authors: Xie Li Yang , Lin Wen Qiang
Published: March 2009

By interpreting traditional stress-strength interference model as a statistical average of the
probability that strength (a random variable) is greater than stress (another random variable) over its
whole distribution range, the same model configuration, which was conventionally applied only to
the case of same system-of-units parameters (e.g., stress and strength, both are measured in MPa),
was applied to more general situation of different system-of-units parameters. That is to say, the
traditional model was extended to more general situations of any two variables, as long as one of the
variables can be expressed as a function of the other. Further more, the probabilistic fatigue life
under random stress can be predicted, with known probabilistic fatigue lives under several
deterministic cyclic stress amplitudes and known distribution of the random cyclic stress amplitude.
The underlying principle is that the fatigue life under random stress is equal to the statistical average
of the fatigue lives under cyclic stress of deterministic amplitudes which can be considered as the
samples of the random stress.
Chi-Square Optimization Parameter Estimation for Incomplete Data Distribution
Authors: Mao He , Li Qing
Published: March 2009

Many data in practical projects belong to incomplete data distribution. An approach for
treat the data is investigated from chi-square optimization to measure the parameters. The statistical
reference is also performed in the measuring process. Availability has been indicated by an example.
Hardware Design of Diesel Generator Sets Digital Control System Based on DSP
Authors: Dang Cun Lu , Chai L. , Zhang Xiao Ying
Published: March 2009

The diesel generator sets digital control system based on DSP is studied in this paper. The
principles of voltage and speed control are analyzed. The main DSP chip is 16-bit fixed-point
TMS320LF2407A. The hardware design, the former channels, the after channels and the CAN
controller are accomplished in this paper. The simulation results indicate the controller has
high-performance processing capabilities and it can meet the need of Generator Sets' real-time control
and performance requirements.
Research on Multi-Attribute Decision Making Using Grey Relation Analysis, Information Axiom and Fuzzy Preferences
Authors: Cheng Xian Fu
Published: March 2009

The grey relation analysis is a kind of quantitative analysis method based on factors
compared. The information axiom of axiomatic design provides a mean of evaluation by comparing
the information content of several alternatives, based on which a new method for multi-attribute
decision making is proposed. First, according to decision matrix of all decision making criteria, the
ideal alternative composed of the best reference data series among all alternatives is constructed. Then
the information content is used to evaluate the relation grade between an individual alternative and the
ideal alternative. The fuzzy preferences are utilized to determine the weight of each criterion. The
total information content of every alternative is calculated, and arrayed in order, so the optimal
alternative can be selected. For requirements of evaluation, the calculation formula of information
content is amended. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the
proposed method.
Optimization of Groove-Hole Distribution with Equidistant and Unequal Diameter on Air-Cushion Belt Conveyor
Authors: Li J.F. , Zhang Suo Long
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the research and development of the distribution of air-holes in the groove of
air-cushion belt conveyor were introduced. The expressions of air-cushion pressure were given and
the graph of it was shown as well. The air flow model nearby groove-holes and air outflow model on
cross section were given too. In the same time, the distributing mode of equidistant air-holes with
unequal diameter was studied and analyzed. In order to make up the shortage of the study on air-hole
distributing mode of equidistant air-holes with unequal diameter on the air-cushion belt conveyor, an
instance of the air-cushion flow field was numerically simulated based on the CFD software ,Fluent
software. Several groups of data of different air-hole distributions, (for example, the center distances
of air-holes in the groove of air-cushion belt conveyor are the same as each other and their diameters
are different), were selected to compare with each other , and then, the results were compared with
existing theory. According to the different results of the numerical simulation on the distributing
mode of equidistant air-holes with unequal diameter, the optimal parameters of air-hole distributing
mode were obtained, and the effect of prevent offset that comes the balance groove-hole on
air-cushion belt conveyor. Moreover, the verification to prove the agreement between the results of
numerically simulated and basic theory was carried out by the comparison analyses. The theoretical
feasibility of air-hole distributing mode of equidistant air-holes with unequal diameter was analyzed.
Research on Fuzzy Information Modeling Process of Quality Function Deployment
Authors: Ren Zhao Hui , Li Xiao Peng , Dai J.S. , Wen Bang Chun
Published: March 2009

In the process of products design, most input information for Quality Function
Deployment always possess the characteristics of fuzziness and language, so, various input
information of house of quality are regarded as language variable, glossary convene of fuzzy
language and fuzzy numeral. The main idea of modeling of fuzzy information with house of quality is
explained in detail, and fuzzy integrating of custom needs and fuzzy modeling of products planning
with HOQ are proposed. Thus, the fuzzy or qualitative information can be dealt with efficiently, and
the significative decision in fuzzy circumstance can be made.
A Service-Oriented Collaborative Design Platform for Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Xu Wen Sheng , Cha J.Z. , Sobolewski M.
Published: March 2009

An important requirement for a collaborative design platform in Concurrent Engineering
(CE) is the integration of various engineering software tools and utilities in product design and
development. Some CE platforms based on a client/server architecture or static Service Oriented
Architecture (SOA) are available in the marketplace, but they lack flexibility and reliability in the
constantly changing Internet environment due to the dynamic nature of the network. Based on the
current development of SOA, this paper presents a Service-oriented Collaborative Design platform
(SCoD) based on SORCER—a dynamic SOA infrastructure that allows federated integration of
engineering software components in CE environments. The architecture of SCoD is proposed, the
wrapping methodology used to integrate engineering software tools in SCoD is presented, and the
federated method invocation for services in SCoD is described. With the support of SCoD,
collaborative design in CE environments can be deployed, and scalability, reliability, and flexibility
can be achieved in the changing Internet environment.
Probabilistic Critical Fatigue Safety State of the RD2 Type Axle of China Railway Freight Car
Authors: Zhao Yong Xiang , Yang Bing , Feng Ming Fei , Li Y. , Liu M.J. , Song Guo Xiang
Published: March 2009

Critical fatigue safety state is investigated on RD2 type axle of China railway freight cars.
Attention is paid on the grooves near axle boxes, where more fatigue cracks were early appeared even
result in at least six derailed accidents. Load history was obtained by vehicle dynamics simulation
combining with on-line inspection. Braking loads and effects of maintenance and off-round of wheels
are also incorporated. Semi-elliptical and external circumferential cracks are employed for crack
growth simulation. Crack shape change and shear stressing of the semi-elliptical crack are taken into
account. New crack growth rate modeling in which covers from cracking threshold to toughness
related fracture state is applied for residual life evaluation. Critical fatigue safety state is defined as the
crack size from which the axle can be safely operated to next overhaul inspection. Critical crack size
is estimated step-by-step with the crack shape change. Results show that the external circumferential
crack is more dangerous than the semi-elliptical crack. Application more than two years in production
verifies that the present assessment is available and reliable.
Damage Analysis of Glass-to-Metal Diffusion Welded Joints
Authors: Shen Xi Hai , Ling Xiang
Published: March 2009

The glass-to-metal seals are usually used in the solar thermal power (STP) and electronic
devices. However, the requirement of mechanical properties in the STP is much higher than that of
electronic devices, because the glass-to-metal joints used in the STP need to have anti-fatigue
performance in adition to higher static tensile strength. Under the repeated fluctuating loads, damage
and failures of glass-to-metal seals in the STP often lead to serious consequences. Therefore, analysis
of damage evolution and fracture behavior of glass-to-metal diffusion welded joints was performed in
this paper. Firstly, the finite element (FE) model of glass-to-metal welded joints was established in
accordance with the STP welded structures. And damage simulation was carried out by the FE
software ABAQUS. Also, the work illustrates the modeling of damage in terms of traction versus
separation to simulate crack propagation and introduces the use of traction-separation law as a
damage initiation and evolution criteria. The microgram of damage distribution in the glass side near
the interface could be characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which was compared
with predictions obtained by finite element method (FEM) analysis. As result, the damage criteria on
the lap joints in conjunction with FM analysis were used to optimize the glass-to-metal diffusion
welding technology. The above results provide the basis of design against damage and reliable
estimation of glass-to-metal seals.
Reliability Design Method for Interference Joint in Mechanical Engineering
Authors: Xiu Shi Chao , Feng Q. , Gao Shi Qiang
Published: March 2009

The plastic deformation as a main form of failure of Interference Joints may happen in
engineering works if it is designed unreasonably. In this paper, the contact stress and the strength of
Interference Joint parts were analyzed deeply. Based on the theory of the reliability design, the general
formulas and the method of the reliability design and computation for Interference Joint were
established in consideration of joint structure, machining precision, interference value, mechanical
properties of the joint parts and their randomicity. The practical design method, which would promote
the reliability of Interference Joint effectively, was proposed for larger size and some other important
Interference Joints. Compared to the conventional design method, the working reliability of
Interference Joints can be improved obviously by means of the reliability design method.
A Study on Optimal Inspection Strategies of Reliability Systems with Parallel-Chain Precedence Constraints under Failure States
Authors: Bao Zhi When , Li Hong Ying , Cui Li Rong
Published: March 2009

Testability is a new and important technology as reliability and maintainability. A lot of
literature has discussed the optimal problems of testability in recent years. In Chiu’s paper, a new
kind of precedence constraints, parallel-chain precedence constraints, was presented, which is a
common constraint in many products and systems. He discussed the optimal inspection strategies to
determine the states (good/failed) of some typical reliability systems with parallel-chain precedence
constraints. But in reality we encounter more problems with fault-testing models, and how to locate
all the failed components with minimal cost is our interest. Suppose that a coherent system has n
independent components, each of which has a known prior probability of fault. The true state of each
component can be obtained by inspecting it with some cost. This paper discusses the optimal
inspection strategies of the coherent system with parallel-chain precedence constraints when the
system fails, which can minimize the total expected inspection cost. If the system is known to have
failed, there are two situations: one is that the number of the failed components in the system is
unknown, which is a common phenomenon; another is that the number of the failed components is
known. In addition, the coherent systems concerned in this paper are all typical reliability systems,
such as series, parallel, parallel-series, series-parallel and k -out-of- n systems, and all of them are
subject to parallel-chain precedence constraints.
Delivery Quality Product in Value Chain: A Case Study to Rebuild Broken Quality System in Piecewise Organization
Authors: Tsai Timothy P. , Yu J.F. , Stracener J. , Wang F.C.
Published: March 2009

Globalization has been around for a couple of centuries but never like today. Even not far
just a decade ago, companies setting up a branch office overseas was a subsidiary for management
team to operate. Today, there are ODM/OEM, Build-to-Order, B2B, or other kinds of business
relationships, but less and less of headquarter-subsidiary relationship. The evolving of the new
business relationships in today’s globalization creates a huge potential quality risk which actually
exists behind the whole value chain: (1) product quality from design to manufacture, and (2) quality
cost due to defective products, reputation loss, recall, delinquency, etc. The Quality System used to
commit quality that serves enterprise now under pressure to reapply to a cross-the-boundary value
chain environment. This paper is a case study that demonstrates a methodology solving the
previously addressed quality issues by installing a Qualify System into a piecewise organization in a
supply chain. In this case the quality factor has been nearly eliminated since 2000 with millions of
wafers supplying from supply network by adapting this methodology: a Quality System Vee Model.
Composite GM (1, 1) Model for Treating Data of Constant Stress Amplitude Accelerated Life Tests
Authors: Qian Yi , Zhou Y.H. , Pei J.C.
Published: March 2009

An accelerated life model is an important factor affecting the evaluation of test data.
Avoiding the existent difficulties of treating mixed data and based on the grey theory with composite
GM(1,1) model, approach is presented for treating fatigue data under constant stress amplitude
accelerated life tests. Availability of the approach has indicated by an example.
Reliability Analysis of Condition Monitoring Systems under Fuzzy Environment
Authors: Yi P.X. , Liu Shi Yuan , Hu Y.M. , Liu W.
Published: March 2009

As an important means to improve the reliability of complex manufacturing systems and to
ensure that they can function better, condition monitoring systems (CMS) are usually designed and
used in manufacture industries. And reliability is one of the most important characteristics of CMS.
Fuzzy set theory based on reliability modeling and analysis methods for CMS are proposed in this
paper. The methods include a fuzzy graph modeling technique for analyzing the system reliability of
CMS, and fuzzy reliability computing methods to quantify uncertainties in function decomposition of
CMS and compute system reliability of CMS by invoking Fuzzy-set theory and approaches. On the
other hand, the fuzzy reliability of CMS based on fuzzy failure subset and confidence level is defined,
and system reliability indexes of CMS are set up to compute the system reliability of CMS. A case of
application is used to illustrate the procedure.
The Reliability Virtual Experiment Based on Deep Groove Ball Bearing
Authors: Li Chang , Sun Zhi Li
Published: March 2009

With the application of explicit dynamics and probability finite element method, reliability
virtual experiment of deep groove ball bearing is carried out. Based on self –adaptive mesh module of
the ANSYS/LS-DYNA, true numerical simulation of the working process is presented after the
three-dimensional finite element bearing model is built. Then, the contact stress and strain among
balls, retainer and inner (outer) race and also the pressure law during the contact process are obtained.
As the randomness of manufacture and assemblage tolerance is inevitable, Monte Carlo method is
adopted when samples the bearing system. From the random sampling, a large sample data of the
maximum contact stress is got and the reliability coefficient is calculated; and the contribution of each
original manufacture error to the reliability sensitivity of the bearing is analyzed. Reliability virtual
experiment offers a theoretical reference to fatigue strength calculation and dynamic optimum design
of the bearing system, and the analysis process is easy to be program controlled.