bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instrumented Taylor anvil-on-rod impact tests for validating applicability of standard strength models to transient deformation states
Authors: Eakins D. E. , Thadhani N. N.
Published: October 2006

Instrumented Taylor anvil-on-rod impact tests have been conducted on oxygen-free electronic copper to validate the accuracy of current strength models for predicting transient states during dynamic deformation events. The experiments coupled the use of high-speed digital photography to record the transient deformation states and laser interferometry to monitor the sample back (free surface) velocity as a measure of the elastic∕plastic wave propagation through the sample length. Numerical continuum dynamics simulations of the impact and plastic wave propagation employing the Johnson-Cook [Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Ballistics, 1983, The Netherlands (Am. Def. Prep. Assoc. (ADPA)), pp. 541–547], Zerilli-Armstrong [J. Appl. Phys. C1, 1816 (1987)], and Steinberg-Guinan [J. Appl. Phys. 51, 1498 (1980)] constitutive equations were used to generate transient deformation profiles and the free surface velocity traces. While these simulations showed good correlation with the measured free surface velocity traces and the final deformed sample shape, varying degrees of deviations were observed between the photographed and calculated specimen profiles at intermediate deformation states. The results illustrate the usefulness of the instrumented Taylor anvil-on-rod impact technique for validating constitutive equations that can describe the path-dependent deformation response and can therefore predict the transient and final deformation states.
Nonlinear absorption and scattering properties of cadmium sulphide nanocrystals with its application as a potential optical limiter
Authors: Venkatram N. , Kumar R. Sai Santosh , Narayana Rao D.
Published: October 2006

A systematic study of nonlinear absorption and scattering properties of 4.5nm sized CdS nanocrystals dispersed in dimethylformamide with varying concentrations is reported in this paper. The study is undertaken by performing open aperture Z-scan measurements with 532nm nanosecond and 790nm femtosecond pulse excitations. A modified Z-scan experimental setup is used to collect both nonlinear absorption and nonlinear scattering at different forward angles simultaneously. Optical limiting studies of these nanocrystals show that nonlinear scattering (NLS) is comparable to the two-photon absorption (TPA). Both the TPA and NLS coefficients are estimated by theoretical fit of the observed open aperture Z-scan curves. The variation of NLS coefficients with concentration is discussed in detail, and we estimated the thermo-optic coefficient of CdS nanocrystals. The nonlinear refractive index and limiting threshold (I1∕2) of CdS nanocrystals at different concentrations (at 532nm) are also estimated and reported. Further, we report our observation of the formation of diffraction fringes in the transmitted beam at high intensities.
Nonlinear optical approach to multiexciton relaxation dynamics in quantum dots
Authors: Huxter Vanessa M. , Scholes Gregory D.
Published: October 2006

Unlike the majority of molecular systems quantum dots can accommodate multiple excitations, which is a particularly important attribute for potential lasing applications. We demonstrate in this work the concept of using nth order nonlinear spectroscopies in the transient grating configuration as a means of selectively exciting (n−1)∕2 excitons in a semiconductor and probing the subsequent relaxation dynamics. We report a direct observation of multiparticle dynamics on ultrashort time scales through comparison of third and fifth order experiments for CdSe colloidal quantum dots. Time constants associated with multiexciton recombination and depopulation dynamics are reported. Deviation from a Poisson model for the distribution of photoexcited excitons, biexcitons, and triexcitons is also discussed.
Hole-mediated ferromagnetism in polycrystalline Si1−xMnx:B films
Authors: Liu X. C. , Lu Z. H. , Lu Z. L. , Lv L. Y. , Wu X. S. , Zhang F. M. , Du Y. W.
Published: October 2006

Polycrystalline Si1−xMnx thin films codoped with boron have been fabricated by sputtering technique followed by postcrystallization processes. Structural, magnetic, and transport properties of the films were investigated. Magnetic property investigation indicated that the films consist of two ferromagnetic phases. The low Curie temperature ferromagnetic phase (TC∼50K) is due to the Mn4Si7 phase in the films as detected by x-ray diffraction, while the high temperature one (TC∼250K) is resulted from the incorporation of Mn into silicon. It has been found that, with carriers confirmed as p type, for the same effective concentration of Mn the saturation magnetization of the films with higher carrier concentration is higher than that of those with lower carrier concentration, which suggests a mechanism of hole-mediated ferromagnetism for Si-based diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors.
Interdiffusion in Fe–Pt multilayers
Authors: Zotov Nikolay , Feydt Jürgen , Savan Alan , Ludwig Alfred
Published: October 2006

Fe ∕ Pt multilayers with modulation periods Λ=24.1±0.2 and 37.2±0.1Å and [110]‖[111] bcc-fcc texture were fabricated by magnetron sputtering on thermally oxidized Si wafers. The structural evolution of the multilayers with annealing temperature in the range of 300–600K was studied by in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray reflectivity. Two temperature regimes were found from the XRD data. Below 534±4K slow, short-range diffusion is observed without significant broadening of the satellite peaks or changes in the texture. Above 534K fast, long-range diffusion is observed accompanied by significant broadening of the satellites and rapid increase of the misorientations of the grains. The multilayers crystallize at about 583K into the tetragonal FePt phase with a small degree of ordering and strong [111] texture. The transition resembles a first-order phase transition with a critical exponent β=0.48±0.01 which practically does not depend on Λ. The bulk interdiffusion coefficient, determined from the decay of the −1 satellite of the (001) Bragg peak of the multilayers, can be expressed in Arrhenius form as D(T)=(1.37±0.26)×10−6exp(−1.7±0.6∕kBT)m2∕s. The gradient-energy coefficient k, entering the Cahn-Hilliard diffusion equation [Acta Metallurg. 9, 795 (1961), 10, 179 (1962); J. Chem. Phys. 28, 258 (1959)], was estimated from the Λ dependence of the diffusion coefficient to be (−6.8±0.2)×107eV∕cm.
Thermal stability and interfacial properties of ZrAlxSiyOz films prepared by pulse-laser deposition
Authors: Qiu X. Y. , Liu H. W. , Gao F. , Liu J.-M.
Published: October 2006

The thermal stability and interfacial properties of amorphous ZrAlxSiyOz films prepared under high vacuum conditions by pulse-laser deposition are investigated. A high anticrystallization temperature of 916°C is identified by x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter. However, it is found that ZrOx clusters may precipitate from amorphous film matrix at a temperature as low as 700°C, which subsequently react with Si substrate to form amorphous Zr-silicide interfacial layer. Due to the conductivity and good interfacial morphology of amorphous Zr-silicide interfacial layer, the Pt∕ZrAlxSiyOz∕IL∕Si stack gate structures exhibit good electrical properties such as small equivalent oxide thickness of 0.9nm, flatband voltage of 0.43V, and low leakage density of 64mA∕cm2 at 1V gate voltage.
Evaluation of the moisture content in phenolic resin via acoustic measurements
Authors: Fortineau J. , Vander Meulen F. , Haumesser L. , Feuillard G. , Barré S. , Bou Matar O.
Published: October 2006

Moisture absorption is a water diffusion process known to alter many of the mechanical properties of polymers and polymer-based composites. Ultrasonic waves are sensitive to such changes of properties and allow in situ measurements to be performed. This paper presents linear and nonlinear ultrasonic measurements on 12 phenolic resin plates with water contents ranging from 0% to 5% of their dry mass. Linear parameters are evaluated by an insertion/substitution spectroscopy method yielding to a representation of the evolution, with frequency, of the attenuation and of the phase velocity of acoustic waves propagating in each sample. Nonlinear β coefficient of each sample is determined by a contact phase modulation method. The evolution, with moisture content, of acoustic parameters such as the attenuation and the phase velocity of acoustic waves propagating at a given frequency, the slope of their attenuation with frequency, and the β coefficient of each sample is then studied. Results are discussed in terms of sensitivity.
Electrical characteristics and reliability properties of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with La2O3 gate dielectric
Authors: Hsu Chih-Hsiang , Wang Ming-Tsong , Lee Joseph Ya-Min
Published: October 2006

La 2 O 3 is a promising candidate for future metal-oxide-semiconductor gate dielectric applications. In this work, metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with La2O3 gate dielectric were fabricated. The maximum electron mobility is 270cm2∕Vs. The time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) of La2O3 was studied. It was observed that the Weibull slopes were independent of capacitor area. The Weibull slope increases with increasing La2O3 thickness. The TDDB of La2O3 follows the E model. The percolation model and electron trapping are used to explain the TDDB of La2O3 dielectrics.
A mechanical representation of entropy for a large finite system
Authors: Gross A. , Levine R. D.
Published: October 2006

The temporal evolution of the entropy of a mechanical system as described by a single trajectory is computed using the Clausius [Philos. Mag. 40, 122 (1868)] equality. This requires computing the maximal work that can be done by the system and comparing it to the actual work performed. A single trajectory suffices to determine the entropy when it is “typical,” meaning that average values of mechanical variables will not be different when computed using trajectories with different initial conditions. The results are illustrated for small rare gas clusters heated and compressed by an impact at a hard surface.
Dielectric properties and phase transitions of Cd2Nb2O7: Effects of pressure and temperature
Authors: Samara G. A. , Venturini E. L. , Boatner L. A.
Published: October 2006

The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the dielectric response of single crystal Cd2Nb2O7 (CNO) were investigated over the temperature range of 80–450K. The main pressure effects are (1) large suppression of the magnitude of the dielectric constant ε′ over most of the temperature range and (2) very weak pressure dependence of the ferroelastic and ferroelectric (FE) transition temperatures and of the relaxational response near 200K, as reported earlier for ceramic CNO. In view of result (2) the emphasis of the present paper is on the dielectric response above the transition region, i.e., in the high temperature paraelectric phase. The ε′(T) response in this phase can be explained by the T dependence of the uncoupled soft FE mode frequency associated with the NbO6 octahedra, and the large decrease in ε′ with pressure follows from the expected increase of this frequency which can be estimated from the dielectric data. In this phase ε′ is very well represented by a Curie-Weiss law ε′=C∕(T−T0), where C=1.16×105K and T0=174K at 1bar. Remarkably, the logarithmic pressure derivatives of C and T0 are found to be essentially identical to those of BaTiO3 implicating the crucial role of the BO6 octahedra in the soft mode character of the pyrochlore (CNO) structure, as in the case of the ABO3 perovskite structure. Pressure had a relatively weak influence on the various overlapping dielectric relaxations below 200K, but the results revealed a dipolar relaxation in the 350–400K region. It is suggested that this relaxation is associated with the motion of a defect complex involving the oxygen vacancy, a common feature in the related ABO3 oxides.
Neutron diffraction studies of structure and increasing splitting of LO-TO phonons in Pb1−xCdxTiO3
Authors: Chen Jun , Xing Xianran , Yu Ranbo , Liu Guirong , Li Junhong , Liu Yuntao
Published: October 2006

Pb 1 − x Cd x Ti O 3  (0.0⩽x⩽0.08) compounds in the tetragonal phase were prepared by the solid state reaction. Neutron powder diffraction study revealed that Pb1−xCdxTiO3 exhibits an unusual structural property. Although the tetragonality (c∕a) is enhanced by Cd substitution for Pb, the cation displacement of spontaneous polarization unexpectedly decreases, which is associated with the reduced Curie temperature. The increasing of the LO-TO splitting in Pb1−xCdxTiO3 shows an anomalous behavior in comparison with other previously studied PbTiO3-based systems. It was interestingly found that a similarity exists in the behavior of the solubility dependence of the LO-TO splitting and the negative thermal expansion (NTE) in the PbTiO3-based systems, which suggests that Pb–O hybridization plays an important role in NTE mechanism of PbTiO3.
Competition between damage buildup and dynamic annealing in ion implantation into Ge
Authors: Posselt M. , Bischoff L. , Grambole D. , Herrmann F.
Published: October 2006

Channeling implantation of Ga into Ge is performed at two very different ion fluxes (1012 and 1019cm−2s−1), at two temperatures (room temperature and 250°C), and at five different fluences. The fluence dependence of the range profiles and of the implantation damage is strongly influenced by defect accumulation and dynamic annealing. At 250°C, the maximum lifetime of the defects is less than 10s. On the other hand, at room temperature no significant annealing is found within the first 10s after ion impact. The measured Ga depth profiles are reproduced very well by atomistic computer simulations.
High negative differential resistance in silicon quantum dot metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
Authors: Park Nae-Man , Kim Sang Hyeob , Maeng Sunglyul , Park Seong-Ju
Published: October 2006

Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures, comprised of silicon quantum dot films grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, were fabricated on Si wafers. The devices showed a negative differential resistance, as a result of the resonant tunneling and the very high peak-to-valley current ratios of 2240 under illumination and 390 in the dark at room temperature, which are much higher than the corresponding values of other Si tunneling devices. The peak voltage was reduced down to 1.9V by increasing the doping concentration of the wafer and reducing the device area. The structure shows promise for use in solid-state switch applications.
Pressure-driven devices with lithographically fabricated composite epoxy-elastomer membranes
Authors: Campbell Kyle , Levy Uriel , Fainman Yeshaiahu , Groisman Alex
Published: October 2006

The authors describe the fabrication and applications of composite membranes with lithographically defined pieces of rigid UV-cured epoxy grafted inside a flexible polydimethylsiloxane membrane. The pattern of epoxy in the membrane defines its mode of deformation under pressure. They constructed and characterized two devices with the composite membranes. In one device, the grafted pieces of epoxy focus the pressure-induced membrane extension to a thin strip, and in the other device, the epoxy pattern generates in-plane rotation of the membrane under pressure. The proposed composite membranes can be used in pressure-driven actuators and adaptive optical devices.
Composite free layer for high density magnetic random access memory with lower spin transfer current
Authors: Meng Hao , Wang Jian-Ping
Published: October 2006

A magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structure with a composite free layer consisting of a nanocurrent-channel (NCC) layer sandwiched by two CoFe layers was proposed and investigated. The NCC layer increased the local spin current density inside the free layer and thus enhanced the writing capability for MTJ devices. In comparison with the conventional MTJ design with a single free layer, the intrinsic critical switching current density was reduced from 2.4×107to8.5×106A∕cm2 by using the composite free layer. On the other hand, the thermal stability factor of the composite free layer, KuV∕kBT, is around 149, which is almost the same as the value (159) for the MTJ device with a single free layer. The MTJ structure with the composite free layer is a candidate to solve the scaling problem for high density magnetic random access memory.
A new species of Bulbine (Liliaceae) from Australia.
Authors: Baijnath H
Published: October 2006

Bulbine alata, a new species, is described together with brief comments on other
Australian members of the genus. Illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs
of seed surfaces, are presented. A key to the species is provided.
Taxonomic revision of Chloanthaceae trib. Physopsideae.
Authors: Abid MA
Published: October 2006

A taxonomic revision of Chloanthaceae trib. Physopsideae is provided. The tribe
is endemic in Australia and comprises five genera, Dicrastylis, Lachnostachys, Mallophora,
Newcastelia, Physopsis, and 48 species with 37 infraspecific taxa. The following new species
are described: Dicrastylis brunnea, D. cordifolia, D. georgei, D. glauca, D. incana,
D. linearifolia, D. micrantha, D. microphylla, D. morrisonii, D. obovata, D. petermannensis,
D. sessilifolia, D. velutina, Mallophora rugosifolia, Newcastelia elliptica, N. interrupta and
TV. velutina. The new combination of Dicrastylis corymbosa (= Mallophora corymbosa
Endl.) is made.
The affinities of the genera and species are discussed, and their distribution considered.
A new key to the genera and species is provided and the revised description of each
taxon is supplemented in most cases by a habit sketch of a flowering branch and analytical
drawings of the flowers.
A review of the genus Solenogyne (Asteraceae) in Australia and New Zealand.
Authors: Adams LG
Published: October 2006

The taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the
genus Solenogyne Cass. is briefly surveyed, and problems regarding its status vis-a-vis
Lagenifera Cass. are discussed. A lectotype is chosen for S. bellioides Cass. and a new
species. S. dominii, previously confused with S. gunnii (Hook. f.) Cabrera, is described;
illustrations, distribution maps and a key to the three species are provided. A chromosome
number of n = 9 is reported for all three. The New Zealand record of S. mikadoi Koidz.
is disputed. A comment is made on the occurrence of mixed populations. hybrids and
introgression, especially in South Australia.
Notes on Neuburgia Blume (Loganiaceae) in Papuasia.
Authors: Conn BJ
Published: October 2006

The Neuburgia corynocarpa complex is discussed. N, sarcantha is reduced to a
variety of N. corynocarpa. A key to the varieties of N. corynocarpa is provided.
Eight new species of Homalium (Flacourtiaceae) from Papuasia.
Authors: Craven LA
Published: October 2006

Eight species of Homalium are described as new: H. bismarckense, H.
caput-avis, H. dentrecasteauxense, H. maneauense, H. reductum, H. streimannii, H. subcordatum
and H. velutinum. The previously recognized Papuasian species are enumerated
and a key to the genus in Papuasia is provided.
Revision of the genus Thysanotus R.Br. (Liliaceae)
Authors: Brittan NH
Published: October 2006

The genus Thysanotus is currently considered to consist of 47 species, of which
three ? T. fastigiatus, T. glaucifolius and T. lavanduliflorus (all endemic to Western Aus-
tralia) ? are described and illustrated for the first time. The other species are fully de-
scribed and their relationships with allied species discussed. Those for which illustrations
did not previously exist have been illustrated. At the infraspecific level two species ?
T. patersonii and T. tuberosus ? have had subspecies formally constituted. A series of
19 maps gives details of the geographical distribution of the species.
Myelorrhiza, a new Australian Lichen genus from North Queensland.
Authors: Verdon D , Elix JA
Published: October 2006

The new lichen genus Myelorrhiza has been described
to accommodate two new species from north Queensland: Myelorrhiza antrea Verdon &
Elix, the type species of the genus, growing on walls of caves or cave-like cavities on
Bishop Peak in the Cardwell Range, and Myelorrhiza jenjiana Verdon & Elix, growing on
rainforest trees in the Windsor Tableland, Walter Hill Range and Lannercost State Forest.
Myelorrhiza has stipitate apothecia and some affinity with the genus Gymnoderma of the
Cladoniaceae.
Rab38 and Rab32 control post-Golgi trafficking of melanogenic enzymes
Authors: Wasmeier Christina , Romao Maryse , Plowright Lynn , Bennett Dorothy C. , Raposo Graça , Seabra Miguel C.
Published: October 2006

Amutation in the small GTPase Rab38 gives rise to the mouse coat color phenotype “chocolate” (cht), implicating Rab38 in the regulation of melanogenesis. However, its role remains poorly characterized. We report that cht Rab38G19V is inactive and that the nearly normal pigmentation in cht melanocytes results from functional compensation by the closely related Rab32. In cht cells treated with Rab32-specific small interfering RNA, a dramatic loss of pigmentation is observed. In addition to mature melanosomes, Rab38 and Rab32 localize to perinuclear vesicles carrying tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1, consistent with a role in the intracellular sorting of these proteins. In Rab38/Rab32-deficient cells, tyrosinase appears to be mistargeted and degraded after exit from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). This suggests that Rab38 and Rab32 regulate a critical step in the trafficking of melanogenic enzymes, in particular, tyrosinase, from the TGN to melanosomes. This work identifies a key role for the Rab38/Rab32 subfamily of Rab proteins in the biogenesis of melanosomes and potentially other lysosome-related organelles.
Growth control by EGF repeats of the C. elegans Fibulin-1C isoform
Authors: Hesselson Daniel , Kimble Judith
Published: October 2006

Fibulin is a broadly conserved component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous studies have shown that Caenorhabditis elegans FIBULIN-1 (FBL-1) controls the width of the gonad (Hesselson, D., C. Newman, K.W. Kim, and J. Kimble. 2004. Curr. Biol. 14:2005–2010; Kubota, Y., R. Kuroki, and K. Nishiwaki. 2004. Curr. Biol. 14:2011–2018; Muriel, J.M., C. Dong, H. Hutter, and B.E. Vogel. 2005. Development. 132: 4223–4234). In this study, we report that FBL-1 also controls developmental growth and that one isoform of fibulin-1, called FBL-1C, controls both functions by distinct mechanisms. A large FBL-1C fragment, including both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibulin-type C domains, is responsible for constraining gonadal width, but a much smaller fragment containing only two complete EGF repeats (EGF1-2C+) is critical for developmental growth. We suggest that the larger fragment serves a scaffolding function to stabilize the basement membrane and that the smaller fragment provides a regulatory function at the cell surface or within the ECM to control growth.
Giving blood: a new role for CD40 in tumorigenesis
Authors: Bergmann Stephan , Pandolfi Pier Paolo
Published: October 2006

CD40 was initially identified as a receptor expressed by B cells that is crucial for inducing an effective adaptive immune response. CD40 was subsequently shown to be expressed by endothelial cells and to promote angiogenesis. New data now show that in tumor-prone transgenic mice, CD40-mediated neovascularization is essential for early stage tumorigenicity. This suggests, at least in this mouse model, that CD40 has an important role in the angiogenic process that is coupled to carcinogenesis, a finding that could lead to novel therapeutic opportunities.
Positive Charges at the Intracellular Mouth of the Pore Regulate Anion Conduction in the CFTR Chloride Channel
Authors: Aubin Chantal N. St. , Linsdell Paul
Published: October 2006

Many different ion channel pores are thought to have charged amino acid residues clustered around their entrances. The so-called surface charges contributed by these residues can play important roles in attracting oppositely charged ions from the bulk solution on one side of the membrane, increasing effective local counterion concentration and favoring rapid ion movement through the channel. Here we use site-directed mutagenesis to identify arginine residues contributing important surface charges in the intracellular mouth of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channel pore. While wild-type CFTR was associated with a linear current–voltage relationship with symmetrical solutions, strong outward rectification was observed after mutagenesis of two arginine residues (R303 and R352) located near the intracellular ends of the fifth and sixth transmembrane regions. Current rectification was dependent on the charge present at these positions, consistent with an electrostatic effect. Furthermore, mutagenesis-induced rectification was more pronounced at lower Cl− concentrations, suggesting that these mutants had a reduced ability to concentrate Cl− ions near the inner pore mouth. R303 and R352 mutants exhibited reduced single channel conductance, especially at negative membrane potentials, that was dependent on the charge of the amino acid residue present at these positions. However, the very low conductance of both R303E and R352E-CFTR could be greatly increased by elevating intracellular Cl− concentration. Modification of an introduced cysteine residue at position 303 by charged methanethiosulfonate reagents reproduced charge-dependent effects on current rectification. Mutagenesis of arginine residues in the second and tenth transmembrane regions also altered channel permeation properties, however these effects were not consistent with changes in channel surface charges. These results suggest that positively charged arginine residues act to concentrate Cl− ions at the inner mouth of the CFTR pore, and that this contributes to maximization of the rate of Cl− ion permeation through the pore.
Analysis of transcriptional activity mediated by Drosophila melanogaster ecdysone receptor isoforms in a heterologous cell culture system
Authors: Beatty J. , Fauth T. , Callender J. L. , Spindler‐Barth M. , Henrich V. C.
Published: October 2006

Ecdysteroid regulation of gene transcription in Drosophila melanogaster and other insects is mediated by a heterodimer comprised of Ultraspiracle (USP) and one of three ecdysone receptor (EcR) isoforms (A, B1 and B2). This study revealed that the EcR/USP heterodimer displays isoform‐specific capabilities. EcRB1 is normally induced with a form of USP that is missing its DNA‐binding domain (DBD), although potentiation by juvenile hormone (JH) III is reduced. The EcRA and B2 isoforms, however, display almost no response to ecdysteroids with the DBD− USP. A mutation, K497E, in the shared ligand‐binding domain of the EcR isoforms caused elevated EcRB2‐specific affinity for a canonical ecdysone response element. The effects of directed modification and mutagenesis offer a strategy for developing hypotheses and considerations for studying in vivo function.
Use of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction to estimate the size of the house‐fly Musca domestica genome
Authors: Gao J. , Scott J. G.
Published: October 2006

House‐flies, Musca domestica, are carriers of more than 100 devastating diseases that have severe consequences for human and animal health. A key bottleneck to progress in controlling the devastating human diseases transmitted by house‐flies is lack of knowledge of the basic molecular biology of this species. However, before sequencing of the house‐fly genome can be seriously considered it is important to know the size of the genome. In this paper, we used quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction to calculate genome size of the house‐fly in side‐by‐side experiments with Drosophila melanogaster (known genome size of 180 Mb). Our results indicate the size of the house‐fly genome is 295 ± 10 Mb and that of D. melanogaster is 184 Mb. Thus, the house‐fly genome is only about 1.6‐fold larger than the genome of D. melanogaster. This indicates that the size of the house‐fly genome makes it an excellent candidate for whole genome sequencing and that quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction is an accurate method for the estimation of the size of insect genomes.
Anesthesia management of a patient with a laryngotracheo‐esophageal cleft
Authors: ARAI LYNDA R. , DICINDIO SABINA , COOK STEVEN P. , DAVIS DEBORAH A.
Published: October 2006

Laryngotracheo‐esophageal cleft is a rare congenital anomaly that results from complete or partial failure of the development of the tracheoesophageal septum. The presenting symptoms include stridor, respiratory distress, and coughing or cyanotic episodes with feeding. There are four classifications for laryngeal clefts; the severity depends on the type present. We discuss the anesthesia management of a neonate with a Type IV cleft who presented for an emergency gastric division to prevent pulmonary aspiration and later returned for final repair of the defect.
The Native Spiritual Economy and the Yamasee War
Authors: Haggard Dixie Ray
Published: October 2006

The Yamasee War was a significant event in the history of the Deep South for native people and colonists alike. Yet despite the importance of this event, little attention has been paid to the worldview of the indigenous participants and how this view shaped the events leading up to and the waging of the Yamasee War. This article describes the religious world of the indigenous inhabitants of the Deep South, demonstrates how religious imperatives formed the three native alliances most deeply involved in the war, and explains why English refusal to abide by religious diplomatic rituals and protocols led to the outbreak of hostilities.
PREDICTING CANCEROUS GENES BASED ON REGULATION TRUTH TABLES
Authors: CHEN RONG-MING , SHIH KUEI-CHUNG , HU ROUH-MEI , TSAI JEFFREY J. P.
Published: October 2006

Several of ten thousands functional genes control the growth, genetics, and behavior of living organisms by regulating different gene expressions. The genes in a normal cell control the process of cell growth, differentiation, reproduction, and apoptosis via multiple steps of interactive regulation mechanism. The mechanism of gene regulation is a very important process in human beings. If there is something wrong in the gene regulation mechanism, it may cause some diseases such as cancer. It is very difficult to identify the regulatory relations among genes in human genome. Traditional biological research methods consume huge amount of time and man strength to do this work. In recent years, with the rapid development of microarray technologies, cDNA can be used to analyze the changes of gene expressions in different cells in a high throughput manner. In this paper, we propose a novel bioinformatics approach to predict possible cancerous genes based on a so-called regulation truth table (RTT) of genes. The RTT of two genes is constructed using the differential expressions of cDNA microarray data for tumor and normal tissues. The differences in regulatory relations of genes for tumor and normal tissues are adopted to identify possible cancerous genes.
NON-GAUSSIANITY OF GENERAL MULTIPLE-FIELD INFLATIONARY MODELS
Authors: SUN CHENG-YI , ZHANG DE-HAI
Published: October 2006

Using the "δN-formalism," we obtain the expression of the non-Gaussianity of multiple-field inflationary models with the non-trivial field-space metric. Further, we have rewritten the result by using the slow-rolling approximation.
MODEL-DRIVEN DESIGN, REFINEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF ABSTRACT INTERACTIONS
Authors: ALMEIDA JOÃO PAULO A. , DIJKMAN REMCO , PIRES LUÍS FERREIRA , QUARTEL DICK , VAN SINDEREN MARTEN
Published: October 2006

In a model-driven design process the interaction between application parts can be described at various levels of platform-independence. At the lowest level of platform-independence, interaction is realized by interaction mechanisms provided by specific middleware platforms. At higher levels of platform-independence, interaction must be described in such a way that it can be further refined and realized onto a number of different middleware platforms, each with its particular interaction mechanisms and implementation constraints. In this paper, we investigate concepts that support interaction design at various levels of middleware-platform-independence. In addition, we propose design operations for interaction refinement. The application of these operations to source designs results in target designs that take into account implementation constraints imposed by platforms, while preserving characteristics prescribed in source designs. Target designs are related to source designs by conformance. We discuss how transformation and conformance can be related, such that transformations indeed preserve the characteristics prescribed by a source design.
HEISENBERG, SPHERICAL CR-GEOMETRY AND BOCHNER FLAT LOCALLY CONFORMAL KÄHLER MANIFOLDS
Authors: KAMISHIMA YOSHINOBU
Published: October 2006

This is a survey article for the relationship between spherical CR-manifolds and Bochner flat Kähler manifolds. We shall give a uniformization of Bochner flat Kähler manifolds. A Bochner flat locally conformal Kähler manifold is a locally conformal Kähler manifold with vanishing Bochner curvature tensor. We shall apply our result to Bochner flat locally conformal Kähler manifolds.
COHOMOLOGY FOR A GROUP OF DIFFEOMORPHISMS OF A MANIFOLD PRESERVING AN EXACT FORM
Authors: LOSIK MARK , MICHOR PETER W.
Published: October 2006

Let M be a G-manifold and ω a G-invariant exact m-form on M. We indicate when these data allow us to construct a cocycle on a group G with values in the trivial G-module ℝ, and when this cocycle is nontrivial.
SOME RESULTS ON GENERALIZED CALABI–YAU MANIFOLDS
Authors: DE BARTOLOMEIS PAOLO , TOMASSINI ADRIANO
Published: October 2006

We consider generalized Calabi–Yau manifolds and we give a formula for the Maslov class of a Lagrangian submanifold of a generalized Calabi–Yau manifold. In particular, we characterize the Lagrangian submanifolds with vanishing Maslov class. In the 6-dimensional case, we refine our definition. Finally, we construct some examples.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF CONFORMAL HYPERCOMPLEX AND QUATERNIONIC MANIFOLDS
Authors: BERGSHOEFF ERIC , VANDOREN STEFAN , VAN PROEYEN ANTOINE
Published: October 2006

We review the map between hypercomplex manifolds that admit a closed homothetic Killing vector (i.e. "conformal hypercomplex" manifolds) and quaternionic manifolds of one dimension less. This map is related to a method for constructing supergravity theories using superconformal techniques. An explicit relation between the structure of these manifolds is presented, including curvatures and symmetries. An important role is played by "ξ transformations," relating connections on quaternionic manifolds, and a new type "[Formula: see text] transformations" relating complex structures on conformal hypercomplex manifolds. In this map, the subclass of conformal hyper-Kähler manifolds is mapped to quaternionic-Kähler manifolds.
THE FIRST EIGENVALUE OF THE DIRAC OPERATOR IN A CONFORMAL CLASS
Authors: AMMANN BERND , HUMBERT EMMANUEL
Published: October 2006

In this overview article, we study the first positive eigenvalue of the Dirac operator in a unit volume conformal class. In particular, we discuss the question whether the infimum is attained. In the first part, we explain the corresponding variational problem. In the following parts we discuss the relation to the spinorial mass endomorphism and an application to surfaces of constant mean curvature. The article also mentions some open problems and work in progress.
A NOTE ON MOMENT MAPS AND KÄHLER–EINSTEIN MANIFOLDS
Authors: PODESTÀ FABIO
Published: October 2006

We collect some properties of the moment map relative to the isometric and holomorphic action of a compact Lie group G on a (compact) Kähler (Einstein) manifold; in particular, we study some invariants which only depend on the cohomology class of the invariant Kähler form and then specialize to the complex projective space when the group G is simple and acts linearly.
ISOMETRY HORIZONS IN SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC SPACE–TIMES
Authors: SZENTHE J.
Published: October 2006

Some event horizons in space–times that are invariant under an isometric action, considered first by Carter, are called isometry horizons, especially Killing horizons. In this paper, isometry horizons in spherically symmetric space–times are considered. It is shown that these isometry horizons are all Killing horizons.
Short-Term Treatment With Anti-CD3 Antibody Reduces the Development and Progression of Atherosclerosis in Mice
Authors: Steffens Sabine , Burger Fabienne , Pelli Graziano , Dean Yann , Elson Greg , Kosco-Vilbois Marie , Chatenoud Lucienne , Mach François
Published: October 2006

Background—

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the large arteries that is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke. Anti-CD3–specific antibodies suppress immune responses by antigenic modulation of the CD3 antibody/T-cell receptor complex. Their unique capacity to restore self-tolerance in a mouse model of diabetes and, importantly, in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes involves transforming growth factor-β–dependent mechanisms via expansion and/or activation of regulatory T cells. We hypothesized that treatment with anti-CD3–specific antibodies might inhibit atherosclerosis development and progression in mice.

Methods and Results—

Low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 13 or 24 weeks. Anti-CD3 antibody was administered on 5 consecutive days beginning 1 week before or 13 weeks after the high-cholesterol diet was initiated, respectively. Control mice were injected in parallel with phosphate-buffered saline. Anti-CD3 antibody therapy reduced plaque development when administered before a high-cholesterol diet and markedly decreased lesion progression in mice with already established atherosclerosis. We found increased production of the antiinflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β in concanavalin A–stimulated lymph node cells and enhanced expression of the regulatory T-cell marker Foxp3 in spleens of anti-CD3 antibody–treated mice. A higher percentage of apoptotic cells within the plaques of anti-CD3 antibody–treated mice was also observed.

Conclusions—

Altered disease progression, combined with the emergence of this particular cytokine pattern, indicates that short-term treatment with an anti-CD3 antibody induces a regulatory T-cell phenotype that restores self-tolerance in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
Activation of the Cardiac Proteasome During Pressure Overload Promotes Ventricular Hypertrophy
Authors: Depre Christophe , Wang Qian , Yan Lin , Hedhli Nadia , Peter Pallavi , Chen Li , Hong Chull , Hittinger Luc , Ghaleh Bijan , Sadoshima Junichi , Vatner Dorothy E. , Vatner Stephen F. , Madura Kiran
Published: October 2006

Background—

The adaptation of cardiac mass to hemodynamic overload requires an adaptation of protein turnover, ie, the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. We tested 2 hypotheses: (1) chronic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) activates the proteasome system of protein degradation, especially in the myocardium submitted to the highest wall stress, ie, the subendocardium, and (2) the proteasome system is required for the development of LVH.

Methods and Results—

Gene and protein expression of proteasome subunits and proteasome activity were measured separately from left ventricular subendocardium and subepicardium, right ventricle, and peripheral tissues in a canine model of severe, chronic (2 years) LVH induced by aortic banding and then were compared with controls. Both gene and protein expressions of proteasome subunits were increased in LVH versus control (
P
<0.05), which was accompanied by a significant (
P
<0.05) increase in proteasome activity. Posttranslational modification of the proteasome was also detected by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These changes were found specifically in left ventricular subendocardium but not in left ventricular subepicardium, right ventricle, or noncardiac tissues from the same animals. In a mouse model of chronic pressure overload, a 50% increase in heart mass and a 2-fold increase in proteasome activity (both
P
<0.05 versus sham) were induced. In that model, the proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin completely prevented LVH while blocking proteasome activation.

Conclusions—

The increase in proteasome expression and activity found during chronic pressure overload in myocardium submitted to higher stress is also required for the establishment of LVH.
Causes of the Unusually Destructive 2004 Atlantic Basin Hurricane Season
Authors: Klotzbach Philip J. , Gray William M.
Published: October 2006

The 2004 Atlantic basin hurricane season was one of the most active on record with nine hurricanes and six major hurricanes (maximum sustained winds > 49 ms1) forming during the season. All six major hurricanes formed during August and September, causing this two-month period to be the most active on record. The primary reason the 2004 hurricane season will be remembered, however, is because of the four hurricanes that devastated the Caribbean and the southeastern United States (Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne). Estimated total U.S. hurricane damage was between $40 and $50 billion, and much additional damage was sustained in the Caribbean. It is shown that a very strong central Atlantic equatorial trough, associated with anomalously warm tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures and anomalously weak tropospheric vertical wind shear, combined with extremely favorable midlatitude steering conditions to allow many of the Africa-spawned easterly waves to develop into major hurricanes in the central Atlantic. These major hurricanes then moved on long west-northwest tracks that brought them through the Caribbean and across the southeastern U.S. coastline.

The very active and destructive 2004 Atlantic basin hurricane season is attributed to two primary features: a strong Atlantic equatorial trough and steering currents that caused hurricanes to track westward across the U.S. coastline.
Hurricane Isabel (2003): New Insights Into the Physics of Intense Storms. Part II: Extreme Localized Wind
Authors: Aberson Sim D. , Montgomery Michael T. , Bell Michael , Black Michael
Published: October 2006

An unprecedented dataset of category-5 Hurricane Isabel was collected on 12–14 September 2003. This two-part series focuses on novel dynamical and thermodynamical aspects of Isabel's innercore structure on 13 September. In Part I, using a composite of dropwindsonde and in situ aircraft data, the authors suggested that the axisymmetric structure of Isabel showed that the storm was superintense. Mesocyclones seen clearly in satellite imagery within the eye of Hurricane Isabel are hypothesized to mix high-entropy air at low levels in the eye into the eyewall, stimulating explosive convective development and a concomitant local horizontal wind acceleration.

Part II focuses on a unique set of observations into an extraordinary small- (miso) scale cyclonic feature inside of the inner edge of the eyewall of Hurricane Isabel. A dropwindsonde released into this feature measured the strongest known horizontal wind in a tropical cyclone. This particular observation is discussed in the context of concurrent observations from airborne Doppler radar and other airborne instruments. These observations show wind even stronger than the system-scale superintense wind suggested in Part I. Speculation on the frequency of occurrence of these “little whirls” and their potentially catastrophic impacts are presented.
Evaporation and Precipitation Surface Effects in Local Mass Continuity Laws of Moist Air
Authors: Wacker Ulrike , Frisius Thomas , Herbert Fritz
Published: October 2006

The local mass balance equations of cloudy air are formulated for a model system composed of dry air, water vapor, and four categories of water condensate particles, as typically adopted for numerical weather prediction and climate models. The choice of the barycentric velocity as reference motion provides the most convenient form of the total mass continuity equation. Mass transfer across the earth’s surface due to precipitation and evaporation causes a nonvanishing barycentric vertical velocity ws and is proportional to the local difference between evaporation rate and rain plus snow rate. Hence ws vanishes only in the special situation that evaporation and precipitation balance exactly. Alternative concepts related to different reference motions are reviewed. However, the choice of the barycentric velocity turns out to be advantageous for several reasons.

The implication of the nonvanishing total mass transport across the earth’s surface is estimated from model simulations for two extreme weather situations: a polar cold air outbreak and a tropical cyclone. While the effect is small in the first case, it is important in the latter. The large precipitation rates in the tropical cyclone case cause a loss of atmospheric mass, which corresponds to a vertical velocity at the surface larger than −20 mm s−1, and an instantaneous drop in pressure, which if sustained for 6 h, would correspond to about 49 hPa; this demonstrates the necessity of using the correct formulation of the mass balance in simulation models for moist air.
The Mysteries of Mammatus Clouds: Observations and Formation Mechanisms
Authors: Schultz David M. , Kanak Katharine M. , Straka Jerry M. , Trapp Robert J. , Gordon Brent A. , Zrnić Dusan S. , Bryan George H. , Durant Adam J. , Garrett Timothy J. , Klein Petra M. , Lilly Douglas K.
Published: October 2006

Mammatus clouds are an intriguing enigma of atmospheric fluid dynamics and cloud physics. Most commonly observed on the underside of cumulonimbus anvils, mammatus also occur on the underside of cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, and stratocumulus, as well as in contrails from jet aircraft and pyrocumulus ash clouds from volcanic eruptions. Despite their aesthetic appearance, mammatus have been the subject of few quantitative research studies. Observations of mammatus have been obtained largely through serendipitous opportunities with a single observing system (e.g., aircraft penetrations, visual observations, lidar, radar) or tangential observations from field programs with other objectives. Theories describing mammatus remain untested, as adequate measurements for validation do not exist because of the small distance scales and short time scales of mammatus. Modeling studies of mammatus are virtually nonexistent. As a result, relatively little is known about the environment, formation mechanisms, properties, microphysics, and dynamics of mammatus.

This paper presents a review of mammatus clouds that addresses these mysteries. Previous observations of mammatus and proposed formation mechanisms are discussed. These hypothesized mechanisms are anvil subsidence, subcloud evaporation/sublimation, melting, hydrometeor fallout, cloud-base detrainment instability, radiative effects, gravity waves, Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and Rayleigh–Bénard-like convection. Other issues addressed in this paper include whether mammatus are composed of ice or liquid water hydrometeors, why mammatus are smooth, what controls the temporal and spatial scales and organization of individual mammatus lobes, and what are the properties of volcanic ash clouds that produce mammatus? The similarities and differences between mammatus, virga, stalactites, and reticular clouds are also discussed. Finally, because much still remains to be learned, research opportunities are described for using mammatus as a window into the microphysical, turbulent, and dynamical processes occurring on the underside of clouds.