bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of the health effects of coal mining on coal mine	workers of Baluchistan
Authors: Azad Salah Uddin
Published: February 2017

Background: The data on coal mine workers was collected from May 2009 to April 2010.Objective:To study the health issues of coal mine workers. Methods: Two types of data were collected. Primary data was obtained through topographic survey and questionnaire while Secondary data about the health   issues, medical facilities and other allied facilities of coal mine workers of Baluchistan (pakistan) were collected from; Mine& Mineral department of Quetta, hospitals and medicals facilities in coal mine fields. Three mine fields i.e. Mach, So-range-Degari, and Chamalong coal fields were selected and further   subdivided as M1,M2,andM3 at Mach coal field, SD1, SD2 and SD3 at So-range-Degari and C1, C2 and C3 at Chamalong coal field. Results: The average emission of Methane (CH4), Carbon monoxide (CO), and Oxygen (O2) in coal mine fields was 11.8m3/ton, 36ppm and 14% respectively which, exceeded the permissible limits of 1-10m3/ton, 30ppm and 18%. The concentration of coal dust (Carbon and Quartz) was 4-5mg/m3 and 0.35mg/m3 respectively as against the threshold limits of 2mg/m3  and 0.05-0.1 mg/m3  for 8 hours daily and 40 hours/week. Due to high concentration of coal dust the miners experienced headache, irritation in throat, nose  and eyes, drowsiness, shortness  of breath, nausea, pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive bronchitis, heart problems, and other respiratory illnesses. The coal  water and slurry was disposed off in an unconfined area causing contamination of drinking water leading to symptoms of indigestion and diarrhea to the miners. Conclusion: Government of Baluchistan and coal mine owners should take concrete steps to improve the adverse health impacts of coal miners.
Understanding Livable Streets in the Context of the Arterials that Surround Them
Authors: Marshall Wesley E. , McAndrews Carolyn
Published: February 2017

Not long after the advent of cars, a conflict between traffic and residential livability arose. The typical response pushed traffic off residential streets and onto nearby major roads. This line of thinking evolved into a hierarchical approach to the street networks and arterial roads designed to carry the majority of vehicle traffic. With many researchers identifying traffic on residential streets to be an underlying issue behind poor livability, this solution makes sense. However, is the relationship between residential livability and traffic moderated by the character of the nearby arterial road? By use of a residential study in Denver, Colorado, 10 arterials were partitioned along two dimensions: high and low traffic and high and low design quality. Comparable residential roads within the surrounding neighborhoods were selected to fit descriptions of heavy, moderate, and light traffic, and 723 residents were surveyed. The results suggest that the surrounding street network—in particular, the character of the nearby arterial road—influences the livability of residential areas on the adjacent streets according to a number of livability measures. When income was controlled for, both high levels of traffic and low levels of urban design on the arterial were found to detract from livability in the surrounding neighborhoods, sometimes more so than the residential street traffic itself. This finding should not be taken as a call to shift traffic onto residential streets. Rather, planners and engineers need to take a broader perspective and consider the whole network to understand livability. Livable residential streets can be only part of the solution; more livable arterials are also needed.
Investigating Neighborhood Change in Airport-Adjacent Communities in Multiairport Regions, 1970–2010
Authors: Woodburn Amber
Published: February 2017

This research generated new knowledge in the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of airport-adjacent communities to better understand patterns of exposure to the negative externalities of hub airports over time. The research asked the following question: How has the population of historically marginalized groups living near airports changed with the rise of the jet age? The spatial analysis and descriptive statistics showed that airport-adjacent communities in multiairport regions generally have increased numbers of persons of color and increased numbers of renters compared with their respective metropolitan regions. In addition, the communities often underperform socioeconomically with respect to their region. The study also tested three theories from the literature to explain the relationship between airport infrastructure and the airport’s surrounding communities: the “power to resist” effect, the “push–pull locally unwanted land use” effect, and the “airport-centric activity center” effect.
A Novel and Efficient Route for Synthesis of Taladegib
Authors: Guo Mingliang , Hong Kwon Ho , Lv Yongfeng , Ding Yu , Li Congcong , Xu Hua , Qi Wenxiu , Chen Junqing , Ji Min , Cai Jin
Published: February 2017

Taladegib (LY-2940680), a small molecule Hedgehog signalling pathway inhibitor, was obtained from N-benzyl-4-piperidone via Borch reductive amination, acylation with 4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride, debenzylation, substitution with 1,4-dichlorophthalazine and Suzuki cross-coupling reaction with 1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-boronic acid. The advantages of this synthesis route were the elimination of Boc protection and deprotection and the inexpensive starting materials. Furthermore, the debenzylation reaction was achieved with simplified operational procedure using ammonium formate as hydrogen source that provided high reaction yield. This synthetic procedure was suitable for large-scale production of the compound for biological evaluation and further study.
Have the Europeans Repudiated the use of Force? A Dissenting Voice
Authors: Petiteville Franck
Published: February 2017

Because of the pervasive influence of theories about the normative ‘devaluation of war’ and about the ‘preference’ of Europeans for ‘norms over force’, it is commonly assumed that Europeans have ‘repudiated’ the use of force in international relations. However, European governments – especially France and the UK – have participated in a number of important military operations in the post-Cold War era, based on various justifications: sanctions against an aggressive state, protecting civilian populations from large scale crimes, fighting non-state radical armed groups. Most of these operations were multilateral in nature but France has also engaged in several national operations over the last years in Africa. The level of domestic support that these military interventions generally enjoy – as revealed by numerous surveys – indicates that Europeans do not systematically prefer ‘norms over force’ but still believe in just war norms.
Explaining the Development of International Relations: The Geo-Epistemic, Historiographical, Sociological Perspectives in Reflexive Studies on IR
Authors: Grenier Félix
Published: February 2017

This article provides a state-of-the-art of ‘Reflexive studies on IR’, namely the research literature that has recently questioned the identity, traditional narratives, and conditions of knowledge production in the academic field of International Relations. Empirical accounts of International Relations’ existence make explicit the social and political relations that order the academic field as well as the biases and the myths that are perpetuated in associated scholarly practices and literature. To further our understanding of Reflexive studies on IR, this article delineates a typology of the main perspectives recently developed in this research agenda, namely the geo-epistemic, the historiographical, and the sociological. This typology is a valuable tool for analysis, synthesis, and further engagement. Reviewing these three perspectives also illustrates how Reflexive studies on IR can help scholars and students to extend their critical awareness towards the historical and current conditions of knowledge production, which reflects the understanding of science as a product of complex social interactions.
The Use and Abuse of Authority in International Relations Scholarship
Authors: Cleveland Clayton J.
Published: February 2017

The concept of authority is crucial to explaining many interesting outcomes in international politics. Despite its importance, the conceptualisation of authority suffers from neglect and misuse. A clear understanding of the context and limits of authority will aid social scientists who seek to develop testable propositions and improve rigour in social science research. When scholars fail adequately to conceptualise authority they encounter problems identifying situations where the exercise of authority is present. For instance, scholars identify voluntary or diffused forms of authority. Moreover, scholars may test their explanations against weak or inaccurately applied versions of authority-based explanations or fail to consider that authority played any role in their outcome of interest. I argue that using an interpretation of authority based on legitimised power can help scholars avoid these pitfalls. Scholars will be able to compare the significance of the different sources of authority within international politics and thereby craft compelling tests of alternative hypotheses about the role authority plays in international politics. Using this interpretation will substantially enhance our understanding of phenomena in international politics.
1914: Anniversary of an Accident or A Design?
Authors: Langhorne Richard
Published: February 2017

The centenary of the outbreak of war in 1914 has been marked by giving more attention to what fighting in the war was like than to its cause. In the past its causes have evoked more discussion and controversy than most historical events partly because assigning blame for its outbreak became in itself a political issue and concentrated research and polemic on the flow of activity, or initial lack of it, after the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo in late June 1914. This article looks at the causation of the war from the longer perspective made possible chiefly by the passing time but also by the passing of any political consequence flowing from judgements about the role of particular statesmen or particular states. The processes of globalisation which began to emerge powerfully in the 1890s connect the pressures developing strongly after 1900 with the complexities which states and peoples face today. That historical continuity provides a context in which 2014 can understand 1914 a good deal more clearly than the significant participants were able to do at the time or for many years subsequently.
Negotiating Memory at The European Parliament After the Enlargement (2004–2009)
Authors: Perchoc Philippe
Published: February 2017

In 2004, the accession of ten new member states to the European Union has a significant impact on the continuing debate about the European narrative. The Western European view on the Second World War and the Holocaust is contested by other claims focusing on the Stalinist crimes and other Cold War events. The European Parliament becomes a forum for this symbolic struggle about European memory. An in-depth analysis shows that the enlargement conducts the Parliament to include new historical events in the European narrative and leads to news debates about the hierarchy of events. In these debates, a coalition of Baltic-Polish member states and nationalist eurosceptics is particularly dominating the European scene.
Ich bin glücklicher, wenn ihr mir helft, selbst Entscheidungen zu treffen – Zufriedenheit und Zukunftserwartungen von Siebzehnjährigen (2006-2013)
Authors: Wüst Kirsten
Published: February 2017

We estimate a structural equation model using the representative SOEP-panel (DIW Berlin) to find the explaining factors for life satisfaction and expectations for the future of young people being seventeen years old in the years 2006 to 2013. The respondents state a high life satisfaction and rate their future positively. The personality of the respondents has a strong effect on their feeling to have control over their life and on life satisfaction in general and expectations for the future. Also, a supporting and appreciating attitude of parents which is positively influenced by their own satisfaction, strengthens the satisfaction of young people. The satisfaction varies between school types, however no significant differences can be found regarding pupils’ expectations of the future.

Zusammenfassung

Unter Verwendung des repräsentativen SOEPPanels (DIW Berlin) wird ein Strukturgleichungsmodell zur Erklärung der Bedingungsfaktoren für die aktuelle Zufriedenheit und die Zukunftsperspektive für Jugendliche, die in den Jahren 2006 bis 2013 siebzehn Jahre alt waren, geschätzt. Die befragten Jugendlichen geben insgesamt eine hohe Zufriedenheit an und schätzen ihre beruflichen Zukunftsaussichten als relativ gut ein. Es können starke Effekte der Persönlichkeit auf das Gefühl der Jugendlichen, Kontrolle über ihr Leben zu haben, und damit auf Zufriedenheit und Zukunftserwartungen ausgemacht werden. Das wertschätzende Verhalten der Eltern, das von deren eigener Zufriedenheit positiv beeinflusst wird, fördert ebenfalls die Attribution der Kontrollierbarkeit und wirkt sich so positiv auf die Zufriedenheit der Jugendlichen aus. Gymnasiasten sind zufriedener als Realschüler und -schülerinnen, allerdings zeigt sich kein signifikanter Unterschied der Zukunftserwartungen zwischen den Schularten. Für das wertschätzende Verhalten der Eltern lassen sich aber für Schüler und Schülerinnen der unterschiedlichen Schularten Unterschiede festmachen.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der deutschen Familiensoziologie: Theorien, Daten, Methoden
Authors: Fasang Anette Eva , Huinink Johannes , Pollmann-Schult Matthias
Published: February 2017

How and in which areas did our knowledge of family structures, family dynamics and the determinants of family change improve in the past decade? Which substantive areas receive most attention and which questions are underresearched? Which methods are commonly applied in empirical family research and what can we say about data availability? This article reviews the current discussion and recent research on these questions in German family sociology in the context of the international literature. Next to a review of the substantive research foci in the past decade and an overview of available data and methods, we focus on identifying current substantive research gaps and methodological deficits. We formulate three requests for current family research in the social sciences: a timely family sociology that is relevant for social policy has to 1) pay more attention to subjective, cultural and social influences on family change beyond its structural determinants; 2) generate more knowledge on the contributions and capabilities of families in our contemporary society; and 3) intervene more forcefully into adjacent research areas including education, stratification and migration.

Zusammenfassung

Wie und in welchen Bereichen hat sich in den letzten 10 Jahren unser Wissen von familialen Strukturen und Dynamiken sowie den Ursachen ihres Wandels verbessert? Wo liegen die inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte der Forschung und welche Fragestellungen werden vernachlässigt? Welche Methoden werden in der empirischen Familienforschung verwendet, und welche Daten stehen zur Verfügung? Der Beitrag resümiert den Diskussions- und Forschungsstand zu diesen Fragen in der deutschen Familiensoziologie unter Bezugnahme auf die internationale Literatur. Neben einer Bestandsaufnahme der Forschungsschwerpunkte in den letzten 10 Jahren und einem Überblick über verfügbare Daten und Methoden fokussieren die Autoren auf die Identifikation von aktuellen inhaltlichen Forschungslücken und methodischen Defiziten. Es werden in drei Thesen Forderungen an die aktuelle sozialwissenschaftliche Familienforschung formuliert: Eine zeitgemäße, sozialpolitisch relevante familiensoziologische Forschung muss 1) neben strukturellen Faktoren stärker subjektive, kulturelle und soziale Einflussfaktoren familialen Wandels berücksichtigen; 2) mehr belastbares Wissen über die Leistungen und die Leistungsfähigkeit der Familie in unserer Gegenwartsgesellschaft gewinnen; und 3) sich stärker in angrenzende Forschungsbereiche einmischen, u.a. Bildung, Ungleichheit und Migration.
Das Recht und der Wandel der Familie: ein Spannungsverhältnis? Einführung in das Schwerpunktthema
Authors: Vaskovics Laszlo A.
Published: February 2017

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Platelet Transfusion Therapy
Authors: Karim Shanaz , Hoque Ehteshamul , Hoque Mazharul , Siddiqui Md Mahmudur Rahman
Published: February 2017

Patients with severe thrombocytopenia are presumed to be at increased risk for bleeding, and consequently it has been standard practice for the past four decades to give allogeneic platelet transfusions to severely thrombocytopenic patients as supportive care. Platelet transfusions may be given either prophylactically to reduce the risk of bleeding, in the absence of clinical hemorrhage (prophylactic transfusions), or to control active bleeding when present (therapeutic transfusions). Platelets for transfusion can be prepared either by separation of units of platelet concentrates (PCs) from whole blood, which are pooled before administration, or by apheresis from single donors. Comparative studies have shown that the post transfusion increments, hemostatic benefit, and side effects are similar with either product. Thus, in routine circumstances, they can be used interchangeably. In most centers, pooled PCs are less costly. Single-donor platelets from selected donors are preferred when histocompatible platelet transfusions are needed. Both preparations can be stored for up to 5 days after collection at 20°C to 24°C with good maintenance of platelet viability. It is now uncommon for patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation to die of hemorrhage, but it is open to debate as to what degree platelet transfusions have been responsible for this change in outcome, given the many other advances in other aspects of supportive care.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 6, No. 2: July 2015, P 40-46
Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease: A Case Report and Review of literatures
Authors: Mollah Md Abid Hossain , Sharmim Mst Shanjida , Fatmi LE
Published: February 2017

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Child Health 2015; VOL 39 (2) :99-101
Sjogern - Larsson Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Karim Rashidul , Sultana Humayra , Uddin Md Sultan
Published: February 2017

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Child Health 2015; VOL 39 (2) :102-104
Barakat Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Ferdoush Najia , Mutanabbi Mahbub , Talukder Manik Kumar , Helal Md Al , Kawser Choudhury Ali
Published: February 2017

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Child Health 2015; VOL 39 (2) :108-109
Abstract from Current Literature Vol.39(2)
Authors: Editor -
Published: February 2017

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Child Health 2015; VOL 39 (2) :110-112
Neurodevelopmental Assessment in Preterm Neonates at Early Ages: Screening of at-risk Infants for Long Term Sequlae
Authors: Islam Mirza Md Ziaul , Hossain M Monir , Haque Sheikh Anisul , Khan Naila Zaman
Published: February 2017

Background: Preterm infants are at risk for long term neurodevelopmental impairements. Neurodevelopmental assessment at early months of infancy has been proposed as a valuable tool for prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes in this population.Objective: The present study attempted to find the neurodevelopmental impairments in preterm infants and thus to identify the at risk infants for follow up and subsequent therapeutic intervention.Methodology: This prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital from October 2011 to March, 2012. A total 103 preterm neonates who met the inclusion criteria underwent rapid neurodevelopmental assessment (RNDA) at neonatal period and again at their 3 months of age to find the at risk infants for long term neurodevelopmental impairments.Results: Among the enrolled 103 preterm infants during RNDA at neonatal period, abnormal domains found in primitive reflexes 41(39.7%), gross motor 42(40.7%), fine motor 32(31%), vision 40(38.7%), hearing 32 (31%), speech 40(38.7%), cognition 3(2.8%), behavior 3 (2.8%) and 3(2.8%) had seizure. Again in RNDA at 3 months of age, the no. of preterm infants having abnormal developmental domains are: gross motor 49(47.5%), fine motor 19(18.3), vision 9(8.6%), hearing 16(15.4%), speech 15 (14.5%), cognition 6(5.7%), speech 15 (14.5%), cognition 6(5.7%), behavior 11(10.6%) and 3 (2.9%) had seizure.Conclusion: The identification of neurodevelopmental impairments in early months of preterm infants should offer a valuable complement to tools for identification of at risk infants for long term sequlae (in neurodevelopmental impairment).Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (1) :5-11
Glycemic Status and its Effect in Neonatal Sepsis in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Islam Mohammad Saiful , Mia Mohammad Abdul Hai , Akhter Khandaker Rokshana , Haque Mujibul , Malik MA
Published: February 2017

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis can alter the glucose level and both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia may occur. A high or low blood glucose level may have a significant effect on the outcomes in patients of neonatal sepsis.Objective: To see the glycemic status and its effect on outcome of neonatal sepsis.Methods: This prospective observational study was done in the department of paediatrics, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet from July 2013 to December 2013. Clinically suspected neonatal sepsis cases were enrolled in the study. Venous blood was collected before giving any intravenous fluid or antibiotics for blood sugar, full blood counts, CRP levels and blood culture and send to labouratory within half hour of collection. All patients included in this study were treated accordingly and followed up strictly. Blood glucose level and mortality of neonates having hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia were analyzed among CRP and culture positive patients. Quantitative data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Qualitative data were expressed as frequency and percentage and comparison carried by Chisquare (÷2) test.Results: A total of 62 patients clinically diagnosed as neonatal sepsis were studied. Fifty two (83.9%) patients were found CRP positive and 21(33.9%) patients were blood culture positive. Glycemic status was analyzed among CRP and culture positive patients. Majority (71.2%) patients were found normoglycemic, 13.5% were found hypoglycemic and 15.3% were found hyperglycemic in this study. Fifty one (82.2%) patients were cured and 9(17.8%) were died. Mortality was high in hypoglycaemic patients (42.8%) compare with normoglycaemic patients (10.8%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05) between two groups whereas mortality was also high in hyperglycaemic patients (50%) compare with normoglycaemic patients (10.8%) and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups.Conclusion: Alteration of glycemic status occurred in septic newborn. Mortality is higher among the septic newborn with hyperglycemia.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (1) :21-25
Surfactant Replacement Therapy for Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Newborn: A Review
Authors: Amin Tahsinul , Shahidullah Mohammod
Published: February 2017

Respiratory failure secondary to surfactant deficiency is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low birth weight premature infants. Surfactant therapy substantially reduces mortality and respiratory morbidity for this population. Exogenous surfactant therapy has become well established in newborn infants with respiratory distress. Many aspects of its use have been well evaluated in high-quality trials and systematic reviews. Secondary surfactant deficiency also contributes to acute respiratory morbidity in late-preterm and term neonates with meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia/ sepsis, and perhaps pulmonary hemorrhage; surfactant replacement may be beneficial for these infants. This article summarizes the evidence and gives recommendations for the use of surfactant therapy for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborn.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (1) :26-30
Thalassaemia Prevention: Bangladesh Perspective - A Current Update
Authors: Tahura Sarabon , Selimuzzaman Md , Khan Waqar Ahmed
Published: February 2017

Thalassaemias are a group of autosomal recessive disorder and the most common inherited disease worldwide with a wide geographical variation in incidence. Bangladesh, a developing country, having a population over 160 million. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 3% of our population carries ?- thalassaemia and 4% of population carries Hb-E in Bangladesh. But recently Khan WA showed that carrier status of Hb-E is 6.1% and as high as 41.7% in tribal school children in Bangladesh. Since Thalassaemia is a severe and incurable disease, it is only manageable when it is prevented. The WHO has advocated and promoted the programs for thalassaemia prevention from the early 1970s. Several countries have already set up comprehensive national thalassaemia prevention programs but in our country most of the population is unware of this hereditary disease. The rapidly growing number of children diagnosed as thalassaemia in Bangladesh clearly indicate that thalassaemia will be a emerging health burden for our country. So, we need to prevent thalassaemia before its too late by comprehensive national integrated prevention programs which include public awareness and education, carrier screening, genetic counseling, premarital screening and prenatal diagnosis. Thalassaemia prevention program has become a community concern as it affects marriage practices and reproduction. So, ethical issues need to be addressed for proper implementation of this by government policy, central control and co-ordination according to the local structures, social values, religious laws and cultural tradition of our country.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (1) :31-38
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: A Rare Report of two Sibling Affected and Third Sibling with Multiple Anomalies
Authors: Anjum Md Firoz , Rahman Md Azizur , Roy Ranjit Ranjan
Published: February 2017

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (1) :52-57
Impact of Pulse Oximetry Screening on the Detection of Duct Dependent Critical Congenital Heart Disease in Neonate
Authors: Mamun Mohammad Abdullah Al , Hussain Manzoor , Kar Suntanu Kumar , Rima Rezoana , Jabbar Abdul
Published: February 2017

Background: Screening for congenital heart diseases (CHD) in newborn babies aid in early recognition, with the prospect of improved outcome. Currently there is no effective screening protocol for this condition. Pulse oximetry is highly specific for detection of critical CHD with moderate sensitivity that meets criteria for universal screening.Objective: To evaluate the use of pulse oximetry as a screening tool in early detection of critical CHD specially duct dependent critical CHD in asymptomatic newborn babies.Methodology: A cross sectional study conducted in Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital from October 2014 to June 2015. Newborns attended outpatient department or admitted in different wards with having gestational age >35 weeks and age between 24-48 hours were included and pulse oximetry screening was done. Oxygen saturation measurement <90%, or oxygen saturation measurements <95% in both extremities on three consecutive measurements separated by one hour, or a >3% absolute difference in oxygen saturation between the right hand & foot on three consecutive measurements was considered as pulse oximetry screening positive. Routine neonatal examination was done and clinical evidence of CHD was noted. Echocardiogram was done to rule out CHD. Data were analyzed by using SPSS and sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated.Result: Total 510 neonate were screened during the data collection period. Mean age at screening was 34.99±8.4 hours, male were 322(63.1%) and female were 188(36.9%). Among the neonates 28(5.49%) were found pulse oximetry screening positive and 25(4.90%) were suspected as CHD by routine neonatal examination. Critical CHD were found in 21 cases out of 28 screening positive cases among them duct dependent critical CHD was found in 11 cases. Sensitivity of pulse oximetry to identify critical CHD was 77.77% and specificity was 98.55%. Sensitivity of pulse oximetry to identify duct dependent critical CHD was 78.57% and specificity 96.57%.Conclusion: Pulse oximetry is a good screening test for early identification of duct dependent critical CHD for those who have no obvious feature. So in resource poor country like Bangladesh if all neonatal health setup use pulse oximetry screening within 24-48 hours of life, it will increase early identification of duct dependent critical CHD.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (2) :85-91
Prevalence of Anemia in Children Aged Six Months to Thirty Six Months - A Hospital Based Study
Authors: Quaderi Humaira Rafiqa , Hoque Md Mahbubul , Ahmed Nawshad Uddin , Begum Dilruba , Debnath Bithi
Published: February 2017

Background: Anemia is a common problem in childhood, especially children aged 6months to 24 months old. In Bangladesh overall, 68 % of children aged 6-59 months are anemic. Anemia impairs normal development, decreases physical exercise tolerance & intellectual performance in children which may lead to a slowdown of growth in children. It constitutes a major public health problem in young children in the developing world with wide social & economic implications.Objective: To see the prevalence of anemia among hospitalized children aged 6 months to 36 months.Methodology: Children 6 months 36 months aged who were admitted in Dhaka Shishu (Children) hospital due to some acute illness, were enrolled from 1st June, 2010 to 30th August, 2010. Children were classified as anemic when Hb level was <11gm/dl. On the values of MCV and morphology of RBC anemic babies were further classified as microcytic anemia, normocytic anaemia and macrocytic anaemia. Again in children with microcytic hypochromic RBC, serum ferritin, Hb electrophoresis, stool R/E and c-reactive protein were done to find out the cause.Results: Among 331 admitted children, 201(61%) children had anemia (Hb <11gm/ dl), Male was 123(61.2%) and female was 78(38.8%). Mean hemoglobin concentration was 9.2±1.2 gm/dl. Mild, moderate, severe anemia were19%, 39.3% and 2.4% respectively. The most affected age group was 6-23 months(76%). Microcytic anemia, macrocytic anemia, and normocytic anemia were present in 101(50.2%), 10(5%) and 90(44.8%) cases respectively. Among the microcytic hypochromic anemia, IDA was found in 60(59.4%), which was 29.85% among total anemic children.Conclusion: A large proportion of hospitalized children under 3 years were found anemic. Raising awareness of the problem and providing health care education in this group will be the key strategies to prevent and control this huge public health problem in Bangladesh.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (2) :98-102
Use of low quality in Vitro Diagnostics in resource poor countries: who will bell the cat?
Authors: Khondaker Tilovatul , Khan Nazia Hasan , Akram Arifa , Mannan Nusrat , Munshi Saif Ullah
Published: February 2017

Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2016; 10 (1): 1-2
Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) Producing Gram Negative Bacteria from Clinical Specimens of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital.
Authors: Paul Shikha , Jhora Sanya Tahmina , Dey Prashanta Prasun , Begum Bilkis Ara
Published: February 2017

Detection of Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) enzyme producing bacteria in hospital settings is vital as ESBL genes are transmissible. This study was carried out to determine the distribution of ESBL producing gram negative isolates at a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city which deals with the patients hailing from relatively low socioeconomic status.Onehundred and twenty four gram negative bacteria isolated from different clinical specimens from outpatient and inpatient departments of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital (SSMC & MH) were tested for ESBL by E test ESBL method in the department of microbiology of Sir Salimullah medical college (SSMC) from March 2013 to August 2013.Out of 124 gram negative bacteria 69 (55.65%) were positive for ESBL. Among the ESBL producers, Esch.coli was the highest (46.38%) which was followed by Serratia spp (11.59%), Enterobacter spp (10.14%), Proteus spp, (8.70%), Acinetobacter spp.(7.24%) and Klebsiella spp.(5.79%). Out of 32 Esch.coli isolated from outpatient department, 10 (31.25%) were positive for ESBL. On the other hand out of 27 Esch. coli isolated from inpatient department, 22 (81.48%) were positive for ESBL. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001).So the present study reveals that the distribution of ESBL producers is more among the hospitalized patients than the patients of the community.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2016; 10 (1): 8-12
Antibody Responses In Bangladeshi Children Following Measles Vaccination.
Authors: Sultana Sharmin , Tabassum Shahina , Nessa Afzalun , Jahan Munira
Published: February 2017

Measles is a highly contagious vaccine preventable viral disease which mainly affects children. Infection with wild measles virus induces an immune response that provides life long protection. Measles has been targeted for global eradication. In Bangladesh, there is insufficient data about the antibody responses in children following measles vaccination. In the present study, the antibody response of a single dose of measles vaccine was investigated among 77 children of different age groups. The humoral immune response immunoglobin IgG (IgG) was detected by a commercial Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Among the study population, detectable antibody titer was observed in 75.3% children while 24.7% showed detectable titers. The mean antibody concentration was highest (2.75 ± 1.10 IU/ml) in the 13-24 months age group, decreased gradually with age, and was lowest (0.77 ± 0.13 IU/ml) in the 85-96 months age group. Thereafter, the mean antibody concentration gradually increased again in the 97-108 months (1.20 ± 0.13 IU/ml) and in the 109-120 months (1.45 ± 0.13 IU/ml) age groups. The mean antibody titer was statistically significant in relation to age (p<0.01) but not to gender (p<0.95). This study showed that around 25% children remained antibody negative indicating challenges ahead for eradication of measles from Bangladesh.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2016; 10 (1): 13-17
Isolation of Acinetobacter species and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Ferdous Jannatul , Murshed Mohammad , Shahnaz Sabeena , Duza Syeda Sharmin , Siddique Prothoma Rahman
Published: February 2017

Acinetobacter species are important opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens capable of causing both community and health careassociated infections (HAIs). The clinical specimens obtained from patients admitted in Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College and Hospital (HFRCMCH) from July 2013 to June 2015. All laboratory works were performed in department of microbiology and immunology of HFRCMCH. The infection rate was maximum in blood (67.7%) followed by urine (12.9%), tracheal aspirate (8.8%) and wound swab (3.32%). Most of the Acinetobacter were isolated from Intensive care unit (ICU) and Neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU). Acinetobacter displayed higher resistance to many antibiotics like Ampicillin which showed 96% resistance, Ceftriaxone 72%, Amikacin 72%, Imipenem 55%, Meropenem 60%, Tetraclycline 64%, Ciprofloxacin 60% and Cotrimoxazole showed 38% resistance. In conclusion, there was a high resistant rate to available and common antibiotics. It seems that infection control strategies may help to control the evolving problem of Acinetobacter infections and prevent an epidemic nosocomial life threatening infections.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2016; 10 (1): 18-21
Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Akter Taslima , Murshed Mohammad , Begum Taslima , Nahar Kamrun , Duza Syeda Sharmin , Shahnaz Sabeena
Published: February 2017

Infections with resistant strain are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients especially the critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU). The present study was conducted to know the changing pattern of antibiotic resistance of the common isolates from blood, urine, respiratory secretions and pus/ wound swab of patients admitted in ICU at Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College hospital over a two years period from January 2012 to December 2013. A total of 1282 samples were analyzed. Out of which 301 (23.5%) samples were positive for growth of organisms. The predominant isolates were E.coli (28%), Klebsiella (27%), Acinetobacter (17.3%), Pseudomonas (9.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.3%) & candida (6%). Majority isolates were resistant to Cephalosporin and Amoxycillin, (>70-90%). Carbapenem were still highly active against E.coli. However, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter were showing alarming resistance (55-60%) towards those drugs. Aminoglycosides resistance has also increased for Pseudomonas and Klebsiella. The percentage of Cloxacillin resistant for staphylococcus was near about 40%. The most active drug against Pseudomonas was piperacillin/Tazobactam. The positive result from this study was that organisms showed decreased resistance towards Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole and Ciprofloxacin. The sensitivity of Nitrofurantoin for urinary isolates was good. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility pattern & judicious use of antibiotics is very important for reducing the infection rate and antimicrobial resistance.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2014; 08 (01): 07-11
Social intelligence of bacteria
Authors: Murshed Md.
Published: February 2017

Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2014; 08 (02): 01-02
Multiplex PCR in Respiratory Tract Infection diagnosis
Authors: Saleh Ahmed Abu
Published: February 2017

Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2015; 09 (01): 01-02
In vitro efficacy of synergistic antibiotic combinations in imipenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains
Authors: Farzana Aleya , Shamsuzzaman S. M.
Published: February 2017

The increase in antibiotic resistance coincided with the decline in production of new antibiotics. Combination antibiotic treatment is preferred in nosocomial infections caused by multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro synergism test by agar dilution method were used to choose the combinations which might be used in clinic. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic efficacy of antibiotic combinations in imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Carbapenem resistance (imipenem and meropenem) wasdetermined by disk diffusion method. Among isolated P. aeruginosa 44.9% were cabapenem resistant. The MIC of drugs among 25 imipenem resistant isolates ranged from >_ 256 mg/L to <_ 8 mg/L for imipenem, >_ 1024 mg/L to <_ 64 mg/L for ceftriaxone, >_ 256 mg/L to <_ 8 mg/L for amikacin, >_ 16 mg/L to <_ 2 mg/L for colistin, >_ 512 mg/L to <_ 16 mg/L for piperacillin/tazobactam. Among antibiotic combinations, piperacillin /tazobactam- amikacin was most effective with 80% synergism next to which was imipenem-amikacin with 60% synergism, then imipenem-colistin with 50% synergism, imipenem-ceftriaxone with 30% synergism. Only one combination (piperacillin/tazobactum -imipenem showed 20% antagonism. All these combinations had considerable proportion of additive effect which is also desirable for these multi drug resistant isolates.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2015; 9 (1): 3-8
Paule des Mandarins: désacralisation et transcendance
Authors: Sechin Anne
Published: February 2017

Dans Les Mandarins, le trajet de tous les personnages est un trajet de désacralisation, dans lequel chacun doit apprendre à se déshabiller du sacré religieux pour lui substituer une transcendance bien ancrée dans le réel. Paule, personnage périphérique mais nécessaire à l'intrigue, est une illustration tout droit sortie du Deuxième Sexe: elle est à la fois l'amoureuse, la mystique et la narcissiste, illustration écrasante de l'aliénation et du refus de la liberté, qui vit dans un espace et dans un temps frauduleusement sacrés. Elle symbolise les relents d'un attachement – dérisoire et ridicule chez elle, noble et assumé douloureusement chez les autres – à la pureté et à l'absolu, mais elle nous met face aux questions essentielles du roman: que fait-on d'un sacré mal liquidé et comment peut-on assumer pleinement la fin des valeurs absolues?
Sali e Tabacchi. Voyages et paysages biographiques en Italie
Authors: Scariati Renato
Published: February 2017

L'article est un aller-retour entre des souvenirs et des impressions personnelles de voyages ferroviaires en Italie, et des références scientifiques géographiques ou littéraires sur le thème du paysage italien. Il se penche plus globalement sur les notions de paysage ordinaire (ordinary landscape) versus paysage touristique ou de prestige en Italie, en adoptant les approches de la géographie culturelle et humaniste.
Le paysage volcanique urbain de l'Etna. Catane, une ville et son sol de lave
Authors: Calvagna Simona
Published: February 2017

L'article propose une lecture inédite du paysage urbain de Catane, au pied de l'Etna, en fonction de la présence intacte et visible de ses "résidus" volcaniques. L''évolution de la ville sur son sol de lave, ainsi que les formes de paysage produites par le regard et l'action des hommes sur ces sols, selon la théorie de l'artialisation d'Alain Roger, nous permettent de proposer le concept de "paysage volcanique urbain", un oxymore qui met en évidence toute la dimension hybride de ces lieux, entre nature et artifice.
Le réseau de la Diau
Authors: Lismonde Baudouin
Published: February 2017

La grotte de la Diau est la résurgence d'un important système souterrain du massif des Bornes en Haute-Savoie (France). Elle draine un bassin versant d'environ 9km2, étagé de 1200m à 1800m d'altitude et son débit moyen avoisine 4001/s.

Les explorations spéléologiques ont permis de reconnaître les 4/5 du collecteur sur deux tronçons non encore reliés (grotte de la Diau, gouffre du Pertuis). Deux affluents importants ont été explorés. Le développement de la grotte de la Diau est de 14,9km pour 702m de dénivellation.

Le collecteur est situé dans le creux du synclinal du Pertuis à la limite des calcaires urgoniens et des marno-calcaires hauteriviens. Suivant la pente et la fracturation on trouve plusieurs types morphologiques de galeries dont deux typiques de régime vadose. Les deux affluents reconnus (affluent des Grenoblois et affluent de la Tanne des Météores) empruntent des fractures de tension liées au décrochement senestre nord-ouest -sud-est qui affecte le Parmelan.
Étude des circulations d'air dans la grotte de Niaux. Conséquences
Authors: Andrieux Claude
Published: February 2017

The air movements in the «grotte de Niaux» -consequences. The present paper deals to air movements in the «grotte de Niaux» (Ariège, France) during ten years (1971-1980). The data (observations measurements) have been obtained, upon an average, each week ; they relate to the direction of underground air movements, to the speed and to average air flow which have been measured at some places, as cave entrances.

The results show two types of air movements. In the first one, the gas exchanges between the cave and the outside happen through the galleries and the known entrances and also through all the fractures of the carbonate rocks. When it occurs, the cave can be divided in three main parts, each one having their own characteristics. The second one is observed only during very rainy times ; the all cave is then subjected to air movement according to the «wind tube model». The air exchanges through the fractures are fixed by the percolation. The percolation zone is consequently submited to diphasic waterflow.

Therefore, différents models of air movements in caves must be considered. These data show also it is needful that the air flow should be measured to understand the climatic phenomena of the caves.
Éléments d'une approche énergétique du karst. Application à quelques exemples réels de karsts
Authors: Quinif Yves
Published: February 2017

Envisagé sous un aspect physique global, le karst peut être compris comme un système thermodynamique ouvert dans lequel la dissipation localisée d'énergie hydrodynamique, chimique et mécanique lui confère une hétérogénéité structurée. Après l'examen des modalités d'action de ces différentes espèces d'énergie, l'étude de quelques cas réels permet d'expliciter le passage des concepts théoriques à la compréhension de réseaux karstiques. On termine par une perspective de recherche en considérant le système karstique comme un système dissipatif au sens de Prigogine.
Spéléogenèse hydrothermale dans les Bibans (Atlas Tellien, Algérie)
Authors: Collignon Bernard
Published: February 2017

Les Azérous constituent deux petits pointements calcaires dominant les vastes étendues marneuses des nappes telliennes dans la région des Bibans. Bien que peu karstifîés en surface, ils recèlent d'innombrables cavités d'origine hydro-thermale. La faiblesse des infiltrations a permis une véritable fossilisation de ces réseaux et l'on peut donc observer, in situ, d'anciens réservoirs géothermiques carbonatés. Leur étude met en évidence les caractéristiques morphologiques, structurales, sédimentologiques et minéralogiques essentielles de ce type de réseau. Elle permet d'esquisser un modèle d'évolution.
Aperçus sur l'hydrologie karstique des Alpes occidentales. Systèmes karstiques et régimes des sources
Authors: Maire Richard , Nicod Jean , Chardon Michel , Delannoy Jean-Jacques , Laurent Roger , Lepiller Michel , Nicoud Gérard
Published: February 2017

Dans cette note, nous avons essayé de dégager une typologie des systèmes hydrologiques karstiques, en fonction du degré d'organisation des karsts et des conditions d'alimentation. Compte-tenu des données disponibles (tableaux l et II) on précise ensuite le rendement hydrologique de ces systèmes et le régime des sources. Enfin, il est intéressant de comparer cycles hydrologiques et hydrochimiques dans les différents types de karsts.
Le Vercors : un massif de la moyenne montagne alpine
Authors: Delannoy Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2017

Massif de moyenne montagne forestier des Préalpes françaises du Nord, le Vercors a vite retenu l'attention des spéléologues qui ont su dès le début du siècle mettre en avant la densité et la diversité des formes karstiques.

La diversité s'exprime dans l'association de paysages glacio-karstiques plus ou moins dégradés, de paysages de buttes et de dépressions et de profondes gorges transverses dans lesquelles émergent les principales émergences du massif.

La notion d'héritage morpho-climatique s'applique, sans conteste, au karst souterrain pour lequel les épisodes glaciaires quaternaires ont été déterminants dans la genèse des grands réseaux (gouffre Berger-sc. de la Fromagère, Antre des Dam¬ nés, Combe de Fer...). L'étude des remplissages souterrains nous permet de mettre à jour plusieurs phases dans la karstification du massif dont une étape anté-glaciaire (réseaux supérieurs des Cuves de Sassenage, Gournier, Coufin-Chevaline...).

L'étude de la dynamique actuelle montre que le Vercors connait une ablation karstique importante, comprise entre 120 et 170 mm/millénaire en fonction du contexte bio-climatique. La dynamique karstique s'exerce essentiellement dans la tranche superficielle du massif (80 à 50% de l'ablation totale).

Le Vercors peut être considéré comme le type optimal de massif calcaire de moyenne montagne tempérée, grâce à la combinaison de plusieurs paramètres favorables : bonne aptitude litho-structurale, des épisodes morphoclimatiques non contraignants et une intense dynamique karstiaue.