bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Elk Velvet Antler Dietary Supplementation on Physical Growth and Bone Development in Growing Rats
Authors: Chen Jiongran , Yang Yanfei , Abbasi Sepideh , Hajinezhad Daryoush , Kontulainen Saija , Honaramooz Ali
Published: August 2015

Elk velvet antler (EVA) has been used in traditional Oriental medicine for centuries to promote general health; however, little evidence for its effect on bone development is available. We investigated the effects of lifelong exposure of Wistar rats to a diet containing 10% EVA on physical growth and bone development. Measurements included weekly body weights, blood chemistry and kidney and testis/ovary indices (sacrificed at 5, 9, or 16 weeks of age), and bone traits of the femur bones by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Mean body weights were higher in the EVA group at 4–8 weeks in males and at 5 weeks of age in females. The kidney indices were greater in EVA dietary supplemented male rats at 5 and 16 weeks of age, in females at 16 weeks of age, and testis/ovary indices at 5 weeks of age. The femoral length was increased in both males and females at 5 weeks, and several pQCT-measured parameters had increased in EVA males and females. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased in EVA group while the content of calcium and phosphorus did not differ among groups. Our results seem to support a role for dietary supplementation of EVA on growth and bone development in this model.
Mental Health of Elementary Schoolteachers in Southern Brazil: Working Conditions and Health Consequences
Authors: Cezar-Vaz Marta Regina , Bonow Clarice Alves , Almeida Marlise Capa Verde de , Rocha Laurelize Pereira , Borges Anelise Miritz
Published: August 2015

The mental health of educators is a growing problem in many countries. This study sought to identify self‐reported stressful working conditions of elementary schoolteachers and the biopsychosocial consequences of those working conditions and then identify working conditions that promote well‐being for teachers in the workplace. Exploratory study was done with 37 teachers. Data collection was performed using a structured interview with a questionnaire. Results show that stressful working conditions are related to inadequate salary, an excessive number of activities, and having to take work home. Biopsychosocial consequences include anxiety, stress, and sleep disorders. There was a statistically significant association between inadequate salary and anxiety (p = 0.01) and between an excessive number of activities and stress (p = 0.01). Teachers reported that a good relationship among colleagues is a working condition that promotes well‐being in the workplace. The identification of stressful working conditions for teachers, the biopsychosocial consequences, and working conditions that promote well‐being in the workplace are relevant to determining actions that improve the work environment and, consequently, the health of teachers.
Practice of Pain Management by Indian Healthcare Practitioners: Results of a Paper Based Questionnaire Survey
Authors: Billa Gauri , Gabhane Mukesh , Biswas Swati
Published: August 2015

Objective. Understanding factors while selecting an analgesic and its usage pattern by Indian healthcare practitioners (HCPs). Methods. Questionnaire-based survey was conducted among six healthcare specialties. Results. Total 448 HCPs participated. Patient’s age (72.8%, 74.4%, 87.5%, and 78.9%) and duration of therapy (70.8%, 66.2%, 69.6%, and 73.6%) were main attributes for selecting an opioid according to general practitioners (GPs), dentists, consulting physicians (CPs), and surgeons, respectively. Patient’s age was important factor while selecting NSAID according to 77.60%, 66.91%, and 84.20% of GPs, dentists, surgeons, respectively. For mild pain, paracetamol was the choice according to 77%, 78.57% and 74% of GPs, CPs, and surgeons, respectively. For moderate pain, 77%, 87.50%, 68%, and 80.30% of GPs, CPs, surgeons and orthopedicians, respectively, preferred the use of paracetamol + tramadol combination. For moderate pain, NSAID + paracetamol and paracetamol+diclofenac were used by 68.94% and 47.73% of orthopedicians, respectively. Lack of pain clinic (38.8%) in city was commonly cited reason for not referring patients to pain clinics. Conclusion. Patient’s age, duration of therapy, comorbid conditions, frequency of dosing, and severity of pain are important parameters while selecting analgesics. Paracetamol and its combinations are commonly used for mild and moderate pain, respectively. Pain clinics currently have limited presence in India.
Mechanical Parameters Effects on Acoustic Absorption at Polymer Foam
Authors: Dib Lyes , Bouhedja Samia , Amrani Hamza
Published: August 2015

Polymer foams have acoustic absorption properties that play an important role in reducing noise level. When the skeleton is set to motion, it is necessary to use generalized Biot-Allard model which takes into account the deformation of the skeleton and the fluid and the interactions between them. The aim of this work is to study the quality of acoustic absorption in polyurethane foam and to show the importance of the structural vibration of this foam on the absorption by varying mechanical parameters (Young’s modulusE, Poisson’s coefficientν, structural damping factorη, and the densityρ1). We calculated the absorption coefficient analytically using classical Biot formulation (us,uf) and numerically using Biot mixed formulation (us,p) in 3D COMSOL Multiphysics. The obtained results are compared together and show an excellent agreement. Afterwards, we studied the effect of varying each mechanical parameter independently on the absorption in interval of ±20%. The simulations show that these parameters have an influence on the sound absorption around the resonance frequencyfr.
Risk Assessment and Prediction of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater and River Sediment: A Case Study of a Typical Agricultural Irrigation Area in Northeast China
Authors: Zhong Shuang , Geng Hui , Zhang Fengjun , Liu Zhaoying , Wang Tianye , Song Boyu
Published: August 2015

The areas with typical municipal sewage discharge river and irrigation water function were selected as study sites in northeast China. The samples from groundwater and river sediment in this area were collected for the concentrations and forms of heavy metals (Cr(VI), Cd, As, and Pb) analysis. The risk assessment of heavy metal pollution was conducted based on single-factor pollution index (I) and Nemerow pollution index (NI). The results showed that only one groundwater sampling site reached a polluted level of heavy metals. There was a high potential ecological risk of Cd on the N21-2 sampling site in river sediment. The morphological analysis results of heavy metals in sediment showed that the release of heavy metals can be inferred as one of the main pollution sources of groundwater. In addition, the changes in the concentration and migration scope of As were predicted by using the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS). The predicted results showed that As will migrate downstream in the next decade, and the changing trend of As polluted areas was changed with As content districts because of some pump wells downstream to form groundwater depression cone, which made the solute transfer upstream.
Targeted Mutation of Nuclear Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Impairs Secondary Immune Response in a Mouse Model
Authors: Olsen Daniel S. , Goar Wesley A. , Nichols Brandt A. , Bailey K. Tyson , Christensen S. Loyd , Merriam Kayla R. , Reynolds Paul R. , Wilson Eric , Weber K. Scott , Bridgewater Laura C.
Published: August 2015

We recently identified a nuclear variant of the BMP2 growth factor, called nBMP2. In an effort to understand the function of this variant protein, we generated a mouse line in which BMP2 is expressed and functions normally, but nBMP2 is excluded from the nucleus. This novel mutation allows the study of nBMP2 without compromising BMP2 function. To determine whether nBMP2 plays a role in immune function, we performed a series of experiments in which we compared mouse survival, organ weights, immune cells numbers, and bacterial load in wild type andnBmp2NLStmmice following primary and secondary challenges withStaphylococcus aureus. Following primary challenge withS. aureus, wild type andnBmp2NLStmmice showed no differences in survival or bacterial load and generated similar numbers and types of leukocytes, although mutant spleens were smaller than wild type. Secondary bacterial challenge withS. aureus, however, produced differences in survival, with increased mortality seen innBmp2NLStmmice. This increased mortality corresponded to higher levels of bacteremia innBmp2NLStmmice and to a reduced enlargement of mutant spleens in response to the secondary infection. Together, these results suggest that the recently described nuclear variant of BMP2 is necessary for efficient secondary immune responses.
EPP Energy Efficiency Calculation and Influencing Factor Analysis: Cases in China
Authors: Wang Jingmin , Zhu Yiping , Li Yakun
Published: August 2015

Efficiency power plant (EPP) promotes the use of energy efficiency power plant technology and energy efficient equipment, coupled with its low-input, zero pollution, zero emissions, and other advantages, having an important role in the control of energy consumption and energy saving. In order to carry out scientific EPP investment decisions, the level of energy efficiency is an important basis for investment decisions. This paper introduces total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) in energy efficiency calculation of EPP, constructs energy efficiency calculation model considering environmental benefits, and takes the micro and macro cases in China for analysis; the results show that the TFEE of both single energy efficiency project and EPP are at a relatively high level (above 0.7), and there is a huge gap between calculation results considering and without considering the environmental benefit. In order to discuss energy efficiency influencing factors, the paper analyzes generalized technological advances variation feature of China typical provinces implementing EPP based on generalized technological advances decomposition model by Malmquist index, finding that the steady growth ofMindex in these provinces is derived from the management level of implementation of EPP and the large-scale production capacity of formation and management. We hope the models and conclusions could provide some references on EPP energy efficiency calculation and decision.
Documenting the Delusion: A Case Study
Authors: Wiebe Donald , Martin Luther H.
Published: August 2015

This paper documents the lack of interest in creating an environment to promote a naturalistic study of religious thought and behavior at the Department for the Study of Religion (dsr) of the University of Toronto. Thedsr, it seems to me, simply exemplifies the point about the self-deception and delusion that characterizes many departments for the study of religion about their academic or scientific credibility that I make in the essay.
Procedural Developments at the International Court of Justice
Authors: Bordin Fernando Lusa
Published: August 2015

The present column covers procedural developments at the International Court of Justice in the period spanning from 1 June 2014 to 30 June 2015. These include: the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction ratione temporis under a compromissory clause in the context of State succession; the admissibility of new arguments presented during oral hearings; the burden, standard and methods of proof in cases involving State responsibility for international crimes; and revocation of provisional measures in light of a change in the situation that warranted them.
100 years of tropical bryophyte and lichen ecology: a bibliographic guide to the literature from 1901 - 2000

Authors: Merwin Mark C. , Nadkarni Nalini M.
Published: August 2015

A list of 401 citations pertaining to the ecology of tropical bryophytes and lichens is presented. The bibliography includes publications addressing the biology, ecology, natural history, and physiology of bryophytes and lichens, but generally eschews taxonomic and floristic papers. All citations have been verified, unless denoted with an asterisk (*). An appendix that groups citations by category is provided.
Notes on Venezuelan Ricciaceae (Marchantiophyta)
Authors: Sánchez Marta Infante , Pérez Patxi Heras
Published: August 2015

New data on Ricciocarpos natans and on five species in the genus Riccia are given, including four Riccia species new to Venezuela, all from the Orinoco flood plains. The number of Ricciaceae species known from Venezuela is presently eight.
Orthotrichum (Orthotrichaceae, Bryopsida) in Pakistan
Authors: Schäfer-Verwimp Alfons , Gruber Johann Peter
Published: August 2015

A first critical survey of the genus Orthotrichum in Pakistan is provided. The currently known geographical distributions of the species and their ecologies within Pakistan are discussed. The bryophyte collection from Pakistan contains eight species of the genus Orthotrichum. One of these, O. obtusifolium, is reported here for the first time from that country, whilst the occurrence of the other seven species is confirmed. Pseudoleskeella tectorum, associated with O. crenulatum, is also reported here from Pakistan for the first time. Comments on the specimens and a key to allow identification of all eleven species presently known from Pakistan are provided.
Studies on type material of Bryoerythrophyllum yichunense C.H. Gao (Musci, Pottiaceae) from China

Authors: Sollman Philip
Published: August 2015

Type material of Bryoerythrophyllum yichunense C.H. Gao has been studied. It is considered as Leptodontium flexifolium (With.) Hampe in Lindb.
A revision of Festuca (Loliinae, Pooideae, Poaceae) in Chile
Authors: Ospina Juan Camilo , Aliscioni Sandra Silvina , Denham Silvia Suyai
Published: August 2015

The new combination and new variety Festuca acanthophylla. A taxonomic revision of the genus Festuca in Chile is presented based on morphological and anatomical data. We recognize 19 species and two varieties in Chile. We propose eight new synonyms. Lectotypes are designated for the names Diplachne brevifolia, F. gracillima fo. scabra, F. gracillima var. ramosa, F. orthophylla var. boliviana, F. ovina subvar. pubiscula, F. ovina var. wilczekii, F. purpurascens fo. aristata, F. purpurascens var. submutica, F. rubra subsp. corcovadensis, and F. saltana. Second-step lectotypes are designated for the names F. berteroniana, F. davillae, F. desvauxii, F. dumetorum, F. erecta, F. hypsophila, F. insularis, F. lechleriana, F. monticola, F. orthophylla var. meyenii, F. pascua, F. platyphylla, F. robusta, F. subandina, F. thermarum, and F. tunicate. Specimens erroneously indicated as “typus” (holotype) in the literature are corrected to lectotype for the names Diplachne rigescens, F. acuta, F. asperata, F. cavillieri, F. commersonii, F. glaucophylla, F. gracillima, F. gracillima var. patagonica, F. kurtziana, F. magellanica, F. neuquenensis var. parodiana, F. ovina subsp. hystricola, F. ovina var. antarctica, F. purpurascens, F. serranoi, F. steudelii, and Poa argentina. A key to all Chilean species, distribution data, illustrations, and leaf blade anatomical and micromorphological descriptions are also provided. The new combination and new variety Festuca acanthophylla var. scabriuscula is proposed.
Bone Aging by Advanced Glycation End Products
Authors: Ganeko K. , Masaki C. , Shibata Y. , Mukaibo T. , Kondo Y. , Nakamoto T. , Miyazaki T. , Hosokawa R.
Published: August 2015

The quality and quantity of mandibular bone are essential prerequisites for osseointegrated implants. Only the Hounsfield unit on preoperative computed tomography is currently used as a clinical index. Nevertheless, a considerable mismatch occurs between bone quality and the Hounsfield unit. Loss of bone toughness during aging has been accepted based on empirical evidence, but this concept is unlikely evidence based at the level of mechanical properties. Nonenzymatic bone matrix cross-links associated with advanced glycation end products predominate as a consequence of aging. Thus, loss of tissue integrity could diminish the bone toughening mechanism. Here, we demonstrate an impaired bone toughening mechanism caused by mimicking aging in rabbits on a methionine-rich diet, which enabled an enhanced nonenzymatically cross-linked bone matrix. A 3-point bending test revealed a greater reduction in femoral fracture resistance in rabbits on a methionine-rich diet, despite higher maximum and normalized breaking forces (287.3 N and 88.1%, respectively), than in rabbits on a normal diet (262.2 N and 79.7%, respectively). In situ nanoindentation on mandibular cortical bone obtained from rabbits on a methionine-rich diet did not enable strain rate–dependent stiffening and consequent large-dimensional recovery during rapid loading following constant displacement after a rapid-load indentation test as compared with those in rabbits on a normal diet. Such nanoscale structure-function relationships dictate resistance to cracking propagation at the material level and allow for the overall bone toughening mechanism to operate under large external stressors. The strain-dependent stiffening was likely associated with strain-energy transfer to the superior cross-linked bone matrix network of the normal diet, while the reduction in the enzymatically cross-linked matrix in bone samples from rabbits on a methionine-rich diet likely diminished the intrinsic bone toughening mechanism. The present study also provides a precise protocol for evaluating bone mechanical properties at the material level based on observations from a series of nanoindentation experiments.
More Health Expenditure, Better Economic Performance? Empirical Evidence From OECD Countries
Authors: Wang Fuhmei
Published: August 2015

Recent economic downturns have led many countries to reduce health spending dramatically, with the World Health Organization raising concerns over the effects of this, in particular among the poor and vulnerable. With the provision of appropriate health care, the population of a country could have better health, thus strengthening the nation’s human capital, which could contribute to economic growth through improved productivity. How much should countries spend on health care? This study aims to estimate the optimal health care expenditure in a growing economy. Applying the experiences of countries from the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) over the period 1990 to 2009, this research introduces the method of system generalized method of moments (GMM) to derive the design of the estimators of the focal variables. Empirical evidence indicates that when the ratio of health spending to gross domestic product (GDP) is less than the optimal level of 7.55%, increases in health spending effectively lead to better economic performance. Above this, more spending does not equate to better care. The real level of health spending in OECD countries is 5.48% of GDP, with a 1.87% economic growth rate. The question which is posed by this study is a pertinent one, especially in the current context of financially constrained health systems around the world. The analytical results of this work will allow policymakers to better allocate scarce resources to achieve their macroeconomic goals.
Impact of Business Cultural Values on Web Homepage Design That May Hinder International Business
Authors: Zhu Pinfan
Published: August 2015

Because of the globalized use of the Internet, companies of most countries rely heavily on websites for the sale of their products and services internationally. However, a company’s website, no matter how nicely designed in terms of graphics used and information provided, may still fail to achieve the expected result if it fails to consider the relevant business cultural values and conventions of the target country. This article, in light of American business values and Chinese business values and through case analyses, identifies the possible problems on those websites aiming at international business. Using specific company websites of both the United States and China and through comparison and contrast, the author analyzes problems in aspects of content, graphics, and layout in attempt to improve designers’ cultural awareness in these aspects and improve their skills for the localization of their international business websites.
Supporting students’ knowledge and skills in information technology security through a security portal
Authors: Çiftçi Nilay Pancar , Delialioğlu Ömer
Published: August 2015

This study aims to investigate the initial perceived knowledge and skills of high school students in information technology (IT) security and the effect of an online security support tool, the Security Portal (SP), on students’ perceived knowledge and skills in IT security. The SP is a website designed and developed as an extracurricular learning tool to improve high school students’ knowledge and skills in IT security. An exploratory research design with descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was conducted to answer the research questions. The data were collected from the participants through the Perceived Knowledge and Skills in IT Security questionnaire, administered as pre-test and post-test before and after using the SP. The results of the study indicated that the majority of students were not aware about their schools’ IT security policies and rules. Similarly, students had limited knowledge of the rules for using IT devices at their homes. Students’ perceived knowledge and skills in (i) virus infection, (ii) awareness about IT crimes and unlicensed products, (iii) security settings of operating systems, (iv) Windows firewall and defender, (v) security settings of Android OS except adding owner information (vi) security issues related to e-mails, except risk associated with opening e-mails from unknown senders, (vii) security issues of web browsers and SNSs except security and privacy settings of SNSs, could be improved by using such tools.
Investigating continuance intention to follow a brand micro-blog
Authors: Zhao Haichuan , Su Chenting , Hua Zhongsheng
Published: August 2015

A sound follower base is a prerequisite for the survival of a brand micro-blog. Thus, determining how to enhance followers’ continuance intentions to follow is critical. We integrated the value-based adoption mode and social identity theory to test a conceptual model. The proposed model identified three sets of blog utilities (information, social, and service) affecting followers’ continuance intention through perceived value and brand micro-blog identification. Using a Chinese sample drawn from the Sina micro-blog, we sought to clarify why followers continue to follow a brand micro-blog. The concluding section discusses our findings in terms of implications for theory and practice.
Longitudinal changes and predictors of prolonged grief for bereaved family caregivers over the first 2 years after the terminally ill cancer patient’s death
Authors: Tsai Wei-I , Prigerson Holly G , Li Chung-Yi , Chou Wen-Chi , Kuo Su-Ching , Tang Siew Tzuh
Published: August 2015

Background:

A significant minority of bereaved caregivers experience prolonged grief. However, few longitudinal studies have examined prolonged grief, especially in an Asian context.

Aim:

We explored longitudinal changes and factors predicting prolonged grief in bereaved caregivers of terminally ill Taiwanese cancer patients.

Design:

Observational, prospective, and longitudinal. Prolonged grief symptoms were measured with the PG-13 at 6, 13, 18, and 24 months postloss.

Setting/participants:

A convenience sample of 493 caregivers (83.3% participation rate) of terminally ill cancer patients was recruited from a medical center in Taiwan.

Results:

The prevalence of prolonged grief decreased significantly over time from the patient’s death (7.73%, 1.80%, 2.49%, and 1.85% at 6, 13, 18, and 24 months postloss, respectively, p < 0.05 at all times in reference to 6 months postloss). Caregivers’ likelihood of prolonged grief was significantly higher if they had severe preloss depressive symptoms, negatively perceived their relative’s dying situation, and were poorly prepared for the patient’s death. However, the likelihood of prolonged grief decreased significantly with greater perceived concurrent social support and subjective caregiving burden right before the patient’s death.

Conclusion:

Prolonged grief in bereavement diminished over time and was predicted by modifiable factors before, during, and after bereavement. To facilitate bereavement adjustment and avoid prolonged grief, healthcare professionals should develop and provide at-risk caregivers with effective interventions starting when patients are still alive to improve their dying experience, to facilitate preparedness for the patient’s forthcoming death, to alleviate caregivers’ preloss depressive symptoms, and to enhance their perceived postloss social support.
Editor’s Pick
Authors: Fetner Tina , Heath Melanie
Published: August 2015

Critical heterosexuality studies demonstrate the role of the traditional, white wedding in the reproduction of heteronormativity and gender and contribute to a social order that privileges white, middle-class, heterosexual married couples over other relationships. However, social science research points to the ways that same-sex weddings offer a site of resistance to heteronormativity and traditional gender roles. We analyze in-depth interviews with women in straight and same-sex marriages. We find that women in straight marriages are more likely to embrace the traditional, white wedding than those in same-sex marriages. Women planning same-sex weddings think deeply about their wedding ceremonies as they relate to heteronormativity. Some participants reject traditional weddings as excessively costly and wasteful. We argue that although weddings are often sites for the celebration of consumerism, traditional gender, and heterosexuality, they can also be sites of resistance that challenge these same social norms.
Marital Investments and Community Involvement
Authors: Kim Young-Il , Dew Jeffrey
Published: August 2015

It is customary to test Coser’s greedy marriage thesis by comparing marital status groups. We propose a new approach that uses the marital dyad as the unit of analysis and examine whether investments in the marital relationship discourage community involvement through formal volunteering. Data from a U.S. national sample of 1,368 married couples revealed mixed support for the proposed relationship. Consistent with the greedy marriage thesis, wives’ soulmate view of marriage was negatively associated with their own and their husbands’ reports of volunteering. Although these associations were attenuated by religious service attendance, wives’ soulmate view had a more dampening effect than husbands’ soulmate view on their own and their husbands’ volunteering. However, the time couples spend alone together was positively associated with husbands’ reports of volunteering, which counters the greedy marriage thesis. These findings suggest that the greedy nature of marriage is, in part, determined by its participants—how they define and manage their marriage.
Green Criminology and Social Justice: A Reexamination of the Lynemouth Plant Closing and the Political Economic Causes of Environmental and Social Injustice
Authors: Lynch Michael J.
Published: August 2015

Pamela Ann Davies argues that the closure of the Lynemouth, UK, aluminum smelter generated adverse social justice impacts and was caused by the adoption of green state policies. She employs that argument to critique green criminology for promoting adverse social justice impacts. Here, we reanalyze the Lynemouth plant closure. First, this reanalysis illustrates the various social and environmental forms of injustice the plant generated, especially its adverse human, nonhuman and ecological health consequences. Second, the closure is reassessed from a political economic perspective that places the plant closure within the context of global capitalist plant closures in the aluminum industry. That review notes that plant closures and deindustrialization in developed economies are now a common occurrence driven by economic concerns, not environmental policies. We point out that social injustice as well as ecological destruction are often created by the normal operation of capitalism, and that those consequences should not be overlooked.
Investing in Distress: Tax Delinquency and Predatory Tax Buying in Urban America
Authors: Kahrl Andrew W.
Published: August 2015

Most states authorize the sale of tax liens (a legal claim against a tax-delinquent property) or deeds to tax delinquent properties by local governments to third parties. As federal and state funding for local governments declined and property tax delinquency rose in the 1970s, cities increasingly auctioned tax liens to generate revenue. Beginning in the 1990s fiscally distressed cities negotiated bulk sales of tax liens to private investors or used tax liens as collateral for securitized bonds. Tax lien privatization unleashed a wave of predatory activities chiefly targeting low-income homeowners, exacerbated racial inequities in the property tax system, accelerated the decline of urban minority neighborhoods, and stymied efforts at neighborhood recovery and revitalization. This article examines the racially disparate impact of market-based approaches to generating tax revenues and enforcing taxpayer compliance and its implications for understanding the historical and contemporary causes of the racial wealth gap in the US.
Investigation into material removal influenced by edge effect in polishing
Authors: Zhou Wansong , Zhang Lei , Fan Cheng , Gu Tianqi , Zhao Ji
Published: August 2015

Edge effect is unavoidable in polishing process when the polishing pad passes by the workpiece edge, which influences the entire form accuracy of free-form surfaces of optical components in computer-controlled polishing, or even reduces their effective aperture. This article focuses on a theoretical and experimental investigation into the material removal influenced by edge effect for polishing along a certain path. The contact pressure distribution models for polishing the workpiece edge are summarized and modified into four representative models: linear model, skin model, linear skin model and divided skin model, which are adopted to calculate the theoretical material removal profiles orthogonal to the straight or curved polishing path, in this article. So, the material removal models are built in the process of polishing along tool path instead of polishing on a single point. And experiments are carried out to choose the most suitable contact pressure distribution model according to the comparison of experimental profiles and the different theoretical profiles. Experimental results reveal the influences of edge effect on material removal and a modified parameter is introduced into the theoretical material removal profile for the curved path to coincide with the experimental profile better. In addition, some qualitative analyses about how to reduce the edge effect are also given in this article.
Design for scalability of industrial processes using modular components
Authors: van Voorthuysen Erik , Olsen John , Langley Kristopher , Lipski Mathew , Subramanian Karthi
Published: August 2015

Economies of scale, globalization and mass production have pushed the scale of manufacturing processes and the ability to compete beyond the scope of most small and medium enterprises. With the affordability of standard, off-the-shelf industrial and computer numerical control components, software and allied tools, we investigate a systematic model that looks at a number of possible ways of downscaling machines and operations that are of particular relevance to small and medium enterprises. The concepts presented here specifically deal with understanding dependencies and scale factors in complex systems, where the design is realized on the basis of commercial “off-the-shelf” components and subsystems commercial off-the-shelf). It is systematically integrated into proven design methodologies such as the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure V-models, axiomatic design and quality function deployment.
Electrical discharge machining plasma developed in a solid or gaseous medium
Authors: Siriprayook Pitawas , Coelho Paulo , Marafona José Duarte
Published: August 2015

The article aims to show that the electrical discharge machining plasma can be developed in solid or gaseous medium, through the numerical and experimental evaluation of process performance. The plasma channel developed in gaseous medium is based on an electrical discharge developed in a gas bubble and the plasma channel developed in solid medium is based on underwater explosions. The main electrical difference between both mediums is on its electrical resistivity. However, if the radius of plasma channel increases, its electrical resistivity should decrease because its electrical resistance and applied current intensity are constant, or in other words, the applied electrical power is constant during discharge duration. Thus, the plasma channel is developed in gaseous and solid mediums, with same electrical resistivity and Joule factor, because the radius of plasma channel is considered constant during discharge duration. The comparison of numerical results of electrical discharge machining performance obtained through an electrical discharge machining plasma developed in gaseous and solid mediums shows high agreement with the experimental results. Therefore, the electrical discharge machining plasma developed in solid and gaseous mediums is reliable when hydrocarbon oil is used as a dielectric fluid due to the high degree of agreement of numerical and experimental results of electrical discharge machining performance.
Influence of tool geometry on the channel formation along the linear and non-linear channeling using modified friction stir channeling
Authors: Rashidi Arash , Mostafapour Amir
Published: August 2015

In this study, the two geometry tools, including straight cylindrical pin and upward conical pin, are used to create channel in monolithic plate of Al 5083 alloy using the modified friction stir channeling technique. The channeling process was done under different directions including linear and non-linear channeling paths. Using upward conical pin caused easy channeling under non-linear paths, increase in height and hydraulic diameter of channel, and improvement in channel structure. As a result, in modified friction stir channeling technique using both tools, the shape of channels was stable and constant along the different channeling paths. However, the channel size was changed along the different paths. Along the vertical and straight paths, the characteristics of channel were stable and constant during the channeling process. Existing results were also achieved along the curve direction when the advancing side was along the inner curve. Nevertheless, when the advancing side was along the outer curve, the values of channel characteristics were varying at the various locations of the curve path. The stop-action technique and observations on the cross section of channels were utilized to explore the variations of channels and the channeling mechanisms along different paths. It was found that the variations of channel properties were because of the location of the displacement of shear layers along curve and the amount of extracted material by tool pin along the curve paths.
Operation of a pulse detonation engine system at high frequency
Authors: Lu Wei , Wang Ke , Zhang Qi-bin , Wang Yun , Fan Wei
Published: August 2015

In order to reduce the run-up distance for deflagration-to-detonation transition process, and increase the operating frequency of a pulse detonation rocket engine, a specific experimental system was designed. A tube closed at one end and open at the other end was employed as the detonation tube. The detonable mixtures were injected into the detonation tube periodically in the middle of the tube through a rotary valve and ignited near the open end. Detonation waves can be obtained when the deflagration waves propagate to the closed end. Varieties of experiments were carried out in the pulse detonation rocket engine system utilizing ethylene as fuel and oxygen-enriched air as oxidizer. Fully developed detonation waves were obtained, and a steady operating frequency of 200 Hz was successfully achieved. Higher operating frequency can be expected when the supplying flow rate is improved or smaller tube is utilized.
Adaptive-passive control of structure-borne noise of rotating machinery using a pair of shunted inertial actuators
Authors: Zhao Guoying , Alujević Neven , Depraetere Bruno , Pinte Gregory , Sas Paul
Published: August 2015

In this article, two piezo-based rotating inertial actuators are considered for the suppression of the structure-borne noise radiated from rotating machinery. Each inertial actuator comprises a piezoelectric stack element shunted with the Antoniou’s gyrator circuit. This type of electrical circuit can be used to emulate a variable inductance. By varying the shunt inductance it is possible to realise two tuneable vibration neutralisers to suppress tonal frequency vibrations of a slowly rotating machine. Also, reductions in the noise radiated from the machine housing can be achieved. First, a theoretical study is performed using a simplified lumped parameter model of the system at hand. The simplified model consists of a rotating shaft and two perpendicularly mounted shunted piezo-based rotating inertial actuators. Second, the shunted piezo-based rotating inertial actuators are tested on an experimental test bed comprising a rotating shaft mounted in a frame. The noise is radiated by a plate that is attached to the frame. The experimental results show that a reduction of 11 dB on the disturbance force transmitted from the rotating shaft through the bearing to the housing can be achieved. This also generates a reduction of 9 dB for the plate vibration and the radiated noise.
“Russell Body Gastroenterocolitis” in a Posttransplant Patient
Authors: Muthukumarana Vidarshi , Segura Sheila , O’Brien Miechelle , Siddiqui Rina , El-Fanek Hani
Published: August 2015

Russell bodies represent a cellular response to overstimulation of plasma cells, leading to the accumulation of abundant, nondegradable, condensed immunoglobulin in dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Russell body gastritis was first described 1998 by Tazawa and Tsutsumi. Since then only 39 cases involving the gastrointestinal tract have been reported in English literature, which include Russell body gastritis, duodenitis, and esophagitis. We report a case of a 44-year-old female with a history of diabetes mellitus, status post kidney and pancreas transplant who presented with multiple episodes of watery diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Upper gastroendoscopic examination showed diffuse mild erythema in the gastric body and a clean-based duodenal ulcer. Lower gastroendoscopic examination was normal. Examination of multiple biopsies from duodenal, gastric, terminal ileum, and colonic mucosae revealed numerous plasma cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm (Russell bodies) and eccentric nuclei, highlighted by PAS stain and CD 138 plasma cell marker. Helicobacter pylori stains were performed on gastric biopsies and were negative for organisms. To date, there are no cases described in English literature with multifocal Russell body infiltrates in gastrointestinal tract in a single patient including ileum and/or colon. This makes our case the first to be reported with these unique findings; thus, the spectrum of Russell body–associated chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract would be more suitably referred to as “Russell body gastroenterocolitis.”
The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project of South Korea
Authors: Lah T. J. , Park Yeoul , Cho Yoon Jik
Published: August 2015

This article analyzes the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project, which was the most important component of South Korea's national Green Growth Policy. It is difficult to provide a definitive evaluation of the project because the expected outcomes will emerge only in the long term. In spite of this difficulty, this research seeks to provide an evaluation based on early outcomes of the project. This evaluation reveals that the project has not achieved its intended purpose yet, but it has some achievements in preventing flooding, minimizing water scarcity, improving water quality, and revitalizing local economies. In exploring the causes of current outcomes, this study highlights the factors that affect policy outcomes, which include process, program, and political dimensions. Each dimension has some factors that negatively affect the project. If the government wants to achieve the original purpose of the project, relevant reforms are due.
Examination of a Bifactor Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Dimensions
Authors: Olatunji Bunmi O. , Ebesutani Chad , Abramowitz Jonathan S.
Published: August 2015

Although obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms are observed along four dimensions (contamination, responsibility for harm, order/symmetry, and unacceptable thoughts), the structure of the dimensions remains unclear. The current study evaluated a bifactor model of OC symptoms among those with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The goals were (a) to evaluate if OC symptoms should be conceptualized as unidimensional or whether distinct dimensions should be interpreted and (b) to use structural equation modeling to examine the convergence of the OC dimensions above and beyond a general dimension with related criteria. Results revealed that a bifactor model fit the data well and that OC symptoms were influenced by a general dimension and by four dimensions. Measurement invariance of the bifactor model was also supported among those with and without OCD. However, the general OC dimension accounted for only half of the variability in OC symptoms, with the remaining variability accounted for by distinct dimensions. Despite evidence of multidimensionality, the dimensions were unreliable after covarying for the general OC dimension. However, the four dimensions did significantly converge with a latent OC spectrum factor above and beyond the general OC dimension. The implications of these findings for conceptualizing the structure of OCD are discussed.
Teaching Business and Economic Journalism
Authors: Weber Joseph
Published: August 2015

Teachers of business and economic journalism are developing creative approaches to attracting students and educating them in a field many find daunting. To recruit, some avoid using the terms business or economic in course titles, preferring financial basics and financial literacy. Many use novel classroom techniques: to educate students about stock markets, for instance, some set up competitions where students vie to develop the most profitable portfolio. Provocative videos, cleverly developed assignments and trips to business-news sites are highlights in some courses. This article reviews approaches by a broad array of teachers.
Crossing Cross-Platform
Authors: Hubbard Glenn T. , Kang Jin-Ae , Crawford Elizabeth Crisp
Published: August 2015

National survey of college mass communication students ( N = 247) analyzed attitudes on the teaching of print and electronic media skills, using journalism students as comparison group. Previous research had not explored strategic communication student responses to convergence. Found identity variables within public relations (PR) field related to preference for web skills, as well as other strategic communication skills, but no such link among advertising students. Advertising students were most open to web skills overall, and PR students least.
What Do Primary and Secondary School Teachers Know About ADHD in Children? Findings From a Systematic Review and a Representative, Nationwide Sample of Danish Teachers
Authors: Mohr-Jensen Christina , Steen-Jensen Tom , Bang-Schnack Maria , Thingvad Helena
Published: August 2015

Objective: To identify what primary and secondary school teachers know about ADHD in children and, furthermore, to identify which factors predict their knowledge. Method: A 29-item questionnaire about ADHD was distributed to a random, nationwide, and representative sample of Danish primary and secondary school teachers. Data were analyzed descriptively and by hierarchical regression analysis. Results: A total of 528 teachers were included. Most teachers identified the symptoms of ADHD (79%-96%) and effective classroom intervention strategies (75%-98%). However, knowledge about other characteristics, etiology, prognosis, and treatment was inconsistent, for example, only 56% and 17% correctly rejected diet as a cause and effective treatment for ADHD. Among the strongest predictors for correct knowledge was having been provided postgraduate education about ADHD. Conclusion: Teachers require knowledge about ADHD to successfully include and manage children with ADHD and, additionally, to ensure positive working environments for teachers and support constructive school–home working collaborations.
Dissemination and Implementation of Function Focused Care for Assisted Living
Authors: Resnick Barbara , Galik Elizabeth , Vigne Erin , Carew Allison Payne
Published: August 2015

Assisted living (AL) settings are residential settings that provide housing and supportive services for older and disabled adults. Although individuals in AL are less functionally impaired than those in nursing home settings, they engage in limited amounts of physical activity and experience more rapid functional decline than their peers in nursing homes. Function Focused Care for Assisted Living (FFC-AL) was developed to prevent decline, improve function, and increase physical activity among residents living in these settings. The purpose of this study was to disseminate and implement the previously established, effective FFC-AL approach to 100 AL settings. Evidence of our ability to successfully disseminate and implement FFC-AL across these settings was established using the Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance model. Settings were eligible to participate if they had more than eight beds and identified a nurse (i.e., registered nurse, licensed practical nurse, or direct care worker) champion to facilitate the implementation process. Setting recruitment was done via mailed invitations to 300 eligible ALs and e-mails to relevant AL organizations. Evidence of reach was based on our ability to recruit 99 ALs with adoption of the intervention in 78 (78%). There was a significant improvement in policies supporting function-focused care and in establishing environments that supported function-focused care, and there was evidence of enduring changes in settings indicative of maintenance. We were able to implement all aspects of the intervention although challenges were identified. Future work should focus on using more face-to-face interactions with champions along with identified stakeholders, evaluating characteristics of champions to establish those who are most successful, and recruiting residents to obtain resident-specific outcomes.