bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of myeloid cell density in barrier tissues
Authors: Lohrmann Florens , Forde Aaron J. , Merck Philipp , Henneke Philipp
Published: June 2020

The interface between the mammalian host and its environment is formed by barrier tissues, for example, of the skin, and the respiratory and the intestinal tracts. On the one hand, barrier tissues are colonized by site‐adapted microbial communities, and on the other hand, they contain specific myeloid cell networks comprising macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. These immune cells are tightly regulated in function and cell number, indicating important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune balance in the presence of commensal microorganisms. The regulation of myeloid cell density and activation involves cell‐autonomous ‘single‐loop circuits’ including autocrine mechanisms. However, an array of microenvironmental factors originating from nonimmune cells and the microbiota, as well as the microanatomical structure, impose additional layers of regulation onto resident myeloid cells. This review discusses models integrating these factors into cell‐specific programs to instruct differentiation and proliferation best suited for the maintenance and renewal of immune homeostasis in the tissue‐specific environment.
Factors influencing postpartum blood glucose screening among women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus in a rural community
Authors: Tang Yujia , Guo Jia , Long Qing , Yang Jundi , Luo Jiaxin , Yang Shuangyan , Li Xiangxin , Mao Ping , Chen Jyu‐Lin
Published: June 2020

Aims

The aims of the present study were: a) to investigate the current state of postpartum glucose screening in rural China; and b) to explore the factors influencing postpartum blood glucose screening among women with prior GDM based on Andersen's behavioural model of health service use.

Design

A multisite, cross‐sectional study design, conducted from November 2017 to January 2018.

Methods

A total of 465 women with prior GDM were included from two county‐level hospitals in rural China. The potential influencing factors for postpartum blood glucose screening based on Andersen's behavioural model, including predisposing, enabling, and need factors, were collected by self‐reported questionnaires. Chi‐square tests and logistic regression were used to explore the influence of these factors on whether screening of blood glucose level after delivery occurred.

Results

The mean age of the women was 31.92 years old (SD 5.16) and the mean time after delivery was 16.73 months (SD 15.07). The postpartum glucose screening proportion was 32.7%. Women who did not have a full‐time job (p= .011) (predisposing factor), had not received any treatment for GDM (p= .002), and were not informed about screening plans for diabetes by health professionals (p < .001) (enabling factor) were less likely to engage in postpartum glucose screening. The need factor, high actual risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), was not associated with postpartum blood glucose screening (p> .05).

Conclusions

In rural China, most women with prior GDM were not screened for T2DM after delivery. The women with prior GDM who did not have a full‐time job or had not received any prior treatment for GDM should be the target population for health education on postpartum glucose screening.

Impact

There is a need for data on postpartum blood glucose testing rates among rural women. Future interventions aimed at increasing postpartum blood glucose screening are needed.
Molecular delimitation and taxonomic revision of the wimple piranha Catoprion (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) with the description of a new species
Authors: Bonani Mateussi Nadayca T. , Melo Bruno F. , Oliveira Claudio
Published: June 2020

A taxonomic revision of wimple piranhas of the genus Catoprion is performed in combination with a molecular analysis using mtDNA. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of 49 specimens using genetic distances, conventional likelihood and four delimitation methods yielded two distinct lineages of Catoprion, with the morphological analyses of 198 specimens of Catoprion corroborating the molecular results. We provide a redescription of Catoprion mento, from the Paraguay, Orinoco, and tributaries of western Amazon basin, keeping Mylesinus macropterus as a junior synonym of C. mento, and the description of Catoprion absconditus n. sp., from the Amazon and Essequibo basins. C. absconditus n. sp. differs from C. mento by the presence of 86–94 perforated scales in the lateral line (vs. 65–86 scales) and the presence of 35–40 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 29–34 scales). The distribution of C. mento follows the Amazonas‐Paraguay‐Orinoco lowlands, whereas C. absconditus follows the eastern Amazon biogeographic pattern.
A new nonhydrophilic agarose gel as subdermal filler for facial rejuvenation: Aesthetic results and patient satisfaction
Authors: Alegre‐Sánchez Adrián , Bernárdez Claudia
Published: June 2020

Background

A wide range of fillers are already available for facial rejuvenation. Most of them are based on the use of reticulated or nonreticulated hyaluronic acid.

Aims

The main objective of this study is to present the advantages, efficacy, and safety profile of a new agarose gel filler without reticulating agents, for different facial areas.

Patient/Methods

A total of 41 patients were treated with different concentrations of the agarose gel filler (1%; 1,5%; 2,5% and 3,5%). Mean age of the participants was 44.62 years. 67.7% (31/41) of the patients were female. Typically, each anatomic area was injected with half of the syringe volume (0.7 + 0.1 mL of lidocaine 2%) per side. One week after one‐session treatment, Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) was obtained and satisfaction surveys were filled by patients.

Results

Clinical improvement was noted immediately, with no progressive volume gain over following days. In the GAIS, 90% of the cases scored as “significant or great improvement.” Patient satisfaction was very high with 83% of them evaluating the results as 8 or higher in a scale 1‐10. Only one late‐onset nodule was observed some weeks after injection, that resolved completely with corticosteroid injection.

Conclusions

This new agarose gel filler represents an effective and safe alternative for facial rejuvenation with fillers. Among its advantages, it can be highlighted the absence of reticulating agents and its nonhydrophilic nature.
Dydrogesterone‐primed ovarian stimulation is an effective alternative to gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist protocol for freeze‐all cycles in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Gurbuz Ali Sami , Gode Funda
Published: June 2020

Objective

To compare the effects of progestin‐primed ovarian stimulation using dydrogesterone (DYD) and a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol on cycle characteristics and pregnancy rates in freeze‐all cycles in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods

Medical records of PCOS patients who underwent freeze‐all in vitro fertilization cycles between April 2017 and April 2019 at the Novafertil in vitro fertilization Center were retrospectively evaluated. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of premature luteinizing hormone surge. Secondary outcome measures were the total number of mature oocytes retrieved, fertilization rate, clinical pregnancy rates and ongoing pregnancy rates.

Results: A total of 525 patients were included in the study. DYD‐primed ovarian stimulation and a GnRH antagonist protocol were applied in 258 and 267 patients, respectively. The baseline parameters were similar between the two groups. The numbers of mature and fertilized oocytes were similar in the cetrorelix (CET) group and DYD group (11.43 ± 3.48 vs. 11.29 ± 4.34, respectively, P = 0.692; and 8.98 ± 2.93 vs. 8.62 ± 3.67, respectively, P = 0.208). Premature luteinization was rare in both groups, and the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (2.9% vs. 1.5%, respectively, P = 0.268). There was no significant difference in clinical pregnancy rate of the first frozen embryo transfer cycle between the DYG group and the CET group (56% [120/214] vs. 55.6% [113/203], respectively, P = 0.283). There were no significant differences in biochemical pregnancy rates, implantation rates, miscarriage rates or ongoing pregnancy rates between the two groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Dydrogesterone‐primed ovarian stimulation seems to be an effective alternative to the GnRH antagonist protocol for freeze‐all cycles in PCOS patients.
Learning Vocabulary Through Listening: The Role of Vocabulary Knowledge and Listening Proficiency
Authors: Zhang Pengchong , Graham Suzanne
Published: June 2020

This study explored the impact of preexisting vocabulary knowledge (PVK) and listening proficiency on the vocabulary learning through listening of 137 Chinese learners of English, when provided with three types of oral vocabulary explanations—second language (L2), codeswitching (CS), and contrastive focus‐on‐form (CFoF)—and when no explanations (NE) were provided (extending Zhang & Graham, 2019). Listening proficiency was a more important factor influencing vocabulary learning through aural input than PVK was, with most notable gains for learners with high listening proficiency and low PVK. The CFoF approach was the most helpful for learners regardless of their PVK and listening proficiency, whereas the NE approach was the least helpful. Moreover, comparing just the CS and L2 groups, the CS approach was more helpful for lower PVK learners and for more proficient listeners than the L2 approach was. Higher PVK learners and less proficient listeners, however, benefited more from the L2 approach than from the CS approach. The study highlights the complex interplay of vocabulary knowledge, listening proficiency, and instructional conditions, factors useful to bear in mind when planning activities to enhance vocabulary learning through listening.
An unusual compound object in Yamato 793408 (H3.2‐an): The missing link between compound chondrules and macrochondrules?
Authors: Barosch Jens , Hezel Dominik C. , Marrocchi Yves , Gurenko Andrey , Lenting Christoph
Published: June 2020

We found a large (~2 mm) compound object in the primitive Yamato 793408 (H3.2‐an) chondrite. It consists mostly of microcrystalline material, similar to chondrule mesostasis, that hosts an intact barred olivine (BO) chondrule. The object contains euhedral pyroxene and large individual olivine grains. Some olivine cores are indicative of refractory forsterites with very low Fe‐ and high Ca, Al‐concentrations, although no 16O enrichment. The entire object is most likely a new and unique type, as no similar compound object has been described so far. We propose that it represents an intermediate stage between compound chondrules and macrochondrules, and formed from the collision between chondrules at low velocities (below 1 m s−1) at high temperatures (around 1550 °C). The macrochondrule also trapped and preserved a smaller BO chondrule. This object appears to be the first direct evidence for a genetic link between compound chondrules and macrochondrules. In accordance with previous suggestions and studies, compound chondrules and macrochondrules likely formed by the same mechanism of chondrule collisions, and each represents different formation conditions, such as ambient temperature and collision speed.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity decreases in Mediterranean pine forests adapted to recurrent fires
Authors: Pérez‐Izquierdo Leticia , Zabal‐Aguirre Mario , Verdú Miguel , Buée Marc , Rincón Ana
Published: June 2020

Fire is a major disturbance linked to the evolutionary history and climate of Mediterranean ecosystems, where the vegetation has evolved fire‐adaptive traits (e.g., serotiny in pines). In Mediterranean forests, mutualistic feedbacks between trees and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, essential for ecosystem dynamics, might be shaped by recurrent fires. We tested how the structure and function of ECM fungal communities of Pinus pinaster and Pinus halepensis vary among populations subjected to high and low fire recurrence in Mediterranean ecosystems, and analysed the relative contribution of environmental (climate, soil properties) and tree‐mediated (serotiny) factors. For both pines, local and regional ECM fungal diversity were lower in areas of high than low fire recurrence, although certain fungal species were favoured in the former. A general decline of ECM root‐tip enzymatic activity for P. pinaster was associated with high fire recurrence, but not for P. halepensis. Fire recurrence and fire‐related factors such as climate, soil properties or tree phenotype explained these results. In addition to the main influence of climate, the tree fire‐adaptive trait serotiny recovered a great portion of the variation in structure and function of ECM fungal communities associated with fire recurrence. Edaphic conditions (especially pH, tightly linked to bedrock type) were an important driver shaping ECM fungal communities, but mainly at the local scale and probably independently of the fire recurrence. Our results show that ECM fungal community shifts are associated with fire recurrence in fire‐prone dry Mediterranean forests, and reveal complex feedbacks among trees, mutualistic fungi and the surrounding environment in these ecosystems.
Advances in the development of gene therapy, noncoding RNA, and exosome‐based treatments for tendinopathy
Authors: Ilaltdinov Angela Wang , Gong Yubao , Leong Daniel J. , Gruson Konrad I. , Zheng Deyou , Fung David T. , Sun Li , Sun Hui B.
Published: June 2020

Tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by chronic low‐grade inflammation and tissue degeneration. Tendons have poor innate healing ability and there is currently no cure for tendinopathy. Studies elucidating mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of tendinopathy and mechanisms mediating the genesis of tendons during development have provided novel targets and strategies to enhance tendon healing and repair. This review summarizes the current understanding and treatments for tendinopathy. The review also highlights recent advances in gene therapy, the potential of noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs, and exosomes, which are nanometer‐sized extracellular vesicles secreted from cells, for the treatment of tendinopathy.
The Impact of a Billing System on Healthcare Utilization: Evidence from the Thai Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme
Authors: Wasi Nada , Panpiemras Jirawat , Manachotphong Wanwiphang
Published: June 2020

This study examines how a new billing process of the Thai Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme affects outpatient care utilization. Unlike policy changes considered in most existing studies, there is no change in cost‐sharing for the scheme considered here. Previously, the beneficiaries had to pay out of pocket and receive their reimbursement later. The new billing system allows hospitals to charge the government directly. Using patient‐level data from a large hospital, we find that the change affects outpatient utilization through both visiting rates and treatment intensity. These positive impacts are moderate, but persistent. The estimates are not sensitive to our choice of a time window, but their magnitudes can be sensitive to model specifications. Our analysis also suggests that patients with lower utilization rates (conditional on illnesses) prior to the change in the billing process increase their healthcare utilization more proportionally.
Sit‐to‐stand activity to improve mobility in older people: A scoping review
Authors: Duarte Wisnesky Uirá , Olson Joanne , Paul Pauline , Dahlke Sherry , Slaughter Susan E. , de Figueiredo Lopes Vinicius
Published: June 2020

Aims and objectives

To identify the current state of knowledge about the use of the sit‐to‐stand intervention with older people and to identify implications for further research.

Background

Many older people experience mobility challenges which can negatively affect their well‐being. Physical activities are vital to improving or maintaining mobility. Although there is evidence that mobility challenged older people benefit from the sit‐to‐stand intervention, there is a need to systematically examine the state of knowledge about this intervention.

Design

Scoping review using Arksey and O’Malley's methodological framework.

Methods

A systematic search of three databases was completed. Abstracts were evaluated for relevance using predetermined inclusion criteria. Studies that met the inclusion criteria had data extracted and were appraised for internal and external validity. Narrative synthesis was based on methods described by Popay and colleagues.

Results

Of 3,041 papers, six studies met the inclusion criteria. Publications provided a range of sit‐to‐stand interventions with durations varying from four weeks to six months. The frequency of each intervention fluctuated from three to seven times/week with a duration of 15–45 min. Different professionals prompted the activity. Three themes were identified the following: (a) sit‐to‐stand activity as an intervention; (b) generalisability of findings; and (c) sustainability.

Conclusions

Most of the studies reviewed indicated improvements in performance of the sit‐to‐stand activity and in motor function. However, issues with studies rigour do not allow us to make generalisations. Further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of the intervention.

Implications for practice

Healthcare providers are expected to offer evidence‐based patient care. This review details current knowledge about the sit‐to‐stand intervention with older people.
Pediatric procedural sedation in Japan: A single‐facility study of 1,436 cases
Authors: Kuga Shuji , Maeda Tomoki , Ihara Kenji
Published: June 2020

Background

Pediatric procedural sedation (PPS) has been established worldwide as standard practice for several decades. However, there are no comprehensive guidelines or multi‐facility databases of PPS in Japan, and the current status of PPS and PPS‐related adverse events is unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the status of PPS in Japan and clarify the adverse events and risk factors.

Methods

This study was a single‐facility, database survey performed at Oita University Hospital from September 2016 to March 2019. Children under 18 years of age who had been kept sedated for medical procedures with intravenous sedatives were enrolled in this study. Adverse events were recorded and defined according to the Quebec Guideline.

Results

During the study period, PPS was performed for 1,436 consecutive cases. The majority (94%) of the sedatives used were thiamylal alone or thiamylal combined with ketamine. There were a total of 253 adverse events in 233 cases (16.2%), including oxygen desaturation, airway hypersensitivity, and vomiting. Patients recovered from respiratory‐related adverse events immediately with simple intervention. No patient required endotracheal intubation and no severe adverse event occurred. Four risk factors (a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, longer procedure time, non‐compliance ofnil per osstatus, and no Pediatric Advanced Life Support certification for sedation personnel) were associated with the occurrence of adverse events.

Conclusions

Adverse events occurred in 16.2% of all PPS cases. Further studies are needed to analyze the serious adverse events and risk factors for PPS in Japan.
Committed to succeed: Commitment determines reactions to upward relationship comparisons
Authors: Thai Sabrina , Lockwood Penelope , Boksh Rashan J.
Published: June 2020

Individuals encounter numerous examples of happy relationships in their social networks and through the media; however, it is unclear how comparisons to superior couples affect one's own relationship. We examined individuals' responses to upward relationship comparisons by exposing dating and married participants to highly successful relationships drawn from their own lives (Study 1) and an exemplar given to them (Studies 2–3). We predicted that moderately committed individuals would evaluate their relationship against the superior relationship, and consequently be less motivated to engage in relationship‐maintenance behaviors. In contrast, highly committed individuals would be inspired by the superior relationship and view their relationship more positively. Across all studies, higher commitment yielded more positive responses to upward relationship comparisons than did lower commitment.
Structural competency: A pilot study
Authors: Woolsey Colleen , Narruhn Robin
Published: June 2020

Objective

The objective of this study is the use of structural competency (SC) as a tool to broaden the view of nursing students beyond individual, behavioral, biological, and cultural frameworks to encompass the structural determinants of health.

Design

This mixed‐methods pilot study consists of a concurrent nested strategy in which close‐ended, forced‐choice questions are the drivers while open‐ended questions are embedded therein.

Sample

The sample consists of second‐year doctor of nursing practice students.

Measures

The short‐term impact is measured through the use of a survey tool.

Intervention

The 3‐hr SC educational module focuses on six learning objectives: knowledge of structural terms, identifying SC effects on population and patient health; strategizing responses to these influences, student readiness to create change at the individual, organizational, and systems‐level, identifying needed tools, and assessing empowerment and burnout.

Results

Students understand structural terms and are willing to create systemic change but lack necessary tools which may result in burnout.

Conclusions

Careful thought about curricula incorporating SC and skills to offset the potential impact of burnout is needed.
Estimated Inactivation of Coronaviruses by Solar Radiation With Special Reference to COVID‐19
Authors: Sagripanti Jose‐Luis , Lytle C. David
Published: June 2020

Using a model developed for estimating solar inactivation of viruses of biodefense concerns, we calculated the expected inactivation of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, cause of COVID‐19 pandemic, by artificial UVC and by solar ultraviolet radiation in several cities of the world during different times of the year. The UV sensitivity estimated here for SARS‐CoV‐2 is compared with those reported for other ssRNA viruses, including influenza A virus. The results indicate that SARS‐CoV‐2 aerosolized from infected patients and deposited on surfaces could remain infectious outdoors for considerable time during the winter in many temperate‐zone cities, with continued risk for re‐aerosolization and human infection. Conversely, the presented data indicate that SARS‐CoV‐2 should be inactivated relatively fast (faster than influenza A) during summer in many populous cities of the world, indicating that sunlight should have a role in the occurrence, spread rate and duration of coronavirus pandemics.
Time in a one‐instant world
Authors: Latham Andrew J. , Miller Kristie
Published: June 2020

Many philosophers hold that ‘one‐instant worlds’—worlds that contain a single instant—fail to contain time. We experimentally investigate whether these worlds satisfy thefolkconcept of time. We found that ~50% of participants hold that there is time in such worlds. We argue that this suggests one of two possibilities. First, the population disagree about whether at least one of the A‐, B‐, or C‐series is necessary for time, with there being a substantial sub‐population for whom the presence of neither an A‐, B‐, nor C‐series, is necessary for time, and hence those folk have a radically more minimal concept of time than has been attributed to them by philosophers. Or, second, the population do not disagree about whether at least one of the A‐, B‐, or C‐series is necessary for time, but disagree about what it takes for a world to fail to contain even a C‐series.
Oral health status and barriers to care in a multiethnic mixed disability center: Rethinking disability community dental services
Authors: Teo Cher Hwei Kalinda , Mahesh Michelle Nisha , Lim Guang Xu David
Published: June 2020

Aims

There are currently neither onsite services nor any known studies that addresses oral health of persons with special care needs (PSCN) within disability activity centers in Singapore. This study aims to report on the oral health status, disability‐related barriers, and assess how these barriers limit care pathways.

Methods and Results

29 PSCN from a multiethnic mixed disability day activity center were screened over two days. Their ages ranged from 18‐59 years old (mean: 31.3). Proportion of Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity was 69.6%, 26.7% and 10.3% respectively. 11 were female. Only three PSCN were dentally fit, the average required almost four treatments each. 65.5% had “poor” to “very poor” oral hygiene. The mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth were 2.8 (95% CI: 1.3‐4.1), 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2‐3.1), and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2‐3.1), respectively. DMFT had a moderate positive (Pearson's) correlation with age (rp = 0.4549, P < .05). The average British Dental Association (BDA) total banded score was 16.97, categorized as “moderate complexity.” 51.7% were wheelchair users, while 41.3% needed support. Pharmacological behavioral management had to be considered for 17.2%. The odds ratio was 10 and relative risk 5.26 for requiring additional behavioral modifications and requiring more than average treatment.

Conclusion

This multiethnic cohort of mixed disabilities displayed considerable unmet dental needs and a conflux of barriers to care. Pathways to care and study limitations are discussed.
Internal sedimentary structure of linear dunes modelled with a cellular automaton
Authors: Liu Yukun , Baas Andreas C. W.
Published: June 2020

Linear dunes are the most common type of dune found on Earth and exist on several extra‐terrestrial bodies, but despite this abundance their internal stratigraphy has not been commonly agreed. A cellular automaton is deployed to simulate the development of linear dunes, starting from a flat bed, under bi‐modal oblique wind regimes of varying degrees of asymmetry. The internal stratigraphy of the linear dunes is monitored by keeping track of (buried) erosion surfaces, avalanche deposits and vertical accumulation, as well as the age of last subaerial exposure of the sediments. The simulations show the initial pattern‐coarsening of a network of small dunes into fewer larger longitudinal ridges via bedform interactions and Y‐junction dynamics. Three newly recognized types of bedform interaction are identified that relate to initial Y‐junction dynamics: longitudinal crest‐splitting, which creates free dune tips that can interact with adjacent dunes, and laterally oscillating interactions that lead to ephemeral Y‐junctions (normal or reverse). The results show that these three bedform interactions leave no persistent signatures in the stratigraphic record. However, a further three bedform interactions involving the superposition of one dune onto another – merging, cannibalizing and repulsion (known from transverse dune field dynamics) – do leave specific evidence in the internal stratigraphy of the remaining dune, a buried interaction surface at a specific inclination. The preservation potential of this interaction surface varies between the three types. After the initial pattern‐coarsening phase, the linear dunes become larger and more independent and their crest orientation follows the net resultant transport direction. The stratigraphies of mature dunes under wind regimes of differing asymmetry show that under (nearly) symmetrical winds the dune accumulates mainly vertically, with strata dipping parallel to the flanks, while under more asymmetrical wind regimes the internal stratigraphy resembles that of transverse dunes.
Incidence, risk factors and clinical characteristics of extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a ten‐year study in the North of Iran
Authors: Shirzad‐Aski Hesamaddin , Hamidi Niloofar , Sohrabi Ahmad , Abbasi Abdollah , Golsha Roghieh , Movahedi Jamileh
Published: June 2020

Objective

To determine the incidence of extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and examine the risk factors and the clinical features of the disease over a ten‐year period.

Methods

Retrospective study of records of patients who were followed and registered in the TB registry programme in the health district of Gorgan, Iran from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2017.

Results

Among 2280 TB records, 609 (26.71%) were EPTB. They were mostly female patients (53.7%) and residents in rural areas (56.5%) with a mean age of 40.55 years [±16]. The average age of female patients (37.55 years [±16.99]) was lower than of male patients (44.07 years [±20.59]). The median of the incidence rate was 7.5 per 100 000 inhabitants for EPTB; biopsy and pathology were the best methods for the detection of EPTB. The most frequent forms of EPTB were lymphatic TB (193/609 = 31.7%) and pleural TB (158/609 = 25.9%). In most cases (245/609 = 40.2%), one to three months elapsed between occurrence of symptoms and final confirmation of EPTB. The outcome of EPTB was weaker than of pulmonary TB (PTB).

Conclusion

Our most important finding was the increasing incidence of EPTB, which shows the importance of attention to this disease. Lymph node and pleural tissue were the most commonly infected tissues. Skeletal TB presents a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of EPTB.
The Cassava Source–Sink project: opportunities and challenges for crop improvement by metabolic engineering
Authors: Sonnewald Uwe , Fernie Alisdair R. , Gruissem Wilhelm , Schläpfer Pascal , Anjanappa Ravi B. , Chang Shu‐Heng , Ludewig Frank , Rascher Uwe , Muller Onno , van Doorn Anna M. , Rabbi Ismail Y. , Zierer Wolfgang
Published: June 2020

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the important staple foods in Sub‐Saharan Africa. It produces starchy storage roots that provide food and income for several hundred million people, mainly in tropical agriculture zones. Increasing cassava storage root and starch yield is one of the major breeding targets with respect to securing the future food supply for the growing population of Sub‐Saharan Africa. The Cassava Source–Sink (CASS) project aims to increase cassava storage root and starch yield by strategically integrating approaches from different disciplines. We present our perspective and progress on cassava as an applied research organism and provide insight into the CASS strategy, which can serve as a blueprint for the improvement of other root and tuber crops. Extensive profiling of different field‐grown cassava genotypes generates information for leaf, phloem, and root metabolic and physiological processes that are relevant for biotechnological improvements. A multi‐national pipeline for genetic engineering of cassava plants covers all steps from gene discovery, cloning, transformation, molecular and biochemical characterization, confined field trials, and phenotyping of the seasonal dynamics of shoot traits under field conditions. Together, the CASS project generates comprehensive data to facilitate conventional breeding strategies for high‐yielding cassava genotypes. It also builds the foundation for genome‐scale metabolic modelling aiming to predict targets and bottlenecks in metabolic pathways. This information is used to engineer cassava genotypes with improved source–sink relations and increased yield potential.
How bad are e‐cigarettes? What can we learn from animal exposure models?
Authors: Marczylo Tim
Published: June 2020

Electronic cigarettes divide opinions. Some consider them key to reducing smoking incidence while others are concerned over potential for detrimental health consequences. It will take many years to identify the health consequences of e‐cigarette use if we rely only upon human data. However, there is a growing body of work using rodent models that inform on these potential toxicities. These studies have focused upon the pulmonary, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Observations include perturbations of pro‐inflammatory, pro‐fibrotic and oxidative stress markers, sometimes together with DNA damage and downregulation of DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes. However, the markers affected are often different between studies. A more consistent observation has been the increase in airway hyperresponsiveness, a characteristic of asthma, on exposure to electronic cigarettes, across mouse strains, sex and ages. Detrimental effects in this and other susceptible animal models such as the apolipoprotein E knock‐out mouse model of atherosclerosis, suggest greater risk where there is an existing predisposition. Other adverse reactions, including weight loss, oxidative stress and angiogenesis, are reported in animal studies with nicotine‐containing devices. These effects remain less severe than cigarette smoke, where investigated. Animal studies have identified therefore that e‐cigarettes are potentially hazardous, especially in susceptible populations, nicotine is integral to risk of health effects, but overall e‐cigarettes are much less hazardous than cigarettes.

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Roman coin, by near-ambient pressure XPS
Authors: Avval Tahereh G. , Chapman Sean C. , Chapman Jeffrey T. , Bahr Stephan , Dietrich Paul , Meyer Michael , Thißen Andreas , Linford Matthew R.
Published: June 2020

Near ambient pressure-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 2500 Pa. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show survey, O 1s/Ag 3p, Ca 3p/Ag 3d, and extended valence band (0–130 eV) NAP-XPS spectra of an ancient Roman coin at three different positions. A small N 1s signal from N2 background gas is also observed. On the obverse side, the coin bears the bust of Licinius I. On the reverse side, it bears the image of Jupiter. The Ag 3d region indicates different amounts of silver at different oxidation states in different positions.
High-Intensity Interval Training Prescription for Combat-Sport Athletes
Authors: Franchini Emerson
Published: June 2020

Context: Combat sports are composed of high-intensity actions (eg, attacks, defensive actions, and counterattacks in both grappling and striking situations depending on the specific sport) interspersed with low-intensity actions (eg, displacement without contact, stepping) or pauses (eg, referee stoppages), characterizing an intermittent activity. Therefore, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is at the essence of combat-sport-specific training and is used as complementary training, as well. HIIT prescription can be improved by using intensity parameters derived from combat-sport-specific tests. Specifically, the assessment of physiological indexes (intensity associated with the maximal blood lactate steady state, maximal oxygen consumption, and maximal sprint) or of time–motion variables (high-intensity actions, low-intensity actions, and effort:pause ratio) is a key element for a better HIIT prescription because these parameters provide an individualization of the training loads imposed on these athletes. Purpose: To present a proposal for HIIT prescription for combat-sport athletes, exemplifying with different HIIT protocols (HIIT short intervals, HIIT long intervals, repeated-sprint training, and sprint interval training) using combat-sport-specific actions and the parameters for the individualization of these protocols. Conclusions: The use of combat-sport-specific tests is likely to improve HIIT prescription, allowing coaches and strength and conditioning professionals to elaborate HIIT short intervals, HIIT long intervals, repeated-sprint training, and sprint interval training protocols using combat-sport actions, providing more specificity and individualization for the training sessions.
“Back in the Day, You Opened Your Mine and on You Went”: Extractives Industry Perspectives on Sport, Responsibility, and Development in Indigenous Communities in Canada
Authors: Millington Rob , Hayhurst Lyndsay M.C. , Giles Audrey R. , Rynne Steven
Published: June 2020

Over the past two decades, significant policy shifts within Canada have urged corporations from all sectors, including the extractives industry, to fund and support sport for development (SFD) programming in Indigenous communities, often through corporate social responsibility strategies. The idea that sport is an appropriate tool of development for Indigenous communities in Canada and that the extractives industry is a suitable partner to implement development programs highlight profound tensions regarding ongoing histories of resource extraction and settler colonialism. To explore these tensions, in this paper, the authors drew on interviews conducted with extractives industry representatives of four companies that fund and implement such SFD programs. From these interviews, three overarching discourses emerged in relation to the extractives industry’s role in promoting development through sport: SFD is a catalyst to positive relationships between industry and community, SFD is a contributor to “social good” in Indigenous communities, and extractives industry funding of SFD is “socially responsible.”
Touchscreen Pointing and Swiping: The Effect of Background Cues and Target Visibility
Authors: Olthuis Raimey , van der Kamp John , Lemmink Koen , Caljouw Simone
Published: June 2020

By assessing the precision of gestural interactions with touchscreen targets, the authors investigate how the type of gesture, target location, and scene visibility impact movement endpoints. Participants made visually and memory-guided pointing and swiping gestures with a stylus to targets located in a semicircle. Specific differences in aiming errors were identified between swiping and pointing. In particular, participants overshot the target more when swiping than when pointing and swiping endpoints showed a stronger bias toward the oblique than pointing gestures. As expected, the authors also found specific differences between conditions with and without delays. Overall, the authors observed an influence on movement execution from each of the three parameters studied and uncovered that the information used to guide movement appears to be gesture specific.
B cells: Your besT-bet against the flu
Authors: Zhou Kenneth , Eisenbarth Stephanie
Published: June 2020

T-bet
+
memory B cells are a distinct subset that home to the spleen and produce neutralizing antibodies against influenza.
Sweet and low—autoantibodies deny oligodendrocytes their sugar fix
Authors: Hernandez Amanda L. , O’Connor Kevin C.
Published: June 2020

Pathogenic autoantibodies causing encephalopathy modify the expression of the glucose transporter in oligodendrocytes.
Supplemental Material: Can nanolites enhance eruption explosivity?
Authors: Cáceres Francisco , al. et
Published: June 2020

Extended methods, data tables, and additional figures, as well as references for Figure 3.
Supplemental Material: Mesozoic juvenile crustal formation in the easternmost Tethys: Zircon Hf isotopic evidence from Sumatran granitoids, Indonesia
Authors: Li Shan , al. et
Published: June 2020

Analytical methods, Figures S1–S4, and Table S1–S3.
Psychosocial consequences of false positives in the Danish Lung Cancer CT Screening Trial: a nested matched cohort study
Authors: Rasmussen Jakob Fraes , Siersma Volkert , Malmqvist Jessica , Brodersen John
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Lung cancer CT screening can reduce lung cancer mortality, but high false-positive rates may cause adverse psychosocial consequences. The aim was to analyse the psychosocial consequences of false-positive lung cancer CT screening using the lung cancer screening-specific questionnaire, Consequences of Screening in Lung Cancer (COS-LC).

Design and setting

This study was a matched cohort study, nested in the randomised Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial (DLCST).

Participants

Our study included all 130 participants in the DLCST with positive CT results in screening rounds 2–5, who had completed the COS-LC questionnaire. Participants were split into a true-positive and a false-positive group and were then matched 1:2 with a control group (n=248) on sex, age (±3 years) and the time of screening for the positive CT groups or clinic visit for the control group. The true positives and false positives were also matched 1:2 with participants with negative CT screening results (n=252).

Primary outcomes

Primary outcomes were psychosocial consequences measured at five time points.

Results

False positives experienced significantly more negative psychosocial consequences in seven outcomes at 1 week and in three outcomes at 1 month compared with the control group and the true-negative group (mean ∆ score >0 and p<0.001). True positives experienced significantly more negative psychosocial consequences in one outcome at 1 week (mean ∆ score 2.86 (95% CI 1.01 to 4.70), p=0.0024) and in five outcomes at 1 month (mean ∆ score >0 and p<0.004) compared with the true-negative group and the control group. No long-term psychosocial consequences were identified either in false positives or true positives.

Conclusions

Receiving a false-positive result in lung cancer screening was associated with negative short-term psychosocial consequences. These findings contribute to the evidence on harms of screening and should be taken into account when considering implementation of lung cancer screening programmes.

Trial registration number

NCT00496977.
Exploration of trends in the incidence and prevalence of childhood maltreatment and domestic abuse recording in UK primary care: a retrospective cohort study using ‘the health improvement network’ database
Authors: Chandan Joht Singh , Gokhale Krishna Margadhamane , Bradbury-Jones Caroline , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Bandyopadhyay Siddhartha , Taylor Julie
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Describe the epidemiology of childhood maltreatment and domestic abuse (in women).

Design

Analysis of longitudinal records between 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2018.

Setting

UK primary care database: ‘The Health Improvement Network’ (THIN).

Participants

11 831 850 eligible patients from 787 contributing practices. Childhood maltreatment and domestic abuse (women only) were defined as the presence of a recorded Read code.

Outcome measures

The incidence rate (IR) and prevalence of childhood maltreatment (in children aged 0–18 years) and domestic abuse (in women aged over 18) between 1996 and 2017. An adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) is given to examine the differences in IRs based on sex, ethnicity and deprivation.

Results

The age and gender breakdown of THIN has been previously reported to be representative of the UK population, however, there is substantial missing information on deprivation quintiles (<20%) and ethnicity (approximately 50%). The IR (IR 60.1; 95% CI 54.3 to 66.0 per 100 000 child years) and prevalence (416.1; 95% CI 401.3 to 430.9 per 100 000 child population) of childhood maltreatment rose until 2017. The aIRR was greater in patients from the most deprived backgrounds (aIRR 5.14; 95% CI 4.57 to 5.77 compared with least deprived) and from an ethnic minority community (eg, black aIRR 1.25; 1.04 to 1.49 compared with white). When examining domestic abuse in women, in 2017, the IR was 34.5 (31.4 to 37.7) per 100 000 adult years and prevalence 368.7 (358.7 to 378.7) per 100 000 adult population. Similarly, the IR was highest in the lowest socioeconomic class (aIRR 2.30; 2.71 to 3.30) and in ethnic minorities (South Asian aIRR 2.14; 1.92 to 2.39 and black aIRR 1.64; 1.42 to 1.89).

Conclusion

Despite recent improvements in recording, there is still a substantial under-recording of maltreatment and abuse within UK primary care records, compared with currently existing sources of childhood maltreatment and domestic abuse data. Approaches must be implemented to improve recording and detection of childhood maltreatment and domestic abuse within medical records.
Efficacy of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Gebrie Desye , Getnet Desalegn , Manyazewal Tsegahun
Published: June 2020

Background

Despite global containment measures to fight the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the pandemic continued to rise, rapidly spread across the world, and resulting in 2.6 million confirmed cases and 185 061 deaths worldwide as of 23 April 2020. Yet, there are no approved vaccines or drugs to make the disease less deadly, while efforts are underway. Remdesivir, a nucleotide-analogue antiviral drug developed for Ebola, is determined to prevent and stop infections with COVID-19, while results are yet controversial. Here, we aim to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19.

Method and analysis

We will search MEDLINE-PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and Google scholar databases for articles published as of 30 June 2020 and we will complete the study on 30 August 2020. We will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 guidelines for the design and reporting of the results. We will include RCTs that assessed the efficacy of remdesivir versus placebo or standard of care. The primary endpoint will be time to clinical recovery. The secondary endpoints will be proportion of participants relieved from clinical symptoms defined at the time (in hours) from initiation of the study treatment, all-cause mortality, discharged date, frequency of respiratory progression and treatment-emergent adverse events. RevMan V.5.3 software will be used for statistical analysis. Random effects model will be carried out to calculate mean differences for continuous outcome data and risk ratio for dichotomous outcome data between remdesivir and placebo or standard of care.

Ethics and dissemination

There are no ethical considerations associated with this study as we will use publicly available data from previously published studies. We plan to publish results in open-access peer-reviewed journals and present at international and national conferences.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020177953.