bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A static paradigm based on illusion-induced VEP for brain-computer interfaces
Authors: Ruxue Li , Hu Honglin , Zhao Xi , Wang Zhenyu , Xu Guiying
Published: February 2023

Objective. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) have been commonly applied in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) due to their satisfactory classification performance recently. However, most existing methods with flickering or oscillating stimuli will induce visual fatigue under long-term training, thus restricting the implementation of VEP-based BCIs. To address this issue, a novel paradigm adopting static motion illusion based on illusion-induced visual evoked potential is proposed for BCIs to enhance visual experience and practicality. Approach. This study explored the responses to baseline and illusion tasks including the rotating-tilted-lines illusion and rotating-snakes illusion. The distinguishable features were examined between different illusions by analyzing the event-related potentials and amplitude modulation of evoked oscillatory responses. Main results. The illusion stimuli elicited VEPs in an early time window encompassing a negative component (N1) from 110 to 200 ms and a positive component (P2) between 210 and 300 ms. Based on the feature analysis, a filter bank was designed to extract discriminative signals. The task-related component analysis was used to evaluate the binary classification task performance of the proposed method. Then the highest accuracy of 86.67% was achieved with a data length of 0.6 s. Significance. The results of this study demonstrate that the static motion illusion paradigm has the feasibility of implementation and is promising for VEP-based BCI applications.
Wire electron beam additive manufacturing of copper
Authors: Baufeld B
Published: February 2023

The potential of additive manufacturing of copper components is not yet sufficiently investigated despite the existence of a large market for copper products, especially in the energy, mobility, and aerospace sectors. Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) and laser directed energy deposition (DED) with conventional lasers, the latter due to the high light reflection in copper, have difficulties in the additive manufacturing of this material. The electron beam, on the other hand, achieves a high energy input even with copper and thus the desired efficiency. Wire electron beam additive manufacturing (WEBAM) is capable to produce pore free copper components with high deposition rates in the range of 2 kg/h. The microstructure of pure copper WEBAM parts exhibits large, elongated grains growing epitaxially and additional structures related to the layered approach specific for additive manufacturing. The company pro-beam additive GmbH investigates several applications required by different markets. As an example, for the aerospace industry a model for a rocket motor (650 mm height, 295 mm maximum diameter, 22 kg weight) was developed. For the energy sector, the capability of WEBAM to generate multi-material components was applied to create copper structures on steel base components with good adherence.
Effect of beam oscillation and focusing on the electron beam welded 1100M high strength structural steel joint
Authors: Sisodia R P S , Gáspár M , Hodúlová E
Published: February 2023

The development of ultra-high-strength steels (UHSS) is revolutionizing its need in the diverse field of application, and the main credit going to the new technological advancement in the manufacturing of steels using special heat treatment like the thermomechanical rolled process to produce UHSS with up to 1300 MPa tensile strength in the thicker plate. The steel provides higher strength, toughness, and extensive reduced weight, significant in structural components and higher load lifting vehicles (e.g., mobile cranes, trailers, concrete pump trucks, etc.) with lower fuel consumption. However, welding of UHSS is also a challenge due to their higher crack susceptibility and hardness reduction in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The study’s main objective is to analyse the effect of beam focus on the weld geometry and the different beam oscillation on the weld microstructure and hardness behaviour of the 1100M EB-welded joint. The S1100M steel samples of the thickness of 15 mm were butt-welded by autogenous electron beam welding (EBW). The study finds that UHSS can be satisfactorily welded with EBW, improving the weld geometry with beam focus. The observed results show that beam oscillation’s microstructural and hardness behaviour was attributed to developing a more uniform microstructure.
A cyber-physical approach for development of Vacuum Control System on the EBMR plant
Authors: Tzakova D , Ivanova T , Belev Y , Batchkova I
Published: February 2023

One of the great challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the transition to Cyber-Physical Systems, which allows for a high degree of adaptability, autonomy, reliability, usability and security. Cyber-Physical Systems-based control and automation is one of the possible ways to implement a smart factory. The cyber-physical approach, proposed in this paper is based on to the standard for Batch Control IEC-61512 (also known as S88) and the standard for development of distributed process measurement and control systems - IEC-61499. The suggested approach is implemented for development of vacuum control system, which is a part of the electron beam melting and refining plant producing metals and alloys with a high degree of purity.
Constraints to sustained adoption of organic farming and ramifications to community development in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines
Authors: Lumbo S G , Salamanca J V
Published: February 2023

This study looks into a recurring issue that adoption of organic farming is problematic despite the Philippine government’s big investment on its massive promotion and notwithstanding of the technology’s potential for delivering economic, environmental, and social benefits. The study involved two major players—a private enterprise and an organic farmers’ association in organic farming. It argued that a private enterprise perceived to be resource-rich is likely to sustain adoption of organic farming compared to farmers belonging to the people’s organization. Mixed method and participatory data gathering techniques were employed. Both groups practiced organic farming techniques endorsed by the Philippine National Standards on Organic Agriculture. The private enterprise is engaged in the production of forest trees, fruits, vegetables, spices, rice, swine, and cattle. The farmers’ association is producing high value crops such as rice, onion, watermelon, and garlic. However, both have experienced some constraints categorized as political and regulatory that may prevent them from sustaining organic farming in the future. These constraints may hamper their desire to contribute to improving people’s well-being while ensuring the integrity and protection of the environment.
Contribution of a forest rehabilitated with various schemes of agroforestry in storing carbon
Authors: Nurjanto HH , Prehaten D , Ratnaningrum Y W N , Ningrum F D , Shohwati S , Haq A I , Lutfia A K
Published: February 2023

Rehabilitation of degraded forest areas in the Forest Research and Education (FRE) Wanagama 1 was conducted by planting trees and crops in various agroforestry schemes. This approach is aimed to establish a successful plantation while allowing local people gaining benefits through farming in the forest land. At present, the FRE Wanagama 1 has several forests stands with various ground cover vegetations. This research was carried out to estimate the contribution of the forest for storing carbon, by estimating aboveground biomass (stand, ground cover, and litter) as well as soil organic carbon. Results of this study reveal that from the above-ground perspective, Swietenia stand stores the greatest carbon, approximately (229.35 Mg.ha−1), followed by those of Eucalyptus stand (135.91 Mg.ha−1), Acacia stand (69.01 Mg.ha−1), and Gliricidia stand (59.35 Mg.ha−1). The lowest level of carbon storage is observed in Melaleuca stand (5.36 Mg.ha−1) due to annual harvest of the leaves for oil production. The highest soil organic carbon was found in Swietenia stand (135.10 Mg.ha−1), followed by those of Gliricidia stand (131.26 Mg.ha−1), Eucalyptus stand (107.53 Mg.ha−1), and Acacia stand (105.61 Mg.ha−1). Whereas the lowest soil organic carbon was found in Melaleuca stand (67.59 Mg.ha−1). Up to 61.78% and 92.04% of the total carbon in each stand and soil can be used to store carbon, respectively. However, the agroforestry scheme must be wisely chosen, otherwise they will be significat reduction in the capability of the stand and the soil in storing carbon.
The diversity of birds in the young oil palm agroforestry plot in Jambi, Indonesia
Authors: Ridho D , Marhaento H , Imron M A , Susanti A , Permadi D B , Budiadi  , Riyanto S , Ardiansyah F , Madjid M I N , Nissauqodry S V , Susanto M G , Cahyani A P , Irawan B , Yanarita
Published: February 2023

By 2010, Sumatera Island of Indonesia had lost the highest annual forest cover due to oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) expansion, leading to adverse environmental impacts. The introduction of oil palm agroforestry (OPAF) within the social forestry program was to reduce these environmental impacts, conserve biodiversity, enhance wildlife habitat, and improve smallholder household resilience. However, the information on OPAF implementation progress and its benefits and ecological impacts still need to be explored. This research aims to measure the diversity of birds in young OPAF by comparing birds’ diversity in four land covers: young oil palm agroforestry (three years after establishment), old oil palm agroforestry (20 years after establishment), oil palm monoculture, and secondary forest. We indicated 43 bird species from 25 families across all land covers. The secondary forest had the highest valueof bird diversity index value of 2.80. The second was the first young oil palm agroforestry (2.42), followed by old OPAF, oil palm monoculture, and the second young OPAF with index values of 2.30, 2.19, and 2.16, respectively. Enrichment planting on oil palm monoculture through OPAF development could help restore tropical forests’ structural complexity while also providing more suitable bird habitats.
Vegetation cover changes and species composition: preliminary results from agroforestry system in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia
Authors: Hartoyo APP , Azis SN , Ramadhi A , Khairunnisa S , Mudzaky RH , Pamoengkas P , Fadillah A , Ruliandi A
Published: February 2023

As a mitigation target for Indonesia’s Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) has a high potential. However, there is a lack of data on tree species composition and vegetation cover, particularly in the traditional zone (TZ). This study aims to estimate the vegetation cover of GHSNP in 2016, 2019, and 2022, as well as tree species composition in the TZ compared to the wilderness zone (WZ). This study used Sentinel-2 imagery and plot establishment for vegetation analysis in both zones. The most dominant class of vegetation cover in GHSNP from 2016 to 2022 is in class 5 which has highly dense vegetation. The large area class 5 increased by around 2.17% from 2016 to 2022. There were 17 species found in TZ and 24 species in WZ. Local communities are applying the traditional agroforestry of Poh-pohan (Pilea trinervia) as the main commodity and Pinus merkusii for the shade trees. P. merkusii and Maesopsis eminii are the most frequently found in TZ and WZ due to the former status of GHSNP as a production forest. Agroforestry systems can enhance biodiversity as a conservation effort and Indonesia’s FOLU Net Sink 2030 actions.
Willingness to Pay for Conservation: A Study in Serinsim Substation, Kinabalu Geopark, Sabah
Authors: Dani J.L , Mojiol A.R , Fatt B.S.
Published: February 2023

This study aims to examine the willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors to pay an entrance fee for conservation purposes in Serinsim Substation, Kinabalu Geopark. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was put into the application as the elicitation method. A total of 161 respondents were distributed using convenience sampling; however, 11 questionnaires were not usable because respondents did not completely answer them. An open-ended eliciting method was adopted and multiple linear regression was used to analyse the contingent valuation method analysis. The result shows that a total of 113 (75.3%) respondents are willing to pay more for the admission fee if the conservation fee were to be increased, while 37 (24.7%) respondents are unwilling to pay more. In addition, age and frequency of visits are the independent variables that have the greatest impact on visitors’ willingness to make. Admission fees can be increased to generate more revenue for Serinsim Substation’s efforts to conserve resources.
Performance of glued laminated timber (glulam) made from Rubberwood with different lamina assembly patterns and adhesive spreads rates
Authors: Hermawan A , Mohammad Sofi A Z , Roszalli M N
Published: February 2023

Glued laminated timber (glulam) is a great building material with strong mechanical properties that comprises laminated layers of wood (lamina) glued together with long-lasting structural adhesives. As the supply of large dimensional lumber for construction projects has been in shortage, glulam is the ideal material to replace the lumber because it can be made in various sizes and shapes, including unique arches using relatively small dimensional lumber. This research aims to investigate the effects of different lamina assembly patterns and adhesive spread rates on the physical and mechanical properties of rubberwood glulam. For this purpose, the lab scale of the 3-ply glulam was made from homogenous grades lamina of low-MOE, average-MOE, and high-MOE. In addition, the lab scale of the 3-ply glulam was also produced from mixed grades lamina of low-high-low-MOE and high-low-high-MOE. The glulam was tested to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties based on the Japanese Industrial Standards for glulam (JAS 234-2003). The results show that the lamina assembly patterns significantly affect the mechanical properties of the glulam. Accordingly, the glulam made from a high-MOE lamina at its compression and tension surfaces has the best mechanical properties compared to that made from the other assembly patterns. In addition, although the difference was insignificant, the results showed that adhesive spread rate has positively affected the mechanical properties of the glulam. The results showed that Rubberwood has the potential to be used as raw material for glulam production.
Bidens pilosa as potential biofungicide against postharvest pathogens on two agroforestry cash crops
Authors: Marin M B , Piape J V , Detalla M E B , Dargantes S M T , Alinapon C V
Published: February 2023

An in vivo experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, CMU, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines on corn and peanut seeds in order to assess the antifungal effects of the different concentrations of powdered Bidens pilosa leaves against postharvest pathogens. B. pilosa powder was thoroughly mixed at varying amounts as treatments to corn and peanut seeds and observed for the presence of fungal growths during the observation period of up to 35 days. Data gathering revealed the occurrence of 5 fungal species namely Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium sp., Rhizopus sp., and M. phaseolina. The best antifungal treatment is the chemical fungicide Captan, however, T5 (30 g of B. pilosa/kilo of seeds) shows the potential to inhibit the growth of A. flavus, Rhizopus sp., and A. niger in corn while T4 (20 g of B. pilosa/kilo of seeds) had the potential to inhibit or prevent the growth of the two Aspergillus spp. in peanut. It was also noted that for corn, the least fungal count with a value of 1.00 was noted in T5 (30 g of B. pilosa/kilo of seeds) while for peanut, T4 (20 g of B. pilosa/kilo of seeds) had the potential to limit the growth of pathogenic fungi with a fungal count value of 1.33. The application of B. pilosa did not affect significantly the percentage germination of corn but with peanut, T5 (30 g of B. pilosa/kilo of seeds) shows a promising performance. On Seedling Vigor Index (SVI), the application of B. pilosa did not significantly influence the SVI of corn but for peanut, T5 (30 g of B. pilosa/kilo of seeds) has shown potential as it shows a better performance as compared with the other treatments. In this research, B. pilosa exhibited its potential as a biofungicide.
Potential of non-timber agroforestry products for livelihood of Taubuid in Sitio Tamisan, Poypoy, Calintaan, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines
Authors: Orpiano R G , Salamanca J V
Published: February 2023

Employing descriptive method, this study explored the potential of non-timber agroforestry products as sources for livelihood of Tau-buid in Sitio Tamisan, Poypoy, Calintaan, Occidental Mindoro. A total of 80 Tau-buid were interviewed using an interview schedule. Data gathered were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and rank. The Tau-buid respondents were mostly males at prime working age; married with household as source of labor; speak local languages; no formal education; cultivate own farm; and affiliated to an organization. They obtained food and income from fruits, cereals, root crops, vegetables, honey, pig, chicken, bassinet, cogon, bilao, bulrush, bamboo, broom, and basket from forest and agroforestry farms. Banana, rice and cassava were top three food products while bassinet, cogon and bilao were the three non-food products, which have the potential to become livelihood activities of the Tau-buid. Nevertheless, they had problems on weeds, rats and birds, pest and diseases, drought, and wildfire. Hand weeding; use of “binsik”; crop rotation and diversification; water harvesting facility; and fire breaks were suggested solutions. Training and seminars to capacitate the Tau-buid deems necessary, such as in processing of products; which may be provided by concerned organizations. High value products out of non-timber products would offer high income.
Antimicrobial performances of Ganoderma lucidum extract against fruits and leaves pathogens
Authors: Saludares G G , Amper C D , Lituanas I M
Published: February 2023

Ganoderma lucidum is a rich source of unique compounds and has several properties including antifungals and contains different types of biologically active substances that are effective against different types of plant diseases. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial potential of G. lucidum extract. Ganoderma concentrations [5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 100% (pure Ganoderma extract)] were applied using the poison food technique. The different test pathogens were the following: Colletotrichum capsici, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum coccodes, Fusarium sp., Pestalotiopsis palmarum, and Alternaria solani. Results on the antimicrobial performances of Ganoderma lucidum extract against the test pathogens, the highest percentage inhibition was observed in A. solani (A6) with 46.73%. On the other hand, the purified extract (100%) of G. lucidum recorded the highest percent growth inhibition against the different test pathogens with 68.68%. Based on the effect of treatment combinations on fungus growth inhibition after incubation, the purified extract (100%) of G. lucidum recorded the highest percent growth inhibition against, C. gloeosporioides with 100% and followed by A. solani with a comparable result of 94.40%. Based on the findings, Ganoderma extracts tested (5%, 10%, 15%; 20%, and 100%) varied in the ability and persistence of their antifungal effects against the test plant pathogenic fungi. The findings of this study stipulate evidence that pure extract (100%) of Ganoderma successfully inhibited the mycelia growth of some of the test pathogens (C. gloeosporioides, A. solani, and C. capsici) which has comparable results to the Positive control (Fungide-Daconil). The antifungal activity of the different concentrations of G. lucidum variedly suppressed the growth of the plant pathogenic fungi differently.
Microbial technology improved the biomass and root-shoot ratio of a multipurpose tree species: A potential biological solution for degraded agroforest ecosystems
Authors: Gestiada E C , Aggangan N S
Published: February 2023

Poor soil health adversely affects farming and forestry sectors worldwide. Microbial fertilizers can improve the plant-soil continuum in degraded ecosystem. In this research, the soil microbiome, plant biomass and root-shoot ratio of 2 mo-oldBauhinia purpurea, transplanted on aseptic soil + sand mixture (1:1) upon inoculation with 5 g of AMF (MYKOCAP®, coded as MCAP and MYKORICH®, coded as MRICH), with or without NFB (Bio-NTM, coded as Bio-N) amendment, were investigated.B. purpurea (Fabaceae), is an important reforestation and fodder species for livestock. The total plant biomass ranged from 18.90 g - 23.33 g, and highest in MRICH. Root-shoot ratio in Bio-N (0.58) was 23.4% higher than the Control. MCAP and Bio-N had increased sporulation and root colonization and NFB communities, respectively. Spore count can explain 32.9% change in primary roots biomass(p=0.013, r2=0.573), while root colonization can explain the 28.3%(p=0.023, r2=0.532), 47.9%(p=0.001, r2=0.692), 48.7%(p=0.001, r2=0.698), 26.5%(p=0.029, r2=0.514), and 39.4%(p=0.005, r2=0.628)change in total biomass, stem biomass, shoot biomass, primary roots biomass, and root biomass, respectively. Microbial fertilizers had increased the biomass and root-shoot ratio ofB. purpurea, 90 days after inoculation. Microbial technology and multipurpose tree-based agroforestry are promising biological solutions for degraded agroforest ecosystems.
Moral Disengagement and Organizations
Authors: Hessick Catherine
Published: February 2023

One does not need to look extensively to find examples of organizations behaving unethically in today’s society. With the passage of whistleblower laws and the increased attention to ethical behavior in recent years, many businesses focus on training in order to reduce unwanted behavior. Despite organizations transitioning to more engaging, substantial ethical training programs for their employees, unethical behavior still remains. Moral disengagement, in part, could be the reason. Moral disengagement is when an individual deliberately deactivates their moral self-regulations, allowing the individual to commit unethical acts without shame or guilt.

Moral disengagement has eight mechanisms: moral justification, euphemistic labeling, advantageous comparison, displacement of responsibility, diffusion of responsibility, distortion of the consequences, dehumanization, and attribution of blame. Each of these mechanisms offers insight into why and how moral disengagement operates within individuals. Because an individual’s reasoning can fall into either a single mechanism or a combination of them, measurement tools commonly place each mechanism as a dimension of moral disengagement. Doing so allows the researcher to examine the construct and its relationships more accurately.

The research investigating unethical behavior in organizations is substantial. However, moral disengagement is an antecedent to unethical behavior and not necessarily an unethical act itself. Previous research on moral disengagement often lies within psychology, military science, sociology, and other nonbusiness fields. With the depths of moral disengagement in the workplace still unexplored, scholars have opportunities to contribute research that can help organizations understand moral disengagement, improve ethical training, and potentially curtail employees’ unethical behavior.
Entrepreneurial Identity
Authors: Mathias Blake
Published: February 2023

Society has long considered entrepreneurs a distinct breed of people characterized by their unique willingness to act on opportunities. And yet, our recent understanding of entrepreneurship has greatly evolved to show entrepreneurs reflect a diverse and eclectic group who, though unique, emerge among all ethnicities, personalities, and walks of life. Simply, anyone can “become an entrepreneur” or “act entrepreneurially.” Entrepreneurial identity reflects the study of who entrepreneurs are and what they do. Identities can emerge through individuals’ distinct personal experiences, common roles, or shared social groups. And although identity matters for all individuals, it is especially important to entrepreneurs because they, in large part, shape organizations. The founder’s identity influences the mission, values, and strategic direction of new ventures. Even long after the founders are gone, the imprint of their identity on the organization often endures. Therefore, the study of entrepreneurial identity is critical not only to the entrepreneurs themselves but has a profound and lasting impact on most organizations, shaping how and why organizational members engage in their work.
Hot Spot Policing
Authors: Telep Cody W.
Published: February 2023

Hot spots are small geographic areas, often a single street block, that are among the highest crime locations in a particular jurisdiction. Because crime is highly concentrated, hot spots typically are responsible for a significant proportion of a city’s crime problem. Hot spot policing involves police dedicating extra attention and resources to hot spots. Hot spot policing is guided both by basic research suggesting that crime is concentrated and that it remains generally stable in concentrated areas over time and by theoretical perspectives that police can deter crime more effectively when they credibly increase the certainty of detection. Police can also block opportunities for crime to occur by providing capable guardianship at high-risk locations.

Hot spot policing can take many forms that all share in common an increased emphasis on crime hot spots. Tactics can be as simple as adding extra patrol time to hot spot locations. Unpredictable visits of approximately 15 minutes have been found to be especially effective. Police can also integrate problem-oriented policing into a hot spots framework, carefully analyzing the dynamics leading to crime concentration and then developing a tailored response to address these crime contributors. Problem-oriented hot spot tactics are generally somewhat more effective and long-lasting than approaches focused on increasing presence, although both kinds of hot spot policing have been associated with significant declines in crime and disorder relative to locations receiving standard policing. There is also little evidence that hot spot policing approaches displace crime to areas nearby or that hot spot policing necessarily damages police legitimacy, although intensive policing strategies face a greater risk of reducing trust in police. There is evidence that hot spot policing has diffused widely, particularly to large agencies, although it is difficult to track to what extent hot spot policing is occurring in the field. Although future research is needed to provide police more specific guidance on how to best address hot spots depending on crime type and context, there is overall strong evidence of effectiveness for hot spot policing, and it is likely the policing crime control strategy with the largest evidence base.
The Harms and Crimes of Fracking
Authors: Lampkin Jack Adam
Published: February 2023

A plethora of academic research into fracking for shale gas suggests the practice leads to a variety of social and environmental harms and crimes. Social harms involve the impacts that fracking has on the lives of local communities that adopt fracking. This involves the impact of “boom-and-bust” cycles on communities, the adverse impacts of fracking activities on property values, the impact of corporate financial bribery on physical and mental health, and other disturbances such as heavy truck traffic, dust, noise, and light pollutions. Environmental harms include the ability of fracking to create earthquakes, the potential contamination of natural water systems, problems around the creation and disposal of hazardous wastewaters, and the climatic impacts of flaring and venting waste gases. Fracking is also directly linked to crime in a myriad of different ways, including through crimes of the powerful, consequential crimes, and indirect crimes. Crimes of the powerful include fraud, corruption, and the violation of environmental laws and regulations. Consequential crimes are a by-product of fracking exploration and production, such as protest-related crimes and state crimes. Conversely, indirect crimes are committed as a result of fracking activity. This includes street-level crimes, violent crimes, and domestic assaults, all of which are found in higher prevalence in locales that experience fracking operations compared to those that do not. Overall, prospective governments and policy-makers should carefully weigh any potential economic benefits of fracking with the possible ensuing social and environmental harms and crimes the process produces prior to legislating in favor of the process.
The Harms and Crimes of Farming/Food
Authors: Gladkova Ekaterina
Published: February 2023

The processes of food production and consumption illuminate the relationship between society and the natural environment as well as the inner workings of the global political economy. As a result, food has been increasingly used by scholars to explore the world, and food-focused research is a rapidly growing research area within criminology. Studies of food crime and harm challenge the legal-procedural approach in criminology by examining harmful but legal activities and challenging the limitations of the victimhood construction. Industrial farming presents a useful case study for expanding the criminological research frontiers. Although a socially normalized and even encouraged practice, it is characterized by systemic harms rooted in the normal functioning of the capitalist food system. This includes harms against more-than-human animals, the natural environment, and communities living in that environment.
Race and Institutional Effectiveness in Higher Education
Authors: Jackson Karen T.
Published: February 2023

Race influences our approaches to developing and defining measures of effectiveness in higher education. Identification of gaps in processes from different race perspectives is imperative for goal alignment and mission success. Institutional structural decisions such as recruitment of faculty, staff, and students; hiring of faculty and staff; performance measures for faculty and staff; decisions about fund allocation; and choices made during strategic planning each influence and define the implementation of programs and interpretation of policies, and ultimately affect student achievement. These decisions are all driven by race-based expectations. Data used in institutional effectiveness can decrease the power of minority groups, and institutional practices can create inequitable environments by reinforcing narratives and privileges of one group above all others. Using collective and collaborative systems to gather data and make sense of data from different race-based perspectives to call attention to equity gaps and to understand problems and what is contributing to inequities are ways to address issues of race that influence institutional effectiveness in higher education.
Frantz Fanon and Education
Authors: Simmons Marlon
Published: February 2023

As forged through the moral codes of colonization, Black life has endured social realities historically embedded within anti-Black racism. Over time, decolonial thought as a perspective of Black life has materialized and has been concomitantly harnessed, with limiting epistemological credibility, within particular educational institutions. With such preconditions, Black living has had to question daily events to come to know how to interpolate the self in particular moments to strategically organize the being and doing of Black life. Frantz Fanon notes that Black living entails a refusal of colonial reductions, which are seeking Black reciprocity of a totalizing embodiment that writes Black life into an abyss of its unintelligibility. If, as Fanon states, the problem of the human is temporal and must be considered from the historical presence of time, how then might one begin to make sense of Black life? Fanon’s oeuvre suggests that Black life offers ways of knowing that allow for an underwriting to interpret how sensibilities of being human come to affirm and refute negotiations with colonial modernity through an embodied politics of the colonial archetype of the abject Black human.
Language Education of Asian Migrant Students in North America
Authors: Li Guofang , Tian Zhongfeng , Hong Huili
Published: February 2023

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, media and education have devoted increasing attention to Asian students’ intensified experiences of anti-Asian racism. However, less attention has been devoted to their language and literacy development, which is central to their social and academic success in schooling. Situated within an expanded view of linguistic, cultural, racial, and economic diversity among Asian ethnic groups, studies in the past decade mainly address two areas—mainstream language education and heritage language (HL) education of K–12 Asian migrant students in North America. Research on mainstream language education reveals “hidden” achievement gaps among Asian subgroups and Asian learners’ continuous struggles with negotiating multiple intersecting language, culture, gender, and racial identities; racial profiling; and pathologizing actions from mainstream White educators and peers, arguing against the monolithic model minority stereotypes. The mis/missed-representation of Asian languages and cultures in the mainstream curriculum further reinforces the dominant deficit discourses against Asian learners in the classrooms. Studies on HL education mainly concentrate on three areas: parental support and involvement at home, community language schools, and world language and immersion programs in K–12 schools. While they each provide Asian students with great opportunities to maintain their cultural and linguistic heritage and to cultivate positive ethnic identities, challenges remain in finding innovative and effective ways to foster sustainable HL development and to develop critical consciousness among different stakeholders to combat racial injustices. There is an urgent need for both mainstream and HL educators to adopt critical pedagogies and create humanizing spaces to better serve Asian migrant students in North American K–12 classroom settings.
Restorative Justice in Education
Authors: Reimer Kristin Elaine , Parker-Shandal Crystena
Published: February 2023

Restorative justice in education (RJE) is a philosophical framework that centers relationships in schools, calls attention to issues of justice and equity, and provides processes to heal harm and transform conflict. The use of restorative justice (RJ) in schools gained large-scale attention from teachers and school boards since the 2010s. In the 1990s and early 2000s many school boards around the world took up what was generally known as “zero tolerance” approaches. It meant that punitive responses, such as suspension, expulsion, and exclusionary practices, were used by administrators and teachers more readily and frequently. Research continues to show that exclusionary punishments are harmful—especially to Indigenous students, students of color, and other marginalized students—in many ways, for example, increasing dropout rates, decreasing overall student achievement, and strengthening the school-to-prison pipeline. Gaining more momentum in the 2010s (although practiced by many teachers and communities before this), RJ approaches became a way to challenge a system that was simply not working and further harming students. Many educators and school boards saw RJE as a means to reduce suspensions and expulsions and to increase their graduation rates. Others have seen RJE as a critical process for facilitating school equity and racial justice. This continuum of approaches to RJE impacts how research is conducted, what research questions are asked, who is included in the research process, and how it is disseminated. While some researchers still position RJE as solely an alternative to punitive disciplinary models, an increasing number of researchers view RJE as a paradigm shift for how people relate to one another in the context of schools, including through relational approaches to pedagogy. This relational way of being centers people’s humanity and promotes shared accountability within learning communities.
Social Sciences Education in New Zealand Schools
Authors: Oliveira Genaro , Wood Bronwyn
Published: February 2023

Prior to colonization, tangata whenua (people of the land) in Aotearoa (New Zealand) developed robust knowledge traditions. Formal social sciences education in New Zealand began with the schooling system introduced by European settlers in the late 19th century. It has been subject to recurrent review and reform since its foundation. The Education Act of 1877 led to the first formal national curriculum that introduced geography and history teaching in primary schools. During the first half of the 20th century, social sciences education in New Zealand saw a greater emphasis on citizenship education due to increasing migration and geopolitical changes resulting from the two world wars. Enduring and contentious curricular changes would follow the recommendations of the Thomas Report (1944), which introduced social studies in secondary schools as a new integrated school subject to promote learning across the social sciences.

Since the 1990s, the social sciences have been named as one of New Zealand’s eight curriculum learning areas. Social studies (junior social sciences) remain as a core integrated subject taught compulsorily from years 1 to 10 (primary, intermediate, and junior secondary years), while a suite of discrete social sciences disciplines is optional for students at senior secondary levels (years 11–13). For almost 80 years, social sciences curricula have been the primary vehicle for citizenship education. The most recent curricular reforms have emphasized the importance of Mātauranga Māori (indigenous knowledge) to promote culturally-responsive social sciences learning in commitment to Aotearoa New Zealand’s bicultural foundations.
Hedge Funds: Performance, Risk Management, and Impact on Asset Markets
Authors: Agarwal Vikas , Ren Honglin
Published: February 2023

Hedge funds are dynamic, versatile, opaque, and, according to BarclayHedge, their assets under management have nearly doubled from $2.6 trillion in 2015 to $4.9 trillion in 2021. In the recent decade, whether hedge funds have delivered superior performance is in debate. Researchers conclude differently depending on the sample of hedge funds available for investigation. Recent research has made significant advances in understanding factors that contribute to or impair fund performance and in identifying potential sources of managerial skill. These include changes in disclosure requirements, examination of timing ability, the role of short selling and derivatives use, the effect of fund and manager characteristics, and applications of more advanced econometric techniques.

Recent research has also examined different risks hedge funds are exposed to and the risk management practices of hedge funds. Particularly, studies have focused on systematic risk, liquidity risk, and financial intermediary risk stemming from trading in the market and interacting with other market participants. With greater availability of novel data such as regulatory filings (e.g., Form PF), studies have improved understanding of types of risks hedge funds take on and implications of risk taking on fund performance, factors related to heterogeneous risks, and risk management process of hedge funds.

Lastly, recent research has also studied the role of hedge funds in the asset market. Hedge funds possess stronger incentives, are less constrained, and are nimbler in their trading than other institutional investments. Studies have investigated the important role of hedge funds in contributing to price discovery, market efficiency, and liquidity in financial markets. Evidence suggests that the ability of hedge funds to arbitrage or provide liquidity depends on market conditions and funds’ funding conditions.
Gender Violence, Colonialism, and Coloniality
Authors: Félix de Souza Natália Maria , Rodrigues Selis Lara Martim
Published: February 2023

Feminist perspectives on gender, colonialism, and coloniality have provided important contributions to the discipline of international relations, particularly by producing dislocations on the established political imaginary. By critically engaging issues of embodiment, violence, and resistance, these perspectives have been able to subvert epistemological positions that objectify subaltern experiences, particularly those of colonized and racialized women. Furthermore, feminism’s ability to account for non-Western experiences of colonialism and coloniality has demanded a fundamental commitment to re-signifying gender violence in ways that markedly challenge its mainstream connotations.

In that sense, distinct Latin American and Afrocentric critical approaches have opened different avenues to politicize gender without ignoring the experiences and knowledges of colonized, racialized, and sexualized populations. Their differing perspectives on embodiment emerge from the voices, practices, and struggles of women who refuse liberal diagnoses and solutions to their multiple, long-standing oppressions and experiences of violence. In this regard, it is important to highlight the centrality of popular, communitarian, and indigenous feminists whose actions and reflections have been sustaining revolutionary debates on bodies, states, territories, capitalism, and so forth. A reconstructive feminist narrative must seriously engage with existing practices of resistance to understand the ways in which they have already been reconstructing political imaginaries and grammars. In following this path, a critical feminist approach to international relations can abandon its modern academicist ambitions for universal solutions to recover the plural narratives, memories, knowledges, and interpretations of people as opportunities for experiencing another discipline and, hopefully, another world.
Paradiplomacy
Authors: Oddone Nahuel
Published: February 2023

Transformation processes in the international arena have led to giving greater importance to transnational affairs, as well as greater recognition of nonstate actors and their influence on world politics. In this context, the concept of paradiplomacy was introduced to analyze the participation of local and regional governments in international relations (IR). Paradiplomacy is increasingly a subject of IR scholars’ studies. These have helped to systematize and to make visible the behavior of local and regional authorities, especially their contribution to international relations. During this process, a greater conceptualization of the term has also been constructed, overcoming the case studies and shaping an emerging formal field of research. Paradiplomacy is gaining momentum in terms of its diffusion to the extent that ideas and recommendations cross borders and spread through the academic communities through congresses, seminars, publications, and/or technical meetings. Nevertheless, the paradiplomacy research agenda may still be considered an incipient theoretical research agenda. Although important efforts have been recognized for the delimitation and conceptual systematization, it is timely to deepen the analysis at global and regional scales.
Mental Illness
Authors: Brijnath Bianca , Croy Samantha , Antoniades Josefine
Published: February 2023

The anthropology of mental illness involves the study of human distress in context, which in turn shapes the way in which distress is understood and treated. Anthropology provides theoretical foundations and an ethnographic approach that attends to the lived experience of mental illness as well as capturing the intersections of the cultural, social, political, economic, historical, and ecological in the everyday. Much work in the field has contributed to an appreciation of similarities and differences across societies and cultures, with increasing recognition of the dynamic and fluid nature of understandings and practices associated with mental health in an interconnected world. Analyses of how the dominance of Western psychiatry and pharmaceutical interventions shape understandings and approaches to treatment show that these can be at once lifesaving and limiting; other work highlights the vast resources across human cultures for coping with mental distress. Studies that emphasize the sociostructural as well as the cultural raise questions of whether mental distress should always be pathologized and whether solutions may lie in improvement of the conditions in which people live. Anthropologists’ acquaintance through their fieldwork with the lives of people with mental illness and their families and communities allows them to provide critical insights into the enduring problems in the field as well as possibilities for hope and recovery. The discipline’s theoretical resources provide tools for understanding the sociality of what might otherwise be considered as deeply personal. Necessarily interdisciplinary, the anthropology of mental illness reveals the complexity of mental illness as human experience and underscores how a singular monocultural approach to addressing the challenge of mental illness is insufficient.
Mohja Kahf
Authors: Haque Danielle
Published: February 2023

Mohja Kahf is the author of numerous poetry collections, short stories, essays, and scholarly articles. She immigrated from Syria to the United States with her family at a young age, and she identifies as a Muslim American writer. Her writing debunks dominant narratives that construct Arab Americans as perpetual foreigners to US culture and history. Kahf conceives of her work as belonging to a long tradition of Muslim American literature, including the Black Arts movement, diasporic writing, and second- and third-generation literatures. Drawing upon Arabic, Islamic, and mainstream US cultural references and imagery, Kahf’s work meditates on the challenges of hybridized identities. Through her poetry and essays, she confronts Orientalist narratives about Muslim women as perpetual victims of an oppressive religion, and challenges anti-Muslim racism and xenophobia. Her coming-of-age novel, The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf, with its complex relationships and nuanced representations of Muslim American characters, asserts an Islamic feminist ethos and challenges stereotypes of Arab and Muslim Americans. Centering on Muslim women’s embodied experiences, Kahf’s writing celebrates women’s sexuality and desire and condemns the policing of women’s bodies, particularly in her poetry collections, her column “Sex and the Ummah,” and her writings on hijabs. Her scholarly work investigates historical representations of Muslim women, seeking to expand literary cannons to include Muslim women writers and correcting misinterpretations and translations of their work. An antiviolence human rights activist, Kahf writes against US occupation and invasion in the Middle East, and advocates solidarity across racial, gendered, ethnic, and national identities. Her work references Islamic values of mutual vulnerability and is imbued with an ethics of mutual caretaking and social justice.