bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
C@KCu7S4 microstructure for solid-state supercapacitors
Authors: Dai Shuge , Xi Yi , Hu Chenguo , Hu Baoshan , Yue Xule , Cheng Lu , Wang Guo
Published: August 2014

Three C/KCu7S4 hybrid supercapacitors units in series can light one light-emitting diode for 3.5 min; the hybrid supercapacitors can deliver the largest specific capacitance of 352 F g−1 at the scan rate of 10 mV s−1, the maximum power density of 994.8 kW kg−1, the highest energy density of 26.2 W h kg−1 and cycling stability (86% capacity retention after 2000 cycles).
Palladium supported on amino functionalized magnetic MCM-41 for catalytic hydrogenation of aqueous bromate
Authors: Chen Huan , Zhang Peng , Tan Wenhui , Jiang Fang , Tang Rong
Published: August 2014

Pd supported on amino functionalized magnetic MCM-41 was synthesized by deposition–precipitation (DP) and impregnation (IMP) methods.
Investigation of reactive species using various gas plasmas
Authors: Takamatsu Toshihiro , Uehara Kodai , Sasaki Yota , Miyahara Hidekazu , Matsumura Yuriko , Iwasawa Atsuo , Ito Norihiko , Azuma Takeshi , Kohno Masahiro , Okino Akitoshi
Published: August 2014

In this study, atmospheric nonequilibrium plasmas were generated with six gas species using a multi-gas plasma jet.
Development of a mild and efficient protocol for the protection and O-alkylation of allyl alcohols
Authors: Selvakumar Kodirajan , Prasath Lingam Kandapalam Arun , Luxmi Varma Rama Varma
Published: August 2014

An efficient, pyridine-free protocol has been developed for the protection of 3°-allyl alcohol of oxindole using a mild base of potassium carbonate under microwave irradiation conditions. The methodology has been tested with a variety of substrates and protecting group reagents, which provides a clean and good yield of desired products within a short reaction time.
Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen of the Escherichia coli O69 strain and its conformational analysis
Authors: Jana Manas , Kar Rajiv Kumar , Bhunia Anirban , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: August 2014

A tetrasaccharide corresponding to theO-antigen of theE. coliO69 strain has been synthesized using iterative glycosylations in one pot. The conformational analysis of the tetrasaccharide was carried out using two-dimensional ROESY spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation studies.
Synthesis of corrole–fullerene dyads via [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction
Authors: Li Chengjie , Zhang Jie , Liu Xiujun , Zhou Yongzhu , Sun Dongming , Cheng Ping , Zhang Bao , Feng Yaqing
Published: August 2014

Corrole–fullerene dyads were prepared by treating anthracene-functionalized corroles with fullerene. Photo physical study indicated that the excited corrole unit was quenched due to the introduction of fullerene.
Synthesis, characterization and adsorption properties of an amide-modified hyper-cross-linked resin
Authors: Huang Jianhan , Wang Xiaomei , Patil Prafulla D. , Tang Jin , Chen Limiao , Liu You-Nian
Published: August 2014

HCP-EDA-AA is an excellent resin for adsorptive removal of salicylic acid and it exhibits good reusability with remarkable regeneration behavior.
Novel carbon nitride composites with improved visible light absorption synthesized in ZnCl2-based salt melts
Authors: Fettkenhauer Christian , Weber Jens , Antonietti Markus , Dontsova Dariya
Published: August 2014

The outcome of the ionothermal condensation of melamine in ZnCl2-containing salt melts can be directed to poly(triazine imides), MOF-like hybrid materials or zinc cyanamide/C3N4 composites by careful selection of reaction conditions.
Transition metal and base free synthesis of 2-aryl-2-oxazolines from aldehydes and β-amino alcohols catalysed by potassium iodide
Authors: Uma Maheswari C. , Sathish Kumar G. , Venkateshwar M.
Published: August 2014

Synthesis of 2-aryl-2-oxazolines from β-amino alcohols and aldehydes was achieved in good to excellent yield by employing a potassium iodide (KI)–tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) catalytic system.
Micro-heterogeneity metrics for diffusion in soft matter
Authors: Mellnik John , Vasquez Paula A. , McKinley Scott A. , Witten Jacob , Hill David B. , Forest M. Gregory
Published: August 2014

Enhanced metrics to detect and quantify micro-heterogeneity from microbead tracking data in soft matter.
Colloidal caterpillars for cargo transportation
Authors: Sasaki Yuji , Takikawa Yoshinori , Jampani V. S. R. , Hoshikawa Hikaru , Seto Takafumi , Bahr Christian , Herminghaus Stephan , Hidaka Yoshiki , Orihara Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

A directed caterpillar-like motion of self-assembled colloidal chains is achieved in electrohydrodynamic convective domains of a nematic liquid crystal.
Compliance of the Stokes–Einstein model and breakdown of the Stokes–Einstein–Debye model for a urea-based supramolecular polymer of high viscosity
Authors: Świergiel Jolanta , Bouteiller Laurent , Jadżyn Jan
Published: August 2014

Viscosity dependences of dc conductivity, conductivity relaxation time and dipolar relaxation time are measured for the neat hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymerN,N′-di(2-ethylhexyl)urea (EHU).
The templating effect of an easily available cationic polymer with widely separated charge centers on the synthesis of a hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite
Authors: Zhang Yicheng , Zhu Kake , Duan Xuezhi , Zhou Xinggui , Yuan Weikang
Published: August 2014

Partially decomposed PCA can be assembled with small-sized nanoblocks to synthesize hierarchical ZSM-5, but is difficult to assemble with large-sized zeolite seeds.
A high-energy, full concentration-gradient cathode material with excellent cycle and thermal stability for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Hou P. Y. , Zhang L. Q. , Gao X. P.
Published: August 2014

A full concentration-gradient layered oxide presents excellent cycle stability and thermal stability as compared with a normal oxide due to the stable structure with low Ni content on the surface layer.
Micro- and mesoporous carbide-derived carbon prepared by a sacrificial template method in high performance lithium sulfur battery cathodes
Authors: Oschatz M. , Lee J. T. , Kim H. , Nickel W. , Borchardt L. , Cho W. I. , Ziegler C. , Kaskel S. , Yushin G.
Published: August 2014

Hierarchical micro- and mesoporous CDC materials prepared by sacrificial templating with high performance in lithium–sulfur battery cathodes are presented.
Electrospun lead-doped titanium dioxide nanofibers and the in situ preparation of perovskite-sensitized photoanodes for use in high performance perovskite solar cells
Authors: Xiao Yaoming , Han Gaoyi , Li Yanping , Li Miaoyu , Wu Jihuai
Published: August 2014

The electrospun TiO2nanofibers can provide direct pathways for the rapid collection and transmission of photogenerated electrons. These can also be conducive to the absorption and utilization of sunlight.
Redox responsive Pd(ii) templated rotaxane nanovalve capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles: a folic acid mediated biocompatible cancer-targeted drug delivery system
Authors: Gayam Srivardhan Reddy , Wu Shu-Pao
Published: August 2014

Herein, redox responsive Pd(ii) templated rotaxane nanovalve capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles were designed for an effective cancer-targeted drug delivering system.
Graphene loading water-soluble phthalocyanine for dual-modality photothermal/photodynamic therapy via a one-step method
Authors: Jiang Bang-Ping , Hu Lan-Fang , Wang Dong-Jin , Ji Shi-Chen , Shen Xing-Can , Liang Hong
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we present a new and facile one-step method for the fabrication of a water-soluble graphene-phthalocyanine (GR–Pc) hybrid material by simply sonicating GR with a hydrophilic Pc, tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt copper phthalocyanine (TSCuPc).
A thienyl peripherally substituted rubrene analogue with constant emissions and good film forming ability
Authors: Zhang Xiaotao , Zhen Yonggang , Fu Xiaolong , Liu Jie , Lu Xiuqiang , He Ping , Dong Huanli , Zhang Hantang , Zhao Guangyao , Jiang Lang , Hu Wenping
Published: August 2014

The rubrene analogue emits constantly yellow-green light and exhibits good film forming ability with improved hole mobility.
Heavily Eu2O3-doped yttria-aluminoborate glasses for red photoconversion with a high quantum yield: luminescence quenching and statistics of cluster formation
Authors: Gao Guojun , Wei Jingxue , Shen Yang , Peng Mingying , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: August 2014

We employ a statistical approach to estimate the number of photoluminescence quenching species as a function of doping concentration.
Load current‐sensing circuit integrated in high‐frequency PWM/PFM hybrid DC–DC buck converter
Authors: Yuan Bing , Lai Xinquan , Liu Yuxin
Published: August 2014

An average current‐sensing circuit integrated in a hybrid DC–DC buck converter is presented. Both the high‐side and the low‐side switch currents are fully sensed by detecting the filtered smooth voltage of the switch node, which maintains a substantially constant mode changing point and seamless transition between pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse frequency modulation (PFM) under various duty cycles. The achieved mode changing point is almost independent of temperature and supply voltage. The proposed circuit is suitable for high‐frequency hybrid DC–DC applications.
Passive wireless integrated humidity sensor based on dual‐layer spiral inductors
Authors: Zhang Cong , Guo Li , Wang Li‐Feng , Huang Jian‐Qiu , Huang Qing‐An
Published: August 2014

An integrated humidity sensor capable of passive wireless sensing through inductive coupling is presented. The sensor chip consists of two stacked counter‐rotating planar aluminium inductors (0.5 μm thick, 100 μm in width, 50 μm space and 6 mm outer diameter) separated by a maskless polyimide film. The two inductors are inductively and capacitively coupled together to form a resonant tank, whose resonant frequency changes with humidity. This topology eliminates the need of a connection bridge or via as used in the usual inductor–capacitor humidity sensors and offers higher sensitivity due to the inner humidity‐sensitive parallel‐plate capacitor in contrast with the single‐layer self‐resonant inductor. Three sensor devices with different inductor turns were fabricated and characterised. Measurements show a sensitivity of 45 kHz/%RH with a centre frequency of 50.5 MHz for sensor A (8 turns), 15.8 kHz/%RH, 22 MHz for sensor B (10 turns) and 65 kHz/%RH, 74 MHz for sensor C (4 turns).
Dynamic power management for embedded processors in system‐on‐chip designs
Authors: You Daecheol , Chung Ki‐Seok
Published: August 2014

Dynamic power management (DPM), which exploits low‐power states of the target device, has been a key research issue to overcome the limited battery life of mobile devices. For efficient power management, today's power management unit in a system‐on‐chip for mobile devices supports multiple low‐power states for embedded processors. Unfortunately, the DPM policies implemented in modern operating systems are not appropriate for processors because they may not understand the idleness of the processor accurately. There may be significant performance degradation if the DPM policy module misunderstands that the processor is idle even when there are many interrupt requests to handle. A novel DPM scheme for embedded processors considering the system response time as well as power reduction is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed DPM policy achieves performance improvement by up to 25% compared to a conventional DPM policy with a similar amount of power reduction.
Suppression of 1/f noise upconversion in LC‐tuned oscillators
Authors: Manetakis K.
Published: August 2014

The effect of transconductor even‐order nonlinearity in combination with the tank common‐mode impedance on the upconversion of 1/f noise in LC‐tuned oscillators is investigated. It is demonstrated that by suitably designing the imaginary part of the tank common‐mode impedance, the transconductor 1/f noise upconversion is suppressed. The presented analysis is verified by simulation results, and practical implementation issues are considered.
Properties of small gap‐loaded patch antenna with fast‐wave behaviours
Authors: Hosseini M. , Klymyshyn D.M.
Published: August 2014

A compact patch antenna periodically loaded by air gaps is presented. The gaps are arranged to create EBG cells, which affect the dispersive behaviours of the patch (as a transmission line). This causes waves to travel faster along the patch, and increases the cumulative radiation from the structure. The proposed antenna is compared with its conventional counterpart, considering the efficiency, electrical/physical size and the potential to achieve an electrically small footprint. Experimental results validate the analyses.
Sparsity‐aware adaptive link combination approach over distributed networks
Authors: Lu Songtao , Nascimento V.H. , Sun Jinping , Wang Zhuangji
Published: August 2014

Spatial diversity assists parameter estimation in distributed networks. A sparsity‐aware link combination strategy is proposed, which considers both the spatial sparsity in a network and the inherent sparsity of the system, where two types of zero‐attracting adaptive combiners are proposed based on the least‐mean‐square the algorithm. The proposed algorithms exploit l1‐norm regularisation through adaptive combination of neighbouring node weights such that the proposed algorithms can adaptively track the variations of the network topology. Simulation results illustrate the advantages of the proposed link combination algorithm in terms of convergence rate and steady‐state performance for distributed sparse system learning.
Optimised Doherty power amplifier with auxiliary peaking cell
Authors: Lee Juyeon , Son Junghwan , Kim Bumman
Published: August 2014

The Doherty power amplifier has the most attractive architecture to improve the efficiency for amplifying a signal with a high peak‐to‐average power ratio. However, the ideal Doherty operation is difficult to be achieved because the gm of the peaking amplifier should be two times larger than that of the carrier amplifier. The gm mismatch between the carrier and peaking amplifiers hinders the proper load modulation at the peak power region. The Doherty power amplifier with an auxiliary drive cell for the peaking amplifier is introduced to solve the problem. The auxiliary peaking cell drives the main peaking amplifier with higher input power, solving the gain and output power reduction problem. Experimental results show that the proposed Doherty power amplifier can enhance gain, output power and power‐added efficiency.
Metamaterial‐based UWB antenna
Authors: Pandey G.K. , Singh H.S. , Bharti P.K. , Meshram M.K.
Published: August 2014

A metamaterial‐based novel compact microstrip antenna is presented for ultra‐wideband (UWB) applications. The antenna consists of two layers of metamaterials made by etching a π‐shaped slot and crossed‐shaped slots, on the radiating patch and the ground plane, respectively. The series capacitance and shunt inductance developed due to the patterned radiating patch and ground plane lead to the left‐handed behaviour of the metamaterial. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 30.8 × 27.6 × 0.8 mm3 and is fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line. The impedance bandwidth (−10 dB) is from 3 GHz to more than 14 GHz with maximum radiation in the horizontal plane and tends towards a directional pattern as the frequency increases.
Metamorphic Ga0.76In0.24As/GaAs0.75Sb0.25 tunnel junctions grown on GaAs substrates
Authors: García I. , Geisz J. F. , France R. M. , Kang J. , Wei S.-H. , Ochoa M. , Friedman D. J.
Published: August 2014

Lattice-matched and pseudomorphic tunnel junctions have been developed in the past for application in a variety of semiconductor devices, including heterojunction bipolar transistors, vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers, and multijunction solar cells. However, metamorphic tunnel junctions have received little attention. In 4-junction Ga0.51In0.49P/GaAs/Ga0.76In0.24As/Ga0.47In0.53As inverted-metamorphic solar cells (4J-IMM), a metamorphic tunnel junction is required to series connect the 3rd and 4th junctions. We present a tunnel junction based on a metamorphic Ga0.76In0.24As/GaAs0.75Sb0.25 structure for this purpose. This tunnel junction is grown on a metamorphic Ga0.76In0.24As template on a GaAs substrate. The band offsets in the resulting type-II heterojunction are calculated using the first-principles density functional method to estimate the tunneling barrier height and assess the performance of this tunnel junction against other material systems and compositions. The effect of the metamorphic growth on the performance of the tunnel junctions is analyzed using a set of metamorphic templates with varied surface roughness and threading dislocation density. Although the metamorphic template does influence the tunnel junction performance, all tunnel junctions measured have a peak current density over 200 A/cm2. The tunnel junction on the best template has a peak current density over 1500 A/cm2 and a voltage drop at 15 A/cm2 (corresponding to operation at 1000 suns) lower than 10 mV, which results in a nearly lossless series connection of the 4th junction in the 4J-IMM structure.
A novel radial anode layer ion source for inner wall pipe coating and materials modification—Hydrogenated diamond-like carbon coatings from butane gas
Authors: Murmu Peter P. , Markwitz Andreas , Suschke Konrad , Futter John
Published: August 2014

We report a new ion source development for inner wall pipe coating and materials modification. The ion source deposits coatings simultaneously in a 360° radial geometry and can be used to coat inner walls of pipelines by simply moving the ion source in the pipe. Rotating parts are not required, making the source ideal for rough environments and minimizing maintenance and replacements of parts. First results are reported for diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on Si and stainless steel substrates deposited using a novel 360° ion source design. The ion source operates with permanent magnets and uses a single power supply for the anode voltage and ion acceleration up to 10 kV. Butane (C4H10) gas is used to coat the inner wall of pipes with smooth and homogeneous DLC coatings with thicknesses up to 5 μm in a short time using a deposition rate of 70 ± 10 nm min−1. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry results showed that DLC coatings contain hydrogen up to 30 ± 3% indicating deposition of hydrogenated DLC (a-C:H) coatings. Coatings with good adhesion are achieved when using a multiple energy implantation regime. Raman spectroscopy results suggest slightly larger disordered DLC layers when using low ion energy, indicating higher sp3 bonds in DLC coatings. The results show that commercially interesting coatings can be achieved in short time.
Visualization of the operational space of edge-localized modes through low-dimensional embedding of probability distributions
Authors: Shabbir A. , Verdoolaege G. , Kardaun O. J. W. F. , Noterdaeme J. M. ,   JET-EFDA Contributors
Published: August 2014

Information visualization aimed at facilitating human perception is an important tool for the interpretation of experiments on the basis of complex multidimensional data characterizing the operational space of fusion devices. This work describes a method for visualizing the operational space on a two-dimensional map and applies it to the discrimination of type I and type III edge-localized modes (ELMs) from a series of carbon-wall ELMy discharges at JET. The approach accounts for stochastic uncertainties that play an important role in fusion data sets, by modeling measurements with probability distributions in a metric space. The method is aimed at contributing to physical understanding of ELMs as well as their control. Furthermore, it is a general method that can be applied to the modeling of various other plasma phenomena as well.
Analyzing the influence of negative gate bias stress on the transconductance of solution-processed, organic thin-film transistors
Authors: Sprogies J. , Scheinert S. , Hörselmann I.
Published: August 2014

We have investigated the bias stress stability of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-based organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), prepared from chloroform or trichlorobenzene solutions on a thin SiO2 dielectric (bottom gate) with an additional self-assembled monolayer. Three different processes of gate oxide treatment were compared with regard to their reaction to prolonged constant gate bias. Furthermore, we analyzed the transconductance gm during gate bias stress, as well as the contact resistance Rc using the transmission line method and found that the bias stress has no influence on the contact resistance of P3HT-based OFETs, but with the addition that Rc strongly affects gm. The most stable characteristics were achieved for transistors with a dielectric coated with hexamethyldisilazane over 22 h, which exhibited a pronounced reduction of the threshold voltage shift and contact resistance in comparison with the other variants of gate dielectric treatment. Based on two-dimensional simulations, we demonstrate that an increased Rc in combination with a carrier concentration dependent, high mobility leads to a maximum in the transconductance curve, which can be prevented by optimizing the contact between source/drain and the channel region.
Relaxor-like dynamics of ferroelectric K(Ta1−xNbx)O3 crystals probed by inelastic light scattering
Authors: Rahaman M. M. , Imai T. , Miyazu J. , Kobayashi J. , Tsukada S. , Helal M. A. , Kojima S.
Published: August 2014

The relaxor-like dynamics of the cubic-tetragonal ferroelectric phase transition was studied by Brillouin and Raman scattering in K(Ta1−xNbx)O3 (KTN) crystals with x = 0.40 (KTN40). The local symmetry breaking by the polar nanoregions (PNRs) was observed in a paraelectric phase by Raman scattering on the A1(z) mode of the PNRs with R3m symmetry. Upon cooling from a high temperature, the remarkable increase in the LA phonon damping starts at 45 K above the cubic-tetragonal phase transition temperature of TC-T = 308 K, which is defined as the intermediate temperature, T* ∼ 353 K, indicating the start of the rapid growth of the PNRs. The coupling between the LA mode and fluctuation of the PNRs caused a remarkable elastic anomaly in the vicinity of TC-T. The analysis of the temperature dependent central peak shows a critical slowing down towards TC-T, which is the evidence for the order-disorder nature of a ferroelectric phase transition. The evolution of the dynamic PNRs is discussed by the estimation of their length scale, and it is found that it starts to increase near T* and gradually grows towards TC-T.
A new modeling approach for graphene based silicon nanowire Schottky junction solar cells
Authors: Arefinia Zahra , Asgari Asghar
Published: August 2014

In this paper, a new approach to model the graphene-based silicon nanowires Schottky junction (SiNWs/G) solar cells taking into account Shockley-Read-Hall, Auger, radiative and surface recombinations is presented. The model results show that the performance of the SiNWs/G solar cells is much better than those of bulk Si/G counterpart solar cells. Then, a particular attention is paid to the effects of the number of graphene layers on the performance of the n- and p-type SiNWs/G solar cells. It is found that the performance of p-type SiNWs/G is more efficient than n-type SiNWs/G solar cell for the monolayer and bilayer graphene. Furthermore, the p-SiNWs/G solar cell parameters as functions of the temperature, doping concentration, and the SiNWs density and filling ratio are investigated. A comparison of our calculated results with published experimental data is shown to be in good agreement.
Measurement of vibrationally excited N2(v) in an atmospheric-pressure air pulsed corona discharge using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering
Authors: Teramoto Yoshiyuki , Ono Ryo
Published: August 2014

Vibrationally excited N2(v = 1, 2) in an atmospheric-pressure air pulsed corona discharge was measured using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). In a dry air discharge, the vibrational temperature determined from the ratio N2(v = 2)/N2(v = 0), Tv2, was approximately 500 K higher than that determined from N2(v = 1)/N2(v = 0), Tv1, immediately after the discharge pulse. Both vibrational temperatures reached equilibrium within 100 μs after the discharge pulse by the vibration-to-vibration (V-V) process of N2-N2. The translational temperature was also measured using CARS. The rise in the translational temperature due to vibration-to-translation (V-T) energy transfer was not observed for a postdischarge time of 5 μs–1 ms in the dry-air discharge. However, when the air was humidified, a significant V-T energy transfer was observed. It was due to an extremely rapid V-T process of H2O-H2O following the V-V process of N2-H2O. Measurements showed that the humidification of the ambient air accelerated the decrease in the N2 vibrational temperature and increased the translational temperature. N2(v) was generated mostly in the secondary streamer, not in the primary one, according to estimation from the measured N2(v) density.
Surface charge sensing by altering the phase transition in VO2
Authors: Kumar S. , Esfandyarpour R. , Davis R. , Nishi Y.
Published: August 2014

Detection of surface charges has various applications in medicine, electronics, biotechnology, etc. The source of surface charge induction may range from simple charge-polarized molecules like water to complicated proteins. It was recently discovered that surface charge accumulation can alter the temperature at which VO2 undergoes a Mott transition. Here, we deposited polar molecules onto the surface of two-terminal thin-film VO2 lateral devices and monitored the joule-heating-driven Mott transition, or conductance switching. We observed that the power required to induce the conductance switching reduced upon treatment with polar molecules and, using in-situ blackbody-emission direct measurement of local temperature, we show that this reduction in power was accompanied by reduction in the Mott transition temperature. Further evidence suggested that this effect has specificity to the nature of the species used to induce surface charges. Using x-ray absorption spectroscopy, we also show that there is no detectable change in oxidation state of vanadium or structural phase in the bulk of the 40 nm VO2 thin-film even as the phase transition temperature is reduced by up to 20 K by the polar molecules. The ability to alter the phase transition parameters by depositing polar molecules suggests a potential application in sensing surface charges of different origins and this set of results also highlights interesting aspects of the phase transition in VO2.
Critical hydrogenation effect on magnetic coercivity of perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pd multilayer nanostructures
Authors: Lin Wen-Chin , Tsai Cheng-Jui , Liu Xin-Ming , Adeyeye Adekunle O.
Published: August 2014

Low dimensional materials of perpendicularly magnetized [Co(0.5 nm)/Pd(3 nm)] multilayer, including continuous thin film, nanodots and nanodot-chains were prepared for the investigation of reversible hydrogenation effect on the magnetic and optical properties. For the continuous film, after hydrogenation the magnetic coercivity (Hc) was enhanced by 47% and the Kerr intensity was significantly reduced to 10% of the pristine value. In nanodots, hydrogenation led to 25% reduction of Hc and Kerr intensity as well. For nanodot-chains, the shape of magnetic hysteresis loop was modulated by hydrogenation. The hydrogenation and desorption completed within few seconds in nanodots.
Alleviation of fermi-level pinning effect at metal/germanium interface by the insertion of graphene layers
Authors: Baek Seung-heon Chris , Seo Yu-Jin , Oh Joong Gun , Albert Park Min Gyu , Bong Jae Hoon , Yoon Seong Jun , Seo Minsu , Park Seung-young , Park Byong-Guk , Lee Seok-Hee
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we report the alleviation of the Fermi-level pinning on metal/n-germanium (Ge) contact by the insertion of multiple layers of single-layer graphene (SLG) at the metal/n-Ge interface. A decrease in the Schottky barrier height with an increase in the number of inserted SLG layers was observed, which supports the contention that Fermi-level pinning at metal/n-Ge contact originates from the metal-induced gap states at the metal/n-Ge interface. The modulation of Schottky barrier height by varying the number of inserted SLG layers (m) can bring about the use of Ge as the next-generation complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor material. Furthermore, the inserted SLG layers can be used as the tunnel barrier for spin injection into Ge substrate for spin-based transistors.
Probing the coupled adhesion and deformation characteristics of suspension cells
Authors: Hui T. H. , Zhu Q. , Zhou Z. L. , Qian J. , Lin Y.
Published: August 2014

By combining optical trapping with fluorescence imaging, the adhesion and deformation characteristics of suspension cells were probed on single cell level. We found that, after 24 h of co-culturing, stable attachment between non-adherent K562 cells and polystyrene beads coated with fibronectin, collagen I, or G-actin can all be formed with an adhesion energy density in the range of 1–3×10−2 mJ/m2, which is about one order of magnitude lower than the reported values for several adherent cells. In addition, it was observed that the formation of a stronger adhesion is accompanied with the appearance of a denser actin cell cortex, especially in the region close to the cell-bead interface, resulting in a significant increase in the apparent modulus of the cell. Findings here could be important for our understanding of why the aggregation of circulating cells, like that in leukostasis, takes place in vivo as well as how such clusters of non-adherent cells behave. The method proposed can also be useful in investigating adhesion and related phenomena for other cell types in the future.
High power operation of λ ∼ 5.2–11 μm strain balanced quantum cascade lasers based on the same material composition
Authors: Bandyopadhyay N. , Bai Y. , Slivken S. , Razeghi M.
Published: August 2014

A technique based on composite quantum wells for design and growth of strain balanced Al0.63In0.37As/Ga0.35In0.65As/Ga0.47In0.53As quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), emitting in 5.2–11 μm wavelength range, is reported. The strained Al0.63In0.37As provides good electron confinement at all wavelengths, and strain balancing can be achieved through composite wells of Ga0.35In0.65As/Ga0.47In0.53As for different wavelength. The use of these fixed composition materials can avoid the need for frequent calibration of a MBE reactor to grow active regions with different strain levels for different wavelengths. Experimental results for QCLs emitting at 5.2, 6.7, 8.2, 9.1, and 11 μm exhibit good wall plug efficiencies and power across the whole wavelength range. It is shown that the emission wavelength can be predictably changed using the same design template. These lasers are also compatible with a heterogeneous broadband active region, consisting of multiple QCL cores, which can be produced in a single growth run.
Electromagnetic behaviors of superconducting Nb3Sn wire under a time-dependent current injection
Authors: Ta Wurui , Li Yingxu , Gao Yuanwen
Published: August 2014

We build a 3D model to analyze the electromagnetic behaviors of Nb3Sn filamentary strand exposed to a time-varying current injection, under the consideration of n value and strain effect. Electromagnetic behaviors, performance degradation and AC loss are investigated. Results show that the filament bundles prevent a further field penetration from the outer shell into the interior matrix. Different current/field profiles occur in the strand and outside. Compared to the critical current, the average transport current keeps a high value with little change over a broader strain range, and has a larger magnitude by several orders of magnitude. Increasing the strain results in a suppression of the current transport capacity, and part of the current is expelled into the metal matrix causing larger AC loss. The larger twist pitch implies a longer current circuit and more magnetic flux enclosed, thus increasing the loss. More details are presented in the paper.
Primary cilia signaling mediates intraocular pressure sensation
Authors: Luo Na , Conwell Michael D. , Chen Xingjuan , Kettenhofen Christine Insinna , Westlake Christopher J. , Cantor Louis B. , Wells Clark D. , Weinreb Robert N. , Corson Timothy W. , Spandau Dan F. , Joos Karen M. , Iomini Carlo , Obukhov Alexander G. , Sun Yang
Published: August 2014

Significance

This study defines a cellular mechanism by which primary cilia mediate mechanosensation in intraocular pressure regulation. Changes in pressure are sensed by the interaction of the inositol phosphatase OCRL with transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a primary cilia-based calcium channel. Pediatric glaucoma (Lowe) syndrome patient cells with defective OCRL failed to respond to agonists of TRPV4, and targeting of TRPV4 lowered intraocular pressure in vivo. These findings significantly advance the current understanding of how intraocular pressure is regulated.
CD1d-unrestricted NKT cells are endowed with a hybrid function far superior than that of iNKT cells
Authors: Farr Alexander R. , Wu Weisheng , Choi Bongkum , Cavalcoli James D. , Laouar Yasmina
Published: August 2014

Significance

The Immunological Genome Project Consortium has recently identified a gene-expression program that links invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells to NK cells. While this is true, our study provides molecular and functional evidence demonstrating that CD1d-independent NKT cells are uniquely programmed with a hybrid function far superior to that of iNKT cells. Such a unique feature enables this subset of NKT cells to contribute to adaptive immunity (like T cells) and at the same time act as a prominent player in innate defense (like NK cells).
Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves exercise economy and reduces perceived exertion during submaximal steady-state exercise in normal healthy untrained men
Authors: Kawabata Fuminori , Neya Mitsuo , Hamazaki Kei , Watanabe Yuya , Kobayashi Satoru , Tsuji Tomoko
Published: August 2014

Based on the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on reduction of blood viscosity, we theorized that PUFA could improve aerobic performance by increasing oxygen supply to tissues. Twenty male subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10): a fish oil group (FG) and a control (CG). Maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise were measured using a cycle ergometer. For 8 weeks, the FG then ingested capsules containing 3.6 g/day of EPA-rich fish oil, while the CG took 3.6 g/day of a medium-chain triglyceride. After supplementation, erythrocyte EPA and DHA in the FG were significantly increased. In the FG, a negative linear correlation was detected in the change between erythrocyte EPA and whole oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise pre- and post-supplementation. The present study showed that EPA-rich fish oil supplementation improves exercise economy in humans.
Musical References in the Jennens–Holdsworth Correspondence (1729–46)
Authors: Babington Amanda , Chrissochoidis Ilias
Published: August 2014

These extracts on music from the correspondence between Charles Jennens (1700–73) and Edward Holdsworth (1684–1746) reflect the authors' shared interests and (prohibited) political views. Though commonly known as the librettist of Messiah, Jennens was also a collector of music and art, and as such capitalized on Holdworth's travels as a tutor of young gentlemen on the Grand Tour. Many of the letters detail musical commissions and their fulfilment by a willing Holdsworth. In return, Jennens acted as Holdsworth's financial advisor, editorial consultant and publication adviser. Other discussions centre around the public and personal rating of singers and operas, in London and abroad, and include discussions of Handel's fortunes, his borrowing of music from Jennens's collection and his health. Mentions of personnel are not restricted to musicians but also encompass members of Jennens's family and of his and Holdsworth's social circles, many of whom were supporters of Handel.
Quantitative analysis and modeling of katanin function in flagellar length control
Authors: Kannegaard Elisa , Rego E. Hesper , Schuck Sebastian , Feldman Jessica L. , Marshall Wallace F.
Published: August 2014

Flagellar length control in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii provides a simple model system in which to investigate the general question of how cells regulate organelle size. Previous work demonstrated that Chlamydomonas cytoplasm contains a pool of flagellar precursor proteins sufficient to assemble a half-length flagellum and that assembly of full-length flagella requires synthesis of additional precursors to augment the preexisting pool. The regulatory systems that control the synthesis and regeneration of this pool are not known, although transcriptional regulation clearly plays a role. We used quantitative analysis of length distributions to identify candidate genes controlling pool regeneration and found that a mutation in the p80 regulatory subunit of katanin, encoded by the PF15 gene in Chlamydomonas, alters flagellar length by changing the kinetics of precursor pool utilization. This finding suggests a model in which flagella compete with cytoplasmic microtubules for a fixed pool of tubulin, with katanin-mediated severing allowing easier access to this pool during flagellar assembly. We tested this model using a stochastic simulation that confirms that cytoplasmic microtubules can compete with flagella for a limited tubulin pool, showing that alteration of cytoplasmic microtubule severing could be sufficient to explain the effect of the pf15 mutations on flagellar length.
The development of the southern subjunctive
Authors: Ledgeway Adam , Lombardi Alessandra
Published: August 2014

Most Romance languages manifest in the verb a robust modal opposition between indicative and subjunctive. Some Romance varieties also mark the relevant distinction in the C-domain through the formal shape of the complementizer. However, in many dialects of southern Italy such morphological marking in the T- and C-domains has been drastically eroded. The evidence reviewed here highlights how in these dialects the relevant modal distinction is still very much alive in the syntax, where the relevant distinction has come to manifest itself in the different positions lexicalized by the verb and the complementizer in the T- and C-domains, respectively. In particular, there emerges an asymmetrical distribution of the verb in realis and irrealis contexts, respectively targeting low and high positions in the sentential core which, in turn, directly correlate with the placement of the (morphologically undifferentiated) complementizer merged in Force in the former case and Fin in the latter.
Glimpsing the future
Authors: Maiden Martin , Smith John Charles
Published: August 2014

This chapter explores a type of deviation from expected patterns of allomorphy in the verb which, while rare in any given variety, is repeatedly attested over the Italo‐Romance and Gallo‐Romance domains. Certain allomorphs normally expected to appear only in a subset of paradigm cells of the present tense are analogically extended into the future and conditional forms. While a phonological cause for the phenomenon can be ruled out, we suggest that the basis of the analogy is a chance phonological resemblance, in certain verbs, between the root of the future and conditional and that of the present. Our study underscores the value of a truly comparative‐historical perspective in understanding the organization of inflectional paradigms, and throws light on how new ‘morphomic’ alternation patterns (in the sense of Aronoff 1994) can emerge from existing ones.
Synchronic and diachronic clues on the internal structure of ‘where’ in Italo-Romance
Authors: Munaro Nicola , Poletto Cecilia
Published: August 2014

This chapter provides some insights into the internal structure of the wh-item ‘where’. A comparative approach is adopted, carrying out a systematic analysis of the different lexical realizations of ‘where’ attested in the Northern Italian dialects. The authors try to identify the morphological formatives that make up the wh-item, arguing that each formative is the phonetic realization of a formal feature internal to the word. They also compare the internal structure of ‘where’ with the structure of non-interrogative locative PPs, trying to determine which functional projections the wh-word shares with PPs and which ones are peculiar to wh-items; the comparison leads to the conclusion that wh-words contain an existential component in addition to an operator and a lexical restrictor. Finally, additional non-canonical usages of the wh-item ‘where’ are examined, which can be accounted for by assuming the presence of a null noun.
Marriage Formation and Dissolution: Chapters 2–34
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: August 2014

These saga chapters look something like a casebook on the law of marriage and divorce. Seven marriages are established and four terminated, each raising slightly different legal issues. Some are first marriages, some second and thirds. Two terminate with the violent deaths of the husband, two end in divorce: one of husband by wife, the other of wife by husband. A certain type of first marriage meant to strip a husband of his wealth to fund future marriages for his ex-wife is discussed in detail, with considerations of risks of fertility and mortality. Types of marital property and their benefits and risks are discussed, as well as a look at a certain kind of fosterage or protection provided for young girls.
Bergthora vs. Hallgerd, Part I. The Theory: Chapters 35–45
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: August 2014

These chapters of the saga present an idealized model or theory of the blood-feud. The author is as a social theorist acutely reveals the contradictions and paradoxes in the native model of balanced-exchange, which contemplates escalation no less than closure. There is an important discussion of compensation and its perverse incentives, as its payment finances the breach of the very settlement it was meant to conclude. The chapter considers the play in the joints of pricing people, just what constitutes a turn in the rule of turn-taking, etc. This chapter represents a refinement and clarification of the author's views in Bloodtaking and Peacemaking.
Otkel vs. Gunnar: Chapters 46–56
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: August 2014

This chapter deals with the consequences of Otkel’s failure to sell or give Gunnar hay and food when Gunnar ran short. The refusal leads to Hallgerd trying to avenge the refusal by stealing it. Gunnar slaps Hallgerd. Attempts to settle the theft claim fail. Otkel accidentally spurs Gunnar when he loses control of the horse he is riding. The end is that Gunnar and his brother intercept and kill Otkel and seven others in his group, whereupon Gunnar wonders if he is less manly than others because he is less willing to kill. Gunnar does not appear to be all that self-aware. The matter is settled at the Althing with the counsel of Njal, Gunnar paying full compensation for six of the eight.
Gunnar vs. the Thrihyrning People: Chapters 57–66
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: August 2014

This chapter deals with some important heretofore unobserved techniques Njal uses to manage disputes, in this case on Gunnar’s behalf. Njal serves as something of a bank for unprosecuted claims, and a clearing-house for them. His skills are more than just legal, but are also economic as he figures out ways to finance Gunnar’s troubles at the least cost to Gunnar. There is detailed discussion of the economics of feud by the author, as well as a consideration of why Gunnar pays compensation even for those victims he had a legal right to kill in self-defence.
Revenge for Gunnar: Chapters 77–81
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: August 2014

Gunnar was killed legitimately pursuant to an outlawry judgment. Nonetheless Njal (and Skarphedin) orchestrate revenge for Gunnar which is directed against those who might challenge their power in the district. This, as in other instances too, reveals Njal to be a tough political operator, who is willing to ignore the law when it serves his purposes to do so. The chapter shows just how much the feud and revenge figure in politics and political strategizing. Gunnar’s enemies include good people as well as trouble-makers. Gunnar himself has trouble managing the envy his own successes elicit. He becomes a trouble magnet and the arbitration settlement that ordered him abroad was not unfair, but wisely trying to give time a chance to make Gunnar less a focal point for so much political competition.
A Tale of Two Hoskulds: Chapters 93–9
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: August 2014

Njal fosters Thrain’s son Hoskuld by a rather devious method. He comes to love Hoskuld dearly and sees in him the hopes of restoring the prior alliance he had with the Sigfusson group when Gunnar was its most prominent member. Some years later Njal negotiates a prestigious marriage for Hoskuld, but the marriage is conditioned on finding Hoskuld a chieftaincy. None are available for purchase, so Njal engineers a constitutional reform establishing a Fifth Court, one feature of the reform being the creation of new chieftaincies, one to be set aside for Hoskuld. Some time later Lyting, a brother-in-law of Thrain, kills Hoskuld Njalsson, ostensibly in revenge for Thrain. Hoskuld Thrainsson negotiates a settlement with Njal. At this point there is an open breach between Njal and his sons. Lyting’s killing of Hoskuld Njalsson has been grossly underestimated by commentators. It stands for just the kind of problem that would flow from Hoskuld being a chieftain that Njal could not control, he having been careful, as usual, to control everything he could. Namesakes, one Hoskuld traded for the benefit of another, are significant.
Valgard ‘the Wise’ and Hoskuld’s Blood: Chapters 107–16
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: August 2014

It is quite clear to others, such as the wily Valgard, Mord’s father, just how fraught the relations between Njal and his sons and those sons and his foster-son are. Mord does not need to work too hard to get the Njalssons to brutally manifest their resentments at the close control their father has held them in, not always in accord with their interests, while he advances the interests of his foster-son. Both Mord and Valgard understand that, given how this feud has evolved, Mord will be largely immune from retribution even should he be one of the killers of Hoskuld. The killing of Hoskuld by the Njalssons, Kari and Mord is without legal justification, but it is not without sense, given the alienation of Njal from his sons. This chapter also treats closely Hildigunn’s employment of a bloody-token ritual to charge Flosi to take revenge for her husband, and the subsequent failure of the settlement proposed at the Althing.
Skarphedin Ascendans, Flosi’s Ninth Nights: Chapters 117–23
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: August 2014

Skarphedin becomes almost transcendent as his party tries to muster support to defend the killing case, and he insults everyone they ask. His backing down to Thorkel Hake is one of the great humiliations wrought on any literary character. Skarphedin seems almost to free himself from his father’s control by taking over his saga, if not his farm. Njal announces to the Althing he would rather have lost all his sons than have lost Hoskuld, thereby unconsciously confirming the motives his sons had in killing him. A fragile settlement is negotiated which Flosi agrees to accept. Njal places a cloak on top of the pile of silver. A discussion of just what this cloak is and does.