bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smooth muscle caveolae differentially regulate specific agonist induced bladder contractions
Authors: Cristofaro V. , Peters C.A. , Yalla S.V. , Sullivan M.P.
Published: November 2006

Aims

Caveolae are cholesterol‐rich plasmalemmal microdomains that serve as sites for sequestration of signaling proteins and thus may facilitate, organize, and integrate responses to extracellular stimuli. While previous studies in the bladder have demonstrated alterations in caveolae with particular physiologic or pathologic conditions, little attention has been focused on the functional significance of these organelles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of caveolae in the modulation of receptor‐mediated signal transduction and determine the presence and localization of caveolin proteins in bladder tissue.

Methods

Contractile responses to physiologic agonists were measured in rat bladder tissue before and after disruption of caveolae achieved by depleting membrane cholesterol with methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. Stimulation with agonists was repeated after caveolae were restored as a result of cholesterol replenishment. RT‐PCR, immmunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were used to determine the expression and localization of caveolin mRNA and proteins.

Results

Following caveolae disruption, contractile responses to angiotensin II and serotonin were attenuated, whereas responses to bradykinin and phenylephrine were augmented. Cholesterol replenishment restored responses towards baseline. Carbachol and KCl induced contractions were not affected by caveolae disruption. Ultrastructure analysis confirmed loss of caveolae following cholesterol depletion with cyclodextrin and caveolae restoration following cholesterol replacement. Gene and protein expression of caveolin‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 was detected in bladder tissue. Immunoreactivity for all three caveolins was observed in smooth muscle cells throughout the bladder.

Conclusions

The functional effects of cholesterol depletion on specific agonist‐induced contractile events and the expression of all three caveolins in bladder smooth muscle support a central role for caveolae in regulation of selective G‐protein‐coupled receptor signaling pathways in bladder smooth muscle. Thus, caveolae serve to differentially regulate bladder smooth muscle by a stimulus‐dependent potentiation or inhibition of bladder contraction. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome of retinoblastoma in east Africa
Authors: Bowman R.J.C. , Mafwiri M. , Luthert P. , Luande J. , Wood M.
Published: November 2006

We estimated the proportion of patients reaching a pediatric ophthalmology unit (Comprehensive Community Based Rehabilitation for Tanzania Disability Hospital, CCBRT) or an oncology unit (ORCI) in east Africa and investigated presentation, histology, and treatment outcomes of patients with retinoblastoma. A 5‐year retrospective study identified 91 patients, representing approximately 18% of the nationwide total. Mean lag time was 10 months (standard deviation (SD) = 17) and mean follow‐up was 8 months (SD = 11, range 0–40, n = 91). Thirty months disease‐free survival probability was 0.23 (standard error = 0.07). Outcomes for retinoblastoma in Africa remain poor. The data presented here suggest strategies for improving the outcomes, including encouraging earlier presentation and establishment of multi‐disciplinary treatment centers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:160–162. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Degenerate thermal isomerizations of Z‐ethylidene‐2‐methylcyclobutane
Authors: Baldwin John E.
Published: November 2006

The stereochemical and mechanistic aspects of the degenerate thermal isomerizations available to deuterium‐labeled Z‐ethylidene‐2‐methylcyclobutanes remain incompletely defined. Relevant data and several conjectural readings of the data are reconsidered in light of current understandings of thermal stereomutations and [1,3] carbon sigmatropic shifts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental health literacy in Japanese cancer patients: ability to recognize depression and preferences of treatments—comparison with Japanese lay public
Authors: Okuyama Toru , Nakane Yoshibumi , Endo Chiharu , Seto Takashi , Kato Masashi , Seki Nobuhiko , Akechi Tatsuo , Furukawa Toshiaki A. , Eguchi Kenji , Hosaka Takashi
Published: November 2006

Background: Insufficient knowledge about mental illness and its treatment has been shown to constitute a major barrier to its adequate care for mental illness in the lay public (LP). We therefore examined Japanese cancer patients' (CP) ability to recognize depression and their preferences of its treatments.

Participants and Method: One hundred lung CP and 300 LP were selected at random to participate in the study. Structured interviews using a vignette of a person with both cancer and depression were conducted with CP, and those using a vignette of a person with depression were carried out with LP, respectively.

Results: Only 11% of CP recognized the presence of depression in the vignette, while 25% of LP did (p<0.001). There were few significant differences in the preference for standard psychiatric treatments between CP and LP: standard treatments such as antidepressants (CP: 39%, LP: 36%) were less often rated as helpful, whereas non‐standard treatments such as physical activity (CP: 85%, LP: 66%) were most often rated as helpful.

Conclusions: The results indicated that cancer patients' knowledge about mental illness and its treatment were insufficient. Psychological education may reduce patient‐related barriers to seek and to utilize optimal mental health care in cancer patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of cyclic mimetics of the insulin‐like peptide 3 (INSL3) B‐chain
Authors: Shabanpoor Fazel , Bathgate Ross A. D. , Hossain Mohammed Akhter , Giannakis Eleni , Wade John D. , Hughes Richard A.
Published: November 2006

Insulin‐like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a peptide hormone belonging to the relaxin‐insulin superfamily of peptides that plays important roles in testes descent, oocyte maturation and the control of male germ cell apoptosis. These actions are mediated via a specific G‐protein coupled receptor, LGR8. Previous structure–activity studies have shown that the key binding site of INSL3 is situated within its B‐chain. Recent studies in our laboratory have led to the identification of a cyclic peptide mimetic 2 of the INSL3 B‐chain, which we have shown to compete with the binding of [33P]‐relaxin to LGR8 expressed in HEK293T cells, and to inhibit cAMP‐mediated signaling in these cells, i.e. it is an antagonist of INSL3. In order to further define the structure–activity relationships of cyclic analogues of the INSL3 B‐chain, we used a structure‐based approach to design a series of cyclic, disulfide‐constrained INSL3 B‐chain mimetics. To do this, we first created a model of the 3D structure of INSL3 using the crystal structure of human relaxin as a template. This model of INSL3 was then used as a template to design a series of disulfide‐constrained mimetics of the INSL3 B‐chain. The peptides were synthesized by solid‐phase peptide synthesis using pseudoproline dipeptides to improve the synthesis outcome. Of the seven prepared INSL3 B‐chain mimetics, three compounds were found to have partial displacement activity, while four were able to completely displace [33P]‐relaxin from LGR8, including compounds that were markedly shorter than compound 2. The best of these, mimetic 6, showed significantly greater affinity for LGR8 than compound 2, but still displayed around 1000‐fold less affinity for LGR8 than native INSL3. Analysis of selected mimetics for their α‐helical content using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed that, generally, the mimetics showed less than expected helicity. The inability of the compounds to display true native INSL3 structure is likely contributing to their reduced receptor binding affinity. We are currently examining alternative INSL3 B‐chain mimetics that might better present key receptor binding residues in the native INSL3‐like conformation. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mn‐doped II‐VI quantum dots: artificial molecular magnets
Authors: Fernández‐Rossier J. , Aguado R.
Published: November 2006

The notion of artificial atom relies on the capability to change the number of carriers one by one in semiconductor quantum dots, and the resulting changes in their electronic structure. Organic molecules with transition metal atoms that have a net magnetic moment and display hysteretic behaviour are known as single molecule magnets (SMM). The fabrication of CdTe quantum dots chemically doped with a controlled number of Mn atoms and with a number of carriers controlled either electrically or optically paves the way towards a new concept in nanomagnetism: the artificial single molecule magnet. Here we study the magnetic properties of a Mn‐doped CdTe quantum dot for different charge states and show to what extent they behave like a single molecule magnet. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron spin coherence in singly charged (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Greilich A. , Oulton R. , Zhukov E. A. , Yugova I. A. , Yakovlev D. R. , Bayer M. , Shabaev A. , Efros Al. L. , Merkulov I. A. , Stavarache V. , Reuter D. , Wieck A.
Published: November 2006

Optical generation of electron spin coherence has been studied in n ‐modulation doped (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots which contain on average a single electron per dot. For studying the spin coherence, the magnetic field was applied in the Voigt‐geometry, and the precession of the electron spin about the field was monitored. The coherence is generated by resonant excitation of the quantum dots by circularly‐polarized laser pulses, creating a coherent superposition of an electron and a trion state. The efficiency of the generation can be controlled by the pulse intensity, showing the pronounced Rabi oscillations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical spectroscopy of single, planar, self‐assembled InAs/InP quantum dots
Authors: Kim D. , Lefebvre J. , Lapointe J. , Reimer M. E. , Mckee J. , Poole P. J. , Williams R. L.
Published: November 2006

We present optical spectra from numerous, single, self‐assembled InAs/InP quantum dots. More than 50 individual dots are studied that emit in the 1.1‐1.6 mm wavelength range. The dots are of high optical quality as judged by the clean, single exciton emission line at low power, the resolution limited linewidth, and the brightness. Each dot exhibits similar trends in the power evolution spectra, despite large variations in height and diameter. The level splittings in the p ‐shell increase with decreasing height, which we interpret to be from dot elongation along the [01$ \bar 1 $] direction. The evolution of the spectra with increasing power agrees well with predictions from effective bond orbital calculations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum information processing on spin degrees of freedom in QDs placed in diluted magnetic semiconductor
Authors: Jacak W. , Krasnyj J. , Jacak J. , Krzyżosiak M. , Jacak L.
Published: November 2006

The spin degrees of freedom in quantum dot (QD) embedded in a diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) medium are considered in a model of a qubit and a gate for quantum information processing (QIP). The qubit is defined as a singlet and triplet pair of states of two electrons in a He‐type QD in the DMS medium with strongly enhanced gyromagnetic factor. Methods of qubit rotation (Rabi oscillations) as well as two‐qubit operations are suggested and analyzed. Moreover, decoherence related to spin waves (magnon‐induced dephasing) in this new system (QD in DMS) is studied, and the relevant time‐scale is estimated in accordance with preliminary experimental results. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carrier‐induced coherent acoustic phonon excitation in strain engineered InAs/GaAs quantum dot clusters
Authors: Bogaart E. W. , van Lippen T. , Nötzel R. , Haverkort J. E. M. , Wolter J. H.
Published: November 2006

Strain engineered InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) clusters grown on (311)B GaAs are studied by means of time‐resolved differential reflection spectroscopy revealing coherent excitation of the quasilongitudinal and quasitransverse acoustic phonon modes. Photogenerated carriers which are captured within the ordered lateral QD clusters initiate coherent acoustic phonon excitation, which induces a transient modulation of the local strain‐induced piezoelectric field within the QD clusters. The excited acoustic phonons modulate the optical properties of the QDs through the quantum‐confined Stark effect, causing oscillations of the reflection signal. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of single InGaN quantum dots up to 150 K
Authors: Sebald K. , Lohmeyer H. , Gutowski J. , Yamaguchi T. , Hommel D.
Published: November 2006

We present photoluminescence measurements on single InGaN quantum dots grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The spatially and spectrally resolved luminescence properties of the single quantum dots were measured using low‐temperature micro‐photoluminescence spectroscopy. The observed sharp emission lines of the quantum dots were characterized by excitation density dependent measurements. The photoluminescence of individual quantum dots can easily be detected for temperatures up to 150 K. In addition, temporal fluctuations of the emission peak positions of single quantum dots are attributed to spectral diffusion processes. Indications for recombination processes from excited states are observed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum dot photonic crystal nanocavities at 1300 nm for telecom‐wavelength single‐photon sources
Authors: Francardi M. , Balet L. , Gerardino A. , Monat C. , Zinoni C. , Li L. H. , Alloing B. , Le Thomas N. , Houdré R. , Fiore A.
Published: November 2006

Photonic Crystal (PhC) nanocavities have shown to be good candidates to enhance the spontaneous emission (SE) rate of an emitter into a specific cavity mode (Purcell effect) and allow the implementation of single photon sources. We report our progress in the fabrication of PhC nanocavities with high quality factors in the 1300 nm region. PhC nanocavities with H1 and L3 geometries were characterised in a microphotoluminescence set‐up at room temperature. The quality factor was studied as a function of lattice constant a, filling factor, lateral displacement and radius of holes adjacent to the cavity in the L3 geometry. A Q = 3000 is measured in a L3 cavity with filling factor = 35%, a = 311 nm, displacement of 0.125 a and r = 0.53r0. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
InAs(Sb) quantum dots grown on GaAs by MBE
Authors: Sallet V. , Patriarche G. , Mauguin O. , Largeau L. , Travers L.
Published: November 2006

The MBE growth of InAs(Sb)/GaAs quantum dots is investigated. Photoluminescence shows a slight red‐shift of the emission wavelength from 1.15 to 1.24 µm (InAs0.95Sb0.05 dots). Attempts to incorporate higher concentrations of antimony lead to a poor optical quality and, occasionally, to a blue‐shift. Trans‐mission electron microscopy observations are discussed considering the surfactant effect of antimony. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
InAs(Sb)/InP(100) quantum dots for mid‐infrared emitters: observation of 2.35 µm photoluminescence
Authors: Doré F. , Cornet C. , Caroff P. , Ballestar A. , Even J. , Bertru N. , Dehaese O. , Alghoraibi I. , Folliot H. , Piron R. , Le Corre A. , Loualiche S.
Published: November 2006

Theoretical and experimental studies of the electronic properties of InAs(Sb) quantum dots (QDs) grown on InP substrate are presented. Unstrained bulk InAsSb present direct gap between 0.1 eV to 0.35 eV suitable for mid infrared emitters (2‐5 µm). However, strain and quantum confinement effects may limit the extension of the emission spectrum of these nanostructures towards the longer wavelengths. Various combinations of barrier materials are considered in the simulations. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy experiments on molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown samples show promising results. We obtained PL peak beyond 2 µm at room temperature (RT) with InAs/InGaAsP/InP(100) QDs High arsine flow rate during the growth of the QDs makes possible this long emission wavelength. Two ways are investigated to incorporate antimony in InAs/InGaAs/InP(100) nanostructures: growth interrupt of InAs QDs under Sb flux and direct growth of InAs(Sb). A red‐shift of the PL peak from 1.85 µm to 2 µm is observed in the first case whereas emission wavelengths as long as 2.35 µm are observed in second case. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Top‐down approach of completely sequencing a 4.9 kDa recombinant peptide using quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Deepalakshmi Putchen Dakshinamoorthy
Published: November 2006

A recombinant peptide (near the C‐terminal region of head involution defective protein) of 4.9 kDa has been completely sequenced and characterized using medium‐resolution mass spectrometry (QTOF). The observed difference in the experimental mass and the theoretical mass is due to β‐mercaptoethanol adduct formation on the cysteine residue. The fragmentation pattern is correlated with the primary structure of the protein. Top‐down sequencing of the peptide was extended to small proteins like barstar of mass 10.3 kDa. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acetylenic acid biosynthesis inCrepis rubra
Authors: Haigh W. G. , Morris L. J. , James A. T.
Published: November 2006

Time studies of crepenynic acid synthesis inCrepis rubra show that this acid is not present in the seed for several days after, flowering commences but builds up rapidly between the 14th and 28th days to become the major fatty acid of the seed oil.

Radioactive tracer studies clearly demonstrate that the acetylenic bond is introduced into the carbon chain of a preformed long‐chain fatty acid rather than built in during formation of the carbon chain. The nearest precursor found is oleic acid. There is no conversion to crepenynic acid by seed preparations ofcis,cis‐linoleic acid,cis,trans (trans,cis)‐linoleic acid, orcis‐12,13‐epoxy‐oleic acid. Possible biosynthetic pathways to explain these results are suggested.

The crepenynic acid is chiefly, but not entirely, in triglycerides in the seed oil, and it has been shown to be esterified in the 2‐ and 3‐ positions of the triglyceride.
The fatty acid composition of some entomophthoraceae
Authors: Tyrrell David
Published: November 2006

Lipids extracted fromConidiobolus denaesporus Drechsl. were found to contain three branched‐chain fatty acids, which together comprised about 35% of the total fatty acids of the fungus. The branchedchain acids were identified by gas‐liquid chromatography, infrared and mass spectroscopy as 12‐methyl tridecanoic, 12‐methyl tetradecanoic, and 14‐methyl pentadecanoic acids respectively.

Then‐saturated acids comprise C12, C13, C14, C16, and C18. Then C16,n C18, andn C20 unsaturated acids were also found. The occurrence of 15.2% of myristic acid and of 8.9% of eicosatetraenoic acid provides a further distinctive feature of the lipids ofConidiobolus denaesporus.
Effect of growth conditions on the fatty acid composition ofListeria monocytogenes and comparison with the fatty acids ofErysipelothrix andCorynebacterium
Authors: Tadayon R. A. , Carroll K. K.
Published: November 2006

Six strains ofListeria monocytogenes belonging to four different serotypes all had similar fatty acid profiles when grown at 37 C, with C15 and C17 branched chain acids as major components. The proportion of 17∶0 br decreased markedly as the growth temperature was lowered from 37 C to 4 C, and a reduction of 18∶1 with increasing age of cultures was observed in cells harvested at different stages of the growth curve. The fatty acid composition was also affected by the nature of the culture medium. Two other genera of the family Corynebacteriaceae were analyzed for fatty acid composition. Strains ofErysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from human, turkey, dog and pig had rather similar patterns, consisting mainly of straight chain, even‐numbered fatty acids from C10 to C18. The three species ofCorynebacterum analyzed each had quite different fatty acid patterns.C. poinsettiae bore some resemblance toL. monocytogenes butC. pseudodiphtheriticum had much higher proportions of 16∶0 and 18∶1 andC. equi contained a rather complex mixture of fatty acids.
The phospholipid composition of human placenta, endometrium and amniotic fluid: A comparative study
Authors: Singh E. J. , Swartwout J. R.
Published: November 2006

The contents of lecithin in human lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, placenta, endometrium, amniotic flud, and brain gray and white matter are 52.1–54.2%, 44.2–45.8%, 42.6–44.5%, 35.1–37.2%, 42.5–43.0%, 48.0–50.0%, 45.5–46.4%, 42.0–43.0%, 65.0–66.0%, 23.9–24.3% and 24.7–24.9% respectively in total phospholipids. The level of diphosphatidyl glycerol is much lower in placenta, lung and spleen, and almost absent in amniotic fluid and brain; the heart muscle has 8.6%. The content of phosphatidyl serine is high in endometrium and brain. The content of sphingomyelin is high in lung, spleen, kidney and brain as compared to liver, heart muscle, skeletal muscle and endometrium. It is suggested that the phospholipid composition of various human tissues is characteristic for that class.
Triton‐induced hyperlipidemia in rats as an animal model for screening hypolipidemic drugs
Authors: Schurr P. E. , Schultz J. R. , Parkinson T. M.
Published: November 2006

We describe a screening test for hypolipidemic agents in which compounds are administered orally to fasted rats after a single intravenous injection of 225 mg Triton WR‐1339/kg and serum cholesterol and triglycerides are measured 43 hr post‐Triton. Conditions for the screen were established by studying interrelationships between serum cholesterol, triglycerides and Triton levels during the post‐Triton period and the effects of Triton dose, route of administration and fasting on serum lipid levels and drug hypocholesterolemic activity. The test detects compounds which inhibit lipid biosynthesis or stimulate lipid catabolism. Several drugs with different mechanisms of action which are hypolipidemic in man, including nicotinic acid,D‐thyroxine, triparanol, nafoxidine HCl and clofibrate are active in this system. Results with standard hypolipidemic agents are reproducible and conform well to performance levels of the screen predicted from statistical analysis.
Diester waxes in surface lipids of animal skin
Authors: Nicolaides N. , Fu H. C. , Ansari M. N. A.
Published: November 2006

The literature is surveyed on two types of diester lipid that occur on the skin surfaces of animals: Type 1, a hydroxy fatty acid of which the hydroxyl group and the carboxyl group are esterified respectively with another fatty acid and a fatty alcohol, and Type 2, and alkane α,β‐diol of which each OH group is esterified with a fatty acid. New data presented here show that the cow, rabbit and cat produce Type 1, whereas the dog, mouse, guinea pig and baboon produce Type 2 diesters. Each occurs as a major component of the surface lipid. The homologue distribution is given for Type 1 diesters of cow, rabbit and cat as well as the Type 2 diesters of dog and mouse. Distribution of long chain fatty acids of Type 1 diesters parallels that of the fatty alcohols suggesting a biogenetic relation between the two types of compounds. GLC of total diesters for the cow suggests that the components are assembled randomly during biosynthesis. Molecular weight of these diesters are in the range of those of natural triglycerides composed mainly of C16 and C18 fatty acids.
Occurrence, function and biosynthesis of wax esters in marine organisms
Authors: Nevenzel Judd C.
Published: November 2006

Wax esters occur as a major lipid‐type in at least 30 species of marine animals, distributed among 17 orders and 3 phyla. They are of limited usefulness as a chemotaxonomic character, since only in two suborders, the calanoid copepods, Calanoidei, and the toothed whales, Odontoceti, do the wax esters occur in all members so far examined. In bony fishes their occurrence in muscle correlates better with mesopelagic habitat and vertical migration patterns than with taxonomy. Homologs with 21 to 44 total carbon atoms have been reported, but the usual range for the wax esters in copepods and fish is C30–C42. In fishes the muscle wax esters contain predominantly one and two double bonds per molecule, while in roe lipids up to 65% of the homologs contain three or more double bonds. The component alcohols are saturated and monounsaturated, with 16∶0 and 18∶1 as the usual major constituents. The fatty acids are more diverse, but 18∶1 is most often the main component, and 16∶1 and 20∶1 are frequent major constituents; polyunsaturated acids make up 1–12% in fish muscle and whale oils and up to 45% in fish roe wax esters. Possible functions of the wax esters are for buoyancy, as energy reserves and for thermal insulation. In vitro, various tissues of marine bony fishes synthesize wax esters from long chain alcohols and fatty acids, without activation. A competing pathway for the long chain alcohols in vivo is their catabolic oxidation to the corresponding fatty acids. The key to the accumulation of wax esters is to be sought in the metabolism of the long chain alcohols, their biosynthesis and esterification vs. their catabolism.
The effect of cholesterol supplementation on glutamate‐induced hypocholesterolemia in the Mongolian gerbil
Authors: D'Elia John , Bazzano Gail S. , Bazzano Gaetano
Published: November 2006

The effect of cholesterol supplementation on the hypocholesterolemia induced by glutamic acid feeding has been studied in the Mongolian gerbil. Serum triglycerides and phospholipids and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents have also been studied during the control and glutamate feeding. Cholesterol supplementation (0.05% and 1.0%) did not diminish the hypocholesterolemic response (20–24% decrease in serum cholesterol). The glutamate amino acid formula diet caused no change in serum triglyceride, serum phospholipid, hepatic cholesterol and hepatic triglyceride content when compared to the control formula diet. No lesions of the hypothalamic or paraventricular areas of the brain were noted on histological preparation in adult gerbils given large amounts of glutamic acid orally.
Cis‐11‐hexadecenoic acid fromcytophaga hutchinsonii lipids
Authors: Walker Robert W.
Published: November 2006

The principal fatty acid (90+%) of the monoene fraction ofCytophaga hutchinsonii has been identified ascis‐11‐hexadecenoic acid. This fatty acid, which constitutes 29% of the total lipid fatty acids, is located principally in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fraction.
Purification of sitosterol
Authors: Kircher Henry W. , Rosenstein Fumiko U.
Published: November 2006

Sitosterol and stigmastanol are obtained from the Raney nickel catalyzed hydrogenation of stigmasterol. The sitosterol was separated from stigmastanol by silica gel column chromatography of its dibromide. Sitosterol was also obtained from the steam deodorizer distillate of crude cottonseed oil and purified by manifold recrystallizations of the free sterol from isopropanol and its acetate from alcohol‐acetic acid mixtures at a low temperature.
Phospholipase activity of rat tissues and its modification by trypsin
Authors: Ottolenghi Athos
Published: November 2006

Treatment with proteolytic enzymes before the addition of the phospholipid substrate increases the activity of the phospholipases of the spleen, thymys, bone marrow, lung, and liver of the rat. In contrast, the phospholipase activity of the intestine, which is higher than that of all other normal tissues, is not increased when incubated with proteases. The results of fractionation studies by high‐speed centrifugation and gel filtration and differences in enzyme kinetics support the conclusion that the intestinal phospholipases differ substantially from phospholipases found in the other tissues.
Comparison of lipid composition ofAedes aegypti andAedes albopictus cells obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases of growth
Authors: McMeans E. , Yang T. K. , Anderson L. E. , Jenkin H. M.
Published: November 2006

The total lipids, total neutral lipids, and total phospholipids fromAedes aegypti andAedes albopictus cells cultivated in vitro in a medium containing fetal calf serum were analyzed. The mosquito cells were harvested in the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The fatty acid profiles of the lipids showed differences during the aging of the cells but not between species. There was an increase in chain elongation and unsaturation of the fatty acids in the stationary phase when compared with the logarithmic phase of growth. The major components of the fatty acid profiles of the cells were 16∶1, 16∶1, and 18∶1 fatty acids. Few similarities were found between the lipid analysis of the mosquito cells and the growth medium.
Separation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by argentation thin layer chromatography
Authors: Dudley Peter A. , Anderson Robert E.
Published: November 2006

A single step, silver nitrate thin layer chromatographic procedure which separates a methyl ester mixture containing 0–6 double bonds is described. Purity of each ester recovered from the silver nitrate plate was 98–99%. Recovery of the esters ranged from 100% for saturates to 77% for pentaenes.
Brassica campestris var. Span: I. Fractionation of Rapeseed oil by molecular distillation and adsorption chromatography
Authors: Kramer J. K. G. , Hulan H. W. , Mahadevan S. , Sauer F. D.
Published: November 2006

Procedures for the large scale isolation of pure triglycerides and fractions rich in nontriglyceride components from Span rapeseed oil are described. Fractionation ofBrassica campestris var. Span rapeseed oil by molecular distillation yielded 4 triglyceride fractions, all of which contained traces of sterol esters. An additional triglyceride fraction rich in free and esterified sterols and other volatile components was obtained from the oil. Separation by adsorption chromatography of Span rapeseed oil yielded three fractions: A) a pure triglyceride fraction; B) a triglyceride fraction rich in sterol esters; and C) another fraction containing free sterols and other polar components.
Enzymatic synthesis of glucocerebroside by UDP‐glucose: Ceramide glucosyltransferase during ontogenesis of chicken retina
Authors: Dreyfus H. , Urban P. F. , Edel‐Harth S. , Neskovic N. M. , Mandel P.
Published: November 2006

The activity of uridine diphosphate‐glucose:ceramide glucosyltransferase during chick retina ontogenesis was studied. This enzyme catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway leading to gangliosides. The glucosyltransferase activity was detected in 8 day old embryos, and was present in adult animals. The highest specific activity was found ca. day 10 of embryonic life. The radioactive product was identified as glucocerebroside by means of radiochromatography. The presence of phosphatidylcholine in the incubation mixtures was found to stimulate the enzyme.
Analyses of renal medullary lipid droplets from normal, hydronephrotic, and indomethacin treated rabbits
Authors: Comai K. , Farber S. J. , Paulsrud J. R.
Published: November 2006

Lipid droplets isolated from rabbit renal medullary tissue were analyzed and found to be composed of triglyceride and free fatty acids in a ratio of 2.9∶1. These triglycerides were unique when compared to triglycerides of other rabbit tissues examined, in that they contained high percentages of octadecanoic acid (stearic acid, 9.8%), 5,8,11,14‐eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid, 6.8%), and 7,10,13,16‐docosatetraenoic acid (adrenic acid, 10%). Lipid droplet triglycerides were found to increase during experimental hydronephrosis and after administration of indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase and phosphodiesterase inhibitor. From gas liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters of these triglycerides, it was determined that they were enriched further in their percent composition of 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid) and arachidonic acid, a prostaglandin precursor. The inverse relationship between lipid droplets and prostaglandin content in the inner medulla suggested a significant role of lipid droplet triglycerides as storage pools for prostaglandin precursors.
Lipid profiles of plasma lipoproteins of fasted and fed normal and choline‐deficient rats
Authors: Mookerjea S. , Park C. E. , Kuksis A.
Published: November 2006

Three major density classes of lipoproteins and a residual protein (d>1.21) were isolated by ultracentrifugation from plasma of fasted, fed normal, and choline‐deficient rats. Lipid extracts were obtained from total plasma and the various density classes of lipoproteins, and each extract was examined in detail by thin layer and gas chromatographies. The results indicated essentially identical compositions of molecular species of phosphatidyl choline, which suggested their rapid equilibration among the different plasma lipoprotein classes. In contrast, the molecular species of the triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters showed significant differences among the chylomicrons, very low and low, and high density lipoproteins, which excluded the possibility of their ready equilibration in vivo. Omission of choline from diet resulted in a sharp and statistically significant decrease in all lipid components of the very low and low density lipoproteins within 2 days. After 10 days of choline deficiency, the lipid levels of chylomicrons and very low and low density lipoproteins were ca. one‐half the levels found in the choline supplemented animals, and there were discernible distortions in their lipid composition. Reintroduction of choline led to a prompt return to normal levels and lipid composition of both chylomicron and very low and low density lipoprotein fractions. The lack of equilibration of the triacylglycerols among the lipoprotein classes under normal conditions and in choline deficiency demonstrates an as yet unrecognized source of compartmentation of plasma lipids.
Metabolism of 1‐14C linolenic acid in developing brain: II. Incorporation of radioactivity from 1‐14C linolenate into brain lipids
Authors: Dhopeshwarkar Govind A. , Subramanian Carole
Published: November 2006

Metabolism of 1‐14C linolenic acid was studied in growing animals by injecting the tracer intraperitoneally into 12–13 day old suckling rats and following up the results by sacrificing groups of animals at 8 hr, 48 hr, 15 day, and 45 day intervals. In the first 15 days, there was a greater decrease in radioactivity of brain total lipids compared to the later period, although the earlier age period is characterized by lipid deposition rather than breakdown. Since the 18∶3 ω3 family of fatty acids occurs largely in the brain total phosphatidyl ethanolamine fraction, we expected that, in the initial period, total phosphatidyl ethanolamine would be the most highly radioactive component. However, results showed that 8 hr after the tracer phosphatidyl choline had the highest specific radioactivity. When the total phosphatidyl ethanolamine fraction was resolved into diacyl and alk‐1‐enyl species, it was found that radioactivity was not distributed evenly between the two species. There was a progressive increase in radioactivity of the alkenyl and a decrease in the diacyl species. Forty‐eight hr after the tracer, however, the radioactivity of phosphatidyl ethanolamine increased and at 45 days remained slightly higher than phosphatidyl choline. Radioactivity of cholesterol, a result of synthesis from acetate undoubtedly derived from the breakdown of tracer linolenate, was also high 48 hr after tracer and remained high until 45 days.
Effect of dietary polyunsaturated pork on plasma lipids and sterol excretion in man
Authors: Nestel P. J. , Homma Y. , Scott T. W. , Cook L. J. , Havenstein N.
Published: November 2006

Pork, enriched in linoleic acid content, was compared with conventional pork in the diet of three human subjects with respect to the plasma cholesterol concentration and the excretion in feces of neutral sterols and bile acids. Since the fatty acids in pork glyceride have an unusual positional distribution, the redistribution that might occur during the absorption and disposition of a fat meal was also studied. The plasma cholesterol was lower with polyunsaturated pork, the difference, 14 mg/100 ml plasma, being of the order expected from the change in polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio. On average, the excretion of neutral sterols was 57% greater with polyunsaturated than with conventional pork in all three subjects, and in this respect the results resembled the findings with polyunsaturated ruminant fats. During the absorption of pork fat, the high proportion of palmitate in the 2 position of lard triglyceride served as a useful marker, since human triglyceride carries mainly unsaturated fatty acids in that position. There were stepwise changes in the fatty acid composition at the 2 position of triglyceride as the fat was absorbed, transported through, and cleared from plasma, the palmitate being gradually replaced by oleate and linoleate. By contrast, the total fatty acid profile in the triglyceride changed relatively little, implying selective reacylation with palmitate at the 1 and/or 3 position. During the clearing of dietary triglyceride, the porcine triglyceride was thus converted to the form occurring in humans.
Turnover of fatty acids in rat liver cardiolipin: Comparison with other mitochondrial phospholipids
Authors: Landriscina C. , Megli F. M. , Quagliariello E.
Published: November 2006

Following intraperitoneal administration of 1‐14C‐linoleic acid or 2‐3H‐acetate to rats, the specific radioactivities of both liver cardiolipin and other mitochondrial phospholipids after different time intervals were measured. Comparison of the data obtained with those from another stock of rats treated with32P‐phosphate or 2‐3H‐glycerol showed that the fatty acids of cardiolipin, like those of other phospholipids, exhibit an independent turnover with respect to the remaining parts of the molecule. The half‐life of acyl moieties of cardiolipin is ca. 20% higher than that of the same components of other mitochondrial phospholipids. Moreover, it appears that, in both cardiolipin and other phospholipids, linoleyl residues turn over faster than nonessential fatty acids. Discussion is made as to whether this characteristic can be related to the role of phospholipids in the functioning of some enzymes bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Fatty acid interrelationships in plasma, liver, muscle and adipose tissues of cattle fed safflower oil protected from ruminal hydrogenation
Authors: Cook L. J. , Scott T. W. , Faichney G. J. , Davies H. Lloyd
Published: November 2006

Steers were given diets containing formaldehyde‐treated casein‐safflower oil supplements, in which the constituent 18∶2 was protected from ruminal hydrogenation. A similar group was given unsupplemented diets. The fatty acid compositions of plasma, liver, muscle and adipose tissue lipids were determined in both groups of cattle after 0, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of experimentation. The proportion of 18∶2 in the triglycerides was markedly increased on feeding the supplement and the rate of incorporation into the plasma triglycerides was higher than that in the triglycerides of muscle and adipose tissue. Associated with this increase there were compensatory decreases in the proportions of 16∶0 and 18∶1 but no consistent change in the proportion of 18∶0. The proportion of 18∶2 in the plasma phospholipids and cholesteryl esters was initially much higher than in the triglycerides and this was further increased by feeding the safflower oil supplement. A linear relationship existed between the proportion of 18∶2 in the phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of plasma. The supplement also caused substantial increases in the proportion of 18∶2, both in phospholipids from liver and muscle and in cholesteryl esters from liver, and there were compensatory decreases in the proportions of other unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., 18∶1, 18∶3, 22∶6. These studies demonstrate that when ruminal hydrogenation was circumvented by feeding formaldehyde‐treated casein‐safflower oil particles, the linoleic acid was absorbed and the pattern of incorporation into plasma and tissue lipids was similar to that in nonruminants.
Contribution towards the glyceride structure of kamala seed oil
Authors: Rajiah A. , Subbaram M. R. , Achaya K. T.
Published: November 2006

Kamala (Mallotus philippinensis) oil was crystallized using acetone at temperatures progressively lowered from ambient to −15C. The five fractions thus obtained were subjected to intensive analysis using a variety of methods. These included thin layer chromatography before and after hydrogenation, cryoscopic mean molecular wt determination, fatty acid analysis by ultraviolet absorption and by gas liquid chromatography of the hydrogenated silylated esters, determination of total unsaturation using the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn reagent, hydroxyl value determination, nuclear magnetic resonance, lipase hydrolysis, ester number determination both as ferric hydroxamate complexes and infrared absorption, and glycerol determination by silylation followed by gas liquid chromatography. The evidence is consistent with the presence in kamala seed oil of polyacid glycerides carrying from 3 to 8 fatty acids.
Brain free fatty acid levels in rats sacrificed by decapitation versus focused microwave irradiation
Authors: Cenedella R. J. , Galli C. , Paoletti R.
Published: November 2006

Values are presented for whole brain free fatty acid levels of rats sacrificed by decapitation vs focused microwave irradiation. Free fatty acids were quantitated by specific colorimetric analysis. Within ca. 1 min of sacrifice by either decapitation or microwave, rat whole brain free fatty acid concentrations ranged from ca. 80–100 μg/g fresh tissue. If the brain remained in the head for a total of 5 min after decapitation, free fatty acid levels increased by over 100%. The free fatty acids at this time were enriched with arachidonic acid. The increase in free fatty acid levels following decapitation was completely absent in rats sacrificed by the microwave irradiation. This microwave technique could be a valuable tool in determining free fatty acid and other heat stable compounds in brain tissue.
Stability of prostaglandin E compounds in solution
Authors: Srivastava K. C. , Clausen J.
Published: November 2006

In the present paper the stability of prostaglandins E1, E2, and E3has been studied in two types of solvents: (a) solvents in which they can be used in clinical trials and (b) solvents which are commonly used for their isolation from biological systems. The solvents used in the first type were ethanol, saline, and water while those in the second type were chloroform and ethylacetate. In addition to this the effect of light on stability of these prostaglandins in chloroform also has been studied.
An overview of the biochemical pharmacology of probucol
Authors: Barnhart J. W. , Rytter D. J. , Molello J. A.
Published: November 2006

Probucol was effective in lowering serum total cholesterol in mice at dietary levels as low as 0.0075%. It was also effective after a single 100 mg/kg I.V. dose in mice. The incorporation of acetate‐14C into liver lipids of rats and mice was not significantly affected by probucol, although the results, especially in mice, make it impossible to rule out such an effect. Cholesterol absorption was estimated in rats using a dual isotope technique. The observed reductions were not statistically significant. Several liver enzyme activities were determined after probucol treatment in rats, and a significant elevation (32%) was observed in only one, glutamic dehydrogenase. Serum cholesterol was lowered markedly in cholesterol‐fed cynomolgus monkeys by probucol. There was no effect on the excretion of neutral steroids and the observed increase in fecal bile acids after drug treatment could not be confirmed statistically.
Diet and cholesteremia
Authors: Kritchevsky David
Published: November 2006

The statistical correlation between elevated serum cholesterol levels and increased risk of coronary heart disease has channeled thinking towards regarding dietary fat and cholesterol as the principal causes of hypercholesteremia. Since 1909 there have been a number of changes in nutrient availability in the United States. Protein availability is unchanged but the ratio of animal to vegetable protein rose from 1.06 in 1909 to 2.37 in 1972. Fat availability has risen by 26% with the ratio of animal to vegetable fat falling from 4.88 in 1909 to 1.64 in 1972. A review of available data indicates that amount and type of protein may affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis in experimental animals. Soy protein is less cholesteremic than casein but the extent of difference can be affected by the type of carbohydrate. In a semi‐purified, cholesterol‐free diet, saturated fat exerts an atherogenic effect but unsaturated fat does not. No atherogenicity is evident when saturated fat is added to laboratory ration. In the semipurified diet, fructose is more atherogenic than glucose, and casein is more atherogenic the soy protein. The latter difference can be virtually eliminated if alfalfa raplaces cellulose as the ditary fiber. The data suggest that all elements of the diet interact and can affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis. These effects must be considered in the planning of dietary intervention trials.
Radical scavenging reactions of α‐tocopherol II. The reaction with some alkyl radicals
Authors: Urano Shiro , Yamanoi Shinju , Hattori Yuji , Matsuo Mitsuyoshi
Published: November 2006

α‐Tocopherol was reacted with some alkyl radicals (ethyl, n‐propyl, iso‐propyl, n‐butyl, and sec‐butyl radical) to study its radical scavenging reactivity. The two types of products (alkyl ethers of α‐tocopherol and cyclohexadienones) were obtained on treatment of each radical. These structures were determined by the spectral analysis. It was observed that α‐tocopherol is very sensitive to the alkyl racidals and that the yields of the cyclohexadienones are decreased and that of the alkyl ethers are not much varied with an increase of carbon numbers of the alkyl radicals.
1‐Docosanol and other long chain primary alcohols in developing rat brain
Authors: Natarajan V. , Schmid H. O. O.
Published: November 2006

Long chain alcohols were detected in developing rat brain at ages ranging from 5 to 40 days. They were at their highest level of 0.0109% of the total lipids at the age of 10 days and decreased to 0.0036% at the age of 40 days. They consisted mainly of hexadecanol, octadecanol, octadecenol, eicosanol, docosanol, and tetracosanol. The fact that substantial amounts of fatty alcohols having more than 20 carbon atoms were present in myelinating rat brain indicated a chain length specificity in their utilization for0‐alkyl and0‐alk‐1‐enyl glycerolipid biosynthesis.
Lecithin inhibits fatty acid and bile salt absorption from rat small intestine in vivo
Authors: Saunders D. R. , Sillery J.
Published: November 2006

During digestion of a fatty meal, long chain free fatty acids (FFA) and lecithin are among the lipids solubilized in intestinal contents as mixed micelles with bile salts. We hypothesized that if lecithin were not hydrolyzed, the mixed micelles would be abnormal, and absorption of FFA and bile salts would be depressed. To test this hypothesis, isolated segments of rat small intestine were infused in vivo with micellar solutions of 2 mMolar linoleic acid and 10 mMolar taurocholate to which was added 3 mMolar 1‐palmitoyl, 2‐oleoyl lecithin (a common lecithin in bile and food), or 1‐palmitoyl lysolecithin (the hydrolytic product of lecithin). Absorption of FFA and bile salt was measured under steady state conditions using a single‐pass technique. Lecithin depressed the rate of FFA absorption by 40% (p<0.025) in jejunal and ileal segments whereas lysolecithin was associated with normal rates of FFA absorption. Lecithin also reduced taurocholate absorption from the ileum by 30% (p<0.05). These data support the idea that lecithin may depress FFA and bile salt absorption from the small intestine in pancreatic insufficiency.