bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion by KCNJ15, a Newly Identified Susceptibility Gene for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Okamoto Koji , Iwasaki Naoko , Doi Kent , Noiri Eisei , Iwamoto Yasuhiko , Uchigata Yasuko , Fujita Toshiro , Tokunaga Katsushi
Published: May 2012

Potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 15 (KCNJ15) is a type 2 diabetes–associated risk gene, and Kcnj15 overexpression suppresses insulin secretion in rat insulinoma (INS1) cells. The aim of the current study was to characterize the role of Kcnj15 by knockdown of this gene in vitro and in vivo. Human islet cells were used to determine the expression of KCNJ15. Expression of KCNJ15 mRNA in islets was higher in subjects with type 2 diabetes. In INS1 cells, Kcnj15 expression was induced by high glucose–containing medium. Regulation of Kcnj15 by glucose and its effect on insulin secretion were analyzed in INS1 cells and in normal mice and diabetic mice by the inactivation of Kcnj15 using small interfering RNA. Knockdown of Kcnj15 increased the insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo. KCNJ15 and Ca2+-sensing receptor (CsR) interact in the kidney. Binding of Kcnj15 with CsR was also detected in INS1 cells. In conclusion, downregulation of Kcnj15 leads to increased insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism to regulate insulin secretion involves KCNJ15 and CsR.
Can the Retinal Screening Interval Be Safely Increased to 2 Years for Type 2 Diabetic Patients Without Retinopathy?
Authors: Chalk Daniel , Pitt Martin , Vaidya Bijay , Stein Ken
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE

In the U.K., people with diabetes are typically screened for retinopathy annually. However, diabetic retinopathy sometimes has a slow progression rate. We developed a simulation model to predict the likely impact of screening patients with type 2 diabetes, who have not been diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy, every 2 years rather than annually. We aimed to assess whether or not such a policy would increase the proportion of patients who developed retinopathy-mediated vision loss compared with the current policy, along with the potential cost savings that could be achieved.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We developed a model that simulates the progression of retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients, and the screening of these patients, to predict rates of retinopathy-mediated vision loss. We populated the model with data obtained from a National Health Service Foundation Trust. We generated comparative 15-year forecasts to assess the differences between the current and proposed screening policies.

RESULTS

The simulation model predicts that implementing a 2-year screening interval for type 2 diabetic patients without evidence of diabetic retinopathy does not increase their risk of vision loss. Furthermore, we predict that this policy could reduce screening costs by ∼25%.

CONCLUSIONS

Screening people with type 2 diabetes, who have not yet developed retinopathy, every 2 years, rather than annually, is a safe and cost-effective strategy. Our findings support those of other studies, and we therefore recommend a review of the current National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for diabetic retinopathy screening implemented in the U.K.
Failure Points
Authors: Stanley Sarah Garton
Published: May 2012

A Thirteen-Point Manifesto for the Consideration of Failure
GLITTERfesto: An Open Call in Trinity Formation for a Revolutionary Movement of Activist Performance Based on the Premise That Social Justice is Fabulous
Authors: Cowan T.L.
Published: May 2012

GLITTERfesto embodies the fabulous in feminist and queer social justice performance. This manifesto seeks to articulate the ways that radical feminist and queer activists enact transformative politics through direct action, through stage performance and through affective relations that co-mingle rage, glory, joy, and love. Finally, GLITTERfesto proclaims and exhorts the strategic, metaphoric, and accidental ways that GLITTER, in all of its manifestations, exceeds all efforts to contain it.
r/evolution begins within
Authors: young anitafrika d'bi.
Published: May 2012

The sorplusi methodology and biomyth theatre are creative processes I am developing as a storyteller. The acronym s.o.r.p.l.u.s.i. represents self-knowledge, orality, rhythm, political content and context, language, urgency, sacredness, and integrity. these ideas form a comprehensive ecosystem of accountability and responsibility between my audiences and me. each principle in the methodology challenges me to not only be self-invested but to (re)position to the centre of my micro and macro communities, being both accountable and responsible (able to account for and respond to) these communities. I fundamentally believe that my art mirrors society, encourages its self-critique, and inspires its self-growth. I first encountered the term biomyth while reading audre lorde's zami, which she refers to as a biomythography. in my reinterpretation of the term biomyth, biomyth-monodrama is a mythologized auto-biographical play told by the story's creator/performer, using the eight sorplusi elements as the foundation of the creative process and also to weave the story together.
Administration is Eating Away at Us
Authors: Choinière Olivier , Moran Meg
Published: May 2012

Administration, Montreal's Olivier Choinière asserts, has prevented artists from being able to think like artists, has killed creative impulse, and has resulted in shows that are nothing more than staged grant applications.
On the Beauty of Our Perpetual Marginality, and Why it Might be Time for All of Us to Figure Out Our Position on Social Housing
Authors: Youssef Marcus
Published: May 2012

On the beauty of our perpetual marginality, and why it might be time for all of us to figure out our position on social housing. A manifesto in which Marcus Youssef proposes that the relative absence of theatre artists (and other cultural workers) in electoral politics is detrimental to both worlds. Highlighting the theatre's many stylistic and formal similarities to the performative nature of politics and political discourse, he exhorts theatre people to involve themselves more directly in political life.
Writing on the Wall
Authors: Hill Steven , Valiquette Michele
Published: May 2012

Steven Hill and Michele Valiquette share notes for a manifesto in theatre devising.
TYA =iAssessing the Fair Market Value of Young People
Authors: Hanson Nicholas
Published: May 2012

In the contemporary Canadian theatre landscape, scholars and artists tend to base their perceptions of Theatre for Young Audiences activities upon naïve generalizations and outmoded experiences; as a result, TYA scholarship and artistic practice is often ignored or marginalized. This article uses a whimsical and satirical tone to refute commonly-held misconceptions about TYA scripts, productions, and companies.
On Moderation in Social Networks
Authors: Yee David
Published: May 2012

A call to arms to practice good citizenship when using social media tools and networks. Good art is meant to provoke, but that provocation MUST be mediated if it is to be kept meaningful. This article identifies inherent problems with online modes of discussion and suggests ways to maintain the sanctity of "the idea".
Seek Electricity: A Multiple Theatre Manifesto
Authors: McLean Alex
Published: May 2012

An argument for the inherent multiplicity of the theatre and a call for this fact to be embraced by practitioners. Comparing the birth of theatre to the creation of an infinite multiverse, the author claims that the artform rejects the rigid singularity of religious conceptions of culture and consciousness. With a particular focus on Canadian theatre, the author examines aesthetic positions and social expectations that limit theatre's radical potential.
A Few Rules, Some Platitudes, a Bit of Advice, and a Prayer for Producers of (Radical/Political/Meaningful) Theatre
Authors: Campbell Naomi
Published: May 2012

Toronto's Naomi Campbell dispenses some advice on how to create the optimal conditions for the creation of great work.
Manifesto for Confusion, Struggle, and Conflicted Feelings
Authors: Wren Jacob
Published: May 2012

Manifesto for Confusion, Struggle, and Conflicted Feelings is a short, paradoxical manifesto that attempts to delineate an effective balance between wanting to be consequent and realizing it is fairly impossible within our current circumstances. It is passionate, sad, and highly subjective.
Theatre That is Not Just DEH-BIN-NOCK!
Authors: Fobister Waawaate
Published: May 2012

In his six-part manifesto, Waawaate Fobister argues that theatre is a lifeline for First Nations youth living on isolated reserves.
Theatre Production, Experiential Learning, and Research–Creation in the Academy: An Anti-manifesto of Sorts
Authors: Leroux Louis Patrick
Published: May 2012

In this anti-manifesto, playwright, director, and scholar Louis Patrick Leroux explores the joys and challenges of practice-based theatre production as research-creation in the university setting. Rather than simply advocating process-based practice, he allows for certain doubts to inform his thinking about his research. He allows the manifesto form to inflect his discourse and, in spite of his strong resistance to the polemical genre as mere provocation, nevertheless proposes his own art poétique and program.
Fluorine Based Superhydrophobic Coatings
Authors: Brassard Jean-Denis , Sarkar D.K. , Perron Jean
Published: May 2012

Superhydrophobic coatings, inspired by nature, are an emerging technology. These water repellent coatings can be used as solutions for corrosion, biofouling and even water and air drag reduction applications. In this work, synthesis of monodispersive silica nanoparticles of ~120 nm diameter has been realized via Stöber process and further functionalized using fluoroalkylsilane (FAS-17) molecules to incorporate the fluorinated groups with the silica nanoparticles in an ethanolic solution. The synthesized fluorinated silica nanoparticles have been spin coated on flat aluminum alloy, silicon and glass substrates. Functionalization of silica nanoparticles with fluorinated groups has been confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) by showing the presence of C-F and Si-O-Si bonds. The water contact angles and surface roughness increase with the number of spin-coated thin films layers. The critical size of ~119 nm renders aluminum surface superhydrophobic with three layers of coating using as-prepared nanoparticle suspended solution. On the other hand, seven layers are required for a 50 vol.% diluted solution to achieve superhydrophobicity. In both the cases, water contact angles were more than 150°, contact angle hysteresis was less than 2° having a critical roughness value of ~0.700 µm. The fluorinated silica nanoparticle coated surfaces are also transparent and can be used as paint additives to obtain transparent coatings.
Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties of Three Actinidia (Actinidia kolomikta, Actinidia arguta, Actinidia chinensis) Extracts in Vitro
Authors: Zuo Li-Li , Wang Zhen-Yu , Fan Zi-Luan , Tian Shuang-Qi , Liu Jia-Ren
Published: May 2012

The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, vitamin C content, and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts from different kiwifruit varieties (Actinidia kolomikta, Actinidia arguta, Actinidia chinensis) were determined in this study. Multiple scavenging activity assays including the hydroxyl radical, O2−·radical, DPPH, and the ABTS+ radical scavenging activity assays were used to identify the antioxidant activities of Actinidia extracts. The cell viability of HepG2 and HT-29 cells was also examined in this study. The results demonstrated that the Actinidia kolomikta extract had a higher antioxidant activity than the other two Actinidia extracts. There is a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and the polyphenols and vitamin C content in all three extracts (R2 ≥ 0.712, p < 0.05). The Actinidia arguta extract had the highest inhibitory effect on HepG2 and HT-29 cell growth. These results provide new insight into the health functions of fruit and demonstrate that Actinidia extracts can potentially have health benefits.
Evaluation of HER2 Gene Amplification in Breast Cancer Using Nuclei Microarray in Situ Hybridization
Authors: Jiang Huiyong , Bai Xiaoyan , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Xuefeng
Published: May 2012

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay is considered the “gold standard” in evaluating HER2/neu (HER2) gene status. However, FISH detection is costly and time consuming. Thus, we established nuclei microarray with extracted intact nuclei from paraffin embedded breast cancer tissues for FISH detection. The nuclei microarray FISH (NMFISH) technology serves as a useful platform for analyzing HER2 gene/chromosome 17 centromere ratio. We examined HER2 gene status in 152 cases of invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast that were resected surgically with FISH and NMFISH. HER2 gene amplification status was classified according to the guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP). Comparison of the cut-off values for HER2/chromosome 17 centromere copy number ratio obtained by NMFISH and FISH showed that there was almost perfect agreement between the two methods (κ coefficient 0.920). The results of the two methods were almost consistent for the evaluation of HER2 gene counts. The present study proved that NMFISH is comparable with FISH for evaluating HER2 gene status. The use of nuclei microarray technology is highly efficient, time and reagent conserving and inexpensive.
Free Radical Scavenging, Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activities of Orthosiphon stamineus
Authors: Alshawsh Mohammed A. , Abdulla Mahmood A. , Ismail Salmah , Amin Zahra A. , Qader Suhailah W. , Hadi Hamid A. , Harmal Nabil S.
Published: May 2012

Orthosiphon stamineus is considered an important traditional folk medicine. In this study ethanol and aqueous extracts of O. stamineus were evaluated in vitro for their antioxidant, antimicrobial as well as for their immunomodulatory properties on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The DPPH radical scavenging method was used for the determination of antioxidant activity, while the antibacterial efficacy was investigated by both disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against four bacterial strains (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). Furthermore, the immunomodulatory potential of the extracts was investigated through the MTT assay. Aqueous extract of O. stamineus exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity with IC50 9.6 µg/mL, whereas the IC50 for the ethanol extract was 21.4 µg/mL. The best antimicrobial activity was shown by the aqueous extract of O. stamineus against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zone of 10.5 mm and MIC value 1.56 mg/mL. Moreover, the results observed from the MTT assay showed that both plant extracts stimulated the PBMCs proliferation in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, but the aqueous extract has remarkable activity against PBMCs. These findings indicate that O. stamineus showed high antioxidant activity and may be considered as an immunomodulatory agent.
Two New Cyanogenic Glucosides from the Leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla
Authors: Yang Chun-Juan , Wang Zhi-Bin , Zhu Da-Ling , Yu Ying , Lei Yin-Ting , Liu Yan
Published: May 2012

Chemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Hydrangea macrophylla collected in the Sichuan Province of China resulted in the isolation of two new cyanogenic glucosides. Their structures were elucidated as [(2R)-2-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)] acetonitrile (1) and {(2R)-2-[a-D-glucopyranosyl(1®6)b-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)}acetonitrile (2) on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D, 2D NMR and HRESIMS) and chemical studies.
Immunostimulatory Effect of Laminarin on RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages
Authors: Lee Ji Young , Kim Young-Jin , Kim Hyun Joo , Kim Yoon-Sang , Park Wansu
Published: May 2012

This study investigated the immunostimulatory effects of laminarin with respect to inflammatory mediators such as hydrogen peroxide, calcium, nitric oxide, various cytokines, transcription factors, and immune response gene in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Laminarin did not reduce the cell proliferation of RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages at concentrations up to 500 µg/mL. Laminarin significantly increased the release of hydrogen peroxide, calcium, nitric oxide, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor with enhancing expression of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT3, c-Jun, c-Fos, and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in RAW 264.7 cells. The results suggest that laminarin has immunostimulatory properties, strengthening immune reactions via the transcription factor pathway in macrophages.
Evaluation of the Correlation between Focal Adhesion Kinase Phosphorylation and Cell Adhesion Force Using “DEP” Technology
Authors: Ay Chyung , Yeh Chih-Chang , Hsu Min-Chih , Hurng Huaang-Youh , Kwok Philip Chi Lip , Chang Hsin-I.
Published: May 2012

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is the phenomenon in which a particle, such as a living cell, is polarized and moved by electrical gravity in a non-uniform electric field. In the present study, the DEP force is utilized to act on the cells to induce spatial movement for investigating the correlation between the cell adhesion force and activation level of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The DEP force produced by the non-uniform electric field was used to measure the cell adhesion force of ECV304 cells, on type 1 collagen (COL1)- and fibronectin (FN)-coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. For COL1-coating, ECV304 cells revealed weak and variable adhesion force (0.343–0.760 nN) in the first eight hours of incubation. Interestingly, the cell adhesion force of ECV304 at two and five hours of cultivation was significantly high and matched their FAK activation level. In comparison, ECV304 on FN-coated membrane had higher and more stable cell adhesion force (0.577–2.053 nN). FN coating intensified the cell adhesion force of ECV304 with culture time and similar outcome was present on the activation level of FAK. Therefore, this study demonstrated a relationship between cell adhesion force and FAK activation level that was dependant on the choice of the extracellular matrix (ECM) component. Subsequently, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (AG18 and genistein) and one PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) were applied to study the influence of protein phosphorylation on the cell adhesion force. FAK plays an important role on cell attachment and DEP force measurement is a useful technique for studying cell adhesion.
Modalité épistémique, évidentialité et dépendance contextuelle
Authors: de Saussure Louis
Published: May 2012

Cet article défend un point de vue pragmatique sur les effets épistémiques et évidentiels de marqueurs qui font traditionnellement débat à ce sujet, à savoir les verbes modaux et le futur épistémique. Notre approche, qui admet une spécification inférentielle de la signification vériconditionnelle, cherche à échapper à l’idée d’une polysémie de ces marques en leur supposant un contenu minimal en l’espèce et en attribuant leurs effets à l’inférence en contexte plutôt qu’à une prédétermination sémantique. Pour nous, les effets de sens épistémiques et évidentiels constatables empiriquement ne sont donc pas dus à un encodage complexe de valeurs polysémiques ou d’ajustements du fait de colocations et coercitions sémantiques : ces morphèmes donnent lieu à des enrichissements selon des principes pragmatiques généraux destinés à obtenir des sens pertinents en contexte.
FLE, FLS, FLM : continuum ou interrelations ?
Authors: Goï Cécile , Huver Emmanuelle
Published: May 2012

Les catégories de FLS, FLE, FLM sont souvent définies à priori –  i.e. hors des contextes dans lesquels elles sont investies – et comme spécifiques les unes par rapport aux autres. Elles auraient alors leurs frontières, leur « dedans » et leur « dehors » ainsi que leurs zones de pertinence, voire de réalité. Le processus sociohistorique de leurs constructions respectives demeure ainsi souvent occulté, ce qui revient à les appréhender sous un angle essentiellement méthodologique, c’est-à-dire au regard des contenus, des méthodes et des fonctions d’enseignement qui les rapprochent et/ou les éloignent les unes des autres. Or ce point de vue fonctionnel, voire techniciste, n’interroge pas la manière dont les acteurs s’approprient ces catégories, les font leur et s’en emparent ou non, ou de manière diversifiée. En effet, le sens que revêtent ces critérisations dépend non seulement d’éléments définitionnels, mais aussi, et surtout, d’enjeux politiques ainsi que des parcours personnels, académiques et professionnels ou, plus largement, de l’identité professionnelle de ces acteurs. C’est donc sous cet angle, qui touche les histoires (plus ou moins locales ou individuelles, plus ou moins globales ou collectives), les représentations, et probablement aussi les imaginaires, que nous abordons la question des convergences et des divergences entre FLE, FLS et FLM. En nous appuyant sur nos propres expériences d’enseignement et de formation dans des contextes diversifiés, mais aussi – et surtout – sur le projet de recherche PARAADIV (Parcours d’apprenants, altérité, diversité), nous voyons en quoi les catégories FLS, FLE et FLM ne peuvent pas être considérées comme exclusivement objectives, mais doivent être aussi vues comme subjectivement construites, autour d’enjeux de construction et de positionnement identitaires et professionnels, traversés de part en part par le rapport des enseignants à la diversité et à l’altérité à l’autre et à eux-mêmes.
La pédagogie du projet : un intérêt partagé en FLE, FLS et FLM
Authors: Hamez Marie-Pascale
Published: May 2012

En 2001, la publication du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues (CECRL) donne une nouvelle orientation à l’approche communicative alors en vigueur en classe de langues. Il s’agit, pour les enseignants et concepteurs de manuels, de considérer l’apprenant comme un acteur social ayant à accomplir des tâches à l’intérieur d’un projet global. Cette perspective dite « actionnelle » encourage l’action qui suscite l’interaction, développant alors des compétences communicatives langagières en matière de production, de réception, de médiation et d’interaction. Cette configuration didactique intéresse le présent questionnement puisque dans les mises en œuvres actuelles de la perspective actionnelle, les auteurs de manuels et les enseignants cherchent à articuler unités didactiques et projets pédagogiques. Si la pédagogie de projet fait couler beaucoup d’encre dans le domaine de la didactique et de l’enseignement des langues vivantes étrangères depuis une dizaine d’années, la notion de projet est loin d’être nouvelle dans les récits de pratiques d’enseignement du français langue première et dans la littérature didactique en FLM des années 1970 et 1980. De fait, la contribution se fonde sur ces deux constats pour proposer une réflexion sur les convergences entre les mises en œuvre de la pédagogie du projet en classe de FLE, FLS et FLM. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence : i) les objectifs de la pédagogie du projet dans les différents domaines concernés ; ii) les modes de présentification de l’objet d’enseignement « langue-culture » ; iii) les caractéristiques de la gestion de l’accompagnement professoral lors de la conduite de projet dans les différents milieux (FLE, FLS, FLM).
Soixante-huitards helvétiques. Étude prosopographique
Authors: Pereira Nuno , Schär Renate
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article présente une étude prosopographique sur les militants des années 68 en Suisse, en particulier sur la nouvelle gauche radicale et deux mouvements sociaux spécifiques : les mouvements féministe et de solidarité internationale. Sur la base de recherches en archives et d’un questionnaire, une grande quantité de données ont été récoltées et se sont avérées très fécondes pour dresser un tableau sociologique inédit de la contestation entre 1965 et 1978. Cette étude quantitative sur la Suisse permet de reconsidérer certains des postulats généralement formulés par l’historiographie des mouvements de 68.
Jeu critique : la « fin des intellectuels » (1975-1985)
Authors: Gayon Vincent
Published: May 2012

Résumé Fin, silence, crise ou déclin des intellectuels sont une topique des années 1970 et 1980 servant d’épilogue à l’histoire des intellectuels en France. L’article questionne les usages différenciés (journalistiques, politiques, académiques) de ce type de lieu commun pessimiste dans cette période charnière au plan politique. La polémique sur le « silence des intellectuels de gauche » en 1983 sert d’entrée principale à l’analyse de cette « littérature de la fin » hétérogène. Elle informe sur les pôles de définition actualisés de « l’intellectuel » et sur la recomposition des rapports entre champs intellectuel, politique et journalistique. L’article discute ainsi de l’éclipse apparente de cette catégorie sociale autant que des conditions de ses redéfinitions progressives et concurrentes.
Les déboires du pasteur Lin : une dénonciation « venue des masses » à Shanghai au début des années 1950
Authors: Thireau Isabelle , Linshan Hua
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article propose d’analyser une affaire qui, entre novembre 1951 et octobre 1952, a opposé à Shanghai un pasteur protestant chinois, directeur d’une école primaire privée, à ses accusateurs et aux dirigeants locaux. Le dossier la concernant, conservé aux archives municipales, s’inscrit dans les débuts de l’activité d’une administration spécifique, dite des Lettres et visites, chargée de recevoir, de classer et d’acheminer vers les services compétents les témoignages écrits et oraux de la population (accusations, dénonciations, appels, demandes d’assistance, suggestions). Après avoir reconstitué les événements évoqués dans cette affaire et analysé les différentes formes de prise de parole et d’échange qui la jalonnent, les auteurs reviennent sur les transformations récentes de ce dispositif d’adresse directe afin de souligner l’écart existant entre les visées qui lui étaient officiellement assignées à l’origine et la façon dont il est effectivement investi au présent.
Tous propriétaires ? Les débuts de l'accession sociale à la propriété
Authors: Frouard Hélène
Published: May 2012

Résumé Au cours du XX e siècle, l’accès des Français à la propriété de leur logement s’est largement diffusé. Cette évolution majeure résulte d’une histoire longue qui commence en 1894 lorsque les pouvoirs publics créent des crédits hypothécaires à coût réduit destinés « aux travailleurs vivant principalement de leur salaire ». Contrairement aux prêts bancaires qui se développent à partir des années 1960, ces premiers crédits, voulus par les pouvoirs publics et mis en œuvre par des organismes de droit privé, ont pour particularité d’avoir été conçus comme un outil de la protection des foyers modestes. Audacieux, puisque destinés à des familles aux revenus peu stables, ils ont accompagné, à leur façon, le développement de la société salariale, comme le montre l’analyse de 73 dossiers d’emprunts contractés entre 1924 et 1927.
Expertise militante et recherche urbaine : la fin d'un modèle ? Un groupe de recherche Économie et Humanisme à Paris au milieu des années 1970
Authors: Chatelan Olivier
Published: May 2012

Résumé Le groupe de travail « Cadre de vie » né en 1973 au sein de l’association Économie et Humanisme réunit pendant trois ans au Centre Lebret à Paris une poignée de personnalités impliquées à divers titres dans des problématiques d’aménagement urbain. Cette équipe restreinte souhaite débattre de la prise en compte des « besoins humains » dans les opérations d’urbanisme en cours dans plusieurs villes françaises pendant cette période. Cependant, l’objet et le sens des travaux du groupe s’avèrent rapidement peu clairs pour les acteurs eux-mêmes : n’y a-t-il pas redondance avec les enquêtes d’Économie et Humanisme des décennies précédentes ? Quelle visibilité donner à de telles recherches ? Sans réelles perspectives, porté à bouts de bras par André Villette et Robert Caillot, ce groupe de travail ne parvient pas à générer une dynamique de recherche. Les raisons de cette impuissance tiennent moins à la personnalité de ses animateurs qu’à une crise d’identité au sein du mouvement militant confronté à une professionnalisation de la recherche urbaine.
Le jugement d'employabilité : un nouveau savoir pour gérer les chômeurs ?
Authors: Lavitry Lynda
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’article analyse les effets des récentes réorganisations du Service Public de l’Emploi sur les pratiques professionnelles des conseillers à l’emploi. Il met en évidence une double mobilisation de la notion d’employabilité : à des fins de segmentation des chômeurs vers des prestations différenciées, mais également dans une visée de négociation des critères de l’offre raisonnable d’emploi, Face à ces nouveaux savoirs gestionnaires, les agents oscillent entre application stricte des normes et compromis sociaux.
La mobilisation d'un savoir pratique local : attribution des visas Schengen au Consulat général de Belgique à Casablanca
Authors: Infantino Federica , Rea Andrea
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article analyse le processus d’attribution des visas Schengen et met en évidence la primauté d’un savoir pratique local sur les savoirs institués. Contrairement aux textes légaux identifiant « risque migratoire » et immigration irrégulière, l’analyse des pratiques locales des agents consulaires met en exergue une autre figure de risque à laquelle ils attribuent beaucoup plus d’attention, à savoir le risque d’établissement légal, avec l’usage des services sociaux qui s’ensuivrait, à partir de l’obtention d’un titre d’entrée sur le territoire européen.
La construction des savoirs des agents de centres d'appels d'urgence : entre individualisation et standardisation
Authors: Dalle-Nazébi Sophie , Hénault-Tessier Mélanie , Vinck Dominique
Published: May 2012

Résumé À partir d’une enquête ethnographique dans des services d’urgence en France, cet article montre comment les agents recevant les appels se saisissent des catégories instituées et s’investissent dans une casuistique et une typologie officieuse et évolutive des événements et des appelants. Il met en évidence la standardisation de l’individualisation des appels via des jeux avec les standards pour singulariser les réponses et des cadres élaborés et transmis sur le terrain pour gérer les imprévus.
Savoir faire valoir son droit. Compétence statutaire et obtention d'un statut de « prioritaire »
Authors: Weill Pierre-Edouard
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article s’intéresse aux recours préalables au contentieux administratif ouvert par la mise en application du Droit au logement opposable ( dalo ). Il montre comment les savoirs nécessaires à l’exercice d’un droit sont diversement possédés et investis par les requérants, en fonction de leur rapport à l’administration et aux acteurs en charge de les assister dans leurs démarches. Il distingue différents types de sentiment de compétence, qui conditionnent l’obtention d’un statut de « prioritaire » ouvrant la possibilité du recours à la justice administrative.
Un certain métier de sociologue ou la possibilité d'une évaluation critique
Authors: Moisset Pierre
Published: May 2012

Résumé Qu’est-ce que le métier de sociologue quand celui-ci s’exerce principalement dans l’évaluation de politiques publiques ? Peut-on tenir ensemble l’extériorité du regard du sociologue et l’implication dans les questions du commanditaire ? Cet article répond à ces questions depuis une pratique de sociologue consultant auprès des collectivités territoriales. Il explore la façon dont les questions des institutions peuvent être décalées, élargies, de façon à leur trouver une réponse tout en confrontant les institutions aux choix pratiques et politiques qui les constituent.
Les collocations et la construction du savoir scientifique
Authors: Gledhill Christopher
Published: May 2012

Nous entendons démontrer que les collocations jouent un rôle important dans la construction des idées scientifiques. Alors que la lexicographie a montré l’importance des phraséologies dans la langue générale (Sinclair 1991), les phraséologies en langue spécialisée n’ont pas reçu le même niveau d’attention. Nous examinons les phraséologies associées à deux tournures grammaticales et à deux unités lexicales dans un corpus de 150 textes de cancérologie et nous suivons les variations dans leurs collocations en fonction des catégories constitutives d’un genre, l’article de recherche. Il apparaît que les phraséologies ont un rôle crucial à jouer dans l’argumentation et l’établissement du fait scientifique. Les régularités affirmées de ces collocations, dans une large mesure, échappent à l’attention de ceux qui les utilisent, ce qui laisse supposer que la spécialisation en langue est, dans une large mesure, un phénomène subconscient. Par ailleurs, les phraséologies forment le liant de la communauté scientifique et peuvent être conçues comme l’arrière-plan faisant ressortir les nouvelles expressions. Nous soulignons le rôle des phraséologies au sein de la communauté de discours, leur rôle dans le développement des idées et leur possible fonction « génétique » dans l’évolution du discours scientifique.
A Cross Case Analysis of Two Out-of-School Programs Based on Virtual Worlds
Authors: Steinkuehler Constance , Alagoz Esra , King Elizabeth , Martin Crystle
Published: May 2012

There is renewed interest in out-of-school programs for informal learning as a way to complement or supplement formal classrooms. Compelling evidence of learning in the context of virtual worlds is emerging, but few empirically detailed comparisons of programs based on such technologies exist. This article presents a cross-case analysis conducted on two out-of-school programs based on virtual environments involving Global Kid’s “I Dig Science” situated in the virtual platform Teen Second Life and Games, Learning & Society Program’s “Casual Learning Lab” based on the massively multiplayer online game World of Warcraft. Ethnographic methods were used for data collection across both in-game and face-to-face contexts at both sites with virtual and face-to-face data collection techniques used in combination. Analysis involved a code set of eleven a priori themes based on the shared goals of each program, resulting in 44 codes total. In this paper, the authors detail contrasts between the two programs in terms of argumentation, problem-solving, information literacy, and workplace skills, highlighting differences between the two programs in terms of their contrasting “locus of intentionality” (designer versus participant) and concluding with a set of “petite generalizations” in the form of design heuristics for future virtual worlds based programs.
Prognosis of Treatment Response (Pathological Complete Response) in Breast Cancer
Authors: Nikas Jason B. , Low Walter C. , Burgio Paul A.
Published: May 2012

Pertaining to the female population in the USA, breast cancer is the leading cancer in terms of annual incidence rate and, in terms of mortality, the second most lethal cancer. There are currently no biomarkers available that can predict which breast cancer patients will respond to chemotherapy with both sensitivity and specificity > 80%, as mandated by the latest FDA requirements. In this study, we have developed a prognostic biomarker model (complex mathematical function) that–-based on global gene expression analysis of tumor tissue collected during biopsy and prior to the commencement of chemotherapy–-can identify with a high accuracy those patients with breast cancer (clinical stages I–III) who will respond to the paclitaxel-fluorouracil-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy and will experience pathological complete response (Responders), as well as those breast cancer patients (clinical stages I–III) who will not do so (Non-Responders). Most importantly, both the application and the accuracy of our breast cancer prognostic biomarker model are independent of the status of the hormone receptors ER, PR, and HER2, as well as of the ethnicity and age of the subjects. We developed our prognostic biomarker model with 50 subjects [10 responders (R) and 40 non-responders (NR)], and we validated it with 43 unknown (new and different) subjects [10 responders (R) and 33 non-responders (NR)]. All 93 subjects were recruited at five different clinical centers around the world. The overall sensitivity and specificity of our prognostic biomarker model were 90.0% and 91.8%, respectively. The nine most significant genes identified, which comprise the input variables to the mathematical function, are involved in regulation of transcription; cell proliferation, invasion, and migration; oncogenesis; suppression of immune response; and drug resistance and cancer recurrence.
Genotoxicity of Selected Pesticides in the Hen’s Egg Test for Micronucleus Induction
Authors: Conceição Moises Basilio da , Protti B. Lovizutto
Published: May 2012

The presence of toxic substances in natural environments can potentially cause several alterations in organisms. Therefore, it becomes important the use of tests in order to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of these substances. In this work it was used the frequency of micronuclei in hen’s embryos as toxic end point for evaluation of the genotoxic effect of the substances tested. Fertilized eggs of Gallus gallus domesticus were collected and incubated during eleven days. In the eighth day of incubation, the agrochemicals quinclorac, fipronil and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, used in the irrigated rice culture, were injected and in the eleventh day, a sample of blood was taken. The analysis included the calculation of the frequency of micronuclei for 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE), to measure genotoxic damages. To evaluate the cytotoxic damages, the ratio between polychromatic erythrocytes and normochromatic erythrocytes was calculated (PCE/NCE). Results demonstrated that the technique is simple, sensible and of easy application. For the dose of 2.7 mg/kg the insecticide fipronil showed significant effect for the presence of micronucleus as well as in the dose of 104.2 mg/kg for the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl herbicide. The herbicide quinclorac did not show significant effects in none of the tested doses. We therefore conclude that these agrochemicals should be better studied with regard to its damaging potential to the environment and to human beings.
Micronucleus Test and Comet Assay in Erythrocytes of the Amazonian Electric Fish Apteronotus bonapartii Exposed to Benzene
Authors: Bucker A. , Carvalho M. S. , Conceição M. B. , Alves-Gomes J. A.
Published: May 2012

In this study we address the genotoxicity and putative mutagenic effects of benzene (BZN) in the erythrocytes of the electric fish Apteronotus bonapartii (Gymnotiformes, Apteronotidae) using the micronucleus test (MN) and comet assay, under controlled laboratory conditions. Electric fish were collected in the SolimÃµes River, Manaus-AM, Brazil, and the specimens were exposed to 10 and 25 ppm concentrations of BZN, in 150L tanks. Blood samples were collected at 0 (T0), 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of exposure. For the concentration of 10 ppm BZN, the number of comets was significantly higher than T0 levels after exposure of 48 hours, whereas the nuclear abnormalities (including MN) did not show any increase in relation to the controls (T0) up to 96 hours. For the 25 ppm BZN, MN rates presented a significant increase after 72 hours, whereas other types of nuclear abnormalities increased in frequency after various exposure times, ranging from 24 to 72 hours. The number of comets increased significantly from 24 hours onwards for 25 ppm BZN. Both assays also showed a gradual increase in the number of damaged cells after longer exposure periods, indicating a time-dependent effect, especially at the highest BZN concentrations tested. This investigation reinforces the potential use of the endemic South American electric fish as a suitable genotoxicity biological model for biomonitoring purposes in the Amazon.
Metallothionein in the Pond Perch Diplectrum radiale (Teleostei) as a Biomarker of Pollution in Guanabara Bay Estuary, Brazil
Authors: Silva-Junior D. R. , Gomes V. S. , Linde-Arias A. R. , Vianna M.
Published: May 2012

Guanabara Bay is a semi-closed tropical bay located in the center of metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. The ecological integrity of this system has a spatial gradient, with better environmental conditions near the mouth than in the inner bay. The objectives of this study were to monitor the exposure of the pond perch Diplectrum radiale (Perciformes; Serranidae) to metal pollution, using metallothionein as a specific biomarker, and to detect spatial differences in metal contamination in this large water body. The effects of biological factors (allometric condition factor, size, weight, and reproductive stage) and spatial variations on MT levels were also investigated among sampling sites. The results revealed intraspecific sources of variation influencing MT expression. Therefore, it was not possible to use MT as a sensitive biomarker to distinguish heavy metal pollution among sites within this bay. The spatial heterogeneity of metal bioavailability and the probable mobility of individual fish contributed to those findings. However, the pond perch can still be considered a good target organism to evaluate the effects of metal contamination through comparison with other estuarine ecosystems on the Brazilian coast.
ANÁLISIS HISTÓRICO DE LA BIOLOGÍA DE LA CHEREHUITA (Hubbsina turneri) (PISCES:GOODEIDAE), ESPECIE ENDÉMICA Y EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN DE MÉXICO
Authors: Moncayo-Estrada Rodrigo
Published: May 2012

El presente estudio contempla un análisis histórico sobre aspectos biológicos de Hubbsina turneri, a partir de ejemplares de los lagos de Cuitzeo y Zacapu, Michoacán. Se hace de manera histórica dada la condición de restringida y en peligro de extinción de la especie, y pretende proporcionar información relevante para su conservación. La relación longitud-peso indica un crecimiento tendiente al isométrico, principalmente en los individuos de Zacapu. El factor de condición fue mayor en Zacapu (3.41) que en Cuitzeo (3.29), lo que podría estar relacionado con mejores condiciones de desarrollo de la población en el primer lago (alimento y hábitat). Se determinó que la reproducción comienza cuando las hembras alcanzan una talla promedio de 25.9 mm de longitud patrón, presentando un ciclo reproductivo múltiple, donde las crías nacen constantemente desde abril hasta noviembre. En la proporción sexual se encontró mayor dominancia por parte de las hembras. El análisis de los hábitos alimentarios indica que es un pez preferentemente carnívoro, con tendencia epibentófaga y bentófaga. No se detectó una diferencia significativa en la dieta cuando se comparan ambos lagos (análisis MRPP, A = -0.02, p = 0.71). Su nivel trófico lo clasifica como un consumidor primario por su alto consumo de detritus. Finalmente, se proponen medidas de restauración para el lago de Cuitzeo, derivando las aguas negras y tratándolas e implementando medidas de conservación para el lago de Zacapu, controlando el bombeo del agua de los manantiales que lo alimentan para mantener su hidrodinámica.
OPTIMIZACIÓN DE UN PROTOCOLO DEL AISLAMIENTO DEL ADN Y DE UN SISTEMA DE AMPLIFICACIÓN ISSR-PCR PARA Ceratozamia mexicana Brongn. (Zamiaceae)
Authors: Sánchez-Coello Nadia Guadalupe , Luna-Rodríguez Mauricio , Vázquez-Torres Mario , Sánchez-Velásquez Lázaro Rafael , Santana-Buzzy Nancy , Octavio-Aguilar Pablo , Iglesias-Andreu Lourdes Georgina
Published: May 2012

La mayoría de las cícadas contienen altas concentraciones de aceites esenciales, flavonoides, polifenoles y polisacáridos que interfieren en la extracción de ADN, causando productos de amplificación errados o inhibiendo la PCR. La optimización del aislamiento del ADN y el empleo de iniciadores de secuencias intergénicas repetidas simples (ISSRs) se investigaron en Ceratozamia mexicana Brongn., una cícada mexicana en peligro de extinción. El ADN obtenido de tejido foliar fresco, con un amortiguador modificado de cetil trimetil amonio, nos permitió obtener un ADN de buena calidad, sin pigmentos coloridos o contaminantes. La modificación al protocolo de extracción de ADN, basado en CTAB, fue un prelavado por 1 h, del tejido foliar, con una solución de 0.7 M de NaCl, para facilitar la lisis celular. El ADN extraído exitosamente se amplificó por PCR, usando seis iniciadores arbitrarios ISSR. Se observaron productos de amplificación reproducibles en todas las reacciones de PCR. Nuestros resultados muestran que la implementación mejora significativamente la calidad del ADN obtenido, usando una concentración baja de iniciadores (25 pM). Se detectaron 23 bandas fuertes, nueve de las cuales fueron polimórficas. Los resultados indican que el protocolo de optimización del aislamiento del ADN y en el sistema de PCR es viable para futuros trabajos en esta especie. Este trabajo es el primer protocolo de extracción de ADN y de ISSR reportado para esta especie ornamental en peligro de extinción.
A better understanding of cloud optical thickness derived from the passive sensors MODIS/AQUA and POLDER/PARASOL in the A-train constellation
Authors: Zeng S. , Cornet C. , Parol F. , Riedi J. , Thieuleux F.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Cloud optical thickness (COT) is one of the most important parameter for the characterization of cloud in the Earth radiative budget. Its retrieval strongly depends on instrument characteristics and on many cloud and environment factors. Using coincident observations from POLDER/PARASOL and MODIS/AQUA in the A-train constellation, geographical distributions and seasonal changes of COT are presented, in good agreement with general cloud climatology characteristics. Retrieval uncertainties mainly associated to sensor spatial resolution, cloud inhomogeneity and microphysical assumptions are also discussed. Comparisons of COT derived from POLDER and MODIS illustrate that as the primary factor, the sensor spatial resolution impacts COT retrievals and statistics through both cloud detection and sub-pixel cloud inhomogeneity sensitivity. The uncertainties associated to cloud microphysics assumptions, namely cloud phase, particle size and shape, also impact significantly COT retrievals. For clouds with unambiguous cloud phase, strong correlations exist between the two COTs, with MODIS values comparable to POLDER ones for liquid clouds and MODIS values larger than POLDER ones for ice clouds. The large differences observed in ice phase cases are due to the use of different microphysical models in the two retrieval schemes. In cases when the two sensors disagree on cloud phase decision, COT retrieved assuming liquid phase are systematically larger. The angular biases related to specific observation geometries are also quantified and discussed in particular based on POLDER observations. Those exhibit a clear increase of COT with decreasing sun elevation and a decrease of COT in forward scattering directions due to sub-pixel inhomogeneities and shadowing effects, this especially for lower sun. It also demonstrates unrealistic COT variations in the rainbow and backward directions due to inappropriate cloud optical properties representation and an important increase of COT in the sun-glint directions in case of broken cloud.