bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Superior Thalamic Vein and its Variations: A Proposed Classification
Authors: Dorfer Christian , Khalaveh Farjad , Mallouhi Ammar , Millesi Matthias , Czech Thomas
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

The superior thalamic vein (STV) was first described comprehensively by Ferner in 1958 as the most prominent thalamic vein; it originates from the central superior portion of the thalamus, coursing medially to the third ventricular thalamic surface, where it turns posteriorly to parallel the internal cerebral vein (ICV) before ending into its posterior portion. Since historical anatomic and angiographic studies in the pre-computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging era, the STV has not been investigated.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the anatomic course of the STV with its variations, and to propose a classification system based on its draining pattern.

METHODS

We retrospectively screened our imaging database for 50 patients who had a CT-angiography with predefined parameters. The images were independently reviewed by 3 neurosurgeons and 1 neuroradiologist to classify the STV into 4 types: type 1A—drainage into the anterior portion of the ICV, type 1B—drainage into the posterior portion of the ICV, type 2—drainage into the vein of Rosenthal, type 3—drainage into a medial (3A) or lateral (3B) atrial vein, and type 4—drainage into the vein of Galen.

RESULTS

In 50 patients, we could identify 96 STVs. In 2 hemispheres, the STV was doubled. The 92 single STVs were classified as type 1A in 25 hemispheres (27.2%), type 1B in 45 (48.9%), type 2 in 12 (13.0%), type 3A in 8 (8.7%), type 3B in 1 (1.1%), and type 4 in 1 (1.1%).

CONCLUSION

The draining pattern of the STV varies widely from the initial description.
Making the Case for Case Studies in Deaf Education Research
Authors: Enns Charlotte
Published: July 2017

When done well, case studies can provide rigorous and powerful evidence. This chapter provides a definition of case studies and outlines the process of conducting case study research in five stages: (1) determining the research questions, (2) designing the study (case selection and preparation), (3) collecting the data, (4) analyzing the data, and (5) reporting on the findings. In addition, the ways that case studies are uniquely suited to addressing particular questions in the field of deaf education are addressed. The contributions and benefits of conducting case studies to promote strength-based perspectives rather than deficit-model views of deaf students are highlighted throughout the chapter.
Using Multilevel Models to Evaluate Individual Differences in Deaf Readers
Authors: Traxler Matthew J.
Published: July 2017

Understanding how and why individuals vary is an important aspect of understanding language function. In assessing literacy in deaf readers, we must supplement normative models of functioning with models that take into account how individual differences enhance or detract from skill attainment. This chapter provides a brief case for and description of multilevel models (sometimes known as hierarchical linear models) as a tool to aid research on individual differences. These kinds of models have been applied successfully to understand variability in both hearing and deaf readers. This chapter explains how multilevel models resemble and differ from other commonly applied data analysis techniques, and why they offer a better alternative than those techniques for many applications within deaf education research.
Publishing in Refereed Journals
Authors: Paul Peter V. , Wang Ye
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides a few guidelines for conducting, interpreting, and reporting primary and secondary research on children and adolescents who are deaf. The focus is on publishing in refereed journals that adhere to the reporting standards of the publication manual of the American Psychological Association. The chapter addresses a few salient quality indicators or desirable research characteristics such as theoretical frameworks, literature review, and sample demographics. Problematic areas such as plagiarism and piecemeal publications are covered, as are the notion of balance within manuscripts and the use of scholarly caution and language in interpreting data. Finally, the chapter ends with recommendations for researchers who are interested in investigating the educational achievement of students who are deaf.
Introduction
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A.
Published: July 2017

Civil society, a term was used in the Middle Ages, valued the peaceful possession of property, personal security, access to legal means of settling disputes, loyalty to the city, and obedience to officials. It also implied that denizens would share self-imposed codes of behavior and would work for the common good. London valued its self-government, but it was reliant on the king for its charter. Ceremonies, both the official ones that installed a new mayor and the public ceremonies of humiliation for those who broke the city rules were part of the education of inhabitants in the values of civil society. This chapter considers the historiography and theoretical approaches to civic ritual and ceremony, provides an overview of the sources used to study these practices in London and outlines the topics covered in the book.
The City and the Crown
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A.
Published: July 2017

The crown was always present for London, both as a threat and as a major source of livelihood. The city’s charter and its right to govern its own affairs came from the king. But the relationship between the city and the crown was tenuous. The king could revoke the charter and take the government of London into his own hands, and the king did so on occasion. City officials were quick to quell riots, particularly the gild rivalries that would give the crown an excuse. The royal court and the nobles and bishops who congregated there provided a market for the luxury goods that London imported or produced. Suitors to the courts stayed in London and contributed to its wealth. London, the largest city in England, was a model for other cities. Coronations and royal events passed through London to Westminster, and the city staged lavish welcoming ceremonies.
Civic Rituals and Elected Officials
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A.
Published: July 2017

By the end of the fourteenth century, after two centuries of civil unrest, London’s civic elite had finally won control of the government. They reinforced their position with the Liber Albus, a written record by John Carpenter of how elections for the mayor, sheriffs, aldermen, and other officials were to be conducted, including their oath takings. Carpenter’s book relied on writings of earlier officials outlining their views of orderly government. The mayor’s election procedures and oath he swore at Westminster were closely scripted and included the positions of the attendees, the liveries and order for the processions, meals, and religious services. The mayor’s dignity and space had to be maintained even against earls, who could threaten it, but it was the mayor’s duty to uphold the dignity of the office and the city’s place in the realm by demanding respect, even from the monarch.
Conclusion
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A.
Published: July 2017

London’s population was made up largely of immigrants so that lessons in civic behavior were taught to the newcomers through a range of ceremonies and institutions. The inauguration ceremony of the mayor indicated who governed the city. Gilds, wards, and parishes educated people in the type of civic behavior expected. The emphasis in the government, in sermons, and every day life was on respect for hierarchy Challenges to civic authorities and ordinances were punished with humiliation rituals for the offenders. The didactic lessons of ceremony were mostly delivered as a show of color, music, reverence, and celebration. The whole space of London was used for ceremony, including the streets during the Midsummer Watch, parish parades for funerals and gilds’ saint’s days, and the route to the pillory for punishment.
Foundational Invocations
Authors: Bernal Angélica Maria
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines appeals to the authority of original founding events, founding ideals, and Founding Fathers in contemporary constitutional democracies. It argues that these “foundational invocations” reveal a window into the unique, albeit underexamined function that foundings play: as a vehicle of persuasion and legitimation. It organizes this examination around two of the most influential visions of founding in the US tradition: the originalist, situated in the discourses of conservative social movements such as the Tea Party and in conservative constitutional thought; and the promissory, situated in the discourses of social movements such as the civil rights movement. Though they might appear radically dissimilar, this chapter illustrates how these two influential conceptualizations of founding together reveal a shared political foundationalism that conflates the normative authority of a regime for its de facto one, thus circumscribing radical change by obscuring the past and placing founding invocations and their actors beyond question.
A Tale of Two Democratic Foundings
Authors: Bernal Angélica Maria
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the emergence of the democratic conception of founding, centered on the people as founder, and the paradoxes of founding posed by this figure in relation to two central cases: the US and Haitian revolutions and foundings. It argues that while the US Framers papered over founding’s democratic paradoxes in the constitutional text, the Haitian revolutionaries and founders sought to navigate the dilemmas of self-constitution in novel ways that enable us to more explicitly engage with the democratic stakes of establishing constitutional democracy by revealing an alternate politics of founding: the politics of underauthorized authorizations. These politics point us in a more fruitful direction for engaging with their complexities, by connecting theoretical to the political problems of founding as a practical, fraught problem of constructing constituent power and enacting constitutive change in a context of uncertainty by uncertain actors.
Conclusion
Authors: Bernal Angélica Maria
Published: July 2017

The conclusion further specifies the need to shift from our understanding of foundations as singular, extraordinary moments of political origins, and as such the grounds for law and politics and above and beyond question, to rethinking democratic foundations as underauthorized, unsettled, and hence political themselves. It further clarifies the implications of this claim and the book’s “founding beyond origins” framework. In particular, it highlights how this framework helps to democratize how we engage with foundings and refoundings, past and present. The book concludes by recalling the appeal at the outset: to rethink foundings not as something in the past, but as an ongoing dimension of political life.
Differing Global and Regional Perceptions
Authors: Huang Yukon
Published: July 2017

Deng Xiaoping’s death in 1997 marked the end of an era and provides the starting point for a discussion about public perceptions. Today’s China emerged from his reforms, which opened the country to the outside world. Views of outsiders have shifted markedly over the past several decades. The majority of Americans see China’s rise as a threat to their country’s global stature, but Europeans are less preoccupied with power politics. Both groups wrongly see China as the leading economic power contrary to the rest of the world which see the United States. Popular feelings toward China vary widely across and within regions; they are influenced by proximity and colored by history and ideology. This chapter discusses the geopolitical factors that shape these opinions in the West, among the BRICS, in the developing world, and among China’s neighbors, as well as China’s efforts to influence these opinions.
Origins of China’s Growth Model
Authors: Huang Yukon
Published: July 2017

Deng Xiaoping’s most celebrated achievement was to reshape economic incentives and concentrate development along China’s coast. In doing so, he set the stage for what is referred to as China’s unbalanced growth process. Premier Zhu Rongji kept the growth momentum going by overhauling key financial and economic institutions in response to the Asian Financial Crisis. These reforms led to unprecedented double-digit GDP growth over the three decades prior to 2010. Both Deng Xiaoping and Zhu Rongji were “policy entrepreneurs.” Through their ideas and actions, they were able to overcome vested interests, all while taking risks and launching new reform initiatives. Progress on the reform agenda slowed in the years leading up to the Global Financial Crisis as the subsequent leadership was lulled into a false sense of confidence because of China’s strong economic performance.
China’s Debt Dilemma
Authors: Huang Yukon
Published: July 2017

China’s surging debt levels and an overheated property market have led many to believe that the country is headed for an economic collapse. Yet the argument that China is facing a financial crisis is overstated. China’s debt problem is largely confined to the state sector; its property market is not about to implode; and there is little evidence of widespread insolvency. The risks of shadow banking are also not as serious as many have argued. While the government has the discretionary resources to manage the situation, a set of SOEs does face serious financial problems and the country’s financing modalities are creating risks. Most observers see the banking system as the source of these problems, but the solution begins with reforming China’s fiscal system and restructuring management of SOEs. Addressing these issues would lead to a more financially sustainable growth path over the coming decade.
China’s Trade and Capital Flows
Authors: Huang Yukon
Published: July 2017

China’s global impact comes primarily through its emergence as the largest trading nation, the premier destination for foreign investment, and source of surging outward capital flows. These shifts have altered China’s external economic relations with the United States, Europe, and the developing world in surprising ways. Foreign investment helped transform China into an export powerhouse. With success came concern as the West became preoccupied with China’s exchange rate, huge trade surpluses, loss of jobs at home, and the hollowing out of its middle class. Many of these concerns emanate from misunderstandings of the role of trade and globalization more generally. Attention has more recently shifted to China’s outward investments and support for new multilateral financing arrangements. These financial flows are changing global power relations and heightening sensitivities.
Trust and Social Dilemmas
Authors: Cook Karen S. , State Bogdan
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the linkages between trust and cooperation in social dilemmas. In the typical social dilemma individuals do not know what others will do, thus they must make assumptions about the likelihood that others will cooperate. This judgment is sometimes made on the basis of the presumed trustworthiness of the others involved, and, if so, trust makes cooperation possible. However, there are other mechanisms at work. This chapter considers when trust facilitates cooperation and when other factors are more likely to. In addition it discusses briefly the nature of the applications of work on trust and social dilemmas to a wide range of phenomena focusing on collective action in relation to corruption, systems of taxation, environmental issues, and health-related dilemmas as well as those that arise in the sharing economy. It ends with speculation about the potential for solutions of social dilemmas to improve trust in society.
Let Me Help You Help Me
Authors: Krueger Joachim I. , Evans Anthony M. , Heck Patrick R.
Published: July 2017

This chapter develops the view that interpersonal trust cannot be fully understood by the lights of rational decision theory or social norms and preferences. Trust is a dilemma because the person deciding whether to trust must reconcile the conflicting demands of own well-being with the demands of prosociality. This chapter considers three types of social situation of (inter)dependence: the dictator game, which is played unilaterally, the assurance game, which is played bilaterally and simultaneously, and the trust game proper, which is played bilaterally and sequentially. Findings show that the dictator game, which models the situation of the person being trusted, is ill-suited to isolate social preferences. Empirical results may over- or underestimate the willingness to share. A simulation shows that individuals’ social preferences rarely predict the distribution of wealth. Analysis of the assurance game (or “stag hunt”) and the trust game proper yield similar results.
The Mysteries of Trust
Authors: Fetchenhauer Detlef , Dunning David , Schlösser Thomas
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses how people can trust “too much” or “too little” at the same time relative to a rational pattern of decisions suggested by neoclassical economics. People trust too little because they severely underestimate the odds that their trust will be reciprocated. Educating people about the true rate of reciprocation causes them to trust more, to their benefit. However, people also trust too much in that they frequently choose to make themselves vulnerable to others even though they expect a negative return on that trust. It appears that although trust at the behavioral level is informed by trust at the cognitive level, it is hardly identical to it. People not only trust others for the prospect of reward, but also because they are following injunctive norms that they are not necessarily aware of.
Embryos
Authors: Miller Ruth A.
Published: July 2017

This first case-study chapter is a political history of embryos and embryonic material. It relies primarily (although not exclusively) on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French writing about organic reproduction as an environmental rather than necessarily embodied activity. It also examines a few Ottoman examples of embryonic research contemporary with the French material. The central argument underlying the chapter is that this unbounded embryonic matter is one example, of many, of a biopolitical figure whose reproductive life is also nostalgic life. Embryonic slime, the chapter posits, is thus a biopolitical norm; the reproduction of embryonic slime (rather than embryos as products of reproduction) is a variation on thought; and this reproductive thought, in turn, might be defined, narrowly, as nostalgia.
Alphabets
Authors: Miller Ruth A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter takes the Turkish Republican decision in 1928 to replace its official Arabic script with Latin script—the Alphabet Revolution—as a second case study in nonhuman biopolitical nostalgia. Comparing Turkey’s demolition of its alphabet to similar twentieth-century moments in other modernist states, and contextualizing this history within a reading of nineteenth-century proselytizing on so-called phonetic logic, the chapter explores the varied lives of both the “new” and the “old” alphabet. It concludes that a dead alphabet is, like embryonic matter, also a reproducing, thinking, and nostalgic assemblage. As such, it remains, as other data hoards have and do, very much alive and political, even when it is seemingly put to rest.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller Ruth A.
Published: July 2017

The concluding chapter summarizes the major themes of the book and outlines some new directions for the study of nostalgia, biopolitics, nonhuman reproduction, symbolic replication, and democratic engagement. More fundamentally, the conclusion suggests that the non-progressive, non-subjective, noncommunicative thought that underlies the reproduction, replication, and growth of alphabets and embryos is not simply a variation on thought that ought to be tolerated. In addition, it posits that this mode of thinking is perhaps more appropriate than others, especially given the quality and characteristics of today’s mass democratic process. Finally, the conclusion explores points of intersection between the foregoing study of nonhuman nostalgia and the ongoing work on biopolitics and posthuman political engagement broadly defined.
Declaring Race
Authors: Masuoka Natalie
Published: July 2017

This chapter presents an analysis of public opinion and census data to demonstrate the opportunities in, and constraints on, identifying as multiracial. It outlines a new approach to interpreting empirical data on race, the identity choice approach, and offers an example of how to apply this approach to data on multiracial identification. It examines the relationship, first, between being the child of an interracial couple and the belief that one is of mixed race, and, second, between multiracial identification and the belief that one is of mixed race. The chapter ends by presenting and interpreting census data on the two-or-more-races population in the United States.
Implications of Racial Identity
Authors: Masuoka Natalie
Published: July 2017

This chapter compares the political attitudes of multiracial-identified individuals to those of whites, blacks, and Latinos. It begins by offering three different arguments that explain the political attitude development of multiracial individuals, which are labeled assimilation, racial formation, and group identity. The chapter compares attitudes of the four groups on measures of racial attitudes, partisanship, and public policies. The chapter also considers how multiracial attitudes might differ depending on the multiracial respondent’s racial combination (e.g., white-black vs. white-Asian) and assesses the extent to which there exists attitudinal variation within the multiracial population when accounting for multiracial respondents’ described racial combination.
The Ongoing Evolution of the Market for American Art
Authors: Ekelund Robert B. , Jackson John D. , Tollison Robert D.
Published: July 2017

Chapter 8 concludes with both a summary and an analysis of some of the institutions and events surrounding the American art market—investment, auction estimates, artistic productivity, theft, and bubbles. The peculiar aspects of American art seen through a major market conduit for buying and selling art—the auction—are the basis of understanding the unique quality of American art. This art has been “commoditized” as investors increasingly perceive the return possibilities. Additionally, the American art market has never been more vibrant at any time in history. Technology, particularly the Internet, has become a part of the economic process through which buyers and sellers are brought together. Whether giant Coca-Cola bottles, balloon dogs, or all-white paintings are art or not is irrelevant to the economist. These items are bought and sold as art, and a free and open market must include winners and losers.
The New Turkey and Its Discontents
Authors: Waldman Simon , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

The Turkey of today little resembles that of recent decades. Its economy has expanded, new political elites have emerged, and the once powerful Kemalist military is no longer a potent and dominant political player. Meanwhile, new prosperity has had many unexpected social and political repercussions, pre-eminent among which is the advent of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which first came to power in 2002 by downplaying its Islamist leanings and marketing itself as a center-right party.
After several terms in office, and amid unprecedented popularity, the conduct of the AKP and its leading cadres has faced growing criticism. Turkey has yet to solve its Kurdish question, and its foreign policy is increasingly under threat as it balances relations with Iran, Israel, Iraq, Russia and the Kurds, to name only a few of its more demanding interlocutors. Widespread domestic protests gripped the country in 2013. The government is now perceived by many to be corrupt, unaccountable, intimidating of the press and intolerant of alternative political views and criticism. Has this once promising democracy descended into a tyranny of the majority led by a charismatic leader, Recep Tayyip Erdogan? Is Turkey more polarized now than ever in its recent history? These are among the questions posed in this timely primer on a rising economic power.
The General’s Last Sigh
Authors: Waldman Simon A. , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

This chapter highlights how, in many respects, the military (MGK) was the author of its own decline, a result of infighting and internal and external plots and intrigue. By the AKP’s second term, tensions arose within the military’s lower officer ranks about how to deal with what they considered to be the AKP’s challenge to the secular nature of the state. This created disarray within the ranks while at the same time spurious conspiracies to overthrow the government emerged, leading to a purge within the military’s officer class. By the time the AKP entered its third term in office, the military was a spent force in Turkish politics ushering in a new era in the political and cultural dynamics of the country.
Breaking the News
Authors: Waldman Simon A. , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

This chapter explains the severe and systemic restrictions of the press during the period of military tutelage. However, despite the armed forces being removed from political life, press censorship intensified during the AKP period. Under military tutelage, the press was severely curtailed, even compromised. While the erosion of the military’s power is good for democracy, freedom of expression did not improve. Instead of allowing the media to flourish, the government has manipulated it, co-opted it or attacked it fervently and furiously. The lack of a free and fair press in Turkey represents a significant democratic deficit. Not only does it avoid government accountability and erode a check on the power of the government, but it also highlights severe restrictions on freedom of expression. The fear and self-censorship of the media diminishes the internal debate on Turkish politics and the direction of the country, and it is a reflection of the state of affairs in Turkey as a whole.
Waltzing with Ocalan
Authors: Waldman Simon A. , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

This chapter analyzes the transition and evolution of Turkey’s Kurdish problem. Under military tutelage, the way in which the Turkish state dealt with the Kurdish issue was through military means; in the post-military period, there have been attempts to engage in a non-military solution. Nevertheless, despite the optimism and furore surrounding the political process of negotiating with Ocalan and the PKK, the AKP has yet to recognize that there is no military solution to the conflict—and, although more attuned to Kurdish desires than the military, still views the issue as a cultural, rather than a national, problem. Turkey has a long way to go before a meaningful agreed solution is found to a problem that has plagued Turkey for many years.
Entanglement
Authors: Healey Richard
Published: July 2017

Often a pair of quantum systems may be represented mathematically (by a vector) in a way each system alone cannot: the mathematical representation of the pair is said to be non-separable: Schrödinger called this feature of quantum theory entanglement. It would reflect a physical relation between a pair of systems only if a system’s mathematical representation were to describe its physical condition. Einstein and colleagues used an entangled state to argue that its quantum state does not completely describe the physical condition of a system to which it is assigned. A single physical system may be assigned a non-separable quantum state, as may a large number of systems, including electrons, photons, and ions. The GHZ state is an example of an entangled polarization state that may be assigned to three photons.
Grammatical Sketch
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

This chapter introduces the phoneme inventory and the transcription system used in the book. It then goes on to provide sufficient introductory information on the morphology and syntax (i.e. structure of words and phrases, basic agreement patterns) to follow the discussion of the phonological processes applying at the lexical and phrasal levels which are presented in the remaining chapters of the book.
Tonal Phonology: Lexical Tone Patterns
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

Like the vast majority of Bantu languages, Chichewa is a tone language. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to the Chichewa tone system. The lexical tone patterns for noun and verb stems are taken up next. Lexical tones do not always surface on their input sponsor syllable due to the application of tone processes such as tone doubling, tone plateauing, and final retraction. These processes, all conditioned by phrase penult lengthening, are defined and illustrated in detail in this chapter, along with the OCP-motivated process, Meeussen’s Rule. The tonal properties of clitics and clitic-like nominal modifiers are shown to motivate the process of tone shift. The phonetics of tone and the accentual properties of the Chichewa tone system are discussed in the concluding sections.
Intonation
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

Intonation in African languages remains an especially understudied topic of investigation. Chichewa is, then, rather exceptional, as there exist both purely impressionistic studies of intonation for the language, such as Kanerva (1990), as well as more phonetically informed studies, such as Carleton (1996), Myers (1996, 1999a, b), Downing (2011a, 2017), and Downing et al. (2004). Based on this work as well as our own investigations, the first three sections of the chapter provide an overview of intonation in three basic constructions: declarative sentences (both simple and complex), content questions and answers, and polar questions. Emphasis prosody (as opposed to focus prosody) is also discussed. Intonational phenomena covered include: downstep, final lowering, continuation rise, emphasis raising, suspension of downstep, and polar question intonation. The implications of Chichewa intonation for the typology of intonation in tone languages is discussed in the concluding section of the chapter.
Kant, the Philosophy of Mind, and Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Gomes Anil
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides a background to the essays in Kant and the Philosophy of Mind. In the first part of the chapter, some of the issues in the philosophy of mind which are addressed in Kant’s Critical writings are summarised. The second part charts some of the ways in which that discussion influenced twentieth-century analytic philosophy of mind, with particular focus on the way in which Kant’s writings were taken up in the work of Wilfrid Sellars and P.F. Strawson. Finally, some of the themes which characterise Kantian approaches in the philosophy of mind are identified.
Are Kantian Intuitions Object-Dependent?
Authors: Grüne Stefanie
Published: July 2017

In recent years, it has often been argued that Kantian intuitions are strongly object-dependent in the following sense: An intuition of a subject S is strongly object-dependent if and only if for having the intuition it is necessary that at the time at which S has the intuition the object of the intuition exists. In this chapter, four different arguments for the claim that Kantian intuitions are strongly object- dependent are analysed, and it is argued that none of them are persuasive.
Judging for Reasons
Authors: Leech Jessica
Published: July 2017

What, if any, is the relation between modal judgment and our capacity to make judgments at all? On a plausible interpretation, Kant connects what he calls the modality of a judgment to its location in a course of reasoning: actual inferential relations between that act of judgment and others. However, there is a puzzling consequence of this interpretation. It is natural to understand Kant as claiming that every judgment has some modality, but if the modality of a judgment is its location in a course of reasoning, then the implication is that every judgment must occur as part of a course of reasoning. Why think this? This chapter proposes an answer that draws on the relationship between judgment, judging for reasons, and the unity of consciousness.
Self and Selves
Authors: Walker Ralph C.S.
Published: July 2017

Kant is committed to the reality of a subject self, outside time but active in forming experience. Timeless activity is problematic, but that can be dealt with. But he holds that the subject of experience is not an object of experience, so nothing can be known about it; this raises a problem about the status of his own theory. But he ought to allow that we can know of its existence and activity, as preconditions of experience: the Critique allows that synthetic a priori truths can be known in this way. However, its identity conditions remain unknowable. Kant’s unity of apperception shares much with Locke’s continuity of consciousness, but does not determine the identity of a thing. Personal identity is bodily identity. Only Kant’s moral philosophy justifies recognizing other selves; it could warrant ascribing a similar status to animals.
Subjects of Kant’s First Paralogism
Authors: Rosefeldt Tobias
Published: July 2017

According to the standard interpretation of the First Paralogism, its fallacy is based on a confusion between two meanings of the term ‘subject’, namely that of ‘thinking subject’ and that of ‘subject of predication’. This chapter argues that this interpretation is incorrect and that Kant in fact explains the illusion of cognizing ourselves as thinking substances by a misinterpretation of a certain logico-semantical feature of the representation ‘I’, namely that of non-predicability. This interpretation puts the First Paralogism in accord with the other Paralogisms, all of which are claimed by Kant to stem from a confusion between ‘logical’ and ‘real’ features of the self. It also allows us to relate the chapter on the paralogisms to Kant’s views on the connection between the ideas of pure reason and the progress towards the unconditioned in chains of prosyllogisms.
The Lessons of Kant’s Paralogisms
Authors: Snowdon Paul F.
Published: July 2017

The overall question of this chapter is: what relevance do Kant’s Paralogisms have for current philosophy? After characterising Kant’s negative points about rational psychology, it is argued that once we abandon transcendental idealism and we appreciate that Kant’s assumption that we lack intuitions of ourselves is problematic, then Kant’s approach lacks a convincing basis. It is further argued that Strawson’s much more favourable reading of Kant’s argument relies on certain conceptual assumptions that are also unwarranted. The major and important lesson for our time, it is suggested, is that Kant identifies a serious weakness in a popular style of pro-dualist reasoning.
Introduction
Authors: Gomes Anil , Stephenson Andrew
Published: July 2017

The essays in this volume explore those aspects of Kant’s writings which concern issues in the philosophy of mind. This brief introduction briefly introduces each of the essays and says something about how they are connected. The questions the essays address are central to any understanding of Kant’s Critical philosophy. They include: What role does mental processing play in Kant’s account of intuition? In what sense, and in what ways, are intuitions object-dependent? How should we understand the nature of the imagination? What is inner sense, and what does it mean to say that time is the form of inner sense? Can we cognize ourselves through inner sense? How do we self-ascribe our beliefs and what role does self-consciousness play in judgment? Is the will involved in judging? What kind of knowledge can we have of the self? And what kind of knowledge of the self does Kant proscribe?
The Swiss or Swabian War of 1499
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

The Swiss (or Swabian) War had its origins beyond Swabia itself, in conflicts between Austrian Tirol and the Rhaetian Leagues; Emperor Maximilian’s plans to invade Italy, however, drew in the Swabian League, which in early 1499 mustered troops to defend its own region from attack or plunder. Imperial troops were sent from the Netherlands, with the result that three separate theatres of war developed: in Vorarlberg, on the Hochrhein, and on the Upper Rhine/Alsace. A series of skirmishes quickly brought hostilities to an end in a ‘war’ which was essentially accidental and avoidable. Much of the fighting consisted of raiding and plundering. By the Treaty of Basel (October 1499) the status quo ante enshrined in the Perpetual Accord was restored; the city of Basel, however, was admitted as a full member to the Confederation.
The Hereditary Agreement of 1511
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Verdicts on the Swiss War now agree that it was a local conflict which spun out of control. In its aftermath the Confederation reached its final composition, with the admission of Basel and Schaffhausen as full members in 1501 and Appenzell in 1513. Were existing treaties to apply to the new members? Yet the status of Konstanz was still not resolved. Only when Konstanz was stripped of its effective independence in 1510 was Maximilian prepared to sign the Hereditary Agreement with the Swiss the following year. While continuing the provisions of the Perpetual Accord of 1474, the agreement forswore any military assistance, but contained a non-aggression clause and a prohibition on accepting each other’s subjects into a protective alliance (Burgrecht).
The Romandie
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Much of francophone Switzerland (the Romandie) was a region open to rival political powers. Savoy controlled the Chablais and the Vaud, but Burgundy had designs upon the Romandie, and so did France, both in respect of the Franche-Comté and eastwards across the Jura mountains to the county of Neuchâtel. Alsatian cities and western Swiss cities, principally Bern, in turn had western ambitions, whether active or reactive. The principal means of securing influence in this open landscape was the protective alliance (Burgrecht), granted to lords, ecclesiastical foundations, and towns in return for admission to citizenship in the cities, some of whom became in due course associated members of the Confederation. The many and renewed Burgrechte between Bern (and Fribourg) and Savoy came under strain, however, because the cities accepted Savoy subjects as citizens, latterly citizens of Geneva, over which Savoy asserted jurisdiction.
Savoy Strikes Back
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Duke Charles’s harassment of Geneva from the 1510s led to the arrest and execution of leading councillors and the formation of a pro-Swiss party, the Eidguenots, led by Besançon Hugues. Savoy claimed the office of justiciar (vidomne) by virtue of its imperial vicariate, which also threatened the rights of the bishop, whose supporters styled themselves Mammelus, though many were pro-Savoy. In 1519, prompted by refugees from the city, Fribourg concluded a Burgrecht with Geneva, whereupon Savoy laid siege to Geneva. The Burgrecht was rescinded, but renewed aggression against Lausanne led to a Burgrecht between it and Bern and Fribourg in 1525, followed by another with Geneva in 1526. By then Duke Charles had abandoned neutrality as Savoy lent towards Emperor Charles V, much to the chagrin of France.
Religion or Politics?
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

In 1532 Guillaume Farel began Reforming preaching in Geneva. Fribourg’s Catholicism estranged it from Geneva (and Lausanne, where there was evangelically tinged hostility towards the bishop), but still asserted its claims on the Vaud. Bern, always more reluctant to force a breach with Savoy, now was willing to abandon claims to the entire Vaud in return for the pledge of four strategically important communes. Unrest in Geneva led to the (temporary) expulsion of Farel, while Fribourg felt compelled by its Catholicism to renounce its Burgrecht, but was still insisting on payment of war expenses (as was Bern). By 1535 Bern was willing to recognize Savoy’s rights over Geneva if the duke were willing to tolerate evangelical preaching.
Balaam and Bedlam
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

This chapter shows how contemporary reviews of Romantic poetry, and the hostile rhetoric of insanity they used, both stigmatized and popularized the Romantic mad poet. A forensic rhetoric, drawing directly on medical ideas of partial insanity and critical ‘moral management’, was deployed by the periodical press in the first quarter of the nineteenth century—first the quarterlies like the Edinburgh Review and the Quarterly Review, then later new capricious and aggressive magazines such as Blackwood’s, and more quotidian or staid journals—against all of the major Romantic poets. The chapter shows, moreover, how the polemical terms in which Romantic poets were dismissed also held the seeds of their later canonization. The periodical critics, while they used slurs of meaningless insanity to dismiss poetry for political and reactionary ends, also spread the fame of ‘mad genius’, turning a marginalized opinion on the link between creativity and disorder into a cultural phenomenon.
Cases of Poetry
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

This chapter looks at how nineteenth-century biography picked up and transformed the image of the Romantic mad poet from earlier periodical criticism. This occurred first in brief lives and ‘cases of poetry’ in periodicals themselves, then in popular anthologies of the ‘infirmities of genius’, and finally in the larger narratives of poetic irrationality or anti-rationality presented in mid-Victorian literary biography. The chapter makes a particular case study of pivotal biographies in the 1840s, 1850s, and 1860s by Thomas Medwin, Thomas Jefferson Hogg, Thomas Love Peacock, Alexander and Anne Gilchrist, Frederick Martin, and others writing on Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake, and John Clare respectively. The chapter uses readings of these poetic lives to propose a prehistory of twentieth-century psychoanalytic biography or psychobiographical criticism and its ‘hermeneutics of suspicion’ (Paul Ricœur).
Creativity, Genius, and Madness
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the numerous modern psychological studies which sought to establish connections between mental illness and human creativity or intelligence, arguing that these studies have a direct but often occluded lineage from the textual and biographical legacy of Romanticism in the nineteenth century. A line of transmission can be traced in which lists of ‘geniuses’, and illustrative anecdotes of their supposed irrationality and ideal or hallucinatory insanity, were absorbed directly from early critical and biographical writing about Blake, Coleridge, Shelley, Clare, and others, into a scientific (or pseudoscientific) tradition of writing which reached its apex in the 1890s, in works by Galton, Maudsley Lombroso, and their imitators, most notoriously Nordau and others on degeneration. The scientific, cultural, and political consequences of this tradition are considered as a demonstration of what might be at stake in the genealogy of the Romantic mad poet, and the circumspection necessary in its invocation.
Madness Writing Poetry/ Poetry Writing Madness
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

The final chapter returns to the scene of Romantic poetry, looking at poetry by William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Clare. It reads these Romantic texts as poised articulations of the idea of poetic madness, and discusses generally how these writers contributed to, or interwove with their own lives and works, new and rediscovered mythologies of madness, sometimes anticipating or resisting the public images created by journalism, criticism, or biography, previously described. Finally, the Romantic mad poet is considered in relation to criticism and the canonical role of Romanticism in English literature.
Partisan Speech and Political Legitimacy
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter asks whether partisans should enjoy greater freedom of speech than ordinary citizens, including freedom to use hate speech when the latter is (or should be) legally regulated. The chapter shows that partisan speech offers a threefold contribution to political legitimacy, by acting as a loudspeaker, helping to set the political agenda, and advancing broad manifestoes and programmes. This threefold contribution of partisan speech to political legitimacy offers a pro tanto justification for exempting partisans from hate speech laws. However, the chapter argues that a justification-based (as opposed to merely procedural) conception of political legitimacy would often justify hate speech legislation and, crucially, that the special commitment that partisans ought to display to public reason, as illustrated in the previous chapters, implies that partisan speech should not be granted any special protection or exemption from hate speech legislation, despite its threefold contribution to a procedural kind of political legitimacy.
Causal Counterfactuals and Impossible Worlds
Authors: Nolan Daniel
Published: July 2017

A standing challenge in the theory of counterfactuals is to solve the ‘deviation problem’. Consider ordinary counterfactuals involving an antecedent concerning a difference from the actual course of events at a particular time, and a consequent concerning, at least in part, what happens at a later time. In the possible worlds framework, the problem is often put in terms of which are the relevant antecedent worlds. Desiderata for the solution include that the relevant antecedent worlds be governed by the actual laws of nature with no miracles; that the past in those worlds before the antecedent time matches the actual past; that the account is compatible with determinism, and that many of our ordinary counterfactual judgements are correct, and would be correct even given determinism. Many theorists have compromised on one or more of these desiderata, but this chapter presents an account employing impossible worlds that satisfies them all.
Pragmatic Explanations of the Proportionality Constraint on Causation
Authors: Maslen Cei
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the case for a proportionality constraint on causation. A range of examples seem to show that we prefer causes to be proportional to their effects. To use Yablo and Williamson’s example, when investigating causes of an injury we tend to judge ‘being hit by a red bus’ to be too specific, ‘being hit’ to be too general, and ‘being hit by a bus’ to be about right. In this chapter, some pragmatic explanations of this preference are presented and compared to each other. It is then argued that a version of a contrastivist approach to causation gives the best explanation. Some consequences for mental causation and causal claims at different levels are also discussed.
Reflections on the State of the Art in Western Qurʾanic Studies
Authors: Stewart Devin
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides a survey of Western European qur’anic studies from ca. 1200 until the present. It proposes the chronological division of this scholarship into five periods, endeavouring to explain the significant accomplishments made in each, as well as the challenges scholars faced and the debates in which they engaged. It stresses the major interruption in the continuity of qur’anic studies that occurred in the mid­–late twentieth century. Then it provides an overview of current trends in qur’anic studies. While the field has certainly experienced a revival, several old problems have not been overcome, and systematic advances in the understanding of the Qurʾan are proceeding more slowly than one might imagine, given the amount of attention being focused on the work.