bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The structure of the gonad during natural sex reversal in Monopterus albus (Pisces: Teleostei)
Authors: Chan S. T. H. , Phillips J. G.
Published: August 2009

A detailed study on the structure of the gonad of Monopterus albus was made as a basis for analysis of gonadal steroids in this sex‐reversing teleost. Two types of males were identifiedand their existence appeared to be a result of the difference in gonadal ontogeny among the individuals in natural populations. The germinal area of the gonad, the gonadal lamellae, exhibited à zoned nature with regard to the location of the female and male germ cells. Observations suggested that the male germ cells originated from gonia pre‐existing in the inner zone of the gonadal lamellae before sex reversal. Natural reversal of sex in this protogynous hermaphrodite was found to be usually a postnuptial event and was always accompanied by loss of ovarian tissue and by development of interstitial (Leydig) cells. In the mesogonial region of the gonadal wall, peculiar mesenchyme cells were found, their significance remained uncertain.
The oestrus cycle of the Senegal bush baby (Galago senegalensis senegalensis) in the Sudan
Authors: Butler* H.
Published: August 2009

Structural changes in the overies, uterus and vagina of the Senegal galago (Galago senegalensis senegalensis) have been observed at several stages of the oestrus cycle in both wild and captive animals. These changes have been correlated with the periodic opening and closing of the vaginal orifice and changes in vaginal cytology. The general pattern of these structural changes was similar to that seen in other mammals but showed the following special features: periodic opening and closing of the vaginal orifice; a prolonged post‐ovulatory invasion of the uterus and vagina by large numbers of eosinophil leucocytes; an unusually long life of the corpus luteum of the nonpregnant cycle. Although this animal did not menstruate its endometrium appeared to have to dual arterial supply like that seen in those higher primates that do menstruate. The coiled, elastic endometrial arteries formed a vascular adaptation to permit rapid dilatation of the uterus during early pregnancy. The urethra perforated the whole length of the long and peniform clitoris and this was associated with the periodic opening and closing of the vaginal orifice. These features made sexing very difficult. The observed time of occurrence of oestrus, together with field data on pregnancy stages and times of birth, indicated the probable occurrence of two breeding seasons in the year separated by long periods of anoestrus. Twinning was found to be uncommon.
Seasonal fluctuations in the protozoan parasites of the centipedes Lithobius variegatusand Lithobius forficatus in a Yorkshire woodland
Authors: Lewis J. G. E.
Published: August 2009

The seasonal variation in percentage parasitization and in the average number of individuals of Echinomera spp. in Lithobius forficatus and L. variegatus is described and discussed. It is suggested that infection by Echinomera hispida may account for the low numbers of L.forficatus in damp woodlands.

Coccidia occur only in L. variegatusand the incidence of metazoan parasites is very low.
Carotenoids and carotenoid metabolism in Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Authors: Gilchrist Barbara M. , Lee* W. L.
Published: August 2009

The carotenoid pigments of the hepatopancreas, ovaries and epidermis of Carcinus maenas were investigated. The following pigments were identified: β‐carotene, δ‐carotene, echinenone, isocryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, flavoxanthin and astacene.

The relative abundance of these pigments in the three tissues and the presence of possible hydroxy and keto intermediates suggest the metabolism of astaxanthin from β‐carotene. The metabolic pathway in Carcinus is discussed in relation to recent studies on other invertebrates.
Biology of the jerboa, Jaculus jaculus butleri (Rodentia, Dipodidae), in the Sudan
Authors: Happold* D. C. D.
Published: August 2009

A study of the jerboa, Jaculus jaculus butleri, was made in the desert near Khartoum, Sudan. The species, habitat and method of capture are described. Information is given on the population and reproduction, and a “pattern of generations” is suggested. Details are given on the behavioural attitudes and activities of the jerboa, moulting, vocal noises, ectoparasites and predators.
Oxidative activity of poikilotherm mitochondria as a function of temperature
Authors: Newell R. C.
Published: August 2009

In Newell & Northcroft (1967) evidence was presented which showed that the metabolism of certain intertidal invertebrates at rest does not vary greatly with temperature change. The following work was undertaken to determine whether temperature‐independent metabolism could be demonstrated in suspensions of mitochondria extracted from poikilotherm tissue and whether it could be inferred that there was any difference in the ability of poikilotherms from different habitats to adjust toshort‐term temperature change.

It was found that the rate of reaction/temperature curve of mitochondria isolated from the skate Raia had a flattened region below 10°C but above this the rate of oxidation of succinate and pyruvate increased regularly with temperature. The curve for intertidal forms had a gradual slope extending as high as 20°C in the mussel Mytilus edulis while in the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa the gradual slope reached 27.5°C after which the rate of oxidation of substrate increased sharply before declining towards higher temperatures. Finally, the curve for mitochondria isolated from the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria showed a gradual slope up to 35°C after which a sharp increase in the rate of oxidation of substrate occurred. Thus the extent of the gradual slope corresponds with the normal environmental temperature range to which the tissues of the poikilotherms are subjected and the general form of the R‐T curve is such that rapid fluctuations within the normal environmental temperature range have relatively little effect on the rate of mitochondrial activity.
“Necking” behaviour in the giraffe
Authors: Coe Malcolm J.
Published: August 2009

Previous references to “necking” behaviour, and the main features of the study area are briefly outlined.

“Necking” behaviour in giraffe takes place only in all male herds. When the animals are in a head to head posture the intensity is either high or low, but when animals take up a head to tail posture the actions are always of high intensity and appear to have greater sexual significance.

The significance of “necking” is discussed, and it is suggested that these ritualized actions form an important sexuo‐social bonding mechanism whereby a hierarchy is created amongst the males,and movement between strictly bachelor and mixed herds helps to maintain contact between the sexesin this polygamous mammal.
The food of a community of East African freshwater fishes
Authors: Munro J. L.
Published: August 2009

Quantitative data on the food of the fishes inhabiting Lake Mcllwaine, Rhodesia, show that the feeding of the dominant species in this community (Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), Hydrocynus vittatus (Castelnau), Tilapia melanopleura Dumeril, Tilapia mossamhica Peters, Tilapia macrochir Boulenger, Labeo altivelis Peters, and Gnathonemus macrolepidotus (Peters)) covers a wide spectrum, and almost all elements of the potential food supplyare utilized. Exceptions are noted, however, and the introduction of the Indian carp, Catla catla (Cuv. & Val.), is advocated in order to utilize the large blooms of phyto‐ and zooplankton. The oligochaete, Branchiura cf. sowerbyi, which forms over 50% of the benthic biomass is also not utilized as a source of fish food. However, no fish species is known tofeed on oligochaetes to any large extent. Predation by the Tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus, is shown to have severe effects upon recruitment to the valuable Tilapia fishery, and the reduction of the abundance of H. vittatus by means of selective fishing techniques is advocated.
On the morphology of Schistosoma rodhaini (Trematoda, Digenea, Schistosomatidae)
Authors: Fripp P. J.
Published: August 2009

A description of a Uganda strain of Schistosoma rodhaini Brumpt, 1931, is presented andthe data are compared with published data on strains from other Central African localities.
The relationship between fecundity and fertility in the mouthbrooding cichlid fish Tilapia leucosticta
Authors: Welcomme R. L.
Published: August 2009

The development of fry in the mouth of the female mouthbrooder Tilapia leucosticta Trewavas is described. The egg production by fish of various lengths is plotted and a curvilinear regression for standard and total length fitted. The number of eggs produced is approximately equal tothe square of the total length in centimetres of the parent fish. The brood numbers of 460 femalesare plotted against length, and linear regressions for mean brood number and mean fry number fitted. The relationship between the expressions for numbers of fry brooded and egg production gives anestimate of brooding efficiency that decreases with increasing parent length. Individual female fish show signs of reripening and the timing of this process is estimated from gonad state and from the length of fry brooded in the mouth. The relationship between fecundity (egg production) and fertility (fry brooded) is considered and the effect of maturation size, growth rate and spawning frequency assessed.
Quantitative sampling of the pseudoscorpion Chthonius ischnocheles from beech litter
Authors: Gabbut Peter D.
Published: August 2009

Samples of beech litter were taken from a site in Lambridge Wood, near Henley‐on‐Thames, Oxon.during the period May 1963 to November 1964. Peaks and trends in the densities of each of the stages of C. ischnocheles clarify the earlier work of Gabbutt & Vachon (1963) especially for the postwinter period. Most of the protonymphs appear during July to September and the majority overwinter as deutonymphs. Growth recommences the following spring, peak densities of tritonymphs are achieved in May to June and maturity is attained July to August. Mortality in the prewinter periodis at least 85% and about 50% occurs during the protonymphal stage. The adults in August belong toat least two different generations. about 40% have recently matured, the remainder have bred at least once before. Mention is made of the densities achieved by both N. muscorum and R. lubricus in relation to the very high overall densities recorded on the site.
A review of Lebanese mammals. Lagomorpha and Rodentia*
Authors: Lewis Robert E. , Lewis Joanne H. , Atallah Sana I.
Published: August 2009

Mammals belonging to the orders Lagomorpha and Rodentia collected in the Republic of Lebanon during the past seven years in conjunction with an ectoparasite survey are reported. Keys to the families, subfamilies, genera and species are presented. Fifteen species of verified occurrence within the political boundaries of Lebanon are discussed and four additional species of possible occurrence are mentioned. Tables of external and cranial measurements are included.
Distribution of the plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis
Authors: Orr T. S. C.
Published: August 2009

The geographical distribution of the cestode Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus 1758) is described with reference to the species of freshwater fish infected. Recent references indicate that the larval stage of this cestode is commonly reported from the Northern Hemisphere but less commonly from the Southern Hemisphere.

Cyprinid fish are infected in the Northern Hemisphere in the New and Old World, and where cyprinid fish are scarce, fish occupying a similar ecological position are infected. However, the infection of Yellow perch in North America and the absence of infected European perch may suggest that the form in the Yellow perch if not morphologically, may be physiologically, distinct.

In the Southern Hemisphere cyprinids have been reported as infected in Rhodesia and galaxids as infected in Australia. The infection of galaxids, some of which enter the sea to breed may indicate a possible method of distribution. It is suggested that transplantation of the larval cestode from the body cavity of one fish to another may yield more definite information as regards specificity.

The infection of fish, other than those listed, is reviewed with reference to those fish known to occur in habitats where fish infected with Ligula intestinalis also exist.
On the age and growth of the freshwater eel (Anguilla anguilla)
Authors: Sinha V. R. P. , Jones J. W.
Published: August 2009

The growth of over a 1000 eels from three different watersheds was investigated. Because of the difficulties of sexing eels we were only able to compare the size of females with that of eels with lobulate organs (some of the latter are potential females). Generally female eels grow faster than the others. There was little difference in the growth of eels with lobulate organs even though there was a great difference in the eel population density in the three localities. But, in any one locality there was a large range of growth. It is suggested that the competition for food is most acute amongst the smaller size groups. As they grow, eels tend to become cannibalistic and find small eels and elvers an easy source of food.

The growth of some continental eels has been related to temperature but this is not confirmed by experimental work. Nevertheless eels eat little or nothing at low temperature as is shown by the large percentage of eels with empty stomachs in our samples.
On the food of the freshwater eels and their feeding relationship with the salmonids
Authors: Sinha V. R. P. , Jones J. W.
Published: August 2009

Following the results of the cursory investigations made by Jones & Evans (1960,1962) into the predatory habits of eels we decided to enlarge on this work. Consequently we looked at the stomach contents of about 5000 eels. In addition and at the same time two Welsh streams carrying salmonids were selected and sampled specifically to try to determine the relationship in the feeding habits of eels and salmonids.

The food of eels consisted mainly of trichopteran and dipteran larvae and plecopteran and ephemeropteran nymphs, though at times Gastropoda, Annelida, Crustacea and fish were common in the stomachs. Fish was not an important dietary item but, when eaten, the fish most commonly taken were elvers and eels.

In the River Dwyfach the salmonids ate more or less the same type of food as the eels, but the trout ate more surface food than the young salmon.

The similarity in feeding between the eels and salmonids resulted in apparent competition during the warmer months. In winter when the eels ate little the competition was thus almost negligible. Even though we speak of competition for the food available in the summer months we feel that before this can be accepted as fact we must know the relative abundance of each food organism eaten at this time.
The structure of the chorion of the egg of the mouthbrooding cichlid fish Tilapia mossambica
Authors: Dadzie Stephen
Published: August 2009

In Tilapia mossambica, the zona radiata of the chorion of the egg is greatly reduced and the gelatinous membrane is absent. These modifications can be correlated with the mouth‐incubating habit of this species.
The male of Lasiargus gowerensis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) a recently discovered British spider
Authors: Cooke J. A. L. , Duffey Eric , Merrett P.
Published: August 2009

Lasiargus gowerensis Locket (Locket, 1965) was previously known from a single female. The recent collection of numerous examples of both sexes has enabled the species to be fully described and illustrated and its systematic position to be verified. Some comments on its habitat are also given.
The Zoological Society of London Report of the Society's Pathologist for the year 1965
Authors: T‐W‐Fiennes R.N.
Published: August 2009

An account is given of autopsy examinations of Mammalia, Aves and Reptilia during the year 1965. Statistical analyses of results are added in the tables given.
Behavioural attitudes and regulation of temperature in Amphibolurus lizards
Authors: Bradshaw S. D. , Main A. R.
Published: August 2009

The contribution of discrete behavioural attitudes towards temperature regulation has been studied, both in the field and in the laboratory, in five species of Agamid lizards of the genus Amphibolurus. This genus has radiated widely in the arid and semi‐arid areas of Australia and the species selected for study were chosen to represent, as closely as possible, the range of habitats occupied by the genus. Behaviour patterns thought to be of significance in temperature regulation have been characterized thermally in terms of the mean body temperature and the set of mean environmental temperatures at which they have been observed. When comparisons are made between the temperature specificities of similar and analogous behaviour patterns displayed by species from different habitats, few significant differences emerge. Thus, desert‐living species show no greater tolerance towards grossly elevated body temperatures than do species from less severe habitats, when similarly temperature acclimated, although the former are exposed daily to environmental temperatures much greater than those prevailing in semi‐arid and sub‐humid habitats. Selection for the ability to tolerate increased body temperatures therefore does not appear to have operated in the genus, due to the efficacy of the thermoregulatory behaviour of these lizards. All species, however, depend upon the presence of thermal refuges for their survival during the hottest periods of the day, and this is especially so for species inhabiting very hot dry habitats. Desert‐inhabiting species are also obliged to spend considerable periods of the day in high‐temperature avoidance behaviour patterns and are thus forced to endure long daily exposures to body temperatures above those preferred for activity. Short‐term acclimatory adjustments in temperature tolerance assist the animals in surviving this exposure. The situation with Amphibolurus contrasts strongly with that found in other desert‐living agamids, such as Diporophora, which are unable to avoid effectively the heat of the day and show an ability to tolerate high body temperatures far in excess of the most thermophilic Amphibolurus species.
The African elephant, Loxodonta africana: a field method for the estimation of age
Authors: Sikes Sylvia K.
Published: August 2009

A new field method, now termed the “FM technique”, for age estimation in wild African elephants was outlined in a previous paper (Sikes, 1966a). In this technique, the stage reached in the molar progression which occurs throughout the life of any elephant, is related to a fixed point, namely the foramen mentale, in the lower jaw. The stage reached in any individual elephant of either sex may thus be described as its “molar age” by the “FM formula” (a descriptive, non‐mathematical formula). Up to the age of 30 years, molar age may be converted with reasonable accuracy to year age. Above this point, however, any such conversion must be regarded as arbitrary and of doubtful value until such time as adequate additional data from older African elephants of known age become available.

The molars are briefly described, and the molar progression in the species outlined. A hypothesis is offered as a possible explanation of the mechanism of the progression. The field procedure for using the FM technique is explained, and its advantage over previous methods discussed. A comprehensive Age Reference Chart for field use is given, covering the whole potential life span of the African elephant.
Weights and growth rates in the Mountain hare Lepus timidus scoticus
Authors: Hewson Raymond
Published: August 2009

Mountain hares were weighed during live trapping on a study area near Dufftown, Banffshire, from June 1958 to August 1966. Hares shot or killed by other means on the study area and elsewhere were also weighed. Females were heavier than males throughout the year and this difference became apparent in juveniles by August of their year of birth. Male hares lost weight during the breeding season (January to June) but regained it in late summer. Young hares gained weight initially at about 14 g per day, then at about 6 g per day to adult weight. Small juveniles, or those born late in the season, tended to become small adults, large or early juveniles to become large adults. Small hares moulted less completely andjbegan to breed later in the season than large hares. The effects of disease, starvation, severe weather and injury on hare weights were considered. Female weights were greater when the population was small, due to more late pregnancies or more embryos per female. Weight could not be used to distinguish between adult and juvenile hares above 2.1 kg, nor between young and older adults.
The mechanism of breathing in the South Asmerican lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa; radiological study
Authors: Bishop I. R. , Foxon G. E. H.
Published: August 2009

In filling the lungs by means of the buccal “force‐pump”, air drawn into the buccal cavity by the lowering of the floor of the mouth is forced into the lungs when the mouth is firmly closed and the buccal floor raised. This mechanism depends on the ability of the fish to prevent air being forced out of the mouth through the lips and it is shown that the tongue is pressed against the roof of the mouth to form a seal. Radiologically it has been shown that the hyoid apparatus (“ceratohyal” of some authors) plays a large part in the movements necessary to draw air into the mouth, seal it in and force it into the lungs. Another skeletal element involved is the pectoral girdle which makes considerable movements in association with the filling of the lungs. Expiration of the air from the lungs, which as shown by radiographs may be remarkably complete, is brought about by the elasticity of the lung tissue.
Mobility and crystalline form of the lime in the cuticle of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas
Authors: Digby Peter S. B.
Published: August 2009

Calcification of biological tissues is usually attributed to the operation of a template mechanism or to enzymes. An electrochemical mechanism has been proposed by the author to account for calcification in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas L. and elsewhere. In the crab, study of cuticle structure suggested that calcification may arise as precipitation of lime by an alkaline reaction resulting from diffusion processes, largely outward diffusion of salt. The mechanism is probably that salt diffusion produces a potential which results in a flow of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions through the liquid phase of the cuticle (membrane hydrolysis) or of electrons through semiconducting materials in the solid phase (producing electrode action at the two surfaces). The latter, electrochemical action, in which an alkaline reaction arises by cathodic action at the outer surface and acid by anodic at the inner, appears the more likely, although the conduction mechanism may be complex.

Further evidence concerning the dependence of calcification on diffusion is now presented. The lime of the normal plaques in crab cuticle is shown to be mobile. Thus decrease of salinity on the outer side of the cuticle, which increases the normal salinity gradient across it, causes enhanced precipitation at or on the outer surface while increase of salinity on the outer side, which reduces or reverses the salinity gradient across it, causes reduced precipitation or solution at the surface and re‐deposition further in. These changes occur in similar ways in both non‐living preparations of cuticle and in living crabs and are attributed to changes in the positions of acid and alkaline layers by the direction of salt diffusion. Crabs kept out of water do not calcify. Lime precipitation in the cuticle is thus mainly controlled not by the nucleating properties of a specific organic template or by enzymes more or less fixed in position, but by salt diffusion. Further, crystalline deposits of lime very similar to those in the crab have been produced by precipitation of mixtures of the appropriate salts in a foreign material, cellophane. Inclusion of iron and magnesium is necessary to produce spherulites like those of the crab and even more similar forms can be produced in thin films of magnesium hydroxide gel. It is therefore not necessary to postulate any specific organic nucleating action for the production of such deposits in crab cuticle.
On the affinities of three fossil ocypodid crabs and their relevance to the time and place of origin of the genus Macrophthalmus (Crustacea: Brachyura)
Authors: Barnes R. S. K.
Published: August 2009

All the species of Macrophthalmus described from fossil material belong to the still extant subgenus Venitus. M. vindobonensis and M. aquensis, the two earliest known species of the genus, are closely related to the extant M. latreillei, while M. guamensis is conspecific with M. leptophthalmus.

Doubt is cast on Remy's (1952) theory of the late Tertiary migration of Macrophthalmus from the Mediterranean, its suggested place of origin, to the Indo‐West Pacific, its present distributional range. Instead it is proposed that Macrophthalmus arose in the Indo‐West Pacific during the late Eocene‐Oligocene, and extended its range into the Mediterranean during the early‐middle Miocene. The Mediterranean species became isolated during the late Miocene by a land bridge, and probably became extinct following the elevation of their brackish habitat during the late Miocene‐Pliocene.
The Indian Ocean giant tortoise Testudo gigantea on Aldabra
Authors: Gaymer R.
Published: August 2009

The Indian Ocean giant tortoise survives on Aldabra, an atoll north‐west of Madagascar. The Bristol Seychelles Expedition estimated the total numbers as 33,000 during visits in 1964 and 1965. Growth and movements were recorded during marking experiments. The growth rate with size is plotted, the time scale being derived from the number of rings on the shields of the shell; and the growth curve is compared with that for captive tortoises.

Variation in many characters of supposed taxonomic value is explained as the influence of environmental factors on the normal growth pattern, and of non‐adaptive differences expressed during adult life. The present separation of north and south Aldabra, and Seychelles forms is not supported.

An explanation is suggested for the uniformity of shape among tortoises.

Observations were made on the feeding, diurnal movements and mortality of tortoises on Aldabra.
On the micro‐circulatory system of the gills of certain freshwater teleostean fishes
Authors: Munshi J. S. Datta , Singh B. N.
Published: August 2009

The micro‐circulatory system of the lamellae is in the form of a network of more or less parallel blood channels. A row of pillar cells separates two contiguous blood channels. All the pillar cells are situated in the same plane between the upper and lower basement membranes to which they remain fixed in position by means of columns. Histochemical investigations show that the basement membrane as well as the columns are collagenous in nature. Though both basement membranes and the columns are PAS positive (magenta colour), reticulin is not present as they do not respond to silver techniques. The development of new blood channels in the micro‐circulatory system of Channa striatus has been studied. They arise as buds from the wall of the pre‐existing vessels. There is some evidence to show the possible transformation of the smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of blood vessels into the pillar cells of the micro‐circulatory system. Various aspects of the physiology of the micro‐circulatory system of the gills have been discussed.
Fluctuations in the reproductive condition of Cassidula auris‐felis, a Malayan mangrove ellobiid snail (Pulmonata: Gastropoda)
Authors: Berry A. J.
Published: August 2009

Cassidula auris‐felis Brug, occurs abundantly on flat, mangrove mud on the west coast of Malaya at a level within three feet of the highest spring tides. Ovotestesof only very few snails lacked developing male gametes but oocytes were often very uncommon, becoming abundant at irregular intervals. Abundant oocytes were found in large proportions of the population after periods of more than eight days without tidal wetting. Abundant oocytes were not found after periods when the mud was left exposed for periods of seven days or less. Statistically, proportions of “predominantly female” snails are shown to be correlated with the number of days without tidal wetting in a complete period of continuous exposure prior to collection. In addition, rather more snails bore abundant oocytes in the lunar “weeks” following new and full moon than in “weeks” following half moons. Conditions leading to abundant oocytes also appear to promote copulation in adults and commencement of gametogenesis in young snails.
Influence of females on conflict among wild rats
Authors: Barnett S. A. , Evans C. S. , Stoddart R. C.
Published: August 2009

Ten male wild rats, Rattus norvegicus, trapped as adults, (“residents”) were each kept singly in large cages. During each of four weeks they were exposed daily, on five successive days, for 15 min, to a strange adult male of the same species. In weeks 1 and 3 the residents were alone; in weeks 2 and 4 two adult females were present. A further four males were similarly studied for three weeks; in weeks 1 and 3 females were present, and in week 2 they were absent. All residents except two attacked strange males more when females were present, though the females played no direct part in the encounters. There was evidence of a positive correlation between a ‘threat posture’ and the duration of attack. The theoretical implications of these observations are discussed.
The pallial glands and rock boring in Lithophaga lithophaga (Lamellibranchia, Mytilidae)
Authors: Jaccarini V. , Bannister W. H. , Micallef H.
Published: August 2009

The secretion of the pallial glands is generally held responsible for rock boring in Lithophaga lithophaga (L.). The glands do not secrete acid; the pH of the secretion was found to be about 6.5. Histochemical tests showed that the secretion is a neutral mucoprotein with calcium‐binding ability. This finding indicates, that complexing of calcium by the secretion of the pallial glands is the mechanism of chemical boring into calcareous rock in L. lithophaga.
The external morphology and life history of the pseudoscorpion Microcreagris cambridgei
Authors: Gabbutt Peter D. , Vachon Max
Published: August 2009

A study of the five British pseudoscorpions, belonging to the family Neobisiidae, is completed by the present work on the external morphology of Microcreagris cambridgei (L. Koch) with special reference to chaetotaxy. It is concluded that M. cambridgei is more nearly related to Roncus lubricus L. Koch than either is to the genus Neobisium as represented by N. muscorum (Leach), N. carpenteri (Kew) and N. maritimum (Leach). The presence of a galea on the movable finger of the chelicera of M. cambridgei is discussed in relation to its significance as a subfamilial characteristic.

Limited quantitative sampling and a Tullgren funnel extraction technique reveal that one generation is produced each year. The breeding season is short, the protonymphs are free‐living and deuto‐ and tritonymphs overwinter to mature the following summer. It is possible that adults breed for at least two years.

Le présent travail termine l'étude des modifications morphologiques que subissent les espèces de Pseudoscorpions britanniques, appartenant à la famille des Neobisiidae, au cours du développement post‐embryonnaire qui comporte 4 stades: protonŷmphe, deutonymphe, tritonymphe et adulte. Les résultats obtenus confirment et complètent ce qui a été signale pour: Neobisium muscorum, Neobisium carpenteri, Neobisium maritimum et Roncus lubricus. Les variations numériques de la chaetotaxie, de la trichobothriotaxie ne cachent pas l'existence des stades mais, au contraire, permettent leur distinction avec plus de facilityé. On constate, au cours du développement que si certains caractères (soies fiagellaires, soies coxales, trichobothries etc.) se somplètent à chaque stade, d'autres s'arrětent, se stabilisent (soies céphalothoraciques, soies chélicériennes par exemple) à un stade donné et leur nombre, leur position, ne changent plus.

La comparaison des formules chaetotaxiques et des diverses structures montre que Microcreagris cambridgei est plus proche des Roncus que des Neobisium. La présence d'une galéa au doigt mobile des chélicères est discutée en tant que caractère sous‐familial.

L'étude de la densité des populations de nymphes et d'adultes est faite par prélévements, régulièrement accomplis au cours de plusieurs années en plusieurs stations. On peut admettre l'existence d'une seule génération annuelle et de chevauchements possibles de générations.
The cuticle of the Aplacophora and its evolutionary significance in the Mollusca
Authors: Beedham G. E. , Trueman E. R.
Published: August 2009

The cuticle of Proneomenia consists of a mucoid matrix containing calcareous spicules and is secreted by the mantle epithelium at the base of the ventral (pedal) groove and over the general body surface. Histochemical examination shows the matrix to be composed of a glycoprotein complex with high acid mucopolysaccharide and low protein contents in which tanning plays little part in stabilization.

The cuticle of the Aplacophora is tentatively equated with an early mucoid stage in the evolution of the molluscan shell and it is suggested that secretion of additional protein, followed by hardening by quinone‐tanning, are necessary further stages before a calcified shell evolves. The aplacophoran cuticle is compared with that of Acanthochitona (Polyplacophora) and, although they are similar in many respects, the latter has in addition a discrete inner cuticular layer whichmay act as a semi‐conducting membrane in the deposition of the calcareous plates. The spicules are similar in both groups, each being secreted within a thin cup‐like membrane which exhibits somewhat similar properties to the inner cuticle.
The larva of Oculotrema hippopotami (Monogenea: Polystomatidae)
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: August 2009

Oculotrema hippopotami Stunkard parasitizes the eye of the hippopotamus and is the only monogenean known from a mammalian host. Eggs from the uterus of O. hippopotami hatch in water in about 30 days at 24 to 26°C. The ciliated larva resembles the larvae of other polystomatid monogeneans, apart from the absence of hamuli and the unequal lengths of the two intestinal caeca.

Up to 62 eggs are stored within the uterus of the mature worm. They are not expelled when the worm is transferred from the eye of the hippopotamus to a tube of water. Development starts when the eggs are placed in fresh‐water. There is no development in saline, and no evidence to suggest that larvae develop in situ around the eye, although very small worms have been collected from this site.
The frequency distribution of Oculotrema hippopotami (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) on Hippopotamus amphibius
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: August 2009

Oculotrema hippopotami Stunkard is a monogenean that is found around the nictitating membrane and under the eyelids of the hippopotamus. When specimens of O. hippopotami were collected from both eyes of 42 hippopotamuses in Uganda, 90.5% of the hippopotamuses were found to be infested. The maximum number of parasites on one hippopotamus was 41, and the mean number of parasites per hippopotamus was 8.26. The frequency distribution did not follow a Poisson distribution and is therefore considered to be non‐random. Both mature and small immature worms were found in the same eye, therefore the infection does not immediately confer immunity on the host.
The pineal vascular system in Lacerta muralis, with notes on the venous system of other lizards
Authors: Swain Roy
Published: August 2009

Information on the pineal blood system of lizards is very limited. In view of a number of recent suggestions that the pineal complex may function in the secretion and/or storage of hormonal material it was considered necessary to obtain further information on the vascular pathways associated with it. A description is provided here of the pineal circulation in Lacerta muralis. This circulation is extensive and provides both an efficient supply to, and drainage from, all parts of the pineal complex. In particular there is an extensive capillary system draining the habenular, posterior, and subcommissural regions. The differences observed between the pineal venous systems of Lacerta muralis, Lacerta viridis, Chalcides tridactylus, Agama cyanogaster, and Varanus niloticus are also recorded. Such differences are restricted to the drainage systems associated with the dorsal sac and anterior wall of the epiphysis. It is concluded that the abundant pineal vascular system would provide a suitable pathway for removing secretory material from the pineal complex.
Oösorption in Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: King P. E. , Richards J. G.
Published: August 2009

The process of oösorption is described. Leucine amino peptidase and esterase produced by the follicle cells remove the chorion and vitelline membrane. The oölemma grows into the oöcyte and islands of degeneration are formed. The follicle is the entity of oösorption and is isolated from adjoining follicles.

Under conditions of host deprivation oösorption begins earlier in older individuals than younger ones whose fat body is still large before egg production reaches its peak. The time of onset may be correlated with the reduction in the size of the fat body following the peak of egg production. This suggestion is supported by the reduced longevity of starved older individuals compared with younger ones.

Age has no effect on the rate of oösorption.
Mucopolysaccharides in the anuran defence against desiccation
Authors: Elkan E.
Published: August 2009

In addition to those usually mentioned in textbooks on comparative anatomy, the anuran skin contains, in many species, a layer situated between the stratum compactum and the stratum spongiosum which is acellular and which has a selective tinctorial affinity for Alizarine, haematoxylin, Alcian Blue and ionized iron. The indications are that this layer consists of acid mucopolysaccharides and calcium. This layer is most prominently developed in the more differentiated anuran families. It is almost entirely absent in the aquatic species but predominantly present in the terrestrial forms. Presumably this layer plays an important part in the defence mechanism of the Anura against desiccation.
Oviduct development and its relation to other aspects of reproduction in domesticated canaries
Authors: Hutchison Rosemary E. , Hlnde R. A. , Bendon B.
Published: August 2009

The histology and development of the oviduct of unpaired female canaries during the natural breeding season were examined. The histology resembles that of the fowl. The tubular glands develop by invagination of the epithelial cells, and albumen granules subsequently form in their cytoplasm. The epithelium differentiates into ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells. The histology of the magnum is uniform along its length at all stages of development.

Oviduct development is closely correlated with that of the ovary. In its early stages there appears to be little correlation between oviduct development and that of the brood patch or of nest‐building. The formation of albumen coincides with the enlargement of one ovarian follicle more than the rest, the completion of defeathering, and intensive nest‐building behaviour.
The walking gaits of some species of Pecora
Authors: Dagg Anne Innis , Vos Antoon de
Published: August 2009

A method is presented for defining the walking gaits of quadrupeds from films so that they can be compared in closely related species. Differences in walking patterns of 18 pecoran species belonging to four families are discussed with respect to anatomy and environment. Variation in the walk patterns of members within a species are assessed. They are found to vary often with the speed at which the walk is executed, with the terrain, with the presence of heavy horns or antlers and with age. The time taken for one walking stride increases with the increase in length of the legs, but the legs swing forward more rapidly than they would if they acted passively like cylindrical pendulums.
Numbers of flying fish observed during three voyages across the Indian Ocean
Authors: Plomley N. J. B.
Published: August 2009

Variation in density of flying fish along a transect across the Indian Ocean between Fre‐mantle and Cape Gardafui, has been studied by counting, during three voyages on freighters, the flights induced by the passage of the ship. Two regions of maximum density were found, one in the region of 7°N., 58°E. and the other in the region of 5°S., 75°E. The causes of variation in the distribution are discussed briefly.

The influence of some environmental factors on the flight of fish disturbed by the passage of a ship has been examined, and it has been concluded that wind force and direction, water temperature, and the components of weather, have little influence upon the choice of flight as a means to escape the disturbance. On the other hand, the bearing of the sun in relation to the direction of movement of the fish through the water before taking to flight has a considerable effect, fish being less likely to take to flight when their escape path is directed towards the sun than when it is directed away from the sun.
Transferrin polymorphism and serum proteins of some British deer
Authors: McDougall E. I. , Lowe V. P. W.
Published: August 2009

Polymorphism of serum proteins has been described in a number of animals. The complexity of the phenotype pattern and the number and relative frequencies of the variants differ from species to species. Within a species, the variants have sometimes been found to characterize breeds and races. In this investigation the variants of transferrin in the serum proteins of three British deer, Red (Cervus elaphus L.), Fallow (Dama dama (L)) and Sika (Cervus nippon Temminck) have been studied and compared with those of other wild and domesticated ruminants for which data are available. In Red deer their distribution differed in samples from Rhum and Braemar. On Rhum, their distribution did not indicate any significant genetic differences between the stock in the six areas onto which the population appeared to be hefted. However, there appeared to be a difference corresponding to the main east and west division of the island, the significance of which is not apparent.
The occurrence of upper canine teeth in Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from England and Scotland
Authors: Chaplin Raymond E. , Atkinson John
Published: August 2009

Examination of the skulls of 133 Roe deer (123♂, 10♀) from seven areas of England and Scotland has shown that small canine teeth or their alveoli are occasionally found in the upper jaw of both males and females. These teeth do not penetrate the gum and are detected readily only by dissection or preparation of the skull. Evidence for the presence of canine teeth was found in three of the seven populations sampled. It is concluded that the frequency of occurrence in most of the populations examined is very low except in one where it is of the order of 17 %. It is not clear whether the upper canine is represented in both the deciduous and the permanent dentition.
Temporal relations of brood patch development, nest‐building and egg‐laying in domesticated canaries
Authors: White Sheila J. , Hinde R. A.
Published: August 2009

Relationships were assessed between brood patch development, nest‐building and egg‐laying in 20 female canaries in the natural breeding season. Twelve of these were unpaired; eight were provided with males after two months of being kept singly. The later laying of some females was due to their more protracted development rather than to their later start. The completion of brood patch defeathering, a certain stage of its vascularity, and the start of intensive nest‐building occurred within a few days of each other whatever the date of egg‐laying. Differences from an earlier study of paired females which had only limited access to nest material can be understood in terms of the known effects of the male and the nest‐cup on reproductive development.

All birds showed a period of intensive nest‐building beginning about eight days before egg‐laying, with a peak about three days before. In those females in which the period of intensive building lasted for more than eight days, there was an earlier peak about seven days previously. This, and also the building behaviour of many females even earlier in the season, are in harmony with the view that reproductive development is not progressive, but intermittent.
The daily activity patterns of mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Elliott J. M.
Published: August 2009

Nymphs of Baëtis rhodani (Pictet), Ephemerella ignita (Poda), Ecdyonurus venosus (Fabricius), Rhithrogena semicolorata (Curtis), and Heptagenia lateralis (Curtis) showed a similar endogenous rhythm of activity under conditions of natural illumination, continuous light and continuous darkness; and were most active at night when they moved from the lower to the upper surface of the stone. The nymphs were positively thigmotactic and negatively phototactic in flowing water, but these taxes and the endogenous activity rhythm of all species except Heptagenia lateralis changed markedly when the flow of water ceased.
A new species of Petalophthalmus (Mysidacea) based on specimens from off Puerto Rico, hitherto referred to Petalophthalmus oculatus
Authors: Tattersall Olive S.
Published: August 2009

A history of the genus Petalophthalmus W.‐Sühm is given and some synonymies are discussed. An amended diagnosis of the genus is given and a full description, with figures, of a new species, P. caribbeanus together with some new figures of P. oculatus Illig drawn by Dr Pillai from material of this species collected to the south of the Gulf of Aden. The distinguishing characters of the two species are given.
Redescription of Petalophtkalmus oculatus (Crustacea: Mysidacea) based on an adult female collected from near the type locality
Authors: Pillai N. Krishna
Published: August 2009

A detailed fully illustrated description of P. oculatus Ulig, based on an adult female captured by R.V. ‘Argo’ in the north‐west Arabian Sea, very near the type locality is given. In the light of the previous descriptions a discussion of the diagnostic characters of P. oculatus is also included.
Some new Heliconius pupae: their taxonomic and evolutionary significance in relation to mimicry (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)*
Authors: Turner John R. G.
Published: August 2009

Pupae thought to belong to the butterflies Heliconius burneyi, H. tales, H. aoede, H. xanthocles and H. clysonymus are briefly described.

Division of the genus according to morphology, especially of the pupae, shows that the Mullerian mimicry shown by some species, for instance, the “red‐and‐yellow”H. melpomene, H. erato, H. burneyi and H. aoede and the “blue‐and‐yellow”H. wallacei and H. sara, results not simply from failure to diverge but from convergent evolution of the patterns. There is some evidence that the larvae have evolved Mullerian mimicry.

The pupa of H. doris is dimorphic for a striking morphological character—the presence
Laboratory studies on the locomotor activity of Coryphosima stenoptera and other West African Acrididae (Insecta: Orthoptera)
Authors: Phipps John
Published: August 2009

The activity of nymphs and adults of C. stenoptera (Schaum) and some other Acrididae was tested in an actograph. Sexually mature females were more active than immature; males were intermediate in activity, while nymphs, females with eggs in the oviducts and those in a condition of reproductive inactivity were least active. There was evidence that the activity of females increases with age, and that individuals differ in the mean level of activity. There appears to be little possibility at present of relating these changes to the neurosecretory and endocrine systems.