bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vorticity effects on nonlinear wave–current interactions in deep water
Authors: Moreira R. M. , Chacaltana J. T. A.
Published: July 2015

The effects of uniform vorticity on a train of ‘gentle’ and ‘steep’ deep-water waves interacting with underlying flows are investigated through a fully nonlinear boundary integral method. It is shown that wave blocking and breaking can be more prominent depending on the magnitude and direction of the shear flow. Reflection continues to occur when sufficiently strong adverse currents are imposed on ‘gentle’ deep-water waves, though now affected by vorticity. For increasingly positive values of vorticity, the induced shear flow reduces the speed of right-going progressive waves, introducing significant changes to the free-surface profile until waves are completely blocked by the underlying current. A plunging breaker is formed at the blocking point when ‘steep’ deep-water waves interact with strong adverse currents. Conversely negative vorticities augment the speed of right-going progressive waves, with wave breaking being detected for strong opposing currents. The time of breaking is sensitive to the vorticity’s sign and magnitude, with wave breaking occurring later for negative values of vorticity. Stopping velocities according to nonlinear wave theory proved to be sufficient to cause wave blocking and breaking.
Noisy transitional flows in imperfect channels
Authors: Lissandrello C. , Li L. , Ekinci K. L. , Yakhot V.
Published: July 2015

Here, we study noisy transitional flows in imperfect millimetre-scale channels. For probing the flows, we use microcantilever sensors embedded in the channel walls. We perform experiments in two nominally identical channels. The different sets of imperfections in the two channels result in two random flows in which the high-order moments of the near-wall fluctuations differ by orders of magnitude. Surprisingly, however, the lowest-order statistics in both cases appear to be qualitatively similar and can be described by a proposed noisy Landau equation for a slow mode. The noise, regardless of its origin, regularizes the Landau singularity of the relaxation time and makes transitions driven by different noise sources appear similar.
Helminth Parasites of the Wild Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) in North East England
Authors: Boag B.
Published: July 2015

During the spring, summer and autumn of 1967, 1968 and 1969, 109 rabbits were collected from two localities in Northumberland. Post mortem worm counts indicated that six species of helminths were present, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, Passalurus ambiguus, Strongyloides papillosus, Nematodirus battus, N. filicollis and Cittotaenia denticulata.

T. retortaeformis was recovered from both localities, an overall infection rate of 88% being recorded.

P. ambiguus and C. denticulata were found at only one of the localities which would indicate that these species have a locally discontinuous distribution and an explanation for this has been discussed.

Both Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis which are normally sheep parasites were recorded for the first time from wild rabbits. The numbers of rabbits infected and size of infection were small and in consequence the rabbit can not be considered an important reservoir for these species.
Wewokella costata new species, a large heteractinid calcareous sponge from the upper Mississippian Hartselle sandstone in Northeastern Alabama
Authors: Rigby J. Keith , Keyes Richard
Published: July 2015

Several specimens of the gigantic new species, Wewokella costata, have been recovered from the Upper Missisippian Hartselle Sandstone of Marshall County, east of Huntsville, in northeastern Alabama. The large sponges have flutted columnar growths and basic skeletons of triactines that are grossly encrusted or overgrown by calcium carbonate to produce massive fused skeletons. These are the oldest and largest specimens of Wewokella yet certainly identified. Wewokella costata has a skeleton with reduced numbers of triactines, but with extensive calcareous cement. The species could be in the lineage leading to the Inozoida Rigby and Senowbari-Daryan, 1996, which have spicule-free skeletons of sphaeroidal aragonite.
Internal structure of Cambrian Conodonts
Authors: Müller K. J. , Hinz-Schallreuter I.
Published: July 2015

Based on material of the Upper Cambrian of Sweden the internal structure of proto-, para- and euconodonts has been investigated. The protoconodontidsGapparodusandGumellashow some special development of the median unit of the skeletal tissue. InGapparodus, long, parallel-running lamellae suggest a continuous growth, even of previously secreted lamellae, until their eventual outcropping. InGumellathe fibrous median layer decreases considerably during growth until its complete reduction, which coincides with the disappearance of the posterior wall. Paraconodonts also produced several specialities in their mode of growth. Elements with lateral processes such asProacodusandSerratocambriadeveloped by allometric growth. The lamellae are much more widely spaced in the process than in the main cusp to attain the required length of the former. InSerratocambriaadditional lamellae are inserted in the process. Thin sections of tricuspidate westergaardodinids reveal paraconodontid growth with lamellar remains in the tip of the median denticle, which are isolated from the growth lines in the lateral denticles. Based on this observation a hypothetical growth model explains the lamellar development as a result of stress and strain. The Ordovician euconodontidChosonodinaclearly shows white matter and is thus unrelated, but homeomorphic toWestergaardodina. Cambropustulafrom the lower Upper Cambrian is the oldest euconodont yet but it lacks white matter. The latter was an evolutionary novelty, which progressively developed in the euconodont line.

The systematic position of conodonts is briefly discussed; the studied material cannot contribute to the hypothesis of neural crest derived skeletal tissue.
The forefin of Chensaurus chaoxianensis (Ichthyosauria) shows delayed mesopodial ossification
Authors: Motani Ryosuke , You Hailu
Published: July 2015

The hitherto poorly known forefin of Chensaurus chaoxianensis (Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Triassic (Spathian) is redescribed on the basis of the holotype and two new specimens. The humerus resembles that of Utatsusaurus hataii but is distinctive in having an emarginated anterior margin. The anteroproximal prominence of the radius is well developed, unlike that of other ichthyosaurs. All three specimens have five metacarpals and many phalanges, but only three carpals, which are identified as the ulnare, intermedium, and fourth distal carpal. These specimens show that delayed mesopodial ossification occurred in ichthyosaurs, at least in an early evolutionary stage. Because delayed mesopodial ossification is common among diapsids and is unknown in Jurassic ichthyosaurs, it was lost during the evolution of the Ichthyosauria. The osteogenic developmental axis appears to have continued into the fourth digit, as in other amniotes. The ossification pattern provides conclusive evidence to support the suggestion that the basal element of the fifth digit in Early Triassic ichthyosaurs is a metacarpal, rather than a carpal.
New Miocene mammalian faunas from west central Nevada
Authors: Kelly Thomas S.
Published: July 2015

Four new fossil mammalian assemblages are now recognized from west central Nevada. The late Barstovian or earliest Clarendonian Eagle-Picher Mine Site assemblage was recovered from the upper sedimentary member of the ?Desert Peak Formation exposed in the northeastern Virginia Range of Storey County and consists of the following taxa; Camelidae, gen. indet. and Rhinocerotidae, gen. indet. The ?Clarendonian Churchill Valley Local Fauna and Clarendonian or Hemphillian Churchill Narrows Site assemblage were recovered from correlatives of the type Coal Valley Formation exposed along the southern flanks of the Virginia Range and in the vicinity of the Churchill Narrows area, respectively. The Churchill Narrows Site assemblage consists of the following taxa: Rhinocerotidae, gen. indet.; Camelidae, gen. indet. (small-sized); and Camelidae, gen. indet. (large-sized). The Churchill Valley Local Fauna consists of the following taxa: Leporidae, gen. indet.; cf. Mustelidae, gen. indet.;Teleocerassp. indet.;Dinohippussp. indet.; Camelidae, gen. indet. (small-sized); and Camelidae, gen. indet. (large-sized). The late Hemphillian Silver Springs Local Fauna was recovered from outcrops of the Truckee Formation exposed in the southeastern Virginia Range of Lyons and Churchill counties. It is the first biostratigraphically datable fauna from the upper member of the formation and consists of the following taxa:Lepoidescf.lepoides; Hypolagus ringoldensis; Hypolagus tedfordi; Hypolagussp.;Pliotaxideasp. indet;Teleocerassp. indet.;Dinohippussp. indet.;Hemiauchenia vera;Camelidae, gen. indet. (medium-sized); and Antilocapridae, gen. indet.
Pennsylvanian endothyroid foraminifera from the Appalachian Basin
Authors: Hoare R. D. , Sturgeon M. T.
Published: July 2015

Endothyroid foraminifers are common in most marine Pennsylvanian units in the Appalachian Basin. The genera Planoendothyra Reitlinger, 1959, and Endothyranella Galloway and Harlton, 1930, are the dominant taxa. Scarce Endothyra Phillips, 1846, are restricted below the Desmoinesian. The greatest change in stratigraphic distribution of taxa occurs at the Atokan-Desmoinesian boundary.

Sixteen taxa are recognized. Five new species are proposed, including Planoendothyra orbiculata, P.? associata, Endothyranella kentuckyensis, E. inflata, and E. intermissa. Most taxa are assigned previously described American species using a cf. designation. Description and thin section illustration provide a basis for nomenclatural acceptance of these taxa.
The internal features of some Paleozoic rhynchonellid brachiopods
Authors: Savage Norman M. , Goodwin Eric H.
Published: July 2015

The generaLissopleura, Sphaerirhynchia, Pectorhyncha, Yanishewskiella, andTerebratuloideahave been investigated to elucidate their internal features and taxonomic relationships. Specimens of the type species of these genera were sectioned.Lissopleuraremains slightly enigmatic in that the holotype ofLissopleura aequivalvisis thinner and has a less pronounced fold than most specimens in the collection, including the one sectioned by us. The holotype is probably immature and is within the range of variation of specimens from the type area. The internal features lead us to assignLissopleurato the Trigonirhynchiidae.Sphaerirhynchia wilsonihas a short septalium without a cover plate and other features that place it in the Hebetoechiidae.Pectorhyncha obtusiplicatahas a very thick shell and a septalium filled by a large, bilobed cardinal process. The genus has several features similar toObturamentella, and is assigned to the Obturamentellidae.Yanishewskiella angulata, which is retained within the Tetracameridae, has a spondylium with lateral buttresses, and a septalium into which the medium septum projects.Terebratuloidea davidsonihas small dental plates, and is assigned to the Allorhynchidae.
Freshwater ostracodes from upper Middle Devonian fluvial facies, Catskill Mountains, New York
Authors: Friedman Gerald M. , Lundin Robert F.
Published: July 2015

Leperditiocope ostracodes identified asSollenella? sp. were discovered in the Gilboa Formation (upper Givetian, uppermost Middle Devonian) within the continental Catskill Magnafacies of New York State. The deposits in which the ostracodes were found are meandering-fluvial facies that were part of a vast alluvial plain that sloped westward from the eroding Acadian Mountains. Hence, ostracodes colonized freshwater habitats earlier than heretofore thought. It has been widely accepted that, until now, the oldest known unequivocal occurrences of freshwater ostracodes are of Late Carboniferous age. This new discovery means that the first colonization of freshwater habitats by Ostracoda occurred approximately 60 million years earlier than previously known.
Avicularia-like structures in a Paleozoic fenestrate bryozoan
Authors: McKinney F. K.
Published: July 2015

Structures that mimic the general shape of cheilostome avicularia occur within the Paleozoic fenestrate bryozoan genusFenestrapora.These structures, here termedaviculomorphs, are isolated within laminar extrazooidal skeleton and are characterized by an elongate triangular outline that surrounds a shallow, concave pit. The acute tip of the triangular structure was elevated above the general level of the surrounding skeleton, as is the case for many avicularia. The aviculomorphs could not have functioned precisely as do avicularia, but like avicularia they are inferred to have had a thickened cuticular mandible that matched the skeletal base and to have been able to articulate the mandible open and closed along a fulcrum on the short side of the triangular skeletal outline.
Nahoniella, a new name for Yukonella Shi and Waterhouse, 1996 (Spiriferida, Brachiopoda)
Authors: Shi G. R.
Published: July 2015

Shi and Waterhouse (1996, p. 127) proposed a new genus, Yukonella, for a distinctive licharewiinid species (Spiriferida, Brachiopoda) based on well-preserved material from the Lower Permian upper Jungle Creek Formation, northern Yukon Territory, Canada. However, the Editor of the Zoological Record, Mrs. M. Joan Thorne (personal commun., 1997), has kindly informed me that the name Yukonella is preoccupied by an Upper Triassic poriferan genus published by Senowbari-Daryan and Reid (1986, p. 900). I therefore rename the brachiopod genus Nahoniella after the Nahoni Range in the northern Ogilvie Mountains of northern Yukon Territory, Canada, where the type species of the genus, Nahoniella plana (Shi and Waterhouse), was collected.
Note on the ichthyosaurian Cymbospondylus
Authors: Lindemann Franz-Josef
Published: July 2015

In 1992 Sander described in this journal a find of the ichthyosaurian genus Cymbospondylus from the Middle Triassic of Spitsbergen. At the time of publication, the specimen illustrated in figures 2-4 (Sander, 1992) and five associated elements (not figured) were housed at the Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich (PIMUZ A/III 496 and PIMUZ A/III 647-651). These specimens were later donated by their collector and owner Professor Hans-Joachim Schweitzer (Bonn) to the Paleontological Museum of the University of Oslo (PMO), where they are now stored under the following numbers:

PMO 162.003 (=PIMUZ A/III 496, figs. 2-4 in Sander, 1992)

PMO 162.004 (=PIMUZ A/III 647)

PMO 162.005 (=PIMUZ A/III 648)

PMO 162.006 (=PIMUZ A/III 649)

PMO 162.007 (=PIMUZ A/III 650)

PMO 162.008 (=PIMUZ A/III 651)
New upper Paleocene species of the bivalvePlicatulafrom southern California
Authors: Squires Richard L. , Saul Louella R.
Published: July 2015

Three new species of the shallow-marine, warm-water bivalvePlicatulaare reported from the upper Paleocene Santa Susana Formation of southern California.Plicatula simiensisnew species is from the middle part of the formation on the south side of Simi Valley and occurs as a displaced specimen in deep-marine turbidites.Plicatula lapidicinanew species andP. trailerensisnew species are both from coralline-algal-rich muddy siltstone just beneath a nearshore, coralline-algal limestone interval in the upper part of the formation in the Santa Ynez Canyon area, east-central Santa Monica Mountains. These three new species represent the first late Paleocene records of genusPlicatulaon the west coast of North America and the first Paleocene records of this genus in southern California.
The ostracode genera Moorites Coryell and Billings, 1932, and Discoidella Croneis and Gale, 1938, in the Pennsylvanian of the Appalachian basin
Authors: Hoare R. D.
Published: July 2015

Rare to abundant specimens of Moorites Coryell and Billings, 1932, and Discoidella Croneis and Gale, 1938, have been recovered from 13 Pennsylvanian stratigraphic units in the Appalachian basin. Eight species of Moorites, including the new species M. sturgeoni, M. ornatus, M. percultus, and M. erugatus, are recognized. Discoidella is represented by D. lingulata Cooper, 1946. Moorites hewetti Coryell and Billings, 1932, is recognized as the type species of Moorites. An ontogenetic series of M. percultus illustrates changes in shape and ornamentation. Increase in complexity of ornamentation from Lower to Upper Pennsylvanian provides a basis for specific identification.
Morphological reconstruction ofMiaohephyton bifurcatum, a possible brown alga from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, South China
Authors: Xiao Shuhai , Knoll Andrew H. , Yuan Xunlai
Published: July 2015

On the basis of morphological and taphonomic study of a large sample population,Miaohephyton bifurcatumSteiner, emend. from the terminal Proterozoic Doushantuo Formation (600-550 Ma), South China, is interpreted as algal fragments shed from their parent thalli for reproductive or environmental reasons. Characters such as regularly dichotomous, multicellular thalli with forked tips, apical and intercalary meristematic growth, abscission structures, and possible conceptacles collectively suggest an affinity with the brown algae, in particular the order Fucales. In conjunction with reports of xanthophyte fossils in older Neoproterozoic rocks, this reinterpretation ofMiaohephyton bifurcatumindicates that photosynthetic stramenopiles (chrysophytes, synurophytes, xanthophytes, phaeophytes, and diatoms; or chromophytes sensu stricto) diversified during the Neoproterozoic Era along with the red and green algae. This, in turn, suggests that the secondary endosymbiosis that gave rise to the photosynthetic stramenopiles took place relatively soon after the evolutionary transformation of cyanobacteria to rhodophyte plastids.
Silurian hexactinellid sponges from northern British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Rigby J. Keith , Nelson Joanne L. , Norford B. S.
Published: July 2015

Faunules of largely hexactinellid sponges have been collected from siltstones of Early Silurian Wenlock or latest Landovery age within the upper Road River Group from northern British Columbia. The assemblages include the new species: Protospongia columbiana, Hexatractiella pseudonevadensis and Cyathophycus akiensis. Other taxa described include the hexactinellids Protospongia conica Rigby and Harris, 1979, Hexatractiella nevadensis (Rigby and Stuart, 1988), Diagoniella sp., Gabelia pedunculus? Rigby and Murphy, 1983, and a specimen of the monaxonid demosponge Wareiella typicala Rigby and Harris, 1979. Also included is a fragment of what must have been a steeply obconical-cylindrical hexactinellid sponge of uncertain taxonomy; it has a skeleton of robust hexactines in an unquadruled net, above a root-tuft of 10-20 spicules. Other sponge impressions include small circular clusters of hexactines with radiating, to basketlike patterns and somewhat similar, isolated and dissociated, long probably roof tuft spicules and possible basal root tuft rosettes of monaxons. The faunules are similar to other outer continental margin, black shale, sponge assemblages of the Early Paleozoic Era, and include elements previously described from northern British Columbia and central Nevada.
Inconobotopora lichenoporoides, a new genus and species of cystoporate bryozoan from the Silurian of Gotland, and its evolutionary implications
Authors: Tang Su , Cuffey Roger J.
Published: July 2015

An unusual, lichenoporid-like bryozoan colony from Mid-Silurian strata on Gotland is described as a new cystoporate, Inconobotopora lichenoporoides new genus and species; a poorly known form from the same area and approximate horizon is reclassified as Inconobotopora silurica (Hennig, 1906). Similarities in overall morphology, particularly flagged by the distinctive radial-disk construction, combine with geochronologic sequence to suggest the possibility of an evolutionary lineage from Ordovician Constellaria, through Silurian Inconobotopora, to Devonian Botryllopora, and perhaps even on to Cretaceous-Cenozoic-Recent Lichenopora (although this last extension is extremely difficult to demonstrate in the present state of knowledge).
Llandovery secuicollactinae and rotasphaeridae (radiolaria) from the Cape Phillips Formation, Cornwallis Island, Arctic Canada
Authors: MacDonald Eugene W.
Published: July 2015

Radiolaria extracted from two bedded-limestone and two limestone-concretion samples from the upper Llandovery of the Cape Phillips Formation, Cornwallis Island, allow the distinction between the spicular haplentactinid subfamily Secuicollactinae and the nonspicular Rotasphaeridae. This restores Secuicollactinae and returns Secuicollacta to the subfamily from the Rotasphaeridae. Secuicollactinae represent 36 percent of the fauna and are assigned to three genera, Secuicollacta, Diparvapila new genus, and Parvalanapila new genus; these form 27, five, and three percent of the fauna, respectively. The remaining one percent of the subfamily is unassigned. Rotasphaeridae form four percent of the fauna and are represented by Rotasphaera. Secuicollacta is diagnosed on the basis of the presence of an ectopic spicule in addition to several rotasphaeridlike primary units. The salient characters of Diparvapila include two lattice shells with an ectopic spicule on the medullary shell. Parvalanapila is diagnosed on the basis of a lattice sphere overlain by a labyrinthine layer and an ectopic spicule on the lattice sphere. New species described here are Secuicollacta malevola, S. sceptri, S. gliris, S. herrimani, S. segari, S. vallipuellae, S. resodiosae, S. glaebosa, S. teli, Diparvapila hicocki, D. saintrochae, D. larseni, Parvalanapila fleischerorum, and Rotasphaera severa. Four species of Secuicollacta are reported in open nomenclature, as are two of Diparvapila and two of Rotasphaera.
The ichnogenusCurvolithusrevisited
Authors: Buatois Luis A. , Mangano M. Gabriela , Mikuláš Radek , Maples Christopher G.
Published: July 2015

The ichnogenusCurvolithusFritsch, 1908, originally described from the Ordovician of the Prague Basin, typically comprises ribbonlike or tonguelike, flattened, endostratal traces with three rounded lobes on the upper surface. However, considerable confusion persists regarding the ichnotaxonomic status and diagnostic features of its ichnospecies. The type specimens of this ichnotaxon, overlooked in most subsequent reports, are redescribed herein.Curvolithus multiplexFritsch, 1908, the type species, is retained for specimens with a trilobate upper surface and a quadralobate lower surface, in contrast to the criteria adopted by subsequent authors. The other ichnospecies originally proposed from the type locality,C. gregariusFritsch, 1908, actually consists of a series of grouped parallel scratch marks forming ridges and should be removed fromCurvolithus.Subsequently, four ichnospecies were defined:C.?davidisWebby 1970;C. annulatusBadve and Ghare 1978;C. aequusWalter et al. 1989; andC. manitouensisMaples and Suttner 1990.Curvolithus?davidisshows the typical trilobation ofCurvolithusapparently in its lower surface, but the morphology of the upper surface is uncertain. Accordingly, it does not warrant ichnospecific assessment, and is regarded as anomen dubium.The nature of the annulations on the trilobate upper surface ofC. annulatusis unclear, and this ichnospecies is also best considered as anomen dubium.Curvolithus aequushas a bilobate lower surface and probably represents washed out specimens ofDidymaulichnus.Finally,C. manitouensiscomprises specimens with a smooth, trilobate upper surface and a smooth, quadralobate lower surface, and is best regarded as a junior synonym ofC. multiplex. Curvolithus multiplexhas been used incorrectly forCurvolithuswith a trilobate upper surface and a trilobate to unilobate lower surface. The new ichnospecies,Curvolithus simplex,is proposed herein for such traces.Curvolithusis interpreted as a locomotion trace (Repichnia) of endostratal carnivores, possibly gastropods, flatworms, or nemerteans.Curvolithusis a component of theCruzianaichnofacies in shallow-marine facies, either of normal salinity or slightly brackish, in the latter case typically associated with fan deltas.
On Self-conjugate Permutations
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: July 2015

The conception of conjugate permutations appears to be due to Rothe. The definition may be expressed thus:—Two permutations of the numbers 1, 2, 3,…, n are called conjugate when each number and the number of the place which it occupies in the one permutation are interchanged in the case of the other.
Mill and the Gorgias
Authors: NORDQUEST DAVID A.
Published: July 2015

John Stuart Mill thought himself more indebted to Plato for his mental culture than to any other author. A study of his Gorgias translation and notes shows that arguments in On Liberty and Utilitarianism for individuality, freedom of discussion and the superiority of higher pleasures were probably shaped by that dialogue.
Weighting Surprise Parties: Some Problems for Schroeder
Authors: RISBERG OLLE
Published: July 2015

In this article I argue against Schroeder's account of the weight of normative reasons. It is shown that in certain cases an agent may have reasons she cannot know about without them ceasing to be reasons, and also reasons she cannot know about at all. Both possibilities are troubling for Schroeder's view.
AN AMBIGUOUS BEGINNING: AL-ẒĀHIR WA-AL-BĀṬIN IN IBN KHALDŪN'S PREFACE TO THE MUQADDIMA
Authors: El-Rayes Waseem
Published: July 2015

Ever since the rediscovery of Ibn Khaldūn's Muqaddima in modern times, debates have been ongoing regarding his identity as a scholar: was he a revolutionary thinker in the modern sense of the word, breaking away from classical and medieval modes of thinking, or was he in fact a conservative Muslim scholar who did not venture far from his traditional Muslim horizons? Through a careful examination of the preface to the Muqaddima, this article shows what he thought about the nature of his project and why he thought it necessary. Accordingly, it builds the case that Ibn Khaldūn is indeed a revolutionary – but not in the modern sense of the word – who did not shy away from challenging tradition in order to reform society's moral and political horizons. An examination of the preface alone will not provide a definitive answer to the question of Ibn Khaldūn's radical vs. conservative thought, but it does put his conservatism (apparent and real) in context.
AL-SUHRAWARDĪ ON MIRROR VISION AND SUSPENDED IMAGES (MUTHUL MU ʿALLAQA)
Authors: Sinai Nicolai
Published: July 2015

The notion of a “World of Images” located somewhere between the immaterial and the material world was a mainstay of eschatological speculation in late medieval Islam. As has been recognised before, the concept was launched by al-Suhrawardī (d. 1191). However, its more properly philosophical underpinnings, in particular the notion of “suspended” images – images which somehow have an objective, rather than just a mental or subjective, status – merit further clarification, which this article attempts to provide. Since the concept of “suspended forms”, while applied to eschatological matters in the last treatise of the Philosophy of Illumination, makes its first appearance in a discussion of mirror vision, I examine in some detail Avicenna's understanding of mirror vision as presented in the Shifāʾ, to which al-Suhrawardī reacts. I then undertake a detailed reconstructive analysis of two paragraphs of the Philosophy of Illumination, paying particular attention to the question of the ontological status of “suspended” or “self-subsistent” images as well as to the idea that mirrors serve, not as loci in which images inhere, but as loci at which they become manifest (singular maẓhar).
Introduction: histories of Cold War cities
Authors: FARISH MATTHEW , MONTEYNE DAVID
Published: July 2015

The guest editors for this special issue ofUrban Historyare both Canadian, and for many Canadians the hottest conflict of the Cold War might have been the 1972 ‘Summit Series’, eight hockey games played between the Russian Red Army team and an all-star cast of Canadian professionals. Without delving into the sporting glories of the series (Canada won it, four games to three, with one tie), we can aver that the event was as much about diplomacy, national identity and political-economic rivalry in the context of the Cold War as it was about skating and scoring.
Drastic increases in overweight and obesity from 1981 to 2010 and related risk factors: results from the Barbados Children’s Health and Nutrition Study
Authors: Fernandez Melissa Anne , Kubow Stan , Gray-Donald Katherine , Knight JaDon , Gaskin Pamela S
Published: July 2015

Objective

To examine overweight and obesity (OWOB), changes in prevalence and potential risk factors in Barbadian children.

Design

A cross-section of students were weighed and measured. The WHO BMI-for-age growth references (BAZ), the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth percentiles were used to determine OWOB prevalence. Harvard weight-for-height-for-age growth standards were used to estimate differences in OWOB prevalence from 1981 to 2010. Samples of parents and students were interviewed to describe correlates of OWOB.

Setting

Barbados.

Subjects

Public-school students (n580) in class 3.

Results

Based on WHO BAZ, the overall prevalence of OWOB was 34·8 % (95 % CI 30·9, 38·7 %). A trend of higher OWOB prevalence was seen for girls across cut-offs, with significant sex differences noted using the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. According to Harvard growth standards, OWOB has increased dramatically, from 8·52 % to 32·5 %. Children were more likely to be OWOB when annual household income was below BBD 9000 (OR=2·69; 95 % CI 1·21, 5·99). Eating dinner with the family every night was associated with a lower prevalence of OWOB (OR=0·56; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·87).

Conclusions

The sharp increase of OWOB rates in Barbados warrants attention. Sex disparities in OWOB prevalence may emerge at a young age. Promoting family meals may be a feasible option for OWOB prevention. Understanding familial and sociodemographic factors influencing OWOB will be useful in planning successful intervention or prevention programmes in Barbados.
Are 24 h urinary sodium excretion and sodium:potassium independently associated with obesity in Chinese adults?
Authors: Ge Zeng , Zhang Jiyu , Chen Xiaorong , Yan Liuxia , Guo Xiaolei , Lu Zilong , Xu Aiqiang , Ma Jixiang
Published: July 2015

Objective

To examine the association of 24 h urinary Na excretion and Na:K with obesity in Chinese adults.

Design

Population-based cross-sectional study using a four-stage stratified sampling strategy.

Setting

Shandong Province, China.

Subjects

Chinese adults (n 1906) aged 18–69 years who provided complete 24 h urine samples.

Results

Odds of obesity increased significantly across increasing quartiles of urinary Na excretion (1·00, 1·54, 1·69 and 2·52, respectively, for overweight; 1·00, 1·20, 1·50, and 2·03, respectively, for obesity; 1·00, 1·44, 1·85 and 2·53, respectively, for abdominal obesity (assessed by waist circumference); and 1·00, 1·28, 1·44 and 1·75, respectively, for abdominal obesity (assessed by waist-to-height ratio); P for linear trend <0·001 for all). In addition, odds of abdominal obesity, but not odds of overweight and obesity, increased significantly with successive Na:K quartiles. Additionally, for each increment in urinary Na excretion of 100 mmol, odds of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity (by waist circumference) and abdominal obesity (by waist-to-height ratio) increased significantly by 46 %, 39 %, 55 % and 33 %, respectively. Similarly, with a 1 sd increase in Na:K, odds of abdominal obesity (by waist circumference) and abdominal obesity (by waist-to-height ratio) increased significantly by 12 % and 15 %, respectively.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that 24 h urinary Na excretion and Na:K might be important risk factors for obesity in Chinese adults.
Die bionische Hand
Authors: Surke Carsten , Ducommun dit Boudry Pascal , Vögelin Esther
Published: July 2015

Zusammenfassung. Der Verlust der oberen Extremität stellt ein einschneidendes Ereignis für den Betroffenen dar. State of the Art ist der Ersatz der amputierten Extremität durch eine Prothese. Seit ihrer ersten Entwicklung vor etwa 70 Jahren sind Fortschritte bezüglich Grösse, Gewicht und Komfort zu beobachten. Die wenig intuitive Steuerung durch fehlende Greiffunktionen und die geringe Greifgeschwindigkeit, insbesondere jedoch die fehlende sensorische Rückkopplung schränken die Akzeptanz bei den Patienten deutlich ein. Durch verschiedene aktuelle Entwicklungen soll eine intuitivere Steuerung der Prothese ermöglicht werden und gleichzeitig eine sensorische Rückkopplung an den Prothesenträger erfolgen. Durch die gezielte Reinnervation können Muskeln zur Steuerung einer Prothese „umprogrammiert“ werden. Die Implantation von Elektroden direkt in die Muskelbäuche des amputierten Unterarmes kann eine differenziertere Steuerung der Prothese ermöglichen. Vielversprechende Ergebnisse zeigen auch Nervenelektroden, die genutzt werden können bilateral die Kommunikation zwischen Prothese und Patient herzustellen. Die folgende Übersichtsarbeit soll den aktuellen Stand der bionischen prothetischen Versorgung zusammenfassen.
Herzersatzverfahren – Möglichkeiten der langfristigen mechanischen Kreislaufunterstützung
Authors: Englberger Lars , Reineke David C. , Martinelli Michele V. , Mohacsi Paul , Carrel Thierry P.
Published: July 2015

Zusammenfassung. In der Schweiz leben aktuell etwa 200’000 Menschen mit einer Herzinsuffizienz. Etwa 10’000 Patienten befinden sich in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium. Sind die konservativen Möglichkeiten ausgeschöpft, stellt die Herztransplantation die beste Option in der Behandlung der terminalen Herzinsuffizienz dar. Ist eine Transplantation wegen strikter Auswahlkriterien und langen Wartezeiten nicht möglich kommen mechanische Kreislaufunterstützungssysteme zum Einsatz. Bei der mechanischen Kreislaufunterstützung unterscheidet man zwischen kurzfristiger und langfristiger Unterstützung. Die längerfristige Herzersatztherapie erfolgt heute meist mit Pumpen, welche die Herzfunktion unterstützen (ventricular assist device = VAD) wobei das native Herz am Ort verbleibt und die Pumpe parallel zur evtl. verbleibenden Restfunktion des Herzens arbeitet. Bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten ist die Unterstützung der linksventrikulären Funktion ausreichend (left ventricular assist device = LVAD); der rechte Ventrikel alleine (RVAD) resp. eine bi-ventrikuläre Unterstützung (BiVAD) müssen seltener durchgeführt werden. Die modernen Systeme sind implantierbar, erzeugen einen kontinuierlichen Blutfluss und sind durch ein transkutan ausgeleitetes Kabel (driveline) verbunden mit der Stromversorgung und dem Steuerungsantrieb. Bei den Indikationen kommen verschiedene Überbrückungsstrategien zur Anwendung: bridge to decision (kurzfristige Unterstützung), bridge to candidacy, bridge to transplant. Immer häufiger werden Herzunterstützungssysteme als definitive Therapieoption implantiert (destination therapy). In Zukunft wird sich weiter die destination therapy etablieren und sich die LVAD-Implantation einen Platz als Alternative zur Herztransplantation verschaffen.
Clinical and prognostic significance of bone marrow abnormalities in the appendicular skeleton detected by low-dose whole-body multidetector computed tomography in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Nishida Y , Matsue Y , Suehara Y , Fukumoto K , Fujisawa M , Takeuchi M , Ouchi E , Matsue K
Published: July 2015

Clinical significance of medullary abnormalities in the appendicular skeleton (AS) detected by low-dose whole-body multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) was investigated. A total of 172 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (n=17), smoldering MM (n=47) and symptomatic MM (n=108) underwent low-dose MDCT. CT values (CTv) of medullary density of AS⩾0 Hounsfield unit (HU) was considered as abnormal. Percentage of medullary abnormalities and the mean CTv of AS in patients with MGUS, smoldering MM and symptomatic MM were 18, 55 and 62% and −44.5 , −20.3 and 11.2 HU, respectively (P<0.001 and P<0.001). Disease progression of MM was independently associated with high CTv on multivariate analysis. In symptomatic MM, the presence of abnormal medullary lesions was associated with increased incidence of high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities (34.4% vs 7.7%; P=0.002) and extramedullary disease (10.4% vs 0%; P=0.032). It was also an independent poor prognostic predictor (hazard ratio 3.546, P=0.04). This study showed that CTv of AS by MDCT is correlated with disease progression of MM, and the presence of abnormal medullary lesions is a predictor for poor survival.
The cyanobacterium Mastigocladus fulfills the nitrogen demand of a terrestrial hot spring microbial mat
Authors: Estrella Alcamán María , Fernandez Camila , Delgado Antonio , Bergman Birgitta , Díez Beatriz
Published: July 2015

Cyanobacteria from Subsection V (Stigonematales) are important components of microbial mats in non-acidic terrestrial hot springs. Despite their diazotrophic nature (N2 fixers), their impact on the nitrogen cycle in such extreme ecosystems remains unknown. Here, we surveyed the identity and activity of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the neutral hot spring of Porcelana (Northern Patagonia, Chile) during 2009 and 2011–2013. We used 16S rRNA and the nifH gene to analyze the distribution and diversity of diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Our results demonstrate the dominance of the heterocystous genus Mastigocladus (Stigonematales) along the entire temperature gradient of the hot spring (69–38 °C). Insitu nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction), nitrogen fixation rates (cellular uptake of 15N2) and nifH transcription levels in the microbial mats showed that nitrogen fixation and nifH mRNA expression were light-dependent. Nitrogen fixation activities were detected at temperatures ranging from 58 °C to 46 °C, with maximum daily rates of 600 nmol C2H4 cm−2 per day and 94.1 nmol N cm−2 per day. These activity patterns strongly suggest a heterocystous cyanobacterial origin and reveal a correlation between nitrogenase activity and nifH gene expression during diurnal cycles in thermal microbial mats. N and C fixation in the mats contributed ~3 g N m−2 per year and 27 g C m−2 per year, suggesting that these vital demands are fully met by the diazotrophic and photoautotrophic capacities of the cyanobacteria in the Porcelana hot spring.
The Folding process of Human Profilin-1, a novel protein associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Del Poggetto Edoardo , Chiti Fabrizio , Bemporad Francesco
Published: July 2015

Human profilin-1 is a novel protein associated with a recently discovered form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This urges the characterization of possible conformational states, different from the fully folded state, potentially able to initiate self-assembly. Under native conditions, profilin-1 is monomeric and possesses a well-defined secondary and tertiary structure. When incubated at low pH or with high urea concentrations, profilin-1 remains monomeric but populates unfolded states exhibiting larger hydrodynamic radius and disordered structure, as assessed by dynamic light scattering, far-UV circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence. Refolding from the urea-unfolded state was studied at equilibrium and in real-time using a stopped-flow apparatus. The results obtained with intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism indicate a single phase without significant changes of the corresponding signals before the major refolding transition. However, such a transition is preceded by a burst phase with an observed increase of ANS fluorescence, which indicates the conversion into a transiently populated collapsed state possessing solvent-exposed hydrophobic clusters. Kinetic analysis reveals that such state has a conformational stability comparable to that of the fully unfolded state. To our knowledge, profilin-1 is the first example of an amyloid-related protein where folding occurs in the absence of thermodynamically stable partially folded states.
A microelectromechanical system artificial basilar membrane based on a piezoelectric cantilever array and its characterization using an animal model
Authors: Jang Jongmoon , Lee JangWoo , Woo Seongyong , Sly David J. , Campbell Luke J. , Cho Jin-Ho , O’Leary Stephen J. , Park Min-Hyun , Han Sungmin , Choi Ji-Wong , Hun Jang Jeong , Choi Hongsoo
Published: July 2015

We proposed a piezoelectric artificial basilar membrane (ABM) composed of a microelectromechanical system cantilever array. The ABM mimics the tonotopy of the cochlea: frequency selectivity and mechanoelectric transduction. The fabricated ABM exhibits a clear tonotopy in an audible frequency range (2.92–12.6 kHz). Also, an animal model was used to verify the characteristics of the ABM as a front end for potential cochlear implant applications. For this, a signal processor was used to convert the piezoelectric output from the ABM to an electrical stimulus for auditory neurons. The electrical stimulus for auditory neurons was delivered through an implanted intra-cochlear electrode array. The amplitude of the electrical stimulus was modulated in the range of 0.15 to 3.5 V with incoming sound pressure levels (SPL) of 70.1 to 94.8 dB SPL. The electrical stimulus was used to elicit an electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) from deafened guinea pigs. EABRs were successfully measured and their magnitude increased upon application of acoustic stimuli from 75 to 95 dB SPL. The frequency selectivity of the ABM was estimated by measuring the magnitude of EABRs while applying sound pressure at the resonance and off-resonance frequencies of the corresponding cantilever of the selected channel. In this study, we demonstrated a novel piezoelectric ABM and verified its characteristics by measuring EABRs.
A Computational Model of Innate Directional Selectivity Refined by Visual Experience
Authors: Adams Samantha V. , Harris Christopher M.
Published: July 2015

The mammalian visual system has been extensively studied since Hubel and Wiesel’s work on cortical feature maps in the 1960s. Feature maps representing the cortical neurons’ ocular dominance, orientation and direction preferences have been well explored experimentally and computationally. The predominant view has been that direction selectivity (DS) in particular, is a feature entirely dependent upon visual experience and as such does not exist prior to eye opening (EO). However, recent experimental work has shown that there is in fact a DS bias already present at EO. In the current work we use a computational model to reproduce the main results of this experimental work and show that the DS bias present at EO could arise purely from the cortical architecture without any explicit coding for DS and prior to any self-organising process facilitated by spontaneous activity or training. We explore how this latent DS (and its corresponding cortical map) is refined by training and that the time-course of development exhibits similar features to those seen in the experimental study. In particular we show that the specific cortical connectivity or ‘proto-architecture’ is required for DS to mature rapidly and correctly with visual experience.
Asymmetric C–H Bond Insertion Reactions
Authors: Wu Wen-Ting , Yang Ze-Peng , You Shu-Li
Published: July 2015

C–H bond insertion reactions have been recognized and investigated for a long time with a broad range of applications in organic synthesis. Recently, inspiring progress, especially on the dirhodium carbenoids, have been accomplished by an asymmetric approach. This chapter provides a general overview of these impressive advances in three sections, including C–H bond insertion by metal carbenoids, metal nitrenoids, and metal oxo species. Starting with carbene chemistry, the chapter concentrates on an array of chiral dirhodium catalysts, carbene precursors, especially the donor/acceptor ones, which are crucial to the success of highly selective, tunable, and efficient intermolecular asymmetric C–H bond insertion reactions, and relatively mature catalytic systems exemplified vividly by the combined C–H functionalization/Cope rearrangement (CHCR). Moreover, this methodology is further integrated with computational studies providing detailed mechanistic and prediction models. Next, breakthroughs in other metal carbenoids are also discussed, followed by the introduction of C–H bond insertion by metal nitrenoids and metal oxo species. C–H bond insertion reactions have streamlined the construction of C–C, C–N, and C–O bonds in organic synthesis for a long time. In recent years, impressive progress has been accomplished in the asymmetric approach. According to the type of the formed bonds, these inspiring achievements will be introduced in three sections in the first chapter of this book, including C–H bond insertion by metal carbenoids, metal nitrenoids, and metal oxo species.
Asymmetric Functionalization of C–H Bondsviaa Transient Carbon–Metal (C–M) Species
Authors: Gao De-Wei , Zheng Jun , Ye Ke-Yin , Zheng Chao , You Shu-Li
Published: July 2015

This chapter summarizes the recent achievements in the area of asymmetric functionalization reactions of C–H bonds via a transient carbon–metal (C–M) species (focusing on contributions after 2009). Compared with the traditional cross-coupling reactions, where C–X and C–M bonds are coupled, mediated by transition metal complexes, these reactions employ C–H bond containing compounds as the coupling partner, thus reducing the synthetic steps and minimizing the formation of salt wastes. Fueled by an array of effective transition metal-based catalytic systems bearing different chiral ligands, diverse enantioenriched products containing central, planar, or axially chiral elements can be synthesized via asymmetric C–H bond functionalization reactions. Some biologically relevant natural products can be also accessed in a straightforward manner.
Asymmetric Hydrovinylation Reactions
Authors: Xu Qing-Long , You Shu-Li
Published: July 2015

Among the transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric carbon–carbon bond-forming processes, the asymmetric hydrovinylation reaction, which can be defined as the formal addition of ethylene across the double bond of an olefin, is one of the most efficient reactions in organic synthesis. In the field of hydrovinylation reactions, the biggest challenge is how to improve the selectivity and achieve enantioselective reactions. In this chapter, we aim to give the whole picture of the current asymmetric hydrovinylation reactions catalyzed by transition metal systems.
Conversion of levulinic acid into γ-valerolactone using Fe3(CO)12: mimicking a biorefinery setting by exploiting crude liquors from biomass acid hydrolysis
Authors: Metzker Gustavo , Burtoloso Antonio C. B.
Published: July 2015

The direct conversion of LA, from crude liquors after biomass acid hydrolysis, into GVL is achieved using Fe catalysts.
Surface immobilization of a protease through an inhibitor-derived affinity ligand: a bioactive surface with defensive properties against an inhibitor
Authors: Tang Zengchao , Luan Yafei , Li Dan , Du Hui , Haddleton David M. , Chen Hong
Published: July 2015

Surface immobilization of a protease through its inhibitor-derived peptide was shown to be advantageous in retaining the enzymatic activity of the protease and protecting the protease from being inhibited by its inhibitor.
Phase diagram, mechanical properties, and electronic structure of Nb–N compounds under pressure
Authors: Zhao Zhonglong , Bao Kuo , Tian Fubo , Duan Defang , Liu Bingbing , Cui Tian
Published: July 2015

New candidate Nb2N, NbN2, NbN3, and NbN4 compounds are uncovered at pressures of 0–100 GPa. It is found that the metallic bonding and the filling of Nb–N antibonding states play key roles in influencing the hardness.
The effect of water on the binding of glycosaminoglycan saccharides to hydroxyapatite surfaces: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Ruiz Hernandez Sergio E. , Streeter Ian , de Leeuw Nora H.
Published: July 2015

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the binding of chondroitin sulfate to hydroxyapatite surfaces in the presence of water to evaluate the effect of the solvent on the adsorption of glycosaminoglycan.