bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Nanaimo Group ammonites (Cretaceous, Santonian–Campanian) from British Columbia and Washington State
Authors: Haggart James W. , Ward Peter D.
Published: August 2016

The ammonite speciesPuzosia(Mesopuzosia)densicostataMatsumoto,Kitchinites(Neopuzosia)japonicusSpath,Anapachydiscuscf.A. nelchinensisJones,Menuitescf.M. menu(Forbes),Submortoniceras chicoense(Trask), andBaculitescf.B. bouleiCollignon are described from Santonian–Campanian strata of western Canada and northwestern United States. Stratigraphic occurrences and ranges of the species are summarized and those taxa important for correlation with other areas in the north Pacific region are noted.
Re-examination of the statistical methods used to determine the number of point counts needed for micropaleontological quantitative research
Authors: Patterson R. Timothy , Fishbein Evan
Published: August 2016

Currently some controversy exists in the micropaleontological community concerning the statistically correct number of counts required for quantitative examinations, particularly with respect to the effect of variations in the number of species between samples and the significance of varying fractional abundances on the reliability of results. This analysis of the various statistical methods used to determine the number of required counts has shown that the number of species has no relationship to the number of counts required to measure accurately fractional abundances. As part of the study, logarithmic contours plotting percentage abundance against the total number of specimens, which provide abundance errors at a 95 percent confidence level, have been generated. The plot is displayed logarithmically to emphasize the significance of rare microfossil elements that dominate most assemblages, and which are important in many paleoenvironmental studies. Based on the plot, it is recommended that researchers utilize counts of at least 50 for indicator species having a fractional abundance of approximately 50 percent or greater; 300 counts for species which comprise approximately 10 percent of a sample; 500–1,000 counts for species that make up 5 percent of a sample; and counts of several thousand for defining species that comprise 1 percent of a sample. It is important to note, however, that where similar biofacies are involved, higher counts are required to accurately distinguish them. It is also recommended that researchers include fractional error abundances with their estimated abundances to provide an indication of their accuracy.
Publication date of “Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification”
Authors: Loeblich Alfred R. , Tappan Helen
Published: August 2016

A recent review (Haman, 1988) of the publication “Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification” by Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr. and Helen Tappan, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, incorrectly indicated the date of its publication as “early 1988,” although adding, parenthetically, “The senior author refers to the publication date as December, 1987, A. R. Loeblich, Jr., January, 1988, written communication.”
A new interfacial method for conodont separation
Authors: Belka Zdzislaw , Skompski Stanislaw , Waksmundzki Boguslaw
Published: August 2016

Conodonts display higher specific gravity (2.84-3.10) than common minerals in sedimentary rocks. For several decades this property has been exploited to separate these microfossils from sediment residues using density separation techniques. Two heavy liquids commonly used, bromoform and tetra-bromoethane, are toxic (Sax, 1979; HaufTand Airey, 1980) and constitute a danger to human health. Tetrabromoethane is a known carcinogen (Brem et al., 1974). Both of these liquids should be abandoned in favor of nontoxic sodium polytungstate (Callahan, 1987; Merrill, 1987b; Krukowski, 1988). There are, however, some technical problems with its use because of relatively high viscosity and a tendency to recrystallize during separation. Another big disadvantage is also its price at $100 per kilogram. These problems may be considerably overcome by using polytungstate in the way described by Savage (1988).
The use of vinyl polysiloxanes and quick setting epoxies in paleontology
Authors: Leiggi Patrick
Published: August 2016

Quick setting dental impression materials are nothing new in the paleontology laboratory. In a paleontological note published in the Journal of Paleontology on “The Use of Dental Impression Material For Molding Macrofossils” (Quilty & Williams, 1975), the products Xantopren and Optosil were introduced as a simple and fast method of obtaining precision molds in 1-3 minutes. Since the mid-1970's these products have been replaced by vinyl polysiloxanes.
Presidential Address Paleontology: the academy and the marketplace
Authors: Lane N. Gary
Published: August 2016

The presidential address for The Paleontological Society traditionally has been given on a topic in the president's own special area of research. This year I am breaking that tradition because there are serious matters concerning this Society that deserve widespread discussion.
New early Paleozoic Hyolithida and Orthothecida (Hyolitha) from North America
Authors: Malinky John M.
Published: August 2016

Reexamination of collections of North American Hyolitha reveals the presence of several new genera and several taxa previously known only from southeastern Europe and the Soviet Union. New representatives of the family Hyolithidae in North America are Doescherina clarki n. gen. and sp. from the Upper Cambrian of Montana and Grantitheca glenisteri n. gen. and sp. from the Lower Cambrian of New York. The geographic and stratigraphic ranges of Nevadotheca Malinky are extended by placement of Hyolithes excellens Billings from the Lower Cambrian of Newfoundland and H. princeps Billings from the Lower Cambrian of Quebec in that genus, and by the occurrence of the new species N. heckeli in the Upper Cambrian of Tennessee. Diversity within the Hyolithidae is further increased by the discovery of specimens representing a new genus in the Upper Cambrian of Alberta, but that genus remains indeterminate because those specimens are not well preserved.

The type lot of Hyolithes communis Billings from the Lower Cambrian of Quebec is here included under Nitoricornus Syssoiev, to which the species H. impar Ford from the Lower Cambrian of New York is also transferred. Morphology of specimens of Hyolithes quadricostatus Shaler and Foerste from the Lower Cambrian of Newfoundland requires placement under Holmitheca quadricostatus (Shaler and Foerste) and Novitatus mapesi n. sp., family Novitatidae, order Orthothecida. Formerly, Nitoricornus Syssoiev, Holmitheca Syssoiev, and Novitatus Syssoiev were known only from the Soviet Union. These occurrences extend their geographic ranges to North America. The first known representative of the family Pauxillitidae Marek in North America, Neopauxillites zlatarskii n. gen. and sp., extends the range of that family from the Ordovician of Czechoslovakia to the Lower Cambrian of Newfoundland.

Overall poor preservation of type specimens of Hyolithes americanus (Hall), H. gregarius (Meek and Hayden), H. primordialis (Hall), and H. welleri Roy precludes complete diagnoses of these species and confident assignment to genus. Hyolithes americanus and H. welleri are tentatively included under Grantitheca; the other species remain under Hyolithes with question. The names of these species should not be used for new material until better preserved topotypes become available for study.
Late Triassic dasycladacean alga from northeastern Oregon: significance of first reported occurrence in western North America
Authors: Flügel Erik , Senowbari-Daryan Baba , Stanley George D.
Published: August 2016

An Upper Triassic metaspondyle dasycladacean alga,Diplopora oregonensisn. sp., is described from the Hurwal Formation, southern Wallowa Mountains, northeastern Oregon. It occurs in the accreted Wallowa terrane, which is interpreted as far-travelled relative to the craton of North America. The fossil alga is found in limestone clasts within a limestone–chert–volcanic clast conglomerate of the Hurwal Formation. The new species is related toDiploplora borzaiBystricky, known from the Upper Triassic of the Carpathian Mountains and Sicily, but is distinguished by very small branches and a distinct segmentation of the thalli.Diplopora oregonensisis the first Triassic dasycladacean alga known from the United States, and perhaps from all of North America. The absence of calcareous green algae from rocks of cratonal North America, as well as from most Triassic displaced terranes of the eastern and western Pacific, is in stark contrast to counterparts in the former Tethys region of central Europe, where dasycladacean algae were abundant and contributed significantly to the sediment. This paucity of algae may be related to differences in environment, but more likely is linked to the paleogeographic situation and dispersal abilities of the algae. The similarity of the Oregon dasyclads to species in western Europe, coupled with the lack of dasyclad algae in any other part of North America, is evidence in support of a far-travelled nature for the Wallowa terrane.
Taxonomy and variability of threeTexigryphaea(Bivalvia) species from their Lower Cretaceous (Albian) type localities in New Mexico and Oklahoma
Authors: Kues Barry S.
Published: August 2016

The benthic, free-living oysterTexigryphaeawas the dominant constituent of many late Albian marine communities in the Texas and southern Western Interior regions. Large topotypic assemblages of three common lower–middle Washita Group species (T. naviaandT. pitcheriin Oklahoma andT. tucumcariiin New Mexico) each display considerable morphological variation in valve shape and the proportions and expression of various features. Variation within an assemblage is partly due to ontogenetic changes but is mainly ecophenotypic, with local variation in nature of substrate, water turbulence, length of attachment time, and other factors influencing the final morphology of the mature shell. TheT. naviaassemblage is distinct in several important morphological characters from the other species, and the differences become more pronounced with growth.Texigryphaea naviaappears to have been adapted to relatively firm substrates in moderately agitated conditions, in contrast to the other species, which occupied softer substrates in quieter environments. The essentially contemporaneousT. pitcheriandT. tucumcariiassemblages display much overlap in all measured dimensions of the left valve and in the range of intergrading morphs that compose each assemblage. Accordingly,T. tucumcariiis considered a synonym ofT. pitcheri, representing populations of that species that lived in the West Texas-New Mexico area and developed only minor differences from the eastern populations. Within theT. naviatopotypic assemblage are specimens intermediate betweenT. naviaandT. pitcheri, and the eastern and westernT. pitcheriassemblages contain forms apparently transitional to two other species,T. washitaensisandT. belviderensis. Ecophenotypic variation in theT. pitcheriassemblages appears to be greater than that in European JurassicGryphaeaspecies and mirrors to some extent phyletic variation in European JurassicGryphaealineages.
Taxonomy and biostratigraphic significance of some Middle Cambrian trilobites from the Conasauga Formation in western Georgia
Authors: Schwimmer David R.
Published: August 2016

Biostratigraphic correlations of the Conasauga Formation in the southern Appalachians have been hindered by unreliable trilobite taxonomy. New fossil collections and re-examination of type specimens allow revision or confirmation of assignments for several Middle Cambrian trilobite taxa. These revisions reveal sufficient relationships with trilobites outside the region to place fossiliferous strata in Floyd County, Georgia, into the Oryctocephalus and Bolaspidella assemblage zones of the Middle Cambrian section defined for the Great Basin.

Trilobite taxa considered are: (Agnostida) Baltagnostus centerensis (Resser, 1938) and Peronopsis cf. P. cuneifera (Barrande, 1846); (Ptychopariida) Alokistocare americanum (Walcott, 1916), Elrathia antiquata (Salter, 1859), Asaphiscus gregarius Walcott, 1916, and Glyphaspis cf. G. capella (Walcott, 1916).
Notes on pachycephalosaurs (Ornithischia)
Authors: Giffin Emily B.
Published: August 2016

Previously undescribed specimens ofPachycephalosaurus wyomingensisallow partial description of the anterior braincase and a preliminary examination of change of dome shape with age. The two morphs of dome shape recognized in adults are also present in juvenile specimens with dome lengths half that of mature adults. A new specimen ofStegoceras edmontonensein the same geographic and stratigraphic provenance asP. wyomingensisestablishes that the two pachycephalosaur genera could exist sympatrically.
Third notice of transfer of cephalopods described and figured by Rousseau H. Flower
Authors: Wolberg Donald L.
Published: August 2016

Rousseau H. Flower (1913-1988) described and figured more than hundreds of fossil taxa, collected throughout the world, during his long and colorful career (Wolberg, 1988). Most of the fossils Flower worked with remain at the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources (NMBM&MR). Not surprisingly, given his interests in worldwide distributions of cephalopods and other groups, a rather small proportion of the fossils Rousseau worked with throughout his career were collected in New Mexico; a large proportion of the fossils actually belong to other institutions. The NMBM&MR continues to receive requests for published specimens and is making every effort to return loan material. The NMBM&MR also believes that the professional community would be best served by maintenance of the Flower/NMBM&MR fossils in a national repository. It was Rousseau's wish that the Smithsonian Institution/U. S. National Museum serve as one of the repositories of the NMBM&MR collections.
Taxonomic status ofEdaphosaurus raymondiCase
Authors: Modesto S. P. , Reisz R. R.
Published: August 2016

The Edaphosauridae is an important family of primitive synapsids that includes the oldest known terrestrial herbivorous vertebrates. Until the recent description of a new, primitive edaphosaur from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Kansas (Reisz and Berman, 1986), the herbivorousEdaphosauruswas the only known member of the family. Accordingly, fragmentary edaphosaurid materials from Europe and North America had been assigned toEdaphosauruson the basis of the characteristic neural spine morphology.
Trace fossils and marine-nonmarine cyclicity in the Fountain Formation (Pennsylvanian: Morrowan/Atokan) near Manitou Springs, Colorado
Authors: Maples Christopher G. , Suttner Lee J.
Published: August 2016

The Lower Pennsylvanian (Morrowan/Atokan) portion of the Fountain Formation in the Manitou Springs, Colorado, area commonly has been interpreted as a subaerial alluvial fan. However, approximately 12 marine-nonmarine cycles, each represented by a discrete progradational sequence, have been recognized within the lower third of the Fountain Formation in this area. The typical cycle is composed of six lithofacies: 1) transgressive-lag conglomerate; 2) offshore mudstone; 3) hummocky crossbedded sandstone; 4) planar crossbedded granular sandstone; 5) low-angle, crossbedded, coarse-grained sandstone; 6) lenticular conglomeratic sandstone. Only lithofacies 6 is nonmarine (alluvial) in origin. Two diverse trace-fossil assemblages (totalling 18 ichnogenera and 20 ichnospecies) within the Fountain Formation are restricted to the marine portions of the section, or to those portions within 1 m below marine-deposited strata. The assemblage includesArenicolites carbonarius,?A.ichnosp.,Aulichnites parkerensis,two types ofChondrites,?Conostichus broadheadi,?Crossopodiaichnosp.,Curvolithus manitouensis(ichnosp. nov.),Eioneichnosp.,Lockeiaichnosp.,Macaronichnus segregatis, Palaeophycus heberti, Palaeophycus striatus, Planolites beverleyensis, Psammichnites plummeri, Rhizocorallium irregulare,?Skolithosichnosp.,Taenidium serpentinum,?Teichichnusichnosp., ?Thalassinoidesichnosp., ?Zoophycosichnosp., and several unnamed traces.

Trace fossils in the Fountain Formation can be used as indicators of sedimentary processes (e.g., rates of deposition, energy regime). Trace-fossil composition changes along a roughly south-to-north, nearshore-to-offshore gradient, generally reflecting increased influence and duration of normal-marine sedimentation. Ichnotaxa present and their distributions within marine strata in the lower part of the Fountain Formation suggest that they belong to theCurvolithusichnoassemblage, which has been shown to indicate high sedimentaiton rates in relatively nearshore shelf settings. TheCurvolithusichnoassemblage can be subdivided intoMacaronichnus-dominated andCurvolithus-dominated parts.Macaronichnus-dominated portions of the Fountain Formation indicate generally higher wave-energy sedimentation as compared withCurvolithus-dominated portions.
Lower and Middle Devonian brachiopod-dominated communities of Nevada, and their position in a biofacies-province-realm model
Authors: Johnson J. G. , Klapper G. , Johnson J. G.
Published: August 2016

Lower and Middle Devonian brachiopod-dominated communities of Nevada are numerous (46) and most are positioned on or adjacent to the carbonate-platform foreslope or ramp. Level-bottom community chains are fundamentally different from community associations that are interrupted by a platform margin. All communities require relative abundance data of constituent species for recognition. These communities prove to be endemic to the Nevada-southeastern California area, even though faunal similarities with distant regions in North America can be recognized. Analogous communities, the same age as comparable communities in Nevada, differ in overall specific content and in relative abundance of diagnostic species. Identification of analogous communities requires recognition of common physical environments (first) and faunal similarity (second). Groupings of communities based on presence-absence data of key species and genera are not meaningful.

Biofacies boundaries sited on carbonate-platform foreslopes separate community associations and also act as filter boundaries for faunal realms. The platform and peripheral biofacies thus delineated are also realms, a pattern that is repeated by different organisms from Cambrian to Cenozoic. Biofacies boundaries shift in concert with large-scale sea-level fluctuations. During platform emergence, most faunas are peripheral and therefore cosmopolitan. Transgression initially forms small, isolated epeiric seas populated from offshore, and endemic faunas evolve. Increased transgression merges epeiric seas and faunas, reducing provinciality and diversity through competition. Regression results in extinctions in proportion to its rate and the area involved. The cycle repeats.

Thehermanni-cristatusconodont Zone is replaced with the namehermanniZone. ThedisparilisZone is divided into Lower and Upper Subzones. ThenorrisiZone is proposed at the top of the Middle Devonian.
Encrinurine trilobites from the Silurian Brownsport Formation of Tennessee
Authors: Edgecombe Gregory D.
Published: August 2016

Encrinurinae from the Ludlovian Brownsport Formation in west central Tennessee includeBalizoma ramskoeldin. sp.,Fragiscutum glebaleCampbell, 1967, andMackenziurussp.Balizoma ramskoeldiis most similar to Ludlovian species in England and Gotland. The discovery ofF. glebalein Tennessee extends the geographic range of this species, known also from the correlative Henryhouse Formation in Oklahoma.Fragiscutumis an eastern/southern Laurentian endemic;Balizomais of Wenlockian–Přidolían range, with its most widespread Euramerican distribution in the Ludlow. The stratigraphic range ofMackenziurusis extended into the Ludlow.
Barycrinus (Crinoidea) from the Lower Carboniferous of England
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Veltkamp Cornelis J.
Published: August 2016

The Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) cyathocrinine cladid crinoid Barycrinus, which is common in North America, has hitherto been recognized from Britain only on the evidence of one species, Barycrinus ribblesdalensis (Wright), based on rare dorsal cups. Barycrinus sp. pluricolumnals and plurimeres are common in the Salthill Cap Beds (Chadian), Salthill Quarry, Clitheroe, Lancashire, but are not conspecific with B. ribblesdalensis. Salthill ossicles are never preserved as individual columnals due to the relative weakness of the intermeric versus the longitudinal ligaments.
Probable calcified metaphytes in the latest Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia: origin, diagenesis, and implications
Authors: Grant S. W. F. , Knoll A. H. , Germs G. J. B.
Published: August 2016

Samples from the Huns Limestone Member, Urusis Formation, Nama Group, at two adjacent localities in southern Namibia contain thin foliose to arched, sheet-like carbonate crusts that are 100–500 µm thick and up to 5 cm in lateral dimension. Morphologic, petrographic, and geochemical evidence supports the interpretation of these delicate crusts as biogenic, most likely the remains of calcified encrusting metaphytes. The original sediments of the fossiliferous samples contained aragonitic encrusting algae, botryoidal aragonite cements, and an aragonite mud groundmass. Spherulites within the precursor mud could represent bacterially induced mineral growths or the concretions of marine rivularian cyanobacteria. Original textures were severely disrupted during the diagenetic transition of aragonite to low-magnesian calcite, but some primary structures remain discernible as ghosts in the neomorphic mosaic. Gross morphology, original aragonite mineralogy, and hypobasal calcification indicate that the crusts are similar to late Paleozoic phylloid algae and extant peyssonnelid red algae. Structures interpreted as possible conceptacles also suggest possible affinities with the Corallinaceae.

Two species of Cloudina, interpreted as the remains of a shelly metazoan, are also known from limestones in the Nama Group. It is possible, therefore, that skeletalization in metaphytes and animals arose nearly simultaneously near the end of the Proterozoic Eon.
“Hydrozoa” from Middle and Upper Permian reefs of South China
Authors: Jiasong Fan , Rigby J. Keith , Wei Zhang
Published: August 2016

Abundant “hydrozoans” are important frame-building and accessory organisms in Middle and Upper Permian reefs of southern China, particularly in western Hubei, eastern Sichuan, eastern Yunnan, and northwestern Guangxi. The new genera Radiotrabeculopora, Lichuanopora, and Pseudopalaeoaplysina are described, as are the new species Disjectopora beipeiensis, D. irregulara, Radiotrabeculopora xiangoboensis, R. maokoui, R. elegans, R. reticulata, R. astrorhiza, Balatonia robusta, Lichuanopora bancaoensis, L.(?) regulara, Pseudopalaeoaplysina sinensis, and P. major. The assemblage represents one of the most diverse upper Paleozoic “hydrozoan” assemblages known.
First report of allogeneic fusion and allorecognition in tabulate corals
Authors: Noble James P. A. , Lee Dong-Jin
Published: August 2016

Adult intercolony fusion occurs inPaleofavosites capax(Billings) andP. asper(d'Orbigny) in the Silurian of Anticosti Island. This represents the first documented example of allogeneic fusion seen in tabulate corals. The occurrence of allogeneic fusion and non-fusion and the documentation of agonistic behavior in the same species attest to the presence of some degree of allorecognition specificity, now well established for modern corals, already in these Silurian corals. The implication is that the evolution of allorecognition systems, probably by polymorphism at allorecognition loci, was already well established 400 million years ago in corals. Banding, probably seasonal, appears to be more likely environmentally than genetically controlled.
An azhdarchid pterosaur humerus from the Lower Cretaceous Glen Rose Formation of Texas
Authors: Murry Phillip A. , Winkler Dale A. , Jacobs Louis L.
Published: August 2016

Pterosaurs are rare components of Texas Cretaceous faunas. The best known is Quetzalcoatlus northropi, from the Javelina Formation (Maastrichtian) of Big Bend National Park, with a wingspan of some 11-12 m (Lawson, 1975; Langston, 1986; Busbey and Lehmann, 1989). Texas pterosaur specimens of less spectacular proportions include a pteranodontid partial humerus (USNM 13804) from the Eagle Ford Formation (late Cenomanian-late Turonian) of Austin (Gilmore, 1935; Bennett, 1989) and a first wing phalanx of a pterodactyloid from the Buda Formation (Cenomanian) of Hays County (Langston, 1974; Lawson, 1975). Pterosaur bones were also recorded at localities near Forestburg, Montague County (Zangerl and Denison, 1950), in the Antlers Formation (Winkler et al., 1990), although these specimens are undiagnostic hollow bone fragments.
Mode of growth and life-history strategies of a Late Ordovician halysitid coral
Authors: Lee Dong-Jin , Elias Robert J.
Published: August 2016

The upper surface of the corallum ofCatenipora rubrawas often at or just above the sediment-water interface during life. The vertical growth rate was barely sufficient to keep pace with background sedimentation and possible subsidence of the corallum. Therefore, the colonies were in constant danger of being covered by influxes of sediment, especially during storms. This was compensated by the ability of polyps to respond to sedimentation events and by certain aspects of colony growth. Rapid regeneration following partial mortality involved budding of uninjured polyps and rejuvenation of damaged individuals, in some cases accompanied by a type of axial increase not previously known in tabulate corals. Rapid lateral expansion was possible because small, “immature” polyps could bud and grow in a reptant manner.

Interconnected ranks of the cateniform corallum served to dam shifting sediment at the periphery of the colony. Lacunae within the colony were reservoirs for material that breached peripheral ranks and for sediment that settled on the ranks and was rejected by polyps or removed by passive flow. Polyps comprising the colony were distributed over a large area of the substrate surface, thereby decreasing the probability of complete mortality during sedimentation events and increasing the probability that a sufficient number of individuals would survive to ensure optimum regeneration. The corallum, anchored in the substrate and with sediment filling the lacunae, provided a broad, stable base during high-energy events.

It remains to be established how widespread these growth patterns and strategies were among other corals with cateniform colonies, a form that appeared in many unrelated stocks. Most previous workers emphasized physical strength when considering functional morphology, following a tacit assumption that the corallum rose high above the substrate and was therefore susceptible to breakage during high-energy events. An understanding of the origin of cateniform patterns and the phylogeny of these corals requires knowledge of their modes of growth and life-history strategies, which were genetically as well as environmentally controlled.
The concepts of astogeny and ontogeny in stenolaemate bryozoans, and their illustration in colonies of Tabulipora carbonaria from the Lower Permian of Kansas
Authors: Pachut Joseph F. , Cuffey Roger J. , Anstey Robert L.
Published: August 2016

Recognition of ontogeny within a stenolaemate bryozoan colony requires separating the individualistic aspects of a zooid's growth from those of its neighbors. The ancestrula is the only zooid within a colony that always displays a partially independent ontogeny that ceases when it starts to experience shared changes with its neighboring daughter zooids during subsequent accretionary skeletal growth.

Stenolaemate astogeny (shared changes across multiple zooids during the growth of both the ancestrular zooid and its asexual descendants) includes all coordinated changes in the size, shape, number, and calcification of autozooids, polymorphs, and extrazooidal structures, as well as changes within autozooids or polymorphs, such as the formation of basal diaphragms and brown bodies. Despite the fact that many of these directional changes occur within individual zooids, they are not part of ontogeny because they are taking place simultaneously across zooids that share a common skeleton, extrazooidal tissues, and pseudocoelomic spaces.

Shared directional multizooidal changes occurring during colony growth provide a confirmatory test for the existence of astogeny. Astogeny was statistically evaluated in 6–15 characters measured within the exozones of four colonies of Tabulipora carbonaria (Worthen in Worthen and Meek, 1875). Statistically significant (at P ≤ 0.05) directional changes took place across growth stages within the exozone in the following morphometric characters: zooecial density, zooecial wall surface area, acanthostyle density, zooecial wall thicknesses, maximum acanthostyle diameters, and intrazooecial diaphragm abundances. Overall, earlier exozonal growth stages differ statistically from those of the later exozone, with characteristics of intermediate growth stages intergrading between the two. Discriminant function analysis segregated intervals of exozonal growth into early-, intermediate-, and late-stage clusters, confirming patterns delineated by univariate statistical tests.

Based on these exozonal growth patterns, heterochronic changes in exozone astogeny characterized evolution within and across species of Tabulipora. Onshore populations of T. carbonaria were astogenetically progenetic relative to offshore ones along an environmental gradient across Kansas, whereas local populations became temporally more hypermorphic in a short-term stratigraphic succession of similar environments. Tabulipora carbonaria originated by astogenetic recapitulation in populations of its probable ancestor, T. ramosa. Therefore, speciation, microevolution, and clinal variation in Tabulipora all involved heterochronic modifications of exozone astogeny.
The first Tertiary (Paleocene) marine mollusks from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Canada
Authors: Marincovich Louie , Zinsmeister William J.
Published: August 2016

The gastropodDrepanochilus pervetus(Stanton) and the bivalveCytrodaria rutupiensis(Morris) occur in the Mount Moore Formation at Strathcona Fiord, west-central Ellesmere Island, northern Canada. They are the first marine mollusks identified from the Eureka Sound Group of the Canadian arctic islands. These mollusks correlate with Paleocene faunas of the Cannonball Formation of North Dakota and South Dakota, the Prince Creek Formation of northern Alaska, the Barentsburg Formation of Svalbard, and the Thanet and Oldhaven Formations of southeastern England. These occurrences imply that the earliest Tertiary Arctic Ocean molluscan fauna was compositionally distinct from coeval faunas of the northern Atlantic Ocean.
Revision of some Silurian paulinitid scolecodonts from western New York
Authors: Bergman Claes F.
Published: August 2016

A revision of the Silurian paulinitid scolecodont taxa from the Power Glen Formation of the Medina Group at Niagara Gorge relies on multi-element taxonomy to place the five genera and ten species of Eller (1940) into just two species:Kettnerites invisibilis(Eller, 1940) and ?K. plenidens(Eller, 1940). The generic nameNereidavusshould not be used for paulinitids; the type specimen ofNereidavushas been lost, and indications are that it was probably not a paulinitid.
Discospirina(Miliolina, Foraminiferida) from the Coral Sea off northeastern Australia: a new record
Authors: Chaproniere George C. H.
Published: August 2016

Discospirinais a milioline genus previously recorded as fossil only from the Miocene to Pleistocene of the Mediterranean, and is found living in the same area and into the North Atlantic Ocean (Adams, 1959, 1967, 1973; Adams etal., 1983; Radford, 1976). It is readily recognized by its large, fragile, very thin test, with annular chambers surrounding a coiled initial stage; the concentric chambers are subdivided by numerous internal septa that fall short of the anterior wall of each chamber (Adams, 1959). The specimens illustrated by Brady (1884, PI. 65, figs. 6, 7) from the Atlantic Ocean were referred toDiscospirina tenuissimaby Barker (1960), but Adams (1959) considered this to be a junior synonym forD. italica, giving the species a range from late Miocene to Recent. Adams (1959) noted that there were more septa per annular chamber in the Recent than in the fossil forms from the Mediterranean area, and the Coral Sea forms appear to resemble the Miocene ones in this respect.
Patellilabia laevigata (Girty) (Mollusca, Gastropoda?) from the Mississippian (Chesterian) of Arkansas
Authors: Brown C. J. , Hoare R. D.
Published: August 2016

Girty (1910) described Patellostium laevigatum from the Fayetteville Shale (Mississippian, Chesterian) of Arkansas but did not provide illustrations. Yochelson (1969) redescribed and illustrated the type material, placing the species in the genus Patellilabia Knight, 1945.
New Caradoc brachiopods from the Iberian Chains (northeastern Spain) and their stratigraphic significance
Authors: Villas E.
Published: August 2016

New collections of Caradoc brachiopods from the lower half of the Fombuena Formation in the Iberian Chains (northeastern Spain) have yielded rich fossil associations that, in spite of the endemism of most of their species, permit detailed correlations with other sequences in southwestern Europe, Bohemia, and the British Isles. The oldest association studied occurs at the top of the basal oolitic ironstone of the Fombuena Formation, where 10 brachiopod species have been recorded; the youngest association occurs in sandstones in the middle part of the unit, having yielded seven brachiopod species. Herein, 11 forms are described including four new species (Gelidorthis carlsi, Saukrodictya tormoensis, Reuschella herreraensis, andRostricellula marciali) and one new subspecies (Aegiromena aquila intermedia). The stratigraphic setting of the oolitic ironstone and its brachiopods suggest a correlation with similar beds that crop out at various localities in the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern France, as well as with the Zdice-Nucice Iron Ore, placed at the base of the Vinice Formation in Bohemia. The regressive–transgressive cycle, whose point of maximum shoaling coincides with the deposition of the apparently widespread ferruginous bed, is restricted to the Mediterranean Province and may have been caused by regional epeirogenic movements. The stratigraphic gap marked by the ironstone had been assessed at several localities in Iberia and Armorica; it ranges from late Costonian to Soudleyan, an age not in disagreement with the occurrence of a new species ofReuschellaimmediately above the ironstone of the Iberian Chains, sinceReuschellais not known before the Soudleyan.Dalmanella unguis unguis, which has been recorded in the youngest assemblage and which in Wales is restricted to the Marshbrookian, is another important guide form in the problematic correlation between the Mediterranean Caradoc and the British type sequence.
Crinoidea Flexibilia (Echinodermata) from the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian; Kentucky and Tennessee)
Authors: Ausich William I. , Meyer David L.
Published: August 2016

Seventeen flexible crinoids, including three new species, are reported from the Fort Payne Formation with new material from Cumberland, Clinton, and Russell Counties in south-central Kentucky and from Clay County, Tennessee. This study extends the geographic range of all taxa studied, as only seven species were previously known from the Fort Payne Formation. Fort Payne flexible crinoids includeTaxocrinus colletti, Onychocrinus ramulosus, O. grandisn. sp.,Nipterocrinus monroensis, Mespilocrinus romingeri, M. kentuckyensisn. sp.,Gaulocrinus veryi, G. robustus, G. trauscholdi, G. bordeni, G. symmetrosn. sp.,Metichthyocrinus tiaraeformis, M. clarkensis, Forbesiocrinus pyriformis, F. saffordi, F. wortheni, andWachsmuthicrinus spinosulus. Mespilocrinuscolumnals are also described, and the diagnosis ofN. monroensisis emended. The Fort Payne Formation occurrence ofO. exsculptuscould not be verified.Forbesiocrinus multibrachiatusandParichthyocrinus crawfordsvillensisare considered to be junior synonyms ofForbesiocrinus wortheni. Fort Payne flexible crinoids in the Lake Cumberland area occur at nine localities in four facies types. No more than three species occur at any Fort Payne locality.
The Carnivora of the Lac Pelletier Lower Fauna (Eocene: Duchesnean), Cypress Hills Formation, Saskatchewan
Authors: Bryant Harold N.
Published: August 2016

The Duchesnean Lac Pelletier Lower Fauna, Cypress Hills Formation, Saskatchewan, includes 15 isolated teeth that are referred to the Carnivora (Mammalia). The fauna includesMiocyon magnusn. sp.,Daphoenuscf.D. demilo, Hesperocyonsp., and indeterminate taxa; no members of the Creodonta were identified. This is the latest record ofMiocyonand the earliest record ofHesperocyon. The fauna is transitional between Uintan carnivoran faunas that were dominated by miacids and the establishment in the early Chadronian of the White River carnivoran chronofauna, and suggests that the transition, which was largely a Duchesnean event, was gradual.
Life histories and population structure of Pennsylvanian brachiopods from north-central Texas as determined from size-frequency analysis
Authors: Cate A. S. , Evans I.
Published: August 2016

Paleoecological analysis of three attached spiriferid species (Punctospirifer kentuckyensis, Crurithyris planoconvexa, and Hustedia mormoni) and six free-living chonetid brachiopod species (Chonetinella flemingi, Chonetinella verneuiliana, Lissochonetes geinitzianus, Mesolobus mesolobus, Neochonetes fragilis, and Quadrochonetes geronticus) from Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian strata of north-central Texas has been undertaken using, in part, population dynamics information derived initially from size-frequency distributions. The brachiopod populations in this study are believed to represent in situ assemblages formed by noncatastrophic mortality. Spiriferid species occurred in large populations characterized by positively skewed size-frequency distributions in which few individuals attained the maximum potential size reported for a given species. Chonetid species, in contrast, occurred in smaller numbers characterized by negatively to low positively skewed size-frequency distributions in which greater numbers of individuals attained maximum potential size.

The differences observed in the population structure of these two groups can best be explained as reflecting different adaptive lifestyle strategies that are shared at the ordinal level. Morphological features common to chonetid species enabled individuals to live freely at the sediment-water interface and perhaps reorient their position if disturbed. Based on size-frequency analysis, low-density populations of chonetids appear to produce relatively larger numbers of survivors in the adult and maximum size classes. Spiriferids were constrained to attachment surfaces occupied at the time of larval settlement, and individuals presumably had no mechanism to regain life position if overturned or if this surface became unstable. These physical limitations seem to be reflected in a population structure in which higher density populations were required to overcome the high mortality rates incurred by individuals. This appears to be a case in which size-frequency distributions have not been significantly altered by taphonomic overprint and in which size-frequency analysis can be used to detect differences in the life histories and population structure of brachiopod species.
Maclurina manitobensis(Whiteaves) (Ordovician Gastropoda): the largest known Paleozoic gastropod
Authors: Rohr David M. , Blodgett Robert B. , Furnish William M.
Published: August 2016

The concept of the Ordovician gastropod genusMacluritesLe Sueur, 1818, at present includes much variation.MaclurinaUlrichinUlrich and Scofield, 1897, is removed as a subjective synonym ofMacluritesand reestablished as a separate genus. Species ofMacluriteswith spiral grooves on the outer whorl surface and a relatively small umbilicus are transferred toMaclurina. Maclurina manitobensis(Whiteaves, 1890) forms a distinctive part of the Late Ordovician-age “Arctic Ordovician fauna.” An unusually large specimen (25 cm in diameter) from the Bighorn Dolomite (Upper Ordovician), Wyoming, is illustrated; this Wyoming specimen is the volumetrically largest Paleozoic gastropod ever reported.
Aglaspidida (Arthropoda) from the Upper Cambrian of Wisconsin
Authors: Hesselbo Stephen P.
Published: August 2016

New specimens of aglaspidid arthropods, mainly from the Upper Cambrian St. Lawrence Formation of Wisconsin (UpperDikelocephalusZone), show that appendages previously assigned to the genotypeAglaspis barrandeiactually belong to a new genus and speciesFlobertia kochi. Chraspedops fragilisis transferred to a new genusTuboculops. The generic attribution ofAglaspis dorsetensisandAglaspis franconensisis queried. The distinction at species level is queried forSetaspis spinulosusandS. regularisand also forAglaspoides sculptilisandA. semicircularis, although no formal changes are recommended.Aglaspis simplexis transferred toGlypharthrus simplexandGlypharthrus deadwoodensisis synonymized withGlypharthrus vulpes. Restorations are presented ofAglaspis barrandei, Aglaspis spinifer, andGlypharthrus thomasi. Aglaspis spiniferprobably had a total of four head appendages. Well-preserved aglaspidid specimens often evince tergal processes that are apparently unique to this taxon and these may have acted as apodemes.
The genusLyreidusde Haan, 1839 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Raninidae): systematics and biogeography
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M.
Published: August 2016

Six extant and nine fossil species of the raninidLyreidusde Haan, includingLyreidus(Lyreidus)lebuensisn. sp. andLyreidus(Lysirude)hookerin. sp., are recognized. Based on morphology of the anterolateral margin and sternum, the species are referred to two subgenera,Lyreidus(Lyreidus) andLyreidus(Lysirude). The genus first appears in shallow-water, high-latitude, southern hemisphere localities in New Zealand, Antarctica, and Chile in the early Eocene. Subsequently, the nominate subgenus is confined to the southern hemisphere until the Neogene when it dispersed into the Indo-West Pacific region.Lyreidus(Lysirude) is documented by early and middle Eocene occurrences in Antarctica and New Zealand; however, all subsequent occurrences, fossil and recent, are in the northern hemisphere. The disjunct modern distribution within the genus is confined to this subfamily; species are known from the western North Atlantic and the Indo-West Pacific.
Hybocrinid and disparid crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group, Dunleith Formation) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota
Authors: Brower James C.
Published: August 2016

Four hybocrinid and disparid crinoids from the Middle Ordovician Dunleith Formation (Galena Group) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota are described:Hybocrinus conicusBillings,Ohiocrinus levorsonin. sp.,Caleidocrinus (Huxleyocrinus) gerkin. sp., andEctenocrinus simplex(Hall). The first three taxa are rare.Ectenocrinus simplexis an abundant and protean form ranging from the Shermanian to the Maysville and from the Appalachians to the Midcontinent. One Middle Ordovician specimen from the Dunleith is a complete small adult with stem and a lichenocrinid holdfast. The column was largely upright with the crown located about 25 cm above the seafloor. The Middle Ordovician crinoids differ somewhat from the later Cincinnatian material where only youngE. simplexexhibit lichenocrinid holdfasts. Older crinoids became detached and were eleutherozoic well before the column was 25 cm long. Thus, the Cincinnatian individuals lost the attachment device earlier during ontogeny than their ancestors in the Middle Ordovician. Unlike most associated crinoids,E. simplexformed a roughly conical filtration net. The arms ofE. simplexare extensively branched. Ten main arms bear unbranched ramules on alternate brachials, and the arm structure converges on the pinnulate pattern. Narrow food grooves and short covering plates are present. Analogies with living crinoids indicate that small food particles were caught by small and close-spaced tube-feet. The formation of new plates and ramules at the arm tips increases the size of the food-gathering system throughout ontogeny. The food-gathering capacity comprises the number of food-catching tube-feet times the width of the food grooves, and it measures the number and size of food particles that can be caught. Both size and capacity of the food-gathering system are positively allometric compared to crown volume and the amount of tissue that must be nourished. This is mainly caused by the addition of new ramules at the arm tips, which generates an exponentially increasing plate supply rate. Examination of numerous specimens from various geographic and stratigraphic horizons with multivariate statistics shows that the species was homogeneous throughout its range aside from the differences in living habits mentioned above.
The brachiopod family Gemmellaroiidae
Authors: Grant Richard E.
Published: August 2016

Gemmellaroia is a conical Permian brachiopod that traditionally has been assigned to the superfamily Richthofeniacea [sic] on the basis of its conical shape and a myocoelidium in the ventral valve. It has been considered unique among brachiopods in opening the shell by having the dorsal valve move straight up, rather than rotating around a hinge axis. Evidence is adduced to warrant transfer of the genus and its cohorts to the superfamily Derbyoidea (totally unrelated to the richthofenioids) and to demonstrate that it was capable of opening in the normal manner, rotating the dorsal valve about a hinge axis. Members of the family include Gemmellaroia (Cossmann, 1898), Loczyella Frech, 1901, Tectaria (Likharev, 1928), and Cyndalia (new genus with type species C. rudistiformis new species).
Campanian ammonites from the Annona Chalk near Yancy, Arkansas
Authors: Kennedy W. J. , Cobban W. A.
Published: August 2016

Ammonites are abundant in the phosphatic base of the Annona Chalk (Campanian) near Yancy in Hempstead County, Arkansas. The following are described:Pachydiscus(Pachydiscus) sp. (very rare),Placenticerassp. (very rare),Nostoceras(Nostoceras)pulchern. sp. (rare),N.(N.)monotuberculatumn. sp. (scarce),N.(N.)plerucostatumn. sp. (frequent),N.(N.)danei(frequent),Didymocerassp. (rare),Didymoceratoides binodosumn. gen. and sp. (frequent),D. clardyin. gen. and sp. (rare),Baculites taylorensisAdkins, 1929 (abundant),B. crickmayiWilliams, 1930 (common), andBaculitessp. (abundant). The diverseNostocerasassociation is typical of Gulf Coast upper Campanian rocks butDidymoceratoidesis a Western Interior upper middle Campanian genus.Nostoceras(N.)monotuberculatumn. sp., however, is known from a single specimen from the basal upper CampanianDidymoceras stevensonizone in Colorado.
A Silurian sponge-inarticulate brachiopod life? association
Authors: Lenz Alfred C.
Published: August 2016

The association of sponges and encrusting, attached, or burrowing organisms has been commented upon relatively little. Finks (1960) and Gundrum (1979), for example, noted the association of articulate brachiopods, barnacle borings, bryozoans, gastropods, and rugose and tabulate corals with various upper Paleozoic sponges and, more specific to this paper, Morris and Whittington (1985) illustrated the inarticulate brachiopod Micromitra attached to the Cambrian sponge Pirania. During the summer of 1991, two scree-derived specimens of sponge-inarticulate brachiopod associations on two separate pieces of shale were collected from Abbott River (Figure 1), Cornwallis Island, Arctic Canada (75°14′N, 95°45′W).