bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
African Patrimonial Régimes in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Vine Victor T. Le
Published: November 2008

In1968, Guenther Roth perceptively argued the utility of using the concept of patrimonialism to analyse rulership in developing states.1Roth described two principal types: ‘the historical survival of traditionalist regimes’, of which he saw Ethiopia as the foremost example; and the ‘personal rulership on the basis of loyalties that do not require any belief in the ruler's unique personal qualifications, but are inextricably linked to material incentives and rewards’.2. His distinction remains apt and serves to focus our attention on two modal political forms that continue to find expression in post-independence Africa. However, these useful categories are not mutually exclusive, and need further amplification if they are to provide much insight into the rich variety of political experimentation that still goes on throughout the continent. Moreover, since the terminology is self-consciously borrowed from Max Weber, both the traditional and modern matrices of African patrimonialism need to be explored briefly lest the reference to the Weberian connection constricts rather than enlarges the analysis.
Analysing the Ethiopian Revolution: a Cautionary Tale
Authors: Cohen John M.
Published: November 2008

The fascinating events of the Ethiopian revolution have led to an explosion of papers, articles, and books.1 However, only a few studies published since 1974 are underpinned with original field work. Most are based largely on combinations of deductive logic and newspaper reports, discussions with foreign-service officers, interviews with political exiles and academic visitors, and close reading of officially released government documents. Such methodological approaches have a rational, factual content which should be approached with caution, for lack of access to data may lead to the reification of incorrect facts by subsequent authors who footnote the reports of others. Since there is increasing evidence that Ethiopia will be closed to field research for some time, and that academic involution will occur as scholars convince themselves of the validity of data reported by others, it seems useful for Ethiopianists to remind themselves how close they are to the early commentators on Lenin's Russia, or the China watchers of the 1950s,2 by considering only one of several cautionary tales about facts reported in the increasing number of articles on the Ethiopian revolution.3
Italy in the Triangle of the Horn: Too Many Corners for a Half Power
Authors: Novati Giampaolo Calchi
Published: November 2008

A paradoxof Italian colonial policy was the striking contrast between the main aims and the actual results of its overseas initiatives. The Mediterranean with its familiar towns, harbours, and cultures, and plenty of Italians transplanted from the poor overpopulated countryside of the Peninsula, was the main area of desirable expansion, but historical circumstances forced Italy to divert her attention towards the faraway and unknown Horn of Africa. The Foreign Minister, P. S. Mancini, in January 1885 adroitly formulated a bizarre aphorism in a bid to convince a disoriented public opinion and doubtful parliamentarians: ‘The Red Sea is the key to the Mediterranean’. So from the outset of Italian colonialism, dreams competed with interests almost making the authorities lose a sense of proportion.
Majority Rule and Minority Rights: American Federalism and African Experience
Authors: Thomas-Woolley Barbara , Keller Edmond J.
Published: November 2008

Withthe demise of the Soviet Union and the fall of many authoritarian régimes, some observers suggest that we are in the midst of what can be called a worldwide democratic revolution. Although questions remain as to the durability of these changes, particularly in Africa, it is clear that we are at a cross-roads. Nations are considering what kinds of political institutions they want to replace those they are trying to dismantle. What, at this historical moment, is the special appeal of democracy in the non-Western world? Is it the promise of individual freedom? or popular elections designed to give all citizens a say in who governs? or the prospect of guaranteed individual and group rights?
Southern Africa Under Siege: Options for the Frontline States
Authors: Anglin Douglas G.
Published: November 2008

With the intensification of the Southern African crisis, its ramifications have spread ever more widely until now they pervade and corrode virtually every sector throughout the black states neighbouring South Africa. The prospects for peace and prosperity in the region, once heralded with such high hopes, have long since faded as energies have increasingly been absorbed in the daily challenge of sustaining a precarious human existence.
Re-evaluating Modernisation and Dependency in Lesotho
Authors: Pavlich George
Published: November 2008

The Kingdom of Lesotho is a small country, an enclave of South Africa, occupying 30,350 square kilometres of highland, ranging from 1,500 metres above sea-level at its lowest point to 3,300 metres at its highest. Although only about 13 per cent of the total area is arable, the majority of thede jurepopulation of 1·5 million are predominantly rural.1While the climatic conditions of this elevation are not alwaysfavourable to agricultural production, there are some fertile pastures in which sheep and mohair-producing goats graze contentedly.2But the sanctity exuded by quiet mountain vistas is tempered by the stark hardships which accost many Basotho in their daily lives. The country is said to be ‘poor’ in that it cannot adequately provide for much of its population. Therefore many migrate to work in South African mines rather than trying to eke out an existence from the land or seeking limited employment in the cities.3There are also others whose daily life revolves around desperately securing, by any means available, food for themselves and their families.
Swaziland's Macro-Economic Development Environment
Authors: McLoughlin Peter F. M. , Mehra Rekha
Published: November 2008

During mid-1985 a combined team of expatriate consultants and Swaziland experts examined in some detail the water-development options in the Komati river basin.1 This short article presents the abbreviated macro-economic ‘home’ that we constructed, because our policy and investment recommendations had to be consistent with the Government's overall development objectives. The incentive to publish our findings was prompted by the dearth of relevant data in the existing literature, and there may be others in a position similar to that in which we found ourselves – namely, that virtually nothing was readily available. Our 1986 draft was updated in 1988 to take advantage of the latest statistics.
Towards Ending I.M.F.-ism in Southern Africa: an Alternative Development Strategy
Authors: Seidman Ann
Published: November 2008

In the 1980s, a financial crisis engulfed Southern Africa. Widespread evidence exposed the way that inherited institutional structures and technologies – reinforced by International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.) conditionality – had reproduced the region's poverty and vulnerability.1To overcome the crisis requires an alternative strategy built on theoretical foundations fundamentally different from the neo-classical models that underpin the ‘restructuring’ programmes of the I.M.F. and World Bank. The state must play a positive interventionist rôle.
Jubilee 2000
Authors: Peters Bill
Published: November 2008

With five years to go until 2000 is upon us the debt campaign is at present concentrating on two elements important for success. The first is capturing and extending what might be described as grass-roots interest: signs already have appeared of some sympathy with, and even support for, the campaign among economists, bankers, civil servants, diplomats, and politicians; discreet encouragement from the inner courts of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank has been recorded. The second is a change in the international, political, and intellectual climate to favour remission.
Uganda: the Making of a Constitution
Authors: Cullimore Charles
Published: November 2008

The Government of Uganda headed by President Yoweri Museveni, which came to power in January 1986, has made impressive progress since then in bringing about peace and national reconcilication, and in restoring the rule of law. It has turned the economy round from what might be described as ‘free fall’ to steady growth, albeit still heavily dependent on foreign aid. It has returned expropriated properties to their Asian owners, and has begun to attract foreign investment. Above all it has restored hope and given Ugandans back their pride. These are no means achievements, and place the country firmly among the few in Africa in recent years which have managed to bring about a real improvement in the overall quality of life for their citizens, albeit from a very low base. This would in itself be sufficient reason for looking more closely at what has been happening there. But, after all the disappointments of the past, it is also legitimate to ask whether these dramatic improvements are likely to be sustainable.
Economic and Social Seminar for Staff of African Universities and Research Institutes
Authors: Walg Lorenz
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this seminar on the planning of rural development—organised by the African Institute for Economic Development and Planning—was to permit an exchange of views and experiences by teachers from various African countries. Twenty members of the teaching and research staff of 18 universities and research institutes, from 14 countries (seven English-speaking and seven French-speaking) attended the seminar, which was the fourth of its kind held in Dakar.
The Treaty for East African Co-operation: a summary and interpretation
Authors: Green Reginald H.
Published: November 2008

By mid-1965 the tensions which had always existed in the East African Common Market and Services had not been solved—nor even notably alleviated—by the 1961 Raisman Commission fiscal measures or the (largely unimplemented) 1964 Kampala Agreement, which had aimed at a programme of trade balancing and industrial allocation. Many observers expected as a result a speedy and bitter dissolution of the de facto East African economic community. The common currency was ending, the joint navy and tourist promotion body were liquidated, quota restrictions on regional trade were being imposed by all three states—but most widely by Tanzania—strains were evident in the University, and an atmosphere of growing gloom and complaint was evident.
Patterns of National Intergration
Authors: Zolberg Aristide R.
Published: November 2008

The concept ‘integration’, which came into general usage in the social sciences by way of nineteenth-century evolutionary thought, was eagerly seized upon as an heuristic device for the study of new states because it evoked the fundamental notion of making whole or entire by addition or combination. But the concept wears better as a signal of topical concern than as a building block in a rigorous theoretical edifice. The most obvious problem is that the very richness of suggestion embodied in the word ‘integration’ generates promiscuity.
The Sudanese Revolution of October 1964
Authors: Hasan Yusuf Fadl
Published: November 2008

About 70 years ago, the Mahdist or Ansār state, in many ways a traditional Muslim government, crumbled under the fire of the Anglotional Egyptian cannons. On the condominium government that followed fell the task of pacifying the country and introducing western concepts of administration. All Sudanese attempts to defy foreign domination had failed completely by 1924. The British, the stronger of the two partners, had the lion's share in shaping the destiny of the country. Towards the end of World War II, the influential and educated Sudanese, like other Africans and Asians, demanded the right of self-determination. In 1946, in preparation for this, a sample of western democracy was introduced in the form of an Advisory Council. This Council, which was restricted to the northern Sudan, was followed two years later by the Legislative Assembly, which had slightly more powers. Although these democratic innovations were quite alien to the country and were introduced at a relatively late date, they were in keeping with traditional institutions. Until recently, the Sudan consisted of a number of tribal units where no classes or social distinctions existed and the tribal chief was no more than the first among equals; the people were therefore not accustomed to autocratic rule.
Africanism: the Freetown Contribution
Authors: Hair P. E. H.
Published: November 2008

The intellectual and social origins of those modern movements of political and cultural assertion which are allegedly centred on peculiar African circumstances or peculiar African principles of traditional culture—movements which may be conveniently summed up as ‘Africanism’1—are to be sought in a variety of directions. Factors in the historical and social traditions of the continent in distant centuries have been evoked by some inquirers; while others have listed external influences—emanating in the main from Europe or North America, affecting chiefly those few Africans who travelled overseas, and operating only since the middle decades of the last century—which have directly or indirectly encouraged expressions of Africanism within Africa.
Socialism and Economic Development in Tropical Africa
Authors: Arrighi Giovanni , Saul John S.
Published: November 2008

A noted economist (Perroux) has defined socialism as ‘le développement de tout l'homme et de tous les hommes’. Providing the motor for a drive towards socialism there is generally to be found a conviction that man's creative potential can only be fully realised in a society which transcends the cultural centrality of “possessive individualism’ and in which a signal measure of economic and social equality, the preconditions for genuine political democracy, are guaranteed. In the best of socialist intellectual work, however, socialists have been equally interested in economic development and in the full release of the potential for growth of the productive forces in a society. Within this tradition it was perhaps Marx who most dramatically fused the concern for economic development and the concern for the elimination of class inequalities in his presentation of the socialist case. He argued that the inequalities of the bourgeois society of his day increasingly meant that the potential of the available industrial machine would not be realised: inequality and muffled productive forces thus went hand in hand’.1
The Post-War Careers of Ex-Servicemen in Ghana and Uganda
Authors: Schleh Eugene P. A.
Published: November 2008

The modern military development of the British East and West African territories reached its highest level during World War II. Great Britain at that time put aside her standing policy of maintaining establishments sufficient only for colonial domestic needs and recruited forces for general use against Germany, Italy, and Japan.1 Building on a base provided by the Royal West African Frontier Force and the King's African Rifles of East and Central Africa, Britain recruited approximately 470,000 Africans during the war, including over 65,000 from the Gold Coast and 77,000 from Uganda; about 80 per cent of these were serving when the war ended. Although the majority enlisted in army infantry or service corps, tens of thousands served as artisans and technicians, and others in small naval and air establishments. Modern war requirements caused not only a restructuring of African colonial forces, but also forced considerable changes in military recruitment. The 'martial races' traditionally favoured by British officers had to be supplemented by large numbers of skilled and literate recruits from other African peoples; for example, the Ibo, Baganda, and Kikuyu. This rapid expansion of the forces also meant an increased need for British commissioned and non-commissioned officers, who were recruited from Great Britain as well as locally. The many different languages spoken by the new forces meant that simple English displaced Hausa in the west and, to a lesser degree, Swahili in the east, as the standard military language.
The Study of West African Local Government
Authors: Ola Opeyemi
Published: November 2008

Writing in 1962, Professor Roland Young of Northwestern University observed, with reference to both rural and urban Africa, ‘In carrying on research in African politics an area which compels attention is the local community, defined however one wishes: tribal cluster, village, or adrninistrative district. One might wish that political scientists had become interested at an earlier date in the study of small political systems indigenous to Africa.’1 There should be little doubt that local government is important in Africa because its operations are more or less coterminous with the rural areas in which the majority of Africans live. Indigenous Africa does not lie in the westernised cities but in the rural areas, where central governments appear remote, impersonal, and incomprehensibly awesome. Because of its closeness to the community, local government is one of the most realistic agencies for the transformation of rural Africa. Local governments are thus strategically placed to playa crucial role in the politics of development.
Institut africain de Genève
Authors: Wadlow René V. L.
Published: November 2008

Neither in Switzerland generally nor in Geneva in particular did there exist an Africanist tradition when the Geneva–Africa Institute was created in 1961. The Swiss, of course, had been in Africa—as merchants, missionaries, gunrunners—but this Swiss presence did not add up to a focus of study, nor did it create the geographical areas of special interest that had shaped African studies in France, England, or Belgium. Nor has the teaching staff of the Institute been entirely Swiss. As befits an international city such as Geneva, there have been French, Italian, Hungarian, Dahomean, and American as well as Swiss members of staff.
Centre de recherches et d'études administratives, Tunis
Authors: Aoudj Farid
Published: November 2008

This Administrative Research and Study Centre—a part of L'Ecole nationale d'administ ration de Tunisie—was set up by a law of 1964, which also reorganised the whole structure of E.N.A.T. The first priority was to open up a training programme for different categories of civil servants corresponding to the needs of the Tunisian administration. So it was not until April 1967 that the first research projects got under way. In one year, several publications have appeared and several others are in progress. The rapidity with which the Research and Study Centre has expanded its production is largely due to the original conception. At present, once the pump has been primed, the essential task is to build up the Centre in such a way as to increase production and to improve the quality of the studies and research work carried out.
Seminar on African Boundary Problems
Authors: Touval Saadia
Published: November 2008

This year's annual seminar of the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, organised by Professor Carl Gösta Widstrand, the director of the Institute, was devoted to boundary problems. It was an interisciplinary gathering, attended by some 30 scholars, from 12 countries. The daily proceedings were divided into two: in the mornings, the papers were delivered as public lectures at the University, and in the afternoons, the seminar met for discussion.
Agriculture Versus Industry in Economic Development
Authors: Livingstone Ian
Published: November 2008

Writing in a previous issue of this Journal, A. F. Ewing has stated that ‘it is fortunately no longer necessary to argue in favour of industrialisation in opposition to another approach to economic development’, although ‘the doctrine that industry is the key to economic development is of comparatively recent origin’. The article is entitled ‘Industrialisation and the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa’.1
The Political Thought of Amlicar Cabral
Authors: Chilcote Ronald H.
Published: November 2008

Amílcar Cabral, a little-known revolutionary intellectual and head of the major nationalist movement fighting the Portuguese in their territories of Portuguese Guiné and the Cape Verde Islands, has experienced considerable success as leader of an African independence struggle. His political thought has guided the African response to Portuguese rule for more than a decade. It has developed through the successive phases of his career, as a student in Lisbon (1946–1950), as an agronomist who surveyed agricultural resources for the Portuguese Government (1950–1956), and as a nationalist leader and a revolutionary (1956 to the present).
Second U.I.A. Colloquium on Housing
Authors: Verdugo Claude
Published: November 2008

This colloquium, which followed that held in Bucharest in 1966, was organised by one of the five working commissions of the International Union Architects (U.I.A.). Its theme, ‘Housing for the Majority, with special reference to developing countries’, was studied by over 80 participants from 22 countries.
Meeting for the Co-ordination and Planning of the Collection of African Oral Traditions
Authors: Izard Michel
Published: November 2008

This meeting was organised jointly by the Government of Haute-Volta and by the Cultural Division of U.N.E.S.C.O., which had taken the initiative, as part of its preparation for a general History of Africa. In this context one must mention also the recent colloquia held at Niamey and at Timbuktu, the former concerned with oral, the second with written sources, ofAfrican history. This Ouagadougou meeting was essentially logistic in character; having established in principle that it is necessary to collect African oral traditions in order to fill out the outlines of history, the task was to list the problems of all kinds posed by the work of collection, and to consider possible solutions, especially in connection with both national and international research plans.
Seminar on the Development of Senior Administrators in the Public Service of Developing Countries
Authors: Mirreh Hassan Ali
Published: November 2008

Organised and sponsored by the U.N. Public Administration Division, this intercontinental seminar dealt with problems related to the development of senior administrators in the public service of the developing countries. The 37 participants were either leading civil servants or heads of training institutions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America; in addition there were observers from the advanced countries and the specialised agencies of the United States. The seminar's four working groups met regularly in the afternoons to explore in depth the topics discussed at the morning plenary sessions. These included: the definition of the senior administrator and the delineation of his responsibilities; the identification of his developmental needs; the personnel system under which he operates; the institutional arrangements for the development of his administrative potentialities; and the evaluation of the methods and techniques designed to achieve these objectives.
The Future of the Company in Tanzanian Development
Authors: Roe Alan R.
Published: November 2008

The company as a form of economic organisation is an essentially capitalist invention, and the privilege of limited liability which it confers is specifically designed to protect private investment and to ensure that such investment is kept at a reasonable level despite the vagaries of the capitalist environment. It is therefore topical and relevant to study the future of the company in an African context in which a more socialist approach to development is being increasingly advocated. This article attempts to examine the position in Tanzania—politically the most avant-garde of the new anglophone states of Africa—several months after government action which severely down-graded the significance of her private sector.1
Twentieth Anniversary Conference of the Program of African Studies, Northwestern University
Authors: Bax Margaret
Published: November 2008

Africanists of all disciplines will never cease to be indebted to the late Professor Melville J. Herskovits for his pioneering work in the development of African Studies in the United States. As Professor of Anthropology at Northwestern University, he created and directed the Program of African Studies from 1948 until his death in 1963. To celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the founding of this Program, a conference was held at Evanston under the general chairmanship of the present director of the Program, Professor Gwendolen M. Carter.
The Politics of Rural Mobilisation in North Africa
Authors: Asheord Douglas E.
Published: November 2008

Among the problems confronting the developing countries, rural reform has received increasing attention from a variety of social scientists. There are several reasons for this new emphasis. In the pasts decade most of the struggles for independence have ended and the newly formed nations are beginning to focus on the complex issues of political integration and economic growth. Few areas reflect this change as dramatically as the Maghreb.
Ghana, The Congo, and The United Nations
Authors: Mohan Jitendra
Published: November 2008

The recurrent crisis in the (ex-Belgian) Congo, which first exploded soon after the country's independence on 30 June 1960, was the main event in the history both of the United Nations (U.N.) and of Africa during the 1960s. Its first phase (with which this paper largely deals) opened with the mutiny of the Force publique on 5 July, the intervention of Belgian troops on 10 July, and the proclamation of Katanga's independence on 11 July; it came to an end with the suppression of Katanga's secession, tentatively in December 1961 and conclusively in January 1963. The Opération des Nations Unies au Congo (O.N.U.C.) was authorised by the Security Council on 14 July, on the independent initiative of the U.N. Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjold, and in response to the Congo Government's appeals to the U.N. for technical and military assistance. The operation was the biggest and costliest by far in the life of the U.N.; 1 and its course was marked by political as well as financial ruin, from which the U.N. has never quite recovered. Evidence for this was furnished early. By the time the operation formally came to an end on 30 June 1964, the Congo was already in the thick of the second phase of the crisis; this phase, which began with the outbreak of rebellion in Kwilu in January 1964, was brought to an end of sorts by the Belgian-American military intervention in Stanleyville in November 1964, which produced few signs of activity by the U.N.
Institute of African Studies, Ife
Authors: Crowder Michael
Published: November 2008

The Institute of African Studies of the University of Ife is an interdisciplinary research institute now primarily concerned with research into traditional and modern African culture. Originally, at its foundation in 1962, under the direction of Dr S. O. Biobaku, now vice-chancellor of the University of Lagos, it was concerned with all aspects of African studies in the field of the humanities. However, in the past two years its role has been redefined and the policy now is that research in the Institute should be concerned with those areas of African Studies not catered for by the teaching departments of the University.
Elections and Coups in Sierra Leone, 1967
Authors: Fisher Humphrey J.
Published: November 2008

On St Patrick's Day 1967 Sierra Leone went to the polls to elect a new parliament. Four days later, on 21 March, Brigadier David Lansana, head of the Sierra Leone army, seized power. After two more days, on 23 March, Lansana was repudiated by a group of senior army officers; this second coup was followed by the creation of a National Reformation Council, including five army officers and two senior police officials, which was to take control of the government. Almost the last multi-party democracy in independent black Africa had come to an end, cancelling the first peaceful change of government through the ballot-box. Lansana's action was in some respects less defensible than Ian Smith's U.D.I. in Rhodesia. Smith acted against the presumed wishes of a majority of Rhodesians; Lansana acted against the majority wish which had just been expressed. Smith did not, within minutes of taking power, send troops to fire on protesting crowds in the streets of the capital.
Lending Money
Authors: Marris Peter
Published: November 2008

In this article, I have put down some very tentative thoughts on loans, firstly as they are used in financing small-scale African enterprises, and secondly as a service that African businessmen give to their customers. These remarks arise out of research in progress, and may well need to be revised when the findings are more complete, and have been analysed. Meanwhile, I hope that what follows will suggest a few ideas in a field of development where there are many problems, but little previous experience and knowledge to go by.
U.N.C.T.A.D. and After:Anatomy of a Failure
Authors: Green Reginald H.
Published: November 2008

The first third of the 1960's was marked by growing concern over the inadequacies of the international economic system and a series of ambitious initiatives for its reform. The Kennedy Round of negotiations conducted through G.A.T.T. (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) was launched with the avowed aim of ending protective tariffs and related obstacles to world trade. Almost all governments, central banks, and international monetary organisations supported—in one form or another—international liquidity reform in order to break the artificial dependence of trade expansion on gold mining and on United States and United Kingdom payments deficits, and to replace these variables by a managed system, based on an international reserve unit. Both the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (O.E.C.D.) argued the case for expanded, longer- period, development assistance on easier terms and with fewer ties to purchase the exports of lender or donor countries. Spokesmen not only of developing but also of industrial economies appeared to endorse this line of argument. Regional economic integration among developing economies moved out of the realm of academic speculation and vague speeches and into the category of political-economic programmes for early implementation.
The West Africa Committee, London
Authors:   The Executive Committee of the West Africa Comittee, London
Published: November 2008

The chief purpose of the West Africa Committee, established in May 1956, is to aid and stimulate the economic development of the English-speaking West African countries—Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Gambia—by firms, companies, and individuals from outside West Africa, to the mutual economic advantage of these countries and of the members of the Committee.
African–Scandinavian Writers' Conference
Authors: Engelstad Carl F.
Published: November 2008

This, the broadest and most thoroughgoing confrontation to date of African and Scandinavian writers, took place at the inter-Scandinavian cultural centre near Stockholm. More than 20 African writers, including representatives from North Africa, Ethiopia, ‘Black Africa’, and South Africa (refugees) took part in the conference, among them some outstanding personalities: Albert Memmi, Wole Soyinka, Tchicaya U'Thamsi, George AwoonorWilliams, James Ngugi, and Ezekiel Mphahlele, to mention only a few. A similar number of writers from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway took part; tours and social arrangements made it possible for the African writers to meet a further selection of Scandinavian writers and artists and to become acquainted with local scenery and institutions. The initiative for the conference was taken by the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, the Swedish Institute for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, and the Swedish Council for Overseas Information.
Outlook for Botswana
Authors: Khama Seretse
Published: November 2008

On 24 September 1969, three years after Botswana achieved independence, the President of the Republic, Sir Seretse Khama, addressed the 24th session of the U.N. General Assembly in New York. The following extracts from his speech may be of interest to readers:

… My country is … a comparative newcomer to the United Nations, and this my first opportunity to address this General Assembly. Botswana is a small country in terms of population if not in area. As a small and poor country we set a particularly high value on our membership of the United Nations and those of its specialised agencies which our budgetary restrictions have permitted us to join. I should like to emphasise the particular importance of the United Nations for states like Botswana which, because of development priorities, are obliged to restrict their conventional bilateral contacts and keep their overseas missions to a bare minimum. Here in New York we can make contacts which would otherwise be difficult to achieve… The United Nations enables us to keep in touch with international opinion, and to put our views before the world.
The Establishment of State Governments in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Tukur M.
Published: November 2008

Over a year ago, ‘Africana’ included Dr D. J. Murray's detailed account of the ‘ The Reorganisation of Nigeria's Administration’, in each of the Regions, during 1967–68; see The Journal of Modern African Studies, VI, 4, December 1968. Against that background, a former Northern Nigerian civil servant, who has been involved in the process, highlights some of the practical problems of settling up six of Nigeria's 12 new states.
Seminar on Mass Media and National Family Planning Campaigns
Authors: Kolade Christopher
Published: November 2008

Organised and sponsored by U.N.E.S.C.O., this seminar brought together, perhaps for the first time, experts and others interested in family planning, sociology, and mass communication. Delegates at the seminar did not represent their countries; rather they represented fields of interest. Medical practitioners, family planning workers, mass media experts, and sociologists came from many countries—India, Japan, Chile, Argentina, Ghana, Pakistan, Korea, Algeria, Great Britain, Nigeria, France, and the U.S.A. There were also observers from the United Nations and a number of its agencies.
Conference on Social Science Research in Liberia
Authors: Hartzler L. P.
Published: November 2008

This two-day conference, sponsored by Stanford's Committee on African Studies, was possibly the first gathering of its kind outside Liberia since the American Colonisation Society ceased sending emigrants to the West African Republic at the turn of the century. It was organised by Dr Martin Lowenkopf, and was attended by over 40 social scientists, including six Liberians at present studying in the United States.
U.K. African Studies Association Symposium on Southern African Studies
Authors: Birmingham David
Published: November 2008

About one hundred members of the A.S.A., predominantly from British universities, assembled at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, for a full day's discussion of some two dozen papers and notes concerning current research on Southern Africa. The papers came from Afrikaans and English-language universities of South Africa, as well as from those of the United Kingdom.
Commonwealth African Regional Seminar on Youth Problems and Training
Authors: Callaway Archibald
Published: November 2008

Few socio-economic problems in tropical Africa evoke greater concern than that of providing youth with training in skills and profitable opportunities for work. The increasing number of unemployed young people in towns and cities doesn't make sense, particularly when intensified development is being hoped and planned for. Everyone recognises the urgent need to look into this paradox, to diagnose the problem in its local variations, and to do something about it. Rising population and labour force, the impact of wide-spread primary education, heightened expectation, migration to cities, the low labour absorption of modern and semi-modern establishments, falling productivity in some rural areas—these are some of the elements involved.
Prospects of Regional Economic Co-operation in West Africa
Authors: Adedeji Adebayo
Published: November 2008

The need for regional economic integration in Africa was appreciated by most African leaders soon after their countries had become independent sovereign states early in the 1960s. Although they did not always make enough distinction between economic integration and political unity (indeed some, particularly the leaders of the so-called Casablanca group of countries, held the doctrinaire view that political unity and the formation of a United States of Africa must precede economic integration), and although very little has been achieved in either field, yet the past decade is likely to go down in African history as the decade of economic and political integration rather than the development decade.1 However, if positive results are to be achieved in the 1970s, the old doctrinaire attitude must give way to a more pragmatic approach, which neither demands political union as a precondition for economic integration nor takes an all-or-nothing attitude to the latter.
Strangers and Local Government in Kumasi
Authors: Schildkrout Enid
Published: November 2008

Thepolitical status of strangers in African societies, particularly in urban areas, has been insufficiently analysed.1This may be partly because studies of African politics and political development have been dominated by a conceptual framework which contrasts two types of society, the ‘traditional’ or ‘tribal’ and the ‘modern’ or ‘developed’. The former usually implies a rural community with a relatively self- sufficient political system.2In such a society, the traditional leaders are usually associated with a particular ethnic group and territory; and their authority may be derived from sacred sources, such as tradition itself, ties to land, or genealogical links to ancestors. In the ‘modern’ society, leadership is assumed to be ‘rational’ and ‘secular’, oriented towards western rather than traditional values.3Political development has often been somewhat vaguely conceived as the transformation of a society from the traditional to the modern type.
Institute for Development Studies, University College, Nairobi: supplementary note
Authors: Coleman James S.
Published: November 2008

Following the establishment at Makerere University College of a postgraduate statistical training course which will lay heavy emphasis on survey techniques, the Social Science Division of the Institute for Development Studies, Nairobi, is not, for the time being, pursuing its intention to establish a survey research centre. For this and other reasons the Centre last year decided against the acquisition of the Marco Survey data archives, reported in this Journal, VII, 2, 1969.
Political Integration in Africa: the Mali Federation
Authors: Kurtz Donn M.
Published: November 2008

In the 1958 referendum on the constitution of the Fifth Republic, General de Gaulle asked the French West African territories whether they wanted continued association with France in the Community; if they voted ‘No’, this meant immediate independence, which was chosen by Guinea alone.

There was widespread sentiment, in those territories which voted ‘Yes’, in favour of some type of federation for the former A.O.F. (L'Afrique occidentale française). Long an advocate of this idea, Leopold Senghor of Senegal presented a constitution for a West African federation to the other A.O.F. leaders in October 1958. Senegal, Dahomey, Upper Volta, and Soudan all empowered their governments to enter into the proposed federation; Niger, Mauretania, and Ivory Coast said nothing. The four territories which responded to the call for unity sent delegations to meetings of federalists, in Bamako in December 1958, and then in Dakar, at which time a constituent assembly met and drafted a constitution. The work was finished and approved without discussion in three days.
Conference on Co-operatives and Rural Development in East Africa
Authors: Hydén Göran
Published: November 2008

The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies in Uppsala acted as host for this conference and, together with the Swedish Federation of Co-operatives (K.F.), sponsored and financially supported it.
The Population Obstacle to Economic Transformation in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Gormely Patrick J.
Published: November 2008

As the economic development of a country occurs, and its income per capita rises, an economic transformation takes place. The importance of both production and employment in agriculture, as proportions of total production and total employment, declines. This structural transformation of the less-developed economy from one dominated by agriculture to one dominated by non-agriculture has occurred in every country which has experienced a sustained rise in income per capita. Because the transformation has occurred in every successful development effort so far, we have reason to suspect that structural transformation is a concomitant of economic development, and will occur in the future as the less-developed countries experience economic development.
Decentralising the State: District Focus and the Politics of Reallocation in Kenya
Authors: Barkan Joel D. , Chege Michael
Published: November 2008

Daniel arap Moi's announcement in October 1982 that Kenya would henceforth allocate its resources for rural development on a decentralised basis, to be more responsive to the ‘needs and aspirations of wananchi’,1 is one of the clearest statements by an African President that the state must establish a better consultative relationship with the people it claims to serve.
The Determinants of the Foreign Policy of Revolutionary Ethiopia
Authors: Tekle Amare
Published: November 2008

The Foreign policy of Ethiopia, like that of other countries, is based on certain goals and values, and determinded by the dynamic interplay of domestic and external factors. Although its formulation has been clearly influenced by Marxist concepts about the nature of society and the alignment of forces in the world, there are elements of continuity as well as change, not least because Ethiopia has maintained its core values while playing an important rôle from time to time in the international arena long before the 1974 revolution. In other words, despite a shift in orientation, the central purpose of Ethiopia's foreign policy has remained the same, and a change in style has not brought forth a change in essence. Indeed, in some respects, the exigencies of a fast-changing international environment have been more significant than the replacement of the Emperor by the Dergue. It must be stressed that Ethiopian policy has been largely rigid, with adjustments being made only in response to certain fait accomplis that were outside the control of the decision-makers.
Modalities of Civil-Military Stability in Africa
Authors: Decalo Samuel
Published: November 2008

If during the 1960s thecoup d'étatemerged as the most visible and recurrent characteristic of the African political experience, by the 1980s quasi-permanent military rule, of whatever ideological hue, had become the norm for much of the continent. At any moment in time, up to 65 per cent of all Africa's inhabitants and well over half its states are governed by military administrators. Civilian rule is but a distant memory in some countries. Few at some stage or another have not been run by an armed-forces junta, and fewer still have not been rocked at least once by an attempted coup, putsch, or military-sponsored plot. According to one tabulation, ‘only six states havenotwitnessed some form of extra-legal armed involvement in national politics since 1958’.1The phenomenon has even reached the non-state Homelands of Bophuthatswana, Transkei, and Ciskei in South Africa. Rule by civilians is very much the statistical ‘deviation’ from the continental norm, as military leaders lay a permanent claim to the political throne in much of Africa
The Independence of São Tomé e Príncipe and Agrarian Reform
Authors: Eyzaguirre Pablo B.
Published: November 2008

The Democratic Republic of São Tomé e Príncipe is the smallest country in lusophone Africa. The inhabitants of these two islands in the Gulf of Guinea just north of the Equator number approximately 115,000,2 of whom over 95 per cent live on São Tomé which has a total area of 857 sq. km. The smaller island of Príncipe, with only 140 sq. km, is inhabited primarily by Cape Verdeans whose ancestors migrated there during the colonial era. The economy has always been dominated by cocoa plantations, known as roças, which despite changes in organisation have been the fundamental sociopolitical foundation of this creole African society.3 The continuity of this unit of production in the national economy, and its attendant impact on the structure of society, remains the central problem facing the country's leaders.
Continuity and Change in Franco-African Relations
Authors: Martin Guy
Published: November 2008

Whilenoticeable signs of change in relations between France and her former colonies in Africa began to appear in the post-cold war era, particularly since 1990, elements of continuity include their enduring historical and cultural ties; their informal, intimate, and secretive politico-diplomatic relations, typified by the bi-annual franco-African summit meetings; and the fact that when all is said and done, the contintent remains of great economic importance to France. As for the gradual process of democratisation which has swept throughout francophone Africa in recent years, there is evidence that this has been selectively supported by France according to criteria pertaining more to her core foreign-policy interests in Africa than to ideological, legalistic, or humanitarian considerations.
The Life and Death of South Africa's National Peacekeeping Force
Authors: Anglin Douglas G.
Published: November 2008

The National Peacekeeping Force (NPKF) was designed to meet a serious security challenge anticipated in the run-up to South Africa's first democratic elections in April 1994. Its establishment was an imaginative and constructive, but ultimately disastrous initiative. Its failure – however inevitable in retrospect – constituted a major tragedy, less as it proved for the free and fair conduct of the elections than for the longer-term prospects of forging a truly national army. This study seeks to explore: (i) the genesis and evolution of the concept of an integrated South African peacekeeping force; (ii) its character, composition, command structure, and cohesion; and (iii) the causes and consequences of its fateful deployment on the volatile East Rand.
The Politics and Diplomacy of Peacekeeping in West Africa: The Ecowas Operation in Liberia
Authors: Adeleke Ademola
Published: November 2008

TheEconomic Community of West African States (Ecowas) was established in May 1975 as an organisation to promote the development of the sub-region, and for 15 years did not deviate from this mandate. The 16 member-states – Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo – restricted their interactions to purely economic matters and ran shy of political issues confronting West Africa. This tradition changed in 1990 when Ecowas decided to intervene in the civil war which had broken out in Liberia. Its strategy to resolve the conflict followed two parallel but mutually interactive channels — making and enforcing peace. The former involved negotiations and arbitration; the latter the deployment in August 1990 of a 3,000 strong multinational force to supervise a cease-fire.