bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bibliography on Fear of Success in Black Women: 1970–1982
Authors: Gonsalves Sandra Virginia
Published: September 2011

Matina Horner's (1968) original research on the motive to avoid success embraced within the achievement-orientation literature gathered momentum as a viable personality construct. However, an overwhelming amount of this research has focussed predominantly on white women with varying emphasis on men. A computer search was performed to assess the limited number of articles and empirical studies published on the fear of success as it relates specifically to black women. The search yielded 20 references, of which five are unpublished manuscripts, and spanned a 12-yr. period from 1970 to 1982.
A Study of Aging, Intelligence and Problem Solving
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between intellectual functioning and problem-solving among aged persons were viewed from several vantage points. The Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized abilities provided the rationale for selection of indicants of intelligence; the Davis (1966) two-factor theory served as a paradigm for the selection of two different kinds of problem-solving tasks. The relationships of education to each type of intelligence and problem-solving were also investigated. For a sample of 224 adults, aged 60 to 70 yr. of age, (1) Type O problem solving (has few prior associarions) is more highly related to fluid intelligence (Gf) than to crystallized intelligence (Gc). (2) The correlation between Gf and Gc is larger for relatively well educated than for relatively poorly educated adults. (3) There is no significant difference between the Gf and Gc correlations with Type C problem-solving (involving previously associated responses). (4) The Gf-Gc, Type O-C relationships are not removed when education is controlled.
Schizophrenia and the Deletion of Certainty: An Existential Case Study
Authors: Schmolling Paul
Published: September 2011

The subject of this case study was a schizophrenic hospitalized for over 20 yr. A figure of ridicule, he appears delapidated and confused. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there is some underlying coherence to his disordered thinking and perceptual processes. Based on existential principles, the method emphasized his sense of time, causality, and the external environment. During a 2-mo. period, the author recorded the patient's statements about a number of pre-selected conversational topics. The results suggested that his conscious experience is organized around the premise that nothing is definite. He is enveloped in a kind of perceptual fog and shows a corresponding indefinite quality in the cognitive realm. It was suggested that the veil of uncertainty protects him from the full impact of existential anxiety. The tendency of some schizophrenics to “destructure” reality is discussed in the light of existential theory.
Desired Pregnancy during Adolescence
Authors: Smith P. , Weinman M. , Nenney S. W.
Published: September 2011

25 primiparous adolescents 13 to 18 yr. of age who actively desired or wanted pregnancy were compared with those who did not actively desire pregnancy to determine factors which contribute to wanting the pregnancy. Factors included peer expectations, marital status, fertility awareness, contraceptive use, and affective status. Positive status associated with marriage, especially among adolescents who conceived while single but subsequently married, was an important difference between desired and undesired pregnancies. Social expectations among peers seemed to reflect the greatest difference between desired and undesired pregnancy. The teens desiring pregnancy had a more positive peer expectation of being treated better after delivery. Non-utilization of birth control and surprise at conception was the same for desired and non-desired pregnancy although the majority of both groups knew where to get contraception.
Cognitive Defenses and Life Stress: An Information-Processing Analysis
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: September 2011

Lazarus proposed that defensive behaviors may be detrimental to long-term stress management to the extent that they interfere with direct stress-coping strategies. Two studies considered this proposal for four cognitive defenses—projection, repression, rationalization, and denial—as well as the role of internal scanning as a moderator variable. Projection and denial were positively related to stress level over a 1-yr. period supporting the Lazarus view, but rationalization was inversely related. More specific effects considering breadth of scanning demonstrated all three defenses that function by evasion of information (projection, repression, and denial) showed positive relations with stress for narrow scanners but not for broad scanners. Rationalization presented the opposite pattern. Subjects combining rationalization with broad scanning were uniquely free of stress. An interpretation of these findings was proposed bearing upon the amount of information available to individuals regarding stressors that might influence direct strategies for reduction of stress.
Attraction to a Beneficent Victim: Choice, Hedonic Relevance and Correspondence of Inferences
Authors: Latta R. Michael
Published: September 2011

Correspondence refers to the certainty with which an observer makes a trait inference about an actor (e.g., the actor is likable) based on the actor's behavior (e.g., the actor helped the observer). In the present experiment, the effects of choice and hedonic relevance of the victim's behavior on ratings of certainty of liking and motive for a victim whose suffering benefits an observer was investigated among 32 female college students. The certainty of liking for the beneficent victim whose suffering came as random shocks while learning a list of paired-associates was reduced by the combination of choice and positive hedonic relevance and was accompanied by increased uncertainty about the victim's motive for choosing to suffer. It was concluded that multiple inferences about an actor may be related and choice does not necessarily guarantee the certainty of any inference.
Benefits of Being Attractive: Differential Payoffs for Men and Women
Authors: Udry J. Richard , Eckland Bruce K.
Published: September 2011

This study used attractiveness ratings of about 601 males and 745 females based on high school annual pictures to predict marital and socio-economic status 15 yr. later. Attractiveness gets females highly educated husbands with high income, but no benefits in occupational status or own income. It also reduces the probability of remaining unmarried. For males, attractiveness interferes with achievement of status.
Questionnaire Format and Scale Reliability: An Examination of Three Modes of Item Presentation
Authors: Solomon Esther , Kopelman Richard E.
Published: September 2011

It was posited that, when items comprising scales are grouped by content or grouped by content and labeled, scale reliabilities will be superior to those obtained when items are randomly distributed in a questionnaire. Data from four samples provided moderate support for the first prediction but only modest support for the second one. Ideas for further research were offered.
Comparison of Scores for Normal Preschool Children on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised and the Achievement Scales of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
Authors: McLoughlin Caven S. , Ellison Carole L.
Published: September 2011

The newly available Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children is the first comprehensively standardized individual assessment device published for psychoeducational diagnosticians' use since the publication in 1974 of the WISC—R. Extant investigations on K—ABC concurrent validity are restricted to those described in the test's interpretive manual. This study compared 32 normal preschoolers' responses on the K—ABC Achievement subtests with their scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised. The sample scored approximately one standard deviation above the K—ABC standardization sample on both the Peabody and K—ABC Achievement Scale standard scores. Comparability of item analysis across expressive and receptive vocabulary modes signaled superiority for reception. The K—ABC's Achievement subtest, Riddles, emerged as a moderate independent criterion of K—ABC's power in predicting skill in PPVT—R receptive vocabulary. Psychoeducational diagnosticians are cautioned that despite these tests' moderate inter-correlations, they appear to measure essentially different skill elements.
Post-Traumatic Stress: Study of Police Officers Involved in Shootings
Authors: Stratton John G. , Parker David A. , Snibbe John R.
Published: September 2011

60 deputy sheriffs involved in shooting incidents in the Los Angeles area completed a seven-page survey delineating their reactions to the shooting incident. Data suggest some significant demographic and psychological effects on these officers. 40% were in the Department for 6 to 10 yr., 73% of the shootings involved other police officers, and 91% of the incidents occurred on duty. A variety of psychological reactions were described, e.g., time distortion, sleep difficulties, fear of legal consequences, and various emotional reactions, such as anger, elation, or crying. About 30% of the respondents felt that the shooting incident affected them greatly or a lot, about 33% only moderately and 35% not at all. The emotional responses to shootings appear to be as varied as the individuals involved.
Parental Power and Adolescents' Drinking
Authors: Reeves Don
Published: September 2011

Questionnaire data collected from 191 adolescents indicated that maternal power was negatively associated with adolescents' drinking. Paternal power was nonsignificant. Adolescents' drinking was positively related to parents' drinking.
Relationship between Androgyny and Self-Monitoring
Authors: Williams Dale , Leak Gary , Millard Richard
Published: September 2011

Bem's concept of androgyny and Snyder's concept of self-monitoring emphasize traits characterized by behavioral flexibility across situations. In the present study two measures of androgyny were correlated with self-monitoring, but only one of the measures was significantly related to self-monitoring. The findings suggest the need to re-examine the notion of androgyny.
Comparison of Defense Mechanisms Utilized in Perception by Congenitally Blind and Sighted Respondents
Authors: Minskoff Sam , Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined specific defense mechanisms involved in perceptions of congenitally blind and sighted respondents. The Defense Mechanism Inventory was given 30 blind and 30 sighted subjects, randomly selected. One-way analyses of variance on specific defenses indicated nonsignificant differences between the groups who tended to show comparable patterns of ego defenses. Findings suggest any discrepancies in perception between such groups are not likely based on differences in the use of various defense mechanisms as measured by the Defense Mechanism Inventory.
Paranormal Beliefs of High School Students
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome , Miller Mark J. , Jones Glenda
Published: September 2011

The Paranormal Belief Scale was given to high school students in Grade 11 (95 boys, 98 girls). This scale provides a total Paranormal Belief Score, plus scores on each of seven paranormal subscales: Traditional Religious Belief, Psi Belief, Witchcraft, Spiritualism, Superstition, Extraordinary Life Forms, and Precognition. Paranormal scale/subscale scores of high school students were compared to those of a sample of college students. Generally, high school students were greater disbelievers in paranormal phenomena than college students. High school students showed significantly less belief than college students on the total Paranormal Scale and on the subscales, Psi Belief, Extraordinary Life Forms, and Witchcraft. As hypothesized, the number of science courses taken by high school students correlated significantly and inversely with total Paranormal Scale scores, Traditional Religious Belief scores, and Psi Belief scores. Also as hypothesized, Traditional Religious Belief scores were significantly and directly associated with grade point average ( r = .21). Further as hypothesized, high school students in the most accelerated academic track showed significantly less belief on Superstition than students in other tracks.
Studies of Imitative Learning and Vicarious Reinforcement
Authors: Austad Carol Shaw , Sininger Rollin , Daugherty Jane , Geary Dennis , Stange Judy
Published: September 2011

This article examined theoretical and practical aspects of vicarious reinforcement. Vicarious reinforcement is described as a metaphor, created by drawing attention to the similarities between vicarious and direct reinforcement. If vicarious reinforcement is analogous to direct reinforcement, it is possible to treat them in the same way. A series of experiments with 60 children were conducted to translate the metaphor into concrete operations. The dependent variable was percentage of time spent in imitative play. The independent variables were the systematic application of vicarious punishment, vicarious reinforcement, and neutral consequences. The prediction that vicarious reinforcement increases target behaviors and vicarious punishment decreases target behaviors did not hold. Analysis showed variation between and within subjects in behavioral reactions to vicarious reinforcement and punishment. In actual use, there are methodological complexities in application of vicarious events.
Relationships in and around Organizations: It's Both Who You Know and What You Know That Counts
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

122 employed professional men and women in early career stages provided information about the functions served by their relationships with peers. Most respondents were aware of functions served by their peer relationships. Most common functions were informational, future contacts, and referrals. Professionals from larger organizations, having more extensive peer relationships or belonging to formalized network groups received more network functions. Women and minorities were as active in peer relationships as were men and majority group members.
Psychological and Physiological Effects of Relaxation and Nitrous Oxide Training
Authors: Danton William G. , May Jerry R. , Lynn Edward J.
Published: September 2011

Training in progressive muscle relaxation can improve psychophysiological response to stress but is often time-consuming and may prove ineffective for some individuals. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)may offer an effective adjunct or alternative to training. This study evaluated the relative efficacy of these procedures. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions: relaxation-only, N2O only, relaxation with N2O, and room air-control. The relaxation procedure was modeled on color videotape. Nitrous oxide was administered from a balloon. In addition to various psychological measures, treatment effects were measured for skin temperature, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and two measures of diastolic blood pressure. Subjective reports of tension were also recorded. There was a significant multivariate difference between treatment groups. The relaxation-only procedure was generally superior to the others on most dependent measures. Subjects receiving N2O appear to have experienced an improvement in mood. Paradoxically, the initially more relaxed subjects seemed to derive the greater benefit from the inhalation of N2O. The use of videotape-modeled relaxation procedures is discussed.
A Possible Difference between Men's and Women's Sexuality
Authors: James William H.
Published: September 2011

Some notes on human coital behavior are offered to draw attention to data which relate to the conceptualization of human sexuality. It is suggested that the 1970 work of the mathematical demographer J. C. Barrett should be re-examined in this context.
The Skeleton Key—A Curiosity
Authors: Wiener Paul H.
Published: September 2011

The novel Skeleton Key technique was developed to determine the probable correct answers to questions whose correct answers are unknown, but for which the answers of a large number of people are available. The technique is a bootstraps' method that assumes a basic level of internal consistency of answers to a set of questions. It works according to the principle of psychometric discrimination but in reverse of the usual application. The operation of the technique is explained, and successful trials are reported.
Diagnosis and Management of Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The present discussion examines a number of elements which seem to be involved in suicidal behavior. Despite the various situational and personality determinants which may contribute to suicidal behavior, it was noted that many clinicians attribute this self-destructive pattern to depression and often administer the prescribed treatment, i.e., antidepressant medications and psychotherapy. It was suggested that because suicidal behavior is so maladaptive and because such action represents a conspicuous dislocation with reality, i.e., a circumscribed thought disorder in which the danger of irreversible injury is ignored, treating the unmanageable part of the personality with antipsychotic medications might help control the behavior and reduce the likelihood of potential lethality. Once the psychotic component is sufficiently arrested and suicidal behavior has been controlled, the patient may be more amenable to intensive diagnostic assessment and eventually to psychotherapy.
Adolescents' Self-Reports of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana use: Examining the Comparability of Video Tape, Cartoon and Verbal Bogus-Pipeline Procedures
Authors: Botvin Elizabeth M. , Botvin Gilbert J. , Renick Nancy L. , Filazzola Anne D. , Allegrante John P.
Published: September 2011

Recent studies of smoking prevention have utilized procedures designed to motivate adolescents to provide truthful self-reports by convincing them that their smoking status can be verified by an independent (“bogus”) measure. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of three “bogus-pipeline” procedures hypothesized to increase the validity of self-reported cigarette smoking among 646 seventh graders from two suburban New York City schools. A second aim was to determine the extent to which “bogus-pipeline” procedures targeted specifically at cigarette smoking can indirectly increase the validity of self-reports of alcohol and marijuana use. Over-all, the observed bogus-pipeline effects were modest. Of the three procedures, both the video tape and cartoon presentation modes resulted in a slightly higher percentage of self-reported smoking behavior; only the cartoon presentation mode resulted in a higher percentage of drinking behavior. A reverse effect was observed for self-reported marijuana use in which subjects in the non-bogus-pipeline (control) condition reported significantly more marijuana use than those in the three bogus-pipeline conditions, suggesting overreporting in this population. It appears the validity of adolescents' self-reports may vary from population to population and from behavior to behavior in relation to the perceived social desirability of the specific behavior measured.
Sex, Age, and Cultural Differences in Self-Reported Assertiveness
Authors: Kimble Charles E. , Marsh Nancy B. , Kiska Andrew C.
Published: September 2011

Differences in self-reported assertiveness associated with sex, age, cultural or ethnic group, and ordinal position (birth order) were examined. 782 undergraduate students completed the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and provided the demographic information mentioned above. Men reported being more assertive than women. Older students indicated they were more assertive than younger students. Mexican-American women reported acting less assertively than Mexican-American men and Anglo-American women and men. This assessment of trait assertiveness was positively correlated with ratings of behavioral dominance in discussion groups.
Effects of Caffeine and Nicotine on Open-Field Exploration
Authors: Loke Wing Hong , Meliska Charles J.
Published: September 2011

Male albino rats were tested for drug effects on open-field exploration, with either distilled water or drug in a repeated-measures design. Caffeine (40 mg/kg) enhanced ambulation and rearing, especially during the late minutes of Session 2, about 90 min. after injection. Nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) did not increase ambulation and rearing except during Mins. 4 to 6 of Session 2; nicotine showed only a marginal biphasic effect. These results suggest that caffeine reduced the decrement in performance across time. Perhaps caffeine reduces fatigue or increases novelty-seeking responses. A full range of doses should be studied.
Life Satisfaction and Depression among Retired Black Persons
Authors: Farakhan Asia , Lubin Bernard , O'Connor And William A.
Published: September 2011

Correlates of life satisfaction of 30 elderly black persons were studied by means of a three-session, phase-focused (pre-retirement, immediate post-retirement, and current) interview that included the Ecosystem Activity Record (EAR) and the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL) administered to 23 women and 7 men whose ages ranged from 52 to 97 yr. Findings over the three phases were (1) an over-all decrease in activities but an increase in time spent with family and home and an increase in participation in church or religiously oriented functions, (2) an over-all pattern of relatively high life satisfaction, and (3) relatively low levels of depressive mood. Relationships among demographic variables also were noted.
The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test: A Study of Validity
Authors: Sapp Gary L. , Marshall John
Published: September 2011

The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Primary I was validated by comparing scores with those on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised. Correlations, t tests, and regression equations were computed for the total group of 60 first-grade children and by ethnic group membership. High positive correlations between Otis-Lennon and WISC—R IQs were obtained, and the means were similar. Comparisons by ethnic group membership indicated that the Otis-Lennon was equally valid for black children and white children, and differences between the means were less than those reported for the national sample.
Marijuana Intoxication in Rats: Interruption of Recent Memory and Effect on Brain Concentration of Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Essman Eric J.
Published: September 2011

Rats exposed to marijuana smoke injected into a chamber immediately after passive avoidance training, showed a significant failure to perform the conditioned avoidance response 24 hr. later. A delivered dose of marijuana resulted in appreciable concentrations of its major behaviorally active metabolite, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in the absence of gross signs of intoxication, 24 hr. later. The greatest regional brain concentration of Δ9-THC occurred in the hippocampus, a region usually associated with memory trace processing and retention. The present study demonstrates that (1) marijuana intoxication can produce a retrograde amnesia in rats and (2) the amnesic effect is likely to depend upon Δ9-THC accumulation in the hippocampus and is probably not dependent upon the post-training intoxication state.
Self-Consciousness in Acute and Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Andersson Candace , Orrell Timothy D. , Puente Antonio E.
Published: September 2011

When the Self-consciousness Scale was individually administered to 30 acute and 30 chronic schizophrenics no differences between groups were observed although these scores exceeded those reported for college students.
Subtest Scores of a Comprehensive Examination of Medical Knowledge as a Function of Retention Interval
Authors: Hojat Mohammadreza , Veloski J. Jon
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that performance on particular subtests of a comprehensive examination of medical knowledge would be a function of the length of time between completion of the respective medical training and the administration of the comprehensive examination. Two samples of graduates of the Jefferson Medical College including 1086 students who graduated between 1975 and 1979, and 877 who graduated in 1980 through 1983 were studied. Each student in the junior year of medical school had been assigned to one of four groups. Each group took the required clerkship training in internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, psychiatry and surgery in a different rotational sequence. Statistical analyses indicated that there were no statistically significant differences among the four groups in the two samples, before and after the junior year on total comprehensive medical examination scores. However, an expected linear trend was found in scores on subtests of psychiatry, obstetrics/gynecology, and surgery in both samples. The observed trend indicated that the shorter the retention interval between clerkship training and the respective examination, the higher the score on that examination. Data were analyzed in terms of some hypotheses from learning theories, and implications for medical education were discussed.
College Environments and Premarital Sexual Standards
Authors: Jurich Anthony P.
Published: September 2011

Comparing samples drawn from large and small, rural and urban, sectarian and nonsectarian colleges, differences among advocates of five different standards of premarital sexual behavior were noted. Characteristics of colleges in terms of size, locale, and affiliation, and responses of 10 men and 10 women, the eight different colleges to Stern's (1970) College Climate Index, allowed description of the psycho-social environments which tend to be associated with the adoption of different sexual standards. The respondents rated the goodness of ‘fit’ or match between their perceived needs and the environment of the college in which they were enrolled. Significant differences were for size and sectarian or nonsectarian affiliation but not for locale. Also, significant differences were obtained on 21 of the 30 College Climate Scales when the five sexual standards defined the groups. Present findings and prior work suggest that environmental conditions and levels of cognitive moral development influence attitudes toward premarital sexual activity.
Offensive Language and Impressions during an Interview
Authors: Powell Larry , Callahan Kim , Comans Cheryl , McDonald Leslie , Mansell Jeff , Trotter Mary Dean , Williams Verlynette
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the impact of offensive language used by male and female applicants in an employment interview. Using transcripts that controlled the presence or absence of offensive language and the sex of the job applicant, subjects rated the applicants for physical, social, and task attraction. Analysis indicated that offsensive language negatively affected impressions of the job applicant in terms of social attraction and task attraction (attractiveness of the person as a potential co-worker). No interaction was found.
A Multi-Vantaged Approach to Measurement of Behavioral and Affect States for Clinical and Psychobiological Research
Authors: Katz Martin M. , Secunda Steven , Koslow Stephen H. , Maas James W. , Berman Nancy , Casper Regina , Kocsis James , Stokes Peter
Published: September 2011

The development of methods based on the “multivantaged” assessment of behavioral, affect, and cognitive constructs in patients with affective disorders, is reponed. The state and outcome constructs were derived for application in clinical and psychobiological studies, particularly those aimed at testing biobehavioral hypotheses and the evaluation of the effects of drugs. The development of the constructs is based on the combining of scales from established measures which assess the patient in the interview, on the ward, from his self-report, and from a new vantage, through video methodology. Psychometric analyses primarily from data from the NIMH Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression describe the assembling of the 11 state constructs, and the estimation of their reliabilities, their interrelationships, and their validities. The methods are shown to be capable of characterizing pathologic and “normal” affects, social and expressive behaviors, and impairments in the cognitive and somatic spheres. They differentiated such diverse groups as depressives, manics, and normals, and such behaviorally similar depressive types as the unipolar and bipolar. Preliminary evidence is reported which indicates differential sensitivity to the effects of tricyclic drugs
Satisfaction in Family, Employment, and Community Roles
Authors: Bird Gerald A. , Bird Gloria W.
Published: September 2011

The relationships between family type (one career, career earner, and dual career) and satisfaction in family, employment and community roles, rated on a scale from 0 to 10, were examined using responses from 166 couples. No differences were found in role satisfaction among husbands by family type. Among wives, there were significant differences in rated satisfaction for employment and community roles. Regardless of family type, wives rated satisfaction with family roles high.
Differential Impact of Role Conflict and Ambiguity on Selected Correlates: A Two-Sample Test
Authors: Dubinsky Alan J. , Yammarino Francis J.
Published: September 2011

The relationships between role conflict and ambiguity and their antecedents and consequences are the focus of much research. In such studies, however, the differential impact of role conflict as compared to role ambiguity on various correlates has not been empirically tested. In this study, results from such tests for two samples suggest that role conflict and ambiguity have comparable associations with nine widely researched correlates.
How Similar is College Teaching to Psychotherapy?
Authors: Tolor Alexander
Published: September 2011

Psychotherapy and college teaching are examined in terms of their goals, methodologies, interactional systems, outcome evaluations, and common pitfalls. Similar features abound in these seemingly different professions. In view of these similarities, it is not surprising that certain professors make good psychotherapists and certain psychotherapists make excellent teachers at the college level.
Effect of Counselors' Self-References on Subjects' First Impressions in an Experimental Psychological Interview
Authors: Loeb Ruth G. , Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between counselors' self-disclosure and clients' impressions of the counselors' empathy, competence and trustworthiness. 87 subjects were randomly selected and assigned to one of three disclosure conditions, personal self-reference, indirect self-reference, and no self-reference. Subjects read written dialogues then rated the counselors on these qualities using three standardized relationship inventories. An unambiguous preference for the counselor who made indirect references to his experiences and feelings was noted. The counselor using personal statements received the lowest ratings, and the one using only reflective, non-revealing statements was given moderate evaluations. One of the implications for therapeutic practice is that the use of self-disclosure early in treatment may be counterproductive inasmuch as it may undermine the perceptions necessary for the development of a strong therapeutic alliance.
Cultural Affiliation and Adjustment among Male Mexican-American College Students
Authors: Fernandez-Barillas Hector J. , Morrison Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Biculturally affiliated male Mexican-American students were expected to show better adjustment to the college environment than mono-culturally affiliated students. On the Coping Response Inventory 13 subjects classified as bicultural on the Biculturalism Inventory reported less stress and less interference from stress in the interpersonal area than 10 monocultural subjects, with no differences in the familial or academic areas, or in cumulative grade point average. Monocultural students with a primary Chicano affiliation reported more interference from stress in the interpersonal area than bicultural students and had a higher grade-point average than monocultural students with a primary Anglo-American affiliation. Results were discussed in terms of DeVos' 1980 model of adaption by an ethnic minority.
Normal Peers' Reactions toward Autistic Children following a Tutoring Experience
Authors: Prather James H. , Chovan William L.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of a tutoring experience with autistic children on normal children's attitudes. The normal children's attitudes were examined using a semistructured interview and a bipolar adjectival scale. The measures were administered to 25 normal second and third grade school children over a 5-wk. period. Each child was given the two measures twice, first after an orientation to autism and again after five days of a tutoring experience with autistic children. The tutoring experience with autistic children significantly increased the normal peers' reasons for excluding them from participating in social activities in the classroom.
Effects of Men's Physical Attractiveness on Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Gallucci Nicholas T.
Published: September 2011

This study provided an explanation of selections by others to meet based on composites of qualities imputed to the others. 60 undergraduate men made attraction-responses to male targets consensually identified as representative of five levels of attractiveness. Attraction responses were attributions of personality traits and the selection of a target person to meet. The attribution of socially desirable and egocentric qualities increased and the attribution of psychopathological qualities decreased with increasing attractiveness of the target. All targets except the most attractive were seen as indistinguishable in terms of kindness, and the most attractive were seen as less kind. While selections of target persons to meet increased with the increasing attractiveness of the targets, those of moderately high attractiveness were selected more often than were the most attractive targets. An aggregate of attributional favorability was shown to predict target selections. The results were explained in terms of a social-exchange theory of human relations.
Relationship of Anxiety and Depression to Age and Sex in an Acute Psychiatric Population
Authors: Correll Robert E.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to assess the relationship of anxiety and depression to age and sex for an acute psychiatric inpatient population. The measures used were the Depression scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Taylor Scale of Manifest Anxiety. Eight age-sex subgroups of 50 subjects each were formed. Subgroup means decreased significantly with increasing age on the Taylor scale but not on the Depression scale. Women showed significantly higher scores than men on both scales, but the differences were significant only for the youngest age range. Men showed a significant increase in depression scale scores with age; women did not. The correlation between the two scales was .55 for women and .53 for men. The relationships of anxiety and depression to age and sex in this psychiatric population are quite similar to those found in many community survey studies. The distributions are simply shifted upward.
Construct Validity of the Mathematics Attitude Scale
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Davenport John
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of 273 university students' responses to the Mathematics Attitudes Scale was conducted. Four factors (Motivation and Enjoyment, Freedom of Fear, Importance, and Residual Enjoyment) accounted for 59.5% of the total variance. Of the 24 items, 16 loaded on the first factor which accounted for 40.8% of the total variance. The scale was viewed as more unidimensional than multidimensional for the group examined.
Relation of Expression of Hostility to Coping with Stress
Authors: Schill Thomas , Ramanaiah Nerella , O'Laughlin Shawn
Published: September 2011

27 male and 27 female undergraduates currently coping well with stressful life events were compared on each subscale of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory with a group (20 women and 12 men) coping poorly. Poor copers scored higher on the following subscales, Indirect, Guilt, Resentment, Suspiciousness and Total Score. No differences occurred for the expressive subscales, Assault and Verbal. Efficient coping is associated with reacting to stress with a minimum of hostility either expressed or suppressed.
Burnout and Selected Variables as Components of Occupational Stress
Authors: Nagy Stephen
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationships of work-orientation, job involvement, and assertiveness with various classifications of burnout. Questionnaires measuring four constructs were administered to a sample of 153 secretaries. Analysis showed moderate to high burnout on the categories of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. The relationships between the measures of burnout and independent measures did not explain substantial variance on the dependent variables. Results are discussed in terms of possible differences in stress and prevention or management of burnout.
Intensionality and Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Milford Gary , Tobacyk Jerome
Published: September 2011

This study tested the correspondence between the general semantics notion of intensionality and Ellis' Irrational Beliefs. It was hypothesized that greater intensionality would be associated with greater endorsement of irrational beliefs. 73 introductory college students completed the “Is” of Identity measure of intensionality and an Irrational Belief Questionnaire. As hypothesized, scores reflecting greater intensionality on the “Is” of identity questionnaire were significantly and directly correlated with endorsement of irrational beliefs. These findings support the notion of correspondences between principles of general semantics and those of Rational Emotive Therapy.
Differences between Education and Business Students in Cooperative and Competitive Attitudes, Emotional Empathy, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Bohlmeyer Elaine M. , Burke Joy Patricia , Helmstadter Gerald C.
Published: September 2011

To compare undergraduate men and women enrolled in education and business classes regarding cooperative attitude, competitive attitude, emotional empathy, and self-esteem, four paper-and-pencil measures were administered. The 126 students in education scored higher on cooperative attitude and emotional empathy, while the 109 students in business scored higher on competitive attitude and self-esteem. Women scored higher than men on cooperative attitude and emotional empathy. There was no difference in competitive attitude between men and women when the effect of school was removed, and there was no difference in self-esteem between men and women. Findings are discussed and recommendations made for research into factors responsible for the observed differences and teaching strategies appropriate for education of these students.
Effects of Verbal Reinforcements upon WAIS Scores of Examinees High and Low in Anxiety
Authors: Bass Barry A. , Levkulic Paul G.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effect of contingent verbal reinforcement upon the intelligence test performance of adults high and low in anxiety. 60 white undergraduates were divided into groups of 30 of high anxiety and 30 of low anxiety on the basis of their IPAT Anxiety Scale scores. Each examinee received the Quick Test as a premeasure of intelligence and then the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale under experimental conditions. 15 subjects with low and 15 subjects with high anxiety received verbal reinforcement after each correct response on the WAIS, while another 15 in each group performed under standard testing conditions. Results were not consistent with previous findings in that WAIS Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance IQs were not significantly affected by reinforcement condition or anxiety level.
Intensity of Parental Punishments and Problem-Solving Attitudes and Behaviors
Authors: Shorkey Clayton T. , Roy Ruth G. Mc , Armendariz Juan
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between the intensity of parental punishment procedures and problem-solving attitudes and behaviors of mothers of young children in day care. A sample of 40 mothers (12 Mexican American, 15 white, and 13 black) were administered the Intensity of Parental Punishment Survey, the Problem-solving Inventory, and the Rational Behavior Inventory. The Parental Punishment Survey was scored for the External scale, with high scores indicating greater intensity of actual punishment. The Problem-solving Inventory and Rational Behavior Inventory were scored so high scores indicate successful problem-solving attitudes and behaviors, and rational beliefs. Analysis of variance of survey scores and racial/ethnic status, income, marital and employment statuses yielded no significant differences. When problem-solving scores of the 14 mothers with the highest and lowest scores on the punishment survey were compared by t test, mothers in the high intensity of punishment group had significantly lower scores on the measure of problem-solving attitudes and behaviors than mothers in the low group. A significant correlation was found between scores of problem-solving attitudes and behaviors and rational thinking.
Influence of Attentional Focus on Reaction Time
Authors: Furst David M. , Tenenbaum Gershon
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that attention could be directed to the emphasized task regardless of its spatial location. 20 subjects performed a simple RT to a stimulus located in foveal vision and a simple RT to four surrounding stimuli set in the visual periphery. Importance of task was manipulated through instructions. Analysis of variance showed subjects had shorter RTs to the emphasized area regardless of its spatial location. The attentional demands of the tasks and the importance assigned to the tasks were critical factors in response speed. This may help to explain the results of visual-narrowing experiments which have indicated narrowing after placing an attention-demanding task in foveal vision.
Socialization, Locus of Control, and Dogmatism as Related to Counsellors' Office Settings
Authors: Dhillon Ada M. , Davis Henry
Published: September 2011

Psychologists and social workers in geographically decentralized and sometimes isolated settings must often work autonomously and make independent decisions. It was predicted that staff who choose to work in these settings would be more internally directed and more dogmatic than staff who worked in a centralized office. Decentralized staff were also hypothesized to want less control by others and less social inclusion. On Rotter's (1966) Internal-External Scale, Rokeach's (1959) Dogmatism Scale and Shurz's FIRO-B measures for 29 social workers and psychologists there were differences on the FIRO-B but not in internality or dogmatism. The results are discussed in terms of the sample's characteristics and the implications for the decentralization of counselling services.
Death Concern and Businessmen's Mid-Life Crisis
Authors: Ciernia James R.
Published: September 2011

The Death Concern Scale of Dickstein was completed by 227 businessmen between the ages of 35 and 60 yr. They were provided a definition of a mid-life crisis and asked to indicate if they had experienced such a crisis and its level of severity. Analysis indicated that 157 respondents acknowledged having a mid-life crisis and that death concern was significantly related to the reported experience of a crisis. Those who reported having mid-life crises had the highest scores on death concern. There was a significant association of more severe crises and higher scores on death concern. Lastly, older respondents reported having greater crises than younger ones. These results are interpreted as providing support for the proposition that mid-life crises exist for men and that death concern is related to such crises.
Response to Meditation in Terms of Physiological, Behavioural and Self-Report Measures: A Brief Summary
Authors: Delmonte M. M.
Published: September 2011

This is a summary of findings from a series of investigations of predisposition to and reported benefit from the practice of meditation. It focuses, in particular, on psychometric indices as predictors of psychophysiological and behavioural response to meditation. A psychological “unhealthy” profile is related to a poor response to meditation.
Startle Potentiation and Heart Rate as Affected by Fear and Hunger
Authors: Anderson D. Chris , Crowell Charles R. , Brown Judson S.
Published: September 2011

In a widely cited, unpublished study, abstracted at length herein, Meryman in 1952 reported that the acoustic startle response of the rat was potentiated by conditioned fear, by food deprivation, and summatively by both combined. Whereas others have verified the action of fear on startle, only scattered support has been obtained for the conclusion that startle can be potentiated by an appetitive variable. Because of the significance of this matter for general drive theory, further study is imperative. The present experiment, a replication and extension of Meryman's, was guided by a design in which two levels of fear and two of food deprivation were combined factorially. Two groups of rats, one deprived for 40 hr. and one for 1 hr., were shocked in a stabilimeter chamber to condition fear to the cues of that situation. Two other, nonfearful groups, one of which was deprived for 40 hr. and the other for 1 hr., were never shocked in the stabilimeter. Instead, they were shocked in a distinctively different chamber to control for amount of aversive stimulation across groups. Results provided by measurements of startle amplitude coincided with Meryman's in that response magnitudes increased over conditioning trials for the fearful animals but not for the controls and in that rats which were both fearful and deprived exhibited stronger reactions than fearful-only or deprived-only subjects. However, the appetitive variable alone did not exert a potentiating effect. Heart-rate recordings provided marginal evidence for the conditioning of fear. Our results and Meryman's, as well as the discrepancies between them, are explained as due to the depressing effect of near-satiation on the capacity of fear to potentiate startle.
Preference for Counseling and Psychotherapy as Related to Preoedipal Fixation
Authors: Juni Samuel , Cascio Ralph Lo
Published: September 2011

Preference for a particular mode of psychotherapy was hypothesized to relate to psychoanalytically derived characterological attributes of the potential client. Specifically, psychoanalysis was seen as a mode which enhances dependency within the client and fosters an air of intimacy in the treatment, while behavior therapy was seen as consonant with a more aloof stance between client and therapist, involving concrete and rigid procedures. It was hypothesized that oral fixation within clients would correlate with a preference for psychoanalysis while anal fixation would correlate with a preference for behavior therapy. 87 students took the Rorschach (which was content-scored for fixation) and also indicated preferences for psychoanalysis, behavior therapy, and client-centered therapy. Results confirmed the hypothesized relationships, but these accounted only for a small proportion of the variance. An unhypothesized relationship emerged between sadistic fixation and a bias against behavior therapy. Conceptual suggestions are offered to interpret these findings, and an unexpected sex difference in the correlations, within the context of psychosexual theory.