bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms That Regulate the Function of the Selectins and Their Ligands
Authors: VESTWEBER DIETMAR , BLANKS JAMES E.
Published: December 2017

Vestweber, Dietmar, and James E. Blanks. Mechanisms That Regulate the Function of the Selectins and Their Ligands. Physiol. Rev. 79: 181–213, 1999. — Selectins are a family of three cell adhesion molecules (L-, E-, and P-selectin) specialized in capturing leukocytes from the bloodstream to the blood vessel wall. This initial cell contact is followed by the selectin-mediated rolling of leukocytes on the endothelial cell surface. This represents the first step in a cascade of molecular interactions that lead to leukocyte extravasation, enabling the processes of lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte migration into inflamed tissue. The central importance of the selectins in these processes has been well documented in vivo by the use of adhesion-blocking antibodies as well as by studies on selectin gene-deficient mice. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms that regulate expression and function(s) of the selectins and their ligands. Cell-surface expression of the selectins is regulated by a variety of different mechanisms. The selectins bind to carbohydrate structures on glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. Glycoproteins are the most likely candidates for physiologically relevant ligands. Only a few glycoproteins are appropriately glycosylated to allow strong binding to the selectins. Recently, more knowledge about the structure and the regulated expression of some of the carbohydrates on these ligands necessary for selectin binding has been accumulated. For at least one of these ligands, the physiological function is now well established. A novel and exciting aspect is the signaling function of the selectins and their ligands. Especially in the last two years, convincing data have been published supporting the idea that selectins and glycoprotein ligands of the selectins participate in the activation of leukocyte integrins.
Induction of Immunologic Tolerance for Transplantation
Authors: ROSSINI ALDO A. , GREINER DALE L. , MORDES JOHN P.
Published: December 2017

Rossini, Aldo A., Dale L. Greiner, and John P. Mordes. Induction of Immunologic Tolerance for Transplantation. Physiol. Rev. 79: 99–141, 1999. — In the second half of the 20th century, the transplantation of replacement organs and tissues to cure disease has become a clinical reality. Success has been achieved as a direct result of progress in understanding the cellular and molecular biology of the immune system. This understanding has led to the development of immunosuppressive pharmaceuticals that are part of nearly every transplantation procedure. All such drugs are toxic to some degree, however, and their chronic use, mandatory in transplantation, predisposes the patient to the development of infection and cancer. In addition, many of them may have deleterious long-term effects on the function of grafts. New immunosuppressive agents are constantly under development, but organ transplantation remains a therapy that requires patients to choose between the risks of their primary illness and its treatment on the one hand, and the risks of life-long systemic immunosuppression on the other. Alternatives to immunosuppression include modulation of donor grafts to reduce immunogenicity, removal of passenger leukocytes, transplantation into immunologically privileged sites like the testis or thymus, encapsulation of tissue, and the induction of a state of immunologic tolerance. It is the last of these alternatives that has, perhaps, the most promise and most generic applicability as a future therapy. Recent reports documenting long-term graft survival in the absence of immunosuppression suggest that tolerance-based therapies may soon become a clinical reality. Of particular interest to our laboratory are transplantation strategies that focus on the induction of donor-specific T-cell unresponsiveness. The basic biology, protocols, experimental outcomes, and clinical implications of tolerance-based transplantation are the focus of this review.
Maturation of the Mammalian Respiratory System
Authors: Hilaire Gérard , Duron Bernard
Published: December 2017

In this review, the maturational changes occurring in the mammalian respiratory network from fetal to adult ages are analyzed. Most of the data presented were obtained on rodents using in vitro approaches. In gestational day 18 (E18) fetuses, this network functions but is not yet able to sustain a stable respiratory activity, and most of the neonatal modulatory processes are not yet efficient. Respiratory motoneurons undergo relatively little cell death, and even if not yet fully mature at E18, they are capable of firing sustained bursts of potentials. Endogenous serotonin exerts a potent facilitation on the network and appears to be necessary for the respiratory rhythm to be expressed. In E20 fetuses and neonates, the respiratory activity has become quite stable. Inhibitory processes are not yet necessary for respiratory rhythmogenesis, and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains inspiratory bursting pacemaker neurons that seem to constitute the kernel of the network. The activity of the network depends on CO2and pH levels, via cholinergic relays, as well as being modulated at both the RVLM and motoneuronal levels by endogenous serotonin, substance P, and catecholamine mechanisms. In adults, the inhibitory processes become more important, but the RVLM is still a crucial area. The neonatal modulatory processes are likely to continue during adulthood, but they are difficult to investigate in vivo. In conclusion, 1) serotonin, which greatly facilitates the activity of the respiratory network at all developmental ages, may at least partly define its maturation; 2) the RVLM bursting pacemaker neurons may be the kernel of the network from E20 to adulthood, but their existence and their role in vivo need to be further confirmed in both neonatal and adult mammals.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Myocardial Stunning
Authors: Bolli Roberto , Marbán Eduardo
Published: December 2017

The past two decades have witnessed an explosive growth of knowledge regarding postischemic myocardial dysfunction or myocardial “stunning.” The purpose of this review is to summarize current information regarding the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Myocardial stunning should not be regarded as a single entity but rather as a “syndrome” that has been observed in a wide variety of experimental settings, which include the following: 1) stunning after a single, completely reversible episode of regional ischemia in vivo; 2) stunning after multiple, completely reversible episodes of regional ischemia in vivo; 3) stunning after a partly reversible episode of regional ischemia in vivo (subendocardial infarction); 4) stunning after global ischemia in vitro; 5) stunning after global ischemia in vivo; and 6) stunning after exercise-induced ischemia (high-flow ischemia). Whether these settings share a common mechanism is unknown. Although the pathogenesis of myocardial stunning has not been definitively established, the two major hypotheses are that it is caused by the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals (oxyradical hypothesis) and by a transient calcium overload (calcium hypothesis) on reperfusion. The final lesion responsible for the contractile depression appears to be a decreased responsiveness of contractile filaments to calcium. Recent evidence suggests that calcium overload may activate calpains, resulting in selective proteolysis of myofibrils; the time required for resynthesis of damaged proteins would explain in part the delayed recovery of function in stunned myocardium. The oxyradical and calcium hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and are likely to represent different facets of the same pathophysiological cascade. For example, increased free radical formation could cause cellular calcium overload, which would damage the contractile apparatus of the myocytes. Free radical generation could also directly alter contractile filaments in a manner that renders them less responsive to calcium (e.g., oxidation of critical thiol groups). However, it remains unknown whether oxyradicals play a role in all forms of stunning and whether the calcium hypothesis is applicable to stunning in vivo. Nevertheless, it is clear that the lesion responsible for myocardial stunning occurs, at least in part, after reperfusion so that this contractile dysfunction can be viewed, in part, as a form of “reperfusion injury.” An important implication of the phenomenon of myocardial stunning is that so-called chronic hibernation may in fact be the result of repetitive episodes of stunning, which have a cumulative effect and cause protracted postischemic dysfunction. A better understanding of myocardial stunning will expand our knowledge of the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia and provide a rationale for developing new therapeutic strategies designed to prevent postischemic dysfunction in patients.
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and Their Interactions in Vertebrates
Authors: Taylor Edwin W. , Jordan David , Coote John H.
Published: December 2017

This review explores the fundamental neuranatomical and functional bases for integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates and traces their evolution through the vertebrate groups, from primarily water-breathing fish and larval amphibians to facultative air-breathers such as lungfish and some adult amphibians and finally obligate air-breathers among the reptiles, birds, and mammals. A comparative account of respiratory rhythm generation leads to consideration of the changing roles in cardiorespiratory integration for central and peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors and their central projections. We review evidence of a developing role in the control of cardiorespiratory interactions for the partial relocation from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus into the nucleus ambiguus of vagal preganglionic neurons, and in particular those innervating the heart, and for the existence of a functional topography of specific groups of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. Finally, we consider the mechanisms generating temporal modulation of heart rate, vasomotor tone, and control of the airways in mammals; cardiorespiratory synchrony in fish; and integration of the cardiorespiratory system during intermittent breathing in amphibians, reptiles, and diving birds. Concluding comments suggest areas for further productive research.
Mitochondria and Neuronal Survival
Authors: Nicholls David G. , Budd Samantha L.
Published: December 2017

Mitochondria play a central role in the survival and death of neurons. The detailed bioenergetic mechanisms by which isolated mitochondria generate ATP, sequester Ca2+, generate reactive oxygen species, and undergo Ca2+-dependent permeabilization of their inner membrane are currently being applied to the function of mitochondria in situ within neurons under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here we review the functional bioenergetics of isolated mitochondria, with emphasis on the chemiosmotic proton circuit and the application (and occasional misapplication) of these principles to intact neurons. Mitochondria play an integral role in both necrotic and apoptotic neuronal cell death, and the bioenergetic principles underlying current studies are reviewed.
Electrical Dimension of the Nuclear Envelope
Authors: Mazzanti Michele , Bustamante José Omar , Oberleithner Hans
Published: December 2017

Eukaryotic chromosomes are confined to the nucleus, which is separated from the rest of the cell by two concentric membranes known as the nuclear envelope (NE). The NE is punctuated by holes known as nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which provide the main pathway for transport of cellular material across the nuclear-cytoplasmic boundary. The single NPC is a complicated octameric structure containing more than 100 proteins called nucleoporins. NPCs function as transport machineries for inorganic ions and macromolecules. The most prominent feature of an individual NPC is a large central channel, ∼7 nm in width and 50 nm in length. NPCs exhibit high morphological and functional plasticity, adjusting shape to function. Macromolecules ranging from 1 to >100 kDa travel through the central channel into (and out of) the nucleoplasm. Inorganic ions have additional pathways for communication between cytosol and nucleus. NE can turn from a simple sieve that separates two compartments by a given pore size to a smart barrier that adjusts its permeabiltiy to the metabolic demands of the cell. Early microelectrode work characterizes the NE as a membrane barrier of highly variable permeability, indicating that NPCs are under regulatory control. Electrical voltage across the NE is explained as the result of electrical charge separation due to selective barrier permeability and unequal distribution of charged macromolecules across the NE. Patch-clamp work discovers NE ion channel activity associated with NPC function. From comparison of early microelectrode work with patch-clamp data and late results obtained by the nuclear hourglass technique, it is concluded that NPCs are well-controlled supramolecular structures that mediate transport of macromolecules and small ions by separate physical pathways, the large central channel and the small peripheral channels, respectively. Electrical properties of the two pathways are still unclear but could have great impact on the understanding of signal transfer across NE and gene expression.
The Organizing Potential of Sphingolipids in Intracellular Membrane Transport
Authors: Holthuis Joost C. M. , Pomorski Thomas , Raggers René J. , Sprong Hein , Van Meer Gerrit
Published: December 2017

Eukaryotes are characterized by endomembranes that are connected by vesicular transport along secretory and endocytic pathways. The compositional differences between the various cellular membranes are maintained by sorting events, and it has long been believed that sorting is based solely on protein-protein interactions. However, the central sorting station along the secretory pathway is the Golgi apparatus, and this is the site of synthesis of the sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are essential for eukaryotic life, and this review ascribes the sorting power of the Golgi to its capability to act as a distillation apparatus for sphingolipids and cholesterol. As Golgi cisternae mature, ongoing sphingolipid synthesis attracts endoplasmic reticulum-derived cholesterol and drives a fluid-fluid lipid phase separation that segregates sphingolipids and sterols from unsaturated glycerolipids into lateral domains. While sphingolipid domains move forward, unsaturated glycerolipids are retrieved by recycling vesicles budding from the sphingolipid-poor environment. We hypothesize that by this mechanism, the composition of the sphingolipid domains, and the surrounding membrane changes along the cis- trans axis. At the same time the membrane thickens. These features are recognized by a number of membrane proteins that as a consequence of partitioning between domain and environment follow the domains but can enter recycling vesicles at any stage of the pathway. The interplay between protein- and lipid-mediated sorting is discussed.
Adaptive Sliding‐Mode Control in Bus Voltage for an Islanded DC Microgrid
Authors: Zhang Dan , Wang Jie
Published: December 2017

The control of bus voltage is a crucial task for the stable operation of islanded DC microgrids. To improve the DC bus voltage control dynamics and stability, this paper proposes an adaptive sliding‐mode control method based on large‐signal model. The sliding‐mode control, adaptive observation, and fix‐frequency pulse width modulation technology are adopted and combined efficiently, which guarantee stable bus voltage and the constant switching frequency of closed‐loop system, regardless of how the parameters vary with the variable constant‐power loads and uncertainties. In addition, the reference values can be quickly tracked by the state variables using the proposed method without any additional sensors/hardware circuits. Therefore, this method is beneficial for the scalability and plug‐play of the distributed generators and loads within the DC microgrids. The performance of the proposed control method has been successfully verified in simulation.
Regional “Call 911” Emergency Department Protocol to Reduce Interfacility Transfer Delay for Patients With ST‐Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Bosson Nichole , Baruch Terrence , French William J. , Fang Andrea , Kaji Amy H. , Gausche‐Hill Marianne , Rock Alisa , Shavelle David , Thomas Joseph L. , Niemann James T.
Published: December 2017

Background

We evaluated the first‐medical‐contact‐to‐balloon (
FMC
2B) time after implementation of a “Call 911” protocol for ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) interfacility transfers in a regional system.

Methods and Results

This is a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with STEMI requiring interfacility transfer from a
STEMI
referring hospital, to one of 35 percutaneous coronary intervention‐capable
STEMI
receiving centers (
SRCs
). The Call 911 protocol allows the referring physician to activate 911 to transport a patient with
STEMI
to the nearest
SRC
for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients with interfacility transfers were identified over a 4‐year period (2011–2014) from a registry to which
SRCs
report treatment and outcomes for all patients with STEMI transported via 911. The primary outcomes were median
FMC
2B time and the proportion of patients achieving the 120‐minute goal.
FMC
2B for primary 911 transports were calculated to serve as a system reference. There were 2471 patients with STEMI transferred to
SRC
s by 911 transport during the study period, of whom 1942 (79%) had emergent coronary angiography and 1410 (73%) received percutaneous coronary intervention. The median age was 61 years (interquartile range [
IQR
] 52–71) and 73% were men. The median
FMC
2B time was 111 minutes (
IQR
88–153) with 56% of patients meeting the 120‐minute goal. The median
STEMI
referring hospital door‐in‐door‐out time was 53 minutes (
IQR
37–89), emergency medical services transport time was 9 minutes (
IQR
7–12), and
SRC
door‐to‐balloon time was 44 minutes (
IQR
32–60). For primary 911 patients (N=4827), the median
FMC
2B time was 81 minutes (
IQR
67–97).

Conclusions

Using a Call 911 protocol in this regional cardiac care system, patients with STEMI requiring interfacility transfers had a median
FMC
2B time of 111 minutes, with 56% meeting the 120‐minute goal.
Maternal and neonatal health in Malawi: An integrative literature review
Authors: Marks Claire , Dietsch Elaine , Sidebotham Mary
Published: December 2017

Background/Aims:

A conservative estimate suggests women giving birth in Malawi are 14 times more likely to die giving birth than women in western nations. Despite attempts to address maternal and neonatal health, Malawi will not meet World Health Organization Millennium Development Goals 3, 4 and 5 for improving gender equity, reducing child mortality and improving maternal health by 2015. This integrative literature review looks through a social lens to view Malawi's progress towards meeting Millennium Development Goals 3, 4 and 5.

Methods:

A search was conducted using CINAHL, Google Scholar, Medline and Health Source online databases. Initial keywords included but were not limited to: gender bias; gender inequality; midwifery care; maternity; traditional birth attendants; skilled birth attendants; and social determinants. All searches included keywords with Boolean operator ‘and’ Malawi. Search filters were limited to publications dated from 2010 to 2015 and in English only. Additionally, reference lists from articles selected were reviewed, which led to further relevant sources. Although 48 articles were accessed, only 13 were considered to have high relevance, credibility and currency and were therefore included.

Findings:

Poverty underpins all social determinants of health and is the primary barrier to Malawi achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Poverty limits girls' access to education, which increases their risk of being exposed to infectious diseases. A lack of education is also associated with limited use of primary maternity care with a skilled birth attendant.

Conclusions:

Primary maternity care needs to be affordable and acceptable to Malawian women and provided close to their families and communities. The primary responsibility for this rests with Malawi's government, which should be encouraged to adopt supportive, enabling policies. To assist in this, western governments need to be socially responsible in deployment of their foreign aid and strategies to attract and retain skilled workers.
There is magic in your hands
Authors: Francis-Pester Dawn
Published: December 2017

Focusing on artwork and using hands as stencils, we suggest gift and greetings card ideas for you to adapt, as well as ideas for ways to celebrate peace and diversity.
The Thinker and Learner
Authors: Martland Rebecca
Published: December 2017

In this article, we will focus on the characteristics we see in children every day that should be fostered by childminders in order to support the child's development.
Tobacco habit-associated oral disease and the negative effects on surgical outcomes
Authors: Al–Mahozi Sara , Salim Zainab , Malden Nicholas J , Scully Crispian , Lopes Victor
Published: December 2017

Abstract: The negative impact on general health of the population of the UK due to the widespread use of tobacco is well documented. In relation to the practice of oral surgery (OS) a tobacco habit can influence the delivery of care in a number of ways. This paper aims to document the oral disease processes and the negative outcomes of oral surgery procedures where a tobacco habit is considered a contributing factor.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: The presence of a tobacco habit cannot only have a negative impact on various aspects of oral health but will also influence the consenting process when considering invasive procedures.
The immune system: basis of so much health and disease: 8. antigens and MHC
Authors: Scully Crispian , Georgakopoulou Eleni A , Hassona Yazan
Published: December 2017

Abstract: The immune system is the body's primary defence mechanism against infections, and disturbances in the system can cause disease if the system fails in defence functions (in immunocompromised people), or if the activity is detrimental to the host (as in auto-immune and auto-inflammatory states). A healthy immune system is also essential to normal health of dental and oral tissues. This series presents the basics for the understanding of the immune system; this article covers antigens and the major histocompatibility complex.

Clinical Relevance: Modern dental clinicians need a basic understanding of the immune system as it underlies health and disease.
Contemporary strategies and materials to protect the dental pulp
Authors: Bonsor Stephen J
Published: December 2017

Abstract: After cavity preparation, the aim of the restorative dentist is to protect the dental pulp. In the past this was done using cements, but without any understanding of the role of micro-organisms. In contemporary practice, lining materials and dentine-bonding agents are placed with the intention of sealing the dentinal tubules, so preventing microleakage. In cases where potential exposure of the pulp has occurred, bioactive and biocompatible materials may be selected with the intention of facilitating pulpal healing. This paper reviews the historical thinking and compares this with the materials used commonly these days as a result of this greater understanding.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: The clinician should aim to preserve the health of the dental pulp by using a material to create an environment to facilitate healing and provide protection against the ingress of oral micro-organisms.
what the journals say
Authors: Williams Julia
Published: December 2017

Cancer−related fatigue is reported as the most common and distressing symptom experienced by people with cancer. This is likely because, in general, people are living longer with cancer; however, as a consequence of varying treatment modalities, find they develop prolonged side−effects such as fatigue.
Journal Scan
Authors: Welyczko Nikki
Published: December 2017

Nikki Welyczko, Teacher Fellow and Principal Lecturer for Adult Nursing at the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, provides a brief overview of recently published nursing and health articles
Research roundup: December 2017
Authors: Murray Joy , Lally Sheila , Odd Dawn
Published: December 2017

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles that may be of interest to health visitors is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Common childhood illnesses: slapped cheek syndrome
Authors: Tinsley Elizabeth
Published: December 2017

Slapped cheek syndrome is a common childhood illness that around 50–60% of the population have had at some point in their lifetime. While the symptoms are usually mild and do not require medical intervention, the illness can be dangerous to pregnant women, the immunocompromised and children with hereditary anaemia.
Evaluating the effects of financial incentives to support first-time young mothers to breastfeed
Authors: Relton Clare , Thomas Kate , Whelan Barbara , Scott Elaine , Johnson Maxine , Burrows Julia
Published: December 2017

Women aged less than 20 years are less likely to initiate and sustain breastfeeding until their baby is 6 weeks and older compared with older mothers, according to the Infant Feeding Survey ( McAndrew et al, 2010 ). The ‘vouchers for breastfeeding’ scheme, which was trialled in 2015–2016 with more than 10 000 women in parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire, offered mothers shopping vouchers worth up to £200 if they provided breast milk to their baby up to the age of 6 months. Over the period of this large-scale scheme, a parallel small-scale intervention was commissioned and offered by a family nurse partnership (FNP) to first-time young mothers in an adjacent area. This article reports on the evaluation of the initiative within the local FNP service. The results indicate that the scheme was acceptable and deliverable within this setting.
Immunosuppression in kidney transplantation: NICE or not?
Authors: Burnapp Lisa
Published: December 2017

A major part of the success of modern kidney transplantation is the development of immunosuppressive therapies, changing the landscape of practice and enabling increasingly complex recipients. In this comment piece, Lisa Burnapp discusses the impact of recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in relation to this.
Should ABPI be measured in patients with healed venous leg ulcers every three months?
Authors: Pankhurst S.
Published: December 2017

Objective:

To assess if three-monthly reassessment of ABPI is necessary and to determine the possibility of identifying which patients may benefit from more frequent reassessment.

Method:

The sample comprised 88 consecutive patients with 175 limbs attending community leg ulcer clinics for reassessment after leg ulcer healing had been achieved with compression therapy. Outcome

measures were:

a fall in ABPI to below 0.8, months between reassessments and arterial disease history.

Results:

ABPI fell from above 0.8 to below 0.8 in seven limbs in six patients over time periods of between six and 24 months. Of these seven limbs, six had an ABPI between 0.8 and 1.0 at the initial assessment, indicating they had some arterial impairment. ABPI fell below 0.7 (0.58) in only one patient, and this was detected at a six-month reassessment. None of the patients with no or just one arterial symptom experienced an reduction in ABPI to below 0.8. Those whose ABPIs fell below this level had two or more arterial symptoms.

Conclusion:

Three-monthly reassessment of healed limbs is not recommended as most patients who initially have an ABPI above 1.0 are unlikely to change during this time. However, patients with two or more arterial risk factors, diabetes and an initial ABPI of below 1.0 are likely to need closer monitoring. More in-depth research is needed to examine this problem.

Declaration of interest:

None.
The diagnosis and treatment of carcinomas occurring at the sites of chronic pressure ulcers
Authors: Chraibi H. , Dereure O. , Tot L. , Guillot B.
Published: December 2017

The term Marjolin’s ulcer is used to define a carcinoma occurring on a chronic wound site, such as a burn scar, a chronic ulcer, a pilonidal sinus or because of osteomyelitis. Reported cases of carcinoma occurring on pressure ulcer sites are often characterised by an aggressive clinical course with a very high rate of metastasis, all features that make an early diagnosis and surgical removal imperativ.
Equine analgesia — moving beyond NSAIDS
Authors: Yamaoka Tyfane , Holden Eleanor , Auckburally Adam
Published: December 2017

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been the cornerstone of pain management in the horse. However, other classes of analgesic drugs, that are often used in other species, have also been used in horses. This article will discuss some of the analgesic drugs used less frequently in equids, and strategies that may be of benefit when managing pain in this species.
Scoping horses — how to get to where you need to go every time
Authors: Ivens Philip
Published: December 2017

This article describes in practical detail how to perform equine upper and lower respiratory endoscopy. The text and pictures take the reader through stage by stage the mechanics of equine respiratory endoscopy highlighting important anatomy and practical tips along the way.
Willing to take a risk?
Authors: McKeown Sal
Published: December 2017

Sal McKeown dips into a book which aims to support professionals and parents to make everyday activities a little more challenging and extend their children's horizons. This delivers benefits as children grow older.
Back to your roots
Authors: Hart Karen
Published: December 2017

Big, small – wild or tame, your growing area is a fertile source of learning opportunities. Karen Hart kicks off a new series, with a guide to growing activities which will be followed through to the spring.
To the point
Authors: Hart Karen
Published: December 2017

In the first of her series focusing on different art media, Karen Hart provides a step-by-step guide to introducing children to simple pencil techniques that will inspire them to pursue their own creative ideas.
Your party pieces
Authors: Rawstrone Annette
Published: December 2017

Big day celebrations in pre-schools are now less likely to feature cakes as many prioritise on a healthy eating ethos. Annette Rawstrone discovers some different ways to mark that special day.
The challenges of luxury fashion flagship hotels: The case of Maison Moschino
Authors: Dallabona Alice
Published: December 2017

In the last few years, many luxury fashion labels have ventured into the hospitality industry. Italian houses have been particularly active in capitalizing on their brand value by employing brand extension to create branded hotels where customers can experience a lifestyle that reflects the spirit of the label. After a phase of rapid expansion, however, this phenomenon appears to have slowed down. Taking the case of Maison Moschino, the first foray of fashion brand Moschino into the hospitality industry, this article explores the rationale for such brand extensions. In light of the failure of that venture, the opportunities and the risks involved in brand extension are examined.
High altitude ungulate communities in southwest China
Authors: Buzzard Paul J. , Li Xueyou , Bleisch William V.
Published: December 2017

In southwest China, three major rivers, the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween, flow down from the Tibetan plateau, creating a complex topography with a diverse, little-known ungulate community. We used camera traps and multi-species occupancy modeling to determine presence/absence, habitat use and estimate species richness/occupancy. At Langdu, east of the Yangtze, we had 23 camera sites in four habitats from 4000 to 4815 m asl; at Gehuaqing in the south of Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve (BNR) between Mekong and Yangtze we had 14 sites in two habitats from 3050 to 3600 m asl. At Langdu, we photographed tufted deer Elaphodus cephalophus (Milne-Edwards 1872) most often followed by serow Capricornis milneedwardsii (David 1869) and alpine musk deer Moschus chrysogaster (Hodgson 1839). At Gehuaqing, we photographed serow most often followed by tufted deer and forest musk deer Moschus berezovskii (Flerov 1929). Tufted deer were in the most habitats, and alpine musk deer were at an elevation higher than previously reported (4815 m). The only large carnivore recorded was Asian black bear Ursus thibetanus (Cuvier 1823) leopard cats Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr 1792) were at 4579 m asl, higher than previously documented. Langdu had higher species richness than Gehuaqing, and tufted deer had the highest occupancy at both sites. We discuss differences with another site in the north of BNR.
Informática Empresarial en el Recinto de Paraíso: una mirada desde las personas graduadas en el periodo 2009 - 2014
Authors: Guevara Mora María Gabriela , Paz Barahona José Rafael
Published: December 2017

El presente artículo muestra los resultados de una investigación realizada en el 2015, la cual indagó las características de las personas graduadas del Bachillerato en Informática Empresarial en el Recinto de Paraíso de la Sede del Atlántico de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Su objetivo fue comprobar la situación actual de dicha población en cuanto a su inserción y permanencia laboral, la pertinencia de la formación académica y los posibles ajustes en el Plan de Estudios. Se utilizó un abordaje metodológico cuantitativo, de alcance descriptivo, a partir del uso de una encuesta con 83 personas graduadas en el periodo del año 2009 al 2014. Los principales resultados indican que el total de la población estudiada al momento de la encuesta se encontraba laborando en actividades vinculadas con la carrera estudiada. Asimismo, se obtuvo información de esa población para generar una propuesta de aspectos que mejorarán el plan de estudios en relación de nuevos cursos y aprendizajes actualizados a las demandas laborales actuales. Finalmente, el estudio destaca la importancia del seguimiento de la población graduada, así como la necesidad de obtener información para el fortalecimiento y mejora continua de los planes de estudio
Tradiciones o culturas pedagógicas: del contexto europeo y norteamericano al conocimiento pedagógico latinoamericano
Authors: Cossio Moreno John Alexander
Published: December 2017

El presente ensayo realiza un acercamiento a algunos planteamientos y configuraciones sobre tres diferentes tradiciones o culturas pedagógicas modernas, a saber: anglosajona, germánica y francófona. Asimismo, presenta además una aproximación o apuesta para argumentar el por qué de un conocimiento pedagógico latinoamericano constituido desde la singularidad y particularidad de este contexto. Para lograr este objetivo nos hemos valido de algunas elaboraciones sobre la pedagogía y la didáctica en general, de tal modo que se conciban como un campo de saber disciplinar y profesional de la educación, asunto que hace parte de un marco conceptual para establecer contrastes y posibles relaciones entre las tradiciones pedagógicas. La metodología utilizada es cartografía teórica o conceptual desde lo hermenéutico, y se espera que los resultados presentados tengan impacto en la comunidad académica y aporten a la construcción del conocimiento pedagógico y educativo.
Duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva en una comunidad urbana y otra rural de Costa Rica
Authors: Marin Arias Lilliam , Ureña Cascante María Elena , Fernández Rojas Xinia
Published: December 2017

Objetivo: Indagar la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva en una comunidad urbana y una rural de Costa Rica. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal sobre el inicio y duración de la lactancia materna en niñas y niños menores de 5 años. La muestra estuvo constituida por 92 madres, 39 niñas y 64 niños. Para recolectar la información se realizó una visita domiciliar donde se completó un formulario sobre alimentación. Resultados: El 83,5% del total de los niños tomó leche materna en las primeras dos horas después del parto, aumentando a 94,2% pasado este tiempo, siendo la zona rural la que presenta la mayor proporción de casos. Las madres refieren haber brindado la lactancia materna en forma exclusiva en el 78,6% de los casos (77,6% y 80,0% en la zona urbana y rural respectivamente). La duración promedio de la lactancia materna exclusiva en los niños es de 4,1 ± 2,4 meses con un rango que oscila desde los 0 a 8 meses de vida. A pesar de que no existan diferencias estadísticamente significativas según lugar de residencia, se observa que la comunidad rural es donde los niños reciben por más tiempo leche materna de forma exclusiva (4,4 ± 2,1) comparado con la comunidad urbana (3,9 ± 2,6). Sin embargo, solo el 42,7% de los niños o niñas llegan a los seis meses alimentados con leche de sus madres, siendo la zona urbana la que presenta una mayor proporción de niñas y niños alimentados de esta forma (43,1%) en comparación con la zona rural (42,2%). Conclusión:  Un porcentaje bajo de niños y niñas llegan a los seis meses de vida alimentados sólo con leche de sus madres, siendo la zona rural la que presenta una mejor actividad en torno a la lactancia materna exclusiva. No obstante, esta diferencia no es estadísticamente significativa.
Imagen corporal y representaciones alimentarias en mujeres de trece comunidades rurales mexicanas
Authors: Pérez-Gil Romo Sara Elena
Published: December 2017

Introducción. Estudios de nutrición en México apuntan en tres direcciones: la obesidad, como un problema de salud pública, particularmente en la población femenina; el aumento de otros padecimientos como anorexia y bulimia; y el incremento de la preocupación por el cuerpo, que lleva a transformar algunas prácticas y representaciones alimentarias no solo en población urbana, sino en mujeres de las zonas rurales. Objetivos: tener un primer acercamiento a la percepción corporal de las mujeres de las zonas rurales, conocer cómo son, cómo se perciben y cómo les gustaría ser, e identificar algunas de sus representaciones alimentarias. Material y Métodos: Se estudiaron 564 mujeres de 13 comunidades rurales, se les pesó y midió, y se les aplicó un cuestionario. Resultados: Según el IMC, 33% de las mujeres fueron clasificadas con normopeso; 9.6% con delgadez; 29.4% con sobrepeso; y 28% con obesidad. Las mujeres se percibieron más delgadas, a diferencia de otras investigaciones, y les gustaría ser más delgadas. Discusión: Se resalta la elevada prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad de las mujeres de estas zonas. El “desagrado hacia su cuerpo”, relacionado con el aspecto estético, muestra un aumento en la preocupación por el cuerpo en mujeres de las comunidades rurales. Conclusiones: Se considera que la inclusión de temas como la percepción y el ideal corporal en los programas de alimentación y nutrición es relevante para prevenir trastornos de la alimentación. De igual manera, los significados que tienen para las mujeres el acto de comer o no comer determinados alimentos o productos “buenos para transformar el cuerpo” son centrales para la programación de las acciones o estrategias en este campo.
Cultivo in vitro de explantes removidos de plantas cultivadas a campo visando à micropropagação de Eucalyptus citriodora
Authors: Bavaresco Lorrayne Guimarães , Pasquali Rafael , Fluminhan Antonio
Published: December 2017

Eucalyptus citriodora apresenta diversas finalidades silviculturais e muitas vantagens em relação à adaptabilidade, rapidez de crescimento, qualidade da madeira e extração de óleo essencial. Porém, sua multiplicação comercial no Brasil ainda é limitada pela baixa disponibilidade de sementes e pelo difícil enraizamento em estacas e miniestacas na produção clonal. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer um protocolo experimental para o cultivo in vitro, avaliando métodos para obtenção e descontaminação de explantes, emprego de diferentes meios de cultura e de um composto antioxidante visando à micropropagação desta espécie. Foram utilizados como explantes segmentos nodais com 1 a 2 cm, originados de rebrotas de plantas matrizes adultas mantidas a campo, submetidas a tratamento fitossanitário periódico. Após a limpeza e assepsia, os explantes foram cultivados em meios JADS, WPM e MS, suplementados com ácido ascórbico, prolina, glutamina, ácido aspártico e arginina. Foram avaliadas as taxas de sobrevivência, contaminação fúngica e bacteriana e grau de oxidação dos explantes. O tratamento de descontaminação de plantas matrizes otimizou o protocolo de assepsia, sendo eficiente para a instalação das culturas. Foi notada uma grande interação genótipo x meio de cultura, que afetou o seu estabelecimento in vitro e com reflexo na longevidade das culturas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Silvicultura. Biotecnologia. Cultivo in vitro.
Análise ambiental por meio de imagens orbitais: estudo de caso da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos do município de São Manuel-SP.
Authors: Pollo Ronaldo Alberto , Campos Sérgio , Silveira Gabriel Rondina Pupo da
Published: December 2017

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Poluição visual no setor histórico do município de Paranaguá - PR
Authors: Andrete Leonice Fraga , Tonetti Emerson Luis
Published: December 2017

O presente trabalho se refere a uma pesquisa sobre poluição visual, realizada no setor histórico do Município de Paranaguá, litoral do Estado do Paraná. A pesquisa iniciou-se com as leituras do Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Integrado de Paranaguá, com foco na Lei Complementar nº 62/2007, que institui o zoneamento do uso e ocupação do solo do município. Deste documento foram selecionadas as normativas relacionadas com a publicidade ao ar livre, principalmente aquelas que especificavam os padrões para a publicidade ao ar livre. O objetivo geral foi investigar se a publicidade ao ar livre constituia poluição visual no setor histórico do Município de Paranaguá, no litoral do Paraná. Especificamente verificar se as áreas ocupadas estavam em desacordo com a normatização estabelecida no Plano Diretor do município. Três segmentos de ruas, representativos do setor histórico, foram selecionados para a coleta de dados, em planilhas previamente elaboradas. No total, 268 imóveis foram investigados. Desse total, 77% apresentavam publicidade na fachada. Destes, 47,69% dos imóveis não estavam de acordo com a regra de 1/3 da fachada, 42,06% encontravam-se com publicidade acima do segundo piso, 63,15% dos imóveis apresentavam irregularidades com a presença de letreiro perpendicular e apenas 9% possuíam publicidade obstruindo portas e janelas, acima das edificações e com vedação nas fachadas. Esses resultados podem incentivar políticas públicas que priorizem a diminuição dos inúmeros tipos de poluição visual na cidade e promover a melhoria na qualidade do ambiente urbano para a população.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Paranaguá. Poluição visual. Publicidade ao ar livre.
Avaliação de produtividade da cultura da soja semeado sobre três cultivares de Urochloa sp. em SPD e em sistema convencional
Authors: Moreira Samuel Dias , Tomaz Rafael Simões , Lima Ronaldo Cintra
Published: December 2017

A soja é uma das plantas mais cultivadas no mundo sendo a oleaginosa de maior importância econômica para o agronegócio nacional. Associado a essa cultura, o sistema plantio direto (SPD) tem sido utilizado como alternativa sustentável garantindo benefícios ao solo, devido principalmente à quantidade elevada de material orgânico oriundos das plantas de cobertura utilizadas no sistema. Dessa forma, objetivamos com este trabalho avaliar as características agronômicas da cultura da soja em SPD comparando com o sistema convencional, fazendo uso de três gramíneas para fornecimento de palhada. O experimento foi realizado na FCAT- UNESP/Dracena no ano agrícola 2016/2017. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com sete repetições, sendo os tratamentos, forrageiras Ruziziensis, Piatã e Paiaguás, além do preparo convencional do solo. Identificou-se que cobertura Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás e o sistema de plantio convencional proporcionaram maiores produtividades de grãos na cultura da soja, com produção média de 4368 e 4316 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Ainda, a referida cobertura foi a que mais proporcionou massa seca de resíduos totais, proporcionando maior incremento de matéria orgânica no solo.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Planta de cobertura, sistema de plantio, preparo do solo.
Avaliação de características de qualidade nutricional e de produtividade da forrageira capim-mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq.) em campo irrigado, em diferentes épocas de radiação global, na região da Nova Alta Paulista
Authors: Freschi João Paulo Basaglia , Tomaz Rafael Simões , Lima Ronaldo Cintra
Published: December 2017

A pecuária é uma atividade com altos índices de degradação ambiental quando mal manejada, isso devido ao uso incorreto dos recursos naturais. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a melhor combinação de lâminas de irrigação e adubação nitrogenada na produção de massa seca e a qualidade de forragem da espécie Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça na região da Nova Alta Paulista, para duas épocas distintas de intensidade de radiação global. A pesquisa foi realizada na área experimental da FCAT/UNESP Campus de Dracena-SP. Foi considerado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Foram consideradas duas épocas, julho/agosto de 2015, período esse que ocorre menor intensidade de radiação global; e dezembro de 2015/janeiro de 2016, maior radiação global. Foram avaliadas características de qualidade nutricional e altura de planta. A reposição de água na cultura foi via irrigação sob aspersão convencional, utilizando 5 diferentes lâminas líquidas (LL) 130%, 100%, 70%, 30% e testemunha sem irrigação, sendo calculada a partir da Evapotranspiração de Referência (ETo) sendo padrão, e coeficiente de cultura (Kc) igual a 1,0. Na adubação nitrogenada foram estudadas quatro doses de nitrogênio (N) 150, 100, 50 kg.ha-1 e testemunha. A maior lâmina de irrigação e doses mais elevadas de nitrogênio proporcionou maior produtividade de massa seca de forragem. As doses de nitrogênio não influenciaram os teores de FDA, as maiores doses de nitrogênio proporcionaram menores teores de FDN, ocorrendo o inverso para proteína bruta.

PALAVRA CHAVE: Irrigação, adubação nitrogenada, qualidade bromatológica
Material didático de ecologia confeccionado por alunos do curso de licenciatura em biologia: Uma análise da produção escrita
Authors: Barcelos Cecília Nogueira , Gonçalves Laise Vieira , Nascimento Junior Antonio Fernandes
Published: December 2017

Os professores constroem ao longo de sua trajetória acadêmica e pessoal variados conhecimentos que são essenciais a sua prática. A forma como essas práticas vem sendo mobilizadas nos cursos de formação docente é um dos grandes problemas discutidos atualmente. Neste sentido foi feita uma análise das práticas realizadas durante a disciplina Metodologia do Ensino em Ecologia do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da UFLA. Os discentes desenvolveram diferentes estratégias didáticas, de acordo com os conceitos propostos pelos PCN a fim de facilitar a aprendizagem dos alunos. Toda atividade foi filmada. Foi possível perceber as contribuições da prática para a formação destes professores percebendo-se como é fundamental a reflexão e as discussões referentes a estas práticas.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Formação de professores. Metodologias. Estratégias Didáticas.