bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FILTERING CALCULATIONS OF WATERLOWERING IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, KARPENKO N. P. , BEGLYAROVA E. S. , SOKOLOVA S. A. , MATVEEVA T. I.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of the investigations is an assessment of filtration calculations of water lowering during construction works and laying engineering communications at the water catchment of the Likhoborka and Zhabenka rivers. There are considered hydrogeological questions of filtration calculations at construction and laying urban and rain sewers on the territory of the Dmitrovskoe highway in the Northern administrative district of Moscow. It is revealed that the main factors affecting hydrogeological conditions in the area of construction of engineering communications is water lowering. The dependences on the estimation of filtration calculations of water lowering in the area of construction of engineering communications are analyzed. Analytical dependences for the scheme of an infinite linear source of perturbation in the infinite layer are proposed and improved. It is established that the average costs are proportionally dependent to the level of water lowering in the water lowering area,and the relationship between average costs, regardless of the calculated linear scheme, is linear. A model for filtration calculations has been developed in Microsoft Excel. The model calculations showed that the maximum decrease in the estimated point of a multi-story non-residential administrative building does not exceed the values of the maximum allowable deformations.
HYDRAULIC JUSTIFICATION FOR THE OPERATION OF THE DEVICE FOR ALLUVIATION OFNARROW-PROFILEDAMS
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, ZHOGHOGIN I. M. , SMETANIN V. I. , STEPANOV A. A. , PENKIN D. A.
Published: March 2021

The construction of protective dams is the most effective means of combating flooding. There are various ways to build protective dams. The alluvial method of constructing protective dams can significantly reduce the cost of their construction. The article describes a method and device for alluvial narrow-profile dams that allows the use of bottom sediments as a building material. The method includes clearing the riverbed from bottom sediments with dredging operations,improving the fl ow capacity during floods. The work is carried out by a dredger and the developed soil in the form of pulp is delivered to the alluvial device. The alluvial device ensures the separation of large fractions of soil from the general flow of pulp and allows the formation of a narrow-profile dam with stable slopes and an antifiltration core. The article offers hydraulic calculations that allow us to justify the design and technological parameters of the method and device for alluvial narrow-profile dams: the values of the fl ow rate and the average speed of the pulp movement in the distribution unit of the device are determined; the dimensions of the inlet opening of the bell are justified; the time of alluvium of one map is determined; the number of outlet openings in the distribution slurry pipelines is justified and their location is specified. Nomograms are constructed that allow us to determine the optimal modes of alluvial dams – the length of the pulp pipeline, the height of the pulp rise, and the time of fi lling the alluvial map.
STRENGTH OF LOW-REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH THE INTERBLOCK CONSTRUCTION JOINTS REINFORCED BY PRESTRESSED BASALT-COMPOSITE BARS
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, RUBIN O. D. , LISICHKIN S. E. , ZYUZINA O. V.
Published: March 2021

Many slightly reinforced concrete structures of operating hydraulic structures need strengthening. Traditional methods of strengthening (by reinforced concrete, metal structures, etc.) have significant disadvantages. A method of strengthening by external reinforcement systems based on carbon fiber which is effective in cases where there is an access to the tension zone of the reinforced structures begins to spread. The authors propose to strengthen slightly reinforced concrete structures of the operated hydraulic structures with pre-stressed basalt composite reinforcement placed in the pre-drilled holes in the concrete of the reinforced structures. To substantiate the proposed technical solutions there was carried out a set of experimental studies of characteristic slightly reinforced concrete structures of hydraulic facilities (including those with inter-block construction joints) reinforced with pre-stressed basalt composite reinforcement. The results of experimental studies have shown the effectiveness of strengthening low-reinforced concrete structures of operating hydraulic facilities with inter block construction joints by means of pre-stressed: longitudinal basalt composite reinforcement and transverse reinforcement.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING AS A SYSTEM FOR DISPLAYING TOTAL CHEMICAL SOIL POLLUTION
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, KARPENKO N.P. , SHIRYAEVA M.A.
Published: March 2021

The method of three-dimensional model in the system of computer modeling MathCad and Autodesk 3ds Max by categories of total soil pollution is developed. A visualization block and an analytical block have been developed which are based on calculated mathematical models for analyzing and evaluating the environmental situation, risks, and environmental safety of the territory. Three-dimensional models of relief mapping of the Pekhorka river fl oodplain are constructed by integrating them with the help of a programming environment and optimized 3D modeling programs. Three-dimensional models with total soil contamination for water body sections are constructed. On the example of some sections of the catchment area of the Pekhorka river in the Balashikha region, models with soil contamination by the total ZC indicator were created. The development of 3D modeling techniques allows you to create predictive scenarios more accurately with a high degree of detail, as well as quickly approach the solution of environmental problems. Optimization of three-dimensional modeling in the fi eld of problems related to the catchment area contributes to the further operational solution of problems of rational land use and improvement of the environmental situation.
An outbreak of measles in an ultra-orthodox Jewish community in Jerusalem, Israel, 2007 - an in-depth report
Authors: Stein-Zamir C , Abramson N , Shoob H , Zentner G
Published: March 2021

Measles elimination in Europe is hindered by recurrent outbreaks, typically in non-immunised specific sub-populations. In 2003 and 2004, two measles outbreaks occurred in Jewish ultra-orthodox communities in Jerusalem, Israel. In 2007, another measles outbreak emerged in Jerusalem. Epidemiological investigation and control activities were initiated. Three measles cases (15 years old, 22 years old and an infant; all unvaccinated) were diagnosed in Jerusalem in August 2007. All three belonged to Jewish ultra-orthodox communities in London, United Kingdom, and had had contact with patients in London. The epidemiological investigation did not reveal any connection between these cases other than their place of origin. The disease spread rapidly in extremely ultra-orthodox sub-groups in Jerusalem. Until 8 January 2008, 491 cases were reported. Most patients (70%) were young children (0-14 years old), 96% unimmunised. Frequently, all the children in a large family were infected; two thirds of the cases belonged to family clusters of more than two patients per family (in part due to non-compliance with post-exposure prophylaxis recommendations). The high age-specific incidence among infants 0-1-year- (408.5/100,000) and 1-4-year-olds (264.1/100,000) is a cause for concern. The hospitalisation rate was 15% (71/491), mainly due to fever, vomiting and dehydration. The median age of hospitalised patients was 3.6 years; 19 patients (26.7%) presented with pneumonitis or pneumonia and two patients presented with encephalitis. There have not been any deaths to date. The outbreak was apparently caused by measles importation into unprotected groups. Despite a high national immunisation coverage (94-95%), programmes to increase and maintain immunisation coverage are essential, with special focus on specific sub-populations.
Mumps outbreak ongoing since October 2007 in the Republic of Moldova
Authors: Bernard H , Schwarz N G , Melnic A , Bucov V , Caterinciuc N , Pebody R  G , Mulders M , Aidyralieva C , Hahné S
Published: March 2021

The Republic of Moldova is experiencing a nationwide mumps outbreak, with a total of 19,550 notified cases as of 23 March 2008. The outbreak started in October 2007, with 105 cases notified in that month compared to an average number of 24 cases per month notified between January and September 2007. Between 1 October and 31 December 2007, 1,524 cases were notified.
Development of an online database for diphtheria molecular epidemiology under the remit of the DIPNET project
Authors: Dallman T , Neal S , Green J , Efstratiou A
Published: March 2021

The Diphtheria Surveillance Network (DIPNET), launched on 1 November 2006, is a 38-month programme bringing together 25 European Union partner countries (24 Member States and Turkey) and collaborating countries beyond Europe in a global dedicated surveillance network for diphtheria and related infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and C. ulcerans [1].
Preparations for the European football championship (EURO 2008) in Switzerland
Authors: Dreyfus A , Marfurt J , Birrer A , Matter H. C. , Raeber P-A
Published: March 2021

The European football championship (EURO 2008) is taking place in Austria and Switzerland between 7 and 29 June 2008. From a public health point of view, such a mass gathering requires attention with regard to infectious disease prevention because of (i) a potential increased risk for disease transmission (ii) increased media attention and (iii) its potential as a target for actions of a bioterrorist nature [2,6,8,9]. This article gives an overview of the preparations for Euro 2008 on the national level in Switzerland with regards to infectious diseases.
Mumps in a community with low vaccination coverage in the Netherlands
Authors: Karagiannis I , van Lier A , van Binnendijk R , Ruijs H , Fanoy E , Conyn-Van Spaendonck M  A E , de Melker H , Hahné S
Published: March 2021

The incidence of mumps in the Netherlands has increased since August 2007. Until mid May 2008, 89 individuals were found positive for mumps virus infection by laboratory testing at the Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb) of the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), compared to less than 10 cases per year between 2005 and 2007. Mumps is not a notifiable disease in the Netherlands and surveillance is mainly based on monitoring laboratory test requests and their results offered by the CIb and other laboratories. As only a minority of cases is offered laboratory testing, however, the extent of the current mumps outbreak is unknown.
The surveillance of communicable diseases in the European Union – a long-term strategy (2008-2013)
Authors: Amato-Gauci A , Ammon A
Published: March 2021

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Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond – the epidemiological situation as of 2007
Authors: Süss J
Published: March 2021

This review presents an overview of the developments in the epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) during 2007 in Europe, the Far East and Asia, as well as some comments interpreting the various developments. The recent TBE situation in 29 European and four non-European countries is shown and discussed. The number of registered TBE cases from 1976 to 2007 in 19 European countries with endemic TBE is presented. Although criteria for TBE reporting vary from one country to another and it is necessary to account for unreported cases, an overall increase of TBE incidence during the last 30 years can clearly be established. Besides changes in climate and weather, a number of additional factors are probably responsible for this rise: increased exposition, partly due to socio-economical and political changes, and other factors that are for the most part unknown. In addition, the immunisation coverage in the population of some of the countries is discussed.
Salmonella Typhimurium: experiences from recent European outbreaks
Authors: Westrell T
Published: March 2021

In this week’s issue of Eurosurveillance, four European countries present recent outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium. The articles present a variety of innovative outbreak investigation methods, in particular molecular subtyping which permits to compare strains within and between countries.
The burden of genital warts in Slovenia: results from a national probability sample survey
Authors: Klavs I , Grgič-Vitek M
Published: March 2021

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Emergence of fox rabies in north-eastern Italy
Authors: De Benedictis P , Gallo T , Iob A , Coassin R , Squecco G , Ferri G , D'Ancona F , Marangon S , Capua I , Mutinelli F
Published: March 2021

Italy has been classified as rabies-free since 1997. In October 2008, two foxes have been diagnosed with rabies in the Province of Udine, north-east Italy. One case of human exposure caused by a bite from one of the foxes has occurred and was properly treated.
Improvements in antibiotic prescribing by community paediatricians in the Czech Republic
Authors: Jindrák V , Marek J , Vaniš V , Urbaskova P , Vlček J , Janiga L , Marešová V
Published: March 2021

Repeated surveys among primary care paediatricians were performed annually from 1998 to 2002 in the Czech Republic. The task was to assess the prescription of antibiotics in treatment of respiratory infections in children. The results were evaluated in the light of existing guidelines and conclusions were used in a number of interventions aimed at reducing the inadequate use of antibiotics and hence preventing the potential increase of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In addition, data on overall consumption of antibiotics in outpatient care and trends in the prevalence of resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes are discussed.
Community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A in Latvia in 2008 – an update
Authors: Perevoščikovs J , Lucenko I , Magone S , Brila A , Curikova J , Vennema H
Published: March 2021

An outbreak of hepatitis A has been ongoing in Latvia with 2,817 confirmed cases reported between 20 November 2007 and 31 December 2008. Initially the spread of infection was due to transmission among drug users and other high-risk groups, as well as several outbreaks in Riga (affecting a school and a restaurant), but in the second half of the year led to a community-wide increase in the number of cases. Molecular analysis of 100 strains showed that 95 belonged to genotype IA, of which 89 were identical and six were single nucleotide variants of the same sequence.
Epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in Ireland, 2004-2006: analysis of national notification data
Authors: Garvey P , McKeown P
Published: March 2021

Cryptosporidium is a protozoal parasite which is of public health interest primarily due to its frequent association with drinking water. Since cryptosporidiosis became a notifiable human disease in 2004 in Ireland, evidence has been growing as to the national burden of illness caused by this pathogen. Nationally, crude incidence rates of between 8.7 and 13.4 per 100,000 were reported annually in the period 2004-2006. Rural areas reported more cases, with regional incidence rates as high as 31.4/100,000 per year. Over this time period, there has consistently been a peak in the number of notifications in springtime, contrasting with the reported seasonal distribution of cases elsewhere in Europe. Outbreak surveillance data suggest that drinking water is an important transmission route for general outbreaks, with person-to-person spread more common in family outbreaks. Cryptosporidium is an important gastrointestinal pathogen in Ireland, with much still to be learned about its epidemiology here.
Trends in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Scotland, 2000-7
Authors: Anderson L F , Laurenson I F , Blatchford O , Shakir E , McMenamin J , Johnston F , Stevenson J
Published: March 2021

Overall numbers of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) rose sharply in the United Kingdom and Scotland in 2007. Risk factors associated with MDR TB in the United Kingdom have been identified but there has been no previous report on risk factors associated with MDR TB in Scotland. Enhanced Surveillance of Mycobacterial Infections (ESMI) data were used to examine demographic and clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of MDR TB cases notified in Scotland between 2000-7. There was a total of 11 culture-positive cases of MDR TB, five of which were notified in 2007. The majority of patients were female, 15-44 years old and unemployed. All were born outside the United Kingdom and most had arrived within the past year from or frequently travelled to their home countries in China, the Indian subcontinent or Africa. Except for one individual, our patients did not self report a history of previous diagnosis of TB which was previously identified as a risk factor for MDR TB in the United Kingdom. Only three patients received directly observed treatment (DOT). Only two patients had completed treatment at 12 months, partially due to the inadequate length of follow-up under the current ESMI system. Our results suggest that most patients had primary resistance due to transmission of MDR TB in high incidence countries and thus point to the importance of international efforts to control MDR TB in these countries. In Scotland, national efforts should be made to increase the number of MDR TB patients receiving DOT and to extend follow-up to improve monitoring of treatment outcome. It is important to identify high risk groups for MDR TB infection in order to deliver effective community-based disease control measures.
Tuberculosis in the EU and EEA/EFTA countries - what is the latest data telling us?
Authors: Hollo V , Amato-Gauci A , Ködmön C , Manissero D
Published: March 2021

Since 1 January 2008, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO/Europe) jointly coordinate the tuberculosis (TB) surveillance activities in Europe. The data collected provides an opportunity for a comprehensive analysis of the TB situation. We aimed at analysing the EU and EEA/EFTA data to identify general TB trends and to provoke some discussion regarding the challenges and needs for monitoring the epidemic.
Is there a need for anti-rabies vaccine and immunoglobulins rationing in Europe?
Authors: Bourhy H , Goudal M , Mailles A , Sadkowska-Todys M , Dacheux L , Zeller H
Published: March 2021

Rabies is a lethal encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus and transmitted from animals to humans via bite wound, scratch wound, or licking of mucous membranes. It is preventable by timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consisting of four or five doses of rabies vaccine combined, in the most severe cases of exposures, with anti-rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Although the rabies incidence in humans remains low, rabies is still present in some European countries. Moreover, rabid animals imported from enzootic areas are reported every year in rabies-free areas. These importations threaten the rabies-free status of terrestrial animals in western European countries and challenge the public health surveillance system and the health structures responsible for rabies prophylaxis and control. The importations frequently result in the prescription of a large number of PEP including RIG, especially in western European countries. The situation is inverted in some central and eastern European countries where RIG is underprescribed. Only a limited number of rabies vaccines and particularly of RIG are licensed for use in Europe. Their availability is also limited, a situation that may become worse in the future. It therefore seems important to study the possibility of comparing and unifying national PEP guidelines in Europe, if needed, and to generate effective solutions in the event of a shortage of anti-rabies biological products and RIG in particular, such as rationing these products.
Outbreak of Clostridium difficile 027 in North Zealand, Denmark, 2008-2009
Authors: Bacci S , St-Martin G , Olesen B , Bruun B , Olsen K EP , Møller Nielsen E , Mølbak K
Published: March 2021

We report an outbreak of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in Denmark. The outbreak includes to date 73 cases from the area north of Copenhagen, but there may be related cases elsewhere in Zealand. Most infections are healthcare-associated and in patients who previously received antibiotic treatment. The strain is resistant to moxifloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin, and carries genes for toxin A, toxin B, and for the binary toxin. The antimicrobial pattern differs from that of the strain involved in a small cluster in Denmark in 2006-2007. Because of this outbreak, hygienic measures in the involved hospitals have been reinforced. Nationwide, microbiological laboratories were alerted to the outbreak and encouraged to send isolates for toxin profiling and PCR ribotyping.
“RAISIN” – a national programme for early warning, investigation and surveillance of healthcare-associated infection in France
Authors: The RAISIN Working Group Collective
Published: March 2021

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Association of ciprofloxacin prescriptions to outpatients to Clostridium difficile infections
Authors: Borgmann S , Jakobiak T , Gruber H , Reil M , Schröder H , Kist M , Sagel U
Published: March 2021

To study if antibiotic treatment of outpatients had triggered Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), prescription numbers were compared with CDI-affected patient numbers. A strong correlation was observed for ciprofloxacin (R=0.917), suggesting that increased use of ciprofloxacin by outpatients contributed to increased numbers of CDI. These findings deserve further investigation as they may have an impact on future decisions regarding antibiotic prescribing.
A case of dengue type 3 virus infection imported from Africa to Italy, October 2009
Authors: Nisii C , Carletti F , Castilletti C , Bordi L , Meschi S , Selleri M , Chiappini R , Travaglini D , Antonini M , Castorina S , Lauria F N , Narciso P , Gentile M , Martini L , Di Perri G , Audagnotto S , Biselli R , Lastilla M , Di Caro A , Capobianchi M R , Ippolito G
Published: March 2021

In October 2009, a traveller returning from Africa to Italy was hospitalised with symptoms suggestive of a haemorrhagic fever of unknown origin. The patient was immediately placed in a special biocontainment unit until laboratory investigations confirmed the infection to be caused by a dengue serotype 3 virus. This case reasserts the importance of returning travellers as sentinels of unknown outbreaks occurring in other countries, and highlights how the initial symptoms of dengue fever resemble those of other haemorrhagic fevers, hence the importance of prompt isolation of patients until a final diagnosis is reached.
Analysis of tuberculosis treatment outcomes in the European Union and European Economic Area: efforts needed towards optimal case management and control
Authors: Manissero D , Hollo V , Huitric E , Ködmön C , Amato-Gauci A
Published: March 2021

An analysis of surveillance data was performed to assess treatment outcomes of patients belonging to selected calendar year cohorts. Twenty-two countries in the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) reported treatment outcome monitoring data for culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in 2007. The overall treatment success rate was 73.8% for all culture-confirmed pulmonary cases and 79.5% for new culture-confirmed pulmonary cases. For the cohort of new culture-confirmed TB cases, only three countries achieved the target of 85% success rate. This underachievement appears to be a result of relative high defaulting and unknown outcome information. Case fatality remains high particularly among cases of national origin. This factor appears attributable to advanced age of the national cohort. Treatment outcomes for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis were reported by 15 countries, with a range of 19.8% to 100% treatment success at 24 months. The data underline the urgent need for strengthening treatment outcome monitoring in the EU and EEA in order to ensure an effective programme implementation and case management that will ultimately contribute to TB elimination.
Q fever in the Netherlands: an update on the epidemiology and control measures
Authors: van der Hoek W , Dijkstra F , Schimmer B , Schneeberger P M , Vellema P , Wijkmans C , ter Schegget R , Hackert V , van Duynhoven Y
Published: March 2021

Since the steady rise in human cases which started in 2007, Q fever has become a major public health problem in the Netherlands with 2,357 human cases notified in the year 2009. Ongoing research confirms that abortion waves on dairy goat farms are the primary source of infection for humans, primarily affecting people living close (under 5 km) to such a dairy goat farm. To reverse the trend of the last three years, drastic measures have been implemented, including the large-scale culling of pregnant goats on infected farms.
Upsurge of infections caused by Salmonella Concord among Ethiopian adoptees in Denmark, 2009
Authors: Sjøgren Hendriksen R , Kjelsø C , Torpdahl M , Ethelberg S , Mølbak K , Aarestrup F  M
Published: March 2021

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Concord has been associated with adoptees from Ethiopia. In 2009, Denmark saw an increase in MDR S. Concord infections: all eight cases reported in 2009 were among Ethiopian adoptees. The upsurge was linked to an increased number of infants adopted from Ethiopia. Data from other European countries suggests that they may face a similar problem.
Regional and age-specific patterns of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus seroprevalence inferred from vaccine clinical trials, August-October 2009
Authors: Tsai T F , Pedotti P , Hilbert A , Lindert K , Hohenboken M , Borkowski A , Groth N , da Silva L J , Kyaw M H
Published: March 2021

The extent of the H1N1 pandemic has been estimated from case counts and deaths but the proportion of exposed populations with inapparent infections has not been described in detail. We analysed haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titres of pre-vaccination sera from pandemic vaccine trials conducted in six countries on four continents to provide an indication of A/CA/07/2009(H1N1)-like influenza seroprevalence in those populations. Among 7,962 subjects, ranging in age from 12 months to over 60 years, the proportions with HI antibody titres ≥40 to the H1N1pnd virus in the period from August to October 2009 were, by country: Costa Rica 26.4%, United States (US) 22.5%, Switzerland 16.9%, Germany 12.6%, Belgium 10.1%, and Japan 5.9%. Age-specific seropositivity rates in the samples were higher in children and adolescents in Costa Rica and in the US than in Europe and in Japan. The low proportion of seropositive children in Europe and Japan suggests that little local viral transmission had occurred in those regions even as late as September and October 2009, while in the US and Costa Rica, the greater proportion of previously infected children and young adults suggested that a significant number of asymptomatic infections had occurred during the first pandemic wave. Nevertheless, in all locations, the majority of the population remained susceptible to the pandemic virus at the beginning of the influenza season in the northern hemisphere, justifying the implementation of public health interventions.
High prevalence of antibodies to the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus in the Norwegian population following a major epidemic and a large vaccination campaign in autumn 2009
Authors: Waalen K , Kilander A , Dudman S G , Krogh G H , Aune T , Hungnes O
Published: March 2021

The prevalence of antibodies reactive to the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) was determined in sera collected before the start of the pandemic, during the early phase, and after the main epidemic wave and nationwide vaccination campaign in Norway. A substantial rise in prevalence of antibodies at protective titres, from 3.2% to 44.9%, was observed between August 2009 and January 2010. The highest prevalence, 65.3%, was seen in the age group of 10-19 year-olds.
Pertussis outbreak in northwest Ireland, January – June 2010
Authors: Barret A S , Ryan A , Breslin A , Cullen L , Murray A , Grogan J , Bourke S , Cotter S
Published: March 2021

We report a community pertussis outbreak that occurred in a small town located in the northwest of Ireland. Epidemiological investigations suggest that waning immunity and the absence of a booster dose during the second year of life could have contributed to the outbreak. The report also highlights the need to reinforce the surveillance of pertussis in Ireland and especially to improve the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of cases.
First case of meningococcal meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup Z' in Slovenia, December 2010
Authors: Trop Skaza A , Selic Kurincic T , Beskovnik L , Paragi M , Bozanic V
Published: March 2021

We report here on the identification of the first meningococcal meningitis case in Slovenia caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup Z' in December 2010. The 19-year-old patient had not left the country during the incubation period. The patient was hospitalised and given the antibiotic treatment with cefotaxime very early in the course of the disease. The patient did not develop any complications during hospitalisation and was discharged on 5 January 2011.
First reported cases of human adenovirus serotype 14p1 infection, Ireland, October 2009 to July 2010
Authors: O’Flanagan D , O’Donnell J , Domegan L , Fitzpatrick F , Connell J , Coughlan S , De Gascun C , Carr M J
Published: March 2021

We report the first nine confirmed cases of human adenovirus 14p1 infection (HAdV-14p1), identified at different locations in Ireland between October 2009 and July 2010. These were the first notifications in Ireland and all were sporadic cases. Following these notifications, the Health Protection Surveillance Centre set up an enhanced surveillance system for HAdV-14p1infection. Seven cases were male and five were aged less than one year. Three patients died, giving a case fatality rate of 33%. It should be noted that cases presented here were diagnosed on presentation to hospital and may represent the severe end of the spectrum of HAdV 14 disease in Ireland.
Outbreak of tularaemia in central Norway, January to March 2011
Authors: Larssen K W , Afset J E , Heier B  T , Krogh T , Handeland K , Vikøren T , Bergh K
Published: March 2021

From January to March 2011, 39 cases of tularaemia were diagnosed in three counties in central Norway: 21 cases of oropharyngeal type, 10 cases of glandular/ulceroglandular type, two of respiratory and two of typhoid type. Three cases were asymptomatic and clinical information was unavailable for one case. The mean age was 40.3 years (range 2-89 years). Thirty-four reported use of drinking water from private wells. An increased rodent (lemming) population and snow melting may have led to contamination of the wells with infected rodents or rodent excreta.
Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)2009 in Morocco: experience of the Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Rabat, 12 June to 24 December 2009
Authors: Lahlou Amine I , Bajjou T , El Rhaffouli H , Laraqui A , Hilali F , Menouar K , Ennibi K , Boudlal M , Bouaiti E A , Sbai K , Rbai M , Hachim M , Zouhair S
Published: March 2021

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Effective control of an acute gastroenteritis outbreak due to norovirus infection in a hospital ward in Athens, Greece, April 2011
Authors: Georgiadou S P , Loukeris D , Smilakou S , Daikos G L , Sipsas N V
Published: March 2021

In April 2011, an acute gastroenteritis outbreak due to norovirus infection occurred in a hospital ward in Athens, Greece, affecting 28 people: 16 staff members, 10 inpatients and two relatives of symptomatic inpatients. The attack rate among the patients and staff was 16.4% (10/61) and 31.4% (16/51), respectively. The outbreak lasted eight days and the clinical symptoms were mild. Effective infection control measures prevented the spread of the virus to other hospital wards.
Food-borne outbreak of norovirus infection in a French military parachuting unit, April 2011
Authors: Mayet A , Andréo V , Bédubourg G , Victorion S , Plantec J Y , Soullié B , Meynard J B , Dedieu J J , Polvèche P Y , Migliani R
Published: March 2021

On 13 April 2011 the medical service of a French military parachuting unit reported an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis involving 147 persons among the military personnel. Meals suspected to have caused the outbreak (pasta and some raw vegetables) were tested for norovirus by PCR. The same norovirus (genogroup I) was found in some of the food items consumed by the cases and in a cook who prepared the meals.
Standardisation of multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) for subtyping of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis
Authors: Hopkins K L , Peters T M , de Pinna E , Wain J
Published: March 2021

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Missed diagnosis of influenza B virus due to nucleoprotein sequence mutations, Singapore, April 2011
Authors: Lee H K , Lee C K , Loh T P , Chiang D , Koay E S , Tang J W
Published: March 2021

A new influenza B variant was discovered in Singapore in April 2011 during diagnostic testing of a 3-year-old boy with respiratory symptoms. Influenza B virus was isolated from culture and confirmed by standard immunofluorescence testing, but was not detected by the routine, in-house influenza screening reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay that targets the nucleoprotein (NP) gene. Subsequent sequencing investigations demonstrated that several other published assays targeting NP could also fail to detect this novel variant.
Autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Greece, 2011
Authors: Danis K , Baka A , Lenglet A , Van Bortel W , Terzaki I , Tseroni M , Detsis M , Papanikolaou E , Balaska A , Gewehr S , Dougas G , Sideroglou T , Economopoulou A , Vakalis N , Tsiodras S , Bonovas S , Kremastinou J
Published: March 2021

Between May and September 2011, twenty cases of Plasmodium vivax infection were reported in Greek citizens without reported travel history. The vast majority of those cases were confined to a delimited agricultural area of Evrotas, Lakonia. Conditions favouring locally acquired transmission of malaria, including the presence of competent vectors and migrants from endemic countries exist in Greece, underscoring the need for the development of an integrated preparedness and response plan for malaria prevention.
Lymphogranuloma venereum: a hidden emerging problem, Barcelona, 2011
Authors: Vargas-Leguas H , Garcia de Olalla P , Arando M , Armengol P , Barberá M J , Vall M , Vives A , Martín-Ezquerra G , Alsina M , Blanco J , Muñoz C , Caballero E , Andreu A , Ros M , Gorrindo P , Dominguez A , Caylà J A
Published: March 2021

From the beginning of 2007 until the end of 2011, 146 cases of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) were notified to the Barcelona Public Health Agency. Some 49% of them were diagnosed and reported in 2011, mainly in men who have sex with men. Almost half of them, 32 cases, were reported between July and September. This cluster represents the largest since 2004. This article presents the ongoing outbreak of LGV in Barcelona.
Relation between Q fever notifications and Coxiella burnetii infections during the 2009 outbreak in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Hoek W , Hogema B M , Dijkstra F , Rietveld A , Wijkmans C J , Schneeberger P M , Zaaijer H L
Published: March 2021

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Wellness centres: an important but overlooked source of Legionnaires’ disease. Eight years of source investigation in the Netherlands, 1 August 2002 to 1 August 2010
Authors: Euser S M , Bruin J P , van der Hoek W , Schop W A , den Boer J W
Published: March 2021

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Identification of OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Greece, 2010 to 2011
Authors: Liakopoulos A , Miriagou V , Katsifas E A , Karagouni A D , Daikos G L , Tzouvelekis L S , Petinaki E
Published: March 2021

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Early estimates of the effectiveness of the 2011/12 influenza vaccine in the population targeted for vaccination in Spain, 25 December 2011 to 19 February 2012
Authors: Jiménez-Jorge S , de Mateo S , Pozo F , Casas I , García Cenoz M , Castilla J , Gallardo V , Pérez E , Vega T , Rodriguez C , Quiñones C , Martínez E , Giménez J , Vanrell J M , Castrillejo D , Serrano M C , Ramos J M , Larrauri A
Published: March 2021

We present early estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the population targeted for vaccination, during 25 December 2011 to 19 February 2012. The adjusted VE was 55% (95% CI: 3 to 79) against any type of influenza virus and 54% (95% CI: 1 to 79) against influenza A(H3N2) virus. This suggests a moderate protective effect of the vaccine in the targeted population in a late influenza epidemic with limited match between vaccine and circulating strains.
Computerised vaccination register for the Murcia region, Spain, 1991 to 2011
Authors: Bernal-González P J , Navarro-Alonso J A , Pérez-Martín J J
Published: March 2021

We describe the Murcia regional vaccination register in Spain, which was set up in 1991, detailing its main features, advantages and limitations. We also report on some recent special actions carried out that led to an improvement in vaccination coverage against measles, rubella and mumps (MMR): by using the vaccination register, we were able to identify and vaccinate persons aged under 20 years in a measles outbreak in 2010 in the town of Jumilla who were not adequately vaccinated for their age with MMR vaccine. From spring 2012, use of our register will enable us to identify susceptible individuals in our region under 40 years of age who have received fewer than two doses of MMR vaccine and call them for the appropriate vaccination. We also set out our experience in the use of barcodes to identify individuals and collect vaccine data: our data show that the barcodes help to improve data quality and completeness. Finally, we identify certain challenges in search of greater standardisation for systems and encoding that is necessary to enable an easy exchange of data between different registers.
Outbreak of ciguatera food poisoning by consumption of amberjack (Seriola spp.) in the Canary Islands, May 2012
Authors: Nuñez D , Matute P , Garcia A , Garcia P , Abadía N
Published: March 2021

In May 2012 a family outbreak of ciguatera food poisoning, affecting four people, was detected in Tenerife, Canary Islands. The outbreak was caused by eating amberjack fish (Seriola spp.) bought in a local market. This is the third outbreak of ciguatera food poisoning in the Canary Islands in 2012. We describe the epidemiology of this outbreak.
Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- in England and Wales, 2010
Authors: Hopkins K L , de Pinna E , Wain J
Published: March 2021

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Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012
Authors: Bermingham A , Chand M A , Brown C S , Aarons E , Tong C , Langrish C , Hoschler K , Brown K , Galiano M , Myers R , Pebody R  G , Green H K , Boddington N L , Gopal R , Price N , Newsholme W , Drosten C , Fouchier R A , Zambon M
Published: March 2021

Coronaviruses have the potential to cause severe transmissible human disease, as demonstrated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2003. We describe here the clinical and virological features of a novel coronavirus infection causing severe respiratory illness in a patient transferred to London, United Kingdom, from the Gulf region of the Middle East.
First detection of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in bulk tank milk in the United Kingdom, January to July 2012
Authors: Paterson G K , Larsen J , Harrison E M , Larsen A R , Morgan F J , Peacock S J , Parkhill J , Zadoks R N , Holmes M A
Published: March 2021

Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus belonging to clonal complex 398 (LA-MRSA CC398) is an important cause of zoonotic infections in several countries, but there is only a single published report of this lineage from the United Kingdom (UK). Here, we describe the isolation of LA-MRSA CC398 from bulk tank milk from five geographically dispersed farms in the UK. Our findings suggest that LA-MRSA CC398 is established in livestock in the UK. Awareness of the potential occupational risks and surveillance in other food-producing animal species should be promoted.
Detection of Usutu virus infection in a healthy blood donor from south-west Germany, 2012
Authors: Allering L , Jöst H , Emmerich P , Günther S , Lattwein E , Schmidt M , Seifried E , Sambri V , Hourfar K , Schmidt-Chanasit J
Published: March 2021

From September 2011 until November 2012, 31 serum samples from German patients with clinically suspected acute Usutu virus (USUV) infections were tested for USUV-specific antibodies. All samples tested negative. In addition, 4,200 serum samples from healthy blood donors from south-west Germany were collected in January 2012 and also analysed for the presence of specific antibodies. One sample tested positive for USUV-IgG and -IgM. Thus, the seroprevalence of USUV antibodies in healthy blood donors from south-west Germany was low in January 2012.
Simultaneous increase of Cryptosporidium infections in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Germany in late summer season, 2012
Authors: Fournet N , Deege M P , Urbanus A T , Nichols G , Rosner B M , Chalmers R M , Gorton R , Pollock K G , van der Giessen J  W , Wever P C , Dorigo-Zetsma J  W , Mulder B , Mank T G , Overdevest I , Kusters J G , van Pelt W , Kortbeek L M
Published: March 2021

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EVIDENCE BASED LEARNING: AN ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF TEACHER’S DESIGN MODEL ON CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Thote Prashant , S Gowri
Published: March 2021

Lewis dot structure is taught in Chemistry at senior secondary school level. The competence to draw the Lewis dot structure and its interpretation lays foundation for advance learning.  In the present paper attempt is made to investigate the impact of teacher made model to enhance deep conceptual understanding of Lewis dot structure in Chemistry.  The concept is taught by using expository and discussion method but these teaching methods do not improve the students’ ability to construct their knowledge - as a result learners do not have deep conceptual understanding. An optional way to increase learner’s understanding in cognitive aspect is by using teaching aids developed by the teacher.  Feasibility percentage of these models is 95%. The present research uses one group (pre-formative and post formative assessment) experimental design. Totally 35 students of Grade 12 partake in the study. Purposive sampling technique is used to draw the sample. Data is collected by using formative assessment before and after the treatment. Test score and t-test are the statistical tools used for the analysis of data.  The content test validity is 96% and the reliability co-efficient is 0.86 on Spearman- Brown.  Result of the present study illustrates that the model developed for teaching-learning of Lewis dot structure is effective to enhance the deep conceptual learning and to acquire intended learning outcomes.  It is illustrated by the paired analysis of sample t with t score (-38.52) is less than the critical - t value (-2.03). There is a major difference in the scores of learners before and after the treatment.  The effectiveness of teacher made Lewis dot structure model is determined by formative assessment both before and after the treatment. The score of cognitive skills (0.658) is categorized under moderate gain.
THE IMPACT OF USING LOGO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL VISUALISATION ABILITY AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Khormi Sameer Ali , Alshoshan Areeb , Binrsheed Abdulrahman
Published: March 2021

This study aims to investigate the effect of using LOGO on the improvement of spatial visualisation abilities among fourth-grade elementary students. In order to achieve this objective, the researchers have selected the Arabic version of spatial ability test prepared by Paul Newton and Helen Bristoll, which involves spatial visualisation perception. The researchers have employed the pre and post-test quasi-experimental approach. The research was applied to a sample group composed of 53 students enrolled in the fourth grade of the elementary stage. The sample group was selected from an elementary school-based in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Members of the sample group were randomly and simply divided into two groups; specifically the experimental and control groups. The experimental group was taught using LOGO programming language, while the control group was taught using the traditional method. After implementing the research treatment and processing data and information statistically, findings revealed that there are statistical differences between the two groups; namely, the experimental and control groups – in terms of the development of spatial visualisation perception in favour of the experimental group.
ASSESSMENT OF SUITABLE LANDFILL SITE USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY OF RAIPUR URBAN REGION, CHHATTISGARH, INDIA
Authors: Multaniya Amit P , Verma Sanju , Beg M. K
Published: March 2021

Currently, the solid waste management work of Raipur is being done in a completely traditional way, which is very expensive and time consuming. The site selection method using Geospatial techniques can function as a decision support tool for enhanced efficient and effective management of municipal solid waste. This Study’s aim was to develop landfill siting by crossing major barriers such as political, economic and environmental pressures for the execution of a suitable site criteria by employing combination of geospatial technique and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) in Raipur urban area. The preliminary step of the methodology was geospatial operation and Study that disqualified all areas unsuitable for landfill siting. The insularity of suitable criteria for landfill site was generated based on published information on solid waste management, existing laws and regulatory necessities, as well as the existing local conditions. The different suitability criteria considered are soil, land use land cover, digital elevation model (DEM), surface waters, transport network, lithology and geological structures. Criteria were mapped using the geospatial technique; each criterion was identified and weighted by score for overlay to create suitability maps using GIS. The final results showed that there are more locations for landfills for Raipur urban area. In the present Study there are sporadic areas identified as suitable sites for landfill location. In the site suitability analysis 74.79% area found not suitable for landfill siting, 20.93% least suitable and 3.25% moderate suitable. Out of the remaining area, 1.03% area is found most suitable.