bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Arm Selection on the Incidence of PICC Complications: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Paquet France , Boucher Louis-Martin , Valenti David , Lindsay Richard
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The aim of this study is to determine if right arm peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) experienced fewer complications while controlling for gender, hand dominance, history of malignancy, dwell time and catheter size.

Methods

This was an intention-to-treat randomized controlled trial conducted in an academic medical center on two different sites between September 2012 and September 2015. All patients older than 18 years or age without known history of previous central line, contraindication to the use of a specific arm or hospitalized in the intensive care unit regardless of coagulation status, were considered for the study. Participants were randomized to the left or right arm group and were followed until catheter removal. Data collected included: PICC characteristics, insertion details, gender, arm dominance, history of malignancy, reason for insertion/removal, incidence of a complication and total dwell time. One-tailed hypothesis testing using a univariate logistic regression with odds ratio (OR) calculation was used to analyze the results. There were 202 patients randomly assigned, totaling 7657 catheter-days; 103 patients to the right-side group and 99 patients to the left-side group.

Results

Participants in both groups were statistically equivalent for right handedness, gender, oncologic status, average dwell time and total catheter days. The overall incidence of complications on the right side was 23% versus 34% on the left side, confirming the hypothesis that right-sided insertions led to fewer complications (p = 0.046). The risk of a complication was reduced by 40% with right-sided insertion (OR 0.58 (CI: 0.31-1.09).

Conclusions

This study indicated fewer complications with right-sided insertion irrespective of hand dominance.
Transitioning from anatomic landmarks to ultrasound guided central venous catheterizations: guidelines applied to clinical practice
Authors: Oom Rodrigo , Casaca Rui , Barroca Rita , Carvalhal Sara , Santos Catarina , Abecasis Nuno
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Centrally inserted central catheter (CICC) insertion is a commonly performed procedure that may give rise to different complications. Despite the suggestion of guidelines to use ultrasound guidance (USG) for vascular access, not all centers use it systematically. The aim of this study is to illustrate the experience with ultrasound in CICC placement at a high-volume oncological center, in a country where the landmark technique is standard.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of a prospective database was performed on CICC placement under USG in the Central Venous Catheter Unit of Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, from 2012 to 2015.

Results

Three thousand five hundred and seventy-two procedures were recorded. From 2728 CICC placements, 1187 (43.5%) were done using USG. The majority of CICC placements were successful without immediate complications (96.1%). In 55 cases (4.6%), more than three attempts were necessary to puncture the vein. Pneumothorax occurred in 5 cases (0.4%) and arterial puncture was registered in 41 cases (3.5%). An increasing use of USG for placing CICCs was planned and observed over the years and, in the last year of the study, 67.3% of the CICC placements were with USG.

Conclusions

CICC placement with USG is a safe and effective technique. Despite some resistance that is observed, these results support that it is worth following the guidelines that advocate the use of the USG in the placement of CICC.
Fighting Counterfeit Medicines in Europe: The Effect on Access to Medicines
Authors: Van Baelen Maarten , Dylst Pieter , Pereira Catarina Lopes , Verhaeghe Johan , Nauwelaerts Koen , Lyddon Susie
Published: June 2017

The implementation of the Falsified Medicines Directive, and its Delegated Regulation with detailed specifications of safety features, will provide an additional obstacle for counterfeiters. The implementation of the Directive aims to prevent falsified medicines from reaching patients, and is in the interest of public health. However, the financial burden for manufacturers to implement these additional safety features, as well as the repository system that will allow the verification of authenticity of individual packs of medicine, may threaten the availability of medicines.
Falsified Medicines Directive: Are We Heading in the Right Direction?
Authors: Frontini Roberto
Published: June 2017

Falsified medicines for human use are an increasing problem in Europe. The Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD) 2011/62/EU provides measures to prevent the entry of falsified medicines into the legal supply chain by requiring the placing of safety features consisting of a unique identifier (Ul) and an anti-tampering device (ATD). Some concerns have arisen from patients regarding the effectiveness of UI and ATD in terms of safety. In contrast, the relevance of the supply source as a key point for patients and pharmacists, especially in hospitals, has not been sufficiently considered by the FMD. Endorsing more Good Procurement Practices and Good Distribution Practices may be more effective. The implementation of the FMD in hospitals is wasting human resources and increasing costs, which will likely result in a poor positive outcome. At both European and national levels, it is now urgent to mitigate the consequences of the FMD by updating the legislation.
Winners' Cup: A National Football Tournament Brings Together Adolescent Patients with Cancer from all over Italy
Authors: Silva Matteo , Chisari Marco , Signoroni Stefano , Bassani Alberto , Tagliabue Luca , Ricci Angelo , Daversa Mirco , Achini Massimo , Spreafico Filippo , Murelli Michele , Milano Giuseppe Maria , Bisogno Gianni , Coccoli Luca , Conte Massimo , Garaventa Alberto , Indolfi Paolo , Perrotta Silverio , Spinelli Marco , Mercolini Federico , Soloni Pietro , Pierobon Marta , Di Cataldo Andrea , Perillo Teresa , Mascarin Maurizio , Coassin Elisa , Veneroni Laura , Casanova Michela , Massimino Maura , Ferrari Andrea
Published: June 2017

Società Scientifiche Italiane Insieme per gli Adolescenti con Malattie Onco-ematologiche (SIAMO) is an Italian nationwide scheme that focuses on adolescent patients with cancer. Some of its activities include promoting dedicated local projects at the various oncology centers all over the country and organizing events to improve awareness regarding cancer in adolescence. It is with these aims in mind that it organized the Winners' Cup, a football tournament between Italian adolescents who had (or had had) pediatric cancers. There were 144 young people 15 to 24 years old who arrived from 16 different treatment centers around the country to take part in the tournament and share their stories. Such an event had never been attempted before, in Italy at least. The Winners' Cup was a great success and an opportunity to focus attention on the particular clinical, psychological, and social needs of cancer patients in this age group.
A Robotic Needle Driver to Facilitate Vescico-Urethral Anastomosis during Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Varca Virginia , Benelli Andrea , Pietrantuono Francesco , Suardi Nazareno , Gregori Andrea , Gaboardi Franco
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The completion of the vescico-urethral anastomosis (VUA) represents the most critical step of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), and it can often discourage the use of minimally invasive surgery in less experienced laparoscopic surgeons. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the usefulness of a new robotic needle driver named Dextérité in performing the VUA after LRP.

Materials and Methods

This prospective randomized clinical study enrolled 40 consecutive patients eligible for LRP, which were randomized into four groups: group A, patients undergoing LRP done by an expert surgeon; group B, patients undergoing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) performed by the same expert surgeon; group C, patients undergoing LRP performed by a young surgeon at the beginning of the learning curve; group D, patients undergoing LRP performed by another young surgeon at the beginning of the learning curve with the aid of Dextérité needle driver for completion of the VUA. The two young urologists performed the same steps of LRP so that they are at the same step of the learning curve. All the anastomosis were performed with the same technique in order to be comparable. We use interrupted sutures with Vicryl 2/0 and a 5/8 needle; we performed the Rocco stitch technique before all the anastomosis (6) and we applied bladder neck sparing technique. All patients underwent an ultrasound control of the anastomosis on the seventh postoperative day, as we usually do (9, 10). We consider continent who utilised no pad.

Results

Operative VUA completion time was 24.9 vs. 25 vs. 86.7 vs. 61 minutes, respectively. When comparing VUA completion time in group 3 and 4, the use of the Dextérité needle driver resulted in a reduction in VUA time. Urinary leakage was seen in zero out of 10 patients in groups 1 and 2 and in three out of 10 and one in 10 patients, respectively, in groups 3 and 4. All urinary leakages were managed conservatively. One-year continence rates were 95%, 97%, 93% and 95%, respectively. Only one patient in group C developed a bladder neck contracture 6 months after the procedure, but he underwent adiuvant radiotherapy after surgery.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that the use of Dextérité needle holder significantly reduces operative time of VUA completion and reduces the incidence of urinary leakage in laparoscopic surgeons at the beginning of the learning curve.
Is Early Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Treatment Worthwhile?
Authors: Presicce Fabrizio , De Nunzio Cosimo , Tubaro Andrea
Published: June 2017

Background

The medical armamentaria for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have been extensively implemented over the past decade. Nevertheless, the timeliest moment for a possible treatment has not been fully established.

Evidence Acquisition

A systematic literature search in January 1996 until June 2016 was performed to answer the following question: in men with LUTS due to BPH, does early treatment result in better outcome? An ad hoc Population/patient Intervention/indicator Comparator/control Outcome (PICO) was developed. The Medline, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched. Each article title and abstract were reviewed for relevance and appropriateness with regard to the topic of this review.

Evidence Synthesis

Overtime, the introduction of novel medications and the implementation of surgical techniques have significantly improved the treatment outcomes and markedly reduced the rate of BPH surgery. Early treatments in patients at risk of disease progression may result in better clinical outcomes than a delayed approach. However, the evidence to support early intervention remains weak and criteria to identify the patient phenotype that could best benefit from immediate treatment remain ill-defined. On the contrary, the patients who ultimately undergo surgery following prolonged pharmacological treatment present with larger prostates, older age and comorbidities. At the same time, the technological progress has partly compensated this critical scenario, and commonly, a nonpejorative trend has been recorded in perioperative complications.

Conclusions

The ideal moment to begin a treatment in LUTS/BPH patients is still uncertain, and surprisingly, rare good quality studies are available on this topic.
Stress and final /n/ deletion in Catalan: Combining Strict CV and OT
Authors: Faust Noam , Torres-Tamarit Francesc
Published: June 2017

In Catalan, /n/ deletes in word-final position when it is preceded by a stressed vowel. In this paper, we present an analysis that combines the representations of Strict CV and the violable constraints of Optimality Theory, two rarely combined but perfectly compatible analytical tools. We propose that final /n/ floats unassociated below its C position if it cannot be licensed by a following segment. In such circumstances, an entire CV unit is left unidentified at the right edge, a situation which is penalized by the system. Still, when stress is final, this rightmost CV unit is identified by the weak branch of a trochaic foot. As a result, the /n/ may remain afloat. However, when stress is not final, the final CV remains otherwise unidentified, and so /n/ must associate to it, even though it is unlicensed.
What Is an International Cybersecurity Regime and How We Can Achieve It?
Authors: Stadnik Ilona
Published: June 2017

This article explores the two mainstream directions of debates about the possibility of establishing a kind of international cybersecurity regime. It develops the idea of different governance models based on sovereignty, on the one hand, and multistakeholderism on the other. The application of international relations theory helps to understand the current process and stalemate initiatives regarding state cooperation in this field. In addition, the author pays attention to the applicability of the constructivism framework to the understanding of cybersecurity threats and the elaboration of international norms applicable to cyberspace. Finally, the article concludes with the idea that the multistakeholder approach to norm-making may become a viable solution to the problem of constructing an international cybersecurity regime.
Design process and preliminary psychometric study of a video game to detect cognitive impairment in senior adults
Authors: Valladares-Rodriguez Sonia , Perez-Rodriguez Roberto , Facal David , Fernandez-Iglesias Manuel J. , Anido-Rifon Luis , Mouriño-Garcia Marcos
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Assessment of episodic memory has been traditionally used to evaluate potential cognitive impairments in senior adults. Typically, episodic memory evaluation is based on personal interviews and pen-and-paper tests. This article presents the design, development and a preliminary validation of a novel digital game to assess episodic memory intended to overcome the limitations of traditional methods, such as the cost of its administration, its intrusive character, the lack of early detection capabilities, the lack of ecological validity, the learning effect and the existence of confounding factors.

Materials and Methods

Our proposal is based on the gamification of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and it has been designed to comply with the psychometric characteristics of reliability and validity. Two qualitative focus groups and a first pilot experiment were carried out to validate the proposal.

Results

A more ecological, non-intrusive and better administrable tool to perform cognitive assessment was developed. Initial evidence from the focus groups and pilot experiment confirmed the developed game’s usability and offered promising results insofar its psychometric validity is concerned. Moreover, the potential of this game for the cognitive classification of senior adults was confirmed, and administration time is dramatically reduced with respect to pen-and-paper tests.

Limitations

Additional research is needed to improve the resolution of the game for the identification of specific cognitive impairments, as well as to achieve a complete validation of the psychometric properties of the digital game.

Conclusion

Initial evidence show that serious games can be used as an instrument to assess the cognitive status of senior adults, and even to predict the onset of mild cognitive impairments or Alzheimer’s disease.
The identification of Oligo-Miocene mammalian palaeocommunities from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Australia and an appraisal of palaeoecological techniques
Authors: Myers Troy J. , Black Karen H. , Archer Michael , Hand Suzanne J.
Published: June 2017

Fourteen of the best sampled Oligo-Miocene local faunas from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, north-western Queensland, Australia are analysed using classification and ordination techniques to identify potential mammalian palaeocommunities and palaeocommunitytypes. Abundance data for these faunas are used, for the first time, in conjunction with presence/absence data. An early Miocene Faunal Zone B and two middle Miocene Faunal Zone C palaeocommunities are recognised, as well as one palaeocommunity type. Change in palaeocommunity structure, between the early Miocene and middle Miocene, may be the result of significant climate change during the Miocene Carbon Isotope Excursion. The complexes of local faunas identified will allow researchers to use novel palaeocommunities in future analyses of Riversleigh’s fossil faunas. The utility of some palaeoecological multivariate indices and techniques is examined. The Dice index is found to outperform other binary similarity/distance coefficients, while the UPGMA algorithm is more useful than neighbour joining. Evidence is equivocal for the usefulness of presence/absence data compared to abundance.
O Projeto Conservador das Águas: análise de uma política pública em Extrema/MG
Authors: Pacheco Bárbara De Oliveira Souza , Araújo Camila Camilozzi Alves Costa de Albuquerque , Torres Filho Dalmir Machado , Santos Emilene Kareline Marciano dos
Published: June 2017

O reconhecimento da existência de uma crise ambiental, demonstrada inclusive por desequilíbrios pluviais causadores de escassez hídrica de grandes centros urbanos, tem demandado ações de preservação mais incisivas por parte do Estado. O “Projeto Conservador das Águas”, desenvolvido pela Prefeitura de Extrema, em Minas Gerais, exemplifica a construção de desenhos inovadores de políticas públicas através da conjugação de parcerias inter-organizacionais, acordos formais entre Estado e cidadãos, e utilização de incentivos econômicos para a promoção da sustentabilidade. O trabalho em tela busca analisar o projeto referido a partir de tipologias desenvolvidas por Lowi (1964; 1972) e Wilson (1973), discutindo seu modelo de implementação com base em seu nível de programação de tarefas e interação com os usuários, em conformidade com a tipologia construída por Berman (1978).Código JEL | H23; Q25; Q56.
THE HYDRAULIC MODEL AS AN AID IN BREAKWATER DESIGN
Authors: Hudson Robert Y. , Moore L. Frank
Published: June 2017

The complexity of wave-action phenomena and the complicated geometry of most harbors usually make it impossible to obtain adequate answers to design problems by an analytical approach. Except for the most elementary wave-action problems, the general experience and judgment of the engineer cannot be utilized effectively. Indeed, this method of approach to harbor problems has led to designs which not only failed to alleviate wave-action conditions, but, instead, actually intensified them. It is the intent of this paper to show how the small-scale hydraulic model can be an effective tool in the planning of harbor development and in the design and layout of breakwaters to provide protection from wave action.
SAND BY-PASSING PLANT AT SALINA CRUZ, MEXICO
Authors: Rolland Modesto C.
Published: June 2017

The Port of Salina Cruz, in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico is entirely artificial. It consists of an outer harbor and a basin divided by two large wharves on which stand six double warehouses. For a time, jurisdiction on this port was equally divided between the Administration of Free Ports and the Federal Fiscal Authorities, but at present, by Presidential decree, the entire port is under our Free Ports Administration. On the west end of the outer harbor, a dry dock able to handle boats up to 18,000 tons has been operating since it was built. On the same side of the outer harbor, terminal installations of Petroleos Mexicanos handle all shipments of crude oil and gasoline for the Pacific Coast of the country.
REDUCTION OF MAINTENANCE BY PROPER ORIENTATION OF SHIP CHANNELS THROUGH TIDAL INLETS
Authors: Price W. Armstrong
Published: June 2017

The inherited courses of some hay-port ship channels take them through tidal inlets along courses running across dominant directions of strong current movement and scour, or on courses that upset the natural tidal regimes. Such discordance may make necessary excessive maintenance dredging. Geological study of a section of the Texas coast shows that, in a unit coastal environment, there may he a predictable stahle position of a tidal inlet and a common stahle orientation for its channel which might better have been used for the ship channel outlet. Among probable damages to the natural environment resulting from a wrong orientation is excessive sedimentation in the inlet channel.

Engineering studies are needed to determine the economics of reorientation and relocation of misfit channels of the type described.

The tidal inlet or "pass" is the central channel of a tidal delta. The delta is an enlargement of a barrier sand island at a gap where tidal and other flow into and out of large inland water bodies forms a strong local field of force with a longshore sediment drift and current. Engineering works in this field of force should utilize its characteristics, not fight them. As the coastal section studied here is only one of many, extension of the geologic study, with accompanying engineering studies, should be made to permit general laws of inlets, tidal deltas and barrier islands to be set up for both geology and engineering.
SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN OF THE NEW MYSTIC PIER NO. 1, BOSTON
Authors: Seed H. Bolton
Published: June 2017

In order to provide adequate modern terminal facilities to handle the anticipated commerce requirements, the Port of Boston Authority, in 1947 prepared a master plan for the future development of the port. The second step of this plan was the reconstruction, on modern standards, of the old Mystic Pier No. 1. Planning for this work was started in 1949 and the new pier was opened to commerce in September 1952.
CASE HISTORY OF THE CAPE COD CANAL
Authors: Allen John E.
Published: June 2017

No more interesting or appealing subject than the Cape Cod Canal could be assigned to one who is engaged in the study and development of navigation in New England. This sea-level canal, located 50 miles south of Boston at the narrow neck of land joining Cape Cod to the mainland, principally serves coastwise shipping to and from Boston and Northern New England. While it was only completed in 1940 no one should entertain the thought that it is of recent origin.
THE SALT WEDGE
Authors: Farmer Harlow G. , Morgan George W.
Published: June 2017

The "salt wedge" is an idealized model of a phenomenon encountered in some estuaries. It consists of a layer of fresh river water flowing over and past an underlying layer of heavier salt water. The following study is an attempt to predict the shape of the salt wedge and its length measured from some significant point in the estuary in terms of quantities, such as the densities of the fresh and salt water, the average river depth and velocity, etc., which are usually available.
THREE DIMENSIONAL METHOD FOR MONITORING DAMAGE TO DOLOS BREAKWATERS
Authors: Tulsi Kishan , Schoonees Koos , Ruthenavelu Magenthran , Davids Gregory , Vonk Robert , Stroh Francios , Herrington Nic
Published: June 2017

In order to extend the design life of breakwaters, regular damage investigations and timeous repairs are required. One of the important aspects is calculating the severity of damage to breakwaters. Traditionally, breakwater inspection has been done using aerial photographs and underwater imaging to accomplish these investigations. Breakwaters are systematically divided into inspection stations and photographs are taken to inspect and assess the damage. The photographs are then visually compared with the previous inspection photographs to identify changes. This is difficult to achieve as it is not always possible to get the helicopter exactly in the same position on every survey and highly dependent on the skill of the helicopter pilot. Another difficulty is taking underwater images near the breakwater due to poor visibility and wave breaking. The objective of this study is to test a 3D analysis method by evaluating the accuracy of using the LIDAR and multi-beam echo sounder data to quantify damage to dolos breakwaters above and below the water surface (including the inter-tidal zone). Thus, this comparison is aimed towards the development of the 3D eroded volume method (3D method).
THE DISASTER IN THE NETHERLANDS CAUSED BY THE STORM FLOOD OF FEBRUARY 1, 1953
Authors: Wemelsfelder P. J.
Published: June 2017

It will be useful to show first a sketch of the situation of our low lying area with regard to the North Sea (Fig. 1). We might idealize the North Sea in the shape of a rectangular pocket, nearly 400 miles wide and 500 miles long, open to the Atlantic in the line Duncansby (Scotland) - Bergen (Norway). For its size the North Sea is relatively shallow. The depth is of the order of magnitude of 60 m. The funnel-like Southern part, between England and the Netherlands, is not more than 40 m deep. The average width of this part is 250 miles.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF FORCES ON PILES
Authors: Morison J. R. , Johnson J. W. , O'Brien M. P.
Published: June 2017

In the design of a pile structure exposed to surface waves of a given height and period, some of the factors involved in the problem and studied herein are the size, shape and spacing of the piles and the moment distribution on uniform and non-uniform piles. Theoretical and experimental investigations have shown that the force exerted by surface waves on a pile consists of two components - a drag force and an inertia force. The drag force is proportional to the fluid density, the projected area and the square of the fluid particle velocity. The inertia force, including the virtual mass, is proportional to the fluid density, the volume of the object and the fluid particle acceleration. The virtual mass is the apparent increase of the displaced mass of fluid necessary to account for the increase in force resulting from the acceleration of the fluid relative to the object. This factor is included in the coefficient of mass term in the force calculations.
WIND TIDE AND SEICHES IN THE GREAT LAKES
Authors: Harris D. Lee
Published: June 2017

Because of the unusually high lake stages of recent years, the Weather Bureau was called on to forecast the short period variations of lake level, which were believed to be caused by wind stress and atmospheric pressure gradient. It became necessary to investigate the feasibility of such forecasts. In a review of the available literature, many papers were found which described methods of computing the free periods of oscillation for lakes when no external forces were acting. Other papers were found which described methods of computing the steady state relation between a constant atmospheric force and the lake surface when inertial forces are neglected.
THE MECHANISM OF SEICHES IN TABLE BAY HARBOR, CAPE TOWN
Authors: Wilson Basil W.
Published: June 2017

Surging in Table Bay Harbor is shown to be favored by the peculiar location of the harbor within Table Bay and of Table Bay within the South Atlantic Ocean, and by the fortuitous fact that both the external and internal dimensions of the 'harbor accentuate the development of seiches. The roadstead comprising a three-sided quasi-basin permits resonant augmentation of several bay-seiches, notably those of about 11 and 5 1/2- minutes period, and certain harmonics among these are stimulated sufficiently to communicate themselves into the docks and achieve resonance there also. The periodicities of oscillations found by observation are explained theoretically and confirmed in model experiments. The largest basin of the harbor, during its construction period, exhibited different oscillating properties from those in evidence today. The differences are explained on the basis of the changing dimensions in shape and depth of the enclosed body of water. Model experiments again confirm the general mechanism of behavior.
WAVE RECORDERS DESIGNED AT CHATOU
Authors: Valembois J.
Published: June 2017

Description of the different types of wave recorders designed at Chatou Laboratory.
SPENDING BEACHES FOR A WAVE CANAL
Authors: MARCOU C.
Published: June 2017

The principal obstacle to the production of a pure wave in a laboratory-wave canal of short length is the presence of a wave reflected from the down-stream extremity of the canal. Different artifices are used to reduce the value of the coefficient of reflexion. It is of important to see that these setups occupy as small a length of the canal as possible.

We have undertaken the study of a simple mechanism, easily constructed, whose parameters can be defined rigourously and whose action is consequently consistent. The different parameters can be varied systematically so that the values which give a minimum coefficient of reflection for - given Incident wave can be determined.

The mechanism consists of a spending beach made of a thin aluminium plate ; the plate has the same width as the wave-canal, its lines of greatest slope being parallel to the plane of symmetry of the canal.
ABOUT THE ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF DAYS WITH FAVORABLE METEOROLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS FOR ENGINEERING OPERATIONS ON THE SEA COAST AND IN ESTUARIES
Authors: Santema P.
Published: June 2017

When an engineering work has to be carried out on the sea coast, in estuaries, etc -for instance dredging operations, reclamation and harbour works, works for coast protection, etc. it is important to know the circumstances under which the work will have to be done. More in particular it is important to know the probable number of days with favourable meteorological and oceanographical circumstances to do the work. In many cases these data are available from experience. They are lacking, however, in remote areas, where no or only a few small works have been carried out so far. In this paper the factors dominating the possibility to work are discussed. A method for the calculation of the probable number of days with favourable conditions for engineering operations on the sea coast, in estuaries, etc., in remote areas, is indicated.
GENERAL REMARKS 0N THE FRENCH PRACTICE OF COASTAL DEFENSE
Authors: De Rouville A.
Published: June 2017

This paper discusses the following items:

(a) Relative complexity of the study and completion of coastal defense structures, (b) reasons for the frequent failure to execute such projects (insufficient resources and inadequacy of technique and studies} (o)areas of high priority, where projects must be completed due to the great urgency of the problem* (d) cause of the special difficulties found only in France (length of coast line, insufficient resources of the communities interested, results of world wars)} (e) essential characteristics of sea defense structures (longitudinal and latitudinal)} lay-out, talus slope, flexibility of revetment, making talus watertight, protection of upper and rear faces of longitudinal structures, length, cross section of jetties} (f) the extent to which these beneficial ideas have been properly understood in France} (g) choice of materials (density of stones, facings, reinforced concrete, asphalt), sacrifices to be accepted and (h)development of scale model studies.
REMARKS ON THE CALCULATION OF AMPLITUDES OF THE LINEAR WAVE PRODUCED BY A WAVE MACHINE
Authors: Kravtchenko J.
Published: June 2017

We are indebted to Havelock and to Biesel for their theoretical explanation of the mechanics of generation of the Stokes plane wave produced by a wave machine operating with a simple sinusoidal movement. The calculation of the wave amplitude, produced in this way, is the most salient feature of this theory.

We add nothing new to this research. But in view of its importance it seems fitting to pay special attention to a few mathematical difficulties that remain in the exposition of the above-mentioned authors, to indicate ways in which they may be solved in part, to simplify a few theoretical demonstrations and to make some comments on the physical significance of a theory which depends on very simplifying hypotheses.

More accurately speaking, we investigate a series of functions of one variable, introduced by Havelock and Biesel to present the solution of the problem. A gap in the theory is closed by showing that the series is complete; in fact, to establish this point, it is sufficient to employ a few results of the spectrum theory of certain differential operators. We complement then the indications of Biesel on the legitimacy of the term by term derivation of the series developments he has formed. Finally an elementary re-examination is made of the nature of singularities found in this solution and whose study has been made in a less direct manner in the works mentioned above. It would appear that all the above remarks can be of assistance to technicians in the study of many analogous questions.
UTILISATION DES TRACEURS RADIOACTIFS POUR L'ETUDE DES MOUVEMENTS DE SEDIMENTS MARINS
Authors: Germain J. , Forest G. , Jaffry P.
Published: June 2017

La connaissance des mouvements de sediments marins est un des problems qui conditionnent essentiellement les travaux maritimes. Des methodes divers pour l'aborder ont ete essayees avec plus ou moins de succes : leves hydrographiques - analyses granulometriques, chimiques - recherche des stocks fournisseurs de sediments - emploi de traceurs colores.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ON A HORIZONTAL BED DUE TO WAVE ACTION
Authors: Vincent G. E.
Published: June 2017

With a view to explaining the phenomena of sediment transport in the open sea, outside the wave breaking area, the author carried out a laboratory investigation of wave action on a horizontal bed. He puts forward a number of new results regarding :

1 - The state of turbulence near the bed and the stability of the oscillatory laminar boundary layer.

2 - The setting in notion of materials under the influence of wave alone.

3 - The entrapment current caused by wave action close to the bed.

4 - The transport of material under wave action only.

5 - The indirect action of wave on the bed.

The main conclusions reached are as follows :

1/ - The results given by Kuon Li regarding the onset of turbulence within the oscillatory boundary layer overestimate the range of laminar conditions. Vo (maximum orbital velocity) and e (roughness) are the principle factors governing the transition. Test waves are either generally laminar, or are only slightly turbulent within the body of liquid, but they are, however, more often turbulent in the immediate neighbourhood of the bed.

2/ - The Investigation of conditions for the onset of grain movement of the bed material shows that the action of wave can be appreciable, even at depths of several tens of metres. A wave of 6 metres amplitude, with a total length of 120 metres, would be capable of putting a 0.3 mm sand grain into motion at a depth of 60 metres.

3/ - The experimental investigation, as well as the viscous fluid theory, shows the existence, close to the bed, of an entrainment current of liquid particles which always works In the direction of wave propagation.

4/ - In test flumes, this entrainment current forms part of a mass transport within the liquid, the vertical distribution of which varies with the characteristics of the fluid motion. On a horizontal bed, It generally gives rise to an effective sediment transport, in the direction of wave propagation, as the preponderant part of the liquid velocity component, near the bed. is in this direction.

5/ - Owing to the existence of the pass transport current and the onset of suspension of material above the bed, some sediment transport can exist out to sea. These results give an explanation of why, under the action of long and regular wave . material tends to be carried in the direction of the waves and build up on the beach whereas, under storm conditions, a strong resultant turbulence produces suspension and favours erosion of the beach.

6/ - On a sloping bed, transport towards the shore is counterbalanced by the effect of gravity, currents caused by winds from seaward and density currents set up in the wave break area so that finally material eroded from land surfaces are, In part, gradually carried away towards the open sea.
THE SAND TRANSFER PLANT AT LAKE WORTH INLET
Authors: Zurmuhlen Frederick H.
Published: June 2017

It is the intention of this paper to give a description of the soon to be completed Sand Transfer Facility at the north jetty of the Lake Worth Inlet in Palm Beach, Florida
MODEL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF WAVES
Authors: Aartsen M. W.
Published: June 2017

The problem to be investigated is the structural strength of a sluice gate under the influence of wave attack. The gate was designed in view of the hydraulic forces in quasi permanent conditions The fact, however, that the gate is exposed to wave attack, necessitates an investigation of:

1) the transient forces due to impact,

2) the possibilities of modificating the shape of the gate in order to avoid, or at least to diminish, the chance on the occurrence of impacts.

As the mechanism of wave attack is influenced by the hydrodynamic properties of the oncoming waves, the tests are being carried out in a flume in which the waves are generated by wind in order to simulate the expected extreme natural conditions as close as possible.
WAVE RECORDING ON THE IJSSELMEER
Authors: Roest P. W.
Published: June 2017

The dimensions of the dikes in the Ijsselmeer are mainly determined by wave-attack. The dimensions of the waves as a result of the design gale are calculated with the diagram of the Hydraulics Laboratory at Delft (ref« 1). This diagram is based on data of Sverdrup for deep water and principally on laboratory studies for shallow water. For a long time there has been a need of wave recordings on the lake in order to verify the calculated wave heights. A problem is the impossibility of maintaining a permanent recording station on the lake due to ice-drift in wintertime. Otherwise the Ijsselmeer lends itself admirably to wave-research, because there are vast regions with only small variations in waterdepth. Another advantage is that frequently more or less stationary conditions will occur under the influence of winds of constant force and direction. When Dr. Dorrestein of the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute introduced his new floating waverecorder, it was possible to take observations in every place of the lake. Soon it appeared that this recorder has many advantages. The equipment consists of an accelerometer mounted on a little raft of one meter each way, that follows the movement of the water surface. The signal of the accelerometer is transmitted by an electric cable to the ship, where it is double integrated and then recorded (ref. 3). During the last winter several observations have been carried out with an instrument of this type* As a result of initial troubles with the electronic equipment the number of observations during gale-conditions has been limited. The usual duration of each recording is about 15 minutes. The average period of the waves lies between three and a half and five seconds, so each diagram consists of 180 to 250 waves. Wave height is measured as the difference in height between a trough and the next crest. The average period is determined by dividing the total recording time by half the number of zerocrossings.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TIDES AND STORM SURGES FOR THE DELTAWORKS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Dronkers J.J.
Published: June 2017

In order to protect the southwestern part of the Netherlands against inundation by storm surges, the "Delta project" has been undertaken. This entails the closure of three large sea arms situated between Western Scheldt and Rotterdam Waterway and will bring about radical changes in the tidal movement and stormflood levels of the estuaries and tidal rivers. The contours of the project are shown in fig. 1. It includes three big dams to be built in the mouths of Eastern Scheldt, Brouwershavense Gat and Haringvliet, as well as two smaller ones to be constructed further inland. An idea of the extent of these works may be gained by knowing the tidal volumes of the estuaries: Veerse Gat 2.5.109 cu. ft; Grevelingen 4.109 cu. ft? Haringvliet 9.109 cu. ft; Brouwershavense Gat 12,5.109 cu. ft and Eastern Scheldt 39>.109 ou.ft. The waters of the Delta area will then be divided into two separate basins by means of a dam in the Volkerak. The southern basin will be entirely cut off from the sea, becoming a fresh water lake. The northern, comprising the mouths of the Rhine and the Meuse will remain in communication with the sea, because the Rotterdam Waterway must stay open to shipping. Consequently, the tides and storm surges will still be able to penetrate inland via this mouth, but they can cause high water levels in the Waterway only; in the rest of the basin their effect will be considerably weakened. In the situation at present, however, the upland flow of the rivers Rhine and Meuse is mainly into the Haringvliet estuary and not the Rotterdam Waterway. As the Haringvliet estuary will be closed, large sluices are to be built in the enclosure dam as a substitute for the existing free discharge of the river water.

Until this project is completed the inhabitants of the area which it will affect are insufficiently safe against storm surges. It is, of course, always possible that floods too high for existing dike systems will occur, but in the present situation the risk is too great. This was demonstrated in February 1953 when the southwestern part of the Netherlands was suddenly hit by an exceptionally high storm surge which caused many dike breaches and vast inundation. The occurrence of a similar surge or a higher one may be estimated as once in two hundred and fifty years, as an average, which is much too high. After the realization of the Deltaplan and the heightening of the dikes of Western Scheldt, Rotterdam Waterway and the northern parts of the country, the dikes are safe tip to very high storm surges of which the occurrence is smaller than once in ten thousand years, or in other words there is only one procent chance in hundred years that a major inundation will occur.
THE USE OF RADAR IN HYDRODYNAMIC SURVEYING
Authors: Oudshoorn H.M.
Published: June 2017

During several kinds of surveys at sea or in the wide estuaries in the South West of the Netherlands the location of moving objects presents a problem. When studying the various systems of radio location it appeared that radar, an instrument which gives a birds eye view of a fairly extensive area, could be a useful aid in solving this problem. Especially when it was shown that with the newly developed short-wave radar sets wave crests were clearly visible on the radar screen, it was considered worth while to carry out some tests to see whether radar would really be useful for surveying purposes * In 1958 the Rijkswaterstaat hired an 8 mm radar set for a trial period. The tests were carried out at the mouth of the entrance channel to the Rotterdam harbour, the Rotterdam Waterway. During these tests it became evident that radar could solve several problems and that valuable information about wave patterns could be gathered with this instrument. The set was bought and then used to determine 1. flow patterns 2. wave patterns 3. the behaviour of ships in fairways. In paragraphs 2 and 3 some basic principles of radar are discussed in order to establish the special requirements the radar equipment must satisfy for this particular purpose, [l] In paragraphs ^-7 the methods of observation and the results obtained for the purposes mentioned above are discussed and some practical examples given.
BEACH-REHABILITATION BY USE OF BEACH FILLS AND FURTHER PLANS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ISLAND OF NORDERNEY
Authors: Kramer Johann
Published: June 2017

The Island of Norderney is one of the East-frisian Islands, situated at the southern coast of the North Sea (Figure 1). It arose out of the sea, which -will say that it is not the remainder of an old mainland. In the beginning there was a shoal, moulded by tide currents and wave action where later on various plants enabled the growth of sand dunes. The Eastfrisian Islands are supposed to exist since more than 1000 years already. But the written history dates back as far as to the 1 ^th century only. From charts and other historical documents we know in which way these islands changed during the centuries. Some islands vanished whilst others only changed their positions. At the beginning of the 19th century, when Norderney became a seaside resort, the village was still protected by a wall of sand dunes against the assault of the open sea. In the course of time, however, the western part of the island got lost by erosion and the sand dunes were destroyed (Figure 3). When in the middle of the nineteenth century the seaside resort, which had grown larger and larger in the meantime, threatened to be attacked by the sea, people began to protect their island. In the year 1856 they had built a seawall to the length of 900 metres. As at its ends the dunes were still destroyed, this revetment had to be extended. Moreover groynes had to be built to prevent the development of narrow channels in front of the seawall, which might have caused its destruction. Thus in the course of nearly 100 years the revetments as shown in figure 2 were founded. There are now nearly 6 km of seawalls of different types. In former times the walls were built much steeper than now-a-days. The groynes changed their shapes as well. The building material altered according to the respective level of technology. Material applied was wood, stone, concrete as well as steel and asphalt. During the years 19^0 to 19^8 the revetments could not be maintained. The beach had lost much of its height. Therefore the seawalls and the groynes were to a high degree exposed to the violent attack of the waves. In order to avoid further destruction something had to be done. The protection works represented at this time investments of a value of about kO million DM. After various inquiries had been started, a filling of the beach seemed to be the most profitable way.
AN INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR WAVE MEASUREMENTS, RECORDING AND ANALYSIS
Authors: Farmer H.G. , Ketchutn D.D.
Published: June 2017

For the instrumentation system to be described, it was required that the system detect the sea surface accurately, be flexible in dynamic range, be able to detect and record at least six wave records simultaneously, be able to record the data at a station remote from the detectors, and be able to convert the data from analogue to digital form for analysis by electronic computers. Two types of wave measurements were required, the wave elevation and the wave slope. Resistance wire detectors were used and the theory of their operation is presented. The data acquisition and reduction system utilize recently developed telemetry techniques. Raw data storage is on magnetic tape using an inexpensive tape recorder and the digital data storage utilizes punched paper tape. The resistance wires have proven most satisfactory for small and large waves. The data acquisition and reduction system is sufficiently general that it should have application to other type investigations.
THE DAMAGES OF COASTAL DIKES AND RIVER LEVEES AND THEIR RESTORATION
Authors: Hosoi Masanobu , Tominaga Yasuteru , Mitsui Hiroshi , Kishi Tsutomu
Published: June 2017

The coasts of Ise Bay and Atsumi Bay were damaged by two big storm surges during the recent seven years, one was the Ise Bay Typhoon in 1959 and the other the Typhoon No.13 in 1953. In this report the aspect of storm surge due to the Typhoon No.13 and the restoration design of the coastal-dikes are described. Then the feature of damages of the coastal-dikes by the Ise Bay Typhoon are compared with the former and the restoration plans are explained.