bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new prediction model for ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Authors: Cadrin-Tourigny Julia , Bosman Laurens P , Nozza Anna , Wang Weijia , Tadros Rafik , Bhonsale Aditya , Bourfiss Mimount , Fortier Annik , Lie Øyvind H , Saguner Ardan M , Svensson Anneli , Andorin Antoine , Tichnell Crystal , Murray Brittney , Zeppenfeld Katja , van den Berg Maarten P , Asselbergs Folkert W , Wilde Arthur A M , Krahn Andrew D , Talajic Mario , Rivard Lena , Chelko Stephen , Zimmerman Stefan L , Kamel Ihab R , Crosson Jane E , Judge Daniel P , Yap Sing Chien , van der Heijden Jeroen F , Tandri Harikrishna , Jongbloed Jan D H , Guertin Marie Claude , van Tintelen J Peter , Platonov Pyotr G , Duru Firat , Haugaa Kristina H , Khairy Paul , Hauer Richard N W , Calkins Hugh , te Riele Anneline S J M , James Cynthia A
Published: April 2022

Aims

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is characterized by ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). We aimed to develop a model for individualized prediction of incident VA/SCD in ARVC patients.

Methods and results

Five hundred and twenty-eight patients with a definite diagnosis and no history of sustained VAs/SCD at baseline, aged 38.2 ± 15.5 years, 44.7% male, were enrolled from five registries in North America and Europe. Over 4.83 (interquartile range 2.44–9.33) years of follow-up, 146 (27.7%) experienced sustained VA, defined as SCD, aborted SCD, sustained ventricular tachycardia, or appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy. A prediction model estimating annual VA risk was developed using Cox regression with internal validation. Eight potential predictors were pre-specified: age, sex, cardiac syncope in the prior 6 months, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, number of premature ventricular complexes in 24 h, number of leads with T-wave inversion, and right and left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEFs). All except LVEF were retained in the final model. The model accurately distinguished patients with and without events, with an optimism-corrected C-index of 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73–0.81] and minimal over-optimism [calibration slope of 0.93 (95% CI 0.92–0.95)]. By decision curve analysis, the clinical benefit of the model was superior to a current consensus-based ICD placement algorithm with a 20.3% reduction of ICD placements with the same proportion of protected patients (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Using the largest cohort of patients with ARVC and no prior VA, a prediction model using readily available clinical parameters was devised to estimate VA risk and guide decisions regarding primary prevention ICDs (www.arvcrisk.com).
Cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly: a 10-year follow-up survival analysis
Authors: Vilela de Sousa Thaís , Cavalcante Agueda Maria Ruiz Zimmer , Lima Nathália Xavier , Souza Jennifer Siqueira , Sousa Ana Luiza Lima , Brasil Virginia Visconde , Vieira Flaviana Vely Mendonça , Guimarães Janaína Valadares , de Matos Marcos André , Silveira Erika Aparecida , Pagotto Valéria
Published: April 2022

Aims

Cardiovascular risk factors present a high prevalence and have an impact on the morbimortality of the elderly; however, studies evaluating the impact of cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly have had short follow-up times and have not allowed specific analyses of the effects of these factors in the aged population, including how they affect the survival of the elderly. This study aimed to analyse the survival of elderly individuals living in the community, considering the presence of cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods and results

A prospective 10-year follow-up was initiated in 2008 with a cohort of 418 elderly people living in a community in Central Brazil. The Kaplan–Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model were used to examine the association between survival and cardiovascular risk factors. The mean age of the participants was 70.6 (±7.1) years; most participants were hypertensive (81.6%) and participated in irregular physical activity (44%), and 43.3% smoked. After a mean follow-up of 8.38 (±2.82) years, 59.3% had survived and 34.1% had died; among the deaths, 14.1% were due to cardiovascular causes. Age [hazard ratio (HR) 1.067, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.027–1.109], hypertension (HR 3.178, 95% CI 1.144–8.826), and smoking (HR 2.235, 95% CI 1.253–3.987) were confirmed as risk factors for reduced survival, whereas physical activity was a protective factor (HR 0.456, 95% CI 0.206–1.007).

Conclusion

The results from this study highlight the need for educational policies towards hypertension and smoking prevention among elderly people, and participation in physical activity needs to be encouraged.
The influence of exercise and postural changes on ventricular repolarization in the long QT syndrome: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Harvey Audrey , Curnier Daniel , Dodin Philippe , Abadir Sylvia , Jacquemet Vincent , Caru Maxime
Published: April 2022

Current exercise recommendations make it difficult for long QT syndrome (LQTS) patients to adopt a physically active and/or athletic lifestyle. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence, identify knowledge gaps, and discuss research perspectives in the field of exercise and LQTS. The first aim is to document the influence of exercise training, exercise stress, and postural change interventions on ventricular repolarization in LQTS patients, while the second aim is to describe electrophysiological measurements used to study the above. Studies examining the effects of exercise on congenital or acquired LQTS in human subjects of all ages were included. Systematic searches were performed on 1 October 2021, through PubMed (NLM), Ovid Medline, Ovid All EBM Reviews, Ovid Embase, and ISI Web of Science, and limited to articles written in English or French. A total of 1986 LQTS patients and 2560 controls were included in the 49 studies. Studies were mainly case–control studies (n = 41) and examined exercise stress and/or postural change interventions (n = 48). One study used a 3-month exercise training program. Results suggest that LQTS patients have subtype-specific repolarization responses to sympathetic stress. Measurement methods and quality were found to be very heterogeneous, which makes inter-study comparisons difficult. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, the current recommendations may have long-term risks for LQTS patients who are discouraged from performing physical activity, rendering its associated health benefits out of range. Future research should focus on discovering the most appropriate levels of exercise training that promote ventricular repolarization normalization in LQTS.
Genetic mapping and prediction of flowering time and plant height in a maize Stiff Stalk MAGIC population
Authors: Michel Kathryn J , Lima Dayane C , Hundley Hope , Singan Vasanth , Yoshinaga Yuko , Daum Chris , Barry Kerrie , Broman Karl W , Robin Buell C , de Leon Natalia , Kaeppler Shawn M
Published: April 2022

The Stiff Stalk heterotic pool is a foundation of US maize seed parent germplasm and has been heavily utilized by both public and private maize breeders since its inception in the 1930s. Flowering time and plant height are critical characteristics for both inbred parents and their test crossed hybrid progeny. To study these traits, a 6-parent multiparent advanced generation intercross population was developed including maize inbred lines B73, B84, PHB47 (B37 type), LH145 (B14 type), PHJ40 (novel early Stiff Stalk), and NKH8431 (B73/B14 type). A set of 779 doubled haploid lines were evaluated for flowering time and plant height in 2 field replicates in 2016 and 2017, and a subset of 689 and 561 doubled haploid lines were crossed to 2 testers, respectively, and evaluated as hybrids in 2 locations in 2018 and 2019 using an incomplete block design. Markers were derived from a practical haplotype graph built from the founder whole genome assemblies and genotype-by-sequencing and exome capture-based sequencing of the population. Genetic mapping utilizing an update to R/qtl2 revealed differing profiles of significant loci for both traits between 635 of the DH lines and 2 sets of 570 and 471 derived hybrids. Genomic prediction was used to test the feasibility of predicting hybrid phenotypes based on the per se data. Predictive abilities were highest on direct models trained using the data they would predict (0.55–0.63), and indirect models trained using per se data to predict hybrid traits had slightly lower predictive abilities (0.49–0.55). Overall, this finding is consistent with the overlapping and nonoverlapping significant quantitative trait loci found within the per se and hybrid populations and suggests that selections for phenology traits can be made effectively on doubled haploid lines before hybrid data is available.
Quality of Survey Responses at Older Ages Predicts Cognitive Decline and Mortality Risk
Authors: Schneider Stefan , Junghaenel Doerte U , Meijer Erik , Zelinski Elizabeth M , Jin Haomiao , Lee Pey-Jiuan , Stone Arthur A
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives

It is widely recognized that survey satisficing, inattentive, or careless responding in questionnaires reduce the quality of self-report data. In this study, we propose that such low-quality responding (LQR) can carry substantive meaning at older ages. Completing questionnaires is a cognitively demanding task and LQR among older adults may reflect early signals of cognitive deficits and pathological aging. We hypothesized that older people displaying greater LQR would show faster cognitive decline and greater mortality risk.

Research Design and Methods

We analyzed data from 9, 288 adults 65 years or older in the Health and Retirement Study. Indicators of LQR were derived from participants’ response patterns in 102 psychosocial questionnaire items administered in 2006–2008. Latent growth models examined whether LQR predicted initial status and change in cognitive functioning, assessed with the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, over the subsequent 10 years. Discrete-time survival models examined whether LQR was associated with mortality risk over the 10 years. We also examined evidence for indirect (mediated) effects in which LQR predicts mortality via cognitive trajectories.

Results

After adjusting for age, gender, race, marital status, education, health conditions, smoking status, physical activity, and depressive symptoms, greater LQR was cross-sectionally associated with poorer cognitive functioning, and prospectively associated with faster cognitive decline over the follow-up period. Furthermore, greater LQR was associated with increased mortality risk during follow-up, and this effect was partially accounted for by the associations between LQR and cognitive functioning.

Discussion and Implications

Self-report questionnaires are not formally designed as cognitive tasks, but this study shows that LQR indicators derived from self-report measures provide objective, performance-based information about individuals’ cognitive functioning and survival. Self-report surveys are ubiquitous in social science, and indicators of LQR may be of broad relevance as predictors of cognitive and health trajectories in older people.
Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir Use Among Infants With Congenital Cytomegalovirus: Data From a Multicenter Electronic Health Record Dataset in the United States
Authors: Leung Jessica , Grosse Scott D , Yockey Bryan , Lanzieri Tatiana M
Published: April 2022

Among 342 US infants with congenital cytomegalovirus treated with antivirals, 114 (33%) received ganciclovir (with or without valganciclovir) and 228 (67%) received valganciclovir only, for a median of 8 and 171 days, starting at a median of 15 and 45 days of life, respectively, with neutropenia diagnosed in 25% and 17%.
Solidarity Work as Political Action: Advocating for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the USA
Authors: Libal Kathryn , Harding Scott , Champagne Lukas
Published: April 2022

Volunteers in the USA have long provided support for refugees being resettled through the UNHCR-based refugee resettlement program, as well as for asylum seekers and other undocumented migrants through local community or faith-based organizations. Individual and collective acts of solidarity on behalf of those seeking sanctuary, asylum seekers, and refugees have recently increased, reflecting public reaction to increasingly restrictive US immigration policies. Based on interviews with community volunteers and leaders, we analyse this activism in terms of whether it constitutes social solidarity, civic solidarity, and/or political solidarity. We find this solidarity action on behalf of forced migrants has been relatively ‘low-risk’ compared to other countries, where activists have faced imprisonment by engaging in ‘high-risk’ solidarity action. In the USA, these efforts have emphasized civic and social solidarity, with limited political solidarity actions even when volunteers have been confronted by explicitly racist and exclusionary policies. In addition, this response has yet to develop into a broader political movement in support of refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants.
EDGE: The sensitivity of ultra-faint dwarfs to a metallicity-dependent initial mass function
Authors: Prgomet Mateo , Rey Martin P , Andersson Eric P , Segovia Otero Alvaro , Agertz Oscar , Renaud Florent , Pontzen Andrew , Read Justin I
Published: April 2022

Motivated by the observed bottom-light initial mass function (IMF) in faint dwarfs, we study how a metallicity-dependent IMF affects the feedback budget and observables of an ultra-faint dwarf galaxy. We model the evolution of a low-mass ($\approx 8 \, \times \, 10^{8} \, \rm M_{\odot }$) dark matter halo with cosmological, zoomed hydrodynamical simulations capable of resolving individual supernovae explosions, which we complement with an empirically motivated subgrid prescription for systematic IMF variations. In this framework, at the low gas metallicities typical of faint dwarfs, the IMF of newborn stellar populations becomes top-heavy, increasing the efficiency of supernova and photoionization feedback in regulating star formation. This results in a 100-fold reduction of the final stellar mass of the dwarf compared to a canonical IMF, at fixed dynamical mass. The increase in the feedback budget is none the less met by increased metal production from more numerous massive stars, leading to nearly constant iron content at z = 0. A metallicity-dependent IMF therefore provides a mechanism to produce low-mass ($\rm M_{\star }\sim 10^3 \rm M_{\odot }$), yet enriched ($\rm [Fe/H]\approx -2$) field dwarf galaxies, thus opening a self-consistent avenue to populate the plateau in $\rm [Fe/H]$ at the faintest end of the mass–metallicity relation.
Search for gamma-ray emission from a galactic supernova with the anticoincidence system of SPI
Authors: Caixach M , Jean P , Isern J , Bravo E
Published: April 2022

The detection of the very early gamma-emission of a Type Ia supernova (SNIa) could provide a deep insight on the explosion mechanism and nature of the progenitor. However, this has not been yet possible as a consequence of the expected low luminosity and the distance at which all the events have occurred up to now. An SNIa occurring in our Galaxy could provide a unique opportunity to perform such a measurement. The problem is that the optical flux would probably be so attenuated by interstellar extinction that it would prevent triggering the observations with gamma-spectrometers at the due time. In this paper, we analyse the possibility of using the anticoincidence system (ACS) of the spectrometer SPI on board of the INTEGRAL space observatory for detecting the early gamma-ray emission of an SNIa as a function of the explosion model and distance, as well as of pointing direction. Our results suggest that such detection is possible at about 6–12 d after the explosion, and at the same time, we can discard missing any hidden explosion during the lifetime of INTEGRAL.
Evolving paradigms for natural-product drug discovery
Authors: Cordell Geoffrey A
Published: April 2022

Natural products are an essential aspect of global human health. Integration of contemporary technologies based on the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and the Quintuple Helix is needed to discover additional metabolites to be developed sustainably for the broad and unmet range of human healthcare needs.
Cryptococcus neoformans–Specific and Non–Cryptococcus neoformans–Specific Antibody Profiles in Organ Transplant Recipients With and Without Cryptococcosis
Authors: Yoon Hyunah , Nakouzi Antonio , Pappas Peter G , Hemmige Vagish S , Pirofski Liise anne
Published: April 2022

Antibody immunity has not been studied in organ transplant recipients (OTRs) with cryptococcosis. We determined serum antibody levels in OTRs: 23 cryptococcosis cases and 21 controls. Glucuronoxylomannan immunoglobulin M (IgM) and laminarin IgM were lower in cases than controls, were inversely associated with cryptococcosis status, and may hold promise as markers of cryptococcosis.
India’s Emerging Risk Urbanism
Authors: Parthasarathy D.
Published: April 2022

This chapter attempts to recast the debate on urban commons from a sociological perspective, focusing on emerging risk urbanism that threatens small and big cities, rural hinterland, and urban peripheries alike. The urban commons are created, used, and transformed by the state and capital, at different scales and regional locales, even as enclosure and expropriation of populations from a range of commons threaten lives and livelihoods, as part of a larger process of urban transformation. Deploying a social geography of law approach, this chapter frames the problem in terms of coastal urbanism and new claims and contestations over the commons, facilitated by emerging governance arrangements based on spatial zonation, and new forms of urbanism that exacerbate risks and vulnerabilities not just for entire cities but also for specific marginalized communities, groups, and urban systems.
World Travelers
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

The argument is made that, in 1924–1926, with the creation of the Chicago Allied Arts (CAA), Chicago became the center of ballet in America. Composer John Alden Carpenter served as the organization’s guiding spirit, Bolm as its artistic director and choreographer, and Nicolas Remisoff as its chief designer. As its name suggests, CAA’s mission was to promulgate new music in part by building ballets as total art works with internationalist choreography and cutting-edge design. CAA drew on Russian emigrant and American talent in equal measure, engaging guest artists the likes of Tamara Karsavina and Vera Mirova. Page’s apprenticeship took place in this milieu of the Russian ballet—based on the Diaghilev model—in the United States. Yet, under the aegis of CAA, she created her first piece of ballet Americana, The Flapper and the Quarterback (1926), drawing on the American vernacular. In this way, she appropriated African American jazz as her global calling card. By 1928, Page’s approach was perceived to represent the wave of the future, and she was chosen, instead of Bolm, to give concerts with a pickup company at the Imperial Theatre in Tokyo, in conjunction with the coronation ceremonies of Emperor Hirohito. She spent the next six months touring Asia and Europe. An invitation to perform in Moscow offered another occasion to tour Europe and absorb international zeitgeists. At home, as the newly appointed ballet director and première danseuse of the Ravinia Opera, she would put her observation of world dance to good use.
A Surprising Partnership
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

Page’s transatlantic creative partnership with Harald Kreutzberg (1932–1936) was remarkable not only for its transnational flow of modernist aesthetics but also for its transcendence of the usual genre divisions—ballet versus modern dance. Anchoring and facilitating such boundary crossings were enduring friendships—a sort of artistic ménage à trois—among Page, Kreutzberg, and Friedrich (Fritz) Wilckens, Kreutzberg’s piano accompanist and lifelong companion. From this triadic relationship, the artists derived pleasure and benefit beyond that of mere career advancement: gender role flexibility in performance, human agency in a cataclysmic world, and compassion—not to mention the opportunity to hedge one’s bets (allegiances and affiliations) in times of political and economic uncertainty. With Chicago as the focal point, they toured the Midwest and other regions of the United States, Japan, and Canada. This chapter explores the chemistry of their collaboration, juxtaposing the contrasting styles of movement in particular solos and unpacking a key duet, Bacchanale (1934, Malipiero), performed first in Futuristic style then as a parody of itself (Wilckens). The project gave Page inlet into modern dance aesthetics, vehicles, and venues—experience she would later parlay into a cosmopolitan, modernist identity, thus preempting the threat of consignment to Midwestern obscurity. Meanwhile, touring abroad as a transnational subject offered Kreutzberg a means of coping with the rising fascism and homophobic militancy of the Third Reich—as a gay man whose identity was antithetical to the nation-state of which he was ultimately to become a pawn.
“Jungle Jazz”
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

Page’s experiences on Broadway in the early 1920s, which had exposed her to African American jazz, eventually led her to emulate the paradigm, developed by composers such as George Gershwin and Aaron Copland, of mixing African American techniques and idioms with European classical traditions to achieve a distinctly American voice. With her early work of ballet Americana Hear Ye! Hear Ye! (1934), whose racy subject matter was a murder in a nightclub, Page became the first to commission a ballet score from Copland. Through analysis and comparison of the ballet scenario, the musical score and recording, photographs, press accounts, and Page’s own memory of the work, the argument is made that jazz aesthetics gave metaphoric weight to the individual voices and competing perspectives narrativized in this courtroom ballet. Embedded within its dramatic-choreographic structure, stylistic discrepancies between jazz dance, neoclassical ballet (minuet/gavotte), and South American music/dance forms (tango habanera) symbolized divergent accounts or conflicting testimony from three witnesses of the crime. Furthermore, percussive, jazzy blasts of brass associated with the silver screen set up an implicit analogy between Hollywood spectacle and a courtroom travesty of American justice. Finally, in the original conception of the ballet, both white and black chorus lines performed floorshows. Even as Copland and choreographers of dance Americana would go West, exploring themes of American expansion, manifest destiny, and homesteader, cowboy, or outlaw psyche, Page kept returning to jazz and themes of the city as cosmopolitan cultural crossroads.
“Ghosts of Harlem”
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

Page’s next experiment with ballet-jazz hybridity was Americans in Paris (1936), based on George Gershwin’s orchestral tone poem An American in Paris, in which the composer appropriated elements of African American blues to represent homesickness. In the ballet, memories of the blues became the vehicle through which the American Girl’s desire for the American Boy achieved its larger-than-life, dreamlike aura. Enter four “Ghosts of Harlem”—African American male dancers dressed in blue—as if counterparts to the usual female corps de ballet. (The typical American Boy was none other than Paul Draper, who, as a class-act tap dancer, could only have been conceived as “typical” in Hollywood terms.) Purportedly, Page discovered the African American “steppers” in South Side, Chicago cafes, motivated by the theory that “their work most typified American exuberance.” What blue notes, offbeat accentuation, and jazz timbres merely implied in Gershwin’s orchestral work, African American performers literally embodied in the blues section of Page’s ballet. Typical of her insouciance for contemporary mores—and the color line—was how she integrated black and white bodies on stage in sweaty physical encounter and a libidinous dream sequence. The radical juxtaposition of forms—blues, Charleston, jazz, tap, and ballet—created a wildly exciting counterpoint. Revived in condensed format for the 1950 Paris season of Les Ballets Américains, Americans in Paris featured Three GIs performed by Talley Beatty, Albert Popwell, and Alex Young, whose jazzy swivels and leaps again dramatized the centrality of African American idioms to American cultural identity.
America’s First Feminist Ballet
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

With its implicit critique of women’s lack of meaningful options in society, An American Pattern (1937) was very likely the first feminist ballet to be created in the United States. Its introspective tone of a woman’s self-examination and ultimate complicity in the co-optation of her own freedom pointed to something new and original in the ballet. Moreover, its panorama of class society and critique of middle-class women’s submission to the status quo caught the tenor of the times. American Pattern was another highly collaborative project, with Nicolas Remisoff co-authoring the scenario and designing the costumes, Jerome Moross composing the music score, and Bentley Stone making significant contributions to the choreography. Indeed, the different class perspectives embedded within the ballet proceeded quite logically from Page’s collaborative, atelier practice of ballet making, and the consequence was a drama that resonated with verisimilitude. Chicago critics dubbed it a “sociological ballet” and praised its “scenes of class struggle.” The tangible sense of weight, expanded dynamic range, and stark spatial tensions communicated a definite sense of mobilized bodies and mass movements—“isms” on the march. While leftist, agitprop dance was common, at least in modern dance circles in New York throughout the 1930s, in few, if any, such works did a feminist perspective take precedence over a proletarian one, as it did in this ballet. Ultimately, for the collaborators, mechanistic middle-class conformity and demagoguery designed to inflame a working-class mob were two sides of the same coin; both led to unthinking anonymity, cardboard-cutout mentality.
Victory Garden
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

During the war years—economically lean and bereft of male dancers—Page found a new way to give authority to her subject matter even as she continued to give voice to her subjectivity as a woman. She created an innovative concert vehicle called Dances with Words and Music (1943–1946). The program consisted of solo dances performed to the spoken words of poems by Dorothy Parker, e. e. cummings, Federico García Lorca, Langston Hughes, Hilaire Belloc, and others. In her danced poems, Page herself uttered the words and dialogued with them in dance movement. Simultaneously delivering a bodily mapping out of words and a verbal transcription of the dancing body, this self-reflexive form offered a clever antidote to the pervasive sense of uncertainty, the gnawing anxieties and nameless fears, and the images of the unthinkable that beset people at the time. Further, in plumbing the play state, the choreographer unleashed a parade of wistful, antic, parodic, and even tragic personae. Page performed this concert in New York and Chicago, at Jacob’s Pillow, and in smaller cities throughout the Midwest and South, sponsored by colleges and universities, civic associations, independent producers, women’s clubs, and USOs. Hardly a mere stopgap measure to keep her choreographic footing in wartime, Page’s marriage of poetry and dance was a deliberate strategy to position herself as an architect of the American ballet with a sensitive “vernacular ear,” a window on the world, and a perspective sympathetic to the psyches of young women and children.
The Woman Who Could Not Sleep
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

With Columbia Arts Management, Inc. sponsoring thirteen transcontinental tours of the Chicago Opera Ballet (1956–1969), Page/Fisher finally found a self-sustaining vehicle for her unique gifts as a choreographer-storyteller-impresario and her populist vision of ballet. This chapter explores COB’s collaborative practices, ensemble spirit, and down-to-earth focus on character, drama, and story, revealing what some historians have theorized as a unique Chicago ethos. A genuine sense of affection and devotion existed between Page and her dancers of the period: Kenneth Johnson, Patricia Klekovic, Orrin Kayan, Dolores Lipinski, and Larry Long, who thought of themselves as “the nucleus” of her company. A steady stream of operas-into-ballets afforded choreographer, designer, and dancers the chance to exercise their theatrical imaginations; world-class guest artists, the opportunity to perform complex, dramatic roles; and audiences, the theatrical scaffolding of stories and music from the opera canon. The chapter tracks the logistics and reception of the thirteen-week, bus-and-truck tour of 1960, when reviewers recognized the combination of art and entertainment as top-notch, commenting on the inventiveness and innovation of productions and jam-packed auditoriums. A survey of works created by the choreographer in her prime—from Camille (1959) and Carmen (1960) to Die Fledermaus (1961), Mephistophela (1963), Carmina Burana (1965), and Bolero ’68—show the fecundity of Page’s choreographic imagination. A critique of the 1963 Ford Foundation ballet grants, which undermined COB and ballet training in Chicago, while supporting the efforts of far less prominent and experienced companies designated as satellites of New York City Ballet, concludes the chapter.
Intuition in a Nonlinear World
Authors: Marks-Tarlow Terry
Published: April 2022

This chapter argues that intuition is an emergent, nonverbal form of awareness that arises immediately, effortlessly, and automatically from bottom-up (nonconscious to conscious) processing within the implicit realm of perception, memory, and learning. Intuition likely evolved from social instincts within the mammalian brain that enable us to cope with a chaotic world filled with incomplete information and unpredictable situations. Conscious deliberation, which involves slower processing within the explicit realm, operates by focusing in on detail, stripping away context, and reducing wholes into component parts. By contrast, intuition is holistic and integrative, considering the big picture and full context. Intuition also facilitates fractal-like pattern detection by which the whole of things is perceived within the parts of experience. Within the field of clinical psychology, intuition is a central ingredient for deep, emergent, and unpredictable transformation. Clinical intuition is especially effective under conditions of uncertainty, urgency, and emergency. More generally, intuition promotes creativity, nuance, and fluidity in dealing with the unique dynamics of this person, with this developmental history, in this moment, with this therapist.
Textual Development
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: April 2022

The Daode jing consists of five thousand words, eighty-one chapters, and two parts, focusing on Dao and de (virtue), respectively. Made up largely of aphorisms and sayings, its language and rhyme structure are like ancient Chinese poetry, suggesting a date around 500 bce. The text has survived in several manuscripts found in tombs. The bamboo slips discovered at Guodian (ca. 300 bce) contain about one third of the text; the silk manuscripts at Mawangdui (168 bce) present it entirely. The standard edition was probably edited at the Han court; it is associated with the Daoist immortal Heshang Gong, the Master on the River. The edition considered standard since the Tang, moreover, goes back to the philosopher Wang Bi, an intellectual and official of the early third century ce whose critical edition and in-depth understanding of the text has shaped its perception to the present day.
Later Developments
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: April 2022

Under the Tang, Daode jing interpretation centered in Twofold Mystery, a school that understood it through Buddhist Mādhyamika and related it to advanced spiritual attainments. In the eighth century ce, Emperor Xuanzong elevated the text to sacred scripture, made it part of the imperial examination system, and used its teachings for governmental guidance. Under the Song, Emperor Huizong, who saw himself as an exiled immortal, applied its teachings in governance and society. It also featured in the meditation practice of internal alchemy, a refinement of bodily energies. Members of the school of Complete Perfection, dominant since the thirteenth century, moreover, emphasized the Daode jing notions of clarity and stillness, which were further codified in the formulaic Qingjing jing (Scripture of Clarity and Stillness), recited in daily Daoist services to the present day.
Animal ethics in a human world
Authors: Sebo Jeff
Published: April 2022

This chapter argues that we have a duty to reduce and repair human-caused harms to nonhuman animals. If we accept that we can have duties to members of other nations, generations, and species in general, then we should accept that we have a duty to help animals as much as reasonably possible and to harm them only when necessary for self-defense or other such purposes. For many consequentialists, we should accept this framework so that we can do the most good possible, given the increasing complexity of global harm. And for many nonconsequentialists, we should accept this framework so that we can reduce and repair human-caused harms, given our increasing complicity in global harm. Either way, consequentialists and nonconsequentialists alike should accept this framework in practice.
Animals, well-being, and moral status
Authors: Sebo Jeff
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores questions about well-being and moral status that we need to answer in order to make our duties to animals more concrete. Which animals can have well-being and moral status, and how much can they have? Can some animals have more than others? How should we answer these questions given the limits of our human perspectives? Can we aggregate benefits and harms within or across species? And what follows for how much weight we should assign to different animals in our impact assessments? This chapter shows how different sets of answers can lead to different policy decisions, but it also suggests that, on any reasonable set of answers, many nonhumans should carry at least some weight and nonhumans should carry a lot of weight overall.
Justice and Adaptation
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel
Published: April 2022

This chapter is concerned with the aims of adaptation and the moral requirement that high-income industrialized countries support adaptation in poor countries. The Anti-Poverty Principle identifies dangerous climate change as that which would prolong or worsen poverty. Avoiding such danger requires prioritizing adaptation projects in poor countries. The Pro-Poor Formula offers guidance for doing so in setting adaptation priorities. It includes factors of effectiveness, size, and the poverty gap. Support by wealthy countries for adaptation projects in poor ones has thus far been miserly. This chapter explores the reasons this is the case, and the permissible responses on the part of poor countries. In addition, it argues that despite the local benefits of adaptation projects, there is a sound basis for the politics of international solidarity in adaptation policy.
Spinoza on the Good Life for Humans
Authors: Renz Ursula
Published: April 2022

Although Spinoza refrains from providing a definition of man, he is much concerned with developing an understanding of the special features of both the human constitution and the human life. Moreover, Spinoza assumes that there is in man, but not in animals, a specific kind of striving that goes beyond the mere satisfaction of bodily needs, a striving which is also described in terms of man’s invention of a model of human perfection. The essay accounts for this by suggesting a reading of Spinoza’s Ethics in terms of a theory of the good life for humans. It begins by elaborating on Spinoza’s notion of a specifically human good and the role it plays for human motivation. It continues by defending a reading of his doctrine of conatus that is not committed to some form of species-related essentialism. The essay concludes by showing how Spinoza’s ideas on goodness in general allow for the conception of human perfection and blessedness.
Hobbes and Rousseau on Human Nature and the State of Nature
Authors: Evrigenis Ioannis D.
Published: April 2022

To establish philosophy on the right foundations, Thomas Hobbes began each of his successive attempts to develop a comprehensive theory of politics by examining human nature, so as to discover those characteristics that render human beings subject to natural law and deserving of natural rights. Often decried as misanthropic, the products of this exercise nevertheless shaped political thought in fundamental ways. Even those who disagreed with Hobbes’s conclusions felt the need to argue against them within the confines that he had established. Thus, rather than reject the notion of the state of nature, or the natural condition of mankind, emulators and critics alike accepted it as the necessary starting point of any inquiry into politics. Among critics, Jean-Jacques Rousseau singled Hobbes out as one who had seen what others could not, but also one whose account of man contained grave errors that needed to be corrected.
The Concept of Humanity in Kant’s Transcendental Philosophy
Authors: Tolley Clinton
Published: April 2022

Many have seen in Kant an attempt to “humanize” philosophy, in the sense that Kant is taken to argue that we should ground our philosophical theses (e.g., a transcendental idealist metaphysics) on principles derived from prior reflection on what it is to be human. The essay argues against this foundationalist construal of Kant’s humanism, first by highlighting the difficulties Kant himself raises concerning the possibility of providing anything like a foundational or even unified concept of being human, let alone deducing any philosophical principles therefrom, and then by bringing to the fore Kant’s skepticism that anthropology itself could ever achieve the standing of a science. In addition to clarifying the distinctions Kant takes to obtain between the concept of humanity and related concepts (animality, personality), the essay emphasizes instead Kant’s view that the philosophical articulation of being human is one of the key goals that philosophy seeks after.
Reflection
Authors: Pack Spencer J.
Published: April 2022

This essay explains that for Marx what separates humans from other animals is not reason, as emphasized by Aristotle and the subsequent dominant western tradition. Rather, it is work, labor, the labor process. Marx thus stresses the importance of Aristotle’s material cause and material production—in contradistinction also to Adam Smith and his mainstream economic followers who largely emphasize trucking, bartering, and exchange relations as what is most important to their field of study. Implications from this distinctive view of human nature; fundamental ambiguities in Marx’s work (including Marx on the natural, Marx and economic determinism, and Marx as a scientist or a prophet), as well as key important theoretical and historical results from Marx’s analysis, are briefly sketched.
Heidegger on Human Being
Authors: Withy Katherine
Published: April 2022

This essay interprets Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time–era account of us as “Dasein” as an appropriation of Aristotle’s definition of us as the living thing that has logos. As Heidegger understands it, to have logos is not to be rational but to be synthesizing or gathering, where this means that we (1) gather entities into practical contexts and so into their being that, what, and how they are, (2) gather ourselves into social contexts and so into being who we are, and (3) gather the three dimensions of our temporality together into our being as Dasein. This gathering can occur authentically or inauthentically, which is to say that we can gather well or poorly. Gathering excellently is the ethico-ontological challenge of being Dasein that we are called to take up.
The Music of 1902–1908
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

Vaughan Williams’s creative efforts were enriched, directly and tangentially, by his engagement with musical styles, traditions, and performance practices beyond the academic curriculum and concert-hall repertory of his training, including those of the Anglican church, the Purcell Society, and amateur choristers, though none had a greater long-term impact than English folk music. But while folk songs consumed much of his time and energy, they were not his sole focus in the early 1900s. Vocal music—including solo songs, duets, part songs, and a cantata (Willow-Wood)—accounted for seventeen of Vaughan Williams’s twenty-one stand-alone works published or first performed between 1902 and 1903. The variety of music that he wrote and edited over the next several years, however, was enormous: orchestral works (such as the Fantasia for Piano and Orchestra, In the Fen Country, the three Norfolk Rhapsodies, and the Four Orchestral Impressions), choral music (Toward the Unknown Region, The English Hymnal), stage works (including incidental music for Pan’s Anniversary and scenes from The Pilgrim’s Progress), and a smattering of chamber pieces. The impact of some of these works would be felt for many years to come—such as The English Hymnal, the Pilgrim’s Progress music, and The Solent (one of the Four Orchestral Impressions)—and collectively, they helped advance Vaughan Williams to the front line of younger British composers.
The Music of 1923–1929
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

Now fifty years old, Vaughan Williams had fully attained the personal musical idiom that he had so diligently cultivated over the previous three decades. The maximalist tendencies of works like the Sea and London Symphonies were now largely purged from his style, while the influences of French impressionism and English folk song were increasingly subsumed within a flexibly pandiatonic framework enriched by modal and octatonic elements. Such an approach reached its extreme in works such as Flos Campi, Sancta Civitas, and the Seven Housman Songs (later revised and renamed Along the Field), but more conservative means of expression, often derived from English folk song, also persisted in compositions like Old King Cole, Hugh the Drover, the English Folk Songs Suite, and Six Studies in English Folksong. In between lay works with a pronounced neoclassical gloss, most notably the Concerto Accademico for violin and orchestra, and the opera Sir John in Love. Clearly, the works written during this period spanned a wide range of genres and practices on display, and also frequently plumbed new emotional depths and methods of stylistic disruption, sublimating their influences within Vaughan Williams’s increasingly distinctive and idiomatic musical language.
“An Awful Responsibility” (1930–1936)
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

The 1930s saw Vaughan Williams’s reputation at its zenith. His new works were eagerly anticipated and often highly acclaimed—particularly his Symphony (No. 4) in F Minor and his ballet Job: A Masque for Dancing—he was named the Mary Flexner Lecturer at Bryn Mawr College in 1932, published his lectures from that period as the collection National Music in 1934, and received the Order of Merit, Britain’s most prestigious royal honor, in 1935. Yet he still doubted his own abilities and, despite his many successes and accolades, felt as though his creative aspirations had still gone unrealized. Additionally, the tragically early death of Holst—one of the few truly intimate friends admitted to his own creative world—undoubtedly deepened his own self-critical tendencies. By now financially comfortable, he was able to pursue creative opportunities that he found particularly engaging, whether for amateur performers (such as those involved with the Leith Hill Musical Competition), personal friends like Harriet Cohen or Henry Ley, or significant commissions for events like the Huddersfield or Norfolk and Norwich Festivals, even though the grueling pace of work began to take its toll on Vaughan Williams’s health and well-being.
The Music of 1943–1951
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

Like the compositions Vaughan Williams completed in the aftermath of the Great War, many of the works first performed between 1943 and 1951 favor smaller-scale genres or designs and more intimate forms of expression, with careful attention to detail and surprising—if still accessible—modifications, transformations, or ambiguations of otherwise familiar materials and processes. Yet many of these new pieces, their professionalism and artistry notwithstanding, were simply impractical from either financial or performing standpoints, and their lack of early traction has led to their marginalization. Still, Vaughan Williams seemed unbothered by this, as he was increasingly more motivated by his own creative impulses, the need to manage Adeline’s declining health, and a desire to collaborate with artists whom he admired than by critical opinion. Members of this last group included oboist Léon Goossens (as soloist for the Oboe Concerto), violist Jean Stewart (dedicatee of the String Quartet in A Minor), and pianist Michael Mullinar, who took the demanding solo part in the Fantasia on the “Old 104th” and was the dedicatee of the bleakly shattering Symphony No. 6 in E Minor. The culminating work of this era was The Pilgrim’s Progress, the so-called Morality that debuted at Covent Garden in 1951. Unfortunately, the result was a beautiful disappointment, let down by subpar production values at the premiere and, more importantly, Vaughan Williams’s dramatic sensibilities.
Introduction
Authors: Shuger Debora
Published: April 2022

Along with providing an overview of the book’s chapters, the Introduction observes that biblical paratexts were composed by eminent churchmen from across the confessional spectrum, often of literary and/or theological value, available to an exceptionally large and diverse readership, and therefore of considerable prima facie interest. It also attempts to explain, and defend, the choice of certain terms (e.g., “Anglican” and “Calvinist” rather than “conformist” or “puritan”) as well as the work’s interlacement of what tend to be distinct lines of inquiry: namely, book history, Reformation studies (Catholic and Protestant), and early modern biblical scholarship.
Humanist Imprints, 1525–1553
Authors: Shuger Debora
Published: April 2022

Chapter 2 concerns the same Henrician and Edwardian bibles, but focusing now on the humanist scholarship that infiltrates their paratexts and the related debates over whether the Reformation’s philological–historical turn should be read as a harbinger of Enlightenment demystification, whether its attention to the literal sense rendered the Old Testament largely irrelevant, or whether, at bottom, Reformation-era exegesis differs only superficially from medieval and patristic. The paratexts under consideration, whose humanism does owe much to St. Jerome and Nicholas of Lyra, address translation protocols, biblical authorship, canon formation, exegetic ground rules, the appeal to extra-biblical testimony, and the spiritual relevance of the Old Testament’s literal sense. A fair number remark the underlying Greek or Hebrew, cite Classical sources to elucidate the scriptural text, invoke exegetic principles generally credited to nineteenth-century biblical scholars, or attempt to reconstruct unfamiliar cultural practices implicit in an odd locution or narrative detail. Yet these paratexts appear in the most overtly doctrinal Tudor bibles, their historicist commitments inseparable from their confessional ones.