bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An approach for improving the quality of country-level TB modelling
Authors: McQuaid C. F. , Clarkson M. C. , Bellerose M. , Floyd K. , White R. G. , Menzies; N. A. , BRR Development Group
Published: July 2021

Mathematical modelling is increasingly used to inform budgeting and strategic decision-making by national TB programmes. Despite the importance of these decisions, there is currently no mechanism to review and confirm the appropriateness of modelling analyses. We have developed a benchmarking,
reporting, and review (BRR) approach and accompanying tools to allow constructive review of country-level TB modelling applications. This approach has been piloted in five modelling applications and the results of this study have been used to revise and finalise the approach. The BRR approach
consists of 1) quantitative benchmarks against which model assumptions and results can be compared, 2) standardised reporting templates and review criteria, and 3) a multi-stage review process providing feedback to modellers during the application, as well as a summary evaluation after completion.
During the pilot, use of the tools prompted important changes in the approaches taken to modelling. The pilot also identified issues beyond the scope of a review mechanism, such as a lack of empirical evidence and capacity constraints. This approach provides independent evaluation of the appropriateness
of modelling decisions during the course of an application, allowing meaningful changes to be made before results are used to inform decision-making. The use of these tools can improve the quality and transparency of country-level TB modelling applications.
Real-world implementation of video-observed therapy in an urban TB program in the United States
Authors: Perry A. , Chitnis A. , Chin A. , Hoffmann C. , Chang L. , Robinson M. , Maltas G. , Munk E. , Shah M.
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND: Video directly observed therapy (vDOT) was introduced to increase flexibility and meet patient-specific needs for TB treatment. This study aimed to assess the reach and effectiveness of vDOT for TB treatment under routine conditions in Alameda County, CA, USA, a busy,
urban setting, from 2018 to 2020.METHODS: We prospectively evaluated routinely collected data to estimate 1) reach (proportion of patients initiated on vDOT vs. in-person DOT); and 2) effectiveness (proportion of prescribed doses with verified administration by vDOT vs. in-person
DOT).RESULTS: Among 163 TB patients, 94 (58%) utilized vDOT during treatment, of whom 54 (57%) received exclusively vDOT. Individuals receiving vDOT were on average younger than those receiving in-person therapy (46 vs. 61 years; P < 0.001). The median time to vDOT initiation
was 2.2 weeks (IQR 1.1–10.0); patients were monitored for a median of 27.0 weeks (IQR 24.6–31.9). vDOT led to higher proportions of verified prescribed doses than in-person DOT (68% vs. 54%; P < 0.001). Unobserved self-administration occurred for all patients on weekends
based on clinic instructions, but a larger proportion of doses were self-administered during periods of in-person DOT than of vDOT (45% vs. 24%; P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: A TB program successfully maintained vDOT, reaching the majority of patients and achieving greater medication
verification than in-person DOT.
A Current View of the Restricted Stock Studies and Restricted Stock Discounts
Authors: Mercer Z. Christopher
Published: August 2021

Although there is relevant evidence in some restricted stock studies that can be helpful for marketability discount determinations, comparisons with average discount observations from these studies do not provide a meaningful methodology to estimate marketability discounts. We conclude this despite the fact that too many valuation analysts continue to rely on simplistic comparisons with averages of restricted stock discounts from dated studies in their marketability discount determinations.
Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain)
Authors: NÚÑEZ-LAHUERTA Carmen , SAUQUÉ Víctor , SANCHIS Alfred , DUARTE Elsa , Marco de la RASILLA undefined
Published: August 2021

Birds are abundant in fossil assemblages of Quaternary sites; they can be used in landscape recon­struction as they are well adapted to the environment. Here we present the analysis of the avian assemblage from the Middle Paleolithic levels of the Llonin Cave, where 558 bird remains have been recovered from levels G-VI and CP-VIII, belonging to at least ten different taxa: Aves indet., Galliformes indet., Lagopus lagopus Linnaeus, 1758, Tetrastes bonasia Linnaeus, 1758, Columba livia/oenas Gmelin, 1789/Linnaeus, 1758, Passeriformes indet., Alaudidae indet., Motacilla sp., Turdus sp., Corvidae indet., Garrulus glandarius Linnaeus, 1758, Pyrrhocorax sp., Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Linnaeus, 1758, Pyrrhocorax graculus Linnaeus, 1766 and Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758. This assemblage is similar to other assemblages from the Upper Pleistocene of the north of the Iberian Peninsula, and it reflects a mixed landscape, with open areas and woodland. The taphonomic analysis points to a mixed origin of the accumulation, mainly formed by medium-sized corvids dying in the cave, and also raptors accumulating their prey.
Improv, a Venue for Values Teaching Kindness
Authors: Ryan Madson Patricia
Published: August 2021

The improvisation classroom is an ideal venue to teach the virtue of kindness.  Using explicit games which foster a change of perspective instructors can both model and teach life lessons.
Culture and its influence on an increase of cervical cancer cases in Angola
Authors: Rocha João Wilson da
Published: August 2021

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide and also in Angola. Its highest incidence occurs in women between 45 and 55 years of age; the main etymological factor is the infection with human papilloma virus (HPV), whose DNA is detectable in more than 99% of cases. This article review demonstrates some sociocultural, socio-economic, ethnic, and linguistic factors as influencing the increase of cervical cancer cases in Angola.
Ship Radiation and Diffraction Forces at Moderate Forward Speed
Authors: McTaggart Kevin
Published: August 2021

This paper describes numerical evaluation of radiation and diffraction forces for a ship travelling in a seaway at moderate forward speed. The method was developed with the objective of providing efficient and robust force predictions in both the frequency and time domains. For evaluation of radiation and diffraction forces, it is assumed that the ship travels with quasi-steady speed and heading. Time domain computations can include nonlinearities in buoyancy and incident wave excitation forces through evaluation of pressures on the instantaneous wetted hull surface. The paper describes various aspects of the numerical implementation, and also describes limitations that have been determined through verification and validation.
An Expert Experience Based Model Predictive Control Strategy for Dynamic Positioning
Authors: Lei Shi , Bing Han , Jianming Cao
Published: August 2021

In this paper, an expert experience model predictive control strategy is suggested based on the feed forward control of wind and current, and the Kalman filter for the low frequency motion estimation. For the examination of control accuracy and control stability, a pool test of the dynamic positioning system is designed and completed based on the actual situation of the target ship in this paper. The test results with different simulated environments show that the control strategy of dynamic positioning system meets the technical requirements of the target ship with good control accuracy and stability.
Performance Measurements of Large Centrifugal Impellers in a Single and Coupled Configuration
Authors: Cole Robert E. , Ricci Joseph J.
Published: August 2021

This paper presents the techniques and results of a full-scale test program to measure the installed performance of two different large centrifugal fan impellers onboard the US Navy’s Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC). Each impeller, having a different number of blades and different blade profiles, was tested first as a single fan and then in the intended coupled pair, close-proximity design configuration. Results provided include non-dimensional flow versus pressure curves and non-dimensional flow versus power curves. Single fan performance is compared to coupled operation for both designs, and the effects of installation losses are estimated. Finally, a pitot traverse test is conducted to further substantiate the test data.
Numerical Simulation of VLEC Hydrodynamic Response Coupled with Tank Sloshing
Authors: Qinghua Zhou , Xiaoling Li , Qi Yang , Qin B.
Published: August 2021

The coupling effects of tank sloshing on the ship motion and wave-induced loads of a very large ethane carrier (VLEC) with 83000m3 loading capacity and four membrane tanks are systematically investigated. The ship motion equation coupled with tank sloshing is calculated in the frequency domain based on three dimensional linear potential flow theory. The added mass, damping coefficient and restoring stiffness correction due to tank sloshing are considered. The response amplitude operators (RAO) of ship motion and sectional loads with and without considering tank sloshing are obtained. Taking ship motion dynamic response as excitation input condition, the three dimensional fluid sloshing movement behavior and sloshing-induced impact pressure are simulated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The Renormalized Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model is selected and used with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation; the volume of fluid method is adopted to predict the free surface elevation. The results provide valuable references for the overall design and structural safety assessment of VLEC.
Feasibility Study of Type-C Independent Tank for VLEC
Authors: Xiaoling Li , Haizhou Li , Jinlan Gu , Xi Chen , Bin Qin
Published: August 2021

The U.S. shale gas boom inspired the marketing demand for a very large containment system (VLEC). Among various kinds of possible cargo containment systems (CCS) for VLEC, the Type-C independent tank is considered to be a reliable, robust design and is a competitive candidate. There are a number of design challenges to design and construct Type-C tanks suitable for VLEC. Thicker plate is generally used, and hence there is more significant tank shrinkage. In addition other factors to be considered includes sloshing, thermal stresses induced by large tank dimensions, and the interaction between tank and hull structure under low temperature conditions. Since the VLEC cargo tank concept design and material selection have been done, the possible maximum thickness of steel plate that may be adopted has been verified. The feasibility of Type-C cargo tank’s application in VLEC project has been researched and verified by various kinds of calculation and analysis, including IGC-based rule check and finite element analysis (FEA), low temperature shrinkage analysis, sloshing analysis, thermal stress analysis, etc. Construction cost and time schedule have also been investigated and compared among three kinds of CCS based on a certain yard case. Some useful conclusions have been presented for VLEC CCS selection.
Analysis of the Critical Success Factors for Green Shipping
Authors: Ren Jingzheng , Lützen Marie
Published: August 2021

Shipping, which is one of the most important transport modes, plays a significant role in international trade, but unfortunately, it also contributes significantly to global emissions. The present study proposes a generic method for establishing a system of evaluation criteria for assessing the greenness of shipping. A system of evaluation criteria that consists of multiple influence factors has been established, and an Analytic Network Process has been used to determine the relative importance of the influential factors and to consider their interdependences and interactions. The results can help stakeholders draft strategic measures that enhance the greenness of the shipping activities.
Hydrodynamic Performance of Multipoint Moored FDPSO in the South China Sea
Authors: Wang Qi , Zeng Ji , Zhao Nan
Published: August 2021

Based on the three dimensional potential flow theory and non-linear time domain coupling analysis method, the paper studies the effect on FDPSO catenary mooring line tension subjected to wind, wave and current in the South China Sea. With the calculation of wind, wave, and current load applied to the vessel, the FDPSO maximum hydrodynamic response and mooring line tension is calculated. The analysis results indicate that the positioning performance of the FDPSO during drilling in operation sea state and production in survival sea state fulfills design requirements and ensures that the vessel could survive under the most hazardous conditions providing reference to research and engineering design of a multi-point moored FDPSO in the South China Sea. Due to the importance of obtaining an accurate vessel motion response and environmental force, the numerical simulation method is introduced with linearity assumption and experience coefficients defined in the rules. The offshore engineering design software SESAM is used to accomplish the modeling, calculation, and comparison as well as analysis.
Numerical Analysis of the LCS 2 airwake to understand potential interactions during helipcopter operations
Authors: Paul Brent S.
Published: August 2021

The successful integration of aviation capabilities aboard ships is a complex endeavor that must balance ship design with the flight envelope of the helicopter. This can be particularly important when considering air wakes and other flow around the superstructure as it impacts the flight deck. This flow can generate unsteady structures that may interfere with safe helicopter operations. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is commonly used to characterize the flow field and assess potential impacts to the flight envelope, which can be used to help define an operating envelope for helicopter operations.
Ingalls Machine Readable Material Transactions
Authors: Todd Hal , Fairley Penny
Published: August 2021

To face challenges associated with reduced shipbuilding budgets and the need for increased material availability, the Machine Readable Material Transaction was proposed, accepted and is currently in development at Ingalls Shipbuilding. Machine Readable Material Transaction is the processes and tools required to provide a machine readable identification (i.e. license plate) and scanning capability for tracking and identifying individual items, containers of material, and loose materials at various locations and workflows throughout the shipyard. The effort facilitates:

* reduced cycle time of material transactions by moving from paper driven processes to electronic driven processes

* increased accuracy by minimizing the manual entry of material transaction data by utilizing scanning technology and bar-coding

* reduced re-buys by locating lost, damaged or cannibalized material

* retention of material identification and history during consumption by capturing: * “what” is the material * “when” was it received or last moved * “where” was its last known location * “why” was it moved, and * “who” was the last person to touch it

The purpose of the effort is to ensure visibility, traceability, and accountability for material (purchased and fabricated) from receipt through delivery to the end user. This paper discusses the use of these processes and tools to support U.S. Navy ship construction modernization and cost reduction goals at Ingalls Shipbuilding.
The Importance of effective Cylinder Oil condition monitoring in Two-Stroke, Slow Speed, Diesel engines
Authors: Garau Cristiano
Published: August 2021

The maritime industry is currently going through a significant number of changes due to the introduction of tighter emission regulations. A stronger awareness in preserving the environment has pushed forward more stringent IMO (International Maritime Organization) legislation that imposes on ship owners and managers the use of new technologies which affect the day by day running of the vessel, starting with the choice of fuel, through changes in the engine operational parameters, and culminating in a severe reduction in allowable exhaust emissions. These changes combined with a volatile fuel market, high competition in cargo rates, the pressure to reduce operating costs and the introduction of new technological advancements have brought the industry into uncharted operational territories, abandoning the ‘comfort zone’ that has been enjoyed in the last twenty years or so. The present changeable environment has a significant impact in the way two-stroke, slow speed, diesel engines are managed, introducing new challenges for different fuel types, different lubricants and ancillary equipment required to meet the new requirements. Field experience has shown that all these factors can lead to unintended consequences, including engine damage caused by poor fuel quality, lack of training/knowledge of the operators, incorrect lubrication choice and poor set up. This paper discusses how the combination of offline and online condition monitoring techniques, both on-board and on-shore, can be successfully used to prevent engine damage and avoid unplanned maintenance costs due to downtime.
Investigation of Mathematical Model of Turbulent Flow for Marine Propeller
Authors: Joshi Nilima C. , Khan Ayaz J.
Published: August 2021

ost of the flow phenomena important to modern technology involve turbulence. Propellers generally operate in the very complex flow field that may be highly turbulent and spatially non-uniform. Propeller skew is the single most effective design parameter which has significant influence on reducing propeller induced vibration. Up to date applications of propeller skew does not has a specified criteria for any turbulent model. This paper deals with the model which explains the effect of propeller skewness on hydrodynamic performance related to study of turbulent model via mathematical and numerical modeling. The simulation work is carried out using ANSYS-FLUENT software.
CFD and Potential Flow Simulations of Fully Appended Free Running 5415M in Irregular Waves Hamid
Authors: Hosseini Hamid , Kim Dong , Toxopeus Serge , Diez Matteo , Stern Frederick
Published: August 2021

The capabilities of CFD and PF methods are assessed for course keeping of 5415M advancing at a Froude number of 0.248 in irregular waves with JONSWAP spectrum for various wave headings. CFD simulations are conducted with N=32 wave components for the wave headings of 0, 45, 90, 105, 180 deg. An additional beam wave simulation is also conducted using N=1000 components. PF simulations are conducted using N=400 wave components for three wave headings (0, 45 and 90 deg). A PF beam wave simulation is also performed using a similar but different rudder controller. The results are validated against experimental data for the validation variables, i.e. 6DOF motions and wave elevation. The validation study focuses on the statistics of the time series (addressed as primary variables), as well as height and mean-crossing period (addressed as secondary variables). RAOs of motions are also investigated. Subseries and time series theories for primary variables and bootstrap method for secondary variables are applied in order to estimate uncertainties and evaluate validation. The rudder controller study showed the predictions do not depend strongly on the controller setting as all variables excluding the yaw motion vary by less than 4%. For wave elevations, the average CFD and PF uncertainties over all headings were close to EFD and errors were comparable. More wave components could reduce the CFD wave uncertainties for the beam wave case. For motions/velocities in beam waves, uncertainties for CFD with N=1000 and PF were also close to EFD. CFD and PF average error values for the primary variables were 26%D and 57%D, respectively. The errors were large for the secondary variables. The effect of number of wave components on the errors of motion/velocity was 13%D on average. The errors of the primary variables varied by <6.4%D. The largest effect of number of wave components on the primary variable errors was for the roll and yaw motion (~11%D) whereas the largest effect on the secondary variable errors was for the surge velocity. Considering all wave headings, average uncertainty values for both CFD and PF over all the variables were close to EFD such that average validation uncertainty is about 39%D. The overall average error values were similar for CFD and PF, at about 64%D. The trends versus wave headings for statistical results of the primary and secondary variables and RAOs were often well predicted by both CFD and PF. RAOs were similar with the ones from regular waves, available only at a single frequency for head and beam cases. Roll RAOs showed resonance in near beam wave conditions resulting in large roll motions, particularly for the case with passive fins at 105 deg wave heading.
Icebreaker Grillage Structural Interaction and the Characteristic Stiffness Curve
Authors: Pearson Dustin , Hindley Robert , Crocker John
Published: August 2021

The structural components of a typical icebreaker hull grillage section consist of hull plating, main frames, web frames and stringers. The grillage section is the main structure resisting local ice loads during icebreaking and maneuvering operations. As such, the structural integrity of the icebreaker is largely dependent on the design strength of the grillage sections along the length of the vessel. The latest release of the IACS Unified Requirements for Polar Ships specifically pertains to structural design of these local grillage sections. Within the IACS Unified Requirements, prescriptive formulas are used to define the hull plating and main frame strength requirements as a function of stiffening direction, longitudinal/vertical location and operational requirements. The stringer and web frame stability requirements however, are limited to meeting empirical criteria. Limited examples of stringer and web frame prescriptive design strength formulations are available in the literature. These formulations may lead to an overly conservative stringer or web frame section design due to the challenge of representing the grillage section structural component interaction. To properly understand the structural interaction of icebreaker grillage section components, LR has used nonlinear finite element methods to compute the characteristic stiffness curve well into plasticity. The characteristic stiffness curve is considered representative of the effective structural interaction of the section components and has been found to relate directly to the section design methodology (elastic or plastic). This paper presents the development of these stiffness curves; the relationship between stiffness curve characteristics and design methodology; and how stiffness curves may be used for structural design and verification.
Interaction of Vessel with Channel under Navigation among Small Ice Floes
Authors: Goncharov Vadim K. , Zueva Ekaterina S. , Klementieva Natalia Yu.
Published: August 2021

For maintenance of navigation during wintertime in Arctic seas, icebreakers create the wide channels in the fast ice cover or pack ice cover at water areas near to ports with intensive vessel traffic. Within such wide channels cargo ships and tankers can move in both directions independently without icebreaker pilotage among small ice floes. Because the cross-sectional dimension of the channel is restricted, the ships are forced to displace from the center and move on a close distance between their board and border of channel. The space between ship hull and borders is filled by small ice floes, and its concentration near the starboard and portside differs. The ice resistance on each board also differs. Therefore, side force and yawing moment arise that are able to cause the collision with the channel border. This paper contains the detailed problem definition and the main points of the mathematical model of vessel interaction with the channel border. As an example of model application possibilities, the simulation of loads on the hull of the vessel was performed. Outcomes of the investigation are dependent upon the side force and yawing moment on the distance from the channel border and ice conditions.
Improving Ships’ Efficiency Using Energy Saving Devices (ESDs)
Authors: Perera Charinda L. , Muk-Pavic Ema
Published: August 2021

This research paper describes the CFD work carried out by the authors to investigate the potential energy savings achieved by attaching a Vortex Generator to the hull of a container ship. This is done by computing the flow pattern at the propeller plane before and after the addition of a Vortex Generator, to determine if the addition of the mentioned device presents the propeller with a more favourable inflow. The Vortex Generator is a trapezoidal shape fin attached to the hull which works by inducing vorticity and deflecting streamlines within the boundary layer, thus diverting and equalizing wake flow into the propeller.
Using EPIRB Monitor to Neutralize False Alerts
Authors: Gorabi Mohammad Mahdavi , Esmaili Ehsan
Published: August 2021

One of the methods for detecting and locating boats, aircraft, and people in distress are distress radio beacons or emergency beacons, which are tracking transmitters, like Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) that that interface with globally offered services of COSPAS-SARSAT, the international satellite system for search and rescue (SAR). These beacons can be activated manually, or automatically upon immersion, and send out distress signals, which are monitored worldwide and the location of the distress is detected by non-geostationary satellites, through trilateration in combination with triangulation with respect to the varying quality of the signal received. In this paper, an approach towards improving the EPIRB reliability is presented, through first analyzing and inspecting the level and amount of false signals received by the system; and then providing recommendations on how to deal with the issue, including the use of a device to monitor the alert release process.
Cost-Benefit Analysis Methodology: Install Commercially Compliant Engines on National Security Exempted Vessels?
Authors: DeHart Jonathan , Nastase Kimberly , Remley William , Luzzi Stephen
Published: August 2021

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) national security exemption (NSE) status can be applied to new and existing U.S. flagged vessels having a national defense mission and meeting associated criteria. Benefits of installing noncompliant marine engines on NSE vessels may include preserving a vessel class’ primary defense mission capability and engine configuration control. The drawback is increased emissions. An objective and versatile methodology framework was developed to quantify the cost-benefit tradeoff for NSE vessels, vehicles, and equipment. The parametric-based comparison of one-time and ongoing costs with monetized health benefit (utilized in conventional regulatory impact analyses) satisfactorily encompasses the fundamentals of environmental health risk and can be applied to all mobile and stationary equipment types.
A Streamlined Method for Recording the Lines of the Stephen Taber
Authors: McGowan Matthew , Meklin Dylan , Steirer Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This paper provides guidelines for and demonstrates a way to quickly and accurately record the lines of a vessel. Using the historic sailing vessel Stephen Taber, the team proves this linestaking method and presents the relevant information so that this method may be duplicated.
Integrated Capacity Planning System for Shipyards
Authors: McPherson Deanne B. , Ligetti Christopher B. , Finke Daniel A. , Anderson Drew
Published: August 2021

This paper introduces a set of integrated software tools that improve a shipyard’s ability to conduct effective capacity planning and analyses as well improve their spatial scheduling throughout all their facilities. The Long-Range Capacity Planning Tool replaces a manually intensive planning process through a user-friendly interface. The Spatial Scheduling Tool is a vastly improved version of previously developed software (Finke et al., 2007; 2008) to determine which areas of the shipyard are in use throughout the build plan. Finally, a Shop-Level Capacity Planning Tool is introduced that provides planners a view of work order schedules and their impact on work center capacity. These tools can be used to generate and save different build plan scenarios to perform what-if analyses and to perform more accurate capacity analyses to explore how adding a new hull to the build plan will affect current production plans. These tools interface with a Central Data System, which extracts information from legacy data systems, and acts as the central repository for all capacity planning data, ensuring that the tools have identical and up to date information. The tools also provide reporting/export functions that enable efficient integration back to the shipyard’s legacy execution system.
Resistance Predictions for Asymmetrical Configurations of High-Speed Catamaran Hull Forms
Authors: Asapana Srikanth , Sahoo Prasanta K. , Aribenchi Vaibhav
Published: August 2021

This paper attempts to undertake a comparative analysis of resistance characteristics between newly developed asymmetrical catamaran hull forms which were derived from existing conventional NPL series of round bilge catamaran hull forms by Molland, Wellicome and Couser (1994). A set of asymmetrical catamaran hull forms with waterline length of 1.6 m with a separation ratio (s/L) of 0.4 were generated by using standard modelling software. The resistance analysis had been carried out by using STAR CCM+, a computational fluid dynamics package for Froude numbers of 0.25, 0.30, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.0. Literature survey indicates that there is scant historical background in public domain to perform resistance analysis on asymmetrical catamaran hull forms. As this is not feasible due to lack of data in areas that were considered crucial, separate resistance analysis is carried out for each hull configuration. Finally, the compared resistance results will attempt to conclude whether asymmetrical catamaran hull forms are more efficient than the conventional catamaran hull forms.
The Future of Parallel Tumor and Germline Genetic Testing: Is There a Role for All Patients With Cancer?
Authors: Liu Ying L. , Stadler Zsofia K.
Published: August 2021

Under the traditional paradigm of genetic testing in cancer, the role of germline testing was to assess for the inherited risk of cancer, whereas the role of tumor testing was to determine therapeutic selection. Parallel tumor-normal genetic testing uses simultaneous genetic testing of the tumor and normal tissue to identify mutations and allows their classification as either germline or somatic. The increasing adoption of parallel testing has revealed a greater number of germline findings in patients who otherwise would not have met clinical criteria for testing. This result has widespread implications for the screening and further testing of at-risk relatives and for gene discovery. It has also revealed the importance of germline testing in therapeutic actionability. Herein, we describe the pros and cons of tumor-only versus parallel tumor-normal testing and summarize the data on the prevalence of incidental actionable germline findings. Because germline testing in patients with cancer continues to expand, it is imperative that systems be in place for the proper interpretation, dissemination, and counseling for patients and at-risk relatives. We also review new therapeutic approvals with germline indications and highlight the increasing importance of germline testing in selecting therapies. Because recommendations for universal genetic testing are increasing in multiple cancer types and the number of approved therapies with germline indications is also increasing, a gradual transition toward parallel tumor-normal genetic testing in all patients with cancer is foreseeable.
Reseña del libro de Jorge Leon Casero y Julia Urabayen (coords.) "Differences in the city. Postmetropolitan Heterotopias as Liberal Utopian Dreams"
Authors: Martínez Ciriero Mikel
Published: July 2021

La presente obra navega entre dos conceptos —la heterotopía y la utopía— en el contexto de la posmetrópolis. La heterotopía, tal y como explican en el prefacio los coeditores, ha atraído una innegable atención en el ámbito de las ciencias sociales desde que Foucault trasladara el concepto del ámbito médico al espacial (Foucault, 1994: 752-763). Frente al no espacio de la utopía y su carácter ideal y regulador, las heterotopías serían lugares reales, en los que la diferencia se manifiesta al invertir y subvertir aquellos órdenes que configuran nuestros espacios cotidianos. Siendo uno de estos lugares cotidianos la ciudad, y atendiendo a las posibilidades emancipatorias y reactivas que pronto se asociaron a lo heterotópico, cabe preguntarse por el estado actual de las heterotopías urbanas: ¿son las heterotopías actuales, como registra el título de la obra, utopías liberales? León Casero y Urabayen ofrecen en el prefacio un amplio panorama al respecto.
Validación por expertos del cuestionario “infancia y participación”
Authors: Sabariego Puig Marta , Alberto Izquierdo-Montero. Alberto , Ruiz Bueno Antonio , Noguera Pigem Elena
Published: August 2021

En este artículo se presenta el estudio de la fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario «Infancia y Participación» diseñado en el marco de una investigación en curso para censar las formas de participación identificadas en los municipios que forman parte de la red de Ciudades Amigas de la Infancia y/o a la Asociación Internacional de Ciudades Educadoras. El cuestionario (en su doble versión, una para figuras técnicas y otra para cargos electos del contexto municipal) permitió describir los elementos y las prácticas características (referentes conceptuales, funcionales, organizativos y operativos) vinculados al ejercicio de la ciudadanía de la infancia en el ámbito local. En primer lugar, se presenta la fundamentación teórica y el modelo de participación del que se parte, a partir de la cual se concretan los objetivos, el contenido, y la estructura interna del instrumento. A continuación, se describe el procedimiento seguido para diseñar, comprobar y establecer la validación del cuestionario en un proceso participativo estructurado en 3 fases, tomando como criterio la temporalidad del procedimiento: la construcción de la versión inicial; la verificación y validación (prueba piloto) y, por último, la post validación por parte del equipo de investigación del proyecto marco. Se ofrecen los aspectos procedimentales y los resultados obtenidos desde el punto de vista de la validez ecológica del cuestionario, la fiabilidad como concordancia de criterio entre investigadores y participantes, mediante el coeficiente de “Kappa de Fleiss”, y la valoración de ambas cualidades métricas, a modo de validez de juicio, una vez administrada la versión definitiva. Se confirma la utilidad e interés de este instrumento en investigaciones que pretendan analizar el estado de la participación de la infancia en los municipios.
Effects of Vibration Training on Cognition and Quality of Life in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Yang Feng , Wen Pey-Shan , Bethoux Francois , Zhao Yichuan
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) detrimentally affects cognition and quality of life (QOL). Interventions that can improve cognitive deficit and QOL in individuals with MS are desired. This pilot study investigated the possible effects of vibration training on improving cognition and QOL in individuals with MS.

METHODS:

Eighteen adults with MS were randomized into 2 groups: training and control. The training group underwent 6 weeks of vibration training, and the control group maintained their normal lifestyle throughout the study. In both groups, before and after the training course, the disability status was evaluated by the Patient Determined Disease Steps scale and the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), cognitive function was assessed by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adults (BRIEF-A) and the Buschke Selective Reminding Test (SRT), and QOL was gauged by the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36).

RESULTS:

The training was well accepted by the participants, and no major adverse event was reported. All participants finished the entire protocol. Compared with the control group, the training group showed greater improvements in MSFC score, Metacognition Index score of the BRIEF, SRT score, and physical domain score of the SF-36.

CONCLUSIONS:

These results suggest that vibration training could be an effective alternative training paradigm to enhance cognition and QOL in individuals with MS, and they provide an encouraging base to conduct a large-scale clinical trial.
A.V. CHAYANOV ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FARMING IN RUSSIA
Authors: Chupina Irina Pavlovna , Zarubina Elena Vasil'evna
Published: August 2021

The article considers the model of development of agricultural enterprises in Russia, proposed by the outstanding agricultural economist A.V. Chayanov. The authors demonstrate the relevance of A.V. Chayanov's ideas for solving modern problems of import substitution and ensuring food security facing domestic agriculture. It is argued that today the socio-economic model of agricultural enterprises in Russia, developed by A.V. Chayanov in the 1920s-1930s, is still extremely relevant and in demand. According to Chayanov, the core of such the model is a family labor-based peasant farm. The authors claim that A.V. Chayanov used a large factual material to prove that the way to increase the efficiency and innovative development of agriculture in Russia lies through the increase and strengthening of farms, their support at the government level, as well as their association into production and consumer cooperatives. A.V. Chayanov strongly opposed the nationalization of agricultural cooperatives, he warned that the state could not directly manage agricultural production. The state can and should create favorable conditions for the development of family labor-based peasant farms and agricultural cooperatives: improve the regulatory framework for agricultural activities, create social infrastructure in rural areas, regulate the taxation of peasant farms and agricultural cooperatives, regulate social and labor relations in agricultural production, implement targeted subsidies in lean years or in the event of emergency circumstances.
Approach towards classification of the types of legal responsibility
Authors: Shilekhin Konstantin Evgenevich
Published: July 2021

The subject of this research is the social relations in the context of bringing to legal responsibility, as well as normative legal acts and scientific literature that reflect such relations. The problem of classification of the types of legal responsibility is relevant in the context of substantiation of the autonomy of its individual types. The attempts to substantiate the autonomy of one or another type of legal responsibility entail the revision of the grounds for classification. The goal of this article consists in revealing the natural grounds for definition of the concept of “legal responsibility” to build consistent and exhaustive classification. The main conclusion lies in determination of the criterion for classification of the types of legal responsibility. Emphasis is placed on the social relations underlying the legal relations, namely legal relations in the area of bringing to legal responsibility. On the example of responsibility for committing tax fraud, the article demonstrates the failure of attempts to find qualification criteria on the basis of the normative legal acts outside the entirety of social relations. The article determines the close link between social relations in the economic sphere, as well as their impact upon legal relations emerging in the context of bringing to legal responsibility as a whole and administrative responsibility in particular.
Organizational structure of the state civil service of Russia in Russia during the XVI – XVII centuries
Authors: Semin Aleksei
Published: July 2021

This article examines the organizational structure of the state civil service during institutionalization of the system of public administration in the XVI – XVII centuries. The author describes the characteristic traits of this stage of development of the civil service system as a whole, including the highly personalized nature of carrying service, narrow separation between civil and military service, as well as the presence of rank system that was applicable to both the government apparatus and the society. In this context, the author explores the key misinterpretations of the term “rank”, its partial conflation with the concept of “post”, and the absence of universal definition. Research is also conducted on correlation between the organizational structure of the civil service and the class composition of the Tsardom of Russia, which has proven the possibility of separating the system of ranks of public servants from the unified social hierarchy. Special attention is given to the clerical service and its organizational structure: comparison of the status of clerical servants with the elements of the legal status of modern civil servant considering this type of service as the closest prototype of the state civil service. The basic traits of the clerical service include professional character, rigid hierarchy, stability, enforcement nature of activity, additional rights and responsibilities. The author highlights the key role of the concept of “rank” as the characteristic of the position of am individual within service hierarchy, used to for creating a prototype of the organizational structure of the state civil service. The scientific novelty consist in determination of the characteristic features of the organizational structure of civil service as whole, and state civil service in particular, which prove the existence of the developed, although non-unified hierarchy that later provided the framework for the reforms of Peter the Great. This confirms the gradual and consistent, rather than revolutionary nature of the transformations introduced by the Table of Ranks. Such approach gives a more comprehensive perspective upon the evolution of the institution of organizational structure of the state civil service.
Permanent metal jewelry in Mordovian female costumes: ethno-culturological aspect
Authors: Shigurova Tat'yana Alekseevna
Published: July 2021

This article trace the origins of using permanent metal jewelry in traditional clothing of the Mordovian people, as well as characterizes the role of metal products in culture. From the perspective of the currently popular brocade, sparkling fabrics, it seems relevant to refer to the domestic tradition of costume embroidery with metal pendants, beads, pearls that shine in the sun, and to the analysis of peculiarities of of Erzya and Moksha embroidery of the XIX – early XX centuries, known for simple but very effective methods of decorating female costume. The novelty of this work is defined by the absence of special research dedicated to permanent metal décor of the Mordovian costume; the need to determine the ratio between natural and synthetic materials used in embroidery; their interrelation with the traditional norms and aesthetic preferences of the Mordovian people. The object of this research is the traditional Mordovian costume, while the subject is the specificity of including small metal items (pendants, beads, pearls) into embroidery of the elements of festive and ritual clothes of the XIX – early XX centuries. The goal consists in analysis of the tradition of using metal items in embroidery, as well as in cognition of the meanings of this material in folk culture. Analysis is conducted on the new archaeological and ethnographic sources, archival materials on the history of culture and art of the Mordovian region. The author highlights and characterizes various techniques of using sequins in the Moksha and Erzya embroidery of the XIX – early XX centuries, which testify to the complexity of ethnogenesis of the Mordovian people.
Risk-oriented approach in tax administration of transfer pricing in Russia
Authors: Radzhabov Ruslan
Published: July 2021

The protection of the sovereign tax base and determination of the “fair share of profit” that should be attributed to a particular jurisdiction remains one of the topical issues in Russia and worldwide. The instruments for determining fair profit include the mechanism of transfer pricing designated for calculating company profit of (member of corporate group) based on an analysis of the actual economic circumstances of making a transaction, i.e. the assets, functions and risks of the parties to the controlled transaction (leaning on the modeling of market prices using the methods of transfer pricing). Analysis is conducted on the risk-oriented approach in tax administration of transfer pricing in the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty consists in systematization of the approaches towards tax administration of transfer pricing and formulation of recommendations for improving the efficiency of current processes. The analysis of the practice of tax administration of transfer pricing and the corresponding case law indicates that in assessing the adequacy of prices in controlled transactions to the market level, the tax authorities apply the so-called “risk-oriented” approach aimed at determination of the segments/market participants/transactions with the highest risk of transfer pricing. The implementation of risk-oriented approach requires the development of risk profiles of transfer pricing, which, depending on the analyzed segment or subject matter of transaction, represent a list of tax control measures and circumstances (risk factors) that allow concluding on the presence of transfer pricing risk in such transaction. The practical importance of this research consists in the possibility of using the results the acquired results by the government bodies that carry out the functions of administering transfer pricing, as well as by the organizations that use transfer prices as the tax planning instrument.