bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paralympics and Its Athletes Through the Lens of the New York Times
Authors: Tynedal Jeremy , Wolbring Gregor
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this article is to analyze the coverage of the Paralympics in the New York Times (NYT) from the first appearance of the term Paralympics in 1955 up to 2012. We analyzed a) the textual imagery (not imagery intrinsic to pictures) of the Paralympics and its athletes, b) the representation of views and hopes of Paralympians and c) the visibility of the Paralympics and Paralympians within the NYT. We found that NYT coverage of the Paralympics and Paralympians is minimal and often portrays Paralympic athletes in stereotypical ways, such as being supercrips or suffering entities. In regards to the portrayal of therapeutic assistive devices of Paralympic athletes in the NYT, four themes are evident: a) the advancement of technology, b) the hierarchy between different therapeutic assistive devices, c) the relationship between the device and the athlete and d) the affordability of the device. We submit that the portrayal of the Paralympics, as evident in the NYT, for the most part does not help to further the discussion around a) the future of the Paralympics and its role within society, b) the relationship between the Paralympics and the Olympics and c) barriers of sport participation faced by athletes with disabilities on all levels, from recreational to competitive sport.
Interactions of PLA2-s from Vipera lebetina, Vipera berus berus and Naja naja oxiana Venom with Platelets, Bacterial and Cancer Cells
Authors: Samel Mari , Vija Heiki , Kurvet Imbi , Künnis-Beres Kai , Trummal Katrin , Subbi Juhan , Kahru Anne , Siigur Jüri
Published: January 2013

Secretory phospholipasesA2 (sPLA2s) form a large family of structurally related enzymes widespread in nature. Herein, we studied the inhibitory effects of sPLA2s from Vipera lebetina (VLPLA2), Vipera berus berus (VBBPLA2), and Naja naja oxiana (NNOPLA2) venoms on (i) human platelets, (ii) four different bacterial strains (gram-negative Escherichia coli and Vibrio fischeri; gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and (iii) five types of cancer cells (PC-3, LNCaP, MCF-7, K-562 and B16-F10) in vitro. sPLA2s inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation: VBBPLA2 IC50 = 0.054, VLPLA2 IC50 = 0.072, NNOPLA2 IC50 = 0.814 μM. p-Bromophenacylbromide-inhibited sPLA2 had no inhibitory action on platelets. 36.17 μM VBBPLA2 completely inhibited the growth of gram-positive Bacillus subtilis whereas no growth inhibition was observed towards gram-negative Escherichia coli. The inhibitory action of sPLA2s (~0.7 μM and ~7 μM) towards cancer cells depended on both venom and cell type. VBBPLA2 (7.2 μM) inhibited significantly the viability of K-562 cells and the cell death appeared apoptotic. The sPLA2s exhibited no inhibitory effect towards LNCaP cells and some effect (8%–20%) towards other cells. Thus, already sub-μM concentrations of sPLA2s inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and from the current suite of studied svPLA2s and test cells, VBBPLA2 was the most growth inhibitory towards Bacillus subtilis and K-562 cells.
Distribution of intertidal macrobenthic assemblages in relation to environmental factors in the Tagus estuary, western Portugal
Authors: Conde Anxo , Novais Júlio M. , Domínguez Jorge
Published: January 2013

Fourteen intertidal sites from the eastern mid-region of the Tagus estuary were considered in order to study their macrobenthic assemblages in relation to environmental factors. The salinity gradient was displayed in an ordination of the assemblages by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). However, salinity was not found to be a significant environmental factor to explain the distribution of the assemblages. Conversely, a lateral gradient characterized three clusters of sites identified in relation to their outer, intermediate and inner location also related to organic matter content, oxygen concentration and redox potential values. Although the hydrodynamic factor was not investigated it is thought to be an important environmental factor for characterizing the lateral gradient. As a general trend, there was a transition between the groups of assemblages from the lower estuary towards the inner and upstream locations. The polychaetes Lanice conchilega and Hediste diversicolor and the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae were the characteristic species in the outer, inner and intermediate groups of sites, respectively. It was concluded that the lateral gradient is the main environmental driver that explains the distribution of the intertidal macrobenthic assemblages in the Tagus estuary when the salinity gradient is not find to be a significant environmental factor.
Belowground in situ redox dynamics and methanogenesis recovery in a degraded fen during dry-wet cycles and flooding
Authors: Estop-Aragonés C. , Knorr K.-H. , Blodau C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Climate change induced drying and flooding may alter the redox conditions of organic matter decomposition in peat soils. The seasonal and intermittent changes in pore water solutes (NO3−, Fe2+, SO42−, H2S, acetate) and dissolved soil gases (CO2, O2, CH4, H2) under natural water table fluctuations were compared to the response under a reinforced drying and flooding in fen peats. Oxygen penetration during dryings led to CO2 and CH4 degassing and to a regeneration of dissolved electron acceptors (NO3−, Fe3+ and SO42−). Drying intensity controlled the extent of the electron acceptor regeneration. Iron was rapidly reduced and sulfate pools ~ 1 mM depleted upon rewetting and CH4 did not substantially accumulate until sulfate levels declined to ~ 100 μmol L−1. The post-rewetting recovery of soil methane concentrations to levels ~ 80 μmol L−1 needed 40–50 days after natural drought. This recovery was prolonged after experimentally reinforced drought. A greater regeneration of electron acceptors during drying was not related to prolonged methanogenesis suppression after rewetting. Peat compaction, solid phase content of reactive iron and total reduced inorganic sulfur and organic matter content controlled oxygen penetration, the regeneration of electron acceptors and the recovery of CH4 production, respectively. Methane production was maintained despite moderate water table decline of 20 cm in denser peats. Flooding led to accumulation of acetate and H2, promoted CH4 production and strengthened the co-occurrence of iron and sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. Mass balances during drying and flooding indicated that an important fraction of the electron flow must have been used for the generation and consumption of electron acceptors in the solid phase or other mechanisms. In contrast to flooding, dry-wet cycles negatively affect methane production on a seasonal scale, but this impact might strongly depend on drying intensity and on the peat matrix, of which structure and physical properties influence moisture content.
Numerical modelling of methyl iodide in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic
Authors: Stemmler I. , Rothe M. , Hense I.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Methyl iodide (CH3I) is a volatile organic halogen compound that contributes significantly to the transport of iodine from the ocean to the atmosphere, where it plays an important role in tropospheric chemistry. CH3I is naturally produced and occurs in the global ocean. The processes involved in the formation of CH3I, however, are not fully understood. In fact, there is an ongoing debate whether production by phytoplankton or photochemical degradation of organic matter is the main source term. Here, both the biological and photochemical production mechanisms are considered in a biogeochemical module that is coupled to a one-dimensional water column model for the Eastern Tropical Atlantic. The model is able to reproduce observed subsurface maxima of CH3I concentrations. But, the dominating source process cannot be clearly identified as subsurface maxima can occur due to both, direct biological and photochemical production. However, good agreement between the observed and simulated difference between surface and subsurface methyl iodide concentrations is achieved only when direct biological production is taken into account. Published production rates for the biological CH3I source that were derived from laboratory studies are shown to be inappropriate for explaining CH3I concentrations in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic.
Cyclone trends constrain monsoon variability during Late Oligocene sea level highstands (Kachchh Basin, NW India)
Authors: Reuter M. , Piller W. E. , Harzhauser M. , Kroh A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Important concerns about the consequences of climate change for India are the potential impact on tropical cyclones and the monsoon. Herein we present a sequence of fossil shell beds from the shallow-marine Maniyara Fort Formation (Kachcch Basin) as an indicator of tropical cyclone activity along the NW Indian coast during the Late Oligocene warming period (~27–24 Ma). Direct proxies providing information about the atmospheric circulation dynamics over the Indian subcontinent at this time are important since it corresponds to a major climate reorganization in Asia that ends up with the establishment of the modern Asian monsoon system in the Early Miocene. The vast shell concentrations comprise a mixture of parautochthonous and allochthonous assemblages indicating storm-generated sediment transport from deep to shallow water during third-order sea level highstands. Three distinct skeletal assemblages were distinguished each recording a relative storm wave base depth. (1) A shallow storm wave base is shown by nearshore mollusks, corals and Clypeaster echinoids; (2) an intermediate storm wave base depth is indicated by lepidocyclind foraminifers, Eupatagus echinoids and corallinaceans; and (3) a deep storm wave base is represented by an Amussiopecten–Schizaster echinoid assemblage. Vertical changes in these skeletal associations give evidence of gradually increasing tropical cyclone intensity in line with third-order sea level rise. The intensity of cyclones over the Arabian Sea is primarily linked to the strength of the Indian monsoon. Therefore and since the topographic boundary conditions for the Indian monsoon already existed in the Late Oligocene, the longer-term cyclone trends were interpreted to reflect monsoon variability during the initiation of the Asian monsoon system. Our results imply an active monsoon over the Eastern Tethys at ~26 Ma followed by a period of monsoon weakening during the peak of the Late Oligocene global warming (~24 Ma).
Development of stroboscopic muography
Authors: Tanaka H. K. M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Conventional muon radiography has concentrated on non-destructive studies of stationary objects with relatively long exposure times required to achieve sufficient muon statistics. A muon detection system with real time readings and a high spatial resolution detector, enables the investigation of dynamic processes in a stroboscopic mode, where image frames are synchronized with the phases of the dynamic target. Although the natural cosmic ray muon flux is quite low for imaging a rapid process, repetitive processes can still be studied with high time resolution by integrating a large number of frames synchronized to the process. In this paper we demonstrate the stroboscopic imaging capabilities of cosmic ray muon radiography with scintillation counters and the muon readout module. The dynamics of a chemical and melting process in an electric furnace with a size of 30 m water equivalent in diameter was investigated as an example, and stroboscopic images were obtained for hourly changes, with acquisition frames of 400 h each. The results of these experiments demonstrate the future potential for muon radiography of repetitional process, such as magma flow in a conduit.
Three perceptions of the evapotranspiration landscape: comparing spatial patterns from a distributed hydrological model, remotely sensed surface temperatures, and sub-basin water balances
Authors: Conradt T. , Wechsung F. , Bronstert A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. A problem encountered by many distributed hydrological modelling studies is high simulation errors at interior gauges when the model is only globally calibrated at the outlet. We simulated river runoff in the Elbe River basin in Central Europe (148 268 km2) with the semi-distributed eco-hydrological model SWIM. While global parameter optimisation led to Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies of 0.9 at the main outlet gauge, comparisons with measured runoff series at interior points revealed large deviations. Therefore, we compared three different stategies for deriving sub-basin evapotranspiration: (1) modelled by SWIM without any spatial calibration, (2) derived from remotely sensed surface temperatures, and (3) calculated from long-term precipitation and discharge data. The results show certain consistencies between the modelled and the remote sensing based evapotranspiration rates, but there seems to be no correlation between remote sensing and water balance based estimations. Subsequent analyses for single sub-basins identify input weather data and systematic error amplification in inter-gauge discharge calculations as sources of uncertainty. Further probable causes for epistemic uncertainties could be pinpointed. The results encourage careful utilisation of different data sources for calibration and validation procedures in distributed hydrological modelling.
Speedup and fracturing of George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Holt T. O. , Glasser N. F. , Quincey D. J. , Siegfried M. R.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. George VI Ice Shelf (GVIIS) is located on the Antarctic Peninsula, a region where several ice shelves have undergone rapid breakup in response to atmospheric and oceanic warming. We use a combination of optical (Landsat), radar (ERS 1/2 SAR) and laser altimetry (GLAS) datasets to examine the response of GVIIS to environmental change and to offer an assessment on its future stability. The spatial and structural changes of GVIIS (ca. 1973 to ca. 2010) are mapped and surface velocities are calculated at different time periods (InSAR and optical feature tracking from 1989 to 2009) to document changes in the ice shelf's flow regime. Surface elevation changes are recorded between 2003 and 2008 using repeat track ICESat acquisitions. We note an increase in fracture extent and distribution at the south ice front, ice-shelf acceleration towards both the north and south ice fronts and spatially varied negative surface elevation change throughout, with greater variations observed towards the central and southern regions of the ice shelf. We propose that whilst GVIIS is in no imminent danger of collapse, it is vulnerable to on-going atmospheric and oceanic warming and is more susceptible to breakup along its southern margin in ice preconditioned for further retreat.
Thermo-Mechanical Characterization of Laser Weld 316L(N) Stainless Steel
Authors: Kumar D. Harish , Somi Reddy A. , Parameswaran P. , Jaya Kumar T. , Nandagopal M. , Laha K. , Selvi Panneer , Sakthivel T. , Gururaj K. , Padmanabhan G.
Published: January 2013

316L(N) stainless steel is an austenitic stainless steel variety strengthened by nitrogen through solid solution hardening. The effects of nitrogen on the mechanical properties of 316L(N) SS have not been studied extensively in the past and is the study of current research. The nitrogen content when added to 316L stainless steel in the range 0.07 wt% - 0.21 wt% improves room temperature and high temperature mechanical properties. The loss in strength due to reduced carbon content in 316L(N) SS can be more or less compensated by the addition of nitrogen. Laser welded joints have been fabricated on 316(L)N SS using CO2 laser protecting the environment by employing nitrogen shielding and tested the welded joints under tension at room temperature and at 650 ?C (923 K). In the as - welded condition Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) revealed the presence of the deformation bands, high density of dislocations and carbides or carbo -nitrides on dislocations near the grain boundary regions which may be in the Heat-Affected Zone(HAZ). At both the test temperatures failure occurred in the base metal by transgranuler mode with the nucleation of cavities. In the present work, laser welding process has proved to be effective in producing satisfactory welded joints.
Globalização: ensaio sobre as marcas da homogeneização do mundo no universo regional.
Authors: Eidt Paulino , Enoque Silva Junior Edinaldo
Published: January 2013

Globalização Negativa é um termo cunhado por Zygmunt Bauman (Medo Liquido, 2008). O presente artigo pretende contribuir para elucidar os aspectos verticalizadores da globalização, bem como sua influência no processo de liquefação das localidades. É notório de que a globalização não é democrática, ou seja, não permite a manutenção de uma mútua inter-referência entre as partes do globo, mostra-se, ao contrário, autoritária e impositiva como afirma Bauman. Num segundo momento,  o artigo expressa os impactos da verticalização da economia na região  Oeste de Santa Catarina. Trata-se da extinção de Fidelidades Locais e Regionais, reordenamento da produção e a imposição de um conjunto de valores culturais intrinsecamente ligados ao mundo mercadológico.
Reestruturação produtiva na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória: Manifestações Socioespaciais em Cariacica
Authors: Teixeira de Campos Junior Carlos
Published: January 2013

É uma pesquisa realizada para compreender os impactos socioespaciais no município de Cariacica decorrentes da reestruturação produtiva verificada na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo. Tomando como referência as manifestações da relação cidade e região em Cariacica, a pesquisa abordou quatro momentos históricos considerados de mudanças importantes na orientação do desenvolvimento regional. Identificou que, como parte de uma rede de cidades Cariacica se destacou no contexto da cidade que vai se tornar metropolitana. Enquanto uma cidade metropolitana em rede foi-lhe reservada a especialização produtiva, a pobreza, e a construção imobiliária de empreendimentos populares em seu território.
Consumer's doppelganger: A role model perspective on intentional consumer mimicry
Authors: Ruvio Ayalla , Gavish Yossi , Shoham Aviv
Published: January 2013

This paper focuses on the consumer's doppelganger effect, the inclination of consumers to intentionally mimic other individuals' consumption behaviors. Taking a role model perspective, we look at the inclination of Israeli teenage girls to resonate with role models with whom they have unidirectional (study 1; N = 152) and bidirectional (study 2; N = 343) relationships. The findings demonstrate that consumers' doppelgangers have a strong inclination to intentionally emulate other individuals' consumption behavior when they perceive them as consumer role models, an assessment that is rooted in their view of these individuals as relevant. The contributions of this research relate to the study of mimicry, role modeling, and family consumption.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐ideal metal binding model for Cr(III) sorption using Spirulina platensis biomass: Experimental and theoretical approach
Authors: Gagrai Mahesh Kumar , Das Chandan , Golder Animes Kumar
Published: January 2013

Removal of Cr(III) from aqueous solution using Spirulina biomass was studied in a batch experiment. Spirulina biomass was characterised before and after Cr(III) sorption using FTIR, SEM and potentiometric titration. The effects of experimental parameters such as solution pH, contact time, biomass dose, initial Cr(III) concentration and temperature were studied. pH had significant influence on Cr(III) uptake capacity of biomass. The optimum equilibrium solution pH was found as 6.2. Biosorption efficiency decreased at higher temperature. A simple proton binding model was investigated for the quantitative determination of acid–base characteristics of Spirulina. The dissociation constants (pKa) of 1.19, 2.87 and 8.07 mol L−1 were estimated, which correspond to carboxylic, phosphatic and amine groups, respectively. A modified metal binding model was then tested, and Cr(III) binding constants (Kθ) of 80.9, 3.9 × 103 and 3.5 × 104 L mol−1 were found for carboxylic, phosphatic and amine groups, respectively.
GABAergic neurons regulate lateral ventricular development via transcription factor Pax5
Authors: Ohtsuka Nobuhisa , Badurek Sylvia , Busslinger Meinrad , Benes Francine M. , Minichiello Liliana , Rudolph Uwe
Published: January 2013

Postmortem studies have revealed a downregulation of the transcription factor Pax5 in GABAergic neurons in bipolar disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder, raising the question whether Pax5 in GABAergic neurons has a role in normal brain development. In a genetic approach to study functions of Pax5 in GABAergic neurons, Pax5 was specifically deleted in GABAergic neurons from Pax5 floxed mice using a novel Gad1‐Cre transgenic mouse line expressing Cre recombinase in Gad1‐positive, that is, GABAergic neurons. Surprisingly, these mice developed a marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles at approximately 7 weeks of age, which was lethal within 1–2 weeks of its appearance. This hydrocephalus phenotype was observed in mice homozygous or heterozygous for the Pax5 conditional knockout, with a gene dosage‐dependent penetrance. By QTL (quantitative trait loci) mapping, a 3.5 Mb segment on mouse chromosome 4 flanked by markers D4Mit237 and D4Mit214 containing approximately 92 genes including Pax5 has previously been linked to differences in lateral ventricular size. Our findings are consistent with Pax5 being a relevant gene underlying this QTL phenotype and demonstrate that Pax5 in GABAergic neurons is essential for normal ventricular development. genesis 51:234–245. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytochrome c‐Based Amperometric Sensors for Superoxide Detection: Where Their Signal Comes From?
Authors: Gáspár Szilveszter , Marty Jean Louis , Gheorghiu Eugen
Published: January 2013

In a popular amperometric superoxide sensor, cytochrome c (Cyt c) is covalently immobilized onto a gold electrode previously covered with a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of carboxyl‐terminated alkanethiols. Therefore, a study was carried out to reveal the origins of the current response of such sensors. SAMs made of either 3,3′‐dithiodipropionic acid or 11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid and 11‐mercaptoundecanol were used to immobilize either Cyt c or an inert protein onto gold electrodes. The resulting modified electrodes were comparatively investigated by cyclic voltammetry and calibrated for superoxide detection. The obtained results bring evidence that significant part (>70 %) of the current response of the Cyt c‐modified electrodes to superoxide comes from direct oxidation of superoxide on gold (i.e. does not involve Cyt c).
Work Design–Related Antecedents of Turnover Intention: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Chang Wan‐Jing April , Wang Yung‐Shui , Huang Tung‐Chun
Published: January 2013

Previous research on employee‐turnover intention has focused mostly on a single level of analysis. This multilevel study of 1,149 employees and 144 managers from a 21‐store Taiwanese retail home improvement chain demonstrated that individual and store‐level factors were significantly associated with employee‐turnover intention. Job characteristics explain within‐store variance. In addition to age and tenure similarity among employees, transformational leadership and compensation explain between‐store variance. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are also discussed.
Microbiota diversity and stability of the preterm neonatal ileum and colon of two infants
Authors: Barrett Eoin , Guinane Caitriona M. , Ryan C. Anthony , Dempsey Eugene M. , Murphy Brendan P. , O'Toole Paul W. , Fitzgerald Gerald F. , Cotter Paul D. , Ross R. Paul , Stanton Catherine
Published: January 2013

The composition of the microbiota associated with the human ileum and colon in the early weeks of life of two preterm infants was examined, with particular emphasis on the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium members. Culturing work showed that bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the ileostomy changed over time, compared with the colostomy effluent where there was far less variation. The colostomy infant was dominated by two phyla, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, while in the ileostomy samples, Proteobacteria emerged at the expense of Actinobacteria. Bacteroidetes were only detected following the reversal of the ileostomy in the final fecal sample and were not detected in any colonic fluid samples. Clostridia levels were unstable in the colostomy fluid, suggesting that the ileostomy/colostomy itself influenced the gut microbiota, in particular the strict anaerobes. Pyrosequencing analysis of microbiota composition indicated that bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are among the dominant genera in both the ileal and colonic fluids. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli levels were unstable in the ileostomy fluid, with large reductions in numbers and relative proportions of both observed. These decreases were characterized by an increase in proportions of Streptococcus and Enterobacteriaceae. Clostridium was detected only in the colonic effluent, with large changes in the relative proportions over time.
From metadata to ontology representation: A case of converting severe weather forecast metadata to an ontology
Authors: Chen Miao , Plale Beth
Published: January 2013

With the increasing amount of data generated in geoscience research, it becomes critical to describe data sets in meaningful ways. A large number of described data sets are described using XML metadata, which has proved a useful means of expressing data characteristics. An ontological representation is another way of representing data sets with the benefit of providing rich semantics, convenient linkage to other data sets, and good interoperability with other data. This study represents geoscience data sets as an ontology based on an existing metadata description and on the nature of the data set. It takes the case of Vortex2 data, a regional weather forecast data set collected in Summer 2010, to showcase how forecast data can be represented in ontology by using the existing metadata information. It supplies another type of representation of the data set with added semantics and potential functionalities compared to the previous metadata representation.
Quality evaluation of health answers in social Q&A: Socio‐emotional support and evaluation criteria
Authors: Worrall Adam , Oh Sanghee , Yi Yong Jeong
Published: January 2013

The quality of health information shared in the context of social and emotional support is of critical concern, but little is known about the quality of health information in community contexts and about socio‐emotional factors that impact evaluation of the quality of health information. This poster reports on a study of the quality of health answers in social Q&A sites, focusing on the socio‐emotional reactions of and evaluation criteria discussed by three groups of evaluators: librarians, nurses, and site users. Forty participants from each group evaluated 10 answers each drawn from the Health categories of Yahoo! Answers. Results from qualitative analysis of responses to open‐ended questions identified five common expressed emotions: fear or concern, confidence (or lack thereof), surprise, trust, and empathy. Five evaluation criteria and indicators were also identified: sources, subjectivity, style, completeness, and accuracy. Our results illuminate key differences in social and emotional factors across the three groups and the need for appropriate balance in educational efforts for evaluation of and the provision of health information.
The effectiveness of varenicline medication guide for conveying safety information to patients: a REMS assessment survey
Authors: Enger Cheryl , Younus Muhammad , Petronis Kenneth R. , Mo Jingping , Gately Robert , Seeger John D.
Published: January 2013

Purpose

Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) include various mechanisms to enhance safe use of medications, including a patient medication guide (MG) that provides key information regarding the potential risks associated with the medication. To evaluate the effectiveness of the varenicline MG as a REMS tool for educating patients, we undertook a survey among patients who were dispensed varenicline.

Methods

Varenicline recipients within the Optum Research Database, a large U.S. administrative claims database, were invited to participate in a self‐administered survey. Survey questions were general (receipt and reading of the MG) and specific regarding patient's understanding of the potential varenicline risks outlined in the MG (neuropsychiatric symptoms, skin reactions, and allergic reactions).

Results

From 3568 varenicline recipients invited, 640 (18%) responded, with 633 completing at least one of three risk‐comprehension questions. The majority (93%) indicated receiving the MG, and 86% read all or part of it. Ninety‐one percent, 41%, and 53% correctly answered at least one question on neuropsychiatric symptoms, skin reactions, and allergic reactions, respectively. A higher proportion who read the MG had correct responses to the risk‐comprehension questions than those who did not read it.

Conclusions

The varenicline MG was widely received and read among survey respondents, and the information conveyed was generally well understood regarding potential risk of neuropsychiatric symptoms. This study provides an assessment of the effectiveness of the varenicline MG in communicating information about potential risks associated with varenicline. This assessment method may apply to the evaluation of the effectiveness of other MGs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE USE OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES TO ASSIST WITH LIFE SKILLS/INDEPENDENCE OF STUDENTS WITH MODERATE/SEVERE INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY AND/OR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Ayres Kevin Michael , Mechling Linda , Sansosti Frank J.
Published: January 2013

To successfully integrate technology into any educational program, practitioners need awareness of available technology, an understanding of how it can assist with instruction, knowledge of ways it can support day‐to‐day activities and, finally, the ability to teach students as well as educators to use the technology. The proliferation of advanced mobile technologies specifically targeting individuals with moderate to severe intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder means increased access to new tools and a greater need for educational service providers to be trained and ready to identify, recommend and deploy appropriate supports. The rapid rate of change in the technology industry is a formidable barrier to adequately preparing anyone except a technology specialist to be current on the latest advances. This article presents recommendations for school psychologists in terms of becoming familiar with the generally available technologies and the underlying instructional techniques rather than any specific technology products. Complete familiarity with all emergent technologies is improbable but through understanding the general ways technology can be used and the basic instructional practices, school psychologists will be better equipped to recommend further exploration of technological solutions for students.
Molecular dynamics simulations of transitions for ECD epidermal growth factor receptors show key differences between human and drosophila forms of the receptors
Authors: Perilla Juan R. , Leahy Daniel J. , Woolf Thomas B.
Published: January 2013

Recent X‐ray structural work on the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) has suggested an asymmetric dimer that rationalizes binding affinity measurements that go back decades (Alvarado et al., Cell 2010;142:568–579; Dawson et al., Structure 2007;15:942–954; Lemmon et al., Embo J 1997;16:281–294; Mattoon et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:923–928; Mayawala et al., Febs Lett 2005;579:3043–3047; Ozcan et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:5735–5740). This type of asymmetric structure has not been seen for the human EGF receptor family and it may or may not be important for function in that realm. We hypothesize that conformational changes in the Drosophila system have been optimized for the transition, whereas the barrier for the same transition is much higher in the human forms. To address our hypothesis we perform dynamic importance sampling (DIMS) (Perilla et al., J Comput Chem 2010;32:196–209) for barrier crossing transitions in both Drosophila and human EFGRs. For each set of transitions, we work from the hypothesis, based on results from the AdK system, that salt‐bridge pairs making and breaking connections are central to the conformational change. To evaluate the effectiveness of the salt‐bridges as drivers for the conformational change, we use the effective transfer entropy based on stable state MD calculations (Kamberaj and Der Vaart, Biophys J 2009;97:1747–1755) to define a reduced subset of degrees of freedom that seem to be important for driving the transition (Perilla and Woolf, J Chem Phys 2012;136:164101). Our results suggest that salt‐bridge making and breaking is not the dominant factor in driving the symmetric to asymmetric transition, but that instead it is a result of more concerted and correlated functional motions within a subset of the dimer structures. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the set of residues involved in the transitions from the Drosophila relative to the human forms differs and that this difference in substate distributions relates to why the asymmetric form may be more common to Drosophila than to the human forms. We close with a discussion about the residues that may be changed in the human and the Drosophila forms to potentially shift the kinetics of the symmetric to asymmetric transition. Proteins 2013; 81:1113–1126. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining hidden Markov models for comparing the dynamics of multiple sleep electroencephalograms
Authors: Langrock Roland , Swihart Bruce J. , Caffo Brian S. , Punjabi Naresh M. , Crainiceanu Ciprian M.
Published: January 2013

In this manuscript, we consider methods for the analysis of populations of electroencephalogram signals during sleep for the study of sleep disorders using hidden Markov models (HMMs). Notably, we propose an easily implemented method for simultaneously modeling multiple time series that involve large amounts of data. We apply these methods to study sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) in the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS), a landmark study of SDB and cardiovascular consequences. We use the entire, longitudinally collected, SHHS cohort to develop HMM population parameters, which we then apply to obtain subject‐specific Markovian predictions. From these predictions, we create several indices of interest, such as transition frequencies between latent states. Our HMM analysis of electroencephalogram signals uncovers interesting findings regarding differences in brain activity during sleep between those with and without SDB. These findings include stability of the percent time spent in HMM latent states across matched diseased and non‐diseased groups and differences in the rate of transitioning. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cutting the Gordian knot: The effect of knowledge complexity on employee mobility and entrepreneurship
Authors: Ganco Martin
Published: January 2013

Employee entrepreneurship and employee moves to rival firms (employee mobility) have both been recognized as critical drivers of the transfer of knowledge. Drawing on a unique database of intra‐industry inventor entrepreneurship and mobility events in theU.S. semiconductor industry,Iexamine the effect of the complexity of inventors' prior patenting activities on their decisions to join a rival firm or found a start‐up. The findings show that even though complexity inhibits knowledge diffusion to rival firms through employee mobility, complex knowledge may be underexploited within existing organizations and may still flow to startups through employee entrepreneurship. This study sheds new light on how technology shapes patterns of employee entrepreneurship and mobility, with implications for knowledge flows and competitive dynamics.
Time‐dependent analysis of steel‐reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Lu Jia , Wu Jie , Luo Xiaoqun , Zhang Qilin
Published: January 2013

The time‐dependent behavior is a major consideration in the design and construction of tall buildings, especially in concrete and composite structural systems. To make an analysis of long‐term effect of steel‐reinforced concrete structures, the method of using master–slave constraint to deduce substructure element model of composite members was introduced, and the problem of co‐work between steel and concrete was solved. The creep calculation method of combined Age‐adjusted Effective Modulus Method (AEMM) and finite element method was adopted. Steel Reinforced Concrete Construction Modeling (SRCCM), a calculation program based on Visual C++ and ObjectARX, was developed for simulating the construction process of high‐rise composite structures. The use of the method is illustrated through one computation example of Shanghai Center Tower, which is a super high‐rise steel‐reinforced concrete structures. The method provides valuable information about time effects that may be used in designing new structures or in diagnosis existing structures. The results also indicate that the vertical shortening of Shanghai Center Tower between column and core‐tube is significant. Such differential length changes should be compensated during the construction process of high‐rise composite structures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonographic Graf type IIa hip needs more consideration in newborn girls
Authors: Õmeroğlu Hakan , Çaylak Remzi , İnan Ulukan , Köse Nusret
Published: January 2013

Purpose

According to hip ultrasonography by Graf's method, the type IIa hip has a certain degree of physiological delay in ossification of the bony acetabular roof. The aim of this case–control study was to evaluate the natural history of the type IIa hip.

Methods

Four hundred and thirty-one type IIa hips were identified in 312 of 1,690 ultrasonographically screened newborns with a mean age of 27 days. Parents were accurately informed about the prognosis of such a hip condition and invited for ultrasonographic re-examination at 6–7 weeks of age.

Results

Type IIa hip was more common in newborn girls than in boys ( P < 0.001). Among 431 type IIa hips, 146 (34 %) missed the follow-up examination at 6–7 weeks of age. Among the completely followed 285 hips, 225 (79 %) developed into a normal hip at 6–7 weeks of age. Newborn boys’ hips had a higher rate of spontaneous normalization than girls’ hips at 6–7 weeks of age ( P = 0.006). All but one type IIa(+) hip became type I without any treatment. According to our management protocol, 35 type IIa(−) hips and one type IIa(+) hip, which later became type IIb, underwent treatment. The rate of treatment was higher in newborn girls’ hips than in boys’ hips ( P = 0.019).

Conclusions

As Graf type IIa hip is more common, has a lower rate of spontaneous normalization and higher rate of treatment in newborn girls than in boys, we recommend paying more attention the type IIa hip in newborn girls. The rate of missing the required follow-up is unacceptably high due to parents’ insensitivity regarding the type IIa hip.
Acetabular retroversion in post slipped capital femoral epiphysis deformity
Authors: Bauer Jeremy P. , Roy Dennis R. , Thomas Susan Sienko
Published: January 2013

Purpose

While the femoral deformity in post slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) hips has been implicated in the development of femoral acetabular impingement, little has been studied about the acetabular side. The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of morphologic changes suggestive of acetabular retroversion in patients who have sustained a SCFE.

Methods

IRB approval was obtained and the records of patients from 1975 to 2010 were searched for ICD-9 codes for SCFE. A total of 188 patients were identified for the study. Two observers evaluated AP radiographs for evidence of acetabular retroversion as characterized by the presence of either an ischial spine sign or a crossover sign. Demographic data, date of onset, and treatment were recorded. For analysis, the right hip was used in patients with bilateral involvement.

Results

Of the 188 patients identified, 5 patients had an incorrect diagnosis and 41 patients had missing or inadequate films, leaving 142 patients (284 hips) for review. 57 patients (114 hips) had bilateral SCFE and 85 patients had unilateral SCFE. 79 % ( n = 45) of the right hips with bilateral SCFE and 82 % ( n = 70) of the unilateral involved hips had at least one sign of retroversion. Uninvolved hips had at least one sign of retroversion 76 % ( n = 65) of the time.

Conclusions

When compared to previously published values for normal patients, patients with SCFE appear to have an increased incidence of acetabular retroversion.
Host-released dimethylsulphide activates the dinoflagellate parasitoid Parvilucifera sinerae
Authors: Garcés Esther , Alacid Elisabet , Reñé Albert , Petrou Katherina , Simó Rafel
Published: January 2013

Parasitoids are a major top-down cause of mortality of coastal harmful algae, but the mechanisms and strategies they have evolved to efficiently infect ephemeral blooms are largely unknown. Here, we show that the generalist dinoflagellate parasitoid Parvilucifera sinerae (Perkinsozoa, Alveolata) is activated from dormancy, not only by Alexandrium minutum cells but also by culture filtrates. We unequivocally identified the algal metabolite dimethylsulphide (DMS) as the density-dependent cue of the presence of potential host. This allows the parasitoid to alternate between a sporangium-hosted dormant stage and a chemically-activated, free-living virulent stage. DMS-rich exudates of resistant dinoflagellates also induced parasitoid activation, which we interpret as an example of coevolutionary arms race between parasitoid and host. These results further expand the involvement of dimethylated sulphur compounds in marine chemical ecology, where they have been described as foraging cues and chemoattractants for mammals, turtles, birds, fish, invertebrates and plankton microbes.
Spasmodic growth during the rapid solidification of undercooled Ag-Cu eutectic melts
Authors: Clopet C. R. , Cochrane R. F. , Mullis A. M.
Published: January 2013

A melt fluxing technique has been used to undercool Ag-Cu eutectic alloy by 10–70 K and the subsequent recalescence has been studied using high speed imaging. Spasmodic growth of the solidification front was observed, in which the growth front would make a series of quasi-periodic jumps separated by extended periods during which time growth appeared to arrest. Evidence of this previously unreported mode of growth is presented. The high speed images and microstructural evidence support the theory that anomalous eutectics form by the growth and subsequent remelting of eutectic dendrites.
Atomic diffusion behavior in Cu-Al explosive welding process
Authors: Chen S. Y. , Wu Z. W. , Liu K. X. , Li X. J. , Luo N. , Lu G. X.
Published: January 2013

A hybrid method is proposed to study atomic diffusion behavior in Cu-Al explosive welding process. The method combines molecular dynamics simulation and classical diffusion theory. Cu-Al explosive welding and scanning electron microscope experiments are done to verify the method. Using the method, we find that the atomic diffusion mostly takes place in the unloading stage of the welding process. The diffusion coefficients are collision velocity-dependent, with higher velocities generating larger coefficients. When there is no transverse velocity, the diffusion coefficient is directly proportional to the longitudinal velocity. With the longitudinal velocity fixed, the diffusion coefficient is proportional to the square of the transverse velocity. The thickness of the diffusion layer is calculated from the simulation result, and it is in good agreement with the experiment result.
W(310) cold-field emission characteristics reflecting the vacuum states of an extreme high vacuum electron gun
Authors: Cho Boklae , Shigeru Kokubo , Oshima Chuhei
Published: January 2013

An extremely high vacuum cold-field electron emission (CFE) gun operating at pressures ranging from ∼10−8 Pa to ∼10−10 Pa was constructed. Only the CFE current emitting from W(310) surfaces revealed the existence of a “stable region” with high current angular density just after tip flash heating. In the “stable region,” the CFE current was damped very slowly. The presence of non-hydrogen gas eliminated this region from the plot. Improvement of the vacuum prolonged the 90% damping time of the CFE current from ∼10 min to 800 min. The current angular density I′ of CFE current was 60 and 250 μA/sr in the “stable region” for total CFE currents of 10 and 50 μA, respectively. These results were about three times larger than I′ when measured after the complete damping of the CFE current. The CFE gun generated bright scanning transmission electron microscopy images of a carbon nanotube at 30 kV.
Effect of grain boundaries on thermal transport in graphene
Authors: Serov Andrey Y. , Ong Zhun-Yong , Pop Eric
Published: January 2013

We investigate the influence of grain boundaries (GBs), line defects (LDs), and chirality on thermal transport in graphene using non-equilibrium Green's functions. At room temperature, the ballistic thermal conductance is ∼4.2 GW m−2 K−1, and single GBs or LDs yield transmission from 50% to 80% of this value. LDs with carbon atom octagon defects have lower thermal transmission than that of GBs with pentagon and heptagon defects. We apply our findings to study the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline graphene for practical applications, and find that the type and size of GBs play an important role when grain sizes are smaller than a few hundred nanometers.
Dielectric and transport properties of bismuth sulfide prepared by solid state reaction method
Authors: Ahmad Mushtaq , Rafiq M. A. , Rasool Kamran , Imran Zahid , Hasan M. M.
Published: January 2013

We report synthesis of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) via conventional solid state reaction method at low temperature ∼150 °C and ambient pressure. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the orthorhombic phase of prepared material. Transmission electron microscope images revealed the formation of nanorods having diameter ∼20 nm and length ∼100 nm to ∼150 nm. Impedance and modulus plane plots from 20 Hz to 2 MHz show presence of bulk and grain boundary phases in Bi2S3 at each measurement temperature from 310 K to 400 K. An equivalent circuit model comprised of two resistance–R and constant phase element-Q (RQ) loops in series explains the electrical parameters (resistance and capacitance) and relaxation processes coupled with grains and grain boundaries. The conduction in Bi2S3 obeyed adiabatic small polaron hopping model. High and temperature dependent dielectric constant was observed in Bi2S3 suggesting it as an efficient material to be used in capacitive energy storage devices.