bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Revision of the Ant Genus Rhytidoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in New Caledonia
Authors: Ward PS
Published: June 2005

In this revision of the genus Rhytidoponera on the island of New Caledonia, 18 species are recognized: seven previously described taxa (acanthoponeroides Viehmeyer, atropurpurea Emery, fulgens Emery, numeensis Andre, pulchella Emery, versicolor Brown, and wilsoni Brown) and 11 new species (aquila sp.nov., arborea sp.nov., depilis sp.nov., insularis sp.nov., koumensis sp.nov., litoralis sp.nov., luteipes sp.nov., mimica sp.nov., nitidiventris sp.nov., opaciventris sp.nov., and terrestris sp.nov.). All of these species are endemic (except perhaps terrestris, for which there is a questionable record from Vanuatu), and they segregate into four species-groups: acanthoponeroides group (one species), fulgens group (four species), numeensis group (three species) and pulchella group (ten species). Alate queens have not been found in any species, suggesting that colonies are entirely worker-reproductive. The behaviour and nest architecture of species in the pulchella group indicates specialization as foliage-foragers on understorey and forest edge vegetation, in contrast to the ground-foraging tendencies of the remaining species. Some pulchella-group species are involved in mimicry complexes with other ants and other foliage- frequenting arthropods. Closely related species of New Caledonian Rhytidoponera are usually distributed allopatrically, and conspecific populations exhibit a wide range of morphological differentiation.
The Life Cycle and Morphology of Tetracerasta Blepta, Gen. Et Sp. Nov., And Stegodexamene Callista, Sp. Nov. (Trematoda: Lepocreadiidae) From the Long-Finned Eel, Anguilla Reinhardtii Steindachner.
Authors: Watson RA
Published: June 2005

Two new lepocreadiid digeneans, Tetracerasta blepta, gen. sp. nov., and Stegodexamene callista, sp. nov., are described from the intestine of the long-finned freshwater eel, Anguilla reinhardtii, in the Brisbane River, Queensland, and from the Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, in the Richmond River in New South Wales. Their life cycles have been elucidated and completed in the laboratory, by means of uninfected hosts. Both lepocreadiid species use the prosobranch gastropod, Posticobia brazieri, as their first intermediate host. Cercariae of T. blepta penetrate and encyst in the pharyngeal muscle, external muscle, and viscera of fishes in the genera Gobiomorphus and Hypseleotris, and in several species of tree frog tadpoles. The cercariae of S. callista are often eaten or accidentally inhaled by several small fishes, including Retropinna, Craterocephalus, Pseudomugiland Ambasszs, and encyst in the pharyngeal muscle and viscera. All developmental stages are described and illustrated.
Further Studies of Lung Parasites (Nematoda) From Australian Marsupials.
Authors: Spratt DM
Published: June 2005

Seven new taxa in two families of metastrongyloid nematodes are described from the lungs of five host
species belonging to the Dasyuridae, Phalangeridae and Macropodidae. Filaroides (Filaroides)
athertonensis, sp. nov., (Filaroididae) is described from Thylogale stigmatica Gould in north Queensland.
The following species of Marsupostrongylus Mackerras & Sandars, 1953, (Angiostrongylidae) are
described as new: M. parallelus, sp. nov., from Satanellus hallucatus (Could) in the Northern Territory;
M. pseudominesi, sp. nov., from Trichosurus vulpecula johnstonii (Ramsay) in north Queensland; M.
vandiemeni, sp. nov., from macro pus rufogriseus rufogriseus (Desmarest) in Tasmania; and M.
wallabiae, sp. nov., from Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest) and Macropus rufogriseus banksianus (Quoy &
Gaimard) in New South Wales. To the formerly monotypic genus Filostrongylus Mackenas, 1955,
(Angiostrongylidae) is added F. tridendriticus, sp. nov., described from Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr) in
Tasmania. The genus Cosmostrongylus (Angiostrongylidae) is described as new, with a single species C.
conspectus, sp. nov., from Thylogale stigmatica Gould in north Queensland. Durikainema sp.
(Muspiceoidea: Robertdollfusidae) is diagnosed in histological sections of the lungs of Phascolarctos
cinereus (Goldfuss), Macropus agilis (Could) and M. giganteus Shaw.
Keys to the genera of lung parasites and to all species of Filaroides, Marsupostrongylus and
Filostrongylus known from Australian marsupials, new host and new geographic records of known taxa,
and a host-parasite list of lung parasites of Australian marsupials, including those known only from
histological sections of lung tissue, are provided.
The Macropodid Oesophagus. Iii. Observations on the Nematode Parasites.
Authors: Obendorf DL
Published: June 2005

Large populations of Cyclostrongylus and Spirostrongylus spp. (Pharyngostrongylinea) were found in the oesophagus of macropodid species with papillated (Macropus agilis, M. eugenii, M. irma and Wallabia bicolor) or laminated (M. rufogriseus) oesophageal linings. These nematodes possessed specialized adaptations of their outer cuticle and adopted body conformations which were instrumental in holding them in close association with the oesophageal lining. Site preference of these nematodes was investigated in 3 macropodid species. All species of Cyclostrongylus and Spirostrongylus examined in this study appear to feed on the plaque of bacteria adherent to the lining of the oesophagus. Species of Woodwardostrongylus (Pharyngostongylinea) and Gongylonema (Spiruroidea), were found in the oesophageal epithelium of several macropodid species irrespective of the type of oesophageal lining. Records of Woodwardostrongylus in Petrogale brachyotis, Peradorcas concinna and M. bernardus and of C. wallabiae in M. irma, represent new host records.
The Species of the Genus Illiesoperla McLellan (Insecta: Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae)
Authors: Theischinger G
Published: June 2005

Five new species of Illiesoperla are described and figured. Descriptive history, additional diagnostic characters and illustrations are given for all previously known species. I, perkinsi McLellan is regarded as a junior synonym of I, mayi (Perkins). I. tasmanica McLellan is considered a senior synonym of Trinotoperla agricola Hynes and transferred to Trinotoperla. The following taxa are recognized: genus and subgenus Illiesoperla McLellan, Illiesoperla (I.) australis (Tillyard), I. (I.) austrosimplex, sp. nov., I. (I.) barbara, sp. nov., I. (I.) brevicauda, sp. nov., I. (I.) carnarvonensis, sp. nov., I. (I.) cerberus Theischinger, I. (I.) echidna, sp. nov., I. (I.)franzeni (Perkins), I. (I.) mayi (Perkins), I. (I.) tropica Theischinger; subgenus Tonyoperla Theischinger, I. (T.) frazieri Theischinger. Three species-groups, considered as monophyletic, are defined and proposed for the subdivision of Illiesoperla, s. str.: australis group, franzeni group, mayi group. A key is presented for the adults of all species, and the mature larvae-as far as distinguishable at the present-are compared.
Haematology and Blood Chemistry of the Conscious Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw) (Monotremata: Ornithorhynchidae)
Authors: Whittington RJ , Grant TR
Published: June 2005

Blood was collected from a bill sinus of nine conscious adult platypuses, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, caught in south-eastem New South Wales. Sexual dimorphisms were not found in the haematological and serum biochemical values measured. Results were compared with those obtained earlier from anaesthetized platypuses: ether anaethesia did not affect red cell parameters and the majority of biochemical values measured. It did, however, cause significant leukocytosis due to neutrophilia and monocytosis. The mean total leukocyte count in conscious platypuses was 28.63 X 10*9.1-�. The unusually high urea levels and low creatinine levels found in anaesthetized platypus were confirmed in this study (31.5 mmol.l-� and 26 �mol.l-� respectively). High values for erythrocyte count (9.96 X 10*12.l-�), packed cell volume (0.491.l-�) and haemoglobin (190 g.l-�) were found in conscious platypuses, confirming earlier findings and supporting the view that the erythrocyte parameters of the platypus show significant adaptations to hypoxia.
Changes in the Male Reproductive Organs of the Dugong, Dugong dugon (Sirenia: Dugondidae) with Age and Reproductive Activity
Authors: Marsh H , Heinsohn GE , Glover TD
Published: June 2005

The anatomy and histology of the male reproductive tract of the dugong (Dugong dugon) is described. Each testis and its adjacent epididymis lie immediately caudal to the corresponding kidney. The seminal vesicles are large but there is no discrete prostate gland and the bulbo-urethral glands are also diffuse. Both qualitative and quantitative examination of the testes and epididymides of 59 males whose ages have been estimated from tusk dentinal growth layer counts indicate that the male dugong does not produce spermatozoa continuously, despite the absence of a distinct breeding season. Individual dugongs were observed with testes at all stages between complete quiescence and full spermatogenesis, and only 10 of the 40 mature males had fully spermatogenic testes and epididymides packed with spermatozoa. Androgenic and spermatogenic activity of the testes appeared to be in phase, but the testicular histology of some old males suggested that they may have been sterile for long periods.
Effect of Melatonin on the Adrenl and Gonad of the Common Mynah Acridtheres tristis
Authors: Chaturvedi CM
Published: June 2005

Exogenous intraperitoneal administration of melatonin (10 �g per day for 30 days) during peak activity phase ofthe annual reproductive cycle caused atrophy of the adrenal and gonad in the common mynah, Acridotheres tristis. The adrenal activity was assessed by weight, histology, cortical cord width, cortico-medullary ratio and total cholesterol content; the gonadal activity by weight, histology, cytometric measurements (seminiferous tubule, Leydig cell nuclei and follicular diameter) and total cholesterol content. Single injection of 300 and 600 �g melatonin suppressed the activity of the adrenal as well as the gonad via the neuro-endocrine complex to the same extent as did the daily injections. The present study suggests that melatonin may influence the adrenal and the reproduction of seasonally breeding subtropical common mynahs, although in birds the extent and nature of melatonin control is not yet clear.
Distribution, Morphology and Life History of the Millipede Ommatoiulus Moreletii (Diplopoda: Iulidae) in Portugal and Comparisons With Australian Populations.
Authors: Baker GH
Published: June 2005

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Descriptions of the Larvae of Six Australian Species of Chrysopa Leach, S.l. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).
Authors: Boros CB
Published: June 2005

The larvae of Chrysopa ramburi Schneider, C. tripunctata McLachlan, C. signata Schneider, C. innotata Walker, C. edwardsi Banks and C, traviata Banks are described and a key is given for distinguishing them. The effect of temperature and diet on the extent and intensity of cuticular and subcutaneous pigmentation is discussed.
Australian and New Guinea Species of the Forcipomyia Subgenus Euprojoannisia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).
Authors: Debenham ML , Wirth WW
Published: June 2005

The flower-visiting species of the Forcipomyia subgenus Euprojoannisia are known to be significant pollinators of cacao, and possibly also of other commercial crops such as rubber and avocado. The subgenus, although recorded from New Guinea, has not previously been recognised in Australia. The present study shows that three Forcipomyia described by Skuse in 1889-subnitida, saltivaga and aequalis-are species of Euprojoannisia, and that two species described from the Oriental Region and New Guinea, sauteri Kieffer, 1912 and fuscimanus (Kieffer, 1921), also occur in Australia. A further six species, vandiemeni, bellerophon, dycei, deucalionis, galeata and sagittarius, are described from Australia, one-calamistrata-from Australia and Papua, and one-iaculum-from New Guinea. The recorded biology of the subgenus is surveyed, and the possible origins of the Australian fauna discussed.
Coprophagy and Selective Retention of Fluid Digesta: Their Role in the Nutrition of the Common Ringtail Possum, Pseudocheirus Peregrinus.
Authors: Chilcott MJ , Hume ID
Published: June 2005

In ringtail possums, Pseudocheirus peregrinus, fed a sole diet of Eucalyptus andrewsii foliage the mean retention time of the fluid marker 51Cr-EDTA in the gut (63 � 2 h) was longer (P< 0.002) than that of the particulate marker 103Ru-phenanthroline (35 � 2 h), indicating selective retention of fluid digesta in the caecum. In addition, the ringtail was observed to be coprophagic. The form of coprophagy was determined to be caecotrophy; hard faeces produced during the dark (foraging) phase were not eaten, but soft faeces produced during the light (resting) phase were taken directly from the cloaca. Soft faeces, collected when coprophagy was prevented by a plastic collar, were high in water and nitrogen content, and low in fibre relative to hard faeces. Coprophagy contributed 254 kJ.kg-0.75.d-� to total energy intake (equivalent to 58% of digestible energy intake), and 570 mg nitrogen per kg-0.75per day, twice the main- tenance nitrogen requirement. It was concluded that coprophagy was an important factor in explaining the ringtail possum's low requirement for nitrogen and its ability to subsist on a sole diet of Eucalyptus foliage.
An Immunological Perspective on Evolutionary Relationships in Australian Frogs of the Hylid Genus Cyclorana
Authors: Maxson LR , Ondrula DP , Tyler MJ
Published: June 2005

Detailed morphological studies as well as recent biochemical analyses have demonstrated substantial differentiation within the widespread Australian hylid frog genus Cyclorana. To further investigate species relationships within Cyclorana, supplemental immunological studies were performed. Serum albumins of 10 species of Cyclorana and three species of the related hylid genus Litoria were compared by means of the quantitative micro-complement fixation technique. This analysis suggests that there are three Cyclorana lineages: C. maini, C. cultripes, C. brevipes and C. longipes forming one cluster, C. australis clustering with L. alboguttata, and C. platycephalus. All species of Cyclorana studied, as well as L. alboguttata, are genetically closest to, but distinct from, species in the L. aurea species-group.
Studies on the Epidermis of Temnocephala Vii.* The Basal Region, with Comments on 'Membrane Flow'
Authors: Williams JB
Published: June 2005

Tubular infoldings of the plasmalemma, and other basal structures in the epidermis of Temnocephala novaezealandiae, are described. At times, the tubular invaginations are greatly elaborated, resulting in a considerably increased plasmalemmal area; also, complex lateral interdigitations occur at the boundaries of the differentiated syncytial epithelia. Many mitochondria are associated with the elaborated membrane. These modifications suggest an enhanced ion transport across the epidermis, and the epidermis is assumed to function in combination with the protonephridial tubules in ionic regulation. Other cytoplasmic structures are correlated with the enhanced plasma membrane, indicating possible pathways of membraneogenesis. Return to the normal epidermal cytomorphology evidently entails a large-scale disassembly of plasma membranes.
Protein and Energy Requirements and Deposition in the Growing Brushtail Possum and Rex Rabbit.
Authors: Harris PM , Dellow DW , Broadhurst RB
Published: June 2005

Nitrogen and energy requirements of the growing brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula and the Rex rabbit were studied by means of growth, balance and calorimetry techniques in 2 trials. The maintenance requirements of apparently digestible N were estimated from balance as being 358 and 442 mg/kg0.75 daily for the possums and rabbit, respectively. The standard metabolic rates were 200 and 359 kJ/kg0.75 daily; requirements of apparently digestible energy for maintenance were 370 and 480 kJ/kg daily. The possums grew more slowly over the same weight range as the rabbits and deposited a greater proportion of their gain as fat. At the end of both trials the possums had a greater proportion of carcass fat than the rabbits, and both experimental groups of rabbits and possums were fatter than feral possums of the same weight.
A Demographic and Gentic Study of House Mice, Mus musulus, Colonizing Pasture Haystacks on a Cereal Farm
Authors: Singleton GR
Published: June 2005

Demographic and genetic parameters were used to compare mice colonizing new ryegrass haystacks and mice captured in nearby fields. Two of the haystacks were exclusion-fenced, and mice were caught in entry and exit traps. Some mice moved repeatedly into and out of the fenced haystacks. Of those that left, 54% of males and 61% of females re-entered. There were no differences in age structure, sex or mean weight of those colonizers that permanently left the fenced haystacks and those that left and re-entered. During the 19-month study the colonizers appeared to represent a random set of individuals from the surrounding population. Colonizers of the haystacks survived longer and bred much better than mice in the surrounding fields. Overall, the haystacks provided an important refuge for mice when breeding and survival in neighbouring cereal crops and crop margins were severely reduced.
Interspecific Variation in the Response of Drosophila to Chemicals and Fruit Odours in a Wind Tunnel.
Authors: Hoffmann AA
Published: June 2005

The responses of four Drosophila species (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. immigrans, D. lativittata) to chemicals were tested in a wind tunnel. Methanol, isopropanol and butanol were unattractive, but there was interspecific variation for four of the five chemicals (ethanol, n-propanol, methyl acetate, acetic acid, acetaldehyde) which were attractants. The responses of these species to four fruit odours (apple, plum, peach, lemon) indicated that D. immigrans preferred lemon odours more than did the other species. The relative attraction of D. immigrans to the other fruit odours depended on the combination in which they were presented. These results are compared with earlier findings from Y-tube olfactometers, and their relevance to differential resource attraction in the wild is discussed.
The Identification of Root-Feeding Cockchafer Larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Found in Pastures in Tasmania.
Authors: Mcquillan PB
Published: June 2005

Descriptions are provided for the final-instar larvae of the following species of Scarabaeidae, which live and feed in the root zone of pastures in Tasmania. Dynastinae: Cheiroplatys latipes (Guerin-Meneville), Pimelopus nothus Burmeister and Adoryphorus couloni (Burmeister). Rutelinae: Saulostomus villosus Waterhouse and Anoplognathus suturalis Boisduval. Melolonthinae: Phyllotocus macleayi Fischer, P. bimaculatus Erichson, P. nigripennis Lea, P. rufipennis (Boisduval), Automolus depressus (Blanchard), Colpochila obesa Boisduval, Liparetrus sp., Telura sp., T. vitticollis Erichson, Scitala sericans Erichson, Sericesthis nigra (Lea), S. nigrolineata (Boisduval), Diphucephala colaspidoides (Gyllenhal), D. smaragdula Boisduval and Heteronyx tasmanicus Blackburn. Keys are also provided which enable the species to be distinguished from each other by means of features generally visible at low magni- fication.
A Revision of the Australian Species of Exorista Meigen, With Notes on the Other Genera of Australian Exoristini (Diptera: Tachinidae).
Authors: Cantrell BK
Published: June 2005

The Australian species of Exorista Meigen are revised and the genus redescribed from these species. E. auriceps Macquart is confirmed as a synonym of E.flaviceps Macquart, and E. mungomeryi (Baranov) is synonymized with E. curriei (Curran). E. quadriseta (Baranov) is recorded from Australia for the first time. A new species is described below as E. norrisi, but five other species are left unnamed until further material is available. A key to the 14 species known in Australia is provided. Knowledge of the remaining seven genera of Exoristini in Australia is insufficient for their detailed treatment but pertinent comments on each are given. The presence of Phorinia Robineau-Desvoidy in Australia is confirmed. A partial list of the distinguishing features of the Exoristini is included.
Field Energetics and Water Balance of Sugar Gliders, Petaurus Breviceps (Marsupialia:Petauridae).
Authors: Nagy KA , Suckling GC
Published: June 2005

Doubly labelled water measurements in free-ranging sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) weighing 121 g indicated that field metabolic rates (FMRS) averaged 62.5 litres CO2/kg daily, equivalent to 169 kJ per animal daily (3.8 times basal metabolic rate). The females, most of which had small pouch young, weighed significantly less than males (112 g compared with 135 g), but mass-specific FMRS did not differ significantly between sexes. Rates of water influx (mass-specific) also did not differ between sexes, and were 208 ml/kg daily. The diet consisted of about two-thirds acacia gum, one-third mixed arthropods and traces of bark (on a dry mass basis). Apparent assimilation of dietary substances was 88% for DM, 89% for energy, 86% for nitrogen and 61% for water. Gliders consumed 11.2 g DM of food daily. The diet contained 44% water (fresh mass basis), and provided about half of the water gliders obtained. The other half presumably was ingested as rainwater. In comparison with the ecologically similar Leadbeater's possums (129 g), sugar gliders had lower metabolic rates while active outside their nests (17.4 compared with 31.4 kJ/h for the possums), primarily because possums spent energy for activity 2.5 times faster than did sugar gliders. This suggests that gliding affords sugar gliders a considerable energetic saving, but portion of time abroad spent foraging and resting, and distribution, abundance and predictability of food resources may also account for this difference.
On the Reproductive Cycles of Lampropholis guichenoti and L. delicata (Squamata: Scincidae) in the Sydney Region
Authors: Joss JMP , Minard JA
Published: June 2005

The reproductive cycles of L. delicata and L. guichenoti were investigated in the Sydney region. It was found that L. delicata produces a single clutch of 2-4 eggs per year whereas L. guichenoti can produce two clutches of 2-4 eggs each in years of good rainfall. Males of both species have two periods of spermatogenic activity, providing mature sperm for a spring and a summer mating. Mating follows oviposition in late summer and the females store sperm for fertilizing the eggs ovulated the following spring.
Parasitic Wasps of the Proctotrupoid Complex: a New Family From Australia and a Key to World Families (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea Sensu Lato).
Authors: Naumann ID , Masner L
Published: June 2005

A new family Peradeniidae is proposed for Peradenia, gen. nov., comprising P, clavipes, sp. nov. and P. micranepsia, sp. nov. from south-eastern Australia. Peradeniidae is assigned to the proctotrupoid complex of parasitic wasps, as the sister group of the Heloridae. Extant proctotrupoid families of the world are compared with respect to 43 morphological and biological characters, and an illustrated key to families is provided.
The Species of the Australian Stonefly Genus Riekoperla McLellan ( Insecta: Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae)
Authors: Theischinger G
Published: June 2005

A systematic account is presented ofthe species of Riekoperla McLellan. To the 13 previously described species and subspecies, which are all considered valid, 14 new species are added: Riekoperla angusta, R. barringtonensis, R. citrea, R. compressa, R. cornuta, R. elongata, R. hynesorum, R. intermedia, R. isosceles, R. montana, R. perkinsi, R. serrata, R. trapeza, and R. zwicki. All new species and the hitherto undescribed male of Riekoperla reticulata (Kimmins) are described in detail. Descriptive history and additional information are given for the previously known taxa. Genital structures of all species and larval characters of some species are illustrated. These features suggest a subdivision of Riekoperla into four species-groups.
Numerical Changes and Resource Utilization in Orchard Populations of Drosophila.
Authors: Nielsen KM , Hoffmann AA
Published: June 2005

Drosophila were collected monthly at a south-east Australian orchard site over 30 months. D, melanogaster was predominant in spring-summer, D. simulans in autumn, and D. immigrans in winter. These seasonal changes are consistent with trends described in an earlier study by McKenzie and Parsons (1974). Numbers of the endemic species D. lativittata tended to follow those of D. melanogaster. Comparisons of numbers of each species with environmental variables indicate that D. melanogaster is positively correlated, and D. immigrans negatively correlated, with temperature parameters. D. simulans and D. lativittata numbers were independent of all climatic variables tested. These associations are consistent with collections by McKenzie and Parsons (1974) from an orchard site, but not from their suburban sites. The associations of numbers of adults of each species with climatic variables are only in partial agreement with results from laboratory experiments on stress in adults. Sampling within the orchard indicates that D. melanogaster and D. simulans are differentially associated with fruit resources at both adult and larval stages, with D. melanogaster predominating on peach resources.
Functional-Morphology of the Vertebral Column of Thylacoleo-Carnifex Owen (Thylacoleonidae, Marsupialia)
Authors: Finch ME , Freedman L
Published: June 2005

The vertebral column of Thylacoleo carnifex has been described pictorially, metrically and in text. The column was then analysed by the models of Slijper (1946). Functional comparisons were made with Panthera leo and phylogenetic affinities with Trichosurus vulpecula were investigated. The analysis revealed that head- sacrum length in Thylacoleo was about three-quarters of that in Panthera and three times that in Trichosurus. Relative to trunk length, cervical, thoracic and lumbar lengths in Thylacoleo were similar to those of the lion but different from those of the possum. The Thylacoleo skull and sacrum were relatively longer than those of the possum and the lion. The shape of the sagittal stress curve, the analysis of neural spine lengths and angulations, and the orientations of the zygapophyseal articulations of Thylacoleo suggested the following: the heavy head was supported on a long neck, which revealed little sagittal bending stress and was equipped with relatively high neural spines. T1-3 spines were especially long and stout, and also caudally inclined. These features suggest strong ligamentous and muscular support and considerable mobility of the neck. Although the sacrum was long and robust, implying powerful hindlimbs, the lumbar sagittal stress curve did not show the high values expected, probably due to the counterbalancing effect of the long muscular tail, implied by the large caudal vertebrae.
Thermoregulation, Oxygen-Consumption and Water Turnover in Stubble Quail, Coturnix-Pectoralis, and King Quail, Coturnix-Chinensis
Authors: Roberts JR , Baudinette RV
Published: June 2005

Stubble quail occur in more arid areas of Australia than king quail; however, the rates of metabolism and the ability to regulate body temperature in response to varying ambient temperature are similar in both birds, and resemble those of other quail species. At high ambient temperatures, rates of heat loss mediated by evaporative water loss are lower than those previously reported for more xerophilic species. Overall rates of water turnover and evaporative water loss at lower ambient temperatures are at the lower end of the range predicted for birds.
Diversity, Seasonality and Community Organization of Ants at Adjacent Heath and Woodland Sites in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Andersen AN
Published: June 2005

Adjacent heath and woodland sites at Wilsons Promontory in Victoria support at least 50 species of ants, with the most abundant being Rhytidoponera victoriae, Iridomyrmex spp. (nitidiceps group), Notoncus hickmani, Aphaenogaster longiceps, Camponotus ?intrepidus and Plagiolepis sp. Total numbers of individuals and species in the woodland were twice that in the heath; this was probably caused by the greater structural complexity of vegetation there, which increased the availability of nesting and foraging sites, the level of insolation of the ground, and possibly also food supply. Total ant activity followed seasonal cycles which correlated with changes in temperature and probably also food supply, and, within these constraints, was regulated by prevailing weather conditions. Individual species displayed distinctive foraging schedules which possibly play an important role in species coexistence. Community organization is analysed according to a scheme derived from studies of ants in arid Australia, where taxa are classified according to their physical requirements and their relationships with dominant species. Although the major species in the present study were separated by differences in body size, food type, and time of foraging, interspecific competition appears to be less important than it is in arid regions. At both sites, opportunistic species (Rhytidoponera) predominated, cryptic species (those associated with soil and litter, such as Plagiolepis sp. and Solenopsis sp.) were abundant, and Iridomyrmex appeared to have a relatively weak influence on the abundance of other ants. This contrasts with the situation in arid regions, where species of Iridomyrmex are extremely important, and opportunistic and cryptic species are often rare or absent.
Numerical Taxonomy of Australian Species of 9 Genera of Scolopendrid Centipedes (Chilopoda, Scolopendridae)
Authors: Koch LE , Colless DH
Published: June 2005

Data on 32 characters of each of 35 Australian species in nine scolopendrid genera (Scolopendrinae: Arthrorhabdus, Asanada, Colobopleurus, Cormocephalus, Notiasemus, Scolopendra; Otostigminae: Ethmostigmus, Otostigmus, Rhysida) are analysed by means of various numerical procedures (Phenetic: principal components, nearest and furthest neighbour, WPGMA, UPGMA, a new 'variable' method, PHD, minimum spanning tree, three types of consensus trees, CRAMER; Cladistic: Wagner trees, Farris optimization, ADTREE). A few scolopendrine species form a 'primitive' cluster with the outgroup, Cryptopidae. The species inermis is removed from Cormocephalus and reinstated in its original genus Cupipes. Colobopleurus inopinatus groups inseparably in Cormocephalus and is transferred to it. Arthrorhabdus mjobergi often links with Scolopendra and consistently separates widely from A. paucispinus, which is similar to extralimital members of the genus. With the above provisos, the various species generally group together in their currently recognized genera, and Scolopendra (two species) and Cormocephalus, sensu lato (17 species) emerge as particularly 'strong' genera. Cormocephalus, as in previous analyses, tends to have subgroups of varying degrees of consistency but these are considered inadequately robust to warrant receiving formal subgeneric status. The three otostigmine genera are 'strong' and cluster near each other: Rhysida and Otostigmus are particularly 'good' genera; Ethmostigmus has two consistently strong segments. The cladograms are, as usual, highly asymmetrical (pectinate) at upper levels. They provide a putative evolutionary tree, but a very unsatisfactory basis for a 'phylogenetic' classification.
Digital Microstructure in Ecologically Diverse Sympatric Microhylid Frogs, Genera Cophixalus and Sphenophryne (Amphibia, Anura), From Papua-New-Guinea
Authors: Green DM , Simon MP
Published: June 2005

The extent of development of digital adhesive toe-pads in sympatric species of microhylid frogs, Cophixalus and Sphenophryne, correlates with the degree of arboreality exhibited by the species. The same basic structures and cell types are found in the toe-pads of these microhylid frogs as are found in other arboreal and semi- arboreal frogs of many diverse evolutionary lineages. A variety of types of cell surface, with unknown functional significance but potential systematic use, are found on the feet of these frogs. Allometric increase in adhesive-pad area in larger species is by widening of the toe-pad, as opposed to acquisition of accessory pads as in some hylid tree frogs.
Nitrogen-Metabolism in the Parma Wallaby, Macropus-Parma
Authors: Hume ID
Published: June 2005

The maintenance nitrogen requirement of the parma wallaby, Macropus parma, was found to be 566 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a dietary basis, and 477 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a truly digestible basis. This is similar to that of the red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis, another small wallaby which occupies a similar moist forest habitat, but much higher than (at least double) those of four other macropodid marsupials, all of which are from less mesic environments, that have been studied. Urea recycling decreased in response to water restriction in M. parma; in other published reports urea recycling did not change in T. thetis when water intake was restricted, but in three arid-adapted eutherian herbivores it increased. Voluntary intakes of dry matter and water by M. parma wefe also similar to those published for T. thetis, but higher than those of other macropodid species. These results support the hypothesis that within the Macropodidae nutrient requirements are linked closely with preferred habitat, regardless of phylogeny.
Preliminary Microscopic Investigations of the Digesta Derived From Foliage of Eucalyptus-Ovata (Labill) in the Digestive-Tract of the Common Ringtail Possum, Pseudocheirus-Peregrinus (Marsupialia)
Authors: Obrien TP , Lomdahl A , Sanson G
Published: June 2005

A method is described that stabilizes vacuolar tannins in unchewed leaves of Eucalyptus ovata. This method, with light microscopy and electron microscopy, was used to study the fate of digesta in the gut of the common ringtail possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus. Normal animals (fed fresh foliage and practising coprophagy) were compared with animals denied access either to fresh foliage or to soft faecal pellets in the week before they were killed. Both manipulations appear to disturb gut function and create a need for caution in interpreting the observations. Nonetheless the results demonstrate some tanning of leaf cytoplasts in the ringtail possum, but the quantitative significance of the dietary losses so incurred is difficult to estimate. Partial digestion of cell walls and tanned cytoplasts occurs in the caecum, where massive populations of micro-organisms become attached to digestion-resistant tissue components. These 'microbial rafts' are reingested as soft pellets by coprophagy and the bacteria largely digested.
A Revision of the Subfamily Microscaphidiinae (Platyhelminthes, Digenea, Microscaphidiidae) Parasitic in Marine Turtles (Reptilia, Chelonia)
Authors: Blair D
Published: June 2005

A revision of the subfamily Microscaphidiinae Looss, 1900 is presented and characters of taxonomic significance discussed. The genus Microscaphidium Looss, 1900, contains M. reticulare (van Beneden, 1859) Looss, 1901 (synonyms M. japonicum Oguro, 1941; M. caballeroi Groschaft, 1977); M. aberrans Looss, 1902 (synonym M. reticulare in part); and M, warui, sp. nov. Confusion in the literature over the identities of M. reticulare and M. aberrans is discussed. A neotype is selected for the former species and a lectotype for the latter. Polyangium linguatula (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1902 (synonyms P. miyajimai Kobayashi, 1921; P. colymbi Poche, 1925; P. longiseminale Chattopadhyaya, 1972) is the sole species in Polyangium Looss, 1902. The genus Angiodictyum Looss, 1902 contains A. parallelum (Looss, 1901) Looss, 1902; A. posterovitellatum Chattopadhyaya, 1972; A. longum, sp, nov.; A. glossoides, sp. nov. Polygorgyra, gen. nov., is proposed for P. cholados, sp. nov. Microscaphidium chelonei Chattopadhyaya, 1972 nec Mehrotra, 1973 and Angiodictyum anteroporum Chattopadhyaya, 1972 are regarded as species inquirendae. Microscaphidium chelonei Mehrotra, 1973 nec Chattopadhyaya, 1972 is a nomen nudum. The following species are recorded for the first time from the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (L.) in Australian waters: Microscaphidium reticulare; M. aberrans; M. warui; Angiodictyum posterovitellatum; A. longum; Polygorgyra cholados.
A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Mirobaeoides Dodd (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae)
Authors: Austin AD
Published: June 2005

The genus Mirobaeoides Dodd is revised. Ten species are described as new and M. tasmanicus Dodd and M. ater (Hickman) are redescribed. A key to separate these species and information on their relationships, distribution and biology is presented. The Tribe Idrini Kozlov is synonymized with Baeini Ashmead.
The Dietary Energy and Nitrogen Requirements of the Gray-Headed Flying Fox, Pteropus-Poliocephalus (Temminck) (Megachiroptera)
Authors: Steller DC
Published: June 2005

The maintenance energy (MER) and nitrogen (MNR) requirements of Pteropus poliocephalus were determined from a series of feeding trials with artificial diets. The low basal metabolic rate (BMR: 225 kJ.kg-0.75.d-') of this bat is associated with a low MNR (457 mg. kg-0.75.d-') but does not reflect a low MER (667 kJ.kg-0.75.d-'). From flight data of Carpenter and the MER from this study, a minimal field energy budget was calculated to be 944 kJ. .d-'. This value is high compared to that of microchiropteran bats. Studies of the digestibility of two fruit diets, native fig and apple, showed that more energy than nitrogen was apparently absorbed. The latter is a limiting nutrient in the apple diet, so that 3.2 times as much dry matter must be consumed in order to meet the nitrogen requirement as for the field energy requirement. It is postulated that the low BMR and low MNR are associated with an interrupted or restricted source of dietary nitrogen. A high MER may provide a means by which surplus energy is dissipated as heat. An ititake of excess energy in order to meet nitrogen requirements also explains how P. poliocephalus can afford a high field energy budget.
Effect of Temperature Upon Energy Reserves of the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus-Plexippus (L) (Lepidoptera, Danaidae)
Authors: James DG
Published: June 2005

The effects of three day temperatures (high, 36 � 1�C; medium, 20-30�C; low, 10-18�C) on lipid accumulation and lean dry weights of monarch butterflies when night temperatures are <10�C are described. Reproductively dormant monarchs accumulated lipid when held at high or low daily temperatures. Lipid accumulated until day 15 and then diminished. Lipids were not stored at medium temperatures. Reproductively active butterflies did not store lipid. Lean dry weights of reproductively dormant monarchs pre-treated with low temperatures were higher than those of other groups. These data, together with information on other aspects of monarch winter biology, suggest that behavioural modification of body temperature is important in energy reserve storage.
A Review of Demarziella Balthasar, With a Transfer From Aphodiinae to Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Matthews EG , Stebnicka Z
Published: June 2005

Demarziella Balthasar, 1961, forming the basis of the Australian tribe Demarziellini Balthasar of the Aphodiinae, is shown to belong to the Scarabaeinae, tribe Coprini, and to be the senior synonym of Notopedaria Matthews, 1976. All specific names in Notopedaria must be transferred to Demarziella with the establishment of the following synonymies: N. occidentalis Matthews, 1976 = D. mirifica Balthasar, 1961; D. setosa Balthasar, 1967 = N. interrupta (Carter), 1936; N. tuberculata Matthews, 1976 = D. costata Petrovitz, 1975 = D. imitatrix Balthasar, 1967; D. umbilicata Petrovitz, 1975 = D. proxima Petrovitz, 1963 = N. geminata (Macleay) 1871. Altogether 14 species of Demarziella are recognized including one new one, yorkensis, sp. nov.
Studies on the Life-Cycle, Infectivity and Clinical Effects of Capillaria-Hepatica (Bancroft) (Nematoda) in Mice, Mus-Musculus
Authors: Spratt DM , Singleton GR
Published: June 2005

The life cycle, infectivity and clinical effects of Capillaria hepatica, a nematode parasite of the liver of Mus musculus, were investigated as a prelude to assessment of the potential of the organism to suppress populations of this economic pest. Eggs of the parasite are deposited in the liver of the host and are not released during the life of that animal. C. hepatica was not transmitted by a trans-seminal, trans- placental or trans-mammary route. A high rate of transmission of C. hepatica (prevalence 71.7% at 145 days) occurred in an enclosed breeding colony of BALB/c mice after the founders of the colony were fed infected mouse liver.
After ingestion of infected liver by mice, the majority of eggs were released unembryonated to the environment, via the faeces, within 40 h. Eggs have specific temperature, moisture and oxygen requirements for embryonation. We postulate that transmission of C. hepatica is dependent principally upon cannibalism and/or necrophagy for release of eggs, upon the mouse burrow and the host population density for embryonation and survival of eggs, and upon grooming behaviour within the burrow for ingestion of embryonated eggs.
C. hepatica established, and produced clinical signs, in 11 strains of laboratory mice and in wild mice. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were characteristic features of infection, and death occurred in some animals. The slight variation in susceptibility to infection among genetically diverse mice suggests that mice may not have the genetic flexibility to rapidly develop resistance to C. hepatica. The parasite has been recorded only in M. rnusculus, Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus in urban areas in Australia. However, native murids Rattus fuscipes and Pseudomys australis, and a marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula, are susceptible to experimental infection. Suspected C. hepatica infection has been found only in native murids near Atherton, Qld. The absence of this conspicuous infection in free-ranging native mammals elsewhere in Australia suggests that they do not come into contact with embryonated eggs of C. hepatica, a situation compatible with the postulated transmission cycle. The life cycle of C. hepatica appears unique among helminth parasites of mammals, in that transmission and hence survival of the parasite is dependent upon death of the definitive host. This parasite may have the potential to suppress mouse population density.
The Distribution of the Weaver Ant, Oecophylla-Smaragdina (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Northern Australia
Authors: Lokkers C
Published: June 2005

Following a questionnaire survey and field studies, the weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fab.), was found to inhabit much of the coastal area of tropical Australia. With discriminant analyses, the observed distribution pattern was explained by the combination of two physical parameters, mean annual rainfall and average minimum temperature. These may limit Oecophylla distribution in at least two ways: (1) low temperatures directly inhibit larval development; (2) both rainfall and temperature levels limit the distribution of the forest-woodland vegetation required by this arboreal ant.
Taxonomy of 2 New Species of Heterobothrium (Monogenea, Diclidophoridae) From Torquigener-Pleurogramma (Pisces, Tetraodontidae) From Western-Australia
Authors: Williams A
Published: June 2005

Two new species of Monogenea of the genus Heterobothrium Cerfontaine, 1895 are described from Torquigener pleurogramma Regan, 1903 in Western Australia. These new species, H. elongatum and H. torquigeneri, are the first representatives of the genus recorded in Australian waters.
Revision of the Australian Ground-Beetle Genus Porocara Sloane (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Odacanthinae)
Authors: Baehr M
Published: June 2005

The Australian carabid genus Porocara Sloane is revised. For P. punctata Sloane a lectotype and paralectotypes are designated. The following new taxa are described: P. punctata kimberleyana, subsp. nov.; P. nigricollis, sp, nov.; P. occidentalis, sp. nov.; P. glabrata, sp. nov. The phylogenetic status of the genus is briefly discussed. Porocara is one of the most primitive genera of Odacanthinae with perhaps the most primitive habits found in odacanthines. Two species-groups are distinguished within Porocara: the more derivative glabrata-group (P. glabrata) and the more ancestral punctata-group (three species). The phylogenetic status of the species is discussed and presented in a cladogram. The known ranges of the species are mapped. The curious distribution pattern of three species in north- western Australia, but only one species in Queensland, is perhaps referable to several westward migrations from Queensland, resulting in the isolation of the immigrants in the northern and western refugia and in subsequent divergent evolution. The differing taxonomic status of the northern and western taxa, as well as the co-occurrence of two species, supports the hypothesis of several separate migrations.
Myxidium-Immersum (Protozoa, Myxosporea) of the Cane Toad, Bufo-Marinus, in Australian Anura, With a Synopsis of the Genus in Amphibians
Authors: Delvinquier BLJ
Published: June 2005

Myxidium immersum (Lutz, 1889), a gall-bladder protozoan parasite from South American Anura, is described for the first time in some Australian Anura. The cane toad, Bufo marinus, one of its natural hosts in South America, was introduced into Australia in 1935, and this led to the infection of native Australian frogs including: Hylidae, 12 species of Litoria; Myobatrachidae, four species of Limnodynastes, one each of Mixophyes, Ranidella and Uperoleia. Scanning electron microscope observations on the spore are reported. A synopsis of the Myxidium species in amphibians is presented. In explaining the present distribution of M. immersum in Australia, it is suggested that the life cycle of Myxidium species in amphibians involves an intermediate host which may become infected by swallowing trophozoites and spores; the tadpole may become infected by feeding on the intermediate host.
Long-Range Movements as an Adaptive Strategy in the Genus Heliothis (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) - a Review of Its Occurrence and Detection in 4 Pest Species
Authors: Farrow RA , Daly JC
Published: June 2005

Four species in the genus of noctuid moths, Heliothis, are major agricultural pests throughout the world. We propose that their pest status is due, in part, to their capacity for long-range movement. This review discusses movement as an adaptive strategy in these moths, details the evidence for and against migratory movements, and evaluates techniques that can be used to investigate movement over long range.