bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fostemsavir and ethinyl estradiol drug interaction: Clinical recommendations for co‐administration
Authors: Nwokolo Nneka , Post Elana , Mageau A. Savannah , Shah Rimi , Magee Mindy , Mannino Frank , Ackerman Peter , Clark Andrew , Moore Katy
Published: November 2022

Objectives

Fostemsavir, a prodrug of temsavir, is indicated for heavily treatment‐experienced adults with multidrug‐resistant HIV‐1 infection, antiretroviral (ARV) intolerance, or safety considerations. Understanding drug–drug interactions (DDIs) is important in individuals taking fostemsavir with hormonal contraceptives or menopausal or gender‐affirming hormonal therapies.

Methods

Effect of temsavir (active moiety) on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and norethindrone (NET) was evaluated in an open‐label, single‐sequence, four‐cycle, four‐treatment study in 26 healthy female participants (study 206279, NCT02480881). Relevant ARV–contraceptive interaction studies and guideline recommendations were reviewed; that information was then applied to other contraceptive methods and hormone‐based therapies to predict the impact of fostemsavir co‐administration.

Results

Temsavir increased EE concentrations by 40% and had no effect on NET concentrations. Fostemsavir co‐administration with hormone therapy is not expected to impact hormone treatment efficacy. Fostemsavir did not impact progestin; therefore, progestin‐only and non‐hormonal contraceptives will not be impacted by fostemsavir. Recommendations for co‐administration of fostemsavir and hormonal contraceptives or menopausal or gender‐affirming hormone therapies are based upon known and predicted DDIs, ensuring adequate hormonal concentrations to maintain the target effect.

Conclusions

Applying the results of Study 206279 and other relevant ARV–contraceptive studies, we recommend that when co‐administering fostemsavir with combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and other oestrogen‐based therapies, EE dose should not exceed 30 μg or equivalent, and caution is advised in the case of individuals with risk factors for thromboembolic events. Other oestrogen‐based therapies may be co‐administered with fostemsavir, with monitoring of oestrogen concentrations and appropriate dose adjustments. No impact of fostemsavir on COC efficacy is expected.
A new type of Sr(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ce0.2Yb0.2Me0.2)O3−x (Me = Y, Gd) high‐entropy ceramics used in thermal barrier coatings
Authors: Zhan Hao , Ma Wen , Han Xinxin , Liang Weicheng , Hao Jiajing , Dong Hongying , Bai Yu , Liu Hongxia , Meng Xiangfeng
Published: November 2022

Seeking for new ceramics with excellent thermophysical properties as thermal barrier coatings candidate materials has become a hot research field. In this study, Sr(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ce0.2Yb0.2Me0.2)O3−x high‐entropy ceramic powders were successfully synthesized by the method of solid‐state reaction, and the ceramics with single phase were prepared by pressureless sintering at 1600°C. The phase composition, microstructure, element distribution, high‐temperature thermal stability, and thermophysical properties of the ceramics were studied. The results showed that Sr(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ce0.2Yb0.2Me0.2)O3−x ceramics were composed of SrZrO3 phase and the second phase of AB2O4 spinel (i.e., SrY2O4 and SrGd2O4). The content of the second phase was gradually increased after heat treatment at 1400°C, which significantly improved the thermophysical and mechanical properties of the ceramics. The microhardness and fracture toughness of the ceramics were improved compared with that of SrZrO3. The thermal conductivities of Sr(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ce0.2Yb0.2Me0.2)O3−x (Me = Y, Gd) ceramics were 1.30 and 1.28 W m−1 K−1 at 1000°C, which were about 35% and 40% lower than that of SrZrO3 (1.96 W m−1 K−1) and yttria‐stabilized zirconia (2.12 W m−1 K−1), respectively. The thermal expansion coefficients of Sr(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ce0.2Yb0.2Me0.2)O3−x (Me = Y, Gd) ceramics were 12.8 × 10−6 and 14.1 × 10−6 K−1 at 1300°C, respectively, which was more closer to the superalloys compared with SrZrO3 ceramic (11.0 × 10−6 K−1).
Inhibitory effect of Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim. and Capsicum annuum L. on the activities of pancreatic lipase and α‐amylase
Authors: Lu Yunhao , Peng Qing , He Qiang
Published: November 2022

Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim. (ZBM) and Capsicum annuum L. (CAL) are popular condiments in China. In this study, the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and α‐amylase by ZBM and CAL extracts, as well as catechin, rutin, hydroxy‐α‐sanshool (from ZBM extract) and capsaicin (from CAL extract), was determined. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of ZBM extract, CAL extract, rutin, hydroxy‐α‐sanshool and capsaicin against pancreatic lipase were 82.1, 533.5, 583.8, 565.7 and 62.4 μg mL−1, respectively, while that against α‐amylase were 125.6, 1167.2, 213.2195.6 and 163.2 μg mL−1, respectively. Catechin had no detectible inhibition on the two enzymes even at 4 mg mL−1. The combination of hydroxy‐α‐sanshool and capsaicin against the two enzymes showed similar inhibition trends to that of ZBM and CAL extracts (synergism at low concentrations but antagonism at high concentrations), suggesting the two compounds were closely associated with the functions of the crude extracts. The results obtained from the in vitro digestion were similar but with a lower inhibition rate. Kinetic studies revealed that ZBM extract, hydroxy‐α‐sanshool and capsaicin showed mixed‐type inhibition for pancreatic lipase and α‐amylase. Molecular modelling suggested capsaicin had a higher affinity to the two enzymes, with glide scores of −8.18 and −7.87 kcal mol−1, respectively.
Adenosine signalling in T‐cell activation favours development of IL‐17 positive cells with suppressive properties
Authors: Leikeim Lisa , Li Hui , An Liying , Sticht Carsten , Krämer Bernhard K. , Yard Benito , Leipe Jan , Kälsch Anna‐Isabelle
Published: November 2022

Evidence suggests that the anti‐inflammatory nucleoside adenosine can shape immune responses by shifting the regulatory (Treg)/helper (Th17) T‐cell balance in favour of Treg. Since this observation is based on in vivo and in vitro studies mostly confined to murine models, we comprehensively analysed effects of adenosine on human T‐cells. Proliferation, phenotype and cytokine production of stimulated T‐cells were assessed by flow cytometry, multiplex assay and ELISA, gene expression profiling was determined by microarray. We found that the pan‐adenosine agonist 5′‐N‐ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) skews human CD3+ T‐cell responses towards non‐inflammatory Th17 cells. Addition of NECA during T‐cell activation increased the development of IL‐17+ cells with a CD4+ RORγt+ phenotype and enhanced CD161 and CD196 surface expression. Remarkably, these Th17 cells displayed non‐inflammatory cytokine and gene expression profiles including reduced Th1/Th17 transdifferentiation, a stem cell‐like molecular signature and induced surface expression of the adenosine‐producing ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73. Thus, T‐cells cultured under Th17‐inducing conditions together with NECA were capable of suppressing responder T‐cells. Finally, genome‐wide gene expression profiling revealed metabolic quiescence previously associated with non‐pathogenic Th17 cells in response to adenosine signalling. Our data suggest that adenosine induces non‐inflammatory Th17 cells in human T‐cell differentiation, potentially through regulation of metabolic pathways.
Capital‐flow volatility in emerging markets: A panel GARCH approach
Authors: Kaya Ahmet Ihsan , Erden Lutfi
Published: November 2022

This study analyzes the role of push–pull factors on the level, volatility and comovement of capital flows in emerging markets (EMs). Taking the commonality of capital flows into account, we employ the panel Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity model developed by Cermeño and Grier for 16 EMs. This method not only accounts for country‐specific heterogeneity and cross‐section dependence but also allows the examination of the sources of the level, volatility and comovement of capital flows in a single step. The results show that domestic factors explain two‐thirds of the variation in net capital‐flow volatility. While both global and domestic factors, with the prominent ones being global risks and domestic economic growth, influence the comovement, their impacts somewhat vary by the types of capital flows.
ETIB‐T: An Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography for plant traits
Authors: Schrader Julian , Wright Ian J. , Kreft Holger , Weigelt Patrick , Andrew Samuel C. , Abbott Ian , Westoby Mark
Published: November 2022

Aim

The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography (ETIB) posits that species richness on islands represents a dynamic equilibrium between immigration and extinction. ETIB makes predictions about numbers of species and biogeographical rates, but not about species identities or functional traits. However, functional traits provide additional information in understanding the assembly of island biotas. Here, we build on ETIB's principle of community equilibria and investigate how these processes affect plant functional traits over time.

Location

Fifteen islands from 164 m2 to 19 km2 in Western Australia.

Taxon

Angiosperms.

Methods

We assembled an island‐trait dataset linking seed mass, plant height and leaf area of 156 species to their occurrences on 15 islands sampled four times within four decades. We estimated community trait means and functional diversity for each island and sampling period and tested whether both remained at equilibrium over time. Using linear models, we tested whether temporal species turnover is linked to specific traits. We used generalised linear mixed‐effect models to test for the effect of environmental characteristics on species and trait turnover.

Results

Species richness on the islands was at equilibrium as predicted by ETIB despite high species temporal turnover. Functional diversity and community trait means also were stable over time. Species most susceptible to turnover were on average smaller and had lower seed mass than persisting species. Environmental island characteristics had no strong effect in explaining species and trait turnover.

Main conclusions

We provide evidence that ETIB can be extended to functional traits, which we suggest to term Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography for Traits. Trait equilibria on islands suggest that locally extinct species are replaced by new ones sharing similar traits. Being small with light seeds increases both immigration probability and extinction risk.
Treponema pallidum membrane protein Tp47 promotes angiogenesis through ROS‐induced autophagy
Authors: Li Wei , Xie Lin , Li Qiu‐Ling , Xu Qiu‐Yan , Lin Li‐Rong , Liu Li‐Li , Yang Tian‐Ci
Published: November 2022

Background

Pathological angiogenesis is an important manifestation of syphilis, but the underlying mechanism of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (T. pallidum)‐induced angiogenesis is poorly understood.

Objectives

The objective of this study is to investigate the role and related mechanism of the T. pallidum membrane protein Tp47 in angiogenesis.

Methods

The proangiogenic activity of recombinant T. pallidum membrane protein Tp47 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was assessed by tube formation assay, three‐dimensional angiogenesis analysis and experiments with a zebrafish embryo model. The effects of mitochondrial ROS and NADPH oxidase on intracellular ROS induced by Tp47 were further investigated. Furthermore, the levels of autophagy‐related proteins and autophagic flux were measured. Finally, the role of ROS‐induced autophagy in angiogenesis was studied.

Results

Tp47 promoted tubule formation and the formation of angiogenic sprouts in vitro. In addition, a significant increase in the number of subintestinal vessel branch points in zebrafish injected with Tp47 was observed using a zebrafish embryo model. Tp47 also significantly increased intracellular ROS levels in a dose‐dependent manner. Tp47‐induced tube formation and angiogenic sprout formation were effectively prevented by the ROS inhibitor NAC. In addition, Tp47 enhanced the production of mitochondrial ROS and expression of the NADPH oxidase‐related proteins Nox2 and Nox4. The production of mitochondrial ROS and intracellular ROS was reduced by the NADPH oxidase inhibitors DPI and apocynin. Furthermore, Tp47 significantly increased expression of the autophagy‐related proteins P62 and Beclin 1 and the LC3‐II/LC3‐I ratio and promoted an increase in autophagic flux, which could be effectively rescued by coincubation with the ROS inhibitor NAC. Further intervention with the autophagy inhibitor BafA1 significantly inhibited tube formation and angiogenic sprout formation.

Conclusions

Tp47‐induced NADPH oxidase enhanced intracellular ROS production via mitochondrial ROS and promoted angiogenesis through autophagy mediated by ROS. These findings may contribute to our understanding of pathological angiogenesis in syphilis.
Medicine use in people with intellectual disabilities: a Finnish nationwide register study
Authors: Nurminen F. , Rättö H. , Arvio M. , Teittinen A. , Vesala H. T. , Saastamoinen L.
Published: November 2022

Background

People with intellectual disability (ID) are a vulnerable group in our society; many of them depend on other people for assistance in their everyday lives. Compared with the general population, people with ID have poorer general health and, therefore, need more healthcare services and use more medicines. The aim of this study is to define the population of all Finnish people with ID using administrative data and to compare their medicine use and expenditure on medicines to those of the age‐matched and sex‐matched controls.

Methods

People with ID and their age‐matched and sex‐matched controls (1:1) were extracted from nationwide healthcare and social allowance registers. Administrative register data on all prescription medicine purchases in 2019 were used to determine the prevalence of medicine use in both groups on a general level and by medicine categories. The differences in the prevalence of medicine use between the two groups were analysed using the logistic regression model. In addition, we studied the total expenditure on reimbursable medicine purchases covered by the National Health Insurance between people with ID and control group.

Results

The subpopulation of people with ID consisted 37 196 individuals, of whom 82.7% purchased prescription medicines in 2019. The corresponding share of individuals purchasing prescription medicines in the control group was 70.3%. The differences in the prevalence of medicine use between the two populations were highest in the younger age groups (0–6, 7–12 and 13–17). In the study population, 28.1% (OR = 12.28; 95% CI: 11.54–13.07) of the people used antipsychotics, making it the most used medicine category in people with ID. In the control group, 3.3% of people used antipsychotics. Compared with the control group, the use of antiepileptics, drugs for constipation, mineral supplements and anxiolytics was four to seven times higher among people with ID. Furthermore, the median expenditure on medicine use among people with ID was four times higher than in the control group.

Conclusions

Compared with the control group, people with ID used more medicines, especially psychotropics, and their expenditure on medicine use was higher.
Effectual accuracy of OCT image retinal segmentation with the aid of speckle noise reduction and boundary edge detection strategy
Authors: Mittal Praveen , Bhatnagar Charul
Published: November 2022

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has shown to be a valuable imaging tool in the field of ophthalmology, and it is becoming increasingly relevant in the field of neurology. Several OCT image segmentation methods have been developed previously to segment retinal images, however sophisticated speckle noises with low‐intensity restrictions, complex retinal tissues, and inaccurate retinal layer structure remain a challenge to perform effective retinal segmentation. Hence, in this research, complicated speckle noises are removed by using a novel far‐flung ratio algorithm in which preprocessing has been done to treat the speckle noise thereby highly decreasing the speckle noise through new similarity and statistical measures. Additionally, a novel haphazard walk and inter‐frame flattening algorithms have been presented to tackle the weak object boundaries in OCT images. These algorithms are effective at detecting edges and estimating minimal weighted paths to better diverge, which reduces the time complexity. In addition, the segmentation of OCT images is made simpler by using a novel N‐ret layer segmentation approach that executes simultaneous segmentation of various surfaces, ensures unambiguous segmentation across neighbouring layers, and improves segmentation accuracy by using two grey scale values to construct data. Consequently, the novel work outperformed the OCT image segmentation with 98.5% of accuracy.
Hippocampus‐based behavioral, structural, and molecular dynamics across the estrous cycle
Authors: Rocks Devin , Kundakovic Marija
Published: November 2022

The activity of neurons in the rodent hippocampus contributes to diverse behaviors, with the activity of ventral hippocampal neurons affecting behaviors related to anxiety and emotion regulation, and the activity of dorsal hippocampal neurons affecting performance in learning‐ and memory‐related tasks. Hippocampal cells also express receptors for ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, and are therefore affected by physiological fluctuations of those hormones that occur over the rodent estrous cycle. In this review, we discuss the effects of cycling ovarian hormones on hippocampal physiology. Starting with behavior, we explore the role of the estrous cycle in regulating hippocampus‐dependent behaviors. We go on to detail the cellular mechanisms through which cycling estrogen and progesterone, through changes in the structural and functional properties of hippocampal neurons, may be eliciting these changes in behavior. Then, providing a basis for these cellular changes, we outline the epigenetic, chromatin regulatory mechanisms through which ovarian hormones, by binding to their receptors, can affect the regulation of behavior‐ and synaptic plasticity‐related genes in hippocampal neurons. We also highlight an unconventional role that chromatin dynamics may have in regulating neuronal function across the estrous cycle, including in sex hormone‐driven X chromosome plasticity and hormonally‐induced epigenetic priming. Finally, we discuss directions for future studies and the translational value of the rodent estrous cycle for understanding the effects of the human menstrual cycle on hippocampal physiology and brain disease risk.
Density mapping of nerve endings in the skin of the palm and flexor retinaculum of the hand. Application to open carpal tunnel release
Authors: Hernández‐Cortés Pedro , Hurtado‐Olmo Patricia , Roda‐Murillo Olga , Martín‐Morales Natividad , O'Valle Francisco
Published: November 2022

In order to re‐evaluate the safest area to incise skin and the flexor retinaculum (FR) when performing a carpal tunnel release (CTR), we carried out a mapping study of the nerve endings in the skin and FR on cadaver specimens, which, unlike previous studies for the first time, includes histomorphometry and image digital analysis. After dividing the skin and FR into 20 and 12 sections, respectively, we carried out a histomorphological analysis of nerve endings. The analysis was performed by two neutral observers on 4‐μm histological sections stained with hematoxylin–eosin (H‐E), and Klüver–Barrera with picrosirius red (KB + PR) methods. A semi‐automatic image digital analysis was also used to estimate the percentage of area occupied per nerve. We observed a lower quantity of nerve endings in the skin of the palm of the hand in line with the ulnar aspect of the 4th finger. The ulnar aspect of the FR was the most densely innervated. However, there are no statistically significant differences between sections in the percentage of area occupied per nerve both in the skin and in the FR. We concluded that there is not a safe area to incise when performing carpal tunnel surgery, but taking into account the quantity of nerve endings present in skin and FR, we recommend an incision on the axis of the ulnar aspect of 4th finger when incising skin and on the middle third of the FR for CTR.
Directions of hyaluronic acid application in cosmetology
Authors: Ratajczak Piotr , Maciejak Oliwia , Kopciuch Dorota , Paczkowska Anna , Zaprutko Tomasz , Kus Krzysztof
Published: November 2022

Background

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance in the human body. It is a component of the intercellular matrix of the dermis and is often used as a raw material in cosmetology. This substance was isolated for the first time in the first half of the twentieth century, while cosmetology treatments and aesthetic medicine have been developing rapidly and gaining popularity. The same applies to companies producing cosmetic care products which contain hyaluronic acid. This is related to the growing desire of the society to improve the quality of the skin and maintain its vitality and firmness.

Aims

The study investigates different directions and possibilities of using hyaluronic acid in cosmetology. Moreover, the paper describes possible side effects observed after hyaluronic acid injections.

Patients/Methods

The study was based on an anonymous questionnaire conducted between October 10, 2021, and February 21, 2022. 513 responses were collected.

Results

The awareness and level of knowledge in this field of cosmetology among potential beauty salon clients are on the rise. Hyaluronic acid is used in injections, as well as in care cosmetics, oral and vaginal preparations. Various areas of the face are injected, most often the lips. Face creams are among the most frequently purchased skincare products.

Conclusions

The use of hyaluronic acid in cosmetology is multidirectional. It is mainly focused on skincare and specific anti‐aging activities. Treatments of this type help preserve the skin's vitality, which translates into an improved quality of life due to the satisfaction of the need for attractiveness.
A combination treatment of drug‐laser‐photon for melasma: A retrospective study of clinical cases
Authors: Li Ying , Shao Wei‐Na , Fang Qing‐Qing , Zhao Wan‐yi , Wang Shi‐qin , Wu Li‐Hong , Hu Yan‐Yan , Wang Xiao‐feng , Xue Ya‐Nan , Chen Li , Tan Wei‐Qiang
Published: November 2022

Background

Combinational therapy such as taking tranexamic acid while using laser treatment has been proved potential efficacy by many experiments. However, there is few research which contains large samples and consistent observations.

Objective

We evaluated clinical efficacy and safety of a new systemic treatment of drug‐laser‐photon therapy.

Methods

Retrospective and randomized investigator‐blinded study of 75 patients with mixed type melasma was analyzed. At each visit, standardized photographs were taken using VISIA. Modified melasma area and severity index (mMASI) scores were marked using photographs by two dermatologists.

Results

The mMASI score decreased significantly from 6.92 to 3.84 after the treatment. The VISIA analyze right cheek data shows: Spots (from 49.67 ± 3.43 to 56.09 ± 3.31), UV spots (from 41.39 ± 24.45 to 44.56 ± 25.86), and Brown spots (from 23.97 ± 17.89 to 28.16 ± 21.28) are statistically increased (p = 0.035, p = 0.018, p = 0.07). All patients feel varying degrees of improvement, about 10.17% felt very much improved, 30.51% felt much improved (51%–75%), 45.76% felt moderately improved (26%–50%), and 13.56% felt little improved (1%–25%).

Limitations

This study was no control group.

Conclusion

The efficacy and safety profile of the combination of drug‐laser‐photon therapy systemic treatment in melasma patients has been proved. It has potential possibility to become a new, reliable, widely suitable therapy strategy.
Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis in rosacea patients by flow‐mediated dilatation method
Authors: Caf Nazlı , Özkök Akbulut Tuğba , Can Mehmet Mustafa , Sarı Mustafa , Atsü Ayşe Nilhan , Türkoğlu Zafer
Published: November 2022

Background

Rosacea may contribute to the development of cardiovascular (CV) diseases by causing endothelial dysfunction (ED), which is known to be the initial step of atherosclerosis, due to its inflammatory features.

Objective

This study aimed to assess ED in rosacea patients using the flow‐mediated dilatation (=dilation) (FMD) method.

Methods

Seventy‐three rosacea patients and 73 age, gender‐matched healthy volunteers were enrolled. Individuals with cardiac risk factors, pregnant, and lactating women were excluded. Demographic, clinical data and anthropometric measurements were recorded. FMD measurement was performed ultrasonographically by a cardiologist. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP) were measured and hemogram, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐Reactive Protein (CRP), total cholesterol, triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), and fasting blood glucose values were assessed.

Results

The FMD value was statistically lower in rosacea patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.000). Metabolic syndrome, systolic and diastolic BPs, and plasma NLR were higher in the rosacea group (p = 0.009, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, respectively). According to the multivariate linear regression analysis, rosacea type significantly predicted FMD.

Conclusions

Rosacea is not only a disease limited to the skin, but it may also have systemic involvement. A significant difference was found between FMD values measured in between the case and control groups, suggesting rosacea may have an atherogenic effect. Possible cardiac risks should be considered in rosacea patients, and further evaluation could be warranted.
Topical garlic treatment for verruca plana triggers Koebner phenomenon: A case report
Authors: Yu Tianhang , Che Jiaozi , Song Jikai , Duan Xinsuo , Yang Jie
Published: November 2022

Background

Verruca plana is a benign proliferation of the skin caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Fresh garlic can serve as an alternative therapy, and it has shown considerable effectiveness as a topical treatment for verruca plana. However, topical garlic treatment for verruca plana triggered Koebner phenomenon (KP), which has not been previously reported.

Aim

The aim of our report is to explore the possible causes of this adverse reaction.

Method

We here describe a 20‐year‐old female patient who developed a beaded rash after garlic treatment for facial wart plana, known as autoinoculation or KP.

Results

Garlic may have caused damage to the surrounding normal skin through primary irritation or allergic reactions. Then, the HPV virus on the primary verruca plana took the opportunity to spread to the surrounding skin injured by garlic stimulation, triggering the KP.

Conclusion

When using garlic to treat verruca plana, the operator needs to precisely apply the mashed garlic to the warts, and this treatment is strictly prohibited for patients who are allergic to garlic. Avoid such adverse reactions.
Characterization of a live Cutibacterium acnes subspecies defendens strain XYCM42 and clinical assessment as a topical regimen for general skin health and cosmesis
Authors: Rhee Mun Su , Alqam Mona L. , Jones Brian C. , Phadungpojna Sasima , Day Doris , Hitchcock Thomas M.
Published: November 2022

Background

When formulating topical products to treat skin diseases and addressing general skin health and cosmesis, most of the focus has traditionally been placed on how any given ingredient may impact the structure, function, and health of human skin elements. However, recent research is beginning to highlight the importance of the skin microbiome in relation to certain skin conditions and general cosmesis. Cutibacterium acnes is one of the most prolific skin‐specific bacterial species. Research has shown that the species is divided into subspecies, some of which are thought to be beneficial to the skin. This paper aims to determine the efficacy of strainXYCM42, a C. acnes subspecies defendens derived strain designed to improve the health and appearance of the skin.

Methods

In vitro studies were performed on human keratinocyte and fibroblast monolayers, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and skin explants to elucidate the effects of live XYCM42 cells and their ferment on human skin cells and tissues. Subsequently, clinical studies were performed using XYCM42‐based topical regimens designed to deliver and support the engraftment of live XYCM42 cells onto subjects' skin. Two studies were performed, a 3‐week pilot study (n = 10) and a 8‐week pivotal study (n = 121). In the latter, 32 subjects were enrolled for an in‐clinic portion for efficacy evaluation, with clinic visits occurring at Baseline, Week 1, Week 4, and Week 8.

Results

In vitro data suggest that XYCM42 and its ferment filtrate have potential to provide benefits to the skin via antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and select antimicrobial activities. Clinical observation demonstrated that a XYCM42‐containing regimen supports a healthy skin environment, promotes increased skin hydration, decreases erythema, calms the skin, and regulates sebum production.

Conclusion

These studies provide further evidence that specific strains of C. acnes, such as XYCM42, have a more beneficial function regarding skin health and appearance than was previously thought. Appropriate use of formulations derived from symbiotic strains within the skin microbiome can support the development of novel, beneficial topicals.
Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders—INfORM recommendations: Comprehensive and short‐form adaptations for children
Authors: Nilsson Ing‐Marie , Ekberg EwaCarin , Michelotti Ambrosina , Al‐Khotani Amal , Alstergren Per , Conti Paulo Cesar Rodrigues , Durham Justin , Goulet Jean‐Paul , Hirsch Christian , Kalaykova Stanimira , Kapos Flavia P. , King Christopher D. , Komiyama Osamu , Koutris Michail , List Thomas , Lobbezoo Frank , Ohrbach Richard , Palermo Tonya M. , Peck Christopher C. , Penlington Chris , Restrepo Claudia , Rodrigues Maria Joao , Sharma Sonia , Svensson Peter , Visscher Corine , Wahlund Kerstin , Rongo Roberto ,   International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders (INfORM)
Published: November 2022

Background

The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) are used worldwide in adults. Until now, no adaptation for use in children has been proposed.

Objective

The aim of this study was to present comprehensive and short‐form adaptations of Axis I and Axis II of the DC/TMD for adults that are appropriate for use with children in clinical and research settings.

Methods

Global Delphi studies with experts in TMDs and in pain psychology identified ways of adapting the DC/TMD for children.

Results

The proposed adaptation is suitable for children aged 6–9 years. Proposed changes in Axis I include (i) adapting the language of the Demographics and the Symptom Questionnaires to be developmentally appropriate for children, (ii) adding a general health questionnaire for children and one for their parents, (iii) replacing the TMD Pain Screener with the 3Q/TMD questionnaire and (iv) modifying the clinical examination protocol. Proposed changes in Axis II include (i) for the Graded Chronic Pain Scale, to be developmentally appropriate for children, (ii) adding anxiety and depression assessments that have been validated in children and (iii) adding three constructs (stress, catastrophising and sleep disorders) to assess psychosocial functioning in children.

Conclusion

The recommended DC/TMD, including Axis I and Axis II, for children aged 6–9 years, is appropriate for use in clinical and research settings. This adapted the first version for children includes changes in Axis I and Axis II changes requiring reliability and validity testing in international settings. Official translations to different languages according to INfORM requirements will enable a worldwide dissemination and implementation.
Melatonin promoted osteogenesis of human periodontal ligament cells by regulating mitochondrial functions through the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 20
Authors: Sun Haoyun , Zheng Miaomiao , Liu Jiawei , Fan Wenguo , He Hongwen , Huang Fang
Published: November 2022

Background and Objective

Melatonin plays an important role in various beneficial functions, including promoting differentiation. However, effects on osteogenic differentiation, especially in human periodontal cells (hPDLCs), still remain inconclusive. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that play an important role in various biological processes in cells, including energy metabolism and oxidative stress reaction. Furthermore, the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOM20) is responsible for recognizing and transporting precursor proteins. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the functionality of melatonin on osteogenesis in human periodontal cells and to explore the involved mechanism of mitochondria.

Methods

The hPDLCs were extracted and identified by flow cytometry and multilineage differentiation. We divided hPDLCs into control group, osteogenic induction group, and osteogenesis with melatonin treatment group (100, 10, and 1 μM). Then we used a specific siRNA to achieve interference of TOM20. Alizarin red and Alkaline phosphatase staining and activity assays were performed to evaluate osteogenic differentiation. Osteogenesis‐related genes and proteins were measured by qPCR and western blot. Mitochondrial functions were tested using ATP, NAD+/NADH, JC‐1, and Seahorse Mito Stress Test kits. Finally, TOM20 and mitochondrial dynamics‐related molecules expression were also assessed by qPCR and western blot.

Results

Our results showed that melatonin‐treated hPDLCs had higher calcification and ALP activity as well as upregulated OCN and Runx2 expression at mRNA and protein levels, which was the most obvious in 1 μM melatonin‐treated group. Meanwhile, melatonin supplement elevated intracellular ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential by increasing mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, hence causing a lower NAD+/NADH ratio. In addition, we also found that melatonin treatment raised TOM20 level and osteogenesis and mitochondrial functions were both suppressed after knocking down TOM20.

Conclusion

We found that melatonin promoted osteogenesis of hPDLCs and 1 μM melatonin had the most remarkable effect. Melatonin treatment can reinforce mitochondrial functions by upregulating TOM20.
Accuracy and modification of the STOP‐bang questionnaire for screening patients with obstructive sleep apnea in China
Authors: Wang Liying , Zhao Weilan , Liang Chunguang , Yan Xiangru , Zhang Huiying , Dai Hongliang , Yu Haitao , Zhang Hui , An Hui , Zhao Ying
Published: November 2022

Despite the high sensitivity of the STOP‐Bang questionnaire [snoring, tiredness, observed apneas, high blood pressure, body mass index, age, neck size, gender] questionnaire (SBQ), which is widely used to screen individuals at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), few studies have evaluated the discrimination related to sex in the SBQ. Therefore, our study aimed to assess whether SBQ performance is gender‐related and modified by changing body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference (NC) cut‐off values. A total of 470 patients attended the sleep centres. They were divided into moderate‐to‐severe OSA and non‐moderate‐to‐severe OSA groups based on the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and the results of the SBQ screening. The predictive performance of the SBQ screening instrument was evaluated by 2 × 2 contingency tables and discriminatory ability, which was estimated from the area under the curve (AUC) obtained from receiver operating characteristic curve. Our results suggest that when screening for moderate‐to‐severe OSA, the original SBQ has higher sensitivity and lower specificity for men; however, women have higher specificity and lower sensitivity. The SBQ achieved the maximum AUC of 0.783 for men and 0.634 for women when the BMI cut‐off value was established at 30 kg/m2 and the NC cut‐off value was established at 38 cm in men, and the BMI cut‐off value was established at 25 kg/m2 and the NC cut‐off value at 36 cm in women. Balancing the optimal sensitivity and specificity, the cut‐off value of the optimal modified SBQ total scores for men was determined to be ≥4 and ≥3 for women.
A composite measure of sleep health is associated with glycaemic target achievement in young adults with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Griggs Stephanie , Pignatiello Grant , Hickman Ronald L.
Published: November 2022

We investigated whether sleep health (each individual dimension and a composite measure) was associated with better glycaemia among a cohort of young adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age 21.5 years, mean body mass index 24.55 kg m−2). Multiple validated self‐report questionnaires were completed, and raw continuous glucose monitor data were shared. One self‐reported sleep characteristic for each of the five sleep health dimensions was selected. A composite score was calculated by summing the number of “good” sleep health dimensions. We evaluated the associations between sleep health and glycaemia, and whether covariates, including age, type 1 diabetes duration and sleep apnea risk, influenced the relationships among the study variables using multivariable linear regression. Individual dimensions of sleep satisfaction (β = 0.380, p = 0.019; β = −0.414, p = 0.010), timing (β = 0.392, p = 0.015; β = −0.393, p = 0.015) and sleep efficiency (β = 0.428, p = 0.007) were associated with higher achievement of glycaemic targets (J‐index and time in range); however, these associations did not persist after considering covariates. A better Sleep Health Composite score was associated with higher achievement of glycaemic targets even after considering covariates. Using a multidimensional framework can guide future research on causal pathways between sleep and diabetes health, interventions to target sleep health profiles, and may improve sleep screening in routine diabetes care.
Do Religious/Spiritual Resources Moderate the Association Between Suffering and Religious/Spiritual Struggles? A Three‐Wave Longitudinal Study of US Adults with Chronic Illness
Authors: Kent Blake Victor , Cowden Richard G. , Counted Victor , Davis Edward B. , Rueger Sandra Y. , Worthington Everett L.
Published: November 2022

In this prospective study of US adults with chronic illness (n = 302), we examined the associations of subjective suffering and religious/spiritual (R/S) resources (i.e., religious coping, religious commitment, and spiritual fortitude) with the subsequent experience of R/S struggles. Using a rigorous analytic approach that involved adjusting for numerous covariates and prior values of all exposures and the outcome assessed in Wave 1, we found that suffering assessed in Wave 2 was associated with an increase in subsequent R/S struggles assessed 3 months later (Wave 3). There was modest evidence suggesting that religious commitment and spiritual fortitude (but not religious coping) moderated the association between suffering and subsequent R/S struggles, such that there was a stronger positive association between suffering and R/S struggles at higher levels of each moderator. This study provides preliminary evidence that R/S struggles may be commonly experienced by those with high religious engagement in the face of suffering.
Optimal stomatal theory predicts CO2 responses of stomatal conductance in both gymnosperm and angiosperm trees
Authors: Gardner Anna , Jiang Mingkai , Ellsworth David S. , MacKenzie A. Robert , Pritchard Jeremy , Bader Martin Karl‐Friedrich , Barton Craig V. M. , Bernacchi Carl , Calfapietra Carlo , Crous Kristine Y. , Dusenge Mirindi Eric , Gimeno Teresa E. , Hall Marianne , Lamba Shubhangi , Leuzinger Sebastian , Uddling Johan , Warren Jeffrey , Wallin Göran , Medlyn Belinda E.
Published: November 2022

Optimal stomatal theory predicts that stomata operate to maximise photosynthesis (Anet) and minimise transpirational water loss to achieve optimal intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE). We tested whether this theory can predict stomatal responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2), and whether it can capture differences in responsiveness among woody plant functional types (PFTs).

We conducted a meta‐analysis of tree studies of the effect of eCO2 on iWUE and its components Anet and stomatal conductance (gs). We compared three PFTs, using the unified stomatal optimisation (USO) model to account for confounding effects of leaf–air vapour pressure difference (D). We expected smaller gs, but greater Anet, responses to eCO2 in gymnosperms compared with angiosperm PFTs.

We found that iWUE increased in proportion to increasing eCO2 in all PFTs, and that increases in Anet had stronger effects than reductions in gs. The USO model correctly captured stomatal behaviour with eCO2 across most datasets. The chief difference among PFTs was a lower stomatal slope parameter (g1) for the gymnosperm, compared with angiosperm, species.

Land surface models can use the USO model to describe stomatal behaviour under changing atmospheric CO2 conditions.
Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Duan Daisy , Kim Lenise J. , Jun Jonathan C. , Polotsky Vsevolod Y.
Published: November 2022

The global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes parallels the rampant state of sleep deprivation in our society. Epidemiological studies consistently show an association between insufficient sleep and metabolic dysfunction. Mechanistically, sleep and circadian rhythm exert considerable influences on hormones involved in appetite regulation and energy metabolism. As such, data from experimental sleep deprivation in humans demonstrate that insufficient sleep induces a positive energy balance with resultant weight gain, due to increased energy intake that far exceeds the additional energy expenditure of nocturnal wakefulness, and adversely impacts glucose metabolism. Conversely, animal models have found that sleep loss–induced energy expenditure exceeds caloric intake resulting in net weight loss. However, animal models have significant limitations, which may diminish the clinical relevance of their metabolic findings. Clinically, insomnia disorder and insomnia symptoms are associated with adverse glucose outcomes, though it remains challenging to isolate the effects of insomnia on metabolic outcomes independent of comorbidities and insufficient sleep durations. Furthermore, both pharmacological and behavioral interventions for insomnia may have direct metabolic effects. The goal of this review is to establish an updated framework for the causal links between insufficient sleep and insomnia and risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Pediatric lichen planus: A single‐center retrospective review of 26 patients with follow up
Authors: Mohandesi Nessa Aghazadeh , Berry Nicholas A. , Tollefson Megha M. , Lehman Julia S. , Davis Dawn Marie R.
Published: November 2022

Background/Objectives

Pediatric lichen planus (LP) is rare with variable prevalence and atypical presentations compared to adults. Data on LP are lacking for the pediatric population in the United States. We present demographics, presentations, and treatments for a pediatric LP cohort.

Methods

We reviewed 26 patients diagnosed with LP at 20 years or younger. Treatment responses were defined as no response, partial response, and complete response.

Results

Demographics included 54% females and median diagnosis age of 16 years (range 6–20). Most patients presented with cutaneous LP (65%), with fewer having associated oral (23%), nail (7.7%), or genital (3.8%) involvement. Some had cutaneous‐only LP (38%) or strictly mucosal LP (oral‐only 19% and genital‐only 15%). LP lesions were pruritic (50%), painful (19%), and/or asymptomatic (35%). Complete/partial responses occurred with medium‐potency topical corticosteroids in cutaneous (n = 7; 64%), oral (n = 3; 75%), and genital LP (n = 3; 100%), with high/ultra‐high potency topical corticosteroids in oral LP (n = 6; 86%), and with topical calcineurin inhibitors in genital LP (n = 2; 100%). Side effects were clobetasol‐related oral candidiasis and biopsy‐related penile depressed scar. Most patients with available follow‐up achieved remission (n = 17; 81%).

Conclusions

Pediatric LP usually presents in adolescence with cutaneous involvement and is symptomatic. However, patients frequently can have oral, genital, or nail lesions or may be asymptomatic, so they need thorough examinations and follow‐up. Long‐term remission is common due to treatment or natural disease course. Medium‐potency corticosteroids are recommended for cutaneous, oral, and genital LP. Various other local and systemic therapies exist with successful treatment responses.
Median canaliform nail dystrophy in a 2‐year‐old boy: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Wilson Anna , Tariq Khan M. , Murrell Dédée F.
Published: November 2022

Median canaliform nail dystrophy (MCD) is a rare nail abnormality with an unknown etiology. We report the case of MCD of both great toenails in a 2‐year‐old boy presenting with a fir tree nail pattern and longitudinal splits. MCD was treated with topical marigold therapy (Tagetes sp.). By 15 weeks, the proximal 50% of the MCD had normalized. The report highlights a potential new treatment of marigold therapy for MCD.
Frictional dermatitis from touchscreen contact
Authors: Beydoun Haya , Moossavi Meena
Published: November 2022

Frictional dermatitis occurs after prolonged or repetitive physical contact of the skin with a surface and usually presents as a pediatric or occupational dermatosis. A 10‐year‐old girl presented with painful erythematous, edematous plaques, and macules on the fingertips within 24 h of playing a game requiring her fingers to repeatedly slide across a touch screen for about 45 min. The repetitive frictional pressure and contact over a short period of time between the fingertips and the touch screen contributed to the onset of dermatitis in this case.
The effectiveness of social distancing in reducing transmission during influenza epidemics: A systematic review
Authors: Wang Sisi , Song Jinghui , Zhang Hongmei
Published: November 2022

Background

Social distance practices are crucial for outpatient clinics during disease outbreaks and are an effective preventive measure for reducing influenza transmission during such pandemics in people with poor health.

Methods

This study applies an evidence‐based practice (EBP) approach to confirm the effectiveness of social distancing in healthy individuals during an influenza pandemic and employs the induced ordered weighted averaging model to confirm the effectiveness of EBP. The study design, validity, reliability, results, and generalizability focused on discussing three systematic reviews and two cohort studies via the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). First, by introducing the patient, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) question; second, by establishing the five steps of EBP; third, by utilizing the CASP checklist for the appraisal; and finally, by presenting a conclusion.

Results

According to the hierarchy of evidence, preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses retrieved five articles for addressing the PICO question. All the evidence demonstrates that social distancing is valuable during influenza pandemics among non‐infected individuals. Precise, timely, and robust social distancing implementation can reduce the spread of infection, delay the epidemic peak, and ease the pressure on healthcare resources. Gatekeepers are responsible for guiding individuals through the implementation process for reducing influenza transmission, particularly in densely populated areas.

Conclusions

Social distance is crucial for outpatient clinics during an epidemic and effectively reduces the spread of infection, delay epidemic peaks, and eases pressure on healthcare resources.