bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell Transfer Therapy for Cancer: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Qian Xiaoling , Wang Xian , Jin Hongchuan
Published: January 2014

Cell transfer therapy for cancer has made a rapid progress recently and the immunotherapy has been recognized as the fourth anticancer modality after operation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Lymphocytes used for cell transfer therapy include dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T lymphocytes such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In vitro activated or engineered immune cells can traffic to cancer tissues to elicit persistent antitumor immune response which is very important especially after immunosuppressive treatments such as chemotherapy. In this review, we overviewed recent advances in the exploration of dendritic cells, NK cells, and T cells for the treatment of human cancer cells.
Physalis alkekengiCarotenoidic Extract Inhibitor of Soybean Lipoxygenase-1 Activity
Authors: Chedea Veronica Sanda , Pintea Adela , Bunea Andrea , Braicu Cornelia , Stanila Andreea , Socaciu Carmen
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the carotenoidic saponified extract ofPhysalis alkekengisepals (PA) towards the lipoxygenase (LOX) oxidation of linoleic acid. Lipoxygenase activity in the presence of carotenoids, standard and from extract, was followed by its kinetic behaviour determining the changes in absorption at 234 nm. The standard carotenoids used wereβ-carotene (β-car), lutein (Lut), and zeaxanthin (Zea). The calculated enzymatic specific activity (ESA) after 600 s of reaction proves that PA carotenoidic extract has inhibitory effect on LOX oxidation of linoleic acid. A longer polyenic chain of carotenoid structure gives a higher ESA during the first reaction seconds. This situation is not available after 600 s of reaction and may be due to a destruction of this structure by cooxidation of carotenoids, besides the classical LOX reaction. The PA carotenoidic extract inhibiting the LOX-1 reaction can be considered a source of lipoxygenase inhibitors.
Distributed Asynchronous Fusion Algorithm for Sensor Networks with Packet Losses
Authors: Chu Tianpeng , Qi Guoqing , Li Yinya , Sheng Andong
Published: January 2014

This paper is concerned with the problem of distributed estimation fusion over peer-to-peer asynchronous sensor networks with random packet dropouts. A distributed asynchronous fusion algorithm is proposed via the covariance intersection method. First, local estimator is developed in an optimal batch fashion by constructing augmented measurement equations. Then the fusion estimator is designed to fuse local estimates in the neighborhood. Both local estimator and fusion estimator are developed by taking into account the random packet losses. The presented estimation method improves local estimates and reduces the estimate disagreement. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed distributed asynchronous fusion algorithm.
The subgenus Choeras Mason, 1981 of genus Apanteles Foerster, 1862 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from China, with descriptions of eighteen new species
Authors: SONG SHENG-NAN , HE JUN-HUA , CHEN XUE-XIN
Published: January 2014

The subgenus Choeras Mason, 1981 of genus Apanteles Foerster, 1862 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from China is revised with 18 new species described and illustrated, and one known species redescribed. A key to the Chinese species of this subgenus is provided.
The Financial Depth of Emerging Markets: The Case of Russia
Authors: Mirkin Yakov , Kuznetsova Olga , Kuznetsov Andrei
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this article is to assess the financial depth of the Russian economy in the context of its main rivalries within the BRIC group. The Russian financial market is evaluated by a set of key indicators that characterize the level of maturity of the national financial system in respect to international standards. This task is implemented through descriptive analysis of extensive international data generated from a time series covering the period 1995–2010. The article demonstrates that, in comparison to other emerging markets, and its closest competitors Brazil, India and China, the financial depth of the Russian economy may be characterized as inadequate. In the Russian financial market potential for growth is combined with exceptionally high risks. Insufficient depth of the financial system undermines its long-term competitiveness and exacerbates its exposure to shocks in the international market.
A note on the death of Leo Sgurus in A.D. 1208
Authors: Savvides Alexis G.C.
Published: January 2014

Leo Sgurus, archon and ‘tyrant’ of Argolis and Corinthia from c.1200 with an impressive career in the period until c.1208, succeeded in establishing an extensive albeit short-lived Territorialstaat in the NE Peloponnesus following the Latin capture of Constantinople on 12/13 April 1204 and the subsequent Latin onslaught in Greek territories. Truly among the most outstanding figures of the late Byzantine era, Sgurus has been
characterized by Dionysios A. Zakythenos as one of the last ‘defenders of Greek independence’ following the Frankish conquest of 1204, 2 for this local archon seems to have constituted the sole realistic hope of the mainland Greece populations for an effective stance against the marching crusaders of Boniface of Montferrat, though, as the late George Kolias observed thirty years ago, he unwisely directed his activities rather against his compatriots than against the Latin invader. Yet, it has recently been said by Michael J. Angold that Sgurus ‘almost certainly enjoyed local backing in his expeditions’.
(No) pictures for lawyers. Some considerations on image and word in Byzantine legal literature
Authors: Stolte Bernard
Published: January 2014

It is the purpose of this note to point out a few aspects in which Byzantine legal literature differs from its Western medieval counterpart. It is tempting to make such a comparison, as both East and West started with the same body of material, namely the Justinian legislation comprising the Institutes, Digest, Code and Novels. I realize that in doing so, I am implicitly restricting myself to civil law to the exclusion of canon law; but in fact I wish to narrow the field even further, and consider only civil legal literature in the strict sense, that is, legislation and legal scholarship. Furthermore, I realize that the Western tradition, based on the Justinian legislation, only begins in the eleventh century — coinciding with a revival in Byzantium. Nevertheless, I think the comparison is relevant, if only because it is a useful starting point for reflections on the role of law in Byzantine society.
Holy mountain and supreme council: Mount Athos at the beginning of a new era
Authors: Ursinus Michael
Published: January 2014

The establishment of the Supreme Council of Judicious Ordinances, itself a product of modern Ottoman reform begun by Mahmud II (1808–39), added to the establishment of a new framework for an increasingly centralised concept of ‘Beneficient Re-Orderings’ (tanzimat-i hayriye) in the Ottoman Empire. Created on 27 Zilhicce 1253 (24 March 1838) as part of Mahmud’s strategy to dismantle the Grand Vizirate and shift the locus of power closer to himself, the Meclis-i Vala-yi Ahkam-i Adliye consequently figured prominently also in the famous Hatt-i şerif (imperial decree) of Gülhane of 3 November 1839, by which date the Tanzimat are usually understood to have begun ‘officially’.
A manuscript of the monastery of the Soumela, Trebizond, now at Selly Oak, Birmingham
Authors: Birdsall J. Neville
Published: January 2014

As I reported to the International Colloquium on Greek Palaeography and Codicology, Berlin and Wolfenbiittel, October, 1983, I have for some years been gathering the materials for a catalogue of the Greek manuscripts housed in the Mingana Collection of the Central Library of the Selly Oak Colleges, in the city of Birmingham, England. The intervening years, for personal and administrative reasons, have not seen the appearance of this intended catalogue, but this delay has not been altogether detrimental, for occasionally some additional information has come to light. This short note reports one such piece of information, which I consider should be given to colleagues without further delay.
Albanian literature in Greek script. The eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Orthodox tradition in Albanian writing
Authors: Elsie Robert
Published: January 2014

Before the Turkish incursions of the late fourteenth century Albania had often been the frontier between the spheres of influence of Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy. Though in the wake of the Crusades certain areas of northern Albania and in particular the Adriatic ports under the growing influence of the Serenissima had come to look to Rome, most of central and southern Albania remained derivatively Byzantine. To this day, the double-headed eagle of Byzantium, a symbol of this heritage, adorns the Albanian flag.
The chronology of Rebetiko — a reconsideration of the evidence
Authors: Smith Ole L.
Published: January 2014

In this note I would like to discuss the problems presented to researchers by the almost complete lack of reliable information concerning the dates of pre-war rebetika recordings. It is unfortunately no exaggeration to say that with very few exceptions the published dates of older rebetika recordings are not to be trusted, and they have not been based on factual evidence.
New opportunities in storing, retrieving and publishing information
Authors: Gooch Rex
Published: January 2014

This article presents the conclusions of a Byzantinist and an Information Specialist working together to explore new solutions to age-old academic problems. It is the second of two related articles in this journal: the first is by Anna Muthesius.
Life imitates art: writings on Byzantine art history, 1991–1992
Authors: Brubaker Leslie
Published: January 2014

The following remarks continue the review/overview of scholarship on Byzantine art history initiated in the preceding volume of this journal. The author stresses, once again, that her remarks are idiosyncratic, and that this review/overview makes no claims to be exhaustive. The omission of any article or book from the overview usually reflects either her own ignorance or her inability to get hold of it; in particular, offprints — especially from the less well-distributed journals — would facilitate inclusion in subsequent issues. Both the author and the editor reiterate their earlier appeals for criticism and advice on the form and content of the survey, especially as a different approach has been followed in this year’s article.
Bold Men, Fair Maids and Affronts to their Sex: The characterisation and structural roles of men and women in the Escorial
Authors: Ekdawi Sarah , Fann Patricia , Philokyprou Elli
Published: January 2014

The Grottaferrata has been studied in terms of its function as ‘a re-affirmation of the social world’ and ‘an instrument of social reproduction’, and the roles of men and women have been examined in this context. No comparable study of the Escorial version has been undertaken. In this paper, we shall look at certain aspects of the behaviour of men and women in the E version, focusing on the text itself rather than on any social values or beliefs which it may reflect or express. The first part of the paper will examine the portrayal of the ideal man and woman and their antithetical, or anti-ideal, counterparts; the second part will concentrate on the structural implications of the role played by women in ΔA.
Epidemic disease in central Syria in the late sixth century Some new insights from the verse of Ḥassān ibn Thābit
Authors: Conrad Lawrence I.
Published: January 2014

Any interpretation of Near Eastern history touching upon the sixth and seventh centuries must invariably come to terms with the numerous causes of mortality, destruction, and social and economic disruption that preceded the Arab conquests. One of these factors was undoubtedly the bubonic plague, which descended the Nile in the summer of 641, spread through the Delta and passed to Syrian ports in the winter of that year; by the summer of 542 it had reached Constantinople itself and infected, among many other places, large parts of inland Asia Minor and Syria.
Byzantines and Jews: some recent work on early Byzantium
Authors: Cameron Averil
Published: January 2014

The publication of David Olster’s book, Roman Defeat, Christian Response and the Literary Construction of the Jew (Philadelphia 1994) marks a further stage in the recent tendency to draw attention to the role played by Jews in the events of the early seventh century. As several other scholars have done, Olster draws attention to what seems to have been a heightened awareness of Jews and Judaism by the Christian majority in Byzantium in this period and during the next century or so. A number of contemporary examples survive of the Christian anti-Jewish literary dialogue form familiar in Greek since the second century AD; what is perhaps even more striking, anti-Jewish comments and whole passages on this topic also feature in many other kinds of writing in the period, even when they have no obvious relevance to the topic. Iconophile texts are pervaded by such material, in particular the Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea in AD 787, and Jewish subject matter also appears in visual art. This review combines comments on Olster’s book with a wider consideration of the topic itself and of other recent publications touching on it; it also asks why the subject became so pressing to contemporary Christians, and makes some suggestions about the interpretation of the relevant material.
Narratives in Perambulation: Poe’s ‘The Man of the Crowd’ and Metsakes’ ‘Aυτόχειρ’
Authors: Gotsi Georgia
Published: January 2014

An author Edgar Allan Poe was initially introduced to the Greek public of the late nineteenth century by Roi’des, and soon became well-known through a series of translations in the contemporary press. ‘The Man of the Crowd’ (1840) appeared in a somewhat adapted translation in the journal Eστíα of 1890. Five years later, Michael Metsakes, who was familiar with Poe’s tales, published in the newspaper a short story which, despite its affinities to ‘The Man of the Crowd’, preserves a remarkable individuality. What rather brings these two texts together, otherwise products of two quite different cultures, is the awareness shared by their authors of the rise of a new era. Writing just before the Civil War, Poe experiences the tensions connected with the upsurge of Jacksonian democracy. The period witnessed an unprecedented increase in urban population following the transformation of the United States from an agricultural country into a commercial and industrial one. The American dream of freedom and justice had to come to terms with the fear of the mob, economic inequality, and man’s dependence on the machine. Sensitive to the new cultural situation which was beginning to emerge in his country, Poe deplores America’s increasing industrialisation and is preoccupied with the disintegration of personality it generates. Poe’s awareness of the new age is apparent in ‘The Man of the Crowd’, a text noticed by both Baudelaire and Walter Benjamin for its anticipation of modernity.
Cavafy’s English Poems
Authors: Ekdawi Sarah
Published: January 2014

The three strange poems in English which constitute the section ‘Foreign Language Verse’ in Cavafy’s Unpublished Poems present problems of authorship, interpretation and preservation. Who wrote them? What are they about? Why did Cavafy, who destroyed so much, trouble to keep them? The purpose of the present note is to provide plausible, if not definitive, answers to these three questions. The poems under discussion are, ‘Leaving Therápia’, ‘Darkness and Shadows’ and the untitled poem that begins, ‘More happy thou, performing Member’.
The numismatic evidence from the Danube region 971–1092
Authors: Frankopan Peter Doimi De
Published: January 2014

Despite the efforts of the Emperor Maurice (582–602) to relieve Avar and Slav pressure on the Lower Danube region, Byzantium finally lost control over this area at the very end of the 6th Century (or perhaps at the start of the 7th Century). There is no evidence — literary, numismatic or otherwise — which suggests that imperial authority was re-imposed until after the defeat of Sviatoslav and the Rus’ by John I Tzimiskes (969–76) towards the end of the tenth century.
Collaboration and innovation in the arts of Byzantine Constantinople
Authors: Ousterhout Robert
Published: January 2014

In the period after Iconoclasm, a Byzantine church was a framework for a complex, multi-level programme of figural decoration in mosaic or fresco. The architectural form of the building was abstract, but it was given meaning through its decorative programme. The selection and placement of images would have interacted with the services celebrated in the church to emphasise the message of the liturgy and to express the order within the Christian cosmos. It is therefore not surprising, although not often noted, that the standard, Middle Byzantine church types were developed simultaneously with a relatively standardised programme of interior decoration.
The Birmingham, conference on Greece as a member of the European Union: sixteen years after its accession.
Authors: Kaminaris Spiros , Panagopoulos Panagiotis
Published: January 2014

The five papers which follow are the outcome of a Conference on Greece and its role in the European Union sixteen years after its accession, hosted by the University of Birmingham. It took place on the 16th of May 1997 at the Institute for German Studies which kindly offered its facilities for this event. The papers of the Conference which have been substantially revised for publication in this journal had as a purpose to explore not only the political, military, economic, and cultural role of Greece since it became a full EEC member but also the contemporary role of the only Balkan state that is an EU member, in the tremendous changes that take place in Europe in the 1990s.
Greece in the future enlarged European Union
Authors: Anastasakis Othon
Published: January 2014

For Greece, to be part of the European Communities/European Union, it has always been a constant challenge to the country’s international position. Sixteen years of EC membership have had a remarkable political, diplomatic, socio-economic and cultural effect on the country’s internal domain. Indeed, EC membership has contributed to the consolidation of democratic internal processes, it has influenced the administrative capacity of the state, it has affected the external political orientation of the country’s foreign policy objectives, it has benefited the economy from substantial financial community transfers and it has brought the Greek culture closer to the other western European cultures. Seen from a more critical perspective, EC membership has also produced severe shock effects, as the Greek economy has been increasingly exposed to European trade and the subsequent single market and it keeps on breeding social tensions in the process of economic and monetary integration.
Some intertexts of the Vita Stephani Junioris
Authors: Hatlie Peter
Published: January 2014

In the introduction to her newly published edition of the Life of St. Stephen the Younger, M.-F. Auzépy spares no effort in her attempt to uncover the original motives and intentions underlying this fascinating hagiographic work. Her results, though not the first or only word on this matter, are nonetheless provocative and original. This brief note will raise some questions about those findings and offer an additional point of view on the VSJ in connection with the contemporary writings of Theodore of Stoudios.
Manuscript studies in the twentieth century: Kurt Weitzmann reconsidered
Authors: Dolezal Mary-Lyon
Published: January 2014

Even when dealing with the remote past, the historian cannot be entirely objective. And in an account of his own experiences and reactions the personal factor becomes so important that it has to be extrapolated by a deliberate effort on the part of the reader.

Erwin Panofsky

As we approach the end of the twentieth century, it is an appropriate time to consider the evolution of art-historical scholarship during this century; recent publications on this topic indicate its current interest. In particular, the discipline of manuscript studies, which has been flourishing and changing in its methodology over the last two decades, deserves re-evaluation and assessment. Rumination on the past is a fundamental process in our attempts to define new approaches and necessary to the positioning of our own approaches in relationship to what preceded them, especially methodologies that had conspicuous impact on the history of the discipline.
Evidence from Rome for the image of Christ on the Chalke gate in Constantinople
Authors: Haldon John , Ward-Perkins Bryan
Published: January 2014

The biography of Pope Zacharias (741-52) in the Liber Pontificalis gives an account of his building-works and embellishments at the papal Lateran palace. After describing a new dining-room (triclinium) and an oratory and portico of St. Silvester, the account goes on to say:

Fecit autem a fundamentis ante scrinium Lateranensem porticum atque turrem ubi et portas ereas atque cancellos instituit et per figuram Salvatoris ante fores ornavit; et per ascendentes scalas in superioribus super eandem turrem triclinium et cancellos aereos construxit, ubi et orbis terrarum descriptione depinxit atque diversis versiculis ornavit.

(He made from their foundations, in front of the offices of the Lateran, a portico and tower, where he set up bronze doors and railings, and adorned it in front of the doors with a figure of our Saviour. [Reached] by stairs going up, in the upper parts over the same tower he built a triclinium and bronze railings, and here painted a representation of the orb of the world and ornamented it with various verses).
Seferis and the novel: a reading of Six Nights on the Acropolis
Authors: Beaton Roderick
Published: January 2014

Seferis’s only completed novel makes few concessions to the realist tradition. He was, however, fascinated by the genre and made five attempts to write a novel. Six Nights is a hybrid, transgressive text, which draws on an uncanonical tradition of fiction, from the Odyssey and The Arabian Nights to Gide and Proust. Six Nights can be read as diary-novel, pastiche or parody following Gide, symbolist novel, Bildungsroman, and roman à clef. Close readings under each of these headings reveal the complexity and the experimental nature of Six Nights, and help to situate it within Seferis’ developing oeuvre.
Childhood, mental capacity and conversion to Islam in the Ottoman state
Authors: Ginio Eyal
Published: January 2014

In this paper I explore the conversions of minors as they were presented in the registrations of the şeriat court (sicil). Two types of records shed light on the conversion process: the summaries of lawsuits and the sporadic registrations of converts’ names. As the mental capacity of a child was regarded as of crucial importance when considering the child’s conversion, the kadi classified the children into three different age-groups. Special attention was given to children of seven to ten years: their conversion was approved after an examination of their mental capacity. We can assume that these cases concealed some forms of pressure as well. The conversion of adolescents should be regarded as part of a wider phenomenon — the conversion of rural migrants to Salonica.
Writing and Redemption in the Hymns of Romanos the Melodist
Authors: Krueger Derek
Published: January 2014

The liturgical hymns on the life of Christ composed by the sixth-century Constantinopolitan poet Romanos the Melodist inscribe theologies of literary composition which incorporate writing into the economy of salvation. His dialogues between Jesus and various characters from the gospels habitually insert acts of writing and literary documents into the biblical narrative. Romanos figures Jesus’ death on the cross as an act of self-inscription where Christ signs a ransom for humanity using his body as parchment and his blood as ink. The poet himself signs each of his poems by encrypting some variant of the phrase BY THE HUMBLE ROMANOS into an acrostic that determines the first letter of each stanza. The poet attaches his identity silently to his work, performing the humility he hopes to achieve while assimilating his own writing to Christ’s work of redemption.
Laonikos Chalkokondyles and the rise of the Ottoman Turks
Authors: Harris Jonathan
Published: January 2014

While most Christian writers who described the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 regarded the disaster as divine retribution for the sins of its inhabitants, carried out through the agency of the barbaric and infidel Turks, the historical work of Laonikos Chalkokondyles takes a very different approach to the problem. It argues that nations rose or fell partly through luck, but also according the virtue they possessed, so that the Turks, rather than being mere agents, could in fact take the credit for their success. In this approach, Chalkokondyles reflects not classical Greek literature, but a western tradition to be found in Livy and Cicero, a strand of thought that he may have adopted as a result of contacts with Renaissance Italy.
Sebeos’ account of an Arab attack on Constantinople in 654
Authors: O’Sullivan Shaun
Published: January 2014

The Armenian writer Sebeos records in detail a great Arab attack on the Byzantine capital in 654, which ended in disastrous failure. No parallel accounts are known, and Sebeos’ report has not been seriously considered. Yet Sebeos, otherwise known to be a reliable author, was writing only shortly after the supposed event. The event is plausible in its historical context. Allusions to it in several historical sources may be remnants of written records, parallel to Sebeos’ account, which disappeared after the condemnation of Monotbeletism in 680–1. Indirect evidence of the attack from several other Christian sources and, to a lesser degree, from the Islamic tradition also tends to confirm Sebeos’ report.
Aquatic spaces and women’s places: a comparative reading of George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss and Alexandros Papadiamantis’s H φόνισσα
Authors: Kitsi-Mitakou Katerina
Published: January 2014

This article will attempt a comparative reading of George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss (1860) and Alexandros Papadiamantis’s H φόνισσα (1903), aiming to illustrate how both texts are preoccupied with the problem of inventing spaces for their deviant and superfluous female characters. Although enmeshed in the dominant ideologies of their time, such as the evolutionary pattern of life as a sign of progress, and women’s marginalisation and domestication within this model, these novels simultaneously reject these ideologies. Interestingly, both Eliot’s and Papadiamantis’s problematic heroines are associated with water and experience a cathartic death by water. As a deus ex machina, the overflowing waters of the river in the first case, and the rising waves of the sea in the latter, provide a sanctuary, an intermediate space, where the two exiled heroines escape from traditional definitions of women as homeless containers or empty receptacles. George Eliot’s Maggie and Papadiamantis’s Frangoyannou discover an alternative geography in water, as the Darwinian aquatic space, a site of contestation, is reappropriated and transformed into a nursing space. This return to an intrauterine bliss, however, apart from its revolutionary potential, signifies also a return to essentialism and suggests the impossibility of ascribing any space to women except for that of endless metaphoricity. In the open-endedness of these two texts, women are floating signifiers, both promoting and transcending female archetypes.
Foundations of the Active Woman
Authors: Buck Anne
Published: January 2014

This period, 1890–1914, and particularly between 1900 and 1908, is the great epoch of underwear. Up to this time underwear existed as a protective covering, working in both directions, protecting the body from the dress and the dress from the body, but also serving as a supporting structure for the dress's changing lines. The lines of underwear therefore change with those of the dress and underwear itself may increase or diminish with them. But during the second half of the nineteenth century a new element enters beneath the surface of fashion. Like most changes this is a gradual one, but by the 1890s it is apparent that underwear is receiving attention for its own sake.
The Young Queen and Her Clothes
Authors: Ginsburg Madeleine
Published: January 2014

There are many books on Queen Victoria but in them her clothes receive no more than a mention, although they are important as an index of character, and in her life time were the subject of controversy, providing yet another issue on which the queen and her subjects disputed the scope allowed a woman's wishes as opposed to a queen's. The Empress Eugenie of France, almost her contemporary, had considerable social and economic importance as the personification of French elegance. Could Victoria have done the same for England? There are more examples of her clothing in public and private collections than those of any previous or subsequent monarch, and these deserve description in their own right.
Dress Of the English Schoolchild
Authors: Mansfield Alan
Published: January 2014

This article is based on an address given at the Costume Society's 1973 Symposium, and does not purport to be more than a sketchy outline of a subject to which the costume historian has not, as far as I know, given very much attention. In 1939 the Rev. Wallace Clare, F.R.S.A. published a short work, illustrated by drawings of some of the ancient school uniforms for boys. I am indebted to this work for some of my information.
‘A List of ye Wardrobe’ 1749: The Dress Inventory of John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu
Authors: Llewellyn Sacha
Published: January 2014

The following article is based on research undertaken for my MA thesis, ‘The Dress Inventories of the 2nd Duke and Duchess of Montagu, 1749 and 1747’. The Duke's inventory, which is the subject of the article below, will be followed by an article, to be published in a future issue of Costume, on the Duchess's Inventory.
Roman and Byzantine Dress in Egypt
Authors: King Donald
Published: January 2014

This is a transcript of a talk given at the Biennial Conference of the Early Textiles Study Group on Early Items of Clothing, at Manchester University in September 1994.
Dress in History: Studies and Approaches
Authors: Meiklejohn Heather M.
Published: January 2014

The Gallery of Costume (Manchester City Art Galleries) in Partnership with Manchester Metropolitan University Fiftieth Anniversary Conference, 3–6 July 1997
Ethnicity and Iberians: The Archaeological Crossroads Between Perception and Material Culture
Authors: Díaz-Andreu Margarita
Published: January 2014

A re-evaluation of how ethnicity is currently understood in archaeology is necessary in view of recent developments in the archaeology of identity. In this article, it will be argued that nationalism has led to an understanding of ethnicity as monolithic, denying in this way its heterogeneous nature. Since the 1920s, archaeologists working under the culture-historical umbrella have explicitly defined ethnicity on the basis of material culture, maintaining endless, and perhaps fruitless, debates. However, as anthropologists have been discussing since the 1970s, ethnicity is perhaps not about material culture, or not necessarily about material culture, but about perception. Archaeologists should consider ethnic identities as fluid and polymorphous, for multiple ethnic affiliations can coexist and overlap in the same individual. Ethnic identification(s) displayed by each individual will change depending on the circumstances, the interlocutor and the situation. In addition, archaeologists cannot study ethnic identity in isolation from other types of identifications – gender, religion, status, etc. – as all of them will be at play, ready to act (or to be hidden), on each particular occasion. These issues will be discussed in this article in relation to Iron Age Iberians.
The Viroconium Cornoviorum Atlas: high resolution, high precision non-invasive mapping of a Roman civitas capital in Britain
Authors: van Leusen Martijn , Barratt Glynn , Gaffney Vince
Published: January 2014

Accurate mapping of the 78-ha Roman town of Viroconium (modern-day Wroxeter in Shropshire, UK) in preparation for detailed research and site management proved a task that requires the use of modern information techniques. This article describes the creation of high spatial accuracy maps by the use of GPS-located gradiometer survey data in order to georeference available aerial photographs, and the use of digital processing of aerial photographs to obtain additional information invisible to the unaided eye. A GIS is being used to build a vectorized interpreted map of the town with a spatial error typically less than one metre. The results compare favourably with previous mapping efforts based on traditional methods.
Archaeology and desertification in the Vera basin (Almería, south-east Spain)
Authors: Castro Pedro , Gili Sylvia , Lull Vicente , Micó Rafael , Rihuete Cristina , Risch Roberto , Sanahuja Yll Ma.Encarna , Chapman Robert
Published: January 2014

Field research and predictive modelling of global warming and desertification by environmental scientists in the Mediterranean has concentrated on the short term. In this paper, it is argued that collaboration between the historical sciences, especially archaeology, and the environmental sciences can provide a longer-term perspective on desertification in the Mediterranean. Such collaboration has taken place recently in the Vera basin (Almería, south-east Spain), with the financial support of the European Union. Details of the archaeological and historical sequences of occupation in the basin are given, before presenting the main trends in demography, settlement and political systems from 4000 BC until the present day. This is followed by details of the long-term record of degradation in the Vera basin. The paper concludes by using the long-term record to propose recommendations for the future management of this landscape.
Cosmovision and metaphor: monsters and shamans in Gallo-British cult-expression
Authors: Green Miranda Aldhouse
Published: January 2014

The repertoire of cult-iconography produced in Gaul and Britain during the Iron Age and Roman periods contains a group of images that are a blend of human and animal forms. Such pieces are generally interpreted as depictions of divinities, but while it remains probable that they are expressive of cult perceptions, there is a need to re-evaluate their function and identity. The hybridity of the images suggests meanings associated with boundary-crossing, risk and the challenge to ‘normative’ concepts. It is argued here that such contradictive and liminal representations might be identified with transgression between earthworld and spiritworld, and that monstrous images perhaps express the identity of individuals who, within the context of ritual practice, habitually ‘moved’ between worlds, by means of trance and altered states of consciousness. It may be that, in the context of Gallo-British cosmologies, images with antler-head-dresses, horns or other animal attributes should be identified as shamans rather than as gods.
Digital preservation and access
Authors: Richards Julian D.
Published: January 2014

There is a crisis in the publication and archiving of archaeological field data in Europe. Computerized data are more fragile than paper archives but also more accessible via the Internet. This article explores the role of the Archaeology Data Service and examines some of the issues raised by the collection of digital data and their dissemination online and the implications for the future of archaeological publication. It discusses approaches to digital data preservation, the development of archival standards and ways of encouraging reuse. It explores the development of distributed online catalogues and archives and the need for metadata standards for cataloguing resources. Finally, it considers the role of XML as an emergent technology and introduces the European ARENA project which is developing a digital preservation and access infrastructure.
Some Contributions of Electron Fractography to the Theory of Fracture*
Authors: Broek D.
Published: January 2014

This review gives a survey of the results Of five years† of study in the field of electron fractography conducted at the National Aerospace Laboratory (N.L.R.) to sleek a better understanding of fracture mechanisms. It is largely based on a series of publicationsl-12 that appeared during these years. In general only the progress achieved purely by electron fractography will be discussed, although in a Jew cases use will be made of results, of transmission electron microscopy of thin foils and of optical microscopy.
Significance of Response Characteristics of Materials to Dynamic Loading
Authors: Nolle H.
Published: January 2014

The study of the behaviour of material under the influence of dynamic loads has been pursued, to a large extent, for practical reasons. It has been recognized for almost one hundred years that the deformation behaviour of materials will, in general, change as the rate of loading is increased. Within the realms of the mechanics of solids. this time-dependence of the stress/strain relationship has been treated as a fundamental problem; in the context of engineering practice it has been recognized as being a significant factor controlling the design and manufacture of engineering products. There are three major areas where better understanding of the material is of immediate interest. These are fracture mechanics, metal cutting and forming, and the development of engineering metals and alloys, their heat-treatment, and the production control of their quality. Of course none of the boundaries of these areas can be delineated with any degree of exactness. For example, criteria for fracture resistance are of interest in metal fatigue work, structural dynamics, plasticity, and shortduration life-cycle applications. Also, the growing importanc of plastics in engineering has stimulated the development of new methods of testing to evaluate their suitability in applications traditionally reserved for metals. Because of the high rate-sensitivity of plastics, their deformation and strength under dynamic, loading forms a central part of such evaluations. Much of what has been learned from metals testing is also of direct or indirect interest to the plastics problem.
The Evaluation of the Interparticle Spacing in Dispersion Alloys
Authors: Corti C. W. , Cotterill P. , Fitzpatrick G. A.
Published: January 2014

It is well known that dispersed particles (whether of intermetallic or non-metallic phases) can have a considerable influence on the properties of metals, e.g. strengths are increased, recrystallization can be either accelerated or retarded, and the matrix grain size is often much reduced compared with that of a single-phase alloy having the same composition as the matrix of the dispersion alloy. The magnitude of these effects depends on the size and spacing of the dispersed particles. However, these parameters seldom have an absolute value, even in a single specimen, since the particles are rarely, uniform in size, shape, or distribution. In addition, the interparticle spacing can be calculated on the basis of any one of several different definitions and/or formulae, each of which leads to a different numerical value for a given alloy structure.
Materials for Gas Turbines
Authors: Glenny R. J. E. , Northwood J. E. , Smith A. Burwood
Published: January 2014

The major components of gas turbines and their materials requirements are outlined. The properties, advantages, and limitations of materials which have been and are being used in gas turbines are then described in the following groups: aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium and its alloys, steels, and finally nickel- and cobalt-base alloys. The applications of the last group of alloys and the importance of their metallurgical stability in turbine blades, discs, nozzle guide vanes, and sheet metal components are discussed. Corrosion and its prevention are then considered, followed by sections on experimental materials including alloys of chromium and the refractory metals, ceramics, and fibre composites. Future trends and prospects are discussed briefly in a concluding section.
Effects of Hydrogen in Aluminium, Magnesium, Copper, and Their Alloys
Authors: Talbot D. E. J.
Published: January 2014

The nature of hydrogen solutions in metals and the evidence for physical and chemical hydrogen traps are examined as a prerequisite for interpreting and evaluating experimental observations and information from manufacturing operations. The sources, distribution, control, and effects of hydrogen are then considered for the metals and alloys under review. For aluminium and its alloys, unsoundness in castings, mechanical weaknesses generated by hydrogen, and blistering in wrought products are discussed in terms of the redistribution of hydrogen which occurs in the metal as it solidifies during casting. The arguments are extended to the formation and distribution of microporosity in magnesium alloy castings, taking account of the more dominant role of solidification contraction. Reference is also made to effects of an entirely different character which occur with magnesium alloys containing elements which form stable hydrides. The effects in copper are reviewed with emphasis on interactions between hydrogen and other gas-forming elements, notably oxygen, which may also be present. The topics considered are the control of pitch in fire-refined tough-pitch copper, the evolution of gases in copper alloy castings, steam embrittlement of oxygen-bearing copper annealed in reducing atmospheres, and hydrogen blistering in some self-deoxidizing copper alloys in wrought form. The removal of hydrogen from liquid metals is an important element in controlling the effects described and so the various techniques available are described and evaluated where appropriate, including modern practices such as ‘in-line’ degassing for aluminium and its alloys.
Provision and Use of Thermodynamic Data for the Solution of High-Temperature Practical Problems
Authors: Chart T. G. , Counsell J. F. , Jones G. P. , Slough W. , Spencer P. J.
Published: January 2014

When chemical thermodynamic calculations are applied to the evaluation of· metallurgical processes, it is essential that reliable data are used in order to reach valid conclusions. The compilation of such data from raw experimental results which are reported in the literature is a highly skilled operation. All aspects of the skills involved are described in the present article, including available methods for estimating unknown data. It is desirable that fully self-consistent data should include reliable phase diagram information when available, and the relationships between thermodynamic data and phase equilibria are described. A review is given of the current position in the calculation of phase equilibria for multicomponent alloy systems, employing data from binary systems. The storage of data in computer data banks is discussed and the particular NPL data bank which stores metallurgical thermodynamic data is described. Finally, a review of recent examples in which thermodynamic calculations have been applied to practical problems is given.
Library History in Germany: A Progress Report
Authors: Vodosek Peter
Published: January 2014

Despite appearances, library history research in Germany is narrowly based, though extremely active. The major German bibliographical work in this field, known as BBB, is actually a one-man operation, while library schools which concern themselves with history have all but disappeared (with the exception of Stuttgart). But research into all aspects of library history has been flourishing due to the activities of the Wolfenbutteler Arbeitskreis fur Bibliotheks-, Buch- und Mediengeschichte, which has sponsored a large programme of meetings and publications. This paper was presented at a seminar on the state of library history research, held at the Library of Congress in October 2000.
The Identity of Library and Information History: An Audit of Library and Information History Teaching and Research in Departments and Schools of Library and Information Studies in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Black Alistair , Crawford John
Published: January 2014

The identity of library and information history (LIH) is a function of how historians working in the field see themselves and how they think they are perceived by others. The views of ‘others’ — as reflected in the incidence of LIH teaching and research in schools, or departments, of library and information studies (LIS) in British and Irish universities — were obtained through the circulation of a questionnaire to institutional members of BAILER (British Association of Information and Library Education and Research). The results of the audit show that LIH remains a relatively isolated component of the LIS curriculum and research environment, although some impressive activity and a small number of centres of excellence are identifiable. This article is part of a wider ranging paper delivered by the authors at the Library History Group's ‘Libraries and Identity’ Conference, held at the Library Association's Under-One- Umbrella Five event at the University of Manchester Institute of Technology (UMIST), 1-3 July 1999·
A Select Annotated Bibliography of Library History in the Germanic Language Areas of Continental Western Europe (Excluding Germany) Austria, Switzerland, The Netherlands, and Belgium
Authors: Smith Kathleen A.
Published: January 2014

This annotated bibliography was created in an effort to collect and evaluate sources pertaining to library history in the Germanic language areas of continental Europe, aside from Germany itself. The impetus for this project arose from my observation that information on German library history is abundant, and I became curious about the state of library history scholarship in the often overlooked ‘other’ Germanic language areas.
No More the Hero: Lionel Mccolvin, Women Library Workers, And Impacts of Othering
Authors: Kerslake Evelyn
Published: January 2014

Lionel McColvin has been hailed as the uncompromising leader of the public library sector. This paper challenges the glory in which much of McColvin's work still basks with a consideration of the significance of his work for women library workers. The impact of two important texts by McColvin in furthering discriminatory practices against women workers is investigated. McColvin sanctioned the practice of unequal pay for women workers and advocated the recruitment of men in preference to women for professional posts, thus perpetuating discriminatory treatment against women in the sector. Thus he contributed to a significant extent to the widespread acceptance of detrimental conditions in terms of pay, conditions of service, career development opportunities, and training faced by women library workers in the 1940S and 1950S. Such discriminatory employment practices were embodied in the lives of women workers, and the lived experience of unequal pay is discussed. I would like to thank Chris Baggs for his comments.