bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histopathological lesions in spontaneous dictyocaulotic pneumonia of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)
Authors: Rahko Timo , Saari Seppo , Nikander Sven
Published: February 2013

The histopathology of pneumonitic lesions in natural lungworm infection has not been previously described in reindeer. In the present study, light microscopical studies of dictyocaulotic lung tissues were performed on 12 slaughtered reindeer specimens obtained from the eastern part of Finnish Lapland in order to reveal the histopathological lesions characteristic of spontaneous Dictyocaulus eckerti infection. The lungs of 8 healthy reindeer carrying no lung worms were investigated to elucidate normal microscopic structure. Parasites in different stages of development and their eggs were detected not only in inflamed sections of small airways, but also wandered freely in the alveolar lumina. The eggs were rich in carbohydrates for reserve energy and were surrounded by a superficial layer of acidic mucins. The pleural serosa over acutely inflamed areas was swollen and in chronically altered sections, fibrotic thickenings of pleural and subpleural tissues were evident. The lung tissues were either condensed by an inflammatory exudate rich in migrating cells or emphysematically altered. Mucus secretions were abnormally profuse and apparently less acidic in histochemical compositon. Interstitial tissues were also inflamed and contained separated foreign body and eosinophilic granulomes. Furthermore, a vasculitis with endothelial vacuolations and muscular hypertrophy was noticeable in some tissue sections.
Margaretha Stéen; Elaphystrongylosis. A clinical, pathological and taxono-mical study with special emphasis on the infection in moose
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Margareta Steen defended her PhD thesis Elaphystrongylosis. A clinical, pathological and taxono-mical study with special emphasis on the infection in moose at the Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden on December 13, 1991.
Variables influencing survival in four generations of captive-born muskoxen
Authors: Lent P.C. , Davis W.J.
Published: February 2013

Since 1967, four generations of muskoxen have been born in captivity in Alaska (399 live births, 18 abortions and 47 stillbirths), all derived from 20 females and 8 males captured on Nunivak Island. Analysis of juvenile survival was accomplished by dividing individuals into 7 classes (not born live, born live but not surviving 48 hours, survived 48 hours but < 1 week, survived 1 week but < 1 month, survived 1 month but < 6 months, survived 6 months but < 2 years, survived 2 years). Males were more frequent among live born calves (219:178, P=0.05), but greater numbers of females survived to 2 years (62:86, P<0.01). Birthweight (X=9.75 kg, N=155) did not differ between sexes nor did it significantly influence survival. Of 463 individuals, 131 showed some inbreeding but no coefficients of inbreeding exceeded 0.25 and most were less than 0.13. Analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis) showed a significant (P<0.05) difference between survival of inbred and non-inbred individuals. Chi-squared tests showed a greater proportion of non-inbred calves surviving to 2 years (P<0.05) but no significant differences in perinatal mortality. Offspring of the Nunivak Island cows survived significantly (P<.01) longer than those whose mothers were born in captivity, even when only non-inbred calves were compared.
The effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on pregnancy rates in reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus)
Authors: Ropstad Erik , Helland Gaute , Hansen Helge , Lenvik Dag , Solberg Eva Tangen
Published: February 2013

In September 1990, a total of 69 calves with a minimum body weight of 46 kg were allocated into two groups, one treated with a single injection of 75 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (N = 35), the other serving as control (N=34). Blood samples were collected for progesterone analysis in December 1990 and 1991. Udder palpation was performed in July and September 1990. Treated animals had significantly lower plasma progesterone levels in December 1990. The pregnancy rate as determined by udder palpation was 16.7% for treated animals and 48.3% for controls (P<0.01). All animals which were found to be pregnant had high progesterone levels (>5 ng/ml) the following winter. The mean body weight increase was 5.1 kg lower in females which kept their calves until September than in barren females (P<0.05). More than 50% of the pregnant females lost their calves during the summer.
Serosurvey of three virus infections in reindeer in northern Norway and Svalbard
Authors: Stuen S. , Krogsrud J. , Hyllseth B. , Tyler N.J.C.
Published: February 2013

Sera from 326 Norwegian reindeer (NR) and from 40 Svalbard reindeer (SR) were examined for antibodies to reindeer herpesvirus (RHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and parainfulenza type 3 virus (PIV-3). No antibodies to any of these three viruses were detected in sera from SR. Sixty-three percent of sera from 101 adult NR (> 12 months old) and 15% of 225 NR calves (6 months old) had antibodies to RHV; corresponding values for BVDV were 41% and 6%, respectively. Twenty-seven percent of adult NR and 1% of NR calves had antibodies to both viruses. No antibodies to PIV-3 were detected in any NR sera.
Carl Johan Petersson; Reindeer herd production - a modelling approach
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Carl Johan Petersson defended his AgrD thesis at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, on December 17, 1993.
Sven Skjenneberg Doctor Honoris Causa
Authors: Rehbinder Claes , Danell Öje
Published: February 2013

In August 28, 1993, Sven Skjenneberg was conferred the degree of Veterinary Medical Doctor Honoris Causa at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Growth of wild muskoxen under two nutritional regimes in Greenland
Authors: Olesen Carsten Riis , Thing Henning , Aastrup Peter
Published: February 2013

Growth of muskoxen in Jameson Land, East Greenland (EG) and in Angujaartorfiup Nunaa, West Greenland (WG) is affected by the different nutritional conditions in the two areas. The abundance and availability of forage plants is highest in WG. Muskoxen in WG reach sexual maturity one year earlier than muskoxen in EG. A significant proportion of female muskoxen in WG conceive at the age of 16 months and give birth to their first calf as two years olds. The horn bases of the muskox bulls in WG are fully developed during their third year of life, but their maximum body weight (BW) is attained at the age of six. Average BW of adult bulls (4 yr+) in WG is 306 kg which is 23 % greater than in adult bulls in EG. BW is seasonally more variable in EG than in WG owing to greater seasonal fluctuation in food supply.
Remote blood collection in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L): a preliminary study
Authors: Wiklund E. , Goddard P.J. , Rehbinder C.
Published: February 2013

Automatic blood sampling equipment (ABSE) was used successfully to collect blood samples from two reindeer. During blood sampling, two methods of restraint were applied which caused no short term changes in plasma concentrations of urea, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase or total protein. Plasma Cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated by the two restraint techniques. The value of ABSE in studies of stress in reindeer is discussed.
A comprehensive transition matrix model for projecting production and resource consumption in reindeer herds
Authors: Danell Öje , Petersson Carl Johan
Published: February 2013

A deterministic herd model was developed for projecting the dynamic changes in reindeer herd size and structure under defined harvest policies. The model distinguishes between females, males and castrates up to an optional number of age-classes. Calves are further classified based on the age and status (present/absent) of their mother. The yearly cycle is divided up into a maximum of 11 time steps, including five grazing seasons. The model is described in general terms using the Leslie matrix approach in order to suit different computer implementations. The conventional Leslie matrix solution was extended so that nonlinear features and stochastic variation in performance parameters could be considered. Computational procedures for making detailed economic evaluations of harvest output and herd feed requirements or consumption are given. This general purpose model can be tailored to specific study conditions. An advantage of this is that the sensitivity to necessary approximations can be tested with the general purpose model. The model is intended for use in both research and extension work.
Mycotic skin lesions in an adult reindeer caused by Debaryomyces bansenii. A case report
Authors: Rehbinder Claes , Mattsson Roland
Published: February 2013

This report apparently is the first to describe candidosis in reindeer. It is imperative that reindeer kept in corrals during winter and spring for supplementary feeding, are provided clean, dry conditions and that strict hygenic measures are followed. If reindeer on the other hand are kept in dirty, wet and muddy corrals, among other things, skin lesions due to fungal infections may possibly appear rather frequently.
Aspergillosis in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L). A case report
Authors: Rehbinder Claes , Mattsson Roland , Belak Katinka
Published: February 2013

This is apparently the first report of aspergillosis in reindeer.
A possible occurrence of twinning in wild muskoxen, West Greenland
Authors: Elsner Wendy
Published: February 2013

Two cows, both at least four years of age, were observed with what appeared to be two sets of twins, near Ammolortoq Lake, approximately 25 km southeast of Kangerlussuaq in West Greenland. There were few other muskoxen in the atea at the time. The calves in each pair were the same size and one pair was larger than the other.
Nutritional Value of Seaweed to Ruminants
Authors: Applegate Roger D. , Gray Patrick B.
Published: February 2013

We compared the nutritional quality (apparent digestible dry matter (ADDM), crude protein, total phenolics, gross energy), of 3 seaweed species (Alaria esculenta, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosis) to that of 3 woody browse species{Acer rubrum, Thuja occidentalis, Abies balsamea), lichen (Usnea spp.), and winter rye (Secale cereals) for ruminants. The ADDM's of the 3 seaweeds (63-80% DM) were 11-167% DM higher and crude protein contents (12.1-14.6% DM) were 68-186% DM higher than the 3 browse species. Seaweeds had lower total phenolics (5.5-10.3% DM) and gross energy (12-15 KJ/g DM), and moderate digestible energy (DE) contents (9-10 KJ/g DM) compared to the browse species. The 3 browse species had ADDM's of 30-57% DM, crude protein contents of 5.1-7.2% DM, total phenolic concentrations of 11.6-16.4% DM, and DE contents of 6-12 KJ/g DM. Winter rye and lichen had the lowest total phenolic concentrations (1.3 and 1.9% DM) of forages examined, and had lower ADDM's (35 and 40% DM), DE contents (6-7 KJ/g DM), and crude protein (7.8 and 5.7% DM) than seaweeds. The relatively high DE and protein contents of seaweed may explain high deer densities of Maine coastal islands where browse availability and use appears to be low.
Immobilization of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) with medetomidine-ketamine and remobilization with atipamezole
Authors: Arnemo Jon M.
Published: February 2013

Seventeen free-ranging moose {Alces alces) (2 adult males, 13 adult females and 2 female calves) were immobilized with a combination of medetomidine hydochloride (MED) and ketamine hydrochloride (KET) in early autumn (August-September). Drugs were administrated with plastic projectile syringes fired from a dart gun, either from a car or by approaching the animals on foot. MED at 30 mg/adult and 15 mg/calf in combination with KET at 400 mg/adult and 200 mg/calf induced complete immobilization with sternal or lateral recumbency and loss of the corneal reflex in all individuals. The mean ± SD time from darting to when the animals were found was 18.3 ± 8.7 min for adults and the mean distance covered by these animals between darting and recumbency was 320 + 200 m. No side effects of clinical significance were detected and registration of the rectal temperature (38.8 ± 0.5°C), heart rate (44 ± 7 beats/min), respiratory rate (31 ±20 breaths/min) and relative arterial oxygen saturation (89 ± 3 %, n=8) during immobilization in adults showed that these physiological parameters were within the safe ranges established for moose. Blood samples from adults were analyzed for 17 haematological and 33 serum biochemical constituents and the results were compared to corresponding values found in moose immobilized with etorphine (ETO). Although the lower levels (p<0.05) found for haematocrit, red blood cells, haemoglobin and Cortisol in the MED-KET group may indicate a difference in the stress response, the low muscle enzyme levels in both groups show that these immobilizing drugs and capture methods induce very little physical stress in moose. A hyperglycaemic response was found in MED-KET treated animals. Atipamezole hydrochloride (ATI) rapidly remobilized all animals and the time elapsing from ATI administration to standing was 3-9 ± 1.8 min after i.v./s.c. treatment (n=7) and 6.9 ± 3.4 min after i.m./s.c. injection (n=8). No side effects were detected after reversal. In conclusion, medetomidine-ketamine and atipamezole can be recommended for reversible immobilization of free-ranging moose in early autumn.
Lymphoma in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)
Authors: Järplid Bertil , Rehbinder Claes
Published: February 2013

In reindeer, only one case of lymphoma, a multiple cutaneous malignant lymphoma, has been reported hitherto. This communicaton describes two additional cases of lymphoma in reindeer. One was a young adult, of unreported sex, slaughtered 1994 in Harads in northern Sweden and the other an elderly female slaughtered 1974 in Strömstad in middle Sweden.
Effect of sodium and potassium supplementation on accumulation and excretion of radiocaesium in reindeer
Authors: Birke Luise-Charlotte , Pedersen Øyvind , Hove Knut , Staaland Hans
Published: February 2013

We tested the effect of sodium and potassium supplementation on radiocaesium excretion and accumulation in reindeer eating lichens (winter diet). Nine reindeer were divided into 3 groups of 3 animals. One group was daily given 0.35 M KC1, one was given 0.35 M NaCl (both dissolved in 1 1 water), and one group was kept as a control with no mineral supplement. The animals were contaminated with 137Cs from radioactive pasture. During 3 weeks before the experiment the 137Cs concentrations were maintained by daily supplementation of 157Cs sprayed on lichens. From the start of the experimental period the animals received identical large daily doses of I34CsCl. Animals which were given KCl supplementation showed a lower accumulation of 134Cs in red blood cells (RBC) and a faster decrease of 137Cs in RBC than control animals. Sodiumchloride supplementation had no clear effects on radiocaesium concentrations in RBC. Mineral supplements did not affect excretion of radiocaesium via faeces. Supplement of KCl or NaCl increased urine production and the amount of radiocaesium excreted via the urine. It is concluded that increased K intake decreases the radiocaesium concentration in the animals more than is explained by increased urine production alone. This supports the theory that increased K concentration in the diet may contribute to a fast elimination of radiocaesium in reindeer during spring.
Conference reports of the 7th (22-23 September 1993, Tromsö, Norway) and 8th (8-10 September 1994, Kaamanen, Finland) Nordic Workshops on Reindeer Research
Authors: Haugerud (Editor) Rolf Egil
Published: February 2013

The workshops (conferences) were held in Tromsø (1993) and Kaamanen (1994) each with about 70 participants. The main themes in Tromsø were "Reindeer - pastures and environment in the Barents Euro Arctic Region (BEAR)" and in Kaamanen "European Union (EU) and the Reindeer Husbandry in Fennoscandia".
The Seventh Nordic Workshop on Reindeer Research 1993
Authors: Haugerud (ed.) Rolf Egil
Published: February 2013

The meeting was arranged in Tromsø and it was hosted jointly by the Department of Arctic Biology, University of Tromsø and the Centre of Veterinary Medicine in Tromsø. The theme of the meeting was «Reindeer - Pastures and Environment in the Barents Euro Arctic Region (BEAR).»
Approximately 70 persons attended.
This NOR-meeting was held just after two big international conferences in Tromsø explaining the broad international participation.
The Eighth Workshop on Reindeer Research 1994
Authors: Haugerud (ed.) Rolf Egil
Published: February 2013

The workshop was held at Kaamanen, Finnish Lapland, in connection with the opening of the new Reindeer Research Station. There were about 70 participants discussing EU and reindeer husbandry.
A test of the herbivore optimization hypothesis using muskoxen and a graminoid meadow plant community
Authors: Smith David L.
Published: February 2013

A prediction from the herbivore optimization hypothesis is that grazing by herbivores at moderate intensities will increase net above-ground primary productivity more than at lower or higher intensities. I tested this hypothesis in an area of high muskox {Ovibos moschatus) density on north-central Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada (73°50'N, 119°53'W). Plots (1 m2) in graminoid meadows dominated by cottongrass (Eriophorum triste) were either clipped, exposed to muskoxen, protected for part of one growing season, or permanently protected. This resulted in the removal of 22-44%, 10-39%, 0-39% or 0%, respectively, of shoot tissue during each growing season. Contrary to the predictions of the herbivore optimization hypothesis, productivity did not increase across this range of tissue removal. Productivity of plants clipped at 1.5 cm above ground once or twice per growing season, declined by 60+/-5% in 64% of the tests. The productivity of plants grazed by muskoxen declined by 56+/-7% in 25% of the tests. No significant change in productivity was observed in 36% and 75% of the tests in clipped and grazed treatments, respecrively. Clipping and grazing reduced below-ground standing crop except where removals were small. Grazing and clipping did not stimulate productivity of north-central Banks Island graminoid meadows.
Arctic hiking mattress from processed reindeer pelt
Authors: Mäntysalo E. , Marjoniemi M. , Nieminen M.
Published: February 2013

Quality of clothing and equipment has always been the most important matter when hiking in extreme, arctic conditions. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) hides were processed with the aid of irreversible tannage and careful hydrophobic treatment. As a result, a processed reindeer-pelt hiking mattress was obtained, superior to the best hiking mattresses on the market made of plastic materials. Its physical properties are: weight 1.7 kg, width 60 cm and length 190 cm. The reindeer pelt has a low initial isothermal compressibility, 0.71 Pa-1, a low thermal conductivity, 0.070 Wm-1°C-1, and an R-value of 0.35 m2°CW-1. The heat-flow experimenrs have been carried our at a pressure of 810 Pa. In addition, the reindeer pelt stays dry in use because of its good ventilation. In these respects the reindeer pelr is superior to plastic mattresses.
Pre-slaughter handling of reindeer bulls {Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) — effects on technological and sensory meat quality, blood metabolites and muscular and abomasal lesions
Authors: Wiklund E. , Malmfors G. , Lundström K. , Rehbinder C.
Published: February 2013

Forty-one reindeer bulls (age 1 1/2 years) were subjected to different pre-slaughter treatments: herding for a short distance to a grazing corral, selection by use of a lasso, lorry transport and helicopter herding for 1, 2 and 3 days respectively. As control, 9 reindeer were shot without previous handling (in the mountains). The results indicated the traditional selection technique of using a lasso to be the most stressful and glycogen-depleting handling procedure so far studied. In the lasso-selected reindeer the lowest glycogen values and the highest ultimate pH values in the meat were measured. The values of the measured parameters indicating stress (aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), urea, Cortisol and abomasal lesions) were also highest in these reindeer. By contrast, the modern method of herding by helicopter was not found to be detrimental to glycogen content, ultimate pH, the measured blood metabolites, or the frequency of abomasal lesions. In all treatment groups degenerative lesions were observed in the skeletal muscles. No relarionship between technological and sensory meat quality characteristics and skeletal muscle lesions in reindeer could, however, be found in this study. The study confirmed an earlier finding that a 'stress-flavour' could develop in reindeer meat after intensive pre-slaughter handling of the animals. Further study of when and how such "stress-flavour" develops ought to be undertaken.
Evaluation of silage diets offered to reindeer calves intended for slaughter. II. Feeding of silage and concentrate from January to March
Authors: Nilsson Anna , Olsson Ingemar , Lingvall Per
Published: February 2013

An experiment involving 56 male reindeer calves, with a mean initial live weight of 39 kg (SD=4.6), was undertaken to evaluate the effect of the concentrate:silage ratio on the performance during feeding to slaughter. Forty four of the calves were divided in four groups, two groups each being allotted to diets with low, 60% (LC), or high, 80% (HC) proportions of a commercial pelleted feed. The remaining twelve calves were slaughtered at the start of the experiment. The experimenral period lasted from January to March. The proportions of concentrate to silage were based on the dry matter (DM) content. The silage, 44% DM, was made from the primary growth of a predominantly grass sward preserved as plastic-wrapped big bales. Animal health was good throughour the experimenr. Small amounts of lichens were mixed into the diets during the first rwo weeks of feeding and may have contributed to the lack of adapta-tionai problems. The mean daily intakes of DM and metabolisable energy were higher (P<0.01) for calves offered the HC-diet. Despite the higher feed intakes, the increased proportion of concentrate in the diet did not significantly alter live weight gains or carcass weight gains. However, the greater fat deposition (P<0.05) and better carcass gradings indicated a better condition of the animals at slaughtet when less silage was fed. This experiment was the the final part of a three year study of silage based diets for reindeer intended for slaughter and the general conclusion is that the best role of grass silage of this quality is as a limited part of the ration. The silage may, however, play an important role during the adaptation period and further detailed studies are needed to evaluate the applicability of silage as a part of the diet to reindeer.
Impact of broad-spectrum anthelmintic treatment in the summer on the weight gain of reindeer calves
Authors: Oksanen A. , Soveri T. , Nieminen M.
Published: February 2013

The results indicate that broad-spectrum helminth control may increase summer growth of reindeer calves at least when heavily parasitized. The significant weight gain caused by the treatment was, however, relatively small. On natural reindeer pastures with seasonal migration the parasite infection pressure is possibly considerably lower than in this trial.
Science, Utilization, Conservation and Co-Management of the George River Caribou Herd
Authors: Duquette L.S. , Montevecchi W.A.
Published: February 2013

Four objectives of the George River Caribou Workshop were identified: (1) to consider present and past assessments of caribou numbers and population trends in the GRC (2) to explore the role of environmental factors such as climate and habitat change on population dynamics (3) to consider actual and potential human activities on the population and distribution of the caribou (4) to discuss caribou management strategies and the co-management concept. The workshop was organized around four half-day sessions focused on each of these objectives and each session featured three or four keynote speakers.
Relative contribution of decreased productivity and survival to recent changes in the demographic trend of the Rivière George Caribou Herd
Authors: Crête M. , Couturier S. , Hearn B.J. , Chubbs T.E.
Published: February 2013

The Rivière George caribou herd (RGCH) was numerically low during the middle part of the century but apparently erupted in the sixties and the seventies. Puberty was early and pregnancy rate was high among RGCH females from 1973 until the mid-eighties when fecundity decreased significantly, in particular among sub-adults; productivity remained low in 1992. Autumn calf:female ratios reflected this trend in pregnancy, exceeding 50 calves: 100 cows between 1973 and 1983, but dropping thereafter progressively to a low of 24 in 1992. In 1993, this ratio rebounded back to 42. Annual adult survival rate of radio-collared females was high (0.95) at the beginning of the monitoring in 1984, but exhibited a variable but declining trend until 1992. Simulations were conducted to estimate the demographic trend of the RGCH between 1984 and 1992, using annual survival rates of radio-collared animals and annual autumn calffemale ratios to estimate calf production. Age structure played a minor role in estimating the finite rate of increase (Lamda). According to the simulations, the RGCH increased in size until 1987, and showed a slight decrease thereafter. The herd should have decreased by 12-15% between 1988 and 1993, according to the simulations. Productivity first caused a decline in Lamda, but in recent years decreased survival contributed slightly more than productivity to the reduction in Lamda. Estimation of the herd size by means of aerial censuses in 1976, 1984, 1988 and 1993 suggested a similar pattern in demographic trend, differences being statistically meaningless. We speculated on the future of the RGCH, that could have erupted after many decades of unfavourable weather. The herd will exhibit a rapid descent to low numbers if wolves show a numerical response to current caribou abundance, or if lichen availability on the winter range decreases due to competition with the adjacent and increasing Rivière aux Feuilles herd; otherwise it will exhibit dampened oscillations, whose amplitude will depend on the time-lag of vegetation reaction to decrease grazing pressure on the summer range.
Population decline in the Delta caribou herd with reference to other Alaskan herds
Authors: Valkenburg et al. Patrick
Published: February 2013

After growing continuously for nearly 15 years, the Delta caribou herd began to decline in 1989. Most other Interior Alaskan herds also began declining. In the Delta herd, and in other herds, the declines were caused primarily by high summer mortality of calves and increased natural mortality of adult females. Other minor causes included increased winter mortality of calves, and reduced parturition rates of 3-year-old and older females. The decline in the Delta herd also coincided with increased wolf (Canis lupus) numbers, winters with deeper than normal snow, and warm summers. Mean body weight of annual samples of 10-month-old female calves was consistently low during the decline. Except in some of the smallest Interior Alaskan herds, we conclude that evidence for population regulation in Alaskan caribou is weak, and that herds are likely to fluctuate within a wide range of densities due to complex interactions of predation and weather. Unless wolf numbers are influenced by man, the size of a caribou herd in a given year is likely to be largely a function of its size during the previous population low and the number of years of favorable weather in the interim.
Introduction to the Mountain Caribou in Managed Forests Program
Authors: Stevenson Susan K.
Published: February 2013

Short introduction to a group of papers with focus on the woodland caribou in eastern British Columbia.
Early Winter Habitat Use by Mountain Caribou in the North Cariboo and Columbia Mountains, British Columbia
Authors: Terry E. , McLellan B. , Watts G. , Flaa J.
Published: February 2013

Winter habitat use was compared between two mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) populations in British Columbia. Regional differences were apparent during November and December. Radio-collared caribou inhabiting the gentle plateaus of the northern Cariboo Mountains, near Prince George, B.C. primarily used mid-elevation balsam-spruce stands on moderate slopes (<30%). In contrast, radio-collared caribou in the North Columbia Mountains, near Revelstoke, B.C. used low elevation hemlock-cedar stands and relatively steeper slopes (>30%). To adequately address habitat requirements of caribou, forest management plans should incorporate varying regional and seasonal habitat use patterns. Hypotheses on observed differences in habitat use are discussed.
The recent record of climate on the range of the George River Caribou Herd, Northern Québec and Labrador, Canada
Authors: Jacobs J.D. , Maarouf A.R. , Perkins E.A.
Published: February 2013

Records from permanent meteorological stations in and around the range of the George River Caribou Herd have been analyzed for the 1950-1991 period in order to identify climatic factors potentially influencing the numbers, condition, and distribution of caribou. Winter conditions identified include a significant temperature decrease over the period and some years of extreme snowfall. Spatial variations in snow cover may be responsible for shifts in winter range. Indications are that summer climate has not varied significantly, but spring and summer conditions may not have been particularly favourable for plant productivity in the summer range of females and calves. Climatological observations more representative of the summer range are needed for a better understanding of ecological relationships there.
Winter forage selection by barren-ground caribou: Effects of fire and snow
Authors: Saperstein Lisa
Published: February 2013

Both long- and short-term consequences should be considered when examining the effects of fire on the foraging behavior of caribou. Post-fire increases in protein content, digestibility, and availability of E. vaginatum make burned tussock tundra an attractive feeding area for caribou in late winter. These benefits are likely short-lived, however. Lowered availability of lichens and increased relative frequency of bryophytes will persist for a much longer period.
Oil and the Porcupine Caribou Herd — Can we quantify the impacts?
Authors: Russell Donald E. , Van de Wetering Debbie , White Robert G. , Gerhart Karen L.
Published: February 2013

We report on a number of ongoing studies and discuss what projects are in place to further refine and test relationships.
Caribou Co-Management Needs From Research: Simple questions - Tricky answers
Authors: Urquhart Doug
Published: February 2013

Over the past decade, northern Canada has experienced a substantial increase in government reliance on advisory co-management organizations to manage caribou populations. Such groups, which are usually composed of government and local representatives, constantly require information about caribou upon which to base their recommendations. However, the standard 'scientific' approach to obtaining and presenting such information is in many cases no longer appropriate. In order to readjust the scientific focus on caribou research so that it is better attuned to co-management, this paper examines the role that research plays in the Canadian management of the Porcupine Caribou Herd as practiced by the Porcupine Caribou Management Board - a co-management advisory organization with a majority of native representatives.
The Joint Management Concept
Authors: Juniper Ian
Published: February 2013

The responsibility of the Coordinating Committee in the management of wildlife, including caribou, in northern Quebec is self-evident. Since its establishment in 1975 the committee has attempted to fulfil this responsibility. Initially the committee was hampered in its efforts largely due to a different interpretation of this responsibility among the parties. However, a three stage process for reviewing and discussing management initiatives has evolved over the years which has been shown to be effective. Through trial and error over the years, the committee has come to fulfil its intended role - that of "coordinating" wildlife management in northern Quebec in conjunction with the responsible governments.
Pregnancy rate as an indicator of nutritional status in Rangifer. implications of lactational infertility
Authors: Gerhart K. L. , White R. G. , Cameron R. D. , Russell D. E. , Van de Wetering D.
Published: February 2013

Monitofing pregnancy rates to detect changes in nutrition is best accomplished by sampling lactating females because they will be more responsive to changes in nutrienr availability: nutrition influences pregnancy fate of lactating caribou both through autumn body condition and lactational infertility.
Direction of escape in reindeer
Authors: Baskin Leonid M. , Skogland Terje
Published: February 2013

We tested the hypothesis that reindeer prefer to run uphill and upwind when escaping from man. Groups of wild and feral reindeer in Norway, Svalbard and on Wrangel Island were approached and their behaviour and direction of escape were recorded. Two stages of interaction with man were studied: first flight and final withdrawal. First flights proved to be away from man, upwind and uphill. Most final withdrawals were in the direction reindeer were moving when first observed.
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) response to feces and urine from sheep (Ovis aries) and reindeer
Authors: Moe Stein R. , Holand Øystein , Colman Jonathan E. , Reimers Eigil
Published: February 2013

In many Norwegian alpine and tundra areas sheep and reindeer graze sympatrically. Areas covered with dung or urine may have consequences for reindeer pasture utilization. Experiments were conducted on 5 stall fed male reindeer calves where animals were individually presenred with two troughs (experimental and control) containing 200 g of concentrate. Fresh and dry sheep and reindeer pellets (50 g wet weight) were mixed with the concentrate in the experimental trough and the aversive response was tested against the control. Both fresh sheep (P < 0.0001) and reindeer (P < 0.0001) pellets were associated with aversive response by reindeer. A similar response was found for dry sheep (P = 0.006) and dry reindeer (P = 0.0009) pellets. Similar trials were conducted using sheep and reindeer urine (20 g sprayed evenly on the food) and the aversive response by reindeer was tested against the control (sprayed with 20 g of water). Both sheep and reindeer urine stimulated an aversive response by reindeer {P = 0.03 for both tests). The differences in the aversive response of reindeer ro fresh sheep and reindeer pellets, dry sheep and reindeer pellets and sheep and reindeer urine were also tested. No differences by reindeer were found between sheep and reindeer pellets, either for fresh (P = 0.28) or dry (P = 0.07), or between food treated with sheep and reindeer urine (P = 0.28). Possible habituation to sheep and reindeer pellets was tested using 8 consecutive trials with dry pellets, followed by 2 additional trials when dry pellets were soaked in water. This was done to simulate natural dry periods followed by rain showers. Habituation effects were found in trials with dry sheep and reindeer pellets. Subsequent trials with fecal pellets soaked in water significantly reduced food intake when compared with the last habituation trial with dry pellets (P < 0.05).
Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna
Authors: Nilssen Arne C. , Åsbakk Kjetil , Haugerud Rolf Egil , Hemmingsen Willy , Oksanen Antti
Published: February 2013

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug widely used in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus (L.)) in Fennoscandia and North America. Most of the ivermectin injected in the animal is excreted unchanged in the faeces. Several reports show that ivermectin in cattle dung disrupts colonisation and survival of beneficial dung breeding insects. The present study investigated the effect of ivermectin on the reindeer dung fauna. Four reindeer calves (males, 6 months of age) were injected subcutaneously with standard doses of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg body weight) in early December. The daily produced faeces was collected until day 30 after treatment, and the concentration of ivermectin was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The highest concentration measured (mean 1632 ng/g faeces (dry weight), range 907 to 2261 ng/g among the animals) was on day 4 after treatment. The concentration decreased gradually to 28 ng/g (range 6 to 58 ng/g) on day 30. Faeces portions from day 4 and from untreated reindeer were placed in the field on 2-4 July and recollected on 13-22 September in order to detect possible differences in decomposition fauna between the samples. The most important coprophilous beetles (Apbodius spp.) and flies (Scatbophaga spp.) were not detected in this winter dung whether it contained ivermectin or not, probably because of the dry consistency and small size of the pellets. On the other hand, these insects (larvae and imagines) were common in summer dung, which had been deposited naturally in the field and later placed together with the ivermectin-containing winter dung for comparison. The summer dung has a more soft and lumpy consistency. Treatment in autumn or early winter implies that the bulk of the ivermectin from the animal will be present in faeces with winter consistency, since this bulk portion is excreted during the first 30 days after treatment. This dry and pelleted faeces is not utilized by the important coprophilous insecr species, and the current practice of treatment of reindeer with ivermectin in autumn or early winter is therefore the regime representing the least danger of harmful influence on the coprophilous fauna and their contribution to the dung decomposition process.
Renförluster i Sverige. Statistik och ersättningsmetodik
Authors: Korak Hans
Published: February 2013

Tabellene og diagrammene er sammenstillinger av tilgjengelig materiale fra flere statlige kilder samt fra forsikringsselskapenes opplysningstjeneste.
Stressfaktorernas innverknad
Authors: Rehbinder Claes
Published: February 2013

Två undersökningar avseende stress hos ren référeras. Mental stress förorsakad av den hantering djuren utsättes för, då framför allt manuell hantering, synes vara av stor betydelse hos ren. I samtliga hjordar som utsatts för drivning och manuell hantering förelåg skador, vilka kunna relateras till stress, i form av blödningar i löpmagsslemhinnan, muskel-sönderfall och förändringar i blodbilden. De funna skadorna och förändringarna har statistiskt kunnat korreleras till den stress djuren utsatts för. Manuell hantering och inskränkning av djurens rörelsesfrihet (silsystem) befanns vara en av de dominerande stress¬faktorerna, liksom även använding av motorfordon (främst helikopter, men även scooter) vid drivning. Det forelåg ävenledes starka indikationer på en kumulativ effekt av upprepad stress.
Betydningen av drektige reinsimlers ernæring for kalvers vekst, klimatiske toleranse og overlevelse
Authors: Rognmo Arne , Markussen Karl Annar , Jacobsen Endre , Blix Arnoldus Schytte
Published: February 2013

Forsøkene (viste) at tilleggsforing av underernærte simler i siste del av drektighetsperioden kun synes å ha effekt på fødselsvekten for kalvene forutsatt at simlene får høyverdig ernæring etter kalving. Den forskjellige ernæringsbakgrunn før kalving synes således ikke å innvirke på melkeproduksjon/kvalitet, da vektutviklingen for alle grupper av kalver i dette forsøket gikk parallelt i de tre første ukene etter kalving. Det ble heller ikke på noe punkt funnet signifikante forskjeller gruppene imellom når det gjelder kalvenes klimatiske toleranse. Det er dog bemerkelsesverdig at det var stor dødelighet blant de små kalvene etter unge små simler i GRUPPE L. Dette funn er interessant sett i sammenheng med resultatene fra Røros (se bidrag fra Dag Lenvik, side ) som viser at avkastningen fra en flokk kan økes markant om man konsentrerte slakteuttaket på små kalver og forhindrer bedekning av små, unge simler gjennom fjerning av eldre, store bukker. Med det forbehold at våre forsøk er utført på dyr i innhegning med et lavt aktivitetsnivå, kan man fra våreforsøk foreløpig konkludere med at tillegsfor ing av simler i siste halvdel av drektighetsperioden har effekt på kalvenes fødselsvekt, men at vektutviklingen for kalven er uavhengig av simlenes ernæringshistorie, om sistnevnte tilbys høyverdig ernæring etter kalving. Da små kalver etter underernærte simler viste høy dødelighet like etter fødselen, vil imidlertid tilleggsforing kunne øke avkastningen om det er mange unge simler i flokken. Resultatene fra Røros tyder imidlertid på at dette resultat normalt kan oppnås uten ekstra omkostninger gjennom et selektivt slakteuttak.
Program og åpning av konferansen
Authors: Sara Ole K.
Published: February 2013

NORs formann Ole K. Sara åpnet konferansen kl 1400 28 september 1981, og den ble avsluttet kl 1500 onsdag 30 september. Temaet "Tap av rein" ble inngående drøftet gjennom foredrag, diskusjoner og gruppearbeid.
Grupp 1. Hjordsammansättning
Authors: Wilhelmsson (moderator) Martin
Published: February 2013

Gruppens anbefalinger er å finne i fullstendig pdf
Gruppe 4. Foster- og spedkalvdød
Authors: Kummeneje (moderator) Knut
Published: February 2013

Gruppens gjennomgang finnes i fullstendig pdf
Photos of the conference
Authors: Åhman Birgitta
Published: February 2013

Photos by Birgitta  Åhman show conference participants in dedicated discussions.
Antler development in reindeer in relation to age and sex
Authors: Høymork Amund , Reimers Eigil
Published: February 2013

Yearling male and adult female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are similar in size and shape. If sexual clues are hidden, it can be difficult to distinguish between them. Antlers can be a useful aid in classifying yearling males and adult females, depending on whether specific antler characteristics are identifiable for these two groups. We recorded antler characteristics in a domestic reindeer herd (Vågå) and found considerable overlap in antler height, width and circumference between the different age and sex groups. Total tines and number of tine split-offs are use¬ful for the field biologist when discriminating among adult females, yearling males and 2.5 year-old males. For example, when using the tine split-offs with the suggested classification, 79% of the observed adult females and 76% of the yearling males were classified correctly. The antler height, width and circumference provide other biological dif¬ferences between groups, but are not easy to use to identify free ranging reindeer. This is due to the great overlap in antler size between the groups and measuring difficulties in a field study situation. Male and female calves have very similar antlers, and only the antler width is possible for sex discrimination, giving 67% accuracy of discriminating between these two groups.
Central planning, market and subsistence from a tundra perspective: Field experience with reindeer herders in the Kola Peninsula
Authors: Sabev Dessislav
Published: February 2013

This paper is based on field experience in the tundra camp of a reindeer-herding brigade with mixed ethnic background (Komi, Sami, Nenets, Russians) belonging to the ex-Sovkhoz of Krasnoschelie. Its purpose is to situate the new critical issues facing the reindeer-herding collectives after the economic collapse in Russia in 1998. My main argument is that the increasing economic isolation of the tundra periphery forces the herders to redefine their relationship with both the centre(s) and the other tundra actors. Reindeer herding on the Kola Peninsula is analysed in relation to its heterogeneous economic system defined by the old Sovkhoz-like management and the new Western buyer of reindeer meat. Furthermore, the social environment in the herding territories has changed since the deterioration of the central planning economy, implying new renewable resources' users. After massive loss of jobs, militaries, miners and geologists came into the tundra for substantial hunting and fishing and so became actors in the local informal economy. Finally, tundra-located herders and hunters seem to be somewhere unified by a discourse against the town-based administrative power and economic actors such as mining industry. Therefore herders have to deal with both an old administrative system in the agrocentre and new realities in the tundra. Based on a case study of herding/hunting activities in a tundra camp, the paper analyses the social relationships between the different actors in the post-Soviet Kola tundra and express their quest for solutions.
Reindeer herding and other traditional means of livelihood in modern context — planning a study in a Sami area in Finland
Authors: Heikkilä Lydia
Published: February 2013

Reindeer herding and other traditional means of livelihoods are challenged in numerous ways by modernization and globalization processes today. In my sociological study, I am aiming at uncovering and analyzing the manifold socio¬economic changes and their contextual social and historical links, that influence the present conditions of practicing reindeer herding as a traditional means of livelihood in Finnish Lapland. In addition to focus on land use, my study will give some new understanding of the local environmental management. This article puts the subject in the current socio-economic developments and social scientific discourses around globalization, environmentalism and traditional knowledge. Moreover I will reflect upon methodology and impact for research results.
Hydrobiological effects of gathering reindeer at an arctic lake in Russia
Authors: Kuzmina Yana , Leshko Yulia
Published: February 2013

For the separation of reindeer, animals are collected on the shore of lake Layato (67 60'N, 56 E) about one month in every summer. Feces and urine produced by the herd are washed directly into the lake, which results in changes in the water quality and lake biota. When for instance in 1991 the herd numbered about 1000 animals, ammonium concentrations and zoobenthic biomass increased markedly after the period of separation.
Does availability of resources influence grazing strategies in female Svalbard reindeer?
Authors: Henriksen Snorre , Aanes Ronny , Sæther Bernt-Erik , Ringsby Thor Harald , Tufto Jarle
Published: February 2013

Foraging strategies and range use in wild female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) were studied in two areas where the historical grazing pressure differed. We mapped vegetation where the reindeer were seen grazing, and related forage availability to characteristics such as home range size, activity budgets and reproductive status. There were significant differences in quantity of forage available between the two areas and the utilization of vegetation types differed between the sites. However, we found no difference in home range size between the two sites, and individual home range sizes were not related to forage quantity, possibly a result of a skewed and small sample size. Even though significant differences in availability of plant species and groups were found, no variation in home range size was found between reproductive and non-reproductive females on Brøggerhalvøya. Neither did we find any differences between areas or between reproductive groups within or between areas in how female reindeer allocated use of time, or in number of steps taken. However, a significant three way interaction indicated that some variance existed between reproductive groups within or between areas, but we do not conclude that this indicate different grazing strategies. Thus, even though variation in the duration of previous grazing has evidently resulted in rather different foraging conditions in our two areas, we detected no differences in present-day foraging behaviour. Thus, our analyses suggest no relationship or feedback between past grazing and current foraging behaviour in these reindeer.