bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shaping Policy Diffusion: Event History Analyses of Regional Laws in Japanese Prefectures
Authors: Ito Shuichiro
Published: August 2008

The central theme of Japanese subnational governmental study has been center–local relations. Researchers looked into the question of whether Japanese subnational governments have sufficient autonomy to pursue their own preferences. In other words, the policymaking process of subnational governments in Japan has long been examined in relation to the national government. It is true that, under the centralized governmental system, the national government of Japan exerts a substantial influence on subnational policymaking. Students of subnational governments cannot avoid this issue. However, one cannot understand the reality of subnational policymaking only by looking at the center–local relations and the administrative institutions that define the relations. Indeed, one needs to ask what determines subnational policy outcomes, to what degree the national influence affects the determinants, and under what conditions these determinants function autonomously. The present paper directly examines the subnational policymaking process itself, not the center–local relations, and tries to understand its mechanism. The paper proposes a research framework using a statistical method that has been developed in the area of diffusion study. In the framework, national influence is integrated into an analysis of subnational policymaking as one of the factors that affect policy determinants. Using the framework, the paper analyzes the process of four regional policies, which will lead to a better understanding of subnational policymaking.
Time for a Change? Recent Elections in Japan
Authors: Reed Steven R.
Published: August 2008

The most important election held in 2001 was that to the House of Councillors. Here, however, I will report on several surprising gubernatorial elections and the shocking LDP party presidential election. Each of these elections sent a similar message from the voters: ‘it is time for a change’. Powerful political machines using tried and true campaign techniques were repeatedly defeated by novices whose primary attraction was that they were not part of the political establishment.
Executive Turnovers in 2001
Authors: Kohno Masaru , Kobayashi Midori
Published: August 2008

Political developments in Japan from the latter part of 2000 to the year 2001 were highlighted by the executive transition from unpopular Yoshiro Mori to exceptionally popular Junichiro Koizumu as the nation's leader.
Variance in protegular size: a correlate of larval trophic mode in Early Palaeozoic brachiopods
Authors: Freeman Gary , Lundelius Judith W.
Published: August 2008

The size of the protegulum on the valves of Early Palaeozoic rhynchonelliform brachiopods has previously been used as a criterion to assign various taxa to either a planktotrophic or a lecithotrophic larval mode. A more reliable quantitative character is evaluated in juvenile samples of two genera from the Ordovician Mifflin Formation, the presumed planktotrophic orthid Doleroides pervetus and the presumed lecithotrophic atrypid Protozyga nicolleti, using the coefficient of variation in measurements of protegular size. The Doleroides sample has a significantly higher coefficient of variation than does the Protozyga sample. The results are in accord with observations on living marine invertebrates which indicate that at settlement (when mineralisation of the protegular mantle in brachiopods occurs), planktotrophic larval size is more variable than larval size in lecithotrophs because of fluctuations in food availability and duration of the planktonic phase. This result confirms that protegular size variance can be used to make inferences about larval trophic mode.
Shell matrices of Recent rhynchonelliform brachiopods: microstructures and glycosylation studies
Authors: Gaspard Danièle , Marin Frédéric , Guichard Nathalie , Morel Sylvain , Alcaraz Gérard , Luquet Gilles
Published: August 2008

Like most metazoan biomineralisations, the brachiopod shell is the end product of a biologically controlled calcification process. The main agent of the control is the extracellular matrix, which is secreted by the outer mantle epithelium. This matrix mediates the calcification process by allowing crystal nucleation and elongation in specific orientations and finally, by stopping crystal growth. The proteinaceous moiety of brachiopod shell matrices has been extensively studied. Less known are the post-translational modifications that occur in these matrices, in particular glycosylations. In this comparison of five species of Recent articulated brachiopods, the ratio of soluble to insoluble organic matrix varies between the species. Polydisperse macromolecular materials occur in each of these species with discrete proteins of 50 kDa in Notosaria nigricans, Calloria inconspicua and Neothyris lenticularis, 37 kDa in Terebratulina retusa and Gryphus vitreus and 20–25 kDa in N. nigricans. Protein mixtures from all five species respond differently to anionic stains (Stains-All and Alcian Blue). PAS staining results in a positive smear in C. inconspicua and T. retusa and highlights low molecular weight glycoproteins in C. inconspicua. The polysaccharide composition of the soluble matrix of T. retusa is different from the others due to high proportions of arabinose and low proportions of fucose. In all cases, polysaccharide composition of the insoluble matrix is dominated by glucose and glucosamine. Insoluble matrices have more glucose and xylose and less galactosamine and glucosamine than the corresponding soluble matrix. Relatively high amounts of glucosamine may suggest the presence of chitin in the shell matrix of rhynchonelliform brachiopods.
Cryptic speciation in the Recent thecideide brachiopod Thecidellina in the Atlantic and the Caribbean
Authors: Lüter Carsten , Hoffmann Jana , Logan Alan
Published: August 2008

Ultrastructural examination of the brachiopod Thecidellina from three different locations in the Caribbean and the Atlantic revealed that at least three cryptic species are present. One is the type species of the genus, Thecidellina barretti, which may only occur in Jamaica. The other two, previously lumped into T. barretti, are new to science, viz T. bahamiensis Lüter & Logan sp. nov. from the Bahamas and T. williamsi Lüter & Logan sp. nov. from Cape Verde. All three species clearly differ not only in their provenance, but also in specific shell characters, such as spiculation of the ventral valve, presence of a ventral median ridge, shape of two holes in the intrabrachial ridge of the dorsal valve and the structure of the interbrachial lobes. The identification of three instead of a single species and their supposed allopatric speciation is discussed with regard to the thecideide life cycle and independent models of larval dispersal in the Caribbean, based on oceanographic data.
Pedicle preservation in a Silurian rhynchonelliformean brachiopod from Herefordshire, England: soft-tissue or an artefact of interpretation?
Authors: Bassett Michael G. , Popov Leonid E. , Egerquist Eva
Published: August 2008

The interpretation of pedicle soft tissue preservation in a unique brachiopod specimen of Wenlock (Silurian) age from Herefordshire, western England, is re-assessed. Bethia serraticulma, assigned originally to the Orthida, is more probably a member of the Strophomenida (Plectambonitoidea). The supposed pedicle structure is more plausibly a weakly mineralised pedicle sheath, which is a common morphological and functional development in the early ontogeny of a number of Palaeozoic brachiopod lineages.
Columnar shell structures in early linguloid brachiopods – new data from the Middle Cambrian of Sweden
Authors: Streng Michael , Holmer Lars E. , Popov Leonid E. , Budd Graham E.
Published: August 2008

The records of columnar shell structures of linguloid brachiopods (Class Lingulata, Order Lingulida, Superfamily Linguloidea) are reviewed in the light of the discovery of two new taxa from the Middle Cambrian Forsemölla Limestone Bed of southern Sweden. The linguloid taxa, described here as Eoobolus? sp. aff. E. priscus (Poulsen) and Canalilatus? simplex sp. nov., are both characterised by a columnar shell structure, a structural type that is representative for acrotretoid brachiopods and that has previously only rarely been reported from the linguloids. Though the two taxa are superficially similar to known genera, i.e., Eoobolus and Canalilatus, their shell structure challenges such affiliations, as the shell structure of the type species of these genera is previously unknown. Linguloid families whose morphological characteristics agree the most with those of the new taxa, i.e., the Zhanatellidae and the Eoobolidae, and from which columnar shell structures have been reported, i.e., the Lingulellotretidae and the Kyrshabaktellidae, are reviewed briefly. Many taxa assigned to these families completely lack shell structure data and are in need of restudy in order to elucidate their systematic position. Knowledge of the representative type of shell structure of the various suprageneric taxa within the Linguloidea is considered crucial, in order to unravel their currently poorly resolved phylogenetic relationships.
Crystallography of craniid brachiopods by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)
Authors: Pérez-Huerta Alberto , England Jennifer , Cusack Maggie
Published: August 2008

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is used to determine the detailed crystallographic orientation of calcite crystals of craniid brachiopods in the context of shell ultrastructure. Sections of shells of two Recent species, Novocrania anomala and Novocrania huttoni, are analysed to provide 3D crystallographic patterns at high spatial resolution. The c-axis of semi-nacre calcite crystals is oriented parallel to the laminae that define the ultrastructure of the secondary layer. This orientation differs from that of rhynchonelliform calcitic brachiopods where the c-axis is perpendicular to the length of morphological fibres and to the shell exterior.
Life habit and spatial distribution of siphonotretid brachiopods in the Lower Ordovician of the Prague Basin, Czech Republic
Authors: Mergl Michal , Kraft Jaroslav , Kraft Petr
Published: August 2008

Siphonotretid brachiopod distribution in the Lower Ordovician of the Prague Basin is described and discussed; the new species Alichovia cometa is established. The preservation and distribution of the group indicate a preference for shallow-water offshore, high-energy environments: siphonotretids are abundant shelly fossils in the shallower-water, mostly marginal sites of the basin but are absent in the deeper parts. Their environmental limits were complementary to those of the graptolites; siphonotretids co-occur with epiplanktonic graptolites at only a few localities. Deeper offshore deposits with biramose dichograptids and diverse, generally delicate benthic dendroids lack siphonotretids. Indeed, siphonotretids were intolerant to dysoxia and preferred a well-aerated siliciclastic, firm sea floor in the shallower parts of the basin. They were tolerant to suspended coarser detritus, using their spines which functioned as an effective sieve. The density and ramification of spines indicate three sifting strategies. Suggested life styles above the seabed on elevated surfaces (algae, sponges, dendroids) are not supported by direct evidence. They more likely lived within more supple and soft matrices (sponges, tufts of algae) stabilised by their spines, with the spinose basket maintaining free space for inhalant and exhalant currents.
Pedicle preservation in a Silurian rhynchonelliformean brachiopod from Herefordshire, England: soft-tissue or an artefact of interpretation?—A Reply
Authors: Sutton Mark D. , Briggs Derek E. G. , Siveter David J. , Siveter Derek J.
Published: August 2008

We consider the reinterpretation of Bethia by Bassett et al. (2008) to be flawed in several regards. Details of the pedicle rootlets and wrinkles strongly imply a soft-tissue structure rather than calcified sheath. The ornament is unusual, but equally so under either an orthide or a plectambonitoidean model. The reinterpretation of the ‘deltial plates’ as ‘chilidial plates’ is likely correct, but argues against a plectambonitoidean affinity by implying that the pedicle emerges between the valves. Other arguments presented in favour of a plectambonitoidean affinity are also discussed; we consider them unpersuasive. Finally, we contend that Bethia is sufficiently well characterised to deserve a taxonomic name.
Diversity analysis of the Early Ordovician Sinorthis Fauna (Brachiopoda) from the Meitan Formation of Zunyi, northern Guizhou, South China
Authors: Zhan Renbin , Jin Jisuo
Published: August 2008

The lower Meitan Formation (Floian, upper Lower Ordovician) at the Dajiaosi section, Zunyi District, northern Guizhou Province of South China, contains a moderately rich and diverse Sinorthis Fauna, with 22 species attributable separately to 15 families and seven orders of brachiopods. The fauna can be differentiated into three associations: the Paralenorthis serica, the Sinorthis typica, and the Tarfaya intercalare associations. These occupied a relatively wide palaeoecological range from lower BA3 to upper BA2 settings and from silty to clay substrate conditions. In South China, the Early Ordovician brachiopod radiation was marked by the diversification of the orthide-dominated Sinorthis Fauna, which first appeared and diversified in the middle part (relatively deep water) of the Upper Yangtze Platform in the Didymograptellus eobifidus Biozone, but rapidly declined in the succeeding Corymbograptus deflexus and basal Azygograptus suecicus biozones. During the latest Floian and early Dapingian, it expanded into comparatively shallow-water settings in the onshore direction (Changning area, southern Sichuan), offshore carbonate platform (Yichang, Hubei), and areas adjacent to the submergent Qianzhong Arch (such as the Zunyi area). The first appearance datum of the Sinorthis Fauna in shallower-water settings generally postdates that in the deeper-water environment in the central Upper Yangtze Platform, probably as a result of the fauna tracking a favoured BA3 setting during a gradual marine transgression.
Co-existence of interarea and palintrope: contribution of a new pentameride brachiopod from the Upper Ordovician of Sweden
Authors: Wright Anthony D. , Jia-Yu Rong
Published: August 2008

A new genus of pentameride brachiopod, Costilamnulella, described herein from the middle Ashgill of Sweden, is particularly interesting in that the ventral valve possesses both an interarea and a palintrope. Brachiopods normally have one or the other, but both structures do occur amongst the pentamerides, e.g. in Clorinda, Anastrophia and Brevilamnulella. The presence of these structures in three separate pentameride families indicates the persistence of the more primitive condition of an interarea whilst the more advanced palintrope is becoming established. Costilamnulella is interpreted as a restricted side line of the main development of the more widely occurring Brevilamnulella, which survived the end-Ordovician event and may have shared its ancestry with the ubiquitous Clorinda.
Preface
Authors: Cusack Maggie , Harper David A.T.
Published: August 2008

This two-part special issue, Brachiopod Research into the Third Millennium, is published in honour of Sir Alwyn Williams (8 June 1921–4 April 2004). One section deals with fossil brachiopods while the other concentrates on aspects of modern material. The special issue comprises 23 invited papers, all dealing with current brachiopod research. In producing this special issue we honour the immense contribution made by the late Alwyn Williams to this field of research.
Gyrothyris williamsi sp. nov. and inter-relationships of some taxa from waters around New Zealand and the southern oceans (Rhynchonelliformea: Terebratelloidea)
Authors: Bitner Maria Aleksandra , Cohen Bernard L. , Long Sarah. L. , Richer de Forges Bertrand , Saito Michiko
Published: August 2008

This paper describes a terebratelloid articulate brachiopod, Gyrothyris williamsi sp. nov., based on 95 specimens from seamounts on the Lord Howe Rise, Coral Sea, SW Pacific Ocean. The new species is attributed to Gyrothyris on the basis of (a) morphological and growth trajectory similarities; (b) phylogenetic analyses of an alignment of DNA sequence (∼2900-sites) obtained from nuclear-encoded small- and large-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU and LSU); and (c) the presence of a distinctive, two-part deletion in the LSU gene. It is distinguished morphologically from Gyrothyris mawsoni and its subspecies by both internal and external morphology and by its isolated geographical distribution, which extends the patchy, known range of this genus to an area some 2000 km north of its previous northern limit around New Zealand. Phylogenetic analyses of the rDNAs and of mitochondrial cox1 gene sequences (663 sites) confirm previous indications that the New Zealand endemic terebratelloid genera form a clade (Neothyris (Calloria, Gyrothyris, Terebratella), but the position of Terebratella with respect to Calloria and Gyrothyris remains weakly established. These sequences disagree inexplicably about the closeness of the relationship between Neothyris parva and N. lenticularis. Analyses of the first sequences from Calloria variegata, a species restricted to the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, are consistent with the possibility that it originated locally, and recently, from C. inconspicua. Magellania venosa from S. America/Falklands joins with Antarctic Magellania fragilis and M. joubini to form an rDNA clade that excludes Terebratalia as the putative sister-group of the New Zealand terebratelloid clade. The cox1 (but not the rDNA) sequences of the New Zealand clade pass a test for clock-like rates of evolution, and maximum likelihood pairwise distances suggest that if genetic isolation between the ancestor of Antarctic Magellania and the last common ancestor of the New Zealand terebratelloid clade was initiated by separation of the Antarctic and New Zealand plates ∼90 Mya, isolation from M. venosa was initiated earlier, perhaps ∼145 Mya. However, in the simple phylogenetic reconstruction presented here from cox1 sequences, S. American and Antarctic Magellania spp. do not yield a well-supported clade, perhaps because of differences in base composition.
High-energy phosphate metabolism in the exercising muscle of patients with peripheral arterial disease
Authors: Schocke  , Esterhammer  , Greiner
Published: August 2008

Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) suffer from impaired muscle function due to insufficient oxygen supply during exercise, mitochondrial damages, unfavourable muscle fibre type distribution and impaired exercise tolerance. These factors influence the symptoms as well as the quality of life in PAD patients and are closely connected to failures of high-energy phosphate metabolism. At onset of muscle exercise, the mitochondrial capacity cannot match the increased demand. The oxygen supply via blood flow must be increased. Meanwhile, anaerobic glycolysis and internal stores of oxygen like mixed venous blood and myoglobin as well as internal stores of high-energy phosphates like phosphocreatine (PCr) are adducted for the provision of additional adenosine-triphosphate (ATP), which is consumed by the ATPase at the myofibrils in order to fuel muscle contraction. Since the ATP production is insufficient, this phase (anaerobic phase) is characterized by a progressive decrease in PCr, which can be accurately measured by phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31p MRS). If the oxygen supply is improved, the mitochondrial capacity can match the increased metabolic demand. This phase is the aerobic phase, which is indicated by a steady-state of PCr hydrolysis. In PAD patients or experimental models of peripheral ischemia, the anaerobic phase is prolonged or does not pass into the aerobic phase resulting in exercise abortion. This review summarizes the results of 31p MRS studies investigating the high-energy phosphate metabolism during ischemic exercise in healthy humans and during ramp or incremental exercise in PAD patients.
Effects of calcium dobesilate and diosmin-hesperidin on apoptosis of venous wall in primary varicose veins
Authors: Iriz  , Vural  , Ereren  , Poyraz  , Erer  , Oktar  , Gokgoz  , Halit  , Soncul
Published: August 2008

Background: Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of calcium dobesilate and diosmin-hesperidin through regulation of apoptosis. Patients and methods: 56 Patients were divided into four groups; Group 1 consisted of patients (n = 18) with the recent diagnosis of primary varicose disorder who have never used medications, Group 2 consisted of patients (n = 14) who have used diosmin-hesperidin for at least six weeks prior to the operation, Group 3 consisted of patients (n = 14) who have used calcium dobesilate for at least six weeks prior to the operation and finally Group 4 (Control group) consisted of normal saphenous vein biopsies (n = 10). All biopsies were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Tissue samples from 56 patients were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies of anti-bcl-2, anti-bax and anti-p53. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL method. Results: There were no statistically significant differences among the groups in respect to gender distribution and smoking status. Immunohistochemical evaluation of apoptosis related proteins revealed a statistically significant difference between Group 4 and the other groups with respect to the apoptag staining on venous wall (p = 0.026). There were significant differences in the presence of bcl-2 protein expression between groups 4 and Group 1 (p = 0.0002) and between Group 1 and Group 3 (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Our study highlights the significance of apoptosis in varicose disorders and suggests that calcium dobesilate, which is used in the treatment of varicose veins, could be of benefit by regulating apoptosis.
Statins are associated with decreased mortality in abdominal, but not in thoracic aortic aneurysm patients undergoing endovascular repair: propensity score-adjusted analysis
Authors: Diehm  , Becker  , Katzen  , Benenati  , Kovacs  , Dick
Published: August 2008

Background: Purpose of this study was to compare the correlation of statin use with long-term mortality in patients with abdominal (AAA) and thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Patients and methods: We compared long-term survival of 731 AAA and 59 TAA patients undergoing elective endovascular repair (EVAR). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared by the log-rank method. Propensity score-adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine independent associations of statin use on vital status after EVAR. Results: Statin use was associated with decreased long-term mortality in AAA patients in bivariate and multivariable regression analysis, in which the effect of propensity to receive a statin was considered (adjusted HR: .613, 95%-CI: .379– .993, p = .047) whereas mortality of TAA patients was not associated with use of statins (adjusted HR: 1.795, 95%-CI: .147 –21.942, p = .647). Conclusions: Use of statins is an independent predictor of decreased mortality after elective EVAR in AAA, but not in TAA patients. These findings indirectly support the concept of a distinct pathogenesis of AAA and TAA.
Long-term effects of supervised exercise training on walking capacity and quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication
Authors: Keo  , Grob  , Guggisberg  , Widmer  , Baumgartner  , Schmid  , Kalka  , Saner
Published: August 2008

Supervised exercise training has been shown to improve walking capacity in several studies of patients with intermittent claudication. However, data on long-term outcome are quite limited. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate long-term effects of supervised exercise training on walking capacity and quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication. Patients and methods: Sixty-seven consecutive patients with intermittent claudication who completed a supervised 12-week exercise training program were asked for follow up evaluation 39 ± 20 months after program completion. Pain-free walking distance (PWD) and maximum walking distances (MWD) were assessed by treadmill test and several questionnaires. Results: Forty (60%) patients agreed to participate, 22 (33%) refused participation, and 5 (7%) died during follow-up. PWD and MWD significantly improved at completion of 12-weeks supervised exercise training as compared to baseline (PWD 114 ± 100 vs. 235 ± 248, p = 0.002; MWD 297 ± 273 vs. 474 ± 359, p = 0.001). Improvement of PWD and MWD could be maintained at follow up (197 ± 254, p = 0.014; 390 ± 324, p = 0.035, respectively) with non-smokers showing significantly better sustained PWD and MWD improvement as compared to baseline. Overall, walking capacity correlated with functional status of quality of life. Conclusions: Major findings of this investigation were that improvement in walking capacity is sustained after completion of supervised exercise training program with best results in patients who quitted or never smoked. Improved walking capacity is associated with increased functional status of quality of life.
Single center experience with provisional abciximab therapy in complex lower limb interventions
Authors: Keo  , Diehm  , Baumgartner  , Husmann  , Baumgartner
Published: August 2008

Background: Abciximab, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist has been shown to improve patency and clinical outcome in patients undergoing endovascular recanalization of femoro-popliteal occlusions. However, data on abciximab therapy in complex peripheral catheter interventions of lower limbs are quite limited. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and hemodynamic outcomes of patients treated with provisional abciximab during complex peripheral catheter interventions. Patients and methods: Analysis of a consecutive series of 44 patients with provisional abciximab therapy in complex peripheral catheter interventions with imminent risk of early rethrombosis defined as revascularization of arterial occlusions associated with one or more of the following additional circumstances named as time-consuming intervention > 3 hours, compromised contrast flow not solved by stenting, distal embolization not solved by mechanical thromboembolectomy, and peri-interventional notice of thrombus evolution despite adequate heparin adjustment of lower limbs. Adjunctive abciximab therapy was started in accordance to percutaneous coronary bailout situations. The decision to add abciximab was based on the decision of the operator and went along with the judgement that there is a rising risk of reocclusion due to the progressive complexity of an individual intervention. A bolus of 0.25 mg per kilogram of body weight, followed by a maintenance infusion of 0.125 μg/kg/min (up to a maximum dosage of 10 μg/min) for 12 hours was administered. Clinical and hemodynamic outcome was prospectively assessed at discharge, three and six months after the index procedure. Results: The occluded artery of 44 limbs was in the iliac (2%), in the femoro-popliteal (73%) or below the knee segment (25%). Overall, occlusion length was 11.5 ± 6.5 cm. Technical success rate was 95%. Mean ABI increased from 0.5 ± 0.16 to 0.88 ± 0.19 (p < 0.001) with immediate hemodynamic improvement of 91%. Overall, sustained clinical improvement was 84% and 66% at three and six months follow-up, with best results in iliac (100%), followed by below the knee (73%) and by femoro-popliteal segment (63%) at six months, respectively. Overall, secondary clinical improvement was 86% at six months. Minor and major bleeding complications were 16% and 9%, respectively. Conclusion: Abciximab should be noticed as medical adjunct in the interventional armamentarium to prevent imminent rethrombosis in complex peripheral catheter interventions.
Axillary artery injury associated with proximal humerus fractures
Authors: Mouzopoulos  , Lasanianos  , Mouzopoulos  , Tzurbakis  , Georgilas
Published: August 2008

Penetrating trauma is the primary cause of upper extremity vascular injury almost in 95% of cases. Blunt trauma due to traffic or industrial accidents and falls account for the remaining 5% to 10%. However axillary artery injury from blunt trauma to the shoulder is extremely rare. The location of the axillary artery, surrounded by the bones and muscles of the shoulder girdle, explains the low incidence of trauma suffered by this arterial segment. But its anatomical proximity to the humeral head makes it quite vulnerable to blunt trauma during shoulder injury. Herein we report two cases of axillary artery injury after proximal humerus fracture, discussing their diagnosis and management.
Acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis due to giant ovarian tumor: Report of a hybrid treatment
Authors: Asciutto  , Mumme  , Marpe  , Hummel  , Asciutto  , Geier
Published: August 2008

Ovarian tumors rarely cause acute iliofemoral thrombosis due to direct compression. This case represents an example of successful therapy using an interdisciplinary approach. A 37-year-old woman was admitted with a painful swelling of the left lower limb. Computed tomography revealed a giant abdominal mass originating from the left ovary producing a thrombotic occlusion of the left iliofemoral veins. Surgical treatment consisted of complete tumor removal, adnexectomy and appendectomy. During the same operation, transfemoral thrombectomy and stent implantation in the iliac vein were performed, followed by creation of an arteriovenous fistula in the left groin. Hystologic examination revealed a well-differentiated mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma. The patient recovered well and is tumor-free 6 months after surgery. The deep venous system is still patent at follow-up. In this case, minimal surgical trauma and complete tumor as well as thrombus removal succeeded through a positive complementary interdisciplinary approach.
"HIT on Trousseau" Double trouble: acquired coagulopathy with femoral artery thrombosis
Authors: Warncke  , Alberio  , Savolainen  , von Allmen  , Baumgartner  , Husmann
Published: August 2008

Trousseau Syndrome is a paraneoplastic procoagulant phenomenon. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare complication of anticoagulation with heparin. To our knowledge, the coincidence of the two has not been reported so far. We report a case of an acute thrombosis of the left femoral artery and distal leg arteries in a patient with an otherwise normal cardiovascular status. Endovascular revascularization attempts using mechanical rotational thrombectomy catheter, aspiration and local thrombolysis were unsuccessful. Progressive coagulation along the intra-arterial catheter was seen. Surgical thrombectomy of the femoral-pedal axis was successful, but the patient developed an immune-mediated HIT postoperatively. An adenocarcinoma of the colon was the likely cause for the initial arterial thrombosis, and probably adversely affected endovascular revascularization attempts. Subsequent HIT with microvascular thrombosis worsened ischemic damage leading to a below knee-amputation, despite patent large vessels. Compared to venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis is a rare manifestation of Trousseau syndrome. The coincidence of it with HIT is even rarer. There may be a causal relationship between the two.
Influence of the convection electric field models on predicted plasmapause positions during magnetic storms
Authors: Pierrard V. , Khazanov G. V. , Cabrera J. , Lemaire J.
Published: August 2008

In the present work, we determine how three well documented models of the magnetospheric electric field, and two different mechanisms proposed for the formation of the plasmapause influence the radial distance, the shape and the evolution of the plasmapause during the geomagnetic storms of 28 October 2001 and of 17 April 2002. The convection electric field models considered are: McIlwain's E5D electric field model, Volland‐Stern's model, and Weimer's statistical model compiled from low‐Earth orbit satellite data. The mechanisms for the formation of the plasmapause to be tested are: (1) the MHD theory where the plasmapause should correspond to the last‐closed‐equipotential (LCE) or last‐closed‐streamline (LCS), if the E‐field distribution is stationary or time‐dependent respectively; (2) the interchange mechanism where the plasmapause corresponds to streamlines tangent to a Zero‐Parallel‐Force surface where the field‐aligned plasma distribution becomes convectively unstable during enhancements of the E‐field intensity in the nightside local time sector. The results of the different time dependent simulations are compared with concomitant EUV/IMAGE observations when available. The plasmatails or plumes observed after both selected geomagnetic storms are predicted in all simulations and for all E‐field models. However, their shapes are quite different depending on the E‐field models and the mechanisms that are used. Despite the partial success of the simulations to reproduce plumes during magnetic storms and substorms, there remains a long way to go before the detailed structures observed in the EUV observations during periods of geomagnetic activity can be accounted for very precisely by the existing E‐field models. Furthermore, it cannot be excluded that the mechanisms currently identified to explain the formation of “Carpenter's knee” during substorm events, will have to be revised or complemented in the cases of geomagnetic storms.
Magnetospheric currents during sawtooth events: Event‐oriented magnetic field model analysis
Authors: Kubyshkina M. , Pulkkinen T. I. , Ganushkina N. Yu. , Partamies N.
Published: August 2008

The behavior of inner magnetosphere current systems associated with a sawtooth sequence is examined using empirical magnetic field models during a sawtooth event on 18 April 2002. Three different empirical magnetic field models were developed for the same time period. In each case, the models were fitted using in situ magnetic field observations to minimize the differences between the model and observed field values. The results were compared with those previously obtained for a sawtooth event on 22 October 2001. The main features, namely, strong stretching of both nightside and dusk sector magnetic field prior to the injection, strong currents near geosynchronous distance, and strong dusk‐sector magnetic field stretching, were all reproduced by all three models also for the April 2002 event. We conclude that these are repeatable and characteristic features of sawtooth events and discuss how the model details influence the minor differences between the models. Simple drift trajectory calculations are used to show that the models, which reproduce the magnetic field quite well, also accurately represent the energetic proton drift periods at geosynchronous orbit.
Middepth spreading in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean: Reconciling CFC‐11 and float observations
Authors: Kvaleberg E. , Haine T. W. N. , Waugh D. W.
Published: August 2008

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) enter the middepth layers of the North Atlantic Ocean from the atmosphere during the formation of dense mode water in the Labrador and Irminger Seas of the subpolar gyre. The CFC‐bearing waters then spread from the convection regions through advection and diffusion of the water masses. Using recent estimates of the circulation at 1500 m depth from subsurface profiling floats the spreading of CFC‐11 is simulated in the subpolar North Atlantic with an advective‐diffusive model. Several numerical experiments are performed with different stream functions, lateral diffusivities and variations in the CFC‐11 sources. The results are then compared to the observed CFC‐11 field during 1996–1998. Poor fits are found for diffusivities less than about 500 m2 s−1. Better fits are found for diffusivities ranging from 500–12,000 m2 s−1, although unrealistically smooth model solutions are produced if the diffusivity exceeds about 3000 m2 s−1. Simulations that include both Labrador and Irminger Sea CFC‐11 sources fit the data better than with Labrador sources alone. None of the model CFC solutions fit the data within the CFC uncertainty over the whole domain; the model performs well in the western part of the subpolar gyre, but CFC‐11 concentrations are consistently too low in the West European Basin. It is possible that uncertainty in the float‐based circulation can account for these misfits, and a more accurate circulation estimate might be able to fit the observed CFC‐11 field. Alternatively, time variations in the flow or deep water formation processes, which clearly exist in the real ocean, may need to be included.
Scales and variability of the sea surface temperature distribution in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Borzelli Gian Luca Eusebi
Published: August 2008

Scales and variability of the Adriatic sea surface temperature (SST) distribution in the period January 1991 to December 2000 are studied by means of 8‐day composite, 4‐km resolution, SST data. Scales of the SST are defined as scales of the SST autocorrelation function. Assuming an exponential correlation model, scales of the SST are quantified as e‐folding times and distances of the SST autocorrelation function. Variability in the SST is analyzed through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. From summer to winter, spatial scales of the SST in the along‐basin direction remain unchanged while in the across‐basin direction they decrease, resulting in scales that are slightly shorter (10–15%) in winter than in summer. The spatial distribution of temporal scales displays two patterns: the first, characterized by low values, is located in the northern part of the basin and along the Italian coast, and the second, characterized by high values, covers the rest of the basin. The SST variability is dominated by the annual signal, which explains 45% of the overall variance. The main structures of the Adriatic circulation leave their signature on the first three EOFs, whose spatial variability occurs on wavelengths longer than 200 km in the along‐basin direction and, in the across‐basin direction, in the band 25–50 km and at 80 and 100 km. EOF coefficients are characterized by oscillating components with periods of 20 days to 6 months.
Turbulent structures in planar gravity currents and their influence on the flow dynamics
Authors: Cantero Mariano I. , Balachandar S. , García Marcelo H. , Bock David
Published: August 2008

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of planar gravity current in the Boussinesq limit have been conducted with the objective of identifying, visualizing, and describing turbulent structures and their influence on the flow dynamics. The simulations are performed for Reynolds numbers of Re = 8950 and Re = 15,000 with 31‐ and 131‐million grid point resolutions, respectively. This range of Reynolds numbers ensures fully developed turbulent gravity currents, which have never been simulated before using DNS. The flow develops zones with different turbulence characteristics, which eventually interact with each other. The near‐wall bottom flow resembles boundary layer flow with several hairpin‐like vortices oriented in the direction of the flow and preferential patterns of low‐ and high‐speed streaks. The separation between low‐speed streaks at the front scales with the lobe size, which is about 200 wall units for Re = 15,000. Upstream of the front, the separation between low‐speed streaks scales with the well‐accepted value of 100 wall units for turbulent boundary layers. These patterns have associated regions of low and high bottom shear stresses with implications for sediment erosion and bed load transport. Most of the erosive power of the flow is found in the gravity current front. The interface between heavy and light fluids rolls up by baroclinic generation of Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices, which undergo sudden breakup and decay to small‐scale turbulence. The effect of turbulence and three‐dimensionality on the flow dynamics is addressed by comparing two‐ and three‐dimensional simulations. Three‐dimensional simulations present active mechanisms that undermine the strong flow coherence, comparing well with experimental observations.
Geomorphic study of fluvial landforms on the northern Valles Marineris plateau, Mars
Authors: Mangold N. , Ansan V. , Masson Ph. , Quantin C. , Neukum G.
Published: August 2008

Fluvial landforms are observed on the plateau near Echus Chasma and other locations on the Valles Marineris plateau using high resolution (10 to 50 m/pixel) Mars Express images and topography. Branching valleys have a 20‐ to 100‐m deep V‐shape profile typical of fluvial processes. Their incision occurred in a thin (<150 m) and weak, dark unit that overlies the plateau basement. The valleys are distributed close to watershed boundaries as expected for overland flows, and different from pure glacial or hydrothermal processes. The 2D geometry of valley networks show drainage densities reaching 1.3 km−1that indicate a strong 2D extension stage that usually requires a minimum of thousands of years, as established from terrestrial examples. However, the 3D valley geometry shows a limited incision, and a lack of concavity, suggesting a limited development in time (millions of years of evolution are unlikely). Many outlets connect to the heads of canyons of Echus Chasma that might involve sapping processes. These canyons might have formed coevally with shallow valleys: their difference in geometry is a consequence of the difference in lithology which induced a difference in the erosion capacity, and an enhanced infiltration conducing to sapping. Valleys are submitted to modification by aeolian processes, sometimes leading to the formation of inverted channels as observed more broadly through the region. These landforms formed late in the Early Mars history and might be considered as examples of episodic fluvial events due to short‐term climate changes and/or regional fluvial activity after the Noachian.
Rock abrasion features in the Columbia Hills, Mars
Authors: Thomson B. J. , Bridges N. T. , Greeley R.
Published: August 2008

Wind‐abraded rocks (ventifacts) observed along the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit traverse in the Columbia Hills reveal evidence for complex wind flow patterns. Multiple superposed sets of eolian bed forms are evident in rover images and more broadly in High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) image coverage. Formative wind directions inferred from ventifacts are more consistent with smaller, second‐order (T2) eolian ridges rather than larger, first‐order (T1) ridges. This suggests that the direction of recent highest‐energy saltation may more commonly be aligned with the higher‐order textures on bed form surfaces, perhaps because of bed form–modified (secondary) airflow around T1 ridges. Additionally, the lack of ventifacts with formative wind directions consistent with T1 ridges may indicate that either the ventifact textures consistent with T1 ridge orientations have been overprinted by abrasion commensurate with T2 ridges or, alternatively, the rocks were emplaced subsequent to the formation and stabilization of T1 bed forms. In both cases, T1 ridges appear fairly immobile and may provide less sand from winds blowing perpendicular to their ridge crests compared to winds consistent with T2 orientation.
Analysis of photoelectron effect on the antenna impedance via Particle‐In‐Cell simulation
Authors: Miyake Y. , Usui H.
Published: August 2008

We present photoelectron effects on the impedance of electric field antennas used for plasma wave investigations. To illustrate the photoelectron effects, we applied electromagnetic Particle‐In‐Cell simulation to the self‐consistent antenna impedance analysis. We confirmed the formation of a dense photoelectron region around the sunlit surfaces of the antenna and the spacecraft. The dense photoelectrons enhance the real part, and decrease the absolute value of the imaginary part, of antenna impedance at low frequencies. We also showed that the antenna conductance can be analytically calculated from simulation results of the electron current flowing into or out of the antenna. The antenna impedance in the photoelectron environment is represented by a parallel equivalent circuit consisting of a capacitance and a resistance, which is consistent with empirical knowledge. The results also imply that the impedance varies with the spin of the spacecraft, which causes the variation of the photoelectron density around the antenna.
Imaging an Active Volcano Edifice at Tenerife Island, Spain
Authors: Ibáñez Jesús M. , Rietbock Andreas , García‐Yeguas Araceli
Published: August 2008

An active seismic experiment to study the internal structure of Teide volcano is being carried out on Tenerife, a volcanic island in Spain's Canary Islands archipelago. The main objective of the Tomography at Teide Volcano Spain (TOM‐TEIDEVS) experiment, begun in January 2007, is to obtain a three‐dimensional (3‐D) structural image of Teide volcano using seismic tomography and seismic reflection/refraction imaging techniques. At present, knowledge of the deeper structure of Teide and Tenerife is very limited, with proposed structural models based mainly on sparse geophysical and geological data. The multinational experiment—involving institutes from Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Ireland, and Mexico—will generate a unique highresolution structural image of the active volcano edifice and will further our understanding of volcanic processes.
Recommendations for Making Geoscience Data Accessible and Usable in Education
Authors: Ledley Tamara Shapiro , Prakash Anupma , Manduca Cathryn A. , Fox Sean
Published: August 2008

Geoscience and planetary science are awash in data. Over the past decade, our field has transformed into one that acquires and uses extensive remote‐sensing data. Enabling state‐of‐the‐art models of complex systems, these data focus our understanding of the future impact of our actions by examining the present and past.
Clubs, Pubs, and Models of Mantle Mixing
Authors: Advocate Dev L.
Published: August 2008

Next time you enter a pub, take a moment to ponder your pint and your place and their role in the history of the fluid sciences. Pint by pint, the fluid sciences, the precursors to geodynamics, were developed in the taprooms and clubs of the great nineteenth‐century thinkers. They puffed their pipes, sipped their wine and ale, feasted on pies and porridge, satiating and saturating themselves in rising plumes of smoke and steam.
Exploration Station Brings AGU Science to Children and Parents
Authors: Cooper Paul
Published: August 2008

More than 20 families from the Fort Lauderdale, Fla., area attended AGU's pilot family science event, “Exploration Station,” held on 26 May as part of the 2008 Joint Assembly. During the event—which was organized by AGU's education staff, the Association for Astronomy Education, and the Solar Physics Division of the American Astronomical Society—children and parents had the opportunity to discuss science with researchers and to get involved with many hands‐on activities.
Earth Observation of Global Change: The Role of Satellite Remote Sensing in Monitoring the Global Environment
Authors: Kimball John S.
Published: August 2008

The use of remote sensing data for the study of global change is increasing as satellite observations extend over longer periods of time and as a growing array of sensors and measurements provides more and more information about the Earth. National and international agencies are producing greater volumes of remote sensing data directed toward observing global change. Computational processing is also evolving to facilitate more efficient processing and more effective translation of these large data sets into useful information.