bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustaining oil and gas multinational operations through corporate social responsibility practices
Authors: Gyane Ama Twumwaa , Nunoo Edward Kweku , Suleman Shafic , Essandoh-Yeddu Joseph
Published: August 2021

The objective of this study is to provide empirical evidence from the perspective of prudent corporate social responsibility practices by oil and gas multinationals in emerging economies on how investments in and disclosure of the practices could enhance financial sustainability. Accounting-based measures on investments, financial performance, disclosures of activities and panel data set on company size (total assets) over a 10-year period (t) were analysed. Findings show that multinationals with interests in emerging economies take key aspects of their corporate social responsibility practices seriously. There was a significant positive relationship (p=0.0035 < 0.05) between investments in corporate social responsibility practices and sustainability of financial performance. No significant relationship (p=0.4409 > 0.05) was established between disclosure and financial performance. The paper concludes, by supporting the preposition with scientific data, that functional corporate social responsibility practices yield sustained dividend by presenting a stronger financial outlook for multinational oil and gas companies who engage in it. This is prudent for poverty alleviation initiatives and key to achieving the sustainable development goals and targets in emerging economies where they operate.
Automated detecting and placing road objects from street-level images
Authors: Zhang Chaoquan , Fan Hongchao , Li Wanzhi
Published: August 2021

Navigation services utilized by autonomous vehicles or ordinary users require the availability of detailed information about road-related objects and their geolocations, especially at road intersections. However, these road intersections are generally represented as point elements without detailed information, or are even not available in current versions of crowdsourced mapping databases including OpenStreetMap (OSM). This study proposes an approach to automatically detect road objects from street-level images and place them to correct locations according to urban rules. Our processing pipeline relies on two convolutional neural networks: the first one segments the images, while the second one detects and classifies the specific objects. Moreover, to locate the detected objects, we propose an attributed topological binary tree (ATBT) based on urban rules for each image in an image sequence to depict the coherent relations of topologies, attributes and semantics of the road objects. Then the ATBT is further matched with map features on OSM to determine the right placed location. The proposed method has been applied to a case study in Berlin, Germany. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed method on two object classes: traffic signs and traffic lights. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed app roach provides promising results in terms of completeness and positional accuracy.
Outcomes in zygomatico-maxillary fractures: Comparison of osteosynthesis and orthopaedic management
Authors: Aloua Rachid , Kerdoud Ouassime , Kaouani Amine , Belem Ousmane , Konsem Tarcissus , Slimani Faiçal
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Zygomatico-maxillary fractures are the most frequent fractures of the middle face. Their functional and aesthetic repercussions pose a great challenge to the practitioner.

Their management is a challenge, which raises an altercation between the authors, between orthopedic and surgical indications, and the different surgical approaches.

We report a retrospective workup study of 262 cases of zygomaticomaxillary fractures, in 4 years, managed in our department to evaluate and compare the different postoperative results of these fractures treated by orthopedic reduction and/or by osteosynthesis.

Highlights
Les Annales, force et fragilité d’une revue modèle
Authors: Kleinberg Ethan
Published: August 2021

Les Annales, force et fragilité d’une revue modèle

Cet article interroge l’héritage, la mission et l’avenir des Annales en se concentrant sur les dix dernières années de la revue. Pour ce faire, il reprend quelques-uns des choix éditoriaux, des thèmes et des articles récents afin d’explorer la façon dont ceux-ci servent à se libérer des modèles et des méthodes associés au passé des Annales, tout en analysant la manière dont certains des aspects de ce passé sont conservés. Les Annales se sont longtemps caractérisées par leur(s) approche(s) méthodologique(s) plutôt que par un sujet ou un thème spécifique. La force de ce paradigme réside dans ses aspirations interdisciplinaires, qui ont rassemblé des historiens issus d’horizons divers dans le but partagé de remettre en question le statu quo. Cet accent mis sur la méthode a toutefois un revers : conduire à la promotion, sinon d’un style, du moins d’une approche propre aux Annales, quitte à ossifier le paradigme et lui faire perdre sa nature protéiforme. L’article tente ainsi d’expliquer non seulement les promesses et les pièges, mais aussi les nouvelles directions que la revue pourrait prendre à l’avenir.
Les Annales et Past & Present : une histoire croisée
Authors: Jones Colin
Published: August 2021

Les Annales et Past & Present : une histoire croisée

L’article propose une histoire croisée des Annales et du principal périodique d’histoire généraliste britannique, Past & Present. Fondé en 1952, ce dernier s’est inspiré de l’ouverture des Annales à des formes novatrices et interdisciplinaires d’écriture de l’histoire. Dans les années 1960 et 1970, âge d’or de l’histoire sociale, les deux revues ont joui d’une importance particulière. Alors que les Annales ont constamment adopté des niveaux élevés de réflexivité concernant leur forme et leur contenu, Past & Present maintient une approche plus empirique et pragmatique. Les deux périodiques, revues d’histoire généralistes, ont en partage de couvrir toutes les périodes de l’histoire. Une telle ouverture présente des défis particuliers à mesure que la discipline se renouvelle et que l’édition académique s’accommode des formes électroniques de publication.
Des historiographies connectées? : Les Annales, Quaderni storici et l’épreuve de l’histoire sociale
Authors: Torre Angelo , Tigrino Vittorio
Published: August 2021

Des historiographies connectées? : Les Annales, Quaderni storici et l’épreuve de l’histoire sociale

L’article analyse le dialogue à distance entre les Annales et les Quaderni storici. Il revient sur la façon dont les deux revues se sont positionnées vis-à-vis des évolutions de l’histoire sociale depuis les années 1980. Les Annales ont, pour leur part, repris certaines propositions de la micro-histoire dans la perspective des jeux d’échelles, élaborant une histoire culturelle des pratiques sociales et valorisant l’étude des « aires culturelles ». Quant aux Quaderni storici, ils ont critiqué le contenu déconstructionniste du linguistic turn à travers l’exploration de la dimension juridique de la structure et de la genèse des sources, du genre et de la localité. L’article s’intéresse à la fois aux instances de dialogue des deux revues au cours des dernières années, en ce qui concerne par exemple l’histoire globale ou l’histoire environnementale, ainsi qu’à leurs trajectoires divergentes, comme au sujet des relations entre histoire et droit, histoire et philosophie, ou encore à propos des réactions au récent « tournant archivistique ».
Transversal local rigidity of discrete abelian actions on Heisenberg nilmanifolds
Authors: DAMJANOVIĆ DANIJELA , TANIS JAMES
Published: August 2021

In this paper we prove a perturbative result for a class of${\mathbb Z}^2$actions on Heisenberg nilmanifolds that have Diophantine properties. Along the way we prove cohomological rigidity and obtain a tame splitting for the cohomology with coefficients in smooth vector fields for such actions.
A FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGN COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Thandlam Sudhindra Shravya , Blessing Lucienne T.M.
Published: August 2021

The recognition of the value of design has resulted in an increased number of programs and courses that include design and evaluate design competencies. However, there is no common reference system to (1) identify and assess the design competency of learners and the level of design competency aimed for by a course or curriculum; (2) universally recognize design competencies and competency levels.

Our research goal is to identify and define distinct levels of design competency and develop a framework to help instructors, design learners, institutes as well as employers assess and/or recognize competency. This paper introduces our DesCA (Design Competency Assessment) framework and places it in the context of other frameworks. We describe how DesCA helps: (1) identify and assess design competencies associated with different design activities planned for a course or curriculum; (2) formulate learning outcomes and select appropriate competency levels, methods and tools; (3) plan and develop the design content of courses and curricula; (4) ensure curricular consistency across courses.

The vision is to make DesCA a digital platform that can serve as an international standard for design teaching, learning and curriculum development.
DESIGN FOR POSITIVE BREAST SELF-EXAM EXPERIENCE USING MOBILE APPS
Authors: Karadeniz Küçük Aylin , Şener Bahar
Published: August 2021

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types among women, accountable for approximately 2.2 million new cases and 684,996 deaths globally in 2020. There are various screening methods to detect cancer early, and experts suggest that women should perform breast self-examination (BSE) once a month. Unfortunately, most women fail to do so even if they are aware of the risks and the importance of screening methods. The aim of this paper is to understand women's current behavior and experience with BSE and mobile BSE apps and to suggest several design dimensions for positive mobile BSE app experience by benefiting from positive technology. With this aim, three selected mobile BSE apps were used by a total of 24 participants for four weeks. A three-phase study was carried out to uncover women’s pre- during-, and post-usage experiences of BSE apps. The analysis revealed six headings under two themes: strategies, limitations, and emotions under BSE theme; and the needs, limitations, and benefits under Mobile Apps theme. Consequently, based on the findings, suggestions for design dimensions for BSE apps to better meet women’s needs by benefiting from levels of positive technology are made.
DESIGN FOR RESILIENT HUMAN-SYSTEM INTERACTION IN AUTONOMY: THE CASE OF A SHORE CONTROL CENTRE FOR UNMANNED SHIPS
Authors: Veitch Erik Aleksander , Kaland Thomas , Alsos Ole Andreas
Published: August 2021

Artificial intelligence is transforming how we interact with vehicles. We examine the case of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), which are emerging as a safer and more effective solution for maritime transportation. Despite the focus on autonomy, humans are predicted to have a central role in MASS operations from a Shore Control Centre (SCC). Here, operators will provide back-up control in the event of system failure. There are signification design challenges with such a system. The most critical is human-system interaction in autonomy (H-SIA). We consider humans as the source of resilience in the system for adapting to unexpected events and managing safety. We ask, can Human-Centred Design (HCD) be used to create resilient interactions between MASS and SCC? Work has been done in resilience engineering for complex systems but has not been extended to H-SIA in transportation. “Resilient interaction design” is relevant as we progress from design to operational phase. We adopted the ISO 9421-210 guideline to structure our HCD approach. The result is an SCC designed for 1 Autonomy Operator (AO). The contribution is a demonstration of how resilient interaction design may lead to safer and more effective H-SIA in transportation.
DESIGN OF AND WITH SENSING MACHINE ELEMENTS - USING THE EXAMPLE OF A SENSING ROLLING BEARING
Authors: Schirra Tobias , Martin Georg , Kirchner Eckhard
Published: August 2021

In this paper the development process of a sensing rolling bearing is presented, from which finally design rules for sensing machine elements are derived. In the first step, the requirements of the users are determined. It turns out user of sensing machine elements want to continue to use the advantage of the standardized machine elements and costs should not be incurred by redesign or complex assembly. With these requirements the development of the sensing rolling bearing is started, in which the different presented technologies are reviewed for their suitability regarding the requirements. With the selected technology measuring the electric rolling bearing impedance to estimate rolling bearing loads, a first prototype is developed by creating a functional structure of the product and focusing on the partial solution of the most relevant partial functions. This prototype is then tested with regard to its functionality. Finally, generalizable design rules for sensing machine elements are derived from the development.
A FRAMEWORK FOR PREDICTING POTENTIAL PRODUCT IMPACT DURING PRODUCT DESIGN
Authors: Mabey Christopher S. , Armstrong Andrew G. , Mattson Christopher A. , Salmon John L. , Hatch Nile W.
Published: August 2021

The impact of products is becoming a topic of concern in society. Product impact may fall under the categories of economic, environmental, or social impact and is defined by the effect of a product on day-to-day life. Design teams lack sufficient tools to predict the impact of products they are designing. In this paper we present a framework for the prediction of product impact during product design. This framework integrates models of the product, scenario, society, and impact into an agent-based model to predict product impact. Although this paper focuses on social impact, the framework can also be applied to economic or environmental impacts. An illustration of using the framework is also presented. Agent-based modeling has been used previously for adoption models, but it has not been extended to predict product impact. Having tools for impact prediction allows for optimizing the product design parameters to increase potential positive impact and reduce potential negative impact.
DESIGNING AN ALL-TERRAIN WHEELCHAIR; A CASE STUDY OF INCLUSIVE DESIGN FOR SOCIAL IMPACT IN LOW-RESOURCE SETTINGS
Authors: O'Sullivan Cara
Published: August 2021

Developing appropriate assistive technology to be manufactured and maintained within the local context of a low-resource setting requires alternative design principles and designerly ways to those used when designing in, or for, more resourced regions of the world. This case study offers an empirical account of the design of SafariSeat, an all-terrain wheelchair which has been designed, tested, manufactured and turned into a sustainable enterprise in East Africa. The wheelchair was developed with intentions to reduce inequality and help alleviate poverty in low-resource communities by improving users' health, wellbeing and participation in society, whilst creating and facilitating local jobs to support communities. Having developed SafariSeat with a human-centred design approach, a local mindset, and prioritisation of usability and affordability, this case study is used to reflect on the applied design principles, practices and processes whilst providing contextual insights for other designers seeking to work in a similar way. The study discusses challenges encountered whilst designing in a low-resource setting, and highlights how local collaboration and partnerships can help lead to the creation of a more sustainable solution.
DETECTING BAD DESIGN AND BIAS FROM PATENTS
Authors: Melluso Nicola , Pardelli Sara , Fantoni Gualtiero , Chiarello Filippo , Bonaccorsi Andrea
Published: August 2021

The representation of the product use context is a well established design practice in Engineering Design. Recently, design theory is studying the product interaction involving several cognitive aspects such as the possible conditions in which a wrong interaction occurs. The aim of this paper is to find a quantitative evidence of the causes of these misuses. In particular, this study focuses on the detection of bad design and biases.

In this paper, we propose a method that helps to the automatic detection of bad design and biases from patents. The method is based on an approach that defines syntactic rules to detect sentences containing these artifacts. These rules are defined based on an exploratory analysis of the explicit mention of “bad design” and “bias” and then, tested with multiple experiments on a sample of patents. The results give a first quantitative evidence of the presence of bad design and biases in patents and consequently of their importance in the design theory. In particular, it is provided a fine grain analysis of the linguistic structure of sentences containing these artifacts helping designers in detecting automatically them from patents.
DEVELOPING PERSONAS TO HELP DESIGNERS TO UNDERSTAND DIGITAL EXCLUSION
Authors: Goodman-Deane Joy Ai-Leen , Bradley Mike , Waller Sam , Clarkson P. John
Published: August 2021

Digital inclusion is becoming more important as many consumer products and engineered systems adopt increasingly digital interfaces. The designers of such services often assume that users have a certain level of digital interface competence, but this is not the case for many users. In this paper, we present a set of personas that could help designers to better understand and consider the range of digital expertise across the population. The personas are based on survey data from 338 people across England and Wales in 2019. The survey examined various factors that affect ability to use digital interfaces, including technology experience, attitudes towards technology and competence with basic interface operations. Twelve clusters were identified using K-means cluster analysis, and twelve personas were developed based on these. The personas help to bring to life the range of digital expertise and highlight people at risk of digital exclusion. In addition, the cluster sizes indicate the proportion of the population represented by each persona and thus the scale of potential digital exclusion.
DEVELOPING THE MATERIAL-SERVICE SYSTEM CONCEPT: A CASE STUDY OF STEEL INDUSTRIAL DRUMS
Authors: Engelmann Anais , Zeeuw van der Laan Anouk , Aid Graham , Nybom Lars , Aurisicchio Marco
Published: August 2021

Within the circular economy, the Product-Service System (PSS) is a key business model to slow down and dematerialise resource consumption between manufacturers or service providers and customers. Material-Service Systems (MSSs) have been proposed as a business model to develop the performance economy focusing on the relationship between material suppliers and manufacturers. The aim of this research is to introduce and develop the MSS concept and to apply it to a real-world case study. The research involved two stages. First, a modelling method is proposed to represent the flow, transformation and ownership of resources by the stakeholders in a supply chain. Second, the method is tested using steel industrial drums as a case. The results indicate that the MSS has the potential to radically transform the steel drums industry and it could work effectively with a PSS within a reuse system to recondition and reintroduce obsolete drums into the market.
DIMENSIONS OF KNOWLEDGE IN PROTOTYPING: A REVIEW AND CHARACTERISATION OF PROTOTYPING METHODS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO DESIGN KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Real Ricardo , Snider Chris , Goudswaard Mark , Hicks Ben
Published: August 2021

Whilst prior works have characterised the affordances of prototyping methods in terms of generating knowledge about a product or process, the types, or ‘dimensions’ of knowledge towards which they contribute are not fully understood. In this paper we adapt the concept of ‘design domains’ as a method to interpret, and better understand the contributions of different prototyping methods to design knowledge in new product development. We first synthesise a set of ten dimensions for design knowledge from a review of literature in design-related fields. A study was then conducted in which participants from engineering backgrounds completed a Likert-type questionnaire to quantify the perceived contributions to design knowledge of 90 common prototyping methods against each dimension. We statistically analyse results to identify patterns in the knowledge contribution of different methods. Results reveal that methods exhibit significantly different contribution profiles, suggesting different methods to be suited to different knowledge. Thus, this paper indicates potential for new methods, methodology and processes to leverage such characterisations for better selection and sequencing of methods in the prototyping process.
ENHANCED ACCESSIBILITY: AN ELEVATOR WITH AN INTERACTIVE MEDIA SURFACE
Authors: Jacobson Susanne , Ranne Jaakko
Published: August 2021

This exploratory research paper discusses the importance of experiential qualities in products that have accessible and assistive uses. The focus is on products that may have an ambiguous user experience. Concepts of multisensory user experience and accessibility are presented as an introduction to the topic.

The paper builds on the findings of a preliminary user study that was conducted in a joint multi-national and cross-industrial project that was externally funded. In the study, users’ experiences of an accessible means of transport, an elevator prototype with an interactive media surface, were explored. The study comprised a thinking aloud task and a design game.

The demonstrated colours, lights and their movements created various kinds of associations among the participating users. The participants also ideated about the product’s alternative applications, some of which concerned accessibility, while others extended beyond it.

The findings show that adding experiential product qualities enhances the user experience in terms of various associations and applications that extend beyond accessibility and the original use.
A SPECULATION ON THE POTENTIAL SUPPORT OF BIO-INSPIRED DESIGN TO BIOLOGICALISATION IN MANUFACTURING
Authors: Hashemi Farzaneh Helena , Borgianni Yuri , Forti David , Rauch Erwin
Published: August 2021

The paper investigates to what extent the knowledge accumulated in the field of Bio-Inspired Design might benefit the process of biologicalisation in manufacturing. According to visions making inroads in the manufacturing field, the latter will not be limited to the consideration and the analysis of biological principles as a source of inspiration for solving technical and organizational problems. In fact, the process of biologicalisation in manufacturing foresees the development of bio-integrated and bio-intelligent systems. In light of these expected developments, Bio-Inspired Design’s might fail to support the whole transition to take place in the manufacturing field. Methodological limitations still to overcome represent an important barrier in this perspective too. While a transfer of knowledge from the design to the manufacturing domain seems unlikely, the authors individuate aspects that encourage cross-fertilization between Bio-Inspired Design and biologicalisation in manufacturing. These include the need to include biologists in engineering teams, the objective of sustainable development, and a shared attention to the evolution of (Design for) Additive Manufacturing.
A STRUCTURED APPROACH TO REDUCE DESIGN ITERATIONS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Authors: Wirths Laura , Bleckmann Matthias , Paetzold Kristin
Published: August 2021

Additive Manufacturing technologies are based on a layer-by-layer build-up. This offers the possibility to design complex geometries or to integrate functionalities in the part. Nevertheless, limitations given by the manufacturing process apply to the geometric design freedom. These limitations are often unknown due to a lack of knowledge of the cause-effect relationships of the process. Currently, this leads to many iterations until the final part fulfils its functionality. Particularly for small batch sizes, producing the part at the first attempt is very important. In this study, a structured approach to reduce the design iterations is presented. Therefore, the cause-effect relationships are systematically established and analysed in detail. Based on this knowledge, design guidelines can be derived. These guidelines consider process limitations and help to reduce the iterations for the final part production. In order to illustrate the approach, the spare parts production via laser powder bed fusion is used as an example.
ADDITIVE REFURBISHMENT OF A VIBRATION-LOADED STRUCTURAL COMPONENT
Authors: Ganter Nicola Viktoria , Ehlers Tobias , Gembarski Paul Christoph , Lachmayer Roland
Published: August 2021

In the event of damage to additively manufactured components whose shape cannot be produced by machining, an additive repair can potentially be not only ecologically but also ecologically more favorable than the production of a new component. In addition, a number of hurdles that otherwise often impede the use of additive repair, e.g. the availability of the material of the damaged component for the additive process, are eliminated. As far as the authors are aware, this publication is the first to present a process for the additive refurbishment of additively manufactured components using the example of a wheel carrier. In this context, the possibility of increasing the fatigue strength of a structural component in refurbishment is discussed for the first time. To increase the fatigue strength of the wheel carrier, the chosen approach is to integrate the effect of particle damping into the component. Particularly in the case of components subjected to bending stresses, the effect of particle damping can be integrated into the component's interior without having to accept a significant loss of strength.
FUZZY-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING INTER-ENTERPRISE COLLABORATIONS IN PSS CONTEXT
Authors: Harrat Mourad , Belkadi Farouk , Bernard Alain
Published: August 2021

One of the biggest challenges of companies developing new solutions is how to properly manage the different relationships with external partners, especially in the case of Product-Service Systems (PSS). Developing a PSS requires for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) to rethink the organization and roles of the different stakeholders regarding the characteristics of such environments. This paper aims to introduce a methodology to build a framework for inter-enterprise collaboration performance assessment and its corresponding Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). An extensive list of KPIs is established from key factors of collaboration performance and organizational characteristics in PSS context. Finally, further steps of the methodology are discussed where fuzzy techniques are used.
GROWING UP AND MOVING ON - INSIGHTS FROM THE HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS AND ADOLESCENTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON THE ISSUES AND BARRIERS IN THE TRANSFER OF CARE FROM PAEDIATRICS TO ADULT CARE
Authors: Gilmore Grace , Kiernan Louise , White Eoin , Hartigan Bernard
Published: August 2021

The aim of this research is to report the finding from the perspective of the Healthcare Professionals and the adolescents and young adults (AYA's) to identify issues and barriers to a successful transition for adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) as they move from Paediatric Healthcare setting to Adult Healthcare.

Healthcare services that fail to adequately meet the needs of young people and their families at this time of considerable change may result in a decline in their health status that can have a negative long-term impact. Through a user-centered research design (UCD) and Universal Design, the needs of all participants and stakeholders will be assessed. This paper applies the most appropriate proposed methods for the development of a solution to mitigate against some of the issues in tangent with the needs and feedback identified during the research process.
HASH FUNCTIONS SUPPORTING MECHATRONIC DESIGN EVOLUTION
Authors: Fresemann Carina , Falbe Max , Stark Rainer
Published: August 2021

Both industry and science point out the need to integrate PLM and ALM since products evolve from mechatronic to smart products. This paper investigates data management tasks fulfilled when creating or improving design. Particularly, the differences and commonalities in design evolution management of the software and hardware disciplines are considered.

This paper introduces a beta version of a hash function based tool, applying the software management mechanism on mechanical revision management.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY: TEXTUAL INFORMATION DRIVEN SPATIAL UNDERSTANDING AND REPRESENTATION FOR USER INTERFACE DESIGN OF 3D MODELING TOOLS
Authors: Li Xuenan
Published: August 2021

The same information has different cognitive difficulty in different representation forms, especially in the field of interaction design. Thus, Scientists pay attention to the design effectiveness based on visual perception. This study focuses on two problems: 1) The relationship between textual comprehension, spatial understanding and cognitive accuracy of text information; 2) The transformation differences of cognitive elements from text information to 3D image information. First, we conduct an experiment to show the cognitive transformation difference of text elements and 3D image elements. Then, we take the design of "Logoup" 3D modeling software (This is programming driven 3D modeling software) as an example, and applies the experimental results in this study to the interface design of the software. By setting up horizontal and vertical reference planes in the real-time rendering area of the software, we can improve the cognitive efficiency and user experience of users and provide non-professional 3D modeling skill of users with an entrance to create 3D shapes.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES IN THE LIFE CYCLE COSTING OF PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS
Authors: Schneider Jannik Alexander , Wurst Johanna , Gruetzmann Ines , Mozgova Iryna , Lachmayer Roland
Published: August 2021

Estimating the costs of products during development to design a cost efficent product is a well established process. But in the case of Product-Service Systems estimating the costs of the individual product is not sufficent. Instead it is necessary to calculate the cost incured over the entire life cycle of the product. Because with Product-Service Systems the majority of costs is not incurred during manufacturing of the product but instead during the operation. One of the major cost components accruing during the operation of the product are the maintennace costs. Therefore, current life cycle costing models show the impoact of component design on the maintennace cost of the Product-Service System. But they do not show how different maintennace strategies that can have an impact on the overall life cycle costs of the Product-Service System. Thus, this paper shows a method for the implementation of different maintennace strategies into life cycle costing and applies it in an industrial use case.
Investigation on the Aha-Experience as an Indicator of Correct Solutions in Functional Analysis in Engineering Design
Authors: Zimmerer Christoph , Nelius Thomas , Matthiesen Sven
Published: August 2021

The functional analysis of technical systems is an important part of the design process. To further improve the design process, especially the functional analysis, it must not be viewed as a monodisciplinary process. To this end, cognitive factors such as the aha-experience must also be included in studies of analysis processes to a greater extent. This paper investigates the relationship between the occurrence of aha-experiences and the correctness of solutions in the analysis of a technical system. An aha-experience is a strong feeling of subjective certainty that accompanies the cognitive process of suddenly finding a previously unknown solution. For this purpose, a study on the functional analysis was evaluated. The results show that many identified subfunctions of the system under investigation were identified with an aha-experience and that these subfunctions are more often correct. The results also suggest that aha-experiences occur more often among students than among experienced design engineers. Especially among students, a positive relation of aha-experiences on the correctness of the identified subfunction can be seen. This offers potential for further investigations to make aha-experiences useful in design methods.
LIFE PHASES MODULARISATION OF PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS
Authors: Rennpferdt Christoph , Krause Dieter
Published: August 2021

Product Service Systems (PSS) are increasingly important for companies. They enable a multitude of advantages, including the ability to offer customers even more individual customised solutions. However, PSS can also cause negative effects for companies. For example, PSS increase the complexity within companies. In order to cope with this complexity, the modularisation of PSS is frequently suggested in literature. However, existing approaches for modularisation only consider functional reasons for module composition and neglect the product-strategic aspects. This paper introduces a new approach for the modularisation of PSS, which combines functional and product-strategic aspects into one approach. To achieve this, a separate modular structure is developed for each life phase. Following this, these are harmonised across all life phases. This enables the advantages of the modular PSS structure to be used in all life phases. A PSS family of laser processing machines is used to illustrate the new developed approach.
METAMODEL FOR SAFETY AND SECURITY INTEGRATED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE MODELING
Authors: Kharatyan Aschot , Tekaat Julian , Japs Sergej , Anacker Harald , Dumitrescu Roman
Published: August 2021

As digitization progresses, the integration of information and communication technologies in technical systems is constantly increasing. Fascinating value potentials are emerging (e.g. autonomous driving), but also challenges in the system development. The constantly increasing product complexity and degree of networking require a systemic development, which is fulfilled by established approaches of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). To ensure the reliability of tomorrow's systems, an integrative and early consideration of security and safety is additionally required. In order to show the possibility and consequences of failures and attacks, the paper develops a modeling language that links established and partly isolated security and safety approaches within a consistent metamodel. The developer is enabled to synthesize system architectures transparently on an interdisciplinary level and to analyze attack and failure propagation integratively. The approach uncovers synergetic and especially contrasting goals and effects of architectural designs in terms of safety and security in order to make adequate architectural decisions based on trade-off analyses.
METRICS FOR BIO-INSPIRATION BASED ON TAXONOMIES
Authors: Willocx Mart , Duflou Joost R.
Published: August 2021

Using bio-inspiration allows engineers to use the knowledge implicitly built up by natural evolution. Current tools for providing engineers with bio-inspiration yield many biological working principles. Starting from the Linnaean taxonomy, which can be seen as a design revision history, this work proposes metrics for a working principle based on the observations of that working principle in different organisms. A first metric measures the reinforcement of a working principle via the number of observations (publications/submissions to a database) made by biologists. Furthermore, biological strategies that evolve independently and use the same working principle might be more resilient and globally applicable, prompting the proposal of a metric measuring the spread in the taxonomy. Finally, bio-novelty measures the biological novelty, inversely related to the biological diversity employing the working principle. To illustrate the use of the metrics, they are applied to the working principles identified in the ‘temporary attachment’ category of AskNature.
MODELLING AND VISUALIZING KNOWLEDGE ON THE REFERENCE SYSTEM AND VARIATIONS BASED ON THE MODEL OF PGE – PRODUCT GENERATION ENGINEERING FOR DECISION SUPPORT
Authors: Pfaff Felix , Rapp Simon , Albers Albert
Published: August 2021

In 2019, Dyson had to cancel its ambitious electric car project after having already 500 Million pounds spent. This example shows how difficult it is to assess the consequences of decisions on development targets as cost, risk, and innovation potential. Knowledge about references, variation types and their impact on development targets can help to increase the maturity of the decision basis. The model of PGE - product generation engineering describes these interrelations using the reference system. This contribution deals with the question of how knowledge about the impact of variation types and characteristics of reference system elements on new product generations can be made usable through modelling and visualization. Therefore, characteristics of reference system elements and their impacts on common development targets are collected through literature research. To process this knowledge base in technical information systems, an Entity-Relationship data model is developed. Through the implementation of a VR visualization, the data model is validated and a first visualisation approach is shown. The findings of this work can be used to systematise research on impact factors in PGE and to develop further digital methods.
MODELLING PROPORTIONS AND SEQUENCES OF OPERATIONS IN TEAM DESIGN ACTIVITIES
Authors: Martinec Tomislav , Škec Stanko , Lukačević Fanika , Štorga Mario
Published: August 2021

The presented research aims at modelling and formalising the process of team design activity as an interplay between the evolution of design problems and solutions. The motivation founds primarily on a presumption that there exist regularities in designing which can be captured and formalised using the appropriate models. The study thus investigates whether the identified design operation proportions and sequence probabilities are consistent throughout the different parts of team conceptual design activities. It does so by exploring the utility of mathematical models built based on the correlations and statistically significant sequences underlying the previously identified designing patterns. The developed mathematical model was tested by replicating moving-average analyses of design operation proportions and sequences, which were originally observed in the protocol analysis study. A close fit was found between the simulated and the observed data, particularly in providing insights regarding operation patterns and proportion trends. The presented models and modelling methodology are potentially an appropriate means for the next steps in describing, and consequently predicting and supporting team design activity dynamics.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF A MOBILE MINER USING THE OPENMDAO PLATFORM
Authors: Vidner Olle , Pettersson Robert , Persson Johan A , Ölvander Johan
Published: August 2021

This paper proposes an optimization framework based on the OpenMDAO software library intended for engineer-to-order products and applies it to the conceptual design of a Mobile Miner. A Mobile Miner is a complex machine and a flexible alternative to Tunnel Boring Machines for small-scale tunneling and mining applications. The proposed framework is intended for use in early design and quotation stages with the objective to get fast estimates of important product characteristics, such as excavation rate and cutter lifetime. The ability to respond fast to customer requests is vital when offering customized products for specific applications and thereby to stay competitive on the global market. This is true for most engineer-to-order products and especially for mining equipment where each construction project is unique with different tunnel geometries and rock properties. The presented framework is applied to a specific use-case where the design of the miner's cutter wheel is in focus and a set of Pareto optimal designs are obtained. Furthermore, the framework extends the capabilities of OpenMDAO by including support for mixed-variable formulations and it supports an exploratory approach to design optimization.
MULTI-DOMAIN DESIGN ASSESSMENT FOR AEROSPACE COMPONENTS INCLUDING WELD ACCESSIBILITY
Authors: Isaksson Ola , Kipouros Timos , Martinsson Julian , Panarotto Massimo , Kressin Jonas , Andersson Petter , Clarkson John P.
Published: August 2021

Aeroengine manufacturers need to better include assessment of risk and cost for realising the novel products needed to meet the ambitions sustainability driven targets for air transport. Radical technologies are needed that simultaneously require critical manufacturing processes to be assessed already in conceptual design.

In this paper, a multi-domain framework for conceptual design and evaluation is proposed that provide the ability to interactively explore the concepts that simultaneously allow a wider range of architectures can be assessed and still include weldability of the concepts.

It has been demonstrated how high level, and function driven conceptual design alternatives can be modelled and evaluated to analyse risk and resilience of architectures. Geometrical concepts generated for the most interesting regimes using design of experiments covering a desired design space. For each CAD-model the welding process can be simulated to assess feasibility and lead time for welding, and return quantified results to be included in an integrated results data set for interactive decision making. The paper is the first report from a research project that improve concurrent design of product and production concepts.
NOVICE DESIGNERS' USE OF PARTITIONING STRATEGIES TO NAVIGATE THE PROTOTYPING PROCESS
Authors: Hansen Camilla Arndt , Deininger Michael
Published: August 2021

Prototypes can be used to create value in all phases of the product development process. Prototyping strategies that determine how prototypes are developed should therefore be considered for the prototyping process as a whole. In this paper, we analyse how partitioning strategies were used by ten novice design teams to navigate their prototyping processes during a three-week mechatronic development project. Using the ‘ProtoMapping’ method, their prototyping strategies were visualized and five different types of strategies identified. Four of the ten teams formally planned how to divide their product into modules that could be prototyped in parallel or planned when to integrate prototypes to test the full product. Still, the ProtoMaps showed that most of the teams used some partitioning strategies during their project even when they did not formally decide to do so. Novice designers should be supported in making such strategies for the prototyping process deliberately. Therefore, prototyping tools should be expanded to support not only individual prototyping activities but also the prototyping process.
ON THE ACTIVATION OF STUDENTS THROUGH AUGMENTED REALITY EXPERIENCES
Authors: Yengui Mohamed Habib , Stechert Carsten
Published: August 2021

Over the last ten years, several stakeholders from the higher education sector have been involved in the area of student activation. This is due to the fact that, among other things, lecturers can get better feedback from the learners through active learning and thus can make the lecture more goal-oriented. Due to technological progress and currently available learning platforms, interactive methods are often used, which can be carried out with the help of online tools. Among the most commonly used methods are Peer Instruction (PI) and Just in Time Teaching (JiTT).

All kinds of Mixed Reality are increasingly used in industrial and social context, such as product development processes. Through Augmented Reality (AR) technology and the constant availability of powerful mobile devices, 3D-based content can be virtually linked to the real environment. This enables teaching complex content efficiently, which is otherwise difficult to achieve using conventional methods.

This paper shows an example on the creation of an AR-Experience to activate students even in a situation, that prevents attandence learning. The procedure is explained along the design and calculation of a non-switchable clutches within the lecture "machine elements".
OPTIMISATION OF NAVAL SHIP COMPARTMENT LAYOUT DESIGN USING GENETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: Dharani Pragada Venkata Aditya , Banerjee Akanistha , Venkataraman Srinivasan
Published: August 2021

An efficient general arrangement is a cornerstone of a good ship design. A big part of the whole general arrangement process is finding an optimized compartment layout. This task is especially tricky since the multiple needs are often conflicting, and it becomes a serious challenge for the ship designers. To aid the ship designers, improved and reliable statistical and computation methods have come to the fore. Genetic algorithms are one of the most widely used methods. Islier's algorithm for the multi-facility layout problem and an improved genetic algorithm for the ship layout design problem are discussed. A new, hybrid genetic algorithm incorporating local search technique to further the improved genetic algorithm's practicality is proposed. Further comparisons are drawn between these algorithms based on a test case layout. Finally, the developed hybrid algorithm is implemented on a section of an actual ship, and the findings are presented.
OVERCOMING AUGMENTED REALITY ADOPTION BARRIERS IN DESIGN: A MIXED PROTOTYPING CONTENT AUTHORING TOOL SUPPORTED BY COMPUTER VISION
Authors: Piñones Eduardo , Cascini Gaetano , Caruso Giandomenico , Morosi Federico
Published: August 2021

Enhancing the appearance of physical prototypes with digital elements, also known as mixed prototyping, has demonstrated to be a valuable approach in the product development process. However, the adoption is limited also due to the high time and competence required for authoring the digital contents. This paper presents a content authoring tool that aims to improve the user acceptance by reducing the specific competence required, which is needed for segmentation and UV mapping of the 3D model used to implement a mixed prototype. Part of the tasks related to 3D modelling software, in fact, has been transferred to simpler manual tasks applied onto the physical prototype. Moreover, the proposed tool can recognise these manual inputs thanks to a computer-vision algorithm and automatically manage the segmentation and UV mapping tasks, freeing time for the user in a task that otherwise would require complete engagement. To preliminarily evaluate effectiveness and potential of the tool, it has been used in a case study to build up the mixed prototype of a coffee machine. The result demonstrated that the tool can correctly segment the 3D model of a physical prototype in its relevant parts and generate their corresponding UV maps.