bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should Wealth Transfers Be Taxed? Evidence from a Representative German Survey
Authors: Bischoff Ivo , Kusa Nataliya
Published: June 2019

In a representative survey, German citizens are asked whether inherited wealth beyond a certain amount should be taxed. Almost 60 percent state that it should not be taxed. Building on this survey, we identify factors that predict this opposition to the taxation of inherited wealth. We find monetary self-interest, redistributive preferences, and the adherence to traditional values to matter. Women are more likely to oppose wealth transfer taxes. We account for interdependencies to other intrafamilial transfers. Subjects’ attitude toward wealth transfer taxes does not depend on their personal experience in giving long-term care. Yet subjects who expect the typical German family to reward intrafamilial caregiving through higher wealth transfers are less likely to oppose the taxation of inherited wealth. The opposite holds for subjects who expect these taxes to incentivize earlier inter vivos transfers.
Cerebral Expression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Ubiquitin Carboxy-Terminal Hydrolase-L1, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 After Traumatic Brain Injury and Secondary Brain Insults in Rats
Authors: Mrozek Ségolène , Delamarre Louis , Capilla Florence , Al-Saati Talal , Fourcade Olivier , Constantin Jean-Michel , Geeraerts Thomas
Published: June 2019

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) are potential biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI) but also of secondary insults to the brain. The aim of this study was to describe the cerebral distribution of GFAP, UCH-L1, and MMP-9 in a rat model of diffuse TBI associated with standardized hypoxia-hypotension (HH). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to Sham (n = 10), TBI (n = 10), HH (n = 10), and TBI+HH (n = 10) groups. After 4 hours, brains were rapidly removed and immunostaining of GFAP, UCH-L1, and MMP-9 was performed. Areas of interest that have been described as particularly sensitive to hypoxic insults were analyzed. For GFAP, in the neocortex, immunostaining revealed a significant decrease in strong staining for HH and TBI+HH groups compared with TBI group ( P < .0001). For UCH-L1, the total immunostaining (6 regions of interest) reported a significant increase in strong staining ( P < .0001) and decrease in weak staining ( P < .0001) for the HH and TBI+HH groups compared with the Sham and TBI groups. For MMP-9, for the HH and TBI+HH groups, a significant increase in moderate ( P < .0001) and weak staining ( P < .0001) and a decrease in negative staining ( P < .0001) compared with the Sham and TBI groups were observed. UCH-L1 and MMP-9 immunostainings increased after HH alone or HH combined with TBI compared with TBI alone. GFAP immunostaining decreased particularly in the neocortex after HH alone or HH combined with TBI compared with TBI alone. These three biomarkers could therefore be considered as potential biomarkers of HH insults independently of TBI.
Shame and self-conscious emotions in Japan and Australia: Evidence for a third shame logic
Authors: Thomas Rhiannon , Deighton Russell , Mizuno Masashi , Fujii Sosei Yamaguchi and Chiyo
Published: June 2019

Few studies have examined the more nuanced experiential facets of self-conscious emotion from a cross-cultural perspective. The present study’s aim was to investigate shame and embarrassment experiences in relation to shame logics (or appraisals), shame antecedents and intensity across cultures in Australia and Japan, drawing on Fessler’s Dual Logics Model of Shame ( Fessler, 2004 ), and applying a new instrument (The Self-Conscious Emotion Questionnaire). There were 157 participants from two cultures, Japan (75) and Australia (82) who completed both paper-based and web-based questionnaires. Previous findings showing a higher experienced shame intensity found in Japan were corroborated across all shame and embarrassment logics. While the logic of ‘norm non-conformity’ was the strongest logic in both cultures, the logic of ‘status lowness’ was prominent in Japan but not Australia, and the novel logic of ‘broken positive assumptions about the self’ was prominent in both cultures. Shame in Japan appeared to be stronger with an introspective ‘eyes of self’ but explicitly described trigger, whereas in Australia, it was more publicly ‘eyes of other’ and implicitly induced counter to some expectations. Findings support the Self-Conscious Emotion Questionnaire as an instrument for exploring nuanced aspects of self-conscious emotion in cross-cultural research and lend support to a novel third logic of ‘broken positive assumptions about the self’ in both Australian and Japanese samples.
Predictors of accelerated FEV1 decline in adults with airflow limitation—Findings from the Health2006 cohort
Authors: Baarnes Camilla Boslev , Thuesen Betina H , Linneberg Allan , Ustrup Amalie S , Pedersen Signe Knag , Ulrik Charlotte Suppli
Published: June 2019

To investigate predictors of accelerated decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in individuals with preexisting airflow limitation (AL). Participants in the Health2006 baseline study aged ≥ 35 with FEV1/ forced vital capacity (FVC) < lower limit of normal (LLN) were invited for a 10-year follow-up. At both examinations, data were obtained on demographics, spirometry, fitness level, allergy, and exhaled nitric oxide. We used multiple regression modeling to predict the annual decline in FEV1, reported as regression coefficients ( R) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 123 (43% of those invited) participated in the follow-up examination, where more had exercise-induced dyspnea but fewer had asthma symptoms. Being female ( R = −29.8 ml, CI: −39.7 to −19.8), diagnosed with asthma ( R = −13.7, CI: −20.4 to −7.0) or atopic dermatitis ( R = −29.0, CI: −39.7 to −18.4), and having current asthma symptoms or nightly respiratory symptoms ( R = −22.1, CI: −31.9 to −12.4 and R = −14.3, CI: −19.9 to −8.7, respectively) were significantly associated with a steeper decline in FEV1. Although to a smaller extent, a steeper decline was also predicted by age, baseline FEV1, waist/hip-ratio, and number of pack-years smoked. In individuals with preexisting AL, being female and having ever or current respiratory symptoms were associated with an accelerated annual decline in FEV1.
Development and Guiding Principles of the Icelandic Model for Preventing Adolescent Substance Use
Authors: Kristjansson Alfgeir L. , Mann Michael J. , Sigfusson Jon , Thorisdottir Ingibjorg E. , Allegrante John P. , Sigfusdottir Inga Dora
Published: June 2019

Adolescent substance use—the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other harmful drugs—remains a persistent global problem and has presented ongoing challenges for public health authorities and society. In response to the high rates of adolescent substance use during the 1990s, Iceland has pioneered in the development of the Icelandic Model for Primary Prevention of Substance Use—a theory-based approach that has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing substance use in Iceland over the past 20 years. In an effort to document our approach and inform potentially replicable practice-based processes for implementation in other country settings, we outline in a two-part series of articles the background and theory, guiding principles of the approach, and the core steps used in the successful implementation of the model. In this article, we describe the background context, theoretical orientation, and development of the approach and briefly review published evaluation findings. In addition, we present the five guiding principles that underlie the Icelandic Prevention Model’s approach to adolescent substance use prevention and discuss the accumulated evidence that supports effectiveness of the model. In a subsequent Part 2 article, we will identify and describe key processes and the 10 core steps of effective practice-based implementation of the model.
Effect of M2 macrophage adoptive transfer on transcriptome profile of injured spinal cords in rats
Authors: Chen Jing , Wu Yan , Duan Fei-Xiang , Wang Sai-Nan , Guo Xue-Yan , Ding Shu-Qin , Zhou Ji-Hong , Hu Jian-Guo , Lü He-Zuo
Published: June 2019

The previous studies showed that alternatively activated anti-inflammatory macrophage (M2) adoptive immunity can improve the proportion of local M2 cells and play the neuroprotective effect after spinal cord injury (SCI). Its molecular mechanism is not yet very clear. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of the M2 adoptive transfer on the local expression of gene transcription. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used for culture of macrophages and establishment of SCI models. After SCI, the polarized M2 macrophages were transferred to the injured rats by tail vein injection. Seven days after operation, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spinal cords were analyzed by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Then, the functional enrichment analysis and pathways were performed by using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), respectively. RNA-Seq showed that M2 adoptive immunity can down-regulate many well-studied gene expressions associated with signaling pathways of inflammatory, such as antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, cell adhesion molecules, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, endocytosis, proteasome, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. These may explain the mechanism of our previous adoptive immunization of M2 cells to provide neuroprotection for SCI. In addition, a novel pathway, retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-I)-like receptor signaling pathway was found to be involved in the pathological process of SCI and the response to M2 adoptive immunity as well. This will provide a new explanation for the pathological mechanism of SCI and a new theoretical and experimental basis for its clinical treatment. The raw Illumina data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra (accession number PRJNA517238).

Impact statement

This research aimed to analyze the effect of M2 macrophage adoptive transfer on the local expression of gene transcription after SCI by RNA-Seq. The results showed that M2 adoptive immunity can down-regulate many well-studied gene expressions associated with signaling pathways of inflammatory. These may explain the mechanism of our previous adoptive immunization of M2 cells to provide neuroprotection for SCI. In addition, a novel pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway was also found to involve in the pathological process of SCI and the response to M2 adoptive immunity. This will provide a new explanation for the pathological mechanism of SCI and a new theoretical and experimental basis for its clinical treatment.
Hispanic ESL Science Majors Need More Practice Using English for Scientific Purposes
Authors: Delgado Sally J. , Collazo Reyes Johann J. , Gómez Dopazo Sofía I. , Rodríguez Díaz Emmanuel A. , Torres Arroyo Ketsy M.
Published: June 2019

This article addresses concerns about English competencies among Hispanic English as a second language (ESL) science students that perpetuate underrepresentation of Hispanic individuals in scientific discourse. Faculty and student perception surveys completed at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey suggest that Hispanic ESL undergraduates require increased productive competencies in English. Those science majors with weak proficiency in English are significantly disadvantaged and current institutional practices don’t address their needs. Recommendations include course development focused on productive competencies and interdisciplinary collaboration.
The Society of Vascular Surgery International Scholars Program: The First Decade
Authors: Narala Bhavya , Aurshina Afsha , Hingorani Anil , Marks Natalie , Rajaee Sareh , Iadgarova Eleanor , Ascher Enrico
Published: June 2019

Objective:

The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) is a not-for-profit medical society, whose goal is to further advance in vascular health on a global scale. With its 10th anniversary in sight, we were interested in analyzing the impact of a specific scholarship given under the SVS, the International Scholars Program. Our goal was to examine the awardees’ characteristics and academic productivity.

Materials and Methods:

We measured the number of peer-reviewed articles, before and after the program, using PubMed® and Google Scholar® (2008-2018) of the scholarship recipients. Editorials, book chapters, letter to editor, and oral/poster presentations were excluded. A survey was sent out to assess the awardees’ current status.

Results:

The average number of applicants/year was 15.4 (standard deviation ± 6.69), with 17.5% females and a mean age of 37 ± 3.37 years, with 5.6 ± 2.30 years status post vascular fellowship. Brazil had the highest number of recipients (n = 5; 18.5%) followed by China (n = 4; 14.8%). No significant difference was noted between each country in terms of publications ( P = .45), nor with after the SVS scholarship program compared to before ( P = .14, 1.84 vs 2.76). The survey concluded 33% had attended a subsequent SVS meeting after the program, with 27% having presented their research (n = 15). The recipients noted the program helped adopt new practices in clinical management (n = 13, 87%), learn new procedures (n = 10, 67%), gain local/regional leadership (n = 9, 60%), and improve technical skills (n = 8, 53%). The most visited clinical sites were Massachusetts General Hospital and Mayo Clinic (n = 4, 27%). The program was given a 9.1/10 rating.

Conclusion:

The program was successful in maintaining academic productivity by continuing to publish research even after the scholarship, while teaching recipients skills to further improve their career goals. The award remains a competitive process that selects highly skilled recipients and still has much growth and progress to look forward to over the next decade.
Screening for head and neck second primary tumors in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: van de Ven SEM , Bugter O , Hardillo JA , Bruno MJ , Baatenburg de Jong RJ , Koch AD
Published: June 2019

Background

Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) are often accompanied by head and neck second primary tumors (HNSPTs). The prognosis of patients with an additional HNSPT is worse compared with patients with only ESCC. Therefore, early detection of HNSPTs may improve the overall outcome of patients with ESCC.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the yield of endoscopic screening for HNSPTs in patients with primary ESCC.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search of all available databases. Studies were included if ESCC patients were endoscopically screened for HNSPT. The primary outcome was the pooled prevalence of HNSPTs.

Results

Twelve studies, all performed in Japan, were included in this systematic review with a total of 6483 patients. The pooled prevalence of HNSPTs was 6.7% (95% confidence interval: 4.9–8.4). The overall heterogeneity was high across the studies (I2 = 89.0%, p < 0.001). Most HNSPTs were low stage (85.3%) and located in the hypopharynx (60.3%). The proportion of synchronous (48.2%) and metachronous (51.8%) HNSPTs was comparable.

Conclusion

Based on our results, HNSPT screening could be considered in patients with primary ESCC. All studies were performed in Japan; it is therefore not clear whether this consideration applies to the Western world.
Validation of a score chart to predict the risk of chronic mesenteric ischemia and development of an updated score chart
Authors: van Dijk Louisa JD , van Noord Desirée , Geelkerken Robert H , Harki Jihan , Berendsen Sophie A , de Vries Annemarie C , Moelker Adriaan , Vergouwe Yvonne , Verhagen Hence JM , Kolkman Jeroen J , Bruno Marco J ,   Dutch Mesenteric Ischemia Study group
Published: June 2019

Background and objective

The objective of this article is to externally validate and update a recently published score chart for chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI).

Methods

A multicenter prospective cohort analysis was conducted of 666 CMI‐suspected patients referred to two Dutch specialized CMI centers. Multidisciplinary consultation resulted in expert‐based consensus diagnosis after which CMI consensus patients were treated. A definitive diagnosis of CMI was established if successful treatment resulted in durable symptom relief. The absolute CMI risk was calculated and discriminative ability of the original chart was assessed by the c‐statistic in the validation cohort. Thereafter the original score chart was updated based on the performance in the combined original and validation cohort with inclusion of celiac artery (CA) stenosis cause.

Results

In 8% of low‐risk patients, 39% of intermediate‐risk patients and 94% of high‐risk patients of the validation cohort, CMI was diagnosed. Discriminative ability of the original model was acceptable (c‐statistic 0.79). The total score of the updated chart ranged from 0 to 28 points (low risk 19% absolute CMI risk, intermediate risk 45%, and high risk 92%). The discriminative ability of the updated chart was slightly better (c‐statistic 0.80).

Conclusion

The CMI prediction model performs and discriminates well in the validation cohort. The updated score chart has excellent discriminative ability and is useful in clinical decision making.
Pre- and Perioperative Risk Factors of Post Hip Fracture Surgery Walking Failure in the Elderly
Authors: Ko YoungJi
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

Osteoporotic hip fractures are a major problem. They increase mortality, morbidity, and functional decline. Recovery of ambulatory status is an essential prerequisite for older adults living in a normal environment. The main objective of this study was to investigate walking failure at 3 to 6 months after hip fracture surgery with the aim of identifying pre- and perioperative risk factors associated with it.

Methods:

A total of 120 participants (>65 years) were recruited following hip fracture surgery at a teaching hospital. Walking status was assessed on average 4.4 ± 1.3 months after hip fracture surgery and compared with prefracture walking status. The participants were divided into 2 groups according to walking status (group 1: ambulatory; group 2: nonambulatory) and risk factors associated with a failure to walk were determined using binominal logistic regression analysis.

Results:

The rate of recovery to prefracture ambulatory status was about 18.3% and 25% of participants could not walk at all. Risk factors for not being able to walk at all included poor prefracture ambulatory status and living at a long care facility as nonmodifiable factors, whereas a shorter length of stay before surgery and having a longer total hospitalization periods were modifiable factors.

Conclusion:

Walking recovery after hip fracture surgery was very poor at 3 to 6 months after hip fracture surgery. Based on our findings, older adults living in a long care facility should be provided their medical and functional needs through professional health-care providers and systematic health delivery systems. The therapeutic management for underlying diseases affecting surgery should precede unconditional early surgery. Older adults hospitalized during longer periods should be focused on their functional care.
Postrelapse survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after therapy failure following autologous transplantation
Authors: Epperla Narendranath , Badar Talha , Szabo Aniko , Vaughn John , Borson Steve , Saini Neeraj Y. , Patel Romil D. , Shah Nirav N. , Hamadani Mehdi , Ahmed Sairah , Cashen Amanda F. , Fenske Timothy S.
Published: June 2019

Outcomes for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients relapsing after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT) have been historically poor. We studied outcomes of such patients using data from 4 transplantation centers. Eligibility criteria included adult patients (age ≥18 years) with DLBCL experiencing disease relapse after auto-HCT performed during 2006 to 2015. The time period was stratified into 2 eras (era 1, 2006-2010; era 2, 2011-2015). The primary end point was postrelapse overall survival (PR-OS). Secondary end points were factors prognostic of PR-OS. Of the 700 patients with DLBCL who underwent auto-HCT, 248 (35%) relapsed after auto-HCT. Median PR-OS of all relapsed DLBCL patients after auto-HCT (n = 228) was 9.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 7-15). Median PR-OS was significantly better for patients in complete (17.8 months; 95% CI, 7.9-41.6) vs partial remission at auto-HCT (7.1 months; 95% CI, 5.4-11; P = .01), those undergoing auto-HCT >1 year (12.8 months; 95% CI, 7.6-24.9) vs ≤1 year after DLBCL diagnosis (6.3 months; 95% CI, 4.5-9.2; P = .01), and those with late (56.4 months; 95% CI, 23.7-∞) vs early relapse (5.9 months; 95% CI, 4.5-8.8; P < .0001). On multivariate analysis, although late relapse (hazard ratio [HR], 0.21; 95% CI, 0.13-0.34; P < .0001) was associated with significantly lower mortality, the risk of mortality increased with age (HR, 1.25 per decade; 95% CI, 1.06-1.48; P = .009). This is the largest study to date to evaluate outcomes of DLBCL patients relapsing after auto-HCT. Our study provides benchmarking for future trials of chimeric antigen receptor T cells and other promising agents evaluating PR-OS after auto-HCT.
Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials
Authors: Zhao Chen , Zhang Yiwen , Wang Chong-Chen , Hou Miaole , Li Aiqun
Published: June 2019

Both conservation and intervention methods must be compatible with each other and appropriate for the original building materials. Therefore, the characterization of historic building materials is indispensable for investigating chemical composition, micro-structure and morphological features to study the current condition, environmental influence and change mechanism due to natural aging or man-made decay processes. Given the great variety of chemicals which can be analyzed, complex problems related to architectural heritage materials are investigated via optimized methodologies. Among the existing techniques, optical microscopy (OM) is an inexpensive and dominating tool to obtain preliminary information on complex samples. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can provide real three-dimensional topographies showing sample surface properties. Electron microscopes combined with energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EM-EDX) are the instruments specifically developed to acquire images of target materials at high magnification. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies are frequently used to characterize inorganic and organic compounds. Thermal analysis can rapidly and accurately measure changes in crystalline structure, dehydration and decomposition. X-ray based technologies have a wide range of applications as follows. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is one of the most frequently used techniques for elemental analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a fast and inexpensive technique for the characterization of man-made and natural materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is applied to quantify the valence and electronic levels of specific elements. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique for detecting the electronic structure of matter. UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy is also of great importance in architectural heritage, which can reveal different physicochemical mechanisms causing color. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can effectively eliminate the pollution on the surface and detect the internal elements of the target material. Ion beam analysis can quantify trace elements with high sensitivity. Mass-based techniques are mainly applied to identify unknown organic substances at the molecular level. This review describes some classical applications of individual techniques and provides scientific support for scientists and engineers to make decisions in the context of architectural heritage.
Comparison between Born and Kirchhoff operators for least-squares reverse time migration and the constraint of the propagation of the background wavefield
Authors: Yang Kai , Zhang Jianfeng
Published: June 2019

The Born approximation and the Kirchhoff approximation are two frameworks that are extensively used in solving seismic migration/inversion problems. Both approximations assume a linear relationship between the primary reflected/scattered data to the corresponding physical model. However, different approximations result in different behaviors. For least-squares reverse time migration (LSRTM), most of the algorithms are constructed based on Born approximation. We have constructed a pair of Kirchhoff modeling and migration operators based on the Born modeling operator and the connection between the perturbation model and the reflectivity model, and then we compared the different performances between Born and Kirchhoff operators for LSRTM. Numerical examples on Marmousi model and SEAM 2D salt model indicate that LSRTM with Kirchhoff operators is a better alternative to that with Born operators for imaging complex structures. To reduce the computational cost, we also investigate a strategy by restricting the propagation of the background wavefield to a stopping time rather than the maximum recording time. And this stopping time can be chosen as half of the maximum recording time. This computational strategy can be used in LSRTM procedures of predicting the primary reflected data, calculating the step length, and computing the gradient. Theoretical analyses and numerical experiments are given to justify this computational strategy for LSRTM.
Do educational interventions stop dating violence?
Authors: Bhavsar Vishal
Published: June 2019

Violence is a critical challenge for society and it disproportionately affects young people. Violence experienced in an intimate relationship is associated with attempted suicide, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as poorer physical health. Interventions to limit intimate partner violence, especially in adolescents and young people, are a priority. This commentary examines a systematic review and meta-analysis of educational interventions for relationship and dating violence in young people aged 12–25 years. Random-effects meta-analysis revealed a small statistical effect on knowledge, but no statistical associations with reduced violence. None of the included studies assessed health outcomes. The reviewers recommend further investigation of educational interventions in low- and middle-income settings, and studies with longer follow-up.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

None.
Drug Recovery and Copay Assistance Program in a Community Cancer Center: Charity and Challenges
Authors: Siegel Robert D. , Slough Richard G. , Crosswell Howland E. , Standifer Theresa M. , Borron Michael E. , Pringle Dionne L. , Hancock Karen K. , Widener Lara H. , Hill Erin B. , Spann Terra F. , Stoeppler-Biege Kristina M.
Published: June 2019

PURPOSE:

The cost of cancer care is escalating dramatically, in part because of the rising expense of systemic cancer therapy. This creates financial dilemmas for patients and insurers and potential economic disruption for institutions attempting to provide cancer care to the underserved. Our institution initiated a drug recovery and copay assistance program (DRCAP) to mitigate the impact of the rising cost of parenteral medications.

METHODS:

We performed a 3-year review of our strategies to mitigate financial burden of parenteral therapeutics and supportive care medicines. Financial metrics were established and analyzed before and after implementing DRCAP. Medication encounters and associated costs were stratified by adolescents and young adults (15 to 39 years of age), and adults 40 years of age and older and were annualized from 2016 to 2018.

RESULTS:

The DRCAP resulted in a total of nearly $3.5 million worth of drugs replaced or copay assistance yearly in 2017 and 2018. This accounted for approximately 10% of our pharmacy budget for parenteral medications in each of these years. The vast majority was received in the form of drug replacement. The DRCAP resulted in assistance to 173 and 256 patients in 2017 and 2018, respectively.

CONCLUSION:

A DRCAP increased availability of otherwise unaffordable parenteral oncolytics and resulted in cost savings for our institution. Adolescents and young adults were disproportionately represented because of inadequate or no insurance. Despite the salutary benefits, such programs likely inflate the overall cost of cancer care. Cancer care providers participating in a DRCAP will remain in this conundrum until market forces can affect the cost of oncology therapeutics.
Synthesis and Properties of Polyethers Containing 1,3-Butadiene Skeleton in the Backbone
Authors: Kohsaka Yasuhiro , Hiramatsu Akira
Published: June 2019

Polyethers containing 1,3-butadiene skeletons in the backbone were prepared from the polycondensation of 2,3-diiodemethyl-1,3-butadiene (2b) and bisphenols (3). Although the polymerization conditions were limited due to the low reactivity of 2b, a series of polyethers was obtained under the optimized conditions. These polymers exhibited glass transition temperatures (Tgs) around 130 °C, while curing points (Tcures) were observed around 245 °C. In addition, P2b/3a afforded a network polymer by the copolymerization with styrene.
Review of Books on Student Loans
Authors: Avery Christopher
Published: June 2019

This essay reviews three recent books on the causes and consequences of student debt. In addition to increases in college tuition and fees, supply and resource constraints both contribute to the growing phenomenon of default: degree completion rates are relatively low, especially at two-year colleges. Default rates actually decrease with the amount of debt incurred, as students who incur more debt are more likely to complete degrees that bolster their earning power. These books suggest some promising policy options, but there are no quick fixes given that the net cost of attending both private and public colleges continues to rise. (JEL D14, I22, I23, I28)
Case Report: A rapidly growing cyst on the scalp
Authors: Short Emma , O'Shea Aisling , Mukkanna Krishna , Patel Girish , Docjinov Stefan , May Kenneth
Published: June 2019

Trichilemmal carcinoma is a rare tumour derived from the outer root sheath of hair follicles.  It can be difficult to distinguish both clinically and histologically from other skin lesions, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.  We present the case of a 62-year-old female with a 20-year history of three 1-cm cysts on her scalp.  Over a six-month period, a cyst overlying the occiput had become painful and grown in size.  The general practitioner and subsequently local emergency department suspected infection.  The lesion was incised, and the patient was treated with oral antibiotics.  At the time of surgical excision, the lesion measured 3 x 4 cm.

Microscopic examination identified rounded dermal lobules of squamous epithelium with trichilemmal keratinization, in keeping with a pre-existing pilar cyst.  There were areas with nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses and an infiltrative architecture.  A diagnosis of trichilemmal carcinoma arising in a pilar cyst was made.  Trichilemmal carcinomas are considered to be a low-grade tumour, but they have the potential to spread to lymph nodes and to metastasise to distant sites in the body, therefore adequate excision and appropriate follow-up are required.
Taking into Account the Initial Signs of Critical Degradation of a Chimney in the Analysis of the Risk of Its Destruction
Authors: Акатьев Владимир , Akatev Vladimir , Волкова Л. , Volkova L. , Тюрин М. , Tyurin M. , Бородина Е. , Borodina E.
Published: June 2019

The analysis of the dynamics of the corrosion processes of the lining and concrete trunk of the chimney, depending on the operating conditions and climatic conditions, reveals the conditions for the formation of initial cracks in the lining, the dynamics of their growth, it is shown that, with a density of hair cracks of 10 pieces on an area of 0.5 m2, so permeable that the rates of local corrosion processes of lining and concrete materials create an excessive risk of destruction of the chimney. Especially quickly the degradation processes the chimney is exposed at a point about one-third of the top at gas velocities below 10 and above 20 m/s. Excessive permeability of the lining as an additional critical defect is suggested to be taken into account in the composition of critical defects in the traditional classification of their hazards, and its identification is to be based on the results of recognition of defects in photographs obtained by monitoring the chimney with an autonomous device — by the parameter “exceeding the density of cracks by opening width 1 mm and more than 10 pieces on an area of 0.5 m2. At the same time, in the analysis of the risk of destruction of the chimney, the event tree is complemented by the fourth branch, which means the emergence of a critical defect — excessive permeability of gases through the lining. In addition, the lengths of cracks in the lining and concrete trunk are referred to the diameter of the pipe, which makes the classification more universal.
Environmental Safety at the Enterprise
Authors: Хованский А. , Hovanskiy A. , Дьяченко Владимир , Dyachenko Vladimir
Published: June 2019

For the implementation of the principal directions of the Russian Federation Environmental Security Strategy, a system of measures to ensure environmental safety at the enterprise has been developed, including identifying and assessing sources of environmental hazards, measures for: protecting the environment in the process of daily economic activity, ensuring industrial safety of hazardous production facilities, preventing and eliminating natural and man-made emergencies, introducing industrial and environmental safety management systems, monitoring compliance with environmental requirements legislation, industrial and environmental safety.
How Do Firms Feel About Participation by Their Peers in the Regulatory Design Process? An Online Survey Experiment Testing the Substantive Change and Spillover Mechanisms
Authors: Malesky Edmund , Taussig Markus
Published: June 2019

This paper examines two concerns with calls for increased participation by firms in the government design of regulations in emerging markets. First, given the profit maximization goals of firms, can the benefits of business participation be realized without weakening the social protections that regulations are meant to offer? Second, can resource-constrained states realistically use consultation programs to influence the behavior of enough relevant firms to achieve a reasonable breadth of social protection? We explore these understudied questions through an online survey experiment involving 121 firm managers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. We find that firms prompted to think about worker safety favored regulatory changes that arose from suggestions by other firms over those resulting from suggestions by chemical safety experts even when unaware of the involvement of either source in the design process. By contrast, firms prompted to focus on business success did not express significant support for revisions suggested by either firms or experts. Learning about the participation of fellow firms positively influenced views about the legitimacy of the state’s regulatory authority but not of the focal regulation itself.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2019.0084 .
Discriminatory Product Differentiation: The Case of Israel’s Omission from Airline Route Maps
Authors: Vaaler Paul M. , Waldfogel Joel
Published: June 2019

We ask whether international firms compete by designing products attractive to customers because they are objectionable to others. We investigate “discriminatory product differentiation” among international airlines through depictions of Israel on online route maps and availability of kosher meal options on online in-flight menus. Analyses of data for 112 airlines indicate that Israel’s map omission and omission of kosher meal options increase for airlines with customers from countries exhibiting higher rates of anti-Semitism and airlines with state owners not recognizing Israel. Neither omission matters for membership in major alliances. Such discrimination may be objectionable, but its subtlety permits industry globalization.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2019.0086 .
A clinically effective primary wound dressing that supports self-care for chronic and acute wounds
Authors: Elliott Stuart
Published: June 2019

Wound care forms a large component of the ever-increasing workload of district and community nurses. The need for a cost-effective product that can be used on a variety of wounds and that meets multiple requirements (e.g. protease modulation, anti-microbial, peri-wound skin protection, maceration control and barrier function) is well recognised. The plethora of wound dressings available today all fulfil some, although not all, of these requirements. Choosing the correct dressing decreases healing time, provides cost-effective care and improves patient quality of life. This article looks at the important properties of wound care products, investigates the need to release nurse time and describes how patients with wounds can engage in effective self-care, with a focus on 1 Primary Wound Dressing® (1PWD), a cost effective, easy-to-use product that has already demonstrated clinical efficacy. Case studies showing the successful use of 1PWD are also presented to highlight the clinical application of this novel product.
Portable Negative Pressure Wound Therapy: A Case Study of a Patient Treated in the Community in Jersey
Authors: Brown Sara , Glendewar Gilly
Published: June 2019

The aim of this case study is to describe the authors' experience with the use of portable negative pressure wound therapy (pNPWT) in a non-NHS community health care environment. In this context, wound care products are funded by the individual patient. Nurses struggle to reconcile best practice and current evidence-based care when cost implications limit treatment options. In this case, funding for pNPWT was provided by a local charity. This afforded the patient the opportunity to receive best-practice wound care, and significant wound healing, pain reduction and improved patient satisfaction were achieved. Further investigation is required around the suitability of developing a strategic plan to facilitate delivery of pNPWT within the authors' community nursing service.
The Perth Surgical Wound Dehiscence Risk Assessment Tool (PSWDRAT): development and prospective validation in the clinical setting
Authors: Sandy-Hodgetts Kylie , Carville Keryln , Santamaria Nick , Parsons Richard , Leslie Gavin D.
Published: June 2019

Objective:

The worldwide volume of surgery today is considerable and postoperative wound healing plays a significant part in facilitating a patient's recovery and rehabilitation. While contemporary surgical procedures are relatively safe, complications such as surgical wound dehiscence (SWD) or breakdown of the incision site may occur despite advances in surgical techniques, infection control practices and wound care. SWD impacts on patient mortality and morbidity and significantly contributes to prolonged hospital stay. Preoperative identification of patients at risk of SWD may be valuable in reducing the risk of postoperative wound complications.

Method:

A three-phase study was undertaken to determine risk factors associated with SWD, develop a preoperative patient risk assessment tool and to prospectively validate the tool in a clinical setting. Phases 1 and 2 were retrospective case control studies. Phase 1 determined variables associated with SWD and these informed the development of a risk assessment tool. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression were applied to identify predictors of surgical risk. Phase 2 used the receiver operator curve statistic to determine the predictive power of the tool. Phase 3 involved a prospective consecutive case series validation to test the inter-rater reliability and predictive power of the tool.

Results:

In addition to those already identified in the literature, one independent risk predictor for SWD was identified: previous surgery in the same anatomical location (p<0.001, odds ratio [OR] 4). Multiple combined factors were integrated into the tool and included: age (p<0.019, OR 3), diabetes (p<0.624, OR 2), obesity (p<0.94, OR 1.4), smoking (p<0.387, OR 2), cardiovascular disease (p<0.381 OR 3) and peripheral arterial disease (p<0.501, OR 3). The predictive power of the tool yielded 71% in a combined data sample.

Conclusion:

Patients with previous surgery in the same anatomical location were four times more likely to incur a dehiscence. Identification of at-risk patients for complications postoperatively is integral to reducing SWD occurrence and improving health-related outcomes following surgery.
Taking action
Authors: Russell Meredith Jones
Published: June 2019

What are the latest guidelines and opinion when it comes to physical activity? Meredith Jones Russell reports
"Micsoda gazdaság (villa) az, ha nincsenek városi díszítményei, sem falusi kelléktára"
Authors: Ormos Bálint
Published: June 2019

This paper examines three main terms: otium (leisure), suburbium (suburb) and villa suburbana (suburban villa). I mostly used ancient literary sources from this period for the examination. I wanted to point out what the ancient Romans had thought about city and countryside through these terms. It is important to note that the sources I selected are referring to the contemporary elitist concept of this theme. It is difficult to separate the many meanings of these terms. I handled the terms in this paper in the following way. The suburbium was the suburban realm of the ancient city, Rome. Its development reached approximately 40-50 kilometres from the city centre. The otium was the cultivated form of leisure, which the Roman elite pursued for example in their elegant country villas. The villa suburbana could be a lavish leisuring spot or have another social, economical and land-using interests, too. But these terms were very subjective, flexible and always changed. They have exact definition neither in the ancient Roman thought and nor among the modern scholars. The selected literary sources do not make a clear distinction between these terms, either. Because of this fact I can state that these terms always depended on the contemporary individuals who wrote down their estimates or ideas in the survived pieces of Roman literature.
Dual-Energy Computed Tomography-Enabled Material Separation in Diagnosing Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus
Authors: He Yu-Quan , Liu Lin , Zhang Meng-Chao , Zeng Hong , Yang Ping
Published: June 2019

We explored the potential clinical value of material separation enabled by dual-energy spectral computed tomography in detecting left atrial appendage thrombi.

The study enrolled 24 patients who were scheduled to undergo atrial fibrillation ablation (12 with and 12 without left atrial appendage thrombi). Computed tomograms were acquired in gemstone spectral imaging mode; the densities in the regions of the left atrial appendage cavities, pectinate muscles, and left atrial appendage thrombi were analyzed on monochromatic 70-keV images. Iodine and blood were chosen as the material basis pair; the iodine and blood densities were observed and quantitatively determined from the iodine- and blood-specific material decomposition images.

On the 70-keV monochromatic and iodine-specific images, the left atrial appendage pectinate muscles and thrombi appeared as areas of hypodense attenuation. On the blood-specific images, similar areas of high attenuation were observed in the thrombi and cavities, whereas lower attenuation was noticed in the pectinate muscles. The quantitative iodine and blood densities in the pectinate muscles were lower than those in the cavities (P <0.001). The iodine densities in the thrombi were lower than those in the cavities (P <0.001); however, blood densities did not differ significantly between the thrombi and cavities (P=0.192). Compared with the pectinate muscles, the thrombi showed lower blood-density differences (P=0.003) and higher iodine-density differences (P=0.006) in relation to the cavities.

Spectral computed tomography-enabled material separation is a novel method for differentiating left atrial appendage thrombi from pectinate muscles. The potential applications of this technology warrant further studies.
Aspectos que dificultam o tratamento do adolescente usuário de crack na rede de atenção psicossocial
Authors: Ribeiro Juliane Portella , Gomes Giovana Calcagno , Mota Marina Soares , Lopes Karen Barcelos
Published: June 2019

Objetivo: identificar os aspectos que dificultam o tratamento do adolescente usuário de crack na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. Método: estudo exploratório e descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. Participaram 14 usuários, 11 familiares e 20 profissionais do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e, posteriormente, submetidos a Análise Temática. Resultados: emergiram as temáticas: características e comportamento do adolescente; necessidade de adesão voluntária ao tratamento; inespecificidade das atividades terapêuticas do Centro para o tratamento de adolescentes; demora no atendimento no Centro; fissura; preconceito, rótulo e discriminação do usuário de droga; despreparo profissional para o trabalho com usuários de álcool e droga; e desestruturação familiar. Conclusões: salienta-se a importância de considerar as especificidades e instabilidades dessa faixa etária na organização do atendimento e na elaboração do plano terapêutico singular, de forma a favorecer sua adesão ao tratamento.
Agente penitenciário e/ou pesquisador? Trabalho e pesquisa na prisão desde um lugar relacional
Authors: Nascimento Francisco Elionardo de Melo
Published: June 2019

Este artigo tem o objetivo de problematizar o trabalho e a pesquisa a partir de um lugar relacional para com as prisões cearenses. Narrado em primeira pessoa, o texto é um recorte de uma pesquisa etnográfica sobre o aprisionamento de travestis no Ceará. Trata-se de reflexões esboçadas desde o meu exercício profissional como agente penitenciário, ao trabalho etnográfico que fiz em três penitenciárias que aprisionam travestis. Aponto o lugar relacional como determinante para concessão da permissão para a entrada, permanência e interlocução com os sujeitos nas prisões que escolhi como campo de pesquisa, e implicou diretamente nas questões metodológicas e operacionais. Embasado nos dilemas metodológicos e operacionais da pesquisa etnográfica, me proponho a discutir o trabalho dos agentes penitenciários no cotidiano da prisão e os desafios enfrentados pelo pesquisador que estuda o campo em que atua profissionalmente. Destaco que, assumir papéis relacionais em um campo multissituado, implica em ser produzido no campo a partir de relações polissêmicas. O lugar relacional para com a prisão e a minha vinculação acadêmica, como acadêmico/pesquisador da sociologia, me permitiu pensar o rendimento das experiências entre presos, não-presos, Estado e travestis ocorridas no Ceará para os estudos sobre prisões, relações de gênero e sexualidade no Brasil.
Apresentação: Ambiente, tecnociência e os desafios impostos pela relação sociedade-natureza
Authors: Braz Rafael , Berger Mauricio , Prates Camila
Published: June 2019

Apresentação: Ambiente, tecnociência e os desafios impostos pela relação sociedade-natureza