bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone microstructure analyses in ontogenetic series of Mesosaurus tenuidens from the early Permian of Brazil
Authors: Carlisbino Thiago , de Farias Brodsky Dantas Macedo , Sedor Fernando Antonio , Schultz Cesar Leandro
Published: October 2024

Osteohistological evidence is widely used to infer paleobiological traits of fossil vertebrates, such as ontogeny and growth rates. Mesosaurs, an enigmatic group of aquatic reptiles from the early Permian, are the most well‐known Paleozoic amniotes from Africa and South America. Their fossils are abundant in South America, ranging from the central‐west region of Brazil to the southernmost areas, as well as parts of Paraguay and Uruguay. In this contribution, we examined the bone microstructure of Mesosaurus tenuidens by analyzing thin sections of axial and appendicular elements of several specimens collected from various Brazilian sites. The microstructure of the bones showed minimal histological variability among elements, predominantly composed of parallel‐fibered tissues, indicating slow growth rhythm, along with increased bone density attributed to pachyosteosclerosis. The cortical area consists of poorly vascularized parallel‐fibered bone tissue, which was interrupted by multiple cyclical growth marks, some of them being supernumerary, suggesting a strong influence of seasonality. Moreover, the organization of growth marks suggests distinct life history trajectories among individuals collected from different outcrops, reflecting environmental heterogeneity throughout the basin. Internally, the endosteal domain exhibits greater vascularization compared to the cortices and frequently contained calcified cartilage. In the ontogenetic series, there was a progressive filling of the medullary region from small to large individuals. The presence of the External Fundamental System (a proxy indicating somatic maturity) was observed in femora and ribs, suggesting that determinate growth was already occurring in Permian mesosaurs and may not be an exclusive specialization of crown amniotes.
Nickel Hexacyanoferrate as Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Effects of the Synthesis Conditions on the Material Properties
Authors: Carnero‐Roldán Victoria , Fernández‐Merino Ángela , Licari Adrián , Zampardi Giorgia , la Mantia Fabio , Trócoli Rafael
Published: October 2024

The increment in the energy demand and the limited availability of materials for manufacturing large‐scale energy storage batteries based on Li‐ion chemistry has increased the study of alternative technologies, including Na‐ion batteries. The quest for superior electrochemical performances has led to the development new cathodes, such as Prussian blue and its analogs. Among the different members of this family of materials, KNi[Fe(CN)6] has attracted great attraction because of its low synthesis cost and excellent stability. Multiple synthesis approaches based on coprecipitation methods have been explored to optimize its capacity to intercalate sodium; however, the effects of the synthesis conditions on the structural and electrochemical properties of KNi[Fe(CN)6] remain vague. Therefore, in this work, we propose a detailed analysis of how the main synthesis parameters define the structural and electrochemical properties of KNi[Fe(CN)6].
Improving the catalytic performance of carbonyl reductase based on the functional loops engineering
Authors: Zhou Tao‐Shun , Li Xiang‐Yang , Zhang Xiao‐Jian , Cai Xue , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Zheng Yu‐Guo
Published: October 2024

Vibegron functions as a potent and selective β3‐adrenergic receptor agonist, with its chiral precursor (2S,3R)‐aminohydroxy ester (1b) being crucial to its synthesis. In this study, loop engineering was applied to the carbonyl reductase (EaSDR6) from Exiguobacterium algae to achieve an asymmetric reduction of the (rac)‐aminoketone ester 1a. The variant M5 (A138L/A190V/S193A/Y201F/N204A) was obtained and demonstrated an 868‐fold increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km = 260.3 s−1 mM−1) and a desirable stereoselectivity (>99% enantiomeric excess, e.e.; >99% diastereomeric excess, d.e.) for the target product 1b in contrast to the wild‐type EaSDR6 (WT). Structural alignment with WT indicated that loops 137–154 and 182–210 potentially play vital roles in facilitating catalysis and substrate binding. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of WT‐1a and M5‐1a complex illustrated that M5‐1a exhibits a more effective nucleophilic attack distance and more readily adopts a pre‐reaction state. The interaction analysis unveiled that M5 enhanced hydrophobic interactions with substrate 1a on cavities A and B while diminishing unfavorable hydrophilic interactions on cavity C. Computational analysis of binding free energies indicated that M5 displayed heightened affinity towards substrate 1a compared to the WT, aligning with its decreased Km value. Under organic‐aqueous biphasic conditions, the M5 mutant showed >99% conversion within 12 h with 300 g/L substrate 1a (highest substrate loading as reported). This study enhanced the catalytic performance of carbonyl reductase through functional loops engineering and established a robust framework for the large‐scale biosynthesis of the vibegron intermediate.
Iron Deposition and Functional Connectivity Differences in Females With Migraine Without Aura: A Comparative Study of Headache Sides
Authors: Zhang Yan , Bai Mingxian , Xiong Zhenliang , Zhang Qin , Wang Lihui , Zeng Xianchun
Published: October 2024

Background

The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying migraine without aura (MwoA) in females remain incompletely elucidated. Currently, the association between headache laterality and iron deposition (ID), and functional connectivity (FC) in female MwoA patients has not been fully studied.

Methods

We prospectively recruited 63 female patients with MwoA and 31 matched healthy controls (HC) from the hospital. ID and FC among the four groups were analyzed using two‐sample t‐tests (with cluster‐wise family‐wise error [FWE] correction). Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between clinical variables and both ID and FC values. Significance level: p < 0.05.

Results

Compared to HC, left‐sided MwoA exhibited differences in ID in various brain regions, including the cerebellum, left orbital inferior frontal gyrus, left calcarine gyrus, right putamen, and left caudate nucleus, as well as exhibited enhanced FC between the left lobule III of the cerebellum and the right superior temporal gyrus. Compared to bilateral MwoA, left‐sided MwoA showed significantly enhanced in FC values in the left calcarine gyrus, the right precentral gyrus, the right postcentral gyrus, and the right lingual gyrus. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the Pearson correlations between clinical variables and both ID and FC in the female MwoA subgroups.

Conclusion

Our study provided preliminary evidence indicating significant differences in ID, FC, and correlations among subgroups of female MwoA. This provides neuroimaging references for further subclassifying MwoA patients. This offers valuable insights into potential pathophysiological mechanisms linked to the brain functional impairment in female MwoA.
Basilar Artery Tortuosity Increases the Risk of Persistent Dizziness and Unsteadiness After Posterior Circulation Infarction
Authors: Li Jiashu , Bai Xuesong , Liu Gaifen , Li Zhaoxia , Wang Yan , Fang Ruile , Peng Fei , Chen Xuge , Ju Yi , Zhao Xingquan
Published: October 2024

Background and Purpose

Basilar artery (BA) tortuosity is closely associated with posterior circulation infarction (PCI) and dizziness/unsteadiness. This study aims to determine the relationship between BA tortuosity and the outcome of dizziness and unsteadiness in PCI patients.

Method

This study prospectively recruited PCI patients presenting with dizziness and unsteadiness. BA tortuosity was diagnosed based on Smoker's criteria. The BA tortuosity index (BATI) was measured from magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images. Posterior circulation was divided into proximal (medulla oblongata and posterior inferior cerebellar), middle, and distal territories. Symptoms, risk of falls, and quality of life were followed up in 3 months after stroke. Logistic regression was used to identify possible factors associated with the persistence of dizziness and unsteadiness.

Results

Among 182 PCI patients presenting with dizziness and unsteadiness, 97 (53.3%) had BA tortuosity, including 19 (10.4%) with moderate‐to‐severe BA tortuosity. At the 3‐month follow‐up, 58 (31.9%) patients continued to experience dizziness and unsteadiness, with significantly decreased quality of life and a high risk of falls. Binary logistic regression analysis identified moderate‐to‐severe BA tortuosity (OR, 4.474; 95% CI, 1.591–12.579; p = 0.004) and lesions involving the proximal posterior circulation territory (OR, 2.146; 95% CI, 1.097–4.199; p = 0.026) as risk factors for persistent dizziness and unsteadiness after PCI, while thrombolysis (OR, 0.280; 95% CI, 0.079–0.992; p = 0.049) as a protective factor. BATI (OR, 1.072; 95% CI, 1.028–1.119; p = 0.001) was also independently associated with dizziness and unsteadiness after PCI.

Conclusion

Prominent BA tortuosity increases the risk of persistent dizziness and unsteadiness after PCI, leading to a high risk of falls and decreased quality of life. This warrants more attention in clinical practice.
Antibody Modification via Lipoic Acid Ligase A‐Mediated Site‐Specific Labeling
Authors: Yamazaki Shunsuke , Matsuda Yutaka
Published: October 2024

Enzymatic modification, particularly utilizing lipoic acid ligase (LplA), has emerged as a transformative approach in biopharmaceuticals, enabling precise and site‐specific protein modifications. This review delves into the innovative applications of LplA in antibody modifications, including the creation of antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) and the advancement of tag‐free conjugation techniques. LplA's ability to facilitate the incorporation of bioorthogonal groups and its adaptability to various substrates underscores its versatility. Key developments include the successful generation of dual‐labeled antibodies and the application of LplA in modifying antibody fragments. Additionally, the review explores the potential for LplA to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of ADCs through improved drug‐to‐antibody ratios and site‐specific payload attachment. The implications of these advancements are significant, suggesting that LplA‐mediated modifications could lead to more effective and targeted antibody‐based therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of LplA's role in expanding the possibilities of enzymatic conjugation, setting the stage for future research and clinical applications.
New Isocoumarins from an Endophytic Fungal Strain Diaporthe arengae M2 and their Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Liu De‐Sui , Ma Qing‐Yun , Yang Li , Xie Qing‐Yi , Wu You‐Gen , Dai Hao‐Fu , Zhang Jun‐Feng , Zhao You‐Xing
Published: October 2024

Four new isocoumarin derivatives 12‐O‐acetyl‐isocitreoisocoumarinol (1), (+)‐(10R)‐O‐acetyl‐diaportinol (2‐a), (−)‐(10S)‐O‐acetyl‐diaportinol (2‐b), peyroisocoumarin E (3) and new stereoconfigurations of three isocoumarin derivatives desmethyldichlorodiaportinol A (4), threo‐monochlorodiaportinol A (5‐a), erytheo‐monochlorodiaportinol A (5‐b), together with nine known ones (6–14), were separated from the rice fermentation of endophytic fungus Diaporthe arengae M2 isolated from Camellia oleifera. The structures of new compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR‐ESI‐MS). Compounds 4, 7, 8, 12, 13 exhibited definite inhibition against five strains of bacteria with the MIC values range from 16 μg/mL to 64 μg/mL.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Indole‐Based Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Potential Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Khalaf Hemat S. , Abdel‐Aziz Mohamed S. , Radwan Mohamed. A. A. , Sediek Ashraf A.
Published: October 2024

Indole‐based heterocyclic scaffolds have become increasingly important in medicinal chemistry due to their notable pharmacological and biological properties. Their role in the discovery and development of innovative drugs for treating various diseases highlights their value. This study aimed to synthesize C3‐indole derivatives linked to various heterocyclic scaffolds, including thiophenes, thiazolidine‐4‐ones, and 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles, via the reaction of ethylthioacetanilide 2 with different α‐haloketones.The structures of the target compounds were established using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against different microbes: S. aureus ATCC 6538 (Gram‐positive bacteria), E. coli ATCC 25933 (Gram‐negative bacteria), C. albicans ATCC 10231 (yeast), and fungi (A. niger NRRL−A326). Thiophene 6a, thiazolidine‐4‐one 8, and compound 10d exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities. The molecular docking study showed that compounds 2, 4, 6a, and 6c had good binding energy and favorable binding modes of interactions with the DNA gyrase B enzymes (PDB: 3 U2D) and (PDB: 1S14). The results showed that the NH group of the indole in compounds 2 and 4, together with the nitrile group (CN), played an important role in inhibiting DNA gyrase B of S. aureus, PDB: 3 U2D. Furthermore, the NH of the indole ring, together with the ethylamino group of compound 2, was crucial in inhibiting DNA gyrase B of E. coli, PDB: 1S14. These findings may encourage researchers to develop more effective C3‐indole derivatives in their search for antimicrobial drugs.
Heart Failure Hospitalization Preceding Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation as a Prognostic Marker
Authors: Bække Pernille Steen , De Backer Ole , Jørgensen Troels Højsgaard
Published: October 2024

Patients undergoing TAVI have an increased risk of all‐cause mortality or heart failure hospitalization if they are known with a pre‐procedural heart failure hospitalization.

Patients with severe aortic valve stenosis exhibiting signs of heart failure may benefit from an earlier aortic valve replacement to prevent irreversible cardiac damage.

Future studies should explore whether a more intensified medical HF therapy may further improve clinical outcomes in TAVI patients, especially in those patients with prior heart failure hospitalization.
HIVAC (HIV‐associated cardiomyopathy): An overlooked complication of HIV in developing countries
Authors: Kharel Manish , Subedi Anukul , Hossain Md Fahad
Published: October 2024

Key Clinical Message

Early initiation of anti‐retroviral treatment and prompt management of heart failure in a AIDS patient is crucial. If resources available endomyocardial biopsy can guide the future management.

HIV‐associated cardiomyopathy (HIVAC) is a serious complication of HIV with poorly understood pathology. Systolic dysfunction was a common characteristic of HIVAC which is now replaced as diastolic dysfunction due to the availability of ART. There are various etiologies of HIVAC depending on the degree of viral replication, immune response, availability of ART, and also the disparity between high and low‐income countries. We present the case report of a 65‐year‐old male with a past medical history of untreated HIV who came to the hospital with hemodynamic instability and was diagnosed with HIVAC with pulmonary TB, where the cause of HIVAC was poor immune response and opportunistic infection. Therefore, early cardiac monitoring is essential in HIV patients to prevent its advancement.
Mid‐jejunal diverticulitis with closed‐loop bowel obstruction, strangulation, and contained perforation
Authors: Huang Tzu Han , Marker Madeline , Urdahl Torben , Manivel Juan , Rezcallah Anthony T.
Published: October 2024

Key Clinical Message

Closed‐loop bowel obstruction and contained perforation secondary to acute on chronic jejunal diverticulitis is rare and should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen. The association between polymyalgia rheumatica and diverticular disease requires further research but may prompt clinicians to consider appropriate therapies in patients with both diseases.

Jejunal diverticulosis is a sac‐like outpouching of the intestinal wall that can cause complications such as diverticulitis, obstruction, abscess, perforation, or fistula formation. Complicated jejunal diverticulosis may present with acute abdomen and nonspecific symptoms which can lead to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. A 76‐year‐old male with a remote history of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) presented with sudden onset abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and inability to pass flatus. Physical exam revealed a distended and diffusely tender abdomen with signs of peritonitis. Laboratory test results were significant for neutrophil‐dominant leukocytosis and elevated inflammatory markers. CT scan of the abdomen with IV contrast revealed a contained perforation and a closed‐loop small bowel obstruction in the mid‐abdomen. The patient underwent emergent exploratory laparotomy and resection of 100 cm of mid‐jejunum which was found to have numerous diverticula surrounding the closed‐loop obstruction and contained perforation. Pathology findings showed evidence of acute on chronic jejunal diverticulitis. Jejunal diverticulosis with complications may present with an acute abdomen and peritonitis. Closed‐loop bowel obstruction and contained perforation secondary to acute on chronic jejunal diverticulitis is uncommonly thought of and should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Additionally, the association between PMR and diverticular disease is notable. While the patient had a remote history but no active PMR on presentation, studies suggest a possible association between gut inflammation and rheumatologic disease. This association should prompt clinicians to consider appropriate therapies and bear in mind the potential risk for diverticular perforation if glucocorticoids are given to treat PMR. Jejunal diverticulosis with multiple complications such as closed‐loop bowel obstruction and contained perforation secondary to acute on chronic jejunal diverticulitis is rare and may present with an acute abdomen and nonspecific symptoms. Including rare pathologies as such in the differential diagnosis may prevent misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. While further investigation is needed, the association between diverticulosis and PMR is noteworthy as patients who present with both diseases would require mindful management due to the potential risk of diverticular perforation after treatment with steroids.
High‐Throughput Screening Technologies of Efficient Catalysts for the Ammonia Economy
Authors: Quan Xu , Cheng Ming , Wang Ke , Hu Linlong , Shi Yao , Yan Mi , Xie Pengfei
Published: October 2024

Driven by the growing global demand for sustainable energy, ammonia is gaining recognition as a crucial energy carrier with the potential for widespread manufacturing. This has spurred the emergence of a “sustainable ammonia economy”. Efficient catalyst development is paramount to achieving this purpose. Although the traditional trial‐and‐error methods have led to substantial progress, they are inherently time‐consuming. In recent years, high‐throughput screening strategies are revolutionizing catalyst discovery, offering an efficient and cost‐effective approach for identifying high‐performance catalysts across various processes within the ammonia economy. This review explores recent advancements in these rapid catalyst screening techniques for ammonia‐based processes. By outlining the general screening principles and the key steps involved in the computational analysis of catalysts relevant to different stages of the ammonia economy, this review aims to provide fundamental insights for the development of novel catalysts using these accelerated methods.
Sustainability and Technoeconomic Assessment of Polygeneration Process for LNG Cold Recovery
Authors: Ganta Hrithika , Gunjal Om Rajesh , Agarwal Satakshi , Dutta Arnab
Published: October 2024

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminals have specification that necessitates adjustment of heating value of LNG feed. One strategy to reduce heating value is to separate heavier hydrocarbons from LNG by utilizing LNG cold energy. The amount of cold energy utilized in recovering heavy hydrocarbon is much less resulting in wastage of remaining cold energy. To reverse this wastage, we propose a polygeneration process that encompasses an organic Rankine cycle to generate electricity and refrigeration for cold storage warehouse cooling and data center cooling by utilizing remaining cold energy. Based on process simulation and optimization, we found that a significant amount of cold energy is utilized resulting in an avoided CO2 emission, thereby enhancing sustainability of an LNG regasification terminal.
Retrospective analysis of rapid drug desensitization with biologic agents: A single center experience
Authors: Unutmaz Erkaya Döne Gülçin , Bayrak Durmaz Makbule Seda , Görgülü Akın Begüm , Bavbek Sevim
Published: October 2024

Background

Following the increased use of biological agents, a subset of patients experiences hypersensitivity reaction (HSR). We reported our experience with rapid drug desensitization (RDD) to nine biologics (rituximab, infliximab, cetuximab, trastuzumab, pertuzumab, nivolumab, brentuximab, tocilizumab and filgrastim) and identified risk factors for breakthrough reactions (BTRs).

Method

This was a retrospective review (2013–2022) of patients with immediate HSRs to biological agents. Initial HSRs were classified as grade 1, 2, or 3 in their severity. Skin prick tests (SPT)/intradermal tests (IDT) were performed using implicated agents. The phenotypes of HSRs were defined as Type I, cytokine‐release syndrome (CRS), mixed reactions (cytokine‐release + type I) based on history, clinical presentations and skin tests with implicated biologicals. A 12‐step RDD protocol was used.

Results

The study comprised 45 patients (F/M: 31/14, median age: 55 (range: 20–69)). Majority of the patients reacted at the first infusion (n: 29/45, 64.4%). The majority of initial HSRs were grade 3 (n: 24/45, 53.3%) and grade 2 (n: 21/45, 46.6%); none were grade 1. Initial reactions were presented as type I (n: 20/45, 44.4%), CRS (n: 12/45, 26.6%) and mixed (n: 13/45, 28.8%). A total of 258 RDDs were performed and 98.4% of them were completed successfully. BTRs occurred in 36/258 (13.9%) infusions of RDDs. There was no significant association between the BTRs and age, drug cycle, SPT and IDT positivity, gender, comorbidities, or atopy.

Conclusion

In our experience, 98.4% of 258 RDDs to biologics were successfully completed; RDD was safe and effective for our population.
Biofilm Demolition by [AuIII(N N)Cl(NHC)][PF6]2 Complexes Fastened with Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Ligands; Potent Antibacterial Agents Targeting Membrane Lipid
Authors: Sahu Priyanka , Chakraborty Sourav , Isab A. A. , Mandal Santi M. , Dinda Joydev
Published: October 2024

The development of new antibacterial drugs is essential for staying ahead of evolving antibiotic resistant bacterial (ARB) threats, ensuring effective treatment options for bacterial infections, and protecting public health. Herein, we successfully designed and synthesized two novel gold(III)‐ NHC complexes, [Au(1)(bpy)Cl][PF6]2 (2) and [Au(1)(phen)Cl][PF6]2 (3) based on the proligand pyridyl[1,2‐a]{2‐pyridylimidazol}‐3‐ylidene hexafluorophosphate (1⋅HPF6) [bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine; phen=1,10‐phenanthroline]. The synthesized complexes were characterized spectroscopically; their geometries and structural arrangements were confirmed by single crystal XRD analysis. Complexes 2 and 3 showed photoluminescence properties at room temperature and the time‐resolved fluorescence decay confirmed the fluorescence lifetimes of 0.54 and 0.62 ns respectively; which were used to demonstrate their direct interaction with bacterial cells. Among the two complexes, complex 3 was found to be more potent against the bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Gram‐positive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram‐negative bacteria) with the MIC values of 8.91 μM and 17.82 μM respectively. Studies revealed the binding of the complexes with the fundamental phospholipids present in the cell membrane of bacteria, which was found to be the leading cause of bacterial cell death. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay on 293 T cell lines; emphasizing the potential therapeutic uses of the Au(III)‐NHC complexes to control bacterial infections.
Collaborative Real‐World Evidence Among Regulators: Lessons and Perspectives
Authors: Beck Andrew E. , Kampman Melissa , Huynh Cindy , Simon Craig , Plueschke Kelly , Cohet Catherine , Verpillat Patrice , Robinson Kelly , Arlett Peter
Published: October 2024

The International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities (ICMRA), comprising 38 global medicines regulatory authorities, collaborates on shared challenges, notably during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article focuses on the ICMRA COVID‐19 Real‐World Evidence (RWE) and Observational Studies Working Group. The Working Group aimed to address challenges related to RWE and observational studies during the pandemic, resulting in impactful studies and ICMRA statements on international collaboration for RWE and COVID‐19 vaccine safety. Reflecting on 3 years of collaboration, the Working Group surveyed members for insights, and recommendations were formulated to enhance research preparedness, collaboration, and response to future public health emergencies. The lessons learned highlight the importance of global collaborations, governance structures for rapid decision‐making, and effective utilization of existing networks. Recommendations include the establishment of an international governance structure, a “coalition of the willing” for swift research collaboration, dedicated sub‐groups, periodic workshops, common protocols, joint timelines, and data model templates, leveraging existing infrastructure, and strengthening outreach for transparency and engagement. The Working Group envisions repurposing into an RWE strategic and operational entity, contributing to global public health emergency response mechanisms. In conclusion, the Working Group's success lies in effective communication, collaborative research, and leveraging existing infrastructure, with ongoing contributions to global emergency response mechanisms.
Working with Miraculous Mice: Mus musculus as a Model Organism
Authors: Standley Anick , Xie Jinhan , Lau Angelica WY , Grote Lauren , Gifford Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

The laboratory mouse has been described as a “miracle” model organism, providing a window by which we may gain an understanding of ourselves. Since the first recorded mouse experiment in 1664, the mouse has become the most used animal model in biomedical research. Mice are ideally suited as a model organism because of their small size, short gestation period, large litter size, and genetic similarity to humans. This article provides a broad overview of the laboratory mouse as a model organism and is intended for undergraduates and those new to working with mice. We delve into the history of the laboratory mouse and outline important terminology to accurately describe research mice. The types of laboratory mice available to researchers are reviewed, including outbred stocks, inbred strains, immunocompromised mice, and genetically engineered mice. The critical role mice have played in advancing knowledge in the areas of oncology, immunology, and pharmacology is highlighted by examining the significant contribution of mice to Nobel Prize winning research. International mouse mutagenesis programs and accurate phenotyping of mouse models are outlined. We also explain important considerations for working with mice, including animal ethics; the welfare principles of replacement, refinement, and reduction; and the choice of mouse model in experimental design. Finally, we present practical advice for maintaining a mouse colony, which involves adequate training of staff, the logistics of mouse housing, monitoring colony health, and breeding strategies. Useful resources for working with mice are also listed. The aim of this overview is to equip the reader with a broad appreciation of the enormous potential and some of the complexities of working with the laboratory mouse in a quest to improve human health. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
The Stability Challenge of Furanic Platform Chemicals in Acidic and Basic Conditions
Authors: Kolykhalov Denis A. , Golysheva Anastasia N. , Erokhin Kirill S. , Karlinskii Bogdan Ya. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: October 2024

The transition toward renewable resources is pivotal for the sustainability of the chemical industry, making the exploration of biobased furanic platform chemicals derived from plant biomass of paramount importance. These compounds, promising alternatives to petroleum‐derived aromatics, face challenges in terms of stability under synthetic conditions, limiting their practical application in the fuel, chemical, and pharmaceutical sectors. Our study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the stability of furan derivatives in various solvents and under different conditions, addressing the significant challenge of their instability. Through systematic experiments involving GC–MS, NMR, FT–IR and SEM analyses, we identified key degradation pathways and conditions that either promote stability or lead to undesirable degradation products. These findings demonstrate the strong stabilizing effect of polar aprotic solvents, especially DMF, and reveal the dependence of furan stability on solvent and additive type. This research opens new avenues in the utilization of renewable furans by providing critical insights into their behavior under synthetic conditions, significantly impacting the development of sustainable materials and processes. The broad appeal of this study lies in its potential to guide the selection of conditions for the efficient and sustainable synthesis of furan‐based chemicals, marking a significant advance in green chemistry and materials science.
Distributed Autonomous Economic Control Strategy for the AC/DC Interconnected Microgrid Considering the Regulation Boundary of the Consensus Variable
Authors: Tan Haoyu , Wang Tingtao , Wang Yicong , Wang Jiaxu , He Ligang , Miao Shihong
Published: October 2024

The autonomous economic control for the islanded AC/DC interconnected microgrid has various modes due to the restriction of the feasible regions of inner and inter‐microgrid resources. To properly handle the cooperative relationship between resources with different regulation characteristics and realize the frequency, voltage stability, and economic operation of the AC/DC interconnected microgrid, a distributed control strategy considering the regulation boundary of the consensus variable is proposed. Firstly, the influence of the variable feasible regions on the consensus control objective is analyzed, and the fundamental principle of the consensus control algorithm considering the variable regulation boundary is expounded. Secondly, the trilevel control strategy consisting of the local equipment control and inner and inter‐microgrid cooperative control is constructed. The local equipment control adopts droop control, and the cooperative control adopts consensus control to realize the elimination of the frequency and voltage deviation and the economic dispatch of active power within and between microgrids. Finally, the AC/DC interconnected microgrid model is built based on PSCAD/EMTDC, and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Effects of Early Life Scarcity‐Adversity on Maturational Milestones in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Lauraine Erin , Oak Sasha , Nguyen Christine H. , Rincón‐Cortés Millie
Published: October 2024

Although many studies have shown a long‐term negative impact of early life adversity (ELA) in rodents, literature regarding its effects on maturational milestones in rats is scarce. Available evidence suggests that ELA interferes with normal growth and development in rodents and that effects may be sex‐dependent even at an early age. In accordance, we hypothesized that early life scarcity‐adversity would impair physical and reflex development in male and female rats. To test this, we used an early life resource scarcity paradigm based on reducing home cage bedding during postnatal days (PND) 2–9 and assessed physical landmarks by measuring weight gain, incisor presence, fur development, and eye opening. We also evaluated the impact of early life scarcity‐adversity on developmental reflexes by measuring surface righting and grasp reflexes, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance, bar holding, and auditory startle. Early life scarcity‐adversity resulted in earlier complete lower incisor presence in males (PND 6), impaired surface righting (PND 6) and grasp reflexes (PND 8) in both sexes, and impaired cliff avoidance responses in females (PND 12). These results extend previous research examining the effects of ELA on developing male and female rodents by showing that it negatively impacts a subset of physical landmarks and developmental reflexes in a sex‐dependent manner.
Stable Ditriflates of D‐Glucose in the Synthesis of Iminosugars and Polyhydroxylated Pipecolic Acids
Authors: Balo Rosalino , Fernández Andrés , Reza David , López Pablo , Fleet George W. J. , Estévez Ramón J. , Estévez Juan C.
Published: October 2024

A synthesis of the five membered iminosugar DAB and a divergent synthesis of the six membered iminosugar 1‐dehydromannojirimycin (DMJ) and the corresponding sugar imino acid are reported. They involve double nucleophilic displacements of a D‐xylose ditriflate by benzyl carbazate and a D‐glucose ditriflate by allyl amine, respectively. They are followed by a similar protocol consisting of hydrolysis and oxidation or reduction of the resulting bicyclic glycosides. This allowed DMJ to be obtained from the cheap sugar D‐glucose.
High‐Performance MCNTs@MoS2(1‐x)Se2x Nanocomposites in Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Jiang Huixin , Zhao Wenjing , Cui Mengyu , Zhang Xinyi , Song Xinrong , Wang Chuangye
Published: October 2024

Advances in electrocatalysis require the development of high specific surface area materials with high electron conductivity. In this study, a series of MCNTs@MoS2(1‐x)Se2x nanocomposites has been prepared for application in catalytic hydrogen evolution. A uniform growth of MoS2(1‐x)Se2x nanoflower spheres on MCNTs has been achieved, circumventing stacking and aggregation. The introduction of the conducting material accelerated the electron transport rate in the electrode reaction. Structural characterization has confirmed that S doping increased the specific surface area of the catalyst, exposing more edge defects. As a result, the MCNTs@MoS2(1‐x)Se2x nanocomposites exhibited enhanced catalytic activity. Electrochemical tests have established that MCNTs@MoS1.5Se0.5 possessed the lowest overpotential (146 mV) at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 with the smallest Tafel slope (45.1 mV/dec).
Impact of Carbon Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Sheets and Bolt Diameter on the Seismic Performance Enhancement of Steel Beam‐Column Joints
Authors: Amin Fayiz , Waqas Hafiz Ahmed , Ali Ijaz , Waseem Muhammad , Asif Muhammad , Majid Khan Abdul , Leta Megersa Kebede
Published: October 2024

Beam‐column joints are pivotal for ensuring the resilience of prefabricated steel structures under various loading conditions. Following the major earthquakes of the 1990s, semi‐rigid bolted connections emerged as a promising alternative to traditional welded connections. This study investigates a fully prefabricated Intermediate Beam‐Column Joint (IBCJ) with extended endplates, renowned for its excellent seismic resistance. While significant progress has been made in existing research, there is still a need to thoroughly examine the tension capacity of IBCJs concerning bolt size and explore the potential of Carbon Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets to enhance joint performance under seismic loading. Using the finite element method, this research evaluates the performance of IBCJ under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. After validation with experimental data, the study examines various bolt diameters to assess their tension capacity, ductility ratio, secant stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity. The findings indicate that larger bolts exhibit higher ultimate capacities and reduced deformation at failure. Additionally, the study investigates the optimal placement and configuration of CFRP sheets, identifying the backside of the endplates as the most effective location. The application of CFRP significantly enhances bolt tension capacity by up to 1.2 to 1.3 times, demonstrating its potential in reducing bolt failure risk and improving structural reliability under seismic conditions. The superior performance of CFRP‐strengthened bolts can play a crucial role in the design and retrofitting of prefabricated steel structures, potentially contributing to the improvement of existing standards and practices of seismic enhancement of IBCJ.
5G Network Slicing as a Service Enabler for the Automotive Sector
Authors: Candal‐Ventureira David , Rúa‐Estévez José Manuel , Fondo‐Ferreiro Pablo , Gil‐Castiñeira Felipe , Fernández‐Barciela Antonio , González‐Castaño Francisco Javier , Diéguez‐Pazo Emilio , Fernández‐Ferreira Luis
Published: October 2024

Network slicing, a key technology introduced in 5G standards, enables mobile networks to simultaneously support a wide range of heterogeneous use cases with diverse quality of service (QoS) requirements. This work discusses the potential benefits of network slicing for the automotive sector, encompassing manufacturing processes and vehicular communications. The review of the state of the art reveals a clear gap regarding the application of network slicing from the perspective of industrial verticals such as automotive use cases and their specific requirements. Departing from this observation, we first identify limitations of previous cellular technologies and open challenges for supporting the data services required. Then we describe network slicing as an enabler to face these challenges. We present an analysis of the cost equilibrium for network slicing to be effective for car manufacturers, and tests in real 5G networks that demonstrate the performance improvement in OTA updates coexisting with other services.
Navigating the Frontier Role of Electrolyte Interfaces in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Technology
Authors: Kamaraj Santhosh , Shanmugam Ganesan , Selvaraj Balamurugan
Published: October 2024

Recent advances in solar cell technology have been motivated by new materials and inventive engineering techniques. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are becoming more widely recognized as a possible alternative for sustainable energy. Optimizing electrolytes is one of the most important variables impacting their effectiveness and durability. The electrolyte interface is critical to optimize charge separation, ion transport, and diffusion ensuring device stability and efficiency. The present investigation focuses on enhancing interface stability and investigating innovative electrolyte compositions to improve DSSC performance for sustainability in solar energy applications. Despite progress, obstacles remain in presenting core principles and research approaches in DSSC technology. Continued research is required to overcome these limitations and fully realize the potential of DSSCs in sustainable energy solutions.
Pushing the boundaries for fuel discovery with a multiview features fusion approach
Authors: Zhang Dehai , Zhao Di , Liang Jiashu , Ma Yu , Chen Zheng
Published: October 2024

Global warming poses a serious challenge to the human environment, prompting us to rapidly develop new environmentally friendly fuels. However, the time and cost required to determine the physical properties of fuels are constrained by the related industries. In this paper, we propose a multiview features fusion method based on neural networks. This method uses the eight graph neural networks models as the basis of the multichannel network coordinator to extract the compound's molecular feature; also the functional groups in the compound are embedded with molecule weight as functional groups feature, and finally, combining the molecular view with the functional groups view for the prediction of compound flash point (FP). We used a data set consisting of 2200 hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds for model training and testing. The results show that the model performance is improved in both after feature fusion. Finally, the ablation experiments demonstrate that the use of this method is effective and provides a new idea for fast and accurate screening of fuels. The Attentive FP‐FG model was the most effective, with a mean absolute error of 4.395 K, root mean square error of 5.854 K, and R‐squared score (R2) of 0.986.
Regularizations of forward‐backward parabolic PDEs
Authors: Geldhauser Carina
Published: October 2024

Forward‐backward parabolic equations have been studied since the 1980s, but a mathematically rigorous picture is still far from being established. As quite a number of new papers have appeared recently, we review in this work the current state of the art. We focus our analysis on the status quo regarding the three most common types of regularizations, namely semidiscretization, the viscous approximation, and regularization with higher order spatial derivatives.
How do clinical placements influence the career decisions of new‐graduate physiotherapists in Australia? A qualitative exploration
Authors: Singh Lakhvir , Martin Romany , Mandrusiak Allison , Phua Rachel , Al‐Hashemy Hussan , Forbes Roma
Published: October 2024

Background

The variables that contribute to positive and negative experiences of clinical education amongst student physiotherapists are well established. Multiple stakeholders are invested in the ongoing success of physiotherapy clinical placements given workforce challenges within the profession and the emerging relationship between clinical placements and new‐graduate recruitment. However, little is known about the relationship between clinical placement experiences and the career decisions of new‐graduate physiotherapists.

Purpose

To explore the influence of clinical placement experiences on new‐graduate physiotherapists' career intentions and decision making.

Methods

A qualitative study which used a general inductive approach. New‐graduate physiotherapists (n = 18) were recruited through a snowball sampling approach and participated in semi‐structured interviews. Ethical approval was obtained from The University of Queensland.

Results

Four overarching themes were generated; (1) clinical placements impact career decisions, (2) placements as a trial for future employment to identify professional preferences, (3) feeling valued as a team member, and (4) clinical educators’ shape placement experiences.

Discussion and Conclusion

Clinical placements play a significant role in directing new‐graduate physiotherapists’ careers, with clinical placement viewed as an opportunity to explore one's career options. A complex interplay of clinical and nonclinical variables was acknowledged by new‐graduates, with positive experiences during clinical placements considered to increase new‐graduate physiotherapist intentions to work in similar settings or contexts. Factors that contributed to positive experiences included accessible mentorship from clinical educators with regular feedback, and opportunities for the students’ contribution and clinical capacity to be acknowledged and valued. Recommendations are made for creating supportive workplace environments for clinical education and include prioritizing supportive mentorship.

Implications for Physiotherapy Practice

Clinical placement providers intending to recruit new‐graduates who have attended their workplace as students may benefit from implementing strategies that assist students to feel supported as valued members of the team. Additionally, the findings of this study may guide education providers when considering the training delivered to new and existing clinical placement sites with the aim of providing supported student learning environments.
Epikarst Controls of Runoff Composition in Subterranean Stream After Rainstorm Events
Authors: Zhao Heng , Zhou Hong , Huang Kun , Pan Yi , Peng Yinong , He Xinhui , Wang Siqi , Wan Junwei
Published: October 2024

Epikarst plays a critical role in karst water circulation, however, its studies have often been limited to small springs or basins, ignoring its importance in larger, highly karstified subterranean streams. This study focused on the Longlingong (LLG) subterranean stream system, where the discharge and electrical conductivity (EC) of the subterranean stream outlet for 2.5 years, and found that 85% of all rainstorm events monitored during this period showed a pattern of increasing and then decreasing EC. High‐resolution hydrochemistry monitoring was conducted at the outlet during a rainstorm event when this response pattern occurred. Simultaneously, epikarst water (EW), saturated zone fissure karst water (FW), and surface water (PW) from this system were collected as three recharge sources for hydrochemical analyses based on the results of the field investigations, and end‐member mixing analyses were performed using the EMMA‐MIX model. These combined methods can accurately characterise the response of the subterranean stream system to rainstorm events, assess the contribution and response of individual recharge sources throughout the rainstorm, and reveal the mechanisms involved. The results indicate that the increase in EC is primarily driven by changes in HCO3− concentration resulting from the rapid discharge of EW through sinkholes and shafts. EW contributes 28.7% of the rain‐induced subterranean stream runoff, exceeding FW. The epikarst exhibits a rapid response to rainstorms, as evidenced by a remarkable 681% increase in EW discharge following a rainstorm event. Flood peaks in the subterranean stream are mainly composed of PW (44%) and EW (43.6%). This study highlights the key role of the epikarst as a karst groundwater reservoir. The sensitivity of the epikarst to rainstorms, particularly its role in facilitating rapid piston‐like migration of EW during initial runoff, highlights its significant influence on discharge and hydrochemistry. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the function of epikarst within highly karstified subterranean streams.