bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WELL-BEING: THREATS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
Authors: GLOCALISM
Published: July 2024

Were one to be asked to think about well-being, his or her mind would probably wander among images of harmony, happiness or satisfaction. Others might focus on physical health, conjecture on the achievement of personal goals or conceive of well-being by negation: as the absence of illness, negative emotions or worries. Yet, this would be all but a complete picture. 
It is in fact possible to think of well-being as a far more complex phenomenon: something other than comforting and fleeting emotions, and different from mere individual feelings of joy or vitality. Well-being may be considered first and foremost as a social issue, pertaining to the composition of conflicting values and the fulfilment of collective needs. All the more so, against the background of global phenomena such as climate change and economic inequality, well-being cannot be reduced to a patchwork of good emotions or to the absence of disease or social unrest. The interconnected and quick transformation of contemporaneity calls for a trans-individual and multidimensional understanding of the concept: encompassing the fields of physical, mental, and social health.
عزل وتشخيص البكتيريا والفطريات المصاحبة لمرضى الصدفية وتقييم حساسيتها للمضادات الحيوية
Authors: عبد الحميد داليدا عبد الرحيم , محمود اسماء عيسى
Published: July 2024

جمعت العينات من المرضى المصابين بالصدفية الجلدية وبواقع 100 عينة من المراجعين الى مستشفى سامراء العام/ صلاح الدين في المدة الممتدة من شهر ايلول 2022 ولغاية كانون الثاني 2023 وللأعمار من (2-80) سنة. وقد تبين من الدراسة ان 60 عينة من المجموع الكلي قد اعطت نمواً بكتيرياً من ضمنها 20 عزلة وبنسبة 33.4% تعود لبكتريا Staphylococcus aureus و 18 عزلة بنسبة 30% لبكتريا Staphylococcus epidermidis ونسبة 15% لبكتريا Staphylococcus hominas  وبواقع 9 عزلات.  بينما كانت نسبة عزل كل من بكتريا Pseudomonas aeruginosa و Escherichia coli 13.3% و 8.3% وبواقع 8 و5 عزلات على التوالي. كانت جميع الأنواع البكتيرية المعزولة حساسة بنسبة 100% لكل من المضادات Vancomycin،Imipenem ، Nirtofurantoin و Meropenem بينما كانت مقاومة لكل من Ceftriaxone ، Trimethoprim، Sulbactam/Ampicillin، Calvulanic acid Amoxillin/، Azithromycin و Gentamicin. اما بالنسبة للمضاد الحيوي Ciprofloxacin فكانت العزلات الموجبة لصبغة كرام مقاومة له بينما العزلات السالبة لصبغة كرام كانت مقاومة بنسبة 50% و 60% لكل من P. aeruginosa  E. coli على التوالي. تباينت نسبة توزيع الاصابات فكانت في منطقة الجذع والاطراف بنسبة 36.6‎‎‎‎‎% بواقع 30 عينة أما فروة الرأس فكان 26 بنسبة 31.7‎%‎ وباطن اليد بنسبة ‎19.5‎% بعدد 16 عينة وباطن القدم بنسبة 12.2‎%‎ بواقع 10 عينات، أما بالنسبة لطبيعة العمل فكانت النسبة الأعلى للمزارعين بنسبة 30.5‎‎% بواقع 25 عينة والموظفين واصحاب المهن الحرة بواقع 20 عينة بنسبة 24.4%‎‎ اما عينة الطلبة  فكانت نسبتهم 20.7‎‎% بواقع 17 عينة.
تقييم أسمدة حيوية محضرة من عزلات بكتيرية محلية في بعض صفات النمو لنبات الذرة الصفراء في تربة جبسية
Authors: عبد فراس خالد , الكرطاني عبد الكريم عريبي سبع
Published: July 2024

من أجل زراعة نظيفة ومستدامة معتمدة على مواد طبيعة غير كيميائية ولأجل تقليل إستعمال المواد الكيميائية والتوجه نحو البدائل الطبيعية نُفذت تجربة حقلية عاملية بتصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة (R.C.B.D) في محطة أبحاث قسم علوم التربة والموارد المائية في حقول كلية الزراعة / جامعة تكريت للموسم الزراعي الخريفي خلال الأشهر تموز- اب – ايلول 2021 لدراسة تأثير التسميد الحيوي باللقاحات المحضرة من ست عزلات محلية مشخصة مظهريا وجزيئيا في بعض صفات النمو لنبات الذرة الصفراء في تربة جبسية وهي (Enterobacter ludwigii ، Enterobacter cloacae ، Bacillus cereus ، Rhizobium sp. Strain، Bradyrhizobium vignae ، Bradyrhizobium manausense). وأظهرت النتائج تفوق المعاملات المسمدة بالأسمدة الحيوية على المعاملات غير المسمدة في جميع الصفات مع وجود فروق معنوية بين العزلات البكتيرية ، وتفوقت المعاملة الملقحة باللقاح المحضر من بكتيريا  Enterobacter cloacae  معنويا على جميع المعاملات في صفات ارتفاع النبات والمساحة الورقية والوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري إذ بلغت قيم هذه المعاملات ( 235.8 سم، 630.3 سم2 ، 137.5 غم نبات-1 ) على التتابع مقارنة بالمعاملة غير المسمدة بالسماد الحيوي التي أعطت ( 175.3 سم ، 447.3 سم2 ، 73.4 غم نبات-1 ) بالتتابع ، وكذلك اعطت العزلة البكتيرية Enterobacter cloacae  أعلى القيم في تركيز النيتروجين والفسفور والبوتاسيوم في المجموع الخضري وبلغت ( 2.93 % ، 0.95 % ، 4.49 % ) على التتابع ، مقارنة بالعاملة غير المسمدة بالسماد الحيوي والتي أعطت قيم ( 0.807 % ، 0.14 % ، 1.95 % ) على التوالي .
Simultaneous determination of chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan hydrobromide and pseudoephedrine HCl in syrup pharmaceutical form using RP-HPLC
Authors: Karim Ali E. , Ali Muthana Saeed , Sultan Mohanad A. , Al-metwali Azza , Abdalla Hanen Qasim
Published: July 2024

A new simple and precise HPLC method has been developed for the estimation of chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan hydrobromide and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in syrup pharmaceutical form. The separation of the mixture has been achieved in a short time. Chromatographic separation has been done on Chromegabond WR C18 column 5 μm 120 A 30 cm * 3.9 mm as stationary phase.  The mobile phase was contained a 2 gm of sodium perchlorate in mixture of (200 mL acetonitrile + 500 mL methanol + 300 mL Water+ 2 ml triethylamine with a flow rate 1.5 ml/min. The PDA detection is 262 nm and the injection volume was 20 µl. The method has been validated for linearity with great correlation coefficients, accuracy recovery was 98.0-102., and precision with RSD less than 2.0%. This method was successfully used to separate and estimate these drugs purchased from Iraq.  The analyzed syrup contains three active ingredients (chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride) within 100 ±2 % of stated amount of the active ingredients. Validation of this method has been done and this method can be used for determination of these drugs in syrup pharmaceutical form.
تقييم هرمون الهبسيدين وبعض المتغيرات الكيموحيوية للنساء الحوامل في مدينة سامراء
Authors: عبد الجليل السامرائي نرمين , السامرائي عثمان رشيد
Published: July 2024

الحمل هو حالة طبيعية تتكيف معها المرأة الحامل خلال فترة تمتد من إخصاب البويضة إلى الولادة و يستمر الحمل حوالي تسعة أشهر، ويحدث نمو جنين واحد أو أكثر داخل رحم الأم والذي يعرف بـ المُضغة او الجنين Embryo خلال الأسابيع الثمانية الأولى من الحمل ، وبعد ذلك يطلق عليه مصطلح الجنين الحي  Fetusحتى الولادة، ، أظهرت بعض الدراسات أن هرمون الهبسيدين يتم تثبيطه أثناء الحمل، حيث أشارت النتائج الى أن مادة الهبسيدين تكون بمستويات أقل أثناء الحمل منها في حالة غير الحمل، ويفترض أن ذلك يحدث لضمان توافر بايولوجي أكبر للحديد بالنسبة للأم والجنين، هدفت الدراسة الى تقييم تركيز هرمون الهبسيدين وتركيز كل من الحديد والهيموكلوبين والكلوكوز والبروتين الكلي والالبومين، وتضمنت الدراسة جمع 90 عينة دم لنساء حوامل وغير حوامل في مدينة سامراء، اذ جمعت العينات من مختبرات مستشفى سامراء العام واحدى العيادات التخصصية للفترة من 1 تشرين الأول 2022 ولغاية 30 كانون الأول 2022، تم اخذ 69 عينة دم لنساء حوامل مقسمة على فترات الحمل الثلاثة بواقع 23 عينة لكل فترة من فترات الحمل و 21 عينة دم لنساء غير حوامل كمجموعة سيطرة، تتراوح اعمارهن بين 18-40 سنة، أظهرت النتائج انخفاض معنوي عند مستوى احتمالية P<0.05 في مستوى هرمون الهبسيدين والحديد والكلوكوز والهيموكلوبين والبروتين الكلي والالبومين في امصال دم النساء الحوامل مقارنة مع النساء غير الحوامل.
تقييم بعض المتغيرات الكيموحيوية في مصل مرضى الفشل الكلوي
Authors: مهدي زينة احمد , الجبوري فراس شوقي , موفق ياسر احمد
Published: July 2024

اشتملت هذه الدراسة على 70 عينة دم لمرضى الفشل الكلوي في المرحلة الاخيرة والذين يخضعون لعملية الغسيل الكلوي ان الغرض من الدراسة الحالية هو تقدير بعض المتغيرات الكيموحيوية في مرضى الفشل الكلوي ومعرفة تأثير عملية الغسيل الكلوي على هذه المتغيرات . ومعرفة تأثير بعض العوامل الاخرى مثل العمر والجنس ومؤشر كتلة الجسم . تضمنت المتغيرات قياس مستوى كل من urea , creatinine ,Prolyl 3-hydroxylase1 (P3H1) , Soluble alpha-Klotho (SAKL) ,. Glutathione peroxidase -1 ( GPX1) النتائج: اظهرت الدراسة الحالية ارتفاع في مستوى urea و creatinine في مجموعتي المرضى مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة وانخفاض في مستوى المتغيرين في مجموعة المرضى بعد الغسيل الكلوي مقارنة بمجموعة ما قبل الغسيل الكلوي. واظهرت ايضاً ارتفاع في مستوى Glutathione peroxidase -1 و Prolyl- 3-hydroxylase1 لمجموعة المرضى قبل الغسيل الكلوي مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة و عدم وجود فرق عند المقارنة بين مجموعة المرضى بعد الغسيل الكلوي ومجموعة السيطرة كما اظهرت وجود انخفاض بالنسبة لمجموعة المرضى بعد الغسيل الكلوي مقارنة بمجموعة المرضى قبل الغسيل . واظهرت عدم وجود فرق معنوي بالنسبة لمستوى Soluble alpha-Klotho عند مقارنة مجموعتي المرضى مع مجموعة السيطرة كذلك عند المقارنة بين مجموعتي المرضى قبل وبعد الغسيل الكلوي .لم يكن للعمر تأثير على urea و creatinine بينما كان له تأثير على المتغيرات الاخرى , بينما كان لمؤشر كتلة الجسم تأثير على Soluble alpha-Klotho فقط , ولم يكن للجنس تأثيراً على جميع المتغيرات المقاسة .
The Whole genome sequence for Acinetobacter baumannii strain in Iraqi Hospitals Outbreak
Authors: Abed Esraa Saad , Ali Munim Radwan
Published: July 2024

A study was conducted to identify specialized F plasmid genes and regulatory systems in Acinetobacter baumannii. These genes could be very important for the capacity of these species to coexist with the human host and show a wide range of diversity in genes that contribute to antibiotic resistance. Identification of 50A. baumannii isolates was carried out through morphology and culture on CHROM agar and genotypic identification was performed using blaOxa-51 gene.  Out of 50, one AB isolate was chosen for whole genome sequencing (WGS) using Illumina MiSeq technology. The analysis identified specialized genes in these isolates that contribute to antibiotic stress and lipopolysaccharide barrier, including complex sets of partial and complete integrons and transposons. The recent findings, transferring of A. baumannii plasmid genes are inducing under the regulatory system to which the plasmid elements confer Adaptation such as F-plasmid genes transfer in A.baumannii induced by antibiotic stress under  the control of transcriptional factor regulation system in order to  antimicrobial drug resistance. The selected A. baumannii isolate, IS1- A.baumannii 32 contain five global regulator systems .Our study  were provided detailed genomic picture in detected both  innate and acquired plasmid-encoded AMR genes. Study aim is the role of genetic regulation to control the transcription, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance related mechanism in A.baumannii .
New Bioremediation by Lipase Purified from Ralstonia mannitolilytica for Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Authors: Abdulkareem Ruaa Saed , Al-Ezee Aqeel Mohammed Majeed , Musafer Hadeel Kareem
Published: July 2024

A growing issue of contaminated soil caused by oil derivers in Iraq, requires detection of new methods for bioremediation. The present work aims to purify of extracellular lipase enzyme that can eliminate oil derivers. Seven strains of lipolytic bacteria were collected from Al- Dora electricity station soil Baghdad/ Iraq that polluted with oil derivers. Ralstonia mannitolilytica considered higher ability in lipolytic enzymes production. Crude lipase activity gave (1.66 U/ml). The purification procedure resulted in 8.9 fold with a 23.2% final yield. The purity of lipase and molecular weight confirmed by SDS-PAGE. The efficiency of ten aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds in the soil contaminated with diesel decreases after treatment with purified enzyme (7.6 U/ml) for 24 hr. at natural environment to mimic the nature compared with control. The results concluded the degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds by lipase enzyme that purified from local Ralstonia mannitolilytica isolates was an efficient (biological) treatment. Although there are studies related to bioremediation used different bacterial isolates types and enzymes such as Pseudomonas sp. none of it used Ralstonia mannitolilytica isolate and lipase enzyme as bioremediation of oil spills.
تحضير وقود الديزل الحيوي من زيت القلي المستعمل باستخدام اوكسيد السترونتيوم النانوية محمل على كاربون منشط بتركيز15%
Authors: Mustaf Mohammed Ghaith , Yassin Daye Omar , Taha Bakr Imad
Published: July 2024

يعد وقود الديزل الحيوي احد انواع الوقود السائل والبديل عن وقود الديزل النفطي في مكائن الاحتراق الداخلي و الدراسة الحالية هي ضمن العديد من الدراسات السابقة التي تم فيها تحضير و تحليل أنواع مختلفة من وقود الديزل الحيوي باستعمال زيوت محلية وغير صالحة للأكل الزيوت النباتية والحيوانية فقد تم تحضير محفز قاعدي غير متجانس جديد SrO محمل على الكربون المنشط أظهرSrO @A C أداء تحفيزيًا عاليًا في تفاعلات انتقال الاسترة لزيت القلي المستعمل في الطبخ (WFO). ، تم الحصول على افضل حصيلة %98 بالوزن من إسترات ميثيل الأحماض الدهنية (FAME) من وقود الديزل الحيوي وذو مواصفات مطابقة للمواصفة الامريكية (ASTM D 6751 EN 14214) تم الحصول على افضل الظروف التجريبية والتي كانت عند تركيز الحفاز1.5% ونسبة الميثانول الى الزيت 1:7 والزمن 60دقيقه ، ودرجة حرارة 60°C ونسبة تحميل الكاربون الى اوكسيد السترونتيوم كانت(15:100) تم استخدام المحفز لأربعة متغيرات مختلفة وتم تشخيص الحفازالنانوي بالتقنيات الطيفية التالية (FTIR, SEM, EDX-mapping, BET, TEM)، وتم نتاج وقود الديزل الحيوي وشخص الوقود بالتقنيات الطيفية (HNMR, TLC) ودراسة خواصه الفيزيائية والكيميائية من كثافه واللزوجة والرقم الحامضي لزيت القلي التي كانت على التولي( 0.926 ,2.1mgKOH/gm, 40.2)..
تقييم مستويات البروثايرود هرمون (parathyroid hormone (IL-6), TNF-α) في مرضى التهاب المفاصل الرثواني في مدينة سامراء
Authors: Abdularazaq Ahmed Hind , AL-Sammarai Mohammed , Lafta Hassan Zina
Published: July 2024

يقدم هذا النموذج إرشادات حول كيفية كتابة بحث لتقديمه إلى مجلة سامراء للعلوم الصرفة والتطبيقية، كما توفر التنسيق النهائي المطلوب للمقالات التي تنشر في مجلتنا. يجب ألا يتجاوز البحث المقدم 15 صفحة نوع A4. يجب أن يكون العنوان بالغة العربية بحجم خط 16 سميك. يرجى تجنب استخدام عبارات "دراسة جديدة" او "دراسة غير مسبوقة". يجب وضع قائمة كاملة بأسماء المؤلفين تحت العنوان. يجب فصل أسماء المؤلفين بفاصلة (انظر المثال أعلاه). يجب أن يتبع العنوان الملخص، ويجب أن يكون نوع الخط: Times New Roman؛ وبحجم خط 10 نقطة وتباعد الاسطر واحد كما ويجب ألا يتجاوز عدد الكلمات في الملخص 200 كلمة. يجب ألا يحتوي الملخص أي مراجع، ويجب شرح الاختصارات في الملخص اذا تم ذكرها فيه.
İş Fikrinin Ticarileştirilmesinde Pazar Analizinin Önemi
Authors: Korkmaz H. Ufuk
Published: July 2024

Teknolojik girişimciler bir iş fikrini hayata geçirmek istediklerinde gelişmiş bir teknoloji içeren inovatif bir ürüne odaklanmaktadır. Uzun süren araştırma ve geliştirme süreçleri tamamlandıktan sonra, girişimciler pazara sunulmaya hazır bir ürün elde etmektedir. Girişimciler tarafından gelişmiş bir teknolojiye sahip, Ar-Ge sonucu elde edilmiş inovatif bir ürünün ticarileştirme için yeterli olduğuna, pazarda kolaylıkla yer bularak rakiplerine göre fark yaratacağına ve müşteriler tarafından tercih edileceğine inanılmaktadır. Ancak pazara giriş yapıldığında ticarileştirme ile ilgili birçok problem ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Hedef müşterinin belirlenmesinde, rakip işletmelerin analizinde, tedarikçilerin seçilmesinde, dağıtım kanallarının kullanılmasında ve satış hedeflerinin tahminlenmesinde hatalar ve eksiklikler yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle girişimcilerin ticarileştirme aşamasında yaşayabilecekleri problemleri en aza indirebilmesinin yollarından birisi güçlü pazar analizine sahip bir iş planı ile yola çıkılmasıdır. Girişimcilerin iş fikirlerini henüz pazara sunmadan önce, detaylı bir pazar analizi yapılırken izlenebilecek adımların belirlenebilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Türkiye’de girişimcilere şirketleşme aşamasında finansman desteği sağlayan TÜBİTAK ve KOSGEB ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada iki kamu hibe kurumunun iş planları karşılaştırılmaktadır. Her iki kurumun iş planlarında yer alan pazar analizi bölümlerinde talep edilen veriler karşılaştırılarak sektör ve pazar, müşteri, pazarlama, rakipler ve rekabet, tedarikçi, dağıtım ve satış adımları incelenmiştir. Bu ana başlıklarda girişimcilerin dikkat etmesi gereken unsurlara ilişkin öneriler detaylandırılmaktadır. İş planı hazırlanmasında takip edilmesi gereken adımlara yönelik öneriler verilmektedir.
Application of Mentoring and Entrepreneurship Management in Higher Education
Authors: Chávez Wilmer Ortega ,   National Intercultural University of the Amazon, Pucallpa, Ucayali, Peru., Pérez Janett Karina Vásquez , Curasma Alfredo Paucar , Narváez Daniel Alberto Valenzuela , Añorga Carlos Máximo Gonzáles , Toribio Roberth Lozano Tacuri , Llana Miriam Esther Campos ,   National Intercultural University of the Amazon, Ucayali, Peru,   National Intercultural University of the Amazon, Ucayali, Peru.,   National University José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, Peru,   National University José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, Peru,   National University José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, Peru.,   National University José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, Peru.
Published: July 2024

Mentoring and entrepreneurship management are characteristics that must be promoted in the organization be-cause the success of a business depends on them. Entrepreneurship is an innate quality of personality; however, it can be developed through education. This paper aims to show the initial steps to develop entrepreneurship and mentoring programs within today's Peruvian universities. For this, we count on the support of four specialists who determined the essential factors for designing academic entrepreneurship programs in Peru. They also serve to evaluate the importance of these concepts. From a quantitative point of view, we use the Neutrosophic AHP technique to calculate the weights to measure the importance of each of these factors in the teaching of these concepts on the university campuses of Peru. The Neutrosophic AHP method is the generalization to the neutro-sophic framework of the well-known AHP, where indeterminacy is included within decision-making.
Enhancing Agricultural Productivity in Uzbekistan: Arduino-Based IoT Framework for Sunflower Seed Yield Improvement through Air and Soil Moisture Monitoring
Authors: Ather Danish ,   Post Doctoral Research Fellow, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Hamid Abu B. Bin Abdul , Ya’akub Noor I. Binti , Kler Rajneesh ,   Amity University in Tashkent, Uzbekistan,   Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,   Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,   Post Doctoral Research Fellow, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ;Amity University in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Published: July 2024

The core theme of the current investigation is to explore the application of an IoT framework protocol based on an Arduino platform designed to optimize sunflower seed production in Uzbekistan based on the levels of air quality and soil moisture. In essence, the need is to give best actionable intelligence to farmers and the stakeholders in the agricultural sector on crop growing opportunities. The above proposed system involves the use of air quality sensors MQ-135 for instance, and soil moisture sensors. The sensors are connected to Arduino boards to collect necessary data and measurements are recorded every 30 minutes using available WiFi and Bluetooth modules for continuous monitoring. The simulation reveals air quality data of the sunflower fields of the present scenario to be an average at PM2.5 is of 75 µg/m³, which poses danger to the wellbeing of plants. It is further expected that the use of MQ-135 air quality sensors will decrease the overall average of PM2.5 to 45 µg/m³, the local authorities managed to cut emissions by 40% as part of the EU plan. At the present time, the content of the field moistures is 15 % VWC, which is not favorable for sunflower development. Soil moisture sensors for accurate irrigation control is another advance that requires soil moisture levels to rise to 25% vadium weight (VWC), up from 66. 7% improvement. Therefore, it means that the yields from the sunflower seeds are expected to rise from the current average of 1, 500Kg/ha to 1, 875 Kg/ha, which is a 25% enhancement. These results imply that IoT systems developed on the Arduino platform may be used to oversee environmental alteration and increase the agricultural crop yield by a wide margin. The possibility was identified to achieve significant outcomes in increasing sunflower seed production based on this framework when implemented on a larger scale for the benefit of Uzbek farmers.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Scramble Berbantuan Media Video Animasi pada Pembelajaran Matematika untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Oktaviany Natasha , Yantoro Yantoro , Risdalina Risdalina
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe scramble berbantuan media video animasi pada pembelajaran matematika untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa kelas IV SDN 14/I Sungai Baung. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dengan cara observasi dan wawancara di SDN 14/I Sungai Baung, Kecamatan Muara Bulian, Kabupaten Batang Hari pada kelas IV. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus, dengan empat tahapan yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Hasilnya adalah pada siklus I pertemuan pertama memperoleh persentase sebesar 57,6% dengan kategori “Rendah”, sedangkan pada siklus I pertemuan kedua diperoleh persentase sebesar 66,1% dengan kategori “Sedang” dengan peningkatan sebanyak 8,5%. Pada siklus II pertemuan pertama diperoleh persentase sebesar 72,3% dengan kategori “Tinggi”. Disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe scramble berbantuan media video animasi pada pembelajaran matematika dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa kelas IV SDN 14/I Sungai Baung. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan terjadinya peningkatan tiap indikator motivasi belajar pada tiap siklus pertemuannya.
Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter Religius Berbasis Budaya Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Kawasan Maritim
Authors: Noviana Putri Treeple , Amrullah Muhlasin
Published: July 2024

Karakter religius dapat terbentuk melalui pembiasaan yang melekat dan disertai rasa cinta terhadap anak yang menjadikan nilai-nilai moral dapat tersampaikan dan diterapkan oleh anak yang berdampak pada karakternya di kehidupan. Budaya sekolah merupakan pemahaman dan harapan bagi tenaga kependidikan untuk mewujudkan karakter yang religius pada peserta didik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji lebih dalam penguatan karakter religius melalui budaya sekolah yang ada di sekolah dasar negeri kawasan maritime desa Dukuhsari. Penelitian menggunakan kualitatif deskriptif dengan jenis studi kasus. Lokasi penelitian ini berada di sekolah dasar negeri kawasan maritime desa Dukuhsari. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, lembar tes dan dokumentasi digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat budaya sekolah yang telah dilaksanakan secara rutin sebagai bentuk penguatan karakter religius peserta didik yang meliputi berdoa sebelum dan sesudah pembelajaran serta sholat dhuha sholat dhuhur secara berjamaah. Karakter religius yang dihasilkan untuk diri peserta didik ialah menjadi lebih rajin dalam beribadah sesuai dengan ajaran agama serta dapat memiliki moral agama yang baik sehingga dapat menyikapi hal-hal yang tidak sesuai dengan ajaran agama.
Peramalan Produksi Padi di Kabupaten Kendal Tahun 2024 Menggunakan Metode VAR (Vektor Autoregressive)
Authors: Irfan Muhammad Ibadullah , Sulistijanti Wellie
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meramalkan produksi padi di Kabupaten Kendal pada tahun 2023 dengan menggunakan metode Vector Autoregressive (VAR). Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi luas tanah (LT), curah hujan (CH), produktivitas (PRDTVS), dan produksi padi (PDRSI). Data sekunder diambil dari Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Kendal dari periode Januari 2018 hingga Desember 2023. Hasil uji VECM menunjukkan bahwa luas tanah dan produktivitas memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap produksi padi dalam jangka panjang, sedangkan curah hujan memiliki pengaruh negatif signifikan. Uji IRF menunjukkan respons signifikan produksi padi terhadap perubahan dalam variabel lainnya, di mana peningkatan curah hujan awalnya menurunkan produksi padi sebelum akhirnya beradaptasi dan meningkat. Penambahan luas tanah dan peningkatan produktivitas juga menunjukkan dampak positif yang signifikan setelah adaptasi awal. Uji Variance Decomposition (VD) menunjukkan bahwa pada periode awal, variabilitas produksi padi sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh luas tanah, namun kontribusi variabel curah hujan dan produktivitas meningkat seiring waktu. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan wawasan penting untuk perencanaan pertanian dan pengelolaan sumber daya di Kabupaten Kendal.
Analisis Penggunaan Model Pembelajaran Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika Materi Pecahan Kelas V di SD 4 Gulang
Authors: Hati Deviana Intan Gadys Permata , Rondli Wawan Shokib , Darmuki Agus
Published: July 2024

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis penerapan model pembelajaran realistic matematcs education (RME). Matematika sering menjadi mata pelajaran yang menakutkan bagi anak anak. Anak merasa kesulitan dengan pelajaran matematika karena mereka menganggap bahwa matematika adalah sebuah pelajaran yang penuh dengan angka dan membingungkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SD 4 Gulanh dengan subjek penelitian kelas V. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif.  Metode kualitatif adalah sebuah metode penelitian yang mengkaji sebuah permasalahan ataupun objek melalui berbagai kajian. Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini berdasarkan observasi, wawancara, dan juga kajian literatur dari berbagai sumber untuk keabsahan data dalam penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini yakni dengan adanya penggunaan model pembelajaran RME anak anak menjadi lebih memahami materi yang di sampaikan oleh guru. Artinya model pembelajaran RME memiliki dampak yang positif terhadap kegiatan belajar anak. Dampak dari penggunaan model pembelajaran RME yakni (1) anak lebih antusias dalam mengikuti pembelajaran; (2) anak terlihat lebih aktif dan tidak hanya menjadi pendengar; (3) anak lebih bersemangat dan lebih bisa memahami materi yang di sampaikan; (4) hasil belajar anak melalui Model Pembelajaran RME lebih baik yakni sudah banyak yang nilainya lebih dari KKM.
Intertekstualitas Syair Raja Damsyik karya Haji Ibrahim Datuk Kaya Muda Riau
Authors: Rahmi Nailur , Rahman Elmustian , Sinaga Mangatur
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan transformasi teks pada hikayat Raja Damsyik menjadi Syair Raja Damsyik karya Haji Ibrahim Datuk Kaya Muda Riau. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori intertekstual. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif. Dari hasil dan analisis transformasi teks telah ditemukan perubahan bentuk teks dalam aspek ekspansi, aspek konversi, aspek modifikasi, dan aspek ekserp. Aspek ini dianalisis berdasarkan unsur intrinsik dalam teks hikayat dan teks syair Raja Damsyik yaitu tema, alur, latar, tokoh dan penokohan, sudut pandang, gaya bahasa, dan amanat. Adapun data yang telah penulis peroleh yaitu yang pertama berdasarkan aspek ekspansi diperoleh data pada unsur intrinsik sudut pandang syair. Kemudian yang kedua berdasarkan aspek konversi diperoleh data dari unsur intrinsiknya yaitu pada alur (plot). Aspek ketiga adalah modifikasi diperoleh data dari unsur intrinsiknya yaitu pada gaya bahasa pada syair Raja Damsyik. Aspek keempat adalah ekserp diperoleh data dari unsur intrinsiknya yaitu pada tema, latar, tokoh dan penokohan, sudut pandang, dan amanat. Setelah memperoleh dan menganalisis data, penulis menemukan data yang paling banyak atau dominan yaitu data yang diperoleh dari aspek ekserp pada unsur intrinsik tema, latar, tokoh dan penokohan, sudut pandang dan amanat.  Dalam proses transformasinya dari hikayat menjadi syair ini ditemukan kecenderungan pengarang syair dalam memadatkan isi cerita sehingga syair yang dibuat lebih singkat dibandingkan dengan hikayatnya sebagai teks hipogram, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa transformasi teks hikayat ke dalam syair mengalami proses penciutan.
Pembuatan Shampo Bar Body Scrub Dari Wortel dan Stroberi
Authors: Purbadi Mahardhika Bagdja Putra , Hendarsyah Rizqi Agisna , Sulaeman Rakha Noor , Rachmadi Danadyaksa Sandyaditha , Zakaria Dadang
Published: July 2024

Latar belakang penelitian ini bahwa khasiat wortel dan stroberi yang membuatnya cocok untuk perawatan kulit, serta manfaat spesifik yang mereka tawarkan saat digunakan dalam lulur. Selain itu, penelitian ini membahas potensi kekurangan dan keterbatasan bahan-bahan ini dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk penggunaannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi manfaat penggunaan scrub yang terbuat dari wortel dan stroberi. Metode penelitian menggunakan penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa scrub yang terbuat dari wortel dan stroberi ini efektif dalam mengangkat sel-sel kulit mati dan memberikan kelembaban serta kesegaran pada kulit. Dengan kandungan nutrisi dan antioksidan dari buah stroberi dan wortel, scrub ini menjadi solusi praktis untuk merawat kulit secara alami dan efisien.
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Indeks Pebangunan Manusia dengan Pendekatan Regresi Spasial
Authors: Hibatullah Muhammad Iqbaal , Yulianto Safaat
Published: July 2024

Indeks pembangunan manusia adalah pebandingan standar hidup, harapan hidup dan pendidikan yang layak untuk semua negara di dunia. IPM juga digunakan untuk menentukan apakah suatu negara termasuk dalam kelompok negara majuPenelitian ini menggunakan metode Regresi spasial, Regresi spasial bertjuan untuk mengatasi masalah autokorelasi, meningkatkan akurasi estimasi, dan memberikan interpretasi yang lebih baik, provinsi Jawa tengah tingkat Indeks Pembangunan Manusia terbagi dalam 3 tingkatan Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan dan analisis dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa model Spasial Autoregressive (SAR) terpilih sebagai model regresi spasial yang terbaik dibanding Model Error Spasial (SEM) dan Regresi linear berganda (berdasarkan output aplikasi Geoda) dalam menentukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi indeks pembangunan manusia di Provinsi Jawa Tengah.
Biogas Production, Upgrading, and Utilization: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ijaola Ahmed , Akamo Damilola , Bamidele Emmanuel , Jolaoso Lateef , Asmatulu Eylem , Farayibi Peter , Adelakun Oluwatobi , Manovic Vasilije
Published: July 2024

In recent years, researchers have made tremendous efforts to produce alternative fuels from bioresources, to lower the carbon footprint and emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Biogas is a potential energy source for achieving this due to its renewable nature, eco-friendliness, and low cost. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a prominent method of biogas production through the actions of consortia of bacteria in the absence of oxygen. Upgrading biogas is required to meet the requirements of the potential utilization area. This study aims to review the different biogas production, upgrading, and utilization technologies available in the literature. It further provides a matching framework for the biogas quality required for any potential utilization area to the upgrading technologies needed to achieve the quality. Also, this review examines future work to be done in the areas of biogas production, upgrading, and utilization, as well as government policies that could enhance the implementation of this future work.
Numerical way out through finite volume method for Navier-Stokes type blood flow inside stenosed curved arteries
Authors: Almutairi Shahah
Published: July 2024

This article explores the intricate fluid dynamics within stenosed curved arteries, focusing on Newtonian or viscous fluids' incompressible, two-dimensional, and time-independent flow. The modeled Navier-Stokes equations in curvilinear coordinates are solved numerically through the finite volume method by using open foam, and exact solutions are also computed after using the assumptions of mild stenosis. The flow inside a stenosed curved artery having computational results through FVM is the main achievement of the present work. We have included 2D and 3D graphics depicting pressure gradient, velocity distribution, and shear stress for physical visualization. This helps provide a clear understanding of the physical circumstances exhibited in the analysis. This work contributes significantly to biomechanics by unraveling the intricacies of fluid flow in stenosed curved arteries. The combination of numerical simulations, exact solutions, and visual representations enhances our understanding of the underlying physical phenomena, paving the way for further advancements in cardiovascular research and clinical applications. These visual representations serve as crucial tools for physical visualization, enhancing the interpretability of the complex flow patterns observed in the analysis.
Securing Breakneck Pace of 5G Networks Air Interfaces Through Proactive AI Monitoring
Authors: Kausar Parveen
Published: July 2024

The promise of 5G networks enabling emerging technologies comes with formidable new security challenges. This paper proposes an AI-driven real-time security monitoring and incident response framework tailored to 5G infrastructure. A multi-layered architecture is presented using specialized deep learning models for radio access, edge, core, and network slice threat detection. Models including CNNs, RNNs, and transformers perform traffic analysis, signal classification, and log anomaly detection. A centralized controller aggregates model outputs into an integrated threat intelligence engine that deduces attack context and recommends mitigations. Further, a conversational bot interacts with security analysts in natural language to explain threats, suggest responses, and answer queries. The intelligent assistant is designed using dialog trees and transformer networks trained on security datasets. Evaluation on real-world 5G trial networks demonstrates 95% accuracy in classifying radio signal spoofing attacks and 98% precision in identifying malware infections. Analyst surveys confirm improved productivity and faster incident response with the AI assistant. As 5G matures, robust analytics and AI collaboration will grow increasingly critical for secure network operations. This research aims to provide both a conceptual framework and proven techniques as key enablers.
Advanced Techniques of Malware Evasion and Bypass in the Age of Antivirus
Authors: Kausar Parveen  , Kinza Batool
Published: July 2024

The use of antivirus software as the main line of protection against growing cyber threats highlights the necessity of comprehending and resolving its limits. This study provides light on the ease of use and accessibility of tools used by hackers by carefully examining the complex terrain of malware evasion and bypass tactics. The persistent evolution of malware evasion and bypass techniques presents a significant cybersecurity challenge. The main objective is to educate users about the ever-changing hazards and provide them with the knowledge they need to properly strengthen their digital defenses. The literature analysis highlights the necessity for continued attention by establishing a strong correlation between the effectiveness of evasion strategies and their age and popularity. While modern antivirus software shows strong resistance against a range of tried-and-true techniques when updated on a regular basis, the study reveals a crucial component in its testing. This entails applying simple yet effective tweaks to well-known evasion techniques, demonstrating their capacity to fool even the most recent antivirus software. A thorough examination of malware evasion tactics, including both on-desk and in-memory approaches, is given in the methods section. Packing, obfuscators, protectors, reflective DLL injection, remote process memory injection, process hollowing, and inline hooking are all covered in detail in this paper. Subsequently, the study delves deeper into distinct evasion strategies, such defensive evasion through direct system calls and sophisticated evasion tactics, showcasing malware developers' versatility in evading antivirus and endpoint detection and response (EDR) systems.
Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis by oral fluids and fecal samples in Canadian swine
Authors: Campler Magnus , Cheng Ting-Yu , Angulo Jose , Van De Weyer Leanne , Goncalves Arruda Andreia
Published: July 2024

Objectives: The study objectives were to 1) describe the proportion of Lawsonia intracellularis-positive samples in unvaccinated and vaccinated Canadian swine herds during the mid- and late-finishing phases; 2) compare the probability of detecting L intracellularis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction using fecal samples (FS) and oral fluids (OF); and 3) investigate risk factors of L intracellularis detection using FS and OF. Material and methods: Site demographics and vaccination protocols were obtained from 40 Canadian swine sites via questionnaire. Three OF and 3 FS were collected per site once during the mid-finisher (15-17 wk of age) and once during the late-finisher (20-22 wk of age) production stages. Results: Half of all investigated production sites were positive for L intracellularis. A 2-fold increase in L intracellularis detection rate was observed for OF compared to FS (odds ratio = 2.36; 95% CI, 1.24-4.49; P = .009). The presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) had a 5-fold increased risk of L intracellularis positivity compared to sites without PCV2 (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 4.99; 95% CI, 1.29-20.23; P = .02). A higher positive rate was found for sites with L intracellularis outbreaks within the last 2 years (IRR = 3.08; 95% CI, 1.51-6.37; P = .002). Implications: This study presents evidence that OF may have a higher detection rate compared to FS for L intracellularis. Herds with PCV2 or exposure to recent L intracellularis outbreaks may be at increased risk of harboring L intracellularis and warrant additional investigation.
Les effets du crédit d’impôt pour la prolongation de carrière sur l’emploi et les revenus
Authors: Gallienne Samy , Lacroix Guy
Published: July 2024

En 2012, le gouvernement du Québec a introduit le Crédit d’impôt pour la prolongation de carrière (CIPC), une mesure fiscale touchant les travailleurs de 65 ans et plus (60 ans et plus depuis 2019). Le crédit vise à éliminer l’impôt à payer sur une partie du revenu de travail des travailleurs expérimentés afin de les inciter à demeurer ou à retourner sur le marché du travail. Cette mesure a été bonifiée chaque année depuis 2015 de sorte que le coût de la mesure est passé d’un modeste 46 M$ en 2012 à plus de 342 M$ en 2019. En utilisant les microdonnées de panel de l’Étude longitudinale et internationale des adultes (ÉLIA) de 2012 à 2020, les auteurs proposent une série d’approches méthodologiques pour évaluer l’impact du crédit sur les comportements d’offre de travail. Les estimations fondées sur la méthode la plus efficiente d’un point de vue statistique suggèrent que le CIPC a eu un impact significatif sur les revenus d’emploi, en particulier pour les femmes. Toutefois, les effets ne surviennent qu’à partir de la quatrième ou cinquième année suivant de l’implantation du crédit, soit les années de forte bonification du crédit. Les auteurs soulignent qu’au-delà de son efficacité avérée, la question de l’efficience du crédit — soit l’impact réel d’une possible participation accrue au marché du travail sur les revenus imposables, et conséquemment sur les recettes fiscales du gouvernement — reste toutefois à démontrer.
Adsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate onto Activated Coconut Shell-Based Adsorbent: Isothermal Remodelling
Authors: Sha’arani Shakirah Abdul Wahab , Yasid Nur Adeela , Halmi Mohd Izuan Effendi , Othman Ahmad Razi , Shukor Mohd Yunus
Published: July 2024

A remodelling evaluation was conducted on the sorption isotherm data for SDS adsorption onto activated coconut shell using nonlinear regression. A total of nineteen models, including BET, Brouers-Sotolongo, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Fowler-Guggenheim, Freundlich, Fritz-Schlunder III, Hill, Henry, Jovanovic, Khan, Langmuir, Moreau, Radke-Prausnitz, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Temkin, Toth, Unilan, and Vieth-Sladek, were employed to determine the best fit through nonlinear regression. All models were found to exhibit good fits to the data, except for the Fowler-Guggenheim, Henry and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. Statistical analysis based on error function assessments, including accuracy factor (AF), bias factor (BF), root-mean-square error (RMSE), adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), corrected AICc (Akaike Information Criterion), and Hannan-Quinn Criterion (HQC), revealed that the best performance was achieved by the Moreau model followed by (descending order) Unilan, Redlich-Peterson, Fritz-Schlunder III, Toth, and Langmuir. The maximum adsorption capacity estimates given by the Moreau and Langmuir models were better in line with experimental findings. The value of the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for SDS binding to activated coconut shell according to the Langmuir’s parameter qmL was 81.93 mg g-1 (95% Confidence interval from 76.422 to 87.440), while bL (L mg-1), the Langmuir model constants was 0.10 L mg-1 (95% C.I. from 0.070 to 0.133). The value of the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for SDS binding to activated coconut shell according to the Moreau’s parameter qmM was 90.82 mg g-1 (95% Confidence interval from 76.336 to 105.303), while b (L mg-1), the Moreau’s model constant was 0.15 L mg-1 (95% C.I. from 0.089 to 0.203) and l, another Moreau’s dimensionless constant was 0.3 (95% C.I. from -0.049 to 0.646).
Program parenting dalam meningkatkan kedisiplinan siswa ( studi kasus di MI Mambaul Hasan Batur Gading Probolinggo).
Authors: Mufidah Nani Zahrotul , Aini Nur
Published: July 2024

This journal discusses the parenting program in improving student discipline (Case Study of MI Mambaul Hasan Batur Gading Probolinggo) The purpose of this research is to find out how the parenting program is implemented, the implementation of the parenting program and the factors that support and hinder the implementation of the parenting program. The results of the research that has been done regarding the parenting program in improving student discipline at MI Mambaul Hasan Batur Gading Probolinggo, namely the parenting program is intended for student guardians as a training tool to develop, hone, and provide new insights within the scope of how to educate children properly and correctly using the seminar method. The impact of the implementation of the parenting program held at MI Mambaul Hasan Batur Gading Probolinggo provides a good change in parents' parenting patterns towards their children, parents understand more about how to educate and discipline their children, so that children's discipline increases, both in discipline towards learning time and in discipline towards the rules in school. There are several factors that support and hinder the implementation of the parenting program held at MI Mambaul Hasan Batur Gading Probolinggo, including the existence of a good relationship between the school and student guardians, resource persons who are competent in parenting material and become good motivators for student guardians, the material delivered in accordance with the needs of student guardians. While the inhibiting factors include less than optimal preparation so that the socialization of the parenting program is not optimal.
THE INFLUENCE OF COFFEE TASTE AND TO PRODUCT VARIETY TOWARDS CUSTOMER LOYALTY (STUDY ON COFFEE FROMMAKASSAR COFFEE)
Authors: Aldi Pratama Putra  , Asdi Asdi , Aulia Aulia
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study is a type of quantitative research with the aim of determining the influence of taste and product diversity on customer loyalty study on coffee Darikopi Makassar. Samples were taken from customers of Darikopi Makassar. The type of data used in this study is quantitative data obtained from the results of questionnaires that have been distributed to regular customers of Darikopi Makassar. Data collection is carried out through literature review, questionnaire distribution and documentation. In this study, the data sources used include primary data and secondary data. The research instrument used in this study used the Likert scale method. Based on the results of research using SPSS on the influence of taste and product diversity on customer loyalty of Darikopi Makassar, it was concluded that taste had a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty which was marked by 4,296 > 1.66 with a significance of 0.000. Product diversity has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty which is marked by 5,785 > 1.66 with a significance of 0.000. Taste and product diversity have an effect of 51.6% on customer loyalty, and simultaneously affect it which is characterized by a probability value of 0.000 < 0.05, Product diversity from Makassar Coffee needs to be maintained and further improved because the results show that product diversity has a more influence than taste on customer loyalty.
Sea Power as National Defence: Has Indonesia implemented it?
Authors: Dyah Sekar Arum  , Jonni Mahhroza  , Lukman Yudho Prakoso  , Tasdik Tasdik , Sri Patmi
Published: July 2024

The objective is to analyze the role of maritime defense in Indonesia's national strength and alliances, examining modern naval capabilities, regulations, investment, and Mahan's Sea Power principles for strategic readiness and economic integration in the 21st century. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method, focusing on in-depth understanding and data interpretation. Triangulation is used for data validity, and analysis follows an inductive approach without generalization. Additionally, it utilizes sea power theory and defense diplomacy concepts to explore Indonesia's maritime strength and diplomatic efforts. Sea Power is an important issue for all countries in the world. Several maritime conflicts have gotten out of control due to a lack of input regarding naval defence strategies. Such as conflicts over the dynamics of China's militarisation in the South China Sea (LCS) region or the Russia-Ukraine Black Sea conflict. Considering Indonesia as a maritime country that is required to immediately provide national defence in the future, to prevent future conflicts, following the application of sea power, Indonesia is considered to have achieved the criteria in this matter. Therefore, through the application of Alferd Thayer Mahan's "Sea Power" theory, researchers try to adapt this theory to several Indonesian efforts in the 21st Century with an interest in highlighting the Indonesian Navy's efforts and strategies in achieving contemporary sea power in the 21st century. With a focus on research into Indonesia's national interests in achieving sea power and Indonesian naval strategy. With the results, it is hoped that readers will be able to realize the importance of the sea and find out to what extent Indonesia has implemented Mahan's theory by examining the two superpower countries, the US and China, which are countries that have applied this theory to their navies