bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Node Adjustment Scheme of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Motion Prediction Model
Authors: Zheng Han , Chen Haonan , Du Anqi , Yang Meijiao , Jin Zhigang , Chen Ye
Published: July 2024

With the wide application of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) in various fields, more and more attention has been paid to deploying and adjusting network nodes. A UWSN is composed of nodes with limited mobility. Drift movement leads to the network structure’s destruction, communication performance decline, and node life-shortening. Therefore, a Node Adjustment Scheme based on Motion Prediction (NAS-MP) is proposed, which integrates the layered model of the ocean current’s uneven depth, the layered ocean current prediction model based on convolutional neural network (CNN)–transformer, the node trajectory prediction model, and the periodic depth adjustment model based on the Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA), to improve the network coverage and connectivity. Firstly, the error threshold of the current velocity and direction in the layer was introduced to divide the depth levels, and the regional current data model was constructed according to the measured data. Secondly, the CNN–transformer hybrid network was used to predict stratified ocean currents. Then, the prediction data of layered ocean currents was applied to the nodes’ drift model, and the nodes’ motion trajectory prediction was obtained. Finally, based on the trajectory prediction of nodes, the SOA obtained the optimal depth of nodes to optimize the coverage and connectivity of the UWSN. Experimental simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is superior.
N-(2-(Benzylamino)ethyl)-4-(naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)benzamide
Authors: Leuci Rosalba , Loiodice Fulvio , Piemontese Luca
Published: July 2024

In this study, we report the synthesis of N-(2-(benzylamino)ethyl)-4-(naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)benzamide, designed on the basis of the structures of the PPARγ partial agonist SR2067 and of the commercial acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drug donepezil, aiming for a multi-target approach for the therapy of elderly diseases, such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. The compound was fully characterized by using 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR and HRMS.
Ship Selection and Inspection Scheduling in Inland Waterway Transport
Authors: Qiao Xizi , Yang Ying , Pang King-Wah , Jin Yong , Wang Shuaian
Published: July 2024

Inland waterway transport is considered a critical component of sustainable maritime transportation and is subject to strict legal regulations on fuel quality. However, crew members often prefer cheaper, inferior fuels for economic reasons, making government inspections crucial. To address this issue, we formulate the ship selection and inspection scheduling problem into an integer programming model under a multi-inspector and multi-location scenario, alongside a more compact symmetry-eliminated model. The two models are developed based on ship itinerary information and inspection resources, aiming to maximize the total weight of the inspected ships. Driven by the unique property of the problem, a customized heuristic algorithm is also designed to solve the problem. Numerical experiments are conducted using the ships sailing on the Yangtze River as a case study. The results show that, from the perspective of the computation time, the compact model is 102.07 times faster than the original model. Compared with the optimal objectives value, the gap of the solution provided by our heuristic algorithm is 0.37% on average. Meanwhile, our algorithm is 877.19 times faster than the original model, demonstrating the outstanding performance of the proposed algorithm in solving efficiency.
Hydrogen (H2)/Toluene (TOL) Separation via One and Two Stages of the Bis(triethoxysily)ethane (BTESE) Membranes
Authors: Ibrahim Suhaina Mohd , Yu Xin , Miyata Shigeru , Mishina Kengo , Salak Feridoun , Lawal Sulaiman Oladipo , Tsuru Toshinori , Sawamura Ken-ichi
Published: July 2024

The separation ability of bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE) membranes for hydrogen (H2) purification from hydrogen (H2)/toluene (TOL) gas mixtures after a methylcyclohexane (MCH) dehydrogenation process was investigated via one-stage and two-stage membrane processes. This study revealed that BTESE membranes of varied pore sizes (0.4, 0.5, and 0.7 nm) in a one-stage configuration can manage to achieve a H2 purity ~99.9%. However, the TOL concentrations fell within a wide range, ranging from 280 to 5441 ppm. A primary goal of this research was to lower the TOL concentration in the permeate stream below 200 ppm. Hence, by applying the two-stage membrane, it was demonstrated that the TOL concentration in the permeate stream could be lowered below 200 ppm.
Combination of Evidence from Bibliometrics and Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies miR-21 as a Potential Therapeutical Target for Diabetes
Authors: Chen Yiqing , Ye Xuan , Zhang Xiao , Guo Zilin , Chen Wei , Pan Zihan , Zhang Zengjie , Li Bing , Wang Hongyun , Yao Jianhua
Published: July 2024

Many microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as being involved in diabetes; however, the question of which ones may be the most promising therapeutical targets still needs more investigation. This study aims to understand the overall development tendency and identify a specific miRNA molecule to attenuate diabetes. We developed a combined analysis method based on bibliometrics and bioinformatics to visualize research institutions, authors, cited references, and keywords to identify a promising target for diabetes. Our data showed that diabetes-related miRNA is receiving continuously increasing attention, with a large number of publications, indicating that this is still a hot topic in diabetes research. Scientists from different institutions are collaborating closely in this field. miR-21, miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-34a are frequently mentioned as high-frequency keywords in the related references. Moreover, among all the above miRNAs, bioinformatics analysis further strengthens the argument that miR-21 is the top significantly upregulated molecule in diabetes patients and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Our study may provide a way to identify targets and promote the clinical translation of miRNA-related therapeutical strategies for diabetes, which could also indicate present and future directions for research in this area.
Electrical Capacitors Based on Silicone Oil and Iron Oxide Microfibers: Effects of the Magnetic Field on the Electrical Susceptance and Conductance
Authors: Bica Ioan , Anitas Eugen Mircea , Iacobescu Gabriela Eugenia
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the fabrication and characterization of plane capacitors utilizing magnetodielectric materials composed of magnetizable microfibers dispersed within a silicone oil matrix. The microfibers, with a mean diameter of about 0.94 μm, comprise hematite (α-Fe2O3), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), and magnetite (Fe3O4). This study investigates the electrical behavior of these capacitors under the influence of an external magnetic field superimposed on a medium-frequency alternating electric field, across four distinct volume concentrations of microfibers. Electrical capacitance and resistance measurements were conducted every second over a 60-s interval, revealing significant dependencies on both the quantity of magnetizable phase and the applied magnetic flux density. Furthermore, the temporal stability of the capacitors’ characteristics is demonstrated. The obtained data are analyzed to determine the electrical conductance and susceptance of the capacitors, elucidating their sensitivity to variations in microfiber concentration and magnetic field strength. To provide theoretical insight into the observed phenomena, a model based on dipolar approximations is proposed. This model effectively explains the underlying physical mechanisms governing the electrical properties of the capacitors. These findings offer valuable insights into the design and optimization of magnetodielectric-based capacitors for diverse applications in microelectronics and sensor technologies.
Comparing the Microbiome of the Adenoids in Children with Secretory Otitis Media and Children without Middle Ear Effusion
Authors: Sokolovs-Karijs Oļegs , Brīvība Monta , Saksis Rihards , Rozenberga Maija , Bunka Laura , Girotto Francesca , Osīte Jana , Reinis Aigars , Sumeraga Gunta , Krūmiņa Angelika
Published: July 2024

Background: The adenoids, primary sites of microbial colonization in the upper airways, can influence the development of various conditions, including otitis media with effusion (OME). Alterations in the adenoid microbiota have been implicated in the pathogenesis of such conditions. Aim: This study aims to utilize 16S rRNA genetic sequencing to identify and compare the bacterial communities on the adenoid surfaces of children with OME and children with healthy middle ears. Additionally, we seek to assess the differences in bacterial diversity between these two groups. Materials and Methods: We collected adenoid surface swabs from forty children, divided into two groups: twenty samples from children with healthy middle ears and twenty samples from children with OME. The V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Alpha and beta diversity indices were calculated, and statistical analyses were performed to identify significant differences in bacterial composition. Results: Alpha diversity analysis, using Pielou’s index, revealed significantly greater evenness in the bacterial communities on the adenoid surfaces of the healthy ear group compared with the OME group. Beta diversity analysis indicated greater variability in the microbial composition of the OME group. The most common bacterial genera in both groups were Haemophilus, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Moraxella, and Peptostreptococcus. The healthy ear group was primarily dominated by Haemophilus and Streptococcus, whereas the OME group showed higher abundance of Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus. Additionally, the OME group exhibited statistically significant higher levels of Alloprevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Johnsonella, Parvimonas, and Bordetella compared with the healthy ear group. Conclusion: Our study identified significant differences in the bacterial composition and diversity on the adenoid surfaces of children with healthy middle ears and those with OME. The OME group exhibited greater microbial variability and higher abundances of specific bacterial genera. These findings suggest that the adenoid surface microbiota may play a role in the pathogenesis of OME. Further research with larger sample sizes and control groups is needed to validate these results and explore potential clinical applications.
Harnessing Machine Learning to Uncover Hidden Patterns in Azole-Resistant CYP51/ERG11 Proteins
Authors: Almeida Otávio Guilherme Gonçalves de , von Zeska Kress Marcia Regina
Published: July 2024

Fungal resistance is a public health concern due to the limited availability of antifungal resources and the complexities associated with treating persistent fungal infections. Azoles are thus far the primary line of defense against fungi. Specifically, azoles inhibit the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, producing defective sterols and impairing fluidity in fungal plasmatic membranes. Studies on azole resistance have emphasized specific point mutations in CYP51/ERG11 proteins linked to resistance. Although very insightful, the traditional approach to studying azole resistance is time-consuming and prone to errors during meticulous alignment evaluation. It relies on a reference-based method using a specific protein sequence obtained from a wild-type (WT) phenotype. Therefore, this study introduces a machine learning (ML)-based approach utilizing molecular descriptors representing the physiochemical attributes of CYP51/ERG11 protein isoforms. This approach aims to unravel hidden patterns associated with azole resistance. The results highlight that descriptors related to amino acid composition and their combination of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity effectively explain the slight differences between the resistant non-wild-type (NWT) and WT (nonresistant) protein sequences. This study underscores the potential of ML to unravel nuanced patterns in CYP51/ERG11 sequences, providing valuable molecular signatures that could inform future endeavors in drug development and computational screening of resistant and nonresistant fungal lineages.
Fungi-Derived Bioactive Compounds as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Quiñonero Francisco , Ortigosa-Palomo Alba , Ortiz Raul , Melguizo Consolacion , Prados Jose
Published: July 2024

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the tumors with the lowest 5-year survival rate worldwide due to late diagnosis and lack of effective therapy. Because of this, it is necessary to discover new ways of treatment to increase the quality of life of patients. In this context, the secondary metabolites of several fungi have been shown as a possible therapeutic strategy in several types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer, being able to trigger their action through the induction of apoptosis. The objective was to perform a systematic review process to analyze the studies carried out during the last ten years using secondary metabolites derived from fungi as antitumor treatment against PC. After the search process in three databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) a total of 199 articles were found, with 27 articles finally being included after screening. The results extracted from this systematic review process made it possible to determine the existence of bioactive compounds extracted from fungi that have been effective in in vitro and in vivo conditions and that may be applicable as a possible therapy to avoid drug resistance in PC, one of the major problems of this disease.
Discrimination of Muscovitisation Processes Using a Modified Quartz–Feldspar Diagram: Application to Beauvoir Greisens
Authors: Cathelineau Michel , Kahou Zia Steven
Published: July 2024

Alteration in greisen-type granites develops through the progressive replacement of feldspars by potassic micas. Under the name ‘greisen’, quartz–muscovite assemblages display differences and include a variety of facies with variable relative proportions of quartz and muscovite. In principle, feldspar conversion to muscovite is written usually considering constant aluminium, and should result in a modal proportion of six quartz plus one muscovite. In Beauvoir greisens, which result from albite-rich granite, the relative proportion of quartz–muscovite is in favour of muscovite. Such a balance results from a reaction that implies imputs of potassium and aluminium, thus different from the classic one. The Q’-F’ diagram provides a graphical solution for discriminating between reaction paths. A representative series of greisen data from the literature is compared in this diagram: Beauvoir B1 unit, Cligga Head, Cinovec, Panasqueira, Zhengchong, and Hoggar.
First Principle Study of the Relationship between Electronic Properties and Adsorption Energy: Xanthate Adsorption on Pyrite and Arsenopyrite
Authors: Cui Qiang , Liu Chongjun , Gao Zehui , Lu Tong , Zhao Zhiqiang , Zhu Yangge , Wu Guiye
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the correlation between the electronic structure of the active sites on mineral surfaces and their adsorption capacity. Density functional theory (DFT) and flotation experiments are employed to examine the bonding behavior and adsorption enthalpy of ethylxanthate on pyrite (1 0 0) and arsenopyrite (0 0 1) surfaces. The results indicate that ethylxanthate adsorbs more significantly on pyrite than on arsenopyrite. The adsorption is chemical, primarily occurring through the orbitals of sulfur in the ethylxanthate and iron on the mineral surface. Compared to arsenopyrite, the d-band center of the iron atoms on the surface of pyrite is closer to the Fermi level; thus, the adsorption strength of ethylxanthate on the pyrite surface is greater than on arsenopyrite. The d-band centers of pyrite and arsenopyrite exhibit a direct relationship with their adsorption capacity.
Rheological Behavior of an Aqueous Suspension of Oxidized Carbon Nanohorn (CNHox)
Authors: Moteki Ayumi , Kobayashi Motoyoshi
Published: July 2024

Oxidized carbon nanohorn (CNHox) a carbon nanomaterial that has attracted attention due to its unique material properties. It is expected to be applied in various areas like cancer treatment, gene-expression technology, fluids with high thermal conductivity, lubricants, and so on. While the rheological measurements of suspensions provide information on the effective size and interactions of suspended particles, the rheological behaviors of aqueous suspensions of CNHox have never been systematically investigated. To clarify the rheological behaviors of aqueous suspensions of CNHox, their viscosity and dynamic viscoelasticity were measured with changing particle concentration and salt concentration. The viscosity of a CNHox suspension showed yield stress at low shear rates and showed shear-thinning behavior with increasing shear rates. The viscosity of 5 weight % CNHox suspensions was comparable to that of 60 weight % silica suspensions. This high viscosity at a low CNHox concentration is probably due to the porous structure and large effective volume of the CNHox particle. The estimated effective volume of CNHox calculated by the Krieger−Dougherty equation was 18.9 times larger than the actual volume calculated by the mass concentration and density. The dependence of rheological behavior of the CNHox suspension on salt concentration was weak compared to that of the colloidal silica suspension. This weak dependence on salt concentration may be due to the roughness of the particle surface, which would weaken the effect of electric double-layer interactions and/or van der Waals interactions between particles. These rheological behaviors of the aqueous suspension of CNHox shown in this research will be useful in efforts to improve the efficiency of its utilization for the various applications.
Carbon Dots in Photodynamic/Photothermal Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Wang Siqi , McCoy Colin P. , Li Peifeng , Li Yining , Zhao Yinghan , Andrews Gavin P. , Wylie Matthew P. , Ge Yi
Published: July 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents an escalating global challenge as conventional antibiotic treatments become less effective. In response, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have emerged as promising alternatives. While rooted in ancient practices, these methods have evolved with modern innovations, particularly through the integration of lasers, refining their efficacy. PDT harnesses photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are detrimental to microbial cells, whereas PTT relies on heat to induce cellular damage. The key to their effectiveness lies in the utilization of photosensitizers, especially when integrated into nano- or micron-scale supports, which amplify ROS production and enhance antimicrobial activity. Over the last decade, carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a highly promising nanomaterial, attracting increasing attention owing to their distinctive properties and versatile applications, including PDT and PTT. They can not only function as photosensitizers, but also synergistically combine with other photosensitizers to enhance overall efficacy. This review explores the recent advancements in CDs, underscoring their significance and potential in reshaping advanced antimicrobial therapeutics.
Associations between Longitudinal Maternal and Cord Blood Vitamin D Status and Child Growth Trajectories Up to 4 Years of Age
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhou Chunyan , Zhang Jun , Tian Ying , Wang Xirui , Jiao Xianting , Zhang Yue , Yu Xiaodan
Published: July 2024

The current study aimed to explore the combined and individual effects of vitamin D (VitD) status in three trimesters during pregnancy and cord blood (CB) on child growth trajectories from birth to 4 years of age. Pregnant women (n = 1100) were recruited between 2013 and 2016 in the Shanghai Birth Cohort (SBC) Study. A total of 959 mother–child dyads were included. VitD status was measured by LC-MS/MS at three trimesters (T1, T2, T3) and CB. Children’s weight, length/height, and head circumference were assessed at birth, 42 days, 6, 12, 24 months, and 4 years of age, and standardized into z-scores [weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), length-for-age z-score (LAZ), head circumference-for-age z-score (HCZ) and weight-for-length z-score (WLZ)]. Using the group-based trajectory model (GBTM), the trajectories of the four growth parameters were categorized into discrete groups. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was employed to analyze the mixed effect of 25(OH)D throughout pregnancy on growth trajectories. The association between 25(OH)D status and each growth trajectory group was examined by multivariable logistic regression. Each 10 ng/mL increase in 25(OH) throughout three trimesters was not associated with four anthropometric parameters. Each 10 ng/mL increase in VitD in T3 was associated with a lower risk in the WAZ high-increasing trajectory (aOR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.91; p < 0.01). Each 10 ng/mL increase in VitD in CB was associated with a lower risk in the WAZ high-increasing trajectory (aOR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.76; p < 0.01). No significant association was found between maternal or CB VitD and LAZ or HCZ. Three trimesters’ VitD throughout pregnancy had no persistent effect on the offspring’s growth trajectory. However, higher VitD status in the third trimester and CB related to a lower risk of high-increasing WAZ from birth to 4 years of age. Elevated VitD levels in late pregnancy and cord blood may protect against continuous early-life weight growth at high levels.
Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Lactating Women Living in Poland—A Comparison with the Fatty Acid Profile of Selected Infant Formulas
Authors: Purkiewicz Aleksandra , Pietrzak-Fiećko Renata
Published: July 2024

The present study examined the fatty acid content of human milk from Polish women living in the Warmia and Mazury region with regard to different lactation periods and compared it with the fatty acid content of selected infant formulas. The analysis included samples of breast milk—colostrum (n = 21), transitional milk (n = 26), and mature milk (n = 22). Fat was extracted using the Rose-Gottlieb method, and the fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (FID). The proportion of SFAs (saturated fatty acids) > MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids) > PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) was determined in each fraction of breast milk and infant formula. Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids predominated in breast milk and infant formulas. Colostrum contained lower contents of selected SFAs (caprylic, capric, lauric) and higher contents of selected MUFAs (ercucic) and PUFAs (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic) (p < 0.05) relative to transitional and mature milk. Infant formulas were distinguished from human milk in terms of their SFA (caproic, caprylic, lauric, arachidic), MUFA (oleic), and PUFA (linoleic, α-linoleic) content. It should be noted that infant formulas contained significantly lower trans fatty acid (TFA) content—more than thirty-six and more than nineteen times lower than in human milk. Furthermore, human milk contained branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) at 0.23–0.28%, while infant formulas contained only trace amounts of these acids. The average ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids for human milk was 6.59:1 and was close to the worldwide ratio of 6.53 ± 1.72:1. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) indicated significant differences in the fatty acid profile relative to lactation and a different profile of infant formulas relative to breast milk.
Importance of an Ongoing Nutritional Counselling Intervention on Eating Habits of Newly Diagnosed Children with Celiac Disease
Authors: Perez-Junkera Gesala , Simón Edurne , Calvo Ariane Erika , García Casales Zuriñe , Oliver Goicolea Pablo , Serrano-Vela Juan Ignacio , Larretxi Idoia , Lasa Arrate
Published: July 2024

A strict lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the current treatment for the management of celiac disease (CD). Several studies have demonstrated that without proper dietary assessment, this diet leads to nutritional deficiencies and/or imbalances. The present study aimed to improve the dietary habits of newly diagnosed children with CD through ongoing and face-to-face dietary counseling. Forty-three participants were followed during the first year after CD diagnosis. Dietary data were collected at diagnosis (Vt0), after 3 months on a GFD (Vt3), and after 1 year following a GFD (Vt12). Participants completed a 3-day 24-h food recall, a food frequency questionnaire, and the KIDMED index. After each data collection, participants received dietary assessment and nutritional education. Participants consumed more plant-origin foods after the intervention, with most of them reaching the daily recommendations. Fresh food intake increased and that of ultra-processed foods decreased. Compliance with the Mediterranean diet also improved. Personalized dietary assessment and ongoing follow-up improved the dietary patterns of children recently diagnosed with CD, highlighting the importance of dietitian involvement in the management of CD.
Acquired and Inherited Zinc Deficiency-Related Diseases in Children: A Case Series and a Narrative Review
Authors: Bellini Tommaso , Bustaffa Marta , Tubino Barbara , Giordano Benedetta , Formigoni Clelia , Fueri Elena , Casabona Federica , Vanorio Barbara , Pastorino Andrea , Herzum Astrid , Matucci-Cerinic Caterina , Arrigo Serena , Viglizzo Gianmaria , Piccotti Emanuela
Published: July 2024

Zinc deficiency is a significant global health concern among children, manifesting in various acquired and inherited conditions. This comprehensive overview of acquired and inherited zinc deficiency-related diseases in children aimed to explore the clinical presentations, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies associated with these conditions. This case series elucidates the diverse clinical manifestations of zinc deficiency in pediatric patients, ranging from dermatitis and growth retardation to immune dysregulation and neurological abnormalities, and discusses the underlying genetic mechanisms, clinical phenotypes, and therapeutic interventions. The complexity of zinc deficiency-related diseases in children underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving pediatricians, dermatologists, geneticists, and nutritionists to optimize patient care and outcomes.
Sika Deer Velvet Antler Peptide Exerts Neuroprotective Effect in a Parkinson’s Disease Model via Regulating Oxidative Damage and Gut Microbiota
Authors: Liu Ying , Li Hongyuan , Yang Min , Guo Jia , Sun Zepeng , Wang Shuyue , Li Ru , Pang Xin , Kim Yumi , Wang Xiaohui , Peng Yinghua
Published: July 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder globally. Recognizing the potential of velvet antler in the nervous system, as shown in numerous studies, this research was aimed at evaluating the neuroprotective effects of Sika Deer velvet antler peptide (VAP), along with the underlying mechanisms in neurotoxin-induced PD models. Initially, a peptidomic analysis of the VAP, which comprised 189 varieties of peptides, was conducted using LC-MS. Nine sequences were identified as significant using Proteome Discoverer 2.5 software. In a cellular model of PD, where PC12 cells are treated with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the administration of the VAP reduced the cell damage and apoptosis induced by MPP+. This protective effect was associated with a decrease in oxidative stress. This protective mechanism was found to be mediated through the activation of the SIRT1-dependent Akt/Nrf2/HO-1-signaling pathway. In animal models, specifically in mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD, the administration of the VAP effectively reduced the dopaminergic neuron damage and reversed the neurobehavioral deficits. They also diminished microglia activation and apoptosis, all without any noticeable adverse effects. Additionally, the VAP was observed to beneficially alter the gut microbiota, as marked by an increase in the abundances of Prevotellaceae, Helicobacteraceae, and Prevotella. These findings suggest that VAP exerts its neuroprotective effect against neurodegeneration by inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating gut microbiota.
High-Altitude Medicinal Plants as Promising Source of Phytochemical Antioxidants to Combat Lifestyle-Associated Oxidative Stress-Induced Disorders
Authors: Ashraf Mohammad Vikas , Khan Sajid , Misri Surya , Gaira Kailash S. , Rawat Sandeep , Rawat Balwant , Khan M. A. Hannan , Shah Ali Asghar , Asgher Mohd , Ahmad Shoeb
Published: July 2024

Oxidative stress, driven by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur species (ROS, RNS, RSS), poses a significant threat to cellular integrity and human health. Generated during mitochondrial respiration, inflammation, UV exposure and pollution, these species damage cells and contribute to pathologies like cardiovascular issues, neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic syndromes. Lifestyle factors exert a substantial influence on oxidative stress levels, with mitochondria emerging as pivotal players in ROS generation and cellular equilibrium. Phytochemicals, abundant in plants, such as carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols and polyphenols, offer diverse antioxidant mechanisms. They scavenge free radicals, chelate metal ions, and modulate cellular signalling pathways to mitigate oxidative damage. Furthermore, plants thriving in high-altitude regions are adapted to extreme conditions, and synthesize secondary metabolites, like flavonoids and phenolic compounds in bulk quantities, which act to form a robust antioxidant defence against oxidative stress, including UV radiation and temperature fluctuations. These plants are promising sources for drug development, offering innovative strategies by which to manage oxidative stress-related ailments and enhance human health. Understanding and harnessing the antioxidant potential of phytochemicals from high-altitude plants represent crucial steps in combating oxidative stress-induced disorders and promoting overall wellbeing. This study offers a comprehensive summary of the production and physio-pathological aspects of lifestyle-induced oxidative stress disorders and explores the potential of phytochemicals as promising antioxidants. Additionally, it presents an appraisal of high-altitude medicinal plants as significant sources of antioxidants, highlighting their potential for drug development and the creation of innovative antioxidant therapeutic approaches.
Stimuli-Responsive Liposomes of 5-Fluorouracil: Progressive Steps for Safe and Effective Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Alrbyawi Hamad
Published: July 2024

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has become one of the most widely employed antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agents in recent decades to treat various types of cancer. It is considered the standard first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, traditional chemotherapy with 5-FU presents many limitations, such as a short half-life, a low bioavailability, and a high cytotoxicity, affecting both tumor tissue and healthy tissue. In order to overcome the drawbacks of 5-FU and enhance its therapeutic effectiveness against colorectal cancer, many studies have focused on designing new delivery systems to successfully deliver 5-FU to tumor sites. Liposomes have gained attention as a well-accepted nanocarrier for several chemotherapeutic agents. These amphipathic spherical vesicles consist of one or more phospholipid bilayers, showing promise for the drug delivery of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components in addition to distinctive properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, a low toxicity, and non-immunogenicity. Recent progress in liposomes has mainly focused on chemical and structural modifications to specifically target and activate therapeutic actions against cancer within the proximity of tumors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both internal-stimuli-responsive liposomes, such as those activated by enzymes or pH, and external-stimuli-responsive liposomes, such as those activated by the application of a magnetic field, light, or temperature variations, for the site-specific delivery of 5-FU in colorectal cancer therapy, along with the future perspectives of these smart-delivery liposomes in colorectal cancer. In addition, this review critically highlights recent innovations in the literature on various types of stimuli-responsive liposomal formulations designed to be applied either exogenously or endogenously and that have great potential in delivering 5-FU to colorectal cancer sites.
Effect of Interindividual Variability in Metabolic Clearance and Relative Bioavailability on Rifampicin Exposure in Tuberculosis Patients with and without HIV Co-Infection: Does Formulation Quality Matter?
Authors: Nardotto Glauco Henrique Balthazar , Svenson Elin M. , Bollela Valdes Roberto , Rocha Adriana , Slavov Svetoslav Nanev , Ximenez João Paulo Bianchi , Della Pasqua Oscar , Lanchote Vera Lucia
Published: July 2024

The present study aims to characterise the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin (RIF) in tuberculosis (TB) patients with and without HIV co-infection, considering the formation of 25-O-desacetyl-rifampicin (desRIF). It is hypothesised that the metabolite formation, HIV co-infection and drug formulation may further explain the interindividual variation in the exposure to RIF. Pharmacokinetic, clinical, and demographic data from TB patients with (TB-HIV+ group; n = 18) or without HIV (TB-HIV− group; n = 15) who were receiving RIF as part of a four-drug fixed-dose combination (FDC) regimen (RIF, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) were analysed, along with the published literature data on the relative bioavailability of different formulations. A population pharmacokinetic model, including the formation of desRIF, was developed and compared to a model based solely on the parent drug. HIV co-infection does not alter the plasma exposure to RIF and the desRIF formation does not contribute to the observed variability in the RIF disposition. The relative bioavailability and RIF plasma exposure were significantly lower than previously reported for the standard regimen with FDC tablets. Furthermore, participants weighting less than 50 kg do not reach the same RIF plasma exposure as compared to those weighting >50 kg. In conclusion, as no covariate was identified other than body weight on CL/F and Vd/F, low systemic exposure to RIF is likely to be caused by the low bioavailability of the formulation.
Cutting-Edge Biomaterials in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Tissue Engineering
Authors: Wang Yifan , Zhang Chuyue , Cheng Junyao , Yan Taoxu , He Qing , Huang Da , Liu Jianheng , Wang Zheng
Published: July 2024

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) stands as the foremost contributor to low back pain (LBP), imposing a substantial weight on the world economy. Traditional treatment modalities encompass both conservative approaches and surgical interventions; however, the former falls short in halting IVDD progression, while the latter carries inherent risks. Hence, the quest for an efficacious method to reverse IVDD onset is paramount. Biomaterial delivery systems, exemplified by hydrogels, microspheres, and microneedles, renowned for their exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, biological efficacy, and mechanical attributes, have found widespread application in bone, cartilage, and various tissue engineering endeavors. Consequently, IVD tissue engineering has emerged as a burgeoning field of interest. This paper succinctly introduces the intervertebral disc (IVD) structure and the pathophysiology of IVDD, meticulously classifies biomaterials for IVD repair, and reviews recent advances in the field. Particularly, the strengths and weaknesses of biomaterials in IVD tissue engineering are emphasized, and potential avenues for future research are suggested.
Enhancement of Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Local Administration of Biofunctional Molecules: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
Authors: Ciobotaru Cristina Dora , Feștilă Dana , Dinte Elena , Muntean Alexandrina , Boșca Bianca Adina , Ionel Anca , Ilea Aranka
Published: July 2024

Enhancement of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) through local administration of biofunctional molecules has become increasingly significant, particularly for adult patients seeking esthetic and functional improvements. This comprehensive systematic review analyzes the efficacy of various biofunctional molecules in modulating OTM, focusing on the method of administration and its feasibility, especially considering the potential for topical application. A search across multiple databases yielded 36 original articles of experimental human and animal OTM models, which examined biofunctional molecules capable of interfering with the biochemical reactions that cause tooth movement during orthodontic therapy, accelerating the OTM rate through their influence on bone metabolism (Calcitriol, Prostaglandins, Recombinant human Relaxin, RANKL and RANKL expression plasmid, growth factors, PTH, osteocalcin, vitamin C and E, biocompatible reduced graphene oxide, exogenous thyroxine, sclerostin protein, a specific EP4 agonist (ONO-AE1-329), carrageenan, and herbal extracts). The results indicated a variable efficacy in accelerating OTM, with Calcitriol, Prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGE2), RANKL, growth factors, and PTH, among others, showing promising outcomes. PGE1, PGE2, and Calcitriol experiments had statistically significant outcomes in both human and animal studies and, while other molecules underwent only animal testing, they could be validated in the future for human use. Notably, only one of the animal studies explored topical administration, which also suggests a future research direction. This review concluded that while certain biofunctional molecules demonstrated potential for OTM enhancement, the evidence is not definitive. The development of suitable topical formulations for human use could offer a patient-friendly alternative to injections, emphasizing comfort and cost-effectiveness. Future research should focus on overcoming current methodological limitations and advancing translational research to confirm these biomolecules’ efficacy and safety in clinical orthodontic practice.
Nanosized Complexes of the Proteolytic Enzyme Serratiopeptidase with Cationic Block Copolymer Micelles Enhance the Proliferation and Migration of Human Cells
Authors: Kamenova Katya , Prancheva Anna , Radeva Lyubomira , Yoncheva Krassimira , Zaharieva Maya M. , Najdenski Hristo M. , Petrov Petar D.
Published: July 2024

In this study, we describe the preparation of the cationic block copolymer nanocarriers of the proteolytic enzyme serratiopeptidase (SER). Firstly, an amphiphilic poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA9-b-PCL35-b-PDMAEMA9) triblock copolymer was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Then, cationic micellar nanocarriers consisting of a PCL hydrophobic core and a PDMAEMA hydrophilic shell were formed by the solvent evaporation method. SER was loaded into the polymeric micelles by electrostatic interaction between the positively charged micellar shell and the negatively charged enzyme molecules. The particle size, zeta potential, and colloid stability of complexes as a function of SER concentration were investigated by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering. It was found that SER retained its proteolytic activity after immobilization in polymeric carriers. Moreover, the complexes have a concentration-dependent enhancing effect on the proliferation and migration of human keratinocyte HaCaT and gingival fibroblast HGF cells.
Smartphone-Readable Optical-Fiber Quasi-Distributed Phosphorescent Temperature Sensor
Authors: Eftimov Tinko , Kostova Irena , Fouzar Samia , Brabant Daniel , Nikolov Kristian , Vladev Veselin
Published: July 2024

In this paper we present the principle of operation, fabrication and performance of a phosphorescent optical-fiber quasi-distributed sensor with contactless smartphone interrogation. An array of short strong corrugated long-period gratings (C-LPG) is used as a platform to spatially locate and to excite the phosphors whose time responses are temperature-dependent. The C-LPG array was fabricated using a pulsed CO2 laser. The quasi-distributed sensing array is excited by a UV LED and the normalized differential rise/decay time response measured by a smartphone is used as a measure of the temperature. The sensing spots have a volume smaller than 0.5 μL, can be separated by several millimeters to several meters and the interrogation can be simultaneous or in a sequence. The response and the sensitivity to temperature have been measured. The sensing array has been shown to measure abrupt and gradual temperature changes in space as well as time-dependent processes in the 0 °C to 100 °C range and with a measurement time of 1 s.
Revealing the Impact of Viscoelastic Characteristics on Performance Parameters of UV-Crosslinked Hotmelt Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: Insights from Time–Temperature Superposition Analysis
Authors: Guder Marian , Günther Roman , Bremgartner Katharina , Senn Nicole , Brändli Christof
Published: July 2024

This study emphasizes the influential role of rheology in decoding the viscoelastic properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) vital to predicting key application features such as shear, tack, and peel, depending on the flow characteristics of PSAs during bonding and debonding processes. By applying the principle of time–temperature superposition (TTS), we extend the scope of our frequency analysis, surpassing the technical constraints of the available apparatus. Our exploration aims to uncover the general correlations between PSAs’ viscoelastic properties and their performance in end-use applications. Initially, the adhesive performance and viscoelastic properties of a UV-crosslinkable styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) model adhesive prior and subsequent to UV irradiation were examined. The subsequent crosslinking reaction increased cohesive strength and heat resistance, although tack and peel strength observed a substantial decline. We successfully demonstrated these effects by logging the viscoelastic properties, specifically the storage modulus G′ at lower frequencies, which mirrors the shear strength at higher temperatures and the shift in the tan δ peak to represent each PSA’s tack. These correlations were partially reflected in three commercial UV crosslinkable acrylic PSA products, although the effect of UV irradiation was less distinctive. This study also revealed the challenges in predicting tack and peel strength, which result from a complex interplay of bonding and debonding processes. Our findings reinforce the necessity for more sophisticated analysis techniques and models that can accurately predict the end-use performance of PSAs across different physical structures and chemical compositions. Further research is needed to develop these predictive models, which may reduce the need for labor-intensive testing under real-life conditions.
A Prolegomenon to the Visual Language of Dance in Gandhāra
Authors: Lakshminarayanan Ashwini
Published: July 2024

Pre-modern Indian subcontinent provides a treasure trove of art historical data in the form of stone sculptures and reliefs to study dance. While significant steps towards understanding the literary and visual language of dance have been made, artistic production from Gandhāra (the ancient region broadly covering the northwestern part of the subcontinent) largely remains absent in scholarly discussions. Ancient Gandhāra readily lends itself to a global approach as an active participant alongside the so-called ancient Silk Roads connecting the Mediterranean regions with China. Furthermore, as part of the Buddhist pilgrimage routes, Gandhāra also developed ties with Buddhist sites located further east and participated in the spread of Buddhism to China. Within this context, this article discusses the most common dance depicted in Gandhāran art to understand how artists represented dance in the static medium. Using this dance as an illustration, this article also argues that the iconographic conventions of the Gandhāran artistic repertoire for dance are shared outside the region, notably in Kizil, which is located alongside the northern branch of the Silk Roads.
Loss in Light of the Last Things: Christianity, Eschatology, and Grief in Inside Out
Authors: Tan Matthew John Paul
Published: July 2024

With reference to the film Inside Out, we show how Christian eschatology helps us understand the personal experience of grieving loss, generated by capital’s demands for labor hypermobility and its resultant disjunctures in a person’s biography. Inside Out cinematically portrays, in seemingly unremarkable moments, an inbreaking of a redemptive eschatological moment. We organize our case around two eschatological themes, those of judgement and death. The first section links a person’s affective experience, the structures that generate those experiences, and the last things; we make our case using Merleau-Ponty’s account of the intervolved body and Affect Theory’s relationship to Foucauldian power. The second section investigates what becomes of loss and restoration when they are refracted eschatologically, using Guardini’s idea of biographical death, Critical Theory’s conception of the Messianic, and Bonaventure’s conception of the convergence of opposites. We ultimately propose that, seen in the light of the last things, grieving over loss and its opposite, the restoration of what was lost, converge into one and the same thing. A third section will circle back to Inside Out and highlight the contours of the restoration of that which was lost in light of the two eschatological themes above.
An Analysis of the Mechanisms Involved in Glacial Lake Outburst Flooding in Nyalam, Southern Tibet, in 2018 Based on Multi-Source Data
Authors: Zhao Yixing , Jiang Wenliang , Li Qiang , Jiao Qisong , Tian Yunfeng , Li Yongsheng , Gong Tongliang , Gao Yanhong , Zhang Weishou
Published: July 2024

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) events, particularly prevalent in Asia’s High Mountain regions, pose a significant threat to downstream regions. However, limited understanding of triggering mechanisms and inadequate observations pose significant barriers for early warnings of impending GLOFs. The 2018 Nyalam GLOF event in southern Tibet offers a valuable opportunity for retrospective analysis. By combining optical and radar remote sensing images, meteorological data, and seismicity catalogs, we examined the spatiotemporal evolution, triggering factors, and the outburst mechanism of this event. Our analysis reveals a progressive retreat of 400–800 m for the parent glaciers between 1991 and 2018, increasing the runoff areas at glacier termini by 167% from 2015 to 2018 and contributing abundant meltwater to the glacial lake. In contrast, the lake size shrunk, potentially due to a weakening moraine dam confirmed by SAR interferometry, which detected continuous subsidence with a maximum line-of-sight (LOS) rate of ~120 mm/a over the preceding ~2.5 years. Additionally, temperature and precipitation in 2018 exceeded the prior decade’s average. Notably, no major earthquakes preceded the event. Based on these observations, we propose a likely joint mechanism involving high temperatures, heavy precipitation, and dam instability. An elevated temperature and precipitation accelerated glacial melt, increasing lake water volume and seepage through the moraine dam. This ultimately compromised dam stability and led to its failure between 3 August 2018 and 6 August 2018. Our findings demonstrate the existence of precursory signs for impending GLOFs. By monitoring the spatiotemporal evolution of environmental factors and deformation, it is possible to evaluate glacial lake risk levels. This work contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of GLOF mechanisms and is of significant importance for future glacial lake risk assessments.