bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PR-15-9521-Z01 Effects of Non-typical Loading Conditions on Buried Pipelines
Authors: Stevens David J.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this work was to perform multiple tests on two instrumental pipes utilizing an experimental database of results to develop a design tool for shallow-buried pipelines subjected to large and unusual loads.
PR-215-9115-R01 Internal Corrosion Control and Monitoring
Authors: Bhakta Satish D. , Smedley Stuart I. , Hefliarachchi Sam , Song Her-King
Published: August 2023

A literature review to survey the causes of internal corrosion and the available internal corrosion control and monitoring methods.
NG-18-12-R01 Investigation of the Susceptibility of High-Strength Pipeline Steels to Hydrogen Cracking
Authors: McEowen L. J. , Elsea A. R.
Published: August 2023

The study of the susceptibility to hydrogen-stress cracking of heat-treated line-pipe steels has continued. Under experimental conditions that permitted stressed specimens to absorb hydrogen from only one plate surface (a condition that simulates a cathodically protected pipeline), the steels appeared to be less sensitive to hydrogen cracking than when hydrogen was absorbed on the entire periphery. Steels with yield strengths above 130 ksi were found to be susceptible to hydrogen cracking during cathodic charging in groundwater. Experiments are in progress in which pressurized bottles made of pipe steel, heat-treated to high strength levels, are buried in the field and cathodically protected. These experiments will show whether hydrogen-stress cracking will occur under actual pipeline operating conditions, and if so, at what strength level suck cracking becomes a problem. A probe legs developed that will aid in studying the influence of soil chemistry and cathodic-protection conditions on the rate at which hydrogen is absorbed by steel.
NG-18-06-R01 The Relation Among Delay-Time, Strain-Rate, and Strain-Aging in Mild Steel
Authors: Hahn G. T. , Reid C. N. , Gilbert A.
Published: August 2023

Calculations were undertaken to test predictions of the yield model described in the first report to the Committee. Delay time, strain rate, and strain-aging phenomena in mild steel were examined in some detail.
TR-97-6 Compressor Anchor Bolt Design
Authors: Pantermuehl P.J. , Smalley A.J.
Published: August 2023

Presents information on the selection and design of anchor bolt installations in concrete foundations for reciprocating compressors.
PR-50-104-R01 LNG Flow Measurement
Authors: Brennan James
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes results of investigations into LNG pipeline measurements utilizing the measurement station concept.
PR-576-163705-R01 Qualification and Guideline of Inspection Technologies for Flexible Pipe Integrity
Authors: Haakonsen Rune
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes the SPIM-2-1 project with testing of tools and technologies for flexible pipe inspection. The objective of the project is to provide a quantitative assessment of the capabilities of available flexible pipe inspection technologies to detect relevant defects in flexible pipe armour layers.

This objective is met by the following project activities:

- Identifying existing inspection technologies and vendors/service providers

- Mapping inspection technologies - detection capabilities - vendors

- Inviting selected vendors and RFI

- Define test sample requirements

- Procure test samples

- Conduct blind testing by participating vendors

- Reporting by vendors

- Reporting by project team (this report)

Eleven inspection tools from eight different vendors have been subject to blind testing on flexible pipes samples developed specifically for the project with representative defects.
PR-350-144502-R01 Assessment of Cracks Clusters with Intelligent Interaction
Authors: Wang Bo
Published: August 2023

This project developed intelligent flaw interaction rules that can account more accurately the impact of multiple cracks without being overly conservative. These rules use the principles of equivalent impact among multiple interacting cracks and represent the magnitude of the impact by a single virtual crack. These rules do not rely on a critical spacing to determine whether there is an interaction. The magnitude of the interaction is a continuous function of the size of adjacent cracks and the spacing between them.

There is a related webinar.
DTRS56-03-T-0002 Early Generation Seam Welds
Authors: Hart Brian O. , Brongers Michiel P.H. , Bubenik Tom , Vieth Patrick H.
Published: August 2023

Developed reliable data for early generation pipe seam welds. A comprehensive database of material properties and seam-weld anomalies was developed as well as logging of seam-weld anomalities and the guidelines for assessing those anomalies. This report summarizes the results of the project, which focus primarily on anomalies and material properties of lap-welded pipe, low-frequency ERW seam pipe, and flash weld pipe. Limited data were available and are reported for early single submerged arc welds, double submerged arc welds, and high-frequency ERW.
DTRS56-05-T-0003 Report on Model Modules to Assist Assessing and Controlling SCC
Authors: Cataneda H. , Leis B. N. Leis , Rose S.E.
Published: August 2023

PHMSA report.

This project developed and validated tools to assist in integrity assessment and management in both forms of SCC. Because the understanding that underlies integrity management tools was most comprehensive for high-pH SCC, development targeted NN-pH SCC, with work on high pH SCC being more application-oriented. To broaden the utility of the deliverables, this project targeted technology in the context of generic modules applicable to both forms of cracking, recognizing their key difference lies in the mechanisms of cracking and how that impacts their kinetics and pipeline susceptibility. For the high-pH scenario, the work was focused on tools to facilitate the evaluation of factors that drive day to day integrity-management decisions. In contrast, work for NN-pH situations targeted was at the level of understanding the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of hydrogen involved with this form of SCC.

Some key conclusions include: a mechanism for NN-pH SCC was developed and modeled in a fundamental framework, and found to produce hydrogen in sufficient quantity to support crack nucleation and growth under typical pipeline service conditions; a spectrum of reversible environments exist that sandwich NN-pH SCC between corrosion at lower pH levels and high-pH SCC that bounds the high end, each of corrosion, high-pH SCC, and NN-pH SCC is possible either individually or in association with the same crack; conditions driving NN-pH SCC were found to be consistent with temperature conditions throughout the United States. A host of other conclusions and recommendations also were developed.
E03E0404G Description of the Elastic Wave Pipeline Inspection System
Authors: Ward C.R.
Published: August 2023

Development of an inline inspection tool using an elastic wave principle circa 1991. The tool was developed to help identify stress corrosion cracking.
AER-81-36-R01 Evaluation of A.E. Inspection Pipeline Integrity Analysis
Authors: Halley D.
Published: August 2023

Assesses the capability and reliability of acoustic emissions inspection for the integrity analysis of gas transmission pipelines. The evaluation program consisted of placing various types of discontinuities in a one-mile section of

gas transmission pipeline and utilizing two commercial service organizations to conduct acoustic emission inspections on the line.

The objective was to demonstrate the capability to detect, locate, and predict line failure created by the pipeline discontinuities. This report describes the procedures used,

the analysis conducted and the results obtained.
NG-18-11-R01 A Model for Crack Propagation in Steel
Authors: Hahn G. T. , Reid C. N. , Gilbert A.
Published: August 2023

A treatment of crack propagation in steel, in terms of stress and strain rather than energy, is derived which takes into account the time rate of plastic deformation at the crack tip. Formulations of (1) the yielding of steel in terms of dislocation dynamics, and (2) a simple crack model responsive to plastic

relaxation are developed. These describe the stress-strain behavior of low-carbon steel, predict strain-rate sensitivity and yield delay times, and estimate rates of stress application on the material in advance of the moving model crack. Together, they define, in a consistent way, the maximum stress and

plastic-zone size in front of the model crack as a function of nominal stress and crack speed.

The calculations indicate that dynamic-yield-stress values attained in front of a fast-moving crack can exceed the brittle-fracture stress. The maximum stress generated by the crack increases with crack velocity but is relatively insensitive to nominal stress. Finally, the treatment suggests that both the minimum stress for crack propagation and the terminal velocity of brittle fractures may be governed by a limiting plastic-zone size.
L00034 Preventive Measures for Stress-Corrosion Cracking Fracture Initiation and Fracture Propagation
Authors: Flessler R.R. , Eiber R. J.
Published: August 2023

This report reviews the status of the on-going research to investigate preventive measures for stress-corrosion cracking, the mechanism by which stress-corrosion cracks unite to form critically sized defects, and methods for preventing the initiation and propagation of fractures from a cluster of stress-corrosion cracks. It is important to remember that this report is based on research that is in progress and that has not been completed. Consequently, the findings must be considered as tentative and subject to alteration depending upon the nature of the future research results. However, since it may be advisable to take some action to prevent future stress-corrosion-cracking failures before all of the research has been completed, this report was prepared to provide a summary of our present understanding of the situation. The discussions in this report are not directed to any particular pipeline.
PR-214-9109-R01 Application of Pulsed Gas Metal ARC Welding to Pipeline Construction
Authors: Morrison K.G.
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the use of high strength micro-alloyed steels in pipeline construction for the potential savings in material, materials handling, and welding construction costs. Pulsed- Gas Metal Arc Welding (P-GMAW) is considered the most appropriate welding process to join these materials since high quality, low hydrogen welds with excellent mechanical properties are possible.
RBO76001 Fracture Propagation Experiments on 48-Inch x 0.720-Inch X70 Line Pipe
Authors: Maxey W.A. , Syler F.A. , Eiber R. J.
Published: August 2023

Three full-scale experiments on 48-inch OD by 0.720-inch wall thickness pipe with a 70 KSI minim and mu;m specified yield stress at test temperatures of 10, 24, and 13 �F and pressures of 1680, 1685, and 1680 PSIG respectively. The pipe was made from several manufactures. Tests were performed to produce 2-phase behavior upon decompression. One split-sleeve-crack arrestor was included in the testing. Gas compositions were designed to produce a phase change during decompression. Materials property and gas compositions used are included in this report.
DTRS56-03-T-0003A External Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology by Incorporating Soils Data
Authors: Leis B.N. , Clark E.B. , Lamontagne M. , Colwell J.A.
Published: August 2023

To enhance the ECDA process, this project evaluated whether soil data could be used in a model to predict locations where external corrosion would be an issue. If by adding soils data to the previously collected ECDA datasets it could be shown that areas suffering corrosion could be predicted consistently, then operators would have an additional tool at their disposal to help maintain the country's natural gas pipeline infrastructure safely and reliably. The approach targeted soils-corrosively, because if corrosively dominated a very simple model would be viable as a screening tool - with such a model then viable when other data is not available, unreliable, or difficult to obtain.

Soil corrosively was characterized in terms of a model that couples soils type with topography and drainage, with consideration also given to a simpler approach based on pH and resistivity. The results indicated that there is essentially no correlation between corrosion susceptibility based on soils-corrosively expressed in terms of these two models. While an attempt was made to calibrate these measures of susceptibility using ILI data for corrosion incidence and severity, the frequency of corrosion for the sites evaluated was limited, which confounded this process.
DTRS56-04-T-0011 Development of Best Practice Welding Guidelines for X80 Pipelines
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

The focus of this report is to provide a summary of experiences associated with pipeline

construction including the lessons learned and the factors that made the project's overall success. To better demonstrate the development of welding technologies, the accounts of experiences are presented chronologically rather than geographically.
PR-229-9309-R01 Assessment of Current Interrupters
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

Evaluates commercially available interrupters to establish their limitations and performance characteristics. Six devices were tested over a 96 hour period in the laboratory, 48 hours in cold weather, and 48 hours in hot weather.
PR-186-91006-R01 Investigation of the -0.85 Volt On-Potential Criterion
Authors: Thompson N.G.
Published: August 2023

Investigates the effectiveness of the -0.85V on-potential criterion. The scope of this program included a survey of the industry, a review of the literature, and field excavations to inspect pipelines. The Approach was divided into four tasks:

1 - Survey of Member Companies,

2 - Review of NACE T10-1 Survey,

3 - Field Evaluations, and

4 - Theoretical Analysis.
WIC-V04-02 Engineering Critical Assessment of Pipeline Girth Welds
Authors: Glover A.G. , Coote R.I. , Pick R.J.
Published: August 2023

The use of an engineering critical assessment for analyzing defects in large diameter gas pipelines is presented. The assumptions and adaptations are necessary to allow the use of the British Standard PD6493 for pipeline girth welds are discussed. These analyses have been correlated with full-scale tests carried out on 914 mm diameter pipeline girth welds. Particular attention is paid to the situation where ductile tearing occurs and this is discussed in terms of other assessment techniques.
DTRS56-02-T-0002 Pipeline Inspection Technologies Demonstration Report
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this assessment is to help identify promising inspection technologies best suited for further development as part of an integrated teaming effort between the robotic platform and sensor developers. This document is not intended to provide a detailed analysis of each technology's performance or to rate their performance relative to one another. Technologies discussed include:

Shear Horizontal Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)

Remote Field Eddy Current (RFEC)

Collapsible Remote Field Eddy Current (CRFEC)

Nondestructive Ultrasonic Measurement

Permanent Magnet Eddy Current

Multi-purpose Deformation Sensor

Dual Magnetization MFL

Guided Wave Ultrasonics
PR-15-714-R02 Development of Guidelines for Subsurface Safety Valves in Gas Storage Wells
Authors: Bass R.L. , Bowles E.B.
Published: August 2023

This report documents the development of a set of Guidelines for the use of subsurface safety valves in gas storage wells. The final version of the Guidelines is included in Appendix A at the end of the report. The Guidelines were formulated based on input from gas storage well operators and subsurface safety valve manufacturers.

The Guidelines are a single source of information designed to assist the storage well operator in selecting, installing, operating, and maintaining subsurface safety valves in his wells. The information contained in the Guidelines should benefit both the first time user of subsurface safety valves and those with extensive experience with SSSV's. The Guidelines do require that the reader have some working knowledge of gas storage well completion practices.
DTPH56-15T-000017 Pipeline Damage Prevention Radar
Authors: Pett Todd
Published: August 2023

Ball Aerospace evaluated the use of airborne synthetic aperture radar to detect the presence of excavation equipment located on buried pipeline right-of-way areas but obscured from visual detection.
WIC-V02-03 Determining Requirements for Preheat
Authors: Graville B. A.
Published: August 2023

The vast amount of research that has been undertaken in the field of hydrogen-induced cracking of welds in structural steels has led to a greater understanding of the role of composition, joint restraint, hydrogen, and other factors that allow the fabricator to optimize welding procedures and minimize the risk of cracking problems using a rational Quantitative approach. The research activity has not been paralleled by changes in code requirements that were based on experience several decades ago and therefore fabricators do not have the opportunity to put the research knowledge into practice. This work is a proposal for a method of determining to preheat levels for welding structural steels to be used as a basis for code requirements.
DTRS56-04-T-0011B Review of X80 and X100 Pipeline Welding
Authors: Fiore Susan , Boring Matt , Patel Pratik , Vaze Suhas
Published: August 2023

A comprehensive survey of X80 and X100 pipeline welding technologies including the development of line pipe steels, different girth welding processes, a description of design considerations, a short review of several specific X80 and X100 line pipe construction projects, and finally a discussion on the welding consumables.
PR-200-005-R01 Testing of Polarized Potential Longitudinal Measurement System
Authors: Dabkowski John
Published: August 2023

Describes a portable measurement system capable of holiday detection and the estimation of holiday polarized potentials. The unit consisting of a data logger and associated signal conditioning circuitry is housed in a man carried pack. A belt worn battery can power the unit for 8 to 10 hours.
PR-191-632-R01 Verification of Acoustic Emission after Short-Term Depressurization
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Follow-on work to evaluate the Kaiser effect and detecting acoustic emissions from fatigue cracks, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion pits in pressurized pipe sections.
WIC-V02-04 Properties of Weldments for Pipeline Applications
Authors: McGrath J.T. , Glover A.G.
Published: August 2023

Describes the fracture properties of weldments in line pipe steels. Static and dynamic toughness of the heat-affected-zone are reported and their relationship to heat input and microstructure.
IPC-1996-COMP ASME 1st International Pipeline Conference - 1996
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 1st IPC in 1996. Most of these papers are available in the public domain.
PR-283-18202-R01 Improved SoLoNox T70S and T130S Controls to Reduce Part Load Emissions
Authors: Cowell Luke , Carlos Ivan
Published: August 2023

An executed NDA is required from Solar Turbines to have access to this document.

The low load control algorithm for Solar Turbines' Taurus 70-10802S and Titan 130-20502S

has been modified and evaluated in two field trials at the Kinder Morgan Wharton 301 and

Enbridge Sabal Trail Alexander City Compressor Stations. The new algorithm extends temperature

control, via bleed valve modulation, to lower engine speed settings now covering operation

from full load to idle vs full load to 50% load with the prior production control method. The pilot

fuel control schedule has also been optimized along with the temperature control schedule. The

new control algorithm is designated as Enhanced Emissions Control (EEC).

A Mobile Emissions Lab was deployed for the Taurus 70S site and for the Titan

130S site. The field trials spanned 12 months for the Taurus 70S and 8 months for the Titan 130S. Data was collected over a wide range of temperatures.
NG-18-18-R01 Plastic R-Curve Toughness Measurements and Comparisons to Impact Energy Data
Authors: Wilkowski G.M.
Published: August 2023

The evaluation of toughness of line-pipe steels to avoid ductile fracture initiation and unstable ductile fracture propagation is presently being evaluated empirically by using impact toughness data. Empirical correlations from full-scale testing have been developed between fracture initiation and propagation behavior of axial flaws in pipes and Charpy data. As with any empirical relationship, there is concern about whether the relationship can be extrapolated to new materials. The objective of this study is to assess the relationship between impact toughness data and full-scale toughness for a wide range of materials in the ductile fracture mode. To make this assessment, a theoretically sound evaluation of plane stress ductile fracture toughness is needed for fracture initiation and propagation behavior.
PR350-174515-R01 Guidance on Excavation and Backfill in Areas of High Axial Strain and Stress
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

Excavation and backfill of in-service pipelines in areas of geohazards could face some unique challenges. The buried pipelines could be subjected to moderate to high levels of longitudinal/axial strains and stresses at the time of excavation. Operators need to make decisions on when and how to excavate and backfill, which can have impact on the public safety, environment, safety of the personnel working on the site, and pipeline operations. Industry-wide guidance or best practice does not yet exist.

This report provides guidance for excavation and backfill procedures in the areas of geohazards and addresses site stability and pipeline integrity for the pipeline segments already or potentially under high axial strain and stress. The guidance covers recommendations on three key work areas: preparation, excavation, and backfill.

The guidance can be used as a reference by pipeline operators and contractors when carrying out excavation and backfill in areas of geohazards. Alternatively, elements of the guidance could be incorporated into existing company procedures as appropriate. Even with known gaps in this subject area, the adoption of the recommendations in this guidance should lead to improved safety and integrity of pipelines.
L52249 Failure Initation Modes of Pipe with High Charpy Transition Temperature
Authors: Wilkowski G.M. , Rudland D. , Mincer P. , Metrovich B. , Rider D.
Published: August 2023

This report presents a methodology that determines the lowest temperature where ductile fracture would occur for either sharp cracks or blunt corrosion flaws in older low-toughness line pipe base metals. It is applicable to either axial or circumferential flaws in pipes under quasi-static loading, i.e., normal operating conditions with no sudden transient loads. The results showed that ductile initiation of a surface crack can occur at a significantly lower temperature than the Charpy transition temperature. A master curve of transition temperatures for different pipe thickness and crack geometries was developed and validated on 1927 and 1948 vintage pipes. The master-curve of transition temperatures comes from accounting for thickness effects, loading-rate effects, and constraint effects (for a surface crack) on the transition temperatures of the flawed pipe relative to the Charpy transition temperature. These transition temperature shifts were empirically determined from hundreds of past full-scale tests and literally thousands of laboratory tests, and then checked against data developed on much older vintage line pipe steels, i.e., the 1927 and 1948 pipes in this project.
PR-3-805-R01 A Comparative Study of the Calculation of the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe
Authors: Wang Y.S.
Published: August 2023

A critical evaluation of the various criteria for calculating the remaining strength of corroded pipe vas proceed. The criteria evaluated include the ANSI/ASHE B31G, the proposed modification of the S31G, and the EPR first -yield criterion. Both the original B31G and its proposed modification were contributed by Battelle. The database for the comparison consisted of the results of the 78 burst tests that Battelle collected.
NG-18-09-R02 Fracture Initiation and Propagation in an Underwater Pipeline
Authors: Maxey W.A.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this research program was to obtain an understanding of fracture initiation and propagation in an underwater pipeline. A single experiment was conducted using a modified West Jefferson test consisting of a "test" vessel inside a larger "containment" vessel. The smaller vessel consisted of a flawed length of line pipe containing water and an air pocket in the same manner as a conventional West Jefferson test. The larger vessel contained water to a level above the test pipe and a shock-absorbing air pocket such that it could be pressurized to exert external pressure on the test vessel to simulate any given depth of water.
PR-3-85-R01 A Technical and Economic Evaluation of Extended LNG Transfer Lines for Off-Loading Service
Authors: Bearint D.E.
Published: August 2023

In certain sections of the United States, suitable tidewater sites for LNG importation facilities were both scarce and expensive. It was reasoned that a great deal more property would be opened up if LNG transfer lines of a mile or two in length were technically and economically feasible. This report describes some of the technical and cost implications of fourteen schemes proposed as solutions to a hypothetical LNG importation situation calling for a long, high-capacity transfer line system.
PR-197-911-R01 Development of Compressor Performance and Efficiency Evaluation
Authors: Lagus P.L. , Flanagan B.S. , Gilbert C.F.
Published: August 2023

There were two objectives for the program described in this Final Report: 1) to develop and test a portable system to measure flow (and horsepower) in an operating centrifugal natural gas compressor, and 2) to understand and reduce the possible sources of error in the constant flow tracer dilution technique.
PR-663-20208-Z01 CO2e Economic Analysis Tool
Authors: Peterson Warren
Published: August 2023

The CO2e Economic Analysis Tool (CEAT) is a spreadsheet-based application for comparing project alternatives that are sensitive to GHG emission rates, emission levies or other financial parameters. The tool is applicable to hydrocarbon transportation systems, with an emphasis on natural gas transmission. CEAT provides a comparative forecast of benefits and expenses (including levies) from initial cash flow to arrival at the forecast horizon.

Along with financial forecasting functions, the tool estimates the emissions associated with a wide range of hydrocarbon fluids (gas and liquid), electricity, thermal energy, and upstream transportation. The forecast model provides flexible configuration of CAPEX and O and M expenses and a customizable levy structure.

The tool is Excel-based and requires version 16 or newer.
PR-015-20600-R01 Flow Testing of FS500 Meters
Authors: Grimley Terry
Published: August 2023

SICK FLOWSIC500 (FS500) ultrasonic flow meters were tested over a range of pressures and flow rates in piping configurations that are similar to those commonly used for rotary meters. This project extends the results previously reported in PR-015-17605-R01 to include meters for line sizes up to six inches.
PR646-173609-Z01 Water Wetting Prediction Tool for Pipeline Integrity
Authors: Paolinelli Luciano , Nesic Srdjan
Published: August 2023

Current approaches for pipeline integrity management, as related to internal corrosion, largely depend on Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA) type approach. An essential part of these assessments is to predict if corrosive water phase is in direct contact with the internal pipe wall, a phenomenon commonly called "water wetting". In general, water wetting prediction models currently used by pipe integrity engineers are lagging behind the current level understanding. The Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology (ICMT) at Ohio University has developed and validated a mechanistic model that combines multiphase flow and wetting physics of oil and water on steel surfaces. This work that is the outcome of many years of focused industrially sponsored research is published in the open literature. However, its implementation into an integrity management tool has not been done yet. This PRCI project is devoted to developing a tool to predict water wetting for product pipelines as well as for crude oil pipelines and flow lines, based on Ohio University's work.
GRI-04-0066A Pilot Project Addendum to Functional Specifications
Authors: Howland Heathcliff
Published: August 2023

Describes the results of an engine converted per PRCI Advanced Two-Stroke Functional Specification including:

- Development and demonstration of PLC code in conformance with the specification.

- Verify the suitability of the specified instrumentation, and evaluate the effectiveness of the control technology.

A complete control system upgrade was necessary to achieve the level of control necessary to meet the specification. All of the existing field devices that met the specification were re-used to minimize project costs. A continuous combustion pressure monitoring system as part of the controls upgrade so engine control performance could be evaluated on an individual combustion cycle basis. The engine was also equipped with a continuous emissions monitoring system to map engine emissions and monitor emissions performance data before and after the controls upgrade.
CGX-85-007 Line Pipe Research Seminar IV
Authors: Jones D.G.
Published: August 2023

This paper describes recent and current British Gas studies of the effect of mechanical damage on pipeline integrity. These studies have isolated the major factors which contribute to failure, namely: cracking, denting, pipe toughness, and time dependence. The practical significance of these factors has been quantified as follows: 1. Mechanical interference can give rise to a gouge and a dent which can seriously affect pipeline integrity. A failure relationship has been defined (on the basis of 129 experiments involving rings and vessels made from the dented pipe) which allows an assessment to be made of the tolerance of any combination of denting and gouging in a pipeline. 2. Plain dents of depth up to 24% of the pipe diameter have been shown to have no effect on pipeline integrity. 3. Experiments have shown that dents with associated defects are subject to time-dependent behavior in that failure can occur with sustained pressures of 85% of the straight-off failure pressure.
PR-209-9217-R01 Mechanical Connections for J-lay
Authors: Mohr H.O.
Published: August 2023

This report discusses the results of a testing program designed to simulate the operational conditions imposed on a J-lay installed, 13%" subsea pipeline assembled with mechanical connections. The program objective was to gain an understanding of the long-term sealing integrity of various mechanical connections. The connections were subjected to combinations of cyclic internal pressure, cyclic temperature, axial compression, and reverse torsion. The testing results show that the mechanically interlocked Reflange C-Con II connection and two premium threaded connections, the Hunting Fox and Sumitomo Varn Ace, when assembled utilizing suitable bonding agents, successfully resisted the imposed loads of this testing program. In addition, the selection of a proper bonding agent or adhesive to prevent reverse torque back out proved to be important as several of these agents were unreliable in preventing back out failures. The testing conditions applied to the mechanical connections in this test program are believed to be conservative, exceeding the maximum that in-service, J-lay installed pipelines are likely to experience. Therefore, this test program may be used to select a pipeline connection for this duty.
PR-153-126-R03 Continental Shelf Bottom Boundary Layer Model Vol III-Users Manual
Authors: Grant William D. , Glenn Scott M.
Published: August 2023

Describes calculation methods used for an on-bottom stability analysis model. Removed from public sale has this has been superseded.
PR-138-9311-R01 System for In-Plant Sampling and Analysis of Chemical Contaminants on Steel Pipe Surfaces
Authors: Murphy Thomas
Published: August 2023

The sampling and analysis of ionic contaminants on pipe surfaces for the purpose of determining any potential interaction issues with fusion-bonded epoxy coatings.
PR-000-21COMP-R09 Weld Seam Corrosion Compendium
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

The PRCI Technical Committees have carried multiple research projects related to the subject of weld seam corrosion. This report, therefore, presents a summary of past PRCI funded studies in the area of weld seam corrosion. Since not all studies sponsored by other industry groups (e.g., INGAA, EPRG, APIA, CEPA, etc.) or by individual pipeline companies are not included, this report does not represent a review of the topic in the broader industry-wide sense. Instead, it is designed to provide a guide to past work so that current TC members can identify and locate project reports that might be of use in addressing weld seam corrosion issues.
PR-328-6352-R01 LaserScan Mapping and Reporting of Plain Dents in Support of PRCI - Phase 2
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

As part of the PRCI sponsored project (MD 1-2), ten defects were introduced on a three-meter section of a 30-inch pipe. Detailed mapping of all the defects was performed using a 3D LaserScan system by Applus RTD.

The objective of the scan was to get a detailed, high resolution, high density, three-dimensional representation of the defects and to provide some critical metrics about the defects.
PR-000-21COMP-R08 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Compendium
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

The PRCI Technical Committees have carried multiple research projects related to the influence of microbiologically in internal corrosion of steel pipe and pipe components. This report presents a summary of past PRCI funded studies in this area. Since not all studies sponsored by other in-dustry groups (e.g., API, AGA, EPRG, etc.) or by individual pipeline companies are not included, this report does not represent a review of the topic in the broader industry-wide sense. Instead, it is designed to provide a guide to past work so that current PRCI members can identify and locate project reports that might be of use in identifying previous PRCI research that includes information on microbiologically influenced corrosion and related topics.
PO-015-21607-R01 In-Situ USM Flow Verification Data Analysis
Authors: Hawley Adam , Gutierrez Luis
Published: August 2023

This project provided additional data analysis and data processing techniques to a data set that was collected under the previous MEAS-6-17A project. The goal of this project was to reduce the bias in the flow verification data and improve the repeatability of the results. The project was successful, as all of the methods developed on this project resulted in an average error better than �0.05% with a standard deviation of less than 1.1% for the longest injection length, which was a significant improvement from the previous MEAS-6-17A project.
PR350-164500-R03 Semi-Automatic FCAW-S Welding Process and Implications to Pipeline Girth Weld Integrity
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

This report provides a comprehensive update of key considerations and drivers that will influence FCAW-S weld performance. The major focus has been toughness, specifically in understanding the causes of seemingly large variation in measured toughness. Analysis of the data indicates that improving welding practice is an effective tool for reducing the toughness variation and enhancing overall weld performance. Comparisons are made with the performance of other welding processes commonly used for pipeline girth welding, such as SMAW.
PR-000-22COMP-R04 Cathodic Protection Shielding Compendium
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

This compendium is a selection of past PRCI research and technical resources related to cathodic protection shielding. Reports were selected based on their final report abstracts and does not include further analysis or an additional technical review of the final report. Metadata is provided for each resource (when available) including the length of the report, its abstract, author(s), and company that performed the research. This list of documents includes PRCI funded research as well as research that PRCI has rights to access including cofunded work and information in the public domain. The reports are grouped by the related research category assigned to each document.
Mind of Darkness: Social Equality and Self-Autonomy as Feminist Premises of the Concept of Courageous Code in Yaa Gyasi’s Homegoing
Authors: Jweid Abdalhadi Nimer Abdalqader Abu
Published: August 2023

Yaa Gyasi’s Homegoing presents the horrific sequences of black women’s experience throughout history. Such experience encompasses the plights—both mundane and spectacular—of women’s marginalization and deprivation. Gyasi’s narrative style, by turns historical and racially intimate, evokes common themes of misogynoir; and her novel abounds with deprived protagonists and androcentric entities. Focusing on black women’s experience, this study theoretically attempts to explore the concept of feminist “courageous code” as an antithesis of misogynoir to empower their social equality and self-autonomy. The study critically considers how Gyasi utilizes a historical aesthetic narrative in her writing to critique and unravel the unspeakable oppression experienced by black women. Interpreting the intersection of literary oppression and theoretical “courageous code,” this study argues that Gyasi’s Homegoing bridges the gap between the oppressed black women and patriarchal stereotyping, reinforcing the fictional expectations of her largely gender equality. The study, therefore, seeks to find authenticity, look for female subjectivity and self-autonomy; and it anticipates abjection of misogynoir and all its implications via feminist “courageous code.”
An Analysis of Paul’s Search for Self in Sons and Lovers
Authors: Zhong Yu , Lu Tianming
Published: August 2023

Sons and Lovers is one of the most famous novels of D.H. Lawrence. This novel centers around the predicament of the protagonist Paul during his growth and mental changes resulting from it. During Paul’s growth, his strong dependency on his mother produces the twisted Oedipus complex, which eventually leads to his loss of self. This article analyzes Paul’s growth through the psychological concept of Oedipus Complex, pointing out the fact that father’s absence and the intensive Oedipus complex during his childhood contribute to Paul’s loss of self. Although Paul is under the influence of Oedipus complex, he still makes attempts to get rid of his mother’s influence, and thus achieve self-emancipation and true independence.
Mrs. Strickland’s Personality in William Somerset Maugham’s The Moon and Sixpence—from the Perspective of Feminist Criticism
Authors: Han Yanli , Ganapathy Malini N. G.
Published: August 2023

The Moon and Sixpence is one of the representative works by the British writer Maugham. The novel vividly portrays several well-defined female characters, with particular attention given to Mrs. Strickland. The purpose of this article is to analyze the personality of Mrs. Strickland from a feminist perspective and explore the causes behind these traits. It aims to aid readers to understand women’s survival tactics in the patriarchal society of the 1920s, contemplate the challenges faced by women in their work and family lives in nowadays, and reflect upon the state of gender equality in society and personal life. The main findings may be summarized that: Mrs. Strickland is a capable, shrewd, and empathetic woman, yet patriarchal traditions and conservative beliefs simultaneously influenced her, resulting in her internal conflicts and ambivalent opinions, while the formation of her personality is caused not only by Maugham’s own belief and deliberate portrayal of women but also by the limitations of the era. In a traditional patriarchal society, not only were women’s living spaces constricted and dominated by males, but they also deliberately underestimated their own status and abilities. Although some women owned talent and capability, their development was restricted if society did not provide them with opportunities to highlight their strengths. Women in nowadays must change their mindset to believe in themselves and work hard to prove their capability and independence. Meanwhile the society need to supply females with better living space and more opportunities for them to display their talents.
Factors Influencing Impulse Buying Behavior Among Young Male Consumers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alqutub Kholoud
Published: August 2023

Impulse buying is a prominent concept in the study of consumer behavior. Due to humans’ complex psychological nature, many industries focus on impulse buying and design their marketing strategies accordingly. This research investigates the personal factors that affect impulse buying behavior among young men in Saudi Arabia. This study also investigates the effect of situational variables, including family influence, time availability, money availability, and hedonic shopping, on the impulse buying behavior of men in the Saudi Arabian context, focusing on the Western region. The study specifically focuses on purchasing personal items such as perfumes, clothing, and shoes. A survey questionnaire was administered to a convenient sample of 385 males aged between 18 and 50 residing in Western Saudi Arabia. The collected response was analyzed using the statistical software SPSS. The findings of the study indicate that time availability, money availability, and hedonic buying positively influence impulse buying behavior among men living in Saudi Arabia. Notably, this study revealed that family factors had a detrimental consequence on impulsive buying behavior among Saudi men. However, this study had limitations, such as sample size and geographical focus, should be considered when interpreting results. Future research should aim to broaden scope by including a larger and more diverse sample to obtain a more inclusive understanding of impulse buying behavior in Saudi Arabia.
Phenotypic Characterization and Husbandry of Sudanese Native Chickens in South Kordofan State
Authors:   Department of animal breeding, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Gazira, Sudan, Yahia Abdalazim Khalafalla , Omer Elshaikh Momamed ,   Department of animal breeding, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Gazira, Sudan, Babiker Mutaz Saeed ,   Department of poultry production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Gazira, Sudan, Ibrahim Nasir A. ,   Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia & Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Butana, Sudan
Published: August 2023

Local chicken populations are an important source of food in Sudan's rural areas. However, their productivity is not well studied. This study was conducted to explore the phenotypic characterization of Sudanese chickens. A total of 201 household chicken farmers were randomly selected from South Kordofan State during the period from October to Distemper 2020. A questionnaire was used to collect data that include: the household profile, production systems, flock size and composition, management practices, and challenges facing chicken keeping. A sample of 120 adult birds (10 males and 100 females) was used for phenotypic characterization. Descriptive statistics using frequency procedure was used to analyze the qualitative traits. The results revealed that women with low education owned most of the chickens, but no housing, feed, or vaccines. Disease and harsh environment are the main factors affecting the culling of chickens. overall mean flock size (23±0.81) ranged between 10 to 55/households, and it was affected significantly (p < .05) by Sample area. all farmers keep one ecotype. most of the birds had a single comb (54.2%). The main shank and plumage colours were: white and brown, respectively. It appears that future genetic programs will focus on the traits of the dual-purpose chicken population.
A importância da auditoria interna nas organizações
Authors: De Almeida Cassia Gomes , Ferreira Tatikele Amorim , Soares Neylianne Holanda , Roberto José Carlos Alves
Published: August 2023

A auditoria interna é uma atividade independente e objetiva que avalia e melhora a eficácia dos controles internos, gestão de riscos e processos de negócios de uma organização. É realizado por pessoas internas ou externas designadas como auditores internos, que examinam e avaliam a adequação e eficácia dos controles internos, bem como a eficácia e eficiência das operações e gestão de riscos da organização. Diante do exposto, esta pesquisa busca reconhecer a importância da auditoria interna dentro das organizações, onde desempenha um papel fundamental, contribuindo para a melhoria da gestão, identificação de riscos e fortalecimento dos controles internos, respondendo à pergunta problema, como as organizações podem se beneficiar com as práticas da auditoria interna? As práticas de auditoria interna fornecem uma visão abrangente e objetiva das operações e ajudam as organizações a melhorarem seus processos, mitigar riscos, garantir a conformidade e tomar decisões estratégicas informadas, resultando em maior eficiência, eficácia e sucesso organizacional. Garantir a autenticidade dos registros, onde fornece credibilidade às demonstrações financeiras e outros relatórios de gestão e identificar defeitos no sistema de controle interno e no sistema financeiro e fazer recomendações para melhorias. Os métodos que utilizamos nesta pesquisa foram qualitativos, aliado as pesquisas bibliográficas. Permitindo a adoção de uma variedade de técnicas e abordagens de acordo com as necessidades e objetivos específicos. Por fim, auditoria interna em organizações envolve avaliar os processos, procedimentos e controles internos, verificar a conformidade com as leis e regulamentos aplicáveis, identificar áreas de melhoria e identificar oportunidades de aperfeiçoamento para aprimorar o desempenho da organização.
A violência homicída nas capitais brasileiras: um olhar geográfico sobre a criminalidade na cidade de Belém - PA
Authors: Borges Rafael Henrique Maia , Do Nascimento Robson Patrick Brito , Chagas Clay Anderson Nunes , Reis Netto Roberto Magno
Published: August 2023

O presente artigo, através da perspectiva geográfica, buscou compreender as dinâmicas territoriais associadas aos homicídios ocorridos entre 2015 e 2018, na cidade de Belém, capital do Estado do Pará (Brasil). Baseando-se em bibliografias, análise de dados oficiais, aplicação de entrevistas, e a cartografia para o entendimento de tais questões. Dentre os resultados, aponta-se a compreensão da relação entre o território e as mortes violentas na área, a reunião de informações acerca de sua formação espacial e a produção cartográfica que auxilia no entendimento dos comportamentos dos crimes estudados. Além disso, dentre as razões que sustentam o cenário de intensificação da criminalidade, indicam-se às desigualdades socioespaciais, a comercialização de entorpecentes, e, sobretudo, às disputas territoriais.