bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DEVELOPMENT ON SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMOLINA
Authors: AYADI M.A. , AYADI H. KAMOUN , ATTIA H.
Published: April 2009

A total of 30 adult Tribolium confusum were captured from storage semolina silos and placed in 1 kg of fresh semolina. During 2 months of storage in the laboratory, impact of presence and development of these insects on selected properties of semolina were evaluated. Obtained results showed that T. confusum development caused an increasing of acidity, ash content, burn color and damaged fractions. Moreover, T. confusum presence leads to a loss of gluten properties, semolina water‐binding capacity, and an increase in hardness and adhesiveness of elaborate semolina dough. Microbiological evolution shows a constant increase in bacterial load during storage period. This bacterial level remained below the safety limit during the storage period.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

For pasta and couscous industry, pest could be a major danger during storage of raw materials (semolina, wheat flour, maize flour, etc.). Tribolium confusum is one of the major insect present in durum wheat flour and its derivatives. This insect could cause great damage on the nutritional, hygienic, technological and sensorial qualities of this raw material. Evaluation of presence and development of insects, and especially T. confusum on selected properties of stored semolina could help pasta and couscous industries to determine the critical limits of identified critical control points in the semolina storage step.
Fatty liver in adolescents on the U.S.‐Mexico border
Authors: Sharp Dayle Boynton , Santos Luis A. , Cruz Martha L.
Published: April 2009

Purpose: To describe the physical and metabolic characteristics of children diagnosed with fatty liver disease in a gastroenterology clinic in El Paso, Texas.

Data Sources: A retrospective chart review of 31 patients aged 8–18 diagnosed with fatty liver was conducted.

Conclusions: These children were diagnosed with fatty liver by elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (mean ALT levels 126 ± 08 U/L) and increased hepatic echogenicity measured via ultrasound. The majority of children were adolescents (12–17 years of age) and Mexican American. All subjects were overweight (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 95th percentile) based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards. In a subset of children for whom results from laboratory test were available, we found 40% had high triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dL), 53% had low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (≤ 35 mg/dL), and 17% had prediabetes (fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL). The clinical and laboratory findings in this patient population with fatty liver are consistent with a diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Implications for Practice: Despite the increasing trend in overweight among children and adolescents, data suggest low rates of diagnosis and management of overweight and related comorbidities by healthcare providers. Overweight has been associated with fatty liver disease in the pediatric population and includes other comorbidities such insulin resistance and features of metabolic syndrome. Screening for overweight in children should constitute the first step in identifying children at risk for NAFLD. Nurse practitioners should include in the evaluation of pediatric patients calculation of BMI and waist circumference for age and screening for other overweight‐related comorbidities.
The costs and opportunities of doing diversity work in mainstream organisations
Authors: Kirton Gill , Greene Anne‐Marie
Published: April 2009

This paper provides insights into the impact that the shift from ‘equal opportunities’ to diversity management is having on the people who do diversity work. Equality officers have been largely replaced by diversity specialists, often with mainstream HR or business management backgrounds. They are often supplemented and supported by a new cadre of ‘part‐time’ diversity practitioners – diversity champions, drawn from middle‐senior managers. The study suggests that doing diversity work in the 2000s is a different experience from doing equality work in the 1980s/1990s. The ascendance of the business case and the depoliticisation of equality lend DM greater legitimacy and respectability. This, combined with the changing backgrounds and characteristics of diversity practitioners means that diversity work usually carries lower costs and potentially offers more opportunities than did equality work. The conclusion summarises the costs and opportunities, drawing out the main policy implications for the practitioners themselves and for organisations.
Scanning probe anodization patterning of Si substrates covered with a self-assembled monolayer dependent on surface hydrophilicity
Authors: Han Jiwon , Kasahara Daiji , Ichii Takashi , Murase Kuniaki , Sugimura Hiroyuki
Published: April 2009

Contact-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based anodization patterning was performed on silicon (Si) substrates covered with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) in order to investigate effects of relative humidity (RH), surface wetability of the SAM, and probe-tip material on widths and heights of drawn lines. Three types of SAMs, that is, methyl-terminated, ester-terminated, and carboxyl-terminated SAMs, were prepared on hydrogen-terminated Si substrates by a thermal activation method. These SAMs were covalently fixed on the Si substrates through Si–C bonds without an interfacial oxide layer between the SAM and Si. Rh-coated and boron-doped conductive diamond-coated AFM probe tips were used for patterning with a positive sample bias of 10V. Consequently, the region scanned with the AFM probe became protruded due to degradation of the SAM and anodization of Si. When the Rh-coated Si tip was used, the width of the protruded line increased with increasing RH on each SAM sample. The linewidth on the most hydrophobic methyl-terminated SAM was narrowest, while that on the most hydrophilic carboxylic SAM was widest. However there was no distinct difference in the pattern width at the patterning under low RH of 10%. In the case of patterning with the boron-doped conductive diamond-coated tip on the ester SAM, the width of the patterned line showed no clear increase with increasing RH. These pattern width changes were discussed in terms of the size of adsorbed water meniscus at the AFM-tip/sample junction as confirmed by force curve measurements; in the case of the boron-doped conductive diamond-coated tip which is rather more hydrophobic than the Rh-coated Si tip, the size of water meniscus hardly affected RH.
Self-assembled organic nanowires: A structural and electronic study
Authors: Simmonds Henje , Bennett Neil , Elliott Martin , Macdonald Emyr
Published: April 2009

The organic conjugated polymer poly (3,3″′-didodecyl quarter thiophene) dissolves well in chloroform and produces a uniform film when spin cast onto an oxidized Si surface. However, the authors have determined using atomic force microscopy that when toluene is used as the solvent, the same procedure yields electrically conductive nanowires which are 5nm high, ⩾20nm wide, and several microns long. Similar wires were observed after spin or drop casting the solution on Au, highly oriented pyrolitic graphite, mica, or SiO2, implying that the wires form in solution rather than during the deposition process. After the wires were deposited from solution and dried, a film which is also deposited from solution could be removed effectively without disturbing the wires by subsequent rinsing with toluene. Electrostatic force microscopy was used to study the electrical properties of the wires with 30nm resolution after spin or drop casting them across 10μm wide gaps between metal contacts deposited on the Si oxide surface. With current passed between the contacts, the voltage dropped at the wire-contact interface was seen to be important, indicating a large contact resistance, but the voltage dropped at the junction of two wires was found to be very low.
Imaging capability of pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors, AlGaN∕GaN, and Si micro-Hall probes for scanning Hall probe microscopy between 25 and 125°C
Authors: Akram R. , Dede M. , Oral A.
Published: April 2009

The authors present a comparative study on imaging capabilities of three different micro-Hall probe sensors fabricated from narrow and wide band gap semiconductors for scanning hall probe microscopy at variable temperatures. A novel method of quartz tuning fork atomic force microscopy feedback has been used which provides extremely simple operation in atmospheric pressures, high-vacuum, and variable-temperature environments and enables very high magnetic and reasonable topographic resolution to be achieved simultaneously. Micro-Hall probes were produced using optical lithography and reactive ion etching process. The active area of all different types of Hall probes were 1×1μm2. Electrical and magnetic characteristics show Hall coefficient, carrier concentration, and series resistance of the hall sensors to be 10mΩ∕G, 6.3×1012cm−2, and 12kΩ at 25°C and 7mΩ∕G, 8.9×1012cm−2 and 24kΩ at 125°C for AlGaN∕GaN two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), 0.281mΩ∕G, 2.2×1014cm−2, and 139kΩ at 25°C and 0.418mΩ∕G, 1.5×1014cm−2 and 155kΩ at 100°C for Si and 5–10mΩ∕G, 6.25×1012cm−2, and 12kΩ at 25°C for pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (PHEMT) 2DEG Hall probe. Scan of magnetic field and topography of hard disc sample at variable temperatures using all three kinds of probes are presented. The best low noise image was achieved at temperatures of 25, 100, and 125°C for PHEMT, Si, and AlGaN∕GaN Hall probes, respectively. This upper limit on the working temperature can be associated with their band gaps and noise associated with thermal activation of carriers at high temperatures.
Field-emission light sources utilizing carbon nanotubes and composite phosphor made of SiO2 nanospheres covered with Y2O3:Eu
Authors: Cichy Bartłomiej , Górecka-Drzazga Anna , Dziuban Jan A.
Published: April 2009

A new concept of field-emission light sources (FELS) with electrophoretically deposited carbon nanotubes and newly discovered nanocomposite phosphor is presented. The vacuum micromachined devices were fabricated from silicon and glass wafers. Two types of miniature devices were tested. The first consisted of the silicon cathode covered with indium-tin oxide (ITO) layer and carbon nanotubes. The anode was made of glass wafer covered with ITO contact layer and nanocomposite core-shell phosphor. Nanocrystalline composite phosphor was made of silica core spheres covered with europium doped yttrium oxide Y2O3:Eu shell. For this model structure bright and uniform light emission was obtained. The second type of light source consisted of SiO2∕Y2O3:Eu phosphor deposited onto cathode, directly on carbon nanotubes layer. For this device successful but nonuniform luminescence was observed. Fabricated FELS are technologically compatible with microsystem technology and can be integrated with microfluidic systems.
CdTe x-ray image sensor using a field emitter array
Authors: Nakagawa Masashi , Hanawa Yuichiro , Sakata Takuya , Morii Hisashi , Nagao Masayoshi , Yoshida Tomoya , Kanemaru Seigo , Neo Yoichiro , Aoki Toru , Mimura Hidenori
Published: April 2009

The authors have demonstrated the novel CdTe x-ray imaging device that consists of a Schottky CdTe diode and a 12×12 matrix-structured field emitter array (FEA). The Schottky CdTe diode was fabricated by depositing In on a Cl-doped p-type (π-type) CdTe substrate and Sb2S3 on the opposite side of the CdTe substrate. The matrix-structured FEA was fabricated by reactive ion etching and etch-back method. The output current was successfully detected by the recombination of holes with electrons from the FEA, and clearly depended on the x-ray intensity.
Enhanced output current density of an active-matrix high-efficiency electron emission device array with 13.75μmpixels
Authors: Nakada Tomonari , Sato Takanobu , Matsuba Yohei , Tanaka Ryota , Sakemura Kazuto , Negishi Nobuyasu , Okuda Yoshiyuki , Watanabe Atsushi , Yoshikawa Takamasa , Ogasawara Kiyohide , Nanba Masakazu , Tanioka Kenkichi , Egami Norifumi , Koshida Nobuyoshi
Published: April 2009

An active-matrix array of high-efficiency electron emission device (HEED) with a sufficient output density has been developed for the use as imaging probe in a high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor target. Previously, it was demonstrated that a prototyped image sensor with 20×20μm2pixels could pick up a high definition image with an ultrahigh sensitivity under low-light-level condition. Based on it, an efficient active-matrix HEED with 13.75×13.75μm2pixels is fabricated for pursuing higher sensitivity and resolution. The improvement in the device isolation method enables to enlarge the relative emitting area, and then the emission current density per pixel reaches 3.6A∕cm2 that is about four times of that obtained from the previous one. The active-matrix HEED array with small pixels is available for application to the compact ultrahigh-sensitivity image sensor without affecting on the image definition.
High-aspect-ratio germanium zone plates fabricated by reactive ion etching in chlorine
Authors: Lindblom Magnus , Reinspach Julia , von Hofsten Olov , Bertilson Michael , Hertz Hans M. , Holmberg Anders
Published: April 2009

This article describes the fabrication of soft x-ray germanium zone plates with a process based on reactive ion etching (RIE) in Cl2. A high degree of anisotropy is achieved by sidewall passivation through cyclic exposure to air. This enables structuring of higher aspect ratios than with earlier reported fabrication processes for germanium zone plates. The results include a zone plate with a 30 nm outermost zone width and a germanium thickness of 310 nm having a first-order diffraction efficiency of 70% of the theoretical value. 25 nm half-pitch gratings were also etched into 310 nm of germanium. Compared to the electroplating process for the commonly used nickel zone plates, the RIE process with Cl2 for germanium is a major improvement in terms of process reproducibility.
Emission and focusing characteristics of volcano-structured double-gated field emitter arrays
Authors: Neo Yoichiro , Takeda Masafumi , Soda Takashi , Nagao Masayoshi , Yoshida Tomoya , Kanemaru Seigo , Sakai Toshikatsu , Hagiwara Kei , Saito Nobuo , Aoki Toru , Mimura Hidenori
Published: April 2009

Volcano-structured double-gated field emitter arrays (VDG-FEAs) with different focusing electrode height have been fabricated and the focusing characteristics for each VDG-FEAs were evaluated in detail. The authors experimentally proved that lowering the focusing electrode was very effective to keep a high emission current and successfully removed the electric field relaxation at the tip during the focusing operation. The anode current of about 1.9μA was maintained for the VDG-FEA with the height of the focusing electrode relative to the extraction electrode, hf=−470nm, even in applying 5V to the focusing electrode, and the current was 84.4 times larger, compared with the sample with hf=220nm under the same focusing condition. It was found that the emitted electrons returned back to the extraction electrode by the potential barrier caused by the low focusing potential below 3V in every sample.
Noncontact lateral-force gradient measurement on Si(111)-7×7 surface with small-amplitude off-resonance atomic force microscopy
Authors: Atabak Mehrdad , Ünverdi Özhan , Özer H. Özgür , Oral Ahmet
Published: April 2009

In this work, the authors report on a quantitative investigation of lateral-force gradient and lateral force between a tungsten tip and Si(111)-(7×7) surface using combined noncontact lateral-force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. Simultaneous lateral-force gradient and scanning tunneling microscopy images of single and multiatomic step are obtained. In our measurement, tunnel current is used as feedback. The lateral-stiffness contrast has been observed to be 2.5N∕m at a single atomic step, in contrast to 13N∕m at a multiatomic step on Si (111) surface. They also carried out a series of lateral stiffness-distance spectroscopy, which show a sharp increase in tip-surface interaction stiffness as the sample is approached toward the surface.
Passivation of GaAs by octadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers deposited from liquid and vapor phases
Authors: Budz H. A. , Biesinger M. C. , LaPierre R. R.
Published: April 2009

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of octadecanethiol (ODT), CH3(CH2)17SH, were deposited on GaAs (100) substrates from liquid and vapor phases. Liquid-phase-deposited SAMs were prepared by immersing the substrate in a dilute solution of ODT and ethanol, while vapor-phase-deposited monolayers were prepared by exposing the GaAs surface to a stream of ODT vapor in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. The structural and optical properties of the resulting SAMs were examined with contact angle (CA) analysis, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS), and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Although well-ordered films were formed from both deposition techniques, PL, CA analysis, and ellipsometry measurements revealed that the overall quality, structure, and long-term durability of the resulting SAMs depended on the preparation method. Specifically, time-dependent PL and CA analysis indicated an enhanced stability for vapor-deposited films stored under ambient conditions. Through HRXPS measurements, the attachment of the thiolate molecules to the GaAs substrates was shown to proceed through the formation of chemical bonds at both Ga and As surface sites, with the percentage of each bonding configuration dictated by the surface termination produced via the cleaning process used prior to the SAM deposition. Collectively, the results suggested that more robust monolayers exhibiting greater surface coverage, and therefore increased passivation and stability characteristics, are assembled from vapor phase.
Do not always blame the photons: Relationships between deprotection blur, line-edge roughness, and shot noise in extreme ultraviolet photoresists
Authors: Anderson Christopher N. , Naulleau Patrick P.
Published: April 2009

A corner rounding metric has been used to determine the deprotection blur of Rohm and Haas XP 5435, XP 5271, and XP 5496 extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photoresists as base wt % is varied, an experimental open platform photoresist (EH27) as base wt % is varied, and TOK EUVR P1123 and FUJI 1195 photoresists as postexposure bake temperature is varied. In the XP 5435, XP 5271, XP 5496, and EH27 resist platforms, a six times increase in base wt % reduces the size of successfully patterned 1:1 lines by over 10nm and lowers intrinsic line-edge roughness (LER) by over 2.5nm without changing deprotection blur. In TOK EUVR P1123 photoresist, lowering the PEB temperature from 100to80°C reduces measured deprotection blur (using the corner metric) from 30to20nm and reduces the LER of 50nm 1:1 lines from 4.8to4.3nm. These data are used to drive a lengthy discussion about the relationships between deprotection blur, LER, and shot noise in EUV photoresists. The authors provide two separate conclusions: (1) shot noise is probably not the dominant mechanism causing the 3–4nm EUV LER floor that has been observed over the past several years; (2) chemical contrast contributes to LER whenever deprotection blur is large relative to the printed half-pitch.
Parotitis in a Child Infected with Triple-Reassortant Influenza A Virus in Canada in 2007
Authors: Bastien Nathalie , Bowness Donalda , Burton Laura , Bontovics Erika , Winter Anne-Luise , Tipples Graham , Minielly Debby , Gregg Betty , Cramer Christine , Schincariol Christine , Li Yan
Published: April 2009

Swine H3N2 influenza virus designated A/Ontario/1252/2007 was isolated from a child with parotitis. Diagnosis was confirmed by viral isolation and serological assays. A/Ontario/1252/2007 was related to H3N2 triple reassortants that emerged in swine in the United States in 1998. Three of five tested household members were also seropositive for A/Ontario/1252/2007.
Race Mixture: Boundary Crossing in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Telles Edward E. , Sue Christina A.
Published: April 2009

In this article, we examine a large, interdisciplinary, and somewhat scattered literature, all of which falls under the umbrella term race mixture. We highlight important analytical distinctions that need to be taken into account when addressing the related, but separate, social phenomena of intermarriage, miscegenation, multiracial identity, multiracial social movements, and race-mixture ideologies. In doing so, we stress a social constructivist approach to race mixture with a focus on boundary crossing. Finally, we also demonstrate how ideologies and practices of race mixture play out quite differently in contexts outside of the United States, particularly in Latin America. Race-mixture ideologies and practices in Latin America have been used to maintain racial inequality in the region, thus challenging recent arguments by U.S. scholars that greater racial mixture leads to a decline in racism, discrimination, and inequality.
Enhancement of calcium transport in Caco-2 monolayer through PKCζ-dependent Cav1.3-mediated transcellular and rectifying paracellular pathways by prolactin
Authors: Thongon Narongrit , Nakkrasae La-iad , Thongbunchoo Jirawan , Krishnamra Nateetip , Charoenphandhu Narattaphol
Published: April 2009

Previous investigations suggested that prolactin (PRL) stimulated the intestinal calcium absorption through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC), and RhoA-associated coiled-coil forming kinase (ROCK) signaling pathways. However, little was known regarding its detailed mechanisms for the stimulation of transcellular and voltage-dependent paracellular calcium transport. By using Ussing chamber technique, we found that the PRL-induced increase in the transcellular calcium flux and decrease in transepithelial resistance of intestinal-like Caco-2 monolayer were not abolished by inhibitors of gene transcription and protein biosynthesis. The PRL-stimulated transcellular calcium transport was completely inhibited by the L-type calcium channel blockers (nifedipine and verapamil) and plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) inhibitor (trifluoperazine) as well as small interfering RNA targeting voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel Cav1.3, but not TRPV6 or calbindin-D9k. As demonstrated by45Ca uptake study, PI3K and PKC, but not ROCK, were essential for the PRL-enhanced apical calcium entry. In addition, PRL was unable to enhance the transcellular calcium transport after PKCζknockdown or exposure to inhibitors of PKCζ, but not of PKCα, PKCβ, PKCε, PKCμ, or protein kinase A. Voltage-clamping experiments further showed that PRL markedly stimulated the voltage-dependent calcium transport and removed the paracellular rectification. Such PRL effects on paracellular transport were completely abolished by inhibitors of PI3K (LY-294002) and ROCK (Y-27632). It could be concluded that the PRL-stimulated transcellular calcium transport in Caco-2 monolayer was mediated by Cav1.3 and PMCA, presumably through PI3K and PKCζpathways, while the enhanced voltage-dependent calcium transport occurred through PI3K and ROCK pathways.
Supramolecular Assemblies and Localized Regulation of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Authors: Dai Shuiping , Hall Duane D. , Hell Johannes W.
Published: April 2009

This review addresses the localized regulation of voltage-gated ion channels by phosphorylation. Comprehensive data on channel regulation by associated protein kinases, phosphatases, and related regulatory proteins are mainly available for voltage-gated Ca2+channels, which form the main focus of this review. Other voltage-gated ion channels and especially Kv7.1-3 (KCNQ1-3), the large- and small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+channels BK and SK2, and the inward-rectifying K+channels Kir3 have also been studied to quite some extent and will be included. Regulation of the L-type Ca2+channel Cav1.2 by PKA has been studied most thoroughly as it underlies the cardiac fight-or-flight response. A prototypical Cav1.2 signaling complex containing the β2adrenergic receptor, the heterotrimeric G protein Gs, adenylyl cyclase, and PKA has been identified that supports highly localized via cAMP. The type 2 ryanodine receptor as well as AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptors are in close proximity to Cav1.2 in cardiomyocytes and neurons, respectively, yet independently anchor PKA, CaMKII, and the serine/threonine phosphatases PP1, PP2A, and PP2B, as is discussed in detail. Descriptions of the structural and functional aspects of the interactions of PKA, PKC, CaMKII, Src, and various phosphatases with Cav1.2 will include comparisons with analogous interactions with other channels such as the ryanodine receptor or ionotropic glutamate receptors. Regulation of Na+and K+channel phosphorylation complexes will be discussed in separate papers. This review is thus intended for readers interested in ion channel regulation or in localization of kinases, phosphatases, and their upstream regulators.
Brain Basis of Human Social Interaction: From Concepts to Brain Imaging
Authors: Hari Riitta , Kujala Miiamaaria V.
Published: April 2009

Modern neuroimaging provides a common platform for neuroscience and related disciplines to explore the human brain, mind, and behavior. We base our review on the social shaping of the human mind and discuss various aspects of brain function related to social interaction. Despite private mental contents, people can share their understanding of the world using, beyond verbal communication, nonverbal cues such as gestures, facial expressions, and postures. The understanding of nonverbal messages is supported by the brain's mirroring systems that are shaped by individual experience. Within the organism-environment system, tight links exist between action and perception, both within an individual and between several individuals. Therefore, any comprehensive brain imaging study of the neuronal basis of social cognition requires appreciation of the situated and embodied nature of human cognition, motivating simultaneous monitoring of brain and bodily functions within a socially relevant environment. Because single-person studies alone cannot unravel the dynamic aspects of interpersonal interactions, it seems both necessary and beneficial to move towards “two-person neuroscience”; technological shortcomings and a limited conceptual framework have so far hampered such a leap. We conclude by discussing some major disorders of social interaction.
Transplante de ilhotas na prática clínica: estado atual e perspectivas
Authors: Eliaschewitz Freddy Goldberg , Franco Denise Reis , Mares-Guia Thiago Rennó , Noronha Irene L. , Labriola Leticia , Sogayar Mari Cleide
Published: April 2009

O transplante de ilhotas é um procedimento em desenvolvimento, como alternativa para o tratamento do diabetes tipo 1 que está na fronteira entre o experimental e o clínico. É uma terapia celular na qual as células são implantadas em território diferente do fisiológico em que apenas determinado número incerto conseguirá se adaptar. Aperfeiçoar este processo para obter os mesmos resultados que no transplante de pâncreas, representa um desafio para o qual convergem contribuições da biologia celular, da imunologia e das técnicas de laboratório que se entrelaçam de maneira extremamente complexa. Este trabalho revisa a literatura expondo a evolução do procedimento, a sua metodologia atual e os resultados clínicos obtidos. As perspectivas futuras do transplante diante dos recentes avanços também são discutidas.
Influência das condições de armazenamento na composição química de tubérculos de batatinha
Authors: Boock Olavo José , Nery José Pio , Nóbrega Sylvio de Azevedo
Published: April 2009

Com a finalidade de verificar as transformações por que passam os tubérculos de batatinha durante o período de conservação, quer sob condições normais de armazém, quer em câmaras frigoríficas, estudos foram feitos no que diz respeito aos teores de matéria sêca, acidez, fécula, açúcares e proteínas, bem como sôbre a brotação. Três variedades de batatinhas foram empregadas - Tedria, Bintje e Konst 48-51. Os resultados revelaram diferenças altamente significativas para variedades e tratamentos, quanto aos teores de matéria sêca, enquanto para fécula, açúcares, acidez e proteína, apenas entre tratamentos. Foram encontradas correlações significativas-negativas entre fécula X acidez, e significativas-positivas entre açúcares X acidez, acidez X matéria sêca e acidez X proteína. Não foram obtidas correlações significativas entre proteína x fécula, açúcares X proteína, matéria sêca X proteína e açúcares X matéria sêca. Quanto à brotação, ficou evidenciado que um período inicial de 20 dias de frio contribui para encurtar o período de dormência das variedades, principalmente das mais tardias de brotação, como foi o caso da Konst 48-51.
Pastagens em alguns municípios paulistas e estudo da área basal e sombreamento
Authors: Chiarini Jorge Vicente , Verdade Francisco da Costa , Borgonovi Mário , Amaral Álvaro Zingra do , Audi Raul , Abramides Eduardo , Martins Zoraide , Rocha Geraldo Leme da
Published: April 2009

Em levantamento do uso do solo por fotointerpretação, em cinco municípios do Estado de São Paulo, foram determinadas as porcentagens de floresta, cerrado, pastagem, campo, terra de cultura e área urbana. Complementarmente foram realizadas amostragens de campo em áreas de pasto sorteadas nos mosaicos, com determinação da área basal e sombreamento. As áreas com pastagem variaram de 55 a 78%. Os municípios de Lagoinha e Rancharia, tipicamente pastoris, apresentaram-se com 3 a 8% de agricultura e 78 a 57% de pasto. O município de Pinhal apresentou equilíbrio entre pastagem e agricultura quando tomadas as normas conservacionistas. Nos estudos de sombreamento, áreas basal e colonizada, encontraram-se variações dentro da mesma espécie de gramíneas, entre municípios, e entre as referidas espécies no mesmo município. A baixa densidade de plantas forrageiras nos pastos revela técnicas de manejo diferentes.
Cobertura vegetal do Estado de São Paulo: II - Levantamento por fotointerpretação das áreas cobertas com floresta natural e reflorestamento
Authors: Borgonovi Mário , Chiarini Jorge Vicente , Amaral Álvaro Zingra do , Coelho Arnaldo Guido de Souza , Oliveira Domingos de Azevedo
Published: April 2009

É apresentado o levantamento por fotoínterpretação da cobertura vegetal de floresta natural e reflorestamento no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O trabalho foi feito pelo método estatístico de amostragem sistemática, utilizando-se templetos com sinais indicadores dos pontos a serem examinados. Foram interpretados, para a área do Estado de São Paulo, 915.570 pontos, representando cada um 27,15 ha. A área com floresta natural foi de 3.405.800 ha, e com reflorestamento, de 372.9000 ha, representando respectivamente 13,70% e 1,50% da área total do Estado.
Características morfológicas de gramas em resposta à aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl
Authors: Costa N.V. , Martins D. , Rodella R.A. , Rodrigues A.C.P. , Cardoso L.A.
Published: April 2009

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de duas doses de trinexapac-ethyl sobre a morfologia das espécies de gramas São Carlos (Axonopus compressus), Batatais (Paspalum notatum), Santo Agostinho (Stenotaphrum secundatum) e Esmeralda (Zoysia japonica). Os gramados foram cortados à altura de 3 cm no início do experimento e 20 dias depois. Após cada corte, foram realizadas duas aplicações sequenciais de trinexapac-ethyl nas doses de 56,5 + 56,5 e 113,0 + 113,0 g ha-1 , além de uma testemunha sem aplicação, para cada espécie avaliada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. A redução do crescimento foi avaliada por meio da altura das plantas. Semanalmente, o número e altura de inflorescências foram avaliados por amostragem, realizada em 0,25 m² no centro das parcelas; no final do experimento, avaliou-se a massa seca total. A aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl retardou o crescimento vegetativo e a emissão das inflorescências, assim como não provocou danos aparentes nos gramados. O uso do trinexapac-ethyl nos gramados avaliados pode reduzir a necessidade de cortes em até 55 dias após a segunda aplicação.
Efeitos da toxicidade do zinco em folhas de Salvinia auriculata cultivadas em solução nutritiva
Authors: Wolff G. , Assis L.R. , Pereira G.C. , Carvalho J.G. , Castro E.M.
Published: April 2009

A macrófita aquática Salvinia auriculata tem sido utilizada em vários programas de monitoramento em corpos d'água passíveis de eutrofização, sendo considerada uma planta bioindicadora. Contudo, sabe-se que a salvínia também tem um potencial fitorremediador, acumulando em seus tecidos concentrações consideráveis de poluentes. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fitorremediador e bioindicador dessa planta, avaliando as características morfológicas da salvínia quando submetida a doses excessivas de zinco (Zn), bem como o teor desse metal acumulado em seus tecidos. Os indivíduos foram coletados em águas livres de contaminação e cultivados sob condições controladas, em vasos com solução nutritiva, em casa de vegetação, e submetidos aos tratamentos com zinco na forma de ZnSO4. 7H2O, nas seguintes concentrações: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; e 10,0 mg L-1. As alterações morfológicas foram observadas diariamente e, após dez dias de exposição dos vegetais ao zinco, procedeu-se à colheita das plantas. As plantas colhidas foram lavadas, secas, pesadas, moídas e digeridas em solução com ácido nítrico e ácido perclórico, obtendo-se extratos para determinação dos teores de zinco por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Os resultados indicaram que S. auriculata apresentou danos morfológicos, com o desenvolvimento de lesões e necroses marginais nas folhas em concentrações de zinco na solução superiores à permitida pela legislação, porém não diferiram no que se refere ao crescimento populacional. Em relação ao acúmulo, a absorção de zinco pelas plantas aumentou proporcionalmente com a concentração do metal em solução. O zinco, quando em concentrações elevadas, tornou-se tóxico às plantas, sendo as alterações morfológicas de plantas de S. auriculata de fácil detecção, podendo ser utilizadas no biomonitoramento de ecossistemas aquáticos contaminados com zinco.
Manejo de rebrotes de Digitaria insularis no plantio direto de milho
Authors: Timossi P.C.
Published: April 2009

Com a dessecação da vegetação espontânea, nem sempre se consegue obter controle total das espécies daninhas, o que leva à perenização e ao aumento da importância daquelas selecionadas. Em área de plantio direto com predominância de rebrotes de Digitaria insularis, foi testado nicosulfuron isolado (60 g ha-1) e em mistura em tanque com atrazine (40 + 1.500 g ha-1), foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron-methyl (45 + 3 g ha-1) e mesotrione em mistura em tanque com atrazine (144 + 1.500 g ha-1) sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Cada parcela apresentava 6 x 4 m, contendo seis linhas de milho. A aplicação dos herbicidas foi feita com pulverizador costal na pressão constante de 30 lbf pol-2, com gasto de 200L ha-1 de calda. Foram avaliadas a eficácia e a intoxicação dos herbicidas aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após a aplicação na cultura. Na época da colheita, realizouse levantamento da cobertura vegetal reinfestante e do seu grau de dificuldade de colheita mecanizada, além da produtividade da cultura. Pode-se inferir que o melhor resultado para o manejo de rebrotes de D. insularis foi com a utilização de nicosulfuron isolado a 60 g ha-1.
A recepção de fanon no Brasil e a identidade negra
Authors: Guimarães Antonio Sérgio Alfredo
Published: April 2009

Neste artigo, uso fontes bibliográficas e testemunhos para analisar a recepção de Fanon pelo meio intelectual brasileiro, assim como sua influência sobre a formação de identidades negras. Enquanto observo uma recepção morna, argumento que isso se deveu a três fatores: primeiro, a especificidade da esquerda latino-americana nos anos 1960; em segundo, uma constituição racial e nacional totalmente oposta a conflitos raciais; e, em terceiro, o número reduzido nas universidades brasileiras de professores e pesquisadores negros que abordem a formação da identidade negra ou a afirmação de sujeitos racialmente oprimidos.
Fatores de risco para perda ponderal de crianças frequentadoras de berçários em creches do município de São Paulo
Authors: Toloni Maysa Helena A. , Konstantyner Tulio , Taddei José Augusto A. C.
Published: April 2009

OBJETIVO: Identificar e quantificar os fatores de risco relacionados ao agravamento da condição nutricional entre o nascimento e a realização deste estudo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 270 crianças frequentadoras dos berçários de oito creches públicas e filantrópicas do município de São Paulo. Considerou-se com perda ponderal as crianças que apresentaram diferença negativa do escore Z para a relação peso para idade entre o nascimento e a ocasião da realização desse inquérito. No estudo das associações, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado e consideraram-se as variáveis com nível de significância p<0,05. Foi ajustado modelo multivariado de regressão logística com estimativas de razões de chance (Odds Ratio, OR) para o controle de covariáveis ou variáveis de confundimento. RESULTADOS: A análise antropométrica revelou prevalência de desnutrição (P/I <-2 escore Z) de 7,1% no nascimento e de 4,4% na ocasião da medida e evidenciou evolução ponderal em escore Z desfavorável para 50,7% das crianças (n=137). Nas análises bivariadas, as variáveis "peso de nascimento suficiente" (OR=5,35; p<0,001), "anemia" (OR=1,81; p=0,019) e "idade menor que 19 meses" (OR=1,67; p=0,036) alcançaram significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: A perda ponderal em escore Z ao longo dos primeiros meses de vida é um indicador ainda pouco utilizado em estudos epidemiológicos, mas a realização de outras pesquisas poderá identificá-la como um indicador de risco de vulnerabilidade sociobiológica. Sugere-se a execução de programas de Saúde voltados ao controle da perda ponderal e que enfoquem a população infantil de menor idade e/ou com anemia, de modo a reduzir a prevalência dos agravos nutricionais.
A expansão da União Européia em 2004 e seus impactos no agronegócio brasileiro
Authors: Oliveira Samuel José de Magalhães , Ferreira Filho Joaquim Bento de Souza
Published: April 2009

O comércio internacional tem adquirido importância crescente ao Brasil, especialmente para ao setor rural. Assim, entender o impacto da política de terceiros países no agronegócio brasileiro é importante. A União Européia (UE) é um dos principais parceiros comerciais do Brasil e é conhecida pela grande interferência que impõe ao seu setor agrícola na forma de diversos subsídios. O impacto da expansão da UE em 2004 e a reforma da Política Agrícola Comum (PAC) têm sido estudados em muitas regiões do mundo, mas não exaustivamente no Brasil. Este trabalho objetiva determinar o impacto da expansão da EU em 2004 no agronegócio brasileiro utilizando o Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral (GTAP) - Projeto de Análise do Comércio Global -, sob três cenários alternativos de reforma da PAC. Os impactos setoriais mais importantes foram sentidos na própria UE, como esperado, já que as medidas ocorrem naquele bloco. O impacto agregado da expansão da UE não foi importante para a economia brasileira. Mas, diferentes medidas da UE afetaram setores específicos do agronegócio brasileiro, como oleaginosas e carne bovina. As exportações desses setores da economia cresceram com a expansão e o descasamento dos pagamentos diretos, embora tenham decrescido com a expansão da UE sem o descasamento.
Dimensões dos arcos dentários na má oclusão Classe II, divisão 1, com deficiência mandibular
Authors: Silva Filho Omar Gabriel da , Ferrari Júnior Flávio Mauro , Ozawa Terumi Okada
Published: April 2009

OBJETIVO: identificar alterações dimensionais nos arcos dentários superior e inferior na má oclusão Classe II, divisão 1, com deficiência mandibular (Padrão esquelético II). MÉTODOS: 48 pacientes com má oclusão Classe II, igualmente divididos quanto ao gênero, foram comparados com 51 indivíduos com oclusão normal, sendo 22 do gênero masculino e 29 do gênero feminino. Todos os 99 indivíduos estavam no estágio de dentadura permanente, com os segundos molares permanentes irrompidos ou em irrupção, com idade média de 12 anos e 5 meses (desvio-padrão de 1 ano e 3 meses), numa faixa etária oscilando entre 11 anos e 4 meses e 20 anos. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados permitem concluir que, na má oclusão Classe II, divisão 1 com deficiência mandibular, o arco dentário superior encontra-se alterado, mostrando-se atrésico e mais longo, enquanto o arco dentário inferior é pouco influenciado pela discrepância sagital de Classe II.
Consumidores satisfeitos, e então? Analisando a satisfação como antecedente da lealdade
Authors: Larán Juliano Aita , Espinoza Francine da Silveira
Published: April 2009

Em busca de maiores esclarecimentos com respeito à formação da lealdade conativa em função da satisfação, foi realizado um experimento de campo para avaliar a relação entre estes dois construtos. O trabalho apresenta base teórica, sustentando o relacionamento proposto, bem como um método de pesquisa que permitiu que a avaliação da satisfação do consumidor fosse processada e mensurada logo após o consumo efetivo do produto, propiciando um julgamento mais preciso e melhor mensuração das variáveis. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma relação positiva entre as duas variáveis e que uma parte considerável da variância da lealdade é explicada pela satisfação, contribuindo para o avanço da investigação dos desdobramentos da satisfação e, principalmente, da formação da lealdade.
Contribuições teóricas e metodológicas da abordagem multinível para o estudo da aprendizagem e sua transferência nas organizações
Authors: Pantoja Maria Júlia , Borges-Andrade Jairo Eduardo
Published: April 2009

Este ensaio inicialmente discute os conceitos de aprendizagem e de transferência de aprendizagem nas organizações, partindo das controvérsias teóricas existentes na psicologia e dos usos desses termos na linguagem cotidiana. Depois, sintetiza os princípios da abordagem multinível para a construção de teoria e a realização de pesquisa nas organizações e demonstra como eles podem ser aplicados para a compreensão da transferência de aprendizagem decorrente dos processos de treinamento e desenvolvimento. Faz então um levantamento da produção nacional de pesquisas sobre transferência de aprendizagem nas organizações, mostrando como têm sido realizadas as medidas de transferência e identificados os seus preditores. Em seguida, destaca alguns aspectos metodológicos de algumas delas, escolhidas com base no critério da diversidade das medidas e dos preditores investigados. Finalmente, sugere como estudos futuros poderiam levar em conta a abordagem multinível.
Leaf anatomy and morphometry in three eucalypt clones treated with glyphosate
Authors: Tuffi Santos LD. , Sant'Anna-Santos BF. , Meira RMSA. , Ferreira FA. , Tiburcio RAS. , Machado AFL.
Published: April 2009

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of simulated drift of glyphosate on the morphoanatomy of three eucalypt clones and to correlate the intoxication symptoms on a microscopic scale with those observed in this visual analysis. The effects of glyphosate drift were proportional to the five doses tested, with Eucalyptus urophylla being more tolerant to the herbicide than E. grandis and urograndis hybrid. The symptoms of intoxication which were similar for the different clones at 7 and 15 days after application were characterized by leaf wilting, chlorosis and curling and, at the highest rates, by necrosis, leaf senescence and death. Anatomically glyphosate doses higher than 86.4 g.ha-1 caused cellular plasmolysis, hypertrophy and hyperplasia, formation of the cicatrization tissue and dead cells on the adaxial epidermis. The spongy parenchyma had a decrease, and the palisade parenchyma and leaf blade thickness had an increase. The increased thickness in leaf blade and palisade parenchyma may be related to the plant response to glyphosate action, as a form of recovering the photosynthetically active area reduced by necroses and leaf senescence caused by the herbicide.
Inhibition of biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing moving bed biofilm reactor in seawater
Authors: Vallet B. , Labelle M.-A. , Rieger L. , Bigras S. , Parent S. , Juteau P. , Villemur R. , Comeau Y.
Published: April 2009

A new process was developed to achieve denitrifying biological phosphorus removal in wastewaters containing high levels of nitrate and phosphate with a low level of organic matter. This could particularly be useful in recirculating systems such as aquariums or fish farms to prevent accumulation of nitrate and phosphates and to avoid regular cost extensive and polluting water replacement. Phosphorus (P) was removed from the influent in a sequencing moving bed biofilm reactor, stored in the attached biomass and then cyclically removed from the biomass by filling the reactor with anaerobic water from a stock tank. Phosphate was accumulated in the stock tank which allowed for use as fertilizer. The feasibility of the experimental design was demonstrated by using the activated sludge model No. 3 (ASM3) complemented by the EAWAG Bio-P module implemented in the WEST simulation software. A pilot scale experiment was conducted in two identical reactors in two runs: one to treat water from a marine mesocosm, the other to treat a synthetic freshwater influent. No biological phosphorus removal was achieved during the seawater run. During the freshwater run, average P removal efficiency was 20%, of which 80% was attributed to biological removal and 20% to chemical precipitation. The absence of efficiency in seawater was attributed to the high concentration of calcium.
Hydraulic fractionation of conventional water quality constituents in municipal dry- and wet-weather flow samples
Authors: Exall K. , Marsalek J. , Krishnappan B. G.
Published: April 2009

The effective design of treatment processes for combined sewer overflows (CSOs) requires understanding of the CSO characteristics and treatability. Environment Canada partnered with four municipalities to evaluate water quality and treatability of wet- and dry-weather flows at local sewage or CSO treatment facilities. Chemical characterization of the samples indicates that the municipal sewage at all of the sites is of relatively weak strength, with several differences between the water quality data for dry-weather and wet-weather flows (assumed to represent CSOs). Hydraulic separation of constituents with an elutriation apparatus illustrated the removals that can be expected with conventional settling techniques and differences in settling of various constituents.
Inhibition of sulfide generation by dosing formaldehyde and its derivates in sewage under anaerobic conditions
Authors: Zhang L. , Mendoza L. , Marzorati M. , Verstraete W.
Published: April 2009

Publisher's note. We regret that an outdated version of this article was used in production; the correct final version, which incorporated several amendments and different authorship, is printed below.