bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Baseline Chronic Comorbidity and Mortality in Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Cases: Results from the PRECOVID Study in Spain
Authors: Poblador-Plou Beatriz , Carmona-Pírez Jonás , Ioakeim-Skoufa Ignatios , Poncel-Falcó Antonio , Bliek-Bueno Kevin , Cano-del Pozo Mabel , Gimeno-Feliú Luis , González-Rubio Francisca , Aza-Pascual-Salcedo Mercedes , Bandrés-Liso Ana , Díez-Manglano Jesús , Marta-Moreno Javier , Mucherino Sara , Gimeno-Miguel Antonio , Prados-Torres Alexandra ,   EpiChron Group
Published: July 2020

We aimed to analyze baseline socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with an increased likelihood of mortality in men and women with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We conducted a retrospective cohort study (PRECOVID Study) on all 4412 individuals with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Aragon, Spain, and followed them for at least 30 days from cohort entry. We described the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of all patients of the cohort. Age-adjusted logistic regressions models were performed to analyze the likelihood of mortality based on demographic and clinical variables. All analyses were stratified by sex. Old age, specific diseases such as diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, or congestive heart failure, and dispensation of drugs like vasodilators, antipsychotics, and potassium-sparing agents were associated with an increased likelihood of mortality. Our findings suggest that specific comorbidities, mainly of cardiovascular nature, and medications at the time of infection could explain around one quarter of the mortality in COVID-19 disease, and that women and men probably share similar but not identical risk factors. Nonetheless, the great part of mortality seems to be explained by other patient- and/or health-system-related factors. More research is needed in this field to provide the necessary evidence for the development of early identification strategies for patients at higher risk of adverse outcomes.
Capacitated Refuge Assignment for Speedy and Reliable Evacuation
Authors: Hara Takanori , Sasabe Masahiro , Matsuda Taiki , Kasahara Shoji
Published: July 2020

When a large-scale disaster occurs, each evacuee should move to an appropriate refuge in a speedy and safe manner. Most of the existing studies on the refuge assignment consider the speediness of evacuation and refuge capacity while the safety of evacuation is not taken into account. In this paper, we propose a refuge assignment scheme that considers both the speediness and safety of evacuation under the refuge capacity constraint. We first formulate the refuge assignment problem as a two-step integer linear program (ILP). Since the two-step ILP requires route candidates between evacuees and their possible refuges, we further propose a speedy and reliable route selection scheme as an extension of the existing route selection scheme. Through numerical results using the actual data of Arako district of Nagoya city in Japan, we show that the proposed scheme can improve the average route reliability among evacuees by 13.6% while suppressing the increase of the average route length among evacuees by 7.3%, compared with the distance-based route selection and refuge assignment. In addition, we also reveal that the current refuge capacity is not enough to support speedy and reliable evacuation for the residents.
Performance Evaluation of GIS-Based Artificial Intelligence Approaches for Landslide Susceptibility Modeling and Spatial Patterns Analysis
Authors: Lei Xinxiang , Chen Wei , Pham Binh Thai
Published: July 2020

The main purpose of this study was to apply the novel bivariate weights-of-evidence-based SysFor (SF) for landslide susceptibility mapping, and two machine learning techniques, namely the naïve Bayes (NB) and Radial basis function networks (RBFNetwork), as benchmark models. Firstly, by using aerial photos and geological field surveys, the 263 landslide locations in the study area were obtained. Next, the identified landslides were randomly classified according to the ratio of 70/30 to construct training data and validation models, respectively. Secondly, based on the landslide inventory map, combined with the geological and geomorphological characteristics of the study area, 14 affecting factors of the landslide were determined. The predictive ability of the selected factors was evaluated using the LSVM model. Using the WoE model, the relationship between landslides and affecting factors was analyzed by positive and negative correlation methods. The above three hybrid models were then used to map landslide susceptibility. Thirdly, the ROC curve and various statistical data (SE, 95% CI and MAE) were used to verify and compare the predictive power of the model. Compared with the other two models, the Sysfor model had a larger area under the curve (AUC) of 0.876 (training dataset) and 0.783 (validation dataset). Finally, by quantitatively comparing the susceptibility values of each pixel, the differences in spatial morphology of landslide susceptibility maps were compared, and the model was found to have limitations and effectiveness. The landslide susceptibility maps obtained by the three models are reasonable, and the landslide susceptibility maps generated by the SysFor model have the highest comprehensive performance. The results obtained in this paper can help local governments in land use planning, disaster reduction and environmental protection.
Post-Earthquake Recovery Phase Monitoring and Mapping Based on UAS Data
Authors: Soulakellis Nikolaos , Vasilakos Christos , Chatzistamatis Stamatis , Kavroudakis Dimitris , Tataris Georgios , Papadopoulou Ermioni-Eirini , Papakonstantinou Apostolos , Roussou Olga , Kontos Themistoklis
Published: July 2020

Geoinformatics plays an essential role during the recovery phase of a post-earthquake situation. The aim of this paper is to present the methodology followed and the results obtained by the utilization of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) 4K-video footage processing and the automation of geo-information methods targeted at both monitoring the demolition process and mapping the demolished buildings. The field campaigns took place on the traditional settlement of Vrisa (Lesvos, Greece), which was heavily damaged by a strong earthquake (Mw=6.3) on June 12th, 2017. For this purpose, a flight campaign took place on 3rd February 2019 for collecting aerial 4K video footage using an Unmanned Aircraft. The Structure from Motion (SfM) method was applied on frames which derived from the 4K video footage, for producing accurate and very detailed 3D point clouds, as well as the Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the building stock of the Vrisa traditional settlement, twenty months after the earthquake. This dataset has been compared with the corresponding one which derived from 25th July 2017, a few days after the earthquake. Two algorithms have been developed for detecting the demolished buildings of the affected area, based on the DSMs and 3D point clouds, correspondingly. The results obtained have been tested through field studies and demonstrate that this methodology is feasible and effective in building demolition detection, giving very accurate results (97%) and, in parallel, is easily applicable and suit well for rapid demolition mapping during the recovery phase of a post-earthquake scenario. The significant advantage of the proposed methodology is its ability to provide reliable results in a very low cost and time-efficient way and to serve all stakeholders and national and local organizations that are responsible for post-earthquake management.
Alterations in Concentration/Activity of Superoxide Dismutases in Context of Obesity and Selected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes: SOD1, SOD2, SOD3
Authors: Lewandowski Łukasz , Kepinska Marta , Milnerowicz Halina
Published: July 2020

Little is known about the contribution of each of the three superoxide dismutase isozymes (SODs) to the total SOD activity in extracellular fluids. This study was aimed to investigate the alterations in concentration/activity of (SODs) in plasma, in context of sex, obesity, exposition to cigarette smoke, and genotypic variability of five selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes SOD1, SOD2, SOD3. Men showed higher SOD1 concentration, lower SOD3 concentration and higher total antioxidative capacity (TAC) values. Intersexual variability was observed in concentration of copper, zinc, and cadmium. The obese showed higher total oxidative capacity regardless of sex. An increase in SOD2 activity was coexistent with obesity in men, and exposition to cigarette smoke in non-obese individuals. Additionally, in state of this exposition, Cu,Zn-SOD contribution to the total SOD was lower. Interestingly, over 90% of the obese were of C/T genotype of rs4880 (SOD2). Non-obese of T/T genotype (rs4880) were of lower total SOD activity due to decrease in both Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities. SNP rs2234694 was associated with differences in concentration of SODs, depending on obesity status. Correlations indicate that both TAC and SODs, together, may adapt to insulin resistance and inflammation-derived oxidative stress found in obesity. This topic should be further investigated.
The Geometry and Mechanics of Insect Wing Deformations in Flight: A Modelling Approach
Authors: Wootton Robin
Published: July 2020

The nature, occurrence, morphological basis and functions of insect wing deformation in flight are reviewed. The importance of relief in supporting the wing is stressed, and three types are recognized, namely corrugation, an M-shaped section and camber, all of which need to be overcome if wings are to bend usefully in the morphological upstroke. How this is achieved, and how bending, torsion and change in profile are mechanically interrelated, are explored by means of simple physical models which reflect situations that are visible in high speed photographs and films. The shapes of lines of transverse flexion are shown to reflect the timing and roles of bending, and their orientation is shown to determine the extent of the torsional component of the deformation process. Some configurations prove to allow two stable conditions, others to be monostable. The possibility of active remote control of wing rigidity by the thoracic musculature is considered, but the extent of this remains uncertain.
Pre-Treatment of Furniture Waste for Smokeless Charcoal Production
Authors: Kazimierski Paweł , Hercel Paulina , Januszewicz Katarzyna , Kardaś Dariusz
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using furniture waste for smokeless fuel production using the pyrolysis process. Four types of wood-based wastes were used in the pyrolysis process: pine sawdust (PS), chipboard (CB), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and oriented strand board (OSB). Additionally, the slow and fast types of pyrolysis were compared, where the heating rates were 15 °C/min and 100 °C/min, respectively. Chemical analyses of the raw materials and the pyrolysis product yields are presented. A significant calorific value rise was observed for the solid pyrolysis products (from approximately 17.5 MJ/kg for raw materials up to approximately 29 MJ/kg for slow pyrolysis products and 31 MJ/kg for fast pyrolysis products). A higher carbon content of char was observed in raw materials (from approximately 48% for raw materials up to approximately 75% for slow pyrolysis products and approximately 82% for fast pyrolysis products) than after the pyrolysis process. This work presents the possibility of utilizing waste furniture material that is mostly composed of wood, but is not commonly used as a substrate for conversion into low-emission fuel. The results prove that the proposed solution produced char characterized by the appropriate properties to be classified as smokeless coal.
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Purposes: Modern Trends and Prospects
Authors: Shabatina Tatyana I. , Vernaya Olga I. , Shabatin Vladimir P. , Melnikov Mikhail Ya.
Published: July 2020

The presented paper is a review article discussing existing synthesis methods and different applications of nanosized magnetic nanoparticles. It was shown that, in addition to the spectrum of properties typical for nanomaterials (primarily a large specific surface area and a high fraction of surface atoms), magnetic nanoparticles also possess superparamagnetic properties that contribute to their formation of an important class of biomedical functional nanomaterials. This primarily concerns iron oxides magnetite and maghemite, for which in vitro and in vivo studies have shown low toxicity and high biocompatibility in comparison with other magnetic nanomaterials. Due to their exceptional chemical, biological, and physical properties, they are widely used in various areas, such as magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, magnetic separation of biological objects (cells, bacteria, viruses, DNA, and proteins), and magnetic diagnostics (they are used as agents for MRS and immunoassay). In addition to discussing the main problems and prospects of using nanoparticles of magnetic iron oxides for advanced biomedical applications, information is also reflected on their structure, production methods, and properties.
An Analytical Model for 5G Network Resource Sharing with Flexible SLA-Oriented Slice Isolation
Authors: Yarkina Natalia , Gaidamaka Yuliya , Correia Luis M. , Samouylov Konstantin
Published: July 2020

Network slicing is a novel key technology in 5G networks which permits to provide a multitude of heterogeneous communication services over a common network infrastructure while satisfying strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Since radio spectrum resources are inherently scarce, the slicing of the radio access network should rely on a flexible resource sharing policy that provides efficient resource usage, fairness and slice isolation. In this article, we propose such a policy for bandwidth-greedy communication services. The policy implies a convex programming problem and is formalized to allow for session-level stochastic modeling. We developed a multi-class service system with service rates obtained as a solution to the optimization problem, a Markovian Arrival Process and state-dependent preemptive priorities. We use matrix-analytic methods to find the steady state distribution of the resulting continuous-time Markov chain and the expressions for important performance metrics, such as data rates. Numerical analysis illustrates the efficiency of the proposed slicing scheme compared to the complete sharing and complete partitioning policies, showing that our approach leads to a data rate about the double of that obtained under complete partitioning for the analyzed scenario.
Intravenous r-tPA Dose Influence on Outcome after Middle Cerebral Artery Ischemic Stroke Treatment by Mechanical Thrombectomy
Authors: Kurminas Marius , Berūkštis Andrius , Misonis Nerijus , Blank Karmela , Tamošiūnas Algirdas Edvardas , Jatužis Dalius
Published: July 2020

Background and Objectives: Pretreatment with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is still recommended in all eligible acute ischemic stroke patients with large-vessel occlusion before mechanical thrombectomy (MTE). However, the added value and safety of bridging therapy versus direct MTE remains controversial. We aimed at evaluating the influence of r-tPA dose level in patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion treated with MTE. Materials and Methods: We prospectively compared clinical and radiological outcomes in 38 bridging patients, with 65 receiving direct MTE for MCA stroke admitted to Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics. Following our protocol, r-tPA infusion was stopped just before MTE in the operating room. Therefore, we divided all bridging patients into three groups according to the amount of r-tPA they received: bolus, partial dose or full dose. Functional independence at 90 days was assessed by a modified Rankin Scale score, i.e., from 0–2. The safety outcomes included 90-day mortality and any intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Results: Baseline characteristics and functional outcome at 90 days did not differ between the bridging and direct MTE groups. Shorter MTE procedure and hospitalization time (p = 0.025 and p = 0.036, respectively) were observed in the direct MTE group. An IVT treatment subgroup analysis showed higher rates of symptomatic ICH (p < 0.001) and longer intervals between imaging to MTE (p = 0.005) in the full r-tPA dose group. Conclusions: In patients with an MCA stroke, direct MTE seems to be a safe and equally effective as bridging therapy. The optimal r-tPA dose remains unclear. Randomized trials are needed to accurately evaluate the added value of r-tPA in patients treated with MTE.
Bidirectional Response of Weak-Axis End-plate Moment Connections: Numerical Approach
Authors: Nuñez Eduardo , Parraguez Guillermo , Herrera Ricardo
Published: July 2020

Brittle failure mechanisms can affect the seismic performance of structures composed of intersecting moment resisting frames, if the biaxial effects are not considered. In this research, the bidirectional cyclic response of H-columns with weak-axis moment connections was studied using numerical models. Several configurations of joints with bidirectional effects and variable axial loads were studied using the finite element method (FEM) in ANSYS v17.2 software. The results obtained showed a ductile behavior when cyclic loads are applied. No evidence of brittle failure mechanisms in the studied joint configurations was observed, in line with the design philosophy established in current seismic provisions. However, beams connected to the column minor axis reached a partially restrained behavior. Joints with four beams connected to the column exhibited a partially restrained behavior for all axial load levels. An equivalent force displacement method was used to compare the hysteretic response of 2D and 3D joints, obtaining higher deformations in 3D joints with respect to 2D joints with a similar number of connected beams. Consequently, design procedures are not capable of capturing the 3D deformation phenomenon.
Influence of Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum-Copper Coating
Authors: Scendo Mieczyslaw , Spadlo Slawomir , Staszewska-Samson Katarzyna , Mlynarczyk Piotr
Published: July 2020

Influence of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of the aluminum-copper (Al-Cu) coating on the aluminum substrate was investigated. The coating was produced by the electrical discharge alloying (EDA) method. The surface and microstructure of the specimens were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The phase analysis of the composite materials by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicated that intermetallic compounds (i.e., CuAl2 and Cu9Al4) were formed through reactions between Al and Cu. during the EDA process. A significant increase in the hardness of the Al-Cu coating was affected by the improvement of the alloy structure. The heat treatment of materials was carried out at 400 °C or 600 °C in the air atmosphere. A corrosion test of materials was carried out by using electrochemical methods. The corrosive environment was acidic chloride solution. After heat treatment at 400 °C the mechanical properties of the Al/Cu alloy increased significantly and the oxide layer protect of the alloy surface against corrosion. However, after heat treatment at elevated temperature, i.e., 600 °C it was found that the (Al2O3)ads and (CuO)ads coatings were destroyed. The mechanical properties of the Al/Cu alloy decreased, and its surface has undergone deep electrochemical corrosion.
Influence of Particle Reinforcement and Heat Treatment on the Wear Resistance of Inductively Melted Hardpaint Coatings
Authors: Schwarz Patrick , Weber Sebastian , Deuerler Friederike
Published: July 2020

Wear-resistant coatings can reduce the high economic damage caused by wear processes. In this study, various protective layers based on the alloy X400CrVMo17-15-2 were investigated. Commonly, the prealloyed metal powder is used for plasma transferred arc powder surfacing. However, in this work, the cost-efficient hardpaint technology was used to produce particle-reinforced (fused tungsten carbides) and non-reinforced coatings. To analyze the wear behavior, the coatings were subjected to abrasion wear and scratch tests. For the abrasion wear test, a grinding pin (Al2O3) is pressed with a defined force against the surface of the rotating sample for 6 h. For the scratch test, a loaded diamond pyramid indenter was employed to create a circular groove on the coatings at a predefined speed. The wear grooves were analyzed with the aid of laser scanning microscopy. In comparison to the coatings in the as-processed condition, the non-reinforced protective layers were investigated after quenching, with and without deep cryogenic treatment, and tempering. The determination of proper heat treatment parameters was supported by computational thermodynamics. It has been confirmed that it is possible to improve the wear resistance of the unreinforced coatings by heat treatment. However, the reinforced layers showed the highest resistance against abrasion.
A Microfluidic Probe Integrated Device for Spatiotemporal 3D Chemical Stimulation in Cells
Authors: Shinha Kenta , Nihei Wataru , Kimura Hiroshi
Published: July 2020

Numerous in vitro studies have been conducted in conventional static cell culture systems. However, most of the results represent an average response from a population of cells regardless of their local microenvironment. A microfluidic probe is a non-contact technology that has been widely used to perform local chemical stimulation within a restricted space, providing elaborated modulation and analysis of cellular responses within the microenvironment. Although microfluidic probes developed earlier have various potential applications, the two-dimensional structure can compromise their functionality and flexibility for practical use. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional microfluidic probe integrated device equipped with vertically oriented microchannels to overcome crucial challenges and tested the potential utility of the device in biological research. We demonstrated that the device tightly regulated spatial diffusion of a fluorescent molecule, and the flow profile predicted by simulation replicated the experimental results. Additionally, the device modulated the physiological Ca2+ response of cells within the restricted area by altering the local and temporal concentrations of biomolecules such as ATP. The novel device developed in this study may provide various applications for biological studies and contribute to further understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying cellular physiology.
Research Status and Development Trend of MEMS Switches: A Review
Authors: Cao Tongtong , Hu Tengjiang , Zhao Yulong
Published: July 2020

MEMS switch is a movable device manufactured by means of semiconductor technology, possessing many incomparable advantages such as a small volume, low power consumption, high integration, etc. This paper reviews recent research of MEMS switches, pointing out the important performance indexes and systematically summarizing the classification according to driving principles. Then, a comparative study of current MEMS switches stressing their strengths and drawbacks is presented, based on performance requirements such as driven voltage, power consumption, and reliability. The efforts of teams to optimize MEMS switches are introduced and the applications of switches with different driving principles are also briefly reviewed. Furthermore, the development trend of MEMS switch and the research gaps are discussed. Finally, a summary and forecast about MEMS switches is given with the aim of providing a reference for future research in this domain.
A 3D Printed Jet Mixer for Centrifugal Microfluidic Platforms
Authors: Wang Yunxia , Zhang Yong , Qiao Zheng , Wang Wanjun
Published: July 2020

Homogeneous mixing of microscopic volume fluids at low Reynolds number is of great significance for a wide range of chemical, biological, and medical applications. An efficient jet mixer with arrays of micronozzles was designed and fabricated using additive manufacturing (three-dimensional (3D) printing) technology for applications in centrifugal microfluidic platforms. The contact surface of miscible liquids was enhanced significantly by impinging plumes from two opposite arrays of micronozzles to improve mixing performance. The mixing efficiency was evaluated and compared with the commonly used Y-shaped micromixer. Effective mixing in the jet mixer was achieved within a very short timescale (3s). This 3D printed jet mixer has great potential to be implemented in applications by being incorporated into multifarious 3D printing devices in microfluidic platforms.
Novel Decomposition Technique on Rational-Based Neuro-Transfer Function for Modeling of Microwave Components
Authors: Zhao Zhihao , Feng Feng , Zhang Jianan , Zhang Wei , Jin Jing , Ma Jianguo , Zhang Qi-Jun
Published: July 2020

The rational-based neuro-transfer function (neuro-TF) method is a popular method for parametric modeling of electromagnetic (EM) behavior of microwave components. However, when the order in the neuro-TF becomes high, the sensitivities of the model response with respect to the coefficients of the transfer function become high. Due to this high-sensitivity issue, small training errors in the coefficients of the transfer function will result in large errors in the model output, leading to the difficulty in training of the neuro-TF model. This paper proposes a new decomposition technique to address this high-sensitivity issue. In the proposed technique, we decompose the original neuro-TF model with high order of transfer function into multiple sub-neuro-TF models with much lower order of transfer function. We then reformulate the overall model as the combination of the sub-neuro-TF models. New formulations are derived to determine the number of sub-models and the order of transfer function for each sub-model. Using the proposed decomposition technique, we can decrease the sensitivities of the overall model response with respect to the coefficients of the transfer function in each sub-model. Therefore, the modeling approach using the proposed decomposition technique can increase the modeling accuracy. Two EM parametric modeling examples are used to demonstrate the proposed decomposition technique.
Effect of Ultrasound on the Oxidative Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Acidic Ferric Sulfate Media
Authors: Wang Jingxiu , Faraji Fariborz , Ghahreman Ahmad
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study is to compare the reaction kinetics of copper leaching from chalcopyrite in acidic ferric sulfate media with (UAL) and without (non-UAL) ultrasound assistance. Four leaching parameters were evaluated and optimized. The parameter with the strongest effect was temperature, followed by ultrasonic power, the solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L), and acid concentration. Copper recovery showed an increase with rising temperatures in both systems. Ultrasonic power had a positive effect on copper leaching, but no significant difference was found among various power amplitudes. Copper extraction increased with decreasing S/L. At 0.1% S/L, the UAL leaching rate was double the non-UAL leaching rate. In both systems, acid concentration had little effect on copper extraction. Under optimized conditions, 20% amplitude power, 1% S/L, 0.5 M acid, and 80 °C leaching temperature, copper extraction was 50.4% and 57.5% in the non-UAL and UAL treatments, respectively. Ultrasonic waves enhanced the leaching rate, shortened the reaction time, and reduced acid consumption. Analysis of the rate-controlling step using a shrinking core model showed that leaching occurs after diffusion through the product layer but also chemical controlled in both non-UAL and UAL systems. The leaching mechanism was confirmed by characterizing the chalcopyrite and leached residue with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of an Aeronautical Graded Epoxy Resin Loaded with Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Zotti Aldobenedetto , Zuppolini Simona , Borriello Anna , Zarrelli Mauro
Published: July 2020

Synthesized silica nanoparticles (SiO2) were coated with a thin polydopamine (PDA) shell by a modified one-step procedure leading to PDA coated silica nanoparticles (SiO2@PDA). Core-shell (CSNPs) characterization revealed 15 nm thickness of PDA shell surrounding the SiO2 core (~270 nm in diameter). Different weight percentages of CSNPs were employed as filler to enhance the final properties of an aeronautical epoxy resin (RTM6) commonly used as matrix to manufacture structural composites. RTM6/SiO2@PDA nanocomposites were experimentally characterized in terms of thermal stability and mechanical performances to assess the induced effects by the synthesized CSNPs on pristine matrix. Thermal stability was investigated by thermogravimetry and data were modelled by the Doyle model and Kissinger methods. An overall enhancement in thermal stability was achieved and clearly highlighted by modelling results. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis has revealed an improvement in the nanocomposite performances compared to the neat matrix, with an increase in the glassy (+9.5%) and rubbery moduli (+32%) as well as glass transition temperature (+10 °C). Fracture Toughness tests confirmed the positive effect in damage resistance compared to unloaded resin with an impressive variation in critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and critical strain energy (GIC) of about 60% and 138%, respectively, with the highest SiO2@PDA content.
MoS2-Carbon Inter-overlapped Structures as Effective Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Huang Po-Chia , Wu Chia-Ling , Brahma Sanjaya , Shaikh Muhammad Omar , Huang Jow-Lay , Lee Jey-Jau , Wang Sheng-Chang
Published: July 2020

The ability to generate hydrogen in an economic and sustainable manner is critical to the realization of a future hydrogen economy. Electrocatalytic water splitting into molecular hydrogen using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) provides a viable option for hydrogen generation. Consequently, advanced non-precious metal based electrocatalysts that promote HER and reduce the overpotential are being widely researched. Here, we report on the development of MoS2-carbon inter-overlapped structures and their applicability for enhancing electrocatalytic HER. These structures were synthesized by a facile hot-injection method using ammonium tetrathiomolybdate ((NH4)2MoS4) as the precursor and oleylamine (OLA) as the solvent, followed by a carbonization step. During the synthesis protocol, OLA not only plays the role of a reacting solvent but also acts as an intercalating agent which enlarges the interlayer spacing of MoS2 to form OLA-protected monolayer MoS2. After the carbonization step, the crystallinity improves substantially, and OLA can be completely converted into carbon, thus forming an inter-overlapped superstructure, as characterized in detail using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A Tafel slope of 118 mV/dec is obtained for the monolayer MoS2-carbon superstructure, which shows a significant improvement, as compared to the 202 mV/dec observed for OLA-protected monolayer MoS2. The enhanced HER performance is attributed to the improved conductivity along the c-axis due to the presence of carbon and the abundance of active sites due to the interlayer expansion of the monolayer MoS2 by OLA.
Surface Stabilization Affects Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Vuković Barbara , Milić Marija , Dobrošević Blaženka , Milić Mirta , Ilić Krunoslav , Pavičić Ivan , Šerić Vatroslav , Vrček Ivana Vinković
Published: July 2020

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most investigated metal-based nanomaterials. Their biocidal activity boosted their application in both diagnostic and therapeutic medical systems. It is therefore crucial to provide sound evidences for human-related safety of AgNPs. This study aimed to enhance scientific knowledge with regard to biomedical safety of AgNPs by investigating how their different surface properties affect human immune system. Methods: preparation, characterization and stability evaluation was performed for four differently coated AgNPs encompassing neutral, positive and negative agents used for their surface stabilization. Safety aspects were evaluated by testing interaction of AgNPs with fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) by means of particle cellular uptake and their ability to trigger cell death, apoptosis and DNA damages through induction of oxidative stress and damages of mitochondrial membrane. Results: all tested AgNPs altered morphology of freshly isolated hPBMC inducing apoptosis and cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Highest toxicity was observed for positively-charged and protein-coated AgNPs. Cellular uptake of AgNPs was also dose-dependently increased and highest for positively charged AgNPs. Intracellularly, AgNPs induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damaged mitochondrial membrane. Depending on the dose, all AgNPs exhibited genotoxic potential. Conclusions: this study provides systematic and comprehensive data showing how differently functionalized AgNPs may affect the human immune system. Presented results are a valuable scientific contribution to safety assessment of nanosilver-based blood-contacting medical products.
Photoconversion Optimization of Pulsed-Laser-Deposited p-CZTS/n-Si-Nanowires Heterojunction-Based Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Oulad Elhmaidi Zakaria , Abd-Lefdil Mohammed , El Khakani My Ali
Published: July 2020

We report on the achievement of novel photovoltaic devices based on the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of p-type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) layers onto n-type silicon nanowires (SiNWs). To optimize the photoconversion efficiency of these p-CZTS/n-SiNWs heterojunction devices, both the thickness of the CZTS films and the length of the SiNWs were independently varied in the (0.3–1.0 µm) and (1–6 µm) ranges, respectively. The kësterite CZTS films were directly deposited onto the SiNWs/Si substrates by means of a one-step PLD approach at a substrate temperature of 300 °C and without resorting to any post-sulfurization process. The systematic assessment of the PV performance of the ITO/p-CZTS/n-SiNWs/Al solar cells, as a function of both SiNWs’ length and CZTS film thickness, has led to the identification of the optimal device characteristics. Indeed, an unprecedented power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as ~5.5%, a VOC of 400 mV, a JSC of 26.3 mA/cm2 and a FF of 51.8% were delivered by the devices formed by SiNWs having a length of 2.2 µm along with a CZTS film thickness of 540 nm. This PCE value is higher than the current record efficiency (of 5.2%) reported for pulsed-laser-deposited-CZTS (PLD-CZTS)-based solar cells with the classical SLG/Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/ITO/Ag/MgF2 device architecture. The relative ease of depositing high-quality CZTS films by means of PLD (without resorting to any post deposition treatment) along with the gain from an extended CZTS/Si interface offered by the silicon nanowires make the approach developed here very promising for further integration of CZTS with the mature silicon nanostructuring technologies to develop novel optoelectronic devices.
High Variability in Silver Particle Characteristics, Silver Concentrations, and Production Batches of Commercially Available Products Indicates the Need for a More Rigorous Approach
Authors: De Leersnyder Ilse , Rijckaert Hannes , De Gelder Leen , Van Driessche Isabel , Vermeir Pieter
Published: July 2020

Due to the beneficial properties of silver, it is anticipated that the number of commercially available applications will keep growing during the next decade. In this study, 14 different commercial products that claim to contain solid silver were characterized by visual analysis, UV-VIS spectroscopy, inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Moreover the variation between production batches—which has never been researched before—was investigated. All four techniques corroborated that some products were highly concentrated and contained spherically-shaped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), while in others, no (solid) silver was detected or only irregularly-shaped silver particles with a high size polydispersity were present. For almost all products, a significant difference between the claimed and measured silver concentration was detected and a high variability between different production batches of the same product was observed. Our results show the need for a more rigorous approach regarding the manufacturing, labeling, and use of silver-containing products.
Earlier Nutrient Fortification of Breastmilk Fed LBW Infants Improves Jaundice Related Outcomes
Authors: Ma Xiao Wei , Fan Wei Qi
Published: July 2020

This study aimed to evaluate jaundice outcomes of low-birthweight premature infants commenced on earlier versus later nutrient supplementation (80 mL/kg/day vs. 160 mL/kg/day; total fluid intake, F80 vs. F160). Demographics, feeding regimens, and clinical outcomes data were collected. Infant and maternal characteristics were similar. Earlier nutrient supplementation was associated with multiple improved jaundice outcomes: total (TSBR), unconjugated and conjugated (CSBR) serum bilirubin values (196 ± 46 vs. 228 ± 52, 184 ± 44 vs. 212 ± 50, 12 ± 4 vs. 16 ± 5, respectively, all p < 0.001); phototherapy (39% vs. 64%, p < 0.0001). % CSBR/TSBR ratio was similar between groups. For those on phototherapy, duration and median irradiance were similar. F80 infants experienced reduced: feeding intolerance (26.0% vs. 45.2%, p = 0.007); length of stay (16.0 ± 0.64 vs. 18.8 ± 0.74 days, p = 0.03), maximum weight loss as % birth weight (5% vs. 6%, p = 0.03); decrease in weight Z-score at 10 days (−0.70 ± 0.03 vs. −0.79 ± 0.03, p = 0.01). F80 infants regained birthweight earlier (10.0 ± 0.3 days vs. 11.5 ± 0.3 days, p < 0.0001) and had no differences in adverse clinical outcomes. We speculate that earlier nutrient supplementation improved jaundice outcomes due to enhanced excretion/elimination of bilirubin.
Effects of a Multidisciplinary Residential Nutritional Rehabilitation Program in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors—Results from the NUTRI-HAB Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kristensen Marianne Boll , Wessel Irene , Beck Anne Marie , Dieperink Karin B. , Mikkelsen Tina Broby , Møller Jens-Jakob Kjer , Zwisler Ann-Dorthe
Published: July 2020

Head and neck cancer survivors frequently experience nutritional challenges, and proper rehabilitation should be offered. The trial objective was to test the effect of a multidisciplinary residential nutritional rehabilitation programme addressing physical, psychological, and social aspects of eating problems after treatment. In a randomized controlled trial, 71 head and neck cancer survivors recruited through a nationwide survey were randomized to the program or a wait-list control group. Inclusion was based on self-reported interest in participation. The primary outcome was change in body weight. Secondary outcomes included physical function, quality of life, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Differences between groups at the 3-month follow-up were tested. No significant differences were seen in body weight change, but there were overall trends towards greater improvements in physical function (hand grip strength: p = 0.042; maximal mouth opening: p = 0.072) and quality of life (“Role functioning”: p = 0.041; “Speech problems”: p = 0.040; “Pain”: p = 0.048) in the intervention group. To conclude, a multidisciplinary residential nutritional rehabilitation program had no effect on body weight in head and neck cancer survivors with self-reported interest in participation, but it may have effect on physical function and quality of life. Further research on relevant outcomes, inclusion criteria, and the program’s effect in different subgroups is needed.
Identifying Interactions between Dietary Sodium, Potassium, Sodium–Potassium Ratios, and FGF5 rs16998073 Variants and Their Associated Risk for Hypertension in Korean Adults
Authors: Jeong Hyeyun , Jin Hyun-Seok , Kim Sung-Soo , Shin Dayeon
Published: July 2020

Hypertension is affected by both genetic and dietary factors. This study aimed to examine the interaction between dietary sodium/potassium intake, sodium–potassium ratios, and FGF5 rs16998073 and link these with increased risk for developing hypertension. Using data from the Health Examinee (HEXA) Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES), we were able to identify a total of 17,736 middle-aged Korean adults who could be included in our genome-wide association study (GWAS) to confirm any associations between hypertension and the FGF5 rs16998073 variant. GWAS analysis revealed that the FGF5 rs16698073 variant demonstrated the strongest association with hypertension in this population. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium–potassium ratios and the FGF5 rs16998073 genotypes (AA, AT, TT) and any increased risk of hypertension. Carriers with at least one minor T allele for FGF5 rs16998073 were shown to be at significantly higher risk for developing hypertension. Male TT carriers with a daily sodium intake ≥2000 mg also demonstrated an increased risk for developing hypertension compared to the male AA carriers with daily sodium intake <2000 mg (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.41, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.84–3.15, p-interaction < 0.0001). Female AA carriers with a daily potassium intake ≥3500 mg showed a reduced risk for hypertension when compared to female AA carriers with a daily potassium intake <3500 mg (AOR = 0.75. 95% CIs = 0.58–0.95, p-interaction < 0.0001). Male TT carriers in the mid-tertile for sodium–potassium ratio values showed the highest odds ratio for hypertension when compared to male AA carriers in the lowest-tertile for sodium–potassium ratio values (AOR = 3.03, 95% CIs = 2.14–4.29, p-interaction < 0.0001). This study confirmed that FGF5 rs16998073 variants do place their carriers (men and women) at increased risk for developing hypertension. In addition, we showed that high daily intake of sodium exerted a synergistic effect for hypertension when combined with FGF5 rs16998073 variants in both genders and that dietary sodium, potassium, and sodium–potassium ratios all interact with FGF5 rs16998073 and alter the risk of developing hypertension in carriers of either gender among Koreans.
The Effects of Legume Consumption on Markers of Glycaemic Control in Individuals with and without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Literature Review of Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors: Bielefeld Dale , Grafenauer Sara , Rangan Anna
Published: July 2020

Legumes are a rich source of dietary fibre, plant protein, and low-Glycaemic Index (GI) carbohydrate. Evidence suggests a positive effect on glycaemic control following a single meal; however, the effects of habitual consumption are less clear. This review aimed to investigate whether medium-to-long-term legume consumption had an effect on markers of glycaemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus, without diabetes mellitus, or with prediabetes. As per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, the online databases MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and CINAHL were searched from inception through to 31 March 2020. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) ≥6 weeks in duration, reporting ≥1 of the following: fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting blood insulin (FBI), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), or 2-h postprandial glucose (2-h PPG), were deemed eligible. The overall quality of evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) assessment. A total of 18 RCTs were included, of which, 5 focused on individuals with diabetes mellitus, 12 on individuals without diabetes mellitus, and one on individuals with prediabetes. Only studies of those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 5) reported significant effects for legume interventions, three of which consistently reported reductions in FBG, two reported reductions in HbA1c, one reported a reduction in FBI, and another a reduction in 2-h PPG (p < 0.05); however, the overall quality of evidence was very low. The findings of this review support the dietary inclusion of legumes; however, the need for further high-quality RCTs to be conducted is also highlighted, particularly among individuals with prediabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus and type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Effect of High versus Low Dairy Consumption on the Gut Microbiome: Results of a Randomized, Cross-Over Study
Authors: Swarte J. Casper , Eelderink Coby , Douwes Rianne M. , Said M. Yusof , Hu Shixian , Post Adrian , Westerhuis Ralf , Bakker Stephan J.L. , Harmsen Hermie J.M.
Published: July 2020

The influence of dairy on the gut microbiome has not been studied extensively. We performed a randomized cross-over study to analyze the effect of high dairy intake on the gut microbiome. Subjects were randomly assigned to a high-dairy diet (HDD) (5–6 dairy portions per day) and a low-dairy diet (LDD) (≤1 dairy portion per day) for 6 weeks with a washout period of 4 weeks in between both diets. The gut microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compositionality and functionality of the gut microbiome was assessed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt). Stool consistency was evaluated using the Bristol stool chart. In total, 46 healthy overweight subjects (BMI range 25–30 kg/m2) completed both intervention periods. During the HDD, there was a significantly higher abundance of the genera Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Lactococcus, and the species Streptococcus thermophilus, Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (pFDR < 0.10). Furthermore, during the HDD, there was a significantly lower abundance of the genera Faecalibacterium and Bilophila, and the species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium aldenense, Acetivibrio ethanolgignens, Bilophila wadsworthia and Lactococcus lactis (pFDR < 0.10). There were eight subjects who became constipated during the HDD and these subjects all had a lower abundance of F. prausnitzii. This is the first cross-over study in which the effect of an HDD compared to an LDD on the gut microbiome has been studied. An HDD led to a significantly different composition of the gut microbiome, with a particularly lower abundance of F. prausnitzii and a higher abundance of S. thermophilus. Constipation was observed in several subjects during the HDD. Predicted metabolic pathways were not significantly altered due to an HDD.