bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An advanced cost estimation methodology for engineering systems
Authors: Hart C.G. , He Z. , Sbragio R. , Vlahopoulos N.
Published: November 2011

A mathematically advanced method for improving the fidelity of cost estimation for an engineering system is presented. In this method historical cost records can be expanded either through the use of local metamodels or by using an engineering build‐up model. In either case, the expanded data set is analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) in order to identify the physical parameters, and the principal components (PCs) which demonstrate the highest correlation to the cost. A set of predictor variables, composed of the physical parameters and of the multipliers of the principal components which demonstrate the highest correlation to the cost, is developed. This new set of predictor variables is regressed, using the Kriging method, thus creating a cost estimation model with a high level of predictive capability and fidelity. The new methodology is used for analyzing a set of cost data available in the literature, and the new cost model is compared to results from a neural network based analysis and to a cost regression model. Further, a case study addressing the fabrication of a submarine pressure hull is developed in order to illustrate the new method. The results from the final regression model are presented and compared to results from other cost regression methods. The technical characteristics of the new novel general method are presented and discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Shared Reading Goes High‐Tech
Authors: Gill Sharon Ruth , Islam Chhanda
Published: November 2011

Shared Reading is a powerful teaching technique for teaching beginning reading. Technologies such as Interactive Whiteboards now make Shared Reading much easier to do. Large texts are projected on the whiteboard for Choral reading, and interactive features allow students to learn about letter‐sound correspondences, spelling patterns, punctuation, and more.
Chip‐interleaving direct sequence spread spectrum system over Rician multipath fading channels
Authors: Gui Xiang
Published: November 2011

Chip interleaving (CI) is a unique technique to exploit time diversity in direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS)‐based systems operating in fading environments. In order to facilitate design of CI systems in various fading situations, we present a performance analysis for CI DS/SS system over Rician multipath time‐varying fading channels. We derive the analytical bit error rate (BER) expression for CI DS/SS to allow fast and accurate evaluation of BER performance based on the interleaving depth selected, spreading codes employed, and the time correlation function of the channel. We then discuss some ideal cases by using the analytical results to reveal some of the insights presented in the performance analysis. For the purpose of comparison, we also obtain the BER expression for conventional DS/SS system as a special case of CI system with an interleaving depth of one. Using numerical examples, we verify the analytical results with computer simulations and illustrate the BER performance behavior of CI DS/SS system with varying interleaving depth for all possible combinations of two sets of spreading codes of different type and two different time correlation functions of the channel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diversity of animal small RNA pathways and their biological utility
Authors: Okamura Katsutomo
Published: November 2011

Higher eukaryotes employ extensive post‐transcriptional gene regulation to accomplish fine control of gene expression. The microRNA (miRNA) family plays important roles in the post‐transcriptional gene regulation of broad networks of target mRNA expression. Most miRNAs are generated by a conserved mechanism involving two RNase III enzymes Drosha and Dicer. However, work from the past few years has uncovered diverse noncanonical miRNA pathways, which exploit a variety of other RNA processing enzymes. In addition, the discovery of another abundant small RNA family, endogenous short interfering RNAs (endo‐siRNAs), has also broadened the catalogs of short regulatory RNAs. This review highlights recent studies that revealed novel small RNA biogenesis pathways, and discusses their relevance to gene regulatory networks. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:351–368. doi: 10.1002/wrna.113

This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs

RNA Processing > Processing of Small RNAs

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
Factors affecting chemical‐based purification of DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lee Christopher K. , Araki Naoko , Sowersby Drew S. , Lewis L. Kevin
Published: November 2011

Extraction of high molecular weight chromosomal DNA from yeast cells is a procedure that is performed frequently for experiments involving polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blotting and other DNA analysis techniques. We have investigated several parameters affecting DNA yield and quality, using a simple chemical‐based purification procedure that was modelled on alkaline lysis methods developed for bacterial cells. The three major steps of the procedure, cell lysis, protein removal and DNA precipitation, were optimized by testing the impacts of several chemicals, including sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), sodium hydroxide, Tris buffer, sodium acetate and potassium acetate. Other parameters, such as the effect of elevated temperatures on cell lysis, were also investigated. A rapid, optimized protocol was derived for the purification of DNA from small cell cultures that can be readily digested with restriction enzymes and used as a template for PCR. Average yield was calculated to be approximately 1.7 µg DNA/108 cells, which is similar to the theoretical maximum amount obtainable from haploid yeast cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversible Wettability of Tungsten Trioxide Films with Novel Dandelion‐like Structures
Authors: Wang Xinmin , Wei Zhihua , Yu Chengqun , Zhang Xianzhou , Zhang Yidong
Published: November 2011

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) films with novel dandelion‐like structures were prepared by spin‐coating a sol of WO3 with CTAB (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromides) on quartz substrates. The resultant WO3 films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), FT‐IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wettabilities of the WO3 films were evaluated by contact angle (CA) measurements. It was found that the WO3 film exhibited superhydrophilicity under UV light irradiation, whereas after storage in the dark for a certain time, it turned to be superhydrophobic.
Way Down East, “Way Down West”: Hollywood Cinema and the Rise of Conservatism in 1920s China
Authors: He Qiliang
Published: November 2011

This article investigates the distribution and consumption of Way Down East (directed by D. W. Griffith, 1920) in Chinese cities in the 1920s in an attempt to explore the impact of foreign films on early Chinese filmmaking in particular and on Chinese society in general. Griffith’s Way Down East highlights a young woman’s trials and tribulations caused by male tyranny and deception. Such films by D. W. Griffith struck a chord in China in the 1920s, when the concerns of women and the loss of family values after the May Fourth movement found expression in film. The embracing of Way Down East in China, particularly among progressive intellectuals, indicates the existence of an anti-May Fourth conservatism. Chinese intellectuals were inspired by Way Down East to deny Chinese women’s subjectivity as new women who could control their own destinies; such a denial thereby rejected romantic love as a means of women’s emancipation and enlightenment. The intellectual class’s jettisoning of the rhetoric of “free love” and free marriage and re-emphasizing family values in the 1920s were conducive to the Nationalist Party’s conservative agenda to discipline individuals and Chinese society in the late 1920s and 1930s. Therefore, the “partification” of China during the Nanjing Decade (1927–37) was a direct outgrowth of a conservative consensus that followed upon May Fourth.
Modern Chinese Poetry: Translation and Translatability
Authors: Yeh Michelle
Published: November 2011

This paper is divided into two parts. Part I gives a brief survey of English translations of modern Chinese poetry in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The select translations—their foci and chronology—not only delineate a historic trajectory but also suggest broader geopolitical and sociocultural implications. Part II proposes that we understand “translatability” as “elective affinity.” Borrowed from German letters and science, “elective affinity” is an essential component of translation across cultures, and it is illustrated with two sets of examples: the encounters between classical Chinese poetry and modern American poets, and those between modern Chinese poetry and Anglo-American translators.
Dietary CLA Combined with Palm Oil or Ovine Fat Differentially Influences Fatty Acid Deposition in Tissues of Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Martins Susana V. , Lopes Paula A. , Alves Susana P. , Alfaia Cristina M. , Castro Matilde F. , Bessa Rui J. B. , Prates José A. M.
Published: November 2011

The effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in combination with fat from vegetable versus animal origin on the fatty acid deposition, including that of individual 18:1 and 18:2 (conjugated and non‐conjugated) isomers, in the liver and muscle of obese rats was investigated. For this purpose, 32 male Zucker rats were randomly assigned to one of four diets containing palm oil or ovine fat, supplemented or not with 1% of 1:1 cis(c)9,trans(t)11 and t10,c12 CLA isomers mixture. Total fatty acid content decreased in the liver and muscle of CLA‐fed rats. In the liver, CLA increased saturated fatty acids (SFA) in 11.9% and decreased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in 6.5%. n‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) relative proportions were increased in 30.6% by CLA when supplemented to the ovine fat diet. In the muscle, CLA did not affect SFA but decreased MUFA and PUFA percentages. The estimation of Δ9‐indices 16 and 18 suggested that CLA inhibited the stearoyl‐CoA desaturase activity in the liver (a decrease of 13–38%), in particular when supplemented to the ovine fat diet. Concerning CLA supplementation, the t10,c12 isomer percentage was 60–80% higher in the muscle than in the liver. It is of relevance that rats fed ovine fat, containing bio‐formed CLA, had more c9,t11 CLA isomer deposited in both tissues than rats fed palm oil plus synthetic CLA. These results highlight the importance to further clarify the biological effects of consuming foods naturally enriched in CLA, alternatively to CLA dietary supplementation.
European Parties in the Post-lisbon Reality
Authors: Peglis Michalis
Published: November 2011

European elections have long been considered ‘second-order national elections’. However, the Treaty of Lisbon brings about a window of opportunity, particularly when it comes to reinforcing democratic legitimacy and political participation in the EU. This article tries to shed light on potential ideas to make European Parliament elections more comprehensible and attractive for the citizens of the EU. Two steps in this direction are to establish a clear-cut link between the European Commission (both the president and its members) and the European elections, and a proposal for a new type of European manifesto. Successful implementation of these ideas requires reform in the content of the work of European parties.
Personal Values and Mall Shopping Behavior: The Mediating Role of Attitude and Intention among Chinese and Thai Consumers
Authors: Cai Yuanfeng , Shannon Randall
Published: November 2011

Personal values are important determinants of consumer behavior. While previous research has identified values (i.e., openness to change and self-enhancement) which guide consumers’ mall shopping behavior, they have been set in a Western cultural context. By adopting a value–attitude–behavior (VAB) model, this study examines what and how personal values influence consumers’ mall shopping behavior in two non-Western countries, namely China and Thailand. The results confirm the existence of the causal flow of VAB. Chinese are guided by self-transcendence and self-enhancement values, whereas Thais are guided by openness to change values. Shopping intention is found to mediate the attitude–behavior link in the Chinese sample and improves the predictive power of values towards behavior. Although a relatively weaker mediating effect is found in the Thai sample, shopping intention does not lead to stronger predictive power of values.
The use of fetal foot length to determine stillborn gestational age in Vietnam
Authors: Hirst Jane E. , Ha Lieu T.T. , Jeffery Heather E.
Published: November 2011

Objective

To assess the use of fetal foot length for predicting gestational age in stillborn fetuses in Vietnam and the ability of this measurement to differentiate early from late fetal deaths.

Methods

In a prospective case series, gestational age was determined from either certain first day of last menstrual period or early ultrasound scan. Foot length was measured, with a non‐elastic tape measure, from the heel to the tip of the longest toe. Agreement of observed and predicted foot length for gestational age was tested, as well as the influence of fetal characteristics.

Results

Accurate gestational age and foot length were available for 52 of 107 participants. Strong agreement was demonstrated between observed and predicted values of foot length across gestations (95% confidence interval, −4.7 to 4.3 weeks). Accuracy of fetal foot length in predicting gestational age was affected by growth restriction but not fetal gender, maceration, or congenital anomalies. Fetal foot length of 55 mm or greater demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 88% in identifying late fetal deaths.

Conclusion

Foot length is a good differentiator of early and late fetal death, which is important for the global recording of the number of stillbirths.
The legal status of emergency contraception in Latin America
Authors: Hevia Martín
Published: November 2011

Timely access to emergency contraception (EC) can contribute to reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies, and ultimately, the number of unsafe abortions and maternal fatalities. In Latin America, where all countries are parties to international human rights treaties that recognize the rights to autonomy, privacy, and health, and recognize sexual and reproductive rights including the right to family planning, the legal status of EC has been discussed in the courts. This article focuses on the analysis of the principal arguments voiced in the courts: the difference between contraceptives and abortifacients, the scientific status of available research on EC, and the age at which people develop a legal right to make decisions about their personal health. The conclusion is that Latin American countries whose laws or regulations ban access to EC in the public and/or the private sector fail to fulfill their obligations under international human rights law.
Aquaporins mediate the chemoresistance of human melanoma cells to arsenite
Authors: Gao Lin , Gao Yanhui , Li Xiaobo , Howell Paul , Kumar Rajeev , Su Xiulan , Vlassov Alexander V. , Piazza Gary A. , Riker Adam I. , Sun Dianjun , Xi Yaguang
Published: November 2011

The integral membrane channel protein aquaporin (AQP) is aberrantly expressed with oncogenic characteristics in various human cancers. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of all subtypes of AQPs, and found that 8 out of 13 AQPs expressed in melanoma cells. To understand the role of aberrant expression of AQP in this disease, we over‐expressed AQP3 and AQP9 in human melanoma WM266.4 cells and found that both AQPs significantly increased the chemoresistance of WM266.4 cells to arsenite. Functional studies showed that AQP3 and AQP9 can inhibit cell apoptosis induced by arsenite through down‐regulating p53 and up‐regulating Bcl‐2 and XIAP. Our data suggest the implication of APQ in melanoma progression and that the over‐expression of AQP3 and AQP9 contributes to the chemoresistance of melanoma to arsenite.
The minimal seed of turbulent transition in the boundary layer
Authors: Cherubini S. , De Palma P. , Robinet J.-C. , Bottaro A.
Published: November 2011

This paper describes a scenario of transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a spatially developing boundary layer over a flat plate. The base flow is the Blasius non-parallel flow solution; it is perturbed by optimal disturbances yielding the largest energy growth over a short time interval. Such perturbations are computed by a nonlinear global optimization approach based on a Lagrange multiplier technique. The results show that nonlinear optimal perturbations are characterized by a localized basic building block, called the minimal seed, defined as the smallest flow structure which maximizes the energy growth over short times. It is formed by vortices inclined in the streamwise direction surrounding a region of intense streamwise disturbance velocity. Such a basic structure appears to be a robust feature of the base flow since it is practically invariant with respect to the initial energy of the perturbation, the target time, the Reynolds number and the dimensions of the computational domain. The minimal seed grows very rapidly in time while spreading, and it triggers nonlinear effects which bring the flow to turbulence in a very efficient manner, through the formation of a turbulence spot. This evolution of the initial optimal disturbance has been studied in detail by direct numerical simulations. Using a perturbative formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, each linear and nonlinear convective term of the equations has been analysed. The results show the fundamental role of the streamwise inclination of the vortices in the process. The nonlinear coupling of the finite amplitude disturbances is crucial to sustain such streamwise inclination, as well as to generate dislocations within the flow structures, and local inflectional velocity distributions. The analysis provides a picture of the transition process characterized by a sequence of structures appearing successively in the flow, namely, $ \mrm{\Lambda} $ vortices, hairpin vortices and streamwise streaks. Finally, a disturbance regeneration cycle is conceived, initiated by the fast nonlinear amplification of the minimal seed, providing a possible scenario for the continuous regeneration of the same fundamental flow structures at smaller space and time scales.
Politics and Poetics of Fear after 9/11: Claudia Rankine's Don't Let Me Be Lonely
Authors: KIMBERLEY EMMA
Published: November 2011

The rise of the ekphrastic poem at the turn of the twenty-first century speaks of a preoccupation with the mediated representations that are increasingly a part of perceived reality. In the wake of “terror,” what we know and how we know it are subjects of fundamental importance. Mixed-media poet Claudia Rankine turns a revealing lens on the ontological implications of how combinations of words and images construct the world, taking in the virtual and material nature of contemporary existence as well as questioning the commercial and political image-texts that constitute reality for most people. I will argue that Rankine's hybrid and complex texts are representative of an increasingly urgent need to attend to the heavily mediated nature of experience and the emotional disconnect this often entails, revealing the need for a reassessment of the responsibilities involved in making representations for public consumption.
Kumzari
Authors: Anonby Erik John
Published: November 2011

Kumzari is an endangered language spoken by about 4000 people in Oman, the United Arab Emirates and Iran. Speakers of the main dialect are found on the Musandam Peninsula of Oman and in small groups in cities along the Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates. Laraki, a closely related dialect of the language, is spoken across the Strait of Hormuz by a single community on Larak Island in Iran (Lewis 2011, Anonby & Yousefian in press).
Statistical mechanics and molecular dynamics in evaluating thermodynamic properties of biomolecular recognition
Authors: Wereszczynski Jeff , McCammon J. Andrew
Published: November 2011

Molecular recognition plays a central role in biochemical processes. Although well studied, understanding the mechanisms of recognition is inherently difficult due to the range of potential interactions, the molecular rearrangement associated with binding, and the time and length scales involved. Computational methods have the potential for not only complementing experiments that have been performed, but also in guiding future ones through their predictive abilities. In this review, we discuss how molecular dynamics (MD) simulations may be used in advancing our understanding of the thermodynamics that drive biomolecular recognition. We begin with a brief review of the statistical mechanics that form a basis for these methods. This is followed by a description of some of the most commonly used methods: thermodynamic pathways employing alchemical transformations and potential of mean force calculations, along with end-point calculations for free energy differences, and harmonic and quasi-harmonic analysis for entropic calculations. Finally, a few of the fundamental findings that have resulted from these methods are discussed, such as the role of configurational entropy and solvent in intermolecular interactions, along with selected results of the model system T4 lysozyme to illustrate potential and current limitations of these methods.
On the Funeral Effigies of the Kings and Queens of England, with special reference to those in the Abbey Church of Westminster. By W. H. St. John Hope, Esq., M.A. With a note on the Westminster tradition of identification by the Very Rev. Joseph Armitage Robinson, D.D., F.S.A., Dean of Westminster
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

There used to be exhibited in the Abbey Church of Westminster, distinct from the later and better known “Waxworks,” a remarkable series of figures of deceased royal and noble personages, that came to be known as “the Ragged Regiment,” from the condition to which most of them had been reduced by course of time.
XXIII.—Photographs of Stonehenge, as seen from a War Balloon
Authors: Capper J. E.
Published: November 2011

The accompanying illustrations (Plates LXIX. and LXX.) were recently taken from a war balloon by Lieut. P. H. Sharpe, R.E., and represent Stonehenge from a point of view from which that famous monument has probably never before been photographed.
IX.—St. Paul's School before Colet
Authors: Leach A. F.
Published: November 2011

To talk of St. Paul's School before Colet will to most people seem pure absurdity. Even those who know there was such a school think that it was only a poor sort of choir-boys' school, and would be inclined to apply to it, mutatis mutandis, the famous Scotch bull on the roads in the Highlands:

If you'd seen these roads before they were made,

You'd hold up your hands and bless General Wade.
XVI.—Exchequer Tallies
Authors: Jenkinson Hilary
Published: November 2011

The hoard of several hundred thirteenth-century Exchequer tallies, here brought to the notice of the Society, was found by the Office of Works during the recent repairs to the Chapel of the Pyx at Westminster, and transferred to the Public Record Office. A great deal of dust accompanied the tallies, and in this were found portions of some contemporary white leather bags of curious workmanship and a good many fragments of documents. Some of these fragments were of widely different dates and classes, and it seems probable that the whole constituted a collection of the sweepings, as it were, of the many series which at different times found a home in that important repository of records.
XXV.—The Plan of the First Cathedral Church of Lincoln
Authors: Bilson John
Published: November 2011

It is hardly too much to say that no period in the history of mediaeval church architecture in England is so important as that which immediately followed the Norman Conquest. It is important in respect of the marvellous extent and quality of its own achievement; of its influence on the subsequent history of English architecture; and also (which perhaps cannot be asserted of any other period) of its influence on the architectural development of western Europe generally. By the time of the Conquest the Norman school was fully formed, and was achieving such masterpieces as Jumièges and Saint-Étienne, Caen. The Conquest provided an opportunity of which the immense energy of the Norman bishops and abbots took full advantage. In their greater churches they built on a scale which they had hitherto rarely attempted in their own country. Such activity bred experience, readiness in solving structural problems. The Norman character naturally led them to develop the logic of construction, and they were innovators in the practice of expedients which only needed fuller development to reach the essentials of what we call Gothic. It is true that this great development was not English; it was essentially Norman, the accident of the Conquest, but its importance is none the less on that account, and needs fuller recognition than perhaps it has yet received.
I.—On some rare forms of Bronze Weapons and Implements
Authors: Greenwell William
Published: November 2011

Some bronze weapons and implements, which have come into my possession, appear to be of so much interest in respect of novelty and peculiarities of form, manufacture, and ornamentation, as to make it desirable to bring them under the notice of the Society, with the object of placing them on permanent record in Archaeologia.
III.—Recent Excavations at Stonehenge
Authors: Gowland William , Judd J. W.
Published: November 2011

The fall of two of the stones of the outer circle of Stonehenge, No. 22 and its lintel No. 122, on the last day of the century, directed the attention of the public, and especially of archæologists, in a very forcible manner to the insecure position of other stones in this venerable monument. At a meeting of the Council of this Society soon afterwards a resolution was passed and sent to Sir Edmund Antrobus, the owner of Stonehenge, expressing their desire to co-operate with him in any operations which might be advisable for its preservation. Sir Edmund accepted the offer, declined any pecuniary aid, and invited the Society to form, together with the Wiltshire Archæological Society, and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, a small committee to advise him as to the work required for the conservation of the monument and the order in which it should be carried out.
IX.—On some points in the History of Inlaid Jewellery
Authors: Dalton O. M.
Published: November 2011

The Early Teutonic jewellery ornamented with garnets and glass pastes, frequently known as Orfévrerie Cloisonnée, has been so extensively discussed that it may appear almost superfluous to draw attention to it once more. But the publication in the following pages of objects now in the British Museum will, it is hoped, supply fresh links in the chain of evidence connecting it with the East; for it is now universally agreed that this kind of jewellery entered Europe from Asia, and it is with examples of early date from that continent that we are here chiefly concerned. The principal aim of this Paper is to make better known the armlet from the Oxus, and the reliquary from Afghanistan reproduced by figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying coloured plate (Plate XVI.). But in considering these objects it has been difficult to avoid speculation as to the origin of the style of ornamentation which they represent. The early date and pronounced Perse-politan style of the armlet bring us nearer to Egypt than anything hitherto discovered in the East, and in view of these facts, we are tempted to revive the question whether the Cloisonnée jewellery of Central Asia can have been introduced from the banks of the Nile. The opposite theory, which regards this jewellery as indigenous in Asia, has probably the balance of opinion in its favour; but in the present state of our knowledge, its acceptance would appear to involve something of a dilemma. For on this view the great antiquity of the earliest Egyptian jewels in this style would compel us either to prove that their Eastern prototypes were in existence some three thousand years before Christ; or to suppose two independent centres of invention, one in Asia, the other in Africa, thus severing Egypt from all connection with the development of the art on the neighbouring continent. Time may remove the difficulties incident to these alternatives, but at present neither of them is easy of acceptance. The perfection of the famous inlaid jewels of Dashur (figs. 1 and la), which belong to the twelfth dynasty (third millennium, B.C.), would make it necessary to assume from their rude Asiatic forerunners an almost fabulous antiquity. But so far as I am aware, neither Babylonia nor Assyria, Central Asia, or India, have as yet produced anything in this style of so remote a date; and though the early archæology of China is at present so little known that it may have many surprises in store, as matters now stand it is a legitimate inference that the Far East could hardly have exercised an artistic influence towards the West thirty centuries before the beginning of our era. The theory which derives enamelling from Asia, does not involve the same dilemma, because this was not one of the characteristic arts of Ancient Egypt.
XIX.—On a Carved Ivory Pyx in the British Museum
Authors: Dalton O. M.
Published: November 2011

The pyx illustrated in Plate XXXIII., and acquired by the British Museum in the present year, was formerly in the possession of the Reverend Walter Sneyd, of Keele Hall, where it had been preserved for about half a century. It was exhibited at the Art Treasures Exhibition at Manchester in 1857 and again at South Kensington in 1862, has been figured, though imperfectly, by Grarrucci and Rohault de Fleury, and cast for the series issued by the Arundel Society.
XXII.—The Submerged Greek and Roman Foreshore near Naples
Authors: Günther R. T.
Published: November 2011

‘Soleo eniin et in aliena castra transire, non tamquam transfuga, sed tamquam explorator.’ Seneca, Epistul. Mor. I., Ep. II.

Some years ago it occurred to the author that certain submerged ruins in the Bay of Naples were sufficiently well preserved to repay investigation with a view to supplementing the history of the post-Roman land-movements, as recorded upon the columns of the Macellum of Puteoli, commonly known as the “Temple of Serapis.”
V.—Pre-Roman Bronze Votive Offerings from Despeñaperros, in the Sierra Morena, Spain
Authors: Sandars Horace
Published: November 2011

Before entering upon the consideration of the subject matter of this paper, I would mention that I found some difficulty in selecting an appropriate title for it. It appeared to me that although a generally descriptive title, perforce composed of several long names strung together, or of compound adjectives made up of such words as Greek, Phœnician, and Iberian, would be more correct, it might, at the same time, and without some previous knowledge of the subjects dealt in during the course of the paper, prove to be confusing. I hesitated between “Iberian” and “Pre-Roman.” I think that “Iberian” would, in some respects, have been a more appropriate title, because Iberian influences, both in a geographical and an ethnical sense, undoubtedly predominate, not only in the votive objects themselves, but also in other expressions of that phrase in art with which I am about to deal. “Iberian” is, however, so often and so loosely employed to denote anything and everything that comes from Hispania, that I finally decided upon “Pre-Roman.” It should, however, not be taken in this instance as the chronological definition of a period which ends with the Roman occupation of Spain in 200 B.C., because it may, and undoubtedly does, extend into several subsequent centuries; but rather as indicating that the influences which predominated in the inception of the offerings in no way derive from the Romans, and that they are traceable to pre-Roman times in the Peninsula.
VI.—The Loss of King John's Baggage Train in the Wellstream in October, 1216
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

The subject of this paper has been suggested by a well-known story, to be found in one form or another in many a popular History of England, that the young King Henry the Third was crowned at Gloucester in 1216 with a golden circlet, because the crown of King John his father had been lost with all his other treasures in the waves of the Wash.
XXI.—Excavations at Caerwent, Monmouthshire, on the Site of the Romano-British City of Venta Silurum, in the years 1907 and 1909
Authors: Ashby Thomas , Hudd Alfred E. , King Frank
Published: November 2011

The excavations of 1907 were begun on 29th April, much earlier than usual, and were continued till the beginning of October, under the direction of Messrs. Ashby, Hudd, and H. L. Jones (assisted by Mr. F. King and Mr. F. G. Newton, as architects). The whole of the work has been carried out upon land belonging to Viscount Tredegar, F.S.A., President of the Caerwent Exploration Fund, to whom the warmest thanks of the Committee are again due.
I.—Essex House, formerly Leicester House and Exeter Inn
Authors: Kingsford Charles Lethbridge
Published: November 2011

The London Inn of the bishops of Exeter in the fourteenth century occupied the greater part of the space between the Temple and the bishop of Bath's Inn. The whole site was probably at one time the property of the Knights of the Temple, to whom Henry II in 1173 granted the church of St. Clement Danes. In the thirteenth century the advowson of St. Clement's together with certain messuages opposite to the church had passed into the possession of the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre at Warwick. When or how this took place I have not discovered. But these messuages, like the Temple, were held of the Honour of Leicester, and when in 1280 the Inn of the Canons opposite St. Clement's Church was granted to William de Breuse, bishop of Llandaff, for life, the grant was made with the assent of Edmund, earl of Lancaster, to whom that Honour belonged. In 1323 Walter de Stapledon, bishop of Exeter, was anxious to provide a London Inn for his see, and for that purpose desired to acquire the property of the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre in St. Clement Danes. With a view thereto he purchased from Walter de Cantelupe land at Snitterfield in Warwickshire with the advowson of the church there. In the following year he obtained the king's permission to exchange this property for five messuages and the advow-son of St. Clement Danes together with some land at Hornsey. The exchange was confirmed by two fines levied in Michaelmas Term 1325. From another source it appears that the Canons had held four messuages together with the reversion to a fifth which had been demised for life to William de Bereford. Bereford, who was Chief Justice of the Common Bench, died in 1326, and Stapledon then became fully possessed of the property. The messuages were stated in 1324 to be held of the king as of the Honour of Leicester, having come into the king's hands through the forfeiture of Thomas ot Lancaster in 1322; it was not known of whom the advowson was held.
II.—Some Letters of Confraternity
Authors: Clark-Maxwell
Published: November 2011

The origin of letters of ‘confraternity’, or of ‘participation in benefits’ for the two classes seem to be, as I hope to show later on, practically equivalent, is to be sought in the natural desire among those who were fighting against the corruptions of the world, to feel themselves fortified with the prayers of others engaged in the like conflict, and the no less natural wish to help their brethren in that struggle. Such associations would, equally naturally, be formed first and principally between monastic houses, since these formed, as it were, the entrenched camps into which religion retreated during the dark ages of Europe. But inasmuch as those thus associated were reckoned as in the fullest sense brothers, it was not long before the practical usefulness of these acts of confraternity became apparent in providing a means of arbitration in case of disputes between head and members in an abbey, as well as a sort of appeal against unjust treatment by a superior, or a remedy for fundamental incompatibility of temperament. Dom Ursmer Berlière, O.S.B., in an interesting article in the Mémoires of the Royal Belgian Academy, has investigated the jurisdictional side of these monastic confraternities, and therein relates the surprising experience of an abbot of St. Trond, who on approaching in the course of a journey the abbey of Brogne or St. Gérard, finds himself received with all ceremony, conducted at High Mass to the abbot's stall, and is informed that the officers of the monastery had to surrender to him their keys of office, and that he had the right to remit the punishment imposed upon a brother of the house. He asks the reason; and the only explanation his hosts can give, is that this is always done to an abbot of St. Trond on his first visit to Brogne. The author explains these proceedings by supposing the former existence of a formal act of confraternity between the houses, entirely forgotten on one side, and only partially remembered on the other.
VII.—The Order of Grandmont and its Houses in England
Authors: Graham Rose , Clapham A.W.
Published: November 2011

St. Stephen of Muret founded the Order of Grandmont about 1076 in the diocese of Limoges. More than sixty years after his death in 1124, Gerard Itier, the seventh prior of Grandmont, wrote his life, and it is difficult to reconcile some of the dates with known historical facts.
III.—The Plan of St. Bartholomew's, West Smithfield, and the recent excavations
Authors: Webb E. A.
Published: November 2011

Recent excavations made within the church of St. Bartholomew the Great, exposing the sites of the first Lady chapel and of the south side chapel, have thrown new light on the plan of Rahere's church; and excavations on the south side of the church have uncovered the foundations of the sacristy, chapter-house, and the Prior's house. The object of this paper is to lay the results of these excavations before the Society.
VI.—The Use of Samian Pottery in dating the early Roman occupation of the north of Britain
Authors: Bushe-Fox J. P.
Published: November 2011

It is well known that early in the reign of Hadrian a wall was built across Britain from the Solway to near the mouth of the Tyne, and that about twenty years later, under Antoninus Pius, another wall was built still further north, from the Clyde to the Forth. Forty years before the wall of Hadrian, Agricola, in the early years of the reign of Domitian, penetrated even further than the line of the Antonine wall. It is with the period from the first advance of Agricola until the coming of Hadrian that the following paper deals.
IX.—Bess of Hardwick's Buildings and Building Accounts
Authors: Stallybrass Basil
Published: November 2011

Bess of Hardwick's building accounts are stored in the muniment room at Hardwick: in regard to Chatsworth they are fragmentary; in regard to Hardwick they are almost complete; in regard to other works they survive but in scattered references. Of the buildings themselves Chatsworth has almost entirely disappeared, the earlier building at Hardwick is partially demolished, the newer building remains almost as Bess left it; while her other minor works remain only in portions. Thus the buildings and the accounts are commentaries on each other, and fate has decreed that the measure of their survival should be equal.
VI.—The Clephane Horn
Authors: Dalton O. M.
Published: November 2011

The horn, belonging to the Marquess of Northampton, is in some respects the most remarkable of its class, the class, that is, of the so-called oliphants, which, as far as our evidence goes, were made between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. The style and character of its ornament place it among the rarest and finest examples known; even the serious damage which it has suffered in the course of years cannot rob it of this distinction.
IX.—Further Observations on Prehistoric Man in Jersey
Authors: Marett R.R.
Published: November 2011

This paper is intended to supplement, and in the light of fuller information to modify, the communication regarding recent archaeological discoveries in Jersey that I had the honour to lay before the Society of Antiquaries last year. The new matter relates to two sets of excavations undertaken by the Societe Jersiaise, in both of which I was privileged to take part. Neither site was altogether virgin. But, whereas the cave known as La Cotte de St. Brelade could be counted on as rich in objects of antiquarian interest, Green Island, or, to call it by its more ancient and authentic name, La Motte, had yielded little, at all events of late. Fifty years ago a human cranium of ancient appearance had been found low down in its basement of loess or brick-earth; but since that time nothing more had come to light here, except a rough neolithic implement or two from the higher levels of the islet. Even now, perhaps, it can scarcely vie with the St. Brelade's cave as an attraction to the student of prehistorics; for I am afraid that he is apt to rate the neolithic in general all too cheaply, owing to the glamour that enshrouds the more remote, if hardly more inscrutable, palaeolithic. Yet, as the sequel will show, La Motte has at any rate given birth to a crop of problems, which, I venture to think, may prove of more than local importance.
XI.—Notes on the Buildings, Books, and Benefactors of the Library of the Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral Church of Wells
Authors: Church C. M.
Published: November 2011

In the thirteenth century Wells was a place of some educational equipment in connection with the cathedral church of secular canons, an academic town of the times. There was a school for choristers, there was also a schola grammaticalis of a higher grade under the chancellor's authority. Since bishop Jocelin's time in 1240, the chancellor, by the terms of his office, was required to give lectures on theology at stated times. There were many boys and many vicars choral and younger canons more or less under some education of the time. There were books for worship and for use of the canons, which required safe keeping. Records, registers, etc. were kept of the acts and statutes of the chapter, and copies were made of the charters and important documents, the originals of which were kept in the treasury, all which required a scriptorium.
XVI—Recent Discoveries in Romsey Abbey Church
Authors: Peers C. R.
Published: November 2011

The remains of walls found in October and November, 1900, during the process of laying down a wood block floor in the nave and crossing of Romsey Abbey, are shown on the accompanying plan (Plate XLL). Those on the south side of the nave may be dealt with first, as they have no bearing on the structural history of the church, and the record of them is chiefly of value because they are now buried beneath 6 inches of concrete and a wood block floor, and will probably not be seen again for many years. They are of two dates, the wall running east and west being the older. This is 19 inches thick, of flint and stone rubble, and was traced from the eastern angle of the first nave pier to within 2 feet of the fourth, where it ends without a return. It is plastered on the north or inner face with a coat of rough yellowish plaster, continuous with a floor of the same character, 16 inches below the present pavement level, which is at the original level of that of the existing Norman nave. This plaster floor rests, as to its western part, on a layer of flints on the undisturbed soil, and extends along the whole length of the wall from east to west, and northwards as far as the digging went, that is, nearly to the south edge of the paving of the central alley of the nave.
XIV.—The Island of Ictis.
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: November 2011

So much has already been published about the ancient trade with Britain for tin, and the accounts given by Diodorus Siculus and Cæsar have so often been discussed, that it would appear as if no further evidence were obtainable. It has seemed also as if there were unfortunate contradictions between the classical authorities, which made their statements untrustworthy, or at any rate too vague and too little exact to be of value.
XVII.— Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1903 and 1904.
Authors: Hope W.H. St.John , Fox George E.
Published: November 2011

The following report of the most recent operations carried out by the Executive Committee of the Silchester Excavation Fund actually includes the reports for the two years 1903 and 1904, which were the fourteenth and fifteenth in succession of the systematic exploration of the Roman town.
X.—A Notice of the Ludus Triumphorum and some Early Italian Card Games; with some Remarks on the Origin of the Game of Cards
Authors: Steele Robert
Published: November 2011

The earliest mention of cards occurs in 1377, and their history during the next century is obscure. Card playing seems to have become a popular vice very soon, since it is said to have been prohibited by the Synod of Langres in 1404. In 1423 cards equally with dice were the object of a celebrated sermon by St. Bernardin of Sienna at Bologna. The saint attributes the invention of games of chance to the devil, and gives a list of games of chance, most of which were played with dice and a backgammon board.
INPUT, INTAKE, AND CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: Truscott John , Smith Michael Sharwood
Published: November 2011

Over the last 40 years, there have been successive attempts to define or refine a set of key concepts intended to guide theory and experimentation in SLA. These includeinput,intake, andconsciousness. This article tries to take these attempts a stage further by integrating the conceptualization of these notions into a larger interdisciplinary framework called Modular Online Growth and Use of Language (MOGUL). Past work, which is problematic both in terms of the theoretical development itself and in terms of the way the resulting ideas have been applied, is critically reviewed. A reinterpretation of key concepts in MOGUL terms is presented, in hopes that this reformulation will provide a clearer theoretical understanding and serve as an improved foundation for future research.
FILLER-GAP DEPENDENCIES AND ISLAND CONSTRAINTS IN SECOND-LANGUAGE SENTENCE PROCESSING
Authors: Omaki Akira , Schulz Barbara
Published: November 2011

Second-language (L2) sentence processing may differ from processing in a native language in a variety of ways, and it has been argued that one major difference is that L2 learners can only construct shallow representations that lack structural details (e.g., Clahsen & Felser, 2006). The present study challenges this hypothesis by comparing the extent to which advanced L1 Spanish-L2 English learners and English native speakers make use of the relative clause island constraint in constructing filler-gap dependencies. In offline acceptability judgment and online self-paced reading experiments that used stimuli adapted from Traxler and Pickering (1996), both the L2 group and the native-speaker control group demonstrated clear evidence for application of the relative clause island constraint. These findings suggest that advanced L2 learners not only build abstract structural representations but also rapidly constrain the active search for a gap location. These results cast doubt on the proposal that L2 learners are unable to build structural representations with grammatical precision.