bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INNOVATION: En Introduction
Authors: Lex Simon , Salamon Karen Lisa , Granhøj Julie , Felding Simone A.
Published: September 2021

I globale såvel som nationale politiske organisationer, i offentlige institutioner og i private virksomheder bliver innovation fremhævet som en ny nødvendighed for sikringen af økonomiske resultater og staters og organisationers fortsatte overlevelse på globaliserede og omskiftelige kommercielle markeder. Nationalstater investerer i disse år milliarder af kroner i innovationsfremmende initiativer, tillægger innovation en positivt samfundsforandrende kraft og hylder den som universalløsning. I Danmark fokuserer regeringen på såkaldt offentlig velfærdsinnovation og har i efteråret 2016 etableret et ministerium for „offentlig innovation“. Statsminister Lars Løkke Rasmussen har desuden lanceret et såkaldt „disruptionråd“, som har til opgave at fokusere på nye og innovative teknologiers påvirkning af det danske arbejdsmarked. Danske kommunale og regionale institutioner ser også innovation som en vej til et mere effektivt og værdiskabende offentligt servicesystem. Københavns Kommune har eksempelvis åbnet et Innovationshus (2015), hvor „smarte“ og „innovative“ løsninger designes i samarbejde med kommunens medarbejdere og borgere.
At improvisere sig ind i en tradition. En undersøgelse af bevaring og fornyelse blandt folkemusikere i Istanbul
Authors: Nilsson Laura Berivan
Published: September 2021

Siden 1990’erne har der i Istanbul været en stor interesse i at genfortolke lokale folkemusiktraditioner. Genopblomstring af lokale folkemusiktraditioner kan ses som en del af en identitetspolitisk bevægelse, der hylder landets diversitet og hermed udfordrer ideen om Tyrkiet som en etnisk homogen nation. Nyfortolkningerne af de lokale musiktraditioner kan også ses som en reaktion mod den censur og standardisering af lokal folkemusik, der blev igangsat i forbindelse med etableringen af den tyrkiske republik i 1923. Med afsæt i et feltarbejde blandt forskellige musikere udført i Istanbul i foråret 2014 undersøger denne artikel, hvordan musikerne gennem kreative og improvisatoriske praksisser genfortolker lokale folkemusiktraditioner. Artiklen tager udgangspunkt i de to musikgrupper Kardeş Türküler og Telvins arbejde med at fortolke lokale musiktraditioner samt forfatterens egne erfaringer med at lære at spille det tyrkiske strengeinstrument saz. Artiklen diskuterer, hvordan musikerne orienterer sig mod fortidens musikalske praksisser med henblik på både at forny og bevare de musikalske traditioner for fremtiden. Det bærende argument i artiklen er, at bevaring og fornyelse ikke behøver at være modsætninger, men kan være to sider af samme sag. I en overordnet diskussion af innovative praksisser bidrager artiklen ved at pege på, at nyskabelse ikke blot sker i forsøget på at kolonisere fremtiden og det endnu ukendte. Nyskabelse kan også opstå ved at genopdage og forny fortidens praksisser og det glemte.Søgeord: musik, Istanbul, tradition, innovation, kreativitet, improvisation
Redaktionen har modtaget
Authors: TA Redaktionen
Published: September 2021

Bøger til review
Når stemmerne forstummer
Authors: Møhl Perle , Simonsen Anja
Published: September 2021

Når stemmerne forstummer
„Dybere, bedre og mere komplekst“
Authors: Hansen Birgitte Gorm , Cullen Jazmin Mølgaard , Pedersen Morten Axel , Mogensen Hanne Overgaard
Published: September 2021

„Dybere, bedre og mere komplekst“
Antropologikirken
Authors: Jöhncke Steffen
Published: September 2021

Antropologikirken
Kompetencje rolników a efektywność ekonomiczna gospodarstw – przestrzenne konteksty relacji = Farmers’ competences and economic efficiency of farms – spatial contexts of the relationship
Authors: Czapiewski Konrad Ł.
Published: September 2021

Today, knowledge is a fundamental development factor in all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. However, the specific nature of agriculture affects farmers’ opportunities to acquire knowledge due to their reduced mobility. Due to the surface character of agriculture, and the point and concentrated nature of traditional sources of knowledge, they have difficult access to them. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between the level of farmers’ qualifications and the economic efficiency of the farms they manage. This relationship is presented at four spatial and structural scales: (1) European Union, (2) Poland in the whole population of farms, (3) Poland in the population of the most marketable farms, (4) Poland in the diversified population of farms. On the basis of the conducted analyses, it can be stated that regardless of the spatial scale of the research, a general and strong regularity has been confirmed: the economic effects of farm activities (or, more broadly, their economic potential) are correlated with the level of education of people who work or manage them. Not forgetting the great influence on economic condition of farms of such factors as agrarian structure, dominant form of land use, level of specialization, agroecological conditions or physical size of farms, it should be clearly emphasized that knowledge is currently one of the key factors conditioning high management efficiency in agriculture.
Wiejska sieć osadnicza Polski w XXI wieku = Rural settlement network of Poland in the 21st century
Authors: Szmytkie Robert , Tomczak Przemysław
Published: September 2021

The aim of this paper was to determine the changes in the rural settlement network in Poland in 2000‑2019. The authors analyzed the status and dynamics of quantitative changes in the rural settlement network and their spatial differentiation and attempted to identify the main causes influencing these variations. The research procedure was based on the hypothesis that changes in the rural settlement network in Poland observed in the 21st century are not unidirectional, which leads to the emergence of different types of areas with diverse trends in their socio-economic development. The study showed a decrease in the density of the rural settlement network, an increase in the average size of villages and a significant regional variation in the values of individual parameters. There are also considerable disproportions in the trends of changes in the settlement network depending on location of rural areas in relation to large cities.
Scenariusze rozwoju starzejących się wsi = Development scenarios for aging villages
Authors: Wesołowska Monika
Published: September 2021

Rural settlements are subject to changes under the influence of various factors. One of them is the change of population structures and the progressive aging of rural population. Growing share of elderly inhabitants is an unprecedented phenomenon. The author examines and evaluates changes in demographic structures at the level of statistical villages in Poland for the period of 1960‑2011. The research attempted to indicate possible scenarios of development for demographically ageing villages.
Professional Challenges in Medical Imaging for Providing Safe Medical Service
Authors: Lundvall Lise-Lott Christina , Dahlström Nils , Abrandt Dahlgren Madeleine
Published: September 2021

This study explores the organization of medical physicists’, radiologists’, and radiographers’ professional work and the challenges they encounter ensuring quality and safe medical service within medical imaging. A practice theory perspective was used for data collection, which consisted of 14 open interviews, and data analysis. The concept of tension was used for the interpretation of findings. Three tensions are presented in the findings: 1) between diverse general and practical understandings about the activities in practice; 2) between material-economic conditions and activity in practice, and 3) between discursive-culture conditions and activity in practice. This study found that new technology, economical rationality, and the organisation of work processes lead to fewer face-to-face meetings between different professions. Therefore, medical imaging as dispersed practices misses opportunities for learning across practices, which can lead to patient safety risks. To ensure patient safety, new forms for learning across practices are needed.
Clinical Teaching as a Challenge in Transforming the Nursing Profession in Estonia
Authors: Kotkas Kristel , Heikkinen Anja , Jõgi Larissa
Published: September 2021

The changes in European healthcare education, building on the Bologna Process, aimed at the integration of clinical work and teaching and promoted a holistic patient and learner-centred professional paradigm. The article, based on the findings of two qualitative studies (2017–2019), focuses on the transformation of the nursing profession in the context of the Estonian healthcare curriculum reform. Thematic written interviews accompanied by a drawing task were collected from clinical nurse teachers and graduating students. The data was analysed using hermeneutic content and comparative analysis. The findings showed that the students had internalised the patient-centred paradigm and integrated teaching into their clinical work, but their learning was hampered by the institutional atmosphere dominated by clinical values. Among the nurses, only the “ideal clinical teachers” had combined clinical work and teaching in their professional paradigm. The tensions in the clinical internship limit the attainment of the reformed profession.
Artificial Intelligence in Education
Authors: Giró Gràcia Xavier , Sancho-Gil Juana M.
Published: September 2021

Digital technology is constantly permeating and transforming all social systems, and education is not an exception. In the last decade, the unstoppable development of Artificial Intelligence, based on machine learning algorithms and fuelled by Big Data, has given a new push to the hope of improving learning-based machines, and providing educational systems with ‘effective’ solutions. Educators, educational researchers and policymakers, in general, lack the knowledge and expertise to understand the underlying logic of these new ‘black boxes’, and we do not have sufficient research-based evidence to understand the consequences that an excessive use of screens has in students’ development. This paper first discusses the notions behind what Big Data is and what it means in our current society; how data is the new currency that has driven the use of algorithms in all areas of our society, and specifically in the field of Artificial Intelligence; and the concept of ‘black boxes’, and its possible impact on education. Then, it discusses the underlying educational discourses, pointing out the need to analyse not only their contributions but also their possible negative effects. It finishes with considerations and a proposed agenda for further studying this phenomenon.
Kontekstbegrepet i sosiokulturell forskning på literacy
Authors: Hellne-Halvorsen Ellen Beate
Published: September 2021

I sosiokulturell forskning er begrepet kontekst vesentlig for kunnskapsutvikling. Men ofte har begrepet en vag og implisitt posisjon i forskningen (Säljö, 2001). Hendelser, samhandlinger, språkbruk etc. i situasjoner, i kontekst er ofte ikke forklart og vurdert i lys av artefakter og omgivelser. Med andre ord; på hvilken måte spiller kontekstforståelse i forskningen og hvor går grensene for en kontekst? Og hvilke implikasjoner har grensene for en kontekst for kunnskapsutvikling?

Målet for denne artikkelen er å diskutere og problematisere disse spørsmålene innenfor ulike sosiokulturelle tilnærminger til begrepet kontekst i forskning på literacy. Sosiokulturelle teorier representerer ulike innganger til og forståelser av kontekstbegrepet og grensene for kontekstforståelse. Dette impliserer også ulike perspektiver på forskjellige faktorer i konteksten; bade fysiske observerbare faktorer (aktiviteter, artefakter, hendelser og samhandlinger) og ikke-observerbare faktorer eller abstraksjoner (holdninger, ideologier, makt, fordommer, religiøse overbevisninger etc). Å vektlegge kontekstforståelse i forskningen og gjøre forståelsen eksplisitt, vil gjøre kontekstbegrepet meningsfullt og være et viktig grunnlag for kunnskapsutvikling innenfor kvalitativ forskning på literacy. Dette vil også være relevant for andre forskningstemaer innenfor opplæring og utdanning. Artikkelen viser til noen studier på literacy som representerer ulike forståelser av kontekstbegrepet, med vekt på literacy innenfor det yrkesfaglige feltet.
Temporal and Spatial Production Price Behaviour of Marketed Rapeseed-mustard in Rajasthan
Authors: Bairwa Kailash Chand , Shukla Uma Nath , Balai Harkesh Kumar , Yadav Anju , Raiger Prahlad Ram , Rajput Arjun Singh , Lal Banwari
Published: September 2021

The present study has been carried out with the objectives of examining growth performance of area and production of rapeseed-mustard along with behavioural change in price and arrivals of rapeseed-mustard in major districts of Rajasthan. The study period from 2010-11 to 2019-20 was selected for growth analysis and January, 2011 to December, 2020 selected for study of price and arrivals of rapeseed-mustard. The results shown that production of rapeseed-mustard was increased at positive rate and area at negative in Alwar and Sawai Madhopur districts. In case of Bharatpur, the area and production of rapeseed-mustard was reported positive growth rate. The instability in annual arrivals of rapeseed-mustard was recorded very high in KUMS, Alwar and KUMS, Dig as compared to KUMS, Nagar and KUMS, Sawai Madhopur. In case of prices, the variability in all selected Krishi Upaj Mandi Samities were record in mid-range.

Highlights:

Highest arrivals instability was reported in Krishi Upaj Mandi Samiti, Alwar

The production of rapeseed-mustard was showed positive growth rate in Rajasthan.
Structural Modelling and in-silico characterization of a Novel Thermophilic β-amylase from Clostridium thermosulfuregenes
Authors: Nayel Shafiqa , Shamsir Mohd Shahir , Danishfar Farid Ahmad
Published: September 2021

β-amylase is a hydrolytic enzyme that is involved in breaking down starch and producing energy. Since the discovery of β-amylase, it has been applied in various applications especially in the food industry. In this study, a novel β-amylase from Clostridium thermosuluregen, a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium that ferments its extracellular emulsion to ethanol at 62 ℃ was modelled and studied using bioinformatics tools and compared with B. cereus β-amylases that functions at mesophilic conditions. The results showed that the overall structural conformations, secondary structures, and important residues involved in active and binding sites were identified in both proteins. The results revealed that the modelled β-amylase of C. thermosulfuregen is very similar with respect to the global conformation, location of active and binding sites. Both proteins showed identical structural domains with the thermophilic variant possessing a high percentage of hydrophobic amino acid residues, polar amino acid residues, and differences in secondary composition such as loops and beta sheets as the potential evolutionary thermal adaptations that make it stable enzyme that functions up to 70 ℃. The results suggest that the thermal stability are not dependent on one single unique mechanism and may use one or a combination of the mechanisms to sustain its structural conformation at a higher operating temperature. Overall, considering the common properties of this modelled protein with the β-amylase of B. cereus, it can be assumed that if the β-amylase of C. thermosulfuregen were expressed in-vitro, it would produce a stable protein that possesses the hydrolysis function for C. thermosulfuregen to break down the starch and sugar formation.
Method Development and Validation of Degradation Studies of Favipiravir by RP-HPLC
Authors: Shyamala . , Ashok Dongamanti
Published: September 2021

RP HPLC method was developed by this study estimation of favipiravir. This method is developed by Shimadzu LC -2010 HT by using a C18 (250 X 4.6 X mm X 5µ) column in solvents Water(OPA)+ACN  (60:40)v/v as mobile phase and the temperature was maintained at 25°C. The mobile phase flow rate of 1ml/min was pumped and sample wavelength was detected at 324 nm by ultraviolet -visible spectrophotometer. The Rt was found 4.453 min. The number of theoretical plates and tailing factor for favipiravir was observed 82651(NLT 2000) and 1.265 (NMT 2). The method was validated for analytical standards such as linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and robustness. LOD and LOQ values were calculated from regression of favipiravir 1.26 and 3.83 µg/ml.The regression equation of validated method for favipiravir is Y=253.5x+1881.In a wide range of 4 to 20 (µg/ml) the linearity was observed. Degradation methods were also performed.
Chemoradiotherapy‐induced increase in Th17 cell frequency in cervical cancer patients is associated with therapy resistance and early relapse
Authors: Theobald Laura , Stroeder Russalina , Melchior Patrick , Iordache Ioan Iulian , Tänzer Tanja , Port Meike , Glombitza Birgit , Marx Stefanie , Schub David , Herr Christian , Hart Martin , Ludwig Nicole , Meese Eckart , Kim Yoo‐Jin , Bohle Rainer Maria , Smola Sigrun , Rübe Christian , Solomayer Erich Franz , Walch‐Rückheim Barbara
Published: September 2021

Cervical cancer therapy is still a major clinical challenge, as patients substantially differ in their response to standard treatments, including chemoradiotherapy (CRT). During cervical carcinogenesis, T‐helper (Th)‐17 cells accumulate in the peripheral blood and tumor tissues of cancer patients and are associated with poor prognosis. In this prospective study, we find increased Th17 frequencies in the blood of patients after chemoradiotherapy and a post‐therapeutic ratio of Th17/CD4+ T cells > 8% was associated with early recurrence. Furthermore, Th17 cells promote resistance of cervical cancer cells toward CRT, which was dependent on the AKT signaling pathway. Consistently, patients with high Th17 frequencies in pretherapeutic biopsies exhibit lower response to primary CRT. This work reveals a key role of Th17 cells in CRT resistance and elevated Th17 frequencies in the blood after CRT correspond with early recurrence. Our results may help to explain individual treatment responses of cervical cancer patients and suggest evaluation of Th17 cells as a novel predictive biomarker for chemoradiotherapy responses and as a potential target for immunotherapy in cervical cancer.
Evolution of Age‐Dependent Social Behaviour
Authors: Rodrigues António MM
Published: September 2021

Age‐dependent social behaviour is widespread in the animal world, and it represents an important source of intra‐ and interpersonal phenotypic variation within populations. Age‐dependent social behaviour occurs across all major taxa, ranging from microbes and insects to birds and mammals, including humans. Inclusive fitness provides the key theoretical framework for explaining age‐dependent social behaviour. It posits that the process of natural selection leads to organisms that behave as if maximising their inclusive fitness. When the inclusive fitness of an organism changes with its age, the theory predicts the evolution of age‐dependent behaviours. Inclusive fitness can explain highly diverse forms of behaviour across a wide range of species. It explains the self‐sacrificing defensive behaviour of juvenile aphids and older termites; age discrimination in insects, birds and mammals or the prolonged postreproductive lifespans observed in humans and cetaceans.

Key Concepts

The concept of inclusive fitness is seen as an intrinsic attribute of organisms and the quantity that is maximised by the action of natural selection.

The condition for the evolution of a social behaviour is given by Hamilton's rule, −
c
 + 
br
 > 0, where
c
is the fitness cost of the behaviour,
b
is the fitness benefit and
r
is the relatedness between the actor and the recipient.

Inclusive fitness partitions fitness into a direct fitness component, −
c
, corresponding to Darwinian fitness, and an indirect fitness component,
br
. The signs of costs and benefits define four types of social behaviours: altruism (+/+); cooperation (−/+); spite (+/−); and selfishness (−/−).

When the inclusive fitness of organisms varies with their age, and organisms are able to express conditional behaviours, inclusive fitness theory predicts the evolution of age‐dependent social behaviour.

Age may affect any of the dimensions of life of an organism, which include personal condition, and social and natural environment, and all dimensions can contribute to the evolution of age‐dependent social behaviour.

Relatedness, reproductive value and marginal fitness effects are three key measures of value that determine the inclusive fitness of an individual, all of which can change with the age of the interacting individuals.

Because residual reproductive value often varies with the age of organisms, reproductive value can mediate the evolution of age‐dependent social behaviour.

Residual social (helping) value is a cumulative measure of the future benefits an actor provides to its social partners, a quantity that may change with age and therefore mediate the evolution of age‐dependent social behaviour.

Group‐age composition is the age profile of a group, a factor that may affect group productivity and the inclusive fitness of its members.

Age‐discrimination mechanisms may evolve when the indirect fitness benefits are sensitive to the age of the recipients of a behaviour.
Academic Reading
Authors: Wolsey Thomas Devere
Published: September 2021

Academic reading involves more challenging vocabulary, sentence structures, and abstract concepts than reading other types of texts. English learners confronted with academic texts need high‐quality instruction to help them surmount the challenges. This entry explains the challenges of academic reading for English learners and proposes techniques to build capacity for it and reduce cognitive load. The latter is achieved by applying two principles: (1) recognizing and building on what students already know; and (2) adjusting pedagogy to make reading tasks comprehensible.
Constructing Graphitic‐Nitrogen‐Bonded Pentagons in Interlayer‐Expanded Graphene Matrix toward Carbon‐Based Electrocatalysts for Acidic Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Liu Shuai , Zhang Yongchao , Ge Binghui , Zheng Fangcai , Zhang Nan , Zuo Ming , Yang Yang , Chen Qianwang
Published: September 2021

Metal‐free carbon‐based materials with high electrocatalytic activity are promising catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in several renewable energy systems. However, the performance of carbon‐based materials is far inferior to that of Pt‐based catalysts in acid electrolytes. Here, a novel carbon‐based electrocatalyst is reported toward ORR in 0.1 m HClO4 with half‐wave potential of 0.81 V and better durability (100 h reaction time) than commercial 20 wt% Pt/C. It is achieved by constructing graphitic‐nitrogen (GN)‐bonded pentagons in graphitic carbon to improve the intrinsic activity of the carbon sites and increasing the amount of active sites via expanding the interlayer spacing. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and aberration‐corrected electron microscopy characterizations confirm the formation of GN‐bonded pentagons in this carbon material. Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the activity is linearly associated with the amounts of both pentagons and adjacent GN atoms. Density function theory further demonstrates that adjacent GN atoms significantly increase the charge density at the carbon atom of a GN‐bonded pentagon, which is the activity origin for the ORR.
Synthesis of Indoline‐Fused 2,5‐Diketopiperazine Scaffolds via Ugi‐4CR in the Basic Mediated Tandem Consecutive Cyclization
Authors: Wu Chih‐Yu , Murugan Sivan Perumal , Wang Yu‐Wei , Pan Hao‐Wei , Sun Bing‐Jian , Lin Yu‐Ting , Fatimah Siti , Chang Agnes H. H. , Chen Chinpiao , Lee Gene‐Hsian
Published: September 2021

This study has developed a method to prepare diastereo‐ and regio‐selective indoline‐fused 2,5‐diketopiperazine scaffolds. The synthetic process involved an Ugi four‐component reaction in which readily available starting materials were used and a metal‐free intramolecular post‐Ugi tandem consecutive 5‐exo‐trig/6‐exo‐dig cyclization under basic conditions. The plausible mechanism and substrate structures were elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and supported by density functional theory calculations.

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Spectroscopic Assessment of Charge‐Carrier Mobility in Crystalline Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Kharlanov Oleg G. , Maslennikov Dmitry R. , Feldman Elizaveta V. , Abashev George G. , Borshchev Oleg V. , Ponomarenko Sergey A. , Vener Mikhail V. , Paraschuk Dmitry Yu. , Sosorev Andrey Yu.
Published: September 2021

Further progress in organic electronics demands new highly efficient organic semiconductor (OS) materials. So far, however, band‐like charge transport with high mobilities has been reliably demonstrated only in a few OSs, and development of efficient methods for search of high‐mobility materials among a plethora of OSs remains extremely important. In the present work, a spectroscopic method is presented for screening of crystalline OSs with efficient charge transport, to be used prior to time‐consuming device measurements. Specifically, the work focuses on a physical rationale and an experimental benchmark of a correlation between the intensities of the low‐frequency Raman spectrum and the strength of dynamic disorder limiting the charge‐carrier mobility in a material. As a result, two physics‐inspired spectroscopic descriptors for charge‐carrier mobility estimation are suggested, both of which clearly correlate with device mobilities reported for various crystalline OSs. It is anticipated that the spectroscopic method based on these descriptors can serve as a powerful search tool for revealing new high‐mobility OS materials.
Redox‐Mediated Red‐Phosphorous Semi‐Liquid Anode Enabling Metal‐Free Rechargeable Na‐Seawater Batteries with High Energy Density
Authors: Kim Yongil , Varzi Alberto , Mariani Alessandro , Kim Guk‐Tae , Kim Youngsik , Passerini Stefano
Published: September 2021

Sodium‐seawater batteries (Na‐SWB) are considered among the most promising electrochemical devices for large‐scale energy storage and the marine sector. In fact, by employing an open‐structured cathode, they benefit from the unlimited supply of sodium from seawater. This means, that the energy of such systems is intrinsically limited by the capacity of the anode. In order to increase the energy of Na‐SWB, it is therefore necessary to introduce a high‐capacity anode such as, e.g., red phosphorus. However, due to its large volume changes upon charge/discharge processes, obtaining thick electrodes and large areal capacity is extremely challenging. Herein, the areal/absolute capacity of the red phosphorus anode is increased by employing a semi‐liquid electrode, which includes two redox mediators, i.e., sodium‐biphenyl and sodium‐pyrene, as reducing and oxidizing species for the exploitation of the full red phosphorus capacity. As a result, the red phosphorus semi‐liquid anode in Na‐SWB provides a high‐capacity of 15 mAh cm–2 in a static anode, showing great energy storage potential for operation in flow‐mode when storing the semi‐liquid negative electrode in a storage tank.
Application of thermal ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid micro‐extraction coupled with HPLC‐UV for rapid determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in edible oils
Authors: Abedi Abdol‐Samad , Hemmati Fatemeh , Abedini Amir Hossein , Mohammadi Abdorreza , Moslemi Masoumeh
Published: September 2021

A simple, fast, and reliable liquid–liquid micro‐extraction (LLME) method assisted by thermal ultrasound approach was developed for simultaneous determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) in edible oils by high‐performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultraviolet detector (HPLC‐UV). The synthetic antioxidants were propyl gallate (PG), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT). The best extraction conditions were observed were methanol/acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) as the solvent, ultrasound at 4 min, and a temperature of 40°C. The linearity of the calibration curves for the optimum conditions were R2 > 0.989 for all of the SPAs in a range from 1–200 μg ml−1. Relative standard deviation (RSD %) for five analysis was in range of 2.83% to 4.21%. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained in range of 0.012–0.06 and 0.04–0.2 μg g−1, respectively. With regard to recovery, a range of 91%–116% was calculated for the spiked edible oils.
Characterization and functional analysis of a Relish gene from the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)
Authors: Chen Kangkang , Chen Jiaqian , Tang Tai , Jiang Haobo , Han Zhaoyang , Wang Libao , Alradi Mohamed F. , Lu Shiqi , Wei Xiangyi , Liu Xu , Wei Youheng , Feng Congjing
Published: September 2021

Pathogen‐induced host immune responses reduce the efficacy of pathogens used to control pests. However, compared to the well‐deciphered immunity system of Drosophila melanogaster, the immunity system of agricultural pests is largely unconfirmed through functional analysis. Beginning to unveil mechanisms of transcription regulation of immune genes in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, we cloned the complementary DNA (cDNA) of a transcription factor Relish by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The 3164 bp cDNA, designated Of‐Relish, encodes a 956‐residue protein. Bioinformatic analysis showed that Of‐Relish had a Rel homology domain, a predicted cleavage site between Q409 and L410, six ankyrin repeats, and a death domain. The response of Of‐Relish expression to the Gram‐negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sooner and stronger than to the Gram‐positive Micrococcus luteus. The antimicrobial peptide genes Attacin and Gloverin had similar expression patterns in response to the infections. Knockdown of Of‐Relish led to a decrease in Attacin and Gloverin messenger RNA levels, suggesting that Attacin and Gloverin were regulated by Of‐Relish. Together, the results suggested that Of‐Relish is a key component of the IMD pathway in O. furnacalis, involved in defense against P. aeruginosa through activation of Attacin and Gloverin.
The Rise of Infrared Nonlinear Optical Pnictides: Advances and Outlooks
Authors: Yang He‐Di , Ran Mao‐Yin , Wei Wen‐Bo , Wu Xin‐Tao , Lin Hua , Zhu Qi‐Long
Published: September 2021

Infrared (IR) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials are the core devices to realize IR laser output, which are of vital importance in civilian and military fields. Non‐centrosymmetric chalcogenide and pnictide compounds have already been widely accepted as favorable systems for IR‐NLO materials. Compared to the extensively investigated IR‐NLO chalcogenides during the past few decades, the research of non‐centrosymmetric phosphides as IR‐NLO materials is relatively scarce. In this frontier article, the recent progress of pnictides as emerging IR‐NLO candidates has been highlighted based on the perspective of new crystal exploration. These IR‐NLO pnictides recently reported were divided into three groups from binary to quaternary according to their chemical compositions. The synthetic methods, structural chemistry, and structure‐activity relationships are analyzed and summarized in detail. Finally, current problems and the future development of this field are also proposed.
Racial and ethnic differences in the utilization of autologous transplantation for lymphoma in the United States
Authors: Vaughn John L. , Soroka Orysya , Epperla Narendranath , Safford Monika , Pinheiro Laura C.
Published: September 2021

Background

Racial/ethnic disparities in the utilization of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have been reported for patients with hematologic malignancies, but population‐based data are lacking for lymphoma patients. The objective of this study was to determine whether racial and ethnic disparities exist in the utilization of autologous HCT for lymphoma in the United States.

Method

We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data linked to Medicare fee‐for‐service claims. We included Medicare beneficiaries aged 66+ years with Hodgkin or Non‐Hodgkin lymphomas diagnosed between 2008 and 2015. The primary outcome was time‐to‐autologous HCT. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate racial/ethnic differences in utilization. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation with chained equations.

Results

We included 40,605 individuals with lymphoma. A total of 452 autologous transplants were performed. In the unadjusted model, Non‐Hispanic Black patients were 51% less likely to receive a transplant than Non‐Hispanic White patients (95% CI, 0.26–0.96;p = 0.04). After adjusting for age at diagnosis and sex, Non‐Hispanic Black patients were 61% less likely to receive a transplant (95% CI, 0.20–0.76;p = 0.01). However, observed differences attenuated and became non‐significant after adjustment for socioeconomic factors (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.32–1.21;p = 0.16) and disease‐specific factors (aHR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.30–1.12;p = 0.11), separately. In the fully adjusted model, we also did not observe a statistically significant association between Non‐Hispanic Black race/ethnicity and receipt of transplant (aHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.28–1.05;p = 0.07).

Conclusion

In this population‐based cohort study of lymphoma patients, Non‐Hispanic Black patients were less likely to receive autologous HCT compared to Non‐Hispanic White patients, but this difference was partially explained by socioeconomic and disease‐specific factors.
Pediatric hematology/oncology healthcare professional emotional health during COVID‐19
Authors: Schechter‐Finkelstein Tal , Plenert Erin , La Rosa Jennifer , McLean Jennifer , Chiang K. Y. , Krueger Joerg , Hearne Erin , Sung Lillian
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Little is known about the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on healthcare professional emotional health in pediatric hematology/oncology. Primary objective was to describe anxiety, depression, positive affect, and perceived stress among pediatric hematology/oncology healthcare professionals following a COVID‐19 outbreak. Secondary objectives were to compare these outcomes based on contact with a positive person, and to identify risk factors for worse outcomes.

Materials and methods

We included 272 healthcare professionals working with pediatric hematology/oncology patients. We determined whether respondents had direct or indirect contact with a COVID‐19‐positive individual and then measured outcomes using the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) depression, anxiety, and positive affect measures, and the Perceived Stress Scale.

Results

Among eligible respondents, 205 agreed to participate (response rate 75%). Sixty‐nine (33.7%) had contact with a COVID‐19‐positive person. PROMIS anxiety, depression, and positive affect scores were similar to the general United States population. Those who had contact with a COVID‐19‐positive individual did not have significantly different outcomes. In multiple regression, non‐physicians had significantly increased anxiety (nurses: p = 0.013), depression (nurses: p = 0.002, pharmacists: p = 0.038, and other profession: p = 0.021), and perceived stress (nurses: p = 0.002 and other profession: p = 0.011) when compared to physicians.

Conclusions

Pediatric hematology/oncology healthcare professionals had similar levels of anxiety, depression, and positive affect as the general population. Contact with a COVID‐19‐positive individual was not significantly associated with outcomes. Non‐physician healthcare professionals had more anxiety, depression, and perceived stress when compared to physicians. These findings may help to develop programs to support healthcare professional resilience.
FRET‐Based In‐Cell Detection of Highly Selective Supramolecular Complexes of meso‐Tetraarylporphyrin with Peptide/BODIPY‐Modified Per‐O‐Methyl‐β‐Cyclodextrins
Authors: Nakagami Atsuki , Mao Qiyue , Gouhier Géraldine , Arima Hidetoshi , Kitagishi Hiroaki
Published: September 2021

Artificial supramolecular systems capable of self‐assembly and that precisely function in biological media are in high demand. Herein, we demonstrate a highly specific host‐guest‐pair system that functions in living cells. A per‐O‐methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin derivative (R8‐B‐CDMe) bearing both an octaarginine peptide chain and a BODIPY dye was synthesized as a fluorescent intracellular delivery tool. R8‐B‐CDMe was efficiently taken up by HeLa cells through both endocytosis and direct transmembrane pathways. R8‐B‐CDMe formed a 2 : 1 inclusion complex with tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) as a guest molecule in water, from which fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from R8‐B‐CDMe to TPPS was observed. The FRET phenomenon was clearly detected in living cells using confocal microscopy techniques, which revealed that the formed supramolecular R8‐B‐CDMe/TPPS complex was maintained within the cells. The R8‐B‐CDMe cytotoxicity assay revealed that the addition of TPPS counteracts the strong cytotoxicity (IC50=16 μM) of the CD cavity due to complexation within the cells. A series of experiments demonstrated the bio‐orthogonality of the supramolecular per‐O‐methyl‐β‐CD/tetraarylporphyrin host‐guest pair in living cells.
Voltammetry in Two‐Electrode Mode for Rapid Electrochemical Screening Using a Fully Printed and Flexible Multiplexer Sensor
Authors: Nagar Bhawna , Silva Wanderson O. , Girault Hubert H.
Published: September 2021

A multiplexed electrochemical platform has been designed for electrochemical screening applications, such as bacteria detection. It includes 16×16 electrochemical cell array in a two‐electrode mode fabricated by a combination of screen printing, inkjet printing, and flash‐light sintering techniques wherein each cell is addressed sequentially by a portable multiplexer potentiostat. This multiplexer unit is capable of making a total of 256 independent voltametric measurements that were validated by performing cyclic voltammetry in two‐electrode mode using four different redox mediators: [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−, FcMeOH, Ru[(NH3)6]Cl3 and K2[IrCl6]. The smart design and the use of mass production techniques makes the multiplexer device applicable for numerous electrochemical applications including health, food, and environmental monitoring.
3D‐Printing with Steel ‐ Additive Manufacturing Connections and Structures
Authors: Lange Jörg , Feucht Thilo , Erven Maren
Published: September 2021

Automated production is finding its way into fabrication of structural steel. One robot holds attachments (stiffeners, head plates, etc.) to a steel beam or column and another robot produces weld seams. However, welding robots can also be used for additive manufacturing (Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM). The wire electrode serves as printing material. The Institute for Steel Construction and Materials Mechanics in Darmstadt is investigating how typical connecting elements of steel construction can be printed directly on steel beams using Additive Manufacturing with arc welding and robots. Furthermore structural elements like nodal points are printed and even complete structures like columns and a little bridge have been manufactured additively already. The main focus is on determining suitable welding and process parameters. In addition, topology optimization is used to find good structures using a low amount of material. This is possible due to the free design prospects of 3D‐printing. This opens for novel design and production strategies.
Development and challenges of support structures for offshore wind turbines
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Böhm Manuela
Published: September 2021

The objective of this article is to provide an overview on the development of the offshore wind energy and the challenges regarding the support structures of wind turbines. Since this field is very broad, the focus of this paper is on four topics: The general development of offshore wind energy, the different design types, the verification of fatigue strength and a review of the approval procedure and new normative regulations. Hence, a summary of the development of the offshore wind energy including an outlook is provided. Further, the different design types of support structures are introduced. A central topic of this paper is the testing and verification of fatigue strength of the critical design details, particularly the connections. As the author is active in several committees, challenges, changes and innovations in approval procedures and standardization are also discussed. Finally, these topics are summarized and related to the importance of offshore wind energy for the energy transition.
Investigation of the Effects of an over‐elastic Preload on the load‐bearing Behavior of high‐strength Bolt and Nut Assemblies
Authors: Reinheimer Jan , Lange Jörg
Published: September 2021

Cost efficiency and sustainability of construction measures are determined not only by the cost of the new building itself, but also by subsequent improvements and running costs. This also includes the cost of replacing bolts that were not installed in accordance with the requirements given in the decisive specifications. Here, the subsequent control of the assembly is specified. Accordingly, preloaded bolts have to be checked for overtightening. If a bolt is classified as overtightened, this can result in the entire bolt group having to be replaced under supervision. In addition to the high cost of replacement, this often means that further work has to be temporarily halted. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the degree of utilization of the bolt defined as overtightened and the influence on the microstructure of the material as well as on the load‐bearing behaviour. The results of first experimental investigations suggest that over‐elastic preload forces only have a significant influence on the load bearing behaviour of high‐strength bolts when exceeding a certain point. The assessment of preloaded bolts with respect to overtightening as given in specifications seems to be too general – and for the bolt lengths so far investigated too conservative.
Telecommunication and transmission lattice towers from angle sections – the ANGELHY project
Authors: Vayas Ioannis , Jaspart Jean‐Pierre , Bureau Alain , Tibolt Mike , Reygner Sebastien , Papavasiliou Michalis
Published: September 2021

Lattice towers are extensively built in Europe and worldwide to serve telecommunication or power transmission purposes. The structural members of such towers are frequently made of equal leg angle sections that are often preferred to tubular sections due to their easy connection that results in a simple erection, a requirement set by most telecommunication or power providers. Angle sizes range from light to heavy sections with leg lengths up to 300 mm for towers with significant height. Towers, especially telecommunication ones, may need to be strengthened due to the fact that, during the design life, heavier or larger antennas resulting in a heavier wind loading may be installed. As an alternative to conventional methods, hybrid strengthening of tower angle members with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) strips may be employed.

The present paper provides an overview of ANGELHY, an RFCS‐funded research project that comes toward its end. The scope of the project is the establishment of analysis methods for lattice towers and the development of design rules for steel and hybrid angle sections, as well as built‐up members composed of angles.
Use of thick, heavy plates for bridge construction
Authors: Lehnert Tobias , Merlin Cécile , Gola Jessica , Kühn Bertram , Krieglstein Tim
Published: September 2021

Modern steel or steel composite bridges need modern solutions in steel: often thick heavy plates play a crucial role in bridge building, possibly used as flange plate in heavy bridge beams or as thick deck plate in a trough bridge. Depending on the application thick heavy plates allow efficient fabrication or potentially increase the sustainability of a bridge construction. As today especially fabrication efficiency and durability gain importance, it leads to an increase in the application of thick heavy plates. However, when designing with thick heavy plates often the designer reaches technical or regulatory limits. This report will show some solutions to overcome these existing restraints, e.g. improved possibilities in the production of thick thermomechanically rolled steels or extension of the simplified brittle fracture analysis according to Table 2.1 of EN 1993‐1‐10. The consistent exploitation of these possibilities opens a variety of new advantageous options in constructing road or railway bridges.
Analysis of Technological Cracks in Welded Joints of Railway Bridges
Authors: Wichtowski Bernard , Hołowaty Janusz
Published: September 2021

Whilst verifying the quality of welded joints in railway bridges in Poland, it was found that many of them contained cracks of technological, fracture and fatigue origin. This problem is associated with early welded bridge structures, in which many technological imperfections were discovered. General data for x‐ray testing on approximately 200 bridges in service are given. The tests were carried out over the period 1967–1990. The number of joints tested was 15 875 and the number of cracks discovered in the joints was 437 in the 34 bridges tested. Repeated tests on the joints containing cracks in time intervals of 5–8 years neither demonstrated further growth in the cracks nor the formation of new cracks. All the cracks discovered were formed during welding operations where there was no service loading. An analysis of the stress levels necessary for the development of crack growth was carried out via fatigue laboratory tests on three butt splice models which were similar to the joints in the bridges tested. Concurrently, the probable stress level near to the cracks was determined analytically. The calculated and measured stresses under service loadings did not exceed empirically assessed weld endurance limits for these joints and confirmed no crack growth. Hot cracks and other welding imperfections in welded joints in structures are permissible if there is neither growth in service nor resistance or rigidity loss of the structure.
The design of a steel lattice transmission tower in Central Europe
Authors: Tibolt Mike , Bezas Marios‐Zois , Vayas Ioannis , Jaspart Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2021

The current paper resumes the design of a steel lattice transmission tower carried out in the framework of the RFCS‐funded research project ANGELHY. The scope of ANGELHY is the establishment of analysis methods for lattice towers and the development of design rules for steel and hybrid angle sections, as well as built‐up members composed of angles. In Europe, the design of transmission towers for overhead electrical lines can be carried out according to EN 1993‐3‐1: 2006 or for electrical lines exceeding 1 kV according to EN 50341‐1: 2012. Both standards prescribe linear elastic global analyses for the design of steel lattice towers. In the current paper, the linear elastic design of the suspension transmission tower according to the German National Annex of EN 50341‐1:2012 is presented. In a first step, common typologies of lattice transmission towers used in Europe are described. In a second step, the chosen tower typology is explained in detail. The Danube tower represents the widest spread tower typology in Europe. Finally, the detailed design procedure of the tower according to EN 50341‐1:2012 is presented. The design is carried out with the software TOWER – Version 15.0 from Power Line Systems.