bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Replication crisis or an opportunity to improve scientific production?
Authors: Frias‐Navarro Dolores , Pascual‐Llobell Juan , Pascual‐Soler Marcos , Perezgonzalez Jose , Berrios‐Riquelme Jose
Published: August 2020

Science is undergoing a crisis that has been referred to, since the early 21st century, as a crisis of confidence and a crisis of replication. This article reviews questions pertaining to the replication crisis; questions addressing the quality and credibility of the sciences; specifically, questions linked to what are known as false positives, null results, and questionable research practices (p‐hacking, harking, cherry‐picking). As an outcome of our review and analysis, a set of recommendations to strengthen the elaboration of reliable and valid research studies is provided. Changes are needed in order to foment meta‐research, open science practices and replication studies; notably, changes are needed in the instruction of research methods; in the use and interpretation of statistical data, as well as in research culture in general. We conclude that the replication crisis presents an opportunity to improve research practices and the quality of scientific production in all fields of research, including research in education.
Analysing hope: The live possibility account
Authors: Palmqvist Carl‐Johan
Published: August 2020

The orthodox definition of hope suffers from an exclusion problem: it is unable to exclude subjects without hope. In fact, the orthodox definition even allows for despair to be falsely classified as hope. This problem suggests two basic desiderata for a successful analysis of hope: it should solve the exclusion problem, and it should have the resources to explain why, in a given situation, a subject does or does not form a hope. Bearing these desiderata in mind, I assess two recent hope‐accounts offered by Jack M. C. Kwong and Cheshire Calhoun. I then offer my own view, which is based on the Jamesian notion of a “live possibility”. I suggest that a possibility needs to reach a certain probability threshold in order to count as live, and according to my account, to hope is to desire the truth of such a live possibility. This view is well‐equipped to solve the exclusion problem, and it can explain why a subject does or does not hope.
Evaluating the validity of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF‐4C+) in adults with severe dental anxiety
Authors: Svensson Lisa , Hakeberg Magnus , Wide Ulla
Published: August 2020

Dental anxiety is a common condition with severe consequences for oral health and health‐related quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recently developed self‐report scale Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF‐4C+) in adults with severe dental anxiety. A sample of 147 adults (age 20–71 yr) with severe dental anxiety completed a questionnaire including the IDAF‐4C+ and three other dental anxiety scales. In a clinically assessed subgroup (n = 93), 95% had an International classification of diseases and related health problems 10th version (ICD‐10) diagnosis of specific phobia for dentistry. Agreement between the scales was analysed using Spearman’s correlation, the Kappa measure of agreement and the intraclass correlation coefficient. The agreement of dental phobia according to the IDAF‐4C+ phobia module and the ICD‐10 was very low (ĸ = 0.02). The anxiety and fear module of the IDAF‐4C+ showed acceptable agreement with the other scales (rs 0.69–0.75; ICC 0.90, 95% CI 0.87–0.93). We conclude that the IDAF‐4C+ offers more information to clinicians and researchers than the older dental anxiety scales, but the phobia module needs further development.
Blood biomarkers predictive of epilepsy after an acute stroke event
Authors: Abraira Laura , Santamarina Estevo , Cazorla Sonia , Bustamante Alejandro , Quintana Manuel , Toledo Manuel , Fonseca Elena , Grau‐López Laia , Jiménez Marta , Ciurans Jordi , Luis Becerra Juan , Millán Mónica , Hernández‐Pérez María , Cardona Pere , Terceño Mikel , Zaragoza Josep , Cánovas David , Gasull Teresa , Ustrell Xavier , Rubiera Marta , Castellanos Mar , Montaner Joan , Álvarez‐Sabín Jose
Published: August 2020

Objective

Blood biomarkers have not been widely investigated in poststroke epilepsy. In this study, we aimed to describe clinical factors and biomarkers present during acute stroke and analyze their association with the development of epilepsy at long term.

Methods

A panel of 14 blood biomarkers was evaluated in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Biomarkers were normalized and standardized using Z‐scores. Stroke and epilepsy‐related variables were also assessed: stroke severity, determined by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, stroke type and cause, time from stroke to onset of late seizures, and type of seizure. Multiple Cox regression models were used to identify clinical variables and biomarkers independently associated with epilepsy.

Results

From a cohort of 1115 patients, 895 patients were included. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 72.0 ± 13.1 years, and 57.8% of patients were men. Fifty‐one patients (5.7%) developed late seizures, with a median time to onset of 232 days (interquartile range [IQR] 86‐491). NIHSS score ≥8 (P < .001, hazard ratio [HR] 4.013, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.123‐7.586) and a history of early onset seizures (P < .001, HR 4.038, 95% CI 1.802‐9.045) were factors independently associated with a risk of developing epilepsy. Independent blood biomarkers predictive of epilepsy were high endostatin levels >1.203 (P = .046, HR 4.300, 95% CI 1.028‐17.996) and low levels of heat shock 70 kDa protein‐8 (Hsc70) <2.496 (P = .006, HR 3.795, 95% CI 1.476‐9.760) and S100B <1.364 (P = .001, HR 2.955, 95% CI 1.534‐5.491). The risk of epilepsy when these biomarkers were combined increased to 17%. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the predictive model was stronger when clinical variables were combined with blood biomarkers (74.3%, 95% CI 65.2%‐83.3%) than when they were used alone (68.9%, 95% CI 60.3%‐77.6%).

Significance

Downregulated S100B and Hsc70 and upregulated endostatin may assist in prediction of poststroke epilepsy and may provide additional information to clinical risk factors. In addition, these data are hypothesis‐generating for the epileptogenic process.
Anthropogenic noise affects female, not male house wren response to change in signaling network
Authors: Grabarczyk Erin E. , Araya‐Salas Marcelo , Vonhof Maarten J. , Gill Sharon A.
Published: August 2020

Vocal signals mediate social relationships, and among networks of territorial animals, information is often shared via broadcast vocalizations. Anthropogenic noise may disrupt communication among individuals within networks, as animals change the way they vocalize in noise. Furthermore, constraints on signal transmission, including frequency masking and distance, may affect information exchange following a disruption in social networks. We tested the hypothesis that signaling interactions within networks of breeding male and female house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) depend on distance, ambient noise, and receiver nesting stage. We used playback experiments to simulate territorial intrusions with and without noise playbacks on the territories of established males and simultaneously recorded the vocal responses of neighbors. To examine whether intrusions impacted interactions between males, we used randomization tests to determine whether treatment, distance, noise, or nesting stage affected vocal coordination between challenged and neighboring males. We also quantified singing patterns to explore whether intrusions on territories of challenged males affected singing by males and females on neighboring territories. Males sang at the lowest rates and were less likely to overlap songs with the challenged male when their partner was laying, compared to males during early and late nesting stages. Noise and distance did not affect vocal coordination or male singing rates. Fewer females sang during the intruder‐only treatment compared to the control and intrusions with noise. Added noise in the territories of challenged males may have masked signals, and as a result, females only changed their behavior during the intruder‐only treatment. Our results suggest that the fertility of breeding partners may be more important to males than short‐term changes on rival male territories. Elevated noise did little to alter male responses to threats within networks. Females appeared to eavesdrop on interactions involving neighboring males, but noise may have prevented detection of their interactions.
Remembering Beth Levine – the autophagy pioneer and woman extraordinaire
Authors: Sebti Salwa , He Congcong , Pattingre Sophie , Meléndez Alicia , Cuervo Ana Maria , Hardwick J. Marie , Griffin Diane E.
Published: August 2020

Beth Levine was a remarkable scientist who launched the burgeoning field of autophagy. The biological process of autophagy was beginning to gain attention through new genetic studies in yeast when Beth Levine's transformative work on the genetics of autophagy in mammals made a major splash. Beth was also an extraordinary woman with an extraordinary persona. Here, several of her women trainees, colleagues, and mentors came together to share both sides of Beth Levine: the pioneer in science and the private person who exuded love of family and friends as intensely as her love of science.
Shared signaling pathways in Alzheimer’s and metabolic disease may point to new treatment approaches
Authors: Suresh Jahnavi , Khor Ing Wei , Kaur Prameet , Heng Hui Li , Torta Federico , Dawe Gavin S. , Tai E Shyong , Tolwinski Nicholas S.
Published: August 2020

‘A peculiar severe disease process of the cerebral cortex' are the exact words used by A. Alzheimer in 1906 to describe a patient’s increasingly severe condition of memory loss, changes in personality, and sleep disturbance. A century later, this ‘peculiar’ disease has become widely known as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the world’s most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting more than 35 million people globally. At the same time, its pathology remains unclear and no successful treatment exists. Several theories for AD etiology have emerged throughout the past century. In this review, we focus on the metabolic mechanisms that are similar between AD and metabolic diseases, based on the results from genome‐wide association studies. We discuss signaling pathways involved in both types of disease and look into new optogenetic methods to study the in vivo mechanisms of AD.
Evaluating the role of endogenous and exogenous features on larval hake nutritional condition
Authors: Diaz Marina V. , Do Souto Marina , Betti Paola , Temperoni Brenda , Schiariti Agustín , Machinandiarena Laura , Brown Daniel R. , Macchi Gustavo J.
Published: August 2020

Evaluating the nutritional condition of fish larvae is imperative to establish the importance of starvation, understanding the causes of larval mortality and determining favorable zones for growth and survival within nursery areas. We assessed the nutritional condition ofMerluccius hubbsilarvae employing RNA/DNA index (sRD)and its derived index of growth performance (Gpf). Larvae (N = 395) were collected during the reproductive peak in 2010 and 2011. Principal Component Analysis and Generalized Linear Models were used to study the relationship between larval condition and endogenous factors (size, weight, growth rate, trophic incidence, and carbon content per stomach) and exogenous variables (temperature, chlorophyll concentration, potential prey availability, ctenophore biomass, and hake larvae density). The year of sampling was also considered as a variable. The significant variables in the model selection were size, temperature, the density of hake larvae, and year. The larval size was positively related to the condition while larval density and temperature showed a negative relationship with thesRDindex. The year was also a significant variable, with higher larvalsRDvalues in 2010. The negative relationship betweensRDand larval density suggests the existence of mechanisms of density‐dependence operating upon larval condition. On the other hand, the lower temperatures occurred in stratified waters (with greater availability of food) a fact that might explain the negative relationship betweensRDand temperature. The fitting of the models suggests that other explanatory variables might be considered to improve the understanding of the nutritional condition index nature.
The role of connectivity in the interplay between climate change and the spread of alien fish in a large Mediterranean river
Authors: Radinger Johannes , García‐Berthou Emili
Published: August 2020

Understanding how global change and connectivity will jointly modify the distribution of riverine species is crucial for conservation biology and environmental management. However, little is known about the interaction between climate change and fragmentation and how movement barriers might impede native species from adjusting their distributions versus limit the further spread of alien species. In this study, we modelled the current and future distributions of 11 native and five alien fishes in the large and heavily fragmented Ebro River, located within the Mediterranean region, which has many freshwater endemics severely threatened by global change. We considered 10 climate change models and five modelling algorithms and assessed the effects of connectivity on the accessibility of future suitable habitats. Thereby, we identify most conflict‐prone river reaches, that is, where barriers pose a particular trade‐off between isolating and negatively impacting native species versus potentially reducing the risk of alien species spread. Our results projected upstream habitat shifts for the vast majority of the species. Climate change affected species differently, with alien species generally showing larger habitat gains compared to natives. Most pronounced distributional changes (i.e. losses of native species and gains of alien species) and compositional turnover might be expected in the lower and mid reaches of large tributaries of the Ebro River. The role of anthropogenic barriers in this context is often ambiguous but rather unfavourable, as they not only restrict native fishes but also alter stream habitats and flow conditions. However, with our spatial modelling framework, we could identify specific river reaches where the connectivity trade‐off in the context of climate change is particularly relevant. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of the complex effects that climate change, riverine connectivity and alien species are expected to impose on river communities and the urgent need to adapt management strategies accordingly.
Pasture production, persistence of legumes and lamb growth in summer‐dry hill pastures
Authors: Gultekin Yunus , Filley Shelby J. , Smallman Mary A. , Hannaway David B. , Ates Serkan
Published: August 2020

Pasture legumes that persist under challenging agroecological conditions are crucial to ensure high lamb growth rates in dryland pastures. Pasture and lamb production from binary and diverse mixtures (Mix) of tall fescue (TF) with white clover (Whc), balansa clover (Bc), subterranean clover (Sc) and birdsfoot trefoil (Bft) were compared in a summer‐dry hill site in Corvallis, Oregon over a two‐year period. In 2018, all pasture combinations provided similar lamb liveweight gains (LWG, mean 177 g/day) in the first half of spring. Lambs in TF‐Bc and TF‐Mix pastures grew 31 to 41 g/day faster than those grazing TF‐Sc, TF‐Whc and TF‐Bft in the second half of spring (p < .05). Overall, TF‐Bc and TF‐Mix had higher (p < .05) legume contents (32% and 37% respectively) compared to other pasture combinations. In spring 2019, lambs that grazed the TF‐Mix and TF‐Whc pastures had higher LWG than those on other pastures (p < .05). The superior lamb growth rates were associated with the higher legume content and pasture quality maintained into the late spring period. Overall, the legume content of all pastures decreased over the course of the two‐year trial, with the decline being substantial for balansa clover. The present study confirmed that a high legume content of pastures leads to greater lamb growth rates. Total annual yields of pastures that had greater legume contents were superior to others (p < .05). Thus, a combination of self‐regenerating annual clovers with perennial legumes in pasture mixtures may ensure a higher legume content and longer persistence in dryland hill pastures.
Impact of home‐ and community‐based services in the long‐term care insurance system on outcomes of patients with acute heart failure: Insights from the Kitakawachi Clinical Background and Outcome of Heart Failure Registry
Authors: Takabayashi Kensuke , Fujita Ryoko , Iwatsu Kotaro , Ikeda Tsutomu , Morikami Yuko , Ichinohe Tahei , Yamamoto Takashi , Takenaka Kotoe , Okuda Miyuki , Nakajima Osamu , Koito Hitoshi , Terasaki Yuka , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Kitaguchi Shouji , Nohara Ryuji
Published: August 2020

Aim

In Japan, the long‐term care insurance (LTCI) system is important for elderly people living at home; however, no clinical studies have revealed a relationship between home‐ or community‐based services and outcomes in patients with acute heart failure (AHF).

Methods

This was a prospective multicenter cohort study of patients with AHF enrolled between April 2015 and August 2017. Patients aged ≥65 years with LTCI were divided into those receiving home‐ and community‐based services (service users) and without home and community‐based services (service non‐users). The endpoint was defined as a composite endpoint, which included all‐cause mortality and hospitalization for heart failure after discharge. Subgroup analyses were performed for elderly patients (<85 years) or super‐elderly patients (≥85 years).

Results

The study participants were eligible for LTCI two times more than community‐dwelling people were. At the 1‐year follow‐up period, the rate of the composite endpoint showed no significant difference between service users and service non‐users among all patients or super‐elderly patients. However, in elderly patients, the rate of the composite endpoint was significantly lower among service users than service non‐users. The difference was independently maintained even after adjustments for differences in comorbidities or in social backgrounds (adjusted hazard ratio 0.62; 95% confidence interval 0.38–0.99, and adjusted hazard ratio 0.57; 95% confidence interval 0.35–0.90, respectively).

Conclusions

In this study, adverse events following discharge of patients with AHF who used home‐ and community‐based services were prevented only in elderly patients, not in super‐elderly patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 967–973.
Organisational Justice and Police Job Involvement in Haryana, India
Authors: QURESHI HANIF , LAMBERT ERIC G. , FRANK JAMES
Published: August 2020

High job involvement has been shown to result in many favourable outcomes, including higher job satisfaction, increased work performance, and improved life satisfaction. Organisational justice, which includes the concepts of distributive and procedural justice, refers to the perception that the employing organisation treats employees in a fair and just manner. This study used survey data from 827 police officers from the Indian state of Haryana to explore how distributive and procedural justice affect job involvement. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis indicated that both components of procedural justice (promotions and evaluations) were positively related to, and significant predictors of, job involvement; however, distributive justice did not have a significant effect in the multivariate analysis. We examine the policy implications of these findings towards achieving the ends of improved organisational performance.
Unpacking Harm: Correctional Officer Framing of Sex Offenders and Protective Custody
Authors: RICCIARDELLI ROSEMARY
Published: August 2020

The experiences of persons convicted or charged with sex‐related offences are informed by trends in how the sex offender population in society is defined and understood. I draw on data from in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 100 Canadian provincial correctional officers to explore the harms tied to the framing of sex offenders in prison, including those embedded in institutional structures. I conceptualise how correctional officers understand sex offenders and how the structures in place to ‘protect’ those labelled as sex offenders are, unintentionally, harmful in their own right. I argue that officers rely on evolving strategies of risk mitigation that they must understand, develop, and learn in the prison context. Emphasis is placed on possible policy or needs that may assist in recognising how ‘protective custody’ may simply be lip service to further stigmatise an already marginalised population.
A meta‐analysis of customer engagement behaviour
Authors: Barari Mojtaba , Ross Mitchell , Thaichon Sara , Surachartkumtonkun Jiraporn
Published: August 2020

Customer engagement behaviour has emerged as an influential concept in marketing and refers to customers' behavioural manifestation towards a firm originating from motivational drivers. To provide a comprehensive and generalisable picture of this concept, this study provides a meta‐analysis integrating data of 196 effect sizes of 184 publications with a sample of 146,380. The findings reveal engagement through two pathways: organic pathway as relationship‐oriented (perceived quality, perceived value and relationship quality) and promoted pathway as firm‐initiated (functional and experiential initiatives). Moderator analysis indicates that the influence of the two pathways on engagement depends on engagement context (online vs. offline), industry type (service vs. manufacturing) and product type (hedonic vs. utilitarian) and cultural context. Findings support attitudinal engagement–loyalty and behavioural engagement–firm performance linkage. Study results provide new insight into various engagement approaches and their relationship to each other. The authors offer recommendations to help marketers manage their customer engagement process more effectively.
Interest of the cellular population data analysis as an aid in the early diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Authors: Vasse Marc , Ballester Marie‐Christine , Ayaka Degnile , Sukhachev Dmitry , Delcominette Frédérique , Habarou Florence , Jolly Emilie , Sukhacheva Elena , Pascreau Tiffany , Farfour Éric
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is characterized by a high contagiousness requiring isolation measures. At this time, diagnosis is based on the positivity of specific RT‐PCR and/or chest computed tomography scan, which are time‐consuming and may delay diagnosis. Complete blood count (CBC) can potentially contribute to the diagnosis of COVID‐19. We studied whether the analysis of cellular population data (CPD), provided as part of CBC‐Diff analysis by the DxH 800 analyzers (Beckman Coulter), can help to identify SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

Methods

Cellular population data of the different leukocyte subpopulations were analyzed in 137 controls, 322 patients with proven COVID‐19 (COVID+), and 285 patients for whom investigations were negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (COVID−). When CPD of COVID+ were different from controls and COVID− patients, we used receiver operating characteristic analysis to test the discriminating capacity of the individual parameters. Using a random forest classifier, we developed the algorithm based on the combination of 4 monocyte CPD to discriminate COVID+ from COVID− patients. This algorithm was tested prospectively in a series of 222 patients referred to the emergency unit.

Results

Among the 222 patients, 86 were diagnosed as COVID‐19 and 60.5% were correctly identified using the discriminating protocol. Among the 136 COVID− patients, 10.3% were misclassified (specificity 89.7%, sensitivity 60.5%). False negatives were observed mainly in patients with a low inflammatory state whereas false positives were mainly seen in patients with sepsis.

Conclusion

Consideration of CPD could constitute a first step and potentially aid in the early diagnosis of COVID‐19.
‘Meet Me Where I Am’: Mental health service users’ perspectives on the desirable qualities of a mental health nurse
Authors: Horgan Aine , O Donovan Moira , Manning Fionnuala , Doody Rory , Savage Eileen , Dorrity Claire , O’Sullivan Hazel , Goodwin John , Greaney Sonya , Biering Pall , Bjornsson Einar , Bocking Julia , Russell Siobhan , Griffin Martha , MacGabhann Liam , van der Vaart Kornelis Jan , Allon Jerry , Granerud Arild , Hals Elisabeth , Pulli Jarmo , Vatula Annaliina , Ellilä Heikki , Lahti Mari , Happell Brenda
Published: August 2020

Nurses play a central role in the delivery of quality mental health services. Desired qualities of a mental health nurse, in particular therapeutic relationships, have been described in the literature, primarily reflecting the nursing paradigm. Service users’ perspectives must be more fully understood to reflect contemporary mental health policy and to recognize their position at the centre of mental health service delivery and to directly influence and contribute their perspectives and experiences to mental health nursing education. A qualitative exploratory research project was undertaken to inform and enhance understanding of what service users see as the desired qualities of a mental health nurse. The project was co‐produced by service users as experts by experience, and mental health nurse academics to ensure the service user perspective was privileged. This international project conducted in Europe and Australia included a series of focus groups with service users (n = 50). Data were analysed thematically. Being with me was a major theme identified and reflected the sub‐themes: respect towards service users as persons; empathy, compassion and effective communication; understanding service users; knowledge of services; and fostering hope and believing that recovery is possible. These qualities specifically reflecting the service user perspective must be central to mental health nursing curricula to facilitate the development of holistic care and recovery‐oriented practice. These findings were utilized to directly inform development of a co‐produced mental health nursing learning module, to maximize genuine service user involvement, and to fully realize the benefits of service user led education for undergraduate nursing students.
Spatial inequities of mental health nurses in rural and remote Australia
Authors: Sutarsa Nyoman , Banfield Michelle , Passioura Jason , Konings Paul , Moore Malcolm
Published: August 2020

Despite an increased burden from chronic mental health conditions, access to effective mental health services in rural and remote areas is limited, and these services remain spatially undefined. We examine the spatial availability of mental health nurses across local government areas in Australia and identify gaps in mental health service delivery capacity in a finer‐grained level than the state/territory data. A spatial distribution of mental health nurses was conducted. We utilized the 2017 National Health Workforce Dataset which was aggregated to LGA level based on the 2018 Australian Bureau Statistics (ABS) Data. The availability of mental health nurses was measured using the full time equivalent (FTE) rates per 100 000 population. We calculated the proportion of LGAs with zero total FTE rates based on remoteness categories. We also compared the mean of total FTE rates based on remoteness categories using analysis of variance. A spatial distribution of mental health nurses was visualized using GIS software for total FTE rates. Our analysis included 544 LGA across Australia, with 24.8% being defined as remote and very remote. The mean total FTE for mental health nurses per 100 000 populations is 56.6 (±132.2) with a median of 17.4 (IQR: 61.8). A wide standard deviation reflects unequal distribution of mental health nurses across LGAs. The availability of total FTE rates for mental health nurses per 100 000 populations is significantly lower in remote and very remote LGAs in comparison with major cities. As many as 35.1% of LGAs across Australia have no FTE for mental health nurses with 46% are remote and very remote. Our study reflects the existing unequal distribution of mental health nurses between metropolitan/urban setting and rural and remote areas. We suggest three broad strategies to address these spatial inequities: improving supply and data information systems; revisiting task‐shifting strategies, retraining the existing health workforce to develop skills necessary for mental health care to rural and remote communities; and incorporating the provision of mental health services within expanding innovative delivery models including consumer‐led, telemedicine and community‐based groups.
A retrospective analysis of oral and maxillofacial biopsied specimens in Malaysian newborns and infants
Authors: Binti Shuhairi Nadia Najwa , Bt Abdul Jalil Ajura , Lau Shin‐Hin , Bt Mohd Ghazali Sumarni , Kee Chee Cheong
Published: August 2020

Background

Globally, research on oral and maxillofacial lesions among newborns and infants remains limited.

Aim

To describe demographic patterns, histopathological findings, and locations of oral and maxillofacial lesions in newborns (birth‐1 month) and infants (>1 month‐2 years) reported over 51 years.

Design

A retrospective cross‐sectional study on histopathological records of newborns and infants was conducted. Patients’ demographic characteristics (age, gender, and race), histopathological diagnosis, and lesion's location were gathered. Pearson's chi‐square or Fisher's exact test was performed to determine associations between demographic characteristics and different categories of lesions.

Results

Out of 66,546 specimens received, 0.44% (290 specimens) were from patients aged 2 years and younger (27 newborns and 263 infants). The most common category was inflammatory/reactive (44.2%), followed by tumour/tumour‐like (42.0%), cystic/pseudocystic (6.6%), and miscellaneous lesions (5.5%). Mucous extravasation cysts (23.4%) and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (7.2%) were the most common histopathological diagnoses. Tumour/tumour‐like lesions were significant in newborns (P = .021), and majority were congenital epulis (40.7%). Inflammatory/reactive lesions were significantly higher in male (P = .025) and infants (P = <.001) with predominant incidences of mucous extravasation cysts (24.7%). There was a more than one ten probability of malignant lesions

(11.4%).

Conclusion

Routine clinical head and neck examinations in newborns and infants are the key to early detection of lesions.
Clinical differences of hand and rotary instrumentations during biomechanical preparation in primary teeth—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chugh Vinay K. , Patnana Arun K. , Chugh Ankita , Kumar Pravin , Wadhwa Puneet , Singh Surjit
Published: August 2020

Background

The hand and rotary instruments are used for cleaning and shaping of root canals during biomechanical preparation in primary teeth.

Aim

To determine clinical differences of hand versus rotary root canal instrumentation in primary teeth.

Design

Comprehensive searches were made in four electronic databases [MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, Google Scholar, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials] till March 2020, and prospective studies that met the inclusion criteria were included. The primary outcome was instrumentation time, whereas the secondary outcomes were quality of obturation, obturation time, and clinical and radiographic success. From 604 screened studies, eleven studies qualified for meta‐analysis. The random‐effect model and generic inverse variance approach were used for meta‐analysis.

Results

There was significant decrease in instrumentation time [MD–5.00 minutes (95% CI: 3.05‐6.94), P < .00001, moderate evidence quality] and obturation time [MD–0.43 minutes (95% CI: 0.15‐0.71), P = .003, low evidence quality] with rotary instrumentation. Optimal quality of obturation was achieved in significantly more number of teeth [risk ratio (RR) = 0.71(95% CI: 0.53‐0.95),P = .02, moderate to high evidence quality] with rotary instrumentation. Similar clinical and radiographic success was observed in hand and rotary instrumentation techniques.

Conclusion

Significant reduction in instrumentation time of five minutes was observed using rotary instrumentation with moderate quality evidence.
Mobilising information systems scholarship for a circular economy: Review, synthesis, and directions for future research
Authors: Zeiss Roman , Ixmeier Anne , Recker Jan , Kranz Johann
Published: August 2020

One of today's grand societal challenges is to replace the current ‘take‐make‐waste’ economic model with a circular economic model that allows a gradual decoupling of economic activities from the consumption of finite virgin resources. While circular economy (CE) scholars have long lauded digital technologies such as sensors, distributed ledgers, or platforms as key enablers, our own community has not fully explored the potentials of information systems (IS) for a CE. Considering recent technological advances in software and hardware and our history of helping address wicked challenges, we believe the time is ripe to mobilise IS scholarship for a CE. Our findings from an interdisciplinary literature review show that research has primarily examined IS potentials for increasing efficiency of isolated intra‐organisational processes while neglecting the larger sustainability potential of IS to establish circular material flows—that is, slow down and close material loops across entire product lifecycles. In response, we propose directions for IS research that develop our knowledge of how IS can help understand and enact circular material flows to intensify and extend use of products and components and recycle waste materials. Our directions offer pathways to building and evaluating the problem‐solution pairing that could characterise a prolific CE‐IS relationship.
Transdisciplinary research for sustainability: scoping for project potential
Authors: Bennich Therese , Maneas Giorgos , Maniatakou Sofia , Piemontese Luigi , Schaffer Christina , Schellens Marie , Österlin Carl
Published: August 2020

In response to the interconnected character of societal challenges, there is a growing interest in transdisciplinary sustainability research. However, for transdisciplinary research to be able to support the generation of new knowledge in a participatory and reflexive manner, a number of challenges have been identified in each stage of the transdisciplinary research process. In this paper, we respond specifically to the challenge of initiating transdisciplinary research projects, by proposing a process for performing transdisciplinary project scoping. Our group of early‐career researchers share experiences from scoping for transdisciplinary research potential, bridging local stakeholder needs with researchers’ interests across departments and national contexts. We present our methodological approach,which includes tools for stakeholder identification, systems thinking, and gap‐mapping. The approach was applied in the local context of the Navarino Environmental Observatory, Messinia, Greece. The findings identify regional sustainability concerns related to, for example, tourism, agriculture, and environmental management issues. The gap‐map highlights overlaps (e.g., in terms of existing research on the effects of agriculture on water resources), but also how previous research has been conducted on spatial and temporal scales not directly relevant to local actors. We believe that the approach can be used beyond this case study to identify the potential for problem‐oriented inter‐and transdisciplinary research.
Prevalence and risk factors of chronic wounds in nursing homes in Germany
Authors: Raeder Kathrin , Jachan Deborah Elisabeth , Müller‐Werdan Ursula , Lahmann Nils Axel
Published: August 2020

The burdens caused by chronic wounds on the affected persons themselves and also on the health care system are well recognised. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of chronic wounds in German nursing homes. An annual cross‐sectional study was conducted in nursing home residents from 2012 to 2018. The proportion of men affected by chronic wounds was to some extent higher than that of women, 9.0% males vs 7.5% females. In total, 7.8% of all residents were affected by chronic wounds. Of all residents with a chronic wound, 50.5% were affected by pressure ulcer. Male residents were twice as often affected by diabetic foot ulcer than female residents (18.0% vs 8.9%; P = 0.002). Bivariate analysis showed that chronic wounds were highly associated with poor nutrition, urinary incontinence, stool incontinence, diabetes mellitus, and limited mobility (P = 0.000). According to multivariate analysis, the strongest predictors for chronic wounds were limited mobility and diabetes mellitus. The highest prevalence of chronic wounds was in residents who were not restricted in their mobility, had diabetes, were male, and lived in a metropolitan region (23.7%). This study identified the prevalence and risk factors of chronic wounds in nursing home residents. Further research is needed to identify causal factors of the gender difference in the prevalence of chronic wounds. This may have an impact on the choice of prophylactic and therapeutic measures.
Equity and Social Justice
Authors: Walster Elaine , Walster G. William
Published: August 2020

Scholars and social reformers have long been interested in trying to define “social justice.” In this essay, we present a framework for understanding recent theorizing and research on social justice. First we review equity theory. Aristotle proposed a primitive equity model of social justice; in recent years, social philosophers such as Homans, Adams, and Walster, Berscheid, and Walster have reformulated and extended the model. Next we describe the equality‐proportionality controversy and a simple equity resolution. Finally we speculate concerning the impact of power on society's definition of equity and “perfect social justice.”
The caries preventing effect of mouthrinsing with 0.025% sodium fluoride solution in Swedish children
Authors: Forsman Britta
Published: August 2020

abstract

Weekly mouthrinses with 0.2% NaF solution have long been carried out with schoolchildren in Växjö, where the water fluoride (F) content is less than 0.2 parts/106. A weaker NaF solution has been tested over a 2‐year period in a double‐blind experiment. A group of 135 children aged 12‐13 years used a 0.025% NaF solution as a weekly mouth‐rinse, while a control group of an equal number of children in the same age group continued weekly rinses with 0.2% NaF solution. Clinical and radiographic caries registration was carried out at the start of the experiment, after 1 year and after 2 years. The loss of participants totalled only 17 children during the 2 years. The results showed fewer new carious surfaces in the groups treated with the weaker solution. The total number of clinically recorded new carious surfaces did not differ statistically between the groups, and the fraction of smooth surface caries showed a significant difference at the 5 % level only in the groups of girls. Radiographically recorded carious proximal surfaces on premolars and molars showed the same trend with fewer new carious surfaces in the groups treated with the weaker solution. The retention of F from mouthrinsing with the weaker solution by children 4 and 6 years of age averaged 0.23 and 0.15 mg, respectively, from 7 ml of solution. In addition to the principal interest inherent in the finding that a weaker NaF solution may have a greater caries preventive effect than a more concentrated solution, the result is of practical significance particularly for F applications for preschool children with their incomplete control of swallowing reflexes and for local treatment in areas with optimal or supraoptimal F content in the drinking water.
Use of fluorides and the learning of interdental cleaning ‐ The dissemination of preventive dental health behavior among adult Norwegians
Authors: Birkeland J. M. , Helöe L. A.
Published: August 2020

abstract

The present study was carried out to assess the dissemination of two preventive dental health practices: interdental cleaning and use of fluoride‐containing vehicles. Interviews were held with a representative sample of the adult population in Norway. Sixty per cent of the respondents reported having used some vehicle containing fluoride during the week prior to the interview. Nearly all of these had used a fluoridated dentifrice. Thirty‐five per cent of the respondents stated that they had received instruction on how to use vehicles for interdental cleaning. Age and dental treatment pattern seemed to affect the responses.
Molecular Clones of SIVsm and SIVagm: Experimental Infection of Macaques and African Green Monkeys
Authors: Johnson Philip R. , Goldstein Simoy , London William T. , Fomsgaard Anders , Hirsch Vanessa M.
Published: August 2020

We have investigated the ability of biologically‐active proviral molecular clones of SIVsm and SIVagm to infect rhesus macaques, pig‐tail macaques, and African green monkeys. Two clones of SIVsm were individually inoculated into four rhesus and four pig‐tail macaques. All eight macaques became infected, and two have experienced a significant decline in absolute numbers of circulating CD4+ cells. None of three African green monkeys were infected by an SIVsm molecular clone. However, one of four African green monkeys did become infected by SIVsm after receiving lymphocytes directly from an SIVsm‐infected rhesus macaque. A molecular clone of SIVagm infected three of four macaques and three of three African green monkeys. None of the three infected macaques had a significant decline in circulating CD4+ cells. Interestingly, infection of pig‐tail macaques (but not rhesus macaques) with uncloned SIVagm induced a significant drop in circulating CD4+ cells. These data suggest that molecular clones of SIVsm and SIVagm can be used in experimental models of AIDS for the evaluation of viral gene functions and for the study of in vivo genetic variation.
New Methodology for Measuring Blood Pressure in Awake Baboons With Use of Behavioral Training Techniques
Authors: Turkkan Jaylan S.
Published: August 2020

Adult male baboons were behaviorally conditioned to extend an arm outside of the living cage and to accept repeated cuff inflations for manual auscultatory blood pressure measurements. Frequency distributions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure for both normotensive and renovascular hypertensive baboons generally were normally distributed. The procedure accurately tracked rapid changes in blood pressure after oral administration of antihypertensive drugs. Advantages over direct arterial cannulation for blood pressure measurement during extended, chronic experiments are discussed.
Familial Incidence of Multiple Births in a Colony of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Geissmann Thomas
Published: August 2020

This paper describes the incidence of multiple births in the Yerkes Chimpanzee colony for a period of about 63 years. Pedigrees are presented for all multiple births. They demonstrate the recurrence of twins in relatively few family lines which can be traced back to a small number of ancestors. The findings suggest that twinning is a family trait in chimpanzees and they support the hypothesis that the incidence of multiple births is genetically influenced in this colony. In addition, a relatively high level of inbreeding may have enhanced the incidence of multiple births in these family lines. Similar findings arc known from human populations.
Battelle Primate Facility
Authors: Weller R.E. , Wierman E.L. , Málaga C.A. , Baer J.F. , LeMieux T.P.
Published: August 2020

The Battelle Primate Facility houses one of the largest collections of neotropical primates in the United States. The facility is a research resource for undergraduate and graduate students, Battelle staff, as well as staff and faculty from U.S. and international institutions. Researchers have access to the animals for a variety of studies encompassing several disciplines, a large collection of preserved tissues, and an extensive biomedical database. The facility is a World Health Organization Collaborative Center for Clinical Pathology of Neotropical Primates and is involved with the Peruvian Primatological Project in Iquitos, Peru, which provides opportunities for research in primatology and conservation.
Induction of multiple follicular development and superovulation in the olive baboon, Papio anubis
Authors: McCarthy Thomas J. , Fortman Jeffrey D. , Boice Melinda L. , Fazleabas Asgerally T. , Verhage Harold G.
Published: August 2020

The objective of this study was to induce multiple follicular development and superovulation in the olive baboon. Beginning at menses, adult female baboons were treated with hMG for 10 days followed by hCG on day 11. Multiple follicular development was seen in all 19 animals; superovulation occurred in 11 of these. Serum E2 and P levels were consistent with multiple follicular and corpora lutea development, respectively. Ovulated ova were able to be fertilized. These results indicate that olive baboons can be superovulated using a regimen of hMG and hCG, however, development of antibodies against the human hormones precludes restimulation.
Serum insulin‐like growth factor 1 concentrations in the developing rhesus monkey
Authors: Styne Dennis M.
Published: August 2020

We studied the developmental pattern of serum IGF‐1 concentrations in the rhesus monkey in cross‐sectional and longitudinal manners. Values were lower in infants with a significant rise at the onset of puberty. Females values were lower than males except for pregnant females. There was a correlation of IGF‐1 values with body weight in the males. Longitudinal study of six animals proved this age dependence of IGF‐1 values. The rhesus monkey has a pattern of serum IGF‐1 concentrations similar to that of the human being.
The growth hormone secretory response to growth hormone releasing factor in the developing rhesus monkey
Authors: Styne Dennis M.
Published: August 2020

We studied the development of the GH response to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) using two doses of GHRH. The newborns demonstrated higher baseline GH and responses to GHRH than animals of any older age. There was no difference noted between the rise in GH in male and female subjects with 10 mcg/kg vs 1 mcg/kg. Serum cortisol concentrations did not correlate with serum GH concentrations. These developmental patterns of serum GH are similar to those known in the human being.
Twinning in the karyotype I night monkey (Aotus nancymai)
Authors: Málaga Carlos A. , Weller Richard E. , Buschbom Ray L.
Published: August 2020

A case of successful survival of twins in a Karyotype I (2n = 54) night monkey (Aotus nancymai) is described. Monthly weights of the pregnant female, and of the twins, are compared to those of pregnant females and their single birth offspring of the same sex and karyotype.
Resocialization of a group of ex‐laboratory chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes
Authors: Noon Carole
Published: August 2020

In order to determine if socially deprived chimpanzees could establish an integrated social unit and reproduce, a group of wild‐born individuals from a single‐cage laboratory environment were released onto a small island in a South Florida tourist park in 1975. The present study was undertaken during June and July of 1988 to evaluate the long term results of the experiment and to document the reproductive history of the chimpanzees since their release on the island. The evidence presented in this paper suggests that it is possible for laboratory chimpanzees to be resocialized and to reproduce successfully.