bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel treatment planning method via scissor beams for uniform‐target‐dose proton GRID with peak‐valley‐dose‐ratio optimization
Authors: Zhang Weijie , Traneus Erik , Lin Yuting , Chen Ronald C. , Gao Hao
Published: July 2024

Background

Proton spatially fractionated RT (SFRT) can potentially synergize the unique advantages of using proton Bragg peak and SFRT peak‐valley dose ratio (PVDR) to reduce the radiation‐induced damage for normal tissues. Uniform‐target‐dose (UTD) proton GRID is a proton SFRT modality that can be clinically desirable and conveniently adopted since its UTD resembles target dose distribution in conventional proton RT (CONV). However, UTD proton GRID is not used clinically, which is likely due to the lack of an effective treatment planning method.

Purpose

This work will develop a novel treatment planning method using scissor beams (SB) for UTD proton GRID, with the joint optimization of PVDR and dose objectives.

Methods

The SB method for spatial dose modulation in normal tissues with UTD has two steps: (1) a primary beam (PB) is halved with interleaved beamlets, to generate spatial dose modulation in normal tissues; (2) a complementary beam (CB) is added to fill in previously valley‐dose positions in the target to generate UTD, while the CB is angled slightly from the PB, to maintain spatial dose modulation in normal tissues. A treatment planning method with PVDR optimization via the joint total variation and L1 (TVL1) regularization is developed to jointly optimize PVDR and dose objectives. The plan optimization solution is obtained using an iterative convex relaxation algorithm.

Results

The new methods SB and SB‐TVL1 were validated in comparison with CONV. Compared to CONV of relatively homogeneous dose distribution, SB had modulated spatial dose pattern in normal tissues with UTD and comparable plan quality. Compared to SB, SB‐TVL1 further maximized PVDR, with comparable dose‐volume parameters.

Conclusions

A novel SB method is proposed that can generate modulated spatial dose pattern in normal tissues to achieve UTD proton GRID. A treatment planning method with PVDR optimization capability via TVL1 regularization is developed that can jointly optimize PVDR and dose objectives for proton GRID.
Acoustic noise reduction in the NexGen 7 T scanner
Authors: Boulant Nicolas , Ma Samantha , Walker Erica , Beckett Alexander , Vu An T. , Gunamony Shajan , Feinberg David A.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Driven by the Lorentz force, acoustic noise may arguably be the next physiological challenge associated with ultra‐high field MRI scanners and powerful gradient coils. This work consisted of isolating and mitigating the main sound pathway in the NexGen 7 T scanner equipped with the investigational Impulse head gradient coil.

Methods

Sound pressure level (SPL) measurements were performed with and without the RF coil to assess its acoustic impact. Vibration measurements were carried out on the gradient coil, the RF coil, and on the patient table to distinguish the different vibration mechanisms and pathways. Vibrations of the RF coil were modified by either making contact with the patient bore liner with padding material or by changing directly the RF shield with phosphor bronze mesh material.

Results

SPL and vibration measurements demonstrated that eddy‐currents induced in the RF shield were the primary cause of acoustic noise. Replacing the conventional solid copper shield with phosphor bronze mesh material altered the vibrations of the RF shield and decreased SPL by 6 to 8 dB at the highest frequencies in EPI, depending on the gradient axis, while boosting the transmit B1+ field by 15%. Padding led to slightly less sound reduction on the X and Z gradient axes, but with minimal impact for the Y axis.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the potential importance of eddy‐current induced vibrations in the RF coil in terms of acoustic noise and opens new horizons for mitigation measures.
Defining socioecological reciprocity: Intentionality, mutualism or collateral effect
Authors: Vaccaro Ismael
Published: July 2024

This perspective piece discusses the history of the use of the term ‘reciprocity’ across environmental social sciences in the analysis of the interactions between the social and the natural systems.

Reciprocity, as a concept, these days, seems to be used in a rather uncritical fashion. These pages do not intend to be exhaustive, instead they focus on the role that the idea of explicit intentionality (or its absence) has had on the different ways reciprocity has been conceptualized.

The literature identifies two clusters of approaches to this subject. On the one hand, we encounter a group of schools in which the notion of reciprocity demands explicit intentionality, an articulation of the concept that requires intend and consciousness of the consequences of agency and the directionality of causality. On the other hand, a wider definition of reciprocity that does not depend on awareness has also been used to discuss the relationships between human and non‐human actors. Thanks to this wider definition, reciprocity has been used as well to describe interactions between human and non‐human entities in which one or both parties were not explicitly intending to benefit each other.

The aim of this article was not to determine which approach is correct and which is not. The goal was to underscore the significance of requiring or not requiring intentionality on the construction and use of the notion of reciprocity and the analytical and representational consequences of this choice.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Experimentation, identification, and simulation of polymer swelling at extrusion die outlets
Authors: Rabhi Faleh , de Larochelambert Thierry , Barriere Thierry , Ramel David , Cousin Thibault , Sahli Mohamed
Published: July 2024

The behavior of polyamide PA12 melt extrudates at die outlets is modeled to determine swelling process and rate. It is assessed as a function of imposed input parameters, process parameters, and die geometries. The modeling is carried out using Comsol Multiphysics® platform to simulate the swelling; in particular, its progression in time is investigated for different extrusion process parameters. The experimental swelling observed in extrusion lines tests is compared with the Tanner and Carreau‐Yasuda rheological models. A database is built up with all experiments carried out; the comparison between numerical and experimental results shows close agreement. A parametric analysis of the experimental and numerical swelling is performed. It confirms the important role of the die diameter on swelling rate, independently of shear rate. Increase in temperature lowers swelling rate at constant shear rates and geometric aspect ratio of the dies.

Highlights

Experimental and numerical study of polymer swelling at capillary die outlets.

Behavior of PA12 polymer extrudate modeled to determine its swelling.

Rheological models implemented to simulate the swelling phenomenon.

Simulation results validated with experimental tests for two millimetric dies.

Influence of die geometrical parameters investigated and justified.
Filling the gaps in peptide maps with a platform assay for top‐down characterization of purified protein samples
Authors: Bailey Aaron O. , Durbin Kenneth R. , Robey Matthew T. , Palmer Lee K. , Russell William K.
Published: July 2024

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) intact mass analysis and LC‐MS/MS peptide mapping are decisional assays for developing biological drugs and other commercial protein products. Certain PTM types, such as truncation and oxidation, increase the difficulty of precise proteoform characterization owing to inherent limitations in peptide and intact protein analyses. Top‐down MS (TDMS) can resolve this ambiguity via fragmentation of specific proteoforms. We leveraged the strengths of flow‐programmed (fp) denaturing online buffer exchange (dOBE) chromatography, including robust automation, relatively high ESI sensitivity, and long MS/MS window time, to support a TDMS platform for industrial protein characterization. We tested data‐dependent (DDA) and targeted strategies using 14 different MS/MS scan types featuring combinations of collisional‐ and electron‐based fragmentation as well as proton transfer charge reduction. This large, focused dataset was processed using a new software platform, named TDAcquireX, that improves proteoform characterization through TDMS data aggregation. A DDA‐based workflow provided objective identification of αLac truncation proteoforms with a two‐termini clipping search. A targeted TDMS workflow facilitated the characterization of αLac oxidation positional isomers. This strategy relied on using sliding window‐based fragment ion deconvolution to generate composite proteoform spectral match (cPrSM) results amenable to fragment noise filtering, which is a fundamental enhancement relevant to TDMS applications generally.
Enhancing foamability and flame‐retardancy of polylactic acid bead foams through inter‐beads bulk polymerization and continuous phase dispersion of LDHs
Authors: Liu Wei , Wu Xian , Zhu Jigui , Chen Xiaocheng , Liu Shan , Li Yang
Published: July 2024

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) bead foam has a promising application because of its renewable and naturally degradable nature. However, its processing is greatly limited by inherent shortcomings such as the complex polycrystals‐inducing strategy. Herein, we developed a strategy of bulk polymerization reaction of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) to sinter PLA beads to prepare EPLA foams accompanied by supercritical CO2 foaming technology. In order to enhance the sintering behavior and flame‐retardancy of EPLA foams, two‐dimensional nanolayered double hydroxides (LDHs) were introduced and dispersed in the continuous phase of the sintering layers. The formation of unique dispersion of LDHs and sintering structure of PVAc generated substantial increase in the crystallinity, melt elasticity, and sintering strength of EPLA foams, which facilitated the growth and stabilization of cells. Thus, the cell‐density and expansion ratio could be increased to 8.62 × 106 cell/cm3 to 9.31‐fold, respectively. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the EPLA foams were improved. The tensile strength and the compression strength increased to 2.96 and 62.5 MPa. Additionally, with adding 7 wt.% LDH, the EPLA foam reached UL‐94 V‐0 rating with high limiting oxygen index value of 29.1% and char residue of 20.4%. This study provides a novel strategy for the preparation of flame‐retardant EPLA foams with low density, three dimensional complex shapes, as well as excellent mechanical properties.
Old meets new: Innovative and evolving uses of herbaria over time as revealed by a literature review
Authors: Marín‐Rodulfo Macarena , Rondinel‐Mendoza Katy V. , Martín‐Girela Isabel , Cañadas Eva M. , Lorite Juan
Published: July 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Herbaria, as collections of preserved plants, contain large amounts of data both in the labels and the specimens themselves, which can be applied in different study fields. A literature review was conducted to discover how the uses of herbaria have evolved over time since records began. This analysis revealed insights into how herbaria are presently used. Uses include traditional taxonomic review, as well as advanced technological tools, which are being applied to herbaria material to address societal and global challenges and therefore contribute to decision‐making in conservation.

Herbaria as collections of preserved plants contain large amounts of data and prominent information, both on the labels and on the specimens themselves. There are 400 million specimens preserved in herbaria worldwide, with great potential for studies in conservation and effects of global change on plants. (1) In this paper, we investigate the array of herbaria uses through a systematic review of the scientific literature in SCOPUS covering the period 1842–2022. (2) We reviewed a total of 2900 papers and classified them in different areas of knowledge, as well as the taxonomic level studied. (3) Our results show that taxonomic use is the most relevant over time. This taxonomic use, together with the use as primary source of plant diversity data, is essential for documenting, planning, and acting on the conservation of threatened plants. Furthermore, our results have shown that new and diverse uses have emerged since 1990, mostly related to ecological issues, as herbaria provide a historical record of plant diversity and distribution, as well as their ecological and evolutionary responses, allowing scientists to track changes over time. (4) This contributes to improve the knowledge of biodiversity and to increase the effectiveness of conservation strategies and policies, which are a priority to address on going global change. Therefore, our study shows the relevance and potential of herbaria in ecology, including new or forthcoming uses, which are different from the uses originally intended by collectors. Thus, their preservation is critical as the unique and exceptional record for the knowledge of changes in biodiversity over space and time.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia nodules in patients treated with celecoxib and/or finasteride have reduced levels of NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron‐sulfur protein 3, a mitochondrial protein essential for efficient function of the electron transport chain
Authors: Liu Teresa T. , Igarashi Taro , El‐Khoury Nathalie , Ihejirika Nnamdi , Paxton Kelsey , Jaumotte Juliann , Dhir Rajiv , Hudson Chandler N. , Nelson Joel B. , DeFranco Donald B. , Yoshimura Naoki , Wang Zhou , Pascal Laura E.
Published: July 2024

Background

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition generally associated with advanced age in men that can be accompanied by bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) including intermittency, weak stream, straining, urgency, frequency, and incomplete bladder voiding. Pharmacotherapies for LUTS/BPH include alpha‐blockers, which relax prostatic and urethral smooth muscle and 5ɑ‐reductase inhibitors such as finasteride, which can block conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone thereby reducing prostate volume. Celecoxib is a cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor that reduces inflammation and has shown some promise in reducing prostatic inflammation and alleviating LUTS for some men with histological BPH. However, finasteride and celecoxib can reduce mitochondrial function in some contexts, potentially impacting their efficacy for alleviating BPH‐associated LUTS.

Methods

To determine the impact of these pharmacotherapies on mitochondrial function in prostate tissues, we performed immunostaining of mitochondrial Complex I (CI) protein NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron‐sulfur protein 3 (NDUFS3) and inflammatory cells on BPH specimens from patients naïve to treatment, or who were treated with celecoxib and/or finasteride for 28 days, as well as prostate tissues from male mice treated with celecoxib or vehicle control for 28 days. Quantification and statistical correlation analyses of immunostaining were performed.

Results

NDUFS3 immunostaining was decreased in BPH compared to normal adjacent prostate. Patients treated with celecoxib and/or finasteride had significantly decreased NDUFS3 in both BPH and normal tissues, and no change in inflammatory cell infiltration compared to untreated patients. Mice treated with celecoxib also displayed a significant decrease in NDUFS3 immunostaining and no change in inflammatory cell infiltration.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that celecoxib and/or finasteride are associated with an overall decrease in NDUFS3 levels in prostate tissues but do not impact the presence of inflammatory cells, suggesting a decline in mitochondrial CI function in the absence of enhanced inflammation. Given that BPH has recently been associated with increased prostatic mitochondrial dysfunction, celecoxib and/or finasteride may exacerbate existing mitochondrial dysfunction in some BPH patients thereby potentially limiting their overall efficacy in providing metabolic stability and symptom relief.
Robust arbitrary trajectory tracking of multiple heterogeneous Euler–Lagrange systems under directed graphs: A fully distributed event‐triggered control
Authors: Yang Yanhua , Mei Jie , Ma Guangfu
Published: July 2024

In this paper, the robust arbitrary trajectory tracking problem of multiple heterogeneous Euler–Lagrange (EL) systems with disturbances under a directed graph is investigated via a novel fully distributed event‐triggered control (ETC) strategy. Firstly, for an arbitrary tracked trajectory, the Fourier transform technique is employed to approximately obtain its linear form, which represents the leader of multiple EL systems. Since the dynamics and state of the leader are not available to all followers, fully distributed adaptive ETC‐based observers are proposed for each follower to reconstruct the leader's trajectory, where the global information requirements are avoided, and the Zeno behavior is excluded by giving the minimum triggering intervals. Armed with the observed information, a robust adaptive ETC protocol is further developed such that the position‐like state of each follower can track the leader with the intermittent controller updating, where a minimum control update interval is obtained theoretically. Moreover, the adaptive technique is used to eliminate the influence of the parameter uncertainties of multiple EL systems, thus the tracking is achieved asymptotically. Finally, simulation results are illustrated to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Magnetic Tunability via Control of Crystallinity and Size in Polycrystalline Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Nguyen Minh Dang , Deng Liangzi , Lee Jong Moon , Resendez Karla M. , Fuller Maggie , Hoijang Supawitch , Robles‐Hernandez Francisco , Chu Ching‐Wu , Litvinov Dmitri , Hadjiev Viktor G. , Xu Shoujun , Phan Manh‐Huong , Lee T. Randall
Published: July 2024

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are widely used for biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic properties and biocompatibility. However, the controlled synthesis of IONPs with tunable particle sizes and crystallite/grain sizes to achieve desired magnetic functionalities across single‐domain and multi‐domain size ranges remains an important challenge. Here, a facile synthetic method is used to produce iron oxide nanospheres (IONSs) with controllable size and crystallinity for magnetic tunability. First, highly crystalline Fe3O4 IONSs (crystallite sizes above 24 nm) having an average diameter of 50 to 400 nm are synthesized with enhanced ferrimagnetic properties. The magnetic properties of these highly crystalline IONSs are comparable to those of their nanocube counterparts, which typically possess superior magnetic properties. Second, the crystallite size can be widely tuned from 37 to 10 nm while maintaining the overall particle diameter, thereby allowing precise manipulation from the ferrimagnetic to the superparamagnetic state. In addition, demonstrations of reaction scale‐up and the proposed growth mechanism of the IONSs are presented. This study highlights the pivotal role of crystal size in controlling the magnetic properties of IONSs and offers a viable means to produce IONSs with magnetic properties desirable for wider applications in sensors, electronics, energy, environmental remediation, and biomedicine.
Synthesis of Cs3Cu2I5 Nanocrystals in a Continuous Flow System
Authors: Arslanova Ksenija , Ganswindt Patrick , Lorenzen Tizian , Kostyurina Ekaterina , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Nickel Bert , Müller‐Caspary Knut , Urban Alexander S.
Published: July 2024

Achieving the goal of generating all of the world's energy via renewable sources and significantly reducing the energy usage will require the development of novel, abundant, nontoxic energy conversion materials. Here, a cost‐efficient and scalable continuous flow synthesis of Cs3Cu2I5 nanocrystals is developed as a basis for the rapid advancement of novel nanomaterials. Ideal precursor solutions are obtained through a novel batch synthesis, whose product served as a benchmark for the subsequent flow synthesis. Realizing this setup enabled a reproducible fabrication of Cs3Cu2I5 nanocrystals. The effect of volumetric flow rate and temperature on the final product's morphology and optical properties are determined, obtaining 21% quantum yield with the optimal configuration. Consequently, the size and morphology of the nanocrystals can be tuned with far more precision and in a much broader range than previously achievable. The flow setup is readily applicable to other relevant nanomaterials. It should enable a rapid determination of a material's potential and subsequently optimize its desired properties for renewable energy generation or efficient optoelectronics.
Perfluoroalkyl Functionalized Superhydrophobic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Excellent Oil–Water Membrane Separation and Anhydrous Proton Conduction
Authors: Jiang Shaodong , Niu Hongyun , Gu Xiaoling , Cai Yaqi
Published: July 2024

Rapid economic development has led to oil pollution and energy shortage. Membrane separation has attracted much attention due to its simplicity and efficiency in oil‐water‐separation. The development of membrane materials with enhanced separation properties is essential to improve the separation‐efficiency. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are expected to replace conventional engines due to their high‐power‐conversion rates and other favorable properties. Anhydrous‐proton‐conducting materials are vital components of PEMFCs. However, developing stable proton‐conducting materials that exhibit high conductivity at varying temperatures remains challenging. Herein, two covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with long‐side‐chains are synthesized, and their corresponding COF@SSN membranes. Both membranes can effectively separate oil–water mixtures and water‐in‐oil emulsions. The TFPT‐AF membrane achieves a maximum oil‐flux of 6.05 × 105 g h−1 m−2 with an oil–water separation efficiency of above 99%, which is almost unchanged after 20 consecutive uses. COF@H3PO4 doped with different ratios of H3PO4 is prepared, the results show that the perfluorocarbon‐chain system has  excellent anhydrous proton conductivity , achieving an ultra‐high proton‐conductivity of 3.98 × 10−1 S cm−1 at 125 °C. This study lays the foundation for tailor‐made‐functionalization of COF through pre‐engineering and surface‐modification, highlighting the great potential of COFs for oil‐water separation and anhydrous‐proton‐conductivity.
Synergistic Linker and Linkage of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhancing Gold Capture
Authors: Yang Xiubei , Jiang Di , Fu Yubin , Li Xuewen , Liu Guojuan , Ding Xuesong , Han Bao‐Hang , Xu Qing , Zeng Gaofeng
Published: July 2024

The tunable pore walls and skeletons render covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as promising absorbents for gold (Au) ion. However, most of these COFs suffered from low surface areas hindering binding sites exposed and weak binding interaction resulting in sluggish kinetic performance. In this study, COFs have been constructed with synergistic linker and linkage for high‐efficiency Au capture. The designed COFs (PYTA‐PZDH‐COF and PYTA‐BPDH‐COF) with pyrazine or bipyridine as linkers showed high surface areas of 1692 and 2076 m2 g‒1, providing high exposed surface areas for Au capture. In addition, the Lewis basic nitrogen atoms from the linkers and linkages are easily hydronium, which enabled to fast trap Au via coulomb force. The PYTA‐PZDH‐COF and PYTA‐BPDH‐COF showed maximum Au capture capacities of 2314 and 1810 mg g−1, higher than other reported COFs. More importantly, PYTA‐PZDH‐COF are capable of rapid adsorption kinetics with achieving 95% of maximum binding capacity in 10 min. The theoretical calculation revealed that the nitrogen atoms in linkers and linkages from both COFs are simultaneously hydronium, and then the protonated PYTA‐PZDH‐COF are more easily binding the AuCl4‒, further accelerating the binding process. This study gives the a new insight to design COFs for ion capture.
Volcanic Eruption in the Nanoworld: Efficient Oxygen Exchange at the Si/SnO2 Interface
Authors: Liu Poting , Makarova Anna , Freiberg Katharina , Grinter David C. , Sharma Divanshu , Ferrer Pilar , Chuvenkova Olga , Deckert‐Gaudig Tanja , Turishchev Sergey , Lippmann Stephanie , Sivakov Vladimir
Published: July 2024

Here, a phenomenon of efficient oxygen exchange between a silicon surface and a thin layer of tin dioxide during chemical vapor deposition is presented, which leads to a unique Sn:SiO2 layer. Under thermodynamic conditions in the temperature range of 725–735 °C, the formation of nanostructures with volcano‐like shapes in “active” and “dormant” states are observed. Extensive characterization techniques, such as electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, synchrotron radiation‐based X‐ray photoelectron, and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy, are applied to study the formation. The mechanism is related to the oxygen retraction between tin(IV) oxide and silicon surface, leading to the thermodynamically unstable tin(II)oxide, which is immediately disproportionate to metallic Sn and SnO2 localized in the SiO2 matrix. The diffusion of metallic tin in the amorphous silicon oxide matrix leads to larger agglomerates of nanoparticles, which is similar to the formation of a magma chamber during the natural volcanic processes followed by magma eruption, which here is associated with the formation of depressions on the surface filled with metallic tin particles. This new effect contributes a new approach to the formation of functional composites but also inspires the development of unique Sn:SiO2 nanostructures for diverse application scenarios, such as thermal energy storage.
Reactivity Manipulation of Ionic Liquid Based on Alkyl Primary Ammonium: Protonation Control Using 4‐tert‐Butylpyridine Additive for Effective Spontaneous Passivation of Perovskite via Hole Transport Material Deposition
Authors: Nishimura Naoyuki , Tachibana Hiroaki , Katoh Ryuzi , Kanda Hiroyuki , Murakami Takurou N.
Published: July 2024

Alkyl‐primary‐ammonium‐based room‐temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) designed to exhibit specific reactivities allowing functions that cannot be achieved by other RTILs have recently emerged. The archetype of the reactive RTILs is n‐octylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (OA‐TFSI), which has promising functions as an additive for hole transport materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs); the high reactivity of the OA cations on the perovskite surface allows spontaneous perovskite passivation via HTM deposition, effectively improving the photovoltaic (PV) performance. However, although the reactivity manipulation of the reactive RTILs is instrumental for exploiting their potential functions and exploring their application scope, methods for reactivity control have not been developed. Herein, it is proposed that the coaddition of a pyridine derivative (4‐tert‐butylpridine: TBP) can effectively manipulate the reactivity of OA‐TFSI by controlling the protonation between OA and the 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐4‐methoxyphenylamino)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (Spiro‐OMeTAD) HTM. The TBP prevents OA deprotonation presumably via stabilization of the OA cation, thus retaining its ammonium form, which allows efficient spontaneous perovskite passivation, effectively enhancing the PV performance. This reveals the protonation preference in the OA‐TFSI system, which is opposite to that in conventional RTILs. This first proposal of a method in manipulating reactivity of the reactive RTILs will contribute to the development of materials science.
A systems‐theoretical exploration for understanding and enhancing policy design: Expanding an analytical locus with implications for policy studies
Authors: de Wee Guswin , Asmah‐Andoh Kwame , Jakoet‐Salie Amina
Published: July 2024

Policy design has two analytical domains, policy design‐as‐formulation and policy design‐as‐content. The latter study policies as codified and constructed output of the formulation process, which is an activity directed to the process. The analytical concept ‘structural logic’ emerged as an internal property of policy text and has been understudied, perhaps because of the lack of methods and understanding. The paper is a systems‐theoretic exploration of systems assumptions and policy designs. The paper contributes to the theoretical underpinnings of the nature of policy design (as conceptual systems) and how systems‐based assumptions can help understand structural logic by providing a locus for studying and measuring policy element interaction. Findings suggest that it is in the interactions of those elements and connections (policy statements/propositions/directives), corresponding to the causal relations in the real world wherein the effectiveness of policy designs lies (level of structure). The exploration posits that the deep structural similarities between the domains of systems are so ecologically parallel that the insights from one system allows for similarities to be exploited and transferred to understanding the other. The paper provides insights for overcoming policy design limitations and a new way for studying policy element interaction for improving its effects in policy implementation.
Photonic Synthesis and Coating of High‐Entropy Oxide on Layered Ni‐Rich Cathode Particles
Authors: Cui Yanyan , Tang Yushu , Lin Jing , Wang Junbo , Hahn Horst , Breitung Ben , Schweidler Simon , Brezesinski Torsten , Botros Miriam
Published: July 2024

High‐entropy materials have drawn much attention as battery materials due to their distinctive properties. Lithiated high‐entropy oxide (Li0.33(MgCoNiCuZn)0.67O, LiHEO) exhibits both high lithium‐ion and electronic conductivity, making it a potential coating material for layered Ni‐rich oxide cathodes (Li1+x(Ni1−y−zCoyMnz)1−xO2, NCM or NMC) in conventional Li‐ion battery cells; however, high‐temperature synthesis limits its application. Therefore, a photonic curing strategy is used for synthesizing LiHEO and the non‐lithiated form (denoted as high‐entropy oxide [HEO]), and nanoscale coatings are successfully produced on LiNi0.85Co0.1Mn0.05O2 (NCM851005) particles. To one's knowledge, this is the first report on particle coating with high‐entropy materials using photonic curing. NCM851005 with LiHEO‐modified surface shows good cycling stability, with a capacity retention of 97% at 1 C rate after 200 cycles. The improvement in electrochemical performance is attributed to the conformal coating that prevents structural changes caused by the reaction between cathode material and liquid electrolyte. Compared to bare NCM851005, the coated material shows a significantly reduced tendency for intergranular cracking, successfully preventing electrolyte penetration and suppressing side reactions. Overall, photonic curing presents a novel cost‐ and energy‐efficient synthesis and coating procedure that paves the way for surface modification of any heat‐sensitive material for a wide range of applications.
Optimizing Concrete Strength and Sustainability by Using Blast Furnace Slag and Waste Glass Powder as Additives
Authors: Das Amar Kumar , Mangaraj Abhijit , Behera Rojalin , Behera Smrutiranjan
Published: July 2024

Construction industry intends to promote effective utilization of waste materials obtained from various sources to develop an eco‐friendly building material for high performance, life cycle sustainability, and reduction of carbon footprints globally. The current study focusses to produce concrete mix by using industrial wastes such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (BOF) and glass powder (GP). Samples are prepared by utilizing industrial wastes partially for M35 grade concrete. The ground granulated BOF and GP are used with 10%–40% and 0.1%–0.4%, respectively, as the partial replacement of cement. Under different curing periods, the specimens were characterized for their physical and mechanical properties. Test results were analyzed to check the workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of the sample mixes prepared. The highest compressive and flexural strength of the samples are found to be 46.23 MPa and 5.13 MPa, at the optimal replacement of BOF and GP in the proportion of 30% and 0.2%, respectively.
Advancements of non‐invasive imaging technologies for the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis: Present and future
Authors: Huang Wenpeng , Peng Yushuo , Kang Lei
Published: July 2024

Liver fibrosis is a reparative response triggered by liver injury. Non‐invasive assessment and staging of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease are of paramount importance, as treatment strategies and prognoses depend significantly on the degree of fibrosis. Although liver fibrosis has traditionally been staged through invasive liver biopsy, this method is prone to sampling errors, particularly when biopsy sizes are inadequate. Consequently, there is an urgent clinical need for an alternative to biopsy, one that ensures precise, sensitive, and non‐invasive diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis. Non‐invasive imaging assessments have assumed a pivotal role in clinical practice, enjoying growing popularity and acceptance due to their potential for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring liver fibrosis. In this comprehensive review, we first delved into the current landscape of non‐invasive imaging technologies, assessing their accuracy and the transformative impact they have had on the diagnosis and management of liver fibrosis in both clinical practice and animal models. Additionally, we provided an in‐depth exploration of recent advancements in ultrasound imaging, computed tomography imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine imaging, radiomics, and artificial intelligence within the field of liver fibrosis research. We summarized the key concepts, advantages, limitations, and diagnostic performance of each technique. Finally, we discussed the challenges associated with clinical implementation and offer our perspective on advancing the field, hoping to provide alternative directions for the future research.
Climate stress testing for water systems: Review and guide for applications
Authors: Fowler Keirnan J. A. , McMahon Thomas A. , Westra Seth , Horne Avril , Guillaume Joseph H. A. , Guo Danlu , Nathan Rory , Maier Holger R. , John Andrew
Published: July 2024

Together with other “bottom‐up” methods, climate stress testing is becoming a prominent approach for climate change impact assessment of water systems. Compared with traditional approaches, stress testing is: (i) more focused on exploring the vulnerabilities of the system at hand; (ii) potentially more inclusive, being amenable to stakeholder involvement and (iii) well suited to identify robust policy options that better account for the deep uncertainty associated with multiple plausible futures. Stress testing is rapidly evolving and giving rise to new techniques and concepts, but few articles provide an accessible overview that can serve as an introduction to the field. Here, we review the underlying principles and concepts of climate stress testing, providing a guide to the main decisions involved in practical application. Topics include selection of stressors, characterizing and exploring the exposure space and data generation including the use of stochastic data. In a complex world where water decisions are made in the context of wider socio‐ecological systems, stress testing and other bottom‐up methods can support decisions that are not only robust to future uncertainty but also regarded as legitimate by affected communities.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
A moment approach for entropy solutions of parameter-dependent hyperbolic conservation laws
Authors: Cardoen Clément , Marx Swann , Nouy Anthony , Seguin Nicolas
Published: July 2024

We propose a numerical method to solve parameter-dependent scalar hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with a moment approach, based on a previous work from Marx et al. (2020). This approach relies on a very weak notion of solution of nonlinear equations, namely parametric entropy measure-valued (MV) solutions, satisfying linear equations in the space of Borel measures. The infinite-dimensional linear problem is approximated by a hierarchy of convex, finite-dimensional, semidefinite programming problems, called Lasserre’s hierarchy. This gives us a sequence of approximations of the moments of the occupation measure associated with the parametric entropy MV solution, which is proved to converge. In the end, several post-treatments can be performed from this approximate moments sequence. In particular, the graph of the solution can be reconstructed from an optimization of the Christoffel–Darboux kernel associated with the approximate measure, that is a powerful approximation tool able to capture a large class of irregular functions. Also, for uncertainty quantification problems, several quantities of interest can be estimated, sometimes directly such as the expectation of smooth functionals of the solutions. The performance of our approach is evaluated through numerical experiments on the inviscid Burgers equation with parametrised initial conditions or parametrised flux function.
Metagenomic Analysis of Rhizospheric Bacterial Community of Citrus Trees Expressing Phloem-Directed Antimicrobials
Authors: Núñez-Muñoz Leandro Alberto , Sánchez-García Martín Eduardo , Calderón-Pérez Berenice , De la Torre-Almaraz Rodolfo , Ruiz-Medrano Roberto , Xoconostle-Cázares Beatriz
Published: July 2024

Huanglongbing, also known as citrus greening, is currently the most devastating citrus disease with limited success in prevention and mitigation. A promising strategy for Huanglongbing control is the use of antimicrobials fused to a carrier protein (phloem protein of 16 kDa or PP16) that targets vascular tissues. This study investigated the effects of genetically modified citrus trees expressing Citrus sinensis PP16 (CsPP16) fused to human lysozyme and β-defensin-2 on the soil microbiome diversity using 16S amplicon analysis. The results indicated that there were no significant alterations in alpha diversity, beta diversity, phylogenetic diversity, differential abundance, or functional prediction between the antimicrobial phloem-overexpressing plants and the control group, suggesting minimal impact on microbial community structure. However, microbiota diversity analysis revealed distinct bacterial assemblages between the rhizosphere soil and root environments. This study helps to understand the ecological implications of crops expressing phloem-targeted antimicrobials for vascular disease management, with minimal impact on soil microbiota.
Evaluation of Facial Asymmetry in Patients with Crooked Nose
Authors: Eroğlu Ergin , Pamuk A. Erim , Yücel Ömer Taşkın
Published: July 2024

Background

This study aims to explore the correlation between facial asymmetry and a crooked nose using objective methodologies.

Methods

The cohort of 57 patients who underwent septorhinoplasty surgery for aesthetic reasons between 2019 and 2022. Patients were categorized based on the type of nasal axis deviation. The analysis involved reviewing patients’ photographs and cone beam computed tomography images. We identified various anatomical landmarks and compared measurements across the groups.

Results

Among the study population, 21 (36.8%) exhibited Type-I (linear) and 15 (26.3%) demonstrated Type-C nasal axis deviation, while no deviation was detected in 21 (36.8%) patients. Upon evaluating the upper face area, significant differences were found in the glabella-lateral orbit (G-LO) and rhinion-lateral orbit (Rh-LO) parameters (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). A statistically significant difference was discovered in all three parameters between the three groups in the middle face area [glabella-zygion (G-Zy) p = 0.04, rhinion-zygion (Rh-Zy) P < 0.001, anterior nasal spine-zygion (ANS-Zy) p < 0.001)]. Further, a statistically significant difference was noted in the soft tissue parameters gonion (Go) and LO (p = 0.008 and P = 0.005, respectively).

Conclusion

Patients with crooked noses, in particular, exhibit asymmetries in the upper and middle faces. The glabella in the upper face and the anterior nasal spine in the middle face are stable points, and the fact that the parameters derived from these two reference points are significant, when considered in conjunction with other significant parameters, strongly supports the aforementioned statement.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Digital outcome measures are associated with brain atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Molenaar Pam C. G. , Noteboom Samantha , van Nederpelt David R. , Krijnen Eva A. , Jelgerhuis Julia R. , Lam Ka-Hoo , Druijff-van de Woestijne Gerrieke B. , Meijer Kim A. , van Oirschot Pim , de Jong Brigit A. , Brouwer Iman , Jasperse Bas , de Groot Vincent , Uitdehaag Bernard M. J. , Schoonheim Menno M. , Strijbis Eva M. M. , Killestein Joep
Published: July 2024

Background

Digital monitoring of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) using smartphone-based monitoring tools is a promising method to assess disease activity and progression.

Objective

To study cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between active and passive digital monitoring parameters and MRI volume measures in PwMS.

Methods

In this prospective study, 92 PwMS were included. Clinical tests [Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Timed 25 Foot Walk test (T25FW), 9-Hole Peg Test (NHPT), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)] and structural MRI scans were performed at baseline (M0) and 12-month follow-up (M12). Active monitoring included the smartphone-based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (sSDMT) and 2 Minute Walk Test (s2MWT), while passive monitoring was based on smartphone keystroke dynamics (KD). Linear regression analyses were used to determine cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between digital and clinical outcomes and brain volumes, with age, disease duration and sex as covariates.

Results

In PwMS, both sSDMT and SDMT were associated with thalamic volumes and lesion volumes. KD were related to brain, ventricular, thalamic and lesion volumes. No relations were found between s2MWT and MRI volumes. NHPT scores were associated with lesion volumes only, while EDSS and T25FW were not related to MRI. No longitudinal associations were found for any of the outcome measures between M0 and M12.

Conclusion

Our results show clear cross-sectional correlations between digital biomarkers and brain volumes in PwMS, which were not all present for conventional clinical outcomes, supporting the potential added value of digital monitoring tools.
CLT for NESS of a reaction-diffusion model
Authors: Gonçalves P. , Jara M. , Marinho R. , Menezes O.
Published: July 2024

We study the scaling properties of the non-equilibrium stationary states (NESS) of a reaction-diffusion model. Under a suitable smallness condition, we show that the density of particles satisfies a law of large numbers with respect to the NESS, with an explicit rate of convergence, and we also show that at mesoscopic scales the NESS is well approximated by a local equilibrium (product) measure, in the total variation distance. In addition, in dimensions $$d \le 3$$

d
≤
3

we show a central limit theorem for the density of particles under the NESS. The corresponding Gaussian limit can be represented as an independent sum of a white noise and a massive Gaussian free field, and in particular it presents macroscopic correlations.
Infant urinary tract infection in Sweden — A national study of current diagnostic procedures, imaging and treatment
Authors: Lindén Magnus , Rosenblad Therese , Rosenborg Karin , Hansson Sverker , Brandström Per
Published: July 2024

Background

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants is a common, potentially life-threatening bacterial infection, and must be managed carefully through the entire chain of care from diagnosis, choice of treatment, follow-up and risk stratification of future complications. This Swedish nationwide study of infant UTI was conducted to evaluate the current management of infant UTI, yield of investigations and the Swedish UTI guidelines’ ability to detect abnormalities of importance in the urinary tract.

Methods

Infants < 1 year with a first episode of UTI were included in a prospective multicenter study. Treatment and follow-up were provided by local pediatricians. Clinical and laboratory findings and imaging results were reported to the coordinating center. The current management and results were compared with a previous Swedish study.

Results

One thousand three hundred six infants were included. Urine sampling was performed with clean catch technique in 93% of patients. Initial oral antibiotic treatment was used in 63%, predominantly third generation cephalosporines. Permanent kidney abnormalities were found in 10% and dilating vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in 8%. Higher rates of male gender, non-E. coli infection and ultrasound dilatation were seen in infants < 1 month. UTI recurrences were reported in 18%.

Conclusions

Infant UTI is still generating a considerable amount of follow-up examinations. There is a significant shift towards clean catch as the main urine sampling method. Voiding cystourethrography is performed less frequently reducing the findings of low grade VUR. The incidence of renal scarring is comparable with earlier studies which suggests that the Swedish guidelines are able to identify individuals with risk for long-term complications.

Graphical abstract

A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information
Effectiveness of balneotherapy in reducing pain, disability, and depression in patients with Fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: García-López Héctor , García-Giménez María Teresa , Obrero-Gaitán Esteban , Lara-Palomo Inmaculada Carmen , Castro-Sánchez Adelaida María , Rey Raúl Romero-del , Cortés-Pérez Irene
Published: July 2024

Balneotherapy, using heated natural mineral waters at 36–38 °C, presents a comprehensive treatment approach for Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). This study aims to assess the effect of balneotherapy in reducing pain intensity, disability, and depression in patients with FMS. We want to assess this effect at just four time-points: immediately at the end of the therapy, and at 1, 3, and 6 months of follow-up. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted an aggregate data meta-analysis, registered in PROSPERO CRD42023478206, searching PubMed Medline, Science Direct, CINAHL Complete, Scopus, and Web of Science until August 2023 for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assess the effect of balneotherapy on pain intensity, disability, and depression in FMS patients. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane methodology, and the pooled effect was calculated using Cohen’s standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) in a random-effects model. Sixteen RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Balneotherapy is effective in reducing pain intensity (SMD − 1.67; 95% CI -2.18 to -1.16), disability (SMD − 1.1; 95% CI -1.46 to -0.7), and depression (SMD − 0.51; 95% CI -0.93 to -0.9) at the end of the intervention. This effect was maintained at 1, 3, and 6 months for pain intensity and disability. Balneotherapy improves both pain intensity and disability in patients with FMS, providing evidence that its positive effects are sustained for up to 6 months of follow-up. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the improvement in depression varies across different temporal phases.