bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single-Cell and Deep Sequencing of IgG-Switched Macaque B Cells Reveal a Diverse Ig Repertoire following Immunization
Authors: Sundling Christopher , Zhang Zhenhai , Phad Ganesh E. , Sheng Zizhang , Wang Yimeng , Mascola John R. , Li Yuxing , Wyatt Richard T. , Shapiro Lawrence , Karlsson Hedestam Gunilla B.
Published: March 2014

The nonhuman primate model is important for preclinical evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic intervention strategies. The recent description of the rhesus macaque germline Ig loci and establishment of a database of germline gene segments offer improved opportunities to delineate Ig gene usage in the overall B cell repertoire as well as in response to vaccination. We applied 454-pyrosequencing and single-cell RT-PCR of bulk and sorted memory B cells, respectively, to investigate IGHV gene segment expression in rhesus macaques. The two methods gave remarkably concordant results and identified groups of gene segments that are frequently or rarely used. We further examined the VH repertoire of Ag-specific memory B cells induced by immunization with recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, an important vaccine component. We demonstrate that HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein immunization activates a highly polyclonal response composed of most of the expressed VH gene segments, illustrating the considerable genetic diversity of responding B cells following vaccination.
Staphylococcus aureus Infection of Mice Expands a Population of Memory γδ T Cells That Are Protective against Subsequent Infection
Authors: Murphy Alison G. , O’Keeffe Kate M. , Lalor Stephen J. , Maher Belinda M. , Mills Kingston H. G. , McLoughlin Rachel M.
Published: March 2014

The development of vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus has consistently failed in clinical trials, likely due to inefficient induction of cellular immunity. T cell–derived IL-17 is one of the few known correlates of antistaphylococcoal immunity, conferring protection against S. aureus infections through its ability to promote phagocytic cell effector functions. A comprehensive understanding of the discrete T cell subsets critical for site-specific IL-17–mediated bacterial clearance will therefore be necessary to inform the development of vaccines that efficiently target cellular immunity. In this study, we have identified a population of CD44+CD27− memory γδ T cells, expanded upon infection of C57BL/6 mice with S. aureus, which produce high levels of IL-17 and mediate enhanced bacterial clearance upon reinfection with the bacterium. These cells are comprised largely of the Vγ4+ subset and accumulate at the site of infection subsequent to an initial Vγ1.1+ and Vγ2+ T cell response. Moreover, these Vγ4+ T cells are retained in the peritoneum and draining mediastinal lymph nodes for a prolonged period following bacterial clearance. In contrast to its critical requirement for γδ T cell activation during the primary infection, IL-1 signaling was dispensable for activation and expansion of memory γδ T cells upon re-exposure to S. aureus. Our findings demonstrate that a γδ T cell memory response can be induced upon exposure to S. aureus, in a fashion analogous to that associated with classical αβ T cells, and suggest that induction of IL-17–expressing γδ T cells may be an important property of a protective vaccine against S. aureus.
A low-order approximation for viscous-capillary phase transition dynamics
Authors: Engel Patrick , Viorel Adrian , Rohde Christian
Published: March 2014

The dynamics of an elastic bar that appears in two phases can be described by viscosity-capillarity models. They contain numerically complicated third-order or fully nonlocal terms to account for surface energies. Based on work of Solci and Vitali [20] we analyze an alternative modelling approach that does not involve third-order differential operators. It is proven that solutions of the new model tend to solutions of the classical viscosity-capillarity model provided a so-called coupling parameter tends to infinity. Numerical experiments illustrate our findings. In fact it is shown that the new model provides a reliable and efficient approach to compute approximate solutions for the classical viscosity-capillarity model.
Les Moyens de Communication Chez les Igbo
Authors: Maduagwuna Samuel , Asadu Oluchukwu
Published: March 2014

La communication joue des rôles très importants chez les Igbo. Les rôles comprennent entre autres le partage d’ information, des nouvelles sentiments aussi bien que le passage d’idée et de message à autrui. Des moyens divers sont déployés pour effectuer la communication. D’abord il y a des organes phonatoires et ensuite les instruments tels que la flute (oja), les gongs métalliques (ogene ou ubom), les gongs en bois (ikoro ou ekwe), le tam-tam (igba) et le xylophone. Ces instruments sont employés pour communiquer surtout pendant les cérémonies. Ce travail a pour but l’exposition de la fonction de ces instruments comme moyens de communication chez les igbo.UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities vol 14 (2) 2013
O Programa Novas Oportunidades numa agenda globalmente estruturada para a educação
Authors: Marques Marcelo , Alves Natália
Published: March 2014

Este artigo apresenta uma análise crítica da criação e implementação da mais emblemática medida política para o campo de jovens e adultos pouco escolarizados em Portugal: o Programa Novas Oportunidades. Recorrendo à proposta de Roger Dale sobre a agenda globalmente estruturada para a educação, discutiu-se a fabricação desta medida a partir de um cenário de regulação transnacional. Através da análise documental de um conjunto de documentos europeus e nacionais entre o período de 2000 e 2010 para o campo da educação de jovens e adultos, verificou-se que Programa Novas Oportunidades é consequência de um fortalecimento do processo de regulação das políticas educativas, levado a cabo pela União Europeia. Este fortalecimento resultou na construção de um programa político para o campo da educação de jovens e adultos em Portugal que comunga não só das mesmas ideologias instrumentais para a educação da União Europeia, como de uma gestão tecnocrática das políticas educativas, assente na procura de resultados.
Educação, pobreza e emprego: uma análise a partir das categorias escolaridade, gênero e cor
Authors: De Oliveira Ramon
Published: March 2014

A partir da crítica aos pressupostos da Teoria do Capital Humano, objetiva-se mostrar que as variáveis sexo, cor e escolaridade têm pesos diferentes na defi nição da entrada e permanência dos trabalhadores no mercado de trabalho, bem como têm repercussão direta nas condições da ocupação, quando são levados em conta o salário e os direitos trabalhistas. Analisando informações do mercado de trabalho, conclui-se que a desigualdade estabelecida no trato de negros e mulheres inibe a infl uência dos ganhos que possam ser decorrentes do aumento de escolarização, principalmente entre as mulheres negras e que, por conseguinte, a articulação direta entre escolarização e diminuição do quadro de pobreza não encontra sustentação empírica.
Docência inovadora na universidade: percursos e princípios organizadores
Authors: Tauchen Gionara , Borges Daniele Simões
Published: March 2014

O presente artigo discute as experiências, as possibilidades e os princípios de inovação no ensino universitário. Para tanto, investiga-se a compreensão a respeito das inovações e das práticas de ensino de seis professores atuantes nos cursos de licenciatura da área de Ciências da Natureza (Ciências Biológicas e Física) e de Pedagogia de uma universidade do sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por meio da metodologia de investigação narrativa. Tal estratégia foi escolhida porque objetiva, em suas bases, o entendimento da ação docente. A partir das análises, o estudo aponta que a possibilidade de um ensino inovador inicia pelas inovações no ensino. As narrativas revelam um esforço para a mudança do ensino universitário, manifestando emergências que subsidiaram a criação de quatro princípios de um ensino inovador: a interação e religação, o planejamento, a ação estratégica e a auto-hetero-avaliação.
Nostalgie bij de breuk met het verleden - Bilderdijk en Feith over geuzen en patriotten
Authors: Madelein Christophe
Published: March 2014

At the end of the eighteenth century, Western society and culture underwent a radical change, and, as Reinhart Koselleck argued, so did the meanings of political and ideological concepts. More recently, theorists such as François Hartog have linked this shift to a changing attitude towards the past, or the regime of historicity: from a continuity between past and present (ancien regime) to a discontinuity, a break between past and present (modern regime). Historians Peter Fritzsche and Frank Ankersmit have (independently) linked the historical experience of this break to paradoxical feelings of longing for something that has been irretrievably lost (melancholy, nostalgia, the sublime). In this paper, I will suggest that the close reading method of Begriffsgeschichte can contribute to an understanding of how this shift from the ancien regime to a modern regime is, in itself, full of paradoxes: the regimes as such were not monolithic constructs, and the meanings of the concepts that they claimed to explain were not unambiguous. To illustrate this point with a case study, I will analyse the concept of ‘patriotism’ in the correspondence between Dutch poets Willem Bilderdijk and Rhynvis Feith following Bilderdijk’s revised edition of Onno Zwier van Haren’s epic De Geusen (1785), and in a play written by Feith in that same year. At that specific moment, the term ‘patriotic’ not only referred to love for one’s country, but also to a specific political faction, of which Feith was a member but which Bilderdijk ardently opposed.
Wat alsdan te Brugge plaets had - Jan-Pieter van Male (1681-1735) en het verleden als biotoop
Authors: Oosterman Johan
Published: March 2014

Jan Pieter van Male (1681-1735) was an ambitious inhabitant of Bruges who dreamed of being a painter, but who was ordained and ended up as a parish priest in some minor villages in the Flemish countryside. Because of the amount of spare time he had, the outstanding education he had received and his thorough familiarity with the history of Bruges, he was well-equipped to assess the history of Bruges – which he did. Among the many works he wrote are a history of Bruges (Naukeurighe Beschrijvinghe vande Oude ende hedendaeghsche ghestaethede Vande Edele ende vermaerde stadt Brugghe in Vlaenderen) and a work on the city’s great Bruges scholars and artists (Praelthoneel der gheleerde en doorluchtighe Brugghelingen). Both works are prefaced by an extensive introductions in which Van Male explains his aims with regard to historiography. Convinced that knowledge of one’s own history is beneficial, he endeavours to instruct his fellow countrymen in their history, and to be a guide for the youth of Bruges. In doing so, he assumes a critical and scholarly attitude to history and to the sources he uses. As a historian, Van Male worked in a period that is characterised by the transition from amateurish historical writing to a more scholarly historiography.
Het gelijk van de schrijver - Willem Frederik Hermans’ fictieve discussie met Jean-Paul Sartre
Authors: van Rooden Aukje
Published: March 2014

In discussions on the social impact of literature, literary commitment is often opposed to literary autonomy. Within the field of Dutch literature, Willem Frederik Hermans is generally understood as one of the most important representatives and supporters of literary autonomy. Jean-Paul Sartre, on the other hand, is generally considered as one of the world’s most famous representatives and supporters of committed literature. In this article, Hermans’ and Sartre’s positions, however, are not conceived of as opposite stances, but as two different ways of understanding literature’s social relevance. It will be stated that both Hermans and Sartre seek to understand the writer’s social role, but that their views are based on fundamentally different world views and, subsequently, on different ideas of historical truth. Viewed from this perspective, Hermans’ work appears to be not opposed to literary commitment but rather shows what kind of literary commitment would be possible in a world where moral realism and ideological truths are highly problematic. One of Hermans’ least discussed novels, Ik heb altijd gelijk (1951), will be considered as an exemplary manifestation of this view.
Quantifying global terrestrial methanol emissions using observations from the TES satellite sensor
Authors: Wells K. C. , Millet D. B. , Cady-Pereira K. E. , Shephard M. W. , Henze D. K. , Bousserez N. , Apel E. C. , de Gouw J. , Warneke C. , Singh H. B.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We employ new global space-based measurements of atmospheric methanol from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) with the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to quantify terrestrial emissions of methanol to the atmosphere. Biogenic methanol emissions in the model are based on version 2.1 of the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGANv2.1), using leaf area data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and GEOS-5 assimilated meteorological fields. We first carry out a pseudo observation test to validate the overall approach, and find that the TES sampling density is sufficient to accurately quantify regional- to continental-scale methanol emissions using this method. A global inversion of two years of TES data yields an optimized annual global surface flux of 122 Tg yr−1 (including biogenic, pyrogenic, and anthropogenic sources), an increase of 60% from the a priori global flux of 76 Tg yr−1. Global terrestrial methanol emissions are thus nearly 25% those of isoprene (~540 Tg yr−1), and are comparable to the combined emissions of all anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (~100–200 Tg yr−1). Our a posteriori terrestrial methanol source leads to a strong improvement of the simulation relative to an ensemble of airborne observations, and corroborates two other recent top-down estimates (114–120 Tg yr−1) derived using in situ and space-based measurements. Inversions testing the sensitivity of optimized fluxes to model errors in OH, dry deposition, and oceanic uptake of methanol, as well as to the assumed a priori constraint, lead to global fluxes ranging from 118 to 126 Tg yr−1. The TES data imply a relatively modest revision of model emissions over most of the tropics, but a significant upward revision in midlatitudes, particularly over Europe and North America. We interpret the inversion results in terms of specific source types using the methanol : CO correlations measured by TES, and find that biogenic emissions are overestimated relative to biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions in central Africa and southeastern China, while they are underestimated in regions such as Brazil and the US. Based on our optimized emissions, methanol accounts for > 25% of the photochemical source of CO and HCHO over many parts of the northern extratropics during springtime, and contributes ~6% of the global secondary source of those compounds annually.
Hygroscopic properties and mixing state of aerosol measured at the high altitude site Puy de Dôme (1465 m a.s.l.), France
Authors: Holmgren H. , Sellegri K. , Hervo M. , Rose C. , Freney E. , Villani P. , Laj P.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. A Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA) was used to evaluate the hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles measured at the Puy de Dôme research station in central France from September 2008 to December 2012. This high-altitude site is ideally situated to allow for both the upper part of the planetary boundary layer and the lower free troposphere to be sampled. The aim of the study is to investigate both the influence of year-to-year, seasonal, and diurnal cycles, as well as the influence of air mass type on particle hygroscopicity and mixing state. Results show that particle hygroscopicity increases with particle size and depends both on air mass type and on season. Average growth factor values are lowest in winter (1.21 ± 0.13, 1.23 ± 0.18 and 1.38 ± 0.25 for 25, 50 and 165 nm particles, respectively) and highest in autumn (1.27 ± 0.11, 1.32 ± 0.12 and 1.49 ± 0.15 for 25, 50 and 165 nm particles, respectively). Particles are generally more hygroscopic at night than during the day. The seasonal and diurnal variations are likely to be strongly influenced by boundary layer dynamics. Furthermore, particles originating from oceanic and continental regions tend to be more hygroscopic than those measured in African and local air masses. The high hygroscopicity of marine aerosol may be explained by large proportions of inorganic aerosol and sea salts, and it is speculated that continental particles are more hygroscopic than local and African ones due to ageing of fresh combustion aerosol. Aerosol measured at the Puy de Dôme display a high degree of external mixing, and hygroscopic growth spectra can be divided into three different hygroscopic modes: a less hygroscopic mode (GF < 1.3), a hygroscopic mode (GF 1.3–1.7) and a more hygroscopic mode (GF > 1.7). The majority of particles measured can be classified as being in either the less hygroscopic mode or the hygroscopic mode, and only few of them have more hygroscopic properties. The degree of external mixing, evaluated as the fraction of time when the aerosol is found with two or more populations with different hygroscopic properties, is found to increase with particle size (average yearly values are 22, 33 and 49% for 25, 50, and 165 nm particles, respectively). The degree of external mixing is more sensitive to season than to air mass type, and it is higher in the cold seasons than in the warm seasons. This study gathers the results from one of the longest data sets of hygroscopic growth factor measurements to date, allowing a statistically relevant hygroscopic growth parameterization to be determined as a function of both air mass type and season.
Links between satellite retrieved aerosol and precipitation
Authors: Gryspeerdt E. , Stier P. , Partridge D. G.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Many theories have been proposed detailing how aerosols might impact precipitation, predicting both increases and decreases depending on the prevailing meteorological conditions and aerosol type. In convective clouds, increased aerosol concentrations have been speculated to invigorate convective activity. Previous studies have shown large increases in precipitation with increasing aerosol optical depth, concluding an aerosol effect on precipitation. Our analysis reveals that these studies may have been influenced by cloud effects on the retrieved aerosol, as well as by meteorological covariations. We use a regime-based approach to separate out different cloud regimes, allowing the study of aerosol-cloud interactions in individual cloud regimes. We account for the influence of cloud properties on the aerosol retrieval and make use of the diurnal sampling of the TRMM satellite and the TRMM merged precipitation product to investigate the precipitation development. We find that whilst there is little effect on precipitation at the time of the aerosol retrieval, there is an increase in precipitation from cloud in high aerosol environments in the 6 h after the aerosol retrieval, consistent with the invigoration hypothesis. Increases in lightning flash count with increased aerosol are also observed in this period. The invigoration effect appears to be dependent on the cloud top temperature, with clouds with tops colder than 0 °C showing increases in precipitation at times after the retrieval as well as increases in wet scavenging. Warm clouds show little change in precipitation development with increasing aerosol, suggesting ice processes are important for the invigoration of precipitation.
The longitudinal variability of equatorial electrojet and vertical drift velocity in the African and American sectors
Authors: Yizengaw E. , Moldwin M. B. , Zesta E. , Biouele C. M. , Damtie B. , Mebrahtu A. , Rabiu B. , Valladares C. F. , Stoneback R.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. While the formation of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and its temporal variation is believed to be fairly well understood, the longitudinal variability at all local times is still unknown. This paper presents a case and statistical study of the longitudinal variability of dayside EEJ for all local times using ground-based observations. We found EEJ is stronger in the west American sector and decreases from west to east longitudinal sectors. We also confirm the presence of significant longitudinal difference in the dusk sector pre-reversal drift, using the ion velocity meter (IVM) instrument onboard the C/NOFS satellite, with stronger pre-reversal drift in the west American sector compared to the African sector. Previous satellite observations have shown that the African sector is home to stronger and year-round ionospheric bubbles/irregularities compared to the American and Asian sectors. This study's results raises the question if the vertical drift, which is believed to be the main cause for the enhancement of Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability growth rate, is stronger in the American sector and weaker in the African sector – why are the occurrence and amplitude of equatorial irregularities stronger in the African sector?
Which data for quantitative landslide susceptibility mapping at operational scale? Case study of the Pays d'Auge plateau hillslopes (Normandy, France)
Authors: Fressard M. , Thiery Y. , Maquaire O.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. This paper aims at assessing the impact of the data set quality for landslide susceptibility mapping using multivariate statistical modelling methods at detailed scale. This research is conducted on the Pays d'Auge plateau (Normandy, France) with a scale objective of 1 / 10 000, in order to fit the French guidelines on risk assessment. Five sets of data of increasing quality (considering accuracy, scale fitting, and geomorphological significance) and cost of acquisition are used to map the landslide susceptibility using logistic regression. The best maps obtained with each set of data are compared on the basis of different statistical accuracy indicators (ROC curves and relative error calculation), linear cross correlation and expert opinion. The results highlight that only high-quality sets of data supplied with detailed geomorphological variables (i.e. field inventory and surficial formation maps) can predict a satisfying proportion of landslides in the study area.
Release Kinetics of Anti-inflammatory Drug, and Characterization and Bioactivity of SiO2+PCL Hybrid Material Synthesized by Sol-gel Processing
Authors: Catauro Michelina , Bollino Flavia
Published: March 2014

Background

Controlled and local drug delivery systems of anti-inflammatory agents are drawing increasing attention thanks to their possible pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. These systems have extended therapeutic effects and reduced side effects.

Methods

A single-step sol-gel process was used to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on silica (SiO2) and poly-ε-caprolactone, containing ketoprofen for controlled drug delivery applications. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis proved formation of H-bonds among the carbonyl groups of the polymer chains and Si-OH group of the inorganic matrix. X-ray diffraction analysis highlighted the amorphous nature of the synthesized materials. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscope topography showed their homogeneous morphology and nanostructure nature.

Results

The bioactivity of the synthesized hybrid materials was shown by the formation of a layer of hydroxyapatite on the surface of samples soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF).

Conclusion

Release kinetics in SBF were subsequently investigated by means of UV-VIS spectroscopy. A large amount of drug release occurred during the first few hours, then a slower drug release supplied a maintenance dose until the end of the experiment.
3D Archaeology: New Perspectives and Challenges—The Example of Çatalhöyük
Authors: Forte Maurizio
Published: March 2014

The project “3D Digging at Çatalhöyük” started in 2009 as an on-site digital experiment to record every phase of an archaeological excavation in 3D, using different technologies such as laser scanning, computer vision, and photogrammetry. The end goal was to make the excavation process virtually reversible in a simulated environment from laptop computers to virtual immersive systems. In addition, the project has introduced 3D stereo visualization systems on-site for real-time analysis and with the advent of tablet PCs, all documentation switched to a completely digital format. The use of 3D technologies for teaching and research as well as the post-processing and implementation of data generate a new digital workflow for archaeological interpretation.
Vascular and Antioxidant Effects of an Aqueous Mentha cordifolia Extract in Experimental NG-Nitro-L-arginine Methyl Ester-Induced Hypertension
Authors: Pakdeechote Poungrat , Prachaney Parichat , Berkban Warinee , Kukongviriyapan Upa , Kukongviriyapan Veerapol , Khrisanapant Wilaiwan , Phirawatthakul Yada
Published: March 2014

The effect of an aqueous Mentha cordifolia (MC) extract on the haemodynamic status, vascular remodeling, function, and oxidative status in NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given L-NAME [50 mg/(kg body weight (BW) d)] in their drinking water for 5 weeks and were treated by intragastric administration with the MC extract [200 mg/(kgBWd)] for 2 consecutive weeks. Quercetin [25 mg/(kg BW d)] was used as a positive control. The effects of the MC extract on the haemodynamic status, thoracic aortic wall thickness, and oxidative stress markers were determined, and the vasorelaxant activity of the MC extract was tested in isolated mesenteric vascular beds in rats. Significant increases in the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), hind limb vascular resistance (HVR), wall thickness, and cross-sectional area of the thoracic aorta, as well as oxidative stress markers were found in the LNAME- treated group compared to the control (P<0.05). MAP, HVR, wall thickness, cross-sectional area of the thoracic aorta, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and vascular superoxide anion production were significantly reduced in L-NAME hypersensitive rats treated with the MC extract or quercetin. Furthermore, the MC extract induced vasorelaxation in the pre-constricted mesenteric vascular bed with intact and denuded endothelium of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Our results suggest that the MC extract exhibits an antihypertensive effect via its antioxidant capacity, vasodilator property, and reduced vascular remodeling.
Propolis from Northern California and Oregon: Chemical Composition, Botanical Origin, and Content of Allergens
Authors: Aliboni Andrea
Published: March 2014

Propolis is a beehive product that bees manufacture by mixing their own wax with vegetable resins collected from different species of trees and bushes. The chemical composition of propolis is very variable because it depends on the flora locally available, and specimens from different geographical and climatic areas display unique properties. In this paper, the results of the chemical characterization of some propolis specimens collected in northern California and in Oregon are presented. Their chemical compositions show that all specimens contain resins from poplars of the Tacamahaca section (balsam poplars) - characteristic of the western part of the North American continent. Nevertheless, some of the specimens are of mixed origin because they also contain resins from poplars of the Aigeiros section (cottonwoods) - also present in this part of the world. Propolis causes allergies in sensitive human individuals, which are due to the presence of certain esters. The contents of known propolis allergenic esters - phenylethyl caffeate, 1,1-dimethylallyl caffeate, benzyl cinnamate, and benzyl salicylate - have been investigated in these specimens and found to depend on the botanical origin.
Integrated polymer solar cells in serial architecture with patterned charge-transporting MoOx for miniature high-voltage sources
Authors: Cho Seong-Min , Keum Chang-Min , Park Hea-Lim , Kim Min-Hoi , Bae Jin-Hyuk , Lee Sin-Doo
Published: March 2014

We develop miniature high-voltage sources from polymer solar cells (PSCs) with charge-transporting molybdenum oxide (MoO
x
) integrated in a serial architecture through sacrificial layer (SL)-assisted patterning. The MoO
x
layer, being patterned by the lift-off process of the SL of a hydrophobic fluorinated-polymer, as a hole transporting layer plays a critical role on the reduction of the dark current and the increase of a high open circuit voltage of an integrated PSC array. The underlying mechanism lies primarily on the elimination of the lateral charge pathways in the MoO
x
layer in the presence of the electrode interconnection. Two miniature voltage sources consisting of 20 PSCs and 50 PSCs are demonstrated in the operation of a liquid crystal display and an organic field-effect transistor, respectively. Our SL-assisted integration approach will be directly applicable for implementing the self-power sources made of the PSCs into a wide range of the electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Effects of O2 and H2O on SO2 removal by dielectric barrier discharge at various temperatures
Authors: Wang Tao , Sun Bao-min
Published: March 2014

Theoretical and experimental analyses of SO2 removal with dielectric barrier discharges are carried out in a broad temperature range. With an increase in temperature, E/N (electric field strength divided by the total gas density) increases. When E/N increases from 100 to 300 Td, the electron mean energy increases by 91% and the proportion of high-energy electrons also increases. In the SO2/O2/N2 system, the increase in O2 content promotes the production of O atoms, enhancing the removal of SO2, and an increased temperature generates more active species and also increases the rates of SO2 removal reactions, reflecting a marked improvement in SO2 removal. In the SO2/H2O/O2/N2 system, H2O can increase SO2 removal efficiency, but a high water content prevents SO2 removal. As the temperature increases, the generation of active species and SO2 removal reactions are both promoted, intensifying the removal of SO2.
Effect of electromigration on mechanical shock behavior in solder joints of surface mounted chip components
Authors: Kim Youngseok , Nagao Shijo , Sugahara Tohru , Suganuma Katsuaki , Ueshima Minoru , Albrecht Hans-Juergen , Wilke Klaus , Strogies Joerg
Published: March 2014

The mechanical shock behavior of Sn–Ag–Bi–In (SABI) solder has been investigated by micro-Charpy impact test after subjecting the solder to high electric current stress. A trace amount of Co added (0.1 wt %) is used as a refiner in the SABI solder, and the joint soldered by conventional reflow exhibits a refined grain microstructure. The SABI+Co joint exhibits higher toughness, i.e., 70% more energy is absorbed during impact than a typical SABI joint. After 80 h of 20 A electric current applied at 160 °C, electromigration (EM) is observed in both the SABI and SABI+Co joints. However, the SABI+Co joint exhibits a constant mechanical strength, while the typical SABI joint exhibits a strength decreased by 16% at the Charpy absorption energy. The mechanical strength improved by Co addition implies that microstructure refinement is useful for enhancing the EM resistance of a solder joint structure for surface mount packaging.
State retention flip flop architectures with different tradeoffs using crystalline indium gallium zinc oxide transistors implemented in a 32-bit normally-off microprocessor
Authors: Sjökvist Niclas , Ohmaru Takuro , Isobe Atsuo , Tsutsui Naoaki , Tamura Hikaru , Uesugi Wataru , Ishizu Takahiko , Onuki Tatsuya , Ohshima Kazuaki , Matsuzaki Takanori , Mimura Hidetoshi , Hirose Atsushi , Suzuki Yasutaka , Ieda Yoshinori , Atsumi Tomoaki , Shionoiri Yutaka , Kato Kiyoshi , Goto Gensuke , Koyama Jun , Fujita Masahiro , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: March 2014

As leakage power continues to increase when transistor sizes are downscaled, it becomes increasingly hard to achieve low power consumption in modern chips. Normally-off processors use state-retention and non-volatile circuits to make power gating more efficient with less static power. In this paper, we propose two novel state-retention flip-flop designs based on a parallel and series retention circuit architectures utilizing crystalline indium gallium zinc oxide transistors, which can achieve state retention with zero static power. To demonstrate the application of these different designs, they are implemented in a 32-bit normally-off microprocessor with an energy break-even time of 1.47 µs for the parallel type design and 0.93 µs for the series type design, at a clock frequency of 15 MHz. We show that decreasing the power supply duty cycle to 0.9%, the average current of the processor core can be decreased by over 99% using either type of flip-flop.
Lenses for Ultra-Microphotography
Authors: Koana Zyun , Wakimoto Zenji
Published: March 2014

Two kinds of photographic lenses have been developed for the purpose of taking photographic negatives with extremely fine images. The one, f=105 mm, F/2.8, makes sharp aerial images with resolving power not less than 400 lines/mm within the image field 24mm in diameter, at standard image magnification 1/30 with a monochromatic light 546m µ in wavelength; while the other, f=29.5 mm, F/1.2 at standard working condition of magnification 1/25, gives overall resolving power not less than 1,000 lines/mm within the image field 2 mm in diameter, in combination with the same monochromatic light and Kodak High Resolution plates. These lenses are suitable for making photographic negatives needed in the intermediate stage of the production process of tiny high-frequency transistors, diodes and semi-conductor integrated circuits. The construction, calculated residual aberrations, test procedures and test results are reported for both lenses.
A Measuring Instrument for Optical Transfer Function–By Means of Electrical Frequency Analysis Method–
Authors: Ose Teruji , Takashima Matsuo , Yamaguchi Isao
Published: March 2014

The phase of optical transfer function has never been measured by means of the electrical frequency analysis method. In order to improve this defect, two kinds of instruments based on the direct and indirect phase measuring techniques have been constructed by using a vidicon as a scanning device for the slit image.
An Instrument for the Evaluation of the Image Performance of Photographic Lenses
Authors: Murata Kazumi , Matsui Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

An instrument is described, with which an optical transfer function (OTF) of a photographic lens is measured at a certain spatial frequency as a function of any of the parameters, i.e., the defocusing, the field angle, the azimuth angle, the relative aperture and the color. It is also possible to map the contour lines of the OTF mountain in relation to any two of the parameters.
The principle of the instrument is based on the direct scanning method using a narrow slit and a rectangular wave grating. The higher harmonics in the rectangular waves are cut off through a filter circuit. The ac and the dc component are separated from each other and the ratio of these components, which represents the OTF of the lens, is computed electrically, so that the OTF is always normalized automatically. The recordings are obtained in a comparatively short time, e.g., an OTF curve with respect to the defocusing in less than 15 seconds, and a contour map of OTF mountain relative to the defocusing and the field angle in less than a few minutes.
A Polarizing Shearing Interferometer for Evaluating Photographic Optics
Authors: Tsuruta Tadao
Published: March 2014

An apparatus for the simultaneous measurement of both modulation and phase transfer functions of photographic objectives is described. The instrument is essentially a very stable shearing interferometer having variable amount of shear. As to its main features, (i) it enables one to determine lateral aberrations visualy: (ii) its spatial frequency starts from zero continuously up to several tens of lines per mm: (iii) it enables one to measure the phase transfer functions accurately: (iv) it is simple in construction and easy to adjust. Some results of experiments on off-axis images are presented, which show a good agreement with calculated ones.
Experimental Measurements of Modulation Transfer Functions of Intensifier and Fluorescent Screens
Authors: Schober Herbert A. W. , Röhler Rainer , Pulvermacher Horst
Published: March 2014

The difficulties in the application of modulation transfer theory on radiological problems are reviewed. Particularly the use of two intensifying screens in combination with a double layer film in X-ray photography creates serious nonlinearities. The measurement of the MTF is straightforward with individual fluorescing screens. However, the combination of two screens can only be characterised by response functions which are principally nonlinear. Only in the case of low image contrasts a linear approximation is possible. Measurements of the response functions with sine gratings and rectangular gratings are consistent with the theoretical considerations.
Effects of Large Aberration on the Optical Transfer Function
Authors: Ogura Iwao
Published: March 2014

A theory for the asymptotic behavior of optical transfer functions is presented, which is suitable for the system with fairly large amount of aberrations. The asymptotic calculation is achieved by means of the method of stationary phase. Unlike the power series expansion, the asymptotic approaches easily yield the good approximation to the optical transfer function over the high frequency region which is important to estimate the resolving power of the system.
As an example the optical transfer function of the system suffering from defocusing and spherical aberration is discussed. The primary contribution to the asymptotic approximation is given by the critical points of the first kind, which is interpreted geometo-optically. It is found that the critical point of the first kind result from the interference effect between two geometo-optical rays.
The Aberration Synthesizer
Authors: Matsui Yoshiya , Takashima Matsuo
Published: March 2014

Optical systems which are able to introduce single and combined aberrations on the axial position, called Aberration Synthesizers, are designed and produced.
This kind of optical systems have a wide feasibility in fields of optical design and image quality evaluation, such as in experimental study on the effect of aberrations on the image quality.
Aberrations concerned are restricted to spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism to get independence between aberrations which are to be synthesized. Generation of coma introduces a little amount of astigmatism concurrently. This astigmatism is analyzed by the 3rd order aberration theory for a decentered optical system and the way for compensation of this astigmatism is discussed.
Image-Forming Performance of Projection Systems
Authors: Tsujiuchi J.
Published: March 2014

An approximate treatment of partially coherent image formation is applied to projection systems, and it is concluded by both theoretical and experimental studies that the image-forming performance in this case can be treated as a special case of incoherent imagery characterized by the “stopping effect” of the effective source. The practical definition of effective source and the influence of the condenser's aberration on the image are also considered.
Far Field Diffraction Patterns of Single and Multiple Circularly Symmetric Apertures
Authors: Mahan A. I. , Bitterli C. V. , Cannon S. M.
Published: March 2014

Some equations are derived for computing the form of the far-field diffraction pattern of an area element of a circle whose dimensions are large compared with the wavelength of the incident radiation and over which the amplitude and phase are constant. These equations are derived in such a way that it becomes possible not only to compute the form of the far-field diffraction pattern of individual apertures of circular symmetry, but also for combinations of such apertures over which the amplitudes and phases are constant but differ from aperture to aperture. With the aid of an I. B. M. 7090 computer, these equations have been used to compute the forms of the far-field diffraction patterns of three circularly symmetric apertures over which the amplitudes and phases are constant, and three dimensional models have been constructed to describe the radiant flux distribution. A start has also been made on the more complicated problem of multiple apertures by computing the form of the far-field diffraction pattern of two adjacent semicircular apertures over which the amplitudes and phases are constant in the two apertures, but the amplitudes in the two apertures have been assumed to be equal and the phases different. Some corresponding photographed far-field diffraction patterns are also included for comparison purposes and to illustrate the wide variety possible.
Intensity Distribution near the Focus of a Large Aperture Optical System
Authors: Maruyama S.
Published: March 2014

A general expression for the light disturbance near the focus of a large aperture optical system is obtained from the Kirchhoff integration. On reversal of the sign of the aberration function, the light intensity at a point symmetrical to an original point about an axis (y-axis), perpendicular to the meridian plane and passing through the Gaussian image point, is the same as that of the original one. The intensity distribution on the y-axis is expressed in a form,

I=I(γ_1^cγ_3^d…,γ_2^eγ_4^f…),
c+d+…=even,  e+f+…=even,

where γ1, γ3,… are comatic aberration terms and γ2, γ4,… are astigmatic terms. This equation holds at the Gaussian image point, too. Aberrations of the same type, comatic or astigmatic, must be corrected one another in order to minimize the decrement of the intensity at the Gaussian image point.
Evaluation of Optical Image by Wave Aberration
Authors: Miyake Kazuo P.
Published: March 2014

A program for an electronic computer to evaluate an optical image by means of the diffraction integral has been worked out. An outline of the method and an explanation of the program are given. This method of evaluation is primarily suited to optical systems of very small aberration such as microscope objectives. As an example, a microscope objective 40×, N
A=0.65 was tested by this computer program.
Role of Fiber Optics in Photography
Authors: Kapany N. S.
Published: March 2014

Fiber optics has been used to transport and modify optical images with resultant high resolution and photometric efficiency. Assemblies of cylindrical fibers in the form of field flatteners and image dissectors have found applications in high resolution photographic systems. Furthermore, fused fiber assemblies in the form of FOCONs and fused fiber coupling plates have been used in photographic and photoelectronic devices for high resolution photography under low light level illumination. Design considerations as well as performance characteristics of fiber optics relevant to high resolution, wide angle and low F-ratio photographic systems, and image intensifies are discussed. Various performance characteristics, i.e., modulation transfer function, vignetting and T/number of the fiber optics systems are presented.
Progrès récents en spectroscopie interférentielle
Authors: Jacquinot P.
Published: March 2014

The subject of this lecture has been limited to Fourier Spectroscopy, although this method is only one among several methods in interference spectroscopy.
The general principles of the method are briefly recalled, and the present status of development is evaluated. Then are reviewed the problems which have been treated in the articles published during the past few years.
1) Instrumental function: phase distorsions, apodisation, effect of the aperture of the exit diaphragm, possibility of apodisation “a posteriori.”

2) Transformation interferogram→spectrogram, interpolation and apodisation, direct interpretation of the interferogram in special cases.

3) Interferometers: systems insensitive to misadjustments, beam splitters, field wideners, possibility and advantages of a stepwise variation of the path difference.

Finally a brief description is given of the high resolution Fourier Spectrometer (106 in the visible) which is being constructed at C.N.R.S. Bellevue. Its main features are:

– semi analog specialized computing device.

– Michelson interferometer with “cat-eye” optical systems.

– stepwise variation of the path-difference, controlled by fringes of a reference line.
A New Computing Method for Interference Spectroscopy
Authors: Fujita S. , Yoshinaga H. , Chiba K. , Nakano K. , Yoshida S. , Sugimori H.
Published: March 2014

Principle of a new special computer for the digital computation of the Fourier cosine transforms, i.e. the spectral components, from the interferogram is described.
As soon as the value of the interferogram F
a(x

i
) is obtained at a predetermined optical path difference x

i
, the products F
a(x

i
)cos
(2πν
j

x

i
)Δ
x for 1000 values of the wave numbers ν
j
is computed. These values are added to the corresponding values ∑\limits
k=0

i-1
F
a(x

k
)cos
(2πν
j

x

k
)Δ
x, previously computed and stored in the memory. The values of ∑\limits
k=0

i

F
a(x

k
)cos
(2πν
j

x

k
)Δ
x, thus computed, are stored in the memory. The values of the spectral components are obtained by repeating the above process until the path difference reaches the predetermined maximum value.
The product F
a(x

i
)cos
(2πν
j

x

i
)Δ
x is computed by an incremental method. The order of the computing the product is different from the order of ν
j
and the cosine is generated only for one cycle. Accordingly, a logic circuit for the address selection is incorporated.
A New Design of a Scanning Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Authors: Slater P. N. , Betz H. T. , Henderson G.
Published: March 2014

A magnetostrictively scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer is described which has been designed and constructed to be rugged, compact and to require a maximum operating power of 7W. Performance tests have shown that it maintains a finesse of about 30 after having been subjected to shock and vibration conditions similar to those encountered during a rocket launch.
The instrument is thus capable of making high resolution measurements from aircraft, balloons, rockets, or space satellites. A satellite experiment to investigate the day airglow and an aircraft or balloon experiment to detect the presence of deuterium on the sun are discussed.
Nouvelle méthode spectrométrique interférentielle
Authors: Prat R.
Published: March 2014

The method, while conforming to the tendency observed these days in spectrometry towards an increase in the signal to noise ratio permits to realize a simple, least cumbersome spectrometric apparatus with an excellent resolution. In fact, the procedure amounts to scanning a grid of period p by a system of fringes given by an unaxial crystal plate. Then, if the grid is displaced with respects to the fringes, the calculation shows that the transmitted luminous flux is sinusoidally modulated with an amplitude which depends on wavelength; therefore, one has the means of selecting with an increased resolution the spectral information contained in the signal.