bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional indices of clinical oral conditions from a population perspective: a systematic review
Authors: Figueiredo Daniela de Rossi , Bastos João Luiz , Silva Luciana , Peres Karen Glazer
Published: November 2015

Objective

To conduct a systematic review of the literature on indices that assess different clinical oral conditions simultaneously from a population perspective.

Methods

A search of the literature was carried out considering articles indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, and LILACS, using search queries containing free and controlled vocabulary. The search included validity and reproducibility studies on the development of indices that assessed, simultaneously, at least two of the following oral morbidities: dental caries, periodontal status, and occlusal conditions, regardless of their indication for specific age or age groups.

Results

Of the 2240 studies identified, 21 were considered eligible to be included in this study. Most studies (70% n = 14) were published between the 1960s and the 1990s. Eight indices were identified and half of these originated from the United States. For most indices, the minimum age indicated was 19 years and above. All the indices evaluated dental caries, and more than 2/3 evaluated periodontal status. None evaluated need for prosthesis and one included need for treatment. Interobserver and intra‐observer reliability values were 0.7 or above. Most studies only presented content validity.

Conclusions

Although few normative oral health indices and validation studies were developed after the 1990s, the reliability values of all the reviewed studies were satisfactory; however, they did not present a refinement in terms of validity. This evidence suggests that further studies are needed to demonstrate the validity and/or reproducibility of multidimensional measures of clinical oral conditions.
Factors Affecting Farmers’ Crop Insurance Participation in China
Authors: Wang Ming , Ye Tao , Shi Peijun
Published: November 2015

China's latest crop insurance program, launched in 2007, provides an excellent opportunity to explore the factors affecting farmers’ crop insurance purchase decisions, particularly decision making when crop insurance was first introduced into rural communities. This study surveyed all households in Kuangjiaqiao Village, Changde, Hunan Province, China over a four‐year period, from 2007 to 2010. Using basic regression models for cross‐sectional analysis and advanced models to consider lag effects, this study identifies the dominant factors influencing farmers’ crop insurance decisions. Results indicate farmers developed a dynamic adaptive process toward the new crop insurance. Farmers initially made relatively arbitrary decisions that were significantly influenced by community insistence or pressure to conform. Then, farmers gradually established more rational decision‐making mechanisms in which yield volatility, education, and engagement experience became statistically significant. The focus on the initial stages of the crop insurance program from this study helps improve our understanding of the demands within this rapidly growing market in China.
Transanal vs laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: initial experience from Denmark
Authors: Perdawood S. K. , Al Khefagie G. A. A.
Published: November 2015

Aim

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LaTME) has improved short‐term outcomes of rectal cancer surgery with comparable oncological results to open approach. LaTME can be difficult in the lowermost part of the rectum, leading potentially to higher rates of complications, conversion to open surgery and probably suboptimal oncological quality. Transanal TME (TaTME) can potentially solve these problems. The aim of this study was to compare the short‐term results after TaTME with those after LaTME.

Method

A prospectively collected database of consecutive patients who underwent TaTME was maintained. Results were compared with those who underwent LaTME in the preceding period. Patients who underwent low anterior resection or intersphincteric abdominoperineal excision were included. Primary end‐points were radical resection and specimen quality. Secondary end‐points were complications, rates of conversion, operating time and hospital stay.

Results

In total, 50 patients were included (TaTME = 25, LaTME = 25). The groups were comparative in demographic data and tumour characteristics. Circumferential resection margin was positive in one patient in the TaTME group vs four patients in the LaTME group (P = 0.349). All patients in the TaTME group had either complete or nearly complete specimen quality, while four patients in the LaTME group had incomplete specimen quality (P = 0.113). Less blood loss, shorter operating time and shorter hospital stay were found in the TaTME group (P values 0.016, 0.002 and 0.020 respectively). Intra‐operative complications were comparable (P = 0.286).

Conclusion

The TaTME procedure had comparable pathological results and acceptable short‐term postoperative outcomes compared to LaTME.
Severity of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with COPD
Authors: Dursunoglu Neşe , Dursunoglu Dursun , Yıldız Ali İhsan , Uludag Burcu , Alaçam Zahide Namlı , Sarıçopur Ahmet
Published: November 2015

Background and Aims

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has many comorbidities such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Chronic low‐grade systemic inflammation and oxidative stress play a significant role in CAD and COPD. We analysed that impact of COPD on intensity and severity of coronary artery lesions on the angiogram in the groups of patients with COPD according to the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grades updated in 2015.

Methods

The study included 102 COPD patients and 80 randomly selected subjects without any pulmonary disease who underwent coronary angiography. According to the GOLD grade for COPD, patients were divided into four groups: A, B, C and D. The severity and extent of CAD were determined using the Gensini score.

Results

There were no significant between‐group differences in age, body mass index, smoking history, plasma lipids levels, frequency of hypertension, diabetes and CAD. The mean Gensini score in patients with COPD was significantly higher than those without (respectively, 25.7 ± 32.9 vs 17.5 ± 24.8, P = 0.01). While Gensini score was the highest level in the patient group D (64.9 ± 34.9), it was the lowest level in the patient group A (10.2 ± 19.4, P = 0.0001). The Gensini scores increased in accordance with increases in the GOLD grades. We observed that COPD was independently predictive for Gensini score after a multi‐variate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio 1.374; 95% confidence interval 1.672–9.232; P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Severity and intensity of coronary atherosclerosis increases in accordance with increases in the GOLD grades for COPD.
Serum Cripto‐1 is a novel biomarker for non‐small cell lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Xu Chun Hua , Wang Yan , Qian Li Hua , Yu Li Ke , Zhang Xiu Wei , Wang Qing Bo
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Cripto‐1 (CR‐1) is highly expressed in several different types of human tumors. However, the clinical significance of CR‐1 expression in serum specimens from non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has not yet been determined.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum CR‐1 levels in patients with NSCLC.

Methods

Serum specimens from 592 NSCLC patients, 180 benign lung disease patients and 240 healthy controls were collected. The concentrations of CR‐1 were measured by sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Patients with NSCLC had higher serum CR‐1 levels than the controls (P < 0.01) and patients with benign lung diseases (P < 0.01). When a cutoff point of 1.8 ng/mL was selected (diagnostic specificity 95%), the diagnostic sensitivity for NSCLC is 56.8%. About 37.5% of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)‐negative lung cancer patients were CR‐1 positive at 95% specificity. In patients with stage I/II lung cancer, use of these two markers in combination results in almost 21% increase in sensitivity, at 95% specificity, compared with CEA alone. Uni‐variate analysis revealed that NSCLC patients with positive CR‐1 had a shorter overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) than those with negative CR‐1 [hazard ratio (HR) of 2.93, P = 0.005; HR of 2.12, P = 0.005]. Cox multi‐variate analysis indicated that CR‐1 was an independent prognostic indicator of PFS and OS (HR of 1.91, P = 0.006; HR of 1.82, P = 0.007). Kaplan–Meier survival curves further confirmed that patients with negative CR‐1 had longer PFS and OS (P = 0.026 and P = 0.011, respectively).

Conclusions

In conclusion, measurement of serum CR‐1 is a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for NSCLC patients.
Enhancing Dissemination, Implementation, and Improvement Science in CTSAs through Regional Partnerships
Authors: Inkelas Moira , Brown Arleen F. , Vassar Stefanie D. , Sankaré Ibrahima C. , Martinez Arturo B. , Kubicek Katrina , Kuo Tony , Mahajan Anish , Gould Michael , Mittman Brian S.
Published: November 2015

Background and Importance

Challenges in healthcare policy and practice have stimulated interest in dissemination and implementation science. The Institute of Medicine Committee on the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) program recommended expanding the CTSA program's investment and activity in this domain. Guidance is needed to facilitate successful growth of DII science infrastructure, activity and impacts.

Objectives

Several CTSAs in Southern California collaborated to identify and respond to local challenges and opportunities to expand dissemination, implementation and improvement research by strengthening capacity and relationships between DII researchers and community, health system, and population health partners.

Main outcomes

Planning and outreach by the Southern California CTSAs increased awareness and interest in DII research and generated recommendations for growth. Recommendations include: increasing strong partnerships with healthcare and population health systems to guide policy research agendas and collaborative DII science; promoting multi‐sector partnerships that involve researchers and delivery systems throughout DII processes; bringing together multiple disciplines; and addressing national and international barriers as well as opportunities in DII science.

Implications

CTSAs through regional collaboration can increase their contributions to improved community health via skill‐building, partnership development and enhanced outreach to local healthcare and public health agencies and delivery systems.
Team Science Approach to Developing Consensus on Research Good Practices for Practice‐Based Research Networks: A Case Study
Authors: Campbell‐Voytal Kimberly , Daly Jeanette M. , Nagykaldi Zsolt J. , Aspy Cheryl B. , Dolor Rowena J. , Fagnan Lyle J. , Levy Barcey T. , Palac Hannah L. , Michaels LeAnn , Patterson V. Beth , Kano Miria , Smith Paul D. , Sussman Andrew L. , Williams Robert , Sterling Pamela , O'Beirne Maeve , Neale Anne Victoria
Published: November 2015

Using peer learning strategies, seven experienced PBRNs working in collaborative teams articulated procedures for PBRN Research Good Practices (PRGPs). The PRGPs is a PBRN‐specific resource to facilitate PBRN management and staff training, to promote adherence to study protocols, and to increase validity and generalizability of study findings. This paper describes the team science processes which culminated in the PRGPs. Skilled facilitators used team science strategies and methods from the Technology of Participation (ToP®), and the Consensus Workshop Method to support teams to codify diverse research expertise in practice‐based research. The participatory nature of “sense‐making” moved through identifiable stages. Lessons learned include (1) team input into the scope of the final outcome proved vital to project relevance; (2) PBRNs with diverse domains of research expertise contributed broad knowledge on each topic; and (3) ToP® structured facilitation techniques were critical for establishing trust and clarifying the “sense‐making” process.
A structural stress‐based critical plane method for multiaxial fatigue life estimation in welded joints
Authors: Jiang C. , Liu Z. C. , Wang X. G. , Zhang Z. , Long X. Y.
Published: November 2015

This paper aims at proposing a new fatigue life estimation model that is preferably adapted to welded joints subjected to multiaxial loading. First, a mesh‐size insensitive structural stress is defined that enables to characterize the stress concentration effect appropriately. Second, the multiaxial stress state and loading path influence are taken into account in the lifetime prediction model by adopting a suitable critical plane method, originally proposed by Carpinteri and co‐authors. Experimental verification is conducted for a given welded joint geometry under different loading conditions, including uniaxial, torsional and multiaxial loads. The reliability and effectiveness of the new method are validated through substantive fatigue testing data.
Prescription opioid analgesics for pain management in Australia: 20 years of dispensing
Authors: Islam M. M. , McRae I. S. , Mazumdar S. , Taplin S. , McKetin R.
Published: November 2015

Background

Opioid prescribing/dispensing data can inform policy surrounding regulation by informing trends and types of opioid prescribed and geographic variations. In Australia so far only partial data on dispensing have been published, and data for states/territories remain unknown.

Aim

Using a range of measures, this study examines 20‐year (1992–2011) trends in prescription opioid analgesics in Australia – both nationally and for individual jurisdictions.

Methods

Dispensing data were obtained from the Drug Utilisation Sub‐Committee and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) websites. Trends in numbers of prescriptions and daily defined dose (DDD)/1000 people/day were examined over time and across states/territories. Seasonal variations in PBS/Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS) items for nationwide dispensing were adjusted using a centred moving smoothing technique.

Results

In two decades, 165.32 million prescriptions for opioids were dispensed, with codeine and its derivatives the most prescribed formulation (50.1%) followed by tramadol (13.5%) and oxycodone derivatives (12.7%). In terms of DDD/1000 people/day, dispensing increased from 5.38 in 1992 to 14.46 in 2011. There are significant increasing trends for total, PBS/RPBS and under co‐payment prescriptions (priced below patient co‐payment). The DDD/1000 people/day for items dispensed through PBS/RPBS was highest in Tasmania.

Conclusion

Prescription opioid dispensing increased substantially over the study period. With an ageing population, this trend is likely to continue in future. A growing concern about harms associated with opioid use warrants balanced control measures so that harms could be minimised without reducing effective pain treatment. Research examining utilisation in small geographic areas may help design spatially tailored interventions. A real‐time drug‐monitoring programme may reduce undue prescribing and dispensing.
Une typologie des économies selon les dimensions de l'emploi dans l'économie informelle
Authors: WILLIAMS Colin C.
Published: November 2015

Compte tenu de l'importance des activités informelles, l'auteur propose de classer les pays selon les dimensions de l'emploi dans l'économie informelle plutôt que selon la composition de l'économie formelle. A partir de données du BIT portant sur trente‐six pays en développement, il fait apparaître une corrélation significative entre l'étendue et l'intensité de l'informalité et différents indicateurs sociaux et économiques: PNB par habitant, degré de corruption et de pauvreté et niveau de l'impôt et des cotisations sociales. Les implications de ces résultats pour la réflexion théorique et l'action sont ensuite exposées.
Effect of Nanosized TiC0.37N0.63 on Unlubricated Wear Responses of Si3N‐Based Nanocomposites Under Low Hertzian Stress
Authors: Lee Alex Chinghuan , Lu Horng‐Hwa , Goto Takashi , Tu Rong , Lin Hua‐Tay , Lii Ding‐Fu , Nayak Pramoda K. , Huang Jow‐Lay
Published: November 2015

Si3N4‐based nanocomposites containing 0–50 wt% TiC0.37N0.63 are directly consolidated at 1700°C by spark plasma sintering, and their reciprocal sliding behavior against a Si3N4 counterbody is investigated under a maximum Hertzian stress of 1.27 GPa in unlubricated conditions. The average grain widths of Si3N4 and TiC0.37N0.63 are about 85 and 90 nm, respectively. The decreasing relative densities of the as‐sintered nanocomposites indicate that the nano‐TiC0.37N0.63 may introduce pores and reduce the hardness and fracture resistance of the materials. The brittleness index for sliding contacts in all the samples is 25–31, indicating brittle fracture taking place on the wear surface and inducing cavities. When the mean free paths of nano‐TiC0.37N0.63 are slightly greater than grain length of Si3N4, the best wear resistance is achieved in Si3N4 containing 20/30 wt% TiC0.37N0.63 due to the process of surface smoothing by triboproducts. Severe wear response can be observed in Si3N4 nanocomposites containing 0, 10, 40, and 50 wt% of TiC0.37N0.63. The wear responses are explained by considering the microstructural parameters (like grain characteristics for both phases and mean free path of nano‐TiC0.37N0.63) and contact‐induced fracturing behavior, as well as tribochemical reactions.
Process Coordination Within a Health Care Service Supply Network
Authors: Sampson Scott E. , Schmidt Glen , Gardner John W. , Van Orden Joseph
Published: November 2015

There are two manifestations of supply chains in health care. One involves the supply of equipment and materials used in health care delivery. The other supply chain involves the delivery of health care itself, wherein patients supply their physical conditions and service suppliers deliver health care services. This article considers the latter supply chain, analyzing a case study in which patients have comorbidities and thus require the services of a network of multiple health care providers. In the case study, we examine three schemes for coordination of care. In the first scheme, the patient herself is expected to manage the coordination. In the second scheme, physicians are expected to coordinate the care. In the third scheme, a third‐party coordinator manages care across network members. We examine these three possible coordination alternatives using a technique known as Process‐Chain‐Network (PCN) Analysis. PCN Analysis helps us document how coordination schemes are implemented and where they may fail. Our analysis of the case study leads us to the development of ex post theory about who should initiate coordination and how it should take place under conditions of comorbidities. Empirical data coming from the case study support the theory. We describe possible applications of the theory inside and outside of health care, and show how the PCN approach can guide process innovation.
The End of a Noble Narrative? European Integration Narratives after the Nobel Peace Prize
Authors: Manners Ian , Murray Philomena
Published: November 2015

The awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize 2012 to the EU (European Union) came as a surprise. Not only was the eurozone economic crisis undermining both policy effectiveness and public support for the EU, but it was also seriously challenging the EU's image in global politics. The eurozone crisis, the Nobel Prize and the search for a ‘new narrative for Europe’ demonstrate that the processes of European integration are always narrated as sense‐making activities – stories people tell to make sense of their reality. This article argues in favour of a narrative approach to European integration through the construction and application of an analytical framework drawing on different theoretical perspectives. This framework is then applied to six European integration narratives to demonstrate the value of a narrative approach. The article concludes that narrative analysis provides a means of understanding both EU institutional and non‐institutional narratives of European integration.
European Fantasies: On the EU's Political Myths and the Affective Potential of Utopian Imaginaries for European Identity
Authors: Kølvraa Christoffer
Published: November 2015

The question of European identity today seems to be all the more pressing, as the current financial crisis is not only quickly developing into one of internal political cohesion for the Union, but has also certainly aggravated the long‐standing problem of a lack of identification with the European political project among European populations. This article seeks to discuss this disenchantment with Europe through a concept of political myth. It argues that political myths entail both narrations of communal origins and utopian horizons of the communal future. Drawing on insights from Lacanian psychoanalysis, it connects the utopian dimension of myth to the level of affective investment in political communities, and suggests that the disenchantment with the European project might be partly due to the fact that its original utopian horizon – that of peace in Europe – today seems to have been achieved.
Transplantation of dental pulp stem cells suppressed inflammation in sciatic nerves by promoting macrophage polarization towards anti‐inflammation phenotypes and ameliorated diabetic polyneuropathy
Authors: Omi Maiko , Hata Masaki , Nakamura Nobuhisa , Miyabe Megumi , Kobayashi Yasuko , Kamiya Hideki , Nakamura Jiro , Ozawa Shogo , Tanaka Yoshinobu , Takebe Jun , Matsubara Tatsuaki , Naruse Keiko
Published: November 2015

Aims/Introduction

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are thought to be an attractive candidate for cell therapy. We recently reported that the transplantation of DPSCs increased nerve conduction velocity and nerve blood flow in diabetic rats. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of DPSC transplantation on diabetic peripheral nerves.

Materials and Methods

DPSCs were isolated from the dental pulp of Sprague–Dawley rats and expanded in culture. Eight weeks after the streptozotocin injection, DPSCs were transplanted into the unilateral hindlimb skeletal muscles. Four weeks after DPSC transplantation, neurophysiological measurements, inflammatory gene expressions and the number of CD68‐positive cells in sciatic nerves were assessed. To confirm the immunomodulatory effects of DPSCs, the effects of DPSC‐conditioned media on lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells were investigated.

Results

Diabetic rats showed significant delays in sciatic nerve conduction velocities and decreased sciatic nerve blood flow, all of which were ameliorated by DPSC transplantation. The number of CD68‐positive monocytes/macrophages and the gene expressions of M1 macrophage‐expressed cytokines, tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β, were increased in the sciatic nerves of the diabetic rats. DPSC transplantation significantly decreased monocytes/macrophages and tumor necrosis factor‐α messenger ribonucleic acid expression, and increased the gene expression of the M2 macrophage marker, CD206, in the sciatic nerves of the diabetic rats. The in vitro study showed that DPSC‐conditioned media significantly increased the gene expressions of interleukin‐10 and CD206 in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

Conclusions

These results suggest that DPSC transplantation promoted macrophages polarization towards anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotypes, which might be one of the therapeutic mechanisms for diabetic polyneuropathy.
Recall memory in children with Down syndrome and typically developing peers matched on developmental age
Authors: Milojevich H. , Lukowski A.
Published: November 2015

Background

Whereas research has indicated that children with Down syndrome (DS) imitate demonstrated actions over short delays, it is presently unknown whether children with DS recall information over lengthy delays at levels comparable with typically developing (TD) children matched on developmental age.

Method

In the present research, 10 children with DS and 10 TD children participated in a two‐session study to examine basic processes associated with hippocampus‐dependent recall memory. At the first session, the researcher demonstrated how to complete a three‐step action sequence with novel stimuli; immediate imitation was permitted as an index of encoding. At the second session, recall memory was assessed for previously modelled sequences; children were also presented with two novel three‐step control sequences.

Results

The results indicated that group differences were not apparent in the encoding of the events or the forgetting of information over time. Group differences were also not observed when considering the recall of individual target actions at the 1‐month delay, although TD children produced more target actions overall at the second session relative to children with DS. Group differences were found when considering memory for temporal order information, such that TD children evidenced recall relative to novel control sequences, whereas children with DS did not.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that children with DS may have difficulty with mnemonic processes associated with consolidation/storage and/or retrieval processes relative to TD children.
Trained immunity: a new avenue for tuberculosis vaccine development
Authors: Lerm M. , Netea M. G.
Published: November 2015

Adaptive immunity towards tuberculosis (TB) has been extensively studied for many years. In addition, in recent years the profound contribution of innate immunity to host defence against this disease has become evident. The discovery of pattern recognition receptors, which allow innate immunity to tailor its response to different infectious agents, has challenged the view that this arm of immunity is nonspecific. Evidence is now accumulating that innate immunity can remember a previous exposure to a microorganism and respond differently during a second exposure. Although the specificity and memory of innate immunity cannot compete with the highly sophisticated adaptive immune response, its contribution to host defence against infection and to vaccine‐induced immunity should not be underestimated and needs to be explored. Here, we present the concept of trained immunity and discuss how this may contribute to new avenues for control of TB.
Perceived Sensory Characteristics of Wood by Consumers and Trained Evaluators
Authors: de Morais Isabela Carvalho , Pereira Andréa Franco
Published: November 2015

The increase in wood consumption has led to the search for species that guarantee a volume of production and the least possible environmental impact. It, therefore, becomes necessary to investigate the reason behind consumer choices for certain types of wood. The designer is essential in this interpretation of reasons that lead the user to opt for a product, transforming subjective preferences into tangible design characteristics. This article presents research that investigated users’ tactile and visual perceptions of wood. Tests with users, based on sensory analysis proved to be an appropriate method to study the relationship between people's subjective judgment and the technical characteristics of the products. The outcome of this study reveals the possibility of further investigations concerning the perceived aspects of users, which can add value to planted forest timber.

Practical Applications

The outcome of this study reveals the possibility of further investigations concerning the perceived aspects of users’ choice when analyzing wood samples, adding value to planted forest timber. Tests with users to explore liking and their relation with attribute tests with experts are important in understanding user preferences and in investigation of user choices of certain types of wood. Through this it is possible to guide the product development. Designers are essential in this interpretation of reasons of user's choice, transforming subjective preferences into product tangible characteristics. Relating physical and hedonic aspects allows for the enhancement of product design, and the preference map allows for the guidance of the comprehension of this analysis. The preference map analysis is possible using quantitative data from the material researched.
How Does Product Preparation Affect Sensory Properties? An Example with Coffee
Authors: Sanchez Karolina , Chambers Edgar
Published: November 2015

Many products are sold that will be prepared by consumers in ways that suit their particular needs. For example, coffee may be prepared in a variety of different ways depending on the occasion and the purpose, even when sensory testing is conducted. This study identified how the sensory properties of a preparation method used in a controlled sensory study or a quality grading system compared to those used with consumer preparation methods for three different high quality coffees. Colombian coffees prepared using a consumer drip coffee maker, a home or food service automated espresso machine, a coffee grader “cupping” method and a filtered infusion method were tested by trained panelists. The cupping method produced a higher intensity for the “roasted” flavor attribute across all samples. This method also tended to produce higher scores for burnt and acrid than other brewing methods. Flavor and aroma attributes both varied with preparation methods, but not necessarily in the same ways. Surprisingly, the drip brewing method showed the most differences in the three coffee samples for aroma, flavor and aftertaste attributes, but other methods may be appropriate depending on the objectives.

Practical Applications

Results suggest that differences in the intensity of flavor and mouthfeel attributes of coffee samples depend on the brewing method used to prepare them. Thus, using only one method when conducting sensory or quality testing can be a limiting component in the information gathered in a sensory study, in this case, coffee. The brewing method is a critical factor to consider in future coffee studies with the best method used depending on the objectives of each researcher and the ultimate goal of each study.
The Perception of Female Smokers with Fibromyalgia on the Effects of Smoking on Fibromyalgia Symptoms
Authors: Weingarten Toby N. , Vincent Ann , Luedtke Connie A. , Beebe Timothy J. , Welch Tasha L. , Chong Elisa Y. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Warner David O.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Smokers with fibromyalgia have greater pain intensity and function impairment compared to nonsmokers. Patients’ perceptions of interactions between smoking and fibromyalgia symptoms have not been described. The primary aim of this study was to report the perceptions of female smokers with fibromyalgia on how smoking affects symptoms.

Methods

Forty‐eight daily smokers with fibromyalgia enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Fibromyalgia Treatment Center completed the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, General Anxiety Disorder‐7 and a Fibromyalgia Symptoms and Smoking Survey which queried how smoking directly affected fibromyalgia symptoms (eg, pain, tiredness/fatigue, stiffness, nervousness/anxiety, depression/blueness, irritability, concentration, and overall) or indirectly as a coping mechanism.

Results

The majority of subjects reported smoking had no direct effect on fibromyalgia physical symptoms (pain [60% reported no effect], fatigue [56%], stiffness [81%]) but direct improvement of emotional symptoms (anxiety [62% reported improvement], irritability [64%]). The majority of subjects used smoking to cope with pain (69%) via distraction (83%) and relaxation (77%), lessening emotional distress by reducing a sense of frustration (83%) or sadness (54%) because of pain, and as a justification for resting vis‐à‐vis “smoke breaks” (69%). Thirty‐one smokers were mildly and 17 moderately/severely dependent on tobacco, and no difference in fibromyalgia impact score (P = 0.70), pain (P = 0.39), depression (P = 0.20), and anxiety (P = 0.64) scores were detected, but more moderately/severely dependent subjects reported smoking improved pain (50% vs. 17%, P = 0.04).

Discussion

Smokers with fibromyalgia reported smoking helped to cope with fibromyalgia pain but generally did not directly ameliorate fibromyalgia physical symptoms.
Beyond Patient Classification: Using Individual Patient Characteristics in Appointment Scheduling
Authors: Salzarulo Peter A. , Mahar Stephen , Modi Sachin
Published: November 2015

Scheduling patients involves a trade‐off between the productivity of the service provider and customer service. This study considers how outpatient medical facilities can improve their appointment scheduling by incorporating individual patient information in the scheduling process. Specifically, we obtain data on patient characteristics and examination durations from a health clinic, describe how that data can be used to predict patient examination durations in the clinic's appointment scheduling system, and evaluate the benefit of using individual patient characteristics over a conventional classification method. Computational results illustrate this method of patient scheduling reduces an overall cost function comprised of patient wait time, physician idle time, and over time by up to 24.2%, particularly when patients are sequenced with short duration patients being scheduled first. Several environmental characteristics are found to play critical roles in determining the magnitude of the benefit, including patient punctuality, no‐show probability, the clinic duration, the appointment rule used for scheduling, and the ratio of the physician's idle time cost to the patient wait cost. We also detail and evaluate a practical procedure for using heterogeneous scheduling under a fixed schedule.
Changes in Testicular Interstitial Connective Tissue of Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) During Ageing and After Exposure to Short Photoperiod
Authors: Beltrán‐Frutos E , Seco‐Rovira V , Ferrer C , Martínez‐Hernández J , Madrid JF , Sáez FJ , Canteras M , Pastor LM
Published: November 2015

Contents

The testicular interstitium of Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) was studied during ageing and in testicular regression after exposure to a short photoperiod, in relation to the interstitial cells and their connective tissue. This tissue was assessed histochemically using Masson's trichrome technique and the expression of Heat Shock Protein 47 (HSP‐47) and collagen IV (α5) was assessed in Leydig cells. Finally, an ultrastructural analysis of some cells of the testicular interstitium was made. Leydig cells were positive for HSP‐47 and collagen IV (α5). Ageing did not change the parameters studied while the short photoperiod altered the synthetic activity of Leydig cells. The positivity index of these cells for HSP‐47 was significantly higher in the regressed testis, but was lower for collagen IV (α5). During ageing no change were observed. Ultrastructural Leydig cells showed a discontinuous basal lamina that did not change during ageing. The basal lamina was not identified in Leydig cells regressed by exposure to a short photoperiod. In conclusion; the intertubular connective tissue suffers little change with age. By contrast, in the testis regressed after exposure to a short photoperiod the studied parameters related to the intertubular connective tissue were altered. These changes are probably related with the low synthetic activity of regressed Leydig cell.
The level of acceptance of spanish medical students of the transplantation of solid organs from animals: a stratified and multicentre study
Authors: Ríos Antonio , López‐Navas Ana , López‐López Ana , Gómez Francisco Javier , Iriarte Jorge , Herruzo Rafael , Blanco Gerardo , Llorca Francisco Javier , Asunsolo Angel , Sánchez Pilar , Gutiérrez Pedro Ramón , Fernández Ana , de Jesús María Teresa , Martínez Alarcón Laura , Lana Alberto , Fuentes Lorena , Hernández Juan Ramón , Virseda Julio , Yelamos José , Bondía José Antonio , Hernández Antonio , Ayala Marco Antonio , Ramis Guillermo , Ramírez Pablo , Parrilla Pascual
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Research into the transplantation of solid organs from animals (xenotransplantation) is generating interest and curiosity given that this could be a way of resolving the shortage in transplant organs. However, the fact is that currently xenotransplantation is far from becoming a clinical practice.

Objective

To analyse the attitude of medical students from Spanish universities towards the donation of organs from animals and to determine the factors affecting their attitudes.

Material and Methods

Type of study: A sociological, interdisciplinary, observational and multicentre study in Spain. Study population: Students enrolled on the medical degree in Spain (n = 34 000). Sample size: A sample of 9598 students (a confidence level of 99% and precision of ± 1%) stratified by geographical area and academic year. Instrument of measurement: A validated questionnaire of attitude towards organ xenotransplantation (PCID‐XenoTx RIOS) which was self‐administered and completed anonymously.

Results

A completion rate of 95.7% (n = 9275) was obtained. If the results of xenotransplantation were as good as in human donation, 81% (n = 7491) would be in favour, 3% (n = 308) against and 16% (n = 1476) undecided. The following variables affected this attitude: sex (P < 0.001); academic year (P < 0.001); discussion of transplantation with one's family (P < 0.001) and friends (P < 0.001); the opinion of one's partner (P < 0.001); the respondent's attitude towards organ donation (P < 0.001); religion (P < 0.001); and participation in altruistic activities (P < 0.001). The following variables persisted in the multivariate analysis: (1) being a female (OR = 1.794; P < 0.001); (2) academic year (OR = 2.487; P < 0.001); (3) having spoken about the issue with one's family (OR = 1.200; P = 0.019); (4) the favourable opinion of one's partner (OR = 1.526; P = 0.028); (5) an attitude in favour of donation (OR = 2.087; P < 0.001); (6) being an atheist/agnostic, (OR = 2.5; P < 0.001); and (7) a belief that one's religion is in favour of transplantation (OR = 1.317; P = 0.005).

Conclusions

Spanish medical students have a favourable attitude towards xenotransplantation. This willingness and interest could be a decisive platform for the development and strengthening of research, both for centres with a pre‐clinical xenotransplantation programme and new healthcare centres.
Seroprevalence in Chickens against Campylobacter jejuni Flagellar Capping Protein (FliD) in Selected Areas of the United States
Authors: Yeh H.‐Y. , Hiett K. L. , Line J. E. , Jagne J. F. , Lauer D. C.
Published: November 2015

Campylobacter jejuni is a causative pathogen of human acute bacterial gastroenteritis. Infected poultry products are regarded as a major source for human C. jejuni infection. The flagellar capping protein (FliD) is highly conserved among C. jejuni strains/isolates and is antigenic as analysed by immunoblot. In this study, we used the FliD protein as a probe to survey the prevalence of C. jejuni antibodies in chickens from two areas in the United States. A total of 394 samples were tested. Sera from layer breeders of 44–52 weeks of age tested 100% positive, while 4‐ to 6‐week broilers from 22 premises showed 7–100% positivity. These results demonstrate that anti‐FliD antibodies were prevalent in the poultry population in the areas of serum samples collected.
Modification of a metal nanoparticle beam by a hollow electrode discharge
Authors: Ahadi Amir Mohammad , Hinz Alexander , Polonskyi Oleksandr , Trottenberg Thomas , Strunskus Thomas , Kersten Holger , Faupel Franz
Published: November 2015

Treatment of nanoparticles (NPs) in complex environments, such as plasmas, is of interest for the fabrication of advanced nanomaterials with desired properties and also from a physical point of view. Here, the authors investigate the mutual interaction between silver NPs and a radio frequency (RF) plasma at different conditions by combining a cylindrical hollow electrode with a gas aggregation source. The investigation of the NP deposits and the morphology of the casted films shows that the applied RF discharge significantly changes the path of the NPs as well as the NP size distribution in the beam. Starting from a neutral NP beam, it is observed that most of the NPs leave the plasma region with negative charge(s), yet the fraction of positively charged NPs grows with power. Furthermore, the plasma characteristics are slightly influenced by the NP flux since the passing NPs collect the plasma charge carriers.
Simulation study of noise reduction methods for a split MRI system using a finite element method
Authors: Wang Y. , Liu F. , Crozier S.
Published: November 2015

Purpose:

To evaluate the acoustic noise levels induced by the split‐gradient coils of a MRI‐LINAC system, and also propose a scheme for acoustic noise reduction.

Methods:

A finite element (FE) modeling method was used to simulate the acoustic environment of a MRI‐LINAC system. By optimizing mounting supports between the split gradient assembly and the main magnet, the authors first altered the vibration modes of the acoustic system, smoothed the acoustic frequency responses, and relocated the acoustic field distribution in the central gap, cylindrical tunnels, and outside of the central gap. The acoustic noise was further reduced by means of applying damping treatment on the surfaces of the split‐gradient assembly.

Results:

Compared with conventional bolts that were placed at the ends, when the near supports were fixed and the far adjustable supports were 40 cm away from the further (here near and far are relative to the central gap) ends of the split‐gradient assembly, the overall average sound pressure level (SPL) reductions were about 6.3–9.9 dB both inside and outside the central gap for the transverse and longitudinal coils. After applying damping treatment, the average SPLs inside the central gap and outside it were further reduced by 8.5–12.5 and 6.3–8.8 dB for the transverse coils and longitudinal coils, respectively.

Conclusions:

The authors’ FE results showed that, for the cases of transverse coil and longitudinal coil switching, the overall average‐SPL reduction quantities amounted to around 20 dB by applying the proposed noise reduction scheme, resulting in lower SPLs than the human hearing threshold.
Judging sound rotation when listeners and sounds rotate: Sound source localization is a multisystem process
Authors: Yost William A. , Zhong Xuan , Najam Anbar
Published: November 2015

In four experiments listeners were rotated or were stationary. Sounds came from a stationary loudspeaker or rotated from loudspeaker to loudspeaker around an azimuth array. When either sounds or listeners rotate the auditory cues used for sound source localization change, but in the everyday world listeners perceive sound rotation only when sounds rotate not when listeners rotate. In the everyday world sound source locations are referenced to positions in the environment (a world-centric reference system). The auditory cues for sound source location indicate locations relative to the head (a head-centric reference system), not locations relative to the world. This paper deals with a general hypothesis that the world-centric location of sound sources requires the auditory system to have information about auditory cues used for sound source location and cues about head position. The use of visual and vestibular information in determining rotating head position in sound rotation perception was investigated. The experiments show that sound rotation perception when sources and listeners rotate was based on acoustic, visual, and, perhaps, vestibular information. The findings are consistent with the general hypotheses and suggest that sound source localization is not based just on acoustics. It is a multisystem process.
The early synthesis of p35 and activation of CDK5 in LPS-stimulated macrophages suppresses interleukin-10 production
Authors: Na Yi Rang , Jung Daun , Gu Gyo Jeong , Jang Ah Ram , Suh Yoo-Hun , Seok Seung Hyeok
Published: November 2015

A cyclin-dependent kinase delays the onset of anti-inflammatory responses by macrophages.
Notch role in multipotency or cell fate
Authors: Purnell Beverly A.
Published: November 2015

Notch signaling between stem cells and their daughters underlies their ability to produce many different cell types.
Peroxisomes respond to sound
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: November 2015

Sound triggers an increase in the number of peroxisomes to protect cells in the cochlea from oxidative stress.
All systems go for HIV vaccine development
Authors: Marson Alexander
Published: November 2015

Systematically mapping diverse antibody effector functions induced by candidate HIV vaccines moves toward pinpointing a protective strategy.
Wanna be statin something?
Authors: Henriques-Forsythe Marshaleen
Published: November 2015

Statins may prove useful in reducing inflammation in COPD.
A Quantitative System-Scale Characterization of the Metabolism of Clostridium acetobutylicum
Authors: Yoo Minyeong , Bestel-Corre Gwenaelle , Croux Christian , Riviere Antoine , Meynial-Salles Isabelle , Soucaille Philippe
Published: November 2015

Engineering industrial microorganisms for ambitious applications, for example, the production of second-generation biofuels such as butanol, is impeded by a lack of knowledge of primary metabolism and its regulation. A quantitative system-scale analysis was applied to the biofuel-producing bacteriumClostridium acetobutylicum, a microorganism used for the industrial production of solvent. An improved genome-scale model,iCac967, was first developed based on thorough biochemical characterizations of 15 key metabolic enzymes and on extensive literature analysis to acquire accurate fluxomic data. In parallel, quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to assess the number of mRNA molecules per cell for all genes under acidogenic, solventogenic, and alcohologenic steady-state conditions as well as the number of cytosolic protein molecules per cell for approximately 700 genes under at least one of the three steady-state conditions. A complete fluxomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analysis applied to different metabolic states allowed us to better understand the regulation of primary metabolism. Moreover, this analysis enabled the functional characterization of numerous enzymes involved in primary metabolism, including (i) the enzymes involved in the two different butanol pathways and their cofactor specificities, (ii) the primary hydrogenase and its redox partner, (iii) the major butyryl coenzyme A (butyryl-CoA) dehydrogenase, and (iv) the major glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This study provides important information for further metabolic engineering ofC. acetobutylicumto develop a commercial process for the production ofn-butanol.

IMPORTANCECurrently, there is a resurgence of interest inClostridium acetobutylicum, the biocatalyst of the historical Weizmann process, to producen-butanol for use both as a bulk chemical and as a renewable alternative transportation fuel. To develop a commercial process for the production ofn-butanol via a metabolic engineering approach, it is necessary to better characterize both the primary metabolism ofC. acetobutylicumand its regulation. Here, we apply a quantitative system-scale analysis to acidogenic, solventogenic, and alcohologenic steady-stateC. acetobutylicumcells and report for the first time quantitative transcriptomic, proteomic, and fluxomic data. This approach allows for a better understanding of the regulation of primary metabolism and for the functional characterization of numerous enzymes involved in primary metabolism.