bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macbeth before Shakespeare
Authors: Hudson Benjamin
Published: November 2022

The connection of William Shakespeare’s company, the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, with Scotland began before King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England. That might explain why a play about a Scottish prince was written. There is evidence that two independent pieces about Macbeth were circulating around London at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The first record of the Tragedie of Macbeth is by Simon Forman in 1611 although the first print of the play was made after Shakespeare’s death in the First Folio. There remains much that is unknown about Macbeth the person and Macbeth the literary character
Sweden’s Public/Private Sector Mix in the Financing and Delivery of Healthcare Services
Authors: Glenngård Anna Häger
Published: November 2022

In Sweden, the responsibility for organizing and financing healthcare rests with 21 regions and 290 municipalities. The central government is responsible for overall healthcare policy and legislation. Most hospitals are publicly funded and operated. Following the introduction of patient choice and provider competition in 2007–2010, there is a mix of public and private primary care centers (PCCs), all publicly funded and subject to the same overall requirements. There is some variation in geographical accessibility, access to alternative providers between socioeconomic groups, and characteristics between public and private PCCs. The evidence on socioeconomic distribution of visits is mixed, while several studies have demonstrated that groups of individuals with worse socioeconomic conditions are less satisfied with primary care services. Public and private PCCs have become more similar over time in regard to patient mix, the division of labor, and patients’ perceptions of quality of care.
Healthcare Commodification, Equity, and Quality in Chile and Mexico
Authors: Bernales-Baksai Pamela , Velázquez Leyer Ricardo
Published: November 2022

Chile and Mexico represent two cases of recent healthcare expansion in the Americas, with different types of incorporation of private provision. In Chile, it is through the explicit commodification of healthcare by incorporating private services into the policy architecture and in Mexico through the implicit commodification of healthcare due to deficiencies in the supply of public services. This chapter analyzes the effects of existing public-private mixes on equity and quality outputs across population groups. Conclusions show that in spite of important achievements in terms of coverage levels in both cases, significant inequities in healthcare provision persist, with poor access to quality services for lower-income households and other vulnerable groups. Additional reforms are needed to guarantee the right to quality healthcare to the entire population.
The Public/Private Sector Mix in Healthcare in Russia
Authors: Chubarova Tatiana , Grigorieva Natalya
Published: November 2022

The chapter discusses problems of health equity and quality of medical care in the Russian public/private mix (PPM). It analyzes PPM’s characteristics related to organization, delivery, and financing concerning their effect on quality and equity in Russian healthcare. The data reveal the increasing role of the private sector in PPM in Russia in term of finance and provision, though it is well developed mostly in urban areas. Several initiatives undertaken by the government to improve access and quality in the public sector are mentioned. Public and private sectors in healthcare become more interrelated, first because private health services can now join public compulsory health insurance. The paradox is that sometimes public and private health services compete for patients’ money. This situation can be referred to as inverse quasi markets. It is argued that while PPM has positive outcomes in terms of quality improvement and an increase in patients’ choice, its influence on equity is controversial. The main concerns from expansion of fee for service in the public and private sectors, is that it makes medical treatment dependent on ability to pay rather than meeting health needs. The relatively large public sector, despite its problems, still provides the possibility for people to obtain medical treatment regardless of income. This puts on the health policy agenda the necessity to find the right balance between public and private sectors in terms of funding and organization to secure both quality of care and equity.
Hammurabi toMiddlemarch, 1750 bce to 1850 ce
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

The history of medicine shows how social norms, professional ethics, licensure, price regulations, hospitals, and charitable service developed over thousands of years. People needed care and were willing to pay for it even before cures were effective. Trust and financial rewards were based on personal relationships. Spending was small but persistent, with fees calibrated by individuals’ ability to pay and supplemented by donations and public taxation. Governments and wealthy patrons shared some responsibility for public health and for care of the poor, while kings provided care for soldiers and sailors in order to retain military might and political power. However, responsibility for medical treatment remained primarily an individual and family responsibility until the late 19th century.
The Rise of Modern Medicine, 1880–1975
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

By the end of World War II nurses outnumbered doctors, antibiotics were widely used, academic research centers had been established, and large pharmaceutical firms had been formed. The health sector of the economy expanded more in 50 years than it had over the last 3,000. Traditional solo doctoring morphed into complex organized networks of care. Rates of expansion peaked as national health systems funded by third-party insurance payments coalesced, creating sustainable structures and institutions that would remain in place for the next 50 years. However, the exuberant desire to fund rapid advances in medical technology waned as the realities of budgetary, biological, and social limits set in.
Global and National Market Trends, 1950–2019
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

Annual growth trends for 21 OECD countries and 22 emerging market economies are examined. A surge in growth attributable to postwar investments in hospitals, research, and professional training can be seen in most OECD countries, followed by a moderation trending downward toward a rate of GDP +1% or less after 1975. A useful benchmark for international comparisons is provided by the level and rate of growth in the median health share among OECD countries. Other nations usually have lower expenditures, but several have expanded rapidly in the 21st century. The global distribution of health spending has changed significantly since 1950. International comparisons show that convergence is a complex and somewhat unresolved empirical issue.
Scaling Up
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

Medicine became qualitatively different as it scaled up along financial, scientific, moral, political, technological, and organizational dimensions. Shifts in the social environment forced the evolution of existing medical institutions into new organizational species: specialties, clinical teams, hospital networks, academic medical centers, managed insurance plans, and multinational pharmaceutical firms. Access to advanced medical technology with universal insurance coverage for all citizens was at first aspirational, then standard—a political mandate required for governments to stay in power. The coalescence of national health systems in the 20th century marked a distinctively new phase in the organization, financing, and delivery of medical care.
Contracts
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

The flow of funds reveals the structure of transactions, showing how and why medical care is different from other commercial services. “What is the price?” is no longer a simple question. Economist Kenneth Arrow explored how uncertainty shapes medical contracts. The strength of licensure in different specialties appears to depend upon the risks of death and the acceptability of alternative providers. The incidence of costs and benefits shifted as infectious disease mortality fell and longevity increased. Workers paying insurance premiums and taxes saw larger portions going to those who were unemployed, old, poor, or chronically ill, creating distributional conflicts over funding similar to those seen in pension and disability plans.
Aging Populations
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

Personal aging is associated with illness and increased medical expenditures, yet population aging is not associated with the level or rate of increase in national health expenditures once other factors are controlled for, thus illustrating a profound difference between micro and macro effects. Changes in spending by age group show that the “cost effects of aging” are determined by policy as much as by biology. However, allocations of total expenditures are greatly affected by age and time to death. By 2050 half of all patient care expenditures are likely to be for persons who are over age 65. Budgetary limits and this skewed allocation have restricted the rates of growth in per capita spending for elderly persons relative to those under age 65 since 1990.
Temporary Fluctuations, Trend Shifts, Lags, and Inertia
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

Nominal NHE growth can be decomposed as changes in real income per capita, population, inflation, and excess medical cost growth that expands the health sector. Among OECD nations from 1970 to 2000, about one-fifth of nominal growth was due to increases in the health share of GDP. Responses to macroeconomic, demographic, and technological changes take time, occurring with lags that vary across categories of expenditure and across countries. Spans of observation must be sufficient to distinguish trend shifts from temporary fluctuations and show the curvature in growth over decades. These slow-moving dynamics are seen in employment, mortality, and longevity as well as national expenditures, making it difficult to specify precise years for turning points and trend shifts.
Forecasting National Health Expenditures
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

Long-run health forecasts over 10, 20, or 50 years are conditional, taking expected trends in the economy and population as given. They are commonly formulated as cumulative annualized growth rates (that is, GDP + X%). Projections for various countries, regions and time spans are discussed. Short-term actuarial “nearcasts” for specific groups over the next two or three years are quite different since they use rafts of current and local information and are typically stated in nominal currency amounts. Inclusion of many variables improves short-term forecast accuracy, yet univariate GDP + X% trend estimation has proven more accurate for national growth trends over decades. Forecasting COVID-19 effects illustrates budgetary dynamics and institutional inertia discussed in prior chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

The evolutionary process that transformed medicine is made evident by tracking health care spending over decades and centuries, yet has seldom been explicitly recognized. Details obfuscate broad assessments of institutional change and S-shaped growth. Short time series fail to reveal curvature and inflexion points. Individual patient and physician experiences show costs driven by diseases, yet aggregate data shows that national expenditures are determined by budgets and system changes. Reductive analysis of large-scale decisions can simplify and clarify financial dynamics with two questions: “How much is available to spend in total?” and “What share of that is devoted to medical care?” The distinctive nature of medical transactions is seen to have molded the growth path of national and individual expenditures.
Contesting Languages
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: November 2022

How did the early followers of Jesus struggle with the many languages around them? This book argues that the idea that speaking tongue(s) is an ecstatic unintelligible phenomenon is an invention of German romantic-nationalist scholarship. It proposes another way of looking at this phenomenon through the lenses of immigration and the politics of language. Tongue(s) is a phenomenon of heteroglossia (the multiplicity of languages) and a site of political contestation. Two forces of language are at work in the New Testament: the centripetal forces of the silencing and unifying structure of monolingualism, and the centrifugal forces of tongue(s) as the heteroglossic gesture of welcoming linguistic others. As a competing social imagination, heteroglossia promises a radical openness and a hospitable space for the others, the foreigners.
Introduction: When Language Becomes a Site of Struggle
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: November 2022

This introduction section does the following three things. First, it begins with a reflection on Euripides’s Medea that provides a hint that Corinth was an immigrant city in the ancient world. Medea’s is the story of undocumented, unwanted, and rejected immigrants. Medea recounts the troubles, despair, anguish, and sorrow of immigrants. Second, it discusses Jonathan Z. Smith’s work on the miscommunication between Paul and the Corinthians, particularly highlighting his argument that tongue(s) is the native languages spoken by the second generation of immigrants in Corinth. Smith’s suspicion that the Corinthian tongue(s) are the mother tongues or native languages of the immigrants is precisely an idea that will be advanced throughout this book. Third, it briefly discusses the content of each chapter and the overall goal of the book.
Early Responses to Paul
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: November 2022

This chapter places Paul in the larger sociohistorical context of the early Christian movements, particularly the first generation of Christians. Some early Christians did not leave Paul unquestioned. They challenged him and his teaching. They disagreed with him and talked back to him. Luke challenged him. The longer ending of Mark pushed back against him. Luke grounds his objection against Paul in a pneumatological basis, while the longer ending of Mark has a Christological basis. Luke imagines the work of the Spirit as being to give the disciples the ability to speak in different languages. The longer ending of Mark places the promise of multilinguality in the mouth of Jesus.
Breakfast at the Hills’
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2022

The chapter introduces the Hill family at the time of the Nobel Prize announcement. AV Hill is married to Margaret Keynes and they have four young children. Margaret, who grew up in prominent academic circles in Cambridge, is bisexual like her brother, the economist John Maynard Keynes. At the time of first meeting Hill, she was having an affair with Eglantyne Jebb. Margaret’s socially active mother engineered the marriage. The jilted Miss Jebb went off to Europe and founded Save the Children. Margaret, reading The Times, asks Hill, “Who do you think won the Nobel Prize for Physiology this year?” It so transpires that it was he, sharing it with Otto Meyerhof, a German scientist he had met a few times and whom he liked because he never supported Prussian militarism. Meyerhof writes a candid letter describing Schadenfreude among some of his colleagues and the ravages of German hyperinflation.
Otto Fritz Meyerhof
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2022

Born in Hanover into a family of wealthy, Jewish, textile merchants, the Meyerhofs moved to Berlin when Otto was very young. He spent an unremarkable boyhood until contracting nephritis as a teenager. During a prolonged convalescence, he became influenced by his artistic mother, read literature, wrote poetry, and visited Egypt on doctor’s orders. He attended various German medical schools before graduating in 1909. He wrote his doctorate on psychological aspects of mental illness, and also edited a student philosophical journal. Otto Warburg, a difficult colleague and friend, persuaded him to switch from psychiatry to physiology; they spent summers at the Marine Zoological Station in Naples, studying the metabolism of sea urchin eggs and fermentation. He sent Hill a copy of his first paper and soon visited Cambridge. In 1912, Meyerhof became an unpaid Privatdozent at Kiel University and then married Hedwig Schallenberg, an artistic woman from Cologne whom he met in Heidelberg.
Preparing for War
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2022

From 1934, Churchill tried to alert Great Britain to the threat posed by the expansion of the Luftwaffe. He was backed by his friend Frederick Lindemann, an Oxford physicist. The Air Ministry formed an exploratory group under Henry Tizard to examine air defense; Hill was recruited because of his AA expertise. Unlike other members of the committee, Lindemann did not accept the supremacy of radar as a means of aerial defense, causing Hill to become a persistent critic. Nazi persecution expanded in Germany: the Nuremberg Laws stripped the Meyerhofs of their citizenship. Having placed their two eldest children in England and the United States, Otto, Hedwig, and son Walter found refuge in Paris. Hill continued through the Academic Assistance Council to find employment for displaced European academics. As biological secretary of the Royal Society, he instigated a central bureau to collate details of thousands of British scientists who might provide valuable war work.
Legacies
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2022

Hill and Meyerhof met for the last time in Philadelphia in 1946. Winning the Nobel Prize really marked the beginning of Meyerhof’s stellar research career. He was in the German (and Jewish) tradition of superb biochemists, and his philosophical disposition allowed him to relate his own work to a much larger picture. His friend and fellow Nobel laureate, Otto Warburg, a man never modest about his own stature as a scientist, thought the understated Meyerhof was the greatest of that remarkable generation of biochemists. Hill is an exemplar of British science of his day: not overly concerned with theory but rooted in experiment. He approached science more as a sport than an intellectual pursuit. His contributions as a defense scientist and as a humanitarian were remarkable.
Exvangelicals
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: November 2022

Perhaps second only to the Mormons, evangelicals have traditionally been among America’s most successful religious groupings in terms of retaining cradle members into adulthood. This “embattled but thriving” (Christian Smith) subculture has in recent years shown growing signs of weakening. Tellingly, recent years have seen a slew of books focused on “prodigals”—i.e., those raised in committed Christian households who have (their parents hope temporarily) left behind the religious beliefs, practices, and/or identities in which they were raised. Especially following the election of Donald Trump, self-described “Exvangelicals” have attracted increasing attention in the media and academia. Drawing on original interviews with these evangelical nonverts, the chapter explores the many and complex reasons—including scandals, sex, gender roles, and science—they give for leaving.
Recovering Catholics
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: November 2022

Around three in every ten nonverts are former Catholics—the single largest denominational contributor. In fact, having being raised Catholic is a better predictor of identifying as a none than it is of being a weekly Mass-goer. While some of the same factors affecting other denominations apply here too, the ex-Catholic experience is distinctive. The sexual abuse crisis is, obviously, a major factor. But so too is the fact that cultural or ethnic senses of belonging can retain their power long after practice or belief have disappeared—something particularly significant in immigrant communities. This chapter also explores the popularity of Pope Francis, whom many ex-Catholic interviewees singled out for praise (as indeed did several from other religious backgrounds).
Power and Voice
Authors: Perera Frederica
Published: November 2022

Chapter 5 discusses the growing power of diverse leaders and organizations in building public awareness of the urgency of the climate crisis. It describes their common call for prompt and strong action to mitigate climate change while also addressing social, environmental, and intergenerational injustice. It describes the pivotal environmental justice and climate justice movements such as the Black Environmental Justice Network, West Harlem Environmental Action, the Climate Justice Alliance, the Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative, and the European Environmental Bureau. It reviews the important roles of Indigenous activists; spiritual leaders like Pope Francis and the Dalai Lama; and Muslim, Jewish, Evangelical, and Interfaith groups, as well as scientific and other experts, environmental organizations, artists, and youth activists in building awareness of the crisis and shaping policy. It highlights the common themes across these groups: stewardship for the earth, justice, care for the young, the poor and vulnerable, and responsibility toward future generations.
Millennials as Digital Natives
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines Millennial and non-Millennial preferences for news consumption. It first shows that Millennials are far more likely than non-Millennials to get their news from “new media” sources such as the internet and social media. Although these news sources are rife with misinformation, there is scant evidence that Millennials have a harder time than older generations in separating fact from fiction. This leads to the conclusion that individuals who lack confidence in their ability to spot misinformation avoid online news. Additionally, the chapter explores how varying news diets influence attitudes about trust in government and various public policies. Importantly, across a host of policy attitudes and engagement measures, Millennials show greater opinion homogeneity in the eight countries surveyed than non-Millennials, leading to the conclusion that Millennials’ core persona and reliance on new media sources lead to more consistent views across the globe.
How (Politically) Conventional Are Millennials?
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel
Published: November 2022

This chapter reports how Millennials and non-Millennials from countries in the Global Millennial Survey differ from each other in several attitudinal and behavioral political dimensions. As a whole, Millennials voted (conventional participation) at lower rates compared to non-Millennials, although no consistent pattern emerged in the results when looking at activism (nonconventional participation). In addition, results showed almost no differences between these two age groups in political interest and internal political efficacy. However, compared to non-Millennials, Millennials considered that voting was less important in nearly all countries. Still, in almost half of the samples, Millennials in comparison to non-Millennials perceived that political activism and joining political organizations were more important. These findings are discussed in terms of their impact on the democratic system and the perceived legitimacy of governance.
West and East
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines Ralph Bunche’s early life and family in Los Angeles; his education at UCLA and Harvard; his move to the political science department of Howard University in the late 1920s; and the development of his PhD project on the League of Nations system of mandates for colonies captured in the First World War.
The UNO
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 7 explores Bunche’s activities at the early meetings of the United Nations in London and New York; the selection of the first secretary general; the origins of postwar jockeying over the future of empire; and efforts by the NAACP and others to get the UN to address domestic racism.
Seeking an End
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 23 continues the struggle over Vietnam; Bunche’s clash with King over his speech denouncing the war; and the end of UNEF and the onset of the Six-Day War in the Middle East.
An Idealist and a Realist
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 24 covers Lyndon Johnson’s decision not to run for a second term; the continuing struggle over Vietnam; Martin Luther King’s assassination; the election of Richard Nixon; and Bunche’s death.
Introductory Matters
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter addresses five topics. First, the nature and scope of water chemistry and its relationship to other environmental sciences provides context for topics treated in this book. Second, a description of the properties of water and their relationship to its molecular and macroscopic structure provides an appreciation for the complexity of the medium that supports the chemistry we described. Third, the many units used to report concentrations of chemicals in water, some unique to environmental engineering and chemistry, are introduced, and their use and interconversions are described as a first step in analyzing water quantitatively. Fourth, the chapter introduces the major types of chemical reactions that occur in natural and engineered waters and describes the kinds of models and equations used to quantify them from equilibrium and kinetic perspectives. Finally, the authors review the origins of water chemistry and its development as a scientific discipline.
Principles of Acid-Base Equilibria
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes the basic concepts of acids and bases, including different ways to define them, the differences between strong and weak acids and bases, and the relevant equilibrium expressions. The underlying principles involved in solving acid-base equilibrium problems is a major focus of the chapter. These include identifying the unknown variables and developing the appropriate number of equations to solve for the unknowns. The types of available equations include equilibrium expressions, mass balances, and a charge balance (or a variation of a charge balance), and each is developed and described. The notation for expressing the concentrations of acids and bases in terms of constants and other variables (usually [H+]) can become unwieldy, and shorthand notations are introduced. The relevant equations are used to discuss acid-base titrations and buffering capacity.
Solubility
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter covers the basic concepts of solubility. It begins with the relevant thermodynamic expressions and key equations used to solve solubility equilibria. pC-pH diagrams are constructed to represent the conditions under which solids form. Carbonate, sulfide, and oxide/hydroxide minerals are emphasized. Water softening is used to demonstrate how solubility is important in engineering practice. The effects of ligands, common ions, and temperature on solubility are presented. Measurement and prediction of the solubility of organic compounds are also discussed. Although solubility is often thought of as a thermodynamically driven process, the concepts of supersaturation and nucleation reveal the importance of kinetics in controlling relationships between dissolved and solid phases in aquatic systems.
Surface Chemistry and Sorption
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter focuses on how surfaces on suspended particles, nanoparticles, and sediments affect solute behavior and concentrations. The molecular structures of solids that yield various kinds of surfaces and interfaces are described, along with features of surfaces themselves. Forces that attract/repel solutes to/from surfaces are described with emphasis on electrical charge and excess surface energy, called surface tension. A major focus is on sorption, i.e., the accumulation of solutes onto surfaces. The Freundlich and Langmuir models that quantify this process are described along with more complicated models developed to overcome their limiting assumptions. Mechanistic models that consider the physics of the electrical double layer at solid-solution interfaces, e.g., the Gouy-Chapman double layer model, are developed, along with modern extensions. Surface complexation models that combine double-layer physics with a chemically oriented approach to quantify the interactions between ionic solutes and surfaces are described and examples of their use are given.
Nutrient Cycles and the Chemistry of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter discusses the chemistry of the nutrient elements, nitrogen and phosphorus, in the context of their cycles in the environment. Ways to portray nutrient cycles are described at molecular, landscape, and global scales. The chemical behavior of N and P forms is described, along with temporal trends and spatial patterns in aquatic systems. Cycling of N and P is linked by biotic stoichiometry—their elemental ratios in organisms—which for N:P is ~16:1 on an atom basis. Implications of this stoichiometry on N and P cycles are described. Nutrients are beneficial in that biological production is desirable in ecosystems, but excess N and P cause water quality problems. Reactor-based models to quantify loading-response relationships and chemical methods to remove nutrients from wastewater and control concentrations in lakes are described. Factors complicating nutrient analyses and a summary of methods for nutrient analyses conclude the chapter.
The Terror by Night
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2022

From ancient times through the Middle Ages, Jews and Christians alike made extensive use of Psalm 91 for spiritual protection against the demons and evil enchanters who were believed to be so very abundant and so threatening. That usage was reflected in a great number of material items inscribed with the psalm’s words, including walls and doors, as well as bowls, lamps, jewels, and other portable items. Jewish scholars used the psalm as the basis of speculations about the nature and appearance of demons. The psalm was very popular among Christian monastics and ascetics, who believed they were under special assault from demonic forces. The psalm became a fixture of the monastic service of Compline, which offered protection during the dangerous times of darkness, night, and sleep. The psalm’s reference to the “noonday demon” laid the foundation for extensive writing about the psychological conditions of depression and apathy.
Tread upon the Lion and Adder
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2022

During the Christian Middle Ages, Psalm 91 became almost a manifesto of Christendom, and of Christian authority and legitimacy. It was originally used to assert the triumph of orthodox belief over pagans and heretics, and it was much used in mission and evangelism. But it was increasingly used to assert worldly authority, especially that of Christian emperors. Later, that usage extended to the popes, who appropriated the symbolism to themselves, and also to kings. All these figures made extensive use of the psalm in visual art, in magnificent paintings, mosaics, and sculptures, to assert and justify their power. Its images were a mainstay of medieval cathedrals. The church made the psalm a regular feature of its liturgy and sermons.
Neither Shall Any Plague Come Nigh Thy Dwelling
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2022

The explicit references to plague and pestilence found in Psalm 91 stirred much discussion among Protestants, including Martin Luther and Theodore Beza. Some believed that the psalm itself provided protection against such diseases, and that it was actively sinful to seek other kinds of defense—for instance, by fleeing from an infected city. Others denied that prayer could be so directly effective, and stressed that righteous people could indeed perish from the plague. These debates, which continued from the sixteenth century through the eighteenth, posed vital theological questions about the nature and value of prayer, and its capacity to make a difference in the material world. However, belief that the psalm could defend literally against pestilence continued into later eras.
To Keep Thee in All Thy Ways
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2022

This brief concluding chapter explores ways in which modern believers can use Psalm 91 and pray it without falling into superstition. It particularly stresses the idea of absolute reliance on God, rather than any hope of worldly protection or prosperity, and draws on the insights of scholars such as Max Horkheimer. Although many older uses of the Psalm have become unfashionable or discredited, the text will continue to be valued. For more than two millennia, 91 has offered consolation and strength to those assailed by darkness or the fear of death. As long as those realities persist, it is difficult to imagine a world in which the psalm will not continue to be a mainstay of faith.
Success
Authors: Schimel Joshua
Published: November 2022

Tenure can be terrifying, yet most people do succeed and gain tenure. Despite that, however, associate professors remain the least happy group of faculty in academia. This follows a common pattern that midcareer is a low point in job and life satisfaction—often a time of balancing work and family obligations. Yet, being an associate professor is a stage where faculty can explore different pathways through their career, no longer tied to rigid timelines and external expectations. Continue on the current research path or shift direction? Take on new leadership roles? This open, ill-defined, field, however, can also fuel frustration and uncertainty.
Thriving in Academe When You Are Not a Heterosexual White Man
Authors: Schimel Joshua
Published: November 2022

Increasing proportions of academics are women, BIPOC, LGBTQ+, or a cross-section of these groups of people. Yet, they all face increased pressures in academe that are not shared by white, male, faculty. These include more frequent requests to serve on committees and in other service roles. Hence, learning when and how to say no is both more challenging and more important. So, too, is learning how to pick your battles—and to negotiate conflict constructively. Part of achieving these goals is to build effective support networks. Finally, key advice for women who wish to have children is to master maternity leave: figure out your institution’s policies.
Publishing Ecosystems
Authors: Schimel Joshua
Published: November 2022

“Publish or Perish” is a reality for many academics. Publishers are therefore vital in the academic ecosystem, and editors are always looking for books and articles that offer value to readers. And each looks to expand the readership as much as is practical. The differences between journal and book publishing stem from finances—each book depends largely on its own sales, while journals depend on author fees or subscriptions. Hence while journals can use working scholars as editors, books require professional experts. The chapter discusses approaches for dealing with editors and editorial decisions—including recommending reviewers, dealing with questions, and managing rejections and appeals.
Resolution
Authors: Schimel Joshua
Published: November 2022

Universities are almost magical in their role as the engine of modern societies, creating critical knowledge and technology, training people in an array of skills, and preparing people who will teach the next generation. Despite that, universities are challenging places to work, beset by ambition, self-interest, racism and sexism; to say nothing of chronic underfunding. The core of their magic lies in the nexus of scholarship and teaching that create new knowledge and the next generation. Ultimately, it lies in the human networks that weave together faculty, staff, and students into an integrated community. Thriving in this community calls for more than just being a good scholar and teacher—it calls for understanding those networks and how to support them, so that they will support you.
Introduction
Authors: Rothstein William
Published: November 2022

The instability of musical texts, a well-documented feature of nineteenth-century opera, poses problems for the music analyst. This book deals with the problem pragmatically. For each opera, a single text is chosen for analysis. Where different versions of an opera exist, the first version is favored. Critical editions are used where available. Some operas express the modern work-concept more strongly than others.
Theoretical Contexts I
Authors: Rothstein William
Published: November 2022

Between 1800 and 1860, most Italian theory was practical in orientation. The partimento and solfeggio traditions of the eighteenth century were still taught. A northern Italian tradition of speculative theory, stemming from Vallotti, is evident in Asioli’s treatise on harmony. Foreign influences came mostly from France, and French treatises were translated into Italian. Asioli’s theories of rhythm derive from Reicha, Momigny, and Baini. Important theories were developed in Germany, but German theoretical writings were not translated into Italian and were little known in Italy. During this period, German theories of meter used a beginning-accented model that differed fundamentally from French and Italian concepts.
Rossini’s Mediants
Authors: Rothstein William
Published: November 2022

Rossini’s harmony is considered using David Kopp’s theory of mediant relations. In major keys, Rossini often ends an opening period in the key of the mediant, something that happens rarely in German music. Vacillation between relative keys occurs mostly in diegetic songs. Chromatic mediants typically involve descent by major third from one major triad to another or from one major key to another. Such descents are occasionally extended into complete cycles of major thirds. Schubert’s use of major-third cycles may derive from Rossini. Chromatic mediants are also used for shock effect, seriously in Mosè in Egitto and comically in Il barbiere di Siviglia.
Guillaume Tell
Authors: Rothstein William
Published: November 2022

The four acts of Guillaume Tell are analyzed in the opera’s original version, based on the critical edition. Berlioz’s review of the opera is discussed. Two harmonic principles help to organize this immense opera. The trio-of-keys technique, whereby a minor key is linked to its relative and parallel majors, dominates acts 1 and 3; the same trio of keys (centering on E minor) is used in both acts. Major-third cycles emerge in acts 2–3 and dominate act 4; the same cycle (centering on C major) appears in each act. Both principles rely on common-tone relations, which are often highlighted melodically. Rossini uses the ranz des vaches, a traditional Swiss melody, to generate melodic material throughout the opera.
Les vêpres siciliennes to Un ballo in maschera (1854–1859)
Authors: Rothstein William
Published: November 2022

Save for the entr’acte, act 2 of Les vêpres siciliennes is framed by the keys of G♭ and F♯, raising the issue of whether these keys should be regarded as identical. The absolute and relative status of keys in this opera is less clear than in Rigoletto and Il trovatore. The prologue to Simon Boccanegra, in its original version, is analyzed and defended. Aspects of the opera’s tinta are described, as are the forms of some of its arias. Harold Powers’s analysis of Un ballo in maschera, act 2, is recounted and extended; part of the act constitutes a super-number. Specific transpositions of the diminished-seventh chord play recurring roles in Boccanegra and Ballo.
Conquest of Invisible Enemies
Authors: Li Jie Jack
Published: November 2022

COVID-19 reminds us how acutely a virus can impact humanity. In fact, viruses existed long before the emergence of homo sapiens. In this book on the history of antiviral drug discovery, the human aspects are highlighted. In Chapter 1, the author regales us with several episodes where history was shaped by viruses causing smallpox, yellow fever, etc. The fascinating history of the first discovery of virus, tobacco mosaic virus, was also recounted. Chapter 2 to Chapter 5 covers four classes of viruses: HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses. Each chapter begins with how the virus was discovered, followed by vaccine development, and then focuses on the discovery of small molecule antiviral drugs. For chemistry aficionados, the end of the book is replete with an abundant bibliography for further understanding of the minutia of the stories, followed by the molecular structures of the antiviral drugs. This book is of interest to anyone who wants to know the science behind viruses, vaccines, and antiviral drugs. It is especially useful for healthcare professionals who are interested in knowing how viruses, vaccines, and antiviral drugs are discovered.
HIV/AIDS Drugs
Authors: Li Jie Jack
Published: November 2022

After a brief account of the emergence of AIDS, this chapter will discuss in detail the great scientific controversy surrounding the discovery of HIV. The rivalry between Gallo and Montagnier is described in the context of science. Then, the discovery of the first AIDS drug, AZT, will be reviewed, followed by other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Subsequently, HIV protease inhibitors, HIV integrase inhibitors, and HIV entry inhibitors are reviewed from both scientific and human aspects.
The Lamp for the Eye of Contemplation
Authors: Esler Dylan
Published: November 2022

This book presents an English translation of the bSam-gtan mig-sgron (pron. Samten Migdron, Lamp for the Eye of Contemplation) by gNubs-chen Sangs-rgyas ye-shes (pron. Nubchen Sangye Yeshe), a seminal 10th-century Tibetan Buddhist work on contemplation. This treatise is one of the most important sources for the study of the various meditative currents that were transmitted to Tibet from India and China during the early dissemination of Buddhism in Tibet. Written from the vantage point of the Great Completeness (rDzogs-chen, pron. Dzogchen) and its vehicle of effortless spontaneity, it discusses, in the manner of a doxography, both sūtra-based—including Chan—and tantric approaches to meditation. The unabridged, annotated English translation of the Tibetan treatise is preceded by a general introduction situating the author—a pivotal figure in what would become the rNying-ma (pron. Nyingma) school of Tibetan Buddhism—and discussing the historical and doctrinal context of his work. The detailed annotations to the translation provide elucidating comments as well as crucial references for the numerous texts quoted by the Tibetan author. This book gives access to a groundbreaking Tibetan work on meditation and opens fascinating windows on early forms of contemplative practice in Tibet.
Laying the Groundwork
Authors: Esler Dylan
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides the general setting for the subject of contemplation. After an initial homage addressed to the innate state of spontaneous presence, it explains the practical necessity of finding a solitary place of retreat, so as to be able to engage in contemplation undisturbed. It also discusses the difference between inner and outer solitude. This chapter covers such topics as the need to be committed to the practice of meditation and to be detached from worldly concerns. Also addressed is the indispensable necessity to study the Buddhist doctrine and to obtain the pith instructions related to the meditations that the practitioner seeks to undertake.
The Gradual Approach of the Classical Mahāyāna
Authors: Esler Dylan
Published: November 2022

This is the first of the four main chapters of the text. Its subject matter is the gradual approach of the classical Mahāyāna, which gNubs-chen places at the bottom of his doxographical scheme. Like the other vehicles to be discussed in the chapters that follow, the gradual approach is examined in terms of a fourfold structure pertaining to the specifics of its view, meditation, conduct, and fruition. This approach is compared to the gradual ascent of a mountain. Among the topics covered in this chapter are the cultivation of the four immeasurables, the proper understanding of the two truths (relative and absolute), the meditative practices of calm abiding and insight, and the manner of measuring one’s progress by examining omens in one’s dreams. The chapter also discusses the purification of the obscurations and the necessity of virtuous action, seeing the two accumulations of merit and wisdom as integral components of enlightenment.
The Simultaneous Approach of Chan
Authors: Esler Dylan
Published: November 2022

This chapter is devoted to the simultaneous approach of Chan. Unlike later Tibetan doxographers, who almost invariably deprecated this approach, gNubs-chen Sangs-rgyas ye-shes places it above the gradual vehicle discussed in the previous chapter. The view of this approach is compared to the perspective that opens up on the peak of a high mountain, whence everything below seems to fall into place. The chapter discusses key topics related to Chan doctrine. Notably, these include the means of resting the mind, the priority of meditation on emptiness over meritorious activities, the unification of calm abiding and insight meditation, the relativity and illusoriness of value judgments, and a form of conduct that remains utterly detached and unperturbed whatever the circumstances.
The Tantric Vehicle of Mahāyoga
Authors: Esler Dylan
Published: November 2022

This chapter delves into the complexities of the tantric vehicle of Mahāyoga, also called Mantrayāna or Vajrayāna. The approach is characterized by its special procedures, which are held to enable the alchemical transformation of the mind’s afflictions into wisdom. The chapter pays detailed attention to the view underlying the tantric methodology, which it explains as a non-dual perspective integrating and unifying the dichotomies of relative and absolute, of immanence and transcendence, of appearance and emptiness. The meditative techniques of Mahāyoga are also discussed, including its distinctive visualizations, mantras, breathing exercises, and sexual practices, as is the mode of conduct prescribed for the tantric approach, supposed to embody the non-dual vision cultivated on the tantric path. The chapter ends by examining the ways in which the fruition of Mahāyoga surpasses that of the two sūtric paths discussed in the previous chapters.
The Vehicle of Effortless Spontaneity of Atiyoga
Authors: Esler Dylan
Published: November 2022

This chapter, the longest of the bSam-gtan mig-sgron, is devoted to the vehicle of effortless spontaneity, called Atiyoga or rDzogs-chen. The chapter begins with a presentation of the ground of the Great Completeness, identified as the mind’s intrinsic awareness, and a detailed analysis of various (in effect, complementary) ways of understanding it. The meditation specific to this approach is examined from a number of angles according to the instructions of particular masters, and it is described as a form of effortless resting or letting-be, in which the meditator remains attuned to recognizing intrinsic awareness. The chapter also discusses the manner of dealing with problems that can arise in meditation, as well as the key points relating to the seamless integration of contemplation to the domain of conduct. The final part of the chapter is concerned with establishing the superiority of Atigoga over the other approaches, particularly Chan and Mahāyoga.