bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of the interleukin‐18 gene promoter region in rheumatoid arthritis patients: protective effect of AA genotype
Authors: Sivalingam S.P. , Yoon K.H. , Koh D.R. , Fong K.Y.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic arthritic condition that can lead to deformities and disabilities. Although numerous studies reported the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DRB1*04 and RA, other genes, e.g. cytokines genes, may contribute towards disease susceptibility. Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) is a proinflammatory cytokine postulated to play a role in the acute and chronic inflammatory phases of RA. The IL‐18 protein expression seems to be regulated by two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located at positions −607 and −137 in the promoter region of the gene. It is postulated that specific alleles may be associated with susceptibility to the development of RA. In the present study, we described the IL‐18 gene promoter region genotypes and combined genotypes (−607/−137) in 106 RA patients and 273 unrelated healthy controls to evaluate the contributions of these alleles to RA predisposition in Chinese, Malays, and Indians. The genotyping were performed using sequence‐specific polymerase chain reactions. Rheumatoid factors were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Biodata were obtained through chart review. The controls had significantly higher frequency of AA genotype at position −607 when compared to RA patients. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of either allelic or genotypic frequencies at position −137. There was no association between the genotypes and the presence of rheumatoid factors. This study did not find evidence of a genetic susceptibility factor but demonstrated the novel finding that the AA genotype at position −607 is associated with a protective effect against development of RA in Chinese individuals. This protection may be mediated through inhibition of cyclic (Adenosine 3′, 5′‐cyclic monophosphate) AMP‐responsive element (CRE)‐binding protein by the disruption of the CRE consensus sequence.
Interaction of the C1 complex of Complement with sulfated polysaccharide and DNA probed by single molecule fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Tissot Bérangère , Daniel Régis , Place Christophe
Published: November 2003

The complex C1 triggers the activation of the Complement classical pathway through the recognition and binding of antigen–antibody complex by its subunit C1q. The globular region of C1q is responsible for C1 binding to the immune complex. C1q can also bind nonimmune molecules such as DNA and sulfated polysaccharides, leading either to the activation or inhibition of Complement. The binding site of these nonimmune ligands is debated in the literature, and it has been proposed to be located either in the globular region or in the collagen‐like region of C1q, or in both. Using single molecule fluorescence microscopy and DNA molecular combing as reporters of interactions, we have probed the C1q binding properties of T4 DNA and of fucoidan, an algal sulfated fucose‐based polysaccharide endowed with potent anticomplementary activity. We have been able to visualize the binding of C1q as well as of C1 and of the isolated collagen‐like region to individual DNA strands, indicating that the collagen‐like region is the main binding site of DNA. From binding assays with C1r, one of the protease components of C1, we concluded that the DNA binding site on the collagen‐like region is located within the stalk part. Competition experiments between fucoidan and DNA for the binding of C1q showed that fucoidan binds also to the collagen‐like region part of C1q. Unlike DNA, the binding of fucoidan to collagen‐like region involves interactions with the hinge region that accommodate the catalytic tetramer C1r2–C1s2 of C1. This binding property of fucoidan to C1q provides a mechanistic basis for the anticomplementary activity of the sulfated polysaccharide.
Study on the lived experience of aging
Authors: Shin Kyung Rim , Kim Mi Young , Kim Young Hye
Published: November 2003

Abstract  The purpose of the present study was to explore the experiences of aging in adults aged from 40 to 80 years, living in Seoul, Korea, and how these experiences differ according to age. The phenomenological analysis method was used to identify major categories of experience. Five common categories were identified: bodily change; downward spiral of the perspective about aging; acceptance of limitation and boundaries with aging; feelings of nostalgia and hope and; sustaining life through harmony. Results showed that as South Korean adults grew older they began to recognize changes in their bodies. In their 60s, functional changes were explicit and individuals finally admitted that they were getting older. Disease was a part of life, which was inseparable from their daily lives, and death was accepted as a natural event. As South Korean adults grew older, they felt a strong responsibility for their children and tried to live an honest and respectable life. This was a common perception held regarding aging. Thus they pursued a traditional family‐oriented life. Even though aging was something that many wished to avoid, it was accepted as part of life. As they experienced the agony of life, they began to accept the realities of living, and wished for their family's happiness and a better future. The present study aimed to increase understanding of the aging experience and to provide a foundation for future research to develop effective health promotion interventions for this population.
Evaluation of a new rehabilitation program for postoperative patients with breast cancer
Authors: Morimoto Tadaoki , Tamura Ayako , Ichihara Takako , Minakawa Takako , Kuwamura Yumi , Miki Yoshimi , Sasa Mitsunori
Published: November 2003

Abstract  The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a newly designed rehabilitation program for postoperative patients with breast cancer. This was achieved through examinations to clarify the range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint, postoperative pain and recovery of activities of daily living (ADL). The ROM of the shoulder joint was evaluated with respect to five items and determinations were carried out five times. Patients were orally questioned four times regarding their pain after surgery, movement‐associated chest pain, pain at night and operative wound pain. Evaluation of the ADL after discharge was conducted using a three‐level rating method at postoperative week 4 and week 12. A total of 72 patients were studied, comprising 39 who underwent pectoral muscle‐conserving mastectomy and 33 who underwent breast‐conserving surgery. The arm movement of forward raising showed the greatest decline, followed by lateral raising of the arm. Postoperative time‐course changes in internal/external arm rotation, as well as backward arm raising were slight. Comparison of the operative procedures revealed differences only for lateral arm raising at postoperative week 4, while there were no differences in any of the shoulder joint movements. Lowering of the ROM of the shoulder joint was more marked at an earlier time (week 1 to week 2) after surgery, but it was not statistically significant. Pain at night and operative wound pain were prolonged over the period, and reported in postoperative week 1 to week 12 by 3–15% of patients. All ADL items became almost normal in approximately 90% of patients at postoperative week 4. The efficacy of the present rehabilitation program early after surgery was demonstrated in terms of recovery of ADL as well as the ROM of the arm on the affected side.
Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to achieve best practice standards
Authors: Downie Jill , Wynaden Dianne , McGowan Sunita , Juliff Dianne , Axten Christine , Fitzpatrick Libby , Ogilvie Sue , Painter Shirley
Published: November 2003

Abstract  The present paper reports the findings of a quantitative descriptive study that evaluated the use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a screening tool in the child health context. Two hundred and sixty‐one women who attended child health clinics in one metropolitan health region of Western Australia over a designated 4‐week period for a 6–8 week or 7–9 month health scheduled infant screening assessment agreed to participate. The study aimed to (i) identify the proportion of women in the study who scored 13 or greater on the EPDS; (ii) evaluate current practice outcomes from the use of the EPDS by child health nurses and; (iii) report demographic variables associated with scores obtained from participants. Findings showed that the EPDS is a useful screening tool to identify women who may be at risk of developing depression during the postpartum period. However, the study also identified a weakness in clinical practice protocols, with some child health nurses not referring women who reported symptoms of depression on the self‐report scale. Therefore, to ensure best practice standards more education regarding clinical practice protocols needs to be implemented with child health nurses in order to facilitate optimal outcomes for women using the self‐report scale.
Prokinetic therapy for gastroenterological diseases
Authors: MAIER Irena , WU George Y
Published: November 2003

Normal propulsion of luminal contents through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract requires complex, coordinated neural and motor activity. Abnormalities can occur at a number of different levels, and there are numerous etiologies. Several drugs are proven to be effective in stimulating the motility of the GI tract. The most common medications used in the USA are erythromycin, metoclopramide, and neostigmine. A new prokinetic agent, tegaserod, has been recently approved, and other serotonin agonist agents are currently undergoing clinical studies. Cisapride has been withdrawn from the market because of its side‐effects. Other prokinetics, such as domperidone, are not yet approved in the USA, although it is used in other countries. This review summarizes current knowledge of the mechanisms of GI motility disorders, as well as new agents that show promise as therapy.
Potentiation of evoked calcitonin gene‐related peptide release from oral mucosa: a potential basis for the pro‐inflammatory effects of nicotine
Authors: Dussor Gregory O. , Leong Anthony S. , Gracia Nicholas B. , Kilo Sonja , Price Theodore J. , Hargreaves Kenneth M. , Flores Christopher M.
Published: November 2003

Inflammation of the buccal mucosa, gingiva and periodontal tissues is a significant problem in users of nicotine‐containing tobacco products; however, the potential role of nicotine in the development of this inflammation is unclear. In many tissues, nicotine, acting through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), has been shown to increase the release of the pro‐inflammatory mediator calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) thereby potentially contributing to neurogenic inflammation. The purpose of the present studies was to determine the effects of nicotine and other nAChR agonists on capsaicin‐evoked immunoreactive CGRP (iCGRP) release from rat buccal mucosa and to identify a potential cellular basis for these effects. Using a previously validated model of in vitro superfusion, we show that the nAChR agonists nicotine (EC50 557 µm), epibatidine (EC50 317 pm) and cytisine (EC50 4.83 nm) potentiated capsaicin‐evoked iCGRP release in a concentration‐dependent manner by 123, 70 and 76%, respectively. The expression and distribution patterns of the mRNA transcripts encoding the α3, α4 and α6 nAChR subunits and their colocalization with CGRP and the capsaicin receptor VR1 were examined in rat trigeminal ganglion using combined in situ hybridization and immunohistofluorescence. Of all trigeminal neurons counted, mRNA encoding the α3, α4 and α6 subunits was found, respectively, in 14.45, 9.2 and 19.21% of neurons. The cell body diameter of most neurons containing any nAChR subunit was in the 30–40 µm range with slightly fewer in the 20–30 µm range. Co‐localization of these α subunit transcripts with either CGRP or VR1 immunoreactivity ranged from approximately 5 to 7% for α4 and over 8% for α3 to 18% for α6. These data support the hypothesis that nicotinic agents, acting at nAChRs contained on primary sensory neurons, are capable of directly modulating the stimulated release of iCGRP. In the case of users of nicotine‐containing tobacco products, this modulation could contribute to inflammatory processes within the oral cavity.
Productivity, Public Capital and Convergence: A Study of the Spanish Regions
Authors: Canaleta Carlos Gil , Arzoz Pedro Pascual , Gárate Manuel Rapún
Published: November 2003

This paper examines the relationship between convergence in GDP per worker and the evolution of total factor productivity (TFP). Specifically, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate TFP in the Spanish regions between 1964–91. As original contributions, public capital is included as a productive input, and different price indices are applied for each region, thus isolating any possible effect of price evolution on regional efficiency and convergence. Finally, the TFP indices are introduced into a neoclassical convergence equation.

 The findings show, in constrast to other studies, that convergence has taken place in TFP, though this process may have now run its course. It is also concluded that the convergence to be observed in labour productivity across the Spanish regions may be much more closely linked tocatch‐upin total factor productivity than to diminishing returns to productive factors, and that public capital has a relevant role as a production factor.
Niche Markets, Regional Diversification and the Reinvention of Western Australia's Sandalwood Industry
Authors: Tonts Matthew , Selwood John
Published: November 2003

Diversification and niche marketing have become very important economic strategies for many rural small businesses, farmers and communities. As part of these strategies, new opportunities often emerge for traditional products and industries. In the case of Western Australia, this has contributed to the revitalisation of the sandalwood industry. While sandalwood has been exported from Western Australia for more than 150 years, for much of the second half of the twentieth century it was of little economic significance. In recent years, however, the industry has become increasingly entrepreneurial, successfully marketing its products into niche markets in the global economy. For farmers and communities in rural areas, the revitalisation of the sandalwood industry has also provided opportunities for economic diversification and a profitable way of tackling land degradation.
Bronze Age Textiles from the North Caucasus: New Evidence of Fourth Millennium BC Fibres and Fabrics
Authors: Shishlina N.I. , Orfinskaya O.V. , Golikov V.P.
Published: November 2003

Summary. Textiles from the North Caucasus Majkop culture (3700–3200 cal BC) site of Novosvobodnaya were selected for a programme of examination. Wool, flax and cotton‐like plant‐fibre threads were identified. This is the oldest example of wool so far identified in the archaeological record. Weaving techniques employed in making the textiles included the use of tablets or discs, and a simple frame. In addition, two dyeing techniques using tannin dyes have been determined.
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AT METAL SURFACES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND THE ELDER PLINY's ACCOUNT*
Authors: Paparazzo E.
Published: November 2003

This paper discusses the implications of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) results that revealed the presence of sizable amounts of carbon‐bearing species at the joint of a Roman lead pipe (fistula) and at the surface of a Roman bronze statue. The detailed description in Pliny's Naturalis Historia on the use of oil, pitch and bitumen in metallurgical contexts offers convincing grounds for an interpretation that the experimental findings arise from deliberate addition of these substances to lead and bronze. The surface of ancient metals is in itself a source of archaeological evidence, and XPS/SAM techniques are ideally suited to bringing them to light.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PAINTS AND WATERPROOFING MATERIALS FROM THE SHIPWRECKS FOUND AT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF THE ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN HARBOUR OF PISA (ITALY)*
Authors: Colombini M. P. , Giachi G. , Modugno F. , Pallecchi P. , Ribechini E.
Published: November 2003

This work presents the results of a diagnostic survey on the shipwrecks from the archaeological site of the ancient harbour of San Rossore (Pisa, Italy). The original waterproofing, caulking and painting materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC–MS), energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The major constituents of the waterproofing and caulking materials detected on the planks were tricyclic abietanes showing a high degree of aromatization. These compounds are indicative of a pitch obtained from the wood of trees of the Pinaceae family.

The analysis of the organic components of the paint samples revealed diterpenoid acids characteristic of Pinaceae resins together with linear long‐chain alcohols and fatty acids, highlighting the presence of beeswax. Noticeably, the characteristic odd carbon number alkanes that are normally present in beeswax were not detected. The EDX and XRD analyses showed that hematite, calcite, cerussite and kaolinite were employed as pigments to paint the ships’ hulls.
Supplemental perioperative oxygen and fluids to improve surgical wound outcomes: Translating evidence into practice
Authors: Whitney Joanne D.
Published: November 2003

Numerous reports support the concept that tissues require an adequate oxygen supply to heal well and to prevent complications of infection. Adequate oxygen supply to tissue depends on perfusion as well as arterial oxygen tension, and tissue oxygen tension, particularly in peripheral tissues, is dependent on adequate vascular volume. Therefore, potential benefits to wound healing and reduction in infection in postsurgical patients might be attained by judicious manipulation of supplemental oxygen and/or fluids in the perioperative period. This article reviews evidence that suggests such manipulations are beneficial and proposes that integrated care pathways be developed that include these interventions. (WOUND REP REG 2003;11:462–467)
Excessive neutrophils characterize chronic pressure ulcers
Authors: Diegelmann Robert F.
Published: November 2003

Although it is well recognized that pressure‐induced ischemia initiates the formation of pressure ulcers, the many complex mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of these ulcers remain poorly understood. It has been reported that chronic ulcers contain an elevated level of proteolytic enzymes, especially neutrophil‐derived matrix metalloproteinase‐8 and elastase. This evidence suggests that neutrophils are a major component in the pathogenesis of chronic pressure ulcers. Therefore, this study characterized the cellular components of chronic pressure ulcers. Three‐millimeter biopsies (6 mm deep) from granulation tissue in pressure ulcers were obtained from 11 patients. A total of 14 biopsies were obtained from these 11 patients for analysis. A portion of each specimen was fixed in formalin for routine histology. Other portions of biopsies were frozen for analysis of myeloperoxidase activity. In addition, cells on the surfaces of the ulcers were collected by lavage for histologic characterization. Routine histologic analysis of all 14 biopsies of the pressure ulcers showed regions near the surface of each that contained dense neutrophil infiltration associated with edema and apparent marked matrix dissociation. In the deeper regions there was an increased density of blood vessels, and many contained rounded endothelial cells surrounded by migrating neutrophils. Cells collected by lavage from the ulcer surface were prepared by Cytospin and found to be greater than 95% neutrophils with occasional large macrophages actively phagocytosing depleted neutrophils. In addition, there was a significant correlation of myeloperoxidase activity with actual neutrophil counts in the ulcer biopsies further confirming the dense presence of neutrophils. These studies directly show that there is extensive neutrophil infiltration in chronic pressure ulcer granulation tissue. Furthermore, the persistence of neutrophils and their destructive enzymes appears responsible for the extensive matrix dissociation and thus contributes to the chronicity of these ulcers. (WOUND REP REG 2003;11:490–495)
Oral health promotion among adults with diabetes in Finland
Authors: Karikoski Aija , Ilanne‐Parikka Pirjo , Murtomaa Heikki
Published: November 2003

Abstract –

Objectives: In the present community trial, changes in oral health among adults with diabetes in Finland were assessed in three differing intervention groups and in a control group. The goal of intervention was to promote periodontal health.

Methods: The study population comprised of 120 adults with diabetes, who were regular patients at the Salo Regional Hospital Diabetes Clinic in Salo, Finland. All underwent periodontal examination in 1999 and 2001. The percentage of dropouts was 4%. Outcome measures were visible plaque, presence of calculus, and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) index calculated for each tooth separately. Oral‐health‐related factors were determined by a questionnaire. Intervention based on the recommended treatment interval was carried out in the following groups: diabetes nurse‐letter‐reminder group (n = 26), diabetes nurse‐reminder group (n = 31), letter‐reminder group (n = 30), and a control group (n = 28).

Results: A significant decrease occurred in the visible plaque index between 1999 and 2001 in all groups, and in calculus index in the diabetes‐nurse‐reminder group and in the letter‐reminder group. During the study period, only in the control group, the CPITN index codes 3 and 4, calculated for each tooth separately, increased.

Conclusion: These positive results emphasize the potential of existing health‐care actions for promoting periodontal health. With minimal recourse demands, it was possible to increase oral health behaviors and periodontal health among patients with diabetes.
Social relations as determinants of oral health among persons over the age of 80 years
Authors: Avlund Kirsten , Holm‐Pedersen Poul , Morse Douglas E. , Viitanen Matti , Winblad Bengt
Published: November 2003

Abstract  – 

Objective: To analyze whether social relations during a 7‐year follow‐up influence oral health among generally healthy, community‐dwelling persons over the age of 80 years.

Method: The present investigation is based on a subsample of 129 dentate community‐dwelling individuals from The Kungsholmen Elders Oral Health Study (KEOHS), which included data from interviews and oral examinations. Social relations were measured in terms of marital status, living alone, frequency of contacts, number of confidants, and satisfaction with social contacts and with the frequency of contacts. Oral health was measured in terms of coronal caries and root caries.

Results: The primary findings of the adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis were that persons who lived alone or who became alone during the 7 years prior to the dental examination had greater odds of having coronal caries (odds ratio (OR): 2.4, 95% CI: 1.0–5.7) than those who continually lived with others, and that persons who were continuously dissatisfied with the frequency of their social contacts were more likely to have root caries than those who reported a sustained satisfaction with the frequency of their social contacts (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2–7.2).

Conclusion: This study suggests that social relations are related to the oral health status of old‐old individuals. From a psychosocial perspective, our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the background of oral health status in older adults.
Sensitivity to Ketamine, Alone or in Combination With Ethanol, Is Altered in Mice Selectively Bred for Sensitivity to Ethanol's Locomotor Effects
Authors: Meyer Paul J. , Phillips Tamara J.
Published: November 2003

Background: Sensitivity to erthanol's locomotor activating and reinforcing effects may be influenced by some common neural mechanisms. Mice selectively bred in replicate for increased (FAST‐1 and FAST‐2) and decreased (SLOW‐1 and SLOW‐2) sensitivity to ethanol's locomotor stimulant effects are useful for investigating the neural substrates of ethanol's effects. Previous studies have suggested that differences in N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors may underlie differences in ethanol‐induced locomotion in these mice. This study examined the responses of FAST and SLOW mice to ketamine, a fast‐acting NMDA antagonist. In addition, reverse‐selected lines (r‐FAST‐1, r‐FAST‐2, r‐SLOW‐1, and r‐SLOW‐2) were tested as a means of verifying correlations detected in the forward‐selected lines. Two initial studies characterized ketamine‐induced locomotion in DBA/2J (D2) mice, an inbred strain chosen for its high sensitivity to ethanol‐induced locomotion.

Methods: After a 2‐ to 3‐day period of habituation to test procedures, mice were given intraperitoneal injections of ketamine alone (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 mg/kg) or in combination with 1 or 2 g/kg ethanol. Locomotor activity was measured for 20 to 30 min in automated activity monitors.

Results: When administered alone, ketamine dose‐dependently stimulated the locomotor activity of D2 mice and also reduced the amount of ethanol‐induced stimulation. Ketamine stimulated locomotion more in FAST mice than in SLOW mice. Reverse selection abolished these differences, because r‐FAST and r‐SLOW mice did not differ in their responses to ketamine. Ketamine potentiated ethanol's locomotor effects within FAST mice and potentiated ethanol's locomotor depressant effect within one replicate of SLOW mice.

Conclusions: We propose that sensitivities to ethanol‐ and ketamine‐induced locomotion are genetically correlated and that the combined effects of ethanol and ketamine in FAST mice reflect a leftward shift in ethanol's biphasic dose‐response curve.
Do College Students Drink More Than They Think? Use of a Free‐Pour Paradigm to Determine How College Students Define Standard Drinks
Authors: White Aaron M. , Kraus Courtney L. , McCracken Lindsey A. , Swartzwelder H. Scott
Published: November 2003

Rationale: Much of what is known about college drinking comes from self‐report survey data. Such surveys typically ask students to indicate how many drinks they consume within a given period of time. It is currently unclear whether college students and researchers use similar operational definitions of a single drink. This information is critical given the widespread reliance on survey data for assessing the correlates and consequences of college drinking.

Objectives: This study investigated whether college students define standard drink volumes in a way that is consistent with the operational definitions commonly used by researchers.

Methods: Students (n= 106) were administered an alcohol survey and then asked to perform three tasks. The tasks involved free‐pouring fluid into empty cups of different sizes and estimating the volume of a single beer, a shot of liquor, or the amount of liquor in a mixed drink. The volumes poured by students then were compared with standards used in a well‐known nationwide survey (i.e., 12 oz of beer and 1.25 oz of liquor in a shot or mixed drink).

Results: In every cup size of every task, students overestimated how much fluid they should pour to create a standard drink. In all three tasks, the magnitude of the discrepancy increased with cup size. Collapsed across cup sizes, students overpoured shots by 26%, mixed drinks by 80%, and beer by 25%. When a more liberal serving size of liquor (1.5 oz) was used as the standard, the results of the mixed drink task remained unchanged. However, the volumes poured by students during the shot free‐pour task differed from the standard in only one cup size.

Conclusions: The data suggest that college students drink more alcohol than indicated by their survey responses, raising questions about the validity of widely used alcohol surveys. Efforts to educate students about the alcohol content of standard drinks should be enhanced.
Reasons for the use and non‐use of electronic journals and databases
Authors: Talja Sanna , Maula Hanni
Published: November 2003

Previous research has shown that there are major differences in the search methods used in different disciplines, and that the use of electronic journals and databases likewise varies according to domain. Previous studies have not, however, explored whether, or how, this variation is possibly related to factors such as domain size, the degree of scatter in a domain or domain‐specific relevance criteria. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the development of a domain analytic approach for explaining the use and non‐use of e‐journals and databases. We identify and define factors to account for disciplinary differences in e‐journal use, outline hypotheses to be tested more rigorously in future research, and test them initially on a limited data set. The empirical data was gathered as a part of a wider qualitative study exploring scholars’ use of networked resources in four different disciplines: nursing science, literature/cultural studies, history and ecological environmental science. The findings suggest that e‐journals and databases are likely to be used most heavily in fields in which directed searching is the dominant search method and topical relevance the primary relevance type, and less in fields in which browsing and chaining are the dominant search methods and paradigmatic relevance the primary relevance type. The findings also support the Bates hypothesis that domain size has an important impact on the search methods used.
Conceptual modeling of component parts of bibliographic resources in cataloging
Authors: Taniguchi Shoichi
Published: November 2003

This paper examines differences in modeling component parts of bibliographic resources between two conceptual models in cataloging, as a continuation of the previous study that proposed a model giving primacy to expression‐level bibliographic entity. First, the model by IFLA Study Group on Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) was examined from the viewpoint of modeling component parts when each part in itself is a resource to be described. The examination is done on two types of component parts, a content part and a document part, which are different in terms of whether they are physically independent. This results in different structures for these two component types. Secondly, by applying the viewpoint to the model that the author proposed earlier, it has become clear that both component types can be modeled basically in the same manner, indicating the model's superiority in consistency to the FRBR model in this respect.
The Sun and Heliosphere at Solar Maximum
Authors: Smith E. J. , Marsden R. G. , Balogh A. , Gloeckler G. , Geiss J. , McComas D. J. , McKibben R. B. , MacDowall R. J. , Lanzerotti L. J. , Krupp N. , Krueger H. , Landgraf M.
Published: November 2003

Recent Ulysses observations from the Sun's equator to the poles reveal fundamental properties of the three-dimensional heliosphere at the maximum in solar activity. The heliospheric magnetic field originates from a magnetic dipole oriented nearly perpendicular to, instead of nearly parallel to, the Sun's rotation axis. Magnetic fields, solar wind, and energetic charged particles from low-latitude sources reach all latitudes, including the polar caps. The very fast high-latitude wind and polar coronal holes disappear and reappear together. Solar wind speed continues to be inversely correlated with coronal temperature. The cosmic ray flux is reduced symmetrically at all latitudes.
Croissance et statut nutritif de marcottes, de semis naturels et de plants d'épinette noire à la suite du scarifiage : résultats de 10 ans
Authors: Prévost Marcel , Dumais Daniel
Published: November 2003

Careful logging around advance growth (CLAAG) and tree planting following site preparation or not (fill planting) are widely used to regenerate black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. However, few mid-term studies have compared these different regeneration modes. In this study, we examined height growth and nutrient status of black spruce layers, natural seedlings, and planted seedlings over a 10-year period, in an experimental design combining CLAAG, natural seeding, planting, and two types of scarification (cones and disks). Without scarification, growth of planted seedlings (5.8 cm·year1) was slightly greater than that of layers (4.4 cm·year1) and natural seedlings (4.1 cm·year1). Scarification improved growth of the three types of regeneration, but the treatment was more beneficial for planted seedlings (+7.1 cm·year1) than for natural seedlings (+1.6 cm·year1) and layers (+1,0 cm·year1). Five years after treatment, scarification had increased the current-year needle N concentration of the three types of regeneration, but this beneficial effect on N was still detectable only in foliage of layers after 10 years. The effect of the treatment was variable for P and K contents, for which natural regeneration seems to have taken advantage more than plants. Our results indicate that scarification can improve the initial growth and nutrient status of both natural and artificial regeneration of black spruce and thus accelerate site recovery after cutting in the boreal forest. Furthermore, fill planting without site preparation appeared to be clearly less efficient than planting combined with scarification.
Maternal and carryover effects on early growth of Eucalyptus globulus
Authors: Lopez Gustavo A , Potts Bradley M , Vaillancourt René E , Apiolaza Luis A
Published: November 2003

Maternal and nonmaternal reciprocal effects were compared with nuclear genetic and carryover effects using a diallel mating amongst eight Eucalyptus globulus Labill. wild parents from northeastern and southern Tasmania races. Seed mass exhibited a significant maternal effect, increasing seed germinative capacity but not germination rate. After accounting for variation in seed mass, both germinative capacity and germination rate exhibited significant reciprocal effects, but these were non maternal in origin. Rapid germination and large seeds resulted in significantly larger seedlings in the nursery, but these carryover effects diminished with age. In contrast, the expression of genetic effects increased with age. Significant additive genetic variation was detected for growth by age 3 years and significant reciprocal differences were detected at the race level after 2 years in field trials. If common, such reciprocal effects could bias genetic parameters and impact on the choice of cross-direction in deployment programs. Failure to account for carryover effects in genetic analyses may inflate estimates of genetic variation for growth during early stages of the life cycle.
Assessment of sugar maple health based on basal area growth pattern
Authors: Duchesne Louis , Ouimet Rock , Morneau Claude
Published: November 2003

The first tree health decline symptoms usually observed are foliar deficiency symptoms, foliage loss, and dieback. To improve the subjective nature and unspecificity of these assessments, we examined sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) radial growth and health to develop an indicator of sugar maple tree health status based on radial growth pattern. We used the basal area increment (BAI) of 328 tree-ring collections from 16 sites located in southern Quebec, throughout the sugarbush natural range, that were categorized by defoliation class. BAI of trees with decline symptoms was significantly lower than that of healthy trees in 9 of the 16 stands. BAI trends since 1955 showed an inverse relationship with tree decline class measured in 1989, irrespective of tree age. The results indicate that declining trees in these stands have not recovered based on BAI. They also suggest that the decrease in slope of BAI predated the observed symptoms of sugar maple decline by at least one decade. Results suggest that sugar maple vigor and health can be assessed by measuring tree's BAI trend, an indicator that may be useful for the diagnosis of sugar maple health and status years before the appearance of visible canopy symptoms.
Canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen and new growth nitrogen requirement at a Colorado subalpine forest
Authors: Tomaszewski Timothy , Boyce Richard L , Sievering Herman
Published: November 2003

A field study at a Rocky Mountain sprucefirpine forest was undertaken to obtain canopy N uptake (CNU), N reallocation, and foliar N requirement. Wet deposition, dry deposition, and throughfall fluxes of ammonium and nitrate were measured during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. Estimation of CNU, for both ammonium and nitrate, was obtained by subtracting throughfall (TF) flux from the sum of wet deposition (WD) and dry deposition (DD): CNU = WD + DD - TF. CNU efficiency (CNU/(WD + DD)) for ammonium (0.9) was consistent across 2000 and 2001. For nitrate, this efficiency was 0.8 and 0.7 for 2000 and 2001, respectively. Foliar N requirement for growth in 2000 and 2001 was about 19 and 22 kg N·ha1·year1, respectively. Growing season estimates of CNU for 2000 and 2001 were approximately 2 and 3 kg N·ha1, respectively. Thus, CNU may contribute 10%-15% of the foliar N requirement for canopy growth. Mountain upslope winds bring substantial amounts of anthropogenic N to this forest during the growing season, thereby contributing to CNU. Given that a sizable fraction of CNU is anthropogenic in origin, the forest's N cycle has likely undergone substantial changes on a decadal time scale.
THE MECHANISM OF MIGDAL RECURSION RELATION AND PHASE DIAGRAMS OF YANG–MILLS FIELDS
Authors: KOU SU-PENG
Published: November 2003

In this paper it is shown that the gauge fixing term is not only gauge fixing term in D dimensions, but also the mass term for gauge field in (D+2)-dimensional superspace [or (D-2)-dimensional space], more importantly the kinetic term for the gauge modes g(x) is the so-called (D-2)-dimensional SU (N)× SU (N) principal chiral model. The results conform Migdal's scheme about the connection between four-dimensional gauge field and two-dimensional chiral system. And the recursion relation can be generalized to D dimensions gauge theories with chiral models in D-2 dimensions. With the new local order parameter for Yang–Mills field |D-2, the results are consistent with lattice results qualitatively: there is no phase transition in low dimensions (D≤4), while in higher dimensions first-order phase transition appears between strong coupling region and weak coupling region.
LITTLE GROUPS OF PREON BRANES
Authors: MKRTCHYAN H. , MKRTCHYAN R.
Published: November 2003

Little groups for preon branes (i.e. configurations of branes with maximal (n-1)/n fraction of survived supersymmetry) for dimensions d=2,3,…,11 are calculated for all massless, and partially for massive orbits. For massless orbits little groups are semidirect product of d-2 translational group Td-2 on a subgroup of ( SO (d-2) × R-invariance) group. E.g. at d=9 the subgroup is exceptional G2 group. It is also argued, that 11D Majorana spinor invariants, which distinguish orbits, are actually invariant under d=2+10 Lorentz group. Possible applications of these results include construction of field theories in generalized spacetimes with brane charges coordinates, different problems of group's representations decompositions, spin-statistics issues.
APEX SHIFT OF CIRCULAR BICONCAVE VESICLES
Authors: ZHAO S. L. , LIU Q. H. , OU-YANG Z. C.
Published: November 2003

It is demonstrated that the apex of a circular biconcave vesicle of fluid membrane can shift toward to (or away from) the center depending on the increase (or decrease) of the osmotic pressure.
HIGH RESOLUTION SYNCHROTRON RADIATION PHOTOEMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: LE LAY G.
Published: November 2003

Photoemission spectroscopy studies with very-high-energetic resolution at third generation synchrotron radiation facilities open up new perspectives in surface science. To illustrate this, recent advances achieved from valence band studies will be described, i.e. investigation of the quantized electronic states of a two-dimensional electron gas at the InAs(110) surface. New insights gained from core level spectroscopy in the most promising soft X-ray regime will also be presented, i.e. evidence of new spectral features in Si 2p studies of low index silicon surfaces and identification of surface core level shifts in III–V semiconductors.
ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT IN EPITAXIAL FILMS STUDIED BY SCANNING PROBE TECHNIQUES
Authors: VON KÄNEL H. , SIRRINGHAUS H. , MEYER T. , LEE E. Y.
Published: November 2003

Hot electron transport in epitaxial CoSi2/Si heterostructures has been studied in situ by ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) at 77 K. At CoSi2/Si(111) interfaces elastic scattering at interfacial defects could be imaged with spatial resolution on a nanometer scale. Hot electron injection across CoSi2/n-Si(111) interfaces was found to be favored by interface scattering, in contrast to hot hole injection across CoSi2/p-Si(111) , in agreement with expectations based on the projected Si band structure. Inelastic scattering within the metal film was found to become dominant at energies above ~4 eV, leading to a strong sensitivity of the BEEM current on film thickness variations. This could be exploited to generate maps of the film thickness distribution, facilitating the interpretation of quantum size effects (QSE's) which appear both in BEEM and in scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The variation of the BEEM current was found to be entirely due to scattering effects at CoSi2/Si(111) interfaces, the Schottky barrier height being constant. At CoSi2/Si(100) interfaces, however, a pronounced decrease in the Schottky barrier height was observed at certain interfacial defects, some of which are not yet identified.
POLARIZATION-DEPENDENT SOFT X-RAY SPECTROSCOPIES
Authors: SACCHI MAURIZIO
Published: November 2003

A short overview is given of recent developments in the use of polarized X-rays. A few studies are chosen to exemplify the possible applications and the common underlying ideas of different spectroscopic techniques in the domain of soft X-rays. The analysis of resonant reflectivity of polarized X-rays from a magnetic sample is discussed in more detail.
DETERMINATION OF COMPLEX SURFACE STRUCTURES WITH LEED
Authors: VAN HOVE M. A.
Published: November 2003

The evolution of the complexity of structural determination attainable with LEED is reviewed. Considerable progress in methodologies and computers has enabled structures as complex as Cu(100) + (4 × 4)- 10Li to be solved in terms of 18 fit parameters. The Si(111)-(7 × 7) structure could now be refined in terms of 100-or-so fit parameters, if a large-enough experimental dataset were available. Big challenges remain: finding a direct or quick way to identify the one qualitatively correct structure; and, to a lesser degree, providing the required size of the experimental dataset.
MICROPROBE RHEED/STM COMBINED MICROSCOPY
Authors: ICHIKAWA M. , MARUNO S. , FUJITA S. , WATANABE H. , KUSUMI Y.
Published: November 2003

We have developed microprobe reflection high energy electron diffraction combined with scanning tunneling microscope and molecular beam epitaxy equipment. This combination makes it possible to study and control surface processes in the magnification range from several hundred micrometers to the atomic scale. An electron biprism is also attached to the incident electron beam path, which produces a new kind of scanning electron microscopy called scanning interference electron microscopy. The two coherently divided electron beams created by the biprism produce electron interference fringes. The electron interference fringes are used to form ultrafine periodic structures by electron-stimulated surface reaction and to characterize electromagnetic properties of the surfaces. The formation of periodic carbon grid lines produced by the interference fringes on a GaAs surface and the study of Ge thin film growth on a partially Ga adsorbed Si (111) surface are described for application examples of the microscopy.
Rights and Identities of Ethnic Minorities in Japan: Indigenous Ainu and Resident Koreans
Authors:   Tsunemoto
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Buddhism, Human Rights and Social Renewal by Nalin Swaris
Authors:   Parke
Published: November 2003

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Human Rights and Poverty Eradication: A Talisman for the Commonwealth
Authors:   Campbell
Published: November 2003

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Reinterpreting the Rule of Law in Hong Kong
Authors:   Rice
Published: November 2003

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The Contributions of Specialized Institutes and Non-Governmental Organizations to the United Nations Criminal Justice Program: In Honor of Adolfo Beria di Argentine, edited by M. Cherif Bassiouni (Kluwer Law International, Martinus Nijhof Publishers, The Hague, 1995, 378 pages)
Authors:   Hood
Published: November 2003

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Editorial
Authors:   Nogala
Published: November 2003

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The Development towards Harmonization within Criminal Law in the European Union – A Citizen's Perspective
Authors:   Kaiafa-Gbandi
Published: November 2003

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The Iranian Criminal Justice under the Islamization Project
Authors:   Rezaei
Published: November 2003

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On Joint Investigation Teams, Europol and Supervision of Their Joint Actions
Authors:   Schalken
Published: November 2003

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Preliminary Remarks
Authors:   Albrecht
Published: November 2003

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Experiences of the International Crime Victim Survey in Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Yugoslavia
Authors:   Simeunović-Patić
Published: November 2003

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War and Post-War Victimization of Women
Authors:   Nikolić-Ristanović
Published: November 2003

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Victimization in the Republic of Macedonia During the War Crisis
Authors:   Caceva
Published: November 2003

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Building a Model for Studying Fear of Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors:   Maljević
Published: November 2003

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Global Crime Calls for Global Justice
Authors:   Delmas-Marty
Published: November 2003

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Godfathers and Pirates: Counterfeiting and Organized Crime
Authors:   Hetzer
Published: November 2003

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R. Slovenko, Psychiatry and Criminal Culpability, (New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1995, 436 pp.)
Authors:   de Kogel
Published: November 2003

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New Criminological Literature in Europe
Authors:   Kürzlinger
Published: November 2003

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Capacity Building Against Transnational Crime: European Measures to Combat Sexual Offenders
Authors:   Hebenton,   Thomas
Published: November 2003

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Approximation of the Criminal Law System of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the International Human Rights Law -- A Separate Survey of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors:   SRC="/iso-ents/isolat2/cacute-s.gif" ALT="cacute">,   Sijerči,   Src,   Src
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
New Criminoligical Literature in Europe
Authors:   Kürzinger
Published: November 2003

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Child Work and Labour in Spain:A First Approach
Authors:   Calvo,   Ochaíta,   Espinosa
Published: November 2003

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Child soldiers: Is the optional protocol evidence of an emerging ``straight-18'' consensus?
Authors:   Sheppard
Published: November 2003

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Chris Jenks, Childhood
Authors:   Freeman
Published: November 2003

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Lainie Friedman Ross, Children, Families and Health Care Decision-Making
Authors:   Freeman
Published: November 2003

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A Director for Children's Rights but no Commissioner: Does the U.K. Government's Response to Waterhouse for Children Living in England Breach Article 37 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child?
Authors:   Mackenzie
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Implementing the rights of the child in African legal systems: The Mthembu journey in search of justice
Authors:   Himonga
Published: November 2003

No Abstract