bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wire electrical discharge machinability and load-bearing capacity of ATZ-WC composite ceramics
Authors: Olivier Marcel , Heß Raphael , Gommeringer Andrea , Kern Frank , Herrig Tim , Bergs Thomas
Published: April 2021

Electrically conductive and thereby electrical discharge machinable ceramics may gain further relevance for tooling applications and in chemical industry. They combine high chemical and thermal durability with high hardness and strength. While these properties represent a significant advantage for application, they are a major challenge for conventional machining. Due to the thermophysical removal principle, wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a suitable manufacturing process for hardness-independent machining and may broaden the use of ceramics especially in case of customized complex parts. Up to now, there are only a few investigations on WEDM of electrically conductive ceramics, especially with regard to the surface integrity and the influence of the EDM process on the mechanical properties. A previous study investigated the influence of different WEDM technologies on the surface integrity and the resulting load-bearing capacity of a zirconia-tungsten carbide (TZP-WC) ceramic. Based on this investigation, the heat flow in this ceramic composite was calculated with the use of a heat simulation model and compared with the analyzed rim zone, in order to predict a priori reliable process parameters. Furthermore, the wire electrical machinability and the bending strength of alumina-zirconia-tungsten carbide (ATZ-WC) composite ceramics with different fractions of the respective phases were investigated to identify the correlations and verify the simulation model.
The identification of strain-stress curve for 5049 aluminum based on tube hydraulic bulging test
Authors: Zhang Bin , Endelt Benny , Lang Lihui , Zhao Yang , Yan Shu , Nielsen Karl Brian
Published: April 2021

Tube hydraulic bulging tests with fixed-end conditions are carried out to explore tubular material characteristics for 5049 aluminium. Tube diameter at the center of specimen and pole thickness under different internal pressures are recorded during forming process. Based on experimental data, two types of theoretical models using membrane mechanics and total strain theory are applied to determine the flow stress curve of tubular specimens. A tension specimen is cut from the same tube along longitudinal direction and strain-stress curve is fitted by a universal tensile test. In order to test their accuracy, obtained material parameters from three methods are imported into a finite element model (FEM) and its predicted results are compared with bugle height measured from experiments. The comparison shows that the flow stress curve of 5049 aluminium tube can be identified by these three methods and simulated results from total strain model has a better agreement with experimental measures compared with the other two methods.
Directing the Material Flow and Form Filling through a Multi-axis Forming Process
Authors: Wonnenberg Birk , Gabriel Felix , Dröder Klaus
Published: April 2021

Multi-axis forming is a six degree of freedom forming process. This process influences actively the material flow by defining a six dimensional tool motion path and the corresponding tool velocity. Within this process, it is possible to combine a linear forming movement followed by a rolling movement and therefore tailor the induced local material properties of the work piece. The research objective of this work is to observe and quantify the interaction between tool motion and material flow for the purpose of process planning. Experiments are conducted to examine the horizontal material flow within a multi-axis forming process of a plane L-shaped work piece. Three different punches form the material: Flat, cylindrical and cone-shaped. The horizontal material flow is recorded through a transparent die by a camera to measure the material flow for different tool motions. It is shown, that a multi-axis forming process can adjust the local material flow. The resulting redirection of the material flow after the sharp inward facing edge of the L-shape is analyzed and compared. With a smaller active zone compared to a standard linear pressing, the multi-axis forming forces are reduced. In addition, the reservoir with the remaining material is more concentrated. Finally, it is possible to direct the material flow with the punch motion, which can be used to determine local part properties.
Prediction and assessment of skid line formation during deep drawing of sheet metal components by using FEM simulation
Authors: Cyron Patrick , Liewald Mathias , Riedmüller Kim-Rouven , Le Thanh-Lich
Published: April 2021

The subjective perception of the quality of sheet metal components mainly depends on geometric characteristics and surface structure. Additionally, particular attention must be paid in this context to avoiding surface defects such as skid lines during the sheet metal forming process. For this reason, current research activities focus on predicting such surface defects as precisely as possible in the early development stages of sheet metal components by using FEM simulation. However, the modelling approaches available today do not yet provide an adequate basis for such a numerical prediction regarding the appearance of surface defects of sheet metal components such as car body outer skin panels, especially of skid lines. Consequently, the research work reported about in this paper concentrates on the development of an empirical methodology for predicting and quantifying the formation of skid lines during deep-drawing processes by using FEM simulation. For this purpose, an experimental tool was developed to produce different skid line formations by using various process parameters and thus to investigate process-influencing factors on the example of the steel sheet material DC06. In principle, the investigations carried out showed that the punch radius and the blank holder force indeed do represent crucial influencing factors for the formation of skid lines. Finally, the results obtained were used to develop a forming simulation criterion, which allows predicting skid lines formations based on calculated strain state variables such as major strain, thinning and unbending strain.
Integration of AM process in design cycle of metallic parts: Application to space components
Authors: Duboeuf Frédéric , Lemaire Etienne , Remouchamps Alain , Eekelen Tom Van , Chary Charles , François Marc , Vargalui Alexandru , Rodrigues Gonçalo
Published: April 2021

Identified in the European strategy as a key enabling technology, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has a great potential for industries to reshape, improve and optimize product life cycle, with reduced environmental footprint such as material waste in production. Allowing to meet structural and multi-disciplinary requirements with complex freeform design at a much lower weight than high constrained conventional manufacturing, AM can benefit to numerous space applications. Beside manufacturing process development, software and process control are becoming absolutely necessary to support digitalization of industrial workflow. Dedicated tools such as Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) were introduced in the digital manufacturing chain; however, their development was driven by standard manufacturing processes. Therefore, appropriate design methods for AM must emerge in a fully integrated end-to-end solution to foster and support the growth and competitiveness of AM. In order to support industrialization of AM, the European Space Agency has selected the Design4AM project, based on a strong partnership between Siemens and Sonaca, for “Development of Design Methods for AM including CAD Design, Optimization, FEM Analysis and Manufacturing features”. On one hand, the project aims at combining within a comprehensive end-to-end process, topology optimization, seamless CAD data flows and predictive process simulation in the Siemens’ NX™ and Simcenter™ environments. On the other hand, the integration of dedicated industrial design workflow within the enhanced Siemens Digital Innovation Platform is validated on a relevant ESA space application provided by Sonaca.
Qualification of an Epoxy Resin System for Use in Secondarily Formable CFRP Rebars
Authors: Müller-Pabel Michael , Wohlfahrt Daniel , Geller Sirko , Gude Maik
Published: April 2021

The use of reinforcing bars has been known for more than 150 years in construction sector, in order to compensate the limited tensile strength of concrete. Steel is the most widespread and standardized rebar material. As industry targets a reduction of resource consumption and increased freedom of design, novel materials come into the scope of current research efforts. In this context, carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) have become a promising candidate for rebar materials as they offer excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Their use enables significant reduction of concrete cover in future buildings and cost-efficient maintenance of bridges. The resin system used for manufacturing of CFRP rebars dictates possible applications. Thermoplastic polymers offer the advantage of formability in a molten state. On the other hand, they provide limited heat and fire resistance, what hinders further industrialization. In contrast, thermosets deliver high mechanical and thermal properties due to their polymeric network structure. This is also the reason for their restricted formability after gelation has occurred. However, it is known that epoxy resins may sustain substantial plastic deformation when being deformed at elevated temperatures and in a partial cure state. In this work, a commercially available resin system is selected and qualified for potential use in thermoset-based CFRP rebars. Based on the resin characterization comprising reaction kinetics as well as tensile and compressive tests at partial cure, general guidelines and limits for secondary forming are derived. The feasibility is demonstrated by bending tests on CFRP stripes with varied fiber orientation.
Visco-thermo-elastic Simulation Approach For Prediction of Cure-induced Residual Stresses in Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Müller Jonas , Müller-Pabel Michael , Lorenz Niklas , Gröger Benjamin , Gerritzen Johannes , Gude Maik , Hopmann Christian
Published: April 2021

Liquid composite molding (LCM) has established as a high quality manufacturing process for fiber reinforced composite structures. In order to reduce cycle times significantly, novel fast curing matrix resins are being introduced into series production. These put high requirements on process control and part reproducibility. Problems that may be encountered in this context involve process-induced distortion and surface waviness resulting from anisotropic and cure-dependent material properties. Numerical simulations represent a powerful approach to avoid the use of costly trial-and-error methods. For this reason, a simulation approach is being developed which aims at the prediction of residual stresses and accompanying effects on different length scales. Based on a resin characterization comprising reaction kinetics, cure-dependent relaxation modulus as well as thermal expansion and pressure-dependent chemical shrinkage, a generalized MAXWELL model is selected to describe the process-related mechanical behavior of the thermoset. Taking into account the influence of the process parameters on the resin properties enables a detailed analysis of process-property-relationships. By this, the developed simulation approach offers the possibility of a comprehensive analysis of both local and global process-induced phenomena and hence prevention of flaws.
Modelling of thermally supported clinching of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics: Approaches on mesoscale considering large deformations and fibre failure
Authors: Gröger Benjamin , Hornig Andreas , Hoog Arne , Gude Maik
Published: April 2021

Thermally supported clinching (Hotclinch) is a novel promising process to join dissimilar materials. Here, metal and fibre-reinforced thermoplastics (FRTP) are used within this single step joining process and without the usage of auxiliary parts like screws or rivets. For this purpose, heat is applied to improve the formability of the reinforced thermoplastic. This enables joining of the materials using conventional clinching-tools. Focus of this work is the modelling on mesoscopic scale for the numerical simulation of this process. The FTRP-model takes the material behaviour both of matrix and the fabric reinforced organo-sheet under process temperatures into account. For describing the experimentally observed phenomena such as large deformations, fibre failure and the interactions between matrix and fibres as well as between fibres themselves, the usage of conventional, purely Lagrangian based FEM methods is limited. Therefore, the combination of contact-models with advanced modelling approaches like Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) and Smooth-ParticleHydrodynamics (SPH) for the numerical simulation of the clinching process are employed. The different approaches are compared with regard to simulation feasibility, robustness and results accuracy. It is shown, that the CEL approach represents the most promising approach to describe the clinching process.
Deformation and Anchoring of AA 2024-T3 rivets within thin printed circuit boards
Authors: Vilas Boas Maria Clara Farah Antunes , Rodrigues Camila Fernanda , Blaga Lucian-Attila , dos Santos Jorge Fernandez , Klusemann Benjamin
Published: April 2021

This work evaluates the viability of applying Friction Riveting as an alternative for the assembly of components on printed circuit boards (PCBs). The popular press-fit technology for assembling components on PCBs consists of a pin inserted tightly into a relatively smaller hole, resulting in good electrical and mechanical properties. However, some limitations are highlighted, such as numerous processing steps and the need for predrilled holes. Friction Riveting is based on mechanical fastening and friction welding principles, where polymeric components are joined with metallic rivets through frictional heating and pressure. The main benefits of using Friction Riveting in PCBs compared with fit-press are (i) a reduced number of processing steps and (ii) shorter joining cycles, because there is no pre-drilling involved with fasteners anchored within the PCB in a single step. The joints were manufactured using 5 mm diameter AA-2024-T3 rivets and 1.5 mm thick glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy laminates (FR4-PCB). It is shown for the first time that it is possible to deform metallic rivets within thin composite plates at a reduced diameterto-thickness ratio. The feasibility study followed a one-factor-a-time approach for parameter screening and optical microscopy assessed joint formation of the deformed rivets inside the laminates through volumetric ratio (VR). The joints present significant deformation (VR=0.5) at the tip of the rivet inserted into overlapped PCBs plates, with thicknesses below 3.0 mm, which is considered the lowest achieved so far with Friction Riveting.
Influence of Implantation Period on Bioactivity on the Surface of Ti-6Al-4V Implant Model Made by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Kutsukake Asuka , Seki Azusa , Yoshida Yoshinori
Published: April 2021

Square pole implant models of Ti-6Al-4V were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) and osteoconductivity was investigated on their surface. The models have 3 types of surfaces; top surface, side surface, and polished surface. The surfaces have each different surface roughness and the influence of the roughness on the osteoconductivity was observed in-vivo experiment. The models were implanted in rat femurs and observed after 2 and 8 weeks. We observed the amount of hard tissue produced on the surfaces in the cut-off cross section of the femurs with the model by means of an optical microscope and bone-implant contact ratio (RB-I) was evaluated. As the result, in the case of 2 weeks-raised rats, the RB-I of the polished surface was the highest of all surfaces. The RB-I of the surface was however the lowest and that of the top surface was the highest in the case of 8 weeks-raised rats.
Modeling the reactive PA6 flow for LCM processes
Authors: Han William , Govignon Quentin , Cantarel Arthur , Samuel Cédric , Schmidt Fabrice
Published: April 2021

Fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites have shown to be attractive for industry as they can be reused, reshaped, welded and repaired, while keeping mechanical properties on par with thermoset composites. Since thermoplastics usually have high melt viscosities unsuitable for liquid composite molding processes, in-situ synthesis of PA6 from ε-caprolactam is considered. Its reactive mix has low viscosity which allows impregnation. However, the coupled crystallization and polymerization affects the resin viscosity and its flow is altered by the dual-scale permeability of the fiber preform. Thus, to predict the local differences in the thermoplastics properties, a coupled polymerization crystallization model needs to be integrated in the LCM processing simulation at representative scales. This study aims to propose a reliable simulation of the resin flow through a fibrous preform. Hence, viscosity measurements on the reactive mix are achieved using a rheometer with parallel-plate geometry, aiming to associate a viscosity model with the Hillier coupled polymerization-crystallization model previously determined by Vicard. The full chemorheological model will then be integrated into a simulation of LCM process in OpenFOAM®, an open source CFD software in order to follow the extent of the synthesis in the resin flow during the process. As a future work, simulations including microscale tow information extracted from a real textile specimen will permit to investigate the effect of permeability and double scale porosity in fibrous preforms on the final polymerization rate and crystallinity.
Raster analysis of Fused Filament Fabrication process
Authors: Spina Roberto , Cavalcante Bruno
Published: April 2021

The objective of the present work is to study the raster generation to realize Fused Filament Fabrication parts. The research in this paper focused on the evaluation of the deposition of a simple geometry with a FFF machine, supported by an analytical model to compute the build time, also evaluating the geometrical variations caused by changes in process parameters. The main parameters were the print temperature and speed as a function of the thermal and rheological properties of the PLA filament. The study identified essential correlations between process parameters, raster dimensions, and filament properties. An experimental procedure, supported by an analytical model, was implemented for computing raster time and material dimensions.
Alexander's Bandit Kings
Authors: Coutts Connor
Published: April 2021

After the death of Alexander, the Great in 323 BCE at Babylon, his generals, friends, family, and even secretaries would fight for decades to control the spoils of his newly forged empire. Eventually a series of Hellenistic kingdoms would carve up his empire stretching from Western Greece to Northern India. For nearly 300 years after his death Alexander’s successors would fight a series of titanic and seemingly never-ending wars with each war simply leading into the next. The Seleucids and Ptolemies would fight six Syrian Wars and never manage to fully conquer one another, Pyrrhus of Epirus would go on a never-ending series of military expeditions each time failing until he was finally killed in skirmish in Argos. The question must be asked then what compelled the Hellenistic Kings to go to war so much? By looking at primary and secondary sources it becomes clear that Hellenistic Kings were motivate by a powerful fusion of economics, geography, military, ideological, and legitimacy needs that would propel them into war after war. This essay determines what these myriad reasons were specifically and how it affected the Hellenistic kingdoms rational for going to war.
The Personal Ambitions of a National Hero
Authors: Williamson Adam
Published: April 2021

Abstract: The purpose of this essay was to put the Scottish king and war hero, Robert the Bruce on trial based on the model of the Ted-Ed miniseries ‘History on Trial’. The overarching argument is explored through a dialogue between the prosecutor and defendant of Robert and centres on how Robert Bruce should be remembered; either a Scottish nobleman fueled by personal ambition or a good, strong-willed king who did what was best for his kingdom and people. Both sides present evidence surrounding Bruce’s dedication to his personal ambition to becoming king which included murder and is contrasted by the clemency he should to his rivals/enemies upon becoming king. This leads to a critical approach on the nature of Robert’s loyalty during the early period of Scottish War for Independence and his later uncompromising drive to see Scotland become independent. The nature of how Robert achieved independence is also brought under scrutiny with the suffering he brought to the English and Irish populations. Concluding remarks on Robert’s verdict express the difficult nature of how to accurately remember national heroes and in ensuring a balance between the good and bad sides of them.
An Even Stronger Woman: The Substantial Role of Indigenous Women Throughout North American Herstory
Authors: Gill Paramveer
Published: April 2021

Indigenous women have had immense impacts on North American society since before the beginning of the colonization process. Recent historical research has shed light on these influences made by Indigenous women as they begin to unpack the multiple abilities of these strong women. Indigenous women controlled both the private and public spheres by captaining the economic, political, and social roles of society. They had a voice within their communities and used it to obtain change and progress. They were respected mothers, providers, nurturers, and leaders. These women worked endlessly as producers of vast fields of agriculture and as important members of the fur trade to sustain their communities. This paper explores the roles that Indigenous women took on throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and how they broke gender roles and stereotypes that were common in their European counterparts’ societies during this period. This is done by incorporating the perspectives of Indigenous women themselves who haven written about the lives their ancestors lived and everything they accomplished. These new perspectives show that Indigenous women were essential and resilient to the success of their communities. They prove that behind all strong men, there are even stronger woman.
"Eradicating Religious Differences”: Religious Turmoil During the French Wars of Religion
Authors: Huebert Bailee
Published: April 2021

This essay looks at the French Wars of Religion, specifically the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the relationship that it has to religious conflict. Looking at the religious elements of violence within this massacre attempts to show that both Protestant and Catholic leaders, followers, and significant figure of the time, like the King and Catharine de Medici, used religious upheaval as a way to condone the violence that ensued during the late 1560s and early 1570s. Using both primary and secondary sources, this essay looks at ‘Religious nationalism’ and its role in the blood shed of the Massacre. The tensions between the two sects of religion were growing, St. Bartholomew’s Day is an example of when this tension became too much. Looking closely at the people involved and the events that took place, violence and religion are clearly intertwined.
Economics Of Rome
Authors: Smith Cody
Published: April 2021

In the terms of this essay we discus the economic and societal shift that would be shown in Roman History, mainly in the vain of economic differences in the Republic and Empire rule of the Roman people. The two events that are compared are the economic strategies in the 2nd Punic War and the Catiline conspiracy, and how the different economic strategies would affect the societal rule of the Roman classes. This also explores the laws that where implemented by the senate and the new tax reforms that would then give the Roman society a new way of life with the raising of taxes and the increased need for Raw materials and chattel.
Assessment of allelopathic compounds to develop new natural herbicides : A review
Authors: Motmainna Mst. , Shukor B Abdul , Md. Kamal Uddin Juraimi , Binti Asib Norhayu , Mominul Islam AKM , Hasan Mahmudul
Published: April 2021

Herbicides are a crucial tool for weed control in crops. However, their continuous and indiscriminate uses have caused environmental pollution and development of weed resistance. Hence, there is an urgent need to minimise the dependence on synthetic herbicides. Allelopathy may be used to develop new bioherbicides to inhibit germination and growth of weeds. There is a great potential to develop eco-friendly herbicides from plants, but little research has been done so far in this context. Identification and quantification of natural weed control compounds (allelochemicals) of plants may help to develop natural herbicides (based on indigenous/invasive weed species), to reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicides and improve the integrated weed management programme in crops. This review describes thepotential allelochemicals present in plants, which may be used as a tool to develop new natural herbicides.
Changxun Fang. Pioneers of Allelopathy: Wenxiong Lin
Authors: Fang Changxun
Published: April 2021

Wenxiong Lin did research for > 30 years in plant molecular ecology and agro-ecology, rice allelopathy and continuous monoculture problems/soil sickness of Chinese medicinal plants. His 20 Patents and most publications (about 100) have focussed on (i). Gene regulation of allelochemicals biosynthesis in allelopathic rice, (ii). allelopathic inhibitory effects on weeds, (iii). continuous monoculture problems/soil sickness in medicinal plants and (iv). the influence of allelochemicals and monoculture practice on the rhizospheric micro-environment. He helped in development of microbial fertilizer to alleviate the autotoxicity problem in continuous cropping of Radix pseudostellariae and Rehmannia glutinosa, etc. He had been the President of Asian Allelopathy Society, and got the outstanding achievement from the platform of International Allelopathy Foundation. His student, Dr. Changxun Fang got Rice Award and Grodzinsky Award respectively in the 6th and 8th World Congress of International Allelopathy Society. His elucidation of the molecular ecological mechanism of rice allelopathy was awarded the II Class Prize of Fujian Provincial Scientific and Technological Progress Award in 2007. His researches to find the mechanism of development of continuous cropping obstacle/soil sickness in R. pseudostellariae and its remedy was awarded the I Class Prize of Fujian Provincial Scientific and Technological Progress Award in 2020.
Autotoxic compounds from rhizosphere soil of lanzhou lily extracts: Identification and biological activity
Authors: Huang Y. F. , Zhang E. H. , Zhang X. H. , Wang Q. , Wang H. Z. , Liu Q. L. , Yuan J. L. , Cui J. J.
Published: April 2021

We investigated the autotoxicity of Lanzhou lily rhizosphere soil with different cultivation years. The allelochemicals in such soils were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Based on our earlier studies, the antioxidant 2246 and dioctyl terephthalate were found in lily sick soil were used in pot experiments determine to their autotoxic effects on the Lanzhou lily seedlings growth, photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities in seedling leaves. The content of antioxidant 2246 and dioctyl terephthalate was determined by GC-MS in rhizosphere soil of different cultivation years. The aqueous extracts of Lanzhou lily rhizosphere soil promoted the growth of its own seedlings at 0.2 mg·mL-1, however, the concentrations > 2 mg·mL-1 were inhibitory. The longer the cultivation period (1-yr, 2-yr and 4-yr), the stronger were the inhibitory effects. In rhizosphere soils of 1-yr, 2-yr and 4-yr ; 8,: 15 and 18 compounds were identified, respectively. The identified compounds were camphor, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde, 2,4-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)-phenol, tributyl phosphate, dibutyl phthalate, antioxidant 2246 and dioctyl terephthalater and these are reported as allelochemicals. The pot experiment results showed that low concentrations of antioxidant 2246 stimulated the seedling growth but high concentrations were inhibitory, while all concentrations of dioctyl terephthalater inhibited the seedling growth. At 100 mg·mL-1, the antioxidant 2246 and dioctyl terephthalate significantly inhibited the photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves (P <0.05). Furthermore, the content of these two compounds in soils increased with the increase of cultivation years. These results suggested that allelochemicals accumulated in replanted soil contributed to the autotoxicity of Lanzhou lily in rhizosphere soil.
Colchicine-induced mutation for new line development of tropical maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Rahajeng S.M. , Sugiharto A.N. , Wardyati T.
Published: April 2021

This research aimed to identify colchicine-induced tropical Yellow Corn characters and
their potential in superior traits development. Single cross was applied to colchicine
mutant line with tester line, INOAXM2 yellow and white seeds, to observe and test the
characters enrichment of colchicine mutant, while pure line tester of sweet corn (OP-SBX)
was used to observe the enhancement of germination and growth rate. Analysis of various
quantitative data was determined using F test at the level of 5%, continued with Least
Significant Difference Test (LSD) at the level of 5%. Potential characters and its
inheritance pattern were determined by a descriptive statistical approach. Overall,
germination and growth test of mutant show significant improvement when mutant
crossed with tester lines. According to qualitative characters analysis of mutant line and
its single way, it is found that glum colour is influenced by the male parent (Paternal
Effect), while seed colour is determined by the female (Maternal Effect). From mutant M1
to M4, quantitative mutant (INFM) characters showed significant differences between
lines within one generation and revealed improvements in single cross progeny. Single
cross between colchicine line and tester mutant (IONAXM2) presents significant
differences in all cobs characters (cob length, number of seeds in a row, number of rows,
cob dry weight, and weight of 100 seeds (g) and reveals higher value compared to other
lines. Mid-parent heterosis of single cross progeny of mutants was high for cob dry
weight, those were 202.38% and 166.67%. The chromosomes observation of pink and
yellow seeds of colchicine mutants revealed the presence of diploid, triploid, and euploid
chromosomes, which verify chromosomal changes inside colchicine mutant lines.
Properties and potential of agarwood hydrosol as a drink: a review
Authors: Mohamad Kahar E.E. , Talip B.A. , Mohd Fauzi N.A. , Kamarulzaman S.N. , Zakaria F. , Muhammad N. , Rajat Mamat T.N.A. , Basri H.
Published: April 2021

Agarwood is resinous valuable heartwood of Aquilaria tree resulting from self–defence
mechanism towards injuries or damages exerted on the tree. Agarwood essential oil is
usually extracted through a process of hydrodistillation or steam distillation which is
beneficial for commercial purposes such as perfumeries and cosmetics. Hydrosol, a byproduct of the process produced in abundance and underutilized particularly in the
agarwood industry. Hydrosol of agarwood is an aromatic compound that is believed to
have chemical properties similar to essential oils that consist of positive antioxidant
activity and positive biological activity for living cells. Several studies on properties of
hydrosol of agarwood show that it contained zero nutrient but varied with minerals in the
appropriate proportion that safe for human consumption. Thus, this review was aimed to
discuss the agarwood hydrosol processing methods, characteristics, antioxidants properties
and its comparisons to other plants hydrosol that have been commercially used as human
consumption as in flavoured and non-flavoured beverages
“Ngā pakiaka a Te Rēhia, ka tipua i te ao rangatahi” An Intersectional Analysis of Kapa Haka and Healing for Rangatahi Māori
Authors: Gifford Joanne
Published: April 2021

“Pāpaki whakapapa, Pāpaki ahurea, Pāpaki oranga, Ki ngā pakiaka a te rēhia, Kia tipua ai i te ao Rangatahi.” This thesis provides insights into the experiences of rangatahi Māori and Kapa Haka. Through an intersectional and Kaupapa Māori lens, it explores the potential of Kapa Haka in the realms of belonging, identity and healing. In doing so, it illustrates the dynamic value of Kapa Haka for alleviating cultural disconnection and facilitating healing within the context of current contemporary challenges such as the mental health crisis, climate change tensions and discrimination that rangatahi Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand face today. The aim of this work is to contribute to the wave of Kaupapa Māori research demonstrating the transformative impact of Māori tikanga, kawa, and knowledges in alleviating the impact of colonial violence on the wellbeing of our people. This thesis draws on Wānanga as a powerful method for co-constructing knowledge with rangatahi Māori. Claiming Wānanga as a method contributes to the decolonial project not by inventing something new, but by recognising the power and sophistication of Indigenous knowledge making processes. This thesis weaves together the experiences of ten Wānanga participants with autoethnographic reflections, literature, cultural theory and contemporary discussion to provide nuanced glimpses into the complex entity that is Kapa Haka today.
Cardiac and coronary artery study on sudden death cases in Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz
Authors: Soo Shih Sheng , Budin Siti Balkis , Ishak Ismarulyusda , Mohd Nor Faridah , Mohamad Anuar Nur Najmi
Published: April 2021

Background: Sudden death (SD) is defined as an unexpected natural death within an hour onset of symptoms or unwitnessed death that occurs within 24 hours, which accounts for most cardiovascular deaths in Malaysia. This study aimed to evaluate the extent of histopathological changes in the heart and to study the demographic trend in SD cases in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: Specimens from all SD cases were received from 2017 to 2018 by the Forensic Unit, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Mukhriz (HCTM) were studied. The specimens were the left ventricular myocardium and left anterior descending artery (LAD), which were fixed in 10% formalin with haematoxylin and eosin staining. The tissues were graded histologically based on changes such as arterial occlusion, myocardial infarction, and/or thrombus formation. Results: Out of 545 medicolegal deaths, only 25 cases (4.6%) had samples available for analysis. Among these 25 patients, 24 (96%) were male patients and only one (4%) was a female patient. The available samples were from patients aged between 30 to 79 years old. In terms of ethinicity, Malays (40%) were the most numerous, followed by patients of Chinese and Indian ethnicities.The majority of the SD cases had a body mass index (BMI) that ranged between underweight (56%) and obese (40%). Besides, there were 10 (40%) cases of coronary artery with atheroma and 15 (60%) cases of myocardial infarction. The most common presentation of atherosclerosis was grade III and IV, and acute MI was the most common presentation at death, followed by healed infarcts and old infarcts. Discussion and Conclusion: Our findings reflect worsening risk factor levels in cardiovascular diseases, compounded by demographic trends. Further studies on biomarkers specific for cardiac diseases are warranted to understand imminent sudden cardiac death.
Analisis hasil tes Bahasa Inggris menggunakan TOEIC siswa laki-laki dan perempuan SMKN 1 Cibatu
Authors: Luciana Occe
Published: April 2021

Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) sebagai tes kompetensi Bahasa   Inggris yang dapat digunakan sebagai ukuran kemampuan seseorang dalam berbahasa Inggris. Meskipun tes yang diberikan berupa listening dan reading saja namun hasil skor nya tetap dapat digunakan sebagai patokan seberapa mahir seseorang berbahasa Inggris saat itu. Kegiatan ini yang merupakan kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat dilaksanakan di sekolah vokasi SMKN 1 Cibatu. TOEIC yang merupakan tes kompetensi Bahasa Inggris dalam lingkup kerja, menjadi sebuah tes keahlian yang cocok diberikan kepada siswa-siswi sekolah terapan seperti SMK, karena lulusan SMK biasanya menjadi calon tenaga kerja di industri. Skor hasil tes TOEIC di sekolah SMKN 1 Cibatu tersebut dianalisis sesuai gender berkenaan dengan siswa SMK yang mayoritas laki-laki. Adapun hasilnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa siswa laki-laki pada saat itu memilliki kemampuan Bahasa Inggris lebih tinggi dari siswa perempuan. Ini dibuktikan dalam analisis 10 skor tertinggi yang diperoleh siswa laki-laki memiliki rata-rata skor 65,96. Sedangkan rata-rata skor siswa perempuan sebesar 50,58.
Authors: Retnosari Yeni Dwi , Zainuddin Mohammad , Muzaki Ferril Irham
Published: April 2021

Abstrak: Proses pembelajaran di kelas masih menggunakan metode ceramah, penugasan, tanya jawab, dan latihan keterampilan. Hal ini mengakibatkan siswa mudah cepat bosan, serta guru juga belum menanamkan nilai sikap untuk membentuk karakter pada pembelajaran PPKn. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan Hasil Belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran PPKn materi keragaman suku bangsa, sosial, dan budaya menggunakan model Talking Stick pada siwa kelas IV SDN 02 Sukorejo Kulon. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan dua siklus. Hasil penelitian diperoleh aktivitas guru siklus I 78,5%, siklus II 95%. Aktivitas siswa siklus I 66,5% , siklus II menjadi 81%. Peningkatan pengetahuan siklus I 63,75%, siklus II menjadi 86%. Sikap yang sering muncul pada siklus I adalah sikap cinta tanah air, siklus II sikap kerjasama dan cinta tanah air memliki jumlah kemunculan yang sama. Dalam aspek keterampilan, pada siklus II terdapat 8 siswa yang memperoleh nilai 4 dengan suara yang lantang, isi yang disampaikan tepat dan jelas, dan tidak terdapat kesalahan kata.
Implementasi In House Training Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Guru Dalam Menetapkan Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal
Authors: . Sholikhan
Published: April 2021

Kemampuan guru UPT SD Negeri Krisik 02, Gandusari dalam menentukan Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) sesuai ketentuan dan mekanisme yang berlaku masih rendah. Dengan kegiatan In House Training (IHT) dapat meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam menentukan Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal sesuai ketentuan dan prosedur yang berlaku. Laporan ini berisi hasil penelitian untuk melihat gambaran penerapan IHT dan peningkatan kemampuan guru dalam menentukan KKM sesuai ketentuan dan prosedur yang berlaku. Penelitian dilaksanakan secara kolaboratif dan dilakukan dalam 2 siklus, dua pertemuan tiap siklusnya.
THE METHOD OF ACHIEVING A LEGAL BALANCE
Authors: Zayceva Ekaterina
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the issues of legal balance in social relations. Aspects of formation of the notion of legal balance are considered. The problem is considered from the standpoint of the libertarian-legal juridical understanding. The article presents basic notions of the method of achieving legal balance. The method of achieving a legal balance can be used when creating or correcting legislation to establish fair legal relations in society. The article provides examples of correcting the norms of Russian legislation based on the regulations of the method of achieving legal balance.
STAGES OF ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW
Authors: Dubinina Elena , Zykova Svetlana
Published: April 2021

in the article, offers his own solution to the problem of differentiation of the stages of application of the law, while law enforcement is considered not as the activity of special authorized bodies and officials, but as the whole complex of legally significant actions that make up the implementation of the right, carried out in a special form. It is proved that the application of the rules of law is a system in which the stages as its subsystems are divided among themselves in time and are characterized by an obvious qualitative originality.
Paternalism as a concept of russian legal culture
Authors: Eliseeva Elena
Published: April 2021

The article examines the essence of hierarchical relations in Russian society and the state, the specifics of the genesis and modifications of paternalism as a special form of legitimization of power. The author draws attention to the traditional and archaic foundations of paternalism, which addresses the explanation of its justification from the point of view of the relationship between father and children and identifies the essence of state relations with relations in the family.
THEORETICAL BASIS OF ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE MECHANISMS OF CONTROLLED NATURE USE
Authors: Lavrikova Yuliya , Semyachkov Aleksandr , Gao Zhun
Published: April 2021

Natural resources are the material basis for economic and social development, but the public characteristics of natural resources force the resource market to show more failures, the lack of a number of economic policies related to natural resources has led to the fact that the development, use and reproduction of natural resources has led to the loss of effective institutional constraints , which led to the overdevelopment, use and consumption of atmospheric resources, water resources, forest resources, land resources, and fuel and energy resources. which leads to the depletion of some resources, people can get local limited resources only by buying resources elsewhere. Therefore, it is necessary to improve control over natural resources and measures of the economic mechanism.

The author of this article proposes methods for managing natural resources based on the characteristics of various indicators of natural resources (water, atmosphere, forest, land, fuel energy) and demonstrates the mechanisms of using natural resources in the main resource countries of the world.
FEATURES OF FINANCE MANAGEMENT OF CRISIS COMPANIES
Authors: Bank Ol'ga
Published: April 2021

The current crisis makes the issue of selection, implementation and implementation of such managerial variations and methods that will contribute to the recovery of the company as urgent as possible. In modern practice, one of the most common solutions is the optimization of financial assets. Financial management of companies in crisis involves the use of special management tools aimed at preventing and eliminating financial crises, in addition, at minimizing negative consequences in terms of finance. It is believed that in order to be fully prepared for any kind of crisis manifestations and mitigate their consequences, business entities need to be prepared and equipped with special preventive (pre-crisis) methods in a timely manner, before the crisis.
Financial analysis as a tool for ensuring the economic security of an economic entity
Authors: Markova Aleksandra , Kurashova Anna
Published: April 2021

This article examines the role of financial analysis in enterprise management, provides a definition of the concept of economic security, defines the essence, as well as objects and stages of financial analysis.

As a result of the study, it was concluded that financial analysis can identify and eliminate potential and real threats to the economic security of an enterprise.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES
Authors: Buravova Alena
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the identification and definition of a new critical factor of the influence of the external environment, which has a negative impact on the economy of enterprises, individual countries and the world as a whole. This factor is the consequences of the pandemic. The article also clarifies the categorical apparatus in terms of the influence of the internal and external environment. The place and role of the influence of the new factor on the activities of organizations are shown. The analysis of statistics of the main indicators of the economy of different countries is given, which confirmed the influence of the identified factor, which resulted in deterministic chaos.
MEASURING THE HUMAN CAPITAL OF REGIONS WITH WORLD-CLASS SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL CENTERS: FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THEIR INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS
Authors: Strashko Ekaterina , Yarmak Ol'ga , Deryugin Pavel , Yarmak Veronika , Astrahanceva Elena
Published: April 2021

The article presents the results of a factor analysis of the investment attractiveness of five regions in which world-class scientific and educational centers function, which are one of the tasks of the national project "Science". Among the indicators of investment attractiveness, the emphasis is placed on innovative and labor factors as integral components of the region's human capital, its reserve and potential.

A systematic analysis of the factors of investment attractiveness made it possible to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the regions where RECs were created. The used methodology for assessing the region's human capital reserve made it possible to calculate its volume, which consists of the available human capital of the region and external - migration flows to the region in which the REC is being created.

The conclusions drawn as a result of the study include: 1) regions with a high assessment of labor and innovation factors are leaders in the rating of investment attractiveness of regions; 2) a low assessment of the raw material (natural resource) factor is leveled by human factors (innovation and labor), i.e. is not a source of development in the knowledge economy; 3) infrastructure development is one of the indicators of investment inflow into the region, including for the development of science-intensive industries and a favorable investment climate; 4) migration processes in regions with established RECs do not act as a source of inflow of external effective human capital; 5) the observed trends of a decrease in the birth rate and a decrease in the number of the economically active population can be considered as a factor in reducing the reserve of regional human capital in the future.
The need to develop a strategy for economic security, characteristics of its main sections
Authors: Kurashova Anna , Smirnova Vladislava
Published: April 2021

As practice shows, few organizations strive to predict the use or real threats and risks. The article discusses the need to develop a strategic planning strategy for the economic security of an organization. An approach to grouping analysis in appropriate strategies is proposed, which most fully describes the activities of the organization.
International cooperation and interaction of law enforcement agencies in the field of combating economic crime
Authors: Ivanov Artem , Mirgorodskaya Valentina
Published: April 2021

The article examines international cooperation as a tool for combating crime on a global scale. The analysis of the interaction of law enforcement agencies for the suppression, detection and investigation of crimes has been carried out.