bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Great Expectations: The United States and the Global Environment
Authors: Eckersley Robyn
Published: February 2022

This chapter conceptually disentangles the relationship between environmental leadership and special environmental responsibilities that attach to the US as a great power and uses this framework to assess the US’s environmental diplomacy from the 1970s to 2020. It shows that the US has never fully accepted special environmental responsibilities because they cede economic advantages to rising powers and clash with the US-sponsored liberal economic order. The chapter also challenges the conventional narrative that US environmental leadership has been in general decline since the Nixon administration’s diplomacy at Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972. It identifies the conditions that are most conducive to US environmental leadership and shows that the high point of environmental leadership was the US’s ozone diplomacy under the Reagan administration, followed by the Obama administration’s climate diplomacy, while the Biden administration’s climate diplomacy may give rise to another high point.
Great Power Responsibility and International Climate Leadership
Authors: Kopra Sanna
Published: February 2022

This chapter relates the concept of great power responsibility to literature addressing leadership in global environmental politics. It proposes that the division between management and leadership offers a nuanced analytical lens to contemplate the ways is which great power responsibility can be conceptualized within the English School of International Relations. After developing a concept of great climate power, the chapter examines what sort of special responsibilities great climate powers can be expected to shoulder in international climate politics. It argues that great powers have managerial and leadership responsibilities to tackle climate change, but the ways they can—or should—carry out those responsibilities varies in time and place, depending on where international society falls along the pluralism–solidarism spectrum. Based on empirical analysis of the contribution of great powers to the United Nations climate regime, however, the chapter concludes that none of the conventional great powers have assumed great power responsibility in international climate politics.
The Forms of the Late Civilisational Phase
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 examines how the works of Christopher Dawson and Oswald Spengler shaped the vision of civilisational decline Jones developed across his poetry. Tracing the ways in which he drew upon their language, concepts, and even characters and embedded these into his Roman fragments and historical essays, elucidates the constructive dialogue Jones maintained with their works in his investigation of Roman and Western decline. This chapter pursues a contextualised close reading of Jones’s poetic representation of the late phase of civilisation, as a megalopolitan capitalist technocracy which ends in the brutality of Caesarian dictatorship and the decay of culture and religion. While Spengler encouraged his readers to embrace this totalitarian end, Jones and Dawson used their works to fight against the decline of the West. What emerges from Jones’s explorations is a belief in the creative potential of man-the-artist to reject standardisation and mechanisation, and to revivify culture in modernity.
Conclusion
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

The Conclusion reflects upon the paradoxical nature of Jones’s intricate and multifaceted reimagining of Rome. In his works, Rome is at once the ultimate symbol of destructive imperialism and decline and the rejuvenating cultural force which preserves the classical and Christian heritage so as to bequeath this to the West and, in particular, to Wales. The conclusion draws these ideas together though the analysis of two paintings—The Mother of the West (1942) and Y Cyfarchiad i Fair (1963)—and lays out the implications of this complex approach to the Roman past for our understanding of Jones’s work and thought. It makes the case for recognising Jones’s reception of Rome as the fascinating response of a creatively diverse and politically engaged artist to his own complicated sense of crisis in twentieth-century modernity.
Prepositional verbs
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter deals with prepositional verbs that require a preposition so that verb-plus-preposition make up a single unit, such as allude to, dispose of, rely on, and vouch for. It differentiates prepositional verbs from phrasal verbs, as each phrasal verb includes a simple verb that may occur by itself. The meaning of prepositional verbs when it is used alone is significantly different from the meaning of the phrasal verb. In contrast, the chapter explains that the simple verb within a prepositional verb does not occur alone, and a meaning attaches just to the combination. Accounts of English grammar typically state that allude, dispose, rely, and vouch are intransitive verbs that must take a peripheral noun phrase (pNP).
Supporting artists
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter completes the discussion of prepositions whose basic meanings are relational. It highlights the preposition with that is fully relational and other more minor prepositions, such as together-with, except (-for), but (-for), despite, and in spite-of. With and by are the sixth and seventh most frequent prepositions and occur in superficially similar contexts but with quite different effect (i.e Tom was hit with a stone vs Tom was hit by a stone). The chapter talks about a transitive verb hit that can have a human agent in subject slot and a peripheral noun phrase (pNP) marked by preposition with, indicating the instrument used by the agent to inflict the blow. Under a passive derivation, the underlying object argument becomes passive subject, and the underlying subject may be included, marked by preposition by.
Connection and adjacency
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter refers to ‘connection’ as the full meaning of the preposition on. It considers on as the major member of the pairing on/off, stressing that on is far more common than off and has a wider range of meaning as off may refer to a ‘disconnection’. An off correspondent would require contextualization as are some uses of off for which there is no direct counterpart with on, although there may be an indirect link. The chapter details how on functioned as both preposition and adverb in Old English, with a meaning similar to that which it has today. In Middle English, innan ‘inside’ reduced its form and enlarged its sense to become modern-day in, allowing on /On/ to contract to its original meaning.
G. H. Hardy and E. C. Titchmarsh
Authors: Wilson Robin
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents the Oxford life and labours of two Savilian professors of the 20th century. Godfrey Harold Hardy was the most important British pure mathematician of the first half of the 20th century. Although he is usually thought of as a Cambridge man, his years from 1920 to 1931 as Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford were actually his happiest and most productive. Edward Charles Titchmarsh was Hardy’s first research student and later succeeded him as Savilian Professor of Geometry.
Conclusion
Authors: Stenger Jan R.
Published: February 2022

This chapter brings together the different strands that make up the argument of the book. This study has considered Greek and Latin writers and Christian as well as non-Christian thinkers to show that between the fourth and the sixth centuries education was an eminently public topic. While the received image of the late antique education sector is one of uniformity and institutional sclerosis, our exploration of explicit and implicit theorizations of education exhibits a remarkable dynamic and diversity. Often a matter of controversy, educational ideologies gave rise to a broad range of interpretations, thus turning the discourse on learning and formation into a virtual marketplace of models. Its polyphony notwithstanding, the discourse gravitated towards the very foundations of education, that is, its ultimate goal. Educational thinkers of different denominations shared the idea that paideia aimed at elevating the subject to a higher form of existence, leading to the good life, even if this was defined in various ways. Instead of the intellectual training offered by the schools, true education was seen as a transformative process giving shape to one’s life. This could be attained only if it addressed as many aspects as possible of the human person and abandoned specialism in favour of comprehensiveness. Consequently, the late antique discourse on education displayed a humanistic impetus, as it focused on the question of what it meant to be human and how persons could best achieve their purpose.
Layering and divergence in Romance periphrases
Authors: Vincent Nigel , Wheeler Max W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the place of Hopper’s classic concepts of layering and divergence within grammaticalization, concentrating on form rather than content. It explores the development of grammaticalized verbs in a number of Romance languages, beginning with a detailed study of the variant forms deriving from Latin HABERE ‘have’, and demonstrates how their distribution at different historical stages reflects the morphomic structure of the paradigm but does not exhibit any systematic correlation between changes in form and function. The chapter then moves on to patterns of suppletion with GO verbs, with particular reference to Catalan and the formal alternations displayed there between lexical and grammatical uses. Returning to reflexes of HABERE, we examine an alternative diachronic sequence in some northern Italian dialects, in which rather than auxiliary uses being reduced it is forms of the main verb which are reinforced by the incorporation of a clitic. Finally, we consider developments in some southern Italian dialects where the grammaticalized verbs—in this case GO and STAND—rather than being the exponents of grammatical categories such as person and number, as is usual for auxiliaries, lose their inflexions and come to serve as temporal/aspectual prefixes. The chapter concludes by underscoring the potential independence of changes in form and function and the role of the morphome as a factor in stabilizing such formal patterns as may have developed.
The GO-future and GO-past periphrases in Gallo-Romance
Authors: Paoli Sandra , Wolfe Sam
Published: February 2022

Investigating Gallo-Romance GO-past and GO-future periphrases, this chapter proposes that they originate from the same construction, in which the basic spatial meaning of GO is reinterpreted as temporal posteriority. Building on an intuition by Bres and Labeau (2013a) that the periphrasis itself is devoid of tense, the two temporal outcomes are derived through anchoring of the prospective movement to different reference frames: while the GO-past periphrasis is interpreted by anaphoric linking to the past events that surround it, the GO-future periphrasis is linked deictically to speech time. Assuming the same underlying construction for both periphrases and focusing on the component of posteriority has the advantage of maintaining the widely attested generalization that structures with verbs of motion grammaticalize into future grams.
Koinéization and language contact
Authors: Finbow Tom , O’Neill Paul
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores how Portuguese has historically been both the recipient and disseminator of morphosyntactic innovations as a result of both dialect mixing and language contact. Drawing on notions of koinéization to explain the observed simplification, levelling, and subsequent mixing in both the European and Brazilian Portuguese paradigms, we compare the verbal and pronominal paradigms of singular and plural address in Galician, European Portuguese, and varieties of spoken Brazilian Portuguese. We contend that the same mechanisms, whereby the most frequent, transparent, and least marked forms prevail, are responsible for the different mixed paradigms in all varieties, but that change and simplification is more intense in Brazil, with extreme variation and morphological overabundance, for sociohistorical reasons. In exploring Portuguese-as-disseminator, we examine how Brazilian Portuguese has stimulated morphosyntactic change in Nheengatu, the most widely spoken language in Amazonia until the end of the nineteenth century and which is still spoken by a multi-ethnic population in north-west Brazil. We consider alignment of pronominal and number systems and new diachronic data on the grammaticalization of the Nheengatu GO future, revealing how Brazilian Portuguese is contributing to hybridization in languages that historically have exhibited quite different typologies.
Progressive Times
Authors: Mantie Roger
Published: February 2022

Chapter 3 concentrates on the place of music teaching and learning as part of the settlement movement. The chapter begins by laying out the social and cultural conditions that gave rise to the settlement houses, especially the concerns expressed by “social reformers” such as Jane Addams (Hull House) about the conduct of immigrants and the urban poor. The chapter demonstrates how the learning of music was firmly positioned by the reformers as a civilizing influence (i.e., rational recreation). In an unanticipated twist, however, a rift developed between those who viewed music learning in the settlements as serving the social goals of “community music” and those who viewed music as a form of specialized conservatory training. The latter group, which advocated for high musical standards supported by subsidized instruction, co-opted the term “community music,” eventually breaking away from the settlements to form the National Guild of Community Music Schools.
POLYNOIDAE KINBERG, 1856
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Polynoidae is the largest group of Aphroditiformia, and one of the more species-rich of annelid clades covered in a chapter here. The body is dorso-ventrally flattened and often has an oval shape, but some can be long and slender (e.g. Polynoe scolopendrina; Pl. 2e).
NEPHTYIDAE GRUBE, 1850
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Nephtyidae have a well-deserved difficult reputation among workers involved in benthic monitoring who try to identify them. They can be very abundant in shallow water sediments and there are often several different nephtyids in the same sample.
TYPHLOSCOLECIDAE ULJANIN, 1878
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Typhloscolecidae are all holoplanktonic and have a cylindrical body. Adult animals range from 0.5 to 4 cm in length with up to 50 segments, although many taxa have a segment number not exceeding 20–25. This suggests a fixed adult number of segments in some taxa.
FABRICIIDAE RIOJA, 1923
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Fabriciidae were for many years considered to be part of Sabellidae and share similarities such as the radiolar crown and dwelling in a mucus/sediment tube (Figs. 40.2a, b)
CAPITELLIDAE GRUBE, 1862
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Capitellidae are commonly found, and it is a bit surprising there is no common name for the group. They are easily recognized, for the most part, by the division of the body into an anterior region with capillary chaetae only and a posterior region with long-handled hooks.
ARENICOLIDAE JOHNSTON, 1835
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Arenicolidae (lugworms and their smaller relatives) is a taxonomically small group that in the previous edition of this work was reported on as being relatively well studied, possibly because it represents one of the few groups of annelids of any direct economic importance. In recent decades, however, they have received little attention from annelid workers. It is still true that much of what we know about Arenicolidae comes from the work of only two individuals: J.H. Ashworth and G.P. Wells. Large lugworms (Pl. 11c, Figs 51.1a, 51.2a) are an important source of bait for recreational fishing on European and American coasts and there have been several studies on their viability of various populations exposed to this collecting pressure. Most Arenicolidae are large (adults ranging from 10 to 80 cm long), though taxa in Branchiomaldane only reach 25 mm in length. In life, the body can be a dark red to black colour, though the small Branchiomaldane is pinkish and relatively unpigmented (Fig. 51.2c).
ALVINELLIDAE DESBRUYèRES AND LAUBIER, 1986
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Alvinellidae (‘Pompeii worms’ or ‘palm worms’), are a relatively recently discovered group known only from sites associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
PARERGODRILIDAE REISINGER, 1925
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Parergodrilidae is a group of terrestrial or semi-terrestrial Annelida that are now known to be closely related to Orbiniidae. Parergodrilus heideri and the Stygocapitella species complex, comprise the clade, with the former living in damp terrestrial soils across Europe and the latter group of species found worldwide in coarse marine sands around the high tide level.
CHAETOPTERIDAE AUDOUIN AND MILNE EDWARDS, 1833
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Chaetopteridae is a clade with small membership of around 75 valid species and nearly all are tubicolous. The taxon name is derived from the Greek for ‘chaetae’ and ‘wing’ and refers to the long aliform notopodia with aciculae in some taxa.
MAGELONA MüLLER, 1858
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Magelona (‘shovelhead worms’), contains over 70 described nominal species that are relatively uniform in appearance. They have a somewhat unusual morphology and have historically been difficult to relate with other annelids. They are now regarded as sister group to Oweniidae, and as Oweniida, are the sister group to all other living Annelida (see Chapter 1 regarding the inappropriateness of the unfortunate name Paleoannelida that has been proposed for this group).
ORTHONECTIDA GIARD, 1877
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Orthonectida, from the Greek for ‘straight’ and ‘swimming’, is a small group of marine Annelida that are parasites of Acoela, other Annelida, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Nemertea, Platyhelminthes, and Xenoturbella (Kozloff, 1992; Nakano and Miyazawa, 2019).
Immediate Effects of Dry Needing or Manual Pressure Release of Upper Trapezius Trigger Points on Muscle Activity During the Craniocervical Flexion Test in People with Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Rodríguez-Jiménez Jorge , Ortega-Santiago Ricardo , Bonilla-Barba Laura , Falla Deborah , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Florencio Lidiane L
Published: February 2022

Objective

To compare the effects of dry needling or manual pressure release on an active trigger point in the upper trapezius on craniocervical flexion test performance, pressure pain thresholds, and cervical range of motion in chronic neck pain.

Design

A parallel randomized clinical trial.

Setting

Physical therapy service.

Subjects

Individuals with chronic neck pain.

Methods

Subjects were randomized to receive dry needling (n = 25) or manual trigger point pressure release (n = 25) on upper trapezius active trigger points. Surface electromyography from the upper trapezius, splenius capitis, sternocleidomastoid, and scalene muscles during performance of the craniocervical flexion test was assessed before and immediately after the intervention as the primary outcome. Neck pain intensity, range of motion, and pressure pain thresholds were the secondary outcomes.

Results

A decrease in sternocleidomastoid activity at all stages of the craniocervical flexion test (time effect, P < 0.001) was found in both groups after the interventions, with no significant between-group difference. Pressure pain thresholds measured over the cervical spine and second metacarpal increased after dry needling when compared with manual trigger point pressure release (P < 0.05). Pain intensity decreased immediately after both treatments with moderate to large effect sizes, whereas cervical range of motion increased for both groups but with small effect sizes.

Conclusion

A single session of dry needling or manual pressure release over upper trapezius active trigger points promotes limited effects on muscle performance during the craniocervical flexion test, pressure pain thresholds, and cervical range of motion in patients with chronic neck pain.
Lessons from experiences of accessing healthcare during the pandemic for remobilizing rheumatology services: a national mixed methods study
Authors: Morton LaKrista , Stelfox Kevin , Beasley Marcus , Jones Gareth T , Macfarlane Gary J , Murchie Peter , Paton John , Hollick Rosemary
Published: February 2022

Objectives

To understand the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on access to healthcare services for patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions.

Methods

Three established cohorts that included individuals with axial SpA, psoriatic arthritis and MSK pain completed a questionnaire between July and December 2020. In parallel, a subset of individuals participated in semistructured interviews.

Results

A total of 1054 people (45% female, median age 59 years) were included in the quantitative analyses. Qualitative data included 447 free-text questionnaire responses and 23 interviews. A total of 57% of respondents had tried to access care since the start of the UK national lockdown. More than a quarter reported being unable to book any type of healthcare appointment. General practice appointments were less likely to be delayed or cancelled compared with hospital appointments. Younger age, unemployment/health-related retirement, DMARD therapy, anxiety or depression and being extremely clinically vulnerable were associated with a greater likelihood of attempting to access healthcare. People not in work, those reporting anxiety or depression and poorer quality of life were less likely to be satisfied with remotely delivered healthcare. Participants valued clear, timely and transparent care pathways across primary care and specialist services. While remote consultations were convenient for some, in-person appointments enabled physical assessment and facilitated the development and maintenance of clinical relationships with care providers.

Conclusions

We identified patient factors that predict access to and satisfaction with care and aspects of care that patients value. This is important to inform remobilisation of rheumatology services to better meet the needs of patients.
Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to guide vaccination strategy in an urban area
Authors: Brüningk Sarah C , Klatt Juliane , Stange Madlen , Mari Alfredo , Brunner Myrta , Roloff Tim-Christoph , Seth-Smith Helena M B , Schweitzer Michael , Leuzinger Karoline , Søgaard Kirstine K , Albertos Torres Diana , Gensch Alexander , Schlotterbeck Ann-Kathrin , Nickel Christian H , Ritz Nicole , Heininger Ulrich , Bielicki Julia , Rentsch Katharina , Fuchs Simon , Bingisser Roland , Siegemund Martin , Pargger Hans , Ciardo Diana , Dubuis Olivier , Buser Andreas , Tschudin-Sutter Sarah , Battegay Manuel , Schneider-Sliwa Rita , Borgwardt Karsten M , Hirsch Hans H , Egli Adrian
Published: February 2022

Transmission chains within small urban areas (accommodating ∼30 per cent of the European population) greatly contribute to case burden and economic impact during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and should be a focus for preventive measures to achieve containment. Here, at very high spatio-temporal resolution, we analysed determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in a European urban area, Basel-City (Switzerland). We combined detailed epidemiological, intra-city mobility and socio-economic data sets with whole-genome sequencing during the first SARS-CoV-2 wave. For this, we succeeded in sequencing 44 per cent of all reported cases from Basel-City and performed phylogenetic clustering and compartmental modelling based on the dominating viral variant (B.1-C15324T; 60 per cent of cases) to identify drivers and patterns of transmission. Based on these results we simulated vaccination scenarios and corresponding healthcare system burden (intensive care unit (ICU) occupancy). Transmissions were driven by socio-economically weaker and highly mobile population groups with mostly cryptic transmissions which lacked genetic and identifiable epidemiological links. Amongst more senior population transmission was clustered. Simulated vaccination scenarios assuming 60–90 per cent transmission reduction and 70–90 per cent reduction of severe cases showed that prioritising mobile, socio-economically weaker populations for vaccination would effectively reduce case numbers. However, long-term ICU occupation would also be effectively reduced if senior population groups were prioritised, provided there were no changes in testing and prevention strategies. Reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission through vaccination strongly depends on the efficacy of the deployed vaccine. A combined strategy of protecting risk groups by extensive testing coupled with vaccination of the drivers of transmission (i.e. highly mobile groups) would be most effective at reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within an urban area.
Development and Initial Validation of a Word Fragment Completion Task to Measure Age Metastereotype Activation
Authors: Thomas Courtney L , Finkelstein Lisa M
Published: February 2022

Researchers have shown growing interest in the age metastereotyping process and its potential impact in organizations. Research calls have been made for new measurement tools to help advance this work. This paper presents five studies that were conducted to develop and provide initial validation evidence for a new word fragment completion test to assess age metastereotype activation in an indirect manner. We followed suggestions for best practices in the development of this type of measure (Koopman, J., Howe, M., Johnson, R.E., Tan, J.A., & Chang, C.H. 2013. A framework for developing word fragment completion tasks. Human Resource Management Review, 23 (3), 242–253.) and used Finkelstein et al.’s (Finkelstein, L.M., King, E.B., & Voyles, E.C. 2015. Age metastereotyping and cross-age workplace interactions: A meta view of age stereotypes and work. Work, Age, and Retirement, 1 (1), 26–40.) model of the age metastereotyping process as a basis for choosing correlates for the measure. We discuss the mixed pattern of relationships between the new measure and the variables proposed in that model and provide several suggestions for next steps toward continued validation and use of this measure. Further, we provide detailed information throughout the process that could serve as a springboard and time-saver for others interested in developing their own age metastereotype word fragment completion test to suit their own research needs.
Amplicon Sequencing ofFusariumTranslation Elongation Factor 1α Reveals that Soil Communities ofFusariumSpecies Are Resilient to Disturbances Caused by Crop and Tillage Practices
Authors: Henry Peter M. , Koehler Samuel I. , Kaur Sukhwinder , Epstein Lynn , Mitchell Jeffrey P. , Gordon Thomas R. , Leveau Johan H. J.
Published: February 2022

The fungal genus Fusarium contains plant pathogens, mutualists, and commensalists. Because nonpathogenic Fusarium strains can contribute to disease suppression in soil by competition or induced plant resistance, identifying factors that influence the abundance of nonpathogenic strains could lead to strategies that enhance plant-beneficial interactions and deter pathogen invasion. We developed a Fusarium-specific high-throughput translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) amplicon-sequencing method with subspecies resolution. Newly designed primers enabled reads to be joined for improved quality metrics after Illumina MiSeq sequencing. By including the ‘oligotyping’ program in our bioinformatic workflow, we reconstructed Fusarium EF-1α haplotypes with 100% accuracy. We conducted simulated crop rotation experiments in soil infested with the strawberry pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae ( Fof) and the following treatments: strawberry, blackberry, raspberry, lettuce, broccoli, and fallow. We profiled root Fusarium communities with EF-1α amplicons and observed that nonpathogenic strains of F. oxysporum did not colonize crops uniformly; some strains exhibited asymptomatic host preferences. In susceptible strawberry roots, >90% of sequences corresponded to Fof. Bulk soil communities of Fusarium were remarkably stable and had minimal treatment-dependent effects after 1 year. Similarly, in a long-term agricultural research experiment, 18 years of conservation tillage and cover cropping did not lead to bulk soil Fusarium communities that were significantly different than controls. Although the roots of rotation crops can augment the abundance of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum strains, their abundance in bulk soil is unlikely to be altered after a single year. Climate and soil physicochemical properties may have a greater effect on Fusarium community structure.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Nursing Students From China and the United States: Learning Together Through Virtual Simulation
Authors: Molloy Margory A. , Zhao Ying , Leonard Christina , Chen Yu , Cadavero Allen A. , Xing Weijie , Vaughn Jacqueline , Lin Yufen , Min Hui , Oermann Marilyn H. , Yan Hu
Published: February 2022

AIM

The purpose of this project was to connect nursing students from schools of nursing in China and the United States for colearning using virtual simulations.

BACKGROUND

With technology and international partnerships, nursing programs can offer global education without students traveling to other countries.

METHOD

Virtual simulations were produced by each school for the project. Students completed them in two synchronous 1.5-hour virtual sessions, one month apart. At the end of each session, students completed the Simulation Effectiveness Tool-Modified and the Nurses Clinical Reasoning Scale.

RESULTS

Scores on the Simulation Effectiveness Tool-Modified ranged from 75.0 percent to 100 percent on Simulation 1 (video vignettes focused on prioritization) and 88.9 percent to 100 percent on Simulation 2 (computer-based obstetrics case). Most students strongly agreed or agreed that the simulation improved their clinical reasoning skills.

CONCLUSION

Virtual simulations allowed students to learn together and develop an awareness of differences in nursing practices across countries.
When Regional Anesthesia Met Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Mather Laurence E. , Tucker Geoffrey T.
Published: February 2022

Pharmacokinetics of Local Anaesthetic Agents. By Tucker GT, Mather LE. Br J Anaesth 1975; 47(suppl 1):213–24

Information derived from measurements of blood concentrations of local anaesthetics can be extended by the application of pharmacokinetic analysis. A better understanding of quantitative aspects of the disposition and absorption of these drugs should assist the anaesthetist in deciding the optimal agent and dosage for regional block techniques.
Potential applications of prognostic and immunological marker transmembrane serine proteinase 2 in prediction, prevention and personalized treatment of lung cancer
Authors: Mu Bo , Zhang RenDan , Pu Yu , Yao Jiaxin , Hu XianHua , Zhao ChunYan
Published: February 2022

Transmembrane serine proteinase 2 (TMPRSS2), which is an essential serine protease for priming spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, was found in low expression in many cancer tissue including lung cancer. However, the mechanism of severely downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) was not reported yet; the correlation between TMPRSS2 and prognosis in LUAD and LUSC is also not clear. In our present research, we found that TMPRSS2 was severely downregulated in LUAD and LUSC, and the expression of TMPRSS2 in LUAD is much lower than that of LUSC. Low TMPRSS2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS in LUAD, but not in LUSC patients. Promoter hypermethylation is one of the results of TMPRSS2 downregulated in LUAD and LUSC, whereas copy-number alteration is another reason for TMPRSS2 downregulated in LUAD but not LUSC. Then, low TMPRSS2 expression has higher prognostic value in LUAD and may be due to different immune environments and different enriched immune cells subgroups.
Involvement and therapeutic implications of airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in type 2 inflammation of asthma
Authors: Dong Xiang , Ding Mei , Zhang Jinjin , Ogülür Ismail , Pat Yagiz , Akdis Mübeccel , Gao Yadong , Akdis Cezmi A.
Published: February 2022

Type 2 inflammation is a complex immune response and primary mechanism for several common allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. It is the predominant type of immune response against helminths to prevent their tissue infiltration and induce their expulsion. Recent studies suggest that epithelial barrier dysfunction contributes to the development of type 2 inflammation in asthma, which may partly explain the increasing prevalence of asthma in China and around the globe. The epithelial barrier hypothesis has recently been proposed and has received great interest from the scientific community. The development of leaky epithelial barriers leads to microbial dysbiosis and the translocation of bacteria to inter- and sub-epithelial areas and the development of epithelial tissue inflammation. Accordingly, preventing the impairment and promoting the restoration of a deteriorated airway epithelial barrier represents a promising strategy for the treatment of asthma. This review introduces the interaction between type 2 inflammation and the airway epithelial barrier in asthma, the structure and molecular composition of the airway epithelial barrier, and the assessment of epithelial barrier integrity. The role of airway epithelial barrier disruption in the pathogenesis of asthma will be discussed. In addition, the possible mechanisms underlying the airway epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by allergens and environmental pollutants, and current treatments to restore the airway epithelial barrier are reviewed.
“Concomitant” Cutaneous and Nodal Spitz Nevus/Tumor: A New Scenario for an Old Problem
Authors: Ferrara Gerardo , Lattanzi Valeria , Leonardi Elena , Broglia Irene , Barbareschi Mattia
Published: February 2022

Spitz tumors are notoriously characterized by a high propensity to nodal involvement with a morphologically malignant (intraparenchymal) pattern but with little or no tendency toward further spread. We describe a case of spindle cell Spitz neoplasm removed from the thigh in a 34-year-old woman and initially diagnosed as “Spitzoid melanoma;” the sentinel node was characterized by a morphologically benign pattern of nodal involvement, with prevailingly capsular and septal aggregated of melanocytes showing the same cytomorphological features as the cutaneous tumor. Both the cutaneous and the nodal tumor were strongly ROS1-positive on immunohistochemistry; rearrangement of the ROS1 gene was confirmed with fluorescence in situ hybridization on the cutaneous tumor. The clonal relationship between the cutaneous and the nodal capsular/trabecular tumor, as established by their morphological and immunophenotypical resemblance, underlines the existence of a morphologically benign pattern of spread of Spitz neoplasms, as also suggested by the occurrence of eruptive Spitz nevi.
Pepducin-mediated G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Xu Heli , Tilley Douglas G.
Published: February 2022

Pepducins are small-lipidated peptides designed from the intracellular loops of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that act in an allosteric manner to modulate the activity of GPCRs. Over the past 2 decades, pepducins have progressed initially from pharmacologic tools used to manipulate GPCR activity in an orthosteric site-independent manner to compounds with therapeutic potential that have even been used safely in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials in human subjects. The effect of pepducins at their cognate receptors has been shown to vary between antagonist, partial agonist, and biased agonist outcomes in various primary and clonal cell systems, with even small changes in amino acid sequence altering these properties and their receptor selectivity. To date, pepducins designed from numerous GPCRs have been studied for their impact on pathologic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases such as thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. This review will focus in particular on pepducins designed from protease-activated receptors, C-X-C motif chemokine receptors, formyl peptide receptors, and the β2-adrenergic receptor. We will discuss the historic context of pepducin development for each receptor, as well as the structural, signaling, pathophysiologic consequences, and therapeutic potential for each pepducin class.
Adrenergic Receptor Regulation of Mitochondrial Function in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Sandroni Peyton B. , Fisher-Wellman Kelsey H. , Jensen Brian C.
Published: February 2022

Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are G protein–coupled receptors that are stimulated by catecholamines to induce a wide array of physiological effects across tissue types. Both α1- and β-ARs are found on cardiomyocytes and regulate cardiac contractility and hypertrophy through diverse molecular pathways. Acute activation of cardiomyocyte β-ARs increases heart rate and contractility as an adaptive stress response. However, chronic β-AR stimulation contributes to the pathobiology of heart failure. By contrast, mounting evidence suggests that α1-ARs serve protective functions that may mitigate the deleterious effects of chronic β-AR activation. Here, we will review recent studies demonstrating that α1- and β-ARs differentially regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, mitochondrial calcium handling, and oxidative phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes. We will identify potential mechanisms of these actions and focus on the implications of these findings for the modulation of contractile function in the uninjured and failing heart. Collectively, we hope to elucidate important physiological processes through which these well-studied and clinically relevant receptors stimulate and fuel cardiac contraction to contribute to myocardial health and disease.
Meropenem to Treat Valproic Acid Intoxication
Authors: Smolders Elise J. , Ter Heine Rob , Natsch Stephanie , Kramers Kees
Published: February 2022

This therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) grand round describes a patient with serious valproic acid intoxication. A total valproic acid level of 844 mg/L and an unbound valproic acid level of 604 mg/L were observed. Meropenem was administered to enhance the clearance of valproic acid. This off-label usage of meropenem is based on the drug–drug interaction between carbapenems and valproic acid, which reduced the level of valproic acid within 24 hours after administration.
Factors associated with patient trust in their clinicians: Results from the Healthy Work Place Study
Authors: Khullar Dhruv , Prasad Kriti , Neprash Hannah , Poplau Sara , Brown Roger L. , Williams Eric S. , Audi Crystal , Linzer Mark
Published: February 2022

Background

Patient trust in their clinicians is an important aspect of health care quality, but little evidence exists on what contributes to patient trust.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine workplace, clinician, and patient correlates of patient trust in their clinician.

Methodology/Approach

The sample used baseline data from the Healthy Work Place trial, a randomized trial of 34 Midwest and East Coast primary care practices to explore factors associated with patient trust in their clinicians. A multivariate “best subset” regression modeling approach was used, starting with an item pool of 45 potential variables. Over 7 million models were tested, with a best subset of correlates determined using standard methods for scale optimization. Skewed variables were transformed to the fifth power using a Box–Cox algorithm.

Results

The final model of nine variables explained 38% of variance in patient trust at the patient level and 49% at the clinician level. Trust was related mainly to several aspects of care variables (including satisfaction with explanations, overall satisfaction with provider, and learning about their medical conditions and their clinician’s personal manner), with lesser association with patient characteristics and clinician work conditions.

Conclusion

Trust appears to be primarily related to what happens between clinicians and patients in the examination room.

Practice Implications

System changes such as patient-centered medical homes may have difficulty succeeding if the primacy of physician–patient interactions in inspiring patient trust and satisfaction is not recognized.
Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A New Etiology for Periorbital Edema
Authors: Avila Sarah A. , Wojno Ted
Published: February 2022

Alpha-gal syndrome is characterized by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity response to the carbohydrate galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. It can manifest as both an immediate drug allergy to pharmaceuticals containing alpha-gal as well as a delayed hypersensitivity response to the ingestion of mammalian meat products. In the United States, sensitization to alpha-gal is thought to occur from tick bites and can cause severe angioedema, most commonly periorbitally and periorally, with high rates of anaphylaxis. We present a unique case of chronic periorbital edema in a carnivorous individual after acquiring a new red meat allergy from Alpha-Gal Syndrome.
Shewanella algae Causing Pediatric Orbital Abscess With Leptomeningitis
Authors: Chiou Carolina A. , Reshef Edith R. , Yoon Michael K.
Published: February 2022

A 13-year-old boy presented with 3 days of left-sided periorbital pain, swelling, mucoid discharge, and fever to 103°F, with onset 1 day after swimming in the ocean. Within 12 hours, he experienced rapid clinical deterioration with formation of a superomedial subperiosteal abscess and an epidural abscess with leptomeningitis despite treatment with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. The patient underwent urgent left orbitotomy with abscess drainage and functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Intraoperative cultures grew Shewanella algae and Escherichia coli. The patient showed marked clinical improvement following surgical intervention and tailored antibiotic therapy. This is the first reported case of orbital abscess with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis due to infection with Shewanella algae.
Trigeminal sensory modulatory effects of galcanezumab and clinical response prediction
Authors: Peng Kuan-Po , Basedau Hauke , Oppermann Thalea , May Arne
Published: February 2022

Galcanezumab, a monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide, is an emerging migraine preventative. We hypothesized that the preventive effects are conveyed via the modulation of somatosensory processing and that certain sensory profiles may hence be associated with different clinical responses. We recruited migraine patients (n = 26), who underwent quantitative sensory tests over the right V1 dermatome and forearm at baseline (T0), 2 to 3 weeks (T1) and 1 year (T12) after monthly galcanezumab treatment. The clinical response was defined as a reduction of ≥30% in headache frequency based on the headache diary. Predictors for clinical response were calculated using binary logistical regression models. After galcanezumab (T1 vs T0), the heat pain threshold (°C, 44.9 ± 3.4 vs 43.0 ± 3.3, P = 0.013) and mechanical pain threshold (log mN, 1.60 ± 0.31 vs 1.45 ± 0.26, P = 0.042) were increased exclusively in the V1 dermatome but not the forearm. These changes were immediate, did not differ between responders and nonresponders, and did not last in 1 year of follow-up (T12 vs T0). However, baseline heat pain threshold (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.08-4.19, P = 0.029) on the forearm was a robust predictor for a clinical response 3 months later. In summary, our data demonstrated that galcanezumab modulates pain thresholds specifically in the V1 dermatome, but this modulation is short-lasting and irrelevant to clinical response. Instead, the clinical response may be determined by individual sensibility even before the administration of medication.
Pruritic Erythroderma and Disseminated Ulcers
Authors: Stumpf Matheo Augusto Morandi
Published: February 2022

Teledermatology is a term to describe the provision of dermatologic medical services through telecommunication technology. This is a teledermatology case of erythroderma and disseminated ulcers.
The Predictive Strength of the End of Curriculum Exam
Authors: Massey Scott , Chadha Rajat , Campbell Dana , Rodgers Christine
Published: February 2022

Purpose:

To assess the value of the Physician Assistant Education Association's End of Curriculum examTM and formative and summative exams during the physician assistant program in predicting Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam (PANCE) scores.

Methods:

Value of the End of Curriculum exam, Physician Assistant Clinical Knowledge Rating and Assessment Tool (PACKRAT I, PACKRAT II), PANCE simulation (SUMM I), and Objective Structured Clinical Examination in predicting future PANCE scores was assessed using correlation and regression analysis of data for 27 PA students from one cohort.

Results:

The End of Curriculum exam, PACKRAT I, PACKRAT II, and SUMM I are statistically significant predictors of PANCE score (p < 0.01). A combination of PACKRAT I and PACKRAT II was the best predictor of PANCE score and explained a large amount of variance (77.0%) in PANCE scores.

Conclusion:

PAEA's End of Curriculum exam is one of the strongest predictors of PANCE score (r = 0.78). It offers an additional opportunity for programs to provide PA students with another layer of academic advising and to guide their preparation for PANCE.