bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimal parts
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter is about the minimal-parts problem: Some eventualities and substances fail to distribute at very small scales because they have parts that are too small to satisfy certain mass terms and atelic predicates (Dowty 1979). Focusing on atelic predicates modified by for-adverbials, the chapter discusses some previous attempts to solve the problem before presenting a novel solution in detail. It is shown that stratified reference not only avoids problems that infinitely small parts cause for proposals based on the subinterval property and related notions, but also makes the right predications as far as the interaction between the respective predicate and the length of the interval denoted by the complement of for is concerned.
Measure functions
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains the linguistic relevance of the difference between extensive measure functions like volume and intensive measure functions like temperature, as illustrated by the pseudopartitives thirty liters of water vs. thirty degrees Celsius of water (Krifka 1998, Schwarzschild 2006). Subsuming these previous accounts, stratified reference correctly predicts the monotonicity constraint: such constructions disallow measure functions that generally return the same value on an entity and on its parts. For example, in order for *thirty degrees Celsius of water to be acceptable, it would have to describe a water entity whose parts are colder than itself; but there are no such entities. Stratified reference relativizes unboundedness to just one dimension or measure function at a time. This makes it possible to account for examples like five feet of snow even though not every part of a five-foot layer of snow is less than five feet high.
Introduction: Just financial markets? Finance in a just society
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: May 2017

The introductory chapter explains some basic mechanisms of financial markets and how they were traditionally justified by economic theory. It introduces some of the questions about financial markets that can be asked from a perspective of justice. Financial markets have often been treated as the prototype of well-functioning markets, but they deviate from textbook models in a number of ways: their products are legal artifices often at some distance from the real economy; their participants often do not carry the full risk of their behavior and instead of always tending toward an equilibrium they can develop destabilizing dynamics. The case for reform both from an economic perspective and from a perspective of justice is therefore strong. The introduction concludes by providing an overview of the chapters of the volume.
Financial markets and institutional purposes: The normative issues
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: May 2017

There is a pressing need for an adequate general normative account or “theory” of financial markets, and for adequate special normative “theories” of particular financial markets, e.g. equity markets. This chapter discusses various currently influential normative theories of markets and market-based institutions, and rejects them (Section 4.2). The chapter goes on to elaborate the author’s own normative teleological account of social institutions (Section 4.3) and apply it to financial markets, specifically the banking sector, retirement savings schemes, and capital markets (Section 4.4). The chapter identifies manifest deficiencies in these financial markets and mentions various proposed remedies, arguing that these deficiencies and the remedies for them must be principally viewed in the light of the (normatively understood) institutional purposes of these financial markets and market-based institutions.
Little v as a categorizing verbal head: evidence from Greek
Authors: Panagiotidis Phoevos , Spyropoulos Vassilios , Revithiadou Anthi
Published: May 2017

This chapter proposes that Greek exhibits systematic verbalizing morphology so that the vast majority of Greek verbs contain the morphophonological exponence of v in their stem, either as an overt formative via derivational suffixation (first conjugation) or as an empty vocalic element ̃V (second conjugation). Thus, Greek provides a case for a robust morphophonological manifestation of a verbalizing v head as a simple categorizer, which combines with a category-specific or an a-categorial root to derive a verb and, crucially, is not related to transitivity, agentivity, or to argument/event structure. Finally, the chapter shows that the verbalizing exponent itself does not encode Aktionsart, causativity, transitivity, Voice, or Aspect and that the choice of the allomorph expressing the v head lexically depends on the root.
On the division of labor between roots and functional structure
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis , Lohndal Terje
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that there is a typology of languages according to how much meaning a root encodes independently of its syntactic categorization. This typology is illustrated by an in-depth discussion of three languages: English, Greek, and Hebrew. Hebrew is argued to represent one end of the scale where the root encodes a minimal and highly abstract meaning. English represents the other end where the root has a severely restricted meaning. The two languages differ in terms of the role of functional morphology, which is crucial in Hebrew but not at all a central part of English. Greek is important in the sense that the language falls in between English and Hebrew: it has some highly general and abstract roots, and it has some roots with highly determined and specified meanings.
Voice, manners, and results in adjectival passives
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Elena
Published: May 2017

The chapter argues that there are two functional heads in the VP domain: a little v head introducing an event and Voice introducing the external argument. Evidence is drawn from adjectival passives, which split into several types that can be described in terms of this architecture. The chapter explores the interaction between Voice, v, and manner vs. result interpretations of verbal meaning in resultant state vs. target state adjectival passives. First, a summary is given of the main arguments for postulating a v head and a Voice head in adjectival passives. The chapter then focuses on the absence of Voice in target state adjectival passives. New evidence for the absence of Voice comes from two empirical domains: constraints on verb classes that are allowed and disallowed to form target state adjectival passives and a phenomenon of coercion of manner, instrument-based denominal verbs into result verbs in target state adjectival passives.
Omnipresent little v in Pazar Laz
Authors: Öztürk Balkız , Taylan Eser Erguvanlı
Published: May 2017

This study argues that in Pazar Laz, an endangered South-Caucasian language spoken in Turkey, all eventive verbal predicates, including both unergatives and unaccusatives, pattern as transitives syntactically, involving a subject and an object position. Thus, there are no syntactic differences between transitives, unergatives, and unaccusatives. The chapter argues that this pattern correlates with the voice system in the language. While it lacks the voice phenomena associated with passives, middles, and anticausatives, Pazar Laz exhibits a three-way voice system involving Initiator (Actor) Voice, Undergoer (Object) Voice, and Active Impersonal Voice, which yield transitive constructions retaining both the subject and the object positions in syntax. The voice system is shown to be in line with Pazar Laz being a very conservative example of Initiation-language à la Ritter & Rosen (2000), who present a typology of languages, depending on whether the language defines an event based on its initial bound or its terminal bound.
Toward the Redirection of a Longstanding Controversy
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the main ideas that are invoked throughout the rest of the book: conceptions of the good, reasonableness, liberal neutralism, contractualism, neutrality of justification, neutrality of means and ends, justice, legitimacy, edificatory perfectionism, aspirational perfectionism. It recounts the controversies into which the book is entering, and it provides a conspectus of the remaining chapters. As the title of this chapter makes clear, Liberalism with Excellence endeavors to redirect the debates with which it engages, instead of simply accepting the terms of those debates as they have heretofore obtained. Along with the final chapter of the book, this opening chapter delineates the broader import of the aspirational perfectionism that is championed throughout the volume.
Edificatory Perfectionism and the Quality of Freedom
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

After the preceding three chapters have taken up the cudgels against liberal neutralism, Chapter 5 begins to subject edificatory perfectionism to critical scrutiny. More specifically, it oppugns the understandings of freedom to which some of the proponents of edificatory perfectionism have adhered. Because of the inadequacies in their conceptions of freedom, these theorists have overlooked many of the freedom-constricting effects of the policies which they recommend. Their unattunedness to those effects is an element in the sinisterly illiberal undertone of edificatory perfectionism. Though the writings of Peter de Marneffe and Joseph Raz will undergo particularly sustained scrutiny in this chapter, the writings of some other edificatory perfectionists such as Steven Wall will likewise receive some wary attention.
The Quidnunc Mentality of Edificatory Perfectionism
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

Most critiques of edificatory perfectionism concentrate on the detrimental effects that will be undergone by the people whose lives the edificatory perfectionists are seeking to improve. Chapter 6 shifts the focus to the officials who formulate and implement the policies that produce such effects. On the one hand, Rawlsians and other contractualists quite rightly demur at the disrespect that is shown by edificatory perfectionists toward the putative beneficiaries of the measures which the perfectionists advocate. On the other hand, the contractualists largely neglect to take account of the ways in which the edificatory-perfectionist measures degrade the whole system of governance wherein they occur. Chapter 6 highlights that degradingness as it draws attention to the quidnunc mentality that is evinced by the officials who adopt and administer the laws for which the edificatory perfectionists have called.
The Implementation and Import of Aspirational Perfectionism
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 9, which concludes the book, follows up on the preceding two chapters with an array of arguments that pertain to the implementation and import of aspirational perfectionism. Within a general quest for excellence in any society, the public institutions devoted to impelling the quest (in cooperation with private institutions) have to make concrete decisions about the ways in which subventions and other means of encouragement should be directed. Though most of the specifics of the requisite decisions will be heavily context-dependent, the procedures that generate the decisions have to satisfy some overarching requirements of fairness and efficacy. In addition to discussing those requirements, this final chapter briefly addresses the problem of inegalitarianism
Two Lectures on the Jones Polynomial and Khovanov Homology
Authors: Witten Edward
Published: May 2017

In the first of these two lectures I describe a gauge theory approach to understanding quantum knot invariants as Laurent polynomials in a complex variable q. The two main steps are to reinterpret three-dimensional Chern-Simons gauge theory in four dimensional terms and then to apply electric-magnetic duality. The variable q is associated to instanton number in the dual description in four dimensions. In the second lecture, I describe how Khovanov homology can emerge upon adding a fifth dimension.
Elementary Knot Theory
Authors: Lackenby Marc
Published: May 2017

This is an elementary survey of knot theory. It is a well developed, but there remain several notoriously intractable problems about knots and links, many of which are surprisingly easy to state. The aim is to highlight what we still do not understand, as well as to provide a brief survey of what is known.
The Lazarist Missionary
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

Along with its endowment and formal structure, a third essential constituent of the Congregation of the Mission was an ethos, necessary to cultivate a common and distinctive sense of purpose and practice. De Paul’s described the Congregation’s purpose precisely as the salvation of the souls of the rural poor and the pursuit of perfection amongst those who worked for this goal. Chapter 5 confirms that he exhibited remarkable consistency in the pronouncements that he made about the methods that the missionaries should adopt to achieve their goal and the values by which they should operate to do so. These methods and values formed the missionary ethos of the Lazarists, a kind of institutional code that expressed the true nature of their vocation in the church, and enabled them to assert their singular character as humble instruments of God’s charity.
New Houses, New Purposes, New Problems (1643–1660)
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 investigates the second phase of Lazarist expansion under de Paul, as he oversaw the foundation of twelve more houses in the French provinces, beginning with a new house in Cahors in late 1643 and concluding with the establishment of a house in Narbonne in 1659. Three themes form the main concerns of the chapter: the first is the emergence of seminary management as a major element of the Lazarists’ activities, and the second is the significance of episcopal patronage to their expansion; third, the chapter trains a critical eye on the origins, features, and fruits of the relations that de Paul cultivated with founders and donors to expand the Lazarist infrastructure.
The Confraternities of Charity
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

The promotion of confraternal charity was the final constituent of the Lazarist pastorate, and Chapter 9 focuses in particular on the significant personal opportunities that these vehicles of pastoral missionary care offered to de Paul. It outlines the early development of the confraternal structures, before explaining why, over time, they became the principal means through which he engaged with lay women. It then focuses on his relations with a small inner circle of consoeurs (members of the confraternity at the Hôtel-Dieu hospital in Paris), to affirm that their works of charity gave rise to an extremely unusual, privileged, and productive affinity that led them to make common cause with him in all spheres of the Lazarist enterprise.
Affinities, Associations, and Projects of Charity
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

Chapter 10 assesses the ways in which de Paul carried his preference for communal performance of Christian acts of piety and morality into associations that he did not found, promote, or run himself, so that he acted uniquely as a point of connection between three of them: the Lazarists, the Ladies of Charity of the Hôtel-Dieu hospital in Paris, and the influential Company of the Holy Sacrament. It uses three case studies to expose his interconnectedness, and his ability to capitalize on his relationship with each group in projects of charitable welfare: the provision of aid to war-torn regions of north-east France, the foundation of a galley hospital in Marseille, and the establishment of the General Hospital in Paris.
Power to Appoint?
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

De Paul was elevated to the new royal Council of Ecclesiastical Affairs in 1643, while the Richelieu family handed him direct rights over appointments to the benefices of two major abbeys and a priory during the 1640s and 1650s. Chapter 11 proves that both opened up new avenues to answer his desire to populate the church with devout clergy; it also confirms that the horse-trade of ecclesiastical appointments at court in particular forced major tests on him. De Paul’s admirers have usually assumed that his supreme humility enabled him to achieve all his wishes in this domain, but the chapter reveals that a detailed reading of the evidence unearths a more complex dynamic between virtue and practicality in de Paul’s use of networks and intelligence to achieve his goals.
Introduction
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

General introduction with a review of the principles of Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics. The connection between symmetries and conservation laws, with a presentation of Noether’s theorem, is included.
Relativistic Wave Equations
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

Relativistically covariant wave equations for scalar, spinor, and vector fields. Plane wave solutions and Green’s functions. The Klein–Gordon equation. The Dirac equation and the Clifford algebra of γ matrices. Symmetries and conserved currents. Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formulations. Wave equations for spin-1 fields.
Towards a Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

Towards a relativistic quantum mechanics. Klein–Gordon and the problems of the probability current and the negative energy solutions. The Dirac equation and negative energies. P, C, and T symmetries. Positrons. The Schrödinger equation as the non-relativistic limit of relativistic equations. Majorana and Weyl equations. Relativistic corrections in hydrogen-like atoms. The Dirac equation as a quantum system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom.
The Euclidean Functional Integrals
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The Wick rotation and the functional integral in Euclidean space. Some mathematical theorems. Perturbation theory and Feynman rules in Euclidean space.
Fermions and Functional Formalism
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The introduction of spinor fields and the problem of the positivity of the energy. Need for anti-commutators. Calculus in a Grassmannian manifold, the Berezin integral. Clifford algebras. Quantum mechanics and quantum field theory with fermions. The use of path integrals.
Applications
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

Physical applications. Introduction of the scattering amplitude and cross sections. The phase space integrals. Explicit calculations of QED processes in the tree approximation. Derivation of the Feynman rules for general field theories.
A First Glance at Renormalisation and Symmetry
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The fate of the classical symmetries in a quantum field theory after renormalisation. Global symmetries versus gaugec symmetries. The Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly. The breaking of scale invariance and the Callan–Symanzik equation. The example of a non-perturbative anomaly.
Some Consequences of the Renormalisation Group
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The use of the renormalisation group and the Callan–Symanzik equations in the study of the asymptotic behaviour of Green functions. The stability properties of a Lagrangian field theory. The phenomenon of dimensional transmutation.
Quantum Field Theories with a Large Number of Fields
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The large N limit of field theories is studied for fields belonging to the vector representation of O(N) and the adjoint representation of SU(N). The first case gives a solvable model while in the second case a classical field theory may emerge with the commutators replaced by Poisson brackets.
The Existence of Field Theories beyond the Perturbation Expansion
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The standard model of fundamental interactions. A brief summary of the phenomenology of weak interactions. The construction of the electroweak theory and its experimental consequences. The deep inelastic scattering data as a motivation for quantum chromodynamics. Asymptotic freedom and the parton model. Quantum chromodynamics formulated on a space–time lattice. Non-trivial gauge field configurations and instantons. The meaning of the winding number. The strong CP problem and axions.
Islamic Feminism
Authors: Schröter Susanne
Published: May 2017

The aims of Islamic feminism are at once theological and socially reformist. Its proponents are often activists, as well as authors and scholars. It is linked to democratic reform movements within the Islamic world as well as to civil rights movements in Europe and the USA, and is supported by actors who resist the advances of patriarchal religious positions as well as Western secular definitions of modernity. Unlike secular feminists, proponents of Islamic feminism see the justification for their fight for women’s rights and gender equality in their own interpretation of Islam’s sacred text, the statements attributed to the Prophet, and his supposed life circumstances. In addition, they draw on approaches taken from new Islamic historiography. This chapter deals with the foundations of Islamic feminism and its transnational political dimension, and asks in what national and local transformation processes its proponents were able to have an impact.
Atomistic Spin Dynamics
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this book is to provide a theoretical foundation and an understanding of atomistic spin-dynamics, and to give examples of where the atomistic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation can and should be used. The contents involve a description of density functional theory both from a fundamental viewpoint as well as a practical one, with several examples of how this theory can be used for the evaluation of ground state properties like spin and orbital moments, magnetic form-factors, magnetic anisotropy, Heisenberg exchange parameters, and the Gilbert damping parameter. This book also outlines how interatomic exchange interactions are relevant for the effective field used in the temporal evolution of atomistic spins. The equation of motion for atomistic spin-dynamics is derived starting from the quantum mechanical equation of motion of the spin-operator. It is shown that this lead to the atomistic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, provided a Born-Oppenheimer-like approximation is made, where the motion of atomic spins is considered slower than that of the electrons. It is also described how finite temperature effects may enter the theory of atomistic spin-dynamics, via Langevin dynamics. Details of the practical implementation of the resulting stochastic differential equation are provided, and several examples illustrating the accuracy and importance of this method are given. Examples are given of how atomistic spin-dynamics reproduce experimental data of magnon dispersion of bulk and thin-film systems, the damping parameter, the formation of skyrmionic states, all-thermal switching motion, and ultrafast magnetization measurements.
Density Functional Theory
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

Density functional theory (DFT) has established itself as a very capable platform for modelling from first principles electronic, optical, mechanical and structural properties of materials. Starting out from the Dirac equation for the many-body system of electrons and nuclei, an effective theory has been developed allowing for materials specific and parameter free simulations of non-magnetic and magnetic solid matter. In this Chapter an introduction will be given to DFT, the Hohenberg-Kohn theorems, the Kohn-Sham equation, and the formalism for how to deal with non-collinear magnetism.
Spin Dynamics at Finite Temperature
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 4 we presented a microscopic mechanism behind the LL equation and its connection to ab-initio results, such as that provided by density functional theory. All the analysis of Chapter 4 was done by considering a temperature T=0 K. Since most magnetic phenomena of interest are observed at finite temperature, it is important to generalize the analysis presented above to incorporate effects of finite temperature. In the discussion of Eqn. 4.1 it was mentioned briefly that finite temperature effects are incorporated in the stochastic field. Details of the coupling between temperature and the stochastic field, is the main topic of this chapter.
Ferromagnetic Resonance
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

In the previous chapters we covered theoretical aspects of magnetism and magnetization dynamics, as well as practical aspects of implementation of the SLL equation in efficient softwares. In this chapter we focus on the most natural and frequently used experimental method to study magnetization dynamics, namely ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). This experimental technique has evolved into a powerful experimental technique for studies of magnetization dynamics of materials. It is, by far, the most common method for extracting damping parameters in materials, and is also a reliable technique for estimating precession frequencies of magnetic systems, leading to detection of magnetic g-factor, magnetic anisotropy and saturation magnetism.
Magnons
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

In this chapter we give several examples of how the multiscale approach for atomistic spin-dynamics, as described in Part I and Part II of this book, performs for describing magnon excitations of solids. Due to the recent experimental advancements in detecting such excitations for surfaces and multilayers, we focus here primarily on spin wave excitations of two-dimensional systems. The discussion can easily be generalized to bulk magnets, and in fact some examples of bulk properties are given in this chapter as well. Magnons can be categorized as dipolar and exchange magnons, where the latter are in the range of giga Hz frequency, and are the main focus of this chapter.
Skyrmions
Authors: Eriksson Olle , Bergman Anders , Bergqvist Lars , Hellsvik Johan
Published: May 2017

An important application of spin dynamics is the response of a magnetic material subjected to an external stimuli. In the previous chapter we discussed the response of primarily ferromagnets to temperature fluctuations that manifest itself to spin excitations and magnons. In this chapter, we are concerned about magnetic materials with more complicated magnetic texture, such as spin spirals and topological magnetic structures, in particular magnetic skyrmions. Magnetic skyrmions has many appealing and intriguing features that make them interesting both for possible applications but also from a pure theoretical point of view.
Conceiving Fertility in the Age of Abolition
Authors: Paugh Katherine
Published: May 2017

The story of the Afro-Caribbean midwife Doll illuminates the politics of midwifery on Newton plantation in Barbados. It is well known that midwives wielded a great deal of power, but the racial dynamics of that power have received less attention. Doll’s story indicates that she vied with white women for the position of midwife, and that the former were viewed by the plantation’s white managers as more responsible guardians of the reproduction of the labor force. Plantation managers therefore eventually took steps to replace Doll with a white midwife. The Newton ledgers allow us to correlate the timing of pivotal moments in Doll’s career with pivotal moments in the political history of the Atlantic world. Her rise to power came during the massive disruptions caused by the American Revolution, and her removal from office came during the backlash against elite Afro-Barbadians caused by the Haitian Revolution.
“An Increasing Capital in an Increasing Gang”
Authors: Paugh Katherine
Published: May 2017

Christian missionaries and clerics played an important, if difficult, role in the political campaign to promote monogamy and fertility in the Caribbean. Sex was big business in the Caribbean, where a hotel/prostitution industry catered to military men and island residents alike. Moreover, interracial liaisons provided opportunities for social advancement to women of African descent. Although Methodist missionaries at first tolerated polygamy among their enslaved converts, as the demographic problems in the region became politically urgent they sought increasingly to promote Christian marriage and discourage fertility control. Free women of color who resented the constraints of concubinage found Methodism particularly appealing. Evolving management strategies on the Anglican-owned Codrington plantation illustrate the pressure that Afro-Caribbean mothers faced to abandon matrifocal patterns of residence. Incentives such as land and provisions that had once been given to mothers gave way, by the 1830s, to rewards directed toward either couples or fathers.
Missionaries, Madams, and Mothers in Barbados
Authors: Paugh Katherine
Published: May 2017

Many British abolitionists and politicians during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries identified the encouragement of reproduction among enslaved Afro-Caribbeans as one of their primary goals. This book sets out to comprehend this political movement to promote fertility, as well as its effects on Afro-Caribbean women. In order to fully explore these ambitions of British politicians, the book explores in three of its six chapters how their ideas about medicine, demography, and religion, as well as their more practical political and economic concerns, shaped their assumptions about race and fertility. The remaining chapters trace the effects of the campaign to promote childbearing on an Afro-Barbadian midwife, Doll, and her female kin. Although Doll’s work as a midwife helped to secure elite status for herself and her kin, growing concern among plantation owners about the welfare of enslaved infants also helped to lead to her downfall as a midwife.
Early Malebranche
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

Malebranche’s early view is hidden under the massive revisions he made to his Search After Truth. This chapter peels away those revisions and examines his original, 1674 view on its own merits. The early Malebranche thinks that the mind achieves pairing, positioning, and localization by means of judgments. The mind must judge that, for example, the color yellow really is in the fire. Such judgments are useful but always false. The problem, as Malebranche himself might well have seen, is that this view is circular. If, as Malebranche insists, the only way to individuate an object from its surroundings is by perceiving its color, I cannot project color on to the object. For that presupposes that I have already individuated it in thought.
Middle Malebranche
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: May 2017

Among the most important changes Malebranche makes to the Search is the wholesale rejection of natural judgments. Although he retains the terminology of judgment, he now makes it clear that God is causing us to experience objects in the way that we do. These judgments can be attributed to the mind only in the most attenuated of senses. Moreover, a natural judgment is said to be a ‘compound sensation,’ because it arises from two impressions in the sense organs. The chapter shows this account to be problematic. Roughly, a compound sensation lacks the connection to an idea it would need in order to explain our perceptual experience.
Introducing Purity Discourses
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

This chapter sets out the aims of the book: to understand what Christians meant when they talked about purity, purification, and defilement, whether of body or of soul. It indicates the theoretical underpinnings of the book in anthropological and psychological studies, from structural-symbolic theories such as that of Mary Douglas to contemporary theories on disgust and emotion. It comments on the distinctions, and connections, between purity discourses and purity rituals, and suggests paradigms of “battle” and “truce” as an alternative to “moral” and “ritual” purity. Finally, it outlines the chapters of the book and its main arguments.
Sexual Defilement in Early Christian Texts
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

Chapter 7 demonstrates that sexual sin became the main target for purity discourse in early Christian texts, and attempts to explain why. Christian imagery of sexual defilement drew from a number of traditions—Greco-Roman sexual ethics, imagery of sexual sin from the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple texts, and both Jewish and pagan purity laws, all seen through the lens of Paul’s imagery of sexuality and sexual sin. Two broad currents characterized Christian sexual ethics in the second century: one upheld marriage and the family as the basis for a holy Christian society and church, while the second rejected all sexuality, including in marriage. Writers of both currents made heavy use of defilement imagery. For the first, sexual sin was a dangerous defilement, contaminating the Christian community and severing it from God. For the second, more radical current, sexuality itself was the defilement; virginity or continence alone were pure.
The Origenist Synthesis
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that Origen’s purity discourse was innovative on many fronts, as can be seen in his writings on sexuality, baptism, and on dietary issues. Defilement imagery concerning sexuality is especially prominent. Although Origen did not prohibit marriage, he saw sexuality as defiled, the quintessential expression of human corporeality, closely connected with sin though not synonymous with it. I argue that Origen was the first Christian thinker who integrated the notion of temporary sexual defilement found in the Hebrew Bible with the second-century Christian notion of essential sexual defilement, creating a nuanced conception of defilement. As in sexual issues, in baptism too Origen supplies a relatively systematic usage of purity discourse; baptism and sex are linked through his understanding of infant baptism as purification from an inherent defilement linked to the sexual origin of the human body.
General Conclusions
Authors: Blidstein Moshe
Published: May 2017

In the general conclusion, I discuss the consequences of the textual analyses for the overarching theme of the book—how purity and defilement are redefined in early Christianity to support the theology, demonology, and understanding of human nature found in second- and third-century communities, and to construct the identity of these communities. I compare different areas of purity discourse (sexuality, dietary laws, asceticism, baptism), and trace the historical development of purity concepts and ideas through the first three centuries of Christianity, underlining the unique place of Origen and of Jewish-Christian communities in this development.
Prelude
Authors: Chatterjee Partha
Published: May 2017

This chapter takes a fresh look at the land question in India. Instead of re-engaging in the rich Marxian transition debate, this volume goes beyond that debate to critically examine theoretically the centrality of land in contemporary development discourse in India. But this chapter shows that land in India is sought increasingly for nonagricultural purposes, resulting in inequality and thus class and caste-based conflicts. The chapters collectively address interrelated questions on the role of the state involved in the process of dispossession of land from peasants and tribal communities arguably for developmental purposes. This chapter provides new analytical insights into the land acquisition processes, their legal-institutional and ethical implications, and captures empirically the multifaceted regional diversity of acquisition experiences in India.
The Land Question in India
Authors: D’Costa Anthony P. , Chakraborty Achin
Published: May 2017

Since the mid-2000s, proliferating “land wars” have exposed a contradiction between the land requirements of neoliberal capitalism and the political weight of farmers in India’s democracy. Whether, how, and for whom this contradiction is resolved constitutes India’s “new” land question. But this chapter argues that Marx’s “primitive accumulation” or Harvey’s “accumulation by dispossession” are inadequate to understand this conjuncture; and it advances the concept of “regimes of dispossession” as an alternative. It argues that from the early 1990s, India shifted from a regime that dispossessed land for state-led projects of material expansion to one that dispossesses land for private and decreasingly productive investments. This new regime, in which states have become mere land brokers for private capital, is arguably less “developmental” than its Nehruvian predecessor. The upshot is that India’s “land wars” are unlikely to dissipate any time soon; and the “land question” may be the largest contradiction for Indian capitalism for the foreseeable future.
Law Struggles, Lawmaking, and the Politics of Hegemony in Neoliberal India
Authors: Nielsen Kenneth Bo , Nilsen Alf Gunvald
Published: May 2017

The chapter examines the fairness claim of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (LARR), 2013. The author uses the utilitarian fairness standard proposed by one of the most influential American constitutional scholars of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, Frank Michelman, whose study of judicial decisions from an ethical perspective by introducing the concept of “demoralization costs” has shaped the interpretational debate on takings law in the United States. Michelman’s analysis is particularly relevant for the land question in India today since there is a widespread feeling that millions of people have been unfairly deprived of their land and livelihoods. The chapter looks at the role of the Indian judiciary in interpreting the land acquisition legislation since landmark judgments affect the morale of society. It concludes that using Michelman’s standard would help in bringing about greater “fairness” than what the new legislation has achieved.
Land Acquisition and “Fair Compensation” of the “Project Affected”
Authors: Pal Malabika
Published: May 2017

Since the mid-1980s, the Indian state has enacted a series of radical legislations granting administrative autonomy to tribal communities (adivasis) and recognizing their community rights over natural resources. The adivasis, who are intimately connected to forest lands for their subsistence and through cultural practices, have long resisted encroachment of these resources by capital and by the state acting on capital’s behalf. These legislations are celebrated as a victory for constraining capital to access natural resources at its will. This chapter argues, however, that such politico-juridical interventions also points to the emergence of a more protean neoliberal governance structure. As commodified adivasi land refuses to be encompassed by the logic of market—the neoliberal order may seek to instrumentally use these legislations to clearly define property rights over resources, which can then form the basis of negotiations with the adivasi communities over land for the benefit of capital.
The Adivasi Land Question in the Neoliberal Era
Authors: Bhattacharya Rajesh , Bhattacharya Snehashish , Gill Kaveri
Published: May 2017

Rural economic structure is witnessing incremental changes as a response to public policy interventions. One of the aspects of this change is the increasing importance of households who own land but do not cultivate the land constraining the long-term growth in the economy. The chapter, firstly, presents evidences (from secondary sources as well as primary survey in nine villages in erstwhile Andhra Pradesh) on the importance of noncultivating households owning land. Secondly, reasons for these households not to sell land are also presented. This chapter suggests two conditions, which encourage the growth of noncultivating households: increasing land prices and rental income earned by these households.
Land and/or Labor? Predicament of Petty Commodity Producers among South Indian Villages
Authors: Murthy R. V. Ramana
Published: May 2017

This chapter revisits the experience of land reforms in Kerala and West Bengal to provide a comparative analysis of the impact of left reformism on the nature of capital accumulation in these two states. The chapter builds on a conceptual framework combining a contemporary Marxist reading of the agrarian question and the theoretical justification of land reforms from a developmentalist perspective. The analysis in the chapter shows that land reforms were not able to generate a process of inclusive industrial development in either state. In Kerala, land reforms did not revitalize agricultural production primarily because of a powerful trade union movement leading to overpricing of labor and resistance to technological upgrading while in West Bengal the sharp increase in agricultural productivity could not be transmitted to dynamic process of capital accumulation in the larger economy. This is interpreted as a disarticulation of the accumulation problematic of the agrarian question.
Land and Dispossession
Authors: Chakraborty Gorky , Ray Asok Kumar
Published: May 2017

In this postscript the author revisits the place of land in the capitalist development process generally and in late developers such as India. Primitive accumulation has been the modus operandi for reducing surplus labor, by separating the peasants from their land, and a source of agrarian dynamism, leading to the rise of a wage-dependent proletariat. However, in India this process has been shown to be incomplete. In the absence of a classical capitalist transition India’s transformation remains muted with the formation of a persistent petty commodity producer sector. This concluding set of remarks reflects broadly on the nature of impending politics such as the ability of the state to politically manage those that are outside the formal orbits of capital or when jobs disappear and self-employment become routine in an expanding economy but without dissolving the PCP. Instead, when land and livelihoods are contested and dispossession becomes inevitable.
Images of Mithra
Authors: Adrych Philippa , Bracey Robert , Dalglish Dominic , Lenk Stefanie , Wood Rachel
Published: May 2017

Images of Mithra begins with the seemingly simple question: what’s in a name? With a history of use extending back to Vedic texts of the second millennium BC, derivations of the name Mithra appear in the Roman Empire, across Sasanian Persia, and in the Kushan Empire of southern Afghanistan and northern India during the first millennium AD. Even today, this name has a place in Yazidi and Zoroastrian religion. But what connection have Mihr in Persia, Miiro in Kushan Bactria, and Mithras in the Roman Empire to one another? Over the course of the volume, specialists in the material culture of these diverse regions explore appearances of the name Mithra from six distinct locations in antiquity. In a subversion of the usual historical process, the authors begin not from an assessment of texts, but by placing images of Mithra at the heart of their analysis. Careful consideration of each example’s own context, situating it in the broader scheme of religious traditions and ongoing cultural interactions, is key to this discussion. Such an approach opens up a host of potential comparisons and interpretations that are often sidelined in historical accounts. What Images of Mithra offers is a fresh approach to figures that we identify as ‘gods’, and the ways in which they were labelled and depicted in the ancient world. Through an emphasis on material culture, a more nuanced understanding of the processes of religious formation is proposed in what is but the first part of the Visual Conversations series.
Reconstructions
Authors: Adrych Philippa , Bracey Robert , Dalglish Dominic , Lenk Stefanie , Wood Rachel
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 discusses two gypsum reliefs from Dura-Europos, a city on the Euphrates in modern Syria, once within the Roman Empire. Not only does Dura provide a rare example of two carved tauroctony reliefs displayed more or less equally in the same mithraeum, but each relief respectively includes a unique depiction of an act of sacrifice. This is particularly visible on the second relief, where the patron, who dedicated it in AD 170/1, chose to include a representation of himself. This invites the viewer to ask questions about the relationship between Mithraic patrons, worshippers, and the god Mithras himself. The chapter extends out from these two images to take in the wider picture of religious life at Dura-Europos, revealing a high level of cultural and artistic exchange between the Mithraic community and the surrounding town.
Settings
Authors: Adrych Philippa , Bracey Robert , Dalglish Dominic , Lenk Stefanie , Wood Rachel
Published: May 2017

The starting point for chapter 4 is a Sasanian rock relief carved into the mountain-side at Tāq-e Bostān in western Iran. This relief appears to show Mithra blessing the transition of power from the Persian King of Kings Shapur II to his successor Ardashir II (r. 379–383). As such, it is the only Sasanian rock relief to include an image of Mithra (Mihr in the Middle Persian language). Each figure in the scene is unlabelled, however, and each figure has received numerous identifications. This chapter explores the significance of these identifications for our understanding of Mithra’s worship during the Sasanian period, and the wider implications for the history of Zoroastrianism. In particular, the chapter addresses how, if at all, we can reconcile images with our far more abundant yet scattered textual sources.
The Political Economy of Rural-Urban Conflict
Authors: McDougal Topher L.
Published: May 2017

In some cases of insurgency, the combat frontier is contested and erratic, as rebels target cities as their economic prey. In other cases, it is tidy and stable, seemingly representing an equilibrium in which cities are effectively protected from violent non-state actors. What factors account for these differences in the interface urban-based states and rural-based challengers? To explore this question, this book examines two regions representing two dramatically different outcomes. In West Africa (Liberia and Sierra Leone), capital cities became economic targets for rebels, who posed dire threats to the survival of the state. In Maoist India, despite an insurgent ideology aiming to overthrow the state via a strategy of progressive city capture, the combat frontier effectively firewalls cities from Maoist violence. This book argues that trade networks underpinning the economic relationship between rural and urban areas—termed “interstitial economies”—may differ dramatically in their impact on (and response to) the combat frontier. It explains rebel predatory tendencies toward cities as a function of transport networks allowing monopoly profits to be made by urban-based traders. It explains combat frontier delineation as a function of the social structure of the trade networks: hierarchical networks permit elite–elite bargains that cohere the frontier. These factors represent what might be termed respectively the “hardware” and “software” of the rural–urban economic relationship. Of interest to any student of political economy and violence, this book presents new arguments and insights about the relationships between violence and the economy, predation and production, core and periphery.