bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fe2O3 Nanoparticle Seed Catalysts Enhance Cyclability on Deep (Dis)charge in Aprotic LiO2 Batteries
Authors: Li Zhaolong , Ganapathy Swapna , Xu Yaolin , Zhu Quanyao , Chen Wen , Kochetkov Ivan , George Chandramohan , Nazar Linda F. , Wagemaker Marnix
Published: March 2018

Although the high energy density of LiO2 chemistry is promising for vehicle electrification, the poor stability and parasitic reactions associated with carbon‐based cathodes and the insulating nature of discharge products limit their rechargeability and energy density. In this study, a cathode material consisting of α‐Fe2O3 nanoseeds and carbon nanotubes (CNT) is presented, which achieves excellent cycling stability on deep (dis)charge with high capacity. The initial capacity of Fe2O3/CNT electrode reaches 805 mA h g−1 (0.7 mA h cm−2) at 0.2 mA cm−2, while maintaining a capacity of 1098 mA h g−1 (0.95 mA h cm−2) after 50 cycles. The operando structural, spectroscopic, and morphological analysis on the evolution of Li2O2 indicates preferential Li2O2 growth on the Fe2O3. The similar d‐spacing of the (100) Li2O2 and (104) Fe2O3 planes suggest that the latter epitaxially induces Li2O2 nucleation. This results in larger Li2O2 primary crystallites and smaller secondary particles compared to that deposited on CNT, which enhances the reversibility of the Li2O2 formation and leads to more stable interfaces within the electrode. The mechanistic insights into dual‐functional materials that act both as stable host substrates and promote redox reactions in LiO2 batteries represent new opportunities for optimizing the discharge product morphology, leading to high cycling stability and coulombic efficiency.
Sodium Vanadium Fluorophosphates (NVOPF) Array Cathode Designed for High‐Rate Full Sodium Ion Storage Device
Authors: Chao Dongliang , Lai Chun‐Han (Matt) , Liang Pei , Wei Qiulong , Wang Yue‐Sheng , Zhu Changrong (Rose) , Deng Gang , Doan‐Nguyen Vicky V. T. , Lin Jianyi , Mai Liqiang , Fan Hong Jin , Dunn Bruce , Shen Ze Xiang
Published: March 2018

3D batteries continue to be of widespread interest for flexible energy storage where the 3D nanostructured cathode is the key component to achieve both high energy and power densities. While current work on flexible cathodes tends to emphasize the use of flexible scaffolds such as graphene and/or carbon nanotubes, this approach is often limited by poor electrical contact and structural stability. This communication presents a novel synthetic approach to form 3D array cathode for the first time, the single‐crystalline Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F (NVOPF) by using VO2 array as a seed layer. The NVOPF cathode exhibits both high‐rate capability (charge/discharge in 60 s) and long‐term durability (10,000 cycles at 50 C) for Na ion storage. Utilizing in situ X‐ray diffraction and first principles calculations, the high‐rate properties are correlated with the small volume change, 2D fast ion transport, and the array morphology. A novel all‐array flexible Na+ hybrid energy storage device based on pairing the intercalation‐type NVOPF array cathode with a cogenetic pseudocapacitive VO2 nanosheet array anode is demonstrated.
Highly Reversible Na Storage in Na3V2(PO4)3 by Optimizing Nanostructure and Rational Surface Engineering
Authors: Jiang Yu , Zhou Xuefeng , Li Dongjun , Cheng Xiaolong , Liu Fanfan , Yu Yan
Published: March 2018

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) have attracted more and more attention as economic alternatives for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON) structure materials, known for high conductivity and chemical diffusion coefficient of Na+ (≈10−14 cm2 s−1), are promising electrode materials for NIBs. However, NASICON structure materials often suffer from low electrical conductivity (<10−4 S cm−1), which hinders their electrochemical performance. Here high performance sodium storage performance in Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is realized by optimizing nanostructure and rational surface engineering. A N, B codoped carbon coated three‐dimensional (3D) flower‐like Na3V2(PO4)3 composite (NVP@C‐BN) is designed to enable fast ions/electrons transport, high‐surface controlled energy storage, long‐term structural integrity, and high‐rate cycling. The conductive 3D interconnected porous structure of NVP@C‐BN greatly releases mechanical stress from Na+ extraction/insertion. In addition, extrinsic defects and active sites introduced by the codoping heteroatoms (N, B) both enhance Na+ and e− diffusion. The NVP@C‐BN displays excellent electrochemical performance as the cathode, delivering reversible capacity of 70% theoretical capacity at 100 C after 2000 cycles. When used as anode, the NVP@C‐BN also shows super long cycle life (38 mA h g−1 at 20 C after 5000 cycles). The design provides a novel approach to open up possibilities for designing high‐power NIBs.
Employer knowledge of federal requirements for recording work‐related injuries and illnesses: Implications for occupational injury surveillance data
Authors: Wuellner Sara , Phipps Polly
Published: March 2018

Background

Accuracy of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) data is dependent on employer compliance with workplace injury and illness recordkeeping requirements. Characterization of employer recordkeeping can inform efforts to improve the data.

Methods

We interviewed representative samples of SOII respondents from four states to identify common recordkeeping errors and to assess employer characteristics associated with limited knowledge of the recordkeeping requirements and non compliant practices.

Results

Less than half of the establishments required to maintain OSHA injury and illness records reported doing so. Few establishments knew to omit cases limited to diagnostic services (22%) and to count unscheduled weekend days as missed work (27%). No single state or establishment characteristic was consistently associated with better or worse record‐keeping.

Conclusion

Many employers possess a limited understanding of workplace injury recordkeeping requirements, potentially leading them to over‐report minor incidents, and under‐report missed work cases.
Oxytocin regulates reunion affiliation with a pairmate following social separation in marmosets
Authors: Cavanaugh Jon , Mustoe Aaryn , French Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2018

While separation from significant social partners produces a host of neurobiological and behavioral perturbations, including behavioral distress and increased glucocorticoid production, positive social interactions upon reunion are critical for the reestablishment of normative relationship dynamics and the attenuation of the biobehavioral stress response. The hormone oxytocin has critical and pervasive roles in reproductive and behavioral processes across the lifespan, and plays a particularly prominent role in social bonding. In this study, we examined the extent that oxytocin modulates interactions with a pairmate following separation challenges that varied in both social context (isolation; separation) and duration (long; short), in marmosets. We demonstrated that the impact of pharmacological manipulations of the oxytocin system on the expression of affiliation upon reunion depended on both the context and duration of the separation challenge. Specifically, marmosets treated with an oxytocin antagonist spent less time in proximity with their pairmate upon reunion following a long‐separation challenge. During the short‐separation challenge, marmosets engaged in more social gaze when separated with an opposite‐sex stranger, but not when separated with their mate. Furthermore, marmosets that received the most social gaze from opposite‐sex strangers spent the most time in proximity with their long‐term mate upon reunion. We also showed that marmosets treated with an OT agonist received increased levels of gaze from opposite‐sex strangers, but not from their mate. Overall, these results suggest that marmosets are sensitive to the nature of the social interactions during separation, and subsequently alter their expression of affiliation upon reunion with their long‐term mate. These findings further implicate oxytocin as a bond‐enhancing molecule that regulates the reestablishment of normative levels of affiliation with a mate following separation, and add to the emerging literature that suggests the OT system underlies critical behavioral processes that contribute to the preservation of long‐lasting social bonds.
Ein Monoarylbleitrichlorid, das der reduktiven Eliminierung trotzt
Authors: Olaru Marian , Kather Ralf , Hupf Emanuel , Lork Enno , Mebs Stefan , Beckmann Jens
Published: March 2018

Die Transmetallierung von Pb(OAc)4mit R2Hg (1), gefolgt von der Umsetzung mit HCl in Et2O, lieferte RPbCl3(2), das erste kinetisch stabilisierte Monoorganobleitrihalogenid, das einer reduktiven Eliminierung unter Umgebungsbedingungen trotzt. Die kinetische Stabilisierung beruht auf einem intramolekular koordinierenden O‐Donor‐Substituenten (R=6‐Ph2P(O)‐Ace‐5‐). Die Herstellung von2im Grammmaßstab war der Schlüssel zur Synthese von unsymmetrisch substituierten Diarylbleidichloriden RR′PbCl2(3 a, R′=Ph;3 b, R′=4‐MeOC6H4;3 c, R′=4‐Me2NC6H4).
Molekulare Samariumpolystibide aus aktiviertem Antimon
Authors: Schoo Christoph , Bestgen Sebastian , Egeberg Alexander , Klementyeva Svetlana , Feldmann Claus , Konchenko Sergey N. , Roesky Peter W.
Published: March 2018

Zintl‐Ionen in molekularen Verbindungen sind sowohl für die Grundlagenforschung als auch für die Anwendung von besonderem Interesse. Hier wird über zwei reaktive Antimonquellen berichtet, aus denen zum ersten Mal molekulare Polystibide direkt erhalten werden konnten. Sowohl Sb‐Amalgam (Hg/Sb) als auch Sb‐Nanopartikel [d=(6.6±0.8) nm] wurden unabhängig voneinander zur Herstellung des bisher größten f‐Element‐Polystibids [(Cp*2Sm)4Sb8] eingesetzt. Während die Reaktion der Nanopartikel mit [Cp*2Sm] direkt zu [(Cp*2Sm)4Sb8] führte, konnten Sm/Sb/Hg‐Zwischenprodukte bei Verwendung des Amalgams isoliert werden. Die Sm/Sb/Hg‐Zwischenprodukte [{(Cp*2Sm)2Sb}2(μ‐Hg)] und [{(Cp*2Sm)3(μ4,η1:2:2:2‐Sb4)}2Hg] wurden strukturell charakterisiert und geben Einblicke in den Bildungsmechanismus von Polystibidverbindungen.
Exponential Mean‐Square Stability of Stochastic String Hybrid Systems Under Continuous Non‐Gaussian Excitation
Authors: Socha Lesław
Published: March 2018

The problem of the exponential mean‐square stability for nonlinear stochastic string hybrid system under parametric (multiplicative) Gaussian and external (additive) continuous non‐Gaussian excitations is considered. The string hybrid system is treated as an infinite‐dimensional family of strings (subsystems) with a switching rule that has the form of a right continuous Markov chain. It is described by infinite‐dimension Ito stochastic differential equations. The excitations are assumed to be parametric Gaussian white noises and the continuous non‐Gaussian processes modeled by polynomials of a Gaussian process. The nonlinear strings under external continuous non‐Gaussian excitation are transformed to extended dimensional nonlinear strings with a special structure under a parametric Gaussian excitation. Using the methodology of the stability analysis of nonlinear hybrid systems with Markovian switchings the sufficient conditions of the exponential mean‐square stability of nonlinear stochastic string systems under parametric Gaussian and external continuous non‐Gaussian excitation with a Markovian switching are derived. The detailed calculations are given for linear systems.
Optimal Random Dither Quantizers for Positive Systems
Authors: Morita Ryosuke , Azuma Shun‐ichi , Sugie Toshiharu
Published: March 2018

This paper addresses the problem of finding an optimal random dither quantizer for quantized control of positive systems. We show that the random dither quantizer with a uniform distribution is optimal and demonstrate it by a numerical simulation.
Eigenstructure Assignment for Linear Descriptor Systems Via Output Feedback
Authors: Zhang Biao
Published: March 2018

Parametric approaches for eigenstructure assignment in linear descriptor systems via output feedback are proposed. General parametric expressions for both the left and right closed‐loop finite and infinite eigenvectors and the output feedback gain matrix are established in terms of certain parameter vectors. The approaches do not impose any restriction on the finite closed‐loop eigenvalues, assign the whole sets of the left and right closed‐loop finite and infinite eigenvectors, and need less computational work.
Effect of H2O on Slurry‐Phase Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis over Alumina‐supported Cobalt Catalysts
Authors: Park Seon‐Ju , Kwak Geunjae , Lee Yun‐Jo , Jun Ki‐Won , Kim Yong Tae
Published: March 2018

In this article, the hydrothermal stability and change in the physicochemical properties of supported cobalt catalysts modified with Zn, P, and Zr have been studied for slurry‐phase Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) at 230°C and 2.0 MPa. The Co/P/γ‐Al2O3 exhibited weaker interactions between cobalt oxides and alumina support than other catalysts. The support of all the Co catalysts underwent phase transformation of γ‐Al2O3 into boehmite (AlO(OH)) during hydrothermal treatment at 250°C for 12 h, except Co/P/γ‐Al2O3, which was hydrothermally stable in the presence of H2O. The initial CO conversion increased with increasing number of Co surface sites during FTS. However, CO conversion decreased when H2O was cofed, causing a shift in product distribution from C2–C4 to C5+ hydrocarbons. The CO conversion and product distribution were partially reversible at 0–42.7% H2O in the feed stream. The lower adsorption capacity of H2O on the catalysts caused higher CO conversions under H2O‐rich condition. The catalytic activity of Co/P/γ‐Al2O3 was least affected by the co‐fed H2O, while that of Co/Zr/γ‐Al2O3 was strongly influenced by H2O concentration in the feed stream. The Co/P/γ‐Al2O3 did not exhibit phase transformation of γ‐Al2O3 to AlO(OH) during slurry‐phase FTS.
Asch conformity experiment using immersive virtual reality
Authors: Kyrlitsias Christos , Michael‐Grigoriou Despina
Published: March 2018

Virtual reality is used in fields of cognitive sciences to study the participants' behavior. In such cases, existence of other digital humanoid representations in the virtual environment is a crucial factor. Conformity—the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to fit with the majority—is one of the most powerful aspects of social influence. In this study, we investigated conformity to virtual humans in an immersive virtual environment, using two experiments. In the first experiment, we investigated whether agents have social influence on the participants by conducting the 1951 Asch conformity experiment. Findings demonstrate that the participants' response times were affected by the judgments of the agents in the virtual environment. In the second experiment, we used a similar method to study how the factors “agency” and “behavioral real ism” affect social conformity. “Agency” is the extent of a user's belief that other humanoid representations represent real people. “Behavioral realism” is the degree to which humanoid representations behave as they would do in the real world. The results of the experiment showed that conformity can be caused by virtual humans in immersive virtual environments. However, there are no significant results regarding the influence of “agency” and “behavioral realism” on conformity.
A Trauma‐Informed Care Approach to Supporting Foster Youth in Community College
Authors: Hallett Ronald E. , Westland Melinda A. , Mo Elaine
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes the ways that the trauma of childhood frames the academic, social, and personal lives of many foster youth as they navigate higher education. In particular, we focus on the role of homelessness, social network fragmentation, and abuse and neglect.
Etomidate in the control of severe Cushing's syndrome by neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Reza‐Albarrán Alfredo Adolfo , Andino Ríos Gerson Geovany , Gómez Herrera Laura Gabriela
Published: March 2018

Key Clinical Message

Etomidate is a very effective drug in severe Cushing's syndrome that is refractory to ketoconazol. Control of the serum cortisol levels in ectopic Cushing's syndrome can be obtained with infusion rates much lower than those used in anesthesia, without respiratory side effects.
Peculiarities and management challenges of advanced renal cell carcinoma incidentally discovered in pregnancy
Authors: David Rotimi A. , Idowu Boluwatife , Akindiose Cathlyn , Laoye Adeyinka , Aluko John A. , Omisore Adeleye D. , Alajiki Emmanuel , Komolafe Akinwumi O. , Salako Abdulkadir A. , Onwudiegwu Uchenna
Published: March 2018

Key Clinical Message

Our aim is that urologists, gynecologists, nephrologists, and general practitioners will be reminded that diagnosis of renal malignancies sometimes require a high index of suspicion as they may remain asymptomatic in advanced stages; even as they can also rarely co‐exist with and cause peculiar challenges in pregnancy.
Redox‐Active Copper‐Benzotriazole Stacked Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Gurusamy Tamilselvi , Gayathri Prakasam , Mandal Sudip , Ramanujam Kothandaraman
Published: March 2018

A copper‐benzotriazole metal‐organic framework (MOF) was assembled on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs@BTAH‐Cu2+) by π‐π interaction, and the composite was used to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in pH 7, 11, and 13. This electrode catalyzes the ORR through a surface‐confined redox‐mediated process of the Cu2+/Cu+ redox couple. BTAH adsorbed on MWCNTs, benzimidazole‐Cu2+ system adsorbed on MWCNTs, and pristine MWCNTs were used as reference systems to illustrate the importance of the Cu2+/Cu+ redox couple and BTAH for ORR. ORR kinetics was characterized using the Koutecky‐Levich analysis, rotating ring‐disk electrode studies, and the Tafel analysis. From this analysis, the number of electrons transferred per O2, exchange current density, and Tafel slopes were estimated. The cyclic voltammetry studies performed for GCE/MWCNTs@BTAH‐Cu2+ before and after chronoamperometry studies (for 10 h) in the respective O2‐saturated electrolyte solution, indicate complete stability of the adsorbed BTAH‐Cu2+ in pH 7 and 11. The surface excess values calculated from the cyclic voltammogram of MWCNTs@BTAH‐Cu2+ were used for estimating the turnover frequency pertaining to 2‐electron and 4‐electron ORR. Based on these studies, pH 11 was identified as the optimum pH for carrying out ORR using MWCNTs@BTAH‐Cu2+.
Flexible and Tailorable Alkylviologen/Cellulose Nanocrystals Composite Films for Sustainable Applications in Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Su Yun , Yang Fei , Zhou Lijuan , Geng Yong , Zhang Jianming , Jiang Min
Published: March 2018

The new, sustainable, and pro‐environmental electrochromic devices (ECDs) have attracted tremendous attention due to the current issues regarding energy sources consumption and environmental pollution. A free‐standing composite film, consisting of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as biological matrix, viologen, and KCl, was prepared by a casting method. Such a composite film is flexible and can be tailored into various shapes for patterned applications. The viologen/KCl/CNCs film was sandwiched between two indium‐tin oxide (ITO) glasses to construct viologen‐based ECDs. The performance of the viologen‐based ECDs did not depend on the organic solvent. ECDs based on four kinds of viologens with different substituent groups exhibited distinct coloration response. Besides the nature of the substituent groups attached to the bipyridine rings, the presence of CNCs is a crucial factor that affects the electrochromic performance of ECDs. The dimethyl‐substituted viologen ECD has a fast response time (10 s for bleaching and 7.3 s for coloring). And for the dibenzyl‐substituted viologen, a low voltage of −2.2 V can drive the coloration of its ECDs. The diethyl‐substituted viologen ECD exhibits 30 % transmittance variation and good coloring/bleaching stability. The ability to be tailored and degradability of the composite film provides a feasible strategy for the sustainability of electrochromic displays.
Structural analysis of lysine‐4 methylated histone H3 proteins using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy
Authors: Izumi Yudai , Matsuo Koichi , Namatame Hirofumi
Published: March 2018

We report structural alterations of histone H3 proteins induced by lysine‐4 (K4) monomethylation, dimethylation, and trimethylation identified by using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy. Compared with unmethylated H3, monomethylation and dimethylation induced increases in α‐helix structures and decreases in β‐strand structures. In contrast, trimethylation decreased α‐helix content but increased β‐strand content. The structural differences among K4‐unmethylated/methylated H3 may allow epigenetic enzymes to discriminate the substrates both chemically and sterically.
Anomalous Pore‐Density Dependence in Nanofluidic Osmotic Power Generation
Authors: Su Jianjian , Ji Danyan , Tang Jialiang , Li Hao , Feng Yaping , Cao Liuxuan , Jiang Lei , Guo Wei
Published: March 2018

Osmotic power generation in biomimetic nanofluidic systems has attracted considerable research interest owing to the enhanced performance and long‐term stability. Towards practical applications, when extrapolating the materials from single‐nanopore to multi‐pore membranes, conventional viewpoint suggests that, to gain high electric power density, the porosity should be as high as possible. However, recent experimental observations show that the commonly‐used linear amplification method largely overestimates the actual performance, particularly at high pore density. Herein, we provide a theoretical investigation to understand the reason. We find a counterintuitive pore‐density dependence in high porosity nanofluidic systems that, once the pore density approaches more than 1×109 pores/cm2, the overall output electric power goes down with the increasing pore density. The excessively high pore density impairs the charge selectivity and induces strong ion concentration polarization, which undermines the osmotic power generation process. By optimizing the geometric size of the nanopores, the performance degradation can be effectively relieved. These findings clarify the origin of the unsatisfactory performance of the current osmotic nanofluidic power sources, and provide insights to further optimize the device.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric [3+2]‐Cycloaddition of α‐Substituted Iminoesters with α‐Trifluoromethyl α,β‐Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Xu Shan , Liu Bing , Zhang Zhan‐Ming , Xu Bing , Zhang Junliang
Published: March 2018

Reported herein is an example of highly regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselective Cu(I)‐catalyzed intermolecular [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of α‐substituted iminoesters with α‐trifluoromethyl α,β‐unsaturated esters. This novel strategy provided a facile access to pyrrolidines with two skipped (aza)quaternary stereocenters including a CF3 all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter. A broad substrate scope was observed and high yields (up to 94%) with excellent diastereoselectivity (up to >20 : 1 d.r.) and enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee) were obtained.
Solvent‐Responsive and Switchable Nanofiltration Membranes based on Hypercrosslinked Polymers with Permanent Porosity
Authors: Schute Kai , Jansen Felicitas , Rose Marcus
Published: March 2018

Porous organic framework materials such as hypercrosslinked polymers (HCP) show a high chemical stability and dynamic behavior in a variety of solvents while their pore properties exhibit great potential for mixed matrix membrane (MMM) applications. However, their influence as porous filler in MMMs, especially for applications in liquid‐phase filtration is still unexploited. Herein, we demonstrate an HCP‐based MMM for molecular separation in the liquid phase by nanofiltration (NF). Depending on the solvent, the membrane changes its fractional free volume by shrinking or swelling. In connection to that, the pore size is also influenced, hence, providing a tunable permeance and molecular cut‐off. The reduction of the pore volume and size directly correlates to the improvement of the NF performance, while the volume increase completely diminishes it. The extraordinary flexibility and high degree of crosslinking assure permanent porosity and render the dynamic behavior fully reversible. Thereby, a solvent‐responsive “on” and “off” switching of the NF properties is enabled and was experimentally proven. Overall, this provides alternative strategies regarding the fouling and regeneration of membranes as well as the inhibition of pore blocking in membrane‐derived processes by a tunable separation performance.
Auction‐based resource allocation mechanisms in the cloud environments: A review of the literature and reflection on future challenges
Authors: Sheikholeslami Fereshteh , Jafari Navimipour Nima
Published: March 2018

Cloud computing is an Internet‐based computing and networking model, with elasticity and scalability capabilities where the services are delivered to its users in a non‐demand style. In this computing paradigm, the request and response between users and providers must be managed using the resource allocation strategies. Therefore, allocating the provided resources to the users based on their needs is the important challenge in this environment. Also, an auction in the cloud is a process of buying and vending the cloud services by offering them up for bid and then selling the service to the highest bidder. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has not been any comprehensive and detailed paper about reviewing the state‐of‐the‐art mechanisms on this important topic and providing open issues as well. Hence, this paper provides a comprehensive survey and review of the auction‐based resource allocation mechanisms, which have been employed in the cloud environments up to now. Also, we classified the important cloud resource allocation mechanisms into four categories: one‐sided, double‐sided, combinatorial, and other types of auction‐based mechanisms. Moreover, we reviewed the main progress in these four categories and defined the new issues. Finally, the paper offers the differences among reviewed mechanisms as well as guidelines for future investigation.
Cathodic Electrodeposition of Ni−Mo on Semiconducting NiFe2O4 for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Media
Authors: Wijten Jochem H. J. , Jong Ronald P. H. , Mul Guido , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: March 2018

Photocathodes for hydrogen evolution from water were made by electrodeposition of Ni−Mo layers on NiFe2O4 substrates, deposited by spin coating on F:SnO2‐glass. Analysis confirmed the formation of two separate layers, without significant reduction of NiFe2O4. Bare NiFe2O4 was found to be unstable under alkaline conditions during (photo)electrochemistry. To improve the stability significantly, the deposition of a bifunctional Ni−Mo layer through a facile electrodeposition process was performed and the composite electrodes showed stable operation for at least 1 h. Moreover, photocurrents up to −2.1 mA cm−2 at −0.3 V vs. RHE were obtained for Ni−Mo/NiFe2O4 under ambient conditions, showing that the new combination functions as both a stabilizing and catalytic layer for the photoelectrochemical evolution of hydrogen. The photoelectrochemical response of these composite electrodes decreased with increasing NiFe2O4 layer thickness. Transient absorption spectroscopy showed that the lifetime of excited states is short and on the ns timescale. An increase in lifetime was observed for NiFe2O4 of large layer thickness, likely explained by decreasing the defect density in the primary layer(s), as a result of repetitive annealing at elevated temperature. The photoelectrochemical and transient absorption spectroscopy results indicated that a short charge carrier lifetime limits the performance of Ni−Mo/NiFe2O4 photocathodes.
Spin effect on propagation of surface waves in a magneto‐active quantum plasma
Authors: Khorashadizadeh S.M. , Majedi S. , Niknam A.R.
Published: March 2018

The linear response theory has been employed to investigate the effect of electrons' intrinsic spin on the propagation of surface waves in a magneto‐active quantum plasma half‐space. Using fluid Maxwell equations, we obtained two coupled differential equations for perturbed magnetic field and density. The method of characteristic equation is used to find the exact solution to the system of coupled differential equations and exact dispersion relation for the quantum surface waves. The dispersion relation is numerically analysed to study spin and magnetization effects, and it is shown that both of these effects increase group velocity of surface waves, while spin effect reduces phase velocity as a result of the opposite direction of magnetic moment of electrons with respect to external magnetic field.
Outcomes of early parent‐child adrenocortical attunement in the high‐risk offspring of depressed parents
Authors: Merwin Stephanie M. , Barrios Chelsey , Smith Victoria C. , Lemay Edward P. , Dougherty Lea R.
Published: March 2018

This study examined the impact of parent‐child attunement of morning cortisol on parenting and child outcomes in dyads with and without parental depression. Participants included 142 parent‐child dyads (3–5 years‐old) who provided morning cortisol samples at Wave 1, and 98 dyads returned for the 3‐year follow‐up at Wave 2. Results indicated that for parents with a history of depression and for female children, stronger attunement predicted increases in parental hostility from Wave 1 to Wave 2. For females only, stronger attunement was related to children's depressive symptoms at Wave 1 and Wave 2. Stronger attunement was also associated with increases in children's depressive symptoms from Wave 1 to Wave 2, poorer psychosocial functioning at Wave 1, and ADHD symptoms at Wave 2. Findings highlight attunement as an important biological process related to parenting and child outcomes and suggest it may play a role in the intergenerational transmission of depression risk.
Thermal Equivalent Circuit of Peltier Device Considered Seebeck Effect and Driving Method Improving Cooling Efficiency of the Device
Authors: SEKIGUCHI RYO , LIU YUHAN , SANO YUJI
Published: March 2018

Conventionally Peltier device has been controlled precisely by pulse driving current. In this study, it is shown that driving Peltier device by dc current controlled by pulse signal increases coefficient of performance (COP) of cooling system with reducing self‐heating in the device keeping accurate controlling. In practical application, the dc current driving can be achieved easily by connecting one electric condenser with large capacitance to the Peltier device in parallel. In results of analysis for electric circuit, the dc driving current reduced the self‐heating in the Peltier device to conventional calorific power multiplied by driving duty‐cycle value. Heat absorption rate in the Peltier device was increased by half of the reduction in the self‐heating. Furthermore, new thermal equivalent circuit of Peltier device with considering Seebeck effect is proposed to analyze COP accurately in this paper. It also analyzed COP of system driven by each current by using proposed thermal equivalent circuit. In result of experiment, it was possible to confirm that COP in cooling system using the dc driving current was increased than conventional system. In particular, the COP increased to equal or more than 2.01 times in less than 50% of driving duty cycle.
Integrating indigenous local knowledge and species distribution modeling to detect wildlife in Somaliland
Authors: Evangelista Paul H. , Mohamed Ahmed M. , Hussein Ibraham A. , Saied Abdinasir H. , Mohammed Abdikadir H. , Young Nicholas E.
Published: March 2018

With wildlife populations in decline, understanding their distributions across the landscape are needed for management and conservation efforts, particularly in remote or hazardous regions. We used indigenous local knowledge to inform species distribution models (SDMs) to predict the distribution of 38 wildlife species historically documented in Somaliland, one of the most isolated, data‐poor regions in Africa. We conducted 195 interviews with agro‐pastoral men and women in 2016 and 2017 throughout Somaliland based on the environmental range captured by performing a Multivariate Environmental Similarity Surface (MESS) analysis. Respondents were asked if each species (1) occurred in the vicinity, and if they did, (2) whether it was common, rare, extirpated, or unknown. We tested two commonly used SDMs, Maxent and boosted regression trees (BRTs), to map the potential distribution of wildlife using interview data. We present detailed case studies of two species of high conservation priority: cheetah (Acinonyc jubatus) and African wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis). More than half of the respondents reported the presence of 25 of the wildlife species in the survey. Additionally, we developed Maxent models for all surveyed wildlife known to develop a species richness map. The least reported species known to have inhabited Somaliland in recent decades were lion (Panthera leo), African wild ass, and Somali wild dog (Lycaon pictus somalicus). Surprisingly, 177 of respondents reported the presence of cheetah, which was presumed by many to be extirpated from Somaliland. Given the high number of reports, coupled with the BRT model results and evaluations, it may be that cheetahs persist throughout Somaliland. Unfortunately, our results also suggest that African wild ass may have been extirpated from Somaliland. Our models carry the uncertainties of the raw data, but provide habitat suitability maps to guide future targeted surveys. Our methods and results demonstrate that integrating indigenous local knowledge with SDMs may be an essential tool for the conservation of wildlife in data‐poor regions.
Behavioral response of white‐tailed deer to coyote predation risk
Authors: Gulsby William D. , Cherry Michael J. , Johnson James T. , Conner L. Mike , Miller Karl V.
Published: March 2018

Behavioral responses of prey to predation risk can affect lower trophic levels. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; hereafter deer) increase vigilance in response to coyote (Canis latrans) presence, but vigilance responses to spatiotemporal variation in coyote abundance are unknown. Therefore, we examined the relationship between deer foraging behavior and coyote abundance on two 2000‐ha study areas in Georgia, USA, during 2010–2013. We used baited camera traps during fall and winter to quantify deer behavior (i.e., feeding or vigilant) and estimated coyote abundance using fecal genotyping to noninvasively mark and recapture individuals. During 2011 and 2012, coyote removals were implemented on each study area. Coyote abundance (i.e., predation risk) varied spatiotemporally and was a predictor of foraging behavior during at least one season for all sex‐age classes of deer except juveniles. Adult males were more sensitive to predation risk in winter, after the breeding season, whereas adult females were sensitive to predation risk during both seasons, but more so during fall when offspring are at greater risk. Yearling males were more sensitive to predation risk than adult males, and juveniles were least sensitive to predation risk, likely because of inexperience and high energetic demands. Reproductive chronology explained sex‐specific and seasonal antipredator responses to predation risk, but there was a non‐linear relationship between indirect predator effects and direct predation risk for some sex‐age classes. Our results suggest deer detect and respond behaviorally to variation in coyote abundance. Due to the widespread distribution of deer and their interactions at multiple trophic levels, the ecological implications of this finding may be wide‐reaching.
Occupancy and environmental responses of habitat specialists and generalists depend on dispersal traits
Authors: Kneitel Jamie M.
Published: March 2018

Ecologists have been interested in understanding communities through the lens of specialists and generalists to predict species diversity and distribution patterns and to ameliorate worldwide declines in specialist species. Dispersal traits are assumed to be associated with specialization (specialists are weaker dispersers than generalists), but dispersal modes can be variable within groups. Niche‐based predictions of occupancy and environmental responses were assessed using invertebrates from California vernal pools that were categorized by specialization (endemic or widespread taxa) and dispersal mode (passive or active dispersal). Data from a latitudinal gradient resulted in widespread taxa with greater percent occupancy than endemic taxa as predicted, but passive dispersers had greater occupancy than active dispersers in contrast to predictions. Endemic species and widespread‐active dispersers exhibited similar levels of specialization measured as coefficient of variation among treatments in a mesocosm experiment. This suggested that habitat choice was important, and these differences in specialization were scale dependent (generalists across habitat types and specialists within a habitat type). A negative correlation between latitudinal occupancy and level of specialization demonstrated how local‐scale responses and landscape patterns were related and depend on both specialization and dispersal traits. This study underscores how habitat heterogeneity and species traits, including specialization and dispersal, can interact to affect community patterns at different spatial scales.
Development of Flexible Piezoelectric Strain Sensor Array
Authors: YAMASHITA TAKAHIRO , TAKAMATSU SEIICHI , OKADA HIRONAO , ITOH TOSHIHIRO , KOBAYASHI TAKESHI
Published: March 2018

In this paper, we present a novel flexible sensor array manufacturing process that involves transfer printing methods using a chip mounter with a vacuum collet. We successfully transfer‐printed continuously very fragile microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)‐based 5‐mm‐long, 1‐mm‐wide, 5‐μm‐thick high‐aspect‐ratio ultrathin PZT (1.9 μm)/Si (3 μm) strain sensors onto a polyimide based flexible printed‐circuit (FPC) substrate with etched Cu wiring. Then, we connected the sensors to the Cu wiring by printing insulating and conductive pastes using a screen printer. The output voltage based on the deformation behavior of the test plate was generated from the flexible piezoelectric strain sensor array attached to the plate. Therefore, the developed piezoelectric sensor array is capable of easily performing the distribution measurement of the strain leading to damage such as cracks.
Exploring the Chemoselective Dehydrogenative Silylation and Hydrogenation of Divinyldisiloxane with Hydrosilane from DFT Computation
Authors: Guo Cai‐Hong , Zhao Yan , Yang Dandan , Wang Qiong , Jiao Haijun
Published: March 2018

The chemoselective dehydrogenative silylation and hydrogenation of 1,3‐divinyldisiloxane by using HSiMe3 catalyzed by CpFe(CO)2Me (Cp = η5‐cyclopentadienyl) was explored by DFT computations. The active catalyst, CpFe(CO)SiMe3, was generated from a CO‐assisted pathway and HSiMe3‐initiated acetaldehyde reductive elimination. Starting from the active catalyst, the dehydrogenative silylation step of the first vinyl group was found to be the rate‐determining step, and the subsequent chemoselective hydrogenation step of the second vinyl group was discovered to be kinetically more favored. Within the reaction, the oxygen atom of 1,3‐divinyldisiloxane was not found to play a role in competitive coordination. The computed results rationalize the experimentally observed chemoselectivity.
Applications of liquid‐based separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence
Authors: Moini Mehdi
Published: March 2018

In the past few years, there has been a significant effort by the forensic science community to develop new scientific techniques for the analysis of forensic evidence. Forensic chemists have been spearheaded to develop information‐rich confirmatory technologies and techniques and apply them to a broad array of forensic challenges. The purpose of these confirmatory techniques is to provide alternatives to presumptive techniques that rely on data such as color changes, pattern matching, or retention time alone, which are prone to more false positives. To this end, the application of separation techniques in conjunction with mass spectrometry has played an important role in the analysis of forensic evidence. Moreover, in the past few years the role of liquid separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in conjunction with mass spectrometry, has gained significant tractions and have been applied to a wide range of chemicals, from small molecules such as drugs and explosives, to large molecules such as proteins. For example, proteomics and peptidomics have been used for identification of humans, organs, and bodily fluids. A wide range of HPLC techniques including reversed phase, hydrophilic interaction, mixed‐mode, supercritical fluid, multidimensional chromatography, and nanoLC, as well as several modes of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry, including capillary zone electrophoresis, partial filling, full filling, and micellar electrokenetic chromatography have been applied to the analysis drugs, explosives, and questioned documents. In this article, we review recent (2015‐2017) applications of liquid separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence.
Marine control over negative power law scaling of mass wasting events in chalk sea cliffs with implications for future recession under the UKCP09 medium emission scenario
Authors: Gilham Jamie , Barlow John , Moore Roger
Published: March 2018

Coastal cliff erosion represents a significant geohazard for people and infrastructure. Forecasting future erosion rates is therefore of critical importance to ensuring the resiliency of coastal communities. We use high precision monitoring of chalk cliffs at Telscombe, UK to generate monthly mass movement inventories between August 2016 and July 2017. Frequency–magnitude analysis of our inventories demonstrate negative power law scaling over 7 orders of magnitude and, for the first time, we report statistically significant correlations between significant wave height (Hs) and power law scaling coefficients (r2 values of 0.497 and 0.590 for β and s respectively). Applying these relationships allows for a quantitative method to predict erosion at the site based on Hs probabilities and sea level forecasts derived from the UKCP09 medium emission climate model (A1B). Monte‐Carlo simulations indicate a range of possible erosion scenarios over 70 years (2020–2090) and we assess the impact these may have on the A259 coastal road which runs proximal to the cliffs. Results indicate a small acceleration in erosion compared with those based on current conditions with the most likely scenario at the site being 21.7 m of cliff recession by 2090. However, low‐probability events can result in recession an order of magnitude higher in some scenarios. In the absence of negative feedbacks, we estimate an ~11% chance that the A259 will be breached by coastal erosion by 2090. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avoidance tests as a tool to detect sublethal effects of oil-impacted sediments
Authors: Szczybelski Ariadna S. , Kampen Tineke , Vromans Joris , Peeters Edwin T.H.M. , van den Heuvel-Greve Martine J. , van den Brink Nico W. , Koelmans Albert A.
Published: March 2018

Currently, risk assessment for oil contamination does not consider behavioral responses of benthos to oil toxicity. Avoidance of oil-contaminated sediment by benthic amphipods, however, may be a highly sensitive endpoint for sublethal effects of commonly used distillate fuels. In the present study, the avoidance behavior of temperate freshwater (Gammarus pulex) and marine (Gammarus locusta) amphipods was tested by allowing them to choose between a reference sediment and a distillate marine grade A (DMA) oil-spiked sediment. Avoidance of DMA-spiked sediment at 1000 mg/kg dry weight was significant within the total exposure time (96 h) in G. pulex and within the first 72 h in G. locusta in 1 of 2 tests. Absence of DMA avoidance at lower concentrations (≤250 mg/kg dry wt) indicates that test species can only detect DMA above these concentrations. However, sensitivity to oil may vary according to the phenology and physiological conditions of the populations involved, such as the species temperature tolerance and reproductive stage. The results suggest that avoidance tests may be used as an alternative to traditional chronic toxicity tests provided that a causal link between avoidance and long-term effects can be established. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1757–1766. © 2018 SETAC
Triple-mixture of Zn, Mn, and Fe increases bioaccumulation and causes oxidative stress in freshwater neotropical fish
Authors: de Oliveira Luciana Fernandes , Santos Caroline , Risso Wagner Ezequiel , dos Reis Martinez Claudia Bueno
Published: March 2018

Metal bioaccumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined in Prochilodus lineatus to understand the effects of short-term exposure to a triple-mixture of Zn, Mn, and Fe. Three independent tests were carried out, in which fish were exposed to 3 concentrations of Zn (0.18, 1.0, and 5.0 mg L−1), Mn (0.1, 0.5, and 5.0 mg L−1), and in the mix test to Fe (5.0 mg L−1) and a mixture of Zn (1.0 mg L−1) + Mn (0.5 mg L−1), with and without Fe. After exposure for 96 h, tissues were removed for metal bioaccumulation analysis and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined in liver, along with DNA damage in blood cells. Our results revealed that Zn and Mn were bioaccumulated in fish tissues after exposure to 5.0 mg L−1, whereas Fe only bioaccumulated in muscle and gills after mixture exposure. Results indicated that 1 metal interfered with the other's bioaccumulation. In P. lineatus, 5 mg L−1 of both Mn and Fe were toxic, because damage was observed (lipid peroxidation [LPO] in liver and DNA damage in blood cells), whereas Zn induced liver responses (metallothionein [MT] and reduced glutathione [GSH] increases) to prevent damage. In terms of bioaccumulation and alterations of oxidative stress biomarkers, we showed that Zn, Mn, and Fe triple-mixture enhances individual metal toxicity in Neotropical fish P. lineatus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1749–1756. © 2018 SETAC
Predictive validity and efficiency of ongoing visual‐inspection criteria for interpreting functional analyses
Authors: Saini Valdeep , Fisher Wayne W. , Retzlaff Billie J.
Published: March 2018

Prior research has evaluated the reliability and validity of structured criteria for visually inspecting functional‐analysis (FA) results on a post‐hoc basis, after completion of the FA (i.e., post‐hoc visual inspection [PHVI]; e.g., Hagopian et al., 1997). However, most behavior analysts inspect FAs using ongoing visual inspection (OVI) as the FA is implemented, and the validity of applying structured criteria during OVI remains unknown. In this investigation, we evaluated the predictive validity and efficiency of applying structured criteria on an ongoing basis by comparing the interim interpretations produced through OVI with (a) the final interpretations produced by PHVI, (b) the authors’ post‐hoc interpretations (PHAI) reported in the research studies, and (c) the consensus interpretations of these two post‐hoc analyses. Ongoing visual inspection predicted the results of PHVI and the consensus interpretations with a very high degree of accuracy, and PHAI with a reasonably high degree of accuracy. Furthermore, the PHVI and PHAI results involved 32 FA sessions, on average, whereas the OVI required only 19 FA sessions to accurately identify the function(s) of destructive behavior (i.e., a 41% increase in efficiency). We discuss these findings relative to other methods designed to increase the accuracy and efficiency of FAs.