bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El desarrollo cognoscitivo de la parábola según Bruner, con el empleo de software educativo
Authors: Mex Álvarez Diana Concepción , Hernández Cruz Luz María , Cab Chan José Ramón , Castillo Téllez Margarita
Published: January 2021

Para Bruner es indispensable tener una experiencia personal con la información que se desea aprender de manera significativa, los tres tipos de experiencias para obtener el conocimiento corresponden a groso modo, a las tres formas de representación: activa, icónica y simbólica. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo conocer si el empleo de un software educativo conduce por cada una de las etapas del desarrollo cognoscitivo propuestas por Bruner. La estrategia de enseñanza propuesta por el autor a través del software educativo Wiris, incluye el desarrollo de sistemas de representación, como medios para el tratamiento de información y la apropiación del conocimiento de la parábola.

A través de la observación científica controlada, el investigador se integra al grupo de estudio y lo examina por dentro y por fuera; empleando la técnica de observación y registrando los resultados en la bitácora que contiene información con detalles útiles para la interpretación y análisis. Los resultados de la investigación validan que el uso del software educativo Wiris en el aprendizaje de la parábola conduce al estudiante por las tres experiencias que le permite el desarrollo cognoscitivo propuesto por Bruner.
Parmênides no carro das sombras
Authors: Alves Daniel Vecchio
Published: January 2021

Com a invasão persa do século VI a.C., diversos filósofos jônicos precisaram deslocar suas escolas para a Grécia continental e a Magna Grécia, fluxo emigratório intenso constituído por refugiados extremamente cultos. Entre alguns desses ilustres emigrantes, encontramos Pitágoras de Samos, Xenófanes de Cólofon e Parmênides de Eléia. Exilados da Jônia cada um a seu tempo, esses cosmólogos e filósofos, conhecidos erroneamente pela etiqueta dos “pré-socráticos”, promoveram a filosofia tanto quanto Sócrates. Acostumados aos contatos interculturais promovidos em sua região (com babilônicos, egípcios e gregos), os pensadores jônicos se tornaram sensíveis ao problema da verdade e à ideia de examinar criticamente um relato quanto a sua capacidade de extrapolar impressões sensoriais, ou seja, quanto a sua capacidade de apreensão intelectiva do real. Por fim, investiga-se mais detidamente, em Parmênides, a plenitude de uma transformação filosófica dos elementos sensíveis do mundo em elementos racionais do pensamento humano, tendo como base a análise dos fragmentos de sua obra intitulada Da Natureza.
e o Otris e o Ossa repetem
Authors: Claudino Robson Rodrigues
Published: January 2021

O presente trabalho apresenta uma tradução realizada em versos livres do prefácio de um epitalâmio do poeta alexandrino Cláudio Claudiano. O texto, encontrado no grupo dos poemas maiores, que antecede o epitalâmio propriamente dito, foi composto para celebrar a união entre o imperador Honório, filho de Teodósio, o Grande, que governava a parte ocidental do Império Romano na metade do século IV d.C, e Maria, filha do general Estilicão, tutor de Honório. No texto, temos uma forma de alegoria, com a qual o poeta irá estabelecer uma relação entre o matrimônio do imperador e as bodas de Peleu e Tétis, pais do herói Aquiles. Além da tradução, acompanhada de seu texto original, o trabalho contém uma breve contextualização histórica acerca do autor e notas explicativas, que nortearão o leitor ao explicar as diversas figuras mitológicas e locais que são mencionados ao longo do poema.
Ordo virtutum de Hildegard de Bingen
Authors: Costa Débora Duarte
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho apresenta uma tradução inédita no Brasil do drama de música sacra Ordo Virtutum, bem como breve resumo da vida de sua autora, Hildegard de Bingen, monja beneditina nascida no final do século XI e figura de destaque no século XII. Algumas explicações referentes à tradução introduzem ainda o texto.
Elaboração de bebida láctea fermentada com diferentes tipos de polpas de frutas
Authors: Cruz Geruza Pereira da , Rocha Flávia Rosana dos Santos , Assis Katyane Benquerer Oliveira de , Palma Adriana Benquerer Oliveira , Durães Renata Ribeiro , Sales Marinilza Soares Mota , Araújo Margarete Fernandes , Silva Delaine Martins da , Oliveira João Adilson Nunes , Farias Paula Karoline Soares
Published: January 2021

Neste estudo desenvolveram-se diferentes tipos de bebidas lácteas e verificar a aceitabilidade entre os acadêmicos e funcionários de uma faculdade particular. Foram preparados quatro tipos de bebidas lácteas fermentadas contendo quatro sabores diferentes de polpas de frutas: seriguela, coquinho azedo, goiaba e maracujá. Foram realizadas analises microbiológicas avaliando-se a presença de Salmonella sp. e enumeração de coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Foram realizados teste de aceitabilidade e intenção de compra das bebidas produzidas. Para comparar os resultados obtidos entre as bebidas com diferentes tipos de polpas de frutas do cerrado foram elaborados gráficos descritivos. Em relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos, a contagem de microrganismos indicadores encontrava-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. A análise sensorial foi realizada com 200 provadores. A bebida láctea fermentada no sabor de coquinho-azedo apresentou a melhor aceitação dentro as quatro ofertadas com 43,5%. De forma geral houve boa intenção de compra entre todos os produtos avaliados. Espera-se que este alimento traga benefícios tecnológicos e nutricionais a partir de constituintes nutritivos e de baixo custo.
Análise da presença da atividade da enzima alfa-amilase salivar em cães
Authors: Silva Anne Karoline Mendes da , Oliveira Natan Dias de , Sousa Elber Gomes , Bernis Valéria Magro Octaviano , Bernis Filho Walter Octaviano
Published: January 2021

A alfa-amilase salivar é uma enzima unida ao cálcio que inicia a digestão de carboidratos tanto na cavidade oral como no vestíbulo da boca. Em animais, a alfa-amilase é secretada pelo tecido pancreático de todos os vertebrados e pela glândula salivar de alguns, entretanto, estudos sobre a presença da atividade da alfa-amilase na saliva de cães são escassos e contraditórios entre literaturas. Diante isso, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar a presença da atividade da enzima alfa-amilase salivar em cães. O protocolo usado para a determinação da enzima foi o descrito no kit colorimétrico específico e adaptado, sendo utilizado como base o método colorimétrico. Nesta metodologia, foi utilizado um kit de reagentes para determinação da atividade da amilase, onde a amostra de saliva foi incubada com o substrato amido e aquecida em temperatura de 38,9°C, para simular a temperatura média do corpo de um cão. Pela adição da solução iodada, o amido não hidrolisado adquire coloração azul que diminui proporcionalmente à atividade enzimática, sendo comparado com um controle. Com os resultados obtidos dessa pesquisa, é possível concluir que, ao realizar a análise laboratorial das amostras colhidas, foi possível observar que não há presença significativa da alfa-amilase na saliva de cães que seja capaz de hidrolisar o amido.
Avaliação de estradas não pavimentadas como ferramenta de gestão de vias do município de Viçosa, MG
Authors: Barbosa Rodolfo Alves , Ferreira Andreza Cristina Santiago , Ferreira Ariadna Santiago , Dias Herly Carlos Teixeira
Published: January 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições de rolamento das estradas não pavimentadas e determinar o Índice de Condição das Rodovias Não Pavimentadas (ICRNP) do município de Viçosa. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Viçosa-MG, onde foram realizadas expedições a campo para realizar a coleta de informações das rodovias VCS 020, VCS 080 E VCS 082, para isso foi realizado o cálculo do ICRNP, índice que determina as estradas referentes ao estado de conservação levando em consideração alguns tipos de defeitos. Para a delimitação da área de drenagem da bacia do Rio Turvo Sujo que exerce influência sobre as estradas rurais do município foi realizado a extração de um modelo digital de elevação do sensor Alos/Palsar, com 12,5 m de resolução espacial e delimitado a elevação, declividade e hidrografia da bacia processados no programa ArcGIS 10.5. Foram também utilizados dados de precipitação da estação pluviométrica localizada na cidade de Viçosa para avaliar efeito sobre a condição das estradas. Os pontos avaliados tiveram baixo valor no ICRNP, sendo o menor para o ponto VCS 020/1 com valor 16. A bacia do Rio Turvo Sujo possui grande influência no condicionamento da via devido à elevada declividade e elevada amplitude altimétrica, que favorece a concentração da água em menor tempo, causando alagamentos como na rodovia VCS 080. As estradas apresentaram baixo condicionamento para tráfego, sendo necessário o monitoramento contínuo e correção dos defeitos que afetaram a piora das estradas visando para garantir acesso de serviços públicos e transporte para a população.
Wizyta Willy’ego Brandta w Polsce w dniach 6–8 grudnia 1970 roku w świetle ówczesnej prasy polskiej
Authors: Kisztelińska-Węgrzyńska Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

On 6–8th December 1970, Willy Brandt made his first state visit to Poland as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. The unusual historical significance of the event was occasioned by the importance of the treaties signed at the time with the aim of stabilising relations between the two states. In preparation, six sessions of diplomatic talks were held prior to the German leader’s visit and concluding on 18th November 1970. The Polish press gave both the negotiations and the visit itself extensive coverage. This provides profoundly interesting details concerning the Polish-German negotiations, which were a result of the new Social Democrat Social Democrats Eastern policy. It represents a viewpoint of great significance, inasmuch as it presents the outlook of the press’s principals, which is to say, the state authorities. They attempted to convey a specific image of the Brandt-Cyrankiewicz-Gomułka meeting, one that was far from true, and lacking in detail and commentary, but serving a purpose nevertheless, as all good propaganda should. The image of W. Brandt’s first state visit to Poland presented by the article is reconstructed on the basis of the Polish press coverage. To this end, twenty national and local titles are analysed. The true course of events was distorted in line with distinct political goals. In all likelihood, manipulation of the contents occurred in the capital, from whence schema, scenarios and comments prepared in advance were sent to individual regional and local dailies. Paradoxically, it was the local dailies, each printing up to 100 thousand copies, who could allow themselves a greater ‘freedom’, and it in these that we can find original headlines, unique photographs, columns by selected journalists, recapitulations bearing bylines, and unadulterated quotations from the foreign press and the overviews published therein. Undoubtedly, Brandt’s visit to Poland in December 1970 was also an historic landmark for the Polish authorities, who were well aware of the meeting’s significance.
Rok 1968 – początek terroryzmu?
Authors: Aleksandrowicz Tomasz R.
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to provide an answer to the query as to what role fell to the year 1968 in the development of terrorism. Being but one of its chapters, it was clearly not that of the beginning of terrorism. The author describes briefly the genesis of terrorism and points out that, after 1945, terrorism had returned to its revolutionary connotations, namely, to fighting the incumbent regime, as well as the colonial regimes. It was then that the concept was born of terrorism as a weapon of the weak and the poor, of those who got into trouble and of the oppressed, for whom reaching for the methods of terrorism reflected their desperation and dejection. From the end of the 1960s, together with the youth rebellion (in May 1968!), the political arena is entered by ideologically motivated groups for whom it is fighting the social and political system as such, rather than a specific regime, that has become the basic motivating factor. The circumstances which contributed to the emergence of post-1968 terrorist organisations and the process of radicalisation which led from the debates and public speeches to terrorism, are analysed by the author, who also points to the specific combination, in West Germany’s case, of 1968 and nationalism.
Wpływ wydarzeń 1968 roku na Ostpolitik i jej recepcję w Polsce
Authors: Jarząbek Wanda
Published: January 2021

The impact of the 1968 events on the FRG’s Ostpolitik and its reception in Poland may be considered in the short and the long term. What the article takes into consideration are the short-term effects of this political approach, observed in the years 1968–1969.Writing about the events of 1968, the author dwells on March 1968 in Poland, or more precisely, on those of its aspects which were related to the formation and implementation of the state’s policy, namely, the turbulence in ruling circles, the replacing of the people who occupied the high-ranking posts and the staffing changes in Poland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Nevertheless, from the point of view of the creators of Germany’s Eastern politics, what was fundamental was the intervention of the Warsaw Treaty armies in Czechoslovakia. The rebellion among the youth was of lesser importance to the current politics at the time. Its consequences were felt mostly in the succeeding years and were related, i.a., to public opinion in the FRG and its attitude toward the forms and extent of normalising relations with the countries of East Europe, including Poland.After 1968, in the case of the FRG, the mode of implementation of its Eastern politics was modified. It was concluded that it is the Soviet Union which must be the main partner in any talks (though it was the most important interlocutor anyway, albeit attempts were also made to hold autonomous talks with the satellite countries) and that attention must be paid to avoiding the impression that for Bonn, Ostpolitik is just an instrument to help loosen intra-block dependencies.For Poland, the events of 1968 implied a reduced field of manoeuvre, not so much because not only in Bonn, but also in other Western capitals, it was formally acknowledged that the priority lies with Moscow, but also because of diplomatic practice. Warsaw did not, however, intend to give up the right to pursue its interests, tangible evidence of which was provided by the diplomatic activity of 1969, manifest both by a turn in its policy toward Germany, and by undertaking efforts to sell its own vision of the European Conference.
Formuła Schumanna na tle stosunku Francji do powojennego status quo w Europie
Authors: Jarząbek Wanda
Published: January 2021

France attempted to be consistent in the assertion of her entitlements resulting from her role as one of the four powers responsible for Europe. Franco-German relations in the power-war years were not easy; however, after President Charles de Gaulle and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer signed the Elysee Treaty, aempts were made aimed at a rapprochement at the social contacts’ level; the political dialogue was also being developed.France also attempted to build up its position in the East. The return to tradition was impossible because of regime transformations in Central and East Europe; in the case of relations between Poland and France, however, French politicians referred to the past, comparable historical experience and a number of apprehensions regarding Germany’s intentions. France was, actually, comfortable with the post-war reduction of Germany’s territory; it was thus de Gaulle’s declaration of 29th March, to the effect that Germany’s unification will be possible within the borders of the existing German states which became the mandatory position for the French policy which Paris used to remind not only Polish, but also German politicians. A formula suggested in May 1970 to Poland’s Foreign Minister, Mr Stefan Jędrychowski, by the French Minister, Mr Maurice Schumann, envisaged a joint declaration by the Four Powers and the submiing on their part of an assurance that they would support the invariable character of the border on the Oder–Lusatian Neisse rivers’ line, in accordance with a proviso set down in the Polish-German treaty. The idea of such a declaration was inconvenient to the People’s Republic of Poland, which did not wish the rights of the Powers to be given publicity and neither did it suit the Federal Republic of Germany, which did not wish such a declaration to be issued.
„Praca jest czasochłonna, monotonna i nie przynosi konkretnych rezultatów” – nasłuch wywiadowczy Stasi w PRL w latach 1980–1981 na tle współpracy MSW i MfS
Authors: Jaskułowski Tytus
Published: January 2021

The text attempts to analyse the GDR Ministry of State Security’s offensive operations using the instruments of radio-electronic intelligence against the PPR in 1981. The situation in Poland, the emergence of Solidarność and possible, uncontrolled spreading of a wave of democratisation onto the East Germany’s territory as well, drove the leaders of the latter state to undertake actions aimed at ensuring it access to information on the on-going situation in the PRP. Apart from the data obtained officially, they also intended to resort to independent methods for its acquisition, most of all by employing the secret services. The author focuses on just one aspects of such operations, that is, radio-electronic intelligence. Apart from describing the structure and the working methods of the MfS’ III Directorate responsible for this type of reconnaissance, he presents the guidelines received by this organisation, its modus operandi and forms of work both on the territory of the GDR and the PPR, as well as on that of the other states. He also points to the effects and all the problems resulting from implementing intelligence operations, including those in the context of official co-operation between the secret services of the PPR and GDR. According to the author, the manner of carrying out offensive MfS operations by radio-electronic intelligence allows for a certain scepticism with regard to the thesis that the GDR services had unlimited opportunities to work in Poland. Based on the available archive sources, the observation that the MfS found it difficult to process and apply information obtained as a result of the services’ operations, is warranted. The shortage of competent staff can be clearly seen and not all the available technical instruments could perform their role. What was also important was the lack of understanding at the MfS of the different philosophy of life in the PPR, which determined the reception of its image obtained from the monitoring in place. Moreover, archive searches provide circumstantial evidence indicating that the Polish counter-intelligence was aware of what type of operations were being carried out by the GDR against Poland. The need for co-operation between the MfS and the MSW in the context of the radio-electronic intelligence against other states, as well as the awareness of the risk related to the possible discovery of illegal radio-electronic operations, led to their closing down. This failed, however, to change the belief that the fundamental operating principles of the secret services are to distrust one’s partners and to protect one’s own interests.
Rok 1968 a stosunki polsko-niemieckie w długiej perspektywie
Authors: Jarząbek Wanda
Published: January 2021

The events of 1968 were, on the one hand, a result of transformations under way in the societies of the time, while, on the other hand, they contributed to their further transformation. Some researchers treat them as one of the ‘revolutions’, a date of symbolic importance for world history. They can be looked at from the perspective of the societies of the divided Europe; while the character of the events in the two parts was not identical, this does not mean that they had no common features. In Eastern Europe, in 1968, a crisis of the communist power had manifested itself yet again. In Western Europe, criticism of the political and social system was voiced, moral transformations were occurring, and traditional systems of values and morality were being rejected. A factor common to both the events in the East and in the West, as widely understood, as well as in some developing countries, were the generational changes, the coming to adulthood of people born after the Second World War. 1968 was perceived in terms of factors helping modernisation and providing a new course for social and political life. In the FRG, it brought also a new wave of accounting with the national socialist part. The meaning of the events of 1968 may be observed in both the short-term and the long-term perspective. This also pertains to their influence on Polish-German relations. In the short-term perspective, the European and Polish events of 1968 had an impact on West Germany’s approach to the normalisation of relations with the countries of the Eastern bloc and on the reception of the German Ostpolitik in Poland, as well as on the then authorities’ field of manoeuvre. The results of the events of 1968 included the issues related to the Poles’ and the Germans’ mutual perception. The new generation, that of 1968, which, in due time, began performing an ever greater role in the cultural, social and political life of the FRG and Poland and in their media, also contributed new forms of perceiving reality and, not infrequently, different sets of values to all these fields.
Propagandowy obraz II Rzeszy ukazany w szacie graficznej banknotu 100 marek emisji 7 lutego 1908 roku
Authors: Markowski Marcin
Published: January 2021

The bank notes which came into circulation from the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are pearls of graphic art. Using the graphic content and layout as a vehicle for the idea, each of them carries information about the country, expressed by way of commonly recognised symbols. The most extensive presentation of the Second Reich is provided in the graphic content and layout of the one hundred mark note issued on 7 February 1908, the first of three issues of that denomination. At the centre of the averse, a composition of the Prussian and imperial regalia is surrounded by a sunburst of lighter-and darker-hued rays. The averse also features two imperial eagles and the busts of two Roman deities, Mercury, the god of commerce and Ceres, the goddess of vegetation, crops and the harvest. In turn, almost the entire printed area of the reverse is taken up by a figurative scene. A personification of Germania, seated in the shade of two mighty oaks, is presented in the foreground. At her feet lie objects which allude to the German economy. The sea is depicted in the background, with three battleships sailing it in combat formation. In addition, the area designated for the watermark contains a portrait of Wilhelm I Hohenzollern. The iconography of the one hundred mark note, with its set of universal symbols, was intended to demonstrate the power of the united German Empire to the citizens of that state and foreigners alike. The images included in the graphic content and graphic composition point to the country’s real economic and military power.
Paradoks narodowego liberalizmu. Historia i idee Freiheitliche Partei Ősterreichs
Authors: Andrzejewski Piotr
Published: January 2021

The article describes the history and ideological profile of the Austrian parties of the ‘Third Camp’, namely Verband der Unabhängigen (VdU) and Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ). Its main goal is to analyse the course of those parties’ political life, their triumphs, failures and crises. However, it is an attempt at describing the FPÖ’s ideological profile and determining its ideological affiliations which constitutes the core of the piece. The two fundamental values of the Third Camp are liberty and nation. By tracing the development of party programmes and electoral campaigns from the end of World War II to the 2013, it is possible to observe a where liberal thinking is gradually eroded by nationalist thinking, as well as a considerable shift of emphasis. Using the example of the Austrian parties, the author tries to prove that national liberalism is a paradoxical political ideology which contradicts itself and, in the process, exposes its political parties to internal tensions, splits and inconsistency, something which, in the political world, can be a terminal illness.
Szata graficzna pieniędzy papierowych emitowanych na terenach okupowanych przez wojska niemieckie podczas pierwszej wojny światowej
Authors: Markowski Marcin
Published: January 2021

The occupation authorities set up their own institutions that issued their own legal tender banknotes in the territories of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Romania occupied by the German army during World War I. The introduction of paper money with a new graphic design began in the middle of 1916.Lower denominations of ostrubles and ostmarks, designed for areas east of the Ober-Ost, had the poorest layout of all the money issued by the Germans in the occupied territories in the East – they were embellished only by an ornamental  drawing. In contrast, the highest denominations – 100 ostrubles, 100 and 1,000 ostmarks – had a very extensive iconography, which distinguished them from paper money earmarked for the occupied territories in Eastern Europe. Banknotes intended for the General Government of Warsaw had the most national character due to the presence of the White Eagle on the intense red background. In contrast, apart from the language, paper money intended for other occupied territories did not have any graphic features that would be targeted at ethnic groups such as the Lithuanians, Latvians and Romanians. The layouts of these banknotes contain references also to the Greek and Roman mythologies. These references include male and female busts and a group of characteristic attributes that suggest that these are images of Demeter, Athena, Hermes and Ares.
Rząd Polski na Wychodźstwie wobec zbrodni niemieckich w Polsce, 1939–1943. Uwagi do problemu
Authors: Jarząbek Wanda
Published: January 2021

The policy of the Polish government in exile during World War II has been the subject of numerous studies, but it still seems reasonable to trace their relation to crimes committed on Polish soil. The aim of this article is not to present the whole problem, but just outline the attitude towards German crimes. It must be remembered that the Polish government was also confronted with the occupation policy of the Soviet Union and the crimes committed in Volhynia and Galicia by Ukrainian nationalists. The final caesura of the article is the President’s decree of on punishment for war crimes released on March 30, 1943.The Polish government was of the opinion that the crimes should be punished primarily on the level of individuals who committed them, but the consequence of the criminal policy of the Third Reich should be the adoption of such a post-war policy against Germany that would guarantee compensation for victim countries, including compensation for material damage, and lead to a change in the German mentality, which was blamed partly responsible for the policy of the Third Reich. Such an attitude was shared by the anti-Hitler coalition countries.On the practical level, the Polish government’s policy had several stages. Initially, they collected information, tried to make it public and sough the cooperation of other countries. Despite numerous doubts were reported, they decided to amend the Polish criminal law to allow punishing war criminals more proportionally, as they thought, to the committed acts. The government’s activity probably influenced the attitude of the Allies, although it is difficult to accurately recognize and describe this issue. As a result of the situation after World War II, the new Polish authorities pursued a policy of punishing the guilty. Due to the international situation, i.e. the growing conflict between the coalition partners, many criminals escaped  punishment.
Czy polityka okupacyjna Niemiec wobec Polaków w czasie II wojny światowej była ludobójstwem?
Authors: Jarząbek Wanda
Published: January 2021

Due to the very limited use of the term ‘genocide’ in scientific discourse, researchers did not carry out broad methodological considerations on the legitimacy of its use in relation to the occupation policy of the Third Reich against the Poles during World War II. Historians often conducted their research based on other theoretical models (often those that were popular at that time). For example, they studied the policy of the Third Reich in terms of the racial theory, social engineering, ethnic cleansing, total war or in a classical way, i.e. they examined various aspects of the Nazi occupation without referring to models and theories. Interestingly, many authors presented the problem in a manner similar to that resulting from Lemkin’s definition of genocide. In other words, they described the phenomenon, but without using the term ‘genocide’. They used it, however, in reference to the Holocaust. Perhaps, they did not apply it in reference to other nations due to the fact that almost the entire Jewish population was annihilated in the areas occupied by the German Third Reich. The term ‘genocide’ appeared with regard to the German policy against the Poles mainly in the colloquial sense, thereby reducing its conceptual content to mass murder. The discussions on genocide have entered a new phase in Poland. The aim of this article is to reflect on the possibility of using the term ‘genocide’ to describe the German policy against the Poles in the context of the definition created by Raphael Lemkin and the UN Convention of 1948.
Local facilities for plating wastewater treatment
Authors: Айнетдинов Р.М. , Васильев А.Л.
Published: January 2021

Приведен анализ работы действующих очистных сооружений сточных вод гальванического цеха. Представлены результаты модернизации сооружений и внедрение системы повторного использования очищенных сточных вод гальванического производства. Работа проводилась на действующем предприятии автомобильной промышленности. Перед разработчиком была поставлена задача доочистки сточных вод, прошедших стадию обработки на станции нейтрализации с целью возврата очищенной воды в основной технологический цикл. Реализация проекта по созданию системы повторного использования очищенной сточной воды обеспечила достижение требуемых показателей технической воды для промывных операций гальванического цеха предприятия.

The analysis of the operation of the existing facilities for plating wastewater treatment is presented. The results of the upgrade of structures and introduction of a system for reusing plating wastes after treatment are presented. The work was carried out at an operating enterprise in the automotive industry. The designer was given the task of providing for the tertiary treatment of effluents that had passed processing at the neutralization plant in order to return the effluent to the main process cycle. The implementation of the project for designing a system for effluent reusing ensured meeting the regulated indicators of process water for the washing operations of an industrial plating plant.
PERAN DESA ADAT BALI DALAM MELANCARKAN KEBIJAKAN PENANGGULANGAN PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Mandira I Made Chandra , Yudha Cokorda Krisna
Published: January 2021

Traditional villages have become the spearhead of community activities, especially in Bali. Regional Regulation (Perda) No.4 of 2019 concerning Traditional Villages is a breath of fresh air for indigenous people in Bali because it has legal legitimacy and recognition. Traditional villages played an important role during the covid-19 pandemic in Bali because they were at the forefront of protecting their territories, from securing the area to distributing social assistance. This study aims to analyze the strategies carried out by the government through customary villages to launch policies during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this research is a literature study, where the data obtained will be compiled, analyzed, and concluded which will lead to conclusions about the literature study of Balinese traditional villages as a strategy in launching policies during the pandemic. This study found that customary villages are a team that embodies effectiveness in efforts to tackle Covid-19 starting from the context, composition, and process in it to solidarity with social groups derived from local wisdom values. The welfare of members of customary villages, especially those assigned to the task force for handling Covid-19, must be considered and the regional government should not use a generic strategy to archive low costs and broad differentiation in implementing policies
Nanoscale evaluation of the number of layers of hexagonal boron nitride by scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy
Authors: Takamura Makoto , Taniyasu Yoshitaka
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate a nondestructive way to determine the number of layers of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) by scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). The amplitude of s-SNOM near-field signals show a dependence on the number of h-BN layers, which can be explained by a finite dipole model. The layer number estimated by the s-SNOM is consistent with that observed by a transmission electron microscopy. This method also allows us to estimate the domain size of h-BN from the distribution of s-SNOM signals. These results demonstrate that the layer number and its in-plane distribution can be evaluated by s-SNOM with nanoscale spatial resolution.
Tunable plasmons in black phosphorus-coated nanowire waveguides
Authors: Wang Lei
Published: January 2021

The unique atomic-puckering crystal structure of layered black phosphorus gives rise to pronounced in-plane anisotropy. As a result, it is essential to consider this property when considering plasmon waveguides with black phosphors. In this work, surface plasmons in armchair (AC-) and zigzag (ZZ-) type black phosphorus coated nanowires (BPCNWs) are exhibited and analyzed in the infrared range. The common mode cutoff condition are found to be only applicable in ZZ-BPCNWs, while the cut-off frequencies in AC-BPCNWs are restricted by the conservation of energy due to the in-plane anisotropy of black phosphorus. Moreover, increasing the electrical doping, reducing the radius and permittivity of nanowire are beneficial to realize single mode regime without sacrificing the propagation length. The proposed model provides a fast insight into the mode behavior of cylindrical anisotropic 2D materials, which would be useful for applications based on cylindrical plasmonic waveguides with anisotropic 2D materials.
Cyclic C4F8 and O2 plasma etching of TiO2 for high-aspect-ratio three-dimensional devices
Authors: Imamura Tsubasa , Sakai Itsuko , Hayashi Hisataka , Sekine Makoto , Hori Masaru
Published: January 2021

The present study investigates the cyclic etching of TiO2 with CF polymer deposition and removal. We find that C4F8 plasma treatment forms a CF polymer deposition layer on the TiO2 and a modified TiO2 surface under the CF polymer layer. Subsequent O2 plasma treatment removes the CF polymer and the modified layer at the same time. This sequence is repeated. Accordingly, the TiO2 film is etched at a rate of 0.67 nm per cycle. The CF polymer and modified TiO2 layer also form on the sidewall TiO2 surface of a trench pattern. We realize the isotropic TiO2 etching of a trench pattern having a high aspect ratio exceeding 40 adopting the cyclic C4F8 and O2 plasma process.
КАТЕГОРИЯ ПОБУЖДЕНИЯ В РЕКЛАМНЫХ ТЕКСТАХ
Authors: MUMINOVA Aziza
Published: January 2021

В статье рассматривается категория побуждения в системе рекламных текстов. Лексические и грамматические средства при этом выполняют роль формальных средств выражения побуждения в текстах рекламы. Когда отдается приказ или распоряжение, сема приказа наряду со специальными лексическими и грамматическими формами, обозначающими подобные побуждения, преподносится также посредством слов, обозначающих адресат, побуждаемый к действию. В качестве таких слов выступают имена существительные, наречия и междометия. В стаатье на основе теории речевых актов анализируются прагматические факторы рекламного дискурса, их влияние на содержание рекламного текста. Категория побуждения, которая выражается в рамках отражающих национальную культуру языковых единицах, имеет сходные и отличительные черты в сравниваемых французском, узбекском и русском языках. Сходные и отличительные особенности в выражении побуждения обусловливаются национально-культурными (лингвокультурологическими) особенностями. Стереотипы в процессе побуждения основываются на том, каковы национальность и менталитет народа. В выборе языковых единиц, выражающих побуждение, большое значение имеет их принадлежность к какому-либо языку. Ибо каждая нация имеет свои национально-культурные ценности.
REMOVAL CEMARAN BOD, COD, PHOSPHAT (PO4) DAN DETERGEN MENGGUNAKAN TANAMAN MELATI AIR SEBAGAI METODE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND DALAM PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH
Authors: Sri Sukmawati I Wayan , Asmoro Pungut
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berapa removal cemaran dan efisiensi penurunan cemaran kandungan BOD, COD, Phosphat (PO4) dan Detergen pada sistem contructed wetland dengan System Sub â€“ Surface Flow Constructed Wetland dengan alirandibawah permukaan, dengan variasi media pasir kasar dan pecahan genting denganmenggunakan tanamam melati air. Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Menur Surabayadengan pertimbangan untuk mendapatkan air limbah yang banyak mengandung polutan terutamadari air limbah bekas pencucian linen yang banyak mengandung  BOD, COD, Phospat (PO4) danDetergen.  Untuk mengetahui removal cemaran BOD, COD, Phospat (PO4) dan Detergen tersebutdigunakan 2 reaktor dengan variasi media yaitu pasir kasar dan pecahan genting yang sama â€“sama ditamani dengan tanaman melati air, dengan  debit aliran yang tidak kontinyu dan waktutinggal selama 2 hari. Dalam hasil penelitian ditunjukkan bahwa pada reaktor dengan media pasir,untuk kandungan BOD terjadi penurunan sebesar 654 mg/l (efisiensi penurunan sebesar 59 %) sedangkan pada reaktor media pecahan genting terjadi penurunan kandungan BOD sebesar 680 mg/l (efisiensi penurunan sebesar 61 %). Untuk kandungan COD pada reaktor media pasir terjadipenurunan sebesar 307 mg/l (efisiensi penurunan sebesar 56 %), sedangkan pada reaktor mediapecahan genting terjadi penurunan kandungan COD sebesar 322 mg/l (efisiensi penurunansebesar 59 %). Untuk kandungan Phospat (PO4) pada reaktor media pasir terjadi penurunansebesar 8 mg/l (efisiensi penurunan sebesar 32 %), sedangkan pada media pecahan gentingkandungan Phospat (PO4) terjadi penurunan sebesar 10 mg/l (efisiensi penurunan sebesar 40 %). Sedangkan untuk kandungan Detergen pada reaktor media pasir terjadi penurunan sebesar 27mg/l (efisiensi penurunan sebesar 48 %), sedangkan pada reaktor pecahan genting terjadipenurunan kandungan Detergen sebesar 31 mg/l (efisiensi penurunan sebesar 56 %).  Pada duareaktor dengan media yang berbeda yaitu media pasir dan pecahan genting sama â€“ samamenunjukkan penurunan kandungan BOD, COD, Phospat (PO4)  dan Detergen namun  padareaktor yang berisi media pecahan genting efisiensi penurunan kandungan semua parameter yangditeliti lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan reaktor dengan media pasir.
PEMANFAATAN POTENSI ANGIN LAUT PENGGERAK MESIN PERAHU NELAYAN PENGGANTI MESIN BERTENAGA MINYAK
Authors: Sembodo Budi Prijo , Fora Rony Haendra , Widyastuti Sri
Published: January 2021

Wind Power Plants convert wind energy into electrical energy using wind turbines orwindmills. The problem is when in season Mitra wind / west season , fishermen catching crabs cannot directly capture crabs . The process can wait for days , until the right time to spread the net.When should wait for the weather improves fuel becomes a major problem . Fishermen do nothave the ability to purchase fuel in bulk .Results KKN PPM Theme : minimation   fuel problem ,known as fossil fuels , the use of the traditional mindset change boat engine oil into the enginefueled with energy saving environmentally friendly energy alternatives that are cheaper , achievededucation for sustainable development , economic improvement occurred residents by selling theproducts of wind energy boat engine. Method in empowerment , operational steps to correct theproblem, the volume of work in the form of JKEM and the total volume of work
ANALISA BAHAN ISOLASI PIPA SALURAN UAP PANAS PADA BOILER UNTUK MEMINIMALISASI HEAT LOSS
Authors: Muntolib Muntolib , Rusdiyantoro Rusdiyantoro
Published: January 2021

Uap panas merupakan sumber utama dalam mengolah produksi, aliran pipa uap panas selaludipengaruhi udara bebas, karena itu harus dilakukan pemilihan bahan isolasi jenis mineral wool,calcium silicate dan ceramic fiber blanket dengan membuat model simulasi untuk menentukanbahan yang paling tepat dalam mengurangi kehilangan panas. Analisa dilakukan denganmenghitung jumlah kehilangan panas tanpa menggunakan bahan isolasi dan menggunakanisolasi dengan ketebalan bervariabel. Proses analisa dilakukan pada suhu 150 ÂºC dengan hasilisolasi mineral wool tebal 25 mm sebesar 5.714 watt, tebal 50 mm sebesar 3.489 watt dan tebal75 mm sebesar 2.633 watt. Sedangkan hasil isolasi calsium silicate tebal 25 mm sebesar 7.774watt, tebal 50 mm sebesar 4.913 watt dan tebal 75 mm sebesar 3.756 watt. Sedangkan hasilisolasi ceramic fiber blanket tebal 25 mm sebesar 6.756 watt, tebal 50 mm sebesar 4.197 watt dantebal 75 mm sebesar 3.188 watt. Bahan isolasi mineral wool memiliki hasil terbaik dibandingkancalcium silicate dan ceramic fiber blanket. Kesimpulan pemilihan bahan isolasi dipengaruhi nilaitermal konduktivitas dan tebal bahan.
PEMANFAATAN DAN PENELITIAN ENERGI MEDAN MAGNET BUMI SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI LISTRIK TERBARUKAN DENGAN LAYANG-LAYANG
Authors: Khasanudin Sabtiyan , Prijo Sembodo Budi
Published: January 2021

Krisis energi khususnya energi listrik yang melanda Indonesia dan negara di dunia telah memaksa berbagai pihak untuk mencari solusi dalam mengatasi persoalan ini. Banyak sekali penelitian yang telah dilakukan untuk mencari sumber energi alternatif selain dari minyak bumi, batubara dan gas alam. Sumber energi tersebut menyebabkan pencemaran udara, air dan tanah serta menghasilkan gas rumah kaca (green house gas) yang berperan dalam pemanasan global. Oleh sebab itu, dilakukan penelitian di berbagai energi alternatif dan terbarukan (go green) , diantaranya energi medan magnet bumi, biomassa ,energi panas bumi, energi surya, energi air, energi angin dan energi samudera. Disini penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji energi magnet bumi khususnya energi medan magnet bumi sebagai energi alternative di masa depan.

Kata Kunci: Bahan bakar fosil , Greenhouse gas, Pemanasan global ,Energi terbarukan ,Medan magnet bumi.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN KOAGULAN PADA BIOFILTER ANAEROBIK AEROBIK DALAM MENURUNKAN COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) DAN BOD (BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI FARMASI
Authors: Wahyuni Sigma , Sugito Sugito
Published: January 2021

Limbah cair PT. Interbat berasal dari kegiatan domestik meliputi laundry (menggunakan detergen bebas phospat), kegiatan hygiene personal (mandi, keramas dan cuci tangan), kegiatan dapur dan kantin, toilet/WC (buang air), kegiatan kebersihan (pembersihan lantai dan kamar mandi); kegiatan produksi (penisilin, sefalosporin, dan non betalaktam) dan laboratorium meliputi pencucian alat-alat produksi dan alat laboratorium, pencucian botol, air cucian vial, air buangan dari wet scrubber HVAC (sistem tata udara). Beban dan jumlah limbah cair yang masuk dalam IPAL sentral PT. Interbat sering mengalami fluktuasi konsentrasi dan fluktuasi jumlah air. Sehingga beberapa kali hasil olahan tidak memenuhi standart baku mutu Pergub Jatim No. 72 Tahun 2013 untuk industri farmasi. Teknologi sistem biofilter anaerobik aerobik telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk mengolah limbah cair dan dapat menurunkan BOD dan COD hingga 95%. Salah satu kelebihan teknologi ini adalah tahan terhadap fluktuasi jumlah air limbah maupun fluktuasi konsentrasi. Bahan koagulan digunakan pada aplikasi ini untuk membantu proses pengikatan padatan. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini akan dikaji tentang pengaruh penggunaan koagulan pada biofilter anaerobik aerobik dalam menurunkan COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) dan BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) limbah cair industri farmasi. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah pengumpulan data sekunder, survei lapangan, perhitungan reaktor, dokumentasi, kajian literatur dan analisis laboratorium. Dimensi reaktor biofilter anaerobik aerobik dalam penelitian ini adalah skala 1:10. Debit air limbah pada skala 1:10 adalah sebesar 50ml/menit. Digunakan tambahan koagulant dengan variasi 0 ppm (tanpa), 200 ppm dan 300 ppm. Rata-rata efisiensi penurunan COD dan BOD dalam penelitian ini pada dosis tanpa penambahan koagulan penurunan COD sebesar 60% dan BOD sebesar 60%; pada dosis koagulan 200 ppm penurunan COD sebesar 54% dan BOD sebesar 46%; dan pada dosis koagulan 300 ppm penurunan COD sebesar 67% dan BOD sebesar 65%. Kemampuan dalam efisiensi penurunan COD dan BOD tertinggi dalam penelitian ini adalah pada koagulan dosis 300 ppm. Hasil COD dan BOD outlet adalah COD outlet sebesar 67 mg/l dan BOD outlet sebersar 49 mg/l. Bila dibandingkan dengan Pergub Jatim No.72 Tahun 2013 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Bagi Industri Dan/Atau Kegiatan Usaha Lainnya, maka hasil COD dan BOD outlet sudah dibawah baku mutu.

Kata Kunci : Biofilter anaerobik aerobik, koagulan, PAC, COD, BOD
REDUKSI BESI (Fe) DAN MANGAN (Mn) PADA AIR TANAH MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA FILTRASI MANGANESE GREENSAND DAN ZEOLIT TERPADUKAN RESIN
Authors: Rahmawati Novia , Sugito Sugito
Published: January 2021

Air tanah mengandung ion terlarut seperti Besi (Fe), Mangan (Mn), dan beberapa senyawa anorganik lainnya. Terlarutnya Fe dan Mn dalam air menyebabkan warna air tersebut berubah menjadi kuning coklat setelah terjadi kontak dengan udara. Diperlukan teknologi untuk menurunkan kandungan Fe dan Mn pada air tanah agar layak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaji efektivitas removal Fe dan Mn menggunakan media filtrasi Manganese greendsand dan Zeolit terpadukan resin pada air tanah. Variabel penelitian adalah kombinasi jenis media dan waktu operasi filtrasi yaitu: 15, 30, dan 45 menit. Sampel yang

digunakan adalah sampel buatan dengan kandungan Fe = 5,316 mg/L dan Mn = 2,533 mg/L. Instalasi filtrasi terbuat dari pipa PVC dengan diameter 4 inchi dengan ketinggian 100 cm dan

menggunakan aliran upflow. Analisis Fe menggunakan metoda ortho-phenantrolin secara spektrofotometer, sedangkan analisis Mn menggunakan metode persulfat secara permanganometri. Konsentrasi Fe dan Mn setelah pengolahan mengalami penurunan. Pada media Manganese Greensand konsentrasi Fe menjadi 0,316 mg/L dan 0,017 mg/L untuk Mn. Pada media Zeolit konsentrasi Fe menjadi 1,424 mg/L dan 0,049 mg/L untuk Mn. Media Manganese

Greensand memiliki efektivitas removal sebesar 94 % untuk Fe dan 99 % untuk removal Mn. Sedangkan media Zeolit memiliki efektivitas removal sebesar 73 % untuk parameter Fe dan 98 % untuk Mn.

Kata kunci: Filtrasi, Ion Exchange, Manganese Greensand, Zeolit.