bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The arrival of the Euro and its implications for Asia
Authors: Wu Friedrich
Published: July 2007

The third stage of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) commenced on January 1, 1999 with the launch of the European single currency, the euro. The first round of participants comprises 11 of the 15 European Union (EU) nations, dubbed “Euroland.” The potential implications of EMU for Asia are immense. The euro's emergence as an international currency and its impact on Asia can be assessed in 3 different domains: (1) as a medium of exchange for Europe's trade with Asia; (2) as a store of value in stocks and bonds in world capital markets; and (3) as part of official foreign exchange reserves of Asian central banks. Our analysis suggests that there is potential for the euro to play a bigger role in EU‐Asia trade links, which will be underpinned by the collective importance of Euroland as a much‐enlarged trading and investment partner for Asia. However, in the short term at least, Asian equity markets are unlikely to benefit from significant inflows of capital from the EU as the former have been decimated by the region's financial crisis. As for Asian bond markets, rapid deterioration of sovereign ratings of countries in the region over the past 12 months would make it difficult for Asian companies to raise funds through euro‐denominated debt instruments. As for official foreign exchange reserves, the bulk of Asian reserves is currently held in US dollar assets. Judging from Asian trade and debt figures, it seems unlikely that the euro would challenge the US dollar as a reserve currency any time in the near future. Nevertheless, in the longer term, the euro's introduction could make it easier for Asian central banks to diversify their reserves from the greenback to the euro. The internationalization of the euro is likely to happen only gradually, whether in terms of international trade denomination and settlement, denominating international financial assets, or as a reserve currency. Since the magnitude of shock that the single European currency would bring to the international monetary system is still unknown, only very tentative conclusions for the impact on Asian countries can be drawn at this point in time.
Delay‐differential equations with discrete feedback: explicit formulae for infinitely many coexisting periodic solutions
Authors: Bayer W. , Heiden U.
Published: July 2007

It is well‐known that the combination of nonlinear feedback and temporal delay may create very complicated behavior, including infinitely many bifurcations and chaos. In this paper a differential delay equation is studied in case that the nonlinearity is piecewise constant (with a single jump). The existence of infinitely many periodic solutions with different minimal periods is proved and explicit formulae for these solutions are presented, at once for positive and for negative feedback.
Interactive boundary layer in a Hele Shaw cell
Authors: Lagrée P.‐Y.
Published: July 2007

The steady laminar flow in a rectangular Hele Shaw cell is considered at high Reynolds number. The lower thin wall layer is perturbed by a small bump. Averaged equations obtained in averaging the Navier Stokes equations across the thin direction are used. This procedure allows to recover the nonlinear convective term in the equations. First a classical Boundary Layer theory is constructed, the weak coupling leads to a singularity. An Interacting Boundary Layer theory is then constructed in order to compute the strong coupling of the “Averaged ideal fluid” and the “Averaged boundary layer”. The “triple deck” counter part is presented as well. An asymptotic nonlinear approximation of the flow can be computed with short computation time. Positive comparisons of computation of the full Averaged Navier Stokes equation and Interacting Boundary Layer theory are shown. For instance, the boundary layer separation over a bump is obtained when either the bump height or the Reynolds number is increased.
Composition of the fat extracted from the seeds of theobroma bicolor
Authors: Jee M. H.
Published: July 2007

The fat fromTheobroma bicolor was analyzed for glyceride content by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and for fatty acid composition and triglyceride (carbon number) composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The fat was then separated into glycerides of different degrees of unsaturation by means of silver nitrate TLC. Then, the bands were examined by GLC before and after conversion to methyl esters. From the results obtained, the distribution of the fatty acids on the individual glycerides was calculated. The fat consisted of 96.5% triglyceride with only 2.5% diglyceride and 1.7% free fatty acid. The major fatty acids present were 42.3% C18:0, 45,2% C18:1, and 6.0% C16:1. Most of the triglycerides were of carbon number 52 (18.0%) and 54 (77.6%). The major triglycerides were 38.6% 1‐stearyl‐2,3 diolein (SOO), 25.4% 2‐oleyl‐1,3 distearin (SOS) and 13.8% 1‐palmito‐2‐oleyl‐stearin (POS). Only 44.3% of the fat consisted of monounsaturated triglycerides.
Optimization of parameters for the analysis of triglyceride by reverse phase HPLC using a UV detector at 210 nm
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Pattee H. W.
Published: July 2007

Factors affecting the quantitative analysis of triglycerides from natural oils were investigated on reverse‐phase HPLC columns. The organic solvent used to dissolve the triglycerides greatly determined the extent to which the solute molecules interacted with the mobile phase and hydrocarbonaceous ligand. Chloroform‐dissolved triglycerides resulted in better resolution and detection of the solute matrix of all the organic solvents used. Also, ethanol was superior to methanol as the polar organic modifier in the mobile‐phase composition. Ballistic temperature programming significantly reduced analysis time and column temperature, when raised high enough, can reverse the elution of some solutes, Possible mechanisms of triglyceride solute retention on reverse‐phase columns are advanced in conjunction with the various parameters used in the investigation.
Continuous synthesis of glycerides by lipase in a microporous membrane bioreactor
Authors: Mozammel Hoo Mohammad , Yamane Tsuneo , Shimizu Shoichi , Funada Tadashi , Ishida Shiro
Published: July 2007

A membrane bioreactor was developed for continuous synthesis of glycerides by lipase to overcome the drawbacks associated with the usual operation in an emulsion system. One unit (total area: 726 cm2) of flat, plate‐type dialyzer was used as the membrane bioreactor at 40 C. The glycerol solution, containing bacterial lipase and water, was supplied continuously to 1 side of a sheet of microporous polypropylene membrane (strongly hydrophobic) and the effluent was recycled, while undiluted liquid fatty acid (oleic or linoleic) was fed continuously to the opposite side of the membrane and came in contact with a glycerol‐water‐lipase solution to cause the reaction. The product, glycerides, was obtained at the outlet, in a pure state, with no other phase. Highest conversion (ca. 90%) was obtained when the water content of the glycerol solution was 3–4%. As the accumulation of water produced by the reaction lowered the conversion, molecular sieves in a column that the glycerol solution passed through were used for optimal water content. The reaction could be continued at least for 1 month, yielding a conversion above 70% when 1% CaCl2 was added in the glycerol solution. The main component of glycerides formed was almost equimolar amounts of mono‐and diglycerides.
Prooxident activities of chlorophylls and their decomposition products on the photooxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Endo Y. , Usuki R. , Kaneda T.
Published: July 2007

Although chlorophylls in oils affect oxidative stabilities, little has been known about the prooxidant activity of the chlorophylls or their decomposition products. To evaluate the prooxidant activities of chlorophyll derivatives, chlorophyll (CHL) A and B, pheophytin (PHY) A and B and pheophorbide (PHO) A and B were added to methyl linoleate (ML). The sample oils were then subjected to photooxidation at O C and the peroxide value and absorbance at 234 nm were measured. Chlorophylls catalyzed oxidation of methyl linoleate at concentrations greater than 2.2×10−9mol/g ML, and CHL B showed a stronger prooxidant activity, ca. twice that of CHL A under the same light intensity. PHY and PHO exhibited stronger prooxidant activities than CHL, the prooxidant activity of PHO being the strongest among them. Moreover, photosensitive activity was found in PHY as well as in CHL. These results suggest that particular attention should be paid to the decomposition products of CHL that affect the quality of vegetable oils.
Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of mango kernel oil
Authors: Rukmini C. , Vijayaraghavan Malini
Published: July 2007

Mango‐kernel fat is a solid fat at room temperature and has a melting point of ca. 35 C. The fat was analyzed for its physico‐chemical properties. It is rich in equal amounts of stearic and oleic acids (42%). Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of this fat was carried out by multigeneration breeding studies in weanling albino rats, feeding them mango‐kernel fat or groundnut oil (GNO) at a 10% level in a 20% protein diet that was adequate in vitamins and minerals. The feed‐efficiency ratio and growth rate of rats fed mango‐kernel fat were comparable with the control group. Studies of calcium, phosphorous and nitrogen balance showed that the retention of these nutrients was not adversely affected by the mango‐fat intake. The apparent digestibility of mango fat was comparable with GNO when fed to rats. Toxicological evaluation of the fat showed a comparable reproductive performance with the GNO‐fed animals. Liver serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids were found to be within normal levels. The organ weights of the various tissues of the animals of both groups in the last generation were comparable. Histopathological studies of various organs revealed no abnormalities. These studies indicate that mangokernel fat can substitute for any solid fat without adverse effect.
The fatty acid composition of the oil of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) seeds
Authors: Ekpenyong T. E. , Borchers R. L.
Published: July 2007

The seeds of the winged bean,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. were found to be rich in oil. The oil was examined for its iodine value, saponification value and fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. The value (area percent) for fatty acids as methyl esters were: 14∶0 (0.2%); 16∶0 (9.1%); 16∶1 (0.4%); 18∶0 (5.4%); 18∶1 (41.0%); 18∶2 (29.5%); 18∶3 (1.9%); 20∶0 (2.0%); 20∶1 and 18∶4 together (2.2%); 22∶0 (7.3%) and 24∶0 (1.0%). The iodine value (Wij solution) was 91. The oil contains an appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic 18∶2 (29.5%). The predominant saturated fatty acid is palmitic 16∶0 (9.1%).
On the formation of degradation products from the pyrolysis of tall oil fatty acids with kraft lignin
Authors: Traitler H. , Kratzl K.
Published: July 2007

Mixtures of tall oil fatty acids and kraft lignin from southern pine wood were pyrolyzed at 160 C and 280 C with or without exclusion of oxygen. In addition to fatty acids of various chain lengths and aromatic degradation products from lignin, a number of homologousn‐alkylbenzenes were formed (ca. 1.5%) and characterized by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The possible ways of formation of the latter from fatty acids are discussed briefly.
Polyamine‐koch acid amides as dispersants for two‐cycle engine oils
Authors: Hartle R. J. , Schulz J. G. D. , Onopchenko A.
Published: July 2007

New ashless dispersants for two‐cycle engine oils were developed from tetraethylenepentamine and C19–C25 Koch acids. Engine tests showed these amides are excellent substitutions for the conventional isostearic acid‐derived compounds.
Quaternary ammonium salts derived from jojoba oil
Authors: Shani Arnon , Horowitz Efraim
Published: July 2007

Quaternary ammonium salts derived from jojoba oil have been prepared either from jojobyl halides and tertiary amines or from dimethyljojobyl‐ and dimethylhomojojobylamines and alkyl halides. These salts have special potential as germicides, surfactants, emulsifiers and phase transfer reagents, for example. The jojobyl iodide and jojobyl mesylate react more readily with amines than the chloride, which is consistent with the expected relative leaving group reactivity of the different halides. The nucleophilicity of the tertiary amine, containing one long chain derived from jojoba oil, is similar to that of other tertiary amines containing only short alkyl chains. The salts are thermally stable up to 100–110 C.
Thermal rearrangement of sulfated tallow alkanolamides
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Linfield W. M.
Published: July 2007

A study of reaction variables in the sulfation of tallow alkanolamides revealed that a molecular rearrangement to aminoester occurs as a result of prolonged heating in the unneutralized state. Heating sulfated isopropanolamide for 4 hr at 60 C resulted in a 60% loss of active ingredient. The sulfated diglycolamide heated at 60 C for 12 hr suffered a loss of 22% active ingredient. A 50:50 mixture of these sulfated alkanolamides heated for 12 hr at 40 C incurred no loss of active ingredient content, whereas at 60 C a 40% loss of active ingredient was observed. Thus, careful temperature control and rapid neutralization after sulfation are required to obtain sulfated alkanolamides with a high percentage of active ingredient.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: X. Ultra high pressure and low pressure
Authors: Koritala S. , Friedrich J. P. , Mounts T. L.
Published: July 2007

Soybean oil was partially hydrogenated with copper‐chromite catalyst at 170 C and up to 30,000 psig hydrogen pressure. Catalyst activity increased with increase in pressure up to 15,000 psig. The linolenate selectivity (SLn) of the reaction remained essentially unchanged over 50–1000 psig pressure range. A SLn of 5.5 to 5.6 was achieved at 15,000 to 30,000 psig pressure range. This value is somewhat lower than the selectivity at 50–1000 psig, but much higher than that obtained with nickel catalysts. Geometric isomerization increased as pressure increased up to 200 psig; above this pressure, the percenttrans remained the same up to 500 psig.trans Isomer content decreased when the pressure was increased to 30,000 psig. cis,trans Isomerization of linoleate was greater at 1000 psig and 15,000 psig than at 50 psig. At 15,000 psig, part of the linoleate in soybean oil was hydrogenated directly without prior conjugation, whereas at low pressures, all of the double bonds first conjugate prior to hydrogenation. This difference in mechanism might explain the lower selectivities obtained at high pressures. Conjugated diene isomers were found in the products up to 200 psig. Above this pressure conjugated diene was not measurable. No significant differences were found in the double bond distribution oftrans monoenes even though the amount oftrans monoene formed decreased as pressure was increased to 30,000 psig.
Fatty acid and glyceride composition of jubaea spectabilis palm oil
Authors: Cole E. R. , Crank G. , Sheikh A. S.
Published: July 2007

Determination of the fatty acid distribution in three samples of oil from the kernels of the palmJubaea spectabilis shows that the uniquely low melting point of the oil is due to a higher content of shorter chain fatty acids than other members of the subclass Cocoideae.
Determining the location of a deceased mother tree and estimating forest regeneration variables by use of microsatellites and spatial genetic models
Authors: Shimatani Kenichiro , Kimura Megumi , Kitamura Keiko , Suyama Yoshihisa , Isagi Yuji , Sugita Hisashi
Published: July 2007

In this paper we first mathematically formulate spatial genetic models that rely on dispersal kernels, using the genetic inhomogeneous Poisson process. On the basis of mapped and genotyped data pertaining to adult and juvenile trees we are able to estimate three fundamental variables of population dynamics: individual female reproductive success, seed dispersal, and pollen flow. The model was applied to a secondary Fagus crenata stand in northern Japan, regenerated after shelterwood harvesting. Highly polymorphic microsatellite data revealed that most of the juveniles around one adult tree were not that tree's progeny and that some minor alleles were clustered there. These data suggested that another mother tree had formerly been present in the vicinity, produced offspring there and died. Inferring its genotype and location, we applied the genetic inhomogeneous Poisson process. Results confirmed that we would have wrongly assessed the regeneration if we had been unaware of the existence of the dead mother. The average distances for seed dispersal and pollen flow were 18 and 193 m, respectively. The contribution of outside mothers, simultaneously assessed using the dispersal variables in the models, ranged from 10 to 50% depending on their positions relative to preserved adults. Individual female reproductive success varied as much as fiftyfold among the eight preserved adults. Our comprehensive approach, utilizing currently available genetic information, mathematical models, and previous forestry records, helped elucidation of the past forest‐regeneration processes.
Satellite tracking of two Montagu’s Harriers (Circus pygargus): dual pathways during autumn migration
Authors: Trierweiler Christiane , Koks Ben J. , Drent Rudi H. , Exo Klaus-Michael , Komdeur Jan , Dijkstra Cor , Bairlein Franz
Published: July 2007

Autumn migration routes of two Dutch female Montagu’s Harriers (Circus pygargus) were documented for the first time using satellite telemetry. Both migrated to their African wintering area—one via the Straits of Gibraltar through the Mediterranean and the other via Italy/Tunisia. The rate of travel was comparable to values reported for larger raptor species.
Genetik der koronaren Herzkrankheit und des Herzinfarkts
Authors: Erdmann J. , Schunkert H.
Published: July 2007

Aufgrund der hohen Prävalenz der koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK) und des Herzinfarkts lassen sich in den Anamnesegesprächen oft familiäre Häufungen eruieren. Für die Risikostratifizierung ist es hierbei entscheidend, zwischen sporadischen Fällen und solchen mit „echter“ familiärer Häufung zu unterscheiden. Von einer familiären Prädisposition wird dann ausgegangen, wenn mindestens ein männlicher Verwandter 1. Grades vor dem 55. oder eine weibliche Verwandte 1. Grades vor dem 65. Lebensjahr einen Herzinfarkt erlitten haben oder eine KHK mit signifikanter Stenosierung diagnostiziert wurde. Die aktuelle Übersichtsarbeit möchte wesentliche Studien aufgreifen, aus denen sich das familiäre Risiko für die KHK und den Herzinfarkt ableitet. Darüber hinaus soll ein kurzer Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der genetischen Forschung zu KHK und Herzinfarkt gegeben werden.
Effect of neurotrophins on differentiation, calcification and proliferation in cultures of human pulp cells
Authors: Mizuno Noriyoshi , Shiba Hideki , Xu Wan‐peng , Inui Takafumi , Fujita Tsuyoshi , Kajiya Mikihito , Takeda Katsuhiro , Hasegawa Naohiko , Kawaguchi Hiroyuki , Kurihara Hidemi
Published: July 2007

Neurotrophins (NTs) are expressed during tooth development. However, little is known about a role of NTs in differentiation of pulp cells into mineralizing cells. In this study, mRNA expressions of hard tissue‐related proteins, calcification and proliferation are examined in cultures of human pulp (HP) cells. Nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)‐3 and NT‐4/5 increased the mRNA levels of dentin sialophsphoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, type I collagen and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and mineral deposition in cultures of HP cells. The increased levels and manners varied, depending on the concentrations of NTs and hard‐tissue related protein tested. On the other hand, only NGF significantly stimulated DNA synthesis in cultures of HP cells. These findings suggest that NTs characteristically regulate hard‐tissue related protein expression, calcification and proliferation in pulp cells. NTs may accelerate pulp cell differentiation.
Clinical trials update from Heart Rhythm 2007 and Heart Failure 2007: CARISMA, PREPARE, DAVID II, SAVE‐PACE, PROTECT and AREA‐IN‐CHF
Authors: Cleland John G.F. , Coletta Alison P. , Abdellah Ahmed Tageldien , Witte Klaus K. , Hobson Neil , Clark Andrew L.
Published: July 2007

This article provides information and a commentary on trials relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of heart failure, presented at Heart Rhythm 2007 organised by the Heart Rhythm Society which was held in Denver, USA and Heart Failure 2007 organised by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology which was held in Hamburg, Germany. Unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as analyses may change in the final publication.

The CARISMA study suggests that non‐invasive screening tests may help to identify post‐MI patients who may benefit from ICD therapy. Data from the PREPARE study show that more conservative ICD programming can reduce morbidity at the cost of an increased risk of arrhythmic syncope. DAVID II indicates that atrial pacing may be a safe alternative to ventricular back‐up pacing in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and standard indications for an ICD. The incidence of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with sinus node disease in SAVE‐PACE was reduced by dual chamber minimal ventricular pacing compared to conventional dual chamber pacing. The pilot phase of the PROTECT studies confirmed 30 mg as the dose of the selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist KW‐3902 to be used in pivotal studies. AREA‐IN‐CHF failed to show a beneficial effect of canrenone on LV volumes compared to placebo however some beneficial effects on secondary clinical endpoints were observed.
Plantation science: improving natural indigo in colonial India, 1860–1913
Authors: KUMAR PRAKASH
Published: July 2007

This paper explores the transition to synthetic dyestuffs through a principal focus on developments within the last major holdout of the natural-dye industry, the blue colourant indigo. It starts by looking closely at existing practices of cultivation and manufacture of the natural dye in colonial India in the second half of the nineteenth century. It also develops a case study based on targeted efforts scientifically to improve plant-derived indigo in laboratories and experiment stations in colonial India and imperial England. Experts attempted to increase yields and enhance the purity of the natural dye to meet the competition of the cheaper and purer synthetic indigo launched on the international market in 1897 by two German firms, BASF and Hoechst. The paper explains the patronage of science by European planters, the colonial state and the metropolitan government and analyses the nature of science that emerged in the colonial–imperial nexus.
Effect of providing a formula supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunity in full-term neonates
Authors: Field Catherine J. , Van Aerde John E. , Robinson Lindsay E. , Thomas Clandinin M.
Published: July 2007

To determine the effect of feeding formula containing long-chain PUFA (LCP) on immune function, healthy term infants were randomised at age 2 weeks to either a standard term formula (Formula; n 14) or the same formula supplemented with the LCP 20 : 4n-6 and 22 : 6n-3 (Formula+LCP; n 16). Peripheral blood was collected at 2 and 6 weeks to measure immune cell response (the rate of [3H]thymidine uptake and cytokine production after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)). Compared with cells from infants receiving only human milk (HM), the rate of [3H]thymidine uptake in response to PHA, but not IL-2 production, was lower for Formula+LCP infants (P < 0·05). Compared with HM-fed infants, Formula-fed infants (but not Formula+LCP infants) produced more TNF-α (unstimulated) and had a fewer CD3+CD44+ cells before stimulation and fewer CD11c+ cells post-stimulation (P < 0·05). However, compared with Formula-fed infants, the Formula+LCP infants had an immune cell distribution (higher percentage CD3+CD44+ and CD4+CD28+ cells) and cytokine profile (lower production of TNF-α post-stimulation) that did not differ from HM infants. Additionally, it was found that feeding infants formula during the first 10 d of life influenced immune function. These infants had a higher percentage of CD3+, CD4+CD28+, and lower percentage of CD14+ cells and produced more TNF-α and interferon-γ after PHA stimulation than HM-fed infants (P < 0·05). These results demonstrate that early diet influences both the presence of specific cell types and function of infant blood immune cells. Since many diseases have a strong immunological component, these immune changes may be of physiological importance to the developing infant.
What do we currently know about nutrition and bone health in relation to United Kingdom public health policy with particular reference to calcium and vitamin D?
Authors: Francis R. M.
Published: July 2007

Public health policy in the UK related to nutrition and bone health has been shaped by reports from the Department of Health (DH), Food Standards Agency and WHO. Dietary reference values (DRV) for a number of nutrients were published in 1991 by the DH Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy. The subsequent DH report on nutrition and bone health in 1998 concentrated particularly on Ca and vitamin D, but also briefly addressed the effect of body weight, alcohol and other nutrients. Although this reviewed more recent evidence relating to the effect of higher intakes of Ca and vitamin D from longitudinal and interventional studies, no changes were made to the existing DRV. The Food Standards Agency published a report from their Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals in 2003, which recommended safe upper limits for eight vitamins and minerals, with guidance provided on a further twenty-two nutrients, where there was less information on safety. The WHO report on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases in 2003 addressed the prevention of osteoporosis, making recommendations on Ca, vitamin D, Na, fruit and vegetables, alcohol and body weight. The present paper examines current views on what constitutes an adequate dietary Ca intake and optimal vitamin D status, the DRV for vitamin D in subjects with little or no exposure to sunlight and the results of recent epidemiological studies on the relationship between fracture risk and body weight, alcohol intake and the consumption of other nutrients.
Lecidea rubrocastanea, a new lichen species from conifer bark and wood in interior western North America (Lecanorales, lichenized ascomycetes)
Authors: SPRIBILLE Toby , PRINTZEN Christian
Published: July 2007

Lecidea rubrocastanea T. Sprib. & Printzen is described as new from conifer bark and wood in montane valleys of inland British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington State. It is characterized by its combination of a crustose olivaceous thallus lacking secondary lichen substances, small, dark burgundy-red or maroon apothecia, dark-capped paraphyses, Lecidella-type ascus, small, thin-walled ascospores, and bacilliform conidia. The generic affinities of the species based on analysis of ITS DNA are unclear, but it has numerous morphological traits in common with Japewia.
A new species of Megalaria from Îles Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean
Authors: FRYDAY Alan M.
Published: July 2007

The new species Megalaria allantoidea Fryday is described from the subantarctic Îles Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, where it grows over terricolous bryophytes or Azorella selago cushions. It differs from all other described species of Megalaria in having large, sausage-shaped ascospores. The systematics of the genus Megalaria is reviewed, ascus structure of some previously described species revised, and the position of the new species in the genus discussed.
Behavioural and physiological effects of the trophically transmitted cestode parasite,Cyathocephalus truncatus, on its intermediate host,Gammarus pulex
Authors: FRANCESCHI N. , RIGAUD T. , MORET Y. , HERVANT F. , BOLLACHE L.
Published: July 2007

Some parasites with complex life-cycles are able to manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate hosts in a way that increases their transmission to the next host. Gammarids infected by the tapewormCyathocephalus truncatus(Cestoda: Spathebothriidea) are known to be more predated by fish than uninfected ones, but potential behavioural manipulation by the parasite has never been investigated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis thatC. truncatusis able to manipulate the behaviour of one of its intermediate hosts,Gammarus pulex(Crustacea: Amphipoda). To assess if any behavioural change was linked to other phenotypic alterations, we also measured the immunity of infected and uninfected individuals and investigated the pathogenic effects of the parasite. Infected gammarids were significantly less photophobic than uninfected ones, but no effect of infection on the level of immune defence was found. The results on survival, swimming activity and oxygen consumption suggest that the parasite also has various pathogenic effects. However, the alteration in host phototaxis was not correlated to some of these pathogenic effects. Therefore, we propose that the modification in host reaction to light is a behavioural manipulation, explaining the previously observed increase of gammarid predation rate.
Choice and the Relationship between Identities and Behaviour for Mothers with Pre-School Children: Some Implications for Policy from a UK Study
Authors: HIMMELWEIT SUSAN , SIGALA MARIA
Published: July 2007

This article reports on the findings and policy implications of a UK study that used both qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate mothers' decision-making with respect to the interlinked issues of the care of their pre-school children and their own employment. Mothers were found to have both internal and external constraints on their decisions. In the three areas of finances, childcare and working time, both personal identities and external circumstances limited mothers' choices. However, neither external circumstances nor identities were fixed. Behaviour and identities were therefore adjusted to each other, giving rise to feedback effects at both the individual and the social level.

While the constraints of identity limit the direct effectiveness of some policies, the long-term effectiveness of others may be enhanced by positive feedback arising from attitudes changing along with behaviour. A ‘policy multiplier’ is defined as the ratio of such indirect to direct effects. This is likely to be greater for enabling policies that lift existing constraints and enable choices that were previously not available, than for coercive policies that impose new constraints on behaviour. The article examines the implications of such feedback effects for developing policy that expands the choices available to mothers in the short term, reduces the costs of motherhood, and meets the government's long-term objectives of reducing child poverty and increasing employment.
The acquisition of Cantonese classifiers by preschool children in Hong Kong
Authors: TSE SHEK KAM , LI HUI , LEUNG SHING ON
Published: July 2007

The Cantonese language has a complex classifier system and young learners need to pay attention to both the semantics and syntax of classifiers. This study investigated the repertoire of classifiers produced by 492 Cantonese-speaking preschoolers in three age groups (3;0, 4;0 and 5;0). Spontaneous utterances produced in 30-minute toy-play contexts were collected and transcribed. Analyses identified a productive repertoire of 73 classifiers in the utterances, which could be appropriately classified into the typology proposed in the present study. An age-related increase in the number of classifier types per child as well as the repertoire size of each group was found. 個go3(CL) was widely used as the general classifier by the young children. It was also discovered that the three-year-olds were already showing signs of grasping the basic syntax of classifiers. Cognitive, linguistic and contextual influences presumed to shape the evidence are discussed.
Characteristics of maternal verbal style: Responsiveness and directiveness in two natural contexts
Authors: FLYNN VALERIE , MASUR ELISE FRANK
Published: July 2007

Twenty mothers' provision of responsive, supportive behavioural directive, and intrusive behavioural and attentional directive speech was investigated during interactions with their children at ages 0 ; 10, 1 ; 1, 1 ; 5 and 1 ; 9 in two natural contexts, free play and bathtime. Issues examined included developmental change, contextual differences, consistency across contexts and stability over time. Analyses revealed increases in frequencies of maternal responsive and supportive directive utterances and decreases in maternal intrusive directives with age. Differences between contexts included more speech and supportive directiveness during play than bath. Responsiveness and intrusive attentional directiveness demonstrated considerable consistency and stability. Mothers provided greater responsiveness to girls than to boys, but more intrusive directives to boys than to girls. Mothers' production of supportive and intrusive directives was unrelated, and their rates of responsive speech were inversely associated with their rates of intrusive directive speech, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between supportive and intrusive directiveness.
The overgeneralization of non-finite complements to finite contexts: The case of decide
Authors: OWEN AMANDA J. , LEONARD LAURENCE B.
Published: July 2007

Current views on the acquisition of PRO can roughly be divided into two areas: lexical and syntactic accounts. We present data on one verb, decide, that yields data that not only differs from the data for other similar verbs with the same children, but does not lend itself easily to either type of account. Data from a sentence elicitation task conducted with 20 typically-developing children (4 ; 0–7 ; 11), along with 3 case studies illustrate that children may not be assigning a referent for PRO in an adult-like manner for particular verbs. Instead they may be overgeneralizing the use of non-finite complements to finite contexts.
Whichitis it? The acquisition of referential and expletiveit
Authors: KIRBY SUSANNAH , BECKER MISHA
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the natural order of acquisition of the proformit, comparing deictic pronounit, anaphoric pronounitand expletiveit. Files from four children (Adam, Eve, Nina and Peter) aged 1 ; 6–3 ; 0 in the CHILDES database were coded for occurrences of NPit(here it is) and expletiveit(it's raining). Occurrences of NPitwere coded for whether they followed an overt discourse anaphor (anaphoricit) or not (deicticit). All children examined produce deictic and anaphoric pronounitfrom the very first files, but do not produce expletiveituntil 2–7 months later. Following Inoue's (1991) lexical-semantic reanalysis account of the acquisition of expletivethereafter locativethere, we propose that children acquire expletiveitby reanalyzing referential pronounitto include an expletive subtype. This reanalysis takes place when children realize that expletiveitnever co-occurs with any deictic/anaphoric referent.
A transthoracic Doppler echocardiography study of C-reactive protein and coronary microcirculation in children after open heart surgery
Authors: Aburawi Elhadi H. , Liuba Petru , Berg Ansgar , Pesonen Erkki
Published: July 2007

Background

Systemic inflammation has been suggested to underlie in part the elevated risk of arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction during the first weeks after cardiac surgery. Recent transthoracic Doppler studies from our centre indicated increased basal coronary arterial flow in children 5 days after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. In these children, we investigated whether the inflammatory mediator, C-reactive protein, could influence this association.

Methods

The peak flow velocity, velocity time-integral in diastole and systole, and basal blood flow in the proximal part of the left anterior descending artery, were assessed by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography 1 day before, and 5 days after, cardiac surgery in 17 children with ventricular and atrioventricular septal defects whose mean age at surgery was 6 months. Levels of C-reactive protein in the plasma were measured at both time-points.

Results

Prior to surgery, all children had levels of C-reactive protein under the limit for detection, that is less than 0.8 milligrams per litre. The levels of the protein had increased significantly by the second day, when the median value was 25, and the range from 20 to 142 milligrams per litre. They remained elevated on the fifth day after surgery, when the median was 11, and the range from 3 to 20 milligrams per litre. On the fifth day, the percentage increase in velocity time integral corrected for left ventricular mass was significantly lower in those patients with C-reactive protein greater than or equal to 10 milligrams per litre than in the remaining patients. Also, both the velocity time integral and the velocity of diastolic peak flow correlated inversely with log C-reactive protein, r being equal to −0.54 and p less than 0.02 and r equal to −0.74 and p less than 0.01, respectively, particularly among those patients in whom clamping of the aorta lasted for more than 1 hour, r for this statistic being equal to −0.8.

Conclusion

The postsurgical increase in the velocity of coronary arterial flow in children is inversely associated with rising levels of C-reactive protein. The duration of the aortic cross-clamping during surgery strengthens the association between levels of C-reactive protein and the microcirculatory changes.
Opera and the Mainstreaming of Blackface Minstrelsy
Authors: NORRIS RENEE LAPP
Published: July 2007

In the mid-nineteenth century, blackface minstrelsy entered the mainstream of antebellum popular culture by borrowing from a European musical repertory, drawing on the language of advertisements for legitimate entertainments, and engaging two themes of antebellum popular culture, sentimentality and nationalism. Minstrels' opera parodies used devices similar to the British burlesque tradition: opera in blackface relied on the recontextualization of the original and an unpredictable mingling of sources and subjects. Discussion of three popular blackface opera songs, “I Dreamed Dat I Libed in Hotel Halls,” “See! Sir, See!,” and “Stop Dat Knocking,” demonstrates these processes.
Structure of spherical electric double layers: A density functional approach
Authors: Goel Teena , Patra Chandra N.
Published: July 2007

A density functional theory is presented for the structure of spherical electric double layers within the restricted primitive model, where the macroion is considered as a hard sphere having uniform surface charge density, the small ions as charged hard spheres, and the solvent is taken as a dielectric continuum. The theory is partially perturbative as the hard-sphere contribution to the one-particle correlation function is evaluated using suitably averaged weighted density and the ionic part is obtained through a second-order functional Taylor expansion around the uniform fluid. The theory is in quantitative agreement with Monte Carlo simulation for the density profiles and the zeta potentials over a wide range of macroion sizes and electrolyte concentrations. The theory is able to provide interesting insights about the layering and the charge inversion phenomena occurring at the interface.
Fabrication and characterization of metal-molecule-silicon devices
Authors: Scott Adina , Janes David B. , Risko Chad , Ratner Mark A.
Published: July 2007

Metal-molecule-silicon (MMSi) devices have been fabricated, electrically characterized, and analyzed. Molecular layers were grafted to n and p+ silicon by electrochemical reduction of para-substituted aryl-diazonium salts and characterized using standard surface analysis techniques; MMSi devices were then fabricated using traditional silicon (Si) processing methods combined with this surface modification. The measured current-voltage characteristics were strongly dependent on both substrate type and molecular head group. The device behavior was analyzed using a qualitative model considering semiconductor depletion effects and molecular dipole moments and frontier orbital energies.
Nonlinear evolution of localized perturbations in the deceleration-phase Rayleigh-Taylor instability of an inertial confinement fusion capsule
Authors: Schiavi A. , Atzeni S.
Published: July 2007

The evolution of axially symmetric localized perturbations in the deceleration-phase Rayleigh-Taylor instability of an inertial confinement fusion shell capsule is studied by two-dimensional simulations. Large amplitude divot-like mass perturbations were tracked into the deeply nonlinear regime. Dense fluid spikes penetrating the hot spot as well as light material bubbles rising into the dense shell have been studied, using both a full physics model and a simplified (classical) model neglecting thermal conductivity and fusion reactions. The stabilizing effect of ablation (due to electron thermal conductivity and fusion alpha-particle transport) is found to be more pronounced for spikes than for bubbles. For small width perturbations, bubbles grow faster than spikes, contrary to classical model results.
Oxygen sensing properties at high temperatures of β-Ga2O3 thin films deposited by the chemical solution deposition method
Authors: Bartic Marilena , Ogita Masami , Isai Masaaki , Baban Cristian-Loan , Suzuki Hisao
Published: July 2007

In this article, we report the fabrication of an oxygen sensor based on gallium oxide thin films prepared by the chemical solution deposition method. The oxygen sensing properties of the device (response and recovery time, sensitivity, stability) were investigated at high temperature (1000 °C). Attention was paid to the influence of the annealing conditions on the oxygen sensing properties of the Ga2O3 thin film sensor. Surface morphology of thin film samples, studied by using atomic force microscopy measurements, shows that there are grain size differences due to various annealing conditions (temperature and time period). The results show that the annealing conditions affect not only the grain size and surface structure of Ga2O3 thin films but also the oxygen sensing properties of the material. It was shown that the response time of the Ga2O3 sensors decreased when the annealing temperature and annealing time were increased. The sensitivity of the sensor devices it is also affected when the annealing parameters are changed. The response time at 1000 °C was 12 s for the Ga2O3 film sensor annealed at 1000 °C for 14 h.
The methods for measuring shear stress of polar molecule dominated electrorheological fluids
Authors: Shen R. , Wang X. Z. , Lu Y. , Wen W. J. , Sun G. , Lu K. Q.
Published: July 2007

Recently, a series of electrorheological (ER) fluids with high yield stress up to hundreds of kilopascals, which is named as polar molecule dominated electrorheological (PM-ER) fluids, has been developed. The mechanism of PM-ER fluids is quite different from that of conventional ER fluids. The normal rheometer cannot be used anymore to measure the shear stress of PM-ER fluid because a slide occurs at the interface between PM-ER fluids and metallic electrodes. In this paper, a proper technique for measuring the yield stress of PM-ER fluids is presented. By using this method, the intrinsic yield stress and the shear modulus of PM-ER fluids can be obtained conveniently, and the boundary effect at electrodes can be eliminated.
Fully quantum state-resolved inelastic scattering between He and NO(XΠ2)
Authors: Kłos J. , Aoiz F. J. , Verdasco J. E. , Brouard M. , Marinakis S. , Stolte S.
Published: July 2007

Quantum mechanical close-coupling calculations have been used to obtain fully quantum state-resolved differential cross sections and opacity functions for the rotationally inelastic collisions of NO(XΠ2) with He at collision energies of 63 and 147meV using the most recent ab initio potential energy surfaces of Kłos et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 2195 (2000)]. Double peaks observed in the Λ-doublet resolved differential cross sections are shown to be related to the presence of analogous peaks in the corresponding opacity functions. These structures can be linked directly to a specific expansion term in the potential, and reflect the fact that NO is not quite homonuclear.
Direct insertion of oxygen atoms into the backbonds of subsurface Si atoms using translational energies of oxygen atom beams
Authors: Tagawa Masahito , Yokota Kumiko , Tsumamoto Shinnosuke , Sogo Chie , Yoshigoe Akitaka , Teraoka Yuden
Published: July 2007

A direct oxidation reaction of Si atoms on a Si(001) surface was studied by ellipsometry and synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. In situ ellipsometry measurements when exposed to 2.7–5.0eV O atom beams indicated that oxide growth follows a linear relationship with an O atom fluence up to an oxide thickness of 0.6–0.7nm. In contrast, the limit of linear growth was 0.3nm in the case of the 1.8eV beam. These results suggest that the backbonds of Si atoms in the first layer are directly oxidized by O atom with a translational energy between 2.7 and 5.0eV.
Fabrication and optical properties of two-dimensional ZnO hollow half-shell arrays
Authors: Gao Y. , Li A. D. , Gu Z. B. , Wang Q. J. , Zhang Y. , Wu D. , Chen Y. F. , Ming N. B. , Ouyang S. X. , Yu T.
Published: July 2007

Two-dimensional optically active ZnO shells on polystyrene (PS) templates have been fabricated using a sputtering technique. Periodic ZnO hollow half-shell structure has been obtained by removing PS templates. It exhibits several anomalous dips in transmission spectra that have not been reported. The dips can be tuned up by changing the shell thickness and PS sphere size. The PL spectra confirm that the structure has enhanced defect emission of ZnO.
Two-dimensional slicing method to speed up the fabrication of micro-objects based on two-photon polymerization
Authors: Liao Chao-Yaug , Bouriauand Michel , Baldeck Patrice L. , Léon Jean-Claude , Masclet Cédric , Chung Tien-Tung
Published: July 2007

Generally, a layer-by-layer method along one specific direction (two-and-half-dimensional method) is used to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) microstructures. Ultrathin layers and long processing times are necessary to obtain smooth surfaces in near flat regions of microstructures. In their approach, the authors slice these nearly flat areas along another slicing direction to produce the scanning paths of the laser beam. Several examples, including a microdragon, have been produced to validate that this real 3D method can generate micro-objects with a good balance between surface accuracy and processing efficiency.
Correlation between number of ferroelectric variants and coercive field of lead ziconate titanate single crystals
Authors: Choudhury S. , Chen L. Q. , Li Y. L.
Published: July 2007

Understanding the magnitude of coercive fields, the external electric field that results in zero net polarization, has been a long-standing problem for ferroelectrics. The authors studied the switching and coercive fields using a combination of the continuum phase field approach, microelasticity, and electrostatics. While the values of coercive fields predicted from the phenomenological thermodynamic theory assuming a single ferroelectric domain or the theory of nucleation are at least one order of magnitude too high compared to those measured experimentally, the predictions incorporating structural inhomogeneities show remarkably good agreement with experimental measurements, revealing the critical role of multidomain/variants in polarization switching.