bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power Lost: Sizing Electricity Losses in Transmission and Distribution Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Jimenez Mori Raul Alberto , Serebrisky Tomás , Mercado Díaz Jorge Enrique
Published: March 2024

Electricity loss is a key component in measuring the efficiency and financial sustainability of the power sector. It represents the difference between the amount of electricity that enters the network and the amount that is delivered to end-users, reflecting the degree of productivity of transmission and distribution systems. The objective of this Brief on electricity losses in transmission and distribution systems is to map the severity of the problem across LAC countries.
The Legacy of the Crisis: Policy Options in a Favorable Environment
Authors: Manzano Osmel , Lagarda Guillermo , Prat Jordi
Published: March 2024

The region comprising Central America, Panama and Dominican Republic is on path towards a favorable economic environment, characterized by higher growth in the United States (its main trade partner), lower oil prices, and still low financing costs. This environment represents a window of opportunity for the region to overcome the vulnerabilities inherited from the financial crisis and assure long-term growth. The first legacy of the crisis has been higher public debt, which in turn raised risks of deteriorating credit quality. The second legacy involves higher external flows, which had lead to greater financial complexity and created new channels of contagion. This report identifies risks and lays forward guidelines to mitigate them. In addition, it further illustrates how a deterioration in the external environment can generate lower growth prospects for the region, emphasizing the importance of advancing with the aforementioned reforms.
Upscaling Silvopastoral Systems in South America
Authors: Solymosi Katalin , Braun Andrea , Dijk Suzanne van , Grulke Markus
Published: March 2024

The world population is expected to increase from approximately 2.5 billion in 1950 to almost 10 billion in 2050, exhibiting the highest population growth rates in history. Securing the supply of wood and timber from sustainable sources without competing for agricultural land and food production has already become a challenge in many parts of the world.South America has had the advantage of being a large continent with a relatively small population, of which a large share lives in urban areas. Historically, these conditions have permitted inefficient land-use systems such as extensive livestock grazing for beef production. However, in recent decades export-oriented industrial agriculture has become the main driver of South American land use patterns, increasing the pressure for more efficient and intensive production systems. Specialization and intensification in the land use sector have brought economic and productive benefits at a cost. They have caused the massive destruction of natural ecosystems while at the same time making national economies highly dependent on a reduced number of export products. Therefore opportunities for intensification on extensive grazing land and other inefficient land uses (often on marginal land) have to be considered. Particularly in times of pressing global environmental change and increasingly complex trade relationships, land use intensification has to take into account economic, environmental and social objectives and increase the resilience of the system as a whole.
Contribution of Variable Renewable Energy to Increase Energy Security in Latin America
Authors: Ludovique Camila , Amendola Fabio , Lima Lucas , Paredes Juan Roberto , Huback Vanessa , Viviescas Cindy , Lucena André F. P. , Szklo Alexandre , Nascimento Gabriela , Magalar Leticia , Vasquez Eveline , Schaeffer Roberto
Published: March 2024

The analysis presented here aims to shed some light on a successful integration of variable renewable energies to electricity networks and how, despite depending on the fluctuations of the climate itself, they can also contribute to the energy security of the region. The study is divided in two sections. The first part of this report presents a review of the latest state-of-the-art variability indices for wind and solar energy, as well as a survey of existing studies addressing complementarities between renewable resources. The second part of the study evaluates the possible impacts of climate change on future wind and solar resources in Latin America and how these impacts can affect the complementarities between these two sources of electricity.
Regional Evaluation on Urban Solid Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean: 2010 Report
Authors: Tello Espinoza Pilar , Soulier Faure Martin , Terraza Horacio , Daza Diego , Martínez Arce Evelyn
Published: March 2024

This regional report is the product of the joint efforts of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and the Inter-American Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (AIDIS). The report assesses solid waste management in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in the year 2010, and is the result of a year-long research and information analysis project supported by governmental agencies, NGOs, and universities from several countries of the region.
Gobernanza de la eficiencia energética: Manual regional América Latina y el Caribe
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank,   International Energy Agency
Published: March 2024

La mejora de la eficiencia energética (EE) es una respuesta crucial a los acuciantes retos del cambio climático, el desarrollo económico y la seguridad energética que enfrentan muchos países de América Latina y el Caribe. La presión no cesa. La eficiencia energética tiene que producir beneficios, y tiene que hacerlo rápidamente. Este manual tiene por objeto ayudar a quienes ponen en práctica la EE, funcionarios de gobierno y otras partes interesadas a establecer estructuras efectivas de gobernanza de la eficiencia energética en sus países. Los lectores encontrarán información relevante en un formato accesible que les permitirá crear mecanismos integrales y eficaces de gobernanza. El manual ofrece directrices para abordar distintos temas o remite a los lectores a ejemplos de las maneras en que se han manejado esos temas en países concretos.
Agricultural Support Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean. 2018 Review
Authors: De Salvo Carmine Paolo , Egas Juan José
Published: March 2024

If we must eat to survive, we must make agriculture sustainable. To make agriculture sustainable, we must consider the necessary strategic actions to understand the challenges in the sector, solve problems and innovate. That is why in July 2017, several Ministers and other senior representatives of the Ministries of Agriculture of Suriname, Guyana, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Belize, Barbados and The Bahamas participated in the Caribbean Agricultural Policy Forum organized by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The Forum analyzed the agricultural policy strategies of the different countries and their impact on the performance of the sector. It was an opportunity to discuss the challenges the Caribbean’s agricultural sector faces, including: the vulnerability of small producers to price volatility in the global market and of course the impacts of climate change. The dialogue was based on agricultural public policy data collected for each Caribbean country within the framework of the IDB’s Agrimonitor initiative. The following publication gathers the main findings and summarizes how agricultural policies affect producers and consumers as well as how the limited funding for agricultural services, such as research and infrastructure, could limit the ability of Caribbean farmers to compete effectively in global markets. The analyses presented are therefore meant to contribute to the Caribbean’s regional dialogue for the design of more effective agricultural policies, which we hope will strengthen the sector and improve the lives of people in the region.
Determination of Lethal Dose of Disodium 5’ Ribonucleotide (E635) on Embryonic Development of Gallus gallus
Authors: Sharikmaslat Shaiba Iqbal , Kamble Nitin Anandrao
Published: March 2024

Disodium 5’ Ribonucleotide (E635), a food additive, has FDA safety, but concerns about its potential toxicity in developmental biology have been raised due to limited research on its lethal effects. The present research aimed to investigate the lethal dose of E635 when induced into a vertebrate chick embryo model. Pilot doses of E635 ranging from 1 μg- 400 μg per egg were inoculated. Consequently, fertilized chick eggs were randomly assigned to 6 groups, including 1 control and 5 differently intoxicated groups of E635 doses per egg. E635 was induced in eggs by in vivo administration and incubated for up to 15 days. LD50 was determined by using probit analysis in SPSS. The study showed morphological, physiological and survival alterations. A dose-dependent mortality was observed by E635 induction in the present study. The results were interpreted for functional and biological changes in the developing embryo of Gallus gallus to confirm the induced toxicity. LD50 of E635 on chick embryo was found to be 0.054 μg per egg.
Isotherm and Kinetic Studies on Adsorption of Yellow Azo Dyes (Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine) using Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth., Leaf Extract Mediated Iron Nanoparticles
Authors: Rani N. Usha , Ramanjaneyulu K. , Pavani P. , Tulasi S. L.
Published: March 2024

Sunset yellow and tartrazine are commonly used azo dyes extensively employed in beverages and food products such as soda, fruit juices, confectionery, and cakes. These dyes hold the distinction of being the second and third most frequently utilized colour additives in a wide array of beverage products. The discharge of these synthetic food dyes into industrial wastewater can lead to significant environmental and health issues. Due to its aromatic structure, this dye is resistant to breaking down into harmless compounds, and its removal through effective adsorption presents an economical and efficient solution. The use of renewable bioresources for the eco-friendly production of metallic nanoparticles represents a recent and growing trend in nanotechnology research, offering enhanced environmental safety. In this current research, we achieved the green and cost-effective synthesis of monodispersed Iron Nanoparticles (FeNPs) with exceptional stability by utilizing an aqueous extract of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth is the primary bioresource for this synthesis. The FeNPs were noticed to be uniformly distributed spherical-shaped particles having smooth surfaces with a 26-34 nm size range and an average particle size of 28 ± 0.86 nm. The XRD results confirm that the FeNPs were rhombohedral phase structures with 71.43% of elemental iron. These synthesized nanoparticles were applied for the removal of sunset yellow and tartrazine dyes were investigated and more than 90% were removed. The adsorption isotherm study was best fitted with the Langmuir model, and the maximal adsorption capacity was found to be 76.29 and 47.22 mg/g for sunset yellow and tartrazine respectively. The adsorption reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a high correlation coefficient. Repeated cycles of regeneration, reuse and stability showed very high removal efficiency and stability. In conclusion, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles demonstrates substantial promise for applications in environmental protection.
Cardioprotective Potential of Albizzia lebbeck: Insights Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats
Authors: Anusha V. L. , Yerragopu Anil Kumar , Kiran N. Sai , Rajesh A. , Sirisha Y. , Harini A. L.
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the cardioprotective potential of Albizzia lebbeck (Shirish) ethanol leaf extract against Isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar albino rats. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are a major global health concern, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. A. lebbeck, a medicinal plant with documented pharmacological activities, has not been scientifically studied for its cardioprotective properties. The research utilised a rat model of ISO-induced myocardial infarction, a well-established experimental approach to study preventive effects on myocardial damage. The study included the isolation and preparation of A. lebbeck ethanol leaf extract (MEAL) and its administration at different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) to ISO-treated rats. Various parameters, including relative organ weight, cardiac biomarkers (cTnI, LDH, CK-MB), total proteins, oxidative stress markers (SOD, MDA), and histopathological changes, were assessed. The results revealed that ISO administration induced cardiac hypertrophy, increased serum biomarkers, and oxidative stress, indicating myocardial damage. Treatment with MEAL, especially at the higher dose (400 mg/kg), significantly mitigated these effects. MEAL administration reduced the heart-to-body weight ratio, normalised serum biomarkers, restored endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels, and showed a protective effect against structural damage in histopathological examination. In conclusion, A. lebbeck ethanol leaf extract demonstrated significant cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats. These findings suggest the potential of A. lebbeck as a natural therapeutic agent for preventing or ameliorating cardiac damage associated with stress-induced conditions. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying its cardioprotective properties and explore its potential clinical applications.
Низкая мотивация сотрудников на предприятии: причины и способы нивелирования
Authors: Тарасова А.С.
Published: March 2024

В данной статье приведен анализ основных причин, влияющих на отсутствие мотивации среди сотрудников. В статье рассматриваются различные стратегии и методы для устранения проблемы низкой мотивации сотрудников, включая подходы к поощрению, улучшение рабочей среды, разработку программ обучения и развития персонала. Авторы предлагают практические рекомендации и решения, направленные на повышение уровня мотивации и эффективности персонала на предприятии.
Сущность и значение налога на доходы физических лиц в бюджетной системе РФ
Authors: Хасанова М.С. , Сайдулгериева М.А.
Published: March 2024

Налоги являются одним из главных инструментов достижения финансовой устойчивости и регулирования экономического сектора страны. Необходимый объем налоговых и иных поступлений в бюджеты различных уровней способствует реализации финансовых потребностей государства, вследствие чего обеспечивается общегосударственная финансовая устойчивость. Обложение налогом физических лиц является важным элементом экономической политики государства. Изменяя ставки налога в зависимости от разных социальных параметров, государство может управлять демографической ситуацией, занятостью и прочими важнейшими экономическими аспектами. НДФЛ является значимым налогом по уровню мобилизационной составляющей в бюджет страны. Но шкала подоходного налогообложения нуждается в корректировке для обеспечения социальной защиты наиболее уязвимых категорий налогоплательщиков.
Актуальные проблемы защиты авторских прав в сети Интернет
Authors: Воробьева А.Е. , Израилова З.Ш.
Published: March 2024

В представленной статье производится анализ особенностей нормативно-правового регулирования института охраны и защиты авторских прав в Российской Федерации на современном этапе. Основной акцент в работе сделан на исследовании проблемных вопросов защиты авторских прав, возникших вследствие развития информационнотелекоммуникационных технологий, в частности – сети Интернет. По окончанию анализа выявленных проблем формулируются предложения по их устранению.
The impact of sanctions policy on Russian banking sector
Authors:   Taganrog Institute of Management and Economics, Sinichenko Olesya A.
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The banking sector is a key sector of the national economy and a growth factor, determining its efficiency and development prospects. Over the past year and a half, the national economy in general and the banking sector in particular have been adapting to the external negative impact of the sanctions policies of Western countries. Package sanctions were created on a regular basis and are used today to limit the development of the country in all areas. Theoretical analysis. The study identifies and substantiates the factors that ensure the relationship between the sanctions imposed by Western countries and the state of the banking sector of the Russian Federation. The basis for the Russian banking sector functioning is systemically important banks; in this regard, the influence of sanctions on their activities and mechanisms of adaptation to sanctions are of particular research interest. Empirical analysis. Statistical indicators of the banking sector, assets, lending to corporate clients and individuals, profits of the banking sector and credit organizations were analyzed, conclusions were drawn about successful adaptation to sanctions due to growth in indicators, high margins and a significant reduction in the cost of risk in comparison with 2022. Results. The process of the banking sector adaptation to sanctions pressure is presented and the reasons for its effective recovery are identified.
Problems of the use of presumption in establishing paternity
Authors:   Saratov State University, Torosyan Rima A.
Published: March 2024

Introduction. Current Russian legislation regulates the procedure for establishing a legal connection between a born child and his or her father, however, in practice, problems with applying the presumption arise when establishing paternity. The problem is caused by the fact that it is the marital relationship of the child’s parents that establishes paternity, and not any biological relationship between the child and the father. In the context of family law, perhaps the most significant legal presumption is the presumption of paternity. However, as technology advances and the institution of family develops, determining paternity becomes increasingly complex. The legal significance of the presumption of paternity lies in the fact that with its help spouses are freed from proving the origin of a child born during marriage. The presumption of paternity is based on the presumption of validity of marriage, which assumes that spouses enter into marriage voluntarily and with the intention of having children. This presumption serves to protect the rights and interests of the child, providing him or her with a stable and safe family environment. It also protects spouses from unfounded accusations of infidelity or adultery. However, the presumption of paternity is not absolute and can be rebutted in court if irrefutable evidence is presented that the child is not the biological child of the spouse. The impact of this legal instrument is felt most when it is least expected. Most often, when a married couple separates without divorcing or if the woman becomes pregnant (whether married or not), in the case of the birth of a child from a surrogate mother. In these and similar situations, there is a presumption that the husband is the father. Theoretical analysis. The main theoretical approaches to and grounds for the use of presumption in establishing paternity, both for the married and unmarried, are considered. Empirical analysis. The normative acts in the field of the application of the presumption of paternity, including foreign experience, are analyzed. Results. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to apply an out-of-court procedure to overcome the presumption of paternity in cases of the birth of a child from a woman married to another man, as well as the need for state funding of genetic testing to ensure the use of DNA analysis as the only proof of kinship of the father and the child.
Reader’s comment as a genre of the modern Russian blog sphere
Authors:   Pushkin State Russian Language Institute, Moscow State Linguistic University, Karasik Vladimir I.
Published: March 2024

The paper deals with reader comments to blogs in Runet treated as a speech genre. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that blogging is a common practice of public discussion concerning vital or interesting problems of present day life in Russia. The topics analyzed include social problems, historical issues, literature, ecology and technological progress. The aim of the article is to describe the types of comments to blogs. The constitutive impetus of the comments is the desire to keep free intercommunication with people who share the common interest. The commentators specify and correct the information, show their attitude to it and exercise their self-expression. Their reactions are mainly evaluating the facts reported in the blog, supporting or criticizing the blogger and demonstrating their Ego. The communicative distance usually corresponds to a colloquial mode of speech. However, the comments show that their authors often keep a professional level of knowledge of the facts spoken about. They demonstrate their interest when discussing the facts and various shades of irony when characterizing themselves.
The discourse of technically mediated fraud: The genre “razvod” / “razvodilovo” (≈ “swindle” / “con game”) and its strategies
Authors:   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Smirnova Irina V.
Published: March 2024

The article examines fraudulent discourse – a special type of discourse, the purpose of which is to take possession of other people’s property and obtain benefits through deceit or breach of trust. The author differentiates the legal understanding of the phenomenon of “fraud” and its perception in the ordinary worldview. It is proved that the concept of fraudulent discourse should include a number of communicative acts qualified by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as theft or extortion. The central genre of fraudulent discourse is the speech genre “swindle” / “con game”, based on the conscious and purposeful manipulative influence of the initiator of communication (fraudster) on the addressee (victim). Nowadays, the wide spread of remote communication determines the predominance of “swindle” using various technical means that provide synchronous or asynchronous interaction between the subjects of communication. The “swindle” / “con game” genre embodies the formulaicity of fraudulent discourse and is implemented through a limited number of strategies, each of which uses a stable set of means of influence. The main strategies are the appeal to fear, the appeal to luck and creation of the illusion of routine. As part of the fear appeal strategy, three tactics are distinguished, namely, the tactics of instilling fear for one’s prosperity and well-being, the tactics of instilling fear for the safety of a family member, and the tactics of instilling fear of public reprimand. The analysis is carried out by a continuous sampling method and is based on messages (more than 400 units) of potential victims or victims of technically mediated fraud, presented in the form of a narrative and posted on various communication resources in the media space.
THE CONCEPT OF «ENGLISHNESS» AS A COMPONENT OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Authors: Voitenko L. I. , Bohuslavskyi S. S.
Published: March 2024

The article analyzes the concept of Englishness in the scientific studies of foreign and domestic researchers. Englishness is defined as a component of national identity. The concept of Englishness is studied from different approaches. At the social level, the intellectuals are responsible for the forms of Englishness embodiment, as they organize society in a ’modern’ way. The ethno-cultural approach forms the first ideas about the nature of the national, which are defined as primordial, so the organicist approach to the problems of the national forms the idea that the nation and national identity are phenomena given to the people “by nature”, they depend on the existence of the nation-state. The concept of national identity thus becomes the main component of the ethno-cultural approach. The modernist approach was developed in the mid-twentieth century. It emphasizes the political nature of the national, asserts that nations arise under certain social conditions and disappear over time, the era of nation-states is over, and changes in historical conditions lead to the transformation of nation-states into a cosmopolitan common state. The 80s and 90s of the twentieth century saw the emergence of the postmodern concept of the national, which, unlike the politically-centered approach of the previous theory, is culture-centered, and the nation is interpreted as an “invented” or “imaginary” concept. At the same time, it is not the desire to create a holistic concept of the nation that is important, but the study of various forms of marginalization and hybridization that characterize the modern “post-national” era. National communities are characterized by the following features: they engage in joint activities, which consist of interpreting differences, forming borders, searching for traditions, creating communities, and constructing interests. “Englishness” is separated from the concept of nationalism; its study touches upon the socio-cultural sphere; this type of research examines the peculiarities of national behavior and way of thinking.
ANALYSIS OF THE APPEARANCE OF NEW ENGLISH IT TERMS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF ACTIVITY IN THE PROCESS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kuznetsova G. P.
Published: March 2024

This article discusses the causes and provides examples of the emergence of new and updated terms in the English language in such areas of human production as telecommunications, information technology management in the field of transport, administration, building supply chains, and programming.
It should be noted that the number of new terms is relatively small, which is due either to the emergence of completely new technologies requiring new terms, or the development of existing technologies that give rise to the so-called updated terms. Such a phenomenon is, in our opinion, of interest from a linguistic point of view, which is the subject of the analysis.
This article gives examples of completely unique ways of creating new terms, where, for example, two companies create a new program, and the name of this program becomes the name of a new technology, and at the same time a new term for this technology. We are talking about the term 3D Xpoint and the joint development of Intel and Micron Technology Inc.
It should be noted that the processes of automation and robotization taking place in industry lead to mass layoffs of workers and employees, a reduction in the number of productive forces, social tension in society, which will undoubtedly lead to an update and the emergence of new terminology that reflects this phenomenon in the social sphere of society life.
Undoubtedly, English is one of the most commonly used in the field of information technology, and its vocabulary is widely used in the creation of new terms, abbreviations used in the communication of IT specialists in many countries of the world, these terms accelerate and improve the quality of communication of IT specialists from different countries of the world working in the same field of activity. This is precisely the topic of the article below — an analysis of the emergence of new and updating old terms in the field of information technology, contributing to an increase in the language level and quality of work of specialists in the field of intellectual technologies and the industrial sphere of society.
Suppression and Coercion in Russian Criminal Procedural Legislation
Authors:   Deputy Head of the Department of Economic Security and Corruption Combating of the Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for Bryansk Region, Zhidelev Aleksey D.
Published: March 2024

Based on the study of scientific positions and current legislation, this article proposes the development of legislative definitions for restraints and procedural coercion. Additionally, the features that characterize restraints and measures of procedural coercion are developed and it is proved that they are interrelated as categories of the part and the whole.
On the Issue of Genesis Review of Establishing a Legal Fact by Marriage Registration
Authors:   Senior Lecturer of the Department of Jurisprudence of the Russian University of Cooperation Legal Practitioner, Mazurova Anna P.
Published: March 2024

This work includes several constituent elements of a single whole: a brief evolution of forming the fixation of marriage registration as a fact of established marital relations and its modern understanding by establishing a legal fact in procedural and legal regulation. At certain stages of marriage, the issue of historically necessary and recorded formalization of marriage bonds arose for intending spouses without clarifying the legal consequences in cases of necessity of their discovery. As civil law relations expand, it is often necessary to establish the fact of marital relations and registered marriage in the matters of social and legal guarantees, inheritance, and copyright. At best (if supporting documents are not available), the concerned person should contact the civil registry office that has a reliable record of the marriage registration at the specific time. In undisputed civil law proceedings, the fact of marriage registration can be established even if the primary civil status record or restored record is absent — when the record did not take place (is lost) and there is no confirmation of it. In this regard, the importance of following proper procedures to establish the fact of marriage registration remains unshakable in terms of historical and substantive interest.
Expression of auxin transporter genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum) fibers during gravity response
Authors: Ibragimova N. N. , Mokshina N. E.
Published: March 2024

Gravitropism is an adaptive reaction of plants associated with the ability of various plant organs to be located and to grow in a certain direction relative to the gravity vector, while usually the asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin is a necessary condition for the gravitropical bending of plant organs. Earlier, we described significant morphological changes in phloem fibers with a thickened cell wall located on different sides of the stem in the area of the gravitropic curvature. The present study is the first work devoted to the identification of genes encoding auxin transporters in cells at different stages of development and during gravity response. In this study, the flax genes encoding the AUX1/LAX, PIN-FORMED, PIN-LIKES, and ABCB auxin transporters were identified. A comparative analysis of the expression of these genes in flax phloem fibers at different stages of development revealed increased expression of some of these genes at the stage of intrusive growth (LusLAX2 (A, B), LuxPIN1-D, LusPILS7 (C, D)), at the early stage of tertiary cell wall formation (LusAUX1 (A, D), LusABCB1 (A, B), LusABCB15-A, LusPIN1 (A, B), LusPIN4-A, and LusPIN5-A), and at the late stage of tertiary cell wall development (LusLAX3 (A, B)). It was shown that in the course of gravitropism, the expression of many genes, including those responsible for the influx of auxin in cells (LusAUX1-D), in the studied families increased. Differential expression of auxin transporter genes was revealed during gravity response in fibers located on different sides of the stem (upper (PUL) and lower (OPP)). The difference was observed due to the expression of genes, the products of which are responsible for auxin intracellular transport (LusPILS3, LusPILS7-A) and its efflux (LusABCB15-B, LusABCB19-B). It was noted that the increased expression of PIN genes and ABCB genes was more typical of fibers on the opposite side. The results obtained allow us to make an assumption about the presence of differential auxin content in the fibers of different sides of gravistimulated flax plants, which may be determined by an uneven outflow of auxin. This study gives an idea of auxin carriers in flax and lays the foundation for further studies of their functions in the development of phloem fiber and in gravity response.
Ascorbate-glutathione cycle in wheat and rice seedlings under anoxia and subsequent reaeration
Authors: Yemelyanov V. V. , Prikaziuk E. G. , Lastochkin V. V. , Aresheva O. M. , Chirkova T. V.
Published: March 2024

The most important part of the plant antioxidant system is the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AGC), the activity of which is observed upon exposure to a range of stressors, including lack of O2, and oxidative stress occurring immediately after the restoration of oxygen access, hereafter termed reaeration or post-anoxia. The operation of the AGC (enzymes and low-molecular components) in wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Leningradka, non-resistant to hypoxia) and rice (Oryza sativa, cv. Liman, resistant) seedlings after 24 h anoxia and 1 h or 24 h reaeration was studied. Significant accumulation of oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione was revealed in the non-resistant plant (wheat) after 24 h of anoxia and reaeration, indicating the development of oxidative stress. In the resistant plant (rice), reduced forms of these antioxidants prevailed both in normoxia and under stress, which may indicate their intensive reduction. In wheat, the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase in shoots, and monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase in roots decreased under anoxia and reaeration. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was maintained in rice under lack of oxygen (ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and increased during post-anoxia (AGC reductases). Anoxia stimulated accumulation of mRNA of the organellar ascorbate peroxidase genes OsAPX3, OsAPX5 in shoots, and OsAPX3-5 and OsAPX7 in roots. At post-anoxia, the contribution of the OsAPX1 and OsAPX2 genes encoding the cytosolic forms of the enzyme increased in the whole plant, and so did that of the OsAPX8 gene for the plastid form of the enzyme. The accumulation of mRNA of the genes OsMDAR2 and OsMDAR4 encoding peroxisomal and cytosolic monodehydroascorbate reductase as well as the OsGR2 and OsGR3 for cytosolic and organellar glutathione reductase was activated during reaeration in shoots and roots. In most cases, O2 deficiency activated the genes encoding the peroxisomal, plastid, and mitochondrial forms of the enzymes, and upon reaeration, an enhanced activity of the genes encoding the cytoplasmic forms was observed. Taken together, the inactivation of AGC enzymes was revealed in wheat seedlings during anoxia and subsequent reaeration, which disrupted the effective operation of the cycle and triggered the accumulation of oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione. In rice, anoxia led to the maintenance of the activity of AGC enzymes, and reaeration stimulated it, including at the level of gene expression, which ensured the effective operation of AGC.
Morphological and molecular analysis of rose cultivars from the Grandiflora and Kordesii garden groups
Authors: Yudanova S. S. , Dorogina O. V. , Vasilyeva O. Yu.
Published: March 2024

The breeding of remontant rose cultivars that are resistant to diseases and adverse conditions, with high decorative value and continuous flowering is the most important task during work with the gene pool of garden roses. Currently, intercultivar hybridization within a single garden group has largely outlived its usefulness. It is necessary to breed for highly decorative forms or cultivars that have outstanding resistance, morphological characters and patterns of seasonal rhythms, and use these plants as parental forms in further breeding. This study represents a comparative analysis of rose cultivars from two garden groups, Grandiflora (Gurzuf, Lezginka, Korallovy Syurpriz, Queen Elizabeth, Komsomolsky Ogonyok, Love) and Rosa Kordesii (Letniye Zvyozdy, Dortmund, Gutsulochka). These cultivars proved themselves during many years of testing in harsh climatic conditions. The objectives of the study were to determine the genetic relationship within the groups and to assign phenotypically different cultivars to one or another garden group. The analysis was carried out by morphological, phenological and ISSR markers. According to the phenological observations on the Grandiflora cultivars, Komsomolsky Ogonyok had later budding and flowering stages. Polymorphic data generated from the ISSR markers showed that this cultivar was the most distant from the others and formed a separate cluster on the dendrogram. A comparison of the morphological characters (flower diameter, number of petals, peduncle length, bush height) showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between Komsomolsky Ogonyok and the other Grandiflora cultivars. A dendrogram based on a molecular analysis showed a lack of close relationships between Komsomolsky Ogonyok and the Kordesii group, which formed a separate cluster. A pairwise comparison of the morphological characters in Komsomolsky Ogonyok with the Kordesii group revealed a significant (p < 0.05) difference in three of the four characters studied. The exceptions were flower diameter when comparing with Dortmund and Letniye Zvyozdy and peduncle length when comparing with Gutsulochka. Although Komsomolsky Ogonyok has a pattern of seasonal development similar to Dortmund in the Kordesii group, the molecular analysis did not assign the former to this group of roses. The cultivars that have valuable characters that no average rose does and that are phenotypically different from such roses represent the most valuable breeding material.
Associations of CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene with steroid hormone levels and anthropometrics among men: the role of the ethnic factor
Authors: Osadchuk L. V. , Vasiliev G. V. , Osadchuk A. V.
Published: March 2024

Androgens are required for stimulation and maintenance of skeletal growth and bone homeostasis. Physiological functions of androgens are mediated through the androgen receptor (AR). The androgen receptor gene AR has a polymorphic trinucleotide CAG repeat and the length of AR CAG repeats determining the sensitivity of bone tissue to androgens is associated with skeleton formation and body proportions. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between AR CAG repeat polymorphism, circulating sex steroid hormones and the anthropometrics in males of different ethnic origins. Male volunteers of three ethnic groups (Slavs, Buryats, Yakuts) from urban Russian populations were recruited in a population­based study (n = 1078). Anthropometric indicators (height, arm span, leg length, the length of 2 and 4 digits of both hands) were measured and the following anthropometric indices were calculated: the ratio of height to leg length, the ratio of arm span to height, the ratio of lengths of second to fourth digit of the hand. Serum testosterone and estradiol were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Genotyping of the AR CAG repeats was performed using fragment analysis and capillary electrophoresis. Ethnic differences in all anthropometric and hormonal indicators have been established, with higher anthropometric indicators in Slavs than Buryats, and in most cases higher than in Yakuts. The testosterone level was higher among Slavs compared to Buryats, but did not differ from Yakuts; the estradiol level was lower among Slavs compared to Buryats, who did not differ from Yakuts. Buryats and Yakuts had a higher number of CAG repeats than Slavs (medians: Slavs, 23; Buryats, 24; Yakuts, 25). Positive correlations were found between the length of AR CAG repeats and estradiol levels in Buryats and testosterone levels in Yakuts, while longer CAG repeats were accompanied by higher estradiol levels in Buryats and testosterone levels in Slavs and Yakuts. Ethnic-specific correlations have been established between the steroid hormone levels and some anthropometric indicators in all ethnic groups. Available data suggest that the ethnic-­specific associations of AR CAG repeats with anthropometrics can be mediated by sex steroid hormones as important regulators of skeletal growth and bone homeostasis.
Sprawozdanie ze Środkowoeuropejskiego Kongresu Historii Gospodarczej, Rzeszów, 28–29 Listopada 2022 r.
Authors: Sikorska Marta
Published: March 2024

Środkowoeuropejski Kongres Historii Gospodarczej. Procesy modernizacyjne w «Młodej Europie»” odbył się w Rzeszowie w dniach 28–29 listopada 2022 r. Organizatorzy Kongresu postawili sobie za cel integrację środowisk naukowych zajmujących się historią gospodarczą i społeczną z krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, tj. Polski, Słowacji, Czech, Rumunii, Węgier, Ukrainy oraz państw bałkańskich. Najwięcej miejsca w trakcie trwania Kongresu poświęcono na debaty dotyczące procesów modernizacyjnych, bowiem modernizacja była hasłem wiodącym tej międzynarodowej konferencji.
Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Rabbit Organs and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) Larvae: Implications for Forensic Entomology
Authors: Boulkenafet F. , Bouhayene S. , Benzazia S. , Lambiase S. , Al-Khalifa M.S. , Toumi M. , Al-Mekhlafi F.A.
Published: March 2024

Background: A closer relationship has been established between entomology and toxicology, giving rise to a new field known as entomotoxicology, which focuses on the bioaccumulation of toxic substances in scavenging insects and other arthropods. Methods: This study investigates the impact of lethal doses of Mercury Chloride (HgCl2) and Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) administered to male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus) on the distribution of Mercury and Cadmium in rabbit organs and their subsequent accumulation in Chrysomya albiceps larvae. The experimental groups were subjected to oral administration of specific concentrations of HgCl2 and CdCl2, while a control group received distilled water. Organ dissection and subsequent larval feeding were followed by acid digestion for sample preparation and inductively coupled plasma torch spectrometry coupled with a mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was employed for analysis. Result: Results indicate a significant increase in Mercury concentrations in treated rabbit organs, with the liver exhibiting the highest concentration. Cadmium showed diverse distribution among rabbit organs, with the highest concentrations in the kidneys. Ch. albiceps larvae, reared on rabbit organs, exhibited varied concentrations of both Mercury and Cadmium, with significantly higher levels in the treated group. These findings underscore the ecological implications of heavy metal exposure and the potential utility of insect larvae in forensic investigations as bioindicators of environmental contamination.
Efecto repelente de tres extractos vegetales sobre plagas del cultivo de Capsicum chinense
Authors: Gio-Trujillo José Alberto , Cámara-Romero José Luis
Published: March 2024

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto repelente de extractos etanólicos de semillas de Azadirachta indica, Pachyrhizus erosus y hojas de Gliricidia sepium, sobre plagas en Capsicum chinense, Var. anaranjado magnum. Se usó un diseño en bloques con tres tratamientos (T1: A. indica, T2: P. erosus, T3: G. sepium) y control negativo con cinco repeticiones por tratamientos (lote de15 plantas). Para la extracción de los tratamientos se empleó el método de maceración e infusión en etanol-agua destilada. Los tratamientos se aplicaron cada 7 días, asperjando 15 ml/ L de agua. Se realizaron 12 muestreos diurnos para el conteo e identificación visual de plagas. En total se observaron la incidencia de ocho especies de plagas. Bemicia tabasi, Epitrix spp.y Liriomyza spp. predominaron en el cultivo. El extracto etanólico de G. sepium registró la menor incidencia de plagas como B. tabasi y Empoasca spp (p< 0.05).
Compuestos químicos, capacidad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de dos extractos metanólicos de hojas de Agave angustifolia
Authors: López-Romero Julio César , González-Ríos Humberto , Valenzuela-Melendres Martín , Ayala-Zavala Jesús Fernando , Meza-Callado Ana Guadalupe
Published: March 2024

Agave angustifolia es una planta utilizada en la medicina tradicional contra distintos padecimientos de salud, sin embargo, su uso principal es para la elaboración de bebidas alcohólicas. Durante este proceso se descartan las hojas, que representan el 50 % del peso de la planta, considerándose como subproductos. Tomando en cuenta los usos medicinales, estos subproductos pueden utilizarse para la elaboración de extractos utilizando diversos métodos y evaluar su potencial biológico. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el contenido de compuestos bioactivos, actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de extractos de hojas de A. angustifolia obtenidos por dos métodos de extracción. Se realizaron extractos metanólicos de hojas de A. angustifolia a través del método de sonicación y soxhlet. Se cuantificó el contenido de fenoles totales, flavonoides totales, taninos hidrolizados y condensados, y saponinas. La actividad antioxidante se determinó por los métodos DPPH, ABTS y FRAP. La actividad bactericida se evaluó contra 10 patógenos a través del método de siembra en placa. En general, los resultados mostraron que el método de extracción no afectó (p>0.05) la concentración de compuestos bioactivos. Resultado similar se obtuvo en la capacidad estabilizadora de radicales (p>0.05). Sin embargo, el poder reductor se vio favorecido por el método de sonicación. En la evaluación antimicrobiana se observó que el extracto obtenido por el método soxhlet incrementó el potencial antimicrobiano. A. angustifolia es una fuente potencial de compuestos bioactivos, los cuales, no se modifican por los métodos de extracción utilizados, sin embargo, su potencial biológico puede llegar a verse afectado.
Calidad poscosecha del melón (Cucumis melo L.) por efecto de los complejos de quitosán yodados
Authors: Ortega-Ortiz Hortensia , Soriano-Melgar Lluvia de Abril Alexandra , Treviño-López Eduardo Alfonso
Published: March 2024

El yodo es un elemento esencial para los humanos pues su déficit puede afectar la salud humana. Los complejos de quitosán yodados en frutos pueden ser una buena alternativa para mejorar la biofortificación, además de aumentar el rendimiento y la calidad del cultivo. Por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto poscosecha sobre los principales compuestos nutraceúticos (incluyendo antioxidantes) de frutos de melón por efecto de la aplicación de compuestos biofortificantes de yodo en estadios precosecha.  Los tratamientos aplicados fueron a base de sales de yoduro de potasio (KI) y yodato de potasio (KIO3), complejo quitosán-KI (CS-KI), complejo de quitosán-KIO3 (CS-KIO3), quitosán como control y agua como testigo absoluto en frutos de melón. Cada tratamiento consistió en dosis de 5 y 25 mg Kg-1 asperjado de manera foliar. Los resultados muestran que la aplicación de complejos de CS-I mantiene la calidad y disminuye la apariencia de deshidratación durante 15 días poscosecha, el contenido de carotenoides en frutos tratados (promedio 446.67 mg 100 mL-1) es mayor en comparación con los frutos control (promedio 230.65 mg 100 mL-1) a los 12 días, el contenido de la vitamina C en frutos tratados (promedio 46.56 g 100 mL-1) es mayor en comparación con los frutos control (promedio 35.93 g 100 mL-1) a los 10 días y la capacidad antioxidante total se mantiene (promedio 44.47 µg EAG mL-1) durante 15 días de almacenamiento, lo que indica la conservación del contenido nutracéutico del melón por hasta 15 días a 25 °C.