bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ustilago crameri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago crameri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Setaria italica
(Italian or foxtail millet) and its varieties and
S. riridis
. DISEASE: Head smut of millet. A major disease of
Setaria italica
wherever the crop is grown. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, S. Africa), Asia (widespread), Europe (widespread in S.E.), N. America (general), S. America (Argentina), Australia (N.S.W.); see CMI Map 239, 1951. TRANSMISSION: The disease is seed borne with infection at seedling stage. Spores at least 62 years old were found to be viable by Wang (1936).
Guignardia citricarpa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Guignardia citricarpa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrus
spp. Also recorded in a non-pathogenic form on many other hosts in the following families:
Anacardiaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Bignoniaceae, Burseraceae, Cunoniaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Gramineae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Lythraceae, Magnoliaceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae, Passifloraceae, Proteaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae, Theaceae
(29: 208; 43: 1922a; Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Black spot of citrus. Kiely (1949) described 3 types of fruit lesion:
Hard spot and shot-hole spot
numerous, at first circular, brown with slight depressions, later more depressed in the centre which turns grey-white, margin black and surrounded by a ring of green rind tissue;
Freckle spot
develops after hard spot phase with abundant lesions, small, deep organge to brick red, finally brown, lacking a green ring,
Virulent spot
, irregular, confluent, rapidly spreading, black in the centre where pycnidia are produced, brown nearer the edge, finally brick red at the periphery forming the margin of the sunken lesion. McOnie found field temperatures affected symptom expression (44: 1556b). Also occurs on leaves, twigs and flowers of citrus and other hosts, often as latent infections. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed on a large number of hosts. Countries where the fungus has been reported as a pathogen of citrus fruit in the field are designated below with an asterisk: Africa (? Egypt, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, *Rhodesia, *South Africa, Uganda), Asia (Ceylon, *China, *Formosa (Taiwan), Hong Kong,? India, *Indonesia, Iran, Israel, *Japan, Korea,? Malaya, Okinawa,? Pakistan,? Philippines,? Singapore,? Thailand,? Vietnam); Australasia & Oceania, (*Australia,? Fiji Islands,? Hawaii, New Hebrides), Europe (Sicily, Spain, U.S.S.R. (Republic of Georgia)); North America (United States (Florida)); Central America and the Caribbean (Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad); South America (*Argentine, *Brazil, *Peru, Venezuela). (CMI Map 53, ed. 3, 1961; 29: 208; 44, 701; Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores from perithecia produced on cirrus leaf litter (43, 1922b). Conidia produced from pycnidia require water droplets for emergence and dispersal. They play a minor role by contributing to the infection of low hanging fruit. Mycelium in latent infections of citrus leaves remains viable up to 18 days and may be detected when the leaves are incubated at 30°C (Kiely, 1949). Nursery trees may also carry latent infection into other citrus growing areas (Kiely, 1949; Wager, 1953). Wounds on fruit made by insects may also provide infection courts (16: 247, 22: 19).
Leptosphaeria nodorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria nodorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum
spp. Also on many other genera in the
Gramineae
including
Agropyron, Cinna, Dactylis
,
Deschampsia, Elymus, Festuca, Glyceria, Hordeum, Hystrix, Lepturus, Melica, Poa, Psamma, Secale, Stipa
(Sprague, 1950). DISEASE: Glume blotch of wheat. Causes discoloured to brown lesions on glumes, culms and leaves. Leaf lesions are 1 cm long, elongated, elliptical, golden brown, surrounded by a diffuse, lighter margin becoming darker and bearing pycnidia. Similar brown lesions occur on glumes where they spread from the apices downwards, and bear pycnidia and perithecia. Perithecia are also formed on dead glumes and culms. The heads of wheat may become blackened, producing shrivelled kernels of abnormal structure. Germinating seedlings may also be attacked with subsequent loss of vigour. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (China, Formosa (Taiwan), India, Japan, U.S.S.R.); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay). (CMI Map 283, ed. 2, 1954; Herb IMI.) TRANSMISSION: Frequently seed-borne (Noble
et al.
, 1958; Hewett, 1965), persisting in a viable condition in seed up to 7 yr. in Canada (31: 596). Also surviving in wheat stubble and crop residues and after 1 yr. in straw kept in dry storage (43, 4g, 2589). Conidia have remained viable in pycnidia after 18 months in the open (Weber, 1922).
Pythium splendens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pythium splendens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A root parasite or pseudomycorrhizal, on a variety of plants including:
Aplaonema simplex, Aloe
sp.,
Ananas comosus, Anthurium scherzerianum, Begonia
spp.,
Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Capsicum
sp.,
Carica papaya, Chrysanthemum
sp.,
Citrus aurantium, Coleus
sp.,
Cucumis sativus, Cymbidium sp., Dieffenbachia picta, Elaeis guineensis, Geranium
sp.,
Helianthus annuus, Hordeum vulgare, Ipomoea batatas, Lactuca sativa, Lilium longiflorum
var.
eximium, Linum usitatissimum, Manihot utilissima, Medicago saliva, Melilotus
sp.,
Nephytis afzelii, Nicotiana tabacum, Pelargonium
spp.,
Peperomia caperata, Phaseolus aureus, P. vulgaris, Philodendron cordatum, Pinus elliottii, Piper betle, P. methysticum, P. nigrum, Pisum sativum, Pyrus communis, Raphanus sativus, Rheum rhaponticum, Saccharum officinarum, Scindapsus aureus, Spinacia oleracea, Tithonia rotundifolia, Trifolium
spp.,
Triticum aestivum, Vicia faba, Vigna sinesis, Zea mays
. Also on the fern
Platycerium grande
and in nursery soil. DISEASES: Causing seed rot, pre-emergence blight and post-emergence damping-off of seedings of a large number of plants including black pepper, maize, lucerne and sweet clover; mottle necrosis of sweet potato, black stem rot of pelargonium, wilt of Betel pepper, crown rot of rhubarb; and root rot of aloe, oil palm seedlings ('blast'), Easter lily, pineapple, maize, papaw, slash pine and aroids. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In warm temperate and sub-tropical areas: Africa (Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania), Asia (Indo China, Malaysia, Sabah, Singapore) Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia); Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal); North America (U.S.A.); Central America and West Indies (Jamaica). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but may be spread by leaf contact (18: 113). Also widely disseminated on infected bulbs and cuttings (26: 147). Excessive soil moisture favours infection (21: 526; 32: 510). Injuries caused by nematodes (32: 510) or frost (11: 330) have also predisposed hosts to infection.
Septoria chrysanthemella
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria chrysanthemella
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Chrysanthemum indicum, C. japonicum, C. morifolium, C. parthenium
. Also by inoculation on
C. azaleanum, C. koreanum, C. leueanthemum, C. segetum, C. roseum, Tagetes patula, Centaurea cyanus
(Punithalingam & Wheeler, 1965; Schneider, 1959). DISEASE: Formerly known as brown leaf spot or blight (Halsted, 1891; Cavara, 1892; Salmon, 1907; Moore, 1959) but now referred to as the black leaf spot of chrysanthemum (Hemmi & Nakamura 1927; Waddel & Weber, 1963) in order to distinguish the symptoms from those produced by
Septoria obesa
(CMI Descript. 139). The first visible leaf symptom is a small discrete necrotic spot. This gradually develops into a circular or elliptical spot seldom irregular, about 5-10 mm wide, at first dark brown, then turning black. Leaf spots of a purple to brown colour, with a distinct brown margin are not uncommon. The disease appears in susceptible chrysanthemum plants of all ages, first on the lower leaves and then gradually progressing upwards. This is a disfiguring disease and in a severe attack all leaves wither resulting in premature defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique); Asia (China, Formosa, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Azores, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Yugoslavia, U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.), Central America (Costa Rica, Cuba). (Literature; Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: Dimock & Allyn (24: 192) suggested the pathogen may survive the winter in the soil in infected debris from the previous season. The fungus may be disseminated by water splash or by mechanical means as with
S. obesa
.
Puccinia chrysanthemi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia chrysanthemi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Chrysanthemum boreale, C. decaisneanum, C. hortum, C. indicum, C. makinoi, C. pacificum, C. shimotomaii, C. shiwagiku, C. sinense
and
C. zawadskii
. DISEASE: Black rust of cultivated chrysanthemum. Attacks mainly leaves, killing them and causing premature defoliation. Severe foliar infection in certain varieties is accompanied by slight infection of stems and occasionally of the involucre. Affected plants often become stunted and produce few flowers. Heavy damage was caused in Germany during 1926-27 (8: 242). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (China, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, U.S.S.R.); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, Tasmania); Europe (Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Iceland, Italy, Malta, N. Ireland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); N. America (Bermuda, Canada, U.S.A.); Central America & W. Indies (Dominican Republic); S. America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay). (CMI Map 117, Ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: Teliospores have been reported from Japan, N. America and Sweden; elsewhere the fungus is known in the uredial stage only. It has been shown that urediospores wintered in the open can germinate in the spring (Jacky, Z.
Pfl.-Krankh
. 10: 132, 1900;
Zbl Bakt
. II, 10: 369, 1903; 18: 88, 1907). It is believed that urediospores can remain viable through winter on woodwork, glass, fallen leaves or in the soil (Pape,
Gartenwelt
32: 623, 1928). No perennial mycelium has been found (Gibson,
New Phytol
. 3: 188, 1904).
Gymnoconia nitens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnoconia nitens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On numerous
Rubus
species including American dewberries, blackberries, loganberries, raspberries, ornamental and wild species. There are no reliable records of this rust on the true red raspberry (
R. idaeus
) and the European blackberry (
R. fruticosus
agg.). DISEASE: Orange rust of brambles. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Central and Eastern U.S.S.R., China, Japan); Australia; Europe (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Czechoslovakia, U.S.S.R.); N. America (N., N.W. and Central Canada, E. U.S.A. from Nova Scotia to Florida, Great Lakes Region, Texas, California). TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters as systemic perennial mycelium within the host. Transmission by wind-borne and perhaps splash-borne aeciospores (demicyclic form) and aeciospores and basidiospores (endocyclic form); by vegetative propagation of infected plants; by natural root grafts (Dodge, 1923), and by conveyance of infected plants from one country to another (11: 423).
Phragmidium bulbosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phragmidium bulbosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rubus fruticosus
sect. Corylifolii (European blackberry) and on
R. caesius
(dewberry). DISEASE: Blackberry leaf rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely recorded in Western Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Spain). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by windblown and perhaps splash-borne spores.
Pucciniastrum americanum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pucciniastrum americanum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Picea glauca
(=
P. canadensis
), uredia and telia on
Rubus idaeus
(incl.
R. strigosus
) and
R
.
leucodermis
(raspberries). DISEASE: Needle rust of white spruce. Late leaf rust or late yellow rust of raspberry, infecting canes, leaves, petioles, calyces and fruits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada and U.S.A. (widely distributed, recorded from British Columbia, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Mass., Md, Me, Montana, North Dakota, New Hamp., New Jersey, Nova Scotia, New York, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia). TRANSMISSION: Although the basidiospores infect
Picea glauca
(white spruce) (Darker, 1929) in some areas they probably play little part in the life cycle on raspberry since this rust is found on the latter host year after year in regions remote from any spruce trees (Anderson, 1956).
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. batatas
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. batatas
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ipomoea batatas
. DISEASE: An important wilt disease of sweet potato in U.S.A. but apparently of little importance in the tropics. Interveinal yellowing of the leaves is followed by distortion and stunting and the old leaves fall. There is extensive vascular necrosis which may appear purplish below soil level; the cortex may rupture. Infected tubers may rot in storage. Fusaria that cause surface rots are probably different (41: 329). The fungus infects the roots of many plants without causing any external symptoms, viz. cabbage, cotton, cowpea, maize, okra potato, sage, snap bean, soyabean, tobacco, tomato and water melon (28: 189; 37: 593). But race 2 causes wilt in Burley and flue cured tobacco (38: 421). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: General in U.S.A., especially in the northern range of sweet potato production, including the Pacific coast and western states (40: 511). Also reported from Africa (Malawi); Asia (China, Formosa, India, Japan) Australasia & Oceania (Hawaii, New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: Through plant material and by any means through soil.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Subramanian C. V.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Brassica oleracea
(cabbage) and other
Cruciferae
: kale, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kohlrabi, rutabaga, turnip, mustard, rape, Chinese cabbage, garden cress, stock, raddish. Armstrong & Armstrong (1952) consider the form infecting cabbage, raddish and stock as races of
Fusarium conglutinans
, however, Gordon (1965) recognizes these three as distinct formae speciales of
Fusarium oxysporum
, f.sp.
conglutinans
, f.sp.
raphani
Kendrick & Snyder and f.sp.
mathioli
Baker, respectively. DISEASES: Yellows of cabbage and other
Cruciferae
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo, Cameroon, Rhodesia); Asia (China, Japan); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (France, Netherlands, U.S.S.R.); N. America (U.S.A.); C. America and W. Indies (Cuba,? Trinidad); S. America (Brazil (Sao Paulo)) (CMI Map 54). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Dissemination by means of soil on implements, transplants, surface drainage water and water-borne and wind-borne.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Subramanian C. V.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
(tomato),
L. pimpinellifolium
(red currant tomato) and other species of
Lycopersicon
. DISEASE: Vascular wilt of tomato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, N. and S. America, Australasia, Europe, W. Indies and C. America. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne and seed-borne. Long distance spread by infected seed and transplants. Local dissemination by transplants, wind-borne and water-borne infested soil, surface-drainage water.
Chrysomyxa weirii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Chrysomyxa weirii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. mariana, P. rubens, P. schrenkiana, P. sitchensis
and other
Picea
spp. DISEASE: Needle rust of spruce caused by localized telia which are restricted to needles, causing limited to severe defoliation (Tripp, Stevenson & Baranyay, 1966). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Scattered throughout Canada and the mainly western states of U.S.A., including reports from British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, Canada and Idaho, Montana, Oregon, W. Virginia, Tennessee and Washington, U.S.A. Also reported from Kazakhstan S.S.R. by Nevodovskii (1956). TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Trachysphaera fructigena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Trachysphaera fructigena
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Theobroma cacao, Coffea liberica
, banana. Also on
Mimusops elenpi
and
M. commersonii
(41: 358). DISEASES: Mealy pod of cacao, fruit rot of coffee and bananas. Fairly rapidly developing brown to black rot followed by the dense conidial masses on the surface, at first white, becoming pink to brown and covering most of the fruit. On cacao and coffee of minor importance, though heavy losses in the latter have been reported from the Ivory Coast (14: 153). Young fruit may be more susceptible (33: 757); can only infect wounded cacao pods and spread of the rot is quicker on ripe fruit (40: 33). The fungus is of greater importance on bananas, both on the fruit in the field and in the ripening rooms, causing a general wet rot. It is probably associated with other funeal invaders of banana fruit (34: 657). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to tropical west and central Africa (CMI Map 249, ed. 2, 1957). Reported from Malagasy Republic in 1960 (40: 405). It can occur in ripening rooms of countries importing bananas from Africa. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are presumably air dispersed, but spread by ants and snails has been suggested (8: 28).
Aplanobacter populi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aplanobacter populi
[Xanthomonas populi]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Populus
spp. DISEASE: Bacterial canker of poplar. 'Chancre suitant' of Ride. First visible on young branches as slightly swollen areas with superficial cracks from which may ooze a dense, mucous, greyish exudate in sparing. Large cankers may develop at these sites over several seasons, or other organisms may invade and cause rapid death of the distal part of the branch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (CMI Map 422). Recently reported from East Germany (46, 2843). A different bacteriosis has been reported in Italy (Ride, pers. comm., 1970). TRANSMISSION: The disease can spread rapidly in the direction of the prevailing wind in susceptible plantations (47, 3227), suggesting spread by wind-blown rain splashes. Insects such as the cambium miner,
Dendromyza carbonaria
, are probably also involved. Dissemination into new areas occurs when infected material is planted. The pathogen gains entry into the plant through wounds, e.g. leaf and stipule scars, insect punctures, and frost cracks.
Erwinia tracheiphila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia tracheiphila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cucumis
spp.,
Cucurbita
spp., and
Citrullus
spp. Elliott lists hosts in three other genera, all
Cucurbitaceae
. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of cucumber. The symptoms are similar to those of other wilts, leaves and later entire branches wilt and shrivel. Infected stems may exude sticky bacterial slime when cut, which helps to distinguish this disease from other wilts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Canada and U.S.A., also reported sporadically in South Africa, Congo, Japan, China, U.S.S.R., and several countries in Europe (CMI Map 456). TRANSMISSION: The usual vectors in North America are the cucumber beetles,
Diabrotica
spp., but other insects that cause wounds may also be able to transmit the disease, e.g. grasshoppers (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). It has not been conclusively shown that woodlice play an important role in transmission in the absence of
Diabrotica
spp., and statements to this effect seem to originate from the conjecture of Bewley in his
Diseases of Glasshouse Plants
(3: 94). Mechanical transmission on tools or hands of workers also occurs. Infection without wounding does not normally take place, but there is one report of infection along the margins of unwounded leaves that had been artificially water-congested (28: 26). Seed transmission does not occur.
Xanthomonas oryzicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas oryzicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza saliva
. Some weed species of
Oryza
have also been reported to be susceptible (45, i789). Weakly pathogenic to
Leersia hexandra
by artificial inoculation. DISEASE: Bacterial leaf streak of rice. Narrow, dark greenish, water-soaked streaks of various lengths appear between the veins. Minute amber droplets of bacterial exudate are commonly found on these lesions. Later the lesions extend and coalesce giving large brownish patches. In the late stages symptoms are difficult to distinguish from bacterial leaf blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Confined to tropical Asia. Reported from China, India, Philippines, Thailand and West Malaysia (CMI Map 463 and 49, 144).TRANSMISSION: The pathogen spreads within a crop in surface moisture and may enter the leaf through minor abrasions or stomata. Warm wet weather is favourable to both spread and development of the tisease. Introduction into new areas can occur in seed from infected plants (48, 1693).
Sphaerotheca mors-uvae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Purnell T. J. , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sphaerotheca mors-uvae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chiefly on
Ribes grossularia
, but not infrequent on other species of
Ribes
, e.g.
R. alpinum, R. atropurpureum, R. aureum, R. fosekulatum, R. nigrum
and
R. rubrum
(Blumer, 1967). DISEASE: American gooseberry miltew. The pathogen attacks the tips of young shoots, the leaves becoming covered on both sides with white mycelium which spreads over the whole shoot causing a serious check in growth. Leaves and berries in all stages are attacked. The disease first appears on occasional isolated infected leaf trusses at the early flowering stage in gooseberry and the invisible spread is very rapid (44, 3413). Severe infection reduces shoot growth and consequently the crop in the following year (45, 1440). In black currant, differentiation of flower buds may be affected, resulting in considerable reduction of the crop (45, 153). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); Europe (Austria, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.). CMI Map 16, ed. 2, 1964. TRANSMISSION: Wind-borne conidia. Cleistothecia remain on the twigs and may produce ascospores in the spring. On
Ribes prossularia
the fungus normally overwinters as mycelium in the dormant buds (47, 2773). On
R. nigrum
, however, the main sources of infection in spring are the ascospores, the fungus producing active cleistothecia (46, 3140).
Verticillium albo-atrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Talboys P. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Verticillium albo-atrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of dicotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous. Engelhard (1957) gives a host index for
V. albo-atrum
, including
V. dahliae
, and it is not always evident which species is being reported. Moore (1959) lists British records. Economically important diseases are caused in hop, lucerne and solanaceous crops. DISEASES: Causes so called 'wilt' diseases: diurnal flaccidity followed by permanent wilting commonly occur, but not invariably; in some 'wilts' there is chlorosis leading to marginal and interveinal necrosis and progressive desiccation
without flaccidity
(e.g. hop wilt). Leaves are generally affected in acropetal succession. Infection of only a few vascular bundles may result in one-sided development of chlorosis and necrosis in a pattern that is related to stem and leaf vascular connections. Infected xylem strands commonly show brown discoloration but this may develop only after considerable delay. See also Talboys (1968). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, but predominantly in temperate regions (CMI Map 365, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: The fungus persists in the soil in the debris of dead infected plants, and infects roots that come into contact with it. Conidia formed on the debris (39: 502) may also contribute to root infection. Additional infection by air-borne conitia can occur in lucerne through the ends of stems severed during harvesting (37: 176). Spread of disease generally results from dissemination of infectet plant debris by natural agencies or in the processes of cultivation, harvesting, etc. The pathogen may be transferred in cuttings, etc. propagated in infested soils and transmission by superficial infection of seeds occurs in lucerne (41: 393).
Verticillium dahliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Talboys P. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Verticillium dahliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of herbaceous and woody dicotyledonous plants. Engelhart (1957) gives a host index for
V. albo-atrum
which includes hosts of
V. dahliae
, but many reports attributing disease to
V. albo-atrum
almost certainly refer to
V. dahliae
. Moore (1959) lists the British records. Economically significant diseases are caused in cotton, strawberry, stone fruits and various solanaceous crops. DISEASES: Causes 'wilt' diseases: diurnal flaccidity followed by pemnanent wilting
often
indicate the onset of these diseases, but do not
always
occur. In herbaceous plants the symptoms normally affect the leaves in acropetai succession (but basipetal in mint), often showing one-sided pattems of chlorosis and necrosis that result from infection of only a few vascular bundles. Infected xylem commonly shows brown discoloration. Heavy infection in some hosts (e.g. tobacco) causes foliar chlorosis with progressive marginal and interveinal necrosis and defoliation. In trees and shrubs, individually affected branches show either rapid collapse and death of leaves or gradual yellowing and premature defoliation. For detailed discussion of symptom patterns in vascular diseases see Talboys (1968). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widesptead in temperate and sub-tropical regions (see CMI Map 366, ed. 2, 1969). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen persists in the soil for long periods, initially in debris of infected host-plants, possibly iater as free microsclerotia, infecting roots after contact. Disease problems commonly arise from repeated cropping with susceptible species, e.g. potato, tomato, strawberry. Activity of certain tylenchid nematodes may predispose some hosts to infection by
Verticillium
(40: 261). Spread of disease can result from dissemination of debris from infected plants and the use of planting stock vegetatively propagated on infested land. Transmission by superficial infection of seed has been reported for cotton (30: 367) and sunflower (39: 417).
Uromyces geranii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uromyces geranii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On over 20 species of
Geranium
. DISEASE: Rust of geranium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K., U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); Asia (China, Japan, Pakistan); North America (Canada, U.S.A.).
Ascochyta gossypii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ascochyta gossypii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium
spp. and
Nicotiana tabacum
. Also by inoculation on
Althaea rosea, Capsicum annuum, Glycine max, Hibiscus esculentus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Phaseolus
spp.,
Solanun melongena
and
Vigna sinensis
[Vigna unguiculata]
. DISEASE: Wet weather blight of cotton causing leaf spot and stem canker. Small, round, whitish spots first appear on the cotyledons and lower leaves. They have a deep purplish-brown border and enlarge with the centre becoming light brown, papery and bearing the pycnidia. The centre may fall out, and severe spotting results in defoliation of the lower leaves. Stem infection leads to lesions sometimes several cm long with cracks and ragged edges. Flowers are not attacked, but mature lint is destroyed and in the half open bolls may be discoloured grey with pycnidia. In severe attacks plants are killed. A similar leaf spot occurs on tobacco where the darker peripheral area may have concentric zonations. Leaf lesions may develop more frequently on the midrib causing it to fracture. Lenticular, dark spots are found on the stem. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 259, ed. 2, 1967). Additional records not yet mapped are: Australia (Qd), Dahomey, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Kenya and Laos. TRANSMISSION: Presumably through rain splash. Seed infection may be internal and only partly controlled by treatment but is not considered serious; pycnidia with viable spores can overwinter and most seedling infection arises from soil debris-borne inoculum.
Puccinia apii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia apii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Apium graveolens
(celery). DISEASE: Celery rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe including UK and Scandinavia. Also recorded from Nova Scotia (3: 320). TRANSMISSION: No information available but presumably by wind-blown spores. There is some evidence that it may be seed transmitted (2: 20; 3: 320) but this has not been confirmed.
Uromyces mucunae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uromyces mucunae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On various species of
Mucuna
including several cultivated species. DISEASE: Velvet bean rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo, Ivory Coast, Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (Ceylon, India, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan). TRANSMISSION: No information available but presumably by wind-blown spores.
Puccinia striiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia striiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On cereals
Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Triticum vulgare
and on over 40 genera of wild grasses including species of
Agropyron, Brachypodium, Bromus
and
Elymus
. DISEASE: Usually known as yellow rust in Europe because of its bright yellow uredia. In N. America it is known as stripe or glume rust because of the arrangement of the uredia on the leaves or glumes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe; Asia (Central, Eastern and Western and to some extent South Eastern); North America (Mid West and West Coast of Canada and USA); Central and South America, Central Africa and Malagasy Republic, apparently absent from Australasia (CMI Map 97, ed. 3, 1971). TRANSMISSION: No aecial stage is known and abundant evidence occurs of overwintering on the host plant or, with some races, on wild grasses (48, 2312; 47, 1377b, 2684). Massive spread of inoculum over long distances by air currents has been demonstrated in Europe, India and N. America (45, 1784; 46, 582; 48, 410). The fact that most races cover a wide area demonstrates that widespread dispersal of inoculum takes place. The new race Heiner which caused an epidemic in the Netherlands in 1955 was found to extend from N. Ireland to Germany and S. Sweden in the following years (Zadoks, 1965).
Entyloma oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Entyloma oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: Leaf smut of rice appears as linear, rectangular or angular-elliptical, leaden black spots, not usually confluent and on both surfaces; 0.5-2 mm long and 0.5-1.5 mm wide. The spots are at first covered by the epidermis which ruptures when wet. The chlamydospores adhere closely. Where infection is heavy the leaves turn chlorotic and become split. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Fairly widespread in Asia, also in Australia (NT) and Papua New Guinea, in parts of America, and in Africa only from Egypt and Ghana. It also occurs in S. France (CMI Map 451, ed. 1, 1969). Additional records not mapped are Cambodia and Guyana. TRANSMISSION: No details have been reported.
Trichometasphaeria turcica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Trichometasphaeria turcica
[Setosphaeria turcica]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Zea mays, Sorghum
spp.,
Euchlaena mexicana
and other
Gramineae
(RAM 41: 40). DISEASE: Northern leaf blight of maize and sorghum forming larger and fewer lesions than
Cochlioholus heterostrophus
(
CMI
Descript. 301), mostly on the leaves. They begin as small, dark, water-soaked areas, becoming irregular or elliptical, sometimes linear, brown then straw coloured or greyish, with red-purple or tan borders, often 4 × 10 cm or larger, coalescing and leading to death of leaves. Tassel infection on maize is less conspicuous, ear and crown rots and seedling infection occur (16: 450; 34: 716). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 257, ed. 3, 1968). Additional records not yet mapped are: Australia (NT), Cameroon, Ecuador, Fiji, Haiti, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan (E.) and Saudi Arabia. TRANSMISSION: Air-dispersed, probably violently discharged conidia and showing a diurnal periodicity with a forenoon max. (45, 795; 46, 114). The fungus occurs in seed and survives in host debris (15: 289; 19: 602).
Micronectriella nivalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Micronectriella nivalis
[Monographella nivalis]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus is a serious pathogen of cereals (barley, wheat, rye) and grasses, especially in temperate regions where it may cause total loss of winter sown wheat and rye (43, 1873; 48, 3456). Tropical records, especially those on rice, need to be confirmed. DISEASE: Pre-emergence blight, root rot and occasionally head blight of cereals. Snow mould of turf. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, extremely widespread, USSR, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, N.E. and N.W. USA and Canada. Records have also been cited of its occurrence in India and West Africa (CMI Map 432, ed. 1, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By seed, soil, water and in summer by aerial dissemination of ascospores (48, 1628).
Gibberella baccata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gibberella baccata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Buxus, Citrus, Juglans, Pinus
and many other, usually woody, hosts but it may attack cereals and cause leaf spots and ultimate dieback on some ornamental shrubs. DISEASES: Dieback, bud blight, twig blight or canker, pitch canker of
Pinus
species (Berry & Hepting, 1969), collar rot of coffee, fusariosis of olive, megare or bud blight of
Morus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide on woody hosts, infrequently recorded on seeds or from soil. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores (chiefly ascospores) or by water splash.
Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Avena
spp. DISEASE: Speckle blotch of oats. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide (CMI Map 323, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne or wind-borne by ascospores and macropycnidiosporesa.
Pestalotiopsis palmarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis palmarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Palmae
, including
Borassus flabellifer, Chamaerops humulis, Capsicum, Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis, Phoenix dactylifera, P. canariensis, Areca catechu, Arenga, Caryota, Howea, Manilkara hexandra, Musa, Roystonia, Diospyros, Eichhornia, Flacourtia, Pimenta, Pinus
, rubber, tea. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot probably restricted to the
Palmae
and reported as causing disease in
Areca catechu, Borassus flabellifer, Cocos nucifera, Chamaerops humulis
and
Elaeis guineensis
. Small yellow-brown spots, becoming whitish to grey with a dark brown border, oval, more than 1 cm long and elongating parallel to the veins, sometimes coalescing, with the dark acervuli on the upper surface within the central part. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Andaman Islands, Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Ceylon, Congo Republic, Colombia, Cuba, Diego Garcia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, Ghana, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Laos, Malagasy Republic, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Morocco, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Surinam, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Thailand, Uganda, USA (California, Florida), Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies reported.
Armillariella mellea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Armillariella mellea
[Armillaria mellea]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus has been recorded as a pathogen on an extremely wide range of dicotyledonous and coniferous trees and shrubs (Raabe, 1962; Browne, 1968). It has also been found on potato (1: 357), narcissus (11: 376), strawberry (8: 727), bamboo (40: 436), geranium (12: 5227), sugarcane and banana (25: 355), but attack of monocotyledons and herbaceous plants is rare. DISEASE:
Armillaria
root rot.
Armillaria
root disease. Honey fungus.
Armillariella mellea
has two roles as a plant pathogen. It may act as a lethal pathogen by invading and destroying the cambium of the root and lower stem, following which it may colonize and rot the woody tissues of the host after its death, or it may cause a butt rot without attacking the living tissues of the host. Both types of disease have a patchy distribution in the field, characteristically spreading from inoculum centres in the soil, so that the hosts which have been most recently attacked are found at the edge of the patch. Where lethal attack occurs the host dies rapidly and (in the case of conifers and certain dicotyledonous trees) the bark of the roots and stem base is cracked and covered with gum or resin exudate. Thick, creamy-white, fan-like sheets of mycelium are found under the bark and these are frequently accompanied by flattened, dark brown rhizomorphs (
forma subcorticalis
). These rhizomorphs may also be epiphytic on roots and grow out into the soil, where their form is more cylindrical (
forma subterranea
). Sporophores may be formed on the host in advanced stages of the disease. The butt rot is a typical soft white rot with pronounced black zone lines. It seldom advances more than 1-2 m up the stem. The rotten wood is often luminous.
Armillariella mellea
also forms balanced mycorrhizal associations with the orchids
Galeola septentrionalis
and
Gastrodia elata
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, throughout forests of the temperate and tropic regions (CMI Map 143, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: By infection of woody debris and stumps by air-borne basidiospores, by the growth of rhizomorphs through the soil, by root contact with infected soil debris and transport of infected plant material.
Herpotrichia juniperi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Herpotrichia juniperi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Coniferae
(
Abies, Juniperus, Picea, Pinus, Tsuga
). DISEASE: Black snow mould of conifers. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Siberia), North America, Europe (Austria, Bavaria, Britain, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia). TRANSMISSION: Unknown, but presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Cercospora pini-densiflorae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora pini-densiflorae
[Mycosphaerella gibsonii]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pines, including
Pinus radiata, P. pinaster, P. canariensis, P. massoniana, P. densiflorae, P. thunbergii, P
.
luchuensis, P. strobus, P. caribaea
. DISEASE:
Cercospora
pine blight. Causes yellowish-brown to grey lesions, appearing generally towards the distal part of the needles. These coalesce to give complete needle necrosis and cast in the course of time. Dark brown stromata, bearing dense conidiophores, are formed in stomatal cavities, from which conidia are dispersed. This is a disease of the later nursery stages and first few years in plantation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Rhodesia, Tanzania (45, 2615), Zambia); Asia (Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, West Malaysia). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne conidia dispersed by splash take-off mechanism.