bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric pressure plasma jet interacting with a droplet on dielectric surface
Authors: Yan An , Kong Xianghao , Xue Shuang , Guo Peiwen , Chen Zhitong , Li Duanling , Liu Zhongwei , Zhang Haibao , Ning Wenjun , Wang Ruixue
Published: October 2024

The chemical processes at plasma–liquid interface has become a crucial point for plasmas’ various applications. In this study, the interaction between atmospheric pressure plasma jet and different-scale droplets were investigated by both experiments and modeling. The interaction transited from ‘annular’ mode to ‘solid’ mode when plasma involved with different size of droplets. As the droplet size increased, the high-field region moved from the plasma jet head to the gap between plasma jet head and droplet vertex surface. Additionally, the time averaged surface fluxes of the main active species were analyzed. For the flux of singlet oxygen (1O2), both small and medium-scale droplets reached the maximum value in the central region of the droplets, while for large-scale droplet, the maximum value was observed in the edge region of the droplet. This was due to the fact that, compared to small and medium-scale droplet, the edges of large-scale droplet are closer to the He–Air mixed boundary layer, where more oxygen molecules were provided in the gas environment, leading to enhanced electron collision reactions with oxygen molecules. The cause for these behaviors were also analyzed and discussed. This work shed light on the interaction mechanism for plasma–liquid interactions, which provides significant guidance for plasma medical or water treatment applications.
MHz sampling rate measurements of N2(A3Σu
+) population in a Ns pulse discharge in a heated plasma flow reactor
Authors: Raskar Sai , Berry Matthew , Ting Li–Te , Jans Elijah R , Adamovich Igor V
Published: October 2024

Absolute, time-resolved population of a metastable electronic state of molecular nitrogen, N2(

A
3

Σ
u
+

,
v
=
0

), is measured in a heated plasma flow reactor excited by a ns pulse discharge burst, by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy using a distributed feedback laser. Nitrogen or NO–N2 gas mixture in the reactor are heated by a tube furnace maintained at T = 800–1000 K, at pressures of P = 50–300 Torr. A diffuse plasma in the flow channel made of quartz is generated using a repetitively pulsed, double dielectric barrier, ns discharge in a plane-to-plane geometry. N2(

A

3

Σ
u
+

)

molecules in the plasma are generated by electron impact excitation of N2

(

B

3

Π
g

)

and N2

(

C
3

Π
u

) states, followed by their cascade quenching. The laser is tuned across an absorption line near 1028 nm in a N2

B
3

Π
g

,
v
′
=
0
←

A
3

Σ
u
+

,
v

′
′

=
0

band at 100 kHz–1 MHz. The laser output wavelength and the absorption signal are measured by an etalon and two high bandwidth detectors. At all operating conditions, the absorption signal is fully resolved in time. The data points are taken every 500 ns–5 μs, with the temporal uncertainty of 50–500 ns, respectively. The data are used to infer the line pressure broadening coefficient and its temperature dependence. This study demonstrates the feasibility of this approach for the time-resolved N2(

A

3

Σ
u
+

)

measurements in pulsed hypersonic flow facilities, behind strong shock waves and in hypervelocity expansion flows.
Excellent field–trapping properties of large ring–shaped REBCO melt–textured bulks fabricated by the single–direction melt growth (SDMG) method
Authors: Motoki Takanori , Shimoyama Jun-ichi
Published: September 2024

Ring–shaped homogeneous YBCO and DyBCO bulks were successfully fabricated using the Single–Direction Melt Growth (SDMG) method. The bulks were directly grown from ring–shaped compacted powder using ring–shaped molds with an outer diameter of 50 mm and inner diameters of 15, 20, and 25 mm. The ring–shaped bulks exhibited high trapped fields inside the rings up to 1.2 T at 77 K. Analyses of trapped field distributions revealed uniform current density distributions along the orbital direction. Stacked ring bulks demonstrated even higher trapped fields, reaching 2.0 T at 77 K. It was confirmed for the stacked bulks that time–independent uniform trapped fields can be achieved by magnetizing at lower fields than fully magnetizing conditions. Observed paramagnetic magnetization of the SDMG–processed YBCO bulk was negligibly small below the detection limit, which is considered to be more suitable for bulk NMR/MRI applications than DyBCO. Additionally, we proposed a method to quantitatively evaluate trapped fields of superconducting bulks with various diameters and thicknesses, where the estimated average current densities from the maximum trapped fields for all the obtained ring–shaped bulks were above 104 A cm–2 at 77 K. These results indicate that SDMG is an effective method for fabricating high–quality, large–scale ring–shaped bulks with superior field–trapping properties.
A frequency-domain finite element model for simulating high temperature superconductors using the J-A and T-A formulations
Authors: dos Santos Gabriel , Trillaud Frederic
Published: September 2024

The AC losses, the current density and the magnetic field are important variables to design devices made of High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). These variables are often computed using a transient finite element analysis even though the interest may lay in the steady-state regime of the device. In this context, the need for solving time-dependent variables has led to improve the computation time with efficient finite element models (FEM) relying on different formulations of the Maxwell equations. Still, due to the time dependence and the highly nonlinear behavior of the superconductor, these transient FEM are computationally slow and, in general, demanding in terms of resources. In the present work, an alternative path is taken with the development of a frequency-domain FEM using a phasor representation to alleviate the computational burden. However, this model does not have the versatility of the transient models; but, it can generate the initial steady-state conditions for a subsequent transient analysis. At least, it is perfectly adapted to investigate the steady-state regime of HTS devices operated in AC conditions. In this phasor modelling approach, the Root Mean Square resistivity of the superconductor is introduced. It is subsequently approximated by an exponential decreasing function depending on the transition index, thus, introducing a factor to ease its implementation in the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics with the most recent and fastest formulations of the Maxwell equations to this date, i.e. T-A and J-A. The case studies encompass single BSCCO and REBCO tapes as well as a CORC® cable, or more specifically, a Conductor on Round Tube. The results of the time- and frequency-domain FEM simulations are cross-checked and compared against experimental data. The comparison of the models’ results is carried out comparing the current density distributions as well as the AC losses. The comparison against experimental data is only conducted for the AC losses. In the present case, it is used to quantify thoroughly the accuracy of the numerical results compared to the measurements. A reasonable agreement between those results and the experimental data was found.
The Progenitors of Be-stars Paired with O-subdwarfs: The Spin-up of a Be Star at the Stage of Conservative Mass Exchange
Authors: Staritsin Evgeny
Published: September 2024

The spinning-up of the accreting component in the process of conservative mass exchange is considered in binary systems—progenitors of systems consisting of a main sequence Be-star and an O-subdwarf. During the mass exchange, the meridional circulation transfers 80%–85% of the angular momentum that entered the accretor together with the accreted matter to the accretor surface. This angular momentum is removed from the accretor by the disk. When the mass exchange finishes, the accretor has a rotation typical of classical Be-type stars.
The Relationship Between Glabellar Contraction Patterns and Glabellar Muscle Anatomy: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging–based Study
Authors: Rams Daniel J , Koziej Mateusz , Green Jeremy B , Biesman Brian S , Szczepanek Elżbieta , Popiela Tadeusz J , Ostrogórska Monika , Gleń Agnieszka , Rohrich Rod J , Alfertshofer Michael , Cotofana Sebastian
Published: October 2024

Background

Glabellar contraction patterns were introduced to the scientific literature to help guide glabellar neuromodulator injection algorithms. However, the relationship between the underlying musculature and its influence on these glabellar contraction patterns is unclear.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to identify by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) glabellar muscle parameters that display an influence on the distribution of individual glabellar contraction patterns.

Methods

Thirty-four healthy young individuals of Caucasian Polish descent were investigated (17 females, 17 males) with a mean age of 23.6 years and a mean BMI of 22.8 kg/m2. MRI-based measurements of length, thickness, width, and surface area of procerus, corrugator supercilii, orbicularis oculi, and frontalis muscles were conducted.

Results

Unadjusted models revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the 5 glabellar contraction types and the investigated muscle parameters, indicating that, independent of the skin rhytid pattern, the underlying musculature was not different between the investigated groups in this sample, with all P ≥ .102. Adjusted models revealed that sex was the most influential factor, with males generally displaying higher values for the investigated parameters than females.

Conclusions

The results of this study reveal that, based on the MRI parameters investigated and the investigated cohort, there does not appear to be a strong relationship between glabellar contraction patterns and underlying glabella muscle anatomy. Utilizing glabellar contraction patterns to design neuromodulator treatment algorithms may be of variable clinical merit.

Level of Evidence: 3 (Therapeutic)
Short- and long-term effects of beta-blockers on symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with myocardial infarction and preserved left ventricular function: a pre-specified quality of life sub-study from the REDUCE-AMI trial
Authors: Leissner Philip , Mars Katarina , Humphries Sophia , Karlström Patric , Yndigegn Troels , Jernberg Tomas , Hofmann Robin , Held Claes , Olsson Erik M G
Published: October 2024

Aims

Among patients with myocardial infarction (MI) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the REDUCE-AMI trial did not demonstrate a benefit of beta-blocker vs. no beta-blocker treatment on all-cause mortality and recurrent myocardial infarction. The aim of this pre-specified sub-study was to investigate effects of beta-blockers on self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Methods and results

In this parallel-group, open-label, registry-based randomized trial, assessments with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were obtained at hospitalization and two follow-up points (6–10 weeks and 12–14 months) after MI. Analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle using linear mixed models, calculating both short- and long-term effects. From August 2018 through June 2022, 806 patients were enrolled. At baseline, 27% of patients were possible cases of anxiety (m, 5.6; SD, 3.9) and 14% were possible cases of depression (m, 3.9; SD, 3.2). Beta-blocker treatment had a negative effect on depressive symptoms at both follow-ups 1 (β = 0.48; 95% CI 09–0.86; P = 0.015) and 2 (β = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.01–0.81; P = 0.047), but no effect on anxiety.

Conclusion

Beta-blocker treatment led to a modest increase in depressive symptoms among MI patients with preserved LVEF. This observed effect was most pronounced in individuals with prior beta-blocker treatment. In routine initiation and continuation of beta-blocker treatment, a risk of slightly increased depressive symptoms should be considered.
Regional disparities in heart transplant mortality in the USA
Authors: Zoni Cesar Rodrigo , Dean Matthew , Copeland Laurel A , Sai Sudhakar Chittoor B , Ravi Yazhini
Published: September 2024

Background

Mortality after heart transplantation can be influenced by multiple factors. This study analysed its variation across four regions of the USA.

Objective

Analyse the differences in mortality among patients receiving a heart transplant across four regions of the USA.

Methods and results

Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing registry was analysed for adult heart transplant recipients from 1987 to 2023. They were divided into four regions according to heart transplant recipients’ residence: the Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. The endpoint was all-cause mortality. A total of 33 482 heart transplant recipients were included in the analysis. Baseline characteristics differed by region. The median survival (years) was lower in the South [Northeast 12.9 (6.1–17.9), Midwest 13.1 (6.5–18.1), South 11.6 (5.3–16.8), and West 13.6 (7.0–18.6); P < 0.0001]. Mortality incidence rate was greater in the South. When compared to the Northeast, in the unadjusted analysis, mortality was higher in the South {hazard ratio (HR) 1.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.19], P < 0.001} and lower in the West [HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.83–0.94), P < 0.001]. After adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, only the South retained significant differences [HR 1.17 (95% CI 1.10–1.24), P < 0.001]. Mortality significantly increased in all regions after 2018.

Conclusion

Mortality of heart transplant recipients varies across region of residence in the USA. A significant increase in adjusted mortality was observed in the South. These findings suggest that there are regional disparities in the mortality rates of heart transplant recipients.
Stakeholder perceptions of factors contributing to effective implementation of exercise cardiac telerehabilitation in clinical practice
Authors: Rawstorn Jonathan C , Subedi Narayan , Koorts Harriet , Evans Luke , Cartledge Susie , Wallen Matthew P , Grace Fergal M , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful , Maddison Ralph
Published: October 2024

Aims

Cardiac exercise telerehabilitation is effective and can be cost-effective for managing ischaemic heart disease, but implementation of evidence-based interventions in clinical practice remains a challenge. We aimed to identify factors that cardiac rehabilitation stakeholders perceived could influence the effectiveness of implementing an evidence-based, real-time remotely monitored cardiac exercise telerehabilitation intervention (REMOTE-CR).

Methods and results

Online interviews and focus groups were conducted with cardiac rehabilitation consumers (n = 16, 5 female, 61.1 ± 10.0 years), practitioners (n = 20, 14 female; 36.6 ± 11.8 years), and health service managers (n = 11, 7 female; 46.2 ± 9.2 years) recruited from one metropolitan and three inner-regional healthcare services in Western Victoria, Australia. Discussions were guided by two theoretical frameworks (Non-adoption, Abandonment, Scale-up, Spread, and Sustainability; Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research), and analysed thematically. Factors perceived to influence effective implementation of REMOTE-CR spanned all domains of the theoretical frameworks, related to six major themes (resources, change management, stakeholder targeting, knowledge, intervention design, security) and were largely consistent across study sites; however, the relative importance of each factor may vary between sites.

Conclusion

Effective implementation of exercise telerehabilitation interventions like REMOTE-CR will require a coordinated context-specific approach that considers factors across all levels of the healthcare system and implementation science frameworks. Key requirements include prioritizing resources, managing change, selecting target stakeholders, developing digital health capabilities, and selecting fit-for-purpose technologies that enable programme delivery objectives.
Mechanisms that potentially contribute to the development of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Authors: Munif Mohammad Raguib , Hart Robert A , Rafeek Rukshan A M , Mallawaarachchi Amali C , Anderson Lyndal , McMillan David J , Sriprakash Kadaba S , Ketheesan Natkunam
Published: September 2024

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is primarily associated with preceding group A streptococcal skin or throat infections, now mainly observed in economically disadvantaged communities. This condition significantly predisposes individuals to later-life chronic kidney disease and concurrent renal complications, with the elderly experiencing increased severity and less favourable outcomes. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B and nephritis-associated plasmin receptor are identified nephritogenic antigens (nephritogens). Pathogenesis of PSGN is multifactorial. It can involve the formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes, causing inflammatory damage to renal glomeruli. Deposition of circulating immune complexes or in situ formation of immune complexes in glomeruli, or both, results in glomerulonephritis. Additionally, molecular mimicry is hypothesized as a mechanism, wherein cross-reactivity between anti-streptococcal antibodies and glomerular intrinsic matrix proteins leads to glomerulonephritis. Besides, as observed in clinical studies, streptococcal inhibitor of complement, a streptococcal-secreted protein, can also be associated with PSGN. However, the interplay between these streptococcal antigens in the pathogenesis of PSGN necessitates further investigation. Despite the clinical significance of PSGN, the lack of credible animal models poses challenges in understanding the association between streptococcal antigens and the disease process. This review outlines the postulated mechanisms implicated in the development of PSGN with possible therapeutic approaches.
Mixed-Methods Analysis of Community-Building Activities in Minnesota Hospitals
Authors: MacDougall Hannah , Libal Robert , Loomer Lacey
Published: September 2024

Nonprofit hospitals are required to annually report spending on community-building activities (CBAs) to the Internal Revenue Service. CBAs are actions that address root causes of community health problems such as housing and food insecurity. While addressing these issues is important regardless of location, CBA spending could particularly benefit rural residents who, on average, experience worse health outcomes. However, national CBA spending has historically been extremely low, potentially due to confusion surrounding reporting. This explanatory mixed-methods study sought to illuminate nonprofit hospital spending patterns on CBAs in one state, Minnesota, to understand why spending in this important category is so low. Authors first conducted quantitative analyses of publicly available tax return data for the year 2019’ which revealed no statistically significant differences in CBA spending by rural location or hospital system affiliation. Authors then performed a case study of the top spending hospitals’ narrative statements provided in nonprofit hospital tax return documents and found significant variation in what is reported as a CBA. We suggest CBA spending be reported differently to reduce confusion and render tax documents more accurate portrayals of nonprofit hospital spending, thereby providing policymakers with needed information to ensure nonprofit hospitals are financially supporting community health.
Affine Standard Lyndon Words: A-Type
Authors: Avdieiev Yehor , Tsymbaliuk Alexander
Published: October 2024

We generalize an algorithm of Leclerc [ 6] describing explicitly the bijection of Lalonde–Ram [ 5] from finite to affine Lie algebras. In type $A_{n}^{(1)}$, we compute all affine standard Lyndon words for any order of the simple roots and establish some properties of the induced orders on the positive affine roots.
Tracking genetic and phylogenetic diversity across Brazilian ecoregions: A molecular ecology approach using marine decapod crustaceans
Authors: Teles Jeniffer N , Mantelatto Fernando L
Published: September 2024

Genetic diversity is shaped by life history traits and environmental factors across the marine ecoregions of the world (MEOW), a condition that serves as a valuable framework to enhance our understanding of gene flow processes and identifying priority conservation centers among populations in different regions. We investigated the genetic and phylogenetic diversity of 13 decapod crustacean species distributed across the marine ecoregions of Brazil. We hypothesized that ecoregions act as barriers to gene flow, creating distinct population structures and varying genetic diversity levels. We examined how habitat type, bathymetry, geographical distribution, and larval development affect genetic diversity. Mitochondrial markers from 13 species of the four major decapod groups (Anomura, Brachyura, Caridea, and Penaeoidea) were analyzed using nucleotide diversity, haplotype networks, pairwise FST, and linear mixed-effects models (LMER). Results show no significant genetic structuring among ecoregions. Genetic diversity correlates with habitat type (P < 0.05), with species from less impacted areas, especially intertidal zones like rocky shores and estuaries, displaying higher diversity. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) and species richness (SR) varied, with the highest PD in eastern Brazil and the highest SR in southeastern Brazil. Intertidal zones showed the highest genetic diversity, likely due to their complex microhabitats and environmental variability. Our findings indicate that environmental and geographical barriers defined by the ecoregions do not significantly impede genetic connectivity among decapod crustaceans, which suggests that high dispersal potential of larval stages facilitates genetic flow across ecoregions. The results underscore the need for conservation strategies that consider the high genetic connectivity and diversity of marine species across broad spatial scales.
Age Determination of Child Soldiers
Authors: Croudo Rodrigo Bastías , Molina Villalobos Marcelo
Published: September 2024

International Criminal Court (ICC) Trial Chamber IX’s decision in the Ongwen case in 2021 and the subsequent Appeals Chamber decision in 2022 have quickly become benchmarks for a still nascent but steadily growing body of jurisprudence on the recruitment, enlistment, or use of child soldiers. This naturally raises questions and considerations about age determination in these cases. This article attempts to contribute to this scholarship by way of providing a critical analysis of the main difficulties and challenges faced by international criminal tribunals in estimating and proving age in proceedings before international criminal tribunals, including references to standards of proof and evidential value. It then studies the ICC’s considerations for determining the age element having these difficulties in mind. The article argues that the ICC’s approach to this case, while arguably innovative in certain respects, largely suffers from the same problems it has faced in previous cases on the same subject matter, namely, challenges of validity, reliability, and potential bias.
Improving the alcohol respiratory chain and energy metabolism by enhancing PQQ synthesis in Acetobacter pasteurianus
Authors: Zhang Wenqing , Feng Chen , Zhang Chunxue , Song Jia , Li Li , Xia Menglei , Ding Wei , Zheng Yu , Wang Min
Published: September 2024

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is one of the important coenzymes in living organisms. In acetic acid bacteria (AAB), it plays a crucial role in the alcohol respiratory chain, as a coenzyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In this work, the PQQ biosynthetic genes were overexpressed in Acetobacter pasteurianus CGMCC 3089 to improve the fermentation performance. The result shows that the intracellular and extracellular PQQ contents in the recombinant strain A. pasteurianus (pBBR1-p264-pqq) were 152.53% and 141.08% higher than those of the control A. pasteurianus (pBBR1-p264), respectively. The catalytic activity of ADH and aldehyde dehydrogenase increased by 52.92% and 67.04%, respectively. The results indicated that the energy charge and intracellular ATP were also improved in the recombinant strain. The acetic acid fermentation was carried out using a 5 L self-aspirating fermenter, and the acetic acid production rate of the recombinant strain was 23.20% higher compared with the control. Furthermore, the relationship between the PQQ and acetic acid tolerance of cells was analyzed. The biomass of recombinant strain was 180.2%, 44.3%, and 38.6% higher than those of control under 2%, 3%, and 4% acetic acid stress, respectively. After being treated with 6% acetic acid for 40 min, the survival rate of the recombinant strain was increased by 76.20% compared with the control. Those results demonstrated that overexpression of PQQ biosynthetic genes increased the content of PQQ, therefore improving the acetic acid fermentation and the cell tolerance against acetic acid by improving the alcohol respiratory chain and energy metabolism.

One Sentence Summary

The increase in PQQ content enhances the activity of the alcohol respiratory chain of Acetobacter pasteurianus, and the increase in energy charge enhances the tolerance of cells against acetic acid, therefore, improving the efficiency of acetic acid fermentation.
The FLAMINGO project: a comparison of galaxy cluster samples selected on mass, X-ray luminosity, Compton-Y parameter, or galaxy richness
Authors: Kugel Roi , Schaye Joop , Schaller Matthieu , McCarthy Ian G , Braspenning Joey , Helly John C , Forouhar Moreno Victor J , McGibbon Robert J
Published: September 2024

Galaxy clusters provide an avenue to expand our knowledge of cosmology and galaxy evolution. Because it is difficult to accurately measure the total mass of a large number of individual clusters, cluster samples are typically selected using an observable proxy for mass. Selection effects are therefore a key problem in understanding galaxy cluster statistics. We make use of the $(2.8~\rm {Gpc})^3$ FLAMINGO hydrodynamical simulation to investigate how selection based on X-ray luminosity, thermal Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect or galaxy richness influences the halo mass distribution. We define our selection cuts based on the median value of the observable at a fixed mass and compare the resulting samples to a mass-selected sample. We find that all samples are skewed towards lower mass haloes. For X-ray luminosity and richness cuts below a critical value, scatter dominates over the trend with mass and the median mass becomes biased increasingly low with respect to a mass-selected sample. At $z\le 0.5$, observable cuts corresponding to median halo masses between $M_\text{500c}=10^{14}$ and $10^{15}~\rm {{\rm M}_{\odot }}$ give nearly unbiased median masses for all selection methods, but X-ray selection results in biased medians for higher masses. For cuts corresponding to median masses $\lt 10^{14}$ at $z\le 0.5$ and for all masses at $z\ge 1$, only Compton-Y selection yields nearly unbiased median masses. Importantly, even when the median mass is unbiased, the scatter is not because for each selection the sample is skewed towards lower masses than a mass-selected sample. Each selection leads to a different bias in secondary quantities like cool-core fraction, temperature, and gas fraction.
Azimuthal variations of stellar populations in barred galaxies
Authors: Neumann Justus , Thomas Daniel , Maraston Claudia , Gleis Damian R , Mao Chuanming , Schinnerer Eva , Stuber Sophia K
Published: September 2024

Bars are expected to impact the distribution of stellar populations both during bar formation, as they rearrange stars into new orbits, and afterwards, due to the redistribution of star-formation-fuelling gas and transfer of angular momentum. We study the impact of stellar bars on the azimuthal variation of stellar population age, metallicity and mass surface density in $\sim 1\, 000$ nearby barred galaxies from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey. Bars have higher stellar mass density ($0.113^{+0.065}_{-0.067}$ dex) and are more metal-rich ($0.028^{+0.033}_{-0.040}$ dex) than the discs at the same radii. Stellar ages show a variety of bar to interbar contrasts with no consistent trend. The difference in metallicity increases with total stellar mass of the galaxy and distance below the star-forming main sequence. We discuss a combination of potentially responsible processes including kinematic separation, more extended star formation histories and more efficient recycling in bars and at bar-spiral arm connections. Additionally, we observe an offset ($10^{\circ }$–$40^{\circ }$) of the peak metallicity to the bar major axis in star-forming bars in low-mass galaxies, and more metal-rich regions outside the ends of the bar in long bars and quenched galaxies. Furthermore, there is a subtle trend of lower metallicities on the leading side of spiral arms compared to the trailing side. Finally, we report a spiral arm surface density feature, which could point towards a dominant bar-spiral connection and pitch angle of $\alpha \sim 25^{\circ }$. We interpret these features in the context of bar formation and the impact of large-scale gas flows associated with their presence.
xQTLatlas: a comprehensive resource for human cellular-resolution multi-omics genetic regulatory landscape
Authors: Jia Yuran , Dong Hongchao , Li Linhao , Wang Fang , Juan Liran , Wang Yadong , Guo Hongzhe , Zhao Tianyi
Published: October 2024

Understanding how genetic variants influence molecular phenotypes in different cellular contexts is crucial for elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind complex traits, which in turn has spurred significant advances in research into molecular quantitative trait locus (xQTL) at the cellular level. With the rapid proliferation of data, there is a critical need for a comprehensive and accessible platform to integrate this information. To meet this need, we developed xQTLatlas (http://www.hitxqtl.org.cn/), a database that provides a multi-omics genetic regulatory landscape at cellular resolution. xQTLatlas compiles xQTL summary statistics from 151 cell types and 339 cell states across 55 human tissues. It organizes these data into 20 xQTL types, based on four distinct discovery strategies, and spans 13 molecular phenotypes. Each entry in xQTLatlas is meticulously annotated with comprehensive metadata, including the origin of the tissue, cell type, cell state and the QTL discovery strategies utilized. Additionally, xQTLatlas features multiscale data exploration tools and a suite of interactive visualizations, facilitating in-depth analysis of cell-level xQTL. xQTLatlas provides a valuable resource for deepening our understanding of the impact of functional variants on molecular phenotypes in different cellular environments, thereby facilitating extensive research efforts.
The role of RAD51 regulators and variants in primary ovarian insufficiency, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Witham Maggie , Hengel Sarah R
Published: September 2024

The study of RAD51 regulators in female reproductive diseases has novel biomarker potential and implications for therapeutic advancement. Regulators of RAD51 play important roles in maintaining genome integrity and variations in these genes have been identified in female reproductive diseases including primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). RAD51 modulators change RAD51 activity in homologous recombination, replication stress, and template switching pathways. However, molecular implications of these proteins in primary ovarian insufficiency, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome have been understudied. For each reproductive disease, we provide its definition, current diagnostic and therapeutic treatment strategies, and associated genetic variations. Variants were discovered in RAD51, and regulators including DMC1, RAD51B, SWS1, SPIDR, XRCC2 and BRCA2 linked with POI. Endometriosis is associated with variants in XRCC3, BRCA1 and CSB genes. Variants in BRCA1 were associated with PCOS. Our analysis identified novel biomarkers for POI (DMC1 and RAD51B) and PCOS (BRCA1). Further biochemical and cellular analyses of RAD51 regulator functions in reproductive disorders will advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases.
An exceptional phytoplankton bloom in the southeast Madagascar Sea driven by African dust deposition
Authors: Gittings John A , Dall’Olmo Giorgio , Tang Weiyi , Llort Joan , Jebri Fatma , Livanou Eleni , Nencioli Francesco , Darmaraki Sofia , Theodorou Iason , Brewin Robert J W , Srokosz Meric , Cassar Nicolas , Raitsos Dionysios E
Published: October 2024

Rising surface temperatures are projected to cause more frequent and intense droughts in the world's drylands. This can lead to land degradation, mobilization of soil particles, and an increase in dust aerosol emissions from arid and semi-arid regions. Dust aerosols are a key source of bio-essential nutrients, can be transported in the atmosphere over large distances, and ultimately deposited onto the ocean's surface, alleviating nutrient limitation and increasing oceanic primary productivity. Currently, the linkages between desertification, dust emissions and ocean fertilization remain poorly understood. Here, we show that dust emitted from Southern Africa was transported and deposited into the nutrient-limited surface waters southeast of Madagascar, which stimulated the strongest phytoplankton bloom of the last two decades during a period of the year when blooms are not expected. The conditions required for triggering blooms of this magnitude are anomalous, but current trends in air temperatures, aridity, and dust emissions in Southern Africa suggest that such events could become more probable in the future. Together with the recent findings on ocean fertilization by drought-induced megafires in Australia, our results point toward a potential link between global warming, drought, aerosol emissions, and ocean blooms.
Does Working Full-Time Guarantee Hospital Service Workers’ Material Well-Being? A Latent Class Regression Analysis
Authors: Kim Soobin , Thyberg Christopher T , Engel Rafael J , Wexler Sandra , Woo Jihee
Published: September 2024

Despite efforts to maintain a satisfactory quality of life, a significant proportion of American workers face substantial material hardship. However, studies of material hardship have paid scant attention to lower-wage workers; hospital service, clerical, and technical workers represent a crucial yet understudied subset of this population. Using survey data from hospital workers employed by a large hospital in Pennsylvania, this research identified prevailing patterns of material hardship among these workers and investigated contributing factors, including hourly wages, utilization of public benefits, and demographics. The findings revealed the presence of two distinct material hardship groups: the high-hardship group (those with a high risk of experiencing multiple hardships concurrently) and the low-hardship group (those with a low risk). Notably, higher wages, better health, and being White were associated with a reduced likelihood of belonging to the high-hardship group. Conversely, an increased number of children in a household and utilization of a utility bill assistance program were associated with an elevated risk of belonging to the high-hardship group. The results hold several policy implications, including the need to increase hourly wages, enlarge antipoverty policy initiatives, enhance access to preventive health services, and offer more comprehensive childcare support.
Revisiting the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of trypanosomes (Trypanosoma) infecting pelomedusid (Pelomedusidae) freshwater turtles in Southern Africa
Authors: Jordaan Bernard J , du Preez Louis H , Netherlands Edward C
Published: September 2024

Species of Trypanosoma infecting reptiles are poorly understood and understudied. The study of trypanosomes infecting turtles could lead to a greater understanding of the genus and its evolutionary history. The present study re-evaluates and classifies two previously described species of Trypanosoma in freshwater pelomedusid turtles, Trypanosoma (Haematomonas) neitzi and Trypanosoma (Haematomonas) sheppardi, and characterizes a new species, Trypanosoma (Haematomonas) pienaari, using morphological and molecular data. This study provides the first morphological descriptions and molecular data of South African turtle trypanosomes, setting a base for future research of the reptile trypanosomes of Africa.
Evaluation of Reduced Fungicide Applications for Disease Management in Cold-Climate Wine Grapes in Wisconsin
Authors: Meeks Courtney Cameron , Holland Leslie Amanda
Published: September 2024

Cold-climate wine grapes are produced on 8,000 ha in the North Central region of the United States. Wisconsin has experienced considerable growth, with a 26% increase in acreage since 2017. Chemical management of fungal diseases in cold-climate, interspecific hybrid grapes mirrors that of traditional Vitis vinifera cultivars despite significant differences in disease susceptibility. Most cold-climate cultivars display disease tolerance or resistance to key pathogens such as Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew), Erysiphe necator (powdery mildew), and Phyllosticta ampelicida (black rot). Current fungicide programs in Wisconsin’s cold-climate grape industry underutilize genetic resistance, resulting in overreliance on at-risk fungicides and an increased threat of fungicide resistance development. In vineyard trials, the impacts of a reduced fungicide application number compared to current grower “Standard” programs was assessed for disease incidence and severity for five diseases: anthracnose, black rot, downy mildew, Phomopsis cane and leaf spot and powdery mildew. In 2022, with moderate disease pressure at both vineyard sites, there were no significant differences observed when fewer fungicides (six or five applications vs. four applications) were applied. In 2023, higher disease incidence was observed in the “Standard” spray program at one study location which received a greater number of fungicide applications. In both years, grape cultivar was a significant factor with the ‘LaCrosse’ displaying greater average disease severity than the ‘St. Pepin’ in both the “Standard” and “Reduced” Programs. These findings present a promising opportunity for cold-climate grape growers to reduce the number of fungicide applications while maintaining disease control and marketable yield.
Establishment of a Cas12a-Based Visual Detection Method Involving PMNT for the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Species Complex
Authors: Zheng Liu , Jiang Wei , Zou Xiaohua , Song Lili , Xu Xiaofeng , Han Yongchao , Lian Hongli , Wu Xiao , Fang Xianping , Zhang Liqing
Published: September 2024

Strawberry anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a devastating disease that significantly reduces strawberry yield and quality. This study aimed to develop a simple diagnostic method to detect infection by the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex (CGSC), the most predominant and virulent Colletotrichum species complex causing strawberry anthracnose in China. In this study, a Cas12aVIP diagnostic method was developed for the rapid detection of CGSC in strawberry seedlings. This method targets the β-tubulin gene and combines recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), the CRISPR/Cas12a system, and a cationic-conjugated polythiophene derivative [poly(3-(3′-N,N,N-triethylamino-1′-propyloxy)-4-methyl-2,5-thiophene hydrochloride) (PMNT)] mixed with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). This method shows high sensitivity (ten copies per reaction) and no cross-reactivity against related pathogens. The entire procedure, from sample to result, can be completed within 50 min, including simplified DNA extraction (15 min), RPA reaction (37°C for 20 min), CRISPR/Cas12a detection (37°C for 10 min), and visual detection by the naked eye (1–2 min). Furthermore, the Cas12aVIP assay successfully detected CGSC in naturally infected strawberry seedling samples in field conditions. Asymptomatic infected plants and plant residues have been identified as primary inoculum sources for CGSC. This method enables visible detection without the need for expensive equipment or specialized technical skills, thereby offering an efficient and straightforward approach for detecting CGSC in strawberries. The newly developed detection method can be used to promote healthier strawberry production.
Rapid and Sensitive On-Site Nucleic Acid Detection of Three Main Fusarium Pathogens of Maize Stalk Rot Based on RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a
Authors: Jiang Fan , Ding Xinhua , Wang Xiaowu , Fu Kaiyun , Jia Zunzun , Liang Liang , Guo Wenchao
Published: September 2024

Maize stalk rot is a soilborne disease that poses a serious threat to maize production worldwide, with the most significant cause being fungal stalk rot. The development of a visual and rapid detection method for the maize stalk rot pathogen is significant for its prompt and accurate identification, enhancing agricultural production efficiency, and implementing timely preventive measures. These measures will help safeguard the maize yield and quality, ultimately reducing agricultural losses. In this study, we aimed to develop an efficient method to detect maize stalk rot pathogens. We focused on three pathogenic fungi commonly found in maize-producing regions worldwide: Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. graminearum. Based on translation elongation factor 1-α, we developed a rapid detection technique using recombinase polymerase amplification–CRISPR/Cas12a, combined with test strips to develop an on-site rapid visual detection test for these pathogens. The method showed detection sensitivity for F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. graminearum within 20 min at concentrations of 7.8 pg/μl, 0.11 ng/μl, and 0.13 ng/μl, respectively. The sensitivity increased with increasing reaction time. Testing of field disease samples indicated that the method is effective in detecting nucleic acids obtained through crude extraction methods. In conclusion, we developed a visually rapid detection technology that does not rely on complex instruments and equipment for the on-site early detection of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. graminearum in the field to implement effective control measures, ensuring stable and high maize yields.
Identification and Differentiation of the Fusarium graminearum NX-2 Chemotype Using High-Resolution Melting (HRM)
Authors: Singh Lovepreet , Drott Milton T. , Elmore J. Mitch
Published: September 2024

Fusarium head blight (FHB) causes significant yield losses in wheat and other cereals and contaminates grain products with trichothecene mycotoxins. Fusarium graminearum isolates are classified into different chemotypes depending on the dominant type of mycotoxin produced. The four major classes represent the type B trichothecenes 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol, as well as the type A trichothecene NX-2, which was first reported in 2014. Molecular tools to differentiate NX-2 producers from other chemotypes have remained relatively laborious and time consuming. In this study, we developed and validated a high-resolution melting (HRM) assay that can identify NX-2 producers quickly and cost-effectively. By analyzing TRI1 coding sequences from 183 geographically diverse isolates representing all four F. graminearum chemotypes, we selected a 75-bp region containing four nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms that are specific to the NX-2 genotype. The amplicon generated two HRM profiles, one of which was specific for only NX-2. We confirmed that the assay is robust across quantitative PCR platforms and unambiguously differentiates NX-2 from other chemotypes using a panel of 72 diverse isolates previously collected from North America. The HRM assay was also successful in identifying NX-2 producers directly from DNA extracted from infected wheat spikes with varying levels of disease severity and fungal DNA. The assay can detect as little as 0.01 ng of fungal DNA in a background of 50 ng of plant DNA. This new diagnostic assay can be used for high-throughput molecular detection of the NX-2 chemotype of F. graminearum from infected plant samples and culture collections, thus making it a valuable tool for surveys of contemporary and historical FHB pathogen populations.
Corneal Epithelial Hyperplasia Related to Chronic Eye Rubbing Mimicking Keratoconus
Authors: Pollmann André S. , Cohen Mark , Jabbour Samir
Published: October 2024

We report a case of corneal epithelial hyperplasia associated with chronic eye rubbing mimicking keratoconus. A 32-year-old man was presented with a 3-year history of suboptimal vision and astigmatism in his left eye. His history was significant for chronic left eye rubbing. The anterior corneal curvature map showed inferior steepening in the left eye; however, other features of ectasia were absent. Corneal epithelium thickness mapping with optical coherence tomography was significant for corresponding epithelial thickening. His corneal imaging remained stable at a 6-month follow-up examination. At month 15—and after cessation of eye rubbing behavior—the vision symptoms, refraction, and corneal imaging had normalized. In conclusion, chronic eye rubbing may cause reversible corneal epithelial hypertrophy. Eye rubbing should be considered in the evaluation of patients presenting with unexplained vision symptoms and changes in astigmatism that are not consistent with ectasia on corneal imaging.
Comparison of Elisar-Fast and Sita-Fast Strategies for Visual Field Assessment in Glaucoma
Authors: Narang Priya , Rasheed Fareya Fatheema , Agarwal Amar , Narang Rhea , Agarwal Ashvin
Published: October 2024

Précis:

The study documents the ability of Elisar-Fast to successfully assess visual field in patients with glaucoma.

Purpose:

To compare 2 fast threshold strategies of visual field assessment: SITA-Fast (SF; Humphrey field analyser) and Elisar-Fast (EF; advanced vision analyser) in patients with glaucoma.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional observational study, of total 192 subjects, 138 subjects (150 eyes, 80 glaucoma subjects [91 eyes] and 58 healthy controls [59 eyes]) were analysed and included. Each subject underwent 24-2 EF and SF in randomized order with a minimum time interval of 1 hour between tests.

Main Outcome Measures:

Mean test-time, pointwise and sectoral sensitivity, significance of values of mean sensitivity (MS) and global indices (mean deviation [MD] and pattern SD [PSD]) and their correlation.

Results:

The mean test-time was 2.59±0.25 and 3.38±0.28 minutes (P = 0.001) with SF and EF, respectively. Correlation coefficient for pointwise threshold values correlated strongly for both devices (range, 0.70–0.92). The intraclass correlation value of ≥0.8 was observed across all sectors, indicating good reliability. Bland-Altman plot denoted 95% of the data for MS values within limit of agreement. The intraclass correlation values for overall MS, MD, and PSD were 0.916, 0.913, and 0.872, respectively, indicating good reliability. High degree of correlation was observed for MD (r=0.912, P=0.00) and PSD values (r=0.732, P=0.00). Comparison of values indicated a difference of 1.09 dB for MD and 0.06 dB for PSD between both strategies.

Conclusions:

A high degree of correlation existed between the global indices and pointwise threshold values. The study documents the ability of EF to successfully assess visual field in patients with glaucoma.