bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holding Power of Orthopedic Screws Comparison of Self‐tapped and Pre‐tapped Screws in Foal Bone
Authors: YOVICH JOHN V. , TURNER A. S. , SMITH F. W. , DAVIS D. M.
Published: February 2008

Comparison was made of the holding power of orthopedic screws inserted self‐tapped or after pre‐tapping in foal bone. Third metacarpal and metatarsal bones were used. Comparative trials were made between screws inserted at the same site in the corresponding bones from the contralateral limbs of the same foal. A MTS servohydraulic tensile testing machine was used to perform screw pullouts at a displacement rate of 19 mm/sec. The 5.5 mm cortical screws had significantly greater holding power than 6.5 mm cancellous screws when both were inserted self‐tapped (p = 0.0056). Pre‐tapped insertion of 5.5 mm screws produced a significantly greater holding power than self‐tapped insertion of 5.5 mm screws (p = 0.018). Pre‐tapped insertion of 6.5 mm screws produced a significantly greater holding power than self‐tapped insertion of 6.5 mm screws (p = 0.0000). In internal fixation of fractures in foals, insertion of 5.5 mm and 6.5 mm screws pre‐tapped in metaphyseal bone is recommended because it produces greater holding power than self‐tapped insertion.
Wound Drainage from Under Full‐thickness Skin Grafts in Dogs Part I. Quantitative Evaluation of Four Techniques
Authors: POPE ERIC R. , SWAIM STEVEN F.
Published: February 2008

The formation of hematomas or seromas under skin grafts is reported to be the most common cause of graft failure. Several techniques have been developed to prevent fluid accumulation by increasing drainage, but their effectiveness has not been evaluated. In this study, four full‐thickness skin grafting procedures were performed on both sides of the chests of 12 dogs, and the amount of wound drainage was quantitated for the first 10 postoperative days. The techniques evaluated were a sheet graft (control), continuous low level suction, piecrust incisions, and nonexpanded mesh graft. Significantly more drainage fluid was removed by continuous low level suction than the other techniques evaluated. Meshing allowed significantly more drainage than the piecrust or sheet grafts but was not as effective as continuous low level suction. Piecrust incisions had no significant effect on wound drainage.
Partial Equine Lung Resection Using a Stapling Instrument
Authors: BOULTON C. H. , MODRANSKY P. D. , GRANT B. D. , LEATHERS C. W. , GALLAGHER L. V. , BAYLY W. M. , SANDE R. D.
Published: February 2008

Four horses (aged 1 to 18 years) with no apparent respiratory or cardiovascular abnormalities underwent thoracotomy and partial resection of a cranial lung lobe. A stapling instrument was used. Pulmonary function testing prior to and 30 days following surgery showed no significant change in inspiratory or expiratory resistance, compliance, or work of breathing. Postoperative complications consisted of a mild pneumothorax in all horses and localized incisional infection in two horses. All horses displayed a temporary decrease in forward motion of the forelimb on the operated side. Postmortem examination was performed 30 days after surgery; pleural thickening and adhesions between the lung and thoracotomy site were found. The excisionai margin of each cranial lobe was straight with slight puckering due to multiple surgical wire staples. Adjacent tissue collapse and compression were confined to an area no greater than 1 cm from the staples. Beyond this compression, the remaining lung at the surgical site was histologically normal. Subsequently, one horse suffering from recurrent episodes of clinical signs attributed to pleuropneumonia underwent left thoracotomy and partial lung resection followed by a right thoracotomy 48 days later. The horse's condition improved postoperatively, and he was able to undergo normal conditioning and racing.
Retrobulbar Block in Combination with General Anesthesia for Equine Ophthalmic Surgery
Authors: RAFFE MARC R. , BISTNER STEPHEN I. , CRIMI ANTHONY J. , RUFF JON
Published: February 2008

The use of retrobulbar block in conjunction with general anesthesia was evaluated in the horse. A prospective study of 12 cases fulfilling criteria for application of retrobulbar block was compared to a retrospective survey of 25 cases (control group) in which retrobulbar block was not performed. Retrobulbar block was done using a modified Peterson technique and 2% lidocaine HCI without epinephrine. In the control group, four horses exhibited signs compatible with initiation of the oculocardiac reflex; three horses developed bradyarrhythmias and hypotension during global traction related to enucleation, and cardiac arrest occurred in one horse during cataract extraction. In the retrobulbar block group, one horse developed bradyarrhythmia subsequent to retrobulbar block.
Volvulus of the Distal Part of the Jejunoileum in Four Cows
Authors: FUBINI S. L. , SMITH D. F. , TITHOF P. K. , PERDRIZET J. A. , REBHUN W. C.
Published: February 2008

Four cows were diagnosed as having volvulus of the distal jejunoileum. Affected cattle became acutely depressed, dehydrated, and tachycardic, all developed abdominal distention, and three of four were in severe pain at the time of admission. Feces were scant or absent. The volvulus was corrected by exteriorizing the small intestine and replacing it in correct position. All four cows recovered without complications and were well 6 months or more following surgery.
Total Ear Canal Ablation Clinical Results in the Dog and Cat
Authors: SMEAK DANIEL D. , DEHOFF WILLIAM D.
Published: February 2008

The clinical results of 39 consecutive ear ablations (in 28 dogs and three cats) performed over a 15‐year period were reviewed. Indications for ear canal ablation included hyperplastic tissue stenosis of the horizontal ear canal (23), failed lateral ear resections (13), and horizontal ear canal neoplasms (3). Ear ablation was successful in alleviating persistent signs of otitis in eight of 15 dogs with horizontal ear canal stenosis due to hyperplastic tissue, seven of 10 dogs with unsuccessful lateral ear resections, and two of five animals (three cats and two dogs) with horizontal ear canal neoplasms (follow‐up time periods greater than 5 months). Surgical complications occurred following 82% of the ablations; wound infections (41%) and facial nerve damage (36%) were most common. Local wound and antibiotic therapy successfully treated prolonged drainage following ablation in five of nine dogs. Bulla osteotomy and drainage were successful in the treatment of three dogs (four ears) that were unresponsive to medical therapy with postoperative ear fistula following ablation, one of two dogs with prolonged ear drainage following ablation for failed lateral ear resection, and one dog with recurrence of signs of inner ear disease following ablation (follow‐up period, 1 month to 4 years; mean, 3.4 years). Facial nerve damage caused by ablation was transient in nine of 14 ears, with most deficits returning to normal within 2 weeks.
Canine Lumbar Spinal Internal Fixation Techniques A Comparative Biomechanical Study
Authors: WALTER MARY C. , SMITH GAIL K. , NEWTON CHARLES D.
Published: February 2008

The stability (flexural rigidity) and strength of five canine spinal internal fixation techniques were quantitated and compared to each other and to the rigidity and strength of the intact spine. The techniques were applied to isolated canine lumbar spines (L2–L5) on which a complete spinal injury was surgically simulated at L3–L4. The spine‐implant preparations were subjected to four‐point bending and tested once to failure in flexion. The bending moment vs. L3–L4 angular deformation curves were recorded; rigidity and load sustained at failure (10° angular deformation) were compared. The combination of dorsal spinous process plate and dorsolateral vertebral body plate was the most rigid and most strong of the techniques tested. The dorsolateral vertebral body plate was the most rigid and most strong of the individual techniques, followed by the dorsal spinous process plate and the polymethylmethacrylate‐pin technique. Vertebral body crosspins provided the least strength and stability of any of the techniques tested.
Surgical Treatment of Gastroduodenal Obstructions in Foals
Authors: ORSINI JAMES A. , DONAWICK WILLIAM J.
Published: February 2008

Thirteen foals that ranged in age from 4 days to 4 months were presented for treatment of gastroduodenal obstruction. The site of obstruction was determined from examination of standing right lateral contrast radiographs of the caudal part of the thorax and abdomen. Depending on the site, the obstruction was bypassed by esophagogastrostomy, gastroduodenostomy, partial gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy, duodenojejunostomy, or gastrojejunostomy followed by jejunojejunostomy. Six of the 13 foals (46%) survived. All foals with pyloric stenosis survived. Seven of eight foals with duodenal stenosis died. Deaths were due to complications unrelated to the primary gastroduodenal obstruction.
Physeal Fractures in the Horse:I. Classification and Incidence
Authors: EMBERTSON ROLF M. , BRAMLAGE LARRY R. , HERRING DAVID S. , GABEL ALBERT A.
Published: February 2008

Seventy appendicular skeletal physeal fractures in 67 horses were reviewed and classified using the Salter‐Harris classification. All the horses were less than 2 years old (mean age at injury 6.2 months). The mean age at injury for pressure physeal fractures (5.2 months) was significantly less (p < .05) than for traction physeal fractures (8.3 months). The majority (67.2%) of the horses were female. Forty‐eight (69%) pressure physes and 22 (31%) traction physes were affected. The most common pressure and traction physeal fracture sites were the proximal femoral physis and the proximal ulnar physis, respectively. Sixty‐seven physeal fractures were classified: 14 as Type I (20.9%), 42 as Type II (62.7%), six as Type III (8.9%), and five as Type IV (7.5%). Forty‐six pressure physeal fractures were classified: six as Type I (13.0%), 30 as Type II (65.2%), five as Type Hi (10.9%), and 5 as Type IV (10.9%).
Arthroscopic Study of Cranial Cruciate Ligament and Medial Meniscal Lesions in the Dog
Authors: SIEMERING GEORGE B. , EILERT ROBERT E.
Published: February 2008

Twenty stifles (10 dogs) were studied for a period of 1 year after various lesions of the cranial cruciate ligament and medial meniscus were produced surgicaoy. Through serial arthroscopic evaluations, degenerative processes In stifles with a “torn” cranial cruciate ligament were documented. Intra‐articular changes were minimal after partial meniscectomy and were severe after total meniscectomy. Multiple arthroscopies caused no demonstrable changes.
Retroversion of the Epiglottis as a Complication of Endotracheal Intubation in the Horse A Pilot Study
Authors: DODMAN NICHOLAS H. , KOBLIK PHILIP D. , COURT MICHAEL H.
Published: February 2008

As part of a study of possible causes of postoperative pulmonary complications of general anesthesia in the horse, lateral cervical radiographs were taken after endotracheal intubation in nine randomly selected horses. The epiglottis was found to be retroverted in three. Subsequently, the effects of epiglottic retroversion during anesthesia on postoperative laryngeal function were investigated experimentally in three horses by fluoroscopy. No untoward sequelae were observed. Prophylaxis and potential adverse effects of this previously unreported complication of endotracheal intubation in the horse are discussed.
Anesthetic Management of Equine Head Trauma A Case Report
Authors: LEBLANC PATRICK H. , BRUNSON DAVID B.
Published: February 2008

A fractured frontal bone in an 8‐year‐old Arabian gelding was repaired surgically. The horse exhibited no detectable neurologic deficits before surgery. Anesthesia was induced with a combination of guaifenesin and sodium thiamylal and maintained on halothane in oxygen. Postoperatively, the neurologic status of the horse deteriorated, and it died. On postmortem examination, intracranial hemorrhage accompanied by pressure‐induced malacia of the adjacent brain parenchyma was discovered. The hemorrhage was not associated with the surgical site. The authors hypothesize that increased intracranial pressure occurred in the perioperative period.
Plate Luting* A Preliminary Report of Its Use in Horses
Authors: NUNAMAKER D. M. , BOWMAN K. F. , RICHARDSON D. W. , HERRING M.
Published: February 2008

Plate luting, a new method of interfacing a compression plate to bone for the repair of fractures, was proposed as a method to help facilitate immediate full weight bearing following internal fixation with plates and screws in horses. Theoretical mechanisms relating bone‐plate contact and screw support were discussed. Preliminary mechanical testing showed increased endurance of luted bone‐plate composites to cyclic loading when compared with the same devices without plate luting. Screw loosening, which often precedes plate failure, did not occur. In vivo studies showed results similar to in vitro experiments.
Caudal Approach to the Shoulder Joint in the Dog
Authors: TOMLINSON JAMES , CONSTANTINESCU GHEORGHE , McCLURE ROBERT , BOJRAB M. JOSEPH
Published: February 2008

A caudal approach to the scapulohumeral joint for treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral head was performed in seven dogs. By 14 days after surgery, three of the seven dogs were walking normally. At 6 weeks after surgery, all dogs were considered sound. Visualization was adequate for curettage of the osteochondritis dissecans lesions. Access to the medial joint compartment also was afforded.
Cancellous Bone Graft Collection from the Tibia in Dogs
Authors: JOHNSON K. A.
Published: February 2008

Autologous cancellous bone was collected from the metaphysis of the proximal end of the tibia in 30 medium and large dogs. Access to the metaphyseal cancellous bone was gained by making a medial opening in the cortex with a 5.6, 7.9, or 10 mm bone trephine. Sufficient bone was obtained from this site for grafting in each case. Four dogs had bilateral carpal arthrodesis that necessitated graft collection from both tibias. Complications arising from graft collection included wound disruption 5 days postoperatively (3/34 graft sites) and incomplete fracture of the tibial cortex created during the surgical procedure (1/34 graft sites). Collection of autologous cancellous bone from this sita in mature, medium and large dogs was found to be a safe procedure with a low incidence of donor site morbidity.
A New External Skeletal Fixation Device* That Allows Immediate Full Weightbearing Application in the Horse
Authors: NUNAMAKER D. M. , RICHARDSON D. W. , BUTTERWECK D. M. , PROVOST M. T. , SIGAFOOS R. D.
Published: February 2008

The design and development of a new external skeletal fixator (patent pending) for use as a full weight supporting device in the treatment of fractures and joint instabilities in the horse are described. The application of the device incorporating the foot at the base of a specially designed frame allows for transfixation of the bone only above the injury. Full weightbearing is accomplished immediately following device application. In vitro testing of the device using a cadaver specimen substantiated theoretical design parameters. Fifteen clinical cases documented the use of this device.
Full‐thickness Thoracic and Abdominal Wall Reconstruction in Dogs Using Carbon/Polycaprolactone Composite
Authors: RUNNELS CHRISTINE M. , TRAMPEL DARRELL W.
Published: February 2008

Square 9 × 9 cm full‐thickness defects were created in the thoracic wall of five dogs and the abdominal wall of five dogs. The skin was retained. Ten centimeter squares of carbon fabric with a thin polycaprolactone (PCL) lining were sutured into the defects with the PCL lining facing the viscera. The dogs were observed for 5 months. The surgical technique was simple and fast. All implants were well tolerated. Cosmetic results were excellent in nine dogs. One dog (abdominal implant) developed an infection and draining tract, and a second dog (thoracic implant) had a subclinical infection. Thoracic implants caused brief serosanguinous pleural transudate. Mild paradoxical respiratory motion disappeared by 8 weeks. Lungs were radiographically normal. At necropsy, fibrous tissue was present but lacked orientation. Loose adhesions covered 20 to 80% of implant linings. There was no significant difference in ultimate tensile strength of implant/fibrous tissue compared to control abdominal wall. No carbon fragments were observed in lymph nodes. Increased numbers of secondary follicles, plasma cells, eosinophils, and sinus histiocytes in lymph nodes suggested immunologic stimulation of undetermined significance.
Surgical Anatomy for Desmotomy of the Accessory Ligament of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (Proximal Check Ligament) in Horses
Authors: JANN HENRY W. , BEROZA GREGORY A. , FACKELMAN G. E.
Published: February 2008

Dissections were performed to study the surgical anatomy for desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament [PCL]). The surgical approach was initiated by incising the skin cranial to the cephalic vein and caudal to the distal radius. A palpable foramen in the antebrachial fascia that transmits a branch of the cephalic vein was used to advance deeper dissection. After the antebrachial fascia was incised, the fan‐shaped PCL was exposed by retracting the en‐sheathed tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle caudally. Desmotomy was performed gradually to avoid severing branches of the palmar carpal rete that pervade the ligament. Complete transection was evidenced by visualization of the membranous roof of the carpal canal distally, the muscle belly of the radial head of the deep digital flexor centrally, and loose areolar connective tissue along the caudal radius proximally. The vessels of the palmar carpal rete were visible coursing between the severed edges of the PCL. This report highlights relevant anatomic landmarks to facilitate an accurate desmotomy.
Experimental Duodenal Obstruction in the Horse
Authors: PUOTUNEN‐REINERT ANU , HUSKAMP B.
Published: February 2008

An experimental study of duodenal obstruction was performed on four horses to determine the relation between the volume of accumulated fluid in the stomach and the degree of dehydration and acid‐base disturbances. After a rapid increase, the production of fluid decreased slowly and ceased within 38 hours. The production averaged 0.31/100 kg body weight/hour. A continuing increase in packed cell volume was observed after the cessation of fluid production and the release of the obstruction. After the initial metabolic alkalosis, one horse had a metabolic acidosis, whereas two remained slightly alkalotic during the time of the duodenal obstruction. Acid‐base values were within normal limits in one horse.
Effects of Nylon and Polyglactin 910 Suture Material on Perilimbal Corneal Wound Healing in the Dog
Authors: van EE RENE T. , NASISSE MARK P. , HELMAN GAYMAN , SANDERS WILLIAM
Published: February 2008

The effects of fine suture materials on corneal wound healing in the dog were studied. In 20 dogs, standardized perforating perilimbal clear corneal wounds were made and closed with either monofilament Polyglactin 910 or nylon. Five dogs each were euthanized 8,12,16, and 21 days postoperatively. Results of gross, biomicroscopic, and histologic examinations at 8,12,16, and 21 days showed nylon and Polyglactin 910 to cause similar inflammatory responses. Epithelialization and suppuration around the suture tracts were observed more frequently when Polyglactin 910 was used. Both materials were associated with a foreign body (granulomatous) response. There was no loss of wound integrity with either material. Strengths of the incised corneal tissues with and without the sutures intact were determined. At day 16 postsurgery, there was a statistically significant difference in tissue strengths between cases in which sutures were and were not intact. This difference was not apparent at 21 days postsurgery, which suggested that the suture dependent phase ends between the 16th and 21st postsurgical days. In addition, at day 16 there was no statistical difference between the tissue strength of wounds sutured with nylon or Polyglactin 910. Corneal suture materials studied should remain in place for at least 16 days, and absorbable material is only appropriate if it retains tensile strength for 16 days.
Evaluation of an Esophageal Stethoscope as an Early Predictor of Serious Cardiovascular Insufficiency in the Dog
Authors: WAELCHLI‐SUTER CHRISTINA M. , McDONELL WAYNE N. , PASCOE PETER J. , DOUTHWAITE STEPHANIE
Published: February 2008

Accuracy of an esophageal stethoscope combined with a vital signs monitor (VSM) was evaluated as an early predictor of cardiovascular failure during anesthesia. In 10 anesthetized dogs, hypotension and reduction in cardiac output were induced by gradually increasing the inspired halothane concentration. Cardiovascular performance and intensity of heart sounds recorded by the esophageal stethoscope and amplified by the VSM were assessed as depth of anesthesia was increased. Halothane concentration was increased until cardiovascular performance was reduced to a point where heart sounds were no longer audible from the VSM. The esophageal stethoscope in combination with the VSM was easy to use and the unit had an excellent signal to noise ratio. However, usefulness of the esophageal stethoscope as an early predictor of serious cardiovascular depression could not be substantiated. In three dogs, cardiac arrest occurred simultaneously with the loss of heart sounds and in the remaining seven dogs, sound loss occurred when the degree of cardiovascular depression was life threatening.
Extracorporeal Bypass of the Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Trunk Using Autogenous Lungs for Oxygenation in the Dog
Authors: COOPER ROBERT C. , BROWN BOBBY G. , VADEN‐PIERSON MARY , GARMA‐AVIÑA ARMANDO
Published: February 2008

A technique for right heart bypass using autogenous lungs for oxygenation was evaluated. Venous blood was collected by a catheter placed in the right atrium and caudal vena cava. The blood then passed through the extracorporeal unit and was pumped into the pulmonary circulation. This technique allowed direct surgical exposure of the conus arteriosus, pulmonary valve, and pulmonary trunk. The surgical procedure, plasma hemoglobin levels, platelet and leukocyte counts, arterial blood gas, serum proteins, electrocardiogram, and postmortem findings were evaluated. Although there were significant alterations in many of these parameters, seven of eight dogs were successfully perfused and recovered rapidly from the surgery. One dog died of complications arising from inadequate venous return before bypass was established. On the first postoperative day, the survivors were ambulatory, eating, and having normal bowel function. Right heart bypass may be an effective method to approach lesions involving the conus arteriosus, pulmonary valve, and pulmonary trunk.
Comparison of the Strength and Holding Power of 4 Pin Designs for Use with Half Pin (Type I) External Skeletal Fixation
Authors: BENNETT R. AVERY , EGGER ERICK L. , HISTAND MICHAEL , ELLIS ALFRED B.
Published: February 2008

The strength and holding power of four pin designs for use with half pin (type I) external skeletal fixation were evaluated. Pins that were tested were fully threaded, nonthreaded, two cortices partially threaded, and one cortex partially threaded. The study involved three parts: (1) resistance of the pins to axial extraction immediately after insertion; (2) resistance of the pins to axial extraction 8 weeks after being inserted into the tibiae of live dogs; and (3) resistance of the pins to bending load. Pins with threads engaging two cortices were more resistant to axial extraction than nonthreaded pins in both the acute (p < 0.0001) and chronic (p < 0.0001) studies. Nonthreaded pins were more resistant to bending than fully threaded and two cortices partially threaded pins (p < 0.0005). One cortex partially threaded pins possessed similar bending strength to nonthreaded pins (p = 0.21) and had 5.3 times more resistance to axial extraction in the acute study (p < 0.0001) and 6.9 times more in the chronic study (p < 0.0001). Though one cortex partially threaded pins were not as resistant to axial extraction as pins with threads engaging two cortices (p < 0.0001), they were more resistant to bending loads (p < 0.0005). Loss of holding power and pin failure are two of the most serious problems associated with fracture stabilization using external skeletal fixation. The results of this study suggest that one cortex partially threaded pins are better at maintaining holding power and resisting bending and breaking than nonthreaded pins. With some compromise in holding power, they are also better at resisting failure than pins with threads engaging two cortices.
Lung Resection Using Surgical Staples in Dogs and Cats
Authors: LARUE S. M. , WITHROW S. J. , WYKES P. M.
Published: February 2008

Thirty seven dogs and cats were subjected to lobectomy, partial lobectomy, or pneumo‐nectomy using stapling equipment. The most common indication was neoplasia. No operative, perioperative, or long‐term deaths could be attributed to the use of staples; complications were minimal. Staple resection was believed to be safe, fast, and efficient for removal of various segments of canine and feline lung.
Cardiovascular Effects of Intravenous Sodium Penicillin, Sodium Cefazolin, and Sodium Citrate in Awake and Anesthetized Horses
Authors: HUBBELL J. A. E. , MUIR W. W. , ROBERTSON J. T. , SAMS R. A.
Published: February 2008

Sodium penicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium citrate were administered to six adult horses on separate occasions, when awake and during anesthesia. The order of administration was randomized and studies were separated by a minimum of 7 days. Arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (0.05) from control 5 minutes after intravenous (IV) sodium penicillin in awake and anesthetized horses. Systolic arterial blood pressure remained significantly (0.05) decreased 10 minutes after IV sodium penicillin in anesthetized horses. Sodium cefazolin and sodium citrate did not significantly affect any of the measured cardiovascular variables. Although the changes in arterial blood pressure were small (8–15 mm Hg), monitoring of arterial blood pressure is advised when sodium penicillin is administered IV to anesthetized horses.
Evaluation of 2 Types of External Skeletal Fixation for Repair of Experimental Tibial Fractures in Foals
Authors: SULLINS KENNETH E. , McILWRAITH C. WAYNE
Published: February 2008

Transverse or oblique midshaft tibial osteotomies were created in 11 foals. The osteotomies were repaired during the same procedure using external skeletal fixation in either full splint or 3‐dimensional (3‐D) tent configurations. Four of the six foals receiving the full splint fixator recovered to full soundness; two were euthanized because of complications. The foals receiving the 3‐D tent configuration would not bear weight on the limbs and consequently suffered significant secondary fracture disease. These foals were euthanized for humane reasons before the scheduled termination of the project. The full splint configuration is considered a viable option for use in foals less than 150 kg with fractures that are not amenable to other proven methods of repair.
Use of a Double Hook Plate for Treatment of a Distal Radial Fracture in a Dog
Authors: BELLAH JAMIE R.
Published: February 2008

Attempted stabilization of open, distal radius and ulnar fractures in a 3‐year‐old German shepherd dog using intramedullary pins and a Schroeder‐Thomas splint resulted in malalignment of the limb and osteomyelitis. A double hook plate was used to rigidly stabilize the distal radial fracture after anatomical realignment. An autogenous cancellous bone graft was used where a lateral architectural defect remained after reduction. Culture of the fracture site showed Staphylococcus sp., which responded to chloramphenicol therapy. Fracture union and resolution of osteomyelitis occurred by 9 weeks after surgery, and the dog had no lameness and a normal muscle mass 22 weeks after surgery. The double hook plate provided rigid internal fixation of the radial fracture, allowed a rapid return to function during osteosynthesis, and minimal interference of antebrachiocarpal joint function occurred.
Effect of Cerclage Wires on Periosteal Bone in Growing Dogs
Authors: WILSON JAMES W.
Published: February 2008

Three diameters of wire were placed circumferentialiy around the femora of six 22 week old puppies. The wires were placed over the periosteum on one limb and under the periosteum on the other limb. The effect of the wires on actively growing bone was evaluated 3 and 8 weeks after placement. Diffuse growth of periosteal new bone occurred in immature dog femora in which cerclage were placed under the periosteum. This reaction corresponded with dramatically increased medullary and periosteal microvas‐cularity coupled with histologic active trabecular bone formation. In femora in which wires were placed over the periosteum, even though the placement of the wires should supposedly have been the most detrimental, there were active vessels within the cortex directly under all wires. In both preparations, cerclage wires were becoming encased in the growing cortical bone 8 weeks after placement. Cerclage wires did not devitalize immature bone nor did it restrict adjacent appositional bone growth.
Gastric Drainage Procedures: Effects in Normal Dogs I. Introduction and Description of Surgical Procedures
Authors: PAPAGEORGES MARC , BRETON LUC , BONNEAU NORBERT H.
Published: February 2008

Gastric drainage procedures are commonly used in veterinary medicine, particularly in dogs in attempts to prevent recurrence of gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV). The following five different procedures have been most commonly described: the Fredet‐Ramstedt pyloromyotomy (FRP); Heineke‐Mikulicz pyloroplasty (HMP); Finney pyloroplasty (FP); Jaboulay's gastroduodenostomy (JG); and antral gastrojejunostomy (AG). These surgical procedures have not been compared in a controlled study. This first article of a series of three describes the gastric drainage procedures performed in 30 normal dogs for a comparative study. The FRP and HMP were the fastest and easiest procedures to perform. The degree of difficulty was found to be increased but similar for FP, JG, and AG. No complication occurred during or immediately after surgery.
Gastric Drainage Procedures: Effects in Normal Dogs III. Postmortem Evaluation
Authors: PAPAGEORGES MARC , BONNEAU NORBERT H. , BRETON LUC
Published: February 2008

Postmortem macroscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract and plastic moldings of the gastrointestinal communication were done in 29 dogs which had been subjected 3 to 4 weeks previously to one of the following gastric drainage procedure: (1) Fredet‐Ramstedt pyloromyotomy (FRP) (6 dogs); (2) Heineke‐Mikulicz pyloroplasty (HMP) (6 dogs); (3) Finney pyloroplasty (FP) (6 dogs); (4) Jaboulay's gastroduodenostomy (JG) (6 dogs); and (5) antral gastrojejunostomy (AG) (5 dogs). Plastic moldings were also done in nine normal dogs of similar size for comparative measurements. Postmortem examinations and plastic casts of the antropyloroduodenal segment and antrojejunal communication showed significantly widened pyloric canal or large gastrointestinal communication compared to control dogs in all groups except for the FRP group. Almost complete healing had occurred at the myotomy site in FRP dogs, and the pyloric lumen was not significantly larger (0.05) than the pyloric lumen of the control dogs. The lumen of the gastrointestinal junction was increased approximately 4.5 times in the HMP group, 12.0 times in the FP group, 7.2 times in the JG group, and 10.0 times in the AG group.
Arthroscopic Examination of the Femorotibial Joints of Horses
Authors: MOUSTAFA M. A. I. , BOERO M. J. , BAKER G. J.
Published: February 2008

A technique for satisfactory arthroscopic examination of the lateral and medial femorotibial joints of the horse is described. The entry portal is made between the middle and medial patellar ligaments with the horse on its back and the stifle flexed. This position allows easy access to view the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. From this reference point, examination of all but the most caudal and medial structures of the joints are possible by manipulating the sleeve and telescope and maintaining joint distention. In a series of 20 examinations, iatrogenic trauma was recognized only once.
Use of Intraoperative Ultrasonography to Identify a Cervical Foreign Body A Case Report
Authors: ADAMS RAGAN , NIXON ALAN , HAGER DAVID
Published: February 2008

Real‐time ultrasound was used to identify a foreign‐body abscess causing an extraluminal esophageal obstruction in the neck of a horse. Surgical exploration to remove the foreign body and drain the abscess was performed after 2 months of medical management that had failed to resolve the problem. The abscess could not be visualized because there was no draining tract or other localizing sign of inflammation. Ultrasound was used aseptically to guide surgical dissection to the walled off abscess with minimal damage to adjacent vital structures in the surgical field. The signs of esophageal obstruction abated and have not recurred in 15 months.
Effects of the Y‐U Pyloroplasty on Gastric Emptying and Duodenogastric Reflux in the Dog
Authors: STANTON MARYLYNN E. , BRIGHT RONALD M. , TOAL ROBERT , DENOVO ROBERT C. , McCRACKEN MALCOLM , McLAUREN J. B.
Published: February 2008

A Y‐U pyloroplasty was performed on five healthy adult dogs. Gastric emptying half times (t 1/2 GE) of a canned food meal were measured by scintigraphy three times before surgery and three times from 6 to 8 weeks after surgery. Fluoroscopic studies of gastric and duodenal motility were made before surgery and 3, 7, and 35 days after surgery. Clinical observations were made daily throughout the study. Gross and histologic evaluations of the gastroesophageal and pyloric regions were performed at the termination of the study. The t 1/2 GE was significantly decreased after surgery. By positive contrast fluoroscopy, the vigor of antral contractions was seen to be decreased in three of the five dogs. On days 7 and 35, fluoroscopic findings were comparable to preoperative studies. Duodenogastric reflux was recognized fluoroscopically in three dogs on four different occasions. This may reflect normal reflux patterns in the dog. No gastrointestinal problems were evident after surgery in four dogs. Reflux esophagitis developed in one dog after surgery, which resolved with therapy. Studies of the Y‐U pyloroplasty after 2 months indicated that it decreased gastric emptying time of solid food. Results of postmortem examination showed no abnormal gross or histopathologic changes of esophageal, gastric, or proximal duodenal tissues.
Osteofascial Compartment Syndrome in the Dog
Authors: BASINGER R. RANDY , ARON DENNIS N. , CROWE DENNIS T. , PURINTON P. THOMAS
Published: February 2008

Experimentally induced osteofascial compartment syndrome (OFCS) has been reported in the craniolateral compartment of the canine crus. In this study, anatomic dissections and contrast radiographs were used to describe three additional osteofascial compartments in canine limbs. Experimental OFCS was produced in four different compartments, and caused muscle and nerve pathology in each. When compartment pressures were evaluated in traumatized animals, moderate elevations in compartment pressures were found. A compartment syndrome that developed in one dog was surgically decompressed, returning elevated pressures to a safe level.
Tissue Reaction to Suture Material in the Feline Linea Alba A Retrospective, Prospective, and Histologic Study
Authors: FREEMAN LYNETTA J. , PETTIT GHERY D. , ROBINETTE JACK D. , LINCOLN JAMES D. , PERSON MYRON W.
Published: February 2008

Swelling and inflammation along the incision line were observed after elective ovariohysterectomy in 22 of 66 cats in a retrospective study. In a prospective study of 99 feline abdominal incisions closed with surgical gut, polyglactin 910, or polydioxanone, with and without subcutaneous closure, the least inflammation occurred when the linea alba was sutured with polyglactin 910 and the subcutaneous tissues were not sutured. Histologically, reactions in the linea alba of 12 other cats progressed from purulent to fibromono‐nuclear to fibrous within 14 days after closure with gut, polyglactin 910, and polydioxanone. Microscopic evidence of seroma formation in 9 of 12 animals in which the subcutaneous tissue was not sutured suggested that surgical closure of subcutaneous dead space was indicated. The inflammatory reaction did not appear to be related to any one suture material as reactions were seen with all of them.
Transfer of Free Vascular Cutaneous Flaps by Microvascular Anastomosis Results in Six Dogs
Authors: FOWLER J. DAVID , MILLER CRAIG W. , BOWEN VAUGHAN , JOHNSTON GEOFFREY H.
Published: February 2008

Skin defects on the distal extremities of six dogs were reconstructed with free vascular cutaneous transfers by microvascular anastomosis. The donor flaps were based on the superficial cervical artery and vein. In five of the dogs, bone was exposed and skin was lost from half of the circumference of the limb. Two had infected fractures with sequestra and three had acute shearing injuries. The sixth dog had sensory denervation of the left antebrachium and a carpal acral lick granuloma. Before surgery, the patency of potential recipient vessels was confirmed with arteriography in five dogs and an ultrasonic doppler in one dog. Microvascular technique was used to reestablish circulation to the flaps after they were transferred to the recipient site. Total ischemic time of the flaps averaged 100 minutes. All flaps survived. Successful reconstruction of the cutaneous defects was achieved in these six cases.
Postural Influence on Systemic Blood Pressure in Large Full‐term Pregnant Bitches during General Anesthesia
Authors: PROBST CURTIS W. , BROADSTONE RICHARD V. , EVANS A. THOMAS
Published: February 2008

Effects of positioning on systemic blood pressure were evaluated in six full‐term pregnant golden retriever bitches during general anesthesia. Two positions (dorsal and left lateral recumbency) were examined. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal sodium and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Direct arterial blood pressures were recorded from the bitches in each position. Effects of positioning for each bitch during general anesthesia were reexamined after the bitch weaned its pups; thus, each bitch served as its own control. Maternal posture had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on systemic blood pressure. Pregnancy had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on systemic blood pressure. Supine hypotension did not occur in anesthetized large, full‐term pregnant bitches. Dorsal recumbency was an acceptable position for cesarean sections performed with the patient under general anesthesia.
Bypass Surgery for the Treatment of Small Intestinal Ileus in the Horse A Report of Three Cases
Authors: MacHARG MARGARET A. , FOERNER JOSEPH J. , PHILLIPS THOMAS N. , BARCLAY WILLIAM P.
Published: February 2008

The medical management of three horses with simple and strangulating small intestinal obstructions was unsuccessful and was therefore supported by surgical bypasses. Jejunocecostomies were used to treat horses with postoperative paralytic ileus that was unresponsive to medical management. These horses had abdominal pain, gastric distention, heart rate elevations greater than 60/minute, and small intestinal distention on rectal palpation. Two horses experienced weight loss which responded to bypass removal. The bypass effectively decreased the need for intravenous fluid administration and repeated nasogastric intubation.
Partial Hepatic Resection for Treatment of a Single Liver Abscess in a Dairy Heifer
Authors: PARKER JILL E. , GAUGHAN EARL M.
Published: February 2008

A single large hepatic abscess in a 10 month old Holstein heifer was treated successfully by partial hepatic resection. No complications or recurrence of clinical signs have developed in the 9 months since the resection. Partial hepatic resection is an effective treatment of solitary bovine liver abscesses that warrants further investigation.
The Effect of Partial Rostral Hemimandibulectomy on Mandibular Mobility and Temporomandibular Joint Morphology in the Dog
Authors: UMPHLET RANDALL C. , JOHNSON ANN L. , EURELL JOANNE C. , LOSONSKY JOHN
Published: February 2008

Partial rostral hemimandibulectomy was performed in 10 adult dogs. The temporomandibular joints (TMJs) were examined radiographically and tomographically before surgery, and mandibular stability was evaluated before and immediately after surgery. Radiographic, tomographic, and hemimandibular mobility assessments were made again at months 3 and 6. The TMJs were examined grossly and histologically in five dogs euthanatized at month 3 and in five dogs euthanatized at month 6. Statistically significant hemimandibular instability (p < 0.05) persisted in all subjects throughout the study. The radiographic appearance of the joints remained unaltered; however, space asymmetry was identified in postoperative tomograms of three dogs at month 3 and four dogs at month 6. The TMJs were grossly normal at necropsy. Histologically, there were degenerative changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone in all of the joints. The authors conclude that partial rostral hemimandibulectomy causes TMJ degeneration, as a consequence of hemimandibular instability or abnormal loading, or both.
A Developmental Model for Free Vascularized Bone Transfers in the Dog
Authors: LEVITT LYNDELL , FOWLER J. DAVID , LONGLEY MIKE , BOWEN VAUGHAN , WILKINSON A. A.
Published: February 2008

An autogenous free vascular bone transfer using a segment of ulna along with its periosteum and vascular pedicle was developed. The vascular pedicle, based on the common interosseous artery and vein, emerged where muscular branches from the cranial interosseous artery enter the extensor carpi ulnaris and lateral digital extensor muscles. Four autogenous heterotopic (ulna to tibia) vascular transfers by microvascular anastomosis and two avascular transfers were performed to compare the osteogenic potential and viability of free revascularized grafts with avascular bone grafts. Successful microvascular anastomosis was demonstrated in three of the four vascular transfers by early bone scanning using technetium‐labeled polyphosphate. Radiographically, there was more periosteal new bone and callus formation in the successfully revascularized bone transfers than in the failed vascular transfer and the avascular controls. Histologically, viable bone with an intact medullary and periosteal vascular supply was recognized in the grafts successfully revascularized by microvascular anastomosis.
Clinical Evaluation of Canine Acetabular Fractures Stabilized with an Acetabular Plate
Authors: ANSON L. W. , DeYOUNG D. J. , RICHARDSON D. C. , BETTS C. W.
Published: February 2008

A retrospective study of 14 dogs with one or more acetabular fractures stabilized with an acetabular plate was conducted. Twelve of the 14 dogs had additional orthopedic injuries. Follow‐up was longer than 6 months. Eleven dogs were evaluated by assessment of radiographs, lameness, mid‐thigh circumference, coxofemoral joint range of motion, crepitus, and pain. Varying degrees of osteoarthrosis were noted radiographically at follow‐up. Ten of 12 dogs examined had occasional or no clinical lameness. In 10 of 12 dogs, mid‐thigh circumference was less on the limb that sustained the acetabular fracture. Nonunion was diagnosed in one plated acetabulum in which two screws had broken. A return to normal or nearly normal function was observed when there were no more than two orthopedic injuries.
Partial Arytenoidectomy in the Horse with and without Mucosal Closure
Authors: TULLENERS ERIC P. , HARRISON IAN W. , MANN PETER , RAKER CHARLES W.
Published: February 2008

Left‐sided partial arytenoidectomy was performed in eight horses to evaluate healing. Four horses underwent conventional partial arytenoidectomy with suture apposition of the mucosa. In four horses, most of the arytenoid cartilage, including overlying mucosa, vocal fold, and laryngeal saccule, were excised en bloc without mucosal closure. The horses were monitored clinically by endoscopic examination. One horse from each group was euthanatized at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 16. Complete necropsies with gross and histologic examination of the arytenoidectomy sites were performed. Postoperative complications such as coughing, dysphagia, and aspiration pneumonia were not encountered and problems with wound healing were minimal in both groups. The defect created by partial arytenoidectomy without mucosal closure initially filled to the level of the luminal surface with granulation tissue, with a gradual transition to mature fibrous connective tissue. Grossly, the defect appeared to be healed and was completely epithelialized by week 16 without apparent narrowing of the laryngeal lumen. Partial arytenoidectomy sites with mucosal closure healed in a similar pattern by week 8. Partial dehiscence of the dorsal portion of the sutured mucosa occurred in three horses.
A Mucosal Flap Technique for Correction of Laryngeal Webbing Results in Four Dogs
Authors: MATUSHEK K. J. , BJORLING DALE E.
Published: February 2008

Postoperative laryngeal webbing in four dogs was corrected with a mucosal flap technique using mucosa harvested from the lateral wall of the laryngeal ventricle. Airway obstruction caused by the webbing was relieved in all dogs. Follow‐up time was 3 months to 5 years. The technique allowed mucosal apposition without undue tension on the suture line.
Mandibular Fractures in the Cat A Retrospective Study
Authors: UMPHLET RANDALL C. , JOHNSON A. L.
Published: February 2008

A retrospective study was made of 75 mandibular fractures in 62 cats. Mandibular fractures comprised 14.5% of all fractures seen in 517 cats. Automobile trauma was the cause of injury in more than 50% of the cases. The mean age of patients was 29.5 months. Symphyseal fractures were most common (73.3%), followed by fractures of the body (16%), condyle (6.7%), and coronoid process (4%). Sixty‐seven percent of the fractures were stabilized. Cerclage and interfragmentary wiring were the most common forMS of fixation. Antibiotics were administered to 73.6% of the patients. Complications were reported in 24.5% of the cats. Malocclusion and soft tissue infections were the most frequent complications. Complications developed more commonly in cats with multiple or open fractures. Clinical union occurred by an average of 6 weeks (range, 3–12 weeks) for symphyseal fractures, 10 weeks (range, 8–16 weeks) for body fractures, 6 weeks for coronoid fractures, and 6 weeks (range, 4–8 weeks) for condylar fractures.
Intraoperative Irradiation of 16 Spontaneously Occurring Canine Neoplasms
Authors: WITHROW STEPHEN J. , GILLETTE EDWARD L. , HOOPES PAUL JACK , McCHESNEY SHARON L.
Published: February 2008

Sixteen dogs with malignant neoplasms were treated with intraoperative radiation therapy after surgical debulking. Fractionated external beam radiation therapy was given postoperatively to 11 dogs. Healing of surgical incisions was uncomplicated in 14 dogs. When the ureters or urinary bladder were included in the irradiation field, they became stenotic and fibrotic. Urinary incontinence and secondary renal injury were common. Local tumor control was poor regardless of site or tumor type.