bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les tendances du comportement sexuel des adolescents francophones du Manitoba
Authors: Delaquis Stéfan , de Moissac Danielle
Published: April 2012

Cet article s’intéresse aux tendances du comportement sexuel des adolescents. Un de ses principaux objectifs est de décrire les comportements sexuels des élèves francophones de la 9e à la 12e année des écoles rurales et urbaines de la Division scolaire franco-manitobaine (DSFM). On y présente également les tendances du comportement sexuel des jeunes de 15 à 19 ans au Canada ainsi que des motifs plausibles des comportements sexuels chez les adolescents. De plus, d’autres aspects, tels que le contrôle des parents et les conséquences néfastes associées aux comportements sexuels, sont abordés afin de mettre en perspective et d’illustrer quelques composantes de la sexualité à l’adolescence. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de l’enquête en milieu francophone minoritaire au Manitoba indiquent que 76 % des répondants disent n’avoir jamais eu de relation sexuelle avec pénétration.
Considérer les normes sociales et culturelles pour une meilleure acceptation des innovations technologiques en alimentation : les leçons du rejet des aliments génétiquement modifiés (OGM)
Authors: Debucquet Gervaise
Published: April 2012

Face au refus croissant des innovations technologiques alimentaires par les consommateurs, cet article examine le rôle des normes sociales et culturelles dans la formation des représentations associées aux aliments génétiquement modifiés (OGM) et à leurs risques à travers le cas des français. Pour ces derniers, le génie génétique porte atteinte à la sociabilité, au goût et à l’authenticité des aliments. Les perceptions du risque s’avérant largement prédéterminées par la culture alimentaire, cet article propose, au plan managérial, des pistes pour intégrer ces dimensions en amont des processus d’innovation et améliorer plus généralement l’acceptation des nouvelles technologies alimentaires.
Expliquer les pratiques d’enseignement-apprentissage : un bilan épistémologique
Authors: Sarremejane Philippe , Lémonie Yannick
Published: April 2012

Cet article se propose de réaliser un bilan des paradigmes explicatifs ayant pour objet la pratique d’enseignement-apprentissage. Ces paradigmes sont des indicateurs de l’évolution des positions épistémologiques depuis les années 60. Des problématiques dominantes définissent des tendances dont la communauté des chercheurs pourrait tirer des enseignements pour l’avenir.
François Maspero et la typographie de l’édition politique1
Authors: Joseph Camille
Published: April 2012

Les Éditions Maspero, créées à Paris en 1959, fournissent un exemple particulièrement intéressant de la tension très forte qui peut exister entre, d’un côté, un objectif éditorial politique, en l’occurrence anticapitaliste, et, de l’autre, le goût personnel de l’éditeur, François Maspero, pour les dimensions les plus matérielles et « esthétiques » de l’édition. Le décalage entre le contenu des livres et leur habillage visuel fournit une clé pour comprendre la conception de l’édition politique de François Maspero, tout en mettant au jour les contradictions de ce dernier et, peut-être, les contradictions de toute édition politique : le livre politique puise sa légitimité à des sources qui ne sont pas directement politiques. En examinant en particulier le cas de la collection de littérature « Voix », cet article montre comment la présence simultanée d’un goût pour la « pure » typographie et d’une mission politique forte pouvait seulement fonctionner dans la référence à un modèle artisanal d’édition, à l’opposé d’un modèle industriel et capitaliste.
Deux aventures éditoriales à l’époque de l’affaire Dreyfus : Stock et les Cahiers de la Quinzaine
Authors: Kettani Assia
Published: April 2012

Dans la bataille qui opposa les partisans de la révision du procès de Dreyfus et ses adversaires, les milieux éditoriaux jouèrent un rôle décisif et influencèrent les termes du débat polémique. Alors que les dreyfusards étaient marginalisés dans la presse à grand tirage et minoritaires sur le terrain de l’opinion, ils se dotèrent de structures d’édition indépendantes qui leur procurèrent une entière liberté d’expression. Ces structures éditoriales permirent aux dreyfusards d’opposer aux caricatures et aux articles virulents des antidreyfusards des essais, des livres dans lesquels ils pouvaient déployer des réflexions argumentées. Alors que Stock avait lancé sans retenue sa maison d’édition dans la bataille, Péguy allait quant à lui pousser jusqu’à l’extrême l’idéal politique qu’il avait défendu pendant l’Affaire. Ses Cahiers de la Quinzaine, conçus selon un idéal socialiste et affranchis de tout souci de rentabilité, allaient lui permettre de poursuivre jusqu’à l’épuisement sa vision, sa mémoire et sa théorie du dreyfusisme.
Les ambivalences d’une entreprise de presse gaie : le périodique Gai Pied, de l’engagement au consumérisme
Authors: Pinhas Luc
Published: April 2012

L’aventure de presse du Gai Pied, mensuel puis hebdomadaire qui se voulait d’informations générales, a joué un rôle majeur, à un moment-clé, dans l’affirmation des gais en France, au tournant des années 1980. Engagé dans une démarche politique et sociale qui dépasse le cadre strict du militantisme, à l’exemple du grand aîné Libération, le journal entend d’abord donner une voix aux gais dans l’espace public et leur permettre de porter un regard spécifique sur le monde en évolution, sans se limiter aux seules problématiques homosexuelles. Les rapports de pouvoir au sein de l’équipe, qui se traduisent par plusieurs crises internes, la difficulté de s’adresser à la communauté gaie dans son ensemble, mais aussi les contraintes liées à une entreprise commerciale et le désinvestissement idéologique qui suit l’élection de François Mitterrand à la présidence de la République le conduisent toutefois, à partir de 1983, à modifier sa stratégie éditoriale. Il sombre alors dans le consumérisme et ne s’adresse plus qu’à une frange de son public, celle qui fréquente assidûment les lieux festifs des grandes villes. L’échec du projet originel, dans son originalité et sa complexité, s’ensuit inéluctablement.
La légitimité de la diversité en éducation : réflexion sur l’inclusion
Authors: Prud’homme Luc , Vienneau Raymond , Ramel Serge , Rousseau Nadia
Published: April 2012

Le présent texte a pour objectif de proposer une réflexion sur le thème de la diversité à l’école, et ce, sous l’angle de l’inclusion scolaire ou de son alternative, l’exclusion scolaire et sociale. Le texte examine ainsi certaines conceptions favorisant une reconnaissance positive et constructive de la diversité en contexte scolaire. Ensuite, il explore la dimension sociale et culturelle de ce phénomène pour enfin traiter la question de l’inclusion et de la pédagogie de l’inclusion.
La gestion des problèmes de comportement en classe inclusive : pratiques efficaces
Authors: Gaudreau Nancy
Published: April 2012

Cet article présente des pistes d’intervention susceptibles de soutenir l’inclusion scolaire des élèves présentant des comportements difficiles à l’école. Il vise à susciter la réflexion et la mobilisation des différents acteurs de l’éducation responsables de la mise en oeuvre de mesures d’accueil et de soutien aux élèves présentant des difficultés d’ordre comportemental. Parmi les pistes d’intervention explorées, on accorde une importance particulière à la formation du personnel scolaire; au développement de leur sentiment d’efficacité personnelle en matière d’intervention auprès des élèves présentant des comportements difficiles; à la prévention des difficultés de comportement, en cherchant par exemple à établir une relation positive entre l’enseignant et chaque élève, de même qu’à la planification, au suivi et au travail de collaboration des différents acteurs scolaires.
Le sens construit autour de la différenciation pédagogique dans le cadre d’une recherche-action-formation
Authors: Prud’homme Luc , Dolbec André , Guay Marie-Hélène
Published: April 2012

La différenciation pédagogique se présente actuellement comme unecléfavorisant l’augmentation des taux de réussite scolaire. Or, les exemples de son articulation sur le terrain sont rares et les enseignants s’interrogent sur sa faisabilité. De surcroît, il semble que la formation à l’enseignement comporte des lacunes au regard de la prise en compte de la diversité. C’est dans ce contexte qu’un chercheur s’est engagé dans une démarche de recherche avec onze enseignantes québécoises du préscolaire/primaire afin 1) de comprendre comment des praticiens peuvent concevoir une différenciation en classe et 2) d’approfondir des pistes d’action pouvant soutenir la formation à cette pratique. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que l’enseignant qui différencie inscrit sa pratique dans un idéal d’interdépendance et d’intercompréhension favorisant la reconnaissance, l’exploitation et la valorisation explicite de la diversité. Il s’ouvre ainsi à la légitimité d’une pluralité de fins et de moyens pour enseigner. Sur le plan de la formation, les résultats suggèrent qu’un travail introspectif favorise une ouverture à la diversité et révèlent cinq critères pédagogiques pouvant orienter le travail du chercheur-formateur dans une démarche de recherche-action-formation : 1) rendre le savoir accessible, 2) favoriser l’engagement, 3) susciter le dialogue cognitif, 4) favoriser la restructuration du savoir et 5) soutenir l’activité réflexive tout au long de la démarche de recherche.
Characterizing Synaptic Vesicle Proteins Using Synaptosomal Fractions and Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: DiGiovanni Jerome , Sun Tao , Sheng Zu‐Hang
Published: April 2012

Cloning and characterization of synaptic vesicle proteins and their binding counterparts on the presynaptic plasma membrane have greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the synaptic vesicle cycle and neurotransmitter release. This unit discusses multidisciplinary approaches to characterize proteins from synaptosome‐enriched subcellular fractions and localize them within cultured neurons. The first approach regroups methods used to isolate synaptic vesicles from rat brain synaptosomal preparations, allowing for specific biochemical investigation of synaptic vesicle proteins. The second is a detailed procedure for pre‐embedding immunogold staining and electron microscopic observation, which permits the morphological identification of proteins in individual vesicles at intact synapses. Additionally, this chapter proposes methods for light microscopic examination of hippocampal neurons. It includes procedures for embryonic and postnatal hippocampal neuron culture and describes an immunocytochemical staining protocol used to investigate synaptic vesicle protein localization with respect to other proteins or subcellular structures. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 59:2.7.1‐2.7.22. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fountain Flow Cytometry
Authors: Johnson Paul
Published: April 2012

Fountain Flow Cytometry (FFC) is a simple and inexpensive technology that is adaptable to situations requiring detection and enumeration of cells/organisms at low concentrations, but is limited to particles of relatively high fluorescence intensity. This work presents the basic physics behind the novel scheme Fountain Flow Cytometry employs for the detection of target particles, a hybrid of conventional flow cytometry and video epifluorescence microscopy. The method is based on LED‐induced fluorescence of labeled particles and requires no filtration step. Unlike conventional flow cytometry, the resulting fluorescence is measured with a digital camera as the measured sample flows toward the camera along the optical axis. An automated target particle recognition and enumeration computer program, Biocount, is used to count particles. FFC allows for detection of target particles in transparent and translucent fluids, such as environmental water, blood, and beverages. In addition, FFC can be used for detection of target particles in the presence of high photometric background, including unbound fluorescent dye. This facilitates use of the technique in situations where cells are unwashed. Current applications extend, but are not limited to, particles from µm‐size bacteria to multi‐millimeter‐sized multicellular organisms. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 60:1.26.1‐1.26.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Two‐Photon Imaging of the Immune System
Authors: Dzhagalov Ivan L. , Melichar Heather J. , Ross Jenny O. , Herzmark Paul , Robey Ellen A.
Published: April 2012

Two‐photon microscopy is a powerful method for visualizing biological processes as they occur in their native environment in real time. The immune system uniquely benefits from this technology as most of its constituent cells are highly motile and interact extensively with each other and with the environment. Two‐photon microscopy has provided many novel insights into the dynamics of the development and function of the immune system that could not have been deduced by other methods and has become an indispensible tool in the arsenal of immunologists. In this unit, we provide several protocols for preparation of various organs for imaging by two‐photon microscopy that are intended to introduce the new user to some basic aspects of this method. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 60:12.26.1‐12.26.20. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Live Imaging of the Lung
Authors: Thornton Emily E. , Krummel Matthew F. , Looney Mark R.
Published: April 2012

Live imaging is critical to determining the dynamics and spatial interactions of cells within the tissue environment. In the lung, this has proven to be difficult due to the motion incurred by ventilation and cardiac contractions. In this chapter, we report protocols for imaging ex vivo live lung slices and the intact mouse lung. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 60:12.28.1‐12.28.12. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adaptive mixing control with multiple estimators
Authors: Baldi Simone , Ioannou Petros A. , Kosmatopoulos Elias B.
Published: April 2012

A recently proposed adaptive control scheme with mixing involves the use of precalculated candidate controllers whose output is weighted on the basis of the parameter estimates generated by an online parameter estimator. It has been shown analytically and demonstrated in simulations that adaptive control with mixing exhibits good performance for the regulation case in the presence of modeling errors, disturbances, and time delays. The transient performance, however, depends on the initial conditions of the parameter estimator, and for some initial conditions, the transient oscillations may not be acceptable in certain applications. In this paper, we combine the controller mixing strategy with a multiple parameter estimation architecture plus a hysteresis switching logic selecting the parameter estimates that generate the smaller estimation errors to decide the mixing of the controllers. We show analytically that this approach, referred to as multiestimator adaptive mixing control, achieves stability and stability robustness, and we demonstrate using extensive simulations that the scheme achieves consistently better transient performance than the original adaptive mixing control. In addition, we extend the design and analysis to be applicable to the tracking case where the output is required to track a nonzero reference signal. The stability and performance of the proposed scheme in the presence of unmodeled dynamics and bounded disturbances have also been analyzed and demonstrated using a numerical example. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive predictive expert control of levels in large canals for irrigation water distribution
Authors: Aguilar José V. , Langarita Pedro , Linares Lorenzo , Rodellar José , Soler Joan
Published: April 2012

Proportional integral (PI) control is the most frequently used method for controlling water levels in irrigation canals. For design purposes, simplified linear models are typically used to describe the series of pools that, separated by control gates, compose the whole canal. Common models are made by series connection of integrator plus time delay or integrator with time delay plus a zero, these models being obtained from the Saint‐Venant equations. However, it is known that hydraulic processes in irrigation canals are strongly nonlinear and present dynamics that are time varying depending on the operating point and the hydraulic conditions of the pool, so that the performance of PI controls may be reduced as the operating point moves far from the nominal design state. This paper presents the application of an adaptive predictive expert control (ADEX) for the distant downstream level control in irrigation canals trying to exploit their adaptive capability to efficiently achieve changes in the setpoint levels and disturbance rejection. Both PI and ADEX controllers are compared in simulation and in real field tests in the control of the end pool of the Canal Imperial de Aragón in Spain. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia‐related changes are characterized by a specific molecular pattern with high frequency of ASXL1 mutations
Authors: Devillier Raynier , Gelsi‐Boyer Véronique , Brecqueville Mandy , Carbuccia Nadine , Murati Anne , Vey Norbert , Birnbaum Daniel , Mozziconacci Marie‐Joëlle
Published: April 2012

To determine whether the distinct and heterogeneous WHO category called “AML with myelodysplasia‐related changes” (MRC‐AML), presents specific molecular alterations we searched for mutations in genes known to be mutated in malignant myeloid diseases. In 48 MRC‐AML patients analyzed, we found 17 mutations in ASXL1 (35%), eight in RUNX1 (17%), seven in TET2 (15%), 12 in IDH (n = 2) or IDH2 (n = 10) (25%), four in DNMT3A (8%), four in NPM1 (8%), and one in FLT3 (2%). Mutations were more frequent in the intermediate cytogenetic (IC) subgroup of 36 patients than in the unfavorable karyotype subgroup, with an average ratio mutations/patients of 1.36 [0–3] vs. 0.33 [0–2] (P < 0.001). Then, we compared these 36 patients with IC MRC‐AML with a control panel of 37 no‐MRC‐AML patients, who had both IC and no dysplasia. IC MRC‐AMLs were associated with higher incidence of ASXL1 mutations (47% vs. 0%, P < 0.001) and lower incidence of DNMT3A (6% vs. 38%, P = 0.001), NPM1 (11% vs. 62%, P < 0.001) and FLT3 (3% vs. 49%, P < 0.001) mutations. No difference was found in the incidence of IDH1/2 or TET2 mutations according to the presence of dysplasia. Complete remission rate after intensive treatment was lower in the MRC‐AML group than in the no‐MRC‐AML group (48% vs. 78%, P = 0.023) and in wild type NPM1 patients (50% vs. 84%, P = 0.009). Our study showed that MRC‐AML as defined in the WHO 2008 classification presents a specific mutation pattern characterized by a high frequency of ASXL1 mutations and a low rate of NPM1, FLT3, and DNMT3A mutations. Am. J. Hematol. 87:659–662, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal ablation of nicotinic receptor alpha7 cell lineages produces lumbosacral spina bifida the severity of which is modified by choline and nicotine exposure
Authors: Rogers Scott W. , Tvrdik Petr , Capecchi Mario R. , Gahring Lorise C.
Published: April 2012

Lumbosacral spina bifida is a common debilitating birth defect whose multiple causes are poorly understood. Here, we provide the first genetic delineation of cholinergic nicotinic receptor alpha7 (Chrna7) expression and link the ablation of the Chrna7 cell lineage to this condition in the mouse. Using homologous recombination, an IRES‐Cre bi‐cistronic cassette was introduced into the 3′ noncoding region of Chrna7 (Chrna7:Cre) for identifying cell lineages expressing this gene. This lineage first appears at embryonic day E9.0 in rhombomeres 3 and 5 of the neural tube and extends to cell subsets in most tissues by E14.5. Ablation of the Chrna7:Cre cell lineage in embryos from crosses with conditionally expressed attenuated diphtheria toxin results in precise developmental defects including omphalocele (89%) and open spina bifida (SB; 80%). We hypothesized that like humans, this defect would be modified by environmental compounds not only folic acid or choline but also nicotine. Prenatal chronic oral nicotine administration substantially worsened the defect to often include the rostral neural tube. In contrast, supplementation of the maternal diet with 2% choline decreased SB prevalence to 38% and dramatically reduced the defect severity. Folic acid supplementation only trended towards a reduced SB frequency. The omphalocele was unaffected by these interventions. These studies identify the Chrna7 cell lineage as participating in posterior neuropore closure and present a novel model of lower SB that can be substantially modified by the prenatal environment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of two methods of cyclones simulation: semi‐empiric model and CFD. Example of a specific cyclone design
Authors: Bardin‐Monnier N. , Altmeyer S. , Schreiber V. , Marecat A.
Published: April 2012

The aim of this work is to design a cyclone separator, which could reach the highest separation efficiency for fine and low‐density particles (1–10 µm) and air‐flow rates between 10 and 100 L/min. The first part of the study is dedicated to the design, thanks to cyclone software developed by PROGEPI, Nancy, France. It uses classical models and does not take into account the dispersed phase fraction, but allows giving a first approach of the cyclone geometry. Results lead to a Lorenz geometry and pressure drop lower than 10 KPa for 100 L/min. The separation efficiency is never lower than 75% for 2‐µm particles at 50 L/min. In the second part, a computational fluid dynamics study via fluent is conducted in order to determine the performances of the device, thanks to the particle trajectories simulations. Results show that for the higher flow rate (100 L/min), a separation efficiency of 60% is reached for 1‐µm particles. For a lower flow rate (10 L/min), this cyclone is not satisfying because no 1‐µm particles are separated. This study shows that these two approaches are quite complementary in order to reach the most accurate design. Copyright © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optically transparent nanocomposites reinforced with modified biocellulose nanofibers
Authors: Dahman Yaser , Oktem and Tulin
Published: April 2012

The objective of this study is to produce a class of optically transparent nanostructured biocomposites composed of surface‐modified bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers reinforced into poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogel matrix. The surface of BC was first modified by fibrous heterogeneous acetylation to preserve the BC nanofibrillar morphology, followed by graft copolymerization with PHEMA hydrogel by free‐radical mechanisms using benzoyl‐peroxide as a radical initiator. A series of samples of grafted nanofiber having different degrees of acetylation and graft yields were produced and characterized using NMR, FTIR, and gravimetry. The maximum degree of acetylation obtained in this study was 2.3% and the maximum graft yield was 82.35 %.The modified nanofibers were thereafter reinforced into a polymeric matrix of PHEMA to form the final transparent biocomposite. The nanofiber‐network‐reinforced PHEMA polymer composite sample containing 1% (w/w) nanofiber transmitted over 80% of the light, while samples with less than 1% (w/w) nanofibrillar content exhibited higher light transmittances. The loss of transparency in the nanocomposite was small, despite the differences of refractive indices of BC and PHEMA. Increasing content of the BC nanofibers in the composite up to 1.4% (w/w) increased its water holding capacity up to 48.7% compared to the reference sample. This class of transparent nanostructured cellulose‐based hydrogel composite provides unique fluid handling capability of absorption and donation. These characteristics are essential for several applications as optically functional materials in addition to several biomedical applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and characterization of uniform molecularly imprinted polymer beads for separation of triazine herbicides
Authors: Ara Behisht , Chen Zhiyong , Shah Jasmin , Rasul Jan M. , Ye Lei
Published: April 2012

Uniform molecularly imprinted polymer beads were synthesized by precipitation polymerization for separation of triazine herbicides. A series of imprinted polymers were prepared using ametryn as template and divinylbenzene as crosslinking monomer, in combination with three different functional monomers under different solvent conditions. Under optimized reaction conditions, we obtained uniform molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres that display favorable molecular binding selectivity for triazine herbicides. The imprinted polymer beads synthesized using methacrylic acid as functional monomer in a mixture of methyl ethyl ketone and heptane showed the best results in terms of particle size distribution and molecular selectivity. Compared with nonimprinted polymer microspheres, the imprinted microspheres displayed significantly higher binding for a group of triazine herbicides including atrazine, simazine, propazine, ametryn, prometryn, and terbutryn. For the first time, precipitation polymerization has been used to produce highly uniform imprinted microspheres suitable for affinity separation of triazine herbicides. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The control of molecular interactions between polyurethane copolymers by grafted malic acid and its impact on polymer characteristics
Authors: Chung Yong‐Chan , Choi Jae Won , Lee Joon Young , Chun Byoung Chul
Published: April 2012

Malic acid, a molecule containing two carboxyl groups per molecule, was grafted to polyurethane (PU) through a carbamate group. The polymer was transformed to the anionic carboxylate form to observe the impact on the tensile strength and shape recovery of the PU. The electrostatic repulsion of the carboxylate reduced the molecular interactions between PUs, a result that was designed to improve the shape recovery at sub‐zero temperatures while maintaining high and reproducible tensile strength and shape recovery at ambient temperatures. The grafted carboxyl group was quantitatively determined by acid–base titration, and the change in the molecular interactions was confirmed via IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The viscosity experienced an unusual increase with increasing carboxylate content due to the covalent crosslinking caused by the grafting reagent. Shape recovery and retention were reproducible over repeated shape memory tests. Finally, the shape recovery behavior of each PU was compared at temperatures between −30 and 10°C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Optimization of reaction conditions for polyurethane foam synthesis with liquefied corn stalk by response surface methodology
Authors: Wang Tipeng , Yin Jun , Zheng Zongming , Mao Zhihuai
Published: April 2012

Optimization of copolymerization conditions for biodegradable polyurethane foam with non‐pretreated liquefied corn stalk and polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate was conducted using a quadratic regression rotational combinational design of response surface methodology. A five‐level four‐factor central composite design was employed to determine the maximum tensile strength at optimum levels for [NCO]/[OH] ratio, blowing agent (water), mass ratio of triethylamine (TL)/dibutyltin dilaurate (DD), and surfactant (silicone). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic orthogonal regression model revealed that the fit of the model was good. The model was also verified by experimentation. The maximum tensile strength of 1.64 MPa was obtained at the optimal conditions: [NCO]/[OH] ratio 0.7, blowing agent concentration 4.7 wt %, surfactant concentration 1.27 wt %, and mass ratio of TL/DD 1: 1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Coumarin‐based polymer and its silver nanocomposite as advanced antibacterial agents: Synthetic path, kinetics of polymerization, and applications
Authors: Srivastava Ambika , Mishra Vivek , Singh Pooja , Kumar Rajesh
Published: April 2012

A novel polymer bearing coumarin pendants of 4‐allyloxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (ACO) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in toluene at 110°C using 2‐Bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB), Cu (I) Br, and 2,2′‐bipyridyl (bpy) as initiator, catalyst, and ligand, respectively. The most appropriate molar concentration ratio of [ACO] : [BIBB] : [Cu (I) Br] : [bpy] was found to be 40 : 1 : 1 : 2 for controlled polymerization. Successful chain extension polymerization of poly (4‐allyloxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one) (PACO) confirms the livingness of the process. The activation energy (Ea) (76.26 kJ mol−1) and enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡) (73.07 kJ mol−1) were in good agreement to each other proving the feasibility of the reaction and negative value of entropy of activation (ΔS‡) (−320 J mol−1 K−1) supported the highly restricted movement of reacting species in transition state during polymerization. Initial polymer decomposition temperature of PACO was found to be 130°C. SEM analysis revealed that polymer surface is not smooth with pointed rod like shapes. The polymer/Ag nanocomposite was synthesized and examined in view of antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumonae. PACO and its Ag nanocomposite (PACON) have been found to be active selectively against bacterial pathogen E. fecalis with minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 and 32 μg mL−1, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Biometry and Statistical Analysis of the Styloid Process
Authors: De Paz Félix JesúS , Rueda s , Barbosa Mercedes , García María , Pastor Juan Francisco
Published: April 2012

The hyoid apparatus is made up of three osteocartilaginous elements that go from the base of the cranium to the hyoid bone; the portions, cranially to caudally, are as follow: stylohyal, ceratohyal, and apohyal. Fusion and ossification of these three components will bring about somewhat long stylohyoid processes, whereas the stylohyal portion is the one that gives rise to the authentic stylohyoid process. The variability of the hyoid apparatus may imply associated compressive pathologies, for which an etiological diagnosis is important. A study was undertaken of 835 craniums of a homogeneous male and female adult population, involving a morphometric analysis of the styloid processes in which quantification was made of the following continual descriptive measurements: thickness, length, sagittal angle, transversal angle, and the distance between vertices. Multivariate data analysis techniques were applied to the data set to describe the relationships between these measurements. The main conclusion from the analysis is the existence of two different groups of styloid processes and the derivation of a prediction score. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling the Human Mandible Under Masticatory Loads: Which Input Variables are Important?
Authors: Gröning Flora , Fagan Michael , O'higgins Paul
Published: April 2012

Finite element analyses (FEA) that have simulated masticatory loadings of the human mandible differ significantly with regard to their basic input variables such as material properties, constraints, and applied forces. With sensitivity analyses it is possible to assess how the choice of different input values and the degree of model simplification affect FEA results. However, published FEA studies are rarely accompanied by sensitivity analyses so that the robusticity of their results is impossible to assess. Here, we conduct a sensitivity analysis with an FE model of a human mandible to quantify the relative importance of several modeling decisions: (1) the material properties assigned to the cancellous bone tissue; (2) the inclusion or not of the periodontal ligament; (3) the constraints at the joints and bite point; and (4) the orientation of applied muscle forces. We study the effects of varying these properties by analysing the strain magnitudes and directions across the model surface. In addition, we perform a geometric morphometric analysis of the deformation resulting from the loading of each model. The results show that the effects of altering the different model properties can be significant and that most effects are potentially large enough to cause problems for the biological interpretation of FEA results. We therefore recommend that researchers conduct more sensitivity analyses than at present to assess the robusticity of their FEA results and their biological conclusions. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 2‐(Aminoalkyl)‐isoindoline‐1,3‐dione Derivatives as Dual‐Binding Site Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Ignasik Michalina , Bajda Marek , Guzior Natalia , Prinz Michaela , Holzgrabe Ulrike , Malawska Barbara
Published: April 2012

A new series of 2‐(diethylaminoalkyl)‐isoindoline‐1,3‐dione derivatives intended as dual binding site cholinesterase inhibitors were designed using molecular modeling and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and the formation of the β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques. For AChE inhibitory activity, the spectrophotometric method of Ellman and the electrophoretically mediated microanalysis assay were used, giving good results. Most of the synthesized compounds had AChE inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from IC50 = 0.9 to 19.5 µM and weak Aβ anti‐aggregation inhibitory activity. These results support the outcome of docking studies which tested compounds targeting both the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. The most promising selective AChE inhibitors are compounds 10 (IC50 = 1.2 µM) and 11 (IC50 = 1.1 µM), with 6–7 methylene chains, which also inhibit Aβ fibril formation.
Synthesis, Antitumor, and Antibacterial Activity of Bis[4,5‐diarylimidazol‐2‐ylidene]methane Derivatives
Authors: Liu Wukun , Chen Xiaohua , Gust Ronald
Published: April 2012

Cationic [bis(1,3‐diethyl‐4,5‐diarylimidazol‐2‐ylidene)]Au(I) bromide complexes have demonstrated considerable potential as new antitumor agents. In order to investigate whether the gold is crucial for the antitumor activity, the imidazole ligands were connected by a methylene bridge. Biological evaluation revealed that bis[1,3‐diethyl‐4,5‐diarylimidazol‐2‐ylidene]methane compounds exhibited growth inhibition effects against mammary (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB 231) and colon (HT‐29) carcinoma cell lines. In comparison with gold complexes, the methylene derivatives showed drastically reduced cell growth inhibitory properties. However, the growth of bacteria was significantly inhibited by bis[1,3‐diethyl‐4,5‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene]methane dibromide (4) and opens a new application of this compound type.
Link and co‐inlink network diagrams with URL citations or title mentions
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Sud Pardeep , Wilkinson David
Published: April 2012

Webometric network analyses have been used to map the connectivity of groups of websites to identify clusters, important sites or overall structure. Such analyses have mainly been based upon hyperlink counts, the number of hyperlinks between a pair of websites, although some have used title mentions or URL citations instead. The ability to automatically gather hyperlink counts from Yahoo! ceased in April 2011 and the ability to manually gather such counts was due to cease by early 2012, creating a need for alternatives. This article assesses URL citations and title mentions as possible replacements for hyperlinks in both binary and weighted direct link and co‐inlink network diagrams. It also assesses three different types of data for the network connections: hit count estimates, counts of matching URLs, and filtered counts of matching URLs. Results from analyses of U.S. library and information science departments and U.K. universities give evidence that metrics based upon URLs or titles can be appropriate replacements for metrics based upon hyperlinks for both binary and weighted networks, although filtered counts of matching URLs are necessary to give the best results for co‐title mention and co‐URL citation network diagrams.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Klebstoffart auf den kapillaren Wassertransport in Holz parallel zur Faserrichtung
Authors: Mannes David , Schmidt Jon‐Anton , Niemz Peter , Volkmer Thomas
Published: April 2012

Mittels Neutronenradiographie wurde an verklebten und unverklebten Fichtenholzproben der kapillare Wassertransport in Faserrichtung ermittelt. Bei EPI und 1K‐PUR konnte ein deutlicher Feuchtestau im Bereich der Klebfuge festgestellt werden. Bei Knochenleim, PVAc, UF und MUF trat dieses Verhalten nicht auf oder war weniger ausgeprägt. Die Ergebnisse decken sich mit Messungen zum Diffusionswiderstand von Klebstofffilmen und Holzverklebungen der gleichen Klebstoffe. Die Arbeiten dienen als Grundlage für geplante Finite Elemente (FE)‐Simulationen zum Feuchtetransport in Bauteilen und der Verhinderung von Bauschäden.

Investigations on the influence of the adhesive type on the capillary water transport in wood parallel to the fibre direction. The capillary water transport in fibre direction in spruce wood was determined by means of neutron imaging on solid wood samples and samples with one glue line. In the case of EPI and 1C‐PUR a conspicuous moisture accumulation occurred in front of the glue line. This behaviour did not appear with bone glue, PVAc, UF and MUF. The results are conform with investigations of the diffusion resistance made on adhesive films and glued wood with the same adhesive types. The presented work will be the basis of planned Finite Element‐simulations of the moisture transport in glued wood elements and will help to prevent structural damage.
Comparative transcutaneous immunization with imiquimod‐containing ointments and potential of in vitro methods to predict effects
Authors: Gogoll Karsten , Stein Pamela , Wei Hai , Schild Hansjörg , Radsak Markus , Langguth Peter
Published: April 2012

This work evaluates the transcutaneous in vitro and in vivo immunization efficacy of five commercially available 5% imiquimod containing formulations. The parameters included microscopic analysis, rheological properties, drug permeation across synthetic membranes of molecular weight cutoff 10 kDa and ablated murine skin with both 0.1 m HCl and a phthalate buffer pH 3.6 Ph.Eur./methanol 3/7 (v/v) as receiver solutions in a Franz‐diffusion cell model. For in vivo formulation characterization, the cytotoxic T‐cell activity and interferon‐γ production in C57BL/6 mice was determined ex vivo 24 h after transcutaneous administration. OVA257−264 (SIINFEKL) from chicken albumin served as a target antigen.

Microscopic images demonstrated differences with respect to the presence or absence of crystalline API. Rheological properties point to a roughly ten‐fold difference between the products at low shear rates. With regard to drug permeation across synthetic membranes, only ‘Nan Bo’ demonstrated equality compared with Aldara™, resulting in f1 and f2 values of 5.25 and 59.58, respectively. The drug permeation rates were maximum from Aldara™ across ablated murine skin. Furthermore, differentiation between the formulations containing crystalline and dissolved states of active imiquimod was possible using this model.

The in vivo results yielded significant immunomodulating activities (p < 0.05) of multisource formulations compared with the untreated control group, however, the significance of differences between the formulations was dependent on the parameter of interest.

A correlation plot of skin permeation versus in vivo immunostimulating activity yielded a slope significantly different from zero only in the case of the murine skin setup (r between 0.421 and 0.669). Yet this correlation is deemed not satisfactory for formulation optimization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical sensor enabled rocking T‐flasks as novel upstream bioprocessing tools
Authors: Vallejos Jose R. , Micheletti Martina , Brorson Kurt A. , Moreira Antonio R. , Rao Govind
Published: April 2012

During the past decade, novel disposable cell culture vessels (generally referred to as Process Scouting Devices or PSDs) have become increasingly popular for laboratory scale studies and seed culture generation. However, the lack of engineering characterization and online monitoring tools for PSDs makes it difficult to elucidate their oxygen transfer capabilities. In this study, a mass transfer characterization (kLa) of sensor enabled static and rocking T‐flasks is presented and compared with other non‐instrumented PSDs such as CultiFlask 50®, spinner flasks, and SuperSpinner D 1000®. We have also developed a mass transfer empirical correlation that accounts for the contribution of convection and diffusion to the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) in rocking T‐flasks. We also carried out a scale‐down study at matched kLa between a rocking T75‐flask and a 10 L (2 L filling volume) wave bioreactor (Cultibag®) and we observed similar DO and pH profiles as well as maximum cell density and protein titer. However, in this scale‐down study, we also observed a negative correlation between cell growth and protein productivity between the rocking T‐flask and the wave bioreactor. We hypothesize that this negative correlation can be due to hydrodynamic stress difference between the rocking T‐flask and the Cultibag. As both cell culture devices share key similarities such as type of agitation (i.e., rocking), oxygen transfer capabilities (i.e., kLa) and disposability, we argue that rocking T‐flasks can be readily integrated with wave bioreactors, making the transition from research‐scale to manufacturing‐scale a seamless process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 2295–2305. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Controlling trisulfide modification in recombinant monoclonal antibody produced in fed‐batch cell culture
Authors: Kshirsagar Rashmi , McElearney Kyle , Gilbert Alan , Sinacore Marty , Ryll Thomas
Published: April 2012

Molecular heterogeneity was detected in a recombinant monoclonal antibody (IgG1 mAb) due to the presence of a trisulfide linkage generated by the post‐translational insertion of a sulfur atom into disulfide bonds at the heavy–heavy and heavy–light junctions. This molecular heterogeneity had no observable effect on antibody function. Nevertheless, to minimize the heterogeneity of the IgG1 mAb from run‐to‐run, an understanding of the impact of cell culture process conditions on trisulfide versus disulfide linkage formation was desirable. To investigate variables that might impact trisulfide formation, cell culture parameters were varied in bench‐scale bioreactor studies. Trisulfide analysis of the samples from these runs revealed that the trisulfide content in the bond between heavy and light chains varied considerably from <1% to 39%. Optimizing the culture duration and feeding strategy resulted in more consistent trisulfide levels. Cysteine concentration in the feed medium had a direct correlation with the trisulfide level in the product. Systematic studies revealed that cysteine in the feed and the bioreactor media was contributing hydrogen sulfide which reacted with the IgG1 mAb in the supernatant leading to the insertion of sulfur atom and formation of a trisulfide bond. Cysteine feed strategies were developed to control the trisulfide modification in the recombinant monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2523–2532. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of rapid and simultaneous quantitative method for green tea catechins on the bioanalytical study using UPLC/ESI‐MS
Authors: Misaka Shingen , Kawabe Keisuke , Onoue Satomi , Werba José Pablo , Giroli Monica , Kimura Junko , Watanabe Hiroshi , Yamada Shizuo
Published: April 2012

A rapid and quantitative analytical method for the simultaneous determination of green tea catechins using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry was developed. Total analytical run time was 3.5 min for the detection of (−)‐epicatechin (EC), (−)‐epicatechin‐3‐O‐gallate (ECG), (−)‐epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐O‐gallate (EGCG) and myricetin as the internal standard (IS) in rat plasma. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 10–5000 ng/mL for all the catechins. The inter‐ and intra‐day precision (relative standard deviation) and accuracy (percentage deviation) of the method were both lower than 10%. The average extraction recoveries in plasma ranged from 68.5 to 86.5%, and the lower limits of quantification of EC, EGC, ECG and EGCG were 10 ng/mL with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of >10. The assay developed was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of catechins following intravenous and intragastric administrations of green tea extract in rats. Plasma concentrations of four catechins were detected up to 5–24 h after administration, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of catechins were in agreement with previous studies. From these findings, taken together with the high productivity and precision, the developed method could be a reliable and reproducible tool for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic properties of catechins. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retracing the etymology of terms in neuroanatomy
Authors: Paluzzi Alessandro , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan , Torrenti Matthew , Gardner Paul
Published: April 2012

Researching the origin of the terms that we use to identify neuroanatomical structures is a helpful and fascinating exercise. It can provide neuroscientists with a better insight and understanding of the macroscopic anatomy of the cranium and its contents. It can also help the novice to this discipline to become acquainted with structures whose three dimensional anatomy is often difficult to appreciate. The purpose of this article was to investigate the etymology of some of the terms referring to the macroscopic anatomical structures of the skull and the intracranial cavity. We observed how each name unravels an interesting story, sometimes linked to mythological creatures, other times to the shape of animals or objects and tools of everyday life. We conclude that even without a deep knowledge of the Greek, Latin, or Arabic language, learning who described a particular structure and how they decided to name it, makes the study of neuroanatomy more complete and fulfilling. Clin. Anat. 25:1005–1014, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.