bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Water Use, Energy Use And Carbon Emissions In Lift‐ Irrigated Areas: A Case Study From Karshi Steppe In Uzbekistan
Authors: Djumaboev Kakhramon , Yuldashev Tulkun , Holmatov Bunyod , Gafurov Zafar
Published: February 2019

The advantages of a nexus approach in addressing complex environmental challenges are becoming increasingly clear. In Central Asia, however, the nexus between water–food–energy has not received adequate attention, as the very few studies that have been conducted fell short of quantifying nexus trade‐offs and benefits at a practical, small scale. This paper applies a quantitative accounting method to assess water and energy use intensity in irrigated areas of the Karshi Steppe of Central Asia that are supplied by pumping water uphill (lift‐irrigated) from the underlying river. The results indicated that the potential water and energy savings as well as the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions could be achieved by applying an optimal planning deficit irrigation schedule simulated using CROPWAT 8. Some 575 MCM (million cubic metres) of water and 259 GWh of electricity can be saved, while the CO2 equivalent emissions can be reduced by almost 122 000 t. Achieving these savings requires a mix of technical and policy components. This paper describes an example of proper irrigation planning as a tool for water/energy savings and consequent reduction of CO2 emissions. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of Epigenomics in Bone and Cartilage Disease
Authors: van Meurs Joyce BJ , Boer Cindy G , Lopez-Delgado Laura , Riancho Jose A
Published: February 2019

Phenotypic variation in skeletal traits and diseases is the product of genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic mechanisms include information-containing factors, other than DNA sequence, that cause stable changes in gene expression and are maintained during cell divisions. They represent a link between environmental influences, genome features, and the resulting phenotype. The main epigenetic factors are DNA methylation, posttranslational changes of histones, and higher-order chromatin structure. Sometimes non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are also included in the broad term of epigenetic factors. There is rapidly expanding experimental evidence for a role of epigenetic factors in the differentiation of bone cells and the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders, such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. However, different from genetic factors, epigenetic signatures are cell- and tissue-specific and can change with time. Thus, elucidating their role has particular difficulties, especially in human studies. Nevertheless, epigenomewide association studies are beginning to disclose some disease-specific patterns that help to understand skeletal cell biology and may lead to development of new epigenetic-based biomarkers, as well as new drug targets useful for treating diffuse and localized disorders. Here we provide an overview and update of recent advances on the role of epigenomics in bone and cartilage diseases. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Association between blood microbiome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nested case‐control study
Authors: Qiu Jing , Zhou Hui , Jing Yang , Dong Chen
Published: February 2019

Background

Although recent studies have indicated that gut microbiome dysbiosis was significantly associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), information on the role of blood microbiome in T2DM development is scarce.

Methods

Fifty incident T2DM cases and 100 matched non‐T2DM controls were selected from a prospective cohort study of “135.” The composition of the blood microbiome was characterized using bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing from pre‐diagnostic blood sample. The amplicons were normalized, pooled, and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq instrument using a MiSeq Reagent Kit PE300 v3 kit.

Results

Totally, 3 000 391 and 6 244 227 high‐quality sequences were obtained from T2DM patients and non‐T2DM controls, respectively. The mean diversity of the blood microbiome (Simpson, Chao1 and Shannon indices) was not different between two groups at baseline. At genus level, the Aquabacterium, Xanthomonas, and Pseudonocardia were presented with lower abundance, while Actinotalea, Alishewanella, Sediminibacterium, and Pseudoclavibacter were presented with higher abundance among T2DM cases compared to those in non‐T2DM controls. As the results shown, participants carried the genus Bacteroides in blood were significantly associated with a decreased risk for T2DM development, with 74% vs 88% (adjusted OR: 0.367, 95% CI: 0.151‐0.894). However, participants carried the genus Sediminibacterium have an increased risk for T2DM, with adjusted OR (95% CI) being 14.098 (1.358, 146.330).

Conclusions

Blood microbiome may play an etiology role in the development of T2DM. These findings would be useful to develop microbiota‐based strategies for T2DM prevention and control.
Initial medical and surgical management of inflammatory bowel disease in the biologic era: A comparison between the United States and China
Authors: Varma Sanskriti , Hu Jun , Mehta Ambar , Song Yiran , Park Angela , Zhi Min , Hutfless Susan
Published: February 2019

Background and Aims

We compared the initial medical and surgical management of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) between the United States and China, with aims to better characterize the global variation in the treatment patterns of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods

Participants from the United States and China completed a questionnaire on demographic and clinical characteristics, medications (biologics, immunomodulators, aminosalicylates, steroids), and IBD‐related surgical history. Patients diagnosed in 2006 and later were eligible. Analysis was restricted to treatment patterns within 1 year of diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regressions examined differences by country.

Results

We recruited 202 CD (US: 49%, China: 51%) and 133 UC (US: 63%, China: 37%) participants. Median age at survey was 31 years (range: 18–76) and at diagnosis was 28 years (range: 12–70). Biologics were commonly used in the United States for CD (66%) and UC (28%) and less commonly in China for CD (19%) and UC (0%). On regression, US CD participants were more likely to receive biologics (odds ratio [OR] 23.82 [95% confidence interval [CI] 8.98–63.14]), aminosalicylates (OR 4.93 [2.00–12.15]), and steroids (OR 4.36 [1.87–10.16]). US UC participants were more likely to receive immunomodulators (OR 3.45 [1.09–10.90]) and steroids (OR 3.31 [1.55–7.06]). There existed minimal differences regarding undergoing surgery for CD (US: 16%, China: 16%) and UC (US: 5%, China: 2%). A proportion (US: 12%, China: 19%) underwent IBD‐related surgery prior to diagnosis (median: 5 years; range: 1–39).

Conclusion

US, relative to Chinese, participants were more likely to report early biologic use. There were no differences between countries in undergoing early surgery. Evaluating global practice variation is integral to optimizing early pharmacological therapy and timing of surgery for patients with IBD.
Growth impairment in individuals with citrin deficiency
Authors: Numakura Chikahiko , Tamiya Gen , Ueki Masao , Okada Tomoo , Maisawa Shun‐ichi , Kojima‐Ishii Kanako , Murakami Jun , Horikawa Reiko , Tokuhara Daisuke , Ito Koichi , Adachi Masanori , Abiko Takahiro , Mitsui Tetsuo , Hayasaka Kiyoshi
Published: February 2019

Citrin deficiency causes neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis (NICCD), failure to thrive and dyslipidemia (FTTDCD), and adult‐onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2). Owing to a defect in the NADH‐shuttle, citrin deficiency impairs hepatic glycolysis and de novo lipogenesis leading to hepatic energy deficit. To investigate the physiological role of citrin, we studied the growth of 111 NICCD‐affected subjects (51 males and 60 females) and 12 NICCD‐unaffected subjects (five males and seven females), including the body weight, height, and genotype. We constructed growth charts using the lambda‐mu‐sigma (LMS) method. The NICCD‐affected subjects showed statistically significant growth impairment, including low birth weight and length, low body weight until 6 to 9 months of age, low height until 11 to 13 years of age, and low body weight in 7 to 12‐year‐old males and 8‐year‐old females. NICCD‐unaffected subjects showed similar growth impairment, including low birth weight and height, and growth impairment during adolescence. In the third trimester, de novo lipogenesis is required for deposition of body fat and myelination of the developing central nervous system, and its impairment likely causes low birth weight and length. The growth rate is the highest during the first 6 months of life and slows down after 6 months of age, which is probably associated with the onset and recovery of NICCD. Adolescence is the second catch‐up growth period, and the proportion and distribution of body fat change depending on age and sex. Characteristic growth impairment in citrin deficiency suggests a significant role of citrin in the catch‐up growth via lipogenesis.
Comprehensive characterization of ureagenesis in the spfash mouse, a model of human ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, reveals age‐dependency of ammonia detoxification
Authors: Allegri Gabriella , Deplazes Sereina , Rimann Nicole , Causton Benjamin , Scherer Tanja , Leff Jonathan W. , Diez‐Fernandez Carmen , Klimovskaia Anna , Fingerhut Ralph , Krijt Jakub , Kožich Viktor , Nuoffer Jean‐Marc , Grisch‐Chan Hiu M. , Thöny Beat , Häberle Johannes
Published: February 2019

The most common ureagenesis defect is X‐linked ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency which is a main target for novel therapeutic interventions. The spf
ash mouse model carries a variant (c.386G>A, p.Arg129His) that is also found in patients. Male spf
ash mice have a mild biochemical phenotype with low OTC activity (5%‐10% of wild‐type), resulting in elevated urinary orotic acid but no hyperammonemia. We recently established a dried blood spot method for in vivo quantification of ureagenesis by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) using stable isotopes. Here, we applied this assay to wild‐type and spf
ash mice to assess ureagenesis at different ages. Unexpectedly, we found an age‐dependency with a higher capacity for ammonia detoxification in young mice after weaning. A parallel pattern was observed for carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 and OTC enzyme expression and activities, which may act as pacemaker of this ammonia detoxification pathway. Moreover, high ureagenesis in younger mice was accompanied by elevated periportal expression of hepatic glutamine synthetase, another main enzyme required for ammonia detoxification. These observations led us to perform a more extensive analysis of the spf
ash mouse in comparison to the wild‐type, including characterization of the corresponding metabolites, enzyme activities in the liver and plasma and the gut microbiota. In conclusion, the comprehensive enzymatic and metabolic analysis of ureagenesis performed in the presented depth was only possible in animals. Our findings suggest such analyses being essential when using the mouse as a model and revealed age‐dependent activity of ammonia detoxification.
An evolutionary approach to optimizing glucose‐6‐phosphatase‐α enzymatic activity for gene therapy of glycogen storage disease type Ia
Authors: Zhang Lisa , Cho Jun‐Ho , Arnaoutova Irina , Mansfield Brian C. , Chou Janice Y.
Published: February 2019

Glycogen storage disease type‐Ia (GSD‐Ia), caused by a deficiency in glucose‐6‐phosphatase‐α (G6Pase‐α or G6PC), is characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis with a hallmark hypoglycemia, following a short fast. We have shown that G6pc‐deficient (G6pc−/−) mice treated with recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) vectors expressing either wild‐type (WT) (rAAV‐hG6PC‐WT) or codon‐optimized (co) (rAAV‐co‐hG6PC) human (h) G6Pase‐α maintain glucose homeostasis if they restore ≥3% of normal hepatic G6Pase‐α activity. The co vector, which has a higher potency, is currently being used in a phase I/II clinical trial for human GSD‐Ia (NCT 03517085). While routinely used in clinical therapies, co vectors may not always be optimal. Codon‐optimization can impact RNA secondary structure, change RNA/DNA protein‐binding sites, affect protein conformation and function, and alter posttranscriptional modifications that may reduce potency or efficacy. We therefore sought to develop alternative approaches to increase the potency of the G6PC gene transfer vectors. Using an evolutionary sequence analysis, we identified a Ser‐298 to Cys‐298 substitution naturally found in canine, mouse, rat, and several primate G6Pase‐α isozymes, that when incorporated into the WT hG6Pase‐α sequence, markedly enhanced enzymatic activity. Using G6pc−/− mice, we show that the efficacy of the rAAV‐hG6PC‐S298C vector was 3‐fold higher than that of the rAAV‐hG6PC‐WT vector. The rAAV‐hG6PC‐S298C vector with increased efficacy, that minimizes the potential problems associated with codon‐optimization, offers a valuable vector for clinical translation in human GSD‐Ia.
Climatological influence of Eurasian winter surface conditions on the Asian and Indo‐Pacific summer circulation in the NCEP CFSv2 seasonal reforecasts
Authors: Shukla Ravi P. , Huang Bohua , Dirmeyer Paul A. , Kinter James L. , Shin Chul‐Su , Marx L.
Published: February 2019

This study evaluates the possible influence of the winter surface conditions in Eurasia on the summer circulation over the Asian continent and Indo‐Pacific region. We have analysed multi‐seasonal ensemble reforecasts for 30 years (1979–2008) using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System version 2 initialized at the beginning of each month from January to May. It is found that the reforecasts initialized in winter (e.g., February) overestimate the snow cover fraction, depth and water equivalent, as well as surface albedo in the excessively snow‐covered portion of Eurasia from March to June. These biases are generated and perpetuated by a snow‐albedo feedback, leading to excessive upwards shortwave radiation reflected from the overly snow‐covered surface and an intense cold bias from the surface to mid‐troposphere. Originating over land, the cold bias is extended eastwards over the northwestern North Pacific by the advection of prevailing westerly winds. The cold air temperature in the broad mid‐latitude Asian‐Pacific region causes significantly lower geopotential heights at pressure levels in the middle and upper troposphere and thus increases the upper‐level westerly winds on its southern flank over the Asian continent and Indo‐Pacific. A slower than observed snow melting rate helps the winter cold bias persists well into the summer season in these runs. As a result, compared with the reforecasts initialized in spring (e.g., May), winter‐initialized reforecasts feature lower geopotential heights in the upper troposphere over Eurasia and a stronger subtropical jet over the Asian continent and the North Pacific from May to September, especially in early summer. The CFSv2 reforecasts in both sets of cases have too little total cloud fraction over Eurasia during June–August, leading to enhanced downwards shortwave radiation.
A Confucian Interpretation of Creativity
Authors: Tan Charlene
Published: February 2019

This article explores a Confucian interpretation of creativity with reference to two classics—AnalectsandMencius. A Confucian understanding of creativity centers onyi(appropriateness) and is motivated byshu(empathy) for the purpose of broadeningdao(Way). Confucian creativity is manifested in two main ways: novelty through original interpretations of the objective world; and appropriateness through flexible responses to concrete circumstances synchronically and diachronically. Two major implications for research on creativity are highlighted. The first is that a Confucian approach to creativity extends the existing research on personal creativity by foregrounding the moral and interpersonal elements. Secondly, Confucian creativity synthesizes novelty and appropriateness, thereby challenging the essentialization of creativity and creative abilities of East Asians. A Confucian conception of creativity transcends a narrow focus on specific creative acts to a broader consideration of the agents, relationships, socio‐cultural contexts and related moral issues.
Synthesis and Self‐Assembly Properties of New Surface‐Active 1‐Alkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Media
Authors: Adam Claudia G. , Fortunato Graciela G.
Published: February 2019

New cationic surface‐active ionic liquids (SAIL) were synthesized using 1‐alkylimidazolium cations [CnHim] (n = 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16) with trifluoroacetate ([CF3CO2]) and methanesulfonate ([CH3SO3]) anions as counterions. Their self‐aggregation behavior in water was investigated using electrical conductivity and fluorescence measurements. Based on the obtained results, the critical micellar concentration (CMC), the degree of counterion dissociation, α, the Gibbs free energy of micelle formation, , and the mean aggregation number (Nagg) were determined. The analysis of these parameters indicates that these new SAIL exhibit certain improved properties with respect to traditional cationic surfactants. Furthermore, SAIL with [CF3CO2] counterions exhibit lower CMC values than alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (CnTAB)‐type surfactants and their dialkylimidazolium counterparts with the same alkyl chain length. It was demonstrated that, in the studied SAIL, the hydrophobic probe pyrene resides deeper inside the palisade layer of the micelle and the estimated E
T(30) polarity values of micellar pseudophase confirm this result. The abovementioned outcomes demonstrate that the 1‐alkylimidazolium cation is suitable to promote aggregation when it is accompanied by the appropriate counterions. Consequently, this contribution becomes a valuable first step toward the potential application of these compounds as a new class of “designed cationic surfactants.”
Temporal Associations Between Moral Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Clusters in Military Veterans
Authors: Currier Joseph M. , McDermott Ryon C. , Farnsworth Jacob K. , Borges Lauren M.
Published: February 2019

War zone veterans who experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms might struggle with co‐occurring cognitive, emotional, and behavioral expressions of suffering that align with conceptual definitions of moral injury (MI). However, given that PTSD is a multidimensional condition, disentangling the apparent interplay with MI may inform clinical practice and research. This study incorporated a cross‐lagged design to explore temporal associations between self‐ and other‐directed outcomes related to MI and severity of DSM‐5 PTSD symptom clusters while accounting for depressive symptoms. Drawing on the Expressions of Moral Injury Scale–Military Version in a community sample of 182 previously deployed veterans, MI‐related outcomes were linked with severity of PTSD symptom clusters at two assessments spaced apart by 6 months, rs = .58–.62. Of possible models for conceptualizing the temporal nature of these associations, structural equation modeling analyses revealed a cross‐lagged primary MI model best fit veterans’ responses. Within this model, veterans’ self‐directed MI at Time 1 predicted greater PTSD symptoms at the 6‐month follow‐up. However, an equivalent cross‐lagged path also emerged between Time 1 PTSD Cluster D symptoms and self‐directed MI at Time 2, suggesting the value of a reciprocal MI model for this symptom domain. In contrast, other‐directed outcomes of MI were not linked with PTSD in the presence of other variables. Overall, these findings support the prognostic value of assessing for MI‐related outcomes among veterans who might be struggling with PTSD symptomatology, particularly with respect to self‐directed problems associated with enduring moral distress.
The wind‐driven formation of cross‐shelf sediment plumes in a large lake
Authors: McKinney Paul , Austin Jay , Fai Gills
Published: February 2019

Wind‐driven turbidity plumes frequently occur in the western arm of Lake Superior and may represent a significant cross‐shelf transport mechanism for sediment, nutrient, and biota. Here, we characterize a plume that formed in late April 2016 using observations from in situ sensors and remote sensing imagery, and estimate the volume of cross‐shelf transport using both the observations and an idealized analytical model of plume formation. The steady‐state, barotropic model is used to determine a relationship between the intensity and duration of a wind event and the volume of water transported from nearshore to offshore during the event. The model transport is the result of nearshore flow in the direction of the wind and a pressure‐gradient‐driven counter flow in the deeper offshore waters, consistent with observations. The volume of offshore transport associated with the 2016 plume is estimated by both methods to have been on the order of 1010 m3. Analysis of similar events from 2008 to 2016 shows a strong relationship between specific wind impulse and plume volume. Differences in the intensity and duration of individual events as well as ice cover, which prevents plume formation, lead to interannual variability of offshore transport ranging over an order of magnitude and illustrates how wind‐driven processes may contribute to interannual variability of ecosystem functioning.
Effort reduction of employer‐to‐employer changers: Empirical evidence from football
Authors: Weimar Daniel , Scharfenkamp Katrin
Published: February 2019

We investigate changes in effort investment of employees who still fulfill a contract with their current employer but already signed a follow‐up contract with a new employer (employer‐to‐employer change). Because effort and outside contract assignments are hard to measure in firms, we use running data from professional football (n = 26,577) to proxy effort decisions. Fixed effect regressions reveal a statistically significant but weak reduction in a player's effort after signing a follow‐up contract with a new club. Because we find a statistically significant effort reduction in public sports, this effect might be even larger in less transparent labor markets.
Characterization of meteorological droughts across South Australia
Authors: Rashid Md Mamunur , Beecham Simon
Published: February 2019

An understanding of drought characteristics is vital for sustainable management of water resources. This is particularly important for dry regions such as Australia where large‐scale water supply infrastructure has to be designed to withstand multiyear variability in rainfall anomalies. This study considers the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at time scales of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months to assess both short‐term and long‐term droughts. Trends in the SPI at 46 selected rainfall stations across South Australia (SA) are investigated. Furthermore, various drought parameters such as frequency, severity and duration are estimated, and their spatial distributions are presented. Drought risks are estimated in terms of copula based bivariate joint return periods and compared with traditional univariate return periods. Finally, the dominant climatic modes of sustained drought and wet anomalies are identified using correlation analysis. Results show that 23 out of the 46 selected stations had a significantly negative trend for the 24 month SPI whereas the count is four for the 3 month SPI. This reveals that droughts have intensified over 1960–2010 and this intensification is more prominent for long‐term drought. Strong spatial variability is evident in drought parameters across SA. The results also highlight the suitability of a bivariate joint return period over a univariate return period for drought risk assessment because drought is a multi‐faceted phenomenon. Thus, drought risk estimated for the univariate return period was found to be different from the drought risk estimated by the bivariate return period. The dominant climatic modes identified in this study are Niño3.4 and the dipole mode index (DMI), which are able to represent the SPI across SA at the selected time scales. The outcomes of this study are useful for water managers and policy makers involved in sustainable water resource management.
An investigation on the relationship between the Hurst exponent and the predictability of a rainfall time series
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sivapragasam , Poomalai Saravanan , Saminathan Balamurali , Suthanthiravel Sumila , Sundaram Keerthi , Abdul Hakkim Farjana Farveen
Published: February 2019

Rainfall prediction is a very challenging task due to its dependence on many meteorological parameters. Because of the complex nature of rainfall, the uncertainty associated with its predictability continues to be an issue in rainfall forecasting. The Hurst exponent is considered as a measure of persistence and it is believed that if a time series has persistence (as reflected by a Hurst exponent value greater than 0.5) it is also predictable. However, very limited studies have been carried out to demonstrate this hypothesis. This study, through experimental work on hypothetical data as well as real data, demonstrates that the Hurst exponent can be taken as an indicator for predictability provided that the exponent values at “smaller levels” of the time series are also significantly greater than 0.5 together with the Hurst exponent of the overall time series. It is also shown that it is better to predict the “similarity” aspect associated with a time series (and derive the predicted rainfall) than to predict the rainfall directly.
Upregulation of miR‐200a and miR‐204 in MPP+‐treated differentiated PC12 cells as a model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Talepoor Ardakani Maryam , Rostamian Delavar Mahsa , Baghi Masoud , Nasr‐Esfahani Mohammad Hossein , Kiani‐Esfahani Abbas , Ghaedi Kamran
Published: February 2019

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is ranked as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Micro(mi)RNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and aberrant expression of them is closely correlated with many neurodegenerative conditions including PD. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) as a known deacetylase and B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (BCL2) as an antiapoptotic factor play vital roles in neural protection and survival.

Methods

Differentiated PC12 cells exposed to MPP+ were served here as a known PD model. Cell viability was determined by MTS assay. Apoptotic cells and ROS levels were detected using flow cytometry. Gene selection and miRNA–mRNA interaction analysis were performed through in silico methods. Relative expression of miRNAs and genes was examined by RT‐qPCR.

Results

MPP+ exposure markedly reduced cell viability, enhanced oxidative stress, and induced apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells. Sirt1 and BCL2were shown to be markedly declined in response to MPP+, while miR‐200a and miR‐204 were significantly upregulated.

Conclusion

The first novel finding of the current study is altered expression of miR‐200a and miR‐204 in differentiated PC12 cells in response to MPP+, suggesting that deregulation of them participate in MPP+ neurotoxicity mechanisms, possibly via affecting the expression of Sirt1 and BCL2 as potential targets.
Association between polymorphisms in CXCR2 gene and preeclampsia
Authors: Chen Hongqin , Zhang Yanping , Dai Li , Song Yaping , Wang Yanyun , Zhou Bin , Zhou Rong
Published: February 2019

Background

Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy‐specific syndrome with incompletely understood pathogenesis. Previous study has demonstrated that the decreased CXCR2 in preeclamptic placentas may contribute to the development of preeclampsia. The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CXCR2 gene in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains largely unexplored. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between polymorphisms of CXCR2 gene and preeclampsia in Han Chinese women.

Methods

Totally 481 pregnant women, including 243 controls and 238 patients with preeclampsia were recruited. The rs1126579 and rs2230054 polymorphisms in CXCR2 gene were tested using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method.

Results

Significantly increased risk of preeclampsia was observed in the rs1126579 CC or TC/CC genotypes when compared with TT genotype (CC vs. TT: odss ratio [OR] = 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18–3.76, p = 0.039; TC/CC vs. TT: OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.29–2.78, p = 0.001). Markedly higher risk of preeclampsia was found to be associated with rs1126579 TC genotype (TC vs. TT/CC: OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.04–2.12, p = 0.031). After stratification analysis, the different distribution of TC/CC genotypes was particularly significant in the severe preeclampsia group (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.42–3.24, p < 0.01), the early‐onset severe preeclampsia group (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.14–3.42, p = 0.013), and the late‐onset severe preeclampsia group (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.39–3.78, p < 0.01). Besides, TC genotype carriers had a 1.55 fold increased risk of severe preeclampsia (95% CI = 1.06–2.27, p = 0.022) and a 1.80 fold increased risk of late onset severe preeclampsia (95% CI = 1.14–2.83, p = 0.01) than those of TT/CC genotype carriers.

Conclusions

Our study suggests a genetic association between rs1126579 polymorphism in CXCR2 gene and increased risk of preeclampsia. These data provide a new clue for future investigation.
An efficient spectral‐Galerkin method based on a dimension reduction scheme for eigenvalue problems of Schrödinger equations
Authors: Zhang Jun , Lin Fubiao , Wang JinRong
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we propose an efficient spectral‐Galerkin method based on a dimension reduction scheme for eigenvalue problems of Schrödinger equations. Firstly, we carry out a truncation from a three‐dimensional unbounded domain to a bounded spherical domain. By using spherical coordinate transformation and spherical harmonic expansion, we transform the original problem into a series of one‐dimensional eigenvalue problem that can be solved effectively. Secondly, we introduce a weighted Sobolev space to treat the singularity in the effective potential. Using the property of orthogonal polynomials in weighted Sobolev space, the error estimate for the approximate eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions are proved. Error estimates show that our numerical method can achieve spectral accuracy for approximate eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Finally, we give some numerical examples to demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithms and the correctness of the theoretical results.
A fully reconfigurable bandpass‐to‐notch filter with wide bandwidth tuning range based on external quality factor tuning and multiple‐mode resonator
Authors: Lan BoZhang , Qu Yan , Guo ChenJiang , Ding Jun
Published: February 2019

A fully reconfigurable microstrip bandpass‐to‐notch filter based on varactors is presented in this article. This filter offers wide center frequency and bandwidth tuning flexibility under bandpass mode and wide notch tuning range under notch mode. The entire tuning ability is based on multiple‐mode resonator (MMR) theory and tunable external quality factor for bandpass mode and the introduction of transmission zero (TZ) for notch mode. Under the bandpass mode, the center frequency tuning range is 0.9 to 1.42 GHz, and the bandwidth can be tuned from 0.09 to 1.44 GHz at a fixed center frequency 1.28 GHz. Under notch mode, the notch can be tuned from 0.98 to 2.02GHz. Good agreement can be observed between simulated and measured results.
Automated selection of myocardial inversion time with a convolutional neural network: Spatial temporal ensemble myocardium inversion network (STEMI‐NET)
Authors: Bahrami Naeim , Retson Tara , Blansit Kevin , Wang Kang , Hsiao Albert
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Delayed enhancement imaging is an essential component of cardiac MRI, which is used widely for the evaluation of myocardial scar and viability. The selection of an optimal inversion time (TI) or null point (TINP) to suppress the background myocardial signal is required. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of automated selection of TINP using a convolutional neural network (CNN). We hypothesized that a CNN may use spatial and temporal imaging characteristics from an inversion‐recovery scout to select TINP, without the aid of a human observer.

Methods

We retrospectively collected 425 clinically acquired cardiac MRI exams performed at 1.5 T that included inversion‐recovery scout acquisitions. We developed a VGG19 classifier ensembled with long short‐term memory to identify the TINP. We compared the performance of the ensemble CNN in predicting TINP against ground truth, using linear regression analysis. Ground truth was defined as the expert physician annotation of the optimal TI. In a backtrack approach, saliency maps were generated to interpret the classification outcome and to increase the model’s transparency.

Results

Prediction of TINP from our ensemble VGG19 long short‐term memory closely matched with expert annotation (ρ = 0.88). Ninety‐four percent of the predicted TINP were within ±36 ms, and 83% were at or after expert TI selection.

Conclusion

In this study, we show that a CNN is capable of automated prediction of myocardial TI from an inversion‐recovery experiment. Merging the spatial and temporal characteristics of the VGG‐19 and long short‐term‐memory CNN structures appears to be sufficient to predict myocardial TI from TI scout.
Increase Customer Engagement With Pop‐Up Events
Authors: Bhavnani Louise , Frost Jennifer
Published: February 2019

A good relationship between a water utility and its customers involves getting customers’ attention, giving them information they need, and helping them see their role as stakeholders in ensuring high‐quality water. When Charlotte Water (N.C.) changed the flavor of its community events, the response revealed an engaged public.
Preventing Disease From Legionella Is a Shared Responsibility
Authors: Bourdon Logan D. , Liggett Jennifer , Sidari Frank P. , Triantafyllidou Simoni
Published: February 2019

Legionellosis, manifesting as either Legionnaires’ disease or Pontiac fever, is a serious concern in the United States. Water providers and property owners must do their part to control Legionella.
Optimal Pump Station Operation Is Important, But It Isn't Easy
Authors: Steger Perry , Pierce David
Published: February 2019

A typical pump station with variable‐speed pumps has millions of possible operational settings, but only one is optimal.
Making a Case for Membrane Replacement
Authors: O'Connell Peter M. , Winters Mike
Published: February 2019

After a careful review and analysis, one Utah water utility found it was most cost‐effective to replace its membranes after 15 years rather than trying to extend their service life.
Know Your Colors, and Call Before You Dig
Authors:   AWWA Staff
Published: February 2019

There's a good reason utility workers call before they dig. It protects the public and the water utility crew involved in the excavation. No shortcuts can be taken when digging excavations. Aside from the risk of injury or worse, you or your crew might be held liable for lost services.
Load‐bearing biodegradable polycaprolactone‐poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)‐ beta tri‐calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration
Authors: Kumar Alok , Zhang Yiren , Terracciano Amalia , Zhao Xiao , Su Tsan‐Liang , Kalyon Dilhan M. , Katebifar Sara , Kumbar Sangamesh G. , Yu Xiaojun
Published: February 2019

A biodegradable scaffold with tissue ingrowth and load‐bearing capabilities is required to accelerate the healing of bone defects. However, it is difficult to maintain the mechanical properties as well as biodegradability and porosity (necessary for bone ingrowth) at the same time. Therefore, in the present study, polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA5050) were mixed in varying ratio and incorporated with 20 wt.% beta tri‐calcium phosphate (βTCP). The mixture was shaped under pressure into originally nonporous cylindrical constructs. It is envisioned that the fabricated constructs will develop porosity with the time‐dependent biodegradation of the polymer blend. The mechanical properties will be sustained since the decrease in mechanical properties associated with the dissolution of the PLGA, and the formation of the porous structure will be compensated with the new bone formation and ingrowth. To prove the hypothesis, we have systematically studied the effects of samples composition on the time‐dependent dissolution behavior, pore formation, and mechanical properties of the engineered samples, in vitro. The highest initial (of as‐prepared samples) values of the yield strength (0.021 ± 0.002 GPa) and the Young's modulus (0.829 ± 0.096 GPa) were exhibited by the samples containing 75 wt.% of PLGA. Increase of the PLGA concentration from 25 to 75 wt.% increased the rate of biodegradation by a factor of 3 upon 2 weeks in phosphate buffered saline (1 × PBS). The overall porosity and the pore sizes increased with the dissolution time indicating that the formation of in situ pores can indeed enable the migration of cells followed by vascularization and bone growth.
Enhancement of mechanical and barrier properties of LLDPE composite film via PET fiber incorporation for agricultural application
Authors: R. Pon Kumar , Wadgaonkar Kunal , Mehta Linchon , Jagtap Ramanand
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted to determine the potential of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)‐PET fiber composite films to be used as an agricultural mulching film. Incorporation of 1 wt% PET fiber into the LLDPE matrix improved the tensile strength and percent elongation. The water vapor transmission rate was significantly lowered because of the presence of PET fibers. Also, the effect of continuous exposure of films to pesticide and UV light has been reported in terms of deterioration of mechanical and optical properties of the films. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that there is no effect of the presence of PET fibers on processing temperature of LLDPE at optimized loading; however, it was found that it lowers the latent heat of fusion and crystallization.
Local hyperthyroidism promotes pancreatic acinar cell proliferation during acute pancreatitis
Authors: Malagola Ermanno , Chen Rong , Bombardo Marta , Saponara Enrica , Dentice Monica , Salvatore Domenico , Reding Theresia , Myers Stephen , Hills Andrew P , Graf Rolf , Sonda Sabrina
Published: February 2019

Proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells is a critical process in the pathophysiology of pancreatic diseases, because limited or defective proliferation is associated with organ dysfunction and patient morbidity. In this context, elucidating the signalling pathways that trigger and sustain acinar proliferation is pivotal to develop therapeutic interventions promoting the regenerative process of the organ. In this study we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate both local and systemic levels of thyroid hormones to elucidate their role in acinar proliferation following caerulein‐mediated acute pancreatitis in mice. In addition, molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of thyroid hormones were identified by genetic and pharmacological inactivation of selected signalling pathways.In this study we demonstrated that levels of the thyroid hormone 3,3′,5‐triiodo‐l‐thyronine (T3) transiently increased in the pancreas during acute pancreatitis. Moreover, by using genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate both local and systemic levels of thyroid hormones, we showed that T3 was required to promote proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells, without affecting the extent of tissue damage or inflammatory infiltration.Finally, upon genetic and pharmacological inactivation of selected signalling pathways, we demonstrated that T3 exerted its mitogenic effect on acinar cells via a tightly controlled action on different molecular effectors, including histone deacetylase, AKT, and TGFβ signalling.In conclusion, our data suggest that local availability of T3 in the pancreas is required to promote acinar cell proliferation and provide the rationale to exploit thyroid hormone signalling to enhance pancreatic regeneration. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA as an archetypal circulating tumour DNA marker
Authors: Lam Wai Kei Jacky , Chan Kwan Chee Allen , Lo Yuk Ming Dennis
Published: February 2019

Analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), as one type of ‘liquid biopsy’, has recently attracted great attention. Researchers are exploring many potential applications of liquid biopsy in many different types of cancer. In particular, it is of biological interest and clinical relevance to study the molecular characteristics of ctDNA. For such purposes, plasma Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) would provide a good model to understand the biological properties and clinical applications of ctDNA in general. The strong association between EBV and NPC in endemic regions has made plasma EBV DNA a robust biomarker for this cancer. There are many clinical utilities of plasma EBV DNA analysis in NPC diagnostics. Its role in prognostication and surveillance of recurrence is well established. Plasma EBV DNA has also been validated for screening NPC in a recent large‐scale prospective study. Indeed, plasma EBV DNA could be regarded as an archetypal ctDNA marker. In this review, we discuss the biological properties of plasma EBV DNA from NPC samples and also the clinical applications of plasma EBV DNA analysis in the management of NPC. Of note, the recently reported size analysis of plasma EBV DNA in patients with NPC has highlighted size as an important analytical parameter of ctDNA and demonstrated clinical value in improving the diagnostic performance of an EBV DNA‐based NPC screening test. Such insights into ctDNA analysis (including size profiling) may help its full potential in cancer diagnostics for other types of cancer to be realised. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Fetal MRI findings in a retrospective cohort of 26 cases of prenatally diagnosed CHARGE syndrome individuals
Authors: Millischer Anne‐Elodie , Sonigo Pascale , Attie Tania , Spaggiari Emmanuel , O'Gorman Neil , Bessieres Bettina , Kermorvant Elsa , Boddaert Nathalie , Salomon Laurent‐Julien , Grevent David
Published: February 2019

“CHARGE syndrome” (CS) is a multifaceted syndrome associated with a poor prognosis. The prenatal diagnosis remains challenging especially as the fetal anomalies that may evoke suspicion of CS are not comprehensively described.

Objective

This study aims to identify the anomalies in MRI with suspected CHARGE syndrome and to propose a possible standardization in the image‐based prenatal diagnosis of CS.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 26 fetuses who underwent MRI and had a confirmed diagnosis of CS, as proven by histopathological and/or neonatal examinations and/or the presence of the CHD7 gene mutation.

Results

The three most frequent MRI anomalies confirmed at histopathological and/or neonatal examinations were arhinencephaly in 100% (26 of 26), dysplasia of the semicircular canals agenesis (SCA) in 100% (24 of 24), and posterior fossa anomalies in 100% (22 of 22). Our study also revealed short petrous bones with a particular triangular shape in 24 of 24 cases of SCA. Other relevant findings included external ear anomalies in 36% (9 of 25), cleft lip and palate (9 of 9), ventriculomegaly (VMG) (6 of 6), short corpus callosum (3 of 3), and ocular asymmetry in 36.6% (4 of 11).

Conclusion

Our study emphasizes the interest of fetal MRI in the diagnosis of CS with an adapted knowledge of semiology.
Miktoarm star‐shaped poly(lactic acid) copolymer: Synthesis and stereocomplex crystallization behavior
Authors: Xie Pengfei , Wang Jiao , Li Jianbo , Cheng Qian , Zhou Keyu , Ren Jie
Published: February 2019

The miktoarm star‐shaped poly(lactic acid) (PLA) copolymer, (PLLA)2‐core‐(PDLA)2, was synthesized via stepwise ring‐opening polymerization of lactide with dibromoneopentyl glycol as the starting material. 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy proved the feasibility of synthetic route and the successful preparation of star‐shaped PLA copolymers. The results of FTIR spectroscopy and XRD showed that the stereocomplex structure of the copolymer could be more perfect after solvent dissolution treatment. Effect of chain architectures on crystallization was investigated by studying the nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization of the miktoarm star‐shaped PLA copolymer and other stereocomplexes. Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy tests indicated that (PLLA)2‐core‐(PDLA)2 exhibited the fastest formation of a stereocomplex in a dynamic test due to its special structure. In isothermal crystallization tests, the copolymer exhibited the fast crystal growth rate and the most perfect crystal morphology. The results reveal that the unique molecular structure has an important influence on the crystallization of the miktoarm star‐shaped PLA copolymer. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 814–826
Dissociation mechanism of GDP from Cdc42 via DOCK9 revealed by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Kang Ning , Liu Jiansheng , Zhao Yaxue
Published: February 2019

Cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42) influences a variety of cellular responses such as cell migration and polarity. Deregulation of Cdc42 has been associated with several human diseases and developmental disorders. Over‐activation of Cdc42 through guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) is a critical event for Cdc42 involved cancer metastasis. Members of DOCK family of GEF are important activators of Cdc42. However, this activation mechanism is still unknown. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and molecular mechanics‐Poisson‐Boltzmann surface area (MM‐PBSA) calculations were employed to investigate the central step of the activation of Cdc42: the dissociation mechanism of GDP from Cdc42 via DOCK9. Simulation results show that Mg2+ ion has a remarkable influence on the conformational change of switch I of Cdc42 through residue Pro34 which functions as a “clasp” to control the flexibility of switch I. In the GDP dissociation process, the Mg2+ ion leave first to result in a suitable conformation of Cdc42 for following DOCK9 binding to. When DOCK9 binds to Cdc42, it changes the orientations of residues Lys16, Thr17, Cys18 and Phe28 of Cdc42 to weaken the interactions between Cdc42 and GDP to release GDP. This study first elucidates the dissociation mechanism of GDP from Cdc42 via DOCK9 and identifies the essential residues of Cdc42 in this process. These simulation results are consistent with the recent findings of biochemical and amino acid mutational studies, and the observations are beneficial to understand the activation mechanism of Cdc42 and to provide insights for designing compounds targeting on Cdc42 related cancer metastasis.