bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (Mw 6.3)
Authors: Bonini L. , Di Bucci D. , Toscani G. , Seno S. , Valensise G.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Over the past few years the assessment of the earthquake potential of large continental faults has increasingly relied on field investigations. State-of-the-art seismic hazard models are progressively complementing the information derived from earthquake catalogs with geological observations of active faulting. Using these observations, however, requires full understanding of the relationships between seismogenic slip at depth and surface deformation, such that the evidence indicating the presence of a large, potentially seismogenic fault can be singled out effectively and unambiguously. We used observations and models of the 6 April 2009, Mw 6.3, L'Aquila, normal faulting earthquake to explore the relationships between the activity of a large fault at seismogenic depth and its surface evidence. This very well-documented earthquake is representative of mid-size yet damaging earthquakes that are frequent around the Mediterranean basin, and was chosen as a paradigm of the nature of the associated geological evidence, along with observational difficulties and ambiguities. Thanks to the available high-resolution geologic, geodetic and seismological data aided by analog modeling, we reconstructed the full geometry of the seismogenic source in relation to surface and sub-surface faults. We maintain that the earthquake was caused by seismogenic slip in the range 3–10 km depth, and that the slip distribution was strongly controlled by inherited discontinuities. We also contend that faulting was expressed at the surface by pseudo-primary breaks resulting from coseismic crustal bending and by sympathetic slip on secondary faults. Based on our results we propose a scheme of normal fault hierarchization through which all surface occurrences related to faulting at various depths can be interpreted in the framework of a single, mechanically coherent model. We stress that appreciating such complexity is crucial to avoiding severe over- or under-estimation of the local seismogenic potential.
Syntheses and Characterization of N-(Indolyl)pyridinium Salts and of Their Ylides
Authors: Pidlypnyi Nazar , Kaul Sandra , Wolf Sebastian , Drafz Martin H. H. , Schmidt Andreas
Published: May 2014

3-Methylindole reacts with pyridines in the presence of NBS to give indol-2-yl-pyridinium salts which were converted into their ylides by an anion exchange resin in its hydroxide form. Indol-3- amine was subjected to a nucleophilic ring transformation with pyrylium salts which resulted in the formation of indol-3-yl-pyridinium salts, the 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium derivative of which proved to be unstable. The 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium derivate was deprotonated to the corresponding ylide. The isomeric indol-2-yl and indol-3-yl derivatives are cycloimmonium ylides which are members of the compound class of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines (MB). By contrast, the ylide of indol- 2-yl-pyrrolidinium is a cycloammonium ylide. It was prepared by reaction of 3-methylindole with pyrrolidine in the presence of NBS, followed by deprotonation.
Formation of Azolo[1,2,4]triazinium Salts by Reaction of Heterocyclicsubstituted 1-Azo-naphthalen-2-ols with Strong Acids
Authors: Yu Xiuling , Hartmann Horst
Published: May 2014

By reaction of heterocyclic-substituted 1-azo-naphth-2-ols with the Vilsmeier reagent or with strong acids polycyclic azolo[1,2,4]triazinium salts are formed in good yields. The azolo[1,2,4] triazinium salts exhibit similar UV=Vis absorption properties as the starting azo compounds, but in contrast to those the fluorescence appears in the visible range.
Novel Dihydropyrazines and their Double ortho-Annulation to Hexaazapentacenes
Authors: Strathausen Rainer , Beckert Rainer , Fleischhauer Jan , Müller Dirk , Görls Helmar
Published: May 2014

The cycloacylation of oxalic amidines 7 with bis-imidoylchlorides 6 furnished the dihydropyrazine derivatives 8. Due to their vicinal amino-imino substructures, they provide good preconditions for a double intramolecular ring closure reaction. An alternative synthesis for hexaaza-pentacenes 1 was developed using potassium carbonate as the base and lead tetraacetate as the oxidizing agent.
“Escribir una biografia es una experiencia investigadora fascinante”: conversaciones con la historiadora María del Mar del Pozo Andrés
Authors: Dallabrida Norberto
Published: May 2014

María del Mar del Pozo Andrés cursó sus estudios universitarios en la Facultad de Filosofía y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, donde también realizó su tesis doctoral, con la cual obtuvo el Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado y una Mención Honorífica en la modalidad de Tesis doctorales en los Premios Nacionales a la Investigación Educativa 1996. Toda su actividad profesional se ha desarrollado en la Universidad de Alcalá, de la que es Catedrática de Universidad del área de Teoría e Historia de la Educación. Ha participado también en masters y actividades docentes, como profesora visitante, en las Universidades de Rotterdam, Utrecht, Hamburgo, Lisboa, Salamanca, Complutense y Autónoma de Madrid. Ha ocupado el cargo de secretaria de la Sociedad Española de Historia de la Educación y fue miembro del Comité Ejecutivo de la International Standing Conference for the History of Education (ISCHE). Como investigadora ha trabajado sobre cuestiones de la historia de la educación española, particularmente el papel de la educación en la construcción de identidades nacionales en la enseñanza primaria y el movimento de la Escuela Nueva. Es autora de diversos artículos en revistas científicas españolas y internacionales y de livros, entre los cuales “Curriculum e identidad nacional. Regeneracionismo, nacionalismos y escuela publica” (Biblioteca Nueva, 2000). En el año passado, publicó la biografia de la maestra Justa Freire, planteada desde un nivel macro-micro, sobre la cual fue echa la entrevista que sigue abajo.
The Queen Elizabeth Way: Public Utility Versus Public Space
Authors: van Nostrand John C.
Published: May 2014

Cet article nouse présente un exposé historique du «Queen Elizabeth Way» — la plus ancienne des grandes autoroutes du Canada et l'une des premières routes à accès limités en Amérique du Nord. Le texte se propose de décrire cet historique depuis les années 30, période de la conception et de la construction initiales de cette route, jusqu'à nos jours. L'auteur s'est intéressé tant aux aspects sour lesquels les ingénieurs et les usagers envisageaient la question de l'autoroute qu'au rôle, elefdu «Queen Elizabeth Way» dans la croissance du «Golden Horseshoe,» l'une des régions les plus peuplées de l'Amérique du Nord. Deux thèmes ont d'abord et avant tout été mis en valeur dans cette étude: premièrement, l'importance décroissante du «Queen Elizabeth Way» à titre à la fois de voie de circulation et de lieu public destiné à la collectivité la région et, deuxièmement, sa transformation en un objet purement utilitaire. Il en ressort que nous nous devons peut-être d'examiner à nouveau nos objectifs quant à la conception future de l'autoroute afin de rétablir le jeu de ces deux forces, quitte à en éprouver la même expérience.
Review Article: Sport and the Victorian City
Authors: Bailey Peter
Published: May 2014

Victorian England gave the world its modern sports culture; Victorian England was predominantly urban. Why then, with social history still burgeoning, do we have no single scholarly work which seeks specifically to explicate this strong circumstantial connexion? Of urban histories for this period we have a good number, but mostly they have little or nothing to say of sport; of serious studies of sport there are a great deal fewer, but while they may acknowledge the city and urbanization as setting and variable, their interpretative priorities lie elsewhere.1 Before considering such gleanings as can be made from the mixed bag of social history titles above, it may be helpful to speculate on the reasons for this neglect.
Citizens and the Corporate Development of the Contemporary Canadian City
Authors: Lorimer James
Published: May 2014

Cet article traite de Vimpact qu'ont eu les corps intermédiaires sur l'agglomération urbaine contemporaine, du point de vue de l'architecture, du paysage urbain et de la planification. L'auteur examine les sujets suivants: aspects physiques de la grande ville canadienne de l'après-guerre et stratégies de planification mises en oeuvre à la fin des années soixante; montée des corps intermédiaires et leurs critiques de cet ensemble de prototypes urbains; changement du pouvoir politique provoqué par les activités de ces groupes; nouvelles conditions auxquelles durent faire face l'urbanisme et l'aménagement urbain et apparition de nouveaux types d'agglomérations urbaines; concours de circonstances qui, au début des années quatre-vingts, ont poussé la nouvelle ville canadienne au bord d'une grave crise économique.
Private Electrical Utilities and Municipal Ownership in Ontario,1891-1900
Authors: Dewar Kenneth C.
Published: May 2014

En juin 1897, les compagnies d'électricité de l'Ontario lancèrent leur première offensive organisée contre l'étatisation. Leur but était de faire modifier la Loi sur les municipalités de l'Ontario de manière à protéger les droits acquis des compagnies et éventuellement de ralentir le mouvement de réforme qui commençait à prendre de l'ampleur dans toute la province. Deux ans après, elles réussirent à faire adopter les «Conmee Clauses», aux termes desquelles les municipalités devaient acheter les compagnies locales d'électricité et de gaz avant d'aménager de nouvelles installations. L'industrie eut du mal à faire front commun dans cette campagne. Ses représentants exprimèrent une conception du rôle de l'État qui était à la fois souple quant aux limites de la réglementation publique et rigide quant à la responsabilité qu'elle attribuait au gouvernement de protéger les intérêts fondamentaux des entreprises privées. À court terme, les adversaires du projet de loi ne purent empêcher son adoption; à long terme, cette querelle ne fut qu'un épisode du conflit relatif à la municipalisation de l'électricité, qui aboutit à la création de la Commission de l'énergie hydro-électrique de l'Ontario.
The National Air Photo Library
Authors: Carbonetto Kim
Published: May 2014

La photothèque nationale de l'air compte plus de quatre millions de photographies. On peut admirer des photos de tous les coins du pays, campagne et villes. Depuis la création du service dans les années 1920, on a pris des photographies aériennes verticales, obliques et panoramiques de beaucoup d'endroits.
Canada's Urban History in Architecture, Part Two
Authors: Gowans Alan
Published: May 2014

"Architecture is politics in three dimensions." That is a useful principle to keep in mind when you walk around any town or city, or drive through the countryside in Canada. It means that the kind of buildings people put on a landscape do more than merely reflect prevailing political or social views or economic conditions. They also play a large part in shaping those political and social views. Through architecture, establishments make the most dramatic statement of things officially believed in and hoped for. Architecture requires too much money and time ever to be a private art, ever to represent personal musings about life or sensibility to environment. Paintings or poems may be produced in garrets with little or no resources or commitment to an audience, but never buildings. They are always involved in community life to some degree and if they are of any size, they may affect that life for centuries. Because of these relationships between it and society, architecture makes the most lasting statements about history that can ever be made - history made visible for those who know how to see, history speaking to those who know how to listen.
Recent Research in English Urban History, c. 1450-1650
Authors: Tittler Robert
Published: May 2014

Au cours de la dernière décennie, peu d'aspects de l'histoire d'Angleterre ont progressé aussi rapidement que celui du milieu urbain préindustriel. Alors que, il y a tout juste dix ans, peu d'universitaires sérieux œuvraient dans ce domaine et qu'il se donnait peu de cours à ce sujet au niveau du baccalauréat, il existe maintenant un cours complet et de haut calibre dans le programme de l'Open University. Déplus, les monographies en histoire urbaine semblent avoir supplanté l'histoire des comtés comme sujet de prédilection de thèses de doctorat. Une bonne partie des récents travaux sur les problèmes urbains de l'ère pré-industrielle visent toujours à éclaircir des questions qui ont été posées il y a dix ans ou plus. Ces travaux qui portent sur les dissensions politiques, l'évolution des institutions, les relations entre les municipalités et la couronne, et sur dJautres problèmes semblables, ne doivent pas être écartés parce que dépassés. Comme le sujet est très diversifié, il faudra produire un grand nombre de monographies avant de pouvoir généraliser. Les études portant sur de nouveaux concepts sont tout aussi importantes et peut-être plus innovatrices du point de vue de la méthode de travail car elles touchent en général un plus grand nombre de disciplines et tendent davantage vers la méthodologie quantitative. Elles reposent dans une grande mesure sur le travail de l'anthropologue, du démographe et du géographe et ont, en très peu de temps, élargi considérablement les horizons de l'historien qui s'intéresse à la ville pré-industrielle, grande et petite.
Boosting the French Canadian Town: Municipal Government and Urban Growth in Quebec, 1850-1900
Authors: Rudin Ronald
Published: May 2014

Résumé À la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe, dans toutes les régions du Canada, les administrations municipales encourageaient le développement économique local par divers moyens. Ce genre de promotion, qu'on a appelé en anglais boosterism, ri a pas généralement été étudié au Québec cependant. Influencés par le stéréotype voulant que les Canadiens français se soient opposés à Vintervention des gouvernements pour promouvoir l'essor économique, la plupart des auteurs ont simplement conclu que le boosterism ri existait pas au Québec. Une analyse plus attentive révèle une situation tout à fait différente. En réalité, les administrations municipales ont eu recours à une variété de moyens pour promouvoir le développement local avec les ressources limitées dont elles disposaient. Ces efforts étaient généralement déployés par des hommes d'affaires francophones qui voyaient la croissance de leur ville contribuer à leur propre fortune.
Home-Workplace Separation in Kingston: The Legal and Medical Professions — Past, Present and Future
Authors: Tunbridge J. E.
Published: May 2014

Faisant suite à une étude antérieure consacrée aux changements dans la localisation des médecins à Kingston, le présent article compare le groupe des médecins à celui des hommes de loi et constitue un pas vers une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme de la séparation du lieu du domicile et du lieu de travail. L'auteur constate des différences marquées dans la répartition dans l'espace et dans le temps, mettant ainsi l'accent sur les dangers que présentent des hypothèses simplistes concernant la décentralisation résidentielle; il explique également les différences entre ces groupes professionnels et d'autres, contribuant ainsi à éclaircir les complexités de l'évolution sociale en milieu urbain. Vauteur étudie les modifications éventuelles de la décentralisation résidentielle à la lumière de la tendance actuelle à la revitalisation du coeur des villes.
Warehouses and Warehouse Districts in Mid-American Cities
Authors: Eaton Leonard K.
Published: May 2014

A la fin du XIXe siècle, la construction de quartiers réservés aux entrepots devient un élément important de la croissance des villes en Amérique du Nord. Ce type de quartier constitue le centre d'activité des grossistes, principaux agents de Vexpansion du commerce. Souvent, les entrepots mêmes sont remarquables du point de vue architectural. Défait, V entrepot reste d'ordinaire, avec la gare de chemin defer, le véritable monument de la ville nord-américaine. Le présent article examine la façon dont s'est formé le quartier du commerce de gros.
Growth, Trade, and Urban Development of Staple Regions
Authors: Hum Derek , Phillips Paul
Published: May 2014

Certains thèmes des études historiques et contemporaines de l'évolution économique du Canada gardent leur importance, notamment la démarche consistant à interpréter en fonctions des denrées de base l'évolution de l'économie canadienne, celle qui voit le Canada comme une collection d'économies régionales et la distinction entre métropole et arrière-pays. Ces thèmes sont à la fois fondamentaux et reliés entre eux; en vérité, ils constituent des manifestions d'un processus commun — celui d'une expansion économique dépendant des ressources. Cette communication relie l'urbanisation et l'expansion des régions dont l'économie repose sur les denrées de base à certains facteurs comme les échanges, la croissance et la structure économique. Nous intégrons l'opposition métropole-arrière-pays dans le cadre plus vaste des denrées essentielles, pour réaliser une synthèse des divers aspects de la théorie économique, surtout la structure des échanges et de l'économie, la croissance, grâce aux exportations, d'une petite économie ouverte et le dynamisme fondé sur le déséquilibre de l'expansion urbaine — tout cela réinterprété dans le cadre spécial de l'économie des denrées de base. Bien que nous gardions pour but principal de fournir une synthèse formelle de la démarche fondée sur les denrées essentielles et de l'expansion urbaine, afin d'en orienter la politique, nous nous reportons tout au long de l'exposé à l'évolution économique et historique du Canada.
An Epidemic without Enmity: Explaining the Missing Ethnic Tensions in New Haven's 1918 Influenza Epidemic
Authors: Irwin Julia F.
Published: May 2014

Although much of the historiography of urban public health documents scapegoating of immigrant and working-class civilians during onsets of epidemic disease, the 1918 influenza epidemic in New Haven, Connecticut, suggests a very different story. A large number of industrial working-class Italians made up a significant proportion of the city's population. During the epidemic, Italians succumbed to influenza at nearly twice the rate of other residents. But, contrary to historiographic expectations, the New Haven story is one narrated by piercing silences and a distinct lack of hostility towards the immigrant community. These silences must be understood as a product of the period's political and social context. Influenza struck New Haven during the closing months of the First World War, a period marked by calls for unity, cooperation, and fierce patriotism. As Anglo citizens emphasized Americanism and assimilation, the Italian community's middle-class leadership largely acquiesced. Italian editors, physicians, business-owners, and other professionals used the epidemic period to construct a new public face of the Italian community as a modernized, patriotic, and responsible ethnic group. Simultaneously, New Haven's nationally renowned public health officials embraced a wartime vocabulary of voluntarism and civic obligation to alter civilian behaviours. They encouraged education and gentle persuasion in hygiene over more forceful coercion. Together, these community responses to influenza helped to quell potential hostilities. However, they also masked persistent inequalities in Italian health and limited the potential for real urban reforms of immigrant housing and health. Italian- and English-language publications demonstrate the diverse meanings of the influenza epidemic for different groups within the city. They also illustrate the many ways these groups used the epidemic to construct new definitions of citizenship and proper behaviour.
Preparing for the Pandemic: City Boards of Health and the Arrival of Cholera in Montreal, New York, and Philadelphia in 1832
Authors: Osborne John B.
Published: May 2014

This paper compares the responses of city officials in Montreal, New York, and Philadelphia to the cholera epidemic of 1832. In the absence of a medical consensus on the cause or contagious nature of the disease, physicians recommended a variety of preventive/protective measures ranging from quarantine to isolation hospitals to city sanitation. Significantly, prejudices toward immigrants, the working class, and particular ethnic groups influenced the city leaders' response to the epidemic as much as the opinion of medical experts. Of the three cities, Philadelphia experienced the lowest death rate during the epidemic—a success that contemporaries attributed to the city's hygienic/sanitation program but was due to the clean supply of drinking water from the city's state-of-the-art waterworks.
Mayors à La Mancha: An Aspect of Depression Leadership in Canadian Cities
Authors: Taylor John H.
Published: May 2014

La politique municipale traditionnelle, c'est-à-dire une politique non partisane qui était plus ou moins le fait des élites urbaines conservatrices et libérales, domina les grandes villes canadiennes jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle ou au début du XXe. A cette époque, elle se trouva remise en question par les représentants d'une démocratie élargie, constituée de meneurs charismatiques, qui s'attiraient les sympathies populaires, et de groupes socialistes. A quelques exceptions près, ces efforts restèrent infructueux. La Crise des années trente, toutefois, offrit un terrain plus favorable aux deux mouvements contestataires. Une fois de plus, les chefs charismatiques ne connurent qu'un succès éphémère et furent incapables de s'implanter solidement dans leurs villes. Ils réussirent toute de même à modifier suffisamment les courants établis, bien que de façon temporaire, pour permettre soit aux partis traditionnels de repousser les socialistes, soit aux socialistes de s'emparer du pouvoir.
The Myth of the Metropolis: T
Authors: McCann L. D.
Published: May 2014

La notion de métropole, tenue pour acquise depuis longtemps dans la population et la littérature canadiennes, est devenue un mythe national. Le Canada n'est plus un pays avec, d'un côté, une métropole et, de l'autre, le reste du pays. Les richesses naturelles ont engendré une mise en valeur soutenue à travers plusieurs arrières-pays et ont engendré aussi la création de capitales régionales qui ont une influence directe sur la vie économique, sociale et politique du Canada. De nos jours, la puissance des villes régionales se traduit par une réorientation de la vie du pays et par la recrudescence du régionalisme qui caractérise le Canada d'aujourd'hui.
Aspects of Urban Heritage: An Introduction
Authors: Taylor John H.
Published: May 2014

Derivative forces worked strongly on the nineteenth century Canadian cityscape, in a fashion perhaps typical of burgeoning colonial centres. The impact of such forces is evident in the three historical articles that follow, whether the focus is the builder and contractor of Susan BuggeyTs Halifax, the architect and capitalist of David Hanna's Montreal, or the military "planner" of Michael Newton's Ottawa. The ideas, imperatives, strategies, and models of the metropolitan society imposed themselves forcibly on the design of the colonial outpost, however strong or apparently mature that outpost was. The observation that colonial societies owe much to the metropolis is perhaps obvious and even trivial, but in unmasking the "deception" of the colonial cityscape, it is an observation not to be ignored, for such a premise leads to an important question. Have the research designs or strategies employed to unmask the nineteenth century Canadian cityscape been as derivative as the city itself? And as such, can they possibly work?
Holy Day or Holiday? The Giddy Trolley and the Canadian Sunday, 1890-1914
Authors: Meen Sharon P.
Published: May 2014

L'arrivée du tranway dans les grandes villes, du Canada a coïncidé avec un changement d'attitudes envers le jour du Seigneur. La question de savoir si le tranrway devait circuler ou non le dimanche souleva un débat public - le dimanche était-il jour du Seigneur ou jour de congé? Le présent article examine la controverse qui opposait les partisans du tranway aux tenants du respect du repos dominical. Ces derniers tentèrent de bien des façons de faire obstacle au trarrway, mais celui-ci devait se révéler un ennemi insaisissable. Dès 1914, le tranway était déclaré franc vainqueur; ses troupes sillonnaient alors les rues des grandes villes d'un bout à l'autre du Canada. D'après cet article, la victoire du tranway est due à l'appui qu'il reçut de la population des gouvernements et des tribunaux.
An Inner City in Decline: St. John's, Newfoundland
Authors: Shrimpton Mark , Sharpe Christopher A.
Published: May 2014

Le centre de la ville de St. John's a connu, entre 1971 et 1976, le plus fort taux de dépeuplement d'un noyau urbain au Canada. Cette dépopulation est attribuable en partie à la baisse de la natalité, phénonène qui touche toute l'Amérique du llord, mais elle s'explique aussi par la détérioration du milieu commercial et résidentiel et par le constant aménagement de nouvelles aires résidentielles et commerciales dans la banlieue. Certaines des principales causes de la dégradation du centre de la ville sont étudiées, y compris la non-planification de l'aménagement par l'administration municipale. Sont examinées également les conséquences, tant salutaires que néfastes de différentes politiques du gouvernement fédéral.
Current Research in Canadian Urban History
Authors: Stelter Gilbert A.
Published: May 2014

Judging by the amount of research activity in progress, urban history is thriving in Canada. This second survey lists 306 individuals and their projects, a number which represents considerable growth from the 130 included in a similar list in this journal four years ago.* The list is probably still far from complete, but it is an indication of who is working in the field, what type of topic is being examined and where the work is taking place. Many of those included here would not consider themselves "urban historians" in any exclusive sense, but their work explicitly or implicitly relates to the historical development of particular cities or to the broader aspects of the urban past.
Manufacturers and Industrial Development Policy in Hamilton, 1890-1910
Authors: Middleton Diana J. , Walker David F.
Published: May 2014

After failing to establish Hamilton as a major wholesaling centre, businessmen in the city concentrated their attentions increasingly on the manufacturing sector. City Council policies were extremely supportive of this focus, particularly in the period from 1890 to 1910, which is examined in this paper. Manufacturers themselves, however, are shown to have played a minor role in Council's activities. None of the key figures in promoting pro-development policies in Hamilton were manufacturers, despite the fact that those policies were designed primarily to stimulate manufacturing. At the forefront, rather, were professional men with business interests, supported mainly by merchants.
An Editorial
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: May 2014

The first issue of the Urban History Review appeared in February 1972. Since that time, the journal has attempted to adjust to the massive changes that have taken place in the broad field of urban studies. The U.H.R. has grown considerably in size, reflecting the greatly increased activity in the historical study of the Canadian city. This growth has included the presentation of longer articles, the addition of a book review section, the publication of thesis abstracts, and the expansion of our "notes and comments" section. We have also continued to carry articles on urban archives. In addition, the U.H.R. has published several thematic issues and more special issues are planned. A further change has been the addition to our editorial board of scholars from fields other than history, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of urban studies. Finally, we have published articles reporting on the state of urban studies in other countries and we plan to continue to include articles or comments on non-Canadian developments of interest to Canadian scholars.
L’utilisation des cartes historiques dans l’analyse de l’évolution des sols en milieu urbain : Le cas de Sherbrooke, 1863-1951
Authors: Thouez Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2014

Parmi les instruments dont on dispose pour évaluer les tendances de développement du tissu urbain, l'analyse de l'occupation du sol s'avère un outil classique mais néanmoins limité. D'une part, les définitions varient d'une époque à l'autre, sinon d'une ville à l'autre. D'autre part, il est exceptionnel que l'on dispose de longues séries chronologiques. L'exposé qui suit porte sur une des méthodes possibles de reconstitution de la trame urbaine en prenant comme cas d'application la ville de Sherbrooke située dans les Cantons de l'Est qu Québec. De plus, on essaiera de décrire brièvement les principales caractéristiques de l'évolution des principales catégories de l'évolution du sol.
Introduction
Authors: Harney Robert F. , Troper Harold
Published: May 2014

Although the growing number of local studies has enhanced our understanding of the history of the North American city, unnecessary dispute over interpretation and about the legitimacy of various methodologies often surrounds urban studies. A tendency to missionary zeal and certainty among historians who have used new tools and methods, whether they be computers, tape recorders, or photographic analyses, has brought an equally sectarian response from those who practiced more traditional ways of doing history. Thus, both in defining valid content and in methodology—and consequently in preserving sources—much time and energy has been lost.
From Coal to Forest Products: The Changing resource Base of Nanaimo, B.C.
Authors: Gidney Norman
Published: May 2014

Many Canadian cities which are now flourishing urban centres had their origins as single-industry communities. British Columbia had many such communities, at all stages of its history; Cariboo and Kootenay mining towns, the logging camps of the Pacific Coast, the sawmill and pulp mill towns of Vancouver Island and the southwest mainland, the salmon canneries and fishing villages dotted along the coast and major rivers.
Workers and Tories: The Collapse of the Conservative Party in Urban Ontario, 1908-1919
Authors: Piva Michael J.
Published: May 2014

One major question confronting labour and urban historians concerns the process of class formation. The major problem traditionally has revolved around basic definitions; whether or not class is defined objectively in terms of social-economic structures or subjectively in terms of class identification and collective behaviour. In Canada liberal historians have frequently criticized Marxists for their emphasis upon objective-structural criteria in defining class. It is a criticism all too often earned by Marxist historians in this country. Leo Johnson, for example, showing remarkably little regard for Marx himself, argues that:
Edmonton Civic Politics, 1891-1913
Authors: Day John P.
Published: May 2014

Edmonton's position as a western Canadian city was unusual. It experienced the massive growth common to other prairie cities in the pre-war period. But prior to the great population explosion following the C.P.R.fs arrival in 1891, it had developed a number of social institutions which in varying ways and with varying degrees of success attempted to cope with the transition. It also possessed an identity which did not vanish altogether. The C.P.R.'s arrival made it necessary to formalize these institutions by means of incorporating as a town. The rapid expansion which followed saw the new town attain the status of a city as Edmonton attempted to fit the older social institutions into the rapidly developing pre-war boom.
The Archives of the Glenbow-Alberta Institute (Calgary)
Authors: Jameson Sheilagh S.
Published: May 2014

After many years of planning, Glenbow's establishment in a new building was accomplished in 1976. Following over twenty-one years of operation in various buildings including a fine old dwelling, a former church, a court house, a Carnegie library and several warehouses, all of Glenbow's departments are gathered under one roof. Here are housed all of the Institute's holdings except for a collection of large agricultural implements, and artifacts on loan to other institutions such as Calgary's Heritage Park.
The Politics of Municipal Reform in St. John's Newfoundland, 1888-1892
Authors: Baker Melvin
Published: May 2014

For many generations St. John's has dominated the political, social and economic life of Newfoundland. Yet, though its boosters describe it as North America's oldest city, it was not incorporated until 1888. Like Newfoundland itself, St. John's was definitely a late starter on the constitutional front. Self-government came to St. John's long after it had been achieved in the comparable Maritime centres of Saint John (1785), Halifax (1841) and Charlottetown (1855). Moreover, the system of government established in St. John's in 1888 proved highly unstable. Why was Newfoundland's capital so different?
Ham, Michael F., editor. The City in Russian History
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: May 2014

Although urbanization in the West has been widely studied, the growth of Russian cities, particularly in the pre-Soviet period, has been relatively neglected by scholars outside the Soviet Union. This collection of sixteen essays examines the Russian city in the preindustrial period, the nineteenth century, and the Soviet period from the perspectives of history, geography, political science, architecture, and sociology. Consequently, The City in Russian History includes a variety of approaches to urban development, while encompassing both comprehensive studies of historical trends and case studies of particular cities and regions.
In Almost Perpetual Circles: Urban Preservation and the Municipal Advisory Committee in London, Ontario
Authors: Armstrong Frederick H. , Phelps Edward C. H.
Published: May 2014

The problems involved in the preservation of our urban historical and architectural heritage have aroused increasing attention in the last few years, partially because of the growing general concern over the quality of our environment. The idea of having some type of committee, or board, to advise municipal governments on such preservation questions is certainly not new; in the last few years, a vast number of such committees have sprung up across the country. In Ontario, for instance, since the 1974 legislation, over 40 new bodies of this type have been created. All such committees inevitably run into many difficulties, although they are greatly helped when their municipality is located in a province in which there is some overall legislation and a central ministry to give advice. They inject a new element into the planning and development process, an element that threatens to complicate traditional procedures and therefore, naturally, disturbs planners, developers and municipal officials who have their accustomed processes. Hence the experience of what is now one of the "older" committees, that of London, Ontario, may be of some interest to readers of this journal, for its evolution points up many issues that face such bodies. Possibly, therefore, some suggestions based on its experiences will help smooth the path of parallel organizations elsewhere.
Éléments de l’urbanisation de la ville de Québec : 1790-1840
Authors: LaFrance Marc , Ruddell Thierry
Published: May 2014

Au début du XIXe siècle et surtout entre 1808 et 1827, la ville connaît son essor le plus remarquable. Pendant cette période, les fonctions majeures de Québec, (commerciale, militaire et administrative) liées aux conjonctures économiques et au déroulement de la politique internationale, jouiront d'une activité importante. Celle-ci aura une portée considérable sur l'évolution physique de la ville et sur celle des effectifs humains.
Winnipeg, 1874-1914
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: May 2014

Winnipeg's establishment as the major urban center of Western Canada in the period prior to 1914 was a result of neither geographical location nor initial advantage. The city prospered because it had dynamic leaders and businessmen who directed their efforts toward achieving for their community rapid and sustained growth at the expense of any and all other considerations. And the most serious question they faced in the early years of the city was the location of the C.P.R. main line. For as far as Winnipeg's leaders were concerned railways were the key to growth; the one essential without which all their plans would fail. Although Winnipeg was incorporated as a city in 1873, that strictly legal action did not by itself guarantee the city's future. Indeed, at least until the coming of the C.P.R. in 1881, the eventual development of the community was in doubt.
Approaches to the Study of the Urban Past: Geography
Authors: Lemon James T.
Published: May 2014

What I have to say, then, is more about what "geographers" are doing than about geography. A central struggle among geographers now is between the ecological/behavioural perspective and the planning/political view. By ecological I mean a tendency toward reductionist view of human existence, an uncritical acceptance of processes operating below the surface of consciousness, notably competition. This connotes "economic man" who defines self-interest in the narrowest of terms. Behaviouralism, a more recent development, while more subtle, says much the same: man the manipulator. Society is made up of a bunch of individuals who adapt and sort themselves out by competition. This may overstate the position of Robert Park and Edward Burgess, the classical writers of urban ecology, but it has been the basic thrust of most studies on urban geography. A rejoinder to my proposition, namely that the ecologist's view of North America cities fits the American ideology, can be countered by another proposition that the students of ecology not only describe conditions, but imply a normative state. Everybody has to adjust if we follow them. Besides, North American cities have not always followed the ecologist's descriptions.
A Sense of Time and Place: The Historian's Approach to the Urban Past
Authors: Stelter Gilbert
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this discussion is to examine the contributions that various disciplines have made and are making to the study of the urban past in terms of subject matter, conceptualization, and methodology. It is my task to outline the role of the historian (narrowly defined) in this venture. The question which immediately arises is: as the historian does not have exclusive jurisdiction over the study of the urban past, either as subject matter or as a dimension of urban studies, what does he have to contribute beyond a rather amateurish approach to the increasingly technical methodology employed today? In general, I think the contribution might be described as a special sense of time and place. In the context of other approaches, it falls somewhere between that of the social scientist interested in discovering general patterns and that of the local historian concerned only with the unique and particular. This rather nebulous middle ground perhaps is best defined by describing what historians think they are doing and by a selective look at what they have done.
Commentary: Approaches to the Urban Past
Authors: Bellan Reuben
Published: May 2014

Following a brief review of the foregoing three papers, Professor Bellan made the following comments: It is of the profoundest significance to me that the words city and civilization derive from the same root and express the idea of orderly relationship. The Greek word for city, "polis", expresses the same idea; as a matter of fact our word, police, meaning people who enforce the law, was originally used only in the sense of orderly arrangement. The orderly arrangements referred to are those governing the relationships of a large number of people living in closest proximity, mutually independent, mutually interacting.
Introduction
Authors: Dahl Edward H.
Published: May 2014

Urban historians have not yet begun to explore in depth the Public Archives1 rich documentation of Canadian urban development. Researchers of this development have regrettably been preoccupied with the written word, often to the exclusion of equally and sometimes more valuable materials such as maps, plans, paintings, photographs, films and sound recordings.
A Malthusian-Frontier Interpretation of United States Demographic History Before c. 1815
Authors: Smith Daniel Scott
Published: May 2014

The combination of a three per cent rate of population growth and an absence of per capita economic growth was fundamental to the history of the British colonies in North America and the early United States. These characteristics sharply differed from the economy and demography of the nineteenth century United States and from the experience of other societies. These distinctive features had significant consequences; the "Malthusian-frontier" regime helps to explain the extremely slow pace of urbanization, the stability in the inequality of wealth, and the pattern of conflict and elite domination in politics. Although rapid natural increase created economic, social, and political difficulties, migration toward the frontier served to equilibrate the system. Using data from late eighteenth century New England towns, the paper demonstrates how migration tended to act as a homeostatic mechanism but also argues that out-migrants from more densely-settled areas were pushed rather than pulled. Several factors account for the "stickiness" of the migration process. Throughout, the essay illustrates the utility of a systemic approach to demographic history.
Cities and Regional Thought in Argentina and Chile Between 1850 and 1930
Authors: Hardoy Jorge Enrique , Langdon María Elena
Published: May 2014

This paper is a discussion of how scholars and government leaders in Argentina and Chile regarded four related aspects of regional and urban development: settlement, urban-rural imbalances, urban primacy and imbalances between centre and periphery, and the stark reality of social inequalities. Their analyses and their solutions are still valid today.
Urban and Rural Variants of Pre-industrial Demographic Regimes in Nineteenth-Century Brazil
Authors: Marcílio Maria Luiza
Published: May 2014

Preliminary research in nineteenth-century Brazilian demographic data already indicates patterns different from the Old Regime model formulated for Europe. For Brazil there emerge four demographic regimes, involving degrees of isolation of population, access to natural resources, kinds of work, and relationship to the world economy: 1) subsistence economies; 2) plantation economies; 3) the slave population; and 4) urban areas, mostly ports. The slave population maintained its numbers by steady importation from Africa; the cities, by purchase of slaves and immigration from Europe.
Changes in the Socio-Economic Pattern of Spanish-American Cities With Special Reference to Colonial Town Centres
Authors: Gormsen E.
Published: May 2014

This paper outlines some of the key changes in the spatial distribution of functions and social classes in Spanish-American cities, with Puebla, Mexico, used as a case study. Among the factors which influence the future of the cities is the changing social structure of the inner zone. Upper class families have moved into modern residential areas while their large colonial patio-houses have been transformed into lower class multi-family quarters known as vecindades.
City Making And Mending In The United States: On Capitalizing a Social Environment
Authors: Lampard Eric E.
Published: May 2014

This paper surveys attitudes toward city building from the foundation of cities in colonial America to the present day in the United States. It treats the activity of city making and mending in terms of modal behaviour and institutions, not the iconography of cities nor their reputation among prominent intellectuals. It is ultimately concerned with whether capitalized social change tends to render the forms of urban society obsolete much as "progress" outmoded rural society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Urban Planning and Development in Upper Canada
Authors: Stelter Gilbert A.
Published: May 2014

This paper describes the planning and development of the towns and cities of Upper Canada, the frontier region of British North America. Imperial officials consciously used towns as agencies for the settlement of this region, based on the British experience in Ireland and the American colonies. By the mid-nineteenth century, the colonial entrepôts had become ambitious commercial centres. While the social system was reflected in a conservative approach to local government, for example, the physical artifacts closely resembled their counterparts in the United States.
Zombie, vous avez dit zombie ? Quand l’apocalypse zombie s’empare du roman
Authors: Bergeron Patrick
Published: May 2014

Cet article examine la manière dont les genres littéraires narratifs (roman et nouvelle) se sont approprié la figure du zombie mythifiée au cinéma par George A. Romero. Une première partie situe la figure littéraire du zombie par rapport à ses modèles cinématographique (Romero) et bédéistique (Kirkman). Une seconde partie identifie cinq catégories de récits représentatives de cette appropriation littéraire : les anthologies de nouvelles de zombies, les romans de genre zombie, les zomédies et les pots-pourris, les fictions zombies hors du monde anglophone et les spéculations zombies littérairement élaborées.
Apocalypse Zombie : l’invasion des morts- vivants dans le roman graphique contemporain
Authors: Domínguez Leiva Antonio
Published: May 2014

La figure du zombie envahit littéralement l’univers de la bande dessinée contemporaine, s’articulant autour de différents mythèmes et motifs qui, à la suite de Romero, en font un héraut inquiétant d’une Nouvelle Apocalypse : la ville en ruines et l’anomie sociale, en proie aux dérèglements de l’« l’homme-masse » associé au topos fin-de-siècle des « nouveaux barbares » et la régression à la sauvagéité ; la pandémie et le motif de la « rage » associée au cannibalisme des morts ; le triomphe de l’iconographie du cadavre galvanisé ; la surenchère dans le détail gore, à la lisière de l’humour ; la paranoïa envers les appareils idéologiques d’État et notamment les pouvoirs médicaux et militaires ; le sous-texte religieux d’un jugement dernier sans rédemption ; enfin, la « politique » du mauvais goût qui fait des zombies les emblèmes d’une antiesthétique contre-culturelle.
Le cinéma de propagande nazie, trompette de l’apocalypse : Das Wort aus Stein (1939)
Authors: Miraglia Valentina
Published: May 2014

Das Wort aus Stein de Kurt Rupli est plus qu’un film d’anticipation. Ce moyen métrage institutionnel produit par la UFA en 1939 est l’expression d’une démesure architecturale qui fait appel au cinéma pour donner réalité aux décors de l’idéologie technocratique nazie. Das Wort aus Stein montre la nouvelle Allemagne telle qu’elle s’imagine avant d’être rasée par les bombardements ennemis qui la menacent déjà au moment du tournage. Une avalanche de pierres, présage prémonitoire du désastre, sert de générique aux projets d’Hitler. À travers l’analyse de certains passages du film, des photos de tournage, des maquettes, d’articles d’époque, ce travail développe l’apocalypse dans laquelle les plans nazis entraînent l’Europe, le peuple juif et finalement l’Allemagne.