bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HISTORY'S NARRATIVE EXPLANATION UNDER THE LOGIC OF CAUSAL IMPUTATION: AN ESSAY IN HONOR OF MAX WEBER'S DEATH CENTENARY
Authors: DO VALLE ULISSES
Published: May 2022

One hundred years have passed since Max Weber's death. This article explores an aspect of his work that, although fundamental, has received little attention in theoretical discussions about historiography: the relationship between explanation and narration. This article's analysis proceeds from two basic hypotheses: (1) some of the questions posed by narrativism to theory of history were already present in Weber's intellectual context; (2) in Weber's work, we can find a helpful, albeit nearly forgotten, answer to these questions insofar as his proposal situates the narrative explanation of history in the logical framework of causal imputation. Based on these hypotheses, this article's central objective is to examine how and to what extent a return to Weber can shed new light on the problem of historical explanation without disregarding its narrative nature. The article's first step, then, is to briefly review the fundamental questions posed by narrativism to the theory of history, with an emphasis on the structure of a historical narration; after that, it shows how and to what extent we can find a response to these questions in Weber's work. Ultimately, the article seeks to demonstrate the compatibility between the structure of a narrative, as evidenced by Arthur C. Danto, and the logical‐causal explanation model proposed by Weber, which will serve as the basis for a clearer distinction between historical narratives and fictional ones.
Silencing of an odorant binding protein (SaveOBP10) involved in the behavioural shift of the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)
Authors: Ullah Rana Muhammad Kaleem , Waris Muhammad Irfan , Qureshi Sundas Rana , Rasool Fatima , Duan Shuang‐Gang , Zaka Syed Muhammad , Atiq Muhammad Nauman , Wang Man‐Qun
Published: May 2022

Insects are highly reliant on their active olfactory system in which odorant binding proteins play a role to selectivity and sensitivity during odour perception and processing. This study sets out to determine whether and to which extent the antennal loaded SaveOBP10 in English grain aphid Sitobion avenae, contributes in olfactory processing during host selection. To understand this possible relationship, we purified the SaveOBP10 recombinant protein and performed fluorescence ligand binding tests, molecular docking, RNA interference (RNAi) and behavioural trials. The results showed that SaveOBP10 had strong binding affinities (Ki ≤5 μM) with most of wheat plant volatiles at pH 5.0 as compared to pH 7.4. In Y‐tube olfactometer bioassays, the S. avenae was attracted behaviourally towards pentadecane, butylated hydroxytoluene, tetradecane and β‐caryophyllene however repelled by naphthalene. After RNAi of SaveOBP10, the aphid showed nonattraction towards β‐caryophyllene and nonsignificant behavioural response to pentadecane, butylated hydroxytoluene and tetradecane. Furthermore, the three‐dimensional structure modelling and molecular docking of SaveOBP10 were performed to the volatiles with high binding abilities. Together these findings indicate that SaveOBP10 can bind more strongly to the volatiles that involved in S. avenae behaviour regulation and possibly will contribute effectively in S. avenae integrated pest management.
Cross‐sectional web‐based survey among haematologists and gastroenterologists in Japan to identify the key factors for early diagnosis of Gaucher disease
Authors: Yoshimitsu Makoto , Ono Midori , Inoue Yoichi , Sagara Rieko , Baba Terumi , Fernandez Jovelle
Published: May 2022

Background

Gaucher disease (GD) is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder resulting from glucocerebrosidase deficiency. Patients benefit from early treatment as complications can arise from delayed diagnosis.

Aims

To measure GD awareness among Japanese haematologists and gastroenterologists, who are the specialists most likely to encounter patients with symptoms recognised in the Gaucher Earlier Diagnosis Consensus (GED‐C), such as hepatosplenomegaly and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, we aimed to determine key signs from the GED‐C associated with early diagnosis.

Methods

A quantitative web survey assessed Japanese haematologists and gastroenterologists for their (i) basic awareness of GD, (ii) explicit awareness of GD signs, (iii) explicit awareness of GD treatments and (iv) accuracy in suspecting GD in model patients.

Results

Survey results from 160 haematologists and 166 gastroenterologists indicated that more than 50% of haematologists were aware of GD symptoms, diagnostic criteria and/or treatments, and 38% of them had experienced or suspected GD. The majority of gastroenterologists were unaware of GD or knew the disease only by name, with 20% experiencing or suspecting GD in practice. Almost 70% of haematologists knew of enzyme replacement therapy, while 47% of gastroenterologists were not aware of any treatments for GD. Of the GED‐C items, an awareness of bone‐associated signs was correlated with accurate GD diagnosis in model patients and this awareness was greater among haematologists than gastroenterologists.

Conclusions

The present study showed that haematologists had greater awareness of GD than gastroenterologists, and that bone pain may be a key sign of GD to enhance early diagnosis.
Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis CRL1655 and Schleiferilactobacillus perolens CRL1724 inhibit the adherence of common bovine mastitis pathogens to mammary gland cells, without causing histological changes in the mammary gland
Authors: Berardo Natanael , Giraudo Jose , Magnano Gabriel , Nader-Macias Maria E. F. , Bogni Cristina , Pellegrino Matías
Published: May 2022

Aims

The present work assessed the ability of two selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Schleiferilactobacillus perolens CRL1724 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CRL1655) to inhibit the adherence of bovine mastitis pathogens to mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and their effects (if any) on the structure of the gland after intramammary inoculation at dry-off.

Methods and Results

Established bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) were used to assess the LAB strains' ability to inhibit the adherence of bovine mastitis pathogens. Monolayers of MAC-T cells were co-cultured with the LABs and then individual pathogen was added. Both strains prevented the adherence of S. aureus RC108, S. chromogenes, S. uberis UT102 and E. coli ATCC 35218. Adherence of the latter two pathogens was inhibited most strongly in vitro. To evaluate the effect of the LAB on the structure of the bovine udders, quarters were intramammary inoculated with the LAB mixture at dry-off. After slaughtering, the teats were dissected and histopathologically analysed. No modifications were identified post-inoculation in the structure of the epithelial, subepithelial and connective tissues of the mammary gland.

Conclusions

Probiotic strains L. lactis subsp lactis CRL1655 and S. perolens CRL1724 were both able to inhibit the adherence of a number of bovine mastitis pathogens in vitro, and that the intramammary inoculation of these strains at the established dose and concentration did not cause significant alterations in the mammary epithelium nor had undesirable effects on tissues, and may therefore be considered harmless.

Significance and Impact of Study

The promising findings demonstrated in this work support the potential of probiotic micro-organisms as a natural and effective alternative to prevent bovine mastitis during the dry-off period.
Restatement costs and reporting bias
Authors: Herly Marie , Lambertsen Nikolaj Niebuhr
Published: May 2022

Financial restatements are costly, but frequent, events and many firms restate several times. We explore why rational managers engage in misreporting despite the costly consequences. To guide our analysis, we build a parsimonious model of reporting bias and the cost of restating. In our model, the observed cost of a restatement conveys information about the true cost of biasing financial statements, which the manager incorporates into the optimal choice of bias. A restatement hence offers managers an opportunity to learn about the true cost of reporting bias, which allows them to update their biasing strategy if the observed cost differs from the expected. We test the model's predictions by analyzing how firms' accruals quality changes after observing the costs attached to restating, which we measure as the market loss following a restatement scaled by the restatement's net income effect. We find that future accruals quality is increasing in the cost of restating and the change in the cost of restating. Consistent with our stylized model, our results indicate that rational managers use the insights from prior restatements to improve their future bias strategy.
Association between implantable defibrillator‐detected sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation: The DASAP‐HF study
Authors: Boriani Giuseppe , Diemberger Igor , Pisanò Ennio C. L. , Pieragnoli Paolo , Locatelli Alessandro , Capucci Alessandro , Talarico Antonello , Zecchin Massimo , Rapacciuolo Antonio , Piacenti Marcello , Indolfi Ciro , Arias Miguel A. , Checchinato Catia , La Rovere Maria T. , Sinagra Gianfranco , Emdin Michele , Ricci Renato P. , D'Onofrio Antonio
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI) computed by an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) algorithm accurately identifies severe sleep apnea (SA). In the present analysis, we tested the hypothesis that RDI could also predict atrial fibrillation (AF) burden.

Methods

Patients with ejection fraction ≤35% implanted with an ICD were enrolled and followed up for 24 months. One month after implantation, patients underwent a polysomnographic study. The weekly mean RDI value was considered, as calculated during the entire follow‐up period and over a 1‐week period preceding the sleep study. The endpoints were as follows: daily AF burden of ≥5 min, ≥6 h, ≥23 h.

Results

Here, 164 patients had usable RDI values during the entire follow‐up period. Severe SA (RDI ≥ 30 episodes/h) was diagnosed in 92 (56%) patients at the time of the sleep study. During follow‐up, AF burden ≥ 5 min/day was documented in 70 (43%), ≥6 h/day in 48 (29%), and ≥23 h/day in 33 (20%) patients. Device‐detected RDI ≥ 30 episodes/h at the time of the polygraphy, as well as the polygraphy‐measured apnea hypopnea index ≥ 30 episodes/h, were not associated with the occurrence of the endpoints, using a Cox regression model. However, using a time‐dependent model, continuously measured weekly mean RDI ≥ 30 episodes/h was independently associated with AF burden ≥ 5 min/day (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–3.65, p = .006), ≥6 h/day (HR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.37–5.49, p = .004), and ≥23 h/day (HR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.05–4.86, p = .037).

Conclusions

In heart failure patients, ICD‐diagnosed severe SA on follow‐up data review identifies patients who are from two‐ to three‐fold more likely to experience an AF episode, according to various thresholds of daily AF burden.
Two newly developed indices evaluating facial skin aging
Authors: Leem Sangseob , Gu Ki‐Nam , Kim Yunkwan , Jeong Euitaek , Lim Jun Man , Kang Nae Gyu
Published: May 2022

Background

Skin assessment methodologies have focused mainly on intuitive aging characteristics, including facial wrinkles and pigmented spots, and usually adopt pattern recognition algorithms. Recently, distinct methods of interpreting skin aging, such as the detection of facial landmarks and age prediction using machine learning techniques, have been conducted.

Materials and Methods

We defined two indices that represent the severity of facial aging. The first index was the ratio of the bizygomatic distance and bigonial distance. The second index was the ratio of the degrees of the near mandible. The indices extracted from two‐dimensional frontal face images were intended to show the deformation of the facial skin downward with aging progress. To validate whether these proposed indicators can represent facial aging, we conducted correlation tests with age and facial skin characteristics and performed association tests between the indices and facial skin characteristics, adjusted for age.

Results

The indices showed strong correlations with age (r = 0.557 and 0.464, respectively) and facial skin characteristics. Although there were correlations between the indices and facial skin features, the associations between the indices and facial skin characteristics adjusted for age were weak or not significant. This suggests that the newly developed indices are appropriate for evaluating facial skin aging and distinct from typical measurements.

Conclusion

We suggest two novel indices for evaluating facial aging based on frontal face images. The indices exhibited strong correlations with age and representative facial skin characteristics. The newly developed values can be differentiated indicators of facial aging compared with general skin features.
A case of ventricular noncompaction associated with heterotaxy and atrioventricular block diagnosed at 15 weeks of gestation using superb microvascular imaging
Authors: Muto Megumi , Horinouchi Takashi , Maeno Yasuki , Yoshizato Toshiyuki , Mihara Yutaro , Kusano Hironori , Shimomura Takuya , Sakamoto Yoshitaka , Ushijima Kimio
Published: May 2022

We present a case of fetal atrioventricular block, heterotaxy, and ventricular noncompaction observed longitudinally from the first to early second trimesters using B‐mode and Doppler imaging, including superb microvascular imaging. At 12 weeks of gestation, the atrial and ventricular rates were 133 and 67 beats/min, respectively, and dextrocardia was noted. At 15 weeks of gestation, detailed sonography revealed ventricular septal defect, interruption of the inferior vena cava, dilated azygos vein, and double‐outlet right ventricle. In addition, superb microvascular imaging revealed irregular contours in the anatomical left ventricular wall, indicating prominent trabeculations of the ventricle, which were characteristic findings of ventricular noncompaction. At 21 weeks of gestation, intrauterine fetal death occurred, and the autopsy revealed complex congenital heart disease, including ventricular noncompaction.
Aposematic patterns shift continuously throughout the life of poison frogs
Authors: Yuan M. L. , Jung C. , Bell R. C. , Nelson J. L.
Published: May 2022

Color and pattern are often dynamic traits that change throughout an individual's lifetime. Still, long‐term shifts in coloration have received limited attention. Dendrobatid poison frogs are a classical system in the study of color and pattern evolution in which both sexual selection and predation avoidance are thought to drive the evolution of color and pattern at the population and species level. Here, we highlight an overlooked axis of pattern diversity, within individual variation, using three species in the genus Dendrobates. We collected longitudinal photographs of individuals at the National Aquarium to test the hypothesis that patterns shift predictably throughout the lifetimes of individual frogs. In all three species, we found a consistent reduction in the relative area of aposematic color as individuals aged and that the rate of pattern shift did not differ between the sexes. Consequently, within individual variation in coloration may confound inferences from ecological studies that inherently assume individual pattern is static. Finally, we note that using simple and noninvasive photography protocols, animals in zoos and aquaria have the potential to deepen our understanding of how color and pattern change throughout the lifetimes of a wide range of species.
Predicting Risk for Comorbid Reading and Mathematics Disability Using Fluency‐Based Screening Assessments
Authors: Martin BrittanyLee N. , Fuchs Lynn S.
Published: May 2022

The first purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of risk for comorbid reading and mathematics disabilities (RMD) at start of first grade, when measured in a representative sample of 3,062 students with first‐grade fluency measures (word reading; computation). The second purpose was to examine the utility of these measures for predicting RMD status within a sample of 577 students when RMD status was assessed at the end of second grade in terms of reading and math accuracy. When set at or below the 16th percentile, first‐grade risk for RMD was two times more common than chance; at or below the 7th percentile, it was five times more common. Logistic regression showed that the two first‐grade fluency measures accurately distinguished students with and without RMD in second grade; however, when cut scores were set to capture 85% of students with RMD, false positives were high. Overall, the results provide support for the use of fluency measures as an initial gating procedure in first grade, but additional gating steps appear necessary in the screening process to reduce false positives.
The Rysto immune receptor recognises a broadly conserved feature of potyviral coat proteins
Authors: Grech‐Baran Marta , Witek Kamil , Poznański Jarosław T. , Grupa‐Urbańska Anna , Malinowski Tadeusz , Lichocka Małgorzata , Jones Jonathan D. G. , Hennig Jacek
Published: May 2022

Knowledge of the immune mechanisms responsible for viral recognition is critical for understanding durable disease resistance and successful crop protection. We determined how potato virus Y (PVY) coat protein (CP) is recognised by Rysto, a TNL immune receptor.

We applied structural modelling, site‐directed mutagenesis, transient overexpression, co‐immunoprecipitation, infection assays and physiological cell death marker measurements to investigate the mechanism of Rysto–CP interaction.

Rysto associates directly with PVY CP in planta that is conditioned by the presence of a CP central 149 amino acids domain. Each deletion that affects the CP core region impairs the ability of Rysto to trigger defence. Point mutations in the amino acid residues Ser125, Arg157, and Asp201 of the conserved RNA‐binding pocket of potyviral CP reduce or abolish Rysto binding and Rysto‐dependent responses, demonstrating that appropriate folding of the CP core is crucial for Rysto‐mediated recognition.

Rysto recognises the CPs of at least 10 crop‐damaging viruses that share a similar core region. It confers immunity to plum pox virus and turnip mosaic virus in both Solanaceae and Brassicaceae systems, demonstrating potential utility in engineering virus resistance in various crops. Our findings shed new light on how R proteins detect different viruses by sensing conserved structural patterns.
Identification and analysis of HD‐Zip genes involved in the leaf development of Liriodendron chinense using multidimensional analysis
Authors: Tu Z. , Yu L. , Wen S. , Zhai X. , Li W. , Li H.
Published: May 2022

Homeodomain‐leucine zipper (HD‐Zip) proteins are plant‐specific transcription factors that play important roles in different biological processes, especially leaf development. However, no studies to date have identified the HD‐Zip genes in Liriodendron chinense nor characterized their functions.

We identified the HD‐Zip genes in L. chinense by analysing the phylogeny, chromosome location, structure, conserved motif, cis‐regulatory elements, synteny, post‐transcriptional regulation and expression patterns of these genes during leaf development.

A total of 36 LcHD‐Zip genes were identified and divided into four subfamilies (HD‐Zip I to IV). Synteny analysis revealed that segmental duplication was the main force driving the expansion of LcHD‐Zip genes. These 36 LcHD‐Zip genes exhibited 11 different expression patterns. Pattern 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 genes may play important roles in leaf development, such as leaf initiation, leaf polarity establishment, leaf shape development, phytohormone‐mediated leaf growth and leaf epidermal structure formation. Four HD‐Zip III genes were targeted by microRNAs (miRNAs), and the miR165/166a–HD‐Zip regulatory module formed regulated leaf initiation and leaf polarity establishment.

Overall, LcHD‐Zip genes play key roles in leaf development of L. chinense. This work provides a foundation for the functional verification of HD‐Zip genes identified in this study.
Simulated global climate change benefits the nutritive value of oat grass
Authors: Tang Y.‐M. , Qiu SH.‐N. , Li Q.‐Y. , Di G.‐L. , Wang J.‐L. , Sun H.‐X.
Published: May 2022

Numerous data demonstrate that global climate change affects crop yield and quality. However, the effect of climate change on the nutritive value of forage crops remains unclear.

Oat grass (Avena sativa L.) was used as a representative forage crop to understand changes in yield and chemical composition. The growth of oat grass under elevated temperature and CO2 conditions was simulated in a 51‐day growth experiment inside OTCs. The oat grass was harvested during the heading period and yield, nutrient content, macro‐ and micro‐mineral content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) determined.

The fresh and dry yield, mineral P and Fe content and IVDMD of oat grass increased under increased CO2 concentrations (P < 0.05). As temperature increased, dry matter yield and soluble sugar content decreased and the content of Na, Mg, P, S, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn increased (P < 0.05), while IVDMD was not significantly affected. Under the interaction of increasing CO2 and temperature, the content of Mg, P, S, Ca, Mn and IVDMD of oat grass increased (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant effect on yield.

Climate change may result in oat grass containing more digestible nutrients and minerals for ruminants.
Smokers show an altered hemodynamic profile to active stress: Evidence of a dysregulated stress response in young adults
Authors: Howard Siobhán , Keogh Tracey M. , Hughes Brian M. , Gallagher Stephen
Published: May 2022

Tobacco smoking has been associated with lower cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress in middle‐aged samples, but its impact on cardiovascular reactivity to stress in young adults remains unclear. The present study examined whether young healthy adults showed differing cardiovascular stress reaction profiles depending on their smoking status. Across two laboratory studies (N = 64 and N = 114), we asked participants to complete cognitive stress‐tasks while undergoing continuous hemodynamic monitoring. In both studies, there was not a statistically signification association between systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, or heart rate reactivity to stress (all ps > .05). However, examination of the underlying hemodynamic profile of the stress response suggested differences between non‐smokers and smokers in both studies. In Study 1, non‐smokers exhibited the expected myocardial response to the active stress‐task; however, smokers exhibited a mixed hemodynamic profile. In Study 2, smokers evidenced a weaker myocardial profile to the active stress‐tasks compared to non‐smokers. However, the examination of the continuous hemodynamic profile score (HP) did not identify statistical differences. These results highlight that any level of the smoking habit is associated with an altered hemodynamic profile in response to stress in smokers, which may have important implications for long‐term cardiovascular health. The findings also suggest that controlling for smoking behavior in reactivity research examining blood pressure and heart rate responses to stress in young adults is not necessary.
Risk assessment of banknotes as a fomite of SARS‐CoV‐2 in cash payment transactions
Authors: Schijven Jack F. , Wind Mark , Todt Daniel , Howes John , Tamele Barbora , Steinmann Eike
Published: May 2022

The COVID 19 pandemic has triggered concerns and assumptions globally about transmission of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus via cash transactions. This paper assesses the risk of contracting COVID‐19 through exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 via cash acting as a fomite in payment transactions. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted for a scenario assuming an infectious person at the onset of symptoms, when virion concentrations in coughed droplets are at their highest. This person then contaminates a banknote by coughing on it and immediately hands it over to another person, who might then be infected by transferring the virions with a finger from the contaminated banknote to a facial mucous membrane. The scenario considered transfer efficiency of virions on the banknote to fingertips when droplets were still wet and after having dried up and subsequently being touched by finger printing or rubbing the object. Accounting for the likelihood of the scenario to occur by considering (1) a local prevalence of 100 COVID‐19 cases/100,000 persons, (2) a maximum of about one‐fifth of infected persons transmit high virus loads, and (3) the numbers of cash transactions/person/day, the risk of contracting COVID‐19 via person‐to‐person cash transactions was estimated to be much lower than once per 39,000 days (107 years) for a single person. In the general populace, there will be a maximum of 2.6 expected cases/100,000 persons/day. The risk for a cashier at an average point of sale was estimated to be much less than once per 430 working days (21 months). The depicted scenario is a rare event, therefore, for a single person, the risk of contracting COVID‐19 via person‐to‐person cash transactions is very low. At a point of sale, the risk to the cashier proportionally increases but it is still low.
Building function classification in Nanjing, China, using deep learning
Authors: Xu Yongyang , He Zhanjun , Xie Xuejing , Xie Zhong , Luo Jing , Xie Hong
Published: May 2022

The functional classification of buildings is important for creating and managing urban zones and assisting government departments. Existing building function classification methods are mainly designed for remote sensing imagery or zones in vector maps. These methods cannot be used for the single buildings in large‐scale vector maps. In this study, a learning strategy for multiple features and context information is developed to detect a single building function in a vector map. First, multiple features are extracted for each building based on local and regional structures. Then, a graph convolutional network, GraphSAGE, is introduced to analyze the modeled graph and building footprint features through supervised learning. Experiments show that the framework can learn local and contextual building information with the ability to distinguish different building functions. When classifying the building function, the proposed method performed better than other machine learning methods, such as random forest and support vector machines.
Development of Digital Twins for Drilling Fluids: Local Velocities for Hole Cleaning and Rheology Monitoring
Authors: Shirangi Mehrdad Gharib , Aragall Roger , Osgouei Reza Ettehadi , May Roland , Furlong Edward , Dahl Thomas G. , Thompson Charles A.
Published: May 2022

In this work, we present our advances to develop and apply digital twins for drilling fluids and associated wellbore phenomena during drilling operations. A drilling fluid digital twin is a series of interconnected models that incorporate the learning from the past historical data in a wide range of operational settings to determine the fluids properties in real-time operations. Our specific focus is on prediction of cuttings bed thickness along the wellbore in hole cleaning and prediction of high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) rheological properties (in downhole conditions). In both applications, we present procedures to develop accurate digital twins for prediction of drilling fluid properties in real-time drilling operations. In the hole cleaning application, we develop accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to capture the effects of rotation, eccentricity, and bed height on local fluid velocities above cuttings bed. We then run 55,000 CFD simulations for a wide range of operational settings to generate training data for machine learning. For rheology monitoring, thousands of lab experiment records are collected as training data for machine learning. In this case, the HPHT rheological properties are determined based on rheological measurement in the American Petroleum Institute (API) condition (14.7 psi and 150 °F) together with the fluid type and composition data. We compare the results of the application of several machine learning algorithms to represent CFD simulations (for hole cleaning) and lab experiments (for monitoring HPHT rheological properties). Rotating cross-validation method is applied to ensure accurate and robust results. In both cases, models from the gradient boosting and the artificial neural network algorithms provided the highest accuracy (about 0.95 in terms of R2) for test datasets. With developments presented in this paper, the hole cleaning calculations can be performed in real time, and the HPHT rheological properties of drilling fluids can be estimated at the rig site avoiding the need to wait for the laboratory experimental results.
An Optimization-Based Design Strategy for Centrifugal Compressors of Automotive Turbochargers and the Comparison of Five Particular Optimization Methods
Authors: Alpaya Mert , Kavurmacioglu Levent A. , Camci Cengiz
Published: May 2022

It is possible to optimize a turbocharger's performance for a broad range of engine operating points. However, most of the turbochargers have distinctive performance characteristics independent of engine operation. Therefore, the correct way to obtain the maximum performance from an engine is to design its turbocharger with the specific engine performance map in mind. This paper deals with the effective use of computational methods to create optimal turbocharger compressors for realistic engine operating conditions. The present process has four steps: preliminary analysis, throughflow analysis, optimization, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. In the preliminary analysis, gas dynamics and Euler turbomachinery equations are used to calculate the basic dimensions. In the throughflow analysis, calculated dimensions are used to create a parametric three-dimensional (3D) geometry. A throughflow analysis generates the two-dimensional flow results using the meridional geometry of this 3D geometry. The main contribution of this research is the five different optimization methods that are employed and compared. The efficiency of the rotor is defined as the objective function to be maximized. A comparison of the five optimization schemes showed that the genetic algorithm (GA) is the most suitable method for the current design optimization problem. In the final step, a CFD solver is used to assess the created design's final performance. The CFD results' validity is checked against a reference compressor's test results. This study also indicates that preliminary sizing followed by a well-built throughflow analysis eliminates the need for a fully parametric 3D CFD-based design.
A Gauss’s Law Computer Simulation in GlowScript
Authors: Danese Anthony
Published: May 2022

In this paper I describe an interactive Gauss’s law computer simulation using the GlowScript programming environment. The simulation calculates a point charge’s electric field at locations on the surface of a Gaussian cube and displays the electric field in GlowScript’s 3D graphics window. The point charge can be moved, and the electric field visualization will update dynamically. Students can use the simulation controls to record the electric field strength and direction, and then copy and paste the data into a spreadsheet in order to calculate the electric flux through the cube. The simulation can be used as part of a quantitative virtual laboratory to develop a student’s intuition for electric flux and Gauss’s law. The simulation can be accessed at https://sites.google.com/view/gauss/home.
Vertical Launch of a Grappling Hook
Authors: Mungan Carl E. , Lipscombe Trevor C.
Published: May 2022

Problems involving chains, cables, or ropes that are dropped, folded, or pass around pulleys attract ongoing interest, in part because they can become variable-mass situations if the chain is partitioned into sections for analysis. Less attention has been paid to trying to intentionally project the end of a string as far as possible. Here we consider the launch of a grappling hook connected to a long flexible rope, such as the cartoon character Batman might do. As a real-life example of their use, rocket-propelled ropes with grapnels were employed to ascend French cliffs on D-Day, although the wetness of the lines made the task more difficult than expected. Line launchers have also been used to access the roofs of burning buildings.
Reflection from a Potential Well and from a Potential Barrier
Authors: Denny Mark
Published: May 2022

A classical mechanical structure with an internal degree of freedom is shown to reflect off a potential well. Such behavior is impossible for point-like or rigid classical particles. This numerical study provides insight for students studying internal energy and degrees of freedom.
The Shape of Earth: An Early Test of Newtonian Physics
Authors: Greenstein George
Published: May 2022

During the early decades of the 18th century, Newtonian physics was still new. Much effort was expended in testing its validity. One arena in which evidence could be found was the shape of Earth. Was it perfectly spherical? On the observational side there were two hints. In 1671 Jean Richer had measured the rate of ticking of a pendulum clock near the equator and found it to swing more slowly than in Europe: the conclusion was that gravity was weaker towards the equator. And in 1718 Jacques Cassini announced that he had analyzed surveying data over a large region of France and found that they suggested a prolate shape (elongated at the poles). But the precision required to draw such a conclusion with confidence was very great, and there was considerable doubt as to whether it had actually been achieved.
Linear Algebra Notation in Introductory Physics?
Authors: Deneault Ethan A.-N.
Published: May 2022

To a student in introductory physics, using vectors is at best an exercise in bookkeeping. A two-dimensional kinematics problem effectively doubles the number of equations that a student must know, and invites the student to memorize factoids: “The horizontal motion is constant,” “Gravity is only in the y-direction,” etc. Force problems prompt the drawing of vectors on free-body diagrams, but are solved algebraically using components only. This focus on vectors from a components-only standpoint can lead students to develop a poor intuitive understanding of the differences between vectors and scalars, and it has been my experience that a poor understanding of vectors carries over into upper-level coursework by physics majors as well. In recent years, I have developed a pedagogical method in my own classes that may help students visualize and understand vectors as different from scalars using linear algebra notation. In this paper, I will describe this method using two-dimensional vectors as appropriate for an algebra-based general physics course.
It’s Good to Be Popular in High School: A Look at Disparities in STEM AP Offerings in Northern California Public High Schools
Authors: Marasco David , Dreyfuss Bree Barnett
Published: May 2022

In 2018, in response to the proposed elimination of physics at a predominately Hispanic and socioeconomically disadvantaged (SED) high school, the Northern California/Nevada chapter of the AAPT investigated school demographics and their effect on physics offerings in public high schools in our region. As access was a key issue, the focus was on public, non-charter high schools, which are free to students and do not require winning a lottery for attendance. As reported previously, the data revealed that the percentage of Hispanic students and the percentage of SED students at a high school are highly correlated (r2=0.60). Additionally, these factors could be used as predictors of a school’s physics offerings. To determine if the disparities in course offerings extended through other Advanced Placement (AP) STEM classes, the data were further analyzed, revealing that as the popularity of an AP exam drops, so do the relative odds of it being offered, when comparing schools with different demographics. A Northern California public high school student is much more likely to get a strong selection of AP STEM classes if his/her school serves an affluent, non-Hispanic student majority rather than mostly poor, Hispanic students.
Poisson Distribution: Derivation and a Computer Simulation
Authors: Sharpe J. P.
Published: May 2022

The Poisson distribution describes the probability of a certain number of events occurring in an interval of time when the occurrence of the individual events is independent of one another and the events occur with a fixed mean rate. Probably the best-known example of the Poisson distribution in the physics curriculum is the temporal distribution of counts in nuclear or photon counting experiments. Although the Poisson distribution is derived in various physics books, these derivations are at an advanced level and rely on a background in statistics. The aim of this note is to start at the most elementary idea of probability and thread a path through the mathematics needed for the derivation of the probability density. Although none of what is described here is novel, it is entirely self-contained and should be a useful resource for anyone teaching or utilizing the Poisson distribution. A computer simulation is also described that uses the uniform random deviates available in high-level computer languages to generate sequences of events, which are then analyzed and shown to have a Poisson distribution. The material presented here has been used as a handout for students taking University Modern Physics lab. This supplements their studies of error analysis from the book by Taylor.
Inexpensive Single and Double Slits Using a Fine-Toothed Comb
Authors: DeWeerd Alan
Published: May 2022

For single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference experiments, commercially made slits can be the most expensive parts, especially since the prices of laser pointers have become very low. One option is to use a razor blade to cut slits in either paint or electrical tape on microscope slides. However, this takes practice, and there is some risk of injury, so it may not be reasonable to expect students to make their own slits in this way. Also, measuring the width and the separation of the slits produced requires a microscope. A simple, inexpensive alternative is to use the gaps of a fine-toothed comb as slits.
A Fresh Look at the Young-Laplace Equation and Its Many Applications in Hydrostatics
Authors: Behroozi Fred
Published: May 2022

The Young-Laplace (Y-L) equation relates the pressure difference across the interface of two fluids (such as air and water) to the curvature of the interface. The pressure rises on crossing a convex interface such as a rain drop and falls on crossing a concave interface such as the meniscus of water in a glass capillary. The relation between surface geometry and pressure difference across the interface provides the key concept in understanding a large collection of phenomena in hydrostatics. Of the many phenomena in hydrostatics that can be explained readily by the application of the Y-L equation, we consider the ones that are of particular interest in the introductory physics courses. These include the differential pressure within soap bubbles and liquid droplets, the rise and fall of liquids in capillaries, and the depth of liquid spills.
Cancellation of dolphin sonar clicks in a communication signal based on adaptive time reversal processing
Authors: Kim Donghyeon , Kim J. S. , Song Jiyoung
Published: May 2022

In long-range underwater communication, conventional time reversal processing (CTRP) is used to mitigate the distortion caused by multipath and temporal spreading. However, signals produced by marine animals can contaminate communication signals. Impulsive signals, such as dolphin sonar clicks, have wide bandwidths and short pulse durations, making it difficult to isolate the communication signal. This letter proposes a method to cancel these sounds by estimating the Green's function of marine animal clicks and applying adaptive time reversal processing (ATRP). The effectiveness of the click nulling was verified by comparing the performances of CTRP and ATRP with seagoing experimental data.
“Go Where the Big Challenges Are”: Preservice Physical Educators as Change Agents
Authors: Wickens Corrine M. , Parker Jenny
Published: May 2022

Purpose: This study explored the tensions around physical and literacy integration initiatives from the view of physical education teacher education candidates. Method: We situated our data collection in qualitative case study methodology, emphasizing data from focus group interviews conducted during the final month of physical education teacher education candidates’ programs. Results: We demonstrated candidates’ recognition of the role of literacy integration within physical education in relation to (a) candidates’ feelings of pride and defensiveness of their field, (b) the importance of teacher collaboration, (c) teachers’ responsibility to support school goals and the students themselves, and (d) the potential of candidates to become change agents and leaders in their future school environments. Discussion/Conclusion: We assert that collaboration is required, and it must transpire within and among multiple educational contexts spaces, including K–12 settings, among teacher education faculty and programs, and across K–12 and higher education divides.
In Vitro
Activity of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam, Imipenem-Relebactam, Ceftazidime-Avibactam, and Comparators against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Collected in United States Hospitals According to Results from the SMART Surveillance Program, 2018 to 2020
Authors: Karlowsky James A. , Lob Sibylle H. , DeRyke C. Andrew , Hilbert David W. , Wong Michael T. , Young Katherine , Siddiqui Fakhar , Motyl Mary R. , Sahm Daniel F.
Published: May 2022

Ceftolozane-tazobactam (C/T), imipenem-relebactam (IMR), and ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) were tested against 2,531
P. aeruginosa
strains isolated from patients in the United States from 2018 to 2020 as part of the SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) surveillance program. MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and interpreted using CLSI M100 (2021) breakpoints.
Human Intelectin-1 Promotes Cellular Attachment and Neutrophil Killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Serotype-Dependent Manner
Authors: Andresen Silke , Fantone Kayla , Chapla Digantkumar , Rada Balázs , Moremen Kelley W. , Pierce Michael , Szymanski Christine M.
Published: May 2022

Human intelectin-1 (hIntL-1) is a secreted glycoprotein capable of binding exocyclic 1,2-diols within surface glycans of human pathogens such as
Streptococcus pneumoniae
,
Vibrio cholerae
, and
Helicobacter pylori
. For the latter, lectin binding was shown to cause bacterial agglutination and increased phagocytosis, suggesting a role for hIntL-1 in pathogen surveillance.
The Lectin LecB Induces Patches with Basolateral Characteristics at the Apical Membrane to Promote Pseudomonas aeruginosa Host Cell Invasion
Authors: Thuenauer Roland , Kühn Katja , Guo Yubing , Kotsis Fruzsina , Xu Maokai , Trefzer Anne , Altmann Silke , Wehrum Sarah , Heshmatpour Najmeh , Faust Brian , Landi Alessia , Diedrich Britta , Dengjel Jörn , Kuehn E. Wolfgang , Imberty Anne , Römer Winfried
Published: May 2022

An intriguing feature of the bacterium
P. aeruginosa
is its ability to colonize highly diverse niches.
P. aeruginosa
can, besides forming biofilms, also enter and proliferate within epithelial host cells. Moreover, research during recent years has shown that
P. aeruginosa
possesses many different mechanisms to invade host cells.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Marine
Flavobacteriaceae
sp. Strain LSUCC0859
Authors: Stapelfeldt Holly R. D. , Barnes Shelby J. , Henson Michael W. , Thrash J. Cameron
Published: May 2022

A new marine
Flavobacteriaceae
sp. strain, LSUCC0859, was isolated off the coast of Louisiana with artificial seawater via high-throughput dilution-to-extinction (DTE) cultivation. The 2,168,862-bp genome sequence provides opportunities to investigate the biology of a poorly understood lineage within the
Bacteroidetes
.
Selective Whole-Genome Amplification as a Tool to Enrich Specimens with Low Treponema pallidum Genomic DNA Copies for Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Thurlow Charles M. , Joseph Sandeep J. , Ganova-Raeva Lilia , Katz Samantha S. , Pereira Lara , Chen Cheng , Debra Alyssa , Vilfort Kendra , Workowski Kimberly , Cohen Stephanie E. , Reno Hilary , Sun Yongcheng , Burroughs Mark , Sheth Mili , Chi Kai-Hua , Danavall Damien , Philip Susan S. , Cao Weiping , Kersh Ellen N. , Pillay Allan
Published: May 2022

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted, disseminated acute and chronic infection caused by the bacterial pathogen
Treponema pallidum
subspecies
pallidum
. Primary syphilis typically presents as single or multiple mucocutaneous lesions and, if left untreated, can progress through multiple stages with various clinical manifestations.
Tn
FLXopen
: Markerless Transposons for Functional Fluorescent Fusion Proteins and Protein Interaction Prediction
Authors: Dempwolff Felix , Kearns Daniel B.
Published: May 2022

Transposon mutagenesis is a powerful tool for random mutagenesis, as insertion of a transposon and accompanying antibiotic resistance cassette often disrupt gene function. Here, we present a series of transposons with fluorescent protein genes which, when integrated in frame, may be selected with a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS).
Rapid priority setting exercise on faecal incontinence for Cochrane Incontinence
Authors: Thomson Katie H , O'Connor Nicole , Dangova Kim Tuyen , Gill Sean , Jackson Sara , Bliss Donna Z , Wallace Sheila A , Pearson Fiona
Published: May 2022

Objective

This rapid priority setting exercise aimed to identify, expand, prioritise and explore stakeholder (patients, carers and healthcare practitioners) topic uncertainties on faecal incontinence (FI).

Design

An evidence gap map (EGM) was produced to give a visual overview of emerging trial evidence; existing systematic review-level evidence and FI stakeholder topic uncertainties derived from a survey. This EGM was used in a knowledge exchange workshop that promoted group discussions leading to the prioritisation and exploration of FI stakeholder identified topic uncertainties.

Results

Overall, a mismatch between the existing and emerging evidence and key FI stakeholder topic uncertainties was found. The prioritised topic uncertainties identified in the workshop were as follows: psychological support; lifestyle interventions; long-term effects of living with FI; education; constipation and the cultural impact of FI. When these six prioritised topic uncertainties were explored in more depth, the following themes were identified: education; impact and burden of living with FI; psychological support; healthcare service improvements and inconsistencies; the stigma of FI; treatments and management; culturally appropriate management and technology and its accessibility.

Conclusions

Topic uncertainties identified were broad and wide ranging even after prioritisation. More research is required to unpick the themes emerging from the in-depth discussion and explore these further to achieve a consensus on deliverable research questions.