bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Efficacy and Humoral Responses of an Inactivated Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Vaccine Prepared from a Local Isolate with that of a Commercial Live Vaccine in Layer Birds
Authors: Begum MIA , Islam MA , Mahbub-E-Elahi ATM , Rahman M , Bhuiyan MER
Published: January 2009

The humoral immune response and efficacy of an inactivated adjuvanted infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine prepared with a virulent local isolate was compared with a live commercial IBDV vaccine (Nobilis D78Â®, Intervet) in 20 layer birds during the period from October to November 2002. These day-old experimental birds were divided into four groups, A, B, C and D, each consisting of 5 birds. Each bird of groups A, B and C was immunized with live IBDV vaccine (Nobilis D78Â®, Intervet), live + inactivated vaccine, and inactivated IBDV vaccine, respectively at day 7, day 21 and day 28, whereas birds of group D served as unvaccinated controls. The sera of chickens vaccinated with either combined (live + inactivated) or only inactivated IBDV vaccine showed clear band of precipitation with agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIDT) and higher antibody titre with ELISA. The protection test revealed that the experimentally prepared inactivated IBDV vaccine gave 100% protection against 80% protection in layer birds immunized with live commercial vaccine. Key words: Efficacy; humoral immune response; IBD: inactivated vaccine; live vaccine; layer birds doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1932 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 37-38
Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on Growth Performance and Certain Haemato-biochemical Parameters in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Islam MW , Rahman MM , Kabir SML , Kamruzzaman SM , Islam MN
Published: January 2009

The study was carried out to know the effects of probiotics (ProtexinÂ® Boost) supplementation on growth performances and haemato-biochemical parameters of "Shaver Star Bro" broiler chickens during the period from September to October 2003. A total of 20, day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned into four equal groups (n = 5) as A, B, C and D. Group A was considered as control fed with commercial ration while group B, C and D were fed with commercial ration with the addition of 1 g, 2 g and 3 g probiotics / 10 litres drinking water respectively up to 35 days of age. The results showed that the body weight gains corresponding to the different treatments were differed significantly (p < 0.01) at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks of age. The meat yield characteristics corresponding to the different treatments did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) whereas bursa weight differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the different groups. The mean values of Hb, PCV and ESR corresponding to the different treatments were significantly (p < 0.01) differ. Triglycerides, HDL, LDL, SGPT and SGOT values corresponding to the different treatments were also differed significantly (p < 0.01). The findings suggest that supplementation of probiotics has significant effects on live weight gain and haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Key words: Probiotics; effects; growth; haemato-biochemical parameters; broiler chickens doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1933 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 39-43
Effects of Vitamin-mineral Premix Supplementation on Body Weight and Certain Haemato-biochemical Values in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Islam MS , Bhuiyan MER , Begum MIA , Miah MA , Myenuddin M
Published: January 2009

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of vitamin-mineral premix supplementation on body weight gain and certain haemato-biochemical parameters in 20 broiler chickens of Shaver Star Bro strain, aged 20 days old during the period from 21st January to 10th February 2002. The chickens of three groups fed with a commercial ration supplemented with vitamin-mineral premix (ProvitaÂ®, Arifs Bangladesh Ltd.) @ 1%, 2%, and 4% of total feed for a period of 21 days. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight gain was recorded on 7th, 14th and 21st days of experiment in all the supplemented groups in comparison to control. Among the treated groups, highest body weight gain was recorded in 4% vitamin-mineral supplemented group (2007 Â± 4.88 g) and lowest in 1% supplemented group (1823 Â± 6.24 g) at 21st day of experiment. Haematological study revealed insignificant increase in TEC, Hb, ESR and PCV in all the vitamin-mineral premix supplemented groups. The lymphocytes were increased at a dose dependent manner and were significantly (p < 0.05) higher (68.60 Â± 0.49) in 4% vitamin-mineral supplemented group but the heterophils were significantly (p < 0.05) lower (25.20 Â± 0.38) in that group at 21st days of experiment. Total serum protein, albumin and globulin values were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in 2% (11.48 Â± 0.34 mg / dl, 6.64 Â± 0.30 mg / dl and 4.84 Â± 0.13 mg / dl respectively) and 4% (15.20 Â± 0.17 mg / dl, 8.98 Â± 0.08 mg / dl and 6.22 Â± 0.10 mg / dl respectively) vitamin-mineral supplemented groups. It is therefore, suggested that supplementation of vitamin-mineral premix with commercial poultry ration is essential for proper growth and body resistance of poultry.Â Â Â Key words: Effects; vitamin-mineral premix; body weight; haemato-biochemical values; broiler chickensdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1934 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 45-48
Concurrent Infection of Gastro-intestinal Parasites and Bacteria Associated With Diarrhoea in Calves
Authors: Samad MA , Hossain KMM , Islam MA , Saha S
Published: January 2009

Bacterio-parasitological examination of faecal samples of randomly selected 100 diarrhoeic calves aged between 10 to 180 days, were carried out to determine the parasites and bacteria associated with diarrhea in calves. These calves (either sexes and both local & cross-bred) were brought for treatment at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Veterinary Clinic, Mymensingh during the two years period from June 1999 to May 2001. Of the 100 faecal samples examined, of which 67% calves affected with different parasites and 98% with different bacteria. Of the 67 and 98 calves affected with parasites and bacteria, of which 65.67% and 61.22% had single, 29.85% and 37.76% had dual and only 3.33% and 1.02% had triple concurrent infection, respectively. Analysis of the results of bacterio-parasitic enteropathogens of 100 calves revealed that highest percentage (66%) calves were infected with concurrent parasitic and bacterial infection, followed by 18% with single bacteria, 14% with concurrent bacteria, and only 1% with concurrent parasitic infection but the faecal sample of one diarrhoeic calf showed negative for both bacteria and parasitic infections. Highest rate of gastro-intestinal nematodes (GIN) infection (48%) was recorded in calves, followed by Eimeria spp. (27%), Toxocara vitulorum (14%) and lowest (1%) with each of the Strongyloides, Paramphistomum and Moniezia sp. The clinical T. vitulorum infection was first recorded at the age of 15 days, GIN at 30 days, Strongyloides at 45 days, Paramphistomum at 150 days and Eimeria infection at 25 days. Similarly, the rate of Bacillus infection (87%) was found highest, followed by E. coliÂ  (37%), Staphylococcus (9 %) and lowest of Salmonella (5%) infection. Although the Bacillus and E. coli recorded first time at the 10 days and Staphylococcus at 30 days age of calves but Salmonella was recorded at the age of 60 days. A characteristic age specific prevalence of both parasite and bacterial enteropathogens was observed. It may be concluded from this study that concurrent infections with parasites or bacteria or both are mainly associated with diarrhea in calves. Key words: Concurrent infection; GI parasites; bacteria; diarrhea; calves doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1935 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 49-54Â
Sensitivity of Fish Pathogenic Bacteria to Various Medicinal Herbs
Authors: Muniruzzaman M , Chowdhury MBR
Published: January 2009

The sensitivity of certain local medicinal herbs was evaluated against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Edwardsiella tarda bacteria of fish during the period from April 2001 to March 2002. A suspension of freshly cultured experimental bacteria (2 x 107 CFU / ml) was prepared and 0.1 ml of this suspension was spread over the tryptic soya agar (TSA) plates. Then crude extract (0.1ml / plate) of each herb was inoculated in the middle of the cultured plate to detect the response. The herbal extract was categorized as high, medium and low inhibitory responded by observing the clear zone of inhibition. Fine extract of the high inhibitory responded herbs was applied under in vitro conditions against the bacteria tested. Twenty-one (80.76%), twenty-four (92.30%) and twelve (46.15%) species of the herbs tested showed antibacterial effect against A. hydrophila, P. fluorescens and E. tarda, respectively. Among them, high inhibitory responded herbs were 38.09% for inhibition of A. hydrophila and P.Â  fluorescens and 38.33% for E. tarda. However, the extract collected from bulb of Allium sativum for inhibition of A. hydrophila and P.Â  fluorescens and the decoction obtained from leaves of Calotropis gigantea for E. tarda were detected to be the most promising herbs considering effectiveness withÂ  minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) among all of the herbs tested. Key words: Sensitivity; pathogenic bacteria; herbal extract; minimal inhibitory concentration doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1941 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 75-82
Portal Entry and Progression of Betanoda Virus Causing Viral Nervous Necrosis in Sevenband Grouper Epinephelus septemfaciatus
Authors: Banu GR , Mori K , Arimoto M , Chowdhury MBR , Nakai T
Published: January 2009

A study was conducted toÂ  identify the entry site for the betanodavirus, the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in 375 fish (150 spawn, 150 fry and 75 fingerling) during the period from March to August 2003. Highly susceptible fish, sevenband grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus to sevenband grouper nervous necrosis virus (SGNNV) was used as experimental fish. Fish were placed into the seawater containing 104 TCID50 mL-1 of the viral isolate for 1 h. Samples for virus isolation were randomly collected at an interval of 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and daily, and continued until 5 to14Â  days depending on the mortality. The inoculated virus could first recover from the mouth including nostril at 3 h of exposure and then from fin at 12 h, and within 1 d it was detected from all the organs examined at titers ranging from 104 to 107 TCID50 g-1. The highest titer was found at day 5 in the target organs of central nervous system (CNS), i.e., the brain, bone including spinal cord, and eye. The results suggest that nasal route the initial route for the portal entry of betanodavirus into fish. Key words: Betanodavirus; viral nervous necrosis; virus titration; portal entry, nasal route; sevenband grouper doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1942 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 83-87
Warrant, Causation, and the Atomism of Evidence Law
Authors: Haack Susan
Published: January 2009

The epistemological analysis offered in this paper reveals that a combination of pieces of evidence, none of them sufficient by itself to warrant a causal conclusion to the legally required degree of proof, may do so jointly. The legal analysis offered here, interlocking with this, reveals thatDaubert’s requirement that courts screen each item of scientific expert testimony for reliability can actually impede the process of arriving at the conclusion most warranted by the evidence proffered.
The Weights of Evidence
Authors: Nance Dale A.
Published: January 2009

Interest in the Keynesian concept of evidential weight has led to divergent views concerning the burden of proof in adjudication. It is argued that Keynes's concept is properly engaged only in the context of one special kind of decision, the decision whether or not the evidence is ripe for a decision on the underlying merits, whether the latter decision is based on probability, relative plausibility, coherence or otherwise. As a general matter, this question of ripeness is appropriately assigned to the judiciary for resolution as part of the burden of production, rather than to the jury or other factfinder as part of the burden of persuasion.
Explanationism All the Way Down
Authors: Allen Ronald J.
Published: January 2009

The probabilistic account of juridical proof meets insurmountable problems. A better explanation of juridical proof is that it is a form of inference to the best explanation that involves the comparative plausibility of the parties’ stories. In addition, discrete evidentiary matters such as relevance and probative value are also best understood as involving inference to the best explanation rather than being probabilistic.
Explaining the Tension between the Supreme Court's Embrace of Validity as the Touchstone of Admissibility of Expert Testimony and Lower Courts' (Seeming) Rejection of Same
Authors: Saks Michael J.
Published: January 2009

By lopsided majorities, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a series of cases, persistently commanded the lower courts to condition the admission of proffered expert testimony on the demonstrated validity of the proponents’ claims of expertise. In at least one broad area–the so-called forensic sciences–the courts below have largely evaded the Supreme Court's holdings. This paper aims to try to explain this massive defiance by the lower courts in terms of social epistemology.
The Public Face of Presumptions
Authors: Petroski Karen
Published: January 2009

We commonly think of presumptions as second-best inferential tools allowing us to reach conclusions, if we must, under conditions of limited information. Scholarship on the topic across the disciplines has espoused a common conception of presumptions that defines them according to their function within the decisionmaking process. This focus on the “private” face of presumptions has generated a predominantly critical and grudging view of them, perpetuated certain conceptual ambiguities, and, most important, neglected the fact that what we refer to as “presumptions” have distinguishing features other than the defeasibility and burden-shifting effects associated with their use as inferential tools. When a decisionmaker gives reasons for a conclusion, the decisionmaker often cites a presumption among the reasons for that conclusion; in this guise–their “public” face–presumptions display different, and uniquely valuable, features that remain hidden if we understand them only as aids to inference. This essay both surveys recent approaches to the critical analysis of presumptions in law, philosophy, and discourse studies, and offers an account of how we might begin to think about this other, public face of presumptions.
On the Epistemic Authority of Courts
Authors: Stein Alex
Published: January 2009

This paper uses Carl Ginet's concept of “disinterested justification” to identify the boundaries of the epistemic authority of courts. It claims that courts exercise this authority only in the “interest-free” zone, in which their determinations of disputed facts’ probabilities can be made and justified on epistemic grounds alone. This is not the case with the “interest-laden” domain, where courts allocate risks of error under conditions of uncertainty. This domain is controlled by the risk-allocating evidentiary rules: burdens of proof, corroboration, hearsay, opinion, character, and others. These rules are driven by moral and political, rather than epistemic, reasons. Their role is to allocate the risk of error among plaintiffs, defendants, and prosecution by setting forth probability thresholds for findings of fact and the criteria for adequacy of the evidence upon which those findings can be made.
Lessons to Live (1): Posthumous Fragments, for Jacques Derrida
Authors: Baross Zsuzsa
Published: January 2009

Written as a last, long posthumous letter to Jacques Derrida, the essay turns to the philosopher's last and, for the living, most important lesson – on ‘learning to live.’ In particular, it addresses – as constitutive of his unique ‘heterodidactics’ – two discrete communications on the subject. The first, in Spectres de Marx (1993), declares the lesson to be at once impossible and necessary, that is, ‘ethics itself’; in the second, the last interview ‘Je suis en guerre contre moi-même’ published just before his death in 2004, Derrida confesses to ‘have remained uneducable’ on the subject. The essay reflects on the performative significance of this contradiction in the context of Derrida's intimacy with death, his taste for mourning, and his practice of writing as an experience of dying and resurrection.
MULTI‐OBJECTIVE CONTRACTOR'S RANKING BY APPLYING THE MOORA METHOD
Authors: Brauers Willem Karel M. , Zavadskas Edmundas Kazimieras , Turskis Zenonas , Vilutienė Tatjana
Published: January 2009

Construction, taking off, maintenance and facilities management of a building is a typical example of consumer sovereignty: the new owner likes to have a reasonable price to pay, to have confidence in the contractor, to know about the duration of the works, the service after completion and the quality of the work. On the other side the contractor has his objectives too, like the satisfaction of the client, diminishing of external costs and annoyances and the management cost per employee as low as possible. In other words it concerns a problem of multi‐objectives. Therefore a final ranking will show the best performing contractor from the point of view of the clients but also from the point of view of the contractors themselves. The MOORA method based on ratio analysis and dimensionless measurement will accomplish the job of ranking the contractors in a non‐subjective way. As an application the largest maintenance contractors of dwellings in Vilnius, capital of Lithuania, were approached.
PROCESSES OF LOCALIZATION AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF LOCAL MANAGERS IN ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS IN DANISH OWNED SUBSIDIARIES IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA AROUND THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Thomsen Jeanette
Published: January 2009

This study identifies interplay between the localization processes and formal as well as informal institutions in a specific context. Particularly the changes over time in institutions and localization processes are in focus. A longitudinal study of institutional changes in local management has been conducted from 1997 to 2002 among local CEOs, chief accountants and production managers in a Danish SME, using mainly qualitative methods. Data have been compared to primary data from similar companies in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The study has resulted in establishing a model for comparing interplay between localization processes in SMEs and the formal and informal institutions in different transition and post‐transition economies.
IMPLEMENTATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES IN ESTONIAN COMPANIES
Authors: Alas Ruth
Published: January 2009

Both the popular press and academic literature tend to consider organizational change as a step‐by‐step process leading to success. This paper examines the suitability of the theory that guides the implementation of change at company level for organizations in countries in transition. The author's surveys, conducted in 137 Estonian companies in 2001 and 121 in 2005, show that the main focus of Estonian managers has been on initiating change and much less attention paid to assessing the process of change and making modifications and consolidating improvements. A process model of change for countries in transition has been proposed.
CHANGE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN THE INFORMATION AGE
Authors: Davidavičienė Vida
Published: January 2009

The work under new conditions of ICT development has not only advantages, but also causes certain challenges and new conflicts within an organization. There is a direct link between the development of ICT and business management theories. Inadequacy of models applied in change management and current market requirements can determine the decrease of competitive ability for the business organizations in the ICT caused business environment, what can cause loss of potential markets. The relations between ICT and business in the development processes and trends must be determined in order to avoid the gaps in business management methods in the future. While the schemes for evaluation and selection of alternative decisions are given much attention in the strategic management literature, the attention given to the specific implementation and the practical application of change management decisions methods is not sufficient. These circumstances frame the topicality of this subject.
BEST PRACTICE IN GLOBAL NEGOTIATION STRATEGIES FOR LEADERS AND MANAGERS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Saee John
Published: January 2009

This research article examines various types of negotiations and negotiation styles and best practice in global negotiations, which may be adopted by leaders and entrepreneurs under different conditions and cultural milieus to reach an agreement while conducting business across the globe.
Bilateral Eyelid Polyposis Due to Eccrine Hidrocystoma
Authors: Teoh Chia Yaw , Tai Evelyn Li Min , Wan Md Kasim Wan Mariny
Published: April 2024

This case report discusses a diagnosis of eccrine hidrocystoma in a female patient aged 65 years who presented with bilateral, painless eyelid masses.
Bis(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptanedionato)nickel(II)
Authors: Sherwood Trevor
Published: April 2024

image

[
41749‐92‐2
]
or
[
14481‐08‐4
]

C
22
H
38
O
4
Ni

(MW 425.23)

InChI = 
1S/2C11H20O2.Ni/c2*1‐10(2,3)8(12)7‐9(13)11(4,5)6;/h2*7,12H,1‐6H3;/q;;+2/p‐2/b2*8‐7‐

InChiKey = 
PIIJAZNTPALBJL‐ATMONBRVSA‐L

(used as catalyst for polymerizations, oxidations, hydrofunctionalizations, amide alcoholysis, and cross‐coupling reactions)

Alternative Names
: nickel(II) bis(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptanedionate), Ni(TMHD)
2
, Ni(thd)
2
, Nickel(II) di(pivaloyl)methane, Ni(dpm)
2
.

Physical Data
: mp 219–225 °C.

1–3

bp (sublimation) 90–110 °C/0.1 mm Hg.

3

Solubility
: soluble in hexanes, toluene, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, THF, and DMA; partially soluble in DMSO; insoluble in water.

Form Supplied in
: dark purple to light purple solid from commercial supplier (Strem catalog number 28‐0088). Recrystallized sample reported to be red needles; dry pink powder reported to turn blue on standing due to hydration.

1

Ni(TMHD)
2
·
x
H
2
O reported to be a green powder.

4

Analysis of Reagent Purity
: elemental analysis.

1

1
H NMR.

5

Preparative Methods
: mixing of methanolic solutions of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylheptanedione and nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate followed by the addition of water affords a precipitated solid which can be collected and dried.

1

Ultrasonic mixing of a solution of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylheptanedione in methanol followed by pH adjustment affords a precipitated solid.

5

This material can also be purchased from commercial suppliers.

Purification
: recrystallization from hot dichloroethane.

1

Handling, Storage, and Precautions
: material can be handled under air with standard personal protective equipment. Dried samples will slowly hydrate on standing under ambient atmosphere.

1

Purified, dried samples should be stored under inert atmosphere in a glovebox or sealed in a desiccator and need only be used in a glovebox if hydration is to be avoided.
3‐Oxo‐2‐tosyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1
H
‐1λ
3
‐benzo[
d
][1,2]iodazol‐1‐yl acetate (GenOx‐PJ)
Authors: Thai‐Savard Léa
Published: April 2024

image

[2243393‐44‐2]

C
16
H
14
INO
5
S

(MW 459.26)

InChI = 
1S/C16H14INO5S/c1‐11‐7‐9‐13(10‐8‐11)24(21,22)18‐16(20)14‐5‐3‐4‐6‐15(14)17(18)23‐12(2)19/h3‐10H,1‐2H3

InChiKey = 
RQDQCGBTXDPXTH‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N

(decarboxylation hypervalent iodine reagent)

Physical Data
: mp: 160 °C.

Solubility
: soluble in dichloromethane, 1,2‐dichloroethane, acetone, and acetic acid. Insoluble in diethyl ether, hexanes, isopropyl acetate, acetonitrile, methanol, and water.

Form Supplied in
: white powder, commercially available.

Analysis of Reagent Purity
:
1
H NMR (400 MHz,
d
6
‐DMSO, δ): 8.02−7.95 (m, 2
H
), 7.95–7.89 (m, 2
H
), 7.86 (dd,
J
 = 8.8, 0.9 Hz, 1
H
), 7.80–7.71 (m, 1
H
), 7.44 (d,
J
 = 8.1 Hz, 2
H
), 2.38 (s, 3
H
), 2.26 (s, 3
H
) ppm.
13
C{1
H
} NMR (101 MHz,
d
6
‐DMSO, δ): 174.1, 162.4, 144.5, 136.8, 136.0, 132.3, 131.4, 131.2, 129.7, 128.8, 127.9, 118.0, 21.1, 20.2 ppm.

1

Preparative Method
: three‐step synthesis from 2‐iodobenzoic acid (eq 1).

image

Step 1. Synthesis of 2‐iodo‐
N
‐tosylbenzamide.

Thionyl chloride (3.53 mL, 48.4 mmol) followed by DMF (0.20 mL, 2.6 mmol) was added to 2‐iodobenzoic acid (10.0 g, 40.3 mmol) in CH
2
Cl
2
(200 mL). The mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated, the residue was dissolved in toluene (32 mL), and the mixture was added to a solution of 4‐toluenesulfonamide (6.90 g, 40.3 mmol), triethylamine (14.0 mL, 101 mmol), and DMAP (0.250 g, 2.02 mmol) in EtOAc (80 mL). The mixture was heated for 1 h to 60 °C, then cooled to room temperature, and quenched with 1 M HCl (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 50 mL), and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried over MgSO
4
. The drying agent was filtered off, and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica, CH
2
Cl
2
) affording 2‐iodo‐
N
‐tosylbenzamide (15.8 g, 39.5 mmol, 98%) as a colorless oil.

Step 2. Caution: For safety reasons, the reaction was carried out behind an antiblast shield. mCPBA (77% pure; 8.85 g, 39.6 mmol) was added to a solution of 2‐iodo‐
N
‐tosylbenzamide (15.8 g, 39.5 mmol) and Ac
2
O (160 mL, 1.68 mol) in AcOH (158 mL), and the resulting mixture was heated for 48 h to 80 °C. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and diethyl ether (150 mL) was added. The desired compound (7.13 g, 15.5 mmol, 39%) was crystallized at 0 °C from the solution and was collected by filtration.

Purification
: recrystallization in diethyl ether.

Handling, Storage, and Precautions
: store under inert atmosphere at −20 °C in the dark. Might be shock sensitive.
Azidotrifluoromethane
Authors: Beier Petr
Published: April 2024

image

[3802‐95‐7]

CF
3
N
3

(MW 111.03)

InChI = 
1S/CF3N3/c2‐1(3,4)6‐7‐5

InChiKey = 
VTWUWWKZOBMMPO‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N

Physical Data
: bp −28.5 °C (at 743 torr) estimated.

Solubility
: soluble in THF, chloroform, and most organic solvents.

Form Supplied in
: solution in THF (0.5 M).

Preparative Methods
: azidotrifluoromethane

1,2

was prepared by the reaction of trifluoronitrosomethane with hydrazine, followed by the treatment with chlorine gas (eq 1).

3–5

Azidotrifluoromethane was also prepared starting from electrophilic azide reagent tosyl azide and TMSCF
3
activated with cesium fluoride and was isolated by distillation (eq 2).

6

image

image

Handling, Storage, and Precautions
: CF
3
N
3
is thermally relatively stable and safe to use in laboratory in solution at temperatures <150 °C.

6

Can be stored in THF solution in a fridge or a freezer due to compound volatility. Storage in pure form in a stainless‐steel cylinder at ambient temperature at several atmospheres' pressure did not result in any significant decomposition.

5

Decomposition was reported at 1120 K to give N
2
and FCN.

7

Also, an explosion was reported at 330 °C.

4
Evaluation and mitigation of deformable image registration uncertainties for MRI‐guided adaptive radiotherapy
Authors: Zhong Hualiang , Kainz Kristofer K. , Paulson Eric S.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

We evaluate the performance of a deformable image registration (DIR) software package in registering abdominal magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and then develop a mechanical modeling method to mitigate detected DIR uncertainties.

Materials and Methods

Three evaluation metrics, namely mean displacement to agreement (MDA), DICE similarity coefficient (DSC), and standard deviation of Jacobian determinants (STD‐JD), are used to assess the multi‐modality (MM), contour‐consistency (CC), and image‐intensity (II)‐based DIR algorithms in the MIM software package, as well as an in‐house developed, contour matching‐based finite element method (CM‐FEM). Furthermore, we develop a hybrid FEM registration technique to modify the displacement vector field of each MIM registration. The MIM and FEM registrations were evaluated on MRIs obtained from 10 abdominal cancer patients. One‐tailed Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney (WMW) tests were conducted to compare the MIM registrations with their FEM modifications.

Results

For the registrations performed with the MIM‐CC, MIM‐MM, MIM‐II, and CM‐FEM algorithms, their average MDAs are 0.62 ± 0.27, 2.39 ± 1.30, 3.07 ± 2.42, 1.04 ± 0.72 mm, and average DSCs are 0.94 ± 0.03, 0.80 ± 0.12, 0.77 ± 0.15, 0.90 ± 0.11, respectively. The p‐values of the WMW tests between the MIM registrations and their FEM modifications are less than 0.0084 for STD‐JDs and greater than 0.87 for MDA and DSC.

Conclusions

Among the three MIM DIR algorithms, MIM‐CC shows the smallest errors in terms of MDA and DSC but exhibits significant Jacobian uncertainties in the interior regions of abdominal organs. The hybrid FEM technique effectively mitigates the Jacobian uncertainties in these regions.
Research on trajectory control of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom industrial robot based on visual image
Authors: Hu Ruiling
Published: April 2024

In order to improve the trajectory control effect of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom industrial robots, this paper combines visual image technology to conduct research on trajectory control of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom industrial robots. Aiming at the problem of video segmentation under sudden illumination changes, this paper uses a Gaussian mixture model based on the global illumination function to adopt a variety of illumination invariant features, and proposes a scene segmentation algorithm suitable for sudden illumination changes. Moreover, this paper compares and verifies the algorithm from the subjective and objective perspectives through experiments, which shows that the algorithm in this paper can segment the scene more accurately even in the environment of sudden changes in illumination. In addition, the results of the accuracy test and the trajectory control test show that the research method of the multi‐degree‐of‐freedom industrial robot trajectory control based on the visual image proposed in this paper can effectively improve the trajectory control effect of the robot.
A Novel Biomimetic Catalyst with Mn4‐xNixCaO5 Structure for Superior Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhao Xu , Geng Zhibin , Wang Jianghao , Zhu Qian , Shao Zhiyu , Ya Ming , Yu Ying , Li Liping , Feng Shouhua , Li Guangshe
Published: April 2024

In natural plants, Mn4CaO5 cluster with metal‐oxo “distorted chair”‐like structure exhibits excellent oxygen evolution activity. However, the performance of biomimetic oxygen evolution catalysts based on the Mn4CaO5‐like structure is far inferior to expectations. Herein, Ca and Ni are first doped together into birnessite and constructed a “distorted chair”‐like structure unit Mn4‐xNixCaO5 in a birnessite‐like Ca‐Mn(Ni)‐O catalyst, the biomimetic Mn4‐xNixCaO5 unit efficiently activates lattice oxygen and boosts the O─O coupling in oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which allows the catalyst to perform superior OER activity with an outstanding overpotential of 184 mV at 300 mA cm−2. Besides, the birnessite‐like Ca‐Mn(Ni)‐O catalyst is stabilized by coupling to NiMnO3 nanoplate, thus forming a stable catalyst that can work for >500 h without attenuation. This work optimizes biomimetic structures by introducing new elements, which provides new insight into developing efficient biomimetic materials.
Homogenizing Morphology and Composition of Methylammonium‐Free Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite for Efficient and Stable Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Lian Xinxin , Xu Ye , Fu Wei , Meng Rui , Ma Quanxing , Xu Chunyu , Luo Ming , Hu Ying , Han Junchao , Min Hao , Krishna Anurag , Chen Yifan , Zhou Huawei , Zhang Xueling , Chen Cong , Chang Jin , Li Can , Chen Yifeng , Feng Zhiqiang , Li Zhen , Zuo Guangzheng , Gao Jifan , Zhang Hong , Mo Xiaoliang , Chu Junhao
Published: April 2024

A facile and eco‐friendly dimethyl sulfoxide‐mediated solution aging (DMSA) treatment is presented to control the crystallization dynamics of methylammonium (MA)‐free wide‐bandgap (WBG) perovskite films, enhancing film quality, and morphology for high‐performance tandem solar cells. The comprehensive structural, morphological, and characterization analyses reveal that the DMSA treatment significantly enhances composition and morphology homogeneity while suppressing halide segregation. Consequently, opaque, and semi‐transparent MA‐free WBG perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 18.28% and 17.61%, respectively. Notably, the unencapsulated DMSA‐treated devices maintain 95% of the initial PCE after 900 h of continuous operation at 55 °C ± 5 °C. Furthermore, stacking semi‐transparent DMSA‐treated PSCs as top cells in a 4T tandem configuration, along with silicon heterojunction (SHJ), lead–tin (Pb–Sn) alloyed PSCs, and organic photovoltaics (OPV) as bottom cells, yields impressive PCEs of 28.09%, 26.09%, and 25.28%, respectively, for the fabricated tandem cells. This innovative approach opens new avenues for enhancing the photo‐stability and photovoltaic performance of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells.
Accelerating Surface Reaction Kinetics and Enhancing Bulk as well as Surface Charge Carrier Dynamics in Al/ Al2O3‐Coated BiVO4 Photoanode
Authors: Jiang Tao , Wang Wenzhong , Bi Yue , Liang Yujie , Fu Junli , Wang Lijuan , Zhou Qing
Published: April 2024

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution from water splitting of semiconductor photoanodes is intricately linked to their light‐absorbing capacity, surface reaction kinetics, bulk charge carrier separation efficiency, and surface charge carrier injection efficiency. Harnessing the surface plasmon resonance effect of metals emerges as a promising approach to enhance PEC performance of semiconductor photoanodes. This work presents the first application of non‐noble metal Al nanoparticles to sensitize a BiVO4 nanoporous film (NPF) photoanode. This process significantly expedites the surface kinetics of water oxidation, and improves both bulk charge carrier separation and surface carrier injection efficiencies of BiVO4 NPF photoanode. Additionally, the surface‐formed Al2O3 film effectively preserves the stability of photoanode, leading to a substantial improvement in PEC hydrogen evolution of BiVO4 NPF photoanode in a three‐electrode PEC cell with sulfite scavenger. The constructed BiVO4/Al NPF heterojunction photoanode exhibits a hydrogen evolution rate of 73.9 µmol cm⁻2 h⁻¹ at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, 1.68 times of BiVO4 photoanode. Additionally, BiVO4/Al NPF photoanode exhibits excellent stability under long‐time light irradiation of 8 h. This study provides valuable insights into the design of nonnoble‐metal‐based plasmonic photoanodes for efficient hydrogen generation through PEC cell from the perspectives of surface reaction kinetics, charge carrier injection, and separation.
Robust Chemiresistive Behavior in Conductive Polymer/MOF Composites
Authors: Roh Heejung , Kim Dong‐Ha , Cho Yeongsu , Jo Young‐Moo , del Alamo Jesús A. , Kulik Heather J. , Dincă Mircea , Gumyusenge Aristide
Published: April 2024

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for gas sensing but are often limited to single‐use detection. A hybridization strategy is demonstrated synergistically deploying conductive MOFs (cMOFs) and conductive polymers (cPs) as two complementary mixed ionic‐electronic conductors in high‐performing stand‐alone chemiresistors. This work presents significant improvement in i) sensor recovery kinetics, ii) cycling stability, and iii) dynamic range at room temperature. The effect of hybridization across well‐studied cMOFs is demonstrated based on 2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) and 2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexaiminotriphenylene (HITP) ligands with varied metal nodes (Co, Cu, Ni). A comprehensive mechanistic study is conducted to relate energy band alignments at the heterojunctions between the MOFs and the polymer with sensing thermodynamics and binding kinetics. The findings reveal that hole enrichment of the cMOF component upon hybridization leads to selective enhancement in desorption kinetics, enabling significantly improved sensor recovery at room temperature, and thus long‐term response retention. This mechanism is further supported by density functional theory calculations on sorbate–analyte interactions. It is also found that alloying cPs and cMOFs enables facile thin film co‐processing and device integration, potentially unlocking the use of these hybrid conductors in diverse electronic applications.
Nature‐Inspired Helicoidal Nanocellulose‐Based Multi‐Compartment Assemblies with Tunable Chiroptical Properties
Authors: Mujica Randy , Augustine Anusree , Pauly Matthias , Battie Yann , Decher Gero , Houérou Vincent Le , Felix Olivier
Published: April 2024

Cellulose‐based nanocomposites are highly appealing for the development of next‐generation sustainable functional materials. Although many advances have been made in this direction, the true potential of fibrillar nanocomposites has yet to be realized because available fabrication approaches are inadequate for achieving precise structural control at the sub‐micrometer scale. Here a spray‐assisted alignment methodology of cellulose nanofibrils is combined with the layer‐by‐layer assembly into an additive manufacturing process in which the alignment direction of each cellulose layer is rationally selected to achieve thin films with a helicoidal arrangement of the nanofibrils. The helicoidal structure of the films is verified by measuring the circular dichroism (CD) of the samples. The sign and position of the structural CD peak show that the handedness and the pitch of the chiral structures can be easily tuned by deliberately selecting simple parameters, such as the number of consecutive cellulose layers sprayed in the same direction, and the angle of rotation between successive stacks of layers. To the authors’ knowledge, this approach is unique as it offers the possibility to prepare complex nanocomposite architectures with various nanoscale‐controlled sub‐structures from different anisometric objects, which is enabling novel designs of composite films with damage‐resistant and/or optical filtering functionalities.
Challenges and Breakthroughs in Enhancing Temperature Tolerance of Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Che Chang , Wu Feng , Li Yu , Li Ying , Li Shuqiang , Wu Chuan , Bai Ying
Published: April 2024

Lithium‐based batteries (LBBs) have been highly researched and recognized as a mature electrochemical energy storage (EES) system in recent years. However, their stability and effectiveness are primarily confined to room temperature conditions. At temperatures significantly below 0 °C or above 60 °C, LBBs experience substantial performance degradation. Under such challenging extreme contexts, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) emerge as a promising complementary technology, distinguished by their fast dynamics at low‐temperature regions and superior safety under elevated temperatures. Notably, developing SIBs suitable for wide‐temperature usage still presents significant challenges, particularly for specific applications such as electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and deep‐space/polar explorations, which requires a thorough understanding of how SIBs perform under different temperature conditions. By reviewing the development of wide‐temperature SIBs, the influence of temperature on the parameters related to battery performance, such as reaction constant, charge transfer resistance, etc., is systematically and comprehensively analyzed. The review emphasizes challenges encountered by SIBs in both low and high temperatures while exploring recent advancements in SIB materials, specifically focusing on strategies to enhance battery performance across diverse temperature ranges. Overall, insights gained from these studies will drive the development of SIBs that can handle the challenges posed by diverse and harsh climates.
Bistable Electrochromic Ionogels via Supramolecular Interactions for Energy‐Efficient Displays
Authors: Wang Yuyang , Lei Chuxin , Guan Weixin , Wu Kai , Zhang Bowen , Yu Guihua
Published: April 2024

Bistable electrochromic (EC) materials and systems offer significant potential for building decarbonization through their optical modulation and energy efficiency. However, challenges such as limited design strategies and bottlenecks in cost, fabrication, and color have hindered the full commercialization of energy‐saving EC windows and displays, with few materials achieving true bistability. Herein, a novel strategy for designing bistable electrochromic materials is proposed by leveraging supramolecular interactions. These interactions facilitate reversible color transitions, stabilize the colored structure, and enable spatial confinement to inhibit diffusion, thereby achieving bistable electrochromism. The mechanisms and materials underlying these unconventional electrochromic systems are substantiated through detailed characterization. This strategy enables the preparation of low‐cost and sustainable transparent electrochromic displays with high performance. Notably, the display information remains clearly visible for more than 2 h without consuming energy. Involving biomass materials and removable device structures also enhances the sustainability and scalability of EC technology applications and development. These results demonstrate the crucial role of supramolecular chemistry in the development of cutting‐edge materials for applications such as energy‐saving smart windows.
Sub‐Nanometer Mono‐Layered Metal–Organic Frameworks Nanosheets for Simulated Flue Gas Photoreduction
Authors: He Dong , Wang Qian , Rong Yan , Xin Zhifeng , Liu Jing‐Jing , Li Qiang , Shen Kejing , Chen Yifa
Published: April 2024

The dilemma between the thickness and accessible active site triggers the design of porous crystalline materials with mono‐layered structure for advanced photo‐catalysis applications. Here, a kind of sub‐nanometer mono‐layered nanosheets (Co‐MOF MNSs) through the exfoliation of specifically designed Co3 cluster‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is reported. The sub‐nanometer thickness and inherent light‐sensitivity endow Co‐MOF MNSs with fully exposed Janus Co3 sites that can selectively photo‐reduce CO2 into formic acid under simulated flue gas. Notably, the production efficiency of formic acid by Co‐MOF MNSs (0.85 mmol g−1 h−1) is ≈13 times higher than that of the bulk counterpart (0.065 mmol g−1 h−1) under a simulated flue gas atmosphere, which is the highest in reported works up to date. Theoretical calculations prove that the exposed Janus Co3 sites with simultaneously available sites possess higher activity when compared with single Co site, validating the importance of mono‐layered nanosheet morphology. These results may facilitate the development of functional nanosheet materials for CO2 photo‐reduction in potential flue gas treatment.
3D Printable Polyelectrolyte Complex‐Integrated Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels with Customizable Mechanical Strength and pH‐Responsiveness
Authors: Pruthi Vaishali , Hirschberg Valerian , Théato Patrick
Published: April 2024

Herein, a novel 3D printable ink designed for the fabrication of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels is introduced, ingeniously integrating a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CS) with a photo‐crosslinkable P(OEGMA‐co‐EGDEMA) polymer. Initially, the carboxyl group of HA is modified with a photo‐labile ortho‐nitrobenzyl group, preventing premature PEC formation during 3D ink formulation. Subsequent UV illumination via digital light processing (DLP) simultaneously triggers the photo‐deprotection of the carboxyl group of HA and the photopolymerization of OEGMA crosslinked hydrogel, together creating a PEC‐integrated IPN hydrogel. Comprehensive characterizations, including NMR, IR, UV/Vis, TGA, DSC, SEM, and mechanical tests are conducted to evaluate the structural, morphological, and rheological properties of these hydrogels. Furthermore, adjustments to the composition of the 3D ink enable the production of hydrogels with a spectrum of mechanical strength and elastic modulus ranging from 1 to 10 kPa. The resultant PEC‐IPN hydrogels display excellent flexibility, compressive strength, high strain tolerance, pH responsiveness, and thermal stability. In essence, the approach seamlessly merges natural polyelectrolytes with technological innovation to refine 3D ink production. This method could mark a pivotal advancement in the realm of 3D materials, unlocking numerous prospective applications.
Multi‐Sensor Origami Platform: A Customizable System for Obtaining Spatiotemporally Precise Functional Readouts in 3D Models
Authors: Rahav Noam , Marrero Denise , Soffer Adi , Glickman Emma , Beldjilali‐Labro Megane , Yaffe Yakey , Tadmor Keshet , Leichtmann‐Bardoogo Yael , Ashery Uri , Maoz Ben M.
Published: April 2024

Bioprinting technology offers unprecedented opportunities to construct in vitro tissue models that recapitulate the 3D morphology and functionality of native tissue. Yet, it remains difficult to obtain adequate functional readouts from such models. In particular, it is challenging to position sensors in desired locations within pre‐fabricated 3D bioprinted structures. At the same time, bioprinting tissue directly onto a sensing device is not feasible due to interference with the printer head. As such, a multi‐sensing platform inspired by origami that overcomes these challenges by “folding” around a separately fabricated 3D tissue structure is proposed, allowing for the insertion of electrodes into precise locations, which are custom‐defined using computer‐aided‐design software. The multi‐sensing origami platform (MSOP) can be connected to a commercial multi‐electrode array (MEA) system for data‐acquisition and processing. To demonstrate the platform, how integrated 3D MEA electrodes can record neuronal electrical activity in a 3D model of a neurovascular unit is shown. The MSOP also enables a microvascular endothelial network to be cultured separately and integrated with the 3D tissue structure. Accordingly, how impedance‐based sensors in the platform can measure endothelial barrier function is shown. It is further demonstrated the device's versatility by using it to measure neuronal activity in brain organoids.
Multiome in the Same Cell Reveals the Impact of Osmotic Stress on Arabidopsis Root Tip Development at Single‐Cell Level
Authors: Liu Qing , Ma Wei , Chen Ruiying , Li Shang‐Tong , Wang Qifan , Wei Cai , Hong Yiguo , Sun Hai‐Xi , Cheng Qi , Zhao Jianjun , Kang Jingmin
Published: April 2024

Cell‐specific transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) play vital roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. However, traditional single‐cell mono‐omics techniques are unable to directly capture the relationships and dynamics between different layers of molecular information within the same cells. While advanced algorithm facilitates merging scRNA‐seq and scATAC‐seq datasets, accurate data integration remains a challenge, particularly when investigating cell‐type‐specific TRNs. By examining gene expression and chromatin accessibility simultaneously in 16,670 Arabidopsis root tip nuclei, the TRNs are reconstructed that govern root tip development under osmotic stress. In contrast to commonly used computational integration at cell‐type level, 12,968 peak‐to‐gene linkage is captured at the bona fide single‐cell level and construct TRNs at an unprecedented resolution. Furthermore, the unprecedented datasets allow to more accurately reconstruct the coordinated changes of gene expression and chromatin states during cellular state transition. During root tip development, chromatin accessibility of initial cells precedes gene expression, suggesting that changes in chromatin accessibility may prime cells for subsequent differentiation steps. Pseudo‐time trajectory analysis reveal that osmotic stress can shift the functional differentiation of trichoblast. Candidate stress‐related gene‐linked cis‐regulatory elements (gl‐cCREs) as well as potential target genes are also identified, and uncovered large cellular heterogeneity under osmotic stress.