bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indices of Productivity in British Columbia Lakes
Authors: Northcote T. G. , Larkin P. A.
Published: April 2011

The relation between physical and chemical indices of production and standard crops of plankton, bottom fauna and fish was examined in 100 British Columbia lakes. A significant increase in plankton and fish quantities with increase in total dissolved solid content of lake waters was demonstrated and a similar relationship suggested for bottom fauna. Although the general form of the relationship between mean depth and plankton, and between bottom fauna and fish quantity, suggested a hyperbolic curve with larger quantities in lakes of low mean depth, the only generalization which seemed justified was that quantities of fauna from lakes of great mean depth were never as high as those found in some lakes of low mean depth. No significant relation was found between intensity and length of growing season and quantities of plankton, bottom fauna or fish, although a significant relationship was demonstrated between summer epilimnion temperature and plankton.In a multiple regression analysis using all lakes the predominance of total dissolved solids over mean depth in affecting summed indices of lake fauna was shown. However for lakes in the southern interior plateau, one of the 9 regions distinguished in British Columbia, no significant relation could be demonstrated between mean depth or total dissolved solids and summed indices of fauna or plankton alone. Thus total dissolved solid content of the water appeared to be the most important factor in determining the general level of productivity in lakes studied throughout the province, although within a region neither total dissolved solids nor mean depth could be used either singly or together to predict plankton, bottom fauna or fish quantities.
Notes on Polychaeta from the East Coast of Vancouver Island and from Adjacent Waters, with a Description of a New Species of Aricidea
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: April 2011

Records are given of two species and a variety new to western Canada and notes on three other species already known from the region. A new species, Aricidea lopezi, and four species new to western North America, are described from the neighbourhood of Friday Harbour, Washington.
On the Distribution of Young Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Babine and Nilkitkwa Lakes, B.C.
Authors: Johnson W. E.
Published: April 2011

Babine Lake and connected Nilkitkwa Lake, a total lake area of 174 square miles, provide nursery facilities for progeny of the largest sockeye salmon run to the Skeena River in northern British Columbia.Based on catch per unit of fishing effort, tow-net collections in August and October, 1955, indicate that at least 67%, and possibly as much as 88%, of the total age 0 sockeye population of these lakes (estimated as 50 to 60 million) was concentrated in Nilkitkwa Lake and the North Arm of Babine Lake: that is, in 11.4% of the total lake area. Mean size of young sockeye in these areas of concentration was much smaller than in the sparsely populated remainder of Babine Lake.This unequal distribution of young sockeye, and resulting inefficient utilization of the lake nursery facilities, is apparently a result of the distribution of the spawning parent population and a limited dispersal of young sockeye from their points of entrance into the lake as fry.
Acetone–Water Mixtures for the Extraction and Rapid Estimation of Fats of Biological Materials, Particularly Fish Products
Authors: Dambergs N.
Published: April 2011

The variation of the efficiency of acetone as an extractant of fats from biological materials has been studied. The moisture content of the acetone was found to be the dominating factor. Refluxing time, as well as the ratio of solvent to sample, have been found to be of minor importance. A rapid, precise analytical method of fat determination based on these observations has been developed.
Alterations in the Blood Level of Lactic Acid in Certain Salmonoid Fishes Following Muscular Activity: I. Kamloops Trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Black Edgar C.
Published: April 2011

During the summers of 1953, 1954 and 1955, experiments were carried out on the effects of muscular exercise on hatchery-raised yearling and two-year-old Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri, at the Summerland Trout Hatchery, Summerland, B.C. Following 15 minutes of vigorous exercise at 11.5 °C. the blood level of lactic acid in yearlings increased from the unexercised level of 16 mg.% to 100 mg.% and then continued to increase still further during the first 2 hours of recovery to 170 mg.%, to subside in 4 to 6 hours toward the pre-exercise level. Similar changes occurred in two-year-olds, but the levels were lower in all cases, and the time course was slower. Studies were also made on hemoglobin levels, on blood glucose changes in two-year-olds, and on the relation of oxygen levels and temperature to the blood levels of lactic acid in yearlings. Cardiac rates were also measured. Observations were made on the blood level of lactic acid in moderate exercise in yearlings. The results indicate that most of the features of fatigue in the trout are in keeping with the pattern of changes in mammals. However, there were important differences in the time course of rise and fall of lactic acid to and from the blood. It is suggested that these differences may be due to the effects of lowered temperature in reducing the rate of diffusion of lactic acid between extracellular fluids and the sites of production and removal of the metabolites of muscular activity. Some implications of the results to the behaviour of fishes and death due to over-exertion are discussed.
On the Distinctness and Origin of the Slope Water off the Scotian Shelf and its Easterly Flow South of the Grand Banks
Authors: McLellan H. J.
Published: April 2011

The Slope Water south of Nova Scotia lies as a distinct water mass between Coastal Water and the Gulf Stream. A characteristic temperature–salinity correlation exists. Although the T–S curve lies close to that for Central Atlantic Water, if a reasonable system of mixing is assumed, the composition is shown to be Atlantic Water diluted by the addition of approximately 20% of Coastal Water. The rate of production of Slope Water is estimated to be of the order of 2 × 107 m.8/sec. and the observed eastward flow carries this mixing product from the area of formation. A secondary current in the Gulf Stream system is thus generated by means other than simple bifurcation of the main stream. Such a current has been consistently observed.
Have the Genetic Patterns of Fishes been Altered by Introductions or by Selective Fishing?
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a review of some of the literature dealing with changes in freshwater fish populations following exploitation or after introduction of exotic species. The object of the review was to look for changes that could be attributed to alterations in the gene pools of the affected populations. Very little concrete evidence could be found, either because the investigations reviewed were not looking for genetic changes, or because such changes did not occur. Changes in some salmonids may be assigned to introgressive hybridization, particularly where rainbow and cutthroat trout have been put together on the Eastern Slopes. In many cases, however, exotics have apparently failed to contribute to the gene pool of the resident population, and most hybrids, when they occur, have been of low fertility.Fishes have a remarkable ability to respond to changes in population density by altered growth rates and times of maturity. These changed characters are not necessarily due to genetic changes and may be explained by assuming that fishes are pre-adapted to a wide range of conditions. There is a rather speculative suggestion that angling may select less intelligent fish, leading to an upgrading in intelligence of the fish. The general conclusion is that in the light of the existing evidence, great caution must be used in attributing to man-induced changes in fish populations changes in the genetic pattern.
The Rôle of Competition in the Mortality of Hatchery Trout
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

The literature on the survival of hatchery-reared trout after release in streams is reviewed and the conclusion is reached that survival is poor in lakes and streams where a resident trout population already exists. In streams the deaths of planted trout occur very soon after their release and have been referred to as "delayed mortality". However, a comparison of survivals after planting in occupied and non-occupied streams shows that many of the deaths are not attributable to hatchery-background or transportation methods, but largely to some aspect of competition with resident trout. Some investigations which have sought to measure the relative survivability of wild and hatchery trout have not used resident wild trout and thus a crucial aspect of the competition has been omitted. Investigations at the Alberta Biological Station test stream, Gorge Creek, are described; in these a significant difference in blood lactic acid levels was found between hatchery trout with and without competition from resident trout. A tentative role is assigned competition as follows: introduced trout must compete for niches and for food. In the early stages of this competition they are continuously exercising; they exhaust stores of some metabolite and die either of acidosis or starvation.
Physical Oceanographic Results of the "Calanus" Expeditions in Ungava Bay, Frobisher Bay, Cumberland Sound, Hudson Strait and Northern Hudson Bay, 1949–1955
Authors: Dunbar M. J.
Published: April 2011

Results of the physical oceanographic work of the "Calanus" expeditions of 1949–55 are presented in summary. Bathymetric maps are given for Ungava Bay, Frobisher Bay and northeast Hudson Bay. Temperature, salinity and density profiles are used to show the direction of flow of water, without dynamic calculations. Temperature–salinity correlation diagrams show the presence of Atlantic water below 100 metres, well developed in Cumberland Sound, less so in Ungava Bay and Hudson Strait (but still present), and very slight in northern Hudson Bay. In Frobisher Bay the entry of Atlantic water, if it occurs, is masked by tidal turbulence. Inversions of density, giving temporary negative stabilities, are recorded at a number of stations, concentrated in the regions of large tidal ranges; association of these inversions with the state of the tide is indicated. Stability conditions of the water in general are presented; the winter régime in northern Hudson Bay offers no reason to doubt that a normal vertical exchange of water occurs. Special hydrographic conditions in certain inlets are described. The dominance of the whole hydrodynamic pattern by the tides, especially in the eastern part of the area under study, is emphasized.
Distribution, Spawning and Racial Studies of the Capelin, Mallotus villosus (Müller), in the Offshore Newfoundland Area
Authors: Pitt T. K.
Published: April 2011

It was definitely established in July, 1950, that capelin were spawning on the Grand Bank. Samples of spawn taken in 1950 on the Southeast Shoal of the Grand Bank indicate that capelin were spawning in temperatures as low as 2.8 °C. In 1951 spawning temperatures were some two degrees higher. These temperatures are 2 to 4 °C. lower than those reported for beach spawning. Capelin, apparently, also spawn on other areas of the bank. The effects of low temperature in 1950 resulted in spawning taking place in the middle of July and the subsequent slow incubation of the eggs would result in larvae being liberated late in September. In 1951 capelin spawning, in the same area of the Grand Bank, took place around the latter part of June or the first of July and larval liberation around the first of August.Meristic studies using vertebral counts indicate that except for the 1950 year-class there is no real difference between any group from Grand Bank areas. The over-all averages for all years from the Grand Bank do not differ significantly from those found inshore by Templeman (1948).Up to the time of spawning the male capelin were found to be the more numerous.
The Evolution of Migratory Behaviour among Juvenile Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus
Authors: Hoar William S.
Published: April 2011

The discussion is based on a detailed etiological comparison of four species of juvenile Oncorhynchus—coho, chum, sockeye and pink salmon. Their behaviour is described in terms of five fixed behaviour patterns—hiding under stones, occupying territories, schooling, feeding and escaping predators. These are performed in relation to five directive factors—light, temperature, current, salinity and objects in the environment. Behaviour patterns and directing factors are associated with characteristic appetitive behaviour. The internal motivation seems to have an endocrinological basis. The coho fry, because of its river habitat, territorial behaviour, low nocturnal activity and smolt transformation, is considered to show behaviour nearest to that of the parental type of the genus. The pink fry has the most highly specialized sea-going behaviour. Three major developments are evident in the evolution of obligatory pelagic and ocean dwelling species (a) early smolt transformation (b) increased nocturnal activity and (c) schooling. Some possible evolutionary sequences are considered.
Round Haddock Landings in Newfoundland: Quantity and Quality Relative to Gutted Haddock
Authors: Templeman Wilfred , Fleming A. M.
Published: April 2011

Late in 1953 when large haddock became scarce on the Newfoundland banks, fish plants, which previously had found haddock less than 45 cm. (18 in.) in length to be unacceptable for filleting, began to handle quantities of smaller haddock, 33 to 43 cm. (13 to 17 in.), and generally in an ungutted condition.Determination of the trimethylamine values of fillets from round and gutted haddock showed average values of 0.66 mg. per 100 g. of fillets for round and 0.73 for gutted fish from research vessel and 1.39 for round and 1.61 for gutted from commercial trawlers. These differences were not statistically significant. Using trimethylamine values as indicators of spoilage, round haddock were kept under ice up to 9 days under experimental conditions and produced unspoiled fillets.
The Preferred Temperature of Fish and their Midsummer Distribution in Temperate Lakes and Streams
Authors: Ferguson R. G.
Published: April 2011

Laboratory studies of preferred temperature with yellow perch (Perca flavescens) are compared with results from 21 other species. These show that temperature, if acting alone, can determine the distribution of fish in laboratory apparatus. Factors such as light, conditioned responses related to feeding routines, and social behaviour can interfere with the expression of the response to temperature. Subdued lighting conditions were necessary in the experiments with Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus and Coregonus, whereas full daylight was required in experiments with Perca flavescens.The level of thermal acclimation influences the range of temperature preferred. In general the preferred temperature is considerably higher than the acclimation temperature at low thermal acclimations, but this difference decreases up to the final preferendum, where both coincide. The final preferendum and the relation between acclimation and preferred temperature is characteristic for the species. The shape of the resulting curve may have some value in interpreting observations of fish mortalities and distribution in nature. The final preferendum of the yellow perch from the present work was 24.2 °C., from other work using older fish it was 21.0 °C.Summer field observations of yellow perch in Lake Nipissing, Costello Lake and Opeongo Lake in Ontario, showed average thermal distribution of 19.7 °C., 21.0 °C. and 21.2 °C. respectively. This agrees well with 20.8 °C. observed for four Wisconsin lakes. Oxygen depletion reported for Tennessee Valley reservoirs, distribution of primary prey species of lake trout in New York waters, and other factors, have been shown to modify the thermal distribution in nature. Differential sex response to temperature may be important in the perch. Field observations of thermal distributions for other species are also presented.A comparison of the laboratory and field data shows good agreement with fish having colder final preferenda: Salvelinus fontinalis, Salvelinus namaycush, Salvelinus hybrid and Coregonus clupeaformis. Fish with warmer final preferenda, such as Micropterus salmoides, Micropterus dolomieu and Lota lota lacustris, showed higher temperatures in the laboratory than was shown by field observations. Young Perca flavescens showed similar results, but experiments with older perch showed excellent agreement between laboratory results and held observations. The lack of agreement between laboratory results and field observations is attributed to age differences; laboratory experiments being performed with young fish and held observations being made on older fish.
FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA
Authors: Needler A. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Polychaeta of the Western Canadian Arctic
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: April 2011

A summary of the species of Polychaeta hitherto recorded from the western Canadian Arctic is given. Each of the species enumerated is considered in the light of its known, or unknown, occurrence in each of two regions to the west (northern Alaska and the Chukchee Sea) and two to the east (Hudson Bay and Greenland) respectively. The results show an almost complete balance in the number of occurrences of like species in the regions in both directions, suggesting circumpolar distribution within the area studied.
Comparisons of the Index of Return for Several Stocks of British Columbia Salmon to Study Variations in Survival
Authors: Godfrey H.
Published: April 2011

The "index of return" (ratio of offspring catch to parent catch) was used to compare annual survival among several stocks of British Columbia salmon. Over a period of almost 30 years the major stocks of pink salmon in the Province, excepting those of the Fraser River, exhibited quite similar annual variations in survival. The Fraser River stock behaved somewhat independently of the other stocks. There are indications that among pink salmon early ocean survival, probably during residence in estuarial and inshore waters, has played a major role in determining the level of final ocean survival. Among pink and sockeye salmon that entered the sea in the same year there is some similarity in early ocean survival. The latter relationship, if confirmed, may become useful for predicting sockeye ocean survival one or two years before the adult fish return.
The Occurrence of Juvenile Corynosoma (Acanthocephala) in Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)
Authors: Margolis L.
Published: April 2011

Of 2406 Oncorhynchus nerka and O. gorbuscha collected in 1955 and 1956 from many localities throughout their range in the North Pacific and adjacent seas, 1.79% were infected with juvenile Acanthocephala of the genus Corynosoma. In O. nerka the genus was represented by C. strumosum, C. villosum, C. semerme and C. hadweni, all of which use Pinnipedia as the normal definitive hosts. C. strumosum and C. villosum were found in O. gorbuscha. Apparently there are no previous reports of the genus Corynosoma in Oncorhynchus, nor of C. semerme and C. hadweni in any intermediate host in the North Pacific region. O. nerka is the first recorded intermediate host of C. villosum. Data on incidence and intensity of infection of the two hosts by each of the species and the locality and date of catch of the infected salmon are tabulated. Brief descriptions of the four species, based on the collected specimens, are given.
Drift Bottle Observations in the Strait of Georgia
Authors: Waldichuk Michael
Published: April 2011

Drift bottle observations were carried out in the Strait of Georgia during the summers of 1926–1929. A total of 1,636 bottles was released of which 672 were recovered, giving an over-all return of 41%.No consistent pattern of drift in the strait as a whole could be clearly drawn from the recoveries. Some consistency of circulation in local areas can be inferred from the net drift of bottles.Winds dominated drift bottle movements in the open strait, where tidal currents are weak. A general northwestward drift was noted from releases along the eastern side of the strait and a southeastward drift along the western side. This suggests a large counterclockwise circulation of surface water over the whole strait. A smaller gyral circulating in the same direction is apparent in the southern strait, south of a line from Sand Heads to Active Pass.A strong surface current is directed from the Fraser River estuary across the strait to the passes among the Gulf Islands. This seaward flow of fresh water is augmented by a strong seaward tidal current during large ebb tides.Tidal currents are strong with definite periodicities in the channels bordering the strait. Current speeds of more than 26 cm./sec. (0.5 knot) were calculated from data on drift bottles whose drift was of brief duration. Average speed of drift was about 10 cm./sec. (0.2 knot).
Review of Certain Environmental Factors Affecting the Production of Pink and Chum Salmon
Authors: Wickett W. P.
Published: April 2011

The relation between stock and numbers of spawners is obscured by annual environmental changes. Stream discharge at the time the spawners are migrating upstream, at the time when the eggs are in the early stage of incubation, and extreme discharge during the period eggs and alevins are in the gravel can impose an 8-fold variation in the stock resulting from a given number of spawners in one area. Ocean conditions soon after the fry enter the sea have been observed to increase or decrease survival by a factor of 3. The density of spawners that produces the greatest numbers of fry is related to the average permeability of the stream bottom. Preliminary data indicate that more spawners could be used to advantage in most areas of the coast.
The Discoloration of Foxe Basin Ice
Authors: Campbell N. J. , Collin A. E.
Published: April 2011

The discoloured appearance of Foxe Basin ice has been a continuous subject of controversy since Baffin described the condition of this ice in 1615. A number of explanations are reviewed and discussed in view of the recent findings of H.M.C.S. Labrador in Foxe Basin.A study of the problem was undertaken in relation to the oceanographic features of Foxe Basin. The results of these surveys have led to a theory of suspension-freezing of bottom sediments during the winter. Analyses of ice and bottom sediments support the theory that the dirt embedded in the ice is a marine sediment as opposed to wind-blown terrestrial particles.
The Chemical Composition of Sea Water in the Vicinity of the Atlantic Provinces of Canada
Authors: Young E. Gordon , Smith D. G. , Langille W. M.
Published: April 2011

Samples of sea water from eight locations at the surface around the coast of the Atlantic Provinces of Canada have been analyzed for their content of major and minor chemical constituents. The salt water in the Bras d'Or Lakes of Cape Breton Island, N.S., was different from that in the contiguous Atlantic Ocean and showed evidence of much dilution. The seven other samples examined averaged 17.17‰ for chlorinity and 31.03‰ for salinity. These averages are low for open oceanic waters. The average composition of sea water for this area was as follows in grams per kilogram: Na, 9.55; K, 0.34; Ca, 0.37; Mg, 1.15; SO4, 2.36; B as H3BO3, 0.0243. Concentrations of the trace elements in micrograms per litre varied within the following limits: As as As2O3, 1.4 to 2.0; Co, 0.33 to 0.67; Cu, 13 to 22; F, 860 to 1200; I, 6 to 53; Mo, 6.3 to 14.0; PO4, 5 to 69; Si, 44 to 95; Zn, 6.5 to 10.9. Nickel was also present in all samples but vanadium was not detected. The various ratios of the mineral elements, especially to chlorine, have been calculated, and show only slight divergence from those for open ocean water.
A Seven-year Study of the Fishery for Lake Whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, on Lake Winnipeg
Authors: Hewson L. C.
Published: April 2011

A representative section of the Lake Winnipeg whitefish fishery was studied during seven summers. The average size of whitefish in samples numbering from 100 to 3,500 fish yearly varied with time and place, but trends were absent. Ages of whitefish in commercial catches, determined by scale reading, revealed three main age groups each year during six summers. Fishing success varied during 7 years and showed no indication of a trend toward better or worse fishing. Some parts of the fishing ground are but lightly exploited. Temperature changes in inshore water masses affected catches in some fishing gear.
Active Respiration of Fish in Relation to Ambient Concentrations of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Basu Satyendra Prasanna
Published: April 2011

The oxygen consumption at a steady rate of activity maintained by a mild electric stimulus was measured for Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), Ameiurus nebulosus LeSueur, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) and Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) in the presence of various combinations of oxygen and carbon dioxide. At a given level of oxygen the logarithm of the rate of oxygen consumption decreases linearly with the concentration of carbon dioxide. The linear relation so found is characteristic of a given species and the sensitivity to carbon dioxide decreases with increasing acclimation temperature. The oxygen concentration determines the level of active oxygen consumption in the absence of carbon dioxide and when the concentration approaches the lower lethal limit the effect of the addition of carbon dioxide is enhanced. The data found for these species for active metabolism was combined with data in the literature for resting metabolism to give estimates of the metabolism available for activity. The respiratory sensitivities of the four species were further compared by considering the estimated combinations of oxygen and carbon dioxide required to bring about asphyxiation in both flowing water and sealed containers. The ability of the blood of the fish to take up oxygen in the presence of carbon dioxide shows no direct relation to the ability of the fish to transport oxygen to the external medium under similar circumstances.
The Incidence of Nematodes in the Fillets of Small God from Lockeport, Nova Scotia, and the Southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Scott D. M. , Martin W. R.
Published: April 2011

The incidence of nematodes in fillets of Atlantic cod (Gadus callarias) was determined in 1957 in four areas within 10 miles of Lockeport, N.S., and in six areas in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence. About 1,500 cod, mostly between 1 and 6 years of age, were examined. All nematodes examined (517) were larvae. About 97% belonged to the genus Porrocaecum; the remainder appeared to belong to the genus Anisakis. In all areas there was a progressive increase in incidence with increasing age of cod. In age-groups IV and V usually more than 70% of the cod were infected. Considerable local variation in incidence was observed in the Lockeport region. Cod were more heavily infected in inshore than in offshore waters. The samples from the Gulf of St. Lawrence showed less geographic variation in incidence than the Lockeport samples. The incidence in cod from the Magdalen Islands was noticeably lower than that in cod from the New Brunswick shore. Cod in the Gulf of St. Lawrence were infected to about the same extent as those from the offshore areas near Lockeport. The relation between local variations in incidence and the distribution of seals is briefly discussed.
The Annual Oceanographic Cycle at Igloolik in the Canadian Arctic. 1. The Zooplankton and Physical and Chemical Observations
Authors: Grainger E. H.
Published: April 2011

Materials used were collected September 1955 to September 1956 near Igloolik, northwest Foxe Basin, in the Canadian arctic. A single station, about one mile from shore and 52 m deep, was occupied 27 times during the year. It is in a region of net flow of arctic water from Fury and Hecla Strait, whose strong current probably brings ever-changing hydrographic conditions and plankton populations to the station area. Sea ice formed in early November, and had thickened to about 152 cm by early May. Melting then began and continued until the station was free of fast ice soon after mid-July. Water temperatures varied only 3.55 °C at all depths during the year, and only 0.07° from November until May. The coldest record was −1.75° at 50 m in April and May, the warmest 1.80° at the surface in early September. Salinities varied from a maximum of 32.59‰ in early May to less than 1.68‰ at the surface in mid-July. A thin layer of brackish water, probably not exceeding 2 m in depth, was developed at the surface during the ice-melting period from late June until early August. Dissolved oxygen content varied from 9.52 ml/1 in early July to 4.08 ml/l in early September. The maximum saturation recorded was 110.3% at 10 m on July 15. Dissolved inorganic phosphate rose from near zero in February to a maximum of 1.5 μg-at/l in mid-June, then declined until autumn.Zooplankton volume (from the coarse net) was greatest in late September (4.85 ml per 50-m haul), least in mid-April (0.15 ml). Among identifiable material, copepods were volumetically the largest group. Twenty-eight species were identified, the most numerous forms being copepods (Pseudocalanus minutus, Calanus finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus, Oithona similis), chaetognaths (Sagitta elegans), cirriped larvae, medusae (Halitholus cirratus) and larvaceans (Fritillaria borealis). Several of the more abundant species provide life-history information. All the plankton species had previously been collected in the arctic, and all are circumpolar (one possible exception).Propagation times of primarily herbivorous plankters coincide with the abundance of their phytoplankton food, and the numerical cycle of these individuals during the year shows a restricted period of maximum numbers during the time of reproduction (summer) followed by gradual decline until late winter. In contrast, the primarily carnivorous plankters show relatively slight numerical variation throughout the year, and no concentrated period of reproduction. These species reproduce at various times of the year, many of them during winter. A rough estimate of the Igloolik yearly mean standing crop of zooplankton (without correction for straining efficiency of the No. 6xxx net) is 0.10 ml/m3 or 5.2 ml/m2 of surface area; the maximum observed was 0.50 ml/m3. Another arctic coastal locality, in Greenland, had similar figures; coastal boreal stations have mean crops 4 to 8 times as great (volume basis) or 2 to 9 times as great (surface area basis).
Factors Affecting the Nitrite Content of Treated Fish Fillets
Authors: Castell C. H. , Greenough Maxine F.
Published: April 2011

There are considerable variations in the procedures used in the application of sodium nitrite as a preservative for fresh fish fillets. There is a corresponding lack of uniformity in the nitrite content of the treated fillets.The complexity of the problem has been pointed out by showing the number and relative importance of the factors affecting the uptake of nitrite from a solution by fillets.The suggestion is made either to abandon the use of nitrite as a preservative for fish or to standardize the procedures used in its application.
Biochemical Studies on Soekeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: VIII. Androgen Content of Testes
Authors: Idler D. R. , Tsuyuki H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Studies on the Conversion of Fish Stickwater to Solubles: IV. Effect of Enzyme Treatment on the Viscosity of Whale Solubles
Authors: McBride J. R. , MacLeod R. A. , Idler D. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
The First Record of a Northern Blennioid Fish, Plectobranchus evides Gilbert (Family Stichaeidae), in British Columbia Waters
Authors: Barraclough W. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Variations in caudal pigmentation in late-stage pre-extrusion larvae from marinus- and mentella-type female redfish from the Newfoundland area
Authors: Templeman Wilfred , Sandeman E. J.
Published: April 2011

Late stage pre-extrusion larvae have been examined from 37 marinus-type and 44 mentella-type redfish, obtained from three localities in the Newfoundland area. Examination of 120 larvae from each fish has revealed that a difference exists between the two types, in the relative presence or absence of caudal melanophores in their larvae. The caudal melanophores, when present, are situated near the base of the caudal fin and ventral to the vertebral column. Caudal melanophores were absent in only 2.3% of the larvae from mentella-type parents in contrast to the absence of caudal melanophores in 76.1% of the larvae from marinus-type parents. When only those larvae having caudal melanophores are considered, larvae from marinus-type, parents usually have but a single melanophore whereas those from mentella-type parents usually have two caudal melanophores.This difference between larval samples provides evidence of the existence of a real genetic difference between mentella and marinus types of redfish in the Northwest Atlantic.
Keeping Quality of Pacific Coast Dogfish
Authors: Moyer R. H. , Southcott B. A. , Baker E. G. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Pacific coast dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) were held 21 days in ice and in refrigerated sea water with and without added chlortetracycline, viable bacterial counts and volatile bases being determined periodically. Viable bacteria increased sharply after about 14 days but the muscle pH values showed little or no increase. No appreciable increase in the total volatile base or trimethylamine content of the muscle was noted until the fish were stored for more than 2 weeks, and then the increases observed were comparatively small.
Marine and Freshwater Fishes of the Miramichi River and Estuary, New Brunswick
Authors: McKenzie R. A.
Published: April 2011

The Miramichi is the largest river in northeastern New Brunswick. The watershed covers an area of about 3,500,000 acres. Its waters support commercial fisheries valued at about $1,250,000 in 1952 and 1953. The commercial fisheries are located in the tidal waters which extend inland about 50 miles. The fresh waters extend inland about another 100 miles. Water temperatures range from −1.6 °C in winter to 25 °C in summer and the salinities from 0‰ to 30‰.Thirty-eight families represented by at least 78 species of fishes have been found in the waters of the Miramichi system. Of the species, 53 are marine, 7 anadromous, 1 catadromous, and 17 freshwater.
Survival and Production of Pink and Chum Salmon in a Coastal Stream
Authors: Hunter J. G.
Published: April 2011

A study of the propagation of pink and chum salmon in the central coastal region of British Columbia was made for the years 1947 to 1956.Timing, distribution and movement of the adults and fry are discussed. The effects of temperature, stream discharge, sex ratio and population density were considered in relation to survival of egg to fry. Within the limits observed, temperature, stream discharge and sex ratio were not affecting the population perceptibly, but population density was an important factor. The density of spawners in preceding years also affected the survival in subsequent years.Predation was an important factor in keeping the fry output low: the number of fry consumed was approximately 500,000 during each migration.Ocean survival, including the effect of fishing mortality, ranged from 5.2% down to 0.7% for pink salmon, and from 2.6% to 0.85% for chum salmon. Ocean survival for pink salmon before fishing mortality occurred ranged from 10.8% down to 1.0%.Combination of freshwater and ocean survival rates indicate that a variation up to 190 times the lowest rate recorded is possible.
An Estuarine Analogy in the Sub-Arctic Pacific Ocean
Authors: Tully J. P. , Barber F. G.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that the features of an estuarine system occur northward of a sub-Arctic boundary in the Pacific Ocean.The limit of downward mixing from the surface is the limit (L) of the halocline. This is defined by a discontinuity in the logarithmic plot of salinity structure, where the salinity is nearly constant (33.8 ± 0.1‰). On this surface the transfer is uni-directional upward. Here the water masses being entrained into the halocline and upper zone may be identified by their temperature alone.
Sources of Water Contributed to the Bay of Fundy by Surface Circulation
Authors: Bumpus Dean F.
Published: April 2011

The returns from the 35,000 drift bottles launched in the Gulf of Maine area since 1919 have been analyzed to determine the annual cycle of surface drift. The source of surface flow into the Bay of Fundy expands from a minimum during January in the offing of the eastern side of the bay to a maximum in May which includes most of Georges Bank, the Gulf of Maine and the southwestern Scotian Shelf, then commencing in September gradually contracts toward the minimum.Secular variations in the removal of surface water from the Bay of Fundy, indicative of changes in the Maine eddy, were noted during 1957 and 1958.
Seasonal Distribution of Some Epipelagic Fishes in the Gulf of Alaska Region
Authors: Neave Ferris , Hanavan M. G.
Published: April 2011

Distribution of various species of fishes in the Gulf of Alaska region in early, middle and late summer of 1956 and 1957, as determined by fishing with surface gillnets, is plotted.The surface area occupied by steelhead and by four species of Pacific salmon is considerably reduced during the progress of the season. There is a large northward shift of the northern limits of distribution of pomfret, blue shark, jack mackerel and albacore during the same period. There is no obvious seasonal change in the distribution of the salmon shark.Seasonal changes in range of occurrence conform with temperature changes in the surface waters and are more extensive in the eastern part of the Gulf.
The Food of the Redfish Sebastes marinus (L.) in the Newfoundland Area
Authors: Lambert D. G.
Published: April 2011

Samples of redfish stomachs were collected from the Newfoundland area and were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. In the sampled area the most important items of the diet of these fish are amphipods, fish and euphausians. There is a change in the diet of the redfish related to size. The redfish feeds on pelagic organisms and not on benthic forms.
The Effect of Impoundment on the Population and Movement of Atlantic Salmon in Ellerslie Brook, Prince Edward Island
Authors: Saunders J. W.
Published: April 2011

During autumn spates Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) commonly enter the small spring-fed streams of Prince Edward Island and spawn. Annual variations in freshwater discharge from Ellerslie Brook were found to determine the number of salmon and time of ascent. A pond formed on the brook created a habitat that exercised a strong retaining influence on the movements of spawners, kelts, parr, and migrating smolts. Smolts which stayed in the pond suffered heavy mortalities.Movements by sexually mature male parr, within and between fresh and salt water, occurred in the fall. Some parr remained in the estuary (0–27‰ salinity) throughout the year. The pond provided a habitat for parr.Smolt transformation at ages II and III occurred in the stream, pond, and estuary in the spring. Pond and stream smolts of the same age group were similar in size when they migrated.
Survival of Herring (Clupea harengus L.) in Water of Low Salinity
Authors: Brawn Vivien M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Drift-Bottle Experiments in the Quoddy Region, Bay of Fundy
Authors: Chevrier J. R. , Trites R. W.
Published: April 2011

In conjunction with the research program of the International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board, approximately 10,000 drift bottles were released in the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy in 1957 and 1958. Overall return of bottles was 25%. Results have been analyzed and surface drift inferred on monthly and seasonal bases. On the average, there is a counter-clockwise circulation in Passamaquoddy Bay, an outflow through Western Passage, a variable flow in Letite Passage, an outflow on the Campobello side and an inflow along the Deer Island side of Head Harbour Passage. In the outer Quoddy Region, there is evidence of a clockwise circulation around The Wolves, a variable flow in Grand Manan Channel, and a southerly movement off the east coast of Grand Manan Island.Wind speed and direction, which vary seasonally, appear very effective in altering the pattern of drift.
Keeping Quality of Pacific Coast Dogfish. II
Authors: Southcott B. A. , Moyer R. H. , Baker E. G. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Pacific coast dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) were stored in individual polyethylene bags at 0, 5 and 10 °C; a control group of fish was iced. Viable bacterial counts, pH, ammonia and trimethylamine were determined daily. Pronounced ammoniacal odours were noted with only a few samples and were generally strongly masked by putrid odours.
Contribution to the Biology of Herring (Clupea harengus L.) in Newfoundland Waters
Authors: Olsen Steinar
Published: April 2011

A study of the herring of the south and west coasts of Newfoundland in 1957 and 1958 revealed no great fluctuations in relative year-class strength and indicated a fairly high survival rate from the age of recruitment to the fishery.The rate of growth was higher than that found by Tibbo (1956) in 1942–44, and no significant difference in growth rate was demonstrated between the south coast and the region of Bay of, Islands and Port au Port Bay.The study indicated an unusual spread in spawning time with probably peaks in spring, autumn and winter, while prior to about 1950 the Newfoundland herring were apparently all spring spawners. It is suggested that this has caused changes in the traditional pattern of distribution, which have been unfavourable for the herring fishery, and it may also have resulted in an actual decrease in population size.
A Method for Preparing Glycerin-Stored Otoliths for Age Determination
Authors: Lawler G. H. , McRae G. P.
Published: April 2011

Glycerin-preserved otoliths of burbot, Lota lota, often become opaque and difficult to age; they become readable if heated in glycerin for 10 minutes at 190 °C, or for longer times at lower temperatures.
Phytoplankton of the Calanus Expeditions in Hudson Bay, 1953 and 1954
Authors: Bursa Adam
Published: April 2011

Phytoplankton samples, collected in 1953 and 1954 by the Calanus expeditions, were examined by the quantitative sedimentation method in an attempt to determine the ecological aspects of phytoplankton production in Hudson Bay and Strait. During the period July to September of both years, water temperature data, and salinity, oxygen and quantitative phytoplankton samples were collected at the surface and from depths of 10, 25, 50 and 100 metres. Numerically, the most abundant, heterogeneous phytoplankton populations were found in the mouth of Hudson Bay. The lower production of phytoplankton in the surface layer can be explained by the greater amplitude of temperature and salinity, dependent upon ice conditions and surface wind drift. The most productive layer was at a depth of 10 m. Large phytoplankton populations in waters supersaturated with oxygen were still found at 25 m, indicating light conditions favourable for photosynthesis. The relatively high plankton production in the area joining Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait is probably due to the hydrographic structure and the supply of nutrients resulting from the mixing of water masses which originate in other geographical areas. The preponderance of diatoms over flagellated groups, which is more marked in Hudson Strait than in Hudson Bay, is typical for the arctic. The composition of phytoplankton in these areas shows a great similarity in the main to that found on both sides of the Atlantic. Apart from locally produced plankton populations, there is a population exchange which follows water movements. To supplement the meagreness of existing taxonomic descriptions, attention is here focussed on the identification of plankters and their individual importance in the general ecology of the phytoplankton.
Scale to Length Ratio, Age and Growth of Atlantic Salmon in Miramichi Fisheries
Authors: Kerr Robert B.
Published: April 2011

The following quadratic equation relating fork length to scale radius is derived for Atlantic salmon taken in the Miramichi commercial fisheries:[Formula: see text]where L = fork length in cm; and S = anterior scale radius in mm. The value 2.40 represents the fork length in cm of the fish when the scales first appear. Smolt transformation occurs after the young have reached an approximately similar size (about 12 cm) regardless of age. Five-year-old fish with 3 river years and 2 sea years predominate in the catch. Repeat spawners constitute only about 1/20 of the catch of salmon larger than grilse.
Liver Glycogen Reserves of Interacting Resident and Introduced Trout Populations
Authors: Hochachka P. W.
Published: April 2011

Three groups of trout, two introduced populations of Salmo gairdneri and a resident Salmo clarki, were studied in stream sections. Liver glycogen deposits, which were reduced to low levels during transportation to the stream, were restored in 2 to 3 weeks in all groups, with recovery rates being approximately inverse to the population density. Within the hatchery groups, larger fish laid down greater glycogen stores. Wild trout maintained their high glycogen reserves throughout the experiment.
Comparison of Largest Great Slave Lake Fish With North American Records
Authors: Keleher J. J.
Published: April 2011

The largest sizes for 11 of 25 species of Great Slave Lake fish are presented from material collected during studies dating from 1944 and other sources. The North American size records compiled from a literature search also are given. Only two of the Great Slave Lake records exceed the existing North American ones. It is suggested that the maximum size of fish is not attained among unexploited populations in oligotrophic lakes.
Observations on the Ecology of the Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in Canadian Waters
Authors: Ketchen K. S.
Published: April 2011

In Canadian waters, Pacific cod are close to the southern limit of their range and appear to inhabit depths where temperatures are between 6° and 9 °C. Seasonal variations in depth distribution are not as pronounced as those in the northwestern Pacific where there are much greater variations in the seasonal cycle of temperature.Relatively high temperature experience in Canadian waters appears to be responsible for a more rapid initial growth rate (instantaneous rate, g = 1.99 between ages I and II; 0.64 between ages II and III, decreasing to 0.19 between ages IV and V) and a much shorter life span than elsewhere. Estimates of L∞, the asymptotic length, range from 72.8 cm to 77.4 cm, while estimates of K, the rate at which growth approaches L∞, range from 0.56 to 0.71.Maturity is reached at two to three years of age—several years earlier than in colder regions of the North Pacific—and estimates of instantaneous total mortality rate range from 1.27 to 1.77 for fish of commercial size. Although these are probably overestimates, it is nevertheless apparent that total mortality rate is very high and that a large share is due to natural causes. Instantaneous-natural mortality rate possibly exceeds 0.9.