bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Buthalital and methitural – 5,5-substituted derivatives of 2-thiobarbituric acid forming the same type of hydrogen-bonded chain
Authors: Gelbrich Thomas , Griesser Ulrich J.
Published: November 2017

The molecule of buthalital, (I) [systematic name: 5-(2-methylpropyl)-5-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione], C11H16N2O2S, exhibits a planar pyrimidine ring, whereas the pyrimidine ring of methitural, (II) [systematic name: 5-(1-methylbutyl)-5-[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione], C12H20N2O2S2, is slightly puckered. (I) and (II) contain the same hydrogen-bonded chain structure in which each molecule is connected,viafour N—H...O=C hydrogen bonds, to two other molecules, resulting in a hydrogen-bonded chain displaying a sequence ofR22(8) rings. The same type of N—H...O=C hydrogen-bonded chain has previously been found in several 5,5-disubstituted derivatives of barbituric acid which are chemically closely related to (I) and (II).
Effect of substituted methyl group by phenyl group in pyridazine ring on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl
Authors: Nahle Ayssar , El-Hajjaji Fadoua , Ghazoui Abdeslam , Benchat Nour-Eddine , Taleb Mustapha , Saddik Rafik , Elaatiaoui Abdelmalik , Koudad Mohammed , Hammouti Belkheir
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the inhibition effect of (6-phenyl-3-oxopyridazin-2-yl) acetohydrazide (GP4) on the corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium by gravimetric measurements, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

Design/methodology/approach

Weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic tests and EIS were performed during this study.

Findings

(6-phenyl-3-oxopyridazin-2-yl) acetohydrazide (GP4) was found to be a very efficient inhibitor for mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution, reaching about 85 per cent with inhibitor concentration 1.0 × 10-3 M at 303 K.

Practical implications

(6-phenyl-3-oxopyridazin-2-yl) acetohydrazide (GP4) was found to play an important role in the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic solution.

Originality/value

This paper is intended to be added to the family of pyridazine derivatives which are highly efficient inhibitors and can be used in the area of corrosion prevention and control.
Who commits? Who engages?
Authors: Sutherland John
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address two questions: who commits? And who engages? For example, does an individual’s likelihood of committing/engaging vary with his/her age; or with the level of his/her qualifications; or with his/her occupation? Of what consequences are the characteristics of the workplace at which the individual is employed?

Design/methodology/approach

The investigation uses the Skills and Employment Surveys Series Data set to construct the indicators of commitment and engagement. Using an ordered-logit model and an OLS model, these indicators are analysed to identify their covariates.

Findings

Who commits and who engages depends upon the indicator used to measure the attitude/behaviour in question. Changing these indicators sometimes means that an individual no longer commits/engages. Further, even for the same indicator of commitment/engagement, who commits/engages varies across individuals.

Research limitations/implications

The indicators of commitment and engagement examined are derived from the responses in a pre-existing data set which has its origins in survey instruments which had quite comprehensive terms of reference. Owning to the cross-sectional nature of this data set and the statistical methodology applied, the statistical results are correlations between some possible indicators of commitment and engagement and some variables which denote the personal characteristics of individuals and the characteristics of the organisations with which they are employed. Causation cannot be inferred from these correlations.

Originality/value

Commitment and engagement are central to many models of the management of human resources. However, the likelihood that an individual commits and/or engages differs across the workforce has rarely been examined. This paper addresses this research lacuna using a data set which is rich in detail about an individual’s personal characteristics.
A comparative study of covariance and partial least squares based structural equation modelling in hospitality and tourism research
Authors: Ali Faizan , Kim Woo Gon , Li Jun (Justin) , Cobanoglu Cihan
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Structural equation modelling (SEM) has increasingly been used by hospitality and tourism researchers to examine complex relationships. This paper aims to highlight the benefits and limitations of SEM for hospitality and tourism research and compare its two main approaches, i.e. covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM) and partial least squares-SEM (PLS-SEM).

Design/methodology/approach

By using a comparative approach, this study parallels SEM’s two main approaches, i.e. CB-SEM and PLS-SEM, using three different examples from hospitality and tourism industry. Both the approaches are compared side by side in terms of assumptions, validity and reliability of measurement models, item retention and loadings, strength and significance of path relationships and coefficient of determinations.

Findings

The findings show that even though both methods analyse measurement theory and structural path models, there are relatively higher advantages for hospitality and tourism researchers in applying PLS-SEM.

Research limitations/implications

Because of the limitations of only using three examples, the results and trends generated in this study may not be generalized to all research in hospitality and tourism discipline. Moreover, the Likert scale has been used to measure the constructs in both the studies, which may have biased the results.

Originality value

This study is the first to compare the usage of both the SEM approaches in hospitality and tourism research. The findings of this study provide significant implications and directions for hospitality and tourism researchers to apply PLS-SEM in the future.
Use of dynamic pricing strategies by Airbnb hosts
Authors: Gibbs Chris , Guttentag Daniel , Gretzel Ulrike , Yao Lan , Morton Jym
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of dynamic pricing by Airbnb hosts.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses attribute and sales information from 39,837 Airbnb listings and hotel data from 1,025 hotels across five markets to test different hypotheses which explore the extent to which Airbnb hosts use dynamic pricing and how their pricing strategies compare to those of hotels.

Findings

Airbnb is a unique and complex platform in terms of dynamic pricing where hosts make limited use of dynamic pricing strategies, especially as compared to hotels. Notwithstanding their limited use, hosts who own listings in high-demand leisure markets, manage entire places, manage more listings and have more experience vary prices the most.

Practical implications

This study identified a great need for Airbnb to encourage dynamic pricing among its hosts, but also warned of the potential perils of dynamic pricing in the sharing economy context. The findings also demonstrated challenges for hotel managers interested in actionable information related to Airbnb as a competitor.

Originality/value

This is the first Airbnb study to use a comprehensive set of data over a continuous period in multiple markets to look at a number of listing and host factors and determine their relation with dynamic pricing strategies.
Ritualisation and money laundering in the Swiss banking sector
Authors: Carlin Aidan , Lokanan Mark Eshwar
Published: November 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to highlight the relationship between money laundering and the patterns of behaviour evident throughout the larger structural environment of the Swiss banking sector. In particular, the paper used HSBC as a prototype case of structural ritualisation to show that the normalisation of corrupt, unethical behaviour in the banking environment has shaped and influenced the behaviour and actions of the embedded group actors.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper used a content analysis methodological approach of media sources to collect data. The content analysis was categorised into six core ritualised symbolic practices (RSP) categories – corruption, reputation, blame, ignorance, regret and criticism.

Findings

The findings reveal that the highly ranked RSPs involving corruption, reputation, blame, regret, ignorance and criticism influence the embedded group’s patterns of behaviour, and they formed part of the cognitive script that dictated their behaviour and actions in the Swiss banking sector.

Practical implications

The paper added to the calls by Swiss policymakers for amendments to Swiss bank secrecy laws to reflect the changing landscape of international banking and finance.

Originality/value

This is the first paper of its kind to study ritualised illegal practices related to money laundering in the Swiss banking sector.
Money laundering and predicate offenses: models of criminological and legal relationships
Authors: Rusanov Georgy , Pudovochkin Yury
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Purpose of the study is to show the relationships of money laundering with predicate offenses.

Design/methodology/approach

Each of these groups of crimes was investigated against the following criteria: statistical data on convictions and the proportion of prisoners in the general structure of a criminal record, links to organized crime, methods of money laundering and proportion of laundered money received from a particular predicate offense in the total amount of money laundered.

Findings

Based on the study of Russian legislation and practice peculiarities of this relationship, the features of the following relationships were revealed: relationship between widespread and relatively easy-to-control crimes against the property and drug trafficking and high latent and more difficult-to-control corruption and economic crimes.

Originality/value

As a result, it was concluded that there is a potential connection between the public danger of money laundering, the degree of crime organization and efficiency of the process of money laundering depending on the type of a predicate offense.
A high gain 10 watts wideband distributed power amplifier for two way radio system
Authors: Sangaran Pragash , Kumar Narendra , Rajendran Jagadheswaran , Grebennikov Andrei
Published: November 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a practical design methodology of high-power wideband power amplifier.

Design/methodology/approach

The distributed power amplification method is used for a Gallium Nitride device to achieve wideband operation. To achieve the high power without trading-off the bandwidth and gain, a methodology to extract the package-loading effect is proposed and verified.

Findings

A maximum output power of 10 W is achieved from 100 MHz to 2 GHz with a wideband power gain of 32 dB in measurement. This performance is achieved through a single section matching network.

Research limitations/implications

Measurement accuracy is dependable to the thermal behaviour of the high-power device.

Practical implications

The proposed technique is an excellent solution to be used in the two way radio power amplifier that minimizes the fundamental trade-off issue between power, gain, bandwidth and efficiency.

Originality/value

In this work, a practical distributed power amplifier (DPA) design methodology is proposed that reduces the development cycle time for industrial engineers working on high-power circuit design application.
Quality of home life for adults with learning disabilities: the interplay of economic policy and professional practice
Authors: Dalrymple John
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on the preceding article describing changing patterns in the provision and take-up of accommodation services for adults with learning disabilities in Ireland, in the context of the types of reductions in funding that have been apparent internationally for some time.

Design/methodology/approach

The commentary examines some of the implications and discusses some of the underlying quality of life issues implicit in the data presented. It also explores the tensions between owning one’s home and receiving specialist support and examines what supported living might enable services to achieve.

Findings

The paper concludes that the nature of economic policy and professional practice, alike, have implications for the quality of home life enjoyed by adults with learning disabilities; and that the interplay between them is more complex than is often allowed.

Originality/value

These issues are not new, but frustratingly enduring. Their fresh consideration might assist the urgent need to achieve a more coherent narrative capable of consistent application for present and future generations.
Speech deterioration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) after manifestation of bulbar symptoms
Authors: Makkonen Tanja , Ruottinen Hanna , Puhto Riitta , Helminen Mika , Palmio Johanna
Published: November 2017

Background

The symptoms and their progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are typically studied after the diagnosis has been confirmed. However, many people with ALS already have severe dysarthria and loss of adequate speech at the time of diagnosis. Speech‐and‐language therapy interventions should be targeted timely based on communicative need in ALS.

Aims

To investigate how long natural speech will remain functional and to identify the changes in the speech of persons with ALS.

Methods & Procedures

Altogether 30 consecutive participants were studied and divided into two groups based on the initial type of ALS, bulbar or spinal. Their speech disorder was evaluated on severity, articulation rate and intelligibility during the 2‐year follow‐up.

Outcome & Results

The ability to speak deteriorated to poor and necessitated augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) methods with 60% of the participants. Their speech remained adequate on average for 18 months from the first bulbar symptom. Severity, articulation rate and intelligibility declined with nearly all participants during the study. To begin with speech deteriorated more in the bulbar group than in the spinal group and the difference remained during the whole follow‐up with some exceptions.

Conclusions & Implications

The onset of bulbar symptoms indicated the time to loss of speech better than when assessed from ALS diagnosis or the first speech therapy evaluation. In clinical work, it is important to take the initial type of ALS into consideration when determining the urgency of AAC measures as people with bulbar‐onset ALS are more susceptible to delayed evaluation and AAC intervention.
Nonlinear effect of irradiance on photoheterotrophic activity and growth of the aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Dinoroseobacter shibae
Authors: Piwosz Kasia , Kaftan David , Dean Jason , Šetlík Jiří , Koblížek Michal
Published: November 2017

Aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria are an important component of marine microbial communities. They produce energy in light using bacteriochlorophyll a containing photosystems. This extra energy provides an advantage over purely heterotrophic bacteria. One of the most intensively studied AAP bacteria is Dinoroseobacter shibae, a member of the environmentally important Roseobacter clade. Light stimulates its growth and metabolism, but the effect of light intensity remains unclear. Here, we show that an increase in biomass along an irradiance gradient followed the exponential rise to the maximum curve, with saturation at about 300 µmol photons m−2 s−1, without any inhibition at light intensities up to 600 µmol photons m−2 s−1. The cells adapted to higher irradiance by reducing pigmentation and increasing the electron transfer rate. This additional energy allowed D. shibae to redirect the metabolism of organic carbon sources such as glucose, leucine, glutamate, acetate and pyruvate toward anabolism, resulting in a twofold increase of their assimilation rates. We provide equations that can be feasibly incorporated into the existing model of D. shibae metabolism to further advance our understanding of the role of photoheterotrophy in the ocean.
Physician Practice Transitions to System Ownership Do Not Result in Diminished Practice Responsiveness to Patients
Authors: Poon Bing Ying , Shortell Stephen , Rodriguez Hector P.
Published: November 2017

Objective

To examine the extent to which physician‐to‐system ownership transitions are associated with declines in practice‐reported patient responsiveness (PRPR).

Data Sources

A longitudinal cohort of practices (n = 897) from the National Survey of Large Physician Organizations/National Survey of Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Physician Organizations (2006/08) and the National Survey of All‐Size Physician Organizations (2012/13).

Study Design

Multivariable regression estimated the effect of ownership on changes in PRPR, controlling for practice size, specialty composition, other practice, and market characteristics.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Data were collected from three nationally representative surveys of physician organizations consisting of 40‐minute interviews with the medical director, president, or chief executive officer.

Principal Findings

Nine percent of organizations transitioned to system ownership. Compared to practices that were continuously physician‐owned, practices that switched to system ownership did not have significantly lower PRPR at baseline but continuously system‐owned practices did. Transitions to system ownership were associated with increased PRPR compared to continuously physician ownership. Increased practice size and changes in specialty composition, however, were associated with diminished PRPR.

Conclusions

Practices can maintain or improve strategies to address patient concerns when transferring ownership to systems with careful attention to the impact of increased size and changes in specialty composition.
Influence of socioeconomic factors and distance to radiotherapy on breast‐conserving surgery rates for early breast cancer in regional Australia; implications of change
Authors: Collins Ian M. , Lum Caroline , Versace Vincent L.
Published: November 2017

Aims

Breast conserving surgery rates are affected by many factors including distance to radiotherapy and tumor‐related features. Numerous studies have found women who must travel further for radiotherapy are more likely to choose mastectomy and avoid radiotherapy. We examined relationships between socioeconomic group, distance to radiotherapy services and mastectomy rates across a range of rural and metropolitan settings.

Methods

We used a dataset extracted from the Evaluation of Cancer Outcomes Barwon South Western Registry, which captured data on new breast cancer diagnoses in the southwest region of Victoria, Australia. Using logistic regression, we modeled treatment choice of women with early breast cancer (mastectomy vs breast conserving surgery) using explanatory variables that included distance to radiotherapy, and area‐level socioeconomic data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, while controlling for clinical factors.

Results

Mastectomy was associated with tumor size, nodal burden and younger age at surgery. Distance to a radiotherapy center was also strongly associated with increased rates of mastectomy for women who traveled 100–200 km for radiotherapy (odds ratio = 1.663; P = 0.03) compared to the reference group who were within 100 km of radiotherapy. No socioeconomic differences were seen between the two groups.

Conclusion

A strong association between distance to radiotherapy and the type of surgery for early breast cancer was found. Improving access to radiotherapy therefore has the potential to improve breast cancer outcomes for women in regional Australia.
Space Invaders in Barcelona: Political Society and Institutional Invention Beyond Representation
Authors: Salvini Francesco
Published: November 2017

In the contemporary neoliberal urban dynamics, those agencies that are on the margin of society constantly disrupt the boundaries of civil representation and forge new institutional relations within the dynamics of urban governance. I explore how this process was enacted at the turn of the century in Barcelona, looking at two coeval social mobilisations: the lock‐in of undocumented migrants in the Iglesia del Pi (2001), and the project of las agencias at the Museum of Contemporary Arts (1999–2003), both of which unfolded in the central neighbourhood of Raval. The invasion of the boundaries of civil society emerges here as a double phenomenon—one that develops both within society and in relation to institutions, instituting new modes of urban politics.
Tetramethylpyrazine nitrone activates the BDNF/Akt/CREB pathway to promote post‐ischaemic neuroregeneration and recovery of neurological functions in rats
Authors: Zhang Gaoxiao , Zhang Tao , Li Ning , Wu Liangmiao , Gu Jianbo , Li Cuimei , Zhao Chen , Liu Wei , Shan Luchen , Yu Pei , Yang Xifei , Tang Yaohui , Yang Guo‐Yuan , Wang Yuqiang , Sun Yewei , Zhang Zaijun
Published: November 2017

Background and Purpose

Neuronal regeneration from endogenous precursors is an attractive strategy for the treatment of ischaemic stroke. However, most stroke‐generated newborn neurons die over time. Therefore, a drug that is both neuroprotective and pro‐neurogenic may be beneficial after stroke. Here, we assessed the neurogenic and oligodendrogenic effects of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone (TBN), a neuroprotective drug candidate for stroke, in a rat model of ischaemic stroke.

Experimental Approach

We used Sprague Dawley rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). TBN was administered by tail vein injection beginning at 3 h post ischaemia. Therapeutic effect of TBN was evaluated by neurological behaviour and cerebral infarction. Promotion of neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis was determined by double immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting analyses. Primary cultures of cortical neurons were used to assess the effect of TBN on neuronal differentiation in vitro.

Key Results

TBN reduced cerebral infarction, preserved and/or restored neurological function and promoted neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in rats after MCAO. In addition, TBN stimulated neuronal differentiation on primary culture of cortical neurons in vitro. Pro‐neurogenic effects of TBN were attributed to its activation of the AKT/cAMP responsive element‐binding protein through increasing brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, as shown by the abolition of the effects of TBN by a specific inhibitor of BDNF receptor ANA‐12 and by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002.

Conclusion and Implications

As TBN can simultaneously provide neuroprotection and pro‐neurogenic effects, it may be a promising treatment for both acute phase neuroprotection and long‐term functional recovery after ischaemic stroke.
Synthesis, molecular modeling, and biological evaluation of 4‐[5‐aryl‐3‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl] benzenesulfonamides toward acetylcholinesterase, carbonic anhydrase I and II enzymes
Authors: Yamali Cem , Gul Halise Inci , Ece Abdulilah , Taslimi Parham , Gulcin Ilhami
Published: November 2017

In this study, 4‐[5‐aryl‐3‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl] benzenesulfonamides were synthesized, and inhibition effects on AChE, hCA I, and hCA II were evaluated. Ki values of the compounds toward hCA I were in the range of 24.2 ± 4.6‐49.8 ± 12.8 nm, while they were in the range of 37.3 ± 9.0‐65.3 ± 16.7 nm toward hCA II. Ki values of the acetazolamide were 282.1 ± 19.7 nm and 103.60 ± 27.6 nm toward both isoenzymes, respectively. The compounds inhibited AChE with Ki in the range of 22.7 ± 10.3‐109.1 ± 27.0 nm, whereas the tacrine had Ki value of 66.5 ± 13.8 nm. Electronic structure calculations at M06‐L/6‐31 + G(d,p)//AM1 level and molecular docking studies were also performed to enlighten inhibition mechanism and to support experimental findings. Results obtained from calculations of molecular properties showed that the compounds obey drug‐likeness properties. The experimental and computational findings obtained in this study might be useful in the design of novel inhibitors against hCA I, hCA II, and AChE.
Migrant children's health problems, care needs, and inequalities: European primary care paediatricians' perspective
Authors: Carrasco‐Sanz A. , Leiva‐Gea I. , Martin‐Alvarez L. , del Torso S. , van Esso D. , Hadjipanayis A. , Kadir A. , Ruiz‐Canela J. , Perez‐Gonzalez O. , Grossman Z.
Published: November 2017

Background

Primary care paediatricians' perception of migrant children's health in Europe has not been explored before. Our aim was to examine European paediatricians' knowledge on migrant children's health problems, needs, inequalities, and barriers to access health care.

Methods

European primary care paediatricians were invited by the European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Setting Network country coordinators to complete a web‐based survey concerning health care of migrant children. A descriptive analysis of all variables was performed.

Results

The survey was completed by 492 paediatricians. Sixty‐three per cent of the respondents reported that the general health of migrant children is worse than that of nonmigrants, chronic diseases cited by 66% of the respondents as the most frequent health problem. Sixty‐six per cent of the paediatricians reported that migrant children have different health needs compared to nonmigrant children, proper oral health care mentioned by 86% of the respondents. Cultural/linguistic factors have been reported as the most frequent barrier (90%).to access health care. However, only 37% of providers have access to professional interpreters and cultural mediators. Fifty‐two per cent and 32% do not know whether one or more of the family members are undocumented and whether they are refugees/asylum seekers, respectively. Updated guidelines for care of migrant children are available for only 35% of respondents, and 80% of them have not received specific training on migrant children's care.

Conclusions

European primary care paediatricians recognize migrant children as a population at risk with more frequent and specific health problems and needs, but they are often unaware of their legal state. Lack of interpreters augments the existing language barriers to access proper care and should be solved. Widespread lack of guidelines and specific providers' training should be addressed to optimize health care delivery to migrant children.
Caregivers' perspectives on the SafeCare® programme: Implementing an evidence‐based intervention for child neglect
Authors: Gallitto Elena , Romano Elisa , Drolet Marie
Published: November 2017

This qualitative study examined caregivers' experiences with SafeCare®, an evidence‐based programme that focuses on child neglect through modules on health, safety, and parenting. Shortly after completing SafeCare, 30 caregivers participated in a semi‐structured interview about their experiences with the programme. Overall, caregivers indicated that the programme helped with improvements in their parenting skills. Among the factors that contributed to a positive experience were the simplicity of language, the skills‐based approach, and the quality of the relationship with the SafeCare provider. Caregivers also noted several factors that made it difficult to fully benefit from the programme, including financial constraints, removal of their child from the home, and general distrust towards the child welfare system. Findings provide relevant information for SafeCare providers in terms of identifying areas that work well for caregivers completing the programme, as well as areas that might serve as impediments. Implications for contemporary child welfare practice are also considered.
The Effects of Pricing Canadian Livestock Emissions
Authors: Slade Peter
Published: November 2017

I examine the environmental and economic effects of pricing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in Canada. Using a partial equilibrium model, I consider three different pricing policies: a consumer level tax, a producer level tax, and a producer subsidy. All policies price emissions at $50 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. The producer level tax generates the greatest reduction in emissions at the lowest social cost per unit of emissions abatement. The producer subsidy results in a smaller reduction in emissions at a higher social cost, relative to the producer tax. However, the subsidy provides a substantial increase in producer surplus, which may make it a politically feasible second‐best policy. The consumer level tax results in a trivial reduction in emissions, at a social cost that is greater than the price placed on emissions.

J'examine les effets environnementaux et économiques de l'imposition d'un prix sur les gaz à effets de serre provenant des animaux d'élevage canadiens. Au moyen d'un modèle d'équilibre partiel, je tiens compte de trois différentes politiques d'imposition de prix : taxer le consommateur, taxer le producteur, et subventionner le producteur. Toutes les politiques imposent les émissions au prix de 50$ par tonne en équivalent de dioxyde de carbone. Taxer l'éleveur génère la plus grande réduction des émissions au plus bas coût social par unité de réduction des émissions. Subventionner l'éleveur entraéne une plus petite réduction des émissions à coût social plus élevé, en comparaison û la taxe imposée à l'éleveur. Par contre, le choix de subventionner fournit une augmentation substantielle de surplus pour l'éleveur, faisant de cette option un bon deuxième choix envisageable au niveau politique. Taxer le consommateur ne produit qu'une réduction négligeable des émissions, à coût social plus élevé que le taux imposé sur les émissions.
China's Trade Slowdown: Cyclical or Structural?
Authors: Qian Xuefeng , Liu Zhao , Pan Ying
Published: November 2017

This paper analyzes whether the slowdown of China's trade in 2012–2015 was cyclical or structural, and further discusses the effects of structural factors, including trade structure, trade protectionism and global value chain participation. Using the national panel data from 2000 to 2015, based on the error correction model and import‐intensity‐adjusted demand model, our results show that the slowdown of China's trade growth in 2012–2015 was mainly a result of cyclical factors. Using 2000–2015 industry‐level data, we also find that the structure of trade goods had an inhibitory effect on the import slowdown but a positive effect on the export slowdown. Trade protectionism had an adverse effect on the trade growth slowdown. The global value chain participation marginally contributed to the slowdown in trade growth. Therefore, the impacts of structural factors on trade growth slowdown cannot be ignored, and related policies should receive greater attention from policy‐makers.
Primary pleural squamous cell carcinoma: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Ronchi A. , Cozzolino I. , Montella M. , Vicidomini G. , Morgillo F. , Della Corte C. M. , Franco R. , Accardo M.
Published: November 2017

Primary pleural squamous cell carcinoma is exceedingly rare. Diagnosis is challenging because of the rarity of the neoplasm, the possibility of secondary involvement of the pleura by metastatic squamous cell carcinoma and the fact that cytology may be interpreted as squamoid malignant mesothelioma. A cell‐block or a core‐biopsy is necessary to perform immunohistochemical tests and confirm the squamous nature of the tumour and exclude a malignant mesothelioma. This is crucial for appropriate clinical management of the patient.
Contract Design in Processing Trade
Authors: Letizia Paolo
Published: November 2017

Processing trade may involve buyers contracting with foreign producers to process and assemble intermediate inputs into a final product. The buyer may decide to either contractually control or delegate quality provision for his products. Quality control seems the obvious choice, especially in settings where the producer's production capability is not observable. Correspondingly, the traditional framework based on information asymmetry assigns no value to quality delegation, as the buyer's profits attained by contractually controlling quality can match those of any delegation arrangement. However, in practice, western buyers may also opt for delegating rather than controlling quality provision to their Chinese producers, which creates the need for a theoretical extension of the previous framework. In this article, we enrich the framework of information asymmetry by including expertise asymmetry, which reflects the producers' superior expertise in the production process. With expertise asymmetry, delegating quality may be beneficial as it allows the producer to leverage on his superior expertise and ultimately take more efficient quality decisions.
DOES THE LAUNCH OF THE EURO HINDER THE CURRENT ACCOUNT ADJUSTMENT OF THE EUROZONE?
Authors: Wu Jo‐wei , Wu Jyh‐Lin
Published: November 2017

This paper examines current account adjustments before and after the launch of the euro. Applying a dynamic panel model, we provide robust evidence to support that the adoption of the euro facilitates rather than hinders the adjustment of current accounts. This finding agrees with our results that the use of the euro assists real exchange rate and inflation rate adjustments. We also find that the independence of exchange rate regimes from current account, real exchange rate and inflation rate adjustments is observed when standard panel estimation methods are applied and when time‐varying smooth shifts in mean are not controlled. (JEL C33, F32, F41)
Microarray analysis of gene expression in the cyclooxygenase knockout mice – a connection to autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Rai‐Bhogal Ravneet , Ahmad Eizaaz , Li Hongyan , Crawford Dorota A.
Published: November 2017

The cellular and molecular events that take place during brain development play an important role in governing function of the mature brain. Lipid‐signalling molecules such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play an important role in healthy brain development. Abnormalities along the COX‐PGE2 signalling pathway due to genetic or environmental causes have been linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to evaluate the effect of altered COX‐PGE2 signalling on development and function of the prenatal brain using male mice lacking cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐1−/− and COX‐2−/−) as potential model systems of ASD. Microarray analysis was used to determine global changes in gene expression during embryonic days 16 (E16) and 19 (E19). Gene Ontology: Biological Process (GO:BP) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were implemented to identify affected developmental genes and cellular processes. We found that in both knockouts the brain at E16 had nearly twice as many differentially expressed genes, and affected biological pathways containing various ASD‐associated genes important in neuronal function. Interestingly, using GeneMANIA and Cytoscape we also show that the ASD‐risk genes identified in both COX‐1−/−and COX‐2−/− models belong to protein‐interaction networks important for brain development despite of different cellular localization of these enzymes. Lastly, we identified eight genes that belong to the Wnt signalling pathways exclusively in the COX‐2−/− mice at E16. The level of PKA‐phosphorylated β‐catenin (S552), a major activator of the Wnt pathway, was increased in this model, suggesting crosstalk between the COX‐2‐PGE2 and Wnt pathways during early brain development. Overall, these results provide further molecular insight into the contribution of the COX‐PGE2 pathways to ASD and demonstrate that COX‐1−/− and COX‐2−/− animals might be suitable new model systems for studying the disorders.
Recurrent sublethal warming reduces embryonic survival, inhibits juvenile growth, and alters species distribution projections under climate change
Authors: Carlo Michael A. , Riddell Eric A. , Levy Ofir , Sears Michael W.
Published: November 2017

The capacity to tolerate climate change often varies across ontogeny in organisms with complex life cycles. Recently developed species distribution models incorporate traits across life stages; however, these life‐cycle models primarily evaluate effects of lethal change. Here, we examine impacts of recurrent sublethal warming on development and survival in ecological projections of climate change. We reared lizard embryos in the laboratory under temperature cycles that simulated contemporary conditions and warming scenarios. We also artificially warmed natural nests to mimic laboratory treatments. In both cases, recurrent sublethal warming decreased embryonic survival and hatchling sizes. Incorporating survivorship results into a mechanistic species distribution model reduced annual survival by up to 24% compared to models that did not incorporate sublethal warming. Contrary to models without sublethal effects, our model suggests that modest increases in developmental temperatures influence species ranges due to effects on survivorship.
Temperature‐dependent body size effects determine population responses to climate warming
Authors: Lindmark Max , Huss Magnus , Ohlberger Jan , Gårdmark Anna
Published: November 2017

Current understanding of animal population responses to rising temperatures is based on the assumption that biological rates such as metabolism, which governs fundamental ecological processes, scale independently with body size and temperature, despite empirical evidence for interactive effects. Here, we investigate the consequences of interactive temperature‐ and size scaling of vital rates for the dynamics of populations experiencing warming using a stage‐structured consumer‐resource model. We show that interactive scaling alters population and stage‐specific responses to rising temperatures, such that warming can induce shifts in population regulation and stage‐structure, influence community structure and govern population responses to mortality. Analysing experimental data for 20 fish species, we found size–temperature interactions in intraspecific scaling of metabolic rate to be common. Given the evidence for size–temperature interactions and the ubiquity of size structure in animal populations, we argue that accounting for size‐specific temperature effects is pivotal for understanding how warming affects animal populations and communities.
Does it always pay to defend one's nest? A case study in African penguin
Authors: Traisnel Gwendoline , Pichegru Lorien
Published: November 2017

Throughout the animal kingdom, individual variation in reproductive success is commonly observed, even under similar environmental conditions. However, the mechanisms behind such differences remain unclear. The notion of behavioural consistency in animals has developed rapidly since the early 21st century partly as an approach to understand among‐individual differences. In this context, a number of studies have highlighted the influence of pair assortment in personality on breeding success. In this study, we related breeding success to individual behaviour, specifically a risk‐taking behaviour, and pair assortment per behaviour in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) over two breeding seasons of contrasting food availability. On Bird Island, Algoa Bay, South Africa, we used indices of boldness and overall mobility in penguins’ nest defence behaviour as a response to a standard pedestrian approach during chick‐rearing. These behaviours were consistent over the trials and indicated these traits may be related to personality in African penguins. Individuals were categorized as risk‐prone (“bold,” “mobile”) or risk‐averse (“shy,” “non‐mobile”). We then assessed their breeding success through chick growth and survival over 4 weeks in 2015 and 2016. There was weak positive assortment of pairs in relation to nest defence behaviour. However, pair assortment did not significantly influence birds’ breeding success. Shy penguins were generally the most successful (had the highest chick growth rates), which was especially apparent during a food shortage in 2016, possibly reflecting a higher energy investment when foraging. In contrast, chicks from bold parents grew significantly slower, especially in 2016. Bold parents may defend their nest successfully against predation or intra‐specific aggression when food is abundant, but when predation risks are limited and food availability is low, this strategy may not be beneficial. In the context of climate change, where food shortage events may become more frequent, risk‐averse individuals may be favoured and genetic diversity may be reduced in African penguins.
Pricing Sovereign Debt: Foreign versus Local Parameters
Authors: Bradley Michael , de Fontenay Elisabeth , de Lira Salvatierra Irving Arturo , Gulati Mitu
Published: November 2017

Sovereign bonds may be issued under either local or foreign parameters. This decision involves a tradeoff between the sovereign retaining discretion in managing the issue and relinquishing control to third parties. Examining three key bond parameters − governing law, currency, and stock exchange listing − we find that investors generally consider foreign‐parameter debt to be less risky than comparable local‐parameter debt issued by same sovereign. By matching the foreign‐ and local‐parameter bonds of sovereigns that have issued both, we find that, with few exceptions, both investment grade and non‐investment grade sovereigns are able to issue their foreign‐parameter bonds at relatively lower yields.
Recreational sea fishing in Europe in a global context—Participation rates, fishing effort, expenditure, and implications for monitoring and assessment
Authors: Hyder Kieran , Weltersbach Marc Simon , Armstrong Mike , Ferter Keno , Townhill Bryony , Ahvonen Anssi , Arlinghaus Robert , Baikov Andrei , Bellanger Manuel , Birzaks Janis , Borch Trude , Cambie Giulia , de Graaf Martin , Diogo Hugo M C , Dziemian Łukasz , Gordoa Ana , Grzebielec Ryszard , Hartill Bruce , Kagervall Anders , Kapiris Kostas , Karlsson Martin , Kleiven Alf Ring , Lejk Adam M , Levrel Harold , Lovell Sabrina , Lyle Jeremy , Moilanen Pentti , Monkman Graham , Morales‐Nin Beatriz , Mugerza Estanis , Martinez Roi , O'Reilly Paul , Olesen Hans Jakob , Papadopoulos Anastasios , Pita Pablo , Radford Zachary , Radtke Krzysztof , Roche William , Rocklin Delphine , Ruiz Jon , Scougal Callum , Silvestri Roberto , Skov Christian , Steinback Scott , Sundelöf Andreas , Svagzdys Arvydas , Turnbull David , van der Hammen Tessa , van Voorhees David , van Winsen Frankwin , Verleye Thomas , Veiga Pedro , Vølstad Jon‐Helge , Zarauz Lucia , Zolubas Tomas , Strehlow Harry V
Published: November 2017

Marine recreational fishing (MRF) is a high‐participation activity with large economic value and social benefits globally, and it impacts on some fish stocks. Although reporting MRF catches is a European Union legislative requirement, estimates are only available for some countries. Here, data on numbers of fishers, participation rates, days fished, expenditures, and catches of two widely targeted species were synthesized to provide European estimates of MRF and placed in the global context. Uncertainty assessment was not possible due to incomplete knowledge of error distributions; instead, a semi‐quantitative bias assessment was made. There were an estimated 8.7 million European recreational sea fishers corresponding to a participation rate of 1.6%. An estimated 77.6 million days were fished, and expenditure was €5.9 billion annually. There were higher participation, numbers of fishers, days fished and expenditure in the Atlantic than the Mediterranean, but the Mediterranean estimates were generally less robust. Comparisons with other regions showed that European MRF participation rates and expenditure were in the mid‐range, with higher participation in Oceania and the United States, higher expenditure in the United States, and lower participation and expenditure in South America and Africa. For both northern European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Moronidae) and western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) stocks, MRF represented 27% of the total removals. This study highlights the importance of MRF and the need for bespoke, regular and statistically sound data collection to underpin European fisheries management. Solutions are proposed for future MRF data collection in Europe and other regions to support sustainable fisheries management.
Age‐0 blue catfish habitat use and population demographics in the middle Mississippi River
Authors: Seibert K. L. , Seibert J. R. , Phelps Q. E.
Published: November 2017

The demographics (e.g. hatch time, growth and mortality) and habitat (macrohabitat and mesohabitat) use of age‐0 blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus (Lesueur) were evaluated in the un‐impounded reach of the middle Mississippi River during 2003–2010. Each year, island complexes and adjacent main river habitats were trawled, and 7,373 age‐0 blue catfish (10–144 mm total length) were collected. Blue catfish hatch timing varied slightly across years and generally began in June and ended in August. Age‐0 blue catfish growth rates and instantaneous mortality rates differed among years. Catch rates of age‐0 blue catfish were highest in side channels and around islands, whereas main channel habitats were infrequently occupied. Regarding mesohabitat use, age‐0 blue catfish frequently occupied low velocity areas (i.e. 0.3–0.4 m/s) of shallow depth (i.e. 1–4 m) and sand substratum. This study has provided insight into age‐0 blue catfish population dynamics and has highlighted the importance of specific habitat characteristics in large rivers that may aid in recruitment of this species.
Understanding imperfect detection in a San Francisco Estuary long‐term larval and juvenile fish monitoring programme
Authors: Mahardja B. , Young M. J. , Schreier B. , Sommer T.
Published: November 2017

Imperfect detection can present a significant challenge when monitoring for a rare and imperilled species. Here, a long‐term larval and early‐juvenile fish monitoring programme in the upper San Francisco Estuary was examined to evaluate its overall reliability in detecting various fish species, including the imperilled delta smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus McAllister, for which the programme was designed. Using occupancy modelling, detection probability of species with pelagic larval or juvenile life stages was found to be generally high (≥.95) based on the current sampling effort of three larval net tows per site. However, detection probability can vary considerably from year to year depending on the species’ level of larval production. Water temperature and turbidity were identified as important predictors of occurrence for young‐of‐year delta smelt, longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys (Ayres) and striped bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), and there was evidence for fish size selectivity by the sampling gear in all three species. These results highlight the need to consider adaptively managing detection probability by increasing sampling effort in years when young‐of‐year delta smelt abundance is expected to be low, especially when information on the species’ occurrence at a particular region is critical.