bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON ACUTE AND LATE STAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY
Authors: TEXTORIUS OLA , SKOOG KLAS‐OLAV , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G.
Published: May 2009

The slow (2–3/h) oscillations of thec‐wave amplitude and of the standing potential of the eye (SP) were studied in the Cynomolgus monkey during the acute and late stages after experimentally induced (laser photocoagulation) occlusion of the central retinal artery (OCRA). Whereas the healthy control eyes showed large cyclic variations in both thec‐wave amplitude and the SP, no oscillations in thec‐wave amplitude were observed in the OCRA eyes at any stage, and the SP oscillations were barely detectable in these eyes. OCRA causes morphological damage to the inner retina but not to the pigment epithelium — photoreceptor complex, which generates the positive component of thec‐wave, and where the SP is also believed to originate. The findings of the present study strongly indicate that the SP andc‐wave oscillations are related, and that they are either dependent on an intact inner retina or that the pigment epithelium — photoreceptor complex is functionally affected by OCRA. If not taken into consideration, the marked difference in oscillations between the OCRA eye and the healthy eye may be a major source of error when comparingc‐waves from the two eyes, and it seems that some of the conflicting results reported by others can be explained in this way.
THE CILIARY BODY AND THE IRIS IN EXPERIMENTAL UVEITIS IN RABBITS
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN , PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND
Published: May 2009

Acute anterior immunogenic uveitis of varying degree was induced in rabbits by the injection of human serum albumin into the vitreous body. After fixation and drying by the critical point method, the lens, the zonules, the vitreous and, in some specimens, coagulated exudate were removed by careful dissection. The surface of the ciliary body and the posterior surface of the iris were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In moderate uveitis, the ciliary body was covered by a thin layer of leucocytes enmeshed in fibrin strands. Scattered deposits of fibrin and a few leucocytes were also found on the iris. In severe uveitis, the processes of the ciliary body had nearly disappeared because of oedema and exudate, which also contained erythrocytes. The numerous leucocytes had marked excrescences formed by folds of the cell membrane. Fibrin seemed to play a role in the attachment of the leucocytes on the surface of the ciliary body.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ANTERIOR SEGMENT PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE EYE WITH STANDARD EQUIPMENT
Authors: KAAKINEN KARI
Published: May 2009

A simple hand‐held system for colour photography of the anterior eye structures using a standard camera and conventional incandescent slit lamp is presented for use by a general eye practitioner. No electronic flash is required. The anterior ocular pathology is well documented with the method.
CATECHOLAMINE‐CONTAINING AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE‐POSITIVE NERVE FIBRES IN THE RABBIT CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: KARJALAINEN K. , TERVO T. , PALKAMA A.
Published: May 2009

The innervation of the rabbit conjunctiva was investigated histochemically. Nerves containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were demonstrated using a copper thiocholine technique. Sympathetic nerve fibres were demonstrated using either the formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence (FIF) or glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence (GIF) method. In addition, GIF and AChE‐reactions were performed consecutively for the demonstration of fluorescent and AChE‐positive nerves in the same specimen.

The number of AChE‐positive nerve fibres exceeded that of fluorescent fibres. Both fibre types were more numerous in the stroma of the limbal and tarsal conjunctiva than in the fornix.

In the epithelium, only a few AChE‐positive nerves were observed. These are assumed to be sensory.

Most nerves seemed to contain both catecholamine‐containing and AChE‐positive fibres. However, nerves fibres containing only AChE‐activity were also found. The blood vessels of the conjunctiva were innervated by both fluorescent and AChE‐positive nerves, the distribution and number of which differed slightly.
ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY IN THE GLAUCOMATOUS AMAUROTIC EYE
Authors: THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

EOG was performed on nine patients with one eye amaurotic due to advanced glaucoma. No difference in base values or Lp/Dt ratios was found between amaurotic eye and control eye.
A DOUBLE‐BLIND STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF TRANEXAMIC ACID ON THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND THE CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS AFTER TRABECULECTOMY FOR GLAUCOMA SIMPLEX
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

The influence of tranexamic acid on the intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness has been examined by means of a double‐blind trial in patients with glaucoma simplex. The material comprised 28 patients (14 pairs) who had all been operated on for glaucoma in one eye by trabeculectomy.

Tranexamic acid was found not to influence the intraocular pressure, neither in the operated eye nor in the opposite eye. The possible antifibrinolytic effect on the outflow of the aqueous humour is discussed.

As in previous studies an effect of tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness was found in both the operated and in the non‐operated eye. A possible mechanism behind this is discussed.
REINNERVATION OF THE CORNEAL GRAFT
Authors: SKRIVER KIRSTEN
Published: May 2009

Corneal graft reinnervation was studied in 45 patients. The reinnervation was correlated to donor/recipient compatibility (HLA and ABO).

The sensitivity tended to be normal about 12 months after transplantation.
CANNULA‐PROBING COMBINED WITH NASAL PROCEDURE FOR DACRYOCYSTITIS NEONATORUM
Authors: KORCHMAROS IMRE , SZALAY EDIT
Published: May 2009

Between 1973–1976 a total of 2063 cases of dacryocystitis neonatorum have been treated by cannula‐probing in our department. In 37 cases the cannula‐probing had to be combined with a nasal procedure for opening the closed nasolacrimal membrane: a periosteal elevator was passed into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity and its tip was rubbed against the tip of the cannula‐probe through the imperforate mucosa of the ostium. The patency of the duct was tested by simultaneous syringing.

In 35 cases the lacrimal pathway became permanently patent after one nasal procedure and in 2 cases after two operations.

This kind of nasal procedure is indicated: 1) in those cases where the cannula‐probing meets with resistance at the ostium; 2) in those cases where control syringing ‐ made while slowly withdrawal the cannula‐probe ‐ is repeatedly unsuccessful at the beginning of the withdrawal.
CENTRAL THICKNESS IN CORNEAL DISORDERS
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

In the single individual the central corneal thickness (CCT) shows only small variations. Therefore CCT has been studied in a number of corneal diseases in order to investigate if this dimension might contribute to the diagnosis or to the understanding of the pathogenesis.

Normal CCT was found in hereditary dystrophies with the exception of the macular dystrophy of Groenouw (type II), which showed a significantly reduced thickness. Reduced CCT was found in chronic degenerations of leutic, tuberculous or indefinite nature. Marginal degenerations of Fuchs‐Terrien type also showed reduced CCT. The possible role of abiotrophic processes in this corneal thinning is discussed.

Endothelial dysfunction is indicated by increased CCT. This occurs in bullous keratopathy and in many acute disorders. Vascularisation of the cornea does not preclude the occurrence of normal or even reduced thickness.
THE EFFECT OF X‐IRRADIATION ON THE SODIUM‐POTASSIUM‐ACTIVATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (Na‐K‐ATPase) ACTIVITY IN THE EPITHELIUM OF THE RAT LENS A Histochemical and Biochemical Study
Authors: PALVA MARKKU
Published: May 2009

The epithelial Na‐K‐ATPase activity of the rat lens was studied after X‐irradiation at intervals of three to ninety days. The enzyme was demonstrated histochemically by light microscopy and it was measured biochemically by a fluorometric method. Neither histochemical nor biochemical changes of Na‐K‐ATPase content of the lens epithelium were observed during the development of cataract.

In whole‐mount preparations the enzyme activity was localized in the cell membranes. However, one month after radiation a few peripheral cells had in addition a precipitate over the whole cell.

The unaltered Na‐K‐ATPase content in the epithelium suggests that the hydration of the lens after X‐irradiation is primarily caused by changes in the passive permeability properties of the cell membranes and not by a decreased capacity of the active cation pump.
HLA‐B 12 AND HLA‐B 27 ANTIGENS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE CORNEAL ALLOGRAFT REACTION
Authors: VANNAS SALME , TIILIKAINEN ANJA , VANNAS ANTTI , KARJALAINEN KARI
Published: May 2009

Our series comprised 100 penetrating corneal transplantations: 36 cases with HLA‐B 12 and/or B 27 antigen in the recipient and, as controls, 64 cases without these antigens. The cornea was vascular in 44% of the HLA‐B 12/B 27 group and in 40% of the controls.

In the HLA‐B 12/B 27 group AR developed in 13 of 36 cases, 36%; but in the control group only in one case (2%). In vascular and avascular cases the incidence of AR was equal.

Among the high‐risk cases of the HLA‐B 12/B 27 group with definite mismatching of B 12 or B 27 antigens, 9 of the 14 recipients had developed AR. Six further recipients of this group had untyped grafts, and AR occurred in 4 of the 6, but in none of the 16 cases that were matched for B 12 or B 27 antigens.

The value of a compatible graft, at least to the carriers of HLA‐B 12 and/or B 27 antigens, is thus confirmed.
THE EXISTENCE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE ADJACENT TO THE SCHLEMM'S CANAL OF THE NORMAL ALBINO RAT EYE
Authors: TSUKAHARA SHIGEO
Published: May 2009

The existence of smooth muscle adjacent to the rat aqueous outflow pathway was confirmed in this study. The smooth muscles ran parallel to the Schlemm's canal and reached the level of the posterior end of Schlemm's canal. The characteristics of these muscles were similar to smooth muscles in other organs. The existence of smooth muscle in this region depends on the fact that the rat eye lacks the scleral spur and the poorly developed meridional fibers of ciliary muscles come to lie close to the endothelial cells of Schlemm's canal. The innervation and function of these smooth muscles are unknown.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY IN ORBITAL DIAGNOSIS
Authors: FLEDELIUS HANS C. , GYLDENSTED CARSTEN
Published: May 2009

A report is given on a series of 162 patients referred for ultrasound examination (US, A‐mode) due to orbital disease. 101 also had computerized tomography (CT, Emi scanner Mark I, 160 times 160 matrix, 8 mm sections), the results of which were emphasized in a recent publication (Gyldensted et al. 1977).

The present approach is primarily clinical. With histopathological confirmation in only 40% of the cases, it is difficult to give exact values for diagnostic accuracy, but it appeared to be above 90% for CT, and close to this value for US (depending on, of course, how specified the diagnostic predictions were).

Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy (DO, orbital Graves' disease, endocrine exophthalmos) was the most frequent cause of unilateral protrusion (24 cases). In some such cases “tumour‐positive” CT scans represent a diagnostic pitfall, unless the examiner is familiar with the clinical features of DO. In the present series, for example, one of the DO cases had trans‐cranial exploration of the orbit.

The two — indeed valuable — non‐invasive methods (CT and US) should be assessed in combination, and also combined with the classic clinical evaluation of the patient.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN HUMAN CILIARY EPITHELIUM
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , KRISTENSEN KAI , SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ
Published: May 2009

A statistical study of the co‐variation of the concentrations of 19 amino acids and related compounds from 21 persons was performed as a factor analysis of Caq,/CPl and of Caq. Six factors explained about 83% of the observed variation. Factor 1 showed a correlation to α‐amino‐N‐butyric acid, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, factor 2 to lysine, histidine, arginine and glutamine (containing serine), factor 3 to taurine and praline, factor 4 to glycine and cystine, factor 5 to urea and factor 6 to glutamic acid. Only alanine and threonine showed a correlation to different factors in the Caq/Cpl‐ and the Caq‐matrix. This correlation of groups of substances to different and independent factors is considered to be an argument in favour of the existence of six transport systems in the ciliary epithelium for the investigated substances.
THE c‐WAVE OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
Authors: TEXTORIUS OLA
Published: May 2009

The pigment epithelium‐receptor complex, which is supplied from the choroidal circulation, is the main source of the c‐wave of the ERG. Occlusion of the central retinal artery (OCRA), which causes serious damage to the inner retinal layers, should therefore not primarily be expected to affect the c‐wave amplitude. Nevertheless, conflicting reports of increased, decreased and unchanged c‐waves have appeared in the literature. In the present study on four patients with OCRA the affected eyes showed diminished b‐ and c‐waves. On the other hand, both the a‐wave and the trough between the b‐ and c‐waves were accentuated in the diseased eyes. Experiments in progress on Cynomolgus monkeys with experimentally induced unilateral OCRA show similar results.
ETIDOCAINE AND LIDOCAINE IN OPHTHALMIC SURGERY: Short Communication
Authors: ELLINGSSON ARNE , AASVED HENRY
Published: May 2009

A double‐blind study has been made comparing etidocaine 1% (Duranest®) and lidocaine 2% (Xylocain®). The investigation comprised 92 patients with senile cataract, operated under retrobulbar anesthesia and facial nerve block.

During the normal interval between the injection and the operation, lidocaine seemed to be more effective than etidocaine, both as an analgetic and kinetic agent, while etidocaine had a longer analgetic effect. The relative high adrenaline (epinephrine) content in lidocaine 2% is discussed.
CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES OF EXTRACULAR MUSCLE IN CATS REARED WITH MONOCULAR LID CLOSURE AND ARTIFICIAL SQUINT
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR , HANSON JERKER
Published: May 2009

Kittens were raised with amblyopia by monocular lid suture or esotropia by transection of extraocular muscles in one eye at the age of 2–3 weeks. Isometric contractions in the inferior oblique muscle were recorded at 20 weeks or at adult age, and the results were compared with those of similarly aged cats with normal visual development. The speed of contraction and the fatigue resistance was reduced in the lid sutured animals. In the esotropic cats studied, fatigue resistance was also reduced but the speed of contraction did not change much.

It is suggested that the postnatal eye muscle development can be modified by manipulation of the visual input at an early age. Presumably the impaired binocular vision in the lid sutured and esotropic cats reduced the demand for fusion vergences, and this might be reflected in the changes of eye muscle properties. In monocularly lid sutured cats, eye muscle changes were the same on both sides, suggesting that amblyopia per se did not affect eye muscle development.
A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE DETECTION OF STRABISMUS, ANISOMETROPIA OR AMETROPIA OF CHILDREN BY SIMULTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE CORNEAL AND THE FUNDUS REFLEXES
Authors: KAAKINEN KARI , TOMMILA VEIKKO
Published: May 2009

Twenty two strabismus and 106 straight eyed patients with anatomically normal eyes were first photographed with a conventional camera equiped with a weak 100 mm teleobjective and coaxial flashlight and then examined clinically. The possibility of detecting strabismus, anisometropias and ametropias in the photographs by noting the localisation of the corneal reflexes and examining the appearance and lightness of the fundus reflexes and their possible asymmetry were tested in a double blind study. Even small angled strabismus cases could be found because of the asymmetrical localisation of the corneal reflexes. In 18 of the 22 strabismus cases (82%) there was asymmetrical lightness of the fundus reflexes and the fundus reflex of the deviating eye was lighter than that of the fixating eye. All the straight eyed anisometropias of 3.0 diopters or more (five cases) were observed in the photographs because of the asymmetrical appearance of the fundus reflexes. In straight eyed anisometropias of under 3.0 diopters, the fundus reflexes were symmetrical in 90 cases and asymmetrical in 11 cases (11%).

Only three out of eight hyperopias of from + 4.5 to + 6.0 diopters were found because of the light crescent in the low part of the pupil. All myopias of over ‐4.0 diopters (14 cases) were observed because of the light crescent appearance in the upper part of the pupil. No pupillary crescents appeared with refractions of less than ‐1.75 diopters myopia or less than + 4.5 diopters hyperopia; 172 eyes came within this range.

Even a technician can perform, without premedication, the method tested here for rapid and simple screening to detect strabismus and straight eyed anisometropias of 3.0 diopters or more in small children or other patients who do not co‐operate well in normal clinical examination. Over ‐4.0 diopters myopias can also be found.

The method was rather unrealiable for finding hyperopias, presumably because no cycloplegic drops were used.
EFFECT OF OILY VEHICLE ON OCULAR PILOCARPINE CONCENTRATION
Authors: SALMINEN LOTTA
Published: May 2009

The effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) vehicle and of castor oil vehicle on ocular pilocarpine concentration was studied by radioactive method in the rabbit eye. Statistically higher radioactivities were measured from the anterior surface structures of the eyes dropped with oily vehicle when compared to PVA vehicle at 120 min. It is concluded that the conjunctiva and the cornea serve as a drug reservoir for the longlasting drug effect observed in the literature after oily pilocarpine drops.
RACEMOSE HAEMANGIOMA OF THE RETINA: Report of three cases with long term follow‐up
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER
Published: May 2009

Racemose haegiomas of the retina are rare developmental anomalies. The basic lesion is an abnormal arterio‐venous communication.

Three new cases with long term follow‐up are presented. In two of the cases the first symptom was loss of vision due to retinal and vitreous haemorrhage. In the third case gradual reduction of vision was due to vascular leakage into the macular area. The recent literature is reviewed and the association to midbrain haemangiomas discussed. The ophthalmological differential diagnosis, the prognosis and the present status in treatment is presented.
BIOPLAST® FIBRIN FILM FOR CONJUNCTIVAL REPLACEMENT
Authors: TAPASZTO ISTVAN , KERENYI GEZA
Published: May 2009

The study includes 43 cases of conjunctival grafting in chemical burns and traumatic pterygium. Resorbable Bioplast® fibrin film was used as a readily available, biocompatible conjunctival substitute. The implant was absorbed and the site occupied by fresh conjunctival tissue in a few weeks. The composition of tear proteins was restored to normal as fast as after free conjunctival grafting. The results were also satisfactory in terms of cosmetics.
CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY FOLLOWING STORAGE IN MOIST CHAMBER AND MK MEDIUM
Authors: HULL DAVID S. , GREEN KEITH , BOWMAN KAREN
Published: May 2009

Rabbit corneal endothelial permeability to sucrose and dextran was determined after storage in moist chamber or MK medium. When compared to fresh rabbit corneas there was no statistically significant difference in endothelial permeability to these two solutes after both types of storage for periods up to ten days.
VARIATIONS IN ENDOTHELIAL MORPHOLOGY OF NORMAL CORNEAS AND AFTER CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

The central corneal endothelium of 22 normal subjects and 11 unilateral aphakic subjects was photographed with the non‐contact specular microscope. The aphakic patients had undergone intracapsular cataract extraction one to four years previously. Endothelial cell densities were estimated. All cells which had been counted were then grouped according to their number of neighbours. The percentages of cells having 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 neighbours were means ± SD): 0.4 ± 0.8; 18.0 ± 3.4; 64.1 ± 6.5; 15.9 ± 2.6 and 0.9 ± 0.8 per cent, respectively in the normal eyes, and 0.8 ± 1.3; 20.9 ± 3.7; 57.4 ± 5.6; 19.6 ± 3.9 and 1.4 ± 1.2 per cent in the aphakic group, respectively. The frequency of cells having 5, 6, or 7 neighbours were significantly different in the two groups. Cells with 9 or 10 neighbours were not seen in the normal group but occurred in 2 and 1 of the aphakic eyes, respectively. In the normal group the frequency of hexagonal cells was found to correlate to the cell density (r = 0.46, 2P < 0.01) and age (r = ‐0.40,2P < 0.05).
CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN ESSENTIAL IRIS ATROPHY
Authors: SETÄLÄ KIRSI , VANNAS ANTTI
Published: May 2009

The specular microscope was used to study the corneal endothelium in three patients with essential iris atrophy and three patients with anterior mesodermal disorders with uncertain diagnose. Pleomorphic and enlarged endothelial cells were found to be typical for essential iris atrophy. The changes were also present in one eye with normal pressure.

In the patients with other types of iridal disorder the endothelial cells were normal in form. In one of these patients high intraocular pressure and surgery had seemingly led to enlargement of the endothelial cells. According to our findings, the specular microscope is a useful aid in differentiating essential iris atrophy from other disorders of the iris.
CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE IN SIAMESE CAT
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar
Published: May 2009

Siamese cats are albinos with poor visual resolution and severely impaired binocular vision. Eye muscle physiology was studied in Siamese cats as a part of a more extensive project on eye muscle properties in cats with deficient binocular vision. Isometric contractions of the inferior oblique muscle were recorded in response to single and repetitive muscle nerve stimulation. Speed of contraction, measured as twitch contraction time, fusion frequency and rate of tetanic tension rise, was lower in Siamese than in normal cats. Eye muscles of Siamese cats fatiqued more easily to continuous activation than normal cat eye muscle. These functional changes have also been found in cats with binocular defects from monocular lid suture, but were much more marked in Siamese cats. It is suggested that the eye muscle changes represent muscular adaptations to genetically caused impairments of binocular vision and visual resolution in Siamese cats.
IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF STEROID CATARACT IN BOVINE LENS
Authors: MAYMAN CHAIM I. , MILLER DAVID , TIJERINA M. L.
Published: May 2009

Fresh calf lenses incubated in nutritive media containing dexamethasone phosphate or ouabain in concentrations ranging from 1 × 10−4M to 1 × 10−8M developed cortical opacification and showed significant inhibition of Na+‐K+ ATP'ase activity. Over a 3‐day incubation period the decrease in Na+‐K+ ATP'ase activity correlated well with the observed decrease in light transmission. The degree of enzyme inhibition and decrease in light transmission varied directly with the concentration of dexamethasone phosphate and ouabain, with significant changes observed at ‘physiologic’ and ‘pharmacologic’ concentrations of these agents. Lenses incubated for 4 days in dexamethasone phosphate or ouabain showed substantial increases in water content as well as an increase in Na+ and a decrease in K+ concentration. These data suggest that inhibition of the cation pump may play a significant role in the formation of steroid cataract in vitro.
INTRAMUSCULAR IRON THERAPY AND TAPETORETINAL DEGENERATION
Authors: SYVERSEN KJELL
Published: May 2009

A 63‐years‐old male with pernicious anemia had been treated for 20 years with weekly injections of iron‐dextran and cyanocobalamine. Ophthalmological examination revealed the ophthalmoscopic picture of a tapetoretinal degeneration, reduced visual acuity and narrow visual fields. ERG and dark‐adaptation test were normal. Hematological examination including liver and bone marrow biopsies gave no support for the existence of systemic siderosis. It is proposed that the retinal degeneration is due to the extensive parenteral iron treatment with a total dose of approximately 100 grams of iron. This theory is supported by a previous experimental report.
TIMOLOL TRANSITORY MANIFESTATIONS OF DRY EYES IN LONG TERM TREATMENT
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , ERIKSEN JENS SINDBERG
Published: May 2009

In 64 patients treated with timolol eye drops (0.25% and 0.50%) seven patients developed transitory sensation of dry eyes. Two of these subjects also had xerostomia. Conjunctival and corneal defects were disclosed simultaneously with rose bengal staining. Morphologically, some of these lesions might have the same appearance as of the early stages of kerato‐conjunctivitis sicca. A reduction of Schirmer test and break‐up time was noted. The duration of symptoms ranged from 3 to 13 days. The mean time of treatment at the début of symtoms was 30 weeks (range 23–43 weeks). A pathogenesis of these seemingly harmless findings is at the present obscure.

In none of our patients was the treatment discontinued and the symptoms did not reappear.
FIBRINOLYSIS AND TRAUMATIC HYPHAEMA
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

Since January 1st 1975, 310 patients with traumatic hyphaema have been treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. One secondary haemorrhage has occurred, corresponding to a frequency of secondary haemorrhage of 0.32%. Eighty‐five of these patients were treated as outpatients.

In four patients with traumatic hyphaema, who were not treated with tranexamic acid, the serum content of activator inhibitor was determined daily. An increase was seen during the first five days after the trauma, followed by a marked fall on the 6th day. In the same four patients, the central corneal thickness was followed by daily measurements and compared to the variation in activator inhibitor.
FIBRINOLYTIC FACTORS IN AQUEOUS HUMOUR AND SERUM FROM PATIENTS WITH FUCHS‘ DYSTROPHY AND PATIENTS WITH CATARACT
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD , STENBJERG STENER
Published: May 2009

The concentration of α2‐macroglobulin, α2‐antitrypsin, plasminogen, C3‐complement, fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and fibrinolytic activity, were studied in the aqueous humour and serum from nine patients with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, 17 patients with uncomplicated senile cataract and in the secondary aqueous from six cataract patients. Finally, the aqueous humour and serum from two patients anterior uveitis were studied.

An increased concentration of α2‐macroglobulin, α1‐antitrypsin, plasminogen and C3‐complement was found in both the aqueous and the serum from patients with Fuchs' dystrophy when compared with the primary aqueous and serum from patients with cataract but this was only significant for α1‐antitrypsin in aqueous humour. A significant increase in the amount of FDP was found in the serum of the Fuchs' patients compared with the cataract patients. Fibrinolytic activity could not be demonstrated in the serum in any of the patient groups.

The concentrations of the various factors found in the secondary aqueous of the cataract patients differed only slightly from the content of the primary aqueous of the Fuchs' patients.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE LENS CAPSULE IN FIBRILLOPATHIA EPITHELIOCAPSULARIS (FEC) OR SO‐CALLED SENILE EXFOLIATION OR PSEUDOEXFOLIATION
Authors: SELAND JOHAN H.
Published: May 2009

Twenty lenses from cataractous eyes have been subjected to enzymatic breakdown by collagenase and α‐chymotrypsin in order to remove part of the lens capsule and the zonular apparatus. Twelve of the lenses had clinical fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (FEC syndrome).

In addition four FEC lenses and four ordinary cataractous lenses served as controls.

A characteristic fibrillar substance was found in the FEC lenses located to circular epithelium‐near areas varying in size from 10 μm to 150 μm. The circular areas were found in zona germinativa in front of the bow region and corresponded to the discoid plaques of the deep layer.

The ultrastructure of the finely fibrillar material of the deep layer were indistinguishable from that of the surface material of the peripheral band and the central disc. A connection between the discoid plaques of deep layer and the peripheral granular band were demonstrated in the form of radial “cobble‐stone” sectors seen in partially digested FEC capsules.

An increased amount of age dependent spindleshaped formed bodies were also found in FEC lenses.

The evidence presented points towards a lenticular origin of the Busaccabushes in the peripheral ganular band of the lens capsule.
FLICKER COMPARISON OF FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: BENGTSSON BO , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

A method for comparison of two fundus transparencies by means of alternating flickering light is described. Spurious differences between the pictures are reduced by making the exposures in a fixed position of the pulse cycle. Small haemorrhages are readily detected. Pulse variations of the vessels and changes in size of cup and disc can be measured.
ORGAN CULTURED DONOR MATERIAL FOR PENETRATING CORNEAL GRAFTS
Authors: KOLSTAD ALBERT
Published: May 2009

Fresh and undamaged cornea had unchanged endothelial cell density for four weeks in culture, while eyes removed at autopsy suffered a cell loss. Acceptable cell density was found in eyes removed within eight hours, and this was confirmed by the results of 55 penetrating grafts using cultured autopsy material. Storage in culture for more than one week seemed to influence the results unfavourably. Immune reactions were not seen.
KERATITIS DENDRITICA
Authors: MORTENSEN K. KAMP , SJØLIE A. K.
Published: May 2009

One hundred and seven outbreaks of dendritic keratitis have been registered by the ophthalmologists over a 2‐year‐period in a region with a population of approximately 446 000 persons. The incidence was found to be 12/100 000/ year.

The average age of our sample was 46.5 years with the same age distribution for males and females, and with a non‐significant predominance of males. No seasonal variation of dendritic keratitis was observed. 50% of the patients had previously suffered from dendritic keratitis. In 25% of the patients the onset of the disease had been preceded by an infectious disease, while 6% were on local steroid therapy for non‐dendritic eye diseases prior to the dendritic outbreak.
ANTERIOR SEGMENT FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE CORNEA
Authors: SAARI K. MATTI
Published: May 2009

To study the vascular changes in inflammatory diseases of the cornea 22 patients with various corneal inflammations were examined by means of anterior segment fluorescein angiography. Simple avascular central and marginal corneal ulcers stained with fluorescein in the late phase of angiography. An inflamed limbus and an early microscopic pannus adjacent to the ulcer were seen in simple corneal ulcers. Progressive pannus with pronounced fluorescein leakage was observed in chronic corneal ulcer, disciform keratitis, Mooren's ulcer, and complicated acute keratoconus. In sclerokeratouveitis and in gutter associated with rheumatoid arthritis the corneal vessels showed less leakage. The iris vessels showed fluorescein leakage as a sign of irritative iritis during the active stage of simple and chronic corneal ulcers, in disciform keratitits, Mooren's ulcer, and in graft rejection. It is concluded that anterior segment fluorescein angiography gives valuable information of the vascular architecture, flow and leakage in inflammatory diseases of the cornea.
MORPHOLOGICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL AND X‐RAY MICROANALYTICAL EXAMINATION OF DEPOSITS ON SOFT CONTACT LENSES IN EXTENDED WEARING
Authors: DREYER V. , JENSEN O.A. , PRAUSE J. U.
Published: May 2009

The deposits on 29 contact lenses of various water content from 20 wearers were analysed by the methods given in the title. Six lenses were used as bandage lenses, the remaining for optical correction. The age of the patients varied from 7 to 56 years, two‐thirds being under 45 years.

Wearing time had been from 1 week to 1 year, with an average of 13 weeks. The results obtained by the methods applied showed that calcium was present in just over two‐thirds of the cases (20/29), other elements being infrequent. Mucopolysaccharides were found in just under two‐thirds (18/29). Chlorine was present in one‐fifth of the cases. No significant amounts of lipid were detected. Fungi were found in three cases (3/29). Bacteria were also found in these cases, but never without fungi.

Evaluation of the methods applied showed that the methods of choice were macroscopical examination and scanning electron microscopy in combination with X‐ray microanalysis, in a few cases combined with histochemistry. None of the methods applied is sufficient for protein analysis.
OPTICAL PRINCIPLES FOR ESTIMATION OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY WITH THE NON‐CONTACT SPECULAR MICROSCOPE
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

In non‐contact specular microscopy of corneal endothelium, endothelial cell density is overestimated due to the angle of observation and the curvature of cornea. On the basis of theoretical considerations, it is concluded that if the angle of observation is kept at a small value the curvature of cornea contributes only insignificantly to this overestimation, the major determinant being the angle of observation. When an angle of 46° is chosen between slit illumination and optical axis of the microscope it is calculated that estimates of endothelial cell should be multiplied with a factor of 0.959 to correct for the angle effect. Six eyes were photographed with both a contact and non‐contact specular microscope and endothelial cell density estimated. Mean observed difference in cell counts was +5.5% without correction and +1.2% with correction for angle effect. 95% confidence limits for the difference with correction were ‐3.7 and +6.0% respectively showing that estimates of endothelial cell density obtained with the non‐contact specular microscope agree closely with those obtained by contact specular microscopy when corrected for angle of observation.
EFFECTS OF CORNEAL PRESERVATION, DONOR AGE, CADAVER TIME AND POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD ON THE GRAFT ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: RUUSUVAARA PEKKA
Published: May 2009

The endothelia of 102 clear human corneal grafts in 95 patients were photographed in vivo with a specular microscope. The endothelial cell densities of the grafts were counted from an area of 0.01 mm2. The follow‐up period averaged three years. The patients' ages ranged from 16 to 77 years and that of the donors from 8 to 89 years. The average endothelial cell density for all 102 transplants was 1169 ± 478 cells/mm2.

Corneal transplants stored in MK medium (N = 19) have more cells than cryopreserved grafts (N = 42) or grafts stored in the moist chamber (N = 41); this last group was used as control material. The differences in cell densities were statistically significant. The cell density of cryopreserved grafts was significantly higher than in grafts stored in the moist chamber.

Only in those grafts in which moist chamber storage had been used was endothelial cell density dependent on time of storage. With an increase in cadaver time (time from death to enucleation), the endothelial cell density of the graft decreased.

An inverse correlation was found between the cell density of the graft and donor age. Good results were still found with healthy donors over 60 years. The endothelial cell density of the grafts showed a steady decrease during the long‐term post‐operative period, the rate of cell loss being much higher in graft endothelium than in normal endothelium during ageing.
THE SPECULAR MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF CORNEAL GRAFT ENDOTHELIUM DURING AN ACUTE REJECTION EPISODE
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

The specular microscopic appearance of a graft endothelium during a successfully treated acute endothelial rejection episode is reported. Coinciding with the increased thickness of the graft great disturbance in cellular morphology was observed. Individual cells were seen to appear swollen or to show bright intracellular areas. Also abnormalities with respect to cellular intersections were seen with the occurrence of junctional complexes at which more than three cells met. The significance of these abnormalities is discussed. The morphological changes subsided gradually as the graft cleared and the thickness decreased. This study examplifies the value of the non‐contact specular microscopic technique which enables a thorough study of the diseased corneal endothelium without traumatizing the cornea and interfering with subsequent specular microscopic examinations.
TOXICITY OF DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE (DMSO) TO HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM IN VITRO
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN , LARSEN INGER G.
Published: May 2009

Human cadaver corneas were obtained 10–12 h after clinical death, incubated in organ culture for 20–28 h and exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8, 6, 4, and 2% DMSO successively for 10 min at each concentration. Endothelial cell damage was recognized by morphological alterations during reformation of a coherent cell sheat after expulsion of damaged cells. DMSO was found to cause latent cell damage at 31°C. No cell damage was found at 4°C when DMSO was dissolved in minimum essential medium (Eagle) plus Dextran or when DMSO was dissolved in human albumin plus sucrose. DMSO was found to be toxic at 4°C in pure serum and in Dulbecco's medium.
REFSUM's DISEASE
Authors: HANSEN EGILL , BACHEN NILS I. , FLAGE TOR
Published: May 2009

The cardinal eye symptoms of Refsum's disease are night blindness, retinal pigmentary degeneration and constriction of the visual fields. Similarities with or differences from retinitis pigmentosa are discussed. A 39‐year‐old male has had manifestations of Refsum's disease from the age of 7 years and has been on a low phytol low phytanic acid diet for the last 13 years. Peripheral ring scotomas were present. Some reduction of the visual fields has been recorded, but only in the far periphery. The central field has not been significantly constricted during a 7‐year period. Very good visual functions were found within this area. All cone mechanisms were functioning at a normal level. A moderately reduced sensitivity level of the rod mechanism could be explained in a great measure by poor pupillary dilation in the dark. In this patient minimal or no progression of the visual findings was apparent. Probably an effect of treatment, there is little resemblance with ordinary retinitis pigmentosa. ERG showed moderate abnormality. Normal conducting time was found by VER. With fluorescein angiography a central area of normal appearance was sharply outlined in contrast to marked degenerations in paracentral regions.
OCULAR TRAUMA
Authors: THORDARSON ULFAR , RAGNARSSON ARNI T. , GUDBRANDSSON BJÖRN
Published: May 2009

A report on 105 cases of ocular trauma hospitalized in St. Joseph's Hospital in Reykjavik during a 12‐year period is presented. Of these patients 94 were males and 11 females. Thirty‐nine patients were children, and only six patients were older than 50 years. Most comon were occupational accidents (43 cases) and of these 29 were connected with industry. Other main causes were traffic accidents, sport and dangerous play by children. Of the total 105 cases, 70 had perforation of the bulb. All but nine underwent some kind of operation, and enucleation was performed in 10 patients. Nearly two thirds of the patients were hospitalized within six hours of the accident and 84% within 24 h.
LATE COMPLICATIONS OF 7–0 POLYGLYCOLIC (DEXON) SUTURES IN CATARACT SURGERY
Authors: KLEMETTI ANNELI
Published: May 2009

The late complications of corneo‐scleral wound healing after the 15th postoperative day were recorded in 108 routine adult cataract operations using 7–0 polyglycolic acid (Dexon®) sutures and compared with 80 routine adult cataract operations using 9–0 monofilament nylon (9–10 Ethilon Nylon®) sutures.

In 37 eyes of the 7–0 Dexon group filtrating blebs, gaping of the corne‐oscleral wound, anterior chamber collapse, or decrease in the intraocular pressure were observed compared with one filtrating bleb in the 9–0 nylon group. The majority of late complications occurred 22 to 42 days after surgery. Ten filtrating blebs remained after a 5 months' follow‐up period. The most probable cause of the late complications in corneo‐scleral wound healing was discussed.
CAPILLARY HAEMANGIOMA OF THE OPTIC DISC
Authors: NIELSEN P. GILBERT
Published: May 2009

A case of capillary haemangioma of the optic disc is reported. The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic characteristics of the different varieties of haemangioma of the optic nerve head are discussed and the problems of treatment by photocoagulation outlined.
HELICOIDAL PERIPAPILLARY CHORIORETINAL DEGENERATION
Authors: SVEINSSON KRISTJÅN
Published: May 2009

A family with helicoidal peripapillary chorioretinal degeneration is described. This is a rare bilateral fundus affection — only seven more or less typical cases have been reported in the literature. 21 patients from the same family in four generations were examined, 10 men and 11 women. Seven men and six women showed a helicoidal affection. Of this number, there were 11 children agen from 4–17 years, six were girls of whom three had helicoidal fundus and five were boys of whom two were affected. General examination revealed nothing of particular interest. We have here a congenital hereditary fundus anomaly or minor malformation in four generations — young people with normal visual acuity who develop with age a clear tendency to invasion of the macular region by a degenerative process. This is most dangerous for the visual acuity when the atrophic helicoidal wings lie in or near the macula region.
THE EFFECT OF OXAZEPAM ON OCULAR READAPTATION TIME
Authors: BERGMAN H. , BORG S. , HÖGMAN B. , LARSSON H. , LINDE C. J. , TENGROTH B.
Published: May 2009

The readaptation time (RAT) is the interval during which a person exposed to a bright intense light flash cannot perceive a given target. In this study the target used was an optokinetic pattern and the elicited nystagmus (OKN) was registered with electrooculography (EOG), thus giving an objective registration of RAT. Oxazepam in therapeutic doses was given to five healthy subjects and the RAT and serum concentrations of the drug were registered simultaneously at different time intervals. An almost parallel increase of RAT and serum concentration of oxazepam was recorded. This suggests that RAT reflects the depressant effect on the CNS of this drug and it may be used as an objective method of following the clinical effect of a depressant drug as a function of time after intake.
NEW YEAR ‐ EDITORIAL: K. K. K. Lundsgaard, Acta and the Gold Medal
Authors: NORN MOGENS
Published: May 2009

Professor K. K. K. Lundsgaard founded Acta Ophthalmologica and in 1931, on his deathbed, he established the Acta‐Prize and Gold Medal. The motifs of the medal are described, and the first eleven prize‐winners are mentioned.
FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH GLAUCOMATOUS VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS
Authors: BENGTSSON BO
Published: May 2009

1511 persons, 55 to 70‐years‐old and making up 77% of a population in which every case of chronic primary glaucoma with visual field defects had remained untreated, were comprehensively examined using standardized methods (including automatic perimetry) and strict diagnostic criteria in order to assess different methods of identifying the glaucomatous members. The prevalence of manifest glaucoma (1%) was unaffected by systemic haemodynamic and vascular disorders. In eyes with manifest glaucoma simplex the dispersion of pressures was small and the mean only about 5 mmHg higher than in all eyes. Seven out of ten subjects with disc haemorrhages also had glaucomatous visual field defects. Other findings causing a suspicion of glaucoma could — as defined here — not have been used to ascertain a diagnosis of manifest glaucoma. In 13 out of 15 subjects with glaucomatous visual field defects an enlarged cup was noted at the initial examination. No other method (except automatic perimetry) could — as applied here — have been used to exclude the possibility of a manifest glaucoma with an acceptable degree of certainty.
COMPUTERIZED MERIDIAN PERIMETRY
Authors: HOLMIN CATHARINA , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

By a modification of the display of test points it is possible to use the computerized perimeter “Competer” for meridian testing. The test program gives estimates of the thresholds in two separate rounds, the second starting when the first is completed. Accordingly two profiles are plotted in the meridians tested. Furthermore a smoothed profile is drawn from the mean values of the two rounds. The outcome when testing normal subjects and cases with glaucomatous defects was studied and the stability of thresholds in normals and the decay in scotomatous areas with time is demonstrated.
ULTRASONIC INVESTIGATION OF THE EYE WITH A NEW CONTACT METHOD AND WITH THREE DIFFERENT REAL‐TIME PRESENTATIONS
Authors: OKSALA ARVO , LUUKKALA MAURI , MERILÄINEN PEKKA
Published: May 2009

The ultrasound examination was carried out by means of a crystal with a 40° sector scan, which was pressed either against the eyelid or directly against the sclera. The real‐time display was obtained by either A‐mode, B‐mode or combined A/B‐mode scanning. In clinical applications, both the resolution capacity and the sensitivity of the device were good. A‐mode scanning gave the greatest accurary in amplitude measurement, while the A/B‐mode yielded the most concrete topographic picture of the target.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF CLINICALLY SUCCESSFUL INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANT
Authors: KRAUSE ULF , TARKKANEN AHTI
Published: May 2009

A 50‐year‐old man had an intracapsular cataract extraction with placement of a Worst medallion iris‐supported lens. After 6 days postoperatively the eye appeared quiet, the cornea was clear and the implant in place. The patient died 17 days postoperatively of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Histopathological examination revealed slight loss of endothelial cells in the upper corneal region, pressure atrophy withour signs of repair of the iris stroma, loss of pigment epithelial cells of the iris in places as well as local pigment epithelial cell proliferations. The chamber angle was open and the anterior uvea revealed only a minimal inflammatory cell reaction. The unoperated opposite eye showed cortical cataract as well as advanced hypertensive retinopathy.
AQUEOUS HUMOUR AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

Studies on the ultraviolet ray absorption in the aqueous humour of rabbit, cat, monkey, guinea pig, and rat showed marked species differences. In the rabbit aqueous the ascorbic acid, the proteins, and some amino acids (tyrosine, phenylalanine, cystine, and tryptophane) are together responsible for the total absorption, and a very great part of it refers to the ascorbic acid content. Accordingly, species with significant amounts of ascorbic acid in the aqueous (monkey, rabbit, guinea pig) have a greater absorption capacity towards ultraviolet radiation than species (cat, rat) lacking this substance. This effect of the ascorbic acid may contribute in protecting the lens against the most biotoxic ultraviolet rays. It seems that the ascorbic acid concentration is highest in the aqueous of typical day animals and lowest in species being active in the dark, indicating a correlation between the aqueous' ascorbic acid level and the quantity of incident light on the eye. The possible significance of changed aqueous ultraviolet ray absorption in the pathogenesis of human cataract development is discussed.