bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Common European Framework of Reference: a reference for Slovene
Authors: Ferbežar Ina , Pirih Svetina Nataša , Lutar Mateja
Published: February 2015

In recent years the experts at the Centre for Slovene as a Second/Foreign Language have been linking Slovene language coursebooks and examinations to the CEFR. This paper describes the complex process of aligning texts, tasks and examples of language production (the spoken and written production of examination participants). A number of questions arose during this process, including: how to align tasks where the rubrics are at a higher level than the accompanying activities and the expected task performance? How to define the minimally acceptable person, on the basis of which the cut-off score is determined in receptive skills? How to align tasks where the performance calls for the use of different language skills? A particular challenge is represented by the benchmarking of the written and spoken production of the speakers of languages closely related to Slovene who make up the great majority of test takers. The final result of the linking process is a new language programme for teaching/learning, testing and certifying Slovene as a second and foreign language.
Teaching English locative prepositions: a cognitive perspective
Authors: Bratož Silva
Published: February 2015

Prepositions are notoriously hard to learn, and frequently subject to negative transfer. In addition, prepositional meanings are commonly extended from the spatial to abstract domains and are, as a consequence, often unpredictable and arbitrary. Traditional approaches to second language preposition teaching have, therefore, suggested that the best way to learn prepositions would be through rote learning. On the other hand, a cognitive linguistics approach argues that the multiple uses of prepositions can be seen as related in systematic ways. Several pedagogical implications of applying cognitive linguistics findings in second language teaching and learning will be discussed, suggesting ways of translating theory into practical consideration and effective teaching materials. The second part of the article presents an instructional model for teaching the locative prepositions in, on and at from a cognitive perspective, and discusses the results of a study conducted to observe the learners’ response to instruction, based on cognitive linguistics findings. In addition, the benefits of focusing on the cross-linguistic differences between the native and target language, in an explicit and systematic way, will be discussed. In this context, reference will be made to several insights and ideas promoted by the CEFR. The article will end by considering some suggestions and ideas for future research.
Nemško-slovenska jezikovna razmerja in medkulturno jezikoslovje: primer internacionalizmov
Authors: Krevs Birk Uršula
Published: February 2015

V Skupnem evropskem jezikovnem okviru so internacionalizmi opredeljeni kot pomembni segmenti jezikovne in komunikativne kompetence, na katere se večjezični govorec lahko opre v medkulturnem sporazumevalnem procesu. Prispevek govori o nemških in slovenskih leksikalnih internacionalizmih, še posebej o tistih besednih parih, med katerimi so se oblikovala specifična jezikovnopomenska razmerja, ki so med drugim tudi posledica jezikovnega stika, saj sta bili nemščina in slovenščina v večstoletnem sobivanju na slovenskem etničnem ozemlju pod močnim vplivom geografske, kulturne- in političnozgodovinske stičnosti. V prispevku so predstavljeni izbrani pari leksikalnih internacionalizmov, katerih pomeni so bodisi deloma bodisi popolnoma različni. Razlike so lahko pomenskosestavniske in kulturnospecifične, tako da prihaja celo do pojava lažnih prijateljev. Specifične pomenske strukture posameznih slovenskih in nemških kongruentnih internacionalizmov so se oblikovale v intenzivnem jezikovnem stiku v različnih vrstah medkulturnega sporazumevanja in posredovanja. Jezikovno vedenje o njihovi ustrezni rabi v medkulturni komunikaciji zagotovo spada med pomembne sestavine medkulturne lingvistike nemško-slovenskega jezikovnega para.
The impact of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) on the assessment of the writing skills in German language teaching in Slovenia
Authors: Kosevski Puljić Brigita
Published: February 2015

CEFR is a didactic framework used to describe foreign language competencies. All foreign language curricula in Slovenia refer to this framework. CEFR language proficiency levels have an influence on the testing and assessment of writing competence. In order to quantify this impact, a study using a questionnaire was conducted among teachers of German as a foreign language. It comprised questions about the usefulness of the CEFR in teaching students how to improve their writing ability and in setting the criteria for the evaluation of writing assignments. Furthermore, questions were asked about the importance of selected categories for the evaluation of writing assignments at levels A1-B1 as well as about an appropriate classification of various text types at levels A1-B2 in the context of using the CEFR to teach German. The results of the study showed that German language teachers do not consider the CEFR to be an important teaching aid when setting the criteria for the evaluation of written assignments. The teachers may have reached this conclusion on the basis of the existing criteria used in the external evaluation of writing assignments, on the basis of personal criteria as well as of other circumstances.
Textsorten der Unternehmenskommunikation aus kontrastiv-textologischer Perspektive. Eine Untersuchung der Aktionärsbriefe und Einstiegseiten der deutschen und italienischen Banken. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2013. 240 S
Authors: Gruntar Ada
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Syntax mentioned seven times in the CEFR – and how many times at school, in foreign language classrooms?
Authors: Mertelj Darja
Published: February 2015

In the teaching of foreign languages, complex-clause syntax does not seem to have had an established role over the last 20 years, especially within the communicative approach and, of course, the CEFR. It was previously part of methods which stressed formal approaches to foreign languages and their being taught, but not of natural, acquisition-based methods. With the communicative approach, two important premises were introduced: authentic texts and grammar as a tool when necessary. This is one probable reason why explicit, complex-clause syntax is hardly mentioned in the CEFR, even though it is implicitly present in descriptors, even though it is particularly recognisable in those for writing skills, and even though we know that it can be used for all four skills, as well as to guide learners towards some self-directed learning about language features.To date, in the era of the communicative approach, not much is known about the role of complex-clause syntax in foreign/second language classrooms, in particular from the learners’ viewpoint. In order to bridge this research gap, the paper analyses a questionnaire among learners in secondary schools that looked at their perspectives regarding the (possible) role of syntax. The examined aspects consider its role for the four skills, and the benefits of knowing syntax; implicitly, the paper touches on some affective factors and related methodological approaches, along with problems concerning the teaching of syntax. The findings are based on quantitative data; an evaluation of the need for complex-clause syntax is included, and some pedagogical implications are presented.
Global crisis: a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to paradigm change*
Authors: Silva Augusto Santos
Published: February 2015

The global crisis is threefold. First, it is a financial and economic crisis, inducing hugely negative effects on growth, distribution, and welfare. Second, it severely damaged the mainstream in economics, particularly the theory of efficient financial markets and the theory of self-regulating markets. Third, it caused an ongoing fragility of conventional public policies to address socioeconomic issues. The scale of the global crisis demands nothing less than paradigm change. This change requires adopting an interdisciplinary triangle, in which economics dialogues productively with political science and international relations. The goal is a more pluralist and interdisciplinary theory of economic policies. In that spirit, the paper provides a critical analysis of the dominant narrative on globalization, and outlines an alternative, one that could favor more democratic and progressive policies, at both the national and international level.
The Value of Clinical Teachers for EMR Implementations and Conversions
Authors: Pantaleoni J.L. , Longhurst C.A. , Stevens L.A.
Published: February 2015

Effective physician training is an essential aspect of EMR implementation. However, it can be challenging to find instructors who can present the material in a clinically relevant manner. The authors describe a unique physician-training program, utilizing medical students as course instructors. This approach resulted in high learner satisfaction rates and provided significant cost-savings compared to alternative options.

Citation: Stevens LA, Pantaleoni JL, Longhurst CA. The value of clinical teachers for EMR implementations and conversions. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 75–79

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-09-IE-0075
Technique to fabricate a Hollow Facial Prosthesis for Lateral Midfacial Defect
Authors: Shambharkar Vaibhao Ishwar
Published: February 2015

Midfacial defects developed due to partial or total maxillectomy surgeries performed to remove tumors in the oral or nasal cavity. Large midfacial defects usually restored with a facial prosthesis to restore esthetics, form and function. Retention of a large facial prosthesis is a major concern to the prosthodontist because of its size and weight. This clinical report describes magnet retained intraoral-extraoral combination prosthesis for a large midfacial defect. This article also describes a technique to fabricate a hollow light-weight acrylic resin framework supporting an overlying silicone layer for the facial prosthesis.

How to cite this article

Shambharkar VI. Technique to fabricate a Hollow facial Prosthesis for Lateral Midfacial Defect. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(3):90-95.
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Ephesians
Authors: Best Ernest
Published: February 2015

For over one hundred years, the International Critical Commentary series has held a special place among works on the Bible. It has sought to bring together all the relevant aids to exegesis – linguistic and textual no less than archaeological, historical, literary and theological–with a level of comprehension and quality of scholarship unmatched by any other series.

No attempt has been made to secure a uniform theological or critical approach to the biblical text: contributors have been invited for their scholarly distinction, not for their adherence to any one school of thought. The first paperback editions to be published cover the heart of the New Testament, providing a wealth of information and research in accessible and attractive format.
Statistical exploration of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) measured at Cape Point from 2007 to 2011
Authors: Venter A. D. , Beukes J. P. , van Zyl P. G. , Brunke E.-G. , Labuschagne C. , Slemr F. , Ebinghaus R. , Kock H.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The authors evaluated continuous high resolution gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) data from the Cape Point Global Atmosphere Watch (CPT GAW) station with different statistical analysis techniques. GEM data was evaluated by cluster analysis and the results indicated that two clusters, separated at 0.904 ng m−3, existed. The air mass history for the two-cluster solution was investigated by means of back-trajectory analysis. The air mass back-trajectory net result showed lower GEM concentrations originating from the sparsely populated semi-arid interior of SA and the marine environment, whereas higher GEM concentrations originated predominately along the coast of SA that most likely coincide with trade routes and industrial activities in urban areas along the coast. Considering the net result from the air mass back-trajectories, it is evident that not all low GEM concentrations are from marine origin, and similarly, not all high GEM concentrations have a terrestrial origin. Equations were developed by means of multi-linear regression (MLR) analysis that allowed for the estimation/prediction of atmospheric GEM concentrations from other atmospheric parameters measured at the CPT GAW station. These equations also provided some insight into the relation and interaction of GEM with other atmospheric parameters. Both measured and MLR calculated data confirm a decline in GEM concentrations at CPT GAW over the period evaluated.
A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars
Authors: Sathe A. , Mann J. , Vasiljevic N. , Lea G.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. A so-called six-beam method is proposed to measure atmospheric turbulence using a ground-based wind lidar. This method requires measurement of the radial velocity variances at five equally spaced azimuth angles on the base of a scanning cone and one measurement at the centre of the scanning circle, i.e.using a vertical beam at the same height. The scanning configuration is optimized to minimize the sum of the random errors in the measurement of the second-order moments of the components (u,v, w) of the wind field. We present this method as an alternative to the so-called velocity azimuth display (VAD) method that is routinely used in commercial wind lidars, and which usually results in significant averaging effects of measured turbulence. In the VAD method, the high frequency radial velocity measurements are used instead of their variances. The measurements are performed using a pulsed lidar (WindScanner), and the derived turbulence statistics (using both methods) such as the u and v variances are compared with those obtained from a reference cup anemometer and a wind vane at 89 m height under different atmospheric stabilities. The measurements show that in comparison to the reference cup anemometer, depending on the atmospheric stability and the wind field component, the six-beam method measures between 85 and 101% of the reference turbulence, whereas the VAD method measures between 66 and 87% of the reference turbulence.
Global soil nitrous oxide emissions in a dynamic carbon–nitrogen model
Authors: Huang Y. Y. , Gerber S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas that also contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. With high temporal and spatial heterogeneity, a quantitative understanding of terrestrial N2O emission, its variabilities and reponses to climate change is challenging. We added a soil N2O emission module to the dynamic global land model LM3V-N, and tested its sensitivity to soil moisture regime and responses to elevated CO2 and temperature. The model was capable of reproducing the average of cross-site observed annual mean emissions, although differences remained across individual sites if stand-level measurements were representative of gridcell emissions. Modelled N2O fluxes were highly sensitive to water filled pore space (WFPS), with a global sensitivity of approximately 0.25 Tg N year−1 per 0.01 change in WFPS. We found that the global response of N2O emission to CO2 fertilization was largely determined by the response of tropical emissions, whereas the extratropical response was weaker and different, highlighting the need to expand field studies in tropical ecosystems. Warming generally enhanced N2O efflux, and the enhancement was greatly dampened when combined with elevated CO2, although CO2 alone had a small effect. Our analysis suggests caution when extrapolation from current field CO2 enrichment and warming studies to the global scale.
A method for analysis of vanillic acid in polar ice cores
Authors: Grieman M. M. , Greaves J. , Saltzman E. S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Biomass burning generates a wide range of organic compounds that are transported via aerosols to the polar ice sheets. Vanillic acid is a product of conifer lignin combustion, which has previously been observed in laboratory and ambient biomass burning aerosols. In this study a method was developed for analysis of vanillic acid in melted polar ice core samples. Vanillic acid was chromatographically separated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected using electrospray ionization–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Using a 100 μL injection loop and analysis time of 4 min, we obtained a detection limit of 77 ppt (parts per trillion by mass) and an analytical precision of ±10%. Measurements of vanillic acid in Arctic ice core samples from the Siberian Akademii Nauk core are shown as an example application of the method.
Obliquity forcing of low-latitude climate
Authors: Bosmans J. H. C. , Hilgen F. J. , Tuenter E. , Lourens L. J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The influence of obliquity, the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis, on incoming solar radiation at low latitudes is small, yet many tropical and subtropical paleoclimate records reveal a clear obliquity signal. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this signal, such as the remote influence of high-latitude glacials, the remote effect of insolation changes at mid- to high latitudes independent of glacial cyclicity, shifts in the latitudinal extent of the tropics, and changes in latitudinal insolation gradients. Using a sophisticated coupled ocean–atmosphere global climate model, EC-Earth, without dynamical ice sheets, we performed two experiments of obliquity extremes. Our results show that obliquity-induced changes in tropical climate can occur without high-latitude ice sheet fluctuations. Furthermore, the tropical circulation changes are consistent with obliquity-induced changes in the cross-equatorial insolation gradient, implying that this gradient may be used to explain obliquity signals in low-latitude paleoclimate records instead of the classic 65° N summer insolation curve.
GASAKe: forecasting landslide activations by a genetic-algorithms based hydrological model
Authors: Terranova O. G. , Gariano S. L. , Iaquinta P. , Iovine G. G. R.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. GASAKe is a new hydrological model aimed at forecasting the triggering of landslides. The model is based on genetic-algorithms and allows to obtaining thresholds of landslide activation from the set of historical occurrences and from the rainfall series. GASAKe can be applied to either single landslides or set of similar slope movements in a homogeneous environment. Calibration of the model is based on genetic-algorithms, and provides for families of optimal, discretized solutions (kernels) that maximize the fitness function. Starting from these latter, the corresponding mobility functions (i.e. the predictive tools) can be obtained through convolution with the rain series. The base time of the kernel is related to the magnitude of the considered slope movement, as well as to hydro-geological complexity of the site. Generally, smaller values are expected for shallow slope instabilities with respect to large-scale phenomena. Once validated, the model can be applied to estimate the timing of future landslide activations in the same study area, by employing recorded or forecasted rainfall series. Example of application of GASAKe to a medium-scale slope movement (the Uncino landslide at San Fili, in Calabria, Southern Italy) and to a set of shallow landslides (in the Sorrento Peninsula, Campania, Southern Italy) are discussed. In both cases, a successful calibration of the model has been achieved, despite unavoidable uncertainties concerning the dates of landslide occurrence. In particular, for the Sorrento Peninsula case, a fitness of 0.81 has been obtained by calibrating the model against 10 dates of landslide activation; in the Uncino case, a fitness of 1 (i.e. neither missing nor false alarms) has been achieved against 5 activations. As for temporal validation, the experiments performed by considering the extra dates of landslide activation have also proved satisfactory. In view of early-warning applications for civil protection purposes, the capability of the model to simulate the occurrences of the Uncino landslide has been tested by means of a progressive, self-adaptive procedure. Finally, a sensitivity analysis has been performed by taking into account the main parameters of the model. The obtained results are quite promising, given the high performance of the model obtained against different types of slope instabilities, characterized by several historical activations. Nevertheless, further refinements are still needed for applications to landslide risk mitigation within early-warning and decision-support systems.
Climate change impacts on the seasonality and generation processes of floods – projections and uncertainties for catchments with mixed snowmelt/rainfall regimes
Authors: Vormoor K. , Lawrence D. , Heistermann M. , Bronstert A.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Climate change is likely to impact the seasonality and generation processes of floods in the Nordic countries, which has direct implications for flood risk assessment, design flood estimation, and hydropower production management. Using a multi-model/multi-parameter approach to simulate daily discharge for a reference (1961–1990) and a future (2071–2099) period, we analysed the projected changes in flood seasonality and generation processes in six catchments with mixed snowmelt/rainfall regimes under the current climate in Norway. The multi-model/multi-parameter ensemble consists of (i) eight combinations of global and regional climate models, (ii) two methods for adjusting the climate model output to the catchment scale, and (iii) one conceptual hydrological model with 25 calibrated parameter sets. Results indicate that autumn/winter events become more frequent in all catchments considered, which leads to an intensification of the current autumn/winter flood regime for the coastal catchments, a reduction of the dominance of spring/summer flood regimes in a high-mountain catchment, and a possible systematic shift in the current flood regimes from spring/summer to autumn/winter in the two catchments located in northern and south-eastern Norway. The changes in flood regimes result from increasing event magnitudes or frequencies, or a combination of both during autumn and winter. Changes towards more dominant autumn/winter events correspond to an increasing relevance of rainfall as a flood generating process (FGP) which is most pronounced in those catchments with the largest shifts in flood seasonality. Here, rainfall replaces snowmelt as the dominant FGP primarily due to increasing temperature. We further analysed the ensemble components in contributing to overall uncertainty in the projected changes and found that the climate projections and the methods for downscaling or bias correction tend to be the largest contributors. The relative role of hydrological parameter uncertainty, however, is highest for those catchments showing the largest changes in flood seasonality, which confirms the lack of robustness in hydrological model parameterization for simulations under transient hydrometeorological conditions.
Three dimensional slope stability problem with a surcharge load
Authors: Cheng Y. M. , Li N. , Yang X. Q.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. An analytical solution for the three dimensional stability analysis of the ultimate uniform patched load on top of a slope is developed by the limit analysis using kinematically admissible failure mechanisms. The failure mechanism which is assumed in the analytical solution is verified by three-dimensional strength reduction analyses and laboratory model test. Furthermore, the proposed method and the results are further compared with some published results for illustrating the applicability of the proposed failure mechanism.
Argo data assimilation into HYCOM with an EnOI method in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Mignac D. , Tanajura C. A. S. , Santana A. N. , Lima L. N. , Xie J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. An ocean data assimilation system to assimilate Argo temperature (T) and salinity (S) profiles into the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) was constructed, implemented and evaluated for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean (78° S to 50° N and 98° W to 20° E). The system is based on the ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI) algorithm proposed by Xie and Zhu (2010), especially made to deal with the hybrid nature of the HYCOM vertical coordinate system with multiple steps. The Argo T–S profiles were projected to the model vertical space to create pseudo-observed layer thicknesses (Δ pobs), which correspond to the model target densities. The first step was to assimilate Δ pobs considering the sub-state vector composed by the model layer thickness (Δ p) and the baroclinic velocity components. After that, T and S were assimilated separately. Finally, T was diagnosed below the mixed layer to preserve the density of the model isopycnal layers. Five experiments were performed from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012: a control run without assimilation, and four assimilation runs considering the different vertical localizations of T, S and Δ p. The assimilation experiments were able to significantly improve the thermohaline structure produced by the control run. They reduced the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of T and S calculated with respect to Argo independent data in 34 and 44%, respectively, in comparison to the control run. In some regions, such as the western North Atlantic, substantial corrections in the 20 °C isotherm depth and the upper ocean heat content towards climatological states were achieved. The runs with a vertical localization of Δ p showed positive impacts in the correction of the thermohaline structure and reduced the RMSD of T (S) from 0.993 °C (0.149 psu) to 0.905 °C (0.138 psu) for the whole domain with respect to the other assimilation runs.
Accounting for Giraffes at a For-Profit Zoo - A Case Study
Authors: Penner James , Saini Jagjit Singh
Published: February 2015

This case is based on the accounting at a for-profit zoo. It provides students with an opportunity to explore and apply the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) using a real-life example. This case challenges the students to use critical thinking skills to identify the relevant standards, as there is no direct reference in the ASC for accounting at a for-profit zoo.  An assessment of the students indicates that the case provides a useful learning experience in interpreting and applying the authoritative Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in a real-life situation. Additionally, the assessment results indicate that the case helps students to enhance their critical thinking, teamwork and problem-solving skills. This case could be used in any intermediate or advanced financial accounting class in which students are expected to use the ASC and learn the application of GAAP.
Local Governments And Government of Cities in Turkey
Authors: Kartal Nazım , Tuncel Gökhan , Göktolga Oguzhan
Published: February 2015

At this study, local government structure of Turkey is tried to be analysed. Urban administration of Turkey may be analysed three dimensionally: First dimension is central government and the city; the second is provincial organizations of central government and the third dimension is local governments and city. Therefore, when talking about “administration of cities in Turkey”, central government, its local organizations and especially the local governments should be mentioned. In this context, at this study initially cities in Turkey will be examined from the perspective of administration, then, central administration and central administration’s provincial organiations will be examined from the perspective of city governmnet. Finally two local government structures, “special provinicial administration” and “municipalities” will be examined.
The Importance of Motivation Factors on Employee Performance in Kosovo Municipalities
Authors: Ismajli Naim , Zekiri Jusuf , Qosja Ermira , Krasniqi Ibrahim
Published: February 2015

This study tries to identify the factors that motivate employees as human resources in local government that serve as a basis for increasing the service quality. In this study, a structured questionnaire were used in order to collect data from respondents. The questions get answers from respondents about their motivation regarding their performance assessment within municipalities they work. The data was collected using primary and secondary resources. Secondary data were collected from books, textbooks, online articles, magazines, etc. The analyses of the findings from the study show the importance of motivation that is affected by the process of performance assessment. Setting standards and building evaluation systems help strengthen governance of local authorities. In this way municipalities will improve transparency, accountability, and build a corporate culture in the local government management and a better service to the citizens of those municipalities. From the obtained results, salary of workers, professional advancement and opportunity for promotion appear to be among the most important factors of motivation. The other important factors that the study revealed are work conditions, as well as the evaluation and the objective assessment of performance measurement. The data and results will provide additional information for managers of rural and urban municipalities of the Republic of Kosovo about their drafting strategies for a more efficient management of human resources which will increase the quality of services at the local level and beyond.
I Will Regret Later
Authors: Dolgopolski Sergey
Published: February 2015

This article explores the rhetoric of regret as a way to rethink the aesthetic dimension of two hitherto artificially separated late ancient corpora of thought—rabbinic and “pagan.” Moving away from the thinking in terms of historicist “influences” I arrive at a point of mutual illumination of the corpora, thereby advancing a new model of philosophical and rhetorical analysis that both justifies the importance of the modern discussion of relationships between philosophy, rhetoric, and aesthetics for understanding the Talmud as a late ancient body of text and thought and shows how the Talmud, thus understood, complicates and raises the stakes in that discussion. I first draw on the framework of this bidirectional analysis for probing the rhetoric of the rabbis and of the “pagan” philosophers. I consequently work against the grain of a modern interpretation of late ancient aesthetics to arrive to a comparative study of the aesthetics of rabbinic discourse.
O concílio do Vaticano II ou igreja em continuo Aggiornamento
Authors: Miranda Mário De França
Published: February 2015

O autor sintoniza com uma perspectiva extremamente cara a João XXIII e essencial para a compreensão do Concílio. O Vaticano II não é, em primeiro lugar, um concílio de temas, mas um concílio de atitudes. E a atitude fundamental que se exige de uma Igreja que realiza a sua missão na história e, portanto, sempre em novos contextos,declina-se em duas palavras: aggiornamento e diálogo. Aquilo que, para muitos, seria a fraqueza do Concílio – apontada especialmente em seu primeiro período (outubro/dezembro de 1962) – revela-se, ao contrário, justamente como a sua perspectiva de fundo. Aggiornamento e diálogo nos ajudam a perceber, em temas aparentemente tão diversos como liturgia, revelação, presença no mundo, o mesmo dinamismo propulsor,cujo fundamento último é o mistério da encarnação.
TEOLOGIA DA TRADIÇÃO ORAL: UMA QUESTÃO PARA AS RELIGIÕES AFRO-BRASILEIRAS
Authors: Carneiro João Luiz , Rivas Maria Elise
Published: February 2015

A relação sujeito-objeto se diferencia em cada uma das formas de transmissão de conhecimento,seja oral ou escrita, o que – para o estudo da Religião – denota uma unidade(homem religioso) expressa na diversidade (tradição oral e escrita). Tais aproximações econtrastes serão discutidos sob a ótica da Teologia com ênfase nas religiões afro-brasileiras em F. Rivas Neto considerando a Vertente Una do Sagrado, tempo mítico (circularidade),ancestralidade (primordial), senioridade, memória (inconsciente), linguagem simbólica(sentidos) e Comunidade. A Teologia aqui apresentada está em contato direto com a Ciência da Religião, Antropologia, Sociologia, História, Filosofia e essa característica multidisciplinar é chave importante para compreensão do objeto.
Use of Hyaluronic Acid Gel Filler versus Sterile Water in the Treatment of Intractable Plantar Keratomas
Authors: Brousseau-Foley Magali , Cantin Vincent
Published: February 2015

Background

Intractable plantar keratoma is a common concern in the podiatric medical office. Different treatment options are available, ranging from trimming and padding to surgery. We sought to investigate the use of hyaluronic acid gel injections as a possible minimally invasive alternative in the treatment of intractable plantar keratomas.

Methods

Seventeen patients with intractable plantar keratomas were randomly assigned to receive a hyaluronic acid gel injection or a sterile water injection at the site of a previously trimmed plantar lesion.

Results

There was no significant difference between the two groups in the evaluation of pain and function at 12 weeks, but both groups showed a clinically relevant improvement. No significant change was observed in plantar tissue thickness in both groups. A minor adverse reaction was seen in the hyaluronic acid group.

Conclusions

The use of a hyaluronic acid gel injection at the site of a trimmed intractable plantar keratoma did not seem more effective than the use of a sterile water injection. Sterile water injections seemed safe and efficient in reducing pain associated with plantar keratomas. Further investigations should concentrate on whether these results are reproducible in a larger sample and on the most effective sequence of treatment.
Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation
Authors: Holmes Crystal , Choksi Palak , Wrobel James S.
Published: February 2015

Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) is an uncommon reactive mesenchymal lesion mainly affecting the small bones of the hands and feet. They frequently occur in young adults. It is important to understand and differentiate BPOP from other lesions, especially because of its atypical microscopic features and tendency to recur. We present a case of a recurrent lesion involving the toe and discuss management options. To our knowledge, our current case report is the first in the literature to report a recurring BPOP lesion of the toe.
Surgical Management of the Peroneus Quartus Muscle for Bilateral Ankle Pain
Authors: Chinzei Nobuaki , Kanzaki Noriyuki , Takakura Yoshinori , Takakura Yoshiyuki , Toda Akihiko , Fujishiro Takaaki , Hayashi Shinya , Hashimoto Shingo , Kuroda Ryosuke , Kurosaka Masahiro
Published: February 2015

The peroneus quartus muscle is an accessory muscle seen in the lateral compartment of the lower leg. Although the peroneus quartus muscle is asymptomatic in general, it sometimes becomes pathologic. We present the rare case of bilateral ankle pain with crepitation caused by the peroneus quartus muscle. Magnetic resonance imaging should be considered to assist with diagnosing this condition. Foot and ankle surgeons should consider it in the preoperative differential diagnosis when patients present with posterior ankle pain.
Blogging
Authors: Scheidt Lois Ann
Published: February 2015

Blogs are a form of social media. They have a rich developmental history and since the early 2000s have developed into staples of internet communication. Blog creators utilize text, still images, sound, and video to create diaries of their activities, commentary on current events and politics, or share knowledge of their profession. Blogs may enable one‐way communication when readers view the blog entries or they may be interactive, enabling readers to become co‐creators of information. Blogs began as standalone websites, later becoming central features in large websites such as Facebook.
Online Games Development and Production
Authors: O'Donnell Casey
Published: February 2015

This entry explores research surrounding the work or craft of game development and the set of practices that falls under the broader term “production.” The entry explores the variety of research projects occurring in this space. It considers work from a range of game production spaces, from hobbyist to independent to established “AAA” (“Triple A”) game developers. Also considered is the rising role that users play in shaping game development practice. Game development is a complex and widely ranging set of practices through which large and small teams work together to produce what users experience as a video game.
Multi‐User Dungeons (
MUD
s)
Authors: Bartle Richard A.
Published: February 2015

Multi‐User Dungeons are the venerable progenitors of modern virtual worlds such as
World of Warcraft and Second Life
. They are important in the same way that silent movies are important: They established the defining conventions that shaped today's blockbusters, but technological advances have largely left them behind. This entry explains what MUDs are, their history and influence, how they differ from their descendants and how they evolved into them. To understand why things are the way they are today, it is necessary to understand why they were the way they were originally.
Mobile Games
Authors: Mäyrä Frans
Published: February 2015

Mobile games have multiple historical origins reaching back to antique card and board game sets made for travelers, and various mechanical toys. Nintendo's Game & Watch series was an early precursor for handheld video game consoles which represent a different evolutionary path from that of mobile phone games. The mobile phone ecosystem was fragmented for a long time, both as a result of the differences in the hardware and software of mobile phones and differences between mobile network operators, all of which represented challenges for game developers. iPhone and other touch screen‐enabled smartphones have significantly changed the user experience of mobile phone games, and the online App Store distribution channels have stimulated expansive growth of inexpensive, primarily casual mobile game applications. Some mobile games make use of the unique design opportunities provided by smartphones, such as the user's location, movements, or communications. The boundaries between mobile games and games released to multiple other platforms have started to erode, consequently further complicating what constitutes a “mobile game.” Mobile and contextual gaming remains a dynamic area of research and development, as discussed in this entry.
ICT
, the Environment, and Climate Change
Authors: Houghton John W.
Published: February 2015

This entry looks at the impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) on the environment, including the direct impacts of ICT equipment production and use, the indirect or enabling impacts of the application and use of ICTs throughout the economy, and systemic impacts on consumer behavior. It includes brief explanations of issues relating to electronic waste (e‐waste) and the impacts of possible rebound effects on environmental outcomes. The entry concludes with a brief review of the potential for ICTs to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and notes the possibility that ICTs might enable the emergence of alternative development pathways that are more environmentally sustainable than those characterizing industrialization to date.
ICT4Dand Local Access
Authors: Tucker William D. , Westerveld Rudi
Published: February 2015

This entry provides definitions and an overview of technologies used to enable voice and data communication in what is called the “last” or “first” mile of telecommunication networks. It considers the variety and suitability of these technologies particularly for countries and regions in the global South, offering examples of the approaches that are mobilized from the “bottom up” by local community groups of telecommunication service users.
Children, Protection of
Authors: Lievens Eva
Published: February 2015

Protecting children in the digital environment is an important policy goal across the world. Various regulatory approaches have been adopted to minimize risks (such as exposure to pornography or cyberbullying) and maximize opportunities (such as enhancing creativity or access to information) for youth. These approaches often combine legislative measures, self‐and co‐regulation, media literacy, education, and awareness initiatives and the use of technical tools to empower parents and children. Most policies are based on a multi‐stakeholder approach, engaging governments, international organizations, industry, civil society, schools, and encouraging parents and young users themselves to assume responsibility.
Virtual World Governance
Authors: Humphreys Sal
Published: February 2015

Governance and control in online virtual worlds, including massively multiplayer online games, are contentious and emergent issues. They involve the deployment of rules and norms that occur in overlapping layers – software code, game rules, social norms within games, cultural and social norms from outside games, legal contracts, and government regulations. These rules and norms are deployed by publishers, government regulators, and community managers, but also by players and users of the environments as each seeks to advance a variety of interests. As discussed in this entry, the cross‐jurisdictional global environment and the indeterminate nature of virtual worlds – as products and services and/or games – raise a variety of issues for governance, many of which are yet to be resolved.
Web 2.0 – and Beyond
Authors: Arora Payal
Published: February 2015

Web 2.0 is a term coined to mark a new era of internet usage driven by user interactivity and collaboration in generating content, moving away from the static information dissemination model associated with Web 1.0. It became common in the early 2000s with the growth of social network sites that made participatory architectures of digital space the norm. Underlining this phenomenon is the fact that users can now be seen as both consumers and producers of content, significantly transforming all fields from health care to entertainment. This entry discusses the new challenges created in the domain of data privacy and digital labor rights.
Digitization of the Book Industry
Authors: Hess Thomas , Wagner Thomas M.
Published: February 2015

Digital technologies have changed the way in which books are distributed or consumed. Books can now be bought via retail platforms like Amazon, or can be downloaded digitally as e‐books to be consumed on modern e‐readers. Additionally, the ongoing digitization of books forces the book industry to restructure its business models due to changes in the traditional value chain. This entry provides an overview of changes in the traditional book publishing industry in the wake of digitization, which is an important factor in this industry. It discusses the roles of intermediaries and gatekeepers as new competitors for traditional publishing houses and challenges resulting from digitization, such as the protection of content.
Microblogs
Authors: Kaplan Andreas M.
Published: February 2015

Microblogs are a specific type of social media that allow users to exchange small elements of content such as short sentences, individual images, or video links. A definition and history of microblogging are given and various characteristics (ambient awareness, push‐push‐pull communication, virtual exhibitionism and voyeurism) and applications (communications preparation, communications, communications control) of microblogs are discussed in the context of marketing applications together with a review of several trends in microblogging.
Online Business Collaboration
Authors: Van Osch Wietske
Published: February 2015

Online business collaboration concerns the study of cooperative interactions and communication between people for achieving shared goals as well as the exploration of the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in supporting these goal‐oriented behaviors. Online business collaboration research draws on three foundational areas of theory, namely computer‐mediated communication (CMC), computer‐supported cooperative work (CSCW), and virtual team collaboration in order to understand antecedents to and processes of effective online business collaboration. Whereas traditionally online business collaboration research has focused largely on cooperative interactions between individuals and groups of people within the same organization, a proliferating area of research focuses on cross‐organizational collaboration, thus further complicating this area of communication inquiry.
Citizen Media and Journalism
Authors: Bélair‐Gagnon Valérie , Anderson C. W.
Published: February 2015

Citizen media is defined as a form of journalism that provides an alternative to traditional journalism. It is now an integral part of journalism input, production, dissemination, and consumption. The citizen media that emerged at the end of the twenty‐first century is associated with the rapid rise of the Internet and Web 2.0. as a source of broadcasting and public information.
ICT4Dand Ethics
Authors: Oosterlaken Ilse
Published: February 2015

Much work done within ICT for Development (ICT4D) – such as on technology choice, gender, empowerment, cultural differences, participation – raises ethical dilemmas and/or contains ethical assumptions. Even the very concept of development invites ethical reflection. Yet so far ethics has not received much explicit attention in the ICT4D literature. Over recent decades, however, both “development ethics” and “ethics of technology” – including “computer ethics” – have matured as separate branches of applied ethics. This has paved the way for more –and more systematic – ethical reflection on ICT4D. This entry gives a short introduction to ethics and to these two ethical subdisciplines. It ends with a short overview of recent work on the ethics of ICT4D.
e
‐Commerce and Online Trust
Authors: Pure Rebekah , Metzger Miriam
Published: February 2015

This entry provides an overview of research findings and theories regarding trust and privacy in electronic commerce. Trust and privacy are particularly important in the area of e‐commerce given the considerable risk associated with the commercialization of products and services via the internet and mobile technology. The entry reviews key concepts from the trust and privacy literature, including the antecedents and outcomes of e‐commerce trust, the impact of privacy concern on consumer behaviors, and privacy policies and regulations.
One Laptop Per Child (
OLPC
) Strategy
Authors: Villanueva‐Mansilla Eduardo
Published: February 2015

One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) was launched in 2005 in an attempt to transform education in poor countries through governments' acquisition of small, rugged, custom made computers, to be delivered to all schoolchildren and teachers in a given educational system. It was intended to act as a disrupting implementation of individual centered education theories, replacing the traditional educational model with one based on using one computer for each student, or one‐on‐one computing. The initiative has not reached its purported goals, with a small number of countries actually implementing one‐on‐one computing. This entry reviews this initiative, considers a number of criticisms that have been levied against it, and offers some comments on its future.