bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Gnathotrichussulcatus with sulcatol-baited traps in a commercial sawmill and notes on the occurrence of G. retusus and Trypodendronlineatum
Authors: McLean J. A. , Borden J. H.
Published: May 2008

Sulcatol (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol), population aggregation pheromone for Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte), was deployed in traps at three locations in a commercial sawmill at Chemainus, B.C., during 1975. Traps were baited full time in one location and for alternate biweekly periods in the other two. Unbaited traps were operated continuously in a control location. Freshly sawn lumber was set out at weekly intervals in each location and numbers of attacks on this and other lumber, as well as the number of beetles caught on traps, were monitored weekly. After a mill shutdown (July through October), the number of beetles captured steadily decreased, probably because of diminished input of beetles in field-attacked logs. Suppression ratios (number of beetles caught on traps: (number of estimated beetles in lumber + number caught on traps)) were highest (0.70 and 0.87 for male and female beetles, respectively) in the continuously baited location and indicated that sulcatol-baited traps have good potential in suppression of mill populations of G. sulcatus. Lumber was most severely attacked 2–4 weeks after sawmilling, suggesting development of and subsequent decrease in primary and secondary attraction. Significantly greater attack on lumber next to sulcatol-baited traps than on more distant lumber indicated that male beetles were attracted to the area of a trap but not necessarily to the point source of the pheromone. Mean percentage moisture of attacked boards was 62.3, while that of adjacent unattacked boards was 46.6. Boards attacked in July had a mean percentage moisture of 26.0 when sampled in September and no longer contained beetles. The first verified attacks of freshly sawn lumber by Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and G. retusus (LeConte) are recorded. Future control of G. sulcatus in sawmills may use sulcatol-baited traps, placed next to piles of attractive fresh slabbing which could be colonized by beetles not captured in the traps, and which subsequently could be removed and processed into pulp chips.
Behavior of experimental grass fires vs. predictions based on Rothermel's fire model
Authors: Sneeuwjagt Richard J. , Frandsen William H.
Published: May 2008

Fire behavior observations with rates of spread up to 20 m/min (66 ft/min) have been recorded on 40 prescribed grass fires in central Washington and northern California. Physical parameters were also recorded describing the grass fuel array (fuel load, moisture content (≤ 15%), etc.), along with the wind speed (up to 8 km/h) and slope (near zero). These data were sufficient to allow a prediction of the fire spread rate, combustion zone depth, and flame length using the Rothermel fire spread model.A least squares fit of the observed versus the predicted results shows that positive agreement (slope = 1, intercept = 0) is supported for rate of spread. Flame length shows positive agreement for the intercept but not for slope. Combustion zone depth does not show positive agreement for either intercept or slope. The authors attribute the lack of positive agreement to less accurate measurements (ocular estimates) of the flame length and combustion zone depth.
The effects of light intensity, photoperiod, soil moisture potential, and temperature on bud morphogenesis in Picea species
Authors: Pollard D. F. W. , Logan K. T.
Published: May 2008

Environmental factors of bud morphogenesis in young spruce seedlings were investigated by inducing bud set, subjecting the plants to various treatments during bud formation, then counting the numbers of needle primordia formed when bud morphogenesis was complete. Ambient temperatures greatly influenced needle initiation; the optimum was at least 25 °C, and initiation was much slower at 20 and 15 °C. By contrast, light intensities between 3350 and 22 000 lx had little effect. There was no response to photoperiod between 6 and 15 h, but initiation was markedly reduced at less than 6 h. Responses to soil moisture potential were also weak, in the range of 0 to −900 kPa, although a delay in attainment of experimental treatment may have obscured a stronger influence. Bud morphogenesis retarded by unfavourable environmental conditions ceased at the same time as (or earlier than) morphogenesis under favourable conditions. The practical implications of a definite morphogenetic interval are discussed.
Xylem pressure potential in black spruce in interior Alaska
Authors: Wolff Jerry O. , West Stephen D. , Viereck Leslie A.
Published: May 2008

Xylem pressure potential was measured in black spruce in interior Alaska to determine the patterns of water stress under conditions of permafrost and long photoperiods. The general shape of the daily stress curve was similar to that reported for other species at lower latitudes. The primary effect of long photoperiods was to shift the times of stress maximums and decreases. Trees on sites with maximum annual thaw depths of 26 and 100 cm equilibrated daily with maximum predawn stress values of about −5 bars (1 bar = 100 kPa). Minimum stress during the day was generally −10 to −16 bars and did not exceed −18 bars for the entire growing season. An abundant water supply in the rooting zone derived from ice in the thawing soil was probably the contributing factor which prevented large seasonal changes in the daily pattern of moisture stress.
Nutrient content of throughfall in paper birch and red pine stands in northern Minnesota
Authors: Comerford Nicholas B. , White Edwin H.
Published: May 2008

Gross precipitation and throughfall in the open and under forest vegetation were sampled and analyzed for total content of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. The results indicate the importance of the tree canopy, Pinusresinosa Ait. and Betulapapyrifera Marsh., in modifying the nutrient content of precipitation passing through the overstory vegetation. Contributions of nutrients to throughfall by the understory vegetation, mainly Coryluscornuta Marsh., were related to the areal coverage of the hazel as well as to high levels of nutrients in the hazel foliage. Gross precipitation annually added relatively small amounts of major nutrients to forest ecosystems in northern Minnesota.
Nutrient accumulation for postfire jack pine and hardwood succession patterns in New Brunswick
Authors: MacLean David A. , Wein Ross W.
Published: May 2008

Distribution of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the tree, understory, forest floor, and mineral soil horizons was determined for two series of postfire forest stands in northeastern New Brunswick. Twelve pure jack pine stands (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) and 11 mixed hardwood stands aged 7–57 years were examined. Regression equations relating aboveground tree nutrient content to diameter for eight tree species were calculated. The jack pine stands demonstrated variable stand density, but adjustment to normal stocking produced a sigmoid nutrient accumulation pattern in the tree layer during the 60-year period. Nutrient accumulation in the tree layer of both series of stands closely approximated biomass accumulation. Understory nutrients formed a significant fraction of the total aboveground pool, particularly in the younger stands. Organic and mineral soil horizon nutrients were found to be highly variable for both series of stands; this was postulated to be a result of the fire origin of the stands, with varying fire intensity and postfire conditions resulting in different nutrient losses from the site.
Short-term effects of surface fire on the biomass and nutrient standing crop of Populustremuloides in southern Ontario
Authors: James T. D. W. , Smith D. W.
Published: May 2008

The standing crop of biomass and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were estimated for Populus tremuloides trunk, lateral branch twig, and foliage in a 30-year-old open stand in West Luther Township, Wellington County, Ontario. Separate estimates were made for trees in areas subjected to light surface burning (about 160 °C at the surface) and in unburned areas. Allometric relations between a variety of tree measures showed that the best estimates of standing crop were derived from simple log regressions with trunk dbh as the independent variable.The range of 7.0 to 8.9 t/ha of total aerial aspen biomass was considerably lower than other reported values and reflected both the low stand density and poor site conditions. Accumulation of tree biomass was unchanged by light surface burning. Evidently, the environmental changes were too slight to cause postfire changes in the established overstory.Distribution of nutrients within the tree components was similar to that reported elsewhere; Ca and N were the two most abundant, while P, K, and Mg accumulations were much lower. The relative importance of various tree components as nutrient accumulation sites followed the order leaves > twigs > lateral branches > trunk. The leaves were the site of the accumulation of functionally important N, P, K, and Mg whereas the trunk was the prominent site for structurally important calcium. The total accumulation of all nutrients (103.5 kg/ha) was strikingly low in comparison with amounts reported for other deciduous forests. Accumulation of nutrients in the trunk, lateral branches, and twigs was not appreciably altered by fire. Major proportions of nutrients in these components would have accumulated before burning.Amounts of nutrients contained in leaf biomass were significantly changed after burning. Concentrations in leaves from burned areas were 24–42% higher than control levels, whereas the preburn levels were similar. These substantial postburn increases in leaf nutrient levels, related to a flush of soil nutrients from ash, would have an important effect on those wildlife species utilizing the aspen as a food source.
INTEGRABLE DISCRETIZATIONS OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL HAMILTONIAN SYSTEM WITH A QUARTIC POTENTIAL
Authors: FENG BAO-FENG , MARUNO KEN-ICHI
Published: May 2008

In this paper, we propose integrable discretizations of a two-dimensional Hamiltonian system with a quartic potential. Using either the method of separation of variables or the method based on bilinear forms, we construct the corresponding integrable mappings for the first three among four integrable cases.
MEASUREMENTS OF HIGH ENERGY X-RAY DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS USING MULTI-DIMENSIONAL FIBER-OPTIC RADIATION DETECTORS
Authors: JANG KYOUNG WON , CHO DONG HYUN , SHIN SANG HUN , LEE BONGSOO , CHUNG SOON-CHEOL , TACK GYE-RAE , YI JEONG HAN , KIM SIN , CHO HYOSUNG
Published: May 2008

In this study, we have fabricated multi-dimensional fiber-optic radiation detectors with organic scintillators, plastic optical fibers and photo-detectors such as photodiode array and a charge-coupled device. To measure the X-ray dose distributions of the clinical linear accelerator in the tissue-equivalent medium, we have fabricated polymethylmethacrylate phantoms which have one-dimensional and two-dimensional fiber-optic detector arrays inside. The one-dimensional and two-dimensional detector arrays can be used to measure percent depth doses and surface dose distributions of high energy X-ray in the phantom respectively.
EXPERIMENTAL NON-CONTACT EVALUATION OF DELAMINATION IN CFRP COMPOSITE PLATES BY LASER GENERATION/AIR-COUPLED DETECTION ULTRASONIC SYSTEM
Authors: LEE SEUNG-JOON , LEE JOON-HYUN , BYUN JOON-HYUNG
Published: May 2008

The objective of this research is to develop non-contact and real time inspection technique based on laser generated ultrasound for evaluating near-surface delamination in Carbon/Epoxy composite fabricated from automated fiber placement system. In this study, A hybrid laser generation/air-coupled detection ultrasonic system for detection and visualization of delamination in composite plates with simulated delamination of the area of 20 mm × 20 mm between the first and the second layer. Optical fiberized Nd :YAG pulse laser (532 nm, 32 mJ) with linear slit array is used to generate ultrasonic guided wave in unidirectional CFRP specimen (24 plies, 2.85 mm thickness). The characteristic of time domain waveform and frequency spectrum of guided wave is discussed. Two- dimensional images are obtained from these characteristics. The convergence of received signal using the pitch-catch and the scattering-reflection technique is discussed.
RESPONSE OF A 1-3 PIEZOELECTRIC COMPOSITE TRANSDUCER FOR ELASTIC WAVES GENERATED DURING GLASS CAPILLARY BREAKAGE
Authors: CHO SEUNG IL , LEE JONG KYU , YOON WOON HA , LEE JONG O , JUNG SUNG SOO , SEO WON CHAN
Published: May 2008

The 1-3 piezoelectric composite transducer with the 60% volume fraction of the PZT-5A was fabricated by the dicing-filling method. The electrical and acoustical characteristics of the 1-3 piezoelectric composite transducer were compared and analyzed by the electrical impedance measurements and the pulse-echo method. The mechanical quality coefficient (Q) and the resonant frequency were 18.5 and 1.6 MHz, respectively. The elastic waves generated during glass capillary breakage were observed by 1-3 piezoelectric composite transducer. The observed AE signals are well matched with the perpendicular component of the particle velocity calculated by computer. The observed AE signal and its frequency spectrum show that the pulse-type signals of AE observed by 1-3 piezoelectric composite transducer may be depend on the the vibration mode of thickness with the plate response of the wide band.
DETECTION AND EVALUATION OF DELAMINATION USING ACOUSTIC EMISSION METHOD IN THERMALLY SPRAYED COATING UNDER TENSILE STRESS
Authors: SHINHARA YOSHIKO , OHTANI KOZO , TOKUDA TAROU , SUZUMURA FUMIHIRO , KIDO MITSUO
Published: May 2008

AE was measured under a static tensile load for the thermally sprayed ceramic coating in order to investigate the relationship between the detected m-value and the destruction (delamination) of the sprayed coating. This was an effective method to detect and evaluate the delamination of a sprayed coating based on the m-value, because changes of the m-value were closely related in thermally sprayed coatings. Stress level of the delamination analyzed by AE method was almost the same as that predicted by the ESPI method. The generation of delamination was confirmed by cross-section observation of the coating using both stress levels. Therefore, the ESPI method seems to be an effective way to define and evaluate the delamination of sprayed coating determine.
FAILURE BEHAVIOR OF ELBOWS WITH LOCAL WALL THINNING
Authors: LEE SUNG-HO , LEE JEONG-KEUN , PARK JAI-HAK
Published: May 2008

Wall thinning defect due to corrosion is one of major aging phenomena in carbon steel pipes in most plant industries, and it results in reducing load carrying capacity of the piping components. A failure test system was set up for real scale elbows containing various simulated wall thinning defects, and monotonic in-plane bending tests were performed under internal pressure to find out the failure behavior of them. The failure behavior of wall-thinned elbows was characterized by the circumferential angle of thinned region and the loading conditions to the piping system.
A STUDY ON THE FRETTING FATIGUE LIFE OF ZIRCALOY ALLOYS
Authors: KWON JAE-DO , PARK DAE-KYU , WOO SEUNG-WAN , CHAI YOUNG-SUCK
Published: May 2008

Studies on the strength and fatigue life of machines and structures have been conducted in accordance with the development of modern industries. In particular, fine and repetitive cyclic damage occurring in contact regions has been known to have an impact on fretting fatigue fractures. The main component of zircaloy alloy is Zr , and it possesses good mechanical characteristics at high temperatures. This alloy is used in the fuel rod material of nuclear power plants because of its excellent resistance. In this paper, the effect of the fretting damage on the fatigue behavior of the zircaloy alloy is studied. Further, various types of mechanical tests such as tension and plain fatigue tests are performed. Fretting fatigue tests are performed with a flat-flat contact configuration using a bridge-type contact pad and plate-type specimen. Through these experiments, it is found that the fretting fatigue strength decreases by about 80% as compared to the plain fatigue strength. Oblique cracks are observed in the initial stage of the fretting fatigue, in which damaged areas are found. These results can be used as the basic data for the structural integrity evaluation of corrosion-resisting alloys considering the fretting damages.
ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR OF A CENTRAL CRACK BY DIGITAL PHOTOELASTICITY
Authors: CHEN LEI , BAEK TAE HYUN
Published: May 2008

In this paper, Irwin's method and two-parameter method are employed to get mode I stress intensity factor KI using photoelastic experiments. The initial images are processed by some software and multiplied and sharpened isochromatic fringes are applied to two different methods to get the accurate stress intensity factor. Irwin's method develops a relation for the opening-mode stress intensity factor in terms of the geometric characteristics of the fringe loops near the crack tip and requires only a single data point on the fringe. But there still is a problem in this method, a small error in the measurement can lead to large errors in determining stress intensity factor. Two-parameter method is tested to improve accuracy by using data from more than one fringe loop. The experimental results are compared with those obtained by the use of approximate empirical equation and FEM. Good agreement shows that the methods utilized in experiments are considerably reliable. The photoelastic results can be used for bench mark in theoretical study and other experiments.
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TSING MA BRIDGE DECK USING LONG-TERM MONITORING DATA
Authors: NI Y. Q. , XIA H. W. , KO J. M.
Published: May 2008

The Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong is suspension bridge with a main span of 1377 m carrying both highway and railway traffic. After completing its construction in 1997, the bridge was instrumented by the Hong Kong SAR Government Highways Department with a long-term structural health monitoring system comprising about 300 sensors permanently installed on the bridge. As part of this monitoring system, a total of 110 strain gauges have been installed to measure strain at the deck cross-sections and bearings. In this study, a method for real-time structural performance evaluation of the stiffening deck system making use of long-term strain measurement data is proposed and verified using the strain monitoring data from a typical deck cross-section of the Tsing Ma Bridge.
EVALUATION OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUTED SAND USING AN ELASTIC WAVE
Authors: KIM JOOWON , SONG KI-IL , CHO GYE-CHUN , LEE SEOK-WON
Published: May 2008

For a better evaluation of a grouted zone during and after tunnel construction involving weak soil layers, it is necessary to estimate the characteristics of grouted zone effectively. This study suggests a method that can be used for characterizing the time-dependent behavior of pre-reinforced zones around a large section of tunnel in soft ground using elastic waves. Experimental tests were performed to characterize the time-dependent behavior of the pre-reinforced zone. Experimental results show that shear strengths as well as elastic wave velocities increase with the curing time. Thus, shear strength or strength parameters can be uniquely correlated to elastic wave velocities. It is possible to characterize grouted soils around tunnel using elastic waves. Time-dependent strength and stiffness parameters in the experimental tests were applied in a numerical modeling of a large-section tunnel in soft ground, taking into account its construction sequence. According to the results of the numerical modeling, displacement results for fewer than 2~3 days of constant time boundary conditions are nearly identical to the analysis results of the time-dependent condition. The proposed analysis method, which combines experimental and numerical procedures while considering the time-dependent effect of the pre-reinforced zone on the tunnel behavior, will provide a reliable and practical design basis and a means of analysis for large-section tunnels in soft ground.
NONDESTRUCTIVE INTEGRITY EVALUATION OF PC PILE USING WIGNER-VILLE DISTRIBUTION METHOD
Authors: NI SHENG-HUOO , LO KUO-FENG , HUANG YAN-HONG
Published: May 2008

Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques have been used for years to provide a quality control of the construction for both drilled shafts and driven concrete piles. This trace is typically made up of transient pulses reflected from structural features of the pile or changes in its surrounding environment. It is often analyzed in conjunction with the spectral response, mobility curve, arrival time, etc. The Wigner-Ville Distribution is a new numerical analysis tool for signal process technique in the time-frequency domain and it can offer assistance and enhance signal characteristics for better resolution both easily and quickly. In this study, five single pre-cast concrete piles have been tested and evaluated by both sonic echo method and Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD). Furthermore, two difficult problems in nondestructive evaluation problems are discussed and solved: the first one is with a pile with slight defect, whose necking area percentage is less than 10%, and the other is a pile with multiple defects. The results show that WVD can not only recognize the characteristics easily, but also locate the defects more clearly than the traditional pile integrity testing method.
LEAK LOCATING EXPERIMENT FOR ACTUAL UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY PIPELINES WITH A NOVEL LOCATING SYSTEM
Authors: LEE YOUNG-SUP , YOON DONG-JIN , KANG SEOKHOON , JUN KYUNGKOO , CHOI BYOUNGJO
Published: May 2008

This paper presents a novel leak locating system to identify precise position of leak spots of underground water supply pipelines. The system has been studied and developed upon excellent foundation with modern mobile communication technology and the internet. However, the leak locating algorithm in the new system requires knowing the exact acoustical wave speed inside water-filled pipelines and the accurate time arrival difference between sensors to detect precise leak location. Especially the time difference is calculated with optimal maximum likelihood method. For the demonstration of the new system, an intensive experiment performed with 315 m long actual underground water supply pipelines showed an excellent detection capability.
MEASUREMENT OF CRACK DEPTH LOCATED UNDER REINFORCEMENT IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SPECIMENS USING ULTRASONIC METHOD
Authors: WOO SANG-KYUN , SONG YOUNG-CHUL , RHIM HONG-CHUL
Published: May 2008

The objective of this study is to determine crack depth located under reinforcement in concrete specimens using ultrasonic method. Experimental studies were performed on concrete specimens containing vertical and inclined surface-opening cracks with known depths. Experimental results have shown that the crack depth can be effectively measured when the distance between the probes is less than the crack depth. The effect of reinforcement on crack depth estimation is studied through a model by considering P-wave diffraction at the tip of crack and reinforcement. In addition, experimental results show that the ultrasonic method is one of useful methods to evaluate the crack depth in reinforced concrete.
IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACT LOCATION IN A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT BASED ON HIGHER ORDER TIME FREQUENCY ANALYSIS AND ELASTODYNAMICS
Authors: LEE SANG KWON , KIM SU-GON
Published: May 2008

The paper presents a novel approach to locate an impact load in a thick plate. The approach is based on the analysis of the acoustic waveforms estimated at three different points on the plate surface. For accurate estimation of the location of the impact source, the time differences in the arrival times of the waves at the three points and their propagation velocities are determined. The dispersion curves for multi modes of Lamb wave are calculated by using exact plate theory. It is difficult to eatimate directly the group velocity for Lamb mode of acoustic waveform in the thick plate because they are dispersive wave. However, most of the energy in the wave is carried by the flexural waves (A0 mode), the group velocity of this mode is extracted using the CHOTF (combined higher order time frequency) technique for estimating the impact source location. The estimates are shown to be in excellent agreement with the actual locations and it is applied to the damage analysis due to the loose part in a nuclear power plant.
CORROSION EVALUATION OF CARBON STEELS USING NONDESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUE
Authors: LEE JIN KYUNG , LEE SANG PILL , LEE MOON HEE , LEE JOON HYUN , PARK JUN YOUNG
Published: May 2008

Primary water stress corrosion crack (PWSCC) in the piping used at the nuclear power plant has been one of the major issues for the safety of plant. The major objective in this paper is to clarify the corrosion degree and damage by the PWSCC using nondestructive technique. The instrument of the tube typed reactor with the internal conditions of the temperature of 473K under pressure of 10 MPa was designed for corrosion of the material. The tensile specimens of the same material with the reactor were corroded in the reactor for evaluation of mechanical properties according to the corrosion. The corrosion of the specimen was maintained over one year, and an acoustic emission technique was applied to inspect the corrosion damage of the specimen periodically. A tensile test was performed for the corroded specimen, and then the elastic waves caused the deformation of the corroded specimen were analyzed. With the increase of the corrosion time the elastic waves generated in the specimen due to the tensile load showed a little difference, and these differences of the waves work as a cause of the change of acoustic emission (AE) parameters. The number of AE events at the beginning of the load increased with the corrosion time. AE parameters of amplitude and energy decreased as the corrosion times increased, while the level of duration time and count were increased with the corrosion periods. The velocity and attenuation of the elastic wave were also analyzed for the specimen, and these factors showed a close relation with the corrosion times. In addition, SEM and XRD analysis were performed to evaluate the damage behavior of the carbon steel due to corrosion.
PREDICTION OF A NEUTRON FLUENCE BY AN ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT IN AN IRRADIATED MATERIAL USED FOR SURVEILLANCE TESTING OF AN OPERATING REACTOR
Authors: LEE SAMLAI
Published: May 2008

The ultrasonic attenuation versus neutron fluence relationship from Charpy impact test specimens withdrawn from an operating reactor vessel during plant outages has been evaluated in order to predict the neutron fluence through a direct attenuation measurement for a reactor vessel material irradiated by neutrons. The results showed that systematic relationships for the ultrasonic attenuation versus neutron fluence at specific operating frequencies were observed for the base and weld metal and the possibility to predict neutron fluence in a specimen, that has no information on the amount of neutron fluence, by using such a consistent relationship.
MEASUREMENT OF THIN OIL FILM THICKNESS USING ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUE
Authors: TAKEUCHI AKITOSHI , TERADA SEIICHI , TODA SO
Published: May 2008

An application of ultrasonic technique is attempted for the purpose of measuring thin oil film thickness between two surfaces. The amplitude of the wave reflected from the boundary is vary depending on film thickness, because the ultrasonic wave emitted to the interface between two surfaces does multiple reflection and interference in oil film. Quantitative measurement of oil film thickness then can be possible.

For instance, it is possible to measure the submicron film thickness which exists near the point contact formed by convex glass and plate with high frequency probe. And it is confirmed that the oil film thickness estimated from the echo height agrees with the film thickness decided by the curvature of the lens or obtained by the optical interference method, even if it is 100 nm.

On the other hand, the thickness of oil film between cylinder and piston ring can be easily measured by setting the small ultrasonic probe on the back of piston ring. For example, the influence of the second ring and oil ring for the behavior of an oil film formed on a top ring is able to evaluate quantitatively.

As mentioned above, it is cleared that quantitative evaluation of thin film thickness is possible with investigating the echo height obtained by ultrasonic wave pulse reflection method.
AE BEHAVIOR OF SMART STRESS MEMORY PATCH AFTER VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADING
Authors: FUJINO Y. , NAMBU S. , ENOKI M.
Published: May 2008

Recently, the structural health monitoring becomes increasingly great important to assure the ease and safety of our life, and it is required significantly to develop non-destructive evaluation for structures such as bridges and tunnels. Some sacrificed specimens have been developed to evaluate the fatigue damage of structures such as fatigue cycles and residual lifetime, but it can be applied only when the stress history is known beforehand. These fatigue sensors need no cable and can be used at low cost in contrast to strain gage. In previous study, a smart stress memory patch was developed as a new fatigue sensor. The patch can measure simultaneously the maximum stress, stress amplitude and the number of fatigue cycles by crack length measurement and Kaiser effect of Acoustic Emission (AE). The crack growth behavior under constant amplitude (CA) loading has been investigated, and AE behavior also has been evaluated only after CA loading. However, AE characteristics after variable amplitude (VA) loading in service are extremely important. Moreover, it is very important to control AE behavior of the smart patch in order to evaluate the applied stress using Kaiser effect. In this study, fatigue test with single overload was investigated to evaluate its influence. Moreover, effect of crack length and heat treatment on AE behavior was also investigated. Finally, AE behavior of the patch was evaluated after fatigue CA loading with overload or VA loading with log-normal distribution and overload.
THE NONLINEARITY OF GUIDED WAVE IN AN ELASTIC PLATE
Authors: LEE TAE-HUN , CHOI IK-HWANG , JHANG KYUNG-YOUNG
Published: May 2008

The ultrasonic nonlinearity has been considered as a promising method to evaluate the material degradation, since it is sensitive to the minute variation of material properties. However, most researches were restricted to the nonlinear phenomena of bulk (longitudinal) wave propagation in the bulky medium. In the case of plate, however, the propagating elastic wave is Lamb wave of which characteristics are completely different with the bulk wave, and thus the separate study for the nonlinearity of Lamb wave is required. This paper reports the result of our basic study on the nonlinear phenomena of Lamb waves, which proposes conditions for practical application as well as for the cumulative propagation of quadratic harmonic frequency mode; (1) phase matching, (2) non-zero power flux, (3) group velocity matching, and (4) non-zero out-of-plane displacement.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A NOVEL NONCONTACT VIBRATION SENSOR USING INCLINED-CUT OPTICAL FIBER
Authors: KIM KYONG-WOO , CHE WOO-SEONG , KWON HYU-SANG
Published: May 2008

This optical fiber sensors are being widely used alternative to conventional sensors in various applications because of small size, relatively light weight, high sensitivity and wide bandwidth. Also it has immunity to electromagnetic interferences, because of their dielectric, glass, or plastic nature, they are usually small and light, and they allow remote electric signal opto-electronic conversion and processing. In various uses of optical fiber, intensity modulation type sensor due to misalignment has practical usefulness because it can be realized in ease with low cost and simple structure. To overcome low sensitivity problem in intensity modulation type optical fiber sensor, inclined-cut optical fiber is considered here. Based on optical geometry, the inclined-cut optical fiber sensor is designed and fabricated. The experiments are carried out to evaluate sensor performance. The optical fiber sensor developed in this paper has sufficient precisions and therefore it is available to measure the vibration without contact.
A DESIGN FOR VERIFICATION APPROACH USING AN EMBEDDING OF PSL IN AsmL
Authors: GAWANMEH AMJAD , TAHAR SOFIÈNE , MOINUDEEN HAJA , HABIBI ALI
Published: May 2008

In this paper, we propose to integrate an embedding of Property Specification Language (PSL) in Abstract State Machines Language (AsmL) with a top–down design for verification approach in order to enable the model checking of large systems at the early stages of the design process. We provide a complete embedding of PSL in the ASM language AsmL, which allows us to integrate PSL properties as a part of the design. For verification, we propose a technique based on the AsmL tool that translates the code containing both the design and the properties into a finite state machine (FSM) representation. We use the generated FSM to run model checking on an external tool, here SMV. Our approach takes advantage of the AsmL language capabilities to model designs at the system level as well as from the power of the AsmL tool in generating both C# code and FSMs from AsmL models. We applied our approach on the PCI-X bus standard, which AsmL model was constructed from the informal standard specifications and a subsequent UML model. Experimental results on the PCI-X bus case study showed a superiority of our approach to conventional verification.
INSTRUCTION-SET EXTENSION FOR CRYPTOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS ON RECONFIGURABLE PLATFORM
Authors: MAJZOUB S. , DIAB H.
Published: May 2008

Reconfigurable Systems represent a middle trade-off between speed and flexibility in the processor design world. It provides performance close to the custom-hardware and yet preserves some of the general-purpose processor flexibility. Recently, the area of reconfigurable computing has received considerable interest in both its forms: the FPGA and coarse-grain hardware. Since the field is still in its developing stage, it is important to perform hardware analysis and evaluation of certain key applications on target reconfigurable architectures to identify potential limitations and improvements. This paper presents the mapping and performance analysis of two encryption algorithms, namely Rijndael and Twofish, on a coarse grain reconfigurable platform, namely MorphoSys. MorphoSys is a reconfigurable architecture targeted for multimedia applications. Since many cryptographic algorithms involve bitwise operations, bitwise instruction set extension was proposed to enhance the performance. We present the details of the mapping of the bitwise operations involved in the algorithms with thorough analysis. The methodology we used can be utilized in other systems.
A NOVEL FPGA-BASED APPROACH FOR DIGITAL WAVEFORM GENERATION USING ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS
Authors: QASIM SYED MANZOOR , ABBASI SHUJA AHMAD
Published: May 2008

This paper presents a novel approach for the generation of periodic waveforms in digital form using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and orthogonal functions. The orthogonal function consists of a set of Rademacher–Walsh Functions, and utilizing these functions, virtually any periodic waveform can be synthesized. Recent technological advancements in FPGA and availability of sophisticated digital design tools have made it possible to realize high-speed waveform generator in a cost-effective way. We demonstrate the proposed technique for the successful generation of Trapezoidal, Sinusoidal, Triangular waveforms, and a complex version of these waveforms. Simulation results for the various waveforms implemented in Xilinx Spartan-3 (XC3S200-4FT256) FPGA are presented both in analog and digital forms, and validated in MATLAB. The designed circuit can be easily integrated as a module for System-on-Chip (SoC) for on-chip waveform generation
Oceanic inside corner detachments of the Limassol Forest area, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus
Authors: CANN J. R. , PRICHARD H. M. , MALPAS J. G. , XENOPHONTOS C.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:
Flat-lying extensional detachment faults have been imaged in the inside corner regions of ridge–transform intersections on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Exposed detachment surfaces are 10 km or more across, and are corrugated in the direction of spreading, as are continental detachments. Beneath the detachments lie core complexes of peridotite and gabbro; these are overlain by blocks of crustal material. We argue here that similar detachments are an essential component of the Limassol Forest area of the Troodos ophiolite in Cyprus, which lies south of the Arakapas Fault zone, previously recognized as a palaeo-transform fault, and here interpreted as a transform fault that evolved into a fracture zone. In the Limassol Forest, core complexes of mantle peridotite can be shown to have been exposed at the sea floor, or to have been covered by overlapping crustal blocks, separated from the peridotite core and from each other by low-angle extensional faults. The extension can be shown to have occurred shortly after crustal construction, and the already extended terrain was then intruded by swarms of dykes and plutons. We interpret these relations as arising when crust is constructed in an inside corner area, extended by detachment faulting, deformed further during slip along the transform, and then intruded by new magma as it passes the second spreading centre. The structurally deeper parts of the crustal blocks that overlie the detachment lie broadly towards the west, indicating that the spreading axis lay in that direction. The ophiolite north of the transform is much less extended, and we interpret this as a section of outside corner crust. In this interpretation, the Troodos ophiolite formed to the east (in its current orientation) of a ridge–transform–ridge intersection, in which the transform had a dextral offset and sinistral slip. The part of the ophiolite that forms the Limassol Forest was produced at the western inside corner, and spread eastwards until it passed the second spreading axis, at which point the ophiolite north of the Arakapas Fault was created and welded to the Limassol Forest when the transform became a fracture zone.
Arc-ophiolite obduction in the Western Kunlun Range (China): implications for the Palaeozoic evolution of central Asia
Authors: XIAO WENJIAO , WINDLEY BRIANF. , HAO JIE , LI JILIANG
Published: May 2008

The nature of the ‘Kudi ophiolite’ in the Western Kunlun Range is hotly debated. Our new structural–geochemical data reveal that it is actually an arc ophiolite comprising: (1) arc- or ophiolite-derived turbidites of two generations containing Late Ordovician–Silurian and Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous radiolarians; (2) a central intra-oceanic (Yixieke) arc with basalt–andesite–tuff–agglomerate; (3) lower (Buziwan) oceanic crust containing dunite–harzburgite–gabbro. We propose the following tectonic evolution. South-dipping subduction in Late Cambrian to earliest Ordovician time generated the Yixieke arc on top of the Buziwan oceanic crust–mantle. This subduction led to emplacement of the arc northwards onto the North Kunlun terrane (Tarim block), creating an active continental margin with northward subduction below it. The Kudi ophiolite was thrust southeastward over the incoming Kudi continental (gneiss) terrane in mid-Ordovician–mid-Devonian time. During a tectonic hiatus in the Kudi region Late Devonian–Carboniferous subduction further west led to development of the Oytag arc, formerly regarded as an equivalent of the Kudi ophiolite. Lower Permian arc lavas and Upper Triassic granites in the Xiananqiao arc south of Kudi mark the resumption of north-dipping subduction before final collision with the incoming Qiangtang block. Comparison with the Lapeiquan ophiolite in the Eastern Kunlun assists regional correlation along this Palaeozoic orogen and constrains Cenozoic displacement of the Altyn Tagh fault.
Pre-eruptional magmatic zircon, Neogene Alborán volcanic province, SE Spain
Authors: ZECK H.P. , WHITEHOUSE M.J.
Published: May 2008

Hornblende–biotite– (?)pyroxene dacite from Cerro Morrón de Mateo, Sierra de Gata, SE Spain has two types of zircon grains, a major, younger group with a weighted average ion microprobe U–Pb zircon age of 11.69 ± 0.15(2
σ
) Ma and a minor, older one of 13.58 ± 0.31(2
σ
) Ma. The younger crystals have mostly euhedral habit and zoning, and vary in size from

c.

50 to 650 μm; a few show signs of late stage resorbtion in the form of glass filled embayments. The older crystals have anhedral zoning and irregular, corroded outlines. Considering its eruption age of 10.70 ± 0.15(2
σ
) Ma (
40
Ar/
39
Ar biotite plateau ages), these two zircon generations suggest a gestation period of at least 1 (–3) Ma for the Morrón de Mateo magma. Like zircon, quartz, plagioclase, biotite and hornblende, major phenocryst phases, also show variable resorbtion effects. That suggests that the erupted dacitic magma body consisted of several batches with somewhat different history, which were brought together some time before extrusion.
Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago: a faunal and palaeomagnetic review
Authors: Cocks L.R.M. , Torsvik T.H.
Published: May 2008

Very different palaeogeographical reconstructions have been produced by a combination of palaeomagnetic and faunal data, which are re-evaluated on a global basis for the period from 500 to 400 Ma, and are presented with appropriate confidence (or lack of it) on six maps at 20 Ma intervals. The palaeomagnetic results are the most reliable for establishing the changing palaeolatitudes of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia. However, global palaeomagnetic reliability dwindles over the 100 Ma, and more evidence for relative continental positioning can be gleaned from study of the distribution of the faunas in the later parts of the interval. The new maps were generated initially from palaeomagnetic data when available, but sometimes modified, and terranes were positioned in longitude to take account of key faunal data derived from the occurrences of selected trilobites, brachiopods and fish. Kinematic continuity over the long period is maintained. The many terranes without reliable palaeomagnetic data are placed according to the affinities of their contained fauna. The changing positions of the vast palaeocontinent of Gondwana (which has hitherto been poorly constrained) as it drifted over the South Pole during the interval have been revised and are now more confidently shown following analysis of both faunal and palaeomagnetic data in combination, as well as by the glacial and periglacial sediments in the latest Ordovician. In contrast, the peri-Gondwanan and other terranes of the Middle and Far East, Central Asia and Central America are poorly constrained.
Domainal deformation patterns and strain partitioning during transpression: an example from the Southern Uplands terrane, Scotland
Authors: Holdsworth R.E. , Tavarnelli E. , Clegg P. , Pinheiro R.V.L. , Jones R.R. , McCaffrey K.J.W.
Published: May 2008

The partitioning of deformation into wrench- and contraction-dominated deformation domains is a widely reported but poorly described phenomenon in ancient transpression zones. This paper documents spectacularly exposed examples of such partitioning from the Southern Uplands terrane in SE Scotland (Berwickshire), which was deformed during late Llandovery to Wenlock time. A well-exposed coastal section from Eyemouth to Burnmouth preserves a broadly homoclinal sequence in which a highly heterogeneous array of contemporaneous structures formed during regional triclinic transpression. The deformation involved components of NW–SE contraction with subvertical extension, top-to-the-SE thrusting and top-to-the-SW sinistral shear. In the northern third of the section studied these components are partitioned into a series of fault-bounded, metre- to kilometre-scale structural domains that contain geometrically and kinematically distinct assemblages of variably curvilinear folds, strike-slip detachments and locally transecting cleavages. The structures are all broadly contemporaneous and, in individual domains, record either non-coaxial contractional- or sinistral wrench-dominated strains. Similar highly heterogeneous, domainal structural patterns are likely to be found in other regions of oblique convergence in both ancient and modern settings.
Magmatic arc fault systems, deformation partitioning and emplacement of granitic complexes in the Coastal Cordillera, north Chilean Andes (25°30′S to 27°00′S)
Authors: Grocott John , Taylor Graeme K.
Published: May 2008

Three fault systems were responsible for Permian to Late Cretaceous deformation of the overriding plate of the Andean convergent margin in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile (25°30′ to 27°00′S). Displacements were linked to crustal growth expressed by the emplacement of a sequence of magmatic arcs. The Tigrillo Fault System, active from Triassic to Early Cretaceous time, was characterized by arc-normal extension with increasing left-oblique extension (transtension) from Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time. Stretching of the crust created space for Triassic, Early Jurassic and Early Cretaceous arc basins where epiclastic, volcaniclastic and volcanic sequences accumulated in continental to shallow marine environments. Tabular plutonic complexes were emplaced by roof uplift–floor subsidence that allowed a vertical transfer of material in the crust without significant horizontal extension. The Atacama Fault System was initiated at
c.
132 Ma as a (mainly) left strike-slip fault during left-oblique extension of the margin. Elongate, tabular plutonic complexes were emplaced within the Atacama Fault System between
c.
132 and
c.
106 Ma, again by roof uplift–floor subsidence mechanisms. Ductile–brittle transitions in synplutonic mylonitic rocks of the Atacama Fault System provided the setting for Kiruna-type Fe-apatite, and Fe oxide (with Cu and/or Au) ores. The Chivato Fault System was active as an extensional fault system at the eastern side of the Coastal Cordillera during displacement on the Tigrillo Fault System and later, between
c.
125 and
c.
93 Ma, as a partitioned left-oblique extensional fault system. In post-Early Cretaceous time the Chivato Fault System was inverted by left-oblique contraction (transpression) when NW-trending transfer faults, some probably reactivated lateral ramps in the Tigrillo Fault System, accommodated clockwise vertical-axis rotations of 35–45°. Contraction inverted the Atacama Fault System and Tigrillo Fault System and was responsible for west-vergent, thin-skinned, fold–thrust deformation in stratified rocks throughout the margin.