bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gustavo Capanema: criação da Comissão Nacional de Ensino Primário
Authors: Quadros Raquel Dos Santos , Machado Maria Cristina Gomes
Published: June 2015

O presente artigo tem por objetivo problematizar a situação da educação primária no Brasil e as ações desenvolvidas para sanar esse problema na história da educação brasileira, com essa finalidade investiga-se a criação da Comissão Nacional do Ensino Primário (CNEP) no Brasil no ano de 1938, período em que Gustavo Capanema Filho (1900-1985), político e intelectual brasileiro, esteve à frente do Ministério da Educação e Saúde, historicamente conhecido como ‘Era Vargas’. No trabalho são apresentados alguns debates e estratégias levantadas nas sessões da Comissão. Destaca-se que a formação do indivíduo, por meio da educação, foi considerada o motor para a ordem e o progresso da nação no contexto analisado.
Refletindo sobre a tensão entre pesquisa e prática: o caso do ensino de ciências
Authors: Pereira Talita Vidal
Published: June 2015

Nesse artigo a ideia de que os resultados das pesquisas em educação não são incorporados adequadamente na formulação de políticas educacionais é problematizada a partir de argumentos desenvolvidos em uma perspectiva pós-estruturalista e pós-colonial. Esses argumentos tomam como objeto de análise as produções das comunidades disciplinares que pesquisam o ensino de ciências com a compreensão de que elas expressam discursos que circulam nos diferentes contextos de produção curricular. A análise rompe com a distinção entre conhecimento e cultura e passa a assumi-los como processo de enunciação de sentidos. Interessa discutir como as concepções dos pesquisadores sobre o conhecimento e as práticas docentes são informadas por um realismo epistemológico que fundamenta a dimensão transformadora que é atribuída ao conhecimento, cuja apropriação é significada como possibilidade de emancipação.
A escrita de estudantes na universidade: uma análise das dimensões dos indivíduos
Authors: Silva Elizabeth Maria da
Published: June 2015

Neste ensaio, objetivamos problematizar a tensão que surge entre as expectativas do professor e as interpretações do estudante quanto à escrita acadêmica, considerando três dimensões do indivíduo: papel social, identidade e suporte. Para tal, evidenciamos que a realização de atividades de produção textual acadêmica exige dos estudantes tanto a apropriação de um papel social, quanto de uma identidade acadêmica para que eles sejam reconhecidos como membros da academia. Os suportes, em especial os “suportes amigáveis”, se configuram como uma dimensão importante nesse processo de reconhecimento dos estudantes na esfera universitária.
Um estudo observacional sobre as interações de crianças/adolescentes com deficiência intelectual no ensino regular
Authors: Garghetti Francine Cristine , Nuernberg Adriano Henrique , Medeiros José Gonçalves
Published: June 2015

Esse estudo caracterizou as interações de crianças/adolescentes com deficiência intelectual incluídas no ensino regular por meio de observação naturalística de crianças/adolescentes com e sem deficiência intelectual em ambiente escolar. A análise quantitativa realizou-se por meio de procedimentos de estatística descritiva e a análise qualitativa centrou-se na discussão dos dados quantificados. Os resultados indicaram que ambos os grupos participaram efetivamente na realização das tarefas escolares e apresentaram distração em proporção semelhante. Os sujeitos com deficiência apresentaram porcentagem maior em três dos cinco comportamentos acadêmicos. Nas interações não-acadêmicas, das nove subcategorias, apresentaram frequência maior em três. Nas não-interações registrou-se índices idênticos entre os grupos. Houve pouca diferença nos tipos de interações apresentadas pelas crianças/adolescentes com e sem deficiência intelectual e baixo índice de resistência a colegas em condição diferente ou de deficiência.
Tecnologia e Educação: Quais os desafios?
Authors: Caetano Luís Miguel Dias
Published: June 2015

Nos últimos anos temos assistido a um enorme investimento em recursos tecnológicos na educação. É internacionalmente reconhecido que Portugal ocupa uns dos primeiros lugares europeus em termos de disponibilização de tecnologias nas escolas. Contudo, são muitas as vozes que colocam algumas dúvidas sobre a eficácia e eficiência desses investimentos. No momento de avaliar os projectos tecnológicos encontram-se com alguma frequência, falhas ao nível da formação de professores e nas metodologias com que esses recursos são utilizados. Este artigo visa compreender o verdadeiro papel da tecnologia na educação e apresentar algumas orientações para que a sua integração aconteça com maior intencionalidade educativa.
Desafios da educação de crianças que residem com suas mães em unidade prisional: o papel da Universidade e do poder público
Authors: Bruscato Andrea Cristiane Maraschin , Rangel Ana Cristina
Published: June 2015

O presente artigo apresenta o projeto de atenção ao desenvolvimento infantil dos bebês que residem com suas mães apenadas na instituição prisional Penitenciária Feminina Estadual Madre Pelletier/RS. Ele promove ações visando ao bem-estar físico, afetivo e sócio cognitivo das crianças entre 3 e 12 meses, na perspectiva do cuidar e educar. Estudantes da Pedagogia, sob orientação e supervisão de professores do Curso, planejam e desenvolvem atividades educativas duas vezes por semana, considerando as especificidades da rotina carcerária e as necessidades de desenvolvimento dos bebês. Porém, é preciso reconhecer que faltam políticas públicas comprometidas com as necessidades de desenvolvimento dessas crianças para que possam assegurar que o vínculo mãe-bebê se estabeleça da forma mais saudável possível.
Os desafios da docência na Universidade para todos: os efeitos do imperativo da inclusão
Authors: Provin Priscila , Fabris Elí Terezinha Henn
Published: June 2015

Este artigo anuncia alguns desafios aos professores universitários, que cada vez mais são instados a trabalhar com as diferenças dos sujeitos nas instituições de Ensino Superior. Toma-se como ponto de partida programas de acesso ao Ensino Superior, desenvolvidos por um conjunto de Universidades Comunitárias do sul do Brasil. Parte-se de uma perspectiva teórica que toma a linguagem como constitutiva e não apenas representacional, dessa forma são constituídos o conhecimento e os sujeitos. A metodologia utilizada foi a de análise documental. Argumenta-se que somente programas de acesso não são suficientes para garantir a permanência dos estudantes nas Universidades. Pretende-se mostrar que, ao narrar esses sujeitos, não mais os entendendo como problemas, mas sim como possibilidades, é possível que sejam produzidos outros alunos e outras formas de viver a inclusão na Universidade.
Consumption of 100% Fruit Juice is Associated with Better Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality but not with Weight Status in Children: NHANES 2007-2010
Authors: Nicklas Theresa A. , O’Neil Carol E. , Fulgoni Victor L.
Published: June 2015

Objective: This study examined the impact of various levels of 100% fruit juice (FJ) consumption on intake of nutrients, diet quality, and weight in children using the more recent national data.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study examining the data from children 2-18 years of age (n=6,090). Intake of nutrients and diet quality were assessed using the 24-hr dietary recall and Healthy Eating Index-2010, respectively. Various consumption levels of 100% FJ were determined. Covariate adjusted linear regression means, and standard errors were determined (p<0.01).
Results: Average per capita consumption of 100% FJ consumed was 3.6 fl oz (50 kilocalories; 2.9% energy intake); 30% of children 2-6 years exceeded the recommendation for 100% FJ. Among 100% FJ consumers, the mean amount of 100% FJ consumed was 10.6 fl oz (147 kilocalories; 8.4% energy intake). Intakes of vitamin C, magnesium, and potassium and overall diet quality were higher with more 100% FJ consumed; no difference was found in total fiber intake. No trends were seen in weight with increased amounts of 100% FJ consumed.
Conclusions: Consumption of 100% FJ should be recommended as a component of a healthy diet.
Advanced students’ L1 (Swedish) and L2 (English) mastery of suffixation
Authors: Karlsson Monica
Published: June 2015

Developing the skill to form derivatives is a slow incremental process even for native speakers of English, starting in elementary school and continuing through high school. In fact, it appears to be a universally challenging area of the lexicon. Nevertheless, studies have shown that it is one of the most important skills to possess for a learner aiming to enlarge his/her L2 vocabulary and that it therefore may be worth the while for learners spending time on gaining mastery of derivative forms. In the present investigation, 15 Swedish first- term university students were asked to take two gap-filling context-based tests on suffixation, one in their L1 (Swedish) and one in their L2 (English), both of which were frequency-based (both stem and suffix considered). The students were also asked to evaluate their L1 and L2 knowledge of suffixation. The present study thus addresses the following research questions: Considering 1) the combined frequency of the stem and suffix, 2) the complexity of the suffix (in terms of frequency, predictability, productivity and regularity) and 3) what word classes the suffixes are able to form, what 1) quantitative and 2) qualitative knowledge of suffixation do Swedish university students have in English as their L2 as compared to their L1?
Investigating negotiation of meaning in EFL children with very low levels of proficiency
Authors: Lázaro Amparo , Azpilicueta Raúl
Published: June 2015

Numerous studies hold that interaction has beneficial effects on second language acquisition among adults and children in second language contexts. However, data from children learning English as a foreign language are still unavailable. In order to fill this research niche, this study examines the conversational interactions of 8 pairs of young (ages 7-8) learners of English as a foreign language while playing a game in the classroom. The objective is to document which conversational strategies these learners use and to compare them to those previously reported for other populations. The analysis of our data shows that these children negotiate significantly less than other populations but use a variety of strategies to negotiate for meaning. Also, they resort to the L1 on some occasions and use explicit correction quite often. In light of these results we will argue in favour of using these types of interactive activities in the classroom.
Perception of sexuality and fertility in women living with HIV: a questionnaire study from two Nordic countries
Authors: Wessman Maria , Aho Inka , Thorsteinsson Kristina , Storgaard Merete , Johansen Isik S , Lunding Suzanne , Pedersen Gitte , Lebech Anne‐Mette , Kivelä Pia , Helleberg Marie , Katzenstein Terese L , Weis Nina
Published: June 2015

Introduction

As the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive population ages, issues concerning sexuality and fertility, among others, are becoming relevant. HIV is still surrounded by stigma and taboos, and there have been few studies conducted in industrialized settings concerning these questions. We therefore wanted to investigate the perception of sexuality and fertility in women living with HIV (WLWH) in an industrialized setting, using a questionnaire.

Methods

WLWH were recruited at their regular outpatient clinic visits, at the major Departments of Infectious Diseases in Denmark and Finland, from January 2012 to October 2013. A questionnaire was developed, study participants were informed of the nature of study and, if they agreed to participate and signed a consent form, they filled in the questionnaire. Demographic information on the participants was obtained from patient files (in Finland) or from a national HIV cohort (in Denmark). Statistical analysis was performed using STATA®, version 11.

Results

In total, 560 women were included in the study. The median age was 44 years. The majority were of white European origin, with fully suppressed HIV viral load, CD4 cell count >350 µL and mild or no symptoms of their HIV infection. A total of 62% were sexually active, stating condom use as their sole form of contraception. Of the sexually inactive women, one‐third were in steady relationships. Eighty percent reported prior pregnancies, of which the majority had one or more children. Most children were born prior to the women's HIV diagnosis and the mode of conception was predominantly natural. One‐quarter of the participating women desired pregnancy, while more than half did not. The remaining quarter either stated that they already had the desired number of children or chose not to answer the question. Fourteen percent stated that their HIV diagnosis ended their wish for children; of these women, the median time of diagnosis was between 1995 and 1996. Pregnancy had been attempted unsuccessfully in one‐quarter of study participants. The final question inquired what the risk of mother‐to‐child transmission was, with all precautions taken. Fifteen percent estimated the risk to be above two percent.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the majority of WLWH in industrialized settings in Denmark and Finland have few HIV‐related symptoms, are sexually active and have a strong desire for children.
An internal thioester in a pathogen surface protein mediates covalent host binding
Authors: Walden Miriam , Edwards John M , Dziewulska Aleksandra M , Bergmann Rene , Saalbach Gerhard , Kan Su-Yin , Miller Ona K , Weckener Miriam , Jackson Rosemary J , Shirran Sally L , Botting Catherine H , Florence Gordon J , Rohde Manfred , Banfield Mark J , Schwarz-Linek Ulrich
Published: June 2015

To cause disease and persist in a host, pathogenic and commensal microbes must adhere to tissues. Colonization and infection depend on specific molecular interactions at the host-microbe interface that involve microbial surface proteins, or adhesins. To date, adhesins are only known to bind to host receptors non-covalently. Here we show that the streptococcal surface protein SfbI mediates covalent interaction with the host protein fibrinogen using an unusual internal thioester bond as a ‘chemical harpoon’. This cross-linking reaction allows bacterial attachment to fibrin and SfbI binding to human cells in a model of inflammation. Thioester-containing domains are unexpectedly prevalent in Gram-positive bacteria, including many clinically relevant pathogens. Our findings support bacterial-encoded covalent binding as a new molecular principle in host-microbe interactions. This represents an as yet unexploited target to treat bacterial infection and may also offer novel opportunities for engineering beneficial interactions.
Spatial and temporal variations in rockfall determined from TLS measurements in a deglaciated valley, Switzerland
Authors: Strunden Josy , Ehlers Todd A. , Brehm Daniel , Nettesheim Matthias
Published: June 2015

Steep U‐shaped valleys produced by glaciation are commonly eroded by rockfall. In this study we investigate modern and long‐term (power law predicted) rates of rock wall retreat in a deglaciated valley. Our emphasis is on the 5.2 km2 calcareous cliffs covering in the Lauterbrunnen Valley, Switzerland. Terrestrial laser scans were collected during nine field campaigns over 18 months to provide a continuous coverage of most of the valley walls. Results indicate a total of 122 rockfalls with volumes ranging between 0.06 ± 0.01 and 119.34 ± 1.07 m3. Different size groups of rockfall events were correlated with environmental factors (e.g., freeze‐thaw cycles/temperature, precipitation, and seismicity) using a linear regression with variable lag times of 0–6 months. The highest correlation factor (r = 0.6, P = 0.08, 90% significance level) is observed for freeze‐thaw cycles and rockfall events smaller than 1 m3 with a 2 month delay between temperature extremes and rockfall. Frequency‐magnitude relationships for rockfall events were calculated to predict less frequent larger rockfall events that did not occur during the observation period. A Monte Carlo analysis was applied to the frequency‐magnitude relationship to evaluate the sensitivity of results to their stochastic nature. An average power law exponent of 1.71 ± 0.09 was calculated using linear regression. The calculated exponents are similar to other studies in calcareous rock settings conducted over different observation durations. Finally, we determine an average total eroded volume of  m3/yr and a corresponding long‐term (power law predicted) cliff retreat rate of .
SPARX: A modeling system for Solar Energetic Particle Radiation Space Weather forecasting
Authors: Marsh M. S. , Dalla S. , Dierckxsens M. , Laitinen T. , Crosby N. B.
Published: June 2015

The capability to predict the parameters of an SEP event such as its onset, peak flux, and duration is critical to assessing any potential space weather impact. We present a new flexible modeling system simulating the propagation of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) from locations near the Sun to any given location in the heliosphere to forecast the SEP flux profiles. Solar Particle Radiation SWx (SPARX) uses an innovative methodology that allows implementation within an operational framework to overcome the time constraints of test particle modeling of SEP profiles, allowing the production of near‐real‐time SEP nowcasts and forecasts, when paired with appropriate near‐real‐time triggers. SPARX has the capability to produce SEP forecasts within minutes of being triggered by observations of a solar eruptive event. The model is based on the test particle approach and is spatially 3‐D, thus allowing for the possibility of transport in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. The model naturally includes the effects of perpendicular propagation due to drifts and drift‐induced deceleration. The modeling framework and the way in which parameters of relevance for Space Weather forecasting are obtained are described. The first results from the modeling system are presented. These results demonstrate that corotation and drift of SEP streams play an important role in shaping SEP flux profiles.
River infiltration to a subtropical alluvial aquifer inferred using multiple environmental tracers
Authors: Lamontagne S. , Taylor A. R. , Batlle‐Aguilar J. , Suckow A. , Cook P. G. , Smith S. D. , Morgenstern U. , Stewart M. K.
Published: June 2015

Chloride (Cl−), stable isotope ratios of water (δ18O and δ2H), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), tritium (3H), carbon‐14 (14C), noble gases (4He, Ne, and Ar), and hydrometry were used to characterize groundwater‐surface water interactions, in particular infiltration rates, for the Lower Namoi River (New South Wales, Australia). The study period (four sampling campaigns between November 2009 and November 2011) represented the end of a decade‐long drought followed by several high‐flow events. The hydrometry showed that the river was generally losing to the alluvium, except when storm‐derived floodwaves in the river channel generated bank recharge—discharge cycles. Using 3H/14C‐derived estimates of groundwater mean residence time along the transect, infiltration rates ranged from 0.6 to 5 m yr−1. However, when using the peak transition age (a more realistic estimate of travel time in highly dispersive environments), the range in infiltration rate was larger (4–270 m yr−1). Both river water (highest δ2H, δ18O, SF6, 3H, and 14C) and an older groundwater source (lowest δ2H, δ18O, SF6, 3H, 14C, and highest 4He) were found in the riparian zone. This old groundwater end‐member may represent leakage from an underlying confined aquifer (Great Artesian Basin). Environmental tracers may be used to estimate infiltration rates in this riparian environment but the presence of multiple sources of water and a high dispersion induced by frequent variations in the water table complicates their interpretation.
Linear functional minimization for inverse modeling
Authors: Barajas‐Solano D. A. , Wohlberg B. E. , Vesselinov V. V. , Tartakovsky D. M.
Published: June 2015

We present a novel inverse modeling strategy to estimate spatially distributed parameters of nonlinear models. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimators of these parameters are based on a likelihood functional, which contains spatially discrete measurements of the system parameters and spatiotemporally discrete measurements of the transient system states. The piecewise continuity prior for the parameters is expressed via Total Variation (TV) regularization. The MAP estimator is computed by minimizing a nonquadratic objective equipped with the TV operator. We apply this inversion algorithm to estimate hydraulic conductivity of a synthetic confined aquifer from measurements of conductivity and hydraulic head. The synthetic conductivity field is composed of a low‐conductivity heterogeneous intrusion into a high‐conductivity heterogeneous medium. Our algorithm accurately reconstructs the location, orientation, and extent of the intrusion from the steady‐state data only. Addition of transient measurements of hydraulic head improves the parameter estimation, accurately reconstructing the conductivity field in the vicinity of observation locations.
Integration of microseismic monitoring data into coupled flow and geomechanical models with ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Tarrahi Mohammadali , Jafarpour Behnam , Ghassemi Ahmad
Published: June 2015

Hydraulic stimulation of low‐permeability rocks in enhanced geothermal systems, shale resources, and CO2 storage aquifers can trigger microseismic events, also known as microearthquakes (MEQs). The distribution of microseismic source locations in the reservoir may reveal important information about the distribution of hydraulic and geomechanical rock properties. In this paper, we present a framework for conditioning heterogeneous rock permeability and geomechanical property distributions on microseismic data. To simulate the multiphysics processes in these systems, we combine a fully coupled flow and geomechanical model with the Mohr‐Coulomb type rock failure criterion. The resulting multiphysics simulation constitutes the forecast model that relates microseismic source locations to reservoir rock properties. We adopt this forward model in an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation framework to jointly estimate reservoir permeability and geomechanical property distributions from injection‐induced microseismic response measurements. We show that integration of a large number of spatially correlated microseismic data with practical ensemble sizes can lead to severe underestimation of ensemble spread, and eventually ensemble collapse. To mitigate the variance underestimation issue, two low‐rank data representation schemes are presented and discussed. In the first approach, microseismic data are projected onto a low‐dimensional subspace defined by the left singular vectors of the perturbed observation matrix. The second method uses a coarser grid for representing the microseismic data. A series of numerical experiments is presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods and to illustrate their applicability for assimilating microseismic data into coupled flow and geomechanical forward models to estimate multiphysics rock properties.
Feedback temperature dependence determines the risk of high warming
Authors: Bloch‐Johnson Jonah , Pierrehumbert Raymond T. , Abbot Dorian S.
Published: June 2015

The long‐term warming from an anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 is often assumed to be proportional to the forcing associated with that increase. This paper examines this linear approximation using a zero‐dimensional energy balance model with a temperature‐dependent feedback, with parameter values drawn from physical arguments and general circulation models. For a positive feedback temperature dependence, warming increases Earth's sensitivity, while greater sensitivity makes Earth warm more. These effects can feed on each other, greatly amplifying warming. As a result, for reasonable values of feedback temperature dependence and preindustrial feedback, Earth can jump to a warmer state under only one or two CO2 doublings. The linear approximation breaks down in the long tail of high climate sensitivity commonly seen in observational studies. Understanding feedback temperature dependence is therefore essential for inferring the risk of high warming from modern observations. Studies that assume linearity likely underestimate the risk of high warming.
Evaluation of the applicability of the Estimated State of the Global Ocean for Climate Research (ESTOC) data set
Authors: Osafune S. , Masuda S. , Sugiura N. , Doi T.
Published: June 2015

A long‐term data synthesis experiment was conducted for the period 1957–2011 using a modified quasi‐global four‐dimensional variational data assimilation system that was originally developed to improve the representation of the deep ocean, including a unique method for anomaly assimilation. The overall characteristics of the resulting ocean state estimate, which is dynamically consistent without any artificial sources or sinks for heat and salt, are evaluated in the Pacific Ocean. It is shown that the data set better represents the comprehensive ocean state: the mean state of the water mass distribution and volume transport and components of temporal variability from the sea surface to the bottom on interannual to multidecadal timescales. This suggests that the data set can be used to examine interactions between temporal variations throughout the entire depth range and is useful for understanding ocean physics and its role in the climate system.
Relativistic electron precipitations in association with diffuse aurora: Conjugate observation of SAMPEX and the all‐sky TV camera at Syowa Station
Authors: Kurita Satoshi , Kadokura Akira , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Morioka Akira , Sato Yuka , Misawa Hiroaki
Published: June 2015

It has been believed that whistler mode waves can cause relativistic electron precipitations. It has been also pointed out that pitch angle scattering of ∼keV electrons by whistler mode waves results in diffuse auroras. Thus, it is natural to expect relativistic electron precipitations associated with diffuse auroras. Based on a conjugate observation between the SAMPEX spacecraft and the all‐sky TV camera at Syowa Station, we report, for the first time, a case in which relativistic electron precipitations are associated with diffuse aurora. The SAMPEX observation shows that the precipitations of > 1 MeV electrons are well accompanied with those of > 150 and > 400 keV electrons. This indicates that electrons in the energy range from several keV to > 1 MeV precipitate into the atmosphere simultaneously. Our result supports the idea that whistler mode waves contribute to both generation of diffuse auroras and relativistic electron precipitations.
Global MHD simulations of Mercury's magnetosphere with coupled planetary interior: Induction effect of the planetary conducting core on the global interaction
Authors: Jia Xianzhe , Slavin James A. , Gombosi Tamas I. , Daldorff Lars K. S. , Toth Gabor , van der Holst Bart
Published: June 2015

Mercury's comparatively weak intrinsic magnetic field and its close proximity to the Sun lead to a magnetosphere that undergoes more direct space‐weathering interactions than other planets. A unique aspect of Mercury's interaction system arises from the large ratio of the scale of the planet to the scale of the magnetosphere and the presence of a large‐size core composed of highly conducting material. Consequently, there is strong feedback between the planetary interior and the magnetosphere, especially under conditions of strong external forcing. Understanding the coupled solar wind‐magnetosphere‐interior interaction at Mercury requires not only analysis of observations but also a modeling framework that is both comprehensive and inclusive. We have developed a new global MHD model for Mercury in which the planetary interior is modeled as layers of different electrical conductivities that electromagnetically couple to the surrounding plasma environment. This new modeling capability allows us to characterize the dynamical response of Mercury to time‐varying external conditions in a self‐consistent manner. Comparison of our model results with observations by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft shows that the model provides a reasonably good representation of the global magnetosphere. To demonstrate the capability to model induction effects, we have performed idealized simulations in which Mercury's magnetosphere is impacted by a solar wind pressure enhancement. Our results show that due to the induction effect, Mercury's core exerts strong global influences on the way Mercury responds to changes in the external environment, including modifying the global magnetospheric structure and affecting the extent to which the solar wind directly impacts the surface. The global MHD model presented here represents a crucial step toward establishing a modeling framework that enables self‐consistent characterization of Mercury's tightly coupled planetary interior‐magnetosphere system.
UV solar irradiance in observations and the NRLSSI and SATIRE‐S models
Authors: Yeo K. L. , Ball W. T. , Krivova N. A. , Solanki S. K. , Unruh Y. C. , Morrill J.
Published: June 2015

Total solar irradiance and UV spectral solar irradiance has been monitored since 1978 through a succession of space missions. This is accompanied by the development of models aimed at replicating solar irradiance by relating the variability to solar magnetic activity. The Naval Research Laboratory Solar Spectral Irradiance (NRLSSI) and Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstruction for the Satellite era (SATIRE‐S) models provide the most comprehensive reconstructions of total and spectral solar irradiance over the period of satellite observation currently available. There is persistent controversy between the various measurements and models in terms of the wavelength dependence of the variation over the solar cycle, with repercussions on our understanding of the influence of UV solar irradiance variability on the stratosphere. We review the measurement and modeling of UV solar irradiance variability over the period of satellite observation. The SATIRE‐S reconstruction is consistent with spectral solar irradiance observations where they are reliable. It is also supported by an independent, empirical reconstruction of UV spectral solar irradiance based on Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite/Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor measurements from an earlier study. The weaker solar cycle variability produced by NRLSSI between 300 and 400 nm is not evident in any available record. We show that although the method employed to construct NRLSSI is principally sound, reconstructed solar cycle variability is detrimentally affected by the uncertainty in the SSI observations it draws upon in the derivation. Based on our findings, we recommend, when choosing between the two models, the use of SATIRE‐S for climate studies.
Relationships between convective structure and transport of aerosols to the upper troposphere deduced from satellite observations
Authors: Chakraborty Sudip , Fu Rong , Wright Jonathon S. , Massie Steven T.
Published: June 2015

We estimate the extent of upper tropospheric aerosol layers (UT ALs) surrounding mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and explore the relationships between UT AL extent and the morphology, location, and developmental stage of collocated MCSs in the tropics. Our analysis is based on satellite data collected over equatorial Africa, South Asia, and the Amazon basin between June 2006 and June 2008. We identify substantial variations in the relationships between convective properties and aerosol transport by region and stage of convective development. The most extensive UT ALs over equatorial Africa are associated with mature MCSs, while the most extensive UT ALs over South Asia and the Amazon are associated with growing MCSs. Convective aerosol transport over the Amazon is weaker than that observed over the other two regions despite similar transport frequencies, likely due to the smaller sizes and shorter mean lifetimes of MCSs over the Amazon. Variations in UT ALs in the vicinity of tropical MCSs are primarily explained by variations in the horizontal sizes of the associated MCSs and are largely unrelated to aerosol loading in the lower troposphere. We also identify potentially important relationships with the number of convective cores, vertical wind shear, and convective fraction during the growing and mature stages of MCS development. Relationships between convective properties and aerosol transport are relatively weak during the decaying stage of convective development. Our results provide an interpretive framework for devising and evaluating numerical model experiments that examine relationships between convective properties and ALs in the upper troposphere.
Comparison of “warm and wet” and “cold and icy” scenarios for early Mars in a 3‐D climate model
Authors: Wordsworth Robin D. , Kerber Laura , Pierrehumbert Raymond T. , Forget Francois , Head James W.
Published: June 2015

We use a 3‐D general circulation model to compare the primitive Martian hydrological cycle in “warm and wet” and “cold and icy” scenarios. In the warm and wet scenario, an anomalously high solar flux or intense greenhouse warming artificially added to the climate model are required to maintain warm conditions and an ice‐free northern ocean. Precipitation shows strong surface variations, with high rates around Hellas basin and west of Tharsis but low rates around Margaritifer Sinus (where the observed valley network drainage density is nonetheless high). In the cold and icy scenario, snow migration is a function of both obliquity and surface pressure, and limited episodic melting is possible through combinations of seasonal, volcanic, and impact forcing. At surface pressures above those required to avoid atmospheric collapse (∼0.5 bar) and moderate to high obliquity, snow is transported to the equatorial highland regions where the concentration of valley networks is highest. Snow accumulation in the Aeolis quadrangle is high, indicating an ice‐free northern ocean is not required to supply water to Gale crater. At lower surface pressures and obliquities, both H2O and CO2are trapped as ice at the poles and the equatorial regions become extremely dry. The valley network distribution is positively correlated with snow accumulation produced by the cold and icy simulation at 41.8∘obliquity but uncorrelated with precipitation produced by the warm and wet simulation. Because our simulations make specific predictions for precipitation patterns under different climate scenarios, they motivate future targeted geological studies.
An analytical framework for flood water conservation considering forecast uncertainty and acceptable risk
Authors: Ding Wei , Zhang Chi , Peng Yong , Zeng Ruijie , Zhou Huicheng , Cai Ximing
Published: June 2015

This paper addresses how much flood water can be conserved for use after the flood season through the operation of reservoir by taking into account the residual flood control capacity (the difference between flood conveyance capacity and the expected inflow in a lead time). A two‐stage model for dynamic control of the flood‐limited water level (the maximum allowed water level during the flood season, DC‐FLWL) is established considering forecast uncertainty and acceptable flood risk. It is found that DC‐FLWL is applicable when the reservoir inflow ranges from small to medium levels of the historical records, while both forecast uncertainty and acceptable risk in the downstream affect the feasible space of DC‐FLWL. As forecast uncertainty increases (under a given risk level) or as acceptable risk level decreases (under a given forecast uncertainty level), the minimum required safety margin for flood control increases, and the chance for DC‐FLWL decreases. The derived hedging rules from the modeling framework illustrate either the dominant role of water conservation or flood control or the trade‐off between the two objectives under different levels of forecast uncertainty and acceptable risk. These rules may provide useful guidelines for conserving water from flood, especially in the area with heavy water stress. The analysis is illustrated via a case study with a real‐world reservoir in northeastern China.
Interruption
Authors: Makri‐Tsilipakou Marianthi
Published: June 2015

Interruption, as a violation of the one‐at‐a‐time principle of conversation, is a disputed concept as different cultures/languages are claimed to show varying degrees of tolerance of simultaneous talk. Additionally, conversational analytic accounts treat it as a “vernacular” term compared to the technical category of overlap, which has several onset types but is subject to the same resolution mechanism. Early feminist linguistics has promoted interruption to the status of a gender index, documenting male conversational dominance, but raising objections as to its employment as an analytic category, especially if not explicitly oriented to by the participants themselves.
Adaptive notch filters are local adaptive observers
Authors: Marino Riccardo , Tomei Patrizio
Published: June 2015

Several continuous‐time frequency estimators for a measured sinusoidal signal, which have been proposed in the literature, are reviewed, reinterpreted and compared both theoretically and by simulations. It is argued that adaptive notch filters are feedback algorithms that contain a local adaptive observer in the feedback loop. It is shown that the adaptive notch filter (ANF), which was originally conceived as a discrete‐time ANF, is basically equivalent to the recently proposed adapted frequency locked loop called orthogonal signal generator. They both require a sufficiently slow frequency estimation and can be interpreted as third‐order adaptive observers. They exhibit local convergence properties for the estimation errors, that is, the convergence to zero is guaranteed provided that their initial error is sufficiently small. Three adaptive observers, which were independently proposed in 2002, are third‐order frequency estimators whose estimation errors are exponentially convergent to zero from any initial condition and for any value of frequency, amplitude and phase in the measured sinusoidal signal. They have the additional advantage of not requiring the frequency estimation dynamics to be sufficiently slow. Conversely, they may be interpreted as adaptive notch filters. Second‐order frequency estimators have been proposed as well: they may be interpreted as adaptive reduced‐order observers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene Derivative as a New π‐Bridge Unit in D–π–A Structural Organic Sensitizers with Over 10.47% Efficiency for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Eom Yu Kyung , Choi In Taek , Kang Sung Ho , Lee Joori , Kim Jeongho , Ju Myung Jong , Kim Hwan Kyu
Published: June 2015

Three new thieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (TBT)‐based donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) sensitizers, coded as SGT‐121, SGT‐129, and SGT‐130, have been designed and synthesized for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), for the first time. The TBT, prepared by fusing thiophene unit with the phenyl unit of triphenylamine donor, is utilized as the π‐bridge for all sensitizers with good planarity. They have been molecularly engineered to regulate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)‐lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels and extend absorption range as well as to control the electron‐transfer process that can ensure efficient dye regeneration and prevent undesired electron recombination. The photovoltaic performance of SGT‐sensitizer‐based DSSCs employing Co(bpy)32+/3+ (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) redox couple is systematically evaluated in a thorough comparison with Y123 as a reference sensitizer. Among them, SGT‐130 with benzothiadiazole‐phenyl (BTD‐P) unit as an auxiliary acceptor exhibits the highest power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.47% with Jsc = 16.77 mA cm−2, Voc = 851 mV, and FF = 73.34%, whose PCE is much higher than that of Y123 (9.5%). It is demonstrated that the molecular combination of each fragment in D–π–A organic sensitizers can be a pivotal factor for achieving the higher PCEs and an innovative strategy for strengthening the drawbacks of the π‐bridge.
Fetal akinesia deformation sequence due to a congenital disorder of glycosylation
Authors: Ganetzky Rebecca , Izumi Kosuke , Edmondson Andrew , Muraresku Colleen Clarke , Zackai Elaine , Deardorff Matthew , Ganesh Jaya
Published: June 2015

Congenital disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) are increasingly emerging as a major underlying etiology for patients with complex neurogenetic malformations and dysmorphic features. We describe a newborn female with arthrogryposis multiplex due to fetal akinesia secondary to CDG‐DPAGT1. Pregnancy was complicated by reduced fetal movements. At birth, the patient was evaluated for intrauterine growth restriction, bilateral cataracts, and multiple joint contractures. She had markedly reduced spontaneous movements, hypotonia, weak cry, and poor suck. She had ventilator‐dependent central respiratory depression. Brain MRI showed delayed myelination and an incomplete cerebellar vermis. Transferrin isoelectric focusing was suggestive of a type I congenital disorder of glycosylation. Sequencing revealed a homozygous missense mutation in dolichyl‐phosphate N‐acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (DPAGT1), exon 3, p.Leu118Val, consistent with DPAGT1‐CDG. There have been seventeen previously reported cases of DPAGT1‐CDG, including two similar cases with multiple contractures. This case highlights the importance of considering congenital disorders of glycosylation in the differential diagnosis for arthrogryposis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
De Novo 17q24.2–q24.3 microdeletion presenting with generalized hypertrichosis terminalis, gingival fibromatous hyperplasia, and distinctive facial features
Authors: Afifi Hanan H. , Fukai Ryoko , Miyake Noriko , Gamal el Din Amina A. , Eid Maha M. , Eid Ola M. , Thomas Manal M. , El‐Badry Tarek H. , Tosson Angie M. S. , Abdel‐Salam Ghada M. H. , Matsumoto Naomichi
Published: June 2015

Generalized hypertrichosis is a feature of several genetic disorders, and the nosology of these entities is still provisional. Recent studies have implicated chromosome 17q24.2–q24.3 microdeletion and the reciprocal microduplication in a very rare form of congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis (CGHT) with or without gingival hyperplasia. Here, we report on a 5‐year‐old Egyptian girl born to consanguineous parents. The girl presented with CGHT and gingival hyperplasia for whom we performed detailed clinical, pathological, and molecular studies. The girl had coarse facies characterized by bilateral epicanthic folds, thick and abundant eyelashes, a broad nose, full cheeks, and lips that constituted the distinctive facial features for this syndrome. Biopsy of the gingiva showed epithelial marked acanthosis and hyperkeratosis with hyperplastic thick collagen bundles and dense fibrosis in the underlying tissues. Array analysis indicated a 17q24.2–q24.3 chromosomal microdeletion. We validated this microdeletion by real‐time quantitative PCR and confirmed a perfect co‐segregation of the disease phenotype within the family. In summary, this study indicates that 17q24.2–q24.3 microdeletion caused CGHT with gingival hyperplasia and distinctive facies, which should be differentiated from the autosomal recessive type that lacks the distinctive facies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disclosure of psychiatric manifestations of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in medical genetics: A 12‐year retrospective chart review
Authors: Baughman Serena Talcott , Morris Emily , Jensen Kimberly , Austin Jehannine
Published: June 2015

Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) have increased risk for psychiatric disorders. However, while medical geneticists self‐report discussing psychiatric features of 22qDS with families (though often only when the child is older), most parents of children with 22qDS report receiving information about the psychiatric manifestations of 22qDS from non‐medical sources. In an attempt to reconcile these previous findings, we sought to objectively determine the frequency with which medical geneticists discuss the potential psychiatric manifestations of 22qDS: (i) in letters to referring physicians and (ii) with families, and to explore plans for follow‐up. We abstracted data from charts of patients with 22qDS who were referred to a single medical genetics center between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2012. Psychiatric disorders were discussed in consult letters to referring physicians for n = 57 (46%) of the 125 patients who met inclusion criteria—making them less frequently discussed than all other features of 22qDS. Despite exhaustive review of charts, the content of discussions with families was typically unclear. Follow‐up in medical genetics was suggested for 50 people but only 18 (36%) of these patients returned. Disclosure of psychiatric features of 22qDS to families is necessary so that psychiatric disorders can be identified in time for early intervention to be implemented to achieve better prognosis for those affected. These empiric data offer some explanation as to why psychiatric services are underused by individuals with 22qDS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Verschwundene Polymorphe: eine Neubetrachtung
Authors: Bučar Dejan‐Krešimir , Lancaster Robert W. , Bernstein Joel
Published: June 2015

Vor knapp zwanzig Jahren beschrieben Dunitz und Bernstein eine Auswahl faszinierender Fälle von “verschwundenen” Polymorphen. Der Umstand, dass eine früher einmal hergestellte Kristallform nicht mehr erhalten werden kann, ist natürlich frustrierend und kann zu einem ernsten Problem für den Festkörperchemiker werden. In diesem Aufsatz werden aktuelle Fälle und Beispiele von verschwundenen Polymorphen (sowie das Vorkommen schwer auffindbarer Kristallformen) besprochen, um die fortdauernde Bedeutung dieser oft problematischen und zugleich immer wieder faszinierenden Erscheinung in der Festkörperforschung zu demonstrieren. Einige dieser Fälle standen im Zentrum von Patentstreits. Der Aufsatz beleuchtet daher auch die komplexe Beziehung zwischen Kristallchemie und Rechtsfragen.
Photoredoxkatalysierte Semipinakol‐Umlagerung mit sichtbarem Licht: Trifluormethylierung/Ringerweiterung über einen radikalisch‐polaren Mechanismus
Authors: Sahoo Basudev , Li Jun‐Long , Glorius Frank
Published: June 2015

Eine neuartige durch sichtbares Licht vermittelte Photoredox‐katalysierte Semipinakol‐Umlagerung wurde entwickelt, die über eine 1,2‐Alkylverschiebung verläuft. In dieser Transformation schließt sich der Trifluormethylierung einer CC‐Bindung von α‐(1‐Hydroxycycloalkyl)‐substituierten Styrolderivaten eine Ringerweiterung der 1‐Hydroxycycloalkylgruppe an, um neue Cycloalkanone mit quartären, ausschließlich C‐substituierten Stereozentren aufzubauen. Die Reaktion verläuft über einen radikalisch‐polaren Crossover‐Mechanismus mit Trifluormethylierung (radikalisch) und Ringerweiterung (ionisch) in einer Transformation.
Disappearing Polymorphs Revisited
Authors: Bučar Dejan‐Krešimir , Lancaster Robert W. , Bernstein Joel
Published: June 2015

Nearly twenty years ago, Dunitz and Bernstein described a selection of intriguing cases of polymorphs that disappear. The inability to obtain a crystal form that has previously been prepared is indeed a frustrating and potentially serious problem for solid‐state scientists. This Review discusses recent occurrences and examples of disappearing polymorphs (as well as the emergence of elusive crystal forms) to demonstrate the enduring relevance of this troublesome, but always captivating, phenomenon in solid‐state research. A number of these instances have been central issues in patent litigations. This Review, therefore, also highlights the complex relationship between crystal chemistry and the law.