bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The brain stem evoked response and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
Authors: Tsuchitani Chiyeko
Published: November 2015

Single‐unit responses of cat superior olivary complex neurons to acoustic stimuli were examined to determine whether the units' action potentials were sufficiently synchronized to contribute to the brain stem evoked response. The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and lateral superior olive are two major nuclei within the cat superior olivary complex. The first‐spike discharge latencies of medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and lateral superior olivary neurons to monaural presentations of tone burst stimuli were measured as a function of stimulus level. Evidence is provided to support the hypotheses that in cat the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body may contribute directly to the monaural brain stem evoked response by producing action potentials synchronized to stimulus onset and may also contribute indirectly to the brain stem evoked response binaural difference wave bc by inhibiting the lateral superior olive unit excitatory responses synchronized to stimulus onset.
Preservation of facial, cochlear, and other nerve functions in acoustic neuroma treatment
Authors: Sterkers Jean‐Marc , Morrison Gavin A. J. , Sterkers Olivier , El‐Dine Mohamed M. K. Badr
Published: November 2015

Between March 1966 and September 1992, 1400 acoustic neuromas were treated in Paris, France, by surgical excision. The findings over the last 7 years are presented. The translabyrinthine approach has been used in more than 85% of cases. Where hearing preservation is attempted, the middle fossa approach has been adopted for intracanilicular tumors and the retrosigmoid approach for small tumors extending into the cerebellopontine angle, in which the fundus of the internal meatus is free of tumor. The main goal is to achieve a grade I or II result in facial function within 1 month of surgery. Results improved during 1991 after the introduction of continuous facial nerve monitoring and the use of the Beaver mini‐blade for dissection of tumor from nerve. With these techniques, facial function at grade I or II at 1 month improved from 20% to 52% for large tumors (larger than 3 cm), from 42% to 81% for medium tumors (2 to 3 cm), and from 70% to 92% for small tumors (up to and including 2 cm extracanalicular). The facial nerve was at greater risk using the retrosigmoid or middle fossa approaches than by the translabyrinthine route. Since 1985, success in hearing preservation has changed little, with useful hearing being preserved in 38.2% of cases operated on by means of the retrosigmoid route and 36.4% of cases after the middle fossa approach. In older patients with good hearing and small tumors, observation with periodic MRI scanning is recommended. Despite earlier diagnosis, the number of patients suitable for hearing preservation surgery remains very limited and careful selection is required. Trigeminal nerve signs were present in 20% of cases preoperativey, in 10% postoperatively, and recovered spontaneously. Palsies of the other cranial nerves after surgery were much rarer and were as follows: sixth nerve (abducens), 0.5%; ninth nerve (glossopharyngeal), 1.4%; and tenth nerve (vagus), 0.7%. The importance of preservation of function of the nervus intermedius of Wrisberg is stressed. These results emphasize the advantages of the translabyrinthine approach, offering greater security to the facial nerve and lower morbidity.
Determination of palpebral closure using a hall sensor magnet pair
Authors: Hamiel Steven R. , Tubach Martin R. , Bleicher Joel N. , Cronan James C.
Published: November 2015

A small device that can detect eyelid closure was designed using a Hall sensor and magnet. The ability of the sensor to differentiate blinks from saccadic motion is of vital interest in development of a device to alleviate complications of facial nerve paralysis. Twelve physically normal human subjects were used in this study. A small Hall sensor (3 × 2.5 × 1.1 mm), a device that detects magnetic fields, was attached to the lower eyelid near the lid margin, and an opposing small magnet (3 × 2 × 1 mm) was attached to the upper eyelid, also near the lid margin. Output potentials from the Hall sensor were monitored during eye blinks and saccadic eye movements to correlate sensor potentials with eye movements. Results indicate that the Hall sensor is effective at determining palpebral closure and discriminating eye closure from other eye movements. Therefore, we conclude that the Hall sensor is a reliable means for determining palpebral closure and is ideally suited for use in a facial prosthesis that uses the normal blink as a trigger to reanimate the contralateral paralyzed eyelid.
Work‐related, noise‐induced hearing loss: Evaluation including evoked potential audiometry
Authors: Barrs David M. , Althoff Lisa K. , Krueger Wesley W. O. , Olsson James E.
Published: November 2015

This article reviews the evaluation of 246 workers (492 ears) who underwent otologic and audiologic testing as part of a worker's compensation claim for work‐related, noise‐induced hearing loss. Tinnitus was present in 58% of the patients, but was rarely a major symptom. Other otologic symptoms or a history of ear disease were virtually nonexistent. Standard audiometry showed a downsloping, high‐frequency sensorineural hearing loss in 85% of the ears tested, with only 37% having a characteristic “noise notch” at 4000 or 6000 hertz. Asymmetric hearing loss was not uncommon, with 48 patients (20%) undergoing magnetic resonance scanning, all of whom showed no central lesion responsible for the loss. Proven malingering was surprisingly uncommon (9%). In this study, evoked response audiometry was a valuable adjunct to confirm behavioral thresholds in the evaluation of possible work‐related, noise‐induced hearing loss. The middle latency response was more effective than the auditory brainstem response as a result of the high‐frequency steepness of the audiometric curve.
Effects of postural change on aspiration in head and neck surgical patients
Authors: Logemann Jeri A. , Rademaker Alfred W. , Pauloski Barbara Roa , Kahrilas Peter J.
Published: November 2015

This study was designed to define the effects of postural change on liquid aspiration during videofluorographic examination of oropharyngeal swallow in head and neck surgical patients. Thirty‐two patients were given two swallows of five different amounts of liquid barium as tolerated. When aspiration occurred, the patient's head and/or body position was changed, new posture being determined by the swallowing disorder identified as the cause of the aspiration. Postural techniques were successful in eliminating aspiration on at least one volume of liquid in 81% of these patients. Patients in all surgical groups were able to use postures with equal success. A variety of positions were used in each type of surgical patient, indicating that these patients exhibited a variety of swallowing problems. Results emphasize the importance of introducing postural techniques during the radiographic study of oropharyngeal swallow to facilitate safe oral intake of liquids.
Sensory interaction posturography in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders
Authors: Norré Marcel E.
Published: November 2015

The results of posturography, using all sensory Inputs, are compared with recordings when one or more of the sensory inputs are altered by the test conditions. This gives an Idea of the sensory interaction in central compensation in the vestibulospinal reflex. Positive and negative effects could be observed in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.
Covariation of tinnitus pitch and the associated emission: A case study
Authors: Penner M. J. , Glotzbach Lisa
Published: November 2015

Tinnitus in one female subject was found to be related to numerous (as many as 21) bilateral spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. The association of tinnitus and spontaneous otoacoustlc emissions was empirically supported by the masking/suppression demonstration.1 The subject reported that her tinnitus occurred primarily in her right ear, which had linked, quasi‐stable spontaneous otoacoustic emissions not found contralaterally. During one menstrual cycle, a pure tone was adjusted to match the predominant tinnitus pitch. The frequency of the tone generally followed the day‐to‐day shifts in the frequency of the associated spontaneous otoacoustic emission. The frequencies of these tones were a local minimum near the onset of menstruation, reaching a local maximum after menstruation.
Expression of cytokeratins 13 and 16 in middle ear cholesteatoma
Authors: Sasaki Hiroyuki , Huang Cheng‐Chun
Published: November 2015

The accumulation of keratinizing epithelium in the middle ear cavity is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma. We hypothesize that keratinocytes from the skin of the ear canal migrate and hyperprollferate in response to Inflammation in the middle ear cavity to cause accumulation of keratin debris. In the present study, we Investigated the expression of specific cytokeratins (CKs) in the cholesteatoma matrix to determine whether cholesteatoma is a hyperproliferative disease. Cytokeratin expression was examined in cholesteatoma, meatal skin, and tympanic membrane with two monoclonal antibodies, one for both cytokeratins 13 and 16 (antibody K8.12), and another for cytokeratin 13 only (antibody K5‐1A3). CK 13 (MW 51 KD) Is a marker of differentiation and CK 16 (MW 48 KD) is a marker of hyperproliferatlon of keratinocytes. The use of immunoblot probes showed that CKs 13 and 16 were present in cholesteatoma. Immunofluorescenf staining showed the presence of CK 16 In the suprabasal layer of cholesteatoma, which was located near the external ear canal. CK 16 was also localized in the suprabasal layer of meatal skin and tympanic membrane. CK 13 was localized in the basal layer of the cholesteatoma, distal to the external ear canal, but not in the meatal skin and tympanic membrane. Taken together, the present data suggest that cholesteatoma is a hyperprollferative disease and that cholesteatoma expresses CK 16 near the external ear canal and transforms to express CK 13 during growth distally.
Effects of rln and sln stimulation on glottal area
Authors: Bielamowicz Steven , Berke Gerald S. , Watson Deborah , Gerratt Bruce R. , Kreiman Jody
Published: November 2015

In vivo canine experiments have demonstrated that vocal fold stiffness varies proportionately with changing levels of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) stimulation. This study evaluated the morphologic changes in the glottis at varying levels of nerve stimulation and the presumed effects on laryngeal air particle velocity. Stroboscopic data from the in vivo canine model of phonation were examined under varying conditions of RLN and SLN stimulation. Computerized analysis of stroboscopic Images was used to reconstruct the glottal area vs. time waveforms. As RLN stimulation increased, glottal area per cycle decreased (p < 0.05). However, as SLN stimulation increased, glottal area per cycle increased (p < 0.05). These results support the hypothesis that increasing RLN stimulation at similar levels of SLN stimulation produces an increase in air particle velocity, whereas an increase in SLN stimulation causes a decrease in air particle velocity.
Interlaboratory variability of rotational chair test results
Authors: Goebel Joel A. , Hanson Jason M. , Fishel Douglas G. ,   THE INTERLABORATORY ROTATIONAL CHAIR STUDY GROUP
Published: November 2015

Test‐retest reliability of rotational chair testing for a single facility has previously been examined by others. The actual data analysis methods, however, have received far less attention. The variety of both hardware and software currently used theoretically may affect the results for a given subject tested at different facilities. The purposes of this study were, first, to quantify the amount of variability in the analysis of Identical raw data files at multiple rotational chair testing facilities by using automated analysis; second, to evaluate the effect of operator intervention on the anaiysis; and third, to identify possible sources of variability. Raw data were collected from 10 normal subjects at 0.05 Hz and 0.5 Hz (50 degrees per second peak velocity). Diskettes containing raw electro‐oculogram data files were then distributed to eight participating laboratories for analysis by two methods: (1) using automated analysis algorithms and (2) using the same algorithms but allowing operator intervention into the analysis. Response parameters calculated were gain and phase (re: velocity). The SD of gain values per subject for automated analysis ranged from 0.01 to 0.32 gain units and of phase values from 0.4 to 13.7 degrees. For analysis with operator Intervention, the SD of gain values ranged from 0.02 to 0.10 gain units and of phase values from 0.4 to 4.4 degrees. The difference between automated analysis and analysis with operator intervention was significant for gain calculations (p < 0.02) but not for phase calculations (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates significant variability in automated analysis of rotational chair raw data for gain and phase. Operator intervention into the analysis significantly reduces variability for gain but not for phase.
Transhyoid Resection of Tongue Base and Tonsil Tumors
Authors: Civantos Francisco , Wenig Barry L.
Published: November 2015

Advanced lesions of the oropharynx are known to have increased survival with surgical excision combined with radiation therapy. Traditional surgery involves either a mandibular resection or, more recently, a mandibular sparing approach primarily through a lip‐splitting incision. At our institution posterior oropharyngeal lesions are approached via a combined intraoral and transhyoid technique. Nineteen sequential procedures using this approach were compared with a similar number of previous, stage‐matched controls in an attempt to obtain valid comparable information. No significant difference between the groups was noted with respect to surgical margins. A significant difference was, however, seen with respect to the need for flap closure with none required in the transhyoid group and five in the mandibulotomy group. Furthermore, a statistical difference was observed with respect to the presence of significant complications in favor of the transhyoid group. These results indicate that similar cure rates can be achieved with lower morbidity by use of a transhyoid pharyngotomy approach to tumors of the oropharynx.
Deltopectoral Island Flap
Authors: Portnoy William M. , Arena Sebastian
Published: November 2015

The medially based deltopectoral flap is a proven, reliable, and useful tool in the practice of head and neck and reconstructive surgery. Despite its versatility the flap has several limitations that restrict its use; these include a limited arc of rotation and significant risk of distal flap necrosis when increased length is incorporated from the deltoid region. By conversion of the conventional, parasternally based deltopectoral flap into an island flap supplied by one or two perforating branches of the internal mammary artery, its versatility can be markedly enhanced. This modification provides a free axis of rotation with virtually unrestricted spatial orientation and critical additional length. Furthermore, the island flap itself can be incorporated into the donor‐site region, allowing primary closure of this defect. The dependability of this flap stems from the axial nature of the blood supply to the pectoral region. This factor, together with the free axis of rotation, affords the island flap its superiority over the standard deltopectoral flap. We have used this flap a total of 19 times (16 island and 3 free flaps) with notable clinical success and no observed failures. A description of technique and clinical applications will be discussed.
Results of Cleft Palate Repair with the Double‐Reverse Z‐Plasty Performed by Residents
Authors: Mann Eric A. , Sidman James D.
Published: November 2015

The double‐reverse Z‐plasty (Furlow) repair of soft palate clefts has the advantages of lengthening the soft palate while reconstructing the palatal muscle sling to optimize velopharyngeal function. Because soft tissue from the hard palate is not mobilized to lengthen the soft palate, this technique has an additional theoretic advantage of minimizing disturbances of maxillofacial growth. Cited disadvantages of the technique include increased technical difficulty and operating time compared with other procedures. We performed a retrospective study of 20 consecutive Furlow repairs of the soft palate performed by residents under supervision of one attending surgeon between 1989 and 1992. All children had complete cleft of the soft palate; 14 had incomplete cleft and six had complete cleft of the hard palate, which were repaired by a modified Von Langenbeck technique or with vomer flaps. Mean age of patients was 15 months, and mean operating time (including placement of pressure‐equalizing tubes) was 162 minutes, with an average estimated blood loss of less than 25 ml. Average time until adequate oral intake was achieved was 1.7 days, and duration of hospitalization averaged 2.4 days. Immediate postoperative complications included transient tongue edema in one patient and atelectasis and pneumonia in one patient with multiple congenital anomalies. Delayed postoperative complications included symptoms of sleep apnea in four patients, which subsequently improved after tonsillectomy and/or superior adenoidectomy. Fistulas occurred in two patients (10%), which compares favorably with published results of other techniques. Preliminary functional evaluations reveal that all repairs appear to have adequate length and good mobility; speech evaluations are in progress. Thus the double‐reverse Z‐plasty technique can be effectively taught to residents, and acceptable complication rates and functional results can be achieved.
Hearing Loss in Townes‐Brocks Syndrome
Authors: Rossmiller David R. , Pasic Thomas R.
Published: November 2015

Townes‐Brocks syndrome is an autosomal dominant syndrome consisting of anomalies affecting the ear, hand, foot, anus, and kidney. Anomalies affecting the ear include lop ear, preauricular skin tags, ossicular abnormalities, and a mixed hearing loss. The hearing loss in Townes‐Brocks syndrome is predominantly sensorineural, affects high‐frequency thresholds more than low‐frequency thresholds, and has a variable (usually small) conductive component. The sensorineural component of the hearing loss is slowly progressive. It is typically in the mild range (20 to 40 dB hearing level) during early childhood and progresses to the moderate hearing loss range (40 to 60 dB hearing level) by early adulthood. We present a description of the otologic manifestations and an analysis of audiologic findings in six members of a family With Townes‐Brocks syndrome.
Book Review: Friedrich Hayek: A Biography
Authors: Kula Erhun
Published: November 2015

Alan Ebenstein, Friedrich Hayek: A Biography, March 2001, Palgrave for St Martin’s Press, London. £29.95, 320 pages (hardback).
Governing urban development for climate risk: What role for public–private partnerships?
Authors: Taylor Bruce M. , Harman Ben P.
Published: November 2015

Urban partnerships are an instrument of urban governance common in major urban development projects. However, the potential for these traditional urban policy instruments to promote climate-adapted greenfield development remains largely untested. This study examines this potential through an analysis of four urban development partnerships for master-planned estates in two rapidly urbanising regions of Australia. We interview private property developers, government land organisations and municipal level actors. The analysis focuses on the convergence, and tensions, between partners' goals of affordability, profitability and sustainability; benefits and risks of partnering; and, the management of assets over time, in light of environmental risks. The partnerships studied contributed to the state's capacity to implement policy efficiently, encourage innovation and de-risk projects for private partners. However, these initiatives also transferred longer term environmental risks to the broader planning system and to non-partners. The central role of the state in coordinating these arrangements presents opportunities to redress these limitations.
Diagram of a love for plants gone bad
Authors: Despard Erin
Published: November 2015

This article uses a surprising horticultural event—an unplanned, collective ‘theft’ of plants from the Montreal Botanical Garden in 1981—as impetus to interrogate the contribution of garden plants to public life in so-called ‘green’ cities of the late twentieth century. As sites of both social nature and material culture that are perceived as socially and environmentally beneficial and frequently designed to appear more-or-less natural, gardens are normally quite difficult to see or think in politically differentiated terms. Taking a historical ‘eventalization’ of civic horticulture as a means to enable critical perception, I develop the diagram (as introduced by Foucault and interpreted by Deleuze) as an analytical tool conducive to identifying and historicizing the perceptual and socio-spatial effects produced by the use of garden plants in urban public spaces. I outline the local historical context of the theft at the Botanical Garden and analyze the functioning of a program of horticultural beautification coincident with it as a means of establishing the theft’s more general intelligibility. This illuminates, not only a change in the functioning of plants in Montreal’s urban landscape, but also a means of recognizing the historical specificity of relations between people and plants, and socio-cultural change as more-than-human.
Job Stress and Satisfaction among Palliative Physicians
Authors: Graham J , Ramirez AJ , Cull A , Finlay I , Hoy A , Richards MA
Published: November 2015

A national questionnaire-based survey has found that palliative physicians report lower levels of burnout and similar levels of psychiatric morbidity than those reported by consultants in other specialties. To try to explain these findings, this study compared the sources of job stress and satisfaction reported by consultant palliative physicians with those reported by consultants working in four other specialties: surgery, gastroenterology, radiology and oncology. Stressful and satisfying aspects of work were assessed using questionnaires designed specifically for the study.

The response rate for the palliative physicians was 126/154 (82%) and for the consultants in the other specialties 882/1133 (78%). Palliative physicians reported that feeling overloaded and its effect on home life made the greatest contribution to their job stress, and having good relationships with patients, relatives and staff made the greatest contribution to their job satisfaction. However, compared with the other specialist groups, palliative physicians reported less stress from overload ( p < 0.001) and more satisfaction from having good relationships ( p < 0.001). They also reported less stress and more satisfaction with the way they are managed and resourced (both p < 0.001). Hospital-based palliative physicians reported more stress and less satisfaction from their management and resources than their colleagues working in hospices (both p = 0.05).

Thirty-five percent of palliative physicians felt insufficiently trained in communication skills and 81% felt insufficiently trained in management skills. Burnout was more prevalent among consultants who felt insufficiently trained in communication and management skills than among those who felt sufficiently trained. It is important therefore that effective training in communication and management skills are provided and that, at the very least, existing levels of resourcing and management practices within palliative medicine are maintained in order that physicians working in the specialty are able to provide care to dying patients without prejudicing their own mental health.
What Has the ECHR Done for Victims? A United Kingdom Perspective
Authors: Leverick Fiona
Published: November 2015

This paper assesses the extent to which the European Convention on Human Rights creates rights for victims within the criminal justice process in terms of both rights to information and procedural rights. It concludes that the right to investigation and information, as set out in Jordan, does cement certain standards to which an investigation must conform in terms of victim information provision and involvement, but that these can only be described as very basic minimum standards. In terms of obtaining reasons for decisions not to prosecute, the incorporation of the ECHR into UK domestic law has not yet resulted in a comprehensive right to obtain reasons for decisions not to prosecute. Indeed, any rights involved are derived from Article 2, the right to life, and Article 3, the right to freedom from inhuman and degrading treatment, and so will not affect the vast majority of victims, who are victims of lesser crimes. In terms of procedural rights, the impact of the ECHR to date is even more limited and, in the case of victim involvement in sentencing, may in fact serve to limit victim input, rather than expand it. This and other potential conflicts between the rights of the accused and the rights of the victim are discussed.
Neurotransmitters and Novelty: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rangel-Gomez Mauricio , Meeter Martijn
Published: November 2015

Our brains are highly responsive to novelty. However, how novelty is processed in the brain, and what neurotransmitter systems play a role therein, remains elusive. Here, we systematically review studies on human participants that have looked at the neuromodulatory basis of novelty detection and processing. While theoretical models and studies on nonhuman animals have pointed to a role of the dopaminergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, the human literature has focused almost exclusively on the first two. Dopamine was found to affect electrophysiological responses to novelty early in time after stimulus presentation, but evidence on its effects on later processing was found to be contradictory: While neuropharmacological studies mostly yielded null effects, gene studies did point to an important role for dopamine. Acetylcholine seems to dampen novelty signals in the medial temporal lobe, but boost them in frontal cortex. Findings on 5-HT (serotonin) were found to be mostly contradictory. Two large gaps were identified in the literature. First, few studies have looked at neuromodulatory influences on behavioral effects of novelty. Second, no study has looked at the involvement of the noradrenergic system in novelty processing.
Pathology of Liver Granulomas in Turkeys
Authors: Arp L. H. , Robinson I. M. , Jensen A. E.
Published: November 2015

Liver granulomas from five- and seven-week-old turkeys were studied by light and electron microscopy and by bacterial culture. Granulomas of five-week-old poults were composed of a caseous, necrotic center surrounded by consecutive zones of heterophils, giant cells, macrophages, and finally by lymphocytes. Tissue Gram and modified Dieterle stains demonstrated numerous gram-positive, filamentous bacteria in necrotic centers with radial extension of the bacteria to the zone of giant cells. Electron microscopic examination revealed septate, filamentous bacteria within an electron-dense milieu between heterophils, macrophages, and giant cells.

An anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus and a staphylococcus were isolated from most granulomas examined. In broth, the bacillus formed long filaments or chains morphologically similar to those in tissue sections. The bacillus was identified tentatively as Eubacterium tortuosum. The staphylococcus had cultural reactions typical for Staphylococcus epidermidis. Intravenous inoculation of three-week-old poults with a mixture of E. tortuosum and S. epidermidis produced granulomas in liver and spleen and multiple mucosal ulcers in the duodenum and colon.
Hereditary Striatonigral and Cerebello-Olivary Degeneration of the Kerry Blue Terrier. I. Gross and Light Microscopic Central Nervous System Lesions
Authors: Montgomery D. L. , Storts R. W.
Published: November 2015

The character and progression of gross and light microscopic central nervous system lesions associated with a hereditary neurodegenerative disease with juvenile onset are described in ten affected Kerry blue terriers. The central nervous system lesions were progressive and, although there was some variability, followed a relatively well-defined temporal course. Degeneration of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex was evident at the onset of clinical signs (approximately 4.5 months of age). After two weeks to one month of clinical illness, retrograde transsynaptic neuronal degeneration occurred in the olivary nucleus. Degeneration of both large and small neurons in the caudate nucleus began approximately two to three months after the onset of clinical signs, and by seven to eight months of clinical illness, the caudate nucleus was reduced to numerous microcystic cavities and almost was devoid of neurons except for a narrow subependymal zone and the tail of the nucleus. Neuronal depletion in the pars reticularis of the substantia nigra, which was evident after five to seven months of clinical illness, was attributed to an anterograde transsynaptic mechanism of neuronal degeneration. The disease in the Kerry blue terrier is compared with similar neurodegenerative diseases in man. The pathogenesis may involve altered neurotransmitter systems in the cerebellar cortex and caudate nucleus.
Brain Damage in the Epileptic Beagle Dog
Authors: Montgomery D. L. , Lee A. C.
Published: November 2015

Brain lesions associated with seizures in an epilepsy-prone colony of beagle dogs were studied in 68 dogs which died as a result of the disorder. Approximately 48.5% of the dogs had a relatively specific pattern of acute brain damage on microscopic examination. In all affected areas, there was a triad of lesions consisting of perineuronal and perivascular astrocytic swelling, perineuronal basophilic incrustations, and ischemic cell change in neurons. The most common areas of involvement were the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, claustrum, amygdala, septal nuclei, dorsal thalamic nuclei, isthmus of the pyriform lobe, and hippocampus. The cerebellum was affected only rarely. In addition, intraneuronal inclusions identical to Lafora's bodies found in myoclonus epilepsy of man were detected in thalamic nuclei of six dogs.
The ‘Spirit Wife’ at Endor
Authors: Angert-Quilter Theresa , Wall Lynne
Published: November 2015

Operatic settings of biblical narratives provide interesting material both from a literary and a musical viewpoint in which to observe the process of interpretation at work. In this study we focus on the portrayal of the woman at Endor in 1 Samuel 28. We note the traditional and more typical presentation of her in Charpentier's lyric tragedy David et Jonathas. This is then contrasted with the strikingly sympathetic and, we argue, more biblically-based portrayal of her in Carl Nielsen's opera Saul and David.
Errors and Assumptions: A Reply to Kenneth Kitchen
Authors: Clancy Frank
Published: November 2015

In his article, ‘The Shoshenqs of Egypt and Palestine’ (published in this issue of the journal), Kenneth Kitchen defended the traditional interpretations of Shoshenq's list of conquered cities. He correctly demonstrated that the broken stele found at Megiddo must refer to Shoshenq I. However, he failed to recognize that the biblical reference to the ‘fifth year’ of Rehoboam may be part of an artificial chronological pattern. Kitchen also refused to recognize another, simpler interpretation of the list and he failed to explain why he chose one location rather than others with the same name.
Deuteronomistic Ideology and the Theology of the Old Testament
Authors: Mayes Andrew D.H.
Published: November 2015

The article proceeds from a discussion of the nature of ideology to a definition of the content and ideological functions of the deuteronomistic history in its pre-exilic and exilic editions. The significance of the exilic edition, produced in a content of ‘culture shock’, is elaborated by reference to the nature of the moral and intellectual development of society. The article concludes by arguing that no essential distinction can be made between ideology and theology, and that the deuteronomistic contribution to Old Testament theology is to be described by reference to how the deuteronomistic perception(s) of the nature of Israel in its relationship to Yahweh are taken up and revised in the Pentateuch.
Ræder's Syndrome
Authors: Salvesen R
Published: November 2015

Raeder's syndrome was first described by the Norwegian ophthalmologist J. G. Raeder in 1918, and the description extended in 1924 by the same author. The seminal report was a description of a young, male patient with unilateral periocular pain combined with ipsilateral miosis and ptosis, and with slight objective signs of trigeminal nerve involvement. Autopsy demonstrated a tumor at the base of the skull in the middle cranial fossa. The term “paratrigeminal” was coined for the picture reported. Later case reports by the same and other authors have included patients with a more benign clinical course, including spontaneous remissions, with unilateral periocular pain and ipsilateral signs of oculosympathetic paresis as the common denominator. This review is a chronological survey of the main contributions that have appeared in the literature and an outline of the various definitions of the syndrome, including a recent classification as well as some pathophysiological and prognostic considerations.
College Women's Aggression in Relationships: The Role of Childhood and Adolescent Victimization
Authors: Edwards Katie M. , Desai Angeli D. , Gidycz Christine A. , VanWynsberghe Amy
Published: November 2015

Despite growing evidence suggesting that women engage in verbal and physical dating aggression, there is a dearth of research examining the predictors of women's engagement in these behaviors. Utilizing a college sample, the purpose of the current study was to explore women's perpetration of dating aggression within the context of victimization experiences. Women ( N = 374) completed surveys at the beginning and end of a 10-week academic quarter for course credit. Results from two retrospective regression analyses (all Time 1 variables) suggested that (1) paternal physical abuse and adolescent/adulthood verbal victimization predicted women's reports of verbal perpetration and (2) childhood sexual abuse, adolescent/adulthood verbal victimization, adolescent/adulthood physical victimization, and adolescent/adulthood verbal perpetration predicted women's reports of physical perpetration. Results from the two prospective, longitudinal regression analyses suggested that (1) verbal perpetration (as measured at Time 1) and verbal victimization over the interim predicted women's reports of verbal perpetration over the interim and (2) physical perpetration (as measured at Time 1), verbal perpetration over the interim, and physical victimization over the interim predicted women's reports of physical perpetration over the interim. These data suggest the importance of considering previous victimization experiences, mutual partner aggression, and a history of aggressive behaviors when examining women's use of aggression in dating relationships.
Identities in Harmony: Gender—Work Identity Integration Moderates Frame Switching in Cognitive Processing
Authors: Sacharin Vera , Lee Fiona , Gonzalez Richard
Published: November 2015

Professional women's identity integration—the perceived compatibility between work and gender identities—plays a role in how task or relationship information is processed. Seventy female business school students were primed with either their professional or their gender identity. Business women with higher identity integration showed an assimilation effect to the primed cue. Specifically, they showed higher task orientation than relationship orientation in a recognition task when primed with their professional identity, but less so when primed with their gender identity. Business women with lower identity integration showed a contrast effect to the primed cue: Their recognition reflected a task-relationship orientation opposite to the primed cue. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding women's performance at work.
Differences in Beginning Special Education Teachers: The Influence of Personal Attributes, Preparation, and School Environment on Classroom Reading Practices
Authors: Bishop Anne G. , Brownell Mary T. , Klingner Janette K. , Leko Melinda M. , Galman Sally A. C.
Published: November 2015

Little research exists to help us understand why some beginning special education teachers of reading engage in more effective classroom practices than others. Factors that may influence these differences include personal attributes, preparation, and school environment. This mixed-methods study examined beginning special education teachers ( N = 25) who taught reading to elementary students. Teachers were identified as most accomplished, moderately accomplished, and least accomplished, as defined by an overall classroom practice score. Interviews, observational field notes, and survey data on preparation and work environment revealed that the most accomplished beginners were consistently reflective, resourceful, and relentless and used these attributes to improve instruction, whereas others varied in this regard. Furthermore, while adequately prepared in special education, beginners reported inadequate preparation in reading. The interplay of personal attributes, preparation, and school environment seems to be a powerful determinant of a teacher's level of accomplishment.
A Comparison of Standardized Spelling Assessments: Do They Measure Similar Orthographic Qualities?
Authors: Calhoon Mary Beth , Greenberg Daphne , Hunter C. Vincent
Published: November 2015

Many students, with and without learning disabilities, have been found to increase their reading skills through the use of data-informed individualized reading intervention; however, less is known about how to use assessments to individualize spelling intervention. Standardized spelling tests commonly assess spelling by asking students to spell the “whole word correctly” from a list of words. While these tests are reliable and valid, the orthographic qualities of each word item have never been examined. This study investigated which orthographic qualities standardized spelling tests measure and whether they measure the same knowledge equally. Five standardized tests and their alternate forms (when available) were compared according to the frequency of the number of syllables, the syllable types, the consonant graphemes types, and the vowel types represented. Results indicated that tests vary in their measurement of orthographic knowledge. These findings provide an initial understanding of the types of information these assessments provide that could inform instruction as well as diagnose learning disabilities. Implications and future directions are discussed with regard to students with learning disabilities.
African American English and Spelling: How do Second Graders Spell Dialect-Sensitive Features of Words?
Authors: Patton-Terry Nicole , Connor Carol
Published: November 2015

This study explored the spelling skills of African American second graders who produced African American English (AAE) features in speech. The children ( N = 92), who varied in spoken AAE use and word reading skills, were asked to spell words that contained phonological and morphological dialect-sensitive (DS) features that can vary between AAE and print- and dialect-neutral (DN) orthographic patterns that do not. Analyses indicated that all children had more difficulty spelling DS than DN features, especially the regular past-tense inflection. Struggling readers had more difficulty spelling both features, after controlling for differences in AAE use. Children in both groups made few AAE-related errors. A significant, though weak, negative correlation was also found between AAE use and spelling of DS features. The findings indicate that linguistic variation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spelling disorders among African American children.
Factor Analysis of the Preschool Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale for Children in Head Start Programs
Authors: Cress Cynthia , Lambert Matthew C. , Epstein Michael H.
Published: November 2015

Strength-based assessment of behaviors in preschool children provides evidence of emotional and behavioral skills in children, rather than focusing primarily on weaknesses identified by deficit-based assessments. The Preschool Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scales (PreBERS) is a normative assessment of emotional and behavioral strengths in preschool children. The PreBERS has well-established reliability and validity for typically developing children as well as children with identified special education needs, but this has not yet been established for children in Head Start programs, who tend to be at high risk for development of emotional and behavioral concerns. This study explores the factorial validity of the PreBERS scores for a large sample of children participating in Head Start programs around the United States. Results not only confirm the fit of the four-factor model of the PreBERS for this population, but also demonstrate the application of a bifactor model to the structure of the PreBERS which, in turn, allows for the computation of model-based reliability estimates for the four subscales (Emotional Regulation, School Readiness, Social Confidence, Family Involvement) and overall strength index score. The implications suggest that the PreBERS items are reliable scores that can be used to identify behavioral strengths in preschool children in Head Start, and support planning of interventions to selectively address component skills to promote child social and academic success.
Testing Herzberg's Motivation Theory in a Comparative Study of U.S. and Korean Public Employees
Authors: Park Chunoh , Lovrich Nicholas P. , Soden Dennis L.
Published: November 2015

A ‘science’ of human behavior in the public administrative setting depends on our ability to formulate, test, and validate generalizations concerning such behavior in differing societies and cultures. This research note is an example of an effort to test one highly regarded theory of workplace motivation — Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory— beyond the single U.S. setting. The results from among both Korean and American public employees suggest Herzberg's two-factor theory of job motivation applies with equal force in both national settings.
Re-Orienting the Comparative Study of Civil Service Systems
Authors: Morgan E. Philip , Perry James L.
Published: November 2015

Civil service systems are a key analytic unit in modern public administration, but theory about them lags behind their practical importance and the attention they have received from scholars. This article argues that theory building has focused on bureaucracy rather than civil service systems per se and that empirical research has been dominated by functionalist logic. Future research needs to define more rigorously and measure the properties of civil service systems and study them more holistically, particularly in relation to their environments. Three ideal types are discussed to illustrate some of the implications of these recommendations.
Ethics in Planning: The Views of Students and Practitioners
Authors: Hendler Sue
Published: November 2015

Planning is a moral endeavor in which planners must make ethical choices. To investigate the issue of values in planning, this paper examines the ethical views of planning students and practitioners. Responding to a fifteen question survey, the two groups of respondents differed significantly in assessing the morality of a number of planning issues. Professional planning experience tended to diminish these differences between the two groups. Variables such as gender seemed to have little explanatory power. An enhanced role of ethics in planning curricula and professional practice should shed light on these discrepancies and focus attention on the substantive moral content inherent to the field.
Urban Studies and the Community: A Multi-Paradigmatic Framework for Public Service
Authors: Keller Lawrence F. , Kinsella Timothy K.
Published: November 2015

This article examines the paradigmatic foundations of public service in the university. Current public service, it argues, is fragmented and ineffective because it has recognized neither the diversity of paradigms nor their potential synergism in guiding public service. The article notes the necessity of theory building in guiding public service. It develops a framework for analyzing paradigms, understanding their interrelationships and their utility for public service, especially in the urban university.
Congestion Relief: The Land Use Alternative
Authors: Cervero Robert
Published: November 2015

Fundamental changes in traffic patterns in recent years suggest that a different arsenal will be needed in battling America's future congestion problems. This paper argues that in the absence of congestion pricing, coordinated land use planning can provide the most lasting mobility dividends over the long run. Land use planning needs to be resurrected as a bonafide approach to managing traffic. Shifts in the location of workplaces from downtowns served by transit to suburban settings where individuals are compelled to use their own cars are at the heart of today's congestion dilemma. Four land use initiatives are proposed that could make the suburban workplace of tomorrow more consonant with high levels of mobility: densification, mixed-use development, jobs-housing balance, and pedestrian-friendly site designs. Many of the institutional roadblocks to implementing such programs are discussed, including the difficulty of forging any regional consensus on land use matters and the institutional separation of land use and transportation planning functions among states and localities.
Endpoints of Resuscitation for the Victim of Trauma
Authors: Ward Kevin R. , Ivatury Rao R. , Barbee R. Wayne
Published: November 2015

Useful resuscitation endpoints must serve both to diagnose the need for and to ensure the ongoing adequacy of resuscitation. To this end, traditional measures of organ perfusion are now widely appreciated to be grossly inadequate. Useful endpoints or milestones range from the global, to the regional, to the cellular specific. Understanding the basic principles of perfusion-related dysoxia in trauma and hemorrhage and its potential rapid transition to involve inflammatory and immune responses on cellular oxygen utilization will aid the clinician in choosing and appropriately interpreting endpoint monitoring data. There also appears to be an optimal window of opportunity for monitoring to help mitigate the development of more complicated inflammatory states. This article reviews the underlying need for endpoint selection (both global and regional, biochemical and functional) and monitoring during resuscitation of the polytrauma patient. At this juncture it appears that early use of a blend of global markers such as lactate and base deficit coupled with an available sensitive regional monitor such as gastric tonometry may offer the best combination of current technology to guard against early perfusion-related dysoxia. Future techniques involving optical spectroscopy offer the exciting potential to assess oxygenation at the cellular level. This may aid in ultra-early detection and resolution of perfusion-related dysoxia in addition to recognizing its transition to more complex inflammatory-mediated circulatory and metabolic failure.