bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity patterns, home-range size, and habitat utilization of Sarpa salpa (Teleostei: Sparidae) in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Jadot C. , Donnay A. , Acolas M.L. , Cornet Y. , Bégout Anras M.L.
Published: October 2005

Acoustic telemetry was used to record diel movement and habitat utilization of the salema (Sarpa salpa) (Teleostei: Sparidae) during three consecutive summers from 2000 to 2002 in the Calvi and Achiarina bays of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 18 fish was equipped with acoustic transmitters inserted in the body cavity, 13 were tracked in the Bay of Calvi (275 mm ± 26.9 LF), and 5 in Achiarina Bay (260 mm ± 33.6 LF). Two different systems were used to track the fish. The one used in the Bay of Calvi was a manual receiver and a directional hydrophone. The second system, used in Achiarina Bay, was a radio-acoustic-positioning (RAP) system that continuously monitored the movements of the fish. Fish positions were put in a geographic information system (GIS) with information on the substratum and depth. Two patterns of behaviour could be identified in the three years. Either the fish had clearly defined daytime as opposed to night-time areas of residency, characterized by different depths and substrata or the fish persistently occupied the same sites during both day and night. In the Bay of Calvi, six fish were released 1 km from the capture site. All of them showed homing ability and returned to the site within 48 h.
Host–parasite interaction of a muscle-infecting didymozoid in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus L.
Authors: Pascual S. , Abollo E. , Azevedo C.
Published: October 2005

Numerous ribbon-like aggregations of eggs of a trematode didymozoid were found embedded in the connective tissue, mostly between the epoxial skeletal muscle fibres, of mature mackerel Scomber scombrus collected from post-recruits of the eastern stock. Egg masses contained numerous developmental stages, including pre-vitellogenous oocytes to fully embryonated eggs. Genomic DNA isolation, PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing strongly supported the view that the eggs belong to a yet unidentified didymozoid. There was minor muscular damage to the host, namely focal distortion of host fibre architecture to accommodate the parasite, and the mild host response consisted of different stages of encapsulation. Concurrent heavy infection makes the mackerel flesh unappealing to eat, although the quality of the fish is not significantly affected and there is no public health danger.
Comparison of the efficacy of Burch colposuspension, pubovaginal sling, and tension‐free vaginal tape for stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Bai S.W. , Sohn W.H. , Chung D.J. , Park J.H. , Kim S.K.
Published: October 2005

Objective: To compare the cure rate and confirm the clinical efficacy of the 3 most frequently performed surgical procedures for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods: Between January 2001 and May 2003, 92 women with SUI were randomly assigned to undergo the Burch colposuspension (n = 33), pubovaginal sling (n = 28), or tension‐free vaginal tape (n = 31) at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Patient characteristics, urodynamic study results, cure rates at 3, 6, and 12 months, and complication rates were compared using the χ2 test. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the cure rates initially, but after 12 months the cure rate of the pubovaginal sling procedure was found to be significantly higher than those of the tension‐free vaginal tape or Burch colposuspension procedures. Conclusion: The cure rate of the pubovaginal sling procedure was significantly higher after 1 year, but no difference in efficacy was observed between the 2 other procedures. A randomized prospective study of a larger population should be conducted.
Reforming family policy in the Baltic States: The views of the elites
Authors: Aidukaite Jolanta
Published: October 2005

The aim of this paper is to explore the various views of the social policy elites in the Baltic States concerning family policy and, in particular, family benefits as one of the possible explanations for the observed policy differences. This study is based on semi-structured expert interviews from the three Baltic countries conducted in 2002. The qualitative analyses indicate that the Baltic States differ significantly with regard to the reasons behind their family policies. Lithuanian decision-makers seek to reduce poverty among families with children and enhance parents’ responsibility for bringing up their children. Latvian policy-makers act so as to increase the birth rate and create equal opportunities for children from all families. Policies that seek to create equal opportunities for all children and the desire to enhance gender equality was more visible in the case of Estonia in comparison with the other two countries. This study thus indicate how intimately the attitudes of top-level bureaucrats, policy-makers and researchers shape social policy.
Novel cysteine proteinase inTrypanosoma cruzimetacyclogenesis
Authors: DUSCHAK V. G. , BARBOZA M. , GARCÍA G. A. , LAMMEL E. M. , COUTO A. S. , ISOLA E. L. D.
Published: October 2005

With the aim to study proteinases released to the culture medium duringTrypanosoma cruzimetacyclogenesis, the presence of cysteine proteinases (CPs) was analysed in culture supernatants obtained throughout the differentiation induced by stimulation of epimastigotes withTriatoma infestanshindgut homogenate. In SDS-gelatin containing gels, an important endopeptidase activity with apparent molecular weight range between 97 and 116 kDa was encountered at pH 6, which was abolished by the specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64 and TLCK, but not by pepstatin, 1,10 phenantroline or PMSF. This novel CP, namedTcCPmet, showed affinity to cystatin-Sepharose, denoting its thiol-proteinase character as well as to ConA-Sepharose, indicating it contains N-linked oligosaccharides. However, it presented a different elution pattern on ConA-Sepharose than cruzipain and, in addition, it was not recognized by anti-cruzipain serum, facts that strongly suggest the different nature of both CPs. Moroever, evidence is presented indicating thatTcCPmet was able to hydrolyse the same chromogenic peptides as cruzipain at optimal alkaline pH values, although with a different order of effectiveness. Our results indicate the presence of a novel CP secreted by metacyclic trypomastigotes and reinforces the important role of these enzymes in metacyclogenesis.
Researching group assessment: jazz in the conservatoire
Authors: Barratt Elisabeth , Moore Hilary
Published: October 2005

This article presents the results of research into methods and scorings for jazz assessment in Trinity College of Music, London, focusing on the possibility of introducing group assessment. It considers the advantages of group assessment methods, contrasting these with the more traditional approach, firmly established in conservatoires, of evaluating individual musicians. We question the role of jazz within the conservatoire, exploring not only the way institutions may transform jazz practice, but also the ways jazz may contribute to the evolution of higher education. The research formed part of a larger grant aimed at curricular development at Trinity College of Music. As such, we present it as an example of research's potential for immediate impact upon education policy. The project is also unusual in its use of students and instrumental professors not only as subjects of research but as participators fully involved in their own self-assessment and development.
Conservatoire student and instrumental professor: the student perspective on a complex relationship
Authors: Presland Carole
Published: October 2005

This article examines the special relationship between students and their instrumental teachers in UK conservatoires. Conservatoires in the UK provide a higher education for aspiring performers and composers and the students' choice of conservatoire will often be guided by their desire to study with a particular ‘professor’ who will teach them their major or ‘principal study’ instrument. Many such professors are visiting part-time staff whose teaching commitment represents only a small proportion of their wider professional lives. Here, the relationship between student and professor is revealed through the perceptions of piano students at a UK conservatoire and a picture emerges of partnerships which are remarkably productive, but vary widely in the degree and range of musical and personal support that students ideally hope to receive from them.
A young person's guide to the orchestral profession
Authors: Corkhill David
Published: October 2005

Through interviews with ten conservatoire students and ten professional orchestral musicians teaching at conservatoires, this paper seeks to establish whether young people regard the orchestral music profession as a worthwhile ambition. If so, are teachers preparing students sufficiently for their careers and passing on the benefits of their considerable experience? While interviewees express deep enthusiasm and love for the orchestral profession, both students and professors seem less sure about the consistency and quality of career preparation at the conservatoire level. Professors explain the difficulties of prioritising multiple agendas during lesson time, while students, though determined to pursue their dream of becoming orchestral players, reveal only partial understanding and knowledge of the profession.
Imagination in practice: a study of the integrated roles of interpretation, imagery and technique in the learning and memorisation processes of two experienced solo performers
Authors: Holmes Patricia
Published: October 2005

How can we use practice time in the best possible way? Do we, as performers, have a keen enough awareness of the workings of our mind and body to be sure we are learning in the optimum way for secure performance? If not, how can we readily convey to others good habits for learning and memorisation? By demonstrating aspects of how experienced solo instrumentalists prepare for performance, this paper makes some progress towards answering these questions. In order to extend existing piano based research and to establish possible instrumental differences in working patterns, this study is based on data from interviews with a guitarist and a 'cellist. Thematic analysis of the interview data reveals that despite some variation due to the respective nature of the instruments, most practice strategies are common to both and these strategies are always generated by interpretative goals. Firstly, the clear links between interpretative goals and the formation of playing techniques are demonstrated by the subjects' intuitive mental constructs involving imagery, giving considerable insight into their thought processes and working patterns. Among the forms of imagery identified, motor imagery was found to be unexpectedly significant. Next, there is some discussion of how imagery associated with simultaneous technical and emotional input can help to embed information securely in the memory. The value of creating idiosyncratic structures relating to learning and performance is then shown. Finally, advantages of introducing a more imaginative approach into practice at all levels are proposed, together with potential benefits for both motivation and memory retention.
Clinical features and predictors for mortality in patients with infective endocarditis at a university hospital in Taiwan from 1995 to 2003
Authors: HSU C.-N. , WANG J.-Y. , TSENG C.-D. , HWANG J.-J. , HSUEH P.-R. , LIAU C.-S.
Published: October 2005

The clinical features and microbiological characteristics of 315 patients with definite or possible infective endocarditis (IE) from January 1995 to December 2003 were evaluated. There were 187 males and 128 females with a mean age of 51 years (range, 1 month to 92 years). Ninety-three patients (30%) had a diagnosis of valvular heart disease and 24 (8%) had received prosthetic valve replacement. Blood culture was negative in 62 patients (20%). Staphylococci (91 patients, 32%), including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (15%), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (11%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (6%), were the most commonly encountered pathogens followed by viridans group streptococci (77 patients, 24%). Eight patients (25%) had various neurological, renal, embolic, and cardiac complications. Patients with neurological complications [odds ratio (OR) 8·175, P<0·001], nosocomial IE (OR 6·661, P<0·001), underlying malignancy (OR 4·993, P<0·001), elevated serum creatinine level (OR 3·132, P=0·001), or elevated WBC count (>15000/mm3) (OR 2·537, P=0·007) were at significantly increased risk of mortality. This study found mortality from IE was associated with several factors, among which neurological complications were the most hazardous. Patients with more than one risk factor had poorer prognosis. These results suggest the need for more aggressive management in patients with IE when multiple risk factors for mortality are identified.
Estimation of minimum infection rates with Legionella pneumophila in an exposed population
Authors: BOSHUIZEN H. C. , NAGELKERKE N. J. D. , DEN BOER J. W. , DE MELKER H. , SCHELLEKENS J. F. P. , PEETERS M. F. , VAN VLIET H. , CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK M. A. E.
Published: October 2005

The distribution of antibody levels to Legionella (L.) pneumophila (serotypes 1–7) was compared between subjects who worked near the source of a large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease (n=668) and a population sample of comparable age (n=480). In a previous analysis of these data, it was estimated that 80% of those working near the source were infected with L. pneumophila. However, the estimation procedure implicitly assumes that the probability of infection does not depend on the antibody level of a person before exposure. This is questionable, as antibodies could protect against infection. We have now estimated the minimum value consistent with the data on the number of infected persons. We observed that a minimum of 40% [95% confidence interval (CI) 32–48] of those working near the source and 13% (95% CI 8–18) of those working further away were infected with L. pneumophila. Implications of these findings for design options in future research are discussed.
Amorphous molecular beam epitaxy: global solutions and absorbing sets
Authors: STEIN O. , WINKLER M.
Published: October 2005

The parabolic equation \[u_t + u_{xxxx} + u_{xx} = - (|u_x|^\alpha)_{xx}, \qquad \alpha>1\], is studied under the boundary conditions $u_x|_{\partial\Omega}=u_{xxx}|_{\partial\Omega}=0$ in a bounded real interval $\Omega$. Solutions from two different regularity classes are considered: It is shown that unique mild solutions exist locally in time for any $\alpha>1$ and initial data $u_0 \in W^{1,q}(\Omega)$ ($q>\alpha$), and that they are global if $\alpha \le \frac{5}{3}$. Furthermore, from a semidiscrete approximation scheme global weak solutions are constructed for $\alpha < \frac{10}{3}$, and for suitable transforms of such solutions the existence of a bounded absorbing set in $L^1(\Omega)$ is proved for $\alpha \in [2,\frac{10}{3})$. The article closes with some numerical examples which do not only document the roughening and coarsening phenomena expected for thin film growth, but also illustrate our results about absorbing sets.
Rehabilitation of joint disease in older adults
Authors: Clarke AK
Published: October 2005

‘In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.’ To these two could be added rheumatic disease. Only one in 19 of us will escape one or more significant episode of rheumatic disease. Osteoarthritis is the single commonest cause of disability and handicap in Britain. Although arthritis is seen in childhood and early adult life, the burden of joint disease increases with age. The majority of arthritic conditions have a low incidence but a high prevalence. In other words, once you get arthritis, it stays with you. Nodal osteoarthritis is seen in about 70% of women by the end of their lives in Britain, and in 55 to 60% of men. Any inflammatory disorder that damages joints will lead to secondary osteoarthritis (OA). Injury, such as that seen with the menisci of the knees, will also be complicated in later life by secondary OA. Ankylosing spondylitis never burns itself out. This is all very gloomy and perhaps we should all be ordering our bath chairs now.
Quality of life in chronic disease rehabilitation
Authors: Hobson Peter , Meara Jolyon
Published: October 2005

In 2002 the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that worldwide, deaths due to chronic diseases were accountable for around 30 million people. An earlier report by the WHO revealed that the leading causes of deaths due to chronic disease were cardiovascular disease (17 million), cancers (7 million), chronic lung diseases (4 million) and diabetes (approximately 1 million). In developed nations, the most frequently reported risk factors associated with chronic diseases are exposure to tobacco products (12.2%), hypertension (10.9%), alcohol consumption (9.2%), elevated cholesterol (7.6%), and obesity (7.4%), unhealthy diets that include high saturated fat and sugar content (3.9%) and sedentary lifestyle (3.3%). In view of the demographic shifts, and the strong association with aging and chronic disease, it is estimated that worldwide, within the next two decades, the predicted number of deaths due to chronic illness will rise to around 50 million people per year. Amongst elderly populations in particular, circulatory diseases, respiratory diseases, mental health problems, and musculoskeletal diseases are frequently cited as causes of chronic illness. Population estimates in the UK suggest that around 70% of people by the age of 80 report some type of health-related disability. Patients with chronic conditions will often have multiple co-morbidities with complicated disease management which will necessitate considerable contributions from their caregivers. The caregivers of the chronically ill are often unpaid family members who are frequently placed under considerable stress, and as a result can themselves suffer from functional decline, depression, isolation and loneliness.
Adherence to Principles of Motivational Interviewing and Client Within-Session Behavior
Authors: Catley Delwyn , Harris Kari Jo , Mayo Matthew S. , Hall Sandra , Okuyemi Kolawole S. , Boardman Thuy , Ahluwalia Jasjit S.
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine whether counselor adherence to Motivational Interviewing (MI) principles was associated with more productive within-session client behavior in a smoking cessation trial for African American smokers. For these analyses 89 baseline counseling sessions of the trial were audiotaped and coded using the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code (MISC). Counselor adherence indicators included a global subjective rating of MI adherence and the frequency of MI-consistent and MI-inconsistent counselor behaviors described in the MISC. Indicators of productive client behaviors included global subjective ratings of within-session client functioning and counselor-client interaction, as well as the frequency of statements by the client favorable toward changing behavior (“change talk”) and resistant regarding changing behavior (“resist-change talk”). Results provided support for the principles of MI. Counselor adherence indexed by both the global subjective rating and MI-consistent behavior frequency was significantly positively associated with global ratings of within-session client functioning and counselor-client interaction, as well as more change talk.
Befriending versus CBT for Schizophrenia: A Convergent and Divergent Fidelity Check
Authors: Milne Derek , Wharton Sarah , James Ian , Turkington Doug
Published: October 2005

Befriending (BF) has received attention as a beneficial part of mental health care. For example, when compared with cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for schizophrenia, BF was found to be as effective as CBT in terms of initial symptom improvement (Sensky et al., 2000). Why was the BF apparently so effective? Was the BF really a discrete and powerful intervention? Or was it simply an unrecognized aspect of regular CBT? We addressed these questions by first observing BF's convergence with “social support” (a plausibly discrete treatment) and, second, by examining its divergence from CBT, drawing on archival data. For the convergence prediction we correlated the speech content of therapists' in 10 BF sessions from the Sensky et al. study with previously published social support data from stylists working with people with severe mental health problems in a psychiatric hospital (Milne and Netherwood, 1997). For the second prediction the same 10 BF sessions were compared with a sample of 10 CBT sessions, also from the Sensky et al. study. The results indicated that BF was indeed significantly correlated (converged) with social support (r=0.7; p<.05), and also that it did differ (diverged) significantly from CBT (p<.05). As a treatment fidelity check, therefore, these findings indicate tentatively that the two treatments in the Sensky et al. (2000) study were appropriately implemented. As an analysis of effective interventions for schizophrenia, it cautiously suggests that “social support” merits serious attention, and is perhaps no mere placebo.
FARINELLI AS QUEEN OF THE NIGHT
Authors: CLARK JANE
Published: October 2005

The popular conception of the eighteenth century as The Age of Reason has perhaps obscured the values cherished by many people at the time. The strength of its ‘legitimist political movements’ is hard for a modern mind to grasp. Even harder is the ‘political fantasy’ of the ‘renewed empire’ prophesied by Virgil. But these ideas were very real to the eighteenth-century mind. To this must be added the sacred nature of the ancient Orders of Chivalry and their origins in the Crusades, as well as their connections with the Templars and ancient Freemasonry. All this must be taken into account when considering Farinelli, his patrons and his colleague Domenico Scarlatti.
EDITORIAL
Authors: BADLEY ALLAN
Published: October 2005

Although musicology as a discipline has expanded enormously over the past few decades, many of its core interests remain much as they were a century ago, when the primary task facing scholars was to take stock of what had been written and by whom. We now possess good if not yet definitive catalogues of many composers’ oeuvres and in some cases complete or near-complete critical editions. Less systematically organized performing editions of works by non-canonical composers have also begun to appear in increasing numbers in recent years to complement the pioneering surveys in publications like Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich and Musica Britannica. Systematic studies of contemporary documents relating to individual musicians and musical establishments have proved exceptionally useful, though much of the picture remains obscure. Thus, after a century of unremitting labour, we have a musical chart that is extravagantly detailed in some areas yet frustratingly blank in others. The chance survival of documents enables us, for example, to know how many coffee spoons Leopold Hofmann owned at the time of his death, yet few if any documents survive that shed light on his personal and professional life. None the less, in spite of the incompleteness of our knowledge we possess an incomparably more detailed understanding of music in the eighteenth century than seemed possible even twenty years ago.
THE PACIFIC IN THE MINDS AND MUSIC OF ENLIGHTENMENT EUROPE
Authors: IRVING DAVID
Published: October 2005

This article explores the significance of musical, cultural and scientific discoveries in the South Seas to European scholars in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in particular to the emerging clique of music historians in England and France. It examines the relationship between Charles Burney and many leading figures in maritime exploration, and the notable interest he took in the discovery and codification of South Sea music. The writing of Dr Burney on this subject is considered, as is his contact with Omai (Mai), a young Tahitian brought to England. Through the examination of correspondence, memoirs and other sources the article also discusses the exposure of ‘noble savages’ Omai and Aotourou to French and Italian music in London and Paris, and the use of their reactions to fuel the controversy between the supporters of these respective styles in late eighteenth-century Europe. Lastly, it briefly mentions a number of eighteenth-century musical works that used the Pacific as their central theme and examines artwork that complemented the concepts of geographical exploration with the musical exploration of Dr Burney.
CENSORSHIP OF THE GOÛT MODERNE IN 1730S LUDWIGSBURG AND THE MUSIC OF GIUSEPPE ANTONIO BRESCIANELLO
Authors: OWENS SAMANTHA
Published: October 2005

The year 1730 saw the Württemberg court (based at the magnificent palace of Ludwigsburg, some fifteen miles north of Stuttgart) promote Kammerjunker (gentleman-in-waiting) Christian Adolf von Ziegesar to the newly created position of aristocratic Obermusicdirector (chief music director). Since no template existed, the officials charged with drawing up his contract were instructed to make discreet enquiries regarding the same position at other ducal and electoral courts – a line of investigation that proved to be rather less than successful. One ‘Baron von Thüngen’, a Württemberg Kammerjunker with experience of a number of other courts (including Würzburg), reported unequivocally that to the best of his knowledge no court employed a nobleman in this position, but rather the directorship of musical matters was normally the responsibility of the Kapellmeister. Such a view appears to be confirmed by Julius Bernhard von Rohr (1688–1742) in his contemporary book on court ceremonial: he commented that a few places employed intendants des plaisirs charged with the overall supervision of large-scale divertissements, but made no mention of a similar position relating specifically to music.
Remotely sensed winds for episodic forcing of ocean models
Authors: Morey Steven L. , Bourassa Mark A. , Davis Xujing Jia , O'Brien James J. , Zavala‐Hidalgo Jorge
Published: October 2005

A new method is described for forcing regional ocean models with wind stress fields derived from satellite scatterometer data. A variational technique is applied to produce regularly gridded surface wind (stress) fields in time and space using data from the NASA SeaWinds scatterometer aboard the QuikSCAT satellite. Three uniformly gridded wind stress products are produced with satellite scatterometer data for the Gulf of Mexico, one based solely on scatterometer data and the other two constrained to a background field derived from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. These, along with winds from the Eta‐29 NWP model, are used to force a high‐resolution ocean model of the Gulf of Mexico. The four wind products are compared to National Data Buoy Center in situ observations. Ocean model data are compared to coastal sea level stations and moored acoustic Doppler current profiler data over the West Florida Shelf. The results show that the satellite products capture much of the variability at atmospheric synoptic scales and show great promise for representing energetic episodic events such as tropical cyclones. The techniques presented in this work are applicable to improving numerical ocean simulations of inaccessible or data‐sparse regions of the world.
A comparison of two paradigms: The relative global roles of moist convective versus nonconvective transport
Authors: Hess P. G.
Published: October 2005

Global‐scale transport processes are examined in the troposphere using the Model of Ozone and Related Trace Species, version 2 (MOZART‐2). Here MOZART‐2 is driven by input meteorological fields from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Chemistry (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data set during 2001–2002 filtered at approximately 2.8 degrees latitude by 2.8 degrees longitude. Idealized tracers are used to identify deep moist convectively processed airmasses in MOZART‐2, where the convection is parameterized using the Zhang and McFarlane scheme. The simulations show that the troposphere can be divided into a convectively processed regime where deep moist convective transport is predominantly responsible for the transport of trace species from the boundary layer and a nonconvectively processed regime. The boundary between the convectively processed and nonconvectively processed regimes lies between approximately 300 and 310 K. The interplay between moist convective and nonconvective transport explains many aspects of the global tropospheric distribution of trace species, including seasonal, latitudinal and longitudinal changes in species distribution. Evidence is presented that transport in the warm conveyor belts of synoptic systems is the process primarily responsible for lofting trace species into the middle and upper troposphere in the nonconvectively processed regime. The Northern Hemisphere (N. H.) midlatitude troposphere undergoes a substantial seasonal cycle in convective influence with much greater convective impact during summer, primarily from convection north of 30°N. There is a barrier to poleward transport in the upper troposphere across 30°, even during the Northern Hemisphere summer. In specific applications the seasonal change in the transport regimes from Asia to North America is examined during the Intercontinental and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) campaign and the chemical consequences of convection are explored. An isentropic viewpoint is emphasized in this study. We use this viewpoint to explain the fact that poleward tracer gradients can be explained by transport considerations alone.
MPI‐DING glasses: New geological reference materials for in situ Pb isotope analysis
Authors: Jochum Klaus Peter , Pfänder Jörg , Woodhead Jon D. , Willbold Matthias , Stoll Brigitte , Herwig Kirstin , Amini Marghaleray , Abouchami Wafa , Hofmann Albrecht W.
Published: October 2005

Advances in microanalytical techniques continue to revolutionize trace element and isotope geochemistry. Yet the lack of widely available geological reference materials has made interlaboratory comparisons and assessment of analytical accuracy difficult or impossible in many cases. The preparation and extensive analysis of the MPI‐DING glasses has been designed to fill this gap. Here we report high‐precision Pb isotope analyses by TIMS and MC‐ICPMS techniques on seven geological MPI‐DING glasses. The Pb concentrations in the reference glasses vary between 0.4 and 20 μg/g, allowing use in a wide range of analytical situations. In addition, solution ICPMS and LA‐ICPMS analyses were used to investigate the analytical performance of a rapidly scanning single‐collector sector‐field mass spectrometer for the measurement of Pb isotope ratios. Our TIMS and MC‐ICPMS measurements demonstrate that variations of 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb in most MPI‐DING glasses are less than 0.03%. Preliminary reference values for 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, and 207Pb/206Pb were obtained by averaging all high‐precision data and normalizing them to the mean triple spike data for NIST SRM 981, obtained in the Mainz laboratory. 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb ratios, which are commonly utilized for in situ Pb isotope studies, vary from 2.0110 (GOR132‐G) to 2.0810 (T1‐G) and 0.81656 (GOR132‐G) to 0.84389 (GOR128‐G), respectively. Any heterogeneity present in the glasses is generally lower than the reproducibility obtained from in situ microanalytical techniques, such as LA‐ICPMS and SIMS (about 0.1–0.3% for 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb measurements). This is demonstrated by the results for our LA‐ICPMS Pb isotope analyses using a single‐collector sector‐field ICP mass spectrometer, which agree to within 0.2% of the reference values. A similar accuracy was obtained from solution ICPMS using the same single‐collector mass spectrometer.
Global observations of stratospheric bromine monoxide from SCIAMACHY
Authors: Sinnhuber B.‐M. , Rozanov A. , Sheode N. , Afe O. T. , Richter A. , Sinnhuber M. , Wittrock F. , Burrows J. P. , Stiller G. P. , von Clarmann T. , Linden A.
Published: October 2005

The Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) onboard the ENVISAT satellite provides for the first time a global view on stratospheric bromine monoxide (BrO). Here we focus on a 10 day period in September 2002. The BrO retrievals are compared with modeled BrO profiles, based on estimated inorganic bromine (Bry) from CFC‐11 retrievals by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on ENVISAT and the calculated BrO/Bry ratio from a photochemical model constrained by SCIAMACHY NO2 retrievals. The BrO observations are broadly consistent with our current understanding of stratospheric bromine chemistry and a total stratospheric bromine loading of 18 ± 3 pptv. Comparisons between the measured stratospheric BrO column and the simultaneously measured total BrO column from SCIAMACHY nadir observations suggest an average global background tropospheric BrO mixing ratio of 1.0 ± 0.5 pptv.
Ion microprobe U‐Pb dating of phosphates in lunar basaltic breccia, Elephant Moraine 87521
Authors: Terada Kentaro , Saiki Tomoyo , Oka Yoshimi , Hayasaka Yasutaka , Sano Yuji
Published: October 2005

We report ion microprobe U‐Pb dating of phosphates in lunar meteorite “Elephant Moraine 87521 (EET87521),” which is a fragmental breccia consisting of Very‐Low Ti (VLT) basaltic clasts and a small component of highland‐derived materials. The observed Pb‐Pb age of phosphates in EET87521 is 3503 ± 140 Ma, which is distinct from the results from previous chronological studies on VLT mare basalt of 3.2–3.3 Ga for LUNA‐24. This suggests that the VLT basalt volcanism appears to have been prolonged on the Moon. Moreover, the age is apparently different from those of other VLT meteorites (3.8 Ga for QUE94281 and 4.0 & 4.4 Ga for Yamato793274), which are proposed to have been launched by a single impact event based on the similarity of launching ages, mineralogical and geochemical signatures. This evidence questions the validities of bulk age analyses for the Yamato & QUE meteorites in the literature and/or the hypothesis of a single‐crater origin.
The initiation of lightning by runaway air breakdown
Authors: Dwyer J. R.
Published: October 2005

A mechanism for lightning initiation by the sustained runaway breakdown of air is presented. Unlike earlier models that rely upon large cosmic‐ray air showers, this mechanism uses the runaway electrons produced by the steady background of atmospheric cosmic‐rays to amplify non‐uniformities in the electric field. The ionization of air from the runaway electrons creates a region of discharge that propagates in the opposite direction of the electrons, enhancing the electric field in front of it to the point where a conventional breakdown can occur. As the discharged region grows, positron feedback can become important, dramatically increasing the flux of runaway electrons and increasing the propagation speed of the discharged region up to 106 m/s. The ambient electric field strength needed for this mechanism is within the range of values observed in thunderclouds and is substantially lower than that required by most other mechanisms.
Metastable superplumes and mantle compressibility
Authors: Tan Eh , Gurnis Michael
Published: October 2005

Seismically, the African superplume is known to have a sharp lateral transition in VS and an interface between seismic anomalies with high relief. Such a structure is usually unstable in conventional thermo‐chemical convection models. Using a compressible thermo‐chemical convection model in which each material has a distinct equation of state, we find an expanded regime of metastable superplumes. In the preferred model, superplume material has a bulk modulus 6% higher and density 2.25% higher than ambient mantle. The inferred physical properties of the superplume are consistent with subducted oceanic crust, simultaneously satisfying seismological, geodynamical, mineralogical and geochemical constraints.
Modeling of ecosystem processes on the Oregon shelf during the 2001 summer upwelling
Authors: Spitz Y. H. , Allen J. S. , Gan J.
Published: October 2005

Three‐dimensional ecosystem response to wind forcing on the continental shelf off Oregon is studied using a five‐component nitrogen‐based ecosystem model coupled to a high‐resolution circulation model. We investigate, in particular, the influence of time‐dependent winds and alongshore variations in shelf topography for summer 2001 during the time period of the Coastal Ocean Advances in Shelf Transport (COAST) field experiment. Over summer 2001 the average southward, upwelling‐favorable wind leads to the development of a southward coastal jet and upwelled cold nutrient‐rich water over the shelf. A strong influence of the shelf topography is found in the observed and modeled nutrients and plankton, with significant spatial variability associated with interactions of the shelf flow with Heceta Bank. The model results show that the largest mean chlorophyll‐a concentrations are located onshore of the coastal jet, while the largest mean zooplankton concentrations are found farther offshore, typically on the offshore side of the jet, except on Heceta Bank. During intermittent downwelling periods the largest concentrations of mean zooplankton and phytoplankton, however, are both inshore of the jet. The 20 day oscillations in the modeled nutrients and plankton, the time lags between the wind stress and these ecosystem components, and the decorrelation timescales of phytoplankton agree with those obtained from mooring and satellite measurements. A detailed analysis of the balance between biological and physical forcing helps to clarify the temporal and spatial response of the ecosystem.
A hybrid regularized inversion methodology for highly parameterized environmental models
Authors: Tonkin Matthew James , Doherty John
Published: October 2005

A hybrid approach to the regularized inversion of highly parameterized environmental models is described. The method is based on constructing a highly parameterized base model, calculating base parameter sensitivities, and decomposing the base parameter normal matrix into eigenvectors representing principal orthogonal directions in parameter space. The decomposition is used to construct super parameters. Super parameters are factors by which principal eigenvectors of the base parameter normal matrix are multiplied in order to minimize a composite least squares objective function. These eigenvectors define orthogonal axes of a parameter subspace for which information is available from the calibration data. The coordinates of the solution are sought within this subspace. Super parameters are estimated using a regularized nonlinear Gauss‐Marquardt‐Levenberg scheme. Though super parameters are estimated, Tikhonov regularization constraints are imposed on base parameters. Tikhonov regularization mitigates over fitting and promotes the estimation of reasonable base parameters. Use of a large number of base parameters enables the inversion process to be receptive to the information content of the calibration data, including aspects pertaining to small‐scale parameter variations. Because the number of super parameters sustainable by the calibration data may be far less than the number of base parameters used to define the original problem, the computational burden for solution of the inverse problem is reduced. The hybrid methodology is described and applied to a simple synthetic groundwater flow model. It is then applied to a real‐world groundwater flow and contaminant transport model. The approach and programs described are applicable to a range of modeling disciplines.
Percolation and transport in a sandy soil under a natural hydraulic gradient
Authors: Green Christopher T. , Stonestrom David A. , Bekins Barbara A. , Akstin Katherine C. , Schulz Marjorie S.
Published: October 2005

Unsaturated flow and transport under a natural hydraulic gradient in a Mediterranean climate were investigated with a field tracer experiment combined with laboratory analyses and numerical modeling. Bromide was applied to the surface of a sandy soil during the dry season. During the subsequent rainy season, repeated sediment sampling tracked the movement of bromide through the profile. Analysis of data on moisture content, matric pressure, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, and soil texture and structure provides insights into parameterization and use of the advective‐dispersive modeling approach. Capturing the gross features of tracer and moisture movement with model simulations required an order‐of‐magnitude increase in laboratory‐measured hydraulic conductivity. Wetting curve characteristics better represented field results, calling into question the routine estimation of hydraulic characteristics based only on drying conditions. Measured increases in profile moisture exceeded cumulative precipitation in early winter, indicating that gains from dew drip can exceed losses from evapotranspiration during periods of heavy (“Tule”) fog. A single‐continuum advective‐dispersive modeling approach could not reproduce a peak of bromide that was retained near the soil surface for over 3 years. Modeling of this feature required slow exchange of solute at a transfer rate of 0.5–1 × 10−4 d−1 with an immobile volume approaching the residual moisture content.
ATGL has a key role in lipid droplet/adiposome degradation in mammalian cells
Authors: Smirnova Elena , Goldberg Elysa B , Makarova Kira S , Lin Lin , Brown William J , Jackson Catherine L
Published: October 2005

Lipid droplets (LDs), also called adiposomes, are found in many eukaryotic cells, and are highly upregulated in lipid‐storage cells, such as adipocytes. The mechanism by which adiposomes and their component neutral lipids are degraded is an important health issue with the rapidly spreading epidemic of obesity. Recently, a novel triglyceride lipase (adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)) that catalyses the initial step in triglyceride hydrolysis in adipocyte LDs was identified. Here, we show that ATGL also functions in non‐adipocyte cells, and has an important role in LD degradation in these cells. Overexpression of wild‐type ATGL causes a marked decrease in LD size, whereas a catalytically inactive mutant retains the ability to localize to LDs, but is unable to decrease their size. Depletion of ATGL by RNA interference leads to a significant increase in the size of LDs. These results show that ATGL has an important role in LD/adiposome turnover in mammalian cells.
Evidence of overcharging in the complexation between oppositely charged polymers and surfactants
Authors: Berret Jean-François
Published: October 2005

We report on the complexation between charged-neutral block copolymers and oppositely charged surfactants studied by small-angle neutron scattering. Two block copolymers/surfactant systems are investigated, poly(acrylicacid)-b-poly(acrylamide) with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and poly(trimethylammonium ethylacrylate methylsulfate)-b-poly(acrylamide) with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Two two systems are similar in terms of structure and molecular weight but have different electrostatic charges. The neutron-scattering data have been interpreted in terms of a model that assumes the formation of mixed polymer-surfactant aggregates, also called colloidal complexes. These complexes exhibit a core-shell microstructure, where the core is a dense coacervate microphase of micelles surrounded by neutral blocks. Here, we are taking advantage of the fact that the complexation results in finite-size aggregates to shed some light on the complexation mechanisms. In order to analyze quantitatively the neutron data, we develop two different approaches to derive the number of surfactant micelles per polymer in the mixed aggregates and the distributions of aggregation numbers. With these results, we show that the formation of the colloidal complex is in agreement with overcharging predictions. In both systems, the amount of polyelectrolytes needed to build the core-shell colloids always exceeds the number that would be necessary to compensate the charge of the micelles. For the two polymer-surfactant systems investigated, the overcharging ratios are 0.66±0.06 and 0.38±0.02.
On the absence of continuous symmetries for noncommutative 3-spheres
Authors: Lizzi Fedele , Stern Allen , Vitale Patrizia
Published: October 2005

A large class of noncommutative spherical manifolds was obtained recently from cohomology considerations. A one-parameter family of twisted three-spheres was discovered by Connes and Landi, and later generalized to a three-parameter family by Connes and Dubois-Violette. The spheres of Connes and Landi were shown to be homogeneous spaces for certain compact quantum groups. Here we investigate whether this property can be extended to the noncommutative three-spheres of Connes and Dubois-Violette. Upon restricting to quantum groups which are continuous deformations of Spin(4) and SO(4) with standard coactions, our results suggest that this is not the case.
On the accuracy of one-component pseudopotential spin-orbit calculations
Authors: Fromager Emmanuel , Visscher Lucas , Maron Laurent , Teichteil Christian
Published: October 2005

Improvements on current one-component extraction procedures of spin-orbit pseudopotentials are investigated for high accuracy computation of spin-orbit coupling energies. By means of the perturbation-theory formalism we first show that spin-orbit pseudopotentials, extracted at the one-component self-consistent-field level from a reference all-electron Dirac-Coulomb or Dirac-Coulomb-Breit calculation, include valence spin-orbit polarization and relaxation effects. As a consequence the use of these pseudopotentials in uncontracted spin-orbit configuration interaction (CI) with singles from the reference ground-state configuration gives rise to double counting of these spin-orbit effects. Two new methods that avoid such double counting have been investigated. The first, so-called “explicit” method, calculates explicitly, by means of a four-component spin-orbit CI, the double-counted spin-orbit effects and removes them from the pseudopotentials. Due to the nonadditivity of the core and valence spin-orbit effects as well as the so-called “pseudovariational collapse,” this method is shown to be cumbersome. In the second “implicit” method the spin-orbit pseudopotential is extracted at the spin-orbit polarized and relaxed level by means of a single-excitation spin-orbit CI calculation. Atomic tests on iodine demonstrate the ability of the latter method to solve the double-counting problem.
Mid-infrared characterization of the NH4+∙(H2O)n clusters in the neighborhood of the n=20 “magic” number
Authors: Diken Eric G. , Hammer Nathan I. , Johnson Mark A. , Christie Richard A. , Jordan Kenneth D.
Published: October 2005

Vibrational predissociation spectra are reported for size-selected NH4+∙(H2O)n clusters (n=5–22) in the 2500–3900cm−1 region. We concentrate on the sharp free OH stretching bands to deduce the local H-bonding configurations of water molecules on the cluster surface. As in the spectra of the protonated water clusters, the free OH bands in NH4+∙(H2O)n evolve from a quartet at small sizes (n<7), to a doublet around n=9, and then to a single peak at the n=20 magic number cluster, before the doublet re-emerges at larger sizes. This spectral simplification at the magic number cluster mirrors that found earlier in the H+∙(H2O)n clusters. We characterize the likely structures at play for the n=19 and 20 clusters with electronic structure calculations. The most stable form of the n=20 cluster is predicted to have a surface-solvated NH4+ ion that lies considerably lower in energy than isomers with the NH4+ in the interior.