bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A roadmap for GPCR trafficking pathways (613.8)
Authors: Bahouth Suleiman , Nooh Mohammed
Published: June 2021

The ß1‐adrenergic receptor (ß1‐AR) is a target for treatment of major cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure and hypertension, but the mechanisms of its trafficking are obscure. Recycling of agonist‐internalized ß1‐AR is dependent on two domains the PDZ in the C‐tail and Ser312 in the third intracellular loop. Cross‐talk between a complex composed of SAP97‐AKAP79/PKA that is tethered to the PDZ promoted the phosphorylation Ser312, which served as the recycling signal for this GPCR. Site‐directed mutagenesis of the ß1‐AR PDZ indicated that ß1‐AR recycling was inhibited by mutations in the PDZ that interfered with SAP97 binding and by the inhibition of PKA. The trafficking effects of short sequences differing in their PDZ architecture indicated that PDZs, which bound SAP97, facilitated the recycling of the ß1‐AR in a PKA‐sensitive manner. ß1‐AR chimera containing non‐PDZs derived from recycling other proteins, promoted rapid recycling of chimeric ß1‐AR in SAP97‐ and PKA‐independent manner. These data indicated that a roadmap for the trafficking of this GPCR could be constructed that involves three branches, one for ß1‐AR chimera that recycle in a “sequence‐dependent” manner, another for ß1‐AR chimera that recycle in a “sequence independent” manner and a third for “non‐recycling” ß1‐AR chimera. We will also show that inter conversion between these three trafficking highways is possible by subtle mutations in the ß1‐AR structure or milieu.

Supported by NIH, HL‐085848.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH, HL‐085848
5‐Fluoro‐2‐[4‐[(2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐5‐yl)methyl]‐1 piperazinyl]pyrimidine is a mechanism based inactivator of CYP3A4 (615.6)
Authors: Bolles Amanda , Nomeir Amin , Furge Laura
Published: June 2021

Human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is responsible for the metabolism of over fifty percent of pharmaceutical drugs on the market today. Inhibition of CYP3A4 can lead to adverse drug‐drug interactions. 5‐Fluoro‐2‐[4‐[(2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐5‐yl)methyl]‐1‐piperazinyl]pyrimidine (SCH66712) has been previously identified as a mechanism based inactivator (MBI) of CYP2D6 and preliminarily data also suggested it could be an inactivator of CYP3A4 [Palamanda, Casciano, Norton, Clement, Favreau, Lin, Nomeir (2001) Drug Metab Dispos 29, 863‐867]. In the current study SCH66712 was shown to be an MBI of CYP3A4. Inhibition of CYP3A4 by SCH66712 was determined to be concentration‐, time‐ and NADPH‐dependent. In addition, inactivation of CYP3A4 by SCH66712 was shown to be unaffected by the presence of electrophile scavengers. SCH66712 displays type II binding to CYP3A4 with a spectral binding constant (Ks) of 43 ± 2 μM. The partition ratio was determined to be 11, suggesting SCH66712 is a potent MBI of CYP3A4. Analysis of possible mechanism of inactivation are also described.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH 1R15‐GM086767‐02
Searching for filarial aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases ő a bioinformatics project for high school students (618.11)
Authors: Erickson Scott , Wilhelm Kiera , Chihade Joseph
Published: June 2021

High school students participating in the three‐week Carleton Summer Science Institute program engaged in a targeted bioinformatics project designed to uncover and annotate genes encoding aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases from parasitic worms, including several species of nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes. These organisms are the causal agents of several neglected human diseases and are especially prevalent in the developing world. Over the past few years, genomes of several representative species have been sequenced. Students identified predicted cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase genes from twelve different helminths and compared them to known sequences, in an effort to identify proteins that might be good targets for the development of new antihelmitic drugs. During this short project, students learned data mining, sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis and structural visualization software while contributing to an ongoing research effort.
Systematic approach to the assessment of suicidal behavior (618.22)
Authors: Danbayev Serik , Tell Damilya
Published: June 2021

The research and modern literature data suggest the organizational structure of behavioral suicidal act. The impact of stress factors in the external and internal environment causes a negative psycho‐emotional reaction.

The severity of this reaction will depend largely on the state of stress‐limiting systems. In turn, psycho‐emotional response will depend on a number of related factors: genetic, previously carried diseases, disorders, psycho‐social environment; disorders of neuro‐vegetative regulation peculiarities and mental reactions, hormonal status (cortisol, prolactin, thyroid hormones and bioactive connections, etc.), availability of previous alcoholism or drug addiction; metabolic features of the body and brain, in particular, the level of cholesterol in the blood, disorders of the immune system, etc. An important element in the formation of functional and pathological disorders of the central nervous system is a hormonal link. Our data indicate that more than 58% of suicide population (girls) holds inconsistency adaptive and compensatory mechanisms, expressed in varying degrees. Girls with more severe rehabilitation period, but with a stable hyperprolactinemia have significant increase in cortisol levels (2.22 times) is accompanied by a relatively less pronounced increase in prolactin levels (1.8 times), resulting in a low rate of BPD/K. This may indicate that persistent hyperprolactinemia against kortizolemia can be one of the factors that shape disrupting the mechanism of adaptation, in particular the failure of its stress‐limiting link. Conditions of formation of suicidal activity have been originated from these factors. At their worst combination is a qualitatively new emotional state with an orientation to suicide. Study of the functional constituents of the system and the determination of their role in the system will effectively act on these components and prevent suicide attempts.
Brain imaging of nutrition related cognitive development in rural Gambia: studies from birth to 24 months of age (619.1)
Authors: Halliday Drew , Lloyd‐Fox Sarah , Begus Katarina , Maris Helen , Papademetriou Maria , Everdell Nick , Darboe Momodou , Prentice Andrew , Moore Sophie , Elwell Clare
Published: June 2021

Appropriate nutrition in the first 1000 days of life is essential for optimal brain development and function. Neurobehavioral assessments of cognitive function can only be used to detect effects of nutritional deficiencies once they reach the point of observable behaviour, thus reducing the possibility of targeted early intervention strategies. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of optical imaging as an assessment tool for cognitive function in the first two years of life for nutrition based studies in a resource poor setting.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optical imaging technique which measures the haemodynamic response to neuronal activation. A typical system comprises pairs of optical sources and detectors placed over the scalp using a lightweight headband. Each source‐detector pair provides a measure of regional changes in haemodynamics from which an image of localised brain function can be reconstructed. NIRS is completely non invasive, systems are portable, easy to setup and run, protocols are tolerant of participant motion, and non experts can easily be trained to perform the studies. We transported an NIRS system to a field station in rural Gambia to study infants from three age groups (4‐8 month‐olds n = 24; 9‐13 month olds n = 26; 18‐24 month‐olds, n = 20). NIRS was used to measure brain activation to visual and auditory social and non social stimuli. Significant activation was seen during auditory social (e.g., laughter) compared to auditory non social (e.g., toy rattles) conditions ‐ as well as to visual social (human peek‐a‐boo) compared to visual non social (transport images) ‐ in channels localised over the right posterior temporal hemisphere. These results confirm the viability of optical neuroimaging techniques to assess cognitive function in resource poor settings, and suggest that vocal selectivity can be used to differentiate neurodevelopmental trends in visual and auditory processing during the critical first 1000 days of life.

Grant Funding Source: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Effects of prenatal micronutrient supplementation on school age child behavior (619.6)
Authors: Bahnfleth Charlotte , Murray‐Kolb Laura , Schaefer Barbara , Cole Pamela , Khatry Subarna , LeClerq Steven , Christian Parul
Published: June 2021

The long‐term behavioral effects of prenatal micronutrient supplementation have yet to be explored thoroughly. We examined behavior in 7‐9 year old Nepali children (n=676) whose mothers received prenatal micronutrient supplementation as part of a double‐masked RCT. Also, since we previously reported that supplementation with iron‐folic acid (cIFA) during the preschool years resulted in higher demandingness at 7‐9 years, further analyses were conducted to determine if prenatal IFA conferred an added benefit to cIFA (n=334). Mothers were randomized to daily multiple micronutrient (MM); iron‐folic acid (IFA); IFA + zinc (IFAZn); placebo (PL). Child behavior was assessed on six dimensions (positive mood; negative mood; lively/active; sociability; sustained attention; demandingness) during two home observation periods. Differences in behavior ratings were examined relative to the PL for each supplementation group. In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, children whose mothers had received IFA were more likely to have higher ratings of demandingness (p<0.05 for both) while they were more likely to have lower ratings of lively/activity (p<0.05 for both) compared to the PL group. IFAZn or MM did not have any effect on child behavior. In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, those who received both prenatal IFA and cIFA were more likely to have higher ratings of sociability (p<0.05 for both) than those who had only received cIFA. Prenatal supplementation with IFA appears to impact child behavior in the long‐term.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NICHD and Gates Foundation
Intrauterine growth influences growth and body composition of Peruvian children (620.3)
Authors: Mispireta Monica , Zavaleta Nelly , Merialdi Mario , DiPietro Janet , Putnick Diane , Bornstein Marc , Caulfield Laura
Published: June 2021

Our objective was to test whether intrauterine growth in the second half of pregnancy is associated with anthropometric and body composition measures in early childhood. We used data from a prenatal zinc supplementation trial in Peru (n=177) to estimate fetal growth using serial ultrasound measures of head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur diaphysis length, and estimated fetal weight (20‐38 wk gestation), and measures of growth and body composition (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, sum of skinfolds, and fat and muscle areas of extremities) evaluated at a follow‐up visit at 4.5 y. We constructed separate linear regression models for each fetal size measure in mid‐gestation (20‐24 wk), end of pregnancy (36‐38 wk), and the net difference between them and each measure of growth and body composition in childhood. In models adjusted for child and maternal factors, measures of fetal size at end of pregnancy and the difference in fetal size between mid‐gestation and end of pregnancy were positively associated with measures of growth, adiposity, and lean body mass at 4.5y. None of the fetal size measures in mid‐pregnancy were associated with child size or body composition. These results suggest that the fetal growth during the final few weeks of pregnancy influences size and body composition in early childhood.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Nestle Research Foundation; HD042675; NICHD; American Heart Association
Stunting is characterized by chronic inflammation in Zimbabwean infants (620.4)
Authors: Prendergast Andrew , Rukobo Sandro , Chasekwa Bernard , Mutasa Kuda , Ntozini Robert , Mbuya Mduduzi , Jones Andrew , Moulton Lawrence , Stoltzfus Rebecca , Humphrey Jean
Published: June 2021

Background Stunting affects one‐third of children in developing countries, but the causes remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate whether low‐grade inflammation suppresses the growth hormone‐IGF axis and mediates stunting.

Methods We conducted a case‐control study of 202 HIV‐unexposed Zimbabwean infants who were stunted (height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ)<‐2; cases) or non‐stunted (HAZ>‐0.5; controls) at 18mo. We measured biomarkers of intestinal damage (I‐FABP), inflammation (CRP, AGP, IL‐6) and growth hormone‐IGF axis (IGF‐1, IGFBP3) in infant plasma at 6w and 3, 6, 12 and 18mo, and in paired maternal‐infant plasma at birth. Adjusted mean differences between biomarkers were estimated using regression models. Multivariate odds ratios of stunting were estimated by logistic regression.

Results At birth, cases were shorter than controls and their mothers had lower levels of IGF‐1 (adjusted mean difference(95%CI) ‐21.4(‐39.8, ‐3.1) ng/mL). From 6w‐12mo of age, levels of CRP and AGP were consistently higher and IGF‐1 and IGFBP3 lower in cases versus controls; IGF‐1 correlated inversely with inflammatory markers at all time‐points. I‐FABP increased between 3‐12mo, indicating extensive intestinal damage, which was similar in cases and controls. In multivariate analysis, higher levels of CRP (aOR 3.06 (95%CI 1.34, 6.99); P=0.008) and AGP (aOR 7.87 (95%CI 0.74, 83.74); P=0.087) during infancy were associated with stunting.

Conclusions Stunting began in utero and was associated with low maternal IGF‐1 at birth. Inflammatory markers were higher in cases than controls from 6w of age and were associated with lower levels of IGF‐1 throughout infancy. Higher levels of CRP and AGP during infancy were associated with stunting. These findings suggest that an extensive enteropathy occurs during infancy and that low‐grade chronic inflammation may impair infant growth.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Wellcome Trust (UK)
Mild HIV‐induced maternal cachexia predicts adverse birth outcomes in rural Tanzania (620.5)
Authors: Wilkinson Amanda , Pedersen Sarah , Urassa Mark , Mkwashapi Denna , Andreasen Aura , Kinung’hi Safari , Todd Jim , Changalucha John , McDermid Joann
Published: June 2021

Chronic HIV immune activation alters systemic levels of cytokines regulating appetite and body composition and we hypothesized this is contributing to a mild degree of cachexia that typically remains undetected during pregnancy in food insecure regions. We developed a novel cachexia scoring system adapted to this context that included nutritional status (body mass index, mid‐upper arm circumference), anorexia, quality of life, hemoglobin, CD4, plasma ghrelin and cytokines: IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐10. Forty‐four HIV+ (mean CD4=560 cells/µl) women who received antiretrovirals by delivery and 70 HIV‐ pregnant women volunteered for this prospective cohort. Women appeared similar and did not statistically differ by obstetrical histories, demographic, nutritional or clinical factors. More HIV+ women experienced adverse outcomes (combined miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight; 14 v 6 %) and delivered infants with lower mean birth weights (3026 v 3299 g; p=0.018) and lengths (45.7 v 47.0 cm; p=0.007). Among HIV+ women, cachexia score predicted lower birth weights (p=0.028) and lengths (p=0.002) indicating the observed cachexia explains in part less favorable birth outcomes in this setting.

Grant Funding Source: Mario Einuadi Center for International Studies
Exploring behaviors related to positive growth in an urban slum of Mumbai (620.9)
Authors: D'Alimonte Mary , Deshmukh Devika , Jayaraman Anuja , Chanani Sheila , Humphries Debbie
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND: Within Mumbai slums 47% of children under five are severely stunted. The aim of this project was to apply the positive deviance approach to assess what contributes to positive child nutrition in the slum of Dharavi. Results will inform programs offered by the Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action (SNEHA).

METHODS: Children with a height‐for‐age z‐score (HAZ)>0 (n=10) or a HAZ<‐2.0 (n=12) were randomly selected from SNEHA’s Child Health and Nutrition program. Eligibility was restricted to households with limited resources and more than one child. Qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with mothers. A 24‐hour dietary recall and anthropometric measurements were taken for the index child. An observation checklist assessed household hygiene. RESULTS: Themes from the mothers of children with HAZ>0 include: having strong social support or having an elder female present to assist with child rearing, borrowing food in times of food insecurity, feeding infant formula as a supplemental food, mothers actively seeking nutrition information, and mothers acknowledging the importance of maternal nutrition. Mothers of children with HAZ<‐2.0 reported lack of social and family support to help with child care and household tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Enhancing social support, complementary feeding practices and maternal nutrition knowledge may have potential as interventions, and should be explored in a larger sample.

Grant Funding Source: Wilbur G. Downs Fellowship for International Research
Trends of body mass index among children and adolescents in China, 1997‐2011 (621.3)
Authors: Wang Huijun , Zhang Bing , Du Shufa
Published: June 2021

This study is to analyze the association between energy intake and physical activity and changes in body mass index (BMI) among Chinese children and adolescents. We used a subsample of 2,814 participants aged 2‐18 years old from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) who had anthropometric data and physical activity data measured at least twice in 1997 – 2011. We used longitudinal quantile regression to investigate changes in BMI over time and IOTF references to define overweight and obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased by 9.8% among boys and 5.8% among girls during this study period. BMI increased more in higher percentiles than in lower percentiles. An addition of 100 kilocalories per day would increase BMI by 0.02 kg/m2 among boys and 0.03 kg/m2 BMI among girls. An addition of 1 metabolic equivalent task (MET) per hour would decrease BMI by 0.12 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.006 – 0.24) among girls but no effects among boys. This study may shed insights into preventing and controlling overweight and obesity among children and adolescents.

This study was supported by NIH (R01‐HD30880) and Fogarty International Center, NIH (5D43TW007709).

Grant Funding Source: NIH
Sequencing the transcriptome of milk production: milk trumps mammary tissue (622.2)
Authors: Lemay Danielle , Hovey Russell , Hartono Stella , Hinde Katie , Smilowitz Jennifer , Ventimiglia Frank , Schmidt Kimberli , Lee Joyce , Islas‐Trejo Alma , Medrano Juan , Korf Ian , Barry Peter , German J.
Published: June 2021

Researchers have begun using RNA extracted from milk as a non‐invasive assay of the mammary transcriptome during lactation. However, the use of RNA from milk has not been adequately validated. In this study, we assessed the effect of milk collection and processing techniques on RNA quality and origin in milk samples from five humans and six rhesus macaques. Compared with whole human milk, macaque whole milk contained similar amounts of putative RNA‐containing cytoplasmic crescents, but more nucleated cells. Milk RNA quality was affected by collection time, storage time and sample type.

Using RNA sequencing, we compared RNA extracted from milk fat, milk cells and mammary biopsies at two stages of lactation in rhesus macaques. Mammary epithelial‐specific transcripts were more abundant in the milk fat fraction, whereas non‐epithelial transcripts associated with adipose or stromal cells were more abundant in mammary tissue. Functional analyses of the three sample types confirmed the validity of milk as an enriched source of RNA from milk‐producing cells. Although RNA extracted from the milk fat of lactating primates accurately portrayed the RNA profile of milk‐producing cells, this sample type required adherence to protocols that minimized RNA degradation.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by CNPRC Pilot Grant to DL as supplement of NIH/NCRR P51 RR00169.
Comparison of commercially‐available methods to preserve DNA in human milk (623.10)
Authors: Lackey Kimberly , Williams Janet , Mosely Janae , Brooker Sarah , McGuire Mark , McGuire Michelle
Published: June 2021

Sequencing methods used to characterize the milk microbiome require that milk DNA content not change between time of collection and analysis. Although cold storage is optimal, chemical preservatives are needed when refrigeration is not available. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of 4 commercially‐available preservatives ‐ RNAlater (RNAL, Ambion), Milk Preservation Solution (MPS, Norgen Biotek), DNAgard Saliva (SAL, Biomatrica), and Broad Spectrum Microtabs II (TAB, D&F Control Systems) ‐ in milk held at 37 °C for 6 wk. Aliquots of 8 pools of fresh human milk were treated with each preservative; DNA was extracted immediately and 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk later. DNA was quantified using the Qubit dsDNA HS Assay (Life Technologies). There was a treatment by week interaction (P<0.05) on milk DNA content. After an initial decrease, DNA concentration of MPS‐treated milk remained constant, whereas that of milk treated with SAL, RNAL, or TAB did not change. However, more DNA was consistently extracted using MPS or SAL (P<0.05) than with RNAL or TAB. In summary, preliminary evidence suggests MPS and SAL may be suitable to preserve DNA in milk for up to 6 wk at high ambient temperatures.
Growth, nutrition and immune function of breast‐fed infants and infants fed formula with added osteopontin (623.14)
Authors: Lönnerdal Bo , Staudt Kvistgaard Anne , Peerson Janet , Donovan Sharon , Peng Yong‐mei
Published: June 2021

Breast milk contains a high concentration of OPN, which affects immune function. In contrast, infant formula is low in OPN. We performed an RCT in Shanghai to evaluate effects of adding bovine OPN to formula. Mothers chose to either breast‐(BF) or formula‐feed their infant. Formula‐fed infants received: formula (FF), formula with 65 mg/L (F65) or 130 mg/L (F130) OPN. Anthropometry was registered monthly and venous blood samples were taken at 1, 4 and 6 mo of age. Hematology (RBCs, Hb, ferritin), immune parameters (FACS analysis, cytokines), plasma amino acids and BUN were analyzed. Antibody response to DPT vaccination was also used as a measure of immune function. Formulas were well tolerated and there were no significant differences in formula intake or growth among the formula‐fed groups. Repeated measures analysis showed a higher % of T‐lymphocytes and T‐regulatory cells in infants fed F130 than infants fed the other formulas. FF infants had significantly higher levels of TNF‐α than those fed F65 or F130 and BF infants. IL‐6 levels were lower in infants fed F130 than infants fed the other formulas and IL‐10 levels highest in the FF group. These results suggest that addition of OPN to infant formula changes immune function and cytokine responses of FF infants and makes them more similar to BF infants.
Docosahexaenoic acid, nervonic acid and iso‐20 (BCFA) concentrations in human milk from the Global Exploration of Human Milk Project (623.15)
Authors: Dingess Kelly , Valentine Christina , Davidson Barbara , Peng Yongmei , Guerrero M. , Ruiz‐Palacios Guillermo , Brenna J , McMahon Robert , Morrow Ardythe
Published: June 2021

The fatty acids (FA) of human milk, including DHA, NA, and BCFA may confer distinct neurological and immune benefits to the infant. Milk FA profile varies with maternal diet, but global comparative data on milk FA composition is lacking. To address this gap, we examined FA concentrations in human milk from three urban populations with differing diets: Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Shanghai, China; and Mexico City, Mexico. Sample collection was standardized as part of the GEHM cohort study. Enrollment was limited to healthy mothers of term, singleton infants. Fatty acids were extracted from milk using the Bligh‐Dyer technique and analyzed by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA. Samples from 25 women were analyzed per site at postpartum week 4. Cincinnati, Shanghai and Mexico mothers, respectively, had mean prepregnancy BMIs of 27.1, 20.1, 28.1; age at delivery of 29.4, 28.5, 25.7 yrs; and parity of 2, 1, and 2. Mean concentrations (mol weight%) of FA differed by cohort, with the highest DHA and NA in milk from Shanghai, followed by Cincinnati, then Mexico (DHA: 0.47, 0.22, 0.16, p=0.001; and NA: 0.23, 0.16, 0.10, p=0.01). In contrast, BCFA (iso‐C20:0) was highest in Cincinnati (0.39), and equivalent in Shanghai and Mexico (0.24, 0.24; p=0.01). The FA intake of breastfed infants differs significantly worldwide; the significance of this to early infant health requires investigation.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH HD13021
Hyaluronan from human breast milk induces the expression of galectins 4 and 8 in intestinal epithelium (623.24)
Authors: Kim Yeojung , Petrey Aaron , Kessler Sean , Hill David , de la Motte Carol
Published: June 2021

Human milk glycans play an important role in protecting infants from bacterial infections by providing antimicrobial molecules and promoting development of beneficial microbiota. We have shown that hyaluronan from human milk (milk HA), a milk glycan polymer, induces the expression of human beta defensin 2 (HBD2), an antimicrobial peptide in vitro and the mouse orthologue in vivo, through a Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD44 dependent manner. Importantly, milk HA reduces Salmonella infection of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. We hypothesized that in addition to HBD2, additional antimicrobial molecules are regulated by HA. Our data suggest that Galectins 4 and 8 (Gal4 and 8) are regulated by milk HA. Gal4 and 8 mediate killing of blood group B expressing pathogenic E.coli and Gal8 plays a role in Salmonella killing. Our result shows that in epithelial cells, milk HA increases LGALS 4 and 8 mRNA expression levels ~4‐fold. Immunofluorescence histochemistry of intestinal tissue demonstrated that after milk HA treatment of mice, Gal 4 and 8 proteins are upregulated in and around luminal epithelium in vivo. In conclusion, HA treatment enhances the expression of galectins in intestinal epithelium and is a potential mechanism of protection from Salmonella infection.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NICHD
Dietary bovine osteopontin increases vaccine response, T‐cell phenotype and cytokine secretion in piglets (623.7)
Authors: Monaco Marcia , Comstock Sarah , Liu Kilia , Kvistgaard Anne , Wejse Peter , Donovan Sharon
Published: June 2021

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional milk protein with immunoregulatory activities. Herein, the impact of the addition of bovine OPN to formula on influenza vaccination response, T‐cell phenotype and ex vivo cytokine secretion was assessed. Newborn piglets were fed formula alone (FF), formula+140 mg/L OPN (OPN) or were sow‐reared (SR) for 21d. Half the piglets in each diet group were vaccinated (FZ) against human influenza (Fluzone, Sanofi Pasteur) on d7 and 14. Blood samples were collected on d21 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated for flow cytometry and ex vivo stimulation assays. Serum FZ‐specific IgG in OPN piglets was significantly greater than FF and was comparable to SR. Dietary OPN increased the percentage of CD4+ (T‐helper cells), while vaccination alone led to a higher percentage of natural killer (NK) cells in PBMCs. Dietary OPN alone, or in combination with vaccination, increased PHA‐induced secretion of IL‐12 and IL‐10 by PBMC ex vivo. Secretion of IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐12 were highest in PBMCs from the OPN group upon LPS stimulation. These findings indicate that OPN modulates both cell‐mediated and humoral immune response to the influenza vaccine. Furthermore, the addition of OPN to formula may support immune responses more similar to those observed in breast‐fed infants.

Grant Funding Source: Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S
Acute phase response is associated with decreased nutrient intake and altered markers of micronutrient status in Zambian children (624.16)
Authors: Bresnahan Kara , Chileshe Justin , Tanumihardjo Sherry
Published: June 2021

The acute phase (AP) response to infection decreases appetite and alters markers of micronutrient status. The effect of febrile malaria on dietary intake was determined using data from a 3‐mo controlled feeding trial in Zambian children (n = 181, 3‐5 y). Lower intakes were observed for all variables during malaria (food 289 ± 412 g; energy 248 ± 346 kcal; carbohydrate 42 ± 62 g; protein 8 ± 12 g; fat 5 ± 7 g; iron 1 ± 2 mg; zinc 1 ± 1 mg; vitamin A [VA] 58 ± 100 retinol activity equivalents; all P < 0.05). The impact of infection on VA and iron markers was elucidated with baseline (B) and final (F) bloods. Early, mid, and convalescing stages of infection were identified with the respective categories of AP proteins: raised C‐reactive protein (CRP > 5 mg/L or > 10 mg/L) only, raised CRP and α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP > 1.2 g/L), and raised AGP only. Hemoglobin (Hb) decreased (14–15% at B; 11 – 16% at F; P < 0.05), plasma ferritin (PF) increased (359–356% at B; 279–353% at F; P < 0.05), serum retinol (SR) decreased (21% at B with CRP> 5 mg/L; 30–33% at F; P < 0.05), and MRDR score was unaffected (P > 0.05) during mid‐infection. Hb, SR, and MRDR did not change during convalescence; however, PF remained increased (67–84% at B; 157% at F with CRP >10 mg/L; P < 0.05). Patterns of significance were similar when using either CRP > 5 mg/L or > 10 mg/L as the raised cut‐off point. More research is needed to examine early infection. It is important to consider the impact of infection on dietary interventions and to adjust for AP proteins when assessing iron status or VA status by serum retinol in children.
Church leader’s perspectives on coalition development to improve nutrition and physical activity in rural communities (624.2)
Authors: Wenzler Peyton , Townsend Davis , Lemacks Jennifer , Landry Alicia
Published: June 2021

Obesity disparities persist among rural areas and the South, which often have higher rates of obesity and comorbidities. Churches in rural areas generally provide support, stability, facilities and resources which makes them ideal for nutrition and physical activity interventions. Community‐engaged participatory research partnerships between academic researchers and church leaders may be beneficial for guiding interventions in rural, underserved communities using health ministries. The aim of this study is to determine church leader’s perspectives on the infrastructure of the Coalition for South Mississippi Church Health partnership and benefits and barriers of church involvement in community health. During a series of focus groups, African American and Caucasian church leaders of various denominations discussed health ministries, health disparities of the congregations and local communities, and collaboration of churches, academic researchers, and key stakeholders to address obesity and preventable chronic disease. Data was transcribed and organized using thematic content analysis. Observations collected from the focus groups shared reoccurring themes, including: integration of church spaces and resources, need of external resources from nutrition experts, partnership of churches with multiple denominations, and barriers to intervention. This study uniquely identified that church leaders recognize the need to collaborate with other churches, despite denominational differences, to address obesity and ‐related issues, which has great implications for nutrition and physical activity interventions in the rural South.
Children food intake during the school recess in Mexico (624.25)
Authors: Morales Ruan M. del Carmen , Jimenez Aguilar Alejandra , Shamah Levy Teresa , Rivera Dommarco Juan , Lopez Olmedo Nancy Paulina
Published: June 2021

Objective: To assess the food and drinks intake as well as their calorie value throughout school recess in a 9 to 11 years old children simple.Methods: Transversal study, using a random sample of 370 children from 109 Mexican schools. Food consumption during recess was registered, collecting for each food the name, type, amount and source (home or purchased at the school). Metric units (g or ml) were estimated for the total consumed portions, energy, macro and micronutrients were calculated.

Results: Children who consumed home prepared foods during recess, shown an average energy intake of 242 kcal whereas for those who purchase them food at school was 343.3 kcal. In the case of the children who consume home food and also purchase food the average kcal increases to 421.5. Regarding protein, sugars, total, trans and saturated fats and sodium the intake was lower among the children that consumed only home prepared food compared with those who purchase and/or eat food from home.

Conclusions: Energy intake during recess in children that purchase food at school is greater than the 276 kcal recommendation for the lunch.

In spite of the government regulations about food sale in Mexican schools.
Variation in serum retinol concentrations overtime in Zambian children during an intervention study (624.27)
Authors: Tanumihardjo Jacob , Gannon Bryan , Tanumihardjo Sherry
Published: June 2021

Serum retinol concentrations are often used to evaluate intervention programs. However, they are influenced by many factors including inflammation, co‐micronutrient deficiencies, and to a small extent, recent dietary intake. Further, during healthy states, serum retinol concentrations are homeostatically controlled and maintained at a constant level over a broad range of liver retinol concentrations. This study evaluated the variations in serum retinol concentrations during an intensive intervention study. The main study design was such that 4 serum retinol concentrations were successfully determined in the same Zambian children (n = 127) over a 5‐month period. After a baseline blood, children (age 5.8 +/‐ 1.0 y; n = 140) were randomized to treatments of white maize and placebo, biofortified orange maize and placebo, and white maize with a daily 400 ug retinol equivalents supplement. A follow‐up blood was two weeks later before the 15‐week intervention. Finally, blood samples were obtained at 18.5 and 20.5 weeks after recruitment. The range of serum retinol concentrations by time was 0.92 +/‐ 0.26 (time 4) to 1.07 +/‐ 0.29 umol/L (time 2). The coefficient of variation was 6.5% for the mean serum retinol over the four times. The child’s individual CV, on the other hand, was 17 +/‐ 7% over the four time periods. Therefore, the variation by individual child was much higher than the mean by time. Moreover, only 9/127 of the subjects showed mean serum retinol values <0.7 umol/L; yet, 44/127 had at least 1 time‐point where their serum retinol concentration was below or equal to that cutoff. An individual’s high retinol concentration in one time‐point may outweigh the others. Further, investigation will be done by serum volume analyzed.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by HarvestPlus, UW‐Madison Global Health and NIH
Efficacy of an electronic intervention to improve health behaviors in college students (624.32)
Authors: Schweitzer Amy , Klein Catherine , Ross Jamisha , Lei Kai , Hurtado Maria , Mackey Eleanor
Published: June 2021

A diet and exercise intervention program was delivered by e‐mail to college students for 24 weeks to assess whether the program helped improve health habits. The intervention involved tailored, interactive diet and exercise goals. The control group received health fact sheets. Baseline, 12‐week, and 24‐week diet and exercise surveys were completed online. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and percent fat mass (FM%) by bioelectrical impedance analysis, were measured at each visit. Subjects were 183 healthy college students (18‐20 years), primarily female (70%) and diverse (36% African American, 33% Caucasian, 19% Asian, 4% Hispanic, 8% Other). At baseline 28% were overweight/obese by BMI, 43% had FM% higher than recommended, 90% consumed <5 fruits and vegetables daily, and 13% exceeded healthy WC guidelines. Mean baseline WC, BMI, FM%, and reported energy intake were not significantly different between control and intervention; furthermore, these measures did not change over time for either group. Healthy college students did not show significant changes in health measures after electronic intervention. Future electronic interventions in college students should focus on students who are at risk for overweight/obesity.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by University of MAryland Designated Research Initiative Fund, NIH Award UL1RR031988
Determinants of anemia and iron status among pregnant women participating in the Mama SASHA Cohort Study of Vitamin A in Western Kenya: preliminary findings (624.8)
Authors: Kowalski Alysse , Grant Frederick , Okuku Haile , Wanjala Rose , Low Jan , Cole Donald , Levin Carol , Webb Girard Amy
Published: June 2021

Maternal anemia is associated with poor birth outcomes. We estimated anemia and iron status and assessed its determinants using data from 505 pregnant women attending their first antenatal care visit in Western Kenya. Iron status was assessed using ferritin and transferrin receptor and corrected for inflammation as measured by C‐reactive protein (CRP) (>5 mg/L) and α‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) (>1 g/L). Anemia was assessed with Hemocue. Mean (±SD) hemoglobin was 12.09 (±1.5) g/dl and the prevalence of anemia was 22%. Median plasma ferritin was 25.72 (IQR 18.70) µg/l and the prevalence of iron deficiency was 23%. Prevalence of any inflammation (CRP and/or AGP) was 24%. Primigravida was associated with both anemia (OR (CI): 1.92 (1.24, 2.97) and iron deficiency (OR (CI): 1.70 (1.10, 2.63). Acute malnutrition (MUAC <23 cm) was associated with both anemia (OR (CI): 2.06 (1.13, 3.77) and iron deficiency (OR (CI): 2.03 (1.11, 3.71). Vitamin A deficiency was associated with anemia (OR (CI): 1.68 (1.05, 2.71), but not iron deficiency. Other potentially modifiable factors, including food insecurity, dietary diversity, maternal education level, household consumption of iron rich foods, and gestational age were not associated with anemia or iron deficiency. The prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency is moderate and additional research is needed to understand the etiology of anemia and iron deficiency in this population.
Level of TV distraction influences amount eaten (626.20)
Authors: Tal Aner , Wansink Brian , Zuckerman Scott
Published: June 2021

The current study aims to explore whether degree of involvement in TV shows affects food consumption. We demonstrate that not just the fact of watching TV, but also the level of involvement of the TV program being watched, determine the amount consumed. The more distracted a person is, the more mindless eating they would display, resulting in greater food consumption for more involving TV shows. In our study, undergraduate participants (N = 95) ate cookies, M&Ms, grapes and carrots while watching TV. A third of the participants watched the action movie The Island (high involvement), a third watched the same movie without sound (middle involvement), and a third watched an episode of The Charlie Rose Show (low involvement). Participants viewing Charlie Rose ate the lowest amount, 104.29 grams on average, those viewing The Island ate almost twice as much at 206.53, with those watching The Island on silent eating a medium amount (142.09 grams). The effects were significant at a <.0001 level: F(2, 92) = 12.07. The greater distraction allowed by a more involving show appears to lead to increased food consumption due to mindless eating.
The effects of healthy Han‐sik nutrition education on metabolic syndrome in Korean adults with metabolic syndrome risk factors (626.6)
Authors: Kang Minji , Park Young‐Hee , Baik Hyun Wook , Paik Hee Young , Joung Hyojee
Published: June 2021

Dietary habit is one of the most important factors contributing to the risk of metabolic syndrome. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nutrition education program on metabolic syndrome in Korean adults with metabolic syndrome risk factors. The 411 Korean adults between 30 and 59 years of age were randomly allocated to three intervention groups: Han‐sik Education Group (HG), Balance Diet Education Group (EG), and Control Group (CG). HG and EG received four times of face‐to‐face nutrition education during 16 weeks. Nutrition education was tailored to individual’s dietary problems to prevent the metabolic syndrome. In addition, HG was recommended to use mainly Han‐sik in their menu planning. After the nutrition education, the overall adherence to the Korean Food Guidance System was increased in HG (p=0.0219). These changes in dietary behaviors induced a beneficial effect on the decreasing risk of low‐HDL cholesterol in HG (OR=0.57; 0.33‐0.99) and hypertriglyceridemia in both HG (OR = 0.52; 0.31 ‐ 0.88) and EG (OR=0.55; 0.32‐0.93). In summary, the developed nutrition education program for improving nutritional balance and increasing Han‐sik intakes were effective on the reducing metabolic syndrome risks among Koreans.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Agriculture Science & Technology Development (no.PJ007211), RDA, Republic of Korea.
Promoting healthy growth in the context of a nutrition transition: design of a social marketing model to improve primary care practices (627.2)
Authors: Bonvecchio Anabelle , Reyes Hortensia , Neufeld Lynnette , Théodore Florence , Blanco Ilian , Gonzalez Wendy , Lozada Ana Lilia , García‐Guerra Armando , Rivera Dommarco Juan
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Mexico, as most developing countries, is facing a nutrition transition. Programs that simultaneously address under nutrition and obesity through a lifecycle approach are needed; however, most programs focus only on under nutrition. A critical period for prevention is pregnancy through the first two years of life. Primary healthcare providers play a key role in promoting healthy growth during this period through promotion of breastfeeding, appropriate complementary feeding, monitoring of linear growth and accelerated weight gain. Objective: To develop an intervention model for the promotion of healthy growth in contexts of nutrition transition, specifically in Mexico’s primary healthcare system. Methods: A mixed‐method, formative study was conducted. To develop the model, we followed the stages of the social marketing process. We identified main barriers to the promotion of healthy growth faced by mothers and healthcare providers using the social‐ecological model. We also analyzed the data from the perspective of the “4 P’s” of social marketing. Results: Though the model we consider ways to ameliorate the identified barriers and propose the organization of services for the promotion of healthy growth as part of Mexico’s health and nutrition promotion program to reduce health disparities. The model was pilot tested in four states of Mexico and will be scaled up nationwide. Conclusion: This model can be used within primary healthcare services of other countries to address the nutrition transition.
Fatty and lean red meat consumption: different effects on Chinese abdominal obesity (628.1)
Authors: Wang Zhihong , Zhai Fengying , Zhang Bing , Popkin Barry
Published: June 2021

This study prospectively investigates the association between red meat (RM) and subtypes intakes on the risk of abdominal obesity in Chinese adults aged 18 to 75 year. Data are from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) consisting of 47,785 observations from 16,822 adults from 1993 to 2011. RM intake was assessed with 3 d 24‐h dietary recalls. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference (WC) 蠅85 cm for men and 蠅80 cm for women. Multilevel mixed‐effect regression models showed that men had an increase in 0.74 cm (95% CI: 0.39, 1.09, p<0.001), 0.59 cm (95% CI: 0.24, 0. 95, p=0.01) of WC from higher intake of total RM and fatty RM but not lean RM intake [0.14 cm (95% CI: ‐0.39, 0.66, p=0.92)] in the top vs. the bottom quartile when adjusted for confounders of diet and activity and socioeconomic factors. In contrast, after additional adjustment for baseline WC, the odds ratios of abdominal obesity in men were deattentuated for total RM [1.25 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.47, p=0.01)] and fatty RM [1.22 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.44, p=0.14)] but still not affected by lean RM [0.95 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.22, p=0.74)]. No significant effects were seen in women’s WC and abdominal obesity. The gender effects and differential effects of fatty vs. lean RM warrant further study.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH R01‐HD30880 and R01‐HD38700 and the Fogarty International Center
Dietary management of adult hypertension by the duration of its diagnosis (628.10)
Authors: Kim Hyun , Andrade Flavia , Kim Juhee
Published: June 2021

This research focuses on dietary behaviors for hypertension management which emphasize the importance of healthy eating such as nutrition intake and food choices. These modifiable dietary behaviors can explain a large part of chronic disease morbidity and mortality at all ages in men and women. The study examines whether age at hypertension diagnosis is associated with nutrition intakes and food availability at home. With new data availability about age at hypertension diagnosis in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) since 2007, the pooled four repeated cross‐sectional waves of NHANES from 2007‐2010 are used (n=4,287). For the empirical models, the study employs seemingly unrelated probit regression to estimate the dietary choices of individuals with hypertension based on the time since diagnosis. We hypothesize that more recent diagnoses of hypertension provide individuals with hypertension an incentive to engage in better dietary behaviors and healthier food availability at home, such as lower total caloric intake and a greater presence of fruits and vegetables at home. Furthermore, we hypothesize that individuals’ compliance with a diet can decline as time living with a disease diagnosis increases. That is, the shorter the elapsed time since diagnosis of hypertension, diagnosed individuals will be more likely to respond positively with changes in dietary behaviors. Since the long term change in dietary behaviors is known to be challenging, newly diagnosed individuals may be more willing to engage in healthier diets. This study will provide that the effect of the duration of diagnosed hypertension on modifying diet can better address hypertension management. Considering the cost of poor dietary behaviors is higher for individuals with hypertension, it is important to understand the time varying effect of their dietary compliance as a key indicator of the recommended hypertension management.
Nutritional characteristics of chronic fatigue syndrome in Korean college students (628.16)
Authors: Shin Dongsoon , Yang Seul‐Gi
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship nutritional characteristics and chronic fatigue in college students in Korea. Total subjects were 130 students which numbers of male and female were sixty respectively. The measurement for chronic fatigue was Korean version of Fatigue Assessment Instrument (FAI). And blood pressure and body fat contents etc. were analyzed. In the case that the average BMI was 21, the group with high systolic pressure showed lower FAI scores than the group with low systolic pressure. The same pattern was showed in diastolic pressure and % body fat except blood glucose level. Moreover the sleep tended to be longer in the high systolic pressure group even though there was no significant difference. Between the group that BMI was under 18.9 and the group BMI was over 24, the former group showed higher FAI scores than the latter. The results might suggest that some increase of blood pressure and body fat could alleviate the chronic fatigue syndrome in adults.

Grant Funding Source: Kyungnam University