bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Adjuvants on Antituberculosis Vaccination with Live Mycobacteria
Authors: Bloch Hubert , Ferreira Ivo
Published: January 2023

Mice were vaccinated with various mycobacterial vaccines administered in adjuvant mixtures or in aqueous suspensions. Live vaccines in adjuvants gave considerably less protection against tuberculosis than was afforded by the same vaccines in aqueous suspensions. Similar unfavorable effects were obtained with relatively large vaccine doses, or with repeated vaccinations. A comparable diminishing effect on the protective action of vaccines was not observed when killed preparations were given in adjuvant mixtures. The possible reasons for this seemingly paradoxical observation are discussed.
The Immunologic Properties of Coccidioidin as a Skin Test Reagent in Man
Authors: Rapaport F. T. , Lawrence H. S. , Millar J. W. , Pappagianis D. , Smith C. E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Repeated intradermal testing of negative reactors with coccidioidin alone does not ordinarily induce delayed sensitivity to this material. Repeated intradermal coccidioidin testing of reactors with weak or latent sensitivity may effect an anamnestic delayed reactivity to this material. Healthy subjects living in an area endemic for coccidioidomycosis may exhibit delayed allergy to coccidioidin in the absence of detectable serum complement-fixing antibody, and, occasionally, serum antibody may be present in such subjects without delayed allergy to coccidioidin. The above findings suggest that the delayed type of allergic inflammatory response to coccidioidin need not necessarily be correlated with the presence or absence of serum antibody—an expression of another parellelism between fungal hypersensitivity and bacterial allergy of the tuberculin type.
Further Studies on the Effect of Neutralizing Antibody upon the Course of Herpes Simplex Infections in Tissue Culture
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E. , Canby Charles M.
Published: January 2023

Complement fixing and neutralizing antibodies to the herpes simplex virus are found, usually in high titer, in the sera of persons who have recurrent herpes simplex infections (1–14). The antibody levels in the sera of these patients, according to available evidence, do not fluctuate in response to the recurrent infections (the antibody level is as high before the recurrence as it is during and after) (2, 5–11, 13). These observations suggest that circulating antibody is incapable of completely eradicating the virus, although the antibody may limit viral activity to small areas. In addition, experiments with tissue cultures infected with herpes simplex (Andrewes (15) and Farnum (16)) and the related B-virus (Black and Melnick (17)) indicate that the virus infection can develop in tissue cultures nourished with antibody-containing medium if the virus is added before addition of the antibody.

To study the effect of antibody upon the course of the herpes simplex infection, herpes-infected HeLa cultures nourished with growth media containing varying amounts of neutralizing antibody were chosen as a model.
Studies on the Antigens of Pasteurella Pestis and Pasteurella Pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Lawton William D. , Fukui George M. , Surgalla Michael J.
Published: January 2023

Using a gel diffusion technique with absorbed antisera, 18 different antigens of Pasteurella pestis and Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis have been observed. Five of these were specific for P. pestis, two were specific for P. pseudotuberculosis and the remainder were produced by both organisms. When sera obtained from guinea pigs immunized with four different vaccines were analyzed a promising correlation was observed between the presence of a specific circulating antibody, anti-L, and immunity to pneumonic plague. However, purification of L antigen and subsequent injection of the purified material into guinea pigs induced the formation of L antibodies but did not protect the animals against pneumonic plague.
Studies of the Significance of the Recall Phenomenon in the Antibody Response to Adenovirus Vaccine and Infection
Authors: van der Veen J. , Prins A.
Published: January 2023

The antibody responses of military recruits following administration of type 4 or 7 adenovirus vaccine and of patients suffering infections with adenovirus type 4 or 14 were studied. Type 4 vaccine induced significant neutralizing antibody against type 4 virus, a slight increase in antibody against types 3 and 14, and no antibody against type 7. The antibody-producing capacity of type 7 vaccine was greater than that of type 4 vaccine. Type 7 vaccine produced a marked neutralizing antibody response to types 3, 7 and 14, and a slight increase in antibody against type 4 only. The response to types 4 and 7 vaccine as measured with the complement-fixation test was poor in comparison to the neutralizing antibody response and tended to be type-specific. An assay of neutralizing antibody in sera from recruits showed that antibody against types 3, 7 and 14 was common at the time of the vaccination study or previously, whereas antibody against type 4 was less prevalent. It appeared that increases in heterotypic neutralizing antibody occurred more frequently when heterotypic antibody was present in the prevaccination or preinfection serum at a level of 1:2 to 1:16 than when no antibody was found The findings are discussed and compared to those of other studies. The data support the concept that the heterotypic antibody response to adenovirus vaccination or infection is conditioned by the recall phenomenon.
Studies on the Complement-Fixing Antigens of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Hummeler Klaus , Tumilowicz Joseph J.
Published: January 2023

The production of specific antisera against two type-specific antigens of poliomyelitis, N and H, in guinea pigs is described. Heated poliomyelitis virus preparations when injected intraperitoneally into these animals induced antibodies that reacted solely with heated (H) homologous antigen, but not with fully infectious native (N) antigen. These sera were devoid of neutralizing antibodies.

For preparation of anti-N sera, recourse had to be taken to serum absorption techniques. Immunization of guinea pigs with fully infectious virus preparations stimulated antibodies against both N and H antigens in the great majority of animals tested. Anti-H could be absorbed with H-antigen, leaving sera that reacted solely with N-antigen of a single type of virus.
Gross Physical Properties of Emulsified Influenza Virus Vaccines and the Adjuvant Response
Authors: Berlin Byron S.
Published: January 2023

A variety of formulas were used to obtain emulsified influenza, PR8, virus vaccines which exhibited different physical properties. The relation between the gross physical properties of these water-in-oil emulsions and their adjuvant effect following subcutaneous injection of mice was studied. The relation between emulsion viscosity and adjuvant effect was a strainghtforward one: extremely high emulsion viscosity reduced the adjuvant effect. On the other hand, the relation between stability and the adjuvant effect seemed more complex. The results of these experiments were consistent with the proposition that optimal emulsion stability promotes maximum adjuvant effect.

The consistency with which an adjuvant effect was obtained with water-in-mineral oil emulsified vaccines of different viscosity and stability was remarkable.
Quantitative Determinations of Small Amounts of Antibody by Use of Solid Adsorbents
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Engel Karl , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Proteins coupled to polystyrene by azo linkages were used as solid adsorbents for the determination of antibodies to soluble proteins. Studies were carried out quantitatively using I131 labeled bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin and their antibodies. Antibodies specifically combined with antigen complexes could be eluted efficiently at pH 3 (citrate buffer) whereas antigens and nonspecifically adsorbed proteins remained firmly bound to the resin. Elution of antibodies took place slightly in 10% sodium salicylate and at 60°C, pH 8, but not in 17% NaCl. Eluted antibodies showed normal precipitin curves. By diluting anti-BSA with normal globulin, it was found that 0.2 μg antibody in 1 mg globulin could be detected. Five-tenths to two micrograms of antibody/mg globulin could be determined within 10% accuracy. The nature of the effective antigen in the polystyrene-protein complex is not well defined. The original aminopolystyrene or the diazopolystyrene quenched with β-naphthol bound antigen proteins very strongly but to a lesser extent than did the diazopolystyrene itself. β-Naphthol-quenched diazopolystyrene treated with BSA was tested and found to be almost as effective as the chemically coupled BSA in purifying antibodies.
The Use of Antigen-Antibody Specific Precipitates in Skin Testing for Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney
Published: January 2023

Specific precipitates made with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and excess rabbit, guinea pig or mouse antibody were used in skin testing rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with BSA. Typical delayed-type reactions were produced with these materials in animals with delayed hypersensitivity. In contrast to antigen alone, however, these complexes produced no Arthus-type reaction in animals having circulating antibody.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Rawson Arnold J. , Abelson Neva M.
Published: January 2023

Both before and after receipt of a specific antigenic stimulus, individuals of blood group O tend to produce isoagglutinin (predominantly of sedimentation value S7) which migrates electrophoretically with the γ2-globulins, whereas subjects of blood groups A and B tend to produce isoagglutinin of predominantly S19 sedimentation value which migrates with the γ1-globulins.

The implications of these findings in the reactive patterns of certain disease states are discussed.
Immunization of Mice with Viable Coccidioides Immitis
Authors: Pappagianis D. , Levine H. B. , Smith C. E. , Berman R. J. , Kobayashi G. S.
Published: January 2023

Mice which were vaccinated with a nonliving vaccine prepared from the mycelium-arthrospore phase of Coccidioides immitis survived challenge doses with a virulent strain administered intraperitoneally. However, the immunity was insufficient to protect the animals against similar challenge doses administered by the intranasal route. After vaccination with viable arthrospores obtained from strains of varying virulence, protection was provided against both intraperitoneal and intranasal challenge. Immunity evoked by the subcutaneous administration of a riboflavin-dependent auxotroph of very low virulence afforded protection against intranasally administered challenges of up to 200 arthrospores. The immune response was augmented by vaccinating the mice concurrently by both the subcutaneous and the intranasal routes. When the auxotroph was administered by the intranasal route exclusively, the extent of immunity afforded was, within limits, a function of dosage. The reversion of the auxotroph to prototrophy and virulence in vivo currently contraindicates its use in other than experimental studies.
Fractionation of the Antigens from Dwarf Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Goldfarb A. R. , Callaghan O. H.
Published: January 2023

A highly active allergenic material has been obtained by the fractionation of dwarf ragweed pollen extracts. The material isolated gives a single line on the Ouchterlony test. It gives skin reactions at concentrations corresponding to 10-5 μg N/ml. The immunologic relationship between this product and Trifidin A is demonstrated.
Autoradiographic Observations of Plasma Cell Formation
Authors: Schooley John C.
Published: January 2023

The temporal pattern of DNA labeling in plasmocytic cells of the lymph nodes of mice which have been stimulated by multiple injections of antigen was followed autoradiographically after single injections of tritiated thymidine. From an analysis of this pattern and the changes in the mean grain count the enormous proliferative capacity of cells in the plasmocytic series has been demonstrated. A maximum generation time of 12 to 14 hr has been calculated for the early plasmoblast. The most mature plasma cells are apparently nondividing cells which have a meanlife in the lymph node of the order of 8 to 12 hr. More preliminary autoradiographic observations following the single injection of H3-cytidine and H3-leucine indicate that this nondividing mature plasma cell does not synthesize RNA and is capable of only minimal protein synthesis.
Immunogenicity of Spherule-Endospore Vaccines of Coccidioides Immitis for Mice
Authors: Levine H. B. , Cobb James M. , Smith C. E.
Published: January 2023

Formalinized vaccines prepared from the spherule-endospore phase of Coccidioides immitis (produced in vitro) were superior in mice to vaccines prepared either from the arthrospore or mycelial growth phases. A majority of the mice immunized with spherule-endospore vaccines survived during observation periods up to 6 months after intranasal challenge with arthrospore doses that greatly exceeded those lethal to most of the control mice. Although immunized survivors appeared to be in good health, a high percentage were still infected when autopsied but the mycosis appeared to be nonprogressive.

Postchallenge survival ratios were high in animals vaccinated with 2.0 mg of the spheruleendospore vaccine but were low when the dosage was reduced to 0.4 mg or less. Both spherules and free endospores possessed immunogenic attributes which were associated primarily with a particulate fraction from disrupted organisms, possibly the cell walls.

Immunizing activity also was present in a formalinized vaccine which contained spherules and endospores that developed in mouse lungs. There was indication that the latter vaccine was more effective when administered subcutaneously than intramuscularly although this was not a feature of spherule-endospore vaccines produced in vitro.
The Role of Antibody in Recovery from Infection with Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Friedman Robert M. , Baron Samuel
Published: January 2023

Vaccinia infection in guinea pigs has been employed to study factors which may be responsible for recovery from a primary virus infection. Irradiated animals, in which no detectable neutralizing antibody could be demonstrated, recovered from vaccinia infection as rapidly as nonirradiated animals, suggesting that production of neutralizing antibody was not necessary for recovery. Neither delayed hypersensitivity nor interferon were excluded as factors in recovery, and their relative importance remains undertermined.
The Allergens in Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Richter M. , Griffiths B. W. , Rose B.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that when the dialysable fraction (dialysate) of the water soluble extract of ragweed pollen (WSR), which constitutes approximately 95% of the total dry weight of WSR (1), is injected into the skin of ragweed sensitive patients, it will give rise to a positive reaction in all treated cases but induce no reaction in over 80% of those who have had no prior treatment (2). It is therefore of considerable interest to determine the composition of the component(s) which is capable of inducing a skin sensitizing antibody in man. This paper deals with the purification of the allergen(s) in dialysate and its physicochemical properties.

Methods and Materials. I. Precipitation of the allergen. Aliquots of varied concentrations of phosphotungstic acid (PTA), picric acid and trichloracetic acid were mixed with 2-ml aliquots of dialysate (20 mg/ml) to determine which of these reagents could precipitate the allergen in as pure a state as possible.
Study of Antibody-Producing Capacity of Single Cells by Bacterial Adherence and Immobilization
Authors: Mäkelä O. , Nossal G. J. V.
Published: January 2023

The phenomenon of bacterial adherence described in the accompanying paper was used in combination with bacterial immobilization to study further the question of whether one cell can produce more than one antibody. Rats were immunized with a single flagellar preparation, either flagella or flagellin. Each of these contained not only H-antigenic activity but also significant O-antigenic activity. Single cells were tested seriatim for anti-H and anti-O activity.

Of 1333 cells from rats immunized with flagella, 455 produced either anti-H or anti-O antibody; 4 produced both; 43% of plasma cells tested were active. Of 360 cells from rats immunized from flagellin, 213 produced either anti-H or anti-O antibody; 3 produced both; 67% of plasma cells tested were active.

These results are compared with our previous studies on antibody production by single cells, and with the results obtained by other workers in the filed.
Studies on the Virus of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Berge Trygve O. , Gleiser Chester A. , Gochenour William S. , Miesse Marie L. , Tigertt William D.
Published: January 2023

Administration of VEE antiserum to mice in which infection of the central nervous system with the Trinidad strain of VEE virus had already been established resulted in early appearance of an inflammatory response in brain tissue. Perivascular cuffing, glial proliferation and lymphocytic infiltration into the meninges were manifest in the majority of such animals by the 3rd day after infection. At a comparable time, brains of mice simultaneously infected with VEE virus, but subsequently receiving identical amounts of serum devoid of VEE antibody, showed no histologic changes or only occasional minimal perivascular cuffing with or without a slight focal increase in glial cells. The effect was attributed to interaction between VEE viral antigen and antibody.
Heterotypic Antibody Responses by Rabbits Inoculated with Poliovirus
Authors: Barnett Eugene V. , Baron Samuel
Published: January 2023

Rabbits were found to acquire neutralizing capacity for homotypic and heterotypic poliovirus and for ECHO 12 virus following inoculation with a single poliovirus type. The neutralizing capacity for heterotypic and heterologous viruses was shown to have properties of antibody, in that it was produced by antigenic stimulus, was demonstrated in heat-inactivated sera and was not dependent upon the cellular component of the antigen. Rabbits previously immunized with type 2 poliovirus were found to have an enhanced (anamnestic) response to the poliovirus type 1 and 3 components of trivalent vaccine when compared with the control, unsensitized rabbits. Such an anamnestic response was further evidence for the antigenic relationship of of the three poliovirus types.
Fluorescent Microscopic Study of Sendai Incomplete Virus Production in Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Zhdanov V. M. , Bukrinskaya A. G. , Azadova N. B.
Published: January 2023

When monkey kidney cells were infected with 1 EID50 of Sendai virus per cell, infectious virus was produced and the cytoplasmic inclusions could be observed by the fluorescent antibody indirect method. Antigen was never seen in the nuclei.

Diffuse fluorescence of the cytoplasm without cytoplasmic inclusions could be seen after inoculation with 100 EID50 per cell. Here, presumably incomplete virue production with a low EID50:HA ratio had taken place.

Incomplete Sendai virus was also formed in monkey kidney tissue culture in the presence of proflavine. The cytopathic effect appeared earlier and was more intense than in controls. The fluorescent antibody indirect technique detected the cells as large, structureless brightly fluorescing globi with a high concentration of antigen in the cytoplasm as well as in the nuclei. Acridine-orange staining showed profound changes in the nucleus and the lack of RNA in newly-formed antigen. The possible role of the nucleus in incomplete virus production is supposed.
A “D-Like” Antigen in Rhesus Monkey, Human Rh Positive and Human Rh Negative Red Blood Cells
Authors: Levine Philip , Celano Marino , Fenichel Richard , Pollack William , Singher Heron
Published: January 2023

A D-like antigen has been demonstrated in rhesus monkey, human Rh positive and Rh negative red cells. These, as well as heat extracts of human Rh positive or Rh negative red cells, induce formation of D-like antibodies in guinea pigs. The latter antibody seems to act on a site on the Rh positive red cell surface which is different from the true human D (Rho) site. Whether produced by any one of the antigenic materials described, D-like antibodies in guinea pigs on exposure either to rhesus monkey, human Rh positive or Rh negative red cells, yielded eluates of D-like specificity.

The antigen on the red cells important in clinical medicine is defined by reactions with human anti-D sera. The term “rhesus factor” as applied to the human D (Rho) antigen appears to be a misnomer.

In the absence of any known antigenic stimulus, D-like antibodies were demonstrated occasionally in normal guinea pig sera.
Radiosensitivity of Spleen Cells from Normal and Preimmunized Mice and Its Significance to Intact Animals
Authors: Makinodan T. , Kastenbaum Marvin A. , Peterson William J.
Published: January 2023

The slopes of the regression lines (activity by cell number) were not significantly different (b = 1.014) for primary and secondary antibody responses before and after various sublethal x-ray treatments. The fitted regression [Cm/Ck = 1 - e-0.0142X)2.72] of the antibody-forming capacity of spleen cells as a function of x-ray dose was typical of a “multi-target” curve with an extrapolated number of 2.72 and a “D37 value” of 70 r. Exposure of either nonimmunized or pre-immunized donor mice to 150 r caused an ∼70% decrease in antibody-forming activity of spleen cells and to 250 r, an ∼90% decrease. No difference in antibody-forming activity was detected between a given number of spleen cells from unirradiated, nonimmunized donors and preimmunized donors given 420 r. The significance of these findings to the role of cellular differentiation (division and maturation) and autoregulatory mechanism in antibody formation and to intact mice are discussed.
Distribution of Parainfluenza Antibodies in Different Groups of Population
Authors: La Placa M. , Moscovici C.
Published: January 2023

A study of parainfluenza antibodies in different population groups from the U. S. A., Italy and India, has shown that parainfluenza type 3 antibody is the most widely distributed among the three different populations, followed by type 1 and type 2.

Evidence has been presented that the frequency of each parainfluenza antibody is similar in all three populations.

All subjects with neutralizing antibodies also possessed the hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody, whereas the contrary was not always observed.

No correlation was found between the presence of hemadsorption type 2 and Sendai antibody in individual sera.
A Bactericidin for Bacillus Subtilis in Pregnancy
Authors: Gusdon John P.
Published: January 2023

Conclusions and Summary

The relationship of pregnancy to the presence of a bactericidin for Bacillus Subtilis has been studied in 100 pregnant patients and 25 non-pregnant patients. No statistically significant difference between the pregnant and nonpregnant state is noted for the frequency of its occurrence, but the levels attained in the pregnant patients were higher. No difference in frequency or levels is noted between patients with and without complications.

A bactericidin for B. subtilis has been found in amniotic fluid and intervillous space blood. The presence of this substance in amniotic fluid tends to support the thesis that clotting is not a pre-requisite to its presence.

The distinct absence of the bactericidin in cord blood, except on two occasions, and then at the very lowest titer, indicates some type of placental inhibition of transfer of this substance from the mother to the fetus.
Antigenic Analysis of Salmonella Typhosa and Related Salmonellas
Authors: Whiteside Roberta E. , Baker Edgar E.
Published: January 2023

Salmonella typhosa contains at least six distinct antigens. These have been identified as O, Vi, H, two group-specific antigens common to salmonellas, and one cross-reacting antigen be-between the salmonellas and Shigella flexneri. The group antigens are discussed and it is pointed out that these antigens, detected by agar gel precipitin tests, do not take part in the usual agglutination reaction although they are probably present on the surface of the bacterial cell and can absorb antibody from an antiserum.
Antigenic and Skin-Reactive Properties of Fractions of Coxiella Burnetii
Authors: Anacker Robert L. , Lackman David B. , Pickens Edgar G. , Ribi Edgar
Published: January 2023

Purified cell wall and protoplasmic fractions of Coxiella burnetii have been prepared after rupture of the intact organisms in a Mickle disintegrator. Water-soluble Phase I antigen was released from intact cells by treatment with trichloroacetic acid. These preparations were tested for their ability to protect guinea pigs against subsequent challenge with living organisms and to evoke dermal inflammatory responses upon intradermal injection into normal and sensitized rabbits. Cell walls possessed biologic activities similar to those of whole cells, but the protoplasm retained little of these activities. Although the trichloroacetic acid extract had a much higher content of Phase I antigen as determined by the complement fixation test than an equivalent weight of whole cells, the extract was about one-tenth as potent an immunogen as whole cells; it was also one-hundredth as active in producing skin reactions in sensitized rabbits as whole cells. It has not been determined whether the protective and skin-reactive properties are due to a single component of the cell wall or whether they are due to separate and distinct cell wall components.
Transfer of Antibody Formation by Spleen Cells from Immunologically Unresponsive Mice
Authors: Friedman Herman
Published: January 2023

Spleen cells from immunized young mice unresponsive to Shigella paradysenteriae antigens, induced by a neonatal injection of a relatively large dose of soluble Shigella extract, were not capable of transferring an agglutinin forming capacity to nonimmune recipient mice. Such spleen cells could not confer an adoptive immunity against Shigella infection following transfer to nonimmune recipients. However, spleen cells from similar mice obtained following reversal from the observed immunologic unresponsive state were capable of transferring agglutinin formation and adoptive immunity to recipient animals.
The Role of Aggregated γ-Globulins in the Anticomplementary Activity of Human and Animal Sera
Authors: Frommhagen Laurence H. , Fudenberg Hugh
Published: January 2023

The formation of anticomplementary aggregates which occur when 7 S γ-globulin is heated is suppressed by the presence of albumin or of α- or β-globulins. However, these non-γ-globulin serum protein fractions will not prevent the further aggregation of 9.5 S to 1000 S γ-globulin materials to precipitated components devoid of anticomplementary activity. Hence anticomple-mentary activity cannot be induced in whole serum by heating, and if present in normal “convalescent” whole serum can be abolished by heating the serum at 60 to 65°C. Experiments utilizing heated and nonheated preparations of purified macro-γ-globulin (19 S) and purified nonaggregated 9.5 S γ1A-globulin indicated that molecular size per se is not responsible for the anticomplementary activity of aggregates and further suggested that such activity is restricted to the 7 S component of the three immunoglobulins.
Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Winebright James , Fitch Frank W.
Published: January 2023

The role of a) dose of antigen, b) the route of its injection, and c) presence or absence of the spleen in the primary and secondary agglutinin response of the rat have been studied using purified particulate flagella from Salmonella typhosa as antigen. Within the range studied, injection of larger quantities of antigen resulted in higher circulating agglutinin levels in both the primary and secondary response. However, the greatest relative secondary response was seen after injection of smaller antigen doses. This paradoxical effect was probably due to the presence of higher agglutinin levels at the time of secondary stimulation in those groups receiving the larger quantities of antigen. At higher antigen dose levels, the general pattern of agglutinin response was qualitatively similar but quantitatively different depending upon the route of antigen injection. Striking qualitative differences were noted with different routes of injection when the smallest amount of antigen was administered. Splenectomy resulted in a lower peak titer and a delay in attaining peak titer regardless of route of injection. Absence of the spleen appeared to have less effect on the secondary response than on the primary response. The effects of splenectomy, however, interacted with those due to dose of antigen and route of administration.

These findings emphasize the complexity of factors influencing the antibody response of a single species of animal to a well defined antigen.
The Influence of Anaphylactic Shock on Fluid in the Peritoneal Cavity
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Mayer Leo L.
Published: January 2023

The factors concerned in the production of the edema in a local anaphylactic reaction are, generally speaking, unknown. In many respects the lesion is similar to that produced by an injection of an irritant substance. It is, however, certain that the substance responsible for the development of the edema is not a toxic or highly irritant substance, when introduced, regardless of what changes it may undergo in the local area in the sensitized animal some time after the injection. It is evident that the action is dependent upon the cells in the area in contact with the antigen; that these cells have in some manner been changed so that they react abnormally—either qualitatively or quantitatively—upon the introduction of the antigen. Exactly what these changes may be is not clear but it has long been maintained that a changed permeability of the cells is one factor.
On the Differentiation of Various Breeds of Sheep by Means of Serological Methods
Authors: BiaŁbsuknia W. , Kaczkowski B.
Published: January 2023

General Description of the Experiments. At the suggestion of the Animal Breeding Department of the Institute for Agricultural Research in Pulawy there has been initiated a study of the problem of determining the descent of certain breeds of sheep by applying the methods employed in the investigations on the isoagglutination of blood among human races by Landsteiner, v. Dungern and H. and L. Hirszfeld.

The flock used for experiments, consisted of (1) Southdown, bred from animals imported from England twenty-five years ago, (2) a local breed in Poland, belonging to the primitive type of Ovis Musimon brachyura and called “Swiniarki,” (3) mountain sheep, coming from the Carpathian table-land (Podhale) and belonging to the distinct type of Ovis Ammon strepsiceres, (4) karaculs, descended from stock imported from Bokhara. A total of 150 ewes and rams (fully adult individuals), subjected to the same conditions of nutrition and of environment, were used for the isoagglutination experiments.
Disk Plate Assay for Diphtheria Antitoxin in Undiluted Horse and Human Serum and Infants' Whole Blood
Authors: Farrell Leone N. , Reid D. B. W. , Kormendy Agnes C.
Published: January 2023

The disk plate assay has been adapted to the determination of diphtheria antitoxin in horse and human serum and infants' blood. Changes in the technical details previously described for polio-antibodies are given. A linear relationship was found between zone diameter and the logarithm of antitoxin concentration from about 400 to 4 u/ml when indicating doses of toxin of 0.01 Lf or less were used. At concentrations below 4 u/ml marked curvature appeared. Over the whole range of dilutions, the relationship of the square of zone diameter and logarithm of antitoxin concentration showed no significant deviation from linearity, although minor systematic deviations occurred. The estimated potencies on 85 samples of horse serum were in fair agreement with those obtained by flocculation assay. The standard deviation of an individual estimate was 12% of titer for 75 samples lying within the range of the reference serum used. With 169 sera from children before and after a recall dose of DPT Polio Vaccine, the sensitivity of the disk plate assay was found to be similar to the rabbit skin “screening” test at 0.01 u/ml. Results by disk plate assay of 92 sera were compared with those by rabbit skin assay at the 0.001 u/ml level. The estimates by the rabbit skin assay were about one half of those found by disk plate assay for sera of low potency, the ratio tending to increase somewhat with the titer of antitoxin. The standard deviation of an individual estimate was about 10% of potency. Microassay of infants' whole blood proved practical and gave more precise values than are readily obtained by rabbit skin assay. Within the limits of comparison, the values for whole blood by disk plate assay tended to be unexpectedly high. The disk plate method of assay for diphtheria antitoxin proved to be simple, less laborious and more precise than conventional methods. It appeared to measure antitoxin per se, relatively uninfluenced by avidity.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Gerulat Bernard F. , Pinchuck Paul
Published: January 2023

The interrelationships among a group of linear copolymers containing the amino acids, glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, tyrosine and phenyl alanine have been shown. The introduction of 5 moles % alanine into GL did not change the specificity of the molecule but the introduction of 30 moles % alanine (GLA30) resulted in a copolymer causing the production of antibody with a reactivity for all polymers listed in this study. The introduction of tyrosine into G-L (5 moles %) or G-A (10 moles %) led to antigens with some specificity directed against tyrosyl groupings, but not with enhanced antigenicity. Specificity against polyglutamic acid groupings was shown by the PCA reaction. Some heterogeneity in antibody response against the polymers has been shown by studies of diffusion in agar.
Purification and Analysis of fluorescein-Labeled Antisera by Column Chromatography
Authors: McDevitt Hugh O. , Peters John H. , Pollard Leonard W. , Harter John G. , Coons Albert H.
Published: January 2023

Fluorescent rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin antibody with bright specific and negligible nonspecific staining was prepared from the conjugated antiserum by a single elution from a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column. The yield was 40 to 60% of the labeled precipitating antibody when conjugates with a molar fluorescein to protein ratio of 4 or less were used. The antibody eluted under the conditions employed had a molar fluorescein to protein ratio of approximately 1.0. Absorption and emission studies of a variety of conjugates show that after conjugation to protein a) amorphous and crystalline fluorescein isothiocyanate preparations have the same emission intensity, and b) fluorescein isocyanate has approximately twice the emission intensity of the isothiocyanate.
Serologic Studies on Subclinical Melioidosis
Authors: Nigg Clara
Published: January 2023

Of 337 sera from apparently healthy adult Thai males, 8.3% gave positive complement fixation reactions for melioidosis. Only 1 of 78 sera from Thai females was positive. None of 138 sera from a control group in the United States was positive with this test.

Of 405 Thai sera, 29.1% gave positive hemagglutination reactions for melioidosis with a purified polysaccharide antigen. Only 7.4% of the control group in the United States gave positive reactions with this test. The protein antigen used in similar hemagglutination tests was not suitable for diagnostic purposes because positive reactions, apparently not referable to melioidosis, were encountered with this antigen in some sera.

The combined results of the serologic survey indicated that subclinical or unrecognized mild melioidosis was probably rather prevalent in Thailand and that the 95% mortality figure for melioidosis as reported in the literature was not tenable.

The significance of the serologic results in relation to the epidemiology of melioidosis is discussed.
Immunochemical Studies on Pullulan, an Extracellular Polysaccharide from Pullularia Pullulans
Authors: Schlossman Stuart F. , Zarnitz Marie Luise , Kabat Elvin A. , Keilich G. , Wallenfels Kurt
Published: January 2023

Pullulan and restpullulan preparations were found to be antigenic in man. Pullulan and restpullulan cross-reacted strongly with types II and IX anti-pneumococcal sera. In the type II cross-reaction pullulan was more efficient than restpullulan per unit weight while in the type IX cross-reactions restpullulan, water-restpullulan and partially hydrolyzed fractions of restpullulan all reacted better than did pullulan. Pullulan precipitated all of the antibody in type II antiserum cross-reacting with Friedländer B polysaccharide and most of the antibody crossreacting with dextran. The pullulan anti-type II cross-reaction was inhibited strongly by glucuronic acid and not at all or but very slightly by various glucose oligosaccharides. The immunochemical findings are of interest in relation to the demonstration by Wallenfels of a uronic acid in pullulan. The cross-reaction of restpullulan with type IX antiserum is inhibited best by nigerose and maltotriose which are considerably better than maltose. Kojibiose, isomaltotriose and isomaltose were much less effective. The findings are consistent with the specificity of antibody in type IX antiserum cross-reacting with restpullulan being related to α 1,4 and α 1,3 linked glucoses.
Influenza Vaccine Prepared by Photodynamic Inactivation of Virus
Authors: Wallis Craig , Sakurada Norio , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Influenza virus (108 EID50/ml, PR-8 strain of type A) in the presence of 10-5.5 M toluidine blue was photodynamically inactivated by visible light. Although all detectable infectivity was destroyed, the immunizing and hemagglutinating antigens were preserved.

The photosensitive influenza-dye complex is readily dissociable, since virus-dye mixtures passed through cation resins yielded dye-free virus that regained its photoresistance.

Although the infectivity of virus in infected allantoic fluid could be photodynamically destroyed, the hemagglutinin was not affected. However, upon removal of certain constituents of allantoic fluid by dialysis or by erythrocyte purification of the virus, the viral hemagglutinin became photosensitive in the presence of toluidine blue. The results with the purified hemagglutinin are similar to those found with the mature poliovirus particle, for here also, purification was required for the infective moiety to become photosensitive (9).

Influenza virus vaccines inactivated by photodynamic action and by formalin were compared for antigenicity in mice. With the photodynamically inactivated vaccine, the immunologic response in mice was found to be equal to that produced by formalin-inactivated vaccine but somewhat less than that produced by injection of live virus. Such a photodynamically inactivated vaccine might prove advantageous for use with strains that have antigens particularly sensitive to formalin.
Observations on the Structure of Human 7 S γ-Globulin: Studies Using Antisera to Bence Jones Proteins
Authors: Franklin Edward C.
Published: January 2023

Antisera to 7 S γ-globulin or papain Fragment A-C readily demonstrate cross-reaction between these proteins and BJP's. However, certain antisera to BJP's precipitate only the BJP's of the same antigenic type, 7 S γ-globulin and 5 S pepsin fragments, but fail to precipitate Fragment C. The finding that Fragment C from 7 S γ-globulin inhibits precipitation of the native 7 S γ-globulin and BJP suggests that it acts as an “univalent” antigen. The explanation for this finding appears to be that BJP's and 7 S γ-globulin contain two L chains, whereas papain Fragment C contains only one.
Effects of Low Ionic Strength on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor
Published: January 2023

Optimal enhancement of hemolytic guinea pig complement activity is obtained at an ionic strength of 0.055. Reduction of ionic strength permits more efficient conversion of SAC′1a, 4 to SAC′1a, 4,2a which can be traced to firmer binding of C′1a to SA. The decay rate of SAC′4, 2a is increased at low ionic strength. The activity of the C′3 complex may be enhanced, unchanged or decreased at low ionic strength, depending on the concentration of SAC′4, 2a and on the nature of the nonelectrolyte used to maintain isotonic conditions. At low ionic strength, it is possible to lyse sheep erythrocytes in the absence of added hemolytic antibody. Part of this effect has been traced to a dissociable autosensitizer on sheep cells.
An Agglutination-Resuspension Test for Q Fever Antibodies
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A.
Published: January 2023

An agglutination-resuspension (AR) test for the detection of Q fever antibodies is described. The procedure involves the use of a purified suspension of Coxiella burneti in phase I and the centrifugation and resuspension of this antigen after exposure to antiserum. Results with serums from convalescent and vaccinated human and animal subjects are presented. The AR test was shown to be more sensitive than either the complement-fixation or the capillary tube agglutination tests in the detection of low levels of antibodies but less sensitive than the radioisotope precipitation test. The AR test is more rapid than other comparable serologic tests as it can be completed and read within an hour.
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons as Substitutes for the Oil in Freund's Adjuvants in the Production of Experimental “Allergic” Encephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Shaw Cheng-Mei , Alvord Ellsworth C. , Kies Marian W.
Published: January 2023

Straight chain hydrocarbons with 15 to 20 carbon atoms (pentadecane through eicosane) substitute quite effectively for the standard mineral oils in Freund's adjuvants as judged by the production of experimental “allergic” encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig. The longer hydrocarbon (tetracosane) is solid at body temperature and is completely ineffective. These observations suggest that the oil acts physically to promote diffusion of the encephalitogenic emulsion. Since the shorter hydrocarbons with 6 to 13 carbon atoms (hexane through tridecane) are generally much better solvents but are only slightly effective as adjuvant, and since oil from which the tubercle bacilli have been removed is completely ineffective, it is further concluded that the oil does not extract significant amounts of active materials from the bacilli.
Polysaccharide Antigens of Candida Cell Wall
Authors: Summers Donald F. , Grollman Arthur P. , Hasenclever H. F.
Published: January 2023

Immunochemical studies of Candida cell wall have established that the mannan is the major antigen. There at least two serologic groups within C. albicans; group A mannan contains all the determinants present in group B plus additional determinants. C. tropicalis mannan is antigenically very similar to C. albicans group A mannan. Cross-reactions of anti-C. albicans group A serum with several mannose-containing fungal polysaccharides were studied.
Differences in Serum Complement Activity among Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Terry William D. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: January 2023

Variation in complement activity among inbred strains of mice has been confirmed. In addition, evidence is presented that sera from Balb/cAnN, C57BL/10ScN, B10·D2/Sn “new,” B10·D2/Sn “old,” DBA/2JN and C57BL/6JN have C′1, C′4 and C′2 activities and that differences in C′ titer, in part, may be due to variation in C′3 complex activity. Sera from Balb/cAnN, C57BL/10ScN, and B10·D2/Sn “new” males contain significantly greater C′ and C′3 complex activity than sera from females of the same strain.
Pathogenesis of Herpes Simplex Virus in the Rabbit Eye
Authors: Engle Claire G. , Stewart Richard C.
Published: January 2023

The pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus in the rabbit eye was studied in a nonimmunized as well as immunized host by gross observations of the corneal epithelial lesions and by virus titration of corneal epithelial scrapings in rabbit kidney cultures. A marked reduction in severity of infection was noted in the immune rabbits. The multi-cycle of the virus in the nonimmune rabbit was found to possess characteristics similar to those reported in other hosts. Treatment of the infection with 5-iodo-2′-desoxyuridine was accompanied by a reduction in virus titer within the corneal epithelial cells as well as by a gradual reduction in the severity of the corneal herpetic lesions during therapy.
The Immune Response of BSA Tolerant Rabbits to Injections of BSA Following the Termination of the Tolerant State
Authors: Weigle William O.
Published: January 2023

The immune response to BSA was examined in rabbits after a tolerant state to BSA was terminated by injections of related antigens. The previously tolerant rabbits usually made an immune response to monthly injections of I*BSA as evidenced by the immune elimination of the I*BSA and an increase in the level of anti-BSA in the sera. However, after the first injection of I*BSA, subsequent injections resulted in synthesis of less antibody and a portion of the rabbits eventually regained the tolerant state. Similar results were obtained when the BSA was incorporated into Freund's adjuvant. Once the tolerant state returned it could again be terminated by reinjection of the related antigen. In rabbits which had their tolerant state terminated by injections of HSA, none of the antibody produced following a subsequent injection of BSA was specific either for BSA or HSA, but all was directed to the shared determinants.
The Antigenic Specificity of Spermatozoa
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Russell Paul S.
Published: January 2023

Experiments were undertaken to determine whether histocompatibility antigens were detectable on spermatozoa and whether it might be possible to differentiate spermatozoa bearing X and Y chromosomes by means of the fluorescent antibody technique.

C57BL/6 female mice were immunized with skin grafts and lymphoid cells from C57BL/6 males in an attempt to produce antibody specific for Y-determined antigen(s). Despite accelerated second-set rejection of male skin grafts, it was not possible to detect antibody to Y-determined antigen in female C57BL/6 mice immunized with male tissue. It was possible to demonstrate the presence of H-2 antigens on the cell membranes of lymphoid cells but not spermatozoa by means of the fluorescent antibody technique.

Using sera from both male and female C57BL/6 mice which had been immunized with sperm or testis, it was possible to demonstrate by both direct and indirect fluorescent staining techniques antibody specific for the acrosome of mouse, rat and guinea pig sperm. It is suggested that acrosomal antigen may be a cell-specific antigen of spermatozoa.
Immunoelectrophoretic Studies of the Protein Components of Normal Tears
Authors: Josephson Alan S. , Lockwood David W.
Published: January 2023

Immunoelectrophoresis of tears with anti-tear as well as more conventional antiserum revealed that tears contain several proteins not present in serum. β2A-Globulin, apparently identical with that of serum, is present, as are ceruloplasmin and oroseromucoid. γ-Globulin was uncommonly found in normal tears. Little or no material immunologically similar to serum albumin was found. Lysozyme, although its presence in all tears has been determined by its ability to lyse bacteria, could not be identified by the immunoelectrophoretic technique. It was observed that mild trauma such as rubbing the eyes causes γ-globulin, serum albumin and transferrin to appear in tears.