bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inappropriate Vancomycin Prescribing Based on Criteria from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Authors: Johnson Steven V. , Hoey Lori L. , Vance‐Bryan Kyle
Published: October 2014

Increasing reports of vancomycin resistance have raised concerns about the future effectiveness of this drug in treatment of critically ill patients with gram‐positive infections. Due to these concerns the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently published criteria that delineate the prudent use of vancomycin. Using these criteria, we attempted to determine the appropriateness of vancomycin prescribing patterns at our institution. A retrospective chart review was performed for 135 hospitalized patients treated between May 1993 and April 1994. Inappropriate empiric vancomycin use was documented in 81 (60%) of these patients. When culture results were available, 28 (21%) patients inappropriately received the drug. Results of this study are similar to those of other studies of vancomycin use in hospitals based on non‐CDC criteria. If CDC criteria are to have a positive impact on physicians' vancomycin prescribing patterns, significant educational efforts will be required.
Quality of Life in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: A Randomized, Double‐Blind Trial Comparing 5‐FU versus 5‐FU With Leucovorin
Authors: Sullivan Beverly A. , McKinnis Ray , Laufman Leslie R.
Published: October 2014

We compared health‐related quality of life (HQL) measures in 210 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who were receiving equitoxic regimens of weekly 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) plus leucovorin (LV) or 5‐FU alone in a multicenter, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized trial. The HQL was assessed during the first 120 days of treatment by the patient‐generated functional living index‐cancer (FLIC) questionnaire. Also assessed were clinician‐generated measures to evaluate physical functioning and suffering: Karnofsky performance status (KPS), body weight, disease symptoms, and hospitalization. No significant difference was detected between treatment groups in HQL or in any measurement of efficacy or toxicity. The number of patients hospitalized was similar in both groups, 35 patients receiving 5‐FU‐LV, 32 receiving 5‐FU‐placebo, but those receiving 5‐FU‐LV were hospitalized longer (450 vs 315 total days). The KPS improved or stabilized in 23% and 37% of patients, respectively. Overall, FLIC scores significantly improved in 27% or remained stable in 62% of all patients; disease symptoms improved in 19–49%; a weight increase of 2 kg or more occurred in 27%. A change in FLIC was not associated with tumor response or improvement in pain, but a decline in FLIC was associated with improved survival. An improvement in KPS or weight was associated with tumor response and strongly correlated with survival. Improvement of pain was associated with a stable or increase in weight, and worsening of pain correlated with lack of tumor response.
A Community‐Based Clinical Pharmacy Teaching, Research, and Service Program in Zimbabwe
Authors: Maponga Charles C. , Feresu Shingairai A.
Published: October 2014

In an effort to optimize limited resources, a community‐based clinical pharmacy program was initiated to promote service, teaching, and research. This program sponsored the recruitment of pharmacy personnel to carry out distributive and clinical functions. This service enabled the development of new clinical attachment sites for pharmacy students. Students on these attachments carried out supervised projects that enhanced their learning while providing essential services to the community. This program resulted in the enhancement of stock levels of drugs and medical equipment, improvement in the drug budget through on‐site manufacturing and proper stock management, and the creation of a favorable working partnership with other health professionals as well as the community. A number of research projects were initiated and completed, and a teaching program was established. This program demonstrated that integration of the triple functions of clinical pharmacy service, teaching, and research is feasible in a rural setting and can achieve goals that are mutually beneficial to all facets of the pharmacy profession.
Analysis of Various Creatinine Clearance Formulas in Predicting Gentamicin Elimination in Patients With Low Serum Creatinine
Authors: Reichley Richard M. , Ritchie David J. , Bailey Thomas C.
Published: October 2014

Predicted gentamicin elimination rate constants (kels) using creatinine clearance (C1cr) estimates from seven equations were compared with kels calculated from steady‐state serum gentamicin concentrations in 186 hospitalized patients. In predicting kel, the equations varied significantly in precision (mean absolute percentage error), and were particularly imprecise among patients with serum creatinine values of 71 μmol/L or less. Significant differences in bias (mean prediction error) were also observed. All equations using serum creatinine as an element showed improved precision, and most showed reduced bias when a minimum value of 71 μmol/L was used. The Cockcroft‐Gault normalized to 72 kg and the Hull equations are among the simplest to calculate and, when using a minimum serum creatinine of 71 μmol/L, had significantly greater precision and less bias than several of the equations. We recommend one of these two methods for predicting gentamicin kel in patients with low serum creatinine values.
Natural Antioxidants for the Prevention of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Odeh Rudina M. , Cornish Laura A.
Published: October 2014

Hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, and obesity are known contributing risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). However, they account for only half of all cases of CAD, and the complete pathologic process underlying atherosclerosis remains unknown. Growing evidence suggests that oxidative modification of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) may be of particular importance in the pathogenesis. Oxidized LDL exhibits proatherogenic effects. Therefore, current research has focused on inhibiting the oxidation of LDL as a means of inhibiting the atherosclerotic process. One such approach is to enhance the endogenous antioxidant defense systems within the LDL particle with lipophilic antioxidants such as α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene, or by supplementing the aqueous‐phase antioxidant capacity with ascorbic acid. Observational data suggest a protective effect of antioxidant supplementation on the incidence of CAD; however, specific doses cannot be recommended since the data are inconclusive.
Cost Comparison of β2‐Agonist Bronchodilators Used in the Treatment of Asthma
Authors: Nightingale Charles H.
Published: October 2014

Because of increases in the morbidity and mortality associated with asthma, coupled with shrinking health care resources, the costs associated with therapy with β2‐agonists in metered‐dose inhalers (MDIs), the most frequently used class of therapeutic agents, were examined. Recent recommendations suggested a change in drug therapy for asthma, away from theophylline and toward patient‐administered MDIs containing β2‐agonists or corticosteroids. These recommendations are expected ultimately to reduce overall costs by decreasing morbidity due to asthma and by reducing hospital services. Furthermore, differences exist among the various β2‐agonists. For example, for patients treated with albuterol inhalers, total asthma drug costs, the costs of additional asthma drugs, and hospital costs were lower than those for patients treated with metaproterenol inhalers, despite the higher acquisition cost of albuterol. Using the maximum recommended number of daily inhalations and standardized pricing data, the daily costs of nine individual β‐agonists in MDIs were calculated. These varied from $0.61 for albuterol to $1.28 for pirbuterol, but would be lower for patients who required fewer daily inhalations on an as‐needed basis. In addition, agents that can be dosed as needed (i.e., albuterol) are likely to be more cost‐effective choices for formularies than more expensive new bronchodilators such as salmeterol, which must be given twice/day on a regular basis.
Kindle‐ing the Common Core
Authors: Testa Elizabeth , Tonsing Carol Sides
Published: October 2014

This column features essays written by current middle school and high school teachers, media specialists, librarians, literacy coaches, curriculum specialists, administrators, preservice teachers, teacher educators, and adolescent and adult learners. They highlight diverse perspectives on teaching and/or learning with literacies to inspire reader reflection.
Print‐Based Texts
Authors: Blasingame James
Published: October 2014

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult literature and provides a valuable resource for literature selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Local Literacies, Global Scales
Authors: Stornaiuolo Amy , LeBlanc Robert Jean
Published: October 2014

While connecting students and teachers in new configurations using digital technologies offers great promise for literacy and learning, this column considers the complexities of negotiating local and global literacies in global collaborations. It introduces the theoretical concept of scaling to highlight the ways teachers actively and strategically work across differentially ordered social spaces, texts, and resources. The authors suggest that teaching in globalized contexts requires heightened sensitivity to people's challenges in negotiating inequalities in literacy practices across various spatial and temporal scales.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) particles for local drug delivery using shock wave lithotripsy: In vitro proof of concept experiment
Authors: Shaked Eliav , Shani Yoav , Zilberman Meital , Scheinowitz Mickey
Published: October 2014

To leverage current local drug delivery systems methodology, there is vast use of polymeric particles serving as drug carriers to assure minimal invasive therapy with little systemic distribution of the released drug. There is an increasing interest in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) serving as carriers in drug delivery. The study aims to develop PMMA carriers for localized drug delivery and release system, combining innovative biomaterial technology and shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), and to study the effect of SWL on various concentrations of PMMA particles. We prepared PMMA particles that contain horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using a double emulsion technique, and investigated the mechanism of in vitro drug release from the carriers following exposure to SWL. We investigated the correlation between production method modifications, concentrations of the carriers subjected to SWL, and shock wave patterns. We successfully produced PMMA particles as drug carriers and stimulated the release of their contents by SWL; their polymeric shell can be shattered externally by SWL treatment, leading to release of the encapsulated drug. HRP enzyme activity was maintained following the encapsulation process and exposure to high dose of SWL pulses. Increased shock wave number results in increased shattering and greater fragmentation of PMMA particles. The results demonstrate a dose‐response release of HRP; quantitation of the encapsulated HRP from the carriers rises with the number of SWL. Moreover, increased concentration of particles subjected to the same dose of SWL results in a significant increase of the total HRP release. Our research offers novel technique and insights into new, site‐specific drug delivery and release systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1228–1237, 2015.
Sylow Theory for Quasigroups
Authors: Smith Jonathan D. H.
Published: October 2014

This paper is intended as a first step toward a general Sylow theory for quasigroups and Latin squares. A subset of a quasigroup lies in a nonoverlapping orbit if its respective translates under the elements of the left multiplication group remain disjoint. In the group case, each nonoverlapping orbit contains a subgroup, and Sylow's Theorem guarantees nonoverlapping orbits on subsets whose order is a prime‐power divisor of the group order. For the general quasigroup case, the paper investigates the relationship between non‐overlapping orbits and structural properties of a quasigroup. Divisors of the order of a finite quasigroup are classified by the behavior of nonoverlapping orbits. In a dual direction, Sylow properties of a subquasigroup P of a finite left quasigroup Q may be defined directly in terms of the homogeneous space , and also in terms of the behavior of the isomorphism type within the so‐called Burnside order, a labeled order structure on the full set of all isomorphism types of irreducible permutation representations.
A systems engineering perspective on process integration in industrial biotechnology
Authors: Kiss Anton A. , Grievink Johan , Rito‐Palomares Marco
Published: November 2014

Biotechnology has many applications in health care, agriculture, industry and the environment. By using renewable raw materials, biotechnology contributes to lowering greenhouse gas emissions and moving away from a petro‐based towards a circular sustainable economy. However, major developments are still needed to make industrial biotechnology an economic alternative to conventional processes for fuels, specialty and/or bulk chemicals production.

Process integration is a holistic approach to process design, which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimizing them separately. Furthermore, it also involves the substitution of two or more unit operations by one single novel unit capable of achieving the same process goal.

Conversely, process systems engineering (PSE) deals with the analysis, design, optimization, operation and control of complex process systems, as well as the development of model‐based methods and tools that allow the systematic development of processes and products across a wide range of systems involving physical and chemical change. Mature tools and applications are available for chemical technology and steps have been taken to apply PSE principles also to bioprocess technology. This perspective paper argues that an interdisciplinary approach is needed towards integrated bio‐processing in order to link basic developments in biosciences with possible industrial applications. PSE can foster the application of existing and the development of new methods and tools for bioprocess integration that could promote the sustainable production of bio‐/chemical products. The inclusion of PSE principles and methods in biochemical engineering curricula and research is essential to achieve such goals. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Endocavitary contrast‐enhanced ultrasound: A technique whose time has come?
Authors: Müller Thomas , Blank Wolfgang , Leitlein Jens , Kubicka Stefan , Heinzmann Alexander
Published: October 2014

Endocavitary use of contrast agents in sonography (US) is a relatively new method in diagnostic imaging, competing against gray‐scale US, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy. This article describes established indications, demonstrates the techniques of evolving applications, and discusses their potential benefits. These benefits include the ability to obtain precise information about the placement of drains and the extent of fluid collections, and to accurately identify the location and features of strictures in various organs, and those of complications of fluid collections or abscesses, without resorting to ionizing radiation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 43:71–80, 2015
Linear‐Time Algorithms for Scattering Number and Hamilton‐Connectivity of Interval Graphs
Authors: Broersma Hajo , Fiala Jiří , Golovach Petr A. , Kaiser Tomáš , Paulusma Daniël , Proskurowski Andrzej
Published: October 2014

We prove that for all an interval graph is ‐Hamilton‐connected if and only if its scattering number is at most k. This complements a previously known fact that an interval graph has a nonnegative scattering number if and only if it contains a Hamilton cycle, as well as a characterization of interval graphs with positive scattering numbers in terms of the minimum size of a path cover. We also give an time algorithm for computing the scattering number of an interval graph with n vertices and m edges, which improves the previously best‐known time bound for solving this problem. As a consequence of our two results, the maximum k for which an interval graph is k‐Hamilton‐connected can be computed in time.
Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research
Authors: Schilpzand Pauline , De Pater Irene E. , Erez Amir
Published: October 2014

A growing body of research explores workplace incivility, defined as low‐intensity deviant workplace behavior with an ambiguous intent to harm. In the 15 years since the theoretical introduction of the workplace incivility construct, research in this domain has taken off, albeit in a variety of directions. We review the extant body of research on workplace incivility and note the multitude of samples, sources, methodologies, and instrumentation used. In this review article, we provide an organized review of the extant body of work that encompasses three distinct types of incivility: experienced, witnessed, and instigated incivility. These three types of incivility serve as the foundation for a series of comprehensive models in which we integrate extant empirical research. In the last part of this review article, we suggest directions for future research that may contribute to this growing body of work. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pittsburgh 2030 District: Collaborating to Develop High‐Performance Buildings
Authors: Sharrard Aurora L. , Luther Sean C. , Siefken Anna J.
Published: October 2014

The Pittsburgh 2030 District is a voluntary, nationally recognized, locally driven community of individuals in charge of high‐performance buildings in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Under the auspices of Green Building Alliance, their goal is to cut energy and water use and transportation emissions by half, and ensure carbon‐neutral new construction by 2030. District activities to date—particularly the performance baselines regarding energy usage, water consumption, transportation emissions, and indoor air quality that have been developed and are currently being formulated—point the way for building owners and managers to assess and implement best practices in sustainable building design, construction, and operation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Integrative Perspective on Guanxi: Dispelling Myths to Facilitate Business in China
Authors: Wee Chow‐Hou
Published: October 2014

The basic dynamic in personalized networks of influence in China, guanxi is widely discussed but sorely misunderstood by Westerners seeking to conduct business in or with that nation. The intricacies of its cultural nuances, which can confound outsiders, and the widespread abuse of its practices, which have resulted in corruption, have prevented both scholars and practitioners from fully understanding and appreciating the true purpose of guanxi in any interpersonal relationship. An integrative analysis of guanxi demystifies the concept and offers guidance on how to best employ it as a management tool for effective business decision making in the Chinese marketplace. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitigating Multigenerational Conflict and Attracting, Motivating, and Retaining Millennial Employees by Changing the Organizational Culture: A Theoretical Model
Authors: Carpenter Marian J. , de Charon Linda C.
Published: October 2014

For the first time in U.S. history there are five generations in the U.S. workforce, with more than 60 years separating the oldest and youngest employees. Organizations that fail to adjust their culture to meet the challenges of cross‐generational workforces face employee retention issues, disruption of knowledge transfer, and a reduced competitive advantage. This qualitative grounded theory study examined how a hierarchical organization leads multigenerational workforce members and how they attract, motivate, and retain Millennials, defined as those born after 1980. The resulting subthemes enabled the development of a theoretical model that highlights the integral nature of executives, managers, and human resource professionals in addressing multigenerational conflict and attracting, motivating, and retaining Millennials while focusing on performance success. The model, which may be generalizable to diverse organizations, depicts specific actions for each of these key stakeholders and also discusses Millennials’ responsibilities for their own success in the workplace.
Navigating Straight Waters: The Lived Experience of How Out, White, Gay Males Have Successfully Navigated the College Presidential Search Process
Authors: Leipold Bil
Published: October 2014

Lesbians and gays are one of the most ostracized and marginalized groups in the U.S. (Rankin, Weber, Blumenfeld, & Frazer, 2010). With a limited number of out, gay leaders to study, minimal research has been conducted on how gays have navigated their way into visible leadership positions (Fassinger, Shullman, & Stevenson, 2010; Snyder, ). This qualitative study examined the lived experience of how out, White, gay males have successfully navigated the presidential search process. The study utilizes the framework of social dominance theory, queer theory, and co‐cultural theory in exploring the historical and current environment for lesbian and gays within the United States. This national study utilized a qualitative, phenomenological approach. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 participants. Study findings included: (a) most gay men have a nontraditional career pathway to the presidency; (b) while gay men are resilient in overcoming the dominant heteronormative culture impacts, dominant culture beliefs continue to play a significant role in the search process; (c) gay men believe that being out during the search process speaks to their integrity and character; and (d) gay men strategically utilize two communication approaches when communicating with the dominant culture in an effort to assess if the heteronormative environment will be affirming.
Invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes in 116 cases
Authors: Barchiesi Francesco , Mazzocato Susanna , Mazzanti Sara , Gesuita Rosaria , Skrami Edlira , Fiorentini Alessandro , Singh Nina
Published: October 2014

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) in liver transplant recipients is associated with grave outcomes. We reviewed 116 individual cases reported in the literature from 1985 to 2013. IA was diagnosed after a median of 25 days after transplantation and involved a single organ in 51% of the cases, whereas in the remaining cases, multiple sites were involved. The most common infecting Aspergillus species were Aspergillus fumigatus (73%), Aspergillus flavus (14%), and Aspergillus terreus (8%). Amphotericin B was the drug most frequently used, and it was followed by voriconazole and itraconazole. Combination regimens were used in 51% of the cases. The overall 1‐year cumulative survival probability was 35% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 24.6%‐49.6%]. Survival was significantly higher for patients reported from the year 2000 and thereafter (P < 0.001), for those diagnosed with IA more than 30 days after transplantation versus those diagnosed earlier (P = 0.019), and for patients without renal failure (P = 0.020). Additionally, the use of voriconazole was significantly associated with a higher probability of survival (P < 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that subjects with the involvement of multiple sites had a 2.52 times higher risk of a negative outcome (95% CI = 1.08‐5.87) than those with the involvement of a single site. Thus, IA causes life‐threatening infections in liver transplant recipients. Predictors associated with poor outcomes may help clinicians to optimize the management of this infection. Liver Transpl 21:204‐212, 2015. © 2014 AASLD.
Microstructural stability and oxidation behavior of Sanicro 25 during long‐term steam exposure in the temperature range 600–750 °C
Authors: Zurek J. , Yang S.‐M. , Lin D.‐Y. , Hüttel T. , Singheiser L. , Quadakkers W. J.
Published: October 2014

The aim of the present study is the investigation of the microstructural features and the oxidation resistance of the austenitic steel Sanicro 25 during long‐term steam exposure up to 10 000 h in the temperature range 600–750 °C. Steel microstructures of specimens after exposure times of 1000, 3000, and 10 000 h were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as X‐ray diffraction. The steam oxidation behavior was estimated by gravimetry in combination with microstructural investigations using the above mentioned analysis tools as well as depth profiling by secondary neutrals mass spectrometry. In the as‐received condition, the only detectable precipitate was Z‐(Nb,Cr)N phase. After exposures in the temperature range 600–750 °C various amounts of the following additional phases were identified: chromium nitride, µ‐phase, and carbides with various compositions. Chromia base surface scales formed during exposure at 600–700 °C, whereas more rapidly growing Fe/Cr‐rich oxides were found at 750 °C. The oxidation rates were only slightly higher than those of a typical nickel base alloy such as alloy 617. In the subsurface zones, depletion of scale forming elements was accompanied by enrichment of tungsten and copper‐rich phases.
The Impact of Pleasure‐Evoking Colors on the Effectiveness of Threat (Fear) Appeals
Authors: Wauters Birgit , Brengman Malaika , Mahama Fuseina
Published: October 2014

Research has established that colors can influence a person's attitude toward an ad. In this article the knowledge about the effects of colors on the perception of ads is linked to a specific type of ads, namely threat appeals. The objective of this study is to examine whether the color used in the background of such a threat appeal can influence its effectiveness. More specifically, the aim is to investigate whether the usage of less or more pleasure‐evoking colors affects threat and efficacy appraisals, evoked fear, and the behavioral intention. Moreover, it is tested whether the impact of the background color on the effectiveness of threat appeals is moderated by the threat level presented in the threat appeal. The findings confirm that the background color does indeed have an impact on its effectiveness. The more pleasing blue color was found to have a more positive impact on the respondents’ feelings of severity and susceptibility than the less appealing yellow. An analysis of the processing patterns subsequently showed that perceived severity has a positive effect on the behavioral intention. This intention is also influenced by the evoked feelings of fear, which are also induced by the respondents’ perceived severity. An interaction effect with threat level indicates that the more appealing background color only increased vulnerability in case of a low threat. Color thus seems to be used more as a peripheral cue to process less involving (low‐threat) messages. In case of a more involving high‐threat message, the processing seems to occur more centrally and less through the color cue. These findings illustrate the importance of color in the design of threat appeals.
Effects of inversion time on inversion recovery prepared ultrashort echo time (IR‐UTE) imaging of bound and pore water in cortical bone
Authors: Li Shihong , Ma Lanqing , Chang Eric Y. , Shao Hongda , Chen Jun , Chung Christine B. , Bydder Graeme M. , Du Jiang
Published: October 2014

Water is present in cortical bone in different binding states. In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of inversion time (TI) on the signal from bound and pore water in cortical bone using an adiabatic inversion recovery prepared ultrashort echo time (IR‐UTE) sequence on a clinical 3 T scanner. In total ten bovine midshaft samples and four human tibial midshaft samples were harvested for this study. Each cortical sample was imaged with the UTE and IR‐UTE sequences with a TR of 300 ms and a series of TI values ranging from 10 to 240 ms. Five healthy volunteers were also imaged with the same sequence. Single‐ and bi‐component models were utilized to calculate the T2* and relative fractions of short and long T2* components. Bi‐component behavior of the signal from cortical bone was seen with the IR‐UTE sequence, except with a TI of around 80 ms, where the short T2* component alone were seen and a mono‐exponential decay pattern was observed. In vivo imaging with the IR‐UTE sequence provided high contrast‐to‐noise images with direct visualization of bound water and reduced signal from long T2 muscle and fat. Our preliminary results demonstrate that selective nulling of the pore water component can be achieved with the IR‐UTE sequence with an appropriate TI, allowing selective imaging of the bound water component in cortical bone in vivo using clinical MR scanners. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cystic fibrosis airway epithelium remodelling: involvement of inflammation
Authors: Adam Damien , Roux‐Delrieu Jacqueline , Luczka Emilie , Bonnomet Arnaud , Lesage Julien , Mérol Jean‐Claude , Polette Myriam , Abély Michel , Coraux Christelle
Published: October 2014

Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease and airway epithelium damage and remodelling are important components of lung pathology progression in CF. Whether this remodelling is secondary to deleterious infectious and inflammatory mediators, or to alterations of CF human airway epithelial (HAE) cells, such as their hyper inflammatory phenotype or their basic cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) default, remains debated. In this study, we evaluated the involvement of alterations of CF HAE cells in airway epithelium remodelling. HAE cells from non‐CF and CF patients were cultured in an air–liquid interface, with and without inflammatory stimulation, along the regeneration process, and the remodelling of the reconstituted epithelium was analysed. We confirmed that CF HAE cells showed a hyperinflammatory phenotype which was lost with time. In comparison to non‐CF epithelium, CF epithelium regeneration in the absence of exogenous inflammation was higher and exhibited basal cell hyperplasia. This remodelling was mimicked by inflammatory stimulation of non‐CF cells and was absent when CF HAE cells were no longer hyperinflamed. Moreover, the number of goblet cells was similar in non‐CF and CF cultures and increased equally under inflammatory stimulation. Finally, whatever the inflammatory environment, CF cultures showed a delay in ciliated cell differentiation. In conclusion, alterations of CF HAE cells partly regulate airway epithelium remodelling following injury and regeneration. This remodelling, together with goblet cell hyperplasia induced by exogenous inflammation and alteration of ciliated cell differentiation, may worsen mucociliary clearance impairment, leading to injury. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whole cell, label free protein quantitation with data independent acquisition: Quantitation at the MS2 level
Authors: McQueen Peter , Spicer Vic , Schellenberg John , Krokhin Oleg , Sparling Richard , Levin David , Wilkins John A.
Published: October 2014

Label free quantitation by measurement of peptide fragment signal intensity (MS2 quantitation) is a technique that has seen limited use due to the stochastic nature of data dependent acquisition (DDA). However, data independent acquisition has the potential to make large scale MS2 quantitation a more viable technique. In this study we used an implementation of data independent acquisition—SWATH—to perform label free protein quantitation in a model bacterium Clostridium stercorarium. Four tryptic digests analyzed by SWATH were probed by an ion library containing information on peptide mass and retention time obtained from DDA experiments. Application of this ion library to SWATH data quantified 1030 proteins with at least two peptides quantified (∼40% of predicted proteins in the C. stercorarium genome) in each replicate. Quantitative results obtained were very consistent between biological replicates (R2 ∼ 0.960). Protein quantitation by summation of peptide fragment signal intensities was also highly consistent between biological replicates (R2 ∼ 0.930), indicating that this approach may have increased viability compared to recent applications in label free protein quantitation. SWATH based quantitation was able to consistently detect differences in relative protein quantity and it provided coverage for a number of proteins that were missed in some samples by DDA analysis.
Potentials of mean force for hydrophobic interactions between hydrocarbons in water solution: dependence on temperature, solute shape, and solute size
Authors: Bartosik Angelika , Wiśniewska Marta , Makowski Mariusz
Published: October 2014

We carried out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the AMBER force field for four pairs of spherical dimers of different size (neopentane, bicyclooctane, adamantane, and fullerene‐C60) using the TIP3P model of water as solvent. For comparison, we performed MD simulations for a linear molecule of n‐pentane at the same conditions. To assess the entropy contribution to the Gibbs free energy, MD simulations were run at three different temperatures of 273 K, 323 K, and 348 K, respectively, using umbrella‐sampling/the WHAM method. The stability of dimers is described by a potential of mean force (PMF). The shape of PMF curves for hydrophobic interactions is characteristic, and entails a contact minimum, a solvent‐separated minimum, and a desolvation maximum. The depth and position of the contact minimum for each pair change with the size of the nonpolar particle, and are consequently shifted to a larger distance for larger molecules. Additionally, the Lennard–Jones contribution to the PMF increases simultaneously with an increase in particle size. For a linear dimer, the contact minimum is shifted to a shorter distance than it is for spherical systems with the same number of carbon atoms. The contact minima on PMF curves increase with temperature, suggesting that the association entropy is positive. Dimensionless PMF curves showed a low dependency (near contact minima regions) on temperature, as the association entropy is low. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High capacity and cycling stability of poly(diaminoanthraquinone) as an organic cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries
Authors: Shen Yi Fei , Yuan Ding Ding , Ai Xin Ping , Yang Han Xi , Zhou Min
Published: October 2014

Poly(1,5‐diaminoanthraquinone) is synthesized by oxidative polymerization of diaminoanthraquinone monomers and investigated as an organic host for Li‐storage reaction. Benefiting from its high density of redox‐active, Li+‐associable benzoquinone groups attached to conducting polyaniline backbones, this polymer undergoes its cathodic reaction predominately through Li+‐insertion/extraction processes, delivering a very high reversible capacity of 285 mAh g−1. In addition, the PDAQ polymer cathode exhibits an excellent rate capability (125 mAh g−1 at 800 mA g−1) and a considerable cyclability with a capacity retention of ∼160 mAh g−1 over 200 cycles, possibly serving as a sustainable, high capacity Li+ host cathode for Li‐ion batteries. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 235–238
Iron Nanoparticle Additives as Burning Rate Enhancers in AP/HTPB Composite Propellants
Authors: Styborski Jeremy A. , Scorza Matthew J. , Smith Melissa N. , Oehlschlaeger Matthew A.
Published: October 2014

Burning rate measurements were carried out for ammonium perchlorate/hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (AP/HTPB) composite propellants with iron (Fe) nanoparticles as additives. Experiments were performed in a strand burner at pressures from 0.2 to 10 MPa for propellants containing approximately 80 % AP and Fe nanoparticles (60–80 nm) at concentration from 0 to 3 % by weight. It was found that the addition of 1 % Fe nanoparticles increased burning rate by factors of 1.2–1.6. Because Fe nanoparticles are oxidized on the surface and have high surface‐to‐volume ratio, they provide a large surface area of Fe2O3 for AP thermal decomposition catalysis at the burning propellant surface, while also providing added energy release due to the oxidation of nanoparticle sub‐shell Fe. The increase in burning rate due to Fe nanoparticle content is similar to the increase in burning rate caused by the addition of iron oxide (Fe2O3) particles observed in prior literature.
Preserving privacy in a smart grid scenario using quantum mechanics
Authors: Borges Fábio , Santos Raqueline A. M. , Marquezino Franklin L.
Published: October 2014

Studies on smart grid and quantum mechanics have potential to yield several benefits to society, with the former resulting in economic and environmental benefits and the latter providing perfect security and privacy at affordable costs. Recently, security and privacy have become important issues in electrical power grids. In this paper, we describe two quantum privacy‐enhancing protocols: one of them requires that the parties initially share a certain amount of quantum entangled states, while the other uses only quantum key distribution methods without sharing quantum entangled states. The two proposed protocols are resistant to attacks from quantum computers. This paper also describes some recent advances of classical and quantum privacy‐enhancing technologies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Combination of Tet1 with Oct4 Generates High-Quality Mouse-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Chen Jiayu , Gao Yawei , Huang Hua , Xu Kai , Chen Xia , Jiang Yonghua , Li Hui , Gao Shuai , Tao Yu , Wang Hong , Zhang Yong , Wang Hailin , Cai Tao , Gao Shaorong
Published: October 2014

The DNA dioxygenase Tet1 has recently been proposed to play an important role in the reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Its oxidization product 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, formerly considered an intermediate in the demethylation of 5-methylcytosine, has recently been implicated as being important in epigenetic reprogramming. Here, we provide evidence that Tet1 (T) can replace multiple transcription factors during somatic cell reprogramming and can generate high-quality mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with Oct4 (O). The OT-iPSCs can efficiently produce viable mice derived entirely from iPSCs through tetraploid complementation; all 47 adult OT-iPSC mice grew healthily, without tumorigenesis, and had a normal life span. Furthermore, a new secondary reprogramming system was established using the OT all-iPSC mice-derived somatic cells. Our results provide the first evidence that the DNA dioxygenase Tet1 can replace multiple pluripotency transcription factors and can generate high-quality iPSCs with Oct4. Stem Cells  2015;33:686–698
Predicting the responses of reinforced concrete slab strips subjected to axial tension and transverse load – a competition
Authors: Galmarini Andreas , Locher Daniel , Marti Peter
Published: October 2014

Six large‐scale tests on reinforced concrete slab strips were carried out at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland, in order to investigate the loadbearing behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to axial tension and transverse load. Four of these tests were used for an international competition to predict the responses of the test specimens. The specimens differed in the axial tension applied and the presence of stirrups.

This paper presents the test concept, the four test specimens, the test results and the predictions received, and also evaluates the results of the competition. Simplified hand calculation analyses of the experiments are also included.

The tests showed that there is significant shear strength in reinforced concrete slabs under axial tension, and that the system capacity of such slab strips is not limited by a local shear failure. The prediction competition revealed that the modelling of a cracked reinforced concrete slab strip is still a significant challenge, even for experienced researchers using the latest analysis tools.
The Social Side of Engaged Reading for Young Adolescents
Authors: Ivey Gay
Published: October 2014

This article highlights, though examples from research, the social dimensions of reading for young adolescents in classroom communities that are centrally focused on engagement. Included are the positive social consequences of engagement and suggestions for teachers interested in arranging for productive social activity inside of texts and outside with peers and others.
Opportunistic source scheduling in multi‐source two‐way relay networks
Authors: Lei Xianfu , Hu Rose Qingyang , Fan Lisheng , Wu Geng
Published: October 2014

We consider a multi‐source two‐way relay network, in which one source
communicates with N other sources
(n = 1,2,…,N) with the help of a single amplify‐and‐forward relay. We propose two opportunistic source scheduling schemes in such a network. According to the proposed schemes, in each transmission interval, only a single out of the N sources
is selected, and this selected node acts as either transmitter or receiver depending on the channel conditions. For both schemes, tight closed‐form lower bounds of outage probability and bit error rate (BER) are derived. Asymptotic outage probability and BER that are valid for high signal‐to‐noise ratio regime are also analyzed, which can provide important insights on the impact of system parameters. The analytical results show that the full diversity order N + 1 can be achieved by both proposed schemes. Simulation results are also presented to corroborate the analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the potential of hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site domains to modulate translation initiation via their structure and function
Authors: Khawaja Anas , Vopalensky Vaclav , Pospisek Martin
Published: October 2014

Translation initiation in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs through a cap‐independent mechanism that involves an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) capable of interacting with and utilizing the eukaryotic translational machinery. In this review, we focus on the structural configuration of the different HCV IRES domains and the impact of IRES primary sequence variations on secondary structure conservation and function. In some cases, multiple mutations, even those scattered across different domains, led to restoration of the translational activity of the HCV IRES, although the individual occurrences of these mutations were found to be deleterious. We propose that such observation may be attributed to probable long‐range inter‐ and/or intra‐domain functional interactions. The precise functioning of the HCV IRES requires the specific interaction of its domains with ribosomal subunits and a subset of eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs). The structural conformation, sequence preservation and variability, and translational machinery association with the HCV IRES regions are also thoroughly discussed, along with other factors that can affect and influence the formation of translation initiation complexes. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:211–224. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1268

This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems

Translation > Translation Regulation

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Preparation, Crystal Structure, Thermal Decomposition, and DFT Calculation of a Novel 3D Infinite Structure Coordination Polymer [Na2(H2O)4(ITDO)2]n (ITDO = 2H‐imidazo‐[4,5‐e]‐as‐1,2,4‐triazine‐2,7‐dihydro‐3,6‐dione)
Authors: Qiu Hao , Rong Jingjing. , Li Shichuan , Tong Wenchao , Zhang Tonglai , Yang Li
Published: October 2014

The syntheses and characterization of the glycoluril, 1,5‐diamino‐3,7‐dioxo‐2,4,6,8‐tetraazabicyclo[3.3.0]‐octane (1), and a novel 3D infinite structure coordination polymer, [Na2(H2O)4(ITDO)2]n (ITDO = 2H‐imidazo‐[4,5‐e]‐as‐1,2,4‐triazine‐2,7‐dihydro‐3,6‐dione) (2) are described. Their crystal structures both belong to monoclinic space group P21/n. In the structure of 2 sodium is hexacoordinated by two types of both aqua ligands (monodentate and end‐on bridge) and ITDO ligand (end‐on bridge and end‐to‐end bridge). The ITDO ligand, which may have a potential application in anti‐cancer therapy, is reported for the first time. Thermal analysis of 1 shows only one endothermic peak at 184.5 °C. Thermal analysis of 2 indicates two endothermic processes and three main successive exothermic processes occurred as shown in the DSC curve. The first endothermic peak temperature is 143.4 °C and the first exothermic peak temperature is 461.7 °C, which exhibits good thermal stability. Density functional theory calculations were performed for 2, which indicate that 2 is a kind of ionic complex and combined by electrostatic interaction. Moreover, the ITDO ligand is an active group in the chemical reactions of 2.
Alpha‐Lipoic Acid Supplementation Reduces mTORC1 Signaling in Skeletal Muscle from High Fat Fed, Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Li Zhuyun , Dungan Cory M. , Carrier Bradley , Rideout Todd C. , Williamson David L.
Published: November 2014

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is hyperactive in liver, adipose and skeletal muscle tissues of obese rodents. Alpha‐lipoic acid (αLA) has been well accepted as a weight‐loss treatment, though there are limited studies on its effect on mTOR signaling in high‐fat fed, obese rodents. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine mTOR signaling and oxidative protein alterations in skeletal muscle of high‐fat fed, obese rats after αLA supplementation. Phosphorylation of the mTOR substrate, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1) and eIF4B were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in muscle from αLA supplemented rats. Activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), an mTOR inhibitory kinase, was higher (p < 0.05) in the αLA group. Protein expression of markers of oxidative metabolism, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), cytochrome c oxidase IV (COX IV), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR), and PPAR gamma coactivator 1‐alpha (PGC‐1α) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after αLA supplementation compared to non‐supplemented group. Our findings show that αLA supplementation limits the negative ramifications of consuming a high fat diet on skeletal muscle markers of oxidative metabolism and mTORC1 signaling.
International variance in the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Feeley I. H. , Green C. J. , Rowan F. E. , Moore D. P.
Published: October 2014

Introduction

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most common congenital musculoskeletal abnormality. Recourse to definitive surgical treatment is not typically taken until over the age of 18–24 months. International consensus regarding age at surgery, degree of dysplasia requiring surgery and type of osteotomy is not available in the literature.

Study aims

To determine variation in timing and type of osteotomy for persistent DDH across the world.

Methodology

Senior authors of recent publications pertaining to hip dysplasia were sampled. Participants’ practice relating to age and radiological indications for surgery were determined.

Results

Thirty-two surgeons responded from five different geographical regions. No inter-regional consensus was established regarding investigations to determine the need for osteotomy, preferred osteotomy type or ideal age at which to perform an osteotomy.

Conclusion

International agreement regarding the surgical management of DDH does not exist. This common congenital condition warrants development of a treatment algorithm.