bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Spotlight: Computational techniques can yield large errors in hydrological models
Authors: Kumar Mohi , Tretkoff Ernie
Published: October 2011

Hydrological models are frequently used in flood forecasting, water resources assessments, and other environmental management projects. They are also useful tools for advancing scientific understanding of hydrological processes. In many applications to date, especially those using conceptual models, data uncertainty and model conceptualization are tacitly assumed to be the main sources of modeling error.

However, in a recent review of practical model robustness, Kavetski and Clark focus on errors arising from the computational technique used to approximate the time‐dependent catchment dynamics and on how the lack of numerical error control can affect model behavior. They found that unless careful attention is paid to numerical calculations, troublesome artifacts arise and severely deform the response characteristics of hydrological models.
Research Spotlight: New interpretation of atmospheric bromine during Arctic spring
Authors: Kumar Mohi , Tretkoff Ernie
Published: October 2011

Bromine, which destroys ozone, is emitted into the atmosphere during the Arctic spring from inorganic sources including seasalt aerosol, frost flowers, and cracks in sea ice. It had been believed that all areas of enhanced atmospheric bromine observed from space at high latitude during spring originated from these sources at Earth's surface. However, a new analysis by Salawitch et al. suggests that previous satellite measurements may have been misinterpreted.
Research Spotlight: Ozone hole affects temperature and circulation in the mesosphere
Authors: Kumar Mohi , Tretkoff Ernie
Published: October 2011

Observations have shown differences in altitude and brightness between polar mesospheric clouds (clouds made of ice crystals in the upper mesosphere) in the Northern Hemisphere and those in the Southern Hemisphere. Various mechanisms have been suggested to explain the differences. A new study now shows that the ozone hole in the stratosphere above Antarctica could be playing a key role in the temperature and circulation patterns in the mesosphere, leading to differences in polar mesospheric clouds.
Indium-tin-oxide-free tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) Al organic light-emitting diodes with 80% enhanced power efficiency
Authors: Cai Min , Xiao Teng , Liu Rui , Chen Ying , Shinar Ruth , Shinar Joseph
Published: October 2011

Efficient indium tin oxide (ITO)-free small molecule organic light-emitting diodes (SMOLEDs) with multilayered highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as the anode are demonstrated. PEDOT:PSS/MoO3/N,N′-diphenyl- N,N′-bis(1-naphthylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (NPD)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) Al (Alq3)/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen)/LiF/Al SMOLEDs exhibited a peak power efficiency of 3.82 lm/W, 81% higher than that of similar ITO-based SMOLEDs (2.11 lm/W). The improved performance is believed to be due to the higher work function, lower refractive index, and decreased surface roughness of PEDOT:PSS vs ITO, and to Ohmic hole injection from PEDOT:PSS to the NPD layer via the MoO3 interlayer. The results demonstrate that PEDOT:PSS can substitute ITO in SMOLEDs with strongly improved device performance.
Lensing by Kerr black holes. II: Analytical study of quasi-equatorial lensing observables
Authors: Aazami Amir B. , Keeton Charles R. , Petters A. O.
Published: October 2011

In this second paper, we develop an analytical theory of quasi-equatorial lensing by Kerr black holes. In this setting we solve perturbatively our general lens equation with displacement given in Paper I, going beyond weak-deflection Kerr lensing to third order in our expansion parameter ε, which is the ratio of the angular gravitational radius to the angular Einstein radius. We obtain new formulas and results for the bending angle, image positions, image magnifications, total unsigned magnification, and centroid, all to third order in ε and including the displacement. New results on the time delay between images are also given to second order in ε, again including displacement. For all lensing observables we show that the displacement begins to appear only at second order in ε. When there is no spin, we obtain new results on the lensing observables for Schwarzschild lensing with displacement.
Nonplanar dust acoustic solitary waves in dusty plasmas with ions and electrons following a q-nonextensive distribution
Authors: Eslami Parvin , Mottaghizadeh Marzieh , Pakzad Hamid Reza
Published: October 2011

Cylindrical and spherical Korteweg–de Vries equations are derived for dust acoustic solitary waves in an unmagnetized three species plasma system, comprised of negatively charged cold dust, nonextensive ions and nonextensive electrons using standard reductive perturbation method. The effects of qe-nonextensive electrons, qi-nonextensive ions, electron-to-ion number density ratio μ, and nonplanar geometry on the profiles of the amplitudes of the solitary structures are examined numerically.
Scale-selective turbulence reduction in H-mode plasmas in the TJ-II stellarator
Authors: Happel T. , Estrada T. , Blanco E. , Hidalgo C. , Conway G. D. , Stroth U. , Team TJ-II
Published: October 2011

Wavenumber spectra of density turbulence in L- and H-mode plasmas have been measured in the TJ-II stellarator by means of Doppler reflectometry. A pronounced suppression of the density fluctuation level is observed in H-mode close to the radial position of maximum radial electric field (Er) shear. Furthermore, intermediate scale density turbulence is reduced preferentially. This effect can be interpreted within the framework of vortex stretching feeding energy through Reynolds stress into zonal flows, while shear decorrelation of turbulent structures might not play a central role in TJ-II. Moreover, it is shown that in both L- and H-mode, the phase velocity of density fluctuations does not depend on the structure scale.
High-precision characterization of textured a-Si:H/SnO2:F structures by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Akagawa Masataka , Fujiwara Hiroyuki
Published: October 2011

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) has been applied for the characterization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers formed on SnO2:F textured structures in an attempt to establish the structural characterization method for a-Si:H solar cells. In particular, an optical model that allows the complete evaluation of microscopically non-uniform a-Si:H/SnO2:F textured structures has been developed for the SE analysis. In order to express the complicated optical response in the textured structures, the optical model incorporates (i) the surface roughness and interface layers calculated using an effective-medium-approximation multilayer model and (ii) the a-Si:H/SnO2:F structure divided into two regions with different thicknesses. Using this optical model, SE spectra obtained experimentally from the a-Si:H/SnO2:F textured structure can be reproduced almost perfectly. The a-Si:H/SnO2:F structure deduced from the SE analysis shows remarkable agreement with that observed from transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, a variety of a-Si:H layers with different thicknesses are expressed from the identical optical model. The SE analysis method developed in this study can be utilized further to perform high-precision and non-destructive characterization of various a-Si:H layers incorporated in large-area a-Si:H modules.
Frequency multiplication in nanowires
Authors: Ghita Marius , Godshalk Ed , Goncher Gary , Solanki Raj
Published: October 2011

Frequency multiplication in silicon and ZnO nanowire based Schottky and p-n diodes has been demonstrated at fundamental frequencies of 70 MHz and 500 MHz. Our motivation for using nanowires contacted at their tips was to minimize the spreading resistance and boundary capacitance in order to produce higher cut-off frequencies and conversion efficiencies compared to planar diodes. The data presented here are limited to the lower GHz range by the frequency response of the experimental apparatus. However, by employing microwave waveguides and higher fundamental source frequencies, it should be possible to reach much higher output frequencies with nanowire-based diodes.
Guided growth of Ag nanoparticles on SrTiO3 (110) surface
Authors: Zhang Zhiqiang , Feng Jiagui , Wang Zhiming , Yang Fang , Guo Qinlin , Guo Jiandong
Published: October 2011

The formation process of Ag nanoparticles on SrTiO3(110) surface is studied by scanning tunneling microscope. The quasi-long-range ordered adsorbates pre-existing on (4×1)-reconstructed surface serve as nucleation centers and guide the growth of a uniform Ag nanoparticles array. Such a regulatory effect is further manifested by comparing the growth behavior with that on relatively flat (5 × 1)-reconstructed and rough amorphous SrTiO3(110) surface. It is also found that the pre-existing adsorbates on (4 × 1) remarkably enhance the thermal stability of Ag nanoparticles.
Plasmonic trapping with realistic dipole nanoantennas: Analysis of the detection limit
Authors: Lovera Andrea , Martin Olivier J. F.
Published: October 2011

We use numerical simulations based on the surface integral technique to study the detection limit of plasmonic trapping with realistic dipole antennas. The induced plasmon resonance shift due to the coupling between an antenna and a nanoparticle is studied for different antennas geometries, different positions, sizes, and materials for the trapped nanoparticle. The shift of the antenna resonance is found to be linear with the near-field intensity enhancement caused by the antenna and further dependents on the volume and refractive index of the trapped nanoparticle. Detection limit of 5 nm for plasmonic particles and 6.5 nm for high index dielectrics is reported.
Small molecular organic photovoltaic cells with exciton blocking layer at anode interface for improved device performance
Authors: Hirade Masaya , Adachi Chihaya
Published: October 2011

We demonstrate enhanced power conversion efficiency (ηPCE) for small molecular-based organic photovoltaic cells with an exciton blocking layer (ExBL) at the anode/donor interface. Although poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films are widely used as anodic buffer layers, they also act as exciton quenchers. To prevent exciton quenching, we introduced a tris[4-(5-phenyl thiophen-2-yl)phenyl]amine layer between the donor and the PEDOT:PSS layer and clarified its effect. By a combination of dual ExBLs at both the anode and cathode sides, we achieved significantly enhanced short circuit current and ηPCE values; the highest ηPCE = 5.24% was obtained by optimizing the device parameters.
Improving the efficiency of polymer solar cells by incorporating gold nanoparticles into all polymer layers
Authors: Xie Feng-Xian , Choy Wallace C. H. , Wang Charlie C. D. , Sha Wei E. I. , Fung Dixon D. S.
Published: October 2011

We demonstrate efficiency improvement in polymer solar cells (PSCs) by ∼22% through incorporating Au nanoparticles (NPs) into all polymer layers. Au NPs are found to have distinct mechanisms in improving device performance when incorporated in different polymer layers. Au NPs in poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) mainly contribute to better hole collection while Au NPs in active layer contributes to the enhanced optical absorption and more balanced charge-transport. Our theoretical result shows that the absorption enhancement at the active layer is attributed to plasmon resonances with strong near-field distributions penetrated into absorption polymers. These findings can be applied to design high-efficiency metallic NPs-incorporated PSCs.
Inclusion of bovine lipoproteins and the vitamin E analogue, Trolox, during in vitro culture of bovine embryos changes both embryo and fetal development
Authors: Rooke J. A. , Watt R. G. , Ashworth C. J. , McEvoy T. G.
Published: October 2011

This experiment investigated effects of lipoproteins and Trolox (vitamin E analogue) on bovine embryo and fetal development. The treatments were: in vitro culture (IVC) in synthetic oviducal fluid alone (SOF); with bovine lipoproteins (2% v/v; SOFLP); with Trolox (100 μM; SOFT); and with lipoproteins and Trolox (SOFLPT). In vitro culture with lipoproteins increased fatty acid content of blastocysts (P < 0.001) whereas inclusion of Trolox had no effect (P > 0.05). Whereas lipoproteins reduced zygote development to blastocysts (P = 0.03), Trolox facilitated increased development (P < 0.001) and counteracted the reduction observed with lipoproteins (interaction, P = 0.009). Lipoproteins also compromised (P < 0.001) but presence of Trolox (P > 0.05) had no effect on blastocyst morphological grade. Pregnancy rates resulting from synchronous transfer of IVP embryos were not affected by IVC treatment. At Day 70 of pregnancy, compared with SOF, fetal weight was lower in SOFLP but not SOFLPT (interaction, P < 0.001). Liver weight (g kg–1 fetal weight) was greater (P = 0.03) in treatments containing Trolox. Placentome numbers were greater in SOF and SOFLPT compared with SOFLP and SOFT (interaction, P = 0.002); superior embryo grades were also associated with increased numbers of placentomes (P = 0.024). In conclusion, the interactive effects of lipoprotein and Trolox inclusion on in vitro embryo development were also evident in fetal development at Day 70.
Requirement for complement in antibody responses is not explained by the classic pathway activator IgM
Authors: Rutemark Christian , Alicot Elisabeth , Bergman Anna , Ma Minghe , Getahun Andrew , Ellmerich Stephan , Carroll Michael C. , Heyman Birgitta
Published: October 2011

Animals lacking complement factors C1q, C2, C3, or C4 have severely impaired Ab responses, suggesting a major role for the classic pathway. The classic pathway is primarily initiated by antigen–Ab complexes. Therefore, its role for primary Ab responses seems paradoxical because only low amounts of specific Abs are present in naive animals. A possible explanation could be that the classic pathway is initiated by IgM from naive mice, binding with sufficient avidity to the antigen. To test this hypothesis, a knock-in mouse strain, Cμ13, with a point mutation in the gene encoding the third constant domain of the μ-heavy chain was constructed. These mice produce IgM in which proline in position 436 is substituted with serine, a mutation previously shown to abrogate the ability of mouse IgM to activate complement. Unexpectedly, the Ab response to sheep erythrocytes and keyhole limpet hemocyanin in Cμ13 mice was similar to that in WT mice. Thus, although secreted IgM and the classic pathway activation are both required for the normal primary Ab response, this does not require that IgM activate C. This led us to test Ab responses in animals lacking one of three other endogenous activators of the classic pathway: specific intracellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin R1, serum amyloid P component, and C-reactive protein. Ab responses were also normal in these animals.
Subunit stoichiometry of human Orai1 and Orai3 channels in closed and open states
Authors: Demuro Angelo , Penna Aubin , Safrina Olga , Yeromin Andriy V. , Amcheslavsky Anna , Cahalan Michael D. , Parker Ian
Published: October 2011

We applied single-molecule photobleaching to investigate the stoichiometry of human Orai1 and Orai3 channels tagged with eGFP and expressed in mammalian cells. Orai1 was detected predominantly as dimers under resting conditions and as tetramers when coexpressed with C-STIM1 to activate Ca
2+
influx. Orai1 was also found to be tetrameric when coexpressed with STIM1 and evaluated following fixation. We show that fixation rapidly causes release of Ca
2+
, redistribution of STIM1 to the plasma membrane, and STIM1/Orai1 puncta formation, and may cause the channel to be in the activated state. Consistent with this possibility, Orai1 was found predominantly as a dimer when coexpressed with STIM1 in living cells under resting conditions. We further show that Orai3, like Orai1, is dimeric under resting conditions and is predominantly tetrameric when activated by C-STIM1. Interestingly, a dimeric Orai3 stoichiometry was found both before and during application of 2-aminoethyldiphenyl borate (2-APB) to activate a nonselective cation conductance in its STIM1-independent mode. We conclude that the human Orai1 and Orai3 channels undergo a dimer-to-tetramer transition to form a Ca
2+
-selective pore during store-operated activation and that Orai3 forms a dimeric nonselective cation pore upon activation by 2-APB.
Subgroups of 𝑃𝑆𝐿(3,ℂ) with four lines in general position in its limit set
Authors: Barrera W. , Cano A. , Navarrete J.
Published: October 2011

In this article we provide an algebraic characterization of the subgroups of

P
S
L
(
3
,

C

)

PSL(3,\Bbb {C})

for which the maximum number of complex lines in general position contained in its limit set, according to Kulkarni, is equal to four. Also, we give an explicit description of the discontinuity region, according to Kulkarni, of such groups.
Introduction
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the political, economic, cultural, and international factors that influenced Chinese Communist Party (CCP) chairman Mao Zedong to launch the Cultural Revolution. This book chronicles how Mao came to focus upon the nation's spiritual metamorphosis after having failed in the material transformation of China. It attempts to explain why Mao decided to tear down and rebuild a regime that he had done so much to create. It discusses the failure of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) and Mao's conflict with Soviet Union Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev.
Resuscitating the United Front
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the opinion of Deng Zihui, member of the CCP's Central Committee, on collectivization as a way to stimulate agriculture. It suggests that Zihui's outspokenness on the issue reflected not only his own courage but also the general amelioration of the political atmosphere that had taken place after the Seven Thousand Cadres Conference. The combination of economic necessity and political change led Chinese leaders to revalidate the expert and try to coax a hundred new followers to bloom, which led to the revival of the united front policies.
Store and Mill
Authors: Ayers Edward L.
Published: October 2011

The mercantile business in the South has been in an upswing. The chapter details the experiences of a young “drummer” Arch Trawick and the opportunities that wholesale drummers had. Advertising was revolutionized accompanying corporate standardization leading to the earliest mass advertising campaigns in the country. Mail-order houses came on the scene and local Southerners became “much addicted to shopping by mail” as it offered autonomy and anonymity which were of high value to the poor as much as the lower prices. Purchases made by tenants were controlled by merchants or land owners. Modern merchandising and advertising found its way in to every aspect of Southern life. Cooking and food preparation was revolutionized during this time and the invention of Coca-Cola can be traced back to the growing network of Southern stores. Textile production and the timber industry triggered economic change in the New South.
Slavery in France The Problem and Early Responses
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: October 2011

In this chapter, the attitude toward slavery in France is discussed. The government was not completely consistent in its application of the Freedom Principle. A new law was drafted to deal with the problem of colonial slave owners who wanted to bring their slaves to France. This is known as the Edict of October 1716, which set conditions whereby slave owners could bring their slaves to France without fear of losing. According to the edict, there were two legitimate purposes for bringing slaves to France: to give them religious instruction or to teach them a trade. Based on Lemerre's report, Joly de Fleury and de Chauvelin decided that the Parlement of Paris should not register the Edict of October 1716. The fact that it was never registered by the Parlement of Paris created a legal limbo for slaves who came to Paris or other cities within the parlement's jurisdiction.
The House of Scotto: A Printing Dynasty
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: October 2011

By the closing decades of the fifteenth century, a wave of “foreigners” had arrived in Venice to try their hand at the burgeoning printing industry. One such émigré was Ottaviano Scotto. He arrived prior to 1479 and very quickly gained prominence as a printer and publisher. Making a name for itself as a publisher of Latin texts, the Scotto firm also acted as a primary player in the development of music printing in Italy. The dynasty mirrored the growth of the Venetian book trade from its inception in the latter decades of the fifteenth century through its years of expansion and commercial success in the sixteenth century.
Inside the Scotto Print Shop: The Manufacturing of a Music Book
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: October 2011

The cost of labor was considerable. The workers Scotto employed ranged from young apprentices and piece-work journeymen to pressmen, compositors, and proof correctors. Other members of the print shop might include a journeyman who, after serving his apprenticeship, traveled from town to town, often for several years. A journeyman would stay in a particular locality anywhere from a month to one or two years, where he worked at the shop of the master printer. Ranking above the journeyman were the trained laborers, who worked either as compositors setting type and preparing forms or as pressmen who pulled the sheets of paper and operated the press. At the top of the workforce was the head compositor, who supervised the other workers and corrected the first proofs.
The Late Years (1554–1572)
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: October 2011

The late 1550s and 1560s was a period of unprecedented wealth for Venice and her merchants. For the book trade, the economic boom meant an increase in the number of printing establishments. At its peak toward the end of the 1960s, the industry embraced some fifty-six presses employing 500 to 600 persons. Venetian publishers, printers, and book sellers alike felt the prosperity. The larger dynastic houses of Giunti, Manuzio, Giolito, and Scotto, as well as the more modest firms of Valgrisi, Tramezzino, Guerra, Ziletti, and Bevilacqua, expanded their output. Smaller presses also became more active, averaging three or four titles per year.
Herzl's Place in Zionist Historiography
Authors: Goldstein Yossi
Published: October 2011

Zionist historiography is not blessed with an abundance of biographies. However, more than forty biographies and monographs on Theodor Herzl have appeared. Herzl's attractiveness to the biographer or essayist is clear: his Zionist activity and his success in establishing the World Zionist Organization. It is not surprising that the abundance of biographies is matched by a broad range of interpretations of Herzl's life. In 1934 the first edition Alex Bein's biography of Herzl appeared in Vienna and years afterward would be considered the definitive account. According to Bein, Herzl founded Zionism and endeavored to implement its programs almost singlehandedly. One of Bein's innovations was his attempt to furnish psychological explanations for Herzl's behavior. Peter Loewenberg adduced psychological explanations to analyze Herzl's historical developmnet and evoked psychology as his sole analytical tool. Several biographies of Herzl were published including that of Stewart Desmond, Steven Beller, Leon Kellner, Andrew Handler, Jacques Kornberg, and Ernst Pawel.
Localism Revived: Three Studies of National-Local Relations in Israel
Authors: Weingrod Alex
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores three books on national–local relations in Israel. These are Sam N. Lehman-Wilzig's Wildfire: Grassroots Revolts in Israel in the Post-Socialist Era, Shlomo Hasson's Urban Social Movements in Jerusalem: The Protest of the Second Generation, and Efraim Ben-Zadok's Local Communities and the Israeli Polity: Conflict of Values and Interests. Since its inception, Israel has been a highly centralized state, and the view has long been held that the great power of national government is at the expense of underfinanced, inefficient, poorly led, and bureaucratized local governments. Each of the three books reviewed here explains the historical background to centralization and focuses on a surprising new theme: during the past decade or two, significant changes have been taking place, and as a result local interests have grown stronger. What is more, in portions of these books the United States appears as the model for Israel to follow.
The End of Magic
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: October 2011

This book offers a new approach towards the definition and understanding of magic. Basing the analysis in the Indian city of Banaras, where magic is a familiar part of everyday life, it reviews the major theories that have explained (or explained away) magic over the last century. It argues that all of these theories leave out something critical, namely what it calls “magical consciousness”—a special state of awareness of magicians and their clients which, though extraordinary, is also perfectly natural.
The Association of Ideas: Bringing People Together
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: October 2011

The rise of modern anthropology in England coincided, paradoxically, both with the new theory of evolution and with the popularity of spiritualism. Edward B. Taylor could not have been anything but shocked by the “duping” of such renowned figures as Alfred Russell Wallace or William Crookes. Magic was an exception to the evolutionary pattern seen in the religious and practical aspects of culture. Its survival in Victorian England testified to the persistence of primitive ways of thinking, which Taylor called the “association of ideas.” Instead of recognizing true causality in natural events, primitive peoples—including some Englishmen—were misled by the resemblance or the proximity of objects into thinking that they were related. By regarding magic as a form of pre-scientific thinking—the “association of ideas” as opposed to proper causality—and by rigorously placing modern spiritualism in historical perspective as the fulfillment of certain psychological needs, Taylor took the occult out of magic.
From Magic to Social Function
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: October 2011

The beginning of professional sociology signaled the end of theories that explained magic as a mental phenomenon of the individual. The crude and often provincial evolutionism to which James Frazer subscribed gave way to a genuine science of society. Sociology showed no tolerance for armchair speculations on such things as “bad science” or “errors of reasoning.” Because magic clearly served social functions, a new generation of professional sociologists set out to define and explain it in some collective manner. Emile Durkheim rejected the intellectualist idea that magic was an illusion or bad science. Durkheim was the first to replace Frazer's mentalistic interpretation of magic with a comprehensive and coherent sociological theory. Bronislaw Malinowski demonstrated that magic derives its meaning from the way it functions within the social and economic systems of the Trobriands. For Malinowski, the most important feature of Trobriand magic is the spell.
The Chapter of Eve
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer
Published: October 2011

The Qur'an speaks of Adam and his wife in several Suras. On each occasion, the story is a rounded narrative featuring a particular emphasis that differentiates one version from the other. The Qur'an does not mention Adam's wife by the name, nor does it state how she was created. Of the 5 Qur'anic accounts pertaining to Adam, the woman appears in three instances. In all these three, the focus of the narrative is with the disobedience of humans toward God, as well as the Forbidden Tree which is a central feature of the story. By contrast, the remaining two do not state the female focus on Iblis (Satan) as well as Iblis' disobedience and rebellion.
Introduction
Authors: Trobisch David
Published: October 2011

Today, the Christian bible is like any other book as it is published, distributed, and sold. The New Testament—the second part of the bible made up of 27 writings, which starts with the Gospels and ends with the Revelation of John—has brought about several discussions regarding Jesus of Nazareth or the setting and intentions of the authors of the New Testament and their works. As this book focuses on the “Canonical Edition”, this study concentrates on a time when editors, publishers, and those involved in book sales may have made modifications that resulted in the edition of the New Testament that we are familiar with today. Historical sources used here include indirect evidence, direct evidence, and the redactional structure of the New Testament.
A Note to the Readers of the Canonical Edition
Authors: Trobisch David
Published: October 2011

Editors are not supposed to hide their identities in order to address readers' concerns through making use of prefaces, appendices, commentaries, and other such remarks that entail redaction, which the author collectively refers to here as editorial notes to the reader. As we may have already observed, such an editorial note is shown in Jn 21. The author, in this chapter, asserts that Jn 21 may have gotten reference not just from John's Gospel but possibly also from the Four-Gospel Book. Apart from examining the relative chronology and the arrangement of the Gospels, we also consider how the Book of Acts, 2 Timothy, and 2 Peter may also reveal implications of the editorial concept attributed to the final redaction of this edition.
Prelude
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

This book starts telling the story of Philippa Duke Schuyler, a child of a racially mixed marriage, with her death. It happened on a Tuesday, May 9, 1967, when a helicopter assigned to the 282nd Aviation Company crashed into the ocean just about ten miles north of Da Nang and Philippa was one of the passengers on board. The book also flashes back to three weeks before the death of Philippa, to April 15, 1967, when she gave a piano concert on South Vietnamese television. The book also describes how Philippa was involved in missions of mercy, evacuating children from an orphanage in Hue to Da Nang.
Sergeant Jackson
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

George was raised by middle-class family living in a two-storey house in Syracuse, New York, the only Black family on the street. His father died when George was only three years old. And when his widowed mother remarried, the family moved to another house on the border of Syracuse. Growing up in Syracuse made George realize that the place offers him few opportunities, so he joined the United States Army to liberate himself from that life and travel. After three years in the army, George decided to go to San Francisco as an unemployed ex-soldier and began looking for a job, discovering that he had the ability to write stories. Years later, he wrote an essay for H. L. Mencken's American Mercury entitled “Black Warriors” and his most memorable character in the story was Jackson. This story was most likely based on his own life at the end of his active army service.
Winter's Night
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

Philippa's twenty-sixth year was an emotional all-time low because she spent eight depressing months in 1956 and eleven months the following year at home, these being her longest single stretches in the States since she had started travelling the world. Philippa began working on a book in the hope of writing a successful novel, and this ultimately bloomed into her quasi-autobiography, entitled Adventures in Black and White. She used it as a vehicle to express her anger at Josephine. She created a character named Rolande, mirroring her own life.
Felipa Monterro y Schuyler
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

The foundation of Josephine's belief that her brilliant interracial child would be able to overcome the barriers of American segregation was a failure, although Philippa was a well-known role model for African American women, the doors to the white-dominated classical music arena remained resolutely closed in America. When Philippa performed in Texas, at the Southern University in 1949, Philippa hoped some of the Cogdells would come hear her perform. But there were only ten whites in the audience, including three white music critics. In the middle of March 1963, Philippa landed in Lisbon and five days later, she opened a bank account under the name of Felipa Monterro y Schuyler. She has no scheduled concerts in Lisbon but through connections, she had the chance to perform two unofficial recitals for the director of the Music Conservatory.
Ritual Impurity and Sin in Tannaitic Literature
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter draws a brief contrast between the approach taken and the most clearly delineated approach in the field today in order to situate the methodological assumptions of the present work within contemporary approaches. It specifically describes the approach taken to impurity and sin in tannaitic halakhah. The tannaitic approach to purity is characterized by the “compartmentalization” of the notions of ritual and moral impurity, and of ritual impurity and sin more generally. Moreover, it addresses the fact that in tannaitic halakhah, ritual impurity retains an overall similarity to what is articulated in the Torah: ritual impurity is natural and unavoidable, generally not sinful, and is typically impermanent. The chapter also examines more closely the claim that the tannaim “compartmentalized” ritual and moral impurity. Lastly, it presents the fact that in tannaitic halakhah, the issues of sin and atonement are generally kept distinct from issues of defilement and purification.
Ritual and Moral Impurity in the New Testament
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter points out some ways in which the analysis can shed light on some problems facing contemporary New Testament scholarship. In particular, the distinction between ritual and moral impurity can help provide clarity to a scholarly discussion regarding purity in the New Testament that is, unfortunately, too often lacking in specificity. It also considers the distinction between ritual and moral impurity and recognizes that ancient Jews differed on the issue of the defiling force of sin. The better understanding of a number of aspects of the New Testament is shown.
Psychology for Musicians
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H.
Published: October 2011

This book provides a concise, accessible, and up-to-date introduction to psychological research for musicians, performers, music educators, and studio teachers. Designed to address the needs and priorities of the performing musician rather than the research community, it reviews the relevant psychological research findings in relation to situations and issues faced by musicians, and draws out practical implications for the practice of teaching and performance. Rather than a list of dos and don'ts, the book equips musicians with an understanding of the basic psychological principles that underlie music performance, enabling each reader to apply the content flexibly to the task at hand. Following a brief review of the scientific method as a way of thinking about the issues and problems in music, the text addresses the nature–nurture problem, identification and assessment of musical aptitude, musical development, adult skill maintenance, technical and expressive skills, practice, interpretation and expressivity, sight-reading, memorization, creativity, and composition, performance anxiety, critical listening, and teaching and learning. While there is a large body of empirical research regarding music, most musicians lack the scientific training to interpret these studies. This text bridges this gap by relating these skills to the musician's experiences, addressing their needs directly with non-technical language and practical application. It includes multiple illustrations, brief music examples, cases, questions, and suggestions for further reading.
From Tools to Theories
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: October 2011

This chapter is about the impact of new technologies on creative thinking — an impact of a productive rather than a disruptive kind. New tools can suggest new scientific ideas and metaphors about nature, society, and the mind. When this happens, one can trace discoveries back to the changing technological environment in which they evolved rather than attributing them to some mystical process inside a scientist’s head. The tools-to-theories heuristic, one of several heuristics of discovery, can explain the emergence of a broad range of theories and shed light on their limitations and potentials.
Market Efficiency, the Pareto Wealth Distribution, and the Lévy Distribution of Stock Returns
Authors: Levy Moshe
Published: October 2011

The Pareto (power-law) wealth distribution is a robust consequence of a fundamental property of the capital investment process: it is a stochastic multiplicative process. This distribution implies that inequality is driven primarily by chance, rather than by differential investment ability. This chapter shows that the Pareto wealth distribution may explain the Levy distribution of stock returns, which has puzzled researchers for many years. Thus, the Pareto wealth distribution, market efficiency, and the Levy distribution of stock returns are all closely linked.
Vocation
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the concept of religious vocation. In Christian history, vocation has become bound up with the category of work in three different ways. The chapter explains these three ways. The chapter also discusses the typical conceptions of Christian mission that have emerged over the last century or so. Evangelicalism and certain strands of Roman Catholicism have emphasized personal evangelism while Liberal Christianity has taken up another form of gospel service and tried to save society.
Conclusion
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on Christian realism and what sort of person an individual should be for Jesus Christ in today's society. It proposes a renewed Christian realism that tries to be true to the nature of things, to the nature of the world and to the nature of God's revelation in the Scripture. The realism poses an alternative to the two options most often offered to modern Christian today including the withdrawal from certain worldly institutions and the wielding of power available in the name of Christ to draw the world under the rule of the Kingdom of God.
Johann Georg II Remembered
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: October 2011

Through his consistent patronage of Italian musicians and his demonstrable predilection for the musical idiom of modern Italy, Johann Georg II effectively opened a new musical age in Dresden, and permanently altered the soundscape in the electoral court chapel, once dominated by the music of Heinrich Schüt. In order to accomplish the sweeping changes that he had already begun to envision in the 1640s, he reached beyond the boundaries of his own land, language, and confession, and augmented his Hofkapelle with foreign virtuoso singers and composers. But the most unusual role filled by Johann Georg during his reign as elector was that of liturgist. Rather than concede all liturgical responsibility to his court preacher, he demonstrated a keen personal interest in the manner in which worship was celebrated at court and took a firm hand in developing the liturgical forms to be used in the chapel. It is from the perspective of aesthetic achievement, rather than that of political accomplishment, that the legacy of Johann Georg II is best assessed, for in this realm his contributions are significant and can be counted alongside those of his aspirational peers in Bavaria and Austria.
The Forgotten Mäzen Johann Georg II
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: October 2011

In treatments of the political, social, and cultural history of Saxony, Elector Johann Georg II (r. 1656–80) generally receives only scant mention. Scholars of musical life in Dresden during the Baroque era have focused their attention on the reigns of Johann Georg I, Friedrich August I (r. 1694–1733), and Friedrich August II (r. 1733–63), and have left the decades of the later seventeenth century largely unexplored. But the resulting lack of attention to musical activity during Johann Georg II's reign is unjustified, for he stands as a bold and venturesome spirit, one who crossed confessional boundaries in order to introduce the most recent Italian sacred music into this Lutheran area of northern Europe. He brought castrati to Dresden, appointed Roman composers as his Kapellmeisters, and advanced a new musical idiom in his court chapel, one whose influence would be felt in courts and cities as far away as Stockholm. With its large, Italian-dominated Hofkapelle, Johann Georg II's court stood with those of the Holy Roman Emperor and the elector of Bavaria as one of the most important centers of musical patronage in the German-speaking lands.
Planning Agency, Autonomous Agency
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: October 2011

Are there forms of psychological functioning that can be characterized without seeing the agent herself as playing an irreducible role and that are plausible candidates for sufficient conditions for agential governance? Are certain forms of functioning necessary for self-governance? The basic issue is one about sufficient conditions for autonomy; and we should be alive to the possibility that there are, at bottom, several different forms of functioning, each of which is sufficient, but no one of which is necessary for self-governance. This chapter highlights the basic connection between planning agency, agential authority, and self-government. It also returns to an important practical pressure in the direction of conative hierarchy. It examines two prominent models of relevant forms of psychological functioning: hierarchical models that highlight responsiveness to higher-order conative attitudes and value-judgment-responsive models that highlight responsiveness to judgments about the good. The chapter solves these problems by drawing on planning theory.
After Stella
Authors: Barnett Louise
Published: October 2011

Swift got along with women across the social range during his adult life, including the poor street vendors he supported with his charity and encouragement, his long-time housekeeper, the wives and sisters of his chapter clergy, and the middle-class and noble ladies of the London and Dublin circles he frequented. He was so successful in getting the admiration of gentlewomen that two writers of the time showed a marked jealousy of this ability. Lord Orrery, after linking an anecdote of Swift and a worshipful female admirer, likens Swift to a Turkish monarch, a comparison devised to characterize Swift's power accurately and at the same time make fun of it.
Swift and Women Critics
Authors: Barnett Louise
Published: October 2011

Anecdotal proofs state that women read Swift and commented on his writings from the time his texts were first published, but the systematic attention that results in a book-length critical study would not be made until the 20th century. Some 19th-century essayists, such as Anna Jameson, Margaret Wood, Margaret Oliphant, and Lady Wilde, were drawn, like their male counterparts, to ponder the by-then infamous triangle of Swift, Stella, and Vanessa without being similarly drawn to any analysis of Swift's writings. However, in the latter part of the 18th century, the popular writer of conduct literature, Mrs. Hester Chapone, studied one of Swift's texts, the Letter to a Young Lady, on Her Marriage, in her own letter of advice addressed to a newly married niece. Chapone's Letter to a New-Married Lady reaffirms the commitment to female subjection and obedience in marriage.
Mahler, Symphony no. 9/i (1908–1909)
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses a formulation of a semiotic interpretation of a large-scale work whose units, if reckoned in notes, measures, or even groups of measures, might easily run into the hundreds. This would then lead to the obscuring of the work's larger design. As such, the analysis in this chapter draws on a variety of criteria for segmentation. It identifies the building blocks or units in the entire movement, before it explores some of the affiliations among the building blocks.
Sexual Dissidence
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

Why is homosexuality socially marginal yet symbolically central? Why, in other words, is it so strangely integral to the very societies which obsessively denounce it, and why is it history, rather than human nature, which has produced this paradoxical position? These are just some of the questions explored in this wide-ranging study of sexual dissidence which returns to the early modern period in order to focus, question, and develop issues of postmodernity. In the process, it links writers as diverse as William Shakespeare, André Gide, Oscar Wilde, and Jean Genet, and cultural critics as different as St. Augustine, Sigmund Freud, Frantz Fanon, Michel Foucault, and Monique Wittig. Freud's theory of perversion is discovered to be more challenging than either his critics or his advocates usually allow, especially when approached via the earlier period's archetypal perverts, the religious heretic and the wayward woman, Satan and Eve. The book further shows how the literature, histories, and sub-cultures of sexual and gender dissidence prove remarkably illuminating for current debates in literary theory, psychoanalysis, and cultural materialism. It includes chapters on transgression and its containment, contemporary theories of sexual difference, homophobia, the gay sensibility, transvestite literature in the culture and theatre of Renaissance England, homosexuality, and race.
Re-encounters
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

André Gide's accounts of his meetings with Oscar Wilde have been regarded with suspicion. Gide felt that he knew Wilde better than others because he understood Wilde's homosexuality and the difference it made. He also claimed to have understood Wilde better than did others because he understood something about, and shared, Wilde's sexual difference, and so was a recipient of Wilde's confidence. He did not claim, as did some of those others, that he knew Wilde better than Wilde knew himself. In his Journals, Gide remarked that it was Wilde who had determined ‘to make of falsehood a work of art’ that he said ‘Never use I’. The I belongs to the very face, and Wilde's art had something of the mask about it…' On the one hand, Gide is again making a perceptive point about the relationship between Wilde's art and his homosexuality; he rejected the idea that Wilde's sexuality was dictated by his aestheticism.
Thinking the Perverse Dynamic
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

Sigmund Freud was aware of the paradoxical nature of desire, not least because of its fundamental perversity. However, psychoanalysis, in discovering that perversity, needs also to address a perverse dynamic inextricably bound into desire but not reducible to it, however defined. To recover the history of perversion is to rethink some of the most basic classificatory categories which have organised and, in a sense produced, sexuality. Psychoanalysis also needs to disclose the perverse nature of the social, finally, to recognise that a challenging concept of the perverse lies not any longer in the polymorphous perverse, but in the paradoxical perverse or the perverse dynamic. Perversion subverts not in the recovery of a pre-social libido, or an original plenitude, but as a dynamic intrinsic to social process.