bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL DAN GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP PENCEGAHAN FRAUD PADA PERUSAHAAN BUMN SEKTOR JASA KEUANGAN
Authors: Napitupulu Bertha Elvy , Ramadhita Pinky Noer
Published: July 2022

This study aims to determine the influence of Internal Control and Good Corporate Governance on Fraud Prevention. The variables studied were Internal Control, Good Corporate Governance, and Fraud Prevention. The type of research used was descriptive correlational quantitative research. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique. The population in this study was a state-owned company in the financial services sector. The total sample who filled out the research questionnaire were 38 people consisting of leaders, managers, auditors, finance and accounting, customer service, and front liners. Processing and analyzing data using multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS 25 software (Statistical Product and Service Solution). The results of this study indicate that the Internal Control and Good Corporate Governance have an effect on Fraud Prevention both partially and simultaneously
PENGARUH STRUKTUR MODAL TERHADAP PAJAK PENGHASILAN BADAN TERUTANG (STUDI EMPIRIS PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PADA TAHUN 2017-2019)
Authors: Saprudin Saprudin , Dewi Sita , Astuti Anggieta Dwi
Published: July 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh antara struktur modal (longterm debt to asset ratio dan debt to equity ratio) terhadap pajak penghasilan badan terutang,  baik secara parsial maupun secar simultan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian korelasional. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif. Selanjutnya, teknik penarikan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling dengan diperoleh sejumlah 9 perusahaan yang menjadi sampel penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial maupun simultan longterm debt to asset ratio dan debt to equity ratio tidak berpengaruh terhadap pajak penghasilan badan terutang. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah tidak ada pengaruh struktur modal (longterm debt to asset ratio dan debt to equity ratio) secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap pajak penghasilan badan terutang pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia
PENGARUH KOMPETENSI DAN INDEPENDENSI AUDITOR TERHADAP KUALITAS AUDIT (Studi empiris pada Kantor Akuntan Publik di DKI Jakarta)
Authors: Samosir Maralus , Sitorus Eduward Tony , Nainggolan Ringkot P , Marpaung Oktavia
Published: July 2022

Profesi Akuntan Publik (auditor) ibarat “pedang mata dua”, di satu sisi auditor harus memperhatikan kredibilitas dan etika profesi, namun di sisi lain juga harus menghadapi tekanan dari klien dalam berbagai pengambilan keputusan auditor. Jika auditor tidak mampu menolak tekanan dari klien seperti tekanan personal, emosional atau keuangan maka independensi dan kompetensi auditor telah berkurang dan bisa mempengaruhi kualitas audit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan membuktikan bukti empiris pengaruh kompetensi dan independensi yang diberikan oleh KAP terhadap kualitas audit. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 38 responden yaitu auditor yang terdapat pada 7 KAP di DKI Jakarta. Sedangkan untuk menjawab hipotesis penelitian menggunakan alat analisis regresi berganda, setelah sebelumnya dilakukan pengujian asumsi klasik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kompetensi dan independensi auditor berpengaruh positif terhadap kualitas audit. Sehingga semakin luas kompetensi seorang auditor serta semakin dalam independensi dibidang auditing, maka akan semakin baik kualitas audit yang dilakukan.
Datificación
Authors: Mejias Ulises , Couldry Nick
Published: July 2022

La datificación no es solo la creación de información, la cual, en cierto sentido, la humanidad ha venido haciendo desde la aparición de los símbolos y la escritura. Más bien, la datificación es un fenómeno contemporáneo que se refiere a la cuantificación de la vida humana a través de información digital, muy a menudo con fines económicos. Este proceso entraña consecuencias sociales importantes. Disciplinas tales como la economía política, los estudios de datos críticos, los estudios de software, la teoría jurídica y, más recientemente, la teoría decolonial, han juzgado importantes diferentes aspectos de tales consecuencias. Sin embargo, el análisis de la intersección del poder y el conocimiento es esencial en todos estos enfoques.
Justicia de datos
Authors: Dencik Lina , Sanchez-Monedero Javier
Published: July 2022

La justicia de datos ha emergido como un marco clave para considerar la intersección entre datificación y sociedad de tal manera que se privilegie una preocupación explícita por la justicia social. En el análisis de los sistemas de información y comunicación, considerar las inquietudes en torno a la justicia no es algo en sí mismo nuevo, pero el concepto de justicia de datos se ha utilizado para denotar un cambio en la comprensión de aquello que está en juego en la datificación más allá de los derechos digitales. En este ensayo rastreamos el linaje del concepto y delineamos algunas de las distintas tradiciones y enfoques a través de los cuales encuentra un canal de expresión en la actualidad. Sostenemos que, al hacerlo, habremos de enfrentarnos con las tensiones que representa una política de la justicia de datos, tanto en términos de aquello que está en juego en la datificación como de cuáles podrían ser respuestas adecuadas.
Cirurgia guiada para implantes dentários: revisão de literatura
Authors: Branco Anna Clarissa Castello , Pratezi João Victor Rodrigues , Silva Priscilla Murta , Girundi Francisco Mauro da Silva
Published: July 2022

INTRODUÇÃO: O implante dentário tem como objetivo fundamental devolver estética e função para o paciente. Nesse contexto, com o avanço da tecnologia, tornaram-se possíveis as inovações e os aprimoramentos nas técnicas de implantes dentários, e, assim, surge o implante guiado como uma nova possibilidade. OBJETIVO:  Abordar as indicações clínicas, as técnicas cirúrgicas e a tecnologia utilizada no implante guiado. Além de discutir os possíveis benefícios deste implante quando comparado com o convencional. METODOLOGIA: As bases de dados utilizados durante a pesquisa foram: UptoDate, PubMed, SciELO, BVSalud e Google acadêmico. A data da publicação dos artigos selecionados foi entre 1986 a 2021 e os idiomas utilizados para a busca foram restringidos em inglês e português, totalizando 41 artigos. DISCUSSÃO: Comparando a assertividade e a angulação dos implantes pela técnica guiada com a convencional, os implantes convencionais tiveram uma maior incidência na alteração dos valores da angulação do que na técnica de implante guiado. A previsibilidade das cirurgias guiadas é maior do que as convencionais, demonstrando que o êxito nas cirurgias guiadas é maior do que nas convencionais. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia guiada para implantes diminui drasticamente erros e complicações comumente observadas na prática clínica quando comparado com a inserção de implantes dentários pela técnica convencional.
Carducci editore: la collaborazione alla Diamante di Gaspero Barbèra
Authors: Baragetti Stefania
Published: July 2022

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Influence of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala L.) and soil quality in semi arid tropics
Authors: Korwar G. , Pratibha G. , Ravi V.
Published: July 2022

Studies were conducted at Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (ICAR), Hyderabad during 2002-2004 to evaluate the effect of conjunctive use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on the growth and performance of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), and soil properties. Plant height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of leucaena increased in all the treatments tested, the highest increment was observed with application of Vermicompost. Over a 30-months period, vermicompost recorded higher percent increment in plant height (35.7) and DBH (40.8) as compared to rest of the treatments. The soil nutrient concentration was higher in tree plots as compared with no tree plots. Tree plot recorded 137.7 and 5% higher organic carbon, N and K2O content respectively than no tree plot, and this is mainly through contribution of leaf litter. However, the P2O5 content of tree plots was only 39% of no tree plots, indicating depletion of P in these soils, which are inherently low in P. The findings of this study suggest necessity of P fertilizer application in high-density intensive short rotation agroforestry systems.
Factors conducive to Pregnancy during Adolescence in Ecuador through Neutrosophic Statistics
Authors:   Docente de la Carrera de Derecho de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES)., Sailmea Nelson L. ,   Docente de la Carrera de Derecho de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES).,   Docente de la Carrera de Derecho de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES)., M.Solis Edwin M , M.Martínez Ronelsys M.Mart�
Published: July 2022

Teenage pregnancy in Ecuador is a problem that continues to increase year after year. This, in addition to violating the rights of all girls and adolescents, perpetuates violence and inequality. Knowing the causes and consequences of teenage pregnancy allows planning action plans to combat them. The analysis of preliminary studies and surveys confirms levels of indeterminacy in the responses obtained for the study. This integration between neutrosophic sets makes it possible to reflect, through the representation of neutrosophic statistics, the level of deterioration of the factors that intervene in the full development from adolescence to adulthood. Consequently, the existing indeterminacy makes it necessary to model each element of the group studied to analyze the levels of deterioration associated with preventing teenage pregnancy in Ecuador.
On (βρn)-OS in Pythagorean Neutrosophic Topological Spaces
Authors:   Department of Mathematics, Chandigarh University, Punjab-140413, India., Basker P. ,   Regional Center for the Professions of Education and Training,Casablanca-Settat, Morocco., Said Broumi
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we introduce a new set called Pythagorean neutrosophic beta-open set with this concept, and we introduce interior and closure of Pythagorean neutrosophic beta-open set in a Pythagorean neutrosophic topological spaces by utilizing beta-open set and we introduce the chii, ii, iiibeta-spaces and di, ii, iiibetaspaces from the pair of distinct points and we have derived the necessary and sufficient conditions by utilizing beta-open sets. We also go through some containment relations for interiors and closures of beta-open sets and studied some of their characteristics.
More on Neutrosophic Nano Open Sets
Authors:   PG and Research Department of Mathematics, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Karur - 639 005, India;Department of Mathematics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, India., Vadivel A. ,   Department of Mathematics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, India.,   Department of Mathematics, Thiruvalluvar Government Arts College, Rasipuram, Namakkal - 637 401, India.,   Mathematics Section (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, India., Sundar C. John , Kirubadevi K. , Tamilselvan S.
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of neutrosophic nano δ-open sets and some stronger and weaker forms of neutrosophic nano open sets in neutrosophic nano topological spaces. And, show that the set of all neutrosophic nano δ-open sets are also a neutrosophic nano topology, which is called the neutrosophic nano δ topology. Further, we dealt with the concepts of neutrosphic nano δ-interior and neutrosophic nano δ-closure operators. Moreover, we define the product related neutrosophic nano topological spaces and proved some theorems related to this.
Interval-Valued Neutrosophic Ideals of Hilbert Algebras
Authors:   Fuzzy Algebras and Decision-Making Problems Research Unit, Department of Mathematics, School of Science, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Mueang, Phayao 56000, Thailand, Iampan Aiyared ,   Department of Mathematics, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamilnadu, India,   Department of Mathematics, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamilnadu, India,   Department of Mathematics, Rajah Serfoji Government College, Thanjavur 613005, Tamilnadu, India, Jayaraman P. , Sudha S. D. , Rajesh N.
Published: July 2022

The concept of interval-valued neutrosophic sets (IVNSs) was first introduced by Wang et al. (Wang, H.; Smarandache, F.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Sunderraman, R. Interval neutrosophic sets and logic: Theory and applications in computing. Hexis, Phoenix, Ariz, USA, 2005.). In this paper, the concept of IVNSs to ideals of Hilbert algebras is introduced. The homomorphic inverse image of interval-valued neutrosophic ideals (IVN ideals) in Hilbert algebras is also studied and some related properties are investigated.
Heptapartitioned neutrosophic soft set
Authors:   Laboratory of Information Processing, Faculty of Science Ben M’Sik, University Hassan II, B.P 7955, Sidi Othman, Casablanca, Morocco, Broumi S. ,   Institute of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 14, 40-007 Katowice, Poland, Witczak T.
Published: July 2022

The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of heptapartitioned neutrosophic soft set and to study some of its basic properties. This kind of set can be considered as a significant extension of the idea of neutrosophic set. In general, our research is based on the earlier study presented by Radha and Stanis Arul Mary in 2021. However, we combine their initial definition with the inspiring notion of soft set (which has been established by Molodtsov in 1999). We examine algebraic operations on our sets. Then we show that the particular choose of exactly seven neutrosophic logical values has an interesting interpretation in terms of ancient Jaina logic (which has been developed centuries ago in India to deal with imprecise knowledge and the matter of paraconsistency). Moreover, we exhibit some other potential practical applications of our theoretical concept. For example, it can be applied in widely understood social sciences.
Neutrosophic Near-Subtraction Semigroups and its Application
Authors:   Docente de la Carrera de Software de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES), Naranjo F. Viscaino ,   Docente de la Carrera de Software de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES),   Docente de la Carrera de Software de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES), Yacelga A. R. León , Jadan B. E. Villalta
Published: July 2022

Potential mechanisms for dealing with water resources are provided by water resource management (WRM). To determine agricultural water resources, a new multi-criteria water resource management approach was created in this work. The management of agricultural water resources has become a major issue in the current circumstances. To create this circumstance, a multi-criteria approach is required. We were able to address a real-world water resource management issue using the suggested multi-criteria decision-making technique. The neutrosophic TOPSIS environment has been taken into account in this decision-making dilemma. Summertime water demand is high, and towards the end of summer, when monsoon season arrives, water demand is low in the agricultural field. During the monsoon season, it is not uncommon for rain to fall just in parts. In agriculture, growing crops during the monsoon season was difficult at the time. As a result, the nature of the water shortage in this area is non-linear and unclear. Because of this, we suggested an MCDM technique for WRM issues in a neutrosophic TOPSIS -environment context.
On some aspects of the interaction of the investigator with the forensic expert
Authors: Захарова Валентина Олеговна , Заболотский Руслан Игоревич
Published: July 2022

В статье изложены сущность и значение взаимодействия следователя с экспертом на этапе подготовки к назначению судебной экспертизы, а также при вынесении постановления о назначении судебной экспертизы. Применен формально-юридический метод исследования для анализа правовых норм. Произведен анализ взаимодействия следователя и специалиста для выделения и обобщения видов их взаимодействия. С целью недопущения ошибок в ходе назначения судебных экспертиз автором представлены практические примеры и рекомендации по взаимодействию следователя с судебным экспертом на вышеуказанных этапах. Цель работы - выделить виды и механизмы взаимодействия следователя с экспертом (специалистом) для повышения качества производства судебных экспертиз за счет основательной подготовки к их назначению, минимизации формализма и шаблонности при вынесении постановлений о назначении судебных экспертиз и применения достижений науки и техники. Актуальность выбранной темы обусловлена тем, что при расследовании большей части уголовных дел приходится прибегать к специальным знаниям, как в форме участия специалиста в следственных действиях, так и при назначении судебных экспертиз и оценке заключения эксперта.

The article describes the essence and significance of the interaction of the investigator with the expert at the stage of preparation for the appointment of a forensic examination, as well as when making a decision on the appointment of a forensic examination. The formal legal research method was applied to analyze legal norms. The analysis of the interaction between the investigator and the specialist is carried out to identify and generalize the types of their interaction. In order to avoid mistakes in the course of conducting forensic examinations, the author presents practical examples and recommendations for the interaction of the investigator with the forensic expert at the above stages. The purpose of the work is to identify the types and mechanisms of interaction between the investigator and the forensic expert (person who has subject matter expertise) to improve the quality of the performance of expert examinations due to well-organized preparation for their appointment, minimization of conventionality and formalism when making decisions on the appointment of forensic examinations, and application of scientific and technical achievements. The relevance of the chosen topic is because in the investigation of most criminal cases it is necessary to resort to special knowledge, both in the form of participation of a specialist in investigative actions, and in the appointment of forensic examinations and evaluation of the expert's opinion.
Deliberately false denunciation: some aspects of the assessment taking into account modern realities
Authors: Быкова Елена Георгиевна , Казаков Александр Алексеевич
Published: July 2022

Заведомо ложный донос о преступлении представляет угрозу не только интересам правосудия, но и конкретным лицам, которые могут быть необоснованно привлечены к уголовной ответственности. Привычными для граждан способами заявления о происшествиях всегда являлись непосредственное (очное) обращение в правоохранительные органы либо направление сообщения в письменной форме. В последнее время появились инновационные возможности, связанные с использованием информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей для доведения информации до правоохранительных органов. Целью исследования является поиск ответа на вопрос о возможности привлечения к ответственности по ст. 306 УК РФ за сообщение заведомо недостоверных сведений о преступлении через Интернет и по телефону. В основе проведения исследования лежал диалектический метод. При изучении нормативной базы, касающейся материально-правовых и процессуальных аспектов квалификации заведомо ложного доноса, применялись формально-юридический и сравнительно-правовой методы. Проводился анализ материалов судебной практики и мнений ученых по обозначенному вопросу, полученные данные обобщались. Авторы пришли к выводу, что состав заведомо ложного доноса не зависит от мотивов заявителя и наличествует в случае сообщения о преступлении по телефону или посредством информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей независимо от того, оформлялись ли в дальнейшем документы, предусмотренные ст. 141 УПК РФ.

Knowingly false denunciation of a crime is a threat not only to the interests of justice, but also to specific persons who may be unreasonably prosecuted. The usual methods for citizens to report incidents have always been direct (in-person) appeal to law enforcement agencies, or sending a message in writing. Recently, innovative opportunities have emerged in the use of information and telecommunications networks to communicate information to law enforcement agencies. The purpose of the study is to find an answer to the question about the possibility of prosecution under Art. 306 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for reporting knowingly inaccurate information about the crime via the Internet and by phone. The dialectical method was the basis for the study. Formal-legal and comparative-legal methods were used in the study of the regulatory framework concerning the substantive and procedural aspects of the qualification of knowingly false denunciation. The materials of jurisprudence and the opinions of scientists on the indicated issue were analyzed, the data obtained were summarized. The authors concluded that the composition of the knowingly false denunciation does not depend on the applicant's motives and is present in the event of a crime being reported by phone or through information and telecommunications networks, regardless of whether the documents provided for in Art. 141 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation were drawn up in the future.
Legislation and freedom to assess evidence under the influence of the Internet and social networks: problem statement
Authors: Махтюк Святослав Олегович
Published: July 2022

Автор представляет к рассмотрению гипотезу о влиянии интернета и социальных сетей на решения законодателя и правоприменителей в уголовно-правовой сфере. Обосновывается довод о том, что социальные сети, в том числе официальные аккаунты правоохранительных органов, являются каналом связи между обществом и властью. Приводятся статистические данные о прямой связи резонансных преступлений и возрастающего общественного интереса к уголовно-правовым категориям (объективные сведения от компаний крупнейших интернет-поисковиков). Выдвигается гипотеза о влиянии общественного резонанса и повышенного интереса социума к преступлениям на элементы свободной оценки доказательств - совесть и внутреннее убеждение. Данный феномен рассматривается как логичное следствие признания уголовного судопроизводства государственной услугой, оказываемой следственными органами в интересах граждан, общества и самого государства. Ставится вопрос о допустимых пределах такого влияния на следственную деятельность, а также о его соотношении с установленными федеральным законодателем запретами в этой части. Предлагается для дальнейшего исследования вопрос о воздействии общественного мнения на законодательные инициативы, оценку доказательств по уголовным делам, принимаемые следственными органами процессуальные решения, квалификацию деяний.

The author presents for consideration a hypothesis about the influence of the Internet and social networks on the decisions of the legislator and law enforcers in the criminal law sphere. The argument is substantiated that social networks, including official accounts of law enforcement agencies, are a channel of communication between society and government. Statistical data are given on the direct connection between high-profile crimes and the growing public interest in criminal law categories (objective information from the companies of the largest Internet search engines). The article puts forward a hypothesis about the influence of public outcry and the increased interest of society in crimes on the elements of free evaluation of evidence - conscience and inner conviction. This phenomenon is considered as a logical consequence of the recognition of criminal proceedings as a public service provided by the investigating authorities in the interests of citizens, society and the state itself. The author raises the question of the permissible limits of such influence on investigative activities, as well as its correlation with the prohibitions established by the federal legislator in this part. It is proposed for further study the question of the impact of public opinion on legislative initiatives, the assessment of evidence in criminal cases, procedural decisions taken by the investigating authorities, and the qualification of acts.
Identification of methods of social engineering when committing theft using information and telecommunication technologies
Authors: Старостенко Нина Игоревна
Published: July 2022

В последние годы правоохранительные органы сталкиваются не только с ростом показателей преступности в сфере информационно-телекоммуникационных технологий, но и с появлением новых ее видов, связанных с применением при реализации корыстного умысла методов социальной инженерии, которые базируются на приемах психологического воздействия и на техниках управления сознанием и поведением людей с помощью мобильного или компьютерного устройства. Статья посвящена рассмотрению основных методов социальной инженерии, применяемых в мошеннических целях, способов совершения анализируемых деяний, а также некоторых особенностей расследования хищений, которые совершаются с применением указанных методов социальной инженерии, реализуемых с помощью информационно-телекоммуникационных технологий. В работе сформулированы основные способы совершения анализируемых преступных деяний, раскрыты их особенности на основе проведенного анализа следственной и судебной практики, выявлены основные приемы криминального манипулирования сознанием и поведением жертв, а также рассмотрены обстоятельства, которые подлежат обязательному уточнению по уголовным делам данной категории. В завершение сформулирован вывод относительно криминалистического значения и необходимости выявления методов социальной инженерии, их особенностей и следов для успешного расследования преступлений обозначенного вида.

In recent years, law enforcement agencies are faced not only with an increase in crime rates in the field of information and telecommunications technologies, but also with the emergence of new types of crime associated with the use of social engineering methods, which are based on psychological influence techniques and techniques for controlling consciousness and behavior using a mobile or computer device in the implementation of selfish intent. The article is devoted to the consideration of the main methods of social engineering used for fraudulent purposes; methods of committing the analyzed acts, as well as some features of the investigation of thefts that are committed using these methods of social engineering implemented using information and telecommunication technologies. The paper formulates the main ways of committing the analyzed criminal acts, reveals their features based on the analysis of investigative and judicial practice, identifies the main methods of criminal manipulation of the consciousness and behavior of victims, and also considers the circumstances that are subject to mandatory clarification in criminal cases of this category. In conclusion, a conclusion is formulated regarding the forensic significance and the need to identify social engineering methods, their features and traces for the successful investigation of crimes of the designated type.
Anwendung einer +3-Brille bei frühkindlichem Sehscreening mit dem PlusOptix A12R
Authors: Knepper Jennifer , Peuckert Bernhard
Published: July 2022

Purpose. The aim of this study was to examine the benefit of +3-glasses as a supplement to the measurement of ob- jective ametropia using the PlusOptix A12R vision screener in children. Material and Methods. Experience from practice and the evaluation of the measurement results with and without the use of the +3-glasses are presented. In addition, a way of interpreting the results in practice is presented. Results. The measurement with both methods was evaluated in 1534 out of 2760 cases. The measurements showed no significant difference (z = -0.250, p = 0.802, r = -0.005), how- ever, showed greater scatter results in the measurement with +3-glasses. If you select the more positive measurement, the mean is shifted by 0.26 dpt (SD = 0.68) towards hyperopia. In addition, a lower scatter result and a significant difference to the measurement without glasses are achieved. This is in pairs between 0 D and 4.75 D, with an average of 0.27 (SD = 0.46), with 261 cases (17 %) differences of 0.75 D or more. Conclusion. If only the measurement with +3-glasses is con- sidered, there is no benefit at first. However, the professional selection between the measured values provides a more re- liable statement about the refractive status, especially about the influence of accommodative compensation of hyperopia. The cost-effective production of the glasses, a high acceptan- ce by the children, the low time required and the additional safety of the results speak for the use of the +3-glasses in early childhood vision screenings. Keywords pediatric optometry, screening, hyperopia, accommodation, +3-glasses
Warum das Testen der Vergenz so kompliziert ist - Die subjektive und die objektive Fixationsdisparität
Authors: Jaschinski Wolfgang
Published: July 2022

Purpose. This review article describes recent findings of eye movement research of ocular vergence and provides an in- terpretation regarding those aspects of binocular vision that are assessed by clinical nonius tests. Material and Methods. In the clinical practice of binocular testing, different types of nonius tests are traditionally used for the vergence position of the eyes: near to a fusion stim- ulus, the test includes monocularly presented nonius lines; the perceived nonius offset is understood as a measure of “subjective fixation disparity”. However, in basic research precise eye movement recording systems are applied since the 1980s for measuring the “objective fixation disparity”. Results. The correlation between subjective and objective measures of fixation disparity tends to be low. Subjective measures are typically much smaller than objective measures. Conclusion. A precise terminology for the results of these measurements allows one to describe the physiological dif- ferences between the two aspects of fixation disparity. Recent research findings may be the basis for reconsidering the mechanisms of motor and sensory fusion and interpreting the clinical findings accordingly. With the help of video eye track- ers, it is now possible to conduct clinically-oriented optom- etric research of subjective and objective fixation disparity. Keywords Binocular vision, fixation disparity, vergence, fusion
Modeling human actions and psychophysical reactions in emergency situations
Authors: Sadigov A.B. , Salayev B.H. , Gezalov S.S.
Published: July 2022

The authors propose a model describing the process of human psychophysical reactions to a signal, stimulus, and the information processing process in decision-making by managers and staff members, as well as formulate the basic principles of modeling actions in emergencies.
Necessary and sufficient optimality condition in one discrete optimal control problem
Authors: Agamaliyeva A.I.
Published: July 2022

The article investigates a linear discrete optimal control problem, which is an analogue of the linear continuous optimal control problem of population dynamics. The necessary and sufficient optimality condition is proved.
Desalination of Saline Water: A Review
Authors: Ahsan Yusra , Waheed Qurashi Aisha , Yasmeen Roheela
Published: July 2022

Water is the most important requirement for life that is used for different purposes such as drinking, bathing, laundry and for many other various industrial applications. Clean water is the basic need of every human being. But the fresh water availability is limited now a days. Scarcity of water and untrustworthy water quality are the most important and major problems, so to attain the best water quality, desalinization of saline water is the alternate way to get the pure water and to improve the quality of life. Sea water covered almost the 94 % of the earth’s surface and support the various commercial purposes. Saline water originates from different other sources as well such as agriculture, aquacultures and many other industries including chemical, pharmaceutical industries. Saline water contains high amount of salt concentration and other contaminants, which affects the terrestrial and aquatic both lives. Desalination of saline water, is done to eradicate minerals including salts, from saline water. Thus, the treatment of saline water for the removal of contaminants and salt from the water is the important task now a days in many countries. Many different conventional methods are used for the treating of saline water, but all these methods are costly and has limited applications for limited areas. Generally saline water is treated with the chemical and physical methods. Biological methods and nanobiotechnology are also used now a days. This review highlights the different conventional and non-conventional, nanobiotechnology based and biological based methods that are used for the water desalination.
Efficacy Of Aloe Vera Powder in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Waste Water
Authors: Shamsher Maleeha , Tajammal Afifa , Qurashi Aisha Waheed , Rafi Uzma
Published: July 2022

Water is important component of life but on earth, major part of water is wasted without human consumption. The resulting scarce water conditions along with continuous pollution of existing fresh water bodies are the serious challenges in current times. Addition of Heavy metals in water results in water toxicity and pollution. The presence of heavy metals in wastewater causes toxic effects on living organisms. The removal of metals from waste water can be removed by the process of bio sorption that results in the metals absorption on the biological surfaces. Objective: Keeping in consideration, present study was aimed for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater by using aloe vera leaf powder as adsorbent. Methods: Adsorption experiments of different metals in waste water were done using different percentages of Aloe Vera powder and results were recorded in terms of change in pH of solutions. Results: Alovera present at low percentages in mixture showed less adsorption. Similarly, adsorption was found to be higher with higher alovera percentage showing decrease in pH of the mixture. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination was done for metal Zn while analysis of Na was done using flame photometric technique for adsorption of metals in waste water. Results showed that 1.4 % alovera powder has used the metal absorbent efficiency was 9.495 %. However, with addition of 4 % alovera powder, percentage efficiency was increased to 10.237 % showing positive effect of alovera powder on metal extraction. Conclusion: By flame photometry of sodium result showed that extraction efficiency was 500 % using aloe vera powder. Aloe vera plant was proved to be an excellent biomaterial for accumulating metal ions from wastewater due to its outstanding uptake capacity.
Microemulsions; A Mini Review
Authors: Aslam Ayesha , Fareed Siddiqui Maria
Published: July 2022

The review goes into great detail about the microemulsions' characteristics, structure, kinds, theories, characterization, and applications. They may be made easily by mixing the various ingredients together without the need for special tools or circumstances. Unlike the o/w type microemulsion, which has an aqueous continuous phase and oil droplets distributed in it, the w/o type microemulsion has oil as the continuous phase and water as droplets are disseminated in it. Microemulsions are classified into four primary categories based on different phase systems, and they are often utilized in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics sectors as well as in analytical methods. The design of medicine formulations and cosmetics may benefit from having a thorough understanding of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of microemulsions.
Evaluation Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT): A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Tasawar Amina , John Akash , Ali Abid , Bakhtawar Khadija , Noor Mah
Published: July 2022

Mycobacterium is an airborne organism that spreads from person to person. Tuberculosis can affect any area of the body, although the lungs are the most commonly affected known as pulmonary tuberculosis. Objective: To evaluate pulmonary tuberculosis using High Resolution Computed Tomography. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the private sector hospital Gujrat, Pakistan. This study was conducted over 4 months from December 2021 to March 2022.  The sample size of 91 patients was calculated via a convenient sampling approach from previously published articles. Patients who were diagnosed with TB during CT scan investigation presented at the study area were included after informed consent. A specially crafted data collection sheet was developed to contain the patient demographic statics. Results: The upper age limit occurrence of 36(39.6%) was observed in people aged 21 to 30 years, and the lowest occurrence of 7(7.7%) was observed in those aged under 21 years. Males composed 53% of the population, while females constituted 38%. (41.8 percent). The highest proportion of cough was 43 (47.3 percent), and the lowest frequency of weight loss was 14 (15.4 percent). The nodule incidence is 30(33%) and the LAP incidence is 6 (6.6 percent). Conclusion: Pulmonary tuberculosis was more prevalent among younger male individuals. The primary characterization among pulmonary tuberculosis patients was nodules, cavity, consolidation, and tree in bud shown on HRCT.
Grading Of Renal Parenchymal Disease Using Gray Scale Ultrasound
Authors: Yousaf Areeba , Azam Sadia , Ali Abid , Afsar Rehan , Bakhtawar Khadija
Published: July 2022

The shape of the normal adult kidney is like a bean, retroperitoneally present between twelve thoracic and third lumbar vertebra. Ultrasound can identify increased cortical echogenicity and reduced cortical parenchymal thickness, as well as reduced renal size in CKD. Objective: To diagnose renal parenchymal disease and its grading using gray scale sonography. Methods: It was cross-sectional research undertaken at Tertiary Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan radiology department. This research took place over five months, from January 2022 to May 2022. A convenient sampling approach using previously published articles was used to obtain a sample size of 78 patients. After informed consent, patients who were assessed for renal ultrasonography at the study region, during the study period, were included. Data was entered and analyzed on SPSS version 22.0. Results: The mean age was 46.47±12.0. The frequency for males was 47(60.3%), and for females was 31(39.7%). Blood urea (mg/dl) had a mean value of 92.16±46.88, and Serum creatinine (mg/dl) in male patients had a mean value of 6.86±6.18 while in female patients had 5.50±5.36. The blood urea nitrogen of patients had a mean value of 50.16±33.70 and a glomerular filtration rate with a mean value of 81.34±23.12. The frequencies of sonographic grading of renal cortical echogenicity show patients of Grade 1 had 32(41.0%), Grade 2 28(35.9%), Grade 3 12(15.4%), and Grade 4 6(7.7%). Conclusion: Renal parenchymal disease is the most prevalent disease in elder males. Grade 1 of renal parenchymal disease is most common in patients, followed by Grade 2, Grade 3, and Grade 4.
X-ray Radiography of Bone Fractures Associated With Road Traffic Accidents RTA
Authors: Ghuman Samama , John Akash , Ali Abid , Ahmad Naeem Muhammad , Riaz Maryam
Published: July 2022

One of the leading causes of bone fractures are Road Traffice Accidents (RTAs), they are perhaps the most prevalent causes of mortality in individuals. Objective: To investigate the prevalence and types of bone fractures in patients who have been involved in a road traffic collisions in the city of Gujranwala, Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross-sectional analysis at the orthopedic department of the DHQ/Teaching Hospital in Gujranwala, all patients with RTA-related fractures who underwent x-rays were included after written informed consent. The study included a total of 100 patients, all of which had suffered fractures as a result of traffic incidents from January 13th, 2022 to April 13th, 2022, the research was completed in three months. The obtained data were entered and analyzed by utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0. Results: There were 35 females and 65 males in the study, and according to the age distribution, 34% of those aged 26 to 35 years had a higher risk of fracture. Femur 37.7%, tibia 21.3%, fibula 16.4%, radius 2.5%, ankle joint 1.6%, humerus 6.6%, knee joint 2.5%, elbow joint 4.9%, and thumb and spine 0.8% are among the bones that have been fractured. Moreover, no incidents of skull fractures were recorded. Conclusion: Bone fractures are much more common in men than in women. In road traffic accidents, the most common bone fracture is the femur, which occurs most frequently in people who ride motorbikes or cycles, whereas, the transverse bone fracture is the most prevalent type of bone fracture.
Psychological Service as an Integral Part of the Educational System
Authors:   Armine, Muradyan Armine
Published: July 2022

This article discusses the peculiarities of psychological work, which are considered an integral part of the educational system, with a special emphasis on working with early, middle, and older adolescents. The adolescent-parent-teacher relationship is also discussed in the article in the context of psychological work. The changes taking place in all the spheres of the rapidly developing world require revising of values and establishment of new ones. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, completely new realities have been established in the post-soviet countries. The economic collapse and the hard social conditions have had an adverse impact also on the whole educational process. Since 1991 the public educational system of the Republic of Armenia, being the successor of the Soviet educational system, has entered the phase of difficult transitional changes that can be characterized as a survival period of the system.
Neoadjuvant Rectal Cancer Score as a Prognostic Factor in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: nan Gonca , Avc G , n Feyza , Arslan Suheyla , Tezcan Y
Published: July 2022

Developing early endpoints in the development of treatments for rectum cancer and determining prognostic markers are very important in the rapid and healthy evaluation of the results of the studies. The most famous early endpoint developed for this purpose is the neoadjuvant rectal cancer (NAR) score. This study was planned to evaluate the power of the NAR score in predicting prognosis in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy treatment in two different centers.
Methods:
The data of 85 patients diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and whose treatment-follow-up information can be accessed were evaluated retrospectively, and NAR scores were calculated. Patients were divided into two groups according to NAR score (score ≤16 and patients with> 16). Overall survival and disease-free survival results were compared.
Results:
In the median 2-year follow-up period, a 3-month survival advantage was observed in the patient group with low NAR (16) values. However, the difference was close to the limit but was not significant (p = 0.057). The results were found to be statistically significantly better in the patient arm with a low NAR score in disease-free survival (p = 0.003)
Conclusion:
The NAR score is a primary endpoint validated many times in large case groups and demonstrated prognostic significance. Considering the small number of cases evaluated in this study, a prognostic determinant has also emerged in this small group. The difference of this score is important in evaluating and accelerating future studies, its validation separately in patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment schemes.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIF-2 AND CHRONIC RENAL ALLOGRAFT NEPHROPATHY IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION RECIPIENTS
Authors: Koyuncu S , UYsal Cihan , n H , k i , z G , it smail , lu Murat , Oymak Oktay , z B
Published: July 2022

Background: We aimed to investigate the role of HIF-2α on chronic allograft nephropathy, which is a consequence of chronic inflammation and fibrosis.
Method: The study was conducted between November 2019 and January 2021, patients who had a kidney biopsy in our university in the last two years were included in the study. 15 patients with a diagnosis of chronic allograft nephropathy proven by biopsy, 15 patients with an eGFR below 60 ml/dk for other reasons as non-CAN group. Also, 15 patients with an eGFR above 60 ml/dk were included in the study as a control group. Serum HIF-2α levels were detected by a commercial kit using the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique.
Results: HIF-2α was higher in the CAN group compared to other groups. HIF-2α was significantly predictive in ROC analysis in identifying renal transplantation patients with CAN. The sensitivity and specificity of HIF-2α were 100% and 76% (cut off >0.2) with an area of under the ROC curve of 0.941 (95% CI 0. 850-1.000), p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Serum HIF-2α may usefulness as potential simple biomarkers for detecting allograft dysfunction after kidney transplantation and it can be also a guide in determining these treatment strategies.
Minimally Invasive Primary Excision and Primary Closure versus Primary Closure Using Mitomycin C to prevent Pterygium Recurrence
Authors: Ozturk Emrah , Gunduz Abuzer , Demirel Ersan
Published: July 2022

Objective: This study aimed to present a surgical technique in which we performed minimal excision and primary closure, which may reduce the recurrence rate, especially without using time-consuming graft procedures.
Materials and Methods: Data from primary pterygium excision performed from 2013 to 2019, were retrospectively analyzed from the patient's electronic database. Patients who underwent only primary closure constituted Group 1, patients who underwent primary closure using mitomycin C as adjuvant therapy constituted Group 2. After the pterygium detached from the cornea with the help of blunt dissection, only the cap of the pterygium was resected with a Westcott scissor by vertical incision on the vascular and avascular region border. The primary closure involved a complete closure of the defect in the limbal surface by suturing the pterygium's head.
Results: The study comprised a total of 31 patients, including 12 participants in Group 2 and 19 in Group 1. The average age of all subjects was 58.7 ± 9.4 years. The average postoperative follow-up time of groups was 29.2 ± 20.1 months and 30.0 ± 21.9 months, respectively(p = 0.88). Recurrence was observed in 4 (12.9%) of all patients during follow-up. While recurrence occurred in 10.5% of patients in group 1, recurrence was observed in 16.7% of patients in group 2. When the groups were compared in terms of recurrence, no statistically significant difference was observed (p=0.62).
Conclusions: This minimal excisional and maximum physiological pterygium surgery is simple, fast, and safe in primary pterygium. It also has a relatively acceptable recurrence rate.