bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Appropriateness or Inadequacy of the Multi-Party System in Burundian Politics
Authors: Ndikumana Lambert
Published: August 2023

Today’s Burundi politics is based on a multi-party system as a way of implementing democracy. This system allows the existence of various political parties which take part in elections and have equal possibilities of running government offices either as single parties or in coalition. In Burundi, as well as in many other African countries, that multi-party system started during the colonisation period in the 1950’s. However soon after independence in the 1960’s, this political system collapsed in favour of single-party systems characterised by authoritarian military political systems except in Botswana, in Gambia, and in the Mauritius island. This research has been conducted with the purpose of knowing whether the multi-party system fits the Burundian politics or not. In total, it has been possible to gather responses from 600 informants from Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups, from various Burundi geographical regions of origin, with the age of 18 years or more, from all genders, and from different educational backgrounds. The main research instrument which has been used for collecting data was interview. Among all those respondents, 450 were males, whereas 150 were females. The findings of this investigation have revealed that in Burundi males prefer a multi-party system over a single-party one at the rate of 93.3%, while females support a single-party system at the rate of 100%.
The Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Relative Growth Rate of Sonadi Sheep at Different Ages
Authors: Hada Renuka , Sharma Rohit , Nagda R. K. , Kumar Vishnu , Bansal Gaurav Kumar
Published: August 2023

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of non-genetic factors on relative growth rate of Sonadi sheep of different age groups. In this study data on 1396 Sonadi sheep maintained over the period of 2012-2019 under the Mega Sheep Seed Project, College of Veterinary and animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Rajasthan were analysed to assess the effect of non-genetic factors (year of birth, season of birth, sex, type of lamb) on relative growth rate viz. 0-3, 3-6, 6-9 and 9-12 months age groups. The overall least-squares mean along with standard error for RGR1 (0-3M), RGR2 (3-6M), RGR3 (6-9M) and RGR4 (9-12M) were 1.32±0.03, 0.42±0.02, 0.226±0.19 and 0.277±0.02 Percent per day, respectively. Year of birth had highly significant (P≤0.01) for RGR1, RGR2 and RGR4 group while significant (P≤0.05) effect on RGR3 group. Effect of season of birth on relative growth rate was also highly significant (P≤0.01) for RGR1 and RGR2 group while significant for RGR3 and RGR4 groups. Sex of lamb showed significant (P≤0.05) effect on RGR1 and RGR2 while non-significant on rest of the groups (RGR3, RGR4) whereas effect of type of birth on relative growth rate was found to be non-significant on all groups. The assessment of non-genetic factors plays an important role to formulate effective breeding programme for improvement of growth performance.
Performance of Different Varieties of Tinda (Praecitrullus fistulosus) under Prayagraj Agro-climatic Condition
Authors: Malik Sahil , Topno Samir Ebson , Kerketta Anita
Published: August 2023

The present experiment was carried out during summer season 2022-23 in Central Horticulture Research Farm of Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The experiment was conducted to evaluate Performance of different varieties of Tinda (Praecitrullus fistulosus) under Prayagraj agro climatic condition. For the evaluation eight varieties treatments were V1-Ludhiana Special, V2- S-48, V3-Raja, V4-Komal, V5-IHS-45, V6-Laddu, V7-Heera, V8-Mahy Tinda are taken for the study in a Randomized Block Design with three replications in 2.5 x 1.5 m plot. The study revealed that the maximum vine length 182.8cm in V5 IHS-45. The number of primary branches was maximum in V5-IHS-45, 6.43 at final harvestings. At harvesting the number of nodes per plant was Maximum in V5-IHS-45, 34.36. Days to first female flower appearance was minimum in IHS45, 26.30. IHS-45 was found to be the best variety for fruit weight with 63.14gm. IHS-45 was found to be the best variety for diameter of fruit with 54.12mm. IHS-45 produced the maximum fruit yield/ha and the fruit yield was 143.66q/ha. Among the different varieties studied, IHS-45 performed best for flower, fruit and yield characters. And the best varieties followed by Laddu and Mahy Tinda. The study revealed that, these varieties of Tinda provide high benefit to the farmers through easy cultivation, better stress tolerance, diseases resistance and higher yield.
Enhancement of Vigour Status through Hydro and Leaf Extract Priming and Humid Invigoration in Ribbed Gourd (COH 1) and Bitter Gourd (CO 1)
Authors: K. Poovarasu , Jegathambal R. , Umarani R. , Kavitha P. S. , Ravi M.
Published: August 2023

The present study focused on the evaluation of priming with water and various botanical leaf extract and followed by humid invigoration  as a means to improve seed germination and seedling vigour of ribbed gourd (COH 1)  and bitter gourd (CO 1). The seeds of these gourds were  primed with water  and various leaf extracts at 2% concentration viz., Pongam (Pongamia pinnata L.), Neem (Azadira chtaindica), Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii), Notchi (Vitex negundo), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Hena (Lawsonia inermis) and Guava (Psidium guajava). Unprimed seeds taken as a control. Hydro and leaf extract priming with humid invigoration process significantly influence the germination and seedling vigour of both crops viz., ribbed gourd (COH 1) and bitter gourd (CO 1). The study revealed that highest seed and seedling quality characters like germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling length, dry matter production, vigour index I and vigour index II were recorded in hydro primed with humid invigoration. Among the leaf extracts moringa shows better seedling growth of above parameters. Minimum value of this parameter was recorded in henna leaf extract priming with humid invigoration in both ribbed gourd (COH 1) and bitter gourd gourd (CO 1).
Foreign Body in Rectum: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Goswami Shalini , Giri Rahul Kumar , Akhter Sadik
Published: August 2023

Rectal foreign body is a rare clinical entity. Approach includes a careful history and examination to rule out peritonitis and removal by conservative or operative approach. Most commonly bottles and glasses found. Other objects include toothbrushes, deodorant bottles, food articles, knives, cell phones, flash lights, ornaments, etc. Reasons for insertion include autoeroticism, concealment, attention seeking behaviour, accidental, assault and to alleviate constipation.

Case Report: A 41 years old male came to emergency with complaint of pain per rectum from a bottle he had inserted in his rectum 10 hours prior to presentation. Multiple attempts to remove it at home failed. On examination abdomen was soft, non-tender, non-distended. An abdomen xray showed a large bottle shaped object in pelvis. The foreign body was palpable in the rectum but due to it’s shape, size and smooth surface it was impossible to retrieve it with simple manoeuvring even with simultaneous suprapubic pressure. All relevant investigations were done and patient was prepared for surgery. Exploratory laparotomy was done under spinal anaesthesia. Lower midline incision was given and bottle was pushed from above and taken out of anal canal. A glass bottle of size 11*5 cm was retrieved. Antibiotics and painkillers started. Patient recovered well and discharged on post op day 2.

Conclusion: Management of patients with rectal foreign bodies can be challenging. Even though the majority of cases can be successfully managed conservatively, the operative techniques might also be needed.
Effect of Ferti-Fortification of Iron and Zinc Fertilization on Quality Parameters of Mango Cv. Kesar
Authors: Mahida Archana V. , Y. N. Tandel , Meena Ronak , Kumar Manish
Published: August 2023

The present research was accomplished on mango cv. Kesar to investigate the effect of foliar spray of iron and zinc fertilization on the quality parameter of mango. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design and replicated 3 times with 9 treatments. The The significant increase in TSS (19.35 °Brix) and ascorbic acid (36.70 mg/100 g) content were recorded with the foliar application of 0.5% FeSO4 and 0.5% ZnSO4 (T9) resulted in a considerable rise in TSS and ascorbic acid content, which was comparable to treatment T7 (0.25% FeSO4 + 0.50% ZnSO4).
Evaluation of Different Genotypes of Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.) for Yield and Yield Contributing Parameters
Authors: Manugade Rutuja P. , Hamane G. M. , Bhalekar Nirmala B.
Published: August 2023

The present investigation, "Evaluation of different genotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for yield and yield contributing parameters", was conducted to characterize the quinoa genotypes for different quantitative parameters. The experiment comprised thirteen genotypes, and accordingly, a trial was conducted. The experiment was conducted during Rabi, 2018, using Randomized Block Design with three replications under field conditions at All India Coordinated Research Network on Potential Crops, Department of Agricultural Botany, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. Observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants in each treatment for branches per plant, inflorescence length (cm), inflorescence width (cm), seed yield/ plant (g), seed yield/plot (kg) and seed yield/ha (qtl). Among the genotypes, EC – 507749 (28.43 qtl/ha) recorded the significantly highest seed yield per hectare, which was followed by EC – 507747 (27.59 qtl/ha) & EC – 507743 (26.20 qtl/ha). The increase in seed yield per hectare was due to the increase in inflorescence length (27.06 cm), inflorescence width (22.63 cm) and branches per plant EC – 507749 (42.26).
Spatial Analysis of Cadmium and Lead in Soils of Nagaon District of Assam, India
Authors: Hazarika Prarthana Priyom , Medhi B. K. , Thakuria R. K. , Kondareddy A. N. , Buragohain Bhaskar Jyoti
Published: August 2023

Aims: The study was carried out in order to find the hotspots of Cadmium and Lead accumulation in the soil due to the anthropogenic activities, so that proper management strategies can be taken on time for their remediation.

Study Design: Different geospatial techniques as Normal Q-Q plot, histogram, trend analysis and semi-variogram cloud model is used.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted emphasizing basically in high agricultural chemicals dependent Nagaon District of Assam, India, from 2018 to 2021.

Methodology: Heavy metals were assessed using a random sampling method with a 5 x 5 km2 grid, and a total of 160 samples were collected from a depth of 0 – 15 cm for soil. Choropleth maps were created to show the distribution and hotspots of pollution.

Results: Geospatial analyses from different thematic maps of heavy metals revealed significant vulnerable points of elevated concentrations of Pb (>24.45 mg/kg) and Cd (>0.31 mg/kg) in soil which is presumed to be due to anthropogenic factors. The three-dimensional trend over the distribution of metals throughout the district best fitted the second-order polynomial for Cd, and Pb in soils. Significant numbers of pairs of heavy metal pairs to a certain extent were found to be spatially autocorrelated and all the pairs away from X-axis towards the extreme right corner and far above the axis reflected less influence of local characteristics of the heavy metal. Co-variance cloud with search direction from North to South revealed the existence of spatial autocorrelation and a wider spatial shift of correlation towards the southern direction.

Conclusion: The current study provides baseline data to update the mitigation approaches to better manage the heavy metal contamination in soil in the entire district.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Ruby Queen
Authors: Kumar Shubham , Baksh Hari , Singh Rajaneesh , Prajapati Niraj Kumar , Kumar Anant
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Ruby Queen. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design using ten treatments and three replications at the college farm of the Department of Horticulture, Tilak Dhari PG College, Jaunpur, (U.P.) during the rabi season of 2021-22. Integration of nutrient sources was comprised in the form of treatments viz. T1 - 100% NPK of RDF (70:110:70 Kg/ha), T2 -75% NPK of RDF + FYM (10 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ ha), T3 - 75% NPK of RDF + VC (3 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T4 - 75% NPK of RDF + FYM (5 t/ha) + VC (1.5 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T5 - 50% NPK of RDF + FYM (10 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T6 - 50% NPK of RDF + VC (3 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T7 - 50% NPK of RDF + FYM (5 t/ha) +VC (1.5 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T8 - 75% NPK of RDF + FYM (10 t/ha), T9 - 50% NPK of RDF + VC (3 t/ha) and T10 - Control. Among all treatments, T4 (75% NPK of RDF + FYM + VC + Azotobacter + PSB) performed best for growth and yield parameters recorded significantly minimum number of days required for 80 percent germination of seedlings (2.68 days), highest plant height (50.24 cm), most leaves per plant (13.53), maximum leaf area (3227.50 cm2), higher chlorophyll content index (21.76), maximum root length (16.23 cm), root diameter (7.73 cm), root yield per plant (220.14 g), root yield per plot (4.40 Kg), root yield per hectare (22.014 t), and highest harvest index (0.91) was observed.
Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Effects of Four Different Parts of 2 Plants Moringa Extracts against the Bacteria Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi, and some Phytochemical Properties
Authors: Metsopkeng Claire Stéphane , Bricheux Geneviève , Donnadieu Florence , Nana Paul Alain , Ripoche Isabelle , Tchinda Nehemie Donfagsiteli , Agbor Gabriel A. , Chalard Pierre , Sime-Ngando Télesphore , Nola Moïse
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives: Typhoid fever and cholera are two major health challenges in many developing countries. The use of extracts of the plants Moringa for their treatment is often done without perfect knowledge of the antimicrobial properties of each part of plant. This study aims to evaluate the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of extracts of M. oleifera and M. stenopetala against the bacteria S. typhi and V. cholerae which cause typhoid fever and cholera respectively.
Materials and Methods: Four different parts (leaves, seeds, stem, and roots) of each plant species were dried and then ground. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the extracts of each part of the plants against the considered bacteria were determined by dilution method. Their phytochemical profiles were determined by chromatographic and mass spectral analyses.
Results: It has been noted that MICs and MBCs varied from one part to another of the same Moringa species, and from one bacterium to another for the same extract. With M. oleifera, the lowest MBC (0.078 mg/mL) against S. typhi and V. cholerae came from seeds and roots extracts, respectively. With M. stenopetala, the lowest MBCs against S. typhi (0.156 mg/mL) and V. cholerae (0.312 mg/mL) were from seeds extracts. Extracts of different parts of M. oleifera have bactericidal effects against S. typhi, and bacteriostatic effects against V. cholerae. Extracts from all considered parts of M. stenopetala have bacteriostatic effects against both bacteria. Although some phytochemicals were found in both Moringa, others were specific to one species or to a given part.
Conclusion:  In case of co-infection by both bacteria, M. oleifera roots extracts could be the most recommended in the treatment because of their lowest MIC and MBC. With M. stenopetala, roots and seeds extracts could be the most recommended because of their relatively lower MIC and MBC, respectively. The next studies will determine for each microorganism, the activity of each identified and purified chemical compound. 
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Prevention of Anaemia amongst Non-pregnant Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Communities of South-West Nigeria
Authors: Oyelese Adesola , Ogbaro Daniel , Adediran Adewumi , Wakama Tamunomieibi , Adetola Adeola , Gbadegesin Abidoye , Awodele Ibironke , Mbah Chimezie , Ogunsanwo Blessing
Published: August 2023

Background: Anaemia in women of reproductive age (WRA) is a common health problem in the developing countries and non-pregnant WRA constitute the third most affected group after preschool-aged children and pregnant women. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding anaemia prevention amongst non-pregnant WRA in rural communities of South-West Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among two hundred non-pregnant WRA aged 18-43 years. After ethical clearance was obtained, data which included socio-demographic, knowledge, attitude and practice-related issues were collected from the respondents with pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire which was designed by the authors, adjusted to local setting and pre-tested for congruency and exclusion of ambiguities.

Results: The mean age of the non-pregnant women of reproductive age in this study was 31± 7.6 years. Many of the respondents, 82 of 200 (40.5%) were in the age group 35-43 years. The knowledge score in this study was adequate 9.5%, moderate 67.5% and inadequate 23.5%.  In all age groups, the highest scores were found in the average knowledge category. There was a significant relationship between marital status and level of knowledge and majority of the respondents had positive attitude and good practices in the prevention of anaemia. 

Conclusion: Respondents had a fairly good knowledge relating to nutrition and majority of them had positive attitude and good practices in the prevention of anaemia. There is a need to improve the knowledge of the rural women on anaemia which will in turn enhance their practices. The community health personnel should play a vital role in healthcare delivery in these communities.
Electrical Cardiometry versus Echocardiography in Assessment of Hemodynamic Status in Preterm Neonates with Septic Shock
Authors: Abdou Noura , Elmahdy Heba , Tolba Osama , Shihab Nihal , Elmesiry Asmaa , Rowisha Mohammed
Published: August 2023

Background: Severe sepsis combined with hypotension or the requirement for vasopressors in newborns is known as neonatal septic shock and occurs even when the body is receiving enough fluids to revive it.

Hemodynamic monitoring in this condition can be through clinical assessment or using invasive and non-invasive tools like functional Echocardiography. Electrical Cardiometry (EC) has emerged as a continuous and non-invasive measurement of (CO) cardiac output. It has FDA approval and has been verified for usage in newborns.

Methods: All preterm infants admitted to the NICU who have been diagnosed with septic shock and have a gestational age between (34 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks). 80 healthy neonates who were allocated for gestational age and sex made up the control group. Electrical cardiometry assessment was carried out throughout the first, second, third days of sepsis symptoms and prior discharge.

Results: In warm septic shock group; cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac index measured by electrical cardiometry (EC) had been substantially greater at the second evaluation contrasted to last evaluations in comparison to control group. There was no significant difference as regard contractility index (ICON) between both readings in both groups. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was significantly lower at 2nd evaluation in comparison to last evaluations than in control group. In cold septic shock group, SV, CO and cardiac index measured by EC were substantially lower at 2nd evaluation contrasted to last evaluations in comparison to control group. ICON was significantly lower at 2nd readings in comparison to last readings in both groups. SVR was significantly higher at 2nd evaluation in cold septic shock in contrast to control group.

Conclusion: Electrical cardiometry is a valuable tool of bedside hemodynamic monitoring and management in cases with neonatal septic shock.
Impact of Front Line Demonstrations on Mustard Productivity and Profitability in Shivpuri District of Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Basediya A. L. , Bhargava M. K. , Kumar Puneet , Singh Y. P. , Gupta Rajesh
Published: August 2023

The study was carried out during 2017-18 to assess the impact of Cluster Front Line Demonstrations (CFLDs) on production and productivity enhancement of mustard crops. RVSKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shivpuri conducted a total of 75 demonstrations in selected clusters with GPS locations over an area of 30 ha in district Shivpuri of Madhya Pradesh. The yield performance data and economics of demonstration and farmer’s practice plots were compiled and analyzed for calculation of gap analysis, costs and returns. The critical inputs were identified in existing production technology through personal interaction, group meetings and discussions with farmers and KVK Scientists team. The improved technologies consisting improved variety, soil testing, seed treatment mechanized sowing, integrated nutrient and weed management, and pest and disease management. The average yield of improved technology demonstrations and farmers' practices were recorded as 17.80 q/ha and 14.40q/ha respectively. Overall, the 19.10 per cent increase in yield was found in demonstration plots over check plots. The average of the technology gap, extension gap, technology index and additional return were found as 2.20q/ha, 3.40 q/ha, 11 percent and Rs.11420/ha respectively. An average net return ofRs.42140/ha was found in demonstration plots as compared to Rs.30720/ha in farmers' practices and an average B:C ratio of 2.65 and 2.28 were recorded in demonstrated and farmers practices plots respectively. The higher yield and returns in demonstrations indicated that production and productivity of mustard at farmer’s fields increased by adopting improved technologies. The results revealed that the CFLDs by interventions of scientific technologies gave positive effects on production and productivity in mustard crop cultivation.
The Role of Brand Love in Mediating the Effect of Brand Experience on Brand Loyalty and Willingness to Pay for Green Skincare Products in Indonesia
Authors: Layna Inzahra Alfadilatul , Hidayat Anas
Published: August 2023

The purpose of his study analyze the relationships between a selection of variables, such as brand experience, brand love, brand loyalty, and willingness to pay, to identify post-purchase customer perceptions of the "green" skincare product. This research uses a non-probability sampling technique. This research uses Structural Equation Modeling analysis tools through Smart-PLS software with a total sample of 200 respondents, 53 men, and 147 women, and a minimum age of 18 years. In 2023, the population will consist of Indonesian consumers who have used products categorized as green skincare. The sample used as respondents in this study was made up of men and women who had used green skincare more than twice. Brand attachment grows as a result of positive brand experiences. These favorable brand experiences are also very important for establishing brand loyalty and affecting customers' willingness to spend. Additionally, brand attachment has been shown to increase brand loyalty and alter customers' willingness to pay. This study was conducted to look at how consumers in Indonesia who purchase "green" skincare products behave after making their purchases. This research can identify the root of the problems that occur related to consumer behavior about green products in the process of solving research problems.
Perceptions of Pharmacy Students on the Application of Problem-based Learning Approach in Renal Pharmacotherapeutics
Authors: Rathinavelu Mohanraj , Chukkaluri Anu Reddy , Haritha Reddy , Jollireddy Sravani , Bharambe Dipak Dnyandeo
Published: August 2023

The millennial pharmacists are often concerned with solving problems related to a patient’s health, and achievement of desired therapeutic goals that improve the patient quality of life in the practice of their profession. In Indian pharmacy education, there is very little research on problem-based learning. The current study was performed to investigate pharmacy practice student experiences towards problem-based learning in pharmacotherapeutics in south India. The current exploratory research aimed to assess the perception of pharmacy practice students towards pharmacotherapeutic course for renal diseases through small group problem-based pedagogy, and its end assessment of understanding through a 20 inventories objective structured clinical examination reflecting each case study. On a microscopic observation, student awareness of therapeutic courses in the renal disease has been considered more satisfied. Student reactions show that they find PBL sessions beneficial in their learning, and helping them understand basic scientific concepts. In addition, students reported that PBL session encouraged collaborative and self-directed learning, improved clinical decision-making and problem-solving skills, and helped them identify their strengths and weaknesses in the process of this program. In conclusion, the problem-based pedagogy of pharmacotherapeutic course for renal diseases gained a great momentum among pharmacy practice students and appraised objective structured clinical examination as an efficient tool for PBL assessment.
Towards the ultimate brain: Exploring scientific discovery with ChatGPT AI
Authors: Adesso Gerardo
Published: August 2023

This paper presents a novel approach to scientific discovery using an artificial intelligence (AI) environment known as ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI. This is the first paper entirely generated with outputs from ChatGPT. We demonstrate how ChatGPT can be instructed through a gamification environment to define and benchmark hypothetical physical theories. Through this environment, ChatGPT successfully simulates the creation of a new improved model, called GPT4, which combines the concepts of GPT in AI (generative pretrained transformer) and GPT in physics (generalized probabilistic theory). We show that GPT4 can use its built‐in mathematical and statistical capabilities to simulate and analyze physical laws and phenomena. As a demonstration of its language capabilities, GPT4 also generates a limerick about itself. Overall, our results demonstrate the promising potential for human‐AI collaboration in scientific discovery, as well as the importance of designing systems that effectively integrate AI's capabilities with human intelligence.
Superhero media, aggression, and prosocialness: Relations in adults and gender's moderating role
Authors: Santos Isabella Leandra Silva , Pimentel Carlos Eduardo , Mariano Tailson Evangelista
Published: August 2023

The present study aimed to observe the relationships between superhero media exposure, aggression, and prosocialness in adults. We also investigated gender's moderating role. A total of 700 Brazilians participated in the study (age mean =  25.77, SD = 8.63, SE = 0.32, 57% men). Results showed a positive relation between superhero media exposure, prosocialness (r = .18), and all aggression factors (physical: r = .13; verbal: r = .08; aggressive emotions: r = .16). Aggressive emotions mediated indirect effects of exposure (physical aggression: λ = 0.12, p < .01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05–0.21; verbal aggression: λ = 0.10, p < .01, 95% CI = 0.05–0.18). Finally, gender moderated the relationship between exposure and prosocialness (b = 0.13, t = 2.07, p = .03).
Determination of volume averaging correction factors using an elliptical absorbed dose model for Gamma Knife Perfexion
Authors: Šegedin Nikola , Hršak Hrvoje , Babić Sanja Dolanski , Jurković Slaven
Published: August 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to calculate volume averaging correction factors for detectors used in the dosimetry of Gamma Knife's narrow photon beams, and to determine the impact of volume averaging on the field output correction factor.

Methods

Simulations of different Gamma Knife fields were done using elliptical dose model formalism with newly introduced fit functions. To determine volume averaging correction factors a calculation of the absorbed dose over the volume of the detector was performed. The elliptical dose model was tested with respect to absorbed dose distribution for different volumes and compared with the calculations of Leksell GammaPlan v.11.3.1.

Results

The largest differences in absorbed dose calculated by the elliptical model and Leksell GammaPlan are 2.25%, 1.5%, and 0.6% for 16, 8, and 4 mm field sizes, respectively. Volume averaging correction factors were determined for six ionization chambers, five semiconductor detectors, a diamond, and two plastic scintillator detectors. In general, for all examined detectors the impact of volume averaging is more pronounced for smaller field sizes. All studied ionization chambers had a larger volume than other detectors, therefore the volume averaging correction factors for ionization chambers are larger for all investigated field sizes. Besides the fact that plastic scintillator detectors can be considered tissue‐equivalent, volume averaging correction factor should be applied.

Conclusion

Volume averaging correction factors for different detectors are determined and suitable detectors for dosimetry of Gamma Knife's narrow photon beams are recommended. It is shown that volume averaging has a dominant contribution to a field output correction factor.
Study suggests in‐prison medication, harm reduction can produce benefits
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: August 2023

Results of a new study suggest that more comprehensive care for justice‐involved individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD), including mental health treatment, could prove critical to reducing the high risk of post‐incarceration overdose.
Nanozymes With Osteochondral Regenerative Effects: An Overview of Mechanisms and Recent Applications
Authors: Sun Xueheng , Xu Xiang , Yue Xiaokun , Wang Tianchang , Wang Zhaofei , Zhang Changru , Wang Jinwu
Published: August 2023

With the discovery of the intrinsic enzyme‐like activity of metal oxides, nanozymes garner significant attention due to their superior characteristics, such as low cost, high stability, multi‐enzyme activity, and facile preparation. Notably, in the field of biomedicine, nanozymes primarily focus on disease detection, antibacterial properties, antitumor effects, and treatment of inflammatory conditions. However, the potential for application in regenerative medicine, which primarily addresses wound healing, nerve defect repair, bone regeneration, and cardiovascular disease treatment, is garnering interest as well. This review introduces nanozymes as an innovative strategy within the realm of bone regenerative medicine. The primary focus of this approach lies in the facilitation of osteochondral regeneration through the modulation of the pathological microenvironment. The catalytic mechanisms of four types of representative nanozymes are first discussed. The pathological microenvironment inhibiting osteochondral regeneration, followed by summarizing the therapy mechanism of nanozymes to osteochondral regeneration barriers is introduced. Further, the therapeutic potential of nanozymes for bone diseases is included. To improve the therapeutic efficiency of nanozymes and facilitate their clinical translation, future potential applications in osteochondral diseases are also discussed and some significant challenges addressed.
Understanding Effects of Alkyl Side‐Chain Density on Polaron Formation Via Electrochemical Doping in Thiophene Polymers
Authors: Stewart Katherine , Pagano Katia , Tan Ellasia , Daboczi Matyas , Rimmele Martina , Luke Joel , Eslava Salvador , Kim Ji‐Seon
Published: August 2023

Polarons exist when charges are injected into organic semiconductors due to their strong coupling with the lattice phonons, significantly affecting electronic charge‐transport properties. Understanding the formation and (de)localization of polarons is therefore critical for further developing organic semiconductors as a future electronics platform. However, there are very few studies reported in this area. In particular, there is no direct in situ monitoring of polaron formation and identification of its dependence on molecular structure and impact on electrical properties, limiting further advancement in organic electronics. Herein, how a minor modification of side‐chain density in thiophene‐based conjugated polymers affects the polaron formation via electrochemical doping, changing the polymers’ electrical response to the surrounding dielectric environment for gas sensing, is demonstrated. It is found that the reduction in side‐chain density results in a multistep polaron formation, leading to an initial formation of localized polarons in thiophene units without side chains. Reduced side‐chain density also allows the formation of a high density of polarons with fewer polymer structural changes. More numerous but more localized polarons generate a stronger analyte response but without the selectivity between polar and non‐polar solvents, which is different from the more delocalized polarons that show clear selectivity. The results provide important molecular understanding and design rules for the polaron formation and its impact on electrical properties.
A 3D‐Printed Assemblable Bespoke Scaffold as a Versatile Microcryogel Carrier for Site‐Specific Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Lee Seunghun S. , Kleger Nicole , Kuhn Gisela A. , Greutert Helen , Du Xiaoyu , Smit Thijs , Studart André R. , Ferguson Stephen J.
Published: August 2023

Advances in additive manufacturing have led to diverse patient‐specific implant designs utilizing computed tomography, but this requires intensive work and financial implications. Here, Digital Light Processing is used to fabricate a hive‐structured assemblable bespoke scaffold (HIVE). HIVE can be manually assembled in any shape/size with ease, so a surgeon can create a scaffold that will best fit a defect before implantation. Simultaneously, it can have site‐specific treatments by working as a carrier filled with microcryogels (MC) incorporating different biological factors in different pockets of HIVE. After characterization, possible site‐specific applications are investigated by utilizing HIVE as a versatile carrier with incorporated treatments such as growth factors (GF), bioceramic, or cells. HIVE as a GF‐carrier shows a controlled release of bone morphogenetic protein/vascular endothelial growth factor (BMP/VEGF) and induced osteogenesis/angiogenesis from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC)/human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, as a bioceramic‐carrier, HIVE demonstrates enhanced mineralization and osteogenesis, and as a HUVEC carrier, it upregulates both osteogenic and angiogenic gene expression of hMSCs. HIVE with different combinations of MCs yields a distinct local effect and successful cell migration is confirmed within assembled HIVEs. Finally, an in vivo rat subcutaneous implantation demonstrates site‐specific osteogenesis and angiogenesis.
A Tri‐Droplet Liquid Structure for Highly Efficient Intracellular Delivery in Primary Mammalian Cells Using Digital Microfluidics
Authors: Little Samuel R. , Leung Ziuwin , Quach Angela B.V. , Hirukawa Alison , Gholizadeh Fatemeh , Hajiaghayi Mehri , Darlington Peter J. , Shih Steve C.C.
Published: August 2023

Automated techniques for mammalian cell engineering are needed to examine a wide range of unique genetic perturbations especially when working with precious patient samples. An automated and miniaturized technique making use of digital microfluidics to electroporate a minimal number of mammalian cells (≈40 000) at a time on a scalable platform is introduced. This system functions by merging three droplets into a continuous droplet chain, which is called a triDrop. In the triDrop configuration, the outer droplets are comprised of high‐conductive liquid while an inner or middle droplet comprising of low‐conductivity liquid that contains the cells and biological payloads. In this work, it is shown that applying a voltage to the outer droplets generates an effective electric field throughout the tri‐droplet structure allowing for insertion of the biological payload into the cells without sacrificing long‐term cell health. This technique is shown for a range of biological payloads including plasmids, mRNA, and fully formed proteins being inserted into adherent and suspension cells which include primary T‐cells. The unique features of flexibility and versatility of triDrop show that the platform can be used for the automation of multiplexed gene edits with the benefits of low reagent consumption and minimal cell numbers.
Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Marine Applications: Recent Advances in Energy Harvesting, Monitoring, and Self‐Powered Equipment
Authors: Dip Tanvir Mahady , Arin Md. Reasat Aktar , Anik Habibur Rahman , Uddin Md Mazbah , Tushar Shariful Islam , Sayam Abdullah , Sharma Suraj
Published: August 2023

Progress in advanced electronics has initiated the investigation of new ways to develop and apply self‐powered smart devices. The concern for meteoric exhausting non‐renewable energy sources has spurred such endeavors. Even so, using external power sources like batteries is problematic due to limited capacity, maintenance inconvenience, replacement, and environmental hazards. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) capable of converting various forms of mechanical energies into electrical output are gaining popularity. The marine and coastal areas are abundant sources of salvable mechanical energy. TENGs can convert lower‐frequency, ununiform, multidirectional energies into usable electricity. This can solve the device‐powering problem and can generate diverse signals to act as monitoring or sensing platforms themselves. In this review, three main TENG‐based/TENG‐driven application themes are addressed, i.e., energy harvesting, marine environment monitoring, and self‐powered equipment for marine‐related activities. It attempts to emphasize that various design features of TENGs can influence output performance; TENGs can power devices and monitor ocean parameters; TENGs‐integrated modern IoT networking systems can transmit real‐time data. Overall, this review encompasses the fundamental working mechanisms, structure designs, and practical implementation scenarios of recently developed devices in diverse marine applications. Finally, the existing challenges and potential future directions for TENG‐based marine self‐powered electronic systems are discussed.
Greek Key Inspired Fractal Metamaterials with Superior Stretchability for Tunable Wave Propagation
Authors: Zhang Zhennan , Jiang Huan , Bednarcyk Brett A. , Chen Yanyu
Published: August 2023

Stretchable materials that can sustain a large deformation are in high demand, because they find broad applications ranging from stretchable energy storage devices to tunable noise and vibration devices. One main challenge is creating strain‐releasing mechanisms from inherently brittle materials. This work explores a new approach to designing stretchable metamaterials, using a "kerfing" pattern inspired by the ancient Greek Key configuration. The kerfing architecture allows for substantial in‐plane elongation. In‐plane tensile experiments show an ≈8‐times increase in stretchability when the kerfing width is enlarged four times. With higher‐order fractal patterns, the fractal lattice exhibits a stretchability of up to ≈520%, far beyond the inherent deformability of the brittle constituent. Moreover, this design also enables the tunability of various mechanical properties, including stiffness, strength, toughness, and Poisson's ratio. Ashby‐type plots are presented, revealing the relationships between stretchability and other mechanical properties to aid in the design and fabrication of advanced engineering materials. To demonstrate a vital application of the achieved stretchability, elastic wave propagation in the proposed kerfing metamaterials is studied. Simulations indicate that multiple broad phononic bandgaps arise in these structures as the fractal order increases. These bandgaps prove to be adjustable not only through the fractal lattice geometry but also by means of applied mechanical loading. This investigation highlights the potential of fractal‐based layouts as a promising avenue for designing cutting‐edge stretchable metamaterials with customizable mechanical properties and functionalities.
Accurate Optical Metrology of van der Waals Monolayers and Heterostructures from the Interference of Interface Polariton Waves
Authors: Qin Kang , Zuo Zong‐yan , Peng Sheng , Liu Kai , Yang Hui , Zhang Qi‐hang , Lu Yan‐qing , Zhu Yong‐yuan , Zhang Xue‐jin
Published: August 2023

New two‐dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials are emerging, and their optical parameters urgently need to be acquired experimentally. Most of the reported results come from traditional metrologies used in the past for bulk materials. This unavoidably causes controversy regarding the correctness and accuracy of results, as well as the physical model. Surface/interface plasmon polariton waves are sub‐diffraction‐limited and very sensitive to surroundings. Here, 2D van der Waals materials with metal embodied are presented. Surface/interface exciton‐plasmon polaritons come into being with excitons in 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), which are physically taken as the boundary conditions with complex optical conductivities at the interfaces. Complex optical conductivities of 2D TMDCs are measured by means of interference behavior of surface/interface polariton waves. The size requirement of 2D van der Waals materials becomes relaxed, and complex optical conductivities can be measured for single‐crystalline WS2 and MoS2 monolayers with small sizes. Furthermore, a remarkable capability is manifested by yielding complex optical conductivity of van der Waals heterostructures. The proposed metrology can apply to other newly developed materials with modified underlying physical models, as well as various types of 2D van der Waals materials.
Spiro Boron‐Nitrogen Molecules Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter for Highly Efficient Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Liao Guanming , Lei Jinyu , Li Shuxin , Liu Meiyan , Qiao Yali , Liu Kanglei , Wang Nan , Niu Quan , Yin Xiaodong
Published: August 2023

Spiro compounds with unique structural and electronic properties are beneficial for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. Herein, a series of spiro boron‐nitrogen (B‐N) compounds are reported with donor–acceptor (D‐A) interaction through homoconjugation. Three phenyl acridine‐containing spiro B‐N compounds exhibit highly efficient photoluminescence (PL) in degassed toluene and solid‐state with obvious TADF character. The separation of HOMO and LUMO for these compounds is confirmed by theoretical calculations, as is the small ΔEST of phenyl acridine‐containing compounds. These three compounds are used as emitting layers in solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), resulting in deep‐blue to green emission colors with different acceptor moieties. Impressively, an excellent external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.1% is recorded for the TPA‐s‐FMesBF‐based OLED device, which is comparable with the highest value from solution‐processed OLEDs based on spiro D‐A emitting materials. This work presents a facile synthetic route to novel B, N‐substituted spiro compounds, as well as the structure‐property relationship of spiro D‐A compounds for highly efficient TADF emitters.
A Versatile Synthetic Method for Photophysically and Chemically Stable [5]Rotaxane‐Type Fluorescence Dyes of Various Colors by Using a Cooperative Capture Strategy
Authors: Ohishi Yuki , Nishioki Kohei , Miyaoka Yuta , Serizawa Keita , Sugawara Souma , Hayashi Koichiro , Inoue Daichi , Iwamura Munetaka , Yokoyama Satoru , Chiba Junya , Inouye Masahiko
Published: August 2023

Rotaxane‐type fluorescence dyes promise applications of optical and biological interest because their inner fluorescence cores are protected in inseparable host–guest systems. However, there are few relevant reports of such rotaxane‐type fluorescence dyes due to the difficulty of their syntheses. Here, a versatile synthetic method is established for [5]rotaxane‐type fluorescence dyes by employing a cooperative capture strategy. Using this method, [5]rotaxanes with emission colors ranging from blue to red are synthesized successfully. These [5]rotaxanes show higher emission quantum yields than the corresponding naked fluorescence dyes in water and even in the solid state. Furthermore, these rotaxanes show photostability and chemical stability, demonstrating the high applicability of [5]rotaxane‐type fluorescence dyes for a variety of emitting materials.
Amorphous/Crystal Heterostructure Coupled Oxygen Vacancies‐Sensitized TiO2 with Conspicuous Charge‐Transfer Resonance for Efficient SERS Detection of Chloramphenicol
Authors: Quan Yingnan , Tang Xiang‐Hu , Lu Wenjing , Huo Wang , Song Zongyin , Shen Wei , Yang Meng , Huang Xing‐Jiu , Liu Wen‐Qing
Published: August 2023

Antibiotic environmental pollutants, such as chloramphenicol (CAP), have attracted global attention. They usually show a complex background, low concentration, and weak chemical activity in water bodies, making their rapid and on‐site detection a scientific challenge. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology can facilitate the practical application of CAP detection; however, it is important to match substrate materials with excellent SERS properties. The most challenging aspect of SERS substrate design is the realization of energy level matching and charge‐transfer resonance. Herein, a crystal‐amorphous TiO2 substrate material rich in oxygen vacancies, CA‐V‐TiO2, is proposed. Through the cooperative regulation of vacancies and amorphous state, the bandgap structure can be optimized, the charge‐transfer efficiency can be improved, and finally the energy level matching between CA‐V‐TiO2 substrate and molecules can be realized and the conspicuous charge‐transfer resonance phenomenon can be generated, effectively optimizing the performance of SERS substrate. In addition, CA‐V‐TiO2 substrate is used for sensitive detection of CAP, showing multiple advantages such as low detection limit, good reproducibility, and high stability, which can realize trace CAP detection in actual water environments. This work provides a reliable platform for SERS on‐site detection of CAP in the field of food and environmental monitoring.