bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CONCEPT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM: THEORETICAL ASPECT
Authors: Lakis Vaclovas , Giriūnas Lukas
Published: January 2019

Analysis of the concept of internal control system is an important subject that involves the analysis of the latest scientific results, and on its basis to perform an updated analysis of the concept of internal control system which meets the modern business conditions and tendencies. Such an assumption has been made upon exploring famous scientists’ concepts of internal control system, in which the basic values needed for internal control system: (honesty, trust, respect, openness, skills, courage, economy, initiative, etc.) were not included. Only a modern concept of internal control might ensure an effective internal control system.The main purpose of the authors was to explore control, the concepts and conceptions of control, internal control and the system of internal control, as well as to present their own idea of the concept of internal control system and to compile a structural scheme of their conception. The structural scheme may alleviate the process of compiling a new model of an effective internal control system. The structural scheme of the conception may also be used in compiling a model of internal control system in different branches of industry.
IS THERE A “LOW INTEREST RATE TRAP”?
Authors: Li Kui-Wai
Published: January 2019

This article stylizes the monetary policy features applied during the chairmanship of Mr. Alan Greenspan and condenses statistical discussion into the “low interest rate trap” in the U.S. economy. Data from the U.S. in the decade prior to the 2008 financial crisis are used. A monetarist solution to the “low interest rate trap” is provided. The paper challenges the theoretical discussion on the Keynes’ interest rate – output relationship, and poses the question whether difference in investment returns would present a different picture in output growth.
ATTITUDES OF LITHUANIAN CONSUMERS TOWARDS THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF WINE
Authors: Časas Ramūnas , Makauskienė Birutė
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the attitudes of Lithuanian consumers towards the country of origin (COO) of wine. The main factors that influence the effect of COO and the mechanism of its formation were identified. The effects of social stereotypes, described by a Stereotype Content Model, on consumers’ attitudes are also analyzed, identifying the competence and warmth of the COO as important antecedents of consumers’ attitudes. The region of the origin of wine (appellation, protected designation of origin – PDO) have been identified as another important place-of-origin cue determining the consumer’s choice. A quantitative empirical research method – online survey – was used for the purpose of the study. The results have revealed that there are three types of wine consumers’ involvement: cognitive involvement, emotional product involvement, and emotional situational involvement, and that the importance of wine’s COO and region of origin (appellation, PDO) for consumers differs depending on the type and level of a consumer’s involvement. The existence of a statistically significant correlation among consumers’ attitude towards the COO of wine and the country’s competence and warmth has been proven, together with a possible relation between the type of a consumer’s involvement (cognitive, emotional situational or emotional product involvement) and the influence of COO competence and warmth on consumers’ attitude towards a wine. The research has also revealed an important positive relationship among consumer identification with the COO of wine, evaluation of COO competence, and the warmth and consumer attitude towards the COO of wine.Key words: country of origin of wine, consumers’ attitude, consumers’ involvement, stereotype content modelstify;">
DYNAMIC AND STATIC NETWORKING: MAIN IDEAS AND NATURE, SPECIFICS IN A COUNTRY WITH EMERGING MARKET
Authors: Valdaytsev Sergey , Gordeev Igor , Samilov Ivan
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The objective of the article is to systematize the dynamic and especially static entrepreneurial networks as they look, appear, and act in a country with so-called emerging markets. This is accomplished on the example of Russia. Special attention is paid to relevant business goals and patterns to typical members of such networks, to why, when and how one passes from outsourcing in dynamic networks to static networking.The article contains a field research based on (1) access to public databases like Spark-Interfax in Russia, with updated information on registered firms (their founders, affiliated companies, businesses) and (2) interviews with businessmen who agreed to comment on the problems under discussion.As regards the results of the research, two points seem to be especially important. First, when, according to legislation, information on registered firms and their statistical reports is public, it is not too problematic to find out and monitor the activities of practically all types of business static networks in all industries. Second, when the business environment becomes more competitive, dynamic networks tend to be transformed into static ones not only due to considerable contract risks, but also because one needs to select from wider samples of possible suppliers the most competitive and those who are ready to invest into the technological innovations.The general conclusion is that in countries with a dynamic economic growth and increasing competitiveness of the business environment, like in Russia, this advantage of static networking might prevail, especially if static networks appear as a result of selecting business partners from the firm’s experience in outsourcing.Key words: static and dynamic networks, outsourcing, information networking, affiliated companiesp>
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUNICIPAL BOND MARKET IN POLAND AFTER 1989
Authors: Galiński Paweł
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The purpose of the paper is to present the development of the municipal bond market in Poland between 1989 and 2012, a characteristic of municipal bonds and their types, issued in this period. The empirical research conducted by the author provides some main financial indicators that determine the development of this market and its role for local governments in Poland. Moreover, there are analysed the types of investors on this market, organizers of the placements or the meaning of this market against the background of the municipal bond markets in the European Union (EU) countries. The study is mainly based on the miscellaneous reports and statistics of the National Bank of Poland, Ministry of Finance, Central Statistical Office of Poland, Warsaw Stock Exchange or rating agency Fitch Polska. An important source of information was also the research conducted by the author, which concerned the perspective of servicing the local governments by commercial banks and the associated risk. As a consequence, the author indicates that the value of municipal bonds issued in Poland is still relatively low in comparison with its gross domestic product and the leading EU countries. Therefore, there are possibilities of the further growth of this market in Poland. First and foremost, municipal bonds are positively perceived as an investment instrument by the investors, i.e. mainly commercial banks. Besides, these securities have a small share in the investment portfolio of pension funds and investment funds. However, one of the main obstacles of the further development of the municipal bond market in Poland is its relatively low liquidity.Key words: municipal bond market, municipal bonds, local governments
A FIT BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Diskienė Danuta , Goštautas Vytautas
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The importance of studies on work-related values and attitudes is obvious as values are ascribed a central role in determining the fit between individuals and the employment organization. Responding to the importance of the issue, the paper emphasizes the meaning of the individual and organizational values’ fit for the organization, its possibility to become part of strategic planning and a goal for every manager in charge. The aim of the article is to explore the theoretical concepts on values’ fit and to compare it with the empirical research findings. The research question is how the individual and organizational values’ fit is related with the job satisfaction and performance of the employees. Adapted methods of the survey of job satisfaction measuringnine different facet scales, were used, performance results were obtained from the organization, and two different variables related to quality and sales were measured. The research was conducted in the Lithuanian Telecommunication company. The findings of the research emphasize that job satisfaction has significant correlations with individual and organizational values’ fit. Employees whose job satisfaction was higher had higher fit scores. The performance of employees had no significant correlation with job satisfaction scales.Key words: individual values, organizational values, values fit, job satisfaction, performance
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTER-INDUSTRY LINKAGES IN THE BALTIC COUNTRIES
Authors: Šidlauskaitė Brigita , Miškinis Algirdas
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The article presents an analysis of the production and trade structure in three Baltic countries. Both exports and imports were emphasized, pointing out the importance of regional shifts and specialization patterns. The research was performed using the input–output model to determine the relative importance of respective production changes over time and the key differences among the Baltic countries. The paper also analyses the backward and forward inter-industry linkages of manufacturing and service industries. The results have indicated that during the period under analysis the share of sectors creating a lower value added has decreased, and a deeper economic integration was observed in the majority of industrial sectors of the Baltic countries with manifesting stronger forward linkages.Key words: inter-industry linkages, economic structure, the Baltic countries
THE MONETARY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK IN THE PERIOD OF SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS
Authors: Andriuškevičiūtė Deimantė , Balčiūnas Norbertas
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The European Central Bank was forced to start using non-standard measures in order to manage the situation determined by the global financial and sovereign debt crisis, namely to sort out liquidity problems and expand credit supply. The European Central Bank is criticized for applying non-standard tools because of increase in inflation risk. However, the analysis shows that the inflation could be managed by the absorption of liquidity surplus. However, there is a negative side of using non-standard measures, such as a significant increase in the credit risk, which arises due to having government bonds in the balance sheet of the European Central Bank. In addition, this indicates that the European Central Bank indirectly finances governments.Key words: monetary policy, inflation, sovereign debt crisis, credit risk, quantitative easing
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF SECOND PILLAR COMPONENT ON OLD AGE PENSION IN LITHUANIA
Authors: Medaiskis Teodoras , Gudaitis Tadas
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The aim of the study was is to evaluate the impact of a privately accumulated second pillar component on old-age pension. This evaluation is based on quantitative, statistical data and qualitative analysis of pension accumulation results in second pillar during the years 2004–2012. Three groups of different monthly wage size (low, medium, and high) earners are analyzed by calculating the accumulated amounts and old-age pension values of persons who joined and who did not join the second pillar pension funds in 2004 and who retired in the beginning of 2013. The pension reform success (or failure) is evaluated from the point of view of old age pension beneficiaries by comparison of gain or loss of all three groups of participants due to participation in second pillar pension funds. The results show that due to the longer life expectancy the capital accumulated by women in the second pillar does not exceed the present value of loss in the pay-as-you-go system. The comparisonof “official” annuities exposes a more optimistic result for both genders of participants of fully funded private second pillar pension funds, but is not confirmed by commercial annuities.Key words: old-age pension, private second pillar pension funds, pension reform
THE ECONOMIC CYCLE IN POLISH CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Gostkowska-Drzewicka Magdalena
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The aim of this article is to determine the relation between the phases of the business cycle and changes in prices of factors of construction production. The research covers the years 1994–2012. The dataset applied in the study includes yearly data on prices of the factors of construction production in Poland. All of these data were made available by the SEKOCENBUD. The implementation of the purpose of the study required, firstly, to construct the curve of the economic cycle in the Polish construction industry and, secondly, to determine indicators of changes in the prices of construction production factors and to compare them with the curve reflecting the state of the economic cycle in the construction industry. It was based on the results of a monthly economic situation test, which are published by the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw. A record increase in the prices of production factors in construction was observed during the recovery in 2006–2007. It was caused by the intensified demand for various types of construction services. The deep slump in the construction industry was accompanied by a slight reaction of changes in the prices of construction materials and equipment to the decreasing demand in 2002–2004 and 2008–2012. The results of the study allow to conclude that changes in the prices of production factors in construction are closely related to the situation in the sector, but this relationship is particularly noticeable in the growth phase of the cycle.Key words: economic cycle, building materials and labour, plot of land, real estate
POST-COMMUNIST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
Authors: Cieślik Ewa
Published: January 2019

Transformations and integration processes of post-communist European states have resulted in changes in the production process across borders. The main objective of this article is to present the positions of post-communist states in terms of cross-border input–output linkages. The analysis takes advantage of both the conventional methods of comprehensive study of global value chains and the advanced methods and measures examining the role of Central and Eastern Europe in global value chains in general and in sectoral terms. Findings of the study suggest that more integrated are countries with grater connections to Western European countries, especially Germany; a large share of exported goods from the post-communist states passes through GVCs in Western Europe, and exporters from post-communist states are usually located more in downstream segments of production than in upstream markets.
THE IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS ON CURRENT ACCOUNT SUSTAINABILITY IN LITHUANIA
Authors: Grajauskas Rokas
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The paper deals with the dynamics of Lithuania’s current account in two distinct periods – the period in the run-up to the 2008–2009 financial crisis and the period since the crisis. The two main goals of the paper are: 1) to assess the sustainability of the level of Lithuania’s current account in the period 1995–2015 using an empirical model based on the intertemporal optimisation approach, and 2) to identify the factors behind the observed trends in Lithuania’s current account in the two periods in question. The research has been conducted using the methods of empirical (regression) analysis, theoretical explanations, and descriptive analysis. The paper finds that the current account in Lithuania has been sustainable since 1995, except for two brief periods – the 1999 Russian crisis and in 2009 when Lithuania’s economy contracted by more than 15% in real terms due to the global financial crisis. The empirical research has also revealed a shift in the level of the sustainable current account in the post-crisis period but shows an existing gap between the sustainable and the actual current account in Lithuania. Considering the characteristics of Lithuania’s economy, the paper concludes that the actual level of the current account in Lithuania is not optimal from the intertemporal point of view.Key words: intertemporal optimisation, current account, deleveraging, rebalancing, capital flight
THE MINIMUM INCOME SCHEME REFORM IN LITHUANIA
Authors: Lazutka Romas
Published: January 2019

The article reviews the current social assistance scheme in Lithuania and its recent reform. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the scheme in three dimensions: coverage of poor people, adequacy of benefit amounts, and social assistance reconciliation with work incentives. The analysis of the minimum income protection reform is based mainly on the data from Survey of Income and Living Conditions and Administrative Data from the Ministry of Social Security and Labour. The paper discovers the changing role of the minimum income scheme in the context of an economic cycle, its targeting to low-income strata of the population and an adequate amount at least for families with children. However, the growing incentives of local authorities to reallocate funds envisaged for social assistance to other needs can erode the scheme. The article ends with several recommendations to policy makers.
SUBPRIME MORTGAGE CRISIS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2007–2008: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES (PART I)
Authors: Pajarskas Vaidotas , Jočienė Aldona
Published: January 2019

The main purpose of this article is to determine which factors and how contributed to the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States in 2007–2008, what their causal links and effects on the markets and the whole economy were, and to assess what actions could have been taken by the Federal Reserve and the Government in order to mitigate or prevent the consequences of subprime mortgage crisis and housing bubble. In order to obtain the research results, the authors performed a qualitative analysis of the scientific literature on the course of events and their development that led to the subprime mortgage crisis, and focused on the insufficiently regulated home mortgage market expansion, the impact on the subprime mortgage crisis of financial innovations and financial engineering, poorly evaluated systemic risks and policy undertaken by both the U.S. Government and the Federal Reserve before and after the crisis. The quantitative research focused on two main parts: firstly, analysis of the dependence between the causes of subprime mortgage crisis and the consequences, using a statistical and regression analysis, and secondly, an alternative path the Government and the Federal Reserve could have taken in their policy actions and the results they could have produced. The authors believe that the results of the research could give useful guidelines to the central bankers and government officials on how to make long-term decisions that can help in preparing for the financial distress, mitigating the consequences when the crisis strikes, accelerating the recovery and even preventing the crisis it in the future. The second part of the qualitative research will appear in the next issue of the journal.
THE NEW CAPITAL ADEQUACY FRAMEWORK (BASEL III) OPTIONS AND ISSUES IN COMMERCIAL BANKS OF LITHUANIA
Authors: Jasevičienė Filomena , Jurkšaitytė Daiva
Published: January 2019

Currently, banking is one of the most regulated activities in the world, because banks are the most important institutional units engaged in financial intermediation and affects not only the whole national economy of the country, but the global financial market as well. One of the key components of banking regulation are requirements expected for the bank capital, which prevent the bank from various unforeseen risks incurring substantial losses and are a sort of guarantee to maintain the financial system stability. For this reason, it is useful to find out what factors affect the capital adequacy ratio, and what measures the banks are going to take in order to meet the new capital requirements. The present research reveals the options of the implementation of the new system and the main problems faced by banks. The paper consists of four main parts: review of theory and literature, the research methodology of the factors influencing the capital adequacy, the study of factors influencing the capital adequacy ratio, and the capital adequacy management problem areas according to the Basel III requirements and conclusions.
Factors Impacting Airport Performance: the Case of Prishtina and Tirana
Authors: Abdullahu Lorik , Reshidi Nail
Published: January 2019

[full article and abstract in English]

The market liberalization, airport privatization and increased number of low-cost carriers have significantly affected airport performance lately. The aim of this study is to determine and analyze passengers’ demographics and their interaction with the external macro environment by providing empirical evidence of their impact on airport performance. The combined two-group proportion test and loglinear analysis were applied as the main analytical methods, whereas a PESTEL analysis was used as an auxiliary tool to help explain quantitative findings. The results show that due to a large diaspora and difficult socioeconomic situation, there is a gap for more direct point-to-point flights offered by the low-cost carriers in general and, more specifically, if more direct flights are being offered from Prishtina Airport, their likelihood ratio is to increase twice in its absolute value, whereas in Tirana Airport, their likelihood ratio is to increase twice if they offer more connection flights. This confirms the conclusion that there is a gap for additional services to be provided, which could significantly affect the airport performance in return. In the end, this study also raises a new hypothesis: whether the younger generation of the diaspora, members of which were born and educated abroad, will negatively affect airport performance due to their decreasing tendency and interest to visit the homeland of their parents.
Informacinės technologijos matematikai vizualizuoti ir tyrinėti
Authors: Dagienė Valentina , Jasutienė Eglė
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje aptariama matematikos mokymo naudojant informacines technologijas problematika. Kompiuteris suteikia besimokančiajam tyrinėjimo, modeliavimo, konstravimo erdvę – matematikos mokymosi mikropasaulius. Tam reikia parengti kompiuterinių priemonių, tinkančių matematikai mokytis konstruktyvistiniu metodu. Prieš keletą metų Lietuvos mokyklos aprūpintos lokalizuota mokomąja kompiuterine programa „Dinaminė geometrija“ (originalus pavadinimas „Geometer’s Sketchpad“). Straipsnyje nagrinėjama šios programos naudojimo matematikos pamokose problematika, programos savybės ir ypatumai, aptariami dinaminių brėžinių konstravimo ir programos galimybių išplėtimo būdai. Analizuojama dinaminių brėžinių komplekto pagrindinės mokyklos matematikos kursui mokyti rengimo problematika, pateikiamas dinaminio brėžinio konstravimo pavyzdys.Visualization and exploring mathematics using information technologiesValentina Dagienė, Eglė Jasutienė
SummaryA five-year long research has been developed in two phases. The first phase was to analyze problematic dimensions of teaching mathematics in schools using computer-based technologies and searching for the most suitable software for the National curriculum of mathematics. The next step was to investigate (also to localize) the “Geometer’s Sketchpad” and to built various sets of dynamic sketches for teaching and learning mathematics in basic schools. More than 900 dynamic sketches have been developed within 9th and 10th grades (years 16 and 17) mathematics curriculum. The construction of dynamic sketches shows that it is difficult for teachers of mathematics to construct these sketches. It is not enough to know mathematics but teacher need deeper sophistication in this software. The principle of the “Geometer’s Sketchpad” is rather simple: we have an empty sheet of paper, ruler, pencil, calculator, and several drawing commands, all you need to create. Very often quite complex dynamic images have to be created by using the merest means. In such case just a few steps have to be performed. For example, to create a decision model of inequality the algorithm of approx. 200 has to be implemented. “Geometer’s Sketchpad” does not limit the possible number of algorithm steps. It rather depends on the computer facilities as well as a person’s invention. Therefore, some problems of construction of dynamic sketches was found and presented in this paper.
Savivaldybių bibliotekų informacijos paslaugų tyrimas lyginamuoju metodu
Authors: Kortelainen Terttu
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje aptariamas Ðiaurës Suomijos bibliotekose vykdytas projektas. Projektas iðsiskyrë tuo, jog já ágyvendino praktikos bendruomenës, kurios buvo sudarytos ið skirtingø savivaldybiø bibliotekø atstovø. Straipsnyje pateikiami vienos ið bendruomeniø, kuri buvo atsakinga uþ informacijos paslaugø vertinimo priemoniø kûrimà, rezultatai. Bendruomenë ið pradþiø iðsiaiðkino, kas tai yra informacijos paslaugos, kokia jø sudëtis, kokiø iðtekliø bûtina turëti norint teikti tokias paslaugas, kokie vartotojø poreikiai, kokia kompetencija reikalinga informacinëms paslaugoms teikti. Vëliau bendruomenës nariai lankë kiekvieno projekto dalyvio bibliotekà, domëjosi jos filosofija, planais, istorija, iðtekliais, darbo praktika, sëkminga patirtimi, partneriais. Gautus duomenis komandos nariai lygino tarpusavyje, nes net ir to paties tipo bibliotekos su tais paèiais iðtekliais gali pasiekti visiðkai skirtingus rezultatus. Sukurta informaciniø paslaugø kokybës

Consortium benchmarking between information services of municipal librariesTerttu Kortelainen
SummaryCommunities of practice, comprising representatives of different libraries, applied informal consortium benchmarking in their development and evaluation project. Sharing knowledge and practices were considered very important by the participants, and even small units could contribute to the development. This paper describes the practices of sharing knowledge concerning information service in public libraries. The study is based on information gathered by interviews and questionnaires from the participants, and project documentation, the contents of which have been studied qualitatively*.
Medicinos informacijos paslaugų poveikio analizė
Authors: Robinson Lyn , Bawden David
Published: January 2019

Darbo tikslas – analizuoti problemas, susijusias su bibliotekø ir informaciniø paslaugø poveikiu medicinos darbuotojams, ir pateikti rekomendacijas, leidþianèias plëtoti ðio tipo informaciniø paslaugø teikimà. Nagrinëjamas nestacionaraus pirminës sveikatos prieþiûros ir psichikos sveikatos srièiø medicinos darbuotojø aptarnavimo Londono mieste atvejis, remiantis 2006 m. kovà atliktu Londono medicinos bibliotekø veiklos tyrimu. Straipsnyje iðskiriami nevienodai lengvai iðmatuojami informacinio aptarnavimo aspektai, kartu ávertinant ir juos veikianèius faktorius. Tyrimu buvo siekta parodyti kokybinius tiek tiesioginio, tiek netiesioginio Londono medicinos bibliotekø informaciniø paslaugø poveikio rodiklius. Tirta trimis etapais:
• Darbo apraðymø, ataskaitø, darbo ávertinimo apklausø bei kitos dokumentacijos analizë; • Bibliotekininkø interviu metodo taikymas; • Vartotojø apklausos anketø studijavimas. Buvo nustatytos ðios informacinio aptarnavimo poveikio sritys (svarbos maþëjimo seka): • Didesnë aptarnaujamø medikø informaciniø iðtekliø kompetencija ir panauda; • Kokybiðkai geresni apmokytø medicinos darbuotojø informacinio raðtingumo ágûdþiai; • Operatyvus vartotojø informavimas apie prieinamus iðteklius; • Medicinos darbuotojai jautë informacinæ paramà, didesná pasitikëjimà savo profesiniais gebëjimais; • Bibliotekinis aptarnavimas skatino racionalesnës ir árodymais grástos medicinos praktikos taikymà; • Visø lygiø medicinos darbuotojø sprendimai skiriant gydymà tapo geresni. Pagrindiniais nestacionaraus medikø informacinio aptarnavimo veiksniais laikytini: • Informacinio aptarnavimo charakterisitikos; • Bibliotekininkø asmeninës ir profesinës savybës; • Informacinio aptarnavimo organizacijos dalykai; • Informacinio aptarnavimo problemos. Tyrëjai pateikia ðias esmines rekomendacijas ir iðvadas: • Nestacionarus medicinos darbuotojø aptarnavimas daro netiesioginá poveiká ligoniø gydymui, todël turëtø bûti toliau plëtojamas ir remiamas finansiðkai; • Siekiant nustatyti tiesioginæ sàsajà tarp bibliotekinio aptarnavimo ir sëkmingo medikø darbo, reikia detaliau iðtirti vartotojus, bet tai gali bûti neámanoma bendruomeninëse sveikatos prieþiûros ástaigose.

Measuring the impact of healthcare information services*Lyn Robinson, David Bawden
SummaryThis paper looks at the issues inherent in assessing the impact of library and information services (LIS) to healthcare professionals. Using the example of an evaluation of outreach services to primary care and mental health workers within London, we identify service features which are readily measurable and those which are not, together with the factors affecting them. Recommendations for good practice are drawn from the findings**.
Žinių nuosavybės teisių apsauga verslo organizacijoje
Authors: Stonkienė Marija
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje aptariama verslo organizacijos þiniø nuosavybës teisinës apsaugos sistema. Verslo organizacijos þinias suvokiant kaip nematerialius objektus, teigiama savita iðreikðtø þiniø nuosavybës apsaugos galimybë intelektinës nuosavybës teisës normomis. Ávertinus verslo organizacijos neiðreikðtø þiniø naudojimo teisinio reguliavimo galimybes, konstatuojama, kad konkurencijos teisës normomis ribojamas verslo organizacijos neiðreikðtø þiniø naudojimas, darbo teisës normomis numatoma galimybë kompensuoti darbdavio iðlaidas darbuotojo þiniø gausinimui, jei darbuotojas keièia darbo vietà. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad verslo organizacijos þiniø portfelio nuosavybës teisinës apsaugos sistemà sudaro ne tik intelektinës nuosavybës teisës normos, bet ir specialios konkurencijos ir darbo teisës normos. Remiantis Lietuvos teisës normø analize supaþindinama su verslo organizacijos neiðreikðtø þiniø sklaidos teisiniu reguliavimu.*

Protection of knowledge property rights in business organizationsMarija Stonkienë
SummaryThe article presents the idea of protection of knowledge property rights in business organisations. The knowledge possessed by a business organisation is treated as an intangible object. It is maintained that the norms of protection of intellectual property are also applicable to the protection of the organisation’s explicit knowledge. The system of protection of intellectual property determines that only such explicit knowledge may be regarded as an object of intellectual property, which is defined as such in legal acts, which conforms to identification requirements and conditions of protection of intangible assets as set forth in legal acts. It is noted that the possibilities of protection of intellectual property are determined by the explicit knowledge of an organisation. Transfer of property rights related to tacit knowledge is impossible for a business organisation because of specific features of such knowledge. Legal regulation is aimed at the use of tacit knowledge of a business organisation or individual (organisation’s staff member), which has been produced out of the resources of this business organisation, and in the interests of this business organisation. The use of tacit knowledge in the interests of a business organisation is ensured by protection of trade secrets of the business organisation, thus limiting unfair competition of the personnel of a business organisation. The article maintains that the system of protection of the knowledge portfolio property rights of a business organisation embraces not only legal norms related to intellectual property but also special legal norms related to competition as well as to labour relations.
Žinių visuomenės link: organizacijos darbuotojo kompetencijų poreikis
Authors: Gudauskaitė Saulė
Published: January 2019

Kompetencijos reiðkia kompleksinæ veiksmø sistemà, kuri apima þinias ir þinojimo gebëjimus, strategijas ir þinomus ðablonus, kuriems reikia pritaikyti þinias ir ágûdþius, taip pat atitinkamai emocijas ir nuostatas, efektyvø ðiø kompetencijø valdymà. Modernus socialinis gyvenimas remiasi nebe tradicijomis, o nuolat kuriamu ir atnaujinamu refleksyviu þinojimu; visi socialiniai veiksmai yra nuolat analizuojami ir prireikus modifikuojami pagal gaunamà informacijà ir þinias. Tad kurios þinios reikalingos organizacijai, o kurios tiesiog þalingos ar nepastebimos? Kompetencijà sudaro iððûkis, uþduotis ar veikla. Jie apibrëþia vidinæ kompetencijos struktûrà, susidedanèià ið susijusiø poþiûriø, vertybiø, þiniø ir ágûdþiø, kartu sudaranèiø galimybæ efektyviam veiksmui pasireikðti. Kompetencijos negali bûti sulygintos su jø paþintiniais komponentais. Kompetencijø struktûrà, tobulinimà ir vertinimà veikia socialinis ir kultûrinis kontekstas, kuriame individai gyvena. Individo ir visuomenës ryðys yra kaitus ir nepastovus. Straipsnyje siekiama iðsiaiðkinti, kaip darbuotojai vertina savo kompetencijas technologijø, ávairovës, atsakomybës, bendruomeniðkumo ir motyvacijos aspektais*.

Towards knowledge society: demand of employee’s key competences in an organizationSaulė Gudauskaitė
SummaryCompetence means a complex action system which takes in knowledge, knowledge abilities, strategies, as well as emotions and attitudes in an effective governance of the competences (Weinart, 2001). Modern social life appeals not by traditions, but by changeable, creatable and renewed reflective knowledge. All social actions are analyzed all the time and modified by information and knowledge we get. There’s a question, which knowledge is necessary in an organization and which is even harmful. Competence is the ability to meet a complex demand successfully or to carry out a complex activity or task (DeSeCo Symposium – Discussion Paper, 2002). The problem is defining and selecting the key competences which draw into power relations, political decisions, national cultures or practical considerations. The relationship between the individual and society is dialectic and dynamic, as is also the content of competence, which creates the most important value. The main questions in the article, which is part of the doctoral thesis, are: what could I define as a competence, key competence for an individual, and how do employees evaluate their competences in aspects of technology, diversity, responsibility, community relations and motivation?
Vadybininko informacinė elgsena organizacijoje: socialinių tinklų naudojimas
Authors: Janiūnienė Erika
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinëjama vadybininko informacinë elgsena organizacijoje ir socialiniø tinklø naudojimas informacijos ieðkai. Darbe apibûdinama organizacijos aplinkos stebëjimo sistema ir pagrindiniai sistemos elementai, analizuojamas vadybininko informacinës elgsenos modelis ir informacinës elgsenos veiksniai. Apþvelgiamos vadybininko, kaip informacijos vartotojo, socialiniø tinklø naudojimo informacijos ieðkai prieþastys, trûkumai ir pranaðumai*.

Managers information behaviour in an organization: use of social networksErika Janiūnienė
SummaryA modern organization cannot exist as a closed system. It has to be in contact with the environment so as to conceive changes that occur outside the organisation and adjust to the ever-changing social and economic situation. Environmental scanning makes it possible for an organization to envisage development and improvement, to assess its market situation and ability to compete as well as to identify its business-related risks. In order to conceive its exposure to various factors and envisage its long-term prospects, an organization should at all times scan the environment.The environment may be defined as the totality of physical and social factors that have a direct impact on decision-making within an organization (Choo, 2002).The article deals with the conception and system of environmental scanning, giving special consideration to the analysis of information behaviour of the manager viewed as a user of information. The work examines the model of the manager’s information behaviour as well as the elements having an effect on information seeking, i.e. the manager’s role in an organization, the activity that he or she is engaged in, the context of information behaviour as well as the nature of problems to be resolved.Considering the importance of environmental scanning in the activity of an organization and the fact that the information behaviour is one of the components of environmental scanning, there are solid grounds to say that the manager’s information behaviour becomes a Critical Success Factor (CSF) in the activity of an organisation (Tibar, 2005) The manager’s proficiency in finding true and accurate information and making the most of it in decision-making contributes to the organization’s ability to pursue its goals and enhance its competitiveness on the market. Yet, in the emerging knowledge society, information seeking by the manager – a user of information – is being complicated by the ever-growing information flow within the organization as well as by the manager’s lack of skills and knowledge to cope with the task. In order to meet the demand for information and resolve the arising problems, managers most frequently make use of social networks. The article discloses the factors that force the manager to engage social networks in information seeking. It also gives an analysis of the related difficulties and benefits.
Žiniasklaidos galios Lietuvos naujienų rinkoje vertinimas
Authors: Juraitė Kristina
Published: January 2019

Žiniasklaida, kaip visuomenės institucija, ypatinga tuo, jog jai būdinga tiek ekonominė, tiek ir politinė veikla. Privatus ir viešas prekių ir paslaugų gamybos pobūdis sąlygoja tai, kad žiniasklaida atlieka svarbią politinę funkciją, informuodama ir konsoliduodama visuomenę, o taip ekonominę – pajamų generavimo – funkciją. Todėl šalia demokratinių įsipareigojimų, žiniasklaidos organizacijos yra taip pat ir verslo įmonės. Tačiau rinkos dėsnių ir komercinės žiniasklaidos dominavimas apsunkina demokratinių funkcijų įgyvendinimą. Nuo 1980-ų metų pabaigos Lietuvos žiniasklaidos raida gali būti skirstoma į keturis etapus: liberalizacijos, diversifikacijos, marketizacijos ir antrąjį diversifikacijos etapą. Pagrindinis dėmesys straipsnyje skiriamas Lietuvos žiniasklaidos organizacijoms ir auditorijoms, taip pat augančiam žiniasklaidos sistemos vaidmeniui politiniame ir socialiniame gyvenime. Kokį vaidmenį atlieka žiniasklaida demokratinėje visuomenėje? Koks jos santykis su galios institucijomis? Kas lemia žiniasklaidos galią? Kokios problemos iškyla realizuojant šią galią? Šie ir kiti klausimai yra kontekstualizuojami ir diskutuojami šiame straipsnyje.Media power in the Lithuanian news market reconsidered*Kristina Juraitė
SummaryThe media as a social actor is particular in the sense that its activities are both economic and political. The production of goods and services is often both private and public; therefore, the media is playing an important political function in informing and consolidating the public, as well as the economic one of generating revenue. Thus, apart from their democratic responsibilities, the media are also run as business enterprises. However, dominance of the market mechanisms and of commercial media makes the fulfilment of democratic functions complicated enough. Since late 1980s, the evolution of the Lithuanian media has passed four phases including liberalization, diversification, marketization and the second phase of diversification. Reflecting on the recent developments of the media in Lithuania, the article focuses on the media organizations and audiences, also increasing role of the media system in political and social life. What is the role of media in a democracy? What is its relationship to the power institutions? What does it make the media powerful? What kind of problems do emerge in executing the power? These and other questions are contextualized and discussed in the article.Key words: Lithuanian media market, advertising, liberalization, marketization, diversification, concentration, popularization.
Reputacijos ir kultūros įtaka – Jyvaskylos universiteto reputacijos įtaka studentams iš užsienio ir absolventams
Authors: Ločmele Liene
Published: January 2019

Mokslinio darbo autorė tiria, kaip Suomijos Jyvaskylos universiteto (University of Jyväskylä) absolventai ir jame studijuojantys užsienio studentai suvokia reputaciją. Taip pat yra analizuojami tarpkultūriniai aspektai, kurie daro poveikį reputacijos suvokimui.Įgyta informacija liudija tai, kad reputacijos suprantamumas įvairus, būdinga ir teigiama, ir neigiama dimensija. Tyrinėjimas atskleidžia pagrindimus, kodėl reputacija suvokiama kokiu nors konkrečiu pavidalu, – tai akivaizdus šio tyrinėjimo pranašumas.Penkios dimensijos kultūros įtakai, kad universiSantraukateto reputacija būtų suvokiama būtent taip, identifikuojamos kaip įtakingos tiek teigiama, tiek neigiama prasme. Išskiriamos šios dimensijos: 1) pažiūra į netikėtą; 2) hierarchiniai santykiai; 3) grupių orientacija; 4) moteriškų ir vyriškų vertybių orientacija ir 5) kultūrai būdingos komunikacijos schemos.Autorė siūlo peržiūrėti, remiantis tarpdalykine perspektyva, tokias teorines sąvokas kaip ženklas, įvaizdis, tapatybė, reputacija ir klientų pasitenkinimas, kad būtų galima jas taikyti universitetams, kaip ypatingo tipo organizacijoms.Reputation and cultural influences – the constituents of reputation of the University of Jyväskylä for its international degree students and postgraduatesLiene Ločmele
SummaryThe author of the paper has studied the perception of the reputation of the University of Jyväskylä (Finland) for its international degree students and postgraduates. She has also identified the intercultural aspects influencing these perceptions.The findings show that the perceptions of the reputation consist of both positive and negative dimensions. They also illustrate the reasons for particular perceptions.Five dimensions of cultural influences on perceptions of the University’s reputation are identified as being influential in positive and negative ways. These dimensions are: (1) dealing with the unexpected; (2) hierarchical relationships; (3) group orientation; (4) feminine or masculine value orientation; and (5) culture-specific communication patterns.The author suggests the necessity to revise from the interdisciplinary perspective the definitions of the concepts such as brandas brand, image, identity, reputation, and consumer satisfaction to be able to attribute them to universities as a specific type of organization.Key words: reputation, culture, higher education institutions
Kintantis angliškumas: ieškant tautinės tapatybės
Authors: Schuch Elke
Published: January 2019

Anglų priskirtis britams dėl dažno šių objektų neskyrimo nurodo ir anglų identitetą, kuris dažnai išskiriamas kaip toks. Kol Škotija, Velsas ir Šiaurės Airija turėjo galimybių konstruoti stiprų vietos identitetą supriešinant jį su anglų identitetu, Anglija, be jokio atitikmens Kitiems, niekuomet nesiekė pristatyti savęs taip kaip tą darė Škotija ir Velsas. To priežastis ta, kad daugelis elementų, sudarančių kritiškąjį identitetą, kurį anglai sau priskyrė ilgus metus, prarado savo tinkamumą (šiandienos atitikimą).Šiame straipsnyje yra teigiama, kad yra galimybių išspręsti Anglijos identiteto krizę: Britanija kaip šalis visuomet gebėdavo savo visuomenėje tinkamai integruoti skirtingų kultūrų atstovus. Jei Anglija galėtų save pristatyti kaip pilietišką, ne etiškai britišką, kaip ji buvo suvokiama ilgus amžius, krizė gali tapti kitokia, pasikeitimo pradžia, įtraukti ir kosmopolitišką visuomenę, kuri skatina ne žmonių atskirtį (išryškina skirtumus), tačiau priima ir kultūrų skirtumus, kurie yra svarbūs kuriantis bendrai kultūrai, kuri gali būti sukurta mokantis kritiškai vertinti ir peržiūrėti istoriją. Tai padėtų piliečiams, laikantis emocionalumo, įsitraukti ir dalytis socialiniu ir kultūriniu Britanijos paveldu.Changing Englishness: In search of national identity*Elke Schuch
SummaryThe subsumation of Englishness into Britishness to the extent that they were often indistinguishable has contributed to the fact that at present an English identity is struggling to emerge as a distinct category. While devolved Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have been able to construct a strong sense of local identity for themselves in opposition to the dominant English, England, without an equivalent Other, has never had to explain herself in the way Scotland or Wales have had to. But now, faced with the after-effects of globalisation, devolution and an increasingly cosmopolitan and multicultural society as a consequence of de-colonisation and migration, the English find it difficult to invent a postimperial identity for themselves. This paper argues that there are chances and possibilities to be derived from the alleged crisis of Englishness: Britain as a nation-state has always accommodated large numbers of non-English at all levels of society. If England manages to re-invent itself along the lines of a civic, non-ethnic Britishness with which it has been identified for so long, the crisis might turn into the beginning of a more inclusive and cosmopolitan society which acknowledges not just the diversification of the people, particularly the legacy of the Empire, but also realises that the diversity of cultures has to be accommodated within a common culture. Such a common culture can be developed and nurtured by teaching a critically re-assessed history syllabus which would enable citizens to emotionally engage with and share in the social and cultural heritage of Britain.Key words: national identity, Englishness, multiculturalism, ethnicity, immigration