bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Censoring Aeneas's Voyage: Ovid's Commentary on Aeneid 3
Authors: Casali Sergio
Published: June 2007

This paper focuses on Ovid as an interpreter of Vergil's Aeneid in Metamorphoses 13. Ovid "corrects," or "comments on," Vergil's text in a way that sometimes presupposes an awareness of the presence of critical and exegetical quaestiones that we also find attested to in the ancient exegetical tradition as represented in the Servian commentary. The paper follows Aeneas's voyage in Aen. 3 and Met. 13 from Thrace to the Strophades, focusing especially on the death of Polydorus, the departure from Thrace, the Delos stopover, and the encounter with the Harpies.
Ariadne's Lament: The Semiotic Impulse of Catullus 64
Authors: Gardner Hunter
Published: June 2007

This paper argues that Catullus's characterization of Ariadne in c. 64 plays an important role in shaping the puellae of Augustan elegy. In particular, Ariadne's spatial, temporal, and social marginalization, as well as her power to disrupt teleological progress, become defining attributes of the elegiac beloved. Julia Kristeva's configuration of "women's time" and her linking of female subjectivity with the semiotic (as opposed to symbolic) components of language provide theoretical models that offer one explanation for Ariadne's spatio-temporal crisis and allow us to understand better the relationship between the heroine and her successor puellae.
Festinatio (Haste), Brevitas (Concision), and the Generation of Imperial Ideology in Velleius Paterculus
Authors: Lobur John A
Published: June 2007

Scholarly assessments of the two-volume universal history of Velleius Paterculus have long been caught up in the debate over its value or genre. This approach fails to appreciate the work as a cultural document demonstrating the crucial generation (or reproduction) of imperial ideology by average Roman elites. In particular, a reassessment of Velleius's references to the festinatio (haste) and brevitas (concision) with which he writes provides unique insight into the intersection between a competitive literary culture in elite circles and political power.
The Athenian Aesklepion and the End of the Philoctetes
Authors: Mitchell-Boyask Robin
Published: June 2007

Despite the setting of Sophocles’ Philoctetes on the isolated, barren island of Lemnos, far from anything resembling a polis, many different scholars have concluded that this work has something to do, however elusive it might ultimately be, with the nature of the Athenian polis late in the Peloponnesian War. My contribution to clarifying this relationship will be to reexamine the text’s discourse of healing and cure in the light of the associations between disease, social strife and the cult of Asclepius, the figure who, according to Heracles at the end of the drama, will finally cure Philoctetes, and whose temple had recently been constructed next to the Theater of Dionysus as a result of the plague during the 420s. Sophocles’ vision of social healing stresses the need to reintegrate the aristocratic mode into society, as part of a fundamentally democratic concern for the mixed or balanced polity. The engagement of Sophocles’ Philoctetes with the Athenian cults of Athena, Heracles and Asclepius and with the topography of the Acropolis provides the key to this interpretation.
The Concealed Artistry of the Minos and the Hipparchus
Authors: Mulroy David D.
Published: June 2007

Despite being labeled as works of doubtful authenticity, the Minos and the Hipparchus are remarkably artful and thought-provoking. They are designed to be studied together with Plato's Laws and illustrate the misleading disjunction with which the latter begins: who is responsible for good laws, a god or a man? The Minos satirizes excessive reliance on divine revelation while the Hipparchus takes on the pretensions of a merely human legislator. What emerges from them jointly is a picture of the ideal citizen as a rare combination, a high-spirited intellectual and a humble theist.
Catullus 23 as Roman Comedy
Authors: O'Bryhim Shawn
Published: June 2007

In c. 23, Catullus refuses to give Furius a loan because he considers his friend to be "fortunate enough" in his impoverished state. Although this poem appears to be no more than a sarcastic response to Furius's request, it contains numerous parallels to Roman comedy. Catullus uses comic themes to portray Furius as the penniless lover familiar from Plautine comedy. At the same time, he subverts these themes in order to deprive Furius of a happy outcome to his love affair.
Hypochondriac Hermeneutics: Medicine and the Anxiety of Interpretation
Authors: Belling Catherine Francis
Published: June 2007

This essay considers hypochondria not as a psychiatric diagnosis but as a hermeneutic position: a consequence of attending to the uncertainty of being an embodied human; an anxious skepticism; a resistance to reassurance based on an arguably too-close reading of body and self. Medicine commonly rejects such interpretation in order to reduce the potential proliferation of meaning to those signs it can interpret in diagnostically and therapeutically useful ways. I suggest that the literary model of close reading might helpfully illuminate interpretive anxiety as a problem facing both physician and patient, and I consider three ways that medicine might think about challenges to its hermeneutic security: pathologizing the uncertainty and "hating the hypochondriac" patient; attempting to override uncertainty with additional information; and, finally, imaginatively inhabiting the patient's anxiety and working within it, through the recognition that medicine itself is a hermeneutic and potentially hypochondriac enterprise.
Pink Ribbons and Public Private Parts: On Not Imagining Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Stoddard Holmes Martha
Published: June 2007

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of all gynecological cancers. Diagnosis is often late-stage when the disease has spread and is harder to manage. Primarily non-visual and sometimes ambiguous early symptoms are exacerbated by the rarity and metaphoric/metonymic character of representations of the ovaries or ovarian disease in television, film, and literature. More representations of ovarian cancer in public and popular culture, as well as images that appeal to a wider range of sensory experience, may help the problem of late-stage diagnosis by producing greater practical awareness of the ovaries and ovarian disease.
Medical Education and the Embodied Physician
Authors: Poirier Suzanne
Published: June 2007

Between 1965 and 2005, over forty books about medical education were published. This essay uses the stories contained in these accounts to study individuals' perspectives on the emotional experience of becoming a physician. In particular, it examines the ways in which experiences has registered themselves on—and in—the very bodies of these men and women. It examines the authors' uses of metaphor, sensory imagery, and physical descriptions in ways that underscore their own feelings of uncertainty and vulnerability. Finally, it demonstrates how physicians in training must often struggle alone to understand and incorporate their physical and emotional vulnerability into their sense of themselves as physicians.
Me acuerdo: Healing Narrative in Stones for Ibarra
Authors: Anderson Charles M
Published: June 2007

The intersection of narrative and medicine has long been a compelling place for research, practice, and theory. Current conceptions of this relationship focus, as Rita Charon puts it, "on the fully envisioned plight of each patient, of each caregiver, of each institution of health care, and of the whole society that suffers and that tries to heal." Because narrative has become so important to the medical humanities, looking at narrative critically may help practitioners see ways in which narrative can both engender and deflect healing. An analysis of trauma narrative using the language and conceptual framework of homeostasis and entropy reveals that not all narratives engendered by traumatic experience are healthy or life-giving. Using Harriett Doerr's Stones for Ibarra as an extended representation of trauma and narrative healing, this essay concludes that healing narrative enhances the capacity to embrace radical change and to balance memory, imagination, and the here and now. Healing narrative does not produce freedom from pain but the freedom to mourn loss and live beyond it.
The Strange Death of the Animated Cadaver: Changing Conventions in Nineteenth-Century British Anatomical Illustration
Authors: Caldwell Janis McLarren
Published: June 2007

From the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, the dominant tradition of anatomical illustration was strangely dynamic and expressive, featuring scenes such as skeletons striding through pastoral landscapes, deeply dissected corpses smirking seductively, or cadavers participating in their own dissections. By the end of the nineteenth century, anatomical illustrators embraced a more straightforward project: representing the physical body, shorn of agency, individuality, and personhood. This essay examines the changing conventions in anatomical illustration over the course of the nineteenth century, focusing on the difficulties of representing the dead human face. The face is decidedly both visual—an expressive object to be seen—and textual—shaped by a history, a series of experiences arranged by consciousness as narrative. This doubleness not only makes the face a difficult site for modern anatomical illustration but also gives the face its ethical charge.
Narrative Permeability: Crossing the Dissociative Barrier in and out of Films
Authors: Heiserman Arthur , Spiegel Maura
Published: June 2007

Taking a cue from Arthur Frank's model of reading, this essay proposes a "thinking with" mode of engagement with narrative film, with the implicit aim of developing a pragmatic application for film viewing in narrative medicine. Few approaches to film take the feelings that attend or that are provoked by film seriously, despite the fact that emotions elicited while watching film feel very real to us. These are emotions with depth, emotions we have felt before, and are inexorably attached to specifics within the narratives of our own lives. This essay explores how the inherent characteristics of narrative film can provide fresh and sometimes surprising access to viewers' affective lives as dissociative barriers are temporarily relinquished. Viewers' attention to inner processing of their viewing experience may be usefully employed to gain greater access to processes of valuation and what Cathy Caruth terms "unclaimed experience," if we take time and attend, and if we develop techniques and skills for doing so.
Impact of the Changing Labor Force on the Rate of Employment in Urban India
Authors: Das Nandini , Roy T. K
Published: June 2007

Population growth has transformed the structure of developing countries' labor markets from dual sector to tri-sector. The third sector is the informal labor market. This paper attempts to analyze how changes in demographic factors have affected the natural rate of employment among the informal labor force and how much of the change in the overall rate of employment is attributable to the change in the employment rate of formal and informal workers. The total informal employment effect has been decomposed into the pure demographic effect and the pure informal employment effect. Subsequently the overall employment rate is decomposed into the informal employment effect and the formal employment effect. The reference period for the study is 1981 to 2001.In the case of males, the employment effect outweighed the demographic effect. In the case of females, the demographic effect was stronger.
Recent Studies in Tudor and Stuart Drama
Authors: Boehrer Bruce Thomas
Published: June 2007

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of Tudor and Stuart drama and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Language, Magic, the Dromios, and The Comedy of Errors
Authors: Cartwright Kent
Published: June 2007

Words and thoughts in The Comedy of Errors acquire magical agency, and the magical and fantastical also acquire the potential for truth. The play delves beyond its overt empiricism toward a substructure of fantasy and enchantment that conveys a sense of the "real" and that indicates a residual medievalism. The magical resonates, too, in expressions of copia and festivity. Instances of amplitude, doubleness, and repetition eddy uncannily through the play's scenic structure and language. The Dromios are the characters most sensitive to the magical, and, in their festivity, unruly speech, and responsiveness, they enhance the sense of magic's odd realism.
Henry V as a Royal Entry
Authors: Crunelle Vanrigh Anny
Published: June 2007

Shakespeare's unusual use of five choruses in Henry V, a play featuring the king's quest for legitimacy, points to a ceremonial structure reproducing that of the royal entry, a reading invited by the triumph depicted in the chorus to act V. The play revisits Richard Mulcaster's account of the coronation entry of Elizabeth in 1559, in what is the fully dramatized form of a civic show. The use of pageantry both formalizes a symbolically fit model for the genre of the history play and serves as a backdrop for Shakespeare's reflection on ceremony, in which the king's companions provide a carnivalesque antipageant.
Lost Conventions of Godly Comedy in Udall's Thersites
Authors: Hornback Robert
Published: June 2007

Remarkably, the iconoclastic assault on Catholic popular devotion promoted by Thomas Cromwell spurred the development of Tudor comedy, particularly that of grammar school author and noted evangelical polemicist Nicholas Udall, the "father of English comedy." Cromwell richly rewarded him for one of his Eton plays and Udall thereafter wrote "Comoedias plures" for Catherine Parr. Consistent with Cromwell's antipapist propaganda, featuring mockery by "quick wits," Udall's Henrician farce Thersites (1537) employed once-familiar tropes of godly comedy—a burlesque magical ritual, the idolatrous "Mother Mass," scatological Eucharistic conceits, and an absurd catalog of superstitious relics—at the height of the campaign against monastic reliquaries.
Performing Devotion in The Masque of Blacknesse
Authors: Murray Molly
Published: June 2007

In this essay, I consider Ben Jonson's Masque of Blacknesse (1605) in the context of early Stuart confessional instability, particularly the connected and increasingly urgent issues of Catholic conversion and Protestant conformity. I begin by considering the unstable devotional identity of the masque's originator and featured player, Anne of Denmark, and that of Jonson himself. Looking past obvious allusions to the African exotic, I then argue that their first collaborative masque, in its focus on chromatic metamorphosis and cosmetic disguise, offers a fittingly oblique commentary on the ambiguous religious performances undertaken by early modern Catholic converts.
Jonson's Masque Markets and Problems of Literary Ownership
Authors: Scott Alison V.
Published: June 2007

In printing the texts of his courtly masques—in quarto volumes and then in his 1616 Folio—Jonson risked devaluing them within the patronage networks they were originally produced for. Nevertheless, Jonson used the stigmatized medium of print to increase the accessibility of his work, and to assert its value. This article explores that seeming paradox, arguing that Jonson defended the value of his printed masques by reasserting the very qualities that had previously enabled them as patronage "gifts." Even in the stigmatized marketplace of print, Jonson claimed his masques to be luxuries to be possessed only by discriminating consumers.
The Domestication of Religious Objects in The White Devil
Authors: Williamson Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

Protestant reformers viewed the crucifix as the ultimate symbol of Catholic idolatry because it included a visual representation of the body of Christ. Yet both crosses and crucifixes were preserved in homes and private chapels throughout the early modern period. Crucifixes also proliferated on the stage in a variety of fictional contexts. In The White Devil, John Webster presents a small, jeweled crucifix in a positive light by introducing it as an heirloom. Alluding to the role that such objects continued to play in recusant families, Webster uses his crucifix to evoke sympathy for Cornelia, the play's embattled matriarch, while simultaneously questioning the stability of the token she values so highly.
Sociolinguistic Variation in the Use of Fingerspelling in Australian Sign Language: A Pilot Study
Authors: Schembri Adam , Johnston Trevor A
Published: June 2007

This article presents the results from a preliminary investigation into the use of fingerspelling in Australian Sign Language (Auslan), drawing on data collected as part of the Sociolinguistic Variation in Australian Sign Language project (Schembri and Johnston 2004; Schembri, Johnston, and Goswell in press). This major project is a replication in the Australian deaf community of quantitative investigations into variation in American Sign Language (ASL) conducted by Lucas, Bayley, and Valli (2001). In this specific study, we consider variation in the use of the two-handed manual alphabet in Auslan, based on an analysis of 2,667 utterances collected from 205 deaf signers of Auslan in five sites across Australia (i.e., Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide). The results indicate that the variation in the frequency of fingerspelling use most strongly correlates with signers' age, but may also vary according to region, as has also been reported for British Sign Language (BSL) (Sutton-Spence, Woll, and Allsop 1990).
Symmetry in Sign Language Poetry
Authors: Sutton-Spence Rachel , Kaneko Michiko
Published: June 2007

This paper considers the range of ways that sign languages use geometric symmetry temporally and spatially to create poetic effect. Poets use this symmetry in sign language art to highlight duality and thematic contrast, and to create symbolic representations of beauty, order and harmony.
Gendering the Varieties of Capitalism. A Study of Occupational Segregation by Sex in Advanced Industrial Societies
Authors: Estévez-Abe Margarita
Published: June 2007

This article explores the unintended gendered consequences of employment protection and vocational training systems. It develops a micrologic of skill investment by workers and employers to identify the mechanism by which specific skills become disadvantageous for women. The central claim of the article is that institutions that encourage male investment in specific skills exacerbate occupational sex segregation. The article finds that coordinated market economies, because of their robust institutional protection of male skill investments, are generally more sex segregating than are liberal market economies. The empirical section provides cross-sectional analyses of advanced industrial countries.
Electoral Institutions, Hometowns, and Favored Minorities: Evidence from Japanese Electoral Reforms
Authors: Hirano Shigeo
Published: June 2007

This article presents evidence that electoral institutions affect the geographic distribution of both candidate electoral support and government resources. The author exploits two electoral reforms in Japan to identify the effect of institutional incentives: (1) the 1994 electoral reform from a multimember single nontransferable vote (SNTV) system to a mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) system with a single-member district (SMD) component and a proportional representation component; and (2) the 1925 electoral reform from a predominantly SMD system to a multimember SNTV system. Using several new data sets, the two main findings of this article are that (1) Japanese representatives competing in multimember SNTV districts had more geographically concentrated electoral support than those competing in SMDs and that (2) intergovernmental transfers appear to be more concentrated around Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) incumbents' home offices under the multimember SNTV system than under the MMM system. The findings in this article highlight the connection between institutions and geographic patterns of representation.
Dense near octagons with four points on each line, II
Authors: De Bruyn Bart
Published: June 2007

This is the second paper in a series of three dealing with the classification of the dense near octagons of order (3, t). In [B. De Bruyn, Dense near octagons with four points on every line, I. Ann. Combin., to appear.], we determined all dense near octagons of order (3, t) with a big hex. In the present paper, we will obtain a partial classification of the valuations of the dense near hexagons of order (3, t). We shall use this classification to obtain some classification results regarding dense near polygons of order (3, t) containing exceptional hexes. The classification of the valuations will be used in [B. De Bruyn, Dense near octagons with four points on every line, III. Preprint.] to show that almost all dense near octagons of order (3, t) have a big hex.
On the Hermitian curvature of symplectic manifolds
Authors: Vezzoni Luigi
Published: June 2007

In this paper we give conditions for the integrability of almost complex structures calibrated by symplectic forms. We show that in the symplectic case the Newlander–Nirenberg theorem reduces to

and we give integrability conditions in terms of the curvature and the Hermitian curvature of the induced metric.
Compact Tits quadrangles as Lie geometries of topological Laguerre spaces
Authors: Margraf Marian , Rosehr Nils
Published: June 2007

We prove that the Lie geometry of a locally compact connected Laguerre space forms a compact connected generalized quadrangle. Moreover, if the geometric dimension of such a Laguerre space is at least three, this generalized quadrangle is isomorphic to a generalized quadrangle of Tits type; all compact connected generalized quadrangles of Tits type arise from Laguerre spaces.
On the roots of the Steiner polynomial of a 3-dimensional convex body
Authors: Hernández Cifre M. A , Saorín E
Published: June 2007

In this paper we study the geometric meaning of the roots of the Steiner polynomial in the 3-dimensional space. We give a complete characterization of the convex bodies in ℝ3 depending on the type of roots of their Steiner polynomials. Furthermore, we show that these roots are also related to the famous Blaschke problem and the Teissier conjecture.
Point-of-care testing, medical error, and patient safety: a 2007 assessment
Authors: Ehrmeyer Sharon S. , Laessig Ronald H.
Published: June 2007

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is the fastest growing segment of a US$30 billion worldwide market. “Errors” in the testing process, as well as medical data interpretation and treatment associated with POCT, are recognized as leading to major compromises of patient safety. In today's environment, most testing errors (pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical) can be virtually eliminated by proper design of testing systems. We cite examples of two systems that have made exceptional progress in this respect. It has been recently suggested that the basic errors associated with the testing process are amplified in the POC setting. Two of the amplifiers – incoherent regulations and failure of clinician/caregivers to respond appropriately to POCT results – lead us to recognize additional changes in today's POCT environment. The first is a willingness of manufacturers, not laboratories, to take responsibility for the quality of test results – an outgrowth of an industrial philosophy called autonomation. The second is a need to substantially modify the clinician/caregiver test utilization paradigm to take full advantage of POCT results, available on site in real time. Both have already begun to take place.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:766–73.
Risk management in the preanalytical phase of laboratory testing
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Guidi Gian Cesare
Published: June 2007

The clinical laboratory is no longer its own limited ecosystem, as it is increasingly integrated with patient care, assisting diagnosis, monitoring therapies and predicting clinical outcomes. Although efforts and resources are continuously focused to achieve a satisfactory degree of analytical quality, there is clear evidence that the preanalytical phase is much more vulnerable to uncertainties and accidents, which can substantially influence patient care. Most errors within the preanalytical phase result from system flaws and insufficient audit of the operators involved in specimen collection and handling responsibilities, leading to an unacceptable number of unsuitable specimens due to in vitro hemolysis, clotting, insufficient volume, wrong container, contamination and misidentification. A reliable approach to overcome this problem entails prediction of accidental events (exhaustive process analysis, reassessment and rearrangement of quality requirements, dissemination of operating guidelines and best-practice recommendations, reduction of complexity and error-prone activities, introduction of error-tracking systems and continuous monitoring of performances), an increase in and diversification of defenses (application of multiple and heterogeneous systems to identify non-conformities), and a decrease in vulnerability (implementation of reliable and objective detection systems and causal relation charts, education and training). This policy, which requires integration between requirements and design, full commitment and interdepartmental cooperation, should make laboratory activity more compliant to the inalienable paradigm of total quality in the testing process.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:720–7.
Asymmetrisches Dimethylarginin (ADMA): ein neuer Marker zur Abschätzung des kardiovaskulären Risikos / Asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA): a new marker for evaluating cardiovascular risk
Authors: Meinitzer Andreas , März Winfried
Published: June 2007

Asymmetrisches Dimethylarginin (ADMA) ist eine endogen produzierte Aminosäure, die alle drei Isoformen der Stickoxid-Synthase inhibiert. Eine Erhöhung von ADMA in den Endothelzellen schränkt die Freisetzung des relaxierenden Signalmoleküls Stickstoffmonoxid ein und könnte damit die Entstehung arteriosklerotischer Läsionen begünstigen. Als gut abgesichert gilt, dass ADMA in verschiedenen Krankheitsstadien von chronischer Niereninsuffizienz, Diabetes mellitus, arterieller Hypertonie und koronarer Herzkrankheit (KHK) im Plasma kumuliert. ADMA liegt im Plasma in niedriger Konzentration und neben sehr viel höher konzentrierten, strukturell ähnlichen Substanzen vor. Die Bestimmung ist deshalb eine analytische Herausforderung. Die Beurteilung einer pathologischen Konzentration sollte immer im Vergleich mit einer adäquaten Kontrollgruppe erfolgen, die mit identischer Methodik analysiert wurde. Der vorliegende Artikel fasst den aktuellen Wissensstand über die biologische Wirkung, die Entstehung, den Metabolismus und die Elimination von ADMA zusammen. Anhand eigener Befunde wird weiterhin auf die Bedeutung von ADMA als Prognosefaktor für kardiovaskuläre Mortalität und Gesamtmortalität eingegangen.
Lipoprotein(a) – Struktur, Epidemiologie und Funktion / Lipoprotein(a) – structure, epidemiology and function
Authors: Siekmeier Rüdiger , Scharnagl Hubert , Kostner Gert M. , Grammer Tanja , Stojakovic Tatjana , März Winfried
Published: June 2007

Jahrzehnte nach der Erstbeschreibung durch Berg 1963 ist Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) als von den übrigen kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren unabhängiger Risikofaktor anerkannt. Lp(a) unterscheidet sich vom LDL durch das kovalent gebundene Apo(a), ein Glykoprotein, das einem ausgeprägten genetischen Polymorphismus unterliegt. Ursache hierfür ist die unterschiedliche Anzahl von Kringle-4-Typ-II-Repeats des eine ausgeprägte Strukturhomologie zum Plasminogen aufweisenden Moleküls. Die in der Bevölkerung sehr schief verteilten Lp(a)-Plasmakonzentrationen sind zu mehr als 90% genetisch determiniert und korrelieren bei Gesunden mit der Synthese des Lp(a), nicht jedoch mit dessen Katabolismus. Darüber hinaus findet sich eine Beeinflussung der Lp(a)-Plasmakonzentration durch verschiedene Erkrankungen (z. B. Nieren- und Lebererkrankungen), hormonelle Faktoren (z. B. Sexualsteroide, Glucocorticoide, Schilddrüsenhormone), individuelle Faktoren und Umweltfaktoren (z. B. Alter, Zigarettenrauchen) sowie Medikamente (z. B. Nikotinsäurederivate) und therapeutische Verfahren (Lipidapherese). Trotz der Vielzahl der zu Lp(a) durchgeführten Studien sind die Kenntnisse über dessen physiologische Funktion und Regulation weiterhin lückenhaft. Darüber hinaus sind die Ergebnisse der hierzu durchgeführten Untersuchungen aufgrund der unterschiedlichen eingeschlossenen Patientenkollektive, der Verwendung nicht hinreichend validierter Testverfahren und der Analytik von eingefrorenen Archivproben teilweise widersprüchlich. Ziel der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit ist die Darstellung der Funktion des Lp(a) und dessen physiologischer Regulation sowie wesentlicher, die Plasmakonzentration beeinflussender therapeutischer Faktoren.
Fast and Accurate Estimation of the Population-Scaled Mutation Rate, θ, From Microsatellite Genotype Data
Authors: RoyChoudhury Arindam , Stephens Matthew
Published: June 2007

We present a new approach for estimation of the population-scaled mutation rate, θ, from microsatellite genotype data, using the recently introduced “product of approximate conditionals” framework. Comparisons with other methods on simulated data demonstrate that this new approach is attractive in terms of both accuracy and speed of computation. Our simulation experiments also demonstrate that, despite the theoretical advantages of full-likelihood-based methods, methods based on certain summary statistics (specifically, the sample homozygosity) can perform very competitively in practice.
Mikroelem-terhelés hatása a tritikále termésére és elemfelvételére karbonátos csernozjom talajon
Authors: Kádár Imre , Kastori Rudolf
Published: June 2007

Löszön képződött vályog
mechanikai összetételű karbonátos csernozjom talajon, az MTA Talajtani és
Agrokémiai Kutatóintézet Nagyhörcsöki Kísérleti Telepén szabadföldi
kisparcellás mikroelem-terhelési kísérletet állítottunk be 1991 tavaszán. A
termőhely talajának szántott rétege mintegy 5% CaCO
3
-ot és 3%
humuszt tartalmazott, oldható tápelemekkel való ellátottsága az alábbi volt: Ca
és Mn igen jó, Mg és Cu kielégítő, N és K közepes, P és Zn gyenge. A talajvíz
15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a terület vízmérlege negatív, aszályra hajló. A 13
vizsgált mikroelem sóit 4-4 szinten alkalmaztuk 1991 tavaszán, a kukorica
vetése előtt. A 13×4 = 52 kezelést 2 ismétlésben állítottuk be összesen 104
parcellán split-plot elrendezésben. A kísérlet terhelési szintjei 0, 90, 270, ill.
810 kg/ha mennyiséget jelentettek elemenként AlCl
3
, As
2
O
3
/NaAsO
2
,
BaCl
2
, CdSO
4
, K
2
CrO
4
, CuSO
4
,
HgCl
2
, (NH
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
,
NiSO
4
, Pb(NO
3
)
2
, Na
2
SeO
3
,
SrSO
4
és ZnSO
4
formájában. A kísérlet 13. évében
tritikálét termesztettünk. A kísérleti eredmények alapján levonható főbb
tanulságok a következők: - A viszonylag száraz évben mérsékelt szem- (4-5
t/ha), ill. szalmaterméseket (5-6 t/ha) kaptunk. Fitotoxicitást, igazolható
terméscsökkenést aratás idején a maximális As- és Se-terhelés okozott, melynek
mértéke átlagosan 20% körül ingadozott a kontrollhoz viszonyítva. - Az As-, Cr-
és Ba-koncentráció még az adott elem maximális (810 kg/ha) terhelése esetén sem
érte el az 1 mg/kg értéket a tritikále szemtermésében. Viszonylag gátolt a Ni,
Ba, Sr és Cu elemek beépülése is a magtermésbe. A Cd csaknem két nagyságrenddel
dúsult a kadmiummal erősen szennyezett talajon és humán-, valamint állati
fogyasztásra egyaránt alkalmatlan termést eredményezett. A megengedett 50 mg
Zn/kg határérték feletti koncentrációt regisztráltunk a Zn-terhelés nyomán. A
maximális Mo-, ill. Se-terhelés esetében a kontrollhoz viszonyítva a Mo mintegy
500-szoros, míg a Se 5000-szeres akkumulációt mutatott a szemben, toxikus
növényi terméket produkálva. - A vizsgált elemek közül a Zn, Cu és Ni főként a
szemben dúsult, míg az összes többi elem döntően a vegetatív melléktermésben. A
szalma pl. molibdénban átlagosan 4-5-ször, stronciumban 10-szer, arzénban
20-szor és báriumban 30-szor gazdagabb volt, mint a szem. Takarmányként állati
fogyasztásra alkalmatlannak minősült a szalma a Cd-, Se- és Mo-kezelések
mindegyikében, valamint a maximális As-terhelés esetén. - A tritikále föld
feletti (szem+szalma) termésébe maximálisan és kereken 7 g Cr, 10 g Ni, 16 g
As, 48 g Cu, 60 g Cd, 154 g Ba, 283 g Sr, 492 g Zn, 1261 g Se és 1427 g Mo
épült be hektáronként. A maximális 810 kg/ha talajszennyezés eltávolításához
hasonló körülmények között (fitoremediáció) tehát a Mo esetében kereken 568, a
Zn esetében 1646, mí_g
Combined Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization for Controlling the Toxigenic Alga Prymnesium parvum
Authors: Kurten Gerald L , Barkoh Aaron , Fries Loraine T , Begley Drew C
Published: June 2007

The toxigenic alga Prymnesium parvum has caused significant fish kills in Texas reservoirs and fish hatchery ponds since 2001. Copper sulfate and ammonium sulfate can control P. parvum, but they provide short-term improvement and have undesirable side effects. Copper sulfate also kills desirable algae and invertebrates, and ammonium sulfate can be harmful to fish. Because dominance of the phytoplankton community and toxin production by P. parvum appear to be nutrient related, we evaluated two nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization regimes for their efficacy in controlling P. parvum populations and toxicity. The experiment included two N:P fertilization treatments (300:30 or 300:60 μg/L three times weekly) and an unfertilized control group conducted in limnocorrals suspended in a fish hatchery pond. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were used as the sources of N and P, respectively. In the unfertilized control, P. parvum cells and toxicity persisted throughout the 40-d experiment. In both fertilization treatments, P. parvum cell densities and toxicity declined below detectable levels within 2 weeks and remained undetectable for the duration of the study. The fertilization regimes promoted pH and un-ionized ammonia N levels that may be detrimental to the survival of crustacean zooplankton and sensitive fish species, such as fry and fingerlings of temperate basses Morone spp. However, this approach may be suitable for production of less-sensitive species, such as advanced fingerlings of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The next steps in refining this strategy are reducing the fertilization rates while still achieving P. parvum control, investigating alternative sources of N fertilizer to eliminate the potential confounding effect of un-ionized ammonia, and integrating pH reduction measures for sensitive fish species.
The Acute Toxicity of Praziquantel to Grass Carp and Golden Shiners
Authors: Mitchell Andrew J , Hobbs Melissa S
Published: June 2007

The acute toxicity and highest nonlethal concentration of praziquantel (LC0) were determined in the laboratory for grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, two cyprinids known to harbor the Asian tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi. Praziquantel is an anthelmintic used to treat fish with tapeworms. The 24-h and 96-h LC50 values were 55.1 and 49.7 mg/L for golden shiners (1.3 g) and 63.4 and 60.6 mg/L for grass carp (9.1 g). The 24-h and 96-h LC0 values were 50.0 and 45.0 mg/L for golden shiners and 60.0 and 60.0 mg/L for grass carp.
Acute Hypoxia–Reperfusion Triggers Immunocompromise in Nile Tilapia
Authors: Choi K. , Lehmann D. W. , Harms C. A. , Law J. M.
Published: June 2007

Inadequate dissolved oxygen in the aquatic environment is a well-established cause of fish morbidity and mortality. The specific effects of hypoxia on immune function in fish, however, are not well characterized. In this study, the effects of acute hypoxia followed by reoxygenation (rapid tissue reperfusion) as a source of immunocompromise in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were investigated. Using a precision apparatus developed in our laboratory for hypoxia exposures, a series of assays of increasing specificity for immune function were performed on acutely hypoxia-stressed Nile tilapia: tier I consisted of histopathology, tier II of hematology, plasma chemistry, and determining cortisol concentration, and tier III of determining the phagocytic index and analyzing the expression of the cytokines transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Nile tilapia were exposed to 7% oxygen saturation for 96 h, then tank water was rapidly reoxygenated. Sampling intervals were 48 and 96 h during hypoxia and 12 and 84 h during reperfusion. Histopathology showed no remarkable microscopic abnormalities in lymphoid or other tissues. Lymphopenia and neutrophilia were observed in peripheral blood. Plasma total protein, partial pressure of oxygen, and oxygen saturation were decreased in response to hypoxia. Plasma lipase decreased in response to hypoxia but returned to normal during reperfusion. Phagocytic capability and the phagocytic index decreased during hypoxia and 12 h reperfusion, whereas these values were recovered by 84 h reperfusion. The TGF-β transcription continued to increase during the exposures, the greatest production being at 12 h reperfusion, whereas IL-1β transcription decreased in response to hypoxia and reperfusion. We conclude that acute hypoxia triggered an overall downregulation of the immune system in the test fish. This suggests a possible factor in the pathogenesis of disease outbreaks in fish in which repeated, sublethal bouts of environmentally induced hypoxia lead to increased disease susceptibility and individual mortalities rather than massive fish kills.
Parametric Investigation of WAG Floods Above the MME
Authors: Bermudez Leonardo , Johns Russell T. , Parakh Harshad
Published: June 2007

Water-alternating-gas floods (WAG) are commonly used to improve sweep efficiency in heterogeneous reservoirs. There has been little reported in the literature, however, on the effectiveness of WAG processes where the gas is enriched above the minimum miscibility enrichment composition (MME). This paper examines how to optimize WAG processes for enriched gasfloods above the MME, particularly as a primary recovery method. Compositional simulations of x-z cross-sections are used to quantify the effects of WAG parameters, numerical dispersion, level of enrichment, and heterogeneity on local displacement efficiency and sweep efficiency.

The main conclusions of this research show that the richer the gas above the MME, the fewer the number of WAG cycles required for maximum oil recovery at a given WAG ratio. Another significant observation is that overenrichment above the MME improves recovery the most when the largest permeability layers are at the bottom of the reservoir. Continuous slug injection performs better than WAG when the largest permeability layers are at the bottom of the aquifer, richer gases are used, and the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio is small.
A Stochastic Optimization Algorithm for Automatic History Matching
Authors: Gao Guohua , Li Gaoming , Reynolds Albert C.
Published: June 2007

For large-scale history-matching problems, optimization algorithms which require only the gradient of the objective function and avoid explicit computation of the Hessian appear to be the best approach. Unfortunately, such algorithms have not been extensively used in practice because computation of the gradient of the objective function by the adjoint method requires explicit knowledge of the simulator numerics and expertise in simulation development. Here we apply the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method to history match multiphase flow production data. SPSA, which has recently attracted considerable international attention in a variety of disciplines, can be easily combined with any reservoir simulator to do automatic history matching. The SPSA method uses stochastic simultaneous perturbation of all parameters to generate a down hill search direction at each iteration. The theoretical basis for this probabilistic perturbation is that the expectation of the search direction generated is the steepest descent direction.

We present modifications for improvement in the convergence behavior of the SPSA algorithm for history matching and compare its performance to the steepest descent, gradual deformation and LBFGS algorithm. Although the convergence properties of the SPSA algorithm are not nearly as good as our most recent implementation of a quasi-Newton method (LBFGS), the SPSA algorithm is not simulator specific and it requires only a few hours of work to combine SPSA with any commercial reservoir simulator to do automatic history matching.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first introduction of SPSA into the history matching literature. Thus, we make considerable effort to put it in a proper context.
Evaporative Cleanup of Water Blocks in Gas Wells
Authors: Mahadevan Jagannathan , Sharma Mukul M. , Yortsos Yannis C.
Published: June 2007

The flow of a gas toward the wellbore of a production well will result in the evaporative cleanup of water blocks, which occurs primarily because of gas expansion. This paper presents for the first time a model for calculating the rate at which such water blocks are removed, for either fractured or unfractured gas wells. The model can be used to compute the impact of evaporative cleaning on well productivity.

The removal of water first occurs by gas displacement. Evaporative cleanup is caused by gas expansion. The resulting saturation profile is qualitatively different for low-or high-permeability rocks. As a consequence, the increase in gas relative permeability, or the well productivity, with time can vary depending on the rock permeability and the well drawdown. High-permeability (e.g., fractured) rocks clean up significantly faster. By contrast, low-permeability unfractured wells may require a very long time to clean up. Large pressure drawdowns, as well as the use of more volatile fluids, such as alcohols, also result in faster cleanup.

A distinctive feature of the work presented is that the model equations are formulated and solved completely without the assumption of skin factors for the damage zone. Thus, the prediction of cleanup rates can be made more accurately.
Semianalytical Stream-Function Solutions on Unstructured Grids for Flow in Heterogeneous Media
Authors: Hazlett R. D. , Babu D. K. , Lake L. W.
Published: June 2007

This paper outlines a Boundary Element Method (BEM) for a piece-wise analytic solution of the Laplace (Poisson) equation for pseudosteady-state, single-phase flow on unstructured, rectangular grids. The method models flow through a reservoir that has been segmented into interacting homogeneous rectangular regions; no further discretization of the solution space analogous to grid refinement in numerical schemes is required for improved accuracy. Rather, boundary discretization allows for continuation of pressure and flux. Previous work on pressure distribution modeling is extended to analytically capture the stream function. Stream-function solutions can then form the basis for other performance measures, such as improved oil recovery efficiency estimation or tracer flow analysis. Moving beyond structured grids into unstructured grid geometry allows for advanced flexibility in problem development and improved efficiency in solution construction. The analytic approach avoids the need for numerical differentiation of the pressure field and particle tracking methods to recover streamlines. Capturing flow in highly heterogeneous media, without local grid refinement, is demonstrated to showcase the robustness of the technique in handling complex reservoir architecture, of particular interest in optimal well positioning and optimal wellpattern development.
An Improved Model for Estimating Flow Impairment by Perforation Damage
Authors: Hagoort Jacques
Published: June 2007

In this work, we present two simple formulas for the skin of a perforated well caused by perforation damage: one for the reduction in permeability, and one for the increase in non-Darcy flow coefficient (beta factor). They are based on the inflow performance of a single perforation obtained by means of a prolate-spheroidal flow model. This model rigorously accounts for the flow convergence toward a perforation, especially near the tip of the perforation. It provides a more realistic description of the inflow than a radial flow model, the basis for the existing skin formulas proposed by McLeod (1983). In the case of perforations with a large aspect ratio and a thin damaged zone, the formula for the skin due to permeability reduction reduces to McLeod's formula. The formula for the non-Darcy skin yields a significantly larger skin than predicted by the radial flow model, up to a factor 1.4 for large aspect ratios. Finally, we demonstrate that perforated wells are much more liable to non-Darcy flow than openhole wells, in particular if the perforations are severely damaged.
Modelling of sonochemical processes in water treatment
Authors: Frontistis Z. , Papadaki M. , Mantzavinos D.
Published: June 2007

The mechanisms and kinetics of the sonochemical degradation of organic molecules in water are relatively complex since several parameters such as physicochemical properties, substrate concentration, water matrix, reactor geometry, ultrasound properties (frequency, power, emission system) all typically affect the process. In this work, simple kinetic models were used to predict the degradation of 2-chlorophenol and sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate in aqueous solutions and verified against experimental data taken from previous studies. A pseudo-first order kinetic expression can adequately describe the degradation of the phenolic substrate, while a heterogeneous model based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation is suitable for the surfactant degradation.
Modelling the kinetics of UV/H2O2 oxidation of dichloroacetic acid
Authors: Zalazar C.S. , Labas M.D. , Lovato M.E. , Brandi R.J. , Cassano A.E.
Published: June 2007

The intrinsic reaction kinetics of the decomposition of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) using UV/H2O2 was studied. A complete mathematical model, including the effect of the absorbed radiation intensities and H2O2 concentration was developed. The results of the kinetic measurements were analysed using a complete mathematical model of the experimental device that was used for the laboratory operation (a differential reactor inside a recycle). In this way it was expected to obtain intrinsic kinetic parameters. Experimental data agree well with theoretical predictions esmploying just two kinetic parameters derived from the proposed reaction mechanism.
The importance of hydrodynamics in UV advanced oxidation reactors
Authors: Sozzi A. , Taghipour F.
Published: June 2007

The flow field of UV reactors was characterised experimentally using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and modelled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The reactor flow was integrated with the radiation fluence rate and photolysis kinetics to calculate the overall conversion of photo-reactant components in annular UV reactors with an inlet parallel and perpendicular to the reactor axis. The results indicated that the fluid flow distribution within the reactor volume affects photo-reactor performance.