bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Do not kill them, lest my people forget”: Changes in Attitudes Towards Jews in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century England
Authors: Reilly Rebecca Colleen
Published: September 2021

This essay supports Paul Hyams’ thesis that while attitudes toward Jews over the twelfth and thirteenth centuries certainly cooled, they did so less dramatically or inevitably than the 1290 expulsion might suggest if imagined as a culmination of policy. Chronicled hostility, alongside which the Jewish ‘blood libel’ myth developed as justification, appears to have increased with perceived Jewish economic status. Their status after their impoverishment decreased as royal policy perpetuated longstanding social divisions that largely originated from neither religious nor economic cleavages, only cultural ones. The treatment of the Jews in the period may simultaneously be understood as one of English identity consolidation in the post-Conquest period, as Jews first coexisted with Anglo-Saxons after the Norman invasion. Since economic reasoning alone does not explain the treatment of the Jews in the latter half of the thirteenth century, this essay also examines instances of anti-Jewish violence and successive Plantagenet king’s policies targeting the Jews and understands them as indicators or constructions of religious and national alterity.
Environmental Racism: Lead Tainted Water in Flint, Michigan
Authors: Loos Rachel
Published: September 2021

n/a still working on it
Visual Metaphors for the People: Unpacking Sergei Eisenstein’s Pedagogy of the Russian Revolution Through Film
Authors: Brown Ashley Prescott
Published: September 2021

This paper attempts to understand how the celebrated and controversial figure of Sergei Eisenstein understood and contributed to the formation of the Soviet Union through his films of the 1920s.  The lens of visual metaphors offer a specific insight into how artistic choices of the director were informed by his own pedagogy for the Russian Revolution.  The paper asks the questions: Did Eisenstein's films reflect the official party rhetoric?  How did they inform or motivate the public toward the communist ideology of the early Soviet Union?  The primary sources used in this paper are from the films Strike (1925), Battleship Potemkin (1926), October (1928), and The General Line (1929).  Eisenstein created visual metaphors through the juxtaposition of images in his films which alluded to higher concepts.  A shot of a worker followed by the shot of gears turning created the concept of industry in the minds of the audience.  Through visual metaphors, it is possible to understand the motives of Eisenstein and the Communist party.  It is also possible, with the aid of secondary sources, to see how those motives differed.
Springing into Action: A Consideration of Policies Encouraging Female Political Participation in Tunisia and Egypt
Authors: Stateler Laura Oviatt
Published: September 2021

What causes women to have higher political participation? There are several competing arguments as to why some countries experience higher female political participation than others. These include the introduction of gender quotas, a country’s cultural norms, and widespread social/political movements within a country. In a case study comparing Egypt and Tunisia leading before and after the Arab Spring, Tunisia has repeatedly reported higher levels of female political participation. Both these countries participated in the Arab Spring, have similar societal perception of females bound to their traditional roles, and report similar socioeconomic statistics regarding female literacy rates and female employment-to-population rates. Tunisia, however, was successful in increasing female political participation after the implementation of a gender quota under a new government after the Arab Spring. This differs from Egypt, where the post-Arab Spring government, the Muslim Brotherhood, revoked the country’s gender quota and experienced a decrease in female political participation.
Venezuela in Crisis: A Backgrounder
Authors: Mejia Jorge Steven
Published: September 2021

This essay provides a rigorous and accessible background to what is likely the most pressing geopolitical issue in twenty-first-century Latin America: the humanitarian crisis in Venezuela under President Nicolás Maduro of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). To this end, it analyzes and connects three distinct political phenomena in Venezuelan history whose interrelated development underpins the country’s current instability: Puntofijismo (1958-1998), Chavismo (1998-2013), and Madurismo (2013-present). It firsts describes the collapse of Puntofijismo, Venezuela’s style of pacted democracy and its oil-dependent petro-state to contextualize the rise of Hugo Chávez’s political project in 1990 known as Bolivarianism. The paper then considers Chávez’s regime and how it continued, yet also departed from, Puntofijismo through clientelism, exclusionary politics, and the creation of an illiberal hybrid regime. Upon this foreground, the paper situates the current student protests, military repression, and humanitarian crisis under President Maduro. Using both English and Spanish-language source material, this paper lays bare the current complex reality that is Venezuela.
Elements Spring 2012 Issue
Authors: Clasen Trish , Cravens Jacob , Dorney Jordan , Evren Christopher , Fitzpatrick Christopher , Francois Alexandra , Hoffarth Alexander , Kent Sam , Patch Neil
Published: September 2021

PDF of the Spring 2012 issue of Elements
Elements Spring 2013 Issue
Authors: Anderson Brendon , Simon Emily , Abbate Andrew , Farnum Matt , Lee Han-sam , Herhold Zachary , Keeley Sean
Published: September 2021

Full book of the Spring 2013 issue of the journal.
Elements Fall 2013 Issue
Authors: Pellissier Marie , Lu Tracy , Newhouse James , Marinello Claire , Sintobin Emilie , Dorney Jordan , Givens Cameron
Published: September 2021

Full book of the Fall 2013 issue of the journal
Thomas A. Tweed, America’s Church: The National Shrine and the Catholic Presence in the Nation’s Capital.
Authors: Siuzdak Christopher , Tweed Thomas A.
Published: September 2021

Book Review
Cultivating Hope Among Medically Traumatized Older Adults: A Narrative Perspective
Authors: Heitmann Danielle
Published: September 2021

The sudden need for hospitalization and/or surgery among older adults after a fall can often be discussed by many in the medical profession as the beginning of a series of negative sequelae that may eventually lead to the end of one's life -- or at least the end of one's life as he or she currently knows it. This experience of a fall among this age group can be quite traumatizing, interrupting many of the stories the person has previously held about his or her ability, health and functional capacity. However, narrative informed practice would raise questions regarding the pathology-based discourse that surrounds the patient during hospitalization and rehabilitation in terms of how these stories may serve to label people and diminish hope. Pastoral care for the client in the hospital who has experienced such a shock at this age requires a unique sensitivity. A powerful intervention in this space may prove to be critical to the overall recovery and wellbeing of older adults following such a life event. In particular, proponents of narrative therapy would offer key techniques to specifically interrupt the dominant discourse surrounding falls in order to cultivate hope for recovery among this population. While narrative therapy has been studied across the life course, this paper would examine the particular context of the older adults after falls, hospitalization and/or surgery. In doing so, it intends to examine patient narratives and pastoral care research to identify short-term counseling interventions that promote hope, resiliency, and recovery among this population.
“For there is still a vision:” Metz’s Apocalyptic Eschatology and the Practice of Lament
Authors: Reynolds Susan
Published: September 2021

This paper will explore the place of hope in communal practices of lament through the lens of German political theologian Johann Baptist Metz’s apocalyptic eschatology. The cultivation and articulation of hope is a critical dimension of practices of lament that emerge from communities wounded by violence and injustice. Mourning occasions a radical “no” to innocent suffering and invites a hopeful “yes” to a humanizing vision of the future wherein this evil is subverted. Hope, for Metz, is an expression of faith in the capacity of God to interrupt history on behalf of suffering people. To “suffer unto God” (Leiden an Gott) – to cry out to God, to lament – is a posture of radical faith in the promise of God’s Kingdom. It is a mystical disposition of discipleship that confronts human suffering with open eyes by exculpating neither humanity nor God from responsibility and by refusing the false balm of easy answers. In this way, apocalyptic hope becomes an expression of resistance as it nurtures creative praxis in the midst of ongoing suffering and in solidarity with the victims of history and society. The power of apocalyptic language throughout history, especially among the oppressed, is a testament to its resonance. African American spirituals that emerged out of the experience of enslavement draw heavily on apocalyptic language and imagery. Today, we see apocalyptic motifs arise in Christian reflection and action in response to racial injustice in Ferguson and Staten Island. Yet apocalypticism has also evoked discomfort among contemporary theologians who critique its possible glorification of violence, reliance on dualistic thinking, and the scientific implausibility of its temporal claims. Critics of Metz’s apocalyptic eschatology argue that an emphasis on hope in a God who has promised to interrupt history has the opposite effect of being incoherent or apathy-inducing and in either case paralyzing. While acknowledging the validity of such critiques, I will argue, following Metz, that a re-appropriation of apocalyptic rhetoric in a contemporary understanding of lament adds necessary depth to our understanding of hope in the midst of radical and unjust suffering.
“Hopeful Gradualness” and Ecclesial Mission
Authors: Briola Lucas
Published: September 2021

On October 13, 2014, the remarkable midterm Relatio post Disceptationem of the 2014 Synod on the Family invoked the legge di gradualità on four occasions. This “law of gradualness” would later be dropped from the final Relatio Synodi, though inarguably its vestiges remained. Simultaneously the locus of disappointment, apprehension, and excitement, the term’s precise meaning remained and continues to remain unclear. Taking the principle to be what Ladislas Orsy would term a “seminal locution” and thus in need of further explication, this paper will examine the law of gradualness through a diachronic lens. It will trace the term’s evolution from its initial emergence around Humanae vitae during the late 1960s and early 1970s, to its reserved acceptance into ecclesiastical parlance in the 1980 Synod on the Family and Familiaris Consortio, to its unique use this past October at the 2014 Synod. It is the contention of this paper that the 2014 Synod marked a new expansion of the term, away from its previously primary, if not exclusive, contentious identification with Humanae vitae. Though maintaining many of its previous connotations, seen in light of Francis’s papacy, the law of gradualness has become fundamentally a foundation and spirituality for the church’s mission to the world. Reflecting God’s own pedagogy revealed most clearly in Jesus Christ, the law of gradualness requires an ecclesial lens of hope. It is a hope that a merciful and authentic encounter with people where they actually are can prompt genuine conversion and growth. The church, as sacrament, is dauntingly tasked to imitate this divine logic that balances the acceptance of the Incarnation with the demands of the Cross. Ultimately then, applying gradualness to the church’s own pilgrim life, this is an eschatological hope that likewise stimulates ongoing ecclesial conversion and so enables authentic growth, accompaniment, dialogue, and mission.
Theology as a Sacrament of Hope
Authors: Blume Margaret
Published: September 2021

In his exegesis of the Transfiguration, Thomas Aquinas says that the vision of divine glory was given to Peter, James, and John in order to prepare them for Christ’s imminent Passion and Resurrection (Cf. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae III, Q.45). The brilliance of Christ’s face shining like the sun (cf. Mt. 17:2) strengthened the apostles so that they would not lose heart during the darkness that would come, but would wait for Christ’s splendor to be revealed again after the Resurrection. The entire mystery is an icon of hope, for it shows that visions of glory are always given as part of a journey towards their fulfillment. “It is good for us to be here,” Peter recognized, but the apostles were not brought up to the mountain to remain there. The revelation sent them back down the mountain to fare forward in hope. In this paper, I would like to suggest that the work of theology is meant to share in the mystery of the Transfiguration, and thus cultivate the virtue of hope. In this task, theology can learn from literature, for the way of revealing is as important as the message to be revealed. I would like to propose Shakespeare’s The Tempest as a model. In its dramatic structure and wonder-inspiring poetic form, The Tempest participates in the mystery of the Transfiguration, sending the audience away from the strange island refreshed and reoriented, set on the way with Prospero towards freedom. The play challenges theology to present the Good News of the Gospel in a way that makes the glory of the Lord visible by the radiance of its form, and interrupts into ordinary time, like the storm with which The Tempest begins, so that the revelation is not an end in itself.  If theology is able to set human beings on a journey by cultivating patience and wonder in the very way it reveals, then it will effect the mysteries that it signifies, and truly impart Christian hope.
Nothing in This World Is Indifferent to Us': The Primacy of Encounter and the Intersubjectivity of Nature
Authors: Robertson Anna
Published: September 2021

“We’re moving from one plane of reality to another,” says Terry Tempest Williams in an interview with Yes! Magazine, “and what is required of us is spiritual.” Many people alive in the United States today have grown up bombarded by the seemingly futile refrain that if we don’t cut back on x (activity) in y (years), z (catastrophe) will ensue – with x becoming broader in scope, y becoming smaller in number, and z becoming more horrific with each passing year. Among the natural responses to such daunting and repetitive premonitions are anxiety and anguish: “Accept the anxiety, embrace the deeper anguish,” suggests Robert Jensen, “and then get apocalyptic.” Drawing upon Laudato si, liberation theology, and eco psychology, this paper argues for the importance of encounters (increasingly scarce) with the natural world, human and other-than-human, as a necessary spiritual practice grounding a commitment to ecojustice in times which are indeed end times of sorts. In a consideration of theological anthropology, I suggest, along with ecopsychologist Will Adams, that our subjectivity is indeed an intersubjectivity, arising out of our ethical response to not only the human other but also the other-than-human. We are by nature relational beings, and we must remember that this relation is not only relevant in human-human relationships. Liberation theologians have articulated the foundational nature of the encounter with poor – an experience which at once inspires awe, evokes mercy, and demands action – in grounding liberative praxis. Likewise, the encounter with nature, when its intersubjectivity is considered, grounds a praxis of ecojustice. Finally, understanding apocalypse in its etymological sense as “unveiling,” I argue for the role of the apocalyptic imagination, in making possible sustained exposure to such encounters, which entail both joy and despair. “Expect the end of the world,” writes Wendell Berry, “Be joyful though you have considered all the facts…Practice resurrection.”
Inculturation and the Guadalupana
Authors: Shea SJ Henry
Published: September 2021

In his recent Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium, Pope Francis emphasizes “the importance of understanding evangelization as inculturation.  Grace supposes culture,” he writes, “and God’s gift becomes flesh in the culture of those who receive it” (EG 115).  Expressing themes that have recurred throughout his life and ministry, Francis proceeds to lauds the role of popular piety in the life of a people, maintaining that its accessible, incarnate features exemplify the embodiment of an evangelical faith in culture.  Echoing Aparecida, Francis describes popular piety as a “spirituality incarnated in the culture of the lowly” and “the people’s mysticism” (EG 124).It would be difficult to find a more significant example of the convergence of these themes than the celebrated image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, to which Francis himself expresses devotion.  What is it about this symbol that has captivated the hearts of so many?  Using Francis’ words in Evangelii Gaudium as a point of departure, this paper analyzes the Guadalupan image and event as a potential model for inculturation.  It focuses upon three key features of the image from which can be gleaned broader principles for inculturation, namely: (1) its interlacing of cultural and revelational symbols in such a way that the cultural symbols are affirmed as well as transformed, (2) the use of inculturated symbol as a way of maximizing what Rahner refers to as “the overplus of meaning” communicated through “primordial” words and symbols that evoke deeper, transcendental aspects of human experience, and (3) finally the use of inculturated symbol to mediate interpersonal faith-encounters that can be  shared through the renewed culture and the bonds of community.
Rediscovering and Reshaping the Notion of "Neighbor"
Authors: Engbwang SJ Bernard
Published: September 2021

In the realm of Christian faith, the notion of “neighbor” represents a “gate for salvation.” In this work, my aim is to shed light on the necessity of rediscovering and reshaping what is meant by “neighbor” in the context of current worldwide challenges. In fact, it is a truism to say that our world is crossing one of the most critical periods of its evolution: Global warming, migrations crisis, terrorism, etc, all contribute to a complex situation. In the specific context of United States, there are racial and gender issues, gun violence, and other unique issues to take into account. All those critical situations reflect what we may call “crisis of neighborhood.” I propose in this paper, based on the Book of Genesis, a specific definition of neighbor:  a helper desired by God to fulfill human person’s existential anxiety. In fact, in Gn 2:18, the declaration by God that it is good for the man not to be alone points to the necessity of having a neighbor. Here is the origin of neighborhood. Besides, it seems worthwhile to underline here the fact that the woman was not the first helper to be created.  By way of reshaping, I aim to extend the notion of neighbor beyond a human person. In the NT, the notion is covered by the religious and social accent. The fact that Jesus extended its meaning beyond the community of Covenant to fit his message of love may pave our way even to the extent of a cosmic level, to deal with ecological issues. In that sense, plants and animals might be integrated in that notion.
Prophet at the Bedside: A Model for Hospital Chaplaincy
Authors: Hatgas Jonathan
Published: September 2021

In The Prophetic Imagination, Walter Brueggemann describes the role of the prophet as one who will “nurture, nourish, and evoke a consciousness and perception alternative to the consciousness and perception to the dominant culture around us.”  Engaging in this understanding, I will raise the image of prophet as a model for hospital chaplains. Because of the complex reality of  hospital chaplaincy, I will focus on working with families of patients “actively dying” a foreseeable death.The primary marks of the prophet are to be a disruptive force, to guide people toward a communal identity, to act as mediators between God and the people, and to orient the community toward the promised land or renewed covenant with God.  Moses exemplifies these characteristics and concretizes them in the Exodus story, providing chaplains with an exemplar to aspire to.  The Exodus story also offers a resonant narrative for families with elderly members in the hospital.  There are many possible emotional connection points throughout.  Families, like the Israelites, are groups of people held together by common ancestors and a common history.  Both groups had triumphs and struggles.  Maybe putting their loved one in the hospital seemed like an escape from the bondage of home care, but now they find themselves in the desert, aimless with faith faltering, and hope of a promise waning.  They find themselves wary and doubtful.Prophetic chaplains can challenge the U.S. culture of invincibility and disposability while leading families through “the desert”, giving them a glimpse of the promised land, and ideally opening a space for them to strengthen in a shared identity.
The Discounted Face of the Pornographic Other
Authors: Hoy Andrew
Published: September 2021

French phenomenologist, Emmanuel Levinas, responds in Ethics and Infinity that, “[T]he relation to the face is straightaway ethical. The face is what one cannot kill, or at least it is that whose meaning consists in saying: ‘thou shalt not kill.’” For Levinas, it is the face of the Other which issues a cry that “I” become responsible for her. The face is signification, pointing to the transcendent and saturating mystery of the Other, yet is beyond the reduction of visual perception. It is the objective of this paper to apply Levinasian thought, the ethical response to the face of the Other, to the injustice associated with the production and commodification of pornographic images and videos. As the abuse of pornographic materials is an injustice, a failed response to the cry of the Other, it begs the question, “Does the pornographic Other even possess a face?” Subliminal as it may seem, this question is nonetheless essential to address in the consideration of pornographic injustice. This paper argues that in the case of the abuse and exploitation of the Other within the pornographic industry, the pornographic Other possesses a face which issues a cry to recognize the inviolable mystery of the Other and to become responsible for him or her. Pornography, by its very nature, discounts the face of the Other, not rendering the face unknowable, but never giving the face a chance to be known. From the beginning of the abuse, the pornographic viewer reduces that which cannot be reduced, the face, to an object for use, a direct violation of the ethical cry of the Other.
Subversion, Substance, & Soteriology: The Redeeming Womb in Julian of Norwich’s Revelations
Authors: Carroll Gabriella
Published: September 2021

This essay examines how the soteriology in Julian of Norwich’s work, Revelations of Divine Love, proves doubly radical, for it disrupts the traditional metanarratives of the Middle Ages not only by calling for a universal salvation, but also by revealing how this salvation is rooted in the female body—a stance that prefigures the postmodern theological movement. The first part of this essay offers an overview of postmodern theology as a “new kind of consciousness,” and how Julian facilitates this new awareness through her use of (both physical and social) bodily images in her text. During the Middle Ages, the female body was viewed as a “category of social pollution,” and thus something to be feared, regulated, and controlled. However, through her image of the hazelnut, Julian identifies both the importance and necessity of the female body for the salvation of humanity, as she reveals Mary’s womb as the root of Christian salvation. The second part of this essay offers “case studies” of how Julian employs this “redeeming womb” narrative throughout the rest of her text. Drawing upon the Parable of the Lord & Servant, Julian demonstrates how, if Christ had not fallen into the depths of the Virgin’s womb, there would be no resurrection, and thus no universal salvation. By “falling” into Mary’s womb, Christ was thus able to return our “failed” sensual soul back to God in ultimate, essential union. Through her Revelations, Julian ultimately reverses the ideological coding of her time: the traditionally deemed “inferiority” and “impurity” of the female body is completely inverted, as she depicts the female body so important and valuable that Christian salvation is rooted in its substance. It is through this “reversal” that Julian can be seen as a prefiguring founder of the postmodern theological movement and, more specifically, the mother of postmodern feminist theology.
Rehabilitation for the Paralytic Man? John 5 and an Aesthetics of Ambiguity
Authors: Dechant James
Published: September 2021

The healing of the paralytic man in John 5 features what one commentator calls “one of the least defined characters in the Gospel.” When approached by Jesus and asked if he wants to be made well, the paralytic man responds indirectly about why he has not yet been healed (which could either arouse pity or come off as evasive); after his healing and second encounter with Jesus, he goes away and “tells the Jews that it was Jesus who had made him well” (which could be read as either brave witness or collaboration with an enemy). Most Johannine commentaries look unfavorably upon the man, though recent interpretations show more sympathy in light of the character’s low social status. In this paper, I argue that the man’s function in the story remains intentionally ambiguous in order to create a condition of uncertainty in the reader, one that leaves him/her with an undetermined experience of the text. This narrative technique allows readers to participate in the ambiguity experienced by the characters themselves. Our struggle to understand the man’s post- healing actions is not unlike his own struggle to comprehend his new state. Ambiguity then is not a textual obstacle to be overcome but a meaningful encounter with the text, to be welcomed. It ensures that our faith response is not predetermined. By renouncing certainty and embracing this “aesthetics of ambiguity,” we open ourselves to a potentially more transformative encounter with the Word. The inscrutability of the paralytic man should not frustrate us; it should affirm our own struggle to respond appropriately to radical new realities.
Eucharistic Creation: Symbol, Meaning, Infinity
Authors: Hale Mattison
Published: September 2021

Christian theology finds in the Eucharist its most ancient and primary intercessory link to the presence of Christ. It is here, the Faith teaches, that the risen Lord can be ritually and truly encountered. The precise nature of the encounter, however, has been explored and explained variously over the past two millennia. Louis-Marie Chauvet in Symbol and Sacrament has proposed a postmodern account of being rooted in Eucharistic symbolic exchange. However, Chauvet's position inherits certain weaknesses from his sources, Heidegger and Derrida. Certain of these can be amended by approaching the question from the perspective of theological aesthetics. This paper attempts to raise possible aesthetic contributions to Eucharistic theology in light of Chauvet by drawing on David Bentley Hart’s work, The Beauty of the Infinite: The Aesthetics of Christian Truth. While Chauvet rightly highlights the symbolic mediacy of human access to being, Hart's aesthetic theology can be used to supplement Chauvet's account particularly in its explanation of gift and desire. Beginning with the analogia entis, Hart proceeds to explain creation in terms of analogia delectationis and finally analogia verbi. This provides a basis for understanding all of being Eucharistically; the mirror of being is the Sacrament itself. Thus “creation” describes not only a former event at the beginning of time, but a particular relation to the Creator.
Deification, Ethics, and Hermeneutics
Authors: Brown Derek
Published: September 2021

This paper challenges ontologizing readings of Athanasian deification by dialoging with Jacques Derrida’s essay, Rams: Uninterrupted Dialogue – Between Two Infinities, the Poem. For Derrida, every relationship is marked by the trace of death: we know that one of us will die before the other. From this, Derrida develops an account of relationship, and ultimately friendship, that rests on trust and promise, on fidelity: I trust that you will carry on our relationship after I am gone, and I promise to do the same for you. Insofar as our relationship is a trusting one, then, it turns out that death marks an "inaugural cut," wherein I am opened to the possibility of relationship, to the possibility of carrying. Death is necessary, and yet horrible. I argue that this reading of death as constitutive of relationship is crucial to understanding the role of Christ’s death in Athanasius’s account of deification. In short, Christ’s death—and the sacramental offering of his body that follows—allows deification to be thought relationally, and so ethically. That is, we participate in the Trinity when we carry the risen Christ in ourselves. At the same time, this carrying is only possible because Christ is carrying us. This account troubles the dominant ontological, “Alexandrian,” categorization of Athanasius in two ways: Most basically, it argues that Christ’s death is not marginal to Athanasius’s theory—this contrary to ontologist readings that place too heavy and lopsided a focus on the “Incarnation.” More pronouncedly, it rejects the notion that, for Athanasius, receiving salvation is a passive reception of Christ’s incorporation of humanity—of an event that could only be interpreted and “understood” after the fact. The theological register pertinent to Athanasian deification is not one of interpretation and ontology, but is one of carrying, hospitality, and relationship.
Metaphysics and the Existential Problematic of Human Finitude
Authors: Nutter Taylor
Published: September 2021

Rather than being of little practical importance, the metaphysical underpinnings of a given horizon determine the character of its existential problematic. With the breakdown of classical metaphysics concomitant with the modern turn to the subjective, the existential problematic of finitude as ultimate horizon arose. According to this subjective turn, the human person can no longer engage the world as though it were in itself constituted by transcendently grounded meaning and value. Standing within this genealogical lineage, Martin Heidegger undertook a phenomenological investigation into the existential constitution of the human person which defines authenticity in terms of finitude. For the early Heidegger, human life is essentially ‘guilty’. This guilt, however, is not the traditional cognizance of one’s sinfulness, but the foundational Nichtigkeit (‘nullity’) of life and its attendant possibilities in the light of the ultimate finality of death. Authenticity, then, consists of a resolute working out of one’s life in the face of such inevitable finality. For the later Heidegger, the finite horizon of a particular epochal disclosure gifts Being to thought and determines it thereby. Authenticity in this case consists of giving oneself over to be appropriated by an event of Being. In contrast, Lonergan understands authenticity as being true to that primordial love which beckons us to intellectual probity and responsibility in working out life’s possibilities. This essay will illustrate how Lonergan’s analysis of the intentional structure of human conscious operations stands as a corrective to Heidegger’s early existential analysis of human being-in-the-world and later thought about Being. While Lonergan defines authenticity as loving openness to transcendent Being, Heidegger, because of his forgetfulness of the subject in her conscious operations, does not allow for a transcendence which stands beyond any finite horizon.
Blood, Blood Everywhere and Not A Drop To Drink: How Jesus’ Blood Fulfills the Law
Authors: Moon Catherine
Published: September 2021

Christianity is based in blood, thereby that death can never be forgotten. Blood begins with Genesis to have the dueling significance of life and death. For one’s blood is one’s life, and yet blood is the price for sin. From the very beginning blood poured out represents humanity’s imminent death brought even closer by the onslaught of sin and its weariless pursuit of life. Until Christ fulfills his new covenant, the exchange of blood for blood is endless and the death that permeates blood prevails over life. In this essay, I will analyze how Jesus’ blood fulfills the Law and frees humanity from sin and death. First, I will see how blood is understood and portrayed in the covenant of Noah, then the covenant of Abraham, and finally in the Law of Moses, so that the fullness of what it means for God to pour out His blood and die, so humanity may ultimately live and not be forever separated from Him can be fully known. This will also further unpack and clarify what the practice of communion and activity of the mass effects in human beings according to piece of human history it fulfills, forever partakes, and from which it came into being.
Life and Death in the Body of Christ
Authors: Studt, S.J. Eric
Published: September 2021

Focusing on 1 Corinthians, I argue for a literal reading of Paul’s understanding of life and death in the body of Christ. Recent research carried out by Dale Martin and Troels Engberg-Pedersen has uncovered a Stoic notion of pneuma in Paul’s writings. That is to say, Paul understood pneuma as a material substance that allows for life, perception, and knowledge. Paul believed that human beings are born with a fleshly pneuma, but God’s pneuma is given at baptism. Those possessing God’s pneuma literally see a different reality and are materially bound to other believers. Since for Paul the risen Christ is a pneumatic body, believers are also materially bound to Christ to form a single pneumatic body, the body of Christ. The body of Christ is not a metaphor, but an actual material body that is made up of God’s pneuma. Ultimately, to have a share in God’s pneuma means eternal life with the risen Christ and existence apart from God’s pneuma means death. This paper treats 1 Cor. 11:17-34 as a case study. In this pericope Paul warns that the body of the Lord acts as a poison, causing sickness and death, to those who participate unworthily in the Lord’s supper. “Unworthiness” here refers to the factionalism that was plaguing the Corinthian community. Paul believed that the Corinthians were literally killing the body of Christ—as well themselves individually—by tearing apart the corporate pneumatic body of believers through factionalism. In short, for Paul factionalism means death.
Fake news et libelles diffamatoires : Discours contre les fausses nouvelles, instrumentalisation des écritures de l’actualité et poétiques burlesques dans la première modernité (1559-1661)
Authors: Martin Martial
Published: September 2021

La satire libre en s’affranchissant de la stricte référence horatio-juvénalienne et en se structurant autour d’un moi poétique, distant, critique voire indigné face à un monde en devenir joue, durant la première modernité, un rôle important dans l’émergence d’une écriture de l’actualité qui conduit au cours du XVIIe siècle à l’apparition de la presse périodique. Pour réfléchir aux rapports entre les supports de l’information dans la première modernité et les écritures satiriques ou militantes, l’expression de fake news d’abord ressentie comme incongrue peut être particulièrement utile, car elle a l’intérêt, alors que nous sommes a priori peu sensibles à leur proximité et à leurs liaisons, de rapprocher des pratiques contemporaines aussi différentes que « l’article de presse erroné », « la publication orientée », « l’appeau à clics » et « le pastiche humoristique ». Avec le rapprochement de ces phénomènes jugés hétéroclites, il devient envisageable de penser de manière coordonnée trois aspects lisibles dans les phénomènes d’échange et d’hybridation entre les occasionnels et les libelles durant la première modernité. Comme les fake news qui désignent souvent l’information adverse sous les coups de clavier énervés des faiseurs numériques de tout aussi fausses nouvelles, le libelle est toujours pris dans un réseau de libelles dont le moteur d’expansion est l’indignation face aux impostures ennemies. Il imite les écritures médiatiques en se nourrissant de la rumeur et donne lieu à des démystifications qui sont aussi souvent des critiques des codes nouveaux de l’actualité telle qu’elle se donne à lire dans les occasionnels ; par bien des aspects, cette critique participe, en les travaillant, à la fixation de ces codes. Cette satire de l’actualité orientée ou militante prend des formes qui peuvent s’abstraire des enjeux partisans ; il est parfois difficile, comme aujourd’hui avec certains sites Internet ou comptes de réseaux sociaux satiriques, de faire la part entre des écritures engagées inventives et des jeux d’esprit plus libres. Plus profondément, l’esthétique « satyrique », grotesque (pour l’ensemble de cette première modernité) ou encore burlesque (pour la fin de cette période) pourrait engager un exercice plus global de l’incrédulité contre les fondements religieux et politiques de la société d’Ancien Régime. Par sa dimension métaréflexive, par sa grande diversité liée aux nombreuses hybridations avec les écritures de l’actualité, par ses oscillations entre un rire partisan et les jeux libres de l’esprit en fonction du goût du public et des intérêts des acteurs économiques de l’édition, le libelle diffamatoire offre décidément une figure changeante bien proche des réalités labiles auxquelles renvoie l’idée de fake news ; et en retour, il invite à ne pas rejeter hâtivement aujourd’hui tel ou tel aspect de cette nébuleuse, sans doute plus homogène dans ses jeux d’attraction qu’il n’y paraît.
« Bourrage de crânes » et « slogans qui éternisent le mensonge » : les écrivains anarchistes face à la propagande
Authors: Frigerio Vittorio
Published: September 2021

La presse anarchiste française s’inscrit dès ses débuts dans le cadre d’une lutte pour la diffusion d’une information franche et honnête que la grande presse bourgeoise, inféodée au pouvoir, subordonnerait au contraire aux exigences de la propagande. Cet article analyse la position des écrivains et journalistes anarchistes sur le rôle de la presse dans la diffusion des fausses nouvelles, en évoquant les journaux de Proudhon (1848-1850), mais en se concentrant surtout sur les polémiques autour du « bourrage de crânes » lors de la Première Guerre mondiale. L’analyse convoque deux des auteurs les plus actifs du courant anarchiste individualiste, Manuel Devaldès et Gérard de Lacaze-Duthiers, et se concentre sur leur critique du langage et de l’utilisation de lieux communs, clichés et slogans à des fins de propagande.
Breaking the News: Max Jacob’s Le Cornet à dés (1917)
Authors: Shinabargar Scott
Published: September 2021

The recurring pastiches of journalistic writing in Max Jacob’s seminal collection are more complex than they initially appear—critical, not merely of this discourse’s supposed objectivity, but of the assumption that the transmission of valid, valuable news is ever really sought in the first place. The indiscretions of sensationalist, and even fallacious news items appear far less surprising when we acknowledge, along with Jacob, that the esthetic pleasure orienting poetic expression – which is dependent, precisely, on a certain distortion of truthful communication – is what the public expects from its news sources as well, if unconsciously. By identifying the texts in this collection that reference topics and discursive tropes of Belle Époque journalism (and its often indistinguishable sibling, le roman feuilleton), we find that the poet simultaneously draws on the “attractive force” of such writing, drawing his reader into its intrigue, while continually disrupting any stable referential function, through linguistic play. While Jacob is hardly an engaged artist, by laying bare the ultimately unsatisfying quick fix of headline news, reconstituting the latter as an objet d’art, he reminds us of an important truth after all: the most rewarding esthetic experiences are at once more transparent – fiction acknowledged as such – and more resistant to understanding.
A Systematic Literature Review of School Science Programs Addressing indigenous Perspectives: Research Approaches and Opportunities (1999-2019)
Authors: Ruddell Nicholas , Danaia Lena , McKinnon David
Published: September 2021

This article is a systematic literature review of cross-cultural science education research articles published between 1999 and 2019. Programs and practices that seek to extend our understanding of implementing effective cross-cultural research are analysed. More research in elementary
school contexts, particularly in rural and remote locations is recommended. Including cognitive outcomes into the data collection mix would allow for a clearer picture of student learning. Future research in the field of indigenous science education should also include culturally responsive
methodologies that work in an agreed middle-ground space.
The French and British Models of the University of the Third Age: A Socio-Historical Analysis
Authors: Formosa Marvin
Published: September 2021

The University of the Third Age is one the leading organisations on older adult learning. Since its founding in 1973, it has been marked by an extensive increase of centres and members all over the globe. This article provides a socio-historical analysis on the origins and establishment
of the French and British U3A models which, to-date, remain highly influential towards the planning and running of older adult learning. It provides both a thematic and chronological account of how the U3A movement grew to its present dimensions from unexceptional settings in Toulouse and
Cambridge in 1973 and 1982 respectively.
Research Prospects, Higher Education and World University Ranking in China: A Review
Authors: Mia Rony , Abdullah Al Mamun Md , Hui Wu
Published: September 2021

This review paper focused on the high-impact research metrics, current state of higher education system and world university rankings of China. First, the research prospects in China described internationally with number of research field. Now, the largest field of research in China
is engineering. In recent years, China ranked 1st position for publishing documents & citable documents among the world. China always ranked 1st position in high-impact research metrics on engineering field. The total number of Chinese Nobel laureates are thirteen
(13). Secondly, an overview of higher education system in China presented with educational statistics. The enrolment procedure in Chinese universities to participated in National Higher Education Entrance Examination (Gaokao). In the recent years, the acceptance rate of Gaokao have increased.
Now the number of high school graduates who attend in university is more than 60%. The number of foreign students has also increased rapidly. Finally, Academic ranking of world universities shown that there are four Chinese university placed in Top 100 university category. The best four Chinese
universities are Tsinghua University, Peking University, Zhejiang University & Shanghai Jiao Tong University respectively.
A population-level invasion by transposable elements triggers genome expansion in a fungal pathogen
Authors: Oggenfuss Ursula , Badet Thomas , Wicker Thomas , Hartmann Fanny E , Singh Nikhil Kumar , Abraham Leen , Karisto Petteri , Vonlanthen Tiziana , Mundt Christopher , McDonald Bruce A , Croll Daniel
Published: September 2021

Genome evolution is driven by the activity of transposable elements (TEs). The spread of TEs can have deleterious effects including the destabilization of genome integrity and expansions. However, the precise triggers of genome expansions remain poorly understood because genome size evolution is typically investigated only among deeply divergent lineages. Here, we use a large population genomics dataset of 284 individuals from populations across the globe of Zymoseptoria tritici, a major fungal wheat pathogen. We built a robust map of genome-wide TE insertions and deletions to track a total of 2456 polymorphic loci within the species. We show that purifying selection substantially depressed TE frequencies in most populations, but some rare TEs have recently risen in frequency and likely confer benefits. We found that specific TE families have undergone a substantial genome-wide expansion from the pathogen’s center of origin to more recently founded populations. The most dramatic increase in TE insertions occurred between a pair of North American populations collected in the same field at an interval of 25 years. We find that both genome-wide counts of TE insertions and genome size have increased with colonization bottlenecks. Hence, the demographic history likely played a major role in shaping genome evolution within the species. We show that both the activation of specific TEs and relaxed purifying selection underpin this incipient expansion of the genome. Our study establishes a model to recapitulate TE-driven genome evolution over deeper evolutionary timescales.
Intertextuality in Translating Romantic Folksong Hua’er Across Time and Space with English Love Poems
Authors: Rui Ma
Published: September 2021

Hua’er, a peculiar type of folk song in Northwest China, can be translated by referring to English love poems to recreate analogous but fundamentally different intertextual relations in English. The intertextuality perspective of translation enables the translator to see the rendition not as a product but as one of the numerous interpretive possibilities. Seen in this light, translating romantic Hua’er is able to open up one of many dialogues with English language and culture. By analyzing pieces of romantic Hua’er which the author translated, this paper aims to explore ways of representing the original intertextual relations in the English cultural context through three specific situations where the intertexts within Hua’er are recreated in the receiving language. The three ways are reproducing by substitution for intertexts likely to remain unrecognized in English, retaining intertexts with distinctive Chinese characteristics and constructing intertexts in a new context familiar to English readers.