bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tensile strengths of super high-strength steel strand wire ropes and wire rope open swaged socket connections at fire and post fire
Authors: Yamaguchi Takumi , Ozaki Fuminobu
Published: June 2023

Purpose

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the tensile strengths of JIS G3549 super high-strength steel strand wire ropes (1,570 MPa-class high-carbon steels) and wire rope open swaged socket connections at fire and post fire.

Design/methodology/approach

Steady-state tests from ambient temperature (20 °C) to 800 °C, transient-state tests under the allowable design tensile force and tensile tests in an ambient temperature environment after heating (heating temperatures of 200–800 °C) were conducted.

Findings

The tensile strengths of the wire rope and end-connection specimens at both fire and post fire were obtained. The steel wire rope specimens possessed larger reduction factors than general hot-rolled mild steels (JIS SS400) and high-strength steel bolts (JIS F10T). The end-connection specimens with sufficient socket lengths exhibited ductile fracture of the wire rope part at both fire and post fire; however, those with short socket lengths experienced a pull-out fracture at the socket.

Originality/value

The fundamental and important tensile test results of the super high-strength steel strand wire ropes (1,570 MPa-class high-carbon steels) and wire rope open swaged socket connections were accumulated at fire and post fire, and the fracture modes were clarified. The obtained test results contribute to fire resistance performance-based design of cable steel structures at fire and fire-damage investigations to consider their reusability post fire.
Human factor analysis of error detection and correction in hand-knotted carpet production process
Authors: Kaur Gagan Deep
Published: June 2023

Purpose

The paper aims to discuss error detection and correction in Kashmiri carpet weaving (KCW), mediated by cryptographic code, Talim which is held to guarantee accurate information transference from designing to weaving, even after hundred years. Yet, carpets often show errors on completion.

Design/methodology/approach

Human factors analysis revealed error emergence, detection and correction in this practice whose task domains are distributed over large geographies (from in-premises to several kilometers) and timescales (from days to decades). Using prospective observation method, production process of two research carpets from their design, coding and weaving was observed while noting the errors made, identified and corrected by actors in each phase.

Findings

The errors were found to emerge, identified and corrected during different phases of designing, coding and weaving while giving rise to fresh errors in each phase, due to actors’ normal work routines.

Originality/value

In view of this, usual branding of “weaver-error” behind flawed carpet turns out to be misplaced value judgment passed in hindsight.
Design of a protocol model for the integration of social value in strategic management through social accounting
Authors: Echanove-Franco Alfonso , San-Jose Leire , Retolaza José Luis
Published: June 2023

Purpose

This study aims to structure a model for integrating social value into strategic management based on identifying the critical success factors (CSF) for such integration in the investigated companies.

Design/methodology/approach

This research was based on the actor–network theory. Through a rigorous approach to the case study methodology in a two-stage process lasting 21 months, we carried out this study.

Findings

Companies that use the polyhedral social accounting model in their strategic management processes do so without a reference model. We identified CSF for integrating social value, which was incorporated into a protocol model based on stakeholder theory and the use of social accounting.

Practical implications

Practitioners can use the proposed model to maintain the alignment of strategic performance and purpose. Using social accounting based on indicators and financial proxies allows managers to incorporate social value into strategic management in terms of financial value.

Social implications

The institutional demand for social information is based on the growing sensitivity of companies. Aligning social values with business strategies contributes to social sustainability.

Originality/value

This study focuses on an unresearched emerging phenomenon. Since the first approach to stakeholder theory, the development of a stakeholder-oriented strategy has faced the lack of a stakeholder accounting system. The polyhedral model of social accounting could help overcome this problem as it provides information that allows a novel and innovative method to make a stakeholder-oriented strategy effective.
Real‐world safety and effectiveness of adalimumab in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: A 52‐week analysis of a postmarketing surveillance study in Japan
Authors: Hayashi Nobukazu , Hayama Koremasa , Takahashi Kenzo , Kurokawa Ichiro , Okazaki Masateru , Kashiwagi Tomoko , Iwashita Eri , Terui Tadashi
Published: June 2023

Adalimumab is a human monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor‐α that was approved in Japan for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), a chronic recurrent inflammatory skin disease. We report the results of the final analysis of the postmarketing surveillance (PMS) study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03894956), which evaluated the 52‐week safety and efficacy of adalimumab for HS treatment in real‐world clinical practice in Japan. This multicenter, prospective, open‐label, observational study (March 2019 to May 2021) included patients with HS treated with subcutaneous adalimumab at doses following the package insert. The primary endpoint was safety, and the secondary endpoints were effectiveness, including HS clinical response (HiSCR), C‐reactive protein (CRP), skin pain, and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Of the 84 patients registered at 65 sites, 83 patients were included in the analyses. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported by 10 (12.0%) patients; two patients reported a serious ADR, including one patient with serious infection. Other safety events of special interest reported were liver disorder and dermatitis psoriasiform (one patient each). Almost all patients with ADRs were recovering or had recovered, except for one patient who experienced a serious ADR of liver disorder and died. At 12 weeks, 55.4% of patients achieved HiSCR; this increased to 60.5% and 62.8% at 24 and 52 weeks of adalimumab treatment, respectively. Significant reductions from baseline in CRP (P < 0.05), skin pain (P < 0.0001), and DLQI (P < 0.0001) were observed at all time points. The results from this PMS study demonstrated that long‐term adalimumab treatment is well tolerated and effective in patients with HS in real‐world clinical practice in Japan.
Genome‐based analysis of Pseudomonas paracarnisRQ057, a strain responsible for blue discoloration spoilage in processed cheese
Authors: Rodrigues Rafaela da Silva , Machado Solimar Gonçalves , de Carvalho Antonio Fernandes , Nero Luís Augusto
Published: June 2023

A strain of Pseudomonas causing blue discoloration was isolated from processed cheese ‘Requeijão em Barra’ and studied by whole‐genome sequencing. The strain RQ057 was identified as Pseudomonas paracarnis using the TYGS web server and also by in silico DNA–DNA hybridisation and ANIb calculation. Pyoverdine biosynthetic clusters, integrative and conjugative elements (ICE), prophage regions and genomic islands (GIs) were predicted. Furthermore, we observed that copies of genes related to the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway (trpCBAFD), which are exclusive to strains causing blue discoloration, are contained in the region identified as ICE and which was also identified in GIs. This genomic region also contains genes for transposase, type IV transport system (T4SS) and pili construction. Thereby, we can assume that this region contains potential conjugative‐transposon‐like mobile genetic elements and it has plasmid‐like conjugative properties.
Goals and values of farmers revisited: Gasson fifty years on
Authors: Hill Berkeley , Bradley Dylan
Published: June 2023

Fifty years have passed since the Journal of Agricultural Economics published an article by Ruth Gasson on the goals and values of farmers in England. Gasson's research demonstrated the complexity of motives and, in particular, the importance farmers attached to the activities of farming (their intrinsic orientation), even among the operators of larger farms. Gasson's article has been widely cited as seminal by subsequent researchers on farmer behaviour. Governments have acknowledged the importance of understanding the motives of farm decision‐makers when explaining their responses to economic and policy signals and designing schemes to shape farmers' behaviour. Brexit and the creation of national agricultural policies for each constituent UK country have highlighted the need for this better understanding, though precisely how this information can be used remains difficult. The continued dominance of an intrinsic orientation is particularly important for policies encouraging retirement and for the agri‐environment. Gasson's legacy is also important in the quantification of goals and values to segment, and hence model, the heterogeneity of likely farmer responses to market and policy signals.
Nursing diagnoses disturbed body image (00118) and situational low self‐esteem (00120) in patients with head and neck cancer: Differential clinical validation using Q methodology
Authors: Miguel Susana S. A. , Domingues Tiago Dias , Caldeira Sílvia
Published: June 2023

Purpose

When submitted to mutilating surgery, patients with head and neck cancer may present profound physical and psychosocial changes, temporary or definitive, with an individual impact and family. The most frequent human responses to this health condition are subjective, particularly concerning body image and self‐esteem. Differential validation emerges to provide nurses with clinical indicators for clinical reasoning and planning of effective interventions, considering the specific defining characteristics of each diagnosis.

This study aimed at conducting a differential clinical validation of the nursing diagnoses of disturbed body image and low situational self‐esteem in patients with head and neck cancer using Q methodology.

Method

We performed an observational cross‐sectional study using Q methodology.

Thirty‐eight participants were included. Data were analyzed using Q methodology procedures. The research and ethics committee approved the study.

Findings

Factor analysis was performed, and eight defining characteristics were identified for the diagnosis of disturbed body image and one for situational low self‐esteem: avoiding looking at one's body, avoiding touching one's body, the behavior of monitoring one's body, depersonalization of body part by use of impersonal pronouns, focus on past appearance, focus on past function, negative feeling about body, and refusal at acknowledging change and helplessness.

Conclusions

The use of the Q methodology in this process of differential validation allowed the study of two diagnoses of a subjective nature, disclosing the most specific defining characteristics of each and contributing to increasing the knowledge of these human responses.

Implications for nursing practice

This study contributes to a better understanding of the predominant defining characteristics of the diagnoses under study. In terms of the NANDA‐I taxonomy, it helps to raise the levels of evidence for diagnoses. Using a qualitative and quantitative methodology allows for maintaining a more holistic research approach and greater rigor and acceptance of the results.
Climate risk and audit fees: An international study
Authors: Yu Minfeng , Si Yi , Tian Gaoliang , Zhang Lei
Published: June 2023

Using a comprehensive global sample, we find that climate risk positively relates to audit fees. Specifically, auditors charge higher fee premiums when firms are located in countries with more stringent auditing regulations, higher information opacity and less adaptive capacity for climate risk. Audit fee premiums are also higher when firms are incentivised to manipulate earnings, less important to auditors, and audited by short‐tenured and industry‐specialised auditors. Our study provides worldwide evidence that climate risk induces more earnings management and increases the efforts of auditors in the auditing process, resulting in higher audit fees.
The lived experience of receiving services as a National Disability Insurance Scheme participant in a rural area: Challenges of choice and control
Authors: Wakely Luke , Green Elisha , Little Alexandra , Fisher Karin , Wakely Katrina , Currie Kate , Wolfgang Rebecca
Published: June 2023

Objective

To explore the lived experience of people with a physical disability residing in a rural area and receiving services under the NDIS.

Setting

Rural areas of New South Wales classified as Modified Monash Categories 3–7.

Participants

Semistructured interviews were conducted with seven purposively sampled participants who self‐identified as having a physical disability, were receiving NDIS funding and lived in a rural area of NSW.

Design

Data collection and analysis were guided by hermeneutic phenomenology.

Findings

We interpreted three interrelated themes; Uncertainty of Access, Battling Bureaucracy and Improving Relationships and Independence. The themes articulate the essence of this phenomenon, Challenges to choice and control.

Discussion

The findings of this study suggest that while people with a physical disability living in rural NSW acknowledged positive changes to their everyday lives through the NDIS, there remains a sense of confusion, frustration and disconnection with the system. Burdensome, inconsistent and untimely communication with NDIS staff caused uncertainty with the process and required negotiation to resolve issues such as delays in funding, essential services or equipment modifications. The essence of Challenges to choice and control articulates what the person had to negotiate within their lifeworld. Further guidance and clarity for people with disabilities to access the NDIS system would ensure confidence to navigate the system and receive the essential supports they need.
Drug safety signal detection in a regional healthcare database using the tree‐based scan statistic and comparison to 3 other mining methods
Authors: Hailong Li , Houyu Zhao , Hongbo Lin , Peng Shen , Siyan Zhan
Published: June 2023

Aims

To evaluate and compare the relative performance of the tree‐based scan statistic (TreeScan) with the crude cohort study, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) and Gamma Poisson Shrinker (GPS) in detecting statin‐related adverse events (AEs) in an electronic healthcare database.

Methods

Data from a Chinese healthcare database from 2010 to 2016 were evaluated. We identified statin users based on prescription information in their out‐/in‐patient records, and AEs were defined according to the ICD‐10 codes in patients' diagnosis records. TreeScan was applied to detect AE signals related to statin use and was compared with 3 other methods based on sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, the Youden index, area under the precision–recall curve and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

A total of 224 187 patients were enrolled and divided into 85 758 statin users and 138 429 nonusers. TreeScan generated 29 positive signals, of which 9 were known AEs. The sensitivities of TreeScan, BCPNN and GPS were all 69.2%, which was higher than that of the crude cohort study (46%). The specificity (82.3%), positive predictive value (31.0%), negative predictive value (95.9%), accuracy (81.0%), Youden index (51.5%) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (75.8%) of TreeScan were the highest among the 4 methods.

Conclusion

TreeScan outperformed the crude cohort, BCPNN and GPS in detecting statin‐related AEs in an electronic healthcare database. Therefore, it can be used as a complementary tool for other signal detection methods in drug safety surveillance.
How to debunk misinformation? An experimental online study investigating text structures and headline formats
Authors: Kotz Johannes , Giese Helge , König Laura M.
Published: June 2023

Objectives

Misinformation is a crucial problem, particularly online, and the success of debunking messages has so far been limited. In this study, we experimentally test how debunking text structure (truth sandwich vs. bottom‐heavy) and headline format (statement vs. questions) affect the belief in misinformation across topics of the safety of COVID vaccines and GMO foods.

Design

Experimental online study.

Methods

A representative German sample of 4906 participants were randomly assigned to reading one of eight debunking messages in the experimentally varied formats and subsequently rated the acceptance of this message and the agreement to misinformation statements about the mentioned topics and an unrefuted control myth.

Results

While the debunking messages specifically decreased the belief in the targeted myth, these beliefs and the acceptance of the debunking message were unaffected by the text structures and headline formats. Yet, they were less successful when addressing individuals with strong pre‐existing, incongruent attitudes and distrust in science.

Conclusions

The risk of backfire effects in debunking misinformation is low. Text structure and headline format are of relatively little importance for the effectiveness of debunking messages. Instead, writers may need to pay attention to the text being comprehensive, trustworthy and persuasive to maximize effectiveness.
Prognostic impact and gene expression analysis of peri‐tumoral alveolar macrophage in resected lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kagawa Yosuke , Nakai Tokiko , Taki Tetsuro , Hashimoto Hiroko , Tanaka Yu , Sakai Tetsuya , Shibata Yuji , Izumi Hiroki , Nosaki Kaname , Udagawa Hibiki , Zenke Yoshitaka , Matsumoto Shingo , Yoh Kiyotaka , Miyazaki Saori , Watanabe Reiko , Kojima Motohiro , Sakashita Shingo , Sakamoto Naoya , Tsuboi Masahiro , Goto Koichi , Ishii Genichiro
Published: June 2023

The prognostic significance and role of extratumoral alveolar macrophages (exAMs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the prognostic impact and gene expression of exAMs in LUAD patients. The density of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the peri‐tumoral lung field (p‐exAMs) and distant lung field (d‐exAMs) was evaluated in 217 LUAD patients with lymph node metastasis. Patients with high p‐exAMs showed significantly shorter recurrence‐free (RFS) and shorter overall survival (OS) than those with low p‐exAMs (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively), whereas there was no survival difference between patients with high d‐exAMs and those with low d‐exAMs. Multivariate analysis revealed that high p‐exAMs was an independent predictive factor for RFS (HR: 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.10–2.16; p = 0.01). Later, we collected AMs from the tumor periphery and distant segments in 13 resected lungs by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure and compared mRNA expression. AMs in the tumor periphery expressed significantly higher levels of IL‐10 and CCL2 than those in the distant segment (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Additionally, IL‐10 and CCL2 significantly induced the growth and migration of the PC9 cells in vitro. This study suggests that p‐exAMs should be considered as a tumor‐promoting component in the tumor microenvironment.
Orforglipron (LY3502970), a novel, oral non‐peptide glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist: A Phase 1b, multicentre, blinded, placebo‐controlled, randomized, multiple‐ascending‐dose study in people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Pratt Edward , Ma Xiaosu , Liu Rong , Robins Deborah , Coskun Tamer , Sloop Kyle W. , Haupt Axel , Benson Charles
Published: June 2023

Aim

To report the results of a Phase 1b trial evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of orforglipron (LY3502970), an oral, non‐peptide glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA), in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Materials and Methods

This was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled Phase 1 study evaluating five different dosing regimens. The first group established that weekly dose escalation of the daily doses of orforglipron was generally well tolerated. This enabled a parallel‐arm design for the four groups following. Participants were randomized 3:1 to daily doses of orforglipron or placebo for 12 weeks. Eligible participants with T2D were aged 18 to 70 years and had glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels ≥53.0 mmol/mol (7.0%) and ≤91.3 mmol/mol (10.5%).

Results

A total of 51 participants received orforglipron and 17 received placebo. In the placebo and orforglipron groups, respectively, baseline HbA1c was 8.1% and 8.0%, and baseline body weight was 90.3 and 88.4 kg. The most common adverse events were gastrointestinal‐related, and occurred early in treatment, similar to findings with other GLP‐1RAs. At Week 12, mean t1/2 ranged from 29 to 49 hours. Mean HbA1c change ranged from −1.5% to −1.8% across orforglipron doses, versus −0.4% with placebo, and body weight change was −0.24 to −5.8 kg across orforglipron doses, versus 0.5 kg with placebo.

Conclusions

Orforglipron treatment resulted in meaningful reductions in HbA1c and body weight, with an adverse event profile consistent with that of other GLP‐1RAs. Orforglipron may provide a safe and effective once‐daily oral treatment alternative to injectable GLP‐1RAs or peptide oral formulations without water and food restrictions.
Interferenceless coexistence of 6G networks and scientific instruments in the Ka‐band
Authors: Bordel Borja , Alcarria Ramón , Robles Tomás
Published: June 2023

6G networks are envisioned to provide an extremely high quality‐of‐service (QoS). Then, future 6G network must operate in the Ka‐band, where more bandwidth and radio channels are available, and noise and interferences are lower. But even in this context, 6G base stations must adjust the transmission power to ensure the signal‐to‐noise ratio is good enough to enable the expected QoS. However, 6G networks are not the only infrastructure operating in that band. Actually, many scientific instruments are also working on those frequencies. Considering that 6G networks will be transmitting a relevant power level, they can interfere very easily with these scientific instruments. Therefore, in this paper we propose a new solution to enable the interferenceless coexistence between 6G networks and scientific instruments. This solution includes a three‐dimensional model to analyse future positions of user devices. Using this information and an interference model, we design a decision model to adapt the transmitted power, so the QoS achieves the expected level. Besides, when the transmitted power is high enough to interfere with close scientific instruments, a scheduling algorithm based on swarm intelligence is triggered. This algorithm calculates the optimum distribution of time slots and radio channels, so the scientific instruments can operate, and the 6G networks can still provide the required QoS. An experimental validation is provided to analyse the performance of the proposed solution. Results show a complete coexistence may be achieved with an interference level of −26 dBm and a QoS above 95% of the expected level.
Parent–child contact problems and family intensive interventions: The crisis of adolescent suicidality and the role of social media
Authors: Pasternak Marcy A. , Montgomery Sharon Ryan
Published: June 2023

Although clinicians, educators and parents have been alarmed by the decline in the mental health of children and adolescents commensurate with the Covid‐19 pandemic, statistics indicate there has been a downward spiral over the last decade. This has been evident in the overall increase in suicide rates for young people. For legal and mental health professionals working in the Family Court system, this has provided unique challenges. Most vulnerable has been those children and adolescents embroiled in high conflict divorces, especially those exhibiting parent child contact problems. This article focuses upon that population exhibiting parent child contact problems, and their treatment, specifically Family Intensive Intervention. Building Family Resilience is an Intensive family treatment program that has had to address this deterioration in child and adolescent mental health and increase in suicidality. The role of social media in both exacerbating and/or ameliorating mental health issues is explored.
Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in patients with end‐stage renal disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gu Zhaoyan , Yang Xuhui , Wang Yan , Gao Jianjun
Published: June 2023

Introduction

The effects of denosumab on bone mineral density (BMD) and metabolism in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) remain controversial. Hence, we performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies.

Methods

The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched in June 2022 to identify studies that evaluated the risk of denosumab‐associated hypocalcemia and changes in bone metabolism, changes in BMD from baseline to post‐treatment in patients with ESRD.

Findings

Twelve studies with 348 participants were included. The pooled incidence of hypocalcemia during denosumab treatment was 35.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25%–46%; I2 = 63.6%). There were no significant changes in either the serum calcium or phosphate levels from the baseline to post‐treatment period; the mean differences were 0.04 mg/dL (95% CI, −0.12 to 0.20 mg/dL) and −0.39 mg/dL (95% CI, −0.89 to 0.12 mg/dL). We found significant changes in the alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels; the standardized mean differences were −2.98 (95% CI, −5.36 to –0.59) and −3.12 (95% CI: –4.94 to –1.29), respectively. Denosumab may increase BMD, with mean differences of 9.10% (95% CI: 4.07%–14.13%) and 9.00% (95% CI: 5.93%–12.07%) for the femoral neck and lumbar spine, respectively.

Discussion

Denosumab increased the BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck in patients with ESRD. The onset of hypocalcemia must be carefully monitored during denosumab administration.
Updating germ cell tumour pathogenesis – the ability of seminomas for FOXA2‐driven extra‐embryonic differentiation
Authors: Bremmer Felix , Lubk Lena , Ströbel Philipp , Nettersheim Daniel
Published: June 2023

Aims

Testicular germ cell tumours are the most common solid malignancies in young men of age 14–44 years. It is generally accepted that both seminomas and non‐seminomas arise from a common precursor, the germ cell neoplasia in‐situ, which itself is the result of a defective (primordial) germ cell development. The stem cell‐like population of the non‐seminomas, the embryonal carcinoma, is capable of the differentiation of all three germ layers (teratomas) and extra‐embryonic tissues (yolk‐sac tumours, choriocarcioma) into cells. In contrast, seminomas are thought to have a limited differentiation potential. Nevertheless, several studies have highlighted their ability to undergo reprogramming to an embryonal carcinoma or differentiation into other non‐seminomatous entities. Here, we demonstrate that in approximately 5% of seminomas, the yolk‐sac tumour driver gene FOXA2 is detectable at the protein level, indicative of an occult yolk‐sac tumour subpopulation that putatively arose from seminoma cells, as the presence of other GCT entities could be excluded. The presence of these subpopulations might render the tumour more aggressive and argue for an adjustment of the therapeutic concept. We used our data to update the model of germ cell tumour pathogenesis, especially regarding the developmental potential of seminomas. Additionally, we suggest to include detection of FOXA2 into standard routine diagnosis of seminomas.
The longitudinal influence of ADHD status and stimulant medication on body mass index and blood pressure among youth with obesity
Authors: Kollin Sophie R. , Lim Crystal S. , Lee Aaron A.
Published: June 2023

Background

Youth with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more vulnerable to developing obesity. Stimulant medication use, an evidence‐based treatment for ADHD, is associated with lower body mass index (BMI) and higher blood pressure among non‐overweight youth.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal influence of ADHD and stimulant medication use on BMI and blood pressure among a sample of 456 youth with overweight and obesity treated in a paediatric weight management clinic.

Methods

Mixed linear modelling examined the main and interactive effects of time by ADHD status and stimulant medication use on BMI and blood pressure.

Results

Youth without ADHD experienced a significantly faster decrease in BMI compared to youth with ADHD (p < 0.001). Youth with ADHD who were taking stimulant medication had a significantly faster decrease in BMI compared to youth with ADHD who were not taking stimulant medication (p = 0.009). There was no significant effect of ADHD status or stimulant medication use on diastolic or systolic blood pressure trajectories over time (ps >0.05).

Conclusions

Results from this study suggest that youth with ADHD who are not taking stimulant medication may not benefit from clinical weight management to the same extent as either youth without ADHD or youth with ADHD who are taking a stimulant medication.
Synthesis and reaction path of Ti‐Al‐C MAX phases by reaction with Ti‐Al intermetallic compounds and TiC
Authors: Lee Hojun , Kim Si Yeon , Lee Young‐In , Byun Jongmin
Published: June 2023

In this study, it was verified that the synthesis of Ti‐Al‐C MAX phases has advantages when using intermetallic compounds rather than using only elemental powders. The formation behavior of the MAX phases was presented through diffusion experiments. In the case of using elemental powder, Ti2AlC is produced at 1300°C, and Ti3AlC2 is produced at 1400°C. When intermetallic compounds are used, Ti2AlC is produced at 1000°C, and Ti3AlC2 is produced at 1300°C. In the case of the elemental powder, it is verified that Ti3AlC2 content is decreased and Ti2AlC is increased when heat treatment is performed at 1400°C for 3 h. Rather Ti3AlC2 content is increased when intermetallic compounds are used. When an intermetallic compound is used, synthesis occurs more actively at high temperatures, and the tendency to be thermally decomposed can be prevented. When TiAl and TiC are heat treated, Al of the intermetallic compound is diffused into TiC, and C of TiC is diffused into the intermetallic compound. Furthermore, there are many two‐dimensional defects in TiAl, which act as a C diffusion channel. C diffuses into TiAl to produce TiCX, and the MAX phases is generated by the short‐range diffusion of Al. At the region of TiC, TiC transforms into TiCX after C diffuses into TiAl, which consequently structure of TiC changes from cubic to hexagonal. This is the same crystal structure as the MAX phases, and it is confirmed that the (110) surface is maintained. A Ti‐C layer structure of the (110) surface is maintained, and it was determined that Al is diffused during this time to generate the MAX phases.
Electroantennogram and behavioural responses of Plutella xylostella to volatiles from the non‐host plant Mentha spicata
Authors: Yan Xi‐Zhong , Wang Zhi‐Yu , Ma Li , Song Cheng‐Fei , Zhao Jin‐Yu , Wang Chen‐Zhu , Hao Chi
Published: June 2023

Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is one of the most important pests of cruciferous vegetables. Mechanically damaged Mentha spicata Linnaeus (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) strongly repels P. xylostella adults; however, the repellent mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the repellent mechanism was explored based on the electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioural responses of P. xylostella to volatiles from the damaged M. spicata. First, the active volatile compounds in the headspace volatiles of damaged M. spicata were identified by gas chromatography‐electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Furthermore, the EAG and behavioural responses of P. xylostella to these compounds were investigated. The GC‐EAD results indicated that four compounds, 2,4‐dimethylheptane, 4‐methyloctane, 2‐methylnonane, and myrcene induced EAG responses in female antennae. 2‐methylnonane and myrcene elicited strong dose‐dependent EAG responses starting at a dose of 1 μg/μL. Choice tests in a four‐arm olfactometer showed significant repellent effects of the four compounds on P. xylostella adults at 100 μg/μL, and the repellent indices of 2,4‐dimethylheptane, 4‐methyloctane, 2‐methylnonane, and myrcene were 70.0%, 76.7%, 66.7%, and 73.3% to mated females, respectively. Finally, oviposition repellence assays showed that female adults were significantly repelled by these compounds, and the oviposition repellent index for myrcene was 23.9%. 2,4‐dimethylheptane, 4‐methyloctane, 2‐methylnonane, and myrcene mediate the repellence of wounded M. spicata to P. xylostella adults, suggesting that the four compounds contribute towards developing behavioural regulators of this important pest.
Alcohol and its associated liver carcinogenesis
Authors: Jacob Rachael , Prince David S. , Kench Charlotte , Liu Ken
Published: June 2023

Alcohol consumption is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of alcohol‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) varies worldwide but is highest in Eastern Europe. Alcohol is the second fastest‐growing cause of age‐standardized liver cancer mortality with tumors more often diagnosed outside surveillance protocols and at a more advanced stage. Risk factors for aHCC include greater amounts of alcohol consumption, sex, and certain genetic polymorphisms. Smoking, concomitant liver disease, obesity, and diabetes act synergistically in increasing the risk of HCC in alcohol‐associated liver disease. Alcohol‐related hepatocarcinogenesis results from the complex interactions of several mechanistic pathways. Although not completely understood, underlying mechanisms include acetaldehyde‐related hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress, activation of the innate immune system, and alterations of the host microbiome.
Development and applicability of a risk assessment tool for hospital‐acquired mobility impairment in ambulatory older adults
Authors: Shah Sachin J. , Hoffman Ari , Pierce Logan , Covinsky Kenneth E.
Published: June 2023

Background

Mobility loss is common in hospitalized older adults, and resources to prevent mobility impairment are finite. Our goal was to use routinely collected data to develop a risk assessment tool that identifies individuals at risk of losing the ability to walk during hospitalization on the first hospital day. Second, we determined if the tool could inform the use of mobility‐preserving interventions.

Methods

We included patients admitted to a general medical service, aged ≥65 years, who walked occasionally or frequently on admission (Braden Scale Activity subset > = 3). Patients were considered to have a new mobility impairment if, at discharge, their ability to walk was severely limited or nonexistent or they were confined to bed (Braden Scale Activity subset <3). We used predictors available on the first hospital day to develop (2017–18 cohort) and validate (2019 cohort) a risk assessment tool. We determined the association between predicted risk and therapy use in the validation cohort to highlight the model's clinical utility.

Results

5542 patients were included (median age 76 years, 48% women); 7.6% were discharged unable to walk. The model included 5 predictors: age, medication administrations, Glasgow Coma Scale verbal score, serum albumin, and urinary catheter presence. In the validation cohort, the model discriminated well (c‐statistic 0.75) and was strongly associated with hospital‐acquired mobility impairment (lowest decile 1%, highest decile 25%). In the validation cohort, therapy consultation ordering increased linearly with predicted risk; however, observed mobility impairment increased exponentially.

Conclusion

The tool assesses the risk of mobility impairment in all ambulatory hospitalized older adults on the first hospital day. Further, it identifies at‐risk older adults who may benefit from mobility interventions.
The association between maternal iron, zinc, copper levels in serum and pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Wang Lingli , Yu Tianxiao , Liu Yumeng , Fan Xizhenzi , Song Wenhui , Zhao Chuan
Published: June 2023

Aims

To investigate the associations of serum trace elements (iron, zinc, and copper) between women with different pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

About 774 pregnant women who came to The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang for prenatal examination were investigated. The concentrations of trace elements in the serum of pregnant women in the third trimester were collected. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between serum trace element levels and the different pregnancy outcomes. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between serum trace elements levels and hypersensitive‐C‐reactive‐protein.

Results

Results of the multiple logistic regression showed that zinc, copper and copper/zinc ratio were found to be associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, and zinc was a protective factor (p = 0.002) while copper and copper/zinc ratio as risk factors (p = 0.030 and p = 0.001, respectively) after adjusting for major confounders. It was found that iron and zinc were negatively associated with the risk of moderate or severe anemia (p = 0.022 and p = 0.001, respectively). In contrast, the copper/zinc ratio was positively related to the risk of moderate or severe anemia (p = 0.021). The adjusted relationships between copper and copper/zinc ratio with premature rupture of membranes were statistically significant (p = 0.007 and p = 0.037). Iron and zinc were negatively associated with the risk of chorioamnionitis, while copper and copper/zinc ratio were positively associated with the risk of chorioamnionitis (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Serum iron, zinc and copper levels are closely related to pregnancy outcomes.
The experiences of autistic medical students: A phenomenological study
Authors: Shaw Sebastian C. K. , Doherty Mary , Anderson John L.
Published: June 2023

Background

Increasing recognition of autism is reflected in the growing awareness of autistic health care providers. Regulatory bodies including the UK General Medical Council and the UK Medical Schools Council have published guidance fostering inclusion. Whilst many autistic doctors and students are thriving, many may not disclose their diagnosis unless difficulties arise, which perpetuates stereotypes. No studies have explored the experiences of autistic medical students. We aimed to do this.

Methods

This was an interpretive phenomenological study. Autistic medical students were recruited using Facebook announcements. Participants underwent audio‐recorded, loosely structured interviews. Recordings were transcribed verbatim and underwent an interpretive phenomenological analysis.

Results

Five participated from five different UK medical schools. Constructed themes included: Autistic profiles and stereotypes—‘I'm a lot better with patients than I am with my peers, with staff, which is hard for a lot of people to understand’; sensory processing and the learning environment—‘noises really hurt my ears … It actually hurts’; me, myself and masking—‘so, medicine's hard. But I'm also studying myself and I'm figuring myself out and that degree is harder’; the social world—‘I always feel like I'm watching my back’; and navigating the system—‘[they say] “but you're going to be a doctor one day, so you need to get used to it”’.

Conclusion

Participants longed for understanding and support from their medical schools. They reported experiences of isolation, bullying and anxiety. Most felt themselves to be victims of the system, whereby they were expected to adapt themselves in order to appear non‐autistic. When participants reported not coping due to being autistic, most were advised to ‘take time out’. None were offered personalised adjustments to their learning environment. All reported strengths associated with being autistic. This supports the assertion that autistic people can be safe, effective and skilled doctors.
A practical guide to address reactions to vaccines in children
Authors: Arcolaci Alessandra , Scarmozzino Rocco , Zanoni Giovanna
Published: June 2023

Currently available vaccines are safe, but, potentially, any vaccine can cause an allergic reaction and, albeit very rare, anaphylaxis can occur. Although its rarity, the precise diagnostic management of a suspected anaphylaxis postvaccination is of paramount importance due to the risk of a potentially serious reaction after re‐exposure, while a misdiagnosis might lead to an increase in the number of children that interrupt vaccinations resulting in an unjustifiably individual and collective risk of loss of protection against immune preventable diseases. In the light that most cases of suspected allergy to a vaccine are not effectively confirmed in up to 85% of the cases referred for an allergy evaluation, patients can continue the vaccination schedule with the same formulation and tolerance of the booster doses. The patient assessment has to be done by an expert in the vaccine field, usually an allergist or an immunologist depending on the country, to select subjects at risk of allergic reactions and to perform the correct procedures for vaccine hypersensitivity diagnosis and management, in order to guarantee safe immunization practices. The aim of this review is to provide a practical guidance for the safe management of allergic children undergoing immunization procedures. The guide is referred both to the evaluation of children who have previously experienced a suspected allergic reaction to a specific vaccine and their management in case of further booster doses, and to children allergic to a component of the vaccine to be administered.
Boron stimulates fruit formation and reprograms developmental metabolism in sweet cherry
Authors: Michailidis Michail , Bazakos Christos , Kollaros Marios , Adamakis Ioannis‐Dimosthenis S. , Ganopoulos Ioannis , Molassiotis Athanassios , Tanou Georgia
Published: June 2023

Boron modulates a wide range of plant developmental processes; however, the regulation of early fruit development by boron remains poorly defined. We report here the physiological, anatomical, metabolic, and transcriptomic impact of pre‐flowering boron supply on the sweet cherry fruit set and development (S1–S5 stages). Our findings revealed that endogenous boron content increased in early growth stages (S1 and S2 stages) following preflowering boron exogenous application. Boron treatment resulted in increased fruit set (S1 and S2 stages) and mesocarp cell enlargement (S2 stage). Various sugars (e.g., fructose and glucose), alcohols (e.g., myo‐inositol and maltitol), organic acids (e.g., malic acid and citric acid), amino acids (e.g., valine and serine) accumulated in response to boron application during the various developmental stages (S1–S5 stages). Transcriptomic analysis at early growth (S1 and S2 stages) identified boron‐responsive genes that are mainly related to secondary metabolism, amino acid metabolism, calcium‐binding, ribosome biogenesis, sugar homeostasis and especially to photosynthesis. We found various boron‐induced/repressed genes, including those specifically involved in growth. Several heat shock proteins displayed distinct patterns during the initial growth in boron‐exposed fruit. Gene analysis also discovered several putative candidate genes like PavPIP5K9, PavWAT1, PavMIOX, PavCAD1, PavPAL1 and PavSNRK2.7, which could facilitate the investigation of the molecular rationale underlying boron function in early fruit growth. Substantial changes in the expression of numerous transcription factors, including PavbHLH25, PavATHB.12L, and PavZAT10.1,.2 were noticed in fruits exposed to boron. The current study provides a baseline of information for understanding the metabolic processes regulated by boron during sweet cherry fruit early growth and fruit development in general.
There Goes the Neighborhood: How Racial Threat Shapes the Formation of Integrated and Segregated Neighborhoods
Authors: Moye Richard Greg , Thomas Melvin
Published: June 2023

Neighborhoods in the United States are highly segregated by race. Black–white segregation is particularly acute. Although racial segregation has been declining in recent years, it remains extremely high—especially in the largest metropolitan areas. The historical pattern has been that as African Americans move into a neighborhood, whites move out and thus the neighborhood (gradually or rapidly) transitions from predominantly white to predominantly black. A seemingly contradictory pattern has recently been observed: integrated neighborhoods are becoming more common. Why do some neighborhoods transition from white to black and others become integrated? We use racial competition theory to answer this question. We examine the characteristics of stable, integrated neighborhoods and contrast them with segregated predominantly white, predominantly black, and rapidly transitioning neighborhoods in six large metropolitan areas. We find that the location of black neighborhoods is a key factor in whether an integrated neighborhood remains integrated. Specifically, we find integrated neighborhoods are spatially distant from majority black neighborhoods while transitioning neighborhoods are adjacent to them. Our findings support the “sense of threat” hypothesis of racial competition theory.
Language and persuasion: A discursive psychological approach
Authors: Humă Bogdana
Published: June 2023

Across the social sciences, there is a wealth of research on the role of language in persuasion in interpersonal communication. Most of these studies have been conducted in laboratories using experimental methods, have taken a social cognitive perspective, and have focused on the effects of particular linguistic practices on how persuasive messages are understood, processed, and ultimately complied with. By contrast, less attention has been paid to how language can be used to create sequential, interactional, and social obligations, in everyday interactions, like sales encounters or business negotiations, where persuasion occurs naturally and is built into the fabric of the conversation. In reviewing the former approach to studying language and persuasion, in this paper, I highlight several critical shortcomings. Then, I argue that, when studying naturally occurring persuasion‐in‐interaction, a discursive psychological approach is better suited for investigating and theorising the interactional structures underpinning persuasion and the role of language therein.
Retracted: Begoña Espejo and Irene Checa (2023) “Do gender and educational level predict vaccination? The mediating role of attitudes towards vaccines and fear of COVID‐19” Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass (https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12801).
Authors: Espejo Begoña , Checa Irene
Published: June 2023

The above article, published online on June 2, 2023 in Wiley Online Library (https://wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor‐in‐Chief Brendan Gough, and Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed upon due to an editorial error in which the unrevised version of the article was published.

The correct peer reviewed and revised manuscript is available via DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12879