bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas-phase Photocatalytic Partial Oxidation of Cyclohexane to Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone on Au/TiO2 Photocatalysts
Authors: Sannino D. , Vaiano V. , Ciambelli P. , Murcia J. J. , Hidalgo M. C. , Navío J. A.
Published: November 2016

The heterogeneous photocatalytic partial oxidation of cyclohexane in gas-phase as an alternative green process for fine chemicals synthesis was successfully achieved on Au/TiO
Calcination Effects on Properties of TiO2/HZSM-5 Photocatalyst Using Pretreated HZSM-5 Support
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Yu Yang , Bi Feifei , He Hongbo
Published: November 2016

HZSM-5 zeolite was modified by phosphoric acid treating and a sol-gel method was used to prepare the TiO
Degradation Kinetics of Reactive Black 5 Wastewater by UV/H2O2
Authors: Xu Hang , Xu Airong
Published: November 2016

Degradation process of Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) by UV/H
Titanium Dioxide-mediated Photocatalysed Mineralization of Two Selected Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Suspensions
Authors: Umar Khalid , Haque M. M. , Mir Niyaz A. , Muneer M. , Farooqi I. H.
Published: November 2016

Titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalytic mineralization of two selected organic pollutants such as Metalaxyl (ML) and Tinidazole (TN) has been investigated in aqueous suspensions in the presence of atmospheric oxygen under a variety of conditions. The mineralization was studied by monitoring the depletion in total organic carbon (TOC) content as a function of irradiation time. In addition HPLC analysis technique was also used to monitor the degradation of model compounds under investigations. The mineralization kinetics of both compounds were investigated under different conditions such as type of TiO
The Effect of Boron Content on Properties of B-TiO2 Photocatalyst Prepared by Sol-gel Method
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Hu Tingting , Yang Bo , Sun Peng , He Hongbo
Published: November 2016

B-TiO
Color and COD Removal of Azo Dye ‘Basic Blue 9’ by Fenton Oxidation Process: Determined of Optimal Parameters and Kinetic Study
Authors: Ertugay Nese , Acar Filiz Nuran
Published: November 2016

Advanced oxidation of an azo dye, Basic Blue 9 (BB9) by Fenton oxidation was investigated in batch experiments. The UV-vis spectral changes of in aqueous solution during Fenton process were studied. It was easier to destruct the azo linkage group than to destruct the aromatic rings of (BB9) by Fenton process. The effects of different reaction parameters such as initial ferrous concentration, initial hydrogen peroxide (H
TiO2-assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Diazo Dye Reactive Red 120: Decolorization Kinetics andMineralization Investigations
Authors: Sharma Sandeep Kumar , Bhunia Haripada , Bajpai Pramod K.
Published: November 2016

Photocatalytic decolorization and mineralization of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) has been studied in the presence of Degussa P25 TiO
Zum Umgang mit ‚Mitleid‘ in der öffentlichen Gerichtspraxis: Vergleichende Überlegungen zur attischen Demokratie und späten römischen Republik
Authors: Piepenbrink Karen
Published: November 2016

Der Aufsatz untersucht komparatistisch den Umgang mit ‚Mitleid‘ in den Gerichtshöfen der attischen Demokratie und der späten römischen Republik. Er zeigt diesbezüglich strukturelle Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede auf und interpretiert sie in ihrem politischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kontext.
The Cults of Alexander the Great in the Greek Cities of Asia Minor
Authors: Kholod Maxim M.
Published: November 2016

The paper deals with the cults of Alexander the Great in the Greek cities of Asia Minor (on the coast and the nearby islands). The author argues that although some cults in these cities could be set up after the Macedonian king's death, at least most known to us (or supposed) cults of Alexander in them were instituted still in his lifetime, in all likelihood, in 324–323 BC. It seems that the cults of the king were established only in a certain, probably far from overwhelming, number of the Greek cities of Asia Minor in this period. In turn, it should be believed that the do ut des principle played an important role when these cities introduced such cults. At the same time, their institution was also caused by a sense of gratitude of the inhabitants of the Greek cities of Asia Minor to Alexander for the liberation of them from the unpopular power of both the Persians and the pro-Persian oligarchs or tyrants and, in addition, for those general and particular benefactions that were given by the Macedonian king to the communities.
Interpreting Culture in Italian Courts: A Proposal of a “Cultural Test”
Authors: Ruggiu Ilenia
Published: November 2016

Through a series of analyses of relevant cases – such as Roma begging, genital alterations, and honor killings – this article intends to show the multiple ways in which Italian judges use, and sometimes misuse, the concept of culture. Placing Italy in the broader context of Western democracies, these analyses show the need for more certain standards to fairly assess cultural differences. The aim of this article is to suggest a legal tool to be used by judges when facing multicultural conflicts: a test consisting of a sequence of pre-established reflective questions every judge should answer when legal claims involving cultural rights are at stake. The cultural test proposed here is inspired by similar tests existing on a comparative level, and aims to offer judges a guide so as to avoid the erratic reasoning on cultural matters sometimes deployed in Italian courts.
Hirschstein oder neolithischer Menhir? Zwei konkurrierende Interpretationen zu einem ungewöhnlichen Steindenkmal in Sachsen-Anhalt
Authors: Bemmann Jan
Published: November 2016

Eine verzierte Steinstele, die um 1800 bei Seehausen, Lkr. Börde, entdeckt wurde und keinen Befundkontext bietet, der eine Datierung ermöglichen würde, hat zwei stark voneinander abweichende kulturelle Einordnungen und Datierungen erfahren, die seit Jahrzehnten zusammenhangs- und berührungslos nebeneinander stehen. Die beiden Interpretationen als spätbronze-/früheisenzeitlicher Hirschstein vom eurasischen Typ und als neolithischer Menhir werden vorgestellt und auf ihren Wahrscheinlichkeitsgrad hin überprüft. Die Stele lässt wesentliche Charakteristika eines Hirschsteines vermissen, weshalb diese Ansprache verworfen wird.
Environmental and occupational exposure to cadmium in Iran: a systematic review
Authors: Tavakkoli Leila , Khanjani Narges
Published: November 2016

Introduction:

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the heavy metals that have negative effects on human health. In Iran, there is no policy to regularly measure Cd in the general population. However, some studies have been performed on special groups and in different cities of Iran. This paper has reviewed these studies and human contamination levels in Iran.

Method and materials:

All accessible electronic information resources such as Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, IranMedex, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar and Science Direct were searched, with relevant phrases and their Persian translations. The search included all studies conducted in Iran and listed in the databases until March 15, 2016.

Results:

Eventually, 18 articles were selected from 25 retrieved articles. Cd was higher among industrial workers exposed to Cd. In the general population, Cd was higher among smokers and in people with environmental exposure from living in industrial areas.

Conclusion:

Considering the high Cd contamination in the workers of industries, it seems to be necessary to do surveillance in this group through periodic regular check-ups and avoiding unnecessary exposure to Cd as much as possible. Also due to the high concentration of Cd in smokers, there should be more awareness of the damaging effects of smoking, especially among pregnant women, and more attention to local industries, especially those dealing with Cd, is necessary. These industries should be kept at a safe distance from residential areas.
Improved Analytical Method Study of the Determination of Lambda-Cyhalothrin as Premix in Water-Based, Environmentally Friendly Formulations
Authors: Chen Shao'e , Zhu Zhen , Ni Dejian , Wang Lidong , Gao Zhongwen
Published: November 2016

A gas chromatograph (GC) analytical method for the technical determination of lambda-cyhalothrin in WP, EC, and UL formulations was published as lambda-cyhalothrin 463 of the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) Handbook E. The method for determination of lambda-cyhalothrin in capsule suspension formulations is published in the CIPAC Handbook K. The published GC methods for the determination of lambda-cyhalothrin, especially as a premix combined with other materials containing nitrogen, show a higher isomerization of lambda-cyhalothrin during the analysis, thus making the method unsuitable. Therefore, we introduce a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that has been found to be more appropriate for the determination of lambda-cyhalothrin in these mixtures as well as in water-based formulations. This method provides good linearity (R2 > 0.999) and precision (relative standard deviation <2 %). This HPLC method does not favor any isomerization of lambda-cyhalothrin during the analysis; it is very simple and easy to apply in a technical grade and in formulations.
Lignin-Based Chemicals as Green Dispersants for Liquid Formulation: Better Protection Against Crystal Growth
Authors: Gargulak Jerry , Gundersen Stig Are , Bierre Frédérik , Rolland Pauline
Published: November 2016

The development of liquid formulations such as suspension concentrates is increasing in the crop-protection industry. However, Ostwald ripening, also called crystal growth, can irreversibly occur in the aqueous suspension even at low solubility levels of the active material and can cause severe changes in the formulation during storage. Lignosulfonates are natural water-soluble polymers based on wood biorefinery that can be used as crystal growth inhibitors in suspension concentrates. In addition, lignosulfonates are highly efficient dispersants because they rapidly adsorb onto the newly created surfaces during milling of the active material, preventing its re-agglomeration. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the stability of fungicide-based suspension concentrates using different kinds of dispersants. A special-grade lignin-based product from Borregaard LignoTech, Greensperse S7, was tested and compared with kraft lignin, sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, acrylic copolymer, and a standard sodium lignosulfonate. The active material was milled down to 1 μm in order to encourage the destabilization of the formulation during “accelerated” storage (i.e., 2 weeks at 54°C). Based on evaluation of formulation stability after accelerated storage, we demonstrated that lignosulfonates represent very interesting alternatives to synthetic dispersants and kraft lignins in suspension concentrates. Our results show that, after accelerated storage, formulations dispersed by Greensperse S7 are stable in terms of particle size and viscosity, reducing the eventuality of crystal growth. This can be explained by the presence of an electrical double layer at the particle/solution interface, leading to electrostatic repulsive forces, combined with steric repulsion of the adsorbed macromolecule.
Novel Nonionic Star Polymeric Stabilizer in Aqueous Dispersion Formulations
Authors: Kayea Ron , Secrest Matthew , Lindner Greg
Published: November 2016

A series of studies were conducted to evaluate the ability of a novel surface active nonionic star polymer to stabilize various aqueous dispersion formulations. Data developed within these studies indicated the polymer enabled these formulations to maintain consistent properties such as particle size distribution and dilution stability. In many instances, the star polymer outperformed the current benchmark technology composed of polymer pairs containing both AB and ABA block polymers. For herbicidal water emulsion formulations, the star polymer demonstrated considerable resistance to particle size growth where the same formulation using the ABA block polymer demonstrated substantial particle growth over the same time period. In herbicidal suspo-emulsion formulations, the star polymer was able to withstand freeze/thaw cycles and to resist particle size growth. The novel surface active star polymer structure was applied in a range of aqueous dispersions, providing flexibility in use along with offering considerable advantages in dispersion stability over the current benchmark polymeric stabilizer technology used in complex aqueous suspo-emulsion formulations.
Hippocampal Damage Increases Deontological Responses during Moral Decision Making
Authors: McCormick Cornelia , Rosenthal Clive R. , Miller Thomas D. , Maguire Eleanor A.
Published: November 2016

Complex moral decision making is associated with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in humans, and damage to this region significantly increases the frequency of utilitarian judgments. Since the vmPFC has strong anatomical and functional links with the hippocampus, here we asked how patients with selective bilateral hippocampal damage would derive moral decisions on a classic moral dilemmas paradigm. We found that the patients approved of the utilitarian options significantly less often than control participants, favoring instead deontological responses—rejecting actions that harm even one person. Thus, patients with hippocampal damage have a strikingly opposite approach to moral decision making than vmPFC-lesioned patients. Skin-conductance data collected during the task showed increased emotional arousal in the hippocampal-damaged patients and they stated that their moral decisions were based on emotional instinct. By contrast, control participants made moral decisions based on the integration of an adverse emotional response to harming others, visualization of the consequences of one's action, and the rational re-evaluation of future benefits. This integration may be disturbed in patients with either hippocampal or vmPFC damage. Hippocampal lesions decreased the ability to visualize a scenario and its future consequences, which seemed to render the adverse emotional response overwhelmingly dominant. In patients with vmPFC damage, visualization might also be reduced alongside an inability to detect the adverse emotional response, leaving only the utilitarian option open. Overall, these results provide insights into the processes involved in moral decision making and highlight the complementary roles played by two closely connected brain regions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is closely associated with the ability to make complex moral judgements. When this area is damaged, patients become more utilitarian (the ends justify the means) and have decreased emotional arousal during moral decision making. The vmPFC is closely connected with another brain region—the hippocampus. In this study we found that patients with selective bilateral hippocampal damage show a strikingly opposite response pattern to those with vmPFC damage when making moral judgements. They rejected harmful actions of any kind (thus their responses were deontological) and showed increased emotional arousal. These results provide new insights into the processes involved in moral decision making and highlight the complementary roles played by two closely connected brain regions.
Memory Transformation Enhances Reinforcement Learning in Dynamic Environments
Authors: Santoro Adam , Frankland Paul W. , Richards Blake A.
Published: November 2016

Over the course of systems consolidation, there is a switch from a reliance on detailed episodic memories to generalized schematic memories. This switch is sometimes referred to as “memory transformation.” Here we demonstrate a previously unappreciated benefit of memory transformation, namely, its ability to enhance reinforcement learning in a dynamic environment. We developed a neural network that is trained to find rewards in a foraging task where reward locations are continuously changing. The network can use memories for specific locations (episodic memories) and statistical patterns of locations (schematic memories) to guide its search. We find that switching from an episodic to a schematic strategy over time leads to enhanced performance due to the tendency for the reward location to be highly correlated with itself in the short-term, but regress to a stable distribution in the long-term. We also show that the statistics of the environment determine the optimal utilization of both types of memory. Our work recasts the theoretical question of why memory transformation occurs, shifting the focus from the avoidance of memory interference toward the enhancement of reinforcement learning across multiple timescales.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAs time passes, memories transform from a highly detailed state to a more gist-like state, in a process called “memory transformation.” Theories of memory transformation speak to its advantages in terms of reducing memory interference, increasing memory robustness, and building models of the environment. However, the role of memory transformation from the perspective of an agent that continuously acts and receives reward in its environment is not well explored. In this work, we demonstrate a view of memory transformation that defines it as a way of optimizing behavior across multiple timescales.
Context-Dependent Accumulation of Sensory Evidence in the Parietal Cortex Underlies Flexible Task Switching
Authors: Kumano Hironori , Suda Yuki , Uka Takanori
Published: November 2016

Switching behavior based on multiple rules is a fundamental ability of flexible behavior. Although interactions among the frontal, parietal, and sensory cortices are necessary for such flexibility, little is known about the neural computations concerning context-dependent information readouts. Here, we provide evidence that neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) accumulate relevant information preferentially depending on context. We trained monkeys to switch between direction and depth discrimination tasks and analyzed the buildup activity in the LIP depending on task context. In accordance with behavior, the rate of buildup to identical visual stimuli differed between tasks and buildup was prominent only for the stimulus dimension relevant to the task. These results indicate that LIP neurons accumulate relevant information depending on context to decide flexibly where to move the eye, suggesting that flexibility is, at least partly, implemented in the form of temporal integration gain control.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFlexible behavior depending on context is a hallmark of human cognition. During flexible behavior, the frontal and parietal cortices have complex representations that hinder efforts to conceptualize their underlying computations. We now provide evidence that neurons in the lateral intraparietal area accumulate relevant information preferentially depending on context. We suggest that behavioral flexibility is implemented in the form of temporal integration gain control in the parietal cortex.
Deciphering Decision Making: Variation in Animal Models of Effort- and Uncertainty-Based Choice Reveals Distinct Neural Circuitries Underlying Core Cognitive Processes
Authors: Winstanley Catharine A. , Floresco Stan B.
Published: November 2016

Maladaptive decision-making is increasingly recognized to play a significant role in numerous psychiatric disorders, such that therapeutics capable of ameliorating core impairments in judgment may be beneficial in a range of patient populations. The field of “decision neuroscience” is therefore in its ascendancy, with researchers from diverse fields bringing their expertise to bear on this complex and fascinating problem. In addition to the advances in neuroimaging and computational neuroscience that contribute enormously to this area, an increase in the complexity and sophistication of behavioral paradigms designed for nonhuman laboratory animals has also had a significant impact on researchers' ability to test the causal nature of hypotheses pertaining to the neural circuitry underlying the choice process. Multiple such decision-making assays have been developed to investigate the neural and neurochemical bases of different types of cost/benefit decisions. However, what may seem like relatively trivial variation in behavioral methodologies can actually result in recruitment of distinct cognitive mechanisms, and alter the neurobiological processes that regulate choice. Here we focus on two areas of particular interest, namely, decisions that involve an assessment of uncertainty or effort, and compare some of the most prominent behavioral paradigms that have been used to investigate these processes in laboratory rodents. We illustrate how an appreciation of the diversity in the nature of these tasks can lead to important insights into the circumstances under which different neural regions make critical contributions to decision making.
Adenosine Kinase Deficiency in the Brain Results in Maladaptive Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Sandau Ursula S. , Colino-Oliveira Mariana , Jones Abbie , Saleumvong Bounmy , Coffman Shayla Q. , Liu Long , Miranda-Lourenço Catarina , Palminha Cátia , Batalha Vânia L. , Xu Yiming , Huo Yuqing , Diógenes Maria J. , Sebastião Ana M. , Boison Detlev
Published: November 2016

Adenosine kinase (ADK) deficiency in human patients (OMIM:614300) disrupts the methionine cycle and triggers hypermethioninemia, hepatic encephalopathy, cognitive impairment, and seizures. To identify whether this neurological phenotype is intrinsically based on ADK deficiency in the brain or if it is secondary to liver dysfunction, we generated a mouse model with a brain-wide deletion of ADK by introducing aNestin-Cretransgene into a line of conditional ADK deficient Adkfl/flmice. These AdkΔbrainmice developed a progressive stress-induced seizure phenotype associated with spontaneous convulsive seizures and profound deficits in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Pharmacological, biochemical, and electrophysiological studies suggest enhanced adenosine levels around synapses resulting in an enhanced adenosine A1receptor (A1R)-dependent protective tone despite lower expression levels of the receptor. Theta-burst-induced LTP was enhanced in the mutants and this was dependent on adenosine A2Areceptor (A2AR) and tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling, suggesting increased activation of these receptors in synaptic plasticity phenomena. Accordingly, reducing adenosine A2Areceptor activity in AdkΔbrainmice restored normal associative learning and contextual memory and attenuated seizure risk. We conclude that ADK deficiency in the brain triggers neuronal adaptation processes that lead to dysregulated synaptic plasticity, cognitive deficits, and increased seizure risk. Therefore, ADK mutations have an intrinsic effect on brain physiology and may present a genetic risk factor for the development of seizures and learning impairments. Furthermore, our data show that blocking A2AR activity therapeutically can attenuate neurological symptoms in ADK deficiency.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA novel human genetic condition (OMIM #614300) that is based on mutations in the adenosine kinase (Adk) gene has been discovered recently. Affected patients develop hepatic encephalopathy, seizures, and severe cognitive impairment. To model and understand the neurological phenotype of the human mutation, we generated a new conditional knock-out mouse with a brain-specific deletion ofAdk(AdkΔbrain). Similar to ADK-deficient patients, AdkΔbrainmice develop seizures and cognitive deficits. We identified increased basal synaptic transmission and enhanced adenosine A2Areceptor (A2AR)-dependent synaptic plasticity as the underlying mechanisms that govern these phenotypes. Our data show that neurological phenotypes in ADK-deficient patients are intrinsic to ADK deficiency in the brain and that blocking A2AR activity therapeutically can attenuate neurological symptoms in ADK deficiency.
Predicting “When” in Discourse Engages the Human Dorsal Auditory Stream: An fMRI Study Using Naturalistic Stories
Authors: Kandylaki Katerina Danae , Nagels Arne , Tune Sarah , Kircher Tilo , Wiese Richard , Schlesewsky Matthias , Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina
Published: November 2016

The hierarchical organization of human cortical circuits integrates information across different timescales via temporal receptive windows, which increase in length from lower to higher levels of the cortical hierarchy (Hasson et al., 2015). A recent neurobiological model of higher-order language processing (Bornkessel-Schlesewsky et al., 2015) posits that temporal receptive windows in the dorsal auditory stream provide the basis for a hierarchically organized predictive coding architecture (Friston and Kiebel, 2009). In this stream, a nested set of internal models generates time-based (“when”) predictions for upcoming input at different linguistic levels (sounds, words, sentences, discourse). Here, we used naturalistic stories to test the hypothesis that multi-sentence, discourse-level predictions are processed in the dorsal auditory stream, yielding attenuated BOLD responses for highly predicted versus less strongly predicted language input. The results were as hypothesized: discourse-related cues, such as passive voice, which effect a higher predictability of remention for a character at a later point within a story, led to attenuated BOLD responses for auditory input of high versus low predictability within the dorsal auditory stream, specifically in the inferior parietal lobule, middle frontal gyrus, and dorsal parts of the inferior frontal gyrus, among other areas. Additionally, we found effects of content-related (“what”) predictions in ventral regions. These findings provide novel evidence that hierarchical predictive coding extends to discourse-level processing in natural language. Importantly, they ground language processing on a hierarchically organized predictive network, as a common underlying neurobiological basis shared with other brain functions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLanguage is the most powerful communicative medium available to humans. Nevertheless, we lack an understanding of the neurobiological basis of language processing in natural contexts: it is not clear how the human brain processes linguistic input within the rich contextual environments of our everyday language experience. This fMRI study provides the first demonstration that, in natural stories, predictions concerning the probability of remention of a protagonist at a later point are processed in the dorsal auditory stream. Results are congruent with a hierarchical predictive coding architecture assuming temporal receptive windows of increasing length from auditory to higher-order cortices. Accordingly, language processing in rich contextual settings can be explained via domain-general, neurobiological mechanisms of information processing in the human brain.
«Великая и поразительная область географии»: об источниках географических идей Н.В. Гоголя
Authors: Vidugirytė Inga
Published: November 2016

Tyrimas susieja Gogolio straipsnį „Mintys apie geografiją“ (I redakcija 1830) bei kitus jo rinkinioArabeskos (1835) straipsnius su jo laikmečio geografijos mokslo kontekstu. Analizė leidžia teigti, kas rašytojas buvo susipažinęs su naujausiomis šios sri­ties idėjomis, išskleistomis moderniosios geografijos pradininkų, Aleksandro Humboldto ir Karlo Ritterio, darbuose, kurie iš naujo apibrėžė geografijos objektą – žemės erdvę, suvokiamą kaip gamtos ir žmogaus santykių rezultatas. Gogolio straipsniai rodo, kad jis buvo susipažinęs su išverstais į rusų kalbą Humbold­to ir Ritterio darbais ir, priešingai, nei įprasta rusų geografijos tyrinėjimams, nesupriešino abiejų moks­lininkų idėjų, bet siekė sintetinio, estetinio ir moksli­nio jų derinimo. Rašytojo straipsniai buvo modernio­sios geografijos sklaidos priemonė. Ypatingą dėmesį Gogolis skyrė geografinės vaizduotės vaidmeniui. Paragrafo apie geologiją palyginimas su to meto mi­neralogijos moksliniais straipsniais rodo, kad moks­lą jis suvokė kaip įkvėpimo šaltinį, o meną – kaip žinių perdavimo priemonę. Šiuo požiūriu, Gogolio geografiniai straipsniai yra artimi jo amžininko vo­kiečio Karlo Gustavo Caruso estetiniam traktatui Devyni laiškai apie peizažo tapybą (1831), kuriame teigiama, kad mokslas yra vienintelis kelias, kuriuo turi vystytis menas, jei jis siekia atskleisti amžinas gamtos paslaptis.Gogolio apsiskaitymas geografijos srityje, kaip ir jo paties geografiniai projektai – straipsniai, planuo­ta knyga apie geografiją, kurioje būtų galima matyti, kaip rašyti istoriją, neįgyvendintas planas sukurti veikalą, pavadinimu Žemė ir Žmonės, – skatina ati­džiau pažvelgti į geografijos ir geografinės vaizduo­tės vaidmenį rašytojo grožiniuose tekstuose.
Посвящение отцам, или Диалог с русской литературой (Дж. М. Кутзее . Осень в Петербурге)
Authors: Бержайте Дагне
Published: November 2016

Pietų Afrikos rašytojo, Nobelio premijos laureato J. M. Coetzee (Kūcė) romano Peterburgo šeiminin­kas(The Master of Petersburg) (1994) pagrindinis herojus Fiodoras Dostojevskis 1869 m. atvyksta į Peterburgą, siekdamas išsiaiškinti savo posūnio žu­vimo aplinkybes. Romane akivaizdžiai žaidžiama su autentiškomis istorinėmis asmenybėmis ir faktais ir taip sukuriamas jau tapęs įprastu XX a. pabaigos literatūrai postmodernistinis tekstas, suponuojantis pačias įvairiausias literatūros kritikų bei skaitytojų interpretacijas. Straipsnio autorė, siekdama susiste­minti skirtingų mokyklų ir kultūrų atstovų nuomones ir pozicijas, atkreipia dėmesį į dar vieną literatūros kritikų nenagrinėtą ir galbūt matomą tik iš susipaži­nusių su rusų literatūros klasika pozicijų šio romano aspektą, kuriame svarbiausia būtų tėvų ir vaikų konf­liktas, kurį pirmą kartą rusų literatūroje išnagrinėjo I. Turgenevas. Būtent naujas šio konflikto traktavi­mas Coetzee romane, autorės nuomone, padeda pa­stebėti tiek jo latentinį autobiografinį planą, tiek su­vokti, jog klasikinės rusų literatūros realijų iškėlimas už jos erdvės ir laiko ribų – tai dar vienas būdas ver­tinti rusų literatūrą kaip vientisą nedalomą sistemą.
Мужское / женское в «Скверном анекдоте»
Authors: Дауговиш Сергей
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje intertekstualumo plotmėje siekiama parodyti lyčių poetikos ypatumus F. Dostojevskio apysakoje Bjaurus anekdotas. Tekste atsiskleidžia Dostojevskiui būdingas susipynęs diskursas, kur meninė parodija tampa normalia naujo teksto kūri­mo praktika.Pagrindinis Dostojevskio apysakos veikėjas Pra­linskis veikia tarsi būtų vienas iš Gogolio apysakos Naktis prieš Kalėdas herojų, tik jau veikiantis lyg įprastas ankstyvajam Dostojevskiui Peterburgo sva­jotojas ir, tuo pačiu, lyg jauna silpnavalė moteris.Analogiškas skirtingų rolių derinimo modelis pastebimas ir romane Idiotas, kai kunigaikštis Myš­kimas netikėtai apsilanko Ragožino name (Idiotas, 2 dalis, III skyrius).
Софиологическая парадигма в творчестве Т. Толстой (на материале рассказа «Cоня»)
Authors: Ковтун Наталья
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje pateikiama Tatjanos Tolstajos apsaky­mo intertekstuali analizė. Apsakymas analizuojamas šiuolaikinio neorealizmo kontekste. Straipsnyje pa­teiktos centrinių modernistinių mitologemų (pir­miausia Amžinojo moteriškumo mito, kurį pasitelkus ir perskaitomi pagrindiniai personažai bei kolizijos) travesti versijos.
Lenos Eltang eilėraščio „Vasarotoja“ semiotinė analizė
Authors: Laukkonen Taisija
Published: November 2016

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Text tradition of Aristotle‘s On Rhetoric: from post-Aristotelian Athens to Rome
Authors: Paparinska Vita
Published: November 2016

Šio straipsnio tikslas – ištirti Aristotelio Retorikos recepciją romėnų retorinėje kultūroje. Kultūrinių idėjų recepcija paprastai remiasi tekstais. Todėl Aristotelio Retorikos teksto istorija vėlesniais laikais padeda atskleisti idėjų perimamumą.Tyrimas remiasi antikiniais šaltiniais, kuriuose pateikiama informacija apie Aristotelio ezoterinių veikalų istoriją, taip pat antikinės retorikos šalti­niais, kuriuose Aristotelio Retorika nagrinėjama bendrame retoriniame kontekste ir kurie atspindi Aristotelio retorinių idėjų recepciją. Šiuo požiūriu ypač svarbūs tekstai yra du Cicerono traktatai (De oratore, De inventione) ir Rhetorica ad Herennium. Aristotelio įtakos romėnų retorikai (ypač Cicerono traktatui De oratore) aptarimas koncentruojasi į koreliuojančių sąvokų suvokimo bei interpretavimo graikų ir romėnų kultūrose panašumus bei skirtu­mus, kurie gali duoti atsakymą, kodėl Aristotelio Retorikos įtaka romėnų retorinei tradicijai buvo palyginti nedidelė.
The effect of teaching Latin on the education system in Lithuania during the Soviet period
Authors: Brunevičiūtė Raimonda
Published: November 2016

Lietuvos kultūrine situacija pagrįsta humanitarinio ugdymo analizė atskleidžia, kad Lietuvai svarbi ne tik baltiška, bet ir bendra europinė kultūra. Pastarosios pagrindams pažinti reikia šią kultūrą atspindinčios kalbos. Lotynų kalba, viena vertus, yra labai svarbus klasikinio ugdymo elementas, antra vertus, moder­niame ugdyme jos paskirties supratimas patyrė įvairių pokyčių. Tad lotynų kalba gali būti apibrėžiama kaip klasikiniai humanitarinio ugdymo pagrindai. Lotynų kalbos kaip klasikinių humanitarinio ugdymo pagrindų paskirtis straipsnyje nagrinėjama atsižvelgiant į spe­cifinę Lietuvos kultūrinę ir politinę situaciją, tai yra ieškant tautinio tapatumo ir tarptautinės integracijos ugdymo procese pusiausvyros, kuri leidžia švietimui išvengti ir globalizacijos, ir etnocentrizmo pavojų. Šiame straipsnyje atskleižiami tie tarybinio laikotarpio Lietuvos švietimo sistemos ypatumai, kurie susidarė ugdymo procese dėl lotynų kalbos mokymo.
Venclovo Agripos Lietuvio laidotuvių kalba apie Joną Radvilą
Authors: Dambrauskaitė-Muralienė Ramunė
Published: November 2016

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In Search of the Self: Jurga Ivanauskaitė’s A Journey to Shambhala
Authors: Rudaitytė Regina
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje telkiamasi į tapatybės konstravimą kelio­nių literatūroje apskritai, ir ši problema konkrečiai analizuojama Jurgos Ivanauskaitės kelionių knygoje Kelionė į Šambalą.Kelionių naratyvas – tai ne tik svarbus kultūrinis dokumentas. Jis suponuoja ir tapatybės konstravimo problemą. Kelionėje susiduriame ne tik su kultūrine kitybe ir hibridiškumu; keliaujant savoji tapatybė at­siveria įvairiais požiūriais. Kelionė reiškia ir savęs atradimą. Analizės teorinis išeities taškas – Homi Bhabhos ir Stuarto Hallo kritinės nuostatos ir ideolo­ginė pozicija: tapatybė konstruojama per santykį su kultūrine kitybe; tapatybė nėra stabili ir fiksuota, bet fluidiška, ji kinta priklausomai nuo vietos ir laiko; ją lemia ideologija, istorija, galios santykiai, konstruoja istorinės ir ideologinės diskursyvinės praktikos.Šis kritinis žiūros taškas ir pasirenkamas Ivanaus­kaitės knygai analizuoti. Rytų ir Vakarų gyvenimo būdo ir vertybių supriešinimas, sakralus metaforiš­kas peizažas, mirties samprata Ivanauskaitės tekste tampa svarbiais tapatybės konstravimo elementais. Simboline prasme rašytojos kelionė į mitologizuo­jamus Rytus, mistinę Šambalą tampa jos sakralia vidine kelione į save, slaptas savo sielos gelmes, ieškant dvasingumo ir savęs tobulinimo, galimybių keisti savo asmenybę. Geografinė ir dvasinė kelionė siekiant pažinti kultūrinę kitybę transformuojama į savęs pažinimo piligrimystę.
Pоссия без опоры (исторические рассказы М. А. Осоргина)
Authors: Федута Александр
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje analizuojamas rašytojo emigranto Michailo Osorgino “Senovių apsakymų” ciklas. Šiuose stilizuotuose apsakymuose išreikšta savi­ta “osorginiška” Rusijos istorijos koncepcija, taip pat jo supratimas apie “rusiškos sielos” esmę. Pa­grindinis “Senovinių apsakymų” žanras – istorinis anekdotas. Net ten, kur minimi arba kaip veikėjai aprašomi istoriniai asmenys, rašytojas pateikia juos anekdotiniame kontekste, susijusiame su jų asmeniniu gyvenimu, o ne su istoriniu statusu. Tad Rusijos istoriją Osorginas vaizduoja kaip istorinių (anekdotinių) atsitiktinumų seką. Mažąjį Osorgino apsakymų ciklą apie Petro Didžiojo epochą galima sieti su rašytojo amžininkų Aleksejaus Tolstojaus ir Jurijaus Tynianovo tekstais apie Petrą. Tačiau skirtingai negu pastarieji Osorginas deheroizuoja ir demitologizuoja Rusijos praeitį, kartu svarstydamas ne tiek apie asmenybės vaidmenį Rusijos istorijoje, kiek apie tai, kas iš esmės yra pati Rusija, kurios iš esmės nepažįsta niekas.
Новая искренность советской поэтессы: «Последние стихи» Елены Ширман
Authors: Лаукконен Таисия
Published: November 2016

1941 metais sovietinė poetė Jelena Širman (1908–1942) sukūrė neįprasto likimo eilėraštį „Paskutinės eilės“. Širman dienoraštį, kuriame jis buvo užrašytas, žuvus šeimininkei išsaugojo vienas iš jos nužudymo liudytojų. Pirmą sykį eilėraštis publikuotas atlydžio laikais. III tūkstantmečio pradžioje eilėraštį „atrado“ filologas ir poetas Danila Davydovas, perspausdino ir aptarė naujojo nuoširdumopoezijos kontekste. Po kiek laiko eilėraštis sparčiai paplito internete ir susilaukė tiek „nesuinteresuotų“ skaitytojų, tiek literatūros veikėjų dėmesio. Straipsnyje aptariami eilėraščio kūrimo, publikacijos ir republikacijos kontekstai, siekiant pademonstruoti, kaip keitėsi jo suvokimas bei kokias reikšmes jam primeta naujojo nuoširdumo kontekstas.
Liudmilos Petruševskajos „dirbtinė“ rusų kalba kaip iššūkis vertėjui. Lingvistinių pasakaičių Пуськи Бятые vertimai
Authors: Mitunevičiūtė Inga
Published: November 2016

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Разговор в отсутствии диалога: Александр Пятигорский
Authors: Чичинскайте Регина
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas mąstytojo, filosofo, rašyto­jo, grožinės literatūros kūrinių interpretuotojo Alek­sandro Piatigorskio postulatas, kurį jis nuolat kartojo paskutiniaisiais savo gyvenimo metais: „Svarbiausia – pokalbis“. Autorė aiškinasi, kodėl filosofas su to­kiu patosu neigia termino „dialogas“ produktyvumą humanitarų tekstuose bei diskusijose; kodėl jis prie­šina pokalbį dialogui ir laiko jį svarbiausiu intersu­bjektyvios ir intrasubjektyvios komunikacijos žanru. A. Piatigorskio „pokalbis“ traktuojamas retoriniu as­pektu kaip žanras, kuriame skleidžiasi mąstymo „čia ir dabar“ subjektyvybė. Žmogus, anot filosofo, tėra „vieta, „iš kurios mąstoma arba nemąstoma“. Nemąs­tantiesiems filosofas (kaip ir jo Mokytojas G. Gur­džijevas) taiko terminą „objektyvūs idiotai“, o patį nemąstymą, kurį laiko tiesiog „gyvenimu“, vadina regresija. A. Piatigorskis mano, jog mąstymas – tai rizika, kai nėra patogių žinojimo atramų, jis yra atsa­kingas ir subjektyvus. Tikrasis mąstymas skleidžiasi pokalbyje, o ne dialoge, nes pastarajame susitariama dėl susikalbėjimo prielaidų ir stengiamasi remtis „bendrosiomis vietomis“, retoriniais topais. Vienin­telis sėkmingo pokalbio kriterijus – įdomumas. Tai kategorija, kuri itin svarbi filosofams postmodernis­tams, tačiau analitikai neatkreipia dėmesio į tai, kodėl tai svarbu A. Piatigorskiui. Straipsnyje akcentuojama labai įdomi aplinkybė: A. Piatigorskiui užteko gyve­nimo, kurį jis priešino mąstymui, išnarplioti pokalbiui iki galo, iki jo nutraukimo, bet ne baigties. Visai prieš pat mirtį filosofas parašė straipsnį, kuriame aiškinosi, kada ir kodėl nutrūksta pokalbis – tai, ko labiausiai bijojo jis pats ir pirmas apie tai prabilęs filosofas R. Brandomas. O nutrūksta pokalbis tuomet, kai at­eina laikas savirefleksijai, kurioje negali dalyvauti niekas kitas, išskyrus stebėtoją. Išanalizavusi svar­biausius A. Piatigorskio konceptus, straipsnio autorė suformulavo priesakus, kuriuos paliko filosofas ir ku­rių nederėtų nepaisyti filologams.
Plutarcho Aleksandras: interpretacijos problemos
Authors: Juchnevičienė Nijolė
Published: November 2016

Alexander‘ s character and his activities occupy a special position in the works of Plutarch. Alexander’s Life is the second largest life in the corpus, there are two elaborated speeches on him included intoMoralia, and he is often mentioned in the other pieces of this corpus. The speeches, usually called De Alexandri Magni fortuna aut virtute (A and B), were written by the young Plutarch. They belong to the epideictic rhetoric tradition and are based on the opposition between the hero’s ἀρετήand τύχη, which was in general not favor­able to him. According to Plutarch, all Alexander’s life was a struggle between τύχη and ἀρετή. The speeches reveal the impressive portrait of Alexander not only as an invincible warrior, but also as a philosopher in arms, whose immortal achievements are the best proof of his ἀρετή. He managed to overcome the unfavorable τύχη and to civilize the world of the barbarians. There is a difference of interpretation of the character between the speeches and the Life. Alexander is not as perfect there as in the speeches, but his character still is in the center of the narration. The motive of ἀρετήvs. τύχη is also present and Plutarch still sticks to his earlier opinion that Alexander’s ἀρετή, not τύχη was the decisive factor in his life. Plutarch notices the changes in Alexander and his negative features, but at the same time, he tries to explain and extenuate his behavior pointing out to Alexander’s extreme valuation of his δόξα, which he regarded more important than the royal power and the life itself. In my opinion, Alexander’s attitude to his δόξα reveals the difference between the heroes of the pair, Alexander and Caesar. This differ­ence is also expanded in the detailed description of the post-mortal status and fate of their bodies, the effect that reminiscence of them makes on the living. I agree with the opinion, that Caesar is portrayed as a tyrant, who after achieving his egotistic goals was destroyed by the very powers that had helped to achieve it. Caesar in the Plutarch’s lifebelongs to the realm of tragedy. Plutarch’s Alexander belongs to different stylistic vein, that of the heroic epos.
Plutarcho požiūris į išsilavinusias moteris kūriniuose Coniugalia praecepta ir Consolatio ad uxorem
Authors: Voinič Monika
Published: November 2016

The article aims to establish the attitude, or attitudes, towards educated women and women in general that Plutarch reveals in his moral treatises Coniugalia praecepta and Consolatio ad uxorem. Secondary aim of this articles is to determine, what does he say explicitly or implicitly about educated women and in particular their moral and intellectual aptitude, as well as to ascertain if there is a harmony between Plutarch’s explicit declarations and the implicit message in the above treatises.It should be accentuated that the image of Plutarch as the advocate of women has been modified in re­cent studies. However it is hardly possible to depict Plutarch as the “misogynist”, a man who with such elegance defends love between man and woman and has such a high respect for marriage, which he regards as an institution based upon the cooperation of both husband and wife.However it should be highlighted that Plutarch by adopting platonic stoic opinion that educated woman can be equal to man, combining it with traditional classical ideal of woman, creates his own unique portrait of an ideal woman. His ideal woman is intel­ligent, educated, wise, but also modest, obedient and admitting the superiority of men. Plutarch’s appraisal of the marital love and the accentuation of educa­tion importance is a unique phenomenon in Greek literature, simultaneously highlighting Plutarch’s uniqueness.However, according to Plutarch, women are inferior as such, but once they accept their inferior­ity, they can be regarded as equal to men in regard to moral strength. In Plutarch’s opinion, women are not morally depraved unless they transgress the rules of their sex and strive to achieve privileges reserved for men.
Pasiphae and Daedalus and the Four Panels of the Door of Apollo’s Temple (Vergil, Aeneid 6.20–30)
Authors: Vella Horatio C. R.
Published: November 2016

Vergilijaus Eneidos struktūra yra griežta ir simetriška, kartais net matematiškai tiksli. Būtent griežta simetri­nė kompozicija leidžia įžvelgti simbolinį aprašomų dalykų turinį. Pasakojimo struktūros ir simbolių lygmens sąsajos ypač akivaizdžios giesmių pradžioje esančiose ekfrazėse. Jos dažniausiai yra tarsi įvadas į giesmės turinį. Vienu metu apibendrindamos tai, kas yra įvykę, ir tai, kas turi įvykti, tokios ekfrazės įgauna simbolinę prasmę ir yra vienas iš poemos idėjinių akcentų. Griežta simetrija sudėliotos eilutės parodo, kad Eneidos šeštosios giesmės pradžioje esanti ekfrazė (6. 20–30), viena vertus, yra tarsi įva­das į būsimas Enėjo klajones po mirusiųjų pasaulio labirintus. Kita vertus, joje aprašyti keturi Apolono šventyklos durų reljefai įprasmina ir Enėjo praeitį ir jo laukiančią ateitį. Juose atsispindi mirtis ir kančia, auka ir meilė; taigi tuo pat metu reljefai apibendrina bendrą žmogiškąją patirtį.
Istorija, poezija ir stereotipai
Authors: Mitaitė Donata
Published: November 2016

Gitana Notrimaitė. Atminties imperatyvai: monografija, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2010. 263 p.>
Mitas ir metamorfozė Alfonso Nykos-Niliūno poezijoje
Authors: Meržvinskaitė Birutė
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje analizuojami du mito funkcionavimo aspektai Alfonso Nykos-Niliūno poezijoje. Mitas suprantamas kaip simbolinė fabula ir kaip refleksijos bei interpretacijos objektas, implikuojantis skirtingus pasakojimus apie esmines žmogaus ir kūrybos patirtis. Metamorfozė siejama su pavidalų kaita, pasireiškiančia gamtos ir kultūros pasauliuose.MYTH AND METAMORPHOS IS IN THE POETRY OF ALFONSAS NYKA-NILIŪNASBirutė Meržvinskaitė
SummaryThe article discusses two aspects of myth functions in A. Nyka-Niliūnas poetry: 1) myth as symbolic plot that implies different versions of stories about essential human experiences (life and death, nature and culture, face and mask, writing and voice); 2) myth as a field of reflection and interpretation. The reception of the myth relies on the universal principle of return and repetition where cosmological dimension is accompanied by the perspective of the perceiving and enunciating subject. The phenomenon of metamorphosis is manifested as a law of nature, on the other hand, it is related to the transposition of mythical stories and images and their transformations. The article investigates how a law of nature becomes the problem of being and creation in the poetry of A. Nyka-Niliūnas.
Русская литература как школьный предмет: конструирование гендера в литературном дискурсе
Authors: Горошко Ирина
Published: November 2016

RUSŲ LITERATŪRA KAIP MOKYKLOJE DĖSTOMAS DALYKAS: SOCIALINĖS LYTIES KONSTRAVIMAS LITERATŪROS DISKURSE Irina Goroško
Santrauka Pagrindinis tyrimo tikslas – apibrėžti socialinės ly­ties (at)kūrimo savitumą ir būdus mokyklinėse Rusų literatūros dėstymo praktikose. Empiriniu tyrimo objektu tapo mokykliniai va­dovėliai, moksleivių rašiniai, konspektai, taip pat specializuotas žurnalas mokytojams „Rusų kalba ir literatūra“. Atlikus tyrimą prieinama prie išvados, jog sociali­nės lyties gamybos literatūriniame diskurse specifika reiškiasi tam tikrų reikšmių kūrimu: moteriškos ly­ties subjekto pavertimu auka, autorės moters kaip ki­tybės įsivaizdavimu greta numanomo autoriaus vyro apriorinio normalumo; moteriškumo kaip pasyvumo meilės santykiuose traktavimu greta vyriškumo kaip aktyvumo; moters kaip subjekto sudaiktinimu ir t.t. Aprašytų reikšmių atkūrimo mechanizmais laiky­tini šie aspektai: karinio diskurso dėstymas per rusų literatūros pamokas, vyrų ir moterų kūrybos repre­zentavimo tvarka (eiliškumas) vadovėliuose ir meto­dinėje priemonėje, vyrų autorių parašytų bei vyrišką egzistencijos patirtį transliuojančių literatūros kūri­nių atranka Rusų literatūros kurso programai, moterų autorių marginalizavimas vadinant jų kūrinius „mo­teriškais“ ir t.t.