bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvements to TCE Microcosm Protocols for Biostimulation in Bedrock Aquifers
Authors: Druschel Stephen J. , Kinner Nancy E.
Published: January 2013

In this study, a factorial‐designed experiment of biostimulated trichloroethene (TCE) dechlorination in fractured bedrock aquifers using microcosms evaluated several potential biostimulants (i.e., nutrients, vitamins, and sterile groundwater). Substantial cost savings and resource efficiency can be provided by this approach because: factorial designs require relatively few microcosms per factor; the interpretation of the observations can proceed largely by common sense, simple arithmetic, and computer graphics; the observations can indicate promising directions for further experimentation and causative relationships; and designs can be suitably augmented when a more in‐depth exploration is needed.

TCE degradation was evaluated using three methods of data analysis: (1) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) between biotic and abiotic treatment trend‐line slopes; (2) calculation of biodegradation half‐life; and (3) effects screening by model fitting. Microcosm preparation with crushed rock in groundwater was found to more closely match the previously observed field rates than the preparation with only groundwater. Injection of nutrient and vitamin mixtures was made into microcosms that were previously aged to obtain consistent conditions, and the TCE concentration measured after incubating for 45 days. Comparison of results indicated that the nutrient mixture slows or inhibits the degradation of TCE compared to the sterile groundwater; however, the vitamin mixture offsets and nearly compensates for the inhibitory effect of the nutrient mixture. It is recommended that this factorial experiment be augmented with additional studies of individual or groups of compounds from the vitamin mixture using this methodology to isolate and identify the specific factor or interaction responsible for the inhibitory compensation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lessons Learned About the Nature of Groundwater Contamination by PAHs: A Case History–Based Discussion
Authors: Brassington Rick
Published: January 2013

Observations taken during the investigation and remediation of a water supply borehole contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are used to discuss how existing methods can define such contamination. In this example, the PAH originated from carbon black used in a manufacturing process. The extent of the contamination was investigated and the flow path for the pollutants to enter the borehole identified. Two attempts were made to destroy the contaminants using hydrogen peroxide following different procedures. The observations made during the investigations, treatment, and sampling results are reviewed to determine possible explanations for the observed behavior and to assess the effectiveness of the treatment methods with the benefits of hindsight. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Migration of VOC Plume in the Subsurface Domain at the Y‐12 National Security Site
Authors: Malek‐Mohammadi Siamak , Tachiev Georgio
Published: January 2013

During the production of thermonuclear fusion weapons at the Y‐12 National Security Complex (Y‐12 NSC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, between 1950 and 1963, the regional environment was extensively contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Old Salvage Yard (OSY) on the western side of the site has been characterized as the major source of VOCs. In order to analyze the long‐term fate and transport of chlorinated VOC sources, an integrated surface and subsurface flow and transport model was developed for the Y‐12 NSC using the hydrodynamic and transport numerical package MIKE‐SHE. The model was developed considering the recent hydrogeological investigations on preferential flow and transport pathways at the site. The model was calibrated using the recorded groundwater flow and water‐quality data. The modeling simulated migration of the VOC plume for the next 100 years. Considering a range of hydrogeological and transport parameters, uncertainty of the results is discussed. The modeling predicted that tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, and 1,2‐dichloroethene may exceed human health–related risk levels for the next 10 to 20 years. However, the contamination is unlikely to migrate to surface water under the current hydrogeological conditions and will decay below acceptable risk levels within approximately 20 years. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An embedding approach for the design of state‐feedback tracking controllers for references with jumps
Authors: Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Biemond J.J. Benjamin , van de Wouw Nathan , Heemels W.P.Maurice H.
Published: January 2013

We study the problem of designing state‐feedback controllers to track time‐varying state trajectories that may exhibit jumps. Both plants and controllers considered are modeled as hybrid dynamical systems, which are systems with both continuous and discrete dynamics, given in terms of a flow set, a flow map, a jump set, and a jump map. Using recently developed tools for the study of stability in hybrid systems, we recast the tracking problem as the task of asymptotically stabilizing a set, the tracking set, and derive conditions for the design of state‐feedback tracking controllers with the property that the jump times of the plant coincide with those of the given reference trajectories. The resulting tracking controllers guarantee that solutions of the plant starting close to the reference trajectory stay close to it and that the difference between each solution of the controlled plant and the reference trajectory converges to zero asymptotically. Constructive conditions for tracking control design in terms of LMIs are proposed for a class of hybrid systems with linear maps and input‐triggered jumps. The results are illustrated by various examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fault detection for continuous‐time switched systems under asynchronous switching
Authors: Du Dongsheng , Jiang Bin , Shi Peng , Karimi Hamid Reza
Published: January 2013

In this paper, the problem of fault detection for continuous‐time switched systems under asynchronous switching is investigated. The designed fault detection filter is assumed to be asynchronous with the original systems. Attention is focused on designing a fault detection filter such that the estimation error between the residual and the fault is minimized in the sense of H ∞  norm. By employing piecewise Lyapunov function and average dwell time techniques, a sufficient condition for the existence of such a filter is exploited in terms of certain linear matrix inequalities. Finally, an example of a switched electrical circuit is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel distributed key revocation scheme for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chao Chih‐Hung , Yang Ching‐Fang , Lin Po‐Ting , Li Jung‐Shian
Published: January 2013

Key revocation plays an essential role in ensuring the confidentiality of wireless sensor networks following the compromise of one or more of the network nodes. The distributed key revocation protocol presented by Chan et al. has a rapid reaction time and avoids the single‐point failure problem inherent in centralized schemes. However, the scheme is computationally complex, requires a large storage space, and incurs high communication overheads. Accordingly, this paper proposes a novel distributed, scalable, and cost‐effective key revocation scheme based on Blom's t‐secure property. In the proposed approach, any node identified as having a malicious behavior by t or more sensor nodes is categorized as a compromised node, and its keys are immediately revoked from the entire network. The proposed scheme not only satisfies the rigorous definition of a distributed key revocation protocol but also yields a significant improvement over Chan's revocation scheme in terms of a lower storage space requirement, a reduced communication overhead, and a lower computational cost. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive Fabrication of a Flexible Electrode by Optically Self‐Selected Interfacial Adhesion and Its Application to Highly Transparent and Conductive Film
Authors: Kang Bongchul , Yun Jinho , Kim Sung‐Gaun , Yang Minyang
Published: January 2013

A novel adaptive electrode fabrication method using optically self‐selected interfacial adhesion between a laser‐processed metal layer and polymer film is introduced to fabricate cost‐effectively a high‐resolution arbitrary electrode with high conductivity. The quality is close to that from vacuum deposition on a highly heat sensitive polymer film, with active response to various design requirements. A highly conductive metal film (resistivity: 3.6 μΩ cm) below a 5 μm line width with a uniform stepwise profile and mirror surface quality (Rrms: 5–6 nm) is fabricated on a cheap polymer film with a heat resistance limit of below 100 °C. Severe durability tests are successfully completed without using any adhesion promoters. Finally, a highly transparent and conductive electrode with a transparency above 95% and sheet resistance of less than 10 Ω sq−1 is fabricated on a polymer film and on glass by using this method. These results can help realize a potential high‐throughput, low‐cost, solution‐processable replacement for transparent conductive oxides.
Internalization Pathways of Anisotropic Disc‐Shaped Zeolite L Nanocrystals with Different Surface Properties in HeLa Cancer Cells
Authors: Li Zhen , Hüve Jana , Krampe Christina , Luppi Gianluigi , Tsotsalas Manuel , Klingauf Jürgen , De Cola Luisa , Riehemann Kristina
Published: January 2013

Information about the mechanisms underlying the interactions of nanoparticles with living cells is crucial for their medical application and also provides indications of the putative toxicity of such materials. Here the uptake and intracellular delivery of disc‐shaped zeolite L nanocrystals as porous aminosilicates with well‐defined crystal structure, uncoated as well as with COOH‐, NH2‐, polyethyleneglycol (PEG)‐ and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) surface coatings are reported. HeLa cells are used as a model system to demonstrate the relation between these particles and cancer cells. Interactions are studied in terms of their fates under diverse in vitro cell culture conditions. Differently charged coatings demonstrated dissimilar behavior in terms of agglomeration in media, serum protein adsorption, nanoparticle cytotoxicity and cell internalization. It is also found that functionalized disc‐shaped zeolite L particles enter the cancer cells via different, partly not yet characterized, pathways. These in vitro results provide additional insight about low‐aspect ratio anisotropic nanoparticle interactions with cancer cells and demonstrate the possibility to manipulate the interactions of nanoparticles and cells by surface coating for the use of nanoparticles in medical applications.
Tumor-Specific Activation of the C-JUN/MELK Pathway Regulates Glioma Stem Cell Growth in a p53-Dependent Manner
Authors: Gu Chunyu , Banasavadi-Siddegowda Yeshavanth K. , Joshi Kaushal , Nakamura Yuko , Kurt Habibe , Gupta Snehalata , Nakano Ichiro
Published: January 2013

Accumulated evidence suggests that glioma stem cells (GSCs) may contribute to therapy resistance in high-grade glioma (HGG). Although recent studies have shown that the serine/threonine kinase maternal embryonic leucine-zipper kinase (MELK) is abundantly expressed in various cancers, the function and mechanism of MELK remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that MELK depletion by shRNA diminishes the growth of GSC-derived mouse intracranial tumors in vivo, induces glial fibrillary acidic protein (+) glial differentiation of GSCs leading to decreased malignancy of the resulting tumors, and prolongs survival periods of tumor-bearing mice. Tissue microarray analysis with 91 HGG tumors demonstrates that the proportion of MELK (+) cells is a statistically significant indicator of postsurgical survival periods. Mechanistically, MELK is regulated by the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and forms a complex with the oncoprotein c-JUN in GSCs but not in normal progenitors. MELK silencing induces p53 expression, whereas p53 inhibition induces MELK expression, indicating that MELK and p53 expression are mutually exclusive. Additionally, MELK silencing-mediated GSC apoptosis is partially rescued by both pharmacological p53 inhibition and p53 gene silencing, indicating that MELK action in GSCs is p53 dependent. Furthermore, irradiation of GSCs markedly elevates  MELK  mRNA and protein expression both in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, recurrent HGG tumors following the failure of radiation and chemotherapy exhibit a statistically significant elevation of MELK protein compared with untreated newly diagnosed HGG tumors. Together, our data indicate that GSCs, but not normal cells, depend on JNK-driven MELK/c-JUN signaling to regulate their survival, maintain GSCs in an immature state, and facilitate tumor radioresistance in a p53-dependent manner.
Functional Involvements of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 in Smooth Muscle Differentiation from Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Huang Yuan , Lin Luyang , Yu Xiaotian , Wen Guanmei , Pu Xiangyuan , Zhao Hanqing , Fang Changcun , Zhu Jianhua , Ye Shu , Zhang Li , Xiao Qingzhong
Published: January 2013

To investigate the functional involvements of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) in smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation from stem cells, embryonic stem cells were cultivated on collagen IV-coated plates to allow for SMC differentiation. We found that hnRNPA1 gene and protein expression was upregulated significantly during differentiation and coexpressed with SMC differentiation markers in the stem cell-derived SMCs as well as embryonic SMCs of 12.5 days of mouse embryos. hnRNPA1 knockdown resulted in downregulation of smooth muscle markers and transcription factors, while enforced expression of hnRNPA1 enhanced the expression of these genes. Importantly, knockdown of hnRNPA1 also resulted in impairment of SMC differentiation in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that hnRNPA1 could transcriptionally regulate SMC gene expression through direct binding to promoters of Acta2 and Tagln genes using luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. We further demonstrated that the binding sites for serum response factor (SRF), a well-investigated SMC transcription factor, within the promoter region of the Acta2 and Tagln genes were responsible for hnRNPA1-mediated Acta2 and Tagln gene expression using in vitro site-specific mutagenesis and luciferase activity analyses. Finally, we also demonstrated that hnRNPA1 upregulated the expression of SRF, myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2c (MEF2c), and myocardin through transcriptional activation and direct binding to promoters of the SRF, MEF2c, and Myocd genes. Our findings demonstrated that hnRNPA1 plays a functional role in SMC differentiation from stem cells in vitro and in vivo. This indicates that hnRNPA1 is a potential modulating target for deriving SMCs from stem cells and cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
Evidence for a Crucial Role of Paneth Cells in Mediating the Intestinal Response to Injury
Authors: Parry Lee , Young Madeleine , El Marjou Fatima , Clarke Alan R.
Published: January 2013

The identification of the intestinal stem cell (ISC) markers Lgr5 and Bmi-1 has furthered our understanding of how they accomplish homeostasis in this rapidly self-renewing tissue. Recent work indicates that these markers identify a cycling Lgr5+ ISC which can be replaced by a quiescent Bmi-1+ ISC. Currently, there is little data on how these cells interact to control intestinal crypt homeostasis and regeneration. This interaction likely involves other differentiated cells within the niche as it has previously been demonstrated that the “stemness” of the Lgr5 ISC is closely tied to the presence of their neighboring Paneth cells. To investigate this, we used two conditional mouse models to delete the transcription factor β-catenin within the intestinal crypt. Critically these differ in their ability to drive recombination within Paneth cells and therefore allow us to compare the effect of deleting the majority of active ISCs in the presence or absence of the Paneth cells. After gene deletion, the intestines in the model in which Paneth cells were retained showed a rapid recovery and repopulation of the crypt-villus axis presumably from either a spared ISC or the hypothetical quiescent ISCs. However, in the absence of Paneth cells the recovery ability was compromised resulting in complete loss of intestinal epithelial integrity. This data indicates that the Paneth cells play a crucial role within the in vivo ISC niche in aiding recovery following substantial insult.
Effects of antipsychotic drugs on the expression of synaptic proteins and dendritic outgrowth in hippocampal neuronal cultures
Authors: Park Sung Woo , Lee Chan Hong , Cho Hye Yeon , Seo Mi Kyoung , Lee Jung Goo , Lee Bong Ju , Seol Wongi , Kee Baik Seok , Kim Young Hoon
Published: January 2013

Recent evidence has suggested that atypical antipsychotic drugs regulate synaptic plasticity. We investigated whether some atypical antipsychotic drugs (olanzapine, aripiprazole, quetiapine, and ziprasidone) altered the expression of synapse‐associated proteins in rat hippocampal neuronal cultures under toxic conditions induced by B27 deprivation. A typical antipsychotic, haloperidol, was used for comparison. We measured changes in the expression of various synaptic proteins including postsynaptic density protein‐95 (PSD‐95), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and synaptophysin (SYP). Then we examined whether these drugs affected the dendritic morphology of hippocampal neurons. We found that olanzapine, aripiprazole, and quetiapine, but not haloperidol, significantly hindered the B27 deprivation‐induced decrease in the levels of these synaptic proteins. Ziprasidone did not affect PSD‐95 or BDNF levels, but significantly increased the levels of SYP under B27 deprivation conditions. Moreover, olanzapine and aripiprazole individually significantly increased the levels of PSD‐95 and BDNF, respectively, even under normal conditions, whereas haloperidol decreased the levels of PSD‐95. These drugs increased the total outgrowth of hippocampal dendrites via PI3K signaling, whereas haloperidol had no effect in this regard. Together, these results suggest that the up‐regulation of synaptic proteins and dendritic outgrowth may represent key effects of some atypical antipsychotic drugs but that haloperidol may be associated with distinct actions. Synapse 67:224–234, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recombinant expression of soluble murine prion protein for C‐terminal modification
Authors: Chu Nam Ky , Becker Christian F.W.
Published: January 2013

Membrane attachment of prion protein (PrP) via its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor plays a key role during conversion of cellular PrPC into its pathogenic isoform PrPSc. Strategies to access homogenous lipidated PrP via expressed protein ligation (EPL) are required to fully decipher the effect of membrane attachment. Such strategies suffer from insoluble expression of PrP‐intein fusion constructs and low folding efficiencies that severely limit the available amount of homogeneous lipidated PrP. Here, we describe an alternative method for expression of soluble PrP‐intein fusion proteins in Escherichia coli that provides access to natively folded PrP ready to use in EPL.
Trendspotting in the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Berman Helen M. , Coimbatore Narayanan Buvaneswari , Costanzo Luigi Di , Dutta Shuchismita , Ghosh Sutapa , Hudson Brian P. , Lawson Catherine L. , Peisach Ezra , Prlić Andreas , Rose Peter W. , Shao Chenghua , Yang Huanwang , Young Jasmine , Zardecki Christine
Published: January 2013

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) was established in 1971 as a repository for the three dimensional structures of biological macromolecules. Since then, more than 85 000 biological macromolecule structures have been determined and made available in the PDB archive. Through analysis of the corpus of data, it is possible to identify trends that can be used to inform us abou the future of structural biology and to plan the best ways to improve the management of the ever‐growing amount of PDB data.
Native mass spectrometry of photosynthetic pigment–protein complexes
Authors: Zhang Hao , Cui Weidong , Gross Michael L. , Blankenship Robert E.
Published: January 2013

Native mass spectrometry (MS), or as is sometimes called “native electrospray ionization” allows proteins in their native or near‐native states in solution to be introduced into the gas phase and interrogated by mass spectrometry. This approach is now a powerful tool to investigate protein complexes. This article reviews the background of native MS of protein complexes and describes its strengths, taking photosynthetic pigment–protein complexes as examples. Native MS can be utilized in combination with other MS‐based approaches to obtain complementary information to that provided by tools such as X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy to understand the structure–function relationships of protein complexes. When additional information beyond that provided by native MS is required, other MS‐based strategies can be successfully applied to augment the results of native MS.
Mechanisms of islet amyloidosis toxicity in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Abedini Andisheh , Schmidt Ann Marie
Published: January 2013

Amyloid formation by the neuropancreatic hormone, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP or amylin), one of the most amyloidogenic sequences known, leads to islet amyloidosis in type 2 diabetes and to islet transplant failure. Under normal conditions, IAPP plays a role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis by regulating several metabolic parameters, such as satiety, blood glucose levels, adiposity and body weight. The mechanisms of IAPP amyloid formation, the nature of IAPP toxic species and the cellular pathways that lead to pancreatic β‐cell toxicity are not well characterized. Several mechanisms of toxicity, including receptor and non‐receptor‐mediated events, have been proposed. Analogs of IAPP have been approved for the treatment of diabetes and are under investigation for the treatment of obesity.
Higher levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor but similar nerve growth factor in human milk in women with preeclampsia
Authors: Dangat Kamini , Kilari Anitha , Mehendale Savita , Lalwani Sanjay , Joshi Sadhana
Published: January 2013

Children born to mothers with preeclampsia have consistently been suggested to be at risk for cognitive and behavioral disorders in later life. Breastfeeding is said to be associated with better neurodevelopment outcomes. Our earlier studies indicated higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in human milk in women with preeclampsia. DHA is known to regulate the expression of neurotrophins and together they play a vital role in neurodevelopment and cognitive performance. The present study examines the levels of maternal plasma and milk neurotrophins [(nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)] in women with preeclampsia and compares them with normotensive women who served as controls. Singleton pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia (n = 72) and controls (n = 102) were recruited for this study from Bharati Hospital, Pune. Plasma and milk samples were analyzed for NGF and BDNF levels using the Emax Immuno Assay System using promega kits. Maternal plasma NGF and BDNF levels were lower (p < 0.01 for both) in women with preeclampsia as compared to the control women. Milk NGF levels were similar while milk BDNF levels were higher (p < 0.05) in the preeclampsia group as compared to controls. Plasma NGF levels were positively correlated with milk NGF levels in the control group. Our results indicate the differential regulation of milk NGF and BDNF levels in women with preeclampsia. The present study suggests a role for both NGF and BDNF in human milk for postnatal brain development. Further studies need to examine the associations of DHA and BDNF in human milk with cognition at later ages.
Inpatient Rehabilitation Approach for a Young Woman With Conversion Hemiparesis and Sensory Deficits
Authors: Kanarek Samantha L. , Stevenson Jennifer E. , Wakefield Holly , Reite Elizabeth , Zumsteg Jennifer M. , Brockway Jo Ann
Published: January 2013

In the treatment of conversion disorder, the inpatient rehabilitation setting supports interdisciplinary functional goals and a structured approach consistent with encouraging psychological well‐being. This case presentation illustrates 1 approach to the rehabilitation of hemiparesis secondary to conversion disorder that includes a behavioral management plan, as well as protocols for “learning to walk” and “learning to use your arm.” We provide a practical starting point for advancing function in patients with conversion disorder when functional loss is present in both upper and lower extremities.
Low-n-6 and low-n-6 plus high-n-3 diets for use in clinical research
Authors: MacIntosh Beth A. , Ramsden Christopher E. , Faurot Keturah R. , Zamora Daisy , Mangan Margaret , Hibbeln Joseph R. , Mann J. Douglas
Published: January 2013

Few trials have evaluated the metabolic effects and health outcomes of lowering dietaryn-6 PUFA. The objectives of the present paper were (1) to report the methods employed to lower dietaryn-6 PUFA, while either increasing or maintainingn-3 PUFA intake and (2) to validate our methods with 24 h recalls and erythrocyte fatty acid analyses. A total of sixty-seven subjects were randomised to either (1) an average-n-3 PUFA, low-n-6 PUFA (L6) intervention designed to lower linoleic acid (LA; ≤ 2·5 % of energy (en%)) and arachidonic acid ( ≤ 60 mg/d), while maintaining an average US intake ofn-3 PUFA or (2) a high-n-3 PUFA, low-n-6 PUFA (H3-L6) intervention designed to lowern-6 LA, while increasing then-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA; ≥ 1·5 en%) and EPA+DHA ( ≥ 1000 mg/d). Pre- and intra-intervention nutrient intakes were estimated with six 24 h dietary recalls per subject. Both groups achieved the targeted reductions in dietary LA to ≤ 2·5 en% (median LA 2·45 (2·1, 3·1);P< 0·001). Intakes ofn-3 PUFA did not change for the L6 group. Target increases inn-3 ALA (median 1·6 en%, (1·3, 2·0),P< 0·001) and EPA+DHA (1482 mg, (374, 2558),P< 0·001) were achieved in the H3-L6 group. Dietary changes were validated by corresponding changes in erythrocyten-6 andn-3 fatty acid composition. Dietary LA can be lowered to ≤ 2·5 en%, with or without concurrent increases in dietaryn-3 PUFA, in an outpatient clinical trial setting using this integrated diet method.
THE BURDEN AND CONSCIENCE OF GOVERNMENT IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Catto Jeremy
Published: January 2013

This study argues that the experience of government, though more clearly articulated after 1400, did not engender realpolitik and made princes and ministers, both the old nobility of service and the newer graduate careerists, more acutely aware of issues of conscience. It traces the anxieties provoked by political experience, their relation to the new spiritual literature addressed to persons with active responsibility, and their resolution after 1410 in a new, tough, realistic but morally sensitive approach to government, associated above all with Henry V of England.
HOW SCIENTIFIC CONVERSATION BECAME SHOP TALK
Authors: Secord James A.
Published: January 2013

The expansion of print and the rise of specialist disciplines from the early nineteenth century are usually associated with a decline in informed conversation about the sciences and other forms of learning among the aristocracy, gentry and professional classes. Yet an extensive body of evidence suggests that the sciences remained a vital part of conversational culture in England at least through the 1860s. Ultimately, however, discussing specialist knowledge at parties became condemned as ‘talking shop’. This was not so much the result of changes within science, as is usually assumed, but was instead a byproduct of the increasing differentiation of roles throughout society. By the early twentieth century, scientific practitioners had created new places for broad-ranging talk about their subjects, most characteristically in the tea rooms attached to university laboratories.
Two-point boundary value problems with eigenvalue parameter contained in the boundary conditions
Authors: Fulton Charles T.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

In this paper it is shown that the analysis of Titchmarsh's book [32] for regular Sturm-Liouville problems on a finite closed interval carries over readily to regular problems involving the eigenvalue parameter in the boundary condition at one end-point. The manner in which this type of problem is associated with a self-adjoint operator in Hilbert space has recently been pointed out by Walter in [36], and his operator-theoretic formulation is adopted here. The use of the eigenfunction expansion is illustrated by applying it to solve a heat-conduction problem for a solid in contact with a fluid.
Monadic translation of classical sequent calculus
Authors: ESPÍRITO SANTO JOSÉ , MATTHES RALPH , NAKAZAWA KOJI , PINTO LUÍS
Published: January 2013

We study monadic translations of the call-by-name (cbn) and call-by-value (cbv) fragments of the classical sequent calculus ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$ due to Curien and Herbelin, and give modular and syntactic proofs of strong normalisation. The target of the translations is a new meta-language for classical logic, named monadic λμ. This language is a monadic reworking of Parigot's λμ-calculus, where the monadic binding is confined to commands, thus integrating the monad with the classical features. Also, its μ-reduction rule is replaced by a rule expressing the interaction between monadic binding and μ-abstraction.

Our monadic translations produce very tight simulations of the respective fragments of ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$ within monadic λμ, with reduction steps of ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$ being translated in a 1–1 fashion, except for β steps, which require two steps. The monad of monadic λμ can be instantiated to the continuations monad so as to ensure strict simulation of monadic λμ within simply typed λ-calculus with β- and η-reduction. Through strict simulation, the strong normalisation of simply typed λ-calculus is inherited by monadic λμ, and then by cbn and cbv ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$, thus reproving strong normalisation in an elementary syntactical way for these fragments of ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$, and establishing it for our new calculus. These results extend to second-order logic, with polymorphic λ-calculus as the target, giving new strong normalisation results for classical second-order logic in sequent calculus style.

CPS translations of cbn and cbv ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$ with the strict simulation property are obtained by composing our monadic translations with the continuations-monad instantiation. In an appendix to the paper, we investigate several refinements of the continuations-monad instantiation in order to obtain in a modular way improvements of the CPS translations enjoying extra properties like simulation by cbv β-reduction or reduction of administrative redexes at compile time.
Distribution pattern and activity of mitochondria during oocyte growth and maturation in the ascidianStyela plicata
Authors: Bezzaouia Amina , Gallo Alessandra , Silvestre Francesco , Tekaya Saïda , Tosti Elisabetta
Published: January 2013

The process of oocyte maturation is underlined by a redistribution of cellular organelles, among which mitochondria play a functional role for the acquisition of fertilization and developmental competence. In this paper, we applied electron and confocal microscopy by using DIOC6and JC-1 stain to evaluate mitochondria distribution pattern and activity during different stages of oocyte growth in the ascidianStyela plicata. Three categories of oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage underlying the vitellogenic process were characterized on the basis of size, pigmentation and accessory cells. Mitochondria were spread throughout the cytoplasm at the smallest oocyte stage and gradually migrated to the periphery of the subcortical cytoplasm at the intermediate stage. At the fully grown oocyte stage, mitochondria were aggregated in the subcortical cytoplasm. This pattern of polarized mitochondria distribution correlates significantly with an increase in mitochondria potential and activity. In this paper we discuss the relationship of mitochondria to the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence.
Developmental potential of pig embryos reconstructed by use of sow versus pre-pubertal gilt oocytes after somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Li Juan , Pedersen Hanne Skovsgaard , Li Rong , Adamsen Janne , Liu Ying , Schmidt Mette , Purup Stig , Callesen Henrik
Published: January 2013

In this study, the developmental ability of cloned embryos using gilt versus sow oocytes was evaluated under the hypothesis that the efficiency of nuclear transfer using gilt oocytes was lower than that of sow oocytes, but that it could be optimized. Five experiments were performed with routine production of cloned embryos with sow oocytes serving as the control. Results showed that: Experiment 1: Blastocyst rates of cloned embryos with gilt oocytes was about half compared with control. Experiment 2: An extended maturation time of 48 h used for gilt oocytes resulted in lower blastocyst rates after cloning. Experiment 3: Development of cloned embryos with gilt oocytes was improved by co-culture with sow oocytes. Experiment 4: After maturation of gilt oocytes using follicular fluid from gilt instead of sow, the oocytes were sorted into large and small oocytes, and after cloning, blastocyst rates were higher using large gilt oocytes compared with small oocytes; however, the rate remained lower compared with control. Experiment 5: Six sow recipients received a total of 503 morulae and blastocysts cloned from gilt oocytes (four recipients) and 190 cloned from sow oocytes (two recipients). All recipients became pregnant and went to term, resulting in 26 (gilt oocytes) and six (sow oocytes) piglets. In conclusion, results confirmed that nuclear transfer efficiency was higher using sow versus gilt oocytes, but the use of gilt oocytes can be optimized by sorting after ooplasm size following maturation and by maturing gilt and sow oocytes together.
Understanding coronary arterial anatomy in the congenitally malformed heart
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Chiu Ing-Sh , Spicer Diane E. , Hlavacek Anthony J.
Published: January 2013

With the development of three-dimensional techniques for imaging, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, it is now possible to demonstrate the precise sinusal origin and epicardial course of the coronary arteries with just as much accuracy as can be achieved by the morphologist holding the heart in his or her hands. At present, however, there is no universally accepted convention for categorising the various patterns found when the heart is congenitally malformed. In this review, we show how, to provide such a convention, it is necessary to take note not only of the sinusal origin of the three major coronary arteries, but also the relationship of the aortic root relative to the cardiac base. We summarise the evidence showing how the proximal portions of the developing coronary arteries grow into the aortic valvar sinuses subsequent to the separation of the aortic root from the subpulmonary infundibulum. We also discuss the evidence showing that the subpulmonary myocardium is impervious to the passage of epicardial coronary arteries, and suggest that the process of septation itself plays an integral role in guiding the arteries into the two aortic sinuses that are adjacent to the pulmonary root. We then show how marriage of convenience between the epicardial coronary arteries and the aortic valvar sinuses provides a good explanation for the known variations found in the setting of transposition. We point out that it is the absence of septation that likely governs the patterns seen in the setting of a common arterial trunk.
Cardiac catheterisation of patients with common arterial trunk and transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Stapleton Gary E. , Wilmot Ivan , Suh Elsa J.
Published: January 2013

Cardiac catheterisation continues to play an important role in the long-term management of patients with common arterial trunk and transposition of the great arteries. Although non-invasive imaging has largely eliminated the need for diagnostic catheterisation in newborns with these congenital cardiac lesions, cardiac catheterisation is an important tool for the diagnosis of a variety of problems encountered after surgical intervention, and allows interventions to be performed when feasible. We review the indications for cardiac catheterisation and describe the specifics for various interventional procedures for these patients in this manuscript.
Centre variation in cost and outcomes for congenital heart surgery
Authors: Pasquali Sara K. , Gaies Michael G. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , William Gaynor J. , Jacobs Marshall L.
Published: January 2013

Although overall outcomes for children undergoing heart surgery have improved, there is a significant variation in outcomes across hospitals. This review discusses the variation in cost and outcomes across centres performing congenital heart surgery, potential underlying mechanisms, and efforts to reduce variation and improve outcome.
Foetal echocardiography of transposition of the great arteries and common arterial trunk
Authors: Freire Grace , Miller Michelle , Huhta James
Published: January 2013

Advances in foetal echocardiography allow detection of conotruncal anomalies such as transposition of the great arteries and common arterial trunk. Early detection of these anomalies is important for appropriate delivery planning, family counselling, and management. This manuscript will review the anatomic considerations, differential diagnosis, and foetal echocardiographic features of each of these malformations and review the importance of prenatal diagnosis and family counselling.
Past, present, and future of the arterial switch operation: historical review
Authors: Dodge-Khatami Ali , Mavroudis Constantine , Mavroudis Constantine D. , Jacobs Jeffrey P.
Published: January 2013

The arterial switch operation is the extant surgical correction after a long series of palliations attempted and/or successfully achieved for the treatment of discordant ventriculoarterial connections. As early as 1954, pioneers such as Mustard, Bailey, Kay, and Idriss led the way with at first disheartening failures, temporarily leading to abandoning the procedure. The first successful atrial baffle procedure in 1958 established itself as the procedure of choice for treating discordant ventriculoarterial connections, but tenacity, courage, and vision to pursue anatomic correction finally led to the first successful arterial switch in 1975 by Jatene. After a decade to perfect surgical technique and timing indications for the various anatomic subtypes, the new era of the neonatal arterial switch since the late 1980s set the very high standards that we all know and expect today. Despite excellent early and long-term survival, important residual lesions are increasingly being recognised. Expected anatomic residuals include supravalvar pulmonary stenosis, neoaortic valve insufficiency, and coronary ostial stenosis. Reinterventions and rare, but challenging surgical reoperations address these residual findings with satisfactory outcomes. Quality of life into young adulthood is satisfactory, but functional problems include reduced exercise capacity, diffuse coronary insufficiency, and neurodevelopmental shortcomings, of which the true incidence and potential clinical implications are still unknown. The arterial switch is a spectacular anatomic correction for a once lethal condition and currently the best surgical solution for patients with discordant ventriculoarterial connections. It is, however, far from a true cure; closer and ongoing follow-up for future care will continue to be required.
Surgery for common arterial trunk
Authors: Chai Paul J. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Quintessenza James A.
Published: January 2013

Surgery for common arterial trunk has evolved over the past 30 years. Current management involves total repair during the neonatal period with excellent expected results. The presence of truncal valve insufficiency or interrupted aortic arch may increase the surgical risk for morbidity and mortality. Current therapy and management continues to evolve.
OUR MUTUAL ENGINE: THE ECONOMICS OF VICTORIAN THERMODYNAMICS
Authors: Kuskey Jessica
Published: January 2013

Early on in Charles Dickens'sOur Mutual Friend(1865), the pair of characters Eugene Wrayburn and Mortimer Lightwood glibly recount the years they have spent doing nothing, with no business, no efforts, no cares. They have jobs – one is a barrister, the other a solicitor – but neither has done a scrap of work, ever.
DIVERTING THE DRUNKARD'S PATH: CHARTIST TEMPERANCE NARRATIVES
Authors: Breton Rob
Published: January 2013

In the anonymous “The Charter and the Land”(1847), a story about the Chartist Land Co-operative Society, William Wright's drunkard's path is remarkably short and his subsequent journey to teetotalism is astonishingly easy. Displaced in urban London and without sustainable work, Wright slowly and somewhat predictably takes to the bottle. The lack of detail the author gives regarding Wright's waywardness suggests that the narrative was common enough to be truncated. Unemployment, poverty, and forced idleness receive a good deal more attention than the ensuing moral downfall. Still, Wright's wife grows increasingly worried as the small amount of money she brings home is cruelly taken from her and spent by her husband in the alehouse, and not on food for the children. After witnessing familial conflicts over spending, readers familiar with the drunkard trope might expect spousal abuse, crime, and death. But one day, out of the blue, Wright says he has for weeks given up drink, instead using the family money to purchase lottery tickets for a stake in the Land Co-operative Society, what was to become the National Land Company in 1846. Feargus O'Connor founded the Company in 1845 in part to allow urban working classes to return to a more rural and stable way of life and in part to create working-class landowners who could subsequently qualify for the franchise. Wright wins a few acres of land outside of London and though the work promises to be challenging, he is happy to have it. The Wright family settles happily in their new home and has nothing but the possibility of more unmitigated happiness to celebrate. Pleasing his wife to no end, Wright promises total abstinence and the story comes to an abrupt conclusion.
ANNE BRONTË'S SHAMEFUL AGNES GREY
Authors: Hallemeier Katherine
Published: January 2013

For much of the twentieth century, literary criticism tended to be relatively dismissive of Anne Brontë's novels. While recent scholarship has argued for the complexity of gender and class dynamics in Agnes Grey (1847), there is little consensus as to what, precisely, those dynamics are. Elizabeth Hollis Berry suggests that Agnes “takes charge of her life” (58), and Maria H. Frawley argues that her narrative is a “significant statement of self-empowerment” (116). Maggie Berg and Dara Rossman Regaignon, however, highlight the continued subjugation of Agnes in the course of her narrative. These scholars’ divergent readings demonstrate how Agnes Grey and Agnes Grey can be read both as illustrative of what Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak has famously described as the nineteenth century “female individualist” (307), and as instructive of the social strictures that circumscribed this identity. In this essay, I outline how shame works in and through the novel to bridge these opposing readings.
DRACULA'S BRAM STOKER: “THE WRONGS OF GROSVENOR SQUARE,” “BENGAL ROSES,” AND OTHER LOST PERIODICAL WRITINGS
Authors: Browning John Edgar
Published: January 2013

Presented here for the first time since their publication over a century ago are two previously unknown, undocumented periodical writings by Bram Stoker (1847–1912). To be sure, this discovery underscores Richard Dalby's assertion, shared too by his co-author, William Hughes, in Bram Stoker: A Bibliography (2004), that “more of [Stoker's] ephemeral stories and articles may still be awaiting discovery in obscure newspapers and magazines” (“Quest for Bram Stoker” 12). But more still, for one like Stoker whose shorter literary works, outside of “Dracula's Guest” (1913), lie on the periphery of a legacy that for many offers little distinction from the world's greatest of vampire narratives, the necessity to examine his periodical writings is twofold. For one, it will aid in the task of elucidating Stoker-as-writer; but more critically, it will allow us to engage in dialogue with scholars like Richard Dalby, William Hughes, and others who call into question our insistent tunnel view of Dracula as Stoker's only legacy worthy of consideration.
Parenting style and child-feeding behaviour in predicting children's weight status change in Taiwan
Authors: Tung Ho-Jui , Yeh Ming-Chin
Published: January 2013

Objective

The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children is on the rise worldwide. Prior studies find that parents’ child-feeding practices are associated with child weight status and the efficacy of specific parental child-feeding practices can be moderated by parenting styles. In the current longitudinal study, we examined the associations between child-feeding practices and weight status changes over 1 year among a sample of school-aged children in Taiwan.

Design

In autumn 2008, a child-feeding questionnaire and parenting-style questionnaire were administered to parents of the second and fourth graders in an elementary school in Taiwan. The weight and height of the students were measured by a trained school nurse in 2008 and again in 2009.

Setting

An elementary school in central Taiwan.

Subjects

A total of 465 parent–child pairs were included in the analysis.

Results

Using a gender- and age-adjusted BMI classification scheme issued by the Taiwan Department of Health, 29·2 % of the students were considered overweight at the 2009 measurement. Controlling for 2008 weight status revealed moderating effects of parenting style on the relationship between child-feeding practices and child weight status. Both authoritative and authoritarian mothers might monitor their children's dietary intake; however, the effectiveness of this practice was better, in terms of weight status control, among the authoritative mothers.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that parenting styles have a moderating effect on specific parental child-feeding practices. Parenting styles and parent's feeding practices could be an important focus for future public health interventions addressing the rising childhood obesity epidemic.