bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers of acute kidney injury
Authors: Yedve Sachin , Damke Sachin
Published: April 2022

AKI is a common condition with a high risk of death. This condition can be identified easily and treated early with a good outcome. The standard metrics used to define AKI like serum creatinine blood urea nitrogen are insensitive and nonspecific and change significantly only after huge injury which can lead to delay in diagnosis and treatment.  The kidney is capable in withstanding injuries for an prolonged period. The lacking of knowledge of biomarkers has led to an increase in morbidity. As children progress to higher stages of AKI the risk and morbidity increase. The urine has yielded promising markers for early detection of AKI and also helps in anticipation. These markers help in the identification of the mechanism of injury, assessment of the site, and severity of the injury. One or more of these biomarkers, singly or in combination will help in diagnosis, intervention, and progression of the disease. The use of creatinine as a marker of AKI has various limitations, like variation in its secretion and extrarenal excretion. Toxin-mediated AKI may be amenable to biomarker detection given the direct tubular injury Imparted by various toxins.
Presepsin level in children infected with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Najm Rana Ahmed , AL-dujaili Arshad Noori Ghani , Hashim Jasim Mohammed
Published: April 2022

Objective: To investigate the expression of Presepsin (P-SEP) in children infected with Community-acquired pneumonia and its correlation with total white blood cell count (WBC), gender and age. The current study included sixty (60) patient suffering from acquired community pneumonia  aged  range between one year to larger than 6 years, gander (30) female and (30) male Children in  Al Zahara Teaching Hospitals in Najaf Provenance , during November 2020 – March 2021. The (30) control Child without suffering any of symptoms or criteria of acquired community pneumonia our results show significant elevation (p<0.05) in Total Leukocytes count and presepsin in pneumonia patient group in comparison with control group and non-significant (p>0.05) different in presepsin level between female and male pneumonia child patients. The results also indicate significant elevation (p <0.05) in serum presepsin level of pneumonia child patient among the age (1-3 y) when compare with among the ages (4-6 y) and (>6y) of pneumonia child patient .And there is no significant (p>0.05) different in presepsin between the ages (4-6y) when compare with ages (>6y).
Neonatal isolation provokes hippocampal apoptosis and recognition memory impairment in rats
Authors: Ghanimi Hussein A. , Kadhim Hawraa M. , Hussein Hawraa Hamid , Abdolmaleki Arash , Moghimi Ali
Published: April 2022

Neonatal isolation (NI) has detrimental consequences on the hippocampal neurons of rat neonates. It has been reported to enhance neuronal cell death and impair memory behaviors. We conducted this study to assess the effects of NI on hippocampal apoptosis and recognition memory impairment in the hippocampus of rat neonates. One group of male Wistar rat neonates exposed to NI; rat neonates reared with 1-hour neonatal isolation (NI) for eight consecutive days (P2-P9). On the other hand, the control group reared normally. Novel object recognition test (NOR) test used to evaluate the effects of NI on recognition memory impairment. On day 22 (P22), a TUNEL assay was done. NOR demonstrated that rat neonates who experienced NI had long-term memory deficits (P<0.01). TUNEL assay results showed that NI increased the number of TUNEL positive neurons in CA1, CA3, and DG subfields of the hippocampus (P<0.05, P<0.001, and P<0.001). The present results indicated that NI exerted apoptotic effect and induced recognition memory impairment in the rat neonate’s hippocampus.
comparative study of conventional and sutureless circumcision
Authors: Jadhav Rituja Mahadev , Nangare Nitin. R. , Janugade Hemant. B.
Published: April 2022

Aims and Objectives: To do comparative study between conventional and suture less circumcision Materials and Methods: The study enrolled 26 cases in total. 13 cases of conventional circumcision and 13 cases of suture less circumcision. The results were compiled and analyzed. Results: Majority of study subjects belonged to age group 26-35 yrs followed by 36-45 yrs. Both groups were compared on basis of - Diagnostic parameters (BXO, congenital phimosis, recurrent balanoposthitis, recurrent UTI, and others).Intra-op parameters (Mean operative time, mean blood loss, mean pain score) Post-op parameters (Mean healing time, mean satisfaction, post-operative stay) We observed that complications such as bleeding, wound dehiscence, oedema and infection were seen in conventional circumcision and no such complications were seen in suture less circumcision. Conclusion- Today is the era of 'Wireless' in technology and here comes era of 'Suture less' in field of surgery. Every surgeon wishes for better wound healing with better cosmesis without complications and early back to activities.All this is possible with use of staplers for circumcision. Stapler circumcision is associated with short operative time, lower blood loss volume, less pain, few post-operative complications and less post-operative stay.
Comparison of the Airtraq video laryngoscope versus Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in the pediatric patients
Authors: RajsiShah  , Lalchandani Kavita , Chaudhary Rajvi , Patel Jatin
Published: April 2022

Securing a patent airway in patients undergoing general anesthesia is routinely done using gold standard methods of direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh or Miller laryngoscope blade in children. However, this technique has several limitations. Video laryngoscopes provide the user with a better view of the larynx. We undertook this prospective, randomized, controlled trial to determine the intubation time of Airtraq compared with Macintosh laryngoscope in pediatric patients, number of intubation attempts, quality of visualization, optimization maneuvers, easiness of intubation, and cardiovascular changes during intubation. A total of 80 pediatric patients of either sex, between ages three to twelve years, belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status I and II, who were divided equally into two groups using the sealed envelope technique. Patients were randomly assigned to be intubated with either Airtraq (Group A) or Macintosh laryngoscope (Group M).  The difference between the time required for intubation within the two groups was significant (p < 0.05), optimization maneuvers were more required for Group M than Group A (p < 0.01). Quality of visualization was better in Group A compared with patients in Group M (p < 0.05).
Evaluation of fractional erbium: YAG laser and glycolic acid 70% peeling in melasma improvement
Authors: Shokeir Hesham Aly , Ramadan Wafaa Mohammad , Eittah Maha Rafie Abo , Seessy Noura Abdel Moneim El
Published: April 2022

Melasma is an acquired chronic hyperpigmentation which mainly affects women on sun-exposed areas of the body, especially on the face in Fitzpatrick skin types III-V. The study setting is at the Dermatology Clinic at NILES, Cairo University, Egypt. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of fractional ablative erbium:YAG Laser therapy versus chemical peeling in treatment of melasma. This study included 30 patients with melasma on their face aged 20-50 years. The patients were divided into two groups. In group I, 15 patients were treated by four sessions of fractional erbium YAG laser at 4 weeks interval. In group II, 15 patients were treated by four sessions of chemical peeling with glycolic acid 70%.The percentage of improvement in patients treated by fractional erbium YAG laser was 20 – 80% with amean 54.33 ± 18.01 and the percentage of improvement in patients treated by chemical peeling was 30 – 85 % with a mean 53.33 ± 18.09. So, there was no significant difference in the percentage of improvement in both groups (P- value = 0.881). It was observed that fractional erbium YAG is as effective as 70% glycolic acid peel in patients with melasma.
Solving nonlinear optimization problem using approximation methods
Authors: Salman Abbas Musleh , Al-Jilawi Ahmed Sabah
Published: April 2022

The goal of this paper is to find a better method for integrating the optimization problem faster, and we did so by using a relaxation of the solution area, which is one of the methodologies in the correlation between the penalty method and the Augmented Lagrange method, and we also built default properties for combining these two methods.
Wiener index of Lehmer three mean graphs
Authors: Abisha M. J. , Mary K. Rubin
Published: April 2022

The Wiener index of W(G) is G equal to the sum of distances between all pairs of vertices of G.The Wiener index W, denoted w (wiener 1947) and also known as the path number or wiener number, is a graph index defined  by W(G) = ∑_({x,y}∈V(G))▒〖d_G (x,y)〗. . In this paper we investigate wiener index for caterpillar, twig and arrow graph.
Antropološki pristup teologiji religija
Authors: Rađa Jakov
Published: April 2022

Jacques Dupuis i Henri de Lubac dvojica su isusovačkih teologa čija imena ne mogu biti preskočena u obrađivanju tema koje su povezane s teologijom religija. Premda su pripadali istom teološkom spektru inkluzivizma, nisu pripadali istoj teološkoj školi jer dok je Dupuis naglasak stavljao na prisutnost Krista u drugim religijama, de Lubac je u religijama vidio isključivo čežnju za Bogom koja svoje ispunjenje nalazi u kršćanskoj objavi. Unatoč razlikama između Dupuisa i de Lubaca, obojica su svoju teologiju religija gradila na antropološkim temeljima, točnije na Origenovoj duhovnoj antropologiji kojoj su međutim dali drukčije tumačenje. Dupuis je tako duhovno iskustvo čovjeka koji živi izvan kršćanske ekonomije spasenja promatrao kao način na koji Duh Božji dolazi do čovjeka omogućujući mu sudjelovanje u Božjoj istini i životu, a de Lubac je to isto iskustvo tumačio kao susret s dubinom vlastitog bića, sa slikom Božjom, koju svaki čovjek posjeduje, no ne i kao susret s Bogom. Dok Dupuis mistiku izvan kršćanstva smatra autentičnim načinom kako Bog ulazi u život ljudi, de Lubac smatra kako se izvan kršćanstva uglavnom može govoriti samo o naravnoj mistici, no ne i pravoj mistici. Dupuisova i de Lubacova teologija religija počivaju stoga na različitom viđenju odnosa milosti i naravi jer dok Dupuis veći naglasak stavlja na imanentnost Božjeg djelovanja, de Lubac je svoju pažnju više usmjerio na transcendentnost odnosa između Boga i čovjeka. Unatoč razlikama u vrednovanju duhovnog iskustva čovjeka koji živi izvan kršćanske ekonomije spasenja, teologije Jacquesa Dupuisa i Henrija de Lubaca važan su doprinos boljem razumijevanju načina kako Bog djeluje u čovjeku.
Miradas y perspectivas de la desigualdad Las controversias acerca de la igualdad de oportunidades y la igualdad de posiciones
Authors: Languasco Melisa R.
Published: April 2022

La desigualdad constituye un objeto de estudio ampliamente revisado por múltiples disciplinas, autores diversos, en contextos diferentes y, además, en momentos evolutivos de sociedades con sus innegables particularidades. Distando de ser un concepto de unívoca definición, pondremos en consideración y análisis las visiones de diferentes autores del campo social que representan disrupciones en este estudio. Se trata de Charles Tilly, Luis Reygadas y Gabriel Kessler. Cada uno de ellos, en contextos disímiles, aporta a la reflexión con adjetivos, características y/o perspectivas que forman parte de una construcción social. Pues bien, la desigualdad puede presentarse como persistente o como una intrincada materia que está envuelta en redes para explicar sus elementos y complejidades. Los aportes de Amartya Sen nos conducirán a análisis transversales que incluyen el desarrollo y la libertad en la temática.

 

ARK: http://id.caicyt.gov.ar/ark:/s26184699/akt4tmyfx
Sistem Informasi Perpustakaan Digital Berbasis Web Menggunakan PHP dan MySQL di AMIK Citra Buana Indonesia
Authors: Nuraeni Yani
Published: April 2022

Aplikasi ini dibuat berbasis web menggunakan php dan mysql. Perpustakaan AMIK Citra Buana Indonesia merupakan salah satu unit yang mendukung kemajuan pendidikan di lingkungan kampus sebagai sarana ilmu pengetahuan, pengumpulan dan penyebaran informasi. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut diperlukan suatu Sistem Informasi yang mampu menampilkan file dalam format file digital, sementara dikampus sendiri belum diterapkan system informasi perpustakaan secara digital; sehingga mahasiswa merasa kesulitan karena harus bolak balik menuju kampus untuk mencari referensi buku. Salah satu solusi untuk hal tersebut yaitu dengan menerapkan sistem informasi perpustakaan berbasis komputer atau sistem informasi perpustakaan  digital . Perpustakaan digital adalah perpustakaan yang mempunyai koleksi buku sebagian besar dalam bentuk format digital dan yang bisa di akses melalui komputer dan internet. Pembuatan sistem informasi ini menggunakan sistem pengembangan waterfall dan alat untuk membuat aplikasi ini dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dan MySql sebagai basis data. Hasil yang diperoleh pada aplikasi ini adalah mendapatkan Sistem Informasi Perputsakaan berbasis Komputer (digital library)  yang sudah terkategorikan berdasarkan jurusan. Perpustakaan digital ini di pakai dan di aplikasikan oleh AMIK Citra Buana Indonesia
Projeto “OAB vai à escola”: um exercício de cidadania
Authors: Machado Cristiane Freitas Bertanha , Oliveira Paulo de Tarso
Published: April 2022

O presente artigo nasce do estudo realizado da implementação, desenvolvimento e resultados obtidos do Projeto “OAB VAI À ESCOLA”, na cidade de Franca até o ano de 2016. O Projeto acontece com a participação voluntária de alguns advogados que comungam de um mesmo ideal: debater os direitos e deveres presentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em especial a Carta Magna – a Constituição de 1988. Dessa parceria verifica-se a garantia do processo democrático pelo conhecimento dos direitos humanos fundamentais e a prática cidadã. Porque o projeto “OAB vai a escola” reconhece que é na escola que a educação se desenvolve, tendo em vista os três objetivos básicos delineados no texto constitucional:o pleno desenvolvimento da pessoa humana; o preparo para o exercício da cidadania e a qualificação da pessoa para o trabalho. O referencial teórico abordado sobre educação é fonte dos autores Paulo Freire e Antonio Bolivar e no tocante a cidadania trabalhou-se com Hannah Arendt e Amartya Sen. Referente à metodologia, as pesquisas bibliográfica e documental fizeram parte do estudo. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso, conjuntamente com as pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais, pesquisa de campo, com aplicação de questionários-roteiros usados nas entrevistas dos advogados voluntários e gestores educacionais.
METHODOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PEDAGOGICAL CONSULTATION ON OVERCOMING EXISTING PROBLEMS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS/ՄԱՆԿԱՎԱՐԺԱԿԱՆ ԽՈՐՀՐԴԱՏՎՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՄԵԹՈԴԱԿԱՆ ԳՈՐԾԱՌՈՒՅԹՆԵՐԸ՝ ՈՒՂՂՎԱԾ ԿԱՊԿՈւ ԵՐԵԽԱՆԵՐԻ ԿՐԹԱԿԱՆ ԳՈՐԾԸՆԹԱՑՈՒՄ ԱՌԿԱ ՀԻՄՆԱԽՆԴԻՐՆԵՐԻ ՀԱՂԹԱՀԱՐՄԱՆԸ
Authors: Zadoyan A.
Published: April 2022

The article presents the existing problems in the educational process of children in need of special learning conditions. The types, methods of pedagogical counseling are also considered. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the methodological significance of pedagogical counseling in the context of universal inclusion in the effective implementation of the activities of various subjects of the educational process./Հոդվածում ներկայացվում են ԿԱՊԿՈւ երեխաների կրթական գործընթացում առկա հիմնախնդիրները: Դիտարկվում են նաև մանկավարժական խորհրդատվության իրականացման ձևերը, եղանակ-ները և մեթոդները: Հոդվածի նպատակն է՝ ընդգծել մանկավարժական խորհրդատվության մեթոդական նշանակությունը կրթական գործընթացի տարբեր սուբյեկտների գործունեության արդյունավետ իրականացման ընթացքում՝ համընդհանուր ներառականության պայմաններում:
Computational Software for Assessing Allelic Droput
Authors: Ivan Jeremias , Parikesit Arli
Published: April 2022

Allelic dropout is a failed amplification of an allele which usually happens when the concentration of the DNA sample is low. As there is a missing genotype, the result of the DNA profiling will significantly be affected. One way to overcome this problem is by using computational software that considers thedropout event within its algorithm. This review is aimed to discuss several software that have been created to serve this purpose. All of the listed software turn to implement Maximum Likelihood (LR) algorithm within their calculation; however, they use different parameters and variables. This reviewshowed that allelic dropout should not be evaluated alone; it correlates with other events in creating a low quality of DNA. Therefore, a comprehensive algorithm that consider all of the factors should be built to best estimates the allelic dropout rate within a data.
Combination of Piper betel Leaves and Areca catechu Nuts Ethanolic Extract Effects on In Vitro Antimicrobial Test against Aerobic Mouth Microbiota
Authors: Christanto Raymond , Andre Andre , Foustine Shania , Hartiadi Leonny Yulita
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Oral health awareness in Indonesia is still low with more and more oral and/or dental infection becomes more prevalent such as gingivitis, endodontitis, and pericoronitis. These infections could be caused by mouth microflora such as lactobacilli, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus sobrinus. As time goes by, these bacteria could also become more problematic as antibacterial resistance emerges. Betel nut and betel leaf are  well known traditional herbs that is often used in combination for "nyirih"; an Indonesian tradition to chew both plants often after meal. It is believed that these plants treat bad breath and also increases oral health as it could inhibit bacterial growth. Method: Betel nut and betel leaf were dried, powdered and macerated using 96% ethanol. The extract was tested on mouth microflora of volunteers grown in BHI using agar using disk diffusion test and modified E-test strip. Results: The betel leaves extract showed antibacterial activity in most of concentration used (1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%) while betel nuts only gave antimicrobial effect in 10% concentration. The E-test results also showed the synergistic action between Piper betel leaves and Areca catechu nuts with some giving significant difference compared to the single treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: Piper betel leaves gives antimicrobial effect with MIC value of 1.25% while Areca catechu have MIC value of 10%. Furthermore, combination of both resulted in synergistic effect as indicated with larger diameter of inhibition compared to the single treatments.
A Review on the Antimicrobial Properties of Giant Barrel Sponge- Xestospongia sp.
Authors: Hartiadi Leonny , Edny Gisella , Rebecca Jeannifer , Sheryl Sheryl , Crystalia Audrey Amira
Published: April 2022

Indonesia sits in the heart of the largest biodiversity hotspot -Indo-Pacific region. Indonesia has access to endless resources of bioactive compounds from marine animals and plants. Marine sponges have been extensively studied over the years due to their nature of being exposed to various microorganisms. Xestospongia sp. establishes a symbiotic relationship with diverse microorganisms, leading to the synthesis of abundant bioactive resources which capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Publications from the last ten years were retrieved from PubMed and included in this review article. Bioactive compounds produced by Xestospongia sp. were effective in inhibiting gram-negative bacteria- P. aeruginosa, A. baumanii, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermis, S. typhi- and gram-positive bacteria -M. Intracellulare, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, B. subtilis, V. anguaillarum. In addition, extracts were able to inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistance P. aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. neofarmans, A. niger, Epidermophyton sp., M. gypseum, T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes were susceptible to Xestospongia sp. extracts. The growth of chloroquine-resistant and susceptible strains of P. falciparum were inhibited by Xestospongia sp. with similar zones of inhibitions. The antimicrobial properties were contributed by the composition of chemically complex compounds such as phenolics, steroids and alkaloids; each of which exhibits a unique mechanism of action. The vast range of antimicrobial activity exhibited by Xestospongia sp. extracts implies their promising role in clinical settings for the treatment of infectious diseases including tuberculosis and malaria.
Development of Healthier Cookie Product by Utilizing Different Formulations of Durian Seed Flour
Authors: Insani Rayyane Mazaya Syifa , Dhama Adrian
Published: April 2022

The increasing fast food production led to decreased consumption of dietary fiber food and increased risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Hence, this study aimed to utilize durian seed flour in making a healthy cookie product and observe the effect of different durian seed flour formulation (0%, 25%, 50%) to the organoleptic properties of the cookies. The cookies were analysed through sensory analysis and further statistical analysis. The addition of different formulations of durian seed flour did not significantly affect the aroma, taste, aftertaste, and overall liking of the cookies, however, it did significantly affect the texture of the cookies. The formulated cookies made with the addition of durian seed flour had better overall organoleptic attributes especially in the texture attribute. Nevertheless, it is recommended to conduct chemical and rheological analysis for further characterization of the durian seed flour and its effect in the cookies for further studies.
The Effects of Simvastatin and Soursop (Annona muricata) Leaf Extract on Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Amadea Ignatia Ceraphine , Atrasina Dina
Published: April 2022

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease of the colon and rectum. In Indonesia, CRC has the fourth highest cancer incidence, with about 30,000 new cases and causing around 16,000 deaths per year. Numerous studies have shown the benefits of using simvastatin and Annona muricata (A. muricata) leaf extract to promote cytotoxic effects in CRC cells. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects and the possible molecular mechanisms of actions used by simvastatin and A. muricata leaf extract to exert anti-cancer effects in CRC cells. We synthesized published studies on the effect of simvastatin and A. muricata leaf extract in in vitro and in vivo CRC studies, and highlighted the potential application of simvastatin and A. muricata leaf extract in combination with other anti-cancer treatments. This systematic review was written in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Simvastatin and A. muricata leaf extract were shown to suppress CRC cell growth and proliferation and generate a synergistic effect when combined with other anti-cancer treatments. Several possible mechanisms of actions of simvastatin include bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway and mevalonate pathway activation, ERKs inactivation, and regulation of the yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), while for A. muricata leaf extract, possible mechanisms of actions include intrinsic apoptosis pathway activation, cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis, mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and programmed cell death initiation. Further experimental evidence is needed to determine the specific mechanisms on how simvastatin and A. muricata leaf extract induce anti-cancer effects against CRC cells.
Comparative Study Between Mixed Culture of Schizosaccharomyces Pombe with Saccharomyces and Single Culture Saccharomyces on Wine End Product
Authors: Mulyono Roselyn , Tania Veren , Heryson Robert , Felix Kenny Roy , Ratnasari Nanda Risqia
Published: April 2022

Wine industry has always been searching for a way to improve the quality of its produce. Lately, the trends of using mixed culture of yeast to improve the wine qualities in the wine industry are increasing. The aim of this systematic review is to determine whether or not the mixed culture of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae actually improves the quality of the wine. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to conduct the systematic review, and studies performed from 2010-2020 were collected from the databases of MDPI, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, and PubMed. A total of 54 studies are systematically reviewed in this paper. Pure fermentation of S.cerevisiae produced generally acceptable wine qualities with desirable amounts of ethanol and acceptable amount of secondary metabolites, however in recent findings S.cerevisiae cannot naturally degrade malic acid, leading to a too sour-taste wine. Meanwhile, pure fermentation of S.pombe results in the high production of polysaccharide, pyranoanthocyanin, glycerol, pyruvic acid, urease; reduction of malic acid and gluconic acid, altogether considered as desirable traits in wine production. Mixed fermentation with S.cerevisiae and proper strain selection of S.pombe are the solutions for the suppressed production of acetic acid, acetaldehyde, and acetoin, which are the undesirable compounds highly produced by Schizosaccharomyces. The hypothesis is proven to be true as mixed fermentation of S.cerevisiae and S.pombe results in enhanced wine quality, especially contributed by the compounds produced from S.pombe fermentation.
Bioprocessing of Avian Influenza VLP Vaccine using Baculovirus-Insect Cell Expression System
Authors: Chrisdianto Matthew , Damai Fedric Intan , Mulyono Roselyn , Virginia Jesslyn Audrey , K Katherine
Published: April 2022

Vaccines are widely used as a preventive measure against influenza virus infection. However, these vaccines gain concerns regarding their biosafety due to implementing the highly pathogenic avian influenza in the production process. A breakthrough that uses insect cells due to their ability to produce protein rapidly, especially viral antigens for the potential avian influenza outbreak, is being extensively researched. Insect cells infected by baculovirus (BV) are utilized to express proteins known as virus-like protein (VLP). The objective of this review is to assess the production of the avian influenza vaccine (i.e., H5N1 and H7N9 strains) made from VLP by utilizing a baculovirus-insect cell (BV-IC) expression system. A narrative review was conducted by screening international indexed journals from the last 10 years about the topic. The result shows that VLP vaccine development using BV-IC expression can be a cheaper and safer alternative to conventional vaccines while also producing a high yield. The upstream process consists of the IC infection by the BV and BV-IC cell cultivation inside the bioreactor. The downstream process consists of the purification of the VLP product until it becomes a functioning vaccine. The VLP vaccine has improved immunogenic quality, enabling a more specific immune response than other vaccines. However, studies performed on avian influenza vaccines produced by the BV-IC expression system are still lacking. Therefore, further studies are required to improve the current VLP vaccine production processes.
Rainwater chemistry over Indian sea areas during monsoon season
Authors: MUKHERJEE AK , NAND KRISHNA , MUKHOPADHYAY B , GHANEKAR SG
Published: April 2022

Rainwater samples collected at Minicoy and Port Blair during the monsoon season from 1979 to 1982 have been analysed for various chemical constituents. Data have been utilised to study the importance of various contributing sources to the composition of rainwater and the role of cations and anions in controlling the pH of rainwater.

 It has been found that maritime air is the major source of Cl and Na at both the stations. However, for Na remotely situated continental sources also appear to be quite important. For other cations, continental sources also appear to be quite important. For other cations, continental sources are the predominant suppliers. For SO4 sources other than sea are not important. Comparison of ratios between various constituents in rainwater and sea water suggests that rainwater samples at Minicoy and Port Blair get enriched to a large extent in terms of Ca. Studies also show deficiency in Cl as well as in SO4 at both the stations. Deficiency in SO, is somewhat unexpected.. pH values remained in basic range and at both the places the balance between cation and anion is positive which is suggestive of the importance of dissolution and exchange reactions involving particulate material by which H + ions are consumed. Insignificant correlation between NO3, SO, and H + ion indicates that pH is not  controlled by HNO3 and H2SO.
Impact of droughts on productivity in Rajasthan
Authors: RAO GGSN , RAMAKRISHNAJ YS , RAMANARAO BV , PUROHIT RS
Published: April 2022

The productivity of pearlmillet in Rajasthan during different drought years in the recent decade 1970-79 was studied. It was found that the productivity gets affected considerably as a result of moderate to severe drought conditions in western Rajasthan. The rain water use efficiency of pearl millet was very much less in western Rajasthan compare to eastern Rajasthan.. The study indicates the possibility of improying yield under mild drought conditions in western Rajasthan through better management practices.
Ocean waves and their response to monsoon
Authors: RAY TK
Published: April 2022

The arrival of southwest monsoon in the Indian seas, its onset over India, the break and withdrawal phases reflect the manifestations of mechanical energy on the water surface. An inverse relationship between sea surface temperature and swell heights has been explained. High period swells appear over the Arabian Sea before monsoon onset which die down after onset. Height of south Indian Ocean swells and the active monsoon over India have a direct relationship. And an attempt has been made to predict the height of waves by use of a simple regression equation.
Assessment of Functional Independence in different levels of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients of Pakistani Population; A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Sarfraz Maheen , Shafee Iram , Firdous Safia , Liaquat Ali Khadija
Published: April 2022

Spinal Cord injury (SCI) is a serious public health problem as it not only causes serious functional impairment in the individual but also affects the family and social circle of the patient. The main objective of the study was to investigate the level of functional independence in different levels of SCI patients in Pakistani population. We hypothesized that different levels of SCI experience different levels of functional independence. Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional survey was designed, and data was collected from Lahore General Hospital, Ghurki Hospital, and Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. 52 patients suffering from acute spinal cord injury were enrolled in study by using convenient sampling technique. Overall health status of patients was measured using functional independence measure (FIM) tool.  Results: Total 52 patients were assessed in this study. Out of which 50% injuries were reported at cervical level, 15% injuries were reported at thoracic level and 34% were reported at lumbar level.  Percentage of males suffering from SCI (62%) was higher than female (38%). The lowest functional independence level was recorded for cervical injury (FIM score: 40), moderate for thoracic injury (FIM score: 84) and maximum for lumbar injury (FIM score: 102). Conclusion: Within the studied population, the percentage of cervical injuries was more than thoracic and lumbar. Gender proportion in traumatic spinal cord injury showed that men were more prone to injury as compared to female. However, functional independence was associated with level of SCI injury as cervical injuries patients were least independent while lumbar injury patients had high functional independence.
Frequency of Risk Factors of	Pressure Ulcers in	Geriatric Population in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Naeem Ali Asad , Batool Sana , Fatima Komal , Riaz Rabeea
Published: April 2022

The prevalence of pressure ulcers has turned out to be across the board, particularly in critically ill bedridden patients, especially in the geriatrics population. Along with their condition, poor level of nutrition, increased, moisture, low mobility and constant sheer friction forces acting upon their body lead to the development of pressure ulcers. Lack of proper care from nursing staff, as well as attendants, will contribute more to this. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the prevalence of pressure ulcers in older bedridden patients. Objective: To find out the prevalence of pressure ulcers in the geriatric population in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. The examination was completed between April and July on 180 patients. A cross-sectional survey was done to gather data through a questionnaire to discover the incidence of pressure ulcers in the geriatric population in Lahore. Collected data was statistically entered by SPSS ver.(21.0) software. Results: The study included 180 subjects. Out of 277 subjects, 46(25.6.7%) had severe risk, 17(9.4%) had high risk, 25(13.9%) had moderate risk, 30(16.7) had and finally, 62(34.4) had no risk of developing pressure sores. Conclusions: The study concluded that increased moisture low mobility poor nutrition and continued friction and shear forces lead to the development of pressure ulcers.
Role of Tension in Skin Scarring
Authors: Naqvi Syeda Itrat Zahra
Published: April 2022

Skin scarring is a natural process of healing and represents a massive burden on individuals and societies .Scars appear due to sealing of an open skin that occurs more quickly than the normal skin growing process. Depending on the place where scars form, people may suffer severe issues like not able to bend their joints, open or close their mouth parts and lastly suffer from social stigma. A scar is not bad if it is small, not visible or easy to heal. But it is astonishing that recent researches have opened up new ways for us to treat scars instead of hiding them under clothes.

Recently, scientists suggested the critical role of tension during process of scarring. They observed that early in the fetal developmental stage, when the skin is more gelatinous (less tight), the skin injury does not lead to scarring and likewise, at the older age (95 years) scarring is minimal due to less tightening of skin. Now, the questions arise; why and how tension in the skin induces scar formation during healing?

The gene named "engrailed" helps produce a protein (sometimes found in fibroblast; a skin cell) that stimulates scar formation. Researchers observed that fibroblasts did not expressed engrailed when grown on tension-free gel; but the expression occurs when grown on stress-inducing plastic. In the later case, inhibition in expression of engrailed was observed after addition of a chemical which inhibit mechanical strain signaling. Similarly, a number of studies in mice suggested crucial role of tension in induction of scarring.

For a successful wound healing therapy, three outcomes are important to be true skin regeneration; appearance of normal hair follicles and glands, normal epidermal appearance under microscope and regenerated skin needs to be as strong as normal skin. Concurrent to these outcomes, scientists are working with mice by blocking mechanical stress signals with U.S approved drugs and waiting for next stage with pre-clinical trials with other mammalian species.

In summary, with the rising social and financial burdens of scarring, advancements in the research inspire novel therapies to tackle outcomes of scar formation. Recent studies focus on the role of mechanical forces during scarring whereas, clinical trials favor minimizing tension may led to minimal scar formation. However, tension free therapies for scar reduction persist various limitations and sometimes, not applicable. It is also noteworthy that considerable differences between the mouse and human skin may limit the applications of clinical findings.
Active Lifestyle and Immune System
Authors: Mehboob Riffat
Published: April 2022

Immunity is the defence mechanism of any organism in which it resists against infections, diseases and foreign pathogens. There are many contributing factors responsible for the performance of an immune system known collectively as life style factors or modifiable factors. These factors comprise of sleep, psychological well-being, diet, nutrition and physical activity. In this review we will discuss the impact of physical activity on health, aging and immunity. The management of immune system through physical activity and it’s importance will be also discussed. Although, for a balance immune system, diet and nutrition also have a major role along with physical activity. But in this mini-review our focus will be on the physical activity aspect to enhance and boost the immunity. Sleeping for 8 hours and brisk walk for 20-30 minutes at least is required along with healthy diet, for an effective immune system. Improper diet or lack of good sleep or physical activity and effect immunity and make a person more vulnerable to diseases and having a healthy lifestyle can help you fight against such conditions. Avoiding junk and fast food and replacing it with organic food helps in positive immune response. Various health related advantages of physical activity on regular basis. It has positive impact on the functionality of immune system. However, we cannot say for sure about the risk of contracting infection as it is still not clear. There are different levels of physical activities and they affect the immune system in a variable fashion. For example, athletes have intensive physical activity which suppresses the activity of many immune cells. On the other hand, some types of immune cells are stimulated by an intermediate physical activity. Hence, there are variables responses of physical activity on immune system regulation in athletes and in common population. These mechanisms that transform an active life style into good immune regulation which means good health, is still under investigation. Future researches are suggested to know the optimal extent of physical activity and training which may affect the immunity in a positive manner.
Physical Therapy and Migraines
Authors: Arooj Ayesha
Published: April 2022

Migraine is a most common type of headache that has been seen in almost every age group. This is the chemical imbalance within the brain causing substantial disability and pain. It is usually a pulsating sensation or a throbbing pain at one side of head. The main symptoms of migraine headache along with pain are nausea, vomiting, photosensitivity and extreme sensitivity to sounds. Lethargy in the body and tightness in the muscles around the head has also been seen. It involves almost 4 stages including prodrome, aura, migraine and postdrome lasting from one day to sometimes a week. But this is more common for one or two days. Dehydration, direct sunlight, skipping meals, hunger and stress sometimes may aggravate the migraines. Stress induced migraines are of extreme importance as it affects the muscles such as trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae and facial muscles due to pressure hypersensitivity.

This is a neurological disorder but physical therapy may help in population with migraine. Some techniques could be quite useful such as:

Soft tissue release

Posterior-anterior cervical joints mobilization

Upper cervical spine manipulation

Needling therapy in the affected muscles

Therapeutic exercises

Soft tissue release technique may involve myofacsial trigger points release in the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles as these get the tightness allover. Manual stroking by addressing the muscles and stroking away the trigger point from the center. Tender point release has also its utmost importance for releasing the migraines. Interestingly, by releasing the muscles over temporomandibular joint can reduce the migraine pain

Posterior-anterior approach for upper cervical mobilization should be used for C1-C3. In this approach the thumbs of therapist glide over the zygophageal joints posterior-anteriorly. Upper cervical spine manipulations is applied by localizing the target area in the rotation position and then perform a low amplitude and high velocity thrust towards the contralateral eye of the patient. Spinal mobilization and manipulation actually targets the musculoskeletal disorders caused by the migraines. It directly cannot lessen the migraine but may aid to reduce it by relaxing the muscles.  

Therapeutic exercise may affect the pain positively by releasing the pressure such as cervical flexion; side bending and lateral flexion are some of the types of cervical isometrics may help to lessen the pain. This basically targets the deep neck muscles that can only be approached through therapeutic exercises. These fore mentioned techniques may help to reduce the migraine pains.
Cardiovascular Fitness Assessment through 3 Minutes Step Test in Adults of Lahore during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Raza Ali , Sajjad Sajjad Ali , Rana Arif Ali , Ijaz Arshia , Asif Muhammad , Zulfiqar Abdullah
Published: April 2022

At the end of the year, 2019 world witnessed a disease, which is still affecting the world, this disease was named Corona Virus Disease -19 (COVID-19). It is a highly infectious disease that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. Objective: To find out the impact of COVID-19 on the cardiac fitness of young and middle-aged adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at ON-Campus Physiotherapy Clinic at University of Management and Technology, Lahore. Convenient sampling was used. The sample size was 437. Healthy participants from both genders aging 17-45 years were recruited in the study. A self-designed questionnaire validated through a pilot study was used to record the data. Three minutes step test was performed and pre and post-test Cardiac rate were recorded. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows was used to record and analyze all data. Results: Results showed that the female participants were 271 (59.7%) while males were 176(41.3%), young adults proportion was 76% while middle-aged adults was 24%.The overall results of the post-test 3-minutes step test show that a majority of the population30.7 % (n=134) had excellent cardiac rate, a good proportion of the sample had the same value for  Good and above-average cardiac rates (f=22.4 %,  n= 98)  while fewer number participants fall in rest of the categories such as average, below average, poor and very poor ( 12. %, 7.1%, 3.0 %, 2.3 %) respectively. Conclusions: The study concluded that the overall cardiac capacity of young and older adults is not affected by the pandemic but the females have a better cardiac condition as compared to men.
Desenvolvimento das condições gerais de produção e valorização imobiliária em São Paulo
Authors: Fernandes Maíra
Published: April 2022

Partindo do processo de produção do espaço urbano, buscou-se compreender uma das principais estratégias de reprodução do capital articulado com as atividades da construção civil e do setor imobiliário. Trata-se de setores produtivos que ao se apropriarem do valor criado pelas ações do Estado, por meio da implantação de infraestrutura urbana como forma de assegurar as condições gerais do modo de produção capitalista, encontram uma maneira de reprodução do capital, evidenciando o valor de troca e a valorização do solo urbano. Ressalta-se tal processo de ampliação do capital a partir da valorização imobiliária se apóia na produção da cidade baseada na propriedade privada da terra, bem como o desenvolvimento das bases materiais e imateriais necessárias ao ciclo de reprodução do capital. O valor gerado, caracterizado por sua maneira especulativa é incorporado por tais setores, evidenciando o processo de espoliação urbana.
O circuito hip hop na região de Campinas desde "as antigas": dos bailes black à institucionalização do movimento (198... - 2005)
Authors: Alves Cristiano Nunes
Published: April 2022

Queremos melhor compreender a dinâmica urbana contemporânea problematizando o uso do território pelo circuito hip hop. Neste artigo, propomos uma abordagem do espaço ao longo do tempo dinamizado pela cultura hip hop, apresentando uma periodização da cultura das ruas na região de Campinas. Pudemos, grosso modo, identificar dois momentos do circuito: o primeiro, desde as manifestações iniciais do hip hop até a constituição de um circuito em torno dos bailes black da região, e o segundo, de institucionalização do circuito cultural, tornado movimento por parcela de sua militância. Trata-se de um estudo no qual problematizamos o tema dos circuitos culturais lançando mão do recurso de método da periodização.
Expediente
Authors: Editorial Conselho
Published: April 2022

Expediente do BCG para o v. 2, n. 1, 2012.
Entrevista: David Harvey
Authors: Pasti André , Duarte Luciano , Steda Melissa , Nabarro Wagner
Published: April 2022

Entrevistamos David Harvey durante sua estadia em São Paulo para o lançamento da edição em português de O Engima do Capitale as crises do capitalismo (Boitempo, 2011). Harvey falou sobre a atual crise do capitalismo, a acumulação por espoliação e as cidades como locus da produção da resistência ao capitalismo, entre outros temas.
Expansão da fronteira agrícola moderna e consolidação da cafeicultura científica globalizada no Oeste da Bahia
Authors: Frederico Samuel
Published: April 2022

Este artigo analisa a expansão e a consolidação da cafeicultura científica globalizada na região de fronteira agrícola moderna no Oeste da Bahia, a partir da década de 1990. Trata-se de uma cafeicultura intensiva em capital e tecnologia, praticada em grandes propriedades monocultoras e com elevados índices de produtividade e baixos custos de produção. Apesar de representar um percentual pequeno do total do café produzido no território brasileiro, a cafeicultura do Oeste da Bahia tem um grande potencial de crescimento com a expansão da fronteira agrícola, o que pode acarretar na difusão de novos parâmetros produtivos para as demais regiões cafeeiras. A abertura de novas áreas também tem um impacto significativo sobre as formas ancestrais de reprodução dos pequenos produtores de base familiar e sobre a preservação da biodiversidade das áreas de Cerrado.
Logística e competitividade no circuito espacial produtivo do etanol no Brasil
Authors: Camelini João Humberto , Castillo Ricardo
Published: April 2022

Este artigo apresenta uma análise das relações existentes entre os principais agentes envolvidos no circuito espacial produtivo do etanol de cana-de-açúcar, evidenciando aspectos determinantes no direcionamento do atual processo de expansão desta atividade produtiva no território brasileiro, com o objetivo de suprir a nova demanda potencial por este produto. Para tanto, destacam-se elementos relacionados à logística e a formação de regiões com elevada competitividade, nas quais pode haver comprometimento da diversidade produtiva, conduzindo a quadros de vulnerabilidade territorial.