bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometrical interpretation for abnormal facial behaviour with possible correction of angle S‐N‐A and S‐N‐B
Authors: SARHAN O.A. , AL‐BALKHI K.M.
Published: June 2007

The orientation of the sella nasion (SN) line in lateral skull radiographs is important for accurate assessment of antero‐posterior and vertical facial relationship. Lateral skull radiographs of a random sample were traced and digitized to produce a mean shape template of the sample, with the craniofacial centroid line (CFC) used as a base for superimposition of the sample.

A geometrical triangle was formed using the sella nasion line, craniofacial centroid line and the mandibular plane as the sides of the triangle. Simple geometric calculations were done to re‐orient both the mandibular plane and sella nasion line in cases with balanced clinical profiles, while the S‐N‐A and S‐N‐B measurements indicate otherwise.
Effe1ct of some properties of metal strengtheners on the fracture resistance of acrylic denture base material construction
Authors: VALLITTU P.K.
Published: June 2007

In this study we investigated the effect of metal wire bonding to acrylic resin on the fracture resistance of an acrylic denture base material construction. Two different bonding methods were tested, and after measuring the resistance, the surface of the wires were examined by a scanning electron microscope. The effect that the placing of metal strengtheners in different positions in the acrylic resin had on the fracture resistance of the denture base material construction was also clarified. When three different positions of the metal wires in the acrylic resin were compared, the results showed that bonding of metal wire to acrylic resin somewhat enhanced the fracture resistance of test specimens, while the different positions of the wires had no effect on the fracture resistance.
Comparison of the marginal and axial wall integrity of in vivo and in vitro made adhesive class V restorations
Authors: ABDALLA A.I. , DAVIDSON C.L.
Published: June 2007

For several different procedures and material combinations adhesive Class V composite restorations were made under clinical and under laboratory conditions. Marginal discrepancy and gap formation at the floor of the cavity was recorded by way of SEM on replicas. Only weak correlation could be demonstrated between results obtained from in vivo and in vitro placed restorations. In general the hydrophobic resinous bonding systems performed better under laboratory conditions while the hydrophillic glass ionomer lining led to a better marginal integrity under clinical circumstances.
The stability of temporary prosthetic base materials I: Introduction, angular changes and dimensional stability
Authors: HEATH J.R. , BORU T.K. , GRANT A.A.
Published: June 2007

The bases of occlusal rims and trial dentures should fit both the cast and the mouth accurately. The retention of shape and dimension of strips and sheets of grey and pink shellac, filled cold cure acrylic resin and wax were tested following moulding over stylised upper edentulous casts. The thermoplastic materials were softened over a flame or in a water bath. Specimens were prepared with and without folding along the long axes of the strips. The angles formed by the strips, the gap between the palate of the baseplates and casts and the linear dimension of the sheets were measured after moulding, after immersion in water at 37 and 45°C and after 24 h at room tmperature. The least angular change was shown by unfolded grey shellac, softened over a flame and moulded by finger pressure over an unwarmed cast, followed by folded specimens softened in water and moulded with the fingers over a prewarmed cast. The least gap developed beneath pink shellac softened in water and moulded by finger pressure over a warmed cast. The smallest dimensional change was shown by grey shellac softened in water and moulded by finger pressure over a warmed cast. Thus, optimally manipulated shellac materials exhibit less change after moulding than cold cure acrylic resin or modelling wax.
Elementary identification of a gnathosonic classification using an autoregressive model
Authors: SHI C.‐S. , MAO Y.
Published: June 2007

This was an investigation to determine the feasibility of an autoregressive (AR) model for establishing characteristic parameters from recorded occlusal sounds and develop their classification. Thirty four normal subjects with intact natural dentitions were selected for the study. The subjects’ occlusal sounds from both sides of their faces respectively were sampled, and the gnathosonic classification (Class A, B and C) was established by observing the original recorded wave pattern and measuring the duration. Then, a 20 order AR model was calculated with the collected data, and the AR model coefficients were found to be similar to the indices of Bayes’ discriminatory analysis. The total conformation rates of the modelled left and right occlusal sounds to the classification, estimated by Bayes’ discriminant functions were 97.06% and 88.24% respectively. AR coefficients representing the characteristics of human occlusal sounds can be helpful in their classification and allow computer diagnosis of occlusal disorders.
Measurement of the viscosity of irreversible hydrocolloids
Authors: WANIS T.M. , COMBE E.C. , GRANT A.A.
Published: June 2007

Three techniques have been used to assess the shear rate dependence of the viscosity of mixed alginate impression materials prior to setting. Two methods used a cone‐plate viscometer, and one method was a capillary extrusion technique. Data from the three sets of experiments have been critically compared. It has been shown that an unset alginate material exhibits Bingham behaviour.
The production of shellac and its general and dental uses: a review
Authors: AZOUKA A. , HUGGETT R. , HARRISON A.
Published: June 2007

An historical review of the general uses of shellac is presented and the various manufacturing processes, properties and chemical composition are discussed. The applications, advantages and disadvantages of shellac and its uses in dentistry are outlined.
Complications in the tissue integrated prostheses components: clinical and mechanical evaluation
Authors: KOHAVI D.
Published: June 2007

Cases demonstrating complications in osseointegrated implant supported prostheses are described. These complications occurred in the prostheses framework or veneer, in the fixation screw, in the abutment post or screw as well as in the implant body. The two main reasons for the complications were lack of passive fitting between the restoration and the abutment; and destructive occlusal contacts. The destructive occlusal contacts may develop during the time of wear of the prostheses material or by changes in the opposite restoration. Overloading or bending moments exerted on the prostheses via these occlusal contacts resulted in loosening or fracture in one of the implantprostheses components. The benefit of acrylic resin or composite material in reducing stresses in the light of the possible long‐term, harmful occlusal changes that might develop as a result of their wear should be considered.
In vitro posterior composite polymerization recovery following hygroscopic expansion
Authors: SEGURA A. , DONLY K.J.
Published: June 2007

Post‐operative pain has been associated with composite polymerization shrinkage. This study aimed to quantify the cuspal deflection resulting from the initial shrinkage and the subsequent hygroscopic expansion of a standard posterior composite resin.

Thirty hydrated permanent molars were marked on the buccal and lingual cusp tips. Standardized conventional Class II preparations were made and restorations with composite resin were placed and: (A) polymerized as one complete unit; (B) polymerized in gingivo‐occlusal increments; (C) polymerized in buccolingual increments. Ten untreated teeth were marked and acted as controls. All specimens were placed in water. Pre‐operative, post‐operative and 6‐month photographs were projected on a digitizer pad and measured by two independent investigators. The mean cuspal deflection (μm) immediately post‐operatively and 6 months respectively, was: (A) 22.4, 8.7; (B) 12.4, 5.3; (C) 9.8, 3.0. The percentage of natural tooth dimensional recovery, following hygroscopic expansion was: (A) 97.5%; (B) 98.6%; (C) 99.4%. Buccolingual incremental polymerization led to significantly less initial cuspal deflection and the most cuspal recovery after hygroscopic expansion. The technique of resin placement therefore may provide a decrease in post‐operative sensitivity.
Social and functional impact of reduced posterior dental units in older adults
Authors: LEAKE J.L. , HAWKINS R. , LOCKER D.
Published: June 2007

The number of teeth needed to maintain adequate dental function in older adults is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between oral function and the number of opposing pairs of posterior teeth. We identified 338 subjects with complete anterior dentitions from an interview and examination survey of Ontario adults aged 50 and over; 261 had no partial denture and 77 had removable partial dentures (RPD). Oral function was measured using questions assessing chewing ability, mandibular function and socio‐psychological impact.

Subjects with no partial dentures were further allocated to five groups, based on their dental status: complete dental arch (n= 69); 5–7 functional units‐pairs of opposing posterior teeth (n= 109); 3 or 4 functional units (n= 48) and 0–2 functional units (n= 35). Oral function problems increased with decreasing functional units being markedly more prevalent among the groups with 0–2 functional units. 34% of subjects in the 0–2 group reported one or more problems with chewing ability compared to 6–17% in the other groups (χ2P= 0.001 d.f. = 3).

The 77 subjects who wore removable partial dentures, reported social and dental function at levels comparable to those with no dentures.

From these results, there appears to be little socio‐functional need to replace lost posterior teeth with a partial denture until the person has fewer than, 3 posterior functional units. The low number of partial denture wearers limited our ability to detect a lasting benefit from RPD treatment.
Surface texture evaluation of glass ionomer restorative materials polished utilizing poly(acrylic acid) gel
Authors: LIBERMAN R. , GEIGER S.
Published: June 2007

This study evaluated the surface texture of three different glass ionomer restorative materials and a composite resin, polished by a new method using poly (acrylic acid) gel. Conventional polishing methods and finishing agents were compared to the proposed new procedure. Evaluations were carried out employing three techniques: profilometry, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness testing. The use of a poly(acrylic acid) gel with polishing discs gave significantly better results, and is therefore recommended for clinical applications.
A 6‐year follow‐up study of oral function in shortened dental arches. Part I: Occlusal stability
Authors: WITTER D.J. , DE HAAN A.F.J. , KÄYSER A.F. , VAN ROSSUM G.M.J.M.
Published: June 2007

In this clinical 6‐year follow‐up study subjects with shortened dental arches (SDA, n= 55), characterized by the absence of molar support, are compared with subjects with complete dental arches (CDA, n= 52) with respect to occlusal stability. In addition, a small group of subjects with SDA and removable partial dentures in the lower jaw (SDA + RPD, n= 19) is included in this study. The aim of this study was to describe effects regarding occlusal stability in subjects with SDA during a 6‐year period. The applied parameters for occlusal stability are: number of occlusal contacts in the anterior region, overbite, interdental spacing and alveolar bone support.

The results of this study show that: (i) SDA do provide durable occlusal stability; (ii) free‐end RPD do not contribute to occlusal stability in SDA; and (iii) SDA with periodontally involved teeth show continuing periodontal breakdown.
Psychosocial aspects of craniomandibular dysfunction. An assessment of clinical and community findings
Authors: DE LEEUW J.R.J. , STEENKS M.H. , ROS W.J.G. , BOSMAN F. , WINNUBST J.A.M. , SCHOLTE A.M.
Published: June 2007

This study was performed to assess whether subgroups of patients with signs and symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) and a control group of dental patients with and without signs of CMD can be characterized by psychosocial variables, and whether there is evidence of stress‐induced muscle hyperactivity as a contributing factor in the development of signs and symptoms of CMD. A group of 127 care‐seeking patients and a control group of 158 dental patients completed a Questionnaire Battery (QB) designed to measure external stressors, stress‐related emotional reactions (anxiety and depression) and personal factors such as coping styles, health locus of control and personality. Patients with CMD with both a myogenous and an arthrogenous component reported more stress and stronger stress‐related emotional reactions than patients with either an arthrogenous or a myogenous CMD. However, patients with arthrogenous CMD did not differ on psychosocial variables from patients with myogenous CMD. In contrast to expectations, controls with signs of CMD reported more stress than patients with CMD. Compared with controls, CMD‐patients experienced less personal control over their health and they considered health to be determined by chance or fate. CMD‐patients also reported to cope differently with stress than controls. Analyses of covariance showed that the results were not influenced by differences in age, sex or pain reported in the head, neck and/or shoulders. Results were interpreted with regard to the psychophysiological theory of the development of signs and symptoms of CMD as a consequence of the progression of stress‐induced muscle hyperactivity. Differences between patients and controls in personal factors were interpreted with regard to treatment need for CMD.
Viscoelastic properties of tissue conditioners — influence of ethyl alcohol content and type of plasticizer
Authors: MURATA H. , MURAKAMI S. , SHIGETO N. , HAMADA T.
Published: June 2007

The effect of both the ethyl alcohol content of liquids and the type of plasticizer on the viscoelastic properties after gelation of tissue conditioners was studied by means of a stress relaxation test. The results are summarized as follows. The liquids containing the larger percentages of ethyl alcohol produced the larger flow after gelation. Furthermore, the ethyl alcohol content had a significant influence on changes in viscoelastic properties with the passage of time. Flow properties were found to reduce rapidly with time of storage with an increase in the ethyl alcohol content. The use of benzyl benzoate produced the larger flow after gelation than dibutyl phthalate, which in turn produced the larger flow than butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate. The type of plasticizer, however, was found to have no influence on changes in viscoelastic properties with the passage of time.
An experimental study on histopathological changes in the tissue covered with denture base without occlusal pressure
Authors: NAKASHIMA K. , SATO T. , HARA T. , MINAGI S.
Published: June 2007

In order to clarify the basic histopathological effect of a denture prosthesis on the denture supporting tissues, a new experimental appliance was developed. The denture base was designed to make contact with palatal mucosa of the experimental animal without any mechanical pressure and transmit no occlusal force to the mucosa. The objectives were: (i) non‐pressure contact of denture base with palatal mucosa; and (ii) lack of physiological stimulation for palatal tissue by tongue and/or food.

The results of the study revealed that covering the palatal mucosa with a denture base without any mechanical pressure and with the maintenance of a clean palate and denture base, did not cause any inflammatory change and bone resorption in the denture supporting tissues, except for a slight transient proliferative reaction in the epithelial ridges.
Reflex responses to periodontal and auditory stimulation in human masseter
Authors: SATO T. , TÜRKER K.S. , MILES T.S.
Published: June 2007

An investigation was made of the reflex responses evoked in the human masseter by periodontal mechanoreceptors. Weak taps were applied to the labial surface of a central incisor tooth by an electromechanical stimulator with a flexible probe (von Frey hair). Forces as low as 0.2N evoked inhibitory reflex responses in the surface electromyograms of both masseter muscles. These reflexes were modulated to markedly different extents in different subjects by auditory white noise, which always reduced the amplitude of the inhibition. The reflexes were abolished when local anaesthesia was infiltrated around the stimulated tooth and white noise was played into the ears. Evidence is presented that the sound of the tap on the tooth, transmitted through the air, is in itself sufficient to evoke an inhibitory reflex in masseter which is qualitatively similar to that from the periodontal receptors. Thus, in the absence of auditory masking, the total reflex evoked by tooth taps is the result of the summation of the inputs from both periodontal mechanoreceptors and auditory receptors.
The effect of margin design on the marginal adaptation of temporary crowns
Authors: KEYF F. , ANIL N.
Published: June 2007

Accurate marginal fit and proper contour and surface finish of a temporary crown are needed to maintain healthy contiguous gingiva before the placing of the final restorations.

In this study, the effect of two finish line types and the period of their remaining in the mouth on the marginal adaptation of temporary crowns was examined.

According to our research findings, although no statistically significant difference was found between the marginal adaptation of the crowns of the chamfer and shoulder types, after 7 days a discrepancy of an important degree was observed in the shoulder type crown (t= 2.379, P < 0.05).
Elution of leachable components from composites
Authors: FERRACANE J.L.
Published: June 2007

A significant amount of residual monomer or short chain polymers remain unbound in set composite material. Due to its potential impact on both the biocompatibility and the structural stability of the restoration, many investigators have studied the elution of these unbound molecules into aqueous media. The results of these studies suggest that elution of leachable components from composites is rapid, with the majority being released within a matter of hours. Weight losses of up to 2% of the mass of the composite have been reported under certain conditions. The studies have also shown that the extent and rate of elution of components from composites is dependent upon several factors. The quantity of leachables has been correlated to the degree of cure of the polymer network. The composition and solubility characteristics of the extraction solvent influence the kinetics and mechanism of the elution process. Elution is generally thought to occur via diffusion of molecules through the resin matrix, and is therefore dependent upon the size and chemical characteristics of the leachable species.
The attenuation of radiation by porcelain and its effect on polymerization of resin cements
Authors: UCTASLI S. , HASANREISOGLU U. , WILSON H.J.
Published: June 2007

The influence of porcelain thickness and opacity on the polymerization of two dual activated (microfine and hybrid) and one light irradiated (hybrid) resin cements was assessed by hardness measurements. The surface microhardness values of the upper and lower surface of l mm thick resin cement specimens were determined. Specimens were polymerized using 40 s irradiation beneath different thicknessses and opacities of porcelain discs. The results showed that increasing the thicknesses and opacity of the porcelain produced a statistically significant decrease in microhardness of the resinbased cements. The effect of attenuation is less for the microfine cement than for the hybrids. In the case of hybrid cements, the light activated material performed better than the dual activated cement.
Increase of vertical dimension — consequences for the maxillomandibular relationship. A clinical approach
Authors: HELLSING E. , HELLSING G.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
The purpose of the present study was to compare the vertical change in the incisor and molar areas caused by insertion of a bite opening appliance and to analyse the occurrence of rotation and eruption during the following treatment period (mean 4.3 months). Eight patients between 15 and 24 years of age with vertical overlaps ≥ 4mm were treated by means of a maxillary fixed lingual arch appliance with an anterior bite plane. The retruded mandibular position was recorded with cold cure acrylic before treatment, immediately after insertion of the fixed appliance, and after removal of it. Vertical overlap and separation between the first molars was measured at each of these occasions. Finally, tooth movements during eruption were measured on the indices in the area of the second molar. The results showed that, independent of the amount of bite raise, the relation between frontal and molar area bite raise was approximately 2:1 for six and 5:3 for two patients. There was a significant difference in thickness of indices from registrations I and III in the second molar area indication not only eruption during bite opening therapy but also buccolingual rotation.
A model for the evaluation of mandibular bone response to implant materials
Authors: HUASONG LIU , KLEIN C.P.A.T. , VAN ROSSEN I.P. , DE GROOT K.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
An in vivo animal (goat) mandibular bone model has been evaluated for the cortical and trabecular bone response to biomaterials with different elastic modulus and/or different surfaces. The effect of the elastic modulus on the bone formation was also studied. The difficulties encountered in orientation of the implants probably could have been surmounted if pre‐operative radiographs has been available. It was also established that there is a large variance in the amount of trabecular and cortical bone in the mandible of the goat‘one model'.
Effects of gold and bonded ceramic inlays on the ability to perceive occlusal thickness
Authors: KARLSSON S. , MOLIN M.
Published: June 2007

summary
Any crown or inlay preparation will be accompanied with pulpal involvement and possible altered biomechanical and/or viscoelastic properties concerning the treated tooth. This study was aimed to assess this influence in terms of differences in interocclusal discrimination threshold value, before and after rehabilitation with gold inlays and by composite resin bonded ceramic inlays. Twenty patients were included and treated with one gold and three ceramic inlays each. For purposes of determining the discrimination threshold between the inlays and antagonizing teeth, plastic foils of different thicknesses were used. Each inlay position, as well as a pair of control teeth, were tested before and after treatment. Before rehabilitation an interocclusal and discrimination threshold of 24μm at the level of 80% right answers were determined. Treatment with inlays, however, resulted in a significantly different and increased threshold for every tooth/inlays combination. No significant differences between the sessions were recorded for the control teeth. It could be concluded that, in the short term, an oral rehabilitation with inlays and in particular bonded inlays will influence mechanosensitive afferents.
Studies on dental high‐speed cutting
Authors: LAIO W.M. , TAIRA M. , OHMOTO K. , SHINTANI H. , YAMAKI M.
Published: June 2007

summary
The primary author, an experienced dentist, cut bovine enamel and dentine horizontally and vertically with diamond points driven by an air‐turbine, while the rotational cutting speeds and applied loads were simultaneously monitored. Three cutting techniques employed here were successive cutting with moderate force (S‐m); intermittent cutting with moderate force (I‐m); and intermittent cutting with a smaller force (I‐s). It was found that the cut contact time of S‐m, I‐m, and I‐s cuts were about 10s, 0.4s and 0.25s, respectively. The maximum applied load during cutting varied, depending upon the cutting direction and the cutting technique. Vertical S‐m cut of enamel resulted in the largest applied load of around 105g, while horizontal I‐s cut of dentine brought about the minimum (approximately 35g). Cutting volumes of dentine tended to exceed those of enamel. It was confirmed that the I‐m cut produced larger cutting effectiveness of diamond points on both enamel and dentine compared with the S‐m cut.
Comparison of the electromyographic activity of individuals with canine guidance and group function occlusion
Authors: AKÖREN A.C. , KARAAČAÇLIOČLU L.
Published: June 2007

summary
The purpose of this study was to investigate occlusal schemes (canine guidance and group function) in relation to masticatory muscle activity. It was performed on 30 subjects, 15 with canine guidance and 15 with group function. Bilateral electromyographic recordings of masseter and anterior temporal muscles were obtained by surface electrodes during gum chewing and sliding laterally from centric relation while the teeth were in contact. The obtained data for both groups were compared statistically. Electromyograms were also evaluated visually. There was no significant difference in results between the occlusal schemes. However, canine guidance showed a narrower chewing model than group function and reduced anterior temporal muscle activity during sliding. this suggests that in the presence of healthy and good supportive canine teeth, canine guidance occlusion will be preferable.
Delayed implants in the anterior maxilla with the IMZ®‐implant system: a radiographical evaluation
Authors: DE WIJS F.L.J.A. , CUNE M.S. , VAN ROSSEN I.P. , DE PUTTER C.
Published: June 2007

summary
One hundred and seventy‐three IMZ″‐implants in 81 patients, placed in the anterior region of the maxilla, were evaluated radiographically by two observers. Radiographs were evaluated at three intervals, namely at the time of implant placement, the time of prosthetic restoration and at the latest available radiograph, on average 2 1/2 years after implant placement. In this study marginal bone height and the type of radiolucency adjacent to the implant were determined. Both observers were able to classify the marginal bone height (mesial and distal) and the distinctive type of resorptive defects to an acceptable level of agreement, with Cohen's kappa ranging between 0.48 and 0.69. It was found that, at the most recent visit to the clinic, angular‐shaped resorptive defects are found mesially and/or distally of the implants at approximately 25% of the implants. At this stage 20.7% of the mesial implant sites and 27.9% of the distal implant sites show marginal bone heights less than three‐quarters of the implant length. These findings do not fully underscore and sometimes even contradict the clinical observations which were considered highly satisfactory.
Effect of components of resilient denture‐lining materials on the growth, acid production and colonization of Candida albicans
Authors: NIKAWA H. , YAMAMOTO T. , HAMADA T.
Published: June 2007

summary
Variation in the components of soft lining materials, i.e. the size of polymer particles, the ethyl alcohol content of the liquids and the type of plasticizer, were investigated with respect to their effects on the growth and colonization of Candida albicans. Inhibitory effects on fungal growth and/or acid production were found to vary depending upon the components of soft lining materials. In particular, two plasticizers, benzyl benzoate (BB) and benzyl salicylate (BS), significantly decreased the growth rate, whereas the size of polymer particle had little effect on fungal growth. Ethyl alcohol content of liquid significantly affected the fungal growth and/or acid production depending upon the plasticizer used. For instance, in the case of BS, the antifungal effect was related to ethyl alcohol contents, whereas a reverse effect was observed with benzyl n‐butyl phthalate (BBP). Further examination using scanning electron microscopy revealed that Candida blastospores colonized lining materials in the following two ways depending on the plasticizers used. On the BS and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) specimen, the blastospore of this yeast associated loosely, whereas, in the case of BB, BBP and butyl phthalyl butyl glycorate (BPBG), fungal blastospore tightly and invasively colonized onto the specimens. These results clearly demonstrated a relationship between components of soft lining materials and fungal growth and colonization.
Electromyographic analysis of the sternohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric muscle in head and tongue movements
Authors: BÉRZIN F.
Published: June 2007

summary
The sternohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the left digastric muscle were electromyographically studied in 20 young adult volunteer individuals. A surface monopolar electrode and a needle monopolar electrode, inserted into the muscle mass 1.0 cm apart were employed. The muscles acted during the following movements of the tongue; protraction, lateral movements to either side, and placement of the tip of the tongue on the hard and soft palate. It was in the latter movement that the most significant action potentials of the sternohyoid muscle were observed, which coincided with a major displacement of the hyoid bone. Both muscles studied do not take part in the kinesiology of the head.
Association between CMD signs and symptoms, oral parafunctions, race and sex, in 4–6‐year‐old African‐American and Caucasian children
Authors: WIDMALM S.E. , GUNN S.M. , CHRISTIANSEN R.L. , HAWLEY L.M.
Published: June 2007

summary
The associations between oral parafunctions, signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders (CMD), race, and sex were analysed in recordings from 203 4‐6‐year‐old African‐American and Caucasian children. Significant correlations were found between bruxism, nail biting, thumb sucking and most of the CMD signs and symptoms. There were also significant associations between most of the signs and symptoms and race, while significant association with sex was found only regarding headache, TMJ sounds and chewing pain. Significant associations were found between most CMD signs and TMJ sounds supporting the view that joint sound recordings have diagnostic value. There were also significant associations between the pain variables recorded by questionnaire and those recorded by palpation, which indicates that reliable data can be obtained by interviewing children as young as five. The results of this study support the concept that oral parafunctions have a significant role in the aetiology of CMD. The results also show that race and sex need to be considered when analysing the possible aetiological role of oral parafunctions in CMD. Longitudinal studies, beginning with low age groups are needed to better determine the role of childhood oral parafunctions in CMD aetiology.
The influence of a flexible coating on the bone stress around dental implants
Authors: MEIJER G.J. , STARMANS F.J.M. , DE PUTTER C. , VAN BLITTERSWIJK C.A.
Published: June 2007

summary
The influence of a three‐layered flexible coating of Polyactive® on bone stress distribution was investigated by three‐dimensional finite element models of mandibular bone, in which a titanium implant (coated or uncoated) was located. Poly‐active® is a system of poly(ethylene oxide) poly(butylene terephthalate) segmented co‐polymers with bone‐bonding capacity. In the case of sagittal and transversal loading, the use of a Polyactive® coating reduced both the minimum principal stress in the bone and the compressive radial stress at the bone‐implant interface. However, it raised the maximum principal and the tensile radial stress. In the case of vertical loading, the application of a flexible coating reduced the compressive radial stress at the bone‐implant interface around the neck of the implant by a factor of 6.6 and the tensile radial stress by a factor of 3.6. Variations in composition and thickness of the coating did not affect the results significantly.
A comparative electrochemical in vitro evaluation of the corrosion behaviour of dental amalgams
Authors: WESTERHOFF B. , DARWISH M. , HOLZE R.
Published: June 2007

summary
The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of 16 currently marketed amalgams for dental fillings was studied in vitro. Depending upon the type of amalgam and the treatment of the filling the electrochemical corrosion currents derived from cyclic voltammograms varied over several orders of magnitude. Their change as a function of time was also very different. Suggestions are made for a stability rating of the products based on the results obtained.
Mean power frequency shift during fatigue and recovery in patients with craniomandibular disorders
Authors: HORI H. , KOBAYASHI H. , HAYASHI T. , KOHNO S.
Published: June 2007

summary
EMG spectral shifts anterior temporal and medical masseter muscles were evaluated. Mean power frequency (MPF) shift during fatigue and recovery of 46 healthy subjects and 46 patients with craniomandibular disorder were recorded at the beginning and the end of fatiguing clenching, then 3, 8, 13 and 18min following the fatiguing clenching. The reference clenching force was 80% of each subject's maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Recording was stopped when subjects felt pain or discomfort. Significance was found between the healthy group (N) and the diseased group (CMD) in the three following points: (i) the mean of MPF values of the masseter muscles at the end of fatiguing clenching; (ii) the recovery pattern of the temporal muscles; and (iii) MPF shift induced by fatiguing clenching. Our results therefore suggest that MPF reflects several aspects of craniomandibular disorders. Thus, measuring fatigue and recovery MPF could be useful in the screening of CMD.
Comparison of different treatment methods for localized and generalized simple denture stomatitis
Authors: ARIKAN A. , KULAK Y. , KADIR T.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to compare the treatment effects of fluconazole, fluconazole plus chlorhexidine and the fitting of new dentures upon the treatment of denture stomatitis and 15 subjects with clinical evidence of localized simple denture stomatitis were investigated clinically and mycologically. Patients with clinical evidence of generalized simple denture stomatitis were divided into three treatment groups. The first group was given 50 mg of fluconazole tablets daily for 2 weeks. The second group were instructed to apply chlorhexidine solution to the inner surface of the denture twice a day in addition to fluconazole treatment for 2 weeks. New dentures were constructed for the third group. Patients with clinical evidence of localized simple denture stomatitis were fitted new dentures without antifungal therapy. Palatal swabs were taken from each subject before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the end of treatment, and the samples were examined mycologically in order to identify yeast colonies. It was found that for generalized simple denture stomatitis, treatment with fluconazole plus chlorhexidine resulted in better improvement of palatal inflammation than that by either fluconazole or the fitting of new dentures without medication. Whereas fitting new dentures did not reduce inflammation in patients with generalized simple denture stomatitis, the beneficial effects of prosthetic treatment were seen in patients with localized simple denture stomatitis.
A comparative study of palatal height in a Saudi and Egyptian population
Authors: YOUNES S. , EL ANGBAWI M.F. , AL DOSARI A.M.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
The present study constitutes an attempt to compare normal traits for palatal height and width at different stages of dentition development of two ethnic groups of the Middle East. The observations were obtained from 346 randomly selected normal subjects, 188 Saudis and 158 Egyptians. The stone models were divided into three categories in both groups — primary, mixed and permanent dentitions. Palatal index values were calculated at two levels. Vernier calipers were used to measure the palatal width. Palatal depth was measured by profile Gauge by Vitrex. The results of this study demonstrate no significant difference between ethnic groups at levels 1 and 2 in relation to the palatal height, width and index. For both groups, palatal index increased significantly from the primary to mixed and permanent dentition at level 1.

At level 2, palatal index and height showed decreases in measurement in the mixed dentition compared with the primary and the permanent dentitions.

Subjective assessment of the palatal height correlated with palatal index. The casts were then labelled so that the shallow group had the smallest palatal index followed by the normal and the deep group had the largest palatal index. The results contribute to the information available on the development of palatal shape within two Middle Eastern populations. Knowledge of the normal range in shape can act as a baseline for studies of certain oral developmental abnormalities.
Satisfaction with reduced dentitions in elderly people
Authors: MEEUWISSEN J.H. , VAN WAAS M.A.J. , MEEUWISSEN R. , KÄYSER A.F. , VAN'T HOF M.A. , KALK W.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
Natural dentitions of elderly people are often reduced and the remaining teeth are heavily restored. It is unknown whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied with this situation. To get more insight into this phenomenon 320 dentate non‐institutionalized elderly subjects were clinically examined and interviewed by means of a questionnaire. Analysis of the data showed that only 13% of the subjects had at least a complete dentition from the right first molar to the left first molar; 50% had less than four occlusal units, 39% of the subjects were wearing a removable partial denture. Ninety per cent of the subjects was satisfied with the dental state and nearly all subjects mentioned they could chew well (97%), despite the fact that 91% of the subjects mentioned they had to deal with one or more dental discomforts. Satisfaction decreased significantly when the number of the occlusal units was reduced or a removable partial denture was present. The conclusion is drawn that although the dentitions of the elderly are often reduced they are, in general, satisfied with their dental state.
Prosthetic possibilities using endosseal implants as anchorages – an epidemiological study in 65‐year‐old subjects
Authors: OIKARINEN K. , RAUSTIA A.M. , HARTIKAINEN M.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
In order to evaluate the possibility of using endosseal implants (ITI Dental Implant System®) and implant‐retained prostheses for 65‐year‐old patients from a medium‐sized Finnish city, 431 such patients were examined by means of panoramic radiographs. The population represents 61% of the total age group in the city (born in 1923). The possibility to construct a prosthesis, anchored on implants, was evaluated in three different groups. It was shown that in group I (edentulous maxilla and mandible, 256 patients) all male and 97% of female subjects could have been treated with implant‐retained over‐ dentures in the lower jaw. Corresponding figures in the upper jaw were 62% for males and 59% for females. In patients with edentulous maxilla and dentulous or partially edentulous mandible (group II, 84 subjects) implant‐retained overdenture in the maxilla could have been possible in 52% of male and 43% of female participants. In subjects with own teeth left in both jaws (group III, 91 participants) some kind of implant‐retained bridge or single implants could have been constructed in 70% in maxilla and in 92% in mandible.
Symptoms of craniomandibular disorder amongelderly people
Authors: OW R.K.K. , LOH T. , NEO J. , KHOO J.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
This study investigated the subjective symptoms of craniomandibular disorder and the restriction in maximal mandibular opening of 891 elderly Singaporean citizens. A distribution of 22% of subjects (20% of the women and 26% of the men) reported subjective symptoms of craniomandibular disorders. The most common single symptom reported was occasional to frequent clicking sounds from the temporomandibular joints (in 15% of subjects). The other single symptoms were reported only occasionally in 2–6% of subjects. Nineteen per cent of the subjects had some restriction in maximal interincisal opening (30–39 mm) and about 1% of subjects were severely restricted in maximal opening (less than 30 mm). Subjectively evaluated limitation of wide mandibular opening was recorded for only 2% of the subjects. Background factors included general musculo‐skeletal problems (54%), perceived fair to poor general health (29%), headaches (33%), work‐related stress (24%), oral parafunctional clenching (4%) and grinding activity (4%). This paper confirms earlier reports that the subjective signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorder tend to diminish in elderly people.
The face height in adult dentate humans. A discussion of physiological and prosthodontic principles illustrated through a case report
Authors: DAHL B.L.
Published: June 2007

summary
The adaptability of the stomatognathic system to alterations in the vertical dimension is discussed based on scientific reports and clinical experience. A case is reported demonstrating the stability of a therapeutically induced increase in the occlusal vertical dimension over a 10 year period. In conclusion, it is stated that moderate alterations in the occlusal vertical dimension of patients are generally well tolerated if necessary for therapeutic measures.
A 25 year longitudinal study of patients treated with removable partial dentures
Authors: BERGMAN B. , HUGOSON A. , OLSSON C.‐O.
Published: June 2007

summary
A 25 year longitudinal study was carried out on a number of patients fitted with removable partial dentures (RPDs) in 1969. Before the prosthetic treatment all patients were given oral hygiene motivation and instructions in order to create a high level of co‐operation. The RPDs, most of which were lower bilateral distal extension dentures, were carefully planned and designed. During the first 10 years the patients were examined in our clinic at yearly intervals at which time encouragement and reinstruction regarding oral hygiene were given and various treatment procedures were performed as required. After the initial 10 years the patients were advised, for practical reasons, to continue to have yearly controls on their own initiative. Of the initial 30 patients from 1969, 23 were still alive in 1994, all of whom were examined. In five of those 23 the original RPD situation had changed more or less due mainly to general illness contracted and/or change to other therapies. In the remaining 18 patients wearing in total 20 RPDs, 13 (65%) of the original RPDs were still functioning. Seven RPDs were new with principally the same design as the original ones. Among these 18 patients the number of lost teeth, the number of new DF surfaces and the increased number of endodontically treated teeth were few. No apparent changes took place regarding the periodontal condition during the follow‐up period. These favourable biological conditions in the RPD jaws, in combination with the patients' satisfaction with the comfort and chewing ability, reinforce the conclusions drawn at our 10 year control – that an RPD is a valuable treatment procedure for patients with a markedly reduced number of teeth.
The effect of matrix phase morphology on the structure of Ag–Cu–Pd dispersed phase dental amalgam
Authors: MANTE F. , GREENER E.H. , GILBERT J. , LIN J.H. CHERN
Published: June 2007

summary
The effect of an Ag–Cu–Pd dispersant alloy on the structure of amalgams fabricated with two different particle types of low‐copper amalgam matrices was investigated. In amalgams L and L (0), a low‐copper lathe‐cut amalgam Aristalloy® was used as the matrix. In amalgams S and S(0), the matrix used was Spheralloy®, a low‐copper spherical amalgam. X‐ray diffraction was used to analyse the relative content of the phases in the amalgams. The presence of Pd in the dispersant of amalgams L and S resulted in a decrease in the amount of η′(Cu6Sn5) and an increase in the amount of unreacted particles when compared to the controls L(0) and S(0). Amalgams fabricated with a spherical alloy matrix (S and S(0)) showed a greater effect than amalgams fabricated with a lathe‐cut matrix alloy (L and L(0)).
The bond strength of polymers and metal surfaces using the ‘silicoater’ technique
Authors: VOJVODIC D. , PREDANIC‐GASPARAC H. , BRKIC H. , CELEBIC A.
Published: June 2007

summary
The silicoater technique, or silicoating, is a chemical bond system (makes mechanical retentions unnecessary) which prevents the rising of a gap in the margin area between resin and metal. This procedure solves the problems of fracture and detachment of the veneer or its discolourization. The purpose of this investigation was to find out the values of the bond strength achieved by using the silicoater technique on Ag‐Pd alloy with smooth surface and with mechanical retentions on the surface. Ninety specimens were divided into groups subjected to water storage and thermocycling. The values of the bond strength were investigated in combination with this technique with Ag‐Pd alloy and three veneer materials. The silicoater technique gave the best results in combination with Dentacolor XS veneer material and mechanical retentions on the surface of the dental alloy.
Modified polyalkenoate (glass‐ionomer) cement – a study
Authors: BANSAL R.K. , TEWARI U.S. , SINGH P. , MURTHY D.V.S.
Published: June 2007

summary
Conventional glass‐ionomer cements with varying amounts (5–15%) of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) as modifier were prepared. These mixtures were spatulated with an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid with a powder to liquid (P/L) ratio of 1.5:1. Properties such as working time, setting time, compressive strength, diametral tensile stength, solubility and fluoride release of these cements were determined. It was observed that the working time and setting time of the resultant cements shortened with the addition of borax. Certain physical properties such as compressive and diametral tensile strength, solubility and disintegration of these glass‐ionomer cements deteriorated with borax addition but fluoride release from them was unaffected.
Effect of silanation of fillers on their dispersability by monomer systems
Authors: MOHSEN N.M. , CRAIG R.G.
Published: June 2007

Summary
The effect of silanation on the dispersion of quartz and zirconia‐silica fillers by monomers used to formulate composites was studied. Sixteen silane coupling agents and three methods were used, and the amounts of the monomers needed to reach wet and flow point values were determined. The silanes were selected to have a variety of organofunctional and hydrolysable groups. Silanation was done from an ethanol‐water solution of the silanes and by adding the silanes directly to the filler at room temperature (24°C) and at the boiling temperature of the silanes. The amount of silane used was either that required to produce minimum uniform coverage on the fillers or three times the minimum coverage. All silanes and all methods of treatment decreased the flow values for both fillers compared to the unsilanated controls. Generalizations were that the effectiveness of silanation on the dispersion of the filler particles was greater (i) when silanation from ethanol solution was used compared to direct addition; (ii) when three times the minimum uniform coverage was used; (iii) when the silane contained methoxy rather than ethoxy groups; (iv) when the silanes were trialkoxy rather than dialkoxy compounds; (v) when the length and bulkiness of the organic functional group was smaller; and (vi) when the organic functional group was methacrylate rather than acrylic. The strength of composites prepared from one of the monomer systems and quartz silariated with methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was higher than those silanated with acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, which supports the use of the wet and flow point values as screening tests for estimating the dispersability of fillers.