bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN AKHLAK MELALUI LAGU QUR’ANY DI MA AL URWATUL WUTSQO JOMBANG
Authors: Kholik Moh. , Hasan Moch. Sya’roni
Published: March 2021

This research aims to describe the implementation of moral learning through qur’any songs at MA Al urwatul Wutsqo Jombang. To describe the assessment of moral learning through the qur’any song at MA Al urwatul Wutsqo Jombang. This type of field research uses a qualitative approach, with data collection techniques namely observation, interviews and documentation. The research data collected was then analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis and checking the validity of the data using an extension of the researcher's participation and the credibility test. The results of the study stated that MA Al Urwatul Wutsqo implemented a moral learning plan through qur’any songs including objectives, materials, learning methods and media. The implementation is the teacher sounds first by using the qur-any method, which is sound, read and write, then the students imitate without copying, then the assessment by means, students sing while the teacher looks at the writing, then proofs memorization with writing without copying and the teacher gives a mark. oral test results by sounding the Qur'any song.
PEMBANGUNAN SANTRIPRENEUR MELALUI PENGUATAN KURIKULUM PESANTREN BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL DI ERA DISRUPTIF
Authors: Wahid Abd Hamid , Sa’diyah Halimatus
Published: March 2021

This research presents about building satripreneur through strengthening the pesantren curriculum based on local wisdom in the disruptive era. Along with the changing times which are getting faster the disruptive era gives new meaning and new challenges to plural society, not the exception of adolescents whose existence is very influential in the dynamics of the civilization of the times. The method presented is a type of field research with a qualitative descriptive approach. The analysis technique used is content analysis by collecting data in the form of interviews and observations. The results show that the Pesantren Nurul Jadid as an institution in the formation of entrepreneurship cadres in the country. Mentality of production is able to build the spirit of fighting spirit of students to build and print a productive society in the economic field. Santripreneur is able to be a general solution in forming the entrepreneurial spirit of a plural society. In connection with that, the results of the researchers are the existence of a thirty five curriculum (five santri awareness), collaboration with pesantren stakeholders, empowering santri life skill studies in pesantren, build educational institutions that nuanced entrepreneurship, and knowledge of classical books. In this regard, students have absolute entrepreneurial potential so that they are not competent in the field of religion alone but in economic independence. So that's when formed personal superior in mentality, mind and employment when plunging essentially in the world of society.
Evaluating Innovative Financing Mechanisms for the California High-Speed Rail Project
Authors: Chandra Shailesh , Thai Timothy , Mishra Vivek , Wong Princeton
Published: March 2021

Millions of dollars are involved in high-speed rail (HSR) infrastructure construction and maintenance. Large-scale projects like HSR require funding from a variety of avenues beyond those available through public monies. Although HSR serves the general public’s mobility needs, any funds (whether State or Federal) flowing from the public exchequer usually undergo strict review and scrutiny. Funds from public agencies are always limited, making such traditional financing mechanisms unsustainable for fulfilling HSR’s long-term operational and maintenance cost needs—on top of initial costs involved in construction. Therefore, any sustainable means of financing HSR projects would always be welcome. This research presents an alternate revenue generation mechanism that could be sustainable for financing HSR’s construction, operation, and maintenance. The methodology involves determining key HSR stations, which, after development and improvement, could significantly add value to businesses and real estate growth. Any form of real estate taxes levied on properties surrounding such stations could substantially support the HSR project’s funding needs. In this research, a bi-objective optimization problem is posed in conjunction with a Pareto-optimal front framework to identify those key stations. With 28 California HSR stations used as an example, it was observed that the four proposed HSR stations in Fullerton, Millbrae-SFO, San Francisco Transbay Terminal, and San Diego would be excellent candidates for development. Their development could increase the economic vitality of surrounding businesses. The findings could serve as valuable information for California HSR authorities to focus on developing key stations that would generate an alternate funding source for an HSR project facing funding challenges.
Factors that Lead Amazon.com to A Successful Online Shopping Platform
Authors: Warrier Uma , Singh Padmalini , Jien Chuah Wei , Kee Daisy Mui Hung , Yi Goi Zi , Jiann Tan Woei , Liang Tan Yong , SB Gopika , Nair Suji , Nair Rajesh Kumar , Lokhande Swapnil Digambar , Ganatra Varsha
Published: March 2021

The online shopping method has replaced the traditional shopping method. Amazon.com as one of the largest online shopping platforms has adopted a number of strategies which has contributed to its success. It includes innovation, outstanding customer service, execution, and diversification. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that lead Amazon.com to be a successful online shopping platform. This study explored what made Amazon today by gauging some factors such as the level of customer awareness, sources of awareness, customer perception, customer satisfaction, competitor analysis, competitive advantage, etc. It also investigates the opportunity Amazon gained in the market. This study proves there is a positive relationship between the factors and the success of Amazon.com.
Customer Segmentation Analysis and Visualization
Authors: Keerthi K. , Thirupathamma G. Lakshmi , Vijayalakshmi N. , Aparna D. , Vineela U.
Published: March 2021

Today’s world is all concerning Innovation and new concepts, where everybody desires to contend to measure higher than others. In the business world, it is crucial to know the client's desires and behavior patterns concerning buying merchandise. With the giant number of merchandise the businesses square measure confused to work out the potential customers to sell their merchandise to earn the large profits. To solve this real-time downside we tend to use machine learning techniques and algorithms. We can conclude the hidden patterns of knowledge. So that we can observe choices for earning a lot of profits. For this, we tend to take client information and divides the purchasers into totally different teams conjointly known as segmentation. segmentation permits businesses to create higher use of their selling budgets, gain a competitive edge over rival corporations, and, significantly, demonstrate much better information about your customer's desires and needs. In this project, we tend to square measure implementing k-means agglomeration algorithmic rule to analyze the results of clusters obtained from the algorithmic rule. A code is developed in python and it’s trained on an information set having 201 data samples that are taken from the native shopping center. All the offered data within the dataset is placed along to own a concept concerning client age, gender, annual financial gain, and outlay score(Expenditure) of mall customers dataset. Finally, this understanding information is analyzed to the simplest of our knowledge under the abled guidance of our mentor.
Trends and Causes of Farmers Suicide in Maharashtra State, India
Authors: Ade Vikas V.
Published: March 2021

The present study accepted out with an investigative strategy of social research on farmer’s suicide trend in Maharashtra state, Over 15,000 farmers have committed suicide in Maharashtra between 2013 and 2018. In Vidarbha and Marathwada from January 2001 to July 2018, a total of 29602farmers from 18 districts of died by suicide. About 83.74% of the state's total farmer suicides were in the two regions of Vidarbha and Marathwada. The highest farmer suicide in Amravati division is 57.8%, than Nagpur division 15.6%, Aurangabad division 13.6%, Nasik division 8.3%, Pune division 4.5% and lowest farmer suicide 0.8% in Konkan division. A farming disaster has rainfall a spate of suicides in Maharashtra. The suicide mortality rate for farmers in the state has increased from 2001 to 2018. The rain dependent cotton growing farmers of Maharashtra are faced with declining profitability because of dumping in the global market by the US, low import tariffs, failure of the Monopoly Cotton Procurement Scheme and withdrawal of the state are resulting in declining public investment in agriculture, poor government agriculture extension services and the diminishing role of formal credit institutions. The farmer is faced with yield, price, credit, income and weather uncertainties. The way out is to merge bold public policy initiatives with civil society engagement.
Aprovechamiento del estiércol caprino como recurso biomásico para la producción de biogás tomando como referencia a la comunidad Yutaho ubicado en Cuatro Vías, La Guajira: Revisión
Authors: Barros Gómez Yurleys Paola , Dangond Rodríguez Yeraldine Elvira , Bastidas Barranco Marlon
Published: March 2021

El uso de combustibles fósiles y la tala indiscriminada de la leña a través de los años se ha convertido en un fuerte problema de contaminación que ha traído como consecuencia el cambio climático y por ende el calentamiento global, por esta razón los gobiernos buscan sustituir estos combustibles por fuentes de energías renovables que brinden una sostenibilidad. En este documento de revisión se hizo un enfoque sobre la energía obtenida a partir de la biomasa, como el excremento de especies caprinas, vacunas, gallinazas y porcinas. En este caso de estudio se consideró el estiércol caprino, cuyos elementos de evaluación se proyectaron a la comunidad Yutaho ubicada en Cuatro Vía, La Guajira. Esta comunidad cuenta con 95 cabezas de especies de cabras, que producen 152kg/día. Se concluyó que de acuerdo a lo investigado esta alternativa renovable, como lo es la biomasa solida residual animal puede aprovecharse de forma eficiente para la producción de biogás por medio de biodigestores en comunidades pequeñas.
LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS AS LEARNING AND TARGET NEEDS IN BUSINESS ENGLISH PROGRAM FOR TOUR GUIDE DIPLOMA STUDENTS IN KENYA.
Authors: Orang'i Douglas Ondara
Published: March 2021

Any ESP course design should be hinged on elaborate needs of learners so as to come up with a course that is inclusive. This can only be achieved after conducting a needs analysis that takes into consideration the views of all relevant stakeholders. Needs analysis is an important step in any syllabus design and particularly that which touches on ESP. That notwithstanding, ESP practitioners are ignoring this very paramount step when designing a course. Consequently, this paper looked at the target and language learning needs of tour guide learners pursuing an ESP course in Kenya from the students’ perspective, teachers’ perceptions and employers’ perceptions as far as the ESP course offered to learners is concerned. This paper focuses on listening and speaking skills. The paper based its theoretical framework on Munbian (1978) Approach and Learning Centered Approach by Hutchinson and Waters (1987). A descriptive research design is adopted in the study. The data analysed in this paper is got from Orang’i (2013). This paper is an attempt to show that learners can very ably articulate their needs and that teachers too can give their perceptions on learners’ needs thanks to their experience in the field. Equally, employers as has been seen in this paper also have a say on the ESP courses offered to learners. It is shown that needs analysis is an important stage in needs analysis that should not be overlooked and when it is conducted, it should involve all the stakeholders in order to come up with needs that are encompassing.
PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE PROCESSES OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN
Authors: Diani Irma , Azwandi Azwandi
Published: March 2021

Phonological change is a language phenomenon that occurs because language users change the distribution of phonemes in a language. The aims of this study are to explain the phonological processes that occur in English and Indonesian and to explain the differences in phonological forms between English and Indonesian. The method used in this study is a contrasting-descriptive method by comparing two languages, namely English and Indonesian. The data were taken from the speech of students taking Indonesian and English courses at the University of Bengkulu, totaling 40 students in the first semester. The results show that five types of phonological change processes occurred in English and Indonesian, namely assimilation, metathesis, epenthesis, epithesis, and deletion. The phonological change in English often occurred when two vowel phonemes meet, such as /ea/ shift to /e/, or /i/, phoneme /y/ shift to /i/. Phoneme /e/ was pronounced when two vowel phonemes meet, such as /s/ and /n/ becomes /sen/. Phoneme /g/ is pronounced multiply when it meets the sound/ng/. Phoneme /u/ is pronounced when it meets phoneme /o/ + a consonant. Phoneme /h/ is unpronounced when it meets a vowel phoneme or more vowel phonemes in the words. Meanwhile, phonological changes in Indonesian often occurred from consonant phonemes to other consonant phonemes that have almost the same sound such as phoneme /z/ shift to /s/ and /j/. Phoneme /k/ was pronounced after phoneme /u/ and phoneme /h/ is pronounced after phoneme /a/at the end of words. Phoneme /y/ was pronounced between phonemes /i/ and /a/. Phoneme /h/ was unpronounced when it meets phonemes /a/, /i/, and /u/ in words. In conclusion, the process of phonological change that occurs in English and Indonesian is due to the influence of adjacent phoneme sounds that resemble nearby sounds.
Habilidades gerenciales en el desarrollo organizacional de las empresas de servicio informático, San Isidro 2020
Authors: Silva-Rubio Edith
Published: March 2021

El estudio de investigación tuvo como objetivo principal determinar la influencia de las habilidades gerenciales en el desarrollo organizacional de las empresas de servicio informático, San Isidro 2020. Tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental de nivel correlacional causal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 106 gerentes de las empresas de servicio informático. Se utilizó la técnica de la encuesta y el instrumento un cuestionario, cuya confiabilidad se realizó mediante el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach (0.844 – 0.848). Se obtuvo los siguientes resultados con respecto a las habilidades gerenciales en los gerentes de las empresas de servicio informático: Habilidades básicas el 62.3%; mientras que en habilidades técnicas el 49.1% y en Habilidades Humanas el 58.5% de los encuestados indican que se encuentra en un nivel adecuado. Como conclusión final se afirma que las estimaciones se ajustan al modelo, es decir que cuando existe habilidades gerenciales óptimas existirá un bueno desarrollo organizacional en las empresas de servicio informático, San Isidro. El valor de Nagelkerke= 0,651; valor que permite afirmar que el modelo explica en un 65,1% a la variable dependiente. es decir, mejor desarrolladas tengan las habilidades gerenciales mejor será su desempeño organizacional.
Designing English Coursebook for Islamic Bilingual Boarding School Based on the Value of the Four Pillars of Nationality
Authors: Mahmud Mahmud , Linda Linda
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop an English course book for bilingual boarding school (Pesantren). The value of four of national pillars (Pancasila, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, UUD 45 and NKRI) is chosen as the theme of the course book. The research model uses research and development (R&D) methods of Reiser and Mollenda where the development model has several steps, namely: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE). The 45 students were taken as the subject of the research and determined as purposive research sample from 300 populations of all students. The instruments of this research were test and questionnaire. The descriptive and quantitative analyses were employed in this research.The result of this research is an English book which designed by some consideration; the curriculum is adapted from general English, the sequence and approach of the coursebook is adapted from coursebook the model by Joko Priyana, Riandi and Anita P., and every chapter of the book contains certain information and the value of the four pillars of nationality.
Teachers’ Confidence in Teaching English Using You*Tube Channel in Early Pandemic Covid-19
Authors: Indriani Ketut Santi
Published: March 2021

This study aims to identify teachers' confidence in teaching English using a You*Tube channel in early pandemic. This study used a qualitative quantitative approach with a survey method. The data sources in this study were 50 teachers from both public and private primary schools in Denpasar who used You*Tube channel as the media in teaching English. The data were collected through questionnaires consisting of 30 closed and open statements which were grouped into four categories. Closed statements consisted of yes/no statements as well as agreement and frequency statements based on a Likert’s five-point scaling. Open statements were intended to provide additional information on the answers to the closed statements that had been given. The data were analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively using narration supported by diagrams and tables. The result of analysis data showed that teachers' confidence in teaching English using a YouTube channel in the early  pandemic was supported by many factors, such as educational background, teaching experience and teacher perspective in online English learning using the You*Tube channel. However, teaching English through the You*Tube channel needs to be used frequently to improve teachers' skills and techniques in using this media for better teaching.
Pengembangan Kreativitas Guru dalam Pembelajaran Kreatif pada Mata Pelajaran IPS di Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Fitriyani Yani , Supriatna Nana , Sari Mia Zultrianti
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to reveal the creativity of teachers in creative learning in social studies subjects in grade 6 of elementary school. This research used descriptive qualitative research method. The research subjects consisted of the principal, teachers and grade 6 of elementary school students. Data collection was carried out by interviewing and observing and recording documents. Data analysis used interactive analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicated that; (1) the teacher has been creative in presenting learning material for the proclamation of Indonesian independence by using imaginative concepts, stimulating original ideas and works, applying variations in interaction patterns, teaching styles, and various messages, and applying direct evaluation, (2) the teacher is creative in applying the teaching method used with the application of brainstorming method and combining existing methods, (3) the teacher has been creative in developing learning media and learning resources by producing homemade media. In conclusion, creative teachers are teachers who are able to develop pedagogical abilities, life skills, increase values and build and develop professional attitudes according to the era of globalization.
Index Seminum 2021
Authors:   Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach
Published: March 2021

The Index Seminum 2021 of the Botanical Garden of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University contains a list of 131 seed samples offered for the international exchange among botanical gardens on the world. It includes seeds collected from the wild plants in natural localities of Slovakia with a detailed description of the localities with coordinates and date of collection (72 samples) and seeds of plants grown in the Botanical Garden (5 samples) and seeds from Exposition of the Tatra Mountain Nature of the State Forests of Tatra National Park, Tatranská Lomnica (54 samples). The index includes a desiderata table that can be used when ordering seeds.
THE EFFECT OF USING DICTOGLOSS ON STUDENTS’ LISTENING COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Aminatun Dyah , Muliyah Pipit , Haryanti Haryanti
Published: March 2021

Listening is one of the most important skills which should be had by students of English as foreign language. Listening has a vital part in learning foreign language especially in term of communication because many of students’ activities are used to listen. However, students’ listening comprehension has not met good result yet. This study was conducted to find out the impact of using dictogloss in improving students’ listening comprehension achievement. The design of this study was a quasi-experimental study. By using purposive sampling, the samples were taken from the second grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Pandeglang. The experimental class was taught by using dictogloss, while the control class was taught without using dictogloss. Test was used as the primary instrument in collecting the data. The final mean scores gained from both classes were analyzed by using t-test with significance level of α = 0.05. It was found that the mean score of experimental class was 67.6, while the control class was 59.96. The statistical computation of gained score revealed that the t-value was 2.53, and the t-table at α = 0.05 is 1.668. This data show that the gained t-value is greater than t-table. It means that there was a significance difference of two mean scores gained. Therefore, it can be concluded that dictogloss brings positive influence to students’ listening comprehension achievement, and it can be an alternative technique to be used in teaching listening in the classroom.
THROMBOSIS OF MECHANICAL AORTIC VALVE
Authors: Mazâlu Aura Elena , Robu M. , Ciobanu Celia Georgiona , Voica C. , Moldovan H.
Published: March 2021

Obstruction of mechanical aortic valve is a rare but serious complication associated with a high mortality rate that frequently follows thrombosis – due to regional clotting or, less often, due to endocarditis. Thrombosis of mechanical heart valve depends on certain factors such as lifestyle, coagulation status, valve position, presence of atrial fibrillation and ventricular dysfunction. 70-year-old patient is admitted to the On-Call Department for moderate-severe dyspnea with progressive onset over the last month with a history of a prior aortic valve replacement. An echocardiogram reveals a dysfunctional metallic aortic prosthesis. He undergoes a surgical intervention for mechanical valve replacement with iterative median sternotomy and a meticulous dissection of the pleuro-pericardial adhesions. Post operative evolution in the ICU is followed by SIRS.The patient goes into a GCS 4 coma and the neurological examination presumes a recent stroke.
COMPLEX TRAUMA OF THE LIMBS “LIMB AND LIFE THREATENING INJURIES”
Authors: Munteanu T. C. , Zamfirescu D. , Nagea M. , Dumitriu A. , Ciurea N. , Lupescu Oliviera
Published: March 2021

Complex limb trauma are extremely severe and pose a threat both to the patient’s life, because of their systemic impact, as well as to the vitality of the traumatized limb, because of potentially severe septic complications. Post-traumatic (post fracture) osteitis is most often a consequence of an open fracture (always contaminated) or a closed operated fracture which was contaminated by pathogenic germs, the most common of which is Staphylococcus aureus (but Gram-negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Proteus are also worth mentioning). The consequence of an acute osteitis which was incompletely or inadequately treated is chronic osteitis, which requires long-term treatment, with inconsistent outcome results. To describe this topic, we present the case of a 15 year old pacient, which presents at the hospital as a surgical emergency, following a complex high energy trauma cause by a smash-up, whose survival and then healing, in spite of complete and correct approach, were extremely problematic/challenging, and called for a massive amount of human, financial and temporal resources.
SPONTANEOUS RETROPERITONEAL HEMATOMA ASSOCIATED WITH ANTITHROMBOTIC TREATMENT FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Popescu Mihaela , David Alice , Miron A. , Giulea C. , Popescu Andreea , Dimulescu Doina
Published: March 2021

Retroperitoneal spontaneous hematoma is a serious condition, sometimes fatal. It occurs in association with anticoagulant therapy, unrelated to any trauma, surgery, invasive procedures or aortic aneurysm.A 68-year-old male patient is admitted for a non ST elevation myocardial infarction. He has a history of ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy with severe systolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation. He is started on double antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation, statin, beta blocker, ACE, and iv diuretic. Eight days later he suffers a syncope and the clinical examination reveals a large tender abdominal mass. The computed tomography examination shows a massive retroperitoneal hematoma. Although the antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy is discontinued, the volume resuscitation (with crystalloids and packed red blood cells) is initiated and vasoconstrictor drugs are used, his condition continues to deteriorate. He is taken to the operation room for emergency laparotomy and the hematoma is evacuated. Although his clinical status improved and he remained hemodinamically stable, he suffers a cardiac arrest 27 days later and the resuscitation maneuvers are unsuccessful.
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION AFTER COLORECTAL SURGERY
Authors: Hristea D. , Slavu I. , Braga V. , Mihăilă Daniela , Tulin A. , Nedelea S. , Alecu L.
Published: March 2021

Sexual dysfunction following surgery for rectal cancer may be frequent and often severe. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the postoperative incidence of this complication and its severity. The current study is a retrospective study in which consecutive patients with rectal tumors, regardless of location (upper, middle or lower) were enrolled during a 1 year period in the General Surgery Clinic of the Emergency Clinical Hospital Prof. Dr. Agrippa Ionescu, Hospital, Bucharest. The patient files, paraclinical investigations, operative protocols, and histopathological bulletins were reviewed and data regarding age, gender, date of diagnosis, medical treatment administered including neoadjuvant therapy and reinterventions were collected. The IIEF-5 type questionnaires were used to assess sexual function at 6 months. We identified a number of 30 patients with amedian age of 60 years. All the patients were operated via open approach. Total mesorectal resection (TME) was practiced in 18 cases. Mean period follow-up was 10 months. Perioperative mortality was 0. There was no recurrence 1 year after surgery. Ten patients benefited from neoadjuvant radiotherapy. Rate of erectile dysfunction was 80%. The rate of ejaculation dysfunction was 70%. Patients operated for rectal cancer via an open approach showed severe sexual dysfunctions (SD). These complications affect the patient’s quality of life and need a multidisciplinary approach towards a better understanding of this problem by both the medical staff and the patient.
LATERAL HUMERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURE IN A PAEDIATRIC MONTEGGIA TYPE III EQUIVALENT
Authors: Ali Nadeem , Kawoosa Altaf Ahmed , Mumtaz Mohammad Umer , Lone Farooq
Published: March 2021

Monteggia fracture dislocations can be classic or equivalents. Equivalents, also known as Monteggia like lesions, are very rare especially type III and IV, which have been added to the literature after Luis Bado presented the original classification system of Monteggia fracture dislocations. Type III equivalent is classically defined as a proximal ulna fracture associated with a fracture of the lateral condyle of the humerus. In the literature only seven such cases have been reported so far. Here we present two such cases where one eight-year-old boy had a complex type of injury with a shear type fracture of the lateral humeral condyle and other a seven-year-old boy who had a plastic deformity of the ulna with an avulsion type fracture of the lateral humeral condyle. We also try to describe a novel mechanism of injury, known as, “Barzulla circle”, for the classical as well as equivalent type III Monteggia fracture dislocations.
DEVELOPMENT OF COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) ANALYSIS METHOD IN WASTE WATER USING UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Authors: Hasanah Uswatun , Mulyati Ade Heri , . Sutanto , Widiastuti Diana , Warnasih Siti , Syahputri Yulian , Panji Tri
Published: March 2021

The COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) analysis method based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) is a revision of SNI 06-6989.2-2004, Water and wastewater - Part 2: Method of testing for chemical oxygen demand (COD) with closed reflux spectrophotometrically. This SNI uses references from international standard methods, namely Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st Edition, editor of LS Clesceri, AE Greenberg, AD Eaton, APHA, AWWA and WEF, Washington DC, 2005, Methods 5220 D (Closed Reflux, Colorimetric Methods). The purpose of this study was to validate the total method for testing chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water and wastewater with the reduction of Cr2O7 2- spectrophotometrically in the range of COD values of 100 mg / L to 900 mg / L measurements were made at a wavelength of 600 nm. and COD values less than or equal to 90 mg / L measurements were made at a wavelength of 420 nm. The results showed that the method SNI 06-6898.2- 2009  has good validation results including the r results obtained from the calibration curve equation of 0.998, a precision of 1.82%, an accuracy of 98.25% and LOD and LOQ of 12.27 mg / L and 25, 61 mg / L.
THE EFFECT OF PEER TUTORING METHOD ON LEARNING RESULTS IN CLASS II THEMATIC LEARNING IN INCLUSIVE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
Authors: Wa’aufa Khusana , Supratno Haris , Rochmania Desty Dwi
Published: March 2021

The problem that is the focus of this research is the learning conditions of children with special needs so as not to be left behind from normal children in inclusive schools. The research objective in this study is to provide an overview of the results of the pretest and posttest when the Peer Tutoring method is used in the experimental group, to be able to provide an overview of the results of the pretest and posttest when conventional learning is used in the control group, and the latter can provide an overview of the effect of using the Peer method. Tutoring on student learning Results in class II thematic learning at SDN Bandar Kidul 2 Kediri of City (Inclusion School). This research is an experimental research, by comparing the experimental group and the control group so that the research design used is a nonequivalent control group design with comparative statistical analysis techniques. The data collection technique used in this study is a written test by passing the Likert validation test that has been conducted by lecturers and class teachers. The information analysis technique used is the T-test with normality test and hypothesis testing. For the pretest experimental group normality test 0.200 <0.349 and 0.071 <0.349, then the pretest control group normality test 0.200 <0.349 and posttest 0.200 <0.349 which can be concluded that the two data were normally distributed. And to test the experimental group's hypothesis obtained T count 18.828 which this score is higher than T table 2.145. Thus it can be said that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. From these results it can be concluded that the learning achievement before and after using the peer tutoring method is different.
Repeat-Driven Generation of Antigenic Diversity in a Major Human Pathogen, Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Talavera-López Carlos , Messenger Louisa A. , Lewis Michael D. , Yeo Matthew , Reis-Cunha João Luís , Matos Gabriel Machado , Bartholomeu Daniella C. , Calzada José E. , Saldaña Azael , Ramírez Juan David , Guhl Felipe , Ocaña-Mayorga Sofía , Costales Jaime A. , Gorchakov Rodion , Jones Kathryn , Nolan Melissa S. , Teixeira Santuza M. R. , Carrasco Hernán José , Bottazzi Maria Elena , Hotez Peter J. , Murray Kristy O. , Grijalva Mario J. , Burleigh Barbara , Grisard Edmundo C. , Miles Michael A. , Andersson Björn
Published: March 2021

Trypanosoma cruzi, a zoonotic kinetoplastid protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Having a very plastic, repetitive and complex genome, the parasite displays a highly diverse repertoire of surface molecules, with pivotal roles in cell invasion, immune evasion and pathogenesis. Before 2016, the complexity of the genomic regions containing these genes impaired the assembly of a genome at chromosomal level, making it impossible to study the structure and function of the several thousand repetitive genes encoding the surface molecules of the parasite. We here describe the genome assembly of the Sylvio X10/1 genome sequence, which since 2016 has been used as a reference genome sequence for T. cruzi clade I (TcI), produced using high coverage PacBio single-molecule sequencing. It was used to analyze deep Illumina sequence data from 34 T. cruzi TcI isolates and clones from different geographic locations, sample sources and clinical outcomes. Resolution of the surface molecule gene distribution showed the unusual duality in the organization of the parasite genome, a synteny of the core genomic region with related protozoa flanked by unique and highly plastic multigene family clusters encoding surface antigens. The presence of abundant interspersed retrotransposons in these multigene family clusters suggests that these elements are involved in a recombination mechanism for the generation of antigenic variation and evasion of the host immune response on these TcI strains. The comparative genomic analysis of the cohort of TcI strains revealed multiple cases of such recombination events involving surface molecule genes and has provided new insights into T. cruzi population structure.
Ease and Difficulty in L2 Phonology: A Mini-Review
Authors: Archibald John
Published: March 2021

A variety of phonological explanations have been proposed to account for why some sounds are harder to learn than others. In this mini-review, we review such theoretical constructs and models as markedness (including the markedness differential hypothesis) and frequency-based approaches (including Bayesian models). We also discuss experimental work designed to tease apart markedness versus frequency. Processing accounts are also given. In terms of phonological domains, we present examples of feature-based accounts of segmental phenomena which predict that the L1 features (not segments) will determine the ease and difficulty of acquisition. Models which look at the type of feature which needs to be acquired, and models which look at the functional load of a given feature are also presented. This leads to a presentation of the redeployment hypothesis which demonstrates how learners can take the building blocks available in the L1 and create new structures in the L2. A broader background is provided by discussing learnability approaches and the constructs of positive and negative evidence. This leads to the asymmetry hypothesis, and presentation of new work exploring the explanatory power of a contrastive hierarchy approach. The mini-review is designed to give readers a refresher course in phonological approaches to ease and difficulty in acquisition which will help to contextualize the papers presented in this collection.
Systematic Identification of circRNA–miRNA–mRNA Regulatory Network in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Shen Yi , Shao Yi , Niu Chen , Ruan Xiaoli , Zang Zhaoping , Nakyeyune Rena , Guo Xiuhua , Liu Fen
Published: March 2021

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are described as endogenous non-coding RNAs that have been reported to play important roles in the development and progression of cancers. This study aimed to reveal the circRNA-related regulatory mechanism in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods

A genome-wide circRNA microarray assay was performed to profile the expression of circRNAs in the blood of preoperative ESCC patients and healthy controls. A systematic method of data mining was performed to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on the metaMA and RankProd analysis. Bioinformatics analyses and multiple tools were employed to construct the potential circRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network.

Results

Thirty-three differentially expressed circRNAs were identified in the ESCC blood, including 31 downregulated and two upregulated circRNAs in the blood of ESCC patients compared with the healthy controls. Twenty-three DEmiRs and 2,220 DEGs were obtained by the integration of microarray datasets. An ESCC-associated circRNA–miRNA–mRNA network was constructed based on 31 circRNAs, 3 DEmiRs, and 190 DEGs. Enrichment analyses indicated that the DEGs were associated with a series of biological processes and cancer-related pathways. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was generated by the 190 DEGs, with 10 hub genes verified in the network. Subsequently, a sub-network was established for ESCC, which included 29 circRNAs, 2 miRNAs, and 10 hub genes.

Conclusion

Our study provided a novel clue to help understand the circRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory mechanism, highlighting the potential roles of circRNAs in the pathogenesis and development of ESCC.
Lung Protection vs. Infection Resolution: Interleukin 10 Suspected of Double-Dealing in COVID-19
Authors: Lindner Holger A. , Velásquez Sonia Y. , Thiel Manfred , Kirschning Thomas
Published: March 2021

The pathological processes by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that make the virus a major threat to global health are insufficiently understood. Inefficient viral clearance at any stage is a hallmark of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Disease severity is associated with increases in peripheral blood cytokines among which interleukin 10 (IL-10) increases particularly early and independent of patient age, which is not seen in active SARS-CoV infection. Here, we consider the known multi-faceted immune regulatory role of IL-10, both in protecting the lung from injury and in defense against infections, as well as its potential cellular source. While the absence of an IL-10 response in SARS is thought to contribute to early deterioration, we suspect IL-10 to protect the lung from early immune-mediated damage and to interfere with viral clearance in COVID-19. This may further both viral spread and poor outcome in many high-risk patients. Identifying the features of the viral genotype, which specifically underlie the different IL-10 dynamics as an etiological endotype and the different viral load kinetics and outcomes as clinical phenotype, may unveil a new immune evasive strategy of SARS-CoV-2.
Reduced Placental Transfer of Antibodies Against a Wide Range of Microbial and Vaccine Antigens in HIV-Infected Women in Mozambique
Authors: Alonso Selena , Vidal Marta , Ruiz-Olalla Gemma , González Raquel , Manaca M. Nelia , Jairoce Chenjerai , Vázquez-Santiago Miquel , Balcells Reyes , Vala Anifa , Rupérez María , Cisteró Pau , Fuente-Soro Laura , Cova Marta , Angov Evelina , Nhacolo Arsenio , Sevene Esperança , Aponte John J. , Macete Eusebio , Aguilar Ruth , Mayor Alfredo , Menéndez Clara , Dobaño Carlota , Moncunill Gemma
Published: March 2021

Transplacental transfer of antibodies is essential for conferring protection in newborns against infectious diseases. We assessed the impact of different factors, including gestational age and maternal infections such as HIV and malaria, on the efficiency of cord blood levels and placental transfer of IgG subclasses. We measured total IgG and IgG subclasses by quantitative suspension array technology against 14 pathogens and vaccine antigens, including targets of maternal immunization, in 341 delivering HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected mother-infant pairs from southern Mozambique. We analyzed the association of maternal HIV infection, Plasmodium falciparum exposure, maternal variables and pregnancy outcomes on cord antibody levels and transplacental transfer. Our results show that maternal antibody levels were the main determinant of cord antibody levels. Univariable and multivariable analysis showed that HIV reduced the placental transfer and cord levels of IgG and IgG1 principally, but also IgG2 to half of the antigens tested. P. falciparum exposure and prematurity were negatively associated with cord antibody levels and placental transfer, but this was antigen-subclass dependent. Our findings suggest that lower maternally transferred antibodies may underlie increased susceptibility to infections of HIV-exposed infants. This could affect efficacy of maternal vaccination, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where there is a high prevalence of HIV, malaria and unfavorable environmental factors.
Serum miRNA Signature in Rheumatoid Arthritis and “At-Risk Individuals”
Authors: Cunningham Clare C. , Wade Sarah , Floudas Achilleas , Orr Carl , McGarry Trudy , Wade Siobhan , Cregan Sian , Fearon Ursula , Veale Douglas J.
Published: March 2021

Background

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which have been implicated as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. This study examines circulatory miRNAs in RA patients and further investigates if a serum miRNA signature precedes clinical manifestations of disease in arthralgia or “at-risk individuals”.

Methods

Serum was collected from HC subjects (N = 20), RA patients (N = 50), and arthralgia subjects (N = 10), in addition to a subgroup of the RA patients post-methotrexate (MTX) (N = 18). The FirePlex miRNA Immunology-V2 panel was selected for multiplex analysis of 68 miRNAs in each sample. DNA intelligent analysis (DIANA)-mirPath and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software were used to predict pathways targeted by the dysregulated miRNAs.

Results

8 miRNA (miR-126-3p, let-7d-5p, miR-431-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-130a-3p, miR-339-5p, let-7i-5p) were significantly elevated in RA serum compared to HC (all p < 0.01) and 1 miRNA (miR-17-5p) was significantly lower in RA (p < 0.01). High specificity and sensitivity were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Both miR-339-5p and let-7i-5p were significantly reduced post-MTX (both p < 0.01). MiR-126-3p, let-7d-5p, miR-431-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-130a-3p were also significantly elevated in subjects “at risk” of developing RA (all p < 0.05) compared to HC. IPA analysis of this miRNA signature identified downstream targets including key transcription factors NF-κB, STAT-1, STAT-3, cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and matrix-metalloproteases all importantly associated with RA pathogenesis.

Conclusion

This study identified six miRNAs that are altered in both RA and “at-risk individuals,” which potentially regulate key downstream pathways involved in regulating inflammation. These may have potential as predictive signature for disease onset and early progression.
Metabolic Regulation of Thymic Epithelial Cell Function
Authors: Semwal Manpreet K. , Jones Nicholas E. , Griffith Ann V.
Published: March 2021

The thymus is the primary site of T lymphocyte development, where mutually inductive signaling between lymphoid progenitors and thymic stromal cells directs the progenitors along a well-characterized program of differentiation. Although thymic stromal cells, including thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are critical for the development of T cell-mediated immunity, many aspects of their basic biology have been difficult to resolve because they represent a small fraction of thymus cellularity, and because their isolation requires enzymatic digestion that induces broad physiological changes. These obstacles are especially relevant to the study of metabolic regulation of cell function, since isolation procedures necessarily disrupt metabolic homeostasis. In contrast to the well-characterized relationships between metabolism and intracellular signaling in T cell function during an immune response, metabolic regulation of thymic stromal cell function represents an emerging area of study. Here, we review recent advances in three distinct, but interconnected areas: regulation of mTOR signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and autophagy, with respect to their roles in the establishment and maintenance of the thymic stromal microenvironment.
Allogeneic CAR T Cells: An Alternative to Overcome Challenges of CAR T Cell Therapy in Glioblastoma
Authors: Martínez Bedoya Darel , Dutoit Valérie , Migliorini Denis
Published: March 2021

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as one of the major breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy in the last decade. Outstanding results in hematological malignancies and encouraging pre-clinical anti-tumor activity against a wide range of solid tumors have made CAR T cells one of the most promising fields for cancer therapies. CAR T cell therapy is currently being investigated in solid tumors including glioblastoma (GBM), a tumor for which survival has only modestly improved over the past decades. CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, Her2, or IL-13Rα2 have been tested in GBM, but the first clinical trials have shown modest results, potentially due to GBM heterogeneity and to the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Until now, the use of autologous T cells to manufacture CAR products has been the norm, but this approach has several disadvantages regarding production time, cost, manufacturing delay and dependence on functional fitness of patient T cells, often reduced by the disease or previous therapies. Universal “off-the-shelf,” or allogeneic, CAR T cells is an alternative that can potentially overcome these issues, and allow for multiple modifications and CAR combinations to target multiple tumor antigens and avoid tumor escape. Advances in genome editing tools, especiallyviaCRISPR/Cas9, might allow overcoming the two main limitations of allogeneic CAR T cells product, i.e., graft-vs.-host disease and host allorejection. Here, we will discuss how allogeneic CAR T cells could allow for multivalent approaches and alteration of the tumor microenvironment, potentially allowing the development of next generation therapies for the treatment of patients with GBM.