bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confucius (551–479 BC)
Authors: Li Yuan , Haiming Wen
Published: October 2014

This chapter argues that Confucianism sheds some lights on modern organization leadership from a processual perspective. The cosmological foundation of Confucianism is the dao and its processual nature. Confucian leaders, such as sages and exemplary persons, apply the dao of nature in their art of leadership. Self-cultivation is one of the Confucian core values because people living in a processual organization need to cultivate themselves to be able to deal with changing situations. For a Confucian leader, it is necessary to bring people’s behaviours and thinking onto the proper tracks, and to inspire the people’s moral self-rule. Put another way, the leaders’ art of leading appropriately is to rule between the extremes and handle things according to situational median degree.
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
Authors: Hjorth Daniel , Holt Robin
Published: October 2014

Baruch Spinoza is rarely read in organization studies and figures in discussions on process philosophy or process thinking only occasionally. However, he becomes a most apposite thinker of organization and process in the context of ethics. Spinoza’s philosophy emphasizes both agency and structure as the active or passive modulation of nature, rather than individual agents in their status as subjects, or on structures as determining constraints. This chapter examines Spinoza’s philosophy based on three basic concepts: substance, mode, and attribute. It also discusses his ideas about God, Nature, ethics of coping, conatus, affect and affective capacity, actorship, and organization.
Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911)
Authors: Tool Andrus
Published: October 2014

Wilhelm Dilthey initially studied theology in Germany but later shifted to philosophy and history. He tackled the specific nature of human sciences in relation to natural sciences and initiated a debate on the connection between understanding and explanation in scientific knowledge. In addition to his own school, he exerted influence on fellow philosophers Martin Heidegger, Helmuth Plessner, and Hans-Georg Gadamer. This chapter explores the formation of Dilthey’s philosophical views, including the principle of phenomenality, the theory of human sciences, and the role of inner experience as the main source of cognition in human sciences. It also discusses his later work and his arguments concerning empirical factuality, congealed objectivity, and processual reality. Finally, the chapter examines how ideas similar to those of Dilthey have influenced organizational culture and dynamics.
William James (1842–1910)
Authors: Powell Thomas C.
Published: October 2014

William James (1842–1910) contributed groundbreaking ideas to empirical philosophy, metaphysics, and psychology, and influenced some of the greatest minds of the twentieth century, including Edmund Husserl, Alfred North Whitehead, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. This chapter explores James’s contributions to management studies. Focusing on James’s first major work, Principles of Psychology (1890), the chapter traces his influence on three major streams of social research––process philosophy, phenomenology, and functionalism––and follows these streams as they flowed into research on organizations and management. James believed that experience could not be forced into static systems or grand unified theories, but was ‘a snowflake caught in the warm hand’. For social scientists, his work shows the virtues of embracing human experience in all its pluralism, and reawakening the mind to forgotten potentialities.
Gabriel Tarde (1843–1904)
Authors: Borch Christian
Published: October 2014

The financial crisis of 2007–2008, which spread from the United States to other parts of the world, gave impetus to a renewed interest in the concepts of contagion and imitation. These are concepts that figure prominently in the work of the French criminologist and sociologist Gabriel Tarde (1843–1904). Since the late 1990s, Tarde’s work has witnessed a rebirth in social theory. This chapter offers an interpretation of Tarde and highlights some of its implications for thinking about processes and organizations, with an emphasis on the distinction between organizations and organizing and Tarde’s contribution to contemporary organization theory. It first considers some of Tarde’s key ideas, along with biographical details and information about the intellectual climate in which he worked, including Emile Durkheim’s critique of Tarde. It then examines Tarde’s key notion of imitation and discusses imitative economic dynamics.
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)
Authors: Holt Robin , Hjorth Daniel
Published: October 2014

In The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music (1872), Friedrich Nietzsche refined and intensified his thoughts on the profound problem of pessimism and the tragic. Nearly all of Nietzsche’s work can be read as an evocation and exemplification of Prometheus, a tragic figure in The Birth of Tragedy that breaches the world of humans and gods. This chapter examines the sense of tragedy in The Birth of Tragedy, along with genealogy, the concept of ressentiment, happiness of the last man, eternal return and will to power, creation and negation, and organization.
John Dewey (1859–1952)
Authors: Vo Linh-Chi , Kelemen Mihaela
Published: October 2014

Born in Vermont on 20 October 1859, John Dewey was one of the most controversial philosophy professors of his generation. He published more than 700 articles and wrote approximately 40 books in his lifetime, tackling a wide range of subjects such as philosophy, psychology, political science, education, aesthetics, and the arts. Inspired by William James and Charles Sanders Peirce, Dewey developed his own theory of pragmatism which is often referred to as instrumentalism or experimentalism. Dewey’s notion of experience lies at the core of his philosophy. This chapter examines Dewey’s philosophical views, including those on the relationship between man and the environment, continuity and habit, situation, knowledge, and enquiry. It also discusses the relevance of his pragmatism to organization studies, including organizational learning.
Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945)
Authors: Chia Robert
Published: October 2014

Nishida Kitarō, the most significant and influential Japanese philosopher of the twentieth century, was the founder of the Kyoto School of Philosophy which focuses on the notion of pure experience or absolute nothingness. According to this worldview, the existence of social entities such as individuals, organizations, and societies is preceded by actions, relations, and experiences. Nishida’s work contributed to the emergence of a unique Japanese philosophy that combines Anglo-European philosophy with ancient Asian sources of thought such as Zen Buddhism and the philosophy of Lao Tzu. His thinking has profound implications for contemporary process organizational theorizing and especially for a revised comprehension of consciousness, self, world, and organization that is compatible with process philosophy. This chapter examines Nishida’s Zen-based philosophy and its relevance to self and process in organization studies.
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1952)
Authors: Richardson Robert , Statler Matt , Mantere Saku
Published: October 2014

At the age of fourteen, Ludwig Wittgenstein was exposed to the formative influence of Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, and Arthur Schopenhauer. Two of his important works were Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, the only book published during his lifetime, and Philosophical Investigations. This chapter examines Wittgenstein’s philosophy, with an emphasis on his views about doubt, silence, and metaphysics, as well as his theory of change and his account of language games. It also considers Wittgenstein’s argument that forms of life are modes of organization in which our actions agree with one another. Finally, it discusses the implications of Wittgenstein’s work for organization studies, and especially organizational change.
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)
Authors: Costea Bogdan , Amiridis Kostas
Published: October 2014

Martin Heidegger was a revered German philosopher and teacher, but also a controversial figure due to his political affiliations with the Nazi movement. He was associated with phenomenology, existentialism, and hermeneutics as well as process philosophy. This chapter examines the relevance of Heidegger’s work to process philosophy in organization studies, by discussing his views on the movement of history and the movement of nihilism. It considers the concept of ‘movement’ in Heidegger’s understanding of the modern age and in his reception of Friedrich Nietzsche through the idea of a ‘movement of nihilism’.
Jacques-Marie-Èmile Lacan (1901–1981)
Authors: Harding Nancy
Published: October 2014

Jacques Lacan is a French psychoanalyst and philosopher who was both admired and loathed and regarded by some as a guru and by others as a charlatan. His work helps illuminate how the unconscious and the concept of organization are intertwined. By subjecting Sigmund Freud’s theories to an inspirational rereading, Lacan contributed in a major way to post-structuralist theory. Lacanian theory has emerged as a basis for interpreting various aspects of organizational life, from entrepreneurship and identity to power and resistance, embodied subjectivity, organizational burnout, and organizational dynamics. This chapter first provides a brief overview of Lacan’s life before discussing some of the major aspects of his work and their relevance to organization studies. It also examines Lacanian organization theory and how it is influenced by his notions of lack/desire/jouissance, focusing on the three registers of the Symbolic, Imaginary, and the Real.
Simone De Beauvoir (1908–1986)
Authors: Tyler Melissa
Published: October 2014

Simone de Beauvoir is widely acknowledged for her significant influence on feminist theory and politics during the twentieth century. However, her work remains largely neglected in organization studies despite the prevalence of themes such as Otherness, ethics, oppression and equality, dialectics, and subjectivity in her writing. Her best-known work, The Second Sex, focuses on the gendered organization of the desire for recognition. This chapter begins by considering de Beauvoir’s intellectual biography and discussing her writing in relation to other philosophers, particularly Jean-Paul Sartre. It examines major themes that recur throughout her work, especially the processual ontology underpinning her analysis of women’s situation and the process of becoming Other. It also explains the relevance of de Beauvoir’s philosophy to organization studies.
Arne Naess (1912–2009)
Authors: de Jonge Carien , Whiteman Gail
Published: October 2014

Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher known for his work on semantics and philosophy of science, was committed to Gandhian, non-violent enquiry. As an ecophilosopher and the father of the deep ecology movement, he developed a philosophical system termed ecosophy. According to Naess, the path to understanding lies in an interconnected set of active processes, which include cognitive and emotive components and involve a widening and maturing of the self, which he termed self-realization!. This chapter examines the building blocks of Naess’ ecosophy and its relevance to process philosophy in organization studies. It also discusses four of his key philosophical insights: self-realization, relationalism, gestalt ontology/perception, and the genesis of the Place-person. The chapter concludes by considering how Naess’ work contributes unique insights to a process theory of organizing.
Paul Ricoeur (1913–2005)
Authors: Franck Henrika
Published: October 2014

Paul Ricoeur is a French philosopher who refused to subscribe to any particular school of thought and instead always sought to give voice to other positions without espousing them as dogma. In trying to relate continental and Anglo-Saxon traditions, without promise of ever reaching any unity, Ricoeur became acknowledged as a ‘transatlantic’ philosopher. This chapter begins by considering Ricoeur’s philosophy, including his notions of bios and logos, time, narrative, history, ethics, and identity. It then examines his value in organizational settings in general and to process organization studies in particular.
Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011)
Authors: Llewellyn Nick
Published: October 2014

This chapter focuses on the work of Harold Garfinkel, a philosopher who developed an approach to sociological enquiry called ethnomethodology. After providing an overview of Garfinkel’s personal and intellectual life, it discusses ethnomethodology in relation to an ontology of becoming. Specifically, it explores how ethnomethodology accesses the continual making and remaking of social things and how process thinking renounces structural, subjectivist, and rational-individualistic explanations of such accomplishments. It also considers the relevance of ethnomethodology to organization studies.
George Spencer-Brown (1923b)
Authors: Bakken Tore
Published: October 2014

George Spencer Brown is a British mathematician and logician, whose book Laws of Form (1969) tackles the very foundation of development of knowledge. An abstract and bold ‘calculus of indications’, Laws of Form was even praised by Bertrand Russell. It presents a calculus that seeks to clarify the laws governing the formation of forms. This chapter examines Spencer Brown’s form calculus and its implications for the study of organizations. After providing an overview of mathematics as a cognition theory, it describes some basic main points of Spencer Brown’s form calculus and its implications for process philosophy. It then discusses the two ‘arithmetic axioms’ developed by Spencer Brown in Laws of Form: the law of calling and the law of crossing. Finally, it shows how the calculus can help elucidate self-reference and paradoxes.
Michel Serres (1930b)
Authors: Steyaert Chris
Published: October 2014

Michel Serres, a French philosopher and mathematician, is known for his enquiry into the interrelationships between various systems ranging from science and philosophy to mythology and poetry/literature. Such systems can be compared with one another to determine what each tries to exclude (for example, noise, disorder, or turbulence). This chapter examines Serres’ philosophy and its relevance to processual organization studies. It considers his conceptions of time, translation and mediation, the third-excluded and the third-instructed, multiplicity and complexity, the body and the senses, and interdisciplinarity. In order to understand how Serres can be regarded as an important processual theorist, the chapter analyses his book Genèse or Genesis, which offers an account of creation through a performative poetics. It argues that Serres’ work has the potential to support and deepen processual thinking. It also links the ideas of listening and invention from a Serresean perspective.
Peter Sloterdijk (1947b)
Authors: Beyes Timon
Published: October 2014

Peter Sloterdijk is a German philosopher and public intellectual whose work constitutes an original philosophy of becoming, of processes of formation and self-formation. Due to his wide-ranging interests––he has been called a ‘morphological thinker’ and a ‘trainee’ experimenting with new forms and combinations of thought––and his outspoken disdain for the ‘scholastic aberrance’ of institutional philosophy, Sloterdijk has become a singular and contested figure in the intellectual landscape. This chapter examines Sloterdijk’s body of thought and its relevance to organization studies, especially with regard to embodiment, space, affect, and a scholarly ethics of generosity. In particular, it discusses his notions of ‘coming-into-the-world’ and relational movement, cynicism and kynicism, anthropotechnics and acrobatics, spatiality and (atmo)sphere, and thymotic energies and psychopolitics.
The Economics of Colonialism in Africa
Authors: Austin Gareth
Published: October 2014

A perennial debate casts European rule as either modernizing previously largely static African economies or, in contrast, as retarding their development both at the time and, via institutional path dependence, ever since. Both approaches understate the continuities in factor endowment before and during colonial rule; the importance of the differences between types of colony; and the significance of African responses to the constraints and opportunities of what proved to be the relatively short period of alien rule. This chapter examines colonial interventions in relation to long-term trajectories of economic development in Africa. Specifically, after reviewing the evolution of the literature, it asks how far colonial interventions, and African responses during the colonial period, altered or accelerated pre-existing patterns or paths of economic change in the continent, paths defined by Africans’ technical and institutional responses to the constraints and opportunities of their resource endowments, in the context of regional and trans-regional markets.
The Economics of Authoritarianism in North Africa
Authors: Desai Raj M. , Olofsgård Anders , Yousef Tarik M.
Published: October 2014

This chapter examines the origin and evolution of the authoritarian bargain, or the provision of government welfare in exchange for political control, in North Africa. Following independence, North African states supported significant economic intervention and redistribution. Despite initial successes, these arrangements proved unsustainable and were to come under severe stress in subsequent decades. Fiscal austerity, along with reforms to governing social contracts, created a more durable system with its own internal logic, but also with internal contradictions. Recent upheaval in North Africa, the birthplace of the so-called Arab Spring protests, may be traced to resulting structural rigidities, coupled with the governments’ poor record in responding to a variety of crises. The recent economic history of North Africa, finally, shows how the policy mix that favors redistribution, equity, and security over growth has taken an increasing toll on precisely the social sectors it was intended to protect.
Belle Époque
Authors: Sked Alan
Published: October 2014

Did Europe’s ‘age of catastrophe’ (1914–1945) represent a break with the past or did it amplify the tensions of the preceding era? Was it a ‘parenthesis’ or a ‘revelation’? Historians have usually taken the latter view and have dismissed popular nostalgia for the period before 1914 as mere hindsight. Yet Europeans had good reason to be nostalgic. The period 1900–1914 had its moments of crisis and ominous trends (e.g. anti-Semitism), but it was essentially defined by stability, democratization, and significant improvements in social conditions. Nor should one exaggerate the desire for war in society or among Europe’s political elites. Prior to the July Crisis, a great Continental war seemed neither inevitable nor likely, all of which has implications for our understanding of Europe’s later descent into barbarism. Simply put, the dynamics of violence and instability that characterized the ‘age of catastrophe’ were largely generated during that period.
‘America’ and Europe, 1914–1945
Authors: Ellwood D. W.
Published: October 2014

The First World War cost Europe the leadership of the world. But the United States of Woodrow Wilson was not ready to take its place. The 1920s brought Europe to a crossroads where mass democracy, mass production, and mass communications—the latter two dominated by American innovations— transformed ideas of sovereignty, modernity, and identity everywhere. The financial crash of 1929 destroyed illusions about the United States as the land of the future, and helped legitimize the totalitarians. European democrats looked to the 1930s New Deal as their last best hope. During the Second World War Roosevelt rebuilt the global order, with the United Nations and other new institutions. But the United States was now looking to ‘retire’ Europe from the world scene, and build a new universe based on America’s experience of the link between mass prosperity and democratic stability.
Total War
Authors: Proctor Tammy M.
Published: October 2014

Total war had a specific gendered meaning in the First World War in that it required the participation of men, women, and children in the maintenance of gendered notions of warriors, nurturers, workers, and patriots. Yet each of these ideals was also questioned and destabilized by war. Much of the work of war rests on families, who are expected to maintain households, livelihoods, and emotional ties with men far from their homes. As actors in the world’s first ‘total war’, women and men in Europe witnessed a multi-year conflict that changed their relationships to states in profound ways and reshaped assumptions about generation, family roles, and sexuality, beginning a transformation that would continue in the Second World War. While scholars have disagreed about the extent and nature of total war, few dispute that a fundamental restructuring of citizens’ lives and relationships occurred as a result of the First World War.
Political Economy and American Political Development
Authors: Bensel Richard
Published: October 2014

Scholars in the American political development community have constructed an understanding of political economy that differs significantly from the approaches of neo-classical and institutional economists. Those differences are examined with respect to (a) the causal primacy of states and markets; (b) the reliance on collectives or individuals as primary units of analysis; (c) the selection and comprehension of alternative strategies and goals; (d) the primary motivations of political and economic actors; and (e) the role of ideation and ideology in the formation of causal explanations and social values. Although the American political development conception of political economy might subsume and even go beyond the conventional neo-classical or institutional models, American political development research has resembled a tapestry in which some areas of the American experience are very well represented while other areas remain relatively unexplored.
Hume on Suicide
Authors: Lecaldano Eugenio
Published: October 2014

The chapter starts with the history of Hume’s essay on suicide, and the sources and the social context of it in 1755. It also exposes the first reactions to the essay, particularly that of Adam Smith. The central sections present a critical discussion of the interpretation of the essay as a text of the philosophy of religion. The thesis of the chapter is that “On Suicide” is a text of moral philosophy. Hume refutes the Christian position and also the distinction between rational and irrational suicide; he advances—as resolutive—the positive moral principle of the natural liberty of all human beings and “the right to dispose of their own lives.” The essay has an influence in the contemporary bioethical literature just for this conception on the choices for the end of life.
Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Narayana Shalini , Saboury Babak , Newberg Andrew B. , Papanicolaou Andrew C. , Alavi Abass
Published: October 2014

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging method that utilizes compounds labeled with positron-emitting radioisotopes as molecular probes to evaluate different neurophysiological processes quantitatively and noninvasively. This chapter provides a background regarding positron emission, radiotracer chemistry, and detector and scanner instrumentation, as well as analytical methods for evaluating basic brain physiology, such as cerebral blood flow and oxygen and glucose metabolism. The methodological aspects of PET imaging, such as patient preparation and optimal scanning parameters, are discussed. Examples of application of blood flow and metabolic imaging in both research and clinical scenarios for the evaluation of normal neurophysiology are provided. Recent advances in PET imaging, including PET-CT and PET-MRI, are also described. Finally, the unique strengths of PET imaging are highlighted.
Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Narayana Shalini , Newberg Andrew B. , Alavi Abass
Published: October 2014

This chapter describes the application of positron emission tomography (PET) technology to study neurotransmitter systems. The process of developing radiotracers to study the neurotransmitter systems, namely radioligands and the technical aspects of utilizing these radiotracers in PET imaging, is discussed. Normal distribution of neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, opioids, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), as well as abnormalities of these systems in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, are highlighted. The chapter provides evidence that radioligand imaging has been useful not only in delineating pathophysiological processes in psychiatric disorders, but also in contributing to the diagnosis, prognosis, and disease course, and in assessing drug effects. Recent advances in receptor imaging that are rapidly gaining clinical relevance are also discussed.
Ethics, Economic Advice, and Economic Policy
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E.
Published: October 2014

This chapter asks, What does it mean to be an ethical economic advisor? Answering this question entails an examination of widely held ethical precepts that ought to guide the conduct of international economic relations and, by extension, the conduct of development and other economists who operate in this environment. The chapter teases out the obligations for economists that derive from the basic ethical concepts of honesty, fairness, social justice, the avoidance of negative externalities, and responsibility. It finds that in the international arena, national policymakers in wealthy countries and economic advisors at the leading international financial institutions performed poorly during the 1990s and early 2000s when judged against these ethical standards. This finding is sustained by an examination of specific issues that have been at the heart of development policy over the past several decades: international trade, global environmental policies, debt forgiveness, growth strategies, crisis management, and finally, population policy.
The Functional Theory of Political Campaign Communication
Authors: Benoit William L.
Published: October 2014

This chapter begins by arguing for the importance of election campaigns. Next, it describes the Functional Theory of Political Campaign Discourse. Assumptions, key concepts, and predictions are discussed. The chapter then summarizes the research that has applied this theory to a wide variety of election campaign messages: US president (primary and general), non-presidential (Senate, House, gubernatorial, mayoral), non-US TV spots and debates, and news coverage of election campaigns. The three functions – acclaims, attacks, and defenses – and the two topics – policy and character – are discussed. The chapter discusses effects of campaign phase and incumbency on candidate messages. Finally, this chapter addresses limitations of this theory and directions for future research.
How to Think Normatively About News and Democracy
Authors: Schudson Michael
Published: October 2014

Journalism serves multiple democratic functions identified here as information, investigation, analysis, social empathy, public forum, mobilization, and democratic education. All help make representative democracy a better system than direct democracy and not just an attenuated direct democracy. New thinking in political theory emphasizes this and insists that the agents of representation in modern democracy are not just legislatures but a wide variety of civil society monitors of government, including of course the press, whose role in defining contemporary democracy deserves more attention in the effort to place the news media’s democratic role in perspective. Within this framework, an attempt is made to outline criteria for assessing the adequacy of the news media for serving democracy. These include not only the much studied and counted legal and political guarantees of freedom but also journalistic professionalism and values, diversity of perspectives available in the news system, and access to government information.
Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Andrews Judy A. , Westling Erika
Published: October 2014

The prevalence of substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) and the co-occurrence of SUDs with other mental health disorders peaks in emerging adulthood. This review examines prevalence as a function of gender, race/ethnicity, historical trends, and geographic regions across both the US and Western world. Prospective predictors reviewed include the effects of early life stress, parental factors (including parental use, support, and parenting skills), peer affiliations, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, educational attainment, personality, and timing of pubertal development. Concurrent predictors include assumption of adult roles and college attendance, stress associated with life events, changes in personality, and laws and taxation. Also reviewed are consequences of use, including neurological changes. The peak in prevalence across emerging adulthood may be due to several factors, including freedom from constraint, increased peer pressure, less than optimal decision-making skills, high disinhibition, and increased stress during this developmental period.
School-to-Work Transitions in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Marshall E. Anne , Butler Kathryn
Published: October 2014

For emerging adults, embarking on a career is both exciting and daunting—social changes and globalization have yielded increasing opportunities together with increasing challenges. Planning and flexibility are essential for success. In this chapter, the authors examine how these changes have impacted educational and work transitions, beginning with a broad snapshot of workforce participation, followed by a discussion of globalization effects and labor market shifts. Relational and family influences are seen to be influential in the context of work and career decisions. They identify several issues of particular significance to emerging adults, such as rapid societal change, cultural influences, work expectations, and increasing demands for knowledge and skills. New pathways to work are described, along with the transitions experienced among special populations such as the economically disadvantaged, immigrants, and international students. Current research illuminates these opportunities and challenges and emphasizes the need for culturally appropriate and meaningful transition supports.
Of Snake Dances, Overseas Brides, and Miss World Pageants
Authors: Nijhawan Amita
Published: October 2014

InPride and Prejudice, author Jane Austen shows us nineteenth-century British class hierarchy. On one level, this hierarchy is established through wealth and means, but on another, it is through differences between characters created by breeding and manners. In the book, conversations and habits are signs of these differences, and therefore, signs of worth. InBride and Prejudice: A Bollywood Musical, using the basic narrative of the novel, director Gurinder Chadha gives us a colorful picture of global-political economics. Differences between countries like India, Britain, and the United States are established through signs of wealth and consumerism, but also through dance and body movements. A Bollywood staple of song-and-dance is deployed here as a marker of difference between India and others, and between an old India with stifling economic practices and a new one that welcomes its tourists, investors, and bridegrooms with open arms and legs. While on the one hand, Chadha seems to consciously point out the problems of global economic inequality and imperialism, in other ways, she seems complicit in the plot to attract India's others to get a little taste of India, by using female bodies to construct a modern, seductive picture of the country.
An Australian in Paris
Authors: Parfitt-Brown Clare
Published: October 2014

Reviewers of Baz Luhrmann’sMoulin Rouge!(2001) often claimed to be bombarded, overloaded, or pathologically infected by the film’s rapid-fire imagery and eclectic cultural references. This chapter explores these visceral experiences of spectatorship, focusing on the film’s dance sequences. It argues that in these sequences, choreography and digital technology (including computer-generated imagery and editing) combine to allow spectators to physically experience on-screen bodies that are historically and culturally complex, distant, and “other.” Alison Landsberg’s notion of “prosthetic memory” (2004) suggests that films can physically connect spectators with pasts and memories they have not directly experienced. This chapter argues thatMoulin Rouge!achieves this physical connection by tapping into, and updating, a bohemian tradition of cross-cultural and transhistorical self-performance.
Appreciation, Appropriation, Assimilation
Authors: Trenka Susie
Published: October 2014

The black-cast backstage musicalStormy Weather(1943) is the first Hollywood film to explicitly celebrate black achievement. Featuring key figures of African American dance and more black dance numbers than any other mainstream musical, it testifies to the versatility and—crucially—the hybridity of jazz dance culture. This article analyzes dance inStormy Weatherby addressing questions of appreciation, appropriation, and assimilation in the context of both film and dance history.Stormy Weather’s panoply of styles and stars negotiates several contradictory processes: white appropriation of “authentic” black talent, black assimilation to “classy” white styles, but also black adaptation and appropriation of hitherto white domains of performance. Through its self-referential narrative of dance history—and through some omissions—it simultaneously chronicles the history of black performers and racial stereotypes in white Hollywood, and thus reveals the industry’s strategies in the exploitation of black talent.
“He’s Doing His Superman Thing Again”
Authors: Burrill Derek A.
Published: October 2014

This chapter explores how bodies in the Matrix film series function as markers of larger cultural, technological, and ideological shifts, particularly with regard to identity, movement, and the cinematic apparatus.
Girl Power, Real Politics
Authors: Amin Takiyah Nur
Published: October 2014

This article argues that performance acts as a site where the power to extend, reaffirm, and complicate political ideas is enacted through embodied expression. The argument is supported by examining the ways in which the enduring legacy of negative stereotypes about black women’s femininity and sexuality circulate in the public sphere and how black women’s historical marginalization and dehumanization gave rise to a “politics of respectability” that continue to constrain and police black women’s bodies and voices, using both Michelle Obama (The First Lady) and Beyoncé as examples. In this chapter, contemporary performance is engaged at the location of popular dance on video.
Hatchets and Hairbrushes
Authors: Boche Kathaleen
Published: October 2014

This chapter examines dance and gender issues in western musical films in the United States during the Cold War. It explains that most musical films during this period focused on iconic figures of American identity, especially the cowboy and the frontiersman. The chapter utilizes Victor Turner’s theory of social drama to illuminate the ways that musicals functioned within the context of the Cold War. It reviews some of the most popular works, includingAnnie Get Your Gun, Calamity Jane, andSeven Brides for Seven Brothers.This chapter suggests that western musical films reinforced the dominant patriarchal social values regarding gender and family and that the expression of improvisational ingenuity reinforced the gender dichotomy.
Some Dance Scenes From Cuban Cinema, 1959–2012
Authors: Fowler Víctor
Published: October 2014

This chapter traces dance in Cuban cinema from the onset of the Revolution to contemporary films. In so doing, the author attempts to set up a Cuban structure of feeling and how a corporeal form ofCubanidadmanifests through various filmic representations, whether narrative or documentary film. Might dance be an inherent aspect ofCubanidad? How does the Cuban filmic apparatus incorporate dance and all of its complexities into a narrative about Cuban fortitude? The films discussed include:Un día en el solar, Los del baile, Memorias del subdesarrollo, Son o no son,andHabana solo.
“Shine Your Light on the World”
Authors: Candelario Rosemary
Published: October 2014

In 2004, comedian Dave Chappelle brought residents of Yellow Springs, Ohio, and New York City together in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, for a hip-hop block party featuring a roster of socially engaged rap and neo-soul artists. This chapter argues that the 2006 film of the concert,Dave Chappelle’s Block Party, directed by Michel Gondry, endeavors to construct a utopian community centered on the birthplace of hip-hop. Employing dance studies methodologies to examine a non-dance event, this article attends to the choreography of the block, the party attendees and performers, and their spontaneous solo and group gestures and movements at the block party. Such an approach emphasizes the corporeality of the concert performers and attendees and allows an examination of their bodily signification in terms of race, gender, ideology, power, and ultimately the nation.
Values in Motion
Authors: Dodds Sherril
Published: October 2014

This chapter offers an overview of how popular-screen dance mobilizes the concept of value through matters of intellectual worth, cultural capital, social value, and economic exchange. Drawing upon a range of screen dance examples, this review-style chapter considers what might be central to the way in which we study popular screen dance, what ought we to value and what still requires some investment in our intellectual efforts. It examines the issues and trends that shape screen choreography across its vernacular and theatricalized styles of presentation, and its production of idealized and spectacular dancing bodies; it provides a discussion of critical reading strategies and the relationship between audiences and the production of meaning; and it reflects on the economics of popular screen dance. These perspectives may provide a potential methodology for this diverse field of study.
Seafaring in Remote Oceania
Authors: Anderson Atholl
Published: October 2014

Long-distance seafaring or voyaging is often understood in a traditionalist perspective that assumes particular sail and watercraft technology for which there is no physical evidence, a capability for search-and-return voyages of discovery, a degeneration of voyaging technology over time, and an isomorphism between the ethnographic and pre-European records. This chapter reviews the ethnohistoric, ethnographic, and linguistic evidence pertaining to Oceanic boats and sailing rigs and concludes that prior to about A.D. 1500 Oceanic sailing rigs were mastless without triangular sails and had no weatherly capability. This conclusion has ramifications for the explanation of the episodic nature of Oceanic colonization and post-colonization interaction.
Research Issues in the Circum–New Guinea Islands
Authors: Specht J.
Published: October 2014

Writing an archaeological prehistory of the New Guinea islands in northern Near Oceania is hindered by the paucity of field research and reliance on other disciplines to fill gaps in the archaeological data. Five themes are reviewed that require attention: better chronological controls for the archaeological sites, testing of theories about Pleistocene colonization and subsequent population movements, reconstruction of paleoenvironmental conditions from first settlement onward, exploration of subsistence systems especially regarding the use and management of plant foods, and a broader view of the nature and consequences of interaction between individuals and communities. It concludes with a call for greater involvement of Pacific Islanders in the production of regional and local prehistories.
The Archaeology of Western Micronesia
Authors: Fitzpatrick Scott M.
Published: October 2014

Western Micronesia encompasses several major archipelagos and islands, including the Marianas, Yap, and Palau. Language and human biology suggest Western Micronesia was most likely colonized from Island Southeast Asia in a complex process, possibly involving multiple population movements from different areas during prehistory. A key archaeological question concerns the variable timing of this colonization, which could be as early as 4,500 years ago according to paleoenvironmental data or up to 1,000 years later when considering artifact-associated dates. Although sometimes perceived as similar, Micronesia’s western archipelagos comprise varying cultural sequences with, for example, the region’s earliest pottery, Achugao Incised and San Roque Incised, and megalithic stone structures, or Latte, in the Marianas, complexly constructed earthworks covering much of the main islands of Palau, and extensive prehistoric and historic exchange systems, such as the sawei, centered on Yap.
On Our Difficulties Speaking to and About the Dying
Authors: Barnard David
Published: October 2014

Interactions with dying and bereaved people in modern society are frequently marked by awkwardness, embarrassment, and silence, reactions that influence the patterns of care people receive near the end of life, as well as the quality of their interpersonal relationships. These reactions are usually interpreted in terms of personal psychology and individual behavior, which gives rise to remedies for health professionals in the form of communications skills training and personal self-awareness. From the perspective of social and cultural history, however, these reactions are a manifestation of shame induced by exposure to, or reminders of, the physical body—its functions and its disintegration—that the processes of “civilization” have progressively demanded be kept out of sight and out of consciousness. Changes in behavior from this perspective will depend on long-term social movements that bring the body and its functions within the boundaries of acceptable personal reflection and social engagement.
Conscientious Objection
Authors: Wicclair Mark R.
Published: October 2014

This chapter examines conscientious objection in health care, with a specific focus on end-of-life care. It begins with a brief historical overview and identifies distinguishing characteristics of refusals to provide a medical service that are instances of conscientious objection (conscience-based refusals). Several reasons are presented for accommodating conscience-based refusals, and it is maintained that the primary reason is to enable health professionals to maintain their moral integrity. Two extreme approaches to managing conscience-based refusals are critically analyzed, and a middle-ground approach (reasonable accommodation) is explained and defended. Conscience clauses (i.e., legal rules and regulations that protect the exercise of conscience) are discussed, and it is argued that typical conscience clauses do not provide an appropriate model for public policy in relation to conscientious objection in end-of-life care.
Female social preference for males that have evolved via monogamy: evidence of a trade-off between pre- and post-copulatory sexually selected traits?
Authors: Firman Renée C.
Published: October 2014

When females mate with multiple males both pre- and post-copulatory sexual selections occur. It has been suggested that females benefit from polyandry when better-quality males are successful in sperm competition and sire high-quality offspring. Indeed, studies of experimental evolution have confirmed that sperm competition selects for both increased ejaculate quality and elevated offspring viability. Fewer investigations have explored whether these fitness benefits are evident beyond early life-history stages. Here, I used house mice (
Mus domesticus
) from selection lines that had been evolving for 25 generations under either polygamy or monogamy to test whether females preferred males from lines that had evolved with sperm competition. Males from the polygamous lines had previously been shown to achieve a fitness advantage under semi-natural conditions, deeming them to be of high genetic quality and leading to the
a priori
expectation that females would prefer males that had evolved with sperm competition compared with males that had not. Contrary to expectation, the data showed that sexually receptive females spent more time associating with males from the monogamous lines. This unexpected but interesting result is discussed in relation to sperm competition theory that predicts a trade-off between male investment in pre- and post-copulatory sexually selected traits.
Mechanics of elastic networks
Authors: Norris Andrew N.
Published: October 2014

We consider a periodic lattice structure in
d
=2 or 3 dimensions with unit cell comprising
Z
thin elastic members emanating from a similarly situated central node. A general theoretical approach provides an algebraic formula for the effective elasticity of such frameworks. The method yields the effective cubic elastic constants for three-dimensional space-filling lattices with
Z
=4, 6, 8, 12 and 14, the last being the ‘stiffest’ lattice proposed by Gurtner & Durand (Gurtner & Durand 2014
Proc. R. Soc. A
470
, 20130611. (
doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0611
)). The analytical expressions provide explicit formulae for the effective properties of pentamode materials, both isotropic and anisotropic, obtained from the general formulation in the stretch-dominated limit for
Z
=
d
+1.
Auxetic two-dimensional lattices with Poisson's ratio arbitrarily close to −1
Authors: Cabras Luigi , Brun Michele
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we propose a class of lattice structures with macroscopic Poisson's ratio arbitrarily close to the stability limit −1. We tested experimentally the effective Poisson's ratio of the microstructured medium; the uniaxial test was performed on a thermoplastic lattice produced with a three-dimensional printing technology. A theoretical analysis of the effective properties was performed, and the expression of the macroscopic constitutive properties is given in full analytical form as a function of the constitutive properties of the elements of the lattice and on the geometry of the microstructure. The analysis was performed on three microgeometries leading to an isotropic behaviour for the cases of three- and sixfold symmetries and to a cubic behaviour for the case of fourfold symmetry.
Accounting for biases in riboprofiling data indicates a major role for proline in stalling translation
Authors: Artieri Carlo G. , Fraser Hunter B.
Published: October 2014

The recent advent of ribosome profiling—sequencing of short ribosome-bound fragments of mRNA—has offered an unprecedented opportunity to interrogate the sequence features responsible for modulating translational rates. Nevertheless, numerous analyses of the first riboprofiling data set have produced equivocal and often incompatible results. Here we analyze three independent yeast riboprofiling data sets, including two with much higher coverage than previously available, and find that all three show substantial technical sequence biases that confound interpretations of ribosomal occupancy. After accounting for these biases, we find no effect of previously implicated factors on ribosomal pausing. Rather, we find that incorporation of proline, whose unique side-chain stalls peptide synthesis in vitro, also slows the ribosome in vivo. We also reanalyze a method that implicated positively charged amino acids as the major determinant of ribosomal stalling and demonstrate that it produces false signals of stalling in low-coverage data. Our results suggest that any analysis of riboprofiling data should account for sequencing biases and sparse coverage. To this end, we establish a robust methodology that enables analysis of ribosome profiling data without prior assumptions regarding which positions spanned by the ribosome cause stalling.