bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bis-enoxacin Inhibits Bone Resorption and Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Authors: Toro E.J. , Zuo J. , Guiterrez A. , La Rosa R.L. , Gawron A.J. , Bradaschia-Correa V. , Arana-Chavez V. , Dolce C. , Rivera M.F. , Kesavalu L. , Bhattacharyya I. , Neubert J.K. , Holliday L.S.
Published: August 2013

Enoxacin inhibits binding between the B-subunit of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and microfilaments, and also between osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro. We hypothesized that a bisphosphonate derivative of enoxacin, bis-enoxacin (BE), which was previously studied as a bone-directed antibiotic, might have similar activities. BE shared a number of characteristics with enoxacin: It blocked binding between the recombinant B-subunit and microfilaments and inhibited osteoclastogenesis in cell culture with IC50s of about 10 µM in each case. BE did not alter the relative expression levels of various osteoclast-specific proteins. Even though tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b was expressed, proteolytic activation of the latent pro-enzyme was inhibited. However, unlike enoxacin, BE stimulated caspase-3 activity. BE bound to bone slices and inhibited bone resorption by osteoclasts on BE-coated bone slices in cell culture. BE reduced the amount of orthodontic tooth movement achieved in rats after 28 days. Analysis of these data suggests that BE is a novel anti-resorptive molecule that is active both in vitro and in vivo and may have clinical uses. Abbreviations: BE, bis-enoxacin; V-ATPase, vacuolar H+-ATPase; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; αMEM D10, minimal essential media, alpha modification with 10% fetal bovine serum; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B-ligand; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain; OTM, orthodontic tooth movement.
LAMB3 Mutations Causing Autosomal-dominant Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Kim J.W. , Seymen F. , Lee K.E. , Ko J. , Yildirim M. , Tuna E.B. , Gencay K. , Shin T.J. , Kyun H.K. , Simmer J.P. , Hu J.C.-C.
Published: August 2013

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) can be either isolated or part of a larger syndrome. Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a collection of autosomal-recessive disorders featuring AI associated with skin fragility and other symptoms. JEB is a recessive syndrome usually caused by mutations in both alleles of COL17A1, LAMA3, LAMB3, or LAMC2. In rare cases, heterozygous carriers in JEB kindreds display enamel malformations in the absence of skin fragility (isolated AI). We recruited two kindreds with autosomal-dominant amelogenesis imperfecta (ADAI) characterized by generalized severe enamel hypoplasia with deep linear grooves and pits. Whole-exome sequencing of both probands identified novel heterozygous mutations in the last exon of LAMB3 that likely truncated the protein. The mutations perfectly segregated with the enamel defects in both families. In Family 1, an 8-bp deletion (c.3446_3453del GACTGGAG) shifted the reading frame (p.Gly 1149Glufs*8). In Family 2, a single nucleotide substitution (c.C3431A) generated an in-frame translation termination codon (p.Ser1144*). We conclude that enamel formation is particularly sensitive to defects in hemidesmosome/basement-membrane complexes and that syndromic and non-syndromic forms of AI can be etiologically related.
Describing Inequalities in Access to Employment and the Associated Geography of Wellbeing
Authors: Gibb Kenneth , Osland Liv , Pryce Gwilym
Published: August 2013

This paper addresses three questions. How unequal is access to urban employment and the wellbeing associated with it? What is the monetary value consumers place on access? How does the inequality of access correspond to the geographical pattern of unemployment? A novel approach is developed using the Osland and Pryce house price model to estimate the monetary value of access welfare (MVAW)—the wellbeing associated with living a given distance from employment, taking into account the negative externalities associated with centres of employment and the complexities that arise from the existence of multiple employment centres of varying size. It is found that: MVAW is considerably more unequal than house prices or income; MVAW contributes around 13 per cent of the average value of a house; and the spatial pattern of unemployment rates is highly inelastic with respect to both MVAW and employment, suggesting no evidence of a spatial mismatch.
Regional Convergence of Income and Education: Investigation of Distribution Dynamics
Authors: Rattsø Jørn , Stokke Hildegunn
Published: August 2013

Recent US studies find that regional education levels diverge and that this can explain the decline of income convergence. The paper challenges the suggested relationship between movements in the distributions of income and education based on Norwegian data. Kernel density functions and Markov chains are applied and a test is undertaken of co-movements in the distributions of education and income. Education levels converge and are equalised across the country, and this process coincides with income convergence. However, the test indicates that transitions in the income and education distributions are basically unrelated. The education level increases in large cities with limited income growth and the income growth is strong in regions with continued low education level.
Developing a Scale to Measure Backpackers’ Personal Development
Authors: Chen Ganghua , Bao Jigang , Huang Songshan (Sam)
Published: August 2013

Backpacking travel has become a global trend among young people. Despite the importance of personal development among the youth, research has rarely probed the construct of backpackers’ personal development (BPD). The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure backpackers’ personal development. The study developed 30 measurement items to construct a survey instrument. The instrument was then administered to collect data from a sample of 397 Chinese backpackers. Following a rigorous process of scale development, a five-dimension ( Capability, Emotion, Worldview, Skill, and Self-consciousness) personal development model was identified. A refined scale consisting of 16 measurement items was finally derived meeting both reliability and validity requirements.
Common Metrics to Assess the Efficiency of Clinical Research
Authors: Rubio Doris McGartland
Published: August 2013

The Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program was designed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to develop processes and infrastructure for clinical and translational research throughout the United States. The CTSA initiative now funds 61 institutions. In 2012, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, which administers the CTSA Program, charged the Evaluation Key Function Committee of the CTSA Consortium to develop common metrics to assess the efficiency of clinical research processes and outcomes. At this writing, the committee has identified 15 metrics in six categories. It has also developed a standardized protocol to define, pilot test, refine, and implement the metrics. The ultimate goal is to learn critical lessons about how to evaluate the processes and outcomes of clinical research within the CTSAs and beyond. This article describes the work involved in developing and applying common metrics and benchmarks of evaluation.
Factor Structure of the Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory (CRAI)
Authors: Mills Britain A. , Caetano Raul , Rhea Arianne E.
Published: August 2013

The Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory (CRAI) is a 92-item measure covering 10 domains of research self-efficacy. A known behavioral antecedent, reliable and valid measures of self-efficacy represent a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of research training program efficacy. However, few formal psychometric studies of this instrument exist. Using exploratory factor analysis, we examine the CRAI’s dimensional structure in a new sample of clinical research trainees. In contrast to the multidimensional solutions reported previously, CRAI responses in the present sample were unambiguously one-dimensional (as suggested by a dominant single Eigenvalue and parallel analysis). This discrepant finding may reflect sample differences in research experience, as unlike previous studies, participants had all already obtained a professional degree. The CRAI’s dimensional structure may coalesce into a smaller number of factors as research experience is acquired, and investigators should be mindful of this possibility in future studies of the instrument.
Intermediate Outcomes of Chronic Disease Self-Management Program Offered by Members of the Healthy Aging Regional Collaborative in South Florida
Authors: Melchior Michael A. , Seff Laura R. , Albatineh Ahmed N. , McCoy H. Virginia , Page Timothy F. , Palmer Richard C.
Published: August 2013

Currently, 80% of adults over the age of 65 have at least one chronic disease. The Chronic Disease Self-management Program (CDSMP) focuses on increasing self-efficacy for managing chronic disease. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of CDSMP when offered by multiple agencies, as a collaborative effort, in community-based settings. Seven agencies delivered 108 CDSMP workshops at 81 sites from October 1, 2008, to December 31, 2010. A total of 811 participants were eligible for analysis. Participants completed surveys at baseline and week 6, the end of instruction. Controlling for agency effect and general health at baseline, the general linear model was used to assess the significance of outcomes at 6 weeks. Outcomes showing significant improvement included self-efficacy to manage disease ( p = .001), self-efficacy to manage emotions ( p = .026), time spent walking ( p = .008), and perceived social/role activities limitations ( p = .001). Findings showed that CDSMP is an effective program at improving self-efficacy, increasing physical activity, and decreasing limitations.
Biliary Proliferative Lesions in the Sprague-Dawley Rat
Authors: Hailey James R. , Nold James B. , Brown Roger H. , Cullen John M. , Holder Julie C. , Jordan Holly L. , Ennulat Daniela , Miller Richard T.
Published: August 2013

Whether biliary proliferative lesions in nonclinical species are predictive of potential hepatotoxicity in humans depends, at least in part, on the nature and severity of such changes in the nonclinical species. We reviewed published literature (clinical and nonclinical) and experimental data from rat toxicology studies conducted by GlaxoSmithKline and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences’ National Toxicology Program in an effort to better characterize the relative risk of hepatobiliary effects in humans. Available evidence supports the interpretation that minimal “typical” appearing bile duct hyperplasia limited to the portal triads may be considered non-adverse in the rat and is of little to no concern to humans. The toxicological relevance of mild to moderate “typical” hyperplasia is less certain, and may be considered adverse in the rat and potentially pose a risk for humans, particularly if accompanied by evidence of hepatobiliary injury or functional compromise. In addition, any proliferative lesion that includes atypical or dysplastic epithelial changes, oval cell proliferation, and/or significant extension beyond the portal tracts is considered more ominous and may be considered adverse in the rat.
Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Rat and Mouse
Authors: Rider Cynthia V. , Nyska Abraham , Cora Michelle C. , Kissling Grace E. , Smith Cynthia , Travlos Gregory S. , Hejtmancik Milton R. , Fomby Laurene M. , Colleton Curtis A. , Ryan Michael J. , Kooistra Linda , Morrison James P. , Chan Po C.
Published: August 2013

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is a popular herbal supplement that is used to improve circulation and brain function. In spite of widespread human exposure to relatively high doses over potentially long periods of time, there is a paucity of data from animal studies regarding the toxicity and carcinogenicity associated with GBE. In order to fill this knowledge gap, 3-month and 2-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with GBE administered by oral gavage to B6C3F1/N mice and F344/N rats were performed as part of the National Toxicology Program’s Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Initiative. The targets of GBE treatment were the liver, thyroid, and nose. These targets were consistent across exposure period, sex, and species, albeit with varying degrees of effect observed among studies. Key findings included a notably high incidence of hepatoblastomas in male and female mice and evidence of carcinogenic potential in the thyroid gland of both mice and rats. Various nonneoplastic lesions were observed beyond control levels in the liver, thyroid gland, and nose of rats and mice administered GBE. Although these results cannot be directly extrapolated to humans, the findings fill an important data gap in assessing risk associated with GBE use.
Foreign Body Impaction as Presentation of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Hudson Scott , Sampson Chris , Muntz Harlan R. , Jackson W. Daniel , Smith Marshall E.
Published: August 2013

Esophageal foreign body is a frequent pediatric presentation, and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an important underlying disease. To determine characteristics common in the presentation of esophageal foreign body indicative of underlying EoE and reach a recommendation for the appropriate scenario in which to obtain esophageal mucosal biopsy, 312 pediatric esophageal foreign bodies requiring operative removal were reviewed. Patients older than 18 years or with a known history of esophageal surgery or pathology were excluded. Eligibility criteria were met in 271 cases. Twenty‐seven patients were biopsied, and 18 were diagnosed with EoE. The following factors were identified in the EoE population: food impaction (89%), older age (average 12.2 years), male sex (78%), atopic disease (61%), previous esophageal foreign body or frequent dysphagia (83%), and endoscopic abnormalities (100%). These factors are all associated with an underlying diagnosis of EoE, and patients meeting these criteria should be strongly considered for intraoperative esophageal mucosal biopsy.
Treatment of Chronic Maxillary Atelectasis Using Balloon Dilation
Authors: Sun Daniel Q. , Dubin Marc G.
Published: August 2013

Balloon dilation may offer a more expedient and cost‐effective treatment method compared with traditional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic maxillary atelectasis. We sought to demonstrate the feasibility of balloon dilation of the maxillary os as a treatment modality for patients with chronic maxillary atelectasis by investigating the short‐term outcomes in a retrospective case series of 4 patients representing 5 sinuses treated between 2011 and 2013. All sinuses were successfully balloon dilated without complications. Follow‐up ranged from 1 week to 4 months. Aeration of the treated sinuses without restenosis was confirmed by postoperative endoscopy, sinus computed tomography, or both. All patients reported subjective symptomatic improvement. Balloon dilation of the maxillary os may be a feasible treatment option for maxillary sinus atelectasis. Longer follow‐up and a larger study sample will be needed to validate the safety of this technique and determine the rate of restenosis.
Staplers versus hand-sewing for pulmonary lobectomy: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tantraworasin Apichat , Seateang Somcharean , Bunchungmongkol Nutchanart
Published: August 2013

Background

division of the parenchymal lung for lobectomy is performed in patients who have an incomplete fissure. A stapler device can reduce postoperative air leak, but it is expensive.

Objective

to investigate the advantage of using a stapler, in terms of postoperative air leak and cost, compared to hand-sewn techniques.

Method

a non-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailand, from November 15, 2011 to September 30, 2012. Fifty-three adult patients were randomized to undergo a hand-sewn technique (27 patients) or stapler closure (26 patients).

Results

postoperative air leak in the stapler group was less than that in the hand-sewn group (7.7% vs. 29.6%, p = 0.044), and the duration of air leak in the stapler group was significantly shorter than that in the hand-sewn group (1.0 vs. 13.4 days, p = 0.032). The cost of treatment was not significantly different between groups; however, the total cost in the stapler group was less than that in the hand-sewn group (mean difference 4454 Thai baht (US$144.75).

Conclusion

a stapler reduces postoperative air leaks and the duration of air leaks. Furthermore, the total cost of treatment was comparable. Therefore, using staples may provide substantial financial benefits.
Progression of Osteoarthritis After Double- and Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Song Eun-Kyoo , Seon Jong-Keun , Yim Ji-Hyeon , Woo Seong-Hwan , Seo Hyoung-Yeon , Lee Keun-Bae
Published: August 2013

Background:

No consensus has been reached on the advantages of double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) over the single-bundle (SB) technique, particularly with respect to the prevention of osteoarthritis (OA) after ACLR.

Purpose:

To evaluate whether DB ACLR has any advantages in the prevention of OA or provides better stability and function after ACLR compared with the SB technique.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A total of 130 patients with an ACL injury in one knee were prospectively randomized into a DB group (n = 65) or an SB group (n = 65). For the radiologic evaluation, we determined the degree of OA based on the Kellgren-Lawrence grade before the operation and at the time of the final follow-up and determined the number of patients with progression of OA more than one grade from pre- to postoperation. We evaluated the stability results using the Lachman and pivot-shift tests and stress radiography. We also compared the functional outcomes based on the Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity score, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scale.

Results:

Six patients (4 in the DB group and 2 in the SB group) suffered graft failure during the follow-up and had ACL revision surgery ( P = .06). A total of 112 patients were observed for a minimum of 4 years (DB group, n = 52; SB group, n = 60). Five patients (9.6%) in the DB group and 6 patients (10%) in the SB group had more advanced OA at the final follow-up ( P = .75). All patients recovered full range of motion within 6 months from surgery. Stability results of the Lachman test, pivot-shift test, and the radiographic stability test failed to reveal any significant intergroup differences ( P = .37, .27, and .67, respectively). In the pivot-shift result, the DB group had 4 patients with grade 2 and the SB group had 3 patients with grade 2 ( P = .27). Clinical outcomes, including Lysholm knee and Tegner activity scores, were similar in the 2 groups. Statistical significance was achieved only for the IKDC subjective scale (78.2 in DB group vs 73.1 in SB group; P = .03).

Conclusion:

The DB technique, compared with SB, was not more effective in preventing OA and did not have a more favorable failure rate. Although the DB ACLR technique produced a better IKDC subjective scale result than did the SB ACLR technique, the 2 modalities were similar in terms of clinical outcomes and stability after a minimum 4 years of follow-up.
Where Am I? A Meta-Analysis of Experiments on the Effects of Progress Indicators for Web Surveys
Authors: Villar Ana , Callegaro Mario , Yang Yongwei
Published: August 2013

The use of progress indicators seems to be standard in many online surveys. Researchers include them in surveys in the hope they will help reduce drop-off rates. However, there is no consensus in the literature regarding their effects. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed 32 randomized experiments comparing drop-off rates of an experimental group who completed an online survey in which a progress indicator was shown to drop-off rates of a control group to whom the progress indicator was not shown. In all the studies, a drop-off was defined as a discontinuance of the survey (at any point) after it has begun, resulting in failure to complete the survey. Three types of progress indicators were analyzed: constant, fast-to-slow, and slow-to-fast. Our results show that, overall, using a constant progress indicator does not significantly help reduce drop-offs and that effectiveness of the progress indicator varies depending on the speed of indicator: Fast-to-slow indicators reduced drop-offs, whereas slow-to-fast indicators increased drop-offs. We also found that among the studies in which a small incentive was promised, showing a constant progress indicator increased the drop-off rate. These findings question the common belief that progress indicators help reduce drop-off rates.
The Interplay Between Digital and Political Divides
Authors: Lee Chung-pin , Chen Don-yun , Huang Tong-yi
Published: August 2013

Political scientists have long been aware of the problem of unequal participation in democratic politics, the phenomenon we can call “political divide.” The emergence of information and communication technologies over recent years has sparked a discussion on whether this long-standing political divide can now be resolved by “e-democracy.” This study aims to answer two questions: (i) Can e-democracy, specifically e-petitions, attract traditional nonparticipants to participate in public affairs? (ii) In the context of promoting e-petitions, can “digital divide” alleviate the problem of “political divide?” The data used in this study were collected from a national poll on citizen experience of and willingness to participate in the petitioning for referendum. The results indicate that those who recall participating in paper petitions tended to be older, less educated, and with stronger party identification. Also, our results reveal that these people who can be effectively mobilized by traditional social networks are mostly, in fact, the “digital have-nots.” Furthermore, regarding the potential participants in e-petitions, we find that those “digital haves,” who had not been mobilized in previous paper-based petition sessions, were more likely to participate in e-petitions if they are implemented in the future. The results demonstrate the existence of a possible negative correlation between the political and the digital divide. This suggests that e-democracy might be potentially beneficial to alleviate the long worried negative effects of the political divide in democratic polity.
Torque reduction and workpiece finishing effects due to voltage sags in turning processes
Authors: Granados-Lieberman David , Osornio-Rios Roque A , Rivera-Guillen Jesus R , Trejo-Hernandez Miguel , Romero-Troncoso Rene J
Published: August 2013

The use of computer numerical control machine tools allows the industries to reduce costs and operating time while increasing the quality of the manufactured products. However, any malfunction in the equipment can partially affect the manufacturing process or even provoke the complete production interruption. For this reason, studies about phenomena that could affect the machinery are of interest for the manufacturing industry. In this sense, any disturbance in the electric system could either damage or affect the correct machine operation. The contribution of this work is to estimate the repercussion of voltage sags in conventional turning processes. This study is centered in the parameters of spindle motor torque and workpiece rugosity. A methodology and an analysis procedure are proposed to achieve the mentioned task. The methodology consists of estimating the values of power and torque during the electrical disturbance and establishing their relationship with the surface roughness index, Ra. The input parameters are the voltage, current and spindle speed that are monitored in a computer numerical control lathe affected by different levels of sags; also, the measurement of the workpiece surface roughness is used in the methodology. The analysis consists of calculating torque and rugosity variations due to induced voltage sags in order to find the effects of the sags in the machine performance. Results show that there exists a relationship between the voltage sags, the variations in torque and the rugosity.
An approximate method for computing the temperature distributions in roll and strip during rolling process
Authors: Yadav Vinod , Singh Arbind K , Dixit Uday S
Published: August 2013

Estimation of the temperature distribution in roll and strip is important for the modeling of rolling process. A number of numerical and analytical methods have been proposed in the literature for the estimation of temperature distribution in rolling. This work proposes a simplified and faster semi-analytical method. A finite element method code is used for the estimation of friction and plastic deformation powers based on partially converged solutions. These powers form inputs to analytical temperature prediction modules. The heat partition between rolls and strip is accomplished by matching the interface temperatures obtained from the temperature modules of strip and roll. The proposed method is validated from the experimental results available in literature, and a good agreement is found. Some parametric study has been carried out based on the proposed method.
A bounded iterative closest point method for minimally invasive registration of the femur
Authors: Rodriguez y Baena Ferdinando , Hawke Trevor , Jakopec Matjaz
Published: August 2013

This article describes a novel method for image-based, minimally invasive registration of the femur, for application to computer-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. The method is adapted from the well-known iterative closest point algorithm. By utilising an estimate of the hip centre on both the preoperative model and intraoperative patient anatomy, the proposed ‘bounded’ iterative closest point algorithm robustly produces accurate varus–valgus and anterior–posterior femoral alignment with minimal distal access requirements. Similar to the original iterative closest point implementation, the bounded iterative closest point algorithm converges monotonically to the closest minimum, and the presented case includes a common method for global minimum identification. The bounded iterative closest point method has shown to have exceptional resistance to noise during feature acquisition through simulations and in vitro plastic bone trials, where its performance is compared to a standard form of the iterative closest point algorithm.
Targeted therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Grech P , Khamashta MA
Published: August 2013

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem disorder characterised by loss of tolerance to endogenous nuclear antigens and autoantibody formation. Recent insight into the immunopathogenesis of lupus has provided the foundation for a novel class of agents which target specific, dysregulated components of the immune system. Efforts have focused predominantly on B-cell depleting therapies, of which belimumab was the first to demonstrate success in phase III studies and thus receive marketing authorisation. Off-label prescribing of rituximab in refractory cases is common and supported by uncontrolled studies, which suggest a favourable risk:benefit profile. However, two placebo-controlled trials failed to show benefit, possibly because of inappropriate patient selection and other aspects of trial methodology.

Inhibition of dysregulated co-stimulatory signals and cytokines are other therapeutic strategies currently under investigation. Some candidate drugs failed to meet primary endpoints in early-phase clinical trials, yet demonstrated clinical benefit when alternative assessment criteria were applied or specific patient sub-groups analysed. Well-designed studies of greater size and duration are needed to clarify the therapeutic utility of these agents. Future immunomodulatory strategies targeting interferon-alpha, T cells, oxidative stress and epigenetic abnormalities may reduce multisystem disease activity and prolong survival in this complex and heterogeneic disease.
Validation and evaluation of the German Brief Index of Lupus Damage (BILD) – a self-reported instrument to record damage in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Chehab G , Sander O , Richter J , Acar H , Vordenbäumen S , Brinks R , Schneider M , Fischer-Betz R
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Damage is a very important predictor for outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and should be routinely documented. Patient-reported assessments for damage are rare and neither the Lupus Damage Index Questionnaire (LDIQ) nor the Brief Index of Lupus Damage (BILD) is validated in German language. Our aim was to validate the BILD in German language and evaluate its use as a patient-administered instrument.

Method

We translated and adapted the BILD questionnaire to use it as a self-administered questionnaire for German-speaking SLE patients. It was applied to SLE outpatients at an academic centre and compared to the SLICC/SDI and other lupus outcome parameters.

Results

The German BILD showed as strong a correlation with the SLICC/SDI as the original version of the BILD and a superior correlation compared to the LDIQ. It scored significantly higher with an increase of age, disease duration or disease activity, with a lower functional status or overall health and a higher probability of receiving an incapacity pension.

Conclusion

The German version of the BILD shows a comparable validity to the original BILD with even higher correlation to physician-reported damage even when used as a self-administered questionnaire. Hence it represents a promising instrument to survey damage in clinical routine as well as in clinical and epidemiological studies.
Intercultural Identity and Intercultural Experiences of American Students in China
Authors: Tian Mei , Lowe John Anthony
Published: August 2013

The number of international students in China is increasing rapidly, but their experiences in China remain largely unknown. This article reports an intensive longitudinal multiple case study that explores eight American students’ intercultural experiences and the impacts of such experiences on individual identity during their study in a Chinese university in 2010. Data come from monthly interviews and diaries that the students kept. Findings support Kim’s depiction of the processes by which intercultural identity emerges, notably the stress–adaptation–growth cycle and the concurrent processes of acculturation and deculturation. These findings reveal the journey of participants from cultural naivety to an emergent intercultural awareness and cultural critical capacity. Despite considerable ignorance and misunderstanding about China as an exotic “other” at the beginning of the program, all participants underwent some degree of cultural identity shift toward the more “open-ended . . . self–other orientation” of Kim’s “intercultural identity.”
Postmortem stability of S100B in the aqueous humor of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus)
Authors: Roe Wendi D. , Spraker Terry R. , Duncan Colleen G. , Owen Marjorie , Charles J. Brad
Published: August 2013

Bycatch (accidental drowning in fishing nets) is a significant problem for some marine mammal species, but can be difficult to diagnose as there are no pathognomonic gross or histological lesions. In human medicine, biomarkers such as S100B are increasingly being used to investigate hypoxic-ischemic syndromes, but, to the authors’ knowledge, studies using this marker have not been reported for marine mammal species. The aims of the current study were to determine baseline postmortem S100B levels in a pinniped species, and to determine whether S100B levels were stable over a postmortem interval of 48 hr. Aqueous humor, which is simple to collect and avoids many of the problems associated with postmortem collection of blood, was used as a surrogate for serum. S100B was detected in the aqueous humor of acute deaths (<15 min) and was stable for up to 48 hr, with a wider variation in values at the 48-hr time interval.
Ethnicity, Smoking Status, and Preterm Birth as Predictors of Maternal Locus of Control
Authors: Ashford Kristin B. , Rayens Mary Kay
Published: August 2013

A woman’s psychological health can affect prenatal behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal beliefs, prenatal behaviors, and preterm birth (PTB) in a multiethnic population. This was a planned secondary analysis of a cross-sectional trial of postpartum women with singleton gestation. In all, 210 participants were given the Fetal Health Locus of Control (FHLC) scale to measure three primary maternal beliefs that influenced their prenatal behaviors (Internal Control, Chance, Powerful Others). Women who experienced preterm delivery and those who smoked during pregnancy scored the Chance category significantly higher than those who delivered term infants ( p = .05; p = .004, respectively). This suggests those who smoked during pregnancy had a greater degree of belief that Chance influenced their infant’s health status. Cultural differences also emerged specific to the impact of health care providers on PTB; with Hispanic women scoring Powerful Others the highest among the groups ( p = .02). Nurses can plan a critical role in identifying at-risk women (smoking, strong Chance beliefs) while providing a clear message that taking action and modifying high-risk behaviors can reduce risk for adverse pregnancy outcome.
Mobilization Effects Using Mail
Authors: Murray Gregg R. , Matland Richard E.
Published: August 2013

We use field experiments in Texas and Wisconsin to address voter mobilization and turnout by evaluating nonpartisan get-out-the-vote (GOTV) messages delivered via mail during 2010 gubernatorial campaigns. We manipulate three factors in the messages: social pressure, descriptive- and injunctive-voting norm consistency, and message timing. The results present an initial field-based confirmation that norm-consistent messages increase turnout; demonstrate significant message timing effects, which are mediated by state election rules; and indicate social pressure’s effectiveness varies significantly more than previously found. These diverse findings suggest researchers place a greater emphasis on context when evaluating experiments and the effects of mobilization messages.
A case study on the air distribution in an operating room at Sarawak General Hospital Heart Centre (SGHHC) in Malaysia
Authors: Yau Y. H. , Ding L. C.
Published: August 2013

A fieldwork measurement and simulation studies were carried out at the operating room (OR)-5, Sarawak General Hospital Heart Centre (SGHHC). This hospital is located in East Malaysia and was commissioned in January 2011. The air condition at the inlets and several other locations in the room are measured for the validation of the computational fluid dynamics simulation. From the results, it is noted that the obstruction and heat dissipation effects from the surgical light should not be disregarded. The combination of both effects results in trapped heat in the region below the surgical light. Under the same total flow volume for the OR, it is observed that the OR with the uneven inlet velocities performs better than the OR with an even velocity distribution at the inlets. On the question of reducing the ventilation air consumption, it is proven that a reduction of air flow rate by 15% (to the average inlet air velocity of 0.3 m/s) is possible in the OR.
Outcome of 132 Consecutive Reconstructive Operations for Intestinal Fistula—Staged Operation Without Primary Anastomosis Improved Outcome in Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Runström B. , Hallböök O. , Nyström PO. , Sjödahl R. , Olaison G.
Published: August 2013

Aim:

To study factors that influenced healing and survival after attempted closure of enterocutaneous fistula.

Material and Methods:

Retrospective analysis of prospective data concerning 101 patients operated on 132 instances for 110 enterocutaneous fistulae at two hospitals.

Results:

In all, 96 (87%) of the 110 fistulae healed and 92 (91%) patients survived. A total of 9 patients with unhealed fistula died. Multivariate analysis revealed jaundice as an independent factor for both death and failed closure and operation without anastomosis as an independent positive factor for healing. Failure rate was lower after an operation with stoma without anastomosis (6 of 43, 14%) than after an operation with anastomosis (30 of 89, 34%) p = 0.0213. Of the 36 instances with unhealed fistula, 13 (36%) could be ascribed to inadvertent bowel lesions at the reconstructive operation. In addition, univariate analysis revealed that patients with previous multiple laparotomies or with multiple operations for enterocutaneous fistula healed less likely and had higher mortality. A low serum albumin, high white blood cell count, high C-reactive protein concentration, high fistula output, total parenteral nutrition, and operation for recurrent fistula were associated with death together with long operation time and operative bleeding, both indicators of surgical complexity. Over time, staged surgery avoiding anastomosis increased from 27% to 57%. Mortality decreased from 12% to 6%, and healing increased from 73% to 94%.

Conclusions:

Chronic inflammation, malnutrition, and liver failure causing an impaired healing capacity are important reasons for failure. Staged operation without primary anastomosis may allow the patient to reverse this condition and improve outcome. The high surgical complexity is a negative factor that requires careful planning of the operation.
Extraumbilical Single-Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Standard Laparoscopic Instruments
Authors: Oruc M.T. , Ugurlu M. U.
Published: August 2013

Background and Aim:

Single-incision laparoscopic surgery is a rapidly progressing field as it combines some advantages such as cosmesis and less incisional pain. However, it also has some disadvantages such as limitation of movement and clashing of the hand instruments, which increase the complexity and technical challenges of the operation. In this study, we describe a pilot trial of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy through a paramedian access site.

Material and Methods:

A total of 25 patients underwent single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy with this method. Acute cases with empyema and patients with history of previous abdominal surgery were excluded. Single-incision is established on the right upper quadrant, right latero-superior of the umbilicus, so that trocar sites and projection of the gallbladder on the abdominal wall are on the same vertical line. Standard laparoscopic instruments were placed into the abdominal cavity providing triangulation. Once the laparoscope, grasper, and dissector are in place, the overall procedures are similar to the standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Results:

Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy through an extraumbilical access site was successfully completed in all 25 patients without conversion to open surgery. Additional skin incisions and trocar access were required only in two patients. The mean operative time was 39.3 min (range: 20–75 min). The mean body mass index was 27.2. Postoperative course was uneventful in all patients. The mean postoperative hospital stay was shorter than 24 h, and all patients were discharged at first day postoperatively. No postoperative complications including seroma, wound infection, and trocar-site hernia were observed at 6-month follow-up.

Conclusion:

We described a new access site for single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy using standard laparoscopic instruments. We believe that this type of access site overcomes the technical difficulties of performing single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and it is a promising alternative method for the treatment of patients with symptomatic gallstone disease as a minimal invasive abdominal surgery.
Damping in beams using viscoelastic layers
Authors: Kumar K Kishore , Krishna Y , Bangarubabu P
Published: August 2013

Various types of sandwich beams with viscoelastic cores are currently used in aerospace and automotive industries, indicating the need for simple methods describing the dynamics of these complex structures. In order to understand the effectiveness of the sandwich structures, the dynamics of bare beam with unconstrained and constrained viscoelastic layers are investigated in this study. The viscoelastic layer is bonded uniformly on the beam. The effects of distributed viscoelastic layer treatment on the loss factors are studied. From the experiments it is observed that beams with constrained viscoelastic layer provide higher loss factors than those with unconstrained layer. The dynamics of sandwich beams is modeled using Euler and Bernoulli beam theory. Frequency-dependent Young’s modulus and loss factors are considered in the model of viscoelastic material. The predicted Eigen frequencies obtained from the model are compared with the experimental results for two viscoelastic materials with aluminum base material. Frequency response functions are obtained from the finite element model and compared with experimental results for harmonic input. Reductions in vibration amplitudes for two viscoelastic materials (EAP-2 and EAP-43) are also compared. Based on the experimental results, it has been observed that the loss factors of EAP-43 are higher than that of EAP-2.
Preparation and weak acid dark blue adsorption studies of melamine formaldehyde-based nanoporous carbon
Authors: Li Si Y , Wang Yan W , Fu Ruo W
Published: August 2013

A nitrogen-enriched wormhole-like nanoporous carbon has been prepared from melamine formaldehyde resin by a simple one-step nanocasting method. Results indicate that the obtained three-dimensional carbon nanonetwork is wormhole like. The pore size distribution is narrow with a mean value of 4.7 nm, which is calculated from the desorption branch by Barrett–Joyner–Halenda method. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and the nitrogen content of the sample are high up to 521 m2/g and 21%, respectively. The as-obtained carbon nanomaterial is very highly mesoporous, in which the mesopore content is up to 70%. Adsorption experiments show that the obtained material has better adsorption performance than commercial activated carbon. The adsorption efficiency was up to 94.7% at the concentration of 0.05 mg/mL, while activated carbon is only 25.4% in the research.
Effect of Active Versus Passive Recovery on Performance During Intrameet Swimming Competition
Authors: Hinzpeter Jaime , Zamorano Álvaro , Cuzmar Diego , Lopez Miguel , Burboa Jair
Published: August 2013

Background:

During competition, high-performance swimmers are subject to repeated physical demands that affect their final performance. Measurement of lactate concentration in blood seeks to indirectly gauge physiologic responses to the increase in physical exercise. Swimmers face multiple maximal-exertion events during competition. Strenuous physical exercise leads to fatigue and, thus, a decrease in sports performance.

Hypothesis:

Regeneration exercises in swimming increase the clearance of blood lactate and therefore improve athletic performance within a single day of competition.

Study Design:

Crossover study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 1.

Methods:

Of 25 swimmers, 21 were included, with a mean age of 17 years. They performed exercises that increased blood lactate on 2 days. The protocol was a warm-up, followed by a 100-m freestyle workout at full speed. Swimming exercises followed that were increasingly demanding, during which serial lactatemia measurements were taken. On the first day, regeneration exercises were performed; on the second day, the swimmers rested. Next, lactatemia was measured, and a timed 100-m freestyle workout was performed at maximum speed.

Results:

The stress exercises increased the mean lactate concentration by 4.6 mmol/L, which corresponds to 78% of the initial basal level. The postregeneration lactatemia level was lower than that after resting (mean, 2.76 vs 6.51 mmol/L). The time to swim 100 m after regeneration was 68.11 seconds, while that after rest was 69.31 seconds.

Conclusion:

Blood lactate levels rose by up to 78% after the intensity of the training sessions was progressively increased. Regeneration exercises increased the rate in which blood lactate dissipated, in comparison with passive recuperation. The rate of lactate dissipation for regeneration exercises was 68%. This factor may have improved the physical performance of swimmers.

Clinical Relevance:

Regeneration exercises improved the performance of swimmers in maximal-exertion competition in a single day. The blood lactate level correlated with physical exercise load.
Requirement for Rictor in homeostasis and function of mature B lymphoid cells
Authors: Lee Keunwook , Heffington Lindsey , Jellusova Julia , Nam Ki Taek , Raybuck Ariel , Cho Sung Hoon , Thomas James W. , Rickert Robert C. , Boothby Mark
Published: August 2013

Key Points

Maturation, homeostasis, and function of peripheral B lymphoid cells require Rictor, an essential mTOR complex 2 component. Rictor regulates survival of B cells and their balance of proapoptotic vs antiapoptotic gene expression.
Mapping the sex determination locus in the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) using RAD sequencing
Authors: Palaiokostas Christos , Bekaert Michaël , Davie Andrew , Cowan Mairi E , Oral Münevver , Taggart John B , Gharbi Karim , McAndrew Brendan J , Penman David J , Migaud Hervé
Published: August 2013

Background

Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) is a high-value, niche market species for cold-water marine aquaculture. Production of monosex female stocks is desirable in commercial production since females grow faster and mature later than males. Understanding the sex determination mechanism and developing sex-associated markers will shorten the time for the development of monosex female production, thus decreasing the costs of farming.

Results

Halibut juveniles were masculinised with 17 α-methyldihydrotestosterone (MDHT) and grown to maturity. Progeny groups from four treated males were reared and sexed. Two of these groups (n = 26 and 70) consisted of only females, while the other two (n = 30 and 71) contained balanced sex ratios (50% and 48% females respectively). DNA from parents and offspring from the two mixed-sex families were used as a template for Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) sequencing. The 648 million raw reads produced 90,105 unique RAD-tags. A linkage map was constructed based on 5703 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers and 7 microsatellites consisting of 24 linkage groups, which corresponds to the number of chromosome pairs in this species. A major sex determining locus was mapped to linkage group 13 in both families. Assays for 10 SNPs with significant association with phenotypic sex were tested in both population data and in 3 additional families. Using a variety of machine-learning algorithms 97% correct classification could be obtained with the 3% of errors being phenotypic males predicted to be females.

Conclusion

Altogether our findings support the hypothesis that the Atlantic halibut has an XX/XY sex determination system. Assays are described for sex-associated DNA markers developed from the RAD sequencing analysis to fast track progeny testing and implement monosex female halibut production for an immediate improvement in productivity. These should also help to speed up the inclusion of neomales derived from many families to maintain a larger effective population size and ensure long-term improvement through selective breeding.