bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The formation of molecular hydrogen from water ice in the lunar regolith by energetic charged particles
Authors: Jordan A. P. , Stubbs T. J. , Joyce C. J. , Schwadron N. A. , Spence H. E. , Wilson J. K.
Published: May 2013

On 9 October 2009, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission impacted a spent Centaur rocket into the permanently shadowed region (PSR) within Cabeus crater and detected water vapor and ice, as well as other volatiles, in the ejecta plume. The Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP), a far ultraviolet (FUV) imaging spectrograph on board the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), observed this plume as FUV emissions from the fluorescence of sunlight by molecular hydrogen (H2) and other constituents. Energetic charged particles, such as galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs), can dissociate the molecules in water ice to form H2. We examine how much H2can be formed by these types of particle radiation interacting with water ice sequestered in the regolith within PSRs, and we assess whether it can account for the H2 observed by LAMP. To estimate H2formation, we use the GCR and SEP radiation dose rates measured by the LRO Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER). The exposure time of the ice is calculated by considering meteoritic gardening and the penetration depth of the energetic particles. We find that GCRs and SEPs could convert at least 1–7% of the original water molecules into H2. Therefore, given the amount of water detected by LCROSS, such particle radiation‒induced dissociation of water ice could likely account for a significant percentage (10–100%) of the H2measured by LAMP.
Variability of rock texture and morphology correlated with the clay‐bearing units at Mawrth Vallis, Mars
Authors: McKeown Nancy K. , Bishop Janice L. , Silver Eli A.
Published: May 2013

The clay units at Mawrth Vallis have been well‐characterized in hyperspectral data; however, a similar study of high spatial resolution High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) data has not been previously conducted. Here the textures of the clay units are described and related to mineralogy across the central Mawrth Vallis region. The nontronite‐bearing rocks appear tan in HiRISE COLOR data and are polygonally fractured with polygons 2–5 m across. In some cases, the fractures appear wider and/or have darker fill or the rocks are a darker brown. The montmorillonite‐bearing rocks appear blue with regular polygons 0.5–1.5 m across; sometimes, there are larger polygons surrounded by regular polygons, a square fracture pattern, or the color appears yellow or mottled blue‐yellow. Kaolinite‐rich rocks are the brightest outcrops and are nonpolygonally fractured. Regions with spectra consistent with hydrated silica or the ferrous mineral component do not have unique textures. Hydrated silica‐bearing rocks appear yellow or mottled with a regular polygonal texture or yellow with hummocky appearance with no polygons. It is also possible that dust/sand on the surface alters the montmorillonite spectrum to appear like that of hydrated silica. The ferrous component may be expressed as mottled coloring or as a bright fracture fill. The nontronite‐ and montmorillonite‐bearing units have remarkably consistent textures in this region, allowing them to be uniquely identified in the Mawrth Vallis region in nonhyperspectral data sets such as CTX and HiRISE. The morphology of the polygons in these two units suggests that their formation is likely dominated by desiccation and controlled by composition.
Lunar opposition effect as inferred from Chandrayaan‐1 M3 data
Authors: Kaydash Vadym , Pieters Carle , Shkuratov Yuriy , Korokhin Viktor
Published: May 2013

The shadow‐hiding and coherent backscattering enhancement mechanisms are considered to be the major contributors to the brightness opposition effect of the Moon. However, the actual proportions of the mechanisms at different phase angles still remain not well determined. In order to assess the lunar phase function across small phase angles, we utilize imaging spectrometer data acquired by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) onboard the Chandrayaan‐1 spacecraft. We calculated phase functions of apparent reflectance and color ratios in the wavelength range 541–2976 nm for several mare and highland areas. As inferred from changes in the wavelength dependence of the phase curves, the shadow‐hiding effect is a major component of the brightness opposition surge at phase angle > 2°. The coherent backscattering enhancement may contribute some to the opposition effect at phase angles < 2°. We found nonmonotonic behavior of color‐ratio phase curves that reveal the minimum at ~ 2–4°. Using lunar observations, this is the first reliable evidence of the colorimetric opposition effect found earlier for lunar samples.
Isolation and molecular characterization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic degrading fungal isolates
Authors: Ali Muhammad Ishtiaq , Ahmed Safia , Robson Geoff , Javed Imran , Ali Naeem , Atiq Naima , Hameed Abdul
Published: May 2013

The recalcitrant nature of polyvinyl chloride creates serious environmental concerns during manufacturing and waste disposal. The present study was aimed to isolate and screen different soil fungi having potential to biodegrade PVC films. After 10 months of soil burial experiment, it was observed that a number of fungal strains were flourishing on PVC films. On morphological as well as on 18rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic basis they were identified as Phanerochaete chrysosporium PV1, Lentinus tigrinus PV2, Aspergillus niger PV3, and Aspergillus sydowii PV4. The biodegradation ability of these fungal isolates was further checked in shake flask experiments by taking thin films of PVC (C source) in mineral salt medium. A significant change in color and surface deterioration of PVC films was confirmed through visual observation and Scanning electron microscopy. During shake flask experiments, P. chrysosporium PV1 produced maximum biomass of about 2.57 mg ml−1 followed by A. niger PV3. P. chrysosporium PV1 showed significant reduction (178,292 Da−1) in Molecular weight of the PVC film than control (200,000 Da−1) by gel permeation chromatography. Furthermore more Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance also revealed structural changes in the PVC. It was concluded that isolated fungal strains have significant potential for biodegradation of PVC plastics.
Isolation and characterization of siderophore producing antagonistic rhizobacteria against Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Solanki Manoj Kumar , Singh Rajesh Kumar , Srivastava Supriya , Kumar Sudheer , Kashyap Prem Lal , Srivastava Alok K. , Arora Dilip K.
Published: May 2013

Plant protection through siderophore producing rhizobacteria (SPR) has emerged as a sustainable approach for crop health management. In present study, 220 bacteria isolated from tomato rhizosphere were screened for in vitro antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani AG‐4. Nine potent antagonistic strains viz., Alcaligenes sp. (MUN1, MB21, and MPF37), Enterobacter sp. (MPM1), Pseudomonas sp. (M10A and MB65), P. aeruginosa (MPF14 and MB123) and P. fluorescens (MPF47) were identified on the basis of physiological characters and 16S rDNA sequencing. These strains were able to produce hydrolytic enzymes, hydrogen cyanide, indole acetic acid, although, only few strains were able to solubilize phosphate. Two strains (MB123 and MPF47) showed significant disease reduction in glasshouse conditions were further evaluated under field conditions using three different application methods. Application of P. fluorescens (MPF47) in nursery as soil mix + seedling root treatments prior to transplantation resulted in significant disease reduction compared to control. Total chlorophyll and available iron were significantly higher in the MPF47 treated plants in contrast to infected control. In conclusion, siderophore producing bacteria MPF47 have strong biocontrol abilities and its application as soil mix + seedling root treatments provided strong shield to plant roots against R. solani and could be used for effective bio‐management of pathogen.
Differential antibacterial properties of the MurA inhibitors terreic acid and fosfomycin
Authors: Olesen Sanne H. , Ingles Donna J. , Yang Yan , Schönbrunn Ernst
Published: May 2013

Terreic acid is a metabolite with antibiotic properties produced by the fungus Aspergillus terreus, but its cellular target remains unknown. We recently reported that terreic acid inactivates the bacterial cell wall biosynthetic enzyme MurA in vitro by covalent reaction with residue Cys115 in a similar manner as the MurA‐specific antibiotic fosfomycin. To address if terreic acid also targets MurA in vivo, we conducted antibacterial studies using selected E. coli strains in parallel with fosfomycin. While overexpression of MurA conferred resistance to fosfomycin, it did not protect cells treated with terreic acid. Furthermore, flow cytometry revealed that the antibiotic action of terreic acid appears to be primarily bacteriostatic, as opposed to the bactericidal action observed for fosfomycin. Combined, the data suggest that MurA is not the molecular target of terreic acid and that the antibiotic activity of terreic acid proceeds through a different mechanism of action. The methodology applied here provides a reliable and convenient tool to rapidly assess the potential of newly discovered in vitro inhibitors to target residue Cys115 of MurA in the cell.
Compensation phenomena found in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans after starvation stress
Authors: Tu Bowen , Li Juan , Guo Yueshuai , Guo Xuejiang , Lu Xiancai , Han Xiaodong
Published: May 2013

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans showed the compensate growth and oxidation after re‐feeding with sufficient ferrous materials after starvation. Compensatory phenomena were first detected in chemoautotrophic organisms. Starvation stress of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was achieved via culturing in low concentrations of iron. During compensation, growth and ferrous oxidation took place faster than in controls. In addition, some genes related to ferrous oxidation (such as rus) and carbon assimilation (cbbR, csoS3) were expressed in different patterns in the low energy environments. Their expression patterns can account for this increased growth and oxidation. Other groups of genes (cspAB, feoAB, fur) were suppressed in response to starvation stress. The presence of pyrite and joint cold stress can render compensation nearly undetectable. This may be why the compensation phenomena observed under these conditions was not the same as that observed under single starvation stress conditions. Gene expression reflected a possible mechanism of tolerance to starvation in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, which would allow the organism to adapt and survive in ferrous‐limited environments.
Manure fertilization alters the population of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria rather than ammonia‐oxidizing archaea in a paddy soil
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhu Guibing , Song Liyan , Wang Shanyun , Yin Chengqing
Published: May 2013

Manure fertilizers are widely used in agriculture and highly impacted the soil microbial communities such as ammonia oxidizers. However, the knowledge on the communities of archaeal versus bacterial ammonia oxidizers in paddy soil affected by manure fertilization remains largely unknown, especially for a long‐term influence. In present work, the impact of manure fertilization on the population of ammonia oxidizers, related potential nitrification rates (PNRs) and the key factors manipulating the impact were investigated through studying two composite soil cores (long‐term fed with manure fertilization versus undisturbed). Moreover, soil incubated with NH4+ for 5 weeks was designed to verify the field research. The results showed that the copy numbers of bacterial amoA gene in the manure fed soil were significant higher than those in the unfed soil (p < 0.05), suggesting a clear stimulating effect of long‐term manure fertilization on the population of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The detected PNRs in the manure fed soil core (14–218 nmol L−1 N g−1 h−1) were significant higher than those in the unfed soil core (5–72 nmol L−1 N g−1 h−1; p < 0.05). Highly correlations between the PNRs and the bacterial amoA gene copies rather than archaeal amoA gene were observed, indicating strong nitrification capacity related to bacterial ammonia oxidizers. The NH4+‐N significantly correlated to the abundance of AOB (p < 0.01) and explained 96.1% of the environmental variation, showing the NH4+‐N was the main factor impacting the population of AOB. The incubation experiment demonstrated a clear increase of the bacterial amoA gene abundance (2.0 × 106 to 8.4 × 106 g−1 d.w.s. and 1.6 × 104 to 4.8 × 105 g−1 d.w.s.) in both soil but not for the archaeal amoA gene, in agreement with the field observation. Overall, our results suggested that manure fertilization promoted the population size of bacterial ammonia oxidizers rather than their archaeal counterparts whether in long‐term or short‐term usage and the NH4+‐N was the key impact factor.
Aspergillus alliaceus, a new potential biological control of the root parasitic weed Orobanche
Authors: Aybeke Mehmet , Şen Burhan , Ökten Suzan
Published: May 2013

During extensive surveys in fields heavily infested by broomrape in the Trakya Region‐Turkey, a different new fungus, Aspergillus alliaceus, was isolated from the infected broomrape. It is aimed to investigate whether or not it is really a pathogen for Orobanche. The fungi was exposed to a greenhouse environment in order to assess its pathogenicity and virulence against Orobanche cernua. In addition, infection tests on Orobanche seeds were also performed under laboratory conditions. The fungus was subjected using two different methods, exposure to a liquid culture with conidial solution and a sclerotial solid culture with fungal mycelia. Cytological studies were carried out at light, TEM and SEM levels. The results show that the sclerotial solid culture with fungal mycelia quickly caused necrosis and was more effective than the other type. It also greatly diminished attachments, tubercles, and caused the emergence of shoots and an increase in the total shoot number of Orobanche. In addition, both when the fungi was exposed to both soil and used to contaminate sunflower seeds, its pathogenicity was more effective. Consequently, it was determined that A. alliaceus was an effective potential biological control of broomrape throughout its life cycle from dormant seed to mature plant.
Probability analysis of monthly rainfall on seasonal monsoon in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Ishfaq , Mahmood Iram , Malik Imran Riaz , Arshad Irshad Ahmad , ul Haq Ehtasham , Iqbal Zahid
Published: May 2013

Pakistan experiences the southwest monsoon normally from July to September every year. In this paper, we analyse the effect of monthly rainfall for the months of July, August and September on overall seasonal monsoon for the period of 1960–2006 across 37 different meteorological stations of Pakistan. The statistical results are based on the notion of conditional probability. We find conditional probabilities of seasonal monsoon to be in excess, deficient and normal when the monthly rainfall of July, August and September is considered to be in excess and deficient. When rainfall in the months of July and August is in excess the seasonal monsoon behaviour is also likely to be in excess and probabilities of seasonal monsoon to be deficient are zero for most of the meteorological stations. Similarly, when rainfall in the months of July and August is considered to be deficient the seasonal monsoon behaviour is also likely to be deficient and probabilities of seasonal monsoon to be in excess are zero for most of the meteorological stations. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
New Entrepreneurial Models: An Overview
Authors: McManus John , Floyd David
Published: May 2013

This thematic issue seeks to address the challenges facing the traditional concept of strategy and strategic thinking within the twenty‐first‐century economy, where new models of business innovation are becoming the differentiators that determine and influence success or failure.
Post‐Exit Performance of VC‐Backed Entrepreneurial Firms: Insights of the German Market
Authors: Schmuhl Wolf R.
Published: May 2013

Taking into account the interests of the entrepreneurial firm, M&A seem to be a more suitable alternative in comparison to IPOs.
Brand Orientation as a Strategy That Influences the Adoption of Innovation in the Bottom of the Pyramid Market
Authors: Rahman Mizan , Hasan Md Rajibul , Floyd David
Published: May 2013

If brand orientation is used as a strategy ensuring the “relative advantage” attribute of an innovation in the “bottom of the pyramid” market, it may influence the adoption of an innovation in the developing and emerging economies.
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Transition‐Age Youth With Serious Mental Health Conditions
Authors: Frounfelker Rochelle , Klodnick Vanessa Vorhies , Mueser Kim T. , Todd Sara
Published: May 2013

There is little information on trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and associated risk factors in transition‐age youth with mental health conditions. This study aimed at understanding the correlates and predictors of PTSD in 84 transition‐age youth, between 16 and 21 years old, residing in supported community housing. Chi‐square analyses and t tests were used to compare youth with a diagnosis of PTSD to those without a PTSD diagnosis. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed to identify unique predictors of PTSD. Of the 84 individuals, 79 (94%) reported a history of trauma, of whom 30 (36%) had PTSD. Sexual abuse was significantly associated with a PTSD diagnosis (r = .47) and the only unique predictor of PTSD (Cox r2 = .20). Transition‐age youth in supported community housing had higher rates of trauma exposure and PTSD than the general adolescent population, suggesting the need for routine assessment and treatment of PTSD in this population.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptomatology as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Warzone Exposure and Physical Health Symptoms in Men and Women
Authors: Wachen Jennifer Schuster , Shipherd Jillian C. , Suvak Michael , Vogt Dawne , King Lynda A. , King Daniel W.
Published: May 2013

The mediating role of posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PSS) on the association between warzone exposure and physical health symptoms in 7 bodily systems (cardiovascular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, neurological, and pulmonary) was examined. We also examined if mediation effects varied as a function of sex. A sample of 317 U.S. Gulf war veterans was assessed for warzone exposure, PSS, and physical health symptoms 10 years after deployment. PSS was significantly associated with postdeployment physical health in all symptom categories when accounting for predeployment health (with effect sizes ranging from a 1.27–1.64 increase in the likelihood of postdeployment physical health symptoms with a 1 standard deviation increase in the PSS symptoms). PSS severity mediated the relationship between warzone exposure and postdeployment symptoms in all physical health domains (with percent mediation ranging 44%–75%). A significant Warzone Exposure × PSS interaction emerged for 5 outcomes such that the effect of PSS on physical health was stronger for veterans reporting lower warzone exposure. No significant interactions with sex emerged. These findings suggest the important influence of PSS on physical health symptoms for both men and women.
Enrichment of linear hexahedral finite elements using rotations of a virtual space fiber
Authors: Ayad Rezak , Zouari Wajdi , Meftah Kamel , Zineb Tarak Ben , Benjeddou Ayech
Published: May 2013

The present paper deals with the enrichment of 3D low‐order finite elements. The used concept is based on the idea that a 3D virtual fiber, after a spatial rotation, introduces an enhancement of the strain field tensor approximation. A consistent stiffness matrix is obtained, allowing a better approximation of the actual solution compared with that resulting from low‐order finite elements. Implemented for two eight‐node hexahedral elements, the performance of the space fiber rotation concept is assessed by running some classical beam, plate, and shell benchmarks, and the obtained results are compared especially with those given by linear eight‐node and quadratic 20‐node hexahedral elements. In particular, it is shown that the developed elements accuracy is significantly superior to that of the classical eight‐node hexahedral element and close to that of the classical 20‐node hexahedral element. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐level variational multiscale method for incompressible flows based on two local Gauss integrations
Authors: Li Ying , Mei Liquan , Li Yueqiu , Zhao Ke
Published: May 2013

In this article, a two‐level variational multiscale method for incompressible flows based on two local Gauss integrations is presented. We solve the Navier–Stokes problem on a coarse mesh using finite element variational multiscale method based on two local Gauss integrations, then seek a fine grid solution by solving a linearized problem on a fine grid. In computation, we use the two local Gauss integrations to replace the projection operator without adding any variables. Stability analysis is performed, and error estimates of the method are derived. Finally, a series of numerical experiments are also given, which confirm the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the efficiency of the new method. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
A uniformly optimal‐order estimate for finite volume method for advection‐diffusion equations
Authors: Ren Yongqiang , Cheng Aijie , Wang Hong
Published: May 2013

We prove an optimal‐order error estimate in a weighted energy norm for finite volume method for two‐dimensional time‐dependent advection–diffusion equations on a uniform space‐time partition of the domain. The generic constants in the estimates depend only on certain norms of the true solution but not on the scaling parameter. These estimates, combined with a priori stability estimates of the governing partial differential equations with full regularity, yield a uniform estimate of the finite volume method, in which the generic constants depend only on the Sobolev norms of the initial and right side data but not on the scaling parameter. We use the interpolation of spaces and stability estimates to derive a uniform estimate for problems with minimal or intermediate regularity, where the convergence rates are proportional to certain Besov norms of the initial and right‐hand side data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 17‐43, 2014
Fetal aneuploidy detection by maternal plasma DNA sequencing: a technology assessment
Authors: Walsh Judith M. E. , Goldberg James D.
Published: May 2013

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists currently recommends that all pregnant women be offered screening for chromosomal abnormalities, regardless of maternal age. Traditional screening tests have detection rates ranging from 85% to 90% and false‐positive rates of 3% to 5%. A woman with an abnormal noninvasive test is offered a diagnostic test, but diagnostic tests are associated with a risk of pregnancy loss. Recently, analysis of cell‐free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal blood has been shown to have potential for the accurate detection of some of the common fetal autosomal aneuploidies. As part of a technology assessment for the California Technology Assessment Forum, we critically reviewed the evidence for the use of cffDNA as a prenatal screening test. We evaluated the evidence for its use as either a ‘primary’ or an ‘advanced’ screening test and for its use in screening for three different trisomies: 21, 18, and 13. We evaluated whether the use of cffDNA met established technology assessment criteria and established conclusions about evidence‐based use of this new technology. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of annealing on the hierarchical crystalline structures and mechanical properties of injection‐molded bars of high‐density polyethylene
Authors: Wang Long , Zhang Quan‐Ping , Wang Jia‐Hui , Yang Bin , Yang Ming‐Bo , Feng Jian‐Ming
Published: May 2013

The effect of annealing on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of high‐density polyethylene parts molded via gas‐assisted injection molding was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and tensile testing. The results indicated that a variety of annealing temperatures could induce considerable variations in the hierarchical structures, crystallinity, lamellar thickness and yield stress of the molded bars. According to these results, the annealing temperatures could be divided into three regions. In the low‐temperature region of annealing at 80 °C, the spatial variation of the superstructure developed along the thickness direction and mechanical properties of the annealed sample were mainly unchanged and similar to those of the original specimen. At 100 and 120 °C, the intermediate temperature region of annealing, the thickness of the crystals, degree of orientation and yield stress of annealed samples were greatly improved. Finally, at 127 °C, the degree of orientation decreased and yield stress slightly improved, an indication of the high‐temperature annealing region being characterized by increasing melting/recrystallization and causing relaxation of oriented molecular chains. A model is proposed to interpret the mechanism of the annealing treatment of the samples at various temperatures. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Recent advances in the preparation of functionalized polysulfones
Authors: Dizman Cemil , Tasdelen Mehmet Atilla , Yagci Yusuf
Published: May 2013

This review summarizes the studies related to chemical functionalization of polysulfones used in many different applications such as membranes with special functions, nanocomposites, biofilm formation, fuel cells etc. reported in recent years from the literature since 2000. Various strategies have been applied for the functionalization of polysulfones. One strategy is to add desired functionality into starting monomers in the solution containing the main components of commercial polysulfones, the aromatic dihalide sulfone and bisphenol monomers, or to functionalize the related monomers before the condensation. Another approach is to form difunctional polysulfone oligomers. Then, functional groups can be utilized to react with monomers or other polymers to obtain functional polymers or block copolymers. The most applied method is post‐modification of commercially available polysulfones by incorporation of functional groups to their aromatic groups and their use in the formation of graft polymers or polysulfone‐based networks. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative proteomics and correlated signaling network of kidney in ApoE deficient mouse
Authors: Lv Xiaoyan , Ai Jianzhong , Li Mi , Wang Honglian , Chen Tielin , Fang Yin , Liu Yunhong , Zhou Puhui , Chen Mianzhi , Tan Ruizhi , Liu Yuhang , Yang Yang , Zhou Qin
Published: May 2013

Purpose

Apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE−/−) mouse is one of the most popular models for cardiovascular research, especially in the study of atherosclerosis. Naturally, large amount of studies try to uncover the role of apoE in atherosclerosis, and indeed apoE plays an important role in this pathogenesis. Kidney is an organ that contains lots of capillaries and also largely expresses apoE. Moreover, a protective role of apoE in kidney as an autocrine regulator has been demonstrated previously, however, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown.

Experimental design

In this study, comparative proteomics is for the first time used to identify the differential proteins in kidneys of apoE−/− and wild type mice, respectively, and we try to reveal the signaling network of apoE in mice kidney using bioinformatics analysis.

Results

Our findings show that approximately 80 proteins are significantly differentially expressed in kidneys of apoE−/− and wild type mice, and the signaling network correlated to apoE is successfully established by employing bioinformatics assay.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Taken together, we originally identify the proteins with differential expression and propose an apoE correlated molecular network in mice kidney. These findings further provide evidence of the role of apoE in mice kidney and a brand new perspective in the protection and treatment of kidney disease.
Targeted glycoprotein enrichment and identification in stromal cell secretomes using azido sugar metabolic labeling
Authors: Roper Stephen M. , Zemskova Marina , Neely Benjamin A. , Martin Arch , Gao Peng , Jones E. Ellen , Kraft Andrew S. , Drake Richard R.
Published: May 2013

Purpose

Effectively identifying the proteins present in the cellular secretome is complicated due to the presence of cellular protein leakage and serum protein supplements in culture media. A metabolic labeling and click chemistry capture method is described that facilitates the detection of lower abundance glycoproteins in the secretome, even in the presence of serum.

Experimental design

Two stromal cell lines were incubated with tetraacetylated sugar‐azide analogs for 48 h in serum‐free and low‐serum conditions. Sugar‐azide labeled glycoproteins were covalently linked to alkyne‐beads, followed by on‐bead trypsin digestion and MS/MS. The resulting glycoproteins were compared between media conditions, cell lines, and azide‐sugar labels.

Results

Alkyne‐bead capture of sugar‐azide modified glycoproteins in stromal cell culture media significantly improved the detection of lower abundance secreted glycoproteins compared to standard serum‐free secretome preparations. Over 100 secreted glycoproteins were detected in each stromal cell line and significantly enriched relative to a standard secretome preparation.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

Sugar‐azide metabolic labeling is an effective way to enrich for secreted glycoproteins present in cell line secretomes, even in culture media supplemented with serum. The method has utility for identifying secreted stromal proteins associated with cancer progression and the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition.
Measurement and uncertainty analysis of a cryogenic low‐noise amplifier with noise temperature below 2 K
Authors: Gu Dazhen , Randa James , Billinger Robert , Walker David K.
Published: May 2013

We report measurements and uncertainty analysis on a cryogenic low‐noise amplifier (LNA) with a very low noise temperature (NT), among the lowest noise performances reported at microwave frequencies. The LNA consists of three stages of InP high electron mobility transistors with a gate length of 130 nm. It exhibits about 44 dB gain and less than 2 K average NT in the operational band of 4 GHz to 8 GHz. A detailed uncertainty analysis is outlined to evaluate a variety of error sources in the measurement. The calculated uncertainty shows as low as 0.1 dB on the measured gain of about 44 dB and 0.18 K on the measured NT of 1.65 K, indicating excellent measurement accuracy. A breakdown of the uncertainty components helps identify the major causes of the overall uncertainty and enlightens us about how to further improve accuracy. It is important to know the actual physical temperature of the passive termination that is used as a cryogenic noise source in experiments. Due to its large temperature gradients, the commercial matched load is replaced by a custom‐made attenuator that is isothermal and consequently provides reliable NT measurements of the LNA. The precision measurement technique developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is independent from the manufacturers' characterization method. This study marks the first time that such a low NT from a cryogenic LNA is verified independently with such a low uncertainty.
Exact inference for adaptive group sequential designs
Authors: Gao Ping , Liu Lingyun , Mehta Cyrus
Published: May 2013

Methods for controlling the type‐1 error of an adaptive group sequential trial were developed in seminal papers by Cui, Hung, and Wang (Biometrics, 1999), Lehmacher and Wassmer (Biometrics, 1999), and Müller and Schäfer (Biometrics, 2001). However, corresponding solutions for the equally important and related problem of parameter estimation at the end of the adaptive trial have not been completely satisfactory. In this paper, a method is provided for computing a two‐sided confidence interval having exact coverage, along with a point estimate that is median unbiased for the primary efficacy parameter in a two‐arm adaptive group sequential design. The possible adaptations are not only confined to sample size alterations but also include data‐dependent changes in the number and spacing of interim looks and changes in the error spending function. The procedure is based on mapping the final test statistic obtained in the modified trial into a corresponding backward image in the original trial. This is an advance on previously available methods, which either produced conservative coverage and no point estimates or provided exact coverage for one‐sided intervals only. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Interim Report: Effects of Geomagnetic Disturbances on the Bulk Power System—February 2012
Authors: Zanetti Lawrence J.
Published: May 2013

Key Points

Geomagnetic Induced Current on power grid

GIC and harmonic effects on power grid
Non‐invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy: current status and future prospects
Authors: Benn P. , Cuckle H. , Pergament E.
Published: May 2013

Non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for aneuploidy using cell‐freeDNAin maternal plasma is revolutionizing prenatal screening and diagnosis. We reviewNIPTin the context of established screening and invasive technologies, the range of cytogenetic abnormalities detectable, cost, counseling and ethical issues. CurrentNIPTapproaches involve whole‐genome sequencing, targeted sequencing and assessment of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences between mother and fetus. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy ofNIPTfor Down and Edwards syndromes, and possibly Patau syndrome, in high‐risk women. UniversalNIPTis not cost‐effective, but usingNIPTcontingently in women found at moderate or high risk by conventional screening is cost‐effective. PositiveNIPTresults must be confirmed using invasive techniques. Established screening, fetal ultrasound and invasive procedures with microarray testing allow the detection of a broad range of additional abnormalities not yet detectable byNIPT.NIPTapproaches that take advantage ofSNPinformation potentially allow the identification of parent of origin for imbalances, triploidy, uniparental disomy and consanguinity, and separate evaluation of dizygotic twins. Fetal fraction enrichment, improved sequencing and selected analysis of the most informative sequences should result in tests for additional chromosomal abnormalities. Providing adequate prenatal counseling poses a substantial challenge given the broad range of prenatal testing options now available. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Geometrical characterization of stall cells on rectangular wings
Authors: Manolesos Marinos , Voutsinas Spyros G.
Published: May 2013

The onset of stall cells (SCs) is experimentally investigated on a flattop loaded 18% thick airfoil optimized for use on wind turbine blades, exhibiting trailing edge separation. SCs are dynamic coherent vortical structures that appear on wings under separated flow conditions. Although SCs have been known for long, neither are their characteristics completely documented nor their generating mechanisms fully understood. The present investigation aims at providing additional information on the geometric characteristics in terms of width, length and occupied area. The relevant data are presented as functions of Reynolds (Re) number, angle of attack and aspect ratio (AR) of the model. In the tests reported, the dynamic character of SCs is suppressed by imposing a localized flow disturbance. For the specific airfoil and for the Re and AR range tested, it is found that: the angle of attack at which SCs are initially formed decreases linearly with Re number and independently of the AR; unlike two‐dimensional separation, their chordwise length increases with Re; the SC area relative to the wing planform area (defined as the relative SC area) grows asymptotically with angle of attack and Re number reaching an upper bound, which is independent of the AR; at intermediate angles of attack, the SC relative area is higher for the lower AR wing; for a fixed increment in Re number, the growth of the SC relative area is independent of the initial Re number; at lower angles of attack, the actual SC area is independent of the wing span. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
P2X receptor channels in endocrine glands
Authors: Stojilkovic Stanko S. , Zemkova Hana
Published: May 2013

The endocrine system is the system of ductless glands and single cells that synthesize hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream. Regulation of endocrine system is very complex and ATP and its degradable products ADP and adenosine contribute to its regulation acting as extracellular messengers for purinergic receptors. These include P2X receptors, a family of ligand‐gated ion channels whose expression and roles in endocrine tissues are reviewed here. There are seven mammalian purinergic receptor subunits, denoted P2X1 through P2X7, and the majority of these subunits are also expressed in secretory and non‐secretory cells of endocrine system. Functional channels have been identified in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, the posterior and anterior pituitary, the thyroid gland, the adrenals, the endocrine pancreas, the gonads, and the placenta. Native channels are capable of promoting calcium influx through its pore in both excitable and non‐excitable cells, as well as of increasing electrical activity in excitable cells by membrane depolarization. This leads to generation of calcium transients and stimulation of hormone release. The pattern of expression and action of P2XRs in endocrine system suggest that locally produced ATP amplifies and synchronizes the secretory responses of individual cells. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2013, 2:173–180. doi: 10.1002/wmts.89

Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.

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Constitutive relations and Schrödinger’s formulation of nonlinear electromagnetic theories
Authors: Aschieri Paolo , Ferrara Sergio
Published: May 2013

Abstract

We present a systematic study of nonlinear and higher derivatives extensions of electromagnetism. We clarify when action functionals S[F] can be explicitly obtained from arbitrary (not necessarily self-dual) nonlinear equations of motion. We show that the “Deformed twisted self-duality condition” proposal originated in the context of supergravity counterterms is actually the general framework needed to discuss self-dual theories starting from a variational principle.

We generalize to nonlinear and higher derivatives theories Schrödinger formulation of Born-Infeld theory, and for the latter, and more in general for nonlinear theories, we derive a closed form expression of the corresponding deformed twisted self-duality conditions. This implies that the hypergeometric expression entering these duality conditions and leading to Born-Infeld theory satisfies a hidden quartic equation.
A Little Goes a Long Way: The Impact of Distal Social Support on Community Integration and Recovery of Individuals with Psychiatric Disabilities
Authors: Townley Greg , Miller Henry , Kloos Bret
Published: May 2013

Although an extensive body of literature highlights the important role of social support for individuals with psychiatric disabilities, definitions of support tend to be restricted—focusing on intimate relationships such as friend and family networks and ignoring the role of casual relationships existing naturally in the community. This mixed‐methods study of 300 consumers of mental health services in the Southeastern US aims to better understand the impact of community supports, termed distal supports, on community integration and recovery from mental illness. Qualitative content analysis, tests of group mean differences, and hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed the following: (1) participants primarily reported receiving tangible support (e.g., free medication/discounted goods) from distal supports rather than emotional support (e.g., displays of warmth/affection) or informational support (e.g., provision of advice); (2) women and older participants reported more distal supports than men or younger participants; and (3) distal supports played a unique role in predicting community integration and recovery even after accounting for the influence of traditional support networks. Results highlight the importance of considering diverse types of social support in naturally occurring settings when designing treatment plans and interventions aimed at encouraging community participation and adaptive functioning for individuals with psychiatric disabilities.
n‐3 Fatty Acid Distribution of Commercial Fish Species Components
Authors: Sahari M. A. , Farahani F. , Soleimanian Y. , Mokhlesi A.
Published: May 2013

For application of n‐3 fatty acids, distribution of the fatty acid compositions of different parts of (head, tail, fins and skin = HTFS, liver, viscera and muscle tissue) five commercially important fish species from the Persian Gulf (Scomberomorus commersoni, Thunnus tonggol, Euthynnus affinis, Scomberomorus guttatus and Dussumieria acuta) as good sources of n‐3 PUFA were studied. The richest source of n‐3 were HTFS in S. guttatus and S. commersoni, liver in S.guttatus, total body of D.acuta, liver of E.affinis and T.tonggol, followed by viscera of E. affinis. The content of these fatty acids were the same in viscera of tonggol, liver of S.commersoni, and HTFS of E.affinis. Moreover, muscle of E.affinis and HTFS of T.tonggol and also muscle of S.guttatus and T.tonggol had the same n‐3 contents as the viscera of S.commersoni. So, it was concluded that HTFS and viscera (which are discarded as residues) are as useful as muscle and liver and can be a source of economically available n‐3 PUFA. Muscle had the lowest proportion of n‐3 in E.affinis, T.tonggol, and S.guttatus in comparison with other organs of these fish species. The highest n‐3:n‐6 ratio was observed in D. acuta. Finally, the cluster analysis showed that with respect to n‐3 and other PUFA contents, HTFS of S.commersoni and D.acuta with S.guttatus on the one hand, and HTFS of T.tonggol and E.affinis on the other hand were similar to each other. In addition, viscera of S.commersoni and S.guttatus were similar followed by T.tonggol and different from E.affinis and D.acuta. In the case of muscle, T.tonggol and S.guttatus had good similarity followed by E.affinis and had no significant similarity with S.commersoni and D.acuta. With regard to liver, the highest similarity was observed between T.tonggol and E.affinis followed by D.acuta and S.guttatus, while S.commersoni did not show similarity with the others.
Glutathione relates to neuropsychological functioning in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Duffy Shantel L. , Lagopoulos Jim , Hickie Ian B. , Diamond Keri , Graeber Manuel B. , Lewis Simon J.G. , Naismith Sharon L.
Published: May 2013

Background

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents an at‐risk state for Alzheimer's disease in which underlying pathophysiological mechanisms could be delineated. Oxidative stress has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease and can be measured by levels of the antioxidant glutathione. This study aims to assess in vivo levels of glutathione via proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with MCI and to determine how glutathione relates to cognitive decline.

Methods

Fifty‐four patients with MCI and 41 healthy control subjects underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in conjunction with medical, psychiatric, and neuropsychological assessments. The concentration of glutathione was measured in the anterior and posterior cingulate, and ratios of glutathione were calculated relative to creatine. Neuropsychological performance was assessed across the domains of processing speed, learning, memory, and executive functions.

Results

In comparison with control subjects, patients with MCI had significantly elevated ratios of glutathione in the anterior (t = −2.2, P = .03) and posterior (t = −2.9, P = .005) cingulate. Higher levels of anterior cingulate glutathione were related to neuropsychological decrements on tests of executive functions. Elevated posterior cingulate glutathione was associated with poorer memory consolidation.

Conclusion

This study has shown for the first time that MCI is associated with increased glutathione in the cingulate, which in turn relates to neuropsychological performance. This finding may be indicative of an early compensatory or neuroprotective response, and the role of glial cells and glutathione enzymes requires delineation. Longitudinal studies examining the utility of glutathione as a marker for cognitive decline are now required.
Women seek more variety in rewards when closer to ovulation
Authors: Faraji‐Rad Ali , Moeini‐Jazani Mehrad , Warlop Luk
Published: May 2013

We propose that women's increased generalized sensitivity to rewards during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle causes them to seek more variety in rewards when they are in the fertile phase than when they are not in the fertile phase of the cycle. In Studies 1–3, across the reward domains of mating and hedonic food, we show that women seek more variety in rewards when closer to ovulation. Moreover, we provide support for the proposition that women's increased reward sensitivity during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle causes their greater variety seeking. Specifically, in Study 3, we show that fertile women's greater variety seeking does not extend to non‐rewards, such as non‐hedonic food. Our findings suggest that behavioral effects of women's hormonal shifts during the menstrual cycle are not limited to the mating domain and may extend to a wide category of reward domains.
An Accidental Historian: Erasmus and the English History of the Reformation
Authors: Dodds Gregory D.
Published: May 2013

When post-Reformation English authors sought to describe pre-Reformation Catholicism, they turned to the writings of Desiderius Erasmus for historical evidence to back up their arguments justifying the break from Rome. For many later English schoolboys, Erasmus was one of the only Catholic authors they read and the depictions of Catholicism found in thePraise of Follyand, especially, in theColloquies, became their picture of Catholic clergy, as well as foundational imprints for their mental image of relics, pilgrimages, and other Catholic practices. References to Erasmus as a historical authority for his times appear in dozens, if not hundreds, of texts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Ignoring the literary and fictitious nature of Erasmus's satirical texts, they used Erasmus to justify their depictions of Catholic corruption, superstition, and irrationality. Over time, these descriptions became an almost uncritically accepted portrayal of the Catholic world prior to the rise of Protestantism. This constructed reality thus became the worldview of English speaking Protestants from the mid-sixteenth century up to nearly the present. Examining how later English authors used Erasmus helps us understand the subsequent nature of English historical consciousness and the development of English and Protestant narratives of Church history.