bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malnutrition Survey among Children Aged One to Five Years in an Out-Patient Settiing
Authors: Oluwafemi RO , Abiodun MT , Alonge AO
Published: November 2020

Background: Malnutrition, though rarely listed as the direct cause, is estimated to contribute to more than half of all childhood deaths in the developing countries. The vicious cycle of poverty, recurrent infections and ignorance remain the major predisposing factors to this disease.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition among children aged one to five years attending the Out-Patient Department (OPD) of a Nigerian Specialist Hospital, to describe the major associated co-morbidities and associated socio-cultural factors.

Methods: All the children aged 1 to 5 years attending the OPD of Mother and Child Hospital, Akure, Nigeria were recruited into the study from September 2018 to November 2018. In addition to basic bio-data, sociodemographic data, and clinical diagnoses, the Z-scores of the anthropometric parameters were calculated using the WHO AnthroPlus software.

Results: A total of 577 children were studied with a male preponderance of 58.1%. The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were 18.5%, 15.9% and 20.8% respectively. Malaria was the leading co-morbidity both in its complicated and uncomplicated forms. The identified associated socio-cultural factors included low socioeconomic status, large family size and some paternal social habits.

Conclusion: The prevalence rate of malnutrition among the children was high despite the high literacy and socioeconomic status of the parents.
A Facility-Based Study of Severity of Pain Among Patients with Temporomandibular Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Authors: Okoh M , Onyia N , Azeez O , Okoh DS
Published: November 2020

Background: Myofascial pain syndrome is the most common temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder.

Objective: To measure pain severity among patients with temporomandibular myofascial pain syndrome using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and to relate pain severity to age and gender.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients who presented with TMJ pain and were diagnosed with TMJ myofascial pain syndrome was conducted. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and were statistically analyzed.

Results: Out of a total of 603 patients, 18 (3.0%) had temporomandibular myofascial pain syndrome. They were aged 22-78 years with female preponderance (11; 61.1%) and a female-to-male ratio of 1.6:1. The majority of the patients had mild pain (7/18; 38.9%). The mean VAS score for the patients in this study was 5.8+2.6. The female patients experienced more severe pain (5/11; 45.4%), compared to males.

Conclusion: There was a female preponderance in TMJ myofascial pain syndrome, with a mean VAS pain score of 5.8+2.6. Severe pain was mostly reported by female patients while the male patients often present with mild pain.
Physical Exercise and Glucose Tolerance in Nigerian University Students
Authors: Taiwo EO , Thanni LO
Published: November 2020

Background: Studying post-prandial fluctuations in blood glucose has high physiological and clinical relevance. Physical exercise is known to influence this fluctuation.

Objectives: To determine the gender difference in glucose tolerance following physical exercise in a population of university students.

Methods: A total of 146 students were randomly selected from the Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. Following overnight fast, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was carried out. Pre-exercise, fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured at 0 mins, and after oral glucose load of 75 grams at 30 minutes intervals for 2 hours. The physical exercise involved cycling using a bicycle ergometer for an hour. Thereafter, OGTT was conducted again 1 hour post-exercise.

Results: The ages of the subjects ranged from 20 years to 49 years. There were 73 (50.0%) females. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 23.5±1.1 kg/m2 for females was comparable to 22.8±0.3 kg/m2 for the males (p = 0.571). Seven (9.6%) females were obese compared to 2 (2.7%) males. The mean post-prandial blood glucose increased from 71.6±1.6 mg/dl to 90.8±1.8 mg/dl after oral glucose load and thereafter to 88.0±4.2 mg/dl at 120 minutes among males. The post-exercise blood glucose patterns included a significant reduction in the mean FBS for males compared to females (64.5±1.9 mg/dl vs. 71.7±1.9 mg/dl; p = 0.001).

Conclusions: Glucose tolerance with exercise is better in females than males. The clinical importance of physical exercise lies in its effect on glucose tolerance.
INCOME STRUCTURE OF COMMUNES OF THE ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE VOIVODSHIP IN 2009-2018
Authors: Wojciech Pietrowski
Published: November 2020

The issue of this paper concerns the income of municipalities and their structures. The research topic is not a new issue, it has been raised in the literature. However, it is justified to take up this subject due to the dynamics of this phenomenon and outdated research results. Undertaking the subject matter is also justified by the variable economic situation affecting the achieved revenues of municipalities. The article aims to analyze the income structure of communes in the Świętokrzyskie Province. The author will also refer to changes in the structure of income, the dominant categories of income over the decade under review. When reading the literature, no similar research was found covering the Świętokrzyskie region. The analysis was based on data from the Local Data Bank regarding municipalities in the Świętokrzyskie Province. The formatted databases included municipal incomes divided by a source. During the study, all municipalities from the Świętokrzyskie Province were taken into account, along with Kielce – a city with poviat status. In total 102 units were included in the study. The research period covered the years 2009-2018 and resulted from the availability of statistical data and a correspondingly long period of analysis. While discussing the phenomenon, data on individual years were used, and the average share of a given category in the period under consideration was determined. Due to the attention paid to the structure of income at work, the data was presented as a percentage. The obtained data, expressed in terms of value, was developed by transforming it into a percentage share. The average values for the research period were determined by taking the average value from the sum of values of individual years. The author does not refer to data other than the accepted one, instead he focuses on analyzing changes in the structure. Differentiation of particular categories of income is visible. Comparing the data at the country and region level, the deviations are not large. However, by looking at the data of individual units, one can see their diversity under this account. Despite the presentation in the main three areas (own revenues, subsidies and general subsidy) of their detailed elements, large differences in the share between individual taxes and subsidies can be seen. The average income structure in communes in the Świętokrzyskie voivodship does not differ significantly from the national trend. In communes with the highest share of own revenues, their amount is determined by property tax. The structure presented in this way, its diversity in the Świętokrzyskie region is a premise for comparing the analyzed data on individual municipalities with indicators from other areas.
MANAGEMENT CONTROL AND MODERN DECENTRALIZED TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Kutsyk Petro , Redchenko Kostiantyn , Voronko Roman
Published: November 2020

Modern decentralized technologies, such as distributed registries, blockchain, smart contracts and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO), are becoming more popular every year. Therefore, the subject of our research, the results of which are presented in this article, is the processes of digitalization in the field of management control and key technologies that allow to organize an effective system of management control in a decentralized organization. The success of management control is determined not only by its ability to identify and correct undesirable deviations in a timely manner, but also by the presence of a special corporate culture based on trust and fairness. Moreover, a positive corporate culture reduces the need for a number of control procedures designed to compensate for the lack of trust within the company. This effect can also be seriously enhanced by modern digitalization technologies. The research methodology included a broad review of literature sources and a comparative analysis of modern concepts of decentralized management, as well as drawing conclusions about promising ways to evolve management control systems. The aim of the study is to identify the impact on management control systems of modern technologies such as blockchain, smart contracts and decentralized autonomous organizations. The authors summarized the experience of applying these technologies in management control systems, which are designed to ensure high individual and team performance to achieve the strategic goals of the company. The conclusion is that the blockchain-based decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) is changing the forms and methods of management control, increasing the role of collective decisions and opening the way for employee initiative. DAO can significantly reduce internal and external transaction costs, including costs associated with the management and operation of management control systems. Different procedures for approval, confirmation and verification, as well as the adoption of standard management decisions are unified and automated. Accordingly, the time and the total amount of effort spent by managers to perform routine actions related to monitoring and control of employees' actions is reduced. Decentralization of control also reduces the impact of administrative procedures and ensures a higher level of trust within the organization. The decentralized model of management control is relevant for various areas of business and management, but special prospects can be seen in the field of decentralized finance (DeFi), where a wide range of professional controllers and users can be involved in auditing smart contracts and identifying shortcomings in financial services.
Effects of Color on the Buildup and Resolution of Proactive Interference in Working Memory
Authors: Liu Rong , Du Weichun , Feng Lixuan , Zhao Chenyuan , Su Fengxia , Qiao Sixu
Published: November 2020

The “color superiority effect” was confirmed by the research of color on forgetting, which showed that proactive interference (PI) has less impact on colored items than gray ones. Color could directly affect the buildup of PI, leading to reduced levels of interference, or controlled processes that resolve PI. However, the effects of red and green on memory were inconsistent. Using Recent-Probes task, the current study explored how the red and green color influenced to the buildup phase (i.e., 200ms after the onset of probe) and resolution phase (i.e. 800ms after the onset of probe) of PI. Results revealed that the reaction times of green words were significantly shorter than the red words under 200ms. There were no significant differences between the red and green words under 500ms and 800ms. It indicated that green might shortened the reaction times for the PI buildup, while red prolonged it. However, on the resolution phase of PI, green words were less effective than red words. These findings offered some new information for the underlying mechanisms that modulate the interactions between color and memory.
A doença como metáfora social: política e sensibilidade em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Zaidan Filho Michel
Published: November 2020

Esta pequena brochura traz uma coletânea de textos e ensaios que tematizam a política e os sentimentos durante a pandemia de CoronaVírus no Brasil. Discute aspectos da política Bolsonarista e o tipo de sociabilidade anômola que se instaurou nos lares brasileiros a partir da necessidade do isolamento social.
THE PREDICTORS OF SPEECH DEVELOPMENT AT CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University in Lviv, Ostrovska Kateryna , Ostrovskii Ihor ,   Ivan Franko National University in Lviv
Published: November 2020

The article studies the predictors of speech development at 3-4-year old children with autism. The study included 50 children at the age of 3-4 years (10 girls and 40 boys) diagnosed “autism spectrum disorder”, including 9 non-speaking children and 12 weak-speaking children who could use several-word phrases. The study used the CARS method to determine autism and A.R. Luria’s neuropsychological method to determine the children’s psychophysical development. The average psychological age for non-speaking children was determined with the LEITER-3 method and with the A. Binet-T.Simon method. A good convergence of the examination results received by both methods was obtained for the children with autism (the validity criterion - Cronbach's alpha was 0.75), which indicated the possibility to use the LEITER-3 method for the determination of autistic children’s psychological age. We found that the average mental development of children with autism was below their biological age, ranging from 4 months to 3 years and 5 months. On the basis of neuropsychological study of children with autism by A.R. Luria’s method and the CARS method, the development of verbal and non-verbal communication of the studied children was identified. The development of verbal and non-verbal communications depended on an autism degree: the worse autism is, the less developed are children’s speech abilities. The performed correlation and factor analyses allowed us to determine the predictors of communicative competence development for early-age children with autism. In particular, we has determined that neuropsychological indicators such as body possession, movements and actions, orientation, dynamic praxis, activity level, imitation, acoustic gnosis, and intellectual development are the predictors of further non-verbal communication development. The predictors of verbal communication are the following indicators: acoustic gnosis, visual reaction, sensory, object use, and a child’s intellectual development. Taking into account the specifics of the sensory perception and the information processing characteristic for the examined disorder, the sequence of speech therapists’ actions aimed at speech correction of children with autism is proposed.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE AND PECULIARITIES OF INTERPERSONAL INTERACTIONS IN GROUPS WITH DISABLED STUDENTS
Authors:   Dragomanov National Pedagogical University, Gorbashchenko Tatiana
Published: November 2020

The article examines the peculiarities of interpersonal interactions and the psychological climate in groups with disabled students. The presented sociometric study on the relationships between disabled students and practically healthy ones was conducted on the basis of the Open International University of Human Development “Ukraine” and the evening faculty of Dragomanov NPU. The used sociometry method allowed us to obtain quantitative characteristics of the group: personal statuses, existing sub-groups within a group, group cohesion or separation, tension or conflicts in dyads, triads, micro-groups. Analysing the obtaining empirical data, we revealed that disabled students had the highest sociometric status in the business sphere, and practically healthy students had it in the emotional sphere. Exploring the reciprocity of group members’ emotional preferences, we revealed that the disabled respondents were mostly guided by practically healthy students, and practically healthy students were done by the group at all. Interpersonal relationships of disabled students with practically healthy ones were limited. As for leisure time and homework, the disabled respondents were mostly guided by practically healthy students (positive choices), and practically healthy students were done by the group at all. Some students with mutually negative relationships were identified. Obviously, if disabled students and practically healthy ones have mutually negative relationships, it means they are in an interpersonal conflict. We did not revealed micro-groups interacting positively or negatively with each other. The largest number of deviations, both in the business and emotional spheres, was shown by disabled students. The obtained results help find measures improving a group psychological climate, uniting group members by a common goal, interests, as well as creating favourable relationships within the group, between the group, lecturers and curators. By choosing various activities in order to optimize interpersonal interactions, one should pay special attention to disabled students. They need special, stimulating help for more active and clear manifestations of positive personal traits that are important for the whole group. The prospects for further research are outlined, which are seen in the development of a correctional and developmental program for disabled students on the base of the performed sociometric research.
THE SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND LEVELS OF FORMATION OF STUDENTS’ ECONOMIC SELF-DETERMINATION
Authors:   H.S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology, the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Melnychuk Tetiana
Published: November 2020

The article analyses theoretically and methodologically the influencing factors and the levels of formation of students’ economic self-determination in the period of social changes. Self-determination is a socio-psychological phenomenon formed on basic psychological processes and aimed at finding by an individual of their own way of life to meet their needs. The most important factors of students’ economic self-determination are their financial well-being, formation of personality, professional self-determination and, only then, formation of their social identity. Economic self-determination is considered by students as self-determination in the economic environment with the purpose to achieve an optimal position in the system of economic relations (labour, exchange, property, distribution, etc.). Students’ economic self-determination is considered by us as self-determination in the economic environment with the following purposes: to achieve an optimal position in the system of economic relations (labour, exchange, property, distributive, etc.); to have an attitude to socio-economic conditions and their dynamics; to develop their own ideas about life meaning and life goals, life principles, values; to outline own rights (borders, boundaries); to perform self-analysis of one's own expectations and potential opportunities to meet them. Students’ economic self-determination is the step-by-step formation of their economic consciousness in socially close environment (family, friends, etc.) based on everyday knowledge on economic reality, examples of parental behaviour and their personal values. The main factors influencing the formation of students’ economic self-determination are: personal qualities, value orientations, socio-demographic, socio-economic, economic, socio-cultural factors, as well as an individual’s attitude to other people and material values, to time and money, etc. We have also found that economic self-determination, as one of the factors of professional self-determination, influences young people’s choice of a self-sufficiency strategy. Modern youth chooses legitimate ways of economic self-sufficiency and considers entrepreneurial activities as one of the ways to achieve self-sufficiency, and already hired jobs as temporary employment after receipt appropriate education to gain experience or strengthen knowledge and skills. Thus, analyzing concepts presented by deterrent scientists and summarizing the reviewed literature, we consider economic self-determination as a process of achieving by an individual of their own position in economic relations, which allow them to realize optimally their economic interests in the existing socio-economic conditions and their own understanding of life meaning, goals, principles, values, their rights and expectations.
THE DIALECTICS OF THE ABSTRACT AND SPECIFIC IN L.S.VYGOTSKY’S WORKS
Authors:   Mykola Gogol State University in Nizhyn, Papucha Mykola
Published: November 2020

The article analyzes the complex interaction of the abstract and specific in L.S.Vygotsky’s works. The specific is analyzed as a unity in diversity, as a complex, contradictory, heterogeneous and nonlinear-logic unity. We have proven that L.S.Vygotsky, searching for such content-rich specific that can be a «cell» in psychology, implemented actually the idea of systematicity in psychology. The advantages of «unit analysis» are explicated in view of the fact that a “unit” (unlike an “element”) includes the most simple as well as learnable form of everything that in its “unfolded” state (mentally, on the basis of accumulated scientific facts) allows getting truly specific knowledge. The general way of cognition is pointed out: a philosophical and methodological idea about an object (abstract) - contemplation - analysis – finding of specific-universal - practice - new methodology etc. – the spiral of cognition. A task (supertask) of L.S.Vygotsky’s cultural and historical theory was to build (to unfold) the specific human psychology as a modus (“unit”) of substance. Methodological principles of monism, indeterminism and systematicity are described as fundamental ones in psychology. L.S.Vygotsky’s works highlight Spinoza’s understanding of eternal development, so the concept of development becomes even not a principle but the fabric of a study subject in Vygotsky’s theory. The inner unity of psychology is explained as the most complex relationship of biological and psychical attributes and connections within the psychological domain. Inter-functional psychological systems include not only components of higher mental functions but also natural, biological and cultural ones, namely everything that is covered by “a human being’s psychological life” as a concept. There are many systems, but they are interconnected, forms semantic dynamic systems after emergence of conceptual thinking. We should mention that relations embrace all human personality, they are constantly changes as for their essence and they are the main key to understanding of a human being. “Affect – intellect” antinomy is understood in the sense that all the phenomena from both conscious and unconscious domains, being actualized into an event.
Cadherin 11 is differentially expressed in the primary tumors of breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: November 2020

Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeted against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is utilized for the treatment of human breast cancer (1, 2), but a complete understanding of how tumor signal transduction is modulated by trastuzumab treatment is lacking. By mining published and public microarray and gene expression data (3, 4) from the primary tumors of patients treated with trastuzumab, we found that the cell adhesion molecule cadherin 11, encoded by CDH11, was among the genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients treated with trastuzumab. Thus, the use of trastuzumab in patients with breast cancer is associated with increased expression of a cell adhesion molecule expressed in invasive breast cancer cell lines (5) and whose expression is associated with metastasis to the bones in prostate cancer (6).
Larangan menimbun dan memonopoli
Authors: Yaqin Ainal
Published: November 2020

Ihtikâr dalam perspektif hukum Islam merupakan taktik perdagangan yang sangat tidak bermoral dan juga tidak manusiawi, karena praktik perdagangan semacam itu banyak menimbulkan mudlarat bagi kehidupan manusia. Di antara madlarat yang bisa ditimbulkannya adalah kesusahan (aldlayyiq) bagi masyarakat di dalam mendapatkan kebutuhan pangan khususnya dalam hal-hal yang bersifat dlaruri (primer). Dalam hal penimbunan barang-barang pangan yang bersifat primer dan berakibat kepada kondisi kesusahan (aldlayyiq), bisa terjadi karena barang-barang itu secara nominal terbatas dan bisa juga karena harganya sangat tinggi sehingga tidak diragukan lagi bahwa hukumnya haram. Karena tindakan muhtakiritu mengakibatkan maslahat orang banyak terabaikan. Mengingat masalah ihtikar tersebut berkaitan dengan praktik monopoli, maka dengan sendirinya monopoli yang berakibat kesusahan (aldhayyiq) bagi masyarakat juga haram hukumnya, karena ia merupakan penghantar dari praktik yang diharamkan hukum Islam. Untuk itu, diperlukan peran pemerintah guna menghindari praktik-praktik tidak terpuji. Bahkan di dalam menanggulangi praktik-praktik itu pemerintah berhak menentukan hukuman.
Reconstructing the morphologies and hydrodynamics of ancient rivers from source to sink: Cretaceous Western Interior Basin, Utah, USA
Authors: Lyster Sinead , Whittaker Alexander , Hampson Gary , Hajek Elizabeth , Allison Peter , Lathrop Bailey
Published: November 2020

Quantitative reconstruction of palaeohydrology from fluvial stratigraphy provides sophisticated insights into the response, and relative impact, of tectonic and climatic drivers on ancient fluvial landscapes. Here, field measurements and a suite of quantitative approaches are used to develop a four-dimensional (space and time) reconstruction of palaeohydrology in Late Cretaceous palaeorivers of central Utah, USA — these rivers drained the Sevier mountains to the Western Interior Seaway. Field data include grain-size and cross-set measurements and span five parallel fluvial systems, two of which include up-dip to down-dip transects, across seven stratigraphic intervals through the Blackhawk Formation, Castlegate Sandstone and Price River Formation. Reconstructed palaeohydrological parameters include fluvial morphologies (flow depths, palaeoslopes, palaeorelief, and planform morphologies) and various hydrodynamic properties (flow velocities, water discharges, and sediment transport modes). Results suggest that fluvial morphologies were similar in space and time; median flow depths spanned 2–4 m with marginally greater flow depths in southerly systems. Meanwhile palaeoslopes spanned 10-3 to 10-4, decreasing downstream by an order of magnitude. The most prominent spatio-temporal change is an up to four-fold increase in palaeoslope at the Blackhawk–Castlegate transition; associated alluvial palaeorelief is tens of metres during Blackhawk deposition and >100 m during Castlegate Sandstone deposition. We observed no change in unit water discharges at the Blackhawk–Castlegate transition, which argues against a climatically driven increase in palaeoslope and channel steepness. These findings instead point to a tectonically driven palaeoslope increase, although one limitation in this study is uncertainty in palaeochannel widths, which directly influences total water discharges. These reconstructions complement and expand on extensive previous work in this region, which enables us to test the efficacy of quantitative reconstruction tools. Comparison of results with facies-based interpretations indicates that quantitative tools work well, but inconsistencies in more complex reconstructions (e.g. planform morphologies) highlight the need for further work.
Can Mindfulness Help People Implement a Growth Mindset? Two Field Experiments in Hungary
Authors: Orosz Gabor , Walton Gregory M , Bőthe Beáta , Tóth-Király István , Henderson Amelia , Dweck Carol
Published: November 2020

Does holding a growth mindset prevent people from experiencing potentially negative or maladaptive thoughts and feelings following academic setbacks? Not necessarily: In our Hungarian sample, a culture high in negative affect, three-fourths of people who endorsed a growth mindset at a maximum level nonetheless reported at least sometimes being judgmental of themselves and ruminating about setbacks. Thus, in two field experiments performed in Hungary, we incorporated mindfulness elements into an existing growth-mindset intervention (Yeager et al., 2019). These elements focused on accepting but distancing the self from negative thoughts and feelings in response to setbacks. This enhanced growth-mindset treatment significantly raised semester grades among university (N=251, Study 1, d=0.29) and reported grades among high school students (N=3,095, Study 2, d=0.17). A growth-mindset intervention alone also raised GPA with an effect size similar to the effect sizes found in prior research (Study 2); however, this effect did not consistently reach significance across models with the present sample size. Although just a first step, the present studies suggest the value of incorporating mindfulness elements to help people manage a tendency toward negative and counterproductive reactions that may remain even following a mindset intervention.
Gratitude’s place in second wave positive psychology
Authors: Jans-Beken Lilian
Published: November 2020

Second wave psychology (PP 2.0) aims at bringing out the best in individuals and societies in good and bad times, and it is based on four pillars: virtue, meaning, resilience, and well-being. In this essay, I want to explore how gratitude relates to these four pillars of PP 2.0 to establish whether gratitude has a place within PP 2.0. Gratitude is considered a virtue, important for living a good life. Also, gratitude is associated with greater resilience when faced with adversity in life, and a wealth of research points to the beneficial effects of gratitude on human well-being. Regarding meaning in life, the how and why of the connection with gratitude is still unclear. Future efforts to unravel the association between gratitude and meaning in life are warranted. This short exploration shows that gratitude has a place within the conceptual basis of PP 2.0 and it seems to bring out the best in individuals and, consequently in society as a whole. Future research into gratitude and the four pillars of PP 2.0 can establish the beneficial effects of gratitude on both the bright side as the dark side of human nature.
"No way out except from external intervention": First-hand accounts of autistic inertia
Authors: Buckle Karen Leneh R. , Leadbitter Kathy , Poliakoff Ellen , Gowen Emma
Published: November 2020

This study, called for by autistic people and led by an autistic researcher, is the first to explore ‘autistic inertia’, a widespread and often debilitating difficulty initiating action. Previous research has considered initiation only in the context of social interaction or experimental conditions. This study is unique in considering difficulty initiating tasks of any type in real life settings, and by gathering qualitative data directly from autistic people. Four face-to-face and 2 online (text) focus groups were conducted with 32 autistic adults (19 female, 8 male, 5 other), aged 23-64 who were able to express their internal experiences in words. They articulate in detail the actions they have difficulty with, what makes it easier or harder to act, and the impact on their lives. Thematic analysis of the transcripts found four overarching themes: descriptions of inertia, scaffolding to support action, the influence of wellbeing, and the impact on day-to-day activities. Participants described difficulty starting, stopping and changing activities that was not within their conscious control. While difficulty with planning was common, a subset of participants described a profound impairment in initiating even simple actions more suggestive of a movement disorder. Prompting and compatible activity in the environment promoted action, while mental health difficulties and stress exacerbated difficulties. Inertia had pervasive effects on participants’ day-to-day activities and wellbeing. This overdue research opens the door to many areas of further investigation to better understand autistic inertia and effective support strategies.
The Impact of School Closure and Social Isolation on Children in Vulnerable Families during COVID-19: A Focus on Children’s Reactions
Authors: Larsen Linda , Helland Maren Sand , Holt Tonje
Published: November 2020

For children the consequences of the COVID-19 public health measures may have long-term effects into adulthood. By exploring children’s reactions more broadly, we are better placed to understanding the breadth of implications of home school and social isolation under COVID-19. The present study explored how COVID-19 related variables, namely, home school experience, child perceived family stress and instability, screen time use, missing friends and worry about virus infection are associated with children’s emotional, somatic/cognitive and worry reactions, respectively. A total of 442 children (M = 11.43 years, SD = 2.59) from the longitudinal FamilieForSK-study participated and a series of hierarchical linear regression models were applied controlling for background variables including children’s psychological vulnerability. Results showed significant associations between all COVID-19 related predictors, except screen time use, and the three outcomes. Family stress and instability had the strongest effects with standardised betas ranging from .356 to .555 and collectively, predictors explained between 20.7 and 44.1% of variance in outcomes. Furthermore, several associations were moderated by age and older children were more negatively impacted (i.e., higher level of reported reactions). The present study provides more conclusive evidence of the effects of home school and social isolation under COVID-19 on children. It also exemplifies the importance of focusing on children’s reactions more broadly, as there was evidence that children on average had fewer emotional reactions compared to before the pandemic.
Do children derive exact meanings pragmatically? Evidence from a dual morphology language
Authors: Marušič Franc , Žaucer Rok , Saksida Amanda , Sullivan Jess , Skordos Dimitrios , Wang Yiqiao , Barner David
Published: November 2020

Number words allow us to describe exact quantities like sixty-three and (exactly) one. How do we derive exact interpretations? By some views, these words are lexically exact, and are therefore unlike other grammatical forms in language. Other theories, however, argue that numbers are not special and that their exact interpretation arises from pragmatic enrichment, rather than lexically. For example, the word one may gain its exact interpretation because the presence of the immediate successor two licenses the pragmatic inference that one implies “one, and not two”. To investigate the possible role of pragmatic enrichment in the development of exact representations, we looked outside the test case of number to grammatical morphological markers of quantity. In particular, we asked whether children can derive an exact interpretation of singular noun phrases (e.g., “a button”) when their language features an immediate “successor” that encodes sets of two. To do this, we used a series of tasks to compare English speaking children who have only singular and plural morphology to Slovenian-speaking children who have singular and plural forms, but also dual morphology, that is used when describing sets of two. Replicating previous work, we found that English-speaking preschoolers failed to enrich their interpretation of the singular and did not treat it as exact. New to the present study, we found that 4- and 5-year-old Slovenian-speakers who comprehended the dual treated the singular form as exact, while younger Slovenian children who were still learning the dual did not, providing evidence that young children may derive exact meanings pragmatically.
Psychedelic Medicine: Past, Present, Future (elective course syllabus)
Authors: Prueitt William , Sloshower Jordan
Published: November 2020

This is a syllabus of an elective course on psychedelic medicine designed and offered by the authors, via the Yale Psychedelic Science Group. This first iteration is being offered from Octo-Dec 2020. This elective is primarily a reading seminar focused on participatory group discussions of 2-3 assigned readings per class. The course begins with a discussion of indigenous uses of psychedelic plants and early Western research with psychedelic substances. It then explores modern therapeutic applications and proposed mechanisms of action and change. Finally, it examines issues important to the future of the field, including medicalization, equity and access for diverse populations, and potential models for clinical treatment.
Adolescent Behavioral Health Problems are Associated with Parent Perceptions of Evidence-Based Therapy and Preferences when Seeking Therapeutic Support
Authors: Crane Margaret Ellen , Helseth Sarah Ashley , Scott Kelli , Becker Sara J.
Published: November 2020

Informational materials from psychological associations often encourage parents to seek out “evidence-based therapies” (EBTs) to address their child’s behavioral health concerns. This study examined whether parents concerned about their adolescents’ substance use had distinct preferences for EBT principles and marketing language based on their adolescent’s specific behavioral health problems. Parents (N = 411; 86% female; 88% non-Hispanic White) of adolescents (age 12-19 years) completed an online direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing survey as part of a larger multi-phase study. Parents reported their adolescents had high rates of current externalizing (66%), internalizing (51%), substance-related (39%), and legal (25%) problems. Parents answered questions about their perceived definition of EBT, whether they valued underlying EBT principles (i.e., reliance on a proven approach vs. a varied approach), their preferred terms for describing EBT, and factors they considered when choosing a therapist. Most parents defined EBT correctly, regardless of their adolescent’s behavioral health problems. Parents of adolescents with internalizing or legal problems were less likely to value EBT principles, with legal problems emerging as the more important multivariate predictor. Additionally, parents of adolescents with substance-related or legal problems had distinct preferences for the terms used to describe EBTs. Finally, parents of adolescents with externalizing problems had distinct preferences for factors they considered when choosing a therapist. Psychologists and psychological associations seeking to disseminate information about EBTs to parents can utilize these DTC marketing-informed results to tailor outreach strategies based on adolescent behavioral health problems.
How Popular North American Movie Represents Chinese
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: November 2020

This article discusses common tropes and depictions of Chinese people and Chinese culture in popular North American Movie. Drawing on examples of homogenizing (East, South East) Asian identities, appropriation of Chinese cultural symbols or practices, Yellow-face as a common practice for playing Asian characters, and both the hyper-masculinization and emasculation of Chinese men, this paper argues that while there is a slow shift in Hollywood to address these issues, the context of anti-Chinese racism is prevalent in the mainstream movie industry. This article is dedicated to my role model Surotul Ilmiyah, of her amazing inspiring & motivating not for her endless shaping my mindset. Surotul Ilmiyah will be defending her final examination for the Ph.D. degree on November 25, 2020 in Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University (CSU). So amazing, proud, and lucky to be her mentee.
Success Models of Information Technology Outsourcing
Authors: Paudel Sushil , Sharma H. S.
Published: November 2020

Outsourcing is described as the strategic use of external resources to carry out tasks that have traditionally been performed by internal staff and resources. It is considered to be the best-known phenomena of modern times and business strategy to drive the global economy.  Outsourcing offers enormous benefits to companies only if the outsourcing decision is correct and factors that affect the outsourcing decision are adequately considered, otherwise irreparable harm may be caused. A study to identify the critical success factors of IT outsourcing in Nepal from the vendor's perspective has been initiated. This study examines different models about the effectiveness of outsourcing for the reason. All these models have their own advantages and drawbacks, so a careful review is important to reach at conclusions for the organizations that wish to follow such models. This article is based on4 comprehensive literature review of the success factors for outsourcing that led to the discovery of six different outsourcing models. The study has reviewed Leavitt’s model, McKinsey 7-S framework, The Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model, Technology Acceptance Model, DeLone and McLean's IS-Success Model and IS-Impact Model. Revised DeLone and McLean Model of Information Systems Success, however, are widely debated and considered to be the most promising.
Wspólnota a narratywizacja. Próba krytyki konstruktywizmu Haydena White’a
Authors: Chankowski Stanisław
Published: November 2020

W eseju Znaczenie narracyjności dla przedstawienia rzeczywistości Hayden White, rozważając epistemologiczny status narracji historycznej, dokonuje rozróżnienia między rocznikiem, kroniką i właściwym pisarstwem historycznym. Wskazuje, że warunkiem dla tego ostatniego jest wyłonienie się społecznego podmiotu, który będzie mógł być stroną subiektywną i obiektywną historii (oba te aspekty skrywa niemieckie słowo Geschichte). Podmiot taki, biorąc odpowiedzialność za własną historię, upoważniony jest do narratywizacji dziejów, które, jak mniema White, mogą przyjąć jedną z form prezentacji dostępnych w kulturze. Tekst podważa tę konstruktywistyczną tezę, zwracając uwagę na traumę jako kluczowy aspekt powstawania narracji jako takiej. Trauma jest „ślepą plamką”, wokół której narracja powstaje, lecz nie może zostać znarratywizowana. Sięga prehistorii podmiotu (jednostkowego czy ogólnego) i przypomina, że ma on swą przyczynę poza sobą, choć zdaje się autonomiczny. Artykuł wzbogaca tę krytykę komentarzem do Człowieka z żelaza, filmu, ukazującego dążenie społeczeństwa do autonomii opowiadania własnych dziejów, któremu towarzyszy pewien nadmiar wskazujący na wymiar traumy.
Maskinen i verktøykassa
Authors: Dahl Barbro Irene
Published: November 2020

We need to address the way shifting methods in archaeology affect the knowledge of the past. The current use of rural areas for cultivation or pasture, dictates our choice of survey- and excavation methods in development-led archaeology. While the focus is placed on visibility in areas currently used as pastures, there is a tendency not to discuss what might have been removed in cultivated areas. If we let the understanding of prehistoric land use be dictated by modern land use, we risk creating two sets of knowledge of the past which appear mutually exclusive. It is crucial that material from both cultivated fields and pastures are treated as differently preserved fragments of the same archaeological phenomena. The excavation at Myklebust, Sola municipality provides an example of the challenges stemming from the application of different methodologies and interpretations due to modern land use. Regarding the long-term use of sites such as Myklebust, modern historicism provides a view of temporality which runs to the heart of the discipline. The concentrated, multi-phase, chaotic nature of archaeological remains at this site is considered key to the importance of these sites, for both past and present practices. It can take time to revise or update long-held views of the past, and of what are considered the most suitable ways of deepening our knowledge of that past. If excavation and fieldwork are to play a central part in research development, it must begin with our willingness to broaden our perspectives in terms of field practices.
Ett röjningsröseområde i Farstorp – odling, begravning och ritual
Authors: Petersson Maria
Published: November 2020

This paper problematises the categories grave and clearance cairn, based on source-material from Farstorp, Småland. A central point of departure for the analysis is landuse in a long-term perspective. Parts of a clearance-cairn site, comprising clearance-cairns, graves and constructions similar to graves although less well–built, were excavated. The latter were termed complex cairns. Exterior elements were kerbs and surface layers of fire-cracked stones. Interior features resembled cremation layers with fire-cracked stones. Inside and adjacent to these, burnt animal bones and other objects, including intact pots containing food, had been deposited. The main building material was clearance stones, plausibly from surrounding arable land. Features mainly date to Late Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. Fire-cracked stones and burnt animal bones are interpreted as waste from ritual meals, consumed during spring and autumn farm work. Depositions of grinding stones support the assumption that fertility of the land was an important ritual theme. Participants of these meals might be members of the household that held the land rights. A few human bones were deposited in each grave, possibly from deceased members of the owner family who might be expected to act in favour of their living descendants, to enhance fertility in general. Such deposits may also have demonstrated and consolidated land rights.
Organization of a Safe Environment in Pre-school Institutions as a Condition for Preserving the Life and Health of Pupils
Authors: Ganyushina Elena Valentinovna
Published: November 2020

This article raises and discusses the main issues related to the organization of a safe environment for pupils of pre-school educational institutions. After analyzing the psychological and pedagogical literature on the topic of the research, the conditions that will help organize a competent and safe childhood for each child in the educational system are noted. We also studied the criteria and identified a number of psychological and pedagogical measures aimed at helping in various situations that arise within the framework of pre-school educational institutions for children, teachers, and parents.
Development of Communicative Culture of High School Seniors in Different Age Groups as a Pedagogical Problem
Authors: Belokurova Vera Viktorovna
Published: November 2020

The problem of development of communicative culture of modern high school seniors for modern pedagogical science on the basis of the needs the permission of the identified contradictions is revealed in the article. The author proposes the solution to indicated problem by utilizing the potential of intergenerational learning and interaction in mixed-age groups. Another, different from the traditional meaning of the term «high school senior», that is typical for schools implementing multiage training is represented.
Preparing Students to Prevent Bulling in Adolescent Environment by Means of Cinematherapy
Authors: Kiseleva Tatiana Borisovna , Gorbenko Irina Aleksandrovna
Published: November 2020

The article reveals the content of the concept of «bullying». The authors present the experience of preparing students for the prevention of bullying in adolescent environment by means of cinematherapy at the Moscow State Pedagogical University.