bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Online Instruction
Authors: Meyen Edward L. , Lian Cindy H. T. , Tangen Paul
Published: December 2008

The Internet and the World Wide Web have burst onto the scene as a means of delivering instruction, and in doing so have prompted the creation of the concept of asynchronous teaching and learning. A primary benefit of asynchronous learning is that it allows flexibility in terms of time and space. Students decide when and where they will access the instruction. This is the first in a series of three articles on the development and teaching of online courses using the Internet and the World Wide Web. This article describes the process of developing instruction for delivery online via the Internet. A model developed by the authors for offering graduate-level courses in special education and instructional design is described. A unique feature of the model is the use of audiostreaming for the delivery of all lectures. Lectures are illustrated with graphics and supplemented with notes, readings, and other links to Web sites. Two courses have been developed and taught using the model described in the article.
Everybody's Doing It
Authors: West Michael D. , Kregel John , Hernandez Ana , Hock Thomas
Published: December 2008

This article reports findings from a survey of 385 supported employment provider agencies on their use of natural supports in time-limited and extended services. An overwhelming majority of 85% of all respondents reported that their agencies emphasize natural supports in the delivery of supported employment services and that these supports have generally been successful and useful for all individuals on their caseloads. Among the problems identified by the respondents were resistance to natural supports by employers and co-workers, as well as difficulty in locating natural supports at the job site. Results are discussed in terms of the need for quality assurance procedures in supported employment programs.
Nutrient Intake and Obesity in Children with Autism
Authors: Ho Helena H. , Eaves Linda C. , Peabody Diana
Published: December 2008

Many children with autism have idiosyncratic food preferences and eating habits that are difficult to regulate. The nutrient intake of 54 school-age Canadian children with autistic spectrum disorders, at mean age 13.3 years, was assessed using 3-day food consumption diaries compiled by parents or caregivers. The food records were analyzed for energy, minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, protein, and fat content and compared with the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for Canadians.

All children had adequate protein intake, but only the diets of 4 children (7.4%) met the recommended servings from each food group recommended by the Canadian Food Guide. Twenty children (37%) with adequate vitamin intake received additional vitamin supplement, and 18 children (33%) not supplemented were low in calcium intake. The entire group consumed more carbohydrates and less fat than the average Canadian child but had similar calorie intake.

Twenty-three children (42.6%) were found to be obese (to have greater than 120% of ideal body weight), but only five of these were overeating. Nearly half of the obese children had a low level of activity. Obesity was found to be correlated positively with severity of autism but not with gender, parents' educational levels, intake of various food groups, or with overeating alone.
Merging Naturalistic Teaching and Peer-Based Strategies to Address the IEP Objectives of Preschoolers with Autism
Authors: Kohler Frank W. , Strain Phillip S. , Hoyson Marilyn , Jamieson Bonnie
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of combining naturalistic teaching and peer-mediated tactics to address children's developmental skills. A multiple baseline design was used to compare three experimental conditions. In the first phase, 6 teachers used naturalistic teaching strategies to address the Individualized Education Program (IEP) objectives of 10 preschoolers with autism. In the second phase, teachers continued to employ naturalistic teaching but added the supplemental components of peer modeling, cooperation, and verbal exchanges (i.e., a combined intervention condition). Finally, teachers implemented sessions without any support or assistance during a four-session maintenance phase. A range of primary and corollary outcomes were collected to examine the effects of the two teaching procedures. Results indicated that teachers often conducted instructional episodes in a 1:1 fashion during the naturalistic teaching phase. With training and practice, however, all 6 teachers involved peers in instructional episodes during the combined intervention condition and continued to incorporate peer mediation during the brief maintenance phase. In comparison to naturalistic tactics only, the involvement of typical peers was also associated with a substantial increase in the duration and rate of skills addressed during each teaching episode. Finally, teachers addressed the same types of developmental skills with the two procedures and provided instruction within a similar range of stimulus contexts or classroom areas. These results are discussed with regard to their implications for future research and practice.
Using Peer Trainers to Promote Social Behavior in Autism
Authors: Pierce Karen , Schreibman Laura
Published: December 2008

Two children with autism and 8 typical peers participated in a study designed to investigate the efficacy of Pivotal Response Training (PRT), implemented by multiple peers to enhance the social competency of children with autism. Two main effects were investigated: (a) the effects of using multiple peer trainers on language use and toy play skills of children with autism and (b) the extent to which potential changes generalized to peers not part of the study. During training, peers were taught PRT strategies using didactic instruction, modeling, role playing, and feedback. After PRT training, peers implemented the treatment strategies with their schoolmates with autism during recess. After treatment, children with autism engaged in high levels of interactions, initiations, varied toy play, and language use. Generalization across settings, stimuli, and peers was found. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Use of the Structural Analysis Hypothesis Testing Model to Improve Social Interactions via Peer-Mediated Intervention
Authors: Peck Janine , Sasso Gary M. , Jolivette Kristine
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a structural analysis model as a vehicle for improving social interactions via peer-mediated interventions. Nondisabled peers were employed during structural analysis assessments to examine the predictive utility of this process for peer-mediated social interventions for students with disabilities. Five elementary-age students diagnosed with moderate disabilities served as the participants. Five elementary-age general education students were used as assessment and treatment agents in an effort to determine the viability of nondisabled peers in the assessment process. Assessments and treatment protocols were completed in the special education classroom. Generalization probes were then obtained in the general education classroom. Variables identified during assessment as conducive and not conducive to heightened levels of appropriate behavior and social interactions were combined into preferred and nonpreferred treatments. These treatments were evaluated using an alternating treatments design. Data were obtained using partial interval recording. The results of this study demonstrated that structural analysis can be conducted to include nondisabled students to successfully identify antecedents of appropriate social behavior from which effective peer-mediated social interventions can develop. This study supports previous research findings that peer-mediated strategies can serve as a framework from which to fine-tune social skills interventions through the use of structural analysis for students with moderate disabilities.
What Every Educator Should Know About Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
Authors: Chapman Tammy , Stormont Melissa , McCathren Rebecca
Published: December 2008

Landau-Kleffner syndrome is a rare and unique syndrome that is most often characterized by difficulty in receptive or expressive language ability, abnormal electroencephalograms (EEGs), and seizures. It is important for educators to understand this distinct syndrome because children with Landau-Kleffner syndrome are often misdiagnosed. In this article we synthesize the literature on the primary and secondary characteristics of children with Landau-Kleffner syndrome (e.g., behavior problems). A framework for intervention techniques is then provided based on the literature on appropriate techniques for children with language difficulties. Interventions discussed include using predictable language, creating the need to communicate, and using alternative and augmentative communication techniques.
Three Behavioral Functions of Classroom Noncompliance: Diagnostic and Treatment Implications
Authors: Cipani Ennio
Published: December 2008

This conceptual paper presents three possible behavioral functions of child noncompliance in the classroom: (a) attention seeking, (b) mild escape/avoidance, and (c) extreme aversion. Each function is delineated in terms of its environmental effect and behavioral indicators. Educational and treatment implications are discussed for each function.
Who's Doing the Pointing? Investigating Facilitated Communication in a Classroom Setting with Students with Autism
Authors: Kerrin Rosemary G. , Murdock Jane Y. , Sharpton William R. , Jones Nichelle
Published: December 2008

The first author, a certified speech-language pathologist (SLP), served as the facilitator for two students with autism to assess pointing control during facilitated communication. The teacher instructed the students during typical classroom activities, and two classroom assistants collected data. We used a counterbalanced alternating treatments design with the SLP/facilitator being either blind or sighted. She wore sunglasses throughout the investigation with a cardboard cutout inserted for the blind condition. The alternating treatments data reveal that the students responded more accurately when the SLP/facilitator could see in spite of the fact that she did not think she was influencing their responding and did not intentionally do so.
Family-Centered Early Intervention Services: Factors Contributing to Increased Parent Involvement and Participation
Authors: Wehman Therese
Published: December 2008

The focus of early intervention and the roles that parents play in planning and implementing services have evolved from an institution/agency approach to a child-centered approach and finally to a family-centered approach. Parents, in their roles as consumers of early intervention services and advocates on behalf of their children, have had a significant impact on the development and implementation of family-centered services. This article provides an overview of two major factors that have influenced the level of parent/family participation in early intervention services. These include (a) an increased focus on families in both state and federal early intervention legislation and (b) the incorporation of social systems frameworks for better understanding child, parent, and family functioning. These conceptual frameworks include family systems theory, ecological theory, the transactional model of development, and social support theory. The article also summarizes the dimensions of family participation in early intervention program practices. Involvement of families in early intervention program services has generally taken two forms, one as teacher/therapist participant in service provision and the other as client or recipient of intervention services. This new client or recipient role for families continues to be the focus of many early intervention programs today.
The Reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): What Educators and Parents Should Know
Authors: Wolfe Pamela S. , Harriott Wendy A.
Published: December 2008

The reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 (IDEA) has been hailed as a civil rights victory in the education of persons with disabilities. Tenets of the act seek to strengthen the role of parents, better ensure access to the general education curriculum, modify procedures related to the discipline of students with disabilities, and adapt how the Individualized Education Program is developed and written. In this article, key areas of IDEA 1997 are reviewed. Potential issues in implementation and practical suggestions for school personnel and parents are discussed.
Work in Progress: Including Students with Disabilities in School-to-Work Initiatives
Authors: Unger Darlene D. , Luecking Richard
Published: December 2008

Since the School-to-Work Opportunities Act (STWOA) was passed by Congress in 1994, 37 states and a host of localities have received federal grants to build systems that link learning in classrooms with the skills required by the nation's youth to succeed in the workplace. School-to-work (STW) partnerships are forming in communities throughout the country, and thousands of schools, educators, employers, labor unions, community organizations, parent groups, and other stakeholders are participating in these partnerships. The purpose of this article is to provide a synopsis of the STWOA; describe what states and localities are doing to include youth with disabilities in STW initiatives; and offer recommendations to special educators, rehabilitation professionals, students with disabilities, and parents for increasing the participation of youth with disabilities in a wide range of STW activities.
Giant Steps-St. Louis: An Alternative Intervention Model for Children with Autism
Authors: Kim Simon , Richardson Lloyd , Yard George , Cleveland Marianne , Keller Karen
Published: December 2008

Autism is a developmental disability that affects a broad range of behaviors in an individual. Educators and other professionals in the field continue to examine various approaches in attempts to identify those that are effective with individuals who have autism. An approach that is new to the United States and is currently in operation is known as Giant Steps-St. Louis. The purpose of this article is to describe the Giant Steps-St. Louis program by presenting data collected during its first year of evaluation.
Effects of Switch Training on the Communication of Children with Autism and Severe Disabilities
Authors: Dyches Tina Taylor
Published: December 2008

The use of simple augmentative and alternative communication systems for physically able individuals with autism and severe disabilities has not been sufficiently explored. Individuals with severe physical disabilities have used switches primarily to gain control over their environment, yet these switches have the potential to also serve as communication strategies. Thus, investigation of switch training for communicative purposes is warranted. This action-oriented study examined the effects of switch training on the communication of four functionally nonverbal students with severe disabilities and autism. Several elements of communication were investigated: (a) number of communicative interactions, (b) number of spontaneous communicative interactions, (c) percentage of independent communicative interactions, and (d) number of verbalizations. Results indicated that switch training was an effective strategy for helping the students communicate a simple message. The benefits of switch use and implications for future research are discussed.
Interventions for Children and Youth with Autism
Authors: Juane Heflin L. , Simpson Richard L.
Published: December 2008

This article discusses intervention and treatment options being used with the population of children and youth who have autism spectrum disorders. The discussion includes interventions based on relationship formation, skill-based treatments, physiologically oriented interventions, and comprehensive educational and treatment programs. In a follow-up article, court decisions related to intervention options for students with autism are discussed, along with recommendations for choosing interventions and treatments that have the best chance of producing desired outcomes.
Assessing the Intelligence of Individuals with Autism
Authors: Goldberg Edelson Meredyth , Edelson Stephen M. , Jung Shin-siung
Published: December 2008

Given the symptoms of autism, it can be challenging to assess the cognitive functioning of individuals with this disorder. A previous study has shown that the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI) holds promise for use with individuals with autism (Edelson, Schubert, & Edelson, 1998). That study determined which variables predicted testability on the TONI as well as TONI scores. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether our findings from this original study could be replicated in an independent sample of individuals with autism from Taiwan. Similar results were found regarding mean TONI scores and the variables that best predicted TONI scores across the two studies despite differences in verbal ability between the two samples. The implications of these results were discussed regarding the utility of the TONI in assessing the intelligence of individuals with autism.
Structured Yet Functional
Authors: Ogletree Billy T. , Oren Thomas
Published: December 2008

This article examines the structure-functionality relationship in traditional communication-based treatment approaches for children with autism. Contrary to popular opinion supporting either highly structured or highly functional treatment, viable middle ground is proposed. The article concludes with instructional tips specific to the implementation of structured yet functional treatment.
Centers for Independent Living in Support of Transition
Authors: Wilson Kristi E.
Published: December 2008

Centers for Independent Living (CILs) have long been in the business of providing a variety of community-based support services to people with disabilities. The provision of transition services to youth and young adults, however, has for the most part been the responsibility of regional school systems and, to some extent, of other state rehabilitative service agencies. In the last few years, CILs have played an increasing role in the provision of transition services through the development and implementation of CIL-specific programs and services and as part of collaborative, multidisciplinary, community-based transition teams. Because of their unique administrative and operational organization, CILs have begun to play an integral role in the support of youth and young adults in transition. As a result, local, state, and federal agencies are continuing to determine the short- and long-term role of ClLs in support of transition.
Reassessing Political Explanations for Murders of Police
Authors: Kaminski Robert J. , Stucky Thomas D.
Published: December 2008

The article discusses how Jacobs and Carmichael, drawing on the racial threat thesis, argue that the overrepresentation of Blacks among felons who murder police is in part explained by Blacks' conscious or unconscious responses to political subordination by the State. In testing this argument, Jacobs and Carmichael find that their key theoretical variable—the presence of a Black mayor—is inversely related to police homicides and injurious assaults across many model specifications. This article describes a limited reanalysis of Jacobs and Carmichael's homicide data and additional analyses with a larger sample of cities. The findings suggest that the significance of the Black mayor variable may have been an artifact of model specification. Instead, there is evidence that Black city council representation may be associated with reduced homicides of police by Blacks. Further research is needed, however, because of the limited explanatory power of the key factors highlighted in past research.
Electrical space conditioning in the USA
Authors: Dorsey R.T.
Published: December 2008

'Electrical space conditioning' expresses the need to consider control of all factors influenced by modern building lighting. When the criteria of good lighting design are established, attention can be turned to controlling and using the heat generated by lighting. Examples show that modern lighting installations introduce sufficient energy to largely counterbalance building energy losses in cold weather. In warm weather the energy introduced from the lighting, together with heat gains from people, machines and sun, must be controlled. Returning air through luminaires not only brings thermal gains under control but does much to offset radiant heating effects. Typical installations using electrical space conditioning principles are analysed and the range of systems that can be usad is indicated.
European practice in the integration of lighting, air conditioning and acoustics in offices
Authors: Steck B.
Published: December 2008

Developments in the design of office buildings, particularly those of deep plan design, involve the lighting engineer in consideration of problems of radiation, air conditioning and acoustics. It is concluded from studies that illumination levels of 1,000 lux or more are desirable to provide good environmental conditions. At these high levels, careful attention must be paid to control of glare and to the design of the heating and air conditioning systems. These factors, together with noise control in large offices, are discussed in the first part of the paper. In the second part a number of different offices representative of those completed in the last few years or under construction in Europe are described. Some conclusions are drawn from experience gained in these buildings.
Colour in the interior environment
Authors: Inui Masao
Published: December 2008

Work carried out in Japan on planning the colour of interior environments is reported. A survey has been made of the colours used in cinema and hotel foyers, hospitals, schools, homes and flats located mainly in Tokyo. The results are analysed and presented as frequency curves for Munsell hue, value and chroma. Preferences are also discussed in terms of Munsell notation and the ISCC-NBS designations. The balance point for each type of room is computed and the type of colour composition is classified. From a subjective appraisal of different colour schemes using slides and models, acceptable colour schemes for the different types of room are given in terms of the balance point and colour composition.
Radiometric photometry - a review of the situation
Authors: Preston J.S.
Published: December 2008

A simple account of the theory, and the practical requirements and consequences, involved if a fixed value of Km, instead of the present primary standard of light, were to be used as basis for the photometric units, the candela and the lumen. The result of experimental measurement of Km at the NPL (686 Im/W) is compared with that given at present by computation from the Planck formula (673 Im/W), and factors which may be involved in the difference are identified. A distinction is made between the standardising laboratory and the user or industrial laboratory, as regards any changes in methods which would ensue if the candela were placed on a radiometric basis.
The optimum operating gas pressure for incandescent tungsten filament lamps
Authors: Coaton J.R.
Published: December 2008

The life of a tungsten filament incandescent lamp may be increased by raising the gasfilling pressure. However, recent experiments have suggested that beyond a certain point the gain in life is more than offset by the consequential fall in efficacy. This aspect has been investigated theoretically and a formula developed which relates power losses (and hence efficacy) directly to a function of the gasfilling pressure. Calculations for a range of lamps relate changes in life, efficacy and overall quality to changes in gasfilling pressure. The results are supported by the experimental evidence and show that for every lamp design there exists an optimum gasfilling pressure which gives the maximum overall performance. Finally, a general equation has been derived from which the optimum gasfilling pressure can be deduced. The investigation indicates that the performance of many incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps could be improved by adjusting the gasfilling pressure to coincide with the optimum value.
Designing for quality as a routine
Authors: Lumsden W.K. , Halifax D.G.D.
Published: December 2008

Present design methods for achieving improved quality lighting are being used mainly by a few experienced designers. The techniques are considered to be too complicated and time-consuming for those engaged in routine design. This paper describes a new approach based on the development of a range of fittings having specific light distributions. The method is illustrated by an installation for bank premises in which fittings with an asymmetric distribution were used. After completion, the installation was appraised by three groups and photometric measurements were made. The results obtained are compared with the design objectives.
Lighting: the metric 'seventies
Authors: McNeill G.V.
Published: December 2008

The British ten-year plan, from 1965 to 1975, for a changeover to decimal currency and metric weights and measures is reviewed and proposals for product rationalisation and dimensional co-ordination in building are discussed. The progress made in various sectors indicates the relatively small part played by lighting in the overall programme. A general report is given on progress in the construction industry, which plans for metric working to commence in 1970. Special problems affecting the use of fluorescent lamps in the modular spaces proposed for metric buildings are indicated. Metric SI education plans are summarised, and the need for metric retraining in industry is stressed. The recently published programme for the electrical industry is summarised in the Appendix.
A review of the development of ballasts and circuits for operating discharge lamps
Authors: Bloxsidge W.R.
Published: December 2008

Different aspects of the development of ballasts for discharge lamps are reviewed in these three papers. Part 1 deals with the development of materials and their use in ballast construction, Part 2 discusses circuits for different types of lamp and Part 3 summarises desirable characteristics for ballasts, the relevant international and British standards and test methods. The papers do not deal with high frequency, transport or semi-conductor ballasts. References for the three sections of the paper are given at the end of Part 3.
A new polarized headlight system
Authors: Johansson Gun , Rumar Kåre
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses the basis of a polarized headlight system proposed for introduction in Sweden. Earlier work is reviewed briefly. Proposals for introducing the system are given and related to the relevant experimental studies; the equipment needed and its use in various traffic situations are described. Methods for overcoming problems inevitable in the transition period are outlined and the further researches necessary are listed.
An investigation of chromatic glare with particular reference to night driving
Authors: Smart A.E.
Published: December 2008

An investigation is described into the effects of glare from different coloured sources under conditions simulating those of night driving. Differences were observed in the effects from blue, green, red and white sources. The results suggest that different entopic structures are responsible for scattering different predominant wavelengths. Changes in the practical parameters in street lighting are considered too great to enable glare to be systematically reduced by specifying a preferred chrornaticity.
Brightness-luminance relationships in an interior
Authors: Marsden A.M.
Published: December 2008

Some four thousand numerical estimates of the brightness of the various objects, room surfaces and sources in a particular interior, under different lighting conditions, have been made by thirty-six observers. Details of this experiment are given in this paper, the precision of brightness measurement is discussed and the resulting irregular brightness-luminance relationships are presented. These results are examined together with those of related brightness studies and a pair of simple power-law relationships are put forward which are considered adequate approximations for interior lighting design purposes.
A simple method for the appraisal of glare in street lighting
Authors: Adrian W. , Schreuder D.A.
Published: December 2008

A graphical method for the quantitative assessment of discomfort and disability glare in street lighting is described. The method is based on two groups of experiments which were carried out independently of each other. The results, which show good agreement, reveal the relationship between discomfort sensations and the relevant photometric and geometric parameters. By applying results of earlier studies the system can be extended to cover different geometries of the installation and different colours of light source. Disability glare is included by transforming the equation representing the experimental findings of discomfort so that one side becomes identical with the expression for the equivalent veiling luminance. Graphical presentation enables the discomfort glare to be assessed in terms of the Glare Marks associated with different sensations of discomfort glare. A network facilitates computation of the equivalent veiling luminance.
Some developments in the design of specular reflectors
Authors: Waldram J.M.
Published: December 2008

Tungsten halogen lamps and other modern small sources are frequently associated with specular reflectors. Some notorious problems of reflector design, and in particular the formation of striations, have been accentuated. Effects of source size and diffusion and the precision of contour required to avoid striation are examined; new methods of specifying the shape of the reflector contour and of producing it in practice are described.
The development of an airfield taxiway light
Authors: Richards M.J.
Published: December 2008

Developments in airfield operational procedures demand, among otherthings, an ability to taxi even the largest aircraft safely from the runway to the unloading area under the worst conditions of visibility. This has produced a demand for high-intensity taxiway lights to meet a stringent Ministry of Technology specification. The paper describes the development of such a fitting based on the use of tungsten halogen lamps and incorporating a new, very compact and efficient optic. Prototype fittings, now undergoing airfield tests, have given, to date, a very satisfactory performance.
The European approach to the integration of lighting and air-conditioning
Authors: Fischer D.
Published: December 2008

Progress in Europe in the design of integrated lighting and air-conditioning systems is reviewed with particular reference to office installations. After establishing that an illumination level in the range 1000-2000 lux is preferred for working areas, the glare limitation method of Söllner (adopted in Germany, Holland and Austria), experimental work to determine preferred modelling effects, calorimetric measurements and studies of air movements in room spaces are described. Preferred integrated systems are grouped in three categories and descriptions are given of typical installations.
Orientated lighting
Authors: Einhorn H.D.
Published: December 2008

A new design concept, 'orientated lighting', can enhance the quality of lighting by reducing reflected glare and by improving modelling. Its potentialities and limitations are explained with the aid of practical examples. Opportunities for the development of new lighting fittings become apparent.
Measurement standards for retroreflective materials used on road signs
Authors: Lozano R.D.
Published: December 2008

Different standards and recommendations on the angular requirements for measuring the coefficient of luminous intensity values of retroreflective materials used in road signs, are analyzed. In spite of the many different types of measurement required in the CIE recommendation and in the US standards, it is found that just four are enough to satisfy practical needs.
Review of the psychological reaction to windows
Authors: Collins Belinda L.
Published: December 2008

Literature on the psychological reaction to environments with and without windows is reviewed. It is concluded that acceptance of a windowless space is governed by the characteristics of the space itself. Beneficial qualities of windows include view, sunshine, daylight, and spaciousness. View appears critical in determining preferred size and shape of windows. The paper is an extended summary of NBS Building Science series publication 70.
Effects of temperature on the properties of glass colour filters used in signalling equipment
Authors: Martin N.J.
Published: December 2008

Glass colour filters of the selenium and copper oxide types used in aviation luminaires are affected by changes in temperature. For red and yellow selenium filters an increase in the working temperature causes an increase in the absorption of radiation at the blue end of the spectrum, resulting in a decrease in transmittance and a shift in the chromaticity towards the red. Both effects are reversible. For green copper oxide glasses similar reversible changes in transmittance and colour occur but are less significant. However, at elevated temperatures in enclosed luminaires, where there is normally a reducing atmosphere, copper oxide on the surface of these filters is reduced to metallic copper. This contaminating film can seriously reduce the transmittance and alter the colour. The effect is irreversible.
High-pressure sodium lamps to replace MBF lamps in existing installations
Authors: De Neve G.
Published: December 2008

The filling gas of the conventional high pressure sodium lamp is xenon. To obtain the initial ionization of these lamps an electronic circuit which generates high-voltage pulses is necessary. It is impossible to replace a mercury lamp with a normal high pressure sodium lamp. If the xenon is replaced by a Penning mixture of neon-argon gas in combination with an auxiliary electrode, it is possible to ignite a high pressure sodium lamp on a supply voltage of ≤190 V. With this solution it was possible to develop the SON-H lamp which can be used in existing mercury installations equipped with inductive ballasts. No further changes need be made on these installations and users obtain more light for less power.
Improvement of metal halide lamps by complex formation
Authors: Lorenz R.
Published: December 2008

The effective partial pressure of low volatile halides can be increased due to the formation of gaseous complexes. It has been found that this effect can be successfully applied in high pressure gas discharge lamps leading to an enhancement of the luminous efficacy and/or an improvement of the colour rendering properties. Some selection rules have been derived for combining suitable metal halides. Lamp experiments are reported for lamps with sodium halides and the halides of the alkaline earth group, the best results being obtained with aluminium halides as the complex forming partner.
Calculation of utilization factors
Authors: Bean A.R. , Bell R.I.
Published: December 2008

The development of methods for the calculation of Utilization Factors from the turn of the century to the present day is traced. The Harrison and Anderson method, British Zonal method and CIE proposed method are discussed. The present IES proposals, based on the calculation of direct and final flux distributions within a space, are explained.
Illuminance, lamp type and performance on a colour discrimination task
Authors: Boyce P.R.
Published: December 2008

This experiment attempts to validate the advice given in the IES Code concerning lighting requirements for the performance of tasks involving colour judgements. This advice is to use lamps of good Colour Rendering Index to provide a high illuminance. 15 subjects performed a colour discrimination task under four different fluorescent lamps and two different illuminances. The results show that for the lamps commonly used in interiors better, or at least equal, performance is obtained when the task is performed under lamps of good Colour Rendering Index. However illuminance changes over the range 300-1000 lux had no effect. It is concluded that the advice given in the IES Code is partially correct. It was also found that neither Colour Rendering Index nor Colour Discrimination Index were completely accurate predictors of the performance under different lamps.
New fluorescent lamps for interior lighting
Authors: Vrenken L.E.
Published: December 2008

The birth of a new generation of 'de luxe' fluorescent lamps with both a high luminous efficacy and good colour rendering properties coincides more or less with the introduction of improved amalgam lamps. The paper surveys the characteristic properties of both the new generation lamps and amalgam lamps, and discusses the use of these in luminaires. Although the use of rare earth activated phosphors makes these lamps more expensive than conventional 'de luxe' lamps, calculations show that the higher lamp prices are more than counterbalanced by the savings. New technology, making use of a mercury capsule in the lamp, has brought the amalgam lamp within practical reach. These two developments mean a significant step forward in interior lighting.
Sun simulator at Copenhagen School of Architecture
Authors: Christensen E.
Published: December 2008

At the Daylight Laboratory at Copenhagen School of Architecture an artificial 'sun' has been constructed in the artificial 'sky' with the sun freely moveable over a table on which models are placed, and mounted in such a way that it can be moved manually to all positions and sunpaths from sunrise to sunset for any given time of year and for nearly all locations on the Earth's surface. The design has advantages over those based on a rotating and tilting table and a lamp on a fixed vertical scale.
A metal halide high pressure discharge lamp with warm white colour and high efficacy
Authors: Fromm D.C. , Seehawer J. , Wagner W.-J.
Published: December 2008

A Na, Tl, In, Sn high pressure discharge lamp of warm white colour was developed for an efficient energy utilization in indoor illumination. The lamp is characterised by:

(1) low colour temperature (CCT = 3300 K) with good colour rendering (Ra = 85).

(2) high luminous efficacy of approx. 90 lm/W, corresponding to the 5- to 6-fold of an incandescent lamp,

(3) high life time of approx. 4000 h, corresponding to the 4-fold of an incandescent lamp,

(4) arbitrary burning position as with an incandescent lamp.

These data were achieved through utilization of strongly pressure broadened line radiation (Na, Tl, In) combined with molecular radiation (SnI, SnBr, HgI, HgBr). The main features of the lamp are discussed, in particular a deviation from local thermal equilibrium in the mantle of the discharge.
Improved daylight data for predicting energy savings from photoelectric controls
Authors: Hunt D.R.G.
Published: December 2008

This paper draws attention to recently obtained, comprehensive, up-to-date information on daylight availability. Samples of the new data are given and their usefulness demonstrated by a series of worked examples in which the energy savings from photoelectric controls for an interior lighting installation are estimated.
The use of metal-halide discharge lamps for film lighting (Part 2)
Authors: Taylor E.W.
Published: December 2008

Intensity variations of light from a discharge lamp, occurring at twice the alternating supply frequency, can lead to a cyclic variation in frame-to-frame exposure if such lamps are used as light sources in motion picture film work. The visibility of picture luminance fluctuations brought about by such exposure variations is discussed, and limits of film exposure variation are recommended. Practical magnitudes of exposure variation are examined. Using these factors, relationships are derived between camera frame frequency and shutter angle, and lamp supply frequency and intensity variation magnitude, such that practical picture luminance variations are not perceptible. An assessment of a 'safe' lamp supply frequency is described, above which the appearance of picture luminance fluctuations may be discounted. The effect of ripple asymmetry (differing magnitudes of successive intensity maxima) is discussed. Experimental techniques for measuring intensity variations under standardized conditions are described, and the characteristics of two currently-available metal-halide discharge lamps are examined.
Daylighting: appraisal at the early design stages
Authors: Byrd H. , Hildon A.
Published: December 2008

A method for analysing daylight in buildings is described for use in the early stages of the design process where the conflicting functions of the window can be related through a knowledge of the percentage glazing on a building facade.
Para-ellipsoid mirrors and fan shaped beams
Authors: Holmes J.G.
Published: December 2008

The generating equation for a para-ellipsoid mirror is stated in the practical terms of the focal lengths and the diameter to give a fan-shaped beam of some particular spread. Calculations and measurements indicate that the intensity at an angle from the beam axis varies inversely with that angle, rather than being uniform throughout the width of the fan beam. An outline of the reverse calculation is given, starting from a desired fan-beam intensity ditribution to give the polar or cartesian coordinates of the required pseudo-paraboloid surface. The slope and curvature of a hypothetical 'directrix' surface are indicators of the beam divergence and of the intensity distribution.
The effect of fence luminance on the detection of potential intruders
Authors: Boyce P.R.
Published: December 2008

Using a simulated security lighting installation, the effect of fence luminance on the performance of observers detecting potential intruders when looking through the fence has been assessed. The experiments were carried out on 2in. and lin. mesh chain link fencing made from bronze coloured plastic coated wire. The ratio of fence luminance to the luminance of the background, against which the potential intruder is seen, was found to be important. The best performance was achieved when the fence luminance either matched or was less than the background luminance. When the fence luminance is about three times higher than that of the background performance deteriorates significantly, the deterioration being greater for smaller fence mesh sizes. These performance results are supported by the observers' ratings of task difficulty and their subjective assessments of the most and least difficult conditions. It is suggested that the easiest way of producing the necessary low fence luminances in practice is to use a low reflectance wire, e.g. black plastic-coated wire, to form the fence.
Does the British Zonal System have a future?
Authors: Lynes J.A.
Published: December 2008

Some of the inflexibility of the British Zonal (BZ) classification system may be overcome by a proposed new classification (PNC) system defined mathematically as a function of room index and direct. ratio. More radical modifications to the BZ system are discussed but it is concluded that a downward flux classification system based upon direct ratios is still the best available. The inherent limitations of such a system are examined.
Degradation analysis in switched low pressure sodium lamps
Authors: Barry D.M. , Kohbodi S.M.F.
Published: December 2008

This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation of the degradation of the parameters of low pressure SOX 35 watt lamps under switched conditions, and an analysis of these results to give reliability figures for these lamps. In order to define lamp failure, three parameters were chosen and failure was represented by the following changes from the 200 hrs. burning level: a drop of 33 per cent in light output; a rise of 40 per cent in power consumption; and a drop of 55 per cent in luminous efficacy. A statistical sample of the lamps was cycled in the laboratory at different switching rates and parameter degradation was measured at regular intervals. The changes in the lamp parameters with time and with differing switching rates are presented in this paper. A statistical analysis of the lamp failure data was then performed using the Weibull distribution whose parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood. In this manner measures of stress due to switching and switching rate and also characteristic lives for the lamps for the different failure criteria were estimated and are presented here. The results of the analysis suggest that if light output were the only factor of concern, long characteristic lives of over 13, 000 hours could be expected. However, it is proposed that the most important criterion in measuring lives and reliabilities of the 35 W SOX lamps tested should be the decrease of luminous efficacy yielding characteristic lives of the order of 9, 000 hours.
Variation in near visual acuity with illuminance for a group of 27 partially-sighted people
Authors: Julian Warren G.
Published: December 2008

This paper reports on the improvements in near visual acuity with increasing task illuminance for a group of partially-sighted people with various visual defects. The experimental method employed a technique which allows the easy transfer of experimental results to practical design. Comments are also made on the design of the visual environment for the partially sighted.
Communication theory approach to measuring the goodness of seeing
Authors: Xu H.
Published: December 2008

The process of lighting and seeing is re-examined from the viewpoint of communication theory. A new measure is developed to be used as a relevant indicator of goodness of seeing in assessing the effect of lighting. This measure is expressed in terms of the number of the distinguishable luminance levels contained between two luminances associated with two parts of interest of a given visual task under a certain adaptation condition. By reference to this number, the way the goodness of seeing varies with the illuminance can be found, and a maximum adaptation luminance profitable for the given task can also be identified.
The development of tungsten filament lamps
Authors: Burgin R.
Published: December 2008

The rapid progress made soon after the initial problems of using tungsten were solved at the beginning of this century was followed by a series of important changes at more extended intervals, but continuing to the present day when special attention to safety has given real but less apparent improvements. Besides the main stream GLS lamp development the ways in which special purpose lamps have evolved are described. Some examples of the strides in mechanisation show how great the changes have been. Halogen technology introduced in 1959 enabled significantly improved lamps to be offered in all areas where performance is at a premium, but represented difficult problems in design and manufacture for which considerable investment in research and development was necessary.
Interaction of the low-pressure mercury discharge with soda-lime glass
Authors: Fuller M.J.
Published: December 2008

The interaction of the low-pressure mercury discharge with soda-lime glass subjected to standard fluorescent lamp processing has been examined. Particular emphasis has been placed on investigating the consequences on optical transmission of the interaction. Two optically distinct effects can be isolated, attributable to bulk ('in-glass') and surface ('on-glass') reactions. The bulk effect appears to be due both to mercury diffusion and to solarisation and approaches completion at 500 h. It is characterised by a strong dependence of absorption on wavelength, this becoming particularly marked only below 400 nm. In contrast the surface effect, due to mercury lay-down, approaches saturation much more slowly and produces a film whose absorption is essentially wavelength independent over the range 300-600 nm.