bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Additional GPI‐anchored glycoproteins on human platelets that are absent or deficient in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Authors: Polgár János , Clemetson Jeannine M. , Gengenbacher Daniela , Clemetson Kenneth J.
Published: July 2002

In order to detect novel glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored platelet proteins, human platelets were incubated with PI‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) and the supernatant was analysed by PAGE and silver‐staining for additional protein bands. PI‐PLC treatment resulted in the appearance of at least two additional novel GPI‐linked glycoproteins (GP), GP500 and GP175, in the supernatant. Their presence on the platelet plasma membrane surface was demonstrated by periodate/[3H]borohydride surface‐labelling. Activation of platelets did not enhance the amount of GP500 and GP175 that could be cleaved by PI‐PLC. In Triton X‐1 14 phase partitioning of platelet membranes the membrane form of GP175, mfGP175, was in the Triton phase while mfGP500 was found in the water phase. Neither GP500 nor GP175 were present in the supernatant of surface‐labelled platelets treated with PI‐PLC from 4 patients, diagnosed as having paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), but the supernatant from platelets from healthy volunteers treated the same way contained both.
Human androgen‐induced growth factor in prostate and breast cancer cells: its molecular cloning and growth properties
Authors: Tanaka Akira , Miyamoto Kaoru , Matsuo Hisayuki , Matsumoto Keishi , Yoshida Hiroki
Published: July 2002

Androgen‐induced growth factor (AIGF) has hormone‐regulated properties in the mouse Shionogi carcinoma cell line. To investigate whether or not it is involved in growth of human hormone‐responsive cancers, we isolated the human AIGF gene from a placental genomic library. Genomic analyses suggested that the AIGF gene was about 6.5 kilobases in length containing five exons. The deduced amino acid sequence of human AIGF was completely identical with that of the mouse. RT‐PCR analyses showed that prostate and breast cancer cell lines, LNCaP, PC‐3, and MCF‐7, slightly expressed the AIGF gene. Recombinant AIGF enhanced the growth of the human prostate cancer LNCaP cells, and it also markedly stimulated the growth of fibroblasts. These in vitro findings suggest that AIGF might be a possible autocrine or paracrine factor in hormone‐responsive cancers.
IL‐4 induces apoptosis of endothelial cells through the caspase‐3‐dependent pathway
Authors: Lee Yong Woo , Kühn Hartmut , Hennig Bernhard , Toborek Michal
Published: July 2002

The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) can induce apoptosis of human endothelial cells and to study regulatory pathways of this process. Indeed, DNA ladder assay and flow cytometry study showed that IL‐4 can induce apoptosis of endothelial cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. In addition, IL‐4 markedly increased activity of caspase‐3, and inhibition of this enzyme suppressed IL‐4‐induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. These results provide the first evidence that IL‐4 can induce apoptosis of human endothelial cells. In addition, the data indicate that the caspase‐3‐dependent pathway is critically involved in this process.
Carma1, a CARD‐containing binding partner of Bcl10, induces Bcl10 phosphorylation and NF‐κB activation1
Authors: Gaide Olivier , Martinon Fabio , Micheau Olivier , Bonnet David , Thome Margot , Tschopp Jürg
Published: July 2002

Bcl10, a caspase recruitment domain (CARD)‐containing protein identified from a breakpoint in mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B lymphomas, is essential for antigen‐receptor‐mediated nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) activation in lymphocytes. We have identified a novel CARD‐containing protein and interaction partner of Bcl10, named Carma1. Carma1 is predominantly expressed in lymphocytes and represents a new member of the membrane‐associated guanylate kinase family. Carma1 binds Bcl10 via its CARD motif and induces translocation of Bcl10 from the cytoplasm into perinuclear structures. Moreover, expression of Carma1 induces phosphorylation of Bcl10 and activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB. We propose that Carma1 is a crucial component of a novel Bcl10‐dependent signaling pathway in T‐cells that leads to the activation of NF‐κB.
Stability and DNA‐binding properties of the ω regulator protein from the broad‐host rangeStreptococcus pyogenesplasmid pSM19035
Authors: Misselwitz Rolf , de la Hoz Ana B. , Ayora Silvia , Welfle Karin , Behlke Joachim , Murayama Kazutaka , Saenger Wolfram , Alonso Juan C. , Welfle Heinz
Published: July 2002

At the transcriptional level, the pSM19035‐encoded ω protein coordinates the expression of proteins required for control of copy number and maintenance of plasmids. Using circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, ultracentrifugation and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, the wild‐type ω protein and a variant with a C‐terminal hexa‐histidine tag (ω‐H6) were characterized. The ω protein is mainly α‐helical (42%), occurs as homodimer in solution, unfolds thermally with half transition temperatures,Tm, between ∼43 and ∼78°C depending on the ionic strength of the buffer, and bindsPcopS‐DNA with high affinity. The ω‐H6protein has a modified conformation with lower α‐helix content (29%), lower thermal stability, and strongly reduced affinity toPcopS‐DNA.
Natural human antibodies to dietary lectins
Authors: Tchernychev Boris , Wilchek Meir
Published: July 2002

Natural antibodies to self and non‐self proteins, including dietary proteins, are a significant part of the immune repertoire of humans. Antibodies to three structurally related legume lectins (Erythrina corallodendron lectin (ECorL), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and soybean agglutinin (SBA)) and to one cereal lectin (wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)) were purified by affinity chromatography from human sera and their binding specificity examined. The anti‐SBA, anti‐ECorL and anti‐WGA antibodies exhibited high specificity, whereas the anti‐PNA antibodies were polyreactive. Although the anti‐WGA antibodies were highly specific for WGA, they also crossreacted slightly toward some other proteins. The anti‐ECorL antibodies bound to native SBA, but the anti‐SBA antibodies failed to bind to the native ECorL. Although the anti‐SBA and anti‐ECorL antibodies both exhibited specificity when interacting with native lectins, they bound to a wider range of denatured lectins, indicating a common or universal epitope which is recognized by many natural antibodies. Interestingly, the natural antibodies did not interfere with the agglutination properties of the lectins. These findings may provide a basis for studying the in vivo biological effects of anti‐dietary protein antibodies, including those against carbohydrate‐binding proteins.
Effect of PDGF and TGF‐β on the release of biogenic amines from invertebrate immunocytes and their possible role in the stress response
Authors: Ottaviani Enzo , Caselgrandi Eva , Kletsas Dimitris
Published: July 2002

© 1997 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
Ion channels in the vacuoles of the seagrassPosidonia oceanica
Authors: Carpaneto Armando , Cantu' Alberto M. , Busch Heiner , Gambale Franco
Published: July 2002

Voltage‐dependent ionic channels were investigated by the patch‐clamp technique in the vacuolar membrane from the leaves of the seagrassPosidonia oceanica. Vacuoles extruded from the meristematic white part of the leaves displayed rectifying slow currents which activated in several seconds at positive potentials and deactivated at negative voltages within a few hundreds of ms. Like theSlowVacuolar (SV) channel already identified in the tonoplast of terrestrial plants, the SV voltage‐dependent channel ofPosidonialeaves was activated by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+and was equally permeable to K+and Na+. The single‐channel conductance of thePosidoniaSV‐type channel was 106±12 pS (in symmetric 400 mM K+). In the same ionic solutions, another channel, occasionally observed in vacuoles from the green part of the leaves, displayed a single‐channel conductance of 47±4 pS. To our knowledge, this is the first electrophysiological characterization of ion transport pathways inPosidonia, a marine plant of crucial importance for the ecology of the Mediterranean sea.
Conversion of dihydroceramide to ceramide occurs at the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Michel Christoph , van Echten-Deckert Gerhild
Published: July 2002

Dihydroceramide desaturase is responsible for the introduction of the 4,5‐trans double bond into ceramide. Here, we describe the localization of this enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using ER‐ and Golgi‐enriched fractions from rat liver. Furthermore, enzyme topology was studied. Mild proteolysis of ER‐derived vesicles under conditions which assure membrane integrity (latency of mannose 6‐phosphatase was at least 91%) resulted in an up to 90% inactivation of dihydroceramide desaturase activity. This indicates a cytosolic orientation of dihydroceramide desaturase activity in the ER membrane.
Effect of indomethacin on cell cycle dependent cyclic AMP fluxes in tobacco BY‐2 cells
Authors: Ehsan Hashimul , Reichheld Jean-Philippe , Roef Luc , Witters Erwin , Lardon Filip , Van Bockstaele Dirk , Van Montagu Marc , Inzé Dirk , Van Onckelen Harry
Published: July 2002

The evolution of adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels was investigated in synchronised tobacco BY‐2 cells by virtue of a method based on immunoaffinity purification and analysis on electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. A transient peak in cAMP content was observed during the S and G1 phases of the cell cycle. Application of the prostaglandin inhibiting drug indomethacin at early S phase resulted in the loss of the cAMP peak in S phase and inhibited mitotic division. This inhibition of cAMP accumulation suggests the presence of a prostaglandin‐dependent adenylyl cyclase activity, analogous to animal cyclases. A potential role for cAMP during the plant cell cycle is postulated.
Hepoxilin signaling in intact human neutrophils: biphasic elevation of intracellular calcium by unesterified hepoxilin A3
Authors: Reynaud D. , Demin P.M. , Sutherland M. , Nigam S. , Pace-Asciak C.R.
Published: July 2002

We have previously shown that the methyl ester of hepoxilin A3 causes a receptor‐induced rise in intracellular calcium through the release from intracellular stores in suspended human neutrophils. The corresponding free acid was devoid of activity. We now report that the action of the free acid form of hepoxilin A3 is dependent on the type of vehicle used, i.e. it is active in releasing calcium when used in an ethanol vehicle but not in DMSO. The methyl ester is equally active in either vehicle. The pattern of calcium release between the free acid and the methyl ester is qualitatively different. Both compounds show a biphasic pattern, i.e. an initial rapid phase followed by a slow decline in calcium levels but never reaching pre‐hepoxilin A3 baseline levels. The methyl ester appears slightly more potent in the initial phase of calcium release than the free acid (methyl=188±14 S.D., free acid=135±11 S.D. nM, P<0.0005). Both compounds appear to reach the same calcium levels at the plateau of the second prolonged phase (methyl=88±8 S.D., free acid=107±15 S.D. nM, not significant). Lanthanum chloride (an inhibitor of calcium influx) interfered with the second phase of the curve causing calcium levels to return to normal pre‐hepoxilin levels for both compounds. Addition of lanthanum chloride prior to the hepoxilin addition or carrying out the experiments in calcium‐free medium, eliminated the second phase completely, with the calcium peak returning rapidly to normal baseline levels, suggesting that the second phase is due to calcium influx. Again the methyl ester is more active than the free acid (methyl, 189±12; free acid, 145±6 S.D. nM, P<0.005). Additional experiments with tritium‐labelled methyl ester of hepoxilin A3 demonstrated that the compound is hydrolyzed into the free acid intracellularly. These experiments demonstrate that DMSO interacts with hepoxilin free acid, interfering with its entry into the cell while ethanol does not. Once inside the cell, hepoxilin interacts with its own receptor to release calcium rapidly from stores, but it also causes a more prolonged influx of calcium from the extracellular milieu.
Zinc is required in pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibition of NF‐κB activation
Authors: Kim Chul Hoon , Kim Joo Hee , Hsu Chung Y. , Ahn Young Soo
Published: July 2002

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a potent inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation. PDTC inhibited basal NF‐κB activity of endothelial cells. PDTC, however, failed to inhibit basal NF‐κB activity after withdrawal of serum in the media, and the inhibitory effect of PDTC could be restored by addition of zinc. When various preparations of metal ion‐EDTA were tested with PDTC in serum‐containing media, only Zn‐EDTA failed to block the inhibitory effect of PDTC. The dependence on zinc was also noted in PDTC inhibition of NF‐κB stimulated by TNFα. These facts suggest that zinc is required for PDTC inhibition of NF‐κB activation.
Oncogenic Ras‐induced germinal vesicle breakdown is independent of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase in Xenopus oocytes
Authors: López-Hernández Eva , Santos Eugenio
Published: July 2002

A number of reports have identified phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase as a downstream effector of Ras in various cellular settings, in contrast to others supporting the notion that phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase acts upstream of Ras. Here, we used Xenopus oocytes, a model of Ras‐mediated cell cycle progression (G2/M transition) to analyze the contribution of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase to insulin/Ras‐dependent signaling pathways leading to germinal vesicle breakdown and to ascertain whether phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase acts upstream or downstream of Ras in those signaling pathways. We analyzed the process of meiotic maturation induced by progesterone, insulin or micro‐injected oncogenic Ras (Lys12) proteins in the presence and absence of specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase activity. As expected, the progesterone‐induced maturation was independent of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase since similar rates of germinal vesicle breakdown were produced by the hormone in the presence and absence of wortmannin and LY294002. In contrast, insulin‐induced germinal vesicle breakdown was completely blocked by pre‐incubation with the inhibitors prior to insulin treatment. Interestingly, similar rates of germinal vesicle breakdown were obtained in Ras (Lys12)‐injected oocytes, independently of whether or not they had been pre‐treated with phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitors. The effect of wortmannin or LY294002 on MAPK and Akt activation by progesterone, insulin or Ras was also analyzed. Whereas insulin activated those kinases in a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐dependent manner, progesterone and Ras were able to activate those kinases in the absence of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase activity. Since Ras is a necessary and sufficient downstream component of insulin signaling pathways leading to germinal vesicle breakdown, these observations demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase is not a downstream effector of Ras in insulin/Ras‐dependent signaling pathways leading to entry into the M phase in Xenopus oocytes.
Mutations of Ser‐23 of the α1 subunit of the rat Na+/K+‐ATPase to negatively charged amino acid residues mimic the functional effect of PKC‐mediated phosphorylation
Authors: Vasilets Larisa A. , Postina Rolf , Kirichenko Svetlana N.
Published: July 2002

The Na+/K+‐ATPase is a target protein for protein kinase C (PKC). The PKC‐mediated phosphorylation of the rat α1 subunit at Ser‐23 results in the inhibition of its transport function. To understand the molecular basis of the inhibition by PKC, the Ser‐23 in the rat α1 subunit has been replaced by negatively (Asp, Glu) or positively (Lys) charged, or uncharged (Gln, Ala) residues, and the mutants were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Ouabain‐specific 86Rb uptake and pump‐generated current as well as sensitivity to ouabain and to external K+ have been investigated. When Ser‐23 was replaced by the negatively charged residues, transport function was inhibited, and simultaneously synthesis of the α subunits was enhanced. In addition, if Ser‐23 was substituted by Glu, the K
I value for inhibition of transport by ouabain was drastically increased from 46.5 μM to 1.05 mM. The data suggest that insertion of a negative charge within the N‐terminus of α subunit of the Na+/K+‐ATPase due to phosphorylation of Ser‐23 plays an important role in the PKC‐mediated inhibition of transport function.
HtpG is essential for the thermal stress management in cyanobacteria
Authors: Tanaka Naoki , Nakamoto Hitoshi
Published: July 2002

The heat shock protein (Hsp) HtpG is a member of the Hsp90 protein family. We cloned a single‐copy gene encoding a homologue of HtpG from the unicellular cyanobacteriumSynechococcussp. PCC 7942. Sequence alignment with HtpGs from other prokaryotes revealed unique features in the cyanobacterial HtpG primary sequence. A monocistronic mRNA of thehtpGgene increased transiently in response to heat shock. In order to elucidate the role of HtpG in vivo, we inactivated thehtpGgene by targeted mutagenesis. Although the mutation did not affect the photoautotrophic growth at 30 and 42°C, the mutant cells were unable to grow at 45°C. They lost both basal and acquired thermotolerances. These results indicate that HtpG plays an essential role for the thermal stress management in cyanobacteria, the first such an example for either a photosynthetic or a prokaryotic organism.
Isolation and purification of a 316 Da preformed compound from strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) leaves active against plant pathogens
Authors: Filippone M.P , Diaz Ricci J , Mamanı́ de Marchese A , Farı́as R.N , Castagnaro A
Published: July 2002

An antibiotic called fragarin showing activities against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens was isolated and purified by FPLC chromatography from the soluble fraction of strawberry leaves. The molecular weight value determined by mass spectrometry is 316 Da. Fragarin remains fully active after protease treatment or alkaline hydrolysis at 100°C for 20 min. Biological and chemical analyses suggest that fragarin may be a new type of an antimicrobial preformed compound – phytoanticipin – and would constitute a primary non‐specific barrier of strawberry defense.
Identification of oxidative stress‐regulated genes in rat aortic smooth muscle cells by suppression subtractive hybridization
Authors: Sakamoto Ken'ya , Yamasaki Yoshimitsu , Kaneto Hideaki , Fujitani Yoshio , Matsuoka Taka-aki , Yoshioka Rieko , Tagawa Tomoko , Matsuhisa Munehide , Kajimoto Yoshitaka , Hori Masatsugu
Published: July 2002

A suppression subtractive hybridization technique was used to identify reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐regulated genes in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Three genes out of 89 clones, identified as fibronectin, p105 coactivator and ECA39, showed increased expression after treatment with H2O2. The mRNA expressions of these three genes were induced in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, independent of protein kinase C activation. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the p105 coactivator expression was markedly induced in the neointima of balloon‐injured rat carotid arteries. These results suggest that ROS may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis by regulating the gene expressions we identified in this study.
Establishing a blood bank at a small hospital, in Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Nwagbo D , Nwakoby B , Akpala C , Chukudebelu W , Ikeme A , Okaro J , Onah B , Okeke V , Egbuciem P , Ikeagu A ,   (The Enugu PMM Team
Published: July 2002

Preliminary studies: A facility review at Enugu‐Ukwu General Hospital in Anambra State revealed limited blood transfusion and no blood storage capabilities. Focus groups indicated fears and misconceptions in the population regarding risks of blood donation and transfusion. Interventions: In 1994, a blood bank was established, including a refrigerator, backup generator, reagents and supplies. Refresher training was provided to the laboratory technologist. A public education campaign was launched one year later to encourage blood donation and dispel fears of transfusion. Results: Voluntary blood donations in the hospital increased from zero units before the program to 15 in 1995. Transfusions increased from three in 1993 to 17 in 1995. Eight of the 17 were for obstetric cases. No donations or transfusions occurred until six months after the establishment of the blood bank. Problems encountered in obtaining the cooperation of hospital management may partly explain the delayed response. Costs: The cost of establishing the blood bank was US $8800: 51% material costs and 42% training. Conclusions: Improving the availability of blood at small hospitals need not be very expensive. Community education activities may increase blood donation, but sustained efforts are likely to be required. Ministry of Health (MOH) involvement is important to the success of interventions in government hospitals. © 1997 International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Maternal factors associated with severity of birth defects
Authors: Sheiner E , Shoham‐Vardi I , Sheiner E.K , Mazor M , Katz M , Carmi R
Published: July 2002

Objective: Due to inbreeding and nutritional factors, the Bedouin Arabs represent a high risk population for birth defects. The severity of birth defects is probably related to the time and extent of interference with embryogenesis. The present study was aimed at identifying factors associated with severity of birth defects, in pregnancies of Bedouin women examined at a third level ultrasound clinic. Methods: The study population consisted of 295 Bedouin women who attended an ultrasound clinic at the Soroka Medical Center between 1990 and 1996. The case group included 188 women carrying fetuses with severe birth defects, defined as incompatible with life or which significantly interfere with normal living. For those defects the option of pregnancy termination was discussed. The comparison group consisted of 107 women whose fetuses were diagnosed with mild defects. Results: Women carrying fetuses with severe birth defects had more pregnancies and more deliveries than women carrying fetuses with mild defects (P=0.005, P=0.04, respectively). The severity of defects was found to be unrelated to maternal age, consanguinity, residence, birth order, previously uncompleted pregnancies and birth defects in the family. Conclusions: Higher birth order was associated with severity of birth defects detected at the second trimester.
Evolutionary aspects of peroxisomes as cell organelles, and of genes encoding peroxisomal proteins
Authors: Latruffe Norbert , Vamecq Joseph
Published: July 2002

Peroxisomes are present in most eukaryotic cell types, and have different enzymatic content and metabolic functions throughout the life scale. The endosymbiotic origin of these DNA‐devoid organelles is supported by evolutionary data concerning genes encoding not only most peroxisomal proteins, but also several transcriptional factors regulating their expression such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors.
Alterations in the regulatory pathway involving p16, pRb and cdk4 in human chondrosarcoma
Authors: Asp Julia , Inerot Sven , Block Joel A. , Lindahl Anders
Published: July 2002

The Gl regulatory pathway involving p16, pRb and cdk4 in the cell cycle has been investigated in human chondrosarcoma. The protein expression of p16, pRb and cdk4 was analyzed by Western blot in cultured cells from eight chondrosarcomas and in two chondrosarcoma cell lines. Both cell lines and one other sample were negative for p16. Moreover, one of the cell lines was pRb‐negative and showed a high expression of cdk4 as well. In the other cell line and in three other samples pRb of expected size were detected in addition to a shorter form of the protein. To further investigate the reasons for down‐regulation of the p16 protein, the p16‐coding gene CDKN2 was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), methyl‐specific PCR (MSP) and sequencing in all tumor samples as well as in corresponding tumor tissues from three of the samples. The p16‐negative samples were all found to have homozygous deletion of CDKN2. Another sample showed partial gene methylation and a heterozygous position in codon 148 was detected in one sample. The same base substitution was also found in two of the tissue samples. Finally, cytogenetic analysis of the samples with homozygously deleted CDKN2 revealed multiple structural abnormalities in all three cases. In conclusion, the p16/ pRb/cdk4 pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of some chondrosarcomas. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mice with a targeted disruption of the neurotrophin receptor trkB lose their gustatory ganglion cells early but do develop taste buds
Authors: Fritzsch B. , Sarai P.A. , Barbacid M. , Silos‐Santiago I.
Published: July 2002

The alleged ability of taste afferents to induce taste buds in developing animals is investigated using a mouse model with a targeted deletion of the tyrosine kinase receptor trkB for the neurotrophin BDNF. This neurotrophin was recently shown to be expressed in developing taste buds and the receptor trkB has been shown to be expressed in the developing ganglion cells that innervate the taste buds. Our data show a reduction of geniculate ganglion cells to about 5% of control animals in neonates. Degeneration of ganglion cells starts when processes reach the central target (solitary tract) but before they reach the peripheral target (taste buds). Degeneration of ganglion cells is almost completed in trkB knockout mice before taste afferents reach in control animals the developing fungiform papillae. Four days later the first taste buds can be identified in fungiform papillae of both control and trkB knockout mice in about equal number and density. Many taste buds undergo a normal maturation compared to control animals. However, the more lateral and caudal fungiform papillae grow less in size and become less conspicuous in older trkB knockout mice. No intragemmal innervation can be found in trkB knockout taste buds but a few extragemmal fibers enter the apex and end between taste bud cells without forming specialized synapses. Taste buds of trkB knockout mice appear less well organized than those of control mice, but some cells show similar vesicle accumulations as control taste bud cells in their base but no synaptic contact to an afferent. These data strongly suggest that the initial development of many fungiform papillae and taste buds is independent of the specific taste innervation. It remains to be shown why others appear to be more dependent on proper innervation.
Globalization and catching-up: from recession to growth in transition economies
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: July 2002

The transitional recession in countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union has lasted much longer than expected. The legacy of the past and recent policy mistakes have both contributed to the slow progress. As structural reforms and gradual institution building have taken hold, the post-socialist economies have started to recover, with some leading countries building momentum toward faster growth. There is a possibility that in the wider context of globalization several of these emerging market economies will be able to catch up with the more advanced industrial economies in a matter of one or two generations. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Regents of the University of California.
Foundations for Soft, Smart Matter by Active Mechanical Metamaterials
Authors: Pishvar Maya , Harne Ryan L.
Published: August 2020

Emerging interest to synthesize active, engineered matter suggests a future where smart material systems and structures operate autonomously around people, serving diverse roles in engineering, medical, and scientific applications. Similar to biological organisms, a realization of active, engineered matter necessitates functionality culminating from a combination of sensory and control mechanisms in a versatile material frame. Recently, metamaterial platforms with integrated sensing and control have been exploited, so that outstanding non‐natural material behaviors are empowered by synergistic microstructures and controlled by smart materials and systems. This emerging body of science around active mechanical metamaterials offers a first glimpse at future foundations for autonomous engineered systems referred to here as soft, smart matter. Using natural inspirations, synergy across disciplines, and exploiting multiple length scales as well as multiple physics, researchers are devising compelling exemplars of actively controlled metamaterials, inspiring concepts for autonomous engineered matter. While scientific breakthroughs multiply in these fields, future technical challenges remain to be overcome to fulfill the vision of soft, smart matter. This Review surveys the intrinsically multidisciplinary body of science targeted to realize soft, smart matter via innovations in active mechanical metamaterials and proposes ongoing research targets that may deliver the promise of autonomous, engineered matter to full fruition.
TERT mutations correlate with higher TMB value and unique tumor microenvironment and may be a potential biomarker for anti‐CTLA4 treatment
Authors: Li Huahua , Li Jia , Zhang Chenyue , Zhang Chenxing , Wang Haiyong
Published: August 2020

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have recently changed therapeutic paradigms for patients across multiple cancer types. However, current biomarkers cannot accurately predict responses to ICIs. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mutations lead to an aberrant upregulation of TERT expression, and ultimately allow telomere maintenance, thus supporting immortalization of cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate whether the TERT mutation is a potential predictor of ICI treatment across all cancer types. TERT mutations positively correlated with a higher tumor mutational burden (TMB) value, neoantigen load, and tumor purity. Lymphocyte infiltration, macrophage regulation, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) response, and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) response which was representative immune‐expression signatures, all had higher signature scores in the TERT mutation group. Activated CD4 T cell, naïve B cell, activated dendritic cell, M0 macrophage, M1 macrophage, neutrophil, resting NK cell, and plasma cells all had relatively higher immune scores in the TERT mutation group, whereas Th series cells, memory B cell, resting mast cells, monocytes, and activated NK cells had lower immune scores. Notably, in the subgroup analysis of monotherapy and combination ICI treatment, only in the anti‐cytotoxic‐T‐lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4 (anti‐CTLA4) group, patients with TERT mutations had a better prognosis, especially for melanoma. Therefore, TERT mutations were closely related to a higher TMB value and unique tumor microenvironment, which may be the reason that TERT mutations may be a potential biomarker for anti‐CTLA4 treatment.
Biomass‐derived nonprecious metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: The demand‐oriented engineering of active sites and structures
Authors: Du Lei , Zhang Gaixia , Liu Xianhu , Hassanpour Amir , Dubois Marc , Tavares Ana C. , Sun Shuhui
Published: August 2020

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an important electrochemical process for renewable energy conversion and storage applications such as fuel cells and metal‐air batteries. ORR is sluggish in kinetics and requires a large amount of platinum group metal (PGM)‐based catalysts to facilitate its slow reaction rate. Application of precious metals raises the cost and decreases the competitivity of these devices in the market. To address this challenge, PGM‐free ORR catalysts have been intensively investigated as an alternative to replace the PGM‐based catalysts and to promote the deployment of ORR‐related applications. In particular, the biomass holds promising potential to be used as the precursor material for PGM‐free ORR catalysts. This pathway has gained more and more attention in recent years. In this review, recent advances regarding biomass‐derived ORR catalysts are summarized with a focus on the rational design of both active sites and porous structures which are the two key factors in determining ORR performance of catalysts. At the end, the perspectives of development of biomass‐derived catalysts is discussed.
A DFT/machine‐learning hybrid method for the prediction of 3JHCCH couplings
Authors: Navarro‐Vázquez Armando
Published: August 2020

A machine learning model for the prediction of vicinal proton–proton couplings has been developed based on a hybrid representation that includes geometrical and electronic parameters derived from natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of low‐level BLYP/STO‐3G computations. The model can predict 3JHH couplings with accuracy comparable or better than the well‐known Altona equation, and it can provide sensible 3JHH predictions in systems not well handled by the Altona equation such as epoxide or cyclopropane rings.
Growth of Black TiO2 Quantum Dots by Solution‐Based Electrochemical Process
Authors: Saranrom Natpapon , Sintiam Thanakrit , Panyathip Rangsan , Hongsith Kritsada , Sucharitakul Sukrit , Ngamjarurojana Athipong , Boonyawan Dheerawan , Kumnorkaew Pisist , Kerdcharoen Teerakiat , Choopun Supab
Published: August 2020

Black titanium dioxide (TiO2) quantum dots (QDs) are grown by a solution‐based electrochemical process and an effect of KCl concentration on the growth is investigated. The electrochemical process is demonstrated as a simple one‐step process for the growth of black TiO2 QDs in the solutions via bottom–up process. From the absorption spectra, the absorption appears for an entire visible wavelength (400–700 nm) implying a black TiO2 property. The average size of the black TiO2 QDs is about 4.5 nm from the transmission electron microscopy results and is similar to all KCl concentrations. This indicates that KCl concentration has no effect on the particle size, but has effect on the hydrodynamic size of TiO2 QDs. The black TiO2 QDs can be produced by the hydrogenation process of hydrogen ions during electrochemical process. The obtained black TiO2 QDs can be further explored as an electron‐transporting layer for a perovskite solar cell application.
Citizenship Education in Niger: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Sagayar Moussa Mohamed
Published: August 2020

This chapter proposes a set of reflections about citizenship education, as well as its anchoring in the multi-ethnic and religious context of Niger, a Sahelian country at the southern border of the Sahara Desert. To address these questions, the chapter first presents the theoretical bases and concepts for analyzing citizenship education in the Nigerien educational system. The second part of the chapter deals with the issue of how ethnic groups in Niger evolve and coexist. On this basis, the third part exposes the issues of citizenship and their implications for the teaching of civic and moral education. The final part discusses potentially useful citizen actions towards improving citizenship education, especially in areas where the Islamist terrorist movement, Boko Haram, is active.
Role of the IL-2 inducible tyrosine kinase ITK and its inhibitors in disease pathogenesis
Authors: Lechner Kristina S. , Neurath Markus F. , Weigmann Benno
Published: August 2020

ITK (IL-2-inducible tyrosine kinase) belongs to the Tec family kinases and is mainly expressed in T cells. It is involved in TCR signalling events driving processes like T cell development as well as Th2, Th9 and Th17 responses thereby controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies have shown that ITK is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases as well as in carcinogenesis. The loss of ITK or its activity either by mutation or by the use of inhibitors led to a beneficial outcome in experimental models of asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis among others. In humans, biallelic mutations in the ITK gene locus result in a monogenetic disorder leading to T cell dysfunction; in consequence, mainly EBV infections can lead to severe immune dysregulation evident by lymphoproliferation, lymphoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Furthermore, patients who suffer from angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma have been found to express significantly more ITK. These findings put ITK in the strong focus as a target for drug development.
Truss geometry and topology optimization with global stability constraints
Authors: Weldeyesus Alemseged Gebrehiwot , Gondzio Jacek , He Linwei , Gilbert Matthew , Shepherd Paul , Tyas Andrew
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we introduce geometry optimization into an existing topology optimization workflow for truss structures with global stability constraints, assuming a linear buckling analysis. The design variables are the cross-sectional areas of the bars and the coordinates of the joints. This makes the optimization problem formulations highly nonlinear and yields nonconvex semidefinite programming problems, for which there are limited available numerical solvers compared with other classes of optimization problems. We present problem instances of truss geometry and topology optimization with global stability constraints solved using a standard primal-dual interior point implementation. During the solution process, both the cross-sectional areas of the bars and the coordinates of the joints are concurrently optimized. Additionally, we apply adaptive optimization techniques to allow the joints to navigate larger move limits and to improve the quality of the optimal designs.
Adverse selection, efficiency and the structure of information
Authors: Bar-Isaac Heski , Jewitt Ian , Leaver Clare
Published: August 2020

This paper explores how the structure of asymmetric information impacts on economic outcomes in Akerlof’s (Q J Econ 84(3):488–500, 1970) Lemons model applied to the labour market and extended to admit a matching component between worker and firm. We characterize the nature of equilibrium and define measures of adverse selection and efficiency. We then characterize the joint distribution of outcomes—adverse selection, probability of trade, efficiency, profits, and wage—for the class of Gaussian basic games and information, and perform comparative statics with respect to a parsimonious parameterization of the information structure. We use this framework to revisit the classic issue, first addressed by Roy (Oxford Econ Pap 3(2):135-146, 1951), of selection into different sectors. We identify conditions under which an effect reversal—adverse selection at any realisation of public information but, overall, positive selection into the outside sector—can and cannot arise, and note the implications for empirical work. We also explore the divisions of expected total surplus between worker and firm that can be achieved as information varies. We show that, if the distribution of worker types is non-singular, any point in the set of possible surplus divisions can be achieved as a limit of a PBE for some information structure with asymmetric information. Finally, re-interpreting the model in an insurance context, where the matching component becomes consumer risk aversion, we use our framework to highlight sources of advantageous selection.
Does sexual cannibalism secure genetic benefits of polyandry in a size-dimorphic spider?
Authors: Weiss Katharina , Ruch Jasmin , Zimmer Stefanie S. , Schneider Jutta M.
Published: August 2020

Females mate multiply despite numerous costs. It is well established that polyandry can result in sexual conflict, favoring male adaptations that prevent sperm competition often to the disadvantage of the female. Such adaptations are extreme in spiders with one-shot genitalia of which parts break off and act as mating plugs, rendering them dysfunctional. In the spider Argiope bruennichi, mating plugs effectively prevent further males from inseminating and males that inseminate and plug both genital openings of a female secure exclusive paternity. However, females frequently prevent monopolization by attacking and cannibalizing males during their first copulation, leaving their second spermatheca free for another male. Here, we test whether the high frequency of sexual cannibalism evolved as a female adaptation to resist monopolization and secure indirect benefits of polyandry. To standardize conditions, we double-mated females either with the same or two different males and prevented male consumption. Using a split-brood design, we raised offspring to maturity under poor and rich food conditions and measured their survival, duration of juvenile phase, and adult body mass. Under low food, daughters of polyandrous mothers matured later but slightly heavier than daughters of monandrous females. Since the adaptive value of this combination is unclear, these findings lend no conclusive support to our hypothesis. We discuss the stereotypic nature of the female attack in the context of antagonistic co-evolution considering previous studies that found modest direct benefits of cannibalism as well as a potential for non-additive benefits.

Significance statement

Sexual conflict is extreme in spiders where sexual cannibalism impairs male mating rates. Males of the spider Argiope bruennichi possess one-shot genitalia which they break off to plug female genital openings. They gain exclusive paternity with a female if two copulations are achieved and both genital openings plugged. Females, however, stereotypically attack every male at the onset of copulation, limiting most males to single copulation but retaining the option to secure potential benefits of polyandry. Previous studies revealed weak direct and non-additive indirect benefits of multiple mating. In this study, we tested for the presence of additive genetic benefits but again found only inconclusive evidence for adaptive differences in offspring quality between monandrous and polyandrous females. All results combined, we here speculate that the stereotypic female attack might be a ghost of a past antagonistic co-evolution.
Meta‐Analysis and Meta‐Regression of Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections in Hepatic and Pancreatic Resection
Authors: Mentor Keno , Ratnayake Bathiya , Akter Nasreen , Alessandri Giorgio , Sen Gourab , French Jeremy J. , Manas Derek M. , Hammond John S. , Pandanaboyana Sanjay
Published: August 2020

Background

The risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) after HPB surgery are poorly defined. This meta‐analysis aimed to quantify the SSI rates and risk factors for SSI after pancreas and liver resection.

Methods

The PUBMED, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were systematically searched using the PRISMA framework. The primary outcome measure was pooled SSI rates. The secondary outcome measure was risk factor profile determination for SSI.

Results

The overall rate of SSI after pancreatic and liver resection was 25.1 and 10.4%, respectively (p < 0.001). 32% of pancreaticoduodenectomies developed SSI vs 23% after distal pancreatectomy (p < 0.001). The rate of incisional SSI in the pancreatic group was 9% and organ/space SSI 16.5%. Biliary resection during liver surgery was a risk factor for SSI (25.0 vs 15.7%, p = 0.002). After liver resection, the incisional SSI rate was 7.6% and the organ space SSI rate was 10.2%. Pancreas‐specific SSI risk factors were pre‐operative biliary drainage (p < 0.001), chemotherapy (p < 0.001) and radiotherapy (p = 0.007). Liver‐specific SSI risk factors were smoking (p = 0.046), low albumin (p < 0.001) and significant blood loss (p < 0.001). The rate of organ/space SSI in patients with POPF was 47.7% and in patients without POPF 7.3% (p < 0.001). Organ/space SSI rate was 43% in patients with bile leak and 10% in those without (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The risk factors for SSI following pancreatic and liver resections are distinct from each other, with higher SSI rates after pancreatic resection. Pancreaticoduodenectomy has increased risk of SSI compared to distal pancreatectomy. Similarly, biliary resections during liver surgery increase the rates of SSI.
Endogenous stochastic optimisation for relief distribution assisted with unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Escribano Macias Jose , Goldbeck Nils , Hsu Pei-Yuan , Angeloudis Panagiotis , Ochieng Washington
Published: August 2020

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been increasingly viewed as useful tools to assist humanitarian response in recent years. While organisations already employ UAVs for damage assessment during relief delivery, there is a lack of research into formalising a problem that considers both aspects simultaneously. This paper presents a novel endogenous stochastic vehicle routing problem that coordinates UAV and relief vehicle deployments to minimise overall mission cost. The algorithm considers stochastic damage levels in a transport network, with UAVs surveying the network to determine the actual network damages. Ground vehicles are simultaneously routed based on the information gathered by the UAVs.
A case study based on the Haiti road network is solved using a greedy solution approach and an adapted genetic algorithm. Both methods provide a significant improvement in vehicle travel time compared to a deterministic approach and a non-assisted relief delivery operation, demonstrating the benefits of UAV-assisted response.
A decade of marine mammal acoustical presence and habitat preference in the Bering Sea
Authors: Seger Kerri D. , Miksis-Olds Jennifer L.
Published: August 2020

As Arctic seas rapidly change with increased ocean temperatures and decreased sea ice extent, traditional Arctic marine mammal distributions may be altered, and typically temperate marine mammal species may shift poleward. Extant and seasonal odontocete species on the continental shelves of the Bering and Chukchi Seas include killer whales (Orcinus orca), sperm whales (Physeter microcephalus), beluga whales (Delphiapterus leucas), harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and Dall’s porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli). Newly documented, typically temperate odontocete species include Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). Until recently, recording constraints limited sampling rates, preventing the acoustic detection of many of these high frequency-producing (> 22 kHz) species in the Arctic seas. Using one of the first long-term datasets to record frequencies up to 50 kHz in these waters, clicks, buzzes, and whistles have been detected, classified, and paired with environmental data to explore which variables best parameterize habitat preference. Typically temperate species were associated temporally with cold Bering Sea Climate Regimes in tandem with negative Pacific Decadal Oscillations. Typically Arctic species’ strongest explanatory variables for distribution were largely species and site specific. Regardless of species, however, the environmental cues (e.g. percent ice cover or zooplankton community structure) marine mammals use for locating viable habitat space are ones that will change as temperatures increase. This 10-year dataset documents the current state and tracks recent dynamics of odontocetes and their habitats along the Pacific Arctic Corridor to contribute to ongoing discussions about future Arctic conditions.