bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium 5‐Chlorotetrazolate Dihydrate by Chlorination of 1H‐Tetrazole
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Liu Jiping , Wang Dong , Bi Xiaolu , Zhao Wei
Published: December 2014

A convenient, simple work‐up procedure and low‐cost chlorination method was developed to prepare sodium 5‐chlorotetrazolate dihydrate by chlorination of self‐prepared 1H‐tetrazole with sodium hypochlorite solution. Several organic extracting solvents and factors (raw material ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time) were investigated to optimize the operating conditions of the chlorination procedure. These products were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy (IR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the thermal behaviors of the resulting sodium 5‐chlorotetrazolate dihydrate and sodium tetrazolate monohydrate were investigated and compared by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results indicated that the optimum chlorination conditions were a stoichiometric raw materials ratio of 1:12:12 (1H‐tetralzole : sodium hypochlorite solution : acetic acid solution), a reaction temperature of 55 °C, a reaction time of 6 h, affording a 92.76 % yield; moreover, acetone was determined to be the best extraction solvent in terms of yield and toxicity. Crystal data: sodium tetrazolate, orthorhombic, Pmc2(1), a = 5.847(4), b = 5.605(3), c = 6.387(4) Å, V = 209.3(2) Å3, Z = 2, ρ = 1.746 Mg·m–3; sodium 5‐chlorotetrazolate, orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 6.8611(19), b = 6.9243(19), c = 12.281(4) Å, V = 583.5(3) Å3, Z = 8, ρ = 1.850 Mg·m–3. Sodium tetrazolate has a melting point at 275.97 °C and an exothermic decomposition peak at 319.45 °C, whereas sodium 5‐chlorotetrazolate shows only a sharp exothermic peak at 237.33 °C due to violent decomposition without melting.
Storage lipid synthesis is necessary for autophagy induced by nitrogen starvation
Authors: Li Dan , Song Jing-Zhen , Li Hui , Shan Mei-Hua , Liang Yongheng , Zhu Jing , Xie Zhiping
Published: December 2014

Nitrogen starvation is a universal stimulus of autophagy. At present, little is known about the relationship between carbon metabolism and autophagy under nitrogen starvation. Here, we show that yeast cells continue to consume glucose and downregulate fermentation under nitrogen starvation. Storage lipid production is increased, with concurrent proliferation of lipid droplets. Furthermore, we provide evidence that triacylglycerol synthesis is crucial for autophagosome biogenesis. It is involved in a step downstream of PAS (phagophore assembly site) scaffold assembly, and upstream of the recruitment of Atg1, Atg14, Atg5 and Atg8. Finally, we demonstrate that lipid droplets transiently interact with Atg8‐containing membranes. Our study reveals a novel connection linking neutral lipid metabolism, lipid droplets and autophagy.
Strategic benefits of low fit brand extensions: When and why?
Authors: Chun HaeEun Helen , Park C. Whan , Eisingerich Andreas B. , MacInnis Deborah J.
Published: December 2014

Brand extensions have the potential to both enhance liking of the brand extension and induce positive spillover effects on the parent brand. Such dual outcomes enhance the brand's growth potential. We propose and empirically demonstrate that three variables endemic to any brand extension decision (brand reputation, brand extension fit, brand extension benefit innovativeness) jointly impact these positive outcomes. For strong reputation brands, these dual outcomes are maximized when the brand extension is low in fit and offers innovative benefits because low fit motivates consumers to process innovative brand extension information more deeply. For weak reputation brands, these effects are maximized when the brand extension is high in fit and offers innovative benefits because high fit strengthens consumers' trust in the weak brand's ability to deliver promoted benefits. The results suggest two distinct brand growth strategies for strong and weak reputation brands respectively.
The Immediate Effect of Kinesiology Taping on Muscular Imbalance in the Lateral Flexors of the Neck in Infants: A Randomized Masked Study
Authors: Öhman Anna
Published: December 2014

Objective

To investigate the immediate effect of kinesiology taping (KT) on muscular imbalance in the lateral flexors of the neck.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Participants

Twenty‐nine infants with congenital muscular torticollis and muscular imbalance in the lateral flexors of the neck were chosen consecutively. In addition, 5 healthy infants with no signs of muscular imbalance in the neck were tested.

Method

The infants were randomly allocated to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group had kinesiology taping applied on the affected side using the muscle‐relaxing technique. The healthy infants were tested both with and without kinesiology taping. The evaluator was blinded to whether the infants were or were not taped.

Results

There was a significant difference in the change of Muscle Function Scale (MFS) scores between the groups (P < .0001). In the intervention group, there were significantly lower scores on the affected side that had been taped (P < .0001) and also significantly higher scores on the unaffected side (P = .01). There were no significant differences in the control group. For the healthy infants, with no imbalance in the lateral flexors of the neck, there were no changes to the MFS scores regardless of whether the kinesiology tape was applied.

Conclusions

For infants with congenital muscular torticollis, kinesiology taping applied on the affected side had an immediate effect on the MFS scores for the muscular imbalance in the lateral flexors of the neck.
Knee Flexion Contractures in Patients with Osteoarthritis: Clinical Features and Histologic Characterization of the Posterior Capsule
Authors: Campbell Thomas Mark , Trudel Guy , Laneuville Odette
Published: December 2014

Objective

To (1) identify demographic and clinical factors associated with knee flexion contracture (KFlC) in the setting of osteoarthritis (OA) and (2) histologically compare the posterior knee capsule of patients with OA with and without KFlC.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Primary care, including private and institutional practice.

Patients

Thirteen patients with primary OA and KFlC and 8 patients with primary OA without KFlC.

Methods

We compared the KFlC and non‐KFlC groups to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with KFlC. We examined the histology of the posterior knee capsules of 9 patients with KFlC and 6 without.

Main Outcome Measurements

Patient demographic and clinical factors. For histology we measured the proportional composition of collagenous, adipose, and synovial tissues; fibroblast and adipocyte cellularity; and synovial thickness.

Results

Patients with contracture had longer duration of OA, reduced flexion of the surgical knee, and reduced extension of the contralateral knee (P = .04, <.01, and <.01 respectively). Histologically, there was a greater proportion of collagenous tissue and a lower proportion of adipose and synovial tissues in the contracture group than in the noncontracture group; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Cellularity was similar between the 2 groups.

Conclusions

Longer duration of knee OA, reduced surgical knee flexion, and reduced contralateral, nonsurgical knee extension were associated with KFlC in the OA knee undergoing total arthroplasty. Monitoring bilateral knee range of motion in patients with longer‐duration OA could allow earlier intervention, reducing functional loss. Capsular tissue composition analysis may indicate a fibrotic disease process. Further research in which a larger sample size is used will help clarify these novel findings.
Automotive Ethernet
Authors: Matheus Kirsten , Königseder Thomas
Published: December 2014

Do you need to get up to date with the world's most popular networking technology? With this resource you will discover everything you need to know about Ethernet and its implementation in the automotive industry. Enhance your technical understanding and better inform your decision-making process so that you can experience the benefits of Ethernet implementation. From new market opportunities, to lower costs, and less complex processes; this is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of automotive Ethernet. Covering electromagnetic requirements and physical layer technologies, Quality of Service, the use of VLANs, IP, and Service Discovery, as well as network architecture and testing, this unique and comprehensive resource is a must have, whether you are a professional in the automotive industry, or an academic who needs a detailed overview of this revolutionary technology and its historical background.
The Long Process of Development
Authors: Hough Jerry F. , Grier Robin
Published: December 2014

Douglass North once emphasized that development takes centuries, but he did not have a theory of how and why change occurs. This groundbreaking book advances such a theory by examining in detail why England and Spain developed so slowly from 1000 to 1800. A colonial legacy must go back centuries before settlement, and this book points to key events in England and Spain in the 1260s to explain why Mexico lagged behind the United States economically in the twentieth century. Based on the integration of North's institutional approach with Mancur Olson's collective action theory, Max Weber's theory of value change, and North's focus on dominant coalitions based on rent and military in In the Shadow of Violence, this theory of change leads to exciting new historical interpretations, including the crucial role of the merchant-navy alliance in England and the key role of George Washington's control of the military in 1787.
Public Services in EU Law
Authors: Sauter Wolf
Published: December 2014

In the EU public services, utilities and welfare services can be seen as both building blocks for the internal market and as a persistent irritant in the integration process. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the EU law on public services within the context of European integration. It brings together important analysis of the primary Treaty law, mainly on the internal market and competition, and of the secondary legislation at EU level, including different sector specific regimes. Particular attention is given to case law of the EU courts. This will be essential reading for those looking to have a broader understanding of the subject.
Abortion Politics, Mass Media, and Social Movements in America
Authors: Rohlinger Deana A.
Published: December 2014

Weaving together analyses of archival material, news coverage, and interviews conducted with journalists from mainstream and partisan outlets as well as with activists across the political spectrum, Deana A. Rohlinger re-imagines how activists use a variety of mediums, sometimes simultaneously, to agitate for - and against - legal abortion. Rohlinger's in-depth portraits of four groups - the National Right to Life Committee, Planned Parenthood, the National Organization for Women, and Concerned Women for America - illuminates when groups use media and why they might choose to avoid media attention altogether. Rohlinger expertly reveals why some activist groups are more desperate than others to attract media attention and sheds light on what this means for policy making and legal abortion in the twenty-first century.
The Ecology of War in China
Authors: Muscolino Micah S.
Published: December 2014

This book explores the interplay between war and environment in Henan Province, a hotly contested frontline territory that endured massive environmental destruction and human disruption during the conflict between China and Japan during World War II. In a desperate attempt to block Japan's military advance, Chinese Nationalist armies under Chiang Kai-shek broke the Yellow River's dikes in Henan in June 1938, resulting in devastating floods that persisted until after the war's end. Greater catastrophe struck Henan in 1942–3, when famine took some two million lives and displaced millions more. Focusing on these war-induced disasters and their aftermath, this book conceptualizes the ecology of war in terms of energy flows through and between militaries, societies, and environments. Ultimately, Micah Muscolino argues that efforts to procure and exploit nature's energy in various forms shaped the choices of generals, the fates of communities, and the trajectory of environmental change in North China.
Hypsodonty in Mammals
Authors: Madden Richard H.
Published: December 2014

The evolution of high-crowned teeth, hypsodonty, is a defining characteristic of many terrestrial herbivores. To date, the most prominent focus in the study of the teeth of grazing herbivores has been co-evolution with grasses and grasslands. This book develops the idea further and looks at the myriad ways that soil can enter the diet. Madden then expands this analysis to examine the earth surface processes that mobilize sediment in the environment. The text delivers a global perspective on tooth wear and soil erosion, with examples from the islands of New Zealand to the South American Andes, highlighting how similar geological processes worldwide result in convergent evolution. The final chapter includes a review of elodonty in the fossil record and its environmental consequences. Offering new insights into geomorphology and adaptive and evolutionary morphology, this text will be of value to any researcher interested in the evolution of tooth size and shape.
Playing Hesiod
Authors: Van Noorden Helen
Published: December 2014

This book offers a new description of the significance of Hesiod's 'myth of the races' for ancient Greek and Roman authors, showing how the most detailed responses to this story go far beyond nostalgia for a lost 'Golden' age or hope of its return. Through a series of close readings, it argues that key authors from Plato to Juvenal rewrite the story to reconstruct 'Hesiod' more broadly as predecessor in forming their own intellectual and rhetorical projects; disciplines such as philosophy, didactic poetry and satire all engage in implicit questions about 'Hesiodic' teaching. The first chapter introduces key issues; the second re-evaluates the account in Hesiod's Works and Days. A major chapter outlines Plato's use of Hesiod through close study of the Protagoras, Republic and Statesman. Subsequent chapters focus on Aratus' Phaenomena and Ovid's Metamorphoses; the final chapter, on the Octavia attributed to Seneca and Juvenal's sixth Satire, broadens ideas of Hesiod's reception in Rome.
Global Environmental Constitutionalism
Authors: May James R. , Daly Erin
Published: December 2014

Reflecting a global trend, scores of countries have affirmed that their citizens are entitled to healthy air, water and land, and that their constitution should guarantee certain environmental rights. This book examines the increasing recognition that the environment is a proper subject for protection in constitutional texts and for vindication by constitutional courts. This phenomenon, which the authors call environmental constitutionalism, represents the confluence of constitutional law, international law, human rights and environmental law. National apex and constitutional courts are exhibiting a growing interest in environmental rights, and as courts become more aware of what their peers are doing, this momentum is likely to increase. This book explains why such provisions came into being, how they are expressed, and the extent to which they have been, and might be, enforced judicially. It is a singular resource for evaluating the content of and hope for constitutional environmental rights.
Medicine and Public Health in Latin America
Authors: Cueto Marcos , Palmer Steven
Published: December 2014

Despite several studies on the social, cultural, and political histories of medicine and of public health in different parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, local and national focuses still predominate, and there are few panoramic studies that analyze the overarching tendencies in the development of health in the region. This comprehensive book summarizes the social history of medicine, medical education, and public health in Latin America and places it in dialogue with the international historiographical currents in medicine and health. Ultimately, this text provides a clear, broad, and provocative synthesis of the history of Latin American medical developments while illuminating the recent challenges of global health in the region and other developing countries.
Ancestral Maya Economies in Archaeological Perspective
Authors: McAnany Patricia A.
Published: December 2014

The decipherment of Maya hieroglyphs has enabled scholars to better understand Classic society, but many aspects of this civilization remain shrouded in mystery, particularly its economies and social structures. How did farmers, artisans, and rulers make a living in a tropical forest environment? In this study, Patricia McAnany tackles this question and presents the first comprehensive view of ancestral Maya economic practice. Bringing an archaeological approach to the topic, she demonstrates the vital role of ritual practice in indigenous ecologies, gendered labour, and the construction of colossal architecture. Examining Maya royalty as a kind of social speciation, McAnany also shows the fundamentality of social difference as well as the pervasiveness of artisan production and marketplaces in ancestral Maya societies. Written in an engaging and accessible style, this book situates Maya economies within contemporary social, political, and economic theories of social practice, gender, actor-networks, inalienable goods, materiality, social difference, indigenous ecologies, and strategies of state finance.
Performing Citizenship in Plato's Laws
Authors: Prauscello Lucia
Published: December 2014

In the Laws, Plato theorizes citizenship as simultaneously a political, ethical, and aesthetic practice. His reflection on citizenship finds its roots in a descriptive psychology of human experience, with sentience and, above all, volition seen as the primary targets of a lifelong training in the values of citizenship. In the city of Magnesia described in the Laws erôs for civic virtue is presented as a motivational resource not only within the reach of the 'ordinary' citizen, but also factored by default into its educational system. Supporting a vision of 'perfect citizenship' based on an internalized obedience to the laws, and persuading the entire polity to consent willingly to it, requires an ideology that must be rhetorically all-inclusive. In this city 'ordinary' citizenship itself will be troped as a performative action: Magnesia's choral performances become a fundamental channel for shaping, feeling and communicating a strong sense of civic identity and unity.
Hi Hitler!
Authors: Rosenfeld Gavriel D.
Published: December 2014

The Third Reich's legacy is in flux. For much of the post-war period, the Nazi era has been viewed moralistically as an exceptional period of history intrinsically different from all others. Since the turn of the millennium, however, this view has been challenged by a powerful wave of normalization. Gavriel D. Rosenfeld charts this important international trend by examining the shifting representation of the Nazi past in contemporary western intellectual and cultural life. Focusing on works of historical scholarship, popular novels, counterfactual histories, feature films, and Internet websites, he identifies notable changes in the depiction of the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the figure of Adolf Hitler himself. By exploring the origins of these works and assessing the controversies they have sparked in the United States and Europe, Hi Hitler! offers a fascinating and timely analysis of the shifting status of the Nazi past in western memory.
Learning by Expanding
Authors: Engeström Yrjö
Published: December 2014

Learning by Expanding challenges traditional theories that consider learning a process of acquisition and reorganization of cognitive structures within the closed boundaries of specific tasks or problems. Yrjö Engeström argues that this type of learning increasingly fails to meet the challenges of complex social change and fails to create novel artifacts and ways of life. In response, he presents an innovative theory of expansive learning activity, offering a foundation for understanding and designing learning as a transformation of human activities and organizations. The second edition of this seminal text features a substantive new introduction that illustrates the development and implementation of Engeström's theory since its inception.
Mining of Massive Datasets
Authors: Leskovec Jure , Rajaraman Anand , Ullman Jeffrey David
Published: December 2014

Written by leading authorities in database and Web technologies, this book is essential reading for students and practitioners alike. The popularity of the Web and Internet commerce provides many extremely large datasets from which information can be gleaned by data mining. This book focuses on practical algorithms that have been used to solve key problems in data mining and can be applied successfully to even the largest datasets. It begins with a discussion of the map-reduce framework, an important tool for parallelizing algorithms automatically. The authors explain the tricks of locality-sensitive hashing and stream processing algorithms for mining data that arrives too fast for exhaustive processing. Other chapters cover the PageRank idea and related tricks for organizing the Web, the problems of finding frequent itemsets and clustering. This second edition includes new and extended coverage on social networks, machine learning and dimensionality reduction.
The Shield of Nationality
Authors: Wellhausen Rachel L.
Published: December 2014

There is extraordinary variation in how governments treat multinational corporations in emerging economies; in fact, governments around the world have nationalized or eaten away at the value of foreign-owned property in violation of international treaties. This even occurs in poor countries, where governments are expected to, at a minimum, respect the contracts they make with foreign firms lest foreign capital flee. In The Shield of Nationality, Rachel Wellhausen introduces foreign-firm nationality as a key determinant of firms' responses to government breaches of contract. Firms of the same nationality are likely to see a compatriot's broken contract as a forewarning of their own problems, leading them to take flight or fight. In contrast, firms of other nationalities are likely to meet the broken contract with apparent indifference. Evidence includes quantitative analysis and case studies that draw on field research in Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania.
The Founders and the Idea of a National University
Authors: Thomas George
Published: December 2014

This book examines the ideas of the Founders with regard to establishing a national university and what those ideas say about their understanding of America. It offers the first study on the idea of a national university and how the Founders understood it as an important feature in an educational system that would sustain the American experiment in democracy. Their ideas about education suggest that shaping the American mind is essential to the success of the Constitution and that this is something that future generations would need to continue to do.
Describing Gods
Authors: Oppy Graham
Published: December 2014

How do religious believers describe God, and what sort of attributes do they attribute to him? These are central topics in the philosophy of religion. In this book Graham Oppy undertakes a careful study of attributes which are commonly ascribed to God, including infinity, perfection, simplicity, eternity, necessity, fundamentality, omnipotence, omniscience, freedom, incorporeality, perfect goodness and perfect beauty. In a series of substantial chapters, he examines divine attributes one by one, and relates them to a larger taxonomy of those attributes. He also examines the difficulties involved in establishing the claim that understandings of divine attributes are inconsistent or incoherent. Intended as a companion to his 2006 book Arguing about Gods, his study engages with a range of the best contemporary work on divine attributes. It will appeal to readers in philosophy of religion.
Inner amenability for groups and central sequences in factors
Authors: CHIFAN IONUT , SINCLAIR THOMAS , UDREA BOGDAN
Published: December 2014

We show that a large class of i.c.c., countable, discrete groups satisfying a weak negative curvature condition are not inner amenable. By recent work of Hull and Osin [Groups with hyperbolically embedded subgroups. Algebr. Geom. Topol.13 (2013), 2635–2665], our result recovers that mapping class groups and $\text{Out}(\mathbb{F}_{n})$ are not inner amenable. We also show that the group-measure space constructions associated to free, strongly ergodic p.m.p. actions of such groups do not have property Gamma of Murray and von Neumann [On rings of operators IV. Ann. of Math. (2) 44 (1943), 716–808].
A numerical study on the energy transfer from surface waves to interfacial waves in a two-layer fluid system
Authors: Tanaka Mitsuhiro , Wakayama Kyoichi
Published: December 2014

Interaction between surface and interfacial waves with continuous energy spectra in a two-layer density stratified fluid system is investigated numerically. For an initial wave field which consists only of the surface waves all propagating in the same direction, it is confirmed that the spectra $S_{s}(k)$ of the surface waves and $S_{i}(k)$ of the interfacial waves change significantly due to the recently found class 3 triad resonance. When the bulk of the surface wave spectrum $S_{s}(k)$ is initially located well above the critical wavenumber $k_{crit}$, below which the class 3 triad resonance is prohibited, $S_{s}(k)$ downshifts gradually toward the lower wavenumber during the initial stage of evolution. However, this downshift halts when the peak of $S_{s}(k)$ reaches around $k_{crit}$, and after that a steep peak forms in $S_{s}(k)$ around $k_{crit}$. It is confirmed that the timescale of the spectral evolution is of $O(1/{\it\epsilon}^{2})$ (${\it\epsilon}$ is a characteristic non-dimensional wave amplitude) in most of the $k$ space, consistent with the prediction of the wave turbulence theory for a system with a decay-type dispersion relation. However, it is also found that the timescale of the formation and growth of the sharp peak in $S_{s}(k)$ around $k_{crit}$ is of $O(1/{\it\epsilon})$, i.e. the timescale of the deterministic three-wave resonance.
DICHOTOMY RESULT FOR INDEPENDENCE-FRIENDLY PREFIXES OF GENERALIZED QUANTIFIERS
Authors: SEVENSTER MERLIJN
Published: December 2014

We study the expressive power of independence-friendly quantifier prefixes composed of universal$\left( {\forall x/X} \right)$, existential$\left( {\exists x/X} \right)$, and majority quantifiers$\left( {Mx/X} \right)$. We provide four quantifier prefixes that can express NP hard properties and show that all quantifier prefixes capable of expressing NP-hard properties embed at least one of these four quantifier prefixes. As for the quantifier prefixes that do not embed any of these four quantifier prefixes, we show that they are equivalent to a first-order quantifier prefix composed of$\forall x$,$\exists x$, and Mx. In unison, our results imply a dichotomy result: every independence-friendly quantifier prefix is either decidable in LOGSPACE or NP hard.
ON SEQUENCES GENERIC IN THE SENSE OF MAGIDOR
Authors: FUCHS GUNTER
Published: December 2014

The main result of this paper is a combinatorial characterization of Magidor-generic sequences. Using this characterization, I show that the critical sequences of certain iterations are Magidor-generic over the target model. I then employ these results in order to analyze which other Magidor sequences exist in a Magidor extension. One result in this direction is that if we temporarily identify Magidor sequences with their ranges, then Magidor sequences are maximal, in the sense that they contain any other Magidor sequence that is present in their forcing extension, even if the other sequence is generic for a different Magidor forcing. A stronger result holds if both sequences come from the same forcing: I show that a Magidor sequence is almost unique in its forcing extension, in the sense that any other sequence generic for the same forcing which is present in the same forcing extension coincides with the original sequence at all but finitely many coordinates, and at all limit coordinates. Further, I ask the question: If d ε V[c], where c and d are Magidor-generic over V, then which Magidor forcing can d be generic for? It turns out that it must essentially be a collapsed version of the Magidor forcing for which c was generic. I treat several related questions as well. Finally, I introduce a special case of Magidor forcing which I call minimal Magidor forcing. This approach simplifies the forcing, and I prove that it doesn’t restrict the class of possible Magidor sequences. That is, if c is generic for a Magidor forcing over V, then it is generic for a minimal Magidor forcing over V.
ON TALAGRAND’S EXHAUSTIVE PATHOLOGICAL SUBMEASURE
Authors: SELIM OMAR
Published: December 2014

We investigate Talagrand’s construction of an exhaustive pathological submeasure. We consider the forcing associated with this submeasure and we also begin an effort to explicitly describe this construction.
ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY FOR MV-ALGEBRAS
Authors: BELLUCE LAWRENCE P. , NOLA ANTONIO DI , LENZI GIACOMO
Published: December 2014

In this paper we try to apply universal algebraic geometry to MV algebras, that is, we study “MV algebraic sets” given by zeros of MV polynomials, and their “coordinate MV algebras”. We also relate algebraic and geometric objects with theories and models taken in Łukasiewicz many valued logic with constants. In particular we focus on the structure of MV polynomials and MV polynomial functions on a given MV algebra.
The evolution and structure of social networks
Authors: RICHARDS WHITMAN , WORMALD NICHOLAS
Published: December 2014

As social networks evolve, new nodes are linked to the large-scale organization already in place. We show that the combination of two simple algorithms, one the Barabasi-Albert preferential attachment proposal and the other a neighbor attachment rule, successfully generate networks exhibiting both the local and global characteristics of empirical data on social network structures. Ideally, one might hope that some coarse features of this linking process and the form of the local patterns might enable the prediction of large-scale properties. We show that this is generally not the case. This might help explain the variety of local and global patterns in empirical networks.
Action Research Using a Chinese Career Model Based on the Wisdom of Classic of Changes and its Applications
Authors: Liu Shu-Hui , Wang Chih-Hung , Deng Chi-Ping , Keh Foo Bee , Lu Yi-Jen , Tsai Ya-Chi
Published: December 2014

To challenge the Taiwan Ministry of Education's (TMOE) dominant enforcement of a person-environment fit model, the Chinese Career Research Center incorporated yin-yang alternation principles from the Classic of Changes ( I Ching, Yi Jing or 易經) to develop the model of career development touching the sky yet grounded (TSG) and corresponding practice guidelines, a career website (CCN), and four career service projects. Using Lewin's (1946) cyclical-spiral process of action research, CCN and TSG service projects were promoted to complement the TMOE's fit model, and feedback was utilised to revise our TSG model and its applications. Yin-yang alternation principles and the four stages of chien (the creative) from the Classic of Changes were applied to develop social action strategies. Social change was indicated by counsellors’ and students’ changes in their career views, as well as the TMOE's direct financial support for TSG service projects. This progress is encouraging for whoever is interested in developing culture-inclusive indigenous psychology with practical outcomes.
The Effect of Group Boundary Permeability on Intergroup Prejudice: The Case of Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China
Authors: Zhang Xiao-xiao , Zheng Jian , Liu Li , Zhao Xian , Sun Xiao-min
Published: December 2014

The developing world is witness to a major urban transformation. How to facilitate intergroup relations between new migrants and long-time urban residents is a critical issue in developing societies globally. The current research explored the effect of group boundary permeability on intergroup prejudice by the case of rural-to-urban migration in China. As the boundary between rural-to-urban migrants and permanent urban residents in China can be ascribed to China's unique hukou system, we conducted three interrelated studies to approach the topic from the perspective of the hukou system and its reforms. Study 1 used a correlational investigation and found a negative correlation between group boundary permeability and prejudice against rural-to-urban migrants. In Study 2, we manipulated the group boundary permeability using the points accumulation system scheme of the hukou system reform, and found a causal effect of the group boundary permeability on the social distance of urban dwellers to migrants. In Study 3, using a more general hukou reform scheme, that of gradually abolishing the hukou system, we replicated the findings from Study 2 and further found that a permeable group boundary could reduce prejudice. These three studies suggest that the group boundary based on the Chinese hukou system is an institutional cause of prejudice against rural-to-urban migrants. Our experimental manipulations can be interpreted as analogues to potential policy arena actions.
Psychological Distress Among College Youth as a Function of Family SES: The Mediating Effect of Sense of Poverty and the Mitigating Role of Family Resources
Authors: Reyes Melissa Lopez , Yujuico Isabelle C.
Published: December 2014

Although college provides an opportunity for socioeconomic advancement, poor college youth confront material scarcity and financial problems and are at risk for psychological distress. Yet, distress is a product not only of poverty per se but of a sense of poverty, or a subjective evaluation of one's socioeconomic conditions vis-à-vis life circumstances. Both sense of poverty and psychological distress, however, can be mitigated by collective problem-solving in the family and by the family's social resources. Analysis of data from Filipino college youth ( n = 831) shows that the family's inability to meet financial obligations is not directly associated with distress, but indirectly through sense of poverty. Lack of family assets is not a predictor of psychological distress, given that the positive indirect effect through sense of poverty is counteracted by a negative direct effect. Results also show that family problem-solving lessens psychological distress and that adequate access to social resources lessens the negative effect of sense of poverty on distress.
Foraminifera on the Demerara Rise offshore Surinam: crustal subsidence or shallowing of an oxygen minimum zone?
Authors: WILSON BRENT , HAYEK LEE-ANN C.
Published: December 2014

The lower bathyal Ocean Drilling Program Hole 1261A was sampled near an upper Quaternary oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Glauconite, the percentage of the foraminiferal assemblage as benthic specimens and assemblage composition were used to investigate the behaviour of the OMZ. Benthic foraminifera and glauconite were comparable with the upper margin of the modern OMZ off California. The percentage abundances ofU. peregrinaandC. laevigatawere on the Demerara Rise negatively correlated, the proportional abundance ofU. peregrinaincreasing upwards through the section. This reflects variations in proximity to the upper margin of the OMZ. This might reflect either crustal subsidence or long-term shallowing of the OMZ during the earlier late Quaternary. Neither hypothesis can be accepted unequivocally. The purported subsidence can be ascribed to crustal loading by the Amazon and Orinoco deep-sea fans, but this would require that the palaeodepth to the top of the OMZ remains constant across several glacial–interglacial cycles. In contrast, it is difficult to envisage any mechanism that could have caused progressive shallowing of the OMZ across several glacial–interglacial cycles. The epifaunalPlanulina wuellerstorfiis related to more oxic waters and enhanced current action. This suggests that intervals with more abundantP. wuellerstorfiwere somewhat less dysoxic than those with few. These intervals approximate to those with more abundantC. laevigata. Superimposed on this low-frequency signal is a higher-frequency signal, indicated by a between-sample assemblage turnover index (ATIs) that might prove useful for long-range sequence stratigraphic correlation at bathyal depths.
Migration, Minorities, and Radical Networks: Labour Movements and Opposition Groups in Saudi Arabia, 1950–1975
Authors: Matthiesen Toby
Published: December 2014

This article shows how ideas of Arab nationalism, socialism, and communism spread to the Arab Gulf states. It outlines how migrant workers, teachers, students returning from abroad, and the emergence of a print culture filled with Arab nationalist and leftist ideas in the 1940s created the basis for widespread political mobilization in the oil-rich Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. After major strikes in 1953 and 1956 and a harsh crackdown, leftist activists moved underground and into exile. They continued to be active clandestinely and gathered in various capitals in the region. Members of the Shia Muslim minority in the Eastern Province played a special role in the labour movement and secular opposition groups. The latter promised the Shia inclusion in a larger political project and thus they were seen as an antidote to sectarian discrimination against this minority. The article emphasizes the importance of transnational networks, organizational resources such as libraries and social clubs, and a radicalized public sphere for political mobilization.
Heat-induced changes in the properties of modified skim milks with different casein to whey protein ratios
Authors: Jeswan Singh Mandeep , Chandrapala Jayani , Udabage Punsandani , McKinnon Ian , Augustin Mary Ann
Published: December 2014

The heat-induced changes in pH, Ca activity and viscosity after heating at 90 °C for 10 min of five modified skim milks were studied as a function of the initial pH of the milks at 25 °C. The milks had (i) different ratios of casein : whey protein (0·03, 1·74, 3·97, 5·27 and 7·25), (ii) the same total solids concentration (9% w/w) and (iii) prior to the adjustment of the pH, similar values of pH (6·67–6·74), concentration of serum calcium, and calcium activity, suggesting that the sera have similar mineral composition. The total protein concentrations of the milks differ (2·8–4·0%, w/w). The pH decrease in situ upon heating from 25–90 °C was similar for all the modified skim milks with the same starting pH, suggesting that the pH changes to milk on heating were primarily mediated by the initial mineral composition of the serum and were unaffected by the casein : whey protein ratio or the total protein content of the milk. The heat-induced changes in pH and calcium activity were largely reversible on cooling. The two milks with the lowest ratios of casein to whey protein gelled on heating to 90 °C for 10 min and cooling to 25 °C when the pH was adjusted to pH = 6·2 prior to heating. The viscosities of all other milks with casein to whey protein ratio of 3·97, 5·27 and 7·25 and/or pH ≥6·7 prior to heating did not change significantly. The effect of casein : whey protein ratio and the pH are the dominant factors in controlling the susceptibility to thickening of the milks on heating in this study.
The structure and short-term stability of the emotional disorders: a dimensional approach
Authors: Kotov R. , Perlman G. , Gámez W. , Watson D.
Published: December 2014

Background

Factor-analytic studies have found that depressive, bipolar, post-traumatic, obsessive–compulsive, and anxiety disorders – jointly referred to as the emotional disorders – form an internalizing spectrum that includes distress and fear subfactors. However, placement of some disorders is uncertain. Also, prior research analysed dichotomous interview-based diagnoses or dimensional self-report measures. We investigated this structure using a third-generation measure – the Interview for Mood and Anxiety Symptoms (IMAS) – that combines strengths of a clinical interview with dimensional assessment.

Method

The interview was administered to 385 students and 288 psychiatric out-patients. Participants were reinterviewed 2 months later.

Results

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified three factors: distress (depression, generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress, irritability, and panic syndrome); fear (social anxiety, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and obsessive–compulsive); and bipolar (mania and obsessive–compulsive). The structure was consistent over time and across samples, except that panic and agoraphobia had higher factor loadings in patients. Longitudinal analyses revealed high temporal stability of the factors (test–retest r = 0.72 to 0.87), but also substantial disorder-specific stability.

Conclusions

This investigation – which bridges diagnostic and self-report studies – found three subfactors of internalizing psychopathology. It provided support for a new subfactor, clarified the placement of obsessive–compulsive and bipolar disorders, and demonstrated that this model generalizes across populations. The accumulating research suggests the need to recognize formally the close links among the emotional disorders, as well as empirical clusters within this spectrum. The IMAS demonstrated strong psychometric properties and can be useful for various research and clinical applications by providing dimensional, interview-based assessment of the emotional disorders.
Plastic sheets: a new method for collecting faecal samples with seeds dispersed by birds
Authors: Hernández-Dávila O. A. , Galindo-González J. , Castro-Luna A. A. , Sosa V. J.
Published: December 2014

For birds, we tested the efficacy of a technique used to obtain faecal samples and their seed content from bats by placing plastic sheets below mist nets. This method was compared with that of collecting faecal samples using cotton bags. Plastic sheets were placed below each of eight mist nets to obtain faecal samples from birds caught in cloud forest remnants. Each bird was then placed separately in a cotton bag to catch any other seeds excreted. There were 84 faecal samples in total: 64 with no seeds and 20 with seeds; of the latter 65% were obtained from the plastic sheets. A total of 407 seeds were collected, 317 from 11 plant species were collected on the plastic sheets and 90 belonging to six plant species in the bags. Seed richness and abundance were significantly greater for samples obtained using the plastic sheets than with the cotton bags. Although the number of bird faecal samples obtained did not differ between methods (13 vs 7), with the plastic sheets the number of faecal samples with seeds increased. Thus, to obtain more representative faecal samples from frugivorous birds, we strongly recommend the use of plastic sheets as part of the technique.
COMT Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Rivest Jean , Barclay C. Lynn , Suchowersky Oksana
Published: December 2014

The COMT inhibitors, tolcapone and entacapone, are a new class of Parkinson's medications. By inhibiting the enzyme catechol-o-methyl-transferase (COMT), they prevent peripheral degradation of levodopa, allowing a higher concentration to cross the blood-brain barrier. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that both tolcapone and entacapone significantly prolong the elimination half life, and increase the area under the curve of levodopa without increasing C max. Clinical studies with COMT inhibitors have shown benefit in both stable and fluctuating PD patients with improvement in motor function with lower levodopa doses. Fluctuating patients also had increased “on” time and reduced “wearing off”. Side effects were most commonly related to increased dopaminergic stimulation. Specific side effects included diarrhea and elevated liver enzymes. The recent reports of three cases of fulminant hepatitis with the use of tolcapone has led many countries to remove this compound from their market. Concerns about a possible class effect should impose close monitoring of liver function tests with the use of any of the nitrocatechols.
Parkinson's Disease Management: Towards a New Paradigm
Authors: Guttman Mark , Suchowersky Oksana
Published: December 2014

Over the past decade, management of Parkinson's disease has changed significantly due to the expansion of medical and surgical treatment modalities. Neurologists now have the ability (and the challenge) of choosing from multiple medications to devise an individual management strategy for each patient depending on his/her clinical symptoms and needs. Several different surgical therapies are also available. The topics covered in this supplement have highlighted the new options that are now available, as well as the treatments that have been in clinical usage. This review attempts to synthesize the information that is currently available in an attempt to help clinical neurologists make the appropriate choice for their patients.
The Biology of Serotonin Receptors: Focus on Migraine Pathophysiology and Treatment
Authors: Hamel Edith
Published: December 2014

Serotonin receptors are highly heterogeneous and they have been regrouped within seven different families (5-HT1 - 5-HT7). With the exception of the 5-HT3 which is a ligand-gated ion channel, all others are G-protein coupled receptors with each family sharing structural, pharmacological and transductional characteristics. 5-HT receptors have been implicated in the regulation of several psychiatric and neurological disorders related to serotonergic neurotransmission, and specific receptor subtypes have recently been associated with either the pathogenesis or the treatment of migraine headache. In this respect, activation of vascular 5-HT2B and/or 5-HT7 receptors, possibly as a consequence of the sudden rise in 5-HT levels reported at the onset of a migraine attack, would hypothetically result in dilation of cerebral blood vessels and concomitant activation of sensory trigeminovascular afferents, hence initiating the manifestation of head pain. At this stage in the migraine process, activation of specific subtypes of 5-HT1 receptors has proven clinically effective in relieving migraine pain. Neural 5-HT1D and/or 5-HT1F receptors localized pre-junctionally on trigeminovascular afferents appear to mediate the triptan-induced inhibition of the neurogenic inflammatory response, with possible additional sites of action for brain penetrant 5-HT1 receptor agonists in inhibiting the transmission of pain centrally. In contrast, activation of vascular 5-HT1B receptors would constrict meningeal vessels hence recovering their pre-migraine diameter. The recent availability of subtype selective 5-HT1D and 5-HT1F receptor agonists should allow a further test of the neural/vascular hypothesis and could possibly lead to antimigraine drugs with a safer cardiovascular profile.