bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender reassignment: 5 years of referrals in Oxfordshire
Authors: Saunders Kate , Bass Christopher
Published: September 2011

Aims and method

To evaluate the characteristics of individuals seeking gender reassignment, the frequency of subsequent referrals to a specialist centre, and funding approval. Cases were identified from a local referrals database and data were extracted from case notes.

Results

Fifty-four individuals attended for assessment; 70% were biological males and 30% were biological females. Mean age at referral was significantly different between the two groups. Over half were taking hormone supplementation and three had already had surgery. Further, 24% had a current and 30% a past mental illness. The majority of individuals were referred to a specialist centre for gender reassignment but only two had funding for surgery approved. Paedophilia was a rare but concerning finding.

Clinical implications

Psychiatric assessment plays an important role in confirming transsexualism and in identifying other relevant diagnoses.
Teaching medical students and recruitment to psychiatry: attitudes of psychiatric clinicians, academics and trainees
Authors: Korszun Ania , Dharmaindra Nishan , Koravangattu Valsraj , Bhui Kamaldeep
Published: September 2011

Aims and method

An online survey was used to examine the attitudes of clinical, academic and trainee psychiatrists on the delivery of undergraduate education and why students are not choosing psychiatry as a career. This paper explores whether attitudes to teaching psychiatry to medical students is a factor in poor recruitment to the specialty.

Results

Overall, 390 psychiatrists completed the survey. All groups were highly committed to psychiatry education, but there were significant differences in attitudes that may have an impact on the delivery of medical student teaching, which in turn may influence recruitment. Five major themes emerged from the survey, the most dominant being stigmatisation of psychiatric patients and professionals by the medical profession. These divergent attitudes to teaching and stigma may be contributing to low levels of recruitment into psychiatry.

Clinical implications

Education of the next generation of psychiatrists is a high priority and active measures are needed to increase commitment and enthusiasm in undergraduate education.
Type 1 Hyperlipoproteinemia and Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis due to Lipoprotein Lipase Antibody in a Young Girl with Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Ashraf Ambika P. , Beukelman Timothy , Pruneta-Deloche Valerie , Kelly David R. , Garg Abhimanyu
Published: September 2011

Context:

Type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia (T1HLP) in childhood is most often due to genetic deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or other related proteins.

Objective:

The aim was to report a case of marked hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent acute pancreatitis due to the presence of LPL autoantibody in a young girl who was subsequently diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome.

Subject and Methods:

A 9-yr-old African-American girl presented with acute pancreatitis and serum triglycerides of 4784 mg/dl. Strict restriction of dietary fat reduced serum triglycerides, but she continued to experience recurrent pancreatitis. Approximately 18 months thereafter, she developed transient pauciarticular arthritis with elevated serum antinuclear antibody (>1:1280). Minor salivary gland biopsy revealed chronic sialadenitis with a dense periductal lymphocytic aggregate suggestive of Sjögren's syndrome. Genomic DNA was analyzed for LPL, GPIHBP1, APOA5, APOC2, and LMF1. Immunoblotting was performed to detect serum LPL autoantibody.

Results:

The patient had no disease-causing variants in LPL, GPIHBP1, APOA5, APOC2, or LMF1. Immunoblotting revealed serum LPL antibody. The patient responded to immunosuppressive therapy for Sjögren's syndrome with resolution of hypertriglyceridemia.

Conclusions:

Unexplained T1HLP in childhood could be secondary to LPL deficiency induced by autoantibodies. Therefore, diagnosis of autoimmune T1HLP should be entertained if clinical features are suggestive of an autoimmune process.
Pope, Swift, and the Poetics of Posterity
Authors: Rudy Seth
Published: September 2011

Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift both believed, with varying degrees of self-assuredness, that some part of themselves would outlast their lives. They differed, however, as to precisely what would or could endure. From their earliest works, including Swift's A Tale of a Tub and Pope's Pastorals, through their joint efforts as members of the Scriblerus Club, and on to later achievements, such as The Dunciad, Pope's Imitations of Horace, and Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, they executed strategies of authorial identitycreation and control designed to achieve ends in purposeful contradistinction. Whereas Pope's belief in the redemptive potential of his own poetic prowess—a belief not always unwavering in the face of the cultural decline he set out to combat—compelled him to give the model of Pope-as-author pride of place in future memory, Swift tended to emphasize the expedient at the expense of textual self-memorializing. This essay examines how their nuanced but fundamental disagreements about the purpose of writing, the value of authorial “remains,” and the nature of possible futures constitute the subject of a dialogue that takes place not only in their “private” correspondence, but also through their public poetry and prose.
Herodotus Reconsidered
Authors: Clark Mary Marshall
Published: September 2011

In “Herodotus Reconsidered: An Oral History of September 11, 2001, in New York City,” Mary Marshall Clark reports on some outcomes of the large, longitudinal oral history project she and the sociologist Peter Bearman undertook in the weeks following the events of September 11, 2001. The project was designed to capture the life histories and event narratives of a diverse set of New Yorkers, and the interviewing resulted in more than one thousand hours of recording, six hundred hours of which are now available to the public for a total of 440 interviews. Clark and Bearman explored the ways that the stories of New Yorkers, whether directly or indirectly affected by the events, differed from the national construction of meaning disseminated by the government and the media. In this essay Clark explores the importance of oral history in defining public meaning and interpretation as the basis for the construction of the collective memory of events that are considered historical turning points.
Introduction to an Index
Authors: Ganesh Chitra , Ghani Mariam
Published: September 2011

Chitra Ganesh and Mariam Ghani have collaborated since 2004 on the project Index of the Disappeared, which is both a physical archive of post-9/11 redactions, renditions, detentions, and deportations and a mobile platform for poetic interventions and public dialogue around related issues and ideas. Here, the Index presents a chronology of the project through extracts from, reframings of, and comments on documents drawn from the archive, each of which represents both a particular phase of our research and a slippage between the different registers (systemic/individual, public/private, political/poetic) of the Index.
Standards for photoluminescence quantum yield measurements in solution (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Brouwer Albert M.
Published: September 2011

The use of standards for the measurement of photoluminescence quantum yields (QYs) in dilute solutions is reviewed. Only three standards can be considered well established. Another group of six standards has been investigated by several independent researchers. A large group of standards is frequently used in recent literature, but the validity of these is less certain. The needs for future development comprise: (i) confirmation of the validity of the QY values of many commonly used standard materials, preferably in the form of SI traceable standards; (ii) extension of the set of standard materials to the UV and near-IR spectral ranges; and (iii) good standards or robust protocols for the measurements of low QYs.
Brand Love
Authors: Batra Rajeev , Ahuvia Aaron , Bagozzi Richard P.
Published: September 2011

Using a grounded theory approach, the authors investigate the nature and consequences of brand love. Arguing that research on brand love needs to be built on an understanding of how consumers actually experience this phenomenon, they conduct two qualitative studies to uncover the different elements (“features”) of the consumer prototype of brand love. Then, they use structural equations modeling on survey data to explore how these elements can be modeled as both first-order and higher-order structural models. A higher-order model yields seven core elements: self–brand integration, passion-driven behaviors, positive emotional connection, long-term relationship, positive overall attitude valence, attitude certainty and confidence (strength), and anticipated separation distress. In addition to these seven core elements of brand love itself, the prototype includes quality beliefs as an antecedent of brand love and brand loyalty, word of mouth, and resistance to negative information as outcomes. Both the first-order and higher-order brand love models predict loyalty, word of mouth, and resistance better, and provide a greater understanding, than an overall summary measure of brand love. The authors conclude by presenting theoretical and managerial implications.
Overexpression of Neurotrophin-3 Stimulates a Second Wave of Dopaminergic Amacrine Cell Genesis after Birth in the Mouse Retina
Authors: Yoshida Miho , Feng Liang , Grimbert François , Rangarajan Krsna V. , Buggele William , Copenhagen David R. , Cang Jianhua , Liu Xiaorong
Published: September 2011

Dopaminergic amacrine (DA) cells play multiple and important roles in retinal function. Neurotrophins are known to modulate the number and morphology of DA cells, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are unclear. Here, we investigate how neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) regulates DA cell density in the mouse retina. We demonstrate that overexpression of NT-3 upregulates DA cell number and leads to a consequent increase in the density of DA cell dendrites. To examine the mechanisms of DA cell density increase, we further investigate the effect of NT-3 overexpression on retinal apoptosis and mitosis during development. We find that NT-3 does not affect the well known wave of retinal cell apoptosis that normally occurs during the first 2 weeks after birth. Instead, overexpression of NT-3 promotes additional mitosis of DA cells at postnatal day 4, but does not affect cell mitosis before birth, the peak period of amacrine cell genesis in wild-type retinas. We next show that retinal explants cultured from birth to day 7 without extra NT-3 produced by lens exhibit similar number of DA cells as in wild type, further supporting the notion that postnatal overexpression of lens-derived NT-3 affects DA cell number. Moreover, the additional mitosis after birth in NT-3-overexpressing mice does not occur in calretinin-positive amacrine cells or PKC-positive rod ON bipolar cells. Thus, the NT-3-triggered wave of cell mitosis after birth is specific for the retinal DA cells.
Saccadic Inhibition Reveals the Timing of Automatic and Voluntary Signals in the Human Brain
Authors: Bompas Aline , Sumner Petroc
Published: September 2011

Neurophysiological and phenomenological data on sensorimotor decision making are growing so rapidly that it is now necessary and achievable to capture it in biologically inspired models, for advancing our understanding in both research and clinical settings. However, the main impediment in moving from elegant models with few free parameters to more complex biological models in humans lies in constraining the more numerous parameters with behavioral data (without human single-cell recording). Here we show that a behavioral effect called “saccadic inhibition” (1) is predicted by existing complex (neuronal field) models, (2) constrains crucial temporal parameters of the model, precisely enough to address individual differences, and (3) is not accounted for by current simple decision models, even after significant additions. Visual onsets appearing while an observer plans a saccade knock out a subpopulation of saccadic latencies that would otherwise occur, producing a clear dip in the latency distribution. This overlooked phenomenon is remarkably well time locked across conditions and observers, revealing and characterizing a fast automatic component of visual input to oculomotor competition. The neural field model not only captures this but predicts additional features that are borne out: the dips show spatial specificity, are lawfully modulated in contrast, and occur with S-cone stimuli invisible to the retinotectal route. Overall, we provide a way forward for applying precise neurophysiological models of saccade planning in humans at the individual level.
NMDA Receptor Signaling in Oligodendrocyte Progenitors Is Not Required for Oligodendrogenesis and Myelination
Authors: De Biase Lindsay M. , Kang Shin H. , Baxi Emily G. , Fukaya Masahiro , Pucak Michele L. , Mishina Masayoshi , Calabresi Peter A. , Bergles Dwight E.
Published: September 2011

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) express NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and form synapses with glutamatergic neurons throughout the CNS. Although glutamate influences the proliferation and maturation of these progenitorsin vitro, the role of NMDAR signaling in oligodendrogenesis and myelinationin vivois not known. Here, we investigated the consequences of genetically deleting the obligatory NMDAR subunit NR1 from OPCs and their oligodendrocyte progeny in the CNS of developing and mature mice. NMDAR-deficient OPCs proliferated normally, achieved appropriate densities in gray and white matter, and differentiated to form major white matter tracts without delay. OPCs also retained their characteristic physiological and morphological properties in the absence of NMDAR signaling and were able to form synapses with glutamatergic axons. However, expression of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (AMPARs) was enhanced in NMDAR-deficient OPCs. These results suggest that NMDAR signaling is not used to control OPC development but to regulate AMPAR-dependent signaling with surrounding axons, pointing to additional functions for these ubiquitous glial cells.
Optimale Kameraauswahl für maschinelles Sehen durch standardisierte Charakterisierung
Authors: Erz Michael , Jähne Bernd
Published: September 2011

Der neue EMVA-Standard 1288 vereinfacht einem Anwender die Auswahl einer geeigneten Kamera entscheidend. Neben den Inhomogenitätsparametern ist das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis die wichtigste Größe für die Sensorqualität. Sie hängt nur von der Quantenausbeute und dem Dunkelrauschen ab, wenn das Quantisierungsrauschen vernachlässigt werden kann. Es werden zwei einfache Messapparaturen vorgestellt, mit denen sich alle Kameraparameter nach EMVA1288 messen lassen. Schließlich wird aufgezeigt, wie der Standard auf nicht-lineare Sensoren und auf Time-of-Flight-Kamerasysteme erweitert werden kann.
Flächenbasierte Registrierung kombinierter Stereo- und Spektralserien
Authors: Gheta Ioana , Höfer Sebastian , Heizmann Michael , Beyerer Jürgen
Published: September 2011

Kamera-Arrays und kombinierte Bildserien werden verwendet, um zeitsparend heterogene Informationen über eine Szene zu erfassen. Als Beispiel beinhalten kombinierte Stereo- und Spektralserien sowohl räumliche als auch spektrale Information über eine Szene. Als Grundlage für eine Auswertung des Steroeffekts in solchen kombinierten Bildserien wird im vorliegenden Beitrag ein neuartiges flächenbasiertes Registrierungsverfahren dargestellt. Dabei werden die Bilder der Serie zunächst segmentiert und anschließend für die erhaltenen Regionen Merkmale extrahiert. Anhand dieser Merkmale, die im Wesentlichen Kanten in den Bildern beschreiben, werden Korrespondenzen zwischen Regionen bestimmt und daraus Tiefenkarten berechnet. Das Registrierungsproblem wird durch Energiefunktionale modelliert und mittels eines modifizierten Graph-Cuts-Verfahrens minimiert. Beispiele veranschaulichen die Vorgehensweise.
Bildbasierte dreidimensionale Verfolgung von Elektrophysiologie-Kathetern aus biplanaren Echtzeitröntgenbildsequenzen
Authors: Schenderlein Marcel , Rasche Volker , Dietmayer Klaus
Published: September 2011

Bei der Katheterablation zur Behandlung von Herzrhythmusstörungen werden zur Navigation im Herzen parallel zwei Röntgenbildsequenzen aus unterschiedlichen Positionen aufgenommen. Die Motivation für den vorgestellten Ansatz ist eine automatische dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion der in den Bildern sichtbaren Katheter mit dem Ziel der Unterstützung des Eingriffs. Dazu werden Raumkurven auf Basis aktiver Konturen verformt. Als Bildmerkmal dient ein Maß für die Linienhaftigkeit der Pixelumgebung. Außerdem wird die Kurvenspitze mittels Template-Matching mit der Katheterspitze in Deckung gebracht und die zeitliche Verschiebung zwischen den Bildsequenzen mit einer linearen Interpolation der Bildkräfte und Positionen behandelt. Der Gesamtalgorithmus ermöglicht damit die Katheterverfolgung mit einer Genauigkeit, die den klinischen Anforderungen entspricht.
Parallelisierte Approximation des Optischen Flusses in Bildfolgen künstlich sehender Fahrzeuge
Authors: Schweitzer Michael , Wünsche Hans Joachim
Published: September 2011

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der effizienten Auswertung von Bildfolgen künstlich sehender Fahrzeuge. Eingebunden in den Regelkreis autonomer, teil-autonomer oder assistierender Fahrzeuge ist die Echtzeitfähigkeit der Auswertung ein wesentliches Kriterium für die Leistungsbewertung des Sichtsystems. Moderne parallele Rechenarchitekturen wie GPUs erlauben eine Verarbeitung von tausend und mehr gleichzeitigen Verarbeitungsfäden. Dazu müssen die Algorithmen aber in einfache, wiederkehrende Teilaufgaben mit lokalem Datenhorizont aufgespaltet werden. Wir erreichen dies durch eine lokale Interpretation von Bild-zu-Bild-Verschiebungen (Optischer Fluss) und zeigen Anwendungen für visuelle Odometrie, Bewegungsstereo und Objektsegmentierung.
Identification and Treatment of Obesity as a Standard of Care for All Patients in Children's Hospitals
Authors: Young Karen L. , Demeule Michelle , Stuhlsatz Karrie , Janzen Darren , Porter Renee M. , Pomettio Maureen , Braun Sharon , Lipton Megan , Ayon Shaun , Stolzman Stacy , Peterson Tom
Published: September 2011

Obese children and adolescents have unique needs for specialized medical equipment while hospitalized and might require special diets and physical activity options as part of their medical treatment. It is important that patients with a diagnosis of obesity be identified on admission so that appropriate equipment and resources can be provided. We examined what components a healthy hospital environment should include and sought to determine if children's hospitals provide a healthy hospital environment that offers these components. In addition, we sought to determine if children's hospitals have policies in place to identify children with obesity so that appropriate resources and services can be offered to treat that diagnosis. We surveyed National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions member hospitals via a Web-based questionnaire and found that the majority of them do not have policies in place to identify patients with obesity. We did find that the majority of hospitals reported innovative programs or services to provide a healthy hospital environment for their patients, visitors, and staff but acknowledged limitations in providing some services. Specifically, children's hospitals can and should improve on their identification and management of obese pediatric patients.
Unique Counting Call of a Katydid,Scudderia pistillata(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae)
Authors: Villarreal S M , Gilbert C
Published: September 2011

The katydid Scudderia pistillata Brunner, 1878 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae), is anecdotally called the “counting katydid” because the syllables produced from each wing closure of the male calling song are grouped into phrases, with each successive phrase in the first seven phrases of a calling bout typically possessing one more syllable than the previous phrase. Analysis of >500 recorded male bouts showed that adding syllables to each phrase is stereotypic for the species. Although this aspect of the calls was stereotypical, other aspects of the calls exhibited variability, including the total numbers of syllables and phrases per bout, which were correlated with a male's nutritional condition, as indexed by residual weight. Potential behavioral functions of the counting sequence are discussed.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF HUMAN‐DIRECTED UNDESIRABLE BEHAVIOR EXHIBITED BY A CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEE
Authors: Martin Allison L. , Bloomsmith Mollie A. , Kelley Michael E. , Marr M. Jackson , Maple Terry L.
Published: September 2011

A functional analysis identified the reinforcer maintaining feces throwing and spitting exhibited by a captive adult chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The implementation of a function‐based treatment combining extinction with differential reinforcement of an alternate behavior decreased levels of inappropriate behavior. These findings further demonstrate the utility of function‐based approaches to assess and treat behavior problems exhibited by captive animals.
EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL SURVEILLANCE BY PHYSICIANS AT THE TWO‐MONTH PREVENTIVE CARE VISIT
Authors: Nyp Sarah S. , Barone Vincent J. , Kruger Tarah , Garrison Carol B. , Robertsen Christine , Christophersen Edward R.
Published: September 2011

We evaluated the effects of feedback and instruction on resident physician performance during developmental surveillance of infants at 2‐month preventive care visits. Baseline data were obtained by videotaping 3 residents while they performed the physical and developmental exam components. Training consisted of individualized feedback and a brief instructional module, after which the residents were again videotaped while they performed preventive care visits. All 3 residents showed improved performance following training.
EVALUATION OF FIXED MOMENTARY DRO SCHEDULES UNDER SIGNALED AND UNSIGNALED ARRANGEMENTS
Authors: Hammond Jennifer L. , Iwata Brian A. , Fritz Jennifer N. , Dempsey Carrie M.
Published: September 2011

Fixed momentary schedules of differential reinforcement of other behavior (FM DRO) generally have been ineffective as treatment for problem behavior. Because most early research on FM DRO included presentation of a signal at the end of the DRO interval, it is unclear whether the limited effects of FM DRO were due to (a) the momentary response requirement of the schedule per se or (b) discrimination of the contingency made more salient by the signal. To separate these two potential influences, we compared the effects of signaled versus unsignaled FM DRO with 4 individuals with developmental disabilities whose problem behavior was maintained by social‐positive reinforcement. During signaled FM DRO, the experimenter presented a visual stimulus 3 s prior to the end of the DRO interval and delivered reinforcement contingent on the absence of problem behavior at the second the interval elapsed. Unsignaled DRO was identical except that interval termination was not signaled. Results indicated that signaled FM DRO was effective in decreasing 2 subjects' problem behavior, whereas an unsignaled schedule was required for the remaining 2 subjects. These results suggest that the response requirement per se of FM DRO may not be problematic if it is not easily discriminated.
AN EVALUATION OF THREE METHODS OF SAYING “NO” TO AVOID AN ESCALATING RESPONSE CLASS HIERARCHY
Authors: Mace F. Charles , Pratt Jamie L. , Prager Kevin L. , Pritchard Duncan
Published: September 2011

We evaluated the effects of three different methods of denying access to requested high‐preference activities on escalating problem behavior. Functional analysis and response class hierarchy (RCH) assessment results indicated that 4 topographies of problem behaviors displayed by a 13‐year‐old boy with high‐functioning autism constituted an RCH maintained by positive (tangible) reinforcement. Identification of the RCH comprised the baseline phase, during which computer access was denied by saying “no” and providing an explanation for the restriction. Two alternative methods of saying “no” were then evaluated. These methods included (a) denying computer access while providing an opportunity to engage in an alternative preferred activity and (b) denying immediate computer access by arranging a contingency between completion of a low‐preference task and subsequent computer access. Results indicated that a hierarchy of problem behavior may be identified in the context of denying access to a preferred activity and that it may be possible to prevent occurrences of escalating problem behavior by either presenting alternative options or arranging contingencies when saying “no” to a child's requests.
Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of adipokines in healthy cats
Authors: Mazaki-Tovi Michal , Abood Sarah K. , Schenck Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To determine associations between serum concentrations of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, and insulin in healthy cats.

Animals—56 healthy adult client-owned cats.

Procedures—Body condition score (BCS) was determined, and blood samples were collected after food was withheld for 12 hours. Serum was harvested for fatty acid analysis and measurement of serum concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol.

Results—1 cat was removed because of hyperglycemia. Significant interaction effects between BCS and serum concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were detected for the analyses of associations between EPA and serum concentrations of adiponectin, insulin, and triglyceride. Cats were categorized into nonobese (BCS, 4 to 6 [n = 34 cats]) and obese (BCS, 7 to 8 [21]) groups; serum concentrations of EPA were directly associated with concentrations of adiponectin and inversely associated with concentrations of insulin and triglyceride in obese cats and were directly associated with concentrations of leptin and inversely associated with concentrations of adiponectin in nonobese cats. Additionally, serum concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid were directly associated with concentrations of adiponectin in obese cats. No significant associations between serum concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid or α-linolenic acid were detected in the analyses for all cats. Female cats had higher serum concentrations of adiponectin and lower concentrations of glucose than did male cats. Increased age was associated with a small increase in serum concentrations of leptin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—EPA may ameliorate the decrease in adiponectin and the increase in insulin and triglyceride concentrations in obese cats.
Recurrent vestibular paroxysms associated with systemic hypertension in a dog
Authors: Bentley R. Timothy , March Philip A.
Published: September 2011

Case Description—A 9-year-old 19.7-kg (43.3-lb) spayed female Australian Shepherd was examined for an increase in frequency of episodic neurologic signs, often occurring upon exercise.

Clinical Findings—Between episodes of neurologic signs, the dog was considered clinically normal on the basis of findings on physical and neurologic examinations. An episode of ataxia with central vestibular signs was induced by exercising the patient in the hospital. All clinicopathologic values were within reference ranges, as were findings on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and peripheral vestibular system. Systolic blood pressures of 180 to 200 mm Hg were recorded, and systemic hypertension was diagnosed.

Treatment and Outcome—While the dog received amlodipine and enalapril, blood pressure returned to within reference range, and episodes of neurologic signs no longer occurred. When clinical signs later recurred, systolic blood pressure was again found to be high. Following an increase in medication dosage, blood pressure normalized, and only 4 further episodes of neurologic signs were observed during a follow-up period totaling 30 months.

Clinical Relevance—Transient ischemic attack is a common diagnosis in humans but has not been described for dogs. In humans, it is defined as focal brain dysfunction caused by vascular disease that resolves completely in less than 24 hours and is often recurrent. Systemic hypertension is one of the most common preexisting conditions. We propose that the dog in the present report had clinical signs and diagnostic test results supportive of a diagnosis of transient ischemic attack.
Incidence and Magnitude of Structurally Imposed Retinal Image Size Differences
Authors: Engel Edward
Published: September 2011

Stereoscopic distortion results when retinal image size differences are induced by aniseikonic lenses. In the present study an attempt was made to determine with what frequency and magnitude retinal image size differences occur ‘naturally,’ on the basis of structural differences between the two eyes. An analysis of data from the opthalmologic literature was carried out. The results suggested that substantial retinal image-size-differences occur in the population studied. An adaptation hypothesis was briefly examined in an effort to account for the fact that instances of stereoscopic distortion are relatively infrequent.
Anxiety, Temporal Estimation, and Rate of Counting
Authors: Hare Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Fifty-one nursing students were asked to estimate the lengths of 5- and 20-sec. intervals under two conditions: with instructions not to count and with instructions to count to themselves. Significant negative correlations were obtained between MAS scores and the estimation of the 20-sec. intervals, while correlations with the estimates of the 5-sec. intervals were negative but not significant. Although these results are inconsistent with previous findings, an attempt was made to interpret them in terms of the utilization of cues relevant to the passage of time.
Associative Processes and Task Relations in Perceptual Learning
Authors: Vanderplas James M.
Published: September 2011

Although it is commonly assumed that past experience, involving associative processes, influences perception, little agreement exists regarding either the nature or the manner of this influence. Early experiments served as convincing demonstrations of the effects of various experiences on perception, but they did not provide a specification of the details or functional relations in the processes involved. Some of the questions concerning these details have been brought into sharper focus by the generalization and differentiation hypotheses of E. J. Gibson, and by experiments stemming from the hypothesis of acquired distinctivenss and equivalence of cues of Dollard and Miller. However, the designs of tasks employed in these experiments have been such as to compound perceptual and associative processes in the same task. It is suggested that discussions leading to the development of a clearer taxonomy of tasks, for use in experiments on perceptual learning, would reduce confusion of these processes and permit empirical determination of relations between perception and learning.
A Versatile Electronic Tracking Apparatus (VETA)
Authors: Trumbo Don , Eslinger Robert , Noble Merrill , Cross Kenneth
Published: September 2011

An electronic tracking and scoring system which gives access to relatively complete response data is described. Input, output, error and acceleration data are recorded on magnetic tape and may either be read out for visual inspection or read directly into analog computers and correlators for further analysis. An important feature of the system is that it readily permits the programming of various complex wave form inputs of either regular or irregular patterns in sequences of any length. Type or pattern of input may be varied between trials. The system is highly automated and easily calibrated.
Manual Lever D: A Basic Psychomotor Apparatus for the Study of Feedback
Authors: Sulzer Jefferson L.
Published: September 2011

A relatively simple device requiring a lever-displacing response is described. It should be useful in training and retention research. It was specifically designed so that E could remind S of (a) a previous response, (b) an alternative response, and (c) a previous feedback.
Effects of Signal-To-Noise Ratio and Target Acceleration upon Three Measures of Range Tracking Performance
Authors: Siegel Jerome , Robinson Daniel N.
Published: September 2011

Eight signal-to-noise ratios and four target accelerations were systematically varied in an attempt to determine functional relationships between these parameters and measures of time-on-target, frequency of target loss and the average duration of each loss on an A-scope compensatory tracking task. Nine Si were required to maintain a triangular pulse in the center of a stationary notch by manipulating a velocity controlled handwheel. The results indicated that visual noise had a pronounced effect upon time-on-target, but the effects of target acceleration were negligible. However, target acceleration had a pronounced effect upon frequency of losing target track and both parameters affected average duration of a loss. The results are discussed in terms of analyzing system performance.
Time Estimation in Hospitalized Patients as a Function of Goal Distance and Magnitude of Reward
Authors: Simmel Edward C.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to determine: (a) the direction of change in time estimation due to the magnitude of reward, (b) whether systematic changes in time estimation occurring over a series of trials can be attributed to the effects of previous trials or to the temporal distance from a goal, and (c) whether there is an interaction between (a) and (b). Twenty-four Ss (open ward schizophrenics) were tested individually on a non-verbal time estimation task under conditions of no reward, a dime reward, and a dollar reward. Half the Ss were informed of the number of trials before reward on the two reward series, and half were not informed. Half the Ss in each of these two groups received the larger reward before the smaller. It was found that time intervals under the higher reward condition were underestimated in relation to the low reward intervals, an F test indicating that this difference is significant at less than the .001 level. No other differences between time estimations occurred which could not be accounted for by chance.
Systems Concept of Stimulus
Authors: Clark Robert K. , McFarland Robert L.
Published: September 2011

The concept of stimulus has had a long history and is clearly very useful despite the recognized difficulty in establishing its rigorous definition. We suggest that general systems theory provides a suitable conceptual framework for this purpose. From the systems standpoint it is clear that there is an essential duality which the unitary concept of stimulus is inadequate to encompass. This implies that it is more relevant to search experimentally for the identity of the “controlled variable” than to seek the identity of “the stimulus.” The concept of the “test of the controlled variable” is a direct consequence of this observation, and represents a new and unique experimental orientation.
Wavelength, Area, and Intensity as Determinants of the Flicker-Fusion Threshold
Authors: Dillon Donald J.
Published: September 2011

CFF thresholds were obtained from 3 observers at each of 5 frequencies, 5 areas and 4 wavelengths of the stimulus, and the slopes of the log I-log A curves computed. The significance of the wavelength effect and of the interaction effect of frequency and wavelength upon these slopes indicates that wavelength is a determinant of the CFF threshold. The slopes for the red and blue stimuli were greater than those for the yellow and green at the higher frequencies.
Relation of the Trail Making Test to Mental Retardation
Authors: Smith Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between IQ and performance on the Trail Making Test (TMT) and attempted to determine the discriminatory power of the test at various IQ levels. There was a significant correlation between IQ and TMT performance, but this relationship was the result of very high correlations at the lower IQ levels and low or nonexistent correlations at the upper IQ levels investigated. The TMT did not differentiate between brain-damaged patients and functionally retarded patients at low level ranges (IQ < 70), but did discriminate between these groups at the higher IQ level investigated (IQ = 70–89). These findings were discussed in relation to earlier research indicating the influence of psychotic symptomatology on TMT performance, and it was concluded that the TMT may be a useful addition to a screening battery for identification of patients with organic brain pathology, providing that the patient is free of serious intellectual impairment and psychotic symptoms.
Relationships between Inter-Flash Intervals at Fusion, under Conditions Intended to Eliminate Neural “Off” Effects
Authors: Lichtenstein M. , White C. T.
Published: September 2011

Short, low intensity photic pulses were used to study flicker perception. According to available evidence, such stimuli will induce no neural “off” effects. Although the pulse trains used in the experiment are, from a physical viewpoint, harmonically complex, absence of induced neural “off” effects makes their neurophysiological concomitants relatively uncomplicated and it is for the latter reason that stimuli of the type described were used. The data were interpreted as additional confirmation of the concept that neural impulse interval modulation is a mechanism for transmission of information in the nervous system. In the particular case of our experiment, results led us to postulate (a) that the mechanism responsible for perception of flicker, in the absence of “off” effects as cues, is the detection by the visual system of an increase in intervals between neural impulses that occur between successive photic pulses, and (b) that the time required for such detection is dependent upon and varies in direct proportion to initial periods between neural spikes induced by flashes in the stimulus train.
Handedness and Differential Perception of Verbal Stimuli in Left and Right Visual Fields
Authors: Goodglass H. , Barton M.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the role of cerebral dominance in the consistent finding of lower tachistoscopic thresholds in the right than in the left field for alphabetic stimuli. Eight left- and 12 right-handed Ss were presented with three-letter words, printed vertically, through a monocular tachistoscope, displaced to left or right by 2°6′. Significantly lower thresholds in the right field were found for both groups and for both eyes. The finding does not support the hypothesis that visual stimuli arriving in the major cerebral hemisphere are more readily perceived as language.
Effects of Three Types of Verbal Distractors on Thinking in Acute Schizophrenia
Authors: Downing Robert W. , Ebert John N. , Shubrooks Samuel J.
Published: September 2011

Fifty acute schizophrenics were given a multiple choice verbal concept formation test (Distractor Test). Included among erroneous responses which might be chosen by Ss were associatively linked distractors (ALD), word contiguity distractors (WCD) and rhyme or clang distractors (RD). It was found that most of the treatment effect was produced by the contrast between the number of ALD produced errors and the number resulting from WCDs and RDs combined. However, WCDs also produced significantly more errors than RDs.
Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Feedback on Precision in Applying Pressure
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments on learning a simple pressure response, when feedback regarding performance was given after every 10 acquisition trials (KP), acquisition was significantly poorer, but retention was significantly better, than when feedback was given after every acquisition trial (KR). In the first experiment, there was no significant difference between the two feedback groups in a post-acquisition and post-retention pressure test more precise than the training task. In the second experiment, a difficult-to-easy transfer series produced more transfer than an easy-to-difficult series The advantage of the second feedback method (KR) over the first (KP) in acquisition, and of the first over the second in retention, was similar for the two directions of transfer. An attempt to assess the effects of variation of the difference in difficulty between the first and second task of the transfer series over three levels of difficulty was inconclusive.
Excitatory vs Inhibitory Tendencies in Children's Discrimination Performance
Authors: Penney R. K.
Published: September 2011

A somato-sensory discrimination was presented to 23 nursery school children. The stimuli to be discriminated were not visible to the children but Ss were required to select the positive stimulus on the basis of touch. Choice of the positive stimulus was rewarded by a charm. 15 Ss reached the criterion of learning and were given an additional 16 trials. Ss hand movements on these 16 additional trials revealed that Ss touched the positive stimulus and remained at this stimulus without referral to the negative stimulus. The results were interpreted as supporting a uniprocess conceptualization of discrimination where the process is that of excitation.
Intersensory and Intrasensory Effects in Simple Reaction Time
Authors: Rubinstein Leo
Published: September 2011

Reaction time was measured as a function of the interval between an irrelevant stimulus, and a reaction stimulus, for visual and auditory stimuli. Reaction time was inversely related to the length of the interval, when both stimuli were in the same sense mode, but remained relatively constant for stimuli differing in sense mode. Both the absolute and the percentage change in RT were greatest when both stimuli were visual; in the latter case, the changes in reaction time resulting from the variation of interval length were independent of the luminances of both the irrelevant and the reaction stimuli.
Effects of Differential Instructions on Value and Cost as Determiners of Decision
Authors: Smith W. A. S.
Published: September 2011

By means of differential instructions the present experiment attempted to vary attention, a variable which an earlier study suggests is related to the effectiveness of cost and value in determining decision. The previous instructions inadvertently emphasized cost over value. In the current procedure, cost and value are given equal instructional emphasis in Group I, while value receives greater emphasis in Group II. The prediction that value will be a more effective determiner of decision in Group I than in Group II was confirmed.
Keeping Track of the Immediately Past States of Variables
Authors: Pollack Irwin , Johnson Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Ss attempted to keep track of the immediately past state of 2 to 8 variables, with 2 to 8 possible states per variable. The delay between presentation and recall of information was substantially more important to this task than either the number of variables or the number of states per variable.
Role Perception in Individual Psychotherapy
Authors: Kogan William S. , Schultz Charles B. , Johnson Merlin H.
Published: September 2011

Employing a 64-item adjective and phrase check list (ICL modified) with three instructional sets (ideal, I am, doctor is), a group of first-year psychiatric residents were found to differ significantly on patient-therapist role perceptions from a group of hospitalized psychiatric patients on 14 of 24 comparisons.
Discrimination without Awareness in a Psychophysical Task
Authors: Davis Preston
Published: September 2011

Ss engaged in a difficult task of visual discrimination were shown the response words greater and smaller as unnoticed incidental stimuli; they were unaware of the presence of the (flashed) words and could not report having seen them. To a significant degree, their choices of response to the discrimination task agreed with the incidental suggestion. Apparently, therefore, a direct suggestion can influence an attended and effortful task of perceptual discrimination without entering awareness.
Self-Concepts of a Selected Group of Schizophrenic Patients and a “Normal” Group
Authors: Larsen Gordon L. , Hammes John A.
Published: September 2011

Sixty Ss, 30 normal and 30 schizophrenic, were instructed to classify items of a personal and environmental nature as part or not part of the self, as presented in the Prelinger self-concept test. The schizophrenic group tended to identify relatively more of the distant environmental items and fewer of the internal personal items as part of the self than did the normal group. This finding is consistent with current theory on the schizophrenic perception of the self.
Effects of Active and Passive Movement upon Auditory Function during Prolonged Atypical Stimulation
Authors: Freedman Sanford J. , Zacks James L.
Published: September 2011

The ability to discriminate minute time differences between paired clicks presented to the two ears is significantly impaired if observers walk about during 1 hr. of exposure to dichotic white noise. Performance does not deteriorate if bodily movements are restricted. Comparison of active and passive movement conditions for both translation and rotation demonstrated that self-induced movement of the observer is necessary to produce this effect. These findings support the notion that active movement of the observer with its concurrent sensory feedback is essential for the maintenance of stable and effective perceptual-motor behavior or its alteration.
Effects of Prolonged Stimulation by Components of the Mueller-Lyer Figure upon the Magnitude of Illusion
Authors: Pollack R. H. , Chaplin Mary Rose
Published: September 2011

Based upon data concerning contour orientation and interaction and the stimulus variables affecting the Mueller-Lyer illusion, an explanation for the illusion was advanced. Predictions made for the effects of prolonged fixation of each of the component figures were experimentally confirmed. The theoretical rationale proposed was discussed in terms of possible difficulties which require further empirical investigation.
Disjunctive Reaction Times within and between Sense Modes
Authors: Rubinstein Leo
Published: September 2011

Choice reaction time to a light in the right eye was measured as a function of the other stimulus in the choice pair, either a sound, a light in the left eye, or a weaker light in the right eye at the same retinal locus. This reaction time shortened with practice and was independent of the nature of the other stimulus. The superiority of inter- vs intrasensory coding is questioned.
Performance, Heart Rate, and Respiration Rate on the Day-Night Continuum
Authors: Adkins Sylvia
Published: September 2011

Each of 15 female college students was tested at 4 P.M., 10 P.M., 4 A.M., and 10 A.M. Pulse rate and respiration rate were gauged directly before task performance. An RT task was followed by time estimation. Pulse and respiration rates were slowest at 4 A.M. and increased significantly by the 10 A.M. testing, followed by a gradual decline. Both RT and time estimation were poorest at 4 A.M., reached a peak at 10 A.M. and gradually declined. These findings agree with previous data which show that, as activation level increases up to a certain point, performance improves. No Ss showed over-activation previously observed to lead to disintegration of performance. A major criticism of the procedure was discussed.