bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Porous Materials for Heterogeneous Catalysis: Kinetic Resolution of Epoxides.
Authors: Welbes Leilani L. , Scarrow Robert C. , Borovik A. S.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organoaluminum‐Mediated Selective 1,2‐Rearrangement of γ,γ‐Disubstituted γ‐Amino α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Leading to Unsymmetrically Substituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Ohmatsu Kohsuke , Ishii Hiroki , Saito Akira , Maruoka Keiji
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Unexpected Simple Synthesis of N‐Substituted 2‐Acetoxy‐5‐arylpyrroles and Their Hydrolysis to 3‐ and 4‐Pyrrolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Tsolomiti Georgia , Tsolomitis Athanase
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Bicyclic Benzamides as Novel 5‐HT1F Receptor Agonists.
Authors: Zhang Deyi , et al. et al.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐Oxazolines Mediated by N,N′‐Diisopropylcarbodiimide.
Authors: Crosignani Stefano , Young Abigail C. , Linclau Bruno
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isoxazole‐3‐hydroxamic Acid Derivatives as Peptide Deformylase Inhibitors and Potential Antibacterial Agents.
Authors: Cali Patrizia , Naerum Lars , Mukhija Seema , Hjelmencrantz Anders
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antitrypanosomal Profile of New Functionalized 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole‐2‐arylhydrazone Derivatives, Designed as Non‐mutagenic Megazol Analogues.
Authors: Carvalho Samir A. , da Silva Edson F. , Santa‐Rita Ricardo M. , de Castro Solange L. , Fraga Carlos A. M.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Constituents of Swertia japonica Makino. Part 1. The Structures of New Secoiridoid Diglycosides.
Authors: Kikuchi Masafumi , Kikuchi Masao
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 8‐Thiabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐2‐enes and Their Binding Affinity for the Dopamine and Serotonin Transporters.
Authors: Meltzer Peter C. , Pham‐Huu Duy‐Phong , Madras Bertha K.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Enantioselective Alkynylation of Prochiral sp3 C—H Bonds Adjacent to a Nitrogen Atom.
Authors: Li Zhiping , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Route to 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted‐6H‐1,3‐oxazines.
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Thakur Ruby , Mohan Richa
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Identification of a Novel Non‐Carbohydrate Molecule that Binds to the Ribosomal A‐Site RNA.
Authors: Maddaford Shawn P. , Motamed Mina , Turner Kevin B. , Choi Min Soo K. , Ramnauth Jailall , Rakhit Suman , Hudgins Robert R. , Fabris Daniele , Johnson Philip E.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kahiricosides II—V, Cycloartane Glycosides from an Egyptian Collection of Astragalus kahiricus.
Authors: Radwan Mohamed M. , El‐Sebakhy Nadia A. , Asaad Aya M. , Toaima Soad M. , Kingston David G. I.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Derivatives of Paniculatin and Their Antifungal Activity.
Authors: Sarmah G. K. , Bhattacharyya N. K. , Goswami B. N. , Barua P. , Kataky J. C. S.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New “Camphor” Michael Acceptor.
Authors: Vostrikov N. S. , Vasikov V. Z. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Dipeptide‐Based HIV Protease Inhibitor Containing Allophenylnorstatine.
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Hamdy M. , El‐Koussi Nawal A. , Alkaramany Gamal S. , Youssef Adel F. , Kiso Yoshiaki
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a Useful Lauryl Thioglycoside of Sialic Acid and Its Application.
Authors: Matsuoka Koji , Onaga Tomotsune , Mori Tomonori , Sakamoto Jun‐Ichi , Koyama Tetsuo , Sakairi Nobuo , Hatano Ken , Terunuma Daiyo
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acetogenic Isoquinoline Alkaloids. Part 159. Ancistroheynine B and Two Further 7,3′‐Coupled Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall.
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Dreyer Michael , Michel Manuela , Tayman Francis S. K. , Brun Reto
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Structure, and Cytostatic Properties of New Olivacine Derivatives.
Authors: Jasztold‐Howorko Ryszard , Croisy Alain , Carrez Daniele , Jaroszewicz Iwona , Nasulewicz Anna , Pelczynska Marzena , Opolski Adam
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel and Concise Synthesis of Spirodienone Alkaloids Using Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents.
Authors: Hamamoto Hiromi , Shiozaki Yukiko , Hata Kayoko , Tohma Hirofumi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of the Novel Bicyclic Oxepinopyrimidine and Fluorinated Pyrrolidinopyrimidines.
Authors: Batinac Sanja , Sermek Draginja Mrvos , Cetina Mario , Pavelic Kresimir , Mintas Mladen , Raic‐Malic Silvana
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Characterization and Transfection Activity of New Saturated and Unsaturated Cationic Lipids.
Authors: Arpicco Silvia , Canevari Silvana , Ceruti Maurizio , Galmozzi Enrico , Rocco Flavio , Cattel Luigi
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Candibirin A, a Furanocoumarin Dimer Isolated from Heracleum candicans Wall.
Authors: Doi Mitsunobu , Nakamori Terue , Shibano Makio , Taniguchi Masahiko , Wang Nian‐He , Baba Kimiye
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Synthesis of Maconelliol: A Novel Cyclobutanoid Terpene Alcohol from Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus.
Authors: Zhang Aijun , Nie Junying , Khrimian Ashot
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(4R,4aR,6S,7S,7aS) ‐6‐Hydroxy‐7‐hydroxymethyl‐4‐methylperhydrocyclopenta[c]pyran‐1‐one Chloroform Solvate from Valeriana laxiflora.
Authors: Khera Smriti , Carducci Michael D. , Gu Jian‐Qiao , Timmermann Barbara N.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design of Bivalent Ligands Using Hydrogen Bond Linkers: Synthesis and Evaluation of Inhibitors for Human β‐Tryptase.
Authors: Li Yi , et al. et al.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of Novel 2‐(Aminoheteroaryl)‐thiazole‐5‐carboxamides as Potent and Orally Active Src‐Family Kinase p56Lck Inhibitors.
Authors: Chen Ping , et al. et al.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Identification of a Highly Potent and Selective DNA‐Dependent Protein Kinase (DNA‐PK) Inhibitor (NU7441) by Screening of Chromenone Libraries.
Authors: Leahy Justin J. J. , Golding Bernard T. , Griffin Roger J. , Hardcastle Ian R. , Richardson Caroline , Rigoreau Laurent , Smith Graeme C. M.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cs—N (Cesium—Nitrogen)
Authors: Sangster James
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inorganic Structures as Materials for Gas Sensors
Authors: Vasiliev R. B. , Ryabova L. I. , Rumyantseva M. N. , Gaskov A. M.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dehydrocoupling, Redistributive Coupling, and Addition of Main Group 4 Hydrides
Authors: Kim Bo‐Hye , Woo Hee‐Gweon
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Gold Redox Catalysis for Selective Oxidation of Methane to Methanol.
Authors: DeVos Dirk E. , Sels Bert F.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dearomatization via η6‐Arene Complexes
Authors: Kuendig E. Peter , Pape Andrew
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(Arene)Cr(CO)3 Complexes: Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution
Authors: Semmelhack Martin F. , Chlenov Anatoly
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(Arene)Cr(Co)3 Complexes: Arene Lithiation/Reaction with Electrophiles
Authors: Semmelhack Martin F. , Chlenov Anatoly
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclophosphazenes with P‐—C Bond(s). Part 2. NMR‐Complexing Properties
Authors: Cristau Henri‐Jean , Fruchier Alain , Plenat Francoise , Taillefer Marc , Vicente Virginie
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,4‐Dithiins
Authors: Sato R.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Self‐Assembled Porphyrin Arrays
Authors: Ogawa Kazuya , Kobuke Yoshiaki
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Medicinal Science Studies Based on Synthetic Peptide Chemistry
Authors: Kiso Yoshiaki
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dynamics of Supramolecular Capsule
Authors: Yamanaka Masamichi , Amaya Toru , Rebek Julius Jr.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Calculation of NMR Parameters in Van Der Waals Complexes Involving Organic Systems and Xenon
Authors: Bagno Alessandro , Saielli Giacomo
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular Similarity: A Key Technique in Molecular Informatics.
Authors: Bender Andreas , Glen Robert C.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Congenital abnormalities and childhood cancer
Authors: Agha Mohammad M. , Williams Jack I. , Marrett Loraine , To Teresa , Zipursky Alvin , Dodds Linda
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

The examination of specific characteristics of neoplasms diagnosed in children have suggested that a significant proportion can be attributed to a genetic mutation or genetic predisposition. Although the study of a genetic predisposition to cancer in children remains in the early stages, congenital abnormalities could provide essential information for mapping predisposing lesions in children with cancer.

METHODS

In the current study, 2 large cohorts of children with and without congenital abnormalities were followed for the occurrence of cancer and death up to 18 years. Through this study, the risk of developing cancer by age at diagnosis, effects of birth characteristics on cancer risk, and possible associations between specific anomalies and tumor types were examined.

RESULTS

Based on the follow‐up of 90,400 children, the risk of developing cancer during the first year of life was found to be nearly 6 times higher in children with anomalies (rate ratio [RR] of 5.8; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.7–9.1). Children with birth defects were found to be at a higher risk for developing leukemia (RR of 2.7; 95% CI, 2.1–3.6), tumors of the central nervous system (RR of 2.5; 95% CI, 1.8–3.4), sympathetic nervous system tumors (RR of 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4–3.4), and soft tissue sarcomas (RR of 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0–3.5). Among children with birth defects, children with Down syndrome, nervous system anomalies, and anomalies of the urinary system had the highest incidence rates of cancer. In the presence of birth defects, other factors such as birth weight, gestational age, age of the mother, and birth order were not found to be associated significantly with the risk of cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The significant relative risks found in the current study provided evidence of links between the presence of abnormalities and the development of cancer. Some “cancer‐prone” abnormalities were identified in the current study. Such anomalies may be markers of other exposures or processes that increase the risk of developing cancer. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
C‐fiber (Remak) bundles contain both isolectin B4‐binding and calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐positive axons
Authors: Murinson Beth Brianna , Hoffman Paul Ned , Banihashemi Michael Reza , Meyer Richard Arthur , Griffin John Wesley
Published: March 2005

Unmyelinated nerve fibers (Remak bundles) in the rodent sciatic nerve typically contain multiple axons. This study asked whether C‐fiber bundles contain axons arising from more than one type of neuron. Most small neurons of the lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are either glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor dependent or nerve growth factor dependent, binding either isolectin B4 (IB4) or antibodies to calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), respectively. Injection of IB4‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase into a lumbar DRG resulted in intense labeling of IB4 axons, with very low background. Visualized by confocal fluorescence, IB4‐binding and CGRP‐positive nerve fibers orginating from different DRG neurons came together and remained closely parallel over long distances, suggesting that these two types of axon occupy the same Remak bundle. With double‐labeling immunogold electron microscopy (EM), we confirmed that IB4 and CGRP axons were distinct and were found together in single Remak bundles. Previous studies indicate that some DRG neurons express both CGRP and IB4 binding. To ensure that our immunogold results were not a consequence of coexpression, we studied large populations of unmyelinated axons by using quantitative single‐label EM. Tetramethylbenzidine, a chromogen with strong intrinsic signal amplification of IB4‐horseradish peroxidase, labeled as many as 52% of unmyelinated axons in the dorsal root. Concomitantly, 97% of the Remak bundles with more than one axon contained at least one IB4‐labeled axon. Probabilistic modeling using binomial distribution functions rejected the hypothesis that IB4 axons segregate into IB4‐specific bundles (P < 0.00001). We conclude that most Remak bundle Schwann cells simultaneously support diverse axon types with different growth factor dependences. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:392–402, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel combinatory multiple‐subcarrier optical wireless communication systems
Authors: Kitamoto Norio , Ohtsuki Tomoaki
Published: March 2005

We analyse the performance of parallel combinatory multiple‐subcarrier (PC‐MS) optical wireless communication system. The PC‐MS system can transmit more information at each symbol interval than conventional MS systems with the same subcarriers. In addition the PC‐MS system can decrease the bias that must be added to the MS electrical signal, because the number of subcarriers other than null subcarriers is smaller than that in the conventional MS systems and thus the minimum power becomes larger. Therefore, the PC‐MS system can decrease the required energy per bit. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Muscle formation in regenerating Xenopus froglet limb
Authors: Satoh Akira , Ide Hiroyuki , Tamura Koji
Published: March 2005

A spike, a resultant regenerate made after amputation of a Xenopus froglet limb, has no muscle tissue. This muscle‐less phenotype was analyzed by molecular approaches, and the results of analysis revealed that the spike expresses no myosin heavy chain or Pax7, suggesting that neither mature muscle tissue nor satellite cells exist in the spike. The regenerating blastema in the froglet limb lacked some myogenesis‐related marker genes, myoD and myf5, but allowed implanted muscle precursor cells to survive and differentiate into myofiber. Implantation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) ‐releasing cell aggregates rescued this muscle‐less phenotype and induced muscle regeneration in Xenopus froglet limb regenerates. These results suggest that failure of regeneration of muscle is due to a disturbance of the early steps of myogenesis under a molecular cascade mediated by HGF/c‐met. Improvement of muscle regeneration in the Xenopus adult limb that we report here for the first time will give us important insights into epimorphic tissue regeneration in amphibians and other vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 233:337–346, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blockade of Ca2+‐activated K+ channels in T cells: an option for the treatment of multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Madsen Lars Siim , Christophersen Palle , Olesen Søren‐Peter
Published: March 2005

Voltage‐ and Ca2+‐dependent K+ channels in the membrane of both T and B lymphocytes are important for the cellular immune response. In the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Reich et al. demonstrate that selective blockade of the intermediate‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channel (the IK channel encoded by the KCNN4 gene) prevents cytokine production in the spinal chord and ameliorates the development of EAE caused by injection of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55 in mice. These data renew the focus on the IK channel as a potential target for the development of new immune‐suppressant drugs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425954
Selective C–H and C–F Bond Activation Reactions of Pyridine and Fluoropyridines – Formation of Binuclear μ‐X Titanocene Complexes (X = H, F) with α‐Functionalized N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Piglosiewicz Ingmar M. , Kraft Susanne , Beckhaus Rüdiger , Haase Detlev , Saak Wolfgang
Published: March 2005

Titanocene synthons react with pyridine (2), fluorosubstituted pyridines [pentafluoropyridine (3), 2‐fluoropyridine(4)] and cyanuric fluoride, by C–H and C–F bond activation, respectively, to afford interesting novel binuclear titanium(III) complexes. C–H bond activation requires high temperatures (110 °C), whereas C–F bond activation occurs at room temperature. X‐ray structure analysis showed that the two titanium(III) centres are hydride‐bridged when pyridine was reacted with the titanocene fragment and fluoride‐bridged if a 2‐fluoro‐substituted derivative of pyridine was used. The reactivities of a C–F and a C–H bond in the 2‐position toward the titanocene fragment have been compared in a competition experiment using 2‐fluoropyridine – revealing a preference for C–F bond cleavage. Primary mononuclear C–F bond activation products have been proved in solution by NMR measurements using [Cp*2Ti{η2‐C2(SiMe3)2}] instead of the non‐methylated titanocene source. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Addition of (Pyrazol‐1‐yl)acetyl and (Pyridin‐2‐yl)acetyl Groups to the Terminal Amino Group of a Phe−Gly Dipeptide Affords ATCUN‐Like Copper(II) Binding Sites
Authors: Boa Andrew N. , Crane Jonathan D. , Kowalczyk Radoslaw M. , Sultana Nayer H.
Published: March 2005

(Pyrazol‐1‐yl)acetic acid (HL1, 1) and (pyridin‐2‐yl)acetic acid have been successfully condensed with the terminal amino group of a Phe−Gly dipeptide to generate the derivatives PzCH2–Phe−Gly (H3L2, 7) and PyCH2–Phe−Gly (H3L3, 8) respectively, which contain ATCUN‐like metal ion binding sites. The crystal structures of 1 and the copper(II) complexes Cu(L1)2(H2O)2 (2) and [nBu4N][Cu(L2)] (9) are described. Complex 2 has a tetragonally‐elongated, Jahn–Teller distorted octahedral geometry and complex 9 is square‐planar. The structural similarity of the copper(II) complexes of 7 and 8 is demonstrated by their almost identical electronic absorption and EPR spectra. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Assisted Crystallization of Organometallic Cations by Interplay with Inorganic Anionic Clusters Units: Synthesis and Characterizations of the [Cp*(dppe)Fe–NCMe]2·M6L14 Series (M6L14 = Cluster Unit: [Re6S6Br8]2–, [Mo6Br14]2– and [Mo6I14]2–)
Authors: Pilet Guillaume , Kirakci Kaplan , de Montigny, Stéphane Cordier Frédéric , Lapinte Claude , Perrin Christiane , Perrin André
Published: March 2005

Novel hybrid inorganic/organometallic compounds have been obtained from the crystallization of inorganic anionic clusters units with the [Cp*(dppe)Fe–NCMe]+organometallic entity as the cationic counter part. After dissolution of Cs2M6L14 (M6L14 = [Re6S6Br8]2–, [Mo6Br14]2– and [Mo6I14]2–) and [Cp*(dppe)Fe–NCMe]Cl precursors in acetonitrile at room temperature, the reaction proceeds by a metathesis of the Cl– anion by [M6L14]2– anions and precipitation of CsCl. The crystal structures of the [Cp*(dppe)Fe–NCMe]2[M6L14] series reveal that inorganic and organic entities can be assembled without any structural modifications to both partners whatever the M6L14 unit. These properties of the M6L14 cluster units could be extended for the crystallization of other novel organometallic cations when usual small counter anions do not lead to any crystallization with the new organometallic cation (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Dioxovanadium(V) Complexes of ONO Donor Ligands Derived from Pyridoxal and Hydrazides: Models of Vanadate‐Dependent Haloperoxidases
Authors: Maurya Mannar R. , Agarwal Shalu , Bader Cerstin , Rehder Dieter
Published: March 2005

Figure 1 has been depicted twice in the original article (as Figure 1 and Figure 5).[1] For the correct Figure 5, see below.
Shape‐Persistent Macrocycles with Bipyridine Units: Progress in Accessibility and Widening of Applicability
Authors: Opris Dorina M. , Franke Peter , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: March 2005

Several new symmetrical and nonsymmetrical bipyridine‐containing building blocks for shape‐persistent macrocycles were developed, whereby much emphasis was placed on especially efficient procedures. The building blocks were used for the synthesis of several new cycles, the most important of which carry only one selectively addressable hydroxymethyl group at a corner. This group was converted into methacrylate‐ and norbornene‐type polymerizable units for free radical and ROMP polymerizations, respectively, rendering the corresponding macrocycles the first macromonomers of this kind. Initial polymerization studies are also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
6‐Spiro‐1,4‐diazepane‐2,5‐diones by Head‐to‐Tail N1/C2 Amide Bond Formation
Authors: Van Berkom Leon W. A. , de Gelder René , Scheeren Hans W.
Published: March 2005

The synthesis of a series of 6‐spiro‐1,4‐diazepane‐2,5‐diones containing an arylpropylamide moiety via head‐to‐tail cyclisation of a terminal amine and a terminal carboxylate ester is described. To induce ring closure of the dipeptide precursor, both lactamisation of the N4/C5 amide bond and N1/C2 amide bond were investigated. Whereas ring closure of the N4/C5 amide bond proved unsuccessful, ring closure of the N1/C2 amide bond was more viable. Furthermore, it was discovered that incorporation of a N,N‐disubstituted amide bond in the peptide sequence was essential for cyclisation to occur. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Large landslides and their effect on sediment flux in South Westland, New Zealand
Authors: Korup Oliver
Published: March 2005

Landslides and runoff are dominant erosional agents in the tectonically active alpine South Westland area of New Zealand, characterized by high uplift rates and extreme orographic precipitation. Despite a high density of shallow debris slides and flows, the geomorphic imprints of deep‐seated bedrock failures are dominant and persistent. Over 50 large (>1 km2) landslides comprising rock slide[sol ]avalanches, complex rotational and rock‐block slides, wedge failures, and deep‐seated gravitational slope deformation were detected on air photos and shaded‐relief images. Major long‐term impacts on alpine rivers include (1) forced alluviation upstream of landslide dams, (2) occlusion of gorges and triggering of secondary riparian landslides, and (3) diversion of channels around deposits to form incised meandering gorges. Remnants of large prehistoric (i.e. pre‐1840) landslide deposits possibly represent the low‐frequency (in terms of total area affected yet dominant) end of the spectrum of mass wasting in the western Southern Alps. This is at odds with high erosion rates in an active erosional landscape. Large landslides appear to have dual roles of supplying and retaining sediment. The implications of these roles are that (1) previous models of (shallow) landslide‐derived sediment flux need to be recalibrated, and (2) geomorphic effects of earthquake‐induced landsliding may persist for at least 102 years. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulations of miscible fluids on a rotating Hele–Shaw cell with effects of Coriolis forces
Authors: Chen Ching‐Yao , Liu Yu‐Chia
Published: March 2005

The effects of Coriolis forces to interfacial stabilities on miscible rotating Hele–Shaw flows are investigated by means of highly accurate numerical schemes. Two major influences on the interfaces, i.e. the stabilization of circumferential fingerings and the unstable body distortion of droplets, are observed. These two phenomena can be represented by two characteristic measurements, i.e. interfacial length and radius of gyration, respectively. Without an additional injection, the miscible interface is found to be more stable at higher Coriolis factors, based on both the judgments of growths in interfacial length and the radius of gyration. However, with an additional injection, a visible body distortion with suppressed interfacial fingerings at higher Coriolis factors leads to inconsistent developments in these two characteristic measurements. The stabilized effect of interfacial fingering delays and weakens the growth in interfacial length at higher Coriolis factors, while faster and greater growth in the radius of gyration is observed because of the significant body distortion. As a result, the effects of the Coriolis forces on the miscible interfacial instabilities should be addressed with great caution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐accurate intermediate boundary conditions for large eddy simulations based on projection methods
Authors: Denaro F. M.
Published: March 2005

Projection methods are among the most adopted procedures for solving the Navier–Stokes equations system for incompressible flows. In order to simplify the numerical procedures, the pressure–velocity de‐coupling is often obtained by adopting a fractional time‐step method. In a specific formulation, suitable for the incompressible flows equations, it is based on a formal decomposition of the momentum equation, which is related to the Helmholtz–Hodge Decomposition theorem of a vector field in a finite domain. Owing to the continuity constraint also in large eddy simulation of turbulence, as happens for laminar solutions, the filtered pressure characterizes itself only as a Lagrange multiplier, not a thermodynamic state variable. The paper illustrates the implications of adopting such procedures when the decoupling is performed onto the filtered equations system. This task is particularly complicated by the discretization of the time integral of the sub‐grid scale tensor. A new proposal for developing time‐accurate and congruent intermediate boundary conditions is addressed. Several tests for periodic and non‐periodic channel flows are presented. This study follows and completes the previous ones reported in (Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 2003; 42, 43). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of pullulan production from synthetic medium by Aureobasidium pullulans in a stirred tank reactor by response surface methodology
Authors: Göksungur Y , Dağbağlı S , Uçan A , Güvenç U
Published: March 2005

The production of pullulan from synthetic medium by Aureobasidium pullulans P56 in a stirred tank fermenter was investigated. The kinetics of polysaccharide, pullulan and biomass production was determined. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of three factors (initial sugar concentration, aeration rate and agitation speed) on the concentration of pullulan in batch cultures of A pullulans. In the experiments, the range of values used for the three variables described were; 30–70 g dm−3 initial sugar concentration, 200–600 rpm agitation speed and 1.0–3.0 vvm aeration rate. No previous work has used statistical analysis in determining the interactions among these variables in pullulan production. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the fit of the model was good in all cases. Aeration rate, agitation speed and sugar concentration had a strong linear effect on pullulan concentration. Moreover, pullulan concentration was significantly influenced by the negative quadratic effects of the given variables and by their positive or negative interactions with the exception that the interaction between agitation speed and aeration rate was insignificant (P > 0.05). Maximum pullulan concentration of 17.2 g dm−3 was obtained at the optimum levels of process variables (initial sugar concentration 51.4 g dm−3, aeration rate 2.36 vvm, agitation speed 345.3 rpm). These values were obtained by fitting of the experimental data to the model equation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of polysaccharide particles containing different concentrations of pullulan were also taken to observe the morphological differences of the samples. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence on mass‐selective ion ejection of the phase difference between the drive r.f. and the axial modulation potentials
Authors: Dobson G. , Murrell J. , Despeyroux D. , Wind F. , Tabet J.‐C.
Published: March 2005

The phase difference between the drive r.f. and the axial modulation potential is known to influence significantly the mass shift, and all commercial ion trap mass spectrometers use a fixed value for this difference. However, although this important parameter is partly responsible for the good precision achievable today in most commercial ion traps, little discussion on the variation of the phase difference between the drive r.f. and the axial modulation potential has appeared in the literature. We present here an examination of the influence of a low‐level axial modulation potential superimposed by capacitive coupling between the electrodes. Low‐level axial modulation potentials are used for certain analytical scans such as reverse scan or slow scan speeds. Such low‐level potentials help to prevent deterioration of mass resolution due to, for example, the dissociation of the ions during their resonant ejection from the ion trap. Reverse and forward scans are used to illustrate the mass shift and change in resolution, caused by a change in the phase difference between the drive r.f. potential applied to the ring electrode and the axial modulation potential applied on an end‐cap electrode, in electrospray ionization mass spectra. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemocompatibility of Poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone)s: Swelling Behavior and Water States
Authors: Wan Ling‐Shu , Xu Zhi‐Kang , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Wang Zhen‐Gang , Ye Peng
Published: March 2005

Summary: Hemocompatibility is an essential aspect of blood contacting polymers. Knowledge of the relationship between polymer structure and hemocompatibility is important in designing such polymers. In this work, the effect of swelling behavior and states of water on the hemocompatibility of poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PANCNVP) films was studied. Platelet adhesion and plasma recalcification time tests were used to evaluate the hemocompatibility of the films. Considering the importance of surface properties on the hemocompatibility of polymers, static water contact angles were measured by both sessile drop and captive bubble methods. It was found that, on the film surface of PANCNVP with a higher NVP content, adhered platelets were remarkably suppressed and the recalcification time was longer. The total water content adsorbed on the PANCNVP film was determined through swelling experiments performed at temperatures of interest. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to probe the states of water in the films. Based on the results from these experiments, it was hypothesized that the better hemocompatibility of PANCNVP films with higher NVP contents was due to their higher free water content, because water molecule exchange at the polymer/liquid interface, facilitated by a high free water content, is unfavorable for the formation of surface bound water, which causes poor hemocompatibility.

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Extreme variability of skeletal and cardiac muscle involvement in patients with mutations in exon 11 of the lamin A/C gene
Authors: Mercuri E. , Brown S. C. , Nihoyannopoulos P. , Poulton J. , Kinali M. , Richard P. , Piercy R. J. , Messina S. , Sewry C. , Burke M. M. , McKenna W. , Bonne G. , Muntoni F.
Published: March 2005

Mutations of the LMNA gene, encoding the nuclear envelope proteins lamins A and C, give rise to Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and to limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy 1B (EDMD and LGMD1B). With one exception, all the reported EDMD and LGMD1B mutations are confined to the first 10 exons of the gene. We report four separate cases, with mutations in the same codon of LMNA exon 11, characterized by remarkable variability of clinical findings, in addition to features not previously reported. One patient had congenital weakness and died in early childhood. In two other patients, severe cardiac problems arose early and, in one of these, cardiac signs preceded by many years the onset of skeletal muscle weakness. The fourth case had a mild and late‐onset LGMD1B phenotype. Our cases further expand the clinical spectrum associated with mutations in the LMNA gene and provide new evidence of the role played by the C‐terminal domain of lamin A. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Morphometric analysis of solifluction lobes and rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Matsuoka Norikazu , Ikeda Atsushi , Date Takeshi
Published: March 2005

Solifluction lobes and rock glaciers show similar geometry with a wide range of sizes. Morphometric analysis classifies these lobate landforms in the eastern Swiss Alps into five subgroups. A bouldery rock glacier has an active layer composed of matrix‐free boulders, whereas a pebbly rock glacier consists of matrix‐supported debris derived from less resistant rocks. Both move by permafrost creep at 5–30 m depth, but the former tends to have a longer tread. A high solifluction lobe, having a riser 0.2–3 m high, originates mainly from annual gelifluction operating within the top 0.5 m of sediment, and its variation, a mudflow‐affected high solifluction lobe, occurs where prolonged snowmelt triggers a rapid flow of the thawed surficial layer. A low solifluction lobe has a riser up to 0.2 m high and occurs where thin fine‐grained debris responds mainly to diurnal frost creep. These lobes show, on the whole, positive relations between the tread length (L), width (W ) and the riser height (H ). However, a regression analysis separates the rock glaciers from the solifluction lobes by a distinct gap at W (or L)=30 m and H=3 m and provides different regression lines for the two populations. The morphometry primarily determined by the transport process is H, which approximates or slightly exceeds the maximum depth of movement. The depth of movement also affects the horizontal extent of a moving mass, which defines W. A lobe appears where horizontal homogeneity exceeds 3H, and advances with time until reaching a maximum L controlled by climatic or dynamic conditions. Lobe morphometry can be used as an environmental indicator. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐resolved reflectivity studies of coherent longitudinal acoustic phonon pulses in bulk III‐nitride semiconductors
Authors: Wraback M. , Shen H. , Sampath A. V. , Collins C. J. , Garrett G. A. , Sarney W. L.
Published: March 2005

An interferometric technique employing femtosecond pump–probe reflectivity measurements has been used to study the direct generation, propagation, and detection of coherent longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon pulses in bulk GaN and AlGaN thin films at frequencies in the 100 to 200 GHz range. Photoreflectance and resonant Raman studies suggest that the dominant mechanism in the generation of the LA phonon pulse is photoexcited carrier transport‐induced screening of the near‐surface electric field associated with residual strain in the incompletely relaxed GaN or AlGaN epilayers. This field screening component in the strain pulse generation can be as much as two orders of magnitude larger than the deformation potential component, in contrast to theoretical calculations for the multiple quantum well (MQW) case, for which the two components are of comparable magnitude. The technique has been used to directly measure the sound velocity in GaN and AlGaN of various Al contents. The results are in good agreement with those calculated from elastic moduli. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inframanubrial Parathyroid Glands in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Alternatives to Sternotomy
Authors: Nwariaku Fiemu E. , Snyder William H. , Burkey Shelby H. , Watumull Lori , Mathews Dana
Published: March 2005

Deep inframanubrial parathyroid tumors have traditionally been excised through a median sternotomy. With the advent of minimally invasive surgical access, we chose to examine the treatment options and outcomes of patients with inframanubrial mediastinal parathyroid tumors. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism seen at a university medical center over a 12‐year period were retrospectively reviewed. The utility of localization studies, methods of treatment, complications, and outcomes were examined in patients with a parathyroid tumor located in the mediastinum inferior to the manubrium. Patients with parathyroid adenomas located at the thoracic inlet were excluded. Sixteen patients with inframanubrial mediastinal tumors were treated during the study period. Altogether, 81% of the patients had undergone at least one prior neck exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were 12.4 ± 0.36 mg/dl and 273 ± 70 pg/ml, respectively. Localization studies identified mediastinal parathyroid adenomas in the following locations: anterior mediastinum (n = 8), middle mediastinum (n = 7), posterior mediastinum (n = 1). Mediastinal computed tomography and technetium‐sestamibi scans demonstrated the best sensitivity, 92% and 85%, respectively. Seven patients underwent successful excision of the mediastinal adenoma by transcervical mediastinal exploration with the Cooper retractor. The other patients underwent angiographic ablation (n = 4), anterior mediastinotomy (n = 3), video‐assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) (n = 1), and VATS plus thoracotomy (n = 1). The mean hospital stay for the study group was 2.9 ± 0.7 days. The complication rate was 25%. All patients were normocalcemic after a mean follow‐up of 15 ± 7 months. Most inframanubrial mediastinal parathyroid tumors can be successfully managed without median sternotomy.
A perspective on the use of spatialized indicators for ecosystem-based fishery management through spatial zoning
Authors: Babcock Elizabeth A. , Pikitch Ellen K. , McAllister Murdoch K. , Apostolaki Panayiota , Santora Christine
Published: March 2005

Although much work has been done developing system-level indicators for ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM), few of those proposed include a spatial component. Even in single-species management, time and area closures have been applied without a clear understanding of what their effect might be on identifying overfishing thresholds and other reference points. For EBFM, spatial zoning of the marine environment, including no-take marine reserves and areas where destructive fishing gears are prohibited, may become a prime management tool. Therefore, indicators of the effectiveness of spatial management will be required, along with an understanding of how indicators related to other objectives will be influenced. We review single-species models that have been used to model spatial zoning, including potential bias in assessment and current work on effort reallocation after area closure, as well as available ecosystem-based models and metrics and how they might account for spatial management. Metrics that can be derived from explicitly spatial approaches such as GIS-based ecosystem and fishery evaluations are also discussed.
Analysis of size spectra off northwest Africa: a useful indicator in tropical areas?
Authors: Stobberup Kim A. , Inejih Cheikh A.O. , Traoré Sory , Monteiro Carlos , Amorim Patrícia , Erzini Karim
Published: March 2005

Changes in the size spectra of demersal fish communities off Cape Verde (1988, 1994), Guinea (1985–1995), and Mauritania (1987–2001) were studied. Intercepts and slopes showed opposite trends for Guinea and Mauritania, but were relatively stable in spite of a strong increase in landings per unit area. For Cape Verde, there were marked changes in size structure, seemingly inconsistent with the more moderate fishing pressure there. Changes in size structure do not seem to be suitable indicators of the effects of fishing in areas characterized by faster growth rates, small sizes, high species diversity, and complex interrelationships, such as the tropics.
From Lake Nyassa to Philadelphia: a geography of the Zambesi Expedition, 1858–64
Authors: DRITSAS LAWRENCE
Published: March 2005

This paper is about collecting, travel and the geographies of science. At one level it examines the circumstances that led to Isaac Lea's description in Philadelphia of six freshwater mussel shells of the family Unionidae, originally collected by John Kirk during David Livingstone's Zambesi Expedition, 1858–64. At another level it is about how travel is necessary in the making of scientific knowledge. Following these shells from south-eastern Africa to Philadelphia via London elucidates the journeys necessary for Kirk and Lea's scientific work to progress and illustrates that the production of what was held to be malacological knowledge occurred through collaborative endeavours that required the travel of the specimens themselves. Intermediaries in London acted to link the expedition, Kirk's efforts and Lea's classification across three continents and to facilitate the novel description of six species of freshwater mussel. The paper demonstrates the role of travel in the making of mid-nineteenth-century natural history and in developing the relationships and credibility necessary to perform the research on which classifications undertaken elsewhere were based.
New Labour Ambiguity, or Neo-liberal Consistency? The Debate About Racial Inequality in Employment and the Use of Contract Compliance
Authors: ORTON MICHAEL , RATCLIFFE PETER
Published: March 2005

In 2003 the UK government set an objective that in ten years' time Britain's minority ethnic groups should not face disproportionate barriers in the labour market. A key ‘barrier’ is discrimination by employers. This article examines one potential way forward: the use of contract compliance. First, the article presents findings from the authors' study of an innovative use of contract compliance by a group of local authorities in the West Midlands. If contract compliance can be made to work and New Labour is committed to addressing racial inequality in employment, this suggests that contract compliance is an approach that the government should be seeking to develop. The second part of the article therefore considers New Labour's stance on contract compliance, which can be seen to be highly ambiguous. It is argued that if contract compliance is located within the broader context of New Labour policy development, what is apparent is that the professed aspiration for social change is compromised by a dominant commitment to the maintenance of neo-liberal economic policies. The conclusion is that it is likely that only limited progress will be made in achieving racial equality in employment.
Infiltration flux distributions in unsaturated rock deposits and their potential implications for fractured rock formations
Authors: Tokunaga Tetsu K. , Olson Keith R. , Wan Jiamin
Published: March 2005

Although water infiltration through unconsolidated rocks and fractured rock formations control flow and transport to groundwater, spatial distributions of flow paths are poorly understood. Infiltration experiments conducted on packs of rocks showed that a well‐constrained distribution of fluxes develops despite differences in rock type (angular diabase and sandstone, and subangular serpentinite), rock size (30 to 200 mm), and packing (up to 42 rock layers). Fluxes stabilize into a geometric (exponential) distribution that keeps about half of the system depleted of flow, retains a small fraction of high flow regions, and has a characteristic scale determined by the rock size. Modification of a statistical mechanical model shows that gravity‐directed, random flow paths evolve to the observed flux distribution, and that it represents the most probable distribution. Key similarities between infiltration in rock deposits and fractured rock formations indicate that the geometric flow distribution may also apply in the latter systems.
Observational investigations of gravity wave momentum flux with spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Tang J. , Swenson G. R. , Liu A. Z. , Kamalabadi F.
Published: March 2005

We apply a newly developed gravity wave momentum flux estimation method to the mesospheric measurements obtained with colocated airglow imager and meteor radar at Maui, Hawaii (20.7°N, 156.3°W), during the Maui Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (Maui MALT) campaign. The method identifies individual quasi‐monochromatic gravity waves with periods between 6 and ∼40 min, estimates the intrinsic wave parameters, and calculates the momentum fluxes carried by vertically propagating waves. Data taken on 28 October 2003 are analyzed in detail to reveal the relationship between momentum flux and wave parameters. The January, April, July, and October 2003 data are divided into summer and winter categories, and nightly average momentum fluxes are calculated for comparison of the seasonal wave propagation directions. Average wave momentum flux is directed to the northeast during most of the summer nights, while a southwest preference exists for the winter nights. The results extracted from Maui, Hawaii, combined with the earlier results from Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico (35°N, 107°W), and other observations, support the notion that the seasonal trend in meridional flux is a global phenomenon.
Plasma analyses during femtosecond laser ablation of Ti, Zr, and Hf
Authors: Grojo D. , Hermann J. , Perrone A.
Published: March 2005

Femtosecond laser ablation of Ti, Zr, and Hf has been investigated by means of in situ plasma diagnostics. Fast imaging was used to characterize the plasma plume expansion on a nanosecond time scale. In addition, time- and space-resolved optical emission spectroscopy was employed to determine the plume composition and the characteristic expansion velocities of plasma species. It is shown that two plume components with different expansion velocities are generated by the interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with metals. The composition and the expansion behavior of the two components have been analyzed as a function of laser fluence and target material. The results are discussed in terms of mechanisms responsible for ablation by ultrashort laser pulses.
Fluorescence lifetime fluctuations of single molecules probe local density fluctuations in disordered media: A bulk approach
Authors: Vallée R. A. L. , Tomczak N. , Vancso G. J. , Kuipers L. , van Hulst N. F.
Published: March 2005

We investigated the nanometer scale mobility of polymers in the glassy state by monitoring the dynamics of embedded single fluorophores. Recently we reported on fluorescence lifetime fluctuations which reflect the segmental rearrangement dynamics of the polymer in the surroundings of the single molecule probe. Here we focus on the nature of these fluorescence lifetime fluctuations. First the potential role of quenching and molecular conformational changes is discussed. Next we concentrate on the influence of the radiative density of states on the spontaneous emission of individual dye molecules embedded in a polymer. To this end we present a theory connecting the effective-medium theory to a cell-hole model, originating from the Simha–Somcynsky free-volume theory. The relation between the derived distributions of free volume and fluorescence lifetime allows one to determine the number of segments involved in the local rearrangement directly from experimental data. Results for two different polymers as a function of temperature are presented.