bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Openness-to-Experience and Mental Health
Authors: George Joseph C. , Tittler Bennett I.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of openness-to-experience and mental health was investigated for 30 college women using Strupp and Hadley's 1977 tripartite model of mental health plus Holmes and Rahe's measure of recent stress. The set of mental health measures were employed in multiple regression analyses to predict self-report, behavioral, perceptual, and transactional measures of openness. Only the transactional measure of openness, defined as the ability to increase openness in a facultative situation, was significantly predicted by mental health.
Effect of Hunger on the Acoustic Startle Reflex
Authors: Armus Harvard L. , Isham Karen Anita
Published: September 2011

There are conflicting reports concerning the effect of intensity of appetitive drive on the acoustic startle reflex. Eight rats were tested for acoustic startle, using a within-subjects design, while under either 0 or 20 hr. food deprivation. No over-all significant effect was found, although 0-hr. deprivation showed greater startle on the last day of testing.
Judgment Ambiguity, Self-Consciousness, and Conformity in Judgments of Fashionability
Authors: Davis Leslie L.
Published: September 2011

The influence of ambiguity of judgment and self-consciousness on conformity in judgments of fashionability was examined. 160 female subjects completed the Self-consciousness Scale and made a reassessment of their original opinions of the fashionability of six women's suits after being exposed to the opinions of others. Greater conformity resulted for the more ambiguous judgments of future fashionability than to judgments of present fashionability. In addition, individuals high in self-consciousness conformed more to judgments of future fashionability than to judgments of present fashionability whereas individuals low in self-consciousness conformed equally to both.
Critical Evaluation of Locus of Control: Towards a Reconceptualization of the Construct and its Measurement
Authors: Palenzuela David L.
Published: September 2011

The construct of locus of control at present poses certain problems. It is defined in different ways by various investigators, and at times its definition is analogous to other concepts. The expectancy of locus of control is confused with the attributions of past success-failure experiences and recent approaches have proposed conflicting solutions. There is also terminological-conceptual confusion. Locus of control scales are used for the measurement of other constructs. The dimensionality of locus of control is still lacking in coherence, is confusing, and some scales also seem to measure several different concepts. The present article discusses such problems in two sections: (a) conceptual problems and (b) problems with the measurement of the locus of control. A third section describes some possible solutions; empirical evidence is presented on the first steps of an alternative approach.
Psychosocial Correlates of Death Anxiety in a Population of Medical Students
Authors: Vargo Marc E. , Black F. William
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between death anxiety and psychosocial functioning of medical students. Subjects were 50 first-year students, with instruments including the Death Anxiety Scale and the California Psychological Inventory. Product-moment correlations computed between test scores indicated significant, negative relationships between death anxiety and the California Psychological Inventory measures of Well-being ( r = –.52), Good Impression ( r = –.43), Self-control ( r = –.30), and Tolerance ( r = –.29). These results suggest that increased death anxiety may be associated with somewhat compromised social performance.
On the Internal Consistency of the Beta II
Authors: Panitz Daniel R. , Feingold Alan
Published: September 2011

The internal consistency of the Beta II, a recent revision of the Revised Beta Examination, was examined for a sample of alcoholic inpatients (81 men, 19 women) of low ability and socioeconomic status. They were aged 19 to 65 yr. ( M = 36.6, SD = 9.2) and had been admitted for treatment at a state agency for rehabilitation for alcoholism. Pearson inter-correlations were reported as well as the correlations between subtests and the sums of scaled scores. The median subtest intercorrelation was .51 and the median subtest-sum of scaled scores correlation was .76. Although these coefficients were smaller than those reported for the previous edition of the Beta, they compared favorably with results obtained for the recent revision of the Performance scale of the WAIS.
Cognitive Complexity-Simplicity and Inconsistent Interpersonal Judgment in Thought-Disordered Schizophrenia
Authors: Livesay Jerry R.
Published: September 2011

No previous investigation has examined in thought-disordered schizophrenia the nature of cognitive complexity-simplicity as defined and measured by Bieri. The current study examined the hypotheses that thought-disordered schizophrenic subjects are significantly more cognitively complex than non-thought-disordered subjects and are significantly less consistent in making interpersonal judgments according to 10 prescribed dimensions. Subjects were 18 schizophrenic and 18 non-schizophrenic psychiatric outpatients randomly selected from files of active clients at a rural community mental health clinic. Each subject was individually administered Bieri's modified repertory grid and immediately retested to attain a measure of cognitive complexity and consistency of interpersonal judgment. Analysis shows that the schizophrenic subjects were significantly less cognitively complex than the non-schizophrenic subjects and suggests an alternative hypothesis; however, the schizophrenic subjects were markedly inconsistent in assignment of interpersonal judgments on the Bieri grid retest. The inconsistent interpersonal judgment evidenced by the schizophrenic subjects can be argued as an index of “loosened construing” as defined by Kelly and elaborated by Bannister.
Occupational Sex-Typing by Kindergarten and Fourth-Grade Children
Authors: Blaske David M.
Published: September 2011

Sex-typing of occupations and its antecedent elements have been investigated using different methods across a variety of age groups. Exp. 1 utilized a memory test as its principal criterion, along with a job-preference question to investigate sex-typing in fourth-grade children. On the memory test the mean numbers of sex-typing errors were significantly different; the subjects presenting traditional sex-typed pairings committed far fewer sex-typing errors. The job-preference question also disclosed sex-typed beliefs pertaining to occupational aspirations. The method in Exp. 2 required 66 kindergarten children to supply names to stick figures performing traditional male and female occupations in each of 10 picture cards. A significant number of sex-typed responses were given. Girls were more sex-typed than boys, traditional male occupations were more sex-typed than traditional female occupations, and boys were less sex-typed when their mothers were employed.
Balance versus Main Effects Androgyny: Their Relationship to Adjustment in Three Ethnic Groups
Authors: Moore Susan M. , Rosenthal Doreen A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationships between psychological androgyny and adjustment for 630 adolescents from three ethnic groups, Anglo-Australian, Greek-Australian, and Italian-Australian. Androgyny was conceptualized in two ways—main effects and balance androgyny—following Taylor and Hall's (1982) review. For Anglo- and Italian-Australian adolescents, the main effect of androgyny was associated with adjustment, that is, a large number of adjustment measures related positively to high scores on both masculinity and femininity scales. For Greek-Australians, however, there was an interaction between masculinity and femininity on some adjustment measures such that a “balance” between the two traits was more consistent with high levels of adjustment than high scores on either masculinity or femininity. Results were discussed in terms of pressures toward assimilation into the mainstream of Australian culture for Italian- and Greek-Australian groups.
Response Bias in Mail Surveys: Further Evidence
Authors: Jobber David
Published: September 2011

This research assessed the likelihood for recipients of mail questionnaires who have higher interest in the topic to reply more frequently to the initial questionnaire than to a follow-up. For a sample of 440 commercial respondents, and in a situation where those who were likely to be more interested in the survey had to answer more questions, the normal trend was reversed: 86% of respondents on follow-up were in the interested group, compared to 71% of the initial respondents. The results highlight the importance of a follow-up when a researcher requires responses from the ‘interested’ group.
Public Self-Consciousness, Social Anxiety, and Variability of Social Behavior
Authors: Lennox Richard
Published: September 2011

Social anxiety and public self-consciousness are compared as predictors of variability of social behavior by 242 subjects tested prior to entering college. Social anxiety is the stronger of the two predictors, increasing variance accounted for by 12%. Results are consistent with an explanation which emphasizes a motive to avoid disapproval.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XVII. Mental Retardation and Seasonality of Birth: A Racial Analysis
Authors: Gallagher Bernard J. , Jones Brian J. , McFalls Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

The records of 1174 mentally retarded people were analyzed with regard to patterns of seasonality of birth. A population model was derived from birth records of the general population born during the same time period as the mentally retarded people. Log-linear analyses uncovered no significant differences between the seasons of birth for the mentally retarded and those in the general population. There were also no significant relationships when the data were analyzed by race and sex. Given the sample size and the sophistication of the analytic model, these results have important implications for an unresolved literature.
Study Skills, Self-Concept, and Academic Achievement
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Williamson James David
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationships between study skills, self-concept, and academic achievement and whether the self-report measures contributed to the prediction of grade-point average for 110 university students. Analysis showed that study skills, self-concepts, and academic achievement correlated significantly with each other; rs ranged from .03 to .52. In addition to the total study skills score, two measures of study skills (oral reporting and interpersonal relations) and one measure of self-concept (personal self) contributed to the prediction of grade-point average.
Quick Test and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised in a Prison's Clinical Setting
Authors: De Cato Clifford M. , Husband Stephen D.
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test and the WAIS-R were administered to 20 male patients (12 black, 8 white) in an urban prison's psychiatric hospital. The mean chronological age of the sample was 29 yr. Strong positive correlations ranged from .64 to .90 between the Quick Test IQs and the WAIS-R Verbal Scale IQs and Full Scale IQs, with a modest relationship to Performance IQs. These findings suggest that the Quick Test provides a reasonable estimate of conventional verbal intelligence for a population in an urban prison's clinical setting.
Comparison of the WAIS and WAIS-R at Different Ages in a Clinical Population
Authors: Rogers Dan L. , Osborne David
Published: September 2011

Performances on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the WAIS-Revised (WAIS-R) were compared between groups at different ages. We studied 176 subjects (primarily outpatients) who were referred for assessment of cognitive function. Although all age groups tended to obtain lower scores on the WAIS-R, older subjects were penalized more on Performance and Full Scale IQs when the revised form was used. However, interactions suggest that differences in the scores on the WAIS and WAIS-R in a clinical population may reflect an interaction among age, presenting complaint, and other factors.
Dimensions of Stress in Junior Medical Students
Authors: Linn Bernard S. , Zeppa Robert
Published: September 2011

Correlations of responses to a 31-item stress scale were factor analysed to determine areas of stress for 169 junior medical students. Factors describe Overwork, Learning, Future Concerns, Pressure from Self, Pressure from Others, Outside Pressures, and Interpersonal stresses rated in that order of magnitude. Most of the stresses diminished significantly after three months, except for Overwork which increased. Since this type of pressure is representative of demands which will be encountered in future practice, the junior year seems an appropriate time to help students learn to cope more effectively with pressures related to time constraints.
College Students' Concept of Adulthood
Authors: Hardwick Douglas A.
Published: September 2011

60 second-year college students wrote essays describing their concept of adulthood. Classification of the essays indicated that the students possessed relatively well-differentiated concepts of adulthood. Their concepts of adulthood, however, did not generally include the idea of formation of personal identity.
Construct Validation of a Method for Defining Efficient and Inefficient Copers
Authors: Schill Thomas , Ramanaiah Nerella , O'Laughlin Shawn
Published: September 2011

Some validity for a procedure to identify efficient and inefficient copers was evident in this study. 36 efficient copers (defined by high stress scores and low anxiety scores) dealt with life stress primarily by trying to analyze their problems and take direct action. 50 inefficient copers (high stress and high anxiety scores) stopped functioning well, sought the support of others and, if male, resorted to drugs, alcohol, or sex as a source of comfort.
The Conceptual Level Analogy Test: Internal Consistency and Relationship to Demographic Variables
Authors: Kelleher William J. , Townes Brenda D. , Martin Donald C.
Published: September 2011

The Conceptual Level Analogy Test is a recently developed test of abstract reasoning predictive of morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery. The present study examined the relationship of test scores with demographic variables and the internal consistency of the test for a non-clinical sample. Analysis indicated that the test is a unidimensional scale. Significant effects were found for age, occupation, and education on total score. Corrections for these demographic factors in future work with surgical populations may improve the prediction of post-surgical status.
Organizational Commitment among Women Volunteers: Meaning and Measurement
Authors: Jenner Jessica Reynolds
Published: September 2011

A 2-yr. follow-up of a mail survey of 250 women volunteers gave evidence that relationships among Organizational Commitment Questionnaire score and single item measures of involvement and satisfaction were stable. The attitude measures were related to the number of volunteer hours per month reported at the time of measurement, but not two years later. Hours reported on the first survey were the best predictor of hours reported on the second survey, and the best predictor of continued membership was expressed intentions.
Lack of Relationship between Estrus Cycle and Effect of Ethanol in Mice
Authors: Wanderley Ines , Masur Jandira
Published: September 2011

The sleeping time induced by 4.0 g/kg of ethanol was evaluated in 25 male and in 89 female albino Swiss mice at different stages of the estrus cycle. No difference among the various groups was detected.
Testing for a Psychokinetic Effect on Plants: Effect of a “Laying on” of Hands on Germinating Corn Seeds
Authors: Wallack Joseph Michael
Published: September 2011

A possible psychokinetic effect on plants from the “laying on” of hands of a self-claimed “psychic healer” was studied in 3 procedures. The “healer” treated a sealed petrie dish containing germinating root growth-retarded corn seeds. In Procedure 1 randomly drawn corn seeds were pre-soaked for 12 hr. in a 2% NaCl solution. Seeds were then randomly assigned to 3 prepared petrie dishes: healing, control, and a control for the temperature of the healer's hands. Root growth was measured after 96 hr. Procedure 2 tested for a possible transitory healing effect following the same procedures as Procedure 1 but measuring the roots after 48 hr. In Procedure 3 the pre-soaking period of the corn seeds was reduced to 8 hr. to test the possibility that the 12-hr. pre-soaking period was too severe to allow a “healing effect” to be manifest. Kruskal-Wallis (non-parametric) one-way analyses of variance yielded nonsignificant effects in all 3 experiments. Additional studies are needed to avoid a Type II error, i.e., to rule out possibility of a psychokinetic effect on plants by the “laying on” of hands.
Researching a Spelling Method with Third and Fourth Graders
Authors: Carlin James , Kodman Frank , Moore Charles W.
Published: September 2011

This study compared a new method for acquisition of spelling with a traditional method over 9 wk. for 181 third and 188 fourth graders. The covariates were pre-spelling, post-mathematics, and post-reading scores. Analysis of covariance showed statistically significant improvement in the raw scores on the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills for the fourth graders but not for the third graders.
Effects upon Social Perceptions of the Insanity Plea
Authors: Faulstich Michael E.
Published: September 2011

Interest and debate have increased over the “not guilty by reason of insanity” (NGRI) plea. However, little systematic research regarding societal reactions to this plea is available. Perceptions of the plea were analyzed by having 256 respondents read specially prepared newspaper stories that described the shooting of an individual. The female assailant compared to the male counterpart was: liked more, considered less likely to shoot someone again, held less responsible for the shooting, and perceived to deserve fewer years in prison. These findings were conceptualized under the framework of attribution theory. Moreover, differential reactions were a function of the respondent's sex. Finally, the report of a psychiatric history resulted in the NGRI plea being considered more acceptable in a court of law.
Attitudes of Fundamentalists toward Homosexuality
Authors: Maret Stephen M.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the attitudes of fundamentalist born-again Christians and nonfundamentalists toward homosexuality. Subjects were 151 students. Over-all, fundamentalists were significantly less accepting of homosexuality than nonfundamentalists, and males showed significantly less approval of homosexuality than females. An interaction was also evident, with female fundamentalists approving least of homosexuality and female nonfundamentalists approving most. Male fundamentalists and nonfundamentalists were in between. Implications are discussed.
Behavioral Intentions to Join a Union: Instrumentality × Valence, Locus of Control, and Strike Attitudes
Authors: Beutell Nicholas J. , Biggs David L.
Published: September 2011

Intention to join a nursing union was investigated among 102 advanced undergraduate BSN students. Instrumentality × Valence, the instrumentality of intrinsic outcomes, and the valence of extrinsic outcomes were each positively and significantly related to intentions to join a union. Internal-external locus of control beliefs were unrelated to joining intentions. Pro-strike attitudes were also related to intentions to join a nursing union. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Perceived Hassles and Uplifts among Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Wilcox Charles T. , Soper Barlow
Published: September 2011

30 nursing home residents identified their top 10 hassles and uplifts. The results tend to support earlier findings with this unique population. Recommendations for counselors are also briefly discussed.
Using Discriminant Analysis to Identify the Noncognitive Characteristics of High-Achieving Medical Students
Authors: Markert Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

Disctiminant analysis was used to differentiate high-GPA medical students from low-GPA medical students on noncognitive characteristics. Medical students were divided on preclinical GPA ( n = 85) and clinical GPA ( n = 82). The noncognitive dependent variables were the Rotter Locus of Control, Adjective Check List, and Student Orientations Survey. Medical students with high preclinical GPAs tended to be less autonomous and assertive and more external in locus of control. Differences in noncognitive characteristics were not found between students with high clinical GPAs and their counterparts with low clinical GPAs.
Optimism about College Life and Academic Performance in College
Authors: Prola Max , Stern Daniel
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that optimism about college is associated with academic performance was tested. The Optimism About College Life Scale was administered to 67 male and 36 female entering college freshmen, and scores correlated (.22) with grade-point averages two years later. College optimism also was significantly associated ( r = .22) with high-school grades, suggesting that the more able students are more optimistic about college and obtain higher grades in college. When the effect of high-school grades was held constant, however, the association between optimism and college academic performance diminished to a non-significant r of .17. Research on self-concept variables and college performance might also profit from a similar analysis of the role of previous academic performance.
On Probability Models and Avoidance Learning
Authors: Cotton M. M. , Wood W. P.
Published: September 2011

In the early 1970s Gibbon fitted empirical data from a number of avoidance experiments to a mathematical model based on the formalism of semi-Markov chains. Cotton and Wood in 1982 demonstrated the possibility that a single stochastic process underlies the timing behavior of rats in an unsignalled shuttlebox-avoidance learning experiment, providing quantitative support for Gibbon's hypothesis. This paper presents a further analysis in terms of semi-Markov chains of experimental data from an avoidance experiment with a variable, limited effective avoidance interval. The agreement between experiment and theory further supports that unsignalled avoidance experiments are convincingly modelled by semi-Markov chains.
Merchandise Fads of Yesteryear—An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: September 2011

A survey of 720 students as to their recall of some product fads of past years (1772 to 1975) implies that people possess a relatively fair recollection about such things. Of those remembering, however, only a comparatively few had, or still have, ownership. Inclusion of two truthfulness items suggests a reasonable level of honesty on the part of the respondents.
Effects of Living Status, Gender, and Year in College on College Students' Self-Esteem and Life-Change Experiences
Authors: Marron Jeanne A. , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of living status, gender, and years of college were examined in a study measuring self-esteem and life-change experiences. 160 naive college students were placed into 16 groups of 10 based on their living status, gender, and year in school. It was proposed that boarders would have higher self-esteem and a larger number of life change events, that women would have lower self-esteem than men, and that the freshmen would have lower self-esteem and experience more life-change events. Two three-way analyses of variance showed men had higher self-esteem than women, and freshmen had lower self-esteem than seniors. Boarders reported more life-change events than freshmen. A negative correlation was found between self-esteem and life-change events. Stress seems related to the value one places on oneself.
Attitudes toward Clinical Assessment by Members of the AABT
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Keller John W.
Published: September 2011

The present survey investigated the attitudes toward projective, objective, and behavioral assessment practices from members of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy (AABT). Of the 531 persons in the AABT sample, 171 returned the questionnaire for a 32.2% rate of response. In terms of future emphasis it appeared that both behavioral and objective personality assessment were deemed as continuing in popularity, while projective techniques were viewed with little future utility. However, professional practitioners were expected to be familiar with standard projective measures and tests of intelligence by about half the respondents. Further, AABT members felt somewhat pessimistic about the empirical credibility of assessment techniques in general. The implications of these findings for academic and applied emphasis in clinical assessment were discussed and compared to the findings of a previous survey of AABT members by Wade, Baker, and Hartmann in 1979. The emerging practical emphasis over the past several years on behavioral assessment has not yet matured in the academic and applied setting.
Attribution of Feminine and Masculine Traits to Opposite-Sex Dyads
Authors: Gerber Gwendolyn L.
Published: September 2011

Descriptions of achieving female and male dyads in different relationships were presented to subjects and rated using masculine and feminine stereotypic traits. The relationship between the dyads varied in level of involvement—no relationship between them, acquainted, dating and married. Both the male and female stimulus-persons were rated more masculine when they were successful than when they were unsuccessful. Attributions of masculine traits to the “out-of-role,” achieving, female stimulus-person were made on the basis of internal factors, whereas attributions to the “in-role” achieving, male stimulus-person were made on the basis of both internal and external factors. In ratings made by men, the woman's achievement level affected the man's masculinity and self-esteem when the couple was dating—they attributed lower masculinity and lower self-esteem to the male stimulus-person when the woman was a success than when she was a failure. A nonstereotypic description of the couple, in which the woman was first and the man second, increased the masculinity and decreased the femininity attributed to both of them.
Brief Note on the Structure of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale
Authors: Livneh Hanoch
Published: September 2011

In this study the structure of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale was explored via a cluster analytic technique. When the responses of 200 students were analyzed a 5-cluster solution resulted. These findings did not support the current 4-scale format of the Fear of Death Scale.
Relationship of Nontraditional Sex-Role Attitudes to Severity of Women's Criminal Behavior
Authors: Lasley Jim , Kuhl Anna F. , Roberg Roy R.
Published: September 2011

This study empirically examined the general hypothesis that the recent rise in aggressive women's criminal behavior is a response to nontraditional self-perceptions of the female sex-role. 50 female inmates were administered the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and the Role Theory Demographic Index. Analysis of scores indicated significant inverse relationships between nontraditional sex-role attitudes held by incarcerated female felons and the relative severity of their prior criminal acts. Findings indicate that the women who viewed themselves as most traditionally “feminine” represented the most violent female offenders.
Inferred Psychological Needs as a Function of Stimulus Assigned and Subject-Expressed Political Preference
Authors: Korten Matthew J. , Ziegler Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

This investigation assessed whether the concepts that individuals have of political stimulus objects (i.e., liberals or conservatives) can be meaningfully differentiated from one another on the basis of Murray's psychological needs inferred or attributed to those political stimulus objects by the individuals. An attempt was also made to demonstrate the relationship between people's political preferences (liberal vs conservative) and the psychological need patterns they attribute to liberal or conservative political stimulus objects. The 21 liberal and 21 conservative subjects described their concepts of political stimulus objects on the Adjective Check List. While no differences in inferred liberal/conservative need profile shapes were uncovered, significant differences in need profile elevations and in specific psychogenic needs were found. Results were interpreted in terms of both inferred psychological needs and an affective/favorability variable uncovered.
Daily Hassles and Uplifts as Perceived by Adolescents
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Tobacyk Jerome J. , Wilcox Charles T.
Published: September 2011

38 high school students identified their top 15 hassles and uplifts. The results tend to support previous findings with this particular population. Counseling considerations are mentioned.
Relationship between Hypnotic Susceptibility, Fear of Failure and Need for Achievement
Authors: Manganello Joseph L. , Carlson Thomas K. , Zarrillo Deirdre L. , Teevan Richard C.
Published: September 2011

21 men were administered a modified version of Murray's (1938) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to measure fear of failure and need for achievement. Hypnotic susceptibility was then tested using the Harvard Group Scale, Form A. The prediction that those subjects high in fear of failure would be less susceptible than those in low fear of failure was supported. No relationship was found between need for achievement and hypnotic susceptibility, supporting previous findings. The results were discussed in terms of the dimensions of fear of failure which would lead to low susceptibility.
Relationship between the WAIS-R and the WRAT in a Geriatric Sample with Suspected Dementia
Authors: Margolis Ronald B. , Greenlief Catherine L. , Taylor John M.
Published: September 2011

Pearson product-moment correlations between the standard scores of the Wide Range Achievement Test (Spelling, Reading, and Arithmetic) and the WAIS-R Full Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and the scaled scores of the individual subtests were calculated for a geriatric sample with suspected dementia ( M age = 72.37 yr.). The three areas of achievement, as measured by the Wide-Range Achievement Test, correlated highly with the WAIS-R IQs and subtest scaled scores. Results are discussed and directions for future research are recommended.
Effect of Disclosure of Performance Data in Role-Played Interviews Appraising Performance
Authors: Watson Warren E. , Michaelsen Larry K.
Published: September 2011

Research has shown that leaders' knowledge of prior subordinates' performance affects behavior and interaction with subordinates. 60 leader-subordinate dyads participated in interviews to appraise performance. Student-leaders were assigned randomly to a condition of high or low subordinates' performance. Deci's controlling and informational factors were adopted as measures for leaders' style of disclosure of information. The manipulations of performance had little effect. However, leaders who emphasized the informative aspects and de-emphasized the controlling aspects of the discussion reported the appraisal as more effective than leaders who emphasized controlling aspects and de-emphasized informational aspects. Student-subordinates of the highly-informative, low-controlling student-leaders reported greater effectiveness of the appraisal than subordinates with highly-controlling, low-informational leaders. The reciprocal influence of the attributional process is discussed.
Life Change Events as Stressors and Their Relationship to Mental Health among Undergraduate University Students
Authors: Cole Galen E.
Published: September 2011

In the present study, 87 male and 91 female undergraduate students (18 to 30 yr. old) were surveyed to determine whether the previously observed inverse relationship between life-change events and mental impairments holds. The Schedule of Recent Experience was used to measure stress to relate results of this study and past findings. The General Well-being Schedule, reliable and internally consistent, was the measure of mental health. Comparison of the scores on recent experiences with normative criteria indicated that 84.8% of the subjects had scores indicative of major life crises. An inordinately large number of participants should have also experienced clinical distress as measured on the schedule; however, the results provide modest empirical support for this assumption. Subsequently, it seems appropriate to question the predictive validity of the life-events approach to research on stress among college students.
Utility and Efficacy of Knowledge of Behavioral Principles as Applied to Children
Authors: McLoughlin Caven S.
Published: September 2011

The instrument, Knowledge of Behavioral Principles as Applied to Children, was completed as pre- and posttests following a behavioral intervention by 19 parents with their own children. This paper describes and evaluates the test as a measure of parents' increased knowledge of general behavioral principles resulting from using a few behavior-management techniques at home. The emphasis is upon the utility and efficacy of the test and not on specifics of the child-management intervention. The test was sensitive to changes in parents' knowledge; parents showed gains in knowledge of behavioral principles after using behavior-management techniques. This research supports the test authors' evidence of psychometrically adequate internal consistency, and correlations between pre- and posttest scores.
Cattell Anxiety Scale in Predicting College Students' Achievement
Authors: Schreiber Elliott H.
Published: September 2011

120 college students were studied to estimate the relationship between high sten scores on the Cattell Anxiety Scale and above average college term grades. 43 male and 77 female undergraduate students were tested in the beginning of the semester and given a coded sten score. Strong grade differences were noted between students with high and students with low sten scores on the Cattell Anxiety Scale. This anxiety scale might be used to counsel students for improvement in achievement and success in college.
Influence of Age and Body Proportions on Weight Loss of Obese Women after Treatment
Authors: McCabe Marita P. , Jupp James J. , Collins John K.
Published: September 2011

At the conclusion of a treatment program for obesity, the influence of age and several pretreatment measures of body proportion (weight, height, symphysis height, finger tip span, body surface area, and linearity index) on weight loss were assessed. All 42 volunteering females lost weight; however, the extent of loss was uninfluenced by the above variables. Weight loss was highly correlated with changes in measures of body surface (.77) and linearity (— .92).
Locus of Control and Perceived Stress among Student-Teachers
Authors: Sadowski Cyril J. , Blackwell Martha W.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between locus of control and perceived stress was investigated. 27 student-teachers who had earlier completed measures of teaching-specific and generalized locus of control expectancies rated events relevant to student-teaching on the extent to which they were considered stressful. Analysis indicated that student-teachers who felt they could influence the teaching environment rated the events as less stressful than those who felt they had less control. Generalized locus of control expectancies were not related to the perceived stressfulness of the events.
Students' Performance as a Function of Sex, Noise, and Intelligence
Authors: Edmonds Ed M. , Smith Lyle R.
Published: September 2011

289 sixth-grade students were randomly assigned to be administered either the Standard Progressive Matrices or the STEP Reading Test, Form 3 (STEP III). Students given the Matrices were assigned to one of eight groups defined by the possible combinations of two classroom noise conditions (40 dbA vs 70 dbA), two sex (boys vs girls), and two levels of intelligence (above average vs below average). The same assignment procedure was used for the STEP III. Students given low noise performed better on the Matrices than did students under high noise. For the STEP III scores, there was an interaction between intelligence and level of noise. No evidence for sex differences was found on either test. The results, while not supporting previous findings concerning an interaction between noise and sex, indicate that the effects of intelligence and noise on classroom performance vary as a function of task familiarity.
Social Reinforcement Orientation Approach to Personality
Authors: Ibrahim Abdel-Sattar
Published: September 2011

Using the new Social Reinforcement Orientation Checklist, this paper reviewed data collected from four different cultures to verify the validity of the hypothesis that orientation toward use of social reinforcing actions in dealing with others can be regarded as a consistent personality tendency. The checklist has 50 items such as smiling broadly, shaking hands with others, etc., to be rated by a respondent on a 3-point scale to indicate the extent of using each item in daily social interactions. The checklist has satisfactory reliability, identifying consistent and stable personality differences in using reinforcement. Several studies of the correlations of checklist scores with personality traits of interpersonal attraction, sex differences, birth order, and occupation. High checklist scorers scored higher than low scorers on dominance, extraversion and sociability, indicating that the motivational basis of the tendency toward social reinforcement may lie in the desire for social influence and sociability. Also, high checklist scorers are perceived as more attractive than low scorers. There were consistent group differences in social reinforcement orientation indicating that some groups such as women, lastborn brothers, and students are more encouraged to use social reinforcement than comparable groups of men, firstborn brothers, and teachers. Social reinforcement can then be viewed as a consistent personality tendency that shapes an individual's conduct and so can be related to differences in personality and groups.
Locus of Control and Religiosity in College Students
Authors: Friedberg Barbara A. , Friedberg Robert D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the correlation between scores on locus of control and religiosity. Subjects completed the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and a religiosity measure. I: was hypothesized that an internal locus of control would be related to high religiosity. The value of .05 indicated no correlation between locus of control and religiosity. Implications for research were discussed.
Soviet Psychology and its View of American Behaviorism
Authors: Holowinsky Ivan Z.
Published: September 2011

This paper discusses how Soviet psychologists view American Behaviorism, especially as represented by Watson and Skinner. Soviet psychology is described by representing a uniform ideological and theoretical position. While this is not true of American Behaviorism, Soviet psychologists tend to view it as representing a theoretically uniform position. Both psychological schools evolved as reaction to introspection and an “idealistic” orientation in psychology. Soviet psychology became “idealistic” by expressing the need to create “a new man” and by becoming involved in the class struggle. Soviet psychology, as a Marxist science, takes the position that all phenomena are explainable, including consciousness, motives, and “purpose.”
Verbal Selection Test and Work Performance Validity with Aides from Three Psychiatric Hospitals
Authors: Distefano M. K. , Pryer Margaret W.
Published: September 2011

This study demonstrated the use of meta-analysis within a study to assess validity with samples of psychiatric aides from three state hospitals where the usual method of pooling samples was inappropriate. The mean weighted correlation between the modified Personnel Tests for Industry—Verbal Test and total scores on the work performance rating scale across samples ( N = 173) was .23 (cumulative p = .001), which increased to .47 when corrected for restriction in range and error of criterion measurement. Although the number of samples was small for typical meta-analysis, the obtained validity was consistent with results from large meta-analyses with both similar and varied occupational groups.
Experimental Examination of the Contingency Model and the Leader-Environment-Follower Interaction Theory of Leadership
Authors: Wofford J. C.
Published: September 2011

The intent of this paper was to examine basic hypotheses of Fiedler's contingency theory concerning the relationship of situational variables with the effectiveness of leadership styles. The paper also examines the content validity of the LPC scale. In addition the paper tests the basic position of the Leader-Environment-Follower Interaction (LEFI) Theory that leaders' facilitation of followers' ability, goals, role perception, and environment yields increased performance. The subjects included 107 female and 149 male students from introductory classes in management. 64 were selected as leaders and were trained to behave in a manner designed to vary the LEFI Theory variables. An assembly-simulation task was performed by the followers. Fiedler's Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) scores and his measures of situational variables were completed by the leader at the conclusion of the session. The LPC scores correlated with followers' performance in the direction opposite that predicted by Fiedler. Situational effects were not statistically significant. The LEFI Theory positions were supported by an analysis of variance. These variables accounted for 54% of the variance in followers' performance.
WISC and WISC-R Range and Mean Deviation: Indices of Scatter for a Clinic-Referred Population
Authors: Ullman Daniel L. , Kramer Jack J. , Schellenberg Richard P.
Published: September 2011

Two indices of scatter (range and mean deviation) were measured from the protocols of 86 WISC-Rs and 670 WISCs in the files of a psychological clinic. Scatter scores were significantly different from those in Kaufman's analysis of the WISC-R normative data, but substantial overlap existed in the distributions. The different scatter indices were significantly intercorrelated. GPA for a subsample ( n = 42) of the WISC group was unrelated to scatter.
Defensive Internality and Attribution of Responsibility
Authors: Russell Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Previous research involving the Rotter I-E Scale indicates that incongruency between observed behavior and verbalized external expectancies is related to a defensive attributional process. It is also positively associated with the disjunction between the expectancy for obtaining a particular reinforcement and the value attached to it. This investigation explored these relationships for internal scorers. As predicted, a positive relationship between discrepancy and disjunction was found for internal scorers and suggests that the scale is a useful measure in clinical assessment. Predictions regarding attribution of responsibility for failure of outcomes were also supported. In general, confirmation was found for the theoretical constructs in Rotter's social learning theory; the construct of internal discrepancy received validational support.
Sex-Role Identity and Machiavellianism
Authors: Nigro Giovanna , Galli Ida
Published: September 2011

177 Italian undergraduates (83 men and 94 women) completed the Italian version of the Spence, et al.'s Personal Attributes Questionnaire and the Italian version of the Christie's Mach IV Scale. One-way analysis of variance indicated for men that undifferentiated individuals reported significantly higher Mach scores. For women, feminine sex-typed individuals reported higher Mach scores. Low masculinity might be associated with stronger Machiavellianism. Further implications of the findings were discussed.
Effectiveness of Personnel Selection Inventory in Reducing Drug Store Theft
Authors: Brown Thomas S. , Pardue Jerry
Published: September 2011

The Personnel Selection Inventory was introduced as a component of the preemployment hiring procedures by a major retail drug chain in the southeastern United States. In the 3-yr. period following, two major results occurred. There was a significant increase in the proportion of employees who passed their annual routine polygraph examination and shrinkage losses were reduced sufficiently to reflect a savings of over one million dollars for the chain.
Biases in Betting: An Application of Laboratory Findings
Authors: Metzger Mary Ann
Published: September 2011

Three experimentally established biases away from optimality that result from misconceptions of chance, variations in the framing of outcomes, and the illusion of validity are of detectable dysfunctional consequence in the natural world of the gambler. A study of the public's betting in 12,316 horse races shows that the gambler's fallacy, increasing risk preference within a day, and insensitivity to actual contingencies contradicting expert opinion, principles derived from the results of laboratory experiments, can be meaningfully applied in the practical setting.
Perceptions of Community Carers about Elderly People: A Sentence Completion Approach
Authors: Phillipson Chris , Strang Patricia
Published: September 2011

In the present study a sentence completion list was administered to a range of community carers in the health and social services. Analysis of information from 334 respondents indicated statistically significant differences regarding perceptions about older people. The responses of the different groups indicated attitudinal support for developing a range of preventive strategies in the field of social and health care. There was some evidence, however, that workers held stereotyped views about the lives of older people.
A Preliminary Study to Assess Validity of the Personal Style Inventory
Authors: Ware Roger , Yokomoto Charles , Morris B. B.
Published: September 2011

The Personal Style Inventory was designed to assess Jungian personality types. The present study determined its reliability and validity. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was used as a criterion and the multitrait-multimethod matrix method was used to assess reliability and validity. Reliability coefficients between the opposite sides of each scale were —1.00 and validity coefficients between corresponding scales of the Personal Style Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ranged between .52 and .70. The lowest validity coefficients were with Extraversion-Introversion scales. Significant differences between validity coefficients were also found between participants' congruent and incongruent scores on the Extraversion-Introversion and Judgment-Perception scales. The results suggest feasibility of using the Personal Style Inventory to assess Jung's personality types.
Concordance Ratings of Community Adjustment for Older Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Hyer Lee , Collins Joseph F.
Published: September 2011

Concordance between psychiatric patients and significant others for pre- and posthospital adjustment has been a problem. This is especially so for older patients. Self and other ratings for younger and older psychiatric patients were compared at admission (younger n = 5729, older n = 1088) and for community adjustment after treatment (younger n = 1914, older n = 492). Community adjustment ratings by self and others were used on admission and highly sensitive residual scores accounting for pretreatment differences were used after discharge. Substantial discordance for pretreatment ratings between patients and significant others was noted. For posttreatment adjustment, ratings were more concordant. In both cases age was not an influencing factor. Finally, background and treatment factors that differentiated concordant from discordant younger and older patients were noted. These reflected societal patterns for age.