bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutically active compounds in streams and rivers of urbanised areas: adsorption in sediments and efficiency of the riverbank filtration
Authors: Szalai Zoltán , Jakab Gergely , Szabó Lili , Vancsik Anna , Maász Gábor , Dobosy Péter , Ferincz Árpád , Filep Tibor , Bauer László , Kondor Attila
Published: February 2023

A significant part of the world's population lives around rivers. The riparian zone is not only a source of drinking water for urbanised areas; streams and rivers are also sinks for wastewater. As a result of the increased consumption of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in past decades, wastewater untreated and treated is a continuous load of these compounds (and their metabolites) to fluvial systems. The water supply for these kinds of urbanised areas is partly provided by riverbank filtration plants which can be significantly affected by PhACs loading. Riverbank filtration is effective for most pollutants. However, the filtering efficiency for these molecules is poorly known. This presentation focuses on the spatial and temporal distribution of more than a hundred PhACs in the streams and rivers of the Budapest Metropolitan Area. Our presentation demonstrates that bank filtration can also be effective for the filtration of organic micro-pollutants in highly urbanised areas.Samples were collected during five sampling campaigns. The streams, rivers, and drinking water wells were sampled. The stream sediments were also sampled. Altogether 111 PhACs were measured. In small streams and rivers, eighty-one PhACs were systematically detected, while fifty-three PhACs were detected in the Danube. The quantification of 19 PhACs in the Budapest section of the river was without any precedent, and 10 PhACs were present in >80% of the samples. More PhACswere detectable in the small watercourses, and the concentrations were significantly higher than in the Danube. Sediments always contain fewer PhACs than water. This is mainly due to the high sorption capacity of sediments.The most frequent PhACs showed higher concentrations in winter than in summer. In the drinking water wells 32 PhACs were quantified. For the majority of PhACs, the bank filtration efficiency was higher than 95%. Concentrations of the compounds did not influence the efficiency of filtering. For some PhACs (e.g. carbamazepine lidocaine, tramadol, and lamotrigine), low filtration efficiency was observed. These frequently occurring PhACs in surface waters have a relatively even distribution, and their sporadic appearance in wells is a function of both space and time, which may be caused by the constantly changing environment and micro-biological parameters, the dynamic operating schedule of abstraction wells, and the resulting sudden changes in flow rates.This research was funded by the National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NKFIH), grant numbers: K-142865 and 2020-1.1.2-PIACI-KFI-2021-00309.
Greenland Lake Ice Breakup Detection from Sentinel-1 SAR
Authors: Posch Christoph , Abermann Jakob
Published: February 2023

The timing of lake ice formation and breakup are relevant climate indicators. In this study, we explore the potential of utilizing Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for identifying the timing of lake ice breakup across Greenland between 2016 and 2022 and assess its latitudinal and vertical gradients. We retrieve average backscatter data of lakes in peripheral Greenland with a surface area > 1km2 (n = 1842). Data with a low number of acquisitions for the entire study period (n < 1000) or exhibiting strong uniformal annual characteristics (backscatter difference between 95th and 5th quantile < 5dB) are excluded from the analysis. We apply a locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) filter to remove outliers. A dynamic numerical threshold (backscatter decline within 3 consecutive acquisitions > 25% of the annual backscatter range) is applied for each respective year to identify the timing of ice breakup. The study area is divided into 6 main regions of Greenland (N, NE, SE, S, SW, NW) to explore spatio-temporal statistics. The data exhibits a temporal resolution of about 2 days during the relevant period. We validate the breakup detection (n = 10) by utilizing daily time-lapse images of 3 lakes between 2016 and 2020. The detection of the timing from SAR data proves to be conservative (i.e., later) compared to time-lapse camera data and allows characterizing lake ice breakup with a mean error of 7 days. We find that only SAR data in West Greenland (S, SW, NW), i.e., > 43°W and < 70°N, exhibits characteristics for breakup detection (97%, 77% and 57% suitable) while coverage for North and East Greenland (N, NE, SE) lacks necessary radiometric and temporal characteristics (only 2%, 3% and 2% suitable). Our preliminary results indicate that no significant trend (α = 0.05) of breakup timing between 2016 and 2022 can be identified. Annual median DOYs range between June 8 (2019) and July 11 (2022). Ice breakup timing increases with latitude and elevation, however, strong correlations (up to r = 0.81) can only be identified for limited years. Correlations are in the order of 2 to 5 DOY/°lat. and 2 to 7 DOY/100m. Based on these preliminary results, we aim to explore statistical relations in greater detail to assess the role of extreme events and global climate change. Furthermore, we intend to apply this automated algorithm for an analysis of lake ice breakup timing on a global scale.
Decreasing trends in extreme ozone events across the United States
Authors: Chang Kai-Lan , Cooper Owen
Published: February 2023

This work presents a comprehensive regional trend analysis of surface ozone observations across the contiguous United States, using 25 years of data from 62 rural monitoring sites, and based on quantile regression and change point analysis. We highlight that the ozone exceedance events (based on the daily maximum 8-hour average and a threshold of 70 ppb) in recent years (2017-2021) are largely diminished compared to two decades ago (1995-2003) in the eastern US and across much of the western US. Ozone exceedance events in recent years are mainly observed in California during the fire season. Results based on thresholds of 60, 50 and 35 ppb will also be discussed. 
A semi-empirical model for magnetic storm dynamics
Authors: Benella Simone , Consolini Giuseppe , Stumpo Mirko , Alberti Tommaso
Published: February 2023

The near-Earth electromagnetic environment represents a far-from-equilibrium system. The magnetosphere exhibits nonstationary and nonlinear dynamics, especially during magnetic storms. For a broad class of complex phenomena, the dynamics can be interpreted in terms of a superposition of stochastic and deterministic components, occurring at different time scales. The main feature of a magnetic storm is the depression of the horizontal magnetic field component at low latitudes due to the enhancement of the ring current activity. In this work we use the SYM-H geomagnetic index, which is meant for monitoring the global variation of the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field along the equator. The aim of this work is to model the SYM-H dynamics via stochastic differential equations whose parameters are properly retained from data. As a first step we investigate the Markovian character of SYM-H, which accurately satisfies this requirement with 1-min time resolution. This allows us to model the SYM-H dynamics via Kramers–Moyal analysis. We give evidence that a purely diffusive process is not representative of the observed dynamics and then a model based on jump-diffusion processes must be taken into account in order to reproduce correctly the dynamical features of the SYM-H index. In light of recent findings on auroral electrojet dynamics, high-latitude magnetospheric activity also shows a jump-diffusion character on small time scales. A discussion of the future perspective of a comprehensive model of both auroral activity and ring current dynamics based on the multivariate Kramers-Moyal analysis is addressed.* This research has been carried out in the framework of the CAESAR project, supported by the Italian Space Agency and the National Institute of Astrophysics through the ASI-INAF n. 2020-35-HH.0 agreement for the development of the ASPIS prototype of scientific data centre for Space Weather.
Towards monitoring phreatic eruptions using seismic noise
Authors: Caudron Corentin , Girona Társilo , Lecocq Thomas , Ardid Alberto , Dempsey David , Yates Alexander
Published: February 2023

Phreatic and hydrothermal eruptions remain among the most difficult to forecast. The frequent absence of clear precursor signals challenges volcanologists' ability to provide timely and accurate hazard advice. They remain poorly understood and have recently caused human fatalities. It is therefore paramount to better investigate such eruptions by integrating new methodologies to fully understand the preparatory processes at play and improve our ability to forecast them.Among the different approaches to monitor volcanoes, seismology forms the basis, and most active volcanoes are nowadays equipped with at least one seismometer. Seismology is unique amongst the Earth Science disciplines involved in volcano studies, as it provides real-time information; as such, it is the backbone of every monitoring program worldwide. With data storage capabilities expanding over the last decades, new data processing tools have emerged taking advantage of continuous seismic records. Recent advances in volcano monitoring have taken advantage of seismic noise to better understand the time evolution of the subsurface. The well-established seismic interferometry has allowed us to detect precursory changes (dv/v or decorrelation) to phreatic eruptions at different volcanoes, thereby providing critical insights into the triggering processes. More recent approaches have provided insights into the genesis of gas-driven eruptions using seismic attenuation (DSAR: Displacement seismic amplitude ratio) and correlation with tidal stresses (LSC). Yet, puzzling observations have been made at different volcanoes requiring the use of numerical models and machine learning-based approaches, as well as complementary dataset to reach a more comprehensive understanding. This presentation will review recent insights gained into precursory processes to phreatic eruptions using seismic noise and how we could possibly forecast them. These tools are freely available to the community and have the potential to serve monitoring and aid decision-making in volcano observatories.
A deep catalogue of 56k focal mechanisms for the 2016 Amatrice, Italy earthquake sequence
Authors: Meier Men-Andrin , Lanza Federica , Martinez-Garzon Patricia
Published: February 2023

The 2016 Amatrice, Italy earthquake sequence occurred on a normal fault system in the Central Apennines, and contained over 1,300 M>=3 earthquakes. With ~140 permanent or temporary seismic stations directly above the seismic activity, the sequence has been exceptionally well recorded. Starting from a deep learning-based catalogue of earthquake hypocentres (~900,000 re-located events from ~15 million seismic phases; Tan et al., 2021), we use a convolutional neural network classifier to predict P-wave first motion polarities, from which we compile a deep catalogue of earthquake focal mechanisms. The catalogue consists of >56'000 focal mechanisms, about 8'000 of which have nodal plane uncertainties below 25 degrees.In contrast to existing, conventional focal mechanism catalogues, the deep catalogue samples almost the entire study region, and almost the entire magnitude range (~M0-M5), although nodal plane uncertainties generally tend to increase with decreasing magnitude. We use the focal mechanism catalogue to study the kinematics of the Amatrice earthquake sequence, to test the hypothesis of a coseismic rotation of the static stress field by large and small events, and to analyse the complexity of the stress field before, during and after the earthquake sequence.
Predicting channel dimensions and bed materials in intermittent Mediterranean rivers.
Authors: Jodar-Abellan Antonio , Carrillo-López Efraín , Eekhout Joris , Boix-Fayos Carolina , Pérez-Cutillas Pedro , de Vente Joris
Published: February 2023

Floods cause severe natural disasters over the world generating property and infrastructures damages, poverty and loss of human life, among others. Mediterranean watersheds are especially sensible to floods due to their typical drainage basin features (steep slopes, short concentration times, complex orography, etc.) and the high rainfall intensity typical of convective systems. Knowing channel dimensions and other fluvial morphological features is key to (i) understanding the morphological evolution of the fluvial system in response to changes in land use and climate, and (ii) as an input for hydrological and erosion modelling. The objective of this study is to develop a simple method to obtain reliable estimates of channel dimensions and granulometry of bed material, based on statistical relations with catchment characteristics (e.g. topography, land use, soil properties, lithology, precipitation, connectivity indicators).First, channel dimensions were estimated based on GIS analysis using a high resolution digital elevation model (2x2m) and ortophotos (50 cm resolution) for the Upper Segura River catchment, a Mediterranean catchment of 2,592 km2 located in the southeast of Spain. These estimates were validated with field measurements of depth and width of bankfull channels in the catchment headwaters. This comparison revealed that there was generally good agreement between channel dimensions obtained with the GIS method and those observed in the field for all evaluated channels (depth: RMSE=0.06; R2=0.93; width: RMSE=0.59, R2=0.45), although with better results for dry channels than for channels with continuous water flow. At each field observation, we also took sediment samples and characterised the granulometry of the channel bed material in the laboratory through dry sieving. Preliminary results show that bed material is composed mainly by gravels (67.8%), followed by sands (31.1%) and clays and silts (1.1%).    Next, channel dimensions, obtained using GIS analysis across the entire catchment, and granulometry of bed material were used as dependent variables in advanced statistical analyses (such as machine learning algorithms) at sub-basin scale, with catchment characteristics as independent variables. The outcome of this analysis is now being used to make spatially continuous predictions of channel dimensions and granulometry of bed material at the catchment scale. This information will then ultimately serve as input for a coupled model that simulates channel hydraulics and morphodynamics at the catchment level.Keywords: geomorphology; sediment yield; depth and width of bankfull channels; Mediterranean environment; GIS based tools; southeast of Spain.We acknowledge funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and ‘Agencia Estatal de Investigación’ (PID2019-109381RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).
Design, deployment, and exploitation of a high-density CO2 sensor network in Zürich City
Authors: Grange Stuart , Rubli Pascal , Hueglin Christoph , Fischer Andrea , Baffelli Simone , Brunner Dominik , Emmenegger Lukas
Published: February 2023

Since July 2022, a high-density CO2 monitoring network has been operating in and around Zürich City, Switzerland as part of the ICOS Cities project. The network is formed of 80 sites that have been equipped with CO2 monitors with varying performance and cost points. Three high-precision CO2 gas analysers, 20 mid-cost sensors (installed with reference gas cylinders), and 114 low-cost sensors are in use with some sites having multiple sensors installed. Combined with several modelling approaches, the observations from the sensor network will allow for the characterisation of the city's emissions and to validate the city's CO2 emission inventory. The different types of CO2 monitors are combined with different data processing strategies to ensure their observations are adjusted for sensor drift and changes in responses so they can be used for robust analysis in near-real time. Between July 2022 and early January 2023, the CO2 network's mean concentration was 446 ppm and the difference between the network's background and urban-traffic sites was 31 ppm suggesting a significant urban enhancement during this period. Distinct daily and seasonal patterns were observed for different types of sensor locations, reflecting diverse emission regimes across the urban area. Despite careful efforts during the site selection process, local contamination has been observed for many rooftop sensors due to their proximity to heating stacks. However, the installation of wind sensors allows for the observations to be flagged for such situations, which will be important for downstream data users. Details on the sensor adjustment strategies, the technologies in use for the data processing pipeline, the results from several months of CO2 monitoring, and future plans with the other two ICOS Cities sensor network collaborators (Munich and Paris) will be discussed. 
Daily and Seasonal Behaviour of Fast Pressure Fluctuations at Jezero Crater
Authors: del Río Gaztelurrutia Teresa , Sanchez-Lavega Agustin , Hueso Ricardo , Munguira Asier , Lemmon Mark T. , Smith Michael D. , Martinez German , Pla-Garcia Jorge , Newman Claire , Viudez Daniel , de la Torre-Juarez Manuel , Rodriguez-Manfredi Jose Antonio
Published: February 2023

Pressure measurements by the MEDA sensor on board Perseverance Rover show oscillations in a wide range of temporal scales, from the seasonal evolution of average pressure to rapid fluctuations on the scale of a few seconds. In this work, we profit from an entire Martian Year of pressure measurements to analyse the seasonal and daily evolution of rapid fluctuations, a signature of atmospheric turbulence.  We find that during the full Martian year, fluctuations are enhanced at convective hours of the day, but the intensity of fluctuations is modulated through the seasons. At nighttime, the first half of the Martian years is characterized by an almost complete absence of fluctuations with an especially calm period in the early morning, while bursts of fluctuation become common in the dusty season. We also analyse the change of the daily pattern induced by regional dust storms at Jezero. We study the power spectra of the fluctuations to try to infer information about different turbulent regimes at the surface layer and their dependence on local time and season. Finally, we explore possible correlations with the dust load of the atmosphere and the temperature gradients, and we look at the origin of nighttime bursts of turbulence.
Dealing with hydrothermal unrest in active calderas by jointly exploiting geodetic and seismic measurements: the 2021-22 Vulcano Island (Italy) crisis case study
Authors: Di Traglia Federico , Bruno Valentina , Casu Francesco , Cocina Ornella , De Luca Claudio , Giudicepietro Flora , Lanari Riccardo , Macedonio Giovanni , Mattia Mario , Monterroso Fernando , Privitera Eugenio
Published: February 2023

Active calderas are typically characterized by shallow magmatic systems associated with marked geothermal anomalies and significant fluid releases. Ground deformation are generally associated with uplift or subsidence, induced by recharges or emptying/cooling of the magmatic storage system, by expansions or contractions of hydrothermal systems, or by combinations of these factors. The pressure variations in the hydrothermal systems can lead to an increase in the fumarolic and distributed soil degassing activity or in the sudden release of gas, leading to phreatic explosions, even to violent ones.The Island of Vulcano (Italy), part of the Aeolian archipelago (southern Tyrrhenian Sea), contains an active caldera (La Fossa caldera) showing a widespread degassing and fumarolic activity, mainly localized in the main active volcano (La Fossa cone) and in other emissions zones within the caldera. The La Fossa caldera has shown signs of unrest since September 2021 and to date monitoring parameters have not returned to background levels.Accordingly, the geophysical measurements obtained through the Vulcano Island monitoring infrastructures, which include geodetic and seismic data, were analysed. GNSS and DInSAR data, the former processed using the GAMIT-GLOBK software to calculate both time series and velocities of every remote station of the 7-stations network in Vulcano and Lipari islands, the latter processed through the P-SBAS technique, were used to identify the source of deformation. The seismic network data were exploited to discriminate the seismicity induced by regional tectonics from that induced by the magmatic or hydrothermal system (VT, VLP, tremor).The inversion of the ground deformation measurements made possible to investigate the source within the hydrothermal system of the Fossa cone. Moreover. the seismic data analysis reveals the activation of regional crustal structures during the hydrothermal unrest, as well as the flow of hydrothermal fluids within the caldera structures linked to the presence of a pressurized hydrothermal system.The presented results will provide a general overview of the main findings relevant to the Vulcano Island geodetic and seismic data inversion and analysis.
Trends of atmospheric composition over Eurasia and their response on global climate changes
Authors: Rakitin Vadim , Skorokhod Andrey , Shtabkin Yury , Kirillova Natalia , Fedorova Eugenia
Published: February 2023

Based on the analysis of orbital measurements, as well as GEOS-Chem model calculations, a study of trends in the total content of CO, CH4 and NO2 in different periods and seasons of 2003-2022 was made for the Eurasia domain, -20°E - 180°E, 0°N - 80°N. Data from the AIRS and OMI instruments were used as orbital information.Before calculating the trend distributions, we compared the trend estimates obtained from orbital and ground-based measurements using only synchronous observations, i.e., days when the measurements were carried out by both orbital (AIRS, OMI) and ground-based (IAP RAS and NDACC stations) instruments.A good agreement has been established between trend distributions obtained from the orbital data and the same distributions obtained from the GEOS-Chem model calculations.In general, according to average annual estimates, trends over most of Eurasia regions in the period 2003-2022 was negative; however, after 2008 the downward trend slowed down, and in some areas the CO content began to rise.Thus, a positive trend (change) in CO TC trends after about 2008 was established. In the entire domain under study, this change was about 2–2.5%/year. In the autumn months of 2008-2022 (including November) increase in CO TC was established over almost the entire Eurasia, including Arctic regions and Europe. This growth (at least in Europe) cannot be explained by either anthropogenic emissions or releases from fires. A possible reason for this rising may be the formation of additional CO from methane, the increase in concentrations of which began around the same time (after 2007), and change in the source/sink ratio for CO.Based on GEOS-Chem calculations with different scenarios for specifying anthropogenic emissions and emissions from fires, the response of CO trends to climate change was calculated. The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation under grant №21-17-00210.
Effectiveness of climate change adaptation measures in a drought-prone area
Authors: Zimmermann Beate , Kruber Sarah , Hildmann Christian
Published: February 2023

In the state of Brandenburg in eastern Germany, land use is increasingly affected by long-lasting soil moisture deficits in the vegetation period. Therefore, it is important to take measures to improve water retention at the landscape level to delay and mitigate the effects of droughts.As a first step, we developed a catalog of possible measures that can be implemented on agricultural land, in forests, settlements, and nature reserves in our study area, a 1900 km² county in Brandenburg. Our objective was then to quantify their bio-physical efficacy. The distribution of land surface temperature (LST), which we derived from Landsat thermal images from the vegetation seasons of 2013 to 2020, served as a proxy for environmental conditions that favor water retention. We modeled LST as a function of several parameters of the physical environment such as land cover, forest and crop type. In addition, we incorporated an antecedent moisture index and potential evapotranspiration at time of satellite overpass into the model. With the help of meteorological time series from climate projections, we can thus check to what extent the model results could change in the future.In this contribution, we will present the modeling framework and results. The model predictions provide a ranking of measures in terms of their effectiveness both within and between land use classes. In agricultural landscapes, for example, the conversion of cropland to forest and, albeit to a lesser extent, to permanent grassland is much more efficient than organic fertilization, agroforestry, or the cultivation of permanent crops. Finally, we discuss possible approaches to using the results for practical recommendations despite the various uncertainties (data and model uncertainty, uncertainty of climate projection data).
Detailed full-vector record of a mid-Miocene geomagnetic reversal from lava flows of Gran Canaria
Authors: van Grinsven Liz , Béguin Annemarieke , Kuiper Klaudia F. , de Groot Lennart V.
Published: February 2023

Our Earth’s magnetic field reverses its polarity non-periodically. Despite the large number of reversals in the magnetographic record, the geometry of the Earth’s magnetic field and the mechanisms driving reversals still remain obscure. One reason for this is that the majority of reversal datasets are sedimentary, which lack temporal resolution for recording the rapid field changes during reversals. Another reason is that most of the available volcanic reversal datasets -that may have the necessary temporal resolution- describe a reversal in discrete steps and therefore often have insufficient transitional directions to decipher the geometry of the changing field. Leonhardt et al. (2002) and Leonhardt and Soffel (2002) discovered and described a detailed volcanic record of a ~14Ma reversal on Gran Canaria that formed during a highly eruptive shield-building phase of the island. This paleomagnetic record has sufficient temporal resolution to show the dynamic behavior of the field before and after the reversal. It could therefore illustrate the non-dipolar behavior of the Earth’s magnetic field during a reversal. We resampled the section and extended it by 600 m below Leonhardt et al.’s (2002) section to a total of 110 flows. These flows were measured extensively for both paleodirections and paleointensities. A total of 922 paleodirection measurements were performed, 239 thermal and 683 alternating field demagnetization measurements, which resulted in a paleodirection for 109 flows. A total of 994 paleointensity measurements were performed, 307 IZZI-Thellier and 687 pseudo-Thellier measurements. The IZZI-Thellier measurements produced an absolute paleointensity for 29 flows, based on five sets of selection criteria. The Pseudo-Thellier measurements produced a relative paleointensity for 108 flows, based on one set of selection criteria. Absolute paleointensities from pseudo-Thellier measurements were obtained by scaling their results to IZZI-Thellier results. The resulting paleomagnetic record shows new and interesting features. First of all, during this single reversal the declination reverses only once whilst the inclination reverses its polarity at least five times. In addition, the magnetic field intensity appears to pulsate coinciding with the pattern of inclination reversals, which is observed in the IZZI-Thellier results as well as the pseudo-Thellier results. To analyze this behavior we used a simplified spherical harmonic model with stringent boundary conditions. We show that both these observations can be explained by interaction of the higher order poles during this reversal.
EISCAT and EISCAT_3D
Authors: Steuwer Axel , Tjulin Anders , Haggstrom Ingemar , Mihalikova Maria
Published: February 2023

EISCAT Scientific Association is an international non-profit scientific organisation that operates radar infrastructure in Northern Europe to enable research on the ionosphere and the upper atmosphere. Our radars are all located above the Arctic Circle and all radar sites can work together, which provides scientists a unique opportunity to study e.g. the Aurora, Space Weather as well as being able to track Space Debris.
EISCAT is currently constructing the next generation incoherent scatter radar system called EISCAT_3D. This system, EISCAT_3D, is based on phased-array radar technology which allows rapid electronic steering of the beam and thus fast volumetric scanning. In this presentation, we will give an overview of the status of EISCAT and EISCAT_3D, and outline the opportunities ahead. 
Characteristics of the landslides triggered by the extraordinary rainfall event occurred in Central Italy on September 15, 2022
Authors: Fiorucci Federica , Donnini Marco , Santangelo Michele , Gariano Stefano , Bucci Francesco , Cardinali Mauro , Ardizzone Francesca , Marchesini Ivan , Melillo Massimo , Bornaetxea Txomin , Salvati Paola , Alvioli Massimiliano , Peruccacci Silvia , Brunetti Maria Teresa , Esposito Giuseppe , Althuwaynee Omar , Yazdani Mina , Cinzia Bianchi , Grita Susanna
Published: February 2023

Timely and systematic collection of landslide information after a triggering event is essential for the definition of landslide trends in response to climate change. On September 15, 2022 Marche and Umbria regions, in Central Italy, were struck by an anomalous rainfall event that showed characteristics of a persistent convective system. An extraordinary cumulated rainfall of 419 mm was recorded by a rain gauge in the area in only 9 hours. It was carried out a systematic reconnaissance field survey to prepare an event landslide inventory map in an area of 550 km2 that includes a large neighbourhood of the area that recorded the highest rainfall intensity. The rainfall triggered 1687 landslides in the area affected by the peak rainfall intensity. Landslide area spans from a few tens of square meters to 105 m2, with a median value of 87 m2. We describe the characteristics of the landslides identified during a field survey conducted immediately after the event. Most of the mass movements are shallow, many are rapid (i.e., debris flows, earth flows) and widely affecting the road network. Many national and local roads were interrupted, mostly by earth and rock slides; national and local railways were interrupted at several points; extensive damage was registered to structures and infrastructures. Furthermore, field evidence revealed that a vast proportion of landslides occurred in the immediate vicinity of roads, mostly affecting road embankments and that a large number of landslides initiated within natural and semi-natural areas and hit the road network and, locally, affected houses and activities. Field surveys also revealed diffuse residual risk conditions, being a large proportion of landslides located in the immediate vicinity of infrastructures. Besides reporting the spatial distribution of landslides triggered by an extreme rainfall event, the data collected on landslides can be used to make comparisons with the distribution of landslides in the past, validation of landslide susceptibility models, definition of the general interaction between landslides and structures/infrastructures.
Fluid-rock interaction of Wolfcamp Shale: the effects of pore structure and mineralogy
Authors: Zhao Chen , Hu Qinhong , Wang Qiming , Fan Majie , Ilavsky Jan , Wang Min
Published: February 2023

Shale has been focused because of its potentials in fossil fuel as unconventional reservoirs and in carbon storage as cap rocks. Fluid rock interaction is important for shale study. Because hydraulic fracturing in unconventional oil and gas development and the sealing ability of cap rock are all related to the fluid-rock interaction. The fluid-rock interactions,  such as the spontaneous imbibition (SI), were studied on Wolfcamp Shale core samples in Midland Basin, west Texas in this work. Multiple experiments including X-ray diffraction (XRD), contact angle measurement, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and (ultra-) small angle X-ray scattering [(U)SAXS] were performed to characterize the mineralogy, wettability, and pore structure to assist the analysis of the SI data in Wolfcamp Shale. XRD results indicated the Wolfcamp Shale samples were dominated by carbonate and siliciclastics with different sample depths, which is concordant with the well-logging data. The SI experiments were conducted in hydrophilic de-ionized water (DIW) and hydrophobic D2T (a mixture of two parts of decane and one part of toluene). Most samples have layer structure, therefore, the SI experiments were performed in directions that parallel to the layer (P direction) and transverse to the layer (T direction) on each sample. The fitting slopes of SI results show that samples have better pore connectivity in hydrophobic D2T than DIW in both directions. In P direction, the imbibed volume of DIW and D2T are very close to each other, which indicate the Wolfcamp Shale could be more oil wet. (U)SAXS results provided the pore diameter distribution (PDD) of the samples, which separates the samples into two groups. Associated with mineralogy, group 1 is dominated by siliciclastic with pores at 10 nm and 50 nm, and group 2 is dominated by carbonate with pores at 100 nm and 600 nm. Coupled with PDD and mineralogy, the fitting slopes in group 2 in DIW P direction decrease and then increase with clay content with the turning-point at 30%. The micro-fractures and well-aligned clay minerals in SEM images in samples with more clay content could help to form fluid pathways during the DIW imbibition. Such a positive relationship in fitting slopes and clay content also appeared in D2T P direction imbibition. In summary, the experiments conducted on the Wolfcamp Shale in west Texas including SI, XRD, SEM, and (U)SAXS could investigate fluid transport mechanisms in shale to support the studies for unconventional reservoir development and carbon storage.
Phosphorus Bioavailability and Speciation dynamics within fluvial suspended sediments
Authors: O'Connell David , Zhang Qingzin , Ferreira Diogo , Sandstrom Sara , Goodhue Robbie , Gill Laurence , Hu Yongfeng
Published: February 2023

Eutrophication of agricultural catchment streams remains a global problem despite increasingly stringent regulations. Long term, sustained release of bioavailable phosphorus (P) from legacy P stored in fluvial sediments may impact downstream water quality, hence greater understanding is required regarding P speciation dynamics and potential release mechanisms from fluvial sediments to the water column.This study examined the dynamic P fractions, speciation and bioavailability of suspended fluvial sediments from two geologically contrasting agricultural catchment streams (Ballyboughal (BB) and Tintern Abbey (TTA)) using a combination of complimentary techniques including sequential chemical  fractionations (SCF), Dual Culture Diffusion Apparatus mesocosm experiments (DCDA), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and X-ray Absorption Near-edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Results from the SCF of fluvial suspended sediments pre- and post DCDA microcosm experiment’s revealed that loosely bound P (PH2O), exchangeable P against OH– ions (PNaOH), and organic P (POrg) are the major P fraction contributors to the bioavailable P fraction which would promote algal growth. Other P fractions including acid-soluble P principally associated with calcium phosphate compounds (PHCl) and ferric bound P (PCBD) showed relatively lower mineralisation to bioavailable P. Significantly, P K-edge XANES spectra enabled identification of seasonal and spatial P speciation dynamics and the existence of major P fractions including Fe-P and Ca-P associated mineral phases along with organic P compounds. Additionally, SCF, XRF and Ca K-edge XANES show contrasting Ca associated phases between both catchments, with calcite dominant in the BB sediments and Ca humic-complexes predominant in the TTA sediments. Contrasting Ca-P fraction transformation mechanisms of the two catchments are indicated by P redistributions in SCF and the reduction of elemental Ca amounts from XRF analysis. Calcium (Ca) K-edge XANES shows the BB catchment has a large amount of calcite while TTA was shown to contain organic Ca compounds, likely in the form of Ca-humic-complexes. This study provides a conjunctive method for future studies and validation of P speciation and bioavailability assessment associated with fluvial suspended sediments from agricultural catchments streams. The results contribute to future catchment scale sedimentary fluvial P modelling and enhanced catchment management strategies to improved water quality. 
How a subducting plateau impacts regional and global tectonics?
Authors: Liu Yang , Coltice Nicolas , Le Pourhiet Laetitia , Wu Ziyin
Published: February 2023

Plateau subduction is a common process at different plate convergent margins, and they often modify subduction and affect slab behaviour. However, fewer studies have been conducted in the intraoceanic subduction context, and the physical and rheological parameters involved imply a strong hypothesis on the initial conditions (thermal state, no flow in the mantle, no interaction with the tectonic network). Here, we use global three-dimensional spherical mantle convection models to investigate the potential impacts of a subducting plateau on subduction zones and plate reorganization from regional to global scales in a fully self-consistent plate-like tectonics system. Our models show that plateaus with different sizes (length, width and thickness) can locally slow down the trench retreat rate. A larger plateau prevents trench migration, eventually terminating the subduction. The buoyancy of plateaus is found to influence the shape of the trench. Low buoyancy plateaus do not deform the trench as they subduct while in models with buoyant plateaus, the trench advances landward in front of a plateau forming an arcuate shape in the map. This arcuate shape of the trench is further enhanced with decreasing buoyancy and increasing viscosity. If the oceanic plateau has a higher yield stress, it will always drive the formation of the arcuate trench before fully subducted, regardless of the buoyancy. The simulations suggest that any single plateau rheology variable (buoyancy, or yield stress) except the viscosity can influence trench migration behaviour on a regional scale. We will also explore how plateau subduction modifies the global tectonic evolution over 100 My.
Total Column Water Vapour Retrieval from GEMS
Authors: Borger Christian , Beirle Steffen , Wagner Thomas
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric water vapour plays a key role for the Earth's energy budget and temperature distribution via radiative effects and latent heat transport. Moreover, the distribution and transport of water vapour is closely linked to atmospheric dynamics on all spatiotemporal scales. In this context, monitoring of the water vapour distribution is essential for numerical weather prediction as well as for climate modelling.The Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) instrument on board the GEO-KOMPSAT-2B satellite offers new opportunities for observing and investigating the regional water vapour distribution over East Asia, especially phenomena such as typhoons or atmospheric rivers, and could thus represent another valuable data source, e.g. for nowcasting systems of natural hazards.In this study, we show the first total column water vapour (TCWV) results retrieved from GEMS UV/vis spectra based on the algorithm of Borger et al. (2020). In addition, we also present an update of the existing algorithm, which, for example, replaces the previous simplified determination of the a priori water vapour profile with a deep neural network. We also compare our results to different reference data sets from ground-based in situ and remote sensing observations, reanalysis models, and satellite measurements.
Quantifying the Contribution of Surface Buoyancy Forcing to Recent Subpolar AMOC Variability
Authors: Marris Charlotte , Marsh Robert
Published: February 2023

In the Subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA), interannual to multidecadal variability in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is primarily attributed to surface buoyancy forcing. Here, warm surface waters arriving via the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current undergo an intense loss of heat and freshwater to the atmosphere and are thus transformed to cold and dense waters which subsequently sink and are returned southward at depth. Quantifying the contribution of surface buoyancy forcing to AMOC variability is essential for modelling how the AMOC will respond to predicted warming and freshening at high latitudes. In a water mass transformation framework, fields of surface density and surface density flux from the GODAS ocean reanalysis are used to construct the surface-forced overturning circulation (SFOC) streamfunction for the SPNA (48-65°N) in an operational assimilation over 1980-2020. Computed and plotted in latitude-density space, the SFOC reconstruction compares favourably with the corresponding AMOC, computed from GODAS currents. We thus conclude that subpolar AMOC variability is largely explained by changing air-sea heat and freshwater fluxes controlling water mass transformation across the region. We further highlight the changing relative influences of water mass transformation in the eastern and western subpolar gyre, by partitioning SFOC longitudinally into an East component (5-43 °W) comprising the Irminger and Iceland basins, and a West component (43-60 °W) comprising the Labrador Sea. Our analysis demonstrates that interannual to multidecadal SFOC variability is dominated by changing water mass transformation in the western subpolar gyre. This challenges a shifting consensus that highlights the eastern subpolar gyre as dominant in driving the AMOC across subpolar latitudes.
3D Structural modeling for geothermal potential evaluation in Southern Apennines
Authors: Pontikou Chrysanthi , Toscani Giovanni , Ricciato Angelo , Di Cuia Raffaele
Published: February 2023

Deep geothermal systems as a renewable and green source for energy production and for heating and cooling activities has a great potential for development in many European countries. Also, the need to expand the use of the geothermal resources is well supported by the Foundation for Sustainable Development and meets the goals of the UN 2030 Agenda. Under this perspective, the aim of this research is to study the geothermal energy as an under-exploited tool and how this natural resource could improve and support the ecological transition. The area of interest focuses on the subsurface Cretaceous-Eocene fractured shallow water carbonates (Apulia platform) in the Campania-Lucania sector of the Southern Apennines (Italy), where, based on previous studies, a geothermal positive anomaly has been detected at the level of the reservoir approximately at -3000m (below ground level). The presence of this heat anomaly and in particular the heat transfer mechanism (fluid migration, thermal conductivity, fractures) have not been satisfactorily yet explained from a structural point of view which seems to be one of the key factors for this anomaly. A wide public and confidential database including reflection seismic profiles, well data, gravimetric information and literature from the academia and the Oil and Gas Industry discussing the different structural styles, allowed the re-interpretation and the 3D reconstruction of the geological structures which is subsequently internally characterized by investigating the faults and fractures where hot fluids are present and circulate in the deep subsurface. The structural setting, the physical characteristics of the reservoir rock, the chemical-physical properties of the fluids in the deep subsurface and the dispersion of the heat potential of these fluids as they rise to the surface are all elements that must be considered in the screening phase of potential areas for the development of this geothermal project. We present a comprehensive synthesis of the available data which elaborates the temperature/heat observations derived by the subsurface data and explains sufficiently enough the heat anomaly observed in the area. The geological model is the foundation break of this research and the first fundamental input for the geomechanical characterization of the rock mass by defining the main fracturing trends and the large-scale fractures (discrete fracture network) as the main potential conduits and paths for hot fluid migration and circulation.
Simulating Springtime Extreme Rainfall in East Asia during Eastern-Pacific El Niño - Importance of Synoptic-Scale Activities and the Westerly Waveguide
Authors: Cao Dingrui , Tam Chi-Yung , Xu Kang
Published: February 2023

El Niño–Southern Oscillation is the most important source of interannual variability in the tropics; it also exerts great influences on weather and climate systems in local and remote regions through teleconnections. Observed influences of canonical (or eastern Pacific) El Niño on springtime extreme rainfall in East Asia (EA) are studied, and compared with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) historical runs. Both model and observational data indicate that the anomalous low-level western north Pacific (WNP) anticyclone is the primary contributor to EA springtime extremes during El Niño. On a day-to-day basis, intense daily precipitation is related to enhanced upper-level synoptic-scale waves. Here we use a temperature advection index (TAI) to represent the amount of synoptic-scale activities. It was found that, when EP El Nino occurs, 85% of Yangtze River Basin (YRB)-South Korea (SK)-south of Japan (SP) extreme events are accompanied by instances of positive TAI (as compared to 72% in the climatological sense). However, such a change of association with TAI is not found in CMIP6. Observations further show a stationary wave pattern trapped along the intensified EA westerly jet during EP El Niño, which favors the development of synoptic-scale activity. There is also enhanced moisture transported from WNP to SK-SP, leading to more extreme precipitation in the region. In contrast, the interannual-scale westerly waveguide effect during EP El Niño is poorly simulated in CMIP6 models, resulting in models’ failure in capturing the contemporaneous YRB-SK-SP extreme precipitation changes.