bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Resistance Of Bacteria A Growing Threat For Animals And Public Health
Authors: Binek Marian , Kizerwetter-Świda Magdalena , Rzewuska Magdalena , Chrobak-Chmiel Dorota , Sałamaszyńska-Guz Agnieszka
Published: February 2020

The major aspect of the consequences of antibiotic resistance usually concerns people. The animals are often seen as a source of pathogens or resistance genes implying a potential risk of their transmission to humans and thereby a potential hazard on public health. Despite the fact that transmission of resistant pathogens from animals to humans is possible we must also recognize that the animals for veterinarians are patients, which suffer from different bacterial infections, and require antibiotic treatment. Similarly to human infections, loss of effective therapy causes suffering for the affected animals, negative emotional and social effects on their owners, economic losses, and subsequently contributes to social costs. Infections in humans and animals with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), as well as with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria have rapidly emerged worldwide. Most of these bacteria, usually in a high density, inhabit the respective body compartments of animal and human hosts and are in close contact with each other. In such conditions genetic material can be transmitted between different bacteria, often belonging to phylogenetically distant taxons. Staphylococci harbor a wide variety of resistance genes and resistance-mediating mutations. Many of them are located on the same plasmid or SCCmec cassette. MRSP originates from animal reservoirs. It is a major cause of infections in dogs, also posing a zoonotic risk to humans. However, the transmission of this species is limited. The population of MRSP is highly diverse and include several clonal complexes (CCs) usually exhibiting specific antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative rods is also a grooving issue in veterinary medicine. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a common problem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp. and many others. ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli strains are found both in companion and food-producing animals as well as in food of animal origin. Reports of carbapenemase-producing bacteria in companion animals include E. coli Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. In a single case, the carbapenemase VIM-1 producing strains of Salmonella Infantis and E. coli were recovered from diseased piglet and fattening pigs, respectively.

1. Introduction. 2. Problems of antibiotic therapy in animals. 3. Antibiotic resistance of staphylococci. 4. Antibiotic resistance of selected Gram-negative rods. 5. Data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 6. Concluding remarks
Parechoviruses – Underestimated Risk
Authors: Krzysztoszek Arleta , Wieczorek Magdalena
Published: February 2020

Parechoviruses are small, non-enveloped, icosahedral-shaped capsid viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family. They are characterized by a single-positive-strand genomic RNA and as others RNA viruses have a great potential for genetic variation, the rapid evolution and adaptation. Genus Parechovirus has been established in the 90s and currently, 19 types of human parechoviruses (HPeV) are discovered. They usually cause mild respiratory or gastrointestinal illness, mainly in young children, but also can cause severe diseases such as encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid paralysis and sepsis. Severe HPeV infections in infants are also associated with a risk of long-term complications. Although it is known that HPeV plays a significant role in severe pediatric diseases, routine diagnostics are not performed in clinical practice. No antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of HPeV infections, and only symptomatic treatment is available. Increased detection of human parechovirus infection in infants and connection of serious clinical complication with parechovirus infection was the reason why surveillance was established in some countries, while the worldwide extensive surveillance needs to be performed in order to monitor prevalence, genetic diversity, and clinical significance of HPeV. Although the first HPeV strains were discovered 6 decades ago, recognition of HPeV biology, epidemiology, evolution and pathogenicity still requires more research to appreciate the risk for public health that these small viruses can be.

1. Introduction. 2. Classification, structure and replication. 3. Cellular receptors and HPeV variability. 4. Course of infection 5. HPeV types in the world 6. Diagnosis 7. Pathogenesis 8. Summary
Edaphic Factors And Their Influence On The Microbiological Biodiversity Of The Soil Environment
Authors: Furtak Karolina , Gałązka Anna
Published: February 2020

The edaphic factors are the soil properties that affect the diversity of organisms living in the soil environment. These include soil structure, temperature, pH, and salinity. Some of them are influenced by man, but most are independent of human activity. These factors influence the species composition of soil microbial communities, but also their activity and functionality. The correlations between different abiotic factors and microbial groups described in this manuscript indicate both the complexity of the soil environment and its sensitivity to various stimuli.

1. Introduction. 2. Soil type and structure. 3. Soil pH and salinity. 4. Soil temperature. 5. Soil moisture. 6. Organic carbon and nitrogen content. 7. Heavy metals content. 8. Conclusions
Advancements In Developing Anti-Campylobacter Vaccine For Poultry
Authors: Wyszyńska Agnieszka , Kobierecka Patrycja , Jagusztyn-Krynicka Katarzyna Elżbieta
Published: February 2020

Campylobacter jejuni/coli is the leading bacterial cause of diarrhoea in humans in both developing and developed countries. Epidemiological studies show that most cases of campylobacteriosis are the result of the consumption of undercooked, contaminated poultry meat. Although campylobacteriosis is largely a self-limiting disease with low mortality, a specific treatment is required for patients infected with strains resistant to clinically important antibiotics and for patients who develop neurological symptoms or bacteremia in course of infection. Despite intensive efforts to improve an on-farm biosecurity practice over the past decade, about 70% of EU broiler chicken flocks remain Campylobacter-positive at slaughter. Control of spreading the Campylobacter infection in flocks of chickens by biosecurity actions turned out rather ineffective. The most efficient strategy to decrease the number of human Campylobacter infections may be to implement an immunoprophylactic method, namely, the protective vaccination of chickens. The publication presents the current state of knowledge on anti-Campylobacter immunoprophylaxis in poultry.

1. Campylobacteriosis – epidemiological data, disease symptoms. 2. Campylobacteriosis – source of infection. 3. Campylobacteriosis – prophylaxis. 4. Immunization of chicken. 4.1. Passive immunization. 4.2, Campylobacter Whole-cell Vaccines. 4.3. Subunit vaccines. 5. Strategies for developing modern subunit vaccines. 5.1 Searching for antigen. 5.2. The choice of a carrier. 6. Modulation of immune response. 7. The route of antigen administration. 8. Summary
Recombinant Antigens In Serological Diagnosis Of Lyme Borreliosis
Authors: Grąźlewska Weronika , Holec-Gąsior Lucyna
Published: February 2020

Lyme borreliosis, an infectious disease caused by tick-borne spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, is regarded as the most commonly reported vector-borne infection in the Northern Hemisphere. Currently, the basis for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease is a two-step serological examination. The first is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). If the test result is positive or questionable, a Western blot is used as the second phase test. In both methods, the total cell lysates of B. burgdorferi s.l. are used as the main source of antigens. However, the huge diversity of genospecies within B. burgdorferi s.l. and the low degree of preservation of the sequence of their proteins means that using the cell lysates of one of the species is not sufficient to correctly diagnose Lyme disease. Numerous literature reports show that the use of B. burgdorferi s.l. recombinant or chimeric antigens may be a potential solution to problems occurring in Lyme disease immunodiagnosis. However, for diagnostic tests based on recombinant proteins to be as effective as possible, carefully selected antigens or fragments should be used. With this approach, a test can be developed with a sensitivity that remains independent of the B. burgdorferi s.l. species which caused the disease. In addition, the exclusive use of protein fragments may definitely reduce the frequency of cross-reactions.

1. Introduction. 2. Characterization of selected B. burgdorferi s.l. antigens. 3. Diagnosis of Lyme disease. 4. Problems in Lyme disease serodiagnosis. 5. Use of recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. 6. Summary
Mechanisms Of Functioning And Control Of Heme Uptake In Gram-Negative Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Jaworska Karolina , Raczkowska Adrianna , Frindt Julia , Wachowicz Joanna , Brzostek Katarzyna
Published: February 2020

Iron is one of the most important micronutrients used by bacteria, essential for their basic metabolism. Over 70% of bioavailable iron in mammals is in the heme molecule. Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria during colonization and infection of the host organism use heme as the main source of iron. Bacteria have developed two types of outer membrane receptors/transporters involved in the heme uptake. The first one focuses on the receptors recognizing heme or hemoproteins and transporting the ligand through the outer membrane. The second type of receptor recognizes and takes up heme in a complex with a hemophore, a small protein released from a bacterial cell. Microorganisms have developed appropriate transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms that control the iron/ heme uptake, protecting against their toxic excess. One of the most important regulatory systems is based on the functioning of the Fur protein, a repressor of gene transcription. More and more is known about the role of non-coding RNAs in post-transcriptional regulation of Fur regulon gene expression.

1. Introduction. 2. Hem and heme compounds in the host organism. 3. Binding and transport of heme through bacterial wall and membranes. 3.1. Active transport of heme through the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. 3.2. ATP-dependent transport across the cytoplasmic membrane. 4. Regulation of gene expression of heme uptake. 4.1. Characteristics of Fur protein. 4.2. Fur-DNA interaction. 4.3. Regulation of fur gene expression in E. coli. 4.4. Fur as a global regulator of gene expression in E. coli. 4.5. Other mechanisms for controlling the expression of heme uptake genes. 5. Summary
Occurrence Of The Co-Selection Phenomenon In Non-Clinical Environments
Authors: Goryluk-Salmonowicz Agata , Popowska Magdalena
Published: February 2020

Multi-resistant bacterial strains currently present the main health problem worldwide. Numerous public health organizations call for the prevention, and control the spread, of antibiotic resistance from any sources. From the literature data, it is well known that agricultural areas are a source of antibiotic resistance because of the use of antibiotics and heavy metals to promote plant and animal growth. Moreover, natural water reservoirs and soil not used for agriculture are also sources of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In recent years bacteria resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals have been isolated from heavy-metal contaminated soils and from metallophytes. Therefore, it seems that heavy metals, an environmental pollutant, may also be a selection factor that promotes the spread of antibiotic resistance. The co-selection phenomenon of resistant genes is most often connected with the lack of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and heavy metals. Co-selection occurs when different resistant genes that enable resistance to different stress conditions are located on the same mobile genetic elements, or when the same genes determine resistance to different stress conditions. This article presents the current state of knowledge about the co-selection phenomenon observed in bacteria isolated from nonclinical environments.

1. Introduction. 2. Co-selection mechanisms. 2.1. Cross-resistance. 2.2. Co-resistance. 2.3. Co-regulation. 3. Factors promoting spread of co-selection. 4. Occurrence of co-selection in non-clinical environments. 4.1. Areas used for agriculture. 4.2. Areas not used agriculturally. 4.3. Natural water reservoirs. 4.4. Plant endosphere. 5. Co-occurence of resistant genes in different environmental genomes. 6. Summary
Viruses Of Extreme Environments
Authors: Wołącewicz Mikołaj , Bębnowska Dominika , Hrynkiewicz Rafał , Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej Paulina
Published: February 2020

Extremophilic viruses inhabit even the most extreme environments, such as underwater and terrestrial hydrothermal vents, deserts, subpolar areas, deep subsurface sediments, hypersaline environments, and alkaline lakes. These are mainly viruses that infect bacteria (belonging to the Myoviridae and Siphoviridae families) and archaea (classified to the families Lipothrixviridae, Rudiviridae, Yueviridae, Ampullaviridae, Globuloviridae, Sphaerolipoviridae, Bicaudaviridae, Fuselloviridae, Guttaviridae, Clavaviridae, and Turriviridae), some of which have not been fully classified. Extremoviruses have genetic material mainly in the form of dsDNA, both circular and linear, whose average length varies between 14 and 80kbp and is optimal because it is not degraded by high or low temperature, salt solutions or elevated pressure, and encodes all features necessary to function in extreme conditions. This also confirms the much higher resistance of DNA to external factors compared to delicate RNA. Further studies on extremophilic viruses can lead to full sequencing of their genomes, recognition of genes determining resistance traits to unfavorable environmental conditions, and a closer understanding of the full history of the evolution of organisms on Earth.

1. Introduction. 2. Viruses of extremely high temperatures. 2.1. Viruses of hot terrestrial springs. 2.2. Viruses of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 3. Viruses of deserts. 4. Viruses of subpolar areas. 5. Viruses of subsurface sediments. 6. Viruses of hypersaline areas. 6.1. Viruses of freshwater lakes. 6.2 Viruses of alkaline lakes. 7. Conclusions
When interviewing: how many is enough?
Authors: COBERN William , ADAMS Betty
Published: February 2020

Researchers need to know what is an appropriate sample size for interview work, but how does one decide upon an acceptable number of people to interview? This question is not relevant to case study work where one would typically interview every member of a case, or in situations where it is both desirable and feasible to interview all target population members. However, in much of qualitative and mixed-methods research and evaluation, the researcher can only reasonably interview a subset of the target population. How big or small should that subset be? This paper provides a brief explanation of why the concept of generalization is inappropriate with respect to the findings from qualitative interviewing, what wording to use in place of generalization, and how one should decide on sample size for interviews.
Identification of Key Challenges of Smart Buildings Projects in Egypt
Authors: El-Motasem Samar , Eid Ali Fathy , Khodeir Laila Mohamed
Published: February 2020

The world is changing rapidly heading to the future with quick intelligent steps. Adaptation of smart and responsible architecture that can cope with future demands is no more a choice. Nowadays; Smart buildings projects (SBP) is a new trend and very important worldwide type of projects. Smart buildings projects evolved during early 1980s and were called “Intelligent Buildings”. Since then; different definitions have been stated by many institutes and researchers, and the terminology “Intelligent Building” was then replaced with “Smart Building”. SBP in Egypt are rare; they don’t have clear description or specific definition. There is a lack of guidelines to establish a smart building in Egypt and lack of research work discussing SBP, their design, management system, life cycle costs, risks, etc. as well. This paper is concerned with determining the main challenges of SBP in Egypt through both: analysis of literature sources and analysis of some SBP internationaly and comparing them to SBP in Egypt. Finally; the results of the study were collected, analyzed and categorized and the key challenges of SBP in Egypt were determined and pointed out.
Organizacja Pracy Obywatelskiej Młodzieży „Straż Przednia” (1932–1939) jako szkoła formacji propaństwowej
Authors: Król Joanna
Published: February 2020

Myśl polityczna obozu piłsudczykowskiego wspierała się na czterech głównych filarach: prymat państwa, idea solidaryzmu społecznego, idea elity społecznej i kult wodza oraz filozofia czynu. Jednym z ideologów obozu piłsudczykowskiego był Adam Skwarczyński. Szczególną wartość upatrywał w młodzieży, jako tej grupie, która ma uzdrowić życie publiczne w Rzeczypospolitej. Ta intencja posłużyła Skwarczyńskiemu w stworzeniu w 1932 roku Organizacji Pracy Obywatelskiej Młodzieży „Straż Przednia”. Organizacja ta, poprzez różnorodne formy aktywności, miała realizować główne idee ideologii sanacji. Działania młodzieży były przeprowadzane zarówno w szkole, jak i w środowisku pozaszkolnym. Przedwczesna śmierć Skwarczyńskiego, stosunkowo mała liczebność grupy i perturbacje wewnątrz niej nie pozwoliły jednak, aby Straż Przednia zrealizowała w pełni wszystkie swoje zadania. Niezależnie od tego stanowiła ona istotny element w dziejach organizacji młodzieżowych Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej, a wartości przez nią głoszone mogą być inspiracją dla współczesnej teorii i praktyki edukacyjnej.
„Świat naturalny” jako źródłowa struktura i otwarty horyzont „egzystencjalnych ruchów” ludzkiego życia
Authors: Gara Jarosław
Published: February 2020

Recenzja:  Patočka J., „Świat naturalny” w medytacjach autora po trzydziestu trzech latach, seria „Educatio”, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, Warszawa, 115 s.
Pomiędzy nauczaniem Kościoła katolickiego a feminizmem – potencjał edukacyjny herstorii na przykładzie świętej Tekli
Authors: Achremowicz Hanna , Kamińska-Sztark Kamila
Published: February 2020

Artykuł zarysowuje problematykę dialogu Kościoła katolickiego z szeroko pojętym feminizmem w kontekście autorskiej strategii edukacyjnej wyrastającej z historii (herstorii) pierwszych wieków chrześcijaństwa. Przez odwołanie do postaci mało znanej współcześnie, świętej Tekli, zostanie wzmocniona koncepcja wychowania w poszanowaniu równości płci wynikającej bezpośrednio z aktu stworzenia, ugruntowanej przez akt zbawienia i – jako taka – obecnej w nauczaniu Kościoła katolickiego. Będąc równe przed Bogiem, kobiety powinny mieć równe prawa w poszukiwaniu ścieżek poznania go i służenia mu. Współczesne nurty ruchu wyzwolenia kobiet odbierane są często jako wrogie nauczaniu Kościoła katolickiego. Tymczasem dzieje wczesnych wieków chrześcijaństwa wskazują na szacunek, jakim darzone były kobiety, ich niezaprzeczalną rolę w budowaniu wspólnoty, męczeństwo, determinację, mądrość i piękno. Przyjęcie takiej strategii edukacyjnej stanowi swoiste „zdjęcie klosza” (metafora Sylvii Plath), a poznanie herstorii kobiet, które budowały chrześcijaństwo, może służyć za inspirację do osobistego (nie tylko duchowego) rozwoju kobiet w Kościele katolickim.
The University – a Space for Building Community and Trust
Authors: Chrobak Stanisław
Published: February 2020

The University is constantly subject to a process of intense transformations. The diversity of social needs and expectations towards university education requires that the academic community analyze its current status, future challenges and consider initiatives that address these challenges. Thus, emphasizing the significance of universitas, as a community of teaching and learning (universitas studiorum et studentium), it is worth investigating how to build this community without losing fundamental values in massive studies. The university fulfills its own purpose when in a specific community that employs scientific creativity and research, it leads a person to development of their versatile spiritual potential of mind, will, heart, and a formation of the whole person.
Między idealizacją a mistyfikacją – pedagogiczny casus dialogicznego zagadywania i odpowiadania
Authors: Gara Jarosław
Published: February 2020

Tytułowy problem ujęty został w kontekście odróżnienia od siebie pięciu podstawowych sposobów rozumienia dialogu. Zgodnie z przyjętym modelem dialogu, jako aktu spotkania, kluczowym medium relacji międzyludzkiej, w tym relacji pedagogicznej, jest fenomen zagadywania i odpowiadania.Tak rozumiany dialog wyrasta z określonych założeń, co do rozumienia samego człowieka, zgodnie z którymi człowiek jako jednostka nie tylko jest odrębnym światem, lecz także tworzy odrębne światy. Dialog staje się zatem możliwy tylko między podmiotami, które wzajemnie uznają swą odrębność oraz podejmują autentyczny wysiłek wykraczania ku innemu człowiekowi. Rzeczywisty dialog należy również zdecydowanie odróżnić od różnych negatywnych stanów rzeczy, które są antywzorcami dialogicznego zagadywania i odpowiadania. Dlatego też ujęcie racji i nastawień sprzecznych z racjami i nastawieniami dialogu pozwala lepiej zrozumieć konstruktywny sens oraz niecodzienność fenomenu dialogu.
The Direction of Educational Reforms and Challenges for Sustainable Development in Finnish Education
Authors: Suwalska Arleta
Published: February 2020

The article reveals the elements of education for sustainable development in the Finnish education undergoing a reform. The reform movement in the Finnish education, incompatible with the global educational reform model, has laid the foundations for an effective education system with pedagogical principles fitting into the challenges of sustainable development. Finnish education following its own strategy of educational reforms has led to the smallest differences between the results of PISA tests among students in the world.
Instruments for Supporting Members of the Eurozone in Overcoming the Financial Crisis Utilised by The International Monetary Fund Using the Example of Greece
Authors: Wicha Agnieszka
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this article is to present the instruments and resources used by the International Monetary Fund to support the euro area countries in overcoming the financial crisis on the example of Greece. The article points out types of loan instruments and other measures taken by the IMF to support Greece. The author also indicates the reforms that had to be made at the IMF for a better and more efficient operation of this institution against the challenges of the global crisis. In addition, the specificity of cooperation between the IMF, the European Commission and the European Central Bank is analyzed.
The Migration Crisis in the Case Law of the ECHR – Some Remarks on the Obligations of Countries to Refugees and Immigrants .
Authors: Domagała Przemysław
Published: February 2020

This paper focuses on the scope of obligations of states towards refugees and migrants under the ECHR. It`s introductory part that describes the significance of the ECHR for the European legal order is followed by a detailed analysis of the state`s obligations broken down according to ratione personae – ratione loci – ratione materie scheme. The paper clarifies the distinction between “migrants” and “refugees” (1951 Geneva Convention) and defines situations when ECHR can be applied outside the territory of the State Party (especially in the context of border control and maritime operations). The final part of the paper concentrates of the set of minimal substantial guaranties towards migrants and refugees in the context of living conditions in the centers for foreigners, right to liberty and security of person and right to respect for family life.
The Court of Justice, the National Courts, and the Controversy over the ‘Ultimate Arbiter’ of the Constitutionality of Law in the European Union
Authors: Kwiecień Roman
Published: February 2020

The paper addresses the issue of a judicial forum entitled to resolve conflicts between European Union law and national constitutional rules. First and foremost, the issue is discussed under the old primacy/supremacy of EU law controversy. The author seeks to answer whether the national law, including constitutional rules, of a Member State can be ineffective owing to being contradictory to EU law. If so, by whom can national laws be held ineffective? In other words, which of the two judicial fora (national and European) have the last word in these conflicts or who is the ultimate arbiter of the constitutionality of law within the European legal space? The author argues that legal reasoning should reconcile, on the one hand, the specificity of the EU’s unique legal order and effective application of its provisions and, on the other hand, the international legal status of the Member States and their constitutions. This approach leads to the conclusion that there is no ultimate judicial arbiter within the European legal space.
Representation of an Unrecognized State under International Law – Example of the Republic of Artsakh
Authors: Kolarz Stefania
Published: February 2020

Since the late 80s, the Armenian inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh, a region situated within the internationally recognised borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan, have been struggling for creating their own state – the Republic of Artsakh. The fact that this self-proclaimed entity was not recognised by any of the international actors has not prevented it from constantly committing to intervene on the international plane, separately from Yerevan and Baku. For instance, it is the co-signatory of the Bishkek Protocol. On the other hand, it was refused participation in the core undertaking of the international community designed to settle the dispute – the OSCE Minsk process. The aforementioned situation raises the question as to who shall act as a legal representative of this quasi-state on the international plane? Azerbaijan, as the official centre of authority within the region, Armenia, or rather the separatist government of Nagorno-Karabakh?
Concluding Observations of the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies in the Field of Equality and Non-discrimination. Does a Common Standard Exist and is it Implemented? Example of Poland
Authors: Sękowska-Kozłowska Katarzyna
Published: February 2020

This article examines the recommendations adopted by UN human rights treaty bodies in 2000-2017 addressed to Poland and concerning equality and non-discrimination. It aims to answer two research questions – firstly, to what extent are the recommendations convergent and, therefore, can we speak of a certain common standard of equality and non-discrimination formulated by treaty bodies? For this purpose, two case studies – on LGBT rights and women’s reproductive rights – have been presented. The second part of the research aims to establish to what extent do the recommendations of treaty bodies on equality and nondiscrimination affect Polish law.
Space for Change: The ASAT Tests in Outer Space in Light of the UN Liability Convention
Authors: Strobeyko Adam
Published: February 2020

As space exploration is gathering pace, special care must be attributed to preserving outer space as a shared environment that can be explored freely by humankind. Currently, there exists no comprehensive legal framework regulating the use of conventional weapons in outer space. This has been made evident by repeated tests of anti-satellite weapons (ASATs) which took place in the XXI century and produced massive amounts of debris, possibly interfering with the rights of other states to explore space freely. This article examines the rules provided by the UN Liability Convention and their application to ASAT tests in outer space. The author reviews academic suggestions in the field and concludes that a multilateral and comprehensive legal framework needs to be established in order to guarantee unrestrained exploration of space.
Some remarks derived from the preparatory stages of the 1974 Athens Convention and its 2002 protocol
Authors: Işıklar Güneş Karol
Published: February 2020

The preparatory stages of the 2002 Athens Convention are helpful in finding answers to some of the questions of interpretation. Within this context, the observations and the decisions of the IMO Legal Committee, as well as the proposals and observations submitted by the delegations participating its sessions during the preparation of the draft text of the 2002 Protocol, might guide one to draw a conclusion. Among these questions exist the manner of application of the provision regarding the liability of the carrier in terms of the contributory fault or neglect of the passenger, or his or hers mental injury, or the possibility of maintenance of personal accident insurance. Additionally, the 1974 Athens Conference might also be regarded as helpful in order to interpret the rules relating to the performing carrier and the situation of the gratuitous carriage in terms of the Convention.
Case of Bistieva and Others v. Poland
Authors: Kosińska Anna Magdalena
Published: February 2020

The present commentary concerns the claims alleging a violation under Article 5 paragraph 1 (the right to liberty and security of a person) and paragraph 4 (the right to take proceedings to determine the lawfulness of the detention) of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 8 (the right to respect for private and family life) ECHR by using detention by the Republic of Poland for the period of almost 6 months with regard to a family of third-country nationals. The applicant in the case was a national of Russia, Zita Bistieva and her three minor children. The judgement under discussion is significant from the perspective of strengthening the guarantees for the protection of the rights of irregular migrants in the system of both the Council of Europe and the European Union, on the grounds of the concept of equivalent protection adopted in EU primary law. The ruling in question also refers to the fact that the Member States do not sufficiently resort to alternative measures with regard to the detention of foreign nationals.
DANUBE DELTA: MONITORING AND ECOLOGICAL STATUS. A LINK BETWEEN THE PAST AND THE FUTURE
Authors: Stoica Catalina , Stanescu Elena , Paun Iuliana , Banciu Alina , Gheorghe Stefania , Lucaciu Irina , Vasile Gabriela Geanina , Nita-Lazar Mihai
Published: February 2020

The paper aims a review of the water quality monitoring and evaluation studies conducted at National R&D Institute for Industrial Ecology over the last ten years, at the level of aquatic ecosystem complexes in the Danube Delta. The paper will include a broad compendium of data including: a data bank of abiotic variables which control the structure and composition of biotic communities; studies of ecological status assessment; methodology development for assessing the bioaccumulation of chemical pollutants (metals) in the biota; ecotoxicological study of surface water and sediment on aquatic organisms (algae, crustaceans, rotifers); studies on the benthic invertebrate species as biological vectors for pathogens; technical / scientific support for 5 national / international project proposals; 19 papers published in international / national journals; 22 papers presented at international / national scientific conferences.
Assessment and Management of Volume Overload Among Patients on Chronic Dialysis
Authors: Covic Adrian , Siriopol Dimitrie
Published: February 2020

Volume overload is the most common complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, being directly related to numerous complications including resistant hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure or arterial stiffness, among others. Therefore, volume overload is now considered an important risk factor for hard outcomes, like all-cause or cardiovascular mortality.

Relying solely on clinical examination for assessing volume overload in ESRD patients lacks sensitivity and specificity. Numerous efforts have been made to identify new methods that could objectively assess volume status; however, each of them has important limitations. This review aims to discuss the most frequently used methods (biomarkers, inferior vena cava assessment, lung ultrasonography, bioimpedance analysis and blood volume monitoring) and to compare the advantage of each method vs. the overall/ clinical strategy.
Simple, Stepwise and Alternative Syntheses of Indolyl Triazoles via Huisgen,s 1, 3-dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Reddy Ch. Venkata Ramana , Reddy G. Ganga
Published: February 2020

A series of new 2-((1-((1-(4-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)1H-indol- 3-yl)me thylene)malononitrile derivatives were synthesized by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (click reaction) of 2-((1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)malononitrile with different aryl azides in the presence of sodium ascorbate and copper sulphate in good yields. The advantages of this method are efficient, clean, high yields, easy workup procedures, and shorter reaction time. These reactions are very facile, giving products by simple processing that does not require purification by column chromatography. Spectroscopic methods confirmed all the newly synthesized compounds.
Nutritional and Medicinal Values of Chlorophytum borivilianum: Minireview of Current Status and Future Possibilities
Authors: Verma Ravindra , Misra Vaibhav , Bisen Prakash S.
Published: February 2020

Background:

The knowledge of herbs and its uses is not fully explored in India. Chlorophytum
borivilianum (family: Liliaceae) is one of the highest valued medicinal plants found in the
Indian forest. Traditionally, it is used after delivery by the females in different compositions in the
form of “Laddoos”.

Objective:

This study reviewed the nutritional and medicinal applications of Chlorophytum
borivilianum properties with the current status and future possibilities. Chlorophytum borivilianum is
a well-known tonic and an aphrodisiac drug extensively used in Ayurvedic medicines. The main
source is from the forest area, efforts are made for its cultivation to fulfill the growing demand.

Methods:

A detailed study was carried out by analyzing national and international scientific databases
like Pub Med, SciFinder, Scopus and Web of Science, thesis, and recognized books. The researcher
himself cultivated Chlorophytum borivilianum on his farm during the period from 2000 to
2008.

Results:

Chlorophytum borivilianum roots are used for the preparation of nutritional tonic used in
general sexual weaknesses. It has a huge and consistent demand in the national and international
markets. The pharmaceutical and therapeutic value of Chlorophytum borivilianum has a great significance
due to the presence of a specific constituent, i.e., saponins of secondary metabolites. Recent
studies of Chlorophytum borivilianum have identified a wide range of pharmacological applications,
most importantly, aphrodisiac, immune-modulatory, and anticancer activities.

Conclusion:

Some of the barriers are observed, such as a lack of research and development on highyielding
varieties, quality control, and products and process development. The difficulties in marketing,
an unestablished local market for primary processed products, unskilled human power, and
equipment, knowledge of the latest technologies and market information are the major constraints
observed in the promotion of Chlorophytum borivilianum.
Strategies to Protect Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Culture-induced Stress Conditions
Authors: Aerts-Kaya Fatima
Published: February 2020

In contrast to their almost unlimited potential for expansion in vivo and despite years of
dedicated research and optimization of expansion protocols, the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells
(HSCs) in vitro remains remarkably limited. Increased understanding of the mechanisms that are involved
in maintenance, expansion and differentiation of HSCs will enable the development of better
protocols for expansion of HSCs. This will allow procurement of HSCs with long-term engraftment
potential and a better understanding of the effects of the external influences in and on the hematopoietic
niche that may affect HSC function.

During collection and culture of HSCs, the cells are exposed to suboptimal conditions that may induce
different levels of stress and ultimately affect their self-renewal, differentiation and long-term engraftment
potential. Some of these stress factors include normoxia, oxidative stress, extra-physiologic oxygen
shock/stress (EPHOSS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, replicative stress, and stress related to
DNA damage. Coping with these stress factors may help reduce the negative effects of cell culture on
HSC potential, provide a better understanding of the true impact of certain treatments in the absence of
confounding stress factors. This may facilitate the development of better ex vivo expansion protocols of
HSCs with long-term engraftment potential without induction of stem cell exhaustion by cellular senescence
or loss of cell viability. This review summarizes some of the available strategies that may be
used to protect HSCs from culture-induced stress conditions.
The Adaptation Study of the Severity of Violence Against Women Scale to Turkish
Authors: ERYALÇIN Münevver , DEMİREL Sibel , DUYAN Veli
Published: February 2020

Aim/background: In this study, the validity and reliability studies of the Scale of Severity of Violence Against Women (SVAWS) were conducted in order to gain the tools for better understanding of the oppressive context of violence. Method: First of all, the SVAWS was translated from English to Turkish by the researchers and 4 items related to sexual violence were excluded from the scale.The study included 520 men in the probation system with a mean age of 30.81 (ss = 8.90). Results: The SVAWS’s Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be 0.969.The SVAWS’s item-total score correlations ranged from 0.310 to 0.772. Conclusion:The items that constitute the Scale of Violence Against Women have the desired characteristics,the high reliability and validity of the scale,shows that the scale can be used in defining the level of violence of partner, spouse and men against women in individuals living in Turkey.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada şiddetin baskıcı bağlamının daha iyi anlaşılabilmesine yarayacak araçların Türkçeye kazandırılması amacıyla The Severity of Violence Against Women Scale/Kadına Yönelik Şiddetin Düzeyi Ölçeği’nin (KYŞDÖ) geçerlik güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Öncelikle KYŞDÖ araştırmacılar tarafından İngilizceden Türkçe’ye çevrilmiş ve cinsel şiddet ile ilgili alt boyutta yer alan 4 madde ölçekten çıkartılmıştır. Çalışmaya, yaş ortalaması 30,8 (ss=8,9) olan denetimli serbestlik sisteminde yer alan 520 erkek birey katılmıştır. Bulgular: Kadına Yönelik Şiddetin Düzeyi Ölçeği’nin Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlılık kat sayısı 0,969 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin madde-toplam puan korelasyonları 0,310 ile 0,772 arasında değişmektedir. Sonuç: Kadınlara Yönelik Şiddetin Düzeyi Ölçeği’ni oluşturan maddelerin istendik özelliklerde olması, ölçeğin güvenirliğinin ve geçerliğinin yüksek olması, bu ölçeğin Türkiye’de yaşayan erkek, partner ve eşlerin kadınlara yönelik şiddet düzeylerini belirlemede kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Surgical Evaluation of Common Benign Skin Lesions in Primary Care
Authors: DESTEK Sebahattin , GÜL Vahit
Published: February 2020

Objective: Skin tumours are common tumors and they are mostly benign. Benign skin lesions (BSLs) may be a sign of a syndrome or of a systemic malignant state. Sometimes they can transform into malignant types. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence and the clinico-pathological characteristics of a large series of BSLs which were excised in our clinic. Methods:The patients with skin lesions who underwent a total excisional biopsy in the general surgery clinic between the years 2012 and 2016 were reviewed. Malignant skin lesions were excluded from the study. The BSLs were classified according to the Pathology and Genetics of Skin Tumours of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Results: A total of 551 patients with BCL were included in the study. Of the patients, 241 (43.7%) were female and 310 (56.7%) were male. The age range was between 2 and 98 years and the mean age was 39.7. The most common benign skin lesions (n = 184, 33.3%) were appendageal tumors and this finding was statistically significant (p = 0.001). The most common appendageal tumor type (n = 75, 13.6%) was verruca vulgaris. Conclusion: Benign skin lesions are usually seen by family physicians. Some of the BCLs may be confused with malignant skin lesions and may even be associated with systemic malignancies. It is very important that family physicians can recognize benign skin lesions and plan for diagnosis and treatment such as biopsy.

Amaç: Deri tümörleri çok yaygın olup çoğunlukla iyi huyludurlar. Benign cilt lezyonları (BCL), bir sendromun veya sistemik malign bir durumun belirtisi olabilirler. Bazen de malign lezyonlara dönüşebilirler. Çalışmamızın amacı, kliniğimizde eksize edilen geniş bir BCL serisinin prevalansını ve klinikopatolojik özelliklerini ortaya koymaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Genel cerrahi kliniğimizde 2012-2016 yılları arasında total eksizyonel biyopsi yapılan cilt lezyonları olan hastalar retrospektif olarak çalışmaya dahil edildi. Malign cilt lezyonları çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Benign cilt lezyonları Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Tümör Sınıflandırmasının Deri Tümörlerinin Patolojisi ve Genetiği'ne göre sınıflandırıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya BCL olan toplam 551 hasta dahil edildi. Bu hastaların 241’i (%43,7) kadın, 310’u (%56,7) erkekti. Yaş aralığı 2 ile 98 yaş aralığında olup, ortalama 39.7 idi. Benign cilt lezyonlarından en sık olarak (n=184, %33,3) appendageal tümörler yer almaktaydı ve bu bulgu istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p=0.001). En sık görülen appendageal tümör tipi (n=75, %13,6)verruca vulgaris idi. Sonuç: Benign cilt lezyonları çoğunlukla aile hekimleri tarafından görülürler. Bunların bazıları malign cilt lezyonları ile karışabilir ve hatta sistemik maligniteler ile ilişkili olabilir. Benign cilt lezyonlarının aile hekimleri tarafından tanınması, biyopsi gibi tanı ve tedavi için planlama yapabilmesi çok önemlidir.
Home Health Care
Authors: ÇAYIR Yasemin
Published: February 2020

Home health care is to provide of examination, treatment and rehabilitation services for patients who have become dependent on others in performing their daily living activities due to chronic or malignant diseases by a professional medical team in their home environment. Home health care is offered in a wide range, from baseline to addictive conditions due to neurological deficits, from chronic lung pathologies to terminal stage cancer patients, neonatal jaundice to advanced muscle diseases. The aim of home health services is to protect and improve the health of patients, to enable them to use their functional capacity at maximum level and to improve the quality of life of patients and caregivers. Family physicians who provide primary health care are responsible for identifying people who need home health care within their registered population and regularly visiting in their home. In this review, the definition, history and scope of home health services will be discussed.

Evde sağlık hizmetleri, kronik ya da malign hastalıklar nedeniyle günlük yaşam aktivitelerini gerçekleştirmede başkalarına bağımlı hale gelmiş hastalara muayene, tetkik, tedavi ve rehabilitasyon hizmetlerinin kendi ev ortamlarında profesyonel bir sağlık ekibi tarafından verilmesidir. Evde sağlık hizmetleri, başta nörolojik defisitler nedeniyle oluşan yatağa bağımlılık durumları olmak üzere, kronik akciğer patolojilerinden, terminal dönem kanser hastalarına, yenidoğan sarılığından, ileri dönem kas hastalıklarına kadar geniş bir yelpazede sunulmaktadır. Evde sağlık hizmetlerinde amaç, hastaların sağlığını korumak, geliştirmek, fonksiyonel kapasitelerini maksimum düzeyde kullanmalarını sağlamak ile hastaların ve bakım verenlerin yaşam kalitesini artırmaktır. Birinci basamakta sağlık hizmeti veren aile hekimleri kendilerine kayıtlı nüfusları içinde evde sağlık hizmetine ihtiyaç duyacak kişileri belirlemekle ve düzenli aralıklarla ev ziyareti yapmakla sorumludur. Bu derlemede, evde sağlık hizmetlerinin tanımı, tarihçesi ve kapsamı üzerinde durulacaktır.
Aan tafel in het Oude Mannenhuis te Delft
Authors: Hondelink Merit
Published: February 2020

What’s for dinner at the Oude Mannenhuis? This paper focuses on providing a nuanced picture of the daily meal consumed at the Oude Mannenhuis, an almshouse for elderly men in Early Modern Delft (1411-1792). It aims to do so by combining historical documents dealing with food-purchase orders and archaeobotanical macro remains taken from the cesspits. The historical documents, written by the steward, suggest a frugal and monotonous diet, which appears to be incomplete as it lacks generic food items such as fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices known to have been consumed during the medieval and Early Modern periods. Yet the additional archaeobotanical data shows that at least 43 edible plant species were consumed by the residents of the Oude Mannenhuis. Most of these species are indigenous and were probably grown within and around the town of Delft, though some exotic species were also present. This combined research shows a more nuanced picture of the daily menu consumed by the elderly men of the Oude Mannenhuis.
Het geschut van de Queen Anne. Een reconstructie van de bewapening van het Engelse koopvaardijschip dat in de 18de eeuw voor de kust van Kuinre verging
Authors: van Popta Yftinus , Vastenhoud Han
Published: February 2020

The guns of the Queen Anne: A reconstruction of the armament of the 18th-century English merchantman that was wrecked on the Zuiderzee near Kuinre.

This paper focuses on the weapons of the Queen Anne, an English merchantman that was wrecked on the Zuiderzee near Kuinre (province of Overijssel) in the first quarter of the 18th century. The wreck was discovered in a now-reclaimed part of the Zuiderzee (the Noordoostpolder) in 2016 and excavated by the Groningen Institute of Archaeology of the University of Groningen during the summer of 2018. The wreck was well preserved and contained a large number of artefacts, including multiple weapons (flintlock pistols, swivel guns) and plenty of ammunition, including dozens of cannonballs. A substantial part of the ammunition was too large to be fired by swivel guns, meaning that multiple guns were missing from the wreck site. Based on the diameter and weight of the dozens of cannonballs, a reconstruction was made of the full armament of the Queen Anne.
WOODAN, dé database voor archeologisch hout
Authors: Nicolaij Stephan , van der Laan Jelte
Published: February 2020

WOODAN: The database for archaeological wood. WOODAN (www.woodan.org) is a free of charge database of archaeological wooden artefacts. The system was developed as a solution to the fragmentary nature of information about archaeological wood and to help standardise its research methods. The system is available is Dutch, English, German and French.