bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The swimming of the mandarin fishSynchropus picturatus(Callionyiidae: Teleostei)
Authors: Blake R. W.
Published: May 2009

In order to gain a general understanding of the problems of fish locomotion and appreciate them in an evolutionary context, it is important that we have information available on the kinematics, hydrodymamics and energetics of the swimming of as wide a range of fish as possible. At present, most of our knowledge of fish locomotion is restricted to the swimming of streamlined, pelagic and nektonic teleosts, capable of high speeds and accelerations, that are either neutrally buoyant or have a buoyancy close to neutral (see Lighthill (1969), Webb (1975), Bone (1975) for reviews).
Sodium orthovanadate, a powerful vasoconstrictor in the gills of the common eel,Anguilla anguilla
Authors: Bell M. V. , Kelly K. F. , Sargent J. R.
Published: May 2009

Sodium orthovanadate added internally is a powerful vasoconstrictor in perfused, irrigated gills ofAnguilla anguilla. The anion is active at concentrations as low as 10-7M and its action is antagonized by β-adrenergic vasodilators such as adrenaline and isoprenaline. These effects are discussed in terms of the known mode of action of vanadate as an inhibitor of (Na++ K+)-dependent ATPase. The biological and pharmacological effects of naturally occurring vanadate are assessed.
The permeability to oxygen and the guanine content of the swimbladder of a physoclist fish,Pollachius virens
Authors: Ross Lindsay G.
Published: May 2009

Moreau (1876), Bohr (1894), and Fänge (1953) are among those authors who have demonstrated that the swimbladder walls of certain fish are highly impermeable to gases. This property assists in the maintenance of high partial pressures of gases in the swim-bladder and enables physoclist fish to use the swimbladder as a buoyancy mechanism, often at great depth. It has been shown experimentally that the swimbladder contains a high percentage of oxygen (Fänge, 1953; Kanwisher & Ebeling, 1957) and that this percentage increases with depth in most fish (Scholander & Van Dam, 1953; Scholander, 1954). Diffusion of gas through a tissue increases with increasing partial pressure difference across the tissue (Krogh, 1919). This may be as high as 10–20 atm in inshore gadoids such as the saithe,Pollachius virens(L.) or 50–60 atm in mesopelagic fish (Kanwisher & Ebeling, 1957). Thus low permeability to oxygen is required if the swimbladder is to be used as a buoyancy mechanism at any depth.
A system for the collection of comparative emission spectra suitable for shipboard use
Authors: Collier A. F. , Burnham R. J. P. , Herring P. J.
Published: May 2009

A simple data acquisition and control system has been developed for the measurement of the spectral emission from bioluminescent animals. A programmable calculator system is used to control a monochromator and to measure, record and graphically display the results. Results from calibration sources and three animals are described with comments on the success of the technique.
Sand transport paths around the British Isles resulting from M2and M4tidal interactions
Authors: Pingree R. D. , Griffiths D. K.
Published: May 2009

A non-linear numerical model is used to derive both the maximum bottom stress and the mean stress on the shelf sea-bed around Britain, due to tidal streaming. It is shown that these two vector distributions will be important in sand transport studies. It is further expected that the results will be relevant to other benthic studies.
The dinoflagellae bloom on the coast of south west England, August-September 1978
Authors: Boalch G. T.
Published: May 2009

Towards the end of August 1978 SCUBA divers studying a rocky area in Mounts Bay noticed numbers of dead and dying fish and invertebrates in their study area. Their observations were passed on to Dr G. W. Potts (Griffiths, Dennis & Potts, see below, p. 520). Samples of the sea water, which appeared to be very rich in phytoplankton, were taken but unfortunately were too poorly fixed for the identification of naked dinoflagellates. At the same time a number of reports of‘red tides’ and ‘fish kills’ in Mounts Bay were being passed to Mrs Stella Turk of Camborne.

During the first 2 weeks of September 1978, high mortalities of intertidal populations of several ‘bait’ species, notably lugworms, were reported to the Plymouth Laboratory by anglers along the south coast of Cornwall. In the same period, abnormally high numbers of the red-band fish, Cepola rubescens, were caught in the trawls of the Laboratory's research vessels (Dr A. J. Southward, personal communication). In addition, some 20–30 specimens of another burrowing species, Amalosoma eddystonense, were taken in several trawls on the Looe Grounds; this was rather surprising since this large echiuran was thought to be rare in the Plymouth area (Dr P. E. Gibbs, personal communication).

The author also received reports indicating that the non-photosynthetic but luminescent dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Ehrenb. was abundant in coastal areas of the western English Channel. This organism is well known for forming slicks varying in colour from orange to blood-red (Le Févre & Grail, 1970; Grail, Le FévreLehoerff & Le Févre, 1971).
Some effects of a dinoflagellate bloom (Gyrodinium aureolum) on the mussel, Mytilus edulis
Authors: Widdows J. , Moore M. N. , Lowe D. M. , Salkeld P. N.
Published: May 2009

There have been several reports in recent years of the mass occurrence or blooms of the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt in northern European Waters (Ballantine & Smith, 1973; Helm et al. 1974; Pingree et al. 1975; Pingree, Holligan & Head, 1977; Tangen, 1977). Gyrodinium aureolum is probably one of the most common ‘red-tide’ dinoflagellate species in these waters and some of the blooms of G. aureolum (ranging from 100 to 20000 cells ml-1) have been followed by the mass mortality of various fish and invertebrate species (Tangen, 1977). It has been suggested that the adverse effects of G. aureolum on marine organisms are caused by (a) the production of toxins and/or (b) the oxygen depletion during darkness due to dinoflagellate respiration and decomposition of cells.
Depth distribution of endolithic algae from the Firth of Clyde: implications for delineation and subdivision of the photic zone
Authors: Akpan Etie Ben
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Some marine endolithic algae grow well and are restricted to the strongly lit littoral and uppermost sublittoral environments. The wide depth ranging boring algae must however adapt to different light intensities. Whereas Eugomontia sacculata Kornmann is considered as a form adapted to high light intensity (Akpan, 1981), Ostreobium quekettii Bornet & Flahault and Conchocelis - a boring phase in the life cycle of red algae in the Porphyra and Bangia genera - are able to survive under low light conditions even though they thrive at depths with strong illuminations (Rooney & Perkins, 1972; Clokie & Boney, 1980). Sheath, Hellebust & Sawa (1977) have demonstrated that the Conchocelis of a Porphyra sp. can survive prolonged very dim light condition and probably remain in a ‘steady state’ without growth in the dark for a long time. This adaptation is important for those algae in the lower part of the photic zone because during winter, deep light penetration is hampered.
Observations on byssus systems in the spat of Cerastoderma glaucum and C. edule
Authors: Yankson Kobina
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Yonge (1962) suggests a possible universal occurrence of byssal apparatus in the post-larval spat of bivalves. Subsequent studies have revealed that the byssus thread secreted by the post-larval byssal apparatus of many bivalves is involved in settlement as well as migration by means of bysso-pelagic drifting (Sigurdsson, Titman & Davis, 1976; Blok & Tan-Maas, 1977; Board, 1983). Recent studies on the byssus and other foot glands in the early stages of bivalves have included Ostrea edulis (Cranfield, 1973 a, b, c); Pecten maximus (Gruffydd, Lane & Beaumont, 1975); Mytilus edulis (Lane & Nott, 1975; Lane, Nott & Crisp, 1982); and Chlamys varia L. (Gruffydd, Budiman & Nott, 1979)
Changes in Western mackerel (Scomber scombrus) spawning stock composition during the spawning season
Authors: Dawson Wendy A.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Two groups of mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) are recognised by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (I.C.E.S.) for stock assessment purposes in the north-east Atlantic. The North Sea ‘stock’, which overwinters along the edge of the Norwegian Trench and spawns off the south coast of Norway, in the Skagerrak, Kattegat and the central North Sea (Hamre, 1980), and the Western ‘stock’, which overwinters and spawns along the edge of the continental shelf from the west of Ireland to the Bay of Biscay (Lockwood, Nichols & Dawson, 1981).
Observations on the ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of two mytilids from the south-west coast of England
Authors: Hodgson A. N. , Bernard R. T. F.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Two forms of the genus Mytilus, M. edulis L. and M. galloprovincialis Lmk inhabit the rocky shores of Devon and Cornwall (Hepper, 1957). According to Gosling (1984), controversy has existed since 1860 as to whether M. galloprovincialis is a separate species or a subspecies of M. edulis. In a review of the systematic status of M. galloprovincialis, Gosling (1984) analysed the criteria used to identify and classify this form of Mytilus. Gosling did not reach any firm conclusion on the systematic status of these mytilids, but did suggest that the evidence favoured placing M. galloprovincialis as a variety, ecotype or even subspecies of M. edulis.
Feeding relationships between the benthic infauna and the dominant benthic fish of the Rance Estuary (France)
Authors: Mao Patrick Le
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The maritime basin of the Ranee occupies one of the largest rias of northern Brittany (France) and since 1967, has been the location of a tidal power station. At a high tide height of 13.5 m above chart datum the basin occupies an area of 22 km2 within which Retière (1979) recognized a maritime part of about 17 km2 in extent, where bottom salinities range from 30 to 35‰, an estuarine part with salinities between 20-30‰,, of about 4 km2 and an inner estuary of limited area (1.5 km2) and reduced salinities (less than 20‰).
Percolomonas cosmopolitus(Ruinen) n.gen., a new type of filter feeding flagellate from marine plankton
Authors: Fenchel Tom , Patterson David J.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The ecological significance of heterotrophic micro-flagellates in marine plankton has recently drawn considerable interest among biological oceanographers (Anderson & Fenchel, 1985; Haas & Webb, 1979; Fenchel, 1985 and references therein). Such organisms have been shown to be numerous, occurring in densities of 5 x 102to 2 x 103per ml in surface coastal and oceanic waters. Their grazing activities are believed to account for virtually all of the turnover of populations of suspended bacteria.
Influence of an electric light on the capture of deep-sea fish in Biscay
Authors: Swinney G. N. , Clarke M. R. , Maddock L.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Recently the influence of an electric light on the capture of the main groups of deep sea animals by a midwater trawl was described and discussed (Clarke & Pascoe, 1985). With regard to fish it was shown that at depths close to 800 m the total number, the total volume, the volume of the ten largest and the volume of the single largest fish all increased significantly when an electric light was used on the headline of the trawl when compared with controls with the light off. These experiments were carried out both in the Bay of Biscay and off Madeira.
Methods for the validation of squid Age from statoliths
Authors: Lipinski Marek
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Growth laminations were first noted in squid statoliths by Clarke (1966), who suggested they might be useful for age determination. Spratt (1978) presented a detailed age analysis ofLoligo opalescensBerry, 1911, arguing that some rings in the cephalopod statolith were deposited daily, as are fish otoliths (Panella, 1971). Growth rings inIllex illecebrosus(Lesueur, 1921) statoliths were illustrated by Lipinski (1978) with similar interpretation to that of Spratt (op. cit.). Several further attempts have been made to validate and/or to discuss age determination from statoliths (Hurley, Drew & Radtke, 1979; Hurleyet al.1983; Wiborg, 1979; Hurley & Beck, 1980; Kristensen, 1980; Lipinski, 1980, 1981; Rosenberg, Wiborg & Bech, 1981; Martins, 1982; Radtke, 1983; Daweet al.1984), and several other attempts are in preparation (R. J. Hanlon, G. V. Hurley, M. R. Clarke & R. L. Radtke, personal communications).
Observations on the larval development of Sacculina carcini (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala)
Authors: Walker Graham
Published: May 2009

The larval development of the parasitic barnacle, Sacculina carcini, has been closely followed. Size and volume measurements have been made for the four naupliar stages and cyprids of both male and female broods. Volume increases between naupliar stages are minimal (x 1.03–1.09) and in line with other barnacle species with lecithotrophic larvae. However, the large volume reduction between stage IV and cyprid for S. carcini, which is more acute for the female larvae, is a unique characteristic. The reduced setation formulae of the larval appendages of S. carcini and another rhizocephalan are compared to those of larvae, both lecithotrophic and planktotrophic, of a range of barnacles. Sex ratios and carapace length data for 184 S. carcini cypris populations are presented which reinforce the seasonal changes in sex ratios.
Fluctuations in the herring and pilchard fisheries of devon and cornwall linked to change in climate since the 16th century
Authors: Southward A. J. , Boalch G. T. , Maddock Linda
Published: May 2009

Scientific data from the last 100 years are combined with primary and secondary historical information on the fisheries to summarize changes in the relative abundance of pilchards and herrings in the south-west in the last 400 years. The fluctuations in the two species are compared with recorded and inferred annual mean temperatures over the period. Pilchards are more abundant and extend farther to the east when the climate is warmer, as from 1590 to 1640 and from 1930 to 1960. In cooler times, as in the second half of the seventeenth century, herrings are more abundant while the pilchard fishery occurs later in the year and is restricted to west Cornwall. Lesser changes in the relative abundance of the two species and the timing of the fishery along the south coast of Devon and Cornwall in the intervening periods between these extremes accord fairly well with smaller fluctuations in climate. It is presumed that in addition to direct effects on reproduction and behaviour, changes in climate can indirectly influence the relative competitive advantage of the species through alterations in the associated ecosystem.
On the Fauna and Bottom-Deposits near the Thirty-Fathom Line from the Eddystone Grounds to Start Point
Authors: Allen E. J.
Published: May 2009

The investigation described in the present paper was commenced in 1895, with the aid of a grant of £100 from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society to meet the expenses of boat-hire, and a further grant of £25 has been made by the Society to assist in the production of the charts by which the paper is illustrated. The object of the investigation has been to gain an accurate knowledge of the distribution of the fauna on the sea-bottom over a continuous area, i n order to ascertain and where possible to explain the changes which take place in the animal population when the nature of the bottom-deposit changes. At the same time it was hoped that fresh light would be thrown upon the general question of the distribution of life on the sea-bottom and the principles upon which it depends.
The Periodic Growth of Scales in Gadidæ and Pleuronectidæ as an Index of Age
Authors: Thomson J. Stuart
Published: May 2009

The first part of a lengthened and detailed statistical paper on the structure and seasonal growth of Gadoid and Pleuronectoid scales will shortly be issued from the Marine Laboratory.

The forthcoming paper will show by means of tabulated statistics that scale growth is accelerated during the warmer season of the year; but diminished during the colder season in such a methodic manner as to cause the formation of annual rings. The formation of these annual rings results from the fact that the lines of growth on the scale surface are comparatively widely separated from one another in that portion of the scale formed during the warmer season of the year; but much less widely separated in that part built up during the colder season.
Notes on Plymouth Sponges
Authors: Bidder George
Published: May 2009

Sycon compressum is one of the long-recognised sponges, that stand refreshingly conspicuous in a group made difficult with doubtful definitions. The unique dermal spicules, and the striking outward form, divide it from other species in a way quite different from that in which Sycon raphanus is divided from S. villosum or Renicra cinerea from Reniera permollis.
The Hydroids collected by the “Huxley” from the North Side of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906
Authors: Browne Edward T.
Published: May 2009

TheHydroids collected on the northern edge of the Bay of Biscay during a five days” cruise in August, 1906, by Dr. E. J. Allen, were entrusted to me for examination. I thank my friend Dr. Allen for giving me the opportunity of working through the collection, which contained thirty-seven species, including two new species (Bimeria arboreaandBimeria biscayana) and several rare deep-sea forms.

Our knowledge of the area occupied by the British Hydroids has been increased by this cruise. All the species taken at six out of the eight stations have been previously recorded for the British area. It was only at the two stations over 400 fathoms that foreign species occurred. Bathymetrical distribution has also made an advance, as several species were taken at a depth considerably greater than that hitherto recorded for them.
Benthic Communities Associated With a Heavily Fished Scallop Ground in the English Channel
Authors: Kaiser M.J. , Armstrong P.J. , Dare P.J. , Flatt R.P.
Published: May 2009

A survey of benthic communities found in a heavily fished scallop ground was undertaken in July 1993. Two main faunal assemblages were identified from samples obtained with fine-meshed scallop dredges, which were grouped either in gravelly sand sediments or sandy sediment, which was generally furthest offshore in deeper water. A third assemblage was found in either sandy or gravelly muddy sand sediments. The highest abundance of small and large size-classes of scallops were associated with the assemblage containing the greatest number of species and individuals in sandy sediments. This assemblage had the greatest biomass of emergent fauna such as hydroids and Alcyonium digitatum. Data acquired from a RoxAnn™ acoustic signal processor were able to differentiate between the substratum or biotopes associated with the greatest abundance of scallops. This may provide a useful tool for refining surveys of commercial stocks or mapping suitable habitats.
Photoperiod Length and the Chronometric Mechanism of the Sun Compass in Mediterranean Sandhoppers
Authors: Ugolini A. , Frittelli F.
Published: May 2009

The chronometric mechanism of compensation for the apparent movement of the sun was investigated in adult individuals ofTalitrus saltator(Amphipoda: Talitridae) from Mediterranean latitudes. The individuals were subjected to alteration of the duration of illumination, while its phase remained the same as in nature. A close relation between photoperiod length and the chronometric mechanism of the sun compass was observed, which could explain the seasonal adaptation of the sun compass. We propose an alternative to the classic hypothesis of daily differential compensation for the apparent movement of the sun.
Change of Topography and Sediment Characteristics on an Intertidal Mud-Flat Following Mass-Mortality of the Amphipod Corophium Volutator
Authors: Mouritsen Kim N. , Mouritsen Lone T. , Jensen K. Thomas
Published: May 2009

A Corophium-bed characterized by a mosaic of emerged areas and tidal pools during low water was established on an intertidal flat in the southern part of the Danish Wadden Sea. In spring 1990, the plateaux harboured relatively high densities of the amphipod Corophium volutator, whereas the amphipods were almost absent in the pools. Following a parasite-induced mass-mortality in the population of Corophium, summer 1990, the plateaux of the bed were subjected to sediment erosion. The heterogeneous plateau-pool structure disappeared, accompanied by increased median particle diameter and decreased silt content in the former plateau sediment. These events were accompanied by increased chlorophyll-a concentrations in the sediment of both plateau and pool areas.

The results suggest Corophium volutator to be the single most important organism stabilizing the plateau sediment, and hence, the heterogeneous topographic structure of the Corophium-bed. It is proposed that the stabilizing effect of Corophium burrows also in deeper sediment strata may outweigh the surface stabilizing influence of epipelic diatoms, as well as the negative effect of amphipods eating the diatoms, in non-cohesive coarser sediments.
Reproductive Cycle of Nassarius Reticulatus in the Ria De Aveiro, Portugal: Implications for Imposex Studies
Authors: Barroso C.M. , Moreira M.H.
Published: May 2009

The reproductive cycle of Nassarius (Hinia) reticulatus was investigated in the Ria de Aveiro on the north-west Portuguese coast during 1992 and 1993. A clear seasonal pattern was observed with the beginning of gametogenesis in August followed by ripening of the gonads in January and February and spawning from February to July. The increase of water temperature above 11°C in February 1993 was associated presumably with the release of gametes. Recruitment inside the Ria of juveniles with 6·5 mm mean shell height was detected in February 1993 and these individuals were spawned in the previous year. Males of N. reticulatus exhibited a considerable variation in length of the penis throughout the reproductive cycle. The accuracy of the use of relative penis length (RPL) index for intersite comparisons of imposex is discussed and the magnitude of the error that might be involved when comparisons are made using populations in different phases of the reproductive cycle is evaluated.
The Effect of Ration on Behaviour, Food Consumption and Growth in Juvenile Greenback Flounder (Rhombosolea Tapirina: Teleostei)
Authors: Shelverton P.A. , Carter C.G.
Published: May 2009

This study examined the relationships between food ration, intra- and interindividual variation in food consumption, observed behaviours and the growth of individual juvenile greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina: Teleostei) held singly and in groups. Agonistic, feeding and neutral behavioural units were identified and described using video records and focal sampling. Agonistic behaviour, including nipping and pushing, were infrequent and accounted for <5% of behavioural units. The influence of food ration upon agonistic behaviour was investigated using three groups of six flounder offered either a low, medium or high food ration. The total number of agonistic behaviours recorded in each group did not differ significantly (P>0.05) suggesting food ration had little influence upon the total number of agonistic behaviours performed. Single flounder showed less intra- and less interindividual variation in day-to-day food consumption than in groups of six. Variation in food consumption increased with increasing food ration in single and in groups of flounder. Significant positive correlations between food consumption, intraindividual variation in food consumption and specific growth rate provided indirect evidence for the presence of feeding hierarchies. The small contribution made by agonistic behaviour to the total number of behaviours recorded for each group suggests exploitation competition, as opposed to interference competition, was the dominant competitive mechanism employed by juvenile greenback flounder.
On the Development and Structure of the Escal Light Organ of Some Melanocetid Deep Sea Anglerfishes (Pisces: Ceratioidei)
Authors: Munk Ole , Hansen Kjeld , Herring Peter J.
Published: May 2009

The escal light glands of some deep sea anglerfishes of the genusMelanocetuswere examined by light and electron microscopy. Sections of a larvalMelanocetussp. showed that the gland originates from a solid, branched ingrowth of epidermal cells from the distal surface of the bulb-shaped esca.

The light gland of metamorphosed specimens ofM. murrayiandM. johnsoniwas found to be constructed in the same way as that of most other ceratioids, i.e. as a branched tubular gland enclosed by a cup-shaped reflector; the radial tubules of the gland open into a central escal cavity, from which a duct leads to an epithelium-lined space, the vestibule, lying above the gland. A duct from the vestibule opens on the upper-caudal surface of the esca.

In the smaller of two specimens ofM. murrayi, the epithelium lining the escal cavity and the glandular tubules is of a uniform thickness and structure, consisting of flattened basal cells, cells extending to the lumen, and goblet cells. No bacteria were found anywhere within the esca. The reflector enclosing the gland contains only a few scattered crystals.

In the larger specimen ofM. murrayithe distal (terminal) portions of the glandular tubules have tall epithelial cells, while their wide proximal parts and the central escal cavity are lined with a flattened epithelium; goblet cells are absent. Many glandular cells have processes projecting into the lumina. All glandular lumina and the central escal cavity contain numerous rod-shaped bacteria and apparently isolated anucleate cytoplasmic profiles. The reflector is thick and well-developed; each cell contains several staggered layers of crystals.
A Note on the Diet Synaphobranchus Kaupi (Pisces: Synaphobranchidae) from the Porcupine Seabight, North-East Atlantic
Authors: Marques Afonso
Published: May 2009

The diet of Synaphobranchus kaupi from the Porcupine Seabight is described. A sample of 110 eel stomachs containing food, were analysed and the general size–depth trend among eels with food in their stomachs. Larger individuals are found in deeper waters. Fish are the main prey for larger eels and crustaceans are preferred by smaller individuals.

Synaphobranchus kaupi Johnson, 1862 is a slope dwelling eel, abundant in the north-east Atlantic Ocean from 230 to 2420 m deep on the continental slope (Haedrich & Merrett, 1988). It is the most abundant species on the slopes of the Porcupine Seabight, off south-west Ireland (Merrett et al, 1991; Priede et al., 1994) and was classified as a benthopelagic predator of the fourth level, predator of predators (Saldanha, 1991).

The diet of S. kaupi has been described from the slope off the middle Atlantic coast of the USA (Sedberry & Musick, 1978), from the Portuguese slope and in the Bay of Biscay (Saldanha, 1991), from the west African slope (Merrett & Marshall, 1981; Merrett & Domanski, 1985) and from the Rockall Trough (Gordon & Mauchline, 1996).

Our specimens were captured during a joint IOS/SAMS survey (Merret et al., 1991). From a total catch of 8792 S. kaupi, captured between 1979 and 1983 in the Porcupine Seabight, ranging from 470 to 2230 m deep, fish stomachs were removed aboard ship and 110 with food were kept in 5% formalin for further analysis.
An Appraisal of the Stoichiometry of Dissolved Oxygen/Nutrient Inter-Relationships in the Upwelling System Off Northern Chile
Authors: G. Davies Anthony , Morales Carmen E.
Published: May 2009

Using vertical profile data from the upwelling system off northern Chile, the slopes of dissolved oxygen/nutrient concentration regressions have been analysed, in conjunction with a value of 1·4 for the molar ratio of net community oxygen production to nitrate-driven carbon dioxide assimilation, to investigate the stoichiometric inter-relationships between photosynthetic oxygen production and carbon dioxide and nutrient consumption. There was little interseasonal variation in ΔCO2/ΔDIN (nitrate+nitrite) molar ratios, ranging from 10·3 to 11·6 in the near-shore zone of active upwelling and 6·7 to 9·0 in mid-water, between 25 and 50 m depth offshore. Although the former range exceeded the value expected from Redfield-Richards stoichiometry (6·6) by more than 50%, it was in line with published ratios for phytoplankton blooms in coastal and oceanic waters. Mean ΔDIN/ΔPO4 ratios were similar for the near-shore stations and the mid-water, ranging respectively from 7·0 to 10·7 and 8·4 to 11·5, these subRedfield-Richards values mirroring the ratios of the nutrient concentrations in the water and probably implying ‘luxury’ consumption of phosphate. Seasonal variations in the ΔO2/ΔPO4 ratios for the near-shore zone are shown to be consistent with the view that, in the austral spring and summer when upwelling is strongest in the area, the main source of the water coming to the surface is the Peru-Chile Undercurrent, whereas in the autumn, it could be of subantarctic origin.
Divergence of Nematocysts in Two Colour Morphs of the Intertidal Beadlet AnemoneActinia Equina
Authors: Allcock A. Louise , Watts Phillip C. , Thorpe John P.
Published: May 2009

In the common intertidal sea anemoneActinia equina(Cnidaria: Actiniaria) the morphological plasticity and lack of hard parts has caused considerable debate as to what constitutes a species. Over the last several years genetic studies have indicated that this ‘species’ consists of various separate gene-pools which appear to function as cryptic biological species. Conventional taxonomy has often concentrated on the use of a cnidome, the type, structure and number of nematocysts ('stinging’ cells). However, the usefulness of nematocysts to distinguish among various morphs ofA. equinaand other anthozoan species has recently been questioned. Here we describe the first detailed study of nematocyst differences between two well characterized genetically differentiated morphs with different coloured pedal discs. Measurements were taken from each type of nematocyst in five different tissues. Contrary to expectations, clear and significant nematocyst differences were found betweenActiniawith red or pink pedal discs and others with green to grey pedal discs. These findings support previous electrophoretic studies and suggest that quantitative descriptions of the cnidome may accurately identify separate species within other genera of Anthozoa.
Isanthus Homolophilussp. nov. (Isanthidae: Actiniaria: Anthozoa) from French Polynesia
Authors: Chintiroglou Chariton Charles , Doumenc Dominique
Published: May 2009

A new deep-water Actiniaria species,Isanthus homolophilussp. nov. is described from the French Polynesia. Morphological and ecological differences between the new species and the other known species of the genusIsanthusare discussed. The distinct morphological characteristics that distinguishI. homolophilus, are the presence of a tentaculated columnar margin, the tentacle number (84–96), and its cnida biometry. A further ecological characteristic is the distinct symbiotic relationship that the anemone exhibits towards the decapodHypsophiys inflata.

During the biological researches of the ‘Service Mixte de Contrôle Biologique’ (SMCB) in French Polynesia (1986–1990) at depths ranging from 100 to 1120 m, a symbiotic association between a deep-water homolid crab,Hypsophrys inflataGuinot & Richer de Forges, 1981 and a sea anemone of the genusIsanthus(Actiniaria: Isanthidae) was collected. Even though this association was described by Guinot et al. (1995) and Chintiroglou et al. (1996), no concise description of the anemone is given. Thus, the goal of the present study was to provide a detailed description of the new anemone species and compare it with other species of the Isanthidae Carlgren, 1938 family.

The methodology followed in our investigation was that of Doumenc & Foubert (1984) and Doumenc et al. (1985). Nematocyst nomenclature used was as proposed by England (1991). Abbreviations: MNHN (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris).
The Life Histories of the Offshore Oedicerotids Westwoodilla Caecula and Monoculodes Packardi (Crustacea: Amphipoda) From Loch Fyne, Scotland
Authors: Beare D.J. , Moore P.G.
Published: May 2009

Results are presented of a comparative study on seasonal variations in population density, population structure and reproductive bionomics of two species of offshore benthic oedicerotid amphipod, Westwoodilla caecula (from 35 m depth) and Monoculodes packardi (from 190 m) in Loch Fyne (Scotland). Observations on live coloration and behaviour of these species in laboratory aquaria are also included. Male W. caecula were, on average, smaller than females. In M. packardi (atypically among Oedicerotidae) the reverse was true. Population densities of both species, calculated from sledge net tows (1-mm mesh), fluctuated erratically over one year (1992). Ovigerous W, caecula were recorded virtually year-round, but were commonest from midsummer to early autumn. Ovigerous M. packardi were noted in spring and early autumn. Monoculodes packardi had a semi-annual life cycle, but the pattern for W. caecula was less clear. The two generations of M. packardi grew at broadly similar rates, presumably associated with the damped seasonal fluctuations in physical environmental factors at 190 m. Female W. caecula possibly moult eight or nine times, and may produce three successive broods in a lifetime (M. packardi may only produce two). A positive correlation was found between fecundity (stage I eggs) and body length in W. caecula but, although a similar trend was apparent in the data for M. packardi, relevant data were too few for significance to be achieved. Ovoid eggs increased in volume by ×2 from stage I-IV in W. caecula, or ×1·5 from stage I–III in M. packardi. Brood sizes were much smaller in W. caecula than in M. packardi, although apparent brood mortality was higher in the latter. There was no significant relationship between the proportion of ovigerous females in the populations of either species and seasonal variation in physical environmental factors considered (temperature, salinity, daylength).
Planktonic Distribution of Sea Lice Larvae, Lepeophtheirus Salmonis, in Killary Harbour, West Coast of Ireland
Authors: Costelloe M. , Costelloe J. , O'Donohoe G. , Coghlan N.J. , Oonk M. , Heijden Van Der
Published: May 2009

The distribution of Lepeophtheirus salmonis larvae in Killary Harbour was investigated by taking plankton tows from a number of stations on a regular basis during the spring/summer period in 1995 and 1996. Current patterns, ovigerous lice loads on the resident fish and water temperature and salinity were also recorded during the study. Larvae were only found consistently at a station close to a salmon farm at the mouth of the harbour. In the inner harbour, close to the mouths of two rivers, larvae were recovered in sporadic time blocks. Highest densities of larvae were found at the beginning of the study in both years in the inner harbour with a subsequent decrease in the following months. The distribution, density and origin of the larvae are discussed in relation to the prevailing current patterns in the harbour, the ovigerous lice loads on the resident fish and the requirements of the larvae to locate a new host and complete the life cycle.
Distribution of Epibenthic Mollusca on a Transect Through the Beagle Channel (Southern Chile)
Authors: Linse Katrin , Brandt Angelika
Published: May 2009

During the Joint Chilean–German–Italian Magellan ‘Victor Hensen’ Campaign in 1994 an epibenthic sledge (EBS) was used to catch the epibenthic and benthic-boundary-layer macrofauna.

Eighteen EBS samples were taken at 12 locations on a transect through the Beagle Channel. The aims of the study were to describe the epibenthic molluscan species, to quantify their abundances and to describe their distribution. In total 35,087 specimens were collected, yielding 107,223 ind 1000 nr−2. Bivalvia were most abundant 78,615 individuals (52 spp.) followed by Gastropoda (17,289, 52spp.), Aplacophora (4745, 9 spp.), Polyplacophora (4665) and Scaphopoda (1909,5 spp.). The molluscan abundance of the hauls were strikingly different, between 3 and 37,927 ind 1000 m−2 haul. Only stations off the eastern entrance showed high abundances, which was represented at all depths and sediments. Elsewhere the abundances were low. Species richness was highest in shallow water (< 100 m) with 69 species and decreased with depth. But at the deepest station 37 species were found.
Patterns of Marine Turtle Mortality in British Waters (1992–1996) with Reference to Tissue Contaminant Levels
Authors: Godley B.J. , Gaywood M.J. , Law R.J. , McCarthy C.J. , McKenzie C. , Patterson I.A.P. , Penrose R.S. , Reid R.J. , Ross H.M.
Published: May 2009

Mortality patterns of marine turtles entangled in fishing gear, found dead at sea or stranded dead on and around the coast of Britain in the period 1992–1996 are described. Of a total of 38 dead turtles identified, 35 were leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) and three were loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). All D. coriacea were considered adults or subadults nearing sexual maturity. Six individuals were assessed as females, ten were classified as males and 19 were not sexed. Dermochelys coriacea (N=20 measured) ranged from 120 to 210 cm in curved carapace length (mean, 152 cm). The three C. caretta were juveniles, and ranged from 15 to 30 cm curved carapace length. Possible origins, causes of mortality and interactions with fisheries are discussed. In addition, contaminant levels were determined in the tissues of three D. coriacea. Concentrations of organic contaminants determined were found to be low.
The Occurrence of Distinct Morphotypes within a Population of Fucus Spiralis
Authors: Anderson C.I.H. , Scott G.W.
Published: May 2009

Discriminant function analysis was used to identify two morphotypes of Fucus spiralis (Phaeophyta: Fucales), F. spiralis forma spiralis and F. spiralis forma nanus, within a single population. Evidence was found that they are true formae, not extremes of a range of types produced in response to environmental gradients. Forma spiralis tends to be larger than forma nanus, and to dominate the lower part of the species distribution on the shore. However, size alone appears insufficient to reliably separate the two formae given their high degree of morphological variability.
First Report of the BacteriumThioplocain the Benguela Ecosystem off Namibia
Authors: Gallardo V.A. , Klingelhoeffer E. , Arntz W. , Graco M.
Published: May 2009

Thioplocaare sulphur oxidizing-nitrate reducing gliding filamentous benthic bacteria belonging to the Beggiatoaceae. In this paper we report on the discovery ofThioplocaresulting from a commercial fishery survey ofTrachurus capensis(horse mackerel) andMerluccius capensis(hake) carried out off Namibia between 18°00·1′S and 25°00·8′S from 4–10 December 1996, on board the RV ‘Welwitschia’. The first positive finding of sheathed, presumably vacuolated,Thioplocain the Benguela Current ecosystem is now reported.
Costs and Benefits of Swarming Behaviour in Mysids: Does Orientation and Position in the Swarm Matter?
Authors: Ritz D.A. , Metillo E.B.
Published: May 2009

Mysids (Paramesopodopsis rufa) were tethered in both swarm and school formations in a flow tank to test whether food capture was influenced by orientation or position in the aggregation. Neither orientation nor position exerted a significant influence on food capture success. However, the two formations differed in that certain positions in the polarized configuration were significantly correlated. In addition individuals at the front of the aggregation captured more food (though non-significantly) with a significantly higher degree of variation. This experiment has demonstrated the feasibility of measuring food capture success in different locations within an aggregation of crustaceans.
Interindividual Trail Following by the Intertidal Patellid Limpet Cellana Toreuma
Authors: Iwasaki Keiji
Published: May 2009

Interindividual trail following by the patellid limpet Cellana toreuma was studied by field observations for more than ten successive days in the non-reproductive period. This behaviour was more frequent during spring tides than neap tides, when the limpets were moving longer distances in response to greater tidal amplitudes. Small individuals performed this behaviour with longer distances and higher frequencies than did larger individuals. Path analysis revealed that total distance moved during foraging excursions and mean resting site height had direct and indirect positive effects on the frequency of the interindividual trail following, respectively, and shell length and frequency of intraindividual trail following exerted a direct, negative effect.
Presumptive Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis in the Benthopelagic Fish Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) Armatus from the Abyss West Of Portugal
Authors: Davies A.J. , Merrett N.R.
Published: May 2009

Presumptive viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) was recorded from 1/4 of the benthopelagic fish Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) armatus (Teleostei: Macrouridae) trawled from the abyss west of Portugal. In a blood smear made from the caudal vein of this fish, 8·6% of erythrocytes contained 1–2 intracytoplasmic inclusions which were invariably round and 1·13 ±0·43 μm in diameter. An eosinophilic granular area accompanied many inclusions. In comparison with erythrocytes from uninfected specimens of C. (N.) armatus, most of those from the infected fish were larger. Erythrocytes with suspected VEN exhibited either normal staining, or were pale, with swollen or crenated nuclei which were often displaced to the cell periphery. Erythrocyte ghosts, with and without inclusions and granules, were present in the same infected fish, suggesting osmotic damage to red cells resulting from the infection. None of 13 other C. (N.) armatus and 27 fish examined from collections made south of Maderia, representing another 20 species of benthic, benthopelagic and mid-water fish, had detectable infections.
Strandings of Small Cetaceans in Hong Kong Territorial Waters
Authors: Parsons E.C.M.
Published: May 2009

Since official records were first initiated in 1973, there have been reports of 154 small cetacean strandings in Hong Kong territorial waters. The species Neophocaena phocaenoides (finless porpoise) and Sousa chinensis (Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphin) accounted for 77% of these strandings. There are seasonal peaks in the number of reported strandings: Sousa chinensis is more frequently reported during the summer monsoon season and Neophocaena phocaenoides is more frequent in the winter. Almost a third of all finless porpoises stranded were calves. The number of reported small cetacean strandings in Hong Kong has increased dramatically in recent years; partially due to an increasing awareness of local cetaceans and possibly due to escalating levels of human disturbance and anthropogenic pollution.
The Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of the Pelagic Young of Teleostean Fishes Caught in the Ring-trawl in Offshore Waters in the Plymouth Area. Part II
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

Data are given on the abundance of post-larval stages of teleostean fish in half-hour oblique hauls with the 2-metre stramin ring-trawl taken at weekly intervals at a position two miles east of the Eddystone lighthouse during the years 1930 to 1934 inclusive.

The seasonal composition of the catches is considered and it is shown that there is a gradual change over from the young of northern species of fish to those of more southern species as the summer advances. The relation between the spawning times of closely related species appears usually to be a function of their geographic distribution.

The period of maximum abundance of post-larvæ of spring-spawning fish occurs at different times in different years and this difference may be as much as a month. An apparent correlation between the times of abundance of young whiting and the previous temperature of the water has been shown.
The Biology ofBalanus balanoides. III. The Soft Parts
Authors: Moore Hilary B.
Published: May 2009

1. The relation between the dry weight of the decalcified barnacle and its shell volume has been determined in its relation to age, season and tidal level, at Port Erin, with the following results: (a) In immature barnacles, tissue growth continues throughout the year, but is most rapid in the spring and autumn, (b) In mature barnacles which produce a considerable amount of larvæ there is a heavy drop in tissue weight during the summer period of high temperature, and another slighter drop during the winter, the latter being apparently associated with the presence of developing larvæ in the mantle cavity.

2. Gonad samples were examined seasonally. At low levels on the shore the barnacles mature in their first year. Above this level they do not commence to mature until over a year old. The sequence of changes in the gonads is described. A condition of senility is found in many of the largest high-water barnacles.

3. The naupliar content was estimated in relation to size and tidal level, counts of up to 13,000 larvæ per individual being obtained. The dry weight of a fully developed nauplius was determined to be 7·5×10-4mgm.
The Function of the Tegumental Glands in the Statocyst of Homarus vulgaris
Authors: Lang D. , Yonge C. M.
Published: May 2009

1. The general structure of the statocyst and the combined sensory setae in Honiarus vulgaris have been described.

2. The statoliths consist of sand grains attached to the setæ by a hyaline secretion.

3. Numerous tegumental glands occur in the sub-epithelial tissues. Though not situated beneath the setæ, their distribution varies in accordance with that of the setae. Their ducts have characteristic funnel-shaped endings, opening into the cavity of the statocyst.

4. The hyaline secretion agrees in all its reactions with the cuticle, never with the chitin.

5. The conclusion is reached that the hyaline secretion is formed by these tegumental glands and that this constitutes an important accessory function of these glands.
The Breeding ofLittorina neritoides
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: May 2009

Littorina(Melarhaphe)neritoides(Montagu) is stated by Tattersall to be viviparous. Living usually above high-water mark, often withLittorina saxatilis(L. rudisin Plymouth Marine Fauna 1931, Marine Biological Association), it would seem at first sight that free-swimming larvæ would be useless.L. saxatilisis truly viviparous and provided with a special pouch for its young which crawl out as small individuals similar to the parent. Tattersall (1908, 1909, 1920) when he discovered the planktonic egg-capsules ofL. littorea(Caullery and Pelseneer (1910) having described them at almost exactly the same time) then regardedL. neritoidesas viviparous. He has, however, kindly sent me the statement given below. Following him many workers have also declared that this species is viviparous (Flatteley and Walton, 1922, Colman 1933 Russell, 1934 and others). It is now possible to show that, not only is it not viviparous but it lays planktonic capsules very similar to those ofL. littorea.