bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Termination of the Hegenshan Orogen in the Xing'an–Mongolian Orogenic Belt, North China: Geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological constraints from Early Permian mafic dykes
Authors: Cheng Yinhang , Duan Lianfeng , Wang Shaoyi , Li Ying , Teng Xuejian , Zhang Tianfu
Published: February 2019

Based mainly on field geological observation, we identified the Dong Ujimqin mafic dykes in Inner Mongolia, north of Hegenshan ophiolite accretionary belt. The dykes are mainly dolerite, and their ages and source were determined using geochronological, geochemical, zircon Hf, and whole‐rock Sr–Nd isotopic data. Photomicrographs reveal ophitic texture and amygdale structures of the dolerite dykes. Laser ablation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U–Pb analysis of zircons yielded ages of 277.9 ± 1.8 and 275.9 ± 1.2 Ma for two of these mafic dykes, placing them within the Early Permian. The dykes are classified as alkaline and tholeiitic series according to their major elements and characterized by high Na2O (2.62–4.06 wt.%), high TiO2 (1.63–2.71 wt.%), and low K2O (0.74–2.06 wt.%). The mafic dykes have similar geochemical characteristics that exhibit large‐ion lithophile element enrichment relative to high‐field‐strength elements, depletion in Ta and Nb, and an asthenosphere‐like Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic signature. They have high Sm/Nd (0.131–0.141) and LaN/YbN (3.75–9.17), near‐chondritic heavy rare earth elements ([Gd/Yb]N = 1.21–2.39), and low Rb/Sr (0.03–0.08) ratios with negligible Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.85–1.00). The dykes contain relatively low amounts of radiogenic Sr, as shown by (87Sr/86Sr)i values (0.7035–0.7042), and have positive values of εNd(t; 4.31–6.96) and εHf (t; 6.0–14.5) and negative values of εSr(t; −0.28 to −10.31), suggesting that the mafic dykes have been derived from partial melts of the depleted lithospheric mantle contaminated by crust in the source region and formed in post‐orogenic settings. All the above indicate an extensional event, which was related to the post‐subduction of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean, at ~277–275 Ma, and significant vertical continental growth of the crustal continuum occurred in the continental interior during post‐collisional extension.
Palaeogeographic and tectonic setting of the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian‐Toarcian) Nishinakayama Formation, Toyora Group, SW Japan
Authors: Izumi Kentaro , Suzuki Kazue , Kemp David B. , Iizuka Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2019

The palaeogeographic and tectonic setting of the Lower Jurassic Nishinakayama Formation (Toyora Group, southwest Japan) is interpreted based on new U–Pb ages for detrital zircon grains separated from a sandstone sample, combined with available provenance data. The newly obtained age spectrum of detrital zircon grains is characterized by multiple age clusters. Specifically, (1) nearly syndepositional (Lower Jurassic; 182–200 Ma), (2) Early Permian to Late Triassic (205–288 Ma), and (3) Precambrian (1,855–2,660 Ma). The youngest zircon age (182.4 ± 5.1 Ma) is consistent with the biostratigraphically constrained depositional age (falciferum ammonite Zone, lower Toarcian). The presence of a near‐syndepositional age cluster, as well as the presence of volcanic tuff layers in the studied succession, indicates the likely extensive influence of an active volcanic arc in the depositional area. The age cluster of 205–288 Ma suggests, in contrast, that older granitic batholiths were also being sourced. Precambrian detrital zircon grains would have been derived from continental blocks with mainly Proterozoic crusts, most likely from the North China Craton. When combined with available geochemical, petrological, and palaeontological data, our detrital zircon data demonstrate that deposition of the Nishinakayama Formation was located at an active continental margin, possibly close to the northern extremity of the South China Craton. Abundant terrigenous clastics were likely supplied to the sedimentary basin from the Qinling‐Dabieshan‐Sulu Suture Zone, which was formed by the collision of the North and South China cratons.
Heterogeneous effects of obesity on mental health: Evidence from Mexico
Authors: Bargain Olivier , Zeidan Jinan
Published: February 2019

Obesity can spread more easily if it is not perceived negatively. This issue may be more pronounced among the poor, a conjecture that we test in this paper. We start with general evidence on the concave relationship between income and obesity, both across countries and within Mexico, a country characterized by very unequal development levels and the highest obesity rate in the world. We suggest a general model that explains this stylized fact from a simple necessary condition, namely, the complementarity between nonfood consumption and health concerns. Then, we test the direct effect of overweight on mental health among Mexican women. We find a positive effect of obesity in the low consumption group and a depressing effect among the rich. This result is robust to the inclusion of a range of confounders (childhood conditions, lifestyle variables, food expenditure, and household shocks) and after instrumenting individual fatness by the variation in genetic predisposition. The complementarity between living standards and weight concerns may reflect different norms, different labor market penalties, or simply different returns to healthy time across the social spectrum.
Study on a twin‐bed adsorption refrigeration system using R134a‐activated carbon pair
Authors: Pinto Samson Paul , Basavapatna Govindasetty Raghavendra , Karanam Praveen , Behera Upendra , Kasthurirengan Srinivasan
Published: February 2019

A low capacity twin‐bed adsorption refrigeration system has been built with R134a as a refrigerant and activated carbon as the adsorbent. Simple tube‐in‐tube heat exchangers have been fabricated and have been used as the adsorber beds. Activated carbon (granular type) has been filled in the annular space of the inner tube and outer tube. A plate heat exchanger has been used as the condenser and the temperature of cooling water has been maintained between 25°C and 30°C, also the evaporator has been custom designed as per requirements. A mathematical model has also been developed and the results obtained have been found to be comparable. While operating the system in the single‐bed mode a cooling power of 250.4 W has been obtained with a coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.38 with an average evaporator temperature of 18.4°C against a predicted value of 263.7 W with a COP of 0.41. While operating in the twin‐bed mode a cooling power of 281.3 W with a COP of 0.47 with an average evaporator temperature of 17.6°C has been obtained against a predicted value of 294.5 W with a COP of 0.52.
Lack of association between acupoint sensitization and microcirculatory structural changes in a mouse model of knee osteoarthritis: A pilot study
Authors: Ding Ning , Liu Xiaoxiao , Chen Ningbo , Jiang Jing , Zhao Huangxuan , Li Zhigang , Zhang Jianhui , Liu Chengbo
Published: February 2019

As a stimulating point in acupuncture, acupoint has unique microcirculatory features, and its dynamics vary greatly depending on health status. Acupoint sensitization is defined as the transformation of an acupoint from a “silenced status” (healthy) to an “activated status” (disease). Our previous study demonstrated that acupoint sensitization is associated with an increase in the level of local blood perfusion. However, the structural changes in microcirculation during acupoint sensitization have yet to be elucidated because the high‐resolution microcirculation imaging of acupoints has been difficult to obtain. In this study, the structural changes in microcirculation at the Zusanli (ST36), Yanglingquan (GB34) and nonacupoint sites on days 0, 7 and 21 were dynamically observed during acupoint sensitization in an experimental knee osteoarthritis mouse model by using optical‐resolution photoacoustic microscopy. The results showed that no significant differences in microvessel density, the distribution of vessel diameters or vascular tortuosity were observed at the GB34, ST36 or nonacupoint sites among days 0, 7 and 21. We proposed that acupoint sensitization may not be associated with the structural changes in microcirculation and that the microcirculatory changes during acupoint sensitization are more likely to be functional. The functional characteristics of the sensitized acupoints warrant further investigation.
Systematic analysis of survival‐associated alternative splicing signatures uncovers prognostic predictors for head and neck cancer
Authors: Liang Ying , Song Jukun , He Dengqi , Xia Yu , Wu Yadong , Yin Xinhai , Liu Jianguo
Published: February 2019

Background

Previous studies have shown that alternative splicing (AS) plays a key role in carcinogenesis and prognosis of cancer. However, systematic proﬁles of AS signatures in head and neck cancer (HNC) have not yet been reported.

Methods

In this study, AS data, RNA‐Seq data, and corresponding clinicopathological information of 489 HNC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to screen for survival‐associated AS events. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis was also performed. The prognostic models and splicing networks were constructed using integrated bioinformatics analysis tools.

Results

Among the 42,849 alternating splicing events identified in 10,121 genes, 5,165 survival‐associated AS events in 2,419 genes were observed in univariate Cox regression analysis. Among the seven types, alternate terminator events were the most powerful prognostic factors. Multivariate Cox analysis was then used to screen for the AS genes with prognostic value. Four candidate genes (TPM1, CLASRP, PRRC1, and DNASE1L1) were found to be independent prognostic factors for HNC patients. A prognostic prediction model was built based on the four genes. The area under the receiver operating characteristic risk score curve for predicting the survival status of HNC patients was 0.704. In addition, splicing interaction network indicated that the splicing factors have significant functions in HNC.

Conclusion

A comprehensive analysis of AS events in HNC was performed. A powerful prognostic predictor for HNC patients was established based on AS events could.
Glutathione transferase P silencing promotes neuronal differentiation of retinal R28 cells
Authors: Sciarretta Francesca , Fulci Chiara , Palumbo Camilla , Aquilano Katia , Pastore Anna , Iorio Egidio , Lettieri‐Barbato Daniele , Cicconi Rosella , Minutolo Antonella , Parravano Mariacristina , Gilardi Marta , Varano Monica , Caccuri Anna Maria
Published: February 2019

Glutathione transferases (GSTs) play an important role in retinal pathophysiology. Within this family, the GSTP isoform is known as an endogenous regulator of cell survival and proliferation pathways and of cellular responses to oxidative stress. In the present study we silenced GSTP in R28 cells, a retinal precursor cell line with markers of both glial and neuronal origin, and obtained stable clones which were viable and, unexpectedly, characterized by a more neuronal phenotype. The degree of neuronal differentiation was inversely correlated with GSTP residual expression levels. The clone with the lowest expression of GSTP showed metabolic reprogramming, a more favorable redox status and, despite its neuronal phenotype, a sensitivity to glutamate and 4‐hydroxynonenal toxicity comparable to that of control cells. Altogether, our evidence shows that near full depletion of GSTP in retinal precursor cells, triggers neuronal differentiation and prosurvival metabolic changes.
P62 deficiency shifts mesenchymal/stromal stem cell commitment toward adipogenesis and disrupts bone marrow homeostasis in aged mice
Authors: Lacava Giovanna , Laus Fulvio , Amaroli Andrea , Marchegiani Andrea , Censi Roberta , Di Martino Piera , Yanagawa Toru , Sabbieti Maria Giovanna , Agas Dimitrios
Published: February 2019

With advancing age have been observed bone and bone marrow phenotypic alterations due to the impaired bone tissue homeostatic features, involving bone remodeling, and bone marrow niche ontogeny. The complex “inflamm‐aging” pathological scenario that culminates with osteopenia and mesenchymal/stromal and hematopoietic stem cell commitment breakdown, is controlled by cellular and molecular intramural components comprising adapter proteins such as the sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1). p62, a “multiway function” protein, has been reported as an effective anti‐inflammatory, bone‐building factor. In this view, we considered for the first time the involvement of p62 in aging bone and bone marrow of 1 year and 2 years p62−/− mice. Interestingly, p62 deficiency provoked accelerated osteopenia and impaired niche operational activities within the bone marrow. The above findings unearthed the importance of p62 in mesenchymal stem cell maintenance/differentiation schedule in old animals and provide, at least in part, a mechanistic scenario of p62 action.
Protocol for the long‐term culture of human primary keratinocytes from the normal colorectal mucosa
Authors: Torreggiani Elena , Rossini Marika , Bononi Ilaria , Pietrobon Silvia , Mazzoni Elisa , Iaquinta Maria Rosa , Feo Carlo , Rotondo John Charles , Rizzo Paola , Tognon Mauro , Martini Fernanda
Published: February 2019

Procedures for in vitro culturing of human primary keratinocytes from normal colon mucosa specimens have not been fully feasible, thus far. The protocol described herein allows primary keratinocytes from small tissue fragments of colorectal mucosa biopsies to grow in vitro. The procedure develops in three steps: (a) the enzymatic digestion of the tissue biopsy; (b) the use of cloning rings to purify primary keratinocyte colonies, (c) a defined keratinocyte medium to grow these cells in long‐term culture. Our cultural method enables normal primary keratinocytes to be obtained by simple and rapid techniques. In our culture condition, primary keratinocytes express specific epithelial markers. Colorectal mucosa keratinocyte colonies require approximately 2 weeks to grow. Compared with previous approaches, our protocol provides a valuable model of study for human primary keratinocytes from normal colorectal (NCR) mucosa both at the cellular and molecular levels. It is well known, that different mutations occurring during the multistep process of carcinogenesis in the NCR mucosa, are strictly associated to the onset/progression of the colorectal carcinoma. On this ground, normal keratinocytes grown with our protocol, may represent an innovative tool to investigate the mechanisms that lead to colorectal carcinoma and other diseases. Our innovative procedure may allow to perform comparative investigations between normal and pathological colorectal cells.

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Exodontia‐induced muscular hypofunction by itself or associated to chronic stress impairs masseter muscle morphology and its mitochondrial function
Authors: Pereira Yamba Carla Lara , Nascimento Glauce Crivelaro , Iyomasa Daniela Mizusaki , Fernández Rodrigo Alberto Restrepo , Calzzani Ricardo Alexandre , Leite‐Panissi Christie Ramos Andrade , Novaes Pedro Duarte , Iyomasa Mamie Mizusaki
Published: February 2019

Stress is associated with orofacial pain sensitivity and is qualified as a temporomandibular disorder risk factor. During stressful periods, painful thresholds of masticatory muscles in individuals suffering muscle facial pain are significantly lower than in controls, but the exact physiologic mechanism underlying this relation remains unclear. Our hypothesis is that chronic unpredictable stress and masticatory hypofunction induce morphologic and metabolic masseter muscle changes in rats. For test this hypothesis, adult Wistar rats were submitted to chronic unpredictable stress and/or exodontia of left molars and the left masseter muscle was removed for analysis. The parameters evaluated included ultrastructure, oxidative level, metabolism activity and morphological analysis in this muscle. Our data show by histological analysis, that stress and exodontia promoted a variation on diameters and also angled contours in masseter fibers. The masticatory hypofunction increased oxidative metabolism as well as decreased reactive species of oxygen in masseter muscle. The ultrastructural analysis of muscle fibers showed disruption of the sarcoplasmic reticulum cisterns in certain regions of the fiber in stress group, and the disappearance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane in group with association of stress and exodontia. Our findings clarify mechanisms by which chronic stress and masticatory hypofunction might be involved in the pathophysiology of muscular dysfunctions. Masticatory hypofunction influenced oxidative stress and induced oxidative metabolism on masseter muscle, as well as altered its fiber morphology. Chronic stress presented malefic effect on masseter morphology at micro and ultra structurally. When both stimuli were applied, there were atrophic fibers and a complete mitochondrial derangement.
Genetic polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is associated with insulin resistance in Egyptian women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Nsrallah Ayman AM. , Abd‐El Fatah Azza H. , Ahmed Hanan S.
Published: February 2019

Background

A common polymorphism (677C to T; Ala to Val) in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is associated with decreased specific MTHFR activity and elevation of homocysteine. The present study aimed to investigate the association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MTHFR 677C>T gene and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods

Two‐hundred patients with PCOS were included in this case–control study: 100 patients with insulin resistance and 100 patients without insulin resistance were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

Results

The TT genotype for the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism was significantly more frequent in PCOS patients with insulin resistance than in PCOS patients without insulin resistance (19% versus 6%, p = 0.002), whereas there was no significant difference between both groups for CT and there was a statistically significant increase in the T allele in PCOS patients with insulin resistance compared to PCOS patients without insulin resistance (p = 0.002, odds ratio = 1.95 and 95% confidence interval = 1. 29‐2.93). Regarding the relationship between MTHFR 677C>T genotypes and the characteristics of insulin resistance in PCOS patients, we found that there was no significant difference in age, waist‐hip ratio and total testosterone between the different genotypes of the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism. The mean values for body mass index and the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance were significantly higher in the TT genotype of MTHFR 677C>T compared to the CC genotype in PCOS patients with insulin resistance (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

We have demonstrated an association of the MTHFR 677C>T gene polymorphism with insulin resistance in Egyptian women with PCOS.
International clinical guidelines for the management of phosphomannomutase 2‐congenital disorders of glycosylation: Diagnosis, treatment and follow up
Authors: Altassan Ruqaiah , Péanne Romain , Jaeken Jaak , Barone Rita , Bidet Muad , Borgel Delphine , Brasil Sandra , Cassiman David , Cechova Anna , Coman David , Corral Javier , Correia Joana , de la Morena‐Barrio María Eugenia , de Lonlay Pascale , Dos Reis Vanessa , Ferreira Carlos R , Fiumara Agata , Francisco Rita , Freeze Hudson , Funke Simone , Gardeitchik Thatjana , Gert Matthijs , Girad Muriel , Giros Marisa , Grünewald Stephanie , Hernández‐Caselles Trinidad , Honzik Tomas , Hutter Marlen , Krasnewich Donna , Lam Christina , Lee Joy , Lefeber Dirk , Marques‐da‐Silva Dorinda , Martinez‐Monseny Antonio F , Moravej Hossein , Õunap Katrin , Pascoal Carlota , Pascreau Tiffany , Patterson Marc , Quelhas Dulce , Raymond Kimiyo , Sarkhail Peymaneh , Schiff Manuel , Seroczyńska Małgorzata , Serrano Mercedes , Seta Nathalie , Sykut‐Cegielska Jolanta , Thiel Christian , Tort Federic , Vals Mari‐Anne , Videira Paula , Witters Peter , Zeevaert Renate , Morava Eva
Published: February 2019

Phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2‐CDG) is the most common congenital disorder of N‐glycosylation and is caused by a deficient PMM2 activity. The clinical presentation and the onset of PMM2‐CDG vary among affected individuals ranging from a severe antenatal presentation with multisystem involvement to mild adulthood presentation limited to minor neurological involvement. Management of affected patients requires a multidisciplinary approach. In this article, a systematic review of the literature on PMM2‐CDG was conducted by a group of international experts in different aspects of CDG. Our managment guidelines were initiated based on the available evidence‐based data and experts' opinions. This guideline mainly addresses the clinical evaluation of each system/organ involved in PMM2‐CDG, and the recommended management approach. It is the first systematic review of current practices in PMM2‐CDG and the first guidelines aiming at establishing a practical approach to the recognition, diagnosis and management of PMM2‐CDG patients.
Transatlantic combined and comparative data analysis of 1095 patients with urea cycle disorders—A successful strategy for clinical research of rare diseases
Authors: Posset Roland , Garbade Sven F. , Boy Nikolas , Burlina Alberto B. , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo , Dobbelaere Dries , Garcia‐Cazorla Angeles , de Lonlay Pascale , Teles Elisa Leão , Vara Roshni , Mew Nicholas Ah , Batshaw Mark L. , Baumgartner Matthias R. , McCandless Shawn E. , Seminara Jennifer , Summar Marshall , Hoffmann Georg F. , Kölker Stefan , Burgard Peter ,   Additional individual contributors of the UCDC and the E‐IMD consortium
Published: February 2019

Background

To improve our understanding of urea cycle disorders (UCDs) prospectively followed by two North American (NA) and European (EU) patient cohorts.

Aims

Description of the NA and EU patient samples and investigation of the prospects of combined and comparative analyses for individuals with UCDs.

Methods

Retrieval and comparison of the data from 1095 individuals (NA: 620, EU: 475) from two electronic databases.

Results

The proportion of females with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (fOTC‐D), particularly those being asymptomatic (asfOTC‐D), was higher in the NA than in the EU sample. Exclusion of asfOTC‐D resulted in similar distributions in both samples. The mean age at first symptoms was higher in NA than in EU patients with late onset (LO), but similar for those with early (≤ 28 days) onset (EO) of symptoms. Also, the mean age at diagnosis and diagnostic delay for EO and LO patients were similar in the NA and EU cohorts. In most patients (including fOTC‐D), diagnosis was made after the onset of symptoms (59.9%) or by high‐risk family screening (24.7%), and less often by newborn screening (8.9%) and prenatal testing (3.7%). Analysis of clinical phenotypes revealed that EO patients presented with more symptoms than LO individuals, but that numbers of symptoms correlated with plasma ammonium concentrations in EO patients only. Liver transplantation was reported for 90 NA and 25 EU patients.

Conclusions

Combined analysis of databases drawn from distinct populations opens the possibility to increase sample sizes for natural history questions, while comparative analysis utilizing differences in approach to treatment can evaluate therapeutic options and enhance long‐term outcome studies.
Clinical, biochemical, and molecular overview of transaldolase deficiency and evaluation of the endocrine function: Update of 34 patients
Authors: Williams Monique , Valayannopoulos Vassili , Altassan Ruqaiah , Chung Wendy K. , Heijboer Annemieke C. , Keng Wei Teik , Lapatto Risto , McClean Patricia , Mulder Margot F. , Tylki‐Szymańska Anna , Walenkamp Marie‐Jose E. , Alfadhel Majid , Alakeel Hajar , Salomons Gajja S. , Eyaid Wafaa , Wamelink Mirjam M. C.
Published: February 2019

Background

Transaldolase deficiency (TALDO‐D) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of the pentose phosphate pathway. Since its first description in 2001, several case reports have been published, but there has been no comprehensive overview of phenotype, genotype, and phenotype–genotype correlation.

Methods

We performed a retrospective questionnaire and literature study of clinical, biochemical, and molecular data of 34 patients from 25 families with proven TALDO‐D. In some patients, endocrine abnormalities have been found. To further evaluate these abnormalities, we performed biochemical investigations on blood of 14 patients.

Results and conclusions

Most patients (n = 22) had an early‐onset presentation (prenatally or before 1 month of age); 12 patients had a late‐onset presentation (3 months to 9 years). Main presenting symptoms were intrauterine growth restriction, dysmorphic facial features, congenital heart disease, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and hepato(spleno)megaly. An older sib of two affected patients was asymptomatic until the age of 9 years, and only after molecular diagnosis was hepatomegaly noted. In some patients, there was gonadal dysfunction with low levels of testosterone and secondary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) abnormalities later in life. This overview provides information that can be helpful for managing patients and counseling families regarding prognosis. Diagnostic guidelines, possible genotype–phenotype correlations, treatment options, and pathophysiological disease mechanisms are proposed.
Commemoration of Comparative Cardiac Anatomy of the Reptilia I‐IV
Authors: Jensen Bjarke
Published: February 2019

Our understanding of the anatomy of hearts of ectothermic saurosids, or colloquially “reptiles”, was much advanced by the publication of the series of four papers under the heading of Comparative Cardiac Anatomy of the Reptilia in Journal of Morphology between 1971 and 1981. Here, I commemorate the papers, show how they moved our understanding forwards, and briefly describe the state‐of‐the‐art.
PEP uP (Enhanced Protein‐Energy Provision via the Enteral Route Feeding Protocol) in Surgical Patients—A Multicenter Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Yeh D. Dante , Ortiz Luis Alfonso , Lee Jae Moo , Chan Jeffrey , McKenzie Katherine , Young Brian , Chetelat Lindsay , Collier Bryan , Benson Andrew , Heyland Daren K.
Published: February 2019

Background

The Enhanced Protein‐Energy Provision via the Enteral Route Feeding Protocol (PEP uP) has been shown to be feasible, safe, and effective in delivering significantly more energy/protein, though it has not been well studied in surgical/trauma patients. We hypothesized that PEP uP will effectively increase energy/protein delivery to critically ill surgical/trauma patients.

Methods

This multicenter, prospective, randomized pilot study included adult patients admitted to surgical service who were expected to require mechanical ventilation for >24 hours and intensive care unit (ICU) care for >72 hours. Subjects were randomized to PEP uP or standard care. The PEP uP protocol includes initiation at goal rate, semi‐elemental formula, prophylactic prokinetic agents, 24‐hour volume‐based goals, and modular protein supplementation. The primary outcome was nutrition adequacy over the first 12 ICU days.

Results

Thirty‐six subjects were enrolled. Slow recruitment resulted in early trial termination by the sponsor. There were no baseline differences between groups. PEP uP patients received more protein (106.8 ± 37.0 vs 78.5 ± 30.3 g/d, P = 0.02). Energy delivery was not significantly different (1400.0 ± 409.5 vs 1237.9 ± 459.1 kcal, P = 0.25). Vomiting was more common in the PEP uP patients (32% vs 12%, P = 0.03). PEP uP protocol violations included 2 patients (15.4%) not receiving pro‐motility medications, 3 (23.1%) not receiving volume‐based feeds as ordered, and 4 (30.8%) not receiving supplemental protein.

Conclusions

In surgical/trauma patients, PEPuP seemed to improve protein delivery but was difficult to implement successfully and may increase vomiting rates.
On‐site sampling of inorganic contamination on the metal surface and analysis with capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Xu Ning , Lin Haifeng , Uchiyama Katsumi , Lin Jin‐Ming
Published: February 2019

Pipes are the primary structural elements used for transporting fluid in various industries. The most common damage mechanism is corrosion, which occurs in pipes surface of turbine. The corrosive compounds for pipes are inorganic ion (Na+, Cl−, NH4+, NO3−, etc.) and grinding oil. For rapid and quantitative detection of inorganic ions on site, more reliable and reproducible analytical methods are demanded. A highly efficient solid–liquid sampling collection system is introduced in this work. Papering on the sample surface, inorganic cations and anions were simultaneously collected and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with indirect ultraviolet detection. As a result, five cations (Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and three anions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−) were completely separated. The efficiency of the sampling and ability of capillary electrophoresis analysis were presented by the determination of trace‐level (mg/m2) contaminants. The recoveries of cations and anions on the paper from metal surface were between 86.6 and 107.2%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 12.85%.
Assessment of potential land degradation and recommendations for management in the south subtropical region, Southwest China
Authors: Han Wangya , Liu Guohua , Su Xukun , Wu Xing , Chen Li
Published: February 2019

Land degradation is a global environmental problem that has received a great deal of attention. Moreover, the current methods used to evaluate land degradation concentrate mostly on point and management levels, while information at the regional scale is lacking. This study aimed to assess potential land degradation at a regional scale by adapting the Mediterranean desertification and land use approach for a subtropical region with a geographic information system (GIS), developing a degradation assessment model that recognizes environmentally sensitive areas and analyzing potential land degradation for natural and anthropogenic factors. The selected indicators included vegetation, soil, climate, and human pressure, and these four indicators contained 15 indices that were input by layers from GIS data. The results showed that 89.32% of the study area was affected by land degradation, with more than half of this region in the moderate risk class for land degradation. At the city scale, Nanning had the largest percentage of land in the critical class, followed by the cities of Chongzuo and Qinzhou. Climate and human pressure were the predominant indicators, with the highest mean scores of 1.46 and 1.45, respectively. This study offers significant information for decision makers evaluating potential land degradation. The goal of land management is to solve conflicts between humans and land, and management measures consider local conditions. The assessment model provides a basis for effective management measures and decision making for land degradation prevention. Developing this approach is significant in terms of extending degradation assessment to a larger scale.
n‐3 Fatty Acids Abrogate Dyslipidemia‐Induced Changes in Bile Acid Uptake, Synthesis, and Transport in Young and Aged Dyslipidemic Rats
Authors: Acharya Pooja , Talahalli Ramaprasad R.
Published: February 2019

In this study, the effect of n‐3 fatty acids (FA) [α‐linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] on the intestinal bile acid (BA) uptake, hepatic BA synthesis, and enterohepatic bile acid transporters (BAT) was assessed in young and aged dyslipidemic rats. Dyslipidemia was induced in young and aged rats by feeding a high‐fat (HF) diet. Experimental groups received diets containing canola oil (HF + CNO) and fish oil (HF + FO) as a source of ALA and EPA + DHA, respectively. After 60 days of feeding, intestinal BA uptake and expression of apical sodium‐dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt), organic solute transporter‐alpha/beta (Osta/b) messenger RNA (mRNA), and hepatic expression of Na+ taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp), bile salt export pump (Bsep), cholesterol 7‐α hydroxylase A1 (Cyp7a1), Farnesoid X receptor (Fxr), small heterodimer partner‐1 (Shp), liver receptor homolog‐1 (Lrh‐1), and hepatic nuclear factor‐4 alpha (Hnf4a) mRNA were measured. Hepatic 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase activity and total BA in serum, liver, and feces were assessed. The dyslipidemic HF group had: (1) increased intestinal BA uptake and Asbt and Osta/b mRNA expression, (2) increased BA in serum, (3) decreased hepatic expression of Ntcp, Bsep, and Cyp7a1 mRNA, (4) increased activity of HMG‐CoA reductase, (5) increased hepatic expression of Fxr and Shp mRNA, (6) decreased hepatic expression of Lrh‐1 and Hnf4a mRNA, and (7) decreased BA in feces, when compared to control, HF + CNO, and HF + FO groups. Immunostaining revealed increased expression of intestinal Asbt and hepatic Ntcp protein in the HF group when compared to control, HF + CNO, and HF + FO groups. n‐3 FA abrogated dyslipidemia‐induced changes in the intestinal uptake, hepatic synthesis, and enterohepatic transporters of BA in both young and aged rats. EPA + DHA was more effective than ALA in modulating dyslipidemia‐induced changes.
Both Dietary Fatty Acids and Those Present in the Cecotrophs Contribute to the Distinctive Chemical Characteristics of New Zealand Rabbit Milk Fat
Authors: Betancourt López Claudia A. , Bernal Santos María G. , Vázquez Landaverde Pedro A. , Bauman Dale E. , Harvatine Kevin J. , Srigley Cynthia T. , Becerra Becerra Juan
Published: February 2019

The relationship between the fatty acid (FA) profile of cecotrophs and that of the milk fat was evaluated in nine multiparous New Zealand does during the first 12 days of lactation. Milk samples were obtained manually on days 6, 8, 10, and 12 postpartum and cecotrophs and feces were collected on days 7, 9, and 11 postpartum. The FA profiles of feed, milk, cecotrophs, and feces were determined using gas chromatography. The principal FA found in rabbits’ milk were 8:0, 10:0, 16:0, 18:1 cis‐9, and 18:2 n‐6. Bacteria‐derived FA found in the milk fat included branched FA from 14 to 16 carbons, and 18:1 trans. Two isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were also present, namely cis‐9,trans‐11 (0.09 ± 0.006 mol%) and trans‐10,cis‐12 (0.06 ± 0.01 mol%). The content of total FA in the cecotrophs was the 1.10 ± 0.08 mg/100 mg freeze‐dried sample, with 2.50 ± 0.83 mol% 18:1 trans‐11. Significant correlations between cecotroph and milk FA profiles were found for numerous FA, and those with correlation coefficients greater than 0.90 were 12:0, 14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 trans‐6/8, 18:1 trans‐9, 18:1 cis‐9, 18:2 n‐6, 18:3 n‐3, 20:1 cis‐9, 20:2 n‐6, and 22:0. Cecum biohydrogenation processes were evident based on the greater content of saturated FA (p = 0.008) found (54.46 ± 4.37 mol%) in the cecotrophs relative to that in feces (43.08 ± 4.37 mol%). Under conditions of the present study, the milk FA profile was influenced by the FA profile of diet and the cecotrophs consumed by lactating does.
Coupled effect of substrate and light on assimilation and oxidation of regenerated nitrogen in the euphotic ocean
Authors: Xu Min Nina , Li Xiaolin , Shi Dalin , Zhang Yao , Dai Minhan , Huang Tao , Glibert Patricia M. , Kao Shuh‐Ji
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen (N), as a critical element for microbial metabolisms, recycles rapidly in the euphotic ocean. Oxidation by nitrifiers is a competing pathway for phytoplankton assimilation of regenerated N (NH4+ and urea). Sharing the overlapping substrates may result in competitive exclusion, thus, niche separation for the two assemblages. Both pathways are sensitive to light, but whether light intensity will intensify or alleviate such resource competition in the euphotic zone remains poorly explored in the field at the community level. By using 15N labeling techniques, paired kinetic responses of uptake and oxidation were conducted in single bottles under manipulated light intensities for both NH4+ and urea. We found light stimulated the maximum rate (Rm) and specific affinities (αU) of both NH4+ and urea uptake. In contrast, light effects were opposite for oxidation kinetics (Rm and αO). As irradiance increased, the rapid increase in αU and concomitant decrease in αO imply a distinctive competition advantage of photosynthetic organisms over oxidizers under substrate‐limited environments. The ratio of αU/αO for NH4+ ranged from 0.8 to 3089 (5.8–46,788 for urea) showing a distinct increasing pattern as ambient light increases, demonstrating that phytoplankton overwhelms nitrifiers throughout the oligotrophic euphotic zone, driving down concentrations and maintaining short turnover times of the two regenerated N substrates. Moreover, phytoplankton relied equally on NH4+ and urea; yet, nitrifiers preferred NH4+ to urea. In the nitrate‐depleted euphotic ocean, light acts as a crucial driver for utilization pathways of regenerated N and vertical niche separation.
Biases in lake water quality sampling and implications for macroscale research
Authors: Stanley Emily H. , Collins Sarah M. , Lottig Noah R. , Oliver Samantha K. , Webster Katherine E. , Cheruvelil Kendra S. , Soranno Patricia A.
Published: February 2019

Growth of macroscale limnological research has been accompanied by an increase in secondary datasets compiled from multiple sources. We examined patterns of data availability in LAGOS‐NE, a dataset derived from 87 sources, to identify biases in availability of lake water quality data and to consider how such biases might affect perceived patterns at a subcontinental scale. Of eight common water quality parameters, variables indicative of trophic state (Secchi, chlorophyll, and total P) were most abundant in terms of total observations, lakes sampled, and long‐term records, whereas carbon variables (true color and dissolved organic carbon) were scarcest. Most data were collected during summer from larger (≥ 20 ha) lakes over 1–3 yr. Approximately 80% of data for each variable is derived from ~ 20% of sampled lakes. Long‐term (≥ 20 yr) records were rare and spatially clustered. Data availability is linked to major management challenges (eutrophication and acid rain), citizen science, and a few programs that quantify C and N variables. Resampling exercises suggested that correcting for the surface area sampling bias did not substantially change statistical distributions of the eight variables. Further, estimating a lake's long‐term median Secchi, chlorophyll, and total P using average record lengths had high uncertainty, but modest increases in sample size to > 5 yr yielded estimates with manageable error. Although the specific nature of sampling biases may vary among regions, we expect that they are widespread. Thus, large integrated datasets can and should be used to identify tendencies in how lakes are studied and to address these biases as part broad‐scale limnological investigations.
High Burden of Subclinical Cardiovascular Target Organ Damage After Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Authors: Memaran Nima , Borchert‐Mörlins Bianca , Schmidt Bernhard M. W. , Sugianto Rizky I. , Wilke Hannes , Blöte Ricarda , Baumann Ulrich , Bauer Elena , von Wick Anika , Junge Norman , Leiskau Christoph , Pfister Eva D. , Thurn‐Valsassina Daniela , Richter Nicolas , Goldschmidt Imeke , Melk Anette
Published: February 2019

Cardiovascular (CV) events account for 8%‐13% of deaths after liver transplantation (LT) in adulthood. Although CV risk factors (RFs) are present, little is known about the prevalence of subclinical CV target organ damage (TOD) in children after LT. The aim of this prospective observational study was to assess the prevalence of subclinical CV TOD in children after LT and to identify RFs contributing to CV damage as potential targets for clinical intervention. In this study, 104 children after LT (54% female, 46% male; aged 11.5 ± 3.8 years) underwent cross‐sectional assessment of subclinical TOD by carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI). Results were correlated with the presence of CV RFs (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, renal impairment, anemia, and microinflammation). Of the patients, 22% were exposed to 2 CV RFs, and 36% displayed 3 or more CV RFs. Pathological results for PWV, IMT, and LVMI were found in 21.9%, 57.0%, and 11.1% of patients, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.01) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; P = 0.03) were independently associated with PWV, eGFR (P = 0.005), and age at LT (P = 0.048) with IMT and body mass index with LVMI (P = 0.004). In conclusion, patients after pediatric LT carry a substantial burden of subclinical CV TOD. Identification of modifiable CV RFs opens opportunities for targeted intervention in order to reduce CV morbidity and mortality in the future.
Flaw‐Insensitive Hydrogels under Static and Cyclic Loads
Authors: Bai Ruobing , Yang Jiawei , Morelle Xavier P. , Suo Zhigang
Published: February 2019

New applications of hydrogels draw growing attention to the development of tough hydrogels. Most tough hydrogels are designed through incorporating large energy dissipation from breaking sacrificial bonds. However, these hydrogels still fracture under prolonged cyclic loads with the presence of even small flaws. This paper presents a principle of flaw‐insensitive hydrogels under both static and cyclic loads. The design aligns the polymer chains in a hydrogel at the molecular level to deflect a crack. To demonstrate this principle, a hydrogel of polyacrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol is prepared with aligned crystalline domains. When the hydrogel is stretched in the direction of alignment, an initial flaw deflects, propagates along the loading direction, peels off the material, and leaves the hydrogel flawless again. The hydrogel is insensitive to pre‐existing flaws, even under more than ten thousand loading cycles. The critical degree of anisotropy to achieve crack deflection is quantified by experiments and fracture mechanics. The principle can be generalized to other hydrogel systems.
The Economic Impacts of Humpback Whale Depredation on Hatchery-Released Juvenile Pacific Salmon in Southeast Alaska
Authors: Chenoweth Ellen M. , Criddle Keith R.
Published: February 2019

The goal of this study was to determine whether humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae depredation on hatchery-released juvenile salmon is affecting the economic productivity of hatcheries in Southeast Alaska. From 2010 to 2015, observers monitored five release sites in Chatham Strait, Alaska. Humpback whales were present at the release of 23 of 54 salmon cohorts (defined by release year, species, site, and release strategy). A linear regression model was used to determine whether humpback whale presence at a cohort release affected the proportion of that cohort that survived to harvest. The model included covariates related to management and environmental conditions. The lost fishing revenue for each cohort was determined using the model-predicted marine survival with and without humpback whales and the average commercial value of the adult salmon. Marine survival of Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch was significantly lower for cohorts with humpback whale depredation, resulting in an estimated US$1 million of lost revenue per year (95% confidence interval = $747,500–1,205,000) associated with whale depredation (23% of observed ex-vessel fishing revenue from these Coho Salmon cohorts). No significant effect was observed for depredation losses to releases of Chum Salmon O. keta or Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha, which tended to have low marine survival even in years of no observed whale depredation, possibly due to compensatory depredation from other sources. Despite Chum Salmon having the highest rates of whale depredation, there is no evidence to suggest that preventing humpback whale depredation alone would be sufficient to increase marine survival and fishing revenue for that species, although it may be necessary in concert with other measures.
Quantifying Nursery Habitat Function: Variation in Habitat Suitability Linked to Mortality and Growth for Juvenile Black Drum in a Hypersaline Estuary
Authors: Olsen Zachary
Published: February 2019

The Black Drum Pogonias cromis population in the Upper Laguna Madre (ULM), Texas, USA, is known to exhibit regionally unique population dynamics and life history strategies in comparison with other populations. I examined regional variation in nursery habitat suitability for Black Drum on the Texas coast and further identified functionality of habitat variables in the ULM as it is related to the unique population dynamics observed in this bay system. Rank and relative importance of habitat variables for Black Drum in other regions of the Texas coast were found to differ from those for the ULM population. Furthermore, directionality of salinity and inlet distance differed in the ULM, indicating that increased recruitment in this system was tied to salinities greater than 40‰ and areas at the greatest distance from Gulf of Mexico inlets (i.e., Baffin Bay). Peak mortality and growth rates were found to occur at approximately the same mean salinity value (33‰), with decreases in both as salinity increased. Temperature and dissolved oxygen also exhibited quantifiable relationships with vital rates, although the salinity relationships were most striking. The relationship between growth, mortality, and CPUE suggested that observed recruitment of Black Drum in the ULM is a complex interaction between suitable habitat (hydrographic variables) and density dependence. The identification of regional variation in habitat relationships and the quantification of habitat functionality are crucial steps in interpreting population dynamics and formally incorporating such metrics into stock assessment. This movement from concept to quantification is key to making habitat protection and restoration a true priority in the fisheries management realm.
Health benefits of resveratrol: Evidence from clinical studies
Authors: Singh Akhand Pratap , Singh Rachna , Verma Sumit Singh , Rai Vipin , Kaschula Catherine H. , Maiti Pralay , Gupta Subash Chandra
Published: February 2019

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic nutraceutical that exhibits pleiotropic activities in human subjects. The efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of resveratrol have been documented in over 244 clinical trials, with an additional 27 clinical trials currently ongoing. Resveretrol is reported to potentially improve the therapeutic outcome in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, obesity, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, inflammatory diseases, and rhinopharyngitis. The polyphenol is reported to be safe at doses up to 5 g/d, when used either alone or as a combination therapy. The molecular basis for the pleiotropic activities of resveratrol are based on its ability to modulate multiple cell signaling molecules such as cytokines, caspases, matrix metalloproteinases, Wnt, nuclear factor‐κB, Notch, 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase, intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule, sirtuin type 1, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1α, insulin‐like growth factor 1, insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 3, Ras association domain family 1α, pAkt, vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase 2, nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2, and Kelch‐like ECH–associated protein 1. Although the clinical utility of resveratrol is well documented, the rapid metabolism and poor bioavailability have limited its therapeutic use. In this regard, the recently produced micronized resveratrol formulation called SRT501, shows promise. This review discusses the currently available clinical data on resveratrol in the prevention, management, and treatment of various diseases and disorders. Based on the current evidence, the potential utility of this molecule in the clinic is discussed.