bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Game of Three Cities: Negotiating Jewish Identity in Israel’s Football Fields
Authors: Carmeli Yoram S. , Bar Iris
Published: July 2005

This paper examines the relationship between sporting dramas, national and civic identity, and the local domains in which collective identities crystallize. The Israeli premier football league is contextualized historically in terms of the Israeli-Arab conflict. By focusing on football matches between an “Arab” team and its various Jewish rivals (i.e., matches played by this Arab team in different Jewish towns) we develop a framework for a comparative discussion of Jewish-Israeli civil identity. Based on a study of 14 football games, this paper highlights the diversity and nuances that the national-civic identity assumes among Jewish-Israelis in different towns, and relates the differences to the particular history and symbolic significance of each town.
Communicating about AIDS-Changes in Understanding and Coping with Help of Language in Urban Kagera, Tanzania1
Authors: Mutembei Aldin K. , Emmelin Maria A.C. , Lugalla Joe. L.P. , Dahlgren Lars G.
Published: July 2005

Faced with the problems of HIV/AIDS, people have to find ways to communicate around them. The aim of this paper is to mirror changes over time in the Kagera people's social cognition regarding HIV/AIDS, using their own language as a tracer of this process. Focus group discussions and personal and group interviews conducted during 1992 to 1995 in urban Bukoba, Kagera, constitute the basis for an analysis of metaphorical expressions in use since 1985. Pronounced uncertainty is later transformed into a deeper understanding of the pandemic and an increased disposition to cope with the situation. Knowledge about the socio-linguistic expressions mapped out in this article can be of help when developing guidelines on how to communicate about interventions.
A Step Forward: Malaysian Ideas for Political Change
Authors: Derichs Claudia
Published: July 2005

Malaysian ideas for political change have been articulated by diverse societal groups and communities. The emerging civil society in Southeast Asia is reflected in Malaysia through the power struggles of old and new political parties and movements. Within this setting, the coalition of Islamic and non-Islamic parties is one of the most striking phenomena that can be observed. The paper addresses the question of theoretical parameters that can be applied to analyse the critical juncture at which Malaysia and other Southeast Asian nation-states have arrived at the turn of the century (1999 to 2001). The approach used in the paper is to analyse the interplay of domestic and international influence factors in order to explain the current political discourse in Malaysia.
Democratic Practice and Social Inequality in India
Authors: Drèze Jean , Sen Amartya
Published: July 2005

This paper examines the role of democratic practice in contemporary India, going beyond the elementary concern with democratic institutions per se. The foundations of democratic practice are identified as facility (functional democratic institutions), involvement (informed public engagement with these institutions), and equity (a fair distribution of power). The achievements and limitations of Indian democracy are assessed in this light, with special attention to the adverse effects of social inequality on democratic practice. It is argued that while the quality of democracy is often compromised by social inequality and inadequate political participation, democratic practice itself is a powerful tool of elimination of these handicaps.
Poverty, Inequality, and Economic Growth: The Case of Thailand
Authors: Warr Peter G.
Published: July 2005

Thailand has recently experienced a prolonged economic boom followed by a collapse. During the boom the incidence of absolute poverty fell dramatically but relative inequality increased. The collapse of 1997 had the reverse effects. The poor initially became significantly worse off in an absolute sense but proportionately less so than the rich. Inequality thus declined. The significance of these events depends on a fundamental question: does the welfare of the poor depend on their absolute standard of living, as reflected in measures of poverty incidence, or on their position relative to the rich, as reflected in measures of inequality?
Being Poor and Becoming Poor: Poverty Status and Poverty Transitions in Rural Pakistan
Authors: Baulch Bob , McCulloch Neil
Published: July 2005

This paper contrasts the results of conventional poverty status regressions with an alternative approach, the analysis of poverty transitions, using a five-year longitudinal household survey from rural Pakistan. The results show that while the incidence of income poverty in the sample villages was high, turnover among the poor was rapid. Almost 60 percent of households experienced poverty during the five years of the panel but only 35 percent stayed in poverty for two or more years. Only 3 percent of households were poor in all five years of the panel. Furthermore, the correlates of entries and exits from poverty are found to differ in important but unexpected ways from those of poverty status. The policy implications of these findings, if confirmed elsewhere, indicate that targeting antipoverty policies using the characteristics of the currently poor is highly problematic.
Six Years of Neoliberal Socioeconomic Policies in South Africa
Authors: Lesufi Ishmael
Published: July 2005

This article emphasizes the shortcomings of government plans for growth and redistribution in South Africa. The paper suggests that only the organized efforts of the poor can tilt the scales and impose on the state a different development agenda, based on the need to promote the interests of the poor. After analyzing the government’s Growth, Employment, and Redistribution Strategy (GEAR), the paper indicates the continued importance of the political role traditionally assumed by the trade union movement in South Africa. Efforts to resist privatization, wage moderation, electricity cuts, and unsatisfactory land reform progress, while at present are isolated and uncoordinated, may provide an answer to unsatisfactory progress in societal change.
Loyal Service and Yet “Demobbed”—Demobilization and the Economic Reintegration of South Africa’s Demobilized Military Personnel
Authors: Liebenberg Ian , Ferreira Rialize , Roefs Marlene
Published: July 2005

This article examines the social reintegration of demobilized members of the armed forces into South African society within the context of limited government resources and a lack of planning for such reintegration. This paper suggests a number of innovative ways in which both government and private enterprise can contribute toward the social reintegration of demobilized members of the armed forces without spending too much. One of the main recommendations in the article is that current policies should shift away from “transforming” or modernizing/rationalizing security institutions towards redressing the situation of those who were adversely affected and those who will still be negatively affected between now and the conclusion of the demobilization process. Particular attention should be paid to those who remain jobless or poverty-stricken, since a potential security threat lies with these disgruntled demobilized personnel.
Environmental Entitlements and the Rural Poor in South Africa
Authors: Maxted Julia
Published: July 2005

While high expectations regarding the alleviation of poverty accompanied the advent of the new political dispensation in South Africa in 1994, little progress has been made. This article details the dynamics of what is commonly termed the “poverty-environment relationship” in South Africa and focuses the reader’s attention on the continued existence and effects of this phenomenon. The analysis points the way to various new approaches to fighting poverty which still occurs disproportionately among the black population of South Africa, and especially black women, while giving necessary consideration to the environment. The article focuses on factors that structure poor people’s access to environmental resources and their ability to make effective use of them.
Reproductive Dynamics in the Context of Domestic Violence and Economic Insecurity: Findings of a South African Case Study
Authors: Naidoo Kammila
Published: July 2005

This article reveals a recent decline in fertility in Africa and specifically in South Africa. It provides a thorough analysis of the aetiology of the decline, which differs in many ways from that presented in traditional approaches to the subject and has implications also for other African countries. Thus “crisis-led” fertility declines may be a more convincing explanation of declining fertility in Africa than explanations emphasising improved socioeconomic conditions. Using the Winterveld as a case study, the author reiterates a speculative argument that the shift toward bearing fewer children might be due, in certain social contexts, to experiences of hardship, domestic instability and the deterioration, rather than improvement in the position of women. In such situations, the manipulation of reproduction becomes a strategy to contend with powerlessness, insecurity, and gender-based violence.
Globalization, Neoliberalism, and Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Harris Richard , Lauderdale Pat
Published: July 2005

This essay addresses the impact of globalization and neoliberalism on post-colonial countries such as South Africa. We analyze the historical background and contemporary nature of the current stage of global economic expansion, considered by many critical observers to be the latest stage of capitalist imperialism. This analysis connects many of the challenges faced by post-apartheid South Africa to the international economic and political relations that have shaped the development of the peripheral economies in the contemporary global economic system.
Can Secular Liberal Politics Be Reincarnated in India?
Authors: Momen Mehnaaz
Published: July 2005

This article examines the possibilities of reviving secular liberal politics in India after the defeat of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Hindu fundamentalist group, in the 2004 national election. The research begins with a historical analysis of the ideals of secularism and liberalism in Indian politics. The success of the Hindutva movement was built on the failure of previous regimes to implement secular principles in politics and in society. The underlying premise is that while secular politics was (and is) based on the norms of exclusion, communal politics has succeeded in incorporating the norms of inclusion. The success of Hindutva should be taken seriously and secular liberal ideology has much to learn from the logic and grammar of the rules of inclusion.
Child Labour and Debt Bondage: A Case Study of Brick Kiln Workers in Southeast India
Authors: Bhukuth Augendra
Published: July 2005

The article highlights some of our findings from a study carried out in the brick kiln industry in Tamil Nadu, India. We have led both a qualitative and a quantitative survey. As child labour is a common factor in the brick kiln industry, we show that in the interlinked credit-labour market employers do not directly employ children, but they have implemented a system that constrains parents to use their children to improve their productivity. In such an environment parents use child labour to improve their bargaining power.
Fatigue Behavior of Composite Patch Repaired Aluminum Plate
Authors: Lee Woo-Yong , Lee Jung-Ju
Published: July 2005

Experimental and analytical studies are conducted to characterize the fatigue crack growth behavior of precracked aluminum plates repaired with asymmetric bonded composite patch. For single-sided repairs, due to the asymmetry and the presence of out-of-plane bending, crack front shape would become skewed curvilinear starting from a uniform through crack profile, as observed from previous studies. As the stress intensity factor (SIF) calculated at the crack tip is much influenced by crack front shape, it is necessary to predict and consider the actual crack front shape evolution for the accurate analysis of fatigue behavior. Nevertheless, in most previous studies, crack front has been modeled as a uniform straight one, which may cause inaccuracy. In this study, the actual crack front evolution is predicted and considered in estimating the fatigue life by implementing the successive analysis technique based on the three-dimensional finite element scheme. Experimental tests with various plate thicknesses (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm) are also carried out to verify the present approach. The analytical predictions of both the crack front shape evolution and the fatigue life are in good agreement with the experimental observations. By both experimental and analytical approaches, the characteristics of the fatigue crack growth behavior and the effectiveness of single-sided repairs according to the plate thickness are investigated.
Buckling Behavior of Honeycomb FRP Core with Partially Restrained Loaded Edges under Out-of-plane Compression
Authors: Davalos Julio F. , Chen An
Published: July 2005

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sandwich deck panels with sinusoidal honeycomb core geometry have shown to be efficient in both new construction and rehabilitation of highway bridge decks. The sandwich panel consists of top and bottom laminated face sheets bonded to the honeycomb core, which extends vertically between face sheets. This paper is focused on the study of the buckling capacities of the core components under out-of-plane compression. The facesheet and core are attached by contact molding and are, therefore, not rigidly connected. Thus, this problem can be described as the instability of an FRP core panel with two rotationally restrained loaded edges. An elastic restraint coefficient is introduced to quantify the bonding layer effect between the facesheet and core, and a simple and relatively accurate test method is proposed to obtain the restraint coefficient experimentally. A combined analytical and experimental study of compression is presented. By solving a transcendental equation, the critical compression buckling stresses are obtained, and a simplified expression to predict buckling strength is formulated in terms of the elastic restraint coefficient. The analytical solution is verified by finite element (FE) analysis. Compression tests are carried out to evaluate the effect of the bonding layer thickness, and the experimental results correlate closely with analytical and FE predictions. A parametric study is conducted to study the core aspect ratio effect on the buckling load. The method described in this paper can be further extended to determine local buckling capacities of other structural shapes with elastic restraints along the loaded edges.
Adaptive Control of Filling Pattern in Resin Transfer Molding Process
Authors: Minaie B. , Chen Y. F.
Published: July 2005

During the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process, the filling pattern is strongly affected by race-tracking phenomenon and this usually leads to dry spot formation at the end of the filling stage and results in defective parts. This situation can be alleviated by placing air vents at the locations of the Last Point to Fill (LPF), where dry spots usually form. However, due to the variation of the race-tracking effects, the LPF location does not remain in the same position during RTM batch cycle production. Dry spots can still form and the part is still scraped. In order to ensure that the LPF location always coincides with the predetermined vent during RTM batch cycle production, an adaptive control strategy based on a model reference adaptation system that can regulate the LPF location during the RTM filling stage is proposed, to adjust the inlet pressures on-line. Multiport flow is simplified as many individual one-dimensional ‘spine’ flows and each ‘spine’ extends from the gate to the vent along the short path. The spine flow is controlled independently by adjusting the pressure of the related inlet. The control input is the distance between the inlet and the flow front along the spines, and the reference model of the flow is that the resin is driven by a uniform velocity from the gate to the vent along the spine. The proposed adaptive control has the capability to adapt to high levels of system disturbances. The proposed adaptive control is tested numerically by incorporating the control algorithm into a RTM time-implicit filling simulation. The resulting simulations show that the proposed control strategy can eliminate the dry spot formation under a wide range of situations resulting from the variations in the race-tracking effects.
An Investigation of Tic Suppression and the Rebound Effect in Tourette’s Disorder
Authors: Meidinger Amy L. , Miltenberger Raymond G. , Himle Michael , Omvig Matthew , Trainor Casey , Crosby Ross
Published: July 2005

Many patients, parents of children with Tourette’s disorder, and professionals have suggested that following a period of suppression, tics will rebound to a rate that will exceed the average rate of occurrence. At present, there are no empirical data to support or refute such an effect. This experiment utilized an A-B-A design with replication to test this hypothesized effect. Following baseline observation, participants were instructed to refrain from exhibiting tics while watching videotapes, engaging in conversation, or while alone in a room with no activity. Observation continued following the suppression phase. Results of this experiment showed suppression of tics in almost one half of all sessions, with adults demonstrating suppression more frequently. Furthermore, results of this experiment failed to support a commonly held perception that following a period of voluntary suppression tics will rebound to a rate that will exceed the average rate of occurrence.
Neuropsychological Evaluation in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tourette’s Syndrome
Authors: Osmon David C. , Smerz Jessica M.
Published: July 2005

The neurobiological basis of Tourette’s syndrome is reviewed for the purpose of presenting a clinically relevant account of the neuropsychology of the disorder for the clinician who is behaviorally oriented. The neuropathology and neuropsychological deficits typically found in Tourette’s are reviewed, and a neuropsychological test battery is described that can be used to help characterize the clinical presentation of the disorder. Although Tourette’s syndrome is ultimately diagnosed by behavioral criteria, characterizing the cognitive deficits (or lack thereof) associated with the disorder is integral to fully appreciating the challenges posed by the disorder in any given case. The variety of cognitive deficits associated with Tourette’s is reviewed to show the importance of the neuropsychological evaluation in differential diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic decisions.
Team-Based Pay in the United Kingdom
Authors: Reilly Peter , Phillipson Jane , Smith Peter
Published: July 2005

This article describes a trial of team pay in the U.K. health service. The trial aimed to test whether performance improvement could be encouraged through the use of rewards in settings where individual performance-related pay might be inappropriate. The pilot used a number of different sized teams and a variety of occupational groups and reward options—from cash to improvement funds. The experiment produced many service and organizational benefits. At the successful sites, more positive staff attitudes were also in evidence. The article acknowledges that some sites did not deliver as well as others and explores the reasons why. In conclusion, the article looks at success factors that might be applicable elsewhere: clear scheme purpose and leadership in the context of staff trust in management; with clear and simple targets, supported by reliable data; and good quality project management, including skilled communication. Optimal team size and structure depends on the scheme’s objectives.
Effective International Performance Appraisals: Easily Said, Hard to Do
Authors: Shen Jie
Published: July 2005

International performance appraisal (IPA) is a strategic HRM process that enables the multinational corporation (MNC) to evaluate and improve continuously individual, subsidiary unit, and corporate performance against clearly defined, preset objectives. Effective IPA creates an incentive system that can ensure international employees and overseas subsidiaries are acting in accordance with the home company’s interests. IPA is complex mainly due to “information asymmetry” and “goal incongruence” between the parent company and its subsidiaries. There are many approaches to IPAs for MNCs to choose from, and these approaches are affected by many host-contextual and firm-specific factors. Although there is wide recognition of the importance of IPAs, most MNCs have not effectively managed IPAs. This article overviews various issues of IPA, including methods, criteria, and difficulties in the IPA process and the implementation of IPA in some MNCs. The implications for practitioners in MNCs are also discussed.
Reward Strategies and Trends in the United Kingdom: The Land of Diverse and Pragmatic Dreams
Authors: Armstrong Michael , Brown Duncan
Published: July 2005

Many U.K. organizations have adopted the U.S. concepts of reward strategy and total rewards. This article profiles common difficulties with these strategies in the local environment, primarily relating to implementation, line management behavior, and alignment with business goals. By examining reward trends and practices in areas including job evaluation, pay structure design, and contingent and variable pay, this article demonstrates that a more realistic, tailored, diverse, and long-term approach is enabling U.K. reward professionals to come closer to fulfilling their strategic ambitions. A unique melting pot of practices is evident, with attention to internal equity as well as market rates in pay setting, flexibility, and control in pay structuring and competencies, and results in pay adjustment and individual and collective performance in bonus plans. The emphasis is on improvements rather than extraordinary new developments. And as in North America, reward management is certainly now at the heart of the HR and business agenda in the United Kingdom.
Who talks whose language? George Herbert and the reader’s world
Authors: Cockcroft Robert
Published: July 2005

The poetic rhetoric of George Herbert, an outstanding explorer of the mental and emotional aspects of Anglican spirituality, seems particularly suited to the applications of cognitive theory. By what means does the poet centre his reader in a distinctive kind of mental space (to be termed ‘the heart-space’), reconciling Protestant anxieties about absolute dependence on God’s grace with the sense of a fully functioning, emotionally authentic human presence? Herbert’s use of deixis, metaphor and other space-structuring tropes constructs an implied reader who is both rooted in familiar experience and worldly wisdom and open to stress and surprise.
Implied narratives of medical practice in learning-for-doing texts: a simulation semantics approach to rhetorical analysis
Authors: Oakley Todd
Published: July 2005

The functional interdependence of word, image, narration, and reason is recognized as a fundamental condition of modern-day persuasion, yet a substantial gap still exists in our understanding of how static textual elements interact to generate dynamic, persuasive narratives. This article attempts to narrow that gap in understanding through the development of a simulation semantics approach to rhetorical analysis as applied to print advertisements in medical journals. Located within the broader field of cognitive linguistics, simulation semantics is a theory of linguistic meaning based on the hypothesis that language users run mental simulations of perceptual and motor content of experiences which distribute inferences from these simulations during language comprehension and production. Using the perspectives and methods of conceptual blending, a programmatic model of meaning construction developed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002) and elaborated by many associates (e.g. Brandt and Brandt, 2002; Coulson and Oakley, 2000), the article attempts to show how a simulation semantic approach can lead to cognitively plausible explanations of how persuasion works in a genre of print advertisements aimed at physicians and medical practitioners I call learning-for-doing. In addition, I seek to further refine conceptual blending theory as an interpretive framework by arguing for the need to incorporate the notion of a grounding space as well as the need to distinguish between conceptual blending and conceptual integration.
Motherhood, Fatherhood and Law: Child Custody and Visitation in Israel
Authors: Hacker Daphna
Published: July 2005

This article analyses the ways notions of fatherhood and motherhood are constructed, negotiated and articulated during divorce proceedings in Israel. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews with divorced parents, lawyers, judges and therapeutic professionals, and on a wide sample of divorce court files involving child custody arrangements. The main finding of the study is that while motherhood is ordinarily perceived as a taken-for-granted caring essence, fatherhood is a vague concept that has yet to acquire concrete meaning. Treating the law as an overwhelming arena of conceptual negotiations and practical applications, the study also finds that legal professionals have a significant role in shaping how both women and men grasp and act upon their parental rights and duties. By and large, I find that the impact of legal professionals to that effect, combined with a rather conservative family law system in the shadow of which the parties operate, impedes innovation and discourages men from assuming expansive parental roles after divorce. Hence this study provides a rich example of the contribution of law to the gendered social expectations and coercions determining women and men’s ability to shape their parental roles and identities.
Methodological issues in using Kahle's list of values scale for Japanese tourism behaviour
Authors: Watkins Leah , Gnoth Juergen
Published: July 2005

The literature clearly provides support and empirical evidence linking personal values and consumption, and acknowledges cross-cultural differences in these values. Personal values have been shown to be efficient, measurable sets of variables that are less numerous, more centrally held and more closely related to motivations than demographic and psychographic measures. The list of values (LOV) is a widely used scale for the measurement of values in a variety of consumer behaviour contexts. It has been used for the purposes of cross-cultural comparison and in tourism behaviour research. Kahle has suggested the instrument is a viable candidate as a widely accepted measure for cross-cultural comparison of values. This paper examines the reliability and validity of the LOV in the context of Japanese tourism behaviour. Results suggest several problems with the scale in this context, and the paper discusses some philosophical and methodological issues in cross-cultural values research in tourism.
Who buys that? Who does what? Analysis of cross-cultural consumption behaviours among tourists in Hawaii
Authors: Rosenbaum Mark S. , Spears Daniel L.
Published: July 2005

The purpose of this paper is to investigate planned product and service consumption patterns among US, Canadian, Japanese, Chinese, South Korean and Australian/New Zealand tourists in Hawaii. Using multiple analyses of variance, the first study empirically explores the influence of a tourist's residential country of origin on planned product and service consumption. The second study explores the planned consumption differences between, and among, American and Japanese first-time and repeat visitors to Hawaii. The results reveal significant cross-cultural differences in consumption patterns among international tourists to Hawaii.
Amoral Adorno
Authors: Tassone Giuseppe
Published: July 2005

A wave of recent studies attributes to Adorno, if not a full-fledged moral theory, at least an ethical model regarded to be adequate to the conditions of late modernity. The article argues that any attempt aimed at isolating an independent ethical domain out of Adorno’s philosophical writings is misguided. Adorno belongs to a tradition of thinkers - including Hegel, Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger - who break away from the modern idea that the task of philosophy is to provide rational foundations for the moral beliefs of individuals. Although it is true that Adorno’s work is scattered with innumerable moral considerations, the article suggests that these do not constitute the basis of a coherent moral system, but are to be understood within the context of Hegel’s philosophy of history retranslated in materialist terms.
Theodor W. Adorno and Jürgen Habermas - Two Ways of Being a Public Intellectual
Authors: Müller-Doohm Stefan
Published: July 2005

The intellectual practice of public critique of Theodor W. Adorno and Jürgen Habermas is compared as a contribution to the sociology of the intellectual. The aim of this comparative analysis is to clarify the transformation of the function of the intellectual in the context of his social position. Here it is possible to distinguish between a ‘rescuing’ critique and a ‘consciousness-raising’ critique.
Adorno’s Philopolemology
Authors: Savage Robert
Published: July 2005

This article argues that the polemic(al) plays a crucial mediating role in Adorno’s philosophy. As a theoretical category, it describes the resistance to thought which inevitably frustrates attempts to reconstruct the world in the image of reason. As a political and rhetorical strategy, it contributes in large measure to Adorno’s self-understanding as a public intellectual in post-war Germany. The article attempts to chart the interrelationship and interdependence of these two aspects through a reading of ‘Parataxis’, Adorno’s 1963 speech on Hölderlin. This speech suggests that art instantiates a polemic which first comes to be activated through the (polemical) speaking engagement of the philosopher.
Towards a Transnational Europe
Authors: King Anthony
Published: July 2005

Following Milward and Moravcsik’s injunction that the analysis of European integration requires evidence-based empirical observation, this article focuses on one area of state activity - the armed forces - to illustrate the current trajectory of state transformation in Europe. The article argues that European armed forces are becoming ‘transnational’. They are undergoing a process of concentration and transnationalization. Budgets and resources are focusing on specialist military units, organized into joint rapid reaction forces, which are co-operating at an increasingly lower level with other similarly concentrated units in other states. The article concludes by suggesting that the transnationalization of the armed forces reflects the wider transformation of states; across a range of activities, states are contracting to concentrate on their core functions and co-operating ever more closely with each other to fulfil them.
An Emerging European Public Sphere
Authors: Eriksen Erik Oddvar
Published: July 2005

The development of post-national democracy in Europe depends on the emergence of an overarching communicative space that functions as a public sphere. But can there be a public sphere when there is no collective identity? Despite the fact that the European Union (EU) is neither a state nor a nation its development as a new kind of polity is closely connected to the formation of a common communicative space. In this article it is argued that European cooperation and problem solving create public spaces but has not (as of yet) produced a single, general European public sphere. Rather what one finds are transnational, segmented publics evolving around policy networks constituted by the common interest in certain policy fields. They are found wanting with regard to political justification intrinsic to the democratic principle that requires a general non-exclusive public sphere. The EU also harbours many legally institutionalized discourses - strong publics - that are specialized on collective will-formation close to the centre of the political system and which have been promoters of democratic reforms.
The lived body as experience and perspective: methodological challenges
Authors: Engelsrud Gunn
Published: July 2005

The theme of the article is to question how the researcher’s body is involved both in creating accesses to, and in interpreting, material from qualitative research interviews. The researcher’s body is understood from a phenomenological perspective and regarded both as an access and as a limitation to the acquisition of knowledge. The article uses a concrete interview with an aerobic instructor, Edith, as means of illuminating this theme. It is attempted to discern connections between the context for the interview, how the material is created socially and textually and how the researcher utilizes information from own body in the interpretation of the material. The analysis illustrates what insights on a research process can involve, and shows some of the challenges inherent in an open and critical attitude in terms of the self and the other as embodied subjects. It is brought forward how the two parallel processes, both the interview and training, rest upon implicit conditions into which the article acquires greater insight. The article’s contribution of knowledge is to illustrate how the researcher can follow up and interpret states noticed in her own body. This can be made explicit and put into a meaningful context through discussion, analysis and reflection.
Strategic turns labeled ‘ethnography’: from description to openly ideological production of cultures
Authors: Koro-Ljungberg Mirka , Greckhamer Thomas
Published: July 2005

In this article we suggest that strategic turns shape various contemporary uses of ethnography and reflect the exploration of ontological, epistemological, and methodological alternatives. In addition, these strategic turns are aimed to meet the current challenges influenced by changing cultures and their diverse perceptions faced by an increasing number of qualitative researchers. The goal of description that has characterized one end of ethnographical continuum such as classical ethnography is replaced by the goal of producing ideologically open texts, as exemplified in more contemporary forms of ethnography such as critical ethnography. Instead of viewing culture as descriptive object, contemporary ethnographers practice disrupted ethnographies that openly declare their ideological productions and reproductions of cultures. In this article we draw particular attention to two forms of disrupted ethnography and types of ideological approaches: critical and deconstructive. Last, we put forward a discussion of what ethnography is and how it could be epistemologically produced, suggesting that it may serve as an ambiguous, but highly legitimate label for presenting a complex variety of epistemologically and theoretically different approaches to qualitative research. In particular, we consider various influences of power when exploring the field of ethnographies, labels, and contemplating ‘What is ethnography?’
Representing shop work: a dual ethnography
Authors: Pettinger Lynne
Published: July 2005

The post-structuralist focus on text and the production of text has recently produced a ‘crisis of representation’ for ethnography. This article argues that questions of representation are best engaged with while the researcher is in the field, gathering data. The argument is explored with reference to a dual ethnography of customer service work whereby the competing roles of worker and customer are acknowledged and incorporated into the research design through period spent observing as a worker and as a shopper. Researching customer service work as a worker and as a shopper reflects how claims to representation are contingent on the social role taken by the researcher. The implications of this for discussions of insider and outsider status and reflexivity are considered.
Using oral history to investigate police culture
Authors: Cockcroft Tom
Published: July 2005

This article focuses upon the use of oral history methodology in relation to studying the work of the police and, particularly, the culture or cultures of the police. An overview of oral history is followed by a discussion of the application of such techniques to investigating police work. This, in turn, is followed by an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of such methodological techniques when used in a piece of research which investigated the culture of the Metropolitan Police Force between the 1930s and 1960s.
The predicament of diversity
Authors: Ang Ien
Published: July 2005

Mainstream cultural institutions such as museums are increasingly called upon to increase their accessibility to culturally diverse communities and audiences, including migrant groups who do not generally visit museums. This essay discusses the challenges experienced by the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the largest art museum in Sydney, Australia, in mounting an exhibition of Buddhist art in 2001, and in its efforts to use the exhibition as a vehicle for drawing new audiences in, especially Asian Buddhist groups. The case study raises important questions about possibilities and limits of engaging cultural diversity in the art museum. The biases inherent in the operations of the art museum, especially its non-negotiable reliance on a Western concept of ‘art’, are at the heart of the predicament of diversity for art museum practice.
‘Bahia Pêlo Negro’
Authors: Da Silva Denise Ferreira
Published: July 2005

This article revisits the theme of representation by examining the relationship between difference and transparency. I argue that the current purchase of multiculturalism and diversity marks the ‘officialization’ of the 1980s politics of difference, which refashioned previous formulations of racial and cultural difference without challenging their ontological premises. Through a reading of the Bloco Olodum’s 1988s carnival lyrics, I chart the articulation of signifiers of Africanity, as a marker of cultural difference, which writes the black Brazilian as subaltern subject without producing a particular version of a (self-)transparent (interior/temporal) African subject. Instead, in this emancipatory text, Africanity delimits a region of subalternity, one inhabited by Africans and economically dispossessed blacks in the diaspora, which is defined in terms of a political struggle that marks their existence in post-Enlightenment social configurations. Not only does the interpretive strategy I deploy show how an attention to social scientific knowledge’s role in production of modern (post-Enlightenment) subject is crucial for a critique of the notion of difference informing the global principles of multiculturalism and diversity. More importantly, it also indicates why the logic of exclusion, the prevailing account of social subjection has been now added to the arsenal of racial subjection.
World music and the search for difference
Authors: Haynes Jo
Published: July 2005

World music has been immersed in a series of complex ethical, political and aesthetic debates since its emergence as a new musical category in the 1980s. These debates have been fuelled by competing perspectives that portray world music as either an exemplar of progressive cosmopolitan politics that foster cultural hybridity or as reinforcing fixed and unitary conceptions of difference through an essentializing representation of cultures.

By utilizing interviews with key people involved in the organization of world music in Britain, this article centralizes this tension by examining the role of difference in world music. Bourdieu’s concept of cultural intermediary is used here as a descriptive label for the work of those involved in this research and as an explanatory tool to highlight how difference defines the interaction between the substantive and symbolic processes within the British world music scene.

This article argues that the work of cultural intermediaries demonstrates the ambivalent cultural processes within the performance, management and consumption of world music. This is evident in the series of recursive shifts within world music that employ a model of difference that draws on both the binary logic of traditional meanings of race/ethnicity and hybridity. In so doing, this article also examines how world music affinity and consumption, which takes people across arbitrarily ascribed boundaries, challenges the idea that normative racialized identities are meant to provide a fixed set of cultural values, musical tastes and social attitudes.
Rubbing shoulders in the global city
Authors: Gow Greg
Published: July 2005

This article investigates how recently arrived refugees living in Fair-field - the most culturally diverse locality in Sydney - relate to citizenship and experience belonging in a global city context, where different people are compelled to live side by side. Extending Ang’s notion of ‘togetherness in difference’, the discussion explores the formation of horizontal alliances in a multicultural locality. Two small-scale empirical examples demonstrate how locations for citizenship are actualized outside the frame of the nation state, and signal the contours of a progressive multicultural politics, in this case, neighbours collectively dealing with landlord authorities, and young people discussing their encounters with Australia’s immigration regime.
The Commitment to Look
Authors: Bal Mieke
Published: July 2005

This article touches on and questions the object of visual studies, word and image relations, historicity, art under visual studies and politics. Exploring in particular the place of politics in visual studies, it outlines some of the ways in which visual studies as a field of inquiry all too often plays lip-service to politics, as it does to history and, more pressingly, as it does to ethics. Resisting an uncritical demand that ethics be introduced and come to occupy central stage in visual studies, the article goes on to interrogate the complex and nuanced ways in which an ethics of vision might still, and necessarily, come to the fore. Attentive to the dangers of such a foregrounding, it nonetheless proposes how such an ethics of vision offers a blueprint for the commitment that lies at the heart of visual studies and thereby can enable the field to make a difference.
There Are No Visual Media
Authors: Mitchell W. J.T.
Published: July 2005

‘Visual media’ is a colloquial expression used to designate things such as television, film, photography and painting, etc. But it is highly inexact and misleading. On closer inspection, all the so-called visual media turn out to involve the other senses (especially touch and hearing). All media are, from the standpoint of sensory modality, ‘mixed media’. The obviousness of this raises two questions: (1) why do we persist in talking about some media as if they were exclusively visual? Is this just a shorthand for talking about visual predominance? And if so, what does ‘predominance’ mean? Is it a quantitative issue ( more visual information than aural or tactile?) or a question of qualitative perception, the sense of things reported by a beholder, audience, viewer or listener? (2) Why does it matter what we call ‘visual media’? Why should we care about straightening out this confusion? What is at stake?
The Trouble with Painting, the Image (less) Text
Authors: Soussloff Catherine M.
Published: July 2005

This article argues that painting and its theory founds and subtends the discipline and practices of the history of art. It proposes this epistemological situation as a problem for visual culture. The article begins by locating the centrality of painting as intellection in the person and work of Leonardo da Vinci and in the writing on him by Paul Valéry and Walter Benjamin. An investigation of the inheritance of Leonardo da Vinci in the 17th century follows, in order to historicize his exemplarity both in early 20th-century art theory and in the dissipating aura associated with painting. The emergence of the ‘art book’ in the 17th century in Italy and France, particularly the first edition of Leonardo’s Treatise on Painting, is seen as significant in the transformation of the image and its power to represent through the materiality and characteristics of the book. This transformation, the basis of ‘the trouble with painting’, occurred amongst an elite group of connoisseurs, prelates, and aristocrats. Using images and subject matter drawn from early ‘art books’, the article revises the theories of representation in painting found in Michel Foucault and Louis Marin, among others, in order to understand more clearly what has been at stake in the espousal of the visual and the verbal in the genealogy of the literature on art.
CD8+ T lymphocytes in lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Daniil Zoe , Kitsanta Panagiota , Kapotsis George , Mathioudaki Maria , Kollintza Androniki , Karatza Marilena , Milic-Emili Joseph , Roussos Charis , Papiris Spyros A
Published: July 2005

Background

Several studies have implicated a role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of lung damage in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Parenchymal lung damage leads to defects in mechanics and gas exchange and clinically manifests with exertional dyspnea. Investigations of inflammatory cells in IPF have shown that eosinophils, neutrophils and CD8+TLs may be associated with worse prognosis. We wished to investigate by quantitative immunohistochemistry infiltrating macrophages, neutrophils and T lymphocytes (TLs) subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+and CD8+) in lung tissue of patients with IPF and their correlation with lung function indices and grade of dyspnoea.

Methods

Surgical biopsies of 12 patients with IPF were immunohistochemically stained with mouse monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD68for macrophages, anti-elastase for neutrophils, and anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8for CD3+TLs, CD4+TLs, and CD8+TLs respectively). The number of positively stained cells was determined by observer-interactive computerized image analysis (SAMBA microscopic image processor). Cell numbers were expressed in percentage of immunopositive nuclear surface in relation to the total nuclear surface of infiltrative cells within the tissue (labeling Index). Correlations were performed between cell numbers and physiological indices [FEV1, FVC, TLC,DLCO, PaO2, PaCO2and P(A-a)O2)] as well as dyspnoea scores assessed by the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale.

Results

Elastase positive cells accounted for the 7.04% ± 1.1 of total cells, CD68+cells for the 16.6% ± 2, CD3+TLs for the 28.8% ± 7, CD4+TLs for the 14.5 ± 4 and CD8+TLs for the 13.8 ± 4. CD8+TLs correlated inversely with FVC % predicted (rs= -0.67, p = 0.01), TLC % predicted (rs= -0.68, p = 0.01), DLCO % predicted (rs= -0.61, p = 0.04), and PaO2(rs= -0.60, p = 0.04). Positive correlations were found between CD8+TLs and P(A-a)O2(rs= 0.65, p = 0.02) and CD8+TLs and MRC score (rs= 0.63, p = 0.02). Additionally, CD68+cells presented negative correlations with both FVC % predicted (rs= -0.80, p = 0.002) and FEV1% predicted (rs= -0.68, p = 0.01).

Conclusion

In UIP/IPF tissue infiltrating mononuclear cells and especially CD8+TLs are associated with the grade of dyspnoea and functional parameters of disease severity implicating that they might play a role in its pathogenesis.