bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Darboux Property and Rolle’s Theorem
Authors: Hattori Yasushi
Published: February 2017

A function f(x) is said to have the Darboux property on an interval (a, b) if f(x) attains any value between any two of its values. As is well known, a derivative has the Darboux property (as has a continuous function) but a function with the Darboux property is not necessarily continuous or even bounded.
An Appeal
Authors: Bickley W G.
Published: February 2017

It was announced in the May issue of the Gazette, that the General Teaching Committee of the Association has appointed a subcommittee to enquire further into the teaching of mathematics to technical students. Many teachers (especially those elementary and secondary teachers who also do part-time evening work) lack the time to explore the vast field of the application of mathematics to other subjects, the knowledge of which would, as they realise, do so much to increase the efficiency and interest of their work.
The Power Series for sin x, cos x
Authors: Nanson E. J.
Published: February 2017

The hopeless complexity, from the elementary didactic point of view, of the hitherto accepted accurate trigonometrical proofs of the power series for sin x, cos x has been so fully insisted upon in these pages (this volume, pp. 85, 86), that a more elementary method seems urgently called for.
On von Staudt’s Geometrie der Lage
Authors: Scott C. A.
Published: February 2017

Having adjoined the ideal elements to the visible universe, von Staudt proves the usual theorems of projective geometry, noting the different cases that arise from different arrangements of the elements. As the only means of comparing figures is by projection, all the proofs depend on this; in many cases on the theorem that a given cast (Wurf) is unaltered when any two elements are interchanged, provided the other two are interchanged also (G. 59), which can be written symbolically

(ABCD) = (BADC) = (CDAB) = (DCBA),

while if the cast is harmonic, viz. AG harmonic with respect to BD, (ABCD) = (CBAD) = (ADCB).
Who reads the Gazette!
Authors: Quadling Douglas
Published: February 2017

This edition of the Gazette is the first that bears my name as editor (although it will be several editions before the change-over is complete). So this is an appropriate time to pause and take stock. First, I would like to thank Douglas Quadling for his brilliant years as editor. No-one who has met him can fail to marvel at the enthusiasm and devotion which he has applied to his task; and no-one who reads the Gazette can fail to appreciate how the journal, under his guidance, has kept its sense of balance through almost a decade which has seen some considerable upheaval in the teaching of mathematics. Second, as a newcomer I really do need to know who reads the Gazette. You do, presumably; so you are the obvious person to tell me what you like or dislike about it, and to tell me about any particular aspects which you would like to be introduced/abolished/expanded/reduced. I will welcome your comments and do my best to steer the Gazette on a course which’
Report of the “Other Secondary Schools” Special Committee
Authors: Dobbs W. J.
Published: February 2017

The Report of the “Other Secondary Schools” Special Committee was published in the Mathematical Gazette of January, 1914, page 231. Since that time the re-constituted Committee, which fully endorses the Eeport, has held only two meetings. In view of the fact that the London University has not yet modified its Matriculation Syllabus in Mathematics, the Committee feels that a wider circulation of the Report is most desirable.
Address on Relativity
Authors: Eddington A. S
Published: February 2017

It is a familiar principle in elementary mechanics that a uniform motion of the whole system under consideration makes no difference to the phenomena, and may be ignored. For example, in calculating the motions of the planets round the sun, we do not need to pay any attention to the fact that the whole solar system is travelling towards the constellation Lyra. It does not seem to us that there is anything surprising or needing explanation in this principle; in fact, when we try to examine the idea of motion through an empty space without fixed landmarks, we are conscious of something illusory in the conception.
III. (a). Formal Arrangement in Long Multiplication of Money
Authors: Webb H.
Published: February 2017

It is generally accepted among teachers that there are certain forms of arrangement in arithmetic with which pupils are more comfortable and more sure. Addition, for example, is usually considered to be more rapid and more accurate when the addenda are placed beneath each other as in vertical tots than when they are placed side by side as in across tots.

When considering the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods used in long multiplication of money I decided to commence with an investigation into the various forms of setting out short multiplication of money. The surprising results obtained led me to extend the work to other items of the arithmetic syllabus. Each item of the whole investigation is recorded in the chronological order with which it was dealt.
Eddington's Theory of the Constants of Nature.
Authors: Whittaker Edmund
Published: February 2017

Sir Arthur Eddington died on 22nd November, 1944. The last sixteen years of his life had been occupied chiefly with the discovery and development of certain new principles in physics, which he used in the first place in order to calculate theoretically tho “ Constants of Nature ” (such as the ratio of the mass of the proton to the mass of the electron) ; he did in fact succeed in deriving correctly the values of all those constants of Nature which are pure numbers. Later he showed that his ideas could be presented as a coherent system, to which he gave the name Fundamental Theory, and which may be broadly summed up in the statement: the external world is isomorphous with the square of quaternion algebra.
On ‘Circular Measure’ and the Product Forms of the Sine and Cosine
Authors: Roseveare W. N.
Published: February 2017

Were it not for Euclid’s Propositions iii. 26 (proved by superposition) and vi. 33, the statement that he nowhere defines the circumference of a circle or any curved line would surely be a truism. His definition of a circle is substantially only a locus definition. It may well be argued that neither does he define a straight line (or an angle) ; but in the case of a straight line he introduces sufficient ideas and axioms to make his subsequent propositions convincing, whereas he gives us nothing to bridge the interval between a straight line and a curved one.

And so, wise after the event, we may say that all the thought spent in old days over ‘squaring the circle’ had no adequate foundation, and was foredoomed to fail.

As to iii. 26 and vi. 33, they are only further examples of the truth with which we are familiar in the case of angles, that it is sometimes easier to prove that things are equal etc., than to say exactly what they are.
The Development of Geometrical Methods
Authors: Darboux G.
Published: February 2017

Among those who have contributed to the development of Infinitesimal Geometry, Sophus Lie is distinguished by several important discoveries which place him in the first rank. He was not one of those who showed from childhood a very marked aptitude, and when he was leaving the University of Christiania in 1865, he was still hesitating between Philology and Mathematics. It was Plücker’s works which made him fully conscious for the first time of his vocation. He published, in 1869, his first paper on the interpretation of imaginaries in Geometry, and by 1970 he was in possession of the ideas which guided the whole of his career.
Vertices of ideals of a -adic number field II
Authors: Miyata Yoshimasa
Published: February 2017

Letkbe a-adic number field with the ring 0 of all integers ink, andKbe a finite normal extension with Galois groupG.∏denotes a prime element of the ringof all integers inK. Then, an ideal (∏a) ofis an 0G-module. E. Noether showed that ifK/kis tamely ramified,is a free 0G-module. A. Fröhlich generalized E. Noether’s theorem as follows:is relatively projective with respect to a subgroupSofGif and only ifS⊇G1whereG1is the first ramification group ofK/k. Now we define the vertexV(∏a) of (∏a) as the minimal normal subgroupSofGsuch that (∏a) is relatively projective with respect to a subgroupSofG(cf. § 1). Then, the above generalization by A. Fröhlich impliesV() =G1. In the previous paper, we provedG1⊇ V(∏a) ⊇ G2, (whereG2is the second ramification group ofK/k(cf. Theorem 5). Further, we dealt with the case whereG=G1is of orderp2, and proved that ifV(∏a) ≠G1thena≡ 1(p2) andt2≡ 1(p2) for the second ramification numbert2ofK/k(cf. Theorems 15 and 21). The purpose of this paper is to prove the similar theorem for the wildly ramified p-extension of degreepn(Theorem 7).
Corrections to “Seminormal rings and weakly normal varieties”
Authors: Vitulli Marie A.
Published: February 2017

In “Seminormal rings and weakly normal varieties” we introduced the notion of a c-regular function on an algebraic variety defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. Our intention was to describe those k-valued functions on a variety X that become regular functions when lifted to the normalization of X, but without any reference to the normalization in the definition. That is, we aspired to identify the c-regular functions on X with the regular functions on the weak normalization of X
Rodin in Prague: Modern Art, Cultural Diplomacy, and National Display
Authors: Giustino Cathleen M.
Published: February 2017

Fin-de-siècle Prague, a provincial capital city in the Habsburg empire, was a site of Czech-German nationality conflict. In 1902 it was also home to the largest exhibition of Auguste Rodin's art outside France during his life. Due to the nationalism that enveloped Czech culture and politics, the Rodin spectacle was no mere display of modernism. National activists in the Manes Association of Visual Artists, including Stanislav Sucharda and Jan Kotera, designed the Rodin exhibition to advance Czech cultural maturity through cosmopolitan art and to convince foreigners of the Czech nation's singularity, unity, and progressiveness. Ultimately, though, the events surrounding the exhibition of Rodin's works in Prague projected Czech disagreement over the meanings of folk heritage and western progress for national identity. Still, the blending of modern display and cultural diplomacy strengthened French-Czech relations and in small but significant ways helped secure Czechoslovakia's creation at the end of World War I.
Witnessing for the Defense: The Adversarial Court and Narratives of Criminal Behavior in Nineteenth-Century Russia
Authors: McReynolds Louise
Published: February 2017

“Witnessing for the Defense” takes readers into the adversarial courtroom in postreform Russia. A fundamentally new type of public arena, the courtroom allowed representatives of the state (prosecutors) to debate with professionals (defense attorneys and expert witnesses), each side making a case about criminal behavior and justice for society (jurors and the readers who followed reports on trial) to judge. Analyzing how the defense changed over time for the same type of crime, the murder of a lover by the woman whom he had jilted, Louise McReynolds shows how the courtroom provided a place for the discussion of newly emerging concepts and theories from the social sciences. Psychiatry is especially important because it was raising questions of individual personality and personal responsibility that had the potential to undermine the status quo. Thus this article shifts the focus on the legal reforms of 1864 from politics to culture.
The Economy of Nerves: Health, Commercial Culture, and the Self in Late Imperial Russia
Authors: Morrissey Susan K.
Published: February 2017

In early twentieth-century Russia, personal health became a commodity in a rapidly expanding commercial culture. As medical services and products (patent medicines, gadgets, self-help books) became widely available, new advertising strategies played upon both the threat of disease and the promise of health and well-being. This marketplace helped to feed new ideas about individual and social health, including such modern concepts as life-style choices. It also promoted competing models of the modern self: images of the weak and enervated victim of modern life were countered by visions of a healthy, strong, and controlled subject, able to master life forces. Focusing upon the disease construct of neurasthenia, Susan K. Morrissey explores how “nervousness” became a mass diagnosis and an emblem of the modern era—both its illnesses and its potential for regeneration. The making of a modern social sphere, Morrissey argues, depended not just on (professional) claims to specialized knowledge and broader political forces but also on commercial culture itself.
Pronatalism, Gender Politics, and the Renewal of Family Support in Russia: Toward a Feminist Anthropology of “Maternity Capital”
Authors: Rivkin-Fish Michele
Published: February 2017

This article examines the gendered consequences of linking family support to state pronatalist goals in contemporary Russia. By analyzing the policies, proposals, and critiques circulating on the maternity capital program, Michele Rivkin-Fish demonstrates how state power and citizenship are being constructed through struggles over the meanings of gender and family. She further argues that studies of Russian demographic politics must bring attention to both institutional transformations and the symbolic levels of discourse. This holistic approach, rooted in feminist anthropology, illuminates the particular, cultural logics informing demographic debates as well as the apparent contradictions between ideologies, policies, and practices. Pronatalist discourses engage Russian politicians, experts, and laypersons in efforts to undo the troubling legacy of Soviet gender relations and the 1990s fertility crisis; in the process, these policies define and deploy state power in ways that sustain and normalize gender inequalities.
The Liberal Gene: Sociobiology as Emancipatory Discourse in the Late Soviet Union
Authors: Howell Yvonne
Published: February 2017

Sociobiology investigates all manifestations of human nature—including our moral, aesthetic, and intellectual strivings—from the perspective of evolutionary biology. In this article, Yvonne Howell examines V. P. Efroimson's controversial 1971 Novyi mir article, “The Genealogy of Altruism: Ethics from the Perspective of Human Evolutionary Genetics,” in order to point out one of the paradoxes embedded in late Soviet culture: namely, the potentially reductive and reactionary discourse of sociobiology was used instead to make a compelling argument for social pluralism, intellectual freedom, and individual moral responsibility. Howell compares the initial rejection of sociobiology by liberals in the west with the valorization of Efroimson's evolutionary ethics among a broad spectrum of the liberal, educated public in late USSR. She shows how Efroimson updated the “evolutionary humanism” championed by Soviet geneticists in the 1920s to challenge enduring Brezhnev-era dogma about the malleability of human nature. This account indicates a trajectory from earlier tensions between disciplining scripts for selfhood typical of Soviet modernism and alternative narratives (both humanistic and biological) for an ethics based on autonomous individual self-scripting.
The Petrine Divide and the Periodization of Early Modern Russian History
Authors: Martin Russell E.
Published: February 2017

Among the chief problems in determining the boundaries of the early modern period in Russian history is die reign and reforms of Peter I the Great. In this article, Russell E. Martin situates Peter's reign within the context of dynastic marriage politics from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. He argues that the centuries from roughly 1500 to 1800 constitute a single, coherent period. Court politics were dominated by concerns of kinship and marriage: in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, by the search for a domesdc bride for the Russian rulers through bride shows; then, in the eighteenth century, by the gradual transformation of court politics away from domestic brides and toward a more traditional use of dynastic marriage as a tool in foreign policy. The early modern period ends, Martin argues, only with the promulgation of a new law of succession by Paul I (as modified by Alexander I). The so-called Petrine divide, then, is elided in a periodization of Russian history that very much mirrors the boundaries that are conventional in the west.
“There's Nothing Anyone Can Do About It“: Participation, Apathy, and “Successful” Democratic Transition in Postsocialist Serbia
Authors: Greenberg Jessica
Published: February 2017

This article investigates rconparticipation in politics as a rich set of moral, political, and cultural engagements. Contrary to the idea of apathy as an absence of political and social progress, Jessica Greenberg argues that nonparticipation can be an expression of complex and sophisticated responses to changing sociopolitical contexts. Greenberg also examines how such responses are affected by the global deployment of normative models of democratic success and failure. Starting with both policy and academic discourse about civic participation and popular Serbian narratives about politics and European belonging, Greenberg integrates the ethnographic material from her fieldwork in Serbia to illuminate the context in which such ideas reinforce understandings of democratic policies as elitist, corrupt, morally suspect, and disempowering. In conclusion, she suggests that researchers and practitioners should interrogate their own roles in creating and deploying frameworks for political success and failure and the impact these frameworks have on the lived experience of democracy.
“Kennst du das Land?” The Uncertainty of Galicia in the Age of Metternich and Fredro
Authors: Wolff Larry
Published: February 2017

During the Napoleonic wars the future existence of Habsburg Galicia was regarded as uncertain, and in the period following the Congress of Vienna the identity of the province was likewise unclear. The eighteenth-century creation of Galicia gave way to the nineteenth-century attempt to create Galicians and to discover a non-national provincial meaning of “Galicia,“ capable of reconciling and transcending national, religious, and linguistic differences. In this article Larry Wolff juxtaposes the political perspective of Metternich and the literary perspective of dramatist Aleksander Fredro in order to analyze the imperial and provincial dynamics of the idea of Galicia, with fürther attention to the public sphere of newspapers and journals, and the cultural perspectives of Galicians like Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (the son of the great composer) and Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński (founder of the Ossolineum library in Lviv). This article traces the evolving cultural meanings of Galicia up until 1835, the year of the death of Habsburg Emperor Franz and the year that Fredro was denounced by a Polish critic as a “non-national” writer. Especially in Fredro's celebrated comedies, it is possible to discern the submerged ideological tensions of empire and province that shaped Galician identity in the early nineteenth century.
Julia Kristeva: Exile and Geopolitics of the Balkans
Authors: Bjelić Dušan I.
Published: February 2017

Julia Kristeva, taking a psychoanalytic approach to the question of exile and exilic identity inStrangers to Ourselvesand other works, makes a distinctive contribution to the field of exile studies. She constructs the Balkans as geopolitical analog to the psychoanalytic concept of “archaic mother,” the unconscious source of carnage and violence. She proposes “Oedipal revolt” as a kind of national psychotherapy to connect individual Balkan subjects with their unconscious desire for the maternal space— which will free them to be civilized by internalizing the law of the father. Kristeva even sees this Oedipal reconstruction as a necessary precondition to the establishment of “intimate democracy” in the Balkans. In identifying her “archaic mother” as the Balkan east, however, and in formulating her project of Oedipal revolt, she denigrates the Balkans (in particular, Bulgaria, her country of origin) and discursively elevates France—and “French taste“—to the top of her civilizational hierarchy.
Remembering “The Terrorism”: Sergei Stepniak-Kravchinskii'sUnderground Russia
Authors: Patyk Lynn Ellen
Published: February 2017

How was terrorism first remembered when it surged up from the Russian underground in the third quarter of the nineteenth century? In this article, Lynn Ellen Patyk argues that memory is indispensible to terrorism and that historians’ attribution of the “invention of modern terrorism“ to Russian revolutionaries in the mid-nineteenth century is as much a testament to these revolutionaries’ mnemonic savvy as to their tactical innovation. The revolutionary-litterateur Sergei Stepniak-Kravchinskii (1852-1895) was at the avant-garde of this innovation, and this article analyzes his mastery of the implicit mnemonics of the terrorist deed and then of its literary commemoration inUnderground Russia: Revolutionary Profiles and Sketches from Life(1882). Stepniak-Kravchinskii uses historical narrative to perform essential plot revisions and linguistic reclamations (for example, of the wordNihilist)and employs the device of “personal recollections” to authenticate and lend emotional and sensual immediacy to his representation of “the Terrorism” and its place of origin, Underground Russia.
Catherine's Retinue: Old Age, Fashion, and Historicism in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Golburt Luba
Published: February 2017

Beside her political and cultural legacy, Catherine II bequeathed to the nineteenth century a certain striking image of the body and spirit of the eighteenth: an aging aristocratic lady, inflexible in her behavioral routines and visibly unaware of historical change. This image was codified by Aleksandr Pushkin inThe Queen of Spadesand, much later, satirized by Ivan Turgenev in several of his novels. Highlighting the recurrence of these copies of Catherine the Great in nineteenth-century Russian prose, Luba Golburt interprets the narrative and historical implications of fashion and aging in this period that was fascinated with historical knowledge and imagination. The persistence of the past embodied by these figures posed a challenge to the otherwise widely embraced Hegelian notions of progress, underscoring the repetitive and ritualistic rhythms of historical experience. These figures also extended the realist narrative's historical scope and made possible a range of polyphonous temporal structures.
Toward Heterotopia: The Case of Trans-Atlantyk
Authors: Gasyna George
Published: February 2017

In August 1939, the Polish avant-garde writer and playwright Witold Gombrowicz left Poland for what was to be a month-long literary tour of South America. World War II broke out a week after Gombrowicz's arrival in Argentina, and he was never to return to Poland; instead he remained in Buenos Aires, where he would live for the next quarter of a century. In this essay George Gasyna argues that Gombrowicz overcame whatever nostalgic longings he may have felt for the homeland he had left behind—by an “accident” of world history—through articulating a new type of poetics, which Gasyna terms a “heterotopic imagination.” Employing a key term used by Michel Foucault in his archaeologizing of western cultural knowledge, Gasyna theorizes heterotopia both as a desire to articulate the existential condition of deterritorialization in the spaces between mainstream literary and cultural discourses, and as a kind of textual sanctuary from the world. Within the zone of heterotopia, Gasyna argues, an author's exilic imagination may transform the nonplace of language into a linguistic refuge, a home-in-language. In his reading of Gombrowicz's second and perhaps most outrageous novel, Trans-Atlantyk, Gasyna demonstrates that despite its overt stylistic deviation and blatant political provocations, the novel is primarily concerned with elaborating an exilic space of hope for an autonomous subject—in this case the deracinated author who chose to divest himself of the political pressures of being a Polish émigré in wartime and the Cold War era, in order to become “merely a human being.“
Introduction
Authors: Plamper Jan
Published: February 2017

Recent scholarship in the humanities and social sciences is awash with emotions. Affective social science, the cognitive poetics of emotion, the philosophy of emotions, the history of emotions, and the outer markers of institutionalization and professionalization—conferences, research clusters, dissertations, publications—together create a solid impression: this is a “turn,” if there ever was one.

It appears that this turn has reached Slavic studies. That it has taken so long may seem surprising. After all, in the western European imagination, “the east,” and Russia as a part thereof, has long been linked with emotion—so unmediated and untrammeled that an indication of quantity sufficed as a description: too much emotion, extreme emotion, rather than a different kind of emotion. Whence the current emotional turn? Let me briefly map some of the roads that led to it.
China Scholars and Twitter
Authors: Sullivan Jonathan
Published: February 2017

Situating external engagement within the broader context of developments in Western higher education (HE) and technologies that are changing many aspects of academic life, this research note draws on the experiences of a large number of China scholars to assess the merits of Twitter for individual academics and the field as whole. Celebrating its tenth anniversary in March 2016, Twitter has shaken off its earlier image of celebrity stalking and inane ephemera and has become a tool used by many professionals working on China. Despite initial scepticism, many academics have recognized the utility of Twitter for various professional activities, including networking, increasing research visibility, gathering and disseminating information, and building a public profile. As external engagement activities become a routine expectation for academics in many Western universities, social media like Twitter have drawn attention as potentially useful tools. However, there are numerous obstacles to effective use, which this note addresses.
Legionellaprevalence and risk of legionellosis in Japanese households
Authors: KUROKI T. , WATANABE Y. , TERANISHI H. , IZUMIYAMA S. , AMEMURA-MAEKAWA J. , KURA F.
Published: February 2017

This study determined the occurrence of legionellae in private houses for which there were no available data on aquatic environments other than the water supply system. From June 2013 to November 2014, we collected 138 water and 90 swab samples from aquatic environments in 19 houses.LegionellaDNA was detected via a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in 66 (47·8%) water and 17 (18·9%) swab samples. HighLegionellaDNA detection rates were observed in water samples from washing machines and aquariums.Legionellaspp. was isolated from 9 (6·5%) water and 3 (3·3%) swab samples.Legionella pneumophilaSG 1 was detected from the outlet water of a bathtub spout and a bath sponge. Use of amoebic co-culture effectively increased legionellae andLegionellaDNA detection rates from all sample types. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the heterotrophic plate count was significantly related toLegionellacontamination. Our findings indicate that there is a risk of legionellosis from exposure toLegionellaspp. in a variety of aquatic environments in residential houses. Control measures for legionellae in houses should include frequent cleaning and disinfecting to reduce heterotrophic bacteria in water and, where possible, preventing aerosolization from aquatic environments.
Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in France in 2010
Authors: ANTONA D. , LEPOUTRE A. , FONTENEAU L. , BAUDON C. , HALFTERMEYER-ZHOU F. , LE STRAT Y. , LÉVY-BRUHL D.
Published: February 2017

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains the leading cause of congenital virus infection in developed countries. Measuring the national prevalence of this infection, especially among women of childbearing age, is of great value to estimate the risk of congenital CMV infection, as well as to identify risk groups that should be targeted for behavioural interventions and/or vaccination once a CMV vaccine finally becomes available. In order to fulfil these objectives, a seroprevalence survey was conducted in 2010, using a nationally representative, population-based sample of 2536 people aged between 15 and 49 years, living in metropolitan France and attending private microbiological laboratories for blood testing. All blood samples were analysed in the same laboratory and screened for CMV-specific IgG using an enzyme-linked immunoassay technique (Elisa PKS Medac Enzyme immunoassay). The overall point estimate of CMV infection seroprevalence for individuals aged 15–49 years was 41.9%. The estimates were higher in women than in men (respectively 45.6% and 39.3%), and people born in a non-Western country were more likely to be CMV seropositive than those born in France or in another Western country (93.7%vs. 37.7%). Our results showed that a substantial percentage of women of childbearing age in France are CMV seronegative and therefore at risk of primary CMV infection during pregnancy. Educational measures and future vaccine are key issues to prevent infection in pregnant women and congenital CMV disease.
Juvenile Age Estimation Using Diaphyseal Long Bone Lengths Among Ancient Maya Populations
Authors: Danforth Marie Elaine , Wrobel Gabriel D. , Armstrong Carl W. , Swanson David
Published: February 2017

Standards for diaphyseal lengths of the femur, humerus, and tibia that can be used in juvenile age estimation for the ancient Maya are presented. It is argued that these new standards are necessary given differences in stature and limb proportion in Mesoamerican groups compared to the prehistoric North American groups upon whom the current available standards have been developed. Using data from 96 juveniles in the protohistoric Maya series from Tipu, Belize, regression equations were developed to predict age of dental development using diaphyseal lengths; all had excellent fit and statistical significance. When the equations were tested with diaphyseal lengths from other Mesoamerican populations, the results were supportive of such application.
Maya Marine Subsistence: Isotopic Evidence from Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro, Belize
Authors: Williams Jocelyn S. , White Christine D. , Longstaffe Fred J.
Published: February 2017

This article presents stable nitrogen and carbon isotopie analyses of diet at the Maya sites of Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro, Belize. This study, which provides important insight into social organization, trade, and subsistence economy for the Postclassic and Historic periods (ca. A.D. 900–1650), also expands our understanding of the distribution of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes within coral reef food webs off coastal Belize. Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro represent the first documented ancient Maya populations whose diet consisted mostly of marine resources with a minimal reliance upon maize. Although these sites do not appear highly stratified, and there are no dietary differences between sexes or status, the inhabitants of Marco Gonzalez incorporated more mainland-terrestrial animals and maize into their diet than the people of San Pedro. This finding supports the postulated roles of these two settlements, where Marco Gonzalez had trade ties to the mainland site of Lamanai and San Pedro was a small fishing village.
Chiconautla, Mexico: A Crossroads of Aztec Trade and Politics
Authors: Nichols Deborah L. , Elson Christina , Cecil Leslie G. , de Estrada Nina Neivens , Glascock Michael D. , Mikkelsen Paula
Published: February 2017

Chiconautla, situated on the northeastern shore of Lake Texcoco and the southern edge of the Teotihuacan Valley, lay at an important juncture for east-west exchange in the Basin of Mexico with connections to asfar away as the Gulf Coast. Recently, we completed an INAA study on ceramics from Chiconautla to examine marketing and exchange patterns from A. D. 950 to 1521. We present these data and contextualize them in light of contexts excavated at the site by George C. Vaillant, in particular materials from an Aztec noble residence he called “Casa Reales.” We also examine historical information regarding Chiconautla’s role in Aztec society as it existed at the eve of Spanish conquest. We evaluate the site’s particular position at the crossroads of important trade routes in light of recent models of Aztec markets and exchange and what these patterns say about shifting political affiliations in this critical region.
Household and Status in Formative Central Mexico: Domestic Structures, Assemblages, and Practices at La Laguna, Tlaxcala
Authors: Carballo David M.
Published: February 2017

Two Terminal Formative (ca. 100 B. C.–A.D. 100) domestic areas of La Laguna, Tlaxcala, are compared to examine variability in residential structures, assemblages, and practices, and their correlation to status differences at this midsize regional center during the period of initial central Mexican urbanization and state formation. Combining multiple lines of evidence, the study assesses the applicability of previous frameworks for investigating household status to this particular community. It demonstrates significant differences between elite and commoner residences in architectural elaboration, labor mobilization, access to certain foreign goods, and particular ritual practices, but general similarities in domestic economies and more restrained differentiation informs of personal adornment and domestic ritual. These conclusions are consistent with demarcated lineage ranking but relatively minor wealth accumulation by a more rural elite located peripherally to larger cities and polities.
Spearthrower Owl Hill: A Toponym at Atetelco, Teotihuacan
Authors: Nielsen Jesper , Helmke Christophe
Published: February 2017

The important Classic period site of Teotihuacan is renowned for its great size, ancient influence, and intricately decorated polychrome murals. The latter are the focus of the present study, in particular the unique landscape scene from Murals 2 and 3 from Portico 1 of the North Patio of the Atetelco residential compound that depicts a row of toponymic hill signs. The three hills have identical qualifying elements embedded, identified as combinations of an owl and a spearthrower. The murals thus make a repeated reference to a place named “Spearthrower Owl Hill.” The dating of the murals to the Early Xolalpan phase (ca. A.D. 350–450) makes them contemporary with the so-called Teotihuacan entrada into the Maya lowland sites such as Tikal, where hieroglyphic texts make mention of a Teotihuacan-affiliated individual known as “Spearthrower Owl.” From these findings—and based on Mesoamerican naming practices—we go on to suggest that the Atetelco toponym and the historical individual share the name of a common forebear, possibly that of a previously unidentified Teotihuacan martial patron deity. As such, the Early Classic Teotihuacan “Spearthrower Owl” deity has much in common with the legendary Huitzilopochtli of the Late Postclassic Mexica. Our reexamination of the murals from Atetelco shows the enormous potential that further studies in Teotihuacan writing and iconography still have for our understanding of the history and religion of this major Mesoamerican site.
Tiwanaku Influence in the South Central Andes: Strontium Isotope Analysis and Middle Horizon Migration
Authors: Knudson Kelly J.
Published: February 2017

Although the presence of Tiwanaku-style material culture throughout southern Peru, northern Chile, and western Bolivia is well documented, the nature of Tiwanaku influence during the Middle horizon (A.D. 500–1100) is variously attributed to imperial expansion or economic and/or religious relationships. Strontium isotope data from archaeological human remains from Tiwanaku-affiliated sites identified first-generation immigrants from the Lake Titicaca basin outside of the Tiwanaku heartland at the Peruvian site of Chen Chen. These data provide an important component to studies that demonstrated close biological relationships during the Middle horizon but could not demonstrate the direction of population movement. However, no immigrants from the Lake Titicaca basin were identified at the San Pedro de Atacama cemeteries of Coyo Oriental, Coyo-3, and Solcor-3. At the sites of Tiwanaku, Tilata, Iwawe, and Kirawi, strontium isotope ratios were also variable, and demonstrate movement within the Lake Titicaca basin. This demonstrates that Tiwanaku influence involved direct colonization in the Moquegua Valley but that in other regions, like San Pedro de Atacama, local inhabitants adopted Tiwanaku-style material culture. This elucidates the complex and highly variable relationships between the Tiwanaku heartland and peripheral sites during the Middle horizon.
Mortuary Practices and Human Sacrifice in the Middle Chao Valley of Peru: Their Interpretation in the Context of Andean Mortuary Patterning
Authors: Gaither Catherine , Kent Jonathan , Sánchez Víctor Vásquez , Tham Teresa Rosales
Published: February 2017

Investigations at several northern Peruvian coastal archaeological sites by archaeologists and physical anthropologists are beginning to provide details on long-term patterning of mortuary behavior. Some of these patterns include retainer sacrifice, child sacrifice, and the metaphorical principle we refer to as “like with like.” In this paper, we discuss the data relating to these mortuary patterns discovered at the site of Santa Rita B in the middle Chao Valley. Examples of each of the patterns presented are evident at the site. These include at least three child sacrifices and one adult sacrifice. The sacrifices appear to be retainer sacrifices, defined as sacrifices intended to accompany a deceased principal personage in the afterlife. The inclusion of the child sacrifices with a subadult principal burial is part of the “like with like” pattern seen here and at other Andean sites. Dating to the start of the Late Intermediate period (ca. A.D. 1100–1300), these finds are compared to other north coastal sites, both earlier and later, and the extent of temporal continuity in these patterns is discussed.
Reassessing San Estevan's Role in the Late Formative Political Geography of Northern Belize
Authors: Rosenswig Robert M. , Kennett Douglas J.
Published: February 2017

We reassess San Estevan's role within the Late Formative period political geography of northern Belize. This medium-sized site has been interpreted as a subsidiary center to Nohmul that ruled the area along with Cerros, Lamanai, and Colha (Scarborough 1991). It has also been suggested that scores of autonomous polities existed in the region at this time (McAnany 1995). We examine these contrasting models in light of our recent excavations in the central precinct of San Estevan. These excavations reveal a stratigraphic sequence of Middle through Late Formative period deposits. Excavations document that the central part of the site was plastered over after 50 cal. B.C.—at roughly the same time as monumental construction projects were also started at Cerros, Nohmul, and Lamanai. San Estevan's central Mound XV was built on these plaster surfaces during the Late Formative period as was the adjacent ballcourt. Based on our new excavation data we suggest that San Estevan was an independent polity during the Late Formative period. Further, we propose that San Estevan competed, and engaged in warfare, with other medium and large regional centers and was one of ~12 independent polities forming a political patchwork across northern Belize.
Craniometric Patterning within Ancient Peru
Authors: Ross Ann H. , Ubelaker Douglas H. , Guillén Sonia
Published: February 2017

Numerous studies have used the Howells Peruvian sample from the province of Yauyos as the morphological representative for South America. Although Peru has a rich history of investigations of human skeletal remains, biological distance studies based on craniometrics are limited to nonexistent. This study examines the morphological variation found in Peru using the Howells sample and three additional coastal (Makatampu and Ancón) and highland (Cajamarca) samples. The between-group variation and the degree of among-group differentiation were tested using a canonical discriminant analysis and Mahalanobis D², respectively. All groups are significantly different from the Yauyos sample and results indicate a closer morphological affinity between coastal groups and the two highland groups.
Labor, Population Movement, and Food in Sixteenth-Century Ek Balam, Yucatán
Authors: deFrance Susan D. , Hanson Craig A.
Published: February 2017

Spanish colonization of the Yucatán Peninsula altered traditional patterns of subsistence after Spaniards imposed labor demands and controlled the movement of indigenous Maya. Spaniards established an encomienda and Franciscan visita at Ek Balam in the northern lowlands of the peninsula during the mid-sixteenth century. Complementary forces of doctrina and encomienda fostered the religious, political, and economic subjugation of the Maya. An analysis of zooarchaeological material from an Early Hispanic period feature at the archaeological site of Ek Balam indicates that Spanish restrictions of population movement and restructuring of indigenous labor altered pre-Hispanic patterns of faunal use. Under Spanish hegemony, Maya residents raised small-sized animals of Eurasian origin, especially pigs and chickens, while maintaining the indigenous dog as a primary food source. The animals used at Ek Balam could have been either raised or hunted locally; there is no indication that animals were obtained through either trade or exchange. The pattern of faunal use by indigenous people at Ek Balam differs from Early Hispanic sites in the southern Maya lowlands and elsewhere in the circum-Caribbean. This contrast demonstrates that tropical environmental variability, population density, and Spanish control tactics affected subsistence behavior and the incorporation of introduced fauna in the indigenous diet.
Psychiatric Pharmacogenomics: How to Integrate into Clinical Practice
Authors: Stahl Stephen M.
Published: February 2017

Pharmacogenomic testing can be integrated into modern mental health practices to help select psychotropic drugs for individuals who have failed first-line evidence-based treatments. This can be done by the process of “equipoise”—namely, balancing the weight of all available evidence. That evidence now includes not only diagnosis-specific treatment guidelines and “personalized” patient information, such as an individual’s specific symptom profile, past response to medications, side effects, family history, and patient preference, but also “precision medicine,” which incorporates the ever-expanding base of pharmacogenomic evidence for how an individual’s own biomarkers alter the odds for that individual’s treatment response or treatment intolerance.
Effect of dignity therapy on end-of-life psychological distress in terminally ill Portuguese patients: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Julião Miguel , Oliveira Fátima , Nunes Baltazar , Carneiro António Vaz , Barbosa António
Published: February 2017

Objective:

Dignity therapy (DT) is a brief form of psychotherapy developed for patients living with a life-limiting illness that has demonstrated efficacy in treating several dimensions of end-of-life psychological distress. Our aim was to determine the influence of DT on demoralization syndrome (DS), the desire for death (DfD), and a sense of dignity (SoD) in terminally ill inpatients experiencing a high level of distress in a palliative care unit.

Method:

A nonblinded phase II randomized controlled trial was conducted with 80 patients who were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the intervention group (DT + standard palliative care [SPC]) or the control group (SPC alone). The main outcomes were DS, DfD, and SoD, as measured according to DS criteria, the Desire for Death Rating Scale, and the Patient Dignity Inventory (PDI), respectively. All scales were assessed at baseline (day 1) and at day 4 of follow-up. This study is registered with http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN34354086.

Results:

Of the 80 participants, 41 were randomized to DT and 39 to SPC. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. DT was associated with a significant decrease in DS compared with SPC (DT DS prevalence = 12.1%; SPC DS prevalence = 60.0%; p < 0.001). Similarly, DT was associated with a significant decrease in DfD prevalence (DT DfD prevalence = 0%; SPC DfD prevalence = 14.3%; p = 0.054). Compared with participants allocated to the control group, those who received DT showed a statistically significant reduction in 19 of 25 PDI items.

Significance of results:

Dignity therapy had a beneficial effect on the psychological distress encountered by patients near the end of life. Our research suggests that DT is an important psychotherapeutic approach that should be included in clinical care programs, and it could help more patients to cope with their end-of-life experiences.
Irish Nationalism, Print Culture and theSpirit of the Nation
Authors: Love Timothy M.
Published: February 2017

Recent investigations into the survival and dissemination of traditional songs have elucidated the intertwining relationship between print and oral song traditions. Musical repertories once considered distinct, namely broadside ballads and traditional songs, now appear to have inhabited a shared space. Much scholarly attention has been focused on the print and oral interface that occurred in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain.

Less attention has been paid, however, to music in Ireland where similar economic, cultural and musical forces prevailed. Yet, Ireland’s engagement in various nationalist activities throughout the nineteenth century added a distinctly political twist to Ireland’s print–oral relationship. Songbooks, a tool for many nineteenth-century nationalist movements, often embodied the confluence of print and oral song traditions. Lacking musical notation, many songbooks were dependent on oral traditions such as communal singing to transmit their contents; success also depended on the large-scale distribution networks of booksellers and ballad hawkers. This article seeks to explore further the print–oral interface within the context of Irish nationalism. Specifically, I will examine how one particular movement, Young Ireland, manifested this interface within their songbook,Spirit of the Nation. By examining the production, contents, and ideology of this songbook, the complex connections between literature, orality and nationalism emerge.
The Birth of the Humanist Movement at the Turn of the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Revest Clémence
Published: February 2017

This article provides an overview of how humanism evolved into a “cultural movement” in Italy during the pivotal years between 1400 and 1430. It examines the very notion of “movement” as a specific and challenging concept for intellectual history. It also identifies a significant threshold effect that resulted from related memorial, sociological, and literary processes. The emergence of a collective consciousness grounded in a reflexive relationship to history, the development of practices and references connected to the creation of a dynamic form of sociability, and the establishment of several distinctive markers of inclusive identity all converged to produce a powerfully symbolic “space of possibles” based on the paradigm of the “return to antiquity.” The development of an enduring cultural phenomenon was at work through the circulation and interaction of ideas, social practices, and elements emerging from the collective imagination. This phenomenon flourished well beyond the works of the period’s major authors and created a certain “topicality.”