bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dependence of Ductile-Brittle Transition Behavior on the Size of Charpy Specimen and The Location Of V-Notch in the Haz of Welded A533B PVS
Authors: Kimura A , Suzuki T , Jincho M , Matsui H
Published: March 2009

The dependence of ductile-brittle transition (DBT) behavior of welded A533B pressure vessel steel (PVS) on the specimen size and location of notch in the heat affected zone (HAZ) has been investigated utilizing small specimen technique. Submerged arc welded thick plate for plant-use was supplied by Japan Steel Works, LTD. Standard size, one-third size and 1.5mm size Charpy V-notch (CVN) specimens were prepared so as to place the notches at the base metal (M15) and the deposit (D15) 15mm away from fusion boundary and 1 mm inside the base metal (M1) from the boundary. It is interesting that the M1 specimen shows better DBT behavior, namely a larger upper shelf energy (USE) and a lower ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), than the M15 and D15 specimens independent of the specimen size. To investigate the dependence of the DBT behavior on the location of notch in the HAZ in more detail, impact tests were carried out for the one-third size specimens with notches at different distance from the fusion boundary (x=0), that is, x= -15, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +15mm from the boundary. Again the DBTT is the lowest and the USE is the highest for the M1 specimen. On the contrary, impact properties are the worst at a HAZ location 4mm away from the boundary (M4).

Normalization of the USE is successfully done by a curve fitting method. There observed linear relationships between DBTTs obtained using standard and sub-sized specimens of base metal, deposit and HAZ.
Fracture Toughness Testing of Small and Standard Bending Specimens
Authors: Kalkhof D , Krompholz K
Published: March 2009

This work deals with an alternative possibility of performing fracture mechanics testing with small Charpy impact specimens in the same manner as for large, three-point bend-type specimens. The procedure is based upon the determination of Ji, which claims that the J-integral for fracture resistance at stable crack propagation initiation is a characteristic value of the material. It is shown that the results of the application of this procedure are promising in the cases of brittle fracture and brittle/ductile transition.
Critical Analysis of Results from the ASTM Round-Robin on Reconstitution
Authors: Onizawa K , van Walle E , Nanstad RK , Sokolov M , Pavinich W
Published: March 2009

In 1992, ASTM initiated a Round-Robin on Reconstitution (RRR) to contribute to review the ASTM E1253 Guide on Charpy reconstitution. The purpose of this RRR was to study the influence of parameters, such as the reconstitution technique, the insert length, the hammer tup geometry and the material. Ten laboratories participated in the RRR and performed Charpy reconstitution according to a pre-defined test matrix. Comparison of the absorbed energy and lateral expansion before and after reconstitution demonstrates that the loss due to reconstitution can be characterized by the combination of the welding method and the tup geometry used. In general, stud and upset-butt welding combined with the ASTM tup show the highest difference in energy whereas electron-beam welding with the ISO tup indicates the least. The variations among welding techniques and laboratories are also described. The recorded instrumented Charpy signals establish the load diagram that forms the basis of an enhanced surveillance methodology for plant life management. It is concluded that reconstitution does not affect any characteristic loads in the instrumented load-time traces.
Comparison of Compact, Reconstituted and Subsize Charpy Specimens
Authors: Keim E , Langer R , Hofmann G
Published: March 2009

During the operation time of nuclear power plants change of material properties of the reactor pressure vessel may occur due to ageing or irradiation effects. A common tool to investigate this change of material properties is the determination of the shift in transition temperature by means of the Charpy impact test. Suitable index temperatures are derived from the test data of tested specimens of surveillance programs or from test data of specimens cut out of templets of RPVs. Due to lack of material, subsize and/or reconstituted specimens will be often used. In this paper investigations on reconstituted specimens are discussed and compared to results of compact (original) and subsize impact specimens. From the experimental data base the conclusion can be drawn that valid index temperatures for safety analysis can be derived from the test data of reconstituted specimens with minimum insert lengths of 10mm. Also from the test data of subsize specimens valid index temperatures can be obtained, if corresponding correlation functions to the original conventional ISO Charpy test data are applied.
Specimen Reconstitution Technique and Verification Testing for Charpy Size SENB Specimens
Authors: Viehrig H-W , Boehmert J
Published: March 2009

Specimen reconstitution, i.e. the incorporation of a small piece from a previously tested specimen into a compound specimen, allows to multiply the number of tests. This is especially important if the available material is restricted and fracture mechanical parameters have to be determined. For this purpose a technique was developed to reconstitute Charpy size single-edge notch bend specimens (SENB) from broken halves of Charpy V-notch specimens.

The fraction of the insert that is affected by the reconstitution technique is determined by measurements of temperature and hardness gradients and by metallographic examination. The specimen reconstitution technique has been validated for SENB specimens of Charpy geometry. The test methods comprised instrumented impact testing of Charpy-V specimens and elastic-plastic fracture toughness testing with precracked and side grooved SENB specimens.
Evaluation of the Fracture Toughness of a C-MN Steel Using Small Notched Tensile Specimens
Authors: Marini B , Carassou S , Wident P , Soulat P
Published: March 2009

Fracture toughness testing of irradiated or aged materials is often limited due to the lack of available material. Subsize Charpy, small CT specimens or small punch test is generally used to overcome this limitation. In this paper, a method based on small notched tensile specimen testing is presented and used for evaluation of fracture toughness properties of a C-Mn steel with a large inclusions content. Specimens are cut in the radial and circumferential directions from a C-Mn steel pipe and tested at 100°C. The diameter of the smallest specimens is 3.6 mm. The average strain at fracture and finite elements simulation of the notched specimens are used to determine the critical values of a local ductile fracture criterion. These values are subsequently used in conjunction with finite element simulations to predict the fracture toughness of the material in different orientations. The predictions are compared with fracture toughness measured on ½ T, 1 T and 2 T-CT specimens.
Fracture and Tensile Properties of ASTM Cross-Comparison Exercise A 533B Steel by Small Punch Testing
Authors: Foulds JR , Wu M , Srivastav S , Jewett CW
Published: March 2009

The small punch (miniature disk bend) test was used to estimate conventional tensile and fracture properties of the reactor pressure vessel A 533B plate steel provided by ASTM for its Cross-Comparison Exercise on Determination of Material Properties Through the Use of Miniature Mechanical Testing Techniques. The test procedures followed those developed over the last six years mainly through support of the Electric Power Research Institute. The small punch, disk-shaped specimen of 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) diameter and 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) thickness is loaded by a 2.54 mm (0.1 in.) diameter hemispherical head punch at a constant displacement rate of typically 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) per minute. The room-temperature material fracture toughness (KIc) and uniaxial tensile stress-strain curve and properties estimated from three separate small punch tests at room temperature show good reproducibility and agreement with the conventionally-measured, large specimen values. A series of small punch tests exhibited well-defined temperature-dependent energy transition behavior and potential for estimation of standard Charpy transition temperatures from such data.
The use of Shear Punch Testing to Clarify the Consequences of Helium Production in the Deformation of Isotopically Tailored Ferritic Alloys
Authors: Hamilton ML , Hankin GL , Gelles DS
Published: March 2009

The shear punch test was used to evaluate the strengthening associated with the production of helium in model Fe-Cr-Ni alloys during irradiation in HFIR at 300–600°C. Four alloys, were considered, a base alloy of composition Fe-12Cr and three alloys with 1.5% Ni, doped isotopically to contain 60Ni, natural nickel or 59Ni. The addition of nickel in any isotopic balance significantly strengthened the base alloy, and as expected, the strength of the alloys decreased with increasing irradiation temperature. Helium itself, however, up to the 75 appm produced over 7 dpa appeared to have little effect on the strength of the alloys.
Nonlinear Elastic Characterization of Carbon Fibers
Authors: Arsenovic P
Published: March 2009

The non-linear elastic behavior of a series of pitch-based graphite fibers was studied using the method of laser generated ultrasound. A Q-switched Nd-YAG laser was used to produce pulses which generated stress waves in the fibers. The velocity of the acoustic wave was determined from the time of flight of the wave at the point of impact to a piezoelectric transducer positioned near one end of each specimen. The effective Young's modulus of the fibers was determined for a wide range of static tensile stresses and varying temperatures. X-ray diffraction measurements were also made on these fibers, to determine such factors as crystallite size, orientation, and modulus. From these data, theoretical calculations of fiber modulus were performed, and the results compared to the ultrasonic modulus measurements. These results are useful for characterizing the elastic behavior of composites in which the fibers are used.
Fiber/Matrix Interface Studies Using Fragmentation Test
Authors: Armistead JP , Snow AW
Published: March 2009

Some fiber-resin composite interface work done at the Naval Research Laboratory is reviewed beginning with several applied studies and progressing to more fundamental work. Butadiyne (diacetylene) was evaluated as a novel carbon-fiber surface treatment applied via vapor deposition polymerization. Results of its application to high-strength carbon fibers, high-modulus carbon fibers, and aramid fibers are summarized. Reduction of carbon-fiber surface polarity by annealing under hydrogen was evaluated as a means to decrease the sensitivity of the interface to moisture.

In the above experiments the fragmentation test was used to determine relative levels of adhesion and the mechanisms of failure at the fiber/matrix interface. Comparisons of the adhesion of high-modulus and high-strength carbon fibers to epoxy and cyanate matrices were used to evaluate models for the fragmentation test. For high-modulus fibers the adhesion was poor and a friction factor approach may be suitable for modeling this type of interfacial failure. For high-strength fibers the adhesion was much higher and possibly limited by the shear properties of the matrix.

The simple mechanics models discussed previously do not explain adhesion changes where chemistry is the only variable. In a study of three matrix resins with comparable mechanical properties a linear dependence was shown between measured “good” adhesion and relative resin model compound basicity.
Testing of Organic Acids in Engine Coolants
Authors: Weir TW
Published: March 2009

The effectiveness of 30 organic acids as inhibitors in engine coolants is reported. Tests include glassware corrosion of coupled and uncoupled metals, FORD galvanostatic and cyclic polarization electrochemistry for aluminum pitting, and reserve alkalinity (RA) measurements. Details of each test are discussed as well as some general conclusions. For example, benzoic acid inhibits coupled metals well but is ineffective on cast iron when uncoupled. In general, the organic acids provide little RA when titrated to a pH of 5.5, titration to a pH of 4.5 can result in precipitation of the acid. Trends with respect to acid chain length are reported also.
Fleet Test Evaluation of Fully Formulated Heavy-Duty Coolant Technology Maintained with a Delayed-Release Filter Compared with Coolant Inhibited with a Nitrited Organic Acid Technology: An Interim Report
Authors: Aroyan SS , Eaton ER
Published: March 2009

This paper is a controlled extended service interval (ESI) study of the comparative behaviors of a nitrite/borate/low-silicate, low total dissolved solids (TDS) coolant maintained with delayed-release filters, and an organic acid inhibited coolant technology in heavy-duty engines. It reports both laboratory and fleet test data from 66 trucks, powered with different makes of heavy-duty diesel engines. The engines were cooled with three different types of inhibitors and two different glycol base (ethylene glycol and propylene glycol) coolants for an initial period exceeding two years and 500 000 km (300 000 miles). The data reported include chemical depletion rates, periodic coolant chemical analyses, and engine/cooling system reliability experience. The ongoing test will continue for approximately five years and a 1.6 million km (1 million miles) duration. Thirteen trucks were retained as controls, operating with ASTM D 4985 specification (GM-6038 type) coolant maintained with standard ASTM D 5752 supplemental coolant additive (SCA). Engines produced by Caterpillar, Detroit Diesel Corp., Cummins Engine Co., and Mack Trucks are included in the test mix.
Predictive Tools for Coolant Development: An Accelerated Aging Procedure for Modeling Fleet Test Results
Authors: Gershun AV , Mercer WC
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study was to develop an accelerated aging test (AAT) for conventional and extended life coolants that will predict coolant composition and performance after 100 000 or more miles (160 930 km) of use. The procedure was developed by examining the effects of a series of cooling system metals, their surface area and the amount of each used, test temperature, glycol concentration, and test time on important chemical and physical properties of the test coolant. The chemical and physical properties evaluated included the accumulation of glycol degradation products, the depletion rate of active inhibitors, the pH drop, and the presence of corrosion products in solution. In addition, the test coolant performance was evaluated in ASTM D 1384 and D 4340. The effects of variation in the test procedure on the coolant were compared to actual coolant from extended duration fleet tests. The test procedure selected gave test coolant with composition, physical properties, and performance that compared favorably with the fleet test fluid. The test performance was validated by comparing the properties of a series fluids after this test to corresponding fluids removed from vehicles after extended use. An example of fluid development using this procedure is presented. Further areas of investigation are suggested. It is recommended that the general test procedure be considered for adoption as an ASTM test method for evaluation of the extended performance of fluids in automotive and light duty cooling systems.
Long-Term Serviceability of Elastomers in Modern Engine Coolants
Authors: Bussem H , Farinella AC , Hertz DL
Published: March 2009

The aging of elastomers in engine coolants after extended periods of service can be both a physical process (stress/strain relaxation) and/or a chemical change. Engine coolants are essentially aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes coupled with inorganic inhibitor systems, as well as new organic acid systems. The long-term effects of this environment are reviewed. Chemical and functional tests are utilized to model these aging processes. This review will offer a better understanding of the long-term suitability of typical candidate elastomers.
Engine Coolant Compatibility with the Nonmetals Found in Automotive Cooling Systems
Authors: Greaney JP , Smith RA
Published: March 2009

High temperature, short term immersion testing was used to determine the impact of propylene and ethylene glycol base coolants on the physical properties of a variety of elastomeric and thermoplastic materials found in automotive cooling systems. The materials tested are typically used in cooling system hoses, radiator end tanks, and water pump seals. Traditional phosphate or borate-buffered silicated coolants as well as extended-life organic acid formulations were included. A modified ASTM protocol was used to carry out the testing both in our labora-tory and at an independent testing facility. Post-test fluid chemistry including an analysis of any solids which may have formed is also reported. Coolant impact on elastomer integrity as well as elastomer-induced changes in fluid chemistry were found to be independent of the coolant's glycol base.
Assessment of the Validity of Conductivity as an Estimate of Total Dissolved Solids in Heavy-Duty Coolants
Authors: Carr RP
Published: March 2009

Conductivity is widely used in the analysis of heavy-duty coolants to estimate total dissolved solids. TDS is of concern in heavy-duty coolants because the practice of adding supplemental coolant additives (SCAs) to the coolant can lead to overloading and to subsequent water pump seal weepage and failure. Conductivity has the advantage of being quick and easy to measure and the equipment is inexpensive. However, questions are continually raised as to whether conductivity truly is a valid method of estimating TDS and, if so, over what concentration range. The introduction of new chemistries in heavy-duty coolants and new extended service interval (ESI) technologies prompts a critical assessment. Conductivity and TDS measurements for all of the coolants and SCAs used in heavy-duty engines in North America will be presented. The effects of glycol concentration on conductivity will also be examined.
Scale and Deposits in High-Heat-Rejection Engines
Authors: Chen Y-S , Kershisnik EI , Hudgens RD , Corbeels CL , Zehr RL
Published: March 2009

Scaling under conditions very similar to those of a heavy-duty diesel engine cooling system was investigated using a newly designed, versatile test stand. The parameters included flow rate, heat flux, hardness, along with bulk fluid temperatures. The hot surface temperature, a critical parameter, was also measured. Results were interpreted in terms of the conditions in the boundary layer at the hot surface. Critical values of flow rate and heat flux existed for scaling under experimental conditions. A quantitative relationship of scale with heat flux and hardness was observed. Deposits produced from testing of different types of commercial coolants, including phosphate based and nonphosphate based, were measured and compared with results from simple beaker tests.
Recycling Used Engine Coolant Using High-volume Stationary, Multiple Technology Equipment
Authors: Haddock ME , Eaton ER
Published: March 2009

Recycling used engine coolant has become increasingly desirable due to two significant factors. First, engine coolant frequently merits designation as a hazardous waste under the Federal Clean Water Act. Federal and some state environmental protection agencies have instituted strict regulation of the disposal of used engine coolant. In some cases, the disposal of engine coolant requires imposition of waste disposal fees and surcharges. Secondly, ethylene glycol, the principal cost component of engine coolant, has experienced dramatic price fluctuations and occasional shortages in supply. Therefore, there are both environmental and economic pressures to recycle engine coolant and recover the ethylene glycol component in an efficient and cost-effective manner.

This paper discusses a multistage apparatus and a process for recycling used engine coolant that employs a combination of filtration, centrifugation (hydrocyclone separation), dissolved air flotation, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, continuous deionization, and ion exchange processes for separating ethylene glycol and water from used engine coolant. The engine coolant is prefiltered through a series of filters. The filters remove particulate contaminates. This filtered fluid is then subjected to dissolved air flotation and centrifugation to remove petroleum. Then it is heated and pressurized prior to being passed over a series of two different sets of semipermeable membranes. The membrane technologies separate the feed stream into a “permeate” solution of ethylene glycol and water and a “concentrate” waste solution. The concentrate solution is returned to a concentrate tank for continuous circulation through the apparatus. The permeate solution is subjected to final refining by continuous deionization followed by a cation and anion ion exchange polishing process. The continuous deionization reduces ionic contaminants, and the ion exchange system eliminates any ionic contaminants left by the previous purification methods. A mechanical blender is used to mix the purified recovered fluid with fresh ethylene glycol (to adjust freeze point) and performance enhancing chemicals.
Evaluation of Engine Coolant Recycling Processes: Part 2
Authors: Bradley WH
Published: March 2009

Engine coolant recycling continues to provide solutions to both economic and environmental challenges often faced with the disposal of used engine coolant. General Motors' Service Technology Group (STG), in a continuing effort to validate the general practice of recycling engine coolants, has conducted an in-depth study on the capabilities of recycled coolants. Various recycling processes ranging from complex forms of fractional distillation to simple filtration were evaluated in this study to best represent the current state of coolant recycling technology. This study incorporates both lab and (limited) fleet testing to determine the performance capabilities of the recycled coolants tested. While the results suggest the need for additional studies in this area, they reveal the true capabilities of all types of engine coolant recycling technologies.
Extended Service of “Fully Formulated” Heavy-Duty Antifreeze in American Cars
Authors: Eaton ER , Eaton HS
Published: March 2009

In 1995, a universal “fully formulated” antifreeze/coolant specification was published for the first time in The Maintenance Council (TMC) Recommended Practices (RP) 329 and 330. It was the intent of TMC to provide a coolant that could be used in both automotive light-duty engines and heavy-duty diesel engines. This simple, one-step coolant would allow fleet managers to decrease maintenance while complying with OEM warranty requirements. In addition, fleet managers would have only one coolant to inventory. Extensive data have been presented by various authors and are recorded in the literature regarding the application of this type of coolant in heavy-duty diesel engines. Herein are reported the positive results and documentation of the successful extended service interval (ESI) application of this coolant in light-duty automobile engines, complementing the heavy-duty performance database. Vehicles from the “Big Three” American car manufacturers were operated for a distance exceeding 100 000 km (62 000 miles) with excellent experience. This paper reports the test parameters, test methods, test data and concludes that both TMC RP-329 and RP-330 compliant, phosphate-free low-silicate coolants offer ESI performance for light-duty as well as heavy-duty applications.

The data reported in this paper are derived from a controlled ESI study. The data compare the behavior of a nitrite/borate/low-silicate, low total dissolved solids (TDS) inhibitor technology in ethylene glycol and in propylene glycol coolants. Both laboratory and fleet data from six cars, powered with different makes of light-duty gasoline engines and cooled with two different types of aqueous glycol coolants for a distance exceeding 100 000 km (62 000 miles), are reported. Data include chemical depletion rates, periodic coolant chemical analyses, coolant use and makeup statistics, and engine/cooling system reliability experience. The engines were completely disassembled both at the inception and at the conclusion of the test, allowing for thorough inspection.
Development of an Extended-Service Coolant Filter
Authors: Mitchell WA , Hudgens RD
Published: March 2009

An extended-service engine coolant filter has been developed, using conventional supplemental coolant additive (SCA) technology. This has been achieved by the use of a proprietary polymer coating, which delays the release of active engine coolant chemistry. Initial field data show a gradual release pattern for introducing SCA chemistry into the coolant, with complete release typically occurring in the range of 70 000 to 140 000 miles (112 651-225 302 km).
Good Model-Bad Model, Understanding The Flow Modeling Process
Authors: Woessner WW , Anderson MP
Published: March 2009

Hydrogeologists and engineers engrossed in developing and applying ground water models tend to represent the results of their work as “the answer”, a “highly probable solution” or a “reasonable possibility”. These various views are often based on the strengths of the calibration procedure. We propose that ground water models are inherently uncertain and that model verification (truth has been demonstrated) is unobtainable. Acceptability of ground water models should be determined by using confirming observations to support a subjective judgement. The judgement is made in the context of the stated purpose of the model and the nature of the supporting observations associated with each component of the modeling process.
Conceptualization and Characterization of Ground-Water Flow Systems
Authors: Kolm KE , van der Heijde PKM , Downey JS , Gutentag ED
Published: March 2009

This paper describes an integrated, step-wise method for the qualitative conceptualization and quantitative characterization of ground-water flow systems, including the unsaturated zone. The conceptualization and characterization process, which is iterative and used at any scale, includes: 1) problem definition and data base development; 2) preliminary conceptualization; 3) surface characterization; 4) geologic and geomorphologic characterization; 5) hydrogeologic characterization; and 6) ground-water system characterization. Conceptualization of a ground-water system is fundamental to any qualitative or quantitative evaluation. This approach may be used in: 1) evaluating natural variations in ground-water flow systems; 2) evaluating anthropogenic stresses on ground-water flow systems, such as pumping for water supply, irrigation, induced infiltration, or well injection; 3) evaluating presence and velocity of dissolved ground-water contaminants; 4) designing and selecting mathematical models to simulate ground-water systems; 5) completing model schematization and attribution based on the problem defined, characterized ground-water flow system, and model(s) selected; and 6) designing ground-water remediation systems.
Design of Fate and Transport Modeling for US EPA Risk Assessments
Authors: McNulty EG , Mossbarger WA , Versluis WS
Published: March 2009

This paper outlines the design of a comprehensive 3-dimensional ground water fate and transport model for US EPA risk assessments of a major federal facility. This fate and transport modeling and risk assessment effort has saved the U.S. taxpayer $250M in remediation costs. The model estimates the concentrations of key constituents at human receptors to evaluate the human health risks associated with site wide remedial designs of various operable units (OUs). This model accounts for the infiltration and mixing of contaminated surface runoff in a seasonal stream and subsequent infiltration into the regional aquifer, transport through an unsaturated glacial till and aquifer zones, movement of contaminants released by perched water and residual (remediated) areas, and transport through the saturated zone. The model identifies the OUs that contribute the greatest risk to a receptor, directs data collection and analysis efforts for other OUs, and establishes preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) and waste acceptance criteria (WACs) for various engineered barriers. The associated carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks to human health at the 10-6 incremental lifetime cancer risk determine these PRGs and WACs.
The Effect of 10 Years Exterior Exposure on the Dirt Pickup Resistance and Durability of Textured Acrylic Finishes Used in Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS)
Authors: O'Brien MJ , McKelvey JL , Rimmer JW
Published: March 2009

The results of over 10 years exterior exposure show that the appearance of an acrylic textured finish used in EIF Systems can be dramatically improved by the choice of acrylic polymer from a new family of acrylic polymers. These new polymers have been found to prolong the cleanliness of these finishes relative to a standard acrylic finish. This benefit can be seen with a range of acrylic polymer compositions of varying Tg (Glass Transition Temperature). Acrylic finishes have been formulated with these new acrylic polymers with a high level of flexibility and dirt pick-up resistance that was formerly not possible with the standard acrylic finish. Besides staying cleaner longer the test results show that these new finishes retain all of the original performance properties associated with the durability of an acrylic finish, such as high adhesion, good water resistance, and excellent resistance to cracking and chalking.

Exterior exposure studies have also shown that by adding an efficient mildewcide to an acrylic finish formulation, the appearance of the coating can be enhanced. The protective properties of the mildewcide have been tested under different climatic conditions.
Comparison of Class PB EIFS Lamina Water Transmission Test Methods
Authors: Kudder RJ , Lies KM
Published: March 2009

There is currently a need for consensus performance criteria and corresponding test methods for the water transmission properties of Class PB EIFS lamina. A study was conducted to compare the results of several different test methods. Samples were fabricated using cementitious and non-cementitious Class PB EIFS with various thicknesses. Each sample was subjected to a variety of test methods. Performance is measured by the appearance of moisture on the back of the lamina, and is related to the test parameters, the cement content and the thickness of the lamina.
Development of Alternate Test Methods for Sealant Performance with Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems
Authors: Preston WM
Published: March 2009

For years, the EIFS industry has relied on Adhesion-in-Peel Testing (ASTM C 794) for determining both the compatibility and acceptability of sealants used in EIF Systems. Although peel adhesion is an important parameter, it does not represent field conditions. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a standard test method which addressed EIFS in a working joint. A method was developed which closely parallels ASTM C 1135 — Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural Sealants. The proposed method is currently under consideration by the ASTM C 24.20.12 Task Group where round robin testing is underway.

This paper will focus on the proposed test method. It will present data obtained for various sealants and coatings that have been tested by this method, enabling one to determine which sealant and coating best suits the existing need. In addition, the paper will present guidelines for detailing terminations in an EIF System as recommended by the EIFS Industry Members Association (EIMA).
EIFS — Surface-Sealed Wall Systems That Need Flashings
Authors: Nelson PE , Waltz ME
Published: March 2009

An exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) is typically designed as a surface-sealed, barrier wall. Water leakage can occur through these wall systems at failed sealant joints and openings in the EIFS lamina, or from other components of the wall such as windows, HVAC through-wall units, etc. The reliability of a traditional EIFS wall can be improved by providing flashings to capture and control water that penetrates at vulnerable areas. Some recent EIFS innovations provide additional protection against water penetration by incorporating backup waterproofing membranes into the system. Proper flashing design becomes critical for these products to perform as intended by the manufacturer. This paper describes the basic considerations of flashing design for EIFS and concentrates on material selection, compatibility, durability, workmanship, and design. A workable flashing system requires a careful balance of these properties.
Noncombustible, Pressure-Equalized Rainscreen Technology to Reduce Leaking in Eifs
Authors: Edgar JRS , Brown WC , Rousseau J
Published: March 2009

Leaking in wall assemblies has been shown to be reduced if the air pressure difference across the cladding can be reduced. The EIF system described has been tested to demonstrate that mineral wool insulation can be used to allow the air pressure difference across the exterior coating of the system to be equalized. The mineral wool is vented at the bottom of the panel. Channels are introduced into the insulation to facilitate the speed of pressurization. Testing has also shown the system to be durable.
Melatonin Transmits Photoperiodic Signals through the MT1 Melatonin Receptor
Authors: Yasuo Shinobu , Yoshimura Takashi , Ebihara Shizufumi , Korf Horst-Werner
Published: March 2009

Melatonin transmits photoperiodic signals that regulate reproduction. Two melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) have been cloned in mammals and additional melatonin binding sites suggested, but the receptor that mediates the effects of melatonin on the photoperiodic gonadal response has not yet been identified. We therefore investigated in mice whether and how targeted disruption of MT1, MT2, or both receptor types affects the expression level of two key genes for the photoperiodic gonadal regulation, type 2 and 3 deiodinase (Dio2andDio3, respectively). These are expressed in the ependymal cell layer lining the infundibular recess of the third ventricle and regulated by thyrotropin produced in the pars tuberalis. In wild-type C3H mice,Dio2expression was constantly low, and no photoperiodic changes were observed, whereasDio3expression was upregulated under short-day conditions. In C3H with targeted disruption of MT1 and MT1/MT2,Dio2expression was constitutively upregulated,Dio3expression was constitutively downregulated, and the photoperiodic effect onDio3expression was abolished. Under short-day conditions, C3H with targeted disruption of MT2 displayed similar expression levels ofDio2andDio3as wild-type animals, but they responded to long-day condition with a stronger suppression ofDio3than wild-type mice. Melatonin injections into wild-type C57BL mice suppressedDio2expression and inducedDio3expression under long-day conditions. These effects were abolished in C57BL mice with targeted disruption of MT1. All data suggest that the melatonin signal that transmits photoperiodic information to the hypothalamo–hypophysial axis acts on the MT1 receptor.
To See or Not to See: Prestimulus α Phase Predicts Visual Awareness
Authors: Mathewson Kyle E. , Gratton Gabriele , Fabiani Monica , Beck Diane M. , Ro Tony
Published: March 2009

We often fail to see something that at other times is readily detectable. Because the visual stimulus itself is unchanged, this variability in conscious awareness is likely related to changes in the brain. Here we show that the phase of EEG α rhythm measured over posterior brain regions can reliably predict both subsequent visual detection and stimulus-elicited cortical activation levels in a metacontrast masking paradigm. When a visual target presentation coincides with the trough of an α wave, cortical activation is suppressed as early as 100 ms after stimulus onset, and observers are less likely to detect the target. Thus, during one α cycle lasting 100 ms, the human brain goes through a rapid oscillation in excitability, which directly influences the probability that an environmental stimulus will reach conscious awareness. Moreover, ERPs to the appearance of a fixation cross before the target predict its detection, further suggesting that cortical excitability level may mediate target detection. A novel theory of cortical inhibition is proposed in which increased α power represents a “pulsed inhibition” of cortical activity that affects visual awareness.
Two Molecular Pathways (NMD and ERAD) Contribute to a Genetic Epilepsy Associated with the GABAAReceptor GABRA1 PTC Mutation, 975delC, S326fs328X
Authors: Kang Jing-Qiong , Shen Wangzhen , Macdonald Robert L.
Published: March 2009

Approximately one-third of human genetic diseases are caused by premature translation-termination codon (PTC)-generating mutations. These mutations in sodium channel and GABAAreceptor genes have been associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsies, but the cellular consequences of the PTCs on the mutant channel subunit biogenesis and function are unknown. The PTCs could result in translation of a truncated subunit, or more likely, trigger mRNA degradation through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), thus preventing or reducing production of mutant subunit at the transcriptional level. The GABAAreceptor α1 subunit mutation, 975delC, S326fs328X, is an autosomal dominant mutation associated with childhood absence epilepsy that generates a PTC in exon 8 of the 9 exon GABRA1 gene that is 74 bp upstream of intron 8. Using an intron 8-inclusion minigene that supports NMD, we demonstrated that mutant mRNA was substantially reduced, but not absent. Loss of mutant transcripts was blocked by ribosome inhibition or by silencing the NMD-essential gene hUPF-1. In both neurons and non-neuronal cells, the PTC caused substantial loss of mutant α1(S326fs328X) subunit mRNA through NMD with a minor portion of the mRNA escaping NMD and producing a mutant protein. The translated mutant protein had reduced stability due to endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) and had enhanced association with molecular chaperones. This study suggests that loss of mRNA due to activation of NMD and activation of ERAD by the mutant protein may contribute to epileptogenesis. The molecular mechanisms outlined here delineate a model for the pathogenesis of many PTC-generating mutations.
Auditory Input to CNS Is Acquired Coincidentally with Development of Inner Ear after Formation of Functional Afferent Pathway in Zebrafish
Authors: Tanimoto Masashi , Ota Yukiko , Horikawa Kazuki , Oda Yoichi
Published: March 2009

Auditory perception in vertebrates depends on transduction of sound into neural signals in the inner ear hair cells (HCs) and on transmission of these signals to the brain through auditory (VIIIth) nerve afferents. To investigate the developmental acquisition of auditory inputs by the CNS, we have electrophysiologically and morphologically examined the process of acquisition of auditory responsiveness by zebrafish macular HCs and the Mauthner cells (M-cells)in vivo. The M-cells are a paired large reticulospinal neurons in the hindbrain; they receive direct inputs from the VIIIth nerve afferents and initiate an acoustic startle response. Whole-cell recordings from the M-cells showed that sound-evoked postsynaptic currents were first observed around 40 h postfertilization (hpf); during subsequent development, onset latency decreased and amplitude increased. The appearance and development of microphonic potentials in the inner ear coincided with those of the acoustic responses of the M-cell, whereas the functional auditory circuits from the macular HCs to the M-cell were already formed at 27 hpf. These results suggest that the functional maturation of inner ear after formation of the auditory pathway is a critical process in the acquisition of auditory inputs by CNS neurons.
Theataxia3Mutation in the N-Terminal Cytoplasmic Domain of Sodium Channel Nav1.6 Disrupts Intracellular Trafficking
Authors: Sharkey Lisa M. , Cheng Xiaoyang , Drews Valerie , Buchner David A. , Jones Julie M. , Justice Monica J. , Waxman Stephen G. , Dib-Hajj Sulayman D. , Meisler Miriam H.
Published: March 2009

The ENU-induced neurological mutantataxia3was mapped to distal mouse chromosome 15. Sequencing of the positional candidate geneScn8aencoding the sodium channel Nav1.6 identified a T>C transition in exon 1 resulting in the amino acid substitution p.S21P near the N terminus of the channel. The cytoplasmic N-terminal region is evolutionarily conserved but its function has not been well characterized.ataxia3homozygotes exhibit a severe disorder that includes ataxia, tremor, and juvenile lethality. UnlikeScn8anull mice, they retain partial hindlimb function. The mutant transcript is stable but protein abundance is reduced and the mutant channel is not detected in its usual site of concentration at nodes of Ranvier. In whole-cell patch-clamp studies of transfected ND7/23 cells that were maintained at 37°C, the mutant channel did not produce sodium current, and function was not restored by coexpression of β1 and β2 subunits. However, when transfected cells were maintained at 30°C, the mutant channel generated voltage-dependent inward sodium currents with an average peak current density comparable with wild type, demonstrating recovery of channel activity. Immunohistochemistry of primary cerebellar granule cells fromataxia3mice demonstrated that the mutant protein is retained in thecis-Golgi. This trafficking defect can account for the low level of Nav1.6-S21P at nodes of Ranvierin vivoand at the surface of transfected cells. The data demonstrate that the cytoplasmic N-terminal domain of the sodium channel is required for anterograde transport from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane.
Ghrelin levels in prepubertal pig ovarian follicles
Authors: Rak Agnieszka , Gregoraszczuk Ewa
Published: March 2009

Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide originally identified in the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor. Recent work suggests that ghrelin plays an important role in reproductive function. In this study, prepubertal pig ovaries were used to examine ghrelin levels in the ovarian follicles. Ghrelin levels in the follicular fluid, follicular wall and culture medium were measured using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The ghrelin level in the follicular fluid (18 pg/ml) was the sum of the amounts found in the follicular wall (13.7 pg/ml) and the culture medium (4.6 pg/ml). In conclusion, the data presented in this paper suggest local production of this hormone in ovarian follicles.
Migration time of the genital tubercle in caprine and ovine fetuses: Comparison between breeds, sexes and species
Authors: Azevedo Elielete , Santos Maico , Filho Cristiano , Freitas Neto Leopoldo , Bezerra Filipe , Neves Jairo , Lima Paulo , Oliveira Marcos
Published: March 2009

The aim of this work was to determine the ideal moment to sex goat and sheep fetuses, to compare the average time of genital tubercle (GT) migration between sexes, breeds and species, and to evaluate the accuracy of fetal sexing between sexes. A total of 317 fetuses of 219 pregnant females were monitored at 24-hour interval, from days 30 to 60 of pregnancy in ewes, and from days 40 to 60 in goats. Examinations were performed using transrectal ultrasound equipped with a linear transducer of double frequency. Fetuses were identified as male when the GT was next to the umbilical cord and female when the GT was next to the tail. The average time of GT migration in ewes (41.3 ± 3.1 days) was shorter (P < 0.05) than in goats (47.2 ± 2.3 days). In goats, the average time of GT migration of Saanen fetuses was later (P < 0.05) than in fetuses of other breeds, with no difference in the average time of GT migration between male (46.9 ± 2.2) and female fetuses (47.4 ± 2.4). In ewes, the average time of GT migration did not differ (P > 0.05) among breeds and sexes. In goat and sheep, no difference was noticed in the accuracy of fetal sexing between males and females (P > 0.05). The results show that fetal sexing in ewes must be done earlier than in goats, fetal sexing in Saanen goats must be performed later, and fetal sex does not influence the time of GT migration in either of the two species.
Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine expressing the Neospora caninum surface protein NcSRS2 in mice
Authors: Zhao Zhanzhong , Ding Jun , Liu Qun , Wang Ming , Yu Jinshu , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2009

The immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine expressing the surface protein NcSRS2 ofNeospora caninumwas studied in BALB/c mice. The NcSRS2-encoding DNA was obtained by PCR amplification of the NcSRS2 ORF gene from the p43 plasmid encoding theN. caninumsurface protein NcSRS2, ligated to the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+) and propagated inE. coliDH5α to produce theN. caninumNcSRS2 DNA vaccine. BALB/c mice were immunised by two intramuscular injections of the DNA vaccine with or without complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Serum antibody titres and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, and splenocyte proliferation and cytokine expression were measured after immunisation. The DNA vaccine induced T-cell-mediated immunity as shown by significantly increased NO concentrations, cytokine gene (IL-2 and IFN-γ) expression, and NcSRS2 protein-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in mice immunised with the DNA vaccine. The vaccine also induced weak humoral immunity. The immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine was slightly enhanced by CFA. The immune response was specific to NcSRS2. No immune response was observed in mice immunised with the pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+) vector alone.
Effect of tamoxifen on sex steroid concentrations in chicken ovarian follicles
Authors: Rząsa Janusz , Sechman Andrzej , Paczoska-Eliasiewicz Helena , Hrabia Anna
Published: March 2009

The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of tamoxifen (TAM), an oestrogen receptor antagonist, on the concentrations of sex hormones in chicken ovarian follicles. The experiment was carried out on Hy-line hens which were randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental). TAM was given at a dose of 4 mg/hen (
per os
) at first once a day for 7 consecutive days, and subsequently four times a day for the next 6 days. Control hens received placebo. Birds were killed on the day after the last TAM treatment. From the dissected ovaries the following compartments were isolated: stroma with follicles < 1 mm, white non-hierarchical (1–4 mm and 4–8 mm) and yellow hierarchical follicles (F6-F1; 18–35 mm). The concentrations of the sex steroids progesterone (P4), testosterone (T) and oestradiol (E2) in the ovarian follicles were determined by radioimmunoassay. In the TAM-treated group, a gradual decrease in egglaying rate was observed from the 4th day of the experiment. Eventually, egg laying stopped entirely on the 12th day of the experiment. TAM significantly decreased the weight of the ovary and affected the sex hormone concentrations in the ovarian follicles. Following TAM treatment (1) a significant increase in E2 and T concentrations in the stroma, white follicles and the F4 and F1 follicles, (2) a significant decrease in E2 and T concentrations in the F2 follicle, and (3) a significant decline of P4 in the F4 to F1 follicles were observed. The results indicate that the blockade of oestrogen receptors by TAM significantly modulates the process of chicken ovarian steroidogenesis.