Defining neonatal status epilepticus: A scoping review from the ILAE neonatal task force
Authors: Nunes Magda L. , Yozawitz Elissa G. , Wusthoff Courtney J. , Shellhaas Renée A. , Olivas‐Peña Efraín , Wilmshurst Jo M. , Pressler Ronit M. , Triki Chahnez C. , Hartmann Hans , Inder Terrie , Boylan Geraldine B. , Valente Kette , Moshe Solomon L. , Mizrahi Eli M. , Abend Nicholas S. 
Published: November 2024

Objective

To review the available literature concerning the definition of neonatal status epilepticus (SE) and/or seizure burden.

Methods

The International League Against Epilepsy Neonatal Task Force performed a scoping review of the definitions of neonatal SE. Following a systematic literature review, articles were screened and data were abstracted regarding: (1) article characteristics (author identification, publication year, journal name, digital object identifier, title, objective, and study design); (2) cohort characteristics (sample size, gestational age, seizure etiology); (3) definition of SE and/or seizure burden; and (4) the method used to identify and classify SE, including routine EEG (EEG), continuous EEG monitoring (cEEG), amplitude‐integrated EEG (aEEG), or clinical features.

Results

The scoping review yielded 44 articles containing a definition of neonatal SE. Studies mainly included infants with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy or neonates considered at risk for seizures. SE identification and classification most often relied on cEEG. The majority of studies based the definition of SE on seizure duration, including summed duration of seizures comprising ≥50% of any 1‐h epoch, recurrent seizures for >50% of the total recording time, or either electrographic seizures lasting >30 min and/or repeated electrographic seizures totaling >50% in any 1‐h period. Seizure burden was reported in 20 studies, and the most commonly used approach assessed total seizure burden, defined as total duration of EEG seizures in minutes. Sixteen studies assessed the relationship between seizure burden and outcomes, and most identified a significant association between higher seizure burden and unfavorable outcomes.

Significance

This scoping review demonstrates a substantial variation in neonatal SE definitions across the literature. The most common definitions were based around a 30‐min seizure duration criterion, but evidence was insufficient to support that 30 min was a cutoff defining prolonged seizures or that seizures exceeding this burden were more likely to be pharmacoresistant or associated with worse outcomes. As a next step, the Neonatal Task Force intends to develop a standardized approach to assessing and describing neonatal seizure burden and defining neonatal SE.

Plain Language Summary

Prolonged seizures are a neurologic emergency, if untreated, can lead to permanent injury or death. In adults and children, seizures lasting longer than 30 min are believed to cause brain damage. However, it is not clear if this definition can be applied to neonates. The International League Against Epilepsy Neonatal Taskforce performed a scoping literature review which identified 44 articles containing a definition of neonatal status epilepticus. In this article, the authors reviewed the current used definitions for prolonged seizures in neonates to establish a relationship between seizure duration and neurological outcome. As a next step, the Neonatal Task Force intends to develop a standardized approach to assessing and describing neonatal seizure burden and defining neonatal SE.