bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of photosynthetic light dosage on carbon isotope composition in the coral skeleton: Long‐term culture of Porites spp.
Authors: Omata Tamano , Suzuki Atsushi , Sato Takanori , Minoshima Kayo , Nomaru Eriko , Murakami Akio , Murayama Shohei , Kawahata Hodaka , Maruyama Tadashi
Published: April 2008

Whereas the oxygen isotope ratio of the coral skeleton is used for reconstruction of past information on seawater, the carbon isotope ratio is considered a proxy for physiological processes, principally photosynthesis and respiration. However, the fractionation of carbon isotopes in biogenic carbonate such as coral skeleton is still unclear. We conducted a long‐term culture experiment of Porites spp. corals at different light dosages (light intensity, 100, 300, or 500 μmol m−2 s−1; daily light period, 10 or 12 h) at 25 ± 0.6°C to examine the contribution of photosynthetic activity to skeletal carbon isotope composition. Corals were grown in sand‐filtered seawater and not fed; thus, they subsisted from photosynthesis of symbiotic algae. As the daily dose of photosynthetically active radiation increased, the rate of annual extension also increased. Mean isotope compositions shifted; the carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) became heavier and the oxygen isotope compositions (δ18O) became lighter at higher radiation dose. Skeletal δ18O decrease coincided with increasing skeletal growth rate, indicating the influence of so‐called kinetic isotope effects. The observed δ13C increase should be subject to both kinetic and metabolic isotope effects, with the latter reflecting skeletal δ13C enrichment due to photosynthesis by symbiotic algae. Using a vector approach in the δ13C–δ18O plane, we discriminated between kinetic and metabolic isotope effects on δ13C. The calculated δ13C changes from metabolic isotope effects were light dose dependent. The δ13C fractionation curve related to metabolic isotope effects is very similar to the photosynthesis–irradiance curve, indicating the direct contribution of photosynthetic activity to metabolic isotope effects. In contrast, δ13C fractionation related to kinetic isotope effects gradually increased as the growth rate increased. Our experiment demonstrated that the kinetic and metabolic isotope effects in coral skeleton were successfully differentiated.
Mg structural state in coral aragonite and implications for the paleoenvironmental proxy
Authors: Finch Adrian A. , Allison Nicola
Published: April 2008

Thermodynamic calculations and inorganic precipitation experiments indicate a relationship between aragonite Mg/Ca and water temperature. This offers a route to reconstruct seawater temperatures from fossil corals. Fundamental to this is the assumption that Mg2+ exchanges for Ca2+ within carbonate. We present X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) data to indicate the structural state of Mg in modern Porites coral skeletons. We show Mg is not in aragonite, but hosted by a disordered Mg‐bearing material. Mg may be predominantly hosted in organic materials or as a highly disordered inorganic phase, e.g., a nanoparticulate form of Mg carbonate or hydroxide. Reported correlations between seawater temperature and coral Mg/Ca are unlikely to be consistent between corals and hence analysis of Mg/Ca in fossils is unlikely to produce accurate climate reconstructions. We anticipate XAFS will be applied widely to environmental proxies and become an important tool in identifying those that reconstruct accurate climates.
Assembly of the three small Tim proteins precedes docking to the mitochondrial carrier translocase
Authors: Gebert Natalia , Chacinska Agnieszka , Wagner Karina , Guiard Bernard , Koehler Carla M , Rehling Peter , Pfanner Nikolaus , Wiedemann Nils
Published: April 2008

The mitochondrial intermembrane space contains a family of small Tim proteins that function as essential chaperones for protein import. The soluble Tim9–Tim10 complex transfers hydrophobic precursor proteins through the aqueous intermembrane space to the carrier translocase of the inner membrane (TIM22 complex). Tim12, a peripheral membrane subunit of the TIM22 complex, is thought to recruit a portion of Tim9–Tim10 to the inner membrane. It is not known, however, how Tim12 is assembled. We have identified a new intermediate in the biogenesis pathway of Tim12. A soluble form of Tim12 first assembles with Tim9 and Tim10 to form a Tim12‐core complex. Tim12‐core then docks onto the membrane‐integrated subunits of the TIM22 complex to form the holo‐translocase. Thus, the function of Tim12 in linking soluble and membrane‐integrated subunits of the import machinery involves a sequential assembly mechanism of the translocase through a soluble intermediate complex of the three essential small Tim proteins.
Impaired Pressure Natriuresis in Obese Youths
Authors: Barbeau Paule , Litaker Mark S. , Harshfield Gregory A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To compare the response and recovery of blood pressure (BP) and sodium excretion (UNaV) in response to a behavioral stressor in overweight/obese and lean adolescents.

Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐five lean (12% to 20% body fat) and 59 overweight/obese (>25% body fat) normotensive adolescents were provided all meals for 3 days (average sodium intake, 4000 ± 200 mg/d), before performing the stressor on the third day. There was a 2‐hour pre‐stress rest, followed by a 1‐hour stress (involving a video game task), and a 2‐hour recovery. Percentage of body fat was obtained from DXA. UNaV was measured hourly, whereas systolic BP and diastolic BP measurements were obtained at 15‐minute intervals, and averaged for each 1‐hour period.

Results: There was no significant difference between the lean and overweight/obese group for the response of systolic BP and diastolic BP (group by time interaction, p = 0.60 and p = 0.64, respectively). However, the lean group had a significantly greater increase in UNaV in response to the stressor compared with the overweight/obese group (p = 0.02). UNaV remained elevated compared with baseline in both groups at the 1‐hour (p ≤ 0.0001) and 2‐hour (p ≤ 0.0001) post‐time points. Furthermore, there was a tendency for a larger number of sodium retainers in the overweight/obese group compared with the lean group (39.0% vs. 20.0%; χ2 = 2.85, df = 1, p = 0.09).

Discussion: This study provided evidence that sodium regulation was impaired during a behavioral stress in overweight/obese individuals compared with lean individuals.
Comparison of Methods for Achieving 24‐Hour Energy Balance in a Whole‐Room Indirect Calorimeter
Authors: Grunwald Gary K. , Melanson Edward L. , Forster Jeri E. , Seagle Helen M. , Sharp Teresa A. , Hill James O.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate and compare methods for achieving 24‐hour energy balance in a whole‐room indirect calorimeter.

Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐four‐hour energy expenditure (EE) for 34 healthy adults (16 women, 18 men) was measured in a calorimeter during a prestudy day and on a subsequent nonconsecutive assessment day (AD). Several methods for estimating EE on the AD using activity factors or regression equations with data available before the AD [anthropometrics, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) on prestudy day, 24‐hour EE on prestudy day] were compared for predictive accuracy.

Results: Use of a 24‐hour calorimeter stay gave the smallest mean absolute error (119 ± 16 kcal/d) and smallest single maximum error (361 kcal/d). However, several other methods were only slightly, and not significantly, less accurate (e.g., mean absolute error = 131 ± 17, 140 ± 20, and 141 ± 22 kcal/d and greatest error = 384, 370, and 593 kcal/d for anthropometric, RMR, and SMR regression equations, respectively). Fat‐free mass alone and SMR with a simple activity factor were seen to be less accurate.

Discussion: Our results indicate that there may be some improvement in achieving 24‐hour energy balance in a metabolic chamber by using a preceding 24‐hour calorimeter stay; that only slightly less accurate predictions can be obtained using a combination of anthropometric, body composition, and/or RMR measurements; and that there is little or no advantage in using SMR from a previous overnight calorimeter stay.
Soluble Leptin Receptor and Soluble Receptor‐Bound Fraction of Leptin in the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Sandhofer Anton , Laimer Markus , Ebenbichler Christoph F. , Kaser Susanne , Paulweber Bernhard , Patsch Josef R.
Published: April 2008

Objective: In obesity, plasma leptin is high and soluble leptin receptor (sOb‐R) levels are low, resulting in a low fraction of bound leptin. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of insulin resistance (IR) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) on sOb‐R concentration and the bound‐free ratio of leptin.

Research Methods and Procedures: sOb‐R, leptin levels, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index for IR were determined in 76 middle‐aged obese or overweight men.

Results: Concentration of sOb‐R and soluble receptor‐bound fraction of leptin were lowest in the highest tertile of HOMA‐IR. sOb‐R and the bound‐free ratio of leptin correlated with HOMA‐IR, leptin concentration, and waist‐to‐hip ratio independently of age, BMI, and fat mass. Leptin and waist‐to‐hip ratio were the sole independent determinants of sOb‐R concentration, and BMI, HOMA‐IR, and visceral adipose tissue were independent determinants of the bound fractin of leptin. sOb‐R concentration and the bound fraction of leptin decreased with increasing numbers of components of the MS, resulting in lower sOb‐R concentration and a lower fraction of bound leptin in men with the MS.

Discussion: IR and abdominal obesity are associated with low sOb‐R concentration and low bound‐free ratio of leptin independent of fat mass. Low sOb‐R concentration and low bound‐free ratio of leptin segregate with components of the MS. We suggest that low sOb‐R levels and a low fraction of specifically bound leptin are markers of leptin resistance, which is independently associated with IR and abdominal obesity and may constitute an additional component of the MS.
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells as an in Vitro Model for Human Adipogenesis
Authors: Janderová Lenka , McNeil Michele , Murrell Angela N. , Mynatt Randall L. , Smith Steven R.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To validate the human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as a new in vitro model for the study of human adipogenesis, to develop the optimal protocol for the differentiation of hMSCs into adipocytes, and to describe effect of mitogen‐activated protein kinase on hMSC differentiation into adipocytes.

Research Methods and Procedures: hMSCs, obtained commercially, were differentiated by exposure to insulin, dexamethasone, indomethacin, and 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine three times for 3 days each. Various differentiation conditions were examined to optimize differentiation as measured by Oil Red O staining. The gene expression during adipogenic conversion was assessed by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting.

Results: hMSCs differentiated into adipocytes to a different extent depending on the experimental conditions. We have found that differentiation medium based on medium 199 and containing 170 nM insulin, 0.5 mM 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine, 0.2 mM indomethacin, 1 μM dexamethasone, and 5% fetal bovine serum was optimal. However, the replacement of fetal bovine serum with rabbit serum (15%) led to further enhancement of differentiation. Inhibition of mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation also facilitated adipogenic conversion of hMSCs. The pattern of genes expressed during hMSC differentiation into adipocytes (adipsin, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ, CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein‐β, GLUT4, and leptin) was similar to that observed in other in vitro adipocyte models.

Discussion: hMSCs are renewable sources of noncommitted precursors that are able to differentiate into mature adipocytes under the proper hormonal and pharmacological stimuli. Thus, hMSCs represent a new model for the study of human adipogenesis.
Association of Obesity, but not Diabetes or Hypertension, with Glucocorticoid Receptor N363S Variant
Authors: Lin Ruby C.Y. , Wang Xing Li , Dalziel Bronwen , Caterson Ian D. , Morris Brian J.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine whether the N363S variant in the glucocorticoid receptor (encoded by nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1: NR3C1) is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, or hypertension.

Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional case‐control study involving 951 Anglo‐Celtic/Northern European subjects from Sydney. This study consisted of the following: 1) an obesity clinic group, most of whom had “morbid obesity” (mean BMI for group = 43 ± 8 kg/m2; n = 152); 2) a type 2 diabetes clinic group (n = 356); 3) patients with essential hypertension who had a strong family history (n = 141); and 4) normal healthy controls (n = 302). N363S genotype, BMI, and a range of other parameters relevant to each group were measured.

Results: Compared with the frequency of 0.04 in nonobese healthy subjects, the S363 allele was significantly higher in obesity clinic patients (0.17; p = 5.6 × 10−8), subjects with diabetes who were also obese (0.09; p = 0.0045), subjects with hypertension who were also overweight (0.08; p = 0.0016), and overweight healthy subjects (0.12; p = 0.0004).

Discussion: The NR3C1 N363S variant is associated with obesity and overweight in a range of patient settings but is not associated with hypertension or type 2 diabetes.
The Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor α L162V Mutation Is Associated with Reduced Adiposity
Authors: Bossé Yohan , Després Jean‐Pierre , Bouchard Claude , Pérusse Louis , Vohl Marie‐Claude
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine the contribution of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) L162V mutation to the variation of several indexes of body fatness obtained from healthy adults who participated in the Quebec Family Study.

Research Methods and Procedures: The PPARα L162V mutation was determined by a mismatch polymerase chain reaction method. Adiposity phenotypes were obtained by standardized anthropometric measurements, underwater weighing technique, and computed tomography.

Results: For all adiposity phenotypes, subjects carrying the V162 allele had lower values compared with L162 homozygotes (HMZs) [BMI (kg/m2): 27.8 ± 7.6 vs. 26.0 ± 5.6, p < 0.05; percentage body fat: 28.5 ± 10.7 vs. 25.7 ± 10.1, p < 0.05; waist circumference (cm): 89.0 ± 18.1 vs. 85.7 ± 15.8, p = 0.07; total computed tomography abdominal fat areas (cm2): 406 ± 221 vs. 359 ± 192, p = 0.15; means ± SD for L162 HMZs vs. V162 carriers, respectively]. Differences in cross‐sectional abdominal adipose tissue areas and waist circumference were abolished after adjustment for total body fat mass. Similar trends were observed when results were analyzed by gender, although associations seemed stronger in women. The odds ratio of having a BMI above 30 kg/m2 reached 1.77 (1.02; 3.07, 95% confidence intervals) for L162 HMZs. This risk could be considered marginal on an individual basis, but because 85% of the subjects are affected by this small risk, the impact on the population is important.

Discussion: The PPARα V162 allele is associated with reduced adiposity and has a substantial population‐attributable risk.
Dietary Fat Dose Dependently Increases Spontaneous Caloric Intake in Rat
Authors: Warwick Zoe S.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To characterize the dose‐response relationship between dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio and spontaneous caloric intake.

Research Methods and Procedures: Male Long‐Evans rats consumed milk‐based liquid diets that differed in fat content (17% to 60% of kilocalories) but had equivalent protein content and energy density. In Experiment 1, rats consumed one of the diets (n = 9/diet group) as the sole source of nutrition for 16 days. In Experiment 2, diets were offered as an option to nutritionally complete chow for 4 days followed by a 3‐day chow‐only washout in a randomized within‐subjects design (n = 30). In Experiment 3, nine rats received isocaloric intragastric infusions of diet overnight, with chow available ad libitum. At least two no‐infusion days separated the different diet infusions, which were given in random order. Food intake was measured daily

Results: Dietary fat dose dependently increased total daily kilocalories in each of the three paradigms.

Discussion: These data imply that the postingestive effects of carbohydrate and fat differentially engage the physiological substrates that regulate daily caloric intake. These findings reiterate the importance of investigating macronutrient‐specific controls of feeding, rather than prematurely concluding that dietary attributes that covary with fat content (e.g., caloric density and palatability) drive the overeating associated with a high‐fat diet.
The Baboon as a Nonhuman Primate Model for the Study of the Genetics of Obesity
Authors: Comuzzie Anthony G. , Cole Shelley A. , Martin Lisa , Carey K. Dee , Mahaney Michael C. , Blangero John , VandeBerg John L.
Published: April 2008

Objective: At present, rodents represent the most common animal model for research in obesity and its comorbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease), however, there are several physiological and developmental differences between rodents and humans reflective of their relatively ancient evolutionary divergence (approximately 65 to 75 million years ago). Therefore, we are currently developing the baboon as a nonhuman primate model for the study of the genetics of obesity.

Research Methods and Procedures: At present, we are collecting extensive phenotypic data in a large pedigreed colony (N > 2000) of baboons housed at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, Texas. The long‐term goal of this project is to identify genes influencing adiposity‐related phenotypes and to test hypotheses regarding their pleiotropic effects on other phenotypes related to increased risk for a variety of common diseases (e.g., coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes).

Results: To date we have obtained various adipose‐specific endocrine measures, adipose tissue biopsies, and estimates of body composition on a substantial portion of our pedigreed colony. The pattern of adipose tissue accumulation follows closely that seen in humans, and we have detected significant additive genetic heritabilities for these obesity‐related phenotypes.

Discussion: Given the physiological and developmental similarities between humans and baboons, along with the ability to collect data under well‐controlled situations and the extensive pedigree data available in our colony, the baboon offers an extremely valuable nonhuman primate model for the study of obesity and its comorbidities.
Energy Intake Patterns in Obese Women with Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Raymond Nancy C. , Neumeyer Brooke , Warren Cortney S. , Lee Susanne S. , Peterson Carol B.
Published: April 2008

Objective: For binge eating disorder (BED) to be accepted as a distinct diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, it must be demonstrated that the criteria identify a diagnostic entity that is distinct from bulimia nervosa and obesity. This study examined the difference in total energy intake per day, patterns of energy intake throughout the day, and nutrient content of foods consumed in obese individuals who met the criteria for BED (on binge and non‐binge days) and those who did not.

Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty women, 12 who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for BED and 8 matched obese controls, participated in the study. All participants underwent six random 24‐hour dietary recall telephone interviews conducted by experienced interviewers using the Nutrition Data Software System.

Results: The BED group ingested significantly more kilocalories on days when they had binge eating episodes than the obese control group on average. The BED group ate significantly more in the evening on binge days than their control group counterparts. There is some indication in the data that those with BED may be restricting caloric intake. Finally, data indicated that the BED group ate significantly more protein, carbohydrate, and fat on binge days than on non‐binge days. However, the proportion of kilocalories from each nutrient shifted on BED binge days compared with non‐binge days to favor consumption of fat over carbohydrates.

Discussion: More research needs to be done to determine if these findings are reproducible. Then, the neurobiological underpinnings of these differences in nutrient intake patterns and nutrient selection can be studied to help to determine the biological basis of the disorder.
Weight‐Loss Practices and Asthma: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Authors: Ford Earl S. , Mannino David M. , Redd Stephen C. , Mokdad Ali H. , Galuska Deborah A. , Serdula Mary K.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To describe weight‐control practices and receipt of weight‐loss advice among obese people with asthma.

Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed data from the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Results: Among 13,953 participants with current asthma, 27.3% had a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m2. Overall, 48.1% of participants with asthma reported trying to lose weight (64.1% among overweight or obese participants and 72.9% among obese participants). Among participants with asthma who were trying to lose or maintain weight, 74.7% reported trying to reduce their energy and/or fat intake, and 57.8% reported using physical activity. Approximately 29.7% were using the recommended combination of energy and/or fat intake reduction and physical activity of ≥150 min/wk. During the 12 months before the interview, 16.2% of overweight and 44.9% of obese participants with asthma reported receiving advice to lose weight. Among obese participants receiving weight‐loss advice, 82.9% reported trying to lose weight compared to 63.8% of participants who did not receive such advice.

Discussion: Health professionals can play an important role in educating their patients with asthma about the importance of weight control and assisting their overweight and obese patients in setting appropriate weight goals and helping them achieve those goals.
A Deletion in the α2B‐Adrenergic Receptor Gene and Autonomic Nervous Function in Central Obesity
Authors: Sivenius Katariina , Niskanen Leo , Laakso Markku , Uusitupa Matti
Published: April 2008

Objective: We investigated the impact of a three‐amino acid deletion (12Glu9) polymorphism in the α2B‐adrenergic receptor gene on autonomic nervous function. The short form (Glu9/Glu9) of the polymorphism has previously been associated with a reduced basal metabolic rate in obese subjects. Because autonomic nervous function participates in the regulation of energy metabolism, there could be a link between this polymorphism and autonomic nervous function.

Research Methods and Procedures: Data of a 10‐year follow‐up study with 126 nondiabetic control subjects and 84 type 2 diabetic patients were used to determine the effects of the 12Glu9 polymorphism on autonomic nervous function. A deep breathing test and an orthostatic test were used to investigate parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic nervous function. In addition, cardiovascular autonomic function was studied using power spectral analysis of heart rate variability.

Results: No significant differences were found in the frequency of the 12Glu9 deletion polymorphism between nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. The nondiabetic men with the Glu9/Glu9genotype, especially those with abdominal obesity, had significantly lower total and low‐frequency power values in the power spectral analysis when compared with other men. Furthermore, in a longitudinal analysis of 10 years, the decrease in parasympathetic function was greater in nondiabetic men with the Glu9/Glu9genotype than in the men with the Glu9/Glu12or Glu12/Glu12genotypes.

Discussion: The results of the present study suggest that the 12Glu9 polymorphism of the α2B‐adrenergic receptor gene modulates autonomic nervous function in Finnish nondiabetic men. In the nondiabetic men with the Glu9/Glu9genotype, the general autonomic tone is depressed, and vagal activity especially becomes impaired with time. Furthermore, this association is accentuated by central obesity.
Correlation between Serum Resistin Level and Adiposity in Obese Individuals
Authors: Azuma Koichiro , Katsukawa Fuminori , Oguchi Shuji , Murata Mitsuru , Yamazaki Hajime , Shimada Akira , Saruta Takao
Published: April 2008

Objective: Resistin is associated with insulin resistance in mice and may play a similar role in humans. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship of serum resistin level to body composition, insulin resistance, and related obesity phenotypes in humans.

Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐four young (age 32 ± 10 years), obese (BMI 32.9 ± 5.6), nondiabetic subjects taking no medication, and 15 lean (BMI 21.1 ± 1.3) volunteers were studied cross‐sectionally. Thirty‐five of the subjects were also reevaluated after 1.5 years on a weight reduction program entailing dieting and exercise; changes of serum resistin were compared with changes of BMI, body composition, fat distribution, and several indices of insulin sensitivity derived from plasma glucose and serum insulin levels measured during 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test.

Results: In a cross‐sectional analysis, serum resistin was significantly higher in obese subjects than in lean volunteers (24.58 ± 12.93 ng/mL; n = 64 vs. 12.83 ± 8.30 ng/mL; n = 15; p < 0.01), and there was a correlation between resistin level and BMI, when the two groups were combined (ρ = 0.35, p < 0.01). Although cross‐sectional analysis in obese subjects revealed no correlation between serum resistin and parameters related to adiposity or insulin resistance, longitudinal analysis revealed change in serum resistin to be positively correlated with changes in BMI, body fat, fat mass, visceral fat area, and mean glucose and insulin (ρ = 0.39, 0.40, 0.44, 0.50, 0.40, and 0.50; p = 0.02, 0.03, 0.02, <0.01, 0.02, and <0.01, respectively).

Discussion: Resistin appears to be related to human adiposity and to be a possible candidate factor in human insulin resistance.
Binge Eating and Eating‐Related Cognitions and Behavior in Ethnically Diverse Obese Women
Authors: Sánchez‐Johnsen Lisa A.P. , Dymek Maureen , Alverdy John , Le Grange Daniel
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine binge eating and eating‐related cognitions and behavior in a sample of ethnically diverse women who are severely obese and seeking bariatric surgery.

Research Methods and Procedures: Female bariatric surgery candidates (62 African Americans, 18 Latinas, 130 whites) completed questionnaires on binge eating and eating‐related cognitions and behavior and completed a structured clinical interview to confirm binge‐eating disorder diagnosis.

Results: Ethnic minorities and whites did not differ in rates of binge‐eating disorder (26.3%), binges per week (M = 0.95), or dietary restraint. Ethnic minorities reported less disinhibition, and there was a trend to report less hunger awareness than whites. After controlling for BMI and education, ethnicity accounted for significant variance in disinhibition (4%; p < 0.01). Ethnic minorities were younger, became overweight at a later age, and were overweight for fewer years than whites.

Discussion: Results suggest that ethnicity exerts an important influence on disinhibition and that ethnic differences are not caused by BMI or education. Findings point to the need to continue to investigate the role of ethnicity, binge eating, and disinhibition in severely obese women, so that culturally appropriate services can be provided.
Turnover of Acinar and Islet Cells in the Pancreas of Monosodium Glutamate‐Treated Obese Mice
Authors: Nakayama Daiju , Magami Yasushi , Azuma Takeshi , Inokuchi Hideto , Furukawa Masaya , Ohyashiki Junko , Yoshimoto Takayuki , Mizuguchi Junichiro , Moriyasu Fuminori , Kawai Keiichi , Hattori Takanori
Published: April 2008

Objective: Subcutaneous administrations of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to neonatal animals result in obesity and induce the toxicity on the central nervous system, and furthermore, have an effect on entero‐pancreatic hormone. The effect of MSG on the cell turnover of organs, especially the pancreas, has received little attention until now. This study was designed to examine the effect of MSG on pancreatic cell turnover by immunohistochemistry and [3H]thymidine autoradiography.

Research Methods and Procedures: Male JcI‐ICR strain mice were SC injected with MSG (2 mg/g body weight daily) for 5 days after birth, received 112 repeated injections of [3H]thymidine at 6‐hour intervals for 28 days after birth, and then were killed immediately thereafter, or 30, 60, or 120 days after the last injection. Autoradiography was performed on sections immunostained for glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin.

Results: After continuous labeling, most pancreatic cells were labeled, and thereafter, labeling of cells decreased in control and MSG‐treated mice. The mean grain counts of acinar cells in MSG‐treated mice decreased more slowly than those in control mice. On the other hand, those of islet cells, including glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin cells, decreased more rapidly in MSG‐treated mice than those in control mice.

Discussion: Cell turnover of acinar cells was decelerated and that of islet cells including glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin cells was accelerated in MSG‐treated mice pancreas. MSG‐induced hypothalamic lesions exert the contrary influences on the cell turnover of acinar and islet cells.
Weight Bias among Health Professionals Specializing in Obesity
Authors: Schwartz Marlene B. , Chambliss Heather O'Neal , Brownell Kelly D. , Blair Steven N. , Billington Charles
Published: April 2008

Purpose: To determine the level of anti‐fat bias in health professionals specializing in obesity and identify personal characteristics that correlate with both implicit and explicit bias.

Research Methods and Procedures: The Implicit Associations Test (IAT) and a self‐report questionnaire assessing explicit attitudes, personal experiences with obesity, and demographic characteristics was administered to clinicians and researchers attending the opening session of an international obesity conference (N = 389). The IAT was used to assess overall implicit weight bias (associating “obese people” and “thin people” with “good” vs. “bad”) and three ranges of stereotypes: lazy‐motivated, smart‐stupid, and valuable‐worthless. The questionnaire assessed explicit bias on the same dimensions, along with personal and professional experiences with obesity.

Results: Health professionals exhibited a significant pro‐thin, anti‐fat implicit bias on the IAT. In addition, the subjects significantly endorsed the implicit stereotypes of lazy, stupid, and worthless using the IAT. Level of bias was associated with several personal characteristics. Characteristics significantly predictive of lower levels of implicit anti‐fat bias include being male, older, having a positive emotional outlook on life, weighing more, having friends who are obese, and indicating an understanding of the experience of obesity.

Discussion: Even professionals whose careers emphasize research or the clinical management of obesity show very strong weight bias, indicating pervasive and powerful stigma. Understanding the extent of anti‐fat bias and the personal characteristics associated with it will aid in developing intervention strategies to ameliorate these damaging attitudes.
Effect of Lifestyle Modification on Adipokine Levels in Obese Subjects with Insulin Resistance
Authors: Monzillo Lais U. , Hamdy Osama , Horton Edward S. , Ledbury Sarah , Mullooly Cathy , Jarema Catherine , Porter Satoko , Ovalle Kerry , Moussa Amr , Mantzoros Christos S.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To study the effect of weight loss in response to a lifestyle modification program on the circulating levels of adipose tissue derived cytokines (adipokines) in obese individuals with insulin resistance.

Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐four insulin‐resistant obese subjects with varying degrees of glucose tolerance completed a 6‐month program consisting of combined hypocaloric diet and moderate physical activity. Adipokines [leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)] and highly sensitive C‐reactive protein were measured before and after the intervention. Insulin sensitivity index was evaluated by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.

Results: Participants had a 6.9 ± 0.1 kg average weight loss, with a significant improvement in sensitivity index and reduction in plasma leptin (27.8 ± 3 vs. 23.6 ± 3 ng/mL, p = 0.01) and IL‐6 (2.75 ± 1.51 vs. 2.3 ± 0.91 pg/mL, p = 0.012). TNF‐α levels tended to decrease (2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.9 ± 0.1 pg/mL, p = 0.059). Adiponectin increased significantly only among diabetic subjects. The reductions in leptin were correlated with the decreases in BMI (r = 0.464, p < 0.05) and with changes in highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (r = 0.466, p < 0.05).

Discussion: Weight reduction in obese individuals with insulin resistance was associated with a significant decrease in leptin and IL‐6 and a tendency toward a decrease in circulating TNF‐α, whereas adiponectin was increased only in diabetic subjects. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between changes of adipokines and the health benefits of weight loss.
Decrease in Serum Adiponectin Level Due to Obesity and Visceral Fat Accumulation in Children
Authors: Asayama Kohtaro , Hayashibe Hidemasa , Dobashi Kazushige , Uchida Norihiko , Nakane Takaya , Kodera Kohji , Shirahata Akira , Taniyama Matsuo
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine whether serum adiponectin is decreased in obesity and is restored toward normal level after treatment in children.

Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 53 Japanese obese children, 33 boys and 20 girls (6 to 14 years old), and 30 age‐matched nonobese controls for measuring adiponectin (16 boys and 14 girls). Blood was drawn after an overnight fast, and the obese children were subjected to anthropometric measurements including waist and hip circumferences and skinfold thicknesses. Paired samples were obtained from 21 obese children who underwent psychoeducational therapy. Visceral adipose tissue area was measured by computed tomography. Adiponectin was assayed by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, total cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, apo B, apo B/apo A1, and insulin in obese children were higher than the reference values. Serum adiponectin level was lower in the obese children than in the controls (6.4 ± 0.6 vs. 10.2 ± 0.8 mg/L, means ± SEM, p < 0.001). In 21 obese children whose percent overweight declined during therapy, the adiponectin level increased (p = 0.002). The adiponectin level was correlated inversely with visceral adipose tissue area in obese children (r = −0.531, p < 0.001). The inverse correlations of adiponectin with alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, and insulin were significant after being adjusted for percentage overweight, percentage body fat, or sex.

Discussion: Serum adiponectin level is decreased in obese children depending on the accumulation of visceral fat and is restored toward normal level by slimming.
Influence of an Interpersonal Laboratory Stressor on Youths’ Choice to Be Physically Active
Authors: Roemmich James N. , Gurgol Catherine M. , Epstein Leonard H.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine whether interpersonal stress reduces youths’ motivation to exercise in a laboratory setting.

Research Methods and Procedures: Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured in boys and girls across a control day, after reading children's magazines, and on a stress day, after giving a videotaped speech. For one analysis, children were divided into low (n = 12) and high (n = 13) heart‐rate reactivity groups based on changes in heart rate to stress. In a second analysis, children were divided into low and high perceived level of stress based on changes in perceived stress. To determine differences in choice of exercise or sedentary behavior across the control and stress conditions, subjects chose either to exercise for progressively longer periods to earn a monetary reinforcer or to engage in a high‐rated sedentary behavior.

Results: The choice to exercise was influenced by stress reactivity differently in the stress and control conditions. Low heart‐rate reactive children participated in similar (p > 0.50) amounts of exercise on the stress and control days, but high heart‐rate reactive children participated in less (p < 0.01) exercise (22.0 ± 2.5 vs. 26.3 ± 2.2 minutes) on the stress than control days. When grouped by change in perceived stress, there were no group differences, but subjects exercised longer (p < 0.01) on the control day than the stress day.

Discussion: Interpersonal stress decreased exercise in children susceptible to interpersonal stress. Stress‐induced alterations in health behaviors may lead to weight gain in children.
Effect of Carbohydrate Overfeeding on Whole Body and Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Humans
Authors: Minehira Kaori , Bettschart Vincent , Vidal Hubert , Vega Nathalie , Di Vetta Véronique , Rey Valentine , Schneiter Philippe , Tappy Luc
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a 4‐day carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body net de novo lipogenesis and on markers of de novo lipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of healthy lean humans.

Research Methods and Procedures: Nine healthy lean volunteers (five men and four women) were studied after 4 days of either isocaloric feeding or carbohydrate overfeeding. On each occasion, they underwent a metabolic study during which their energy expenditure and net substrate oxidation rates (indirect calorimetry), and the fractional activity of the pentose‐phosphate pathway in subcutaneous adipose tissue (subcutaneous microdialysis with 1, 613C2, 6, 62H2 glucose) were assessed before and after administration of glucose. Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained at the end of the experiments to monitor mRNAs of key lipogenic enzymes.

Results: Carbohydrate overfeeding increased basal and postglucose energy expenditure and net carbohydrate oxidation. Whole body net de novo lipogenesis after glucose loading was markedly increased at the expense of glycogen synthesis. Carbohydrate overfeeding also increased mRNA levels for the key lipogenic enzymes sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1c, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase. The fractional activity of adipose tissue pentose‐phosphate pathway was 17% to 22% and was not altered by carbohydrate overfeeding.

Discussion: Carbohydrate overfeeding markedly increased net de novo lipogenesis at the expense of glycogen synthesis. An increase in mRNAs coding for key lipogenic enzymes suggests that de novo lipogenesis occurred, at least in part, in adipose tissue. The pentose‐phosphate pathway is active in adipose tissue of healthy humans, consistent with an active role of this tissue in de novo lipogenesis.
Role of the DGAT Gene C79T Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphism in French Obese Subjects
Authors: Coudreau Sylvie Kipfer , Tounian Patrick , Bonhomme Geneviève , Froguel Philippe , Girardet Jean‐Philippe , Guy‐Grand Bernard , Basdevant Arnaud , Clément Karine
Published: April 2008

Acyl‐coenzyme A, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), is a key enzyme involved in adipose‐cell triglyceride storage. A 79‐bp T‐to‐C single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on the 3′ region of the DGAT transcriptional site has been reported to increase promoter activity and is associated with higher BMI in Turkish women. To validate the possible role of this genetic variant in obesity, as well as the variant's possible cellular‐functional significance, we performed an association study between the T79C change and several obesity‐related phenotypes in 1357 obese French adults and children. The prevalence of the T79C SNP was similar between obese adults and children when each group was compared with the controls. (CC genotype carrier frequencies were 0.25 to 0.29 in the obese groups and 0.21 in controls; p > 0.05.) In each of the obese adult and child groups studied, the T79C variant was not found to be associated with any of the obesity‐related phenotypes tested. Although the T79C SNP of the DGAT gene was studied in several groups of white subjects, the association between this SNP and obesity‐related phenotypes, previously described, was not confirmed in our population.
Primary Care Physicians’ Attitudes about Obesity and Its Treatment
Authors: Foster Gary D. , Wadden Thomas A. , Makris Angela P. , Davidson Duncan , Sanderson Rebecca Swain , Allison David B. , Kessler Amy
Published: April 2008

Objective: This study was designed to assess physicians’ attitudes toward obese patients and the causes and treatment of obesity.

Research Methods and Procedures: A questionnaire assessed attitudes in 2 geographically representative national random samples of 5000 primary care physicians. In one sample (N = 2500), obesity was defined as a BMI of 30 to 40 kg/m2, and in the other (N = 2500), obesity was defined as a BMI > 40.

Results: Six hundred twenty physicians responded. They rated physical inactivity as significantly more important than any other cause of obesity (p < 0.0009). Two other behavioral factors—overeating and a high‐fat diet—received the next highest mean ratings. More than 50% of physicians viewed obese patients as awkward, unattractive, ugly, and noncompliant. The treatment of obesity was rated as significantly less effective (p < 0.001) than therapies for 9 of 10 chronic conditions. Most respondents (75%), however, agreed with the consensus recommendations that a 10% reduction in weight is sufficient to improve obesity‐related health complications and viewed a 14% weight loss (i.e., 78 ± 5 kg from an initial weight of 91 kg) as an acceptable treatment outcome. More than one‐half (54%) would spend more time working on weight management issues if their time was reimbursed appropriately.

Discussion: Primary care physicians view obesity as largely a behavioral problem and share our broader society's negative stereotypes about the personal attributes of obese persons. Practitioners are realistic about treatment outcomes but view obesity treatment as less effective than treatment of most other chronic conditions.
Trends in Waist Circumference among U.S. Adults
Authors: Ford Earl S. , Mokdad Ali H. , Giles Wayne H.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Waist circumference has been proposed as a measure of obesity or as an adjunct to other anthropometric measures to determine obesity. Our objective was to examine temporal trends in waist circumference among adults in the U.S.

Research Methods and Procedures: We used data from 15, 454 participants ≥20 years old in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988 to 1994) and 4024 participants ≥20 years old from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2000.

Results: The unadjusted waist circumference increased from 95.3 (age‐adjusted, 96.0 cm) to 98.6 (age‐adjusted, 98.9 cm) cm among men and from 88.7 (age‐adjusted 88.9 cm) to 92.2 (age‐adjusted 92.1 cm) cm among women. The percentiles from the two surveys suggest that much of the waist circumference distribution has shifted. Statistically significant increases occurred among all age groups and racial or ethnic groups except men 30 to 59 years old, women 40 to 59 and ≥70 years old, and women who were Mexican American or of “other” race or ethnicity.

Discussion: These results demonstrate the rapid increase in obesity, especially abdominal obesity, among U.S. adults. Unless measures are taken to slow the increase in or reverse the course of the obesity epidemic, the burden of obesity‐associated morbidity and mortality in the U.S. can be expected to increase substantially in future years.
Effect of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes on White Blood Cell Count in Adult Women
Authors: Pannacciulli Nicola , Giorgino Francesco , Martina Raffaele A. , Resta Onofrio , Giorgino Riccardo , De Pergola Giovanni
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a first‐degree family history of type 2 diabetes on white blood cell (WBC) count, a risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease, in glucose‐tolerant adult women

Research Methods and Procedures: WBC count was measured in 174 normal weight, overweight, and obese female offspring of type 2 diabetic patients (FH+) and 174 age‐ and BMI‐matched female controls with no family history of type 2 diabetes (FH−). Other measurements included fat mass (FM), measured by body impedance analysis; central fat accumulation, evaluated by waist circumference; insulin resistance, estimated by homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMAIR); systolic and diastolic blood pressure; and fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and lipids.

Results: WBC count, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were significantly higher in FH+ than in FH− subjects. In FH+ individuals, WBC count was positively associated with BMI, FM, waist circumference, HOMAIR, and triglyceride and insulin concentrations, and negatively correlated with age and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. In FH− subjects, WBC count was directly associated with BMI, FM, waist circumference, and triglyceride and insulin concentrations, and inversely correlated with age and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. After multivariate analyses, WBC count maintained a significant association with age, systolic blood pressure, and HOMAIR in FH+ subjects and with age, BMI, FM, and triglycerides in FH− individuals.

Discussion: This study indicates that WBC count is increased in adult women with genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes, and its main correlates are insulin resistance in FH+ and adiposity in FH− individuals.
A Festschrift for Roland L. Weinsier: Nutrition Scientist, Educator, and Clinician1
Authors: Heimburger Douglas C. , Allison David B. , Goran Michael I. , Heini Adrian F. , Hensrud Donald D. , Hunter Gary R. , Klein Samuel , Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Kushner Robert F. , Rolls Barbara J. , Schoeller Dale , Schutz Yves , Klein Samuel , Hunter Gary R. , Allison David B. , Schutz Yves , Schoeller Dale , Goran Michael I. , Rolls Barbara J. , Hensrud Donald D. , Heini Adrian F. , Kumanyika Shiriki , Kushner Robert F. , Heimburger Douglas C.
Published: April 2008

Roland L. Weinsier, M.D., Dr.P.H., devoted himself to the fields of nutrition and obesity for more than 35 years. He contributed outstanding work related to the treatment of obesity through dietary and lifestyle change; metabolic/energetic influences on obesity, weight loss, and weight regain; body composition changes accompanying weight loss and regain; the health benefits and risks of weight loss; nutrition education for physicians; and nutrition support of sick patients. He served on the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) National Task Force on Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, as Chair of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Department of Nutrition Sciences, and as Founder and Director of its NIDDK‐funded Clinical Nutrition Research Center. He was a long‐time and active member of NAASO, serving in the roles of Councilor, Publications Committee Chair, Continuing Medical Education Course Director, Public Relations Committee Chair, and Membership Committee Co‐Chair, to name just a few. He was well respected as a staunch defender of NAASO's scientific integrity in these roles. Sadly, Roland Weinsier died on November 27, 2002. He will be missed and remembered by many as a revered and beloved teacher, mentor, healer, and scholar.