bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of calorimetry and the doubly labelled water technique for the measurement of energy expenditure in Equidae
Authors: Fuller Z. , Maltin C. A. , Milne E. , Mollison G.S. , Cox J. E. , McG. Argo C.
Published: May 2019

Evaluations of the energy requirements of working animals have been confounded by the constraints of indirect calorimetric techniques (Cal). This study sought to investigate a non-restrictive methodology, the doubly labelled water (DLW;2H218O) technique, for the measurement of energy expenditure in free ranging equids. Six pony geldings were intravenously injected with DLW in two sequential studies that permitted first, isotope equilibration and half-lives to be determined and then second, heat production (HP) to be measured simultaneously by DLW and traditional (Cal) techniques.

In study 1, three animals were injected with DLW, three animals were untreated controls. Blood samples were collected every 30 min for 12 h and thereafter at 24 h intervals for 14 days. Isotopes equilibrated throughout the body water pool within 300 (2H) and 240 (18O) min and half-lives were 6.3 ± 0.6 days (2H) and 5.6 ± 0.4 days (18O).

In study 2, HP was simultaneously determined by Cal and DLW over a 4-day period. Animals (no. = 6) were assigned to pairs and in successive weeks two ponies were injected with DLW and confined to metabolism chambers 12 h later. Cal HP was 0.51 ± 0.02 MJ/kg M0.75per day compared with 0.48 ± 0.29 MJ/kg M0.75per day estimated by DLW. Maintenance metabolizable energy intake was 0.53 ± 0.01 MJ/kg M0.75per day (Cal) and 0.50 ± 0.01 MJ/kg M0.75per day (DLW). Validation of the DLW technique may empower essential, systematic appraisal of energy requirements in unrestrained working horses.
Calculation of multiple-trait sire reliability for traits included in a dairy cattle fertility index
Authors: Banos G. , Brotherstone S. , Thompson R. , Woolliams J. A. , Wall E. , Coffey M. P.
Published: May 2019

The advent of genetic evaluations for fertility traits in the UK offers valuable information to farmers that can be used to control fertility problems and safeguard against involuntary culling. In addition to estimated genetic merit, proof reliabilities are required to make correct use of this genetic information. Exact reliabilities, based on the inverse of the coefficient matrix, cannot be estimated for large data sets because of computational restrictions. A method to calculate approximate reliabilities was implemented based on a six-trait sire model. Traits considered were interval between first and second calving, interval between first calving and first service, non-return rate 56 days post first service, number of inseminations per conception, daily milk yield at test nearest day 110 and body condition score. Sire reliabilities were calculated in four steps. Firstly, the number of effective daughters was calculated for each bull, separately for each trait, based on total number of daughters and daughter distribution across herd-year-seasons. Secondly, multiple-trait reliabilities were calculated, based on bull daughter contribution, applying selection index theory on independent daughter groups. Thirdly, (great-) grand-daughter contribution was added to the reliability of each bull, using daughter-based reliability of sons and maternal grandsons. An adjustment was made to account for the probability of bull and son or grandson having daughters in the same herd-year-season. Without the adjustment, reliabilities were inflated by proportionately 0·15 to 0·25. Finally, parent (sire and maternal grandsire) contribution was added to the reliability of each bull. The procedure was first tested on a data subset of 28 061 cow records from 285 bulls. Approximate reliabilities were compared with exact estimates based on the inverse of the coefficient matrix. Mean absolute differences ranged from 0·014 to 0·020 for the six traits and correlation between exact and approximate estimates neared unity. In a full-scale application, sire reliability for the fertility traits increased by proportionately 0·47 to 0·79 over single-trait estimates and the number of bulls with a reliability of 0·60 or more increased by 42 to 115%.
The relationship between the body shape of living pigs and their carcass morphology and composition
Authors: Doeschl A. B. , Green D. M. , Whittemore C. T. , Schofield C. P. , Fisher A. V. , Knap P. W.
Published: May 2019

The conformation, tissue composition, and chemical composition of three types of pigs, given food ad libitum and slaughtered over a nominal live weight range of 35 to 115 kg, was assessed in relation to data provided on the live animals by a visual image analysis (VIA) system. The pig types were named as ‘3⁄4 Landrace’, ‘1⁄2 Pietrain’, and ‘1⁄4 Meishan’ types, representing ‘attenuated’, ‘blocky’, and ‘flabby’ types. Three analyses of the shape, conformation and composition data were performed. First, the relationship between conformation and age/size was assessed using linear regression of logarithmically transformed VIA and carcass data. In relation to age, ‘1⁄2 Pietrain’ pigs were found by both VIA and carcass measurements to have the widest shoulders. Both analyses also found this type to have the widest ham, trunk, and shoulders in relation to body length across most of the body length range studied, although the greatest rate of increase in ham width in relation to body length was found in the ‘1/4 Meishan’ type pigs. Second, the relationship between composition and VIA shape was examined using linear regression of transformed and standardized data. Significant relationships were found between fat, lipid, muscle, and protein weight and VIA shape, although relationships were weaker for protein and muscle weight. For fat and lipid, the VIA shape measures from the trunk region proved the most informative, whereas the VIA ham measures proved the most informative for muscle and protein. Third, detrended measures of composition/conformation and shape were used to remove the effect of animal size from the data. Removal of the variation due to growth generally led to substantial decreases in the adjusted R2statistics and in the R2-like statistics for prediction. Although in the models without detrending, relative fat and lipid weight had been found most strongly correlated with VIA shape, relative muscle was found most strongly correlated with shape in the detrended data. This was considered to result from the low between-animal variation in the data set combined with greater across-weight variation in fat and lipid weights than muscle and protein weights in the data without trend removal. Future trials with greater between-animal variation imposed would allow more precise determination of the relationship between conformation and shape.
The effects of dietary oil inclusion and oil source on apparent digestibility, faecal volatile fatty acid concentration and manure ammonia emission
Authors: Leek A. B. G. , Beattie V. E. , J. V. O’Doherty
Published: May 2019

An investigation was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary oil inclusion increases ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) emission from the manure, due to a negative effect of either unsaturated or saturated oil on microbial activity in the intestine. Dietary oil was included at 45 g/kg, as either crude palm oil (PO), soya oil (SO) or a 50: 50 SO: PO blend (OB), to a basal barley-soya-wheat diet (control) at the expense of dextrose and maize starch. Diets were formulated to contain 13·2 MJ digestible energy per kg and 11·0 g/kg lysine. Four boars were assigned to each dietary treatment, and were transferred to metabolism crates (mean live weight, 74·0 (± 2·89) kg) following 14 days dietary acclimatization. Urine and faeces were collected separately over a 5-day digestibility/nitrogen (N) balance period and a 2-day manure collection period. Inclusion of dietary oil increased apparent digestibility of oil (P < 0·01) and decreased the apparent digestibility of dry matter (P < 0·01) and gross energy (P < 0·05). Dietary oil did not affect the apparent digestibility of nitrogen, acid-detergent fibre, neutral-detergent fibre or hemicellulose. Apparent digestibility of oil was lower when oil was included as PO compared with SO and OB (P < 0·001). The concentration of faecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) was similar in all treatments, although the acetic: propionic acid ratio was lower when oil was included as PO and OB compared with SO (P < 0·05). N balance, manure N concentration and NH3-N emission was not affected by oil inclusion or oil source. In conclusion, dietary oil inclusion reduced apparent dry matter and energy digestibilities, although no effect on fermentation was indicated by digestibility of fibre or faecal VFA content. Consequently, ammonia emission was not affected by dietary oil included at 45 g/kg.
Relationship between graded doses of three microbial phytases and digestible phosphorus in pigs
Authors: Paditz K. , Kluth H. , Rodehutscord M.
Published: May 2019

The efficacy of three microbial phytases to increase the amount of digestible phosphorus (dP) was studied in pigs. A basal diet was prepared meeting the requirements of 30-kg pigs with the exception of P. Concentrations (in g/kg dry matter) were: P 2·9, phytate P 1·3, calcium (Ca) 6·9, and crude protein 208. Intrinsic phytase activity was below detection limit. Microbial phytase was supplemented from three sources (Aspergillus niger (Asp), Peniophora lycii (Pen), and consensus phytase (Con)) at the following levels (phytase units (FTU) per kg diet): 150, 300, 450, 600 and 900. Diets were pelleted without steam. Forty-eight male castrated crossbred pigs ((Large White X German Landrace) X Pietrain) initially weighing, on average, 28 kg were individually penned. Each of the 16 diets was offered to three pigs in three consecutive periods of 17 days each, resulting in nine replicates per treatment. No animal received the same diet twice. Faeces were spot-sampled for each individual pig twice daily for the last 7 days of each period. TiO2was used as an indigestible marker. An exponential function was fitted to the data, and both marginal and cumulative efficacies of phytases were described on the basis of the resulting functions.

No significant period effect was detected for any of the obtained data. On overall average, daily live-weight (LW) gain was 730 g, and 2.57 kg food were needed per kg LW gain. Neither criterion was significantly affected by source or level of supplementary phytase. Digestibility of organic matter and crude protein averaged 0.90 and 0.84, respectively, again without a significant treatment effect. Digestible P concentration in no case exceeded 1.5 g/kg DM, indicating that P supply to pigs was marginal in all treatments. Digestibility of P from the basal diet was 0.22. P digestibility was significantly affected (P = 0.001) both by the source and by the level of supplementary phytase. It responded in a non-linear fashion to increasing phytase supplementation, this course being less clear for Pen than for Asp and Con phytase. In no case was a clear plateau in P digestibility reached within the range studied. For Asp and Con, marginal efficacy decreased from about 2 mg dP per incremental FTU at low supplementary level to roughly 0.6 mg dP per incremental FTU. This clear dose dependent effect was not present for the Pen phytase, where about 0.6 to 0.7 mg dP per incremental FTU were released almost irrespective of the level of supplementation. It is concluded that phytases of different origin rank differently from each other regarding their efficacy, depending on the level of supplementation. Dose-response studies are recommended in cases where different phytases are to be compared.
The effect of management system at lambing and flock genetics on lamb output and labour requirements on lowland sheep farms
Authors: Carson A. F. , Dawson L. E. R. , Irwin D. , Kilpatrick D. J.
Published: May 2019

A study was carried out on six lowland farms in Northern Ireland over 2 years to examine the effect on labour input and lamb output of adopting an outdoor (grass-based) lambing system in comparison to an indoor lambing system. Each farm had four crossbred ewe genotypes – Bluefaced Leicester ✕ Scottish Blackface (BLXB), Texel ✕ Scottish Blackface (TXB), Suffolk ✕ Cheviot (SXCH) and Texel ✕ Cheviot (TXCH) ewes. The ewes were divided into three groups balanced for live weight and condition score and mated with Texel, Suffolk or Beltex rams. Half of the ewes lambed indoors and the other half were turned out to grass three to 6 weeks before lambing and lambed outdoors. BLXB ewes were the most prolific of the four ewe genotypes producing 1·99 lambs per ewe lambed compared with 1·75 for TXB, 1·76 for SXCH and 1·64 for TXCH (P < 0.001). A greater proportion of SXCH ewes lambed without assistance (0·82) compared with BLXB (0.70), TXB (0.71) and TXCH (0.74) ewes (P < 0.01) and subsequently less time was spent lambing SXCH ewes (P < 0.01). This advantage of the SXCH was more marked in the outdoor than in the indoor system (P < 0.01) in terms of lamb output, each of the four ewe genotypes performed similarly in the indoor and outdoor lambing systems. Lambs born in the outdoor system weighed 0.2 kg more at birth compared with those born indoors (P < 0.05). Lamb mortality and lamb output were similar in both systems. Less time was spent catching and moving ewes in the outdoor system compared with the indoor system (P < 0.01). Beltex-sired lambs weighed less at birth (4.9 kg) compared with Texel- (5.1 kg) (P < 0.10) and Suffolk-(5.3 kg) (P < 0.001) sired lambs and had lower live-weight gains from birth to 6 weeks and from birth to weaning (P < 0.001) and lower output of weaned lamb (P < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that, compared with indoor lambing systems, similar levels of performance can be achieved through adopting outdoor, grass-based systems. The lack of a significant interaction between ewe or ram genotype and lambing system indicates that all of the genotypes are suitable for incorporating into an outdoor lambing system.
Genetic associations for pathogen-specific clinical mastitis and patterns of peaks in somatic cell count
Authors: Haas Y. de , Barkema H.W. , Schukken Y.H. , Veerkamp R.F.
Published: May 2019

Genetic associations were estimated between pathogen-specific cases of clinical mastitis (CM), lactational average somatic cell score (LACSCS), and patterns of peaks in somatic cell count (SCC) which were based on deviations from the typical lactation curve for SCC. The dataset contained test-day records on SCC in 94 781 lactations of 25 416 cows of different parities. Out of these 94 781 lactations, 41 828 lactations had recordings on occurrence of pathogen-specific CM and on SCC, and 52 953 lactations had recordings on SCC only. A total of 5 324 lactations with cases of CM were recorded. Analysed pathogens wereStaphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci,Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and culture-negative samples. Pattern definitions were based on three or five consecutive test-day recordings of SCC. They differentiated between short or longer periods of increased SCC, and also between lactations with and without recovery. Occurrence of pathogen-specific CM and presence of patterns of peaks in SCC were both scored as binary traits. Variance components for sire, maternal grandsire, and permanent animal effects were estimated using AS-REML. The estimated heritability for overall CM was 0·04, and similar heritabilities for pathogen-specific CM were estimated. Heritabilities for the patterns of peaks in SCC ranged from 0·01 to 0·06. Heritabilities for LACSCS were 0·07 to 0·08. Genetic correlations with patterns of peaks in SCC differed for each pathogen. Generally, genetic correlations between pathogen-specific CM and patterns of peaks in SCC were stronger than the correlations with LACSCS. This suggests that genetic selection purely on diminishing presence of peaks in SCC would decrease the incidence of pathogen-specific CM more effectively than selecting purely on lower LACSCS.
Physical and chemical composition of the carcass of three different types of pigs grown from 25 to 115 kg live weight
Authors: Whittemore C.T. , Green D.M. , Wood J.D. , Fisher A.V. , Schofield C.P.
Published: May 2019

A total of 74 pigs representing three commercially available crossbred types, Landrace (50%), Pietrain (50%) and Meishan (25%), were given food ad libitum over a 25- to 115-kg growth period and serially slaughtered for physical and chemical analysis in five groups at 32, 42, 63, 82 and 114 kg live weight (W). Results are presented in the order of pig type as above. Pig types grew at similar overall rates of live body gain, but the Meishan type ate more food and had greater back fat depth. The Pietrain type was least fat. Dissected fatty tissue grew substantially faster than the carcass as a whole; allometric exponents being 1·64, 1·34 and 1·52 (P < 0·05) for the Landrace, Pietrain and Meishan types respectively. Dissected lean tissue gains were 0·419, 0·427 and 0·308 kg daily (P < 0·01), and dissected fatty tissue gains were 0·251, 0·158 and 0·218 kg daily (P < 0·05); the Meishan type being slowest for lean gain and the Pietrain type slowest for fatty tissue gain. The Pietrain type had the largest cross-sectional area of the longissimus dorsi muscle, and the Meishan type the smallest. The pelvic limb of the Meishan type lost density (as measured by specific gravity) fastest, and that of the Pietrain slowest as the pigs grew. The Meishan type had a lower proportion of its carcass lean and a higher proportion of its carcass fat in the pelvic limb than did the other two types. For each kg of live-weight gain, 0·037, 0·041 and 0·032 kg (P < 0·05) of chemical protein was deposited in the pelvic limb of the three types respectively. Equivalent values for chemical lipid were 0·041, 0·035 and 0·041 (P < 0·05). The Meishan type retained protein at a relatively slower rate in the pelvic limb than in the body as a whole. The Pietrain type had the greatest ultimate protein mass in the pelvic limb. Estimation of whole body protein content as a linear function of pig live weight gives coefficients of 0·154, 0·178 and 0·168 kg (P < 0·05) for the three types respectively. Equivalent values for whole body lipid content were 0·269, 0·214 and 0·274 (P < 0·05). Best estimates of the daily rates of protein retention in the body of the whole live pig were 0·152, 0·197 and 0·142 kg/day for the Landrace, Pietrain and Meishan types respectively.
Estimation of dietary copper requirements of juvenile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus5O. aureus
Authors: Shiau S.Y. , Ning Y.C.
Published: May 2019

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary copper (Cu) requirement of juvenile hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus5O. aureus. Purified diets with eight levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 or 20 mg Cu per kg diet) of supplemental Cu were given to tilapia (mean initial weight 0·79±0·03 g). Each diet was given to three replicate groups of fish. The rearing water contained 0·98 µg Cu per l. Weight gain was highest in fish given diets supplemented with 2 mg Cu per kg diet, followed by the group given 1 mg Cu per kg diet, then the unsupplemented control group, and was lowest in the 20 mg Cu per kg diet group. The differences between each of these four groups were significant (P< 0·05). Food efficiency (FE) of fish showed a similar trend to that of weight gain. Blood haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) concentrations were lowest in fish given ≥ 12 mg Cu per kg diet, followed by fish given the unsupplemented control diet and highest in fish given 2 mg Cu per kg diet (Hb) and 2 and 3 mg Cu per kg diet (Hct). Plasma ceruloplasmin activity was higher in fish given 1 and 2 mg Cu per kg diet, followed by 3 to 12 mg Cu per kg diet and the control group, and lowest in fish given 20 mg Cu per kg diet. The body Cu content in fish generally increased as the dietary Cu supplementation level increased. Analysis by broken-line regression of weight gain percent and by linear regression of the whole-body Cu retention of fish indicated that the adequate dietary Cu concentration in growing tilapia is about 4 mg Cu per kg diet.
Comparison of heat-treated rapeseed expeller and solvent-extracted soya-bean meal as protein supplements for dairy cows given grass silage-based diets
Authors: Shingfield K.J. , Vanhatalo A. , Huhtanen P.
Published: May 2019

Sixteen early to mid lactation Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-day experimental periods and a 4 5 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of heat-treated rapeseed expeller and solvent-extracted soya-bean meal protein supplements on animal performance. Dietary treatments consisted of grass silage offered ad libitum supplemented with a fixed amount of a cereal based concentrate (10 kg/day on a fresh weight basis) containing 120, 150, 180 or 210 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM). Concentrate CP content was manipulated by replacement of basal ingredients (g/kg) with either rapeseed expeller (R; 120, 240 and 360) or soya-bean meal (S; 80, 160 and 240). Increases in concentrate CP stimulated linear increases (P < 0·05) in silage intake (mean 22·5 and 23·8 g DM per g/kg increase in dietary CP content, for R and S, respectively) and milk production. Concentrate inclusion of rapeseed expeller elicited higher (P < 0·01) milk yield and milk protein output responses (mean 108 and 3·71 g/day per g/kg DM increase in dietary CP content) than soya-bean meal (corresponding values 62 and 2·57). Improvements in the apparent utilization of dietary nitrogen for milk protein synthesis (mean 0·282 and 0·274, for R and S, respectively) were associated with higher (P < 0·05) plasma concentrations of histidine, branched-chain, essential and total amino acids (35, 482, 902 and 2240 and 26, 410, 800 and 2119 µmol/l, respectively) and lower (P < 0·01) concentrations of urea (corresponding values 4·11 and 4·52 mmol/l). Heat-treated rapeseed expeller proved to be a more effective protein supplement than solvent-extracted soya-bean meal for cows offered grass silage-based diets.
The effects of previous grazing experience and ewe presence on the response to novel grass species by weaned lambs
Authors: Phillips C.J.C. , Youssef M.Y.I.
Published: May 2019

Forty single lambs were either artificially reared indoors or were at pasture with their mothers until weaning at 3 months of age, after which one half of each group were joined by five adult, dry ewes, to examine the effects of grazing experience and presence of adult ewes on the response to the introduction of novel grass species. Lamb groups sequentially grazed paddocks with one, two, three and then four grass species in four 1-week periods, and grazing and ruminating times and pasture biting rates were recorded during daylight hours. In the first period the lambs grazed only perennial ryegrass, then timothy, cocksfoot and finally red fescue were introduced in periods 2 to 4 respectively. The total time that lambs spent grazing and ruminating were both increased (P < 0·001) by grazing experience and to a lesser extent by the presence of adult ewes. Pasture biting rate was considerably increased by experience, and to a lesser extent adult presence, with a synergistic effect between these two factors (P < 0·001). Timothy and to a lesser extent perennial ryegrass were the most preferred species, and lambs spent less time grazing cocksfoot than either of these two, and even less time grazing red fescue (P < 0·001). Experience of grazing particularly increased the time spent grazing cocksfoot and red fescue (P < 0·001), but the presence of adult ewes did not increase the time lambs spent grazing novel species (P = 0·59). The pasture biting rate was greater on species that the lambs preferred grazing (P < 0·001), but neither experience nor ewe presence increased the biting rate on novel species in the period of their introduction. It is concluded that although both grazing experience and, to a lesser extent adult presence, increased the total time spent grazing and the pasture biting rate, only grazing experience increased the acceptability of novel species.
The relationship between milk production potential and herbage intake of grazing dairy cows
Authors: Butler S.T. , Stakelum G.K. , Murphy J.J. , Delaby L. , Rath M. , O’Mara F.P.
Published: May 2019

The objective of this trial was to examine the daily herbage requirement and grass dry matter intake (DMI) of dairy cows of different levels of milk production with rotational grazing and optimum grazing conditions. The daily herbage allowance (DHA) that was required was defined as the allowance that permitted the herds to graze to a post-grazing sward height (SHA) of 70 mm. Four herds of 15 primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were assembled with similar characteristics but different milk production potentials. The herds grazed separately and were offered a DHA such that the SHA was 70 mm for all herds. The daily yield per cow, for the 4 weeks prior to the start of the experiment (PMY), was 17·4, 19·8, 21·8 and 24·3 kg milk (s.e.0·20, P < 0·001), 0·72, 0·78, 0·87 and 0·93 kg fat (s.e. 0·021, P < 0·001), 0·59, 0·66, 0·71 and 0·77 kg protein (s.e. 0·009, P < 0·001) for herds 1 to 4, respectively. The experiment began on 30 June and finished on 16 August. The swards offered were 18-day re-growths following a previous defoliation by grazing. Herbage mass pre- and post-grazing was 2143 (s.e.33·3) and 622 (s.e.18·2) kg dry matter (DM) per ha above 40 mm, respectively and were similar for the four herds. The DHA was 21·2, 21·9, 22·9 and 23·9 (s.e. 0·13, P < 0·001) kg DM per cow above 40 mm. Individual cow grass DMI was determined once during the experimental period using the alkane technique. Experimental milk yield (EMY) was 15·1, 17·4, 18·6 and 20·8 (s.e. 0·33, P < 0·001) kg per cow per day. DMI was 14·5, 15·4, 15·5 and 16·1 (s.e. 0·47, P > 0·05). Variations in DMI were best described by the relationship: DMI = 0·85 (s.e. 3·038) + 0·32 (s.e. 0·082) ✕ EMY + 0·012 (s.e. 0·0054) ✕ experimental live weight + 2·10 (s.e. 0·738) ✕ weight gain + 0·020 (s.e. 0·0085) ✕ days in milk (residual s.d. = 1·477 and r = 0·75). EMY was linked to DMI and PMY according to the expression: EMY = –0·64 (s.e. 1·532) + 0·256 (s.e. 0·0865) ✕ DMI + 0·705 (s.e. 0·0620) ✕ PMY (residual s.d. = 1·204 and r = 0·872). It is concluded that higher yielding herds require higher DHA and this is associated with higher DMI of those herds.
On a generalization of Krasnoselskii's theorem
Authors: Idczak Dariusz , Rogowski Andrzej
Published: May 2019

In this paper we prove a generalization of the well known theorem of Krasnoselskii on the superposition operator in which the domain of Nemytskii's operator is a product space. We also give an application of this result.
Evaluation of the farms producing dry bean landraces by capital approach in the Middle Kızılırmak Valley of Turkey
Authors: Kan Mustafa , Kan Arzu , Sözen Ömer , Karadavut Ufuk , Yağmur Mehmet
Published: May 2019

This study was conducted to determine the opinions of the farmers producing dry bean landraces (DBL) at the regional level of Turkey (eight provinces). In total, 140 questionnaire forms were filled by DBL producers. The population and then the sample size were determined according to 2016-year-preliminary-study. The capital structures of the farms according to the production types were evaluated using the Five-Capital-Model approach, and differences were tested by parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. The study showed that 37.86% of the DBL producers produce as the home-garden-type while 62.14% of them as the field-type, which is larger than 0.1 ha. While home-garden-type producers majorly produce for their own family needs, commercial ideas and concerns are at the forefront for field-type producers. While field-type producers have higher values in terms of five capitals, home-garden-type producers move within a more traditional way of production. More than half of the producers indicate that they will continue to produce DBL; this ratio is higher in home-garden-type producers. This indication of approximately 25% of both types of producers wherein their children will continue to produce DBL, there is a need for more human labour, efficiency and profitability concerns, production mostly by the elderly population increasing the risk of future depletion in DBL-genetic resources. This calls for more efforts to increase the awareness among the young population on the importance and protection of genetic resources and to make special policies for the protection of genetic resources by policy makers and develop models based on genetic resources.
Fertilization of the Northwest Pacific Ocean by East Asia Air Pollutants
Authors: Zhang Chao , Ito Akinori , Shi Zongbo , Aita Maki Noguchi , Yao Xiaohong , Chu Qiang , Shi Jinhui , Gong Xiang , Gao Huiwang
Published: May 2019

Haze particles as a key air pollutant contain high level of toxins, which were hypothesized to inhibit phytoplankton growth when deposited to the ocean, and thus indirectly affect the climate. However, field observations have yet to provide conclusive evidence to confirm this hypothesis. Onboard microcosm experiments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO) show that haze particles collected at the East Asia continent had an inhibition impact on phytoplankton growth only when at very high particle loading (2 mg/L). In contrast, haze particles at low and medium loadings (0.03–0.6 mg/L) stimulated phytoplankton growth and shifted phytoplankton size structure toward larger cells, primarily due to the supply of inorganic nitrogen nutrients from the particles. Model simulations showed that haze particle loading in NWPO surface seawater was usually more than an order of magnitude lower than 2 mg/L. This indicates that haze particles are unlikely to cause harm but to stimulate phytoplankton growth in the nitrogen‐limited NWPO. Ocean biogeochemical modeling further shows that deposited nitrogen significantly enhanced surface ocean chlorophyll a concentration in the winter and spring of 2014. Overall, these results demonstrate that haze particles stimulate rather than inhibit primary production in the NWPO.
The Record of the Transition From an Oceanic Arc to a Young Continent in the Talamanca Cordillera
Authors: Gazel Esteban , Hayes Jorden L. , Ulloa Andres , Alfaro Aristides , Coleman Drew S. , Carr Michael J.
Published: May 2019

The Talamanca Cordillera in the Central America Arc (Costa Rica‐Panama) preserves the record of the geochemical evolution from an intraoceanic arc to a juvenile continental arc in an active subduction zone, making it a testbed to explore processes that resulted in juvenile continental crust formation and explore potential mechanisms of early continental crust generation. Here we present a comprehensive set of geochronological, geochemical, and petrological data from the Talamanca Cordillera that tracks the key turning point (12–8 Ma) from the evolution of an oceanic arc depleted in incompatible elements to a juvenile continent. Most plutonic rocks from this transition and postintrusive rocks share striking similarities with average upper continental crust and Archean tonalite, trondhjemite, and granodiorite. We complement these data with seismic studies across the arc. Seismic velocities within the Caribbean Plate (basement of the arc) show a relatively uniform lateral structure consistent with a thick mafic large igneous province. Comparisons of seismic velocity profiles in the middle and lower crust beneath the active arc and remnant Miocene arc suggest a transition toward more felsic compositions as the volcanic center migrated toward the location of the modern arc. Seismic velocities along the modern arc in Costa Rica compared with other active arcs and average continental crust suggest an intermediate composition beneath the active arc in Costa Rica closer to average crust. Our geochemical modeling and radiogenic isotopes systematics suggest that input components from melting of the subducting Galapagos hotspot tracks are required for this compositional change.
Energy Spectral Properties of Hydrogen Energetic Neutral Atoms Emitted From the Dayside Atmosphere of Mars
Authors: Wang X.‐D. , Barabash S. , Futaana Y. , Shematovich V. , Galli A. , Wurz P.
Published: May 2019

The energy spectrum of hydrogen energetic neutral atoms (HENAs) emitted from the dayside atmosphere of Mars reveals the physical processes of their origin and provides means for remote sensing on the Mars plasma environment. We first compile all available energy spectra of sunward flowing HENA using high‐energy resolution data from the neutral particle detectors on Mars Express from February to June 2004. The median value of the HENA directional flux is 1.12 × 105 cm−2·s−1·sr−1 from 0.3 to 5 keV, making Mars a bright source of HENAs. The energy spectra of the measured HENAs can be approximated by a two‐segment power law spectra. Then we compared the measured statistical energy spectra with those from a kinetic particle transport code. The comparison indicates that the measured HENA energy spectrum is harder (more high‐energy components) than the modeled backscattered HENAs. We propose that a population of sunward‐flowing, charge exchange HENAs produced in the dayside magnetosheath is the most probable reason for this difference. This HENA population with unexpected energy spectrum highlights the kinetic nature of the dayside magnetosheath of Mars.
Properties and Geoeffectiveness of Solar Wind High‐Speed Streams and Stream Interaction Regions During Solar Cycles 23 and 24
Authors: Grandin Maxime , Aikio Anita T. , Kozlovsky Alexander
Published: May 2019

We study the properties and geoeffectiveness of solar wind high‐speed streams (HSSs) emanating from coronal holes and associated with stream interaction regions (SIRs). This paper presents a statistical study of 588 SIR/HSS events with solar wind speed at 1 AU exceeding 500 km/s during 1995–2017, encompassing the decline of solar cycle 22 to the decline of cycle 24. Events are detected using measurements of the solar wind speed and the interplanetary magnetic field. Events misidentified as or interacting with interplanetary coronal mass ejections are removed by comparison with an existing interplanetary coronal mass ejection list. Using this SIR/HSS event catalog (list given in the supporting information), a superposed epoch analysis of key solar wind parameters is carried out. It is found that the number of SIR/HSSs peaks during the late declining phase of solar cycle (SC) 23, as does their velocity, but that their geoeffectiveness in terms of the AE and SYM‐H indices is low. This can be explained by the anomalously low values of magnetic field during the extended solar minimum. Within SC23 and SC24, the highest geoeffectiveness of SIR/HSSs takes place during the early declining phases. Geoeffectiveness of SIR/HSSs continues to be up to 40% lower during SC24 than SC23, which can be explained by the solar wind properties.
Climate, Landforms, and Geology Affect Baseflow Sources in a Mountain Catchment
Authors: Segura Catalina , Noone David , Warren Dana , Jones Julia A. , Tenny Johnathan , Ganio Lisa M.
Published: May 2019

Baseflow is essential for stream ecosystems and human water uses, particularly in areas with Mediterranean climates. Yet the factors controlling the temporal and spatial variability of baseflow and its sources are poorly understood. Measurements of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ18O and δ2H) were used to evaluate controls on baseflow in the stream network of a 64‐km2 catchment in western Oregon. A total of 607 water samples were collected to contrast baseflow in a year of near average precipitation (2016) to a year with low winter snowpack and subsequent summer drought conditions (2015). Spatial autocorrelation structures and relationships between surface water isotopic signatures and geologic and topographic metrics throughout the network were determined using Spatial Stream Network models. Isotope values varied widely in space and between years, indicating disparate baseflow water sources. During average flow conditions, the spatial variation in δ18O was primarily related to elevation, reflecting the influence of prior precipitation and input of water from snowmelt at higher elevation. In contrast, during drought conditions, the spatial variation in δ18O was also related to terrain slope and roughness—proxies for local water storage in deep‐seated earthflows and other Quaternary deposits. A prominent spring‐fed tributary with high unit baseflow discharge illustrated the importance of subsurface water storage in porous volcanic bedrock. As drought increases in a warming climate, baseflow in mountain catchments may become more dependent on storage in geologic and geomorphic features.
As Sea Levels Rise, Expect More Floods
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: May 2019

A new study unveils the increasing exposure of coastal communities to minor and extreme floods as sea levels rise.
Marine Virus Survey Reveals Biodiversity Hot Spots
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: May 2019

Ocean samples collected from around the world produced a twelvefold increase in the number of marine viruses known. A portion of the Arctic Ocean has “surprisingly high diversity.”
Voltage gated inter-cation selective ion channels from graphene nanopores
Authors: Cantley Lauren , Swett Jacob L. , Lloyd David , Cullen David A. , Zhou Ke , Bedworth Peter V. , Heise Scott , Rondinone Adam J. , Xu Zhiping , Sinton Steve , Bunch J. Scott
Published: May 2019

The role of nanobubbles in selectively controlled ionic transport across fabricated nanoporous graphene membranes is elucidated.
An OFF–ON detection method for copper(ii) ions using a AgAu-NG nanocomposite modified electrode
Authors: Kong Fen-Ying , Li Rong-Fang , Yao Lei , Zou Hui-Yu , Li Heng-Ye , Wang Zhong-Xia , Wang Wei
Published: May 2019

An OFF–ON detection method for copper(ii) ions was developed at the AgAu-NG/GCE based on the copper-catalyzed oxidation of cysteamine.
Ultrabroad-band, red sufficient, solid white emission from carbon quantum dot aggregation for single component warm white light emitting diodes with a 91 high color rendering index
Authors: Meng Ting , Yuan Ting , Li Xiaohong , Li Yunchao , Fan Louzhen , Yang Shihe
Published: May 2019

An ultrabroad-band solid white emission from carbon quantum dot aggregation with a full width at half maximum over 200 nm throughout the entire visible light window and, even better, with a sufficient red component is first reported.
A “non-dynamical” way of describing room-temperature paramagnetic manganese oxide
Authors: Yoon Sangmoon , Kang Seoung-Hun , Lee Sangmin , Kim Kuntae , Song Jeong-Pil , Kim Miyoung , Kwon Young-Kyun
Published: May 2019

We present a new approach based on static density functional theory (DFT) to describe paramagnetic manganese oxides, representative paramagnetic Mott insulators.
Unveiling the emergence of functional materials with STM: metal phthalocyanine on surface architectures
Authors: Sk Rejaul , Deshpande Aparna
Published: May 2019

(a) Self-assembly (SA) of CuPc on the step edges of the Bi2Se3surface, b) CuPc 1D chains in the SA, and c) HOMO–LUMO gap variation of CuPc.
Site-selective functionalization of plasmonic nanopores for enhanced fluorescence emission rate and Förster resonance energy transfer
Authors: Zambrana-Puyalto Xavier , Maccaferri Nicolò , Ponzellini Paolo , Giovannini Giorgia , De Angelis Francesco , Garoli Denis
Published: May 2019

A site-selective functionalization method in a plasmonic nanopore demonstrates how it is possible to modulate FRET at the nanoscale level.
Negative photoresponse in ZnO–PEDOT:PSS nanocomposites and photogating effects
Authors: G Harikrishnan , Vempati Sesha , Prajapati K. N. , Bandopadhyay K. , Kalathingal Vijith , Mitra J.
Published: May 2019

Reversible negative photoresponse or increase in resistance in nanocomposites of ZnO nanoparticles in a p-type polymer (PEDOT:PSS), under UV-Vis illumination is reported, contrary to that of planar heterojunction of the constituents.
Three-dimensional nickel vanadium layered double hydroxide nanostructures grown on carbon cloth for high-performance flexible supercapacitor applications
Authors: Tyagi Ankit , Chandra Joshi Manish , Agarwal Kushagra , Balasubramaniam Bhuvaneshwari , Gupta Raju Kumar
Published: May 2019

The electrochemical performance of the flexible solid-state supercapacitor device comprising ultrathin Ni–V layered double hydroxide nanosheets grown on carbon cloth showed a negligible change upon bending and twisting of the device.
Three primary color (cyan/magenta/yellow) switchable electrochromic devices based on PEDOT:PSS and ‘electrobase/electroacid’ theory
Authors: Yang Guojian , Yang Baige , Zhang Huiqi , Wang Xiaojun , Gu Chang , Wang Haoran , Chen Yixin , Zhang Yu-Mo
Published: May 2019

A multicolor electrochromic device (ECD), which can switch among three primary colors cyan (C), magenta (M) and yellow (Y), was fabricated successfully.
Novel styrylpyrazole-glucosides and their dioxolo-bridged doppelgangers: synthesis and cytotoxicity
Authors: Carreira Ana R. F. , Pereira David M. , Andrade Paula B. , Valentão Patrícia , Silva Artur M. S. , Braga Susana Santos , Silva Vera L. M.
Published: May 2019

Novel styrylpyrazole-glucoside conjugates4and5are reported, with5c, aN-glucosyldioxolo derivative being very active against stomach cancer (AGS) cells.
Visible-light photocatalytic trifluoromethylation of arenes using graphene oxide as a metal-free photocatalyst
Authors: Tong Ying , Pan Hao , Huang Weichao , Qiu Wenzhao , Ding Zhengxin , Xu Chao , Yuan Rusheng
Published: May 2019

Graphene oxide sheets can function as a kind of metal-free photocatalyst for the trifluoromethylation of arenes under visible light irradiation.
Resemblances of experiment and theory on aryl substituted luminogenic polypyrazolines
Authors: Vandana T. , Karuppusamy A. , Arulkumar R. , Venuvanalingam P. , Kannan P.
Published: May 2019

Polyarylpyrazolines (PPB, PPA, PPT, PPBt) containing various aryl substituents emit light in a broad color range from orange to blue, making them suitable for optoelectronics.
Silicon quantum dot-assisted synthesis of MoS2/rGO sandwich structures with excellent supercapacitive performance
Authors: Wu Jinzhu , Li Beibei , Feng Yaxiu , Shao Yanbin , Wu Xiaohong , Sun Yanchun
Published: May 2019

A MoS2/rGO nanocomposite with a unique sandwich structure is synthesized by using silicon quantum dots (SiQDs), exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance for supercapacitors.
Heavy atom free 1,1,4,4-tetraphenylbuta-1,3-diene with aggregation induced emission for photodynamic cancer therapy
Authors: Wen Huijuan , Ma Juan , Chen Jianjiao , Ke Zhen , Zou Dengfeng , Li Qiaoyun
Published: May 2019

Common organic molecules usually suffer from aggregation caused quenching (ACQ), which is disadvantageous for imaging guided phototherapy.
A biocompatible high surface area ZnO-based molecularly imprinted polymer for the determination of meloxicam in water media and plasma
Authors: Rahmati Ensiyeh , Rafiee Zahra
Published: May 2019

Ultrasound-assisted solid-phase microextraction (SPME) by a functionalized high surface area ZnO nanoparticle (NP)-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) followed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry was described as a selective, economic and rapid technique which was established for the extraction and preconcentration of meloxicam (MEL) in water media and plasma.
Interface engineering in the BNNS@Ti3C2 intercalation structure for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Ai Zizheng , Chang Bin , Xu Chengwei , Huang Baibiao , Wu Yongzhong , Hao Xiaopeng , Shao Yongliang
Published: May 2019

Based on the interface engineering, a novel BNNS@Ti3C2 intercalation electrocatalyst was designed, and it exhibited an outstanding HER performance.
Dual-mode recognition of biogenic amine tryptamine and fluoride ions by a naphthyl hydrazone platform: application in fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells and zebrafish embryos
Authors: Krishnaveni Karuppiah , Murugesan Sepperumal , Siva Ayyanar
Published: May 2019

A new type of selective and sensitive naphthyl hydrazone anchored Schiff base derivative (PYNA) was synthesized and applied to the fluorogenic and chromogenic recognition of both tryptamine (TryptA) and F−ions, further it has good cell permeability and biocompatibility in zebrafish embryos and HeLa cells.
Facile detection of organophosphorus nerve agent mimic (DCP) through a new quinoline-based ratiometric switch
Authors: Gharami Saswati , Aich Krishnendu , Das Sangita , Patra Lakshman , Mondal Tapan Kumar
Published: May 2019

Here a new quinoline-based (BIMQ) probe was developed which displayed ratiometric detection of organophosphorus chemical vapor threat, DCP.
Aptamer-based fluorescence polarization assay for separation-free exosome quantification
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Tang Chuanhao , Zhao Libo , Xu Li , Zhou Wei , Dong Zaizai , Yang Yuqing , Xie Qiqi , Fang Xiaohong
Published: May 2019

An aptamer-based fluorescence polarization assay for exosome quantification, which is a separation-free, amplification-free and sensitive approach enabling direct quantification of exosomes in human plasma, has been developed.
In situ observations of the reversible vacancy ordering process in van der Waals-bonded Ge–Sb–Te thin films and GeTe–Sb2Te3 superlattices
Authors: Lotnyk Andriy , Dankwort Torben , Hilmi Isom , Kienle Lorenz , Rauschenbach Bernd
Published: May 2019

Reconfiguration of the structural order in layered Ge–Sb–Te structures is associated with the formation of vacancy layers and readjustment of interplanar spacing.
Rapid design of a core–shell-like metal hydroxide/oxide composite and activated carbon from biomass for high-performance supercapattery applications
Authors: Chandra Sekhar S. , Nagaraju Goli , Ramulu Bhimanaboina , Yu Jae Su
Published: May 2019

Core–shell-like 2D Ni(OH)2 on a Cu2O custard apple-like composite and biomass-derived activated carbon materials were used for the construction of a supercapattery device.
Synthesis of chromeno[4,3-b]quinolines and spirobenzofuran-3,3′-quinolines through silver-mediated Appel reaction/C–Br bond cleavage/double selective rearrangement sequence
Authors: Zhao Hong-Ping , Ma Xiao-Pan , Nie Shu-Min , Xiao Yuhong , Mo Dong-Liang
Published: May 2019

A reduction and sequential silver-mediated Appel reaction/C–Br cleavage/double rearrangement cascade strategy was developed for the selective synthesis of chromeno[4,3-b]quinolines and spirobenzofuran-3,3′-quinolines.
Creation of bispiro[pyrazolone-3,3′-oxindoles] via a phosphine-catalyzed enantioselective [3 + 2] annulation of the Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates with pyrazoloneyldiene oxindoles
Authors: Zhang Jing , Chan Wai-Lun , Chen Ligong , Ullah Nisar , Lu Yixin
Published: May 2019

A [3 + 2] annulation between the Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates and pyrazoloneyldiene oxindoles catalyzed by (S)-SITCP has been developed.
Chemically modified nanofoci unifying plasmonics and catalysis
Authors: Wang Yueliang , Fang Lingling , Gong Ming , Deng Zhaoxiang
Published: May 2019

Chemical modifiability is achieved for self-assembled plasmonic nanogaps to enable charge transfer plasmon resonance and unified plasmonic and catalytic functions.
On the absence of a phonon bottleneck in strongly confined CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals
Authors: Li Yulu , Lai Runchen , Luo Xiao , Liu Xue , Ding Tao , Lu Xin , Wu Kaifeng
Published: May 2019

Strongly confined CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals exhibit sub-ps hot exciton relaxation dynamics and the absence of a phonon bottleneck.
Rational design of two-dimensional hybrid Co/N-doped carbon nanosheet arrays for efficient bi-functional electrocatalysis
Authors: Cheng Ningyan , Ren Long , Casillas Gilberto , Zhou Si , Zhuang Jincheng , Wang Li , Xu Xun , Dou Shi Xue , Du Yi
Published: May 2019

The bi-functional electrocatalytic activity of CoNC-x/CC nanosheet arrays has been successfully tuned by regulating the valence states and particle size.
Pore environment engineering in metal–organic frameworks for efficient ethane/ethylene separation
Authors: Wang Xun , Niu Zheng , Al-Enizi Abdullah M. , Nafady Ayman , Wu Yufang , Aguila Briana , Verma Gaurav , Wojtas Lukasz , Chen Yu-Sheng , Li Zhong , Ma Shengqian
Published: May 2019

Methyl groups are introduced on the pore walls of a metal–organic framework to enhance the separation performance of C2H6/C2H4.