bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Outcomes in Early Intervention: A Framework for Program Evaluation and Efficacy Research
Authors: Bailey Donald B. , McWilliam R. A. , Darkes Lynette Aytch , Hebbeler Kathy , Simeonsson Rune J. , Spiker Donna , Wagner Mary
Published: January 2017

Much of the focus on the relationship between parents and professionals in early intervention has been on the rationale for working with families and the processes by which that rationale should be implemented. Although some discussion has occurred regarding desired outcomes, approaches and strategies by which the attainment of family outcomes could be documented have not been widely discussed or agreed upon by the field. In this article we suggest eight questions that could serve as a framework for determining the extent to which early intervention has accomplished the goals inherent in a family-centered approach. Conceptual issues and methodological considerations associated with documenting these outcomes are presented, and recommendations regarding implementation and future directions are made.
American Sign Language as a Pathway to Linguistic Competence
Authors: Drasgow Erik
Published: January 2017

Recently, it has been argued that American Sign Language (ASL) should be the first language of some deaf children and that English should be taught as a second language. This article supports that argument on both philosophical and empirical grounds. Philosophical support stems from viewing deafness as a cultural difference rather than as a medical disability. Empirical evidence demonstrates that (a) ASL is a natural language, (b) deaf children acquire ASL in a normal and predictable manner when exposure occurs at an early age, and (c) deaf children who acquire ASL at an early age may outperform other deaf children on all measures of academic achievement. Based on the empirical evidence presented, implications for educational practice are provided.
The Effects of Team-Based Functional Assessment on the Behavior of Students in Classroom Settings
Authors: Chandler Lynette K. , Dahlquist Carol M. , Repp Alan C. , Feltz Carol
Published: January 2017

We examined the impact of functional assessment interventions on both the appropriate and challenging behaviors of groups of students within preschool classrooms for children with special needs and for children at risk. We also examined the effectiveness of a training model to teach school-based teams to conduct functional assessment. The results indicated that school-based teams were able to conduct functional assessment during intervention and maintained functional assessment skills during follow-up observations. In addition, the functional assessment procedures resulted in a decrease in challenging behavior and nonengagement and an increase in active engagement and peer interaction for groups of students within classroom settings. The levels of appropriate and challenging behavior observed during intervention and maintenance within at-risk and special education classrooms were similar to those observed in early childhood control classrooms.
MARIA STUARDA
Authors: Bonsanti Alessandro
Published: January 2017

Anticipazioni di questo dramma sono già uscite su L'Approdo, Gennaio-Marzo, 1969, e su Il bimestre, Luglio-Ottobre, 1969. Rimando il lettore, per quanto concerne l'indirizzo generale a cui mi attengo scrivendo per il teatro, alle prefazioni contenute nel mio Teatro domestico, Mondadori, 1970. Una prefazione sarà premessa anche a Maria Stuarda nel momento in cui verrà edita in volume. (A.B.)
Trade Liberalisation and Export Performance in India: A Statistical Verification
Authors: Kaushik K.K. , Paras
Published: January 2017

The study statistically verifies the growth, variability, sources of variability and the impact of export instability on economic growth and environment in the Indian case in the process of ongoing policy reforms. To this end, growth, export instability and variance of the logarithm of export earnings around an exponential trend are estimated to assess the relative importance of price and quantity fluctuations. The major findings of the study are as follows: First, exports of the Indian agriculture and allied products and of manufactured have increased significantly since the initiation of trade liberalisation; secondly, export earnings instability is the main due to volume instability rather than price variability; thirdly, export instability showed a negative and a statistically significant impact on economic performance of the economy; and finally, the results obtained are similar to those reported earlier for less developed countries.
India's Agricultural Exports
Authors: Goyal S.K. , Pandey R.N. , Singh J.P.
Published: January 2017

The composition of Indian exports indicated the rising share of manufactured exports and the decline of agricultural exports. Of the various agricultural & allied items, tea & mate, cashew kernels, spices and coffee were the dominant exportable items during 1970s but their share later on had declined. Further it was found that during the nineties, marine products, oil cakes, rice, fruits, etc. have potential for export earnings. The total agricultural exports increased at the annual compound growth rate of about 25 per cent during 1991-98. The compound growth rate of all the agricultural and allied items except tea & mate and sugar & honey were higher during nineties (1991-98) than in seventies and eighties. During this period (1991-98), coffee, oil cakes, tobacco, raw cotton, rice, spices and fish & products exhibited high volatility in exports. The share of our agricultural exports in world exports although is very low but is increasing over the years. For competing with other countries and, therefore, to raise its share in the world exports, sustained high rate of growth of Indian exports is of paramount importance. The prospects for increasing agricultural exports have improved after the liberalisation.
Concentration of Indian Port System: 1970-1998
Authors: Chaudhury Bhaskar , De Prabir
Published: January 2017

Using data on traffic of the major ports of India as well as its coastal States, this paper provides comparisons by using Gini co-efficient and Theil's entropy among the major ports vis-a-vis maritime States in terms of port traffic concentration over time. It was found that among the major ports, the least concentrated port is Kand/a while port of Calcutta is the most concentrated. Moreover, out of nine coastal States, this paper has also found ports of Gujarat as the least concentrated and the ports of Kera/a are most concentrated. In general, a trend of decreasing concentration as well as rising competitiveness have been witnessed in the post-liberalisation period in India in both the cases.
Trade Liberalisation and Diversification in Select Developing Countries
Authors: Bhatia Satinder
Published: January 2017

Macroeconomic stability cannot be the goal of trade liberalisation concerned as it is with the set of microeconomic regulations concerning imports and exports. Trade liberalisation, while determining the openness of an economy, is expected to contribute to trade diversification not only by promoting the growth of internationally-traded output, but also by altering the product composition of existing production towards higher value-added products and by increasing the share in total exports of products characterised by lower price and earnings volatility. The Study shows that there is a strong connection between trade liberalisation and trade diversification. Trade diversification is particularly crucial to the developing countries, although diversification does not necessarily follow liberalisation. Most South Asian countries, including India, have not yet experienced enough bouts of trade diversification. The preliminary result of trade liberalisation in these countries has been limited to high export/manufacturing growth rates.
Shaping the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement
Authors: Gupta Mitali Das
Published: January 2017

Of all the issues negotiated under the Uruguay Round, anti-dumping (AD) was perhaps the most contentious. Broadly stating, the debate pitted antidumping's traditional users essentially industrialised countries such as USA and EC against traditional non-users, primarily the developing countries. The present exercise aims to evaluate the shaping of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement, particularly from the standpoint of the issues on AD raised by the developing countries starting from the Uruguay Round. It was found that in spite of several countries requesting for possible amendments to the AD Code, a large number of these clauses were not incorporated into the present AD Agreement, thereby failing to deliver the commitments of the developing countries. Also, there are a large number of loopholes in the different provisions of the present AD Agreement, whose faulty implementation has substantial negative consequences particularly on the developing countries. The paper also discusses some important concerns that need to be addressed in the future rounds of negotiations, which will help to limit the number of unjustified investigations and ensure greater transparency and predictability in the existing rules.
An Econometric Analysis of Export-led Growth in A Multivariate Var Framework
Authors: K. Kaushik Krishan , K. Klein Kurt , Arbenser Lawrence
Published: January 2017

Empirical evidence on export-led growth hypothesis is inconclusive and mixed. This paper uses time series econometric techniques to re-investigate the relationship between exports and economic growth in India during the period 1971-2005. The insertion of three additional relevant variables omitted in previous studies help to clarify the conflicting results from earlier studies on the Indian economy. The empirical results suggest that there exists a unique long-run relationship between exports, export instability, imports, investment, terms of trade and gross domestic product. For example, ceteris paribus a 10 per cent increase in the exports raises GDP by an estimated 2.76 per cent in the long run. The short-term dynamic behaviour of income growth function has been investigated by estimating an error correction model in which the error correction term has been found to be correctly signed and statistically significant. However, there is no strong evidence for short-run causality flowing from export growth to economic growth.

JEL classification: C32, F10, O11
Estimation of Import and Export Demand Functions Using Bilateral Trade Data
Authors: Afzal Muhammad , Haider Jahanzaib
Published: January 2017

We estimated the import and export elasticities of Pakistan trade with traditional trade partners and some Asian countries to see the dynamics of Pakistan's trade from 1973 to 2008. OLS results suggest that income is the principal determinant of exports and imports. Its exports are cointegrated with Japan and the US while the imports are cointegrated with UAE and the US. Pakistan imports and exports are cointegrated with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka but not with India and China. Income and exchange rate are both important determinants of foreign trade. Continuing its trade with traditional partners and making efforts for greater market access to the US and EU, it should make efforts to increase its trade with Asian countries notably China and India because both are fast growing economies and have huge market.

JEL Classification: F01, C51.
Spatio-temporal Analysis of Indian Basmati Rice Trade and its Comparison with Pakistan
Authors: Bhattacharya Mondira
Published: January 2017

Basmati rice is a unique and high value grain crop. It is a traditional export crop of India holding an important position in India's agricultural export basket. Due to the Himalayan agro-climate its cultivation is limited only to India and Pakistan. This study attempts to analyze the spatio-temporal features of India's Basmati rice trade and its global competitiveness. Further, it also undertakes a comparative analysis of Basmati rice trade of India vis-a-vis its sole competitor, Pakistan.

The main findings of the study are that as Basmati is a premium product its existing markets would continue to hold. Secondly, despite some inherent problems, Basmati exports from India are increasing temporally and spatially. Thirdly, the quantum of Basmati exports has not only been determined by competition between India and Pakistan, but also influenced by issues such as hoarding, adulteration and change in tastes for other aromatic rice varieties. Fourthly, it is a highly competitive rice variety compared to non-Basmati, but over the last few years its competitiveness has been declining. Lastly, Pakistan with its several supply constraints has been giving a stiff competition to India's Basmati.
The Dutch Clothing Industry
Authors: Schuurs Frans
Published: January 2017

The Dutch clothing industry is an interesting case of an industrial sector on the decline, beil}-g seriously affected by growing international competition, whereby the emphasis is put on "unfair competition" by the so-called low-cost suppliers.

Since "orderly restructuring" as a policy-instrument has not been much in operation, this article on the clothing industry in Holland might serve to illustrate, why, in the present situation, many developed countries a.re inclined to prefer protectionism.

The combirved opposition by employers and employees in the affected industries being so vocal and vociferous, the author doubts if "restructuring" could be a politically viable policy-instrument in the context of the present world-wide recession.
Human Factors in Systems Reliability
Authors: Peters George A. , Hussman Thomas A.
Published: January 2017

A general introduction is made to the basic concepts involved in engineering for systems reliability. Attention is focused on the problems of performing human factors research which will be of maximum usefulness to those making engineering design and management decisions regarding the human element in systems reliability. It is urged that task variables be specified in quantitative units which are compatible with other engineering formulations and that there be greater emphasis on operational analysis under realistic environmental conditions. An idealized methodological approach to human factors research is also described.
The Strength of a Man
Authors: Morehouse Laurence E.
Published: January 2017

The strength of one man is shown graphically in 35 different ways. The subject is a healthy adult male in fair physical condition who is described by 20 anthropometric measures.
Choice Response in Quiet and Loaded Channels with Verbal and Non-verbal Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Burrows Alan A.
Published: January 2017

Observations were made on certain verbal and non-verbal signals in quiet, noisy and in simulated RT conditions where it was required to select and to respond to up to twelve sound signals. Verbal signals appeared to be significantly better than non-verbal even where channel noise was higher than signal level. Ambient noise was not detectable as an effect because of the confounding nature of the learning curve.
Auditory Perception of Numerosity as Affected by Number and by Correct and Incorrect Knowledge of Results
Authors: Monty Richard A.
Published: January 2017

Two experiments are reported in which the effects of correct and incorrect feedback on ability to count rapidly-produced auditory stimuli were studied. “Error in counting was found to be directly related to the number of stimuli to be counted. Correct knowledge of results contributed to better performance; misinformation contributed to disruption of counting ability; and both effects were evident over time in the absence of all feedback.
The Effects of Simulated Buffeting on the Internal Pressure of Man
Authors: White George H. , Lange Karl O. , Coermann Rolf R.
Published: January 2017

The effects of mechanically induced vibration upon the human abdomen were determined by measuring the pressure in the rectal end of the colon sigmoideum.

A technique was developed for transmitting the internal pressure to external recorders, and the amplitudes of the colon pressure fluctuations were determined, when eight human subjects and one Rhesus monkey were subjected to vertical sinusoidal vibration, at vector accelerations of less than one g, in the frequency range of one through twenty c/s.

The pressure fluctuations were found to vary with frequency, showing maximum mean “peak to peak” pressure, per one g acceleration, of 57 mm Hg at 4.5 c/s and 4 c/s, sitting erect and sitting relaxed; and 30 mm Hg at 7 c/s in the semi-supine posture of human subjects.

These resonances confirm the results of related prior studies of the human body as a mechanical system.
Vibration Isolation in the Human Leg
Authors: Hornick Richard J.
Published: January 2017

In attempting to determine bow well the human legs isolate man from vibration imparted to his feet, six subjects stood on a shake-table platform. Each subject experienced vertical vibration of 2 and 5 c/s at 1 in. double amplitude ± 0.21 g and ± 1.3 g peak accelerations. Accelerometers recorded the intensity of vibration at the bead level for two minutes of vibration. Results revealed that during the two minutes, the legs gradually lose their ability to isolate, and increasing intensities of motion occur at the bead level.
Variables Influencing Operator Information Processing
Authors: Olson Paul L.
Published: January 2017

Using two criteria, time required to react to the stimulus and performance on a simple tracking task, subjects were exposed to various levels of rate of information presentation, the number of channels through which it was presented, and the physical location and arrangement of the information media.

Performance as measured by both criteria dropped as the rate and number of channels increased. Performance was generally better on more compact media arrangements and those channels more centrally located. There were some differences between criteria in these areas, however.
Operator Loading Tasks
Authors: Knowles W. B.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this paper is: (1) To review the rationale of measuring operator workload in terms of auxiliary, or secondary task performance scores; (2) To summarize the important characteristics of suitable loading tasks; (3) To describe several loading tasks which have been used or which are potentially useful; and(4) To suggest the development of a set of standardized tasks which would be useful in obtaining more nearly comparable measures over a wide range of primary tasks.
Visual Search in the Space Environment
Authors: Grether Walter F.
Published: January 2017

Among the important tasks of an astronaut will be the visual search for other vehicles in a co-planar orbit for purposes of rendezvous. Human data for minimum visual acuity can be used to compute the maximum sighting distance using information about target size, background, luminance and target contrast. But this distance is valid only if the astronaut knows the exact location of the target satellite and can fixate on it with foveal vision. For a dynamic search situation it is more meaningful to compute a probability of sighting using additional data or assumptions about peripheral visual acuity, eye fixation frequency, search area, and target closure rate. A method is described for computing probability of sighting. An example is provided for application of the method to a search situation for the approximate situation of a space rendezvous with a target comparable to the NASA Gemini vehicle.
Vision and Unusual Gravitational Forces
Authors: White William J. , Monty Richard A.
Published: January 2017

This report reviews and evaluates the research and observations pertaining to the effects upon human vision of unusual gravitational force, which will be encountered in space flight operations. Increased g and null gravity are the major topics of discussion. Within each topic the gross and qualitative changes in vision are discussed first. Quantitative and analytic studies are next reviewed, ranging from the application of the threshold methods of psychophysics to the performance of flying tasks such as dial reading. Operational experience of the astronauts is included. Techniques for ameliorating the undesirable effects of acceleration and null gravity are summarized.
Visual Space Perception as Influenced by Unusual Vestibular Stimulation
Authors: Clark Brant
Published: January 2017

During flight in aircraft and spacecraft, pilots are regularly subjected to unusual force environments. These forces not only influence a variety of pressure-sensitive mechanisms but, in particular, they stimulate the vestibular mechanism of the inner ear. The latter source of information regarding spatial orientation may be in accord with information from direct visual stimulation or it may be in conflict with it. In the first case, veridical space perception may be expected, while in the second the perception is frequently nonveridical. This results in constant errors in judgment with respect to motion of visual objects and in the pilot's estimates of the objects' position. These errors, referred to by pilots as “vertigo,” are believed to be of importance in piloting aircraft and spacecraft where the pilot's task involves actions based on visual space perception.
Space Cabin Atmosphere Trace Contaminants and Their Possible Influence on Visual Parameters
Authors: Lagerwerff John M.
Published: January 2017

In the investigation of various factors which can adversely influence the proper functioning of the visual apparatus in the aerospace environment, the study of space-cabin atmosphere composition and contamination has been largely neglected. Visual effects of the more classical contaminants have been little investigated.

This paper discusses these contaminants as well as the effects of ozone on certain visual parameters, in view of the fact that under influence of solar and cosmic radiations ozone may be formed from liquid and gaseous oxygen supplies on board spacecraft. Based upon the observed physiological effects of small doses of positive and negative free air ions, it is hypothesized that, in the ionized state, some gaseous and volatile human metabolic waste products may have entirely different properties than they have in the ordinary state, and may affect vision. Until definitely proven otherwise, this possibility must be accepted and investigated.
Simulation of a Star Field
Authors: Kinkade Robert G. , Snyder Harry L. , Greening Charles P.
Published: January 2017

Twelve observers were asked to estimate the realism of projected star fields. The results clearly indicate that maximum realism is obtained from a star field which has the following characteristics: (1) sky (background) luminance is quite low, preferably as in the outer space sky of 10-5 candelas per square meter; (2) individual stars are small (1 minute of visual angle), appearing as point sources; and, (3) simulated stars are relatively bright, casting an illumination of about 10-8 ft-candles upon the eye of the observer (approximately first to third magnitude, average). One important overall characteristic of these conditions is that of virtually infinite contrast between a point source and its background, a true star characteristic as pointed out by Middleton. Any departures from these conditions will affect the apparent realism of the display, as shown by the experimental results.
“Words, Words, Words”
Authors: Chapanis Alphonse
Published: January 2017

The aim of this paper is to call to attention a very large and important area of human factors engineering that is almost entirely neglected. This area consists of the language and the words that are attached to the tools, machines, systems, and operations with which human factors engineers are concerned. Examples, illustrations, and data are cited to show that changes in the words used in man-machine systems may produce greater improvements in performance than human engineering changes in the machine itself. Arguments are made that this province—the language and words of machines—is properly the concern of the human factors engineer, and not of the grammarian, linguist, or the communication theorist. The paper concludes with an outline of some of the kinds of work that needs to be done to fill these important gaps in our knowledge and technology.
The Prediction of Total Task Performance from Prior Practice on Task Components
Authors: Fleishman Edwin A.
Published: January 2017

Two hundred and four Ss practiced the components of a complex multidimensional compensatory pursuit task, singly and in combination. These components involved discrete display-control relationships. The total task, which was practiced last, requires an integration of these components; that is, the S must operate the multiple controls in order to minimize error indications on all displays simultaneously. The problems investigated were (a) the extent to which performance on task components, individually practiced, is predictive of subsequent total task performance; (b) the extent to which practice on combinations of components is predictive of total task performance; (c) the interrelationships among component performances; and (d) the relative contribution of various component performances to total and subtask performances. The resulting correlational and multiple correlational analyses provide some tentative principles of part-whole task relationships relevant to the understanding of skilled performance.
Detecting Out-of-Tolerance Conditions with Meter and Digital Displays
Authors: Lincoln Robert S. , Cahill Hugh E.
Published: January 2017

Four experiments were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of meter and digital displays currently used for checking the status of a missile's hydraulic control system. In all experiments, information was provided either on a configuration of four digital displays or on a similar configuration of four panel meters. The subjects' task was to determine the class of information being displayed (attitude response) and the condition of the hydraulic system with respect to established tolerance limits (tolerance response).

The main conclusions were:

The tolerance response was performed significantly faster with the digital displays. Error rates for the two display panels were essentially equivalent on both the attitude and tolerance responses. Subjects made significantly more errors in reporting an “in tolerance” condition when the display was “out-of-tolerance” than they made in reporting an “out-of-tolerance” condition when the display was “in tolerance.” This bias was independent of the subjects' previous level of experience on similar tasks.
Response Time to Unexpected Stimuli
Authors: Warrick Melvin J. , Kibler Austin W. , Topmiller Donald A.
Published: January 2017

Secretaries, while typing, responded to the sounding of a buzzer by reaching to and pressing a button located to the left of their typewriters. The buzzer was sounded without forewarning at irregular intervals, once or twice a week, over a period of six months. The data were analyzed by four week periods (5 subjects, 6 responses per subject). The response latencies decreased systematically over the six-month period. During the final four weeks 90 percent of the response latencies were greater than .51 seconds, 50 percent greater than .61 seconds, and 10 percent greater than .82 seconds. Under comparative control conditions, when the subjects were alerted to the stimuli, the responses were .1-.14 seconds faster.
Response-Response Compatability Effects in a Two-Hand Pointing Task
Authors: Peterson James R.
Published: January 2017

An experiment was conducted to determine whether or not response-response compatability effects were present in a simple perceptual-motor task where simultaneous two-hand pointing responses were required. The results indicate that both response precision and movement time are affected by the particular combinations of responses used. The results are interpreted as supporting the contention that R-R compatibility effects do exist—even in quite simple perceptual-motor tasks. A distinction is made between Stimulus-Response (S-R) compatibility effects and Response-Response (R-R) compatability effects.
Do Large Shared Displays Facilitate Group Effort?
Authors: Smith Sidney L. , C. Duggar Benjamin
Published: January 2017

Twelve four-man groups searched and counted visually displayed items. In one session, they used a large display shared in common by the group members; in another session, separate smaller displays were viewed individually. Information was presented under conditions of equal visual angle, so that these two display modes were logically equivalent. Performance was 15 percent faster with the large group display than with the small individual displays. There was no significant difference in error frequency. Some subjects preferred the large display, some the small. In a supplementary study, running individual subjects rather than groups, there were no differences in speed or accuracy between the display modes. This suggests that the difference in group performance time resulted from some facilitating effect of the shared display on the process of group interaction.
Studies of Helicopter Pilot Performance: I The Analysis of Maneuver Dimensions
Authors: Zavala Albert , Locke Edwin A. , Van Cott Harold P. , Fleishman Edwin A.
Published: January 2017

Measures of helicopter pilot proficiency were obtained on samples of student pilots in two training phases. Measures were based on students' performance on 16 and 12 separate maneuvers in the Primary and Basic training phases respectively. Intercorrelatitons of maneuvers in each phase were subjected to factor analysis. In both phases maneuver performance could be described in terms of six or seven clearly interpretable common factors. The results were discussed in terms of the implications for understanding the structure and measurement of skilled psychomotor performance.
Industrial Design of a Narrow Aisle Sit-Down Lift Truck
Authors: Stevens Philip H. , Chase David O. , Brownlie Alan W.
Published: January 2017

This report describes the industrial design and human engineering of a sit-down lift truck for narrow aisle warehouse materials handling applications. The objective of the design program was to develop a truck which would be (1) safe, efficient and comfortable to operate; (2) aesthetically appealing; (3) economical to manufacture and use; and (4) easy to maintain and service. A working mockup was constructed to demonstrate the feasibility of the engineering approach, and to validate human engineering, maintainability and safety provisions. Field use under varying conditions has confirmed that the concept of a seated position for the operator of a narrow aisle lift truck was a sound solution for reducing fatigue with no sacrifice in operator effectiveness.
Design of a Lathe for International Markets
Authors: Carr Richard , Ashford Frederick C. , Easterby Ronald S.
Published: January 2017

The need to export, and the high-quantity production capabilities of a new precision assembly line, stimulated the development of a new line of center lathes for world markets. A survey of international requirements established basic performance capabilities and features. The industrial designer, in conjunction with the manufacturer's engineering organization, developed an appearance design concept that was adaptable to machines of varying sizes and proportions, that was compatible with the unique manufacturing facilities, and that conveyed a strong, recognizable company style. The human factors specialist collaborated with the industrial designer in the design of the operator's workplace, controls and displays, and through a systematic analysis of operator tasks, devised a new, more effective display for translating maching instructions specified on an engineering drawing into control settings on the lathe. Results of the industrial design and ergonomic analyses are illustrated and discussed.
Effective Mockup Utilization by the Industrial Design—Human Factors Team
Authors: Seminara Joseph L. , Gerrie James K.
Published: January 2017

Mockup technology, the transformation of two-dimensional design drawings into three-dimensional representations of hardware concepts, is a well established design tool within the engineering community. When employed or controlled by the industrial design-human factors support team, mockup development is an extremely effective means for influencing equipment design so that the needs of the eventual user are served. A number of difficulties that confront the industrial designer within the aerospace industry setting are discussed. One method of entering into the advanced system development process is through the assumption of responsibility for mockup design, development, construction and evaluation. In the course of mockup development, excellent opportunities are available for introducing human factors and industrial design principles into preliminary and detailed design of advanced manned systems. The diverse purposes served by mockups are discussed, and representative case histories illustrating the application of various mockup techniques in aerospace systems are presented.
The Motion of the Human Center of Mass and its Relationship to Mechanical Impedance
Authors: Weis Edmund B. , Primiano Frank P.
Published: January 2017

This report concerns the development of a relationship between the human mechanical impedance and the coupling of the human center of mass to the environment. The mechanical impedance is a common analysis tool in biomechanics while the analysis of the coupling of the center of mass to the environment is technically more difficult, if not impossible. The development is based on linear, passive, isotropic theory and shows that the transfer function which expresses the relation between the motion of the center of mass and the motion of the source is similar to a linear second order mechanical system in each of the translational spatial degrees of freedom.
Apparent Size and Hue Variations of a Laser Light Spot
Authors: Caulfield H. John
Published: January 2017

Both the apparent size and the apparent hue of a single spot of 6328 A laser light vary with with varying conditions, and with the particular observer. The apparent radius of a spot can vary from zero to several times the objectively-determined radius as the background lighting conditions are changed. The general features of this variation are predictable theoretically. The apparent hue of the center of a laser spot can shift as much as 340 A. Previous theory for the hue shift is shown to be inadequate, but no fully adequate theory is suggested.
Delayed Force Feedback
Authors: Ferrell William R.
Published: January 2017

In master-slave manipulators, forces encountered by the remote hand are transmitted back to the operator. At very great distances there will be a transmission delay between an operator's movement and a resulting force. Investigation was made of the effect of long delays and differences in strategy on positioning time with force feedback alone. Positioning could be accomplished, but delay coupled with high loop gain creates serious instability. Experimental results suggest that alternative displays of the feedback force can overcome the stability problem.
Cutaneous Sensitivity Communications
Authors: Hennessy John R.
Published: January 2017

The general and specific problems facing emergence of cutaneous sensitivity devices into a useful sub-system of communications systems are discussed. The cutaneous sensory channel is emerging as a contender for application in communications systems in pace with the solution of corollary problems of psychology, neurology and bio-electronics. Transduction of electrical energy into living systems is only beginning to be understood. When suitable hardware is designed to match the nerve impulse and neuronal channels, the safety and user acceptability of cutaneous sub-systems will enhance the reliability of modern communications under extremes of environment, as well as provide an independent channel for the sensorially deprived.
Lunar Gravity Simulation and its Effect on Human Performance
Authors: Shavelson R. J.
Published: January 2017

Project Apollo has stimulated extensive research on human performance using a variety of lunar gravity simulators. Based on a survey of the literature, the following conclusions have emerged: (a) Existing simulators do not represent a high fidelity simulation of 1/6 g, (b) A validation study of the various simulators is needed, (c) Man will be capable of self-locomotion in lunar gravity, (d) Man's metabolic rate will be lower in 1/6 g during self-locomotion, (e) Man will change his method of performing common Earth tasks when in 1/6 g, (f) Psychomotor task decrement in 1/6 g will be observed, (g) Future research should direct itself toward a higher fidelity simulation of the total lunar ecology for study of mission-specific tasks.
Human Factors Evaluation of a Computer Based Information Storage and Retrieval System
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Thornton Carl L. , Cabe Patrick A.
Published: January 2017

The human factors aspects of a computer-based information storage and retrieval system were evaluated in three government intelligence services using questionnaire and interview techniques. It was found that many factors entered into satisfaction with the information system, including familiarity, ease of use, and importance. Other relevant factors included training in the use of the system, amount and type of information to meet needs in the system, and tolerances of individuals for irrelevant material in the output of searches. The interaction of these factors is discussed in relation to satisfaction with the system.
Evaluation of a Motion Simulator Not Requiring Cockpit Motion
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Cabe Patrick A. , Thornton Carl L. , Kerber Harold E.
Published: January 2017

A new type of system for simulating motion cues employs a seat made up of six differentially inflatable sections. This device was evaluated with a sample of eight pilots in a cockpit mock-up. Seat motion significantly increased rated realism for a series of six maneuvers. When subjects were presented with motion cues while their eyes were closed, correct identification of maneuvers averaged 85% and rated confidence in judgments averaged 76%. The seat was considered to be a relatively simple, low-cost method for simulating motion cues.
The Effect of Load on Muscle Output
Authors: Suggs Charles W.
Published: January 2017

Analytic consideration of muscle output resulted in an expression that relates the power output of a muscle to the imposed load. The simplest theory predicted that maximum power output would occur when the load impedance was equal to the impedance of the muscle system involved. Modification of this theory to accommodate the inverse type of relationship between the force generated and the speed of contraction, in agreement with physiological considerations, predicted the maximum power output at a load impedance (moment of inertia) five to ten times the impedance of the muscle system involved. Experimental observations over a wide range of loads on a specially constructed inertial dynamometer confirmed the predictions and gave a power curve similar to the predicted one.
Psychophysical Studies of Physiological Fatigue Criteria
Authors: Snook Stover H. , Irvine Charles H.
Published: January 2017

A laboratory experiment and a field study were conducted using psychophysical methods for among investigators with regard to physiological criteria used for excessive fatigue, (2) a poor relationship between physiological measures of fatigue and measures of performance, and (3) a good relationship between subjective measures of fatigue and measures of performance. A laboratory experiment and a field study were conducted using psychophysical methods for determining fatigue criteria. Heart rate was measured during these studies as an indication of the physiological level of functioning and was compared with fatigue criteria suggested by other investigators. The consistency of the results in the field study and three replications of the laboratory study demonstrated the reliability of the psychophysical methodology.
Police Patrol Vehicles
Authors: Clark Gerald E. , Ludwig Herbert G.
Published: January 2017

This study concerns the design of the police patrol vehicle as used by the Detroit Police Department. The objective was to identify areas where the vehicle could be improved so that its desired functions could be performed safely and expeditiously. Most of the recommendations resulting from this study involve the man-machine relationship between the patrolman and his vehicle. Because this was a preliminary study and only covered a short time span, a number of recommendations identify areas requiring further research.
Mapping Eye-Movement Patterns to the Visual Scene in Driving: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Mourant Ronald R. , Rockwell Thomas H.
Published: January 2017

Eye movements of eight drivers were filmed as the drivers traveled on a local expressway at 50 mi. per hour. Search and scan patterns of the drivers became more compact and the center of location shifted down and to the left as the drivers became more familiar with the route. The center of the final pattern was located above the right road edge marker and slightly higher than the horizon. The task of car following appeared to induce greater visual workload as indicated by increased sampling rates of lane markers and greater visual travel distances to examine road signs and other traffic. The search and scan patterns verified that the peripheral area of the eye is used for monitoring lane position, other vehicles, and road signs so that the fovea may be directed for a closer examination when the situation demands it.
A Subjective Value Approach to Information Utility
Authors: McKendry James M. , Enderwick Thomas P. , Harrison Paul C.
Published: January 2017

Following formulation of a subjective value model and laboratory validation of some of its key assumptions, the model was applied to the airborne antisubmarine warfare situation by pooling judgments of experienced personnel selected from operational airborne-antisubmarine-warfare squadrons. When scaled, these judgments permitted structuring of three sets of airborne-antisubmarine-warfare problems which varied in terms of the perceived value of information provided to crews.

The dependent variable was adequacy of performance on realistic exercises in a training simulator. Personnel who made the original subjective judgments and others as well were employed. The proportion of search area remaining per unit time decreased as a linear function of perceived information value as predicted. The subjective model accounted for approximately 90% of the observed between-group variance, thereby demonstrating its efficacy in a limited real-world situation.
Laboratory vs. Field Experimentation in Human Factors—An Evaluation of an Experimental Self-Service Airline Ticket Vendor
Authors: Erdmann Robert L. , Neal Alan S.
Published: January 2017

Human response times in the experimental Automatic Ticket Vendor (ATV) system were studied first in a laboratory test with simulated operation of some parts of the system and then in a field test at the O'Hare airport in Chicago. Results for human response times were comparable in the two tests, but the field test answered other questions about consumer behavior and subjective reactions that could not be studied in the laboratory. This paper compares the test conditions and results and discusses the relative advantages of the two methods of testing for various purposes.
Adaptation to Speed Stress in an Immediate Memory Task
Authors: McKendry James M. , Hurst Paul M.
Published: January 2017

Subjects identified which of eight matrices were being presented or made a “none of the above” response. The response alternatives were matrices in which each cell was filled with a color coded geometric figure, but the stimulus elements, which were presented separately, filled only one cell at a time with other cells left blank. Thus, the subjects were required to use their immediate memory prior to making a response selection. Independent variables were (1) input speed, defined in terms of stimulus element presentation rate, and (2) stimulus complexity, defined in terms of matrix size. Subjects were given a large number of performance trials.

Results showed that extensive practice reduces the time required to respond accurately to a set of stimulus elements; the more complex the stimuli, the smaller the reduction. Whenever the minimal response time was surpassed, both performance accuracy and the amount of information transmitted per minute fell to a degree that was disproportionately greater than increases in input speed relative to the minimal response time (channel capacity). Apparently, subjects tended to recirculate information in immediate memory even when overloaded. Response times related to performance accuracy indicated that when the number of stimulus elements in immediate memory exceeded seven, chances of a correct response were practically zero, with sharp decrements occurring when five stimulus elements were being handled.
Detection and Recognition of Colored Signal Lights
Authors: Reynolds Richard E. , White Raymond M. , Hilgendorf Robert L.
Published: January 2017

Two experiments were designed to determine effective colors for stimulus lights as measured by speed of detection and accuracy of identification, Additionally, the nature of the interactions between stimulus color, background color, and amount of ambient illumination were assessed. Responses to four stimulus lights, viz., red, green, yellow, and white, were evaluated against four colored backgrounds, viz., copper, tan, blue, and green, under two levels of ambient illumination. Responses of 144 subjects were also evaluated according to sex. It was found that to choose the most effective signal color in a specific situation, stimulus color, background, and amount of ambient illumination must all be considered. The overall ordering of stimulus colors as measured by speed of responding was, from fastest to slowest, red, green, yellow, and white. For errors in color naming, the order from least to most, was green, red, white, and yellow. Detection and identification were more difficult under bright ambient illumination. The addition of an identification task added about 0.25 sec. to the response times for each color.
Congruent and Spurious Motion in the Learning and Performance of a Compensatory Tracking Task
Authors: Guercio Joseph G. , Wall Robert L.
Published: January 2017

The importance of congruent and spurious yaw motion in compensatory tracking by eight airline pilots was examined. The pilots, seated erect in the Ames Man-Carrying Rotation Device (MCRD), tracked with k/s+1 and k/s(s+1) vehicle dynamics in fixed- and moving-base simulation. Following the learning phase of the experiment, five levels of spurious angular acceleration were superimposed on the motion of the MCRD. Learning of the tracking task was found to be a function of both vehicle dynamics and mode of simulation. The presence of congruent motion information reduced learning time in k/s(s+1) vehicle dynamics and resulted in lower tracking error in both vehicle dynamics. The spurious angular accelerations resulted in an increase in pilot tracking error; however, the relationship between the magnitude of the acceleration and its effect was highly complex. The data suggest that the minimal disturbance level for spurious angular accelerations during tracking is below 0.4°/sec.2.
Human Factors in the Design of Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Corlett E. N.
Published: January 2017

The contributions which human factors studies can make to industry are discussed in this paper. Broadly, contributions can be made in two areas, product design and the design and use of manufacturing equipment. The latter area is the major concern of this paper and some of the work done on ordinary manufacturing equipment is described. A major problem is the validation of human factors recommendations and it is pointed out here that the normal short-term evaluation is inadequate. For the effective use of people in industry it is necessary for human factors personnel to take a wider view of their contributions than has been common in the past and to consider their role in relation to the long-term operation of the whole plant.