bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological and chemical dependent systemic resistance and their significance for the control of root-knot nematodes
Authors: Selim Mohamed E. , Mahdy Magdy E. , Sorial Mervat E. , Dababat Abdelfattah A. , Sikora Richard A.
Published: October 2014

Inducing host plant-based systemic resistance is one of the modes of action involved in tri-trophic interactions between host plants, pests and mutualistic microorganisms. Two different types of systemic resistance – systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) – were found to be functional against pathogens and plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, the ability of Trichoderma harzianum isolate T10 and insecticidal active neem powder (NP) to induce systemic resistance in tomato against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica was compared with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) as standard elicitors for SAR and ISR, respectively. Results showed that, when the biotic and abiotic elicitors were applied to the inducer side of a split root plant system, a significant reduction in nematode infection was observed on the responder side. Physiological changes in the tomato plant due to the induction of SAR or ISA by these biotic and abiotic elicitors were further investigated using HPLC. Results demonstrated that T10 significantly increased the accumulation of different metabolites in the shoot of the tomato over the NP, JA and SA elicitors. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that several metabolic, physical and biochemical changes occurred in the shoots of the treated plants with both the biotic and abiotic elicitors. The percentage of membrane leakage (Ml) at nematode-infected tomato roots was significantly high, but the differences in percentage leakage were not significant in other treatments compared to the non-infested control. The best results were recorded with SA, T10 and NP, which gave the lowest MI% compared to the infested plants.
Systematics and DNA barcoding of free-living marine nematodes with emphasis on tropical desmodorids using nuclear SSU rDNA and mitochondrial COI sequences
Authors: Armenteros Maickel , Rojas-Corzo Ariadna , Ruiz-Abierno Alexei , Derycke Sofie , Backeljau Thierry , Decraemer Wilfrida
Published: October 2014

The diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the Desmodoridae, a widespread tropical family of free-living marine nematodes, is hitherto poorly known both from molecular and taxonomic points of view. We performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of marine nematodes to: i) disentangle relationships among tropical desmodorid species; and ii) compare the performance of the nuclear SSU rDNA and mitochondrial COI nucleotide sequences in 42 and 45 nominal species, respectively, to identify species. We generated 27 new sequences of SSU rDNA belonging to five genera not previously sequenced, and 34 new sequences of COI belonging to six genera and four families not previously sequenced. The SSU rDNA tree confirmed the Enoplida to be a monophyletic sister group to the Chromadorida. The family Comesomatidae is a sister group of the Xyalidae within the Monhysterida. Both DNA markers confirmed the congruence between the morphology- and molecular-based phylogenetic inferences for most of the families. Desmodoridae was a monophyletic group, but the relationships within the family could not be recovered; the subfamilies Desmodorinae and Spiriniinae were not monophyletic meanwhile the monophyly of Stilbonematinae was not fully supported due to a few specimens of questionable identity. COI performed better than SSU rDNA to disentangle relationships among closely related species and suggested the presence of cryptic diversity within Desmodoridae. COI is effective to explore cryptic diversity and barcode species within Nematoda, with a possible threshold of genetic distance of 5% between conspecific and interspecific sequences, but DNA barcoding is limited by the poor knowledge of the diversity and taxonomy of the group and the lack of a good reference database of vouchered COI sequences.
Massonia amoena (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a striking new species from the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Martínez-Azorín Mario , Pinter Michael , Deutsch Gerfried , Brudermann Andreas , Dold Anthony P. , Crespo Manuel B. , Pfosser Martin , Wetschnig Wolfgang
Published: October 2014

As part of an ongoing study towards a taxonomic revision of the genus Massonia Houtt., a new species, Massonia amoena Mart.-Azorín, M.Pinter & Wetschnig, is here described from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. This new species is characterized by the leaves bearing heterogeneous circular to elongate pustules and the strongly reflexed perigone segments at anthesis. It is at first sight related to Massonia jasminiflora Burch. ex Baker, M. wittebergensis U.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies and M. saniensis Wetschnig, Mart.-Azorín & M.Pinter, but differs in vegetative and floral characters, as well as in its allopatric distribution. A complete morphological description of the new species and data on biology, habitat, and distribution are presented.
First record of Otibazo (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) outside of Japan, with description of a new species from Vietnam
Authors: GREBENNIKOV VASILY V. , PHAM HONG THAI
Published: October 2014

A new species of wingless leaf litter weevil, Otibazo polyphemus sp. n., is described from Tam Dao, northern Vietnam. This is the fourth named species in the genus, with its three other species known only from Japan. Habitus and genitalia of the male holotype are illustrated and DNA barcoding data are provided.
Two new species of Atanatolica Mosely 1936 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)
from Peru and Northeastern Brazil
Authors: HENRIQUES-OLIVEIRA A. L. , SANTOS A. P.M.
Published: October 2014

We describe and illustrate two new species of Atanatolica from Brazil and Peru, representing the first record of the genus from Peru and the first record of the genus from Ceará state, Brazil. Atanatolica nordestina sp. nov. is recognized by short inferior appendages, with their basal portions subquadrangular, in ventral view; and by tergum X without the typical digitate apical processes, but with a pair of short rounded projections. Atanatolica quechua sp. nov. is recognized by preanal appendages long and slender, by the inferior appendages with the apicodorsal portion broader distally, and by the apicolateral processes of tergum X slightly capitate.
Description of Epistylis riograndensis n.sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) found in an artificial lake in Southern Brazil
Authors: UTZ LAURA R. P. , FARIAS ANA CAROLINA SILVA RODRIGUES , FREITAS EDUARDA CORREA , ARAÚJO GABRIELLA OLIVEIRA DE
Published: October 2014

Epistylis riograndensis n. sp., a freshwater peritrich hosting symbiotic algae in its cytoplasm, was collected from an artificial lake, in a Botanical garden in Southern Brazil. Its detailed morphology was investigated using live and silver-stained specimens. The colonial sessile E. riograndensis has elongate zooids measuring, on average, 162 μm in length and 45 μm in width. A single contractile vacuole located near the infundibulum and a C-shaped macronucleus located transversely in the adoral half of the cell were also observed. The oral infraciliature revealed in silver-stained specimens was typical of peritrich ciliates. Three infundibular polykineties consisting of 3 rows of kinetosomes were observed. Molecular analyses of 18s rDNA placed E. riograndensis among other Epistylis species in the Order Vorticellida.
A new species of Nilothauma Kieffer from China, with a key to known species of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: QI XIN , LIN XIAOLONG , WANG Xinhua , SHAO QINGJUN
Published: October 2014

A new species of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, N. pandum sp. n., is described, and its morphological descriptions and illustrations are also given. A key to the males of Nilothauma is given. The adult male of N. pandum sp. n. can be distinguished from known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: anal point very broadly lanceolate with microtrichia in median ridge and apical margin, rounded at apex; superior volsella pad-like, expanded distally; median volsella curved, rounded at apex, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta.
Estimation of Volume Referent Bone Turnover in the Otic Capsule after Sequential Point Labeling
Authors: Frisch Thomas , Overgaard Søren , Sørensen Mads Sølvsten , Bretlau Poul
Published: October 2014

Using fluorochrome labeling and a newly validated method for bone turnover estimation, we determined absolute values for canine perilabyrinthine bone remodeling. The overall capsular bone turnover was found to be 2.1% per year, compared to 13.9% per year for the neighboring cranial bones and 7.4% per year for the humerus compacta. This gross 2.1% per year conceals a vast range, from 0.13% per year for the innermost perilymphatic zone, through a centrifugal increment toward 8% to 10% per year in the periphery. The underlying individual bone remodeling units exhibit a similar centrifugal pattern in numerical density and size. These findings indicate an inhibition of remodeling, seemingly emanating from the perilymphatic spaces, and affecting both the activation of osteoclasts and the extent of resorption by the osteoclasts. These values satisfactorily explain the preservation of such fetal remnants as the globuli ossei, the interglobular spaces, and the skein bone. In humans, local ineffective inhibition of bone resorption may play a role in the initiation of otosclerosis.
Schwannoma of the Cervical Sympathetic Chain
Authors: Hood Richard J. , Reibel James F. , Jensen Mary E. , Levine Paul A.
Published: October 2014

We present 4 cases of schwannomas arising from the cervical sympathetic chain. These lesions are uncommon and most often present as an asymptomatic solitary neck mass. Preoperative diagnosis can be difficult, even with the aid of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and angiography. While a paraganglioma can often be ruled out, exact determination of the nerve of origin is frequently elusive until the time of surgery. Operative excision remains the treatment of choice, often requiring sacrifice of a portion of the sympathetic chain. Postoperative Horner's syndrome is common, but does not appear to have an adverse effect on the patient.
Nuchal Fibroma: A Clinicopathological Review
Authors: Samadi Daniel S. , McLaughlin Robert B. , Loevner Laurie A. , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Goldberg Andrew N.
Published: October 2014

Nuchal fibroma, or collagenosis nuchae, is a benign soft tissue tumor that arises from the posterior cervical subcutaneous tissue, with a predilection for the interscapular and paraspinal regions. Because of its benign clinical course and its close histopathologic similarity to other benign head and neck lesions, this lesion may be misdiagnosed and underreported. The purpose of this paper is to review the histopathologic and radiologic findings unique to nuchal fibroma, and compare and contrast it to the other soft tissue neoplasms within the clinical differential diagnosis. These include several benign (elastofibroma, lipoma, fibrolipoma, nodular fasciitis) and rare malignant entities (fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibromatosis).
Dendritic Cells in Selected Head and Neck Tumors
Authors: Wischatta Martin , Sprinzl Georg Mathias , Gunkel Andreas Rüdiger , Hussl Burkhard , Romani Nikolaus , Schrott-Fischer Anneliese
Published: October 2014

Specimens from 17 head and neck tumor patients were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies against HLA-DR, CD1a, RFD1, LAG, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD68, and cytokeratin to identify the nature and distribution of dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and macrophages. Small numbers of DCs were present in all but 2 specimens. They were located between the tumor cells and in the stroma, especially in areas of inflammatory cell infiltration. Variable numbers of T lymphocytes (cytotoxic and memory type) occurred in the same locations. Numerous macrophages were found in the epithelium, in the stroma, and in the vicinity of tumor cells. The presence of DCs in head and neck tumors indicates that the organism has activated the immune surveillance system and is trying to present tumor antigens. Considering the sparsity of DCs in the malignant tissues, the T cell response can be only limited.
Validation of Outcomes Survey for Adults with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: Wang Pa-Chun , Nadol Joseph B. , Merchant Saumil , Austin Erik , Gliklich Richard E.
Published: October 2014

Currently, there is no valid, disease-specific outcomes measure to evaluate health impact and treatment effectiveness for patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). The Chronic Ear Survey (CES) is a new, disease-specific outcomes measure for CSOM that was administered in a prospective manner to 91 patients with CSOM. It was then validated according to established criteria for reliability, validity, and sensitivity to clinical change by correlation with objective data and self-assessment questionnaires such as the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA) and the generic 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Significant correlations between subscale scores of the CES and audiometric data and between subscale scores of the HHIA and SF-36 were found. The standardized response mean for the CES total score was 0.42, indicating moderate sensitivity to clinical change. Overall, results demonstrated that the CES is a reliable and valid instrument for investigation of health status and health-related quality-of-life outcomes.
Rare Benign Tumors: Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Lipomata
Authors: Jungehülsing Markus , Fischbach Roman , Eckel Hans Edmund , Pototschnig Claus , Damm Michael
Published: October 2014

Lipomata of the larynx and the hypopharynx are very rare benign lesions; as they look macroscopically like retention cysts, their diagnosis is usually made after surgery. Sometimes, lipomata of the hypopharynx become very large and life-threatening. Plain fluoroscopy and fluoroscopy aided with barium often fail to depict the lesion if it is localized subepiglottically; standard barium swallow examination and computed tomography allow an accurate diagnosis to be made in many cases, although magnetic resonance imaging is still more accurate and allows not only a more specific diagnosis of the lesion, but also a better depiction of the origin of the frequently pedunculated tumor and its extension into the parapharyngeal space. This paper adds 6 cases of hypopharyngeal and 1 case of laryngeal lipoma to the literature and discusses modern diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Scleroma of the Larynx and Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Causal Relationship?
Authors: El-Hamd Kamal A. Abou
Published: October 2014

The known risk factors for development of laryngeal carcinoma are smoking, alcohol drinking, air pollution, laryngeal keratosis, single adult papillomas, and previous irradiation. Laryngeal scleroma as a risk factor for the development of laryngeal carcinoma has not been mentioned in the English-language literature, to my knowledge. This is a report of 2 cases of proven long-term rhinolaryngoscleroma that have changed to laryngeal carcinoma.
Chemodenervation of the Rat Hemilarynx with Phenol
Authors: Nguyen Tan , Paniello Randal C.
Published: October 2014

In this study, the injection of phenol into the true vocal fold was evaluated on a rat model as a possible treatment for adductor spasmodic dysphonia. A 10% phenol solution was injected into the right true vocal fold. Quantitative measurement of vocal fold adductory force showed reduction to 35% of the preinjection value 3 months after injection (p < .05). Qualitative evaluation by videolaryngoscopy demonstrated maintenance of the normal vocal fold range of motion. Histologic studies showed a transient inflammatory infiltrate and myolysis, while the vocal fold mucosa and the cricoarytenoid joints remained undamaged. Further investigation into the potential use of phenol for treating spasmodic dysphonia is warranted.
Migraine and Benign Positional Vertigo
Authors: Ishiyama Akira , Jacobson Kathleen M. , Baloh Robert W.
Published: October 2014

Because inner ear symptoms are common in patients with migraine, we questioned whether benign positional vertigo (BPV) is more common in patients with migraine than in the general population. We reviewed the records of 247 patients seen in our neurotology clinic over the past 5 years with a confirmed diagnosis of BPV. Each patient had the typical history of BPV, and in each case the characteristic torsional vertical positioning nystagmus was identified. All were interviewed regarding migraine symptoms by means of standard International Headache Society criteria. Migraine was 3 times more common in patients with BPV of unknown cause than in those with BPV secondary to trauma or surgical procedures. Most patients were cured with the particle repositioning maneuver, regardless of the cause. Presumably, patients with migraine suffer recurrent damage to the inner ear (due to vasospasm or some other mechanism) that predisposes them to recurrent bouts of BPV.
Correlation of Pure Tone Audiogram Results and Hearing Benefit of Tympanoplasty for Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: Yuen Anthony Po Wing , Ho Wai Kuen , Hui Yau , Wei William Ignace , Au Dennis Kin Kwok
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between pure tone audiogram results and the subjective sensation of hearing benefit of patients who had tympanoplasty for chronic suppurative otitis media. This is a prospective study of 115 patients who had tympanoplasty between 1992 and 1994. The outcome, including a pure tone audiogram and the subjective sensation of hearing benefit, was evaluated at 1 year after operation. There were 63 (55%) patients with subjective hearing benefit after the tympanoplasty. The subjective sensation of hearing benefit correlated with the magnitude of the air conduction (AC) threshold reduction, and increased from 39% for an AC reduction of less than or equal to 10 dB to 100% for an AC reduction of more than 30 dB. The effect of the interaural AC threshold difference on the subjective sensation of hearing was not significant; improvement was felt by 92% of patients when the operated ear became the better hearing ear, and by 73% of patients when the operated ear remained the worse hearing ear. There was considerable discrepancy between the subjective hearing benefit and the pure tone audiogram results. A combination of parameters, including the air-bone gap, the AC threshold, and the subjective hearing change, is recommended in reporting the results of tympanoplasty.
Montgomery® Thyroplasty Implant for Vocal Fold Immobility: Phonatory Outcomes
Authors: Montgomery William W. , Bunting Glenn , McLean-Muse Ann , Hillman Robert E. , Doyle Patricia , Varvares Mark , Eng Janice
Published: October 2014

Forty-three patients with a diagnosis of unilateral vocal fold immobility underwent thyroplasty type I with the Montgomery® Thyroplasty Implant System. Preoperative and postoperative evaluations were completed by means of videostroboscopic, acoustic, and aerodynamic measures. Clinicians' perceptions of vocal quality and patients' satisfaction with the surgery and vocal quality were determined. Improvements after surgery were observed for glottal closure, vocal fold amplitude, mucosal wave activity, average intensity, maximum intensity range, maximum phonation time, glottal airflow, average sound pressure, and subglottal pressure. Average postsurgical fundamental frequency values fell within normal limits and did not display significant changes relative to presurgical values. The clinicians' perceptual evaluations indicated an improvement in voice quality for most patients. A majority of patients expressed satisfaction with the surgery and resulting voice quality. The results of the present study, in combination with the surgical advantages that have been described for the Montgomery® Thyroplasty Implant System, support the view that this approach offers an attractive alternative for treating unilateral vocal fold immobility.
Cellular Distribution of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue with Otitis Media in Children
Authors: Kamimura Masami , Balaban Carey D. , Ganbo Tetsuya , Sando isamu , Suzuki Chiaki
Published: October 2014

This study examined mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the eustachian tube (ET), middle ear (ME), and mastoid antrum (MA) in 163 celloidin-embedded temporal bones from children with or without otitis media. Otitis media was defined by the presence of histopathologically identified inflammatory cell infiltration in the mucosa or cavity of the ME. We found MALT in the ET in 30 cases (46.2%), in the ME in 19 cases (29.2%), and in the MA in 4 cases (6.2%) out of 65 cases of otitis media, and in the ET in 7 (7.1 %), in the ME in 0, and in the MA in 0 out of 98 specimens without otitis media. No MALT appeared in any children under the age of 1 month. Immunohistochemical methods were used to investigate MALT in 12 horizontally cut temporal bones with OM. The follicular area contained OPD4-positive (helper-inducer T) cells and a few CD8-positive (cytotoxic and suppressor T) cells, whereas the parafollicular area contained OPD4-positive and CD8-positive T cells. CD57-positive (natural killer) cells were confined to the germinal center. CD30-positive (activated T and b) cells were observed throughout the follicles. A few CD15-positive (granulocyte, monocyte) cells were found in the follicles. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings were indistinguishable for MALT in the ET, ME, and MA. Our results suggest that MALT may be a mechanism for producing a rapid and massive local immune reaction to repeated bacterial infections via the ET.
Congenital Defects of the Vomer
Authors: Mohri Mitsuhiro , Amatsu Mutsuo
Published: October 2014

Six cases of congenital defect of the vomer, a rare nasal anomaly, are reported. All 6 patients visited Kobe University Hospital with other complaints, and the anomaly was incidentally detected. In all cases, the nasal septum showed a defect at the posteroinferior portion that appeared to coincide with the location of the vomer. None of the patients had a past history of nasal trauma, nasal surgery, drug abuse, or infectious disease. This anomaly may be attributable to an embryological disorder based on an immature ossification center of the vomer.
Laryngeal Reflexomyographic Responses in Rabbits: A Neurolaryngological Study of Glottal Movement
Authors: Yin Shengguang , Qiu William W. , Stucker Fred J.
Published: October 2014

The role of the laryngeal reflex in glottal movement has been reported, but its mechanism remains unclear. To further investigate the neurophysiological characteristics of glottal movement, we recorded the laryngeal reflexomyographic responses (LRMRs) to electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in rabbits. The procedure involved simultaneous recording of the LRMRs from the thyroarytenoid muscles by means of bipolar hooked wire electrodes after electrical stimulation to the SLN. The results demonstrated characteristic patterns of the responses, consisting of R1 and R2, similar to those found in humans. The R1 response was obtained with a latency of 10.7 ± 0.78 ms. The ipsilateral R2 response was obtained with a latency of 43.76 ± 4.67 ms in all rabbits, and the contralateral R2 response with a latency from 42.6 to 50.2 ms in 4 rabbits. It was concluded that LRMRs may serve as a potential central laryngeal function test in the investigation of glottal movement control.
Carcinoma of the Hypopharynx and Cervical Esophagus in Young Adults
Authors: Axon Patrick R. , Simo Ricard , Temple Robert H. , Fergie Neil , Farrington W. Trevor
Published: October 2014

Squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus usually presents in the late-middle-aged and elderly. When diagnosed in young adults, the disease process is often thought to be more aggressive and have a worse long-term outcome. Four hundred ninety patients presented to the Christie Hospital and Manchester Royal Infirmary between 1981 and 1990 with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. Of this group, 24 patients (5%) received their diagnosis before the age of 45. A comparison is made with a control group of 156 (32%) patients who presented between the ages of 60 and 69 years. Analysis of tumor and nodal staging at presentation demonstrates no statistically significant difference between the 2 age groups. There is a higher incidence of a combination of smoking and alcohol abuse in the older age group, but it is of no statistical significance. There is no difference in 5-year survival results between the 2 groups. We conclude that patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus who receive their diagnosis under the age of 45 show no difference in tumor stage or long-term outcome when compared with a control group encompassing the mean age of presentation.
Basilar Artery and Vertigo
Authors: Welsh Louis W. , Welsh John J. , Lewin Bernard
Published: October 2014

Our goal was to identify by magnetic resonance angiography the specific vascular abnormalities of the basilar artery that can be related to hypoperfusion disorders and produce symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. A classification of regional vascular perfusion disorders based on developmental malformations and intrinsic and extrinsic angiopathies was formulated from an analysis of individuals with these disorders. Specific angiographic abnormalities such as tortuosity, stenosis, thrombosis, and dolichoectasia were identified in subjects with vestibulocerebellar dysfunction. Charts and radiographic images were examined with respect to the history, physical evidence, and vascular configuration, and the data were integrated for comprehensive analysis. We found that abnormalities identified by magnetic resonance angiography could be correlated with symptoms due to vascular insufficiency. Cases are presented that document the developmental and acquired arterial disorders that may be considered the etiologic factors for regional perfusion deficits.
Influence of Phonation on Basement Membrane Zone Recovery after Phonomicrosurgery: A Canine Model
Authors: Chu Seung-Ho , Kim Hyung-Tae , Kim Min-Sik , Lee In-Ja , Park Han-Jong
Published: October 2014

The process of wound healing at the basement membrane zone of the vocal folds after phonomicrosurgery was investigated. The influence of phonation and the implied optimal period of voice rest were considered. Phonomicrosurgery was performed on both vocal folds of 20 adult dogs. In 10 dogs, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve was simultaneously resected to simulate iatrogenic voice rest; the remaining 10 dogs were allowed to phonate normally. The healing process of the vocal folds of each group was observed at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery with immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy. In the voice rest group, the basement membrane was completely re-formed in 2 weeks, and the “cover” appeared completely rearranged by 8 weeks. The results of the phonation group were characterized by a delayed healing process and basement membrane changes. These results suggest that voice rest of at least 2 weeks after surgery may be beneficial and that vocal hygiene should be maintained for as long as 8 weeks.
Vascular and Epidermal Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor on Irradiated and Nonirradiated Skin Flaps
Authors: Hom David B. , Simplot Tim C. , Manivel J. Carlos , Pernell Kerri J. , Song Chang W.
Published: October 2014

Head and neck cancer surgeons are often faced with the challenge of managing previously irradiated soft tissue that has poor vascularity and slower epithelialization. This study investigates the effect of supplemental basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on flap vascularity, tissue oxygenation, and epidermal regeneration in nonirradiated (n = 40) and irradiated porcine skin flaps (n = 40). Supplemental bFGF increased vascularity in nonirradiated flaps by 80% (p = .005), with a trend to a higher tissue oxygen level by day 14. The irradiated bFGF-treated flaps did not show increased vascularity or higher tissue oxygen levels 2 weeks after surgery. However, in both irradiated and nonirradiated groups, epidermal regeneration increased by greater than 70% with supplemental bFGF (p lt; .002). The results of this study suggest that supplemental bFGF can increase tissue vascularity in nonirradiated tissues and epidermal regeneration in both nonirradiated and irradiated conditions.
Airway Burns and Atelectasis in an Adolescent following Aspiration of Molten Wax
Authors: Einav Sharon , Braverman Itzhak , Avital Avraham , Yatsiv Ido , Rothschild Moshe
Published: October 2014

Scald injuries caused by hot liquids are not a frequently reported cause of pediatric respiratory and alimentary tract burns. Aspiration of molten wax with subsequent pharyngeal or laryngeal bums has not been described at all, to the best of our knowledge. A case of an adolescent who presented with airway burns and atelectasis subsequent to aspiration of molten wax is herein described and discussed.
Burkitt's Lymphoma: Historical Background and Recent Insights into Classification and Pathogenesis
Authors: Carbone Antonino , Rinaldo Alessandra , Canzonieri Vincenzo , Gaidano Gianluca , Gloghini Annunziata , Ferlito Alfio
Published: October 2014

In this paper, the authors evaluate the historical evolution of the definition of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and of its clinicoepidemiological (endemic, sporadic, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome—associated BL) and morphological variants. On the basis of the morphological, immunologic, genetic, and clinical characteristics of these tumors, the authors also emphasize the importance of precise disease definitions for biological and epidemiological studies. These principles were used in accordance with the Revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms (REAL), which proposed that disease entities should be defined by a constellation of pathobiological and clinical features.
Olfactory Mucosal Findings in Patients with Persistent Anosmia after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Lee Sang Hag , Lim Hyun Ho , Park Hyo Jin , Lee Heung Man , Choi Jong Ouck
Published: October 2014

Sixty-three biopsy specimens were obtained from the olfactory region of 15 patients with persistent anosmia and 6 patients with normosmia after sinus surgery. Immunohistochemical examination of all specimens with microtubule-associated protein 5 (MAP5) antisera demonstrated olfactory epithelium in 11 of 18 specimens from normosmic patients and in 12 of 45 samples from anosmic patients. There was a significant difference in the proportion of specimens containing olfactory epithelium between the two groups of patients. In normosmic patients, most of the biopsy samples contained normal-appearing olfactory tissue. However, 2 main patterns of histologic findings were noted in the olfactory mucosa of anosmic patients. First, the olfactory receptor cells were remarkably decreased in number. Second, the orderly arrangement of cells characteristic of normal olfactory epithelium was lost, demonstrating a degenerative appearance. These data suggest that olfactory epithelium can be degenerated even in chronic sinusitis and thereafter extensively replaced with respiratory epithelium, resulting in increased sampling error. Moreover, an unimproved olfactory deficit after sinus surgery may be due to the abnormalities observed at the olfactory epithelium level.
Postintubation Interarytenoid Adhesion
Authors: Carrat Xavier , Pescio Pierre , Verhulst Jacques , Devars François , Duroux Stephane , Traissac Louis
Published: October 2014

Interarytenoid fibrous adhesion is a poorly recognized complication of intubation and is frequently confused with bilateral vocal cord paralysis. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential for optimal management. Otolaryngologists should constantly remain alert for interarytenoid fibrous scar to establish the diagnosis as early as possible, optimizing the probability of restoring normal breathing and quality of life and avoiding an unnecessary tracheotomy. Surgical laser reduction is appropriate in all cases when other miscellaneous laryngeal injury lesions are eliminated. Direct laryngoscopy with careful examination of the posterior commissure and laryngeal electromyography are the 2 main clinical diagnostic aids contributing to establish the diagnosis.
Dilatational versus Standard Tracheostomy: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Cheng Elbert , Fee Willard E.
Published: October 2014

The advent of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) was initially viewed by otolaryngologists with great skepticism. The purpose of this study was to compare the complications of PDT with those of standard tracheostomy (ST) by a meta-analysis of randomized studies. We found that ST had a fivefold higher rate of complications than did PDT, and these complications were often more severe. We conclude that PDT is a safer procedure for elective tracheostomy in carefully selected patients, ie, those with normal-sized necks.
Perioperative Airway Complications following Pharyngeal Flap Palatoplasty
Authors: Peña Maria , Boyajian Michael , Choi Sukgi , Zalzal George
Published: October 2014

This study was performed to determine the incidence and types of perioperative airway complications after pharyngeal flap palatoplasty. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 88 patients who underwent correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency between April 30, 1983, and April 30, 1997, in a tertiary care hospital. Some degree of airway obstruction developed in 7 patients. One child developed laryngobronchospasm and required immediate endotracheal intubation. He was successfully extubated without sequelae. Another patient developed severe obstructive sleep apnea and required flap revision. A third patient was found asystolic and apneic. She was immediately intubated; however, she subsequently died. Two patients aspirated blood, presumably resulting in pneumonia. They were managed with parenteral antibiotics. Another child developed worsening sleep apnea and required flap revision. One patient developed nasal obstruction that resolved with time. Airway compromise in patients who undergo pharyngeal flap palatoplasty can be a potentially fatal complication. Careful surveillance should be maintained over patients with underlying neurologic, craniofacial, or cardiopulmonary disorders.
Acoustic, Aerodynamic, and Videostroboscopic Features of Bilateral Vocal Fold Lesions
Authors: Rosen Clark A. , Lombard Lori E. , Murry Thomas
Published: October 2014

Successful treatment of bilateral vocal fold lesions depends on the accuracy of the diagnosis. For example, the preferred treatment for vocal fold nodules is voice therapy; in contrast, treatment for a unilateral vocal fold lesion with a contralateral reactive vocal fold lesion (UVFL/RL) usually involves phonosurgery and voice therapy. Differentiation between vocal fold nodules and a UVFL/RL is often challenging. The purpose of this study was to facilitate diagnostic accuracy and improve treatment for patients with bilateral vocal fold lesions by attempting to identify distinct features of patients with either vocal fold nodules or a UVFL/RL with acoustic, aerodynamic, stroboscopic, and patient self-perception measures. The objective voice analysis, Voice Handicap Index, and laryngovideostroboscopic examinations of 85 patients with bilateral vocal fold lesions were reviewed. The results indicated that the patients with a UVFL/RL presented a diagnostic profile that was significantly different from that of patients with vocal fold nodules. Statistically significant differences were found for 1) symmetry of vocal fold vibration, 2) amplitude perturbations, 3) estimated subglottic pressure, and 4) Voice Handicap Index. These results suggest that a composite assessment of acoustic, aerodynamic, and videostroboscopic phonatory features facilitates differentiation between patients with vocal fold nodules and those with a UVFL/RL. The improved diagnostic accuracy afforded by multiparametric assessment provides a comprehensive framework for the treatment of these two distinct vocal fold disorders.
Rupture Pressures of Membranes in the Ear
Authors: Kringlebotn Magne
Published: October 2014

The rupture pressures of the tympanic membrane, Reissner's membrane, the round window membrane, and the annular ligament have all been measured in cadaver ears from Norwegian cattle. For the tympanic membrane, a static overpressure was applied to the ear canal; for Reissner's membrane, to the endolymph; and for the round window membrane, to the perilymph. The rupture pressure of the annular ligament equals the rupture force to the footplate divided by the area of the oval window. The mean rupture pressures are 0.39 atm for the tympanic membrane, 0.047 atm for Reissner's membrane, greater than 2 atm for the round window membrane, and 29.4 atm for the annular ligament. This last pressure corresponds to 0.68 kilogram force applied to the footplate. The ruptures of the tympanic membrane appeared without exception as small tears in the pars flaccida. The rupture pressure of the tympanic membrane was also measured in a few ears from foxes.
Unilateral Nasal Nitric Oxide Measurement after Nasal Surgery
Authors: Chatkin Jose M. , Zamel Noe , Qian Wei , Djupesland Per G. , Irish Jonathan C. , McClean Patricia , Haight James S. J.
Published: October 2014

This study was designed to validate and standardize a method for unilateral nasal nitric oxide (NO) measurement. Fourteen healthy volunteers and 11 patients who had undergone unilateral medial maxillectomy were enrolled. Nasal NO was measured unilaterally by means of a dual pump system, and bilateral nasal NO was measured by aspirating air through the nasal airway in series. The median unilateral NO output was 195 nL/min on the surgical side and 291 nL/min on the contralateral, surgically untreated side (p = .006). The NO output was not significantly different between nostrils in the control group (p = .82). With the bilateral technique, there was no significant difference between the surgery group and the healthy-subjects group (p = .72). The unilateral nasal NO technique is sensitive in determining unilateral differences in nasal NO production. The NO outputs from the nostrils were similar in normal subjects regardless of the nasal cycle, but were significantly lower on the operated side in the unilateral nasal surgery group.
Stimulation of Adenoidal Lymphocytes by Alloiococcus Otitidis
Authors: Tarkkanen Jussi , Carlson Petteri , Himi Tetsuo , Ylikoski Jukka , Atshushi Harimaya , Mattila Petri S.
Published: October 2014

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is characterized by persistent effusion in the middle ear cavity and by chronic inflammation in the middle ear mucosa. Alloiococcus otitidis, a gram-positive aerobic bacterium, has been isolated in middle ear effusion, and by means of sensitive polymerase chain reaction detection assays it has been detected in as many as 20% of middle ear aspirates of patients with OME. Because A otitidis may freely interact with leukocytes in the middle ear effusion, it may potentially modulate the inflammatory reaction in OME. To study the nature of these interactions, we applied an in vitro assay in which killed A otitidis bacteria were incubated with peripheral blood and adenoidal mononuclear cells. The expression of the proliferation-associated surface marker CD69 was then measured in B lymphocytes and in CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic-suppressor T lymphocytes by means of multicolor flow cytometry. Alloiococcus otitidis induced the expression of CD69 in both peripheral blood and adenoidal T and B cells. Among the T cells, the cytotoxic-suppressor T lymphocytes were preferentially activated. It was also tested whether A otitidis would have an effect in another cytotoxic and immunoregulatory system, namely, the induction of natural killer cell activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, the effect was minimal compared with that of Salmonella minnesota or Staphylococcus aureus. The results show that A otitidis has a unique immunostimulatory capacity in vitro that is mainly confined to CD8+ T lymphocytes.
Laryngeal Stenosis after Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy
Authors: Diaz Eduardo M. , Garcia Dominique , Laccourreye Laurent , Brasnu Daniel , Veivers David , Laccourreye Ollivier
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study was to review the incidence, risks, management, and outcomes of nontumoral laryngeal stenosis after supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) in a case series of 376 consecutive SCPLs performed at 1 institution from 1975 to 1995 with a minimum of 3 years of follow-up. Post-SCPL nontumoral symptomatic laryngeal stenosis was defined as an inability to decannulate patients before the 60th postoperative day (group 1) or the development of dyspnea (in patients without local recurrence) after an initial period of prolonged, successful decannulation (group 2). Of 376 SCPLs performed, nontumoral symptomatic laryngeal stenosis developed in 14 (3.7%). There were 7 patients (1.85%) in group 1 and 7 patients (1.85%) in group 2. In univariate analysis, none of the following variables appeared to be statistically related to the risk of immediate stenosis (group 1): age, gender, comorbidity, diabetes mellitus, symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, arteritis, preoperative radiotherapy, arytenoid cartilage disarticulation, type of reconstruction performed, and postoperative radiotherapy. A delayed laryngeal stenosis (group 2) was statistically more likely to occur if the reconstruction performed at the time of SCPL was a cricohyoidopexy (p = .01). Successful management of the laryngeal stenosis without permanent tracheostomy was achieved in 5 group 1 patients and 3 group 2 patients. We believe that stenosis in group 1 patients arose through technical error, whereas group 2 patients seemed to suffer from problems of healing, mainly cicatricial narrowing of the airway at the site of the cricohyoidal impaction, or pexis. As a result, whereas laryngeal stenosis in group 1 patients was usually more easily correctable through dilation, laser incision, or resection of redundant tissue or revision of the impaction, laryngeal stenosis in group 2 patients presented a more difficult and frustrating complication. The management and outcomes of these patients are presented.
Response of the Cricothyroid and Thyroarytenoid Muscles to Stereotactic Injection of Substance P into the Region of the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius in Developing Dogs
Authors: Bauman Nancy M. , Sandler Anthony D. , Wang DeQiang , Luschei Erich S.
Published: October 2014

Substance P (SP), a putative sensory neurotransmitter, mediates reflex laryngeal adductor activity in developing dogs. Such reflex activity includes life-threatening laryngospasm induced by stimulation of distal esophageal afferent nerves. The site of SP's activity is unknown. This research was undertaken to determine whether injection of SP into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of developing beagles alters laryngeal adductor motor activity. Six animals, 57 to 78 days of age, underwent stereotactic injection of 5 to 10 μL of SP into the region of the NTS, identified by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral superior laryngeal nerve. In 8 additional studies, SP was injected into the cerebellum (2) or brain stem (6) distant from the NTS. Cardiovascular and electromyographic (EMG) responses of the diaphragm and the cricothyroid (CT) and/or thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles were recorded in all 6 animals. Injection of SP into the region of the NTS induced a decrease in blood pressure in all animals and an increase in either ipsilateral CT or TA activity. Three of these animals experienced mixed apnea characterized by sustained EMG activity (spasm) of the ipsilateral CT or TA muscles and an absence of diaphragm EMG activity. The apnea event was fatal in 1 of these animals. In the 6 animals who underwent injections in the brain stem but outside the region of the NTS, diaphragm and laryngeal EMG activity generally did not change after injection of SP, with the exception of 1 animal who experienced a mild, short-lived increase in ipsilateral CT activity. A brief phasic increase in ipsilateral CT activity was seen in both animals who underwent injection of SP into the cerebellum. A putative sensory neurotransmitter, SP evokes ipsilateral CT and/or TA EMG activity when injected into the region of the NTS in developing beagle dogs. This research suggests that SP in the NTS may play a role in mediating life-threatening laryngeal adductor reflexes in developing mammals and may provide important information regarding therapeutic intervention.
Pathological Features of Lymphoid Proliferations of the Salivary Glands: Lymphoepithelial Sialadenitis versus Low-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma of the Malt Type
Authors: Carbone Antonino , Gloghini Annunziata , Ferlito Alfio
Published: October 2014

Lymphoid proliferations of the salivary glands can be either reactive or neoplastic. Reactive lesions include the lymphoepithelial sialadenitis (LESA; also known as myoepithelial sialadenitis [MESA]) of Sjögren's syndrome. Lymphomas of the salivary glands are predominantly B-cell type and include extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type. The spectrum of histopathologic features of LES A/MESA includes 1) “fully benign lymphoid infiltrate,” with or without an associated lymphoid follicular structure, without immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain restriction in B-cells, and without any features of aggressive behavior, and 2) “lymphoproliferative lesions,” with or without areas of Ig light chain restriction in B-cells, with the usual presence of centrocyte-like cells. A more or less pronounced lymphoepithelial aggressiveness may be present without definite evidence of malignancy. B-cell clones are detected in over 50% of cases of LES A/MESA by molecular genetic methods, but this does not correlate with morphological or clinical evidence of overt lymphoma. On the other hand, “marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the MALT type” of the salivary glands produces a dense lymphoid infiltrate diffusely involving the gland, with obliteration of acini. The centrocyte-like cells form broad “halos” around the epithelial cell nests and broad strands between lymphoepithelial lesions, often linking together several lymphoepithelial lesions. Further, lymphoma cells express monotypic surface Ig, and in the majority of the cases, the plasma cells are also monoclonal. In conclusion, the diagnosis of LES A/MESA versus marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the MALT type still relies on the evaluation of morphological features. It seems that molecular genetic analysis has little or no practical role in the clinical diagnosis of salivary gland lymphoma in a setting of LESA/MESA and Sjögren's syndrome.
Mitomycin: Effects on Laryngeal and Tracheal Stenosis, Benefits, and Complications
Authors: Rahbar Reza , Shapshay Stanley M. , Healy Gerald B.
Published: October 2014

The management of laryngeal and tracheal stenosis continues to challenge us, despite advances in surgical techniques and better understanding of the wound healing process. Injury to the airway mucosa is the inciting event, regardless of the cause of the stenosis. Mitomycin-C is an antineoplastic antibiotic that acts as an alkylating agent by inhibiting DNA and protein synthesis. It can inhibit cell division, protein synthesis, and fibroblast proliferation. Topical application of mitomycin-C (0.4 mg/mL) was used as an adjuvant treatment in the endoscopic laser management of laryngeal and tracheal stenosis in 15 patients. Fourteen patients (93%) have shown improvement of their airway and resolution of their preoperative symptoms. After a mean follow-up of 18 months, no complication was noted with regard to the application of mitomycin-C. This study gives promising findings on the efficacy and safety of mitomycin-C as an adjuvant treatment in the management of selected cases of laryngeal and tracheal stenosis.