bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Marketing Communications and the New Package Design Reality: Access vs. Impact
Authors: O'Connor Bill
Published: September 2010

CONTEMPORARY MARKETING EXISTS in an environment characterized by media diversity, a high degree of segmentation, and a dependence on the visual. In this context, as part of a broader marketing plan, package design can be a key pathway to consumers. To discover the images that yield consumer access and create effective packages, Bill O'Connor examines a research and design methodology referred to as Image Engineering®, a process successfully used in developing marketing and packaging strategies for the Louis Rich and Tyson brands.
A Global Brand for a Swiss Bank
Authors: Boylan Brian
Published: September 2010

CREDIT SUISSE GROUP HAS led the way among European financial services companies to become one of a few truly global financial institutions. To complement this business plan, the organization also needed a strategy for international recognition and brand communication. Brian Boylan tells the story of how, within the constraints of a tight schedule, Credit Suisse Group partnered with his British consulting firm to create a powerful global brand mark.
The Integrated Marketing Team: Reinventing Maxfli Golf
Authors: Swanson Cheryl L.
Published: September 2010

IS IT POSSIBLE TO reshape the identity of a golf ball? The answer is emphatically yes, and Cheryl Swanson describes how. Maxfli used an innovative team approach that blended in‐house talent with consultants in advertising, identity, promotions, and public relations. The methodology was rich with precise analysis and research, information that was carefully studied to distill a unique brand position and visual identity for Maxfli, one that ultimately gave a significant lift to the company's market share.
Education as Salad Bar
Authors: Walker David
Published: September 2010

CHANGE IS COMING. Distance learning is increasingly common. Multimedia and software programs are now frequently used as critical adjuncts to textbooks. Virtual classrooms are bringing renowned teachers to students anywhere on the globe. And the Internet facilitates the tailoring of courses to individual needs. This is the environment for the unique MBA in Design Management offered by the University of Westminster in the United Kingdom, interpreted by David Walker as the future of education.
Commentaries on the State of the Art in Consulting
Authors: Harkins Jack , Coleman Owen W. , Thomas Gregory
Published: September 2010

WHERE ARE THE frontiers in design management consulting? To get this story, we asked experts in the field for their insights—Jack Harkins in product design, Owen W. Coleman in packaging, and Gregory Thomas in branding and identity. Each gives a concise overview of trends and challenges and offers thoughts on interdisciplinary teamwork, technology, and the global marketplace.
Visual Branding in a Multiple‐Media World
Authors: Cooke Kenneth , Heller Cheryl
Published: September 2010

BRANDING IS ABOUT developing strong relationships with consumers. That's exactly why Elektra, Mexico's largest speciality retailer, is so successful. As Kenneth Cooke and Cheryl Heller note, Elektra's customers don't have a lot of disposable income, but they know the stores offer a brand they can count on—hallmarked with a dynamic flower/sun image—and a contemporary environment that includes kiosks that transform electronic retailing into a family outing, where kids doodle and parents can take a guided tour of merchandise choices and payment options.
The Story of Purple Moon
Authors: Ireland Christopher
Published: September 2010

GIRLS DON'T LIKE to play computer games. That was the verdict of companies that had tried and failed to come up with games aimed at girls. Then came Purple Moon, the company that broke the rules and made games girls loved. Christopher Ireland details the four‐year research program behind this achievement—an innovative, customized research approach. Of particular significance, researchers continued their work during the development phase of the project, a collaboration with designers that Ireland highlights as important to Purple Moon's success.
Close Encounters with Customers: Designing the NITONXL
Authors: Romm Ethel
Published: September 2010

THIS IS THE story of how listening to customers transformed a great technology into a great product. Building on cuttingedge science for detecting lead in the extremely low levels that are hazardous to children, Ethel Romm reveals how conversations with potential users enabled NITON to design and refine a tool that remains a benchmark in its industry. Users even told her how the device could be exploited in other markets. Romm candidly notes a few of the ways the design went astray when customer input was ignored.
Design Management in a Changing World: Creating the Human Experience with New Technologies
Authors: Campbell Arnold , Ryan Desmond
Published: September 2010

DESIGN AND AN understanding of human behavior can transform the frontiers of technology into compelling new products and services. Arnold Campbell and Desmond Ryan discuss how they and their Corporate Design Group colleagues at Nortel Networks have been making this happen in the arena of telecommunications. Their approach is iterative, in which advances in everything from hardware to Web‐based communications are part of an ongoing commitment to customers to offer simultaneously innovation, utility, and bottom‐line value.
Change as the Catalyst for Leadership
Authors: Reyes‐Guerra David
Published: September 2010

AT XEROX, design has been a leading force in repositioning the company in the minds of customers and employees. David Reyes‐Guerra narrates key events in this transformation. He describes some of the resistance he discovered and his response to those situations. He outlines several basic design management principles, and suggests how Xerox quantifies the return on its design investment.
Global Dimensions of Web Site Design
Authors: Seidler Peter , Müller Thomas
Published: September 2010

AS THOMAS MÜLLER and Peter Seidler see it, digital isn't an option, it's the future. The real world isn't disappearing, but marketspace is replacing the marketplace. In this environment, the critical priority is to design brand as a distinctive and compelling experience, using a flexible array of Web site and other communications tailored to the personal needs and aspirations of each user, whether he or she is a customer, a vendor, an employee, or a shareholder. It's a process that transforms the way business is done and the way companies are organized.
Design as Advantage No. 1: The Design + Identity 50
Authors: Peters Tom
Published: September 2010

FOR TOM PETERS, design is a resource—perhaps the resource—essential to differentiating an organization from its competition. The 501 insights he presents here celebrate the meaning and value of design. They point to the companies, products, communications, and services that have most effectively taken advantage of this asset. And they memorably drive home the principle that outstanding design should be pervasive—an attribute found in every activity, in every corner of the corporation, and in everything the corporation creates.
Redesigning the UK
Authors: Summers Andrew
Published: September 2010

NURTURING AN understanding of design and business within any one company is difficult. Attempting the same task across a nation might seem impossible. Andrew Summers, chief executive of the British Design Council, however, is excited by the challenge. Partnerships with other organizations are extending the Council's reach and influence. The Prime Minister hails design as essential. Most important, new thinking about the meaning of design is keeping the dialogue fresh and relevant.
Beyond the Corporate Sphere
Authors: Sametz Roger
Published: September 2010

MUCH OF THE thinking and best practices related to branding and design in the corporate realm are of great value in the not‐for‐profit sector—particularly academia. Roger Sametz reframes fundamental branding strategies to better fit the academic culture, details the steps necessary to build a strong brand in this context, and shares examples of work Sametz Blackstone has done for several institutions.
Comparison of Linear Stability Analysis With Experiments by Actively Tuning the Acoustic Boundary Conditions of a Premixed Combustor
Authors: Bothien Mirko R. , Moeck Jonas P. , Paschereit Christian Oliver
Published: September 2010

Linear stability analysis by means of low-order network models is widely spread in industry and academia to predict the thermoacoustic characteristics of combustion systems. Even though a vast amount of publications on this topic exist, much less is reported on the predictive capabilities of such stability analyses with respect to real system behavior. In this sense, little effort has been made on investigating if predicted critical parameter values, for which the combustion system switches from stability to instability, agree with experimental observations. Here, this lack of a comprehensive experimental validation is addressed by using a model-based control scheme. This scheme is able to actively manipulate the acoustic field of a combustion test rig by imposing quasi-arbitrary reflection coefficients. It is employed to continuously vary the downstream reflection coefficient of an atmospheric swirl-stabilized combustion test rig from fully reflecting to anechoic. By doing so, the transient behavior of the system can be studied. In addition to that, an extension of the common procedure, where the stability of an operating point is classified solely based on the presence of high amplitude pressure pulsations and their frequency, is given. Generally, the predicted growth rates are only compared with measurements with respect to their sign, which obviously lacks a quantitative component. In contrast to that, in this paper, validation of linear stability analysis is conducted by comparing calculated and experimentally determined linear growth rates of unstable modes. Besides this, experimental results and model predictions are also compared in terms of frequency of the least stable mode. Excellent agreement between computations from the model and experiments is found. The concept is also used for active control of combustion instabilities. By tuning the downstream reflectivity of the combustion test rig, thermoacoustic instabilities can be suppressed. The underlying mechanism is an increase in the acoustic energy losses across the system boundary.
Nonhyperelastic Nature of an Elastomeric High Strain Material
Authors: Jhun Choon-Sik , Criscione John C.
Published: September 2010

Rubber materials have mostly been modeled by utilizing hyperelasticity, which have led to greater understanding and acceptable predictability of their stress-strain response. However, inherent inelastic behavior excluded by approximation has never been characterized by time-dependent parameters such as time, strain-rate, and strain history. We hypothesized that time, stretch rate, and stretch history were prominent factors that induce the inelasticity, and we characterized the inelasticity in terms of those factors using a randomized stretch-controlled testing protocol. We applied the custom randomized testing protocol with the fundamental statistical theory to characterize inelastic behavior imbedded in the high strain material. We hypothesized that time spent testing (T), rate-related stretch history (Ht2), and long-term stretch history (Ht1) give rise to the inelastic deviation from hyperelasticity. We examined the significance, effectiveness, and differences of T, Ht2, and Ht1 by looking at the derived multivariable linear regression models. Distribution of prediction deviation was also examined to see if we missed any other significant variable. Predictability of the multivariable linear regression models was validated by utilizing the unused data from the randomized testing protocol and data from the conventional cyclic testing protocol. We found that the inelasticity of the rubber-like material is highly related to T, Ht2, and Ht1, but not equally influential to all stretches. At smaller deformations, greater inelastic deviation occurs. Inelasticity exponentially decreased over stretch and was nonlinearly related to time. This study successfully determined the elastic/inelastic responses and factors that induce the inelastic response of the rubber-like material. This investigation suggests a way to better describe the elastic/inelastic properties and phenomenological models of rubber-like materials.
Assessment of Tesla Turbine Performance for Small Scale Rankine Combined Heat and Power Systems
Authors: Carey Van P.
Published: September 2010

For solar Rankine cycle combined heat and power systems for residential buildings and other small-scale applications (producing 1–10 kWe), a low manufacturing cost, robust, and durable expander is especially attractive. The Tesla-type turbine design has these desired features. This paper summarizes a theoretical exploration of the performance of a Tesla turbine as the expander in a small-scale Rankine cycle combined heat and power system. A one-dimensional idealized model of momentum transfer in the turbine rotor is presented, which can be used to predict the efficiency of the turbine for typical conditions in these systems. The model adopts a nondimensional formulation that identifies the dimensionless parameters that dictate performance features of the turbine. The model is shown to agree well with experimental performance data obtained in earlier tests of prototype Tesla turbine units. The model is used to explore the performance of this type of turbine for Rankine cycle applications using water as a working fluid. The model indicates that isentropic efficiencies above 0.75 can be achieved if the operating conditions are tailored in an optimal way. The scalability of the turbine design, and the impact of the theoretical model predictions on the development of solar combined heat and power systems are also discussed.
Simulation of C1fluxes in cyanobacteria: comparison between the carboxysome hypothesis and the equilibrium proposal
Authors: Salon Christophe , Canvin David Thomas
Published: September 2010

Inorganic carbon fluxes were simulated by a mathematical model using an equilibrium hypothesis for a wide range of conditions in a closed system composed of air-grown cells of Synechococcus UTEX 625 in a reaction vessel connected to a mass spectrometer. The metabolic scheme took into account the input fluxes of CO2and HCO3−transport into the cells, the output fluxes of CO2and HCO3−efflux, the diversion of Q toward the formation of the internal C2pool, and photosynthetic CO2fixation. The equations expressed the variation in concentration of each inorganic species outside and inside the cell as a function of time. The input fluxes were previously characterized by their kinetic constants (K1/2and Vm) both during initial uptake occurring upon illumination of the cells and under steady-state photosynthesis conditions. The efflux rates of the various Cispecies from the cells were investigated under a wide variety of experimental conditions. Using these efflux rates, the permeability coefficients of the cell for CO2and HCO3−were calculated previously. Using the kinetic constants for CO2and HCO3−transport, the permeability coefficients of the cell for CO2and HCO3−and the geometrical characteristics of the cells, the model simulated precisely the [HCO3−]/[CO2] ratio and the [CO2] and [O2] changes in the extracellular medium as well as the rate of filling of the internal Cipool under various conditions. Accurate fitting of experimental data with calculated values were possible only when the intracellular Cispecies were assumed to be in equilibrium throughout the entire cell volume. Results are discussed and compared with those given by previous hypotheses. Key words: Synechococcus UTEX 625, blue green algae, cyanobacteria, mathematical model, active CO2transport, active HCO3−transport, steady state, photosynthesis, Ciconcentrating mechanism.
Distribution and ecology of the ascomycete Sarcoleotia globosa in the United States
Authors: Jumpponen Ari , Weber Nancy S. , Trappe James M. , Cázares Efrén
Published: September 2010

Sarcoleotia globosa (Sommerf.: Fr.) Korf is an ascomycete characterized by stipitate ascomata with a convex apothecium, deep brown to black hymenial surface, greyish brown stipe, and hyaline, clavate, non- to multi-septate ascospores. Collections of S. globosa from Oregon, Washington, and Colorado, United States are reported. Its distribution in North America is extended from previously reported subarctic to arctic regions nearly 2500 km south to the cool temperate zones. Possible association of S. globosa with site disturbance, open plant communities, and bryophytes is discussed. Key words: Sarcoleotia globosa, distribution, ecology, Leotiales, fungi.
A high-fat, ketogenic diet causes hepatic insulin resistance in mice, despite increasing energy expenditure and preventing weight gain
Authors: Jornayvaz François R. , Jurczak Michael J. , Lee Hui-Young , Birkenfeld Andreas L. , Frederick David W. , Zhang Dongyang , Zhang Xian-Man , Samuel Varman T. , Shulman Gerald I.
Published: September 2010

Low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diets (KD) have been suggested to be more effective in promoting weight loss than conventional caloric restriction, whereas their effect on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism and the mechanisms by which they may promote weight loss remain controversial. The aim of this study was to explore the role of KD on liver and muscle insulin sensitivity, hepatic lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and food intake. Using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, we studied insulin action in mice fed a KD or regular chow (RC). Body composition was assessed by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Despite being 15% lighter ( P < 0.001) than RC-fed mice because of a 17% increase in energy expenditure ( P < 0.001), KD-fed mice manifested severe hepatic insulin resistance, as reflected by decreased suppression (0% vs. 100% in RC-fed mice, P < 0.01) of endogenous glucose production during the clamp. Hepatic insulin resistance could be attributed to a 350% increase in hepatic diacylglycerol content ( P < 0.001), resulting in increased activation of PKCε ( P < 0.05) and decreased insulin receptor substrate-2 tyrosine phosphorylation ( P < 0.01). Food intake was 56% ( P < 0.001) lower in KD-fed mice, despite similar caloric intake, and could partly be attributed to a more than threefold increase ( P < 0.05) in plasma N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine concentrations. In conclusion, despite preventing weight gain in mice, KD induces hepatic insulin resistance secondary to increased hepatic diacylglycerol content. Given the key role of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the development of type 2 diabetes and the widespread use of KD for the treatment of obesity, these results may have potentially important clinical implications.
The Coexpression of Reelin and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in a Subpopulation of Dentate Gyrus Neurons Is Downregulated in Heterozygous Reeler Mice
Authors: Romay-Tallón Raquel , Dopeso-Reyes Iria G. , Lussier April L. , Kalynchuk Lisa E. , Caruncho Hector J.
Published: September 2010

Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein expressed in several interneuron subtypes in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is also expressed by interneurons in these areas. We investigated whether reelin and nNOS are co-localized in the same population of hippocampal interneurons, and whether this colocalization is altered in the heterozygous reeler mouse. We found colocalization of nNOS in reelin-positive cells in the CA1 stratum radiatum and lacunosum moleculare, the CA3 stratum radiatum, and the dentate gyrus subgranular zone, molecular layer, and hilus. In heterozygous reeler mice, the colocalization of nNOS in reelin-positive cells was significantly decreased only in the subgranular zone and molecular layer. The coexpression of reelin and nNOS in several hippocampal regions suggests that reelin and nNOS may work synergistically to promote glutamatergic function, and the loss of this coexpression in heterozygous reeler mice may underlie some of the behavioral deficits observed in these animals.
Multifocal Severe Coronary Artery Vasospasm Mistaken for Diffuse Atherosclerosis: A Case Report
Authors: Nazir Sarfraz Ahmed , Nazir Sheraz , Kumar Sanjay , Ilsley Charles
Published: September 2010

Spontaneous severe multivessel coronary artery vasospasm is a rare but important cause of morbidity. One-third of patients have normal coronary vasculature, and these pose a significant therapeutic dilemma as lack of clinical suspicion might potentially lead to unnecessary revascularization therapies. A patient with resting chest pain and ischaemic electrocardiography demonstrated severe coronary obstruction at catheter angiography. Preangioplasty further information highlighted spasm as the likely cause and the angiographic abnormalities resolved post intracoronary nitrate. This paper emphasises thorough history-taking and judicious use of nitrates during diagnostic coronary angiography in such patients. This may negate the need for more complex cardiac interventions.
Radical Hysterectomy with Pelvic Lymphadenectomy: Indications, Technique, and Complications
Authors: Ware Rachel A. , van Nagell John R.
Published: September 2010

Radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy remains the treatment of choice for women with Stages IA2 and IB1 carcinoma of the cervix, and selected patients with Stage II endometrial cancer. Improvement in surgical techniqe, administration of prophylactic antibiotics, thromboemolic prophylaxis, and advances in critical care medicine have resulted in lower operative morbidity associated with this procedure. Major urinary tract complications such as ureteral injury or vesico‐vaginal fistula are now extremely rare (<1%). Five‐year survival rates following this procedure vary according to a number of clinical and histologic variables, and may be as high as 90% in women without lymph node metastases.
Adaptive Teleoperation System with Neural Network‐Based Multiple Model Control
Authors: Minh Vu Trieu , Mohd Hashim Fakhruldin
Published: September 2010

This paper presents an adaptive teleoperation which is robust to time‐delay and environmental uncertainties while assuring the transparent performance. A novel theoretical framework and algorithms for the teleoperation system have been built up with neural network‐based multiple model control and time forward state observer. Conditions for stability and transparency performance are also identified. Simulations show that the system is stable and in good performance.
Population-Based Estimates of Physical Activity for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cautionary Tale of Potential Confounding by Weight Status
Authors: Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Johnson Steven T. , Loucaides Constantinos A. , Bauman Adrian E. , Karunamuni Nandini D. , Pickering Michael A.
Published: September 2010

At a population level, the method used to determine those meeting physical activity guidelines has important implications, as estimating “sufficient” physical activity might be confounded by weight status. The objective of this study was to test the difference between three methods in estimating the prevalence of “sufficient activity” among Canadian adults with type 2 diabetes in a large population sample (N=1614) while considering the role of weight status as a potential confounder. Our results revealed that estimates of physical activity levels vary by BMI categories, depending on the methods examined. Although physical activity levels were lower in the obese, their energy expenditure estimates were not different from those who were overweight or of a healthy weight. The implications of these findings are that biased estimates of physical activity at a population level may result in inappropriate classification of adults with type 2 diabetes as “sufficiently active” and that the inclusion of body weight in estimating physical activity prevalence should be approached with caution.
Tubulin-Targeting Chemotherapy Impairs Androgen Receptor Activity in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Zhu Meng-Lei , Horbinski Craig M. , Garzotto Mark , Qian David Z. , Beer Tomasz M. , Kyprianou Natasha
Published: September 2010

Recent insights into the regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) activity led to novel therapeutic targeting of AR function in prostate cancer patients. Docetaxel is an approved chemotherapy for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer; however, the mechanism underlying the action of this tubulin-targeting drug is not fully understood. This study investigates the contribution of microtubules and the cytoskeleton to androgen-mediated signaling and the consequences of their inhibition on AR activity in human prostate cancer. Tissue microarrays from docetaxel-treated and untreated prostate cancer patients were comparatively analyzed for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and AR immunoreactivity. The AR transcriptional activity was determined in prostate cancer cells in vitro, based on PSA mRNA expression and the androgen response element reporter activity. The interaction of AR with tubulin was examined by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Treatment of prostate cancer patients with docetaxel led to a significant translocation of AR. In untreated specimens, 50% prostate tumor cells exhibited nuclear accumulation of AR, compared with docetaxel-treated tumors that had significantly depleted nuclear AR (38%), paralleled by an increase in cytosolic AR. AR nuclear localization correlated with PSA expression. In vitro, exposure of prostate cancer cells to paclitaxel (1 μmol/L) or nocodazole (5 μg/mL) inhibited androgen-dependent AR nuclear translocation by targeting AR association with tubulin. Introduction of a truncated AR indicated the requirement of the NH2-terminal domain for AR-tubulin interaction. Our findings show that in addition to blocking cell division, docetaxel impairs AR signaling, evidence that enables new insights into the therapeutic efficacy of microtubule-targeting drugs in prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 70(20); 7992–8002. ©2010 AACR.
A Novel, Selective, and Efficacious Nanomolar Pyridopyrazinone Inhibitor of V600EBRAF
Authors: Whittaker Steven , Ménard Delphine , Kirk Ruth , Ogilvie Lesley , Hedley Douglas , Zambon Alfonso , Lopes Filipa , Preece Natasha , Manne Helen , Rana Sareena , Lambros Maryou , Reis-Filho Jorge S. , Marais Richard , Springer Caroline J.
Published: September 2010

Oncogenic BRAF is a critical driver of proliferation and survival and is thus a validated therapeutic target in cancer. We have developed a potent inhibitor, termed 1t (CCT239065), of the mutant protein kinase, V600EBRAF. 1t inhibits signaling downstream of V600EBRAF in cancer cells, blocking DNA synthesis, and inhibiting proliferation. Importantly, we show that 1t is considerably more selective for mutated BRAF cancer cell lines compared with wild-type BRAF lines. The inhibitor is well tolerated in mice and exhibits excellent oral bioavailability (F = 71%). Suppression of V600EBRAF-mediated signaling in human tumor xenografts was observed following oral administration of a single dose of 1t. As expected, the growth rate in vivo of a wild-type BRAF human tumor xenograft model is unaffected by inhibitor 1t. In contrast, 1t elicits significant therapeutic responses in mutant BRAF–driven human melanoma xenografts. Cancer Res; 70(20); 8036–44. ©2010 AACR.
CRLF2 and JAK2 in B-Progenitor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Novel Association in Oncogenesis
Authors: Roll J. Devon , Reuther Gary W.
Published: September 2010

Expression of cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2) has recently been shown to be upregulated as well as mutated in populations of B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), including Down syndrome (DS-ALL) patients, lacking recurring chromosomal translocations. Increased CRLF2 expression associates with JAK2 mutation, a combination that transforms hematopoietic cells, suggesting that mutant JAK2 and CRLF2 may cooperate to contribute to B-ALL formation. Importantly, elevated CRLF2 expression correlates with poor outcome in high-risk B-ALL patients. Therefore, CRLF2 may provide a new prognostic marker for high-risk B-ALL, and inhibition of CRLF2/JAK2 signaling may represent a therapeutic approach for this population of ALL patients. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7347–52. ©2010 AACR.
Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS)-Defined Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device Support at a Single US Center
Authors: Stein Mary Lynette , Robbins Robert , Sabati Arash Alen , Reinhartz Olaf , Chin Clifford , Liu Esther , Bernstein Daniel , Roth Stephen , Wright Gail , Reitz Bruce , Rosenthal David
Published: September 2010

Background—

The use of ventricular assist devices (VADs) to bridge pediatric patients to heart transplantation has increased dramatically over the last 15 years. In this report, we present the largest US single-center report of pediatric VAD use to date. We present detailed descriptions of morbidity and mortality associated with VAD support, using standard Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) criteria for pediatrics to facilitate the comparison of these results to other studies.

Methods and Results—

We retrospectively identified 25 patients younger than 18 years with 27 episodes of mechanical circulatory support using VADs as bridge to heart transplantation from January 1998 to December 2007. Survival to transplant for the entire cohort was 74%. The most common major morbidities, as defined by INTERMACS criteria for a pediatric population, were respiratory failure, major localized infections, major bleeding events, hepatic dysfunction, and right heart failure. Major neurological events occurred in 48% of the study population. The median time to the first occurrence of an adverse event was less than 14 days for respiratory failure, right heart failure, major localized infection, and major bleeding. Patients who died before transplantation had significantly more adverse events per day of support than did those who were successfully transplanted. Episodes of major bleeding, tamponade, acute renal failure, respiratory failure, and right heart failure were all associated with increased risk of mortality.

Conclusions—

INTERMACS criteria can be successfully used to analyze pediatric VAD outcomes. These data serve as a baseline for future studies of VAD support in children and indicate good survival rates but considerable morbidity.
The Effect of Dietary Patterns on Estimated Coronary Heart Disease Risk
Authors: Chen Steven T. , Maruthur Nisa M. , Appel Lawrence J.
Published: September 2010

Background—

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is recommended in the 2005 US Dietary Guidelines. To understand the potential benefits of DASH on coronary heart disease (CHD), we applied the Framingham risk equations to calculate 10-year risk of developing CHD using data from the DASH trial.

Methods and Results—

In the DASH trial, 459 individuals with prehypertension or stage-1 hypertension not taking antihypertensive medication were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets: control, fruits and vegetables (F/V), or DASH (rich in fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and reduced in fats and cholesterol). Weight was held constant. Estimated 10-year CHD risk was the primary outcome of this secondary analysis. Among 436 participants with complete data, mean (SD) age was 44.7 (10.7) years, 51% were male, and 60% were African-American. Median 10-year CHD risk was 0.98% at baseline and decreased in all groups. Compared with control, the relative risk ratio comparing 8-week with baseline 10-year CHD risk was 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 1.02;
P
=0.12) for F/V and 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.75 to 0.90;
P
<0.001) for DASH. Comparing DASH with F/V, the relative risk ratio was 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 0.97;
P
=0.012). With the exception of an interaction between dietary pattern and race suggesting a greater risk reduction in blacks than whites (
P
for interaction=0.038), results were similar across subgroups.

Conclusions—

Compared with control and F/V, the DASH diet reduced estimated 10-year CHD risk by 18% and 11%, respectively. In addition to reducing blood pressure, the DASH diet should substantially reduce the risk of CHD.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00000544.
Discrimination in Comparative Perspective: Policies and Practices
Authors: Amiraux Valérie , Guiraudon Virginie
Published: September 2010

This introduction to a pluridisciplinary comparative analysis of European antidiscrimination policies and practices provides a critical assessment of current European empirical developments and the analytical issues that they raise. The authors’ argument builds upon the tension between the improvement of the protection of rights to equal treatment and the intensification of xenophobia in the European Union. Can proequality policies developed in a hostile context make a difference? The first part of the introduction provides an analytical framework to account for the emergence and implementation of an antidiscrimination policy framework in the European Union. The second part assesses the limits of this new paradigm in particular as far as the categorization and measurement of discrimination are concerned. It focuses on the broader impact of the development of antidiscrimination policies and jurisprudence and on the way “vulnerable populations” have made use of it.
Commuting Economy
Authors: Murphy Enda , Killen James E.
Published: September 2010

This paper revisits the notion of random commuting within the excess commuting framework. In doing so, it argues that the average random commute, is a more appropriate basis for measuring the efficiency of urban commuting patterns. Using this as a base, the paper introduces two new measures of commuting efficiency based on measuring the collective commuting economy of individuals for the journey to work: commuting economy and normalised commuting economy. It is argued that because the average random comute has an intrinsically behavioural interpretation, the measures introduced yield more explicit explanations of the overall nature of travel behaviour within the constraints set by land use geography and the spatial distribution of the transport network. The framework is applied for two different years, 1991 and 2001, and for different modes of transport. The results show that the average actual commute has moved further away from the average random comute, implying that greater intermixing of residential and employment functions has led to more efficient commuting behaviour.
Evaluating Capacity Building for Policy Research Organizations
Authors: Struyk Raymond J. , Damon Mawadda , Haddaway Samuel R.
Published: September 2010

The international community has identified a positive link between good governance and economic development. There is an increasing appreciation of the effective role that local policy research organizations (PROs) can play in providing evidence-based policy recommendations as the basis for sound legislation and in assessing the efficacy of existing programs. Capacity building programs for PROs are seen as a key component of growth strategies. The donor community has responded with support for such efforts, which take many forms. The evaluation of the impact of these capacity building and mentoring programs has been inadequate. This paper sets out some general points for the development of effective program evaluation and suggests concrete ways to measure two more important capacity building program outcomes: improved research capacity and greater effectiveness in the policy arena.
Placing the ‘post-social’ market: Identity and spatiality in the xeno-economy
Authors: Cameron Angus , Lightfoot Geoff , Lilley Simon , Brown Steven D.
Published: September 2010

Following Knorr Cetina and Bruegger (2002), an understanding of financial markets as ‘post-social’ environments has gained sway. This claim is premised on the idea that new technologies, in particular screen displays of complex real-time financial information, have displaced ‘the market’ from the social and economic relations in which it might otherwise be assumed to be embedded. We argue that recent historical transformations in trading and markets are better characterized as ‘re-spatializations’ involving shifts in the placing and mediation of market spatiality. Material from the City Lives project and other sources is analysed to explore the transformation of the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) from the early 1980s onwards. Using the notion of ‘xeno-economy’ (cf. Rotman’s (1987) ‘xeno-money’) it is argued that the spatial redistributions of the market did not so much efface sociality as set up new kinds of relations between local traders and institutions, notably mediated through geographical displaced ‘trading arcades’. The immanence of modes of sociality to markets as intrinsically and necessarily social objects is thereby emphasized.
Provenance and the liminality of production and consumption: The case of wine promoters
Authors: Smith Maguire Jennifer
Published: September 2010

Cultural intermediaries actively mediate between production and consumption: they operate at the interfaces between and within firms, and between firms and customers, and reflexively negotiate between their roles as symbolic producers and taste-leading consumers. The article examines the liminality of cultural intermediaries through a case study of wine promoters, using the theme of provenance as an empirical lens through which to examine both their work in creating added value for particular wines, and their identities as reflexive producer/consumers. In its distinctive account of boundary work in practice, the article contributes to emerging research on the subjectivity of market practitioners — a crucial perspective on the relationship between production and consumption, but one which has yet to be fully developed in marketing theory and its discussions of value co-creation and the prosumer.
Borderlines: Skin, tattoos and consumer culture theory
Authors: Patterson Maurice , Schroeder Jonathan
Published: September 2010

In addressing skin this paper seeks to illuminate current research within consumer culture theory. Framing our discussion within a consideration of tattoo culture, we explore the double-sidedness of skin, its ambiguity and ambivalence. In this way, we examine the relationship between identity and consumption and throw into question many of the received ideas concerning embodied identity within consumer research. Utilizing three skin metaphors (skin as container, projection surface, and cover to be modified), we generate a series of insights into intercorporeality, embodiment, and body projects.
Why do firms employ foreigners on their top management team? An exploration of strategic fit, human capital and attraction-selection-attrition perspectives
Authors: Nielsen Sabina , Nielsen Bo Bernhard
Published: September 2010

The number of foreigners appointed to top management teams has increased significantly over the past decade. However, the question of why some firms elect to employ foreign nationals in top executive positions remains unclear. This study tests competing explanations based on strategic fit, human capital and attraction—selection—attrition perspectives. Results from empirical tests utilizing a multi-level methodology on a sample of Swiss publicly listed companies suggest that degree of international diversification is positively associated with the likelihood of having a foreign executive, whereas human capital characteristics do not explain the propensity to employ a foreigner on the top management team. In addition, nationality diversity at the board level, as well as the international experience of the top management team, predict the probability of having a foreign top executive.
Mediating Punitiveness: Understanding Public Attitudes towards Work-Related Fatality Cases
Authors: Almond Paul , Colover Sarah
Published: September 2010

This paper concerns an empirical investigation into public attitudes towards work-related fatality cases, where organizational offenders cause the death of workers or members of the public. This issue is particularly relevant following the introduction of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 into UK law. Here, as elsewhere, the use of criminal law against companies reflects governmental concerns over public confidence in the law’s ability to regulate risk. The empirical findings demonstrate that high levels of public concern over these cases do not translate into punitive attitudes. Such cases are viewed rationally and constructively, and lead to instrumental rather than purely expressive enforcement preferences.
Constructing a Roadmap for Future Universal Screening Research Beyond Academics
Authors: Cook Clayton R. , Volpe Robert J. , Livanis Andrew
Published: September 2010

The majority of the literature on universal screening in education is devoted to academic screeners. However, research clearly indicates that other aspects of student functioning are closely associated with outcomes inside and outside of school. As a result, there are gaps in the current literature that call for additional research extending beyond academics to explore the development and use of other screening tools to better detect students who are at risk for difficulties. Consistent with the purpose of this special series, the aim of this article is to establish a roadmap for future research on universal screening efforts beyond academic domains. The following six themes were integrated into a roadmap that will serve as a guide for future research directed at improving the accuracy, feasibility, effectiveness, and breadth of screening practices in education: (a) universal screening research across multiple domains; (b) determination of the optimal informant; (c) linking screening results to problem-solving efforts; (d) moderators of universal screening outcomes; (e) cost-benefit analyses involving technical adequacy, classification accuracy, and feasibility; and (f) the application of advanced measurement and statistical procedures. These themes represent the foci of the current special issue.
Improvement of Visual Search After Audiovisual Exploration Training in Hemianopic Patients
Authors: Keller Ingo , Lefin-Rank Gudrun
Published: September 2010

Objective. A variety of rehabilitation strategies have been tried in patients with chronic hemianopia and quadrantanopia. The authors compared 2 approaches of blind field exploration in those with recent onset of disease. Methods. A total of 20 patients with visual field defects were studied between 3 and 24 weeks primarily after stroke. Patients were randomly assigned to separate groups performing either audiovisual stimulation training or a visual stimulation training (20 sessions, each lasting 30 minutes). Patients were evaluated before and after the training with visual exploration tests for reading and object search; eye movements were analyzed with electro-oculography, and a questionnaire was completed by an occupational therapist about impairment in daily life activities. Results. Both groups improved their performance after compensatory eye movement training. Comparisons between the 2 forms of training revealed a significantly greater improvement for all outcome variables for the audiovisual group. In particular audiovisual stimulation significantly increased the number and amplitude of saccades. Conclusions. Multimodal audiovisual exploration training appears to be more effective than exploration training alone and may improve function beyond spontaneous recovery soon after ischemia of the occipital lobe.
Models in Educational Administration: Revisiting Willower’s ‘Theoretically Oriented’ Critique
Authors: Newton Paul , Burgess David , Burns David P.
Published: September 2010

Three decades ago, Willower (1975) argued that much of what we take to be theory in educational administration is in fact only theoretically oriented. If we accept Willower’s assessment of the field as true, what implications does this statement hold for the academic study and practical application of the theoretically oriented aspects of our field being espoused as theory? In this article, the authors examine this question, and suggest that the theoretically oriented of Willower’s assessment has been called models in other fields of study. Further, models are examined and characterized as conceptually distinct from theory and the application of models as a ‘way of doing’ educational administration is discussed.
Qualitative research and the take-up of evidence-based practice
Authors: Britten Nicky
Published: September 2010

In this paper it is argued that evidence-based medicine (EBM) is a social movement as well as a scientific enterprise, and that as such it requires qualitative investigation of its various activities to understand its impact and take-up. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are a blunt instrument of assessing whether interventions achieve intended or unintended outcomes, or whether they are acceptable to those they are aimed at. To understand the success or failure of evidence-based interventions, it is necessary to investigate practitioners’ acceptance of, or resistance to, EBM. This involves exploration of the perceived relationships between practical clinical knowledge derived from everyday practice and scientific knowledge. The implementation of best evidence also requires the acknowledgement of local contextual factors. The goals of EBM will not be achieved if patients do not accept the advice and prescriptions they are given by professionals. One of the reasons that some professionals find it difficult to use the results of RCTs in their clinical practice is because they are aware of patients’ differing priorities and life experiences. If we accept that EBM is a social movement, then the methods needed to investigate its activities are those of the social sciences, including qualitative methods.
Antivascular combo therapy: up-and-coming
Authors: Bruserud Øystein , Hatfield Kimberley
Published: September 2010

The process of angiogenesis contributes to leukemogenesis, indicating a place for angiotargeting therapy in the treatment of AML. In this issue of Blood, Madlambayan and colleagues demonstrate that combining antivascular agents that target endothelial cells and modulate the local cytokine network can be an effective therapeutic strategy in the fight against leukemia.1 The authors combined the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab with the vascular disrupting agent OXi4503. This combination may soon become a clinical reality: bevacizumab is already in clinical use and a clinical trial of OXi4503 in treatment of AML was recently registered (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01085656).