bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybridism of the internet newspaper as a linguistic parameter
Authors: Bajenova Ekaterina Yurievna
Published: August 2016

The subject of the paper is the internet newspaper. Being based on a printed newspaper, an internet newspaper is viewed as hybrid, which means that it combines traditional parameters of the prototype and means of information organization and presentation peculiar for the Internet. Among them there are special graphic issuance of text, multimedia features, hypertextuality, a multilayered construction and interactivity.
Issues of branch clusters development: from theory to practice
Authors: Maximova Tatyana Pavlovna , Bondarenko Nataliya Evgenyevna
Published: August 2016

The article deals with objective preconditions of forming stable bases of the cluster theory and its specific features, the attention is paid to historical aspects of dialectical development of the cluster theory. The authors highlighted the main tasks, accomplishment of which is necessary for achieving an effective cluster policy in the system of the national economy. The opportunity of using the advantages and potential opportunities of clusters in respect of the agricultural sphere of the national economy is grounded. The model of agro-industrial clusters is considered as one of the ways to increase competitive advantage of the agro-industrial complex, to achieve reproduction on an enlarged scale and to solve tasks of the national victualling. An algorithm of analyzing factors of forming clusters in the agricultural sector of russian economy is proposed.
Syndromes of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa among men: biopsychosocial approach
Authors: Abramenkov Artur Igorevich , Burina Ekaterina Aleksandrovna
Published: August 2016

This article presents overview from various disciplines of scientific literature of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in men. The article contains a brief description of the epidemiological data, research, setting forth the biological, social and psychological determinants of studying disorders. In conclusion the authors attempted to identify the hypothetical risk factors that may be predictive of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa syndromes development in men. The article also describes the prospect of further research work in the framework of this subject.
Graphic design of Japanese university symbols
Authors: Vorobyeva Tatyana Yurievna
Published: August 2016

This article uses a semiotic and visual-cultural analysis of the Japanese leading universities branding. It is shown that the design of a corporate style of universities in Japan has historical roots and serves as the basis of the brand of the university as well as Japan in whole.
Taste in holon paradigm
Authors: Klimova Galina Pavlovna , Klimov Viktor Petrovich
Published: August 2016

In this research the authors tried to investigate and generalize theoretic and applied studies of aesthetic taste, as well as, opportunities of its productivity distribution in terms of socio-cultural, person-professional and psychological levels. The article deals with traditional outlooks upon the origin of taste and its relationship with art and its current situation of taste functioning in terms of increasing globalization, virtualization and informatization of modern society.
Public perception of menstruation and tampon usage in Russia
Authors: Burina Darina Alexandrovna , Burina Ekaterina Aleksandrovna
Published: August 2016

This article summarizes the results of interviews with gynecologists on women’s knowledge about menstruation and tampon usage, as well as the analysis of the current state of the problem in modern society.
Research on Critical Effusion Volume for the China-Burma Natural Gas Pipeline
Authors: Liu Xiyao , Li Changjun , Peng Yang , Jia Yanjie , Li Chunqing
Published: August 2016

Under certain temperature and pressure conditions, natural gas condensates and the liquid is accumulated in the pipeline during transmission of gas. It is therefore important to calculate the critical effusion volume accurately so that a reasonable pigging cycle can be determined. Frequent pigging operation not only affects the normal gas supply, but also causes unpiggable obstacles. This study has developed a liquid prediction model in which the effusion volume is dependent on the liquid holdup and the capacity of the gas to carry liquid. Using the analysis software OLGA and applying the model to the China-Burma pipeline, the critical effusion volume and the parameters distribution curves along the pipeline have been determined. The results show that the critical effusion volume in the pipeline decreases with increasing throughput. The method is a significant advancement in determining the pigging cycle and mitigating the pigging risk.
Models for Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in the Near-Well Zone by Degassing of CO2
Authors: Wangen Magnus , Sagen Jan , Bjørnstad Tor , Johansen Harald , Souche Alban
Published: August 2016

Calcium carbonate scale formation is a well known problem for water producing wells. Although there are several types of scale forming processes, we investigate the case of calcium carbonate precipitation when the degassing of CO2 causes the calcium equilibrium concentration to decrease towards a production well. We study a simplified system of carbonate chemistry, which allows for analytical expressions for the porosity loss as a function of time. The precipitation process normally goes from flow-limited away from the well to precipitation-limited close to the well. We derive an expression that estimates the transition zone between these two regimes. Furthermore, we present analytical estimates for the porosity reduction at a given radius as a function of time, including an estimate for each of these precipitation regimes. These analytical results are tested against numerical solutions for the porosity loss, which account for the full set of equations of the model. The analytical models give an accurate estimate of the linear porosity reduction with time, until at least half the porosity is lost. Examples of scale formation are given for the two regimes. Reasonable values for the precipitation kinetics indicate that most production operations have a kinetics-limited regime close to the well. The models also show that this type of scale formation takes place very close to the wells, typically within a few well radii from the walls of the well.
RELASI ANTARMANUSIA DALAM NILAI-NILAI BUDAYA BUGIS: PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT DIALOGIS MARTIN BUBER
Authors: Hadis Badewi Muhammad
Published: August 2016

This article analyzes the local wisdom of Bugisnese that guide the relationship among human which is highlighted in the Bugis ancient book, La Galigo. This article aims to explain concepts of the human relationship in the cultural values of Bugisnese and its relevance to the human rights development in Indonesia. Using Martin Buber's philosophical perspective, this article adopts three types of relationship known as I-It, I-Thou and I-Eternal Thou. In Bugisnese context, Buber's perspectives have been adopted and understood into the cultural concept/values for a long time. They practiced sipakasiri' which highlights a taboo relationship. They believed in sipassiriki as an ideal concept in human being relationship and contended that mappesona ri dewata seuwwae is the most crucial concept that exist among them. These shared Bugisnese values are relevant to the development of human rights in Indonesia.
MAKNA KEJAHATAN STRUKTURAL KORUPSI DALAM PERSPEKTIF TEORI STRUKTURASI ANTHONY GIDDENS
Authors: Thoyibbah Imadah
Published: August 2016

Corruption is the reality of crime that can not be separated from the structure and human agency. The perspective of structuration theory emphasizes the duality relation between agents and structures. The structure includes the rules and resources and the social systems are mobilized in space-time by the social agents. Corruption as a structural crime involving micro structures and macro structures. First, corruption is a crime that occurs due to banality (omission/habituation) whose motive is greed, dishonesty, arrogance, pettiness, shallowness of thought and the subjective satisfaction. Motifs are encased in a system of production and reproduction of social activity that is dialectic. Secondly, corruption is sustained by the conditions of a globalized modernity as a result of events like the separation of time and spice, the development of disembedding mechanism of localized context, and the reflexive appropriation of knowledge. Agents are those that have a value of intervention (effect) against a corrupt act. Various efforts to justify acts of corruption is a form of rationalization of actions by human agents as creative and reflexive beings. Their motive is to avoid moral responsibility and social law. Social change can be done by 'deroutinization' of structure or distancing by reflexive monitoring of structure while constraining and enabling the seeds of corruption that involves the structure of signification, domination, and legitimation in the constitutions of society.
KEBEBASAN KEHENDAK (FREE WILL) DAVID RAY GRIFFIN DALAM PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT AGAMA
Authors: Tutupary Victor Delvy
Published: August 2016

Free will is an individual ability to have full control of his or her act and decision without any pressure from others. The problem of free will emerge from the debate between those who believe the very existence of free will and those who against it (determinism). Griffin's ideas consists of process theology and postmodern theology. Process Theology is based on the concept of process, enjoyment, essential relatedness, incarnation, creative self-determination, creative self-expression, novelty, and God-relatedness. Postmodern theology is a critique for two stages of modern view with its dualistic-supernaturalistic and materialistic-atheistic character, and propose a constructive postmodern vision, based on anti-individualistic spirituality, organicism, transformative traditionalism, naturalistic panentheism, and post-patriarchal. Griffin's conception of free will is divided into cosmology, theology, and axiology freedom. In cosmology freedom, human are creatures with high level of freedom since the dominant poles of the soul in human beings have enabled us to have a free selfdetermination. In theology freedom, the nature of God that not “all-powerful” and the existence of creativity power within human had made us seize a true freedom. In axiology freedom, human have freedom to form the ideal values based on sympathy and pluralism that renounce absolute truth claim, reject religion uniformity, and focus on deep dialogue.
TEORI PENDIDIKAN MORAL MENURUT EMILE DURKHEIM RELEVANSINYA BAGI PENDIDIKAN MORAL ANAK DI INDONESIA
Authors: Sinulingga Setia Paulina
Published: August 2016

Morality is an asset in self development process. Morality has become a universal problem, both in developed or traditional society, since morality damages in a person would disturb another's peace. If there are so many people in society who has damaged morality, the society could be shocked. Morality education for children could change their behavior, thus, when they grow older, they'll become a responsible adult and has respect to the others and capable to meet the challenges of the world that rapidly changing. The increase of moral consideration in children which designed through school education could improve the formation of children personality. With the formation of morality consideration, the child would behave in accordance with his or her way of morality thought. Three elements which suggested by Durkheim to become a person with morality are discipline, group attachment, and autonomy. Each individual should have these three elements to be a morality personality. And morality act, in essential, is a central focus in morality world which form a responsible, discipline personality, as well as a good person in society who avoids bad behavior and act in accordance with given morality thought.
HAKIKAT ILMU DALAM PEMIKIRAN ISLAM
Authors: Kuswanjono Arqom
Published: August 2016

This research, entitled Essence of Religion in Islam. Many people often connote science with Western. However, if tracked historically, Islam have enormous contribution in developing of science. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the scientific character of the West and Islam, analyzing the development of science in Islamic and discover the nature of science in Islam. This is a library research using hermeneutic method with method elements are description, verstehen and interpretation. The material object is Islamic thought while the formal object is the philosophy of science. The results of this research indicate that there is a distinctive characteristic between Western science and Islam from the aspect of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. The most striking difference is the recognition of the existence of God. In its development, Islamic science actually stems from the Prophet Muhammad's own then forwarded the new companions subsequent Islamic thinkers. The nature of science in Islam includes facility, processes and objectives. Epistemologically, it means that Islam accepts ratio and sense as well as revelation and intuition, while the purpose of science is to reveal the truth in pursuit of Ultimate Truth.
A new heat transfer correlation for oscillating fluid flow
Authors: Pamuk Mehmet
Published: August 2016

In this study, heat transfer under oscillating flow conditions has been investigated conducting a wide range of experiments using water as the flow medium. Experimental data have been reduced to obtain relevant heat transfer parameters, namely Nusselt number, and compared to those obtained by the previous researchers. The new correlation obtained herein covers a wide range of flow conditions and it takes into account the effect of Prandtl number which is very sensitive to temperature variations. It is believed to be a good representation of the physical problem. A total of 27 sets of heat transfer experiments, each representing a different frequency, flow displacement length and heat input, have been conducted. Heat applied is absorbed by concentric-pipe heat exchanger where calculations have been performed.
Temperature distribution of a test specimen with high-speed heat air-flow passing through
Authors: Xiong Kai , Li Yunhua , Dong Sujun
Published: August 2016

In this paper, a solution method for the temperature distribution of rectangular test specimen with a high-speed heat air-flow passing through is proposed based on the heat transfer theory and numerical calculation, and the feasibility of temperature prediction method is validated. Firstly, the partial differential equations to describe the average temperature in the section of the hot air-flow and the specimen are established and the solving method using MATLAB solver is proposed. Then, based on heat transfer conduction equation and the average temperature, the temperature distribution at different point in each section is calculated. The comparison between numerical computation and experiment shows that two results are in good agreement, which verifies the correctness of the presented prediction method of the temperature distribution of the specimen.
Effect of joule heating and hall current on MHD flow of a Nanofluid due to a rotating disk with viscous dissipation
Authors: Abdel-Wahed Mohamed , Emam Tarek
Published: August 2016

The present work provides an analysis of the hydromagnetic nanofluid boundary-layer flow over a rotating disk in a porous medium with a constant velocity in the presence of hall current and thermal radiation. The governing PDE system that describes the problem is converted to a system of ODE by the similarity transformation method, which solved analytically using optimal homotopy asymptotic method. The velocity profiles and temperature profiles of the boundary-layer are plotted and investigated in details. Moreover, the surface skin friction, rate of heat transfer are deduced and explained in details.
Inverse Relationship Between Organ-Specific Autoantibodies and Systemic Immune Mediators in Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Action LADA 11
Authors: Schloot Nanette C. , Pham Minh N. , Hawa Mohammed I. , Pozzilli Paolo , Scherbaum Werner A. , Schott Matthias , Kolb Hubert , Hunter Steven , Schernthaner Guntram , Thivolet Charles , Seissler Jochen , Leslie Richard David ,   for the Action LADA Group
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE

We related organ-specific autoantibodies, including diabetes-associated autoantibodies (DAAs) and non-DAAs to systemic cytokines/chemokines in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

From the European Action LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults) cohort, patients with adult-onset type 1 diabetes (n = 80, of whom 50 had LADA and 30 had classic type 1 diabetes) and type 2 diabetes (n = 626) were analyzed for DAAs (GAD antibody [GADA], IA-2 antigen, islet cell antibody, and zinc transporter T8), non-DAAs (transglutaminase, thyroid peroxide autoantibodies, parietal cell antibodies), and 10 immune mediator concentrations (measured by LUMINEX).

RESULTS

Type 1 diabetes patients (whether having classic type 1 diabetes or LADA), apart from their clinical phenotype, could not be distinguished by either autoantibodies (both DAAs and non-DAAs) or immune mediators. In type 1 diabetes, most immune mediators (9 of 10) were negatively correlated with DAA titers. Type 2 diabetes patients, who by definition were without DAAs, had fewer non-DAAs (P < 0.0005), but had higher levels of proinflammatory immune mediators, especially compared with patients with type 1 diabetes who had high GADA titers (interleukin [IL]-6 [P < 0.001], soluble E-selectin [P < 0.01], and IL-1 receptor antagonist [P = 0.052], for trend).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with type 1 diabetes had more DAAs and non-DAAs than did those with type 2 diabetes, whereas the frequency and nature of these autoantibodies was broadly similar in classic type 1 diabetes and LADA. Systemic immune mediator levels, in the main, were negatively correlated with DAA titers, and, for some, were higher in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially when compared with patients who had high GADA titers. Differences in the clinical classification of diabetes are associated with graded differences in adaptive and innate immune reactivity.
Perspective in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 24. Testicular Inflammatory Processes in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Nistal Manuel , Paniagua Ricardo , González-Peramato Pilar , Reyes-Múgica Miguel
Published: August 2016

Acute scrotal pain in children represents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. An important initial differentiation should be made between epididymitis and other processes that cause acute scrotal pain, such as testicular torsion and tumor. Infectious agents disseminating through the blood flow can damage the testis by causing orchitis. On the other hand, infections ascending via spermatic pathways typically lead to epididymitis [ 1 ].
Seasonal and spatial variation of solar radiation in Nepal Himalayas
Authors: Adhikari Sunil
Published: August 2016

Solar radiation data (two-hourly data from 1987 to 1999) observed at high altitude meteorological stations in Nepal Himalayas were analyzed to study seasonal and spatial variation of solar radiation and shed some light on solar energy potential and prospect of vegetation development in the mountainous region of Nepal. Results showed significant similarities and differences on solar radiation with respect to seasons and locations (altitudes). Mean seasonal amount of solar radiation was generally higher in spring than in summer. The significant amount of monsoonal clouds in the summer hindered incoming solar radiation during summer, while less or no clouds during spring allowed more solar radiation to reach the earth’s surface. Absolute extreme values of solar radiation in the mountainous regions during fine weather conditions were close to the solar constant (1367 Wm-2) due to negligible depletion of radiation within the atmosphere. Amount of solar radiation increased with altitude due to smaller optical depth of the atmosphere at higher altitudes. The increasing rate of annual mean solar radiation with altitude is found to be 90 Wm-2km-1 in the mountainous region of Nepal.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 8(1) p.1-9
Investigating the Impact of Climate Change on Future Runoff of River Satluj
Authors: Gautam Narayan P , Arora Manohar , Goel N.K. , Kumar A.R.S.
Published: August 2016

Climate change has been emerging as one of the challenges in the global environment. Information of predicted climatic changes in basin scale is highly useful to know the future climatic condition in the basin that ultimately becomes helpful to carry out planning and management of the water resources available in the basin. Climatic scenario is a plausible and often simplified representation of the future climate, based on an internally consistent set of climatological relationships that has been constructed for explicit use in investigating the potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change. This study based on statistical downscaling, provide good example focusing on predicting the rainfall and runoff patterns, using the coarse general circulation model (GCM) outputs. The outputs of the GCMs are utilized to study the impact of climate change on water resources. The present study has been taken up to identify the climate change scenarios for Satluj river basin, India.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 8(1) p.10-21
Evaluation of Satellite Based Precipitations and Their Applicability for Rainfall Runoff Modelling in Narayani Basin of Nepal
Authors: Ghaju Sunil , Alfredsen Knut
Published: August 2016

High spatial variability of precipitation over Nepal demands dense network of rain-gauge stations. But to set-up a dense rain gauge network is almost impossible due to mountainous topography of Nepal. Also the dense rain gauge network will be very expensive and some time impossible for timely maintenance. Satellite precipitation products are an alternative way to collect precipitation data with high temporal and spatial resolution over Nepal. In this study, the satellite precipitation products TRMM and GSMaP were analyzed. Precipitation was compared with ground based gauge precipitation in the Narayani basin, while the applicability of these rainfall products for runoff simulation were tested using the LANDPINE model for Trishuli basin which is a sub-basin within Narayani catchment. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency calculated for TRMM and GSMaP from point to pixel comparison is negative for most of stations. Also the estimation bias for both the products is negative indicating under estimation of precipitation by satellite products, with least under estimation for the GSMaP precipitation product. After point to pixel comparison, satellite precipitation estimates were used for runoff simulation in the Trishuli catchment with and without bias correction for each product. Among the two products, TRMM shows good simulation result without any bias correction for calibration and validation period with scaling factor of 2.24 for precipitation which is higher than that for gauge precipitation. This suggests, it could be used for runoff simulation to the catchments where there is no precipitation station. But it is too early to conclude by just looking into one catchment. So extensive study need to be done to make such conclusion.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 8(1) p.22-31
Climatic Water Balance of Annapurna, Langtang and Khumbu regions of Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Adhikari Tirtha Raj , Devkota Lochan Prasad
Published: August 2016

For the protection of the environment, climatic water balance studies play key role. This study attempts to assess the potential water availability at the Annapurna, Langtang and Khumbu regions of Nepal Himalaya. Potential evapotranspitration (PET) is calculated by CROPWAT 8 with the help of maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine hour. The climatic water balance of water bodies is calculated on the basis of Thornthwait procedure. These calculations help to examine annual water surplus (WS) and water deficit (WD) periods. Potential water surplus at three selected station is calculated by above techniques after averaging the data of time period from 1987 to 2008. The main aim of this study is to compare the obtained result from the climatic water balance for the selected sites of the Nepal Himalaya region. This study will provide climatic water balance information of the given area which will be useful for sustainable management of water resources in local and small area of the Nepal Himalaya.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 8(1) p.47-57
Climates of Nepal and their implications...
Authors: Adhikary Sunil
Published: August 2016

Climates of Nepal and their implications...by Janak Lal Nayava Shrestha, Published by WWF Nepal, 2012, pp.164(Web: www.wwfnepal.org; ISBN 978-9937-854-7-7)
GCMs Derived Projection of Precipitation and Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Variation over N-W Himalayan Region
Authors: Singh Dharmaveer , Gupta R.D. , Jain Sanjay K.
Published: August 2016

The ensembles of two Global Climate Models (GCMs) namely, third generation Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) and Hadley Center Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3) are used to project future precipitation in a part of North-Western (N-W) Himalayan region, India. Statistical downscaling method is used to downscale and generate future scenarios of precipitation at station scale from large scale climate variables obtained from GCMs. The observed historical precipitation data has been collected for three metrological stations, namely, Rampur, Sunni and Kasol falling in the basin for further analysis. The future trends and patterns in precipitation under scenarios A2 and A1B for CGCM3 model, and A2 and B2 for HadCM3 model are analyzed for these stations under three different time periods: 2020’s, 2050’s and 2080’s. An overall rise in mean annual precipitation under scenarios A2 and A1B for CGCM3 model have been noticed for future periods: 2020’s, 2050’s and 2080’s. Decrease, in precipitation has been found under A2 and B2 scenarios of HadCM3 model for 2050’s and slight increase for 2080’s periods. Based on the analysis of results, CGCM3 model has been found better for simulation of precipitation in comparison to HadCM3 model.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 9(1) 2015, p.1-14
UV Index and Total Ozone Column Climatology of Nepal Himalaya Using TOMS and OMI Data
Authors: Sharma R.R. , Kjeldstad B. , Espy P.J.
Published: August 2016

Ultraviolet index (UVI) and Total Ozone Column (TOC) climatology of six stations of Nepal Himalaya using ground measurement, and OMI / TOMS satellite data is presented. The positive bias found in the OMI UV index from previous study is corrected empirically using a ratio factor using the clear sky coincident data of OMI and ground measurement from NILU UV multi-band filter radiometer (MBFR). UV index >3 in the winter months (e.g. December) and more than 9 during the summer months (May-August) are common in most of the stations. High altitude stations even have more extreme values (>11) during the summer months. Under some meteorological conditions, UV index often found more than 16 at the high altitude station (latitude 28o, altitude 2850m) during a clear sky day in the monsoon season. Diurnal and altitudinal variability is also highlighted. Monthly average TOC climatology from November 1978 to March 2012 using TOMS (Nimbus 7, Meteor3 and Earth Probe) and OMI is also presented. The ozone column data follows the annual cycle, minimum in November/December and maximum in April/May. In addition, slight negative trend of TOC is found in the data from 1978 to 2012.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 9(1) 2015, p.45-59
Die Verticillium-Welke – eine Option zur Bekämpfung des Götterbaumes in der Schweiz?
Authors: Siegrist Mélanie , Holdenrieder Ottmar
Published: August 2016

The Verticillium wilt – an option for control of Ailanthus in Switzerland?

Ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima), a species native to China, is becoming increasingly invasive in Australia, Europe and North America. More and more frequently, the tree is also found in Swiss forests and, due to its high competitiveness, is regarded as an invasive species. In Europe and North America, A. altissima is occasionally affected by a wilt disease, which is caused by several species of the genus Verticillium. The precise identity of the pathogens was only recently clarified by molecular genetic methods. In addition to Verticillium dahlia, a wide spread fungus mainly affecting agricultural crops as well as woody plants, the recently described species Verticillium non alfalfae was detected on dying A. altissima trees. Individual genotypes of this pathogen in North America show high host specificity and are already used for biological control of A. altissima in US forests. Our article summarizes the current lit er ature on Ailanthus and the Verticillium wilt and furthermore discusses the question of whether the use of V. nonalfalfae as a mycoherbicide should also be considered for Switzerland.
Optimales Layout einer Walderschliessung
Authors: Bont Leo
Published: August 2016

Optimal layout of a forest road network

The road network is the backbone of forest management. When creating or redesigning a forest road network, one important question is how to shape the layout, this means to fix the spatial arrangement and the dimensioning standard of the roads. We consider two kinds of layout problems. First, new forest road network in an area without any such development yet, and second, redesign of existing road network for actual requirements. For each problem situation, we will present a method that allows to detect automatically the optimal road and harvesting layout. The method aims to identify a road network that concurrently minimizes the harvesting cost, the road network cost (construction and maintenance) and the hauling cost over the entire life cycle. Ecological issues can be considered as well. The method will be presented and discussed with the help of two case studies. The main benefit of the application of optimization tools consists in an objective-based planning, which allows to check and compare different scenarios and objectives within a short time. The responses coming from the case study regions were highly positive: practitioners suggest to make those methods a standard practice and to further develop the prototype to a user-friendly expert software.
An Efficient Causal Group Communication Protocol for Free Scale Peer-to-Peer Networks
Authors: Evropeytsev Grigory , López Domínguez Eduardo , Pomares Hernandez Saul , Perez Cruz José
Published: August 2016

In peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks, a group of n (≥2) peer processes have to cooperate with each other. Each peer sends messages to every peer and receives messages from every peer in a group. In group communications, each message sent by a peer is required to be causally delivered to every peer. Most of the protocols designed to ensure causal message order are designed for networks with a plain architecture. These protocols can be adapted to use in free scale and hierarchical topologies; however, the amount of control information is O(n), where n is the number of peers in the system. Some protocols are designed for a free scale or hierarchical networks, but in general they force the whole system to accomplish the same order viewed by a super peer. In this paper, we present a protocol that is specifically designed to work with a free scale peer-to-peer network. By using the information about the network’s architecture and by representing message dependencies on a bit level, the proposed protocol ensures causal message ordering without enforcing super peers order. The designed protocol is simulated and compared with the Immediate Dependency Relation and the Dependency Sequences protocols to show its lower overhead.
Distinguishing Bovine Fecal Matter on Spinach Leaves Using Field Spectroscopy
Authors: Everard Colm , Kim Moon , O’Donnell Colm
Published: August 2016

Detection of fecal contaminants on leafy greens in the field will allow for decreasing cross-contamination of produce during and post-harvest. Fecal contamination of leafy greens has been associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 outbreaks and foodborne illnesses. In this study, passive field spectroscopy measuring reflectance and fluorescence created by the sun’s light, coupled with numerical normalization techniques, are used to distinguish fecal contaminants on spinach leaves from soil on spinach leaves and uncontaminated spinach leaf portions. A Savitzky-Golay first derivative transformation and a waveband ratio of 710:688 nm as normalizing techniques were assessed. A soft independent modelling of class analogies (SIMCA) procedure with a 216 sample training set successfully predicted all 54 test set sample types using the spectral region of 600–800 nm. The ratio of 710:688 nm along with set thresholds separated all 270 samples by type. Application of these techniques in-field to avoid harvesting of fecal contaminated leafy greens may lead to a reduction in foodborne illnesses as well as reduced produce waste.
Urban and Rural—Population and Energy Consumption Dynamics in Local Authorities within England and Wales
Authors: Arbabi Hadi , Mayfield Martin
Published: August 2016

The formulation of feasible and pragmatic policies that mitigate climate change would require a thorough understanding of the interconnectivity that exists between environment, energy, and the composition of our settlements both urban and rural. This study explores the patterns of energy consumption in England and Wales by investigating consumption behavior within domestic and transport sectors as a function of city characteristics, such as population, density, and density distribution for 346 Local Authority Units (LAU). Patterns observed linking energetic behavior of these LAUs to their respective population and area characteristics highlight some distinctly contrasting consumption behaviors within urban and rural zones. This provides an overview of the correlation between urban/rural status, population, and energy consumption and highlights points of interest for further research and policy intervention. The findings show that energy consumption across cities follows common power law scaling increasing sub-linearly with their population regardless of their urban/rural classification. However, when considering per capita and sector specific consumptions, decreasing per capita consumption patterns are observed for growing population densities within more uniformly populated urban LAUs. This is while rural and sparsely populated LAUs exhibit sharply different patterns for gas, electricity, and transport per capita consumption.
Design and Prototyping Flow of Flexible and Efficient NISC-Based Architectures for MIMO Turbo Equalization and Demapping
Authors: Rizk Mostafa , Baghdadi Amer , Jézéquel Michel , Mohanna Yasser , Atat Youssef
Published: August 2016

In the domain of digital wireless communication, flexible design implementations are increasingly explored for different applications in order to cope with diverse system configurations imposed by the emerging wireless communication standards. In fact, shrinking the design time to meet market pressure, on the one hand, and adding the emerging flexibility requirement and, hence, increasing system complexity, on the other hand, require a productive design approach that also ensures final design quality. The no instruction set computer (NISC) approach fulfills these design requirements by eliminating the instruction set overhead. The approach offers static scheduling of the datapath, automated register transfer language (RTL)synthesis and allows the designer to have direct control of hardware resources. This paper presents a complete NISC-based design and prototype flow, from architecture specification till FPGA implementation. The proposed design and prototype flow is illustrated through two case studies of flexible implementations, which are dedicated to low-complexity MIMO turbo-equalizer and a universal turbo-demapper. Moreover, the flexibility of the proposed prototypes allows supporting all communication modes defined in the emerging wireless communication standards, such LTE, LTE-Advanced, WiMAX, WiFi and DVB-RCS. For each prototype, its functionality is evaluated, and the resultant performance is verified for all system configurations.
Natural Chemical Composition of Commercial Fish Species: Characterisation of Pangasius, Wild and Farmed Turbot and Barramundi
Authors: Manthey-Karl Monika , Lehmann Ines , Ostermeyer Ute , Schröder Ute
Published: August 2016

To comply with the relevant legal requirements and correct labelling, it is necessary for business operators and inspection authorities to know the natural characteristics of the raw material. This study gives a comprehensive overview of muscle flesh composition of farmed and wild Atlantic turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and of farmed pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). The proximate composition, di- and triphosphates and citric acid values are presented in order to evaluate possible indicators for a hidden treatment during processing to fillets. All moisture contents were ≤80%. Even for pangasius, protein values for deep skinned fillets of ≥18% were determined. Only small quantities of naturally occurring citric acid (up to 0.03 g·kg−1) were detectable. The lipid content was the most varying main component within the different species, ranging between 1.2% to 2.0% and 0.3% to 3.0% for farmed turbot and barramundi, respectively. Pangasius flesh had a mean lipid content of 7.8%. Trimming and separation of the red layer reduced the lipid content of the commercially sold white-flesh fillets to 2.7% to 3.5%. Fatty acids profiles, free amino acids, and minerals were analysed to show the nutritional quality of the aquaculture fish species and compared to wild turbot and barramundi. Despite some natural variation, these components can be considered as comparable.
Study on the Leaching of Mercuric Oxide with Thiosulfate Solutions
Authors: Han Chao , Wang Wei , Xie Feng
Published: August 2016

Mercury is receiving more concern due to its high mobility and high toxicity to human health and the environment. Restrictive legislations and world-wide efforts have been made on mercury control, especially the release and disposal of mercury-contaminated wastes. This paper describes a novel technology for detoxifying mercury-containing solid wastes with thiosulfate salts. Various parameters which may potentially influence mercury extraction from mercuric oxide with the thiosulfate leaching system—including reagent concentration, solution pH, and temperature—have been examined. The experimental results show that virtually all mercuric oxide can rapidly dissolve into the thiosulfate leaching system under optimized experimental conditions, indicating that thiosulfate is an effective lixivant for recovering mercury from mercury-containing solid waste.
Photostabilizing Efficiency of Poly(vinyl chloride) in the Presence of Organotin(IV) Complexes as Photostabilizers
Authors: Ali Mustafa , El-Hiti Gamal , Yousif Emad
Published: August 2016

Three organotin complexes containing furosemide as a ligand (L), Ph3SnL, Me2SnL2 and Bu2SnL2, were synthesized and characterized. Octahedral geometry was proposed for the Me2SnL2 and Bu2SnL2, while the Ph3SnL complex has trigonal bipyramid geometry. The synthesized organotin complexes (0.5% by weight) were used as additives to improve the photostability of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, (40 μm thickness) upon irradiation. The changes imposed on functional groups, weight loss and viscosity average molecular weight of PVC films were monitored. The experimental results show that the rate of photodegradation was reduced in the presence of the organotin additives. The quantum yield of the chain scission was found to be low (9.8 × 10−7) when Ph3SnL was used as a PVC photostabilizer compared to controlled PVC (5.18 × 10−6). In addition, the atomic force microscope images for the PVC films containing Ph3SnL2 after irradiation shows a smooth surface compared to the controlled films. The rate of PVC photostabilization was found to be highest for Ph3SnL followed by Bu2SnL2 and Me2SnL2. It has been suggested that the organotin complexes could act as hydrogen chloride scavengers, ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide decomposers and/or radical scavengers.
Choosing Markovian Credit Migration Matrices by Nonlinear Optimization
Authors: Hughes Maximilian , Werner Ralf
Published: August 2016

Transition matrices, containing credit risk information in the form of ratings based on discrete observations, are published annually by rating agencies. A substantial issue arises, as for higher rating classes practically no defaults are observed yielding default probabilities of zero. This does not always reflect reality. To circumvent this shortcoming, estimation techniques in continuous-time can be applied. However, raw default data may not be available at all or not in the desired granularity, leaving the practitioner to rely on given one-year transition matrices. Then, it becomes necessary to transform the one-year transition matrix to a generator matrix. This is known as the embedding problem and can be formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem, minimizing the distance between the exponential of a potential generator matrix and the annual transition matrix. So far, in credit risk-related literature, solving this problem directly has been avoided, but approximations have been preferred instead. In this paper, we show that this problem can be solved numerically with sufficient accuracy, thus rendering approximations unnecessary. Our direct approach via nonlinear optimization allows one to consider further credit risk-relevant constraints. We demonstrate that it is thus possible to choose a proper generator matrix with additional structural properties.
The Importance of National Ethos in Military Victories
Authors: Lewin Eyal
Published: August 2016

When nations are violently threatened, the choices that they make in order to cope with the challenge of war reflect different alternative possible reactions. They may choose to fiercely fight their battles; they may prefer to surrender, and sometimes the options lay in-between. One puzzle is, therefore, what makes nations fight, and more importantly—what causes them eventually to win or to lose the war. In search for an answer, this study inquires through secondary sources three historical case studies from World War II: Britain, France and Germany, and reviews how each of these major European powers acted throughout the war. After each historical description, the study examines the part that national ethos played in the manner in which each state handled war in moments of crisis. The national ethos of a people is the creed formed from the shared values and traditions through which the nation views its past, present and future; it is the integrating element that defines a nation’s identity and bonds it into a coherent social group. The study reveals how national ethos is intertwined with another phenomenon of social psychology that turns it into a crucial factor in the management of international campaigns: war enthusiasm. Since national ethos is so crucial for the results of the war that a country might lead in order to survive or prosper, it is imperative for decision makers to bear in mind that it is also subject to a process of shaping and reshaping, as the Soviets have proved in relation to their Russian national ethos during World War II. A word of caution, however, is noteworthy: a wide historical perspective shows that even though the right kind of national ethos is essential for winning a war it is far from being enough. Hence national ethos proves, at the end of the day, to be a necessary condition for military victory but certainly not a sufficient one.
Transferring the Cost of Wage Rigidity to Subcontracting Firms: The Case of Korea
Authors: Woo Kwangho , Cho Joonmo
Published: August 2016

We select a Korean case with ample subcontracting practices and a rigid wage system. Workplaces with subcontract transactions would have reason to impute the additional wage incremental costs associated with the seniority-based wage system (Hobong in Korea) to subcontractors. Our empirical results identify the cost-transferring mechanism under which the cost of wage rigidity for contractors is transferred to subcontracting firms and aggravates the wage inequality among workers in contracting and subcontracting firms. We analyze the industrial difference in the intensity of this transferring mechanism and probe policy directions considering the improvement of both the subcontracting structure and pay system simultaneously. For the sustainability of firms, they need to reform a seniority-based wage system, an incentive-based wage system or a job-based wage system and the exploited subcontracting structure for creating share value.
Mesoporous hollow carbon spheres for lithium–sulfur batteries: distribution of sulfur and electrochemical performance
Authors: Juhl Anika C , Schneider Artur , Ufer Boris , Brezesinski Torsten , Janek Jürgen , Fröba Michael
Published: August 2016

Hollow carbon spheres (HCS) with a nanoporous shell are promising for the use in lithium–sulfur batteries because of the large internal void offering space for sulfur and polysulfide storage and confinement. However, there is an ongoing discussion whether the cavity is accessible for sulfur. Yet no valid proof of cavity filling has been presented, mostly due to application of unsuitable high-vacuum methods for the analysis of sulfur distribution. Here we describe the distribution of sulfur in hollow carbon spheres by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy along with results from scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen physisorption. The results of these methods lead to the conclusion that the cavity is not accessible for sulfur infiltration. Nevertheless, HCS/sulfur composite cathodes with areal sulfur loadings of 2.0 mg·cm−2 were investigated electrochemically, showing stable cycling performance with specific capacities of about 500 mAh·g−1 based on the mass of sulfur over 500 cycles.
Synthesis and NMR studies of malonyl-linked glycoconjugates of N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine. Building blocks for the construction of combinatorial glycopeptide libraries
Authors: Nörrlinger Markus , Hafner Sven , Ziegler Thomas
Published: August 2016

Four glycoconjugate building blocks for the construction of combinatorial PNA like glycopeptide libraries were prepared in 75–79% yield by condensing tert-butyl N-[2-(N-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino)ethyl]glycinate (AEG) 5 with 3-oxo-3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylamino)- (6a), 3-oxo-3-(β-D-galactopyranosylamino)- (6b), 3-oxo-3-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylamino)- (6c) and 3-oxo-3-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosylamino)propanoic acid (6d), respectively. The resulting AEG glycoconjugates 1a–d were converted into the corresponding free acids 2a–d in 97–98% yield by treatment with aqueous formic acid. The Fmoc group of compound 1c was removed and the intermediate amine 9 was condensed with 2a to afford the corresponding glycosylated AEG dipeptide 4 in 58% yield. All glycoconjugate building blocks showed the presence of cis and trans rotamers. Compounds 1a, 1b and 4 were subjected to temperature dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy in order to determine the coalescence temperature which resulted in calculated rotation barriers of 17.9–18.3 kcal/mol for the rotamers.