bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Six-Transmembrane Enzyme GDE2 Is Required for the Release of Molecularly Distinct Small Extracellular Vesicles from Neurons
Authors: Shuler Kyle T. , Llamas-Rodriguez Josue , Levy-Myers Reuben , Sockanathan Shanthini
Published: August 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated in a multitude of physiological and pathophysiological processes in the nervous system; however, their biogenesis and cargoes are not well defined. Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase 2 (GDE2 or GDPD5) is a six-transmembrane protein that cleaves the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor that tethers some proteins to the membrane and has important roles in neurodevelopment and disease-relevant pathways of neuronal survival. We show here that GDE2 regulates the number of small EVs (sEVs) released from the cell surface of neurons via its GPI-anchor cleavage activity and contributes to the loading of protein cargo through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Proteomic profiling reveals that GDE2 releases at least two distinct EV populations, one containing GDE2 itself and the other harboring the putative ectosomal markers CD9 and BSG. sEVs released by GDE2 are enriched in cytoskeletal and actin-remodeling proteins, suggesting a potential mechanism for GDE2-dependent EV release. Further, sEV populations released by GDE2 are enriched in proteins responsible for modulating synaptic activity and proteins that are critical for cellular redox homeostasis. These studies identify GDE2 as a novel regulator of molecularly distinct sEV populations from neurons with potential roles in the synaptic and redox pathways required for neuronal function and survival.
Inflammation-Related Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells after 3 Months of Resistance Training in Older Women
Authors: Salimans Lene , Liberman Keliane , Cools Wilfried , Njemini Rose , Debacq-Chainiaux Florence , Forti Louis Nuvagah , De Dobbeleer Liza , Kooijman Ron , Beyer Ingo , Bautmans Ivan
Published: August 2024

Recently, we showed that three months of resistance exercise significantly alters 18 canonical pathways related to chronic inflammation in PBMCs of older adults. In this exploratory sub-study, the aim is to explore whether resistance exercise enhances the PBMCs stress response by mimicking an acute infection through in vitro LPS stimulation. Women (≥65 years) were randomly divided into intensive strength training (IST), strength endurance training (SET), or flexibility training (as control group, CON) groups. PBMCs were isolated and cultured with and without LPS for 24 h. Their RNA was analyzed via targeted RNA sequencing of 407 inflammation-related genes, with relevant fold-changes defined as ≤0.67 or ≥1.5 (3 months vs. baseline). A pathway analysis using ingenuity pathway analyses identified significant pathways among 407 genes with p < 0.05 and z-scores of ≤−2 or ≥2. Fourteen women were included in the analyses. A total of 151 genes with a significant fold-change were identified. In the CON group, a less-pronounced effect was observed. Strength training altered 23 pathways in the LPS-stimulated PBMCs, none of which overlapped between the IST and SET groups. A balanced exercise program that includes both IST and SET could beneficially adapt the immune responses in older adults by inducing alterations in the inflammatory stress response of PBMCs through different genes and pathways.
Postoperative Organ Dysfunction Risk Stratification Using Extracellular Vesicle-Derived circRNAs in Pediatric Congenital Heart Surgery
Authors: Alhamdan Fahd , Yuki Koichi
Published: August 2024

Breakthroughs in surgical and medical techniques have significantly improved outcomes for children with congenital heart disease (CHD), but research continues to address the ongoing challenge of organ dysfunction after surgery, particularly in neonates and infants. Our study explored circular RNAs (circRNAs) within plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in neonates and infants undergoing CHD surgery. Post-surgery EV circRNAs showed dramatic expression changes between organ dysfunction (OD) and control groups. Tissue injury-related pathways were consistent across pre- and post-surgery in OD. The top two significant predicted tissue sources of these circRNAs originated from the respiratory system, aligning with the fact that all patients in the OD arm experienced respiratory dysfunction. Five of these circRNAs, namely circ-CELSR1, circ-PLXNA1, circ-OBSL1, circ-DAB2IP, and circ-KANK1, significantly correlated with PELOD (Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction) score and demonstrated high performance (AUC = 0.95), supporting the potential of circRNAs as prognostic markers. These findings pave the way for EV circRNAs as promising tools for managing post-surgical organ dysfunction and potentially guiding therapeutic strategies in children with CHD.
A Study of Small Intestinal Epigenomic Changes Induced by Royal Jelly
Authors: Kobayashi Genki , Ichikawa Takahiro , Okamura Takuro , Matsuyama Tomoyuki , Hamaguchi Masahide , Okamoto Hideto , Okumura Nobuaki , Fukui Michiaki
Published: August 2024

This study explores the impact of royal jelly (RJ) on small intestinal epigenomic changes. RJ, produced by honeybees, is known for its effects on metabolic diseases. The hypothesis is that RJ induces epigenomic modifications in small intestinal epithelial cells, affecting gene expression and contributing to metabolic health. Male db/m and db/db mice were used to examine RJ’s effects through mRNA sequencing and CUT&Tag methods. This study focused on histone modifications and gene expression changes, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. RJ administration improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism without affecting body weight. GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed significant enrichment in metabolic processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. RJ altered histone modifications, increasing H3K27me3 and decreasing H3K23Ac in genes associated with the G2M checkpoint. These genes, including Smc2, Mcm3, Ccnd1, Rasal2, Mcm6, and Mad2l1, are linked to cancer progression and metabolic regulation. RJ induces beneficial epigenomic changes in small intestinal epithelial cells, improving metabolic health and reducing cancer-associated gene expression. These findings highlight RJ’s potential as a therapeutic agent for metabolic disorders. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind these effects and their implications for human health.
Roles of M1 Macrophages and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhou Wenli , Yang Fengtang , Zhang Xiuzhen
Published: August 2024

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are inflammatory cells that are important components of the tumor microenvironment. TAMs are functionally heterogeneous and divided into two main subpopulations with distinct and opposite functions: M1 and M2 macrophages. The secretory function of TAMs is essential for combating infections, regulating immune responses, and promoting tissue repair. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanovesicles that are secreted by cells. They play a crucial role in mediating intercellular information transfer between cells. EVs can be secreted by almost all types of cells, and they contain proteins, microRNAs, mRNAs, and even long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that have been retained from the parental cell through the process of biogenesis. EVs can influence the function and behavior of target cells by delivering their contents, thus reflecting, to some extent, the characteristics of their parental cells. Here, we provide an overview of the role of M1 macrophages and their EVs in cancer therapy by exploring the impact of M1 macrophage-derived EVs (M1-EVs) on tumors by transferring small microRNAs. Additionally, we discuss the potential of M1-EVs as drug carriers and the possibility of reprogramming M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages for disease treatment. We propose that M1-EVs play a crucial role in cancer therapy by transferring microRNAs and loading them with drugs. Reprogramming M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages holds great promise in the treatment of cancers.
Pericyte-to-Endothelial Cell Communication via Tunneling Nanotubes Is Disrupted by a Diol of Docosahexaenoic Acid
Authors: Kempf Sebastian , Popp Rüdiger , Naeem Zumer , Frömel Timo , Wittig Ilka , Klatt Stephan , Fleming Ingrid
Published: August 2024

The pericyte coverage of microvessels is altered in metabolic diseases, but the mechanisms regulating pericyte–endothelial cell communication remain unclear. This study investigated the formation and function of pericyte tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) and their impact on endothelial cell metabolism. TNTs were analyzed in vitro in retinas and co-cultures of pericytes and endothelial cells. Using mass spectrometry, the influence of pericytes on endothelial cell metabolism was examined. TNTs were present in the murine retina, and although diabetes was associated with a decrease in pericyte coverage, TNTs were longer. In vitro, pericytes formed TNTs in the presence of PDGF, extending toward endothelial cells and facilitating mitochondrial transport from pericytes to endothelial cells. In experiments with mitochondria-depleted endothelial cells displaying defective TCA cycle metabolism, pericytes restored the mitochondrial network and metabolism. 19,20-Dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-DHDP), known to disrupt pericyte–endothelial cell junctions, prevented TNT formation and metabolic rescue in mitochondria-depleted endothelial cells. 19,20-DHDP also caused significant changes in the protein composition of pericyte-endothelial cell junctions and involved pathways related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PDGF receptor, and RhoA signaling. Pericyte TNTs contact endothelial cells and support mitochondrial transfer, influencing metabolism. This protective mechanism is disrupted by 19,20-DHDP, a fatty acid mediator linked to diabetic retinopathy.
A Review of CIGS Thin Film Semiconductor Deposition via Sputtering and Thermal Evaporation for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Machkih Karima , Oubaki Rachid , Makha Mohammed
Published: August 2024

Over the last two decades, thin film solar cell technology has made notable progress, presenting a competitive alternative to silicon-based solar counterparts. CIGS (CuIn1−xGaxSe2) solar cells, leveraging the tunable optoelectronic properties of the CIGS absorber layer, currently stand out with the highest power conversion efficiency among second-generation solar cells. Various deposition techniques, such as co-evaporation using Cu, In, Ga, and Se elemental sources, the sequential selenization/Sulfurization of sputtered metallic precursors (Cu, In, and Ga), or non-vacuum methods involving the application of specialized inks onto a substrate followed by annealing, can be employed to form CIGS films as light absorbers. While co-evaporation demonstrates exceptional qualities in CIGS thin film production, challenges persist in controlling composition and scaling up the technology. On the other hand, magnetron sputtering techniques show promise in addressing these issues, with ongoing research emphasizing the adoption of simplified and safe manufacturing processes while maintaining high-quality CIGS film production. This review delves into the evolution of CIGS thin films for solar applications, specifically examining their development through physical vapor deposition methods including thermal evaporation and magnetron sputtering. The first section elucidates the structure and characteristics of CIGS-based solar cells, followed by an exploration of the challenges associated with employing solution-based deposition techniques for CIGS fabrication. The second part of this review focuses on the intricacies of controlling the properties of CIGS-absorbing materials deposited via various processes and the subsequent impact on energy conversion performance. This analysis extends to a detailed examination of the deposition processes involved in co-evaporation and magnetron sputtering, encompassing one-stage, two-stage, three-stage, one-step, and two-step methodologies. At the end, this review discusses the prospective next-generation strategies aimed at improving the performance of CIGS-based solar cells. This paper provides an overview of the present research state of CIGS solar cells, with an emphasis on deposition techniques, allowing for a better understanding of the relationship between CIGS thin film properties and solar cell efficiency. Thus, a roadmap for selecting the most appropriate deposition technique is created. By analyzing existing research, this review can assist researchers in this field in identifying gaps, which can then be used as inspiration for future research.
A New Type of Acidic OH-Groups in the LTL Zeolite
Authors: Contini Alessandro , Jendrlin Martin , Zholobenko Vladimir
Published: August 2024

Acidic properties of ion-exchanged LTL zeolites have been studied using FTIR spectroscopy, complemented by X-ray powder diffraction, SEM-EDX, XRF and N2 physisorption. Infrared spectra of the ion-exchanged zeolites show the presence of two intense bands of the bridging OH-groups: a narrow band at ~3640 cm−1 that is attributed to Si(OH)Al groups freely vibrating in 12 MR and a broad, intense band at ~3250 cm−1 that is assigned to bridging OH groups forming hydrogen bond with neighbouring oxygen atoms, e.g., in six-membered rings. The former can be selectively removed by caesium or rubidium cations with up to 3 Cs+ or Rb+ per unit cell readily ion-exchanged into the LTL zeolite, replacing an equivalent number of acidic OH-groups or K+ cations within the structure. The cation migration of the larger cation, evaluated by the Rietveld refinement method, occurs mostly via the main 12 MR channels. By contrast, less than 1 Li+ or Na+ cation per unit cell can be introduced under similar conditions. Accordingly, the concentration of Si(OH)Al groups in back-exchanged NH4-K-LTL with smaller cations (Li+, Na+) does not differ considerably from the concentration of Brønsted acid sites in the original NH4-K-LTL. Lower concentrations of acid sites have been detected in the samples back-exchanged with Cs+, Rb+ and K+. In addition, the acidic properties of NH4-LTL samples have been compared with a structurally related NH4-MAZ zeolite.
Electronic Properties of Atomic Layer Deposited HfO2 Thin Films on InGaAs Compared to HfO2/GaAs Semiconductors
Authors: Cashwell Irving K. , Thomas Donovan A. , Skuza Jonathan R. , Pradhan Aswini K.
Published: August 2024

This paper demonstrates how the treatment of III-V semiconductor surface affects the number of defects and ensures the conformal growth of the high-k dielectric thin film. We present the electrical properties of an HfO2/InGaAs-based MOS capacitor, in which growth temperatures and surface treatments of the substrate are two key factors that contribute to the uniformity and composition of the HfO2 thin films. A remarkable asymmetry observed in capacitance versus voltage measurements was linked to the interface defects and charge redistribution, as confirmed from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The GaAs substrates that were etched with only NH4OH showed a large frequency dispersion and a higher surface roughness; however, the HfO2 thin films grown on GaAs pre-treated with both NH4OH etching and (NH4)2S passivation steps produced a desirable surface and superior electronic properties.
Crystal Structure and Microwave Dielectric Characteristics of Novel Ba(Eu1/5Sm1/5Nd1/5Pr1/5La1/5)2Ti4O12 High-Entropy Ceramic
Authors: Wan Qing , Li Zeping , Wang Huifeng , Xiong Gang , Wang Geng
Published: August 2024

High-permittivity Ba(Eu1/5Sm1/5Nd1/5Pr1/5La1/5)2Ti4O12 (BESNPLT) high-entropy ceramics (HECs) were synthesized via a solid-state route. The microstructure, sintering behavior, phase structure, vibration modes, and microwave dielectric characteristics of the BESNPLT HECs were thoroughly investigated. The phase structure of the BESNPLT HECs was confirmed to be a single-phase orthorhombic tungsten-bronze-type structure of Pnma space group. Permittivity (εr) was primarily influenced by polarizability and relative density. The quality factor (Q×f) exhibited a significant correlation with packing fraction, whereas the temperature coefficient (TCF) of the BESNPLT HECs closely depended on the tolerance factor and bond valence of B-site. The BESNPLT HECs sintered at 1400 °C, demonstrating high relative density (>97%) and optimum microwave dielectric characteristics with TCF = +38.9 ppm/°C, Q×f = 8069 GHz (@6.1 GHz), and εr = 87.26. This study indicates that high-entropy strategy was an efficient route in modifying the dielectric characteristics of tungsten-bronze-type microwave ceramics.
Modern Approach to Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnostics
Authors: Kąpa Maria , Koryciarz Iga , Kustosik Natalia , Jurowski Piotr , Pniakowska Zofia
Published: August 2024

This article reviews innovative diagnostic approaches for diabetic retinopathy as the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications continue to escalate. Novel techniques focus on early disease detection. Technological innovations, such as teleophthalmology, smartphone-based photography, artificial intelligence with deep learning, or widefield photography, can enhance diagnostic accuracy and accelerate the treatment. The review highlights teleophthalmology and handheld photography as promising solutions for remote eye care. These methods revolutionize diabetic retinopathy screening, offering cost-effective and accessible solutions. However, the use of these techniques may be limited by insurance coverage in certain world regions. Ultra-widefield photography offers a comprehensive view of up to 80.0% of the retina in a single image, compared to the 34.0% coverage of the traditional seven-field imaging protocol. It allows retinal imaging without pupil dilation, especially for individuals with compromised mydriasis. However, they also have drawbacks, including high costs, artifacts from eyelashes, eyelid margins, and peripheral distortion. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, particularly through convolutional neural networks, are revolutionizing diabetic retinopathy diagnostics, enhancing screening efficiency and accuracy. FDA-approved Artificial Intelligence-powered devices such as LumineticsCore™, EyeArt, and AEYE Diagnostic Screening demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity in diabetic retinopathy detection. While Artificial Intelligence offers the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce treatment costs, challenges such as dataset biases, high initial costs, and cybersecurity risks must be considered to ensure safety and efficiency. Nanotechnology advancements further enhance diagnosis, offering highly branched polyethyleneimine particles with fluorescein sodium (PEI-NHAc-FS) for better fluorescein angiography or vanadium oxide-based metabolic fingerprinting for early detection.
Relapse Predictors in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Wawrzycka-Adamczyk Katarzyna , Korkosz Mariusz , Musiał Jacek , Wójcik Krzysztof
Published: August 2024

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAVs) are a group of rare diseases with a chronic and relapsing course. Recent treatment guidelines offer many therapeutic options depending mainly on the type of diagnosis and disease manifestations. Areas that remain under discussion include whether all patients diagnosed with AAV belong to a homogeneous group with a similar prognosis at baseline or if the type and duration of remission-inducing treatment should depend on factors other than just diagnosis and disease severity. The aim of this review is to present the recent literature on the tools available to use while evaluating the risk of relapse in patients upon presentation as well as potential biomarkers of proceeding flare in patients upon remission.
Enhanced Immunohistochemistry Interpretation with a Machine Learning-Based Expert System
Authors: Neagu Anca Iulia , Poalelungi Diana Gina , Fulga Ana , Neagu Marius , Fulga Iuliu , Nechita Aurel
Published: August 2024

Background: In recent decades, machine-learning (ML) technologies have advanced the management of high-dimensional and complex cancer data by developing reliable and user-friendly automated diagnostic tools for clinical applications. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential staining method that enables the identification of cellular origins by analyzing the expression of specific antigens within tissue samples. The aim of this study was to identify a model that could predict histopathological diagnoses based on specific immunohistochemical markers. Methods: The XGBoost learning model was applied, where the input variable (target variable) was the histopathological diagnosis and the predictors (independent variables influencing the target variable) were the immunohistochemical markers. Results: Our study demonstrated a precision rate of 85.97% within the dataset, indicating a high level of performance and suggesting that the model is generally reliable in producing accurate predictions. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility and clinical efficacy of utilizing the probabilistic decision tree algorithm to differentiate tumor diagnoses according to immunohistochemistry profiles.
The Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Ampullary Lesion Management
Authors: Stornello Caterina , Cristofori Chiara , Checchin Davide , de Palo Maria Grazia , Grillo Sabina , Peserico Giulia , Quintini Dario , Gruppo Mario , De Simoni Ottavia , Fantin Alberto
Published: August 2024

Ampullary lesions, neoplasms originating in the papilla of Vater, represent a rare yet clinically significant group of tumors with diverse etiologies and management challenges. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the pivotal role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the diagnosis, staging, and management of ampullary lesions. This review begins by providing an overview of ampullary lesions, their epidemiology, and associated risk factors. We delve into their clinical presentation, emphasizing the importance of early and accurate diagnosis. Furthermore, we explore the limitations of traditional diagnostic modalities and highlight the growing relevance of EUS in ampullary lesion evaluation. We discuss the superior spatial resolution of EUS in comparison with other imaging methods, and we present an in-depth analysis of EUS-guided sampling and its pivotal role in obtaining histological samples for accurate diagnosis. In addition to diagnosis, we examine the indispensable role of EUS in ampullary lesion staging and its clinical implications. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of EUS in the surveillance and follow-up of ampullary lesions, ensuring timely detection of recurrence and monitoring treatment response in sporadic cases and in the context of familial syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). In conclusion, this review underscores the indispensable role of endoscopic ultrasound in the multifaceted approach to ampullary lesion evaluation. EUS not only enhances diagnostic accuracy but also informs treatment decisions and minimally invasive therapeutic interventions. As our understanding of ampullary lesions continues to evolve, EUS remains an invaluable tool for the improvement of patient outcomes and quality of life.
Extratemporal Facial Nerve Interconnections and Trunk’s Variability: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Authors: Triantafyllou George , Tsiouris Christos , Chrysanthou Ioannis , Paschopoulos Ioannis , Tsakotos George , Kalamatianos Theodosis , Piagkou Maria
Published: August 2024

Background: The present systematic review with meta-analysis is a significant contribution to the understanding of the morphological variability of the facial nerve (FN) extratemporal segment, i.e., the facial trunk (FT) variability, its division, and terminal branching patterns. The study also provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical significance of the FN extracranial division. Methods: Four online databases were utilized to conduct the systematic review according to evidence-based anatomy guidelines. A meta-analysis of the studies included was carried out using R programming software. The combined prevalence of the FN variants was calculated, along with subgroup and cumulative analysis. Results: From the systematic review, 29 studies were retrieved as eligible for our initial purpose. However, 19 studies followed the same classification system and were selected for the meta-analysis, with a total sample of 2453 nerves. The most common pattern of the FN morphology was the FT bifurcation (typical pattern), with a pooled prevalence of 94.1% and a single interconnection (IC) between the temporofacial and cervicofacial branches (23.1% pooled prevalence). Two ICs between these branches were the rarest pattern (8.9% pooled prevalence). Conclusions: Our findings underscore the extensive morphological variability of the FN extratemporal anatomy, which has led to confusion among researchers. While several classification systems have been developed, none accurately represent the typical and variant anatomy. Our meta-analysis provided a small range between 8.9–23.1% for the rarest and most common pattern; thus, diversity is the rule. Therefore, it is not safe to conclude the typical morphology of FN extratemporal anatomy for its whole distribution before the FT’s division (proximally) and its terminal branches (distally). Nevertheless, the bifurcation of the FT can be considered the typical morphology, and it is far more constant than the distal branching pattern. These findings have significant implications for surgical procedures, particularly parotidectomy, where surgeons must exercise utmost caution due to the potential clinical implications of FN injury.
Hypopituitarism, Diabetes Insipidus, and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion after Pituitary Macroadenoma Surgery with Indocyanine Green Dye
Authors: Felbabić Tomislav , Velnar Tomaž , Kocjan Tomaž
Published: August 2024

(1) Background: Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors comprising about 18% of all intracranial tumors, and they often require surgical intervention. Differentiating pituitary tissue from adenoma during surgery is crucial to minimize complications. We hypothesized that using ICG dye would reduce the hormonal complication rates. (2) Methods: A prospective randomized study (February 2019–October 2023) included 34 patients with non-functional macroadenomas of the pituitary gland randomly assigned to receive intraoperative ICG or be in the control group. All underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Pituitary function was assessed preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and 3–6 months postoperatively. Adenohypophysis function was evaluated with hormonal tests (Cosyntropin stimulation test, TSH, fT3, fT4, prolactin, IGF-1, FSH, LH, and testosterone in men) and neurohypophysis function with fluid balance, plasma and urine osmolality, and serum and urinary sodium. (3) Results: Of the 34 patients (23 men, 11 women; average age 60.9 years), 5.9% in the ICG group developed diabetes insipidus postoperatively, compared to 23.5% in the control group. Adenohypophysis function worsened in 52.9% of the ICG group and in 35.3% of the control group. (4) Conclusions: Our study did not confirm the benefits of using ICG in these surgeries. Further research with a larger sample is needed.
Targeted Prostate Biopsy: How, When, and Why? A Systematic Review
Authors: Rebez Giacomo , Barbiero Maria , Simonato Franco Alchiede , Claps Francesco , Siracusano Salvatore , Giaimo Rosa , Tulone Gabriele , Vianello Fabio , Simonato Alchiede , Pavan Nicola
Published: August 2024

Objective: Prostate cancer, the second most diagnosed cancer among men, requires precise diagnostic techniques to ensure effective treatment. This review explores the technological advancements, optimal application conditions, and benefits of targeted prostate biopsies facilitated by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to compare traditional 12-core systematic biopsies guided by transrectal ultrasound with targeted biopsy techniques using mpMRI. We searched electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2015 to December 2024 using keywords such as “targeted prostate biopsy”, “fusion prostate biopsy”, “cognitive prostate biopsy”, “MRI-guided biopsy”, and “transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy”. Studies comparing various biopsy methods were included, and data extraction focused on study characteristics, patient demographics, biopsy techniques, diagnostic outcomes, and complications. Conclusion: mpMRI-guided targeted biopsies enhance the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer while reducing unnecessary biopsies and the detection of insignificant cancers. These targeted approaches preserve or improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes, minimizing the risks associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment. By utilizing mpMRI, targeted biopsies allow for precise targeting of suspicious regions within the prostate, providing a cost-effective method that reduces the number of biopsies performed. This review highlights the importance of integrating advanced imaging techniques into prostate cancer diagnosis to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Contemporary Diagnostics of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: The Importance of Multimodality Imaging
Authors: Stjepanovic Mihailo , Markovic Filip , Milivojevic Ivan , Popevic Spasoje , Dimic-Janjic Sanja , Popadic Viseslav , Zdravkovic Dimitrije , Popovic Maja , Klasnja Andrea , Radojevic Aleksandra , Radovanovic Dusan , Zdravkovic Marija
Published: August 2024

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory condition that can affect multiple organ systems and is characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas in various organs, including the heart. Due to suboptimal diagnostic rates, the true prevalence and incidence of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) remain to be determined. In patients with suspected CS, an initial examination should include 12-lead ECG or ambulatory ECG monitoring, and echocardiography with the estimation of LV, RV function, and strain rate. In patients with confirmed extracardiac sarcoidosis and with high clinical suspicion for CS, sophisticated imaging modalities, including cardiac MRI and PET, are indicated. Typical inflammation patterns and myocardial scarring should pose a high suspicion for CS. In patients without diagnosed extracardiac sarcoidosis and high clinical suspicion, although with low diagnostic probability, an endomyocardial biopsy should be considered to establish the diagnosis of definite isolated cardiac sarcoidosis. Timely diagnosis enables the initiation of therapy and close monitoring of adverse cardiac events that can be life-threatening, including sudden cardiac death, ventricular tachycardia, high-degree AV block, and heart failure. Implementing biomarkers in correlation to cardiac imaging can determine the disease’s severity and progression but can also be helpful in following the treatment response. The formation of larger global registries can be helpful in the identification of independent predictors of adverse clinical events and the development of specific diagnostic algorithms to reduce the overall risk of this serious condition.
The Impact of Liquid Biopsy in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Care
Authors: Llueca Antoni , Canete-Mota Sarai , Jaureguí Anna , Barneo Manuela , Ibañez Maria Victoria , Neef Alexander , Ochoa Enrique , Tomas-Perez Sarai , Mari-Alexandre Josep , Gilabert-Estelles Juan , Serra Anna , Climent Maria Teresa , Bellido Carla , Ruiz Nuria , Segarra-Vidal Blanca , Llueca Maria
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is the third most common gynaecological cancer and has a very high mortality rate. The cornerstone of treatment is complete debulking surgery plus chemotherapy. Even with treatment, 80% of patients have a recurrence. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has been shown to be useful in the control and follow-up of some tumours. It could be an option to define complete cytoreduction and for the early diagnosis of recurrence. Objective: We aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of ctDNA and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as a marker of complete cytoreduction and during follow-up in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Material and Methods: We selected 22 women diagnosed with advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer, of which only 4 had complete records. We detected cfDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), presented as ng/mL, and detected ctDNA with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients to evaluate correlations among cfDNA, ctDNA, and cancer antigen 125 (CA125), a biomarker. Results: The results obtained in the evaluation of cfDNA and ctDNA and their correlation with tumour markers and the radiology of patients with complete follow-up show disease progression during the disease, stable disease, or signs of recurrence. cfDNA and ctDNA correlated significantly with CA125. Following cfDNA and ctDNA over time indicated a recurrence several months earlier than computed tomography and CA125 changes. Conclusion: An analysis of cfDNA and ctDNA offers a non-invasive clinical tool for monitoring the primary tumour to establish a complete cytoreduction and to diagnose recurrence early.
Nonlinear Adaptive Control Design for Quadrotor UAV Transportation System
Authors: Zhu Boyu , Wang Dazhi
Published: August 2024

In response to the non-linear and underactuated characteristics of quadrotor UAV suspension transportation system, this paper proposes a novel control strategy aimed at achieving precise position control, attitude control, and anti-swing capabilities. Firstly, a dynamical model required for controller design is established through the Newton-Euler method. In the controller design process, the paper employs the energy method and barrier Lyapunov function to design a double-closed-loop nonlinear controller. This controller is capable of not only accurately controlling the position and attitude angles of the quadrotor UAV suspension transportation system but also effectively suppressing the swing of the payload. Building on this, considering the elastic deformation of the lifting cable, and by analyzing the forces in the Newton-Euler equations, this paper proposes an adaptive control design for the case where the length of the cable connecting the UAV and the payload is unknown. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, comparative experiments were conducted in the MATLAB simulation environment, and the results indicate that the method proposed in this paper exhibits superior control performance compared to traditional controllers.
Robust Symbol and Frequency Synchronization Method for Burst OFDM Systems in UAV Communication
Authors: Li Lintao , Han Yue , Li Zongru , Li Hua , Lv Jiayi , Li Yimin
Published: August 2024

This paper introduces a robust synchronization method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication systems, focusing on minimizing overhead while achieving reliable synchronization. The proposed synchronization scheme enhances both frame efficiency and implementation simplicity. Initially, a high-efficiency frame structure is designed without a guard time interval, utilizing a preamble sequence to simultaneously achieve both symbol synchronization and automatic gain control (AGC) before demodulation. Subsequently, a novel 2-bit non-uniform quantization method for the Zadoff–Chu sequences is developed, enabling the correlation operations in the traditional symbol synchronization algorithm to be implemented via bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) and addition operations. The complexity of hardware implementation and the energy consumption for symbol synchronization can be reduced significantly. Furthermore, the impact of AGC on frequency synchronization performance is examined, and an improved frequency synchronization method based on AGC gain compensation is proposed. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is rigorously analyzed and compared with that of the traditional method through computer simulations, demonstrating the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.
APCSMA: Adaptive Personalized Client-Selection and Model-Aggregation Algorithm for Federated Learning in Edge Computing Scenarios
Authors: Ma Xueting , Ma Guorui , Liu Yang , Qi Shuhan
Published: August 2024

With the rapid advancement of the Internet and big data technologies, traditional centralized machine learning methods are challenged when dealing with large-scale datasets. Federated Learning (FL), as an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm, enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a global model while preserving privacy. Edge computing, also recognized as a critical technology for handling massive datasets, has garnered significant attention. However, the heterogeneity of clients in edge computing environments can severely impact the performance of the resultant models. This study introduces an Adaptive Personalized Client-Selection and Model-Aggregation Algorithm, APCSMA, aimed at optimizing FL performance in edge computing settings. The algorithm evaluates clients’ contributions by calculating the real-time performance of local models and the cosine similarity between local and global models, and it designs a ContriFunc function to quantify each client’s contribution. The server then selects clients and assigns weights during model aggregation based on these contributions. Moreover, the algorithm accommodates personalized needs in local model updates, rather than simply overwriting with the global model. Extensive experiments were conducted on the FashionMNIST and Cifar-10 datasets, simulating three data distributions with parameters dir = 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5. The accuracy improvements achieved were 3.9%, 1.9%, and 1.1% for the FashionMNIST dataset, and 31.9%, 8.4%, and 5.4% for the Cifar-10 dataset, respectively.
A Hierarchical Neural Network for Point Cloud Segmentation and Geometric Primitive Fitting
Authors: Wan Honghui , Zhao Feiyu
Published: August 2024

Automated generation of geometric models from point cloud data holds significant importance in the field of computer vision and has expansive applications, such as shape modeling and object recognition. However, prevalent methods exhibit accuracy issues. In this study, we introduce a novel hierarchical neural network that utilizes recursive PointConv operations on nested subdivisions of point sets. This network effectively extracts features, segments point clouds, and accurately identifies and computes parameters of regular geometric primitives with notable resilience to noise. On fine-grained primitive detection, our approach outperforms Supervised Primitive Fitting Network (SPFN) by 18.5% and Cascaded Primitive Fitting Network (CPFN) by 11.2%. Additionally, our approach consistently maintains low absolute errors in parameter prediction across varying noise levels in the point cloud data. Our experiments validate the robustness of our proposed method and establish its superiority relative to other methodologies in the extant literature.
Estimation of the Impulse Response of the AWGN Channel with ISI within an Iterative Equalization and Decoding System That Uses LDPC Codes
Authors: Cuc Adriana-Maria , Morgoș Florin Lucian , Grava Adriana-Marcela , Grava Cristian
Published: August 2024

In this paper, new schemes have been proposed for the estimation of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with intersymbol interference (ISI) in an iterative equalization and decoding system using low-density parity check (LDPC) codes. This article explores the use of the least squares algorithm in various scenarios. For example, the impulse response of the AWGN channel h was initially estimated using a training sequence. Subsequently, the impulse response was calculated based on the training sequence and then re-estimated once using the sequence estimated from the output of the LDPC decoder. Lastly, the impulse response was calculated based on the training sequence and re-estimated twice using the sequence estimated from the output of the LDPC decoder. Comparisons were made between the performances of the three mentioned situations, with the situation in which a perfect estimate of the impulse response of the channel is assumed. The performance analysis focused on how the bit error rate changes in relation to the signal-to-noise ratio. The BER performance comes close to the scenario of having a perfect estimate of the impulse response when the estimation is performed based on the training sequence and then re-estimated twice from the sequence obtained from the output of the LDPC decoder.
Research on a Transformer Vibration Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Time-Shift Multiscale Increment Entropy and CatBoost
Authors: Shang Haikun , Huang Tao , Wang Zhiming , Li Jiawen , Zhang Shen
Published: August 2024

A mechanical vibration fault diagnosis is a key means of ensuring the safe and stable operation of transformers. To achieve an accurate diagnosis of transformer vibration faults, this paper proposes a novel fault diagnosis method based on time-shift multiscale increment entropy (TSMIE) combined with CatBoost. Firstly, inspired by the concept of a time shift, TSMIE was proposed. TSMIE effectively solves the problem of the information loss caused by the coarse-graining process of traditional multiscale entropy. Secondly, the TSMIE of transformer vibration signals under different operating conditions was extracted as fault features. Finally, the features were sent into the CatBoost model for pattern recognition. Compared with different models, the simulation and experimental results showed that the proposed model had a higher diagnostic accuracy and stability, and this provides a new tool for transformer vibration fault diagnoses.
Novel Minimalist Hardware Architecture for Long Sync Word Frame Synchronization and Payload Capture
Authors: Nikolaidis Dimitris
Published: August 2024

Sync word-based frame synchronization is an established method of frame synchronization that is employed in many low-resource applications because of its simplicity, and it involves the attachment of sync words (digital binary sequences) to the frames, which are then used for detection. Despite its simplicity, the method is underutilized today because there is no available hardware scheme that can perform correlation-based sync word frame synchronization with long sync words (>80 bits) efficiently. For this reason, the sync word methods that are used typically employ sync words of shorter lengths (<50 bits) with limited accuracy. This article introduces a highly modifiable, minimalist hardware architecture that performs correlation-based sync word frame synchronization using long sync words with evident accuracy gains over existing methods. As a bonus, the architecture not only detects the frame but also captures its payload regardless of size. Its low complexity allows for its deployment at a low cost in terms of hardware resources and power while providing high bit rates. Its flexibility is demonstrated by using a low-cost FPGA for implementation.
The Effects of Biodiesel on the Performance and Gas Emissions of Farm Tractors’ Engines: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression
Authors: Akbari Mohsen , Piri Homeyra , Renzi Massimiliano , Bietresato Marco
Published: August 2024

The need for the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicles requires a deep understanding about the effects of biofuels, which represent a viable pathway to cut the emissions in the hard-to-abate sectors, like agricultural tractors. A novel meta-analysis approach can help to thoroughly investigate the effects of biodiesel blends on farm tractor engines in terms of performance and emissions. Studies were identified using the main keywords related to internal combustion engines in prominent scientific databases. Standardized mean differences were calculated for each study to evaluate engine performance and gas emissions. Mixed-effects regression models were developed to investigate performance and environmental pollution changes over different biodiesel blending ratios, biodiesel sources, and engine types. The analysis revealed significant effects of biodiesel blending ratio on decreasing torque [−13.0%, CI 95% (6.7%–19.3%); I2 = 97.67; p = 0.000; Q = 129.94], engine power [−15.0%, CI 95% (10.0–20.0%); I2 = 54.82; p = 0.000; Q = 101.81], CO2 emissions [−24.1%(15.0–32.0%); I2 = 0.198; p = 0.000; Q = 20.04], and CO emissions [−17.5%, CI 95% (16.0–18.0%); I2 = 98.62; p = 0.000; Q = 97.69], while increasing specific fuel consumption [+5.2%, CI 95% (1.0–9.0%); I2 = 95.94; p = 0.000; Q = 129.74] and NO emissions [+11.0%, CI 95% (6.0–15.0%); I2 = 98.51; p = 0.000; Q = 157.56]. The same analysis did not show any influence of the sources of biodiesel and the engine type. Finally, meta-regression found a significant positive association between increasing ratios of biodiesels and decreasing torque, engine power, CO and CO2 emissions, and increasing fuel consumption and NO emissions in terms of linear equations. Although through these equations it is not possible to individuate an optimal range of blending ratios able to lower the emissions and not affect the engine parameters, the range from 9.1% to 13.0% of biodiesel is a good tradeoff. Within it, the only decrease in engine performance is in charge of the power, however contained within 4%, while CO and CO2 emissions are reduced (respectively by 0.0%/−2.8% and −3.6%/−6.0%) without using any specific pollutant abatement systems.
Development of a Cost-Driven, Real-Time Management Strategy for e-Mobility Hubs Including Islanded Operation
Authors: Leal Wagner Coelho , Godinho Marcelo Oliveira , Kraemer Rodrigo Antonio Sbardeloto , Cardoso Beatriz Batista , Neto Durval da Silva , Dobes Mauricio Ibarra
Published: August 2024

The installation of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) increases demand and peak loads, potentially straining existing energy distribution infrastructure. Dispersed and inadequately planned placement of charging points (CPs) can disrupt the electrical grid, surpass contracted demand thresholds, and require infrastructure upgrades, thereby incurring unfeasible costs for Distribution System Operators (DSOs). In this context, it is necessary to recognize the role of business models in enabling effective electrification of the transportation sector. In response to these challenges, this paper introduces a novel e-mobility hub management strategy, tailored for implementation in the Brazilian context. The proposed strategy revolves around a microgrid configuration encompassing dispatchable and photovoltaic generation, a battery energy storage system (BESS), EVSE infrastructure, and local loads. Moreover, this centralized controller facilitates the implementation of dynamic pricing and demand-response mechanisms, integral to business models seeking to integrate EVSE into the distribution grid. To validate the efficacy of the proposed solution, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations of the microgrid system are conducted. These simulations, incorporating the centralized controller, serve as a tool for assessing system performance and viability before on-site equipment deployment. Finally, this paper concludes with the insights gleaned from test analysis and its discussion through a selection of the most expressive scenarios, including islanded and connected operation modes.