bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF DIATRIZOATE* AND IOXAGLATE† FOR POSITIVE CONTRAST SHOULDER ARTHROGRAPHY IN DOGS
Authors: van Bree Henri , Van Russen Bernadette , Peremans Kathelijne , Peremans Jan
Published: May 2005

In six experimental dogs, arthrographic quality and synovial inflammatory response with shoulder arthrography comparing meglumine‐sodium diatrizoate (Urovison) and the monoacidic dimer, meglumine‐sodium ioxaglate (Hexabrix) was evaluated. In our study initial films were of equally high diagnostic quality for both contrast media, but delayed films significantly favored ioxaglate for diagnostic quality. The rise in white blood cells in synovial fluid samples collected 24 hours after the arthrographic procedure was significantly lower after the use of ioxaglate. Histologic examination performed 14 days after the intra‐articular injection revealed no drug related lesions.
SEQUESTRUM FORMATION AND OSTEOMYELITIS IN A BULL
Authors: Hooper R. Neil , Walker Michael A. , Taylor Tex S.
Published: May 2005

A four‐year‐old Hereford bull was admitted to The Texas Veterinary Medical Center for evaluation of a left pelvic limb injury. In initial radiographs there was extensive soft tissue swelling but no significant osseous involvement. Additional radiographs made six weeks later identified a sequestrum on the cranial surface of the tibia and an area caudal to the tibia suggestive of an abscess. The sequestrum was removed surgically but did not communicate with the abscess in the adjacent soft tissue. Reports on bony sequestration in food animals are rare.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF A DISSECTING AORTIC ROOT ANEURYSM IN A THOROUGHBRED STALLION
Authors: Lester Guy D. , Lombard Christophe W. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

A 12‐year‐old Thoroughbred stallion was referred with a history of acute pain and tachycardia immediately after breeding a mare. On presentation, the horse showed no evidence of pain and routine examination of the abdomen failed to yield any abnormalities, however, a persistent tachycardia remained. A base‐apex ECG examination revealed sustained ventricular tachycardia which resolved spontaneously within 12 hours of hospitalization. During this period, the stallion developed a grade 4/6 heart murmur. An aortic root aneurysm in the right sinus of Valsalva was diagnosed using two‐dimensional echocardiography. Pulsed‐wave Doppler evaluation revealed turbulent flow within the aneurysm. Repeat echocardiographic examination 10 months after the onset of signs revealed no change and the horse continues to perform as a breeding stallion.
UNILATERAL PERINEPHRIC PSEUDOCYST OF UNDETERMINED ORIGIN IN A DOG
Authors: Miles Kristina G. , Jergens Albert E.
Published: May 2005

Unilateral perinephric pseudocyst of undetermined origin was diagnosed in a 131/2 year old dog with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. A presumptive diagnosis of pseudocyst was based on radiographic and sonographic findings. In survey radiographs, asymmetrical unilateral renomegaly was seen. The mass was anechoic. There was absence of opacification of the mass during excretory urography. A celiotomy was performed for removal of the perinephric mass, and histologic review of this structure confirmed it to be a pseudocyst. Perinephric accumulation of fluid is a rare condition in domestic animals. Seven examples of perinephric pseudocysts have been previously reported in the cat. Predominant clinical findings include progressive abdominal distension and nonspecific signs of renal disease. The presence of unilateral or bilateral renomegaly is a characteristic radiographic feature. This clinical report describes the first case of perinephric pseudocyst diagnosed in the dog.
RENAL MEDULLARY RIM SIGN: ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF RENAL DISEASE
Authors: Biller David S. , Bradley Gregory A. , Partington Beth P.
Published: May 2005

An echogenic line in the outer zone of the renal medulla, paralleling the corticomedullary junction is described as the renal medullary rim sign. This renal ultrasonographic change is demonstrated in 4 dogs and 2 cats with a range of renal diseases. The renal medullary rim sign provides additional ultrasonographic criteria indicating primary renal disease in some patients. However the renal medullary rim sign may prove to be a poor correlate for prognosis across the range of differentials present in these clinical patients.
THE USE OF M‐MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN DETERMINING CARDIAC OUTPUT IN DOGS WITH NORMAL, LOW, AND HIGH OUTPUT STATES: COMPARISON TO THERMODILUTION METHOD
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Curtis Michael B. , McGurik Sheila M. , Kittleson Mark D. , Sato Takashi , Snyder Patti S.
Published: May 2005

The utility of M‐mode echocardiographic determination of left ventricular volume and cardiac output was evaluated by comparing four commonly used formulae for ventricular volume, derived from end‐systolic (ESD) and end‐diastolic (EDD) ventricular dimensions. Cardiac index (CI) was calculated by the following formulae, where HR = heart rate and BSA = body surface area (M2): 1. (EDD3‐ ESD3) * HR/BSA; 2. (0.85 * EDD3 ‐ 1.2 *ESD3) * HR/BSA; 3. (EDD3.16 ‐ ESD3.16) * HR/BSA; and 4. {[7/(2.4 + EDD)] * [EDD3] ‐ [7/(2.4 + ESD)] * [ESD3)}* HR/BSA. Cardiac index, obtained invasively by thermodilution, was compared to values determined echocardiographically in normal dogs (Group 1) and in three states of altered cardiac function: after positive inotropic stimulation with graded doses (0,5,10, and 15 μg/kg/min) of intravenous dobutamine (Group 2); with experimentally induced heartworm disease (Group 3); and with spontaneous dilated cardiomyopathy (Group 4). Cardiac index, determined echocardiographically, was plotted against CI, determined with thermodilution, and regression equations calculated. In Group 1 (n = 15), a significant relationship (P < 0.01) was observed with each of the four formulae (r2= 0.54‐0.68), however, individual estimates of CI were often inaccurate. With inotropic stimulation (Group 2;3 normal dogs, n = 12 data points), the relationship was significant (P < 0.05), but the coefficients of determination were less than in the unstimulated normal dogs (r2= 0.41‐0.47). No significant relationship was seen between CI, determined echocardiographically and CI, determined by thermodilution, when overt cardiac disease was present (Groups 3 and 4; n = 7 and 13, r2= 0.13‐0.21, respectively). Specific formulae were evaluated for accuracy by comparing their coefficients of determination and their ability to predict mean and individual measured CI. Using the paired Student's t‐test, CI determined noninvasively were shown to differ significantly (P < 0.05) between methods and between formulae in many instances. No one formula was found to be consistently more accurate than the others. We conclude that, in normal dogs, while echocardiographic estimation of CI is significantly related to CI measured with thermodilution, individual variation diminishes clinical utility. However, this noninvasive technique should prove useful in comparing populations with minimal or no cardiac dysfunction. Secondly, the relationship is diminished, but not lost, after inotropic stimulation. M‐mode echocardiographic estimation of CI offers little promise for accurate assessment of cardiac performance in cardiac disease states. Lastly, although none of the four formulae for CI compared herein were found to be consistently superior to the other three, formulae 3 and 4 appear to be most useful in estimating CI in normal dogs.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF PRIMARY INFLAMMATORY BRAIN DISORDERS IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Plummer Scott B. , Wheeler Simon J. , Thrall Donald E. , Kornegay Joe N.
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study of 22 animals with histologically confirmed, primary inflammatory brain disease was undertaken to determine the value of computed tomography in such patients. The histologic diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy in 18 patients and by surgical biopsy in four. All affected animals had neurologic deficits; the most common presenting complaint was seizures. Abnormalities were identified on computed tomography images in 21 of the 22 patients. The abnormalities included ventricular changes, falcial deviation, edema, focal changes in parenchymal opacity, focal contrast enhancement, periventricular contrast enhancement, and a ring‐like pattern of contrast enhancement. Many lesion types identified in this study, such as falcial deviation, changes in parenchymal opacity, and ring‐pattern enhancement, have previously been associated with neoplasia. The abnormalities correlated well with the lesion localization predicted by neurologic examination and confirmed by surgery or necropsy. Although computed tomography findings were often judged to be compatible with inflammatory disease, they did not predict the type of pathologic process. The findings suggest that computed tomography is valuable in the evaluation of animals with primary inflammatory brain disorders, but differentiation of neoplasia from non‐neoplastic diseases is not always possible.
IOHEXOL AND IOPAMIDOL MYELOGRAPHY IN THE DOG: A CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING ADVERSE EFFECTS AND MYELOGRAPHIC QUALITY
Authors: Widmer William R. , Blevins William E. , Jakovljevic Samuel , Teclaw Robert F. , Han Connie M. , Hurd Cheryl D.
Published: May 2005

In a blind clinical trial, adverse effects after iohexol and iopamidol myelography were evaluated in 151 dogs. Eighty‐one dogs were given iohexol (240 mgI/ml) and 70 dogs were given iopamidol (200 mgI/ml) by pre‐determined assignment. Each dog was evaluated postmyelographically for seizures, hyperthermia, prolonged recovery from anesthesia and intensification of pre‐existing neural signs. Myelographic quality was evaluated with a subjective scoring method. In comparing iohexol and iopamidol groups, there was not a statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects or in myelographic quality. Iopamidol and iohexol appeared to be equally efficacious for routine canine myelography.
DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL DOG: PART I VELOCITY FINDINGS AND FLOW PATTERNS
Authors: Kirberger Robert M. , Bland‐vanden Berg Paul , Darazs Blanka
Published: May 2005

This study examined the blood flow velocities and flow patterns in the normal dog using pulsed wave spectral Doppler echocardiography in eight areas of the heart. Two breeds of dogs, aged between 8 and 112 weeks and of both sexes, were used. The dogs were fully conscious and no drugs were used. The areas examined were the mitral valve, left atrium, tricuspid valve, right atrium, aorta, left ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary valve and the right ventricular outflow tract. The peak and mean velocities, direction of flow and whether flow was systolic or diastolic was determined for each of these flow areas. Additionally each of these waveforms were described. Aortic flow was also measured from the thoracic inlet by continuous wave Doppler.
DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL DOG: PART II
Authors: Kirberger Robert M. , Bland‐vanden Berg Paul , Grimbeek Richard J.
Published: May 2005

Doppler echocardiography was used to determine blood flow velocities in the normal canine heart. The areas examined were the mitral valve, left atrium, tricuspid valve, right atrium, aortic valve, left ventricular outflow tract, pulmonic valve and right ventricular outflow tract. This study then statistically evaluated the influence of breed, age, sex, heart rate, mass and various interactions of these factors on the cardiac flow values determined. Mass and heart rate had the most significant effect on the various determinations with decreasing mass and increasing heart rates generally resulting in increasing peak and mean velocities. The pulmonary artery was statistically judged as being the flow area most susceptible to such influences. Comparisons were made between pulsed and continuous wave Doppler for peak velocities over the four valve areas with only aortic flow, as measured from the left caudal view, showing a significant difference between the two techniques. Mitral flow as compared to tricuspid flow showed a statistically significant difference between peak late diastolic velocities only. The ratio of early mitral diastolic flow to late mitral diastolic flow was always greater than one. Pulmonary flow showed a number of statistically significant differences when compared to aortic flow.
IATROGENIC BILOMA (BILIARY PSEUDOCYST) IN A CAT WITH HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Ackerman Norman , Charach Michael , Lawrence Darien
Published: May 2005

An eight‐year‐old neutered female domestic longhair cat was presented with icterus and a palpable cranial abdominal mass. The cat had undergone an open biopsy of the liver two years previously. Abdominal radiographic findings included a solitary soft tissue mass originating from the right cranial hepatic region. An anechoic cystic structure was identified on ultrasound examination. Surgical exploration revealed the cyst to be filled with bile. The fibrous capsule of the cyst originated in the liver. Severe hepatic lipidosis was also present. It is believed that the bilorna was a complication of the previous hepatic biopsy and not a sequela of hepatic lipidosis.
PNEUMATOSIS COLI IN A DOG
Authors: Morris Earl L.
Published: May 2005

The extensive presence of air in the submucosal area of the colon was observed on abdominal radiographs of a one‐year‐old female Maltese. The diagnosis of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (pneumatosis coli when localized to the colon) is made when radiographs demonstrate submucosal or subserosal gas accumulation of the intestinal tract. The condition usually resolves spontaneously, but the potential for complications is present.
EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF BILATERAL ECTOPIC URETERS IN A FOAL
Authors: Blikslager Anthony T. , Green Eleanor M. , MacFadden Karen E. , Fagin Bennett , Johnson Gayle C.
Published: May 2005

A 7‐week‐old Appaloosa filly was admitted for persistent urinary incontinence since birth. Vaginal speculum examination revealed urine flowing from an opening in the right vaginal wall. Cystoscopy demonstrated that the ureters did not terminate at the bladder. The endoscope passed easily from the vagina directly into a dilated right ureter. An excretory urogram confirmed the vaginal termination of at least one ureter, based upon extensive filling of the vagina with contrast media in the absence of bladder filling. Bilateral hydroureter and dilated renal pelves were demonstrated both by excretory urography and by ultrasonography. Euthanasia was requested by the owner in lieu of attempted surgical correction. At necropsy, it was confirmed that the right ureter entered the vagina and the left ureter terminated at the urethra. The diagnosis of bilateral ectopic ureter in this foal was suggested by the history and clinical signs, supported by endoscopy and ultrasonography, and confirmed by excretory urography and necropsy. This case establishes the value of diagnostic imaging techniques in the antemortem diagnosis of ectopic ureter.
HEMANGIOSARCOMA IN THE MAIN PULMONARY ARTERY OF A DOG
Authors: Pharr John W. , Holmberg David L. , Clark Edward G.
Published: May 2005

The clinical, radiological and necropsy findings in a five‐year old dog with a hemangiosarcoma in the main pulmonary artery are described. Hemangiosarcoma in this location has not been previously described in the dog, the typical location in the heart being the right atrium and auricle. The tumor in this dog caused both a perfusion deficit to the right lung and obstruction of right ventricular outflow, which eventually caused right heart failure.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS IN HYPERCALCEMIC DOGS
Authors: Wisner Erik R. , Nyland Thomas G. , Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. , Griffey Stephen M.
Published: May 2005

Two hyperplastic parathyroid glands and three solitary parathyroid adenomas were identified using high‐resolution ultrasonography in five adult dogs with persistent hypercalcemia. Ultrasonographic features of parathyroid adenomas included visualization of a round or oval, 5 mm or larger, hypoechoic mass in the cranial pole of one thyroid lobe. Each mass had well‐defined margins between the thyroid gland and parathyroid adenoma, reduced echogenicity of the adenoma compared to surrounding thyroid parenchyma, and distal enhancement. Ultrasonographic features of the hyperplastic parathyroid glands included hypoechogenicity, compared to surrounding thyroid parenchyma, and a size of approximately 2 mm. Hyperplastic parathyroids were well marginated in one dog and poorly marginated in another dog.
THE INSENSITIVITY OF 99mTc PERTECHNETATE FOR DETECTING METASTASES OF A FUNCTIONAL THYROID CARCINOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Broome Michael R. , Donner Gayle S.
Published: May 2005

This report describes the use of 99mtechnetium pertechnetate (99mTcO4−) and 131[for imaging of a metastatic thyroid carcinoma in a dog. The 131] imaging showed metastatic lesions undetected by the 99mTcO4− imaging on 2 separate occasions. The possible mechanisms for the discrepancies between 131I and 99mTcO4− imaging of thyroid carcinomas are discussed. The use of 131I for the imaging of functional thyroid carcinomas in the dog is recommended.
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME IN A LABRADOR RETRIEVER
Authors: Williams Jamie , Bailey Michael Q. , Schertel Eric R. , Valentine Amy
Published: May 2005

Compartment syndrome is an elevation of interstitial pressure in a closed osseofascial compartment that results in microvascular compromise. This report documents a clinical syndrome in the crus of a fourteen‐month‐old intact male Labrador Retriever which was consistent with trauma‐induced compartment syndrome. A six month history of recurring trauma or complications resulted in the need for referral. Survey radiography and ultrasonography aided in the diagnosis, but the definitive answer was provided by femoral angiography. The patient was successfully treated and was discharged with normal limb function. One year later, there were no complications observed. Compartment syndrome is not uncommon in humans, and is routinely considered in certain blunt and most penetrating traumas. However, few reports of this complication in animals are found.
USE OF 123IODINE METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE SCINTIGRAPHY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF A PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Wright Kathy N. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Feldman Jerome M.
Published: May 2005

A 13‐year‐old neutered female Yorkshire terrier presented with a history of progressive episodic weakness and disorientation of 4 months duration. Physical and neurologic examinations were normal at presentation. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a mass involving the right adrenal gland. Standard planar scintigraphy was performed at 4, 18, and 24 hours after intravenous injection 185 MBq (5mCi) of 123I‐labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I‐MIBG). An area of focal intense uptake was identified in the area of the right adrenal gland. A pheochromocytoma was confirmed histologically after surgical excision.
USE OF IOHEXOL AS A GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST MEDIUM IN THE DOG
Authors: Agut A. , Sanchez‐Valverde M.A. , Lasaosa J.M. , Murciano J. , Molina F.
Published: May 2005

Iohexol was administered orally in five dogs. The dose, gastrointestinal (GI) transit time, appearance of mucosal patterns and side effects were studied. Three different doses (525, 700, 875 mgI/kg) were used in each dog at 1‐week intervals. GI transit time was rapid. In each dose, gastric emptying commenced immediately after administration of the contrast medium, and was completed within 30–60 min with doses of 525–700 mgI/kg and 90–120 min with 875 mgI/kg. Large intestinal filling was observed within 60‐90 min. In the majority of studies, the mucosal border appeared as a thin homogeneous halo of lucency surrounding the more opaque bowel lumen contents. The contrast intensity was not adequate with the lowest dose. The image quality did not deteriorate along the GI tract. No adverse reactions were found. Iohexol is an alternative GI contrast medium in the dog when contrast media are contraindicated.
OF THE LOWER FORELIMB OF THE HORSE
Authors: Cheung Tak K. , Thompson Kent N.
Published: May 2005

This study uses computed tomography and computer aided design software (I‐DEAS(tm)) for the development of a three‐dimensional electronic solids model of the lower limb of the horse. Data from two millimeter transverse contiguous slices of the distal forelimb of a yearling horse were acquired from a computed tomographic scanner and then transferred to a computer system via magnetic tape. Outline of the bony tissue for each scan slice was first obtained with a feature extraction algorithm. A solids model for each skeletal segment of the specimen was then reconstructed with I‐DEAS(tm) and subsequently displayed with various graphics options. The reconstructed electronic solids model would be useful for the study of 3D joint mechanics and finite element analysis of the bony structures, as well as for diagnostic purposes providing CT images could be obtained antemortem.
CERVICAL VERTEBRAL FUSION AND CONCURRENT INTERVERTEBRAL DISC EXTRUSION IN FOUR DOGS
Authors: Bagley Rodney S. , Forrest Lisa J. , Cauzinille Laurent , Hopkins A.L. , Kornegay Joe N.
Published: May 2005

Cervical vertebral fusion was noted radiographically in four dogs presented for signs of cervical spinal cord compression. Ventral extradural spinal cord compression was seen on myelography at intervertebral disc spaces adjacent to the fused vertebrae in two dogs and at a site removed in two dogs. At surgery, no intervertebral disc space was found in the area of fusion. No other instances of cervical vertebral fusion were identified in reviewing radiographs of 1225 other dogs with cervical intervertebral disc extrusion evaluated at our hospital. Clinical signs resolved in all dogs after surgical removal of extruded intervertebral disc material. Information from these four dogs suggest vertebral fusion may predispose adjacent discs to herniation.
ADRENAL NEOPLASIA IN SEVEN FERRETS
Authors: Neuwirth L. , Isaza R. , Bellah J. , Ackerman N. , Collins B.
Published: May 2005

Medical records from 7 ferrets presented to the VMTH with histologically confirmed adrenal neoplasia were reviewed. Three neutered female ferrets had adrenal cortical adenoma; four ferrets (2 neutered females, 2 neutered males) had adrenal cortical carcinoma. Ultrasound identified unilateral enlargement or abnormal shape of the adrenal gland in all ferrets. Only 1 ferret had adrenomegaly on abdominal radiographs. Adrenomegaly was identified in 1 ferret by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All ferrets were treated by adrenalectomy followed by a tapered dose of prednisone. Surgical complications were limited to fatal hemorrhage from the caudal vena cava in 1 ferret. Remission of clinical signs occurred in all 6 ferrets which survived surgery. The time of follow up varied from 3 to 16 months. The 3 ferrets with adrenal adenomas were still alive 3 to 7 months after surgery. AH 3 ferrets with adrenal carcinoma developed metastasis and were euthanized from 2 to 16 months after surgery.
EVALUATION OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT IN PSITTACINES USING RADIOLOGY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Krautwald‐Junghanns Maria‐Elisabeth , Schumacher Friedrich , Tellhelm Bernd
Published: May 2005

In the last 21/2 years, 288 grey parrot and amazon species with symptoms of respiratory disease clinically were presented to the clinic for avian medicine at the Justus‐Liebig‐University in Giessen. Ventro‐dorsal and latero‐lateral radiographs were taken from all birds; radiologic signs of lower respiratory tract disease were noted. Radiographs were normal in 55 of the birds. The results of the radiographic examination for the remaining 233 birds were compared with the necropsy results of terminally ill parrots, with the results of laboratory examinations/endoscopy/and/or with an examination by computed tomography. Thoracic radiographs were evaluated for occurring radiological abnormalities pertaining to the respiratory tract. The frequency of these lesions and their association with a disease process and/or specific etiology was noted.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE EQUINE FOOT
Authors: Denoix Jean‐Marie , Crevier Nathalie , Roger Bernard , Lebas Jean‐Francois
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of magnetic resonance imaging to depict abnormalities of the equine foot. MRI was performed on isolated limbs which had lesions of the foot. These images were made in 3 perpendicular planes (sagittal, transverse and frontal) using a T1 weighted sequence and were 5mm thick. Images accurately depicted normal and pathologic structures in the foot and proved to be very precise for documenting degenerative joint disease, navicular disease and laminitis lesions. This preliminary study demonstrates the considerable potential of MRI in the diagnosis of locomotor problems in the horse.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE DORSAL AND LATERAL ASPECTS OF THE EQUINE CARPUS: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL APPEARANCE
Authors: Tnibar Mohamed , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Auer Joerg A.
Published: May 2005

The normal ultrasonographic appearance of the dorsal and lateral soft tissue structures and anatomic landmarks of the equine carpus useful in clinical imaging are described.

Both limbs of 5 cadavers and 5 clinically sound adult horses were imaged using a 7.5 MHz sector transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis‐ and the common digital extensor tendon and their tendon sheaths were easily identified. These two tendons are the most prominent structures in this region. Smaller and more difficult to identify are the tendon and tendon sheath of the extensor carpi obliquus‐, the lateral digital extensor‐ and the ulnaris lateralis muscle. The ultrasonographic appearance and course through the carpal region of the tendons and tendon sheaths mentioned are described. Other soft tissue structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament, the carpal joint capsule and the distal articular cartilage of the radius. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with gross anatomy in the cadavers limbs.
ULTRASOUND CORNER SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF PERITONEAL EFFUSION IN SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Spaulding Kathy A.
Published: May 2005

Abdominal effusion is a common sonographic finding. The sonographic appearance of the fluid is affected by its cellular content. Transudates and modified transudates have a low cellular content, and usually are anechoic or mildly echogenic while exudates containing a high cellular content and fibrin strands are usually echogenci. Using history, laboratory values, sonographic appearance of the effusion, an estimate of the type of effusion and probable cause can be determined.
USE OF ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY AND AUTOMATED CORE BIOPSY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES IN SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Crystal Mitchell A. , Penninck Dominique G. , Matz Michael E. , Pearson Susan H. , Freden Greg O. , Jakowski Richard M.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and core biopsy in the diagnosis of infiltrative gastrointestinal diseases. Six dogs and seven cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease underwent ultrasonography and intestinal lesions were identified. One or more ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and/or core biopsy procedures were performed in each patient. Each patient also underwent one of the following additional procedures for comparison of results: 1) surgery (n=4), 2) endoscopy (n=2), 3) post mortem exam (n=3), and, 4) for lymphoma diagnosed with ultrasound‐guided procedures, response to chemotherapy (n=4). Correct diagnoses were obtained in nine of the 13 patients, incorrect diagnoses in two of the 13 patients, and inconclusive diagnoses in two of the thirteen patients. Of the 16 total ultrasound‐guided procedures performed, ten were confirmed as correct, three as incorrect, and three were non‐diagnostic. Intestinal lesions with bowel wall thickness greater than 2.0 cm had a higher percentage of correct diagnoses than lesions of lesser wall thickness. Gastric lesions had a higher percentage of correct diagnoses than small and large intestinal lesions. Malignant lesions had a higher percentage of correct diagnoses than benign lesions. There were no complications. Ultrasound‐guided gastrointestinal fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and core biopsy appears to be a safe, accurate, and rapid procedure for use in the diagnosis of infiltrative gastrointestinal disease.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF CRANIOMANDIBULAR OSTEOPATHY IN A DOG
Authors: Hudson Judith A. , Montgomery Ron D. , Hathcock John T. , Jarboe Joli M.
Published: May 2005

This report describes the use of computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the tympanic bullae and angular processes of the mandible in a West Highland White Terrier with craniomandibular osteopathy. The patient presented initially for swelling of the right forelimb. The report illustrates the use of computed tomography for evaluation of craniomandibular osteopathy, initial presentation with longbone pathology, and remarkable resolution of osseous changes.
EVALUATION OF FATTY INFILTRATION OF THE LIVER IN DAIRY CATTLE THROUGH DIGITAL ANALYSIS OF HEPATIC ULTRASONOGRAMS
Authors: Acorda Jezie A. , Yamada Haruo , Ghamsari Seyed Mehdi
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography of the liver of 49 Holstein‐Friesian cows was performed, liver specimens were taken, examined microscopically and the fatty occupying rate (FOR) was calculated. Echoes from the hepatic B‐mode ultrasonograms were quantified as histogram mean (Emean) and histogram mode (Emode) of echo amplitudes within various areas at a depth of 1–9 cm from the hepatic surface. Of the 49 animals, 26 had a normal liver and 23 had fatty infiltration of the liver, diagnosed through histopathological examination. Fatty occupying rate ranged from 1.7 to 64.5%, with 11 animals having 1–15% FOR (mild fatty infiltration), 6 having 15.1–30% FOR (moderate fatty infiltration) and 6 having > 30% FOR (severe fatty infiltration). At 1 cm, severe fatty infiltration had higher Emean and Emode than normal liver (p < 0.05). At 7 cm and 9 cm, moderate and severe fatty infiltration had lower Emeans and Emodes than normal liver (p < 0.001). The results suggest that digital analysis of hepatic ultrasonogram can be useful in the evaluation of the degree of fatty infiltration of the liver in dairy cattle.
BONE SCINTIGRAPHY FOR METASTASIS DETECTION IN CANINE OSTEOSARCOMA
Authors: Forrest Lisa J. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of serial bone scintigraphy in the detection of skeletal and extraskeletal metastases in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. Twenty‐six dogs with primary, appendicular osteosarcoma were entered into a limb‐sparing protocol. Bone scintigraphy was performed upon presentation, after neoadjuvant therapy but prior to surgery and at selective intervals after limb‐sparing surgery to evaluate for the presence of metastasis. Thoracic radiographs, and radiographs of other sites, were also made at the time of each bone scan. All dogs had a complete necropsy. No dog had bone or lung metastases detected prior to treatment. The bone scans, medical records, and radiographs of each dog were reviewed retrospectively. All but one dog developed metastatic disease. Bone metastatic sites were confirmed at necropsy in 12 of the 26 dogs. Seven of these 12 dogs had bone metastatic sites which were not producing clinical signs, i.e. an occult metastasis. In five of the seven dogs, the occult site was the first metastatic site detected. Extraskeletal metastases were identified scintigraphically in six of the 26 dogs, but these were clinically apparent prior to bone scintigraphy in each dog. Suspected malignant scintigraphic lesions were proven benign in six dogs. In five dogs with malignant bone lesions at necropsy the last bone scan prior to euthanasia was normal. The time interval between scintigraphy and necropsy was variable in these five dogs. All dogs without bone metastases at necropsy had normal bone scans. This study validates the usefulness of bone scintigraphy for detection of occult bone metastasis and improved ability for tumor staging in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
HYPOTHYROIDISM IN A DOG AFTER SURGERY AND RADIATION THERAPY FOR A FUNCTIONAL THYROID ADENOCARCINOMA
Authors: Kramer Robert W. , Price G. Sylvester , Spodnick Gary J.
Published: May 2005

Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a dog which had undergone unilateral thyroid lobectomy and external beam irradiation (48 Gy in 3 Gy fractions) for a functional cystic thyroid adenocarcinoma. Hypothyroidism became biochemically apparent within 4 months of completion of radiation therapy, and clinically apparent within 7 months. Clinical signs resolved after thyroid hormone supplementation. The potential for alterations in thyroid function should be considered in any animal undergoing radiation therapy in which the thyroid gland is included in the radiation field. This potential may be greater if surgery and radiation are combined.
DISCOGRAPHY AND EPIDUROGRAPHY FOR EVALUATION OF THE LUMBOSACRAL JUNCTION IN DOGS WITH CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME
Authors: Barthez Paul Y. , Morgan Joe P. , Lipsitz David
Published: May 2005

Cauda equina syndrome in the dog is a common neurologic disorder caused by compression of the spinal cord, nerve roots and spinal nerves caudal to the fifth lumbar vertebra. This paper describes the clinical signs, radiographic findings of discography and/or epidurography, and comparison with surgery or necropsy of 21 dogs with cauda equina syndrome. Discograms were performed by using a 20‐ or 22‐gauge spinal needle introduced in a sagittal plane into the lumbosacral (LS) disc space under fluoroscopic guidance. Epidurograms were performed following discography by injecting contrast medium after repositioning the tip of the needle into the ventral epidural space at the level of the LS junction. Direct examination of the LS junction was performed in all dogs by surgical exploration and/or necropsy. On survey radiographs, the most common findings were spondylosis, malalignment of the sacrum to the last lumbar vertebra, collapse of the LS disc space, stenosis of the vertebral canal at the LS junction, and transitional vertebral segments. Discography was considered of diagnostic quality in 19/21 (90%) of the dogs, showing disc protrusion in 14/21 (67%). Epidurography was of diagnostic quality in 18/18 (100%) dogs, showing abnormal findings in 14/18 (78%). No adverse reaction was noted to the radiographic procedure when dogs were allowed to recover from anesthesia before surgery. Based on macroscopic findings, combination of survey radiographs and disco‐epidurography was correctly positive in 16/18 dogs (89%). It is concluded that discography associated with epidurography is a valuable procedure for evaluation of the LS junction in the dog. A combination of both procedures reduces the possibility of technical artifacts by outlining both sides of the compressive lesion, i.e., the disc and the epidural space.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF DIFFUSE HEPATOCELLULAR DISORDERS IN DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: Acorda Jezie A. , Yamada Haruo , Mehdi Ghamsari Seyed
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography of the liver was performed in 200 Holstein‐Friesian dairy cattle using a 3.5 MHz transducer with a linear array electronic scanner. Liver samples were taken, processed and examined microscopically and the fat occupying rate was calculated. The hepatic ultrasonograms were evaluated according to the presence of bright pattern, dark pattern, deep attenuation, vascular blurring and blurring of edges. Of the 200 animals, 96 had a normal liver, 63 had hydropic degeneration of the liver, 37 had fatty infiltration of the liver, 3 had liver dystrophy and I had hepatic amyloidosis, diagnosed through histopathological examination. Amyloidosis was characterized by bright pattern and blurring of edges. Liver dystrophy had higher percentages of bright pattern and blurring of edges than normal liver. Hydropic degeneration had higher percentages of dark pattern and blurring of edges than normal liver. Fatty infiltration had higher percentages of bright pattern, deep attenuation, vascular blurring and blurring of edges than normal liver. The present results suggest that different ultrasonographic patterns can be observed in various diffuse hepatocellular disorders in dairy cattle
VACUUM PHENOMENON OF THE CANINE SPINE: CT FINDINGS IN 3 PATIENTS
Authors: Hathcock John T.
Published: May 2005

The vacuum phenomenon was identified in the spine of 3 dogs by computed tomography. Gas from the vacuum phenomenon was clearly present in the disc space in 2 dogs. In the other the disc space was collapsed, and the gas was in the caudal vertebral endplate. In humans, gas accumulation in the intervertebral disc caused by the vacuum phenomenon seen on computed tomography spinal images is a sign of degenerative disc disease rather than infection. It may also be seen in the apophyseal joints and in the vertebral canal associated with the vacuum phenomenon in the disc or apophyseal joints. The recognition of the vacuum phenomenon in the spine in veterinary patients will likely become more important as computed tomography imaging becomes more common with the increased availability of this imaging procedure.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF AN ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC CEREBRAL INFARCT IN A DOG
Authors: Tidwell Amy S. , Mahony Orla M. , Moore Ronda P. , Fitzmaurice Susan N.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) was performed on an eleven‐year‐old dog four days after an acute onset of seizures and neurologic deficits. A ring‐enhancing, intra‐axial lesion associated with edema, falcial deviation and non‐uniform ventricular compression was identified in the left frontal lobe. An area of ill‐defined hyperdensity, compatible with hemorrhage, was noted on corresponding CT images prior to contrast enhancement. At post‐mortem examination, a focal, hemorrhagic infarct, characterized by liquif ication necrosis, marked gliosis and neovascularization, was found. The etiology of the infarction could not be identified. The CT findings, however, were similar to those seen in humans with cerebral infarction due to embolic occlusion and subsequent hemorrhage. These findings and the pathophysi‐ologic mechanisms behind them are discussed.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND PATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF OSTEOPETROSIS IN TWO PERUVIAN PASO FOALS
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , House John K. , Poulos Paul P. , Madigan John E. , Woodard J. Carroll , Pool Roy R. , O'Brien Timothy R. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

The radiographic and pathologic findings of two Peruvian Paso foals with osteopetrosis are described. Both foals, one male and one female, presented with respiratory difficulty, brachygnathia and failure to rise after birth. Both foals were mildly anemic, hypogammaglobulinemic and had elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase. Increased medullary bone opacity was noted on radiographs of the extremities, spine and skull in both foals. A lack of normal cortical:medullary bone distinction was evident radiographically. The medullary primary spongiosa appeared to run in parallel columns away from the physes of all long bones and the vertebrae. This created a distinctive hour glass appearance to the osteopetrotic bones. One foal developed a bacterial pneumonia. Both foals were euthanized due to failure to thrive. Histopathology and electron microscopy documented these foals to have normal osteoclastic numbers but lack normal ruffled borders, lack of a clear zone and normal lysosomal numbers indicative of cellular dysfunction. These clinical, radiographic and pathologic findings are similar to the juvenile, lethal autosomal recessive form of osteopetrosis described in humans. Osteopetrosis has not been previously described in a female foal.
XERORADIOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE CHANNEL CATFISH, ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
Authors: Smith Stephen A. , Smith Bonnie J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to provide an anatomic reference for the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) using xeroradiography* and conventional radiography. The entire body of three adult fish was radiographed using standard xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic techniques. Two xeroradiographs and their corresponding conventional radiographs were selected, and the xeroradiographs labeled to illustrate the normal skeletal and soft‐tissue anatomy of the channel catfish.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS IN THE DOG
Authors: Myers Nathaniel C. , Penninck Dominique G.
Published: May 2005

Historical, physical examination, clinicopathologic, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings of 13 dogs with gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle tumors (11 leiomyosarcomas, 2 leiomyomas) were reviewed. History, including signalment and chief complaint, physical examination and bloodwork were neither sensitive nor specific for GI neoplasia. Imaging procedures, radiology and ultrasonography, detected the presence of abdominal masses in 12 patients, including 9 animals lacking a palpable mass on initial examination. Survey radiographs of 10 of the 13 dogs revealed a mass effect in 5/10 dogs, evidence of peritoneal effusion or free abdominal gas in 3/10 dogs, and an obstructive pattern with gas and fluid distension of the intestinal tract in 1/10 dogs. Ultrasonography identified an abdominal mass in 12/13 dogs, and peritoneal effusion in 5 animals. Ultrasonography correctly recognized an association of the mass with bowel segments by the presence of intraluminal gas, within or adjacent to the mass effect, in 10 dogs, and strongly suggested an intestinal origin in one additional animal. GI smooth muscle tumors often appeared as large masses, eccentrically projecting from the bowel wall, frequently containing single or multiple hypo/anechoic regions. Based on this study we conclude that ultrasonography is more sensitive than survey radiography in the detection of GI smooth muscle tumors, and may present specific features to distinguish smooth muscle tumors from other types of GI tumors. Ultrasonography is recommended as a screening procedure for cases where GI neoplasia is suspected.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF FATTY INFILTRATION OF THE LIVER IN DAIRY CATTLE USING LIVER‐KIDNEY CONTRAST
Authors: Acorda Jezie A. , Yamada Haruo , Ghamsari Seyed Mehdi
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography of both the liver and kidney in 150 dairy cows was attempted using a grey‐scale sonograph with a 3.5 MHz transducer and a linear array electronic scanner. Liver and kidney specimens were examined microscopically and fatty occupying rate was calculated. Digital analysis of hepatic and renal ultrasonograms was performed. The echoes from different areas of the liver and kidney at 1 and 3 cm from the peritoneum were quantified as histogram mean (Emean) and histogram mode (Emode) values of echo amplitude.

Liver‐kidney contrast was performed only in 38 out of 150 animals. In the other 112 animals, no images of the liver and kidney at the same distance from the peritoneum could be obtained. Out of 38 animals, 23 had a normal liver and 15 had fatty infiltration of the liver (7, 5 and 3 animals had mild, moderate and severe fatty infiltration, respectively). Fatty infiltration of the kidney was also seen in animals whose liver had >10% fatty occupying rate. At 1 cm from the peritoneum, the hepatic Emeans and Emodes were significantly different from the renal Emeans and Emodes in animals with severe fatty infiltration of the liver (p < 0.05). The results show that for diagnosis of fatty infiltration of the liver, Ultrasonography using liver‐kidney contrast has only limited use in dairy cattle.
COMPARISON OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS TO HISTOPATHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 41 DOGS AND CATS WITH SUSPECTED SMALL BOWEL INFILTRATIVE DISEASE (1985 to 1990)
Authors: Weichsei. Baum Ralph C. , Feeney Daniel A. , Hayden David W.
Published: May 2005

It was the intent of this study to define which, if any, radiographic observations corresponded with specific causes of diffuse infiltrative small bowel disease and if radiographic findings could differentiate inflammatory disease from neoplastic disease and either of them from normal. Bowel spasticity, luminal narrowing, and thumbprinting tend to indicate the presence of tumor more often than inflammatory disease. Increased bowel gas in cats and barium adhesion in dogs and cats suggest that a component of enteritis is present. Decreased bowel gas in dogs is more often associated with obstructive disease, but is not helpful in differentiating diffuse inflammatory disease from diffuse neoplastic disease. While several observations that can foster differentiation of neoplastic from inflammatory disease were found, this study also indicated that the UGI lacks a high degree of predictive value other than to indicate the presence of infiltrative small bowel disease.
SIALOGRAPHY IN CATTLE: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL APPEARANCE
Authors: Dehghani Seifollah N. , Lischer Christoph J. , Iselin Urs , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Auer Jörg A.
Published: May 2005

Sialography of the bovine mandibular and parotid salivary glands was performed by injecting iodinated, water soluble contrast medium into the respective ducts. The anatomy of the above mentioned salivary glands was studied on cadaver heads. The mandibular duct enters the oral cavity on the ventral surface of the sublingual caruncles, which are located medial to the orifice of the ventral sublingual gland duct. The parotid gland duct enters the oral cavity on the cheek opposite the upper 2nd molar (Sth cheek tooth). Prior to applying sialography to live animals, the technique of catheterization, injection and radiography had to be developed, which was carried out on cadaver heads. Subsequently the technique was applied to 5 live animals. The animals were sedated, the mandibular and parotid ducts catheterized, and contrast medium was injected into each gland. Latero‐lateral radiographs were made immediately after the injection. The normal bovine mandibular and parotid glands, as depicted on sialograms, have a multilobutated appearance in cadaver heads, but in the live animal only the ducts and their smaller branches could be identified. The parotid duct leaves the deep surface of the rostral end of the gland and courses along the border of the masseter muscle before it enters the mouth. The mean diameter of the duct was 4.2 ± 0.3 mm. The mandibular duct is composed of a rostral and a caudal branch. The caudal branch describes a semi circular turn prior to joining the rostral branch. The mean diameter of the main duct was 2.8 ± 0.4 mm.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY‐GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS BIOPSY: CRITERIA FOR ACCURATE NEEDLE TIP IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Tidwell Amy S. , Johnson Karen L.
Published: May 2005

Precise localization of the needle tip during CT‐guided percutaneous biopsy is considered to be a key element of a successful procedure. To ensure accuracy, the true needle tip must be differentiated from a false or simulated tip which appears when the CT slice encompasses only the shaft of an angled needle. By obtaining images of an aspiration biopsy needle inserted vertically into a phantom and then incrementally tilting the gantry, the authors were able to compare the characteristic features of the true tip to the simulated tip. The true tip was abrupt and distinct and had an adjacent flame‐like low density artifact. The simulated tip was indistinct and tapered, yet still produced the adjacent artifact. We concluded that the shape and distinctness of the end portion of the needle itself, rather than the attendant artifact, were the most reliable criteria for accurate needle tip identification.