bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are expressed by most parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons in area MT of the macaque
Authors: Disney Anita A. , Alasady Hussein A. , Reynolds John H.
Published: March 2014

Background

In the mammalian neocortex, cells that express parvalbumin (PV neurons) comprise a dominant class of inhibitory neuron that substantially overlaps with the fast/narrow‐spiking physiological phenotype. Attention has pronounced effects on narrow‐spiking neurons in the extrastriate cortex of macaques, and more consistently so than on their broad‐spiking neighbors. Cortical neuromodulation by acetylcholine (ACh) is a candidate mechanism for aspects of attention and in the primary visual cortex (V1) of the macaque, receptors for ACh (AChRs) are strongly expressed by inhibitory neurons. In particular, most PV neurons in macaque V1 express m1 muscarinic AChRs and exogenously applied ACh can cause the release of γ‐aminobutyric acid. In contrast, few PV neurons in rat V1 express m1 AChRs. While this could be a species difference, it has also been argued that macaque V1 is anatomically unique when compared with other cortical areas in macaques.

Aims

The aim of this study was to better understand the extent to which V1 offers a suitable model circuit for cholinergic anatomy in the macaque occipital lobe, and to explore cholinergic modulation as a biological basis for the changes in circuit behavior seen with attention.

Materials and methods

We compared expression of m1 AChRs by PV neurons between area V1 and the middle temporal visual area (MT) in macaque monkeys using dual‐immunofluorescence confocal microscopy.

Results and conclusion

We find that, as in V1, most PV neurons in MT express m1 AChRs but, unlike in V1, it appears that so do most excitatory neurons. This provides support for V1 as a model of cholinergic modulation of inhibition in macaque visual cortex, but not of cholinergic modulation of visual cortical circuits in general. We also propose that ACh acting via m1 AChRs is a candidate underlying mechanism for the strong effects of attention on narrow‐spiking neurons observed in behaving animals.
Ambiguous goods and nebulous things
Authors: Slater Don
Published: March 2014

The paper argues that ambiguity is not a property of objects but of the relationships of things to classifications and practices. Ambiguity is considered at two levels: firstly, the capacity of things to be subsumed within multiple but equally valid orders, and secondly, the capacity of social actors to articulate and act upon diverse beliefs about the nature of things and their proper relationship to classifications and practices. This opens up the idea of ‘social ontology’: how can we think about and research people's understandings of objects, and how they engage with ambiguity in everyday practices, both as a problem and as a resource and opportunity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disordering things
Authors: Denegri‐Knott Janice , Parsons Elizabeth
Published: March 2014

In this paper, rather than approaching disorder as a problem, we see it as being pregnant with ambiguity that can potentially be a resource for new thinking and new ‘ordering’ work. We outline ways in which, within the domain of consumer behaviour, we can come to understand just how dirt, which is usually conceived as something destructive, can be productive. We focus on disorder, because in disordering things and in disorder, ambiguity becomes particularly visible, as a problem that is either confronted by mobilising an existing order or exploited to produce new ordering work. In this spirit, we explore ways in which disorder might be seen as suspended order, as destruction and as a state prior to order. In closing, we apply this thinking to the interpretive consumer research academy. We observe that through current reorderings and disorderings actioned in part through practice theory and actor network theoretical approaches, we are starting to glimpse the possibility of radicalising our research agenda once more. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes following cardiac catheterization after congenital heart surgery
Authors: Siehr Stephanie L. , Martin Mary Hunt , Axelrod David , Efron Bradley , Peng Lynn , Roth Stephen J. , Perry Stanton , Shin Andrew Y.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

Describe outcomes following unplanned cardiac catheterization after congenital heart surgery.

Background

Utility of cardiac catheterization following congenital heart surgery is relatively understudied.

Methods

Retrospective study examining demographics, indications, and outcomes of unplanned cardiac catheterization after congenital heart surgery at a single institution.

Results

Between October 2004 and April 2011, 120 patients underwent 150 unplanned postoperative cardiac catheterizations. Median day of catheterization was postoperative day 20 (range 1–269 days). Survival 30 days postcatheterization was 85%; overall survival to hospital discharge was 72%. Indications for catheterization: 63 for hemodynamic evaluation, 46 for likely intervention, and 41 for assessment of surgical repair. Of the 150 hemodynamic/interventional catheterizations, 103 (69%) were associated with a change in clinical management: 59 trans‐catheter interventions, 22 re‐operations, 11 changes in medication, six changes in surgical plan, and five withdrawals of support. Complications included hemorrhage in two patients, supraventricular tachycardia in two patients, and transient complete heart block requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation in one patient.

Conclusions

Cardiac catheterization following congenital heart surgery may enable important diagnostic and therapeutic changes in clinical and surgical management. Complications were rare. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Crystal Structures and Vibrational Spectra of Li[SCN] and Li[SCN]·2H2O.
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , Schulz Armin , Blaschkowski Bjoern , Schleid Thomas , DiSalvo Francis J.
Published: March 2014

Li[SCN]·2H2O (I) and its anhydrous form (II) crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with Z = 4 (single crystal XRD) and contain Li+ in sixfold coordination.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymorphism, Phase Transitions, and Thermal Expansion of K3Lu(PO4)2.
Authors: Farmer J. Matt , Boatner Lynn A. , Chakoumakos Bryan C. , Rawn Claudia J. , Mandrus David , Jin Rongying , Bryan Jeff C.
Published: March 2014

Single crystals of K3Lu(PO4)2 are prepared from mixtures of Lu2O3 and K4P2O7 (Pt crucible, 1508 K, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Microwave Dielectric Properties of an Ultralow‐Temperature‐Fired (AgBi)0.5WO4 Ceramic.
Authors: Zhou Di , Pang Li‐Xia , Xie Hui‐Dong , Guo Jing , He Bin , Qi Ze‐Ming , Shao Tao , Yao Xi , Randall Clive A.
Published: March 2014

Dense (AgBi)0.5WO4 ceramics are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Bi2O3, Ag2CO3, and WO3 (calcination at 500 °C for 4 h, sintering at about 580 °C for 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Chemical Stability and Cyclability in Li2S—P2S5—P2O5 —ZnO Composite Electrolytes for All‐Solid‐State Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.
Authors: Hayashi Akitoshi , Muramatsu Hiromasa , Ohtomo Takamasa , Hama Sigenori , Tatsumisago Masahiro
Published: March 2014

75Li2S‐ (25‐x)P2S5‐xP2O5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 10 mol%) sulfide glasses with high Li+ ion conductivity are prepared by planetary ball milling of the constituent compounds (510 rpm, 35 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 2‐Fluoro‐1,3‐dicarbonyl Compounds with Aqueous Hydrofluoric Acid Mediated by Iodosylarenes.
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Kuriki Satoshi , Muta Kensuke , Morshed Mohammad Hasan , Muta Kazutaka , Gondo Keisuke , Hori Yuji , Miyazaki Masaya
Published: March 2014

Fluorination of 2‐substituted ethyl 2‐oxocyclohexanecarboxylate and diethylmalonate fail.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Propargylamines with Two Adjacent Stereocenters: Mannich‐Type Reactions of in situ Generated C‐Alkynyl Imines with β‐Keto Esters.
Authors: Kano Taichi , Yurino Taiga , Maruoka Keiji
Published: March 2014

The stereoselective Mannich reaction of C‐alkynyl imines, generated in situ from aminals (I) and (VIII), with cyclic β‐keto esters is investigated in the presence of a chiral BINOL derived phosphoric acid.
ChemInform Abstract: N,N‐Dimethylformamide‐Stabilized Palladium Nanoclusters as Catalyst for Migita—Kosugi—Stille Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Yano Hiroki , Nakajima Yui , Obora Yasushi
Published: March 2014

The title catalyst is stable in air and shows high catalytic activity for the cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides with stannanes under ligand‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl Aryl(heteroaryl)acetates from N‐Oxides, 1,1‐Difluorostyrenes, and Alcohols.
Authors: Loska Rafal , Szachowicz Katarzyna , Szydlik Dorota
Published: March 2014

A novel method for the selective functionalization of heterocyclic rings on a position adjacent to nitrogen is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of gem‐Difluorocyclopropa(e)nes O‐, S‐, N‐, and P‐Difluoromethylated Compounds with TMSCF2Br.
Authors: Li Lingchun , Wang Fei , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo
Published: March 2014

This is a highly efficient method for the difluoromethylenation of C—C multiple bonds yielding difluorocyclopropane derivatives or the difluoromethylation of heteroatom nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Protocol for Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides Using Sulfated Tungstate: Application in Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Atenolol, Propranolol and Ranolazine.
Authors: Pathare Sagar P. , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G.
Published: March 2014

It is demonstrated that sulfated tungstate is a new efficient catalyst for the regioselective ring opening of epoxides by amines to give β‐amino alcohols including the pharmaceutical substances of title.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Mediated Nucleophilic Addition of an α‐Aminoalkyl Radical to Isocyanate or Isothiocyanate.
Authors: Zhou Hongxia , Lu Ping , Gu Xiangyong , Li Pixu
Published: March 2014

A visible‐light photoredox synthesis of α‐amino amides or α‐amino thioamides from N,N‐dimethylaniline derivatives and aryl isocyanates or aryl isothiocyanates is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion Between Difluorocarbene and Difluoromethylene Ylide.
Authors: Zheng Jian , Lin Jin‐Hong , Cai Ji , Xiao Ji‐Chang
Published: March 2014

The conversion of the difluoromethylene ylide precursor (II) to difluorocarbene is studied to enable the synthesis of difluorocyclopropenes (III) or the difluoromethyl substituted compounds (V), (VII) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Acyloxy‐1‐arylethanones.
Authors: Chen Jianzhong , Liu Delong , Butt Nicholas , Li Chao , Fan Dongyang , Liu Yangang , Zhang Wanbin
Published: March 2014

The first Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α‐acyloxy‐1‐arylethanones by using (R)‐DTBM‐SEGPHOS as ligand is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Organocatalytic Cascade Michael/Hemiketalization/Retro‐Aldol Reaction of 2‐[(E)‐2‐Nitrovinyl]phenols with 2,4‐Dioxo‐4‐arylbutanoates: A Convenient Access to Chiral α‐Keto Esters.
Authors: Liu Yunting , Wang Youming , Song Haibin , Zhou Zhenghong , Tang Chuchi
Published: March 2014

The title reaction is optimized using a bifunctional tertiary amine‐squaramide as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Selective Single Arylsulfanylation of Aryl Diiodides with Aryl Thiols.
Authors: Liu Yunyun , Wang Hang , Cao Xiaoji , Fang Zheng , Wan Jie‐Ping
Published: March 2014

The title reaction gives rise to the formation of a broad array of iodine‐functionalized diarylsulfides (III) (22 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Sulfonation of Enones with Sulfonyl Imines by Cooperative N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene/Thiourea/Tertiary‐Amine Multicatalysis.
Authors: Jin Zhichao , Xu Jianfeng , Yang Song , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: March 2014

This is the first organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of β‐sulfonyl ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Sulfamates with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Wang Zhan‐Yong , Ma Qin‐Na , Li Ren‐Hao , Shao Li‐Xiong
Published: March 2014

A newly synthesized NHC‐Pd(II)‐morpholine complex shows efficient catalytic activity toward Suzuki—Miyaura coupling of aryl sulfamates (I) with arylboronic acids (II) or potassium phenyltrifluoroborate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Cyclopropylmethyl N‐Tosylhydrazones with Aromatic Bromides: An Easy Access to Multisubstituted 1,3‐Butadienes
Authors: Yang Qin , Chai Huining , Liu Tingting , Yu Zhengkun
Published: March 2014

the title process affords 1,1‐disubstituted and 1,1,4‐trisubstituted 1,3‐butadienes
ChemInform Abstract: Recyclable L‐Proline Organocatalyst for Wieland—Miescher Ketone Synthesis.
Authors: Srivastava Vivek
Published: March 2014

L‐Proline is found to be a suitable catalyst for the efficient and highly enantioselective intramolecular aldol condensation of triketone (I) in an ionic liquid to give the title compound (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Tetrachlorinated Perylene Bisimide in a Strong Base to Form an Asymmetric Compound with Charge Transfer Optical Properties.
Authors: Zhang Wenqiang , Zhou Xuehong , Xie Zengqi , Yang Bing , Liu Linlin , Ma Yuguang
Published: March 2014

The optical properties of the compound (III) are investigated in CH2Cl2, hexane, and DMF.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Carbamoyl β‐Lactams via Manganese(III)‐Promoted Cyclization of N‐Alkenylmalonamides.
Authors: Punda Pawel , Ponikiewski Lukasz , Makowiec Slawomir
Published: March 2014

The title reaction affords trans‐products such as (II), (IV), (VII), and (VIII), exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur‐Assisted Domino Access to Bicyclic Dihydrofurans: Case Study and Early Synthetic Applications.
Authors: Paolella Concetta , D'Alonzo Daniele , Palumbo Giovanni , Guaragna Annalisa
Published: March 2014

A DDQ‐mediated domino reaction, including six steps in a single process, is developed to selectively provide substituted dihydrofuran (III) from a common starting material (I) containing a cyclic bis‐thioenol ether.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Photochromic Properties of a New Unsymmetrical Diarylethene.
Authors: Fan Congbin , Cui Shiqiang , Pu Shouzhi , Huang Qianli , Liu Gang
Published: March 2014

The synthesized compound (III) dissolved in hexane or embedded in a poly(methylmethacrylate) amorphous film shows good fluorescence switching properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Trifluoromethylation/Aryl Migration/Desulfonylation and C(sp2)—N Bond Formation of Conjugated Tosyl Amides.
Authors: Kong Wangqing , Casimiro Maria , Merino Estibaliz , Nevado Cristina
Published: March 2014

The reaction affords α‐aryl‐βtrifluoromethylamides with a quaternary stereocenter or trifluoromethylated oxindoles from the N‐aryl or N‐alkyl substrates of the types (I) or (X), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Palladium Catalysis: A Predictable and Selectable Regiocontrolled Synthesis of N‐Arylbenzimidazoles.
Authors: Jui Nathan T. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: March 2014

A novel Pd‐catalyzed regioselective approach to N‐alkylbenzimidazoles is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Access to the Smallest Enolate Intermediate via Organocatalytic Activation of Acetic Ester.
Authors: Chen Shaojin , Hao Lin , Zhang Yuexia , Tiwari Bhoopendra , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: March 2014

An N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalyzed activation of acetic esters to afford enolate intermediates is disclosed.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Oxidation of Alkenylbenzoates Catalyzed by Chiral Hypervalent Iodine(III) to Yield 4‐Hydroxyisochroman‐1‐ones.
Authors: Shimogaki Mio , Fujita Morifumi , Sugimura Takashi
Published: March 2014

Various hypervalent iodine(III) derivatives are screened for their catalytic activity in the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Azidation and Nitration of Arenes by C—H Activation.
Authors: Xie Fang , Qi Zisong , Li Xingwei
Published: March 2014

The first regioselective Rh‐catalyzed C—H azidation and nitration of arenes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Dihydroisoquinolines Synthesis from o‐Ethynyl Benzacetals and Sulfonyl Azides.
Authors: Sun Lang , Zhu Yuanxun , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: March 2014

An efficient synthesis of 1,3‐ and 1,1‐dialkoxy‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinolines from o‐ethynylbenzacetals and sulfonyl azides via a cascade process combining copper‐catalyzed alkyne—azide cycloaddition (CuAAC), Dimroth rearrangement, 1,5‐OR shift/1,5‐H shift, and 6π‐electrocyclic ring closure (6p‐ERC) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Indolizines and New Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines via the Expected Cyclization of Aromatic Cycloimmonium Ylides with Electron Deficient Alkynes and Ethyl Cyanoformate.
Authors: Sandeep C. , Padmashali Basavaraj , Kulkarni Rashmi S.
Published: March 2014

The base‐mediated title cyclization reactions proceed at room temperature in short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzyne‐Mediated Rearrangement of 3‐(2‐Pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazines into 10‐(1H‐1,2,3‐Triazol‐1‐yl)pyrido[1,2‐a]indoles.
Authors: Nikonov Igor L. , Kopchuk Dmitry S. , Kovalev Igor S. , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Khasanov Albert F. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Rusinov Vladimir L. , Chupakhin Oleg N.
Published: March 2014

Surprisingly, the treatment of triazines with benzyne generated in situ from 2‐aminobenzoic acid and isoamyl nitrite results in the formation of the title indole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Step Synthesis of an Annulated β‐Carboline via Palladium Catalysis.
Authors: Mulcahy Seann P. , Varelas Jonathan G.
Published: March 2014

The incorporation of an additional fused ring onto β‐carboline via a novel palladium‐catalyzed, one‐pot Sonogashira coupling/intramolecular [2 + 2 + 2] cyclization is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aryl Trimethylstannanes from Aryl Amines: A Sandmeyer‐Type Stannylation Reaction.
Authors: Qiu Di , Meng He , Jin Liang , Wang Shuai , Tang Shengbo , Wang Xi , Mo Fanyang , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: March 2014

Diazotation of anilines in the presence of Me3SnSnMe3 results in a convenient synthesis of aryl trimethylstannanes.
ChemInform Abstract: First Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Triumfettamide.
Authors: Devi Thongam Joymati , Saikia Bishwajit , Barua Nabin C.
Published: March 2014

The concise and convergent synthesis of triumfettamide (I) involves Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, Sharpless kinetic resolution, regioselective DIBAL‐H reduction of acetal, regioselective epoxide opening, and Wittig olefination as key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Akaeolide, a Carbocyclic Polyketide from Marine‐Derived Streptomyces.
Authors: Igarashi Yasuhiro , Zhou Tao , Sato Seizo , Matsumoto Takashi , Yu Linkai , Oku Naoya
Published: March 2014

Akaeolide (I), a novel polycyclic polyketide, is isolated from the culture extract of a marine‐derived actinomycete belonging to the genus Streptomyces.
ChemInform Abstract: Crooked Ag2Te Nanowires with Rough Surfaces: Facile Microwave‐Assisted Solution Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Electrical Performances.
Authors: Pei Jian , Chen Gang , Jia Dechang , Yu Yaoguang , Sun Jingxue , Xu Haiming , Qiu Zhuangzhuang
Published: March 2014

The title nanowires are synthesized from an ethylene glycol solution of AgNO3, Na2TeO3, and NaOH, which is microwave‐heated rapidly to 190 °C and maintained at this temperature for 15 min.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Oxide Particles in Materials Science: Addressing All Length Scales
Authors: Koziej Dorota , Lauria Alessandro , Niederberger Markus
Published: March 2014

Review: 177 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Really Understanding Layered Vanadyl Phosphate Hydrates
Authors: Huang Hui‐Lin , Lii Kwang‐Hwa , Wang Sue‐Lein
Published: March 2014

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Electron‐Poor Acetylenes to Enaminones, Enamino Esters and Related Systems. Rearrangements and Ring‐Expansion Reactions
Authors: Stanovnik Branko
Published: March 2014

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tidbits for the Synthesis of Bis(2‐sulfanylethyl)amido (SEA) Polystyrene Resin, SEA Peptides and Peptide Thioesters
Authors: Ollivier Nathalie , Raibaut Laurent , Blanpain Annick , Desmet Remi , Dheur Julien , Mhidia Reda , Boll Emmanuelle , Drobecq Herve , Pira Silvain L. , Melnyk Oleg
Published: March 2014

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleic Acid‐Tagged Peptides: Encoding Libraries and Controlling Dimerization and Conformation
Authors: Sadhu Kalyan K. , Winssinger Nicolas
Published: March 2014

Review: recent progress in the synthesis, screening, and self‐assembly of nucleic acidtagged peptidic libraries
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Polymorphism
Authors: Cruz‐Cabeza Aurora J. , Bernstein Joel
Published: March 2014

Review: of organic compounds; 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods to Enable the Design of Bioactive Small Molecules Targeting RNA
Authors: Disney Matthew D. , Yildirim Ilyas , Childs‐Disney Jessica L.
Published: March 2014

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Colloidal Metal Nanocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Na Kyungsu , Zhang Qiao , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: March 2014

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecularly Imprinted Solid‐Phase Extraction in the Analysis of Agrochemicals
Authors: Yi Ling‐Xiao , Fang Rou , Chen Guan‐Hua
Published: March 2014

Review: 109 refs.
Efficient environment management for distributed simulation of large‐scale situated multi‐agent systems
Authors: Cicirelli Franco , Giordano Andrea , Nigro Libero
Published: March 2014

Multi‐agent systems have been proven very effective for the modelling and simulation (M&S) of complex systems like those related to biology, engineering, social sciences and so forth. The intrinsic spatial character of many such systems leads to the definition of a situated agent. A situated agent owns spatial coordinates and acts and interacts with its peers in a hosting territory. In the context of parallel/distributed simulation of situated agent models, the territory represents a huge shared variable that requires careful handling. Frequent access by agents to territory information easily becomes a bottleneck degrading system performance and scalability. This paper proposes an original approach to modelling and distributed simulation of large‐scale situated multi‐agent systems. Time management is exploited for resolving conflicts and achieving data consistency while accessing the environment. The approach allows a simplification of the M&S tasks by making the modeller unaware of distribution concerns while ensuring the achievement of good scalability and performance during the distributed simulation. Practical aspects of the approach are demonstrated through some modelling examples based on Tileworld. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytopathological features of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma—Review of literature
Authors: Takeda Maiko , Kasai Takahiko , Morita Kohei , Takeuchi Mao , Nishikawa Takeshi , Yamashita Akinori , Mikami Shinji , Hosoi Hiroshi , Ohbayashi Chiho
Published: March 2014

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently described salivary gland tumor that morphologically resembles mammary secretory carcinoma and carries the identical ETV6‐NTRK3 fusion gene. We report a surgical resected case of MASC in the parotid gland of a 41‐year‐old man. The cytological smears of a preoperative fine‐needle aspiration showed many sheets and crowded clusters of monotonous epithelioid cells with mild atypia, suggestive of monomorphic tumor. Histologically, the tumor was composed of cuboidal cells with follicular, tubular, and solid structures, reminiscent of acinic cell carcinoma of follicular variant, which had been previously classified. This case had ETV6‐NTRK3 fusion gene transcript confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In the cytological and histopathological diagnosis of monomorphic tumor of salivary gland, MASC needs to be taken into consideration as a differential diagnosis. Further immunohistochemical and gene analyses are needed in diagnosis of MASC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:131–137. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pleomorphic liposarcoma: A cytologic study of five cases
Authors: Dodd Leslie G. , “Sara” Jiang Xiaoyin , Rao Kathleen , Bui Marilyn M.
Published: March 2014

Pleomorphic liposarcoma represents one of the rarest variants of liposarcoma. It has a poor prognosis and unlike other variants of liposarcoma, lacks a molecular or genetic signature. Histologic studies of pleomorphic liposarcoma have defined this lesion as a high grade sarcoma, which contains a variable number of lipoblasts. We describe the cytologic features of five cases of pleomorphic liposarcoma, all of which had histologic confirmation. We consistently identified numerous lipoblasts as well as micro and macrovesicular fat vacuoles in the background of cellular, pleomorphic sarcomatoid neoplasms. The appearance of the aspirates differs substantially form other variants of liposarcoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:138–143. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of the only commercially available immunoassay for synthetic cathinones in urine: Randox Drugs of Abuse V Biochip Array Technology
Authors: Ellefsen Kayla N. , Anizan Sébastien , Castaneto Marisol S. , Desrosiers Nathalie A. , Martin Thomas M. , Klette Kevin L. , Huestis Marilyn A.
Published: March 2014

Deterrence of synthetic cathinone abuse is hampered by the lack of a high‐throughput immunoassay screen. The Randox Drugs of Abuse V (DOA‐V) Biochip Array Technology contains two synthetic cathinone antibodies: Bath Salt I (BSI) targets mephedrone/methcathinone and Bath Salt II (BSII) targets 3’,4’‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)/3’,4’‐methylenedioxy‐α‐pyrrolidinobutiophenone (MDPBP). We evaluated DOA‐V synthetic cathinones performance and conducted a full validation on the original assay with calibrators reconstituted in water, and the new assay with calibrators prepared in lyophilized urine; both utilized the same antibodies and were run on the fully automated Evidence® Analyzer. We screened 20 017 authentic military urine specimens and confirmed positives by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) for 28 synthetic cathinones. Limits of detection (LOD) for the original and new assays were 0.35 and 0.18 (BSI), and 8.5 and 9.2 µg/L (BSII), respectively. Linearity was acceptable (R2 > 0.98); however, a large negative bias was observed with in‐house prepared calibrators. Intra‐assay imprecision was <20% BSI‐II, while inter‐assay imprecision was 18‐42% BSI and <22% BSII. Precision was acceptable for Randox controls. Cross‐reactivities of many additional synthetic cathinones were determined. Authentic drug‐free negative urine pH <4 produced false positive results for BSI (6.3 µg/L) and BSII (473 µg/L). Oxidizing agents reduced BSI and increased BSII results. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of 100%, 52.1%, and 53.0% were obtained at manufacturer's proposed cut‐offs (BSI 5 µg/L, BSII 30 µg/L). Performance improved if cut‐off concentrations increased (BSI 7.5 µg/L, BSII 40 µg/L); however, there were limited confirmed positive specimens. Currently, this is the first and only fully validated immunoassay for preliminary detection of synthetic cathinones in urine. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Cucurbituril‐Based Supramolecular Self‐Assemblies Formed in the Presence of Alkali Metal and Cadmium Ions
Authors: Cong Hang , Zhao Yi , Liang Li‐Li , Chen Kai , Chen Xiao‐Jie , Xiao Xin , Zhang Yun‐Qian , Zhu Qian‐Jiang , Xue Sai‐Feng , Tao Zhu
Published: March 2014

In the present work, we describe four previously unreported cucurbituril‐based coordination supramolecular self‐assemblies, formed in the presence of alkali metal and cadmium ions. Unexpectedly, in the presence of potassium or rubidium and cadmium cations, cucurbituril prefers to coordinate with cadmium to form three dimensional frameworks. The alkali metal ions seem to play a role of structure inducer in HCl medium and are not present in the final structures. In neutral aqueous solution, cadmium cations also show stronger coordination to cucurbituril and form one‐dimensional supramolecular chains through static electronic interactions. When the alkali metal ion is sodium in HCl solution, sodium ions show stronger coordination to cucurbituril and form one‐dimensional coordination polymers. [CdCl4]2– anions link the linear polymers through static electronic interactions between coordinated chloride anions and sodium cations, which results in the formation of two‐dimensional networks.
Magnetic Studies of Redox‐Active Tetrathiafulvalene‐Based Complexes: Dysprosium vs. Ytterbium Analogues
Authors: Jung Julie , da Cunha Tamyris T. , Le Guennic Boris , Pointillart Fabrice , Pereira Cynthia L. M. , Luzon Javier , Golhen Stéphane , Cador Olivier , Maury Olivier , Ouahab Lahcène
Published: March 2014

The two mononuclear complexes [Ln(tta)3(L)]·C6H14 {Ln = DyIII and YbIII} (tta– = 2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, L = 2‐{1‐methylpyridyl‐4,5‐[4,5‐bis(propylthio)tetrathiafulvalenyl]‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl}pyridine) are isostructural. The lanthanide ions adopt a distorted‐square‐antiprism coordination polyhedron (D4d symmetry). The DyIII compound behaves like a single‐molecule magnet (SMM), whereas no out‐of‐phase component of the magnetic susceptibility is measured for YbIII. The crystal‐field splitting of the 2F7/2 and 6H15/2 ground multiplets of YbIII and DyIII, respectively, were determined by means of ab initio calculations and confirmed by the emission energy lines of the 2F5/2→2F7/2 luminescence spectrum in the case of YbIII. The nature of the MJ ground states indicates that YbIII is not an Ising system, whereas DyIII is. The experimental and calculated anisotropy axes for DyIII lie along the most negatively charged direction, whereas those for YbIII lie almost perpendicularly. Finally, the gz values corroborate the uniaxiality of the anisotropy axis for DyIII.
Species sensitivity and dependence on exposure conditions impacting the phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to benthic organisms
Authors: Li Shibin , Wallis Lindsay K. , Diamond Stephen A. , Ma Hongbo , Hoff Dale J.
Published: March 2014

Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) to aquatic organisms can be greatly increased after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This phenomenon has received some attention for water column species; however, investigations of nano-TiO2 phototoxicity for benthic organisms are still limited. In the present study, bioassays of 3 representative benthic organisms (Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus, and Chironomus dilutus) were conducted to evaluate nano-TiO2 phototoxicity. When exposed to 20 mg/L of nano-TiO2 and various light intensities (0–30 W/m2), H. azteca was the most sensitive, with a median lethal dose of 40.7 (95% confidence interval, 36.3–44.7) Wh/m2, and hence is a potential model organism in future toxicological guidelines for photoactive nanomaterials to freshwater benthos. Without the presence of nano-TiO2, no mortality was observed in L. variegatus and C. dilutus exposed to UV intensity ranging from 0 W/m2 to 41 W/m2. However, a sharp drop of H. azteca survival was observed when UV intensity was higher than 9.4 W/m2, demonstrating the importance of UV-only effects on the ultimate phototoxicity of nanomaterials. Furthermore, both bioavailability and surface attachment of nano-TiO2 onto organisms were affected by the exposure scenario, supported by the exposure scenario–dependent phototoxicity seen in H. azteca and C. dilutus. Overall, the present study demonstrates the importance of species sensitivity and exposure scenarios in future test guidelines of nano-phototoxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1563–1569. © 2014 SETAC
Exploring ecotoxicological fish bioassay for the evaluation of uranium reprotoxicity
Authors: Simon Olivier , Floc'h Estelle , Geffroy Benjamin , Frelon Sandrine
Published: March 2014

Although reproduction in fish is known to be sensitive to metal exposure, few ecotoxicological studies have focused on the toxicological effects of metals. Because uranium (U) is naturally present in aquatic ecosystems (0.6–2 mg/L), freshwater organisms are subjected to chronic U exposure. Although new standardized assays are currently being developed to mimic realistic exposure conditions, they could be improved by taking into account the contamination that occurs throughout the life cycle of fish. The authors initially evaluated the effect of food (commercial flakes vs pure Spirulina) and ionic composition of the exposure medium on the reproductive performance of Danio rerio. The effects of U exposure on reproduction then were assessed 1) for the F0 adult stage at short exposure times (5 d, 20 d, and 40 d), and 2) for the F0 stage and the F1 generation after 200 d of exposure to control, low (20 µg U/L), and moderate (250 µg U/L) waterborne levels of U. Reproductive endpoints (reproductive success, fecundity, number of spawns, egg and larvae viability, and hatching) were measured mainly after the first spawn and after 10 d of cumulative spawns. The authors evaluated the plasticity of these endpoints and compared the effect of exposure conditions to identify the most relevant markers of the effect of U exposure on reproductive performance of D. rerio. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1817–1824. © 2014 SETAC
Antioxidant capacity of hydrolyzed porcine tissues
Authors: Damgaard Trine D. , Otte Jeanette A. H. , Meinert Lene , Jensen Kirsten , Lametsch René
Published: March 2014

The antioxidative capacity of seven different porcine tissue hydrolysates (colon, appendix, rectum, pancreas, heart, liver, and lung) were tested by four different assays, including iron chelation, 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and inhibition of lipid oxidation. All hydrolyzed tissues displayed antioxidant capacity in all four assays, with colon, liver, and appendix as the three most potent inhibitors of lipid oxidation (47, 29, and 27 mmol/L trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity [TEAC], respectively) and liver, colon, pancreas, and appendix as the four most potent iron chelators (92% ± 1.1, 79.3% ± 3.2, 77.1% ± 1.8, and 77% ± 2.3, respectively). Furthermore, colon and appendix showed good radical scavenging capacities with ABTS scavenging of 86.4% ± 2.1 and 84.4% ± 2.9 and DPPH scavenging of 17.6% ± 0.3 and 17.1% ± 0.2, respectively. Our results provide new knowledge about the antioxidant capacity of a variety of animal by‐products, which can be transformed into antioxidant hydrolysates, thereby creating added value.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Cooling High Temperature Steel Plate by Single Round Jet Impingement
Authors: Zhou Gang , Wen Zhi , Dou Ruifeng , Su Fuyong , Liu Siqiang , Li Zhi , Feng Xiaohong
Published: March 2014

The heat transfer characteristics of a single round air jet impingement on a high temperature steel plate were examined experimentally using a single‐point temperature measurement method, incorporated with solving the inverse heat conduction problem. During the experiments, the temperature of the steel plate varied from 1073 K to 373 K, the Reynolds number was set to 27,000, the nozzle to plate spacing was set to 4. The results indicated that the radial distribution of the local Nusselt number is bell‐shaped at the initial stage of the transient cooling process. As the cooling process continues, the local Nusselt numbers decrease and a second peak occurs at r/D = 2. The area averaged Nusselt number are in accordance with the correlation proposed by Hofmann and Martin at first and then decrease significantly, but this trend is not obvious at r/D > 10.
First and Second Law Analysis for the MHD Flow of Two Immiscible Couple Stress Fluids between Two Parallel Plates
Authors: Murthy J. V. Ramana , Srinivas J.
Published: March 2014

This paper aims to analyze the heat transfer by the first and second laws of thermodynamics for the flow of two immiscible couple stress fluids inside a horizontal channel under the action of an imposed transverse magnetic field. The plates of the channel are maintained at constant and different temperatures higher than that of the fluid. The flow region consists of two zones, the flow of the heavier fluid taking place in the lower zone. No slip condition is taken on the plates and continuity of velocity, vorticity, shear stress, couple stress, temperature, and heat flux are imposed at the interface. The velocity and temperature distributions are derived analytically and these are used to compute the dimensionless expressions for the entropy generation number and Bejan number. The results are presented graphically. It is observed that the imposed magnetic field reduces the entropy production rate near the plates.
Monitoring the aquatic toxicity of mosquito vector control spray pesticides to freshwater receiving waters
Authors: Phillips Bryn M , Anderson Brian S , Voorhees Jennifer P , Siegler Katie , Denton Debra , TenBrook Patti , Larsen Karen , Isorena Philip , Tjeerdema Ron S
Published: March 2014

Pesticides are applied to state and local waterways in California to control insects such as mosquitoes, which are known to serve as a vector for West Nile Virus infection of humans. The California State Water Resources Control Board adopted a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System General Permit to address the discharge to waters of the United States of pesticides resulting from adult and larval mosquito control. Because pesticides used in spray activities have the potential to cause toxicity to nontarget organisms in receiving waters, the current study was designed to determine whether toxicity testing provides additional, useful environmental risk information beyond chemical analysis in monitoring spray pesticide applications. Monitoring included a combination of aquatic toxicity tests and chemical analyses of receiving waters from agricultural, urban, and wetland habitats. The active ingredients monitored included the organophosphate pesticides malathion and naled, the pyrethroid pesticides etofenprox, permethrin, and sumithrin, pyrethrins, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Approximately 15% of the postapplication water samples were significantly toxic. Toxicity of half of these samples was attributed to the naled breakdown product dichlorvos. Toxicity of 2 other water samples likely occurred when PBO synergized the effects of pyrethroid pesticides that were likely present in the receiving system. Four of 43 postapplication sediment samples were significantly more toxic than their corresponding pre-application samples, but none of the observed toxicity was attributed to the application events. These results indicate that many of the spray pesticides used for adult mosquito control do not pose significant acute toxicity risk to invertebrates in receiving systems. In the case of naled in water, analysis of only the active ingredient underestimated potential impacts to the receiving system, because toxicity was attributed to the breakdown product, dichlorvos. Toxicity testing can provide useful risk information about unidentified, unmeasured toxicants or mixtures of toxicants. In this case, toxicity testing provided information that could lead to the inclusion of dichlorvos monitoring as a permit requirement. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:449–455. © 2014 SETAC

Key Points

Toxicity testing identified the potential impacts of the active ingredient breakdown products of pesticides used for mosquito control. This study demonstrated that monitoring for a single active ingredient does not provide a complete picture of potential impacts to receiving systems. Toxicity testing is a tool that integrates effects of the active ingredient and its degradates, formulation components, and any chemical stressors that may already be present in the receiving system.
GAME CHANGERS FOR IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE—DO THE RIGHT INCENTIVES EXIST?
Authors: Bird Jeremy
Published: March 2014

Game changers to achieve sustainable intensification of agriculture are possible in the irrigation sector and they focus mainly on getting more with less. There is, however, still a long way to go to replicate, adapt and develop approaches to take such ideas to scale and increase productivity within existing agricultural water management contexts. Recognizing this, the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) seeks to achieve sustainable intensification through productive and efficient use of resources, restoring the productive capacity of degraded agricultural landscapes and reducing risk and uncertainty through the sustainable management of land and water resources. WLE research has contributed to reductions in fertilizer use through substitution with reused organic waste products, improved groundwater governance in India and changing the policy framework for smallholder farmers in Africa to improve their access to simple water management technologies. Achieving more widespread adoption of these kinds of practices requires evidence which can increase our understanding of the constraints and effectiveness of different options; an openness to explore new and sometimes counter‐intuitive ideas; working across institutional boundaries; consideration of the rainfed to irrigation continuum; and a commitment to provide the necessary policy framework, capacity and resources to support incentives for change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physico‐chemical properties and in vitro response of silk fibroin from various domestic races
Authors: Kaewprasit Kanyaluk , Promboon Amornrat , Kanokpanont Sorada , Damrongsakkul Siriporn
Published: March 2014

In this study, the characteristics of silk fibroin films obtained from regenerated aqueous silk fibroin solution of various races were evaluated. Three races based on original sources of silkworms were selected: Nangnoi‐Sisaket 1 (NN), Nakhon Ratchasima 1 (K1), and Nakhon Ratchasima 2 (K8). The Tg and Td of silk fibroin films were around 147–156°C and 277–279°C, respectively. FTIR result revealed that all silk fibroin films had beta sheet conformation. K1 and K8 films were found to be more hydrophilic than NN film. From in vitro tests using L929 mouse fibroblast and rat bone marrow‐derived stem cells (rMSCs), the cell attachment was slightly greater on K1 film than the other two films. The enhanced cell growth on K1 film might be related to its slightly high hydrophilicity and the higher content of serine. The result of osteogenic differentiation test showed that alkaline phosphatase and deposited mineral of rMSCs were higher on all silk fibroin films than on tissue culture plate. K1 film tended to promote osteogenic differentiation of rMSCs to a higher extent than NN and K8 films. K1 silk fibroin film exhibited a higher potential to support cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation than other two films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1639–1647, 2014.
Clarification of pomegranate juice (Punica Granatum L.) by hollow fibre membranes: analyses of membrane fouling and performance
Authors: Cassano Alfredo , Conidi Carmela , Tasselli Franco
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

Membrane based clarification of fruit juices has become a popular unit operation in modern fruit juice processing industries. In this work modified poly(ether ether ketone) and polysulfone hollow fibre membranes, with high water flux and molecular weight cut‐off, were prepared via the dry‐wet spinning technique through the phase inversion process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, water permeability and dextran rejection. The prepared membranes were used to clarify pomegranate juice with the aim to preserve the phenolic fraction and to obtain high permeation fluxes. The effect of transmembrane pressure and axial feed velocity on permeation flux and hydraulic resistances of the prepared membranes was investigated.

RESULTS

Permeate fluxes increased by increasing the axial velocity of the juice. The flow–pressure curves followed the gel‐polarization model. All resistances, with the exception of the membrane resistance increased by increasing the operating pressure and decreased with the axial feed velocity. Polysulfone membranes exhibited higher steady state permeate flux (47 L m−2 h−1) and lower rejection towards flavonoids (24.1%) and phenolic compounds (25.1%) in selected operating conditions.

CONCLUSION

Polysulfone membranes were suitable for preserving phenolic compounds in the clarification of pomegranate juice. For these membranes operating conditions giving maximum permeation fluxes and minimum fouling index were identified. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of different TiO2 samples as photocatalyst for the degradation of a mixture of four commercial pesticides
Authors: Vicente Rafael , Soler Juan , Arques Antonio , Amat Ana Maria , Frontistis Zacharias , Xekoukoulotakis Nikos , Mantzavinos Dionissios
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

The presence of pesticides in surface and ground waters can trigger serious environmental problems, particularly in those areas where agriculture is the major economic activity. In this respect, photochemical advanced oxidation processes may be employed to decontaminate such matrices.

RESULTS

Semiconductor photocatalysis was employed to treat a mixture of four commercial pesticides (oxydemethon‐methyl, methidathion, carbaryl and dimethoate at 25 mg L−1 each). Laboratory scale experiments under UV‐A irradiation were performed to evaluate the relative activity of six commercially available titania samples at 0.5 g L−1 concentration, with Evonik P25 (a 75:25 mixture of anatase:rutile) being the most effective one in terms of pesticides degradation. Experiments were then performed in a pilot plant reactor under natural sunlight leading to quantitative removal of pesticides in less than 300 min; this was accompanied by a substantial reduction of acute toxicity to Vibrio fischeri (i.e. from an initial value of 50% to 15%), as well as moderate mineralization, i.e. 40% COD and 25% DOC removal.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of sunlight, a renewable energy source, alongside a commercially available, inexpensive and active titania photocatalyst may offer a sustainable treatment option to detoxify this type of wastewater. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Micro‐CT measurements of tumoral vessels supplied by portal circulation in hepatic colorectal metastasis mouse model
Authors: Jun Hong Young , Lee Young Hwan , Juhng Seon Kwan , Lee Myeung Su , Oh Jaemin , Yoon Kwon‐Ha
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the micro CT findings of tumoral vessels supplied by portal circulation during establishment of hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer in a mouse model. Hepatic metastases were induced in 15 BALB/c mice through the injection of murine colonic adenocarcinoma tumor cells into the mesenteric vein. Micro‐CT imaging of the tumoral vessels was obtained to clarify the microvascular architecture. We evaluated the sinusoidal structure, diameter of the tumoral vessels (DTV) and blood vessel density (BVD) according to tumor sizes ranging from 201 to 3,000 µm in diameter. A total of 116 tumors were observed on day 15 after cell injection. The mean diameter of a normal hepatic sinusoid was 11.7 ± 2.0 µm on micro CT. The DTV supplied by the portal vein of tumors measuring 1,001–1,500 µm in diameter was greater than that of tumors 200–1,000 µm in diameter. The mean BVD from the portal vein gradually decrease according to size of tumor from 201 to 3,000 µm in diameter (r2 = −0.584, P < 0.01). The characteristics of tumoral vessels supplied by portal circulation during establishment of hepatic colorectal metastases were well visualized with micro‐CT imaging. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:415–421, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.