bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservation Evaluation of Lemmon's Holly Fern, Polystichum lemmonii, a Threatened Fern in Canada
Authors: Douglas George W.
Published: January 2017

In Canada, Lemmon's Holly Fern, Polystichum lemmonii, is restricted to the Baldy Mountain area on the eastern side of the Okanagan River valley in south-central British Columbia. This population represents the northern limits of the species which ranges south through northern Idaho, Washington and Oregon to northern California. In British Columbia, P. lemmonii is associated with ultramafic rocky ridges within a montane forest at an elevation of 1900 m. The population in the Baldy Mountain area is relatively small, unprotected and potentially imperilled by mining exploration, forest road construction or wildfires.
Conservation Evaluation of Small-flowered Lipocarpha, Lipocarpha micrantha (Cyperaceae), in Canada
Authors: Smith Tyler W. , Douglas George W. , Harris Allan G.
Published: January 2017

In Canada, Lipocarpha micrantha has been documented at eight locations in Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. Four of these populations have apparently been extirpated. The remaining populations, ranging from 120 to approximately 40000 plants, are all northern disjuncts from the main range of this species. Threats to these populations include water level regulation and shoreline development. Considering the threats to the habitat of Lipocarpha micrantha, and the small size of most of the remaining populations, it has been designated an Endangered species in Canada.
Parasite Prevalence in Dark-eyed Juncos, Junco hyemalis, Breeding at Different Elevations
Authors: Bears Heather
Published: January 2017

During the summer of 2001, Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) were captured within the lowest (1000 m above sea level) and highest (2000 m asl) elevation extremes of their breeding range in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Blood samples were taken to identify parasite genera, and to test for differences in parasite prevalence among elevations. The most common parasites at either elevation were Haemoproteus spp., Leucocytozoon spp., and Trypanosoma spp. A significantly higher proportion of low- compared to high-elevation birds was infected by at least one of these, supporting the prediction that high-elevation habitats may be refuges from parasites.
Observations of Above-Surface Littoral Foraging in Two Sea Ducks, Barrow's Goldeneye, Bucephala islandica, and Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata, in Coastal Southwestern British Columbia
Authors: Lacroix Deborah L. , Wright Kenneth G. , Kent Daniel
Published: January 2017

Barrow's Goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) and Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) were observed on four separate occasions, by three different observers, foraging on Bay Mussels (Mytilus trossulus) above the water surface. This unique foraging behaviour could be attributed to diurnal spring tides and reduced lower intertidal mussel abundance.
New Records of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae from the Yukon Territory
Authors: Harris Stuart A. , Ball Peter W.
Published: January 2017

Two new species of Cyperaceae are reported, viz., Carex hoodii, and Eleocharis elliptica. Also, range extensions for eight species of Carex, Eriophorum, and Juncus are listed.
Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris, Sightings off Haida Gwaii / Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, 1972-2002
Authors: Raum-Suryan Kimberly , Pitcher Kenneth , Lamy Richard
Published: January 2017

On 27 June 2001 we observed and photographed a Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) adjacent to a Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) haulout near Sgang Gwaay (Anthony Island), Haida Gwaii / Queen Charlotte Islands. This is one of only eight documented sightings of Sea Otters in these waters during the past 30 years. These sightings may represent the beginning of the expansion of Sea Otters to their former range off Haida Gwaii.
First Record of a Barred Owl, Strix varia, in Labrador
Authors: Schmelzer Isabelle , Phillips Frank
Published: January 2017

A Barred Owl (Strix varia) was heard calling in central Labrador, Canada in 2001, and a dead owl was found in the same area in 2004. These are the first confirmed records for the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Frequency of Tail Breakage of the Northern Watersnake, Nerodia sipedon sipedon
Authors: Bowen Kenneth D.
Published: January 2017

I noted the frequency of broken tails of Northern Watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon sipedon, in the Beaver Archipelago of Northeastern Lake Michigan. Overall, 10% (22 of 220) of captured snakes had broken tails. This value is similar to published values for closely related snakes but is smaller than those reported for another Nerodia sipedon sipedon population. Unlike some previously published studies, the frequency of injured tails was not greater for females or lesser for first-year snakes. The mechanism behind the injury frequency observed here and the reason for differences between this and other studies are unknown.
The Heather Vole, Genus Phenacomys, in Alaska
Authors: MacDonald S. O. , Runck Amy M. , Cook Joseph A.
Published: January 2017

Four specimens of heather vole (genus Phenacomys) collected in the coastal mountains of Southeast Alaska document the first Recent records of this vole in Alaska. Alternative hypotheses on the relationship of these newly-discovered populations to extant and historical populations are outlined, and additional studies proposed.
American Dipper, Cinclus mexicanus, Preys Upon Larval Tailed Frogs, Ascaphus truei
Authors: Morrissey Christy A. , Olenick Roberta J.
Published: January 2017

The American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus) is an aquatic songbird that inhabits fast-flowing mountain streams in western North America. Although dippers are known to feed primarily on aquatic invertebrates, they will also eat juvenile fish and salmon eggs when available. In 2002, while monitoring and photographing nesting activities of the American dipper, we observed and photographed adult dippers capturing Tailed Frog (Ascaphus truei) tadpoles and feeding them to their young. This note is intended to document a rarely observed occurrence and identify interactions between two relatively uncommon species.
New Records for the Arctic Shrew, Sorex arcticus and the Newly Recognized Maritime Shrew, Sorex maritimensis
Authors: Perry Neil D. , Stewart Donald T. , Madden Elizabeth M. , Maier Thomas J.
Published: January 2017

We report the first record for the Arctic Shrew (Sorex arcticus) in the state of Montana, USA. We also report range extensions for the closely related Maritime Shrew (Sorex maritimensis) in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. These collections augment our limited knowledge of the ranges and habitat associations of these rarely collected shrews, and highlight the need for a careful assessment of the status of S. maritimensis in Canada.
Description of Age-0 Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus Pallas (Gobiidae), and Ecotone Utilisation in St. Clair Lowland Waters, Ontario
Authors: Leslie John K. , Timmins Charles A.
Published: January 2017

Early developmental stages and ecotone utilisation of the non-indigenous Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811), are described and illustrated. Fish (5-40 mm) were collected in coarse gravel, rocks and debris in the St. Clair River/Lake system, Ontario, in 1994-2000. The Round Goby hatches at about 5 mm with black eyes, flexed urostyle, and developed fins and digestive system. Distinguishing characters include large head, dorsolateral eyes, large fan-shaped pectoral fins, two dorsal fins, fused thoracic pelvic fins and a distinct black spot on the posterior of the spinous dorsal fin. Modal counts for preanal, postanal, and total myomeres were 12, 19, and 31, respectively.
Two Great Black-backed Gulls, Larus marinus, Kill Male Longtailed Duck, Clangula hyemalis
Authors: Dowsley Martha , Cirtwill Andrew
Published: January 2017

At Presqu’ile Point, Presqu’ile Provincial Park, Ontario on 23 March 2003, while interpreting the waterfowl migration for park visitors, we witnessed two adult Great Black-backed Gulls attack and kill a male Long-tailed Duck.
Is Cost of Locomotion the Reason for Prolonged Nesting Forays of Snapping Turtles, Chelydra serpentina?
Authors: De Solla Shane R. , Fernie Kim J.
Published: January 2017

Prolonged nesting forays were observed in five gravid Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina), in 1999 and 2001. For all observations, the females began exploratory nest excavations but failed to oviposit. Subsequently, all five females sought refuge either by burying themselves in substrate, or by seeking shade under vegetation, presumably to wait until the following day to resume nesting activities. By contrast, most observations of failed nesting resulted in the females abandoning the nesting site and returning immediately to water. Although prolonged nesting attempts in other turtle species (i.e. kinosternids) likely are associated with rainfall or predation risk, we speculate that these prolonged nesting attempts in Snapping Turtles reduced the cost of terrestrial travel.
Environment and Distribution of Age 0 Fishes in River Canard, a Lowland Ontario River
Authors: Leslie John K. , Timmins Charles A.
Published: January 2017

Age 0 fishes were collected to determine occurrence, relative abundance and species composition at three sites in River Canard, Ontario in spring-autumn, 1994-1995. This small lowland river (mean annual discharge, 3.2 m3 s-1) has variable flow during fish spawning and early nursery periods, high suspended particulate load, and sparse rooted vegetation and other physical cover. Forty-two taxa (12 families; 24,544 specimens) collected with beach seines and a plankton net represented a wide range of reproductive strategies and a diverse taxocene. Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum (67% of total catch), Orangespotted Sunfish Lepomis humilis (8%), and Brook Silverside Labidesthes sicculus (6%) were the most abundant species. Environmental conditions were such that fish attained autumnal lengths comparable to species in various systems throughout the ecoregion.
Lichen Trimlines in the Peace-Athabasca Delta: Variations in Flora, Form, and Disturbance Regime
Authors: Timoney Kevin P. , Marsh Janet
Published: January 2017

Lichen trimlines are characteristic of aquatic systems where lichen-covered rocks border fluctuating water bodies. This study examined water-origin saxicolous lichen trimlines on acidic metacrystalline bedrock outcrops in the Peace-Athabasca Delta, northern Alberta, Canada. Twenty-seven species of saxicolous lichens were found in the vicinity of the trimlines. Species richness above the trimline (26 species) was almost twice that found below the trimline (14 species). Colonization lag time, differences in susceptibility to disturbance, and site influences on lichen establishment and survival might be involved in the absence of many species below trimlines. In frequently inundated areas, rock surfaces are dominated by the amphibious lichens Staurothele fissa and S. drummondii. The dominant lichen colonizer below trimlines was Physcia caesia. Other important colonizers below trimlines included Phaeophyscia sciastra and Physcia dubia, and on rocks fertilized by bird feces, Xanthoria elegans. A curious feature of the saxicolous flora was the presence of many calciphiles. Variations in trimline form and height and constituent species are related to the hydrologic and disturbance regime. Trimlines in perched basins tend to be near current water level, horizontal, and distinct, and indicate a relatively stable, infrequently flooded environment. Trimlines at open-drainage sites tend to be high above current water, wavy, and indistinct, and indicate a strongly-pulsed environment with frequent disturbances. Those at restricted-drainage basins are variable in form and height and disturbance regime.
Weight-carrying Ability and Caching Behavior of Gray Jays, Perisoreus canadensis: Adaptations to Boreal Winters
Authors: Rogers Lynn L.
Published: January 2017

During 16 August to 21 September 1984, I determined how Gray Jays (Perisoreus canadensis) carried flight-loads of different weights. Three individually identifiable Gray Jays weighing 60, 68, and 80 grams, used their bills to carry flight-loads weighing up to 33 percent of bodyweight but transferred heavier flight-loads from their bills to their feet 1-2 meters after takeoff. They had difficulty carrying flight-loads over 57 percent of bodyweight, and none attempted to carry flight-loads over 66 percent of bodyweight. By using their feet to bring heavy flight-loads closer to the center of lift, Gray Jays can carry heavier loads of meat, relative to body weight, than can Common Ravens (Corvus corax) which compete with Gray Jays at carcasses in winter and which do not carry objects with their feet. During 1969-2003, year-round observations near the southern edge of the Gray Jay range in northeastern Minnesota showed that caching behavior begins in August, continues over-winter, and ends at the onset of insect activity and green-up in early May. Gray Jays’ propensity to approach larger animals, including people, may not indicate unwariness but rather a superior ability and willingness to assess risks and food benefits. In the boreal forest in winter, risk of starvation is greater and risk of predation is lower than in relatively food-rich ecoregions farther south.
Premières mentions et répartition de la Salamandre sombre du Nord, Desmognathus fuscus, sur la rive nord du fleuve Saint-Laurent, au Québec
Authors: Desroches Jean-François , Pouliot Daniel
Published: January 2017

La Salamandre sombre du Nord (Desmognathus fuscus) est une espèce qui a fait l’objet de plusieurs inventaires au Québec étant donné qu’elle y est à la limite nord de sa répartition. Nous rapportons les premières observations de cette espèce au nord du fleuve Saint-Laurent, depuis Trois-Rivières, à l’ouest, jusqu’à Cap-Tourmente, vers l’est. Ces mentions ont été faites de 1987 à 2003, dans 20 sites. La majorité des sites où fut découverte la Salamandre sombre du Nord sont des ruisseaux et des résurgences d’eau.
Aggressive Behaviour Exhibited by a San Joaquin Kit Fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica
Authors: Clark Howard O.
Published: January 2017

While placing a hairtube-trapping device near a Kit Fox natal den, I observed a juvenile Kit Fox exhibit aggressive behaviour towards my presence. Although Kit Foxes usually are not aggressive, my observation demonstrated that some Kit Foxes defend their natal dens when alarmed.
Record Size Female Coyote, Canis latrans
Authors: Way Jonathan G. , Proietto Robert L.
Published: January 2017

On 11 March 2004 we recaptured and re-radio-collared an 8-9 yr old, 25.1 kg (55.3 lb), 157 cm long (tip of nose to tail tip) female Eastern Coyote (Canis latrans) in the town of Barnstable on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, that was originally captured in November 1998. This is believed to be the largest female Coyote ever recorded.
Long-tailed Duck, Clangula hyemalis, Eider, Somateria spp., and Scoter, Melanitta spp., Distributions in Central Alaska Beaufort Sea Lagoons, 1999-2002
Authors: Noel Lynn E. , Johnson Stephen R. , O'Doherty Gillian M.
Published: January 2017

During July and August 1999–2002, distributions of Long-tailed Ducks (Clangula hyemalis), eiders (Somateria spp.) and scoters (Melanitta spp.) were documented in three barrier island-lagoon systems in the central Alaska Beaufort Sea. Concentration areas for each species were determined during 16 aerial surveys. Kernel density procedures were used to delineate 75% and 50% “activity” or concentration areas for all three species. Long-tailed Ducks were 13 times more numerous than eiders and 38 times more numerous than scoters. The Long-tailed Duck 75% activity area encompassed all three lagoon systems and was three times as large as the eider activity area and one-third larger than the scoter activity area. Eider activity areas were located only in the eastern lagoon, and scoter activity areas were located only in the western lagoon. Density contours showed patterns of repeated habitat use for sea ducks over the four years of sampling and improve our understanding of sea duck habitat use within Beaufort Sea barrier island-lagoon habitats.
Post-Reproductive Pacific Salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., as a Major Nutrient Source for Large Aggregations of Gulls, Larus spp.
Authors: Christie K. S. , Reimchen T. E.
Published: January 2017

On the Pacific coast of North America, the most abundant vertebrate visitors to estuaries and rivers during salmon migration are gulls, yet the utilization of salmon nutrients by these scavengers, and subsequent ecological impacts are not well documented. On two forested watersheds on the central coast of British Columbia, we tracked gull abundance during the spawning period for two consecutive years, and estimated consumption of post-reproductive salmon carcasses and eggs, as well as guano production. At Clatse River, gulls (Larus glaucescens, L. argentatus, L. thayerii, L. californicus, L. canus, L. philadelphia) consumed 13-26% of total salmon carcass biomass and 29-36% of all salmon eggs deposited in the system. At Neekas River, gulls consumed 11-19% of salmon carcass biomass and 7-18% of total salmon eggs. Local guano production over the 60-day period ranged from 600 kg to 1190 kg at Clatse and from 1200 kg to 2100 kg at Neekas River, and was distributed to marine, estuarine, freshwater and riparian habitats. The large aggregations of gulls and subsequent nutrient cycling observed on our study watersheds may represent a once widespread phenomenon that is now largely reduced due to recent declines in salmon populations.
Erratum: Seasonal Diets of Newfoundland Martens, Martes americana atrata. (2005) 119(1): 43-47.
Authors: Gosse John W. , Hearn Brian J.
Published: January 2017

Page 46: Addition to Literature Cited:Gosse, J., J. W. Cox, and S. W. Avery. 2005. Home-range characteristics and habitat use by American martins in eastern Newfoundland. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 1156-1163.
First Record of the Plains Minnow, Hybognathus placitus, in Canada
Authors: Sylvester R. M. , Freeling S. E. , Berry C. R.
Published: January 2017

Seven Plains Minnows, Hybognathus placitus, Family Cyprinidae, were collected on 11 June 2003 from Morgan Creek, in Grasslands National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada. This collection is the first record of the species in Canada and extends the northern distribution limit of the species. Of 95 Hybognathus spp. collected at the site, only eight specimens were retained for positive identification because of the uncertain status of two conspecifics, the Western Silvery Minnow, H. argyritis, and the Brassy Minnow, H. hankinsoni, in Saskatchewan. Our findings should stimulate additional sampling to assess the identification and status of Hybognathus spp. in southwestern Saskatchewan. Accurate field identification of Hybognathus spp. remains an issue and collection of all specimens is recommended to accurately identify members within the genus.
Woodpecker Nest Tree Characteristics in Upper Midwestern Oak Forests
Authors: Adkins Giese Collette L. , Cuthbert Francesca J.
Published: January 2017

Characteristics of woodpecker nest trees have been widely studied in some regions of North America. However, there is little research from the Upper Midwest. Forest managers need information on woodpecker nest tree characteristics so they can recommend leaving during harvest trees that meet the needs of cavity-dwelling wildlife. Information specific to the Upper Midwest is especially important given that declines in several species of cavity nesting birds have been predicted by an environmental analysis of timber harvest in Minnesota. Our purpose was to identify attributes of nest trees used by primary cavity-nesting birds. We compared nest trees to unused trees and examined differences in nest trees among woodpecker species. We found 166 active woodpecker nests in upper midwestern oak forests in 1997 and 1998. For each nest tree, we recorded height, diameter, status, and aspects of tree decay. We also measured four potential nest trees (non-nest trees, within size requirements of cavity-nesting birds, with at least 2 indicators of heartwood decay) closest to each active nest tree. Additionally, we recorded these measurements for 137 randomly selected potential nest trees. Using paired t-tests and chi-square analysis, we found each woodpecker species had a unique set of characteristics that separated nest trees from potential nest trees. Using an extension of the McNemar test for related samples, we found woodpeckers as a group used trees that were larger, both in diameter and height, more often elm (Ulmus americana, U. rubra) or aspen (Populus tremuloides, P. grandidentata), more likely to have old cavities present, and with more decay indicators than adjacent potential nest trees. The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) differed from the other woodpecker species by nesting in living Trembling Aspens (Populus tremuloides) with intact tops, complete bark cover, and heartwood fungus. Diameters of nest trees differed significantly among woodpecker species, but unlike findings from other studies, the height of nest hole and nest tree did not. Woodpecker nest entrances faced south or southeast significantly more often than by chance alone, even when excluding leaning trees. This study suggests that generic forest management for all woodpecker species may not be adequate because individual species have specific nest tree requirements. Management recommendations for cavity-nesting birds need to be tailored to meet the needs of a diversity of species.
A Range Extension for the Rock Vole, Microtus chrotorrhinus, in Labrador
Authors: Lansing Sarah W.
Published: January 2017

Rock Voles (Microtus chrotorrhinus) were previously documented only from the southern coast of Labrador and the Strait of Belle Isle south of Hamilton Inlet. During two field seasons in 2000 and 2001, both in July, six Rock Vole specimens were collected on Southern Island, off the north-central coast of Labrador, extending the range of the subspecies Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus approximately 250 km to the central Labrador coast north of Hamilton Inlet. Rock Voles were trapped primarily in stunted Black Spruce (Picea mariana) forest and areas associated with rocks, thick brush, and water.
Movements of Two Rabid Raccoons, Procyon lotor, in Eastern Ontario
Authors: Rosatte Rick , Allan Mike , Warren Rob , Neave Peter , Babin Todd , Buchanan Luke , Donovan Dennis , Sobey Kirk , Davies Chris , Muldoon Frances , Wandeler Alex
Published: January 2017

An adult female Raccoon Procyon lotor was captured about 3 km north of Mallorytown, Ontario, on 27 August 2004, as part of a government rabies control program. The animal was vaccinated against rabies, ear-tagged and released, and recaptured the next day 1.7 km south of the initial capture location. Upon recapture, the Raccoon had porcupine quills in its facial area and seemed agitated and was submitted for rabies testing. It was confirmed as rabies positive on 31 August 2004, by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Similarly, a juvenile male raccoon was captured, ear-tagged, vaccinated, and released near Junetown, Ontario (about 4 km NW of the other rabid Raccoon) on 5 September 2004. It was found dying in a residential window well on 22 September 2004, 700 meters from the original capture location. It was diagnosed as rabid on 23 September 2004.
A Survey for Federally Listed Grassland Birds at First Nations Reserves
Authors: Stevens Scott D. , Wellicome Troy I.
Published: January 2017

We surveyed native and non-native grassland for federally listed grassland bird species at Reserves and/or Treaty Land Entitlements (TLE) belonging to five First Nations in the prairie ecozone of Canada. Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis – of special concern), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus – threatened), and Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus – of special concern) were observed at five of 335, three of 361, and five of 329 survey points within their respective geographic ranges. Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii – threatened) was observed at 69 of 361 survey points and accounted for 84% of sites with listed birds. Estimates of proportions of native and non-native grassland within 400 m of survey points indicated that Sprague’s Pipit preferred native grassland. Despite special effort, the Burrowing Owl (Athene culicularia – endangered) was not observed, although a nest from a previous year was encountered. We recorded the greatest number of species and individuals on reserves located in mixed and moist-mixed grasslands that contained large portions of native grassland. In many instances, field assessments revealed unsuitable habitat at sites that remote-sensing data classified as suitable.
Differential Parental Care by Adult Mountain Plovers, Charadrius montanus
Authors: Dinsmore Stephen J. , Knopf Fritz L.
Published: January 2017

We studied chick survival of the Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) in Montana and found that chicks tended by females had higher survival rates than chicks tended by males, and that chick survival generally increased during the nesting season. Differences in chick survival were most pronounced early in the nesting season, and may be related to a larger sample of nests during this period. When compared to information about the nest survival of male- and female-tended plover nests, our chick data suggest a trade-off for adult plovers between the egg and chick phases of reproduction. Because Mountain Plover pairs have clutches at two nests at two different locations and show differential success between the sexes during the egg and chick phases, we offer that the Mountain Plover breeding system favours optimizing annual recruitment in a dynamic ecologic setting driven by annually unpredictable drought, grazing, and predation pressures.
Body Weights of Adult and Juvenile Northern Pocket Gophers, Thomomys talpoides, in Central Alberta Alfalfa Fields
Authors: Proulx Gilbert
Published: January 2017

In an effort to recognize adults from juveniles in late summer and early fall, carcasses of Northern Pocket Gophers (Thomomys talpoides) captured from April to October 1994 in a pure alfalfa (Medicago spp.) field in Camrose and a mixed alfalfa-orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata)-dandelion (Taraxacum spp.) field in Lacombe, in central Alberta were analyzed. Mean weights of adult males and females were significantly (P < 0.05) larger than those of juveniles with near-adult body sizes in late summer and early fall. On the basis of the limits of 95% confidence intervals for individual values in Camrose and Lacombe, live-captured males weighing < 130 g could be classified as juveniles; those that are > 180 g would be adults. Males weighing between 130 and 180 g could be either juveniles or adults. Live-captured females weighing < 110 g would likely be juveniles. With larger animals, the pubic symphysis should be used to distinguish young females from adults. Given the variability of body weight in Northern Pocket Gophers, it is suggested that criteria for aging based on weight be derived for local populations in specific habitat types. On average, Northern Pocket Gopher males and females from Camrose were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than those of Lacombe. Animals from both fields were, on average, heavier than those previously studied in natural-vegetation communities. Differences in the food nutritional quality may explain the observed variation in body weights among populations.
Travel Rates of Wolves, Canis lupus, in Relation to Ungulate Kill Sites in Westcentral Alberta
Authors: Kuzyk Gerald W. , Rohner Christoph , Schmiegelow Fiona K. A.
Published: January 2017

Recent advancements in Global Positioning Systems (GPS) radiocollar technology permit analysis of fine-scale animal movements. We used concurrent aerial and GPS monitoring to determine winter travel rates of Wolves (Canis lupus) in relation to ungulate kill sites in managed forest landscapes in westcentral Alberta. Wolves preyed predominately on Moose (Alces alces) and travelled 4.2 times less when near ungulate kill sites than when away from them. As Wolves are thought to be an important factor in Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) declines, information is needed to assess predation risk to Caribou from Wolves under a variety of landscape conditions. If Wolves have restricted movements near Moose kill sites, this may lead to decreased encounter rates with Caribou in systems where Moose are abundant. Deer (Odocoileus spp.) are probably an important component of this Wolf-prey system but little is currently known about this relationship. Projecting long-term implications of ongoing development activities requires a more detailed understanding of the responses of all species to landscape change.
Caching Behavior by Wintering Northern Saw-Whet Owls, Aegolius acadicus
Authors: Devine Arnold , Smith Dwight G.
Published: January 2017

We observed 16 instances of caching behavior by Northern Saw-whet Owls in southern Connecticut between 30 October and 29 March over a 23-year period 1982 to 2004. Caches consisted of a single prey item in 13 instances and two prey items in three instances. Prey was cached either directly beneath the owl or from 5-28 cm distant, always on the same branch on which the owl was roosting. Observations of cached prey marked in the morning suggested that it was consumed after 14:30 in the afternoon of the same day. Such a delay indicated a true cache rather than delayed feeding.
Multiple Scale Den Site Selection by Swift Foxes, Vulpes velox, in Southeastern Colorado
Authors: Kitchen Ann M. , Gese Eric M. , Lupis Sarah G.
Published: January 2017

Predation by Coyotes (Canis latrans) is a major source of mortality in Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) populations. Year-round den use by Swift Foxes is likely to be a predator avoidance strategy. Due to the importance of denning to Swift Fox ecology, we recorded den site selection of Swift Foxes in southeastern Colorado. Den site selection was recorded at two scales: microhabitat characteristics at the den and den placement within the home range. The number of den entrances, height and width of each entrance, aspect, hill position, slope, percent rock in soil, vegetative cover, and horizontal foliar density of 42 Swift Fox dens were examined during December 1999 – April 2000. This was compared to the same microhabitat characteristics at 42 random sites within Swift Fox home ranges to determine if Swift Foxes were using site characteristics according to their availability. Our results indicated that Swift Foxes were not highly selective of den sites based on the microhabitat characteristics evaluated in this study, although Swift Foxes selected areas of intermediate rock percentages. In addition, Swift Foxes were radio-tracked throughout the sample period and the location and frequency of use of known dens were recorded. Within the core area of home ranges, Swift Foxes used more dens (mean = 3.51 ± 1.70 (SD)), and had a higher frequency of use of dens (mean = 8.20 ± 6.01) than in the mid-range area (number of dens, mean = 0.90 ± 0.94; frequency, mean = 1.27 ± 2.12) and the boundary area (number of dens, mean = 0.34 ± 0.53; frequency, mean = 0.45 ± 0.93) of the home range. We discuss our results in terms of the importance of dens in facilitating escape from Coyotes. These results illustrate the need for examining den site selection at multiple scales to determine all selection factors, and to provide information useful for recovery and management efforts for this species.
First Record of the Southern Red-Backed Vole, Clethrionomys gapperi, in Newfoundland: Implications for the Endangered Newfoundland Marten, Martes americana atrata
Authors: Hearn Brian J. , Neville John T. , Curran William J. , Snow Dean P.
Published: January 2017

We report on the first capture of the Southern Red-backed Vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), the eleventh non-native terrestrial mammal established on the island of Newfoundland over the last 150 years. Red-backed Voles may have been accidentally introduced by unknown sources in pulpwood imports or may have been deliberately introduced in an attempt to augment the depauperate small mammal fauna as a vigilante recovery effort for the endangered Newfoundland Marten (Martes americana atrata). We anticipate significant utilization of the Red-backed Vole as prey by both Newfoundland Marten and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) with associated demographic responses within and between these species. Red-backed Voles will likely change habitat utilization patterns for the endemic subspecies of Meadow Vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus terraenovae.
Long-range Homing by an Adult Female Black Bear, Ursus americanus
Authors: Landriault L. J. , Hall M. N. , Hamr J. , Mallory F. F.
Published: January 2017

An adult female Black Bear was repeatedly captured and relocated as a result of nuisance behaviour. The relocation distances ranged from 40 km to 389 km (mean = 152 km, n = 6). She homed successfully from all relocations, even when accompanied by young-of-the-year. Differential homing ability among bears may depend on first homing from a short relocation, facilitating subsequent responses to longer distance relocations.
Winter Habitat Use by American Marten, Martes americana, in Western Alberta Boreal Forests
Authors: Proulx Gilbert
Published: January 2017

Although the American Marten (Martes americana) is found in most forest regions of Alberta, little is known about its choice of winter habitats. This study investigated winter habitat use by American Marten in Weyerhaeuser’s Grande Prairie Forest Management Area (FMA) using snowtracking along 128.2 km of seismic lines inventoried in winters 1999, 2002, and 2005 with snowmobiles. American Marten tracks (n = 44) occurred significantly less frequently than expected (P < 0.001) in immature/young pole stands, but more frequently than expected (P < 0.02) in mature/old growth mixedwood stands. American Martens apparently used young forests, and mature/old coniferous and deciduous stands, according to their availability. Forest development plans should be developed locally to retain late successional forests that meet the winter habitat requirements of American Marten.
Probable Black Bear, Ursus americana, Retrieval of an Elk, Cervus elaphus, Carcass from a Small Lake in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba
Authors: Walley William J.
Published: January 2017

Strong circumstantial evidence indicated that a sow Black Bear (Ursus americana) retrieved an Elk (Cervus elaphus) carcass from near the middle of a small lake to feed herself and three cubs.
"Lapland - A Natural History" by D. Redcliff [book review]
Authors: John Roy
Published: January 2017

Erratum included.
Conservation Evaluation of the Prairie Lupine, Lupinus lepidus var. lepidus, in Canada
Authors: Douglas George W. , Ryan Michael
Published: January 2017

In Canada, Prairie Lupine, Lupinus lepidus var. lepidus, is restricted to southeastern Vancouver Island. Of the nine sites where it has been collected, five are extirpated and the status of two of the populations is uncertain. There are two extant populations; some of the other sites may contain the species in the seed bank. Some of the sites are protected to a certain extent from direct habitat destruction by their remote location, although introduced herbaceous species may pose a serious threat by preventing the establishment of the species at other sites. Fire suppression or the lack of other types of disturbance also likely plays a role in discouraging emergence of Lupinus lepidus.
Conservation Evaluation of the Seaside Birds-foot Trefoil, Lotus formosissimus, in Canada
Authors: Douglas George W. , Ryan Michael
Published: January 2017

In Canada, Seaside Birds-foot Trefoil, Lotus formosissimus, is restricted to the Victoria area on southeastern Vancouver Island and two adjacent islands. Populations at five sites are extant and have been recently inventoried, whereas populations at two or more sites in Victoria are extirpated. Existing populations represent the northern range limits of L. formosissimus. Although known populations are protected to a certain extent from direct habitat destruction, introduced herbaceous species may pose a serious threat to the continued existence of most populations and may prevent the establishment of L. formosissimus at other sites. Fire suppression, grazing, encroachment and low survivorship are also limiting factors.
Conservation Evaluation of Stoloniferous Pussytoes, Antennaria flagellaris, in Canada
Authors: Douglas George W. , Penny Jenifer L. , Barton Ksenia
Published: January 2017

In Canada, Stoloniferous Pussytoes, Antennaria flagellaris, is restricted to the Similkameen River valley south of Princeton, in south-western British Columbia. The three populations represent the northern limits of the species which ranges from southwestern British Columbia, south in the western United States to Idaho, Wyoming, Nevada and California. In British Columbia, Antennaria flagellaris is associated with eroded, unstable, calcareous clay seepage slopes on open, southerly aspects. This habitat is infrequent in the Similkameen River area and the few existing plant populations could easily be extirpated through slight changes in drainage through drilling for coalbed methane gas, road-building, or housing development.
Response of the Sea Louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis Infestation Levels on Juvenile Wild Pink, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, and Chum, O. keta, Salmon to Arrival of Parasitized Wild Adult Pink Salmon
Authors: Morton Alexandra , Williams Rob
Published: January 2017

Recent recurring infestations of Sea Lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and subsequent annual declines of these stocks have made it imperative to identify the source of Sea Lice. While several studies now identify farm salmon populations as sources of Sea Louse larvae, it is unclear to what extent wild salmonid hosts also contribute Sea Lice. We measured Sea Louse numbers on adult Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) migrating inshore. We also measured Sea Louse numbers on wild juvenile Pink and Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) migrating to sea before the adults returned, and as the two age cohorts mingled. Adult Pink Salmon carried an average of 9.89 (SE 0.90) gravid lice per fish, and thus were capable of infecting the adjacent juveniles. Salinity and temperature remained favourable to Sea Louse reproduction throughout the study. However, all accepted measures of Sea Louse infestation failed to show significant increase on the juvenile salmon, either in overall abundance of Sea Lice or of the initial infective-stage juvenile lice, while the adult wild salmon were present in the study area. This study suggests that even during periods of peak interaction, wild adult salmon are not the primary source of the recent and unprecedented infestations of Sea Lice on juvenile Pacific Pink and Chum salmon in the inshore waters of British Columbia.
Scoter, Melanitta spp., Migrations Interrupted by Confederation Bridge: An Update
Authors: Bunker-Popma Katherine
Published: January 2017

Continued monitoring over 10 years of scoter migrations through Northumberland Strait confirmed that these birds continue to perceive the Confederation Bridge (completed in 1997) as an obstacle. Such problems – and alternatives not causing them – need serious consideration when “strait crossings” are contemplated elsewhere.
Extension de l'aire de distribution de l'Umbre de vase, Umbra limi, dans le nord-est du Québec
Authors: Desroches Jean-François
Published: January 2017

Le 26 juillet 2005, plusieurs Umbres de vase (Umbra limi) ont été capturés au secteur Les Buissons de Pointe-aux-Outardes, sur la Côte-Nord au Québec. Ces mentions élargissent l’aire de distribution de ce poisson de 300 km vers le nord-est.On 26 July 2005, we caught many Central Mudminnows (Umbra limi) at the Les Buissons sector of Pointe-aux-Outardes, on the Côte-Nord region of Québec. These records extend the known distribution of this fish 300 km to the northeast.
An Analysis of the Vascular Flora of Annapolis Heathlands, Nova Scotia
Authors: Carbyn S. , Catling P. M. , Vander Kloet S. P. , Basquill S.
Published: January 2017

A description and analysis of the vascular plant composition of heathlands in the Annapolis valley were undertaken to provide a basis for biodiversity preservation within a system of protected sites. Species presence and abundance were recorded at 23 remnant sites identified using topographic maps, air photos, and Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources records. A total of 126 species was recorded, of which 94 were native and 31 introduced. The Annapolis heathland remnants are strongly dominated by Corema conradii with Comptonia peregrina, Vaccinium angustifolium and Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum. A number of species, including Solidago bicolor, Carex tonsa var. rugosperma, Dichanthelium depauperatum, Lechea intermedia, Melampyrum lineare, and Rubus hispidus, were characteristic of heathland remnants, although they usually contributed little to the total cover. The most frequent alien species were Hieracium pilosella and Festuca filiformis, but Pinus sylvestris, present at 7 of 18 sites, appeared to have the greatest impact in displacing native species. Species listed as at risk and sensitive in Nova Scotia, including Helianthemun canadense, Hudsonia ericoides and Viola sagittata var. ovata, occur in open disturbed sand in the Corema heathlands. Distinctive patterns of variation occur in several species and variation in crop relatives is noted with particular reference to the genera Rubus (blackberries), Amelanchier (Juneberries, Saskatoon) and Vaccinium (Blueberries). The available evidence suggests that the heathlands and sandy barrens in the Annapolis valley differ from those further west in Canada and from anthropogenic and coastal heathlands of Nova Scotia in their species composition including particularly the presence of Corema conradii, Hudsonia ericoides and Amelanchier lucida. The need to protect representative examples is supported.
Double Marking in Arctic Wolves, Canis lupus arctos: Influence of Order on Posture
Authors: Harrington Fred H.
Published: January 2017

Double marking by Arctic Wolves (Canis lupus arctos) was recorded by Mech (2006) from a pack on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, during 16 summers between 1986 and 2005. Using his data on the frequency of occurrence for each of the four postures used by Wolves for urine marking (males – raised leg and stand urinations; females – flexed leg and squat urinations), the probabilities of occurrence for each of eight possible double mark sequences were determined and compared with observed frequencies. Females were somewhat but not significantly more likely to initiate double mark sequences. There was no evidence for any bias in the posture used to initiate a double mark sequence, but assertive postures by both males and females nearly always completed the sequence, occurring much more often than expected by chance.
Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Preying on Maritime Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus, on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: Olson Storrs L.
Published: January 2017

At 1053 hours on 23 July 2006 a Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, was observed in flight transporting in its talons a live Maritime Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus, at South Harbour (46°52'01.7"N, 60°26'45.8"W), Cape Breton Island, Victoria County, Nova Scotia.
Errata for 120(2): table of contents and 235-236; and 120(3): table of contents
Authors: Cook Francis
Published: January 2017

Errata: The Canadian Field-Naturalist 120(2)Table of contents outside back cover:Conservation evaluation of Dwarf Wolly-heads, Psilocarphus brevissimus var. brevissimus, in CanadaGEORGE W. DOUGLAS, JENIFER L. PENNY, and KSENIA BARTON“Wolly-heads” should read Woolly-heads.Article page 235:First record of a River Otter, Lontra canadensis, captured on the northern coast of AlaskaSHAWN P. HASKELLIn abstract and citation “Lutra“ should be Lontra.Errata: The Canadian Field-Naturalist 120(3)Table of contents outside back cover:Recent invasion, current status, and invasion pathway of European Common Reed, Phragnites australis subspecies australis, in the southern Ottawa DistrictPAUL M. CATLING and SUSAN CARBYN“Phragnites“ should read Phragmites.Pacific Hagfish, Eppptatretus stoutii, Spotted Ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei, and scavenger activity on tethered carrion in subtidal benthic communities off western Vancouver IslandSARAH DAVIES, ALI GRIFFITHS, and T. E. REIMCHEN“Eppptatretus“ should read Eptatretus.
The Influence of Air Pollution on Corticolous Lichens near the Strathcona Industrial Area, Alberta
Authors: Elsinger M. , Burrell E. , DeBruyn N. , Tanasichuk K. , Timoney K.
Published: January 2017

Lichens that grow on the bark of mature trees were studied at 35 sites along an air pollution gradient east of Edmonton, Alberta. Data on species composition, richness, and cover were recorded in October 1999 in a matrix of sites that extends from a known source of pollutants (the Strathcona Industrial Area) east across Strathcona County. Air pollution is affecting the corticolous lichen community. Lichen species richness and total cover increased with distance from the pollution source. Species richness in areas distant from pollution was roughly twice that in areas near the Strathcona Industrial Area. Xanthoria fallax and Phaeophyscia orbicularis were the most pollution tolerant lichens. Xanthoria hasseana, Ochrolechia arborea, Physcia adscendens, Parmelia sulcata, and Melanelia albertana were rare or absent near the pollution source and common in more distant areas. Most of the 15 species assessed were sensitive to air quality to some degree. Some lichens near the refineries and in Sherwood Park showed abnormal coloration and poor thallus integrity indicative of stress. We discuss implications for human health.
First Confirmed Breeding of the Marbled Godwit, Limosa fedoa, in Québec
Authors: Morneau François , Gagnon Benoit , Whiskeychan Sidney
Published: January 2017

The objectives of this study were to confirm breeding of the Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) in Rupert Bay, on the Québec coast of James Bay, and to assess population abundance. Nest search was conducted 17–20 June 2003, using several techniques. Two nests were found in the high marsh of Cabbage Willows Bay: these are the first confirmed breeding records of this species in Québec. The Rupert Bay region probably holds a breeding population of no more than a few dozen pairs.Cette étude visait à confirmer la reproduction de la Barge marbrée (Limosa fedoa) dans la baie de Rupert située sur la côte est de la Baie James (Québec) et à estimer l’abondance de la population. Une recherche de nids a été réalisée entre le 17 et le 20 juin 2003 à l’aide de différentes techniques. Deux nids ont été découverts dans le haut marais de la baie Cabbage Willows. Ils confirment pour la première fois le statut nicheur de cette espèce au Québec. La région de la baie de Rupert abrite probablement une population nicheuse d’au plus quelques douzaines de couples.
Serviceberry, Amelanchier intermedia, Escaped from Cultivation in Eastern Ontario
Authors: Catling Paul M. , Mitrow Gisele
Published: January 2017

Although not generally recognized as a cultivated plant, Amelanchier intermedia is widely cultivated in eastern Ontario under the incorrect name, A. canadensis. Wild plants referable to A. intermedia in old fields south of Ottawa are likely to be escaped from cultivation. Amelanchier intermedia likely originated as a hybrid involving A. canadensis and A. laevis. A key to the Canadian species of Amelanchier with glabrous ovaries is provided.