bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ATTITUDES OF ACADEMIC YOUTH TOWARDS FARM ANIMAL WELFARE AND PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM ANIMALS KEPT UNDER FRIENDLY CONDITIONS
Authors: Szafrańska Monika
Published: April 2018

The paper objective is identification the attitudes of academic youth towards farm animal welfare and products derived from animals kept under friendly conditions. The main source of the data used for the analyses and applications was the primary information obtained from personal research (PAPI method, 436 respondents).The statistical analysis of the studied material encompassed aggregate statistical indicators, the non-parametric test „chi square” (χ2), as well as non-hierarchical method – k-means cluster analysis. As results from the conducted investigations, the issue of farm animal welfare is important for the young consumers (64%) or very important (36%). Protecting animal welfare is a significant problem for a majority of women and city dwellers. Over 75% students purchases products from animal welfare – friendly production process. Regarding young consumer attitudes towards farm animal welfare, three types of attitudes were identified.
Multimycotoxin Analysis by LC-MS/MS in Cereal Food and Feed: Comparison of Different Approaches for Extraction, Purification, and Calibration
Authors: Solfrizzo Michele , Gambacorta Lucia , Bibi Rita , Ciriaci Martina , Paoloni Angela , Pecorelli Ivan
Published: April 2018

Twelve different approaches commonly used for the simultaneous LC tandem MS (MS/MS) determination of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone) were tested in cereals and feed materials. They comprised different extraction solvents, types of cleanup [solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS, and immunoaffinity (IMA)], and calibration approaches (external or matrix-matched). The percentage of mycotoxins with acceptable recovery, according to Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006, ranged from 9 to 100%. The approach giving the highest percentage of acceptable results was selected and further tested for corn, rice, and feed spiked at three different mycotoxin levels (low, medium, and high). The method is based on extraction with MeOH–water (70 + 30, v/v) and cleanup with two multiantibody IMA columns. For corn and rice spiked at low mycotoxin levels, a significant matrix effect was observed and was compensated by using 13C calibration. At higher mycotoxin levels (medium and high), matrix effects were negligible as no significant differences were observed for the majority of recovery results calculated by 13C calibration and external calibration. Although the proposed method still needs improvement in terms of accuracy and, to a lesser extent, precision, it was successfully tested with four proficiency tests in buckwheat, corn, rice, and feed, giving acceptable z-scores for 97% (34 out of 35) of results.
Free to Learn? Education in Australia’s Offshore Immigration Detention Centres
Authors: Szurlej* Christina
Published: April 2018

Children seeking asylum are among the most vulnerable groups in the world. Arriving in a country of refuge should be synonymous with safety; this is not so in Australia. Unaccompanied children arriving by boat are automatically transferred to and detained in the Regional Processing Centre on the Republic of Nauru with no one to advocate on their behalf of their rights and best interests, including their right to an adequate education. Trapped on the small island and uncertain of their futures, children overwhelmingly expressed despair and helplessness, many turning to self-harm. In 2015, the Australian government awarded the contract for education to Broadspectrum, formerly known as Transfield Services Ltd. – a company implicated in the abuse and neglect of children. Since then, truancy rates have increased due to fears for safety, poor structural conditions in schools, and lack of qualified teachers. Failing to provide access to education thwarts the life chances of youth who are already severely disadvantaged and contravenes Australia’s international human rights obligations.
Les alternatives à la détention des mineurs en conflit avec la loi en Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Isimat-Mirin Patricia Myriam
Published: April 2018

Méconnue des sociétés traditionnelles précoloniales où le fauteur de trouble est puni, soit par l’amende, les châtiments corporels pour les violations aux règles coutumières bénignes, soit banni ou exécuté pour les infractions graves, la justice des mineurs en Afrique de l’Ouest en général, et dans les anciens territoires coloniaux français en particulier, a été développée avec l’installation progressive de l’administration judiciaire coloniale.

À la veille des indépendances de ces territoires dans les années 1960, des centres de rééducation sont installés, sous l’impulsion des lois progressistes nées de la Libération de 1945, sans toutefois promouvoir une politique hardie de mesures alternatives à la détention. Si le souffle positif de l’Indépendance de ces territoires en 1960 a maintenu ces structures rééducatives en état de fonctionnement, elles ont rapidement été secouées dès les années 1980 par le vent impétueux des programmes d’ajustement structurel promus par les institutions de Bretton Woods; faute de moyens humains et financiers, elles ont rapidement périclité comme toutes les autres mesures sociales, le développement économique étant prioritaire.

Enfin, l’évolution de la société à partir des années 2000 a permis de relancer la réflexion sur les mesures alternatives à la détention des mineurs bien que de gros efforts restent nécessaires comme le souligne la présente note sur la situation en Côte d’Ivoire. Un processus a été lancé en 2015 pour la mise en oeuvre de telles mesures sur l’ensemble du territoire national et suit son cours.
Compte-rendu de L’éthique clinique : pour une approche relationnelle dans les soins, 2014, Hubert Doucet, Paramètres, Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal
Authors: Roigt Delphine
Published: April 2018

Dans son livreL’éthique clinique : pour une approche relationnelle dans les soins, Hubert Doucet propose une approche de l’éthique clinique qui intègre diverses perspectives théoriques et pratiques, notamment celle du philosophe Paul Ricoeur. Il développe un argumentaire pour une vision relationnelle de la pratique de l’éthique clinique, une éthique des soignants qui, selon ses mots, « doit se construire à partir de l’expérience de la maladie et s’adapter à la personne malade ».
Facteurs influençant la multiplication de traitements en physiothérapie : une analyse thématique de la jurisprudence québécoise
Authors: Laliberté Maude
Published: April 2018

La physiothérapie est touchée par un problème de multiplication de traitements; la fréquence des traitements ou leur durée peuvent être inappropriées ou disproportionnées face aux besoins du patient. La multiplication de traitements peut avoir des conséquences financières, physiques, psychologiques et sociales. Pour explorer les facteurs influençant la fréquence et la durée des traitements dans les situations de multiplication de traitements, une analyse thématique de la jurisprudence a été réalisée. Certains facteurs cliniques et non cliniques influençant la fréquence et la durée des traitements ont pu être identifiés par cette analyse thématique de la jurisprudence. Les facteurs cliniques impliquent que l’allocation des ressources soit guidée par la condition et l’évolution du patient. Les facteurs non cliniques peuvent inclure la pression des employeurs, les demandes des autres professionnels de la santé ou les conflits d’intérêts de type financier. Cette analyse thématique de la jurisprudence est une première étape pour comprendre ce qui motive les décisions cliniques d’allocation des ressources des professionnels de la physiothérapie. Cette démarche est essentielle pour mettre en place des politiques et des normes de pratique soucieuses du contexte de pratique et des normes éthiques, déontologiques et légales qui animent la profession.
BRCA Previvors: Medical and Social Factors That Differentiate Them From Previvors With Other Hereditary Cancers
Authors: Campo-Engelstein Lisa
Published: April 2018

In this paper, I outline some of the reasons why BRCA “previvors” (i.e., “survivors of a predisposition to cancer”) are different from previvors with other hereditary cancers. I examine how the absence of a standard of care for breast cancer risk for women with a BRCA mutation, coupled with a broad range of genetic penetrance and lower mortality, makes BRCA different than other hereditary cancers that have clear and established guidelines. In addition to these medical differences, social factors like the cultural prominence of breast cancer and the social significance of breasts have engendered a more complicated individual previvor identity for and cultural response to women with a BRCA mutation.
Plaidoyer pour une reconnaissance de l’enfant comme agent moral : une réponse à Verpaelst et Couture
Authors: Affdal Aliya O.
Published: April 2018

Bien qu’il soit un être vulnérable, l’enfant pourrait être considéré comme un agent moral dans certaines circonstances. Ainsi, il peut et devrait être davantage associé aux décisions médicales le concernant.
Exploration des dilemmes éthiques entourant le traitement de la dysphagie à l’enfance et leurs solutions : perceptions d’intervenants
Authors: Brûlé Anne-Marie , Drolet Marie-Josée
Published: April 2018

Une recension des écrits révèle qu’il existe peu de connaissances sur les dilemmes éthiques (et leurs solutions) entourant le traitement de la dysphagie à l’enfance. Le but de cette étude était d’explorer, voire de décrire les dilemmes éthiques rencontrés par des intervenants lors du traitement des problèmes d’alimentation chez des enfants souffrant de dysphagie et les façons dont ceux-ci procèdent pour les résoudre. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de huit intervenantes travaillant dans un Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Québec. Toutes les intervenantes mentionnent avoir rencontré des dilemmes éthiques, et ce, en moyenne deux fois par année et ceux-ci leur ont fait vivre une certaine détresse. Ces dilemmes ont trois causes principales, soit les refus de traitement de certains parents, les suivis partiels des recommandations professionnelles et les divergences d’opinions avec des partenaires externes. Pour résoudre ces dilemmes, les intervenantes affirment recourir à des discussions en équipe et à de l’aide de supérieurs, de partenaires externes ou de parents. La majorité des intervenantes mentionnent avoir besoin de moyens supplémentaires pour résoudre ces dilemmes et proposent certaines avenues en ce sens. Les résultats de la recherche rejoignent en général ceux documentés dans les écrits. Plus d’attention devrait être portée à ces dilemmes étant donné le peu de ressources éthiques, actuellement disponibles, adaptées à ces situations pour les résoudre et la détresse que ceux-ci occasionnent.
Fair Innings: Equality and Children’s Healthcare
Authors: Long Katherine , Zlotnik Shaul Randi
Published: April 2018

This commentary assesses the ethical implications of a fair innings inspired approach to healthcare through the lens of the equality guarantee contained in theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
La lenteur ethnographique traduite pour les comités d’éthique de la recherche
Authors: St-Denis Karine
Published: April 2018

Cette étude du cas a comme objectif de traduire la lenteur ethnographique pour les membres des comités d’éthique de la recherche (CÉR). Nous montrerons que malgré les récents efforts de reconnaissance de la spécificité des recherches dites qualitatives en éthique de la recherche, une incompréhension demeure entre la rationalisation expérimentale déployée par plusieurs CÉR et la pratique de l’ethnographie une méthode de recherche par immersion lente et durable indissociable de relations humaines de confiance et de respect mutuel.
Interhemispheric consistency of scale-dependent spatial variation in the structure of intertidal rocky-shore communities
Authors: Catalán Alexis , Valdivia Nelson , Scrosati Ricardo
Published: April 2018

In rocky intertidal environments, the vertical gradient of abiotic stress generates, directly or indirectly, significant spatial variation in community structure. Along shorelines within biogeographic regions, abiotic changes also generate horizontal biological variation, which when measured at large sampling intervals may surpass vertical biological variation. Little is known, however, on how vertical variation compares with horizontal variation measured at multiple spatial scales in habitats with similar environmental conditions. Here, we compare spatial variability in rocky-intertidal communities between vertical stress gradients and three horizontal spatial scales (sampling interval) across habitats experiencing the same wave exposure on the Northwest Atlantic (NWA) and Southeast Pacific (SEP) coasts. For both regions, the vertical variation in species richness and composition (Raup-Crick and Bray-Curtis indices) was higher than the variation measured at all horizontal scales, from a few cm to hundreds of km. The patterns of variation in community structure matched those of abundance for the dominant sessile organisms, the foundation species Ascophyllum nodosum (seaweed) in NWA and Perumytilus purpuratus (mussel) in SEP. This interhemispheric comparison reveals the tight link between environmental and biological variation, indicating that studies comparing spatial scales of biological variation must consider the underlying environmental variation in addition to simply scale alone.
All-atom molecular dynamics of the HBV capsid reveals insights into biological function and cryo-EM resolution limits
Authors: Hadden Jodi A , Perilla Juan R , Schlicksup Christopher John , Venkatakrishnan Balasubramanian , Zlotnick Adam , Schulten Klaus
Published: April 2018

The hepatitis B virus capsid represents a promising therapeutic target. Experiments suggest the capsid must be flexible to function; however, capsid structure and dynamics have not been thoroughly characterized in the absence of icosahedral symmetry constraints. Here, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are leveraged to investigate the capsid without symmetry bias, enabling study of capsid flexibility and its implications for biological function and cryo-EM resolution limits. Simulation results confirm flexibility and reveal a propensity for asymmetric distortion. The capsid’s influence on ionic species suggests a mechanism for modulating the display of cellular signals and implicates the capsid’s triangular pores as the location of signal exposure. A theoretical image reconstruction performed using simulated conformations indicates how capsid flexibility may limit the resolution of cryo-EM. Overall, the present work provides functional insight beyond what is accessible to experimental methods and raises important considerations regarding asymmetry in structural studies of icosahedral virus capsids.
Improving physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in COPD: perspectives of people with COPD and experts via a Delphi approach
Authors: Lewthwaite Hayley , Effing Tanja W. , Lenferink Anke , Olds Tim , Williams Marie T.
Published: April 2018

Background

Little is known about how to achieve enduring improvements in physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to: (1) identify what people with COPD from South Australia and the Netherlands, and experts from COPD- and non-COPD-specific backgrounds considered important to improve behaviours; and (2) identify areas of dissonance between these different participant groups.

Methods

A four-round Delphi study was conducted, analysed separately for each group. Free-text responses (Round 1) were collated into items within themes and rated for importance on a 9-point Likert scale (Rounds 2–3). Items meeting a priori criteria from each group were retained for rating by all groups in Round 4. Items and themes achieving a median Likert score of ≥7 and an interquartile range of ≤2 across all groups at Round 4 were judged important. Analysis of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc tested for statistical differences between groups for importance ratings.

Results

Seventy-three participants consented to participate in this study, of which 62 (85%) completed Round 4. In Round 4, 81 items (PA n = 54; SB n = 24; sleep n = 3) and 18 themes (PA n = 9; SB n = 7; sleep n = 2) were considered important across all groups concerning: (1) symptom/disease management, (2) targeting behavioural factors, and (3) less commonly, adapting the social/physical environments. There were few areas of dissonance between groups.

Conclusion

Our Delphi participants considered a multifactorial approach to be important to improve PA, SB and sleep. Recognising and addressing factors considered important to recipients and providers of health care may provide a basis for developing behaviour-specific interventions leading to long-term behaviour change in people with COPD.
Collagen overlays can inhibit leptin and adiponectin secretion but not lipid accumulation in adipocytes
Authors: Christian Sherri L. , Pallegar Nikitha K. , Brown Robert J. , Viloria-Petit Alicia M.
Published: April 2018

Background

White adipose tissue (WAT) is essential for energy storage as well as being an active endocrine organ. The secretion of adipokines by adipocytes can affect whole body metabolism, appetite, and contribute to overall health. WAT is comprised of lipid-laden mature adipocytes, as well as immune cells, endothelial cells, pre-adipocytes, and adipose-derived stem cells. In addition, the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in WAT can actively influence adipocyte differentiation, growth, and function. Type I collagen is an abundant fibrous ECM protein in WAT that is secreted by developing adipocytes. However, the extent and overall effect of Type I collagen on adipokine secretion in mature adipocytes when added exogenously has not been established.

Methods

We characterized the effects of Type I collagen overlays prepared using two different buffers on adipocyte physiology and function when added at different times during differentiation. In addition, we compared the effect of collagen overlays when adipocytes were cultured on two different tissue culture plastics that have different adherent capabilities. Triglyceride accumulation was analyzed to measure adipocyte physiology, and leptin and adiponectin secretion was determined to analyze effects on adipokine secretion.

Results

We found that collagen overlays, particularly when added during the early differentiation stage, impaired adipokine secretion from mature adipocytes. Collagen prepared using PBS had a greater suppression of leptin than adiponectin while collagen prepared using HANKS buffer suppressed the secretion of both adipokines. The use of CellBind plates further suppressed leptin secretion. Triglyceride accumulation was not substantially impacted with any of the collagen overlays.

Discussion

Adipokine secretion can be selectively altered by collagen overlays. Thus, it is feasible to selectively manipulate the secretion of adipokines by adipocytesin vitroby altering the composition or timing of collagen overlays. The use of this technique could be applied to studies of adipokine function and secretionin vitroas well as having potential therapeutic implications to specifically alter adipocyte functionalityin vivo.
Parental engagement in preventive parenting programs for child mental health: a systematic review of predictors and strategies to increase engagement
Authors: Finan Samantha J. , Swierzbiolek Brooke , Priest Naomi , Warren Narelle , Yap Marie
Published: April 2018

Background

Child mental health problems are now recognised as a key public health concern. Parenting programs have been developed as one solution to reduce children’s risk of developing mental health problems. However, their potential for widespread dissemination is hindered by low parental engagement, which includes intent to enrol, enrolment, and attendance. To increase parental engagement in preventive parenting programs, we need a better understanding of the predictors of engagement, and the strategies that can be used to enhance engagement.

Method

Employing a PRISMA method, we conducted a systematic review of the predictors of parent engagement and engagement enhancement strategies in preventive parenting programs. Key inclusion criteria included: (1) the intervention is directed primarily at the parent, (2) parent age >18 years, the article is (3) written in English and (4) published between 2004–2016. Stouffer’s method of combining p-values was used to determine whether associations between variables were reliable.

Results

Twenty-three articles reported a variety of predictors of parental engagement and engagement enhancement strategies. Only one of eleven predictors (child mental health symptoms) demonstrated a reliable association with enrolment (Stouffer’s p < .01).

Discussion

There was a lack of consistent evidence for predictors of parental engagement. Nonetheless, preliminary evidence suggests that engagement enhancement strategies modelled on theories, such as the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour, may increase parents’ engagement.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42014013664.
A construção do perfil do professor e a mediação didática lúdica no Ensino Fundamental II
Authors: D'Ávila Cristina M , Popoff Sandra Constantin
Published: April 2018

RESUMO

O artigo traz resultados de pesquisa realizada em 2016 com professores que tiveram uma história de vida marcada pela leitura literária e estabelecem mediações de leitura em ambiente escolar no ensino fundamental II. A pesquisa foi realizada com uma professora e um professor de escolas públicas, uma em Salvador e outra em Feira de Santana, mediante abordagem fenomenológica utilizando história de vida, com o auxilio dos instrumentos: observação participante, entrevista narrativa e texto autobiográfico. Os professores participantes da pesquisa são licenciados em Biologia e Matemática. A ludicidade como premissa fundante da experiência com a leitura literária na vida dos sujeitos foi investigada, assim como, a sua expressão lúdica foi observada nas mediações didáticas e partilhas espontâneas de saber literário. Os conceitos que permitiram uma análise sensível da realidade estudada foram encontrados em Luckesi (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2016), Brougère (1998, 2002), Maffesoli (1998, 2001), Callois (1990), d’Ávila (2007, 2009, 2008, 2014, 2016), Zilbermann (1988, 2005, 2008), Durand (1997) dentre outros. Concluiu-se que o perfil lúdico do docente, enquanto impulso inicial do sujeito, mediante contínuas experiências afetivas com a leitura literária, concretiza um perfil profissional, que, por sua vez, influencia a forma e a qualidade das mediações didáticas.
The Generation of Saturn's Aurora at Lower Latitudes by Electrostatic Waves
Authors: Tripathi Arvind K. , Singhal Rajendra P. , Singh Onkar N.
Published: April 2018

In the present paper we have modeled diffuse auroral emissions, which have been observed at lower latitudes as compared to the main auroral arc at Saturn. It is generally accepted that these emissions are generated by precipitation of hot population of magnetospheric electrons on the closed field lines. We have considered the pitch angle diffusion by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves as the mechanism to diffuse trapped electrons into the atmospheric loss cone. Electrons are thereby precipitated into the atmosphere and excite the neutral atmospheric constituents producing auroral emissions. Calculation of ultraviolet emission intensities has been performed at two L‐shells 5.35 and 7.0. Observed hot electron distribution functions and observed electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic wave characteristics have been used in the study. Intensities of Lyman‐alpha emission from excitation of atomic H and Lyman‐alpha produced from dissociative excitation of H2 have been calculated, obtaining the values 20.1 R (1.8 R) and 1.6 kR (0.29 kR), respectively, for both L‐shells 7.0 (5.35).Further, intensities of Lyman and Werner bands of H2 are also calculated. These have the values 7.50 kR (1.43 kR) and 7.52 kR (1.49 kR), respectively, for L‐shells 7.0 (5.35). It is observed that the volume excitation rates of these four excitations peak at an altitude of about 2,000 km. From the range‐energy relation in H2 gas it is estimated that the electrons producing these excitations should have energies less than about 250 eV.
Platelets
Authors: Gallant Reid C , Wang Yiming , Ni Heyu
Published: April 2018

Platelets are small anucleate blood cells that are produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and also likely in the lungs. Due to their small size relative to other circulating blood cells, platelets are displaced from the center of vessels and circulate close to the vessel wall. This position near the vessel wall allows platelets to rapidly respond to vascular injuries and contribute to hemostasis, the physiological process that stops bleeding. Following vascular damage, exposure of subendothelial matrix proteins to the blood initiates the first wave of hemostasis: platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Activated platelets also play important roles in secondary hemostasis by binding coagulation factors and enhancing cell‐based thrombin generation at sites of vessel injury. Beyond hemostasis, platelets have been demonstrated by recent studies to play critical roles in a range of biological processes including inflammation, immune regulation, atherosclerosis, lymphatic vessel development, angiogenesis, liver regeneration, and tumor metastasis.

Key Concepts

Platelets are small, versatile blood cells that are produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Platelets circulate in the blood for 7–10 days before being cleared.

The most well‐appreciated role of platelets is their role in haemostasis.

Abnormalities in platelet number and function can cause either bleeding or thrombotic disorders.

Platelets have been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes including inflammation, immune regulation, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis and lymphatic vessel development, liver regeneration and tumour metastasis.
Vertebrate Herbivory and Its Ecosystem Consequences
Authors: Oksanen Lauri , Olofsson Johan
Published: April 2018

Herbivory is a process where animals obtain energy and nutrients from vegetative plant parts (leaves, stems, etc.). Herbivory is called grazing, browsing or folivory, depending on the size of the herbivore and the type of plant tissue consumed. The consumption is actually performed by microbes in the digestive system. The role of the animal is to prepare the material and to provide a good environment for the microbes. This requires specialisations, making herbivores a distinct animal group. Vertebrate herbivory can change forests to heathlands or grasslands and influence the composition and species richness of the herbaceous vegetation. By maintaining open habitats, herbivorous vertebrates can increase the fraction of solar radiation reflected back to the space, especially at high latitudes and altitudes. Thus, vertebrate herbivory can also counteract global warming.

Key Concepts

Herbivory is the collective term for consumption of plants or vegetative plant parts by animals.

Browsing is utilisation of woody plants by animals, normally referring to vertebrates.

Grazing is utilisation of herbaceous plants by animals, referring to vertebrates and big, mobile invertebrates.

Folivory is utilisation of photosynthetic plant tissues by small animals, normally referring to relatively immobile insect larvae.

Heathland, in narrow sense, refers to treeless vegetation, dominated by ericaceous plants; in broad sense, it refers to all kinds of vegetation dominated by prostrate dicotyledonous plants.

Grassland is treeless vegetation dominated by plants belonging to the families Poaceae (grasses), Cyperaceae (sedges and their relatives) or Juncaceae (rushes and woodrushes).
Genomic Imprinting at the Transcriptional Level
Authors: Pólvora Brandão Duarte , da Rocha Simão T
Published: April 2018

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation causing genes to be expressed from only one of the two parentally inherited chromosomes in mammals. Imprinted genes often cluster in large chromosomal domains and their expression is regulated by
cis
‐acting imprinting control regions. These regions carry an epigenetic imprint, mostly in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid methylation, laid down during gametogenesis, when the two genomes are separated. Regulation of imprinting in these clusters is thought to be explained by competition of promoters of different genes to common enhancers or
cis
‐regulation induced by long noncoding RNAs. Aberrant expression of imprinted genes leads to human pathologies characterised by mental, developmental and metabolic abnormalities. Imprinting errors are also often seen in stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells and affect their physiology and pluripotent potential. For these reasons, genomic imprinting remains a crucial model for understanding the epigenetic influence on transcriptional activity and repression.

Key Concepts

A subset of genes in the mammalian genome (<1%) known as imprinted genes are expressed exclusively from one of the two parental alleles.

Imprinted genes are involved in foetal growth and placental development in the uterus, as well as brain function and metabolism in adults.

Most imprinted genes are physically linked in chromosomal regions known as imprinted clusters and are coordinatively regulated.

Genomic imprinting at clusters is regulated by imprinting control regions (ICRs) that acquired an imprint distinguishing the two parental alleles during gametogenesis.

DNA methylation is the bona fide imprint mark at ICRs, but chromatin modifications, such as H3K27me3, also serve as an imprint mark at transient and/or placental‐specific ICRs.

Methylation imprints are established in the parental germ line, resist the wave of DNA demethylation after fertilisation and are erased before resetting in the germ line according to the sex.

Insulation of common enhancers by the methylated sensitive protein Ctcf explains the imprinting regulation at the
Igf2/H19
region.

Silencing of genes in
cis
by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) explains the imprinting regulation of, at least, three clusters through transcription interference and recruitment of chromatin modifiers.

Deregulation of genomic imprinting can cause imprinted disorders in humans, which exhibit parent of origin effects in their pattern of inheritance.

Imprinting defects occur in stem cells and during somatic reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) affecting their pluripotency and harness their potential clinical applications.
Genetics of Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Murdaca Giuseppe , Magnani Ottavia , Puppo Francesco
Published: April 2018

Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease characterised by progressive vascular damage, autoimmune dysfunction and excessive collagen deposition leading to organ fibrosis. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and still not fully understood. However, environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors seem to contribute to the heterogeneity of the disease and to the different clinical phenotypes. In the last decades, several genetic investigations were conducted to identify susceptible or protective loci. These studies contributed to the identification of HLA and non‐HLA loci of susceptibility to systemic sclerosis and, interestingly, most of them seem to be shared with other autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the emerging evidences of the role of innate immunity have been supported by the demonstration of polymorphisms associated with innate pathway dysregulation.

Key Concepts

SSc is a multifactorial disorder where genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of the different expression of the disease.

Several HLA‐ and non‐HLA‐related loci of susceptibility seem to be associated with the development of different clinical subphenotypes of SSc.

The identification of interferon pathway‐associated genes variants suggests the role of innate immunity in SSc.

SSc shared several genetic markers with other autoimmune disorders supporting the theory of a common genetic autoimmunity component.

Enhancements in genetic and epigenetic studies may improve the understanding of the biological meaning of polymorphisms associated with SSc.
Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory
Authors: MacCord Kate , Maienschein Jane
Published: April 2018

The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, has had a long history of excellence in research and education. An independent institution for the first 125 years, it has been an affiliate of the University of Chicago since 2013. Internationally acclaimed courses, summer visiting researchers and year‐round research centres make up this vibrant laboratory in a small village at the southwestern tip of Cape Cod. Over 50 Nobel Prize winners have spent time at the MBL, and the courses have trained the leaders in fields such as embryology and physiology. Public lectures, a history of biology seminar and the Logan Science Journalism Program extend the MBL's reach beyond scientific discovery, and the location serves as an attractive convening place to bring together researchers and students around diverse topics especially related to the MBL's core areas.

Key Concepts

The MBL formed in 1888 as a summer institution with a dual mission: research and education.

Over 50 scientists associated with the MBL have won Nobel Prizes.

The MBL became an affiliate of the University of Chicago in 2013.

The MBL has three main research centres: the Ecosystems Center, the Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution and the Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering.

The MBL has hosted the National
Xenopus
Resource since 2011.
Bauman,Zygmunt (1925–2017)
Authors: Rattansi Ali
Published: April 2018

Zygmunt Bauman has been hailed as one of the world's leading sociologists. He was a prolific writer who reputedly wrote at least 70 books and by his own account his work has been translated into 35 languages. This entry gives an overview of his main ideas, focusing especially on his intellectual affinities with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, his most famous book, which was on the Holocaust, his postmodernist phase, his concept of “liquid modernity,” and his belief that the major evils of liquid modernity were consumerism and growing inequality in an age of globalization.
Emotional Labor
Authors: Erickson Karla
Published: April 2018

In 1979, Arlie Russell Hochschild developed the conceptual framework for a sociological study of emotions. She tied feeling rules, emotional display, and the demand to feign a feeling for a wage to social structure. In
The Managed Heart
(1983), she studied the trained management of feeling among flight attendants and bill collectors, laying the terrain to understand how workers' feelings are the terrain of struggle and site of profit in a service society.
Behaviorism
Authors: Vollmer Timothy R. , Joslyn P. Raymond , Normand Matthew P.
Published: April 2018

Behaviorism stems from the early work of J.B. Watson and I.P. Pavlov. Modern radical behaviorism was established by B.F. Skinner and exists today as a thriving discipline known as behavior analysis. This entry tracks the historical influences on behaviorism and describes the modern day status of the field.
Bricolage
Authors: Altglas Véronique
Published: April 2018

This entry provides the genealogy of bricolage and underscores the modifications it has undergone within the sociologies of culture and religion. Claude Lévi‐Strauss and Roger Bastide employed “bricolage” as a metaphor to depict the ways in which, in reference to traditional settings, cultures generate new myths and religious systems. Adopted within studies of culture and religion in highly differentiated societies, bricolage took a microsociological turn. It became synonymous with individual creative practices, the crafting of eclectic styles, religiosities, and identities through personal choice, as a result of the breakdown of social structures and traditions. However, it would be best to reclaim bricolage's original meaning, prompting questions about the contexts that make certain elements available, social patterns that may organize bricolage, who engages in bricolage, what for, who is empowered, from what, and by using whose tradition.
Deviance, Academic
Authors: Tedor Miyuki Fukushima
Published: April 2018

Considered as a violation of academic expectations, academic deviance includes deviant behaviors unique to education and academia. Though academic misconduct by students is often emphasized, similarly fraudulent, if not more serious, violations of professional expectations also plague educators, researchers, and administrators in the education system. Academic deviance is a serious problem that has been found to be associated with academic failure and school suspension, expulsion, and dropout, all of which are strong predictors of delinquency and other problem behaviors among students, and can be considered a white collar crime that could end an individual's career, when committed by a professional.
Family Planning, Abortion, and Reproductive Health
Authors: Svec Joseph , Andic Tanja , Boyle Elizabeth H.
Published: April 2018

Family planning, abortion, and reproductive health comprise the broad and diverse area of fertility regulation. While techniques to regulate fertility have existed in varying forms for centuries, only relatively recently has such knowledge become “global.” The globalization of fertility regulation is inextricably tied with international political changes of the twentieth century, from the rising importance of the nation‐state to the construction of intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations. This entry traces the economic, political, and ideological motivations that led to current conceptions of family planning, abortion, and reproductive health. It provides information on sources of data related to family planning, abortion, and reproductive health. It also discusses research on new reproductive technologies and defines some of the key differences across contemporary research questions and methods in this field.
Friendships of Adolescence
Authors: Flynn Heather Kohler
Published: April 2018

Friendships of adolescence are critical to social and emotional growth during this time of life more than any other. Adolescents seek autonomy from parents while peer relationships strengthen and become deeper. Having friends leads to positive outcomes, including higher self‐esteem and better coping skills. By contrast, youth without friends are vulnerable to adverse effects such as depression, anxiety, and higher delinquency. Friendship varies based on whether it is same‐sex or cross‐sex. Teen girls value intimacy and closeness while teen boys define friendship through shared activities. Unique benefits and challenges exist in cross‐sex friendships. Benefits involve understanding the perspective of the opposite sex. Challenges prominently include romantic tension. Managing and resolving conflict is a major component in maintaining harmony and preventing friendship dissolution.
Methods
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans)
Published: April 2018

In sociology, the term “methods” can encompass different aspects of a methodical approach to empirical research. We can distinguish between “methodology” as the theoretical understanding of basic principles and “method” as research techniques. The topics discussed under methods often include both.
Influence of respiratory motion management technique on radiation pneumonitis risk with robotic stereotactic body radiation therapy
Authors: Chapman Christopher H. , McGuinness Christopher , Gottschalk Alexander R. , Yom Sue S. , Garsa Adam A. , Anwar Mekhail , Braunstein Steve E. , Sudhyadhom Atchar , Keall Paul , Descovich Martina
Published: April 2018

Purpose/Objectives

For lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), real‐time tumor tracking (RTT) allows for less radiation to normal lung compared to the internal target volume (ITV) method of respiratory motion management. To quantify the advantage of RTT, we examined the difference in radiation pneumonitis risk between these two techniques using a normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model.

Materials/Method

20 lung SBRT treatment plans using RTT were replanned with the ITV method using respiratory motion information from a 4D‐CT image acquired at the original simulation. Risk of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis was calculated for both plans using a previously derived NTCP model. Features available before treatment planning that identified significant increase in NTCP with ITV versus RTT plans were identified.

Results

Prescription dose to the planning target volume (PTV) ranged from 22 to 60 Gy in 1–5 fractions. The median tumor diameter was 3.5 cm (range 2.1–5.5 cm) with a median volume of 14.5 mL (range 3.6–59.9 mL). The median increase in PTV volume from RTT to ITV plans was 17.1 mL (range 3.5–72.4 mL), and the median increase in PTV/lung volume ratio was 0.46% (range 0.13–1.98%). Mean lung dose and percentage dose–volumes were significantly higher in ITV plans at all levels tested. The median NTCP was 5.1% for RTT plans and 8.9% for ITV plans, with a median difference of 1.9% (range 0.4–25.5%, pairwise P < 0.001). Increases in NTCP between plans were best predicted by increases in PTV volume and PTV/lung volume ratio.

Conclusions

The use of RTT decreased the risk of radiation pneumonitis in all plans. However, for most patients the risk reduction was minimal. Differences in plan PTV volume and PTV/lung volume ratio may identify patients who would benefit from RTT technique before completing treatment planning.
Imprinting Chirality onto the Electronic States of Colloidal Perovskite Nanoplatelets
Authors: Georgieva Zheni N. , Bloom Brian P. , Ghosh Supriya , Waldeck David H.
Published: April 2018

The direct synthesis of chiroptical organic–inorganic methylammonium lead bromide perovskite nanoplatelets that are passivated by R‐ or S‐phenylethylammonium ligands is reported. The circular dichroism spectra can be divided into two components: (1) a region associated with a charge transfer transition between the ligand and the nanoplatelet, 300–350 nm, and (2) a region corresponding to the excitonic absorption maximum of the perovskite, 400–450 nm. The temperature‐ and concentration‐dependent circular dichroism spectra indicate that the chiro‐optical response arises from chiral imprinting by the ligand on the electronic states of the quantum‐confined perovskite rather than chiral ligand‐induced stereoselective aggregation.
Signal Amplification: A Sharp Impermeable‐Permeable Transition for Highly Sensitive Low‐Cost Detection
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Soh Siowling
Published: April 2018

This manuscript describes a signal‐amplifying mechanism for achieving highly sensitive yet low‐cost detection. The main component of the device is a hypersensitive material that consists of a stimuli‐responsive hydrogel coated with a thin layer of superhydrophobic nanoparticles. Initially, the superhydrophobic nanoparticles block the outflow of a dye (i.e., the impermeable state). When the stimuli‐responsive hydrogel expands after coming into contact with an appropriate stimulus, the dye diffuses through the gaps between the nanoparticles (i.e., the permeable state) and spread outward. The large outflow of dye (i.e., a clear visible readout) due to the small concentration or small amount (<1 µL) of chemicals added to the device produces the effect of signal amplification. Highly sensitive detection of concentration of as low as ∼10 nm is demonstrated. Fundamentally, the thin layer (<5 µm) of the superhydrophobic nanoparticles gives rise to the sharp impermeable‐permeable transition for the highly sensitive detection. This hypersensitive material provides the opportunity for the detection to be highly sensitive and yet has many other desirable features, including low cost, portable, simple to fabricate and operate, capable of quantifying concentration (i.e., by measuring time), and able to perform complex analysis (e.g., via logic gates by detecting multiple signals).
Zinc Stannate Nanocrystal–Based Ultrarapid‐Response UV Photodetectors
Authors: Dong Yuhang , Wang Shalong , Zou Yousheng , Liu Shuting , Zhu Zhengfeng , Li Jvbing , Ju Dan , Chen Jun , Zhang Kan , Liu Xuhai , Zeng Haibo
Published: April 2018

Ternary‐oxide nanostructures are the most investigated as promising candidates for ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) due to composition tunable bandgap and better photoconductivity. However, the assembled film–based UV PDs generally exhibit poor response speed because the internal defects of nanostructures and the discontinuity of assembled film obstruct transport of charges. Herein, a single‐crystal Zn2SnO4 (ZTO) nanocrystal (NC)–assembled film UV photodetector is reported, improving the response speed several tens of times (τrise ≈ 0.2 ms, τdecay ≈ 0.43 ms). The Ilight/Idark ratio of the UV PD is over 103. The ZTO NCs, with the bandgap of 3.9 eV, are prepared by laser ablation in liquid combined with hydrothermal reaction. The combination and dissociation of Zn–Sn–O ternary oxide are investigated to guarantee that single‐crystal ZTO NCs have high purity, clean surface, high specific surface area. Moreover, the NC‐assembled film is highly compact and continuous, which outperforms the conventional 1D nanostructures. This work provides a reliable novel approach to greatly improve the performances of UV PDs.
Effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer on the release of ketoprofen and allopurinol from bilayer matrix transdermal patch
Authors: Arshad Iram , Ali Sajid , Amin Umair , Shabbir Maryam , Raza Moosa , Sharif Ali , Akhtar Muhammad Furqan
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to design a matrix transdermal patch of ketoprofen and allopurinol for the possible treatment of arthritis with reduced side effects. For this purpose, a bilayer matrix transdermal patch was prepared with an immediate release layer of Methocel containing ketoprofen while secondary sustained layer composed of allopurinol with combinations of Eudragit RL100 and Methocel. The patch was studied for swelling index in distilled water and was found to increase with an increase in concentration of hydrophilic polymer. The in vitro dissolution was conducted in USP dissolution apparatus II using phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) as dissolution medium at 37 ± 2°C. Based on in vitro dissolution studies, KA1BL (99.65% release in 10 hr) was selected for ex vivo permeation studies through Franz diffusion cell using excised abdominal skin of albino rats, and using clove oil and menthol as permeation enhancers. The optimized formulation KA1BL‐M3 released 69.37% drug over 12 hr and followed zero‐order kinetics with anomalous release mechanism. The patch had uniform distribution of components as per digital microscopic analysis.