bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inheritance and Influence: Heiresses and the Montagu Property Network, circa 1749‐1827
Authors: Purcell Emma
Published: December 2021

The Montagu property network was inherited by two successive heiresses in the eighteenth century: Mary, duchess of Montagu, and her daughter Elizabeth, duchess of Buccleuch. The inheritance of a large property network by these women had a profound effect on both the use of the properties and the extent to which both women were able to assert their own agency through their management. The heiress remains a surprisingly understudied figure in eighteenth‐century historiography, but by using the Montagu duchesses as a case study, the heiress will be brought to the forefront of attention, demonstrating the influence that heiresses could have over property, even within marriage.
Micro‐seismic Event Detection of Hot Dry Rock based on the Gated Recurrent Unit Model and a Support Vector Machine
Authors: SUN Feng , HU Haotian , ZHAO Fa , YANG Xinran , CHEN Zubin , WU Haidong , ZHANG Linyou
Published: December 2021

Micro‐seismic monitoring is one of the most critical technologies that guide hydraulic fracturing in hot dry rock resource development. Micro‐seismic monitoring requires high precision detection of micro‐seismic events with a low signal‐to‐noise ratio. Because of this requirement, we propose a recurrent neural network model named gated recurrent unit and support vector machine (GRU_SVM). The proposed model ensures high accuracy while reducing the parameter number and hardware requirement in the training process. Since micro‐seismic events in hot dry rock produce large wave amplitudes and strong vibrations, it is difficult to reverse the onset of each individual event. In this study, we utilize a support vector machine (SVM) as a classifier to improve the micro‐seismic event detection accuracy. To validate the methodology, we compare the simulation results of the short‐term‐average to the long‐term‐average (STA/LTA) method with GRU_SVM method by using hot dry rock micro‐seismic event data in Qinghai Province, China. Our proposed method has an accuracy of about 95% for identifying micro‐seismic events with low signal‐to‐noise ratios. By ignoring smaller micro‐seismic events, the detection procedure can be processed more efficiently, which is able to provide a real‐time observation on the types of hydraulic fracturing in the reservoirs.
A double‐blind, randomized, placebo and positive‐controlled study in healthy volunteers to evaluate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of cetagliptin
Authors: Lu Jinmiao , Wang Lu , Zhou Sufeng , Zhou Chen , Xie Lijun , Chen Juan , Tang Dong , Tian Xusheng , Xie Daosheng , Ding Juping , Wang Tong , Yu Qiang , Ding Jinsong , Shao Feng
Published: December 2021

Aims

This study investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties, safety and tolerability of cetagliptin.

Methods

Forty‐eight healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Three cohorts were investigated in sequential order: 50, 100 and 200 mg cetagliptin. Positive control (sitagliptin 100 mg) was designed as open label. Blood samples were collected and analysed for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study.

Results

Following multiple oral doses, cetagliptin was rapidly absorbed and reached peak plasma concentrations after approximately 1.0–1.5 hours. Plasma cetagliptin concentrations increased at a rate greater than dose. Accumulation of cetagliptin was modest, and steady state was generally achieved at day 5. Doses ≥50 mg of cetagliptin administered once daily will result in sustained dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibition (≥80%). The plasma concentration giving 50% of maximum drug effect of DPP‐4 inhibition for cetagliptin (5.29 ng/mL) was lower than that of sitagliptin (7.03 ng/mL). Active glucagon‐like‐1 peptide (GLP‐1) concentrations were significantly increased in the cetagliptin groups by 2.3‐ to 3.1‐fold at day 1 and 3.1‐ to 3.6‐fold at steady state compared with that of placebo, and active GLP‐1 concentrations were increased with increasing dose. Compared with sitagliptin, doses ≥100 mg once daily of cetagliptin produced postprandial increases in active GLP‐1 level and induced to long‐lasting glucose‐lowering efficacy. Cetagliptin was well tolerated across all doses studied.

Conclusion

Cetagliptin demonstrates the great potential for treatment with type 2 diabetes patients based on the inhibition of DPP‐4, the increase in GLP‐1 and insulin, the decrease in glucose, and might be more effective in DPP‐4 inhibition than sitagliptin.
Race does not predict pancreas graft failure after pancreas transplantation in the modern era
Authors: Li Zhiwei , Xiang Jie , Liu Jianhua , Wang Li
Published: December 2021

Background

African‐American (AA) has historically been associated with inferior graft survival after pancreas transplantation. However, with the improvement of immunosuppression and surgical technique, we hypothesized that the racial disparity has been neutralized.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (1989–2018). Using Kaplan–Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards regression, we examined the influence of race on pancreatic graft survival.

Results

Before 2009, AA recipients had a higher risk of pancreatic graft failure after adjusting for confounding factors (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–1.24), but the risks for Hispanic and Asian recipients were both comparable to their Caucasian counterparts. However, the risk of pancreatic graft failure in AA recipients dropped to 1% and was no longer significant since 2009 (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 0.88–1.16). Interestingly, donor race showed similar results. Furthermore, the concordance statistic of the complete pancreas donor risk index (including donor race) was 0.582, whereas the concordance did not change when donor race was eliminated from the model.

Conclusions

AA and other races have shown similar pancreatic graft survival in the modern era. Furthermore, donor racial disparity also seems neutralized; thus, donor race should not be considered as an indicator of pancreatic donor quality.
Maternal education and siblings: Agents of cognitive development in kindergarten
Authors: Muñez David , Bull Rebecca , Lee Kerry
Published: December 2021

In this study (n = 1000,Mage at K1entry = 53.4 months, SD = 3.4; 53% females), we investigated the contributions of the family socioeconomic status (SES; maternal education and an income‐related measure) and number and age of siblings to the development of children's math, reading, and working memory (WM) updating skills over the kindergarten years. Results from a multivariate multilevel growth curve model showed that children from more disadvantaged SES backgrounds already had a multifaceted developmental lag at kindergarten entry. Maternal education was the aspect of SES that more clearly affected the child's cognitive development; the mother's education predicted children's math, reading, and WM‐updating skills at kindergarten entry as well as the rate of development of reading skills over the kindergarten years. Independently of SES status, children with more siblings also showed poorer reading and math skills than those in one‐child families at kindergarten entry. We also found that both older and younger siblings affected, negatively, children's reading skills before they attended kindergarten—which suggests that the development of reading skills is more responsive to environmental factors during the first years than other aspects of the child development. The findings underscore the independent role of siblings upon entry to kindergarten, and the enduring role of maternal education even after children are exposed to formal schooling.
Linking “values” to EU trade policy—a good idea?
Authors: Pelkmans Jacques
Published: December 2021

Should EU values be pursued by means of EU trade policy or separately via other policies? Article 21/3 TEU instructs the Council and the Commission to ‘ensure consistency between the different areas of its external action’, often (mis?)interpreted as a merger of all external policies with respect to values. Is this “merger” justified by the EU public interest? Linkage advocates are interested in the clout of EU trade and investment policy, but not in its objectives. Detailed recent research shows no empirical evidence of the effectiveness of value linkages. Thus, coupling values and EU trade policy may be costly and has few, if any, advantages; its main effect is continuous attention being paid to these issues (seen as a virtue by some). This article includes illustrations concerning the EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), EU/China cooperation on sustainable development and the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI).
Representing plant diversity in land models: An evolutionary approach to make “Functional Types” more functional
Authors: Anderegg Leander D. L. , Griffith Daniel M. , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Riley William J. , Berry Joseph A. , Dawson Todd E. , Still Christopher J.
Published: December 2021

Plants are critical mediators of terrestrial mass and energy fluxes, and their structural and functional traits have profound impacts on local and global climate, biogeochemistry, biodiversity, and hydrology. Yet, Earth System Models (ESMs), our most powerful tools for predicting the effects of humans on the coupled biosphere–atmosphere system, simplify the incredible diversity of land plants into a handful of coarse categories of “Plant Functional Types” (PFTs) that often fail to capture ecological dynamics such as biome distributions. The inclusion of more realistic functional diversity is a recognized goal for ESMs, yet there is currently no consistent, widely accepted way to add diversity to models, that is, to determine what new PFTs to add and with what data to constrain their parameters. We review approaches to representing plant diversity in ESMs and draw on recent ecological and evolutionary findings to present an evolution‐based functional type approach for further disaggregating functional diversity. Specifically, the prevalence of niche conservatism, or the tendency of closely related taxa to retain similar ecological and functional attributes through evolutionary time, reveals that evolutionary relatedness is a powerful framework for summarizing functional similarities and differences among plant types. We advocate that Plant Functional Types based on dominant evolutionary lineages (“Lineage Functional Types”) will provide an ecologically defensible, tractable, and scalable framework for representing plant diversity in next‐generation ESMs, with the potential to improve parameterization, process representation, and model benchmarking. We highlight how the importance of evolutionary history for plant function can unify the work of disparate fields to improve predictive modeling of the Earth system.
Poleward distribution of mesopelagic fishes is constrained by seasonality in light
Authors: Langbehn Tom J. , Aksnes Dag L. , Kaartvedt Stein , Fiksen Øyvind , Ljungström Gabriella , Jørgensen Christian
Published: December 2021

Aim

Mesopelagic fishes have a near‐global distribution in the upper 1,000 m from tropical to sub‐Arctic oceans across temperature regimes. Yet, their abundance decreases poleward and viable populations seem excluded from high latitudes. Why?

Location

North Atlantic between 50–85°N, with implications for high‐latitude oceans globally.

Time period

Present‐day.

Major taxa studied

Diel vertically migrating (DVM) mesopelagic fishes.

Methods

We use a mechanistic, state‐dependent life‐history model to characterize DVM mesopelagic fishes. This model links light‐dependent encounters and temperature‐dependent physiology, allowing optimal DVM strategies to emerge. We run the model along a latitudinal gradient with increasing seasonality in light and track individual fitness‐related measures, that is, survival and surplus energy, through the annual cycle to make predictions about population consequences.

Results

Mesopelagic fishes thrive in the oceans’ twilight zone, and many are dependent on periods of darkness for safe foraging near the surface, before migrating back to depth during daytime. When daylight lasts for 24 hr during the Arctic summer, these fish are trapped in deep waters void of prey because it is never safe to forage in the shallow waters where zooplankton prey are found. Hence, they are left with two poor options, starvation at depth or depredation while foraging. Our model predicts surplus energy, vital for reproduction and growth, to halve from 50–85°N and annual survival to drop by two‐thirds over a narrow range of 10° of latitude around the Arctic Circle. Thus, low recruitment and high predation mortality during summer make polar waters population sinks for mesopelagic fishes because of the extreme seasonality in light.

Main conclusions

At high latitudes, foraging mesopelagic fishes are exposed to sunlight in upper waters also at night. This makes them easy prey for visual predators, which limits their poleward distribution. Our findings highlight the importance to think beyond temperature to explain high‐latitude range limits.
Assessing the efficacy of coproduction to better understand the barriers to achieving sustainability in NHS chronic kidney services and create alternate pathways
Authors: Mc Laughlin Leah , Williams Gail , Roberts Gareth , Dallimore David , Fellowes David , Popham Joanne , Charles Joanna , Chess James , Williams Sarah Hirst , Mathews Jonathan , Howells Teri , Stone Judith , Isaac Linzi , Noyes Jane
Published: December 2021

Context

Too many people living with chronic kidney disease are opting for and starting on hospital‐based dialysis compared to a home‐based kidney replacement therapy. Dialysis services are becoming financially unsustainable.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of coproductive research in chronic kidney disease service improvement to achieve greater sustainability.

Design

A 2‐year coproductive service improvement study was conducted with multiple stakeholders with the specific intention of maximizing engagement with the national health kidney services, patients and public.

Setting and Participants

A national health kidney service (3 health boards, 18 dialysis units), patients and families (n = 50), multidisciplinary teams including doctors, nurses, psychologists, social workers, and so forth (n = 68), kidney charities, independent dialysis service providers and wider social services were part of this study.

Findings

Coproductive research identified underutilized resources (e.g., patients on home dialysis and social services) and their potential, highlighted unmet social care needs for patients and families and informed service redesign. Education packages were reimagined to support the home dialysis agenda including opportunities for wider service input. The impacts of one size fits all approaches to dialysis on specialist workforce skills were made clearer and also professional, patient and public perceptions of key sustainability policies.

Discussion and Conclusions

Patient and key stakeholders mapped out new ways to link services to create more sustainable models of kidney health and social care. Maintaining principles of knowledge coproduction could help achieve financial sustainability and move towards more prudent adult chronic kidney disease services.

Patient or Public Contribution

Involved in developing research questions, study design, management and conduct, interpretation of evidence and dissemination.
Evaluating meaningful impact of Patient and Public Involvement: A Q methodology study among researchers and young people with a chronic condition
Authors: van Schelven Femke , Boeije Hennie , Rademakers Jany
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Although Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) of young people with a chronic condition (YPCC) is receiving increasing attention, evidence of impact is lacking. This is partly due to inadequate understanding of what meaningful impact entails. This study aimed to gain an in‐depth understanding of researchers’ and YPCC's perspectives on meaningful impact.

Methods

We conducted a Q methodology study in a group of 26 researchers and a group of 20 YPCC with experience in PPI. Participants ranked statements about impact (e.g., ‘YPCC acquire new knowledge and skills’) based on their agreement with them. During interviews, they reflected on their rankings (Q sorts). Factor analysis was conducted to identify similar patterns in the individual Q sorts. The interviews were used to determine and interpret the final factor solution. The resulting factors represented distinct perspectives on meaningful impact.

Results

Four distinct perspectives on meaningful impact of PPI were identified. Two were predominantly based on the Q sorts of researchers, for example improving research quality and facilitating dialogue and understanding, and two on the Q sorts of YPCC, for example achieving equality and inclusivity and doing justice to YPCC's rights. The factors were defined by 37 Q sorts (80%); 9 Q sorts did not load significantly on any of the factors.

Conclusion

The results indicate that researchers and YPCC can have different views about the meaningful impact of PPI. The perspectives identified here can serve as an aid when discussing these different views and formulating operational indicators of impact.

Patient or Public Contribution

An adolescent with a chronic condition was involved in the early phases of this study. She helped in formulating the statements and recruiting YPCC.
Eosinophil plays a crucial role in intestinal mucositis induced by antineoplastic chemotherapy
Authors: Arifa Raquel D. N. , Brito Camila B. , de Paula Talles P. , Lima Renata L. , Menezes‐Garcia Zélia , Cassini‐Vieira Puebla , Vilas Boas Fabrício A. , Queiroz‐Junior Celso M. , da Silva Janine M. , da Silva Tarcília A. , Barcelos Lucíola S. , Fagundes Caio T. , Teixeira Mauro M. , Souza Daniele G.
Published: December 2021

Mucositis is a major clinical complication associated with cancer treatment and may limit the benefit of chemotherapy. Leukocytes and inflammatory mediators have been extensively associated with mucositis severity. However, the role of eosinophils in the pathophysiology of chemotherapy‐induced mucositis remains to be elucidated. Here, using GATA‐1‐deficient mice, we investigated the role of eosinophils in intestinal mucositis. There was marked accumulation of eosinophils in mice given irinotecan and eosinophil ablation inhibited intestinal mucositis. Treatment with Evasin‐4, a chemokine receptor antagonist, reduced the recruitment of eosinophils and decreased irinotecan‐induced mucositis. Importantly, Evasin‐4 did not interfere negatively with the antitumour effects of irinotecan. Evasin‐4 was of benefit for mice given high doses of irinotecan once Evasin‐4‐treated mice presented delayed mortality. Altogether, our findings suggest that Evasin‐4 may have significant mucosal‐protective effects in the context of antineoplastic chemotherapy and may, therefore, be useful in combination with anticancer treatment in cancer patients.
Injection techniques for midface volumization using soft tissue hyaluronic acid fillers designed for dynamic facial movement
Authors: Galadari Hassan , Weinkle Susan H.
Published: December 2021

Volume loss of the face occurs over time; thus, volume enhancement of the midface can counteract the effects of aging. Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are often used for facial revolumization for a more youthful appearance due to their favorable outcomes and safety profiles. A patient‐centric approach, in which dynamic facial expressions are considered, is needed for optimal aesthetic results. In addition, injectors must be familiar with midface anatomy, how it is affected by the aging process, and must also consider the rheological and physical properties of fillers, including their stretch and dynamic strength.

In this article, optimal injection techniques are described for a new range of HA‐based fillers for midface revolumization using a needle, cannula, or both. The layering technique involves product placement in both the deep and superficial fat compartments to achieve natural‐looking outcomes at rest and during motion.

The Resilient Hyaluronic Acid (RHA®) line of fillers was designed to maintain their durability and integrity while adapting to the dynamic movements of the face. RHA 2 is applicable for superficial placement, whereas the balanced stretch and dynamic strength of RHA 3 render it more versatile. The novel rheological properties of RHA 4, with the highest dynamic strength and sufficient stretch, allow it to be injected superficially and into deep facial compartments.

Depending on patient characteristics, the appropriate RHA filler can be chosen to reach the goal of a natural, younger appearance and avoid overfilling.
Platelet‐Rich Plasma Treatment for Accelerated Androgenetic Alopecia Pattern Hair Loss After COVID‐19 Infection: A Case Series
Authors: İşlek Akif , Karaaslan Engin , Şimşek Sadullah , Merve Çetin Funda
Published: December 2021

Background

Hair‐related manifestations such as alopecia areata or telogen effluvium were reported during COVID‐19 disease. Accelerated hair loss with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) pattern or management has not been discussed before.

Aims

This study aimed to examine the accelerated AGA pattern hair loss and management with PRP treatment.

Materials and Methods

This study was designed prospectively and nine patients included to study confirmed PCR test for COVID‐19 infection. Patients underwent platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) injections for 4 sessions. Results were accessed with the hair pull test (HPT) and self‐administered hair growth questionnaire (HGQ).

Results

Nine patients were admitted with complaints of hair loss after an average of 220 ± 24.2 (min: 182 max: 264) day after recovery of COVID‐19. Mean age of the patients was 33.8 ±8.4 years old (min: 26, max: 52). Six (66.7%) patients were male, and three (33.3%) of them were female. HPT score decreased to 6.0 ± 1.6 after the first PRP application (p = 0.007, CI 95%:2.7–5.2) and decreased to 1.2 ± 0.8 after the last PRP session (p = 0.008, CI 95%: 6.4–11.1). Five (55.5%) of the patients described the treatment as “very effective” after treatment with HGQ.

Conclusions

Accelerated hair loss associated with COVID‐19 continues in long term and PRP treatment provides a satisfactory solution.
Validity of the Morse Fall Scale and the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool for fall risk assessment in an acute care setting
Authors: Kim Young Ju , Choi Kyoung‐Ok , Cho Suk Hyun , Kim Seok Jung
Published: December 2021

Aims and Objectives

To evaluate the measured fall risk score that more accurately reflects the changeable conditions in acute care settings, and to efficiently evaluate the association between falls and fall risk score.

Background

The Morse Fall Scale (MFS) is a well‐known easy‐to‐use tool, while the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool (JHFRAT) consists of items with high specificity. Evaluating suitable fall‐risk assessment tools to measure these changeable conditions may contribute to preventing falls in acute care settings.

Design

Retrospective case–control study using the STROBE checklist.

Methods

In an acute care setting (708‐bedded university hospital with a regional emergency medical centre), the non‐fall group was adjusted to fall group using propensity score matching. According to the fall rate of 3–5%, non‐fall groups for each tool were selected (1386 and 1947) from the before adjusted data, and the fall groups included 42 and 59. The applied covariates were individual characteristics that ordinarily changed such as age, gender, diagnostic department and hospitalisation period. The adjusted data were analysed using generalised estimating equations and mixed effect model.

Results

After adjustment, the fall group measured using the JHFRAT had a significantly higher difference between the initial and re‐measured total score than the non‐fall group. The JHFRAT, especially with the re‐measured score, had a higher AUC value for predicting falls than the MFS. MFS's sensitivity was 85.7%, and specificity was 58.8% at 50 points; for JHFRAT, these were 67.8% and 80.2% at 14 points, respectively. These cut‐off points were used to evaluate validity during tool development and are commonly used as reference scores.

Conclusions

JHFRAT more accurately reflects acute changeable conditions related to fall risk measurements after admission.

Relevance to clinical practice

JHFRAT may be useful for effective fall prevention activities in acute care settings.
Vagus nerve ultrasound in transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy: A pilot study
Authors: Du Kang , Xu Ke , Chu Xujun , Tang Yuwei , Lv He , Zhang Wei , Wang Zhaoxia , Yuan Yun , Meng Lingchao
Published: December 2021

Background and Purpose

Autonomic dysfunction is common in transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR‐FAP). Because ultrasonography is a powerful tool to study peripheral neuropathy, vagus nerve (VN) ultrasonography was used in our study to investigate the possible changes of the dimension of VN in TTR‐FAP.

Methods

Eighteen patients with TTR‐FAP and 17 age‐ and gender‐matched individuals without any neuropathies were enrolled in a pilot study. The cross‐sectional areas (CSAs) were measured bilaterally on transverse scans of vagus, median, and ulnar nerves. Clinical data were collected to explore the correlations with CSAs of VN.

Results

The median CSAs of VN in TTR‐FAP were 3.5 (2.0‐6.0) mm2 on the right side and 2.5 (1.0‐6.0) mm2 on the left side, compared with 2.0 (1.0‐3.0) mm2 and 1.0 (1.0‐2.0) mm2 for healthy controls (HCs). There was a significant difference between the two groups on both sides (p < .001). The mean VN CSAs were correlated positively with the course of disease (r = .7203, p = .0016)（not including the patient with the longest disease course), the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score 31 (r = .5252, p = .0252), the left ventricular posterior wall thickness (r = .5426, p = .0200), and the interventricular septum thickness (r = .5103, p = .0305). The cutoff values of right and left VN CSAs to identify TTR‐FAP from HCs were 2.5 and 1.5 mm2 and the areas under the curve were .9395 and .8856, with a high sensitivity (.889 and .889) and specificity (.941 and .765), respectively.

Conclusion

VN enlargement is prevalent among TTR‐FAP patients. VN ultrasonography may be an important clinical tool for assessing the severity of autonomic dysfunction in TTR‐FAP.
Family‐supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB) and work‐family conflict: The role of stereotype content, supervisor gender, and gender role beliefs
Authors: Yu Andrew , Pichler Shaun , Russo Marcello , Hammer Leslie
Published: December 2021

Existing research consistently shows that informal workplace support, such as family‐supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB), are more effective at reducing work–family conflict than formal organizational supports. The purpose of this study is to integrate propositions from the stereotype content model and social role theory to understand how family‐supportive supervision is related to social evaluations of supervisors (i.e., perceptions of supervisor warmth and competence) and identify boundary conditions (i.e., supervisor gender and employee gender role beliefs) to help researchers and practitioners understand how these relationships affect work–family conflict. We test our hypotheses using two studies, one an experimental vignette study and the other a two‐wave survey study of working individuals with family or caregiving responsibilities. Our results suggest that FSSB are importantly related to how employees socially evaluate their supervisors along the dimensions of warmth and competence; supervisor gender moderates the relationship between FSSB and perceived competence (but not warmth); employee gender role beliefs moderates both these relationship (but in a counterintuitive way for supervisor competence); and we find evidence that warmth and competence mediate the effects that FSSB have on work–family conflict. Implications for theory, future research, and practice are discussed.

Practitioner points

Supervisors and organizations should consider how employee perceptions of supervisor competence and warmth impact employee perceptions of family supportiveness.

When enacting family supportive behavior, it is important for supervisors to demonstrate warmth, such as through nonverbal communication and body language.

Family‐supportive supervisor behavior (FSSB) interventions should consider manipulating not only dimensions of FSSB, but also behaviors tied to perceptions of competence and warmth.
The effect of labor‐market differentials on interregional migration in Spain: A meta‐regression analysis
Authors: Alvarez Maximiliano , Royuela Vicente
Published: December 2021

This paper performs a meta‐regression analysis to derive the role of techniques, data and variable's definition on the effect of the labor‐market determinants on interregional migration. We use Spain as a case of study, a country with heterogeneous and even counterintuitive behavior of internal migration flows to its labor‐market drivers. We use data from studies released over the last 40 years. The results show that migration flows respond to labor‐market differentials in a theoretically consistent way. We find that the vast diversity in the studies’ attributes is behind the significant heterogeneity of their estimated effects. Differences in aggregation level, variables measures, model specification, and the national economic context influence the identification of the push and pull effects.
Amino acid pattern of rumen microorganisms in cattle fed mixed diets—An update
Authors: Gresner Nina , Rodehutscord Markus , Südekum Karl‐Heinz
Published: December 2021

Rumen microorganisms turn small N‐containing compounds into amino acids (AA) and contribute considerably to the supply of AA absorbed from the small intestine. Previous studies summarized the literature on microbial AA patterns, most recently in 2017 (Sok et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 5241–5249). The present study intended to identify the microbial AA pattern typical when feeding Central European diets and a maximum proportion of concentrate (PCO; dry matter (DM) basis) of 0.60. Data sets were created from the literature for liquid (LAB)‐ and particle (PAB)‐associated bacteria, total bacteria and protozoa, including 16, 9, 27 and 8 studies and 36, 21, 60 and 18 diets respectively. Because the only differences detected between LAB and PAB were slightly higher Phe and lower Thr percentages in PAB (p < 0.05), results for bacteria were pooled. A further data set evaluated AA‐N (AAN) as a proportion of total N in microbial fractions and a final data set estimated protozoal contributions to total microbial N (TMN) flow to the duodenum, which were used to calculate weighted TMN AA patterns. Protozoa showed higher Lys, Asp, Glu, Ile and Phe and lower Ala, Arg, Gly, Met, Ser, Thr and Val proportions than bacteria (p < 0.05). The AAN percentage of total N in bacteria and protozoa showed large, unexplained variations, averaging 79.0% and 70.6% (p > 0.05) respectively. Estimation of protozoal contribution to TMN resulted in a cattle‐specific mixed model including PCO and DM intake (DMI) per unit of metabolic body size (kg0.75) as fixed effects (RMSE = 3.77). With moderate PCO and DMI between 80 and 180 g/kg0.75, which corresponds to a DMI of approximately 10 to 25 kg in a cow with 650 kg body weight, protozoal contribution ranged between 9% and 26% of TMN. Within this range, the estimated protozoal contribution to TMN resulted in minor effects on the total microbial AA pattern.
Avian skulls represent a diverse ornithuromorph fauna from the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation, Gansu Province, China
Authors: O'Connor Jingmai K. , Stidham Thomas A. , Harris Jerald D. , Lamanna Matthew C. , Bailleul Alida M. , Hu Han , Wang Min , You Hai‐Lu
Published: December 2021

We describe six specimens consisting of cranial remains and associated partial presacral axial series belonging to ornithuromorph birds from the Changma locality of the Lower Cretacous Xiagou Formation of northwestern Gansu Province, China. Comparison among specimens is limited by the paucity of overlapping elements, their differing exposed views, and, in some specimens, poor preservation. Despite this, three separate taxa are represented, evidenced by differences in their dentary dentitions: one specimen is edentulous, another has sharp, closely spaced, relatively high‐crowned and peg‐like teeth, and a third preserves blunt, relatively low‐crowned teeth placed in a communal groove, a morphology previously reported among adult birds only in Hesperornithiformes. We propose that the high‐crowned specimen may be referred to Gansus yumenensis based on shared similarities with the closely related Iteravis huchzermeyeri, including a very similar dentition and an edentulous premaxilla with elongate, unfused frontal processes and no palatal processes. The two other specimens are considered new taxa, for which we erect the names Meemannavis ductrix gen. et sp. nov. and Brevidentavis zhangi gen. et sp. nov. These new specimens confirm that the Changma locality is dominated by ornithuromorph birds and contribute to a better understanding of this important avifauna. The observed variation in dental morphology hints at trophic diversity like that observed in ornithuromorphs from the penecontemporaneous Jehol Group of northeastern China.
Immunohistochemical expression of osteopontin and collagens in choroid plexus of human brains
Authors: Wakamatsu Keiji , Chiba Yoichi , Murakami Ryuta , Matsumoto Koichi , Miyai Yumi , Kawauchi Machi , Yanase Ken , Uemura Naoya , Ueno Masaki
Published: December 2021

Evidence showing the functional significance of the choroid plexus is accumulating. Although it is clinically well‐known that calcification is frequently seen in the choroid plexus of aged human brains, it is unclear why calcification occurs in the aged choroid plexus and what exert effects on the calcification has. In this study, immunohistochemical localizations of collagens and other molecules related to fibrosis or calcification were investigated on the choroid plexus of autopsied human brains. Densely fibrous or calcified materials were located in the stroma just below the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of all human brains examined. Immunoreactivity for collagen type I was identified in the stroma just below the epithelial cells, consistent with the densely fibrous or calcified area, whereas that for collagen type III was observed in almost all stroma other than the densely fibrous or calcified areas. Linear or membranous immunoreactivity for collagen type IV was intermittently localized on the epithelium‐facing side of the materials, suggesting an injured basement membrane. In addition, clear immunoreactivity for osteopontin was localized on the epithelium‐facing side of the fibrous or calcified materials as well as in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. These findings indicate that collagen type I exists in contact with osteopontin in and around the densely fibrous or calcified materials in the choroid plexus. They suggest that the densely fibrous or calcified materials are deposited in the subepithelial stroma just below an injured basement membrane of epithelial cells via the collagen type I and osteopontin.
Let's talk about the negative experiences of Black mental health service users in England: Now is the moment to consider watchful waiting to support their recovery
Authors: Tuffour Isaac
Published: December 2021

Watchful waiting is a concept that is traditionally not associated with severe and enduring mental illness. This paper, however, boldly argues that the concept could be used as a ground‐breaking and accessible antidote to the perceived inequality experienced by black service users experiencing both mild and severe mental illnesses in England. The novel concepts proposed in this paper are not intended to be consensual, but rather uncompromising to provoke critical thinking in mental health practice. A conceptual framework for watchful waiting in mental health is suggested.
Identity in Martin‐Löf type theory
Authors: Klev Ansten
Published: December 2021

The logic of identity contains riches not seen through the coarse lens of predicate logic. This is one of several lessons to draw from the subtle treatment of identity in Martin‐Löf type theory, to which the reader will be introduced in this article. After a brief general introduction we shall mainly be concerned with the distinction between identity propositions and identity judgements. These differ from each other both in logical form and in logical strength. Along the way, connections to philosophical debates concerning identity are noted. Some use of logical symbolism is inevitable in any serious discussion of type theory, but the emphasis here is on basic ideas rather than technicalities.
Outcome-Guided Sparse K-Means for Disease Subtype Discovery via Integrating Phenotypic Data with High-Dimensional Transcriptomic Data
Authors: Meng Lingsong , Avram Dorina , Tseng George , Huo Zhiguang
Published: December 2021

The discovery of disease subtypes is an essential step for developing precision medicine, and disease subtyping via omics data has become a popular approach. While promising, subtypes obtained from existing approaches are not necessarily associated with clinical outcomes. With the rich clinical data along with the omics data in modern epidemiology cohorts, it is urgent to develop an outcome-guided clustering algorithm to fully integrate the phenotypic data with the high-dimensional omics data. Hence, we extended a sparse K-means method to an outcome-guided sparse K-means (GuidedSparseKmeans) method. An unified objective function was proposed, which was comprised of (i) weighted K-means to perform sample clusterings; (ii) lasso regularizations to perform gene selection from the high-dimensional omics data; and (iii) incorporation of a phenotypic variable from the clinical dataset to facilitate biologically meaningful clustering results. By iteratively optimizing the objective function, we will simultaneously obtain a phenotype-related sample clustering results and gene selection results. We demonstrated the superior performance of the GuidedSparseKmeans by comparing with existing clustering methods in simulations and applications of high-dimensional transcriptomic data of breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Our algorithm has been implemented into an R package, which is publicly available on GitHub ( https://github.com/LingsongMeng/GuidedSparseKmeans).
Affective judgment in spatial context: Orienting within physical spaces containing people and things
Authors: Blaison Christophe
Published: December 2021

This article reviews our experimental work about affective judgment in spatial context. This type of judgment serves to regulate one's distance toward people and things in physical space. The main idea is that orienting within physical space requires not only knowing where places are but also how places feel. This, in turn, depends on the influence of people and things contained in space on one's affective appraisal of the surroundings. Based on fundamental principles of social cognition, affective judgment in spatial context combines people's beliefs about how influence unfolds into the surroundings with comparison, categorization and information integration processes. Out comes a subjective affective representation of physical space that is cognitively coherent within a given spatial frame of reference. I review our work according to main topics and discuss four possible directions for future research.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐A*01:405 allele by two next generation sequencing methods
Authors: Walencik Alexandre , Calvo De Olmos Orane , Bonneville Francoise , Blanchet Gaelle , Cesbron‐Gautier Anne
Published: December 2021

The novel HLA‐A*01:405 allele was characterized using two next generation sequencing technologies.
AWARENESS OF ICT SECURITY POLICY TO ENSURE DATA PROTECTION IN FORESTRY DEPARTMENT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Authors: Lee Reanee , Ariffin Ain Suzana
Published: December 2021

The Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia's (FDPM) ICT Security Policy was developed and implemented in 2012 and reviewed in 2015. This policy aims to take the lead in managing data, hardware, software, network, and ICT security under legal regulations. Amongst the department's responsibilities are to implement data confidentiality, integrity, and availability policies to ensure the continuity of activities and services while mitigating the impact of security incidents. Accidentally, on September 16, 2016, a fire broke out in the FDPM building, causing property damage and document destruction with an estimated loss of RM30 million. Currently, in Malaysia, cybercrime and government data intrusion has become increasingly difficult to combat. Raising public awareness, particularly among officers who serve as service providers and department employees, is therefore critical to address those issues. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to determine the level of awareness of FDPM employees regarding FDPM ICT Security Policy as well as to investigate the factors that influence information security awareness. Inputs from this study were derived from both primary and secondary sources to meet the objectives. Primary data was gathered through surveys where 130 questionnaires were distributed to FDPM headquarters employees at the management, professional, and support team levels. Meanwhile, secondary data was gathered from FDPM annual and management reports, statistical data, journals, reference documents, and the Internet. The findings were analyzed statistically using SPSS. The level of awareness has been determined and an appropriate criterion to improve the level of information security awareness among FDPM employees was recommended which may help for a better understanding of department culture and increase a higher level of security awareness among FDPM employees.
Second Thoughts About Central Bank Digital Currencies
Authors: Kovanen Arto
Published: December 2021

Sustained decline in central banks’ monetary liabilities (reserves and currency in circulation), which the emergency of cryptocurrencies may have hastened, has been enabled by technological innovations that over time have allowed financial institutions and their customers to execute transactions and settle their debts without resorting to central bank currency. Policymakers are concerned about their ability to guarantee public’s access to government-backed currency. This has implications for central banks’ balance sheet and income position, which central bank digital currency might reconstitute. But the introduction of central bank digital currency (CBDC) comes with its own risks and could be disruptive for financial markets. We believe that retaining the option to have access to government-guaranteed currency is of utmost importance, despite the sporadic demand for physical currency in the modern society, but it could be addressed within existing institutional structures without the introduction of CBDC. However, policy authorities are right in seeking oversight and regulation for cryptocurrencies to address the destabilizing potential of cryptocurrencies for financial markets, and they should continue modernizing payment infrastructures to bring retail settlement systems at par with cryptocurrencies in terms of settlement speed but without associated liquidity and credit risks. These steps would preserve the status quo and allow private sector to continue innovating while limiting central banks’ footprint in the financial markets.
CrN/AlN nanolaminates: Architecture, residual stresses, and cracking behavior
Authors: Bobzin K. , Brögelmann T. , Kruppe N. C. , Maier H. J. , Heidenblut T. , Besserer H.-B. , Kahra C. , Janowitz J.
Published: December 2021

Hard coatings deposited by physical vapor deposition are state of the art for wear and corrosion protection of manufacturing tools. Nanolaminate coatings such as CrN/AlN consist of hundreds of CrN and AlN alternating layers and stand out among nitride hard coatings by their mechanical properties, i.e., high hardness combined with high toughness. Until now, the characteristics of CrN/AlN nanolaminates deposited in large scale industrial coating units using simultaneous direct current magnetron sputtering (dcMS) and high power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS) power supplies in hybrid dcMS/HPPMS processes have hardly been investigated. In this paper, two CrN/AlN nanolaminates are compared, which were deposited on tool steel X42Cr13 in a hybrid process using an industrial coating unit with six cathodes. Analyses of the mechanical properties were performed by nanoindentation in the low and high range load regimes as well as under very high quasistatic loads using the Rockwell penetration test. The residual stresses of the coatings were investigated using a dedicated ring-core milling method based on a focused ion beam. One of the two coatings was found to have a very high compound adhesion to the steel substrate rated with the best adhesion category HF1, despite residual compressive stresses of σ ≈ −5.4 GPa. This coating system also showed significantly higher hardness, compressive strength, and crack resistance compared with the other coating for which residual compressive stresses of only σ ≈ −0.9 GPa were measured. The relationship between the adjustable residual stresses in nanolaminate hard coatings and the strength requirements in the application can be used for the targeted design of coatings for manufacturing tools. The residual stresses and the influence of the rotation and bias voltage on those were analyzed for the first time for nanolaminates using the focus ion beam ring-core milling method.
Functionalized carbon nanotubes for thermionic emission and cooling applications
Authors: Jin Feng , Miruko Ansibert , Litt Daniel , Zhou Karolena
Published: December 2021

Barium strontium oxide-coated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were implemented as a work function lowering and field enhancing functional coating on a coiled tungsten filament to create a new thermionic cathode. This cathode resembles conventional oxide cathodes in structure. It has the same coiled tungsten filament as a conventional oxide cathode but uses barium strontium oxide-coated CNTs instead of the traditional barium strontium calcium oxide powder mixture as an emissive coating. The cathode produces a strong thermionic emission. At 1395 K and 2.5 V/μm, the thermionic emission current of 0.87 A or current density of 2.9 A/cm2 was obtained from this oxide-coated CNT cathode. This level of emission is about three times as large as a conventional oxide cathode operating at similar temperature and field strength. Strong thermionic emissions from the cathode also lead to a large thermionic cooling effect. Temperature reduction as large as 90° was observed from the cathode surface when it was emitting electrons. Strong thermionic emission and a large cooling effect obtained are the result of the combination of the low work function of barium strontium oxide (1.6 eV) and the large field effect induced by the CNTs. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition was used to grow CNTs, and magnetron sputtering deposition was used to deposit the barium strontium oxide functional coating; details of the cathode fabrication are presented to illustrate both the versatility of the processing techniques and the adaptability of barium strontium oxide-coated CNTs as a functional coating. Measurements on thermionic emission and thermionic cooling of the cathode are also presented.