bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From plastic waste to polymer electrolytes for batteries through chemical upcycling of polycarbonate
Authors: Saito Keita , Jehanno Coralie , Meabe Leire , Olmedo-Martínez Jorge L. , Mecerreyes David , Fukushima Kazuki , Sardon Haritz
Published: June 2020

The depolymerisation of BPA-PC in the presence of diols enables its upcycling into BPA monomers and carbonate-containing diols which can be polymerised into aliphatic PCs as promising electrolytes for energy storage applications.
Ultra-thin N-doped-graphene encapsulated Ni nanoparticles coupled with MoO2 nanosheets for highly efficient water splitting at large current density
Authors: Qian Guangfu , Yu Guangtao , Lu Jiajia , Luo Lin , Wang Ting , Zhang Chenghui , Ku Ruiqi , Yin Shibin , Chen Wei , Mu Shichun
Published: June 2020

Ultra-thin N-doped-graphene encapsulated Ni nanoparticles coupled with MoO2 nanosheets are prepared for HER and OER. As used for overall water splitting, it can work for 196 h at 1000 mA cm−2.
Lanthanide complexes withN-phosphorylated carboxamide as UV converters with excellent emission quantum yield and single-ion magnet behavior
Authors: Pham Yen H. , Trush Viktor A. , Carneiro Neto Albano N. , Korabik Maria , Sokolnicki Jerzy , Weselski Marek , Malta Oscar L. , Amirkhanov V. M. , Gawryszewska Paula
Published: June 2020

Well-designed Ln compounds are UV converters with extremely high, triplet lifetime dependent emission QY, and show SIM behavior.
Optimization of the carbazole–pyrimidine linking pattern for achieving efficient TADF
Authors: Serevičius Tomas , Dodonova Jelena , Skaisgiris Rokas , Banevičius Dovydas , Kazlauskas Karolis , Juršėnas Saulius , Tumkevičius Sigitas
Published: June 2020

The carbazole substitution pattern strongly modifies the rates of radiative and nonradiative emission, opening the possibility to boost the emission yield.
miR-143-3p impacts on pulmonary inflammatory factors and cell apoptosis in mice with mycoplasmal pneumonia by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway
Authors: Wang Yongjun , Li Huan , Shi Yongsheng , Wang Shuying , Xu Yan , Li Hanyi , Liu Donghai
Published: June 2020

miR-143-3p is correlated with inflammatory pain responses, such as hsa-miR-143-3p expression reduction in fibromyalgia. The present study aimed to explore the effects of miR-143-3p and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/NF-κB signaling pathway on pulmonary inflammatory factors levels and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in mycoplasmal pneumonia mice. Twenty mice were selected as normal group. The 120 successfully modeled Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection mice were randomly divided into model group (without any treatment), negative control (NC) group (injected with NC mimic), miR-143-3p mimic group (injected with miR-143-3p mimic), miR-143-3p inhibitor group (injected with miR-143-3p inhibitor), TAK-242 group (treatment with TAK-242), and miR-143-3p inhibitor + TAK-242 group (treatment with miR-143-3p inhibitor + TAK-242). Compared with model group, model mice had up-regulated miR-143-3p expression and decreased MyD88 and p-NF-κB p50 protein expressions (all P<0.05); Model mice treated with miR-143-3p mimic and TAK-242 had reduced interleukin (IL)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α contents and protein expressions of MyD88, p-NF-κB p50, increased IL-10 content, fewer alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, lower Bax expression and higher Bcl-2 expression (all P<0.05); however, mice with miR-143-3p inhibitor treatment showed opposite trends in terms of above indicators. The exacerbation of mycoplasmal pneumonia caused by miR-143-3p inhibitor was partly improved by miR-143-3p inhibitor + TAK-242 combination treatment (all P<0.05). Therefore, up-regulation of miR-143-3p expression may ameliorate pulmonary inflammatory factors levels and reduce alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in mycoplasmal pneumonia mice by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Structural predictions of the functions of membrane proteins from HDX-MS
Authors: Lau Andy M. , Jia Ruyu , Bradshaw Richard T. , Politis Argyris
Published: June 2020

HDX-MS has emerged as a powerful tool to interrogate the structure and dynamics of proteins and their complexes. Recent advances in the methodology and instrumentation have enabled the application of HDX-MS to membrane proteins. Such targets are challenging to investigate with conventional strategies. Developing new tools are therefore pertinent for improving our fundamental knowledge of how membrane proteins function in the cell. Importantly, investigating this central class of biomolecules within their native lipid environment remains a challenge but also a key goal ahead. In this short review, we outline recent progresses in dissecting the conformational mechanisms of membrane proteins using HDX-MS. We further describe how the use of computational strategies can aid the interpretation of experimental data and enable visualisation of otherwise intractable membrane protein states. This unique integration of experiments with computations holds significant potential for future applications.
Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Naturalness in Speakers of Varying Gender Identities
Authors: Merritt Brooke , Bent Tessa
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate how speech naturalness relates to masculinity–femininity and gender identification (accuracy and reaction time) for cisgender male and female speakers as well as transmasculine and transfeminine speakers.

Method

Stimuli included spontaneous speech samples from 20 speakers who are transgender (10 transmasculine and 10 transfeminine) and 20 speakers who are cisgender (10 male and 10 female). Fifty-two listeners completed three tasks: a two-alternative forced-choice gender identification task, a speech naturalness rating task, and a masculinity/femininity rating task.

Results

Transfeminine and transmasculine speakers were rated as significantly less natural sounding than cisgender speakers. Speakers rated as less natural took longer to identify and were identified less accurately in the gender identification task; furthermore, they were rated as less prototypically masculine/feminine.

Conclusions

Perceptual speech naturalness for both transfeminine and transmasculine speakers is strongly associated with gender cues in spontaneous speech. Training to align a speaker's voice with their gender identity may concurrently improve perceptual speech naturalness.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12543158
Bumpless transfer control for switched linear systems with exponential stability: a dwell time guaranteed method
Authors: Qi Shuyan , Zhao Jun
Published: June 2020

In this study, the authors deal with the issue of exponential stability for a class of switched linear systems via bumpless transfer control and pre‐assigned dwell time constrained switching. A sufficient condition is given to guarantee both exponential stability and bumpless transfer performance by dual design of a switching law and controllers for the switched linear systems. The sufficient condition requires neither exponential stability nor the bumpless transfer performance for each subsystem. The switching law, which perfectly matched the pre‐given dwell time constraints, is of the state‐dependent form. By applying a computational procedure, the authors proposed an example of controlling a turbofan engine model is given to illustrate that the aforementioned control design strategy is effective.
Signatures of secondary acceleration in neutrino flares
Authors: Guépin Claire
Published: June 2020

High-energy neutrino flares are interesting prospective counterparts to photon flares since their detection would guarantee the presence of accelerated hadrons within a source, in addition to providing precious information about cosmic-ray acceleration and interactions, thus impacting the subsequent modeling of non-thermal emissions in explosive transients. In these sources, photomeson production can be efficient, producing a large amount of secondary particles, such as charged pions and muons, that decay and produce high-energy neutrinos. Before their decay, secondary particles can experience energy losses and acceleration, which can impact high-energy neutrino spectra and thus affect their detectability. In this work, we focus on the impact of secondary acceleration. We consider a one zone model, characterized mainly by a variability timescaletvar, luminosityLbol, and bulk Lorentz factor Γ. The mean magnetic fieldBis deduced from these parameters. The photon field is modeled by a broken power-law. This generic model allows us to systematically evaluate the maximum energy of high-energy neutrinos in the parameter space of explosive transients and shows that it could be strongly affected by secondary acceleration for a large number of source categories. In order to determine the impact of secondary acceleration on the high-energy neutrino spectrum and, in particular, on its peak energy and flux, we complement these estimates with several case studies. We show that secondary acceleration can increase the maximum neutrino flux and produce a secondary peak at the maximum energy in the case of efficient acceleration. Secondary acceleration could, therefore, enhance the detectability of very-high-energy neutrinos that would be the target of next generation neutrino detectors, such as KM3NeT, IceCube-Gen2, POEMMA, or GRAND.
Helicity proxies from linear polarisation of solar active regions
Authors: Prabhu A. , Brandenburg A. , Käpylä M. J. , Lagg A.
Published: June 2020

Context.Theαeffect is believed to play a key role in the generation of the solar magnetic field. A fundamental test for its significance in the solar dynamo is to look for magnetic helicity of opposite signs both between the two hemispheres as well as between small and large scales. However, measuring magnetic helicity is compromised by the inability to fully infer the magnetic field vector from observations of solar spectra, caused by what is known as theπambiguity of spectropolarimetric observations.

Aims.We decompose linear polarisation into parity-even and parity-oddEandBpolarisations, which are not affected by theπambiguity. Furthermore, we study whether the correlations of spatial Fourier spectra ofBand parity-even quantities such asEor temperatureTare a robust proxy for magnetic helicity of solar magnetic fields.

Methods.We analysed polarisation measurements of active regions observed by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics observatory. Theory predicts the magnetic helicity of active regions to have, statistically, opposite signs in the two hemispheres. We then computed the parity-oddEBandTBcorrelations and tested for a systematic preference of their sign based on the hemisphere of the active regions.

Results.We find that: (i)EBandTBcorrelations are a reliable proxy for magnetic helicity, when computed from linear polarisation measurements away from spectral line cores; and (ii)Epolarisation reverses its sign close to the line core. Our analysis reveals that Faraday rotation does not have a significant influence on the computed parity-odd correlations.

Conclusions.TheEBdecomposition of linear polarisation appears to be a good proxy for magnetic helicity independent of theπambiguity. This allows us to routinely infer magnetic helicity directly from polarisation measurements.
Performance analysis of the process of combine harvesting of grain crops
Authors: Kataev Victor , Markvo Ilia , Khubiian Kaprel , Dimitrov Valery
Published: June 2020

The effectiveness of combine harvesting processes is one of the most important indicators of planting enterprises, as it largely determines the efficiency of the entire organization. One of the problems in assessing the effectiveness of combine harvesters is the determination of the planned performance of machines with rated productivity. The paper considers approaches to determining the planned and actual performance of the processes of combine harvesting of grain crops. The factors affecting the decrease in the performance of combines have been studied. The analysis of data on the wheat harvesting process in local organizations of the South of Russia during 2014-2019 has been carried out. The results of calculating the planned and actual performance of wheat harvesting processes in these farms are presented.
Niosomes: a promising drug delivery system
Authors: Shakhova Valeria , Belyaev Valery , Kastarnova Elena , Orobets Vladimir , Grudeva Elena
Published: June 2020

Targeting is a phenomenon in which the distribution of a drug in the body occurs in such a way that the main part of it interacts with the target tissue at the cellular or subcellular level to achieve the desired pharmacological effect on the selected site without undesirable interactions in other organs. This can be achieved using a drug delivery system such as niosomes, which are non-ionic vesicles of surfactants obtained by hydrating synthetic non-ionic surfactants with the inclusion of cholesterol. They are vestibular systems similar to liposomes that can be used as carriers of amphiphilic or lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are a promising drug delivery tool, and it has been widely evaluated as a possibility of controlled release and targeted delivery of the active substance for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, viral and other infectious diseases. It can be assumed that encapsulation of the drug in the vesicular system prolongs its presence in the systemic circulation and increases the possibility of penetration into the target tissue, possibly reducing toxicity if selective absorption can be achieved.
Biochar application to detoxification of the heavy metal-contaminated fluvisols
Authors: Bauer Tatiana , Minkina Tatiana , Mandzhieva Saglara , Burachevskaya Marina , Zharkova Maria
Published: June 2020

Sorption of heavy metals on solid matrices such as soils is one of the key processes which determine the fate of contaminants in the environment. Knowledge of adsorption behavior of heavy metals using biochar is essential for their application in soil remediation. Using the adsorption method, the possibility of using a wood biochar to detoxify Fluvisols contaminated with heavy metals (for example, copper) was studied. It is shown that the addition of biochar increases the metal adsorption capacity of soil. The results were analysed using the Langmuir and Freindlich isotherm equations. It was concluded that biocar can be applied to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soils.
Organization and functioning of accommodation facilities as a component of rural tourism infrastructure in the Rostov Region
Authors: Provotorina Valeria , Kazmina Lyudmila , Petrenko Antonina , Ekinil Galina
Published: June 2020

This study is aimed at analyzing rural accommodation facilities, identifying the list of basic and additional services of rural hospitality enterprises, such as accommodation services, catering, excursions and leisure activities for guests, taking into account the local authentic experience. The article reveals the concept and essence of rural tourism, justifies the relevance and expediency of the development of accommodation facilities as a component of the rural tourism infrastructure of the Rostov region.
Cluster approach to development of wine and gastronomy tourism in Volgograd region
Authors: Kosulnikova Tatiana , Sizeneva Lidiya , Sharapov Dmitriy , Semenova Marina
Published: June 2020

This article discusses the possibilities of grape growing and wine production industry in the Volgograd region development to increase the tourist attractiveness of the region. The article describes the soil and climate, historical, agricultural and technological and social and economic prerequisites for development of this branch. It was suggested to use the cluster approach, joining efforts of grape growers and wine producers, as well as scientific and educational, tourist and hospitability enterprises of the Volgograd region for rendering tourist and recreation services for the local residents, Russian and foreign guests of the city within the educational and production project of the Volgograd state agricultural university “Innovative village “Gornaya Polyana”. The originality of suggestions is that the “Gornaya Polyana” is the unique educational, scientific and production center that not only provides the tourists with information on history, local traditions, technology and culture of alcohol drinking, but also suggests them tasting different varieties of grape and wine, working on vinelands, participating in wine festivals and thematic festivals; visiting and taking part in special exhibitions and meetings, workshop sessions and educational programs, joining the abilities of agricultural, wine, gastronomical, ethnographic, educational events and business tourism. The project suggests creating of the recreation and service areas such as: park area, pond, bath house at the water basin shore, recreation services, including the wine therapy and wine cosmetology; production and workshops, including wine production, willow weaving; leisure activities and services, accommodation means and other.The results of investigation should be used for solving the social and economic problems in the region due to development of non-agricultural activities at the rural area, such as: wine, gastronomical and ethnographical tourism.
Carbon dioxide as the main hazard in the design of personal ventilation systems
Authors: Zvenigorodsky Igor , Lobanov Dmitry , Mershchiyev Alexander , Sheps Roman
Published: June 2020

Mental work, used everywhere at present, is quite diverse and is characterized by various degrees of responsibility, monotony, attention, and the level of emotional stress. To provide comfortable living conditions for a person in a permanent workplace, it is also necessary to organize air conditioning systems. The most promising for this activity are personal ventilation systems, which provide a high-quality air environment in the area of human breathing while reducing capital and operating costs in comparison with traditional (mixing, displacement ventilation). However, when designing personal ventilation systems, one should not focus on the “average reference man”, but take into account the individual characteristics of the employee (age, gender, etc.) performing a specific type of mental activity. In order to clarify the actual value of carbon dioxide (with a certain degree of error) emitted by a person in a certain mental work, we perform a series of experiments. The authors conducted a significant amount of full-scale experimental investigations, the result of which is the confirmation of nature and dynamics of carbon dioxide`s changes in the room in the absence (inactivity) of ventilation systems (linear dependence), as well as the refinement of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted in a particular type of mental activity. It should be noted that this work is the beginning of large-scale scientific research designed to collect and systematize data on emissions of harmful substances from people engaged in various types of mental activity.
Activities of mining and metallurgical industry enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan: environmental problems and possible solutions
Authors: Alimbaev Тurgai , Mazhitova Zhanna , Beksultanova Chinara , TentigulKyzy Nazira
Published: June 2020

The paper discusses the issues related to modern environmental problems that have arisen in connection with the activities of the mining and metallurgical industry enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors emphasize that due to the industrial progress of the mining and metallurgical industry, which is one of the main sectors of the republic’s economy, the level of environmental pollution is increasing. The contributing authors prove by examples that, on the one hand, the growth of the economic potential of the mining and metallurgical industry and the transition to market mechanisms for the development of the economy have generated a large increase in the potential of the republic as a major exporter and leader among the world’s raw material powers. On the other hand, the increase in industrial production led to a real threat of an environmental crisis in the republic. We conclude that it is possible to solve the environmental problems by improving measures to protect atmospheric air and increasing the efficiency of water resources use and protection. In addition, according to the authors, reduction in the chemical load on the soil, strengthening of the work on protection, reproduction and rational use of the plant and animal world, the introduction of treatment facilities and plants, especially in places of mining, will create a favorable environment for a significant improvement in environmental situation in theregion.
Modern pedagogical aspects of training for work in the agricultural sector ofRussia
Authors: Bolotova Elena
Published: June 2020

The article highlights and analyzes the issues of the work of agricultural enterprises and personnel serving the country’s agriculture in modern conditions. The work traces the development factors and tasks necessary for the successful functioning of the agro-industrial complex, training (innovative and interactive technologies training) and retraining (exchange of professional experience, social adaptation, training sessions) of highly qualified personnel, as well as government leaders, managers and young successful employees in all agricultural fields. The prospects for achieving the goals of numerous agricultural enterprises in Russia depend on how the staff works. The purpose of this work is to identify dynamic trends in the development of psychological and pedagogical aspects of training for work in the agro-industrial complex of Russia and the implementation of the tasks to achieve high professionalism, social and professional adaptation of agricultural organizations personnel. Due to the eventful saturation of the socio-political and industrial sectors of society, a change in the perception of the pace of people’s lives, intensive information flows in various fields of scientific knowledge and in production over the past twenty years, the approach to training specialists with higher education has qualitatively changed. This question needs analysis and systematization offacts.
Management of social virtuum as a singular space-time continuum and its logistics: phenomenological divergence and convergence
Authors: Kharchenko Julia , Kharchenko Sergej , Lavrinenko Svetlana , Antipova Olga
Published: June 2020

The analysis of the dynamic infrastructure of the social virtuum as an increasing variety of social spheres and dimensions has been conducted. It was shown that to build its logistics in accordance with the cyclical, linear and rhizome changes that from radically re-equip is quite problematic; and therefore, society as a virtuum was explained largely as an abstraction, which, however, can exist as a material formation in space and time. On this basis, the main purpose of the research was conceptualization of the primary mechanisms for managing the social virtuum as a singular space-time continuum based on phenomenological divergence and convergence, as well as an analysis of its conditional logistics and the complexity of its virtual topology. The phenomenological method as the theoretical basis of this research showed the social virtuum as an interconnected unity of various principles of existence in its economic, political, cultural, civilizational, virtual, spiritual dimensions and as a set of events experienced by individuals as continuous primary experiences. The divergent and convergent approaches depicted social processes in continuous interaction, providing progressive movement, stable development and functioning of all existing subsystems of a complexsociety.
Anästhesiebezogene Hygiene und Infektionsprävention bei Operationen
Authors: Tatzel Johannes , Brinkmann Alexander , Kaltwasser Arnold , Dubb Rolf , Nachtigall Irit
Published: June 2020

Durch die Prozeduren rund um eine Operation kann beim Patienten eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Infektionen entstehen – nicht nur die postoperative Wundinfektion. Die Anästhesie kann einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Prävention dieser Infektionen leisten. Dieser Artikel führt entlang des Narkoseverlaufs – Narkoseeinleitung, während der Operation und Nachbereitung – durch die anästhesiespezifischen Besonderheiten der Hygiene.
Practical Guidance of the GTH Haemophilia Board on the Use of Emicizumab in Patients with Haemophilia A
Authors: Holstein Katharina , Albisetti Manuela , Bidlingmaier Christoph , Halimeh Susan , Heine Sabine , Klamroth Robert , Königs Christoph , Kurnik Karin , Male Christoph , Oldenburg Johannes , Streif Werner , Wermes Cornelia , Escuriola-Ettingshausen Carmen ,   on behalf of the ‘Ständige Kommission Hämophilie’ (Haemophilia board) of the German, Swiss Austrian Society for Thrombosis Haemostasis Research (GTH)
Published: June 2020

Emicizumab has been approved for bleeding prophylaxis in patients with haemophilia A (PWHAs) with or without inhibitors. Because of substantial differences between factor VIII (FVIII) and Emicizumab, the ‘Ständige Kommission Hämophilie’ of the German, Austrian, Swiss Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research (GTH) established a practical guidance for the use of Emicizumab in PWHAs. A systematic literature research was conducted in PubMed. Based on this and on personal experience, this practical guidance has been developed. Each single statement has been discussed among members of the ‘Ständige Kommission Hämophilie’ and revised accordingly. The final set of recommendations has been approved by all authors analogous to the Delphi method. This practical guidance is provided for physicians treating PWHAs with regard to general aspects, patient education, bleeding treatment, surgery, use of Emicizumab in previously untreated patients (PUPs), patients with newly diagnosed inhibitors and elderly patients. Patients should be treated in expert centres and adequate laboratory tests to monitor Emicizumab levels, FVIII replacement and inhibitors should be available. Early experience of immune tolerance induction protocols integrating Emicizumab is reviewed, and the limited experience in PUPs and very young children is described. So far, no thromboembolic complications have been reported with the concomitant use of FVIII or recombinant activated FVII for bleeding treatment or surgery. Activated prothrombin complex concentrate doses of >100 U/kg for >24 hours should be avoided whenever possible because of the high risk of thrombosis and/or thrombotic microangiopathy. In conclusion, this study is designed to support haemophilia physicians using Emicizumab in physicians treating hemophilia and using (PWHAs). With further post-marketing experience and trials, regular updates are necessary.
Behandlung der Ösophagusatresie mit unterer
tracheoösophagealer Fistel – Zusammenfassung der aktuellen
S2K-Leitlinie der DGKCH
Authors: Mayer Steffi , Gitter Heidrun , Göbel Peter , Hirsch Franz Wolfgang , Höhne Claudia , Hosie Stuart , Hubertus Jochen , Leutner Andreas , Muensterer Oliver , Schmittenbecher Peter , Seidl Elias , Stepan Holger , Thome Ulrich , Till Holger , Widenmann-Grolig Anke , Lacher Martin
Published: June 2020

Die Ösophagusatresie (ÖA) ist eine angeborene
Kontinuitätsunterbrechung der Speiseröhre mit oder ohne Fistel
zur Trachea (Tracheoösophageale Fistel, TÖF). Je nach Abstand
zwischen den beiden Ösophagusenden unterscheidet man eine
„kurzstreckige“ von einer „langstreckigen“ Form.
Bis zu 50% der Neugeborenen weisen weitere Anomalien auf. Eine
pränatale Diagnose der ÖA gelingt in 32–63% der
Fälle. Die interdisziplinäre Betreuung dieser Kinder hat sich in
den letzten Jahren gewandelt. In der folgenden Arbeit wird die aktuelle
S2K-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie zur
Behandlung der ÖA mit unterer TÖF, die etwa 90% aller
Fälle ausmacht, zusammengefasst. Hierzu gehören das
präoperative Management sowie operative und anästhesiologische
Aspekte (u. a. Thorakoskopie vs. Thorakotomie, präoperative
Tracheobronchoskopie, intraoperative Hyperkapnie und Azidose). Ferner wird das
postoperative Management insbesondere von relevanten Komplikationen wie der
Anastomosenstenose beschrieben. Trotz Fortschritten in der Behandlung der
ÖA ist die Langzeitmorbidität mit
Motilitätsstörungen des Ösophagus,
gastroösophagealer Refluxkrankheit, rezidivierenden Infektionen der
oberen und unteren Atemwege, Tracheomalazie, mangelhaftem Gedeihen sowie
orthopädischen Problemen nach Thorakotomie weiterhin hoch. Zum Erreichen
einer guten Lebensqualität ist daher eine gute interdisziplinäre
Nachsorge wichtig.
Safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the pediatric population: a multicenter study
Authors: Mercier Clémence , Pioche Mathieu , Albuisson Eliane , Ponchon Thierry , Gonzalez Jean-Michel , Barthet Marc , Boytchev Isabelle , Vanbiervliet Geoffroy , Fortier Beaulieu Clement , Prat Frederic , Belle Arthur , Branche Julien , Grandval Phillipe , Valats Jean-Christophe , Rudler Franz , Wallenhorst Timothee , Koch Stephane , Comte Aurélie , Williet Nicolas , Musquer Nicolas , Coron Emmanuel , Derosiere Aline , Le Mouel Jean-Phillippe , Schaefer Marion , Chabot Caroline , Scheers Isabelle , Deprez Pierre H. , Chevaux Jean-Baptiste
Published: June 2020

Introduction The aims of this retrospective multicenter study were to assess the technical success and adverse events of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures in children in French and Belgian centers.

Methods All children aged 1 day to 17 years who underwent ERCP between January 2008 and March 2019 in 15 tertiary care hospitals were retrospectively included.

Results 271 children underwent 470 ERCP procedures. Clinical long-term follow-up was available for 72 % of our patients (340/470 procedures). The median age at intervention was 10.9 years. ERCP was therapeutic in 90 % (423/470) and diagnostic in cases of neonatal cholestasis in 10 % of the patients. The most common biliary indication was choledocholithiasis; the most common pancreatic indication was chronic pancreatitis. Biliary cannulation was successful in 92 % of cases (270/294); pancreatic cannulation in 96 % of cases (169/176); and planned therapeutic procedures in 92 % of cases (388/423). The overall complication rate was 19 % (65/340). The most common complication was post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in 12 % of cases (40/340) and sepsis in 5 % (18/340). On univariate analyses, pancreatic stent removal was protective against PEP (odds ratio [OR] 0.1, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.01 – 0.75; P = 0.03), and sepsis was associated with history of liver transplantation (OR 7.27, 95 %CI 1.7 – 31.05; P = 0.01). Five patients had post-ERCP hemorrhage and two had intestinal perforation. All complications were managed with supportive medical care. There was no procedure-related mortality.

Conclusion Our cohort demonstrates that ERCP can be performed safely with high success rates in many pancreaticobiliary diseases of children. The rate of adverse events was similar to that in previous reports.
Symptomatic Subclinical Hypothyroidism Treated with Homoeopathy: Case Reports
Authors: Bhattacharya Pulakendu , Giri Shashi , Ghosh Baishakhi , Banerjee Abhiram
Published: June 2020

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a condition where serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level is high, but the T3 and T4 are within normal level. SCH carries a risk of cardiovascular diseases or progression to overt hypothyroidism. Treatment becomes more necessary in case of older age groups and in females. Two cases of SCH treated with individualised homoeopathic medicine are presented and the improvement was significant showing reduction in the TSH levels with overall improvement in health.
You Don't Have to Be Infected to Suffer: COVID-19 and Racial Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Minkoff Howard
Published: June 2020

Both coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and maternal mortality disproportionately affect minorities. However, direct viral infection is not the only way that the former can affect the latter. Most adverse maternal events that end in hospitals have their genesis upstream in communities. Hospitals often represent a last opportunity to reverse a process that begins at a remove in space and time. The COVID-19 pandemic did not create these upstream injuries, but it has brought them to national attention, exacerbated them, and highlighted the need for health care providers to move out of the footprint of their institutions. The breach between community events that seed morbidity and hospitals that attempt rescues has grown in recent years, as the gap between rich and poor has grown and as maternity services in minority communities have closed. COVID-19 has become yet another barrier. For example, professional organizations have recommended a reduced number of prenatal visits, and the platforms hospitals use to substitute for some of these visits are not helpful to people who either lack the technology or the safe space in which to have confidential conversations with providers. Despite these challenges, there are opportunities for departments of obstetrics and gynecology. Community-based organizations including legal professionals, health-home coordinators, and advocacy groups, surround almost every hospital, and can be willing partners with interested departments. COVID-19 has made it clearer than ever that it is time to step out of the footprint of our institutions, and to recognize that the need to find upstream opportunities to prevent downstream tragedies.

Key Points
5.1.28 Product Subclass 28: Germoles
Authors: Müller T.
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides an overview of methods for the synthesis of 1H-germoles. It covers the literature from 1959 until 2020. Classical methods involve the cyclization of 1,4-dilithiobuta-1,3-dienes and zirconium/germanium exchange in zirconacyclopentadienes, but more-recent approaches such as catalytic double hydrogermylations of butadiynes are included as well. Finally, methods for the preparation of alkali metal salts of 1H-germol-1-ides and 1H-germol-1,1-diides are summarized.
16.16.5 Phenazines (Update 2020)
Authors: Ambhaikar N. B.
Published: June 2020

Phenazines are an interesting class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles present in many natural products. This update describes the construction of phenazines through some newer practical synthetic methods that have been reported since the first review on phenazines in Science of Synthesis (Section 16.16). For the most part, standard ways of synthesizing phenazine and its derivatives have employed traditional approaches or their variations along the lines of the Wohl–Aue reaction and the Beirut reaction. The current account focuses on modern synthetic tools to construct the phenazine core and includes some of the newer approaches, with recent key methods that have been developed between 2004 and 2019.
38.8.3.2 Stable and Unstable 1,2-Dioxolanes: Origin, Synthesis, and Biological Activities
Authors: Dembitsky V. M. , Yaremenko I. A.
Published: June 2020

This chapter describes 1,2-dioxolanes, with confirmed biological activity, isolated from various natural sources. The key steps in the formation of the 1,2-dioxolane ring in the total synthesis of some natural peroxides as well as interesting modern procedures for the synthesis of 1,2-dioxolanes are also presented.
48.5.5 Hydrocarbon Polymers (Update 2020)
Authors: Wang X.-Y. , Sun X.-L.
Published: June 2020

This review is an update to the original Science of Synthesis chapter (Section 48.5) on hydrocarbon polymers, published in 2009. This update focuses on the typical methods for the synthesis of polyethene and polypropene reported over the past two decades. In addition, it has been supplemented with some general synthesis procedures for copolymers of ethene or propene with polar vinyl monomers as well as typical synthetic methods for other polyalk-1-ene [poly(α-olefin), PAO] products. The methods covered are mainly based on early-transition-metal, non-metallocene catalysts and late-transition-metal catalysts.
Time-resolved momentum microscopy with a 1 MHz high-harmonic extreme ultraviolet beamline
Authors: Keunecke Marius , Möller Christina , Schmitt David , Nolte Hendrik , Jansen G. S. Matthijs , Reutzel Marcel , Gutberlet Marie , Halasi Gyula , Steil Daniel , Steil Sabine , Mathias Stefan
Published: June 2020

Recent progress in laser-based high-repetition rate extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light sources and multidimensional photoelectron spectroscopy enables the build-up of a new generation of time-resolved photoemission experiments. Here, we present a setup for time-resolved momentum microscopy driven by a 1 MHz fs EUV table-top light source optimized for the generation of 26.5 eV photons. The setup provides simultaneous access to the temporal evolution of the photoelectron’s kinetic energy and in-plane momentum. We discuss opportunities and limitations of our new experiment based on a series of static and time-resolved measurements on graphene.
Evolutions of optical constants, interband electron transitions, and bandgap of Sn-doped CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films
Authors: Wang Siwei , Zhao Keyang , Shao Yunhao , Xu Liping , Huang Yi-Ping , Li Wenwu
Published: June 2020

CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite materials hold considerable promise for future low cost, high-efficiency solar cells, and replacement materials for toxic lead have also been in demand. In this study, the optical constants, absorption coefficients, and interband electron transitions of MAPb1−xSnxI3 (x = 0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1) films have been analyzed by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the photon range of 1 eV–5 eV. The bandgaps of MAPb1-xSnxI3 (x = 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1) are 1.54 eV, 1.51 eV, 1.49 eV, and 1.46 eV, respectively. With the increase in Sn, the s–p antibonding coupling becomes stronger, and the bandgap energy decreases, owing to the shallower and more active lone-pair states of Sn-5s than Pb-5s near the valence band maximum (VBM). According to the x-ray diffraction patterns, doping Sn does not change the material structures, which makes the shape of VBM more fluctuating, resulting in a similar band structure. Moreover, band structures and interband electron transitions of all four samples are discussed in terms of solid-state physics and can be assigned to the direct transition between the valence band and the conduction band at R, M, and X symmetry points.
Delocalization effects in singlet fission: Comparing models with two and three interacting molecules
Authors: Accomasso Davide , Granucci Giovanni , Wibowo Meilani , Persico Maurizio
Published: June 2020

We present surface hopping simulations of singlet fission in 2,5-bis(fluorene-9-ylidene)-2,5-dihydrothiophene (ThBF). In particular, we performed simulations based on quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) schemes in which either two or three ThBF molecules are inserted in the QM region and embedded in their MM crystal environment. Our aim was to investigate the changes in the photodynamics that are brought about by extending the delocalization of the excited states beyond the minimal model of a dimer. In the simulations based on the trimer model, compared to the dimer-based ones, we observed a faster time evolution of the state populations, with the largest differences associated with both the rise and decay times for the intermediate charge transfer states. Moreover, for the trimer, we predicted a singlet fission quantum yield of ∼204%, which is larger than both the one extracted for the dimer (∼179%) and the theoretical upper limit of 200% for the dimer-based model of singlet fission. Although our study cannot account for the effects of extending the delocalization beyond three molecules, our findings clearly indicate how and why the singlet fission dynamics can be affected.
Magnetic and viscous modes for physical rotation of magnetic nanoparticles in liquid under oscillating magnetic field
Authors: Suwa Masayori , Uotani Akira , Tsukahara Satoshi
Published: June 2020

The response of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in a liquid to an alternating magnetic field is complicated because the rotational motions of both the magnetic moment in the MNP (internal rotation) and the MNP itself (physical rotation) affect each other. It is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of these rotation behaviors for the success of the recent bio-applications of MNPs. However, the experimental technique for the observation of the physical rotation has been lacking. In our previous work, we demonstrated that the physical rotation of MNPs could be measured quantitatively from the absorbance change with a Faraday configuration. Then, it was revealed that the ten nm-sized maghemite MNP kept aligning to some extent with small oscillation. This behavior is consistent with the “magnetic mode” that Usov and Liubimov proposed from their numerical simulation. In the present study, we improved the apparatus to measure the induced linear dichroism with a Voigt configuration. This improvement increased the signal-to-noise ratio by about 100 times and allowed us to investigate the dependence of the physical rotation on the size of magnetite MNPs. It was shown that smaller MNPs (11 nm and 13 nm) rotated in the magnetic mode. By contrast, the rotational motion of the biggest MNP (25 nm) had different features compared to the smaller ones. These differences can be explained with “viscous mode” that Usov and Liubimov also predicted. Furthermore, we suggest a dimensionless parameter as a useful criterion for the transition of these modes.
Theoretical investigation of air breakdown direct current triboelectric nanogenerator
Authors: Xu Sixing , Guo Hengyu , Zhang Steven L. , Jin Long , Ding Wenbo , Wang Xiaohong , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: June 2020

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which harvests ubiquitous ambient mechanical energy, is a promising power source for distributed energy. Recently reported new generation direct current TENG (DC-TENG) based on the air breakdown effect exhibits unique advantages over conventional modes of TENG devices, such as free-of-rectification and intrinsic switching behavior. However, owing to different working mechanisms and output characteristics, existing theory and power management strategies are not suitable for in-depth understanding and further advancement of air breakdown DC-TENG. Herein, a theoretical study and experimental verification that systematically investigate the physics, output characteristics, and power management strategy of air breakdown DC-TENG is presented. A general simulation model is then proposed and verified through a statistical analysis method. Contrary to previous understanding of a highly conductive breakdown pathway, a huge resistance is observed and causes inevitable energy loss, which is regarded to be caused by corona discharge. Finally, device optimization and power management strategies are discussed, and fundamental guidance is given for the rational design of air breakdown DC-TENG.
Suspended photonic crystal membranes in AlGaAs heterostructures for integrated multi-element optomechanics
Authors: Kini Manjeshwar Sushanth , Elkhouly Karim , Fitzgerald Jamie M. , Ekman Martin , Zhang Yanchao , Zhang Fan , Wang Shu Min , Tassin Philippe , Wieczorek Witlef
Published: June 2020

We present high-reflectivity mechanical resonators fabricated from AlGaAs heterostructures for use in free-space optical cavities operating in the telecom wavelength regime. The mechanical resonators are fabricated in slabs of GaAs and patterned with a photonic crystal to increase their out-of-plane reflectivity. Characterization of the mechanical modes reveals residual tensile stress in the GaAs device layer. This stress results in higher mechanical frequencies than in unstressed GaAs and can be used for strain engineering of mechanical dissipation. Simultaneously, we find that the finite waist of the incident optical beam leads to a dip in the reflectance spectrum. This feature originates from coupling to a guided resonance of the photonic crystal, an effect that must be taken into account when designing slabs of finite size. The single-layer and sub-μm-spaced double-layer slabs demonstrated here can be directly fabricated on top of a distributed Bragg reflector mirror in the same material platform. Such a platform opens a route for realizing integrated multi-element cavity optomechanical devices and optomechanical microcavities on chip.
Shock compression of paraffin–poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) mixture
Authors: Zaretsky E. B. , Kanel G. I. , Kalabukhov S.
Published: June 2020

A series of planar impact tests were performed aiming at measuring the compressibility of the paraffin–poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) mixture up to a pressure of 2.5 GPa. It was found that compressive waves in the mixture consist of the initial part, characterized by a virtually linear increase of parameters, followed by the part associated with their relaxation. The dependence of the maximum strain rate of compression of the mixture on the final shock pressure was found to be much weaker than observed in metals and liquids. This inconsistency was explained by the difference of the viscosity mechanisms in these media. Based on an assumption of additivity of volumes of the mixture constituents, the estimates of bulk PMMA compressibility were obtained.
Verification of topological magnetic properties of patterned ferromagnetic films
Authors: Bi Mei , Xue Jian , Yuan Le , Wang Xin , Weng Xiaolong , Deng Longjiang
Published: June 2020

Topological order of magnetic films shows promise due to its unconventional electromagnetic transport effects, but the discontinuity and the miniaturization of patterned magnetic films impose a limit on research of topological properties. In this article, a technique is proposed, the application of which improves the ease of electrical measurement in sub-micrometer-sized magnetic thin film elements. To obtain the topological Hall resistivity of the discretized magnetic textures, a ferromagnetic bilayer film was fabricated into specific geometries. Micromagnetic simulations are presented that demonstrate the topological spin distribution in an exchange coupled patterned ferromagnetic film. Experiments are performed on FePt/FeNi bilayered films that are formed with square arrays of FeNi disks on top of a continuous FePt film in a topological spin distribution. The observation of topological Hall effect was made in the FePt/FeNi film without a nanoscale Hall-bar device. The technique presented facilitates the electrical property measurement even in nanometer elements and offers a pathway for promoting spintronics applications.
Can mass-count syntax be derived from semantics?
Authors: Kulkarni Ritwik , Treves Alessandro , Rothstein Susan
Published: June 2020

Analysing aspects of how our brain processes
language may provide, even before the language faculty is really understood,
useful insights into higher order cognitive functions. We have taken initial
steps in this direction, focusing on the mass-count distinction. The
mass-count distinction relates to the countability or un-countability of
nouns in terms of their syntactic usage. Our first results show that the
mass-count distinction, across a number of natural languages, is far from
bimodal, and exhibits in fact complex fuzzy relations between syntax and
semantics. We then tried to test the ability of a standard, biologically
plausible self-organising neural network to learn such associations between
syntax and semantics. A neural network that expresses competition amongst
output neurons with lateral inhibition can identify the basic classes of
mass and count in the syntactic markers and produce a graded distribution of
the nouns along the mass-count spectrum. The network however fails to
successfully map the semantic classes of the nouns to their syntactic usage,
thus corroborating the hypothesis that the syntactic usage of nouns in the
mass-count domain is not simply predicted by the semantics of the noun.