bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Program to Raise Self-Concept of Eighth Graders
Authors: Garzarelli Pamela S. , Everhart Barbara , Lester David
Published: August 2011

A 10-wk. program to increase the self-concept of 8th graders was successful in raising their mean self-rated Self-concept scores as compared to students who did not experience the program.
Psychometric Properties of a Measure of Aggressive Driving: The Larson Driver's Stress Profile
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Barton Kristine A. , Malta Loretta
Published: August 2011

This paper presents three studies on Larson's 1996 Driver's Stress Profile, a measure of aggressive driving tendencies. In Study 1, utilizing 33 individuals (15 men, 18 women) who took the test twice with one week between tests, we found the test to have good test-retest reliability ( r = .93). In Study 2, utilizing 176 individuals (77 men, 99 women), we found different preliminary norms for men and women and good internal consistency (.93). We also found significant correlation between the total test scores and age ( r = −.27) and a significant correlation (age corrected) between total test scores and number of self-reported MVAs ( r = .28). An exploratory factor analysis indicated that three factors, including 28 of the 40 items, accounted for 43.4% of the variance. In Study 3, utilizing the same subjects as in Study 2 (84 individuals from the community of average age 35.3 yr.; 92 college students of average age 18.9 yr.), we found the full scale scores correlated significantly with scores on Trait Anger and Anger Out and Type A Behavior, especially speed and impatience. Finally, scores correlated significantly with the Deffenbacher Driving Anger Scale ( r = .57) but clearly tapped processes different, in part, from those measured by the Deffenbacher, et al. scale (1994). Overall, the Driver's Stress Profile appears to be a sound, reliable, and valid scale for use with aggressive driving.
Information-Processing Speed and Assessment of Early Response Latency among Stroke Patients
Authors: Loranger Michel , Lussier Jacques , Pépin Michel , Hopps Sandra L. , Sénécal Benoît
Published: August 2011

The development of assessment methods for estimating and predicting amount of functional impairment among stroke patients is important for planning rehabilitation. This study explored the contribution of speed of information processing and response latency in the assessment of 39 stroke patients. Functional impairment was assessed among these patients using the Functional Independence Measure, administered within 72 hours of admission to a rehabilitation center. The correlations between the scores on this measure and on a computerized measure of speed of information processing. Cognitive Performance Test, were examined. The Functional Independence Measure can be used with an acute stroke population. Scores are correlated with cognitive indicators of functional impairment, and scores discriminate between severity of functional impairment. These results are discussed with regard to their implication in monitoring stroke patients throughout rehabilitation.
Taxometric Analysis with Dichotomous Indicators: The Modified Maxcov Procedure and a Case-Removal Consistency Test
Authors: Ruscio John
Published: August 2011

Previous Monte Carlo simulations and empirical trials have demonstrated the power with which taxometric procedures distinguish between taxonic (categorical) and dimensional (continuous) latent structures. However, questions have been raised about results obtained using procedures modified to accommodate dichotomous indicators. The present investigation shows that the most widely used taxometric procedure (MAXCOV) can distinguish between latent structures when adapted for use with dichotomous indicators, although particularly large samples and substantially valid indicators are required. This study also illustrates the value of including a case removal consistency test as one component of a taxometric investigation.
Psychache, Depression, and Personality
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 51 students, worst ever psychache was associated with current depression and a history of suicidal ideation.
Attributional Style and Life Events: A Diathesis-Stress Theory of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Goldstein Benjamin I. , Buchanan Gregory M. , Abela John R. Z. , Seligman Martin E. P.
Published: August 2011

The role of a cognitive diathesis-stress model in predicting changes in alcohol consumption was examined. This study evaluated the interaction of attributional style with negative life events in predicting changes in beer, wine, spirits, and overall alcohol consumption. 93 undergraduate participants completed the Khavari Alcohol Test, Negative Life Events Questionnaire, and Attributional Style Questionnaire. The interaction of attributional style with negative life events predicted increases in spirits consumption between Time 1 and Time 2.
Femininity and Abortion Attitudes
Authors: Phifer Jennifer A. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a study of 71 undergraduates, abortion attitudes were not associated with sex and, for the females, only weakly with masculinity scores.
Predicting Satisfaction with Assistive Technology for a Sample of Adults with New Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Scherer Marcia J. , Cushman Laura A.
Published: August 2011

To assess the validity of the Assistive Technology Device Predisposition Assessment-Consumer Form for persons with a new spinal cord injury, 10 men and 10 women completed the scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory while in acute rehabilitation. One month postdischarge, subjects completed the Perceived Needs Inventory and rated their satisfaction with assistive technology. Significant positive correlations between items of the Assistive Technology Device Predisposition Assessment and Satisfaction with Life Scale (and their significant negative correlations with scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory–Depression) suggest the selected Assistive Technology Device Predisposition Assessment items measure quality of life (concurrent validity) Only Assistive Technology Device Predisposition Assessment scores predicted satisfied use 1-mo. postdischarge as measured by the Perceived Needs Inventory.
Delay of Reinforcement Effects: Timing of Reinforcement or Narrow Goal-Box Confinement
Authors: Calef Richard S. , Choban Michael C. , Glenney Katherine R. , Calef Ruth A. , Godbey Julie N. , Hislrman Ila M.
Published: August 2011

The present experiment investigated whether narrow goal-box confinement in studies of delay of reinforcement in the runway may have had aversive or punishing effects. Analysis showed no difference in performance between groups of rats who were either confined in a narrow goal-box or a large compartment while receiving their delay of reinforcement. The results suggest that narrow goal-box confinement does not have aversive characteristics.
The Holyoake Codependency Index: Investigation of the Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties
Authors: Dear Greg E. , Roberts Clare M.
Published: August 2011

The Holyoake Codependency Index is being developed to measure the extent to which a person endorses codependent beliefs and attributions. A 28-item pilot version was administered to 39 male and 268 female clients of a family counseling agency. Factor analysis, used to identify the shortest version with acceptable reliability, yielded a 13-item final version comprising three subscales (external focus, self-sacrifice, and reactivity). The subscales correspond to key themes within the literature on codependency. Scores on each subscale correlated significantly in the predicted direction with relevant measures of psychological functioning, providing initial evidence of construct validity. The 13-item scale was administered to a general community sample of 303 women and the factor structure was fully replicated. Internal consistency of the subscales ranged from .74 to .84 with the family counseling sample and from .73 to .83 with the general community sample.
Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS of a Sample of School Teachers in South Africa
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire was administered to 160 black school teachers randomly chosen from one rural region of the Northern Province of South Africa. Their ages ranged from 26 to 57 years. Scores indicated very poor general knowledge about transmission of HIV/AIDS and moderately high supportive attitudes about dealing with HIV inside and outside of the classroom. Pearson product-moment correlations of .3 and .6 suggested weak association of knowledge about transmission and general knowledge with a supportive attitude.
Personality Correlates of Alienation in a University Sample
Authors: Mahoney John M. , Quick Ben G.
Published: August 2011

In a study of alienation among urban university students, 85 men and 136 women completed the Gould Manifest Alienation Measure and the 44-item Big Five Inventory. Multivariate analysis of variance disclosed that the 77 college students high on Alienation, irrespective of sex, scored higher on the Neuroticism scale and lower on the Conscientiousness and Openness scales of the Big Five Inventory. None of the interactions between sex and scores on the Big Five Inventory was significant. Results suggest that college students scoring high on alienation can survive in a supportive university environment, although they appear to experience increased anxiety and tension and have a relatively constricted awareness of their environments. Students scoring high on alienation may also be more tolerant of deviant behavior given their perceived irrelevance of social norms.
Association of Need for Cognition with Judgments of Height, Weight, and Body Fat Covariation
Authors: Pryor Phillip L. , McGahan Joseph R. , McDougal Brandie , Haire Shalla M. , Marashi Homa
Published: August 2011

559 college students, assessed for Need for Cognition, judged whether height, weight, and body fat were correlated using judgment probes that controlled for framing and conditional format. A principal components analysis of Need for Cognition scores identified two factors underlying the scale, which may be important in judgment outcome. In addition, judgments about correlations among height, weight, and body fat were similar to those of previous studies. Furthermore, the hypothesis that Need for Cognition would be related to the tendency to judge a negative correlation between height and body fat, i.e., a possible illusory correlation, was confirmed. Results are discussed relative to the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion.
“Prefrontal Deficits” Discriminate Young Offenders from Age-Matched Cohorts: Juvenile Delinquency as an Expected Feature of the Normal Distribution of Prefrontal Cerebral Development
Authors: Chretien R. D. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

A total of 36 male adolescent delinquents and 19 age-matched students from a male secondary school were administered several different performance-based tests. Although estimates of intelligence did not differ significantly between the groups, the incarcerated delinquents displayed more impulsivity, lower conceptual level, less conceptual flexibility, and poorer critical thinking than the reference group. The linear combination of only three variables, critical thinking, conceptual level, and numbers of errors during a conditioned spatial association task, correctly classified 89% of the 55 subjects. The results were considered consistent with the hypothesis that delayed or different development of complex functions associated with the left and (particularly) the right prefrontal cortices and their limbic inputs may be responsible for antisocial behavior. This variation will always be present due to the statistical variations in ontogeny and less than optimal parental structure within a consistent but small proportion of any generational cohort.
Obligation Conditionals in a Nonstandard Conditional Selection Task: General versus Specific Reasoning Strategies as a False Dichotomy
Authors: Langford Peter E.
Published: August 2011

The paper reports a study comparing performance on obligation and causal conditionals in the explicit standard order conditional selection task. Analysis indicated that both general and specific reasoning strategies are used when a request is given to disprove obligation conditionals, contradicting the prevalent view that only one of the two kinds of strategy is used and confirming the 1993 suggestions of Evans and later ones by Evans and Over. The incidence of general reasoning strategies in this situation is reduced, compared to that for other kinds of conditional in a disproof task probably because a specific reasoning strategy is available that is easier to use.
Evaluation of a Distance Education Course in Students' Decision-Making and Beliefs about Careers
Authors: Peng Hulling , Herr Edwin L.
Published: August 2011

To assess the influence of a distance course on careers in students' career decision-making and beliefs, 178 distance education college students in the Open University in Taiwan completed the Career Decision Scale, the Career Beliefs Checklist, and a demographic sheet. Unlike most prior research, the course was not associated with career decision-making and beliefs of the students, but students mentioned that career beliefs influenced their decision-making. Three-way multivariate analysis of covariance showed a main effect for age groups on career indecision. On a follow-up questionnaire to which 143 of the same subjects responded, the students indicated their concern about specific factors in career decision-making. The research findings have important implications for the redesign of the career education course for adults and for research.
Limitations in Ethnic Research on the MMPI-A
Authors: Gumbiner Jann
Published: August 2011

This article describes two common limitations in research on responses of ethnic groups on the MMPI–A, lack of external correlates and combining scale scores for males and females.
Normalization of Spatial Learning despite Brain Damage in Rats Receiving Ketamine after Seizure-Induction: Evidence for the Neuromatrix
Authors: Vaillancourt L. N. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

The concept of the neuromatrix assumes that all behaviours are associated with complex spatiotemporal electromagnetic fields within the brain. The same complex magnetic field can be supported potentially by different mosaics of neuronal associations and result in the same behaviours. In the present study the accuracy of long-term and short-term spatial memory for rats that had been treated with 100 mg/kg of ketamine immediately after the induction of seizures by lithium and pilocarpine did not differ from normal rats despite the conspicuous multifocal neuronal loss. A 30-min. delay of treatment with ketamine resulted in significant memory impairment. Whereas deficits in short-term memory were significantly correlated with cell loss within the CA field of the hippocampus, deficits in long-term memory were related to cell loss within specific thalamic-amygdaloid structures. Implications for the concept of the neuromatrix, if valid, are discussed.
A Preliminary Study of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Psychological Mood States in Perimenopausal Women
Authors: Boyle Gregory J. , Murrihy Rachael
Published: August 2011

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for perimenopausal women has been suggested to minimize the physical symptoms of menopause and improve mood and psychological functioning; however, the therapy remains controversial. In this study the effects of such therapy (comprising tablets, patches, and implants) on mood states was investigated within a sample of 70 perimenopausal women who were attending a family planning clinic within the Brisbane metropolitan area. On a battery of standardized questionnaires, including the General Health Questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, those 35 women who were using hormone replacement therapy prescribed by the clinic physician reported significantly lower scores on anxiety, insomnia, and somatic symptoms than did a comparable group of 35 untreated perimenopausal women. These findings provide some tentative support for the beneficial effects of the therapy on physical symptoms and psychological mood states related to the onset of menopause. Given increased life expectancy, there is a growing need for research into issues of aging.
Support for the Progressively Finer Attributes Theory: Two Experiments
Authors: Coll Joan , Coll Richard
Published: August 2011

In this paper two experiments support and amplify Coll and Coll's 1994 Progressively Finer Attributes Theory of Memory Trace Development. Important to the current paper are five propositions of this theory. (1) The memory trace develops along an attribute dimension from coarse/general to fine/specific attributes. (2) Forgetting is a reverse movement from fine to coarse as increasingly less fine attributes are lost. (3) A memory trace consists of a bundle of defining attributes and relating attributes. There are no constraints on the type of attribute included in the attribute bundle or in the order of types acquired. The trace name is defined by the attribute bundle it represents. (4) Access to any defining attribute of a memory trace gives full access to all other attributes of the trace bundle. (5) In the early phases of trace development the attributes are preeminent in recall but, as familiarity with a to-be-learned item increases, the attributes become increasingly cohesive and the name assumes preeminence. As forgetting progresses, there is a return to the original state (attributes are preeminent). Exp. 1 supports Propositions 3 and 4 and Exp. 2 supports Propositions 3 and 5. Both experiments provide validation of Propositions 1 and 2 beyond that in prior work. The authors present arguments that the coarse-to-fine movement of the Progressively Finer Attributes Theory is the mechanism by which Levels of Processing operates.
Unidimensionality of Life Satisfaction and its Relation to Social Desirability: A Confirmatory Study of a Short Form of the Life Satisfaction Scale
Authors: Laicardi Caterina , Baldassarri Francesca , Artistico Daniele
Published: August 2011

This study investigated construct validity of a short version of the Life Satisfaction in the Elderly Scale developed from an exploratory factor analysis in 1990 of the original version of Salamon and Conte's Life Satisfacion scale. First, a confirmatory factor analysis (maximum likelihood method) was conducted on 149 adult and elderly Italians to assess whether the latent variable of the Life Satisfaction Short Form scale was adequately represented by one factor. Analysis showed a good fit for the proposed unidimensional model, the items achieved good internal consistency on the scale, and no age differences arose in the score for the Life Satisfacion factor. Second, the correlations between the items measuring Life Satisfaction and the Eysenck 1985 Lie scale indicated that the items on the Life Satisfaction Short Form are largely independent of social desirability for younger and older adults.
Preliminary Evaluation of an Abstinence-Based Program for 7th Grade Students from a Small Rural School District
Authors: Fitzgerald Shawn M. , Jordan Timotrhy R. , Hart Raymond
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an abstinence-based program designed for 7th grade students ( n = 59) from a rural school district. Analysis suggested that after the program more students intended to avoid having sex before marriage but no change was noted for knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy.
Pyridostigmine Bromide and the Long-Term Subjective Health Status of a Sample of Female Reserve Component Gulf War Veterans: A Brief Report
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Reppert Earl Jay , Jurich Anthony P. , Bollman Stephan R. , Castelo Carlos , Sanders Diane , Webb Farrell J.
Published: August 2011

The role of pyridostigmine bromide (PB) pills in explaining the long-term subjective health status of a sample of over 100 female Reserve Component Gulf War veterans was examined through regression analysis. Results fell just short of significance ( p < .06) for the prediction of subjective health approximately six years after the war and were clearly not significant for the prediction of subjective health at previous times. Results parallel Golomb's 1999 RAND report, which found suggestive but not conclusive evidence for the possible adverse effects of Gulf War veterans' consumption of pyridostigmine bromide pills. Our data suggest that use of more than 10 pills may have been especially risky with respect to long-term subjective health.
Attitudes of Parents of Nondisabled Students regarding Inclusion of Disabled Students in Nevada's Public Schools
Authors: Kelly Edward J.
Published: August 2011

Opinions of 370 parents of students without disabilities about inclusive programming were compared with those obtained from a previous study of 65 parents of students with disabilities. Both groups of parents positively rated opinion statements favoring inclusion; however, parents of students with disabilities consistently rated inclusion-focused statements more positively than parents of nondisabled students.
The Hood Mysticism Scale: Does the Presence of a Neutral Response-Item Affect Response Style
Authors: Mercer Calvin , Durham Thomas W.
Published: August 2011

The widely used Hood Mysticism Scale (1975) was administered to one of two groups of college students in its original version and a modified version without the option of responding with “?” to an item. Scoring of the scale assigns an intermediate value to the “?” response, suggesting this response implies a meaning on the item somewhere between “probably true” and “probably not true.” Omitting this response option requires respondents to make a forced-choice answer, either to agree or to disagree with a statement and eliminates the middle ground. It was hypothesized that, if the response reflects a neutral attitude, then randomly selected groups administered the scale with or without the option should show no difference in overall means. An intact group of 23 advanced psychology students achieved a mean of 114.4 ( SD = 20.4) on the original mysticism scale, while 25 advanced psychology students in a second intact group had a mean of 113.3 ( SD = 17.1) on the modified version. This difference was not significant and supported the hypothesis that the scales were equivalent. Advantages of the modification and implications for interpretation of the “?” response are discussed.
Exposure to Community Violence and Trauma Symptoms in Late Adolescence: Comparison of a College Sample and a Noncollege Community Sample
Authors: Rosenthal Beth Spenciner , Hutton E. Miles
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a comparison for two samples (college and noncollege) of older, urban African-American adolescents of correlations between two measures of exposure to community violence (victim and witness) and four types of psychological trauma symptoms (anger, anxiety, depression, and dissociation). The central issue is the generalizability of previous findings about these relationships obtained from beginning college students of traditional age. The two samples did not differ in the magnitude of either the zero-order correlations or the multiple correlations between the two types of exposure to community violence and the four types of symptoms of trauma. The conclusion is that findings regarding the relationship of exposure to community violence with psychological symptoms of trauma obtained from college students may tentatively be generalized to older adolescents who are not in college.
Incidence of Critical Events in Professional Practice: A Statewide Survey of Psychotherapy Providers
Authors: Harris Alex H. S.
Published: August 2011

The goal was to tabulate the incidences of clients' suicide, attack by a client, and sexual contact with clients in an Alaskan sample of masters and doctoral-level psychotherapy providers (excluding psychiatrists) and to assess which, if any, demographic or professional characteristics were associated with each critical event. Results from 151 respondents (response rate 43.5%) indicated that 42.7% of providers had experienced at least one client's suicide, 28% had been physically attacked by a client, 4% reported having had sexual contact with a then current client, and 6% reported sexual contact with a former client. Areas for research are outlined, specifically the importance of using methods other than surveys and exploring variables other than standard demographic data.
Recent Decreasing Trend in U.S. Juvenile Delinquency Attributable to Changes in Maternal Age
Authors: Orlebeke Jacob F.
Published: August 2011

Two documented associations, viz., a negative one between maternal age and externalizing behavior of the offspring and a positive one between externalizing behavior in childhood and the probability of later (juvenile) delinquency, lead to the prediction that cohort-changes in crime rate over the years are associated with the age of the mothers of these cohorts when the children were born. This prediction was tested by comparing U.S. crime figures between 1987 and 1997 with maternal age figures 17 years earlier (1970–1980). Both time series show a close resemblance. Although causality from two different time series cannot be asserted, the existence of such a relationship is made plausible. Two different hypotheses are presented about the possible nature of causality. Results may be of value for studies in crime epidemiology.
A Build-it-Yourself Inexpensive Lock-Out Device
Authors: Abramson Charles I. , Zhang Weibo , Latino Carl
Published: August 2011

This paper describes a low-cost easily constructed and readily portable “lock-out system” suitable for college bowl and related quiz games. Suggestions on how to use the device are presented.
Use of the Survey of Elementary Education Students' Reading Instructional Beliefs
Authors: Knudson Ruth E. , Maxson Sylvia
Published: August 2011

29 undergraduate majors in elementary education reading instructional beliefs were measured at the beginning and the conclusion of a 15-wk. course on reading methods. Analysis indicated a positive change in the students' beliefs.
Differential Responding to Positive and Negative Items: The Case of a Negative Item in a Questionnaire for Course and Faculty Evaluation
Authors: Ibrahim Ali Mohamed
Published: August 2011

Previous factor-analytic studies of self-rating scales have yielded a factor on which negatively worded items loaded separately. The present study investigated the existence for such a factor in a questionnaire for course and teacher evaluation which included one negative item. The questionnaire was administered in 1,095 university classes Two factors emerged, an exclusively positive-item factor and another factor on which the single negative item and one positive item loaded It was suggested that both items of Factor 2 were ambiguous and may identify tendencies such as acquiescence, random responding, and response sets.
Maternal Question-Asking Behavior to Taiwanese Children with down Syndrome and with No Disability
Authors: Huang Su-Fen , Oi Manabu
Published: August 2011

To study maternal question-asking of Taiwanese children during free play and at meal time each mother-child dyad was videotaped at home. The mothers of children with Down syndrome asked more questions across different types of question during free play, at meal time, and for the sum of these two. Although no group difference was found for producing each type of question during free play, these 20 mothers asked more directive questions at meal time. Combined conditions analysis showed they used more directive questions and fewer requests for clarification than the 20 mothers of children with no disability.
Organizational, Nonorganizational, and Intrinsic Religiosity and Academic Dishonesty
Authors: Storch Eric A. , Storch Jason B.
Published: August 2011

The present study was a preliminary examination of the relations among the Organizational, Nonorganizational, and Intrinsic dimensions of religiosity and academic dishonesty. 244 college students completed the Duke Religion Index and nine questions assessing academic dishonesty. Analysis indicated that (1) regardless of sex, High Nonorganizational and Intrinsic religiosity was associated with lower reported rates of academic dishonesty, and (2) there was an interaction between Organizational religiosity and sex, with High Organizational women and men reporting similar rates of academic dishonesty. Furthermore, the frequency of academic dishonesty reported by High Organizational women was higher than the rates reported by Moderate and Minimal Organizational women.
Influence of Perceived Institutional and Faculty Support on College Students' Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions
Authors: LaMastro Valerie
Published: August 2011

Influence of perceived organizational support within a college student population is examined. Generalizing from research conducted in 1986 by Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa, perceived organizational support is defined as individuals' perception that a relevant organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. The current research indicates that students differentiate between support received from faculty and support from the institution at large. Both forms of support are associated with affective commitment to the institution and positive daily mood, whereas only perceived support from the institution is positively associated with the likelihood of performing behaviors potentially beneficial to the institution. This research supports a social exchange interpretation of the student-institutional relationship, with benefits accruing to both parties if perceived support is high.
Silencing the Self in College Settings and Adjustment
Authors: Haemmerlie F. M. , Montgomery R. L. , Williams A. , Winborn K. A.
Published: August 2011

The correlations among several measures of silencing the self and scores on the College Adjustment Scale were assessed for male and female students at a midwestern university ( N = 143). Analysis showed that high scores on Jack's 1991 Silencing the Self Scale and on one of three new measures designed to extend silencing the self to social group settings were associated with scores indicating poorer college adjustment. Also, men scored higher than women on Jack's 1991 measure, and no significant interactions were found for sex and adjustment for any of the silencing the self measures. Thus, silencing the self was generally associated with poorer adjustment scores and similarly for both women and men.
Differences in Self-Disclosure in Psychotherapy between American and Israeli Patients
Authors: Roe David , Farber Barry A.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated differences in extent and patterns of disclosure in psychotherapy between American ( n = 164) and Israeli ( n = 45) patients. Participants completed the Disclosure to Therapist Inventory-R, an 80-item measure that uses a rating scale to assess the extent to which psychotherapy patients have discussed each of 80 moderately to highly intimate topics with their most recent therapist. Analysis yielded no significant difference between groups in overall disclosure and high overlap in the topics most and least discussed. Both groups frequently discussed aspects of their personalities they disliked, feelings of desperation or depression, and feelings of rage or anger towards parents. Findings suggest universal concerns may outweigh the cultural context in which therapy occurs.
Organizational Factors as Predictors of Teachers' Burnout
Authors: Koustelios Athanasios
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the burnout experienced by a sample of Greek teachers and to explore the extent to which certain organizational factors predict teachers' scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The sample consisted of 100 teachers, 28 to 59 years of age. Greek teachers' means were lower than those for burnout of U.S. teachers. Stepwise regression analysis identified satisfaction with the job itself was the only significant predictor for Depersonalization and Emotional Exhaustion subscales, while satisfaction with the job itself and satisfaction with promotion were significant predictors for the Personal Accomplishment subscale. These findings showed that stress, e.g., role conflict and role ambiguity, were not highly correlated with teachers' burnout.
Objective Measurement of Paranormal Belief: A Rebuttal to Vitulli
Authors: Lange Rense , Irwin Harvey J. , Houran James
Published: August 2011

Effects of age and sex in paranormal belief remain controversial because issues of scaling and differential item function are not given due attention. Therefore, in response to the recent debate between Irwin and Vitulli, these issues are reviewed and validated as crucial approaches for obtaining an objective measure of paranormal belief. A Rasch version of Tobacyk's Paranormal Belief Scale has been developed, but research with this scale suggests that—contrary to past literature and recently refined studies—age and sex are neither consistent nor crucial factors mediating paranormal belief.
A Proposed Method for Learning from Textbooks in the Primary Grades: Use of Text Structure to Guide Self-Questioning
Authors: Feldt Ronald C. , Feldt Rebecca A.
Published: August 2011

A questioning strategy is proposed for teaching primary-level children about text organization or structure, such as cause-effect, comparison-contrast, and problem-solution. Once students can reliably identify different types of organization, they are taught to ask questions appropriate to each type to guide their learning. A cognitive-strategy instruction model is used as the vehicle for teaching children through modeling by a teacher, interactive discussion, and practice with corrective feedback. In addition, students are taught how to monitor the process, so responsibility is transferred from teacher to student. Some questions demand searching for answers in the text. Others are more complex, demanding integration of textual elements and use of personal knowledge for answering questions.
Silencing the Self and the Big Five: A Personological Profile of Silent Women
Authors: Witte Tricia , Sherman Martin F. , Flynn Laura
Published: August 2011

This study examined the correlations between scores on Jack and Dill's 1992 Silencing the Self Scale and Costa and McCrae's 1985 Big Five personality factors among 146 female undergraduates. Analyses indicated the Silencing the Self scores were positively correlated with those on Neuroticism and negatively correlated with those on Openness, Extraversion, and Agreeableness. In addition, regression analysis indicated that Neuroticism and Openness scores showed the greatest contribution to Silencing the Self scores. These findings suggest the possible importance of studying personality traits in women who utilize the silencing the self schema in interpersonal contexts.
Roles of Outcome Expectations and Self-Efficacy in Preschoolers' Aggression
Authors: Yuzawa Miki , Yuzawa Masamichi
Published: August 2011

The present study examined preschool boys' beliefs for the outcome of aggression and their perceptions of self-efficacy for aggressive behaviors. 23 preschoolers (mean age 6.3 yr.; 12 aggressive boys and 11 nonaggressive boys) were presented stories about provocative situations and asked about three expectations for aggression: positive outcomes, peer rejection, and morality. Another 18 preschoolers (mean age 6.3 yr.; 9 aggressive boys and 9 nonaggressive boys) rated their self-efficacy for four strategies: aggression, verbal persuasion, seeking help from a teacher, and withdrawal. Aggressive preschoolers did not expect a negative outcome in the form of peer-rejection in response to aggression as much as nonaggressive boys, although the groups did not differ in their expectations of positive outcomes and morality. Also, aggressive preschoolers were more confident about aggression in situations including teasing or criticism but less confident about verbal persuasion than nonaggressive preschoolers.
Depression, Anxiety, and Hopelessness in Sexually Abused Adolescent Girls
Authors: Pillay Anthony L. , Schoubben-Hesk Susan
Published: August 2011

50 sexually abused girls showed significantly higher scores on depression, anxiety, and hopelessness than 50 nonabused controls. The 31 subjects who were repeatedly abused showed higher distress than the 19 abused ones. The results are discussed in the context of psychological dynamics, suicidal risk, and the need for intervention.
Relations of Imagery, Creativity, and Socioeconomic Status with Performance on a Stock-Market e-Trading Game
Authors: Roberts Daniel S. L. , MacDonald Brenda E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine how measures of imagery, creativity, and socioeconomic status relate to performance in a stock-market trading game. The 368 participants were students enrolled in an administration studies curriculum. A multiple regression analysis showed imaging scores to be a predictor of stock-trading performance as were creativity and socioeconomic status to a lesser extent. High imagers and high scorers on creativity and socioeconomic status made several times more profit with their portfolios. Results are discussed in terms of imagery having multiple repercussions on learning, e.g., memory and problem-solving. It is concluded that scores on imagery, creativity, and socioeconomic status, being weakly correlated, are interdependent and likely associated with personality traits shaped within a stimulating home or social environment.
Formality of Researcher's Attire and Number of Terms Given by Participants for Six Gender Labels
Authors: Green Raymond J.
Published: August 2011

The number of terms given by participants when experimenters were dressed in either professional or casual attire ( ns = 20 and 18) was assessed. Participants were given 90 sec. to list descriptors for each of six gender-type labels. Analyses of variance yielded no significant mean differences for number of items listed.
Jealousy within the Perspective of a Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory
Authors: Rustemeyer Ruth , Wilbert Carina
Published: August 2011

We dealt with jealousy in the perspective of a self-evaluation maintenance theory which emphasizes the importance of rivals and their characteristics in view of the self-concept of individuals. If our study replicates 1996 results of DeSteno and Salovey, the finding would support the hypothesis that jealousy is a specific process for maintenance of self-evaluation. Thus, a participant should report greater jealousy when the domain of a rival's achievements was one of high self-relevance for the participant. Support for this hypothesis was found under one condition. The relevance of a rival's domain to the participant's self-definition influenced intensity of experienced jealousy only if the domain was a central professional skill (of prospective teachers, namely, “the ability to handle children well”). Consequently, the relevance of the other domains used by DeSteno and Salovey (1996)—intelligence, popularity, athleticism—is not of unlimited validity. In contrast to DeSteno and Salovey, sex differences were significant.
Testing the Equality of Two or More Split-Half Reliability Coefficients
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Methods for testing the equality of two or more split-half reliability coefficients as calculated by the Spearman-Brown or the two-part alpha approaches are provided.
Possible Artifacts in Memory Assessment with the Wechsler Memory Scale–III
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Holen Michael C.
Published: August 2011

The Wechsler Memory Scale–III has a number of subtests on which scores can be influenced by random answering, malingering, and response sets as well as valid variance from memory functioning. Clinicians, researchers, and forensic psychologists need to take these possibly confounding sources into account when interpreting findings. Chance performance guidelines are presented along with some brief examples from clinical assessment.
Assessing Adult ADHD Using a Self-Report Symptom Checklist
Authors: O'Donnell James P. , McCann Kathleen K. , Pluth Steve
Published: August 2011

The self-ratings of DSM-IV ADHD symptoms by adults reporting a previous ADHD diagnosis were contrasted with ratings by controls matched for age and sex. Adults previously diagnosed with ADHD endorsed significantly more symptoms of inattention and of hyperactivity–impulsivity. Specifically, 13 of the 18 DSM-IV ADHD symptoms were endorsed more frequently by the group previously diagnosed with ADHD than by the control group. Predictive power analysis showed that persons endorsing ADHD symptoms were highly likely to have reported a prior ADHD diagnosis. Finally, the data suggested that the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of 6 symptoms of inattention or 6 symptoms of hyperactivity–impulsivity could be appropriately applied during adult ADHD assessment.
The Type A-B Behavior Pattern in Urban and Rural Men and Women
Authors: Čatipović-Veselica Katija
Published: August 2011

This study examined the prevalence of the Type A behavior pattern with Bortner's scale in a rural ( n = 104) and urban ( n = 200) sample of men and women in Slavonia, Croatia. The mean score on the Bortner scale for the rural sample was significantly lower than the mean for the urban sample. The results support the view that rural lifestyle suppresses manifestation of Type A characteristics.
Perception of Family Support is Correlated with Glycemic Control in Greeks with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ilias Ioannis , Hatzimichelakis Eftichios , Souvatzoglou Athanassios , Anagnostopoulou Tanya , Tselebis Athanassios
Published: August 2011

We studied 98 native Greek patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Their degree of glycemic control, evaluated with glycated hemoglobin A1c levels, was correlated with perceived family support, assessed with the Family Support Scale. The different social context of Greece—and its corresponding perception of family support—influence glycemic control in a way that is at variance from data of some studies of Anglo-Saxon families. In conclusion, family support should be taken into consideration in the management of native Greek patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Relative Roles of Cognitive Ability and Practical Intelligence in the Prediction of Success
Authors: Taub Gordon E. , Hayes B. Grant , Cunningham Walter R. , Sivo Stephen A.
Published: August 2011

Initial investigations into the construct of practical intelligence have identified a new general factor of practical intelligence ( gp), which is believed to be independent of general cognitive ability. This construct, gp, is also believed to be a better predictor of success than cognitive ability, personality, or any combination of variables independent of gp. The existence of this construct and its independence from Spearman's g is, however, under debate. The purpose of the present study is to investigate both the relationship between gp and g and the relative roles of practical intelligence and cognitive ability in the prediction of success. The participants included 197 college students. Each completed both the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery and Sternberg and Wagner's measure of practical intelligence in academic psychology. The results of structural equation modeling support Sternberg and Wagner's assertion that practical intelligence and general cognitive ability are relatively independent constructs. Results of regression analysis, however, do not support their contention that practical intelligence is related to success after controlling for general cognitive ability. Implications of these results for research and theory on practical intelligence are discussed.
Effect of Response Effort on the Reward Value of Distinctively Flavored Food Pellets
Authors: Armus H. L.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to test whether distinctively flavored food pellets, used as rewards for lever-pressing by rats, would acquire different reward values as a function of the differential effort involved in making the lever-pressing response which would be predictable from the concept of cognitive dissonance. Subjects were seven Long-Evans strain hooded rats, 301–308 days old at the start of the study and had had their body weights reduced to 80% of their free-feeding weights. Testing was done in a Y-maze, with food pellets associated with the difficult lever-press response serving as the reward for one choice and pellets associated with the easy lever-press response for the other. Analysis showed there was no preference in the choice of either the “easy” or the “difficult” pellets, the choice not being significantly different from chance. This indicated that the effort involved in making a response did not affect the reward strength of food pellets when used to reward a response with a different topography.
Three Programs for Computing Dunn-S̆idák Critical Values
Authors: Kirk Roger E. , Natanegara Fanni
Published: August 2011

The Dunn-S̆idak multiple comparison procedure is used to test hypotheses and construct confidence intervals for two or more a priori nonorthogonal contrasts for population means. The procedure uses α levels that are not available in conventional t tables. In 1977 Games prepared a table of two-tailed critical values that simplifies using the procedure. Researchers are accustomed to doubling α in a two-tailed t table to obtain the critical value in one tail. Unfortunately, doubling α in Games's table always gives one-tailed critical values that are too small. Computational routines using the t inverse function in Microsoft Excel 98, SAS, and SPSS are presented for obtaining Dunn-S̆idák one- and two-tailed critical values for any familywise error rate, number of contrasts, and error degrees of freedom.
Mean Beck Depression Inventory–II Scores by Severity of Major Depressive Episode
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Brown Gregory K. , Beck Aaron T. , Sanderson William C.
Published: August 2011

The Beck Depression Inventory–II total scores of 35 (14%) outpatients who were diagnosed with a mild DSM–IV Major Depressive Episode (MDE), 144 (55%) outpatients with a moderate MDE, and 81 (31%) outpatients with a severe MDE were compared. The mean BDI–II total scores were, respectively, 18 ( SD = 8, 99% CI 12–23), 27 ( SD = 10, 99% CI 24–29), and 34 ( SD = 10, 99% CI 30–37) ( F2,257 = 33.25, p < .001). The mean BDI–II total score of the outpatients with a severe specifier was significantly higher than the mean BDI–II total score of the outpatients with a moderate specifier which was, in turn, significantly higher than the mean BDI–II total score of the outpatients with a mild specifier.
Categories of Success Endorsed among Religiously Identified Seventh-Day Adventist Students
Authors: Patzer Natalie L. , Helm Herbert W.
Published: August 2011

The focus of this study was to explore students' perceptions of success and how those perceptions may differ by sex, age, and education. Using Jensen and Towle's criteria (1991), 165 subjects qualified as “religious” out of the 247 respondents assessed. Given different theological emphases, it was hypothesized that this predominantly Seventh-day Adventist sample would perceive success differently than Jensen and Towle's sample and that there would be sex differences in religiosity which may interact with age, education, and self-reported grades. There were some sex differences in endorsement of success categories, which decreased as amount of education increased. A comparison between this predominantly Seventh-day Adventist group and Jensen and Towle's predominantly Latter-day Saint group indicates that there may be various value systems regarding success among religious denominations.
Association of Alcohol Use and Suicide in 27 Nations of the World
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 27 nations of the world, alcohol consumption predicted suicide rates, but changes in alcohol consumption did not predict changes in suicide rates.