bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Compost‐, Sand‐, or Gypsum‐amended Waste Foundry Sands on Turfgrass Yield and Nutrient Content
Authors: de Koff J. P. , Lee B. D. , Dungan R. S. , Santini J. B.
Published: January 2010

To prevent the 7 to 11 million metric tons of waste foundry sand (WFS) produced annually in the USA from entering landfills, current research is focused on the reuse of WFSs as soil amendments. The effects of different WFS‐containing amendments on turfgrass growth and nutrient content were tested by planting perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) and tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix(Scop.) Holub) in different blends containing WFS. Blends of WFS were created with compost or acid‐washed sand (AWS) at varying percent by volume with WFS or by amendment with gypsum (9.6 g gypsum kg−1WFS). Measurements of soil strength, shoot and root dry weight, plant surface coverage, and micronutrients (Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Na) and macronutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg) were performed for each blend and compared with pure WFS and with a commercial potting media control. Results showed that strength was not a factor for any of the parameters studied, but the K/Na base saturation ratio of WFS:compost mixes was highly correlated with total shoot dry weight for perennial ryegrass (r= 0.995) and tall fescue (r= 0.94). This was further substantiated because total shoot dry weight was also correlated with shoot K/Na concentration of perennial ryegrass (r= 0.99) and tall fescue (r= 0.95). A compost blend containing 40% WFS was determined to be the optimal amendment for the reuse of WFS because it incorporated the greatest possible amount of WFS without major reduction in turfgrass growth.
Matrix‐based Fertilizers Reduce Nutrient and Bacterial Leaching after Manure Application in a Greenhouse Column Study
Authors: Entry James A. , Sojka R.E. , Hicks Brendan J.
Published: January 2010

We tested the efficacy of matrix‐based fertilizers (MBFs) to reduce Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., NH4, NO3, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and total phosphorus (TP) in leachate and soil after dairy manure application in greenhouse column studies. The MBFs are composed of inorganic N and P in compounds that are relatively loosely bound (MBF8) to more tightly bound (MBF9) mixtures using combinations of starch, cellulose, lignin, Al2(SO4)318H2O, and/or Fe2(SO4)33H2O to create a matrix that slowly releases the nutrients. One day after the first dairy manure application, E. coli numbers were greater in leachate from control columns than in leachate from columns receiving MBFs. After three dairy manure applications, E. coli and Enterococcus spp. numbers in leachates were not consistently different between controls and columns receiving MBFs. When MBF8 was applied to the soil, the total amount of DRP, TP, NH4, and NO3 in leachate was lower than in the control columns. Bermudagrass receiving MBFs had greater shoot, root, and total biomass than grass growing in the control columns. Grass shoot, root, and total biomass did not differ among columns receiving MBFs. Nitrogen and phosphorus bound to the Al2(SO4)318H2O or Fe2(SO4)33H2O–lignin–cellulose matrix become gradually available to plants over the growing season. The MBF8 and MBF9 formulations do not depend on organic or inorganic coatings to reduce N and P leaching and have the potential with further testing and development to provide an effective method to reduce N and P leaching from soils treated with animal waste.
Identification of Naegleria fowleri in Warm Ground Water Aquifers
Authors: Laseke Ian , Korte Jill , Lamendella Regina , Kaneshiro Edna S. , Marciano‐Cabral Francine , Oerther Daniel B.
Published: January 2010

The free‐living amoeba Naegleria fowleri was identified as the etiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis that caused the deaths of two children in Peoria, Arizona, in autumn of 2002. It was suspected that the source of N. fowleri was the domestic water supply, which originates from ground water sources. In this study, ground water from the greater Phoenix Metropolitan area was tested for the presence of N. fowleri using a nested polymerase chain reaction approach. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA sequences of bacterial populations in the ground water were performed to examine the potential link between the presence of N. fowleri and bacterial groups inhabiting water wells. The results showed the presence of N. fowleri in five out of six wells sampled and in 26.6% of all ground water samples tested. Phylogenetic analyses showed that β‐ and γ‐proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial populations present in the ground water. Bacterial community analyses revealed a very diverse community structure in ground water samples testing positive for N. fowleri.
Soil Carbon Dynamics and Carbon Budget of Newly Reconstructed Tall‐grass Prairies in South Central Iowa
Authors: Guzman Jose G. , Al‐Kaisi Mahdi M.
Published: January 2010

In addition to their aesthetic and environmental qualities, reconstructed prairies can act as C sinks and potentially offset rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. The objective of this study was to quantify C budget components of newly established prairies on previously cultivated land. Net ecosystem production (NEP) was estimated using a C budgeting approach that assessed SOC content, soil surface CO2–C emission, and above‐ and belowground plant biomass. Study was conducted in southern Iowa, in 2005 to 2007. Results show that differences between sites for potential total C input were primarily due to root biomass contributions, which ranged from 0.8 to 5.4 Mg C ha−1 Average potential aboveground biomass C input was 2.7 Mg C ha−1 in 2006 and 5.5 Mg C ha−1 in 2007. Total soil CO2–C emissions from heterotrophic respiration increased as prairie age increased from 2.9 to 4.0 Mg C ha−1 and 3.1 to 4.7 Mg C ha−1 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Determination of NEP showed that the 1998 and 2003 reconstructed prairie sites had the greatest potential for soil C sequestration at 4.1 and 4.4 Mg C ha−1 Increases in SOC content were only observed in the youngest established prairie site (2003) and the no‐till site in 2003 at 2.1 and 2.6 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Declines of SOC sequestration rates occurred when potential C equilibrium was reached (Rh = NPP) within 10 yr since prairie establishment.
Radar Remote Sensing of Wind‐Driven Land Degradation Processes in Northeastern Patagonia
Authors: del Valle H. F. , Blanco P. D. , Metternicht G. I. , Zinck J. A.
Published: January 2010

Wind‐driven land degradation negatively impacts on rangeland production and infrastructure in the Valdes Peninsula, northeastern Patagonia. The Valdes Peninsula has the most noticeable dunefields of the Patagonian drylands. Wind erosion has been assessed at different scales in this region, but often with limited data. In general, terrain features caused by wind activity are better discriminated by active microwaves than by sensors operating in the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This paper aims to analyze wind‐driven land degradation processes that control the radar backscatter observed in different sources of radar imagery. We used subsets derived from SIR‐C, ERS‐1 and 2, ENVISAT ASAR, RADARSAT‐1, and ALOS PALSAR data. The visibility of aeolian features on radar images is mostly a function of wavelength, polarization, and incidence angle. Stabilized sand deposits are clearly observed in radar images, with defined edges but also signals of ongoing wind erosion. One of the most conspicuous features corresponds to old track sand dunes, a mixture of active and inactive barchanoid ridges and parabolic dunes. This is a clear example of deactivation of migrating dunes under the influence of vegetation. The L‐band data reveal details of these sand ridges, whereas the C‐band data only allow detecting a few of the larger tracks. The results of this study enable us to make recommendations about the utility of some radar sensor configurations for wind‐driven land degradation reconnaissance in mid‐latitude regions.
Seeps Regulate Stream Nitrate Concentration in a Forested Appalachian Catchment
Authors: O'Driscoll Michael A. , DeWalle David R.
Published: January 2010

Surface seeps can be defined as locations where upwelling ground water saturates the surface for most of the year and excess ground water can be delivered to the stream channel via surface flowpaths. If a stream is predominantly fed by seeps, then ground water added to the stream via these surface flowpaths may result in reduced interactions with the subsurface riparian zone. It is generally believed that seep ground water that upwells and then flows along surface flowpaths can be subject to diminished denitrification and biologic uptake processes. Seep effects on stream nitrate (NO3) concentration were studied in Baldwin Creek (5.35 km2), southwestern Pennsylvania. Nitrate retention within seep zones was evaluated over a 1‐yr period (May 2002–2003) using a monthly, nested (top and bottom of seep) sampling approach along 15 individual seeps. Seep samples were analyzed for NO3–N, NH3–N, and dissolved organic carbon, along with stream waters and streamflow measurements at seven stream stations. Seeps were generally NO3 sinks with concentrations decreasing downseep: 31% median annual reduction and 73% maximum monthly reduction. During cold and wet periods, seeps frequently behaved as NO3 sources to the stream (NO3 concentrations increased or remained constant downseep). Seep temperature and discharge were related to seasonal variability in seep NO3 retention. Seasonal variations in stream NO3 concentration have been attributed to upland soil and vegetation processes in numerous watersheds. At Baldwin Creek, seep NO3 processing regulated the seasonal variability of stream NO3 concentrations. These results suggest that seeps provide important water quality functions and can modulate the effects of elevated regional N deposition in Appalachian catchments.
Responses of a Dominant Temperate Grassland Plant (Leymus chinensis) to Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Addition in China
Authors: Zhang Lin , Yang Yunxia , Zhan Xiaoyun , Zhang Canjuan , Zhou Shuangxi , Wu Dongxiu
Published: January 2010

The impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on plant communities is varied and strongly dependent on the dominant species response, as well as nutrient conditions. Responses of a dominant species (Leymus chinensis) to elevated CO2 and N application were examined with open‐top chambers in a typical temperate grassland in northern China for 3 yr. The significant effect of elevated CO2 on L. chinensis growth was mainly reflected in the higher photosynthetic rates, increased leaf number, larger shoot and root biomass, and higher root/shoot (R/S) ratio. Enhancement of root biomass induced by elevated CO2 was larger (40%) than that of shoot biomass (9%). In contrast, N application had a significant impact on most growth indices examined in this study, which was reflected in the enhanced aboveground growth and depressed belowground growth. Nitrogen application significantly reduced the R/S ratio by an average of 40%. Nitrogen addition significantly enhanced the proportion of senescent biomass and decreased the proportion of green leaf biomass under elevated CO2 There were no CO2 × N interactions on most of the measured variables, except on photosynthetic rate and the proportion of aboveground biomass. Plant growth variables showed high interannual variation. These results indicate that belowground growth of L. chinensis is more sensitive to elevated CO2 than is the aboveground. Aboveground growth of L. chinensis is much more sensitive to N application than to CO2 enrichment. Therefore, the effect of elevated CO2 on L. chinensis steppe is more likely to be underestimated if only aboveground parts are considered.
Regional‐scale Assessment of Soil Salinity in the Red River Valley Using Multi‐year MODIS EVI and NDVI
Authors: Lobell D. B , Lesch S. M. , Corwin D. L. , Ulmer M. G. , Anderson K. A. , Potts D. J. , Doolittle J. A. , Matos M. R. , Baltes M. J.
Published: January 2010

The ability to inventory and map soil salinity at regional scales remains a significant challenge to scientists concerned with the salinization of agricultural soils throughout the world. Previous attempts to use satellite or aerial imagery to assess soil salinity have found limited success in part because of the inability of methods to isolate the effects of soil salinity on vegetative growth from other factors. This study evaluated the use of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery in conjunction with directed soil sampling to assess and map soil salinity at a regional scale (i.e., 10–105 km2) in a parsimonious manner. Correlations with three soil salinity ground truth datasets differing in scale were made in Kittson County within the Red River Valley (RRV) of North Dakota and Minnesota, an area where soil salinity assessment is a top priority for the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS). Multi‐year MODIS imagery was used to mitigate the influence of temporally dynamic factors such as weather, pests, disease, and management influences. The average of the MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) for a 7‐yr period exhibited a strong relationship with soil salinity in all three datasets, and outperformed the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). One‐third to one‐half of the spatial variability in soil salinity could be captured by measuring average MODIS EVI and whether the land qualified for the Conservation Reserve Program (a USDA program that sets aside marginally productive land based on conservation principles). The approach has the practical simplicity to allow broad application in areas where limited resources are available for salinity assessment.
Transport and Fate of Phosphorus during and after Manure Spill Simulations
Authors: Armstrong Shalamar D. , Smith Douglas R. , Joern Brad C. , Owens Phillip R. , Leytem April B. , Huang C. , Adeola Layi
Published: January 2010

Animal manure spills contribute to P loading of surface waters and little is known about the effectiveness of the current manure spill clean‐up methods to mitigate P contamination. Manure spill clean‐up consists of containing, removing, and land applying the contaminated water column, while P‐enriched fluvial sediments remain in place. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (i) understand how P partitions between the water column and fluvial sediments during a manure spill, and (ii) evaluate the efficacy of current manure spill clean‐up methods to remediate manure contaminated sediments. Manure spill simulations were conducted using fluvarium techniques and sediments collected from three drainage areas of two drainage ditches. Sediments with the greatest clay content (33%) resulted in a significantly greater P buffering capacity (10.3 L kg−1) and removed P from the water column at the greatest rate during the manure spill simulation relative to sediments with < 6% clay. Phosphorus uptake length for all sediments ranged from 574 to 815 m and the adsorption flux ranged from 8.9 to 16.7 mg m−2h−1After simulating the current manure spill remediation methods, P desorbed to the water from all sediments exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency total P criteria (0.076 mg L−1) for the region by at least 67%. Furthermore, results from this study suggest that the current manure spill remediation method needs refining to mitigate P from the total fluvial system water column and sediment following a spill.
Long‐Term Effects of Land Application of Class B Biosolids on the Soil Microbial Populations, Pathogens, and Activity
Authors: Zerzghi Huruy , Gerba Charles P. , Brooks John P. , Pepper Ian L.
Published: January 2010

This study evaluated the influence of 20 annual land applications of Class B biosolids on the soil microbial community. The potential benefits and hazards of land application were evaluated by analysis of surface soil samples collected following the 20th land application of biosolids. The study was initiated in 1986 at the University of Arizona Marana Agricultural Center, 21 miles north of Tucson, AZ. The final application of biosolids was in March 2005, followed by growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) from April through November 2005. Surface soil samples (0–30 cm) were collected monthly from March 2005, 2 wk after the final biosolids application, through December 2005, and analyzed for soil microbial numbers. December samples were analyzed for additional soil microbial properties. Data show that land application of Class B biosolids had no significant long‐term effect on indigenous soil microbial numbers including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi compared to unamended control plots. Importantly, no bacterial or viral pathogens were detected in soil samples collected from biosolid amended plots in December (10 mo after the last land application) demonstrating that pathogens introduced via Class B biosolids only survived in soil transiently. However, plots that received biosolids had significantly higher microbial activity or potential for microbial transformations, including nitrification, sulfur oxidation, and dehydrogenase activity, than control plots and plots receiving inorganic fertilizers. Overall, the 20 annual land applications showed no long‐term adverse effects, and therefore, this study documents that land application of biosolids at this particular site was sustainable throughout the 20‐yr period, with respect to soil microbial properties.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Multidirectional Glenohumeral Instability in Young Overhead Athletes
Authors: Voigt C. , Schulz A.P. , Lill H.
Published: January 2010

Purpose:

This prospective case series evaluates the outcome, and the return to sports of young overhead athletes with a persistent, symptomatic multidirectional instability (MDI) with hyperlaxity type Gerber B5 treated with an arthroscopic anteroposteroinferior capsular plication and rotator interval closure.

Methods:

9 young overhead athletes (10 shoulders) with the rare diagnosis of MDI (Gerber B5) and an indication for operative treatment, after a failed physiotherapy program were physically examined 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively by a physical examination, and got a final phone interview after median 39 months.

Results:

At the final follow-up all patients were satisfied; Rowe Score showed 7 “excellent” and “good” results; Constant Score was “excellent” and “good” in 6, and “fair” in 1 patient. 7/9 returned to their previous sports, 3/9 at a reduced level.

Conclusion:

Symptomatic MDI requires an individual indication for surgical treatment after a primary conservative treatment. The described arthroscopic technique stabilizes glenohumeral joint. A return to overhead sports is possible but often at a reduced level; returning to high-performance sports cannot be recommended because of the high risk of reinstability.
Polyethylene Oxidation in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Evolution and New Advances
Authors: Gómez-Barrena Enrique , Medel Francisco , Puértolas José Antonio
Published: January 2010

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) remains the gold standard acetabular bearing material for hip arthroplasty. Its successful performance has shown consistent results and survivorship in total hip replacement (THR) above 85% after 15 years, with different patients, surgeons, or designs.

As THR results have been challenged by wear, oxidation, and liner fracture, relevant research on the material properties in the past decade has led to the development and clinical introduction of highly crosslinked polyethylenes (HXLPE). More stress on the bearing (more active, overweighted, younger patients), and more variability in the implantation technique in different small and large Hospitals may further compromise the clinical performance for many patients. The long-termin vivoperformance of these materials remains to be proven. Clinical and retrieval studies after more than 5 years ofin vivouse with HXLPE in THR are reviewed and consistently show a substantial decrease in wear rate. Moreover, a second generation of improved polyethylenes is backed byin vitrodata and awaits more clinical experience to confirm the experimental improvements. Also, new antioxidant, free radical scavengers, candidates and the reinforcement of polyethylene through composites are currently under basic research.

Oxidation of polyethylene is today significantly reduced by present formulations, and this forgiving, affordable, and wellknown material is still reliable to meet today’s higher requirements in total hip replacement.
New Perspectives for Seed Germination Testing Through Digital Imaging Technology
Authors: Dell’Aquila Antonio
Published: January 2010

A digital image of a plant seed can be regarded as a two-dimensional object which can be measured in size,
shape and color density during the development stage of germination by computer image analysis technology. Seed
changes its biological structure passing from a quiescent stage to a proliferating one, and any morphological variation can
be associated with the corresponding variation of seed geometry and color space components. Future perspectives are
addressed to design comprehensive biological models that may contribute to studying seed quality patterns possibly
integrated with those proposed for other biological systems.
Inhibitory Effects of Two Ferulates from Angelica Sinensis on Platelet Aggregation and Oxytocin-induced Uterine Contraction
Authors: Yu Y. , Lin B. Q. , Yu L. , Hua Y. Q. , Duan J. A. , Li S. P.
Published: January 2010

Ferulic acid (FA) is widely considered as a biologically active component in Angelica sinensis, and used as one of the marker compounds for the quality control of Angelica sinensis. However, in A. sinensis, FA mainly exists as its ester, coniferyl ferulate (CF). CF is unstable and readily hydrolyzed into FA during conventional extraction. Herein, their antiplatelet aggregation activities and relaxant effects on oxytocin-induced mouse uterine muscle contraction were investigated and compared. The results showed that FA inhibited arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin (THR)-induced platelet aggregation with IC50 values of 974.8 ± 97.5, 737.9 ± 40.2 and 244.6 ± 25.6 μg/ml, respectively. The potency of CF is much higher than that of FA, and the IC50 values for AA, ADP and THR were 7.1 ± 0.3, 276.4 ± 53.4 and 77.5 ± 23.1 μg/ml, respectively. IC50 of FA was 23.8 ± 6.2 μg/ml for oxytocin-induced uterine contraction in vitro. CF could only be tested at low concentration and its IC50 could not be calculated thereafter because of its strong hydrophobic property. So CF has more potent antiplatelet aggregation activity, while FA has stronger inhibitory effect on oxytocin-induced uterine contraction in vitro
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Mutations of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Morphology
Authors: Hirota Seiichi , Isozaki Koji
Published: January 2010

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the human gastrointestinal tract. GISTs are positive for the c-kit gene product, KIT, which is a receptor tyrosine kinase and are considered to derive from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) which are only KIT-positive proper cells of normal gastrointestinal tract. Most GISTs have gain-of-function mutations of the c-kit gene which are considered to be a main cause of GIST development. Gain-of-function mutations of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene are another cause of GISTs in minor proportion. Thus, GISTs could be defined as a distinctive tumor type that is derived from ICCs or their precursor and develops through aberrant KIT or PDGFRA signaling. Majority of GISTs are morphologically spindle, and the remaining cases show epithelioid form or mixed feature of spindle and epithelioid structures. GISTs with PDGFRA gene mutations are almost always epithelioid, and most of them demonstrate myxoid change.
The Role of Bcl-2 in Breast Cancer
Authors: Li Xiaoyan , Yang Qifeng
Published: January 2010

Breast cancer has become the top killer of death worldwide among women with the number
about 519,000 deaths each year, and the deaths from cancer is projected to continue rising which was
reported by World Health Organization (WHO) recently. As breast cancer is a heterogenous disease
whose behavior is determined by the molecular characteristics, increased interests are to unravel the
molecular mechanisms of breast cancer development and progression. Bcl-2, as a protooncogene
identified in 1984, contributes to malignancy by protecting cells from apoptosis. Since the
identification of Bcl-2, a number of studies have been exploited to investigate their contribution to the
formation, progression, therapy resistance and prognostic potential in many cancers including breast
cancer. Preclinical studies have suggested that Bcl-2 overexpression enhances metastatic potential of
breast cancer cells. And in general, the expression of Bcl-2 has been associated with the presence of
good prognostic markers, such as hormonal receptor positivity, lower or absent p53 expression and a
favorable clinical outcome. The overexpression of Bcl-2 is also associated with drug resistance or
sensitivity to specific chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy. In recent years a number of
studies have shed light onto the role of Bcl-2 in mediating the effects of anticancer agents in order to
develop more efficient and more precisely targeted treatment strategy. The independent prognostic
value of Bcl-2 in breast cancer is demonstrated in many recent investigations as well. The aim of this
review is to give a summary of the role of Bcl-2 in breast cancer.
ETS Gene Fusions in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Han Bo
Published: January 2010

Chromosomal rearrangements were previously thought to be primarily the oncogenic mechanism of hematologic malignancies and sarcomas. Recently, recurrent gene fusions have been identified in the majority of prostate cancers involving E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family members of transcription factors. The most common fusion, TMPRSS2-ERG, is present in approximately 50% of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-screened localized prostate cancer and in 15-30% of population-based cohorts. The prostate cancer gene fusions that have been identified thus far are characterized by 5' genomic regulatory elements, most commonly controlled by androgen, fused to members of the ETS family of transcription factors, leading to the overexpression of oncogenic transcription factors. To date, a growing body of evidence suggests that ETS gene fusions may define a distinct molecular class of prostate cancer. In this review, I summarize the discovery, characterization and detection of the ETS gene fusions, current understanding of their roles in prostate cancer biology, association with prognosis as well as morphological aspect from the point of view of pathology.
New Types of Cell Death: Morphological and Molecular Characteristics
Authors: Ozaki Takashi , Mori Ichiro , Tabuse Katsuyoshi , Suzuma Takaomi , Sakurai Takeo , Nakamura Misa , Taniguchi Emiko , Kakudo Kennichi
Published: January 2010

Recently a unique cell death caused by microwaves was reported as a new type of cell death by our group. This paper explains about cell death caused by microwaves and its similarity to radiofrequency ablation (RFA), in clinical use for cancer therapy, and compares it with other forms of cell death (oncosis, apoptosis, programmed cell death, caspase-independent cell death, and autophagy). Microwave cell death (MCD) and radiofrequency ablation cell death (RFACD) are characterized by a well-preserved morphology and antigenicity for a long period under light microscopic examination, which differ from other known forms of cell death. We have pointed out the loss of enzyme activity and abnormal DNA electrophoresis in MCD. Until this discovery, it was difficult for pathologists to evaluate whether carcinoma was viable or not after microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) or RFA therapy, when a tissue biopsy specimen was processed under routine tissue preparation for histological or cytological diagnosis, such as formalin fixation, paraffin embedding, and hematoxylin-eosin staining or ethanol fixation and Papanicolaou staining, respectively. New criteria using enzyme histochemistry or other molecular methods are essential to evaluate the therapeutic effects in MCD or RFACD.
Contributors
Authors: Nakamura Misa , Kakudo Kennichi
Published: January 2010

Full text available
A Robust and Fast System for CTC Computer-Aided Detection of Colorectal Lesions
Authors: Slabaugh Greg , Yang Xiaoyun , Ye Xujiong , Boyes Richard , Beddoe Gareth
Published: January 2010

We present a complete, end-to-end computer-aided detection (CAD) system for identifying lesions in the colon, imaged with computed tomography (CT). This system includes facilities for colon segmentation, candidate generation, feature analysis, and classification. The algorithms have been designed to offer robust performance to variation in image data and patient preparation. By utilizing efficient 2D and 3D processing, software optimizations, multi-threading, feature selection, and an optimized cascade classifier, the CAD system quickly determines a set of detection marks. The colon CAD system has been validated on the largest set of data to date, and demonstrates excellent performance, in terms of its high sensitivity, low false positive rate, and computational efficiency.
Global Amphibian Declines, Loss of Genetic Diversity and Fitness: A Review
Authors: Allentoft Morten E. , O’Brien John
Published: January 2010

It is well established that a decrease in genetic variation can lead to reduced fitness and lack of adaptability to a changing environment. Amphibians are declining on a global scale, and we present a four-point argument as to why this taxonomic group seems especially prone to such genetic processes. We elaborate on the extent of recent fragmentation of amphibian gene pools and we propose the term dissociated populations to describe the residual population structure. To put their well-documented loss of genetic diversity into context, we provide an overview of 34 studies (covering 17 amphibian species) that address a link between genetic variation and >20 different fitness traits in amphibians. Although not all results are unequivocal, clear genetic-fitness-correlations (GFCs) are documented in the majority of the published investigations. In light of the threats faced by amphibians, it is of particular concern that the negative effects of various pollutants, pathogens and increased UV-B radiation are magnified in individuals with little genetic variability. Indeed, ongoing loss of genetic variation might be an important underlying factor in global amphibian declines.
Active Polymer Gel Actuators
Authors: Maeda Shingo , Hara Yusuke , Yoshida Ryo , Hashimoto Shuji
Published: January 2010

Many kinds of stimuli-responsive polymer and gels have been developed and applied to biomimetic actuators or artificial muscles. Electroactive polymers that change shape when stimulated electrically seem to be particularly promising. In all cases, however, the mechanical motion is driven by external stimuli, for example, reversing the direction of electric field. On the other hand, many living organisms can generate an autonomous motion without external driving stimuli like self-beating of heart muscles. Here we show a novel biomimetic gel actuator that can walk spontaneously with a wormlike motion without switching of external stimuli. The self-oscillating motion is produced by dissipating chemical energy of oscillating reaction. Although the gel is completely composed of synthetic polymer, it shows autonomous motion as if it were alive.
Spironolactone Plus Full-Dose ACE Inhibition in Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy and Nephrotic Syndrome: Does It Really Work?
Authors: Cravedi Paolo , Brusegan Varusca , Ruggenenti Piero , Campbell Ruth , Remuzzi Giuseppe
Published: January 2010

We have studied the effects of add-on spironolactone treatment (100 mg/day) in 11 patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) and > 3 gm proteinuria/day despite angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy titrated to a systolic/diastolic blood pressure < 120/80 mmHg. Blood pressure, 24-hour urinary protein excretion, and creatinine clearance were measured prior to, after two months of combined therapy, and after a 2-month withdrawal period of spironolactone. While systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly after spironolactone therapy, proteinuria did not improve. Serum potassium increased significantly as well, with three patients requiring resin-binding therapy. Thus, spironolactone seems to have no additional antiproteinuric effects over ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with IMN and nephrotic syndrome and carries the risk of significant hyperkalemia.
Hypersensitivity Reactions to Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: An Update
Authors: Sánchez-Borges Mario , Caballero-Fonseca Fernan , Capriles-Hulett Arnaldo , González-Aveledo Luis
Published: January 2010

After beta lactam antibiotics, hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are the second cause of hypersensitivity to drugs. Acute manifestations affect the respiratory tract (aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease), the skin (urticaria and angioedema), or are generalized (anaphylaxis). Correct diagnosis and treatment in order to prevent unnecessary morbidity and the potential risk of death from these severe reactions, and to provide proper medical advice on future drug use frequently requires the participation of allergology specialists familiar with these clinical conditions.
Eco-Efficiency Assessments as a Tool for Revealing the Environmental Improvement Potential of New Regulations
Authors: Michelsen Ottar
Published: January 2010

Public regulations can result in improved environmental performance of products. In this paper eco-efficiency is used to assess the most likely outcome of potential new regulations. The paper presents a case study of furniture production in Norway where different scenarios for improving the environmental performance of the products are presented. Four regulatory options for imposing environmental improvements are assessed; (1) an introduction of a tax on emissions, (2) an increase of the tax on landfills, (3) an introduction of a tax on raw material consumption, and (4) introduction of take-back legislation.
A New Species of Hypolithus From the Southwestern United States (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Becker Edward C.
Published: January 2010

A new species, Hypolithus pallidus, from Nevada, California, and Arizona is described and illustrated. This species is not closely related to any other in the genus.
Analysis of the Resistance Factors Influencing the Implementation of Information Systems in an Electronics Manufacturing Plant
Authors: Oliveira Marcelo Marques de , Ponchio Mateus Canniatti , Sacomano Neto Mario , Pizzinatto Nadia Kassouf
Published: January 2010

The objective of this paper is to analyze the resistance factors experienced by employees of an electronics manufacturing plant located in the region of Campinas (SP), following the implementation of an information technology (IT) project. The substantive contribution to literature that this paper offers consists of the description of relationships among resistance factors and firm characteristics in order to support propositions of approaches that could ease acceptance to new information systems, thus reducing employee’s resistance. Results suggest that a set of factors, such as management of the employee’s expectations and perception of power redistribution, are positively related to resistance to its acceptance. In the final section, recommendations for future research are presented.
Network Relationships in Small Incubated Technology-Based (ITBS) Firms: a Study of its Importance to Organizational Performance in the Perception of Entrepreneurs
Authors: Gallon Alessandra Vasconcelos , Ensslin Sandra Rolim , Silveira Amelia
Published: January 2010

The objective of this article is to describe the network of relationships and identify the importance of these relationships to the organizational performance of small ITBs incubated in the perception of entrepreneurs. Therefore, the research was exploratory, with qualitative method in the first part and descriptive, using a quantitative method in the continuation. Data were collected through a script with open questions and two structured questionnaires. The manager of the incubator and entrepreneurs from 14 residents were ITBs social subjects respondents. Component analysis of the relationship network of ITBs was to: (i) examine the characteristics of the network of relationships of ITBs incubated by a statement of means-ends relationships, related by links of influence, and (ii) note that there are line between efforts to meet the goals set by both ITBs incubated, as the incubator, and the importance of achieving these objectives for the improvement of organizational performance of ITBs.
Synthesis, Characterization and Drug Release Behavior of pH‐Responsive O‐carboxymethyl Chitosan‐graft‐poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) Hydrogel Beads
Authors: Ma Liwei , Liu Mingzhu , Chen Jun , Liu Hongliang , Cui Dapeng , Gao Chunmei
Published: January 2010

In this work, the carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) grafted poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) copolymers were synthesized. The hydrogel beads containing VB2 were prepared from the copolymers by an ionic crosslinked. The experimental results shown that VB2 drug release rate from those beads decreased with the increasing grafting percentage, crosslinker concentration and pH value of the medium. Besides, the beads have the better control ability for releasing of model drug than CMCTS does.
Cytotoxicity and Cell Cycle Effects of Bare and Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Mouse Fibroblasts
Authors: Mahmoudi Morteza , Simchi Abdolreza , Vali Hojatollah , Imani Mohammad , Shokrgozar Mohammad A. , Azadmanesh Kayhan , Azari Fereshteh
Published: January 2010

Super‐paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are recognized as powerful biocompatible materials for use in various biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, magnetic‐resonance imaging, cell/protein separation, hyperthermia and transfection. This study investigates the impact of high concentrations of SPIONs on cytotoxicity and cell‐cycle effects. The interactions of surface‐saturated (via interactions with cell medium) bare SPIONs and those coated with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with adhesive mouse fibroblast cells (L929) are investigated using an MTT assay. The two SPION formulations are synthesized using a co‐precipitation method. The bare and coated magnetic nanoparticles with passivated surfaces both result in changes in cell morphology, possibly due to clustering through their magnetostatic effect. At concentrations ranging up to 80 × 10−3 M, cells exposed to the PVA‐coated nanoparticles demonstrate high cell viability without necrosis and apoptosis. In contrast, significant apoptosis is observed in cells exposed to bare SPIONs at a concentration of 80 × 10−3 M. Nanoparticle exposure (20–80 × 10−3 M) leads to variations in both apoptosis and cell cycle, possibly due to irreversible DNA damage and repair of oxidative DNA lesions, respectively. Additionally, the formation of vacuoles within the cells and granular cells indicates autophagy cell death rather than either apoptosis or necrosis.
Synthesis and Characterization of Thrombin Conjugated γ‐Fe2O3 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Hemostasis
Authors: Ziv Ofra , Lublin‐Tennenbaum Tammy , Margel Shlomo
Published: January 2010

Thrombin is the final protease produced in the clotting pathways. Thrombin has been used in the clinic more than six decades for topical hemostasis and wound management. In human plasma the half‐life of thrombin is shorter than 15 seconds due to close control by inhibitors. In order to stabilize thrombin, this enzyme was conjugated covalently and physically to γ‐Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles. The physical conjugation was accomplished through adsorption of thrombin to BSA coating on the nanoparticles. The coagulant activity of the covalently bound thrombin was significantly lower than that of the physically adsorbed thrombin. Leakage of the physically bound thrombin into PBS containing 4% HSA was negligible. The physical conjugation of thrombin onto the nanoparticles stabilized the thrombin against its major inhibitor antithrombin III and improved its storage stability. At optimal CaCl2 concentration, the clotting time by the bound thrombin is shorter than that of the free enzyme. This novel conjugated thrombin may be an efficient candidate for topical hemostasis and wound healing.
A megalin polymorphism associated with promoter activity and Alzheimer's disease risk
Authors: Vargas Teo , Bullido Maria Jesus , Martinez‐Garcia Ana , Antequera Desiree , Clarimon Jordi , Rosich‐Estrago Marcel , Martin‐Requero Angeles , Mateo Ignacio , Rodriguez‐Rodriguez Eloy , Vilella‐Cuadrada Elisabet , Frank Ana , Lleo Alberto , Molina‐Porcel Laura , Blesa Rafael , Combarros Onofre , Gomez‐Isla Teresa , Bermejo‐Pareja Felix , Valdivieso Fernando , Carro Eva
Published: January 2010

Elevated cerebral levels of amyloid beta‐protein (Aβ) occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet only a few patients show evidence of increased Aβ production. This observation suggests that many, perhaps most, cases of AD are caused by faulty clearance of Aβ. Megalin, which plays an important role in mediating Aβ clearance, is an attractive candidate gene for genetic association with AD. To investigate this hypothesis, we analyzed the megalin gene in a population of 2,183 subjects. Genetic analysis indicated that the rs3755166 (G/A) polymorphism located in the megalin promoter associated with risk for AD, dependently of apolipoprotein E genotype. The rs3755166 AA genotype frequency was significantly greater in AD patients than in control subjects. Furthermore, the luciferase reporter assay indicated that the rs3755166 A variant has 20% less transcriptional activity than the rs3755166 G variant. This study provides strong evidence that this megalin polymorphism confers a greater risk for AD, and supports a biological role for megalin in the neurodegenerative processes involved in AD. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous analysis of serotonin transporter, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 gene expression in the ventral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims
Authors: Perroud Nader , Neidhart Elizabeth , Petit Brice , Vessaz Monique , Laforge Térèse , Relecom Céline , La Harpe Romano , Malafosse Alain , Guipponi Michel
Published: January 2010

Serotonergic signaling abnormalities have been implicated in suicide. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate limiting enzyme of serotonin biosynthesis and the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), involved in the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic gap, play major role in serotonergic signaling. In this study, we aimed to compare the levels of expression of these serotonin‐related genes between suicide completers and controls and to identify genetic loci involved in their regulation. SLC6A4, TPH1, and TPH2 mRNA levels were measured in the ventral prefrontal cortex (VPFC) of 39 suicide completers and 40 matched controls. To identify the molecular basis of gene expression variation, we performed association studies between cis‐acting polymorphisms and SLC6A4, TPH1, and TPH2 transcript levels. Finally, association analyses were carried out between suicide and TPH2 cis‐single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cohorts of 154 suicide completers and 289 control subjects. Whereas SLC6A4 and TPH1 mRNA expression levels did not differ between suicides and controls, TPH2 levels were found significantly increased (P = 0.003) in suicide completers. We observed that SNP rs10748185 located in the promoter region of TPH2 significantly affect levels of TPH2 mRNA expression. However, we did not find positive association between this eQTL (rs10748185) and suicide. Here, we report the simultaneous analysis of the expression of three serotonin‐related genes in the VPFC of suicide victims and controls. This study showed that TPH2 expression levels were increased in the VPFC of suicide victims. Although, we identified a genetic variant that explains variance in TPH2 expression, we did not find evidence associating this cis‐regulatory SNP with suicidal behavior. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in the vocal repertoire of adult red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus): a multi‐level acoustic analysis
Authors: Bouchet Hélène , Pellier Anne‐Sophie , Blois‐Heulin Catherine , Lemasson Alban
Published: January 2010

Sex differences in the vocal behavior of nonhuman primates can take various forms: sex‐specific call types, differential production of shared call types, or sex discrepancy in phonation. Also, a growing literature is evidencing that systematically analyzing the vocal repertoires of primates at the call level might lead to underestimating their communicative abilities. Here, we present an extensive multi‐level analysis of the still unknown vocal repertoire of adult red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus), with a special emphasis on sex differences. We collected recordings from seven adult males and seven adult females housed in captivity. We present a structurally‐based classification of mangabey calls that we cross‐validated by an analysis of the associated contexts of emission. We found 12 sound units (including six sex‐specific) that were concatenated to form eight call types (including four sex‐specific), which were produced either singularly or in sequences composed of one (“repetition”) or several (“combination”) call types. We extracted organizational principles that ruled call composition and calling patterns. This revealed a high degree of potentially meaningful variability in terms of semantics and syntax. Male–female discrepancy in terms of phonation could be related to morphological dimorphism and would enable listeners to behave appropriately according to the sex of the caller. Sex differences in repertoire size, structural gradation, and call usage could reflect specificities of male–female social roles. We discuss the pertinence of these sex differences according to social system and habitat quality. Am. J. Primatol. 72:360–375, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single Molecules as Optical Nanoprobes for Soft and Complex Matter
Authors: Kulzer Florian , Xia Ted , Orrit Michel
Published: January 2010

The optical signals of single molecules provide information about structure and dynamics of their nanoscale environment, free from space and time averaging. These new data are particularly useful whenever complex structures or dynamics are present, as in polymers or in porous oxides, but also in many other classes of materials, where heterogeneity is less obvious. We review the main uses of single molecules in studies of condensed matter at nanometer scales, especially in the fields of soft matter and materials science. We discuss several examples, including the orientation distribution of molecules in crystals, rotational diffusion in glass‐forming molecular liquids, polymer studies with probes and labeled chains, porous and heterogeneous oxide materials, blinking of single molecules and nanocrystals, and the potential of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering for local chemical analysis. All these examples show that static and dynamic heterogeneities and the spread of molecular parameters are much larger than previously imagined.