bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Swamedikasi pada Mahasiswa Universitas Mulawarman
Authors: Simanjuntak Maria , Prabowo Wisnu Cahyo , Ramadhan Adam M.
Published: February 2022

Self-medication is the process of self-medication by a person without using a prescription from a doctor. Self-medication is one of the many efforts made by the community in overcoming minor illnesses. One of the factors that can influence self-medication behavior is knowledge about self-medication. This study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge and behavior of self-medication in students at Mulawarman University. This type of research is an observational research qualitatively and quantitatively using an online questionnaire. Respondents obtained as many as 929 respondents. The results of the research on the characteristics of respondents obtained the highest percentage of age 21 years (36.7%), class of 2017 (46.8%), and female gender (77.5%). The results showed that 43.4% of respondents had good self-medication knowledge and 60% of respondents had good self-medication behavior. The results of statistical tests using the Spearman Rank method show that there is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and self-medication behavior. The significance value (p) obtained is 0.000, with a correlation coefficient of 0.270 in the health faculty student group and 0.212 in the non-health faculty student group which shows the close relationship between the two variables is weak.
Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat pada Pasien Dispepsia di Rumah Sakit Samarinda Medika Citra Tahun 2021
Authors: Syafitri Novia , Ramadhan Adam M. , Faisal Muhammad
Published: February 2022

Dyspepsia is defined as chronic or recurrent pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen that may originate from a variety causes. The right administration of drugs is a major concern when administrating drugs to dyspepsia patients to achieve the goal of drugs therapy itself. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of patients, the description of drug therapy and accuracy of medication use at Samarinda Medika Citra Hospital in January - August 2021. This study uses a non-experimental research design, data retrieval is done retrospectively and the analytical method is descriptive. The research instruments using 70 patient medical record data inclusions. The result revealed that the most characteristic data of dyspeptic patients was female by 55,71% (39 people), adult age group 26-45 years old by 42,86% (30 people), senior high school by 52,86% (37 people), other profession by 84,28% (59 people), patient with comorbidity by 71,43% (50 people). The most frequently prescribed anti-ulcer drugs for dyspepsia patients is combination of H2RA, Antiemetic and Cytoprotective approximately by 42,85% (30 people). The result showed that the right drugs by 100% (193 drugs), the right indications by 100% (193 drugs), and the right dosage by 96,37% (186 drugs).
Pengaruh Trietanolamin pada Basis Krim Minyak dalam Air yang Berbahan Dasar Asam Stearat dan Setil Alkohol
Authors: Sari Novita , Samsul Erwin , Narsa Angga Cipta
Published: February 2022

The cream is a semi-solid preparation with one or more ingredients dispersed in two types of emulsions, water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) type creams. Oil-in-water type cream has a high water content so that it can provide a hydration effect that can increase the penetration of the active substance. Triethanolamine in topical preparations is used as an emulsifier and alkalizing agent to form a homogeneous and stable cream. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of triethanolamine on an oil-in-water cream base based on stearic acid and cetyl alcohol. Making the base is done by making preparations using four concentrations of triethanolamine 0.5% (F1), 1% (F2), 1.5% (F3), and 2% (F4). The cream base was then evaluated for its physical properties including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and phase separation test. The results showed that in the organoleptic test cream bases were white, had a characteristic aroma with a semisolid form. The cream base has a homogeneity dispersion with an average pH between 6.53-7.29, viscosity between 3.5792396-3.8001904 (Pa.s), spreadability between 5.43-5.78 cm, and adhesion between 4.47-6.25 seconds. The cream base did not have phase separation and was stable in storage for 4 weeks at room temperature.
Pengaruh Pemberian Kombinasi Jus Belimbing Manis (Averrhoa carambola) dan Labu Siam (Sechium edule) terhadap Pemeliharaan Tekanan Darah
Authors: Oktaviani Nugrahiwulan , Sulistiarini Riski , Siregar Vita Olivia
Published: February 2022

Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola) and chayote (Sechium edule) contain potassium which can balance blood pressure. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the respondents including gender, age, education, occupation, physical activity, and regular exercise, to determine the blood pressure profile of the respondents, and to determine the effect of giving a combination of starfruit juice and chayote in the Samarinda Ulu District. The method used is a quasi-experimental method by measuring pre and post treatment for 5 days. Data collected on the characteristics of respondents obtained the highest percentage of women 95%, ages 18-30 years 95%, high school education 95%, college student job 95%, low physical activity 95%, and not doing regular exercise 70% . The respondent's blood pressure profile for 14 days every 3 days shows the Mean Artery Pressure value in the normal and high normal categories. The results of the combination of starfruit juice and chayote can maintain blood pressure, with a mean decrease in systolic and diastolic 12.2 ± 7.97 mmHg and 6.5 ± 3.60 mmHg for the treatment group. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the combination of sweet star fruit juice and chayote can maintain blood pressure in normotensive respondents.
Optimasi Konsentrasi VCO Terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Facewash dan Uji Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Kelapa Sawit (Eleais Guineensis Jacq.) pada Bakteri Penyebab Jerawat
Authors: Aritonang Selin Cenora , Prabowo Wisnu Cahyo , Narsa Angga Cipta , Sulistiarini Riski , Helmi Helmi
Published: February 2022

Palm oil leaves (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a waste from oil palm plantations which contain flavonoid, steroid, and alkaloid compounds that function as an antibacterial that causes acne. The purpose of this research was to identify determine the concentration of ethanolic extract of oil palm leaves which is effective in inhibiting acne-causing bacteria and to determine the best formulation that can produce a facewash base that fulfill the requirements for stability of the preparation according to SNI. Antibacterial test of oil palm leaf extract was using the pitting method against acne-causing bacteria. The results of the antibacterial test showed that the extract concentration of 75% had antibacterial activity against the growth of acne-causing bacteria. The facewash base was obtained by varying the VCO with concentrations of 17.5%, 20%, and 22.5%. The results of the evaluation of the facewash base formula for 28 days, namely F2 (20%) produced good characteristics and stability, namely a distinctive aroma, cream color, semi-solid form, pH 6,25 – 6,37, viscosity 0,904 -2,700 Pa.s, high foam stability. 89% - 100% and good homogeneity. The three base formulas have fulfill requirements for facewash according to SNI.
Kajian Potensi Interaksi Obat pada Pasien COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit X Kota Samarinda
Authors: Maulidia Shofia Siza , Mahmudah Febrina , Sastyarina Yurika
Published: February 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease caused by a coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 and is currently a worldwide pandemic. Treatment management for COVID-19 patients is grouped based on the level of symptoms experienced by the patient. The use of large amounts of drugs (polypharmacy) in COVID-19 patients with moderate and severe symptoms can increase the possibility of drug interactions. This study aims to determine patient characteristics and the potential for drug interactions in COVID-19 patients at Hospital X Samarinda City. The data collection method was conducted retrospectively based on the medical records of COVID-19 patients hospitalized from March to December 2020. Data on potential drug interactions were analyzed using the Drugs.com application. The results showed that of the 30 patients with COVID-19, male-dominated (60%) and aged between 46 and 55 years (50%). Data on potential drug interactions showed that 28 out of 30 patients had the potential to experience drug interactions in the categories of severe (9,23%), moderate (74,62%), and mild (16,15%).
Penggunaan Soy wax dan Beeswax sebagai Basis Lilin Aromaterapi
Authors: Oktarina Theresia Fenny , Prabowo Wisnu Cahyo , Narsa Angga Cipta
Published: February 2022

The continuous use of paraffin wax produces pollutants that have a negative impact on health and the environment. Soy wax and beeswax candles are environmentally friendly materials because they produce fewer pollutants. This study aims to determine the best formula in the manufacture of aromatherapy candle preparations. This research was conducted using an experimental method. Aromatherapy candles are made by melting soy wax, beeswax, and stearic acid. Apply optimization based on the ratio formula of 75%:25% (F1), 50%:50% (F2), 25%:75% (F3) by evaluating physical properties such as organoleptic, melting point test, and burning time test to get the base The best aromatherapy candles from the use of soy wax and beeswax ingredients with the addition of stearic acid. The results of optimization of soy wax based on an organoleptic test, F1 and F2 have an even color and do not crack, F3 has an uneven color and does not crack. The melting point of wax preparations is 48°C-52°C, burning time 373 minutes-463 minutes. On the basis of the organoleptic test beeswax, F1 and F2 had an even color and did not crack, F3 had an even color and cracks. The melting point of the basic wax is 53°C-54°C, and the burning time is 443 minutes-499 minutes. From the results, it was found that the best formulas, namely F1 and F2, met the standards according to SNI, namely the color was uniform and not cracked and the melting point ranged from 42°C-60°C.
Uji Aktivitas Antikoagulan Ekstrak Daun Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L) Secara Invitro
Authors: Putri Uswatun Khasanah Duri , Hajrah Hajrah , Ramadhan Adam M.
Published: February 2022

Ciplukan leaf (Physalis angulata L) is empirically used as a hypercoagulation drug. The content of flavonoid secondary metabolites has potential as an anticoagulant. This study aims to determine the yield of ciplukan leaf extract and fraction, the content of secondary metabolites, and its activity as an anticoagulant. The method used in testing anticoagulant activity is Lee White and blood smear. Ciplukan leaves was extracted by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The test samples for the extract and fraction of ciplukan leaves were made in 3 variations of concentration, that is 0.1%; 0.5%; and 1%. The results of ciplukan leaf extract, n hexane fraction, ethyl acetate and distilled water fraction were 14.284%; 12.9%; 10%; and 19.5%. The results of the phytochemical screening test of 70% ethanol extract contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids. n?hexane fraction contains alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids. The ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids, phenols and tannins. While the distilled water fraction contains flavonoids, phenols, tannins and saponins. Based on the test results of the Lee White method, extracts and fractions of ciplukan leaves have anticoagulant activity where blood clots do not occur after 2 hours of observation. In the blood smear method, the blood cells are round and not clustered. The best test sample concentration is at a concentration of 1%. The anticoagulant activity of the positive control was better than that of the ciplukan leaf extract and fraction.
La biodiversidad como referente para promover la conservación de los ecosistemas colombianos
Authors: Henao-Castro Alejandro
Published: February 2022

La biodiversidad, más que un concepto, puede entenderse como la suma de distintos componentes que no solo se limitan al número de especies en un sitio determinado, sino que también deben considerarse las condiciones imperantes en ese sitio, así como las variaciones que hacen parte de la dinámica natural, tanto del componente biótico como abiótico en distintas escalas de tiempo y espacio. Considerando lo anterior y, a pesar de la gran importancia que representa la biodiversidad para el bienestar de la humanidad, la tendencia actual redunda en un avance acelerado y descontrolado de la pérdida de biodiversidad en todos los ecosistemas del planeta. Esta problemática, evidentemente, es el resultado de la sinergia de múltiples factores que en conjunto conducen a un panorama poco alentador. En este documento se pretende reforzar el concepto y las teorías que dieron origen a la gran biodiversidad actual, el estado de conocimiento de la biodiversidad de Colombia y, además, abordar los factores que influyen en la pérdida de biodiversidad, todo esto con el fin de considerar la educación ambiental como una herramienta poderosa para contrarrestar los efectos negativos del actual comportamiento de los seres humanos.
Development of an Intelligent Smart Home Automation System
Authors: Akinyede Raphael
Published: February 2022

Generally speaking, security has been a major concern in every nook and cranny of our nation -Nigeria. Recently, cases of vandalisation, stolen vehicles, and related issues have been on the increase. The security personnel has done lots of work to curb this menace but most of their actions have not yielded the expected results. Therefore, there is need to use technology to create a safer society. Such technology will use GSM and camera for detections. The technology is not going to replace the security personnel and usage of appliances such as gates, and doors locks, electric wires, etc, but it will be used as an alternative method for prevention/detection. Based on this background, a digital light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensor coupled with a microcontroller, relay, camera, and GSM technology was used to develop a smart home security system for automatic detection. The LDR sensor converts the light intensity to a digital format for the microcontroller to control the security lights automatically by using the relay as a switch. The passive infrared motion sensor perceives human movement and converts it to digital format for the microcontroller to trigger the GSM module and alert the user for live streaming of what is happening on the mobile app by establishing a connection between the camera and android smart device. The capturing and videoing are done on the mobile android device.
Controls on Reservoir Sand-Body Architecture: Modelling and Fluid Flow Simulation of Modern Analog, East Sudan
Authors: Khogali Abid , Syahputra Rika , Saraih Nabil , Eltom Hassan
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to describe and model a modern fluvial channel that cut gently dipping alluvial plain (in eastern Sudan) and changes its morphology from upstream to downstream. Ultimately this study explores the spatial variability in geomorphological characters of this channel with the topography of the alluvial plain and how such variability controls channel connectivity and reservoir architecture. The workflow of this study integrates remote sensing, reservoir modeling, and fluid flow simulation. Satellite images (8 panels of a 160-km fluvial channel) provide means to capture channel morphology (width, sinuosity, and amalgamation), and were used to produce realistic two-dimensional (2D) geo-cellular models. Stacked on top of each other from upstream to downstream, the 2D models provide a three-dimensional (3D) geo-cellular model that simulates the horizontal variability in the channel morphology vertically. Within this 3D model, fluvial channels were assigned to clean sandstone facies (relatively higher porosity and permeability), and flood plains were assigned to mudstone facies (relatively lower porosity and permeability). Systematic penetration of the 3D models by 27 pseudo wells shows a low chance of penetrating the channel sandstone by these wells―only 8 out of the 27 pseudo wells (∼ 30%) penetrate the channel sandstones. The opportunity of penetrating channel sandstone increases toward the upstream area (lower zones in the 3D models), where the channel has a wider width and low sinuosity. The penetrated thickness also increases toward the upstream area. These trends affect the oil's flow properties, which is presumed to fill the channel sandstone in the 3D model. Modeling and understanding such horizontal channel variability provide perspectives into the nature and controls on complex architecture patterns of fluvial reservoirs in rift basins.
Improving the Imaging of Pre-Messinian Reservoirs in the East Mediterranean Sea, Offshore Egypt, Using Converted Wave Attenuation, Full-Waveform Inversion and Reflection Tomography
Authors: Abdelqader Mahmoud , Hamama Sameh , Abdelqader Usama , Kanrar Arindam , Zaki Refaat , Eloribi Mahmoud
Published: February 2022

The offshore eastern Mediterranean region has received increased international interest in the last decade for its hydrocarbon potential in the pre-salt traps. The presence of a heterogeneous Messinian-age salt layer and complex pre-Messinian structures pose very difficult challenges in seismic imaging. In this paper, we provide a detailed workflow for seismic data preconditioning and imaging which resolves the subsurface challenges of the Mediterranean.

Broadband acquisition was used to collect seismic data, which combines the responses of dual-sensor receivers to remove the effect of the receiver ghost. Adaptive source de-ghosting was then applied to address the source-side ghost. Data was processed using robust multiple attenuation and converted wave attenuation (CWA).

A high-resolution velocity model building and imaging workflow was designed as follows:

Diving waves full-waveform inversion (FWI) to capture detailed velocity for the complex overburden, followed by post-salt reflection tomography. Born modeling-based reflection FWI to update the velocity heterogeneities inside the salt body followed by reflection tomography for the deep section. Reverse time migration (RTM) to handle the waveform multi-pathing.

De-ghosting corrected the wavelet phase and expanded the usable frequency bandwidth, resulting in a broadband dataset for imaging. Robust multiple attenuation and converted wave attenuation (CWA) techniques aided in revealing the true geological dips beneath the salt and facilitated picking accurate residual move-outs during the velocity model building. RTM in conjunction with the high-resolution velocity model significantly improved imaging of complex salt structures and pre-salt reservoirs. At well locations, our workflow resulted in a very good match between the available well data and surface seismic in terms of markers depths and velocity trends.

This paper presents a novel approach for modelling the velocity heterogeneities inside the complex Messinian-age salt formation using the Born modeling-based reflection FWI. In addition, salt-related strong converted waves were successfully attenuated, whereas previously the presence of this energy misled interpreters and caused anomalous velocity updates in similar geological settings in the Mediterranean.
A Novel Method to Obtain Grain Size Distributions of Intact Rock Samples Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectra
Authors: Hussain Maaruf , Amao Abduljamiu , Al-Ramadan Khalid , Babalola Lamidi , Kesserwan Hasan
Published: February 2022

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is one of the most preferred method preferent methods for elemental analysis and the recent rapid development in spectroscopy has ushered in new ways to look at data generated by most XRF setups beyond the current conventional usage. We hypothesized that particle size and morphology of rock samples can influence fluorescence spectra acquisition. Such interference if analyzed, can unravel new usage for XRF spectra. In this study, we propose the use of raw XRF spectra data for the determination of grain size by superimposition and multiple spectra-cross plots technique. The other known methods of measuring grain size (GS) depending on whether samples are loose or consolidated, include laser granulometry, sieve, and image analyses. Most of these methods have known limitations in their application on an intact rock. The proposed method is designed to address these individual challenges.
How In-Place Volumes of Subsurface Reservoir Models are Impacted by Using 3d High-Resolution Outcrop Analogue Data. A Case Study Using Depositional Architectural Heterogeneity of Stromatoporoid/Coral Buildups of the Hanifa Fm, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ramdani Ahmad , Khanna Pankaj , de Jong Sander , Gairola Gaurav , Vahrenkamp Volker
Published: February 2022

High porosity-high permeability stromatoporoid/coral facies are important components of the Late Jurassic carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East. This facies exhibits sub-seismic depositional heterogeneities that subsurface models often overlook due to the limited interwell resolution of subsurface data. Understanding the effect of this facies on the 3D distribution of static reservoir properties and uncertainty in volumetric calculations of hydrocarbons in-place will improve estimates of the ultimate recovery and hence reservoir development decisions. A 3D high-fidelity outcrop-based geocellular depositional model that honors the spatial and petrophysical heterogeneity of the stromatoporoid/coral facies was constructed based on the Hanifa reservoir outcrop analog in central Saudi Arabia. The model was constructed from a 1.2 km × 1 km drone photogrammetry survey, measured sections (total length 150m) and spectral gamma-ray data, >200 thin sections, a 50 m-long core, a 19 km-long network of 2D and 3D Ground Penetrating Radar, and 600 m-long 2D seismic profiles. The facies model was populated with porosity and permeability equivalent to subsurface reservoir facies and utilized as the baseline petrophysical model for the comparison study. A set of pseudo wells at ~1 km spacing were simulated from the model capturing the model's 1D facies stacking and properties around the wellbore. The pseudo wells were utilized to stochastically build facies and static reservoir models scenarios to replicate the baseline model from limited well data. The volumetric calculation of each realization is compared with the baseline to investigate the range of volumetric uncertainty that would be introduced by the lateral distribution of stromatoporoid/coral facies. Early results show that depending upon the modeling methodology, the volumetric discrepancy between stochastic simulations and the deterministic outcrop baseline model is ~10-15%. Using a high-fidelity outcrop-based reservoir model, we have demonstrated the strong influence of 3D depositional heterogeneity of the stromatoporoid/coral facies on the uncertainty associated with hydrocarbon in-place volumes. We conclude that a static reservoir model can be significantly improved by using data-driven geological models that reflect the 3D heterogeneity of depositional facies.
Penta Source 3D Marine Acquisition in the Sarawak Basin, Malaysia
Authors: Law Chung Teck , Engku M. Shukri Engku Ali Aminulhakim , Sukhdev Singh Sukhveender Singh , Lim Sarah, Suet Hoey , Muhamad Abdul Aziz
Published: February 2022

The hunt for more data at lesser the cost is a never-ending quest in the world of seismic acquisition. The latest offered solution in that vein – multisource 3D marine acquisition Here, we present the first-ever penta source 3D Marine Acquisition to be adopted commercially in Malaysian waters, largest survey area of its kind to date ~ 6920 sqkm of data in total. This paper provides an overview of the execution and the outline of the challenges faced, and adaptations made to absolve it, in both acquiring and processing the penta source data. The results are compared with pre-existing legacy data, and with it, recommendations for better acquisition efficiency and processing results.
The Ionian-Crete Basin: Is this the Next Frontier?
Authors: M. Zaffa Farisa , Ayub Amir , Sherkati Shahram , M. Makhatar Nur Bakti , Januri Ahmad Fahrul , M. Zanal Fariza , Khor Ka Cheng , Alai Riaz , A. Rahman Sharmizi , Tengku Hassan Tengku Mohd Shazwan , Chin Soon Mun , Sy Khastudin Sy Nur Ain , Burhanuddin Farah Syafira , Ting King King , Ranajit Das , Abdul Razak Siti Saradila , A. Hamid Nurazura , Timothy Edward Johnson
Published: February 2022

Over the past decade, the Eastern Mediterranean has been the prime focus of E & P Companies, mainly attributed to the giant discoveries of Zohr-Egypt, Glaucus-Cyprus and Levantine-Israel involving isolated Miocene-Cretaceous carbonate build-ups and Miocene-Pliocene deepwater clastics turbidite plays. A total of 13 Bboe of proven 2P reserves have been added since 2010. These plays are the focus of exploration. Being located in the center of these giant discoveries and the only remaining unexplored region in the Eastern Mediterranean, the frontier Ionian-Crete has recently attracted the attention of the Oil and Gas industry and concessions have been allocated to number of operators (Fig.1). This study is aimed to investigate the hydrocarbon potential of this basin utilizing an integrated play-based exploration approach. Triassic to Pliocene stratigraphic successions and associated thermogenic petroleum systems and plays have been evaluated and areas of high prospectivity have been identified. A crustal model was built to establish the basin geohistory and to understand the impact of crustal reconfiguration during the Hellenides Orogeny and its implications to the petroleum systems maturity.
A Probabilistic Unified Depth Velocity Model and Associated Uncertainties Estimation Based on Bayesian Approach
Authors: Liew Wei Long , Rajput Sanjeev
Published: February 2022

There are high emphasis and expectations placed on obtaining the most accurate depth structure map from seismic data. These maps set the expectations, for drilling depth prognosis and hydrocarbon volumetric estimation of reservoirs. The viability of a hydrocarbon prospect and the success of drilling to tap the resources heavily relies on depth map accuracies. However, achieving precisions have been challenging due to the limitations of the seismic data.

This paper describes a novel integrated depth modeling workflow that successfully quantifies the depth uncertainties through a geostatistical simulation-based approach of integrating seismic interpretation inputs, well tops, and seismic velocity together with their associated uncertainties. The method proposed to conciliate seismic uncertainties and to address structural depth uncertainty is called stochastic time to depth conversion. It is a geostatistical driven approach that uses Bayesian Co-Kriging and relies on well depth markers using appropriate time-derived external drifts. The method accounts for uncertainties attached to the seismic time of events picked and velocity uncertainty integrated into a single stochastic workflow. Time Uncertainty is related to the seismic data quality aspects such as resolution limit and tunning thickness and velocity uncertainty is due to imperfectness of the velocity model due to anisotropy or inaccuracies in velocity picking. Both uncertainties can be defined by a 1st standard deviation sigma value or defined by a lateral varying sigma map. Realizations of depth maps are simulated, and the best-estimated depth map is produced. A confidence interval that envelopes the multiple realized horizons can provide meaningful measures of depth uncertainty for drilling depth prognosis giving a window of anticipation of where the top of the reservoir may be encountered.

The stochastic approach allows for proper quantification of gross rock volume (GRV) uncertainty which impacts hydrocarbon in-place estimations. Ranking of all GRV outcomes is now possible using the expectation curve where the P10, P50, and the P90 volumes and associated maps can be identified. These maps could then contribute to structural modeling of the low, base, and high case scenarios allowing for hydrocarbon in-place sensitivity analysis. The geostatistics-based time-to-depth method offers a consistent framework to address the bias at the core of the upstream Front-End Loading (FEL) process which ultimately maximizes the accuracy of depth models and improved E&P decision-making. The method is based on Bayesian Co-Kriging and offers the consistent integration of all sources of uncertainty throughout all layers within a unique probability model. Field data applications show that the stochastic depth modeling method is reliable due to its strong dependence on mathematically sound geostatistical principles, scalable that integrates the sequential processes.
Chemostratigraphy Enables Correlations and Reservoir Characterization with High Resolution Elemental Data
Authors: Hussain Maaruf , Amao Abduljamiu , Al-Ramadan Khalid , Babalola Lamidi , Humphrey John
Published: February 2022

Previous studies have shown that by applying multivariate statistical analysis to chemostratigraphy, indistinct sequence stratigraphic correlations can be enhanced. Chemofacies and correlatable chemozones can be defined within highly homogenous strata, using specially designed statistical algorithms. In this study, we first investigated the better performing of linear and non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques in analyzing geochemical datasets for chemofacies and chemozones development. The general applicability of this conceptual model for sequence stratigraphic correlations, was subsequently tested. The results show that the linear method was able to account for 63% of input data variance while the non-linear technique accounted for 100% of the variance. In addition, the linear techniques are better utilized to establish chemofacies, whereas the non-linear techniques considerably perform better in establishing correlatable chemozones, while also improving accuracy.
Extended Elastic Impedance and its Application in Prediction of Reservoir and Fluid Properties for Late Messinian Reservoir, Onshore Nile Delta Egypt
Authors: Eloribi Mahmoud , Raslan Hytham
Published: February 2022

The study area is situated within the eastern portion of the Nile Delta. As the Mediterranean Sea "dried up" during the Messinian extensive erosion process resulted in the formation of large canyons and valleys which cut into the underlying Qawasim and Sidi Salim Formations, but the number of such incised valleys may have been limited. The entrenched valleys became filled predominantly with sandstone as sea levels frequently rose and dropped in the late Miocene to early Pliocene. The marine influence on deposition during the late Messinian became strong toward the end of the Miocene when thick marine shale separated the sand bodies.

Late Messinian reservoir within the study area exhibits a good quality reservoir for gas and condensate accumulation. The target reservoir section consists of structural and stratigraphic elements that control the gas presence and the GWC.

Late Messinian reservoir has a lot of heterogeneity and ambiguity for the attributes and amplitude interpretation, so the DHI within the study area has pitfalls and uncertainty to determine the hydrocarbon prospects, which caused the drilling of several dry wells. For lithology and pore fluid prediction, several hypotheses and approaches had been proposed. Amplitude versus offset (AVO) modeling and analysis for the wells log and seismic angle gathers data results in non-unique output, whereas several AVO classes were found for the gas sand within the study area. The AVO analysis for gas sand of the late Messinian reservoir could be Class II and Class IIp, while the wet sand is Class I.

Following the first discovery within the study area, Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) inversion was carried out for the Late Messinian reservoir for better identification and delineation of the reservoir boundaries and to determine the pore fluid content. During this study, several iterations have been made to determine the most appropriate chi angles to illuminate the presence of both reservoir and borehole content.

The EEI inversion results show a strong correlation between a certain chi angle and the presence of gas. Maps for the late Messinian reservoir have been produced to illuminate the gas sand presence, which matches the results of the drilled wells. The technique has been so successful, as there are unexplored EEI anomalies that have a gas signature within the fault downthrown area. These EEI anomalies had been tested with encouraging results of a gas-bearing sand reservoir, as the EEI anomaly had been predicted correctly.

This paper discusses the methodology involved, the calibration, and the selection of the appropriate chi angles for the Late Messinian Reservoir within the study area.
Geologically Consistent Multiphysics Inversion
Authors: Hallinan Stephen , Soyer Wolfgang , Mackie Randall , Scholl Carsten , Miorelli Federico
Published: February 2022

A subsurface volume that can be reliably interpreted in terms of geologically relevant attributes is a desirable objective for products from geophysics inversion workflows. Geophysics data contain uncertainties, however, and the solution of the inverse problem is non-unique. Some form of constraint is then required to obtain geologically reasonable outputs. Our inversions may include a priori geological information quantitatively in the regularization, e.g. to test two or more structural models for consistency with the observed geophysics data sets, updating the models accordingly. We have implemented a cross-gradient constraint for diverse geophysical data types at several geological settings for the O&G, geothermal, mining E&P community (e.g. Scholl et al 2015, 2016, Soyer et al 2018, 2021 and Mackie et al 2020). The basic application covers the familiar structural similarity objective introduced by Gallardo and Meju 2003 and 2011 - comparing the gradient fields of property volumes, e.g. velocity, resistivity, density, derived from different geophysical domains - but a distinct advantage comes when gradient control from geology (e.g. surface dip and strike data, subsurface interpreted structural models, etc.) or an ancillary geoscience property (e.g. porosity volumes as a proxy for geological structure, structural tensors extracted from PSDM, etc.) is included during single or joint domain inversions of geophysical data. In reverse, the cross gradient application may be used to de-risk competing geological or structural models, testing the consistency of the structure in each model variation – as defined by the 3D gradient field – against the observed geophysical dataset(s) (e.g. Miorelli et al 2019).

A range of applications is summarized in Figure 1. The method behind our implementation and representative practical examples are discussed in the sections below.
Parihaka Reservoir Characterization by Integrating Well and Seismic Data through Seismic Inversion and Multiattribute Analysis
Authors: El Gandy Eman Ahmed Ibrahiem
Published: February 2022

A geophysical study to understand and Identify Pliocene - Pleistocene channels system and improve better understand of the channel geometry, fill lithology and connectivity and Generate rock property volume, Enhance reservoir quality, Hydrocarbon distribution and sweet spot detection with min. risk in Miocene reservoir (Moki formation). The Taranaki Basin is the only New Zealand basin to produce commercial quantities of hydrocarbons and still being underexplored. The Parihaka field is on the north-western Taranaki Peninsula located along the west coast of New Zealand's North Island (Veritas, 2005) which there only dry hole drilled based on 2D lines (Arawa-1).

Moki formation is our main reservoir its depositional environment is turbiditic fan complex. Hydrocarbons are yet to be commercially produced from the Moki Formation on onshore Taranaki, (Smale et al., 1999).

There was AVO study called "Investigation of the Miocene Moki Formation Within the Parahaki 3D Survey; Taranaki Basin, Offshore New Zealand Using Some Geophysical Tools" in Moki reservoir to Investigate and assess the AVO response of the Moki sand formation.

By using the results of The AVO study, the inversion can apply in the area to enhance the result, generate rock property volume, Enhance reservoir quality, Hydrocarbon distribution and sweet spot detection with min. risk.

By running three volumes of post stack inversion (vp, vs, density) and use λ, μ and vp/vs to identify the hydrocarbon contact distribution. Then by using AVO Inversion (Another different fast technic in the relative domain) to prove the results and using Extend Elastic Impedance Method.

The result of this study is there are three prospects in Moki formation, the maps show that Arawa -1 at very low probability of hydrocarbon content which provide our result as it is a dry hole.

By using multi-Attribute analysis, we can find new channels system in Pliocene age. Depending on the complexity of the channel system, different attribute analyses had varying success with each system. By using 3D curvature, variance and RMS Amplitude we can improve understanding of the Pliocene channel elements in terms of structure, channel evolution, and lithology.

Based on the previous results for these channel systems, RMS amplitude and sweetness attributes can use to detect lithological changes that highlight both shale and sand dominant regions of the channel. These results suggest that the lithology of the small channel is refer to the delta lithology in this individuals channel area, and we can interpret the small channel is filled with a sand lithology, which allows the RMS and sweetness to detect in against the mud rich background lithology.
Automated Sensor Agnostic Zero-Offset VSP Processing
Authors: Bettinelli Pierre , Chen Yu , Mizuno Takashi , Calvez Joel Le
Published: February 2022

We developed an automated zero-offset VSP processing workflow utilizing visco-elastic waveform inversion technology to obtain seismic velocity and attenuation profile along the borehole at minimal human intervention. The workflow is capable of leveraging different types of sensors such as geophones, DAS, and hydrophone so that all zero-offset, check shot processing can be performed using the same technology. The ray-theory based forward modeling engine is capable for attenuation effect using ray theory, which makes visco-elastic inversion as simultaneously, and not two steps approach as it used to be. Different types of objective functions are employed, which makes inversion robust for commercial use. The workflow applied in three cases studies, and feasibility of real time zero-offset VSP processing is demonstrated. The workflow described in this paper, is designed for human-less intervention and robust computation, truly applicable for answer products at the wellsite.
Improved Cement Properties Prevent Well Control Incidents Potentials at Top of Liners
Authors: Al-Yami Abdullah , Shakhouri Aqeel , Al-Bahrani Hussain , Al-Khalaf Sara , Wagle Vikrant
Published: February 2022

Potential well control incidents at Top of Liners (TOL) may take place after cement placement. Typically, liners are run and cemented. After liner hanger is set, reverse circulation takes place. Positive and negative tests might be conducted to ensure integrity at TOL position. Then a clean out run is conducted, and well fluids is displaced to lower fluid density to conduct a flow check after displacement. Potential well control incidents could be indicated from the previous flow tests (positive test, negative test, or flow check test). If potential well control incidents are detected, a proper well control procedure followed by remedial cementing operation will be conducted.

The objective of this study is to detail proper cement formulations that is suitable for liner primary cementing, to resist any potentials for possible well control incidents. To mitigate potential well control incidents, cementing practices should be optimized. The cementing practices include cement composition, drilling fluids composition, spacer composition and operations such as pumping procedure and pressure testing. As cement slurry sets, hydrostatic pressure is reduced on the formation. During this transition, gases or fluids can travel up through the cement column resulting in potential kicks.

Spacers, cements, and drilling fluids should be designed and tested for compatibility for good displacements and bonding. Different types of spacer are required for each type of drilling fluid, such as salted drilling fluid or oil-based fluids. Testing should include running rheology tests, thickening time tests, and compressive strength development tests.

Cement shrinkage is another factor that can lead to potential well control incidents. Expansion additives are usually added to overcome this shrinkage. However, attention should be made to optimize the concentration and type used to avoid over expansion behavior. The study also evaluates the performance of the improved cement formulation against a conventional one. This is achieved by first measuring the relevant mechanical properties of both cement samples using tri-axial loading equipment. The measured properties are then used to populate a numerical model with the required input data. The numerical model is aimed to simulate the performance of each cement formulation within the context of a common and challenging operational scenario that could result in potential wellbore integrity and potential well control incidents.
Case Study: Single Well Design Targeting Three Water Bearing Formations
Authors: Al-Qattan Hamad , Al-Jassam Emad , Mansour Magdy , Morcey Mahmoud
Published: February 2022

Designing an onshore pilot well to be drilled and functioning as water disposal well targeting one of three potential formations to test and evaluate their injectivity. Based on evaluation results, an alternative new and deeper formation will be selected to dispose the unwanted associated produced water, instead of the current shallow formation that is considered as a natural aquifer by authorities.

The well is designed to reach the first target in a deviated angle after which evaluation of the barefoot injectivity testing will begin. The decision whether to continue drilling to a secondary target or complete the well depends heavily on the injectivity testing results.

The deviated angle of drilling will be dropped to reach a vertical position for the secondary target upon which the last liner will be run and perforated, then the formation testing will be conducted. In case of encounterg failure in the second injectivity testing, drilling to the deepest target will continue and final barefoot testing will be performed.

A final optimal design for the pilot disposal well is intended to meet the reservoir and geological team with minimal drilling risks. The distance between this well and the other deep offset wells was the main challenge where the planned total depth was never reached in the disposal location. Also, the design was tailored to accommodate the drilling sections with the separation and long intervals between the targets. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the deepest formation fluid in addition to the uncertainties of formations pressure and formations fracture pressure were a big dispute while preparing the drilling fluids programs particularly across the target in which a water based mud was used as drilling fluid not to damage the formations nor to jeopardize the results of the injectivity tests.

The pilot disposal well is drilled successfully penetrating two targets without the need to drill to the third formation. Hence, the new formation that will be used to dispose of the produced but unwanted water is defined after the reservoir team have evaluated the two injectivity tests. The results of the injectivity evaluation also provided the required number of wells that can handle all the expected produced water, and provided the required upgrade for the surface facilities to accommodate the injection pressure.

This unique challenging well design, combining slanted and vertical trajectories, can be utilized whenever the budget is limited to one well, while you have multiple different targets to explore.

Moreover, a specialized environmental impact study, conducted by independent contractor, confirms that there was no harm from the injected water to the groundwater.
A Delayed In-Situ Generated Acid System to Enhance Carbonate Acidizing
Authors: Bokkers Albert , Nazari Moghaddam Rasoul , Aaldering Koos , Kooijman Cees , Ameri Amin , Jankowski Szymon
Published: February 2022

Conventional acidizing of high temperature reservoirs is currently facing different challenges including high corrosion rate, face dissolution, rapid and uncontrolled reaction and formation damage. In this study, a new in-situ generated acid system is introduced to address the shortcomings of the conventional acid systems. This paper presents an acidizing fluid with delayed acidification properties that can be tailored to different reservoir conditions.

A new acidizing system based on sodium salt of monochloroacetic acid (SMCA) is developed and introduced to resolve the technical challenges that conventional acid systems usually fail to tackle appropriately. The hydrolysis rate (i.e., acidification rate) of SMCA, which brings the delayed properties to the acid system, was further optimized by addition of halogen salts. Furthermore, the dissolution capacities of the acid system were measured for different minerals using the main formulation as well as boosted acid by addition of an organic/inorganic acid. Also, the precipitation potentials of the by-products were also investigated after the acid was fully spent and cooled down. Several additives were tested to improve the solubility of the calcium salt. Finally, the performance of the acid system was investigated by performing several coreflooding experiments using Indiana limestone cores. The coreflood experiments were conducted at different injection rates and at various degrees of hydrolysis.

From the hydrolyzation experiments, it is found that addition of 1 wt% sodium iodide increases the SMCA hydrolyzation rate with a factor 1.7. It proved that fast hydrolysis can even be obtained at lower temperatures. It was shown that the reaction products from the calcite dissolution are fully soluble and chelation is the main responsible mechanism. In addition, it was found that scale inhibitors made from polymaleic acids, polyacrylic acids and copolymers thereof can also efficiently prevent solid precipitation. It was shown that the addition of hydrochloric acid in the range between 0.5 and 5 wt% can increase the dissolution capacity by at least 30%. From the coreflooding results, it was found that the new acid system can efficiently stimulate the limestone formations with no face dissolution under varying conditions in terms of temperature and injection rate. The CT-scan images confirmed the favourable wormhole propagation characteristics of the new acid system.

The new acid system introduced in this paper is an in-situ acid generator which releases an organic acid over time and as function of temperature allowing deeper penetration. The main ingredients in the acid system are solid which allow safe handling and onsite preparation for offshore applications.