bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Market trends and consumer demand for fresh berries
Authors: Sobekova Kristina , Thomsen Michael R. , Ahrendsen Bruce L.
Published: June 2016

We present an analysis of markets for fresh strawberries, blueberries, blackberries and raspberries in the United States during 2008–2011. We use weekly panel data covering supermarket purchases in 52 cities. The primary goal is to estimate demand elasticities for fresh berries and thereby provide a better understanding of consumer behaviour in response to price changes and the nature of competition among these crops. We estimate fixed and random effects models for double log demand equations and a complete demand system, the Almost Ideal Demand System. The latter specification can be used to estimate demand relationships that conform to utility maximising behaviour. The elasticity estimates are very robust across the different specifications and estimation methods. This increases confidence in our findings and provides some assurance that choice of functional form or estimation method is not driving our results. We find that retail demands for all berry crops are in the elastic range and that the different berries are substitutes for one another. The demand for strawberries was the least elastic with an own price elasticity of –1.26 and blackberries were the most elastic with a demand elasticity of –1.88. Blackberry demand was also the most responsive to the prices of competing berry crops. The study provides clearer insight into markets for berries in the United States. In addition, it fills a gap in the present lack of up-to-date consumer demand elasticities for these crops and will be useful for growers, decision makers and consumers.
Making agricultural support objective-oriented: a linear programming approach for Ukraine
Authors: Vysotskyi Taras , Kovtun Olena
Published: June 2016

The overall aim of the paper is to analyse the distribution of state agricultural support in Ukraine with the purpose of drawing up proposals on how to make it more objective-oriented. The investigation is based on the results of a case study conducted in Zdolbuniv district3, in the Rivne region of Ukraine, where interviews with local agricultural experts were held. The research is founded on the Linear Programming (LP) methodological approach, which is applied to calculate an objective-oriented agricultural budget allocation. This approach also integrates judgements from district agricultural experts. The outcomes show that agricultural support should have been redistributed in a slightly different way from the district perspective. However, the calculated changes in most cases match with the overall development directions in the Ukrainian agricultural support policy. Furthermore, the developed model has proved to be a useful and, at the same time, quite simple tool in application support, and one which could have been used by the agricultural decision-makers in the process of the distribution of agricultural support.
Recent trends in the Croatian agricultural business sector
Authors: Juračak Josip , Vukalović Dario
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this paper is to explore recent trends in the Croatian agriculture and forestry business sector and compare it with the Croatian economy as a whole. This topic is considered interesting because recent business years have been heavily influenced by the global financial crisis. Many authors would say that agriculture, as a specific branch of the economy, does not follow general trends, but is affected rather by other factors, especially such as environmental ones. The global financial crisis had the most negative impact on the Croatian economy in the 2008/2009 period, when the GDP growth rate tumbled from 2.4% to -5.8%. Although some positive movements have been recorded since 2009, a recession is still going on. Based on information from the National Financial Agency (FINA) database we found that during the period 2007-2011, agricultural firms experienced the same trends as the whole economy, except in terms of average monthly salaries and employment. However, due to the impact of / on? agricultural products prices and yields, in two year period from 2008 to 2010, agricultural firms recorded an almost linear fall in revenues, while the national business sector on the whole experienced a sharp fall in revenues in 2009 and then only a modest fall in 2010.
Rural resilience and the role of social capital among farmers in Kirundo province, Northern Burundi
Authors: Minani Bonaventure , Rurema Déo-Guide , Lebailly Philippe
Published: June 2016

In Burundi, more than 90% of the active population is engaged in family agriculture, which plays a vital role in food production and constitutes more than 50% of the GDP. Before the civil war of 1993, Kirundo was deemed the “breadbasket of the country”, as the region fed many parts of Burundi through growing particular foods such as legumes and cereals. Family farming was market-oriented. Kirundo alone includes 8 lakes which offer opportunities for field irrigation. Today, this region is the first province in Burundi which shows a high rate of malnutrition, as poverty has increased and a sharp 53.9 % decline in agricultural production has been witnessed between 1996 and 2009. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of social capital through the local association network in improving family agriculture and the resilience to climate change and conflict crisis. In this study, 73 farmers were surveyed in Kirundo province through means of a questionnaire, and the study was completed by collecting secondary data. Analysis of the data reveals that, despite recurrent droughts in that region which caused deaths due to famines and displacement of people to neighbouring countries such as Rwanda and Tanzania, 44% of the farmers who were surveyed were shown to have resilience to climate change. The analysis of data shows that these farmers were members of well organised local associations, and had learned about specific topics such as financial management, processing and storage of agricultural products and livestock. The social capital network positively influences their income and their resilience to climate change and conflict crisis.
Economic effects of fairs – a complex approach
Authors: Kárpáti László
Published: June 2016

A complex economic evaluation of fairs / exhibitions can be considered as a novelty in the current literature. In this novel approach, each stakeholder group involved in a fair is evaluated in numerical terms, taking into account the specific cash inflow and outflow categories of that group. The net cash flow is considered as the economic value since it filters out the accumulations. Adding together all the categories, the so-called complex economic value and effectiveness is established regarding the fair surveyed. A numerical model entitled KAVA was developed in order to carry out the calculations for the complex economic effectiveness of the fair. A practical example of using the model is also shown in the paper.
An incubator model based on the territorial value chain
Authors: Contò Francesco , Adinolfi Felice , Fiore Mariantonietta , La Sala Piermichele
Published: June 2016

Policies to promote and encourage local foods may take many different shapes depending on both the specific targets and strategies. Some policies, especially at a local level, promote supply-chain vertical and horizontal integration as a comprehensive strategy which aims to help firms pursue several of the promoting policies. A business model that focuses its attention on the consumer of the product and territory can be a crucial driver in generating a ‘land fecundation’ as a response to globalization. The aim of the paper is to investigate the link between rural development and territorialisation, exploring the role of Local Action Groups Integrated Projects of Food Chain and Rural Development Programmes from 2007-2013 in a region in Southern Italy. The article makes use of a value chain approach, starting with Porter’s value chain model and five forces model of competition; it proposes a methodological framework for the development of an organisational model that includes and builds networks between the several stakeholders and local programmes, creating a shared strategy to revitalising the area and the food choices of its residents. This revitalising process takes place through the implementation of a multi-purpose incubator establishing strong partnerships that are able to foster complementarities among all rural stakeholders. Conclusions and implications for policy makers are drawn: a model of territorial organisation could link territorial capital and local stakeholders, and therefore the programming carried out under the entire RDP.
Diversification strategies and their impact on farm performance
Authors: Salvioni Cristina , Fontanella Lara
Published: June 2016

The objective of this study is to identify factors determining the economic performance of agricultural holdings in Italy, with specific attention to the impact of the adoption of on-farm diversification strategies, namely income diversification and product differentiation. The adoption of these kinds of strategies has been increasingly recognised as a viable business option in agriculture as they allow better allocation of farm resources and an increase in the quota of value added retained on farms and therefore not passed on to other agents operating at the end of the food supply chain. By using a panel of professional Italian farms over the time period of 2003-2009, we estimate random effect, ordinary least square and quantile regression models to estimate the impact of income diversification and product differentiation strategies on the levels of farm income per unit of labour income. Our findings show that scale economies are important positive determinants of farm economic performance. On the contrary, when the family play an important role in the farm business, economic performance is worse. Finally, we do not find evidence of a statistically significant impact of the adoption of income diversification and product differentiation strategies. This latter result may be interpreted as a signal that farms use these strategies as risk management tools rather than as income increasing ones.
Potential of vertical and horizontal integration in the Hungarian fish product chain
Authors: Szűcs István , Szőllősi László
Published: June 2016

After the economic and political transformation, the output and resource utilization of the Hungarian fish production sector decreased less than in other livestock sectors, and it managed to preserve its income position. As a consequence of the relatively low level of the implemented innovative developments, though, for all the EU assistance available the cooperation efforts did not prove to be very efficient. The relatively favourable income position of several farms led them to a kind of “leisureliness”, and as a result, the level of the applied production technology in many cases did not even reach that of the 1970s. All these circumstances led to the degradation of the innovations and to the expiration of the horizontal and vertical integrations in the sector, leaving the commercial and cooperation forms being typical in an otherwise stabile classical free-market environment. Problems were further increased – amongst other things – by the volatile cereal prices, 27% VAT rate, and the introduction of road toll. After long years, certain farms were to face losses, and the decline of profitability at sectorial level, thus the need for innovation and producers’ co-operations has become imperative. As a solution option to these problems, a model of a product chain containing both horizontal and vertical elements and comprising the entire sector has been developed. Present study introduces this new model, which is established on foreign examples primarily, but takes the Hungarian specialities into account too.
Consumer approach of health and ayurveda
Authors: Szabó Sára , Szente Viktória , Szakály Zoltán , Nábrádi András
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to explore the differences of health interpretation between people with ayurvedic approach and non ayurvedic but health conscious approach. While Ayurveda has a holistic approach to health, the European medicine focuses on its physical aspects (bio-medicinal model). Although theoretically a complex interpretation of health (bio-psycho-social model) is the most accepted in Hungary, we examined whether it prevails on a practical level. We carried out a representative survey (N=1000) to examine the health-related knowledge and behaviour of the Hungarian population. To achieve deeper understanding of the subject, we carried out two focus group discussions. We selected health conscious people in the first group and ayurvedic oriented people in the second group to compare their attitudes towards health. The results showed that the majority of the Hungarian population (83,2%) have recognised that health is more than a bio-medicinal approach, it is built up of physical, psychological, mental and social factors, but in most cases we found huge gaps between recognition and action. During discussions the ayurvedic oriented group construed an interpretation that contained all the five health dimensions of WHO and mentioned spirituality as an additional dimension, while the health conscious group mainly emphasized physical health. We also asked the participants about their own health behaviour and found the same pattern. It can be stated that the Hungarian population theoretically admits an integrative model of health but it does not appear in their health behaviour. It seems that ayurvedic orientation contributes to bringing knowledge to practice. Ayurvedic oriented people have a more complex interpretation of health and are willing to do more for their health, so they are a good target group for prevention campaigns and health care services. It also suggests that the spread of ayurvedic approach could contribute to better health behaviour in Hungary.
Defining the strategic objectives of Hungarian mutton product chain and elements of marketing strategy in the beginning of the second decade of the century
Authors: Nábrádi András , Cehla Béla , Szigeti Orsolya , Szakály Zoltán
Published: June 2016

The sheep sector is regarded to be a “black sheep” in Hungary, both in terms of economy and marketing. On one hand, the sector is not easily traceable as available relevant data are partial and infected by the effects of black market or underground economy; on the other hand, there are no clear, concrete statistical data or surveys on consumption either. The present study attempts to dissolve the above anomalies and present findings by fact-based model calculations and actual marketing surveys. The fact-based model developed and used for more than 200 variables verifies the correctness of economic calculations. Original examinations were performed by Béla Cehla, doctoral candidate, in 2000–2011. The marketing survey, although not in full accordance with statistical requirements, was carried out in 2012 and it processed relevant data authentically. The main conclusions are the following: It is clear so far that genetic basis should primarily be evolved in the industry, as it is the factor that mainly contributes to profitability and price-type factors come only following it. Genetic modification is achievable by changing breeds or crossbreeding. The findings of product chain level sensitivity analysis have provided clues that the added value generated in the sector is already determined during slaughter lamb production and progeny influences this value in approximately 80%. Critical points are feed conversion ratio and the relating price of lamb feed, which influence added values by 2.7–2.9%. The remaining factors affect added value through feeding costs, although not considerably. The following activities can boost interest in the market of sheep products: • Comprehensive market research • Stimulation of cultural development by product-tasting, exchanging information and recipes • Development of supply in accordance with demand • Identification of target markets, positioning products • Diversification of product range • Community trade mark to guarantee excellent quality and Hungarian origin • Selection of credible poster faces, organization of advertising campaigns
Some thoughts on the repayment methods of Hungarian household forex loans
Authors: Sepsi Barbara , Fenyves Veronika
Published: June 2016

Nowadays the volatility of exchange rates and the macroeconomic changes strongly affect the monthly instalments of the debtors. The growth of delayed forex loans - mostly denominated in Swiss Franc and Euro - can include a high risk, which as a part of a vicious circle can ruin Hungary’s economic situation and even the country’s external judgement. Steps were taken to handle the problem of the forex loans but their result is questionable. In this paper different repayment methods are compared in different economic scenarios. More precisely, the third edition of exchange-rate barrier and income based repayment are analysed in an optimistic realistic and pessimistic scenario. This article is aiming to quantify and interpret the difference between each repayment methods regarding different scenarios. Based on the results suggestions are made how to eliminate efficiently currency exposure from the continuously deteriorating portfolio.
Libraries architecture and design as a subject of teaching at the library-information faculty
Authors: Kolesnikova M. N. , Bakhtina Ye. V. , Timonin V. P.
Published: June 2016

The article represents major issues of academic subject «Libraries architecture and design» at the library-information faculty of Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Culture. Authors examine the course evolution, present its scientific and educational base (dissertations, monographs, textbooks, etc.). Goals and objectives of the discipline are identified. The represented structure of the discipline contains the following sections: 1. Introduction to architecture. Theoretical bases of architectural design; 2. Architecture and planning of library buildings. 3. Functional division of libraries’ rooms; 4. Library interiors; 5. Design of library iconic-information systems. Students are familiarized with basic terminology and theoretical approaches of architectural design in the training process. Architectural features of libraries’ buildings, main architectural styles, professional biographies of eminent architects are examined in the course. Practical trainings include developing a library building draft. The libraries’ interior design is carried out in 3D-models and compact layouts on physical media. The educational process is organized in close cooperation with professionals in the field of architecture, particularly with the leading teachers of the Department of the Interior and Equipment of St.-Petersburg State Art-Industrial Academy. They provide methodical assistance and scientific advice, thus the course get the necessary format of teaching and the complexity level of formed competencies, which is available for non-architect students taking into account their existing knowledge, skills and abilities.
Predisposing Factors with Complementary Feeding Practices among 9-11 Month-Old Infants in Jakarta Urban Slum Area
Authors: Septriana Septriana , Suhartono Gita Ardelia
Published: June 2016

The main cause of the undernutrition beside the infectious diseases is inappropriate caring practice and optimum feeding becomes one of ways to overcome long-term consequences of undernutrition. This study aimed to determine correlation between predisposing factors with complementary feeding practice among 9 – 11 month-old infants in Jakarta urban slum area. This cross-sectional study included 50 sitters of 9 – 11 month-old infants on May 2012. Data was collected through interview using questionnaire. There was no significant correlation between age of the sitters with the complementary feeding practice (p value = 0.645) as well as correlation between sitters with infants (p value = 0.724), occupation of sitters (p value = 1.000) and the number of infants in a family (p value = 0.738) which showed there was no significant correlation between those three factors with complementary feeding practice. Otherwise, there was a significant correlation between education and knowledge of sitters with complementary feeding practice (p value = 0.012 and p value = 0.005). Faktor-faktor Predisposisi dengan Praktik Pemberian Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu pada Bayi Usia 9-11 Bulan di Daerah Kumuh Perkotaan JakartaPenyebab utama kekurangan gizi selain dari penyakit infeksi adalah pola asuh yang tidak sesuai dan pemberian makan yang optimal menjadi salah satu cara untuk mengatasi konsekuensi jangka panjang dari kekurangan zat gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor pendukung praktik pemberian makanan pendamping air susu ibu (MPASI) pada bayi usia 9 - 11 bulan di daerah kumuh perkotaan Jakarta. Penelitian potong lintang ini melibatkan 50 orang pengasuh bayi usia 9 – 11 bulan. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara usia pengasuh dengan praktik pemberian makan (nilai p = 0,645). Demikian juga dengan hubungan antara pengasuh dengan bayi (nilai p = 0,724), pekerjaan pengasuh (nilai p = 1,000), dan jumlah bayi dalam satu keluarga (nilai p = 0,738) yang menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan antara ketiga faktor tersebut dengan praktik pemberian makanan. Sebaliknya, terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara pendidikan dan pengetahuan pengasuh dengan praktik pemberian makanan (nilai p = 0,012 dan nilai p = 0.005).
Konseling Postpartum dan Penerapan Metode Kontrasepsi Amenore Laktasi
Authors: Mulyani Sri , Wiryanto Tri Budi , Ropitasari Ropitasari
Published: June 2016

Keberhasilan metode amenore laktasi yang merupakan metode kontrasepsi efektif wanita menyusui tergantung pada pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) secara eksklusif. Konseling postpartum diperlukan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang metode kontrasepsi postpartum. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menilai hubungan konseling postpartum dan penerapan metode kontrasepsi amenore laktasi setelah mengendalikan pengaruh variabel paritas, status pekerjaan, dukungan petugas kesehatan, dan dukungan keluarga. Penelitian observasional ini menggunakan rancangan cross sectional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian adalah ibu yang mempunyai bayi usia 7 – 12 bulan dan memberikan ASI eksklusif. Hubungan antara variabel penelitian dianalisis dengan regresi logistik multivariat dengan chi square, kekuatan hubungan dihitung dengan rasio prevalens dan 95% convidence interval odds ratio. Ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara konseling postpartum dengan penerapan kontrasepsi metode amenore laktasi setelah mengontrol variabel paritas, status pekerjaan, dukungan petugas kesehatan, dan dukungan keluarga. Konseling tersebut berkontribusi sekitar 24% pada penerapan kontrasepsi metode amenore laktasi. Responden mendapatkan konseling dan dukungan petugas kesehatan tentang ASI eksklusif, tetapi kontrasepsi dengan metode amenore laktasi belum disampaikan.Kata kunci: ASI eksklusif, kontrasepsi, konseling postpartum, metode amenore laktasiAbstractLactation amenorrheal method (LAM) is an effective contraception method for women that give exclusive breastfeeding. Postpartum counseling is important in order to improve knowledge about LAM as postpartum contraception method. The objective of this research is to measure the relationship between postpartum counseling and lactation amenorrheal method after being controlled parity, work status, health care staff support, and family support. This observational research using cross sectional design with quantitative and qualitative approach. Subject of the study were mother who has 7 – 12 months infant breasfeeded exclusively. Association among variables were analyzed using chi square, strength association was measured using prevalence ratio of 95% convidence interval odds ratio. Multivariate analysis used logistic regression technique. The result of logistic regression analysis showed there was significant association between postpartum counseling and LAM contraception with the control of variables of parity, occupational status, health staff support and the family that contributed 24% in the implementation of LAM contraception. The result of indepth interview showed that postpartum mother got counseling and support from health staff about exsclusive breastfeeding and is not knowledge about LAM as postpartum contraception method.Keywords: Exclusive breastfeeding, contraception, postpartum counseling, lactation amenorrheal method
Determinan Insomnia pada Lanjut Usia
Authors: Abdullah Andi Zulkifli , Arsin A. Arsunan , Yahya Muhammad
Published: June 2016

Insomnia merupakan gangguan tidur yang paling sering ditemukan pada lanjut usia (lansia) dengan prevalensi sekitar 67%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai hubungan antara kecemasan, depresi, dukungan keluarga, dan kondisi lingkungan dengan kejadian insomnia pada lansia di Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Gau Mabaji Kabupaten Gowa. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional dan metode exhausive sampling. Data dianalisis dengan uji chi square, koefisien phi (f) dengan a = 0,05. Sebanyak 96 lansia penghuni panti memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Uji chi square menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kecemasan (nilai p = 0,014; f = 0,251), depresi (nilai p = 0,019; f = 0,238), dukungan keluarga (nilai p = 0,000); f = 0,797), dan kondisi lingkungan panti (nilai p < 0,05; f = 0,238) dengan kejadian insomnia. Pemberian penyuluhan kepada keluarga lansia adalah salah satu kegiatan yang penting dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan keluarga lansia bahwa lansia tidak hanya sekadar diperhatikan kebutuhan fisiknya tetapi juga kebutuhan psikologisnya.Kata kunci: Depresi, insomnia, kecemasanAbstractInsomnia is sleep disorder, most often found on elderly with high prevalence about 67%. The aim of this research is to prove the relation between anxiousness, depression, family support, and environmental condition with the occurence of insomnia at old ages in social institution Tresna Werdha Gau Mabaji Gowa Regency. This research used an observasional study with cross sectional design, using the exhausive sampling method. Data were analysed by chi square test, phi coefficient with a = 0,05. About 96 elderly in social institution met the research criteria, chi square test indicates that there are relation between anxiousness (p value = 0,014); f = 0,251), depression (p value = 0,019); f = 0,238), family support (p value = 0,000); f = 0,797), and environmental condition of social institution (p value = 0,019); f = 0,238) with the occurence of insomnia. Providing counseling to the family of the elderly is one of the important activities to improve their knowledge to note not only elderly physical needs, but also their psychological needs.Keywords: Depression, insomnia, anxiousness
Tingkat Kepuasan Karyawan Perusahaan Swasta dalam Pelayanan Jaminan Sosial Tenaga Kerja (Jamsostek)
Authors: Siagian Matias
Published: June 2016

Penelitian ini berbentuk penelitian deskriptif yang mengkaji masalah pelaksanaan program Jaminan Sosial Tenaga Kerja (Jamsostek) sebagai hak karyawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tingkat kepuasan karyawan yang bermukim di desa Mulyorejo, sebuah desa industri, dalam pelayanan Jamsostek khususnya Jaminan Pemeliharaan Kesehatan,Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja, dan Jaminan Kematian. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 70 keluarga karyawan peserta Jamsostek. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Tingkat kepuasan karyawan diukur dengan skala likert. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan, secara umum pelayanan Jamsostek belummemuaskan. Sosialisasi belum memuaskan karyawan. Dari tiga pelayanan yang diteliti, hanya satu yang memuaskan, yaitu Jaminan Kematian, sedangkan pelayanan Jaminan Pemeliharaan Kesehatan dan Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja kurang memuaskan. Pelayanan administrasi ternyatalebih buruk daripada pelayanan teknis.Kata kunci: jaminan kecelakaan kerja, jaminan kematian, jaminan pemeliharaan kesehatan, JamsostekAbstractThis research is descriptive study which reviewing problem of social securities program implementation as employee’s right. The objective of this study is to examine the employee satisfaction level who live in Mulyorejo, an industral village, in social security services particulary health insurance, accident insurance, and death benefit. Research sample involved 70 employee’s families as social security member. Research data was collected by questionaires and analysed by descriptive statistic. Satisfaction level of employee measured by likert scale. This research have led to some discoveries: generally, social security services has not satisfying the members.The program socialization has not been made employee satisfied. Only death benefit among other services that given satisfying service. Health insurance and accident insurance did not quite satisfying. Finally, administration service was really worse than technical service.Keywords: accident insurance, death benefit, health insurance, social security
The Demands for Outpatient Care in Private Hospitals
Authors: Pujiyanto Pujiyanto
Published: June 2016

Improvement of per capita income will boost the demand for outpatient care and lead enhanced expectation of service quality of hospital. People perceived that private hospital has better services than public hospital. Based on these, we assumed that private hospital users have particularcharacteristics. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with utilization of private hospitals for outpatient care and who get the benefits, the rich or the poor. This study used data of 42,540 respondents from IFLS-4 collected in 2007. Analyses showed the higher the income the higher the demand. Insured’s groups have higher demand than uninsured. Demand analyses revealed that increased price of private hospital caused higher demand. This evidence indicated that outpatient care of private hospital was perceived as luxuries goods. However increased price of public hospital didnot influence the demand of private hospital. It is indicate that private hospital has different type with patients of public hospital. It means that the two types of hospital comprise different segment of patients. The rich benefited more outpatient care in private hospital than the poor. It implies that the government should enforced Ministry of Health’s regulation on hospital social function.Keywords: demand, elasticity, outpatient care, private hospitalAbstrakPeningkatan pendapatan per kapita menaikkan permintaan rawat jalan dan harapan mutu pelayanan rumah sakit. Masyarakat memiliki persepsi pelayanan rumah sakit swasta lebih bermutu daripada rumah sakit pemerintah, sehingga terdapat asumsi pelanggan rumah sakit swasta mempunyaikarakteristik khusus. Tujuan studi ini adalah menginvestigasi berbagai faktor yang berhubungan dengan utilisasi rawat jalan dan kelompok yang mendapat manfaat. Studi ini menggunakan 42.540 responden rumah sakit swasta IFLS-4 tahun 2007. Semakin tinggi pendapatan semakin tinggi pulapermintaan, kelompok jaminan/asuransi mempunyai permintaan yang lebih tinggi daripada non-jaminan. Kenaikan tarif rawat jalan rumah sakit swasta yang dipersepsi masyarakat sebagai barang mewah meningkatkan permintaan. Namun, kenaikan tarif rawat jalan rumah sakit pemerintah tidak memengaruhi permintaan rawat jalan rumah sakit swasta. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan karakteristik pasien rumah sakit swasta yang berbeda dari rumah sakit pemerintah. Kelompok kaya mendapatkan manfaat rawat jalan rumah sakit swasta lebih besar daripada kelompok miskin. Untuk mengoreksikeadaan ini pemerintah perlu menegakkan peraturan menteri kesehatan tentang fungsi sosial rumah sakit.Kata kunci: permintaan, elastisitas, rawat jalan, rumah sakit swasta
Variasi Cakupan Jaminan Persalinan di Kabupaten Bogor 2011
Authors: Endarti Ajeng Tias
Published: June 2016

Program Jaminan Persalinan (Jampersal) dirancang untukmeningkatkan akses ibu hamil pada fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan yang pada gilirannya berkontribusi terhadap penurunan kematian ibu. Artikel ini bertujuan menilai cakupan Jampersal di Kabupaten Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat dengan menggunakan sumber data sekunder yaitu profil kesehatandan laporan kesehatan ibu dan anak (KIA) Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Bogor tahun 2011. Cakupan Program Jaminan Persalinan yang meliputi pelayanan antenatal care (ANC), persalinan, dan pascapersalinan berada pada kisaran 2,67% _ 12,56%, dengan cakupan tertinggi pelayanan persalinan(12,56%). Berdasarkan uji analysis of variance (ANOVA) ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna antara cakupan di wilayah pembangunan barat (25,05%), tengah (9,43%), dan timur (11,08%) (nilai p = 0,012). Uji multiple comparison menunjukkan perbedaan rata-rata cakupan Jaminan Persalinan di wilayah barat dan wilayah tengah yang bermakna (p = 0,011; IK 95% = 3,12 – 29,60). Perbedaan tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan oleh perbedaan intensitas sosialisasi program oleh petugas kesehatan dan elemen masyarakat. Sosialisasi meningkatkan pengenalan sasaran terhadap program tersebut, khususnya kelompok miskin. Perbedaan cakupan Jampersal dapat juga disebabkan oleh perbedaan cakupan jaminan kesehatan yang lain. Masyarakat yang sudah mempunyai jaminan kesehatan menjadi tidak berhak untuk mengikuti program Jampersal. Direkomendasikan untuk melakukan sosialisasi Jampersal yang difokuskan pada kelompok sasaran kategori miskin yang belum mempunyai jaminan kesehatan.Kata kunci: evaluasi, Jampersal, Kabupaten BogorAbstractDelivery insurance (Jampersal) was designed to increase pregnant woman to access health care fasility that contributed to reduce maternal death. The study aimed to describe Jampersal coverage for delivery. It utilized Bogor District health profile and maternal and child health report 2011. Coverage of Jampersal was about 2,67-12,56%, for antenatal care, delivery care, and postnatal care, the highest coverage was for delivery(12,56%). Analysis of variance test showed the significance among the coverage in west (25,05%), central (9,43%), and east (11,08%) area (p = 0,012). Multiple comparison analysis then showed that difference coverage was significance between west and central area (p = 0,011; 95% CI = 3,12–29,60). Different coverage might be associated with the intensity of Jampersal promotion done by both health workers and communities. Promotion will be essential for the success of program due to its abili ty to increase the community recognition, particularly for lower socioeconomic group, to Jampersal. It also might be influenced by discrepancy of otherhealth insurances coverage. Those who already had health insurance would not be eligible for Jampersal. It is recommended to increase the Jampersal promotion focused to the poor groups that have not been covered by any other health insurance.Keywords: evaluation, Jampersal, Distric of Bogor
Numerical Investigation of Coupling Multiphase Flow and Geomechanical Effects on Water Loss During Hydraulic-Fracturing Flowback Operation
Authors: Wang Mingyuan , Leung Juliana Y.
Published: June 2016

Less than half the fracturing fluid is typically recovered during the flowback operation. This study models the effects of capillarity and geomechanics on water loss in the fracture/matrix system, and investigates the circumstances under which this phenomenon might be beneficial or detrimental to subsequent tight-oil production. During the shut-in (soaking) and flowback periods, the fracture conductivity decreases as effective stress increases because of imbibition. Previous works have addressed fracture closure during the production phase; however, the coupling of imbibition caused by multiphase flow and stress-dependent fracture properties during shut-in is less understood.

A series of mechanistic simulation models is constructed to simulate multiphase flow and fluid distribution during shut-in and flowback. Three systems—matrix, hydraulic fracture, and microfractures—are explicitly represented in the computational domain. Sensitivities to wettability and multiphase-flow functions (relative permeability and capillary pressure relationships) are investigated. As wettability to water increases, matrix imbibition increases. Imbibition helps to displace the hydrocarbons into nearby microfractures and hydraulic fractures, enhancing initial oil rate, but it also hinders water recovery. The results indicate that fracture closure may enhance imbibition and water loss, which, in turn, leads to further reduction in fracture pressure and conductivity. Results also suggest that more-aggressive flowback is beneficial to water cleanup and long-term oil production in stiff rocks, whereas this benefit is less prominent in medium-to-soft formations because of excessive fracture closure. Because no direct correlation between high initial oil-flow rate and improved cumulative oil production is observed, measures for increasing oil relative permeability are recommended for improving long-term oil production.

This work presents a quantitative study of the controlling factors of water loss caused by fluid/rock properties and geomechanics. The results highlight the crucial interplay between imbibition and geomechanics in short- and long-term production performances. The results in this study would have considerable impact on understanding and improving current industry practice in fracturing design and assessment of stimulated reservoir volume.
Corn Response to Nitrogen Management under Fully‐Irrigated vs. Water‐Stressed Conditions
Authors: Maharjan Bijesh , Rosen Carl J. , Lamb John A. , Venterea Rodney T.
Published: June 2016

Characterizing corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield (GY) response to N is critical for maximizing profits, increasing N use efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. Although a large database of GY response to N exists for highly productive soils, few data exist for less productive soils. While changes in precipitation are expected in the future, few studies have compared GY response to varying N management practices under conditions of varying water availability. We measured GY and basal stalk nitrate nitrogen (BSN) at harvest using split‐applied urea at eight N rates under fully‐irrigated (FI) and water‐stressed (WS) conditions in a loamy sand over 2 yr (2009 and 2010). We also measured GY and BSN using single, pre‐plant applications of urea, polymer‐coated urea (PCU) and urea amended with urease and nitrification inhibitors (IU) at one or two N rates. The results showed that economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) and agronomic optimum nitrogen rate (AONR) did not vary by water management, in spite of significant increases in GY (up to 48%) under FI compared to WS. Modification of N fertilizer timing or N source was effective for increasing GY (by 18–41%) with FI, but did not affect GY under WS conditions. Averaged across years, BSN was greater with WS compared to FI at most N rates; however, BSN corresponding to AONR was within the optimal range for both water regimes. These findings may have important implications in areas where changes in irrigation practices or water availability are expected under future climate conditions.

Better understanding of water stress effects on corn response to N is needed.

We measured yield response to N management with full irrigation and under water‐stress.

Optimum N rate did not vary by water management despite significant yield differences.

Optimizing fertilizer timing or source increased yield but only with full irrigation.

Basal stalk nitrate was higher with water‐stress than with full irrigation.
Functional Diversity in Summer Annual Grass and Legume Intercrops in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Bybee‐Finley K. Ann , Mirsky Steven B. , Ryan Matthew R.
Published: June 2016

A warm‐season annual intercropping experiment was conducted across the northeastern United States with four trials in 2013 and five trials in 2014 with four crop species selected based on differences in stature and N acquisition traits: (i) pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], (ii) sorghum sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf], (iii) cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], and (iv) sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). Crops were seeded in monoculture and in three‐ and four‐species mixtures using a replacement design where monoculture seeding rates were divided by the number of species in the intercrop. Crop biomass was sampled at ∼45 and 90 d after planting. When averaged across the nine site‐years, biomass at the first and second sampling dates, respectively, of the monoculture treatments ranged from 1040 and 2500 kg ha−1 (cowpea) to 3000 and 9300 kg ha−1 (pearl millet). In general, biomass production of the legume monocultures was lower than the grass monocultures and intercrops at both sampling dates. All intercrops had land equivalent ratios (LERs) greater than one, indicating complementarity, likely a result of resource partitioning. Intercrops, particularly the four‐species mixture, exhibited greater stability in yields across environments. The pearl millet–sorghum sudangrass–sunn hemp intercrop had the greatest evenness, suggesting that species selected for annual intercrops should have similar monoculture growth rates to minimize asymmetric competition.
Susceptibility of Dent‐Sterile Popcorn to the Ga1‐m Gametophyte Factor
Authors: Jones Zachary G. , Goodman Major M.
Published: June 2016

The Ga1‐s allele is the foundation of dent‐sterile popcorn (Zea mays L. var. everta), where it is used as a genetic barrier to prevent pollen contamination, but its known genetic susceptibility to another allele at the same locus is problematic for the sustainability of Ga1‐s popcorn. The Ga1‐m allele overcomes the pollen barrier imparted by Ga1‐s, opening any system using it to potential contamination. The Ga1‐m allele, although previously thought rare, has been shown to be abundant in Mexican commercial maize (Z. mays L.), and has been identified in a US ex‐Plant Variety Protection (PVP) line. The requirement for specific evaluation to detect the allele, coupled with efforts to increase the genetic base of maize, create a considerable risk of the unintentional release of Ga1‐m‐carrying materials. Resistance to Ga1‐m has been previously identified, providing a possible way to eliminate the risk posed by Ga1‐m but comes in an unadapted sweetcorn background. Through field evaluation, we tested commercial and publically available popcorn for resistance to Ga1‐m, all of which were uniformly susceptible. There is, therefore, a need to identify and integrate Ga1‐m resistance into commercial popcorn inbred lines and hybrids. Although the use of existing Ga1‐m resistant sources is an option, background differences will likely be problematic for producing useable inbred lines. We suggest the use of molecular tools to aid in specific backcrossing of the Ga1‐m resistance allele or identification of Ga1‐m resistance in a popcorn background, for which we suggest an evolutionary‐based approach.
Identifying Base Temperature for Alfalfa Germination: Implications for Frost Seeding
Authors: Jungers Jacob M. , Brakke Mary , Rendahl Aaron , Sheaffer Craig C.
Published: June 2016

Frost seeding alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) can be convenient and economical for establishing or renovating forage stands; however, premature seedling emergence triggered by unusually warm temperatures followed by fatally cold temperatures can lead to seedling mortality and stand failure. Delaying germination could improve establishment success in frost‐seeded stands. Our objective was to measure the effect of temperature and water potential (Ψ) on germination across a range of alfalfa varieties. Germination rate (1 divided by days to 50% germination) was estimated for 11 varieties at nine constant temperatures (−1.1 to 10°C) and three Ψ (0, −0.2, and −0.6 MPa). Linear regression between temperature and germination rate was tested for all variety–Ψ combinations. Base temperature (Tb; minimum temperature for 50% germination) and thermal constant (DD; time to 50% germination in growing degree‐days) were determined by calculating the intercept on the temperature axis and the inverse of the slope parameter from each regression, respectively. The Tb ranged from −0.55 to 0.49°C across varieties and was greater in low Ψ conditions. The DD was negatively correlated with Tb, which supports the hypothesis that seeds with lower Tb require more degree‐days to germinate. Selecting alfalfa varieties with higher Tb could delay germination and reduce the risk of frost mortality; however, these varieties are also likely to have higher DD, which would expedite seedling emergence and potentially offset delays from high Tb. Based on small variations in germination parameters compared with field temperatures, no variety was identified as superior for frost‐seeding success.
Iron and Sulfur Porewater and Surface Water Biogeochemical Interactions in Subtropical Peatlands
Authors: Julian Paul , Wright Alan L. , Osborne Todd Z.
Published: June 2016

Core Ideas

Surface water sulfate has been implicated in influencing Hg cycling and methylation, this relationship is tenuous at best therefore other variables and biogeochemical cycles could be involved with Hg methylation dynamics.

While thought of as a minor biogeochemical constituent, Fe is involved several biogeochemical interactions including the regulation of surface water sulfate concentrations by producing iron minerals.

The results of this study suggest that dissolved organic C supply has the ability to regulate dissimilatory sulfate reduction, rather than sulfate supply within the Everglades marsh.

Elevated sulfate (SO42−) concentrations have been implicated in affecting Hg cycling and methylation within the Everglades, leading to environmental concerns regarding methyl‐Hg (MeHg) accumulation in wildlife. The interaction of S and Hg cycles is not fully understood in freshwater wetlands, and factors regulating these elemental cycles are warranted. Iron has been demonstrated to influence S cycling patterns, which in turn could influence Hg cycling. Therefore, this study explores Fe and S interactions across three distinct Everglades freshwater marshes in South Florida. Surface water SO42− was positively correlated with porewater sulfide (S2−) concentrations (r = 0.57) due to reducing conditions favoring conversion of SO42− to S2−. Dissolved Fe concentrations were lower in surface water than in porewater presumably due to geologic or biogeochemical reactions that precipitate Fe, essentially removing it from the water column. Both porewater S2− and surface water SO42− were negatively related with Fe porewater concentrations (r = −0.64 and r = −0.72, respectively). Sulfate reduction estimates were highly variable between sampling locations with high S2− to SO42− ratios occurring at relatively low porewater Fe concentrations, while low S2− to SO42− ratios occurred at high Fe concentrations. Porewater dissolved organic carbon (DOC) significantly influenced porewater S2− concentrations (R2 = 0.55 and slope = 0.74), suggesting that organic substrate supply could in part be regulating SO42− reduction. Iron was a major control of SO42− reduction and S cycling and thus has the potential to indirectly affect Hg cycling by altering patterns of SO42− reduction and mitigating SO42− reduction‐induced Hg methylation.