bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Karakteristik Pendidikan Islam di Masa Klasik dan Modern
Authors: Makbul M
Published: April 2021

Pendidikan Islam berkembang seiring dengan kemunculan Islam itu sendiri. Pada masa awal perkembangan Islam, pendidikan formal yang sistematis belum terselenggara. Pendidikan yang berlangsung dapat dikatakan umunya bersifat informal; dan ini pun lebih berkaitan dengan upaya-upaya dakwah Islamiyah. Dalam pendidikan informal ini proses belajar mengajar berlangsung di rumah sahabat tertentu, dan yang paling terkenal adalah Darul Arqom, akan tetapi setelah masyarakat Islam mulai terbentuk, maka pendidikan berlangsung di masjid. Proses pendidikan pada kedua tempat ini dilakukan dalam halaqoh, lingkaran belajar. Pendidikan formal Islam baru muncul pada masa lebih belakangan ini, yakni dengan adanya madrasah-madrasah, beberapa sejarawan pendidikan mengemukakan, bahwa madrasah pertama di dirikan oleh Wazir Nizham al Mulk pada tahun 1064. Madrasah ini kemudian terkenal sebagai madrasah Nizham Al-Mulk.Pendidikan merupakan proses budaya untuk meningkatkan harkat dan martabat manusia yang berlangsung sepanjang hayat. Pendidikan selalu berkembang, dan selalu dihadapkan pada perubahan zaman. Untuk itu, mau tak mau pendidikan harus didesain mengikuti irama perubahan tersebut, apabila pendidikan tidak didesain mengikuti irama perubahan, maka pendidikan akan ketinggalan dengan lajunya perkembangan zaman itu sendiri. Pendidikan dari masyarakat, didesain mengikuti irama perubahan dan kebutuhan masyarakat. Misalnya; pada peradaban masyarakat agraris, pendidikan didesain relevan dengan irama perkembangan peradaban masyarakat agraris dan kebutuhan masyarakat pada era tersebut. Begitu juga pada peradaban masyarakat industrial dan informasi, pendidikan didesain mengikuti irama perubahan dan kebutuhan masyarakat pada era industri dan informasi, dan seterusnya. Demikian siklus perkembangan perubahan pendidikan, kalau tidak pendidikan akan ketinggalan dari perubahan zaman yang begitu cepat. Untuk itu perubahan pendidikan harus relevan dengan perubahan zaman dan kebutuhan masyarakat pada era tersebut, baik pada konsep, materi dan kurikulum, proses, fungsi serta tujuan lembaga-lembaga pendidikan. Pada hakikatnya Ilmu diciptakan berupaya untuk menyelesaikan setiap persoalan yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan umat manusia, termasuk dalam Pendidikan Islam, perbedaan kebutuhan dan permasalahan yang muncul mengharuskan terjadinya perubahan secara kontinu dalam mengembangkan ilmu dan sekali lagi termasuk dalam ilmu Pendidikan Islam. Pendidikan Islam sejak dari masa Rasullah Saw, Khulafaur Rasyidin, Dinasti, sampai masa modern saat ini telah melalui perjalanan yang panjang sehingga pastilah terdapat perbedaan-perbedaan terhadap karakteristik Pendidikan Islam baik dimasa klasik dan modern, oleh karena itu sangat menarik penulis untuk menelusuri perbedaan karakteristik tersebut, sehingga dari latar belakang masalah tersebut maka judul makalah sejarah peradaban Islam ini yaitu: “Karakteristik Pendidikan Islam di Masa Klasik dan Modern”
Studi Kasus: Asuhan Keperawatan Jiwa Pada Tn. R Dengan Risiko Perilaku Kekerasan
Authors: Marwara Ridho
Published: April 2021

Perilaku kekerasan merupakan salah satu respon terhadap stressor yang dihadapi oleh seseorang, respon ini dapat menimbulkan kerugian baik kepada diri sendiri, orang lain, maupun lingkungan. Seseorang yang mengalami perilaku kekerasan sering menunjukan perubahan perilaku seperti mengancam, gaduh, tidak bisa diam, mondar-mandir, gelisah, intonasi suara keras, ekspresi tegang, bicara dengan semangat, agresif, nada suara tinggi dan bergembira secara berlebihan
Konsep Ekonomi Pemikiran Ibnu Khaldun dan Al-Ghazali
Authors: Magfirah Aisyah
Published: April 2021

Dalam sejarah kemunculan ekonomi Islam telah mengerahkan perhatiannya kepada para pemikir muslim diantaranya yaitu Ibnu Khaldun dan Al-Ghazali . Berikut ini adalah penjabaran terkait dengan konsep pemikiran ekonomi oleh Ibnu khaldun dan Al-Ghazali .
Pengaruh Perceived Price dan Perceived Usefulnes Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Paket Data Di Desa Serbajadi Kecamatan Natar
Authors: Mega Selfia Alke , Susanty Susy
Published: April 2021

Fenomena tentang Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi di era Industri telah memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Sebagian masyarakat masih merasakan kesulitan dalam menggunakan aplikasi dalam smart phone. Masih terdapat sebagian masyarakat yang tidak melakukan pembelian dikarenakan harga yang mahal dan sulit untuk digunakan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui Pengaruh perceived price dan perceived usefulnes Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Paket Data Untuk Pembelajaran Daring Di Desa Serbajadi Kecamatan Natar Lampung Selatan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah asosiatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitina ini adalah kepala keluarga di Serbajadi yang memiliki anak usia SD dan SMP SMA dan perguruan tinggi yang melakukan pembelajaran daring yang jumlahnya sebanyak 96 responden sekaligus sebagai sampel. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji regeresi Linier Berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan Perceived price berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan Pembelian Paket Data. Perceived usefulnes berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan Pembelian Paket Data. Perceived price dan Perceived usefulnes secara bersama sama berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan Pembelian Paket Data Untuk Pembelajaran Daring Di Desa Serbajadi Kecamatan Natar Lampung Selatan.
Rangkuman Perilaku Konsumen Terhadap Produk Apple
Authors: Pritadewi Tania Rosa
Published: April 2021

Perilaku konsumen merupakan hal yang dilakukakan konsumen sebelum melakukan pembelian terhadap suatu produk dengan cara mengenal, memilih , dan membeli satu produk untuk digunakan konsumen dalam memenuhi keinginan dan kebutuhannya.
ANALISIS PENERAPAN SANKSI PIDANA TERHADAP PELAKU KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS DITINJAU DARI PASAL 310 AYAT (4) UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 22 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN (Studi Putusan Nomor 403/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Gns)
Authors: Ramasari Risti Dwi , Brastara Arya Buana
Published: April 2021

Kecelakaan lalu lintas merupakan peristiwa yang tidak diduga dan tidak disengaja yang melibatkan kendaraan atau pengguna jalan lain yang dapat menimbulkan korban dan/atau kerugian harta benda. Kecelakaan lalu lintas bisa terjadi kapan saja dan di mana saja, tidak bisa diprediksi. Kecelakaan lalu lintas tidak hanya dapat menimbulkan trauma, cidera, luka ringan, luka berat atau kecacatan melainkan dapat mengakibatkan seseorang meninggal dunia. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah penerapan sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku kecelakaan lalu lintas ditinjau dari Pasal 310 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan berdasarkan Studi Putusan Nomor 403/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Gns dan bagaimanakah pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan putusan terhadap pelaku kecelakaan lalu lintas berdasarkan Putusan Nomor 403/Pid.Sus/ 2020/PN Gns. Metode penelitian yaitu pendekatan yuridis normatif dan empiris dengan menggunakan data sekunder dan data primer. Data sekunder diperoleh melalui studi pustaka, kemudian data primer diperoleh melalui studi lapangan dengan cara observasi dan wawancara. Kemudian analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis yuridis kualitatif.Kesimpulan penelitian bahwa penerapan sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku kecelakaan lalu lintas ditinjau dari Pasal 310 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan berdasarkan Putusan Nomor 403/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Gns di mana pelaku diganjar sanksi pidana selama 1 Tahun dan 2 bulan dan denda sebesar Rp. 5.000.000,- (lima juta rupiah) subsidair 1 (satu) bulan penjara.
Diferentes análises estatísticas podem levar a conclusões categoricamente distintas
Authors: Lima Jr Ronaldo Mangueira , Garcia Guilherme D.
Published: April 2021

[PORTUGUESE ABSTRACT] Neste estudo, demonstramos como significância estatística pode variar a partir da comparação de quatro métodos distintos: teste t, ANOVA (seguida de Tukey HSD), modelo linear simples, e modelo linear de efeitos mistos. Em nossa demonstração, modelamos tempos de reação em função de diferentes afixos em dinamarquês, e mostramos como nossas conclusões a respeito do efeito de certos afixos podem mudar categoricamente dependendo de qual dos métodos mencionados acima decidimos utilizar. Por fim, reiteramos o que dizem estudos recentes, e sugerimos que modelos de efeitos mistos devam ser a norma sempre que dados agrupados forem analisados. Esperamos, com este estudo, alertar pesquisadores da área para a importância de decisões analíticas bem informadas e éticas em estudos linguísticos.[ENGLISH ABSTRACT] In this study, we illustrate the potential variability of statistical significance by comparing four different methods, namely, t-test, ANOVA (followed by Tukey HSD), simple linear regression, and mixed effects linear regression. In our demonstration, we model reaction times as a function of different affixes in Danish, and show how our conclusions regarding the effect of certain affixes can change categorically depending on which of the aforementioned methods we choose to use. Finally, we echo recent studies and suggest that mixed effects models be the norm whenever grouped data is analyzed. With our comparison, we hope to raise researchers’ awareness to the need for well-informed and ethical analytical decisions in linguistic studies.
Time Series Analysis of Head Injury during Pandemic
Authors: Shukla Lekhansh
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the most important cause of neurological disability worldwide. This study aims to find a change in TBI pattern during the coronavirus disease (COVID 19) pandemic.Methods: We have collected the number of TBI cases seen every day between 01/12/19 and 03/01/21 (400 days) in the emergency department of a tertiary neuropsychiatric centre in Bangalore and estimated a changepoint. Two predictors of this change — community mobility data from Google mobility reports (pre-processed with principal component analysis) and alcohol sales data from the wholesaler are examined. A time-series model using generalised linear regression for scale and shape is fit, and bootstrap confidence intervals are used for inference. We have compared the clinical details — mode and severity of the injury, compliance with safety regulations, age, residence and gender of patients seen before and after the changepoint.Results: An optimal changepoint is detected on 20/03/20 following which the mean number of TBI cases seen every day has decreased and variance has increased (Mean 1 = 29.4, Variance 1 = 50.1; Mean 2 = 19.5, Variance 2 = 59.7, Loglikelihood Ratio Test: χ2 = 130, df = 1, p < 0.001). Two principal components of community mobility, alcohol sales and weekday, explain the change in the number of TBI cases (Pseudo R-square = 58.1). A significant decrease in traffic accidents, falls, mild/moderate injuries, but an increase in assault and severe injuries is seen during the pandemic period.Conclusions: Decongestion of roads and regulation of alcohol sales can decrease TBI occurrence substantially. An increase in violent trauma during lockdown needs further research in the light of domestic violence. Acute care facilities for TBI should be maintained even during a strict lockdown as the proportion of severe TBI requiring admission increases.
Pemikiran Ekonomi Ibnu Khaldun dan Al-Gazhali
Authors: Lusiana Anisa
Published: April 2021

Munculnya ilmu ekonomi islam dalam khasanah ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi telah mengerahkan perhatian kepada pemikir ekonomi dari para pemikir musim dimasa lalu dan salah satu diantaranya adalah Ibnu Khaldun dan Al-Gazhali. Salah satu karya fenomenal Ibnu Khaldun adalah Kitab Al-Muqaddimah, yang selesai pemulisannya pada November 1377. Dan Al-Gazhali Tema yang menjadi pangkal tolak seluruh karyanya adalah konsep maslahah.
Konsep Ekonomi Ibn Khaldun dan Al-Ghazali
Authors: Rozalddin Muh. Risky
Published: April 2021

Artikel ini membahas tentang konsep ekonomi Pada Ibnu Khaldun dan Al-Ghazali
konsep ekonomi pada masa dinasti
Authors: Riskayanti.m
Published: April 2021

Maju mundurnya peradaban islam tergantung dari sejauh mana dinamika ummat islam itu sendiri. Dalam sejarah islam tercatat bahwa salah satu dinamika ummat islam itu sendiri ditandai oleh hadirnya kerajaan-kerajaan islam diantaranya dinasti bani umayyah dan dinasti abbaasiyah. Dinasti bani umayyah dan dinasti abbaasiyah ini memiliki peradaban yang tinggi, diantaranya memunculkan ilmuan-ilmuan dan para pemikir muslim.
KONSEP PEMIKIRAN EKONOMI MENURUT IBNU KHALDUN DAN AL-GHAZALI
Authors: Maghfirah Sri
Published: April 2021

Pemikiran ekonomi Ibnu Khaldun dapat dikemukaan bahwa titik tolakpemikiran ekonomi Ibnu Khaldun dapat dilihat dari pernyataannya bahwaperbedaan hal ihwal penduduk adalah akibat dari perbedaan cara mereka meperolehkehidupan. Beliau juga mengatakan bahwa manusia hidup berdampingan hanyalahuntuk saling membantu di dalam memperoleh penghidupan dan membantukebutuhan hidup yang sederhana sebelum mereka mencari kebutuhan yang lebihbesar.
Konsep ekonomi Al Ghazali dan Ibnu Khaldun
Authors: Akbar Muh.
Published: April 2021

Konsep ekonomi dari para pemikir ekonomi Islam, Al Ghazali dan Ibnu Khaldun.
Measuring the Impact of Bilingualism on Executive Functioning Via Inhibitory Control Abilities in Autistic Children.
Authors: Montgomery Lewis , Chondrogianni Vasiliki , Fletcher-Watson Sue , Rabagliati Hugh , Sorace Antonella , Davis Rachael
Published: April 2021

A distinct feature of autism is difficulties in several aspects of executive functioning. One factor that may influence how executive functions develop is exposure to more than one language in childhood. This study explored the impact of bilingualism on inhibitory control in autistic (n = 38) and non-autistic children (n = 51). Bilingualism was measured on a continuum of exposure in order to investigate the effects of language environment on two facets of inhibitory control. Results did not show meaningful effects of bilingual exposure on inhibition involving visual attention, but behavioural control of motor impulses was modulated positively through increased bilingual exposure, irrespective of diagnostic status. However, bilingual exposure was not related to parental reports of everyday executive functioning, and there was no correlation between these parent-report data and performance on experimental tasks. The results partially support the hypothesis that bilingual exposure differentially affects components of inhibitory control and provides important evidence for families raising autistic children that bilingualism is not detrimental to their development.
Orbital, the Box - An interactive educational tool for in-depth understanding of astronomical climate forcing.
Authors: Lougheed Bryan
Published: April 2021

“Orbital, the Box” provides an interactive tool with graphical user interface (GUI) for stimulating active, visual learning for understanding of astronomical climate forcing. This cross-platform tool can be run locally on a personal computer using a standard web browser environment with no need for plugins, thus maximising accessibility for students and teachers alike. The tool facilitates in the development of a holistic and quantitative understanding of astronomical climate forcing by allowing students to independently vary orbital parameters, after which they can instantaneously see the resulting effect upon the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of solar irradiance arriving at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere. Such an approach follows a classic controlled experimental design whereby one parameter can be changed while all others are kept constant. This experimental tool can be deployed as a virtual laboratory, including within a flipped classroom setting, to promote active learning of traditionally challenging concepts such as the roles of eccentricity and precession in astronomical climate forcing, and in particular their interaction with Kepler’s second law and the subsequent consequences for season length.
Fostering peace engineering and rethinking development - A Latin American view
Authors: Reina-Rozo Juan David , Kleba John
Published: April 2021

This paper explores how peace engineering initiatives relate to the critique of development in the Latin American context. Development is an essential condition for peace, and structural violence is closely associated with patterns of development. In engineering studies, the critique of development has increased attention, explaining the initiatives towards peace engineering engaged in social transformations. We discuss the evolution of the modern notion of development and argue why we should reject the mantra of neoliberalism. Next, we shift our look to the contributions of the Latin American critique of development, from the historical liberation movements to new concepts such as post-extractivism, solidarity economy, and political ecology. A decolonial view is proposed departing from the ‘epistemologies of the South’, followed by a review of how science, technology, and innovation relate to specific exclusion forms. Further, an empirical view on peace engineering initiatives in post-conflict Colombia and Brazil is presented, including three streams of how engineering initiatives relate to social change, from the social economy to grassroots movements. Finally, we suggest a few questions for further research in peace engineering and development.
Do Open or Closed Postures Boost Creative performance? The Effects of Postural Feedback on Divergent and Convergent Thinking
Authors: Michinov Nicolas , Michinov Estelle
Published: April 2021

Can an individual’s body posture (expansive or contractive) affect their creative thinking (divergent or convergent)? Based on embodied cognition and the debate about the impact of nonverbal physical postures expressing power on psychological and behavioral outcomes, five experiments were conducted. We tested the prediction that expansive postures would have a positive effect on creativity tasks that have no right or wrong answer or optimal solution (divergent thinking), whereas contractive postures would have a positive effect on tasks with a right answer or an optimal solution (convergent thinking). As predicted, results revealed a positive effect of expansive postures on performance of creativity tasks requiring divergent thinking, such as producing original ideas (Study 1) or objects, either by combining shapes to create an original toy (Study 2) or by combining fragments to produce an original drawing (Study 3). Conversely, a positive effect of contractive postures was found on performance of insight tasks requiring convergent thinking, in which participants had to associate elements to discover a unifying and correct solution (Study 4) or overcome initial task constraints to find an optimal solution to a problem (Study 5). These findings open up new avenues for research in embodied creativity.
Causal judgment in the wild: evidence from the 2020 US presidential election
Authors: Quillien Tadeg , Barlev Michael
Published: April 2021

A given event has many causes, but people intuitively view some causes as more important than others. Models of causal judgment have been evaluated in controlled laboratory experiments, but they have yet to be tested in complex real-world settings. Here, we provide such a test, in the context of the 2020 U.S. presidential election. Across tens of thousands of simulations of possible election outcomes, we computed, for each state, an adjusted measure of the correlation between a Biden victory in that state and a Biden election victory. These effect size measures accurately predicted the extent to which U.S. participants (N=207, pre-registered) viewed victory in a given state as having caused Biden to win the presidency. This supports the theory that people intuitively select as causes of an outcome the factors with the largest average causal effect on that outcome across possible counterfactual worlds.
Predicting hand movements with distributional semantics: evidence from mouse-tracking
Authors: Gatti Daniele , Marelli Marco , Rinaldi Luca
Published: April 2021

Although mouse-tracking has been taken as a real-time window on different aspects of human decision-making processes, whether purely semantic information affects response conflict at the level of motor output as measured though mouse movements is still unknown. Here, across two experiments, we investigated the effects of semantic knowledge by predicting participants’ performance in a standard keyboard task and in a mouse-tracking task through distributional semantics, a usage-based modelling approach to meaning. In Experiment 1, participants were shown word pairs and were required to perform a two-alternative forced choice task selecting either the more abstract or the more concrete word, using standard keyboard presses. In Experiment 2, participants performed the same task, yet this time response selection was achieved by moving the computer mouse. Results showed that the involvement of semantic components in the task at hand is observable using both standard reaction times (Experiment 1) as well as using indexes extracted from mouse trajectories (Experiment 2). In particular, mouse trajectories reflected the response conflict and its temporal evolution, with larger deviation for increasing word semantic relatedness. These findings support the validity of mouse-tracking as a method to detect deep and implicit decision-making features. Additionally, by demonstrating that a usage-based model of meaning can account for the different degrees of cognitive conflict associated with task achievement, these findings testify the impact of the human semantic memory on decision-making processes.
Variation in spatial concepts: Different frames of reference on different axes
Authors: Pitt Benjamin , Carstensen Alexandra , Gibson Edward , Piantadosi Steven T.
Published: April 2021

Spatial language and cognition vary across contexts. In some groups, people tend to use egocentric space (e.g. left, right) to encode the locations of objects, while in other groups, people use allocentric space (e.g. upriver, downriver) to describe the same spatial scene. These different spatial Frames of Reference (FoRs) characterize both the way people talk about spatial relations and the way they think about them, even when they are not using language. These patterns of spatial language and spatial thinking tend to covary, but the root causes of this variation are unclear. Here we propose that this variation in FoR use reflects variation in the spatial discriminability of the relevant spatial continua. In an initial test of this proposal, we compared FoR use across spatial axes that are known to differ in discriminability. In two non-verbal tests, a group of indigenous Bolivians used different FoRs on different spatial axes; on the lateral axis, where egocentric (left-right) discrimination is difficult, their behavior was predominantly allocentric; on the sagittal axis, where egocentric (front-back) discrimination is relatively easy, their behavior was predominantly egocentric. These findings support the spatial discriminability hypothesis, which may explain variation in spatial concepts not only across axes, but also across groups, between individuals, and over development.
Forgiveness at Work, Forgiveness at Home? Testing the Context-Dependence of Forgiveness-Related Attitudes and Values
Authors: Neville Lukas
Published: April 2021

Research and theory on forgiveness in the workplace draws considerably on results from the study of close relationships. This paper considers whether forgiveness-related attitudes and perceptions systematically differ in the home versus workplace contexts. Previous work suggests that people may see forgiveness as less appropriate to express at work than at home, and that they may adjust their values or attitudes relating to forgiveness depending on whether the transgression is personal or professional. It is important to understand whether context shapes forgiveness, because it speaks to the appropriateness of generalizing from theory and research in close relationships when studying forgiveness in organizations. Across three studies (n=944), we experimentally manipulate context (work versus home), and test its effect on forgiveness, the forgivingness of self and others, attitudes toward forgiveness, the perceived riskiness of forgiveness, the willingness to forgive unconditionally, sources of forgiveness aversion, and reactions to others’ forgiveness. In each case, we find no evidence to suggest that forgiveness-related attitudes differ substantively between the home and workplace contexts. We conclude by discussing the implications of this finding for forgiveness as an interdisciplinary topic of study.
creativity
Authors: Gabora Liane
Published: April 2021

Creativity is perhaps what most differentiates humans from other species. Understanding creativity is particularly important in times of accelerated cultural and environmental change such as the present, in which novel approaches and perspectives are needed. The study of creativity is an exciting area that brings together many different branches of psychology: cognitive, social, personality, developmental, organizational, clinical, neuroscience, mathematical models, and computer simulations. The creative process is thought to involve the capacity to shift between divergent and convergent modes of thought in response to task demands. Divergent thought is conventionally characterized as and the kind of thinking needed for open-ended tasks, and measured by the ability to generate multiple solutions, while convergent thought is commonly characterized as the kind of thinking needed for tasks in which there is only one correct solution. More recently, divergent thought has been conceived of as reflecting on the task from unconventional contexts or perspectives, while convergent thought has been conceived of as reflecting on it from conventional contexts or perspectives. Personality traits correlated with creativity include openness to experience, tolerance of ambiguity, impulsivity, and self-confidence. Evidence that creativity is linked with affective disorders is mixed. Neuroscientific research on creativity using electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggest that creativity is associated with a loosening of cognitive control and decreased arousal. It has been shown that the distributed, content-addressable structure of associative memory is conducive to bringing task-relevant items to mind without the need for explicit search. Tangible evidence of human creativity date back to the earliest stone tools over three million years ago, with the Middle-Upper Paleolithic marking the onset of art, science and religion, and another surge of creativity in the present. Past and current areas of controversy concern the relative contributions of expertise, chance, and intuition, whether the emphasis should be on process versus product, whether creativity is domain-specific versus domain-general, the extent to which creativity is correlated with affective disorders, and whether divergent thinking entails the generation of multiple ideas or the honing of a single initially ambiguous mental representation that may manifest as different external outputs. Promising areas for further psychological study of creativity include computational modeling, research on the biological basis of creativity, and studies that track specific creative ideation processes over time.
Calling in "Sick": COVID-19, Opportunism, Pretext, and Subnational Democracy
Authors: Stenberg Matthew , Rocco Philip , Farole Safia
Published: April 2021

As governments sought to manage the Coronavirus pandemic, many pursed a temporary increase in centralized authority, a general tactic of crisis management. However, in some countries, centralization in the name of public health was not the only motive. The COVID-19 response coincided with broader worldwide trends towards democratic backsliding and authoritarian consolidation. Some of these efforts happened while the world was preoccupied with responding to the pandemic without concretely referencing Coronavirus; however, in other cases, public health rationales are clearly and explicitly invoked as a pretext for actions that instead aid the consolidation of regime authority. This has been especially pernicious in subnational democracy, where efforts have been made to undermine the ability of opposition parties to fairly contest in local and regional politics. This paper looks at four cases in which political actors either opportunistically used worldwide distraction from the COVID-19 pandemic or explicitly invoked public health while seeking to undermine long-term domestic contestation in their jurisdictions: Hong Kong, Hungary, Uganda, and the United States. We examine the use of public health as a pretext or opportunity for undermining opposition parties, recentralizing political authority in dominant actors, and inhibiting the fair contestation of elections.
Die kleine Welt der Pandemie [The Pandemic's Small World]
Authors: Holzer Boris
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the significance of social networks for the transmission of infectious diseases. As “small world”-networks, acquaintanceship and friendship networks combine local clustering with short average path distances between nodes and thus enable the rapid spread of SARS-Cov-2. Mitigation strategies focus on reducing the number of social contacts and on maintaining physical distance and thus call attention to the interactional microdynamics of social networks.
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
Authors: Persada Pena , RAHAYU SILPIA
Published: April 2021

Language is all around us. Language allows us to share complicated thoughts, negotiate agreements, and make communal plans. Our learning, our courting, our fighting — all are mediated by language. You can think of language as a technology — humans manipulate their bodies to produce sounds, gestures, and appearances that encode messages using a shared system. How then does the technology of language work? Answering this question is surprisingly hard; our language skills are automatic and therefore hard to reflect upon. Nevertheless, throughout the centuries, scholars have devised ways to study human language, although there is still much more research to be done and many mysteries to explore. The field of scholarship that tries to answer the question "How does language work?" is called linguistics, and the scholars who study it are called linguist. This book contains various aspects of Linguistics. Started from the understanding of Linguistics, until the kinds of Linguistics. Students are expected to be able to understand Linguistics after they read this book.
ARTIKEL PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT DAN KEPEMIMPINAN PEREMPUAN
Authors: Alaslan Amtai
Published: April 2021

AbstrakPenilitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara Persepsi Masyarakat terhadap Kepemimpinan Perempuan Di Desa Lauran Kecamatan Tanimbar Selatan Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara Barat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumen utama penelitian dengan sampel sebanyak 95 responden yang analisa dengan munggunakan rumus Korelasi Pearson Pruduck Moment dan uji signifikasinya digunakan rumus t-hitungHasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa persepsi masyarakat yang baik akan mendukung pelaksanaan program desa. Selanjutnya pengambilan suatu keputusan yang bijaksana dapat memberikan kesejahteraan kepada masyarakat. Selanjutnya korelasi kedua variable menunjukan bahwa Persepsi Masyarakat (variable X) mempunyai hubungan yang cukup kuat dengan Kepemimpinan Perempuan (variabel Y) di Desa Lauran Kecamatan Tanimbar Selatan Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara Barat.Kata kunci : Persepsi Masyarakat dan Kepemimpinan Perempuan.
Junge Geflüchtete in Vorbereitungsklassen: Wem gelingt der nächste Schritt?
Authors: Diehl Claudia , Schumann Stephan
Published: April 2021

Seit 2015 ist eine große Anzahl Geflüchteter nach Deutschland gekommen. Viele von ihnen, insbesondere junge Menschen, besuchen sogenannte Vorbereitungsklassen an beruflichen Schulen. Ziele dieser Klassen sind vor allem der Erwerb von Deutschkenntnissen und die Vorbereitung auf eine spätere Berufsausbildung. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht (1) die Übergänge junger Geflüchteter nach der Vorbereitungsklasse und (2) welche Faktoren den Übergang in einen Regelbildungsgang vorhersagen. Zu den ersten zwei Messpunkten einer Längsschnittstudie (t1 in der Vorbereitungsklasse für Geflüchtete, t2 ein Jahr später) befragten wir 333 junge Geflüchtete im Südwesten Deutschlands (82% männlich; Durchschnittsalter = 18.9 Jahre). Zu den Instrumenten gehörten ein Online-Fragebogen, ein Online-Test der kognitiven Fähigkeiten und ein Online-Test der Deutschkenntnisse. Etwa 37 Prozent wiederholten die Vorbereitungsklasse, während 60 Prozent in einen Regelbildungsgang übergingen. Die Deutschkenntnisse zum ersten Messzeitpunkt sowie Kontakte zu Flüchtlingshelfer*innen (t1) erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit auf den Übergang in einen Regelbildungsgang signifikant. Andere Indikatoren wie der Bildungshintergrund der Geflüchteten und ihrer Eltern, die Persönlichkeit, Motivation und Aspirationen hatten keine signifikanten Auswirkungen. Die Befunde können als primäre (Sprachkenntnisse) und als sekundäre Effekte der ethnischen Herkunft (Informationen über das Bildungssystem durch Kontakte zu Einheimischen) interpretiert werden.
Die Bedeutung von Bildungsressourcen für die Arbeitsmarktintegration Geflüchteter am Beispiel syrischer Asylsuchender in Deutschland
Authors: Hunkler Christian , Edele Aileen , Schipolowski Stefan
Published: April 2021

Die Relevanz von Bildung für die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Migranten ist gut belegt. Die Migrationsbedingungen von Geflüchteten und ihre Bildungsressourcen weichen jedoch von denen anderer Migranten ab, da sie ihre Bildungslaufbahn häufig unterbrechen müssen und die Passung ihrer Abschlüsse für den Arbeitsmarkt des Ziellandes nicht sicherstellen können. Daher ist unklar, mit welchen Bildungsressourcen Gefl üchtete ankommen und inwiefern diese Ressourcen ihre Arbeitsmarktintegration begünstigen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht (a) welche Bildungsressourcen syrische Geflüchtete bei ihrer Ankunft in Deutschland besitzen und (b) wie diese Ressourcen mit ihrer Arbeitsmarktintegration zusammenhängen. Als Datengrundlage dienen Angaben syrischer Geflüchteter in Bayern, für die ein umfangreiches Set an Bildungsindikatoren erhoben wurde, unter anderem Bildungsabschlüsse und ein Test naturwissenschaftlichen Wissens. Ein großer Anteil (65%) der Befragten berichtet, ihre Bildungslaufbahn unterbrochen zu haben. Trotzdem sind ihre Bildungsabschlüsse mit dem naturwissenschaftlichen Wissen in ähnlicher Weise assoziiert wie in einer deutschen Vergleichsstichprobe. Multivariate Analysen zeigen zudem, dass Bildungsressourcen auch für Geflüchtete zentral für die Arbeitsmarktplatzierung sind. Beachtenswert ist dabei, dass das naturwissenschaftliche Wissen ein besserer Prädiktor ist als die Bildungsabschlüsse. Folglich stellt Bildung und insbesondere deren Qualität, wie durch den naturwissenschaftlichen Wissenstest indiziert, eine wichtige Ressource für die Arbeitsmarktintegration Geflüchteter dar.
PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENTING TANAMAN PADI MENGGUNAKAN JAMUR Beauveria bassiana Bals
Authors: Sopialena Sopialena , Sahid Abdul , Rugian Nike Stella Trifena
Published: April 2021

Jamur entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana Bals sangat potensial mengendalikan berbagai serangga hama, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk pengendalian  hama penting  tanaman  padi dengan menggunakan jamur Beauveria bassiana Bals di Desa Sebuntal Kecamatan Marang Kayu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. Adapun tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi  hama serangga penting yang terdapat di lahan sawah  Desa Sebuntal Kecamatan Marangkayu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Provinsi Kalimantan Timur dan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi  Beauveria bassiana Bals.yang efektif dalam mengendalikan intensitas serangan hama penting pada tanaman padi sawah (Oryza sativa L.). Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), terdiri dari lima perlakuan yaitu dengan konsentrasi B0 = (kontrol), B1 = 5 ml/liter, B2 = 10 ml/liter, B3 = 15 ml/liter, dan B4 = 20 ml/liter. masing-masing perlakuan diulang 4 kali, Perlakuan Beauveria bassiana diaplikasikan pada umur 2 minggu setelah tanam, 3 minggu setelah tanam, 4 minggu setelah tanam,  5 minggu setelah tanam, 6 minggu setelah tanam, 7 minggu setelah tanam, 8 minggu setelah tanam, 9 minggu setelah tanam, 10 minggu setelah tanam, 11 minggu setelah tanam dan 12  minggu setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan  bahwa ada  3 (tiga) hama serangga penting yang teridentifikasi yang terdapat di lahan sawah  Desa Sebuntal Kecamatan Marangkayu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, yaitu: hama Putih Palsu (Chanaphalocrosis medinalis) pada fase vegetatif, penggerek batang (tryporiza sp.) pada fase generatif (beluk) dan hama walang sangit (Leptocorixa acuta) pada fase generatif  dan konsentrasi yang efektif dalam mengendalikan hama pada tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L.) adalah 15 ml/L.
ANALISIS BEBAN KERJA PADA AREA TEMPAT PENIMBUNAN KAYU(TPK) KPH MALANG
Authors: Darianto Tatag Mutaqin Galit Gatut Prakosa
Published: April 2021

Beban kerja merupakan suatu tuntutan pekerjaan yang harus diselesaikan oleh seorang pegawai dalam waktu tertentu, setiap pegawai memiliki beban kerja masing masing tergantung penempatan dan juga posisi pekerja. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui beban kerja di areal TPK saat pemanenan dan tidak ada pemanenan kemudian menganaisis beban kerja.Penelitian ini dilakukan di TPK Rejosari kecamatan Pagak, TPKH Dengkol kecamatan Jabung dan TPK karangan kecamatan Karangploso kabupaten Malang. Pengambilan data dilakukan sebanyak 5 kali saat pemanenan untuk mengetahui rata-rata beban kerja dan 1 kali saat tidak ada kegiatan pemanenan. Pengambilan data dilakuakan mengguanakn metode perhitungan beban kerja menurut kementrian ketenagakerjaan tahun 2016. Rata-rata pemanenan di TPK Rejosari sebesar 23714,2 detik. Rata-rata beban kerja saat pemanenan di TPKH Dengkol yaitu sebesar 82963,2 detik. Perbedaan beban kerja saat pemanenan sangat tinggi antara TPK Rejosari dan TPKH Dengkol dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan faktor external seperti, faktor internal yang mempengaruhi yaitu penempatan pegawai yang tidak sesuai di TPKH Dengkol sehingga membuat penyelesaian pekerjaan lama. Faktor eksternal yang mempengaruhi antara lain kecepatan internet yang kurang memadai di TPKH Dengkol sehingga membuat pekerjaan upload data kayu lambat, serta jumlah pekerja lepas yang berbeda membuat kegiatan penaikan kayu dan pengkaplingan kayu lama. Beban kerja saat tidak ada pemanena disetiap TPK memiliki nilai yang sama yaitu sebesar 100800 detik. Persamaan beban kerja tersebut terjadi karena kegiatan yang dilakukan pekerja sama dan waktu kerja yang sama.
Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Pengembangan Kelapa Babasal (Cocos nucifera) Di Kecamatan Batui Kabupaten Banggai
Authors: Katili Hidayat Arismunandar
Published: April 2021

Evaluation of Land Suitability for the Development of Babasal Coconut (Cocos nucifera) in Batui District, Banggai Regency. This study aims to determine land suitability and limiting factors as well as processing efforts in the development of Babasal Coconut (Coconus nucifera) in Batui District. This study lasted for 3 months (July-September 2020) using the parametric approach method of Khiddir's (1986) square root land index. The results showed that the actual land suitability class in Batui District SPL 1, SPL 2, SPL 3, SPL 4, SPL 5, SPL 6, SPL 7, SPL 8, SPL 9 were S3 (marginal) while the limiting factors were texture, slope, flood hazard and N-total. Furthermore, for improvement efforts are moderate to high level management by fertilizing, making terraces, planting parallel to contours, planting ground covers, constructing embankments and constructing drainage channels. The allocation direction for Babasal coconut (Coconus nucifera) development in Batui District with potential suitability class SPL 3 is classified as S1 criteria (very suitable) with an area (3731.16 ha). Furthermore, at SPL 1, SPL 2, SPL 4, SPL 5, SPL 6, SPL 7, SPL 8 and SPL 9 with S3 criteria (marginal) with an area (21288.21 ha) while the limiting factor for potential land suitability in Batui District is the texture content criteria are rather rough and cannot be repaired
Rapid Survei Keanekaragaman Hayati Status Konservasi Permen LHK (P.106/2018) dan IUCN di areal Nilai Konservasi Tinggi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit
Authors: Nasution Erwin Dafis , Fatah Hairul
Published: April 2021

Adanya kawasan nilai konservasi tinggi (NKT) di dalam areal perkebunan menjadi syarat wajib bagi perkebunan kelapa sawit berkelanjutan yang memiliki sertifikat RSPO ataupun ISPO. Penelitian ini penting untuk di lakukan karena, sampai saat ini kajian mengenai keanekaragaman makhluk hidup di kawasan NKT perkebunan kelapa sawit masih sangat kurang.. Penelitian ini di lakukan pada bulan Oktober 2020 di PT. RHS, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Data yang di kumpulkan berupa keragaman tumbuhan (Flora) dan lima jenis hewan (Fauna)  yaitu hewan Mamalia, Reptil, Aves, Amfibi dan Pisces. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status konservasi keragaman makhluk hidup di kawasan Nilai Konservasi Tinggi di perkebunan Kelapa Sawit menurut status konservasi KemLHK No. 106 tahun 2018 dan IUCN (International Union for Conservation and Natural Resources). Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu melalui pengamatan secara langsung untuk keragaman binatang dengan teknik Total Count, Tabel 10 Jenis dan tangkapan Kamera Trap sedangkan untuk keragaman tumbuhan di lakukan dengan teknik plot segi empat 20 x 100 meter. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 14 Jenis Mamalia, 1 Reptil, 24 Burung dan 11 Jenis tumbuhan yang termasuk ke dalam status perlindungan menurut KemLHK No. 106 tahun 2018. Sedangkan menurut status konservasi IUCN terdapat 2 jenis mamalia dan 3 jenis tumbuhan yang termasuk kategori kritis (CR); 2 jenis Mamalia, 2 jenis Reptil dan 2 jenis tumbuhan yang termasuk kategori terancam punah (EN); 9 jenis mamalia, 2 jenis reptil dan 8 jenis tumbuhan yang termasuk kategori terancam punah (VU); 17 jenis burung dan 2 jenis ikan yang termasuk dalam kategori hampir terancam punah (NT).
BERAT ALANYALI’NIN BOZKIR GECESİNDE BİR TREN ADLI ESERİNE TEMATİK AÇIDAN GENEL BİR BAKIŞ
Authors: YALNIZ Buşra , GEZER Alpay
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışmada öykü türüyle eserler veren Berat Alanyalı’nın Bozkır Gecesinde Bir Tren adlı kitabı tematik açıdan incelenecektir. Çalışmanın amacı, Alanyalı’nın Bozkır Gecesinde Bir Tren adlı eserini tanıtmaktır. Çalışmamızda öncelikle öykü ve küçürek öykü türüne değinilecek, sonrasında Alanyalı’nın inceleme konusu olan eserinin değerlendirmesine yer verilecektir. Öykü, Berat Alanyalı’nın duygularını ve düşüncelerini derinden sunduğu bir türdür. Yazar duygularını sunarken duru, akıcı ve canlı üslubuyla da eserlerini daha etkileyici hâle getirmiştir. Tema yönünden zengin bir kitap olan Bozkır Gecesinde Bir Tren’de umut, yalnızlık, özlem ele alınan birkaç temadan biridir. Öykülerinde farklı türdeki anlatım tekniklerinden de faydalanan yazar eserini bu teknikler sayesinde tekdüzelikten uzaklaştırmıştır. Eserindeki kahramanların birçoğunu kadınlardan seçen Alanyalı, hayatın farklı yönlerini bu kadınlar üzerinden anlatmayı tercih etmiştir. Kişilerini tek boyutlu ele almamış ve her kesimden insanın hayatını da eserine konu etmiştir. Etkileyici bir anlatıma sahip olan kitapta metaforlar da kendini göstermektedir.
Does the Owl Creek fault zone of north-central Wyoming extend to the Black Hills of South Dakota? Implications for basement architecture of the Wyoming Province
Authors: Bader Jeffrey W.
Published: April 2021

The North Owl Creek fault is an E–W-striking, basement-rooted Laramide structure located in the Owl Creek Mountains of north-central Wyoming that likely has Precambrian origins. It is defined by a rectilinear zone of deformation that extends eastward into the subsurface where it is postulated to intersect the Kaycee fault zone of the western Powder River Basin, and perhaps extends into western South Dakota along the Dewey fault zone. Several localized basement-rooted wrench zones have been identified in the foreland of the North American Cordillera; however, identification of more regional zones has been minimal. The presence of larger fault zones that cut nearly the entire Archean basement across the Wyoming Province has implications for Precambrian plate tectonics and structural inheritance in foreland basins such as the Powder River. This paper presents results of a structural analysis that tests this hypothesis.
New age constraints on the Late Cretaceous lower Williams Fork Formation, Coal Canyon, Colorado
Authors: Walker Jordan T. , Aslan Andres , Cole Rex D. , Heizler Michael T.
Published: April 2021

The precise age of terrestrial sediments in the Late Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation of western Colorado is poorly constrained due to a paucity of radiometric data. Sanidine and zircon dating of a volcanic ash encased in coal (i.e., the Coal Canyon ash) within the Cameo-Wheeler coal zone of the lower Williams Fork Formation in Coal Canyon, Colorado provides an important new age constraint for the southwestern Piceance Basin. A 10-30 cm thick, light gray, clayey mudstone encased in coal was sampled for both zircon U-Pb and sanidine 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The presence of numerous euhedral zircon crystals, a lenticular geometry, and a clayey texture suggest that the mudstone is a minimally reworked and slightly altered volcanic ash. Analysis of the euhedral zircon crystals (n=108) in the ash produced a statistically robust U-Pb date with 93 grains yielding a weighed mean age of 74.52 ±0.11 Ma (1σ analytical uncertainty). 40Ar/39Ar sanidine analyses yielded a younger weighted mean age of 73.10 ±0.12 Ma (1σ analytical uncertainty) based on 6 of the 36 grains analyzed. Our preferred age is given by the weighted mean age of the sanidine as it is based on higher precision analyses that can better discriminate older inherited grains that are likely included in the zircon mean-age calculation. Isotopic data for the Coal Canyon ash overlap in age with a K-Ar date of 72.5 ±5.1 Ma for a widespread Williams Fork Formation tonstein, known as the Yampa Bed, found in coal-bearing outcrops and mine workings throughout the northern Piceance and Sand Wash basins and Axial Basin Uplift. Based on the similarity in isotopic age, sedimentologic context and stratigraphic position, we suggest that the Coal Canyon ash and the regionally extensive Yampa Bed are coeval. Additionally, this correlation corroborates that the Cameo-Wheeler coal zone of the Williams Fork Formation in the southwestern Piceance Basin is correlative with the Middle coal zone of the Danforth Hills and Yampa regions. Lastly, this proposed correlation may suggest that the Coal Canyon ash, like the Yampa Bed, correlates with the Baculites reesidei ammonite zone, which is associated regionally with a bentonite dated to 72.94 ±0.45 Ma. Detrital sanidine geochronology of two lower Williams Fork sandstone units that overly the Coal Canyon ash did not produce grains younger than the ash and thus do not quantitatively improve the chronostratigraphy of these specific units. Lastly, the Coal Canyon ash date serves as a basis for future evaluations of the diachroneity of non-marine strata of the Williams Fork Formation.