bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel ANO5 mutations causing hyper‐CK‐emia, limb girdle muscular weakness and miyoshi type of muscular dystrophy
Authors: Schessl Joachim , Kress Wolfram , Schoser Benedikt
Published: January 2012

Introduction:

Mutations in the anoctamin 5 gene (ANO5) have been recently identified.They cause limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2L) and Miyoshi muscular dystrophy.

Methods:

Clinical findings of four unrelated patients are reviewed. Mutation detection was performed by direct sequencing of the ANO5 exons.

Results:

We identified four novel mutations in the ANO5 gene. In one patient, a novel homozygous mutation (c.1965G>C). In three patients, the recurrent heterozygous exon 5 c.191dupA mutation is combined with other variants to form a compound heterozygous state: in two cases, novel splice site mutations in intron 5 (c.295‐1G>A) and in intron 14 (c.1407+5G>A), and in one case, a novel missense mutation in exon 4 (c.172C>T).

Conclusions:

The cases reported here should help to better understand the important role of mutation screening in the ANO5 gene in patients with adult onset muscular dystrophy and very high CK levels. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Factors relating to gender specificity of unloading‐induced declines in strength
Authors: Deschenes Michael R. , Mccoy Raymond W. , Mangis Katherine A.
Published: January 2012

Introduction: This investigation aimed to: (1) confirm whether women were more vulnerable to the negative neuromuscular adaptations elicited by muscle unloading and if so, (2) determine which physiological mechanism(s) explain those gender‐related differences. Methods: Healthy young men (20.7 ± 0.3 years) and women (20.3 ± 0.3 years)—(N = 12/group)—participated by completing neuromuscular functional tests before and after 7 days of unloading. Results: During isokinetic testing of peak torque, work performed, and power, women displayed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater declines in performance than men at 1.05 and 2.09, but not 0.53 rads/s. During maximal isometric contractions, women experienced greater strength decrements. Similar gender‐specific adaptations to unloading were found in EMG activity, but not muscle mass, neuromuscular transmission, or force relative to EMG. Conclusions: Women are more susceptible to the adaptations of muscle unloading, and disturbances in neural drive from the central nervous system are probably responsible. Muscle Nerve 46: 210–217, 2012
Myasthenia gravis: Sleep quality, quality of life, and disease severity
Authors: Martínez‐Lapiscina Elena Hernández , Erro María Elena , Ayuso Teresa , Jericó Ivonne
Published: January 2012

Introduction: There is much research on quality of life in myasthenia gravis (MG), and its relationship to disease severity is well‐established. However, evidence regarding sleep disturbance in MG is inconclusive. Methods: To evaluate sleep and quality of life among clinically stable MG patients, 54 subjects were investigated by means of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and 15‐Item‐Quality‐Of‐Life Instrument for MG (MG‐QOL15). Results: A pathological PSQI score, which was observed in 59% of patients, was increased in subjects with active disease compared with patients in clinical remission [odds ratio = 4.3; confidence interval 95% (1.0–17.6); P = 0.04]. We found a relationship between PSQI and MG‐QOL15 scores in patients with clinically active disease (r = 0.62; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study highlights the high prevalence of sleep disturbance among MG patients. Disease severity may be considered to be a MG‐specific risk factor for patient‐reported sleep disturbance. The MG‐QOL15 and PSQI should be used to estimate the impact of the disease on sleep and quality of life. Muscle Nerve 46: 174–180, 2012
Surface EMG crosstalk during phasic involuntary muscle activation in the nociceptive withdrawal reflex
Authors: Frahm Ken S. , Jensen Michael B. , Farina Dario , Andersen Ole K.
Published: January 2012

The human nociceptive withdrawal reflex is typically assessed using surface electromyography (sEMG). Based on sEMG, the reflex receptive field (RRF) can be mapped. However, EMG crosstalk can cause erroneous results in the RRF determination. Single differential (SD) vs. double differential (DD) surface EMG were evaluated. Different electrode areas and inter‐electrode‐distances (IED) were evaluated. The reflexes were elicited by electrical stimulation of the sole of the foot. EMG was obtained from both tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL) using both surface and intramuscular EMG (iEMG). The amount of crosstalk was significantly higher in SD recordings than in DD recordings (P < 0.05). Crosstalk increased when electrode measuring area increased (P < 0.05) and when IED increased (P < 0.05). Reflex detection sensitivity decreases with increasing measuring area and increasing IED. These results stress that for determination of RRF and similar tasks, DD recordings should be applied. Muscle Nerve 46: 228–236, 2012
Evolution of excess electron binding motifs under both internal‐push (from exo C–F bonds) and external‐push (from endo C–F bonds) electron effects in endohedral metallofullerenes with endo C–F bonds
Authors: Wang Yin‐Feng , Wang Qing , Li Zhuo , Li Zhi‐Ru , Huang Jiangen , Liu Jiuhui , Zhou Guangpei
Published: January 2012

How does the endo C–F bond influence the excess electron binding motif? For lithium‐doped endohedral perfluorofullerenes with endo C–F bonds, under both internal‐push (from exo C–F bonds) and external‐push (from endo C–F bonds) electron effects, the singly occupied molecular orbital electron cloud of the sphere‐like Li···F8@C60F52 (D2) is partially dispersed within the σp–s antibonding orbital of endo C–F bonds and the space between Cδ+–Fendoδ– double electric layers, which makes Li···F8@C60F52 have partial excess electron (electride characteristics) and partial lithium salt characteristics, while in the tube‐like Li···F2@C60F58 (Cs), as the Li is changing from approaching F to keeping away from F and to approaching another one, the singly occupied molecular orbital electron cloud is mainly dispersed from within the p orbital of the short endo C–F bond to within the middle of the two F atoms and again to within the p orbital of the short endo C–F bond, which indicates an evolution from lithium salt characteristic to excess electron characteristic, and again to lithium salt characteristic. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aconitum C20‐diterpenoid Alkaloid Derivatives Regulate the Growth and Differentiation of Cord Blood Derived Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells
Authors: Hazawa Masaharu , Wada Koji , Kashiwakura Ikuo
Published: January 2012

The pharmacological activity of Aconitum alkaloids depends on their fundamental structure. While C19‐norditerpenoid alkaloids present significant toxicity to the central nervous system, C20‐diterpenoid alkaloids have reduced toxicities. However, there is little information regarding the precise pharmacological properties of C20‐diterpenoid alkaloids. C20‐diterpenoid alkaloid derivatives have explicit structure–activity relationships targeting various tumor cells, which depend on the C11‐substrate. However, the present study showed that C6‐derivatives additively or synergistically sustained proliferation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from the placental/umbilical cord blood. It revealed that identical structures belonging to C20‐diterpenoid alkaloids surprisingly have opposing proliferative effects depending on the derivatization sites (C6 versus C11). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase synchronization between stratospheric and tropospheric quasi‐biennial and semi‐annual oscillations
Authors: Read P. L. , Castrejón‐Pita A. A.
Published: January 2012

A combination of singular systems analysis and analytic phase techniques are used to investigate the possible occurrence in observations of coherent synchronization between quasi‐biennial and semi‐annual oscillations (QBOs; SAOs) in the stratosphere and troposphere. Time series of zonal mean zonal winds near the Equator are analysed from the ERA‐40 and ERA‐interim reanalysis datasets over a ∼ 50‐year period. In the stratosphere, the QBO is found to synchronize with the SAO almost all the time, but with a frequency ratio that changes erratically between 4:1, 5:1 and 6:1. A similar variable synchronization is also evident in the tropical troposphere between semi‐annual and quasi‐biennial cycles (known as TBOs). Mean zonal winds from ERA‐40 and ERA‐interim, and also time series of indices for the Indian and West Pacific monsoons, are commonly found to exhibit synchronization, with SAO/TBO ratios that vary between 4:1 and 7:1. Coherent synchronization between the QBO and tropical TBO does not appear to persist for long intervals, however. This suggests that both the QBO and tropical TBOs may be separately synchronized to SAOs that are themselves enslaved to the seasonal cycle, or to the annual cycle itself. However, the QBO and TBOs are evidently only weakly coupled between themselves and are frequently found to lose mutual coherence when each changes its frequency ratio to its respective SAO. This suggests a need to revise a commonly cited paradigm that advocates the use of stratospheric QBO indices as a predictor for tropospheric phenomena such as monsoons and hurricanes. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Impact of limited oxidation on protein ion mobility and structure of importance to footprinting by radical probe mass spectrometry
Authors: Downard Kevin M. , Maleknia Simin D. , Akashi Satoko
Published: January 2012

The effect of hydroxyl radical induced oxidation on the collision cross‐sections of hen egg lysozyme and bovine ubiquitin was investigated by travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry for the first time. The oxidized ions of lysozyme and ubiquitin share common collision cross‐sections with their unoxidized counterparts suggesting that they share common structures that were unaffected by limited oxidation. In the case of bovine ubiquitin, two distinct conformers were detected for the protein in its unoxidized and oxidized states though no change in the levels of each was observed upon oxidation. This supports the validity of Radical Probe Mass Spectrometry (RP‐MS) using an electrical discharge source for protein footprinting experiments. Travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry has been used for the first time to confirm that limited oxidation does not have an impact on the global structure of proteins. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Domain structures of single layer graphene imaged with conductive probe atomic force microscopy
Authors: Kwon Sangku , Chung H. J. , Seo Sunae , Park Jeong Young
Published: January 2012

We report nanoscale domain boundaries on single layer graphene probed with conductive probe atomic force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. Graphene was prepared using the inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition technique on a copper substrate. Current mapping revealed domains 50–100 nm in size on the single layer graphene. Stick slip images revealed a hexagonal structure of the graphene layer in the middle of the domain. The conductance on the domain boundary is lower than that inside the domain structure, which is associated with disorder on the boundary, while friction and adhesion measurements on the domain boundaries did not show any contrast. We found that the conductance contrast is prominent at high loads, suggesting the domain boundary plays a significant role in the charge transport properties of graphene under mechanical deformation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Methyl(perfluoroalkyl)Tellurium(II) Compounds, MeTeRf (Rf = CF3, C2F5), the Corresponding Tellurium(IV) Dihalides, MeTe(Rf)X2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I), and Bis(trifluoroacetates), MeTe(Rf)(OCOCF3)2
Authors: Tyrra Wieland , Naumann Dieter , Kremer Silke , Hermle Johannes , Treutlein Vanessa , Pantenburg Ingo , Fischer Hendrik T. M. , Scherer Harald
Published: January 2012

MeTeRf (Rf = CF3, C2F5) can easily be prepared via the reactions of methyl iodide and the corresponding tetramethylammonium perfluoroalkyltellurates(0), [NMe4]TeRf (Rf = CF3, C2F5). Both compounds are easily oxidized by xenon difluoride and the heavier halogens to yield the corresponding dihalides, MeTe(Rf)X2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and by ArI(OCOCF3)2 to give the corresponding trifluoroacetates, MeTe(Rf)(OCOCF3)2. All compounds are characterized byspectroscopic means. The molecular structures of MeTe(Rf)F2,MeTe(Rf)Cl2, MeTe(Rf)Br2, and of 4‐MeC6H4I(OCOCF3)2 were elucidated by XRD methods.
Detecting changes in forest floor habitat after canopy disturbance
Authors: White Peter J. T. , McGill Brian J. , Lechowicz Martin J.
Published: January 2012

A massive ice storm hit northeastern North America in 1998, dropping more than 100 mm of freezing rain at its epicenter in southern Quebec, Canada. There has been extensive study of which trees and areas received the most damage, but the biodiversity consequences of this damage at landscape scales have not received much attention. We assessed the effectiveness of seven remotely sensed vegetation indices—Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index, Difference Vegetation Index, Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index, Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index, Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Visible Atmospheric Resistant Index—for modeling the coarse woody debris (CWD) influx in an old growth forest reserve at the storm's epicenter; NDVI was the best predictor of CWD influx. We categorized the geospatial CWD predictions from the NDVI‐derived model to map the spatial distribution of sun‐exposed, moist‐shaded, dry‐shaded and wet CWD microhabitats on the forest floor. Moist‐shaded, dry‐shaded and wet patches of CWD were large and well connected, but sun‐exposed patches were small and sparse. Since these microhabitats affect the distribution and abundance of saproxylic insects, wood‐rotting fungi, salamanders, birds, small burrowing mammals and plant species dependent on nurse‐logs for establishment, the CWD influx from the 1998 ice storm may have revitalized local populations of these taxa through increased habitat availability as well as increased dispersal within the reserve.
Is whole-body vibration beneficial for seniors?
Authors: Lachance C. , Weir P. , Kenno K. , Horton S.
Published: January 2012

Normal aging processes result in losses of functional flexibility and muscular strength, which increase seniors’ fall risk and dependence on others. A relatively new intervention to reduce and/or reverse the adverse effects of aging is whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise. The purpose of this article is to review the established effects of WBV exercise exclusively with the aging population. A systematic search utilizing PubMed and Sport Discus databases uncovered journal articles specific to seniors and whole-body vibration. An extensive hand search supplemented the database results to find other relevant articles. Twenty-seven articles were obtained; all articles have been published in the past 8 years, reflecting the recent and growing interest in this area. Researchers have determined that WBV training can reduce fall risk and improve postural control in seniors. It has also been determined that WBV training can be as effective as conventional resistance training to improve seniors’ lower body strength. However, little is known about the effect of WBV exercise on flexibility and upper body strength in the aging population. More research is required to establish how effective WBV training is on these specific components and how it may affect seniors’ quality of life.
Aminolysis Reaction of Glycerol Carbonate in Organic and Hydroorganic Medium
Authors: Nohra Bassam , Candy Laure , Blanco Jean‐François , Raoul Yann , Mouloungui Zephirin
Published: January 2012

Aminolysis reaction of glycerol carbonate with primary amine in organic and hydroorganic media leads to the formation of two hydroxyurethane isomers and a partial decomposition of glycerol carbonate into glycerol. Aminolysis with a secondary amine promotes the condensation reaction and limits the formation of glycerol. The ratio of α versus β was determined by zgig 13C NMR. This technique permits computing the yield of α and β products in the medium. The quantity of glycerol was determined by GC analysis. The ratio of the isomers and the amount of glycerol depend on the amine and the solvent. Kinetic investigations reveal that, in hydroorganic medium, the more the alkyl chain of the amine increased, the less glycerol was formed. On the contrary, in organic medium, the alkyl chain of the amine does not play a major role in the formation of glycerol.
Bold Policies for Economic Justice
Authors: Darity William , Hamilton Darrick
Published: January 2012

The U.S. is characterized by a longstanding pattern of large structural racial inequality that deepens further as a result of economic downturn. Although there have been some improvements in the income gap up until around the mid 1970s, the employment gap, and the racial wealth gap - two dramatic indicators of economic security - remains exorbitant and stubbornly persistent. We offer two race-neutral programs that could go a long way towards eliminating racial inequality, while at the same time providing economic security, mobility and sustainability for all Americans. The first program, a federal job guarantee, would provide the economic security of a job and the removal of the threat of unemployment for all Americans. The second program, a substantial child development account that rises progressively based on the familial asset positioning of the child's parents, would provide a pathways towards asset security for all Americans regardless of their economic position at birth.
Prise en charge du priapisme à Dakar
Authors: Kane R. , Niang L. , Berthe H. , Ndiaye A. , Diao B. , Ndoye A. , Gueye S. M.
Published: January 2012

Objectif

Évaluer la prise en charge des patients présentant un priapisme.

Patients et méthodes

Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective sur quatre ans, du 1eraoût 2002 au 31 juillet 2006, portant sur 35 patients. Les cadres d’étude ont été les trois grands services d’urologie du Sénégal qui sont tous à Dakar. Les paramètres suivants ont été étudiés: l’âge, le temps d’évolution du priapisme, les données anamnestiques, le type hémodynamique du priapisme, les résultats du bilan paraclinique, le traitement chirurgical (la technique chirurgicale, la technique d’anesthésie), la durée d’hospitalisation, le traitement associé, les complications per- et postopératoires, les résultats immédiats et à long terme.

Résultats

L’âge moyen des patients était de 21,2 ans. Le groupe d’âge le plus représenté était celui de 20 à 30 ans. La majorité des patients (43 %) avaient une notion de drépanocytose connue. La plupart des patients (65 %) ont été pris en charge avant 24 heures d’évolution. Chez tous nos patients, le priapisme était de bas débit. Dans 50 % des cas, les patients drépanocytaires avaient une forme SS. Dans près de la moitié des cas (62 %), la technique d’anesthésie choisie a été le bloc pénien. La ponction des corps caverneux a été le moyen thérapeutique le plus utilisé (63 %). Aucune complication postopératoire majeure n’a été déplorée dans la prise en charge des patients dans notre série. Chez presque tous les patients (95 %), la détumescence durable a été notée le jour même du début du traitement ou le lendemain. Conclusion: Le priapisme, bien que rare en Afrique, est caractérisé par la prédominance de la drépanocytose comme étiologie et le délai particulièrement long de la prise en charge.
The Effects of Market Orientation, Technological Opportunism, and E-Business Adoption on Performance: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Authors: Voola Ranjit , Casimir Gian , Carlson Jamie , Anushree Agnihotri M.
Published: January 2012

Understanding the effective adoption of technological innovations, such as e-business, is arguably one of the key challenges facing organizations. The literature indicates that the relationship between firm capabilities and firm performance is mediated by the effects of the adopted innovation (e.g., e-business). However, the complementarity effects of capabilities on the adoption of innovation have received little attention. Drawing on the Resource Based View, this paper examines the complementarity between two firm-specific capabilities [i.e., Market Orientation (MO) and Technological Opportunism (TO)] with regard to e-business adoption (EBA) as well as the mediating effect of EBA on the capability-performance relationship. A moderated mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between MO and EBA is moderated by TO and that EBA partially mediates the effects of MO and TO on firm performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed regarding bundling capabilities and subsequent complementarity to increase causal ambiguity in order to increase both EBA and firm performance.
Descriptive Catalogues of the Manuscripts in the Libraries of some Cambridge Colleges
Authors: James Montague Rhodes
Published: January 2012

M. R. James (1862–1936) is probably best remembered as a writer of chilling ghost stories, but he was an outstanding scholar of medieval literature and palaeography, who served both as Provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and many of his stories reflect his academic background. His detailed descriptive catalogues of manuscripts owned by colleges, cathedrals and museums are still of value to scholars today. James' catalogues of the manuscript holdings of eight Cambridge colleges (Clare, Trinity Hall, Magdalene, King's, Queens', St Catharine's, Christ's and Sidney Sussex) are bound together in this volume, which will be welcomed by librarians and researchers alike.
Tiryns
Authors: Schliemann Heinrich
Published: January 2012

Heinrich Schliemann (1822–1890) was a businessman and self-taught archaeologist who is best known for discovering the legendary city of Troy. Inspired by his belief in the veracity of the Homeric poems, Schliemann turned his attention to uncovering other cities mentioned in the Iliad. This volume provides an account in English of his excavations in 1884–1885 at Tiryns, a major Bronze Age city and centre of Mycenaean civilisation. These revealed a palace complex at the site, which was the most complete example of its kind until Evans' excavation of Knossos; examples of Minoan art found at Tiryns were the first demonstration of Mycenaean contact with the Minoan culture of Crete. The topography and history of the site and its artefacts are described, together with detailed discussion of the palace, and a description of Schliemann's controversial excavation methods. This volume remains an important source for the historiography of archaeology.
William Carlos Williams and Alterity
Authors: Ahearn Barry
Published: January 2012

Many critics have noticed the paradoxes and contradictions in the work of William Carlos Williams, but few have analysed them in detail. Professor Ahearn argues that Williams criticism has not gone far enough in recognizing the uses Williams saw for contradiction. He contends that Williams began to acquire his own voice as a poet when he recognized that he could be a vehicle for contending voices. His reading departs from previous examinations of the early poetry in the emphasis it places on the poems as expressions of Williams's personal struggles with himself, his parents, his domestic role and his social position. We find a Williams whose contribution to modernism came not through a radical break with tradition or a rejection of inherited poetic norms alone, but rather in a cultivation of tension, conflict, and a kind of poetic 'crisis' that could be held forth as the metier of the modernist writer. The reconciliation of things as old as civilization itself with the newest form of poetry, Ahearn argues is the principal theme of Williams early poetic practice.
Women in the Soviet Countryside
Authors: Bridger Susan
Published: January 2012

Research on women's roles in rural development has found that women's contribution to the rural economy is commonly underestimated and that women may find it difficult to benefit from the development process. Within this context, this book looks at the Soviet experience of development as reflected in the lives of rural women. It attempts to analyse the gains made and the problems still faced by rural women in a country where development policies have been accompanied by a formal commitment to sexual equality. In its introduction, the book briefly outlines the impact on rural women of social, economic and political change in the countryside from the revolution to 1960. It then goes on to examine in depth changes in the role and status of women in the Soviet countryside.
Intimacy and Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare
Authors: Bromley James M.
Published: January 2012

James Bromley argues that Renaissance texts circulate knowledge about a variety of non-standard sexual practices and intimate life narratives, including non-monogamy, anal eroticism, masochism and cross-racial female homoeroticism. Rethinking current assumptions about intimacy in Renaissance drama, poetry and prose, the book blends historicized and queer approaches to embodiment, narrative and temporality. An important contribution to Renaissance literary studies, queer theory and the history of sexuality, the book demonstrates the relevance of Renaissance literature to today. Through close readings of William Shakespeare's 'problem comedies', Christopher Marlowe's Hero and Leander, plays by Beaumont and Fletcher, Thomas Middleton's The Nice Valour and Lady Mary Wroth's sonnet sequence Pamphilia to Amphilanthus and her prose romance The Urania, Bromley re-evaluates notions of the centrality of deep, abiding affection in Renaissance culture and challenges our own investment in a narrowly defined intimate sphere.
Jewry in Music
Authors: Conway David
Published: January 2012

David Conway analyses why and how Jews, virtually absent from Western art music until the end of the eighteenth century, came to be represented in all branches of the profession within fifty years as leading figures – not only as composers and performers, but as publishers, impresarios and critics. His study places this process in the context of dynamic economic, political, sociological and technological changes and also of developments in Jewish communities and the Jewish religion itself, in the major cultural centres of Western Europe. Beginning with a review of attitudes to Jews in the arts and an assessment of Jewish music and musical skills, in the age of the Enlightenment, Conway traces the story of growing Jewish involvement with music through the biographies of the famous, the neglected and the forgotten, leading to a new and radical contextualisation of Wagner's infamous 'Judaism in Music'.
A Historical and Descriptive Narrative of Twenty Years' Residence in South America
Authors: Stevenson W. B.
Published: January 2012

In 1804 when W. B. Stevenson (fl. 1803–25) arrived on the small island of Mocha, just off the coast of South America, he stepped onto a continent on the brink of mass revolution. Over the next twenty years, he had an extraordinary range of experiences: as a traveller, a Spanish government official, a prisoner, and as secretary to an ex-Royal Navy admiral turned revolutionary. In this three-volume work, published in 1825, Stevenson gives a dramatic, fascinating account of life and society in South America as it began to break free from Spanish colonial rule. Volume 3 focuses on the revolutions and uprisings Stevenson witnessed in Colombia, Peru and Chile, as well as his time as secretary to Lord Cochrane, the former admiral who fought on the side of the rebels.
Charles Kingsley, his Letters and Memories of his Life
Authors: Kingsley Charles
Published: January 2012

Charles Kingsley (1819–75) is best remembered today as the author of the children's morality tale The Water Babies. This biography, written by his wife and published in 1877, draws on his letters to describe a man who saw his faith as being central to his life not only as an Anglican priest, but also as a historian, novelist and supporter of social reform. The two-volume work gives insights into the concerns and preoccupations of the intellectual classes of the mid-Victorian period. In Volume 2, Fanny Kingsley gives passionate support to her husband in the notorious controversy with J. H. Newman, provoked by an article in Macmillan's Magazine. Also included is an account of a tour of France, and letters in support of women's suffrage. In summing up his life, his wife writes, 'Many of his dreams - social, sanitary, and others - improbable as they seemed at the time, have been realised …'.
How Groups Grow
Authors: Mann Avinoam
Published: January 2012

Growth of groups is an innovative new branch of group theory. This is the first book to introduce the subject from scratch. It begins with basic definitions and culminates in the seminal results of Gromov and Grigorchuk and more. The proof of Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth is given in full, with the theory of asymptotic cones developed on the way. Grigorchuk's first and general groups are described, as well as the proof that they have intermediate growth, with explicit bounds, and their relationship to automorphisms of regular trees and finite automata. Also discussed are generating functions, groups of polynomial growth of low degrees, infinitely generated groups of local polynomial growth, the relation of intermediate growth to amenability and residual finiteness, and conjugacy class growth. This book is valuable reading for researchers, from graduate students onward, working in contemporary group theory.
Asymmetric travelling waves in a square duct
Authors: Okino Shinya , Nagata Masato
Published: January 2012

Two types of asymmetric solutions are found numerically in square-duct flow. They emerge through a symmetry-breaking bifurcation from the mirror-symmetric solutions discovered by Okino et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 657, 2010, pp. 413–429). One of them is characterized by a pair of streamwise vortices and a low-speed streak localized near one of the sidewalls and retains the shift-and-reflect symmetry. The bifurcation nature as well as the flow structure of the solution show striking resemblance to those of the asymmetric solution in pipe flow found by Pringle & Kerswell (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 99, 2007, A074502), despite the geometrical difference between their cross-sections. The solution seems to be embedded in the edge state of square-duct flow identified by Biau & Bottaro (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 367, 2009, pp. 529–544). The other solution deviates slightly from the mirror-symmetric solution from which it bifurcates: the shift-and-rotate symmetry is retained but the mirror symmetry is broken.
Imagining Asia in India: Nationalism and Internationalism (ca. 1905–1940)
Authors: Stolte Carolien , Fischer-Tiné Harald
Published: January 2012

Asianisms, that is, discourses and ideologies claiming that Asia can be defined and understood as a homogenous space with shared and clearly defined characteristics, have become the subject of increased scholarly attention over the last two decades. The focal points of interest, however, are generally East Asian varieties of regionalism. That “the cult of Asianism” has played an important role on the Indian subcontinent, too—as is evident from the quote above—is less understood. Aside from two descriptive monographs dating back to the 1970s, there has been relatively little scholarly engagement with this phenomenon. In this article, we would like to offer an overview of several distinct concepts of Asia and pan-Asian designs, which featured prominently in both political and civil society debates in India during the struggle for Independence. Considering the abundance of initiatives for Asian unification, and, in a more abstract sense, discourses on Asian identity, what follows here is necessarily a selection of discourses, three of which will be subjected to critical analysis, with the following questions in mind:

•

What were the concrete motives of regional—in this case Indian—actors to appropriate the concept of Asianism? Is the popularity of supranational frames of reference solely to be explained as an affirmation of a distinctive identity vis-à-vis the imagined powerful West, or are there other motives to be found?

•

What were the results of these processes of appropriation, and how were these manifested politically and culturally?

•

What tensions resulted from the simultaneous existence of various nationalisms in Asia on the one hand and macro-nationalistic pan-Asianism on the other?
Scientific Patriotism: Medical Science and National Self-Fashioning in Southeast Asia
Authors: Anderson Warwick , Pols Hans
Published: January 2012

Physicians and scientists dominated the first generation of nationalists in at least three East Asian colonies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: the Philippines under the Spanish and United States' regimes, the Dutch East Indies, and the Japanese territory of Taiwan. There is substantial evidence that, in each place, decolonization was yoked to scientific progress—not only in a practical sense, but symbolically too. The first generation to receive training in biological science and to become socialized as professionals used this education to imagine itself as eminently modern, progressive, and cosmopolitan. Their training gave them special authority in deploying organic metaphors of society and state, and made them deft in finding allegories of the human body and the body politic. These scientists and physicians saw themselves as representing universal laws, advancing natural knowledge, and engaging as equals with colleagues in Europe, Japan, and North America. Science gave them a new platform for communication. In the British Empire, for example in India and Malaya, medical science also proved influential, though it seems lawyers cognizant of precedent and tradition more often dominated decolonization movements. This essay will examine how scientific training shaped anti-colonialism and nationalism in the Philippines and the East Indies, concluding with a brief comparison of the situation in Taiwan.
GERMINATION OF UNTREATED AND PRIMED SEEDS IN RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUSVAROLEIFERADEL.) UNDER SALINITY AND LOW MATRIC POTENTIAL
Authors: PACE ROBERTA , BENINCASA PAOLO , GHANEM MICHEL EDMOND , QUINET MURIEL , LUTTS STANLEY
Published: January 2012

Salt (NaCl) and matric stress (polyethylene glycol; PEG 6000) impacts on germination were analysed in two rapeseed (Brassica napusvaroleiferaDel.) cultivars (Exagone: salt and water stress tolerant; Toccata: salt and water stress sensitive), which had the same imbibition kinetics when incubated in distilled water. Final germination percentage (G) and time to reach 50% G (T50) were affected either by 325 mM NaCl or −0.9 MPa PEG in Toccata but not in Exagone. Cultivars did not differ for protein concentration and protease activity in any germination condition; thus, protein metabolism seems not to be implicated in response to stress. Hydroxurea and cytochalasine-D inhibited germination in Toccata exposed to −0.9 MPa PEG but not in Exagone, suggesting that Exagone tolerance could be due to a lower amount of damaged DNA and lower requirement for DNA replication due to cell elongation rather than cell division for radicle elongation. Soluble sugars concentration increased in salt-stressed seeds from Exagone more than in Toccata and this could have allowed osmotic adjustment and therefore cell elongation despite the presence of external NaCl. Priming treatments with gibberellic acid, kinetin, NaCl and PEG hastened seed germination under control conditions but had no effect or even negative effects on germination under both salt and matric stresses.
The gift of blood and some international aspects of blood transfusion
Authors: Hantchef Z. S.
Published: January 2012

Mention of blood transfusion is to be found from the very beginning of medicine. In fact, tradition has it that Aesculapius used venous blood for therapeutic ends. Pythagoras, and later Ovid, tell of the miraculous results obtained from the practice of transfusion. There is the widely known primitive custom, still practised in Europe less than five centuries ago, which consisted of drinking the blood of one's adversary in order to acquire his virtues.
Axisymmetric gravity currents in a rotating system: experimental and numerical investigations
Authors: HALLWORTH MARK A. , HUPPERT HERBERT E. , UNGARISH MARIUS
Published: January 2012

The propagation at high Reynolds number of a heavy, axisymmetric gravity current
of given initial volume over a horizontal boundary is considered in both rotating
and non-rotating situations. The investigation combines experiments with theoretical
predictions by both shallow-water approximations and numerical solutions of the
full axisymmetric equations. Attention is focused on cases when the initial ratio
of Coriolis to inertia forces is small. The experiments were performed by quickly
releasing a known cylindrical volume of dense salt water of 2 m diameter at the centre
of a circular tank of diameter 13 m containing fresh ambient water of typical depth
80 cm. The propagation of the current was recorded for different initial values of
the salt concentration, the volume of released fluid, the ratio of the initial height of
the current to the ambient depth, and the rate of rotation. A major feature of the
rotating currents was the attainment of a maximum radius of propagation. Thereafter
a contraction–relaxation motion of the body of fluid and a regular series of outwardly
propagating pulses was observed. The frequency of these pulses is slightly higher than
inertial, and the amplitude is of the order of magnitude of half the maximum radius.
Theoretical predictions of the corresponding gravity currents were also obtained by
(i) previously developed shallow-water approximations (Ungarish & Huppert 1998)
and (ii) a specially developed finite-difference code based on the full axisymmetric
Navier–Stokes equations. The ‘numerical experiments’ provided by this code are
needed to capture details of the flow field (such as the non-smooth shape of the
interface, the vertical dependence of the velocity field) which are not reproduced by
the shallow-water model and are very difficult for, or outside the range of, accurate
experimental measurement. The comparisons and discussion provide insight into the
flow field and indicate the advantages and limitations of the verified simulation tools.
Sand ripples under sea waves. Part 4. Tile ripple formation
Authors: ROOS P. C. , BLONDEAUX P.
Published: January 2012

We investigate the formation of small-scale three-dimensional bedforms due to interactions
of an erodible bed with a sea wave that obliquely approaches the coast,
being partially reflected at the beach. In this case the trajectories of fluid particles at
the top of the bottom boundary layer are ellipses in the horizontal plane, the axes
of which depend on the angle of wave incidence and the distance from the shore. A
weakly nonlinear stability analysis of an initially flat, cohesionless, sandy bottom is
performed. We focus on the resonant interaction of three perturbation components.
The results show that these elliptical forcing conditions are responsible for the formation
of both brick-pattern ripples and tile ripples. In particular tile ripples are
associated with a flow at the top of the bottom boundary layer which is near-circular
(ellipticity close to one), whereas brick-pattern ripples are related to a unidirectional
oscillatory flow (zero ellipticity).
Digenean metacercariae of fishes from the lagoon flats of Palmyra Atoll, Eastern Indo-Pacific
Authors: Vidal-Martínez V.M. , Aguirre-Macedo M.L. , McLaughlin J.P. , Hechinger R.F. , Jaramillo A.G. , Shaw J.C. , James A.K. , Kuris A.M. , Lafferty K.D.
Published: January 2012

Although many studies on the taxonomy of digenean trematodes of marine fishes have been completed in the Eastern Indo-Pacific (EIP) marine ecoregion, only a few have considered metacercarial stages. Here, the results are presented of a taxonomic survey of the digenean metacercariae of fishes from Palmyra Atoll, a remote and relatively pristine US National Wildlife Refuge located 1680 km SSW of Hawaii. Up to 425 individual fish were collected, comprising 42 fish species, from the sand flats bordering the lagoon of the atoll. Quantitative parasitological examinations of each fish were performed. Morphological descriptions of the encountered digenean metacercariae are provided, together with their prevalence, mean intensities, host and tissue-use. Up to 33,964 individuals were recovered representing 19 digenean metacercaria species from eight families. The species composition of digeneans in lagoon fishes at Palmyra Atoll is a subset of what has previously been reported for the EIP. Further, the large diversity and abundance of metacercariae reported in this study highlight the utility of including this group in future ecological research in the EIP marine ecoregion.
Infection patterns ofParadollfusnema amphisbaenia(Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in a population ofAmphisbaena wuchereri(Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Minas Gerais state, south-eastern Brazil, and its relations with host size, sex and fat body mass
Authors: Filogonio R. , Toledo G.M. , Anjos L.A. , Rajão B. , Galdino C.A.B. , Nascimento L.B.
Published: January 2012

Specimens (n= 41) of the amphisbaenidAmphisbaena wuchereritaken from a population in Minas Gerais state, south-eastern Brazil, were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. A single nematode species was found,Paradollfusnema amphisbaenia. This was a new host record for this nematode species. This parasite was encountered in the large intestine (prevalence of 100%), in the stomach (prevalence of 2%) and in the small intestine (prevalence of 7.3%). The intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 457 individual parasites per host and was positively correlated with body size of both male and female amphisbaenians. The discrepancy index (D) indicated thatP. amphisbaeniatended to an even distribution in this host population. The nematode, which did not affect fat body mass, induced inflammatory infiltrations in the small intestine, indicating that the parasites might injure the host's organs.
Jugular bulb diverticulum dehiscence towards the vestibular aqueduct in a patient with otosclerosis
Authors: Van Rompaey V , Offeciers E , De Foer B , Somers T
Published: January 2012

Objectives:

To demonstrate the need for computed tomography imaging of the temporal bone before considering revision stapes surgery in patients with recurrent or residual conductive hearing loss.

Case report:

We report the case of a high-riding jugular bulb with an associated jugular bulb diverticulum, which was dehiscent towards the vestibular aqueduct, in a patient with confirmed otosclerosis who did not experience hearing improvement after stapedotomy.

Conclusion:

This case demonstrates the usefulness of temporal bone computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with otosclerosis in whom stapedotomy has not improved hearing. In such patients, revision surgery to address residual hearing loss would eventually prove unnecessary and avoidable.
Haplosporidium raabein. sp. (Haplosporidia): a parasite of zebra mussels,Dreissena polymorpha(Pallas, 1771)
Authors: MOLLOY D. P. , GIAMBÉRINI L. , STOKES N. A. , BURRESON E. M. , OVCHARENKO M. A.
Published: January 2012

Extensive connective tissue lysis is a common outcome of haplosporidian infection. Although such infections in marine invertebrates are well documented, they are relatively rarely observed in freshwater invertebrates. Herein, we report a field study using a comprehensive series of methodologies (histology, dissection, electron microscopy, gene sequence analysis, and molecular phylogenetics) to investigate the morphology, taxonomy, systematics, geographical distribution, pathogenicity, and seasonal and annual prevalence of a haplosporidian observed in zebra mussels,Dreissena polymorpha. Based on its genetic sequence, morphology, and host, we describeHaplosporidium raabein. sp. fromD. polymorpha– the first haplosporidian species from a freshwater bivalve.Haplosporidium raabeiis rare as we observed it in histological sections in only 0·7% of the zebra mussels collected from 43 water bodies across 11 European countries and in none that were collected from 10 water bodies in the United States. In contrast to its low prevalences, disease intensities were quite high with 79·5% of infections advanced to sporogenesis.
We Are Not Human Beings
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: January 2012

We can start with some science fiction. Here on Earth, I enter theTeletransporter. When I press some button, a machine destroys my body, while recording the exact states of all my cells. This information is sent by radio to Mars, where another machine makes, out of organic materials, a perfect copy of my body. The person who wakes up on Mars seems to remember living my life up to the moment when I pressed the button, and is in every other way just like me.
The Four Points of the Compass
Authors: Alexander James
Published: January 2012

Philosophy has four forms: wonder, faith, doubt and scepticism. These are not separate categories, but separate ideal possibilities. Modern academic philosophy has fallen, for several centuries, into an error: which is the error of supposing that philosophy is only what I call doubt. Philosophy may be doubt: indeed, it is part of my argument that this is undeniably one element of, or one possibility in, philosophy; but doubt is only one of four points of the compass. In this essay I indicate the nature of each point of the compass as it has been found in the history of philosophy.
On the possibility of special divine action in a deterministic world
Authors: VICENS LEIGH C.
Published: January 2012

Is it possible for God both to create a deterministic world and to act specially, to realize his particular purposes within it? And if there can be such ‘particular providence’ or ‘special divine action’ (SDA) in a deterministic world, what form can it take? In this article I consider these questions, exploring a number of different models of SDA and discussing their consistency with the proposition that the world is deterministic; I also consider how the various consequences of each model accord with traditional theistic assumptions about God's action in the world. I argue that, although SDAispossible in a deterministic world, none of the models that have been offered are entirely unproblematic, but accepting any of them commits one to certain consequences that may be found objectionable; thus the potential benefits of each model of SDA must be weighed against the costs of accepting such consequences.
Immutability, Necessity and Triunity: Towards a Resolution of the Trinity and Election Controversy
Authors: Hector Kevin W.
Published: January 2012

The controversy sparked by Bruce McCormack's 2000 essay, entitled ‘Grace and Being: The Role of God's Gracious Election in Karl Barth's Theological Ontology’, shows little sign of waning; it seems, in fact, only to be heating up. In this article, I hope to make a modest contribution to this debate, one which will hopefully move it towards a resolution. My proposal is twofold: on the one hand, I will argue that we can do justice to McCormack's motivating concerns, without rendering ourselves liable to criticisms commonly raised against his view, if we accept two propositions: first, that God does not change in electing to be God-with-us, and second, that election is volitionally, but not ‘absolutely’, necessary to God. (By ‘absolutely necessary’ I mean something like ‘true in all possible eternities’, as will become clear.) I will try to demonstrate that this is Karl Barth's own position on the matter, which demonstration, if successful, would mean that the controversy should no longer be centred on the proper interpretation of Barth. This brings me to the second, shorter, part of my proposal, in which I argue that McCormack's position is innocent of some charges frequently brought against it. My hope is that these arguments, taken together, will advance the current discussion and contribute to its resolution.