bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Placental Transmission of So-Called Normal Antibodies
Authors: Reyman G. C.
Published: January 2023

In completion of the present series of studies on the placental transmission of so-called normal antibodies the following observations as regards antilysins are reported.

A. Anti-Megatheriolysin. The examination for the presence of these bodies in the blood of the mother animal and the kid, as well as in the milk, was carried out in accordance with the quantitative method employed by the Serum-Institute for measuring antihemolytic bodies. It is to be observed that in the examination of milk only approximate accuracy can be obtained owing to its opacity With the purpose of overcoming this obstacle the casein in one experiment was precipitated with rennet, but this procedure was abandoned as it was found that the antihemolytic bodies were also almost entirely carried away.

The samples were inactivated for one-half an hour at 56°C., after it had been proved by experiments that the megatheriolysin-neutralizing power was practically unweakened by this process.
Immunization with Blackleg Aggressin
Authors: Haslam Thos. P.
Published: January 2023

In the last three years the methods of immunizing calves against blackleg have been changed. The older methods of immunizing calves with small doses of virus, based on the work of Arloing, Thomas, and Wright have been largely replaced by sterile, soluble products derived from the blackleg bacillus. In 1917 Haslam and Franklin published a preliminary report (1) on the preparation and properties of natural blackleg aggressin. The publication did not have wide circulation, and several articles on the subject appearing subsequently (2) have failed to place the credit for the first practical use of a sterile blackleg immunizing agent in the United States. The work of Haslam and Franklin was the first demonstration of the practical value of sterile blackleg aggressin in actually controlling losses from blackleg on infected premises, although Roux (3) in 1888 and later Schobel (4) had shown by laboratory experiments that the sterile antigens possessed marked immunizing properties.
Serologic Agglutination of Virus-Coated Bacterial Cells
Authors: Roberts Eugene C.
Published: January 2023

In previous reports (1, 2) a technic was outlined by which certain neurotropic viruses (St. Louis Encephalitis and murine-adapted strain of Lansing Poliomyelitis) may be adsorbed to the surface of heat-killed bacterial cells (Serratia marcescens) and subsequently agglutinated by specific hyperimmune serum and by the convalescent serum of patients infected with the homologous virus. The test was designated as the Bacterial Agglutination (B.A.) Method for the detection of virus-related specific humoral factors. The validity of this reaction has been confirmed with experimental poliomyelitis (SK strain) in the monkey in which the initial appearance of this agglutinating factor in the blood stream was observed as early as the second day after inoculation (3).

Weil (4) has confirmed the observation that viruses may be adsorbed by heat-killed bacterial cells and such cells specifically agglutinated by an antiserum homologous to the adsorbed virus.
Serological Relationship of Blood Group A and B Antigens; Production of Anti-B Precipitins
Authors: Boyd William C. , Warshaver Estelle R.
Published: January 2023

Four cases in which injection of group B human erythrocytes into rabbits resulted in the production of anti-A as well as anti-B antibodies are discussed. In two of these cases both anti-A (and some anti-O) and anti-B precipitins, as well as agglutinins, were demonstrable. These results seem to confirm the idea that the A and B antigens may be chemically rather similar, as has previously been suggested by various workers.
Immunologic Studies on Fibrin
Authors: Robbins Kenneth C.
Published: January 2023

Heat-coagulated beef fibrinogen, Ca-fibrin, T-fibrin and heat-coagulated Ca-fibrin produce precipitins to fibrinogen. Heat coagulation of fibrinogen and fibrin changes their solubilities in 0.03 per cent hydrochloric acid and 0.5 per cent sodium carbonate. From the results obtained with the immunologic method, it would appear that the antigenic nucleus remains unaffected by clotting or by heat denaturation of fibrinogen regardless of its changes in solubility. The fibrinogen and fibrin molecules do not contain either albumin or pseudoglobulin.
The Administration of certain Chemotherapeutic Agents to Mice by Incorporation of the Chemical in the Drinking Water: An Evaluation of the Method
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Bunch L. D.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The incorporation of certain chemicals in the drinking water of mice is a satisfactory and convenient means of administering chemotherapeutic agents. The blood levels resulting from this means of administration are as constant and run parallel with the levels resulting from incorporating the same compounds in the diet. Higher blood values have followed the intake of the water solution than of the diet mixture of the same concentration of drug.

The method serves as a supplement to the drug-diet method, being a practical means of administering compounds in concentrations lower than can be adequately mixed with the food or compounds of such physical characteristics as do not lend themselves to incorporation in the diet.
Immunological Relations between Types of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner) and Other Shigellae
Authors: Weil A. J. , Barnes L. A. , Binder M.
Published: January 2023

Secondary (minor) antigens causing cross reactions have been found in:

Sh. ambigua, linking this species with type IX of Flexner;

Sh. alkalescens, linking this species with Flexner types I and IX;

Sh. dispar, type ceylonensis, linking this type with Flexner types X and XI.

The antigens causing cross reactions with type IX of Flexner are not present in all strains of Sh. ambigua nor in all strains of Sh. alkalescens.
The Antigenic Relationship of Various Types of Shigella Alkalescens to Shigella Paradysenteriae
Authors: Neter Erwin , Deuchler E. C.
Published: January 2023

The antigenic relationship of S. alkalescens types I, II, III and IV to S. paradysenteriae was investigated. The following results were obtained: S. alkalescens types I and II are not agglutinated by mono-type-specific anti-S. paradysenteriae sera active against the fourteen types included in the Flexner dysentery bacillus group. Therefore, they do not share the type-specific antigens of S. paradysenteriae.S. alkalescens type III, represented by strain #2-193, is strongly agglutinated (slide-agglutination test) by the mono-type-specific anti-Flexner type XIII (Boyd's type P143) serum. The other anti-S. paradysenteriae types I to XII and type XIV sera do not react with S. alkalescens type III. Quantitative agglutination and agglutinin-absorption tests indicate that the major type-specific antigens of S. alkalescens type III and S. paradysenteriae type XIII are different and that both organisms share a minor antigenic fraction.S. alkalescens type IV, represented by strain #9731, is not agglutinated by any mono-type-specific anti-S. paradysenteriae sera with the possible exception of anti-Flexner type XIII serum. This latter serum weakly agglutinates S. alkalescens type IV. The major type-specific antigens of these two microorganisms are different.Three types of S. alkalescens differ antigenically sufficiently from each other as well as from S. paradysenteriae types I to XIV to warrant recognition as distinct types of S. alkalescens. The taxonomic position of type II of Assis remains to be determined. In case this type be removed from the species, S. alkalescens types III and IV should be reclassified as S. alkalescens types II and III, respectively.
Studies on the A-Antigenic Polysaccharide from the Abomasus of Cattle
Authors: Jorpes Erik , Thaning Torsten
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion

From the mucosa of the cow's fourth stomach, the abomasus, a polysaccharide has been prepared which exerted a strong neutralizing effect on α-agglutinins of B-serum and on anti-A and anti-sheep hemolysins. It was active in a dilution of 1:1 million. Its action on the β-agglutinins of A-serum was 100 times weaker.

The protein-free polysaccharide was inhomogeneous. It contained 20–25 percent of chondroitin- or mucoitin-sulphuric acid. The remainder was a neutral polysaccharide and contained about equal parts of acetylated glucosamine and another sugar, possibly galactose. The presence of mannose could be excluded by means of the Dische reaction.

The antigenic properties of the crude polysaccharide were not destroyed by mild treatment with alkali nor through OH-acetylation and subsequent deacetylation. They were, however, immediately destroyed on boiling with N or 0.1 N acid. Consequently, the high molecular polysaccharide structure is essential to the A-effect of the antigen.

When the polysaccharide was submitted to cataphoretic migration it was fractionated into strongly acid fractions containing chondroitin- and mucoitinsulphuric acid and into neutral fractions. Strangely enough, all fractions showed the same neutralizing effect on α-iso-agglutinins and on hemolysins. The neutralizing effect on the α-agglutinins and on the hemolysin, although strong, was not clear-cut, indicating some kind of incompleteness in the antigenic picture. Evidently the A-property occurring in the erythrocyte membrane, in saliva, and in urine has a more complete structure.
Distribution of the Blood-Groups, Subgroups, and Rh Blood-Types in Japanese
Authors: Miller Edward B. , Taguchi Tatsuo
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Data concerning the distribution of the Rh types, blood-groups and subgroups in Japanese are presented. The results obtained indicate marked differences in the frequency of the various blood-factors studied in Japanese from American Whites, American Negroes, and American Indians. Comparison with Chinese reveals very slight differences in the Rh types. However, it is likely that larger series of both groups would demonstrate their complete similarity.
Immunological Studies on Scorpions
Authors: Grasset E. , Schaafsma A. , Hodgson J. A.
Published: January 2023

These investigations on scorpions constitute a further contribution to the experimental studies carried out by one of us (Grasset and Zoutendyk, 1931; Grasset, 1931) on the immunity of the lower vertebrata, such as reptiles, compared with mammals.

The following immunological aspects were investigated: Susceptibility of scorpions to bacterial toxins such as tetanus, diphtheria, dysentery, and the persistence of the toxin in the system of the scorpion.The immunity response of scorpions to bacterial toxins and toxoids and to bacterial somatic antigens.Susceptibility of scorpions to homologous and heterologous scorpion venoms, and to a variety of snake venoms.

The bulk of these investigations have been done on the 3 most common genera of South African scorpions: Hadogenes, Opisthophthalmus and Parabuthus, the venoms of which have made the subject of previous investigations by the authors (Grasset, Schaafsma and Hodgson, 1945). For zoological taxonomy see Hewitt (1918) and Lawrence (1942).
Methods for the Production of the Alpha and Theta Toxins of Clostridium Welchii
Authors: Adams Mark H. , Hendee Edelmira D.
Published: January 2023

The production of the alpha and theta toxins of Cl. welchii on a simplified medium based on a pancreatic digest of casein is described. Methods are given for the concentration and purification of the alpha toxin.
Protective Value of ‘Univalent’ Antibodies Produced by Photo-Oxidation of Antipneumococcal Rabbit-Serum and Antidiphtheric Horse-Serum
Authors: Tyler Albert , Swingle Stanley M.
Published: January 2023

When type 1 antipneumococcal rabbit-serum is photo-oxidized to the point where it becomes non-precipitating, it exhibits approximately half the mouse-protective value of the control antiserum. The protective value drops off rapidly towards zero upon further photo-oxidation while the precipitation-inhibiting titers (a measure of ‘univalent’ antibodies) pass through a maximum. By salting-out and by electrophoretic methods precipitating (‘multivalent’) antibodies are obtained from the first non-precipitating antiserum and are found to account for the protective action of the antiserum. On the other hand the fast electrophoretic component, obtained from a more highly photo-oxidized sample, shows a high precipitation-inhibiting titer but no appreciable protective action. It is concluded that the ‘univalent’ type of antibody is ineffective for passive protection against bacteria. When antidiphtherial-toxin horse-serum is photo-oxidized to the point where it becomes non-flocculating it still gives the same antitoxic value as the control. Upon further photo-oxidation the antitoxic value drops off very slowly. The results indicate that ‘univalents’ may function as protective antibody against toxins. Photo-oxidation effects an increase in electrophoretic mobilities and a decrease in number of components indicative of an interaction of the serum-proteins.
Leukoagglutination Differentiation of Normal Leukocytic and Leukemic Cell-Types
Authors: Steinberg Bernhard , Martin Ruth A.
Published: January 2023

In a previous publication the production of antileukocytic sera and a method of agglutinating leukocytes were described (1). In a later communication we presented a more rapid method of leukoagglutination and titration and indicated some of the environmental factors that may influence the reaction (2). The present study is concerned with determining the specificity of the cell-antigens of the various types of leukocytes obtained from normal and leukemic people.

Materials and Methods. Six antileukocytic sera were produced in rabbits (1). The antigens were leukocytes obtained from individuals with acute and chronic myelocytic leukemia, acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, normal people (leukocytes from blood-bank), and normal lymph-nodes. The total peripheral-leukocyte count in the patient with acute myelocytic leukemia was 621,000 cells per mm3 of blood with the following distribution in per cent: 77 blasts, 3.5 myelocytes and metamyelocytes, 19 juveniles and polylobed neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and 0.2 eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes.
Propagation of Japanese B Encephalitis Virus in the Developing Chick Embryo
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Cox Herald R.
Published: January 2023

The Japanese B encephalitis virus was cultivated through 37 generations in the developing chick embryo by yolk sac passage. No changes in the virulence of the virus for mice occurred as result of such cultivation. The virus apparently increased best at incubation temperatures of 35.5–36 C. The virus was present throughout the egg, with the highest concentration being found in the embryo. The LD50 titer of embryo suspension remained within the range of 10−7.20 to 10−8.00, with the maximum reached in chick embryos approximately 48 hours after inoculation. Chick embryos were as susceptible to the virus as were mice; comparative titrations of virus in both gave LD50 titers which were practically identical.

The possibilities of using infected chick embryo as material for the preparation of formalin inactivated vaccine are discussed.
The Effects of Immunization with Histamine Azoprotein on Histamine-Intoxication and Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Coffin Grange S. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

Treatment of guinea-pigs by a series of subcutaneous injections of histamine azoprotein, as an alum precipitate or with adjuvants, confers little or no protection against the effects of one MLD histamine injected intravenously. Guinea-pigs can be protected against passive anaphylaxis by a series of subcutaneous injections of histamine azoprotein. The protective effect is enhanced by adjuvants. Immunization with human serum and adjuvants appears to protect guinea-pigs against passive anaphylaxis to approximately the same degree as treatment with histamine azoprotein and adjuvants, although adjuvants alone confer little or no protection against passive anaphylaxis. One or two subcutaneous injections of histamine azoprotein can sensitize a guinea-pig so that fatal anaphylaxis results after an intravenous injection of histamine azoprotein.
Studies in Human Malaria
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Mayer Manfred M. , Demarest Constance R.
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

Brownish-black concentrates of Pl. vivax were readily obtainable from 500 ml samples of heavily infected blood by the method of lysis and differential centrifugation described above. In general, purity was highest and the yields best when the parasites consisted mainly of large, pigmented forms, and in one such instance the nitrogen content of the product was only 0.4 mg per billion parasites.

Large, pigmented forms of Pl. vivax and Pl. malariae are also slowly separable from unparasitized red cells in 5 to 25 ml blood samples in a strong, unsymmetrical magnetic field, but the method does not appear suited to the preparation of large quantities of plasmodia.
A Specific Antigen Recovered from Tissue Infected with M. Paratuberculosis (Johne's Bacillus)
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn
Published: January 2023

The specific antigen found in intestines of sheep infected with paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) was investigated.

The antigen was precipitated by 50 per cent saturation with ammonium sulfate, and by 2 per cent trichloroacetic acid. It does not diffuse through a dialyzing membrane. Extracts have been obtained containing the antigen, that give a negative Molisch test for carbohydrate but they give a positive Biuret test.

The antigen is insoluble in ether and thermostable.

It is therefore concluded that the antigen is either a protein or closely associated with a protein.

In 31 out of 33 cases tested the antigen was found to be masked in the infected mucosa. Practical methods of demasking the antigen are described although the nature of the masking is not understood.
Differentiation of Some Disorders of the Lymphatic System by Leukoagglutination
Authors: Steinberg Bernhard , Martin Ruth A.
Published: January 2023

In a previous publication (5) we indicated that mature and immature lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes possess specific antigenic substances which can be recognized by agglutination with specific antisera. It was also shown that there was no cell specificity for leukocytes obtained from normal and leukemic people. In the present article, it is demonstrated that cells of leukosarcoma and lymphosarcoma (of the reticulum cell type and of malignant lymphocytoma, Ewing) are antigenically alike but are dissimilar from the cells of acute and chronic lymphoid leukemia.

These observations suggest a difference in chemical structure of the two types of cells, leukemic and lymphosarcomatous, the latter representing a malignant neoplasm.
Preliminary Standardization of the Cardiolipin-Lecithin-Cholesterol Antigen for a Microprecipitation Test for Syphilis
Authors: Brown Rachel
Published: January 2023

The proportions of cholesterol, lecithin, and cardiolipin have been investigated for an antigen adjusted for the practical purposes of a micro-precipitation test. A cholesterol:lecithin ratio of 3:1 and a lecithin:cardiolipin ratio of 10:1, or 0.9 per cent of cholesterol, 0.3 per cent of lecithin, and 0.03 per cent of cardiolipin appear to meet these requirements.

Antigen suspensions prepared from less cholesterol were difficult to observe in tests. More cholesterol increased the reactivity of the antigen.

An increase in the cholesterol:lecithin ratio, as well as in the lecithin:cardiolipin ratio, enhanced the reactivity.

An antigen with a lecithin:cardiolipin ratio of 5:1 was undersensitive and subject to a large number of prozone reactions. With dilutions of a pool of strongly reacting syphilitic sera the same degree of reactivity was shown by antigens containing lecithin and cardiolipin in ratios from 10:1 to 25:1.

The reactivity of antigen suspensions is dependent upon the rate at which the saline is added to the stock alcoholic solution of antigen.
The Efficiency of Different Sharples Centrifuge Bowls in the Concentration of Tobacco Mosaic and Influenza Viruses
Authors: Stanley W. M.
Published: January 2023

A study was made of the efficiency of Sharples centrifuge bowls carrying liquid layers 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 inches thick in the concentration of tobacco mosaic and influenza viruses at different rates of flow. No significant differences in efficiency were found hence it can be concluded that the regular Sharples Laboratory Super Centrifuge equipment is satisfactory for the large scale production of purified and concentrated influenza virus for use in influenza vaccines. A discussion is presented of the distinct advantages which the centrifuge method possesses over all other methods yet reported for the large scale production of concentrated and purified influenza virus for use in vaccines.
The Action of Urea and Some of Its Derivatives on Bacteria
Authors: Weinstein Louis
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion

Combination of non-bacteriostatic quantities of urea and urethane with penicillin did not alter the activity of the carbamate compounds. When the amount of either carbamate was increased to the point where it inhibited completely the growth of E. coli, the addition of penicillin did not decrease the antibacterial effect. Mixtures of amounts of urea or urethane bacteriostatic for E. coli with a quantity of penicillin just necessary to suppress the multiplication of S. aureus resulted in complete suppression of the growth of cultures containing both organisms. No evidence could be obtained indicating inactivation of either of the carbamates by penicillin or of a decrease in the anti-microbial properties of the antibiotic agent by urea or urethane.

The experiments reported here demonstrated the highly bacteriostatic activity resulting from the addition of adequate amounts of penicillin to bacteriostatic quantities of urea or urethane, without inactivation of any of the constituents of the mixture. The use of such combinations in the treatment of wound-infections would appear to be desirable and practical in order to produce eradication of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria simultaneously, and to prevent any inactivation of penicillin that might result from the presence of organisms such as E. coli. From the data cited above, and those presented in a previous paper on the antibacterial effects of combinations of sulfonamide with urea or urethane, it would appear that mixtures of penicillin plus urethane are preferable to those containing sulfonamide and ethyl carbamate in the treatment of wound-infections.
Studies on Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum
Authors: Straus Reuben , Runjavac Mildred , Zaitlin Robert , Duboff Gregory , Swerdlow Hyman
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Antigens for the preparation of ACS have been prepared with a clean but not aseptic technic from fresh spleen and bone marrow. The antigens were freshly prepared for each injection.

The serums were prepared in rabbits and goats by repeated intravenous injections of progressively increasing doses of the antigens. To avoid anaphylaxis the animals were injected every third day, instead of every fourth or fifth day, with excellent results.

ACS was similarly prepared against human tissue in rabbits and goats, against rabbit tissue only in goats, and against rat and mouse tissue in rabbits. The peak of antibody production is not reached until the fourth to the seventh day after the last injection of antigen. Higher titers of anti-human ACS were secured in rabbits than in goats.

In titrating the unit of complement, we recommend that the test be subjected to one and one-quarter hours of incubation at 37 C instead of three-fourths hour as required by Marchuk. This tends to make the unit of complement larger, the titer of ACS lower, and allows for the loss of complement in the process of serum titration which is a source of error.

Providing an excess of antigen is present, the dilution of antigen used in titration of the immune serum is immaterial except in high concentrations where it may be anticomplementary. It is important however that the antigen be fresh (not older than three days) for both titration of immune sera and for preparation of ACS in animals.

It is apparent that ACS is species specific and that a slight cross reaction in the lower dilutions of the sera may be due to a foreign antibody, possibly one of the Forssmann type. Hemolysins are usually not present in the serum in titers greater than 1:20 but hemagglutinins may be present to titers of 1:640 or more. These may be selectively absorbed out without materially affecting the titer of the ACS.

Liquid ACS may be kept at 4 C. or at room temperature for several months to a year with very gradual deterioration. Serum prepared in our laboratory, sent refrigerated to the USSR possessed adequate titers of ACS upon being checked by A. A. Bogomolets.
Passive Protection of the Central Nervous System of Mice Against Viruses that Pursue the Pathway of the Olfactory Nerves After Intranasal Instillation
Authors: Slavin Howard B. , Hale Harry W. , Berry George Packer
Published: January 2023

Passive immunization, either natural or artificial, has been shown to protect the central nervous system of mice against infection by intranasally instilled vesicular stomatitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. In keeping with what is known to be generally true of immunological phenomena, the efficacy of passive immunity, as demonstrated in these experiments, depends upon the relationship between the quantity of antibody available to the host and the dose of the virus used to test resistance.
Missed Cases and Contact Carriers Among Nasal Carriers of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Lemon Henry M. , Hamburger Morton
Published: January 2023

One hundred nine ambulatory nasal carriers of Group A hemolytic streptococci in two army camps have been studied from the standpoint of the antistreptolysin-response of the blood serum, and in most instances, of signs and symptoms of respiratory infection. On the basis of these studies they have been classified as “missed cases,” “probable missed cases,” “possible missed cases,” “contact carriers,” and “probable contact carriers.” A few have not been classifiable by the criteria laid down. Antistreptolysin-levels among 149 normal non-carriers and 46 patients hospitalized for non-streptococcal infection served as a basis of comparison for the carriers. Contact carriers and probable contact carriers among this group were uncommon, comprising less than 5 per cent of the total. Missed cases, probable missed cases and “possible missed cases” accounted for 67.6 per cent of carriers in one camp and 94.3 per cent in the other. 24.3 per cent in one camp were not classifiable by the criteria laid down, though it seems likely that most of these were probably missed cases also.
The Antigenicity of Alkali-Treated Bovine Serum Protein
Authors: Kazal Louis A. , DeFalco Ralph J. , Arnow L. Earle
Published: January 2023

Alkali-treated proteins were prepared by digestion of bovine serum with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature for various periods of time up to 24 hours. The alkali-treated proteins were recovered from the digests by isoelectric precipitation. These proteins differed in the ease with which they could be dissolved in slightly alkaline solution. Bovine serum protein exposed to alkali for 5 minutes was rendered insoluble under these conditions. Serological and toxicological studies with these derived proteins revealed that, with increased exposure to the alkali, the protein first lost its capacity to produce specific antibodies; then lost its antigenic capacity but retained its power to act as a hapten; and finally lost its haptenic capacity, thus becoming non-antigenic but simultaneously becoming toxic.
Studies on the Reversibility of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Morris Marion C. , Karr Helen V.
Published: January 2023

When sensitized pneumococci are exposed to homologous type-specific poly-saccharide there is a prompt reversal of the capsular swelling (1, 2, 3). In addition, it has recently been shown (3) that mouse-infectivity may be partially restored when sensitized and washed type III pneumococci are exposed to the type-specific carbohydrate (SIII), the free carbohydrate being removed by washing before injection of the mice. These results suggest a partial dissociation of antibody from the originally sensitized pneumococci. It was pointed out (3), however, that mouse-infectivity might have been increased merely by the addition of the SIII to the outer layer of the sensitized pneumococcus, although it was difficult to see why capsular swelling should have been reversed under these circumstances. As long as this possibility exists, it is impossible to state decisively that a reversal of the immune phenomena under observation (capsular swelling and protection) represents an acutal reversibility of the antigen-antibody combination.
Occurrence of Nonspecific Virus-Neutralizing Properties in Sera of Some Neotropic Mammals
Authors: Koprowski Hilary
Published: January 2023

It was found that the sera of certain species of marsupials and rodents captured in Brazil, notably Didelphis marsupialis, and members of the genus Oryzomys, which gave a positive neutralization test with yellow fever virus, also as a rule inactivated one or more of the following viruses, Japanese B, St. Louis and West Nile.

It is believed that the antiviral activity of these sera is due to the presence of some non-specific virus-inactivating substance which is unrelated to previous infection with yellow fever virus, as experimental inoculation of this virus into the same species of animals elicits an immune response specific for yellow fever virus only.

This non-specific inactivation of yellow fever virus is demonstrable by both the intracerebral and intraperitoneal neutralization test techniques.

The virus inactivating substance is not destroyed by heat (56°C.), and while subject to periodic fluctuation in the blood of an animal, may be present in sufficient amount to inactivate a very high concentration of yellow fever virus.

The practical application of comparative neutralization tests in epidemiological studies is discussed.
Quantitative Estimation of O Agglutinins in Typhoid Sera
Authors: Gurevitch J. , Ephrati E.
Published: January 2023

A quantitative microchemical method has been applied to the determination of O agglutinins in sera of typhoid fever patients, rabbit antisera and sera of vaccinated persons.

The antibody N values in typhoid sera have been found to range from 0.056 mg/ml to 0.190 mg/ml with a considerable increase in later stages of the illness, and in accordance with the rise in the agglutinative titer.

The antibody N values for persons vaccinated three to five months previously were only about 25 per cent as compared with patients' sera.
The Transition Forms of Blood Groups
Authors: Hirszfeld Ludwik
Published: January 2023

The O antigen is met with in most A and B blood cells and appears independently of their heterozygoty. It manifests itself in different degrees in various groups; that is to say O τ; A2 τ; B τ; A. The O-residues may be explained by an incomplete mutation of the O gene in the direction of A and B or vice versa. This O-remnant inhibits the anti-O formation. And so the inagglutinability of the group O by isosera can be explained as the result of an incomplete mutation of the O, A, B genes. A general law reflecting the serological consequence of mutation may be: The isoantibodies against the primary factor are absent when the mutations are incomplete. The blood corpuscles A or B of equal contents of the residual O belong according to the author to one pleiade, an idea which can replace the notion of subgroups. By means of appropriate methods further subgroups (pleiades) have been found. It is proposed to term them A5, A4, A3, A2, Am, Ar, Aj, Ac and B2, Bm, Br, Bj, etc. In such a way an international understanding of the subgroups seems to be possible. The observations indicate as a general law that the more advanced forms dominate the less advanced, containing more of the residual O. This can be applied not only for subgroups within A and B, but it embraces also the genetic conditions between A and B. It may be that this can have a practical importance in the cases requiring exclusion of paternity.
Some Relations Between Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus (Eastern Type) and Normal Host Cellular Constituents
Authors: Engel Lewis L. , Randall Raymond
Published: January 2023

Immunochemical analyses suggest that such preparations contain approximately 56–77 per cent of components antigenically related to normal host tissue components which show similar behavior in a gravitational field.
The Action of Urea and Some of Its Derivatives on Bacteria
Authors: Weinstein Louis
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion

Propyl and isopropyl carbamate were found to possess potent bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against a number of gram-negative and 2 gram-positive organisms. The range of anti-bacterial activity was greater than that of urea, methyl, or ethyl carbamate. Propyl urea appeared to be approximately 3 times more potent than urethane and 6 times more effective than urea in its bacteriostatic properties, and about 4 times as powerful as urethane and 8 to 10 times more potent than urea in killing bacteria.

All the studies carried out to this point indicate that when one of the NH2 groups in urea is replaced by a CH3 radical the antibacterial properties are increased, and that increasing the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain of the substituted compound results in further augmentation of antibacterial effect. Thus, urethane was found to be more potent than urea, and propyl carbamate more effective than the ethyl compound. That the configuration of the carbonatom chain in the urea derivative plays no role in determining the antibacterial effects is shown by the fact that isopropyl carbamate was no more and no less active than the straight-chain compound.

Nonbacteriostatic quantities of propyl carbamate when combined with amounts of sulfanilamide that did not in themselves inhibit bacterial growth resulted in a mixture possessing bacteriostatic properties. It was impossible to ascertain whether this effect was additive or synergistic.

Propyl and isopropyl carbamate were found to resemble urea and urethane in their ability to inhibit the action of para-aminobenzoic acid on sulfonamide. The propyl compounds, however, appeared to be more potent in this respect than urea or ethyl carbamate, since the same degree of effect was observed using appreciably smaller concentrations than those necessary with the latter substances. The neutralization of PABA was found to occur only over a short range of concentration of this compound and to persist for only a relatively short time.
Antigenicity of Gas Gangrene Toxoids in Guinea Pigs, Mice, and Human Beings
Authors: Adams Mark H.
Published: January 2023

Cl. welchii and Cl. novyi toxoids have been assayed for antigenicity in mice, guinea pigs and human beings. It is felt that preliminary assay of these toxoids in guinea pigs shows a better correlation with the results in human beings than does the mouse assay. The antigenic response of guinea pigs to a single dose of alum-precipitated toxoid is a fair indication of the human response to two doses of the same toxoid. With divalent alum-precipitated toxoid containing 15 Lb of Cl. welchii toxoid and 60 L+ doses of Cl. novyi toxoid, detectable Cl. welchii antitoxin appeared in about 50 per cent and Cl. novyi antitoxin in about 75 per cent of the individuals given a primary course of two injections one month apart. Evidence is presented in the following paper (11) that a single booster dose given 5 to 6 months later will raise the proportion of individuals with detectable circulating antitoxins to at least 90 per cent. The antibody response to the booster dose of toxoid occurs between the seventh and ninth day after injection and reaches a peak by the fourteenth day.

Local and systemic reactions to these toxoids have been for the most part mild, and typical of reactions observed routinely with alum-precipitated tetanal and diphtherial toxoids. Further work on methods for production of gas gangrene toxoids should greatly decrease the frequency and severity of such reactions.
A Quantitative Study of Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig. III
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Coffin Grange S. , Smith David J.
Published: January 2023

The relationships in passive anaphylaxis between the sensitizing dose of antibody, the shock dose of antigen and the severity of anaphylactic shock in the guinea pig have been investigated for the ovalbumin, tobacco mosaic virus, SIII and their homologous rabbit antibodies and for the cross reaction between SVIII and anti-SIII. The sera of guinea pigs sensitized with varying quantities of antibody were assayed for circulating antibody by the micro quantitative precipitin method at the time when shock would usually be elicited. The significance of differences in the quantitative relationships required for anaphylactic shock in the various antigen-antibody systems and the influence of circulating antibody on the severity of anaphylaxis is discussed.
Heredity of the Rh Blood Types
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Sonn-Gordon Eve B. , Handman Lillian
Published: January 2023

The genetic theory and nomenclature of the Rh-Hr blood-types are reviewed and it is demonstrated how the present notations can be extended to include additional hypothetical Rh-Hr factors. Results of studies of the Rh-Hr blood-types in 226 new families with 326 children are presented and the findings are completely in accord with the expectations under the theory of multiple allelic genes.
Factors Influencing the Growth of Rickettsiæ
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Gauld Ross L.
Published: January 2023

Streptomycin produced a rickettsiostatic effect in embryonated eggs infected with R. prowazeki, R. mooseri, D. rickettsi, or R. akari, but had little or no effect on R. orientalis in the doses employed. This effect was demonstrable in some instances with amounts as small as 1 mg per egg, a dose which results in a concentration in embryo and fluids of about 2 mg per cent. Although the results in such experiments were statistically significant, the actual prolongation of life in the group of treated embryos was not great. On the other hand, the administration of 10 mg per egg resulted in a distinct lengthening of life of embryos infected with the four organisms.

Experiments in which preparations of streptomycin containing different amounts of impurities were employed, and others in which the bacteriostatic activity of the materials was reduced by treatment with semicarbazide, seemed to indicate that the antibacterial and antirickettsial effect of the substance went hand in hand.

Dihydrostreptomycin had some rickettsiostatic activity but it is less than that of streptomycin.

Combined treatment of embryos infected with the four susceptible rickettsiæ with 10 mg of streptomycin and 0.5 mg of para-aminobenzoic acid resulted in a more striking inhibition of growth than was obtained with similar amounts of either drug alone. In a like manner, 10 mg of streptomycin and 0.4 mg of nitroacridine displayed an additive effect in embryos infected with R. mooseri and D. rickettsi. The possible usefulness of this synergy in the treatment of rickettsial infections in man is postulated.

Several biologically active materials, namely, tryptophan, riboflavin, folic acid and two of its related compounds, had no demonstrable effect in the amounts employed on the growth of rickettsiæ in embryonated eggs. Furthermore, these substances did not influence the rickettsiostatic effect of paraaminobenzoic acid when tested under similar conditions.
Studies on the Antigenicity, in Man, of Calcium Phosphate Adsorbed Influenza Virus; with Comments on the Question of Dose of Virus Needed in Vaccines for Human Use
Authors: Salk Jonas E.
Published: January 2023

The results of experiments carried out thus far on the antigenicity in man of calcium phosphate adsorbed influenza virus have been presented and discussed.

In no instance was the adsorbed virus a less effective antigen, and in 2 of 3 experiments higher mean antibody titers developed in subjects given the adsorbed, as compared with a corresponding amount of unadsorbed antigen.

Certain of the data suggest the possibility that a small amount of antigen adsorbed on calcium phosphate may produce an antibody response similar in degree to that resulting from the use of a relatively larger amount of unadsorbed virus. The trends observed require further study.

Since an opportunity has not yet been had for direct observation of immunizing effect during an epidemic, an indirect approach was employed for obtaining some estimate of the degree to which the vaccines examined in the present studies may satisfy the requirements for an immunizing agent. By comparison with sera from the 1943–44 study in which the effectiveness of vaccination was demonstrated against influenza A, it appears that the vaccines studied would have been at least as effective as those which had been proved effective in trials during an epidemic, had they been tested under similar circumstances. Moreover, from the degree of the antibody response and the degree of persistence of the elevated titers, in relation to antibody zones associated with different degrees of susceptibility, it would appear that the immunizing effect would have been maintained at a high level for at least 7 months (the longest interval tested thus far).

In view of the indications that it is possible to achieve and maintain what appear to be adequate levels of antibody, with the quantities of virus present in unconcentrated allantoic fluid, the question of the optimal concentration of virus for vaccines has been discussed.

With the quantities of virus contained in the vaccines studied, no systemic reactions occurred and the concentrations of calcium phosphate employed in combination with these quantities of virus produced no untoward effects.
Precipitin-Testing and Its Three-Dimensional Expression
Authors: Bolton Ellis T.
Published: January 2023

The results of a series of quantitative turbidimetric precipitin-tests when plotted according to a three-dimensional scheme define the extent of the precipitin-reaction under study and describe the quantity of reaction in terms of the amount of precipitate formed over the range of visible antigen-antibody combination. The results of the ring-test methods and the method of optimal proportions when placed on the three-dimensional surface are observed to be of far less value in the description of the precipitin-reaction than is the quantitative turbidimetric method, for the information they yield may be not only fragmentary but sometimes misleading.

Further implications of the three-dimensional expression of the results of precipitin-studies are under investigation.
Shigella Rio, A New Type of Shigella
Authors: Weil A. J. , de Assis A. , Slafkovsky H.
Published: January 2023

Three strains of similar antigenic and cultural behavior were isolated from cases of diarrhoeic infection. Their cultural properties suggest their inclusion in the genus Shigella. They have a characteristic major antigen different from any of the presently known Shigellæ; their secondary antigens are essentially similar to those found in phase B of Sh. paradysenteriæ type IV. The designation Shigella rio is suggested for these microorganisms.
Responses of Human Subjects to Vaccines in Saline-in-Mineral Oil Emulsion
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Halbert Seymour P. , Smolens Joseph
Published: January 2023

A total of 3.0 billion Shigella paradysenteriae bacterial cells in saline or totals of 0.6 and 1.2 billion cells emulsified in mineral oil were administered to groups of human subjects. The subjects experienced slight but similar systemic reactions; increases in mouse protective antibody titers were of low order and similar in the saline and oil vaccine groups. One abscess attributable and one possibly attributable to the oil vaccine developed out of a total of 140 oil injection sites. Under the conditions in which they were tested in humans, the oil emulsion vaccines did not show a marked improvement of the antigenicity to toxicity ratios.
Observations on Antibiotic Coaction of Gramicidin and Penicillin on Streptococci and Staphylococci in Vitro
Authors: Foley E. J. , Lee S. W.
Published: January 2023

Gramicidin in minimal effective concentrations has a more rapid bactericidal action on susceptible bacteria than does penicillin in amounts approaching minimum effective concentrations.

Mixtures of gramicidin and penicillin have a more efficient bactericidal and bacteriostatic action than either drug when used alone in comparable quantities.
Attempt to Produce Protection against Mosquitoes by Active Immunization
Authors: Dubin I. N. , Reese J. D. , Seamans Lois A.
Published: January 2023

In this experiment the attempt to protect rabbits against mosquitoes by vaccination with mosquito antigen proved unsuccessful. Moreover, the rabbits so inoculated with a crude suspension of mosquitoes became sensitized to mosquito bites in contrast to the normal non-sensitive rabbits. The sensitized rabbits showed large indurated reddened papules at the site of the bites. These cutaneous reactions began in about 30 minutes and reached their maximum size at about 5 hours.

Attempts at desensitization of the sensitive animals were unsuccessful under conditions of the present experiment. Passive transfer of the sensitivity to normal animals was also tried but without success.
The Antirickettsial Effect of Thionine Dyes. II on the Mode of Action of the Thionine Dyes in Combatting Experimental Infections of Mice with Rickettsia Orientalis and Rickettsia Mooseri
Authors: Fox John P. , Peterson Osler L.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Toluidine blue (TB) and methylene blue MB exert against R. orientalis, in vitro, only a slight rickettsiacidal effect, which is independent of light or oxygen.

Treatment with TB or MB of mice infected with R. orientalis impedes the localization and multiplication of rickettsiae in the brain, causes a diminution in the infectivity of the blood, and results in an inconstant inhibition of rickettsial multiplication in the liver. However, maximal tolerated doses of dye do not prevent small infecting doses of rickettsiae from initiating an immunizing infection; greater, eventually lethal, amounts of dye do not exert a completely suppressive effect; and, finally, great prolongation of treatment (a total of 65 days) does not sterilize the tissues.

As a corollary observation, a strain of rickettsiae recovered after the prolonged treatment shows no evidence of having become fast to MB.

As shown by limited histopathologic observations, MB largely prevents the development of the anatomic lesions of scrub typhus but, presumably secondary to its destructive effect upon red cells, does exert a marked stimulus to hemopoietic activity.

As noted by other workers, treatment with MB is effective against experimental murine typhus. In mice receiving such treatment, however, no inhibition of rickettsial multiplication in the liver is demonstrable.

In addition to TB and MB, six structurally related compounds, azure C, azure A, brilliant cresyl blue, azure B, thionin blue, and selenium methylene blue, also are effective in combatting rickettsial infections. In contrast, an additional and greater number of related compounds appear to possess no such activity.

The foregoing evidence does not permit definite conclusions to be drawn regarding the mode of action of TB and MB in combatting rickettsial infections. It is suggested that the mechanism is independent of the in vitro rickettsiacidal activity of the dyes and is only partly dependent upon the irregular rickettsiostatic effect observed in vivo. An additional possibility is that the dyes also operate to spare the cells from the usual harmful effects produced by the rickettsiae by virtue of their ability to mediate intracellular oxidation. A survey of related compounds further indicates that antirickettsial activity requires some degree of structural specificity.