bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Door of Fame Springs Open Second Trip 29 March-4 June 1611
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano
Published: November 2023

When he first went to Rome in 1587, Galileo was an impecunious 23-year-old mathematical student looking for a job. When he returned for the second time in 1611, he was, at 47, a famous professor. The support of Clavius and other mathematicians had enabled him to get a teaching position first at the University of Pisa (1589-1592), and then at the University of Padua (1592-1610). His recent telescopic discoveries had captured the imagination of everyone in Europe, and the grand duke of Tuscany had just made him his official mathematician and philosopher. He had been freed from the drudgery of administrative work and the constraints of teaching, but he now depended entirely on the goodwill of his young patron, Cosimo II. Galileo had taught him mathematics, and Cosimo II was to remain grateful throughout his life to his former tutor, but the radical distinction between monarch and subject was never questioned nor was it in any way ambiguous.
Ron1an Clouds THIRD TRIP 10 DECEMBER 1615-4JUNE 1616
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano
Published: November 2023

Four years after his second trip, Galileo decided that it was time to return to Rome. ln the meanwhile, he had published a Discourse on Floating Bodies, and Letters on the Sunspots, in which he argued that sunspots were some kind of clouds near the surface of the Sun. This was a blow to Aristote¬lianism and an argument in favor of a new cosmology. But Galileo did not want to travel to Rome merely to discuss astronomy. He had come to realize that what he had to do was defend himself against the accusation that what he taught went against Scripture.
The Colonies: Europe in America
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

When the European colonization of North America began in the seventeenth century, the Protestant Reformation was barely one hundred years old. The new settlers retained vivid and often painful memories of that period of religious turmoil, during which the newly emerging Protestant sects had broken the unity imposed upon Europe by the Roman Catholic Church. In many cases, the colonists’ parents and grandparents had actively participated in aspects of the Protestant movement, or of its counterpart, the Catholic Reformation which attempted to hold onto or recapture European lands for the Catholic Church. Sharp shifts in religious views and loyalties precipitated the breakup of empires and kingdoms, and this in turn led to bloody persecutions and even bloodier wars. In other words, religion in those days was not so much a matter for quiet discussion or debate as it was a matter of martyrs and deserters, of muskets and swords, of burning and butchery.
The Establishment Clause: Private Schools
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Government, especially state and local, has an obvious responsibility for the public, tax-supported schools but bears a less obvious responsibility for privately endowed schools. And yet the Supreme Court has been obliged to hear as many cases relating to private schools as to public schools. Regarding religion and the private schools, the legal problems primarily revolve around finances: that is, what sorts of monetary aids or subsidies government may provide.

In 1922 the State of Oregon passed a law requiring all mentally competent young people between the ages of eight and sixteen to attend the public schools. A military academy and a Catholic parochial school challenged the validity of this law, and by 1925 their suit had reached the Supreme Court. In Pierce v. Society of Sisters, a unanimous Court agreed that the Oregon law was in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, for its effect would be to destroy all private or religious schools and thus to deprive the owners of their property “without due process of law.” Justice James McReynolds, a Protestant, added that the Oregon law “unreasonably interferes with the liberty of parents and guardians to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” Furthermore, “the child is not the mere creature of the state.” This decision, often called the Magna Carta (the basic charter of liberty) of parochial schools, assured a place for private education in the United States from that time forward.
Pulsed Methods for Flow Velocity Estimation and Imaging
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C
Published: November 2023

The question as to whether pulsed Doppler makes use of the Doppler effect has been considered on several occasions. To address this question in a satisfactory manner requires that we first agree on a definition of the effect that bears Doppler’s name. Christian Doppler studied the optical spectrum emitted by stars and proposed a theory that described the change in wavelength (frequency) of each component of the received spectrum caused by the relative movement of the source and observer. It is clear from the discussion in Chapter 9 that when a CW acoustic source is used and there is relative motion between the source and target, the apparent change in frequency should be referred to as the Doppler effect.
Five Images of Maturity in Adolescence: What Does “Grown Up” Mean?
Authors: Tilton-Weaver Lauree C , Vitunski Erin T , Galambos Nancy L
Published: November 2023

A cornerstone of developmental research in childhood and adolescence is the search for a deeper understanding of the processes by which a child grows into maturity. Scholars of adolescence worldwide have long recognized that maturity is a multifaceted concept incorporating physical, social, psychological, emotional, and behavioral elements (Hurrelmann and Engel, 1989; Coleman and Hendry, 1990; Peterson, 1996; Galambos et al., 1999). Recently, researchers have begun to focus on the subjective meanings of maturity in adolescents and young adults in a quest to ascertain what features of maturity are commonly recognized, understood, and respected by young people. Notably missing, however, are qualitative studies examining maturity vis-à-vis adolescents’ own experiences.
Parental Divorce and Young Adult Children’s Romantic Relationships: Resolution of the Divorce Experience
Authors: Shulman Shmuel , Scharf Miri , Lumer Daniel , Maurer Offer
Published: November 2023

Research during the past decade has started to deal with the long-term impact of childhood family disruption on young adults’ adjustment. Demographic surveys have shown that young adults who experienced parental divorce during childhood or adolescence had fewer years of education, earned less money, and were more likely to be unemployed (Amato, 1999). In addition, they were likely to have more sexual partners (Garbardi & Rosen, 1991) and to marry and bear children earlier than were young adults from non divorced families (McLanahan & Bumpass, 1988). Data are accumulating that show higher rates of divorce among adult offspring of divorce than among those with no history of parental divorce (Amato, 1999).
“Undeserving” Mothers? Practitioners’ Experiences Working with Young Mothers in/from Care
Authors: Rutman Deborah , Strega Susan , Callahan Marilyn , Dominelli Lena
Published: November 2023

This paper has emerged from a Canadian research project focused on young women who have children while in the care of government (see note 1). Our research focused on three questions: first, how do young mothers in/from government care experience their lives in care; second, how do social workers and other youth-serving practitioners perceive their practice with young women and their children; and finally, what policies and practices are most essential to shaping these young people’s lives and how might they be strengthened or changed? This paper reports on our findings in regard to the second of these questions.
The Trouble with Foster Care: The Impact of Stressful “Events” on Foster Carers
Authors: Wilson Kate , Sinclair Ian , Gibbs Ian
Published: November 2023

At any one time, around 6 out of 10 of the children looked after by local authorities are placed with foster carers (Department of Health, 1997). Although the number of foster children (currently around 33,000) has remained fairly constant (Berridge, 1997), they constitute a proportion of those in the care system that has roughly doubled since the 1970s. So it seems likely that foster carers are having to cope with more troubled and more challenging children (Warren, 1997), at the same time as they negotiate the treacherous waters between the Scylla of family needs and rights and the Charybdis of child protection. Such strains may lead foster carers to leave fostering or to switch from caring for a local authority to the allegedly better supported independent foster care sector (James, 1995).
Heterosexual Masculinity and Homophobia: A Reaction to the Self?
Authors: Theodore Peter S , Basow Susan A
Published: November 2023

Heterosexual masculinity (Herek, 1986) is the cultural ideology that extends the belief that masculinity and femininity consist of two bipolar sets of behaviors, traits, and social roles. Gender identity researchers have found that the polarization of masculinity and femininity begins at birth and continues throughout the life span (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Katz, 1986; Shively & De Cecco, 1993; Spence & Helmreich, 1978). With gender marking an important cue for both self-definition and societal reaction, boys and girls learn to value masculine attributes over feminine attributes as more socially effective and rewarding. For example, while independence, success, and achievement are part of society’s construct of masculinity, these culturally valued qualities remain absent from the construct of femininity.
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: Families in Transition
Authors: Weber Joseph A , Waldrop Deborah P
Published: November 2023

Nearly 4 million American children live in households headed by grandparents and the number continues to rise (Lugaila, 1999). The circumstances that cause grandparents to become responsible for their grandchildren are varied. Parental drug and alcohol abuse, child abuse and neglect, chronic unemployment and teenage pregnancy are some of the social and economic problems grandparents attempt to stabilize. These circumstances have an impact on all generations in a family. Grandparents are often the closest relatives asked to care for a child during difficult times. Grandparents assume parental responsibility at a time in their lives when retirement interests would normally occupy their attention. Grandparent caregivers accept new responsibilities and often become involved in uncertain situations.
Understanding the Ageing Process: A Developmental Perspective of the Psychosocial and Spiritual Dimensions
Authors: Mackinlay Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

It is often thought that the ageing process is all decline; this certainly appears to be the state from a physiological view. However, and perhaps fortunately, the contribution of the psychosocial and spiritual dimensions of life provides a very different picture of the ageing process. It is far from simple to separate out these two dimensions of ageing; however, it is important to distinguish between these two perspectives when considering the contribution of each to the understanding of the ageing process. This chapter will present a perspective of the ageing process, focusing mainly on spirituality in ageing.
Early-Onset Schizophrenia: A Literature Review of Empirically Based Interventions
Authors: Dulmus Catherine N , Smyth Nancy J
Published: November 2023

Twelve percent of American children suffer from mental disorders (National Institute of Mental Health, 1990), with diagnoses ranging from mild anxiety to psychosis. The Office of Technology Assessment (1986) reports that at most, only onethird of those children will receive the services they need. A lack of diagnosis, treatment, and services can have devastating results for the individual child, the family, and society as a whole as the mentally ill child grows up to become a mentally ill adult (Dulmus & Wodarski, 1996).
Domestic Violence in Later Life: An Overview for Health Care Providers
Authors: Brandl Bonnie , Horan Deborah L
Published: November 2023

Elder abuse is a growing but often hidden problem in the United States. It is estimated that only one in five cases of elder abuse is reported. During the 10-year period between 1986 and 1996, reported cases of domestic elder abuse increased 150% with more than 450,000 older individuals abused or neglected in domestic settings annually. About 90% of elder abuse cases are perpetrated by people known to the victim. Two-thirds of these known perpetrators were adult children or spouses. This form of abuse is often referred to as domestic elder abuse or family violence in later life (National Center on Elder Abuse 1998a).
Stalking: The Constant Threat of Violence
Authors: Sinwelski Shari A , Vinton Linda
Published: November 2023

Stalking is unlike other types of crimes because it may include individual actions that are legal, but when put together, these acts cause victims to be fearful of injury or death (Bureau of Justice Assistance, 1996). Stalking did not receive much recognition until the 1989 shooting death of actress Rebecca Shaeffer shed light on the potentially violent consequences of stalking (de Becker, 1997) and celebrities such as David Letterman, Theresa Saldana, Janet Jackson, Madonna, and Steven Spielberg revealed that they have been victims of some form of repeated harassment (McCann, 1995).
Lost Boys: Why Our Sons Turn Violent and How We Can Save Them
Authors: Garbarino James
Published: November 2023

At a time when people around the country are mindlessly talking about zero tolerance, video cameras, and cracking down, it is refreshing to come to Smith College to speak at a conference titled Safe Schools: Building Fortresses or Opening the Doors to Community. I am also pleased that a student led this conference off, a student who spoke unashamedly about optimism, about values, and about doing good with her life. Many people are mired in hopelessness, in shortsighted thinking, and in the emotional immobilization that has taken place in our country in recent years. I think that optimism and hope are worth beginning with today as we talk about the issue of violence.
Africans and Racism in the New Millennium
Authors: Ojo-Ade Femi
Published: November 2023

Many observers of African or world history have a fixed idea of the African past and its evolution to the present: slavery, colonialism, independence, postindependence. However, those of us who know better, due to our experience in the eye of the hurricane or in the belly of the civilized monster, would make some adjustment to show that slavery and colonialism are not really dead, that independence has been nominal and superficial, and that postindependence is a euphemism for neocolonialism. The latter, concretized by the inhuman acts of military and civilian dictators, has witnessed the depletion, if not destruction, of Africa’s human and natural resources to such an extent that the best minds as well as the worst are scurrying off in search of life more abundant abroad, specifically in Euramerica.
A Body-Mind-Spirit Model in Health: An Eastern Approach
Authors: Chan Cecilia , Sik Yin Ho Petula , Chow Esther
Published: November 2023

In response to the overspecialization of the health care profession and the failure of Western medicine to provide satisfactory cures (Taylor, 1979), there is a growing interest in how the Eastern philosophies of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, energy work, body-mind connection, and traditional medicine can shed new light on patients’ physical and mental health (English-Lueck, 1990; Hansen, 1992; Legge, 1964; Y.S. Leung, 1988; Needham, 1970; Pachuta, 1989; Tsuei, 1992; Yang, 1995a, 1995b). Western medicine fixes its gaze on isolated symptoms rather than on the patient himself. Its practitioners, therefore, tend to pay more attention to external sources of the disease at the expense of the internal dynamics of the patient’s body.
Does Social Work Oppress Evangelical Christians? A “New Class” Analysis of Society and Social Work
Authors: Hodge David R
Published: November 2023

“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere,” wrote Martin Luther King (1992, p. 85). When injustice is tolerated against a specific group, ultimately everyone’s access to justice is at risk. Indeed, since its foundation, social work has recognized the deleterious effects of social injustice and incorporates as one of its six guiding ethical principles the need to understand and ameliorate oppression (NASW, 2000). Recognition of injustice, however, is a perplexing issue. How does discrimination against a particular group enter one’s consciousness? It is clear that the actual existence of oppression is a minimal criterion at best. For a century and a half, segregated restaurants, hotels, schools, and buses existed without being acknowledged as a problem. Similarly, the internment of coastal-dwelling Asian Americans during World War II was not widely perceived as discriminatory when it occurred, but only long after the internment was an accepted fact.
Social Work with Immigrants and Refugees: Developing a Participation-based Framework for Anti-Oppressive Practice
Authors: Valtonen Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Modern migration flows bring about increasing ethnocultural diversity in most states. Groups of differing ethnocultural backgrounds fashion patterns of coexistence and niches in their new home societies. While numerically large groups, which have settled over long periods of time, have gradually become well-established communities, those groups that have arrived more recently still face the multiple tasks of resettlement. A growing arena of contemporary social work and the organized social service system is that of immigrant and refugee resettlement and integration.1
Native Hawaiian Traditional Healing: Culturally Based Interventions for Social Work Practice
Authors: Hurdle Donna E
Published: November 2023

Cultural competence is an emerging focus of social work practice that is encouraged by both major social work professional organizations, NASW and the Council on Social Work Education, and reflects the reality of America’s multicultural society. As described by Lum (1999), social work practice with people of color and various ethnic groups has evolved over the past two decades from ethnicsensitive approaches, to cultural awareness, to cultural diversity, and finally to cultural competence. Each of these approaches has a different focus, ranging from the development of enhanced awareness in practitioners to greater knowledge of specific cultural groups and finally to the more integrated concept of cultural competence.
Cultural and Linguistic Considerations in Psychodiagnosis with Hispanics: The Need for an Empirically Informed Process Model
Authors: Malgady Robert G , Zayas Luis H
Published: November 2023

Migration from Latin America has moved large numbers of Hispanic immigrants, mostly Spanish monolingual or limited English-proficient, into major urban areas in the United States (Rogler, 1994). Coupled with the already substantial numbers of resident Hispanics, most of whom are Spanishdominant (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991), members of this growing population must cope not only with stressors associated with lower socioeconomic status (SES), but also with stress associated with the language and cultural demands of the host American society. When unacculturated Hispanics with limited English proficiency turn to organizations delivering mental health services, on intake they often face a common problem of language and cultural distance from service providers because there is a severe shortage of bilingual and bicultural clinicians in the mental health services system (Bernal & Castro, 1994; Cross, Bazron, Dennis, & Isaacs, 1989).
Depression, Existential Family Therapy, and Viktor Frankl’s Dimensional Ontology
Authors: Lantz Jim
Published: November 2023

One of the most common problems presented to general medical practitioners, psychiatrists, crisis intervention centers, hospital emergency rooms, social service agencies, individual psychotherapists, and marital and family therapists is depression (Lantz, 1978; Lantz & Thorword, 1985; Maxman & Ward, 1995). Although depression is often described as the kind of problem that responds most effectively to medications and individual psychotherapy (Maxman & Ward, 1995), family therapists have rather consistently pointed out that depression cannot be holistically understood or treated without an adequate understanding of the family context of the symptoms of depression (Andrews, 1974; Lantz, 1978; Lantz & Thorword, 1985).
Food for Thought: The Use of Food in Group Therapy with Children and Adolescents
Authors: Mishna Faye , Muskat Barbara , Schamess Gerald
Published: November 2023

“Food is more than fodder. It is an act of giving and receiving because the experience at table is a communal sharing; talk begins to flow, feelings are expressed, and a sense of well-being takes over” (Cunningham, 1990, p. ix). In our practice of group therapy with children and adolescents, food or a snack is routinely offered during the sessions. Over time, we have observed the powerful impact that food has on the groups and the wide range of reactions to the food by various groups and group members. These observations led us to wonder whether the impact and meanings of food in group therapy are undervalued and underestimated.
Money as a Tool for Negotiating Separateness and Connectedness in the Therapeutic Relationship
Authors: Barth F Diane
Published: November 2023

Nearly 20 years ago I began working with Lois, a woman just a little younger than myself, who was moving quickly up the all-male corporate ladder of her firm. One of the first women executives in her business, Lois came to therapy because a recent breakup with a boyfriend has been a crushing blow from which she seemed unable to recover. Her sadness was carrying over into her work world, where she would often burst into tears with little provocation. In those early days of women’s transition into high-powered careers, it was considered a deadly flaw to cry in front of colleagues, and Lois had been quietly but directly warned that she needed to get control of herself or she would find herself off the fast track. After quickly establishing a positive working relationship, Lois began to make good use of the therapy. Her depression diminished significantly, and she felt hopeful and positive about herself and her future in both her career and her relational worlds.
On Being a Strength Coach: Child Welfare and the Strengths Model
Authors: Noble Dorinda N , Perkins Kathleen , Fatout Marian
Published: November 2023

Athletic teams know the importance of recognizing and developing strengths: large athletic organizations employ strength coaches to do this very thing. Strength coaches assess the individual athlete’s physical and emotional capacities and devise programs to strengthen muscles, coordination, skills, and attitude. The analogy between strength coaches and child welfare workers is instructive, for child welfare workers must help families to develop: These are daunting tasks, since families involved with child welfare often have had a mental and emotional diet deprived of consistent caring and support and have been surrounded by unhealthy lifestyles of poverty, crime, and abuse. This article discusses how child welfare workers can become strength coaches with such families.
Language and Responsibilities
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

Modern approaches to Greek city administration arc various and, although usually perfectly legitimate from the modern point of view, do not necessarily reflect the approaches of the Greeks themselves. Therefore, in order to understand Greek city administration at the time, it is necessary not only to be acquainted with modern perceptions but also to go directly to the basic features of administrative life in Asian cities. The richness of their epigraphical material allows us to explore in detail the terminology that was used in Asian city administration and the responsibilities of city officials as well as their interrelationship.
Myth in the Margins
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

When modern scholars speak of the scholia on (say) Homer or Aristophanes, what they normally have in mind is excerpts from ancient commentaries found in the margins of medieval manuscripts.’ These ancient commentaries had long circulated as independent works, consulted alongside the texts they explained, before they began to be excerpted and incorporated in the margins of those texts. More recently, the term has been extended to all and any marginal annotations in texts preserved on papyrus, despite the fact that the latter seldom offer the sort of learned material we find in medieval scholia. Indeed, unless they offer alternative readings or unknown quotations, modern scholars tend to dismiss scholia in papyrus texts as trivial jottings by readers in their own copies. This chapter attempts a more balanced evaluation of this latter group of marginalia in the light of the themes of this book.
Conclusion
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

From first to last, Greek mythography was a Greek affair. Between (for example) the ages of Catullus and Statius there was little need for mythographers who wrote in Latin. Both poets and poetic commentators (the earliest Vergil scholiasts) were quite capable of reading Greek mythographers. Given the influence of learned and allusive poets like Callimachus, Apollonlus, Nicander, Euphorion, and Parthenius on the litterati of late republican and Augustan Rome, Greek mythographers were likely to be better informed and more useful guides than anything Roman grammarians could produce. Parthenius’s little book was actually dedicated to a Roman poet.
Manu And the laterdharma Tradition
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The composition of new Dharmasiistras appears to have flourished in the four or five centuries following the composition of the MDh, that is, approximately 300- 600 CE. Most of these are now lost; we only have fragments of them cited in medieval commentaries and Nibandhas. Only three have survived in more or less complete form: those ascribed to Vi nu, Yajfiavalkya, and Narada. Two others, Br,haspati and Katyayana, have been reconstructed on the basis of medieval fragments by Rangaswami Aiyangar and P. V. Kane. On the existence of professional lawyers who gave advice to litigants, see Jayaswal 1930, 288-92. See C. Minakshi, Administration and Social Life under the Pallavas (Madras: University of Madras 1938), pp. 186-212; K. A. Nilakantha Sastri. The Colas (Madras: University of Madras 1955), pp. 629-33. Sastri shows that Dharmafiistra was part of the curriculum in colleges such as Eryryariyam and Tribhuvani.
Chapter Five
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

After they had heard the Laws of a bath-graduate described in this manner, the seers said this to the noble-minded Bhfgu born from the fire:* 2”How,0 Lord, does Death prevail over Brahmins, who know the vedic teachings and follow the Law specific to them described in this manner?” Bhrgu, the embodiment of the Law and the son of Manu, said to those great seers: “Listen to the fault because of which Death seeks to kill Brahmins.” Death seeks to kill Brahmins because of the failure to recite the Vedas, the dereliction of the rules of proper conduct, laziness, and faults with respect to food. Garlic, leeks, onions, and mushrooms are foods forbidden* to twice-born persons; and so is anything growing in an impure medium. 6He should scrupulously eschew the following: the red sap of trees; juices flowing from incisions on trees; Se)u fruit; cow’s colostrum; 7Kr,sara porridge, Sarµyava cake,* milk-rice, or cake prepared for no good reason; meat of an unconsecrated animal (5.27 57); food offered to deities; and sacrificial oblations.
Chapter Seven
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

I will explain the Laws pertaining to kings-how a king should conduct himself, how he came into being, and how he can attain the highest success. A K atriya who has received the vedic consecration* according to rule has the obligation to protect this whole world in accordance with the norms; 3for when people here were without a king and fleeing in all directions out of fear, to protect this whole world the Lord created the king 4by extracting eternal particles from Indra, Wind, Yama, Sun, Fire, Varmia, Moon, and the Lord of wealth.
Working With Medical Providers
Authors: Brittain Charmaine R , Moore Joyce K
Published: November 2023

Medical providers play a key role alongside CPS workers when working with families experiencing child abuse or neglect. CPS workers’ interactions with the medical community include receiving and making referrals, requesting consultations, and advocating and arranging for medical services. Medical providers include many diverse professionals such as physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physicians’ assistants, clinicians, hospital social workers, psychiatrists, psychologists, and natural or traditional healers (e.g., curanderos, shamanic healers, acupuncturists). Medical providers have an integral role on the team of professionals who work with children and families. Through expert consultation, medical providers provide information on the medical aspects of child abuse and neglect and will assess, diagnose, and treat injuries or conditions resulting from child abuse and neglect. Medical providers can also supply information about medical care prior to involvement with CPS and provide ongoing preventative care, as well as treat chronic medical conditions such as asthma or diabetes. They are a resource to parents, caregivers, and CPS workers on topics such as good nutrition and child development. For cases requiring court intervention, medical providers may act as expert witnesses to interpret complex medical information and present possible hypotheses for the causes of harm to children or conditions that may or may not be preexisting. Additionally, on an ongoing basis, medical providers offer another set of eyes to monitor at-risk children.
Injuries to the Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Mouth
Authors: Wells Kathryn M
Published: November 2023

Child abuse is the most common cause of head injury in children younger than 1 year of age (Billmire & Myers, 1995). Trauma to the head and associated areas is present in about 50% of abused children (Willging, Bower, & Cotton, 1992). Abusive head trauma is currently the most common cause of mortality from child abuse as well as the leading cause of trauma-related death among children (Duhaime et al., 1992; Gotschall, 1993). In addition, it accounts for lesser degrees of brain injury including severe neurologic, developmental and behavioral sequelae, even in those infants appearing normal two months following the injury. Although hard to quantify because of underrecognition and underreporting, inflicted head injuries are believed to account for about 25% of hospital admissions for child physical abuse. In addition, these children’s injuries are disproportionately more severe than injuries in children that suffer accidental injuries, frequently because of failure of the caregiver to seek timely medical care or the lack of a complete history given to the medical provider (Duhaime et al., 1992). Children under 2 years of age are at the greatest risk for this type of trauma. It is estimated that abusive head trauma is the cause of 80% of deaths in children less than 2 years of age (Sirotnak, Grigsby, & Krugman, 2004).
Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Sirotnak Andrew P , Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C
Published: November 2023

In most states the legal definition for the molestation of a child is an act of a person (adult or child), which forces, coerces, or threatens a child to have any form of sexual contact or to engage in any type of sexual activity at his or her direction. This includes inappropriate touching (clothed or unclothed), penetration using an object, forcing sexual activity between children, or asking a child to view, to read, or to pose for pornographic materials. l Most children being evaluated for sexual abuse will not have significant physical findings on examination. However, a thorough physical and genital exam is necessary. A practitioner with expertise and specialized skills should do these examinations with children and adolescents. Many parents and caregivers do not realize that the pediatric genital exam is very different from that performed on adults. In fact, only in rare cases will the experienced examiner perform an internal exam or use a speculum.
Emotional Maltreatment
Authors: Sirotnak Andrew P
Published: November 2023

Emotional maltreatment can be considered either neglectful or abusive, and like other forms of maltreatment it can occur within a pattern or range of severity and duration and be associated with other forms of abuse and neglect. Thus, this form of maltreatment has often been hard to define, to recognize, and to address with CPS involvement. This section will suggest a framework of assessment and treatment for the CPS worker based on child development and literature from experts in this area. The definition of emotional maltreatment under the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) is a repeated pattern of caregiver behavior or an extreme incident of behavior that conveys to children that they are worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered, or only of value in meeting another’s need. Psychological maltreatment includes acts of commission as well as acts of omission (CAPTA, 1974). In state statutes, emotional maltreatment is defined in many different ways; therefore, it is advisable to review the exact wording of the state’s definition.
Introduction: Charting the Tree of Life
Authors: Donoghue Michael J , Cracraft Joel
Published: November 2023

Many, perhaps even most, people today are comfortable with the image of a tree as a representation of how species are related to one another. The Tree of Life has become, we think, one of the central images associated with life and with science in general, alongside the complementary metaphor of the ecological Web of Life. But this was not always the case. Before Darwin, the reigning view was perhaps that life was organized like a ladder or “chain of being,” with slimy “primitive” creatures at the bottom and people (what else!) at the very top. Darwin (1859) solidified in our minds the radically new image of a tree (fig. I.1), within which humans are but one of many (as we now know, millions) of other species situated at the tips of the branches. The tree, it turns out, is the natural image to convey ancestry and the splitting of lineages through time, and therefore is the natural framework for “telling” the genealogical history of life on Earth.
Prologue
Authors: Lytle Mark Hamilton
Published: November 2023

Rachel Carson Could Not Wait To Share The News With Dorothy. The news was so exciting that Dorothy Freeman had to be told, for she had become specially important in the network of personal and professional relationships, many of them with women, that Rachel had been building for years. Over the years, these reciprocal relationships provided Rachel with sustenance and support in much the way that the natural world about which she wrote so poetically sustained its constituent parts in the interdependent ecology of life. In a strange and very petsonal fashion, Rachel Carson had fashioned an interdependent ecology all her own, and Dorothy had become a vital part of it.
Winter The Poison Book and the Dark Season of Vindication
Authors: Lytle Mark Hamilton
Published: November 2023

When She Decided to Write What Dorothy Freeman called the “poison book;’ Rachel Carson committed herself to a crusade, driven on by a sense of moral outrage. She believed that the arrogance of humankind created a deadly irony: in their determination to control nature, human beings posed a growing threat to all life on earth, including their own. Despite her forebodings, Carson never intended to let “the ugly facts dominate” the book since “the beauty of the living world I was trying to save has always been uppermost in my mind:’ But so too was a profound “anger at the senseless, brutish things that were being done:’1
Royal Bans to Tournament Golf
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

For centuries the search for how, and even where, golf began has both fascinated and perplexed those who care about such things. No one can say for certain; they can offer only theories. One of those theories traces the game to Roman times, when boys raced through the streets batting a leather ball with a stick. Others say the game originated on the frozen canals of Holland, where the Dutch played a game called het kolven, and since the heavy, unwieldy clubs they used to roll a ball along the ice toward a goal post was called a kolb, or kolf, we see the temptation to believe golf came from Holland, brought across the North Sea by Dutch traders.
The King Abdicates
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

Arnold Palmer played his last round in the United States Open on June 17, 1994. Thirteen months later he ended his career in the British Open as well. Both wrung tears and stirred memories of great moments in his long and glorious career.
Palimpsests of Jewish History
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The purpose of my talk is to offer some general observations on the nature of Jewish history, the documentation of Jewish history and, finally, the writing and teaching of Jewish history in that long period that intervened between ancient and modern times, that is to say between the two periods when Jewish history, like that of most other peoples, was somehow focused on a place and a state. Between those two eras, between the ending of the ancient Jewish commonwealth and the foundation of the modern Jewish commonwealth, Jews, Judaism, Jewish life and Jewish culture seemed to have flourished only under Christian or Muslim rule. There were other possibilities in the world. There were vast areas of Asia—India, China, which were neither Muslim nor Christian, but in which Judaism never took root. Jews settled in these places, but in spite of the absence of certain disadvantages which affected Jewish life under both Christian and Muslim rule, Judaism did not flourish. It barely survived, but rather stagnated in these places. It was only under the aegis of what in this company I may call the two daughter religions that Judaism seems to have been able to grow, to expand, to live, to flourish, to continue an original religious and cultural life.
The Roots of Muslim Rage
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In one of his letters Thomas Jefferson remarked that in matters of religion “the maxim of civil government” should be reversed and we should rather say, “Divided we stand, united, we fall.” In this remark Jefferson was setting forth with classic terseness an idea that has come to be regarded as essentially American: the separation of Church and State. This idea was not entirely new; it had some precedents in the writings of Spinoza, Locke, and the philosophers of the European Enlightenment. It was in the United States, however, that the principle was first given the force of law and gradually, in the course of two centuries, became a reality.
Not Everybody Hates Saddam
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In the Middle East nothing is quite what it seems to be, and there are always differing, sometimes conflicting, explanations of whatever happens. The recent war between Iraq and Iran was variously explained as a struggle for hegemony between two regional powers, as an ethnic conflict between Arabs and Persians, as an ideological clash between Ba’thist secularism and Islamic fundamentalism and even as a sectarian squabble between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims. Similar variety may be seen in reactions to the current Middle Eastern crisis, launched by Saddam Hussein’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait. In the broader world outside the Middle East, the perception of what has happened and of what needs to be done shows a unanimity unknown since the defeat of Adolf Hitler. Kuwait is after all a classical example of a small, unoffending, peaceful country, invaded and swallowed by a ruthless and aggressive neighbor.
The “Sick Man” of Today Coughs Closer to Home
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In January 1853, in a conversation between Czar Nicholas I of Russia and the British ambassador, Sir Hamilton Seymour, the czar suggested that it was time for Britain and Russia to agree on the partition of the collapsing Ottoman Empire. “We have a sick man on our hands,” said the czar, “a man gravely ill. It will be a great misfortune if one of these days he slips through our hands, especially before the necessary arrangements are made.” Seymour, while not disputing the diagnosis, suggested that with proper treatment the “sick man” might recover, and thought that what was needed was a physician, not a surgeon. This disagreement between the British and Russian views led shortly afterward to the Crimean War, and to a long and sustained political conflict. The phrase “the sick man” became famous and, despite differences of policy, reflected the common European view of the state of the Ottoman Empire. With the demise of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War, the sick man may be said to have died, and been succeeded by his sole legitimate heir, the Turkish Republic. The image, however, remained.
Deconstructing Osama and His Evil Appeal
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

For most Westerners, Osama bin Laden presents an ogreish figure, equally indifferent to the suffering and death of his enemies, of his devotees, and of uninvolved bystanders. Some recent accounts have also suggested unpleasant personal traits—an arrogant and domineering personality, an inability to work with others. Yet he remains an enormously popular figure not only with the extremists and radicals who form his main support group, but in much wider circles in the Muslim and more particularly in the Arab world.
Targeted by a History of Hatred
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The immediate, general reaction as the facts of what happened on Sept. 11 became known was one of utter astonishment. Most people in the United States and more generally in the Western world find it impossible to understand the motives and purposes that drove the perpetrators of these crimes, those who sent them and those who applauded them with song and dance in the streets. We understand people who are willing to die—even to face certain death—for a cause in which they believe. The kamikaze pilots of Japan are an obvious example. But that was in wartime, and directed against military objectives. Many of our own people, in wartime, willingly sacrifice their lives for their country. Even in peacetime, on that same Sept. 11, firefighters and rescue teams risked, and many gave, their lives. But that was to save other people, not to kill them.
Reflections on Islamic Historiography
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Consider the word history. It comes from a Greek verb meaning to learn by asking questions—a good way to learn, I think we would all agree. It has the further meaning of inquiring into a subject, and then the derived meaning of narrating what one has learnt by asking questions and inquiring. Historia developed to mean the relating of a narrative. This may be of events which actually happened or are purported to have happened, or of which the narrator frankly admits himself to be the inventor. In English, we have a bifurcation of this idea of narrative into two kinds: history and story. French uses histoire in both senses, while German uses Geschichte—a different word from a different root, but still combining these two meanings from the Greek.
Social Problem-Solving Skills Training: Sample Module from the Coping Power Program
Authors: Powell Nicole , Boxmeyer Caroline L , Lochman John E
Published: November 2023

The Coping Power Program (Lochman, Wells, & Lenhart, in press; Wells, Lochman, & Lenhart, in press) is an indicated preventive intervention designed to address malleable risk factors for aggression, delinquency, and substance abuse in at-risk children prior to the middle school transition. Manualized child and parent group components feature intervention activities that target distal and proximal risk factors for children’s aggressive behavior. This chapter will describe the contextual social-cognitive model of risk for aggression on which the Coping Power Program is based, provide an overview of the program and its empirical support, and present manualized sessionby-session content on social problem solving from the child component module.
TALK: Teens and Adults Learning to Communicate
Authors: Lester Patricia
Published: November 2023

There are more than one million people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States, many of whom are living longer with the aid of antiretrovirals and medical treatment (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2006). The transition of HIV/AIDS from an illness that primarily affects men who have sex with men (MSM) and intravenous drug users (IDU) to a chronic illness that disproportionately affects ethnic minority communities suggests a shift in our preventive intervention paradigm.
A Cognitive Therapy Intervention for Adolescent Suicide Attempters: An Empirically-Informed Treatment
Authors: Berk Michele S , Brown Gregory K , Wenzel Amy , Henriques Gregg R
Published: November 2023

Adolescent suicidal behavior is a significant public health problem in the United States. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in the United States for youth aged 10–19 (Hamilton, Miniño, Martin, Kochanek, Strobino, et al., 2007), and approximately one-third of youth who die by suicide have made previous suicide attempts (United States Public Health Service, 1999). A history of previous suicide attempts is one of the strongest predictors of future suicide attempts and suicide deaths among teens (Lewinsohn, Rohde, & Seely, 1993; Shaffer, Garland, Gould, Fisher, & Trautman, 1988). Identifying and targeting groups at high risk for suicide is a key suicide prevention strategy, as outlined in the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Adolescent suicide attempters constitute a high risk population in need of intensive suicide prevention efforts.
The Home Chip System: A Token Economy for Use in the Natural Home
Authors: Christophersen Edward R , VanScoyoc Susan Mortweet
Published: November 2023

The concept of a token economy was first introduced into the literature by Ayllon and Azrin (1968), first in research publications and then in their book, The Token Economy. Over the years, token economies have been reported in a variety of adaptations including residential treatment facilities (The Teaching Family Model, Wolf, et al., 1995), schools (Ayllon, 1999), and natural homes (Christophersen, Hill, Arnold, & Quilitch, 1972; Barkley, 1990).
Part III: Chapters 1–12
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

“In reply, the officials of the region”: instead of this phrase, the first three editions have, “Then the king of Nagar took note of the situation (and . . . )”, Nagar being the capital of Birbhum District (A[BSP] : 134). “depart, calling out to Hari”: the first three editions add after this: “King Asad-ul-jaman was now in a big quandary. He despatched many cannons with ammunition, elephants and horses, but nothing could stop the santan s’ cry of ‘Conquer, O Hari, Lord of the world!’ Asad-ul-jaman realised that the end of his reign was nigh, so in distress he wrote to the English saying that it had become quite impossible for him to collect revenue or to send it on. Only under their protection, he said, would he be able to collect taxes, otherwise they were welcome to come themselves and collect them. The English had already been collecting some taxes themselves, but now even their own efforts began to be in vain” (ibid.).