bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeking Integration
Authors: Pennock Pamela E.
Published: September 2017

The chapter explains how Arab American activism became more connected to mainstream progressive political organizing. The Palestine Human Rights Campaign, American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), and Arab American Institute (AAI) tried to collaborate with liberal religious and political organizations, especially moderate African Americans. The work of the ADC and AAI with Jesse Jackson’s Rainbow Coalition and his campaign for the Democratic Party presidential nomination signalled the inclusion of Arab Americans in mainstream civil rights coalitions.
Conclusion
Authors: Pennock Pamela E.
Published: September 2017

As we approach the third decade of the twenty-first century, the United States continues to wrestle with defining its role in Middle East conflicts and fully accepting and fairly treating Arab and Muslim Americans. In this contentious and often ill-informed climate, it is crucial to appreciate the struggles, priorities, and accomplishments of Arab Americans over the past several decades, both what has set them apart and what has integrated them into the politics and culture of the United States. Arab American organizing in the environment of minority rights movements in the 1960s and 1970s fostered a heightened consciousness of and pride in Arab American identity....
Introduction
Authors: Lambe Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

Before the days of shock treatment

and needles, píldoras and juice,

this place in Havana, banana plants

outside its windows, housed

the infirmed of spirit, the politically

incorrect. Every one abandoned

here in this place, the house

of the incorrigible, lost more than

track of time …...
A Moral Revolution at Mazorra, 1899–1902
Authors: Lambe Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 examines the massive reconstruction effort undertaken at Mazorra at the end of the Cuban independence war. In particular, it examines the collaboration between U.S. occupying forces and Cuban liberating hero Lucas Álvarez Cerice to transform popular outrage over asylum conditions into a popular and patriotic rebuilding effort. Both groups turned Mazorra into a key nationalist icon, even as their efforts to implement a new therapeutic regimen (with particular emphasis on work as treatment) recapitulated racial and class divides.
Fragments of a Journey to Mazorra
Authors: Lambe Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 follows the unlikely pact between U.S. occupying forces and patriotic doctors through its fraying under the auspices of Cuba’s first sovereign government (1902-6) and its revival during another U.S. occupation (1906-9). As public alarm grew over a ballooning institutional population and patient death rate, Mazorra’s status as an icon of a sovereign Cuba increasingly cast doubts on the political health of that nation. Reformers, doctors, and patients all contributed to the project of unpacking what sovereignty would mean for Mazorra and Cuba.
The Great Divergence
Authors: Lambe Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

During Cuba’s first “gilded age” (1909-26), Mazorra experienced a troubling divide from a psychiatric profession in development. Though psychiatrists drew on the hospital’s clinical material, especially a purported epidemic of “Spiritist madness,” to build a case for advancement and face down their professional competition, they often did so on the basis of a convergence with criminology. The resulting estrangement from hospital patients dovetailed with disillusionment outside it, fueled by asylum exposés that cohered in a vision of Mazorra as “Inferno.” But chapter 3 also seeks out the underbelly of the Inferno in the experience of patient captivity during a paradigmatic moment: the dictatorship of Gerardo Machado y Morales (1926-33) and the revolution that overturned it.
The Repeating Madhouse, from Havana to Miami
Authors: Lambe Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

After 1959, Cubans who fled the island would also learn to communicate their political views in the language of mental change and distress. Here, Mazorra itself would come back into the picture, when the 1980 Mariel Boatlift quickly turned into a psychiatric problem on both sides, due to the apparent presence of the mentally ill among migrants. By the late 1980s, controversy had also erupted in Miami regarding the alleged commandeering by security officials of several wards at Cuba’s Hospital Psiquiátrico. There, a growing number of voices contended, officials had tortured political dissidents, a charge refuted by hospital psychiatrists. Chapter 7 charts the evolution of both controversies to understand the reverberations of the “manicomio” across the Florida Straits, but also to chart popular understandings and experiences of revolutionary mental change.
Wrapping the World in Fire
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: September 2017

Too often overlooked in the American Civil War was the crisis over foreign intervention and possible diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy as a sovereign nation. Outside observers watched events in America with great interest, some noting how the South’s struggle for independence could provide an example for their own aspirations for liberty. The controversy involved the central characters on the international scene: Abraham Lincoln and William Seward in Washington, Jefferson Davis in Richmond, Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell in London, Napoleon III in Paris, and, perhaps a lesser known figure, the British secretary for war, George Cornewall Lewis. The actions considered in Britain and France included mediation, arbitration, and even a forceful intervention in the name of peace, but always based on self-interest. The chief opponent of intervention was Lewis, who warned that such action might lead to war with the United States. Had Britain recognized the South, France and other nations would probably have followed, perhaps permanently dividing the United States and crippling the republic for decades.
The Cat’s-Paw
Authors: Kelly Patrick J.
Published: September 2017

In the decades before the Civil War many Southerners argued that their slaveholding region should expand territorially beyond the boundaries of the United States into Latin America and the Caribbean, especially Cuba. Instead, during the Civil War the Confederacy renounced the capture any new territory in the Americas. Historians have neglected to explain fully the South’s failure to to fulfill its prewar ambitions to expand territorially in the New World after secession. Patrick J. Kelly argues that examining the Southern rebellion from the perspective of Mexico City, Havana, London and Paris reveals the stark geopolitical realities facing the Confederate nation in the New World. Instead of dominating the New World, the Southern rebellion served as a pawn, especially to the French Emperor Napoleon III, in hemispheric affairs. Ultimately, the Confederacy proved too weak internationally to to capture any new hemispheric territory or gain the foreign recognition it sought in order to operate as a sovereign state in the family of nations. In an ironic twist, instead of insuring the future of Southern slavery, secession marked the death knell of the South’s dream of creating an empire for slavery in the Western Hemisphere.
France’s Grand Design and the Confederacy
Authors: Sainlaude Stève
Published: September 2017

The words of Rouher expressed about the French expedition in Mexico as being la Grande pensée du règne (the Grand thought of the Reign) be related not only about Napoléon III’s project cherished for this country. They also expressed the opportunity to raise a dike against the expansionism of the United States that France was afraid since a long time. In this context, in 1861, the weakening of the Union and the birth of CSA sounded as though to serve the French interests in Mexico. In such a case it seemed obvious that to make sure of the success of this intention France had to confirm the division of the United States by recognizing the Confederacy. But this reasoning was going to find some limits in the nature of the Southern nationalism.
Juárez vs. Maximiliano
Authors: Pani Erika
Published: September 2017

The French intervention in Mexico is far more familiar than the Dominican war, but it is too often reduced to a pat story of French intervention and Mexican victimhood. As Erika Pani demonstrates, the idea of restoring Mexico to monarchy had been nurtured by Mexican Conservatives for decades. Their dreams of monarchical stability revived with the advent of liberal reforms during the 1850s. Conservative designs for the restoration of order and progress in Mexico became possible to realize once the U.S. Civil War suddenly opened the way for Napoleon III and his abiding interest in Mexico as the site for his Grand Design to regenerate the Latin race in the American hemisphere.
Cuba, the Atlantic Crisis of the 1860s, and the Road to Abolition
Authors: Childs Matt D.
Published: September 2017

Matt D. Childs’s essay shows how two key external events set the stage for abolition in Cuba. The Lyons-Seward Treaty of 1862 between the United States and Britain banned participation by U.S. citizens in the Atlantic slave trade. An antislavery movement in Madrid pressured Spain to end its involvement in the trans-Atlantic slave trade as well, which meant an end to the replenishment of Cuba’s slave population. Then, in 1868, the revolutionary independence movement that began the Ten Years’ War promised freedom to slaves who joined the cause. In 1870, Spain countered with its own emancipation plan by promising freedom to all slaves who fought for Spain and to all children born to slave mothers.
The Civil War in the United States and the Crisis of Slavery in Brazil
Authors: Marquese Rafael
Published: September 2017

With Cuban slavery on the path to extinction, the Empire of Brazil stood as the last nation sanctioning slavery. Rafael Marquese’s essay shows that Brazil’s political leaders were keenly aware of the implications of the Union’s emancipation policy, and its ultimate victory, for their own country. Brazilians also followed closely the post-emancipation conditions of the South and debated what lessons it held for Brazil. In 1871, alone in a world that had repudiated slavery, Brazil passed its own free-womb law, which spelled the eventual end of slavery in Brazil, and all the Americas.
The Love of Liberty
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A.
Published: September 2017

Within months of his arrival in Liberia in 1853, Church Vaughan was able to undertake more of the rights and duties of citizenship than he ever had before. He trained and served with a militia; he received a land grant to establish his own homestead; and he was eligible to vote. Yet Vaughan spent less than three years in Liberia. What motivated him to leave? As this chapter details, Vaughan learned that settler society was in its own way as exclusive and exploitative as the one he had left behind in South Carolina. From the beginnings of American colonization, a series of military battles and lopsided treaties had either displaced local African peoples or else brought them under the “protection” of the Liberian administration, subject to the foreigners’ laws and unfavorable trading agreements. Liberia’s boosters described this process as bringing civilization, especially since one of their goals was to stop slave trading between local leaders and transatlantic purchasers. Yet Liberians’ use of indigenous labor for their own enterprises closely resembled slavery, as some contemporaries pointed out. When presented with the opportunity to leave Liberia—for a place reputed to be roiled by warfare and slave-trading, no less—Vaughan took it.
Vaughan’s Rebellion
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A.
Published: September 2017

By the late 1880s, freedom as prosperity and autonomy was coming under threat in Lagos. Increasing numbers of European personnel pushed Africans out of their posts in the civil service and foreign-owned commercial firms, limiting opportunities for elite Africans. White leaders of the mission churches sought to reverse decades-old policies and monopolize control over African congregations. Within the Baptist church—with which Vaughan had been associated since coming to Yorubaland thirty years earlier--a new generation of white missionaries subjected him and others to racist condescension. This chapter considers the responses of Vaughan and his contemporaries to the new era of white supremacy in Lagos. In 1888, Vaughan and several others formed the Native Baptist Church, the first non-missionary church in West Africa; they were followed by separatist movements in other denominations. They linked their struggles to those against slavery, referring to the mission church as a barracoon and their subordination to white missionaries as bondage. Understanding the new racism as part of a wider, Atlantic world phenomenon, Vaughan and the other Christian rebels drew on a classic diasporic strategy of separation from white establishments. Thus, this chapter illustrates the role of the African diaspora in changing developments within Africa.
Afterlives
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A.
Published: September 2017

More than a century after Church Vaughan died in 1893, his descendants in Nigeria and those of his siblings in America kept alive a particular family story. Vaughans remembered Church’s father Scipio as a Yoruba man brought to Charleston as a slave. Decades later in Yorubaland, according to their accounts, Church Vaughan met people bearing his father’s “country marks,” who embraced him as a long-lost relative. Written evidence, however, indicates that Scipio Vaughan was born in Virginia. Where, then, did this story come from? What did it mean to Vaughan descendants as they remembered and retold it? And what meaning can readers take from the “real” story today? This chapter considers these questions. It traces the “country marks” story to encounters between Vaughan’s daughter and American cousins she visited in the 1920s, an era of fascination with Africa as well as violent attacks on African Americans. It argues that although the country marks story gives Vaughan African roots, it was his un-rootedness—his mobility—that brought about the prosperity he was able to bequeath to his descendants. Church Vaughan’s life shows how a vision that transcends national borders and fixed identities can be a resource in a harsh, unfair world.
Conflict
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

The brief introductory chapter explains the Loewen and Sallis believed that conflict produces change. Their textbook sought to combat ignorance and promote change by introducing controversial topis such as race and class into the state’s history.
Writers
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

Jim Loewen, a sociologist, and Charles Sallis, a historian, assembled a diverse team of colleagues and students to produce a revisionist ninth-grade Mississippi history textbook. In addition to several disciplines, the group included black and white, male and female, northern and southerner. They drew on earlier tentative interracial contacts led by Ernst Borinski between the black Tougaloo College and the nearby white Millsaps College, both in Jackson, Mississippi. Loewen had published a book on the Mississippi Chinese, and Sallis had written about Mississippi politics in the late nineteenth century.
Project
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

The Mississippi History Project started in 1970 and received funding from the Southern Education Foundation. The Project sought to create a distinctively new type of history textbook that included the silent, the unnamed, and the dispossessed and that reflected modern historical scholarship. It wanted to correct the racial bias that dominate other textbooks. The radical book also featured original design and format features.
Reception
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

In Pantheon’s Andre Schiffrin, Loewen and Sallis secured, with Pat Watters’s help, an unlikely but sympathetic publisher. In addition to critiques by experts in the field, the authors also gained the cooperation of two teachers who tried their manuscript with their students. When published in 1974, Conflict and Change received enthusiastic reviews by Bill Minor, Robert Coles, and others in the few publicatons that reviewed it. In 1976 the Southern Regional Council awarded the book its Lillian Smith Award for nonfiction.
Controversy
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

After the Rating Committee for Mississippi history textbooks voted against Conflict and Change, the State Textbook Purchasing Board rejected it. Without the board’s approval, school districts could not purchase it with state funds. Racial issues, especially violence and lynching, caused the most objections from John M. Turnipseed, W. A. Matthews, and others. Loewen and Sallis’s appeals to the Board and to the governor failed.
City of Inmates
Authors: Hernández Kelly Lytle
Published: September 2017

Los Angeles incarcerates more people than any other city in the United States, which imprisons more people than any other nation on Earth. This book explains how the City of Angels became the capital city of the world’s leading incarcerator. Marshaling more than two centuries of evidence, historian Kelly Lytle Hernández unmasks how histories of native elimination, immigrant exclusion, and black disappearance drove the rise of incarceration in Los Angeles. In this telling, which spans from the Spanish colonial era to the outbreak of the 1965 Watts Rebellion, Hernández documents the persistent historical bond between the racial fantasies of conquest, namely its settler colonial form, and the eliminatory capacities of incarceration.
But City of Inmates is also a chronicle of resilience and rebellion, documenting how targeted peoples and communities have always fought back. They busted out of jail, forced Supreme Court rulings, advanced revolution across bars and borders, and, as in the summer of 1965, set fire to the belly of the city. With these acts those who fought the rise of incarceration in Los Angeles altered the course of history in the city, the borderlands, and beyond. This book recounts how the dynamics of conquest met deep reservoirs of rebellion as Los Angeles became the City of Inmates, the nation’s carceral core. It is a story that is far from over.
An Eliminatory Option
Authors: Hernández Kelly Lytle
Published: September 2017

The first chapter begins many millennia ago when the region now called the Los Angeles Basin was solely occupied by the Indigenous communities today collectively known as the Tongva-Gabrielino Tribe. This story is vital because there is no evidence that Tongva-Gabrielino communities ever tried or experienced human caging until the Spanish Crown dispatched a small group of colonists to establish El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de Los Angeles del Rio Porciuncula, the City of Angels, in 1781. One of the first structures these colonists built was a jail. In time, the colonists and their descendants filled the jail with indios. Throughout the next century of colonial occupation in the Tongva Basin—spanning the Spanish colonial period (1781–1821), the Mexican era (1821–48), and the early years of U.S. rule (1848–70s)—Indigenous peoples consistently comprised a substantive, if not majority, portion of the incarcerated population in Los Angeles. Chapter 1, therefore, firmly grounds the origins of incarceration in Los Angeles with the dynamics of conquest and colonialism in the Tongva Basin.
Hobos in Heaven
Authors: Hernández Kelly Lytle
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 moves deeper into the U.S. era, chronicling how, between the 1880s and 1910s, authorities in Los Angeles redirected and expanded the city’s carceral capacity. They did so while targeting a particular population: poor white men, namely those popularly disparaged as “tramps” and “hobos” for migrating constantly, working little, and living and loving beyond the bounds of the nuclear family ideal. By 1910, when white men comprised nearly 100 percent of the local jail population, Los Angeles operated one of the largest jail systems in the country. And, as the city rapidly grew during these years, Los Angeles authorities operated a large convict labor program. In turn, white men sentenced to the chain gang cut roads, beautified parks, built schools, and so on. Chapter 2 details the rise of white male incarceration at the turn of the twentieth century and unveils the little-known history of how incarcerated white men built the infrastructure of the growing city. From Sunset Boulevard to the paths winding around Dodger Stadium, city residents still walk, ride, and run on the imprint of their labors.
Not Imprisonment in a Legal Sense
Authors: Hernández Kelly Lytle
Published: September 2017

The third chapter is a western tale of national and global import. That tale, which sutures the split between the history of incarceration within the United States and the history of deportation from the United States, swirls around the passage of the 1892 Geary Act, a federal law that required all Chinese laborers in the United States to prove their legal residence and register with the federal government or be subject to up to one year of imprisonment at hard labor and, then, deportation. Chinese immigrants rebelled against the new law, refusing to be locked out, kicked out, or singled out for imprisonment. Launching the first mass civil disobedience campaign for immigrant rights in the history of the United States, Chinese immigrants forced the U.S. Supreme Court to issue a set of sweeping and enduring decisions regarding the future of U.S. immigration control. Buried in those decisions, which cut through Los Angeles during the summer of 1893, lay the invention of immigrant detention as a nonpunitive form of caging noncitizens within the United States. It was then an obscure and contested practice of indisputably racist origins. It is now one of the most dynamic sectors of the U.S. carceral landscape.
Caged Birds
Authors: Hernández Kelly Lytle
Published: September 2017

The fifth chapter continues to chart the rise of Mexican and Mexican American incarceration in the United States. Like Magon’s rebellion, it is a tale that unfolded in Los Angeles and across the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. Like the history of immigrant detention, it is a story about the collision of deportation and incarceration. But in particular, Chapter 5 examines how, during the 1920s and 1930s, the politics of controlling Mexican immigration to the United States directly prompted the criminalization of unauthorized border crossings and, in turn, triggered a steady rise in the number of Mexicans imprisoned within the United States. Home to the largest Mexican community within the United States, Los Angeles was ground zero for the politics and practices of Mexican incarceration in these years.
Conclusion Upriver in the Age of Mass Incarceration
Authors: Hernández Kelly Lytle
Published: September 2017

During the late twentieth century, the United States embarked upon a historically unprecedented and globally unparalleled prison boom.1 The trigger for this boom, historians generally agree, was the 1965 Watts Rebellion, as well as the tumble of urban revolts and Indigenous insurgencies to follow, which roused federal, state, and local authorities throughout the United States to unleash a crushing political response: a “frontlash” of mass criminalization and hyperincarceration....
Over There
Authors: Dumenil Lynn
Published: September 2017

Chapter three explores the experiences of the 25,000 American women who went to Europe during World War I. It illuminates important aspects of war mobilization, but also informs our understanding of the war years as a culmination of expanding freedoms for an emerging “new woman.” Women who went abroad included Red Cross workers and the Smith College Relief Unit, groups that focused on addressing the crisis faced by the displaced population of France. A second category - employees of the federal government - was comprised of U.S. Signal Corps telephone operators, clerical workers, and nurses. A third group included the Young Men's Christian Association women, who staffed “canteens” designed to improve soldier morale and deflect them from patronizing prostitutes. This group was the only one that included African American women. A final contingent consisted of the reporters and writers who were eager to see the war, as well as the Russian Revolution.
Visual Representations of Women in Popular Culture
Authors: Dumenil Lynn
Published: September 2017

This chapter on popular culture visual representations of women focuses on posters and photographs, but primarily on film images of American women. Representations of traditional womanhood were quite evident in the war years, but so too were images of modern women, who while feminine, were also independent and resourceful. They appear in photographs in the workplace doing men’s work or in uniform marching in patriotic parades. In films, they spurred men to enlist and foiled the plots of enemy agents by extraordinary feats of physical daring and courage. Their agency offers a striking contrast to the notion of women as objects in need of masculine protection. These images stimulated the roiling debate in pre-war American over the “new woman” and contributed to a popular sense of the war being a dividing line that heralded the new woman of the postwar era.
Epilogue
Authors: Dumenil Lynn
Published: September 2017

The epilogue explores the aftermath of war in the 1920s. Emphasizing the diversity of American women, the epilogue notes the inability of white women to find common cause with black women activists as well as the growing strength of right wing conservative women who challenged reformers and feminists whom they viewed as Bolshevist sympathizers. The Epilogue also explores the continuing debate over the “new woman” as it emerged in the 1920s by examining women in the context of politics, work, and family. The contested new woman offers a clue to the limits to change as a result of World War I. However much some women staked a claim to political, social, and economic equality, they faced deeply rooted ideas about women’s primary role in the home as a talisman of social order. Both continuity and change, with modern and traditional notions of womanhood co-existing uneasily, mark the post-war decade.
William James
Authors: Knapp Krister Dylan
Published: September 2017

In this insightful new book on the remarkable William James, the American psychologist and philosopher, Krister Dylan Knapp provides the first deeply historical and acutely analytical account of James's psychical research. While showing that James always maintained a critical stance toward claims of paranormal phenomena like spiritualism, Knapp uses new sources to argue that psychical research held a strikingly central position in James's life. It was crucial to his familial and professional relationships, the fashioning of his unique intellectual disposition, and the shaping of his core doctrines, especially the will-to-believe, empiricism, fideism, and theories of the subliminal consciousness and immortality.
Knapp explains how and why James found in psychical research a way to rethink the well-trodden approaches to classic Euro-American religious thought, typified by the oppositional categories of natural vs. supernatural and normal vs. paranormal. He demonstrates how James eschewed these choices and instead developed a tertiary synthesis of them, an approach Knapp terms tertium quid, the third way. Situating James's psychical research in relation to the rise of experimental psychology and Protestantism's changing place in fin de siècle America, Knapp asserts that the third way illustrated a much broader trend in transatlantic thought as it struggled to navigate the uncertainties and religious adventurism of the modern age.
Tertium Quid
Authors: Knapp Krister Dylan
Published: September 2017

At approximately one o’clock on a cold, rainy, and blustery New England day, 6 March 1889, Mr. Robertson James ambled up the front stone steps to the grand oak door located at 5 Boylston Place on Beacon Hill near the Massachusetts State House. On the other side lay the offices of the American Society for Psychical Research, where his brother William James, the psychologist and philosopher, and Richard Hodgson, the organization’s secretary, awaited him. Robertson had come directly to inform them that the James brothers’ aunt—Mrs. Catherine Walsh—had just passed away. Although “Aunt Kate’s” death certificate stated that she had died at “about 12 o’clock midnight,” her nephew had just been notified that she had passed away about 2:00 or 2:30 A.M. earlier that morning. Robertson, however, had not arrived from the coroner’s office, the hospital, the police station, or her bedside. Nor had he spoken with any physicians, nurses, aids, or relatives. Rather, he had just returned from a séance with Mrs. Leonora Piper, the trance medium whose primary control “Dr. Phinuit,” purporting to be in contact with Aunt Kate’s spirit in the “other world,” had announced the news. According to a statement signed by all three men, “Mrs. Walsh has been ill for some time and had been expected during the last few days to die at any hour. This is written before any despatch has been received informing [us] of the death.” Mrs. Alice Gibbens James, William’s wife and a Spiritualist enthusiast, also had participated in the séance. When she inquired about Aunt Kate, Mrs. Piper replied that “she is poorly” and suddenly threw her head back and blurted out, “Aunt Kate has come.” Mrs. Piper informed Mrs. James that when she returned home that evening she would find a “letter or telegram … saying she was gone.” When the Jameses did return home, William wrote, “I found a telegram as ...
A Relish for the Non-Normal
Authors: Knapp Krister Dylan
Published: September 2017

Chapter one maintains James's interest in Spiritualism emerged during late 1840s and early 1850s in his boyhood in New York City and London, and shows how it likely derived from his father's and father's friends' investigations of and conversations about Spiritualism.
Moral Heroes
Authors: Knapp Krister Dylan
Published: September 2017

Chapter two recounts how James came to psychical research in the early 1880s through a series of friendships and professional relationships he formed with members of the British intellectual aristocracy especially through participation in their social and diner clubs.
A Human Rat Hole
Authors: Knapp Krister Dylan
Published: September 2017

Chapter four examines James's role as an investigator of physical mediums purporting to levitate tables and materialize ghostly forms of the deceased, and recounts the instances when he revealed several of them to be frauds including the notorious Eusapia Palladino.
Dramatic Possibilities
Authors: Knapp Krister Dylan
Published: September 2017

Chapter five traces James's role as an investigator of mental mediums purporting to communicate messages from the dead through automatic writing and trance speech. It examines the numerous mediums he studied and shows how and why Mrs. Leonora Piper, the famous Boston Spiritualist medium, convinced him of the “dramatic possibility” that her phenomena were real and genuine.
Tertium Quid Redux
Authors: Knapp Krister Dylan
Published: September 2017

Two months before he died in August 1910, William James told Henry Adams that he was “an old man soon about to meet his maker.”1 Even before his prophecy, James began finishing his major philosophical writings A Pluralistic Universe and The Meaning of Truth...
Introduction
Authors: Giesberg Judith
Published: September 2017

In February 1865, Sherman’s troops were making their way through the Carolinas, and Grant’s forces were entrenched outside Petersburg—today we might declare the war all but won for the Union. But it certainly wasn’t for those involved: the Confederacy, although its army was bleeding deserters, still had a few tricks up its sleeve, including sending delegates to Hampton Roads in an attempt to negotiate a ceasefire and endorsing a late plan to arm slaves. While the Confederate Congress was debating the controversial measure, the U.S. Congress discussed a matter that caught the attention of few and that barely registered in the congressional records: a law to protect soldiers from pornographic materials. The proposed act, part of Senate Bill 390, titled “An Act Relating to the Postal Laws,” was part of an ongoing effort to manage the delivery of mail in the loyal states and prevent spies and other disloyal civilians from using the mail to pass on subversive materials....
Lewd, Wicked, Scandalous
Authors: Giesberg Judith
Published: September 2017

The Civil War witnessed the triumph of American pornography made possible by two antebellum developments. First, new customs laws and periodic local commitments to stamping out vice helped establish preconditions for a wartime explosion of porn. A group of erotica dealers in New York City stood at the center of this wartime expansion of the market for porn; as they sought ways of avoiding local prosecution, they pioneered in distribution through the mail. Second, anti-slavery reformers produced tracts that muddled attempts to build a consensus about what constituted the obscene, feeding instead an antebellum erotic imagination that helped pave the way for porn’s triumph.
Storming the Enemy’s Breastworks
Authors: Giesberg Judith
Published: September 2017

In U.S. Army camps, men acquired and circulated obscene images and literature, now widely available and, in some cases, marketed particularly for the men fighting the war. Erotic images and words served a variety of purposes, including providing a means of bonding over shared understandings of manhood and of tension over contrasting understandings. Men of various ranks and hailing from different locales participated in a sexual culture composed of a constellation of obscene words and images, ways of seeing and touching, through which men negotiated authority and trust.
Epilogue
Authors: Giesberg Judith
Published: September 2017

Calvin Blanchard’s 1864 erotic critique of American culture, Art of Real Pleasure, serves as a means of considering how writing Civil War history today taps a contemporary erotic imagination. Steven Marcus’s idea of “pornotopia,” describing the ideal pornographic novel that portrays endless couplings of various sexual partners in a setting where there is no such thing as time, captures a certain way of writing about war that reproduces the arithmatic of porn, endless bodies and parts in infinite combinations. Whereas Blanchard took aim at righteous American legislators who waged a destructive war in the name of morality, as historians we might pay head to how writing about a war we believe was righteous sustains the project of endless war.
Intimations of Modernity
Authors: Pérez Jr. Louis A.
Published: September 2017

Louis A. Pérez Jr.’s new history of nineteenth-century Cuba chronicles in fascinating detail the emergence of an urban middle class that was imbued with new knowledge and moral systems. Fostering innovative skills and technologies, these Cubans became deeply implicated in an expanding market culture during the sugar production boom and prior to independence. Contributing to the cultural history of capitalism in Latin America, Pérez argues that such creoles were cosmopolitans with powerful transnational affinities and an abiding identification with modernity. This period of Cuban history is usually viewed through a political lens, but Pérez shows how moral, social, and cultural changes that resulted from market forces also contributed to the collapse of the Spanish colonial administration. Pérez highlights women’s centrality in this process, showing how criollas adapted to new modes of self-representation as a means of self-fulfillment. Increasing opportunities for middle-class women’s public presence and social participation was both cause and consequence of expanding consumerism and of women’s challenges to prevailing gender hierarchies. Seemingly simple actions--riding a bicycle, for example, or deploying the abanico, the fan, in different ways--exposed how traditional systems of power and privilege clashed with norms of modernity and progress.
Introduction
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: September 2017

The character of the history of Cuba was fixed early in the nineteenth century, at the about moment that Cubans imagined the need for a proper history of their own. From that time forward, historical knowledge of Cuba has hewed to a well-defined narrative arc, one shaped discursively around the formation of nation, something of a chronicle of national liberation given principally to the celebration of collective resolve and commemoration of individual valor. Much of the historical literature has been given to the heroic, an account of a people to whom is ascribed indomitable will confronting adversaries possessed of unyielding determination, from which are derived two principal narrative subsets of struggle: against colonialism (Spain) and against imperialism (the United States)....
To Diffuse the Light of Civilization
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the rapid modernization of Cuba, which resulted from increased production and trade following the Haitian revolution and Spain’s authorization of free trade. Drawing on a variety of sources, the chapter explores the emergence of Havana as one of the world’s most important and active ports of trade, and the economic boom’s consequences for the city and country as a whole. From technological advancements, including the telephone, gas street lights, and steam powered machinery, to cultural enrichments of literary, artistic, and social dimensions, Cuba entered modernity well of ahead of its colonial overseers in Spain. The chapter comes alive with first-hand accounts of Havana’s thronging port, bustling streets, and thriving social scene.
To Advance the Course of Progress Forward
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter continues to explore the effects of economic growth and modernisation on Cuban society. Increased social mobility, especially among the Creole population, is one consequence. Physical mobility also improved, allowing Cubans to travel more easily within and beyond their country. The more Cubans saw of Europe and America, they more they became discontent with the limitations of colonial rule. Many Cubans of this period sent their children abroad to be educated, often in America, because Spain could not meet their needs when it came to new fields of learning and new bodies of knowledge. The chapter discusses how this, as well as consumer culture and an influx of good from outside the country, led to an evolving, less Spain-centric, Cuban identity.
Mellow Effulgence
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the changes created by market forces, economic expansion, and increased consumption that impacted the daily lives of Cubans all across the island. The chapter shows how the increasing sense of Cuban identity led to a growing estrangement with Spain that would result in the inevitable dissolution of colonial rule. The chapter also highlights the increasing presence of women in public life, along with their growing sense of agency. The chapter specifically looks at the increase of women as writers and readers, a means through which new social concepts were spread. The chapter ends by returning to the fan and its role in the evolving social structures and changing gender norms.
Prologue to Perdition
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: September 2017

Chapter five explores the societal backlash against the social and moral changes occurring in Cuban society, especially as it related to the growing presence and agency of women. The traditional value systems had fallen into disarray, and as a result, as Pérez writes, “A misogynist mood settled over the body social.” The chapter shows how those resistant to women’s agency deployed the concept of the coquetería, or coquet, to rebuke and decry the modern woman. The narrative of the coquet was used as a means of retaining social control. The chapter goes on to explore how new leisure pastimes, such as music, dancing, and time spent in salons and cafes, revealed social tensions, often creating public uproars and consternation. The chapter ends with an analysis of how gender distinctions, including conceptions of masculinity, began to unravel, leading to new freedoms and deepening anxieties.
Why Lawrence?
Authors: Barber Llana
Published: September 2017

Chapter Two analyzes Latino settlement in Lawrence during the 1960s and 1970s, as the city's declining manufacturing sector recruited Latino workers. I emphasize the push factors driving migrants from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, as well as from New York City, in which the crisis provoked by racialized disinvestment and deindustrialization was already well advanced. The postwar metropolitan political economy ensured that suburban housing, particularly in Massachusetts, was largely off limits to working-class Latinos, so this dispersal from New York was marked by a re-concentration within small cities like Lawrence. A second wave of deindustrialization in the late 1970s was especially destabilizing for Latinos concentrated in the city's manufacturing sector.
Live and Let Live
Authors: Perry Evelyn M.
Published: September 2017

“We are in a bind,” writes Evelyn M. Perry. While conventional wisdom asserts that residential racial and economic integration holds great promise for reducing inequality in the United States, Americans are demonstrably not very good at living with difference. Perry’s analysis of the multiethnic, mixed-income Milwaukee community of Riverwest, where residents maintain relative stability without insisting on conformity, advances our understanding of why and how neighborhoods matter. In response to the myriad urban quantitative assessments, Perry examines the impacts of neighborhood diversity using more than three years of ethnographic fieldwork and interviews. Her in-depth examination of life “on the block” expands our understanding of the mechanisms by which neighborhoods shape the perceptions, behaviors, and opportunities of those who live in them. Perry challenges researchers’ assumptions about what “good” communities look like and what well-regulated communities want. Live and Let Live shifts the conventional scholarly focus from “What can integration do?” to “How is integration done?”
Locating Riverwest
Authors: Perry Evelyn M.
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the Riverwest neighborhood. It situates Riverwest in Milwaukee, a city that is highly segregated by race and class and characterized by deeply entrenched social divisions. It reviews the history of Riverwest and describes how, by the early 1980s, the community became home to substantial black, white and Latino (largely Puerto Rican) populations. The chapter illustrates how Riverwest’s ongoing struggle to manage the countervailing pressures of gentrification and crime and decline is expressed in its geographic location as a buffer neighborhood. Finally, the chapter identifies the face block—the two sides of one street between intersecting streets—as central to local social organization and a key site for difference negotiation.
Regulating Difference
Authors: Perry Evelyn M.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how local culture mediates the impact of neighborhood heterogeneity on social organization. Social diversity presents challenges for local social control. There is considerable variation in residents’ everyday on-the-block practices and these differences sometimes produce tension and conflict. This chapter details the links between neighborhood frames and residents' strategies for reading and responding to difference. Mainstream notions of what constitutes crime (that which is illegal) and how to address it (call the police) run up against flexible conduct norms and a preference for informal, direct strategies of social control. Residents are able to maintain relative stability and contain crime without insisting on assimilation to “mainstream” (raced and classed) standards. The chapter considers how difference negotiation practices map onto processes of social inclusion and exclusion.
Drawing Boundaries
Authors: Perry Evelyn M.
Published: September 2017

To make sense of urban areas, we create mental maps. Our maps break down the city into simplified, manageable chunks that facilitate navigation and guide decisions about where to go, who belongs where, and what to do. Those who share a neighborhood context often share a way of seeing—of reading and responding their environment. This chapter examines the social bases for shared perceptions of specific features of the neighborhood: graffiti and groups of young black and brown men hanging out. Shared meanings of these environmental cues of “disorder” are contested in Riverwest. Local culture offers distinct approaches to social boundary-drawing. Repeated block-level interactions that contextualize neighbors’ behavior further complicate interpretations of the social surround. Through these conflicts over what constitutes a problem, broad social categorization schemes, white normativity, and racialized notions of criminality—though sometimes reinforced—are often challenged.
Drinking
Authors: Perry Evelyn M.
Published: September 2017

This chapter continues the examination of social perceptions of disorder. To an outsider passing through the neighborhood, Riverwest’s numerous bars, pronounced public drinking and seeming tolerance of public intoxication may be seen as cause for concern. However, residents’ perceptions of local drinking establishments and activities are more varied. Bars can be serious trouble spots or valued amenities. Those with visible addictions can be nuisances or accepted neighbors. Porch drinking can degrade the neighborhood’s reputation or signal a vibrant public life. Definitions of uncivil or out-of-place practices are embedded in constructions of cultural membership and social distance. This chapter demonstrates how Riverwest residents’ sense of who and what belong in the neighborhood is shaped by their accumulated experiences and situated in residents’ framing of the neighborhood and its trajectory. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the consequences of these collective perceptions of “disorder” for neighborhood engagement, investment, and stability.
Moving Up, Moving Down, Moving Out
Authors: Perry Evelyn M.
Published: September 2017

An individual’s residential mobility trajectory tells us a great deal about that individual but also about place. Where someone has lived, the changes they have witnessed, and where they hope to be, together, affect how they think about where they are. This chapter presents five residential mobility narratives. These residents’ stories bring together key themes from preceding chapters to illustrate place effects, showing how features of the neighborhood interact with individual preferences and skills to jointly affect understandings and experiences of place. For example, experiences in previous neighborhoods generate sets of expectations and comparisons that shape evaluations of the quality and livability of Riverwest. The strategies residents develop to manage previous environments may or may not be effective in a new residential context. Finally, the chapter draws on an analysis of residential mobility narratives to identify mechanisms that mediate the effects of neighborhood diversity and help explain differences in residents’ lived experiences of integration.
Production
Authors: Stern Jessica Yirush
Published: September 2017

This chapter compares Southeastern Indian and British myths and ideologies about labor. It argues that whereas the British drew a direct line between a product and its manufacturer, Southeastern Indians obscured individuals’ labor to emphasize social cohesion. These myths were sometimes at odds with live realities.
Gift Exchange
Authors: Stern Jessica Yirush
Published: September 2017

Southeastern Indian leaders and colonial leaders used gifts to try to control their neighbors. The colonists assumed that Indians who received British gifts would use those gifts (usually guns) to forward British interests. Southestern Indian leaders hoped that by consuming Indian gifts colonists would act as peaceful neighbors.