bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superfast Electrodeposition of Newly Developed RuCo2O4 Nanobelts over Low‐Cost Stainless Steel Mesh for High‐Performance Aqueous Supercapacitor
Authors: Chodankar Nilesh R. , Dubal Deepak P. , Ji Su‐Hyeon , Kim Do‐Heyoung
Published: May 2018

The superfast (≈30 min) and template‐free electrochemical approach is developed to prepare the unique nanobelts‐architectured RuCo2O4 thin films over the stainless steel mesh substrates. The vertically aligned and interconnected RuCo2O4 nanobelts present sufficient interspace to provide more electroactive sites and shorten the diffusion path for electrolyte ions. Owing to their unique nanostructure and higher electrical conductivity, the RuCo2O4 nanobelts exhibit excellent electrochemical features, including a specific capacitance of 1447 F g−1, and excellent electrochemical stability (82.25% retention over 16 000 cycles). Additional electrochemical kinetic analysis is carried out to confirm whether the energy storage in the RuCo2O4 electrode is limited by solid‐state diffusion or whether it is surface‐controlled capacitive. More importantly, the comprehensive cycling analysis is performed to identify the factors responsible for capacity reduction upon long‐term cycling. The RuCo2O4 nanobelts based symmetric supercapacitor shows good supercapacitive characteristics and excellent specific capacitance (276 F g−1 at 2.5 A g−1) and specific energy (30 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 200 W kg−1), which are superior to those of recently reported symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitor devices. This work presents a new electrode material for fabricating advanced high energy supercapacitor for different applications.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of 2D Vanadium Disulfide and Diselenide and Raman Characterization of the Phase Transitions
Authors: Hossain Mongur , Wu Juanxia , Wen Wen , Liu Haining , Wang Xinsheng , Xie Liming
Published: May 2018

2D metallic vanadium dichalcogenides (VX2) have renewed interest due to their unique physical properties and potential applications as high‐performance functional nanomaterials. Herein, the synthesis and phase transitions of 2D metallic VX2 are investigated. The synthesis is done by chemical vapor deposition using hexagonal boron nitride and mica as substrates. High‐quality VX2 flakes with sub‐10 nm thickness are obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Temperature‐dependent Raman characterization between 330 and 5 K is conducted and remarkable changes of Raman modes at around 150 K for VS2 flakes and 110 K for VSe2 flakes are revealed, indicating charge density wave phase transitions. Temperature‐dependent electrical measurements have also supported the phase transitions observed in Raman characterization.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Tropanes via [3+3] Annulation of Cyclic Azomethine Ylides with Substituted 2‐Vinylindoles and 2‐Vinylpyrroles
Authors: Zheng Xing , Yang Wu‐Lin , Liu Yang‐Zi , Wu Shu‐Xiao , Deng Wei‐Ping
Published: May 2018

A novel strategy for constructing tropanes via [3+3] annulation of cyclic azomethine ylides with substituted 2‐vinylindoles and 2‐vinylpyrroles in the presence of in‐house Cu(II)/N,O‐ligand complex has been developed. The reaction was achieved via a tandem copper(II)‐catalyzed Michael addition/BF3 ⋅ Et2O promoted intramolecular aza‐Friedel‐Crafts reaction of indoles or pyrroles with non‐activated ketimines, providing indole or pyrrole‐annulated tropanes in high yields (up to 87%) and excellent stereoselectivities (>99:1 dr in all cases, up to >99% ee).

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Carbon Felt Monoliths Coated with a Highly Hydrophobic Mesoporous Carbon Phase for the Continuous Oil Sorption/Filtration from Water
Authors: Ba Housseinou , Liu Yuefeng , Wang Wei , Duong‐Viet Cuong , Papaefthimiou Vasiliki , Nguyen‐Dinh Lam , Tuci Giulia , Giambastiani Giuliano , Pham‐Huu Cuong
Published: May 2018

The recovery of oils and organic compounds is a key challenge in wastewater purification processes. Herein the authors describe a straightforward and easy‐to‐scale‐up strategy for the fabrication of lightweight and highly hydrophobic composites with superior mechanical strength, through the coating of commercial carbon felt (CF) with a thin mesoporous carbon phase (MC). Composites are prepared by a dip‐coating method starting from CF foams to be soaked in a water/ethanol solution of food‐grade components before undergoing two successive thermal treatments. They exhibit an extremely high efficiency and complete reusability in the recovery of oils and organic compounds from wastewaters both as classical absorbents under batch conditions or filters under continuum separation mode. Notably, the electrical conductivity/resistivity of composites has allowed their application to the recovery of water floating waxy organic residues. Indeed, absorbents can be heated up by the passage of an electrical current (DC) thus allowing semi‐solid organic pollutants to be melted and absorbed by the hydrophobic composite without sorbent fouling or deactivation. The outlined strategy towards cheap and scalable lightweight hydrophobic materials for wastewater cleaning and environmental remediation from oil spilling, is a highly attractive technology that offers concrete hints to the exploitation of these composites at industrial level.
Is BDNF‐Val66Met polymorphism associated with psychotic experiences and psychotic disorder outcome? Evidence from a 6 years prospective population‐based cohort study
Authors: Kirli Umut , Binbay Tolga , Drukker Marjan , Elbi Hayriye , Kayahan Bülent , Gökçelli Duygu Keskin , Özkınay Ferda , Onay Hüseyin , Alptekin Köksal , van Os Jim
Published: May 2018

There is little research on genetic risk for the extended psychosis phenotype ranging from psychotic experiences (PEs) to psychotic disorders (PDs). In this general population‐based prospective cohort study, the longitudinal associations between BDNF‐Val66Met polymorphism and the different levels of the extended psychosis phenotype were investigated. Addresses were contacted in a multistage clustered probability sampling frame covering 11 districts and 302 neighborhoods at baseline (n = 4011). A nested case‐control study (n = 366) recruited individuals with PEs and PDs as well as individuals with no psychotic symptoms. In this subgroup, blood sampling for genetic analysis and assessment of environmental exposures were carried out, followed by clinical re‐appraisal at follow‐up 6 years later (n = 254). The BDNF‐Val66Met polymorphism was significantly associated with the extended psychosis phenotype. The pattern of the association was that the BDNF‐Val66Met polymorphism impacted in a dose‐response but extra‐linear fashion, with stronger impact at the PD end of the extended psychosis phenotype. Associations were still significant after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and environmental exposures including life events, childhood adversity, socioeconomic status, urbanicity, and cannabis use. The BDNF‐Val66Met polymorphism may index susceptibility to expression of psychosis along a spectrum.
Confined Ultrathin Pd‐Ce Nanowires with Outstanding Moisture and SO2 Tolerance in Methane Combustion
Authors: Peng Honggen , Rao Cheng , Zhang Ning , Wang Xiang , Liu Wenming , Mao Wenting , Han Lu , Zhang Pengfei , Dai Sheng
Published: May 2018

An efficient strategy (enhanced metal oxide interaction and core–shell confinement to inhibit the sintering of noble metal) is presented confined ultrathin Pd‐CeOx nanowire (2.4 nm) catalysts for methane combustion, which enable CH4 total oxidation at a low temperature of 350 °C, much lower than that of a commercial Pd/Al2O3 catalyst (425 °C). Importantly, unexpected stability was observed even under harsh conditions (800 °C, water vapor, and SO2), owing to the confinement and shielding effect of the porous silica shell together with the promotion of CeO2. Pd‐CeOx solid solution nanowires (Pd‐Ce NW) as cores and porous silica as shells (Pd‐CeNW@SiO2) were rationally prepared by a facile and direct self‐assembly strategy for the first time. This strategy is expected to inspire more active and stable catalysts for use under severe conditions (vehicle emissions control, reforming, and water–gas shift reaction).
Simultaneous Stabilization of Potassium Metal and Superoxide in K–O2 Batteries on the Basis of Electrolyte Reactivity
Authors: Xiao Neng , Gourdin Gerald , Wu Yiying
Published: May 2018

In superoxide batteries based on O2/O2− redox chemistry, identifying an electrolyte to stabilize both the alkali metal and its superoxide remains challenging owing to their reactivity towards the electrolyte components. Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−) has been recognized as a “magic anion” for passivating alkali metals. The KFSI–dimethoxyethane electrolyte passivates the potassium metal anode by cleavage of S−F bonds and the formation of a KF‐rich solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI). However, the KFSI salt is chemically unstable owing to nucleophilic attack by superoxide and/or hydroxide species. On the other hand, potassium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (KTFSI) is stable to KO2, but results in mossy potassium deposits and irreversible plating and stripping. To circumvent this dilemma, we developed an artificial SEI for the metal anode and thus long‐cycle‐life K–O2 batteries. This study will guide the development of stable electrolytes and artificial SEIs for metal–O2 batteries.
Glycoinformatics: Bridging Isolated Islands in the Sea of Data
Authors: Egorova Ksenia S. , Toukach Philip V.
Published: May 2018

Glycoinformatics is an actively developing scientific discipline, which provides scientists with the means of access to the data on natural glycans and with various tools of their processing. However, the informatization of glycomics has a long way to go before catching up with genomics and proteomics. In this Viewpoint, we review the current situation in glycoinformatics and discuss its achievements and shortcomings, emphasizing the major drawbacks: the lack of recognized standards, protocols, data indices and tools, and the informational isolation of the existing projects. We reiterate possible solutions of the persistent issues and describe our vision of an ideal glycoinformatics project.
A Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Anodic Aryl–Aryl Coupling in the Biomimetic Total Synthesis of (−)‐Thebaine
Authors: Lipp Alexander , Ferenc Dorota , Gütz Christoph , Geffe Mario , Vierengel Nina , Schollmeyer Dieter , Schäfer Hans J. , Waldvogel Siegfried R. , Opatz Till
Published: May 2018

The biosynthesis of thebaine is based on the regioselective, intramolecular, oxidative coupling of (R)‐reticuline. For decades, chemists have sought to mimic this coupling by using stoichiometric oxidants. However, all approaches to date have suffered from low yields or the formation of undesired regioisomers. Electrochemistry would represent a sustainable alternative in this respect but all attempts to accomplish an electrochemical synthesis of thebaine have failed so far. Herein, a regio‐ and diastereoselective anodic coupling of 3′,4′,5′‐trioxygenated laudanosine derivatives is presented, which finally enables electrochemical access to (−)‐thebaine.
An Unexpected α‐Oxidation of Cyclic Ketones with 1,4‐Benzoquinone by Enol Catalysis
Authors: Shevchenko Grigory A. , Oppelaar Barry , List Benjamin
Published: May 2018

The first direct and asymmetric α‐aryloxylation of cyclic ketones via enol catalysis has been achieved using quinones as the reaction partners. Catalytic amounts of a phosphoric acid promote the exclusive formation of α,α‐disubstituted ketones from the corresponding α‐substituted ketones in good yields and enantioselectivities (up to 96.5:3.5 er). Preliminary mechanistic experiments suggest that this reaction proceeds via a proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) followed by radical recombination.
Synthesis of BaFe1‐xNixCuxO3‐δ new ceramic composition as solid oxide fuel cell cathode by microwave‐assisted solid‐state reaction
Authors: Moghaddas Shahab , Maghsoudipour Amir , Ebadzadeh Touradj
Published: May 2018

In this research, new ceramic BaFe0.8Ni0.1Cu0.1O3‐δ powder was synthesized by solid‐state reaction method in conventional and microwave furnaces. Then, characterization, structure, and morphology of the resulting powders were studied. For characterization of synthetic powders, X‐ray diffraction, powder density gas pycnometer method, particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy were performed. The results showed that the BaFe0.8Ni0.1Cu0.1O3‐δ powder synthesized in microwave furnace at 1,000 °C without soaking time and in conventional furnace at the same temperature with 12‐hr soaking time. In addition, the X‐ray diffraction results demonstrated that the main peak is shifted to lower angles by substitution iron ions with nickel and copper ions. Furthermore, the crystal structures of powders were hexagonal and tetragonal, and their density were 5.88 and 5.43 g/cm3, respectively, in conventional and microwave furnaces. Finally, the morphology and particle size of the synthesized powders were the same in both furnaces.
Coupling exothermic and endothermic reactions—Application to combined aniline production/methyl‐cyclohexane dehydrogenation
Authors: Javaid Ahtesham , Bildea Costin Sorin
Published: May 2018

The scope of this study is to emphasize the possibility and benefits of direct coupling of exothermic and endothermic reactions. Simultaneous production of aniline by exothermic nitrobenzene hydrogenation and endothermic dehydrogenation of methyl‐cyclohexane to toluene is investigated. Instead of multitubular reactor, the reaction is carried out in an adiabatic reactor eliminating the requirement of complex setup of the hydrogenation reactor. Additionally, large amount of hydrogen needed to avoid reaction runaway is no longer needed. Nonlinear analysis of reactor–separation–recycle shows difficulty in controlling integrated plants where unreacted reactant is recycled. Details of the plant design, obtained by Aspen Plus simulation, are given. The new integrated system is feasible with the benefits of simple reactor and reduce hydrogen requirement. Economic analysis shows that the total annual cost of coupled system is reduced by 20%. The results obtained here are also applicable to other chemical processes of practical relevance.
Nanofiltration to Improve Process Efficiency of Hexavalent Chromium Treatment Using Ion Exchange
Authors: Korak Julie A. , Huggins Richard G. , Arias‐Paić Miguel S.
Published: May 2018

Managing waste brine from strong base anion exchange processes used for hexavalent chromium removal is an important operational, environmental, and economic consideration. This study investigates the use of nanofiltration to recover excess regenerant salt and reduce the waste volume using brine collected from full‐ and pilot‐scale installations. Using a 2 N sodium chloride regeneration solution, divalent anions (i.e., sulfate and chromate) exhibited high rejections (>0.97), and monovalent anions (i.e., chloride and nitrate) exhibited low to negative rejections (−0.2 to 0.05), allowing preferential passage of excess regenerant salt. A batch concentration model was developed for a case study. Waste can be concentrated to 0.6 bed volume and a significant fraction of the regenerant salt can be recovered. This process would require about 20 m2 of membrane area per 1,000 L of resin to treat waste in 8 h, which could be implemented in a mobile treatment unit serving multiple decentralized systems.
Associative Polymer‐grafted Magnetic Nanoparticles for Stabilization and Recovery of Pickering Emulsions
Authors: Choi Sang Koo , Son Han Am , Park Daehwan , Kim Jin Woong
Published: May 2018

Herein we introduce a smart Pickering emulsion fluid system, in which associative magnetic nanoparticles (AMNPs) are assembled at the oil–water interface to give magnetic‐responsiveness to the emulsion drops. AMNPs are synthesized by grafting hydrophobically modified water‐soluble poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine‐co‐stearyl methacrylate) onto silica‐coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) using surface‐mediated living radical polymerization. Use of this synthetic protocol allows us to obtain AMNPs with a hydrophobically associative polymer layer with thickness of a few nanometers. We reveal that the AMNPs not only adsorb effectively on the oil–water interface due to the hydrophobic interaction, but also structurally stabilize the pickering emulsion due to the induction of electrostatic repulsion between droplets. Interestingly, we observe that the flow behavior of AMNPs‐stabilized pickering emulsions is kinetically controllable in response to the applied magnetic field, thus demonstrating their practical applicability for magnetic‐responsive enhanced oil recovery.
Bartonella endocarditis in a child with tetralogy of Fallot complicated by PR3‐ANCA positive serology, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and acute kidney injury
Authors: Williams James M. , Parimi Manoj , Sutherell Jamie
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical Message

Although the role of ANCA in infective endocarditis is unclear, Bartonella henselae has been implicated as the culprit in cases of PR3‐ANCA positive subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) with glomerulonephritis. In this case, a Coombs‐positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia and glomerulonephritis accompanied a PR3‐ANCA positive SBE caused by Bartonella henselae.
Ylide Ligands as Building Blocks for Bioactive Group 11 Metal Complexes
Authors: Johnson Alice , Marzo Isabel , Gimeno M. Concepción
Published: May 2018

The reactivity of the phosphonium salt (cyanomethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride and the ylide (triphenylphosphonio)cyanomethanide towards Group 11 metal complexes is described. Mononuclear neutral gold(I) and gold(III) complexes of the type [AuX{CH(CN)PPh3}] or [AuX3{CH(CN)PPh3}] and cationic derivatives such as [AuL{CH(CN)PPh3}]X have been prepared. Surprisingly, the cationic gold species could only be prepared with ligands with a large steric hindrance, such as bulky NHCs or the JohnPhos phosphine, in contrast to silver and copper derivatives, which have dimeric structures through the coordination of the metal to the cyano group of the ylide of a second complex. Bis(ylide) metal complexes have also been synthesised in which a different structure is observed for the gold complexes compared with the copper and silver complexes. Although gold forms mononuclear species, the silver complex presents a two‐dimensional polymeric structure as a result of further coordination of the silver centre to the nitrogen atoms of cyano groups of further silver complexes. These complexes possess two chiral centres; the gold compound was obtained as a mixture of diastereoisomers, whereas the copper and silver derivatives afford only one diastereoisomer. These compounds were screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against the human lung carcinoma cell line (A549). The IC50 values reveal an excellent cytotoxic activity for these metal complexes compared with cisplatin.
Hydroxylamine Derivatives as Nitrogen‐Radical Precursors in Visible‐Light Photochemistry
Authors: Davies Jacob , Morcillo Sara P. , Douglas James J. , Leonori Daniele
Published: May 2018

In recent years, hydroxylamines derivatives have been exploited as nitrogen‐radical precursors in visible‐light photochemistry. Their ability to serve as electrophores in redox chemistry has propelled the development of many novel transformations. Fundamental mechanistic aspects as well as the importance in the preparation of nitrogen‐containing molecules will be highlighted.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition of Benzoic and Acrylic Acids with 1,3‐Dienes via C—H Bond Activation: Efficient Access to 3,4‐Dihydroisocoumarin and 5,6‐Dihydrocoumalins
Authors: Sun Youwen , Zhang Guozhu
Published: May 2018

We report a palladium‐catalyzed formal intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of benzoic and acrylic acids with 1,3‐dienes including the stock chemicals 1,3‐butadiene and isoprene leading to synthetically useful 3,4‐dihydroisocoumarins and 5,6‐dihydrocoumalins. Stepwise C—H bond cleavage and annulation are likely involved in the reaction pathway. The synthetic potential of the methodology was demonstrated by two short derivatizations and total synthesis of natural product Clausamine B.
A Thorough QT/QTc Study With Laquinimod, a Novel Immunomodulator in Development for Multiple Sclerosis and Huntington Disease
Authors: Spiegelstein Ofer , Mimrod Dorit , Rabinovich Laura , Eyal Eli , Sprenger Craig , Elgart Anna , Samara Emil , Morganroth Joel
Published: May 2018

In this randomized double‐blind study, 4 groups of healthy subjects (50 per arm) participated to evaluate the effect of laquinimod, an oral treatment in development for multiple sclerosis and Huntington disease, on the QTc interval. Subjects received a dose of either 0.6 or 1.2 mg/day laquinimod for 14 days, placebo for 14 days, or 13 days of placebo followed by a dose of 400 mg moxifloxacin on day 14. Continuous 12‐lead electrocardiograms were recorded on day –1 (baseline) and days 14 to 17,  and quadruplicate electrocardiograms were extracted at predefined time points. The primary measure was time‐matched change from baseline in individual QTc (QTcI), and an analysis of variance was conducted on the placebo‐corrected change from baseline data (ddQTcI). Pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic and safety assessments were included. Results showed that the upper limits of the 2‐sided 90%CI for ddQTcI for both laquinimod doses were below 10 millisconds at all time points, whereas lower limits for moxifloxacin were above 5 milliseconds. No notable changes in ECG parameters were observed. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis showed no positive correlation between laquinimod plasma levels and QTcI. In conclusion, laquinimod was not found to affect cardiac repolarization or to cause prolongation of QTcI at doses of 0.6 and 1.2 mg/day.
A Dynamic Biomaterial Based on a 2‐Nitrobenzyl Derivative with a tert‐Butyl Substituent at the Benzyl Position: Rapid Response and Minimized Phototoxicity
Authors: Yamamoto Shota , Ikegami Hiroki , Yamaguchi Kazuo , Nakanishi Jun
Published: May 2018

Dynamic biomaterials based on a photodegradable 2‐nitrobenzyl group are useful not only for spatiotemporally resolving cellular activities, but also for various biomedical applications. Even though there is accumulating evidence of the substituent effect of the benzyl position on the photosensitivity of the 2‐nitrobenzyl compounds at a small‐molecule level, most of the previous dynamic biomaterials employ conventional 2‐nitrobenzyl derivatives with methyl or no substituent. We herein developed a photoresponsive biomaterial bearing a 2‐nitrobenzyl derivative with a bulky substituent at the benzyl position. As a proof‐of‐concept, a dynamic cell culture platform based on the tert‐butyl derivative was prepared, which showed approximately a five‐fold faster rate than that based on the methyl derivatives in terms of protein adsorption and cell adhesion. More importantly, the UV energy needed for the activation of the methyl‐type materials induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas no ROS production was observed with the energy needed for the tert‐butyl derivative. These results demonstrate the advantages of dynamic biomaterials based on the tert‐butyl‐type nitrobenzyl derivative.
Analysis and implementation of a step–up power converter with input current ripple cancelation
Authors: García‐Vite Pedro M. , Rivera‐Espinosa María del Rosario , Alejandre‐López Alfredo Y. , Castillo‐Gutiérrez Rafael , González‐Rodríguez Aarón , Hernández‐Angel Francisca
Published: May 2018

This paper proposes a power electronics converter capable of canceling the input current ripple at preselected duty cycle. The proposed converter is an extended topology of a buck–boost converter aided by a boost‐type converter that improves the quality of the current drawn from the direct current source. The voltage gain of the proposed converter is increased as well, with a minimum of extra component added to the original buck–boost power converter. These features make the proposed converter ideal for low voltage generation sources, such as photovoltaic panel and fuel cell applications. Along this paper, the state space mathematical model is developed to provide the key design guidelines. The theoretical analysis is validated through computer simulation and hardware prototyping.
Semantic future thinking and executive functions at age 4: The moderating role of frontal brain electrical activity
Authors: Blankenship Tashauna L. , Broomell Alleyne P. R. , Ann Bell Martha
Published: May 2018

Previous studies provide conflicting results regarding the relation between future thinking and executive functioning during early childhood. Furthermore, little is known of the neural mechanisms involved in future thinking during early childhood. We examined the moderating role of frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) activity on the relation between executive functioning and semantic future thinking performance in a sample of 4‐year‐old children. Our results suggest that frontal EEG moderates the relation between executive functioning and semantic future thinking performance, but only for medium to high levels of frontal EEG power values. These results provide emerging evidence regarding the role of both executive functioning and frontal brain electrical activity on semantic future thinking in 4‐year‐olds.
Cardiac vagal regulation in infancy predicts executive function and social competence in preschool: Indirect effects through language
Authors: Whedon Margaret , Perry Nicole B. , Calkins Susan D. , Bell Martha Ann
Published: May 2018

Parasympathetic nervous system functioning in infancy may serve a foundational role in the development of cognitive and socioemotional skills (Calkins, 2007). In this study (N = 297), we investigated the potential indirect effects of cardiac vagal regulation in infancy on children's executive functioning and social competence in preschool via expressive and receptive language in toddlerhood. Vagal regulation was assessed at 10 months during two attention conditions (social, nonsocial) via task‐related changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). A path analysis revealed that decreased RSA from baseline in the nonsocial condition and increased RSA in the social condition were related to larger vocabularies in toddlerhood. Additionally, children's vocabulary sizes were positively related to their executive function and social competence in preschool. Indirect effects from vagal regulation in both contexts to both 4‐year outcomes were significant, suggesting that early advances in language may represent a mechanism through which biological functioning in infancy impacts social and cognitive functioning in childhood.
L‐ and D‐threo ethylphenidate concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in horses
Authors: Knych Heather K. , McKemie Dan S. , Seminoff Kelsey , Hartmann Petra , Hovda Lynn , Benson Dionne
Published: May 2018

Ethylphenidate is a psychostimulant and analog of the commonly prescribed compound, methylphenidate (Ritalin®). There are a limited number of studies describing the disposition and pharmacologic/toxicological effects of ethylphenidate in any species. The abuse potential in equine athletes along with the limited data available regarding administration in horses necessitates further study. The objectives of the current study were to describe drug concentrations, develop an analytical method that could be used to regulate its use, and describe the pharmacodynamic effects of ethylphenidate in horses. To that end, 12 horses were randomized into 3 dose groups (intravenous: 10 mg or 40 mg, oral: 40 mg). Ethylphenidate was administered and blood and urine samples were collected prior to and for up to 72 hours post drug administration. Concentrations of D‐threo ethylphenidate and the metabolite ritalinic acid were measured using Liquid Chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry. L‐threo ethylphenidate concentrations were estimated from D‐threo ethylphenidate concentrations. Serum concentrations of ethylphenidate were below detectable levels by 8, 18, and 12 hours following intravenous administration of 10 mg and 40 mg and oral administration of 40 mg, respectively. Ritalinic acid was non‐detectable at 72 hours in the group that received a 10‐mg intravenous and 40‐mg oral dose of ethylphenidate. Ritalinic acid concentrations were below the LOQ at 72 hours following intravenous administration of 40 mg of ethylphenidate. While the number of animals per dose group were small, no stimulatory behavior or significant changes in heart rate were noted. Untoward effects including gastrointestinal adverse effects were noted in all dose groups.
In vitro penetration through the skin layers of topically applied glucocorticoids
Authors: Carrer Victor , Alonso Cristina , Oliver Marc Adrià , Coderch Luisa
Published: May 2018

Corticoids are actives widely used in the treatment of skin diseases. This work aims to study the penetration of 3 corticoids (betamethasone, clobetasol, and flurandrenolide), their relationship with their Log D values and the effects of the vehicles. The 3 compounds were applied on a Franz‐type diffusion cell in propylene glycol solution and their respective commercial creams and ointments. The active amounts found in the stratum corneum, epidermal, and dermal layers of the skin were investigated. Their diffusions were greatly affected by the formulation; moreover higher amounts of substance in the epidermis and dermis were detected in ointments than in creams. The enhancement effect of propylene glycol was also observed. The differences between the 3 substances could be related to their lipophilicity, molecular structure, and molecular weight. The more hydrophobic compounds (clobetasol and betamethasone) are present in higher amounts in the epidermis and dermis, while the hydrophilic compound (flurandrenolide) is mostly present in the receptor fluid.
Fear‐based niche shifts in neotropical birds
Authors: Martínez Ari E. , Parra Eliseo , Muellerklein Oliver , Vredenburg Vance T.
Published: May 2018

Predation is a strong ecological force that shapes animal communities through natural selection. Recent studies have shown the cascading effects of predation risk on ecosystems through changes in prey behavior. Minimizing predation risk may explain why multiple prey species associate together in space and time. For example, mixed‐species flocks that have been widely documented from forest systems, often include birds that eavesdrop on sentinel species (alarm calling heterospecifics). Sentinel species may be pivotal in (1) allowing flocking species to forage in open areas within forests that otherwise incur high predation risk, and (2) influencing flock occurrence (the amount of time species spend with a flock). To test this, we conducted a short‐term removal experiment in an Amazonian lowland rainforest to test whether flock habitat use and flock occurrence was influenced by sentinel presence. Antshrikes (genus Thamnomanes) act as sentinels in Amazonian mixed‐species flocks by providing alarm calls widely used by other flock members. The alarm calls provide threat information about ambush predators such as hawks and falcons which attack in flight. We quantified home range behavior, the forest vegetation profile used by flocks, and the proportion occurrence of other flocking species, both before and after removal of antshrikes from flocks. We found that when sentinel species were removed, (1) flock members shifted habitat use to lower risk habitats with greater vegetation cover, and (2) species flock occurrence decreased. We conclude that eavesdropping on sentinel species may allow other species to expand their realized niche by allowing them to safely forage in high‐risk habitats within the forest. In allowing species to use extended parts of the forest, sentinel species may influence overall biodiversity across a diverse landscape.
Steric Influence and Intermolecular Interactions of Formamidinate Ligands in Lanthanide (Sm, Yb) Arylchalcogenolate Complexes
Authors: Ma Ying‐Zhao , Pushkarevsky Nikolay A. , Sukhikh Taisiya S. , Galashov Arseniy E. , Makarov Arkady G. , Roesky Peter W. , Konchenko Sergey N.
Published: May 2018

The complexes [Ln(DippForm)2(QAr)(THF)] [DippForm = N,N′‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)formamidinate; Ln = Sm, Yb; QAr = SPh, SePh, TePh, SeC6F5, Se(p‐C6F4OMe)] were synthesized by reduction of corresponding dichalcogenides Ar2Q2 with the LnII formamidinates, [Ln(DippForm)2(THF)2]. All complexes with QPh ligands have similar molecular structure (determined by X‐ray diffraction), they are mononuclear due to the effective shielding of the central atom by the bulky amidinate ligands, and possess transoid disposition of the latter. The complexes with fluorinated phenyl groups (ArF) possess an additional coordination of an o‐F atom to the lanthanide ion. Only the compounds [Yb(DippForm)2(QArF)(THF)] easily lose the coordinated THF due to the sterically crowded coordination sphere, and the addition of THF is reversible even at ambient temperature. The Sm compounds are stable towards elimination of THF upon moderate heating. Similar crystal packing is found for most of the complexes, except for [Sm(DippForm)2(SPh)(THF)], [Yb(DippForm)2(SeC6F4OMe)(THF)] and [Yb(DippForm)2(SeC6F5)], which was rationalized as a consequence of interaction of FormDipp ligands from neighboring molecules to form intermolecular junctions. Analogous junctions were found in the majority of known complexes with Ln(DippForm)2 moiety (for all lanthanides). In the IR spectra the bands characteristic to the C–N, C–F and C–O bonds were revealed, some of which are noticeably influenced by the type of co‐ligands.
Enzymatic Interesterification of Heterotrophic Microalgal Oil with Rapeseed Oil to Decrease the Levels of Tripalmitin
Authors: Bogevik André S. , Nygren Heli , Balle Thomas , Haugsgjerd Bjørn O. , Kousoulaki Katerina
Published: May 2018

High lipid heterotrophic microalgae (HM) Schizochytrium limacinum is a good dietary source of long‐chained polyunsaturated fatty acids. HM biomass has successfully been used in aquafeeds. However, the high saturated fatty acid content of the triacylglycerol (TAG) could limit the applications of HM as a main feed lipid source. Enzymatic interesterification of HM oil with unsaturated oils may increase the utilization efficiency and remove the technical challenges in using such oils. In the present study, extracted oil from HM biomass (Alltech Inc.) with rapeseed oil are mixed, and interesterified enzymatically with either Lipozyme RM IM or Lipozyme 435 in reactions with no, addition or 5% addition, of distilled water. The experimental oil mixes are formulated to target a total fatty acid profile similar to fish oil. No addition of water to the reaction mixture leads to more efficient TAG recovery after interesterification. Overall, enzymatic interesterification of HM and rapeseed oils with Lipozyme RM IM produces oils with lower levels of tri‐saturated TAG isomers, higher content of TAG isomers with unsaturated fatty acids and a lower slip melting point. Animal studies need to be performed to evaluate the biological effects of interesterified against unprocessed highly unsaturated oils.

Practical Applications: Heterotrophic microalgal oil as a pure product could have limited application in feeds and foods due to its structural content of triacylglycerol (TAG) with saturated fatty acids in all three positions, due to both nutritional and practical reasons. Enzymatic interesterification of HM oil with rapeseed oil is in the present study shown to be an efficient technology to produce oils with more desirable TAG composition and reduced melting point for feed and food applications compared to the original raw material.

Content of selected triacylglycerol (TAG) isomers in rapeseed oil (RO), extracted heterotrophic microalgae (HM) oil, and oil mixtures following enzymatic interesterification in reaction with no addition of water (Trial 2) by the use of Lipozyme 435 or Lipozyme RM IM.
Increasing power generation with enhanced cogeneration using waste energy in palm oil mills
Authors: Booneimsri Pisan , Kubaha Kuskana , Chullabodhi Chullapong
Published: May 2018

Enhancing power generation using waste energy promotes sustainability. Bio‐waste from palm oil mills (POMs) has been used as a renewable energy (RE) source to produce steam and electricity in Thai POMs for decades. Because the amount of generated bio‐waste normally exceeds the amount that can be used internally by the POMs, energy‐efficient practices in the cogeneration plant, which includes waste heat emitted by sterilization steam venting and the biogas engine in the power plant, are disregarded. However, a government policy that allows operators to sell electricity back to the grid has been enacted, and plant owner’s attitudes toward cogeneration have since changed. Increased attention has been focused on fuel conservation and energy‐efficiency practices, and this study is a product of that increased interest. This work aims to increase power generation from POMs by integrating waste energy through an improved cogeneration system. A standard 45‐t/h fresh fruit bunch (FFB), POM in southern Thailand was selected as a case study. The steam consumption and boiler and turbine efficiency were measured and analyzed along with the data on the engine waste heat, and a power generation model for the POMs was then proposed. The analysis results showed that the surplus electricity can reach 2.834 MW and 4.223 MW with and without crude palm oil (CPO) production, respectively. The operational rate of the cogeneration plant is also suggested to be extended to 7,500 continuous hours per year instead of the 4351 intermittent hours implemented at present.
Acute ammonia toxicity to the larvae (glochidia) of the tropical Australian freshwater mussel Velesunio spp. Using a modified toxicity test protocol
Authors: Kleinhenz Linda S. , Trenfield Melanie A. , Mooney Thomas J. , Humphrey Christopher L. , van Dam Rick A. , Nugegoda Dayanthi , Harford Andrew J.
Published: May 2018

Ammonia is recognized as a major pollutant worldwide, originating from natural and anthropogenic sources. Studies have reported that freshwater mussels are among the most sensitive taxa to ammonia, but few data are available on ammonia toxicity for the early life stages of freshwater mussels from tropical regions. We report on the modification of a 24-h acute toxicity test protocol for tropical freshwater mussels and application of the test using ammonia. Velesunio spp. from 3 different sites were used to assess the toxicity of ammonia at a targeted pH of 6.0 and a water temperature of 27.5 °C, which were the average annual values for some slightly to moderately acidic, soft water (3–6 mg/L as CaCO3) creeks of tropical northern Australia. The valve closure responses of mussel glochidia (larvae) to a sodium chloride solution were used to measure the survival endpoint. Acute toxicity estimates indicate that tropical Velesunio spp. were highly sensitive to ammonia, with 24-h exposures to ammonium sulfate generating median lethal concentration estimates ranging from 6.8 to 14.2 mg/L total ammonia nitrogen, which, when adjusted to pH 7 and 20 °C, were among the highest sensitivities yet reported for any freshwater mussel species, and among the highest in sensitivity for any tropical taxon. These toxicity estimates can contribute to the derivation or refinement of ammonia guideline values for freshwater ecosystems globally. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2175–2187. © 2018 SETAC
Ecotoxicological Assessment of Immersion Samples from Facade Render Containing Free or Encapsulated Biocides
Authors: Vermeirssen Etiënne L. M. , Campiche Sophie , Dietschweiler Conrad , Werner Inge , Burkhardt Michael
Published: May 2018

To protect house facades from fouling by microorganisms, biocides can be added to a render or paint before it is applied. During driving rain events, these biocides gradually leach out and have the potential to pollute soil or aquatic ecosystems. We studied the leaching behavior of biocides and toxicity of leachates from renders with either free or encapsulated biocides. Both render types contained equal amounts of terbutryn, 2-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolinone (OIT), and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolino-3-one (DCOIT). Nine leachate samples were generated over 9 immersion cycles according to a European standard, and biocides were quantified. The first and ninth leachate samples were tested using bioassays with algae, bacteria, and water fleas, the first sample was also tested with earthworms and springtails. Encapsulation reduced leaching of terbutryn, OIT, and DCOIT by 4-, 17-, and 27-fold. For aquatic organisms, the toxicity of water from render containing encapsulated biocides was always lower than that of render with free biocides. Furthermore, toxicity decreased by 4- to 5-fold over the 9 immersion cycles. Inhibition of photosynthesis was the most sensitive endpoint, followed by algal growth rate, bacterial bioluminescence, and water flea reproduction. Toxicity to algae was due to terbutryn and toxicity to bacteria was due to OIT. None of the samples affected soil organisms. Results demonstrate that combining standardized leaching tests with standardized bioassays is a promising approach to evaluate the ecotoxicity of biocides that leach from facade renders. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2246–2256. © 2018 SETAC

Abstract

Facade render with biocides was applied to extruded polystyrene panels and immersed in water. Leachate samples were analyzed in various aquatic and terrestrial bioassays for toxic effects.
Flash point and fire hazard analysis of three organic fuels and their aqueous solutions at low pressures
Authors: Chen Qinpei , He Yaping , Wang Xuehui , Zhou Tiannian , Ding Chao , Wang Jian
Published: May 2018

To study the low pressure influence on the flash point and fire hazard of organic fuels and their aqueous solutions, a series of experiments has been conducted to measure the open‐cup and closed‐cup flash points of methanol, ethanol, and n‐decane aqueous solutions including different mole fractions under different static pressures ranging from 35 to 101 kPa. The results show that both the pressure and fuel mole fraction have a nonlinear correlation with the flash point of the miscible fuel specimens like the correlation provided in this paper. For the partially miscible fuel specimens with a lower density than water, the water content has almost no influence on the flash point. The fire risks of the experimental results were analysed based on the standard GB50160‐2008, which shows that the fire risk becomes higher at low pressures, and there is a critical pressure at the turning point of the change in fire classification. A method to achieve the critical low pressure of different fuels or aqueous solutions from the fire hazard classification is derived in this paper.
Depressive spectrum states in a population‐based cohort of 70‐year olds followed over 9 years
Authors: Sigström Robert , Waern Margda , Gudmundsson Pia , Skoog Ingmar , Östling Svante
Published: May 2018

Objective

Depression may be understood as a spectrum of more or less symptomatic states. Little is known about the long‐term course of these states in older populations. We examined the prevalence and course of depressive states of different severity in a Swedish population sample of older people followed over 9 years.

Methods

A population‐based sample of 70‐year olds without dementia (N = 563, response rate 71.1%) underwent a psychiatric examination; 450 survivors without dementia were reexamined at ages 75 and/or 79 years. Three depressive spectrum states were defined: major depression (MD), minor depression (MIND), and subsyndromal depression (SSD).

Results

The cumulative 9‐year prevalence of any depressive spectrum state was 55.3% (MD 9.3%, MIND 27.6%, SSD 30.9%). The cross‐sectional prevalence increased with age, especially for MIND and SSD. Among those with baseline MD and MIND, 75.0% and 66.7%, respectively, had MD or MIND during follow‐up. Among those with SSD, 47.2% had SSD also during follow‐up and 36.1% had MD or MIND. Among those with MD during follow‐up, 63.1% were in a depressive spectrum state at baseline. The corresponding proportion was 30% for those with MIND (but no MD) during follow‐up.

Conclusion

In this population‐based sample, over half experienced some degree of depression during their eighth decade of life. The findings give some support for the validity of a depressive spectrum in older adults. Most new episodes of major depression occurred in people who were in a depressive spectrum state already at baseline, which may have implications for late‐life depression prevention strategies.
Hospitals and the generic versus brand‐name prescription decision in the outpatient sector
Authors: Pruckner Gerald J. , Schober Thomas
Published: May 2018

Health care payers try to reduce costs by promoting the use of cheaper generic drugs. We show strong interrelations in drug prescriptions between the inpatient and outpatient sectors by using a large administrative dataset from Austria. Patients with prior hospital visits have a significantly lower probability of receiving a generic drug in the outpatient sector. The size of the effect depends on both the patient and doctor characteristics, which could be related to the differences in hospital treatment and heterogeneity in the physicians' adherence to hospital choices. Our results suggest that hospital decisions create spillover costs in health care systems with separate funding for inpatient and outpatient care.
Mucin 1 (Muc1) Deficiency in Female Mice Leads to Temporal Skeletal Changes During Aging
Authors: Brum Andrea M , van der Leije Cindy S , Schreuders‐Koedam Marijke , Chaibi Siham , van Leeuwen Johannes PTM , van der Eerden Bram CJ
Published: May 2018

Mucin1 (MUC1) encodes a glycoprotein that has been demonstrated to have important roles in cell‐cell interactions, cell‐matrix interactions, cell signaling, modulating tumor progression and metastasis, and providing physical protection to cells against pathogens. In this study, we investigated the bone phenotype in female C57BL/6 Muc1 null mice and the impact of the loss of Muc1 on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. We found that deletion of Muc1 results in reduced trabecular bone volume in 8‐week‐old mice compared with wild‐type controls, but the trabecular bone volume fraction normalizes with increasing age. In mature female mice (16 weeks old), Muc1 deletion results in stiffer femoral bones with fewer osteoblasts lining the trabecular surface but increased endosteal mineralized surface and bone formation rate. The latter remains higher compared with wild‐type females at age 52 weeks. No difference was found in osteoclast numbers in vivo and in bone marrow osteoblast or osteoclast differentiation capacity or activity in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that Muc1 depletion causes a transiently reduced trabecular bone mass phenotype in young mice, and later in life reduced numbers of osteoblasts with increased endocortical mineralization activity coincides with unaffected total bone mass and increased stiffness. In conclusion, our results show, for the first time to our knowledge, a role for Muc1 in bone mass and mineralization in mice in a time‐dependent manner. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.