bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphometrical analysis of the aging process in human arteries and aorta
Authors: Toda Takayoshi , Tsuda Nobuo , Nishimori Issei , Leszczynski D.E. , Kummerow Fred A.
Published: February 2009

Ultrastructural and morphometrical studies were conducted on vascular tissue from 205 human Japanese specimens ranging in age from 15 weeks’ gestation to 90 years. Comparison of aorta size with overall body length by allometry revealed that the aging aorta has growth and involution stages comparable to other organs, and that progressive increase in aortic diameter was the major involutional change. The cellular and extracellular components of the medial sections of thoracic and abdominal aorta, renal artery, and superior mesenteric artery were quantitated from electron micrographs and compared at different ages. It was found that the renal artery rapidly accumulated extracellular material with increasing age; in the aortic tissue, however, the peak occurrence of extracellular material occurred at pubescence. Ultrastructural studies revealed a general tendency of aging medial smooth muscle cells to transform from a smooth, rounded morphology to become irregularly shaped.
Embryonic and postnatal growth of the rat and mouse
Authors: Goedbloed J.F.
Published: February 2009

The embryonic growth curves of 38 individual organs and tissues in the mouse and 19 in the rat are given. A method is presented for the estimation of the confidence interval of the time points of the breaks in the growth curves. In some instances, breaks in the organ curves in the mouse coincided with those noted for the whole embryo, at 10.7, 14.5 and 18.1 days, but they also occurred at other times, i.e., 9.4, 12.1, 13.3, and 16.9 days; we call these times ‘phase transitions’. The relations between cell multiplication and other factors influencing volume increase are discussed, and also the relation between cell multiplication and changes in shape. Some implications of our work on growth for development in general are put forward.
Acetylcholinesterase enzyme localization in the amygdala: a comparative histochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: Girgis M.
Published: February 2009

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was studied in the amygdala of some rodents, subprimates and several primates. The cytoarchitecture of the amygdala has presented various problems to anatomists, including the question as to how many nuclear groups and subgroups should be identified. Among the mammals examined, the arrangement of the amygdaloid nuclei is remarkably uniform and no clear phylogenetic trend can be recognised. Although there are minor differences, there seems to be a general similarity between most mammals examined in so far as the distribution of cholinesterase is concerned. The staining is less intense in the brains of the monkeys examined. The sole exception to the rule, that cholinesterase distribution is slightly different from nucleus to nucleus in different animals, is the magnocellular part of the basal nucleus. This amygdaloid nucleus stains quite strongly in all animals examined. From these findings, and those of others studying the distribution of choline acetyltransferase, it was concluded that the basal amygdaloid nucleus is cholinergic and possibly cholinoceptive. The ultrastructural investigations appear to confirm this point. This is particularly applicable to the magnocellular part of the basal amygdaloid nucleus.
Cardiovascular malformations experimentally induced in the rat
Authors: Giavini Erminio , Prati Mariangela
Published: February 2009

Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with glycerol formal during days 6–15 of gestation. 76 of 193 fetuses of these rats examined for visceral malformations showed abnormalities of the heart and great vessels. The principal cardiac malformation was ventricular septum defect associated in 40% of the cases with anomalies of the aortic arch: double aortic arch, right aortic arch and coarctation of the aorta. An attempt was made to explain the specific cardiovascular defects.
Effects of isoproterenol on postnatal tooth development in mice with special reference to neural crest derivatives
Authors: Nozue Tetuo
Published: February 2009

In the lower incisors of mice injected with isoproterenol during postnatal development, cell groups or cell masses formed in the pulp showed spiral or concentric figures composed of atypical cells. Among these cells were spindle-shaped non-staining neural crest cells and spaces caused by the death of the spindle-shaped neural crest cells. In the pulp and future periodontal ligament, compact intertwining patterns of elongated spindle-shaped cells, representing non-staining neural crest cells were seen. In the periodontal ligament, the elongated spindle-shaped cells grew parallel to the ligament’s long dimension. In both pulp and” periodontal ligament, the cells lost ‘contact inhibition’, and further the histological figures resembled melanoma.
Light- and electron-microscopic study of the near-term paraplacenta of the domestic cat
Authors: Leiser Rudolf , Enders Allen C.
Published: February 2009

The entire chorioallantoic paraplacenta of the near-term domestic cat shows cytological evidence of maternal-fetal substance transfer, but there are probably qualitative and quantitative differences and increased transfer progressing from the poles to the placenta! border. In the interfetal polar zone, the cytotrophoblast remains proliferative, is squamous to columnar and shows only a small amount of pinocytotic activity. However, in the adjacent ring of the free polar zone, where the trophoblast is cuboidal or columnar and loosely apposed to the endometrium, material of uterine origin (histotroph) appears to be transferred from the columnar uterine surface epithelium to the trophoblast. The remaining paraplacenta extends from the polar zone to the girdle, forming an extravasate zone that is composed of hematomal areas containing extravasates of maternal blood, and interposed relatively unmodified paraplacental junctional areas. The trophoblast in this hematomal area is columnar and constitutes chorionic villi which face a. surface formed by maternal symplasma, degenerative uterine tissue, and disintegrating blood, thus providing ‘histolytic’ and ‘hemolytic’ embryotroph to this hemophagous cytotrophoblast. When the junctional area is just forming, a cuboidal cytotrophoblast consisting of resting cells, opposite to the endometrial folds, appears to have both the capacity for digestion and transformation. However, during the recessive junctional stage, this cytotrophoblast is proliferative and absorptive only. Both sources of cuboidal trophoblast may give rise to syncytial trophoblast, which is presumably the invasive form that erodes the uterine tissue, including the interstitial layer and maternal endothelium. As long as there is firm junction of the fetal and maternal tissues, there appears to be a transfer of secretion products to form embryotroph. However, with the regression of the junctional area more products of cell breakdown (histolytic products) are absorbed by the cuboidal cytotrophoblast in the chorionic fossae.
Light- and electron-microscopic study of the near-term paraplacenta of the domestic cat
Authors: Leiser Rudolf , Enders Allen C.
Published: February 2009

In the near-term paraplacental extravasate zone of the domestic cat, which includes paraplacental junctional areas and marginal hematomas, the uterine epithelium becomes highly proliferative, especially on the folds or protrusions. This hyperplastic surface and the adjacent connective tissue become symplasmic, degenerate and eroded, eventually resulting in maternal vascular breakdown. The uterine lumen thus contains maternal blood in addition to sloughed uterine cells. The adjacent cytotrophoblast apparently phagocytoses and ingests this material. Various stages of phagolysosomes containing erythrocytes of variable density are seen in these cells, as are myelin-like structures, ferritin, glycogen and lipid droplets. Crystalloid iron deposits are seen in the basal lamina and connective tissue subjacent to the hemophagous cytotrophoblast.
Intrinsic innervation of the urinary bladder
Authors: Fehér Erzsébet , Csányi K. , Vajda J.
Published: February 2009

The intrinsic innervation of the urinary bladder of the cat was studied with the aid of total extrinsic denervation (L7, S1, S2, S3 and the first coccygeal spinal nerves were transected and the hypogastric ganglia were extirpated on both sides); the materials were studied by electron microscopy. Several synapses could be observed between nerve processes and perikarya and between two adjacent nerve processes. The terminals could be classified into four groups according to the existence of a dense core and according to the size of the synaptic vesicles; the first group is made up of small clear vesicles; the second group of terminals contains some large granulated vesicles in addition to a few small clear vesicles; the third group of terminals contains small granulated vesicles and in the fourth type of terminals, large, 150- to 250-nm ‘peptiderg’ vesicles could be observed. The latter type of terminals was always observed in postsynaptic situation. Spine synapses could also be found in the ureterovesical ganglia. Several desmosome-like attachments also could be observed between nerve processes and perikaraya and between two nerve fibers. Up to three different types of nerve fibers have been observed on the same neuron. These morphological results suggest that the ureterovesical junction should be considered a single functional unit which plays an important role in coordinating the function of the bladder; further local circuits might exist in the urinary bladder wall.
Histology of the camel eye
Authors: Rahi A.H.S. , Sheikh H. , Morgan G.
Published: February 2009

The camel eye shows some distinct features such as a pigmented peripheral cornea, a remarkably thickened Descement membrane, and endothelial-lined pectinate ligament, a cleft ciliary body, long ciliary processes, a horizontally oval pupil with well-developed corpora nigra and a holangiotic retina. Some of these are characteristic of horses, cattle and sheep, whereas others are more commonly found in lower mammals such as the rabbit. The reason for this staggered evolution in the development of the camel eye remains obscure.
Morphological evidence for the stimulatory effect of insulin on vaginal and endometrial cells of rats
Authors: Rodrigues de Melo Valder , Valeri Victorio
Published: February 2009

The effect of insulin (single subcutaneous injection 3 IU/100 g body weight) on the vaginal epithelium cells was studied in castrated adult female rats. At the electronmicroscopic level, the vaginal cells showed development of the Golgi complexes and increase in the number and arrangement of ribosomes and secretory vesicles. The endometrial cells showed similar modifications, with stronger evidence of neoformation of polyribosomes. These results suggest that insulin stimulates the cellular activity of the vaginal and endometrial epithelia of castrated female rats.
Mesoscopic and microscopic study of the carotid sheath
Authors: Piffer Carlo Roberto
Published: February 2009

In this work, the author carried out mesoscopic and microscopic studies of the human carotid sheath in order to verify its existence, constitution, mode of attachment and the real appearance of its initial portion near the first portion of the internal jugular vein; the surrounding connective tissue formations which attach this vessel to the carotid sheath were studied as well. In 40 anatomical specimens of both sides, microscopic examination revealed that the carotid sheath is always present; it constitutes a complete cover around the neurovascular complex and presents subdivisions which envelop the internal jugular vein, the internal carotid artery and the glossopharyngeal, vagus, external branches of the accessory and internal carotid nerves. Mesoscopic inspection showed that fascicles of conjunctive fibers connect the wall of the first portion of the internal jugular vein with the internal face of the carotid sheath; and that fibrous prolongations superiorly fix the carotid sheath to the border of the jugular foramen and carotid canal. Microscopically, the carotid sheath has a fibroelastic constitution and its walls are of variable thickness.
A short study of the seminal colliculus in some mammals
Authors: Shehata Ramzy
Published: February 2009

The seminal coUiculus is completely absent in the donkey. It is fibroglandular in the males of camel, ox, buffalo and pig. Prostatic acini are richly found in its depth. They are lined by cubical or low columnar epithelium, are separated from each other by trabeculae of connective tissue and smooth muscle, and separated from the deeper prostate gland by the striated muscle of the urethra. A rare type of seminal coUiculus was once encountered in the ox. This type is muscular with autonomic ganglia and complete absence of glandular acini. It seems that the seminal coUiculus shares the prostate in its glandular functions and prevents oozing of semen from the seminal ducts.
Morphology of the prostate gland in the nine-banded armadillo
Authors: Weaker Frank J.
Published: February 2009

The prostate of the nine-banded armadillo is a compound tubulo-alveolar, bilobed gland situated on the ventral surface of the seminal vesicles. The two lobes, which may be connected by a narrow isthmus of tissue, are encapsulated by a thin layer of connective tissue and are located peripheral to the urethral musculature. The acini within the gland are separated by a fibromuscular stroma and contain an amorphous secretory product. The mucosa, characterized by a simple columnar epithelium, is thrown into folds which frequently branch. Numerous secretory ducts arise from the gland and course caudally parallel to the vasa deferentia and ducts of the seminal vesicles to a tubercle on the wall of the urethra. Several secretory ducts open into the vasa deferentia near the latter’s termination at the urethra, while other prostatic ducts empty directly into the urethra. The columnar cells of the mucosa resemble protein secretory cells with a spherical nucleus in the basal portion of the cell and numerous secretory granules located in the apical region of the cell. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a complex network of stacks of interconnecting cisternae and tubules which is often connected to the nuclear envelope. The Golgi apparatus is extensive and is located in the supranuclear region of the cell. The secretory ^granules appear in various sizes and densities and seem to be released by exocytosis.
Testoviron is a potent inducer of chick blastoderm
Authors: Llorca Orts , Mateu Domenech
Published: February 2009

Testoviron is a potent neural inducer, acting on the epiblast of the chick embryo during the period of competence (Hamburger-Hamilton stages 3 and 4). Under the influence of Testoviron, the epiblast differentiates in the neural direction. The structure that develops is typically neural in appearance with a ‘dorsoventraΓ and a mediolateral pattern. The notochord is not formed; consequently, there is no lengthening and therefore no craniocaudal pattern. Hence, Testoviron is an ‘inducer’ and not an ‘evocator’ even though it differs from the ‘primary organizer’ in that it does not organize the neural groove in the axial direction as does the dorsal lip of the blastopore of the amphibians or as with Hensen’s node in birds. Therefore, it would be very interesting to ascertain whether there is a biochemical difference in the constitution between Hensen’s node and the notochord of the bird. The inducing action is localized in a small region around the testoviron implant. The steroids might be of major importance in the early morphogenetic processes. We feel steroids deserve more attention than they are receiving at the present time.
Blood vessels of the human heart: coronarography and dissection
Authors: Hadžiselimović H. , Dilberović F. , Ovčina F.
Published: February 2009

We investigated by means of coronarography and dissection the arterial vascularization of the human heart in relation to the type of coronary ramification in 200 human hearts taken at random from males and females between 20 and 85 years of age. Examination of the selective coronarography findings was subsequently performed by means of careful dissection of the injected arteries and their branches in order to compare the results obtained with coronarographic findings in living human beings.
Eye volume in young and adult rabbits
Authors: Sarnat Bernard G.
Published: February 2009

Volumetric determinations were made by means of linear measurements and permanent stone models of 98 fresh eyes from 84 Dutch rabbits ranging from 15 to 540 days of age. The relationship of eye volume to age was evaluated. At 15 days of age, the eye volume is about 20% of adult size, at 100 days of age about two thirds of adult size, at 180 days of age about 85% of adult size, which is reached at about 300 days of age.
Scapular correlates of muscle morphology in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Doyle William John , Siegel Michae I. , Kimes Kyle R.
Published: February 2009

Compressive forces in the upper extremity are produced by muscle contraction and weight bearing. These forces are primary in shaping the scapula and are reflected in discernible structural correlates. Statistical analysis of both selected scapular dimensions and weights of the surrounding muscles can be utilized to infer differences in locomotor behavior. Muscles of the upper extremity and shoulder region of 13 adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were dissected and dried. The weights of these muscles were compared through the use of bivariate statistical analyses to several dimensions of the bony scapula. A significant correlation existed between the weights of the individual intrinsic compressive muscles, the summed weight of the intrinsic compressive muscle mass and length dimensions of the scapula. With the exception of m. supraspinatus, nonsignificant correlations were obtained between the intrinsic compressive muscles and the selected breadth dimensions. Higher Pearson’s r values existed for all but one of the intrinsic compressive muscles and those dimensions of the scapula which contained a length component. The results were compared with those of another study of the scapula and musculature of Papio cynocephalus. The results of these two studies demonstrated opposing conclusions. Another study on the scapula and musculature of Macaca fascicularis (n = 6) showed concordance with the results obtained in this study. The advisability of lumping macaques and baboons into a single gross locomotor category is questioned.
Invariance of the relative positions of structures attached to long bones during growth: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
Authors: Grant Philip G. , Buschang Peter H. , Drolet Don W. , Pickerell Christina
Published: February 2009

This article reports the results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on the positions of muscles relative to bones. The cross-sectional study reports on the positions of 20 muscles attached to long bones in the chicken from prehatching ages to maturity. The results show that these muscles maintain constant positional relationships during growth as was reported in an earlier study by the authors using rabbits. The longitudinal study reports on the migration of the semitendinosus muscle in the rabbit during growth. The results show that this muscle migrates the distance predicted by the regression equations derived from the cross-sectional study. These results are related to the model of the periosteum as an expanding elastic sleeve attached at its ends to the epiphyses and put under tension by the activity of the epiphyseal plates. In this model the soft structures attached to bones are seen as attached only to the periosteum in growing animals and thus carried along as hitchhikers by the expanding periosteum.
Body build and temperature tolerance: an experimental analysis of ecological ‘rules’
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: February 2009

According to current anthropological theory, the two factors that primarily determine thermoregulation in human populations are body size and body proportions, and they have found their formulation in the ecological ‘rules’ of Bergmann and Allen. In order to test the validity of these ideas, Buffalo and Fisher rats were submitted to various levels of heat and cold. The two strains were chosen because they demonstrate maximum differences in body size and body proportions in domesticated rats. The experiments lead to the conclusion that Allen’s rule has only a limited applicability under conditions of heat and none in cold. However, Bergmann’s rule is well substantiated by experimental data in heat and in cold. Nutrition is one of the most important factors influencing thermoregulation, but an extremely high degree of individual variation in temperature tolerance is found even under conditions of maximum homozygosity. The basic physiological processes of thermoregulation are sufficiently similar in human and nonhuman homeotherms to justify the extrapolation from one to the other.
Electron-microscopic study of the synapses of the cerebral cortex in man
Authors: Galbraith S.
Published: February 2009

With the electron microscope I have examined the structure of the synapses in the cerebral cortex of man. On both the pyramidal and stellate cells, there are only a few axosomatic synapses; all are symmetrical. Most of those in the neuropil are on dendritic spines and there is the occasional spine apparatus. Apart from the small number of axosomatic spines on the stellate cells, these findings are similar to those previously reported in other mammals.
Histochemical distribution and functional role of phosphatases, cholinesterase and succinic dehydrogenase in the gustatory epithelium and lingual glands of the rat
Authors: Talesara C.L. , Maru B.K. , Chaudhuri B.N.
Published: February 2009

The distribution pattern of cholinesterase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase in the various cellular constituents of the gustatory epithelium, taste buds and lingual glands of the rat was subjected to a detailed histochemical study. An attempt was made to explain the structural and functional relationship on the basis of the distribution of the enzymes in these regions of the rat tongue.
Ultrastructure of the basal body and the ciliary roots of the ependymal epithelium of the third ventricle in the cat
Authors: Santander González , Cuadrado Martinez
Published: February 2009

A study was made of the ultrastructure of the elements surrounding the basal bodies and their cross-striated ciliary roots in the ependymal epithelium of the third ventricle of domestic cats, perfused with glutaraldehyde and postfixed with 3% osmium tetroxide. The structures observed were compared with those described by other authors in several ciliated epithelia and in different animal species. A description is given of a complex anchoring system of the basal bodies of the cilia which are formed of (1) a peribasal complex consisting of (a) sail-shaped fibres, (b) transversal arched filaments, (c) longitudinal arched filaments and (d) a peribasal space, and (2) of striated ciliaty roots consisting of (a) anchoring ciliary roots and (b) interconnecting of interbasal ciliary roots. The structure of the cross-striate is also described; they exhibit a period of 640 Å, with periodical bands and intraperiodical bands. The authors suggests an essential participation of the striated ciliary roots with their peribasal complex in the activation and coordination of the movements of the cilia.
Structure of the pancreas in Syrian hamsters
Authors: Ogrowsky Doris , Fawcett James , Althoff Jürgen , Wilson Richard B. , Pour Parviz
Published: February 2009

The Syrian hamster is a suitable animal model for the study of pancreatic neoplasms of ductal origin. Therefore, the present study was performed to obtain basic information on the pancreas of this species in neonatal life and during the aging process. Scanning electron-microscopic (SEM) examination showed that the islets of Langerhans could not be seen in the pancreas at day 15 of gestation or shortly after delivery, but developed during the first 14 postnatal days and doubled their size by 4 weeks after birth. In hamsters over 1 year of age, the islets of Langerhans attain a diameter of approximately 300 µm. Cells of the acini in the fetal pancreas already contain zymogen-like granules, their final size is reached by 28 days postpartum. Age does not markedly affect the epithelial cell height of the pancreatic ducts. Small ducts are lined with cuboidal large ducts with a columnar epithelium. The epithelial height correlates with luminal size which increases with age. The luminal surface of the ductal epithelium shows varying forms and density of microvilli, and usually a single, centrally located cilium. Mucus-producing cells, identified by droplets which protrude onto the cell surface, are first seen in the common duct of 4-week-old hamsters and are prominent in adult animals.
Ultrastructural study of the post-hatching evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Boya J. , Calvo J.
Published: February 2009

There is a marked evolution in the ultrastructure of the chicken pineal gland after hatching. The typical large follicular cavities tha tare visible just after hatching disappear with age, giving the pineal a large number of small-caliber cavities which are practically filled by the prolongations of the pinealocytes. This gives the organ an apparently solid aspect. There are still two large cell types in the follicular wall: the A and B pinealocytes, with the B type being considerably more abundant.
Surface fine structure of the ependymal lining of the rat fourth ventricle
Authors: Singh D.R. , Hasan Mahdi , Bajpai V.K. , Maitra S.C.
Published: February 2009

The floor of the rat brain fourth ventricle has been divided into five zones to tudy the surface ultrastructure of the ependymal cells. Regional variations in the form of lense ciliation, sparse ciliation, central tufts of cilia, solitary cilia, pores, clavate and filiform αicrovilli have been observed.
A simple embedding technique for monolayer neuronal cultures grown in plastic flasks
Authors: Spoerri P.E. , Dresp W. , Heyder E.
Published: February 2009

An in situ embedding technique for monolayer cultures for subsequent ultra-structural studies is described. Dehydration is carried out in graded ethanol series without propylene oxide, and Epon is used as a final embedding medium. The advantage of this method is that the plastic flask with the embedded material can be stripped off easily without affecting the monolayer culture and that the plastic does not dissolve in Epon.
Measurements of smooth muscle cells in arterioles of guinea pig ileum
Authors: Hua Cha , Cragg Brian
Published: February 2009

The cells of twelve arterioles have been reconstructed from serial Araldite sections of 0.5 µm thickness stained with toluidine blue. Each arteriole had a single layer of smooth muscle cells. Each cell was spindle-shaped, contained one nucleus and was wound around part of the circumference of the arteriole. A 30-µm length of arteriole contained 19.1 ± SEM 2.2 nuclei, and therefore the same number of smooth muscle cells. This number did not vary with ãrteriolar internal diameters in the range 11–31 µm. The maximal axial width of the cells was found by inspection to be 4.2 ± 0.2 µm and this too was independent of the ãrteriolar diameter. From the number and width of the cells and the surface area of the arteriole, the length of the cells was calculated to be 47 ± 6 µm. The length was greater in the large arterioles and was 90% of the circumference on average. The thickness of the smooth muscle cells in the radial direction was 3.3 ± 0.2 µm. The helical pitch of the cellular axes to the axis of the arteriole was 81.3 ± 1.5 °. These results are discussed in relation to the tension developed in ãrteriolar walls and in relation to the electrotonic spread of current from cell to cell along an arteriole that has been measured with intracellular electrodes.
Stereological analysis of the number of nuclei in skeletal muscle fibres
Authors: Atherton G.W. , James N.T.
Published: February 2009

A simple morphological method is described whereby the numbers of nuclei in different types of skeletal muscle fibre may be determined. The method allows for the anisotropy of skeletal muscle fibres and the non-random distribution of their nuclei. The advantages in the use of a morphological (rather than a biochemical) method are discussed, together with possible applications of the method in the study of changes which occur in skeletal muscle in adaptation to stress and in disease.
The extrinsic innervation of the pelvic organs in the female rat
Authors: Baljet B. , Drukker J.
Published: February 2009

The extrinsic innervation of the pelvic organs in neonatal and adult female rats is described. Mainly an in toto acetylcholinesterase method is used; moreover, acetyl-cholinesterase is demonstrated in sections. The hypogastric plexus is defined as the nerve plexuses caudal to the inferior mesenteric ganglia comprising the uterine cervical ganglia and various smaller ganglia. The origin of the hypogastric plexus is formed by the hypogastric nerves, bundles of nerve fibers from the lumbar and cranial part of the sacral sympathetic trunks, bundles of nerve fibers from the inferior mesenteric ganglia and the pelvic nerves. The origin of the caudal part of the hypogastric plexus is also constituted by the pudendal nerves. The uterine nerves are derived from the ovarian nerves, the uterine cervical ganglia, the hypogastric nerves and the lumbar sympathetic trunks. The nerves to the urinary bladder are derived from the ganglionated nerve plexuses in the mesometrium as well as from the uterine cervical ganglia. The vaginal nerves are derived from the uterine cervical ganglia, the ganglionated nerve plexus in the mesometrium and the pudendal nerve. The rectal nerves are derived from the ganglionated inferior mesenteric plexus, the uterine cervical ganglia and the pudendal nerves. The hypogastric plexus in the rat is in many respects more complex than is known from the literature. These anatomical data are relevant for instance to experimentators who use the pelvic autonomic plexuses in the rat as a model system for the analysis of autonomic neuronal regulation systems in mammals.
Der Aufbau des Übergangsepithels der Harnblase bei Schwein, Schaf, Ratte und Spitzmaus
Authors: Scheidegger Georg
Published: February 2009

The structure of the transitional epithelium of pig, sheep, rat and shrew was examined by ultrathin serial sections. The epithelium consists of basal, intermediate and superficial cells. The epithelia of all four species are stratified and are distinguished by a different number of intermediate cell layers.
Fine structure of the retinal epithelium in the bushbaby (Galago senegalensis)
Authors: Braekevelt C.R.
Published: February 2009

The fine structure of the retinal epithelial layer has been studied by electron microscopy in the bushbaby (Galago senegalensis). The retinal epithelium over most of the retina is fairly typical of other vertebrates and consists of a single layer of heavily pigmented cuboidal cells joined laterally by cell junctions. These cells display extensive basal (scleral) infoldings and numerous apical (vitreal) processes which enclose photoreceptor outer segments. The bushbaby possesses a choroidal tapetum lucidum located in the posterior fundus. Over this tapetum the retinal epithelial cells are squamous and non-pigmented. However, as in the non-tapetal area, basal infoldings, apical processes and lateral cell junctions are present as are numerous mitochondria and large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is not abundant. Over the tapetal region the typical fenestrated choriocapillaris is displaced and indents the retinal epithelial layer. Bruch’s membrane in such an indented area is reduced to a single basal lamina from its normal pentalaminate structure seen in the non-tapetal area. In the non-tapetal region particularly the tips of the photoreceptor outer segments are composed of an amorphous material rather than typical outer segment discs.
Female prostate and urethral glands in the home rat, Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Shehata Ramzy
Published: February 2009

A female prostate related to the upper end of the urethra and neck of the bladder is reported. The glandular acini are lined by cubical or low columnar epithelium and contain esosinophilic secretion. Urethral glands are also found in the wall of the female urethra.
The gingival epithelium of rodent molars with limited eruption
Authors: Eggert F.M. , Germain J.P. , Cohen B.
Published: February 2009

We have re-examined the arrangement of epithelia surrounding molar teeth with limited eruption in the rat, mouse and hamster. Our methods permitted enamel to be retained in paraffin and glycolmethacrylate sections, so providing optimal preservation of epithelial relationships. Three basic patterns of epithelial arrangement were observed on the various aspects of molars. Non-keratinized junctional epithelium covers the interdental septum and the base of all gingival crevices even in areas of gingival recession. In all areas other than the interdental septum, a fold of keratinized gingival epithelium lies beneath the lateral aspects of junctional epithelium. The buccal and lingual aspects of interdental septa show a zone of transition between these two basic types of epithelial arrangement. In intact gingiva the junctional epithelium can be seen to extend a considerable distance on to enamel surfaces, with the result that actual gingival crevice depths are even less than previously assumed. Artefacts resulting from loss of enamel during processing are discussed in the light of previous attempts to explain epithelial arrangements in rodent gingivae.
Effect of prolonged treatment of norethisterone (a Progestogen-only contraceptive) on the thyro-follicular activity of rat
Authors: Maiti B.R.
Published: February 2009

Treatment of norethisterone (a synthetic progestin-only contraceptive) with a daily dosage of 0.5 mg/rat, consecutively for 75 days increased gland weight and caused hyperthyroidism in the albino rat. This was evident from gravimetric and histological studies. The findings suggest that even progestogen-only contraceptives have untoward effects upon thyroid gland function in the albino rat.
Observations on the structure of the subepithelial nerve plexus in the tongue
Authors: Mikhail Youssef , Abd El-Rahman Sawsan , Morris Lucy
Published: February 2009

The intrinsic innervation of the anterior two thirds of the tongue in adult dogs of both sexes was studied in paraffin sections stained with Bodian, Holmes, cholinesterase and other stains. In all the sections, a subepithelial plexus of nerve fibres and cells was always seen on the dorsum of the tongue. Nerve endings were seen extending in between the epithelial cells on the dorsum of the tongue. The nerve cells were usually spindle-shaped and collected to form numerous ganglia in the submucosa. There were other ganglia in the tongue whose structure was very much similar to terminal autonomic ganglia. The significance of the ganglia consisting of bipolar nerve cells is being discussed.
Genetic and sex influences on the histomorphometric characteristics of porcine adrenals under hot humid climatic condition
Authors: Egbunike Gabriel N.
Published: February 2009

Histomorphometric measurements of the adrenal glands of three straight-bred and two cross-bred lines of pigs maintained in hot humid climatic conditions showed that adrenal gland function is not affected by sex. Striking breed influences were however observed in the parameters studied. Paired absolute adrenal weight was higher in Large White (LW) pigs than in the others but the relative adrenal weight was similar and higher in LW, Landrace (LD), West African indigenous (WA) and two-way cross (2×) pigs than in three-way cross (3×) pigs. The adrenal cortex thickness was thinnest in WA pigs while the area of the cortical zone and the cortex/medulla ratio were respectively smaller in WA and 3 × and WA and 2 × pigs than in the others. Relative paired adrenal weight did not change during early pregnancy unlike the thickness and area of the cortex and the cortex/medulla ratio which were highly increased.
Studies on orthocephalization
Authors: Vilmann H. , Moss M.L.
Published: February 2009

In the period from 14 to 150 days, the zygomatic arch of the rat skull possesses a marked positional stability in relation to the parietal bone, the basisphenoid bone and the length axis of the skull. These conclusions have been drawn from a study of 27 male rats, X-rayed at regular intervals between 14 and 150 days. From the X-ray photos, quantitative expressions of angular values between the mentioned structures have been obtained. The significance of the observations is discussed. It is emphasized that the demonstrated stability of these structural components of the rat skull during growth is in marked contrast to the extent of movements which take place between other parts of the skull during orthocephalization.
Zur Struktur der Speiseröhre des Hundes
Authors: Busch Christoph
Published: February 2009

The structure and arrangement of muscle fibres and vessels in various parts of the esophagus was investigated in 22 dogs using light and scanning electron microscopical techniques. The esophageal muscularis propria does not consist of outer longitudinal and inner circular fibres but of two layers of skeletal muscles forming apolar screw-like fascicles that run in opposite directions. Sphincter-like muscle fibre bundles in the upper cervical and abdominal part are closely connected with the tubular part of the esophagus. The present morphological findings indicate that the esophagus of the dog should not be considered to be a useful model for the elucidation of human esophageal malfunctions and their therapy.
Anatomical and neurohistological studies on the tongue of the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Prakash P. , Rao G.S.
Published: February 2009

In the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), the gross anatomical and neurohistological aspects of the tongue, its tunics and various lingual papillae have been studied. The observations indicate that the widest part of the tongue is also the thickest. The papillae encountered therein include filiform (four sub-types), fungiform and circumvallate papillae. Simple branched tubulo-acinar serous glands are located in the lamina propria of the circumvallate papillae. The mucous glands are limited to the root of the tongue. The nerve endings such as the muscle spindle, ovoid or elliptical and motor end-plates are found to be associated with the skeletal muscle. In the lingual epithelium, only simple free nerve endings are seen. In the taste buds, the intragemmal fibres end in close proximity of the gustatory cells.
Study of diaphyseal nutrient foramina in human long bones
Authors: Longia G.S. , Ajmani M.L. , Saxena S.K. , Thomas R.J.
Published: February 2009

A study was done to determine the number, size, direction, exact site and position of the nutrient foramina in human long bones. The position of all nutrient foramina observed was on the flexor aspect and was more or less around a fixed area, but the exact spot varied considerably. Two foramina were much more frequent in the femur, clavicle and humerus than in the other long bones. Three and four nutrient foramina have also been observed in few femora, clavicles and ulnae. Absence of a foramen has been observed in few humeri and radii. Variations have been observed in the direction of nutrient foramina only in lower limb bones. The nutrient foramina in long bones have been described as being directed towards the elbow and away from the knee. Our observations support this assumption except in 0.5% femora, 3.5% tibiae and 9.5% fibulae. Periosteal, muscular and vascular theories are discussed for the normal and abnormal direction of the foramina; the vascular theory offers the best explanation of all reported anomalies as well as of the normal fashioning of the nutrient canals.
Stereoscopic visualization of various morphological types of collagenous fibres
Authors: Rizk Nabil N.
Published: February 2009

The connective tissue fibres of various parts of different fascial and aponeurotic planes of the ventral abdominal walls of 26 albino rats were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Five types of collagen fibres could be identified and visualized stereo-scopically: (1) the fine network seen around the muscle fibres; (2) the loose collagenous bundles and their investing reticular network in the deep fasciae; (3) the wavy parallel bundles in the free part of the aponeuroses; (4) the dense mature collagenous bundles and matted collagenous masses in the attached part of the aponeursoes, and (5) the immature fine irregular fibrils seen during healing of wounds. The relationship between these various types and the process of fibrillogenesis of collagenous bundles is discussed. The functional significance of each type is also pointed out.
A scanning electron microscopic study on the lymphatic microcirculation of the rabbit mesenteric lymph node. A corrosion cast study
Authors: Kurokawa Tatsuo , Ogata Takuro
Published: February 2009

A cast of the rabbit mesenteric lymph node was made by injection of Mercox resin through the afferent lymphatic vessel and was observed with a scanning electron microscope. In order to confirm the exact nature of the spaces which were filled with Mercox and formed the casts, additional comparative light-microscopic, transmission-electron-microscopic and scanning-electron-microscopic observations were made on specimens of the washed-out lymph node by perfusion with Ringer’s solution, or of the lymph node infused with gelatin or Mercox, and the precise lymphatic microcirculation of the lymph node was clarified. The marginal sinus appeared to be a dome-like space beneath the capsule of the lymph node. From the marginal sinus, the lymph flowed into the trabecular sinus, then into the tubular sinus with about 50 µm in diameter in the deep cortex, and finally into the medullary sinus. This tubular sinus has never been described in the literature and was tentatively named the tubular cortical sinus. In addition, the lymph entered the diffuse lymphoid tissue from the marginal sinus or from the trabecular sinus, run through the channel-like space through the meshwork of the reticulum cells or fibers of the diffuse lymphoid tissue, and entered the medullary sinus. This channel-like space was named the diffuse lymphoid tissue channel. About one half of the area in the outer cortex, except for the cortical nodule, was occupied by the diffuse lymphoid tissue; the other half was a different type lymphoid tissue, in which reticulum cells and lymphoid cells were closely packed and lymphatic spaces poorly developed. This tissue was tentatively named the ‘dense lymphoid tissue’ or ‘densely packed lymphoid tissue’. The cortical nodule was rather cave-like structure, its ceiling consisting of the marginal sinus and its wall of the trabecular sinus. The germinal center usually had saccular lymphatic space communicating with the trabecular sinus by a few narrow routes. Two different types of medullary sinuses were distinguished based on their differences in structure and size. The one situated in the distal part of the medulla had a tubular structure completely surrounded by medullary cords. Reticulum cell network could not be seen in them. This type of medullary sinus was named the ‘distal medullary sinus’. The distal medullary sinus received all lymphatic pathways of the cortex. Adjacent to the hilum, the distal medullary sinus gradually transformed into a second type, the ‘proximal medullary sinus’, which was small in size and had rather irregular spaces, partly surrounded by medullary cords. The reticulum cell network was well developed in its space. This type of sinus finally joined the efferent lymphatic vessel at the hilum.
Exercise Capacity as a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcome
Authors: Clini Enrico M. , Crisafulli Ernesto
Published: February 2009

Disabled patients with chronic respiratory disease and peripheral skeletal muscle disorders have limitations in their exercise capacity, which may be improved after specific training in a pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) program. Individual assessment of exercise capacity by clinically available exercise tests represents an important patient-centered outcome that should be embedded in the rehabilitation process. These measurements include laboratory (treadmill and/or cycle ergometer) and field (walking) tests. The cardiopulmonary exercise test, both performed with incremental (incremental-load test) or predetermined (constant-load or endurance test) loading, is an excellent means to describe the profile of an individual’s maximal exercise capacity and to record its change after PR. Among the variety of field-based tests, 6-min walking and shuttle walking are 2 simple tests widely used during PR. These tests are inexpensive and provide information on an individual’s functional abilities: the 6-min walking test has been shown to provide level of disability and functional status, whereas the shuttle walking test has been shown to be more suitable to detect change of physical performance following PR. Overall, several available physiologically targeted tests are useful to measure the patient’s tolerance to exercise, and many are even sensitive to change once intervention has taken place. In particular, endurance modality tests seem to provide better measurement of changes after PR than incremental exercise tests.
Association of Childhood Neglect with Adult Dissociation in Schizophrenic Inpatients
Authors: Vogel Matthias , Spitzer Carsten , Kuwert Philipp , Möller Bertram , Freyberger Harald J. , Grabe Hans Jörgen
Published: February 2009

Background: Dissociation is often related to previous trauma and also occurs frequently in schizophrenia. Dissociation and psychosis may reflect a posttraumatic syndrome in some patients with schizophrenia. Sampling and Methods: In total, 80 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were investigated by means of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Dissociative Experience Scale and the Symptom Check List 90-R. CTQ subscales and groups reporting high and low dissociation were compared using MANOVA. Results: Childhood traumatic experiences were frequent [mean CTQ total score = 45.4 ± 17.5 (SD)]. Physical neglect was clearly associated with high dissociation, whereas abuse was not. Furthermore, there was a significant association of physical neglect with psychopathological distress not fully accounted for by dissociation. Conclusions: Dissociation may be specifically linked to childhood physical neglect in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Dissociation alone may not explain the effects of childhood maltreatment on adult psychopathology in schizophrenia; however, conclusions from the present study are limited due to its cross-sectional design.