bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum populations across the Honduras-Nicaragua border
Authors: Larrañaga Nerea , Mejía Rosa E , Hormaza José I , Montoya Alberto , Soto Aida , Fontecha Gustavo A
Published: October 2013

Background

The Caribbean coast of Central America remains an area of malaria transmission caused by Plasmodium falciparum despite the fact that morbidity has been reduced in recent years. Parasite populations in that region show interesting characteristics such as chloroquine susceptibility and low mortality rates. Genetic structure and diversity of P. falciparum populations in the Honduras-Nicaragua border were analysed in this study.

Methods

Seven neutral microsatellite loci were analysed in 110 P. falciparum isolates from endemic areas of Honduras (n = 77) and Nicaragua (n = 33), mostly from the border region called the Moskitia. Several analyses concerning the genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium, population structure, molecular variance, and haplotype clustering were conducted.

Results

There was a low level of genetic diversity in P. falciparum populations from Honduras and Nicaragua. Expected heterozigosity (H

e
) results were similarly low for both populations. A moderate differentiation was revealed by the FST index between both populations, and two putative clusters were defined through a structure analysis. The main cluster grouped most of samples from Honduras and Nicaragua, while the second cluster was smaller and included all the samples from the Siuna community in Nicaragua. This result could partially explain the stronger linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the parasite population from that country. These findings are congruent with the decreasing rates of malaria endemicity in Central America.
A safe anastomotic technique of using the transorally inserted anvil (OrVil™) in Roux-en-Y reconstruction after laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy for proximal malignant tumors of the stomach
Authors: Xie Jian-Wei , Huang Chang-Ming , Zheng Chao-Hui , Li Ping , Wang Jia-Bin , Lin Jian-Xian , Jun Lu
Published: October 2013

Background

To explore the safety and feasibility of the transorally inserted anvil (OrVil™) in laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Methods

From December 2010 to June 2011, a total of 28 patients underwent laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy with a Roux-en-Y-esophagojejunostomy anastomosis with OrVil™. Perioperative treatments, intraoperative data, postoperative complications and hospital length of stay were evaluated.

Results

There were no conversions to the open gastrectomy. The mean operation time was 143 minutes and the mean blood loss was 70 ml. Patients resumed an oral liquid diet on postoperative days 4 to 5. Two patients (7%) who suffered postoperative aspiration pneumonia were cured by conservative treatment. The median hospital length of stay was 9.6 days (8 to 11 days), with no inhospital mortalities. The median follow-up time was 14.8 months (12 to 18 months), and postoperative endoscopic examination revealed no anastomosis stenosis in patients who had dysphagia.

Conclusion

The use of the OrVil™ is technically feasible and relatively safe for Roux-en-Y reconstruction after laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy.
Inflammatory demyelination induces glia alterations and ganglion cell loss in the retina of an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model
Authors: Horstmann Lioba , Schmid Heiko , Heinen André P , Kurschus Florian C , Dick H Burkhard , Joachim Stephanie C
Published: October 2013

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is often accompanied by optic nerve inflammation. And some patients experience permanent vision loss. We examined if the grade of optic nerve infiltration and demyelination affects the severity of clinical signs in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. The loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and alterations in glia activity were also investigated.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice were immunized with peptide MOG35-55 in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and controls received PBS in CFA. Then 23 days post immunization eyes were prepared for flatmounts and stained with Nissl to evaluated neuronal density. Clinical EAE symptoms as well as cell infiltration and demyelination in the optic nerve were examined. Retinal sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and silver stain. Immunohistochemistry was used to label RGCs (Brn-3a), apoptotic cells (caspase 3), macroglia (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)), microglia (Iba1), macrophages (F 4/80) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion.

Results

EAE symptoms started at day 8 and peaked at day 15. Cell infiltrations (P = 0.0047) and demyelination (P = 0.0018) of EAE nerves correlated with the clinical score (r > 0.8). EAE led to a significant loss of RGCs (P< 0.0001). Significantly more caspase 3+ cells were noted in these animals (P = 0.0222). They showed an increased expression of GFAP (P< 0.0002) and a higher number of microglial cells (P< 0.0001). Also more macrophages and IL-6 secretion were observed in EAE mice.

Conclusions

MOG immunization leads to optic neuritis and RGC loss. EAE severity is related to the severity of optic nerve inflammation and demyelination. EAE not only affects activation of apoptotic signals, but also causes a glial response in the retina.
The feasibility of omitting irradiation to the contralateral lower neck in stage N1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
Authors: Hu Weixu , Zhu Guopei , Guan Xiyin , Wang Xiaoshen , Hu Chaosu
Published: October 2013

Purpose

This study was conducted to analyze the feasibility of omitting irradiation to the contralateral lower neck in stage N1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients.

Materials and methods

From July 2008 to January 2012, 52 patients with stage N1 NPC were analyzed. All patients were treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and received bilateral upper neck irradiation to levels II, III and VA and ipsilateral lower neck irradiation to levels IV and VB. The contralateral lower neck irradiation was omitted.

Results

The median follow-up was 29 months (range, 12–52 months). The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate, progress-free survival (PFS), local failure-free (LFS), nodal recurrence-free survival (NFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates were 92.2%, 94.1%, 94.3%, 98% and 94.1%, respectively. Only one patient developed a neck recurrence in the irradiation field, while no patients experienced out-of-field nodal recurrence. Univariate analysis suggested that T classification was the only significant prognostic factor for overall survival, and age was significantly associated with PFS. Multivariate analyses indicated that age was also a predictor for overall survival. The elective neck irradiation procedure was not a significant predictor for all of the treatment results.

Conclusion

Selective irradiation to bilateral levels of II, III and VA and unilateral levels of IV and VB, omitted the contralateral lower neck in a proportion of patients with N1 stage NPC was safe and practicable.
Effects of metamorphosis timing and the larval growth rate on the latitudinal distribution of sympatric freshwater eels, Anguilla japonica and A. marmorata, in the western North Pacific
Authors: Leander Nico Jose , Tzeng Wann-Nian , Yeh Nian-Tzu , Shen Kang-Ning , Han Yu-San
Published: October 2013

Background

Early life history traits of the temperate eel Anguilla japonica and tropical eel Anguilla marmorata were examined to determine the possible reason why these two species have similar spawning areas and oceanic larval transport in the North Equatorial Current and yet are recruited to different but partly overlapping continental growth habitats in northern East Asia. To understand the segregative migration of these two sympatric eel species, their glass eels were collected from nine estuaries in the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, and China. The age at metamorphosis from leptocephalus to glass eel (T
m), the age at estuarine arrival (T
t), the time between metamorphosis and estuarine arrival (T
t−m), and the growth rate (G
t) of glass eels were calculated from daily growth increments in their otoliths.

Results

Results indicated that the G
t was faster and the T
m was younger in A. marmorata than in A. japonica. On the other hand, fish length and the T
t at estuarine arrival were larger in A. japonica than in A. marmorata, indicating that elvers of A. japonica experience a longer oceanic drift than those of A. marmorata. In addition, the T
t−m also indicated that A. japonica experienced a longer coastal migration than A. marmorata.

Conclusion

This study validated that the T
m and G
t seem to play important roles in the segregative migration and latitudinal distribution of these two sympatric freshwater eel species in the northwestern Pacific.
Glycophenotyping of osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes by RT-qPCR, mass spectrometry, histochemistry with plant/human lectins and lectin localization with a glycoprotein
Authors: Toegel Stefan , Bieder Daniela , André Sabine , Altmann Friedrich , Walzer Sonja M , Kaltner Herbert , Hofstaetter Jochen G , Windhager Reinhard , Gabius Hans-Joachim
Published: October 2013

Introduction

This study aimed to characterize the glycophenotype of osteoarthritic cartilage and human chondrocytes.

Methods

Articular knee cartilage was obtained from nine osteoarthritis (OA) patients. mRNA levels for 27 glycosyltransferases were analyzed in OA chondrocytes using RT-qPCR. Additionally, N- and O-glycans were quantified using mass-spectrometry. Histologically, two cartilage areas with Mankin scores (MS) either ≤4 or ≥9 were selected from each patient representing areas of mild and severe OA, respectively. Tissue sections were stained with (1) a selected panel of plant lectins for probing into the OA glycophenotype, (2) the human lectins galectins-1 and -3, and (3) the glycoprotein asialofetuin (ASF) for visualizing β-galactoside-specific endogenous lectins.

Results

We found that OA chondrocytes expressed oligomannosidic structures as well as non-, mono- and disialylated complex-type N-glycans, and core 2 O-glycans. Reflecting B4GALNT3 mRNA presence in OA chondrocytes, LacdiNAc-terminated structures were detected. Staining profiles for plant and human lectins were dependent on the grade of cartilage degeneration, and ASF-positive cells were observed in significantly higher rates in areas of severe degeneration.

Conclusions

In summary, distinct aspects of the glycome in OA cartilage are altered with progressing degeneration. In particular, the alterations measured by galectin-3 and the pan-galectin sensor ASF encourage detailed studies of galectin functionality in OA.
Age of red blood cells and outcome in acute kidney injury
Authors: Kaukonen Kirsi-Maija , Vaara Suvi T , Pettilä Ville , Bellomo Rinaldo , Tuimala Jarno , Cooper David J , Krusius Tom , Kuitunen Anne , Reinikainen Matti , Koskenkari Juha , Uusaro Ari ,   The FINNAKI study group
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) and, in particular, older RBCs has been associated with increased short-term mortality in critically ill patients. We evaluated the association between age of transfused RBCs and acute kidney injury (AKI), hospital, and 90-day mortality in critically ill patients.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, observational, predefined sub-study within the FINNish Acute Kidney Injury (FINNAKI) study. This study included all elective ICU admissions with expected ICU stay of more than 24 hours and all emergency admissions from September to November 2011. To study the age of RBCs, we classified transfused patients into quartiles according to the age of oldest transfused RBC unit in the ICU. AKI was defined according to KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) criteria.

Results

Out of 1798 patients, 652 received at least one RBC unit. The median [interquartile range] age of the oldest RBC unit transfused was 12 [11-13] days in the freshest quartile and 21 [17-27] days in the quartiles 2 to 4. On logistic regression, RBC age was not associated with the development of KDIGO stage 3 AKI. Patients in the quartile of freshest RBCs had lower crude hospital and 90-day mortality rates compared to those in the quartiles of older blood. After adjustments, older RBC age was associated with significantly increased risk for hospital mortality. Age, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II)-score without age points, maximum Sequental Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and the total number of transfused RBC units were independently associated with 90-day mortality.

Conclusions

The age of transfused RBC units was independently associated with hospital mortality but not with 90-day mortality or KDIGO stage 3 AKI. The number of transfused RBC units was an independent risk factor for 90-day mortality.
Quantifying surface-to-reservoir electromagnetics for waterflood monitoring in a Saudi Arabian carbonate reservoir
Authors: Colombo Daniele , McNeice Gary Wayne
Published: October 2013

We modeled surface-to-borehole controlled-source electromagnetics to assess the sensitivity of electromagnetic fields to the detection and evolution of the waterfront position in a Saudi Arabian carbonate reservoir. We studied a test well drilled for research purposes at the edge of the current waterfront. The 3D reservoir saturations were obtained by using a black oil simulator and later converted to resistivity using Archie’s empirical relation. The anisotropic overburden model was derived from the upscaling of triaxial resistivity logs acquired from the surface to reservoir depth in the well. The modeling study was performed by the combination of 3D finite-element time-domain and 3D finite-difference frequency-domain methods using surface galvanic sources in radial and transverse polarization modes with borehole receivers. Results indicated that the electric-field components have the largest sensitivity to static reservoir resistivity distributions and to the time-lapse resistivity changes. The vertical component of the electric field, in particular, showed the largest sensitivity to reservoir changes and obtained the best spatial resolution after inversion. A comparative analysis of the noise floor achievable in a vertical well by existing electromagnetic sensors versus the strength of the field changes over a two-year time-lapse scenario indicated that the electric field is the only electromagnetic component showing a magnitude of the change above the estimated noise floor. The obtained results suggested that the detection and monitoring of waterflooding around producing wells is feasible within the sensitivity offered by current borehole sensing technology using a surface-to-borehole acquisition configuration. In this framework, the combination of multicomponent electric and magnetic sensors deployed in vertical and horizontal wells would provide enhanced resolution for the reservoir properties by enabling a better description of anisotropic effects.
Robust and accelerated Bayesian inversion of marine controlled-source electromagnetic data using parallel tempering
Authors: Ray Anandaroop , Alumbaugh David L. , Hoversten G. Michael , Key Kerry
Published: October 2013

Bayesian methods can quantify the model uncertainty that is inherent in inversion of highly nonlinear geophysical problems. In this approach, a model likelihood function based on knowledge of the data noise statistics is used to sample the posterior model distribution, which conveys information on the resolvability of the model parameters. Because these distributions are multidimensional and nonlinear, we used Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for highly efficient sampling. Because a single Markov chain can become stuck in a local probability mode, we run various randomized Markov chains independently. To some extent, this problem can be mitigated by running independent Markov chains, but unless a very large number of chains are run, biased results may be obtained. We got around these limitations by running parallel, interacting Markov chains with “annealed” or “tempered” likelihoods, which enable the whole system of chains to effectively escape local probability maxima. We tested this approach using a transdimensional algorithm, where the number of model parameters as well as the parameters themselves were treated as unknowns during the inversion. This gave us a measure of uncertainty that was independent of any particular parameterization. We then subset the ensemble of inversion models to either reduce uncertainty based on a priori constraints or to examine the probability of various geologic scenarios. We demonstrated our algorithms’ fast convergence to the posterior model distribution with a synthetic 1D marine controlled-source electromagnetic data example. The speed up gained from this new approach will facilitate the practical implementation of future 2D and 3D Bayesian inversions, where the cost of each forward evaluation is significantly more expensive than for the 1D case.
Endothelial Metabolism of Angiotensin II to Angiotensin III, not Angiotensin (1–7), Augments the Vasorelaxation Response in Adrenal Cortical Arteries
Authors: Kopf Phillip G. , Campbell William B.
Published: October 2013

Hyperaldosteronism is linked to the development and progression of several different cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin (Ang) II increases aldosterone secretion and adrenal blood flow. Ang II peptide fragments are produced by various peptidases, and these Angs have diverse and vital physiologic roles. Due to the uncharacteristic vasorelaxation of adrenal arteries by Ang II, we tested the hypothesis that Ang II metabolism contributes to its relaxant activity in adrenal arteries. Metabolism of Angs by bovine adrenal cortical arteries and isolated bovine adrenal vascular cells was measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The primary Ang metabolites of adrenal arteries are Ang III and Ang (1–7), with Ang IV produced to a lesser extent. Bovine microvascular endothelial cells produced a similar metabolic profile to adrenal arteries, whereas bovine adrenal artery smooth muscle cells exhibited less metabolism. In preconstricted adrenal arteries, Ang II caused relaxation in picomolar concentrations and constrictions at 10nM. Ang-converting enzyme 2 inhibition augmented this relaxation response, whereas aminopeptidase inhibition did not. Ang III was equipotent to Ang II in relaxing adrenal arteries. Ang IV did not cause relaxation. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition enhanced Ang II-induced constriction of adrenal arteries. Aminopeptidase inhibition increased the concentration range for Ang II-induced constriction of adrenal arteries. Ang III and Ang IV did not change the basal tone but caused constriction of adrenal arteries with nitric oxide synthase inhibition. These data indicate that Ang II metabolism modulates the vascular effects of Ang II in the adrenal vasculature.
The Regulation of Testicular Descent and the Effects of Cryptorchidism
Authors: Hutson John M. , Southwell Bridget R. , Li Ruili , Lie Gabrielle , Ismail Khairul , Harisis George , Chen Nan
Published: October 2013

The first half of this review examines the boundary between endocrinology and embryonic development, with the aim of highlighting the way hormones and signaling systems regulate the complex morphological changes to enable the intra-abdominal fetal testes to reach the scrotum. The genitoinguinal ligament, or gubernaculum, first enlarges to hold the testis near the groin, and then it develops limb-bud-like properties and migrates across the pubic region to reach the scrotum. Recent advances show key roles for insulin-like hormone 3 in the first step, with androgen and the genitofemoral nerve involved in the second step. The mammary line may also be involved in initiating the migration.

The key events in early postnatal germ cell development are then reviewed because there is mounting evidence for this to be crucial in preventing infertility and malignancy later in life. We review the recent advances in what is known about the etiology of cryptorchidism and summarize the syndromes where a specific molecular cause has been found. Finally, we cover the recent literature on timing of surgery, the issues around acquired cryptorchidism, and the limited role of hormone therapy. We conclude with some observations about the differences between animal models and baby boys with cryptorchidism.
Cesium Ion Decontamination by Layered Perovskite HCa2Nb3O10·1.5H2O
Authors: Chitrakar Ramesh , Makita Yoji , Sonoda Akinari
Published: October 2013

The ion-exchange properties of the layered perovskite HCa2Nb3O10·1.5H2O toward cesium ion were examined. The Cs+ uptake by the protonated material follows the Langmuir model with uptake capacity of 0.82 mmol g−1 at equilibrium pH 3.3. The Cs+ uptake capacity decreased with increase in equilibrium pH showing 1.0 mmol g−1 at pH 1.6 and 0.70 mmol g−1 at pH 10.2. The selectivity order determined by comparison of the distribution coefficient (Kd) values was Cs+ > Na+ > K+ >> Ca2+ > Mg2+ at equilibrium pH 3.4 or 2.5 from initial concentration of 0.10 or 1.0 mmol dm−3 solution containing cations, respectively. The protonated material was efficient for Cs+ decontamination (ca. 100%) from drinking water spiked with 0.01 or 0.10 mmol dm−3 CsCl at volume to mass ratio (V/m) of 0.1–1.0 dm3 g−1. The protonated material can be regenerated after treatment of Cs+-exchanged material with 5 mol dm−3 HNO3 solution.
Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Malonates to Enones Using Perfluorobutanesulfonamide Organocatalyst
Authors: Kamito Yuji , Masuda Akira , Yuasa Hiroki , Tada Norihiro , Itoh Akichika , Koseki Yuji , Miura Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2013

Perfluorobutanesulfonamide organocatalyst 4 efficiently promotes asymmetric conjugate additions of malonates to α,β-unsaturated ketones to afford the corresponding adducts with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee).
Site-selective Scission of Double-stranded DNA by Combining a Triplex-forming bis-PNA and Ce(IV)/EDTA
Authors: Aiba Yuichiro , Yasuda Kohei , Komiyama Makoto
Published: October 2013

By combining triplex-forming bis-peptide nucleic acid (bis-PNA) with Ce(IV)/EDTA, double-stranded DNA was selectively hydrolyzed at a predetermined homopyrimidine/homopurine site, which is difficult to be targeted by the previous strategy using pseudocomplementary PNAs (pcPNAs). These homopyrimidine/homopurine sequences take various important roles in vivo, and thus, the present site-selective DNA cutters should be useful in biology, biotechnology, medicine, and other fields.
Iron Corrole-catalyzed [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Dienes and Aldehydes
Authors: Kuwano Toru , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: October 2013

We have developed cationic iron(IV) corrole-catalyzed formal hetero-Diels–Alder reaction of aldehydes with dienes, which opens the way for divergent synthesis of pyrans. The potential utility of the catalyst was also demonstrated by carrying out cycloaddition of α,β-unsaturated aldehyde with a diene to give pyran selectively. Furthermore, the catalytic reactivity of iron corrole complex on the cycloaddition was determined by comparing that of iron porphyrin complex.
Seizure evoked regulation of LIM-HD genes and co-factors in the postnatal and adult hippocampus
Authors: Lakhina Vanisha , Subramanian Lakshmi , Huilgol Dhananjay , Shetty Ashwin S , Vaidya Vidita A. , Tole Shubha
Published: October 2013

The LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) family of transcription factors is well known for its functions during several developmental processes including cell fate specification, cell migration and axon guidance, and its members play fundamental roles in hippocampal development. The hippocampus is a structure that displays striking activity dependent plasticity.  We examined whether LIM-HD genes and their co-factors are regulated during kainic acid induced seizure in the adult rat hippocampus as well as in early postnatal rats, when the hippocampal circuitry is not fully developed.  We report a distinct and field-specific regulation of LIM-HD genesLhx1,Lhx2, andLhx9, LIM-only geneLmo4, and cofactorClim1ain the adult hippocampus after seizure induction. In contrast none of these genes displayed altered levels upon induction of seizure in postnatal animals.  Our results provide evidence of temporal and spatial seizure mediated regulation of LIM-HD family members and suggest that LIM-HD gene function may be involved in activity dependent plasticity in the adult hippocampus
Uterine disease in dairy cattle: monitoring and management
Authors: Pedersen Sara , Sheldon Martin , Burnell Mark , Smith Rob , Kerby Mike
Published: October 2013

Uterine disease is a common cause of infertility and thus economic loss in dairy herds, yet in many herds the true incidence of disease is unknown. Accurate monitoring, identification and recording are essential to highlight when the incidence of uterine disease is too high and intervention is required. While prevention is always preferable to cure, when cases of uterine disease do occur it is important that they are treated and managed correctly to reduce any further impact on subsequent performance. This clinical forum will review the different presentations of uterine disease and seek the opinions of an expert panel on their approach to its management, monitoring and investigation.
Case study: the use of a salvage (low flank) caesarean section to remove an emphysematous calf
Authors: Dale Hollie , Hayes Edward , Kruif Aart de
Published: October 2013

Obstetrical procedures are common place in dairy practice in the UK, and both fetotomy to allow delivery per vaginum and a standing left paralumbar celiotomy approach for caesarean section are standard techniques. In some clinical presentations, neither of these techniques may be appropriate for a complicated dystocia. In some cases, where a calving has been missed for some days or where a second calf is found to be present some days after the delivery of its twin, euthanasia of the cow may be considered to be the only option available, since without its removal, the putrefaction of the fetus may result in life-threatening toxaemia to the cow. This article describes the use of a ventrolateral (low flank) approach to caesarean section as an alternative option in such a case.
Approach to the adult horse with chronic diarrhoea
Authors: McGovern Kate
Published: October 2013

Chronic diarrhoea in adult horses can be very frustrating both for the veterinarian and the client. The horse is often bright with a good appetite which is quite different from the acute diarrhoea case where the horse is often dull, endotoxic and sick. A range of diagnostic tests can be performed and it is not uncommon that a diagnosis is still not reached. Findings are often non-specific and could be representative of many diseases. Symptomatic treatment can be used in cases of idiopathic diarrhoea to which horses often respond well. When inflammatory disease is the cause, the prognosis is often more guarded.
Equine Review
Authors: Copas Victoria
Published: October 2013

Introduction: This edition of Equine Review considers papers on intravenous and intragastric fluid administration, atypical and pasture myopathy and meloxicam administration in foals.
The Role of Simulation in the Learning of Surgical Skills
Authors: Brown Daniel
Published: October 2013

Many authors have published theories regarding the learning of practical (surgical) skills. Table 1 contains a useful summary of these theories. Simulation has been defined by Allery et al as 'a structured activity designed to reflect reality, real life and real situations',1 and good simulation has been defined by Gorman et al as 'represent [ing] simplified reality, free from the need to include every possible detail'.2 when discussing simulation in education, issenberg, et al stated: 'Simulations are not identical to real-life events. Instead simulations place trainees into lifelike situations that provide immediate feedback about questions, decisions and actions.'3
Surgical Simulation to Evaluate Surgical Innovation: Preclinical Studies With MARTYN
Authors: Marcus Hani J , Darzi Ara , Nandi Dipankar
Published: October 2013

The safety and effectiveness of surgical devices have come under considerable scrutiny over the past two decades.1 New surgical tools are being introduced into the operating theatre at an increasing rate, and are often rapidly adopted with minimal evidence to support their use. while the IDEAL (idea, development, exploration, assessment, long-term study) framework provides clear recommendations for the clinical evaluation of surgical innovations,2 there is undoubtedly also a role for preclinical studies early in the product development cycle.
Surgical Simulation: The Way Forward or a Waste of Time?
Authors: Murphy Mary
Published: October 2013

Traditional surgeons, trained in the old-fashioned apprenticeship system, are often bemused by new training models, and the role of modern training methods such as surgical simulation. Regulation of work time for junior doctors and expectations of the public have led to an increasing role for simulation. Now there is even official recognition of 'simulated cases' in trainees' logbooks and as part of their work-based assessments. So, is this revolution for better or for worse? Traditionally surgeons have always advocated dissection, simulation and courses using cadavers. How does operating on cadavers and synthetic models compare? Cadavers can be useful for teaching and appreciating anatomy but how useful are they for simulation of surgical procedures and operations?
Learning Curve of Basic Surgical Skill Acquisition on the Sep Robot
Authors: Malik MM , Bahsoun AN , Khan MS , Dasgupta P , Ahmed K
Published: October 2013

The benefits of minimally invasive surgery have led to adoption of laparoscopic assisted robotic surgery across several surgical specialties. Surgeons have acquired considerable expertise in conventional laparoscopic surgery but robotic assistance has allowed performance of similar tasks with greater ease. However, the embracing of minimal invasive surgical techniques demands the rapid acquisition of new skills by surgical trainees and practising surgeons.
The Australian experience without formal guidelines: the projected cost impact of hospitalisations for surgical removal of impacted teeth through to 2020
Authors: George Roslind , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc
Published: October 2013

In Britain there was a reduction in hospitalisations for removal of impacted teeth (in particular third molars) following the introduction of evidence-based guidelines. However, the guideline approach has not been as successful in other countries, even those with a significant historical connection. In Australia, hospitalisation (ie to undergo treatment under general anaesthesia) for the removal of impacted teeth constitutes about two thirds of all oral health-related conditions requiring treatment under general anaesthesia.
Update on the clinical features, pathogenesis and investigation of autoimmune bullous disorders
Authors: Ali Sarah , Setterfield Jane
Published: October 2013

The autoimmune bullous diseases are well known to dentists as skin diseases that occasionally affect the mouth and some can result in severe consequences such as blindness. This update summarises the clinical features and main therapeutic approaches, then focuses on the pathogenesis of these disorders and the laboratory methods used for diagnosis and management.
Dental erosion: an on-going challenge faced by UK dentists
Authors: Garrett Matthew , Harley Kathryn
Published: October 2013

The relevance of dental erosion has increased significantly over recent years. This fact is not only supported by daily observation in clinical practice but also by the large number of publications on the subject. In the 1970s, there were less than five publications per year addressing dental erosion; this doubled to approximately 10 per year in the 1980s. There are now more than 100 publications on the topic every year.
Wire bending or preformed arches?
Authors: Barnett David
Published: October 2013

The concept of placing bespoke bends in a wire seems to be alien to some. Has the skill and art of bending wire been all but lost in the rush to embrace whichever version of the straight wire appliance that is currently in vogue?
Too little or too much corticosteroid? Coexisting adrenal insufficiency and Cushing's syndrome from chronic, intermittent use of intranasal betamethasone
Authors: Dow Adrienne , Yu Run , Carmichael John
Published: October 2013

To report the puzzling, rare occurrence of coexisting adrenal insufficiency and Cushing's syndrome from chronic, intermittent use of intranasal betamethasone spray. A 62-year-old male was referred to our endocrinology clinic for management of adrenal insufficiency. This previously healthy individual began to experience chronic sinus symptoms in 2007, was treated with multiple ensuing sinus surgeries, and received oral glucocorticoid for 6 months. In the following 5 years, he suffered severe fatigue and was diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency. He could not be weaned from corticosteroid and developed clear cushingoid features. In our clinic, careful inquiry on medications revealed chronic, intermittent use of high-dose intranasal betamethasone since 2008, which was not apparent to his other treating physicians. His cushingoid features significantly improved after holding intranasal betamethasone.

Learning points

Chronic, intermittent intranasal betamethasone can cause secondary adrenal insufficiency and iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome when used in excess.

Topical corticosteroid use should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency or Cushing's syndrome.
Making Rennie's 1796 Lune aqueduct watertight again
Authors: Clarke Leslie
Published: October 2013

The Lune aqueduct carries the Lancaster Canal across the River Lune north of Lancaster, UK. It is a magnificent, monumental, five-span, masonry structure constructed between 1793 and 1796 under the direction of John Rennie. The Lancaster Canal between Tewitfield and Preston was opened to navigation on 22 November 1797. The aqueduct is now a grade I listed structure and forms part of the estate of the Canal & River Trust. Over the past few years leakage from the canal trough and approach channels had increased and become very serious. This paper describes recent work undertaken to seal the trough and channels and hence preserve the integrity of the structure into the future.
Yield and Water Use of Siberian Wildrye with Ridge and Furrow Planting in Northern China
Authors: Zhang W. , Li Z. , Gong Y. , Lu X. , Nielsen D.C.
Published: October 2013

Siberian wildrye (Elymus sibiricus L.) is a perennial grass that is widely planted in semiarid northern China, but yield is often low due to insufficient soil water supply. Field experiments were conducted from 2009 to 2011 to study the effects of ridge and furrow planting (RFP) on yield, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency (WUE) of Siberian wildrye grassland under rainfed conditions. The treatments included bare flat bed planting (FB), bare ridge with bare furrow (BRB), bare ridge with naked oat (Avena nuda L.) straw mulch in furrow (BRM), plastic mulch on ridge with bare furrow (MRB), and plastic mulch on ridge with straw mulch in furrow (MRM). In the RFP system, the ridge and furrow were each 30 cm wide. Total forage yield with MRB and MRM each year was 46 to 111% and 50 to 135% greater, respectively, than with FB (2580 kg ha–1 yr–1). These two treatments also increased total WUE each year by 79 to 121% and 80 to 150%, respectively, compared with FB (10.8 kg ha–1 mm–1 yr–1). The BRB and BRM treatments increased total forage yield by 47 and 81% and total WUE by 51 and 81%, respectively, compared with FB only in 2010. The addition of straw mulch did not result in a further increase in total yield or WUE. Therefore, the MRB planting system will be recommended in Siberian wildrye production for achieving relatively high forage yield and WUE.
Development of a Regional Soil Productivity Index Using an Artificial Neural Network Approach
Authors: De Paepe Josefina Luisa , Alvarez Roberto
Published: October 2013

Soil productivity indices represent ratings of the potential plant biomass production of soils. Inductive approaches determine productivity based on inferred effects of soil properties on yield. Conversely, deductive approaches use yield information to estimate productivity. Our objective was to compare the performance of both types of productivity indices for assessing regional soil productivity for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in the Pampas. Soil data from soil surveys and interpolated climate information were utilized. Wheat yield data from a 40‐yr period and representing ?45 Mha were used. Inductive productivity indices showed a low correlation with observed yield (R2 < 0.45, P = 0.05). The best performance of deductive empirical methods was attained using a blind guess option, but soils could only be rated when yield data were available. Yield models based on the neural network approach had good performance (R2 = 0.614, root mean square error [RMSE] = 548 kg ha–1) and was used for regional productivity index development. This index could be extrapolated to soils for which yield data are not available, and its validation with yield averages was optimal (R2 = 0.728, P = 0.05). Regional high productivity was achieved for combinations of medium to high levels of soil organic C and soil available water storage capacity variables, which showed a positive interaction. This methodology for assessing soil productivity based on an empirical yield‐based model may be applied in other regions of the world and for different crops.
Influence of Midsummer Planting Dates on Ethanol Production Potential of Sweet Sorghum
Authors: Houx J. H. , Fritschi Felix B.
Published: October 2013

Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is one of a few promising energy crops that has multiple uses and is adapted to a wide range of growing conditions. Thus, sweet sorghum may be an attractive alternative to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean double‐cropping systems. Twelve sweet sorghum genotypes differing in maturity were planted in central Missouri in mid‐ to late June in 2008 and 2009 and evaluated for bioenergy traits. Further, six genotypes were planted in early July and mid‐July to assess the impact of delayed planting. Sugar concentration (brix), stem juice yield, fermentable sugar yield, bagasse yield, and estimated ethanol yields differed among cultivars and planting dates. Estimated ethanol yields from bagasse exceeded those from stem juice for all cultivars and planting dates by an average of 2997 L ha–1 across cultivars. Delaying planting from mid‐June to early July and mid‐July reduced the average estimated total ethanol yields for six cultivars from 5189 to 3852 and 2808 L ha–1, respectively. For the first two planting dates, Keller and Topper 76‐6 were among the top three cultivars for estimated total ethanol yields, but for the third planting date, Umbrella produced the largest estimated total ethanol yields. Large amounts of bagasse and juice with good sugar content can be produced when sweet sorghum is planted in mid‐ to late June, and while productivity declines with later plantings, sweet sorghum may still produce >2800 L ethanol ha–1 when planted in mid‐July.
Macrofauna Activity Density in Contrasting Tillage Systems in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Authors: Manetti Pablo L. , Faberi Ariel J. , Clemente Natalia L. , López Alicia N.
Published: October 2013

In Argentina, two tillage systems are used, conventional tillage (CT) and no‐till (NT). The aim was to determine the ground‐dwelling macrofauna taxa and compare the impacts of both NT and CT on their activity density. Samples were taken within wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (August–December) and maize (Zea mays L.) (November–April) crop fields under CT and NT during three cropping seasons (Cycles 1, 2, and 3). Ten pitfall traps 10 m apart were placed in each field. Traps were collected every 15 d throughout the crop cycles to determine activity density (individuals plot–1) of soil macrofauna. Invertebrates were counted and identified to the class level; Insecta were further identified to order, family, or species levels. Higher mean total macrofauna activity density was found under NT than CT for Cycle 1 in wheat and Cycles 1 and 3 in maize. Arachnida activity density was higher under NT than CT in only a few crop cycles. Carabidae showed no preference for any tillage system. Orthoptera showed more activity density under NT than CT. The activity density of the Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera specimens were higher under CT than NT in some wheat and maize seasons. Diplopoda and Crustacea had higher activity density under NT than CT. In conclusion, the total activity density was consistently greater under NT, but there were differences within taxonomic groups.
Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers: Effect on Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Iowa
Authors: Parkin Timothy B. , Hatfield Jerry L.
Published: October 2013

Fertilizer application in crop production agriculture is a major factor influencing soil emissions of the greenhouse gas N2O. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) have the potential to decrease N2O emissions by improving the synchrony between soil N supply and crop N demand. This study was conducted to compare the effects of N2O emissions from soil cropped to corn (Zea maysL.) and EEFs and conventional fertilizers. During a 3‐yr period, growing‐season N2O emissions were quantified in unfertilized check plots and plots fertilized with urea−NH4NO3(UAN), UAN containing the urease and nitrification stabilizer AgrotainPlus (UAN+Ag), a stabilized urea containing urease and nitrification inhibitors (SuperU), and a controlled‐release polymer‐coated urea (ESN). In the third year of the study, conventional urea and an additional fertilizer formulation, Nutrisphere, were evaluated. We observed no reductions in cumulative seasonal N2O emissions from treatments fertilized with the EEFs in any of the study years. Generally, N2O emissions were significantly higher than emissions from the check (no fertilizer) treatment. There were no differences among fertilizer types except in 2009 when the ESN treatment had significantly higher emissions than the check, UAN, and UAN+Ag treatments. Our results indicate that, due to the episodic nature of N2O emissions induced by rainfall events, reduction of N2O emissions through the use of EEFs may be limited in rainfed regions.
A Combined Site‐Specific Metals Sorption and Transport Model for Intact Soil Columns
Authors: Serrano Susana , Vlassopoulos Dimitri , Garrido Fernando , O'Day Peggy A.
Published: October 2013

Simulation of metal attenuation in natural soil environments requires model descriptions of combined sorption and transport processes that are generally transferable to assess potential risk. A non‐electrostatic equilibrium ion exchange and surface complexation model (SCM), developed from batch experiments of Pb and Cd sorption to natural soils, was used to describe coupled transport in undisturbed soil column experiments. The model, based on soil mineral component additivity, was applied to reproduce metal transport without adjustment of sorption reactions or conditional equilibrium constants derived from batch experiments. Good agreement between model results and experimental soil column data for Pb and Cd uptake and release indicates that their transport at two different concentrations and flow rates can be described by sorption equilibria except for Pb at low concentration and slow flow rate. Model simulations were less successful in describing the transport behavior of Ca and Al, and effluent acidic pH, suggesting that additional reactions involving Al are needed. Fluctuations in effluent pH were not well simulated by the model, but model results were within ∼0.25 to 0.5 log units of observed pH. Model results suggest that sorption competition between Pb, Cd, and Ca (from the background electrolyte) was mostly associated with ion exchange sites attributed to weathered illite at acidic pH, with additional adsorption of Pb on hydroxyl sites of extractable Fe‐oxides. Simulations predicted net retention of Pb and Cd by soil columns from −9% to +13% of observed metal retention. This study demonstrates the ability to transfer a relatively small set of equilibrium sorption reactions and constants from batch to hydrodynamic column experiments under a limited set of flow conditions without arbitrary parameter fitting by using soil properties and mineralogy as constraints in model formulation.
Exploration of the Interaction between Hydraulic and Physicochemical Properties of Syrian Soils
Authors: Khlosi Muhammed , Cornelis Wim M. , Douaik Ahmed , Hazzouri Abbas , Habib Hassan , Gabriels Donald
Published: October 2013

In arid and semiarid areas, the availability of reliable data for water retention in relation to soil type, texture, and soil carbonate content is low. It is therefore desirable to explore the interaction between soil hydraulic properties and other physical and chemical properties to estimate the soil water retention curve (SWRC) from easily measured soil parameters. In this study, 72 soil samples were collected from rural areas throughout northwest Syria, covering most of its agroclimatic zones and soil types. Soil water content at different matric potentials and 11 chemical and physical soil properties were determined. A Pearson correlation matrix was computed on which principal component analysis was applied to three soil water contents, −1, −33, and −1500 kPa, and the 11 soil properties. Four principal components (PCs) explained 77% of the variation in the data set. The three soil water contents were highly linked to PC1, which was correlated with the plastic limit, texture, soil carbonate content, and specific surface area. In addition, the soil water content at −1 kPa was also linked to PC4, which was correlated with bulk density. Therefore, from the initial 11 soil properties, seven contributed to the three soil water contents (plastic limit, texture, soil carbonate, specific surface area, and bulk density); the remaining four (organic matter, gravel, cation exchange capacity, and hygroscopic water content) had a negligible influence. Consequently, pedotransfer functions might be estimated using the original seven, from the initial 11, soil properties or their corresponding PCs to estimate the SWRC.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Flux in Crop and Grass Land‐Use Systems
Authors: Kreba Sleem A. , Coyne Mark S. , McCulley Rebecca L. , Wendroth Ole O.
Published: October 2013

Understanding the field‐scale variability of CO2 fluxes in space and time under different land‐use conditions is important for designing efficient sampling schemes for monitoring C loss from soil. The objectives of this study were to characterize the variability structure of CO2 fluxes and its change throughout a year, evaluate the temporal stability of spatial CO2 flux patterns, and quantify relationships with biotic and abiotic factors in crop and grass systems. In an 80‐ by 60‐m field divided into grass and crop systems, CO2 fluxes were measured with a photo‐acoustic analyzer at 60 locations 22 times during a year. Soil respiration was high when it was warm and wet and low under cool and wet conditions. Measurements of CO2 flux were spatially and temporally dependent for a longer distance and time in the grass system than in the crop system. Spatial patterns of soil respiration were temporally stable, and the larger the average spatial CO2 flux, the more obvious was the temporal stability. The variation of soil respiration was more pronounced in time than in space during the study period. At each location, soil temperature was the major factor controlling the temporal variability of CO2 flux; however, soil temperature did not explain the spatial CO2 flux pattern. Land use impacted the spatial and temporal variability dynamics of CO2 flux. These dynamics should be taken into account for experimental design, the detection of spatial and temporal associations with other variables, and C loss prediction.