bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nation-State at the Crossroads
Authors: Lee Hong Jong , Park Yong Soo
Published: January 2012

This paper aims to examine the nexus between globalization and the nation-state, which has been heatedly discussed since the end of the 1990's, and present a desirable image of the role of the nation-state in an age of globalization. As will be explained later, globalization, like the two sides of a coin, has brought about positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, there has been an increase of wealth worldwide through innovations in information, digital, and communication technologies, as well as the enhancement of freedom and women's rights. Yet, globalization has also given birth to potential, and uncertain, dangers such as socio-political frictions and instability caused by social inequality within, and among, nations. The authors conclude by suggesting that globalization poses a threat, one that is not, as has often been argued, to the state itself, but rather to democracy. Since the 1990s, the processes associated with surplus accumulation throughout the world ultimately have expedited the trend toward lower costs of labor, and lower levels of taxation and regulation, and have become a direct cause for the conversion of welfare states to competitive states keen to induce capital. This situation has become a grave factor, forcing national governments to evade their responsibilities for society's weakness. By raising a critical question as to whether this neo-liberal globalization is what we all have really wished for, the authors argue that the nation-states, presently standing at the crossroads of the 21st century, need to recapture their roles as welfare states, transforming the contemporary system of capitalism so that the Keynesian system of mixed economy can be prosperous on a worldwide scale.
The Choice of the United States and Central Asia
Authors: Park Sang-nam
Published: January 2012

Zbigniew Brzezinski argues that, depending on the role of the United States plays; the world could either fall into a spiral of turmoil or build a stable global community of coexistence. He poses a choice for the United States must make: domination or coexistence. Although a controversy exists over what choice the U.S. would make, a predominant view is that the Bush administration would opt for a domination to reshape the world order to its advantage in a way that maximizes its national interests. As such, examining the strategic objectives and moves of the United States in Central Asia, a focus of conflicting interests among the great powers as is the case with issues surrounding the Korean peninsula, is essential in comprehending the future choices of the Bush administration and in foreseeing the U.S-led international political structure.
A Study of Establishing an International Ecological Peace Park in Korean DMZ
Authors: So Byungchun
Published: January 2012

This article explores an international ecological peace park such as a transboundary biosphere reserve of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MBA) or transborder protected areas of IUCN(International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource), and carries out a feasibility study on establishing an international ecological peace park in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The main purpose of this study is to make good use of the Korean DMZ not only as a natural environmental treasure but also as a peace education site. It takes a comparative case study of Poland, through field trips and interviews with local officers, and an international legal analysis regarding the legal status of the DMZ as well.
Voluntarist Nationalism with the Idea of Self-Invented Nation: An Aspect of American Exceptionalism
Authors: Park Euikyung
Published: January 2012

Nationalism is never anything less than an invention. Where is there is a national identity that is truly natural? Where a nationalism that has not been forged in the collective imagination of a self-conscious culture? But America's sense of national self-identity is unique even by these standards, for more than any other nation America is self-invented — an express creation of a people who knew itself to be engaged in an act of self-conscious artifice.

The conception of the American nation as self-constituted, as a second chance for humanity away f;om Europe's ticking historical clock, is then anything but unproblematic. Yet “the New order of Things” promised by the Great Seal of the United State as an aspect of American excqtionalism still offers hope of a community held together by bonds free of the taint of blood and the repressive hierarchy of kinship.
The Way of Evolution of Human Rights in Britain: European Challenges and Parliamentary Sovereignty
Authors: Kim Nam-Kook
Published: January 2012

This paper examines how Britain tries to defend its national sovereignty against European challenges in the area of human rights policies and how the British approach to human rights has evolved after adjusting complicated demands from Europe. I explore the three British Acts of human rights and immigration policies: the Human rights Act of 1998, the 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act, and the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000. I assess the British case in the context of two competing views: one, human rights as a constitutive principle of, not an external imposition on, liberal nation states. The other, human rights as a universalized discourse of entitlement that rendered national citizenship inventively irrelevant. I argue that the British case basically confirms the priority of national sovereignty in the evolution of human rights regime, but shows a transition to the concept of human rights as a universalized entitlement beyond the nation state.
Literary Activities of Malay Nationalists in Malaya under Japanese Rule, 1942–45
Authors: Soh Byungkuk
Published: January 2012

This study is an attempt to decode nationalist messages in poems and short stories that were written by Malay authors during the Japanese occupation. To this aim, are introduced firstly, Malay journalists and publications under Japanese rule. Secondly, this work analyzes nationalist messages in some poems. Thirdly, it attempts to reveal nationalist messages in some short stories. Based upon the examinations, this study implies that the literary activities of Malay nationalists during the war might contribute to the development of Malay national awareness to a certain degree.
Indian Banking Sector Reforms: Review and Prospects
Authors: Yoo Tae Hwan
Published: January 2012

Development in the financial sector, in particular, the banking sector, plays a key role in stimulating and stabilizing economic growth. Since the foreign exchange crisis in 1991, India has undertaken banking sector reforms. This paper focuses on the following two issues. First, I provide an overview of development in the banking sector over the years, especially after the implementation of the reform policy programs. In order to show the evolution of the Indian banking sector, I examine the reserve ratios reduction, interest rate deregulation, and ratios of non-performing assets. Second, this paper investigates the performance of banking groups by comparing the degree of profitability, and the soundness and efficiency of banks in India. In conclusion, while reform policies have had positive effects on the performance of banks, especially Public Sector Banks in India, the Indian government has to take further steps to deregulate and liberalize the banking industry.
The Transformation of the British Business Culture under the Globalizing Environment
Authors: Lee Sang-Woo
Published: January 2012

The British business culture from the view point of industrial relations still remains at the position of the bargained constitutional form based on the adversarial relationships between employers and employees, even if some limited moves into a sophisticated modern type were noticed. This limits came from the distrust between the two parties which occurred in the implementation of a partnership agreement. Some cases here, though still quite pragmatic or opportunistic, indicate the possibility of moving into the sophisticated modern or a true partnership which is defined as cooperative or concession-based industrial relations. Further success is contingent upon fundamental structural changes and the effort of increasing the trust between employers and employees.
The Labour Movement and Party Politics in Malaysia
Authors: Taejoon Ahn
Published: January 2012

This manuscript aims at examining the relationship between working class cleavage and party politics in Malaysia. My focus will be on the way in which conservative elites in Malaysia have suppressed the labour movement for the purpose of maintaining and consolidating their dominances. The labour movement of Malaysia has been impeded by lack of autonomy against external structure and by internal division. Externally, economic elites, employers have dwarfed labour in organizational capacity and finance, and ruling elites, governments have silenced the labour movement through police and suppressive laws. In the process, political and economic elites capitalized on ethnic cleavage and overshadowed class cleavage. Combined with this external restriction, trade unionism has been limited by internal division within and among trade unions. These already weakened unions have thus failed to exert power in politics, let alone to establish socialist parties in Malaysia.
Bulgaria and EU Membership: A Model or Muddle
Authors: Lee Moosung
Published: January 2012

At the prospect of the accession of Bulgaria to the EU, the concern over the anticipated challenges equal to those of other member states from the former Communist bloc is hard to dismiss. In order to address this issue, two policies of the EU, namely, the single European market and the regional policy, where most challenges to its governance are likely to emerge, have been chosen for the in-depth analysis of this paper. While evaluating the effects of the accession of Bulgaria on these policies, this paper has come to a conclusion that the conventional view of the a priori negative impact expected by the accession of Bulgaria needs to be reassessed, especially when the implications of its being a small state are included in the parameters of this study.
Process of the Second North Korean Nuclear Crisis and Patterns of International Negotiation: Considerations into Continuance and Change
Authors: Kim Tae Woon
Published: January 2012

This study looked into the international negotiation patterns of North Korea with special regard to the process of the second North Korean nuclear crisis. The study shows that North Korea's negotiation patterns were not greatly different from those in the Cold War era: strategies of bluffing, threat, carrot-and-stick, etc. were also reproduced during the second North Korean crisis. In addition, the level of negotiations was not determined by the difference in power which was visible between weak and strong nations.

It is highly possible that the existing negotiation patterns will be repeated in the future. Especially, carrot-and-stick, bluffing, frontal breakthrough and non-action are the negotiation patterns and strategies expected to be frequently used. However, this forecast seems to be floating, depending on North Korea's negotiation environment
What Matters to Korean Products in Australia: Focus on the Country Image Effects
Authors: Shin Bong-Sup
Published: January 2012

This study examines the country image effects, especially applying hierarchy of effects model. Theoretically, country image has influences on consumer perceptions and behaviors toward a product with a certain country-of-origin. This study suggests the conceptual model including a number of variables, such as country image, product credibility, perceived quality, perceived risk, information costs, and purchase intention. With suggested hypotheses, further empirical study will be conducted to test the hypotheses. Despite general theoretical review on country image effects, empirical study will focus on country image of Korea in Australian market.
The Economic Sociology of China's Market Transition: A Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Lee Khan Pyo
Published: January 2012

Despite central importance of the market under China's reform context, astonishingly little attention has been paid to the question of what exactly the market is and what constitutes “marketization. ” This paper seeks to remedy the limitations of previous literature on China's market transition by specifying the definition of markets and their underlining organizational and structural diversity. Instead of undifferentiated, abstract notion of the market as an amorphous price-making mechanism in the mainstream economics, the paper adopts a view of the market as defined in economic sociology: that the market is a concrete social institution, more or less embodying diverse organizational principles that evolved under different historical context, and socially constructed by actors embedded in a web of institutional affiliations and networks of social ties. From this conceptual background, I derive propositions regarding different connotations of “marketization” and the path dependent nature of market formation in the context of China s transition away from bureaucratic allocation.
A Comparative Analysis of ‘Dealing with the Past’ in the Czech Republic and South Korea
Authors: Kim Shin Kyu
Published: January 2012

Dealing with the past is regarded as the most important and essential task for the full-fledged democracy of emerging democracies. The purpose of it is to heal divisions in society, to bring closure and heal the wounds of individuals and society, to provide justice to victims and accountability for perpetrators, to create an accurate historical record for a society, to restore the rule of law, to promote democratization and human rights, and finally to promote co-existence and sustainable peace. From these points of view, I try to compare the similarities and differences between Czech and Korean case. Although both countries have been trying to deal with the past, there are some differences between two countries. What makes differences in the causes, processes and the outcomes between two countries is the purpose of this paper.
Export Promotion Policies and Economic Development of China
Authors: Mah Jai S.
Published: January 2012

The government of China has tried to promote exports by various means including the establishment of Special Economic Zones, tax and financial benefits, duty drawback, export insurances, and exchange rate management. Of particular interest is that exports by foreign invested enterprises have increased substantially since the 1990s and have significantly contributed to the rapid economic growth. As China became a Member of the WTO, China has recently tried to make its export promotion policies consistent with the WTO regulations. The export promotion measures permitted in the WTO system such as the duty drawback and export insurance schemes may show resource allocational inefficiencies. It would be necessary for the Chinese government to maintain efficiently run export-promoting systems.
Russia's Migration Policy and Response of Civil Society
Authors: Woo Pyung Kyun
Published: January 2012

As with other migration destination countries, there is a vigorous debate underway in Russia as to how much migration should be allowed. For it's part, the pro-immigration side asserts that Russia needs more people to make up for a demographic shortfall and stimulate economic development. The anti-immigration side maintains that there are already too many “foreigners” in the country, claims that most engage in criminal activities, and insists that their incorporation into Russian society is problematic. Along these lines of thought, the Russian government's migrant policy has been made more restrictive and similar to the laws of Western European countries. But in the next decade, the shortage of labor will get worse the farther across Russian territory. It is desirable that the activity of civil society is supplemented through migrant policy and migrant labor forces will covered with the shortage of population density and economic development in Russia. Finally, overcoming the immigration challenge for Russia in this century should play a key role in activation of newly establishing Russian civil society.
An Analysis on the Inward FDI Policy of Ireland
Authors: Shin Sang-Hyup
Published: January 2012

Through the 5th and the 6th enlargements, the EU became the largest single market in the world with the total population of 457 millions and the total GDP of €9755.4 billions as of January 1 2004. This means that the EU becomes one of the most attractive markets in the world.

However there is another face of the EU market which we have to consider. The EU has strengthened the degree of its economic integration since 1957 and already reached to the stage of ‘full economic integration’ which is understood as the most protective measure for non-EU member countries To pioneer very attractive but very protective EU market, FDI is certainly one of the best available ways for non-EU member states. In particular, the EU market is very important for the countries which heavily rely on external economic relations. Korea is also a country heavily relying on external economic relations.

Among the EU member countries, Ireland is one of the countries which draw the largest amount of FDI. In this study, I analyzed why Ireland has been able to draw such a huge amount of inward FDI.

It was found that the main factors which Ireland used in order to draw the FDI were its very effective policies toward inward FDI and its inherited investment-related factors such as cheap, good quality and young labor forces.
The Australian Farmers' Strategies to Manage the Supply Chain
Authors: Shin Bong-Sup
Published: January 2012

This study aims to research the marketing strategies developed to influence the supply chain to increase the stability of returns. The research looks at examples of the various ways in which producers, producer alliances or producer co-operatives have either moved up the supply chain or used marketing strategies of adding value to their produce by means of product differentiation, marketing co-operatives, branding or niche marketing to provide added to stability to both returns and the business.
Comparative Analysis of Nationalizing Processes in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: Uzbekization, Kazakhization
Authors: Chong Jin OH
Published: January 2012

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, both the Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan governments in Central Asia aimed at nationalizing and indigenizing the territories under their control and rectifying what many saw as decades of dominance by foreign actors. The recently acquired sovereign statehood offers them a legal framework and an organizational tool for executing remedial political actions and erecting safe havens for their indigenous cultures and languages as well as redressing their historical injustices. The present study is built on the assumption that indigenizing practices and policies are an ongoing process, closely related to a combination of economic, cultural, and political factors. On this basis, this article aims to examine two diverse nationalizing states in Central Asia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, since they have relatively different conditions and settings. By doing so, this article attempts to illustrate the disjunction between the formal expression of equality in Central Asian constitutions and the actual impacts of the nationalizing actions of the elites in the titular nations.
Comparison Analysis of Internet Consumptions between Korea and China
Authors: Yoon Ki-Kwan , Chuanshi Wang , Shukun Tang , Shukun Cui Wen , Shukun Yelinna , Shukun Jin Chundan
Published: January 2012

This paper is purposed to research the differences of internet consumptions between Korea and China. It analyzes the differences of genders and ages in different groups of the two countries by using the Comparison approach. The results show that internet consumptions have different relationships with ages and genders. Some indices have been affected by ages and genders, but others have not. The empirical evidence is supported by other hypotheses on internet consumptions. Also, the findings in this paper are consistent with other research on internet consumption. The study is expected to provide a foundational research for future studies.
Effects of Transformational Leadership and Self-leadership on Innovative Behaviors: Mediating Roles of Empowerment
Authors: Lee Choon-Sik , Lee Woowon , Kim Joongwha
Published: January 2012

Leadership has long been recognized as a major factor determining the success of an organization. A major challenge facing an organization is how to adapt successfully to the rapidly changing environment. This study focused on the effect of leadership on innovative behaviors, hypothesizing that transformational leadership and self-leadership of human resource within an organization affect innovative behaviors directly and indirectly through psychological empowerment. Using a sample of 217 organizational members employed by the various types of firms in Korea, this study identified the positive influence of self-leadership on innovative behaviors, and also found the evidence that empowerment mediated the relations between transformational leadership and innovative behavior relations. However, the mediating effect of empowerment between self-leadership and innovative behaviors was not found. Implications for research and practice of our findings are discussed.
The Future Perspectives on the ‘Convergence Criteria’ of the EU
Authors: Lim Gieyoung , Yang Zie-eun
Published: January 2012

Should the same convergence criteria be applied to the countries that are relatively poorer in the region, or will the Commission try to revise the rules by request of the French and German governments? Due to the larger economies' economic under-performance in recent years, even the European Commission are taking account of the revision of some of the criteria. Are there any other possibilities except for the revision of the criteria? In this paper, we focus on the future prospect of the convergence criteria and suggest the possible scenarios for those questions.
The Formation of the Single European Market and the Economic Activities of Non-European Firms: A Case of Japanese Automotive Industry in Europe
Authors: Hyun Jae Hoon
Published: January 2012

This article investigates the development of the Single European Market and its effects on the activities of non-European firms with particular reference to the specific instance of the Japanese automotive industry in trading experience with the EU. This study argues the likely bilateral relationship between institutional development of the EU and possible external consequences on non-European multinational firms that strategic reactions agitated by the perception of trade prospects might affect firms to engage in off-shore transplants to acquire export-platform for the existing markets previously served. In addition, transplants without appropriate localization could result in the issue of local content while firms within the region might be able to experience market presence effects.
Disputes over the European Constitution and ‘Euro-Scepticism’ in Czech Republic
Authors: Kim Shin Kyu
Published: January 2012

Despite the poll, held in Jan. 2005 by Euro barometer, showed that more than 60 percents of the Czech were willing to vote for the European Constitution, the majority of Czech MEPs opposed to it. Futhermore, although Lisbon Treaty was signed by 27 member states in 2007, the issue about the European integration is still disputable in Czech Republic. Lisbon Treaty will be passed the parliament by majority vote, but some politicians and opponents are still arguing that the treaty will be have to be approved through a referendum because it will give over sovereignty to supra-national institution according to the Constitution of Czech Republic.

In this paper, I try to explain for what reason there were so many opponents in MEPs and what was the reason for that. Firstly, I try to find out what is the reason of Euro-scepticism in Czech Republic and that the opposition to the European Constitution and some skeptic views towards European Union has been derived from it. Secondly, I look into the causes and developments of the dispute over the European Constitution among political parties. And the last section, I concentrate on the differences with which political parties define their attitudes towards the European Union and the Constitution.

The referendum on the European Constitution was not held in Czech Republic. After Lisbon Treaty was signed in 2007, euro-skeptic parties and opponents have been rejecting the decision which is to be passed parliament. They are still insisting that Lisbon Treaty is the same one as the previous European Constitution, so it is necessary to decide through a referendum whether the treaty is to be accepted or not. In these situations, it is clear that the European Union's prospects look rather bleak and it must overcome present difficult situations to maintain its existence and further development at least in Czech Republic.
Doi Moi Policy and Socio-Economic Development in Vietnam, 1986–2005
Authors: Kien Tran Nhuan , Heo Yoon
Published: January 2012

Twenty years have passed since Vietnam implemented its comprehensive reform known as Doi moi policy. The paper aims at reviewing and evaluating the structure and performance of the Doi moi policy. We confirm that Vietnam has attained significant achievements in the areas of economic growth, openness to trade, poverty reduction and human development. However, weaknesses and challenges to the economy are emerging. First, the financial sector is lagging far behind, compared with other economic sectors. Second, SOEs still account for a large share in the GDP, demonstrating a sustained and strong role of the government in the economy. Third, a lack of transparency has led to a high level of corruption, dissuading foreigners from investment, as well as slowing down economic growth. Fourth, the gap between urban and rural areas is widening as a result of globalization. Suggested remedies include accelerating reforms, increasing transparency, changing the role of government, and improving both hard and soft infrastructure in the economy.
A Research on Inter-Cultural Conflicts in Russia: A Case Study of Korean Companies Extending to Russia
Authors: Jung Yoo Eui
Published: January 2012

In this research, a case-focused research was made to collect and analyse inter-cultural conflict cases of the Koreans in Russia on the basis of results of the former two stages. While the first and the second stages were focusing on forming a fundamental basis for inter-cultural interpretation and management method, this third phase is purposed to collect actual cases and to apply them in inter-cultural management.

In this third research, as a priority research task, it's purpose was to collect and analyse actual conflict cases of Korean companies which were aroused because of cultural differences and to present our own new inter-cultural management methods for Russian culture. In this final report, the concept of conflict, universality and speciality of inter-national culture was investigated as a theoretical background. In chapter III, the background of Russian culture's formation and cultural code was examined to understand the speciality of Russian culture. In Chapter IV, conflict cases of Korean companies who have entered Russian markets suffering from cultural differences are collected and examined and recent changes of Russia and its business culture are investigated. In the last chapter, successful cases of Korean companies are introduced and inter-cultural management method is presented to understand, accept and apply Russian culture in future relations.
Microfinance in India: SHG-Bank Linkage Program
Authors: Jung Dong Hyeon
Published: January 2012

Microfinance, a provision of small loans (mostly without collateral) to poor people and accepting tiny savings deposits, has existed in different forms for a long period of time across the world. Modern microfinance was born in Bangladesh in the 1970s, when Professor Muhammad Yunus, an economics professor at University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, and the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate in 2006, began an experimental research project providing credit to the rural poor by establishing Grameen Bank. Today, Grameen Bank is replicated in five continents and microfinance has shaken up the world of international development. Many banks or banking institutions are now specializing comprehensively on microfinance. In 2005, the UN designated the year as the “International Year of Micro-credit.”

The critical device that has brought the success in microfinance is group-lending: this has achieved very high rate of repayment rates, thus, has made the lending sustainable. It also transfers the responsibility from bank staffs to borrowers, making lenders feel free from taking high risks.

The most common group-lending model in India is “SHG (self-help group)-bank linkages” and it is primarily providing small loans from banks to groups of SHGs. Micro-saving is also its important target. Beside borrowing and saving, SHGs in India play additional roles in spheres of local politics, social harmony, social justice and its contribution to community.

While the SHG model and bank-linkage program continue to be popular, many commercial and cooperative banks are now entering into the microfinance market, and there is an India-wide trend towards the formal registration of MFIs (Mocrofinance institution) as For-profit Non-bank Finance Companies (NBFCs). It also diversifies its activities into the micro-insurances and remittances.

The growth of India's microfinance over the past 16 years is remarkable - and it has been accelerated for the last three years, being improved both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Analysis and Feasibility of China's Coal Industrial Policy
Authors: Kim Dong-ha
Published: January 2012

On November 23, 2007, China's NDRC announced its ‘Coal Industrial Policy’. This study begins with an analysis of China's ‘Coal Industrial Policy’. Second, this study assesses the feasibility of the supply and demand and restructuring efforts proposed in the ‘ Industrial Policy.’ It is estimated herein that restructuring efforts will in fact result in a supply shortage of approximately 200–400 million tons in 2013. This supply shortage is expected to have a negative influence on the success of the restructuring effort that constitutes another major goal of the ‘Coal Industrial Policy.’ Moreover, the fact that coal companies account for some 25% of gross industrial output and overall employment in some regions can be expected to result in the central government's decision to close down small mines being challenged by local governments. This assessment of the ‘Coal Industry Policy’ currently being promoted by the Chinese government will serve as exogenous variables for studies on related topics such as China's prospects for coal demand, and the relationship between the country's economic development and energy resources such as coal.
Britain's Corporatism in the 1970s: State-Business-Labor Relations
Authors: Namkoong Young
Published: January 2012

It seems that corporatism has appeared as one major form of response to crises such as the world-wide depression of the early 1970s. This corporatist model is characterized by well organized centralized economic interest groups interacting under governments guidance in which they, as functional representatives, take part in decision-making involving the major interrelated issues of modern political economy. However, in the British system, the corporatism was in fact never a complete system. Indeed, it was always disrupted by shifts in policy as a result of the adversary mood of the parties and of Parliament. Not only did one side of the House of Commons prefer one corner of the triangle, and the other side the other corner, but their entire attitude to the new harmony differed. For example, Labor had a natural inclination to try and control prices, whereas Conservatives tended to hold down wages.
The Crisis of 1988 in Myanmar: A Watershed in the History of Myanmar-American Relations
Authors: Soh Byungkuk
Published: January 2012

This work is to explore the impact of the crisis of 1988 in Myanmar on U. S. - Burmese relations. To the aim, in the first place, it traces the historical pattern of relations between the U. S. and Myanmar before the crisis. Secondly, this paper surveys U. S. policy toward Myanmar in the wake of the events of 1988. Finally, it evaluates a result of U. S. policy toward the Burmese government in the conflict. Based upon the exploration, this paper makes a conclusion that the crisis of 1988 in Myanmar marked at least a moderate departure in the historical pattern of Myanmar - American relations.
AFTA and Trade Diversion: An Empirical Study for Vietnam and Singapore
Authors: Doanh Nguyen K. , Heo Yoon
Published: January 2012

This paper analyses and compares the economic effects of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) on the trade flows of Vietnam and Singapore. Using the gravity model, the study shows a number of robust empirical findings. First, on the multilateral trade flows of Vietnam and Singapore, the model reveals no trade diversion following integration. Second, trade flows are not significantly affected immediately following the signing of the AFTA agreement. Third, trade distance still remains a hindrance to trade, indicating that globalization and integration have not mitigated the relevance of physical distance even though technological innovations continue to reduce transportation costs. Fourth, cultural familiarity, as a proxy for linguistic affinity and colonial relationship, continues to be an important determinant of bilateral trade flows. Finally, differences in per capita income among trading partners continue to have negative impacts on bilateral trade. Efforts to narrow the GDP gaps among members, improving social infrastructure, and continued domestic reforms are suggested as remedies for the obstacles to freerflows of trade in the region.
Revisiting the Politics of Zanzibar: In Search of the Root Causes of the 1964 Revolution
Authors: Hwang Kyu-Deug
Published: January 2012

Under the fragile economic structure, the emergence of the British Protectorate, which was first established in 1890, created the highly differentiated system of racially identifiable economic and social classes in the Zanzibari society. This British colonial policies, which ultimately divided and fragmented the multiracial and cosmopolitan society of Zanzibar, promoted the condition for the non-privileged and inferior classes to form the resistant and counterbalancing forces against the colonial linkages. Within this context, Zanzibar was also politically affected by the ideological influences of Pan-Africanism as well as ethnic nationalisms which were conducive to constructing an evolving, dynamic and flexible politics of Zanzibari (or swahili) society. Focusing on the major two factors such as economic structure and ideological and/or political structure embedded in the Zanzibari society, hence, this article attempts to explore the underlying forces to bring forth the revolution of Zanzibar in 1964.
Determinants of the Onset of Militarized Conflicts
Authors: Kim Hyung Min
Published: January 2012

Classical liberals such as Immanuel Kant have argued that expanding political participation and increasing economic interdependence would promote peace among states. The purpose of this paper is to use a game theoretical method to explore both pillars of the “liberal peace” hypothesis, one of the most frequently studied determinants of the onset of militarized conflicts. The paper focuses on two important contributions from related literature: Crescenzi's (2000) proposition that the linkage between economic interdependence and political conflict is unstable or more complex than the current theory of international bargaining suggests and Fearon's (1994) argument that relative audience costs (either domestic or international) matter in the international crisis situation (a political “war of attrition”). After revising Crescenzi's (2000) economic exit model using Fearon's (1994) audience cost argument, four different equilibriums in the international bargaining model emerged: the economic exit equilibrium, the constraint equilibrium, the bargaining power equilibrium, and the escalation equilibrium. This paper also provides seven examples of the bargaining game to demonstrate how these four equilibriums emerged.
The EU's Economic Cooperation with North Korea: The Possibility as a Useful Tool to Complement Korea-US Cooperation
Authors: Lee Jong-Sue
Published: January 2012

North Korea conducted 2nd nuclear test on May 25, 2009. It made a vicious circle and continued military tension on the Korean Peninsula. North Korea regime got a question on the effectiveness of the six party talks and ‘security-economy exchange model’. In addition, the North Korea probably disappointed about the North Korea issue has been excluded from the Obama administration's policy position. So the dialogue or relationship recovery with the United States and North Korea through six-party talks or bilateral talks will be difficult for the time being. This paper examines the EU policy on North Korea. Based on the results, analyzes the EU is likely to act as a balancer on the Korean Peninsula. Through the procedure of deepening and expanding the economic and political unification, the EU utilizes their cooperative policies towards North Korea as an ideal opportunity to realize their internal value and to confirm the commonness within the EU members. The acceleration of the EU's unification, however, began to focus on human rights, and this made their official relationship worse. Yet, the EU is continuously providing food as wells as humanitarian and technological support to North Korea regardless of the ongoing nuclear and human rights issues in North Korea. Also, the number of multinational corporations investing in North Korea for the purpose of preoccupying resources and key industries at an individual nation's level has been increasing. The European Union has unique structure which should follow the way of solving the problem of member states like subsidiary principle. It appears to conflict between normative power of the European Union and strategic interests on member states. This paper examines if the European Union is useful tool to complement Korea-US cooperation in the near future.
Images of Australia and its Product in Korean Market: In the Case of Beef
Authors: Shin Bong-Sup
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, tries to validate the correlation between country image and information search behavior toward its product. Secondly, investigate the effect of country image on the purchase intention toward its product. Well-developed questionnaire was distributed to 168 consumers residing in Seoul metropolitan area. Results of survey provided empirical support that country image is correlated to information search behavior, and also country image significantly affects purchase intention. That is, the higher perceived country image, the lower the customer's information search effort and higher purchase intention toward its product. The research results provide important message to Australia and for its products marketed in Korea.
The Changing of Central Asian Traditional Communities by the Cultural Succession and Discontinuation
Authors: Kim Sang-Cheol
Published: January 2012

In the history of central Asia the frequent changing of ruling dynasties could be interpreted as political discontinuity, in other side social and cultural tradition from the past appeared in the areas of intellectuals and knowledge systems could be considered continual factors which guarantees cultural continuity of central asian communities by the beginning of 20th century. Cultural Heritages from Persian, Arabic, Mongolian, Turkish and Russian dynasties delivered to the society of present central asian countries and these cultural heritages and historical vestiges could be the standard to decide social & historical continuity or discontinuity.
North Korean Power Play Vis-à-Vis the United States: Focusing on Nationalism as ‘Independence’ and ‘Resistance’
Authors: Kim Yoonsoon
Published: January 2012

The fundamental hypothesis of this paper is that the North Korean regime employs nationalism for regime security and stability when it confronts threats from the outside. A sub-hypothesis is that North Korean nationalism has had a tendency to react actively and aggressively to coercive demands by, or threat of, the United States. This hypothesis was tested by analyzing the behavior and rhetoric during the process of the negotiations during the Pueblo incident in 1968 and the nuclear crisis of 1993–94. At these times, war had to be averted at all costs and, at the same time, North Korea had to induce United States' concessions because the supreme national value of North Korea was regime security and stability. Therefore, North Korea showed an aggressive reaction based on strategic rationality with its nationalism instead of dealing passively with the United States' coercive threats. Consequently, the effects of North Korean nationalism showed strongly due to the imperatives of regime security and stability under threat from military action or economic blockade.
Political Competition, Incumbent's Quality and Voter Turnout: Implications for Electoral Participation Enhancement
Authors: Park MyoungHo
Published: January 2012

After understanding of the challenger quality, the next step is to explain the influence of incumbent's quality. This research hypothesizes that the incumbent's quality influences the level of political competition across districts and consequently affects voter turnout. Filling this gap this essay is in line with the importance of district level analysis, because the basic unit for political competition is the individual local district. However, this essay found no statistical significance of an incumbent candidate's quality in explaining voter turnout. Furthermore, the incumbent candidate's quality seems to lower electorate's interest in election since it renders his or her district as ‘safe seats.’ This study confirms previous understanding of the difference between the SMSP and PR electoral systems in terms of voter turnout. Therefore, changing electoral systems into PR is one of the possible options to consider for the purpose of increasing voter turnout.
Theoretical and Strategic Frameworks for National Evaluation Capacity Building (NECB)
Authors: Kwang-ho Sim
Published: January 2012

Focusing on the concept and logic of evaluation capacity building in both organizational and national level, firstly, this paper attempts to derive a theoretical, conceptual framework for national evaluation capacity building (NECB) that could be tailored to the Korean setting. The past Korean governments, as well as other leading countries, have undergone great economic, political hardships since 1990s without their own effective NECB efforts. Accordingly, this study also suggests that a strategic framework for NECB can be effectively developed by integrating major elements or factors, which are derived from the theoretical framework for NECB, such as: establishing a national evaluation management system, creating legal foundation and budgets specific to evaluation, constructing both institutional and electronic evaluation networks, and finally developing and retaining professional national evaluation resources. In this context, this paper implies that a nation like Korea would be globally competitive by systematically building and enhancing its national evaluation capacity.
Chinese Studies in Korea: The Oral History of Senior Scholars
Authors: Hee Kim Do
Published: January 2012

For several years, the research and educational center in Department of Political Science at Taiwan National University has been conducting research on Chinese study groups in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and India. Its aim was to examine how Chinese studies are being conducted in each country, who constitute the Chinese study community, and what elements affect the Chinese studies so as to integrate the Chinese studies that are currently separately conducted in these countries and thereby, offer them an opportunity to adopt advanced research trends. This paper is based on interview data with the Chinese research group in Korea, following the interview with the Chinese research group in Japan. The paper begins with the history of Korean senior scholars on Chinese political studies, based on oral interviews with them. Each academic field requires retrospection, through which the field can advance. Furthermore, before retiring from the field, the first-generation scholars must reproduce their memories. Finally, to study the personal history of senior scholars based on their memory is to examine the relationship between Korean scholars on Chinese studies and the Chinese studies themselves, which should lead to the academic observation and evaluation of the Chinese researchers' group in Korea. The main point of the oral descriptions is to help senior scholars on Chinese studies recollect their own research experience, such as their motives in pursuing Chinese studies, what kinds of political and academic influence they were under, and how they influenced young scholars on the Chinese studies.
Russia's Energy Policy and its Impacts on Northeast Asian Energy Security
Authors: Lee Jae-Young , Novitskiy Alexey
Published: January 2012

As the global price of oil is rising recently, the interest in energy security has increased internationally. In particular, Northeast Asia is more interested in energy security than are other regions, because Northeast Asian countries are predicted to achieve high economic growth over the next decades. In the background, China, South Korea, and Japan with poor natural resources, are competing with each other for the energy resources in Russia's eastern region, which is adjacent to Northeast Asian countries. Russian has the intent to strategically use its energy resources for the buildup of influence over Northeast Asia. The purpose of this article is to find cooperative solutions for energy security in Northeast Asia. First of all, we analyze the present situation of Russia's energy resources. Then, we describe the present conditions of energy cooperation in Northeast Asia and the associated challenges. Based on this analysis, we suggest cooperative ways to enhance energy security in Northeast Asia. Northeast Asian countries need to seek multilateral, cooperative solutions for energy security even though they have been in competition with each other, focusing mainly on bilateral cooperation with Russia. Energy cooperation in the gas sector, rather than the oil sector, is expected to be more reliable due to the R/P ratio and the great cost of development. Joint participation of NEA countries in energy resource exploration, construction of energy transportation infrastructure and processing facilities in the eastern regions of Russia, use of “asset swap” mechanism, rather than the conventional “resource extraction” approach, will make great contribution to enhancing energy security in NEA.
A Critical Analysis of Chinese-Style Democracy
Authors: Lee Jung Nam
Published: January 2012

Based on an analysis of remarks by top Communist Party of China (CPC) and government leaders and intellectuals on democracy, this study tries to analyze if Chinese-style democracy offers a new model of democracy distinguishable from the liberal Western model. Based on our analysis, the theory of Chinese-style democracy calls for a change in the governance structure, while maintaining the existing model of the people's democracy. It does not present a new model of democracy that is distinguishable from the existing people's democracy or Western liberal representative democracy. This means China intends to achieve political change under CPC leadership, with strong CPC control over the democratization process.