bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct Relations Between Curvatures of Surfaces Being in Continuous Tangency
Authors: Litvin F. L. , Hsiao C.‐L.
Published: May 2007

The motion of two solids provided with surfaces Σ1 and Σ2 being in continuous tangency either along a line or at a point at every instant is considered. The authors propose an approach for determining direct relations between: (i) the principal curvatures and directions of Σ1 and Σ2, (ii) the normal curvatures of Σ1 and Σ2 along two mutually perpendicular directions chosen in the tangent plane. The performed diagonalization of the curvature matrix enables to determine the directions and magnitude for the extreme relative normal curvatures of Σ1 and Σ2. The proposed approach enables: (i) to simplify substantially the determination of curvatures when one of the surfaces is represented in threeparametric form but with related parameters, (ii) to simplify the computerized simulation of contact of gear tooth surfaces, and (iii) to simplify the determination of curvatures of a surface generated by a tool with the given surface. The approach is illustrated with the example of generation of a worm (screw) by a cone surface of the tool.
Geometrisch nichtlineare Sandwichplatten unter Berücksichtigung von Schubdeformationen
Authors: Holzapfel G. A. , Wimmer H.
Published: May 2007

Bei zahlreichen flächenhaften Tragwerken mit nicht traditionellen Werkstoffen wie z. B. schubweichen Laminaten ist der Einfluß der transversalen Schubspannungen nicht mehr vernachlässigbar. Es wird eine konsistente geometrisch nichtlineare Schubverzerrungstheorie erster Approximation für Platten, die aus p Schichten aufgebaut sind, vorgestellt. Die Stoffgleichungen werden mit einem geeigneten Schubkorrekturfaktor abgeleitet. Die Anwendung der Theorie und der Einfluß der Schubdeformationen auf die Verschiebungsgrößen und die realen Schnittgrößen werden an Hand einer dicken Sandwichplatte mit unterschiedlichen Randbedingungen veranschaulicht.
On the Onset of Chaotic Dynamics in Asymmetric Oscillators
Authors: Bruhn B. , Koch B.‐P. , Schmidt G.
Published: May 2007

Das Einsetzen chaotischen Dynamik in einem fremderregten und gedämpften nichtlinearen Oszillator wird mit Hilfe der Melnikovmethode studiert. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit erhält der Einfluß eines Asymmetrieparameters in der Bewegungsgleichung. In Gegensatz zum symmetrischen Fall hat die Verzweigungsfunktion Singularitäten auf einer diskreten Menge von Frequenzen. Die Methode der harmonischen Balance begründet qualitativ einige der Ergebnisse der Melnikovmethode. Für ausgewählte Parameterwerte werden die analytischen Voraussagen durch numerische Rechnungen bestätigt.
The Inclusion of Dirichlet Eigenvalues with Singularity Functions
Authors: Ennenbach R. , Niemeyer H.
Published: May 2007

We are concerned with the Dirichlet eigenvalue problem Δu + λu = 0 G, u = 0 on Γ, where G is a bounded, two dimensional domain with sufficiently smooth boundary Γ. We deal with the “Ansatz” \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ u\left({x,\lambda } \right) = \sum\limits_{m = 1}^M {a_m Y_0 } \left({\sqrt \lambda |x - y_m |} \right) $\end{document} to compute approximate eigenpairs (u*, λ*) by the collocation method. Lower and upper eigenvalue bounds are estimated by an inclusion theorem due to Kuttler‐Sigillito. In contrast to usual choices of trial functions, it is possible to control the numerical stability by placing the source points in dependence of M. The effect arises from the logarithmic singularity for x = ym and allows us to sharpen the eigenvalue bounds by increasing M. We give a strategy for placing the sources, present various application and give a comparison of results which indicates a high efficiency of the method.
Turbulent Flow Calculations by the Nonlinear Multi‐Grid Method
Authors: Nowak Z. P. , Salcudean M.
Published: May 2007

The Nonlinear Multi‐Grid Method (NMGM, HACKBUSCH [2], [3]) is a relatively unexplored alternative to the Full Approximation Storage method (FAS, BRANDT [1]). Excellent convergence of the NMGM was reported in [3] for a non‐linear Poisson problem in a square. In the present paper, the NMGM is applied to a steady‐state three‐dimensional turbulent flow problem. The problem arose from the study of a row of jets supplying the air into the chamber of an industrial furnace. The description of the NMGM is given in [2]. Here, we present the flow problem in its analytical and discrete form, describe our choices for the various elements of the NMGM, and demonstrate a very good performance of the method in a series of convergence tests. The locally coupled method (VANKA [13], ROLLET et al. [11]) is used for smoothing the residuals of the continuity and momentum equations. The best performance is obtained when a simplified form of the pressure correction method (PATANKAR and SPALDING [9] is additionally applied to enforce the given mass flows through the flowfield sections.
Efficient Numerical Integration of the Equations of Motion of Non‐Smooth Mechanical Systems
Authors: Meijaard J. P.
Published: May 2007

A method for dealing with the numerical integration of non‐smooth mechanical dynamical systems is presented. This method is based on the integration of piecewise smooth parts and piecing these parts together with appropriate transition conditions. A distinguishing characteristic of this method is that it can deal with very close transitions. The method is applied to a forced friction oscillator with one degree of freedom, and a system of two coupled non‐linear oscillators in which one oscillator has an amplitude‐limiting stop.
Complete General Solution of the Brinkman Equations
Authors: Sekhar G. P. Raja , Padmavathi B. S. , Amaranath T.
Published: May 2007

In this note, we introduce a new representation of the complete general solution of the Brinkman [1] equations. We also show that the representation for the velocity and pressure given by Padmavathi et al. [2] is a complete general solution of the Brinkman [1] equations.
Solitary Waves in a Prestressed Thick Elastic Tube Containing an Inviscid Fluid
Authors: Demiray H.
Published: May 2007

In the present work, employing the nonlinear equations of an incompressible, isotropic, and elastic body and the exact equations of an incompressible inviscid fluid, the propagation of weakly nonlinear waves in an elastic thick tube filled with an inviscid fluid is studied. The tube is initially assumed to be subjected to a large inner pressure P0 and the axial stretch λz, and, in the course of blood flow a large time dependent radial displacement is superimposed on this static field. The nonlinear equation governing the radial motion of the tube is obtained. Utilizing a reductive perturbation technique, the propagation of weakly nonlinear waves is studied and the KdV equation is obtained as the evolution equation. Due to the dependence of the coefficients of the nonlinear evolution equation on initial deformation and the geometrical characteristics it is shown that the solution profile changes with initial deformation and the thickness ratio.
Fractionation of castor oil methyl esters by liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Lakshmanan C. M. , Laddha G. S.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

The phase equilibrium data are presented for methyl esters‐furfural‐hexane and methyl esters‐nitromethane‐hexane at 30°C.

The hydroxyl values of ester samples obtained from the furfural and nitromethane phases indicate that furfural and nitromethane can be used as solvents for fractionating hydroxy esters from the mixed esters obtained by the methanolysis of castor oil.
Synthesis of polyoxyethylene derivatives of diesters of sucrose with long‐chain fatty acids
Authors: Komori Saburo , Okahara Mitsuo , Okamoto Kenzo
Published: May 2007

Since the long‐chain fatty acid sucrose diesters inevitably produced in the synthesis of monoesters are only slightly soluble in water, no important use can be found for them at the present time except as oilsoluble emulsifying agents.

In order to exploit new uses we have attempted to improve their solubility in water by introducing oxyethylene radicals into the molecule.

The addition reaction of ethylene oxide with the sucrose diesters was carried out in an autoclave in the presence of alkaline catalysts. With the reaction temperature maintained between 100–130° the pressure decreased as the reaction proceeded, and one to two hours were required to consume the ethylene oxide used.

The addition products are yellow or orange oily materials soluble in water. Aqueous solutions showed good surface‐active properties.
Hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalysts. V. Products of the tall oil industry
Authors: Zajcew Mykola
Published: May 2007

Conditions were found for reducing tall oil distillate to an iodine number of 22 with a sufficiently small amount of palladium catalyst to make the process commereially feasible. The operating conditions were 200°C and 2,600 psi.

Tall oil fatty acids were reduced with palladium and the concentration of linoleic acid,cis‐oleic acid, saturated acid, andtrans isomers were determined as a function of iodine number. The five‐platinum group metals (Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru) were compared as to activity, selectivity of partial hydrogenation, and tendeney to formtrans‐isomers.
Effect of free carboxylic groups on the course of sulfur trioxide sulfonation of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Sauls Thomas W. , Rueggeberg Walter H. C.
Published: May 2007

The direct action of one mole of sulfur trioxide in liquid sulfur dioxide at atmospheric pressure at −10 to −9°C. on one mole of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, undecylenic acid, and crotonic acid yielded 85–90% of sulfonated products in which a monosulfonated derivative, rich in residual carbon to carbon unsaturation, predominates. Hydroxy sulfonates and sulfonated‐sulfated products, postulated to form from carbyl sulfate intermediates, are present in lesser amounts.

Esters of unsaturated fatty acids, such as n‐propyl oleate, require at least two moles of sulfur trioxide for 80–90% yields of sulfonated product. These sulfonated products are postulated to form almost exclusively through the carbyl sulfate intermediate.

The free carboxyl group apparently determines the course of sulfonation. Its action is believed to be that of first forming an acyl sulfate or mixed anhydride with sulfur trioxide, followed by hydrogen replacement in a methylene group, probably in an allyl position to the double bond, with a sulfonic acid group. The mechanism and nature of products resemble those previously observed by Suter in the dioxane‐sulfur trioxide sulfonation of methallyl chloride (6).

The sulfonated unsaturated reaction products from oleic and undecylenic acids exhibit lower double bond reactivity toward hydrogen and halogen addition than the unsulfonated starting materials.

The monosulfonated oleic acid, because of its stability toward hydrolysis, holds promise as an important surface‐active agent, particularly under acidic conditions.
Structural studies on sucrose monolaurate
Authors: York William C. , Finchler Arthur , Osipow Lloyd , SNell Foster Dee
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

A product corresponding to sucrose monolaurate was prepared by the alcoholysis of methyl laurate with sucrose. This product appears to be a mixture, with the principal component having the lauroyl radical at the 6‐position of the glucose portion.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. VII. Polymerization of vinyl ethers catalyzed by stannic and ferric chlorides
Authors: Dufek E. J. , Awl R. A. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

Variables affecting the use of stannic chloride as a catalyst for initiating polymerization of conjugated and nonconjugated soybean vinyl ether were studied. Molecular weight of the polymers increased with an increase in catalyst and a decrease in initiation temperature, and it decreased when the amount of moisture in the solvent, the amount of free fatty alcohol in the monomer, or the ratio of solvent to monomer was increased. Aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents were superior to halogenated solvents for conducting polymerizations. Similar results were obtained with nonconjugated monomers except that viscosities of the polymers were considerably lower than those of polymers of the same molecular weight obtained from conjugated monomer.

To obtain polymers suitable for film‐forming studies (4,000–6,000 molecular weight) polymerization is initiated preferably at 25°C. with 3 ml. of anhydrous toluene used per gram of monomer and 4.8 mmoles of stannic chloride per mole of monomer. Monomer purity should be at least 98%.

Ferric chloride hexahydrate initiated polymerization at 25°, but polymerization was incomplete, and the polymers had relatively low molecular weights.
The preparation of polyunsaturated aliphatic aldehydesvia the acyloin condensation
Authors: Gauglitz Erich J. , Malins Donald C.
Published: May 2007

The preparation of linolenaldehyde and of mixed aldehydes from highly unsaturated sources, such as menhaden oilvia the acyloin condensation, is described. Reduction of the acyloins and subsequent cleavage of the glycols gave over‐all yields of 85 to 90% free aldehydes.

The intermediates in the synthesis as well as the final products were analyzed in part by the novel method of thin‐layer silicic acid chromatography.
A report on the problem of residual solvent in solvent‐extracted meals
Authors: Gastrock E. A. , Spadaro J. J. , Crovetto A. J. , Brian Ross
Published: May 2007

The hazards of excess residual solvent in solventextracted meals and methods currently used for its measurement are discussed. Preliminary results are reported with a simple copper‐cup flash‐tester with concentric rings as heating surfaces. Solvent contents as low as 0.03% can be detected. The method is semiquantitative. The method may be useful for plant control purposes.
Industrial fat splitting
Authors: Lascaray Lucio
Published: May 2007

The reaction of fat splitting, whatever the process employed, obeys the following general rules:

The greater the proportion of free fatty acids in the fat to be hydrolyzed, the shorter will be the induction period.

The higher the reaction temperature and the more advanced the process, the less necessary the stirring.

The rate of hydrolysis is augmented by the raising of temperature and by the use of catalysts, proportionally to its quantity. The most active catalysts are those which most increase the solubility of water in the oil phase and which at the same time most activate that water, raising its degree of dissociation.

The degree of hydrolysis at equilibrium, whatever the fat to be split, depends exclusively on the glycerol concentration of the sweet waters.
Volatile cleavage products of autoxidized soybean oil
Authors: Kawahara F. K. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Volatile odor principles of reverted soybean oil collected at very low temperature have been fractionated into rancidity and reversion components by adsorption on silica gel. These principles apparently contain aldehyde groups since they can no longer be detected organoleptically after the addition of aldehyde reagents.

Isolations of individual aldehydes within the rancid and reverted fractions were made by forming the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones and chromatographically separating these colored derivatives. Identifications were based upon melting points, ultimate analyses, and adsorption data.

The following aldehydes were identified: acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, α‐pentenal, and hexanal. There is strong evidence that crotonaldehyde is also present although not completely resolved from propionaldehyde as dinitrophenylhydrazones.
Phase relations in the solvent winterization of molecularly rearranged peanut oil and cottonseed oil
Authors: Boucher Richard E. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

Systematic phase‐relation data have been obtained to determine the effect of either mild or extensive molecular rearrangement on the winterization behavior of peanut or cottonseed oils. The results show that the introduction of the molecular rearrangement step before solvent winterization is disadvantageous. A larger percentage of solid must be removed to obtain a winterized oil, especially for cottonseed oil, and lower yields result. Lower chilling temperatures and longer chilling periods are also required, partially because of a lower rate of crystallization. In addition the settling qualities of the solid separating are markedly impaired.
Measurement of foam consistency
Authors: Scott G. V. , Thompson W. E.
Published: May 2007

Foams from detergent solutions may show large differences in apparent viscosity or consistency. Procedures are given for relative measurement of this property.

A decrease in foam consistency may be obtained with soap solutions upon addition of inorganic salt or of hardness. A critical temperature range exists for consistency of foams from detergent systems. Foams of high consistency may be altered to low consistency by raising the temperature.

The data suggests a relation between foam consistency and the liquid drainage and surface viscosity characteristics of foam systems. High consistency values were obtained for foams having slow drainage rates and high surface viscosity. These characteristics for foams of detergent solutions are attributed to the presence of certain polar organic substances (e.g., saturated fatty alcohols and acids) which are strongly adsorded at the liquid‐air interfaces.
A method for the quantitative determination of relative wear of soap bars
Authors: Masters E. B.
Published: May 2007

A method for the quantitative determination of the relative wear of soap bars has been developed. The method is fairly simple and rapid, requiring about an hour of labor and from 8 to 12 hours of aging of samples during the test. The method is based upon the measurement of thickness of samples before and after subjecting them to wear by a sponge and warm water. Application of the method to samples of different thicknesses and surface areas shows good reproducibility, and the method is believed to be applicable in studies which require high sensitivity.
The determination of moisture in tung fruit
Authors: Holmes Raiford L. , Minor Jacob C. , McKinney R. S.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Six methods for determining moisture in tung fruit and seeds were compared.

The highest moisture values, and probably those most reliable, were obtained by drying the ground tung fruit in the vaccuum oven at 101°C. for 2.5 hours under 12‐mm. pressure, and by the Karl Fischer titration method. In using the Karl Fischer method on tung products, the sample must be digested in methanol at 60°C. Of these two methods the vacuum oven method is simpler and generally preferable.

Somewhat lower moisture values were obtained by the forced draft oven and toluene‐distillation methods. The results obtained in the forced draft oven method were low because of oxidation of the oil in the samples. One hour at 101°C. in the forced draft oven seems to be the optimum time for moisture determination, and no appreciable error in the oil content results from using the percentages of moisture so determined to calculate the oil content to basis of sample as received.

For routine analysis, heating the ground tung fruit sample in a hot air blower for 15 minutes at 126.7°C. (260°F.) and adding a correction of 1.35% to the percentage of moisture obtained gives sufficiently accurate values for factory control purposes.

The radio frequency meter gave values close to those obtained in the vaccum oven method against which it was standardized. It was necessary to standardize the meter separately for fruit, seeds, and kernels. In practice many samples of wet fruit would be encountered which would exceed the range of the particular instrument used.
Internal hydrogen bonding, rotational isomerism and differentiation of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diglycerides by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Susi H. , Morris S. G. , Zell Tatiana E. , Scott W. E.
Published: May 2007

The OH stretching modes of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diglycerides in dilute carbon tetrachloride solution have been investigated in the fundamental and first overtone region with a spectral resolution of about 1 cm蜢1. The spectra of both position isomers can be interpreted in terms of three predominant configurations: one internally H‐bonded and two involving no H‐bonds. The fraction of H‐bonded molecules appears to be relatively low. The data suggest that the H‐bonded form of 1,3‐diglycerides has atrans, gauche configuration around the glyceride CC bonds, while the non‐H‐bonded forms probably have atrans, trans configuration around the glyceride backbone, OH being eithertrans orgauche with respect to the nearest C‐H group. In 1,2‐diglycerides H‐bonds seem to be predominantly formed between groups attached to the ॅ, े carbons of the glyceride residue, the configuration around the backbone beingtrans, trans; two stretching band of non‐H‐bonded OH groups are associated with rotational isomerism around the alcoholic CO bond. The usefulness of OH stretching modes for analyzing mixtures of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diglycerides is discussed.
The acetylenic acid inComandra pallida andOsyris alba seed oils
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: May 2007

Gas‐liquid chromatographic (GLC) analyses are reported for fatty acid methyl esters from seed oils of two previously unreported species of Santalaceae,Comandra pallida A. DC. andOsyris alba L. The major component in each (43 and 57%, respectively) is an enynoic acid, probablytrans‐11‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic (ximenynic) acid which has been found in seed oils of other members of this family. Equivalent chain lengths by GLC analysis and infrared and ultraviolet spectra agree with those obtained by our analyses ofXimenia americana L., in which ximenynic acid is known to occur. The spectral data also agree with those in literature reports on ximenynic acid. The positions of unsaturation have, however, not been rigorously established for the two species newly reported.
Quantitative analysis of 1‐olefins by programmed temperature gas chromatography
Authors: Poe R. W. , Kaelble E. F.
Published: May 2007

Gas chromatography has been extremely valuable for the analysis of materials used in the manufacture of surfactants. Temperature programming, which makes possible the efficient separation of wide boiling range mixtures, has extended the usefulness of the technique.

In the work described, mixtures of 1‐olefins from C8蜢C18 in chain length were completely separated on a silicone rubber column in 17 min. The peaks were sharp, symmetrical and almost evenly spaced. A flame ionization detector was used.

Using synthetic mixtures, it was found that over the C8蜢C18 range, peak area percent agrees very closely with weight percent. On a large number of measurements, the average deviation between area percent and weight percent was 0.5% absolute, with a range of ŷ2%. No bias in instrument response was observed with respect to chain length. Average carbon numbers calculated from chromatographic data were accurate to within ŷ0.2 units.

Chromatographic results were compared with mass spectrometer data and were found to be significantly more precise and accurate. Furthermore, olefins could be detected in concentrations low enough that they were missed by the mass spectrometer (0.1%).
The application of gas‐liquid chromatography to the determination of vitamins E and K
Authors: Nair P. P. , Turner D. A.
Published: May 2007

The separation and quantitation of vitamins E and K wave been made possible by gas‐liquid chromatography, using a mixture of two different silicone rubber polymers as the liquid stationary phase. ॅ‐Tocopherolquinone and ॅ‐Tocopherolhydroquinone could be separated from the original ॅ‐tocopherol by this technique. Crude lipid extracts from mammalian tissues contain an unknown component which converts ॅ‐tocopherolquinone to ॅ‐tocopherol during chromatography. The implications of this observation is discussed in the light of biological processes. A group of derivatives, with the trimethylsilyl ether link was prepared and characterized by gas chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry.
The new method for grading collaborators in the smalley check sample series
Authors: Baumann Lewis A.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Some of the more important advantages of the new method over previous methods used in grading the Smalley series are as follows:

The new method can be applied uniformly to each of the series.

The calculations involved are simple and are not based on empirical interpretations.

No penalty points, based on predetermined tolerances for the variations around the means, are used. Thus each laboratory is scored according to its proficiency tion is making the richest area ever known to the whaling industry virtually uneconomic. It is said that it will take eight years to regenerate the stock of whale in this area, dependent on a complete ban on all whaling for that period of time. It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good!
Nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether by vinyl transetherification. Preparation procedure
Authors: Brekke O. L. , Kirk L. D.
Published: May 2007

An improved procedure is described for preparing nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether monomer by transetherification of linseed alcohol with ethyl vinyl ether. By use of a mercuric acetate‐oxalic acid catalyst mixture, an excess of ethyl vinyl ether, a reaction temperature of 45°C., and an evaporation, water‐extraction procedure for continuous removal of by‐product ethanol as the reaction proceeds, 91% of the linseed alcohol was converted to the fatty vinyl ether in 6 1/2 hrs. When mercuric acetate was used alone, more catalyst was required; at 90°C, and above, the over‐all rate and yield were reduced by partial deactivation of the catalyst. This reduction was attributed to a side reaction wherein the mercuric salt was added to the fatty acid radical at points of unsaturation. All the various methods that were compared for purifying the linseed monomer produced a product of polymerization quality. While vacuum distillation, followed by an alumina adsorption treatment, gave a monomer of the highest purity, a monomer, vacuum‐distilled only, should be of suitable polymerization quality for many purposes.
Analysis of complex lipid mixtures by thin‐layer chromatography and complementary methods
Authors: Malins Donald C. , Mangold Helmut K.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

Further work has been done on the application of thin‐layer adsorption chromatography to the fractionation of complex lipid mixtures into classes.

New methods, the use of siliconized silicic acid plates and the application of thin‐layer adsorption chromatography combined with the complementary techniques of gas‐liquid chromatography and paper chromatography, are presented for the resolution of classes of lipids into their constituents.

In contrast to such elaborate conventional techniques as column chromatography, analyses using the methods reported in this paper can be performed rapidly in large numbers on a routine basis.
The temperature dependence of micellar solubilization
Authors: Mankowich A. M.
Published: May 2007

The temperature dependence of micellar solubilization was determined in the 180°–140°F. temperature range by using a dye solubilization technique with built and unbuilt solutions of three high‐eloud point, commereial surfactants, one anionic of the alkylaryl sulphonate type and two types of nonionic agents. It was found that the logarithm of solubilization in both built and unbuilt solutions was directly proportional to temperature (solubilization was an exponential function of temperature) and that the log solubilization‐temperature slopes of the built and unbuilt solutions of each surfactant were approximately parallel.
Reactivation of alumina used in bleaching of off‐colored cottonseed oils
Authors: Kuck J. C. , Pons W. A. , Frampton V. L.
Published: May 2007

Spent alumina recovered from bleaching cottonseed oil with activated alumina can be reactivated by simple incineration at 400–700°C. and remoistening to at least 10% moisture content. The cycle of bleaching and regeneration may be repeated indefinitely with only nominal mechanical losses of alumina. Losses of refined oil by entrainment in activated alumine need be only 0.5%.
An emulsifier system for experimental intravenous fat emulsions
Authors: Singleton W. S. , White J. L. , DiTrapani L. L. , Brown M. L.
Published: May 2007

An emulsifying system for a fat emulsion which has been very satisfactory for intravenous administration to dogs has been developed. The emulsion contained cottonseed oil (15%), polyethylene glycol monopalmitate (1.2%), tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides (0.3%), and polyoxyethylene‐polyoxypropylene (0.3%), in isotonic dextrose solution. The polyethylene glycol monopalmitate was isolated from laboratory and commercial esterification reaction mixtures of monoester, diester, and nonreacted polyethylene glycol. Washing with NaCl solution removed nonreacted glycol, and fractionation in acetone separated the mono‐ and di‐esters, the diester separating as a solid. Analytical methods were applied to characterize all fractions, and to determine the reproducibility of composition of successive batches. The monopalmitates from both laboratory and commercial preparations were similar in properties. The tartaric ester of monoglycerides was washed with NaCl solution and fractionated in acetone. The liquid portion was recovered and used for emulsification. Emulsions prepared with the fractionated emulsifiers appear to give satisfactory physiologic results when infused in dogs.
Studies on lipolytic molds. Comparative study of lipases obtained from molds grown on oil seeds
Authors: Ramakrishnan C. V. , Banerjee B. N.
Published: May 2007

A. niger andA. flavus isolated from oil seed source show an appreciable amount of lipolytic activity.

The optimum pH of the mold lipase varies to a certain extent with the nature of the substrate and buffer used.

In the experiments carried out the optimum buffer concentration is 2 cc., the optimum substrate concentration is 1–2 cc., and the optimum temperature is 35–37°C. for hydrolysis of peanut oil by mold lipases.

Sodium taurocholate, managanese sulphate, KH2PO4, sodium acetate, etc., accelerate the activity of the mold lipase.

The change in activity of acetone‐dried sample of mold lipase with time is negligible.

The synthetic activity of the mold lipase is higher than that of seed and cake lipases.

A definite relation between the vitamin contents and the lipolytic activity of the molds could not be found.

Peanut cake medium appears to be a good source to grow the lipolytic molds on a large scale.
Effect of heat on solvent‐extracted soybean oil meal
Authors: Burnet George , Arnold Lionel K.
Published: May 2007

As a result of this investigation it appears that if the relationship between the nutritional value of soybean oil meal and its protein glutelin fraction is confirmed for a wider range of processing conditions than those reported on by Evans and St. John (5), there then exists a simple, reliable, and reproducible analytical means of further relating nutritional value to plant processing conditions. For the range of processing conditions normally employed in plant practice, a maximum glutelin fraction percentage is consistently attained with the application of either dry or moist heat, beyond which additional heat treatment results in a decrease, completing a pattern with heating similar to that normally followed by the nutritional value of the meal. In all cases where moist heat was employed, the activity of both the urease and lipoxidase enzyme systems was reduced to a level satisfactory for feeding prior to the point where the maximum glutelin protein fraction was attained. This is in agreement with numerous poultry feeding tests relating feed value to processing conditions.
The fatty acids of cottonmouth moccasin depot fat
Authors: Pollard C. B. , McLaughlin Joseph
Published: May 2007

From the investigation of the moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) fat it is found that it is intermediate between the composition of fish oil and mammalia fats for the fatty acids present. The amount of saturated fatty acids in moccasin snake oil is more than that present in fish oils while the amount of unsaturated fatty acids present in moccasin snake oil is less than that for fish oil. It might be pointed out that at least two separate methods were used to determine the percentages of each fatty acid present.

The authrs wish to express their thanks to Ross Allen of Ross Allen's Reptile Institute, Silver Springs, Florida, for the moccasin fat lobes used in this investigation.
Volatile cleavage products of autoxidized methyl linolenate
Authors: Kawahara F. K. , Dutton H. J. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Volatile cleavage products of autoxidizing methyl linolenate have chromatographically separated and the aldehydes have been isolated as 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones. Acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and α‐pentenal have been identified. A six‐carbon atom dialdehyde has been isolated as its hydrazone and is postulated to be hexene‐3‐dial‐1,6.
The pancreatic hydrolysis of natural fats. IV. Some exotic seed fats
Authors: Coleman M. H.
Published: May 2007

Eight exotic seed fats (karanja, kusum, neem and aceituno oils, malabar tallow, kokum butter and mowrah and dika fats) have been subjected to pancreatic hydrolysis. From the original fatty acid compositions, and those of the monoglycerides produced by hydrolysis, the fatty acid distributions have been determined, and their probable glyceride compositions calculated.

The significance of the observed fatty acid distributions is discussed; and an expression relating the glyceride composition to the overall fatty acid composition is shown to give satisfactory agreement with the calculated values, for these, and other vegetable fats.
Nutritive value of heated vegetable oils
Authors: Raju N. V. , Narayana Rao M. , Rajagopalan R.
Published: May 2007

Peanut, sesame and coconut oils were heated at 270C for 8 hr, in an open iron pan. These fats were fed to albino rats at 15% level in otherwise adequate diets. All rats fed heated fats showed a growth depression. Livers of rats receiving heated oil were congested and showed extensive periportal fatty infiltration. Rats on heated peanut oil showed i) reduced B‐vitamin storage in the liver, ii) increased glucose and cholesterol levels in the blood and iii) a disruption in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.
Performance characteristics of sucrose ester detergents
Authors: Schwartz Anthony M. , Rader Charles A.
Published: May 2007

Standard heavy duty household laundering formulations were prepared from a series of well‐characterized sucrose ester surfactants. The detergency and redeposition performance of these formulations was measured by the soil accumulation method, using for comparison standard formulations based on sulfated and sulfonated surfactants. Also measured were the lime soap dispersing power, and the tendency to leave residual adsorbed deposits on the fabric. The sucrose ester series as a whole performed at least as well in detergency as the standard anionics, and retained their effectiveness at lower concentrations. They showed about the same, or slightly less, tendency than the anionic controls to build up organic residues on the fabric, both series being much superior to soap in this respect. In redeposition performance and lime soap dispersion the sucrose esters were outstandingly better than any of the standard anionic controls. Within the sucrose ester series, the C18 esters gave generally better performance than the shorter chain esters, and the saturated esters tended to be better than the unsaturated.
An interlaboratory study of test methods
Authors: Rohloff A. C. , Houle R. J.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Our aim has been to construct a simple method of scoring consistent with the objectives of the study and to present the results in a manner that does not require too much statistical sophistication. However, if realistic estimates of the precision of test methods are to be obtained, the interlaboratory tests must be more thoughtfully designed and the statistical analysis will tend to be somewhat more complicated as in the components of variance analysis we have presented.
Some characteristics of kidney and liver lipids from the American antelope
Authors: Miller Glenn J.
Published: May 2007

The percentages of total lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol in the kidney and liver of pregnant antelope are reported. The iodine values of the total lipids in these two organs are also listed. By the use of three collections of the antelope made about one month apart during the latter part of the gestation period, it was shown that there were no significant changes in the above lipid values during this period.
The catalyzed condensation of phenol with stearone and methyl heptadecyl ketone
Authors: Morriss F. V. , Bechtle G. F. , Byerley T. J.
Published: May 2007

The condensation of phenol with stearone and methylheptadecyl ketone has been studied. The bisphenols and other products thus produced were identified by hydroxyl equivalents, molecular weight, infrared spectra, elemental analysis, and preparation of characteristic derivatives.

The commercial potential of this family of fatty derivatives was examined briefly from two approaches. Polymerization with formaldehyde, epichlorohydrin, and phosgene, was investigated, and several fluids were prepared and screened as potential high‐temperature lubrieants.
Estimation of conjugated octadecatrienes in edible fats and oils
Authors: Yurawecz Martin P. , Molina Ana Astrid , Mossoba Magdi , Ku Yuoh
Published: May 2007

Interest in conjugated‐diene fatty acids in foods has recently been increased by discovery of their antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Conjugated octadecatrienes (COTs), members of another group of fatty acids, are also present in foods. COTs are formed during the processing of vegetable oils as the result of the dehydration of secondary oxidation products of linoleic acid. Little information is available concerning the occurrence and nutritional properties of COTs in edible oils. Levels of COTs, determined in 27 vegetable oils by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, ranged from not detected (<0.001) to 0.2%. Determination of COTs by gas chromatography of the methyl esters, obtained by transesterification at room temperature with sodium methoxide/methanol, gave lower levels (not detected, 0.051%) than did determination by UV spectroscopy. Methylation with boron trifluoride produced COTs from naturally occurring moieties in the oils and, therefore, is not recommended.
Enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed oil and lauric acid in a continuous reactor
Authors: Forssell P. , Parovuori P. , Linko P. , Poutanen K.
Published: May 2007

The optimum conditions for enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed oil and lauric acid in a fixed‐bed reactor were studied. No solvent was used in the reaction mixture. A small amount of water was dissolved in the substrate mixture to maintain the activity of the enzyme at as high a level as possible. For maximum yield, the transesterification was performed with a residence time of about 20 min at a water content in the range of 0.1 to 0.2% and at the lowest possible temperature.
1,3‐specific lipolysis ofLesquerella fendleri oil by immobilized and reverse‐micellar encapsulated enzymes
Authors: Hayes Douglas G. , Kleiman Robert
Published: May 2007

Three types of reaction systems, all batch‐mode, were employed for production of hydroxy (lesquerolic and auricolic) fatty acidsvia 1,3‐specific lipolysis ofLesquerella fendleri oil: “Free”Rhizopus arrhizus or immobilizedRhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme™) in reverse micelles (System 1), Lipozyme suspended in lesquerella oil/isooctane mixture (System 2) and a suspension of water and freeR. miehei lipase in lesquerella oil/isooctane (System 3). The objective was to find the system that best maximized yield (i.e., percent hydrolysis), the proportion of hydroxy acids among the free acids liberated (hydroxy acid “purity”), and recovery/reuse of lipase activity, and that could be easily adapted into a large‐scale process. System 1 provided the largest percent hydrolysis (55%) and hydroxy acid purity (85%), but of the three systems would be the most difficult to scale up. Thus, System 1 would be the most desirable reaction system only when small batch sizes are to be processed. System 3 yielded 47.2% hydrolysis, but the hydroxy acid purity was at most 73%, making it the least desirable of the three systems to employ. System 2 yielded moderate extents of hydrolyses (30–40%) and large hydroxy acid purity initially (80–83%), but the purity decreased slightly in the latter stages of the reaction due to acyl migration. System 2 was the system most easily adaptable to a large‐scale process, making it the method of choice. For System 2 reactions, only when the medium was initially saturated with water and water consumed by the reaction was continuously replaced could 30–40% hydrolysis be achieved. External mass transfer limitations for Lipozyme‐catalyzed reactions were not present when the solution’s water content was not above saturation, and its kinematic viscosity, controlled by the temperature and the proportion of isooctane, was below 41 centistokes.
A new batch solvent‐extraction pilot plant
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Molaison H. J. , Pollard E. F.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

A new improved batch solvent extraction plant and its versatility of design have been described. Data have been given on the cost and initial test operations. The performance of the plant has been tested, and its value as a research tool has been demonstrated by the production of free gossypol and meals low in gossypol for use in research. Simplicity of operation is borne out by the fact that only one operator is needed. A limited number of detail drawings of the plant are available on written request from the Southern Regional Research Laboratory.
Separation of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides by liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Monick J. A. , Treybal R. E.
Published: May 2007

Ternary‐equilibrium data were obtained at 60°C. for mono‐ and dilaurin, and di‐ and trilaurin with aqueous alcohols. Distribution between phases and solvent selectivity are shown graphically. Variation of solvent polarity by water addition caused a shift in the phase boundary curve so that either Type 1 or Type 2 diagrams could be obtained.

Pure mono‐, di‐, and trilaurin mixtures, and commercial monoglycerides were studied as quaternary systems for monoglyceride distribution with 50 wt.‐% aqueous ethanol. Pure and commercial systems showed similar distribution tendencies even with differences in molecular weight and degree of unsaturation.

Solvent selectivity data (β) for quaternary systems were predicted from ternary systems studied with a common solvent.

Aqueous ethanol will separate mixtures of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides by selective liquid‐liquid extraction; however the literature favors more complex systems based on two immiscible solvents.

Continuous countercurrent extraction of commercial monoglycerides by 40% aqueous ethanol solution in a four‐stage agitated column gave a 15% over‐all stage efficiency. Cooling the extract to 0°C. precipitated 96.6% of the extract solids.

Flow diagrams were prepared for batch and continuous extraction processes.
Acetylenic compounds. II. Preparation and properties of stearolic acid and the related substances
Authors: Khan N. A.
Published: May 2007

9,10‐Dibromostearic acid has been prepared in different grades of purity through urea‐inclusion compounds from natural sources of fatty acids. This facilitated preparation of stearolic acid.

The degree of separation of stearolic acid from other fatty acids and polymers by means of ureainclusion compounds was ascertained.

The attempts at preparation of behenolic acid by dehydrobromination of 13,14‐dibromobehenic acid ended in failure.

Stearolic acid could not be reduced by sodium in liquid ammonia. Debromination of 9,10‐dibromooleic acid yielded stearolic acid whereas reduction of 3, hexyne and debromination of 3,4‐dibromohexene resulted in the formation oftrans, 3‐hexene. Hence a reaction sequence involving debromination of vinylic dibromides and subsequent reductive hydrogenation has been proposed.
The measurement of lime‐soap dispersion
Authors: Becher Paul
Published: May 2007

A new titrimetric method for the measurement of lime‐soap dispersion is described. This method differs from previously reported ones in that it is a practical method,i.e., it measures lime‐soap dispersion for formulations over a range of water hardness. It is specifically designed for the study of toilet‐bar formulations but may be applied to any soap‐dispersant formulation. This method also makes manifest the coagulant (as opposed to dispersant) properties of anionic agents at high use concentrations, which may explain why dispersants reported satisfactory by previous tests have been found unsatisfactory in practice. The test is also capable of demonstrating the effect of composition of the formulation and the structure of the dispersant on the lime‐soap dispersion.
Periodate‐permanganate oxidations. IV. Determination of the position of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids and esters
Authors: von Rudloff E.
Published: May 2007

The reaction of the periodate‐permanganate reagent with unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic, elaidic, eicosenoic, 10‐undecenoic, and linoleic acids proceeded smoothly to give the expected end‐products in quantitative yields. The latter were conveniently isolated and determined by partition chromtography on silicic acid columns in 10 to 100 mgm. quantities.

Some compounds, which were unreactive due to insolubility in the reagent, gave satisfactory results when the media contained 5 to 10% of pyridine. This was true also for methyl linoleate even though solution was incomplete. However methyl oleate and triolein did not give quantitative results even in media containing 20% or more of pyridine in which the esters were completely dissolved.
Synthesis of wax esters for use as possible sperm oil replacements
Authors: Perlstein T. , Eisner A. , Schmeltz I.
Published: May 2007

In efforts to prepare wax esters chemically similar to those comprising sperm oil, selected fats or blends thereof were reduced to alcohols which then were reacted with the initial triglycerides to get such wax esters. For instance, lard oil was reduced to lard oil alcohol in the presence of sodium and methyl isobutyl carbinol in xylene. Most of the resulting sodium alcoholates (95–98%) were decomposed with urea, and subsequent addition of lard oil (triglycerides) resulted in rapid formation of the desired wax esters in ca. 80–90% yields. In preliminary studies, the same wax esters were prepared by a more circuitous route. The alcoholates were decomposed completely with urea, the fatty alcohols were liberated, and they then were esterified with free lard oil acids. Similarly treated were a blend of lard, coconut and crambe oils, fractionated tallow, and a commercial grade oleic acid.
Study on quantitative analyses of hydroperoxides and alcohols by NMR shift reagent
Authors: Ikeda Nobuo , Fukuzumi Kazuo
Published: May 2007

Recently, much literature concerning the effects of NMR shift reagents upon compounds with Lewis's basic functional groups have been reported. These literatures have shown the effects of NMR shift reagents upon hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, ether, ester carbonyl, cyano, and epoxy compounds but not hydroperoxyl compounds. Chemical and paramagnetic shifts of protons in t‐butyl and cumene hydroperoxides, t‐butyl and 2‐phenyl‐2‐propyl alcohols, and autoxidized methyl linoleate with incremental additions of an NMR shift reagent were determined. These experimental results indicated that each alcohol and hydroperoxide could be determined separately and quantitatively even in their mixtures. Moreover, this method can be recommended to obtain information about the structures of hydroperoxides, as well as alcohols.