bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-scale features of Last Interglacial climate: Results from evaluating the lig127k simulations for CMIP6-PMIP4
Authors: Otto-Bliesner Bette L. , Brady Esther C. , Zhao Anni , Brierley Chris , Axford Yarrow , Capron Emilie , Govin Aline , Hoffman Jeremy , Isaacs Elizabeth , Kageyama Masa , Scussolini Paolo , Tzedakis Polychronis C. , Williams Charlie , Wolff Eric , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Braconnot Pascale , Ramos Buarque Silvana , Cao Jian , de Vernal Anne , Guarino Maria Vittoria , Guo Chuncheng , LeGrande Allegra N. , Lohmann Gerrit , Meissner Katrin , Menviel Laurie , Nisancioglu Kerim , O'ishi Ryouta , Salas Y Melia David , Shi Xioaoxu , Sicard Marie , Sime Louise , Tomas Robert , Volodin Evgeny , Yeung Nicolas , Zhang Qiong , Zhang Zhonghi , Zheng Weipeng
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The modeling of paleoclimate, using physically based tools, is increasingly seen as a strong out-of-sample test of the models that are used for the projection of future climate changes. New to CMIP6 is the Tier 1 lig127k experiment, designed to address the climate responses to stronger orbital forcing than the midHolocene experiment, using the same state-of-the-art models and following a common experimental protocol. We present a multi-model ensemble of 17 climate models, all of which (except for two) have also completed the CMIP6 DECK experiments. The Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) of these models varies from 2.1 to 5.6 °C. The seasonal character of the insolation anomalies results in strong warming over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) continents in the lig127k ensemble as compared to the piControl in June–July–August and a much-reduced minimum (August–September) summer sea ice extent in the Arctic. The multi-model results indicate enhanced summer monsoonal precipitation and areal extent in the Northern Hemisphere and reductions in the Southern Hemisphere. These responses are greater in the lig127k than midHolocene simulations as expected from the larger insolation anomalies at 127 ka than 6 ka. New syntheses for surface temperature and precipitation, targeted for 127 ka, have been developed for comparison to the multi-model ensemble. The lig127k model ensemble and data reconstructions are in good agreement for summer temperature anomalies over Canada, Scandinavia, and the North Atlantic and precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere continents. The model-data comparisons and mismatches point to further study of the sensitivity of the simulations to uncertainties in the specified boundary conditions and of the uncertainties and sparse coverage in current proxy reconstructions. The CMIP6-PMIP4 lig127k simulations, in combination with the proxy record, have potential implications for confidence in future projections of monsoons, surface temperature, Arctic sea ice, and the stability of the Greenland ice sheet.
Further improvement of wet process treatments in GEOS-Chem v12.6.0: Impact on global
distributions of aerosol precursors and aerosols
Authors: Luo Gan , Yu Fangqun , Moch Jonathan M.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Wet processes, including aqueous phase chemistry, wet scavenging, and wet surface uptakes during dry deposition, are important for global modeling of aerosol precursors and aerosols. In this study, we improved the treatments of these wet processes in the GEOS-Chem v12.6.0, including pH calculation for cloud, rain, and wet surface, fraction of cloud available for aqueous phase chemistry, rainout efficiencies for various types of cloud, empirical washout by rain and snow, and wet surface uptakes during dry deposition. We compared simulated surface mass concentrations of aerosol precursors and aerosols with surface monitoring networks over the United States, Europe, Asia, and Arctic regions, and showed that the model results with the updated wet processes agree better with measurements for most species. With the implementation of these updates, normalized mean biases (NMB) of surface nitric acid, nitrate, and ammonium are reduced from 78 %, 126 %, and 45 % to 13 %, 24 %, and 6.2 % over US sites, from 56 %, 105 %, and 91 % to −20 %, −5.1 %, and 22 % over Europe sites, and from 121 %, 269 %, and 167 % to −18 %, 40 %, and 86 % over Asia sites. Comparison with surface measured SO2, sulfate and black carbon at four Arctic sites indicated that these species simulated with the updated wet processes match well with observations except large underestimation of black carbon at one of the sites. Furthermore, we compared model simulation with aircraft measurement of nitric acid and aerosols during ATom-1 and ATom-2 periods and found seasonal variation and vertical profile of these species have been successfully improved by considering the updated wet processes. The investigation of impacts of updated wet process treatments on surface mass concentrations indicated that the updated wet processes have strong impacts on the global means of nitric acid, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium and relative small impacts on the global means of sulfur dioxide, dust, sea salt, black carbon, and organic carbon.
Pedestrian navigation system based on the inertial measurement unit sensor for outdoor and indoor environments
Authors: Uradzinski Marcin , Guo Hang
Published: January 2020

Abstract. With the continuous improvement of the hardware level of
the inertial measurement unit (IMU), indoor pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR)
using an inertial device has been paid more and more attention. Typical PDR
system position estimation is based on acceleration obtained from
accelerometers to measure the step count, estimate step length and
generate the position with the heading received from angular sensors
(magnetometers and gyroscopes). Unfortunately, collected signals are very
responsive to the alignment of sensor devices, built-in instrumental
errors and distortions from the surrounding environment. In our work, a pedestrian positioning method using step detection based on a shoe-mounted inertial unit is arranged and put to the test, and the final results
are analyzed. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) provides
estimation of the errors which are acquired by the XSENS IMU sensor biases.
The EKF is revised with acceleration and angular rate
computations by the ZUPT (zero velocity update) and ZARU (zero angular rate
update) algorithms. The step detection associated with these two solutions
is the perfect choice to calculate the current position and distance walked and to
estimate the IMU sensors' collected errors by
using EKF. The test with a shoe-mounted IMU device was performed and analyzed in
order to check the performance of the recommended method. The combined PDR
final results were compared to GPS/Beidou postprocessing kinematic results
(outdoor environment) and to a real route which was prepared and calculated
for an indoor environment. After the comparison, the results show that the
accuracy of the regular-speed walking under ZUPT and ZARU combination in the
case of outdoor positioning did not go beyond 0.19 m (SD) and for indoor
positioning accuracy did not exceed 0.22 m (SD). The authors are
conscious that built-in drift errors coming from accelerometers and
gyroscopes, as well as the final position obtained by XSENS IMU, are only stable for a short time period. Based on this consideration, our future work will be
focused on supporting the methods presented with radio technologies (WiFi) or
image-based solutions to correct all IMU imperfections.
Quantifying the contribution of shipping NOx emissions to the marine nitrogen inventory – a case study for the western Baltic Sea
Authors: Neumann Daniel , Karl Matthias , Radtke Hagen , Matthias Volker , Friedland René , Neumann Thomas
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The western Baltic Sea is impacted by various anthropogenic activities and stressed by high riverine and atmospheric nutrient loads. Atmospheric deposition accounts for up to a third of the nitrogen input into the Baltic Sea and contributes to eutrophication. Amongst other emission sources, the shipping sector is a relevant contributor to the atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOX) in marine regions. Thus, it also contributes to atmospheric deposition of bioavailable oxidized nitrogen into the Baltic Sea. In this study, the contribution of shipping emissions to the nitrogen budget in the western Baltic Sea is evaluated with the coupled three-dimensional physical biogeochemical model MOM–ERGOM (Modular Ocean Model–Ecological ReGional Ocean Model) in order to assess the relevance of shipping emissions for eutrophication. The atmospheric input of bioavailable nitrogen impacts eutrophication differently depending on the time and place of input. The shipping sector contributes up to 5 % to the total nitrogen concentrations in the water. The impact of shipping-related nitrogen is highest in the offshore regions distant from the coast in early summer, but its contribution is considerably reduced during blooms of cyanobacteria in late summer because the cyanobacteria fix molecular nitrogen. Although absolute shipping-related total nitrogen concentrations are high in some coastal regions, the relative contribution of the shipping sector is low in the vicinity of the coast because of high riverine nutrient loads.
Bilinear pressure diffusion and termination of bilinear flow in a vertically fractured well injecting at constant pressure
Authors: Pérez D. Patricio-Ignacio , Ortiz R. Adrián-Enrique , Meneses Rioseco Ernesto
Published: January 2020

Abstract. This work studies intensively the flow in fractures with finite hydraulic conductivity intersected by a well injecting/producing at constant pressure. Previous investigations showed that for a certain time the reciprocal of flow rate is proportional to the fourth root of time, which is characteristic of the flow regime known as bilinear flow. Using a 2D numerical model, we demonstrated that during the bilinear flow regime the transient propagation of isobars along the fracture is proportional to the fourth root of time. Moreover, we present relations to calculate the termination time of bilinear flow under constant injection or production well pressure, as well as, an expression for the bilinear hydraulic diffusivity of fractures with finite hydraulic conductivity. To determine the termination of bilinear flow regime, two different methods were used: (a) numerically measuring the transient of flow rate in the well and (b) analyzing the propagation of isobars along the fracture. Numerical results show that for low fracture conductivities the transition from bilinear flow to another flow regime occurs before the pressure front reaches the fracture tip and for high fracture conductivities it occurs when the pressure front arrives at the fracture tip. Hence, this work complements and advances previous research on the interpretation and evaluation of well test analysis under different reservoir conditions. Our results aim at improving the understanding of the hydraulic diffusion in fractured geologic media and as a result they can be utilized for the interpretation of hydraulic tests, for example to estimate the fracture length.
The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6
Authors: Goelzer Heiko , Nowicki Sophie , Payne Anthony , Larour Eric , Seroussi Helene , Lipscomb William H. , Gregory Jonathan , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Shepherd Andy , Simon Erika , Agosta Cecile , Alexander Patrick , Aschwanden Andy , Barthel Alice , Calov Reinhard , Chambers Christopher , Choi Youngmin , Cuzzone Joshua , Dumas Christophe , Edwards Tamsin , Felikson Denis , Fettweis Xavier , Golledge Nicholas R. , Greve Ralf , Humbert Angelika , Huybrechts Philippe , Le clec'h Sebastien , Lee Victoria , Leguy Gunter , Little Chris , Lowry Daniel P. , Morlighem Mathieu , Nias Isabel , Quiquet Aurelien , Rückamp Martin , Schlegel Nicole-Jeanne , Slater Donald , Smith Robin , Straneo Fiamma , Tarasov Lev , van de Wal Roderik , van den Broeke Michiel
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The Greenland ice sheet is one of the largest contributors to global-mean sea-level rise today and is expected to continue to lose mass as the Arctic continues to warm. The two predominant mass loss mechanisms are increased surface meltwater runoff and mass loss associated with the retreat of marine-terminating outlet glaciers. In this paper we use a large ensemble of Greenland ice sheet models forced by output from a representative subset of CMIP5 global climate models to project ice sheet changes and sea-level rise contributions over the 21st century. The simulations are part of the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6). We estimate the sea-level contribution together with uncertainties due to future climate forcing, ice sheet model formulations and ocean forcing for the two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios RCP8.5 and RCP2.6. The results indicate that the Greenland ice sheet will continue to lose mass in both scenarios until 2100 with contributions of 89 ± 51 mm and 31 ± 16 mm to sea-level rise for RCP8.5 and RCP2.6, respectively. The largest mass loss is expected from the southwest of Greenland, which is governed by surface mass balance changes, continuing what is already observed today. Because the contributions are calculated against a unforced control experiment, these numbers do not include any committed mass loss, i.e. mass loss that would occur over the coming century if the climate forcing remained constant. Under RCP8.5 forcing, ice sheet model uncertainty explains an ensemble spread of 40 mm, while climate model uncertainty and ocean forcing uncertainty account for a spread of 36 mm and 19 mm, respectively. Apart from those formally derived uncertainty ranges, the largest gap in our knowledge is about the physical understanding and implementation of the calving process, i.e. the interaction of the ice sheet with the ocean.
Lettre inédite d’Henri Troyat à Laure Fresneau (1962)
Authors: Woodward Servanne
Published: January 2020

Lettre d’Henri Troyat à Laure Fresneau (1962), à propos de sa pièce Les Vivants, où il révèle s’être inspiré de Boccace, et il regrette de ne pas prendre le temps de la retravailler.
Evaluation of Jackson-Pratt Thoracostomy Drains Compared with Traditional Trocar Type and Guidewire-Inserted Thoracostomy Drains
Authors: Sherman Alec , Holt David , Drobatz Kenneth , Mison Michael
Published: January 2020

A restrospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of and complications among Jackson-Pratt (JP) drains placed as thoracostomy drains, traditional trocar type (TRO) thoracostomy drains, and guidewire (GW)-inserted thoracostomy drains that were placed in open fashion during thoracotomy. Medical records of 65 canine and feline patients who underwent thoracic surgery were evaluated. Dogs and cats who underwent thoracotomy and had a chest drain placed intraoperatively were included. Data retrieved from medical records included signalment, body weight, diagnosis, surgical approach, surgical procedure, type of thoracostomy drain, postoperative analgesia, duration of thoracostomy drain, and postoperative complications. The incidence of complications and number of medications used in pain protocols were compared among types of thoracostomy drains. JP (n = 31), TRO (n = 25), and GW (n = 9) thoracostomy drains were placed in 65 patients. Ten minor (15.3%) and four major (6.2%) complications occurred. Cases with JP thoracostomy drains were significantly less likely to have complications (2 minor, 1 major) than cases with TRO thoracostomy drains (8 minor, 3 major, P = .009). There were no differences in the number of major complications when comparing all three drains individually (P = .350). JP drains and GW drains can be considered as an alternative to traditional TRO thoracostomy drains.
Erosión hídrica en la microcuenca del cauce 31 de diciembre, Nicaragua
Authors: Blanco Chávez M.E.
Published: January 2020

En el presente artículo se aborda la erosión hídrica superficial en la microcuenca del Cauce 31 de Diciembre, Municipio de Managua. El objetivo del estudio fue la determinación de la tasa de erosión hídrica en el área rural de la microcuenca, utilizando la Ecuación Universal Revisada de Pérdida de Suelo (RUSLE), a partir de la erosividad de la lluvia, pendiente del terreno, tipo de suelo, uso de suelo y prácticas de conservación. Se estimó los factores de la ecuación RUSLE en formato raster, y utilizando las herramientas raster del análisis espacial del ArcGIS, se obtuvo el mapa de tasa de erosión hídrica del área rural de la microcuenca en estudio.  El estudio sugiere que la tasa de erosión promedio anual varia de 25 a 100 Ton /(ha-año) en la parte media de la subcuenca, representando un nivel erosivo alto, y de 6 a 25 Ton/(ha-año) en la parte alta, representando un nivel erosivo moderado.
Skepticism about Modern Art
Authors: Lee Alan
Published: January 2020

From the earliest days of abstract and nonobjective art, there have been no widely accepted criteria by which to judge the value or significance of innovation. Only in the visual arts has radical experimentation become the mainstream of creative endeavor, a condition that makes the vocational education of visual artists problematic. The philosopher’s institutional theory stands to describe this condition, but, because it is not a generative theory, it provides no guidance to the aspiring artist or the art educator. The persistence of largely irrelevant “foundation studies” stands to illustrate the unresolved difficulties in tertiary art education. Against this background, I examine the claims of two influential art museum directors, one of whom seeks to justify the processes by which the modern artist rises to fame, while the other attributes progress in modern art to the achievements of individual artists who are exceptional in breaking the rules of the game of modern art as it played at any given time. I argue that the objectivity of these processes of discovery and critical acclaim in contemporary modern art is compromised to an extent that artworld functionaries do not themselves recognize.
Derivation and validation of text search algorithms for renal and adrenal lesion identification in radiology text reports
Authors: Lavallée Luke T. , Knee Christopher , Ross James , Lau Johnathan L. , Mookerji Nikhile , Walraven Carl van
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Most cohort studies are limited by sampling and accrual bias. The capability to detect specific lesions identified in radiological text reports could eliminate these biases and benefit patient care, clinical research, and trial recruitment. This study derived and internally validated text search algorithms to identify four common urological lesions (solid renal masses, complex renal cysts, adrenal masses, and simple renal cysts) using radiology text reports.
Methods: A simple random sample of 10 000 abdominal ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) reports was drawn from our hospital’s data warehouse. Reports were manually reviewed to determine the true status of the four lesions. Using commonly available software, we created logistic regression models having as predictors the status of a priori selected text terms in the report. We used bootstrap sampling with 95th percentile thresholds to select variables for the final models, which were modified into point systems. A second independent, random sample of 2855 reports, stratified by the number of points for each abnormality, was reviewed in a blinded fashion to measure the accuracy of each lesion’s point system.
Results: The prevalence of solid renal mass, complex renal cyst, adrenal mass and simple renal cyst, was 2.0%, 1.7%, 3.2%, and 20.0%, respectively. Each model contained between one and five text terms with c-statistics ranging between 0.66 and 0.90. In the independent validation, the scoring systems accurately predicted the probability that a text report cited the four lesions.
Conclusions: Textual radiology reports can be analyzed using common statistical software to accurately determine the probability that important abnormalities of the kidneys or adrenal glands exist. These methods can be used for case identification or epidemiological studies.
Grain Boundary Effects on Mechanical Properties: Design Approaches in Steel
Authors: Bhargava Gaurav
Published: January 2020

For Poly-crystalline metals, Grain boundary design plays an important role to achieve desired mechanical properties in the final product form which may be a hot rolled or cold rolled coil. The fundamental mechanical properties are yield and tensile strengths, elongation and formability where grain refinement is particularly attractive mechanism for property design. Grain boundary strengthening provides benefits both in terms of fracture toughness and mechanical behavior at lower temperatures particularly in case of hot rolled high strength structural and line pipe steels. For cold rolled steels, grain boundary effects play a crucial role in critical automotive application steels such as Bake Hardening Index in Bake-hardening Steels. Additionally, deep drawability and formability characteristics are also strongly dependent upon grain size. Mechanical properties in steels are controlled majorly by two techniques - chemical composition and Steel processing parameters. Through first method of chemical composition control, during hot rolling, the control of austenite grain size is accomplished, alongside retardation of phase transformation to lower temperature. In second method, steel manufacturing process parameters i.e. hot rolling and coil cooling parameters, cold reduction, and subsequent heat treatment parameters such as annealing play an important role.
Schizorhynchia Meixner, 1928 (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela) of the Iberian Peninsula, with a description of four new species from Portugal
Authors: Gobert Stefan , Monnens Marlies , Eerdekens Lise , Schockaert Ernest , Reygel Patrick , Artois Tom
Published: January 2020

During several sampling campaigns in the regions of Galicia and Andalusia in Spain and the Algarve region in Portugal, specimens of twelve species of schizorhynch rhabdocoels were collected. Four of these are new to science: three species of Proschizorhynchus (P. algarvensis sp. nov., P. arnautsae sp. nov. and P. troglodytus sp. nov.) and one species of Schizochilus (S. coninxae sp. nov.). The new species of Proschizorhynchus can be distinguished from their congeners by the curvature and length of their stylet, as well as the cirrus sheath and the organisation of the genital system. Schizochilus coninxae sp. nov. has a distinct two-part stylet that is unique within the genus. In addition to these new species, new data are reported for the diascorhynchid Diascorhynchus caligatus and the schizorhynchids Carcharodorhynchus multidentatus, C. tenuis, C. flavidus, Proschizorhynchus pectinatus and P. reniformis. Finally, new records for C. flavidus from the Hawaiian archipelago are presented.
Registros de incêndios na região metropolitana de Santarém/PA no período de 2012 a 2016
Authors: Lima Augusto Campos , Pauletto Daniela , Andrade Julio Cesar Galucio de , Silva Jerônimo Monteiro da
Published: January 2020

A legislação brasileira define incêndios florestais como o fogo não controlado em floresta ou em qualquer outra forma de vegetação. O fogo na vegetação acarreta diversos danos, diretos e indiretos, como redução da cobertura do solo, aumento da emissão de carbono e quando este fogo ocorre em áreas urbanas, acarreta um adicional de perigo, por liberar gases nocivos à saúde humana. Teve-se por objetivo, com o presente trabalho, a avaliação quantitativa dos registros de incêndios em formações vegetais na região metropolitana de Santarém, no período de 2012 a 2016. A coleta de dados foi realizada junto ao Centro de Comunicação do 4º Grupamento de Bombeiros de Santarém através do Sistema de Cadastro de Ocorrências de Bombeiros (SISCOB). Para o período de 2012 a 2016, cerca de 2.400 casos de incêndios foram atendidos, tendo a categoria 'fogo na vegetação' apresentado um total de 1.474 ocorrências, com destaque as ocorrências em vegetação do tipo 'mato', com 1.333 casos registrados. O segundo tipo de vegetação mais comprometida no período avaliado foi a 'mata' ou floresta nativa, com 88 ocorrências e, em terceiro, as capoeiras, com 15 ocorrências atendidas. A maior incidência de incêndios na vegetação ocorreu nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro e dezembro, período que compreende a estação de seca na região.
Lodo de estação de tratamento de água como componente para germinação de mudas florestais
Authors: Cunha Geremias Dourado da , Stachiw Rosalvo , Quadros Kenia Michele  de
Published: January 2020

As Estações de Tratamento de Água transformam a água bruta em água potável retirando as partículas indesejáveis através de processos físicos e químicos, gerando um lodo que pode ser altamente tóxico, com destinação incompatível com as diretrizes da Lei 12.305/2010, que prioriza a possibilidade de redução, reuso e reciclagem. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as os atributos químicos do lodo de ETA e o seu potencial na germinação de sementes de Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. Ex) Mattos e de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh sob diferentes concentrações no substrato. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Universidade Federal de Rondônia, município de Rolim de Moura/RO no período de dezembro de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. As características físico-químicas do lodo foram avaliadas por empresa particular e o cultivo das espécies das espécies de ipê e eucalipto foi realizado em bandejas de polietileno drenadas com concentrações crescentes de lodo de ETA de 0%; 15%; 30%; 45% e 60% completadas com proporções iguais de solo + areia grossa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições cada. Diariamente, foi avaliada a porcentagem de germinação (G%) e após a estabilização da germinação, foram calculados o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), tempo médio de germinação (TMG) e velocidade média de germinação (VMG) das sementes. O lodo mostrou-se rico em nutrientes e matéria orgânica, o que pode contribuir com a aeração e retenção de água no substrato, favorecendo a germinação das sementes. Em todos os tratamentos com H. impetiginosus, houve germinação das sementes variando de 12,5% a 90,18%, onde as melhores porcentagens de germinação ocorreram nos tratamentos de maiores concentração de lodo de ETA. Considerando as médias de germinação de sementes, houve diferença significativa no tratamento com 45% de lodo que apresentou os melhores resultados (G% = 90,18%; IVG = 42,15; TMG = 4,40; VMG = 0,224 sementes.dias-1). Em relação ao E. camaldulensis, também houve germinação em todos os tratamentos, variando de 10,71% a 43,75%. Sendo a melhor porcentagem de germinação o tratamento com 15% de lodo (G% = 34,8%) e o tratamento T4 apresentou os melhores valores de IVG (9,32), TMG (4,72) e VMG (0,212 sementes.dias-1). O lodo de ETA apresenta elevadas concentrações de matéria orgânica, macro e micronutriente, portanto, pode contribuir na germinação e crescimento de mudas se for utilizado em concentrações de até 45% de lodo de ETA incorporado a solo e areia.
Motor differentiation`s and cognitive skill in pre-scholar age
Authors: Alesi Marianna , Gómez-López Manuel , Bianco Antonino
Published: January 2020

Little research has been produced about literacy readiness in Kindergarten children at risk for  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), despite this age being one of the most important epoch of motor and cognitive development. In this study we compared pre-literacy skills in Kindergarten children at risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) with Typically Developing (TD) children. Participants were 26 Italian children, who had a mean age of 5.1 years, 13 at risk for DCD and 13 TD attending kindergarten schools. Pre-literacy abilities were measured trough tasks derived by the Italian PRCR-2 battery: Semi-circles (A and B), Letter identification and Object Naming Time. Significant differences were found between children at risk for DCD and TD children on tasks of visual memory of printed signs, visual analysis ability, visual discrimination and attention and sequentiality of eye movements. Findings suggest the need to implement pre-school cognitively challenging motor activities programs to enhance manual dexterity, aiming and catching skills as well as static and dynamic balance at early age

Little research has been produced about literacy readiness in Kindergarten children at risk for  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), despite this age being one of the most important epoch of motor and cognitive development. In this study we compared pre-literacy skills in Kindergarten children at risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) with Typically Developing (TD) children. Participants were 26 Italian children, who had a mean age of 5.1 years, 13 at risk for DCD and 13 TD attending kindergarten schools. Pre-literacy abilities were measured trough tasks derived by the Italian PRCR-2 battery: Semi-circles (A and B), Letter identification and Object Naming Time. Significant differences were found between children at risk for DCD and TD children on tasks of visual memory of printed signs, visual analysis ability, visual discrimination and attention and sequentiality of eye movements. Findings suggest the need to implement pre-school cognitively challenging motor activities programs to enhance manual dexterity, aiming and catching skills as well as static and dynamic balance at early age
Substantial near-infrared radiation-driven photosynthesis of chlorophyll f-containing cyanobacteria in a natural habitat
Authors: Kühl Michael , Trampe Erik , Mosshammer Maria , Johnson Michael , Larkum Anthony WD , Frigaard Niels-Ulrik , Koren Klaus
Published: January 2020

Far-red absorbing chlorophylls are constitutively present as chlorophyll (Chl) d in the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina, or dynamically expressed by synthesis of Chl f, red-shifted phycobiliproteins and minor amounts of Chl d via far-red light photoacclimation in a range of cyanobacteria, which enables them to use near-infrared-radiation (NIR) for oxygenic photosynthesis. While the biochemistry and molecular physiology of Chl f-containing cyanobacteria has been unraveled in culture studies, their ecological significance remains unexplored and no data on their in situ activity exist. With a novel combination of hyperspectral imaging, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and nanoparticle-based O2 imaging, we demonstrate substantial NIR-driven oxygenic photosynthesis by endolithic, Chl f-containing cyanobacteria within natural beachrock biofilms that are widespread on (sub)tropical coastlines. This indicates an important role of NIR-driven oxygenic photosynthesis in primary production of endolithic and other shaded habitats.
Effectiveness of Stepped‐Care Intervention in Overweight and Obese Patients With Medial Tibiofemoral Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Robbins Sarah R. , Melo Luciano R. S. , Urban Hema , Deveza Leticia A. , Asher Rebecca , Johnson Victoria L. , Hunter David J.
Published: January 2020

Objective

To test the effectiveness of a 32‐week, stepped‐care intervention on disease remission rates in overweight and obese patients with medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (OA) compared to controls.

Methods

In this randomized controlled trial, eligible participants were ≥50 years of age with a body mass index of ≥28 kg/m2 and radiographic evidence of medial tibiofemoral OA. Participants were randomized to stepped‐care (n = 87) or control group (n = 84). The stepped‐care group received a 2‐step intervention. The first step consisted of an 18‐week diet and exercise program. The second step consisted of 4 treatment subgroups: 1) diet and exercise maintenance; 2) cognitive–behavioral therapy; 3) unloader knee brace; and 4) muscle strengthening exercises. Allocation into subgroups was based on disease remission state and clinical characteristics. The primary end point was the disease remission rate (yes/no) at 32 weeks, which was reached when participants achieved the Patient Acceptable Symptom State cutoff value for pain and for the patient global assessment of disease activity and/or functional impairment.

Results

Disease remission at 32 weeks was achieved by 18 of 68 (26%) in the control group and 32 of 82 (39%) in the stepped‐care group (difference 12.6% [95% confidence interval –2.3, 27.4], P = 0.10). The stepped‐care group showed an improvement in pain and function between baseline and 20 weeks. While functional improvement was maintained at 32 weeks, pain levels tended to get worse between weeks 20 and 32.

Conclusion

The proposed intervention did not promote a significant difference in the rate of disease remission in comparison to the control group for overweight or obese patients with medial tibiofemoral OA.
Effect of Hydrogen Precharging on Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Pure Titanium
Authors: Liu Shaopeng , Zhang Zhong , Xia Jing , Chen Yungui
Published: January 2020

The electrolytic hydrogen precharging process is used to analyze the influence of hydrogen on the microstructure, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of pure titanium. The results demonstrate that two types of titanium hydrides (δ‐TiHx and ϵ‐TiH2) are detected by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and the volume fraction of titanium hydrides, the local strain caused by hydrogen precipitation, and the thickness of hydrides layer increase with the increase in precharging time. It is noteworthy that the formation of hydrides layer has a protective effect on general corrosion, but the local strain caused by hydrides precipitation leads to the destruction of corrosion resistance, as a result the corrosion resistance of pure titanium increases first and then decreases with the increase in hydrogen precharging time. Moreover, with the precipitation of hydrides, the fracture mode changes from ductile failure to duplex‐ and multimode failure, resulting in the decrease in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation. Therefore, the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the precharged samples first increase and then decrease with the increase in precharging time, reaching their optimum values at 10 h, and the critical precharging time is determined to be 75 h when comparing those properties with pure titanium.
Wood‐Inspired Morphologically Tunable Aligned Hydrogel for High‐Performance Flexible All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhao Yusen , Alsaid Yousif , Yao Bowen , Zhang Yucheng , Zhang Bozhen , Bhuskute Neel , Wu Shuwang , He Ximin
Published: January 2020

Oriented microstructures are widely found in various biological systems for multiple functions. Such anisotropic structures provide low tortuosity and sufficient surface area, desirable for the design of high‐performance energy storage devices. Despite significant efforts to develop supercapacitors with aligned morphology, challenges remain due to the predefined pore sizes, limited mechanical flexibility, and low mass loading. Herein, a wood‐inspired flexible all‐solid‐state hydrogel supercapacitor is demonstrated by morphologically tuning the aligned hydrogel matrix toward high electrode‐materials loading and high areal capacitance. The highly aligned matrix exhibits broad morphological tunability (47–12 µm), mechanical flexibility (0°–180° bending), and uniform polypyrrole loading up to 7 mm thick matrix. After being assembled into a solid‐state supercapacitor, the areal capacitance reaches 831 mF cm−2 for the 12 µm matrix, which is 259% times of the 47 µm matrix and 403% times of nonaligned matrix. The supercapacitor also exhibits a high energy density of 73.8 µWh cm−2, power density of 4960 µW cm−2, capacitance retention of 86.5% after 1000 cycles, and bending stability of 95% after 5000 cycles. The principle to structurally design the oriented matrices for high electrode material loading opens up the possibility for advanced energy storage applications.
Defective 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks for Postfunctionalization
Authors: Li Zhen , Liu Zhi‐Wei , Li Zeyu , Wang Tian‐Xiong , Zhao Fulai , Ding Xuesong , Feng Wei , Han Bao‐Hang
Published: January 2020

Defects are deliberately introduced into covalent organic frameworks (COFs) via a three‐component condensation strategy. The defective COFs (dCOF‐NH2‐Xs, X = 20, 40, and 60) possess favorable crystallinity and porosity, as well as have active amine functional groups as anchoring sites for further postfunctionalization. By introducing imidazolium functional groups onto the pore walls of COFs via the Schiff‐base reaction, dCOF‐ImBr‐Xs‐ and dCOF‐ImTFSI‐Xs‐based materials are employed as all‐solid‐state electrolytes for lithium‐ion conduction with a wide range of working temperatures (from 303 to 423 K), and the ion conductivity of dCOF‐ImTFSI‐60‐based electrolyte reaches 7.05 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 423 K. As far as it is known, it is the highest value for all polymeric crystalline porous material based all‐solid‐state electrolytes. Furthermore, Li/dCOF‐ImTFSI‐60@Li/LiFePO4 all‐solid Li‐ion battery displays satisfactory battery performance under 353 K. This work not only provides a new methodology to construct COFs with precisely controlled defects for postfunctionalization, but also makes them promising candidate materials as all‐solid‐state electrolytes for lithium‐ion batteries operate at high temperatures.
Toward High‐Energy‐Density Lithium Metal Batteries: Opportunities and Challenges for Solid Organic Electrolytes
Authors: Wang Xiaoen , Kerr Robert , Chen Fangfang , Goujon Nicolas , Pringle Jennifer M. , Mecerreyes David , Forsyth Maria , Howlett Patrick C.
Published: January 2020

With increasing demands for safe, high capacity energy storage to support personal electronics, newer devices such as unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as the commercialization of electric vehicles, current energy storage technologies are facing increased challenges. Although alternative batteries have been intensively investigated, lithium (Li) batteries are still recognized as the preferred energy storage solution for the consumer electronics markets and next generation automobiles. However, the commercialized Li batteries still have disadvantages, such as low capacities, potential safety issues, and unfavorable cycling life. Therefore, the design and development of electromaterials toward high‐energy‐density, long‐life‐span Li batteries with improved safety is a focus for researchers in the field of energy materials. Herein, recent advances in the development of novel organic electrolytes are summarized toward solid‐state Li batteries with higher energy density and improved safety. On the basis of new insights into ionic conduction and design principles of organic‐based solid‐state electrolytes, specific strategies toward developing these electrolytes for Li metal anodes, high‐energy‐density cathode materials (e.g., high voltage materials), as well as the optimization of cathode formulations are outlined. Finally, prospects for next generation solid‐state electrolytes are also proposed.
Photoactivated Artificial Molecular Machines that Can Perform Tasks
Authors: Corra Stefano , Curcio Massimiliano , Baroncini Massimo , Silvi Serena , Credi Alberto
Published: January 2020

Research on artificial photoactivated molecular machines has moved in recent years from a basic scientific endeavor toward a more applicative effort. Nowadays, the prospect of reproducing the operation of natural nanomachines with artificial counterparts is no longer a dream but a concrete possibility. The progress toward the construction of molecular‐machine‐based devices and materials in which light irradiation results in the execution of a task as a result of nanoscale movements is illustrated here. After a brief description of a few basic types of photoactivated molecular machines, significant examples of their exploitation to perform predetermined functions are presented. These include switchable catalysts, nanoactuators that interact with cellular membranes, transporters of small molecular cargos, and active joints capable of mechanically coupling molecular‐scale movements. Investigations aimed at harnessing the collective operation of a multitude of molecular machines organized in arrays to perform tasks at the microscale and macroscale in hard and soft materials are also reviewed. Surfaces, gels, liquid crystals, polymers, and self‐assembled nanostructures are described wherein the nanoscale movement of embedded molecular machines is amplified, allowing the realization of muscle‐like actuators, microfluidic devices, and polymeric materials for light energy transduction and storage.
Single Atom Array Mimic on Ultrathin MOF Nanosheets Boosts the Safety and Life of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Yiju , Lin Shuangyan , Wang Dandan , Gao Tingting , Song Jianwei , Zhou Peng , Xu Zhikun , Yang Zhenghao , Xiao Ni , Guo Shaojun
Published: January 2020

The development of Li–S batteries is largely impeded by the growth of Li dendrites and polysulfide shuttling. To solve these two problems simultaneously, herein the study reports a “single atom array mimic” on ultrathin metal organic framework (MOF) nanosheet‐based bifunctional separator for achieving the highly safe and long life Li–S batteries. In the designed separator, the periodically arranged cobalt atoms coordinated with oxygen atoms (CoO4 moieties) exposed on the surface of ultrathin MOF nanosheets, “single atom array mimic”, can greatly homogenize Li ion flux through the strong Li ion adsorption with O atoms at the interface between anode and separator, leading to stable Li striping/plating. Meantime, at the cathode side, the Co single atom array mimic serves as “traps” to suppress polysulfide shuttling by Lewis acid‐base interaction. As a result, the Li–S coin cells with the bifunctional separator exhibit a long cycle life with an ultralow capacity decay of 0.07% per cycle over 600 cycles. Even with a high sulfur loading of 7.8 mg cm−2, an areal capacity of 5.0 mAh cm−2 can be remained after 200 cycles. Moreover, the assembled Li–S pouch cell displays stable cycling performance under various bending angles, demonstrating the potential for practical applications.
Practical Synthesis of High‐Performance Amino Tf‐Amide Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Aldol Reactions
Authors: Lu Hanbin , Lv Jiamin , Zhou Canhua , Kato Terumasa , Liu Yan , Maruoka Keiji
Published: January 2020

A type of optically pure secondary‐amino aromatic Tf‐amide organocatalysts can be easily prepared from commercially available L‐hydroxyproline. The chemical behavior of these organocatalysts was investigated by the application to asymmetric aldol reactions. Among these, catalyst 2 a efficiently catalyzed direct asymmetric aldol reactions of cycloalkanones and substituted benzaldehydes, which afforded the corresponding aldol adducts in good yield with good to excellent anti‐diastereo and enantioselectivity.
Controllable Fabrication of Novel Multi‐Responsive Nano‐Aggregates and Metallacycle Based on Bis‐Acylhydrazone Functionalized Pillar[5]arene
Authors: Li Runan , Jia Qiong , Du Xusheng , Deng Rong , Wang Mengjun , Wang Chunyu , Meguellati Kamel
Published: January 2020

We synthesized a bidentate bispyridylhydrazone functionalized copillar[5]arene (BACP5A), which can self‐assemble through strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. BACP5A self‐assembled into size‐controllable vesicles, with the synergistic interactions of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and internal amphiphilicity, which are responsive to pH, temperature and solvent. BACP5A was used to form a bidentate metal‐ligand coordinated complex with Zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate in which a new rectangular cavity containing hexacoordinated zinc ions occurred between two adjacent BACP5A. This type of coordinated complex may be employed for the development of new macrocyclic‐based artificial enzymes.
Ein Gespür für Sauerstoff: Entdeckung des molekularen Mechanismus der zellulären Sauerstoffregulation rückt die Hydroxylierung von Makromolekülen in den Blickpunkt
Authors: Loenarz Christoph
Published: January 2020

Der diesjährige Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin wird drei Forschern verliehen, die ihre Karriere der Beantwortung einer grundlegenden wissenschaftlichen Fragestellung gewidmet haben: Wie wird in tierischen Zellen eine unzureichende Sauerstoffversorgung signalisiert, und mittels welcher Mechanismen passen sich Zellen auf derart geänderte Bedingungen an? Mit der Identifizierung des Hypoxie‐induzierten Faktors (HIF) und der Aufklärung assoziierter Signalwege bieten sich neue Forschungsansätze zur Therapie von Krebs, Anämie, und verschiedenen kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen. Der ausgeklügelte molekulare Mechanismus des zellulären Sauerstoffsensors führte zu breitem Interesse an der Familie der Eisen(II)/2‐Oxoglutarat‐abhängigen Enzyme – zuvor primär im Kontext komplexer Naturstoffbiosynthese bekannt. Neben substantiellem Fortschritt im Verständnis der Hydroxylierung biologischer Makromoleküle ermöglicht das Werk der diesjährigen Preisträger die Beschreitung neuer Wege für molekulare Wissenschaftler auf vielfältigen Gebieten wie C‐H‐Aktivierung, PROTAC‐Technologie, medizinische Chemie und Epigenetik.
Wiederaufladbare Calcium‐Batterien
Authors: Nielson Kevin V. , Liu T. Leo
Published: January 2020

Calcium‐Batterien sind eine potenziell nachhaltige Batterietechnologie mit hoher Energiedichte. Die Entwicklung von Ca‐Batterien wird nun durch einen kürzlich eingeführten Ca‐Elektrolyten ermöglicht, der in der Lage ist, bei Raumtemperatur eine reversible Abscheidung/Strippung von Ca zu bewirken.
Approaching the Integer‐Charge Transfer Regime in Molecularly Doped Oligothiophenes by Efficient Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Liu Jiang Tian , Hase Hannes , Taylor Sarah , Salzmann Ingo , Forgione Pat
Published: January 2020

A library of symmetrical linear oligothiophene was prepared employing decarboxylative cross‐coupling reaction as the key transformation. Thiophene potassium carboxylate salts were used as cross‐coupling partners without the need of co‐catalyst, base, or additives. This method demonstrates complete chemoselectivity and is a comprehensive greener approach compared to the existing methods. The modularity of this approach is demonstrated with the preparation of discreet oligothiophenes with up to 10 thiophene repeat units. Symmetrical oligothiophenes are prototypical organic semiconductors where their molecular electrical doping as a function of the chain length can be assessed spectroscopically. An oligothiophene critical length for integer charge transfer was observed to be 10 thiophene units, highlighting the potential use of discrete oligothiophenes as doped conduction or injection layers in organic electronics applications.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,12‐Disubstituted [4]Helicenes
Authors: Hartung Thierry , Machleid Rafael , Simon Martin , Golz Christopher , Alcarazo Manuel
Published: January 2020

A highly enantioselective synthesis of 1,12‐disubstituted [4]carbohelicenes is reported. The key step for the developed synthetic route is a Au‐catalyzed intramolecular alkyne hydroarylation, which is achieved with good to excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivity by employing TADDOL‐derived (TADDOL=α,α,α,α‐tetraaryl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dimethanol) α‐cationic phosphonites as ancillary ligands. Moreover, an appropriate design of the substrate makes the assembly of [4]helicenes of different substitution patterns possible, thus demonstrating the synthetic utility of the method. The absolute stereochemistry of the newly prepared structures was determined by X‐ray crystallography and characterization of their photophysical properties is also reported.
Dawn of Calcium Batteries
Authors: Nielson Kevin V. , Liu T. Leo
Published: January 2020

Calcium batteries are a potentially sustainable, high‐energy‐density battery technology beyond Li ion batteries. Now the development of Ca batteries has become possible with a newly invented Ca electrolyte capable of reversible Ca deposition/stripping at room temperature.