bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy Alexandrov Topologies Associated to Fuzzy Interval Orders
Authors: Bosi Gianni , Panozzo Chiaramaria , Zuanon Magal`ı Ernestine
Published: October 2020

We characterize the fuzzy T0 - Alexandrov topologies on a crisp set X, which are associated to fuzzy interval orders R on X. In this way, we generalize a well known result by Rabinovitch (1978), according to which a crisp partial order is a crisp interval order if and only if the family of all the strict upper sections of the partial order is nested.
Effects of Yeast Concentration and Total Soluble Solids on the Quality of Wine Produced from Pineapple
Authors: Udeagha E. C. , Ishiwu C. N. , Obiora C. U. , Iwouno J. O.
Published: October 2020

This research was carried out to determine the effects of yeast concentration and total soluble solids on the quality of wine produced from pineapple. The experiment was a Response Surface Methodology in the form of Rotatable Central Composite Design (RCCD). Ripe pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus) was processed using pressure extraction to obtain the juice. The juice was divided into thirteen (13) portions. Each portion’s total soluble solids was adjusted using sugar syrup and then pitched with specified yeast concentration. All the thirteen (13) samples were fermented for 168 h at 25±3 °C and aged for seven weeks. The wine was analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, ash content, final total soluble solids and alcohol content using standard methods. The sensory attributes (colour, aroma, taste, mouth-feel, texture and general acceptability) of the wines were analyzed by a twenty-five member panelist using 9-point hedonic scale. The results of the physico-chemical analysis of the pineapple wines showed that pH , titratable acidity (tartaric acid) content, alcohol and final total soluble solids ranged from 3.58 – 4.58, 0.33 – 0.59 %, 4.33 – 10.66 %v/v, 3.35 – 5.65 °Brix respectively. The ash content ranged from 0.20 – 0.50 %. The mean sensory scores for colour, taste, aroma, texture, mouth-feel and general acceptance ranged from 3.28 – 7.96, 4.08 – 6.68, 4.04 – 5.96, 4.16 – 5.32, 4.00 – 5.84 and 4.04 – 6.72 respectively.  The mouthfeel of the pineapple wine samples did not differ significantly (P ≥ .05). Taste and alcohol exhibited significant model (P < .05), and were fitted into regression models. Pineapple has been found suitable for wine production. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var cerevisiae concentration of 6 %v/v and total soluble solids of 25 °Brix is suitable for production of pineapple wine and should be adopted.
Cognitive Dissonance: A Psychological Unrest
Authors: Dilakshini V. L. , Kumar S. Mohan
Published: October 2020

Cognitive dissonance is a phenomenon which will be created based on the discomfort experience when two cognitions are mismatch with each other. This study reviews some literature (nearly twenty-five (25) articles based on cognitive dissonance in past to give a clear picture regarding the cognitive dissonance in order to make the human beings away from stress and negative feeling. A cognition is a piece of a knowledge which can be, thought, attitude, personal value and behaviour. All of the human being prefer that their world should be associate with their cognitions. So, cognitive dissonance can be making a human being under stressful condition. People tend to seek uniformity in their attitudes and perceptions, so this battle creates feelings of unease or discomfort. This discrepancy between what people believe and how they behave stimulates people to engage in actions that will help to minimize their feelings of discomfort. In order to cope up with tension, humans are carrying out several strategies, such as rejecting the new information, explaining away or avoiding new information. Cognitive dissonance isn’t necessarily a bad thing. It can be positive, if we make positive changes in our beliefs when we realize that our beliefs and actions are odd. Not everyone experiences cognitive dissonance to the same degree. Some people have a higher tolerance for uncertainty and inconsistency. Even, based on the personality of a human also will decide how to tolerate the dissonance in an effective manner to reach a healthy life.
Assessment of the Cost-Benefits of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies of Cassava-Based Farmers in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Ukoha Adanna Henri-
Published: October 2020

The study examined the assessment of the cost-benefits of climate change adaptation strategies of cassava-based farmers in Southern Nigeria. About 300 cassava-based farmers were selected using simple random sampling. Primary data were obtained through administration of questionnaire, interview schedule and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, Net Return model and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). The findings of this study revealed that more than 55% of the cassava crop farmers indicated depletion of the ozone layer as the most cause of climate change in the area. The net returns of the cassava production were estimated at ₦215,240.86 ($614.97) and the gross marginal returns of ₦220,078.86 ($628.80) respectively. This indicates that cassava production using the adaptation strategies is profitable. Conservational agriculture recorded the highest internal rate of return of 68% over other adaptation strategies with Net Present Value of E399.53. The factor analysis revealed the major constraints in using climate change adaptation strategies as high cost of labor, inadequate information on climate change issues, high cost and scarcity of inputs, insecurity, poor extension services and low response from government among others. Farmers should be encouraged to practice conservation techniques as the cost-effective and efficient climate change adaptation strategies in the study area. Government support in bridging the gap between climate change and crop farmers’ adaptation strategies and farm inputs provisions at a subsidized rate were recommended.
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Lannea acida (a. rich) Stem Bark Extract
Authors: Olatunji O. A. , Ihediuche C. I. , Bolaji O. W. , Akala A. O. , Edet S. E. , Oladipo A. D.
Published: October 2020

The persistent resistance of micro-organisms necessitates the need to intensify studies on the use of possible strategies for proper control of pathogens using extracts from natural products. The stem bark of Lannea acida was extracted by two methods of extraction: Cold and Soxhlet (continuous) extraction. The extract of the stem bark was screened to confirm the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides in all the samples of ethanol and hexane/acetone/methanol mixture extracts. The phytochemicals examined varied among the stem bark extracts of other solvents (hexane, chloroform, acetone, and methanol). The result of the antimicrobial test shows that the stem bark extracts exhibited efficacy against some microbes (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) that were employed for the study by exhibiting clear inhibition/clearance zones against these microbes which ranges from 06 mm -21 mm. The plant stem bark could therefore be seen as a potential natural source for useful antimicrobial drugs.
Social and Economic Effect of Comprehensive Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Children: A Review
Authors: Marianian Anait Yuryevna , Molchanova Elena Vladimirovna
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and its effects on the developing fetus are a serious global healthcare issue. The damage caused by alcohol goes far beyond mother’s health and spreads to the child’s physical and mental health.

Aim of Review: Analysis of existing approaches in organizing the necessary rehabilitation programs and preventing the consequences of drinking alcohol during pregnancy, assessing the potential socio-economic effect of organizing comprehensive prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal-alcohol spectrum of disorders (FASD).

Materials and Methods: Children with FAS and influence of consequences of FAS/FASD on the nation’s material well-being conducted in Russia and abroad were analyzed by studying various published literature. Necessary rehabilitation measures for children with FAS/FASD were identified; analyzed international studies on the economic implications of the FAS/FASD; economic costs for medical and correctional services for children with FAS/FASD in Russia were assessed.

Results: This review found that the Not all children with FAS/FASD are mentally retarded, they have behavioral disorders and the development of the emotional-volitional sphere is significantly behind the age norms. So, at 10-12 years of age, these children are still not contractual and cannot remain without adult supervision even for several hours. They require ongoing parental or tutor support. The range of disorders in fetal alcohol syndrome is very diverse, therefore, each child requires an individual approach in the formation of a rehabilitation program, which significantly increases costs in general and requires the involvement of highly qualified specialists.

Conclusion: There is a need for additional economic calculations to scale up a comprehensive prevention program throughout the country. It is also important to note that the implementation of preventive measures does not eliminate the need for organizing assistance programs for families raising children with FAS/FASD.
Teratogenic Effect of Chlorpyrifos and Glyphosate on Pregnant Rats: Biochemical and Morphological Evaluations
Authors: Upadhyay Jyoti , Rana Mahendra , Tiwari Nidhi , Ansari Mohd Nazam
Published: October 2020

The impact of pesticides on the environment and human health is a serious matter of concern. The present study focusses on the teratogenic effect of pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and glyphosate (GLY) on the pregnant rats and their offspring during gestation and lactation period. The female rats were exposed to these pesticides (CPF and GLY) throughout their pregnancy at a dose of 10 mg/kg. The biochemical markers and lipid profile of pesticides exposed pregnant rats were analyzed. The maternal and reproductive outcome was also assessed followed by rat pups morphometric analysis. A significant alteration in the blood glucose level, triglycerides, total cholesterol, SGOT, and SGPT levels were observed in pesticide exposed groups. The body weight, crown-rump length, eye length, eye width, hind limb, and forelimb size of rat neonates were significantly found to be lower in the pesticide exposed group when compared with the control animals. Morphological abnormalities like microcephaly, microtia, micromelia, dysmorphogenesis, distorted axis abdominal, and brain hemorrhages were observed in pesticide exposed rat neonates. Skeletal observations of the CPF exposed group show disruptive malformations, wavy ribs, and curved spinal cord. Intraventricular and spinal cord hemorrhages were observed in 21 days old rat pups in GLY treated group. Findings of the present study indicate that exposure to pesticides during the gestation period causes the morphological abnormalities in rat fetuses by altering the mechanisms involved in growth and development. Thus, on the basis of observed results, we concluded the teratogenic effects of CPF and GLY in rats.
Optimization of Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Medicinal Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis L.)
Authors: Dyshlyuk Lyubov S. , Fedorova Anastasia M. , Dolganyuk Vyacheslav F. , Prosekov Alexander Yu.
Published: October 2020

Medicinal plants are potential natural sources of biologically active substances that have geroprotective properties, slowing down the aging process. Vegetable raw materials are used as antioxidants in the food industry. Pulmonaria officinalis L. has a high content of biologically active substances. The purpose of this work is to determine the operating parameters for extracting the maximum amount of biologically active substances from Pulmonaria officinalis L. by extracting ethanol and finding sources of natural antioxidants.The antioxidant activity of several ethanol extracts of Pulmonaria officinalis L. – 30-70% with a step of 10 ethanol obtained from the dried root culture of the medicinal plant of biologically active substances was determined. The total content of polyphenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins was estimated. According to the data obtained, the relationship between the values determined for the biologically active substances presented and the values of antioxidant activity was revealed. Extracts of Pulmonaria officinalis L. showed a high yield of polyphenolic compounds-889.39±4.29 mcg of Gallic acid/ml, flavonoids-728.90±6.98 mcg of rutin/ml, proanthocyanidins-211.65±5.31 mcg of catechin/ml at an ethyl alcohol concentration of 60% and an extraction temperature of 50°C in 4 hours. The antioxidant activity using 2 methods: A spectrophotometric method DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the FRAP method (iron reducing/antioxidant power) was investigated. During DPPH spectrophotometric analysis, the antioxidant activity is equal to 86.96% for polyphenols, 75.47% for flavonoids, and 51.25% for proanthocyanidins. FRAP analysis showed that extracts with operating parameters had a pronounced antioxidant activity (tэ= 4 ч; Tэ= 50°C; Сэ= 60%)и (tэ= 5 ч; Tэ= 60°C; Сэ, = 70%).
Distribution of COVID-19 by Sex and Age Groups and Its Association with Travel and Contact History: An Overview of Early Epidemic
Authors: Khan Hamzullah , Khan Zahid , Afridi Saadullah , Bari Fazli
Published: October 2020

Objectives: To determine the frequency of COVID-19 and its association with age, gender, travel and exposure.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in COVID-19 clinic, Qazi Hussain Ahmed Medical Complex, Nowshera, from February 2020 to April 2020. A total of 260 suspects were included under strict criteria. Patients received in general OPD and emergencies were excluded. Data was entered in a format in SPSS version 25 for analysis and reporting. Descriptive, inferential and correlation statistics were used.

Results: Out of a total 260 of suspects/patients, 66(25.4%) females and 194(74.6%) were males. The nasopharyngeal swabs of 63(24.23%) cases were sent for viral detection selected for PCR testing on the bases of a scoring system. Out of 63 cases 18(6.92%) were COVID-19 positive, 32(12.30%) negative and results of 12(4.61%) were still awaited. The estimated relative risk in male gender was rr=1.08, 95%CI, 0.77-1.55 and in age group>60 years was rr=2.27, 95%CI, 1.35-5.14. There was a positive statistically significant correlation of disease in patients with contact and travel history (p=0.05, rho=0.12; p=0.001, rho=0.34), respectively.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the age>50 years has higher susceptibility for COVID-19. Similarly, infectivity with 2019-nCoV has a statistically significant correlation with travel history, contact history and age.
Simple phantom fabrication for MRI‐based HDR brachytherapy applicator commissioning
Authors: Fagerstrom Jessica M. , Kaur Sukhjit
Published: October 2020

A new high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy program was initiated in a community hospital setting, with the goal of using magnetic resonance (MR) images with the implant in place during the planning process. Physics acceptance testing and commissioning was completed for key program components, including multiple applicators. To image new applicators for MRI‐based planning prior to use with patients, agar gel doped with copper sulfate was created using simple, MR‐safe household materials as a practical and inexpensive alternative to custom‐machined precision phantoms. Applicators in‐phantom were scanned in a 1.5 T MRI scanner using the same sequences developed for the brachytherapy program, then rigidly registered to high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) images to assess distortion, artifact, and geometric displacement. To date, Varian tandem and ring sets, segmented cylinders, cervical probes, endometrial applicators; and third‐party plastic needles, tandems, and vaginal guides have been imaged in phantom and are available for use clinically.
Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy‐associated morbidity in Covid‐19 patients
Authors: Liotta Eric M. , Batra Ayush , Clark Jeffrey R. , Shlobin Nathan A. , Hoffman Steven C. , Orban Zachary S. , Koralnik Igor J.
Published: October 2020

Objective

Covid‐19 can involve multiple organs including the nervous system. We sought to characterize the neurologic manifestations, their risk factors, and associated outcomes in hospitalized patients with Covid‐19.

Methods

We examined neurologic manifestations in 509 consecutive patients admitted with confirmed Covid‐19 within a hospital network in Chicago, Illinois. We compared the severity of Covid‐19 and outcomes in patients with and without neurologic manifestations. We also identified independent predictors of any neurologic manifestations, encephalopathy, and functional outcome using binary logistic regression.

Results

Neurologic manifestations were present at Covid‐19 onset in 215 (42.2%), at hospitalization in 319 (62.7%), and at any time during the disease course in 419 patients (82.3%). The most frequent neurologic manifestations were myalgias (44.8%), headaches (37.7%), encephalopathy (31.8%), dizziness (29.7%), dysgeusia (15.9%), and anosmia (11.4%). Strokes, movement disorders, motor and sensory deficits, ataxia, and seizures were uncommon (0.2 to 1.4% of patients each). Severe respiratory disease requiring mechanical ventilation occurred in 134 patients (26.3%). Independent risk factors for developing any neurologic manifestation were severe Covid‐19 (OR 4.02; 95% CI 2.04–8.89; P < 0.001) and younger age (OR 0.982; 95% CI 0.968–0.996; P = 0.014). Of all patients, 362 (71.1%) had a favorable functional outcome at discharge (modified Rankin Scale 0–2). However, encephalopathy was independently associated with worse functional outcome (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.11–0.42; P < 0.001) and higher mortality within 30 days of hospitalization (35 [21.7%] vs. 11 [3.2%] patients; P < 0.001).

Interpretation

Neurologic manifestations occur in most hospitalized Covid‐19 patients. Encephalopathy was associated with increased morbidity and mortality, independent of respiratory disease severity.
Bioimprint Mediated Label‐Free Isolation of Pancreatic Tumor Cells from a Healthy Peripheral Blood Cell Population
Authors: Pelle Marie , Das Anupam A. K. , Madden Leigh A. , Paunov Vesselin N.
Published: October 2020

New techniques are required for earlier diagnosis and response to treatment of pancreatic cancer. Here, a label‐free approach is reported in which circulating pancreatic tumor cells are isolated from healthy peripheral blood cells via cell bioimprinting technology. The method involves pre‐fabrication of pancreatic cell layers and sequential casting of cell surfaces with a series of custom‐made resins to produce negative cell imprints. The imprint is functionalized with a combination of polymers to engineer weak attraction to the cells which is further amplified by the increased area of contact with the matching cells. A flow‐through bioimprint chip is designed and tested for selectivity toward two pancreatic tumor cell lines, ASPC‐1 and Mia‐PaCa‐2. Healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are spiked with pancreatic tumor cells at various concentrations. Bioimprints are designed for preferential retention of the matching pancreatic tumor cells and with respect to PBMCs. Tumor bioimprints are capable of capturing and concentrating pancreatic tumor cells from a mixed cell population with increased retention observed with the number of seedings. ASPC‐1 bioimprints preferentially retain both types of pancreatic tumor cells. This technology could be relevant for the collection and interrogation of liquid biopsies, early detection, and relapse monitoring of pancreatic cancer patients.
Hyaluronic Acid of Low Molecular Weight Triggers the Invasive “Hummingbird” Phenotype on Gastric Cancer Cells
Authors: Amorim Sara , Soares da Costa Diana , Pashkuleva Iva , Reis Celso A. , Reis Rui L. , Pires Ricardo A.
Published: October 2020

The overproduction and deposition of hyaluronic acid (HA) of different sizes in the tumor microenvironment is associated with cancer metastasis. Here, the development of layer‐by‐layer (LbL) constructs containing HA of different molecular weights (i.e., 5.6, 618, and 1450 kDa) that mimic the HA‐rich cancer extracellular matrix is described to study the effect of the HA's size on the behavior of gastric cancer cells (AGS). The results demonstrate that LbL constructs with short HA, i.e., 5.6 kDa, activate the cytoskeleton rearrangement leading to the “hummingbird” morphology, promote high cellular motility, and activate signaling pathways with increased expression of p‐ERK1/2 and p‐AKT. In addition, it is demonstrated that this malignant transformation involves an active participation of the HA coreceptor RHAMM in AGS cells.
Tuning Fermi Levels in Intrinsic Antiferromagnetic Topological Insulators MnBi2Te4 and MnBi4Te7 by Defect Engineering and Chemical Doping
Authors: Du Mao‐Hua , Yan Jiaqiang , Cooper Valentino R. , Eisenbach Markus
Published: October 2020

MnBi2Te4 and MnBi4Te7 are intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulators, offering a promising materials platform for realizing exotic topological quantum states. However, high densities of intrinsic defects in these materials not only cause bulk metallic conductivity, preventing the measurement of quantum transport in surface states, but may also affect magnetism and topological properties. In this paper, systematic density functional theory calculations reveal specific material chemistry and growth conditions that determine the defect formation and dopant incorporation in MnBi2Te4 and MnBi4Te7. The large strain induced by the internal heterostructure promotes the formation of large‐size‐mismatched antisite defects and substitutional dopants. The results here show that the abundance of antisite defects is responsible for the observed n‐type metallic conductivity. A Te‐rich growth condition is predicted to reduce the bulk free electron density, which is confirmed by experimental synthesis and transport measurements in MnBi2Te4. Furthermore, Na doping is proposed to be an effective acceptor dopant to pin the Fermi level within the bulk band gap to enable the observation of surface quantum transport. The defect engineering and doping strategies proposed here should stimulate further studies for improving synthesis and for manipulating magnetic and topological properties in MnBi2Te4, MnBi4Te7, and related magnetic topological insulators.
How Much Physical Guidance is Needed to Orient Growing Axons in 3D Hydrogels?
Authors: Rose Jonas C. , Gehlen David B. , Omidinia‐Anarkoli Abdolrahman , Fölster Maaike , Haraszti Tamás , Jaekel Esther E. , De Laporte Laura
Published: October 2020

Directing cells is essential to organize multi‐cellular organisms that are built up from subunits executing specific tasks. This guidance requires a precisely controlled symphony of biochemical, mechanical, and structural signals. While many guiding mechanisms focus on 2D structural patterns or 3D biochemical gradients, injectable material platforms that elucidate how cellular processes are triggered by defined 3D physical guiding cues are still lacking but crucial for the repair of soft tissues. Herein, a recently developed anisotropic injectable hybrid hydrogel (Anisogel) contains rod‐shaped microgels that orient in situ by a magnetic field and has propelled studying 3D cell guidance. Here, the Anisogel is used to investigate the dependence of axonal guidance on microgel dimensions, aspect ratio, and distance. While large microgels result in high material anisotropy, they significantly reduce neurite outgrowth and thus the guidance efficiency. Narrow and long microgels enable strong axonal guidance with maximal outgrowth including cell sensing over distances of tens of micrometers in 3D. Moreover, nerve cells decide to orient inside the Anisogel within the first three days, followed by strengthening of the alignment, which goes along with oriented fibronectin deposition. These findings demonstrate the potential of the Anisogel to tune structural and mechanical parameters for specific applications.
Biomineralized Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles Potentiate Safe and Efficient Tumor Microenvironment Reprogramming for Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Qing Shuang , Lyu Chengliang , Zhu Li , Pan Chao , Wang Shuang , Li Feng , Wang Jianghua , Yue Hua , Gao Xiaoyong , Jia Rongrong , Wei Wei , Ma Guanghui
Published: October 2020

The highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in solid tumors often dampens the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this study, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are demonstrated as powerful immunostimulants for TME reprogramming. To overcome the obstacles of antibody‐dependent clearance and high toxicity induced by OMVs upon intravenous injection (a classic clinically relevant delivery mode), calcium phosphate (CaP) shells are employed to cover the surface of OMVs, which enables potent OMV‐based TME reprograming without side effects. Meanwhile, the pH‐sensitive CaP shells facilitate the neutralization of acidic TME, leading to highly beneficial M2‐to‐M1 polarization of macrophages for improved antitumor effect. Moreover, the outer shells can be integrated with functional components like folic acid or photosensitizer agents, which facilitates the use of the OMV‐based platform in combination therapies for a synergic therapeutic effect.
Emerging Prospects of Exosomes for Cancer Treatment: From Conventional Therapy to Immunotherapy
Authors: Nam Gi‐Hoon , Choi Yoonjeong , Kim Gi Beom , Kim Seohyun , Kim Seong A , Kim In‐San
Published: October 2020

Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles of around 100 nm in diameter that are secreted by most cells and contain various bioactive molecules reflecting their cellular origin and mediate intercellular communication. Studies of these exosomal features in tumor pathogenesis have led to the development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches using exosomes for cancer therapy. Exosomes have many advantages for conveying therapeutic agents such as small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, membrane‐associated proteins, and chemotherapeutic compounds; thus, they are considered a prime candidate as a delivery tool for cancer treatment. Since exosomes also provide an optimal microenvironment for the effective function of immunomodulatory factors, exosomes harboring bioactive molecules have been bioengineered as cancer immunotherapies that can effectively activate each stage of the cancer immunity cycle to successfully elicit cancer‐specific immunity. This review discusses the advantages of exosomes for treating cancer and the challenges that must be overcome for their successful clinical development.
An Organelle‐Specific Nanozyme for Diabetes Care in Genetically or Diet‐Induced Models
Authors: Zhou Yanfeng , Liu Chang , Yu Yun , Yin Min , Sun Jinli , Huang Jing , Chen Nan , Wang Hui , Fan Chunhai , Song Haiyun
Published: October 2020

The development of nanozymes has made active impact in diagnosis and therapeutics. However, understanding of the full effects of these nanozymes on biochemical pathways and metabolic homeostasis remains elusive. Here, it is found that iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), a type of well‐established nanozyme, can locally regulate the energy sensor adenosine 5′‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) via their peroxidase‐like activity in the acidic lysosomal compartment, thereby promoting glucose metabolism and insulin response. Fe3O4 NPs induce AMPK activation and enhance glucose uptake in a variety of metabolically active cells as well as in insulin resistant cell models. Dietary Fe3O4 NPs display therapeutic effects on hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in Drosophila models of diabetes induced by genetic manipulation or high‐sugar diet. More importantly, intraperitoneal administration of Fe3O4 NPs stimulates AMPK activities in metabolic tissues, reduces blood glucose levels, and improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diabetic ob/ob mice. The study reveals intrinsic organelle‐specific properties of Fe3O4 NPs in AMPK activation, glycemic control, and insulin‐resistance improvement, suggesting their potential efficacy in diabetes care.
CLeANFIT – Contact‐Less Axial Nearfield‐Based Fluorescence Imaging Topography: A Method for 3D Micro‐ and Nanotopography Characterization
Authors: Ghaeli Ima , Adão Ricardo M. R. , Nieder Jana B.
Published: October 2020

A nearfield‐based topographic imaging method is presented to obtain 3D micro‐/nanotopography in labelled structures over lateral ranges of hundreds of micrometers with an axial thickness from 1000 nm to thin layers of below 100 nm. The contactless axial nearfield‐based fluorescence imaging topography (CLeANFIT) nanometrology technique is based on a modified model used in nearfield‐based super‐resolution imaging and sensing. The modified approach allows converting fluorescence lifetimes into nanoscale thicknesses of a fluorescent material in the nearfield of a metal surface. CLeANFIT is used to characterize the drying process of a fluorophore‐doped poly(vinyl alcohol)/water droplet and it allows to quantify the nanomorphological patterns formed during and after drying. CLeANFIT allows axial resolution similar to tip scanning techniques, while remaining contact‐free. Therefore, no damage occurs to the target allowing in situ studies. The final drying stage of droplet is analyzed through quantifying contact line dynamics. The axial sensitivity of CLeANFIT, makes it an exceptional technique to study interactions and dynamic phenomena at the liquid/solid interfaces in nanoscale dimensions, relevant for the development of novel nanomaterials, nanocoatings, and hybrid nanotechnology‐enabled integrated chips, that may be fabricated via nanoinkjet printing, photolithography, nanoimprint lithography, or other micro‐/nanofabrication techniques.
Degradation of Black Phosphorus and Strategies to Enhance Its Ambient Lifetime
Authors: van Druenen M.
Published: October 2020

Exfoliation of black phosphorus (BP) into phosphorene has led to the discovery of its semiconducting properties and tunable bandgap, enabling its use in a range of applications including transistors, batteries, and sensors. However, BP's ambient instability poses a considerable challenge to its incorporation into functional devices. Observed changes to the surface chemistry of BP during degradation has recently provided insight into the degradation pathways. In this review, degradation mechanisms are discussed including the effect of oxidants, such as oxygen, water, and light, on BP degradation. Additionally, a comprehensive overview on the progress made in characterizing the surface chemistry of BP is provided, as well as the methods employed to enhance its ambient stability including capping layers, covalent and noncovalent functionalization, solvent passivation, and polymer‐based protection strategies. The effect of various protection strategies on the ambient lifetime of BP and their influence on the properties of BP are discussed.
Controlled Growth of Edge‐Enriched ReS2 Nanoflowers on Carbon Cloth Using Chemical Vapor Deposition for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhao Yajuan , Li Jianguo , Huang Jianfeng , Feng Liangliang , Cao Liyun , Feng Yongqiang , Zhang Zhaohui , Xie Yong , Wang Haolin
Published: October 2020

Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) has attracted tremendous interests as a promising electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its unique distorted 1T structure. However, the controllable synthesis of ReS2 with desired nanostructures is still a challenge for improving its catalytic performance. Here, ReS2 nanoflowers are constructed on conductive carbon cloth by means of ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition. Characterization results confirm that the nanoflower structure with enormous edges is attributed to its propensity of out‐of‐plane growth. To investigate the structure variation of the nanoflowers, systematic growth experiments are carried out. By tuning the growth temperature, gas flow rate, and precursor mass, the edge‐exposed architecture is achieved. The dependence of catalytic performance on microstructures is further established, revealing that the ReS2 nanoflowers with maximized edge sites exhibit optimal catalytic performance. These findings provide a guideline for optimizing the HER performance of ReS2 and broaden the vision of improving novel HER catalysts.
Controlled Cooperative Wetting Enabled Heterogeneous Structured 3D Morphing Transducers
Authors: Sridhar Sreepathy , Wang Cong , Terry Jonathan G. , Chen Xue , Sun Ansu , Li Zhenghong , Lv Haibao , Xu Ben Bin , Li Yifan
Published: October 2020

A unique microfluidics approach for functional hydrogel patterning with multilayered heterogeneous structures is presented. Prepolymer solution droplets with differentiated sodium acrylate concentrations are dispensed/printed in a wetting‐controlled “two‐parallel plate” (TPP, like a Hele‐Shaw Cell) system. The gelation within the system enables hydrogel bilayer structures with reconfigurable 3D deformations driven by in‐plane and through‐thickness heterogeneity under stimuli‐responsive mask‐less swelling/deswelling. The cooperation between swelling mismatch of functional groups results in a higher complexity of 3D reconfiguration in responding to discrete levels of stimulation inputs. This facile patterning technology with an in‐built ionic hierarchy can be scaled up/down with advanced transducing functionalities in various fields.
Ultraviolet‐Assisted Construction of Nitrogen‐Rich Ag@Ti3C2Tx MXene for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis and Supercapacitor
Authors: Yuan Zeyu , Wang Lili , Cao Junming , Zhao Lianjia , Han Wei
Published: October 2020

To achieve highly efficient energy storage and conversion in electrochemical energy devices, the research of rationally designed method is crucial to improve performances of MXene‐based catalysts and electrodes. Herein, an ultraviolet‐assisted strategy is demonstrated to synthesize Ag@N‐doping Ti3C2Tx (Ag@N‐Ti3C2Tx) composites and N‐promoted free electron number and the electron bound in Mxene are used to generally boost the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysis and supercapacitor performance. The prepared Ag@N‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst displays a high catalytic ability with an overpotentials of −153 mV and corresponding Tafel slopes (137.9 mV dec−1) lower than pristine Ti3C2Tx catalysts (−156.7 mV dec−1). Theoretical analysis and refined structural characterization indicate that the HER activity correlates well with the structural characteristic, active components, and electronic structure. As an electrode material for supercapacitors, the nano‐Ag@N‐Ti3C2Tx exhibits high specific capacity of 223.3 F g−1, outstanding capacity retention rate of about 68% from 1 to 10 A g−1 in rate performance and 96% capacity retention after 2000 cycles in stable performance. The synthetic approach offers a new vision for tuning the electrocatalytic activities of N‐rich Ag@MXene materials.
On‐Chip Multi‐Mode Manipulation via 2D Refractive‐Index Perturbation on a Waveguide
Authors: Yao Chunhui , Wang Zhen , Wang Hongwei , He Yu , Zhang Yong , Su Yikai
Published: October 2020

Generation and manipulation of optical modes are of general interest to the photonics community. Mode conversion is an essential requirement in mode‐division multiplexed systems. In this paper, a scalable method to simultaneously manipulate multiple waveguide modes on chip is proposed. As one experimental demonstration, simultaneous multi‐mode conversion processes have been achieved on a waveguide. The device is realized via an all‐dielectric 2D structure on the silicon waveguide by shallow etching with hexagonal patterns. In the experiment, the device simultaneously converts the TEi modes to the TEi+3 (i = 0, 1, and 2) modes. The length of the multi‐mode converter is 16.2 µm. The TE0–TE3, TE1–TE4, and TE2–TE5 mode conversion processes exhibit low insertion losses (0.4 to 1.0 dB) and reasonable crosstalk values (−14.1 to −16.5 dB) at 1538 nm. The scalability of the converter is also verified by simulations.
Facile Microfluidic Fabrication of 3D Hydrogel SERS Substrate with High Reusability and Reproducibility via Programmable Maskless Flow Microlithography
Authors: Shin Yoonkyung , Jeon Inkyu , You Younghoon , Song Gwangho , Lee Tae Kyung , Oh Jongwon , Son Changil , Baek Dahye , Kim Dowon , Cho Heesu , Hwang Hyeri , Kim Taeyoung , Kwak Sang Kyu , Kim Jungwook , Lee Jiseok
Published: October 2020

In the field of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), advances in nanotechnology and surface chemistry have contributed to fabricating the metal substrates with highly sophisticated architectures and strong binding affinity to target molecules which enhanced the sensitivity to target molecules. However, the elaborate yet complicated steps for the synthesis, patterning, and surface modification of metal substrates have often resulted in compromising the reliability, reproducibility, and reusability as SERS substrates. Here, a fully programmable and automated digital maskless flow microlithography process that spatiotemporally controls the fluid flow, UV irradiation, and the shape and location of SERS polymer matrix is provided to fabricate a reliable, reproducible, and reusable hydrogel‐based 3D SERS substrate. The SERS substrates are located inside the microfluidic device in the form of disk‐shaped hydrogels. By rationally designing the functional group chemistry of the hydrogel microposts, Ag nanoparticles are homogeneously synthesized in situ, a target molecule is amplified by 25‐fold inside the microposts, and an enhancement factor as high as 2.4 × 108 is observed. Furthermore, a highly reusable multitarget sensing capability is demonstrated by a sequential analysis of multiple analytes without the trace of former analytes via the intermittent washing step.
Medical Micro/Nanorobots in Precision Medicine
Authors: Soto Fernando , Wang Jie , Ahmed Rajib , Demirci Utkan
Published: October 2020

Advances in medical robots promise to improve modern medicine and the quality of life. Miniaturization of these robotic platforms has led to numerous applications that leverages precision medicine. In this review, the current trends of medical micro and nanorobotics for therapy, surgery, diagnosis, and medical imaging are discussed. The use of micro and nanorobots in precision medicine still faces technical, regulatory, and market challenges for their widespread use in clinical settings. Nevertheless, recent translations from proof of concept to in vivo studies demonstrate their potential toward precision medicine.
Biomass‐Derived Multilayer‐Structured Microparticles for Accelerated Hemostasis and Bone Repair
Authors: Liu Jia‐Ying , Hu Yang , Li Long , Wang Chao , Wang Jia , Li Yang , Chen Dafu , Ding Xiaokang , Shen Chuanan , Xu Fu‐Jian
Published: October 2020

It is very desirable to develop advanced sustainable biomedical materials with superior biosafety and bioactivity for clinical applications. Herein, biomass‐derived multilayer‐structured absorbable microparticles (MQxTy) composed of starches and plant polyphenols are readily constructed for the safe and effective treatment of bone defects with intractable bleeding by coating multiple layers of quaternized starch (Q+) and tannic acid onto microporous starch microparticles via facile layer‐by‐layer assembly. MQxTy microparticles exhibit efficient degradability, low cytotoxicity, and good blood compatibility. Among various MQxTy microparticles with distinct Q+/T− double layers, MQ2T2 with outmost polyphenol layer possess the unique properties of platelet adhesion/activation and red blood cell aggregation, resulting in the best hemostatic performance. In a mouse cancellous‐bone‐defect model, MQ2T2 exhibits the favorable hemostatic effect, low inflammation/immune responses, high biodegradability, and promoted bone repair. A proof‐of‐concept study of beagles further confirms the good performance of MQ2T2 in controlling intractable bleeding of bone defects. The present work demonstrates that such biomass‐based multilayer‐structured microparticles are very promising biomedical materials for clinical use.
Grain yield, quality, and spectral characteristics of wheat grown under varied nitrogen and irrigation
Authors: Walsh Olga S. , Torrion Jessica A. , Liang Xi , Shafian Sanaz , Yang Rui , Belmont Kelli M. , McClintick‐Chess Jordan R.
Published: October 2020

Nitrogen and water are two key factors for wheat production due to their major roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, yield, and grain protein content. Plant uptake of water and N is fundamentally interactive. Our objectives were: (a) to analyze the effects of different irrigation (IR) and N rates on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and grain protein, and spectral indices (relative greenness [SPAD] and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]), and (b) to identify the optimum IR and N requirements for wheat grain production in semi‐arid conditions of Montana and Idaho. This article details the results from field experiments conducted at three locations for two growing seasons (6 site‐years). Relative greenness measured by SPAD chlorophyll meter was used to assess plant N status, whereas NDVI was used for both plant N status and estimation of wheat yield. Both SPAD and NDVI values increased as N and IR application rates increased. The SPAD and NDVI values explained 80 and 84% of the variation in wheat yield, respectively. We found that IR at 75% of evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the growing season is adequate to optimize wheat yield and grain protein. Nitrogen rate was not correlated with wheat yield at any of the site‐years. Based on this study's results, approximately 150 kg N ha−1 (total, soil residual N plus N added as fertilizer) may be sufficient to optimize yield and grain protein content of irrigated spring wheat in semi‐arid cropping systems.
Soil organic matter, greenhouse gas emissions, and sorghum yield in semi‐arid drylands
Authors: Salehin Sk. Musfiq‐Us‐ , Ghimire Rajan , Angadi Sangamesh V. , Mesbah Abdel
Published: October 2020

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] serves as a low‐cost alternative to corn (Zea mays L.) in semi‐arid regions of the world because of its high N and water use efficiencies. However, there has been a concern regarding N loss to the atmosphere as nitrous oxide (N2O) from semi‐arid drylands. This study investigated various soil C and N components, including CO2 and N2O emissions, and crop yield with a dairy compost (13.5 Mg ha−1) and four rates of chemical N fertilizer (0, 22.4, 44.8, and 67.3 kg ha−1) in dryland sorghum. There was no significant difference in soil C and N fractions among N fertilizer rates, although compost addition numerically increased soil C storage and 67.3 kg ha−1 N rate resulted the highest yield in both years. Potential nitrogen mineralization (PNM) was negatively related to crop yield and positively related to grain N content. Soils with greater inorganic N and PNM had a lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while soils with greater potential C mineralization (PCM) had lower N2O emissions. The results of this study show no significant improvements in yield of dryland sorghum in the semi‐arid environment of southern Great Plains in the short term. However, compost and 44.8 kg N ha−1 applications appeared to be beneficial when both yield and quality were compared.
Harvest aids for improved bermudagrass sod shelf‐life and transplant success
Authors: Minaev Nikolay , Tomaso‐Peterson Maria , Tseng Te‐Ming Paul , Chesser Daniel , Barickman T. Casey , McCurdy James D.
Published: October 2020

Shelf‐life and transplant success of sodded and sprigged turfgrasses are negatively affected by harvest and post‐harvest handling/storage conditions. Research was conducted to evaluate effects of several commercially available fungicides, a bio‐nutritional plant extract, and a commonly used plant growth regulator on sod shelf‐life and transplant success. Field studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 on ‘Latitude 36’ hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy]. Treatments included: the experimental bio‐nutritional plant extract ACA‐3434; the fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, fluopyram + trifloxystrobin, and azoxystrobin; and the plant growth regulator trinexapac‐ethyl. Sod was harvested, stacked to a height of 12 layers, and stored for 72 h; treated and untreated sod were stored at ambient field temperature (28 °C average). To evaluate storage refrigeration on sod establishment, an additional untreated check was stored at 4 °C refrigeration. Sod was installed on an adjacent prepared native soil, and the treatment effects on bermudagrass transplanting were measured visually, by spectral reflectance, and by root analysis. Research failed to simulate heating inside stored sod masses, and treatments failed to affect internal storage temperatures. Nevertheless, refrigeration and, in some cases, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin application, increased plant health characteristics of transplanted sod. None of the treatments affected recovery of areas from which sod was harvested. Albeit often unrealistic, refrigeration of harvested sod may be the best practice to extend sod shelf‐life. When applied prior to harvest, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin fungicides provided slight improvements in post‐installation sod health; however, little is known about the mechanism by which this occurs.
Experimental and Computational Study on the Reaction Pathways of Diradical Intermediates Formed from Myers‐Saito Cyclization of Maleimide‐Based Enediynes
Authors: Lu Haotian , Zhang Mengsi , Li Baojun , Ma Hailong , Wang Wenbo , Ding Yun , Li Xinxin , Hu Aiguo
Published: October 2020

Great efforts have been dedicated to studying the thermal‐induced Myers‐Saito cyclization (MSC) of enyne‐allene as the resulting diradicals hold significant potential in various fields, especially in antitumor applications. Besides abstracting hydrogen from DNA backbone and further inducing tumor cell death, the diradicals might react through multiple pathways and lose their efficiency in antitumor applications. The in‐depth understanding of the reaction pattern of these highly reactive diradical intermediates will provide clear guidelines for the design of new enyne‐allene with high antitumor potency. Herein, we report detailed studies to reveal the reaction mechanism of ketal‐conjugated enediynes, which are hydrolyzed and tautomerized into enyne‐allene structures in acidic condition and produce diradicals through MSC. Further 1,3‐hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)/6‐endo cyclization to yield pyran‐type product or 5‐endo cyclization/1,4‐HAT to yield furan‐type product were confirmed and rationalized through computational studies. The proposed reaction pathways were further verified with deuterium labeling experiments. Based on these new findings, a new enediyne with asymmetric structure and tertbutyl group to block the HAT process was synthesized, which demonstrated much higher cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell line with a half inhibition concentration (IC50 value) down to submicromolar level.
Nonclassicality via the Superpositions of Photon Addition and Subtraction and Quantum Decoherence for Thermal Noise
Authors: Meng Xiang‐Guo , Wang Ji‐Suo , Zhang Xiao‐Yan , Yang Zhen‐Shan , Liang Bao‐Long , Zhang Zhen‐Tao
Published: October 2020

Two new photon‐modulated states are introduced by operating a more general coherent superposition on two classical states (coherent and thermal) and their nonclassicality caused by the operation is investigated via examining the squeezing, sub‐Poissonian statistics, nonclassical depth, and negativity of Wigner distribution. Their density‐operator and Wigner‐distribution evolutions in the thermal channel are also explored. It is found that the high‐order operation has better performance in creating nonclassicality for certain ratios r and more robustness against decoherence of the two photon‐modulated states for thermal noise. For convenience, a new three‐variable special polynomial and its generating function are introduced via the normal ordering of operators.