bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF ARTIFICIAL AERATION ALONG A POLLUTED STREAM USING DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING1
Authors: Chang Shin , Yeh William W‐G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: When a series of aerators are used to raise the level of dissolved oxygen in a polluted stream through instream artificial aeration augmentation, the system is governed by the basic dissolved oxygen mass balance equation with the existence of artificial aeration as its boundary conditions. A mathematical model is formulated for the optimization of the allocation of aeration capacity to each of the series of aerators subject to a limitation on total available aeration capacity. The objective function is the minimization of the sum of the squares of the aeration costs and the costs incurred by damaging or unnecessarily improving the system. The original constrained allocation problem is simplified by converting it to an unconstrained one via the use of Lagrange multiplier. A discretized dynamic programming algorithm is formulated for finding the optimal allocation policy. A typical optimal aeration capacity allocation policy and its corresponding dissolved oxygen sag profile for the illustrated numerical example is presented, and the relationship between the total available aeration capacity and Lagrange multiplier is also developed treating weighting factors as parameters.
LONG‐TERM RECONSTRUCTION OF WATER LEVEL CHANGES FOR LAKE ATHABASCA BY ANALYSIS OF TREE RINGS1
Authors: Stockton Charles W. , Fritts Harold C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The fact that dendrochronology can be a useful tool in water resources management is demonstrated by a study of past changes in lake levels. The study was necessitated by the recent (1967) closure of the gates on the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace River in British Columbia, causing a drop in water levels of Lake Athabasca, the lake levels control water level undulations in a series of smaller lakes which lie in the 1.5 million acre delta area along its western edge in Alberta. The W.A.C. Bennett Dam has by its regulation of the Peace River affected the river's historical role of creating a hydraulic dam during early summer flood stages thereby preventing outflow from Lake Athabasca and inducing annual inundation of the delta area. Because the ecololgy of the lake and adjacent delta region has depended on the now attenuated snow‐melt flooding from the Upper Peace River Basin, it became necessary to consider some means of artificially inducing this annual inundation. It was not known, however, what the long‐term water level changes were around which the present ecology had developed. Continuous historical lake level records exist only for the period 1935–1967. Was this period one of anomalously high or low water levels? Relatively old white spruce trees growing along natural levees of the channels in the delta region were found to contain tree‐ring records that reflected the water stages in the channels. Because the water levels in the channels could be correlated with lake levels, it was possible to use the three‐ring series to extend the known 33‐year record of lake level changes to 158 years. By using canonical analysis and 10‐day mean lake levels for three different subperiods in the 33‐year period of calibration, along with tree‐ring series from appropriately chosen stands of white spruce, reconstructions were made of the long‐term record for late May, early July, and late September. The reconstructed record shows that the May 21–30 lake levels have been three times as variable in the past as in the period of historical record (1935–1967), the July 11–20 levels twice as variable, and the September 21–30 levels 10% less variable. However, the mean water level for each of the three subperiods for the long‐term record is very close to the means for the period of historical record. The reconstructed record shows that, before the dam gates were closed, there was only one three‐year period (1866–1868) in which the lake levels were as low as they have been since closure of the gates (that is, 1967–1970). (Levels were nearly as low, however, during the period 1942–1945.
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN SEDIMENTS AS AFFECTED BY CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS1
Authors: Chen R. L. , Keeney D. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to elucidate some of the chemical factors affecting the rate and pathways of N transformations in lake sediments. The main emphasis was placed on modifying a noncalcareous sediment with CaCO3 to approximate the composition of a calcareous sediment. Additionally, the effects of Ca2+, CO32‐, Mg2+ and OH‐ were evaluated by using appropriate chemicals. Further, the effect of aluminum sulfate was evaluated with both sediment types. Sediment pH at 7 days was not affected by CaCO3, but was decreased by aluminum sulfate. The CaCO3 treatment increased the rate of ammonification, nitrification, reduction of acetylene to ethylene and methane formation, while with few exceptions the other treatments decreased the rate of the transformations studied. Aluminum sulfate, which has been proposed as a lake restoration treatment, increased ammonification but decreased most of the other transformations.
QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS1
Authors: Chamberlain Stanley G. , Beckers Charles V. , Grimsrud G. Paul , Shull Roger Don
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: To assure attainment and maintenance of desired water quality levels in our rivers and streams, systematic monitoring must be performed. A preliminary phase of the design of water quality surveillance systems is the specification of sampling frequencies and station locations throughout the basin; that is, the development of an adequate space/time sampling plan. The purpose of this paper is to present some quantitative methods which have been developed to identify candidate sets of sampling frequencies and station locations, and to establish priorities for implementing the different frequencies and locations. These methods are useful in the cost/effectiveness trade‐off analyses in surveillance system design, and are based on the surveillance system objective of pollution abatement in which it is desired to detect violations in state‐federal water quality standards. A spatial priority measure is developed which is dependent both on the water quality profile in the stream and on the information obtained from monitoring stations located in other reaches. Also, a temporal sampling priority rating is presented which is a measure of the effectiveness of the surveillance system with respect to its ability to detect the violations in the standards. To illustrate the quantitative methods, the procedures are applied to the Wabash River Basin.
LIGNIN SEPARATION BY CONTINUOUS ION FLOTATION: INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS1
Authors: Wang Mu Hao , Granstrom Marvin L. , Wilson Thomas E. , Wang Lawrence K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ion flotation is the term used to describe a process in which there is an initally homogeneous solution which becomes heterogeneous after the addition of an oppositely charged surfactant due to the reaction between the surfactant and specific ion(s); thus, insoluble complexes are formed. These insoluble complexes will then attached to the bubbles passing through the solution and thus leave in the foam phase. The performance of the continuous ion flotation process for the removal of haft lignin from water was investigated intensively using liquid flow rates, gas flow rates, feed locations and solution height as operational variables. The interrelationships among these physical parameters were studied and discussed. A dimensionless operational chart was established for process control. Results demonstrate that ion flotation is an effective process for removing lignin from water, provided that a quaternary ammonium salt, such as cetyldimethylbenzyl‐ammonium chloride or the like, is used as a collector. At optimum operational conditions, higher than 0.95 fractional removal of lignin can be achieved.
A SENSITIVITY AND ERROR ANALYSIS CF PROCEDURES USED FOR ESTIMATING EVAPORATION1
Authors: McCuen Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sensitivity and error analyses were used to examine the following objectives: (1) analyze the structure of commonly used evaporation models; (2) provide estimates of the effect of variation in meteorological factors on observed evaporation rates; and (3) estimate the effect of error in measurements of the meteorological factors. The results indicate error in evaporation estimates resulting from measurement error in meteorological factors is probably much less than five percent of the computer evaporation rate. Variation with both time and space of the importance of the different meteorological factors is demonstrated. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the Fractional‐Evaporation Equivalent method is structurally inadequate and the Weather Bureau model is more flexible than the Penman model. However, the Penman model appears to provide more realistic estimates of the importance of the various meteorological factors.
ZONES OF NITRIFICATION1
Authors: Tuffey T.J. , Hunter J. V. , Matulewich V.A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper advances the hypothesis that nitrification exists in shallow streams as a result of surface activity and in estuaries due to growth in the water phase. Between these zones no significant levels of nitrification occur. Field measurements of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, enumerations of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, and respirometry on two small streams and two moderately large rivers are presented. The appropriate mathematical models to describe nitrification must be based on the mechanisms involved ‐ bacterial growth kinetics for estuaries and zero kinetics for the surface activity in shallow streams.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DAILY WATER QUALITY DATA1
Authors: Bourodimos E. L. , Yu S. L. , Hahn R. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The stochastic nature of some water quality time series were examined. These time series include nine years of daily observations in: (1) the stream flow (Q), (2) the water temperature (T), (3) the dissolved oxygen (DO), and (4) the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the Passaic River at Little Falls, New Jersey. It was found that the random component contributes more than 60 per cent of the variance in the BOD series, but only 30 per cent or less in the DO series. Autocorrelation analysis suggest that DO and BOD residual series have a persistence of about 30 days. Significant crosscorrelation between DO and temperature T was found when DO lags T for up to 30 days, which indicates that the critical DO probably lags the critical temperature. Also, spectral anlaysis shows multiple peaks in the BOD series, reflecting effects of storm runoff and other non‐point source pollution on river water quality.
FLOOD INUNDATION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES FROM AIRCRAFT AND SATELLITE IMAGERY1
Authors: Moore Gerald K. , North Gary W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Panchromatic black and white, color, and color infrared photographs and thermal infrared imagery are compared for a capability to show flood boundaries. In open agricultural and urban areas, these boundaries are easily delineated on all types of am. Boundaries are more difficult to see in wooded areas. In March, hardwood trees are dormant, but black and white photographs and color photographs show only the tops of these trees. Color infrared photographs in January and March have a distinctive color or tone in inundated woods; the limit of this tone is the flood boundary. Daytime thermal infrared imagery in March shows that inundated woods are cooler than dry land but warmer than open water. After about April 1, both color infrared photography and thermal infrared imagery show only the top of the tree canopy and do not reflect underlying flood water. Inundated areas can be delineated easily on ERTS satellite imagery from December through March. On imagery from May 4–5, 1973, however, most inundation boundaries had to be drawn as dashed lines; the tree canopy obscures flood waters in wooded areas. Despite this problem, the results of mapping flood boundaries on May imagery are believed to be reasonable for the scale of the imagery.
PIERRE PERRAULT: THE MAN AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Nace Raymond L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Pierre Perrault, member of a bourgeois provincial family whose roots were in the Touraine region of France, grew up in Paris. One of six illustrious brothers, all characterized by brilliance and diversity, he was educated as a lawyer but turned to finance and rose to a high position under King Louis XIV. Owing to political naivete and financial imprudence, he fell into disgrace and went bankrupt. He then became an amateur scientist and wrote a book on the origin of springs. This book broke almost wholly with the traditional authoritarianism of 2, 000 years'standing, and set hydrology on the modern path of observation and direct experiment, He developed the concept of the hydrological cycle, correctly accounting for the disposition of rainfall by evaporation, transpiration, ground‐water recharge and runoff. Some of his ideas about specific processes were erroneous, but where he was wrong his errors were logically based. Much of his contribution to the foundation of scientific hydrology has been overlooked or distorted by historians and hydrologists alike.
PROBABILISTIC METHODS IN STREAM QUALITY MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Burges Stephen J. , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Recent advances in water quality modelling have pointed out the need for stochastic models to simulate the probabilistic nature of water quality. However, often all that is needed is an estimate of the uncertainty in predicting water quality variables. First order analysis is a simple method of providing an estimate in the uncertainty in a deterministic model due to uncertain parameters. The method is applied to the simplified Streeter‐Phelps equations for DO and BOD; a more complete Monte Carlo simulation is used to check the accuracy of the results. The first order analysis is found to give accurate estimates of means and variances of DO and BOD up to travel times exceeding the critical time. Uncertainty in travel time and the BOD decay constant are found to be most important for small travel times; uncertainty in the reaeration coefficient dominates near the critical time. Uncertainty in temperature was found to be a negligible source of uncertainty in DO for all travel times.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THREE URBAN RUNOFF MODELS1
Authors: Marsalek J. , Dick T. M. , Wisner P. E. , Clarke W. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Three urban runoff models, namely, the Road Research Laboratory Model (RRLM), the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the University of Cincinnati Urban Runoff Model (UCURM), were examined by comparing the model simulated hydrographs with the hydrographs measured on several instrumented urban watersheds. This comparison was done for the hydrograph peak points as well as for the entire hydrographs using such statistical measures as the correlation coefficient, the special correlation coefficient and the integral square error. The results of the study indicated that, when applying the three selected non‐calibrated models on small urban catchments, the SWM model performed marginally better than the RRL model and both these models were more accurate than the UCUR model. On larger watersheds, the comparisons between the SWM model and the other two models would be likely even more favourable for the SWM model, because it has the most advanced flow routing scheme among the studied models.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE CURVE NUMBERS IN THE ESTIMATION OF STORM RUNOFF1
Authors: Hawkins Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Storm runoff as calculated by the runoff curve number method is shown to be of varying sensitivity to both input rainfall and curve number. Using an assumed input error of 10%, a runoff error chart is given. Up to about 9 inches of rainfall, runoff is more sensitive to curve number than to rainfall. The importance of accurate curve number selection in this range is stressed.
SEDIMENT ROUTING FOR AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Williams J. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A sediment routing technique was developed to route sediment yield from small watersheds through streams and valleys to the outlet of large watersheds. The technique is based on the modified universal sol loss equation and a first order decay function of travel time and particle size. Deposition is dependent upon settling velocities of sediment particles, travel time, and the amount of sediment in suspension. Sediment routing increases sediment yield prediction accuracy and allows determination of subwatershed contributions to the total sediment yield. Also, the locations and amounts of floodplain scour and deposition can be predicted. Another advantage of sediment routing is that measured sediment yield data are not required. The procedure performed satisfactorily in test routings on two Texas blackland watersheds Sediment routing will be useful in flood control evaluation, reservoir and channel design, water quality calculations, environmental impact assessment, and land‐use planning.
THE LETHAL AND SUB LETHAL EFFECTS OF A ZIRCONIUM PROCESS EFFLUENT ON JUVENILE SALMONIDS1
Authors: Robinson‐Wilson Everett F. , Seim Wayne K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An effluent (ZPE), with high concentrations of ammonia was compared with solutions of ammonium chloride in both lethal and sublethal tests. The ZPE was more toxic than were solutions of ammonium chloride in acute toxicity tests, although ammonia was shown to be the major toxicant. The secondary toxicants present in the effluent were not identified. Growth was used as a sublethal test parameter and ZPE was again more toxic than ammonium chloride solutions at the same ammonia concentration. Concentrations of ammonia less than 3 mg/liter in ammonium chloride solutions actually stimulated the growth of juvenile chinook salmon. Concentrations of ZPE in the river at extreme low river flow could have sublethal effects on juvenile salmonids below the outfall.
METHODS AND DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR RIVER‐QUALITY ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Rickert David A. , Hines Walter G. , McKenzie Stuart W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey is now (1975) conducting an intensive river‐quality assessment of the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The objectives are to (1) define a practical framework for conducting comprehensive river‐quality assessments, (2) develop and document methods for evaluating basin‐development alternatives in terms of potential impacts on river quality, (3) determine the kinds and amounts of data required to adequately assess various types of river‐quality problems, and (4) apply the framework, data, and methods to assess the existing or potential river‐quality problems of the Willamette River basin. This paper covers objectives 2, 3, and 4 by examining the rationales behind the selection and application of methods and the design of data programs for assessing specific river‐quality problems. The rationales are those developed for assessing (1) the effect of population and industrial growth and resulting waste discharges on river‐dissolved oxygen, (2) the potentially harmful effects on land and river quality of accelerated erosion resulting from intensive land‐use development, and (3) the potential for nuisance algal growth. The goal of the assessment program and, thus, the context of the rationales is to provide technically sound information that is appropriate and adequate for resource planning and management.
THE USE OF OVERWINTER DRAW DOWN FOR AQUATIC VEGETATION MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Nichols Stanley A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Overwinter draw down can be a useful technique for aquatic plant management. Its effectiveness depends largely on the susceptibility of nuisance species to draw down. A single overwinter draw down provided good control of aquatic plants in a flowage dominated by Potamogeton robbinsii Little additional control was gained by a second draw down the following winter. Rapid reinvasion of plants after draw down ceased dictates continued management. To avoid fish kills caused by low dissolved oxygen levels caution is advised when using overwinter draw down. The growth of Zizania aquatica was not negatively influenced by draw down. The influence on water quality of nutrient release from decaying vegetation and exposed bottom sediments was uncertain.
AQUIFER MANAGEMENT UNDER TRANSIENT AND STEADY‐STATE CONDITIONS1
Authors: Alley William M. , Aguado Eduardo , Remson Irwin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The equations of transient and steady‐state flow in two‐dimensional artesian aquifers are approximated using finite differences. The resulting linear difference equations, combined with other linear physical and management constraints and a linear objective function, comprise a linear programming (LP) formulation. Solutions of such LP models are used to determine optimal well distributions and pumping rates to meet given management objectives for a hypothetical transient problem and for a steady‐state field problem.
DETERMINING WATERSHED SUB‐AREAS WITH PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS1
Authors: Chappell V. Glenn
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Principal component analysis is used to incorporate the effects of several socioeconomic variables into an index of watershed socioeconomic change. The index is then used as a basis for delineating economic sub‐areas within the Tennessee River basin.
THE EFFECTS OF DIURNAL MIXING ON THERMAL STRATIFICATION OF STATIC IMPOUNDMENTS1
Authors: Hirshburg R. I. , Goodling J. S. , Maples G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The time variation in the temperature distribution of a static water impoundment is predicted. The body of water is modeled as a discrete number of horizontally isothermal layers and the energy equation is solved using an implicit numerical scheme. Vertical energy transport mechanisms included are solar absorption, molecular diffusion, and convective mixing due to nocturnal turnover. The latter mechanism, called diurnal mixing, is found to have a profound effect on the stratification, particularly in the eplimnion patterns for a typical deep static impoundment.
SOIL SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS: EFFECT OF EXTRACTION TIME USING POROUS CERAMIC CUPS UNDER CONSTANT TENSION1
Authors: Severson R. C. , Grigal D. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Porous ceramic cups under constant tension (0.45 bar) were used to extract solutions from undisturbed soil columns. Solution concentration changed with length of extraction time. Significant relationships were found between extraction time and concentrations of P, Ca, and K in soil solution for two sample depths in an Omega loamy sand soil column. At two extraction time classes and at two sample depths, combined data from 12 soil columns representing two soil series reinforce the relationship. As time to extract a sample increases, the sample probably represents solution held by soil at tensions approaching those applied to the ceramic cup. We recommend that the choice of an extraction tension be given consideration in studies using porous ceramic cups under constant tension for monitoring constituents of soil solution. In addition, care must be taken to attain good physical contact between the cups and the soil material.
SPATIAL VARIATION OF PRECIPITATION ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1
Authors: Haragan Donald R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Space autocorrelation techniques have been used to reveal the nature and spatial distribution of precipitation in the Texas High Plains. Correlation in precipitation amounts varies with both distance and direction, dropping off rapidly with distance, particularly during the warm season. The analyses can be used to estimate storm characteristics in conjunction with a wide variety of problems dealing with irrigation, crop yields, drainage and water supply, and evaluation of artificial weather modification efforts.
PLANNING AND SELECTING MULTIOBJECTIVE PROJECTS BY GOAL PROGRAMMING1
Authors: Neely Walter P. , North Ronald M. , Fortson James C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A multiple goal planning approach is proposed as a solution to the public water resources project selection problem. The goal programming technique enables a comprehensive water resources model. The model considers both economic and environmental objectives and may be implemented with data which are available to project planners.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF AQUIFER SYSTEMS TO LOCALIZED RECHARGE1
Authors: Cabrera Guillermo , Marino Miguel A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The response of stream‐unconfined aquifer systems to localized recharge is investigated by means of a two‐dimensional finite element model. A variational approach is used in conjunction with the finite element method to solve the ground water flow equation. Linear approximated triangular elements are used to calculate the hydraulic head distribution in the flow region. The Crank‐Nicholson centered scheme of numerical integration is employed to approximate the time derivative in the flow equation. A computer program is developed to calculate the hydraulic head distribution in the flow region. Solutions provided by the finite element model should prove useful in the evaluation of quantitative and qualitative changes in aquifer systems due to natural or artificial recharge. In addition, they should prove useful in the study of irrigation and drainage problems.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF STREAM CHANNELIZATION1
Authors: Duvel William A. , Volkmar Robert D. , Specht Winona L. , Johnson Fred W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Geologic, engineering, and biological investigations of six Pennsylvania coldwater streams were undertaken to determine the impact of channel modifications instituted both prior to and following Hurricane Agnes. The primary focus of the study was on the ecological changes brought about by stream channelization.

No long‐term deleterious effects on water quality, attached algae, benthic fauna, or forage fish populations were found. Trout, however, were found to be greater in numbers and weight in natural than in channelized stream reaches. Lack of suitable physical habitat appears to be the primary cause of reduced trout populations in stream reaches which have been channelized.
POLITICAL RESOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS1
Authors: Hipel Keith W. , Ragade R. K. , Unny T. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Many water resources management problems ultimately require a political decision in order to formulate a course of action to follow. Metagame analysis is a nonquantitative technique that can model the decision‐making process and is used in this article to arrive at a politically feasible solution to a typical water pollution problem. The output from the linear programming formulation of the problem is used as input to the “political” metagame analysis. This allows a solution to the pollution conflict that is not only physically and economically feasible according to the linear programming analysis, but politically feasible as well.
THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP: MANAGEMENT OF A HYDROLOGIC RESOURCE WITH THE AID OF REMOTE SÉNSING1
Authors: Carter Virginia , Garrett Mary Keith , Shima Lurie , Gammon Patricia
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Both color infrared aerial photography and Landsat data are being used to provide information to meet present and future management goals for the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge. High and low altitude color infrared photographs are being used to study the hydrology and map the present vegetation of the swamp. A variety of significant ecologic units have been identified using these photographs. The completed maps will be used to evaluate analyses of landsat digital data. Once the present data base is compiled, it is hoped that routine analysis of Landsat data can be used for updating or to indicate areas where low altitude coverage or ground checking is desirable. The data base will also aid in identifying and evaluating trends that may provide guidelines for wetland management.
GEOMORPHIC PARAMETERS PREDICT HYDROGRAPH CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SOUTHWEST1
Authors: Murphey J. B. , Wallace D. E. , Lane L. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Critical design characteristics of ephermal runoff such as hydrograph rise time, duration, mean peak discharge, volume, peak‐volume ratio, and maximum flood were related to physical basin parameters such as area, shape, slope, drainage density, basin relief, stream length, and combinations of these in intermontane watersheds representative of the Mexican Highland section of the Basin and Range Province. Parameters used were restricted to those easily obtainable from maps or aerial photographs. A parameter expressing basin shape and size was developed which proved to be as accurate a predictor as others used in existing prediction equations tested and was simpler and faster to derive. Simple prediction equations derived for hydrograph characteristics were all significant except for volume at the 5% level; three were significant at the 1% level. Relationships determined are applicable in semi‐arid basins of the Southwest up to 60 square miles (155 km2) in area.
SATELLITE MICROWAVE OBSERVATIONS OF SOIL MOISTURE VARIATIONS1
Authors: Schmugge T. J. , Meneely J. M. , Rango A. , Neff R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Results from studies in the Illinois‐Indiana and Texas‐Oklahoma areas indicate that satellite microwave observations at the 1.55 cm wavelength are responsive to relative moisture variations in the near surface layer of the soil. Because significant vegetation cover absorbs the 1.55 cm microwave emission from the soil, the target area must be predominately bare soil or low density vegetation cover for meaningful measurements to result. The 25 km resolution of the satellite sensor limits application of the microwave techniques to large areas such as watersheds or agricultural districts rather than individual fields. In general, at 1.55 cm. there is an inverse relationship between microwave brightness temperature and changes in soil moisture levels (as indicated by antecedent rainfall) in agricultural regions before the planting of crops or during the early growing season when vegetation cover is sparse. Even early season observations should be of great value in deciding on the time and type of crop planting and for initial irrigation scheduling when the root zone is still in close proximity to the surface.
A SIMULATION OF SMOOTH‐VARIABLE INTENSITY RAINFALL PATTERNS1
Authors: Alfaro Jose F. , Hachum Ahmed Y.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Continuous rainfall patterns are currently simulated by approximating them by stair‐stepped (piece‐wise) patterns. The effects of this approximation on infiltration and runoff processes are not well known. A new technique for simulating smooth‐variable intensity rainfall patterns is presented. This technique is based on the fundamental principles of a moving water head in a container. The proposed technique is general and capable of simulating any rainfall pattern. However, as the rainfall pattern gets more complicated, the equipment required for simulation becomes more involved. The proposed technique has been tested experimentally. A close agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental simulations. It is concluded that the proposed technique might be very useful in studying the infiltration and runoff processes under variable intensity rainfall, especially for simple convex patterns.
FRESH GROUND WATER STORED IN AQUIFERS UNDER THE CONTINENTAL SHELF: IMPLICATIONS FROM A DEEP TEST, NANTUCKET ISLAND, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Kohout F. A. , Hathaway J. C. , Folger D. W. , Bothner M. H. , Walker E. H. , Delaney D. F. , Frimpter M. H. , Weed E. G. A. , Rhodehamel E. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A deep water‐resource and stratigraphic test well near the center of Nantucket Island, about 40 miles (64 km) off the New England Coast, has encountered freshwater at greater depth than predicted by the Ghyben‐Herzberg principle. An uppermost lens of fresh‐water, which occupies relatively permeable glacial‐outwash sand and gravel to a depth of 520 ft. (158 m), is probably in hydrodynamic equilibrium with the present level of the sea and the height of the water table. However, two zones of freshwater between 730‐820 ft. (222‐250 m) and 900‐930 ft. (274‐283 m) are anomalously deep. A third zone extending from 1150‐1500 ft. (350‐457 m) contains slightly salty ground water (2 to 3 parts per thousand dissolved solids). Several explanations are possible, but the most likely is that large areas of the Continental Shelf were exposed to recharge by precipitation during long periods of low sea level in Pleistocene time. After the last retreat of glacial ice, seawater rapidly drowned the shelf around Nantucket Island. Since then, about 8000 years ago, the deep freshwater zones which underlie dense clay layers have not had time to adjust to a new equilibrium. Under similar circumstances freshwater may remain trapped under extensive areas of the Continental Shelf wherever clay confining beds have not permitted saltwater to intrude rapidly to new positions of hydrodynamic equilibrium. The implications are far reaching because all continental shelfs were exposed to similar hydrologic influences during Pleistocene time.
A METHODOLOGY FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION ANALYSIS IN A STATE WATER RESOURCES PLANNING STUDY1
Authors: Chiang Sie Ling , Gast William A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The paper presents a methodology for outdoor recreation analysis in a comprehensive State water resources planning study. This methodology applies to determination of recreation participation desires among the population, allocation of those desires to areas of potential resources within which they must be satisfied, comparison of the areal potential resources against the allocated desires to identify areas having recreational resource deficits or needs, and exploration of alternative solutions to the identified needs. Major elements discussed are: market area, inflow‐outflow, resource desire determination and projection, resource desire allocation, facility inventory, resource desire‐resource analysis and alternative solutions to identified needs of water‐oriented outdoor recreation.
INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO DISSIMILAR FLUIDS BENEATH A SHEETPILE COFFERDAM1
Authors: Reddy A. Siva , Basu U.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A closed form solution is presented for determining the shape and location of the interface between two dissimilar fluids (having different densities) when steady flow takes place through a homogeneous and isotropic porous medium, into a sheetpile cofferdam; the interface is assumed to be sharp and the lower fluid stationary. The solution is obtained using the inverse hodograph. Numerical results are presented in nondimensional form for various parametric conditions in the physical plane; the interface pattern, as also the seepage discharge and exit gradient distribution are shown. The critical conditions of the interface are studied.
AN ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF HAWAII'S WATER INSTITUTIONS1
Authors: Yamauchi Hiroshi
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The problem of allocating scarce water resources among competing uses and users over time in Hawaii is addressed within the context of analytical institutional economics. The nature of this problem has been, in recent years, highly complicated by important institutional changes that control operating decisions for water supply and water pollution. Whereas the imbalance in governmental initiatives regarding changes in the system of water rights (predominantly state) and environmental laws (predominantly federal) are based on U.S. constitutional provisions, the more fundamental roots of the crucial legal doctrines involved have been traced back to the common property concept. This suggests that the more promising opportunities for meeting the water policy challenges of the state are to be found in the historical common property system (ahupua'a) of Hawaii.
EFFECTS OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT ON HEAVY RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION1
Authors: Huff F. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A network of 225 recording raingages was operated over an area of 5200 km2 in the St. Louis region during 1971‐1975, in conjunction with an extensive investigation of urban effects on precipitation. Study of urban‐induced effects on the frequency of heavy rainstorms has revealed a pronounced increase in the occurrence of storms producing 25 mm (1 inch) or more of rain. The increase is greatest in an area that is frequently in the path of storms passing across two urban‐industrial regions. Analyses of raincells (rain intensity centers) within heavy convective storms shows a pronounced increase in water yield from cells exposed to potential urban effects, compared with those exposed only to the surrounding rural environment. Naturally‐occurring heavy cells tend to undergo the greatest enhancement from urban exposure. Other analyses indicate an above‐average frequency of excessive rain rates for periods of five minutes to two hours downwind of the urban‐industrial complex. It is concluded that urban‐induced intensification of short‐duration rainstorms is sufficient to merit inclusion in the design and operation of urban‐area hydrologic systems that control the flow of surplus storm water.
CHICAGO METROPOLITAN FLOODWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN1
Authors: Kudrna Frank L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Chicago Metropolitan Floodwater Management Plan is a cooperative planning program under Public Law 566 of the 83rd Congress (The Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act). The planning effort was jointly sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. The project is unique in that it studies a 1260 square mile (3266 sq. kilometer) watershed, which is approximately 35 percent urbanized and contains approximately 7.5 million people. At present, approximately 4.4 percent or 330,600 people live in a floodplain. It is presently estimated that 80,000 acres (32,000 ha.) of the study area are subject to flooding with a current average annual damage estimated at approximately $10 million. The Plan which has been developed to reduce or eliminate these damages is divided into six separate watershed plans, and has been developed through extensive use of local citizen watershed steering committees. The paper discusses the planning process, public participation and implementation both at an overall river basin level and watershed case study level.
A MODEL FOR ACHIEVING CONSISTENCY FOR COST SHARING IN WATER RESOURCE PROGRAMS1
Authors: North Ronald M. , Neely Walter P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Three basic principles of responsibility have influenced the Federal/non‐Federal cost sharing rates for water resources programs (1) full payment by beneficiaries (2) exclusive Federal assumption of costs and (3) joint Federal/non‐Federal sharing. The efforts to determine appropriate cost sharing rates have resulted in several hundred complex arrangements involving contributions, user charges and direct sales based on many variations of payment terms. This basic present value model was developed to determine the non‐Federal cost shares which are expected to be paid for 32 different functional purposes emanating from Federal water resources programs and projects for both implementation and OMR stages. The model introduces the concept of a composite (implementation plus OMR) cost share as a focus developing appropriate cost sharing rates for the private, public and mixed outputs produced through public water resources investments. The model can be used as a focus for policy decisions on cost sharing which seek to achieve consistent and equitable cost shares for purposes provided while maintaining an efficient allocation of resources within water programs.
EFFECTS OF URBAN LAKES ON SURFACE RUNOFF AND WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Cherkauer Douglas S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effects of an artificial lake system upon the runoff hydrology of a small watershed have been determined by comparing the quantity and quality of runoff with that of an adjacent and similar watershed containing no lakes. Lake storage reduced peak discharge and slowed flood recession rate downstream. Water stored within the lakes is generally of different quality than downstream surface runoff. Salt stored in the lakes from winter deicing is released during periods of surface runoff throughout the rest of the year. During summer or fall runoff events, lake outflow dominates the salt load of the outlet stream, generating double‐peaked load hydrographs in which the second, or lake‐induced, crest is many times larger than the peak which corresponds to maximum flow. On the other hand, the lakes cause a reduction of salt loads and concentration in winter runoff. The concentration and loads of ions which are not related to road salt are generally less affected by the lakes, although they are increased substantially in the fall.
THE VALUES OF GOODS AND SERVICES–IMPLICATIONS FOR A FLEXIBLE NATIONAL WATER POLICY1
Authors: McKusick Robert B. , Adams Richard M. , Snyder J. Herbert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper evolved from a concern that water resource administrators and planners do not have a consistent definition of the value of goods and services of outputs from projects and programs. A more flexible approach to planning and evaluation is presented that recognizes the interaction of production and consumption through the use of commodity demand curves. Use of the concept of consumer surplus permits measurement of the differential impacts on producers' and consumers' welfare. Quadratic programming is suggested as a consistent means of quantifying these differential impacts.
EFFECT OF RAINFALL‐EXCESS DETERMINATION ON RUNOFF COMPUTATION1
Authors: Singh Vijay P. , Buapeng Somkid
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Four methods of determining rainfall‐excess are considered. They include Ø‐index and equations of Horton, Kostyakov and Philip. These methods are utilized in a nonlinear kinematic wave model to predict surface runoff from two natural agricultural watersheds. The effect of determining rainfall‐excess on surface runoff response is then examined. It is observed that errors in rainfall‐excess constitute a major source of error in runoff prediction. The choice of a method of determining rainfall‐excess is thus crucial to runoff computation.
SEQUENT PEAK PROCEDURE: MINIMUM RESERVOIR CAPACITY SUBJECT TO CONSTRAINT ON FINAL STORAGE1
Authors: Potter Kenneth W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: When the sequent peak procedure is used to size a reservoir, two cycles of inflows and drafts are analyzed. The use of two cycles results in the identification of the minimum reservoir capacity which, when simulated with the design inflows and drafts, will not only meet demands, but will also result in a final storage which equals or exceeds the initial storage. Demonstration of optimality follows from consideration of a method which is equivalent to the sequent peak procedure.
HICKORY CREEK DRY RESERVOIR: A COMPRAOMISE DESIGN FOR BOTH FLOOD CONTROL AND NATURAL AREA PROTECTION1
Authors: Bell David T. , Smith Roger H.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: The proposed Hickory and Spring Creeks Flood Control and Recreation Project of the Illinois State Division of Water Resources and the Will County Forest Preserve District is desinged to provide flood control for Joliet, Illinos, and areas of the watershed to the east of the city and to provide open‐space recreational land upstream from the Hickory Breek Dry Reservoir embankement. A viable forest ecosytem in the reservoir flood pool following construction is of major importance to the project. Factors of the environment influencing tree distribution and flood tolerance and a process for determining the best operational design to provide both flood control and the maintenance of a natural streamside forest ecosystem are described.
WATER SUPPLY DILEMMAS OF GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE IMPERIAL VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Layton David W.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: There are four known geothermal resource areas in the Imperial Valley that have a combined potential of over 4,000 megawatts of electrical energy for 25 years. Water resources available to support geothermal enerfy development are imprted Colorado River water, agricultural waste waters, Salton Sea water, and groundwater. In addtion, geothermal power plants can produce their own cooling water from steam condensate. Nevertheless, the relatively high water requirements of geothermal facilities along with a series of real and potential constraints may cause water supply dilemmas involving both the acquistion and use of cooling water. Important constraints are institutional policies, water supply costs, technical problems, and impacts upon the Salton Sea. These constranits and related dilemmas are examined in light of relevanty information on the valley's water resources, geothermal resources and energy technologies, cooling water requrements, and water supply options.
REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY PLANNING BY INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS1
Authors: Pugner Paul E. , Hughes Trevor C.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: This paper describes an interactive data and model generator that is intended to bridge the gap between the water resource enginner and planner and the mathematical progrmming systems approach to regional water supply planning. The optimization objective is to minimize total annual cost with respect to capital investment and operation and maintenance costs. The matrix generator formulates the necessary hydrologic, demographic and programming problem for system optimization. The interactive program guides the user through the input and optimization segments, totally eliminates the chore of manually structuring the model matrix aides in eliminating errors, and allows use by planners without skill in mathematical programming.
SOIL MOISTURE SENSING WITH AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIURNAL RANGE OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE1
Authors: Schmugge T. , Blanchard B. , Anderson A. , Wang J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Aircraft Observations of the surface temperature were made by measurements of the thermal emission in the 8‐14 μm band over agricultural fields around Phoenix, Arizona. The diuranal range of these surface temperature measurnments were well correlated with the ground measurment of soil moisture in the 0‐2 cm layer. The surface temperature indicating no moisture stress. These results indicate that for clear atmospheric conditions remoteley sensed sufrace temperatures can be a reliable indicator of soil moisture conditions and crop status.
HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF LANDSAT IMAGERY USED IN THE STUDY OF THE 1973 INDUS RIVER FLOOD, PAKISTAN1
Authors: Deutsch Morris , Ruggles F. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During August and September 1973, the Indus River Valley of Pakistan experienced one of the largest floods on record, resulting in damages to homes, businesses, public works, and crops amounting to millions of rupees. Tremendous areas of lowlands were inundated along the Indus River and major tributaries. Landsat data made it possible to easily measure the extent of flooding, totaling about 20,000 km2 within an area of about 400,000 km2 south from the Punjab to the Arabian Sea.

The Indus River data were used to continue experimentation in the development of rapid, accurate, and inexpensive optical techniques of flood mapping by satellite begun in 1973 for the Mississipi River floods. The research work on the Indus River not resulted in the development of more effective procedures for optical processing of flood data and synoptically depicting flooding, but also provided potentially valuable ancillary information concerning the hydrology of much of the Indus River Basin.