bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed Treatment Evaluated for Greenbug Control in Sorghum, 1993
Authors: Sloderbeck P. E. , Witt M. D. , Buschman L. L.
Published: December 2017

Seed of 3 sorghum hybrids treated with 0, 2 or 4 oz (AI)/cwt of Gaucho were furnished by Gustafson. The hybrids used in the study were NC+ 271, a greenbug susceptible hybrid; DK 56, a biotype-E resistant hybrid; and Cargill 607E, a biotype-I resistant hybrid. All 3 hybrids were pretreated with Captan and Concept and the DK 56 was also pretreated with Apron. The seed was planted on 2 Jun in a modified Latin square design with 3 replications. Each plot was 2 rows wide (5 ft) and 22 ft long. The seed was planted at the rate of 5 g per row using a cone planter. On 15 Jun (with sorghum in 2 leaf stage), greenbug counts were made by visually searching 10 consecutive plants in each row of each plot. On 20 Jul, corn leaf aphid populations were counted by cutting the whorl from 2 plants per plot and counting the number of aphids observed as the leaves were unrolled. On 10—12 Aug, 4 plants per plot were visually examined for greenbugs. On 20 Aug, 2 plants per plot were cut off at the base and then visually examined to estimate greenbug numbers. Yield was determined by machine harvesting the plots on 5 Nov.
Apple, Season-Long Insecticide Block Treatments, 1993
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature trees at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of three rows by three trees (9 trees/unit), each replicated 3 times. Applications were made on 10 May (Pink), 26 May (Petal Fall), 8 Jun (1C), 22 Jun (2C), 6 Jul (3C), 19 Jul (4C), 31 Jul (5C), 11 Aug (6C), 23 Aug (7C), 5 Sep (8C), and 16 Sep (9C). Rubigan, Bayleton, Captan, Streptomycin and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. Data were taken on 9 Jul by picking 50 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the center tree from each replicate (150 fruit per treatment). Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 21 Sep from 100 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the center tree from each replicate (300 fruit per treatment).
Velvetbean Caterpillar Control on Louisiana Soybean, 1993
Authors: Thomas J. D. , Wier A. T. , Boyd M. L. , Lingren S. , Boethel D. J.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of VBC was evaluated in 3 small plot insecticide trials at the St. Gabriel Research Station near St. Gabriel, LA. Treatments in all 3 tests were applied to ‘Buckshot 723’ soybean in the R5 growth stage using a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 1/ha at 2.66 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Plots in all tests were 5 rows wide (0.91 m row spacing) by 15.2 m, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. At 2 and 7 DAT in each test, one 25 sweep sample was taken from each plot with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net. Test 1 was applied 6 Sep, Test 2 was applied 8 Sep, and Tesi 3 was applied 14 Sep.
Budworm and Aphid Control in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1993
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Lambert Amy L. , Taylor J. Delano , Padgett Marion L.
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured tobacco, CV K-326’, was transplanted on 6 Apr at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Production practices were carried out according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service recommendations. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied: Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 3 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) × 20 ft long were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Seven insecticide treatments, plus an untreated control, were applied on 4 weekly intervals in Test 1 beginning on 14 May and continuing until 4 Jun to control tobacco budworms that averaged around 3 worms per 8 plants. The foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 30.3 gpa at 40 psi. Each plot was separated by an untreated border row and an alley 4 ft wide on each end. The number of live small, medium, and large tobacco budworms per 8 plants on row 2 of each plot was recorded prior to treatment and 4 and 7 DAT. The number of live aphids on the 4 uppermost leaves was recorded on plants 2, 4 and 6 on row 2 of each plot on each sampling date. The number of live thrips was recorded on plant 6 on row 2 of each plot on each sampling date in May, then these counts were discontinued due to low population densities. Budworm damage ratings (% defoliation) also were taken on 14 Jun. Beginning on 1 Jul the lower leaves on 8 plants on row 2 were harvested. A total of 4 harvests (primings) was gathered from each plot and yield estimates and quality ratings were obtained. All data were subjected to ANOVA. In this same field of tobacco additional plots were cut back to 1 ft stalks and all leaves removed on 1 Jul. This tobacco was allowed to regrow (2-3 main suckers per plant). On 14 Jul, 11 insecticide treatments plus an untreated control were applied to plots 3 rows wide × 20 ft long arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications, using application techniques previously described. All treatments were reapplied on 22 Jul. The number of live budworms and hornworms per 8 plants on row 2 of each plot was recorded prior to treatment and 5 and 8 DAT following the 1st applications and 5, 8, and 14 DAT following the second applications. Budworm and hornworm defoliation ratings were obtained on 5 Aug. All data were subjected to ANOVA.
Tobacco Flea Beetle Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate tobacco flea beetle control on flue-cured tobacco with various foliar insecticides. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots on 12 May. The text tobacco was cut back on 26 Jul and a single sucker was turned out on each plant. Six treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 20 ft (1 row × 11 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 27 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 nozzles/row on 30 Aug. Tobacco flea beetle populations were estimated on 1 side of 5 plants per plot before treatment and at 2, 8, and 13 DAT. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated using DMRT. Flea beetle counts were transformed to Log10(x + 1) before ANOVA. Actual means are presented in the table.
New Aphicides for use in Spring Wheat, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby
Published: December 2017

Plot size was 5 ft × 20 ft with treatments arranged in a RCBD replicated 4 times. All seed received planter treatments using DB green (Maneb 50% + lindane 18.8%) in an attempt to reduce variability caused by disease fungi in soil. Gaucho 480 F was applied to the seed by Gustafson, Inc. prior to planting. Plots were planted on 2 Jun. Foliar treatments were applied on 21 Jul with a CO2-powered sprayer at 40 psi in approximately 10 gpa total material at the flat leaf (Feekes 8) stage. The planting date was purposely delayed in this trial and wheat quality was poor as a result.
Prophylactic vs Monitored Decision Making for Aphid Control, Crookston, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby
Published: December 2017

This trial was estabished in a late planted (15 Jun) bulk wheat field. Plot size was 25 ft × 50 ft with a 5 ft alley around each plot. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Materials were applied in 20 gpa total at 40 psi pressure. Tilt and Penncap M were mixed and applied separately by making 2 passes for the appropriate plots. The purpose of this experiment was to compare prophylactic treatments with monitoring-based treatment decisions. Aphid populations did not reach the 35%, 70%, and 90% of stems infested that were to be used for comparisons. Thus, those treatments were additional checks ie untreated). Yields were taken from a 5 ft × 50 ft strip combined from the best portion of each plot. Final yields have been adjusted for moisture ind bushel weight.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Imported Fire Ant in Bibb County, Ga, 1993
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max
Published: December 2017

Two broadcast baits, Amdro® and Logic®, were broadcast over respective 2.2 acre plots on 27 May. A Herd Seeder mounted on a Honda ATC was used to apply the baits at 1.5 lb/acre. A third plot (2 acres) was left untreated as a control plot. Applications were made at 5:00 pm. Each plot contained five 0.1 acre circular subplots. These plots were marked with orange surveyor stakes. Pretreatment counts were made on 27 May inside the fifteen subplots. Posttreatment counts were made inside the same fifteen subplots on 27 Jun, 30 Jul, 31 Aug, 29 Sep, 13 Oct, and 17 Nov.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional and Experimental Formulations on Turfgrass in Wayne Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (23 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 66°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 69°F; RH, 85%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 37.0% sand, 45.0% silt, 18.0% clay; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.6; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.1; and overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 49 DAT (11 Oct). Japanese beetle grub control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of grubs were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4 inch diam cup cutter.
Pear, Evaluation of Ac303,630, 1993
Authors: VanBuskirk Philip , Hilton Richard
Published: December 2017

The evaluation was conducted in a 1.7 acres pear block consisting of 5 varieties; including Bartlett, D’Anjou, and Bosc, planted in a randomized block. The orchard block was divided into 5 treatments, replicated three times in a randomized block design. Applications of AC 303,630 plus 0.5% Orchex 796 Spray Oil were made 27 May, 24 Jun, and 28 Jul using an air-carrier sprayer set to deliver 200 gpa. AC 303,630 performance was compared to a standard spray program consisting of: 27 May Agri-Mek .15 EC (20 oz/acre), plus .25% Orchex 796 Spray Oil and Guthion 35 WP (3.5 lb/acre); 24 Jun, Guthion (3.5 lb/acre); and 28 Jul, Mitac 50 W (3 lb/acre) and Guthion (3.5 lb/acre). Densities of PP immatures and TSM were estimated bi-weekly from leaf samples consisting of 8 mature and 8 new leaves from each of two varieties (D’Anjou and Bosc) (16 leaves/replicate/variety). Leaves were brushed and the stages and numbers of each species were determined with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Adult PP and predators (Anthocoridae, Cantharidae, Dermaptera and Neuroptera) were counted from a 4-beating tray sample per replicate. CM damage was evaluated at the end of the first generaiton and at harvest by collecting 50-100 fruit per replicate and determining percent larval entry.
Spider Mites in Rose Plant Fields, Wasco, Ca, 1993
Authors: Karlik J. , Wollesen P.
Published: December 2017

An evaluation was conducted with AC 303,630 on field-grown roses to be harvested as plants. Avid was included for comparison. Experimental design was a RCB with 6 replications. Blocks were single rows of roses planted 42 inches apart and plants were 6 inches apart within the row. Each plot was a 25 ft length of roses, with a 5 ft buffer between plots in the row. A single guard row separated each of the treated rows, and the entire plot was buffered by at least three untreated rows. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30 psi with a TJ 8002 flat fan nozzle. Water was used at the rate equivalent to 100 gpa. Samples were 20 5-leafiet leaves pei plot taken at weekly intervals, transported to the lab, brushed onto glass plates, and counted in concentric fashion using a template. Data are the meat of replicates, and represent the spider mites counted on one-sixth of the plate. Pre-treatment samples were taken 26 May. Acaricides were applied 2" May under partly cloudy skies with temperature 25°C and wind velocity less than 5 mph.
Chinch Bug Control, Ingham Co., Mi, 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

A grid of 4 ft by 4 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was established on a home lawn with an infestation of chinch bugs in Okemos, MI. On 23 Jul precounts were made by observing each 4 ft by 4 ft plot for a 2 min period, all larvae and adults were counted. The chinch bugs were determined to be in the 2nd to 5th instar at the time of the pre-spray sample and application. The treatments were grouped into blocks based on these counts. Six replications of each treatment were treated between 10:00 am and 12:00 pm on 23 Jul. Each 16 ft2 plot was considered a replicate. Granular products were evenly applied over the plot with hand-held shakers. Liquid products were applied with a single nozzle, hand-held CO2 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. Applications were made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle for 12 sec (175 gal/acre). The postcounts were made on 30 Jul in all plots. Each plot was observed for 6 min.
Control of the Gall Forming Wasp on Wax Flower Under Grower Conditions, Winter 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: December 2017

Gerdalton Wax (White Wax) was potted in 1 gal pots (15 cm diam.) by a cooperating grower and held for 8 wk outside their greenhouse before use. The plants were small cuttings (4-6 cm high) when first planted. Few if any galls were observed on the plants before use and were removed before trial initiation. A small area free of plants in the midst of commercial range of White Wax was used for the trial. The commercial white wax plants were approx. 100 cm in height and diam. and placed 1 m apart. Treatments were applied on day 0. Azatin treatments were applied as sprays using a hand held pump sprayer and applied at 40 psi. The NTN 33893 treatments were applied directly to the soil and watered in at the time of treatment. Eight plants per treatment were placed 2 feet apart in a RCB design. We minimized water evaporation by burying the plants in the soil 2 inches to cover drainage holes and constructed a drip system to water the plants in place. A high population of gall wasp was present at the site. A single posttreatment count was taken 2 months later following gall formation.
Western Flower Thrips Control, Michigan, 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Forty-eight geranium plants grown from plugs were used for this test at the Pesticide Research Center greenhouses at Michigan State University. Pretreatment counts were taken on 8 Jun by counting all adult thrips and immatures on the undersides of 5 leaves randomly taken from each plant. The plants were blocked according to these and treatments were applied on 9 Jun. All plants were 8-10 inches tall at the time of the application. Insecticides were sprayed to runoff with a R&D CO2 sprayer with a single 8008 nozzle at 50 psi except for the Marshal/Suscon treatments which were applied to the surface of the soil. The same amount of Al/plant was applied for the Advantage and Marshal/Suscon treatments. The Marshal/Suscon treatments were applied as 1 liter of finished spray per 15 pots. All treatments were replicated 6 times with 1 plant being a replicate. Posttreatment counts were taken 1 and 2 wk after treatment on 15 Jun and 22 Jun in the same fashion as the pretreatment counts. The control plants and plants treated with Marshal/Suscon were counted again on 7 Jul to see if the insecticides required time to translocate in the plants.
Rutgers Cooperative Extension 1623 Whitesville Road Toms River, Nj 08755 Control of Maskell Scale, a New Pest of Japanese Black Pine, Ocean County, Nj, 1991
Authors: Smith-Fiola Deborah C.
Published: December 2017

Individual trees ir stands of Japanese Black Pine 6 to 12 ft tall were selected to evaluate control treatments against Maskell scale. Trees were ranked according to uniforrr injury level by a visual subjective infestation of scale. Pre-treatment sampling was conducted by counting live scales on random needle pairs/fascicle.1 (10-15/tree) on new growth. Five treatments were randomly applied on uniform blocks of 5 trees, with one tree per treatment. Trees were sprayed with a Solo backpack sprayer until runoff; temperatures were 28-32°C and sunny. A plastic tarp was held between trees to avoid drift. Trees were sprayec to coincide with peak crawler emergence on 27 Jun. Post-treatment counts were taken on 8 Jul (11 DAT), 16 Jul (19 DAT), and 24 Jul (27 DAT) b> counting the number of scale crawlers per 10 fascicle samples/tree. Hurricane conditions occurred the week of 16 Jul (hurricane 13 Jul).
Efficacy of NTN 33893 in the Control of Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S.
Published: December 2017

The experimental site was a Christmas tree plantation in Plymouth, NH. Trees were 5-6 ft tall. Dosage per tree was based on DBH. Trees ranged from 1-2 inch DBH. Applications were made by pouring equal amounts of NTN 33893 granules into 4 holes, 4 inches deep at drip-line. Holes were made with a long digging iron at each cardinal direction. Application was made 1 May, and rated 10 Sep. The trees were rated by counting the number of galls/50 buds per tree. Each treatment consisted of 20 single tree replicates. At the time of treatment, bud break had not yet occurred, air temperature was 59.3°F.
Differential Mortality of Twospotted Spider Mite on Apple and Pear Cultivars After Treatment with Agri-Mek, 1993
Authors: Andersen A. , Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was performed to determine if any differences existed between apple and pear cultivars in the longevity of Agri-Mek residues. Sprays were applied and residues were aged in the field, and then bioassayed in the laboratory. A tree of each cultivar was sprayed to the point of drip with Agri-Mek (0.025 lb Al/acre) plus 0.25% (v/v) Volck Supreme Oil with a handgun sprayer operated at 350 psi. Treatments were applied on 26 Jul. A tree of the same cultivar and comparable vigor was left unsprayed and used as a check. Leaves were collected for bioassay at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 49 d after treatment. A 2-cm disk was cut from each of ten leaves and floated (abaxial side up) in a jelly cup filled with cotton and water. Ten adult female TSM were transferred to each leaf disk from a colony reared on lima bean. Mites were held at 24°C for 72 h, then evaluated for mortality. Dead and moribund mites were classed as dead. Mites not found on the leaf disk (i.e., in the water) were excluded from analyses. Replicates with less than five mites on the leaf disk at the time of evaluation were also excluded from analyses. Treatment mortality data were corrected for natural mortality using Abbott’s formula.
Dose Response of Omnivorous Leafroller to Commercial Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Kurstaki in the Laboratory, 1992
Authors: Steven Tebbets J. , Vail Patrick V.
Published: December 2017

We compared three formulations of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) for their insecticidal activity against first-instar OLR. Products tested included: (1) NOVO Laboratories Biobit, a flowable concentrate containing live bacteria with spores and parasporal crystal protein bodies; (2) Abbott Laboratories Dipel 2X, a wettable powder also containing active bacteria with spores and parasporal crystal protein bodies; and (3) Mycogen Corporations MVP Bioinsecticide, a flowable concentrate containing dead bacterial cells which bioencapsulate the Btk proteins. The AI in each of these products is the insecticidal protein, or delta-endotoxin, of Btk. Dose-response was determined by feeding trials exposing first-instar OLR to each product. Serial dilutions of each formulation were made and 10 μ1 of each dilution was applied to the surface of an agar-based diet (Bioserv No. 9370) and then allowed to air dry. One larva was placed in each vial containing ca. 1 ml of surface-contaminated diet (surface area = 1 cm2). Thirty to 60 larvae were observed for each dilution and formulation tested. Doses were expressed in mg AI per sq. cm. Mortality evaluations were made after 3, 5, and 7 days. Response data were analyzed by the POLO-PC PROBIT procedure (LeOra Software, 1987).
Peach, Season-Long Insect Control, 1993
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature peach trees on the Trevor Nichols Res. Complex (Peach 2) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees, each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 17 May (PF), 26 May (SS), 7 Jun (1C), 21 Jun (2C), 1 Jul (3C), 12 Jul (4C), 28 Jul (5C) and 9 Aug (6C). Rovral, Ziram and Wettable Sulfur were applied separately to all treatments. An OFM flagging evaluation was done on 28 Jun by inspecting 50 terminals randomly from each tree for a total of 200 terminals per treatment. A mid-season fruit evaluation was done on 6 Jul, by picking 50 fruit per replicate for a total of 200 apples per treatment. A harvest fruit evaluation was done on 11 Aug by picking 50 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 200 fruit per treatment.
Prevention of Grape Bud Damage, 1993
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Lewis B. A.
Published: December 2017

‘Concord’ vineyards 1 and 2 were located in Lowell, Arkansas. It was a randomized complete block design. Each vineyard was divided into 9 blocks (adjacent rows) bordered by untreated rows. Each block had 3 treatments randomly assigned to 9 to 12-vine plots (4 panels of vines) as follows: untreated; 5 cm wide Envirosafe teflon tape (Envirosafe Solutions Corp., Schuylkill Haven, PA) was carefully wrapped around all vine trunks, 5 trellis posts and the 2 horizontal support wires on either end in each plot from 1 to 2 Apr; and a hand pump sprayer at 40 psi was used to apply a carbaryl solution to runoff on each vine and post on 1 and 12 Apr and 9 Apr in vineyards 1 and 2, respectively. The carbaryl solution was 10.6 ml (1.27 g AI) Sevin XLR per liter of a 0.01% solution of water and the surfactant Triton AG98. Counts were made of the damaged and undamaged buds per treatment plot from 21 to 22 Apr.
Cabbage Looper and Diamondback Moth Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1993
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B.
Published: December 2017

Six week old plants were transplanted into a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC in Lane, OK. Plots measuring one row wide by 4.6 m long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. One unplanted bed between beds and 3 m within rows served as spray buffers. Beds were spaced 0.9 m apart and plants were spaced 30 cm apart and arranged with two rows on each bed. Conventional cultural practices were used throughout the trial. All treatments were applied on 14, 19 and 25 May and 2, 10, and 16 Jun using a COrpowered backpack sprayer calibrated on 3 May at 205 liters per acre at 30 psi. The spray boom was configured with two TX-26 hollow cone nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward towards the base of the plants. On each sample date, five randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for CL, DBM and other lepidopterous larvae. Larvae were categorized as small (CL—instar 1 or 2; DBM—instar 1, 2 or 3) or large (CL—instar 3 or 4; DBM—instar 4, 5 or 6). All heads from each plot were harvested on 21 Jun and rated for lepidopterous feeding damage according to the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage (<3 feeding holes), 4 = moderate/severe head damage (>3 feeding holes). Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable in accordance with USDA market standards.
Onion Maggot Control with Seed Treatments, 1994
Authors: Webb D. R. , Taylor A. G. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: December 2017

Seeds were planted 27 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York, on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Germination and damage counts were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were planted using a hand-pushed cone seeder at the rate of 9 seeds/ft. All seeds were treated with Progro at the rate of 25 g of formulation/kg of raw seed to minimize incidence of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae). The standard in-furrow treatment of Lorsban and one check, were treated with Dithane F-45, rather than Progro, applied in-furrow at 2.4 qts formulation in 75 gal water/acre based on a 15-inch row width.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with In-Furrow Treatments, 1994
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Nottingham John
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 25 Apr, ‘94. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk "A" loamy sand. Initial furrow treatments were applied to the seed at the rate of 20 gal per acre with a small watering can. Admire foliar treatments were applied at a rate of 50 gal per acre on 8, 23 and 29 Jun with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer with each row being covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 20 Jul from 20-ft of row.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis Products in Spring, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Different B. thuringiensis products, including two experimental chemicals from Sandoz Crop Protection (SAN 420 and SAN 415), were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae of the overwintering generations. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur-type ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to two-tree plots replicated five times in a randomized complete block. All treatments were applied on 11 and 18 Apr at pink and full bloom stages with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 6 May. One tree from each plot was examined, and the total number of live leafrollers found between 4 and 8 ft high in the canopy was recorded.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly in Squash, 1994
Authors: Seal D. R. , Baranowski R. M.
Published: December 2017

Squash (‘Dixie’) was planted in Homestead on 31 Mar 1992. Plant spacing was 0.3 m in the row and 0.9 m between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1890 kg/ha with granular fertilizer (8:16:16) on two dates, at planting and 2 wk after planting. Plots were four rows, 12 m long. Eight treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with four replications. All treatments were compared with a nontreated check. Dilution of all foliar sprays were at the rate of 100 gpa. All foliar insecticides were applied using a backpack sprayer at 30 psi. Payload was applied in furrow by the seed row two weeks after planting. Insecticides were evaluated by collecting samples consisting of three matured leaves (one/plant) from the center of two middle rows of each treatment plot on each of two sampling dates 26 Apr and 6 May 1994. Whitefly immatures were recorded on randomly selected three 1 sq. cm area on each leaf.
IGR Evaluation Experiment II, 1994
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Myers Isabelle
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 2.5 acre block of 11-yr-old trees on M.7A rootstock. The trees measured 14.5 ft in height and 12.5 f in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of four replications (two ‘Delicious’, two ‘Criterion’) of nine-tree plots (three rows × three trees/row) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Applications were timed using degree-days (DD) to coincide with the beginning of egg hatch of each generation of CM and TABM. Dates of application were 23 May (211 DD50 after first codling moth catch), 8 Jun (512 DD45 after first tufted apple bud moth catch), 21 Jul (1535 DD5U after first codling moth catch in the spring), and 4 Aug (2224 DD45 after first tufted apple bud moth catch in the spring). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan, Kocide, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatments were evaluated by taking insect counts from the periphery of the center tree in each plot. Effect of treatments against RLH and WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Control of STLM was evaluated by counting tissue-feeding mines observed on each tree during a 5 min period. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring 100 picked apples/replication plus up to 100 drop apples per replication for injury on 23 Sep.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1994B
Authors: Bragg D. E. , Mayer D.
Published: December 2017

Plots were planted 6 May near Pomeroy, WA, at a rate of 6 lb/acre in rows 7 inches apart. Plots were 20 × 2 ft, replicated in a RCBD 4 times, and were situated with replicates perpendicular to a grass field. Precounts (PrCt) of plant stand per 6.6 ft row, and damage on 20 randomly selected plants on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 = no damage and 6 = total destruction, were made 22 May. Five insecticide treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 20 gpa and 20 psi on 23 May. Conditions at treatment were 80 F° with no wind at 4 pm. Plants were in the first leaf stage. Evaluations of stand reduction and plant damage were made on 2, 5, 7 and 10 DAT. All surviving plants were in the 7 to 9 leaf rosette stage on 10-DAT.
Black Cutworm Control in No-Till and Conventional Tillage Corn, 1994
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H.
Published: December 2017

A single insecticide formulation, applied as infurrow and T-band treatments in conventional and no-till corn, was evaluated for control of black cutworm larvae. The test plot was planted in a continuous corn field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm in Fayette Co., KY, on 11 May as a split-plot design with 4 replicates. Main-plot treatments consisted of either conventional tillage or no-till, while the sub-plot treatments were methods of insecticide application. Individual sub-plots consisted of 2 rows of no-till corn, 11 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All insecticides were applied using a Noble granular applicator at planting. Gramoxone Extra 2.5S and Bicep 6WDL were applied on 11 May for weed control at 2.25 pt/acre and 2.4 qt/acre, respectively. Ten-inch aluminum barriers were buried 4 to 5 inches into the soil around a 2 × 2 m section in the middle of each plot. On 19 May, 24 third instar black cutworms, obtained from the USDA-ARS Corn Insect Research Unit, Ankeny, IA, were released inside each of the barriers. Stand counts and numbers of cut plants were recorded on 21, 23, 26, 30 May, 2, and 6 Jun. A plant was considered cut if at any time it was cut off by cutworms, regrowth was disregarded. Number of killed/missing plants was recorded on 6 Jun. Data were transformed by arcsin-squareroot then subject to ANOVA and treatment means compared to the control by LSD (SAS Institute).
Japanese Beetle Larval Control in Field Corn, 1994
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H.
Published: December 2017

Twenty-two insecticides were applied for control of Japanese beetle larvae in no-till corn. The test plot was planted into fescue sod on the UK Spindletop Research Farm on 4 May in a RBD with 4 replicates. Individual plots consisted of single rows, 24 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All insecticides were applied at planting. On 25 Apr, 40 random 201 cm2 soil samples for the study area were examined for the presence of Japanese beetle grubs. Plant stand counts were recorded on 20 and 27 May. Numbers of cutworm and slug damaged plants were recorded on 20 May. Extended leaf heights were recorded from 10 plants per plot on 8 Jun. Numbers of pruned roots per 5 plants was recorded 23 Jun. Data were subject to ANOVA and treatment means compared to that of the control by Dunnett’s (SAS Institute). Percentage of cutworm damaged plants was transformed using the arcsin of the squareroot prior to analysis.
Soil Insecticide Applications Using the Smartbox Metering Unit for Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota, 1994
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Jenson J. M. , Thompson D. J.
Published: December 2017

Cornfields located near Aurora and Cavour in central and east-central SD, respectively, were chosen for this study. The experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of insecticide applications using modified ground-driven Noble metering units with the electronic Smartbox metering unit on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter using band or in-furrow insecticide placement methods for control of northern and western corn rootworm larvae. Treatment plots (15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart) were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Noble and Smartbox metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double-disk furrow openers. Pioneer IR-3751 (100-day) corn seed was planted at approximately 23,000 kernels per acre at each location. Five roots per replicate were dug, washed, examined for feeding damage and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Data were analyzed with SAS’s General Linear Models procedure and means were compared using DMRT.
Biological Control of Western Corn Rootworm Using Nematodes, 1994
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of Steinernema riobravis, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, New Jersey strain, and Steinernema carpocapsae. All strain, as biological control agents for WCR was evaluated on Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots, consisting of 30 plants in 3 rows on 10 (30-inch row spacing, planted 14 Jun), were infested on 24 Jun with 750 WCR eggs/row-ft. A RCBD was used, with 4 hand-applied rates of each species (10\ 104, 105, 106 nematodes/row-ft), a spray application of each species (105 nematodes/row-ft), an insecticide check (Furadan 4F®), and an untreated check. There were 4 replicates. Furadan 4F® was applied on 13 Jul (banded, 20 gal/acre) with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. Nematodes were applied when the WCR population reached early third instar (22 Jul). Hand applications (14 ml of 0.15% agar suspension) were made around the base of each plant with a syringe. Sprayed nematodes were banded on both sides of the row (200 gal/acre). On 8 Aug, 3 emergence cages were installed per plot. Beetles were collected weekly until frost. Ten roots per plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 root injury scale on 19 Sep.
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1994
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Pruisner R. D. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: December 2017

Planting-time soil insecticides and seed-treatments were evaluated for wireworm control in a silt loam field near Farmington, IA. The field had been no-till planted into corn stubble and required replanting due to severe wireworm damage. The test plot was no-till planted 12 May into an area of the field that had received the most damage. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 13 gpa at 23 psi. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Planter-mounted drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were assigned to extra, individual seed hoppers. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken from 1/1000 acre per treatment. Seeds/seedlings were then carefully extracted from two, 1-m sections of each treatment row, inspected for wireworm feeding damage, and rated on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress, (4) seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment Insecticide efficacy was analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae in West Central Nebraska, 1994
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in 2 fields in west central NE. Both fields located at the University of Nebraska West Central Research and Extension Center were composed of Cozad silt loam soils.
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected Rates of Furadan 4F, 1994
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), and in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP) were compared to that of an untreated control. Native winter vegetation was allowed to cover the test area. An application of Gramoxone X-tra (1.5 pt/acre) was applied 2 wk pre-plant to terminate all vegetation. All plots also received atrazine 4L (3.0 pt/acre) + Roundup D-pak (3.0 pt/acre) at planting. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9 1.1% organic matter) on 23 Mar with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments for Furadan 4F were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 40 psi. Numbers of chinch bugs were recorded on 22 Apr and 2 May by sampling 20 plants in each plot. Armyworm damage to plants was determined by recording all damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot 2 wk after plant emergence. Plant stand density was measured on 16 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant height was determined on 23 May by taking an average of 20 plants/plot. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 26 Aug. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields.
Evaluation of Alternatives for Early Season Tobacco Budworm Control in Large Plots in Southern North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 10 May in a Norfolk sandy loam soil near Gibson, NC. Recommended agronomic practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G was used at planting for thrips. A RCBD with 5 replicates, and 12-row (40 inch centers) × 1,900 ft plots were utilized. Treatments were applied with a John Deere* high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 60 psi. The single application was made on 23 Jun. Fifty terminals and squares per plot were inspected for damage and live budworms and ten, 25-sweep samples were taken per plot with a standard 15 inch diam net for budworms on 28 Jun. Data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Bt’S in Combination with Larvin
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Jordan April
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 15 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County, AR. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Counts were made on 28 Jun, 22 Jul, 2, and 13 Aug. These counts were taken approximately 4 DAT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plantbugs on Cotton in Mississippi, 1994
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

This evaluation was made on Coker 312 cotton planted as buffer rows for a transgenic cotton trial which had received little insecticidal input throughout the season. Pretreatment assessment of the plantbug infestation was made by sampling 2 outside rows of 9 randomly chosen plots within the test site immediately prior to insecticide application by making 20 sweeps with a 15 inch diameter sweep net. The test was applied 30 Aug under the following conditions: 0-2.3 mph wind, 92°F, 53% RH, and 50% cloud cover. Statistical design was randomized complete block with 3 replications. Plots were 8 rows (38 inch centers) wide and 35 ft long. Applications were made with a high clearance plot sprayer equipped with a compressed air spray system utilizing a flat boom with TX4, hollow cone nozzles spaced at 19 inches traveling at 4 mph. Volumetric application rate was 5 gpa except for the Danitol and VI0009 treatments which were applied at 20 gpa by reducing tractor speed. Post treatment sampling was made 3 DAT by 20 sweeps with a 15 inch sweep net in each pair of the center 4 rows of each plot.
Thrips Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

At-plant, in-furrow applied insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston-Woodville, NC. NC-7 variety peanuts were planted on thirty-six inch rows on 11 May at approximately 100 lb of seed/A. Soil temperature was 74°F and the soil was moist. The humic matter was 1.1% and soil pH was 5.8. Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early season weed control. Plots were two rows wide by fifty ft long and each plot was separated by two buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a RCBD with four replicates. Plot ends were separated by five ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using a Cole® planter and the in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with seed using electric Gandy® boxes. Foliar treatments of Orthene 75S were applied on 7 Jun using a backpack CO2 powered sprayer operating at 40 psi and using 8003 flat fan nozzles. Peanuts were managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by collecting ten unopened leaflets per plot on 7 Jun. In addition, twenty-five newlyopened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage on 7 and 22 Jun. The unopened leaflets were placed in vials of alcohol and were returned to the laboratory where the number of adults and larvae were counted. Larvae counts were used as the basis for control since they provide a better indicator of efficacy than do the more mobile adults. All data were transformed (square root of X + 0.5) prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in tables.
Soil Insecticide and Fungicide Treatment Effects on Peanut Pod Damage, Disease Incidence, and Yield, 1994
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S.
Published: December 2017

Granular soil insecticides were evaluated in standard (Bravo) and alternative (Folicur, Moncut, and Tilt) fungicide programs for effects on pod damage, disease incidence, and yield. The test was conducted on a Varina loamy sand in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 6 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 25 ft (8 rows on 38-inch spacing). Granular insecticides were applied at pegging (Jul 12, 53 DAP) with a 2-row electric Gandy applicator, using 5-inch banders centered over the row. Foliar fungicides were applied with a tractor-mounted 8-row boom (8003 nozzles, 40 psi, 16.9 gpa for the first 2 appl. dates; TX6 nozzles, 60 psi, 8.3 gpa for the last 4 appl. dates). Tire traffic was confined to rows 1—2 and 7—8 of each plot so there was no traffic on yield rows after granular insecticide application. Insect pod damage was evaluated after digging by examining four 25-pod samples per plot and recording external hull feeding and internal kernel damage. The external injury counts reported include those pods with internal injury. Pod injury was primarily due to wireworm feeding based on recovery of 1.0 wireworm larvae/ft2 from 4-in depth sieve samples taken on Sept 6. Disease incidence was evaluated within 1 h of digging by scanning 100 row ft per plot and estimating the total row ft symptomatic for southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) on the plant crown and Rhizoctonia limb rot on plant laterals. No measure of disease severity was taken. The middle four rows (two 100-ft subsamples per plot) were harvested for yield.
Selected Liquid and Granular Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1994
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Liquid and granular insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. ‘NC 7’ Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 11 May using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied in a 14-inch band over the row either just before planting (band, ppi), at planting (at plant), or on 28 Jun (flowering). Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal formulation per acre at 22 psi through one 8004E flat fan nozzle per row. Granules were applied with a tractor- or bicycle-mounted Noble granular applicator. Preplant treatments were soil incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep using a land conditioner. Flowering time banded treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Pod injury was determined 20 Sept from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Pods were categorized as undamaged, scarred (apparently superficial damage to the outer pod wall), or penetrated (pod wall penetrated). Yield was based on digging, combining (4 Oct), drying and weighing peanuts from the two center rows (60 row feet) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.