bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of workers of Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to mandibular gland compounds of virgin males and females
Authors: BENTO J. MAURÍCIO S. , DELLA LUCIA TEREZINHA M. C. , DO NASCIMENTO RUTH R. , BERGMANN JAN , MORGAN E. DAVID
Published: May 2007

Abstract The secretion from the mandibular glands of males of the leaf‐cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa is responsible for the reaction of workers outside the nest at the time of sexual swarming. Workers respond with excitability and aggression when presented with the natural mixture of 4‐methyl‐3‐heptanol and 4‐methyl‐3‐heptanone, which is contained in the secretion of the male mandibular glands. Workers respond quickly to fractional amounts of one male equivalent. 4‐Methyl‐3‐heptanone, from the virgin female mandibular glands causes much less response in workers, whereas an equimolar mixture of male and female pheromones gives a still less clear response. The male pheromone plays the most important part in the communication of workers outside the nest at this time.
Rhythms of passive and active ventilation, and circulation recorded in diapausing pupae of Mamestra brassicae using constant volume respirometry
Authors: JÕGAR KATRIN , KUUSIK AARE , METSPALU LUULE , HIIESAAR KÜLLI , LUIK ANNE
Published: May 2007

Abstract The periodically occurring convective inflow of air into the tracheal system, or passive suction ventilation, together with the cyclic bursts of release of CO2 and active ventilation, is recorded in diapausing pupae of Mamestra brassicae. A constant volume respirometer combined with an opto‐cardiograph‐actograph is used. In all pupae with a metabolic rate of 0.025–0.054 mL g−1 h−1, the bouts of almost imperceptible abdominal contractions are recorded during the bursts of carbon dioxide release and this mode of active ventilation is qualified as extracardiac haemocoelic pulsations. The pupae whose metabolic rate is 0.052–0.075 mL−1 g−1 h−1 show more vigorous abdominal contractions. The results demonstrate that, in diapausing pupae, characterized with low metabolic rates, both passive suction ventilation, referred to also as passive suction inspiration, and active ventilation occurs. In approximately 50% of the pupae, each gas exchange microcycle during the interburst periods begins with a miniature PSI followed by a microburst of CO2 release; in approximately 30% of the individuals, passive suction inspirations occur separately from CO2 microbursts; in the remaining pupae, miniature ones without microbursts of CO2 are recorded. A typical event is heartbeat reversion: in longer periods, the heart peristalses are directed forward (anterograde of heartbeat) and, in shorter periods, the heart peristalses are directed backward (retrograde of heartbeat). At 0 °C, the cyclic release of CO2 and miniature passive suction inspirations during the interburst periods are preserved at lower frequencies but active ventilation is lost.
Germline mutations in APC and MUTYH are responsible for the majority of families with attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Nielsen M , Hes FJ , Nagengast FM , Weiss MM , Mathus‐Vliegen EM , Morreau H , Breuning MH , Wijnen JT , Tops CMJ , Vasen HFA
Published: May 2007

A small fraction of families with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) display an attenuated form of FAP (AFAP). We aimed to assess the presence of germline mutations in the MUTYH and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) genes in AFAP families and to compare the clinical features between the two causative genes. Families with clinical AFAP were selected from the Dutch Polyposis Registry according to the following criteria: (a) at least two patients with 10–99 adenomas diagnosed at age >30 years or (b) one patient with 10–99 adenomas at age >30 years and a first‐degree relative with colorectal cancer (CRC) with a few adenomas, and, applying for both criteria, no family members with more than 100 polyps before the age of 30 years. All probands were screened for germline mutations in the APC and MUTYH genes. Twenty‐five of 315 Dutch families with FAP (8%) met our criteria for AFAP. These families included 146 patients with adenomas and/or CRC. Germline APC mutations were identified in nine families and biallelic MUTYH mutations in another nine families. CRC was identified at a mean age of 54 years (range 24–83 years) in families with APC and at 50 years (range 39–70 years) in families with MUTYH (p = 0.29). APC and biallelic MUTYH mutations are responsible for the majority of AFAP families. Based on our results and those reported in the literature, we recommend colonoscopy once every 2 years in AFAP families, starting surveillance from the late teens in APC mutation carriers and from age 20–25 years in biallelic MUTYH mutation carriers.
Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the COL1A1 regulatory regions are associated with otosclerosis
Authors: Chen W , Meyer NC , McKenna MJ , Pfister M , McBride DJ , Fukushima K , Thys M , Camp GV , Smith RJH
Published: May 2007

Otosclerosis (MIM 166800) has a prevalence of 0.2–1% among white adults, making it the single most common cause of hearing impairment in this ethnic group. Although measles virus, hormones, human leukocyte antigen alleles and genetic factors have been implicated in the development of otosclerosis, its etiology remains unknown. In a focused effort to identify genetic factors in otosclerosis, we have mapped four disease loci (MIM 166800/605727/608244/608787); however, cloning the disease‐causing genes in these intervals has not been successful. Here, we used a case–control study design to investigate the association between collagen type I genes and otosclerosis. We identified susceptibility and protective haplotypes in COL1A1 that are significantly associated with otosclerosis in the Caucasian population. These haplotypes alter reporter gene activity in an osteoblast cell line by affecting binding of transcription factors to cis‐acting elements. Our data suggest that increased amounts of collagen α1(I) homotrimers are causally related to the development of otosclerosis. Consistent with this hypothesis, mouse mutants homozygous for a Col1a2 frameshift mutation on a C57BL/6J background that deposit only homotrimeric type I collagen have hearing loss.
Mitochondrial deafness
Authors: Kokotas H , Petersen MB , Willems PJ
Published: May 2007

Non‐syndromic deafness can be caused by mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. More than 50 nuclear genes have been shown to be involved in non‐syndromic hearing loss, but mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) might also cause hearing impairment. As mitochondria are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation, the primary energy‐producing system in all eukaryotic cells, mitochondrial dysfunction has pleiotropic effects. Many mutations in mtDNA can lead to multisystem disorders, such as Kearns–Sayre syndrome, NARP, MELAS, or MERRF syndromes, the presentation of which may include hearing loss. A more specific association of mitochondrially inherited deafness and diabetes known as MIDD syndrome can be caused by a limited number of specific mitochondrial mutations. In addition, several rare mutations in the mitochondrial MTTS1 and MTRNR1 genes have been found to be responsible for non‐syndromic hearing loss. The most frequent form of non‐syndromic deafness is presbyacusis, affecting more than 50% of the elderly. This age‐related hearing loss is a paradigm for multifactorial inheritance, involving a multitude of inherited and acquired mutations in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, each with a low penetrance, in complex interplay with environmental factors, such as ototoxic medication, that accumulate with age. This study reviews the different mitochondrial mutations, leading to syndromic and especially non‐syndromic deafness.
Sirolimus exposure during the early post‐transplant period reduces the risk of CMV infection relative to tacrolimus in renal allograft recipients
Authors: Haririan Abdolreza , Morawski Katherina , West Miguel S. , El‐Amm Jose M. , Doshi Mona D. , Cincotta Elizabeth , Alangaden George J. , Chandrasekar Pranatharthi , Gruber Scott A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Introduction:  There are limited data regarding the role of individual maintenance immunosuppressive agents in the development of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. We examined the association between exposure to sirolimus (SRL) and risk of CMV infection after kidney transplantation when compared with tacrolimus (TCL).

Methods:  This is a retrospective observational study of adult renal allograft recipients transplanted between 2001 and 2005 at our center. Patients received anti‐lymphocyte antibody induction, and mycophenolate mofetil with either SRL or TCL ± prednisone. D+/R− patients received valganciclovir 900 mg/d and CMV + patients 450 mg/d for three months. CMV infection was diagnosed with pp65 antigenemia testing prompted by clinical suspicion.

Results:  A total of 14 Cases with CMV infection and 129 Controls were identified for primary analysis, and 11 D+/R− Cases and 19 D+/R− Controls for secondary analysis. The groups were comparable in both analyses, except for D+/R− serostatus in the primary analysis. All 14 Cases were on TCL for at least three months prior to diagnosis of CMV infection. In the primary analysis, zero Cases, but 30.2% and 34.9% of Controls (p = 0.009 and 0.004), and in secondary analysis, zero Cases, but 31.6% and 42.1% of Controls (p = 0.046 and 0.013), were on SRL at one and three months, respectively. In the primary analysis, zero Cases vs. 45 Controls (p = 0.004), and in secondary analysis, zero Cases vs. eight Controls (p = 0.013), were on SRL for at least three months early post‐transplantation.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that SRL as a component of a multidrug immunosuppressive regimen decreases the risk of CMV infection after kidney transplantation when compared with TCL.
Renal transplant outcome in high‐cardiovascular risk recipients
Authors: Jeloka Tarun K , Ross Heather , Smith Robert , Huang Michael , Fenton Stanley , Cattran Daniel , Schiff Jeffrey , Cardella Carl , Cole Edward
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Background: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the foremost cause of mortality and an important cause of morbidity in renal transplant recipients. The disease burden is likely to increase as older patients are accepted for transplantation. The outcome of these high‐CV risk patients after renal transplantation, especially with known pre‐transplant coronary artery disease (CAD), has not been studied. Hence, we looked at the CV outcome in patients with known pre‐transplant CAD. Methods: All renal transplants performed between 1998 and 2002 at our center, followed up to 2005, were divided into high‐ and low‐risk groups, based on the presence of one or more of the following: pre‐transplant angina, myocardial infarction, and positive coronary angiogram. The two groups were compared for post‐transplant cardiac events and patient and graft survival. The factors predictive of post‐transplant cardiac events were also determined by Cox‐regression multivariate analysis. Results: Forty‐five patients (10.5%), out of 429, had post‐transplant cardiac events; 31.3% in the high risk, and 6.5% in the low‐risk group (p = 0.001). Five‐yr patient survival was lower in the high‐risk group (82.8% vs. 93.1%, p = 0.004), while five‐yr overall graft survival and death censored graft survival were statistically not different (74.8% vs. 84.1%, p = 0.08 and 87.3% vs. 90%, p = 0.25). Forty‐one percent of patients who were treated with angioplasty plus stenting or bypass graft prior to transplantation had post‐transplant cardiac events, as compared with 28% of those without intervention in the high‐risk group and 6.5% of patients in the low‐risk group (p = 0.001). Age, pre‐transplant cardiac disease, arrhythmias, and low‐ejection fraction (≤40%) were significant independent predictors of post‐transplant cardiac events. Conclusion: Post‐transplant survival of high‐CV risk patients (with known CAD) is lower than that of low‐risk recipients but remains acceptable. Cardiac interventions may reduce perioperative risk but do not reduce the probability of post‐transplant cardiac events to that of low‐risk group.
Photoprotection processes under water stress and recovery in Mediterranean plants with different growth forms and leaf habits
Authors: Galmés Jeroni , Abadía Anunciación , Cifre Josep , Medrano Hipólito , Flexas Jaume
Published: May 2007

The response of photoprotection mechanisms to a short‐term water stress period followed by rewatering, to simulate common episodic water stress periods occurring in Mediterranean areas, was studied in 10 potted plants representative of different growth forms and leaf habits. During water stress and recovery, relative water content, stomatal conductance, leaf pigment composition, electron transport rates, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), thermal energy dissipation and photorespiration rates (Pr) were determined. All the species analyzed proved to be strongly resistant to photoinactivation of PSII under the imposed water stress conditions. The responses of the analyzed parameters did not differ largely among species, suggesting that Mediterranean plants have similar needs and capacity for photoprotection under episodic water stress periods regardless of their growth form and leaf habit. A general pattern of photoprotection emerged, consisting in maintenance or increase of Pr at mild stress and the increase of the thermal energy dissipation at more severe stress. Adjustments in pigment pool sizes were not an important short‐term response to water stress. The increase of thermal energy dissipation because of water stress depended mostly on the de‐epoxidation state of xanthophylls, although the slope and kinetics of such relationship strongly differed among species, suggesting species‐dependent additional roles of de‐epoxidated xanthophylls. Also, small decreases in Fv/Fm at predawn during water stress were strongly correlated with maintained de‐epoxidation of the xanthophylls cycle, suggesting that a form of xanthophyll‐dependent sustained photoprotection was developed during short‐term water stress not only in evergreen but also in semideciduous and annual species.
Plastid‐membrane‐associated polyamines and thylakoid transglutaminases during etioplast‐to‐chloroplast transformation stimulated by kinetin
Authors: Sobieszczuk‐Nowicka Ewa , Di Sandro Alessia , Del Duca Stefano , Serafini‐Fracassini Donatella , Legocka Jolanta
Published: May 2007

The amounts of polyamines (PAs) bound to etioplast membranes varied during chloroplast development in cucumber cotyledons (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór). Putrescine (PU) and spermidine (SD) levels increased in the early greening stage (6 h of light exposure) but decreased in the late greening stage (24 h) in the thylakoid‐enriched fraction. In the highly enriched PSIIα fraction, the trend of changes in the amount of bound PAs was different: levels of SD and spermine (SM) increased in the late stage. In both fractions, their levels were additionally increased by kinetin treatment. In the presence of exogenous protein transglutaminase (TGase) substrate (N′,N′‐dimethylcasein) and 5 mM Ca2+, kinetin initially caused a marked increase in thylakoid transglutaminase (ThylTGase) activity (6 h), followed by a decrease at the end of greening. The radiometric assay showed that PU and SM binding to thylakoid proteins was very low, while SD binding was seven to eight times higher. Kinetin increased SD conjugation in the early greening stage by about 36%. When chloroplast membranes were fully organized, ThylTGase activity decreased. In etioplast membranes and during the early greening stage, the 77‐kDa and 30‐kDa bands were mainly immunodetected with antibodies raised against the animal TGase, which were in general slightly stronger for kinetin‐treated than the control samples. At the end of greening, the level of 77‐kDa ThylTGase dramatically decreased. ThylTGase activity was found to be Ca2+ dependent. PAs conjugated via ThylTGase, in addition to the PAs bound by all possible types of linkage, could represent an important component of the mechanism of stimulation of etioplast‐to‐chloroplast transformation by kinetin.
The pig‐to‐primate immune response: relevance for xenotransplantation
Authors: Tai Hao‐Chih , Zhu Xiaocheng , Hara Hidetaka , Lin Yih Jyh , Ezzelarab Mohamed , Long Cassandra , Ball Suyapa , Ayares David , Cooper David K. C.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Background:  The allotransplantation of some solid organs can be associated with a graft‐vs.‐host (GVH) response from the activity of donor B or T cells. We have investigated whether there is a risk of a GVH response following pig‐to‐primate organ xenotransplantation.

Methods:  The responses of 16 pigs (six farm‐housed wild‐type and five wild‐type housed under high herd health conditions [all designated WT], and 5 α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene‐knockout [GT‐KO] housed under high herd health conditions) to human (n = 6) and baboon (n = 6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined. Assays included flow cytometry, complement‐dependent cytotoxicity, and mixed lymphocyte reaction.

Results:  Anti‐primate cytotoxic IgM antibodies were detected in the sera of all pigs, but anti‐primate IgG antibodies were minimal. All pigs demonstrated a cellular proliferative response to primate PBMC that was equivalent to, or greater than, the allo response. The strength of the pig‐to‐primate GVH responses was proportional to the health status of the pigs, those from a high health status herd, particularly from a specific pathogen‐free herd maintained under clean husbandry conditions, where colonization of the gastrointestinal tract may be reduced, having lower responses.

Conclusions:  After pig organ transplantation in a primate, if the organ is from an early‐weaned, early‐segregated GT‐KO pig, the strength of a GVH response is likely to be relatively weak. Although not investigated here, any GVH response is likely to be suppressed by the immunosuppressive therapy administered to the recipient to suppress the anti‐donor immune response.
Species‐level selection reduces selfishness through competitive exclusion
Authors: RANKIN D. J. , LÓPEZ‐SEPULCRE A. , FOSTER K. R. , KOKKO H.
Published: May 2007

Adaptation does not necessarily lead to traits which are optimal for the population. This is because selection is often the strongest at the individual or gene level. The evolution of selfishness can lead to a ‘tragedy of the commons’, where traits such as aggression or social cheating reduce population size and may lead to extinction. This suggests that species‐level selection will result whenever species differ in the incentive to be selfish. We explore this idea in a simple model that combines individual‐level selection with ecology in two interacting species. Our model is not influenced by kin or trait‐group selection. We find that individual selection in combination with competitive exclusion greatly increases the likelihood that selfish species go extinct. A simple example of this would be a vertebrate species that invests heavily into squabbles over breeding sites, which is then excluded by a species that invests more into direct reproduction. A multispecies simulation shows that these extinctions result in communities containing species that are much less selfish. Our results suggest that species‐level selection and community dynamics play an important role in regulating the intensity of conflicts in natural populations.
Sex‐biased preferential care in the cooperatively breeding Arabian babbler
Authors: RIDLEY A. R. , HUYVAERT K. P.
Published: May 2007

In many social birds there are sex differences in dispersal patterns, with males commonly remaining in their natal group whereas females typically disperse at adolescence. Group members may therefore increase their fitness by preferentially caring for offspring of a particular sex according to social circumstances. Although previous studies have focussed on intragroup social factors that may affect preferential care, we propose that the relative size of neighbouring groups is of primary importance. Here we show that in the cooperatively breeding Arabian babbler (Turdoides squamiceps), parents preferentially feed male offspring when relative group size is small, and female offspring when group size is large. Unlike parents, helpers consistently favour young of the opposite sex to themselves, suggesting the risk of competition with members of the same sex for future breeding opportunities may override other considerations. These results emphasize the complexity of investment strategies in relation to social circumstances and the variable benefits of raising males vs. females in a species with sex‐biased philopatry.
Effect of Preservation Methods on the Performance of Bovine Pericardium Graft in a Rat Model
Authors: Zuki A. B. Z. , Hafeez Y. M. , Loqman M. Y. , Noordin M. M. , Norimah Y.
Published: May 2007

This study investigates the effect of preservation methods on the performance of bovine parietal pericardium grafts in a rat model. Mid‐ventral full thickness abdominal wall defects of 3 × 2.5 cm in size were created in 90 male Sprague–Dawley rats (300–400 g), which were divided into three groups of 30 rats each. The abdominal defects of group one and two were repaired with lyophilized and glycerolized bovine pericardium grafts, while the defects of group three were repaired with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) Mycro Mesh as a positive control. Another group of 30 rats underwent sham operation and was used for comparison as negative control. Each group of rats (n = 30) was divided into five subgroups (n = 6) and killed at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 18 weeks post‐surgery for gross and morphological evaluations. The rats tolerated the surgical procedure well with a total mortality of 0.05%. No serious post‐operative clinical complications or signs of rejection were encountered. Adhesions between the grafts and the underlying visceral organs observed in the study were mostly results of post‐surgical complications. Glycerol preservation delayed degradation and replacement of the grafts, whereas lyophilization caused early resorption and replacement of the grafts. The glycerolized grafts were replaced with thick dense fibrous tissue, and the lyophilized grafts were replaced with thin loose fibrous tissue. The healing characteristic of the bovine pericardium grafts was similar to those of the sham‐operated group, and quite different from those of the ePTFE Mycro Mesh. The outcome of the present study confirmed the superiority of glycerolized bovine pericardium grafts over its lyophilized counter part.
Prevalence of tinea capitis in southern Kuwait
Authors: Adel A.‐A. Razzaq , Sultan Al‐Otabi , Basmiah Al‐Mehanna , Aftab Ahmed , Nabel Najem
Published: May 2007

Tinea capitis of the scalp, an infection caused by dermatophytes, produces a significant health problem especially among school children. The object of this study was to highlight the prevalence of tinea capitis in southern Kuwait. During this retrospective study from 1998 to 2003, 1737 suspected cases were examined, 986 (58.6%) were men and 751 (43.2%) were women of which 371 cases were diagnosed as tinea capitis. Of 371 cases of tinea capitis, males comprised 54.2% and females 45.8%. Young children (up to age five) were more frequently infected than other age groups, grey type lesions were more common than other types. Microsporum canis was the most common organism noticed with 62.5% followed by Trichophyton violaceum with 19.3%, Trichophyton tonsurans with 13.1%, while Trichophyton rubrum was the least common. Tinea capitis of scalp is a significant health problem in southern Kuwait especially among young children of school age. The spread of infection can be prevented by health education, proper diagnosis and treatment.
Comparison of 12 liquid media for germ tube production of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis
Authors: Hilmioglu Süleyha , Ilkit Macit , Badak Zühre
Published: May 2007

Infections caused by yeast of the genus Candida are the most common fungal infections, being Candida albicans the most common isolated species among them. The rapid identification of this yeast is mostly based on the production of germ tube in human or animal serum. This study describes the use of 12 different liquid media for germ tube production at 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 h. We examined 193 yeasts, including 157 (81.3%) C. albicans and 36 (18.7%) Candida tropicalis for the production of germ tube. The germ tube production of C. albicans was mostly observed in human serum (98%) followed by rabbit serum (89.8%), brain heart infusion broth (84%) and sheep serum (74.5%) at 2 h. An incubation time exceeding 2 h i.e. 2.5 h or later, C. tropicalis strains were observed to produce germ tubes. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for germ tube production of human serum at 2 h were 98%, 100%, 100% and 92.3% respectively. In all tested sera, an incubation period of more than 2 h improves the sensitivity, but decreases the specificity as well as PPV and NPV of germ tube test (GTT). In conclusion, human serum was observed to be the most appropriate medium to be preferred for GTT, with an incubation period of 2 h.
Ultrastructural changes in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells attenuated by gamma irradiation
Authors: Demicheli Marina Cortez , Goes Alfredo Miranda , De Andrade Antero Silva Ribeiro
Published: May 2007

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermally dimorphic fungus agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a deep‐seated systemic infection of humans with high prevalence in Latin America. Until now no vaccine has been reported. Ionizing radiation can be used to attenuate pathogens for vaccine development and we have successfully attenuated yeast cells of P. brasiliensis by gamma irradiation. The aim of the present study was to examine at ultrastructural level the effects of gamma irradiation attenuation on the morphology of P. brasiliensis yeast cells. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (strain Pb‐18) cultures were irradiated with a dose of 6.5 kGy. The irradiated cells were examined by scanning and also transmission electron microscopy. When examined 2 h after the irradiation by scanning electron microscopy, the 6.5 kGy irradiated cells presented deep folds or were collapsed. These lesions were reversible since when examined 48 h after irradiation the yeast had recovered the usual morphology. The transmission electron microscopy showed that the irradiated cells plasma membrane and cell wall were intact and preserved. Remarkable changes were found in the nucleus that was frequently in a very electrondense form. An extensive DNA fragmentation was produced by the gamma irradiation treatment.
Erythematous candidosis in patients with complete dentures and HIV+/AIDS
Authors: Aleva N. A. , Birman E. G. , Afonso W. , Chavasco J. K. , Paula C. R. , Ribeiro A. , Pereira L. J.
Published: May 2007

This investigation was designed to evaluate the frequency of erythematous candidosis (EC) and Candida species, proteinase and phospholipase exoenzyme production, and to compare clinical features in patients with complete dentures and HIV+/Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease Syndrome (AIDS). Fifty‐one patients were selected from a total of 285 with EC: denture wearers (n = 30) and HIV+/AIDS (n = 21). The yeast prevalence and the production of exoenzymes, such as proteinase and phospholipase by Candida species were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) electrophoresis. The frequency of Candida albicans was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both groups although other yeast species (Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondi and Candida tropicalis) were also found. Candida albicans showed greater levels of proteinase production in the denture wearers, when compared with the HIV+/AIDS group. There was no difference between groups with regard to phospholipase production. The protein bands presented similar molecular weights, showing the presence of proteinases in both groups. It could be concluded that the clinical manifestation of EC may be related to its proteinase production capacity. Combination therapies using proteinase inhibitors play an important role in inhibiting exoenzyme production by Candida species, mainly C. albicans.
Antioxidant properties of the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata and its antifungal activity against a large number of clinical Candida species
Authors: Chaieb Kamel , Zmantar Tarek , Ksouri Riadh , Hajlaoui Hafedh , Mahdouani Kacem , Abdelly Chedly , Bakhrouf Amina
Published: May 2007

Many essential oils are known to possess an antioxidant activity and antifungal properties and therefore they potentially act as antimycotic agents. Essential oil of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) was isolated by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The antioxidant effect of the tested oil was evaluated by measuring its 2,2‐diphenyl‐l‐1‐picrylhydrazil radical scavenging ability and the antiradical dose required to cause a 50% inhibition (IC50) was recorded. The antifungal activity of essential oils was evaluated against 53 human pathogenic yeasts using a disc paper diffusion method. Our results show that the major components present in the clove bund oil were eugenol (88.6%), eugenyl acetate (5.6%), β‐caryophyllene (1.4%) and 2‐heptanone (0.9%). The tested essential oil exhibited a very strong radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.2 μg ml−1) when compared with the synthetic antioxidant (tert‐butylated hydroxytoluene, IC50 = 11.5 μg ml−1). On the other hand, this species displayed an important antifungal effect against the tested strains. It is clear that clove oil shows powerful antifungal activity; and it can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and in pharmaceutical applications.
Chromoblastomycosis with underlying osteolytic lesion
Authors: Sharma Nand Lal , Sharma Vikas C. , Mahajan Vikram , Shanker Vinay , Sarin Sandip
Published: May 2007

In chromoblastomycosis, the lesions develop at the site of inoculation and usually restrict themselves to cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. Extracutaneous spread occurs rarely secondary to haematogenic and lymphatic dissemination. This report presents a case of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi with contiguous spread to the underlying bone in the form of an osteolytic lesion.
Probiotics in paediatric gastrointestinal diseases
Authors: Lemberg Daniel A , Ooi Chee Yee , Day Andrew S
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Probiotics have become increasingly popular and are now promoted as having a wide range of benefits. Probiotics are generally very well tolerated and safe but many of the purported uses are not yet well supported with adequate scientific evidence. Two well‐established roles for probiotics in children are acute diarrhoeal illness and antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea. This review summarises the evidence supporting probiotics for various gastrointestinal disorders with particular reference to their role in the management of acute diarrhoea and antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea in children.
Prevalence of childhood asthma and control in children assessed in a pilot school‐based intervention programme in Singapore
Authors: Yang KS , Ng TP , Kwang YP , Thilagaratnam Shyamala , Wong CS , Chia Frances
Published: May 2007

Aim:  Because of a high childhood asthma burden in Singapore, assessment of disease control status is essential for formulating school‐based strategy of childhood asthma control. The aim of the present study is to assess childhood asthma prevalence and control in Singapore and the socio‐demographic and help‐seeking correlates.

Methods:  School‐based survey using parental self‐administered questionnaire, conducted from February to April 2004. Four mixed‐gender primary schools selected from geographically distinct zones of Singapore. All primary one (modal age – 6.5 years) and six (modal age – 11.9 years) students from selected schools were invited to participate. Questionnaire respondents were the students’ parents or guardians. The response rate was 75.2% (2123/2825).

Results:  Prevalence of current asthma was 8.9% (190/2123). Among them, 26.3% (46/175) were assessed to have inadequate control. Asthma was more prevalent, and less adequately controlled in children from lower socio‐economic backgrounds (lower‐end housing type). Children with poorly controlled asthma were more likely to be treated by emergency room physicians and hospital specialists, and to be on preventer medications.

Conclusions:  In Singapore, poor asthma control is found in a sizeable proportion of school children with asthma, is identifiable for high‐risk groups of children from lower socio‐economic backgrounds and having asthma‐related attendance at the emergency rooms.
Seasonal variation in acute hospital admissions and emergency room presentations among children in the Australian Capital Territory
Authors: D’Souza Rennie M , Bambrick Hilary J , Kjellstrom Tord E , Kelsall Liza M , Guest Charles S , Hanigan Ivan
Published: May 2007

Aim:  To examine seasonal variation in hospital use for five paediatric conditions of the Australian Capital Territory residents.

Methods:  Hospital admissions (1993–2004) and emergency room (ER) presentations (1999–2004) for asthma, croup, bronchiolitis, other respiratory conditions and diarrhoea of children aged <5 years were compared by month and season.

Results:  The five conditions comprised 14% of admissions and 24% of ER presentations of children aged <5 years. Bronchiolitis (both admissions and ER presentations) were the highest in the 0–1 year age group (>80%) and the other four conditions peaked at 1–2 years. Children aged 0–2 years contributed 66% of diarrhoea, 62% of croup and 44% of other respiratory admissions whereas ER presentations were higher for other respiratory conditions (57%) and lower for croup (47%). Boys showed higher rates of admissions and ER presentations for all conditions except diarrhoea. Strong seasonal associations were apparent. Incident rate ratios of admissions were significantly higher in autumn compared with summer for asthma and croup whereas bronchiolitis and other respiratory conditions admissions were the highest in winter. Diarrhoea admissions were the highest in spring. ER presentations of the five conditions also showed similar associations with season.

Conclusion:  Hospital admissions and ER presentations of these five conditions showed strong seasonal patterns, knowledge of which could contribute to improved resource planning (staffing) to meet expected increases in demand for services and scheduling of elective admissions. These findings could be extended to develop a model for forecasting hospital use and to explore the causes of these diseases to ameliorate seasonal effects.
Whooping cough: Are health‐care workers putting children at risk?
Authors: Peadon Elizabeth , Cooper Carolyn
Published: May 2007

Aim:  To explore the attitudes and knowledge of health‐care workers (HCW) towards whooping cough and an adult whooping cough booster for HCW.

Methods:  HCW at Fairfield Health Service, who had clinical contact with infants or children, were sent a self‐administered questionnaire.

Results:  Questionnaires were completed by 135 staff, giving a response rate of 74%. Thirty‐five per cent were not known to be immunised against whooping cough. Fifty‐nine per cent of doctors were known to be immunised, 33% of allied health staff and 28% of nurses. The rates of immunisation between the professional groups were significantly different (χ2 = 8.2 with 2 degrees of freedom; P = 0.017). Thirty‐nine per cent of HCW did not know that primary immunisation did not provide lifelong protection. Twenty‐seven per cent did not agree that HCW should be offered an adult whooping cough booster. Staff who felt at risk of contracting whooping cough were more likely to recommend that a booster should be offered (OR 2.71; 95% CI 1.22–6.04; P = 0.019). Doctors were less likely to recommend that a booster should be offered (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.15–0.87; P = 0.028).

Conclusions:  HCW have low rates of immunity to whooping cough and misconceptions about whooping cough infection and immunisation. Over a quarter of HCW did not agree that a booster should be offered. An ongoing education programme addressing the attitudes and misconceptions identified in this study is a crucial component of the campaign to increase the uptake of adult whooping cough booster immunisation by HCW.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicated by pneumomediastinum and severe mucositis
Authors: Fearon Deborah , Hesketh Elizabeth L , Mitchell Anne E , Grimwood Keith
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  We report an 8‐year‐old boy with Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infection complicated by pneumomediastinum and severe oral and conjunctival mucositis. M. pneumoniae‐associated mucositis is distinct from the Stevens–Johnson syndrome. There are no skin lesions and it improves promptly with antibiotics. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum usually only requires rest, analgesia and management of the underlying condition.
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency in a female patient without delayed umbilical cord separation
Authors: Webber Emily C , Church Joseph , Rand Thomas H , Shah Ami J
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD‐1), a rare disorder of neutrophil function, is classically characterised by delayed umbilical cord separation. We report a case of LAD‐1 in a female infant whose umbilical cord separated within 2 weeks of birth and review the literature pertaining to the timing of umbilical cord separation.
Massive acute haemolysis and severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase‐deficient preterm triplets
Authors: Shah Varsha A , Yeo Cheo Lian
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Premature triplets (2 boys and 1 girl) were delivered at 34 weeks, with both boys identified as Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient. Despite having similar quantitative levels of G6PD in their cord blood, only one boy had severe hyperbilirubinemia and anaemia caused by acute haemolysis requiring exchange transfusion. G6PD‐deficient infants with the similar genetic, demographic, maternal, clinical factors and G6PD quantification levels can have different severity of presentation of neonatal jaundice in similar environmental set up. This supports the massive acute haemolysis can occur in infant with G6PD deficiency in the absence of any obvious blood group incompatibilities, infection, or ingestion of oxidising agents known to trigger haemolysis.
Renal response to an acute protein challenge in pregnant women with borderline hypertension
Authors: HEGUILÉN RICARDO M , LISTE A ANDRES , BELLUSCI ANGEL D , LAPIDUS ALICIA M , BERNASCONI AMELIA R
Published: May 2007

Background:  The renal reserve (RR), assessed after an oral protein challenge or the intravenous administration of amino acids, is still present in healthy pregnant women (NP), although resting glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) increase progressively throughout normal gestation. No studies have addressed this issue in hypertensive gravidas; the aim of this trial was to evaluate renal response to an acute protein load (PL) in NP and pregnant women with borderline hypertension (HP).

Methods:  Five NP, eight HP and eight healthy non‐pregnant women (CG) were evaluated. After fasting overnight, all subjects received an oral water load (20 mL/kg of body weight), the urinary output was then replaced orally with equal volumes of water. After two 30 min periods, an 80 g PL was provided. Creatinine clearance (CCr) was measured every 30 min from 1 h before and for 4 h following PL. Participants remained recumbent during the study, bladder emptiness was assessed by ultrasound immediately after each micturition. Baseline CCr was taken as the average of two 30 min periods before PL and peak Ccr as the maximal CCr recorded thereafter.

Results:  The groups were similar with regard to age, weight or gestation age. Baseline CCr (NP: 118.5 ± 6.0, HP: 127.4 ± 6.7 and CG: 99.8 ± 2.9 mL/min, P = 0.004 (CG vs NP and HP), increased after PL to NP: 223.5 ± 9.8 to HP: 178.5 ± 13 and to CG: 149.1 ± 4.0 mL/min, P < 0.0004 (CG vs HP, CG vs NP and NP vs HP)). Peak minus baseline CCr was 97.3 ± 10.1; 46.3 ± 12.7 and 48.3 ± 4.8 for NP, HP and CG, respectively (P < 0.006 HP vs CG and NP). The peak CCr was obtained significantly earlier in both pregnant groups (Period 3) compared with the healthy non‐pregnant women (Period 5) (P = 0.02). The fractional proximal reabsorption of sodium (FPRNa+) at peak CCr was similar in the groups (NP: 0.74 ± 0.01 HP: 0.78 ± 0.02 and CG: 0.74 ± 0.03, P = not significant (NS)) as was the distal delivery of sodium (DDNa+) (NP: 5.8 ± 0.5; HP: 4.1 ± 0.5 and CG: 4.3 ± 0.4 meq/min, P = NS). Fractional excretion of urea (%) increased from 91.4 ± 5.5 to 105.5 ± 9.8%; 80.7 ± 8.0 to 97.3 ± 9.8; and 44.4 ± 7.8 to 86.0 ± 7.1 in NP, HP and CG, respectively (P = NS). There was a trend towards a poorer maternal and fetal outcome in the HP group.

Conclusion:  Mid‐term borderline HP failed to increase CCr as much as NP did after a protein challenge, suggesting altered functional response of the nephron or lessened sensitivity of renal vasculature to additional vasodilator stimuli. These results support the interest of additional prospective studies with a larger number of patients to confirm these findings and evaluate the value of RR tests as predictors of outcome of pregnancies at risk.
Rodent models of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic nephropathy (Methods in Renal Research)
Authors: TESCH GREG H , ALLEN TERRI J
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY:  Streptozotocin‐induced pancreatic injury is commonly used for creating rodent models of type 1 diabetes which develop renal injury with similarities to human diabetic nephropathy. This model can be established in genetically modified rodents for investigating the role of molecular mechanisms and genetic susceptibility in the development of diabetic nephropathy. In this report, the authors describe and compare the current protocols being used to establish models of diabetic nephropathy in rat and mouse strains using streptozotocin. The authors also list some of the histological criteria and biochemical measurements which are being used to validate these models. In addition, our review explains some of the key aspects involved in these models, including the impact of streptozotocin‐dosage, uninephrectomy, hypertension and genetically modified strains, which can each affect the development of disease and the interpretation of findings.
Northern Australian kidney transplant unit: A viable option?
Authors: ROGERS NATASHA M , SHTANGEY VICTORIA , LAWTON PAUL D , JOSE MATTHEW D
Published: May 2007

Aims:  Kidney transplant units in Australia are confined to large hospitals in major metropolitan areas, yet this may limit access and diminish outcomes in people who do not live in these large centres. The authors examined the viability of a kidney transplant unit located in northern Australia (NA), with particular emphasis on recipient outcomes and the number of donors.

Methods:  ‘Northern Australia’ was arbitrarily defined as ‘north of the tropic of Capricorn’ for Queensland and Western Australia and included the entire Northern Territory. Data on donors and transplant recipients were provided by ANZDATA and ANZOD registries, identified by postcode.

Results:  Between 1998 and 2004 in NA there were 163 deceased donor kidneys and 97.5% of available organs were transplanted. There were no Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) donors from NA. Recipients from NA in this time included 55 patients receiving living grafts and 156 receiving deceased donor grafts, of whom 36% were ATSI, making up half of the total ATSI transplanted in Australia during this time period. Compared with the rest of Australia, NA recipients were older, waited longer on dialysis, had longer ischaemic times and a greater number of human leucocyte antigen mismatches, and were more likely to be diabetic and obese. Despite the longer cold ischaemic time in NA recipients, no difference in immediate graft function was seen. ATSI recipients in NA, when compared with their southern Australian counterparts, had poorer patient survival (HR = 3.19, 95% CI 1.44–7.08, P < 0.001), but equivalent graft survival (HR = 1.67, 95% CI 0.95–2.95, P = not significant) on multivariate analysis. Key factors that would influence feasibility of a Northern Australian transplant unit include adequate staffing, and support services in addition to currently available resources.

Conclusion:  Current donor numbers in NA are adequate for past recipients of kidney transplant, but may not cover future needs without a significant increase in donor rate. A transplant unit situated in northern Australian would require significant resources to ensure long‐term viability and its effect on outcomes is uncertain.
SLOW‐TRANSIT CONSTIPATION: EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
Authors: Wong Shing Wai , Lubowski David Z.
Published: May 2007

Slow‐transit constipation is characterized by delay in transit of stool through the colon, caused by either myopathy or neuropathy. The severity of constipation is highly variable, but may be severe enough to result in complete cessation of spontaneous bowel motions. Diagnostic tests to assess colonic transit include radiopaque marker or radioisotope studies, and intraluminal tests (colonic and small bowel manometry).

Most patients with functional constipation respond to laxatives, but a small proportion are resistant to this treatment. In some patients biofeedback is helpful although the mechanism by which this works is still uncertain. Other patients are resistant to all conservative modes of therapy and require surgical intervention. Extensive clinical and physiological preoperative assessment of patients with slow colonic transit is essential before considering surgery, including an assessment of small bowel motility and identification of coexistent obstructed defecation. The psychological state of the patient should always be taken into account. When surgery is indicated, subtotal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis is the operation of choice. Segmental colonic resection has been reported in a few patients, but methods of identifying the affected segment need to be developed further. Less invasive and reversible surgical options include laparoscopic ileostomy, antegrade colonic enema and sacral nerve stimulation.
HOMOCYSTEINE AND ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS
Authors: Moroz Paul , Le Max T. Q , Norman Paul E
Published: May 2007

There is evidence to suggest that increased levels of homocysteine play a significant role in vascular disease. It has been suggested that lowering homocysteine levels by dietary folate supplementation may reduce the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease. It is plausible that homocysteine may also play a role in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and that patients with this disease may benefit from folate supplementation. Our objective was to review the published work with regard to the role of homocysteine in the pathogenesis of AAA. Searches were carried out in published work in English with the keywords ‘abdominal aortic aneurysm’ and ‘homocysteine’. There is evidence from in vitro and animal model studies that activation of metalloproteinases by homocysteine can influence aortic wall structure. Several case–control studies report an association between increased levels of homocysteine and the presence of an AAA. There are conflicting genotypic data concerning the association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants and AAA. Although there is evidence for an association between homocysteine and AAA, it is not strong enough to conclude that it plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of AAA. Further research is needed, given the potential benefit that simple vitamin supplementation may have for patients with AAA.