bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human infection challenge in the pandemic era and beyond, HIC-Vac annual meeting report, 2022
Authors: Barnes Megan V C , Mandla Anika , Smith Emma , Maskuniitty Maija , Openshaw Peter J M ,   HIC-Vac meeting contributors, Abo Yara-Natalie , Ascough Stephanie , Ashwin Helen , Avirutnan Panisadee , Catchpole Andrew P , Chi Primus Che , Chiu Christopher , Darton Thomas C , Driciru Emmanuella , Dula Dingase , Ferreira Daniela M , Fraser Alastair , Garrett Phoebe , Gbesemete Diane , Gordon Stephen , Heymann David L , Houlder Emma , Jamrozik Euzebiusz , Kapulu Melissa , Kessy Enock , Overgaard Kildemoes Anna M , Koopman Jan Pieter , McShane Helen , Navanukroh Oranich , Osier Faith H , Osowicki Joshua , Pham Vy , Pollard Andrew J , Ratta-apha Woraphat , Silk Sarah E , Sridhar Saranya , Swanson Kena A , Talaat Kawsar R , Thwaites Ryan S , Welch Orly
Published: November 2023

HIC-Vac is an international network of researchers dedicated to developing human infection challenge studies to accelerate vaccine development against pathogens of high global impact. The HIC-Vac Annual Meeting (3rd and 4th November 2022) brought together stakeholders including researchers, ethicists, volunteers, policymakers, industry partners, and funders with a strong representation from low- and middle-income countries. The network enables sharing of research findings, especially in endemic regions. Discussions included pandemic preparedness and the role of human challenge to accelerate vaccine development during outbreak, with industry speakers emphasising the great utility of human challenge in vaccine development. Public consent, engagement, and participation in human challenge studies were addressed, along with the role of embedded social science and empirical studies to uncover social, ethical, and regulatory issues around human infection challenge studies. Study volunteers shared their experiences and motivations for participating in studies. This report summarises completed and ongoing human challenge studies across a variety of pathogens and demographics, and addresses other key issues discussed at the meeting.
Extracellular Vesicles From Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Modulators of Macrophage Activation and Virulence
Authors: Wang Yingjie , Li Shiying , Wang Tengfei , Zou Mengyun , Peng Xiuli
Published: November 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication by transporting proteins. To investigate the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a major threat to the poultry industry, we isolated and characterized M. gallisepticum–produced EVs. Our study highlights the significant impact of M. gallisepticum–derived EVs on immune function and macrophage apoptosis, setting them apart from other M. gallisepticum metabolites. These EVs dose-dependently enhance M. gallisepticum adhesion and proliferation, simultaneously modulating Toll-like receptor 2 and interferon γ pathways and thereby inhibiting macrophage activation. A comprehensive protein analysis revealed 117 proteins in M. gallisepticum–derived EVs, including established virulence factors, such as GapA, CrmA, VlhA, and CrmB. Crucially, these EV-associated proteins significantly contribute to M. gallisepticum infection. Our findings advance our comprehension of M. gallisepticum pathogenesis, offering insights for preventive strategies and emphasizing the pivotal role of M. gallisepticum–derived EVs and their associated proteins. This research sheds light on the composition and crucial role of M. gallisepticum–derived EVs in M. gallisepticum pathogenesis, aiding our fight against M. gallisepticum infections.
Prevalence of non-communicable disease among displaced Rohingya in southern Bangladesh: a
first look at a persecuted ethnic minority from Myanmar
Authors: Tsichlis Jason T , Trisha Ipsita Hamid , Aghagoli Ghazal , Flora Meerjady Sabrina , Abid M Ruhul
Published: November 2023

Background

In Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, 860 356 Rohingya living in refugee camps have experienced decades of persecution. Little is known about disease burden in this population.

Methods

A retrospective review of deidentified electronic health records (EHR) of 51 270 Rohingya attending two primary health clinics in Kutupalong and Balukahli from October 2017 to October 2019 was performed. A novel EHR system named NIROG was used for patients' medical records'.

Results

Females comprised 53.8% of patients. The median age of females was 25 y and for males it was 19 y. Prevalence of adult hypertension and diabetes was 14.1% and 11.0%, respectively. Also, 16.6% of children aged <5 y had moderate or severe acute malnutrition, while 36.6% were at risk of malnutrition. Body mass index (BMI) analysis showed that 34.4% of adults were underweight. Females were more likely to be hypertensive, diabetic, overweight/obese and malnourished. BMI had a statistically significant positive correlation with fasting blood glucose levels and systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions

The use of a portable EHR system was highly effective at providing longitudinal care in a humanitarian setting. Significant proportions of the adult population appear to have hypertension or diabetes, pointing to a critical need for management of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The findings of the current study will help stakeholders to plan effective prevention and management of NCDs among displaced Rohingya and other displaced populations.
Single-use negative pressure wound therapy to prevent surgical site complications in high-risk patients undergoing caesarean sections: a real-world study
Authors: Imcha Mendinaro , Liew Nyan Chin , McNally Arthur , Zibar Davor , O’Riordan Mairead , Currie Aoife , Styche Tim , Hughes Jacqui , Whittall Catherine
Published: November 2023

Surgical site complications (SSCs), including surgical site infection (SSI), are common following C-sections. Management of the post-operative incision with single-use negative pressure wound therapy (sNPWT) has been shown to reduce the risk of SSC in high-risk individuals. This study explored the outcomes of routine, real-world use of sNPWT in high-risk patients undergoing C-sections.

An observational, retrospective in-service evaluation was conducted across eight obstetric centres in the Republic and Northern Ireland. Patients undergoing C-sections were stratified for their risk of developing SSC using commonly known risk factors, including BMI ≥30, smoking, diabetes, and whether the patients had undergone previous C-sections or had a previous history of wound dehiscence. Those at high-risk were treated with sNPWT post-operatively. Data relating to any SSC that developed post-operatively, for up to 30 days, were captured. Data were compared with original research previously published by Wloch et al. (2012).

Of 1111 women considered high-risk, 106 (9.5%) went on to develop SSCs, predominantly superficial SSIs. SSCs were associated with extra visits with their general practitioner (GP), outpatient visits, or inpatient hospital stays in 5.7%, 2.4%, and 1.7% of the entire cohort, representing 59.4%, 25.5%, and 17.9% of the 106 patients with SSC. Patients needed on average 1.8 extra GP visits and 0.7 extra outpatient visits. Patients who needed to be readmitted to hospital had an average length of stay of 4 days. In comparison with a previously published cohort, in which sNPWT was not used, we observed a significant reduction in the incidence of SSCs across BMI groups 18.5–24.9 (P = 0.02), 25–29.9 (P = 0.003), and ≥35 kg/m2 (P = 0.04). In those patients who had undergone at least one previous C-section, the rates of complications also reduced (P = 0.006).

This analysis provides further justification for using sNPWT to manage surgical incisions in patients considered at high risk of developing post-procedural SSCs, particularly those with a BMI ≥30 or a history of more than one C-section.
Health Equity Ratings of U.S. Burn Centers—Does For-Profit Status Matter?
Authors: Rizk Nada , Rochlin Danielle , Sheckter Clifford C
Published: November 2023

Achieving health equity is forefront in national discussions on healthcare structuring. Burn injuries transcend racial and socioeconomic boundaries. Burn center funding ranges from safety-net to for-profit without an understanding of how funding mechanisms translate into equity outcomes. We hypothesized that health equity would be highest at safety-net facilities and lowest at for-profit centers. All verified and non-verified American Burn Association burn centers were collated in 2022. Safety-net status, for-profit status, and health equity rating were extracted from national datasets. Equity ratings were compared across national burn centers and significance was determined with comparative statistics and ordinal logistic regression. On an equity grade of A–D (A is the best), 27.6% of centers were rated A, 27.6% rated B, 41.5% rated C, and 3.3% rated D. About 17.1% of all burn centers were designated as for-profit compared to 21.1% of centers that were safety-net. About 73.1% of safety-net centers scored an A rating, and 14.3% of for-profit centers scored an A rating. Safety-net centers were 21.8 times more likely (P < .001) to have the highest equity score compared to nonsafety-net centers. There was an 80% decrease in the odds of having a rating of A for for-profit centers compared to nonprofit centers (P = .04). Safety-net centers had the highest equity ratings while for-profit burn centers scored the lowest. For-profit funding mechanisms may lead to the delivery of less equitable burn care. Burn centers should focus on health equity in the triage and management of their patients.
Characterizing Delirium and Associated Risk Factors Using the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium Score in Pediatric Burn Patients
Authors: Bergus Katherine C , Patterson Kelli , Castellanos Sydney , Bourgeois Tran , MacDonald Jennifer , Mallampalli Grace , Fabia Renata , Thakkar Rajan , Schwartz Dana
Published: November 2023

Delirium is a syndrome of acute brain dysfunction with disturbance in consciousness and cognition that is increasingly recognized in critically ill pediatric patients. The Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) tool is used to detect delirium in children of all ages and developmental stages in various hospital settings. To date, the incidence of delirium in the pediatric burn population has been poorly defined. In order to describe the incidence as well as risk factors for delirium in this patient population, we retrospectively reviewed patients <18 years of age admitted to our American Burn Association-verified pediatric burn center from March 2018 to May 2021 who underwent delirium screening using the CAPD tool. Patient demographics, burn characteristics, hospitalization details, and date of first positive delirium screening were collected, and χ2, Fisher’s exact test, univariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Delirium was identified in 42 (10.8%) of 389 patients meeting inclusion criteria. Patients screening positive for delirium were older (4 years [IQR: 2, 11] vs 2 years [IQR: 1, 6], P < .0005) and had larger TBSA burns (21.63% [IQR: 9, 42] vs 3.5% [IQR: 1.75, 6], P < .0001) than delirium-negative patients. Delirium-positive patients required a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (OR 4.23; 95% CI [1.16-15.39], P = .0289) and had higher TBSA burns (OR 1.12; 95% CI [1.06-1.17], P < .0001). Delirium-positive patients had 1.6 day longer length-of-stay adjusted for TBSA burned (95% CI [0.81–2.41], P < .0001). Compared to delirium-negative patients, delirium-positive patients had a 5.4-day longer PICU admission (95% CI [2.93–10.3]; P < .0001). Screening pediatric burn patients with risk factors known to be associated with delirium by using the CAPD score could improve delirium prevention and allow for early intervention.
Neutrophils sing “IL[-10] be seeing you” in the lungs during pneumonia
Authors: McPeek Matthew K , Gomez John C , Doerschuk Claire M
Published: November 2023

First sentence for Table of Contents

Mechanisms of regulating the beneficial and harmful capabilities of neutrophils include IL-10/IL-10RA signaling in neutrophils that limits clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and accumulation of neutrophils in pneumonic lung tissue.
Industrial Policies, Competition, and Efficiency: The Need for State Aid Control
Authors: Piechucka Joanna , Saurí-Romero Lluís , Smulders Ben
Published: November 2023

This paper contributes to the current debate on industrial policies, by discussing the potential scope and design principles of efficiency-enhancing industrial policies and providing a framework of assessment based on the European experience with State aid control. It argues four main points. First, there is scope for efficiency-enhancing industrial policies that address well-defined market failures. Second, the design of any industrial policy must achieve its objective in the most efficient way possible, in particular avoiding unnecessary distortions to competition. Third, European Union (EU) State aid control rules, as part of competition policy, reflect the economic principles of efficiency-enhancing industrial policies and provide a blueprint that could be applied more broadly to improve the design of industrial policies. Fourth, the pressure from industrial policies of non-EU governments comes with risks of global subsidy races that would produce a suboptimal outcome for all. Some limiting principles must therefore be found. We then illustrate how State aid control can contribute to a more efficient design of climate and industrial policies, contributing to a more efficient green transition, preserving competitive markets, and fostering industrial competitiveness.
The Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Families of Youth of Color: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Romagnoli Brenda Rojas , Phan Thao-Ly T , Lewis Amanda M , Alderfer Melissa A , Kazak Anne E , Arasteh Kamyar , Enlow Paul T
Published: November 2023

Objective

Prospectively examine racial and ethnic disparities in exposure to COVID-19-related stressors and their impact on families.

Methods

A racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse cohort of caregivers of youth (n = 1,581) representative of the population served by a pediatric healthcare system completed the COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Scales in Oct/Nov 2020 and March/April 2021. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine exposure to COVID-19-related events (Exposure), impact of the pandemic on family functioning and well-being (Impact), and child and parent distress (Distress) across time and as a function of race and ethnicity, adjusting for other sociodemographic variables.

Results

Exposure and Distress increased over time for all participants. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, caregivers of Black and Hispanic youth reported greater Exposure than caregivers of White youth and caregivers of Black youth had a greater increase in Exposure over time than caregivers of White youth. Caregivers of White youth reported greater Impact than caregivers of Black and Other race youth.

Conclusions

Exposure to and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on family psychosocial functioning varied by race and ethnicity. Although exposure to COVID-19-related events was greater among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black families, those of marginalized races reported less family impact than non-Hispanic White families, suggesting resiliency to the pandemic. Research should examine such responses to public health crises in communities of color, with a focus on understanding protective factors. These findings suggest the importance of culturally tailored interventions and policies that support universal psychosocial screenings during times of public health crises.
International economic institutions after neoliberalism: the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity as a blueprint?
Authors: Bachand Rémi
Published: November 2023

The framework of global trade has been undergoing important transformations in the last few years. This article will defend the thesis that these events form the background of a possibly significant transformation of US capitalism that will be accompanied by new and profoundly different types of trade agreements and institutions.
Bulk Osteochondral Allograft for a Firearm Injury to the Medial Femoral Condyle in a Military Service Member: A Case Report
Authors: Colon-Morillo Reinaldo E , Puentes Hannah D , Sheppard Sean G , Kuhn Kevin M , Hurvitz Andrew P , McDonald Lucas S , Smith Jennifer L , Bailey James R
Published: November 2023

A 27-year-old U.S. military active duty male sustained an accidental, self-inflicted left knee gunshot injury with an unsalvageable medial femoral condyle injury. The patient underwent bulk osteochondral allograft transplantation. Nine months post-operation, the patient was fit for full military duties with no reported functional limitations and remained on active duty. Severe knee medial femoral condyle bone loss after accidental firearm injury is uncommon. Bulk knee osteochondral allograft transplantation to the medial femoral condyle provided a successful treatment option for an active duty U.S. military member with multicompartment osteochondral defects and severe medial femoral condyle bone loss due to a gunshot injury.
A search for extragalactic fast optical transients in the Tomo-e Gozen high-cadence survey
Authors: Oshikiri Kakeru , Tanaka Masaomi , Tominaga Nozomu , Morokuma Tomoki , Takahashi Ichiro , Tampo Yusuke , Hamidani Hamid , Arima Noriaki , Arimatsu Ko , Kasuga Toshihiro , Kobayashi Naoto , Kondo Sohei , Mori Yuki , Niino Yuu , Ohsawa Ryou , Okumura Shin-ichiro , Sako Shigeyuki , Takahashi Hidenori
Published: November 2023

The population of optical transients evolving within a time-scale of a few hours or a day (so-called fast optical transients, FOTs) has recently been debated extensively. In particular, our understanding of extragalactic FOTs and their rates is limited. We present a search for extragalactic FOTs with the Tomo-e Gozen high-cadence survey. Using the data taken from 2019 August to 2022 June, we obtain 113 FOT candidates. Through light curve analysis and cross-matching with other survey data, we find that most of these candidates are in fact supernovae, variable quasars, and Galactic dwarf novae that were partially observed around their peak brightness. We find no promising candidate of extragalactic FOTs. From this non-detection, we obtain upper limits on the event rate of extragalactic FOTs as a function of their time-scale. For a very luminous event (absolute magnitude M < −26 mag), we obtain the upper limits of 4.4 × 10−9 Mpc−3 yr−1 for a time-scale of 4 h, and 7.4 × 10−10 Mpc−3 yr−1 for a time-scale of 1 d. Thanks to our wide (although shallow) surveying strategy, our data are less affected by the cosmological effects, and thus, give one of the more stringent limits to the event rate of intrinsically luminous transients with a time-scale of <1 d.
The Tully–Fisher relation and the Bosma effect
Authors: Sylos Labini Francesco , De Marzo Giordano , Straccamore Matteo , Comerón Sébastien
Published: November 2023

We show that the rotation curves of 16 nearby disc galaxies in the THINGS sample and the Milky Way can be described by the Navarro–Frenk–White halo model and by the Bosma effect at approximately the same level of accuracy. The latter effect suggests that the behaviour of the rotation curve at large radii is determined by the rescaled gas component and thus that dark matter and gas distributions are tightly correlated. By focusing on galaxies with exponential decay in their gas surface density, we can normalize their rotation curves to match the exponential thin disc model at large enough radii. This normalization assumes that the galaxy mass is estimated consistently within this model, assuming a thin disc structure. We show that this rescaling allows us to derive a new version of the Tully–Fisher (TF) relation, the Bosma TF relation that nicely fit the data. In the framework of this model, the connection between the Bosma TF relation and the baryonic TF relation can be established by considering an additional empirical relation between the baryonic mass and the total mass of the disc, as measured in the data.
The impact of supernova feedback on the mass–metallicity relations
Authors: Ibrahim Dyna , Kobayashi Chiaki
Published: November 2023

Metallicity is a fundamental physical property that strongly constrains galaxy formation and evolution. The formation of stars in galaxies is suppressed by the energy released from supernova explosions and can be enhanced by metal production. In order to understand the impact of this supernova feedback, we compare four different feedback methods, ejecting energy in thermal, kinetic, stochastic, and mechanical forms, into our self-consistent cosmological chemodynamical simulations. To minimize other uncertainties, we use the latest nucleosynthesis yields that can reproduce the observed elemental abundances of stars in the Milky Way. For each method, we predict the evolution of stellar and gas-phase metallicities as a function of galaxy mass, i.e. the mass–metallicity relations. We then find that the mechanical feedback can give the best match to a number of observations up to redshift z ∼ 3, although the predicted gas-phase metallicities seem to be higher than those observed at z ≳ 1. The feedback modelling can be further constrained by the metallicities in distant galaxies with the JWST and those of a large sample with ongoing and future spectroscopic surveys.
Eruption of prominence initiated by loss of equilibrium: multipoint observations
Authors: Vemareddy P , Ibrahim M Syed
Published: November 2023

Using the SDO/AIA, SOHO/LASCO, STEREO/SECCHI, and ground-based H α, radio observations, we studied a prominence eruption (PE) from the western limb that occurred on 2013 December 4. PE is associated with a moderate coronal mass ejection (CME) and GOES class C4.7 flare. Before a couple of days, the prominence pre-existed as an inverse-S shaped filament lying above fragmented opposite polarities between two active regions. Initially, the prominence appears as kinked or writhed as observed from different vantage points. From a careful study of magnetic field observations, we infer that the flux emergence at one leg of the prominence causes the loss of equilibrium which then initiates the slow upward motion of the prominence followed by onset of the eruption at a projected height of 35 Mm. The fast rise motion is also in synchronization with the flare impulsive phase but the average acceleration is quite small (150 ms−2) compared to strong flare cases. In the LASCO field of view (FOV), the CME continues to accelerate at 3 ms−2 attaining a speed of 450 km s−1 at 16 R⊙. In the extended STEREO-A FOV upto 38 R⊙, the CME decelerates 0.82 m s−2. The PE launched type III bursts delayed by 14 min with respect to the flare peak time (04:58 UT). Since the prominence is lying in the fragmented polarities, it is likely that the sheared arcade has little contribution to the poloidal flux of the rising magnetic flux rope and subsequently weak flare is recorded. This study of PE emphasizes the influence of the magnetic reconnection on the CME speed, launch of type II, III burst, and the CME propagation distance farther away from the Sun.
OPIA: an open archive of plant images and related phenotypic traits
Authors: Cao Yongrong , Tian Dongmei , Tang Zhixin , Liu Xiaonan , Hu Weijuan , Zhang Zhang , Song Shuhui
Published: November 2023

High-throughput plant phenotype acquisition technologies have been extensively utilized in plant phenomics studies, leading to vast quantities of images and image-based phenotypic traits (i-traits) that are critically essential for accelerating germplasm screening, plant diseases identification and biotic & abiotic stress classification. Here, we present the Open Plant Image Archive (OPIA, https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/opia/), an open archive of plant images and i-traits derived from high-throughput phenotyping platforms. Currently, OPIA houses 56 datasets across 11 plants, comprising a total of 566 225 images with 2 417 186 labeled instances. Notably, it incorporates 56 i-traits of 93 rice and 105 wheat cultivars based on 18 644 individual RGB images, and these i-traits are further annotated based on the Plant Phenotype and Trait Ontology (PPTO) and cross-linked with GWAS Atlas. Additionally, each dataset in OPIA is assigned an evaluation score that takes account of image data volume, image resolution, and the number of labeled instances. More importantly, OPIA is equipped with useful tools for online image pre-processing and intelligent prediction. Collectively, OPIA provides open access to valuable datasets, pre-trained models, and phenotypic traits across diverse plants and thus bears great potential to play a crucial role in facilitating artificial intelligence-assisted breeding research.
Urinary peptide analysis to predict the response to blood pressure medication
Authors: Jaimes Campos Mayra Alejandra , Mavrogeorgis Emmanouil , Latosinska Agnieszka , Eder Susanne , Buchwinkler Lukas , Mischak Harald , Siwy Justyna , Rossing Peter , Mayer Gert , Jankowski Joachim
Published: November 2023

Background

The risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression is significant despite treatment with renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blocking agents. Current clinical tools cannot predict whether or not patients will respond to treatment with RAS inhibitors (RASi). We aimed to investigate whether proteome analysis could identify urinary peptides as biomarkers that could predict the response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin-receptor blockers treatment to avoid DKD progression. Furthermore, we investigated the comparability of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), calculated using four different GFR equations, for DKD progression.

Methods

We evaluated urine samples from a discovery cohort of 199 diabetic patients treated with RASi. DKD progression was defined based on eGFR percentage slope results between visits (∼1 year) and for the entire period (∼3 years) based on the eGFR values of each GFR equation. Urine samples were analysed using capillary electrophoresis–coupled mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed between the uncontrolled (patients who did not respond to RASi treatment) and controlled kidney function groups (patients who responded to the RASi treatment). Peptides were combined in a support vector machine-based model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the risk prediction models in two independent validation cohorts treated with RASi.

Results

The classification of patients into uncontrolled and controlled kidney function varies depending on the GFR equation used, despite the same sample set. We identified 227 peptides showing nominal significant difference and consistent fold changes between uncontrolled and controlled patients in at least three methods of eGFR calculation. These included fragments of collagens, alpha-1-antitrypsin, antithrombin-III, CD99 antigen and uromodulin. A model based on 189 of 227 peptides (DKDp189) showed a significant prediction of non-response to the treatment/DKD progression in two independent cohorts.

Conclusions

The DKDp189 model demonstrates potential as a predictive tool for guiding treatment with RASi in diabetic patients.
International co-movements of inflation, 1851–1913
Authors: Gerlach Stefan , Stuart Rebecca
Published: November 2023

We study inflation in a group of 15 countries before and during the classical Gold Standard using annual data spanning 1851–1913. The degree of co-movements between domestic and international inflation depends on geographical remoteness and openness to trade. Furthermore, international inflation acts as an ‘attractor’ for domestic inflation. Sub-sample estimates reveal little evidence of instability implying that international inflation was an important influence on domestic inflation throughout this time period.
A Randomized Trial of Dolutegravir Plus Darunavir/Cobicistat as a Switch Strategy in HIV-1-Infected Patients With Resistance to at Least 2 Antiretroviral Classes
Authors: Santos José R , Domingo Pere , Portilla Joaquín , Gutiérrez Félix , Imaz Arkaitz , Vilchez Helem , Curran Adrià , Valcarce-Pardeiro Nieves , Payeras Antoni , Bernal Enrique , Montero-Alonso Marta , Yzusqui Miguel , Clotet Bonaventura , Videla Sebastià , Moltó José , Paredes Roger
Published: November 2023

Background

Suppressed patients with drug-resistant HIV-1 require effective and simple antiretroviral therapy to maintain treatment adherence and viral suppression.

Methods

This randomized, open-label, noninferiority, multicenter pilot study involved HIV-infected adults who met the following criteria: confirmed HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL for ≥6 months preceding the study randomization, treatment with at least 3 antiretroviral drugs, and a history of drug resistance mutations against at least 2 antiretroviral classes but remaining fully susceptible to darunavir (DRV) and integrase inhibitors. Participants were randomized 1:1 to switch to dolutegravir (DTG; 50 mg once per day) plus DRV boosted with cobicistat (DRV/c; 800/150 mg once per day; 2D group) or continue with their baseline regimen (standard-of-care [SOC] group). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL at week 48 relative to time to loss of virologic response, with a noninferiority margin set at −12.5%. Virologic failure was defined as confirmed HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL or a single determination of HIV-1 RNA >50 copies/mL followed by antiretroviral therapy discontinuation.

Results

Forty-five participants were assigned to the 2D group and 44 to the SOC group. Time to loss of virologic response showed no difference in the proportion maintaining HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL at week 48: 39 of 45 (86.7%; 95% CI, 73.21%–94.95%) in the 2D group vs 42 of 44 (95.4%; 95% CI, 84.53%–99.44%) in the SOC group (log-rank P = .159) with an estimated difference of −8.7 (95% CI, −22.72 to 5.14). Only 2 (4.5%) in the SOC group experienced virologic failure, and 3 participants from the 2D group experienced adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation.

Conclusions

In suppressed patients with at least 2 resistant antiretroviral classes, noninferiority could not be demonstrated by fully active DRV/c plus DTG. Nevertheless, there were no unexpected adverse events or virologic failure. DRV/c plus DTG may be considered a once-daily therapy option only for well-selected patients.

Clinical Trials Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03683524).
Anatomy and physiology of pain transmission
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

Pain has been defined as i\n unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage’. The association between pain and dentistry is well entrenched in our society. Indeed, it is pain or the recollection of a painful experience that causes many patients to avoid routine dental treatment or seek alternative methods for the delivery of their dental care. It is thus essential for dental surgeons to have a thorough understanding of both mechanisms of pain production and control. This chapter will consider the basic neurophysiology, pharmacology, and anatomy of pain with particular emphasis on the mouth and associated structures. The mechanism of neural conduction is dealt with in Chapter 2.
Palliative Care: An Oxford core Text
Authors: Faull Christina , Woof Richard
Published: November 2023

The care of patients with advanced and terminal illness can be extremely rewarding but often causes junior and indeed senior clinicians a considerable amount of discomfort. Patients with advanced disease present some of the most challenging ethical, physical, psychological, spiritual and social issues to clinicians and indeed to society. In line with the new integrated medical curricula, Palliative Care introduces the medical student and junior doctor to the problems experienced by patients with advanced disease. Information is provided in an accessible, user-friendly and interactive way and covers a wide range of physical and non-physical symptom management. Multiprofessional team work is addressed, as is the role and support of families. There is also a consideration of the dilemmas and decisions that may be encountered by doctors around the end of a patient's life. Cover illustration: A water-colour titled 'The healing touch' reproduced with the kind permission of the artist Michele Angelo Petrone. Michele paints and writes of his experience during the treatment of Hodgkin's Disease. 'I need to know that this body is my body. And I need to know everything that is happening to my body. But most of all I need to know that you know that within my body there is me. Healing is brought about not just by medicine. It's not just treatment which cures you, but all that encompasses the human touch. A smile means more than an antibiotic injection, a hug more than a platelet transfusion. The face - of my friends, my family, my nurses and - yes - even my doctors, shows sympathy, compassion and understanding. This human face contributes so much to healing of the tortured soul'.
Introduction
Authors: Scarry Elaine
Published: November 2023

The problematically abstract and the problematically concrete are the two starting places of the essays in this book. One group of essays looks at the ability of language to accommodate conceptions of truth and cognition, subjects whose immateriality or alacrity might place them beyond the reach of speech and writing. The other group examines phenomena such as physical pain and physical labor whose materiality might leave them outside the reflexes of language. By the side of the problematically ab­ stract, language sometimes seems full of the weight of the world. By the side of the problematically concrete, language can seem inappropriately quick and cavalier. In both instances, what is overtly at issue is the know­ ability of the world, and that knowability depends on its susceptibility to representation. This is the case, whether the particular world whose knowability is in question is (as in Hardy) the deep interior of another person at labor or (as in Boethius) the metaphysically expansive ground that lets one “learn how to die.” In this sense, all the essays are about the labors of cognition.
Participial Acts: Working
Authors: Scarry Elaine
Published: November 2023

Early in The Woodlanders, an idle surgeon spends a long afternoon watching the wet white paint on a swinging gate detach itself from the gate’s surface and latch onto first the body of one, then a second, then a third young woman crossing into his neighbourhood. Much later that same surgeon, not now idle but engaged in the exhausting work of self-rescue, crawls toward the home of a wealthy woman, lifts himself over the stile, and leaves behind on its altered surface his own red blood.1 These two moments, clear counterparts of one another, belong to a long succession of moments in which a gate or threshold or stile or doorway or fence is crossed to permit the passage of one person into a space belonging to a person of another gender or of another class-gates, fences, and doorways that thus open into scenes resonant with economic and political and sexual disturbance. Hardy’s concern here with the crossing of three young laboring class women into a space watched over by a middle class man and again with the crossing of that middle class man into a space whose very air is radiant with monied femininity, at the same time requires him (requires him because he is Thomas Hardy) to be attentive to another sort of crossing: the crossing of the white paint from the non sentient surface of the wooden gate to the sentient surface of the human body, and in turn the crossing of the red blood from the sentient surface of the human body to the non-sentient surface of the wooden stile.
The External Referent: Cosmic Order
Authors: Scarry Elaine
Published: November 2023

The possibilities of the human soul manifest themselves along a vertical axis: at the lower terminus is the phenomenon of chaos; at the higher, a dancing star. Although master of all movement along this axis, a human being may come to believe it is impossible to leave the nether pole. Recognizing one’s capacity for destruction, one despairs. Despairing, one relinquishes control over all moral and psychic energies. The dance of a star, still latent within, is forgotten. The person forfeits what had been the most cherished possibility.
Subject To Change
Authors: Boyle Deirdre
Published: November 2023

Before the Internet, camcorders, and hundred-channel cable-systems--predating the Information Superhighway and talk of cyber-democracy--there was guerilla television. Part of the larger alternative media tide which swept the country in the late sixties, guerilla television emerged when the arrival of lightweight, affordable consumer video equipment made it possible for ordinary people to make their own television. Fueled both by outrage at the day’ s events and by the writings of people like Marshall McLuhan, Tom Wolfe, and Hunter S. Thompson, the movement gained a manifesto in 1971, when Michael Shamberg and the raindance Corp. published Guerilla Television. As framed in this quixotic text, the goal of the video guerilla was nothing less than a reshaping of the structure of information in America. In Subject to Change, Deidre Boyle tells the fascinating story of the first TV generation’s dream of remaking television and their frustrated attempts at democratizing the medium. Interweaving the narratives of three very different video collectives from the 1970s--TVTV, Broadside TV, and University Community Video--Boyle offers a thought-provoking account of an earlier electronic utopianism, one with significant implications for today’s debates over free speech, public discourse, and the information explosion.
Is Mystical Experience Everywhere the Same?
Authors: Prigge Norman , Kessler Gary E
Published: November 2023

The belief that mystical experience or that some especially important variety thereof is everywhere the same, regardless of the idiosyncracies of the individual mystic or of his or her cultural tradition, has been tacitly presupposed, dogmatically asserted, or explicitly argued for in much scholarly and popular literature on mysticism. All of this notwithstanding, Steven T. Katz, in a recent article entitled “Language, Epistemology, and Mysticism,”1 has attempted to show this belief false. This attempt came to the two of us as a direct challenge, for we had long assumed (rather uncritically it must be confessed) that the belief in question was true, even obviously so. In trying to respond to Katz’s challenge, we became more aware of a defect that inheres in most of the literature on mysticism, including Katz’s article.
Working-Class Autobiography, Subjectivity, and Value
Authors: Gagnier Regenia
Published: November 2023

A study of nineteenth-century British working-class autobiography is at last possible for cultural critics because of the labors of John Burnett, David Mayall, and David Vincent, compilers of The Autobiography of the Working Class.1 This chapter is based upon the reading of several hundred of the 804 autobiographies included in the bibliography. Their authors were born before 1895 and were designated “working-class” by themselves as well as by the compilers of that bibliography. Their works are called autobiographies despite their differences from traditional auto biography as the literary community has defined it, and despite their for mal and rhetorical variety, because these are the responses that workers produced when asked or compelled, for whatever reasons, to record their lives. The bibliography represents a wealth of work experiences-1400 separate occupations and a variety of individual occupational histories.
The Making of Middle-Class Identities: School and Family
Authors: Gagnier Regenia
Published: November 2023

In 1844, the year of Marx’s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts and Engels’s Condition of the Working Class in England, the Anglophile and scholar Barbey D’ AureviHy wrote that whereas the working classes were constrained by scarcity and necessity the upper classes of society were constrained by their own rules and conventions, hence the dandy’s role to entertain a class boring itself to death within the terms of its elite sta tus.1 This chapter takes up the rules and conventions of upper-class life, specifically as evidenced within its elite educational system, and the possible subjects produced within that system. The first part is devoted to the male public schools; the second to women’s corresponding educations and opportunities. Both parts begin with brief histories of the schools and then go on to the subjective reactions conveyed in former pupils’ auto biographies, with special attention to convention, hierarchies, and the oppositional moves they fostered. Both parts ultimately consider the broader implications for subjectivity, value, and literary value. In recent debates within Critical Legal Studies, critics like Robert Gordon have suggested the importance of” decoding the vernacular,” or studying how law has been imbricated in, and has helped to structure, the most routine practices of social life.2 In studying the effects of rules and hierarchy, or social formalism, upon Victorian subjectivity in this chapter, I attempt one such decoding of the vernacular.
Letters, Fictions, Lives
Authors: Anesko Michael
Published: November 2023

In this unique and long-awaited volume, Michael Anesko documents the literary cross-fertilization between Henry James and William Dean Howells, collecting 151 letters, nearly all the extant correspondence between the two men, as well as the most significant critical commentary James wrote on Howells and Howells wrote on James. Scholars have long recognized the peculiar importance of the relationship between these two exponents of realistic fiction-their mutual respect and occasional animosity. But the record of their affinities and substantial differences has never before been so amply and compellingly established. Containing dozens of previously unpublished letters by James, and featuring a detailed biographical chronology as well as extensive interpretive commentaries that meticulously chart the development of this remarkable literary friendship, Letters, Fictions, Lives, edited to the highest standards of scholarly excellence, will prove an invaluable resource for scholars and students of James and Howells, and will hold great interest for dedicated readers of their fiction and for those studying epistolary issues and literary influence between contemporaries.
Elaboration: Using What You Know
Authors: Stein Victoria
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we explored the broad landscape of the cognition of reading-to-write, focusing on four cognitive processes: monitoring, elaboration, structuring, and planning. This chapter provides a more in-depth look at one of these processes-elaboration, the process by which students bring their own knowledge into the task. Students and teachers alike place a high value on "using what you know." Students see it as an expert move (see Chapter 3). Traditionally, teachers have often taught students to write what they know about. As is evident from Figure 15 in the previous chapter, it is the process the students in our study used most often, regardless of the kind of paper they wrote. In this chapter, we look at the many and varied uses of prior knowledge in reading to write, and the effect that importation of this kind of knowledge has on performance of the task.
The Presbyterian Controversy
Authors: Longfield Bradley J
Published: November 2023

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Presbyterian Church in the US was wracked by a bitter theological controversy that mirrored the wider fundamentalist-modernist conflict dividing American society during that period. By examining the lives and thought of six major protagonists of the Presbyterian controversy, this study seeks to provide a fuller understanding of the religious and cultural issues in the struggle.
Printers and Press Freedom
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

Drawing on sources ranging from political philosophers to court records and newspaper essayists, Printers and Press Freedom traces the development of a widespread conception of the press as necessarily exempt from all government restrictions, but stillliable for the defamation of individuals. In this study, Smith carefully analyses libertarian press theory and practice in the context of republican ideology and Enlightenment thought.
London Calling
Authors: Nixon Rob
Published: November 2023

V. S. Naipaul stands as the most lionized literary mediator between First and Third-World experience and is ordinarily viewed as possessing a unique authority on the subject of cross-cultural relations in the post-colonial era. In contesting this orthodox reading of his work, Nixon argues that Naipaul is more than simply an unduly influential writer. He has become a regressive Western institution, articulating a set of values that perpetuates political interests and representational modes that have their origin in the high imperial age. Nixon uses Naipaul’s travel writing to probe the core theoretical issues raised by cross-cultural representation along metropolitan-periphery lines. In successive chapters he explores the relation between multi-cultural identity and the rhetorical conventions of exile; the imperial undertow in travel writing as a genre; the tensions between ethnographic and autobiographical modes of authority; and the magnetic pull of the Conradian tradition in figuring the third World. In the penultimate chapter, Nixon analyses the importance of the discourse of primitivism as a means of abrogating Third World experiences of historical change and, in particular, of minimalizing the role of indigenous resistance. Finally, with reference to economic theories of dependency, he critiques the vision, popularized by Naipaul, of the post-colonial world as divided between mimic and parasitic Third World nations on the one hand and, on the other, the benignly creative societies of the West.
Estimate of Muslims Living in America
Authors: Stone Carol L
Published: November 2023

Islam is believed to be the fastest growing religion in the United States today, yet it is still unclear how many Muslims currently reside in America. Estimates of 1.2 million’ to 3 million 2 have been reported. To date, no systematic, statistically valid survey of Muslims in America has been conducted. This is largely because of a lack of reliable information about Muslims in this country. The study reported in this chapter was conducted to obtain a verifiable and rigorous estimate of the Muslim population in America today. The geographical concentrations of several ethnic groups within the United States were also examined, as well as trends in immigration to America.
Muslims in Prison: Claims to Constitutional Protection of Religious Liberty
Authors: Moore Kathleen
Published: November 2023

In The Myth of the Judeo-Christian Tradition, Arthur A. Cohen questions the notion that a Judeo-Christian tradition even exists, suggesting that it is an invention of twentieth-century American politics spawned by efforts to pro mote interfaith harmony. The conception of such a tradition is, in Cohen’s words, “mythological or, rather, not precisely mythological but ideological and hence, as in all ideologies, shot through with falsification, distortion, and untruth.”
Two-Way Acculturation: Muslim Women in America Between Individual Choice (Liminality) and Community Affiliation (Communitas)
Authors: Hermansen Marcia K
Published: November 2023

The main premise of this chapter is that shared worlds of experience and communication for Muslim women exist in America, whether these women have emigrated from abroad or come from Caucasian or black American backgrounds, and exchanges within this world facilitate the process of adaptation in which all groups participate.