bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macroeconomic instability – unemployment
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Mudrak R. , Revutskaya A. , Osipova A. , Parkhomenko L.
Published: December 2021

In the Ukrainian economy there is a steady growing trend of the actual values of the indicator «unemployment rate». The main causes of excessive unemployment in the Ukrainian economy are three crises: a) crisis of 2008–2009, caused by the global financial crisis; b) crisis of 2014–2015, caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation; c) crisis of 2020 caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic crises cause a decline in economic activity and falling demand for labor. A particularly negative trend is the growth of unemployment in the age group 35–49. It concentrates the most experienced and highly productive workforce. The Ukrainian economy is receiving a double crisis blow - reduction in production due to the recession and reduction of social labor productivity due to the emigration of the most experienced and highly productive employees. The same problem arises due to rising unemployment in the group of experienced labor aged 50 to 59 years. Once again, there is an urgent need to point out the aggravation of the problem of the deficit of the Pension Fund of Ukraine. After all, the aging of the country's population, rising unemployment and labor emigration cause an increase in the pension burden per employee. This can eventually lead to the collapse of the current pension insurance system. at some stage, a significant part of future retirees, who today in good faith pay contributions to the PFC as employed, will not have anything to pay a pension. On a sectorial basis, the main factors in the growth of unemployment are the decline in production in industry and construction. An increase in capital investment does not lead to a decrease in unemployment. This paradox is explained by the fact that the absolute amount of capital investment in the Ukrainian economy is so small that it does not cause a significant impact on employment growth and unemployment reduction. The main vectors of the state employment policy are: stimulation of industrial production and construction, radical improvement of the investment climate in the Ukrainian economy.
Investor behavior patterns in the financial market
Authors: Varchenko O. M. , Artimonova I. V. , Tkachenko K. V. , Varchenko O. O.
Published: December 2021

The article summarizes the approaches to the formation of the model of investor behavior and identifies the cause and effect relationships between the actions of individual financial market players, highlights their sustainable priorities and irrational components of behavior, as well as market conditions and experience. It is argued that in unstable conditions the behavior and opinion of individual investors is transformed into collective behavior and market sentiment on the basis of which stable advantages of investors are formed: macroeconomic status, market maturity, political and social structure, values, quality of life, human capital. The characteristics of the investor behavior model that take into account both sustainable priorities and the irrational component are presented, and a detailed classification of investor behavior models is proposed. The Asian, Islamic, Latin American and post-Soviet models are singled out and characterized, the similarities and differences between them are highlighted. It is proposed to understand the model of investor behavior as sustainable benefits (risk, expected levels of return, liquidity, propensity to invest in certain financial instruments) and the consequent consistent actions of market players, as well as a set of factors that explain it, including expectations moment of time. It is substantiated that the behavior of investors is also explained by the irrational component (anomalies, stress response, etc.). It is proved that emerging markets are more volatile than developed ones, are in a state of instability and a significant manifestation of the irrational component, which must be taken into account when assessing their behavioral characteristics. The Asian, Islamic, Latin American and post-Soviet models are singled out and characterized, the similarities and differences between them are highlighted. It is established that the Latin American and post-Soviet models of investor behavior are similar in the following characteristics: low risk tolerance, high income orientation, prominent role of the banking system, concentration of property, behavioral anomalies, manipulation and corruption, high collectivism.
Methods of cost management at the enterprise
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Parkhomenko L. A. , Zagorodniuk O. V. , Dlugoborska L. V.
Published: December 2021

In the article on the basis of semantic analysis (the terms "costs", "management", "cost management", "enterprise", "cost management in the enterprise", "method") and determining the place of cost management methods in the cost management system at the enterprise such management methods. The chronology of development of methods of management of expenses at the enterprise and their characteristics is resulted. The classification of cost management methods of business entities is developed and proposed separately. The crisis of the national economy, which covered a period of twelve years, significantly changed the approaches of domestic entrepreneurs to management. Problems with sales, unprofitable activities required a focus on crisis management (crisis financial management), loss control, maintaining a stable level of profit, which was achieved primarily through cost management. The purpose of the article – based on a critical assessment of scientific developments in the field of cost management to determine the essence, characterize and develop a classification of cost management methods in the enterprise. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study were the works of domestic and foreign scientists, leading scientists and practitioners in the field of cost management in the enterprise. General theoretical methods were used in the research process. The system method was used in the study of theoretical aspects in the field of cost management. The method of analysis was used in the study of the most popular methods of cost management and their chronology of development. With the help of abstract-logical method – substantiated and presented conclusions and proposals for improving methods of cost management in Ukrainian enterprises. The article defines the essence of cost management methods based on semantic analysis of the term "cost management method" using a number of economic terms to form its structure, as well as determining the place of cost management methods in the cost management system in modern enterprise. A brief description of the most common methods of cost management in the financial and economic activities of economic entities, indicating their positive and negative sides. Based on the above characteristics, a classification of cost management methods was developed and proposed.
Innovation strategy as a means of enterprise business management and development in the conditions of globalization
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Revutska A. O. , Burliai A. P. , Smoliy L. W.
Published: December 2021

The article describes the features of modern business. The relevance of the study of the relationship between strategy and business management is substantiated. Modern business has a very specific content, focus and implementation model. Despite this, business cannot do without a strategy a specific and clear plan of action in certain market conditions, coordinates of time and space. However, for the application of the chosen strategies to be effective and efficient for the enterprise, firm or company, there is an urgent need to explore the relationship between strategy and business management. One of the ways of effective business management, its development, of course, is the timely and professional application of a list of strategies according to the situation formed in the market and within the enterprise in the context of globalization of economic processes. The article presents modern interpretations of the concepts «strategy», «strategic management», «business», «competitive potential of business», «innovation strategy». A generalized classification of strategies used in practice for effective business management and development is described. The potential opportunities of the innovation strategy for the formation of competitive advantages of business in the context of globalization are identified. Strategic innovative measures to ensure the competitiveness of enterprises are presented. An analog model of ensuring the competitive potential of business through the implementation of innovation strategy in the context of globalization of the state economy has been formalized. It is the innovation strategy that is the system of sub-strategies for all levels of the strategic set of the enterprise focused on the innovative development of the business organization and meeting the needs of its potential customers. And as a cognitive tool for adaptive behavior of the enterprise in the external environment, it is focused on solving problems of unsatisfactory situations in change management. It can be interpreted as a set of methods of competition and doing business, which chooses the management of the enterprise to ensure the competitiveness and future profitability of the chosen type of business. Areas of further research are recommended. These include: analysis of the impact of strategies on the business management process, assessment of the effectiveness of the use of strategies for effective business management and selection of priority strategies for effective business management
First Paleocene Lepidozona (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Chitonida) from Ukraine
Authors: Sirenko B.I.
Published: December 2021

A new species Lepidozona luzanovkensis sp. nov. from Paleocene deposits of Ukraine is described. This find is much earlier than the known finds from the late Eocene or Early Oligocene, which increases the age of the genus Lepidozona Pilsbry, 1892 by several million years.
Remains of the Baikal yak (Poehpagus mutus baikalensis N. Verestchagin, 1954) from Late Pleistocene localities of Southern Siberia
Authors: Vasiliev S.K.
Published: December 2021

136 bones of the postcranial skeleton and a part of the skull of a female Baikal yak (Poephagus mutus baikalensis N. Verestcthagin, 1954), originating from 18 cave locations and open-type Paleolithic sites in Altai-Sayan, Transbaikalia and Central Mongolia were examined. The material includes 38 metacarpals and 9 metatarsals of the yak. Morphometric differences in the structure of the postcranial skeleton of the yak and the bison (Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827) were revealed. The body size of the Baikal yak significantly exceeded that of the wild Tibetan yak (Poephagus mutus Przewalski, 1883). The largest representatives of P. m. baikalensis inhabited the Altai Mountains. In most of the sites, located in the mid-mountain landscapes of Southern Siberia (with absolute heights of 500–700 m), only a few remains of the Baikal yak were found, accounting for 0.01% to 1–2% of the number of megafauna remains. Most likely, herds of yaks did not live here permanently, but appeared only sporadically, during seasonal migrations. In higher mountainous areas (from 1000–1500 m) of Gorny Altai and Khangai Mountains in Central Mongolia, the proportion of the remains of the Baikal yak increases significantly – up to 16–22%. Like the contemporary P. mutus, the Pleistocene yak found its ecological optimum in the high-mountainous parts of ridges and mountain plateaus, dominated by cold, dry mountain-steppe landscapes with herb-grass vegetation and a small amount of snow. During the periods of cryochrones, the area of P. m. baikalensis apparently expanded significantly, incorporating the adjacent foothill territories. During the periods of thermochrones, it was most likely limited to the high-mountainous areas of the mountain uplifts of Southern Siberia.
Reliability improvement of steel storage tanks for phosphoric acid
Authors: Shorin V. A. , Litvinov V. S. , Sagdeev A. A. , Shorin A. V. , Gorlenko N. P. , Sarkisov D. Yu. , Sarkisov Yu. S.
Published: December 2021

The paper describes the one-sided welding method for steel structures based on the rational choice of the inverse angle of butt-welded elements of Belgian steel for the manufacture of tank bottom elements of intended for phosphoric acid storage in a construction site. It is shown that the most expedient method for ensuring the design geometry of the tank with a minimum stress of 1.4507 of the material structure, is the bottom sheets preset for welding at a reverse angle of 12 degrees.

The proposed method improves the tank reliability for storing aggressive products, its trouble-free and technical safety during the operation. The need is shown for studying the replacement of imported steel by Russian steel to manufacture tanks from alternative nonmetallic materials.
PENGARUH EKSTRAK DAUN PEDADA (Sonneratia alba) TERHADAP MUTU UDANG API-API (Metapenaeus monoceros) PASCA PANEN
Authors: Rizal Samsu , Asiki Andi Noor , Saptiani Gina
Published: December 2021

Shrimp is a leading commodity traded in local and international markets. The process of deterioration of shrimp quality can be caused by an autolysis reaction. This problem is the rationale for looking for an alternative natural preservative that is harmless and easy to obtain, namely using pedada (S. alba) leaves. This study aimed to determine the effect of pedada leaf extract (S. alba) on the post-harvest quality of fire shrimp and to determine the best concentration in inhibiting bacterial growth during cold storage (5oC). The test parameters observed were TPC, pH, and organoleptic tests. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of P1 (seawater extract + 800 ppm S. alba); P2 (seawater extract + S. alba 1200 ppm); P3 (freshwater extract + S. alba 800 ppm); P4 (freshwater extract + S. alba 1200 ppm); and P5 (control/without extract). The results showed that the immersion of fire shrimp in pedada leaf extract did not affect the TPC and pH values during cold storage, but did affect the organoleptic test for the appearance, smell, and texture specifications of the shrimp. Pedada leaf extract with 1200 ppm seawater as a solvent during cold storage (5°C) obtained the best results with a TPC value of 2.88 log cfu/g, a pH value of 7.12, and an organoleptic value (appearance 7.3, odor 7.3 and texture 7,3).
FORMULASI BUBBLE PEARLS DENGAN PENAMBAHAN PUREE JAMBU BIJI (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.)
Authors: Sugiarto Della
Published: December 2021

Bubble pearls are a beverage product that is easy to consume and rich in antioxidants and is one of the innovations that can be used to process guava so that it does not rot easily. Bubble pearls are generally made from tapioca flour, sugar and water. This study aims to determine the most preferred bubble pearls formulation based on the sensory attributes of the additives in various forms of guava ingredients. Bubble pearls are made with four types of guava ingredients in the form of puree, flour, extract and paste. Making bubble pearls is added with tapioca flour, sugar and water. The ingredients for guava and tapioca flour use a ratio of 4: 1, 3: 2, 2: 3. The first stage sensory test is based on hedonic ranking of the elasticity, mouthfeel and overall attributes, the results of which are analyzed using two way anova. The second stage of sensory test is a hedonic rating of the attributes of taste, aroma, color, texture and overall, the results of which are analyzed using one way ANOVA. The second stage uses 30 panelists each who are not trained who are identified to like bubble pearls. The results of the first stage sensory test showed that the attributes of chewiness, mouthfeel and overall were guava flour, puree, pasta with a ratio of 4: 1 while the extract form was a 3: 2 ratio. The results of the second stage sensory test showed that the attributes of aroma, taste, texture, color, and overall were guava flour with a ratio of 4: 1. Overall,  the most preferred formulation for making  bubble pears is made from guava powder and tapioca flour with a ratio of 4:1.
Human Editing: From Geneticization to New Forms of Equality and Identity
Authors: Popova Olga
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes a number of philosophical problems caused by the emergence of the new genetic engineering tool CRISPR/Cas9 and the possible legitimization of genetic engineering technologies, in general. The non-therapeutic context of the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 tool is considered, and in this context the problem of future generations' rights and human species identity is analyzed. Using J. Rawls' idea of the “veil of ignorance”, the problem of the distribution of genetic advantages is analyzed and possible trajectories for its solution are demonstrated. The link between genetic enhancement and new forms of biosociality and inequality is presented. It is concluded that the rights of future generations in the competition of opposing ethical-philosophical attitudes will be problematized both within the framework of defending the attitude to the naturalness and in the context of defending human genetic modification.
Сorporeality and bodily practices in educational projects of the pre-war USSR and Nazi Germany
Authors: Volkova Irina V.
Published: December 2021

This article examines the practices associated with corporeality and movement, which were an important part of the upbringing of the young generations in the USSR and the Third Reich. A comparative analysis of both educational projects shows that the Soviet one provided more opportunity for schoolchildren to model their corporeality than the Nazi one. The Soviet teachers tried to channel the hyperactivity of students into extracurricular study groups (kruzhki, studii, sektsii), into some kinds of social responsibility, competitions, performances, proms, and other events that allowed them to master different cognitive and motor skills. The pre-war Soviet schools provided greater sensory-motor experience and neural plasticity, which led to the high learning ability of young Soviet conscripts and the variability of their actions in the war compared to the Nazis. If the Soviet project of creating a new person was addressed to individuality, soul and will, the Nazi one was based on the barbaric romanticization of the right of the strongest and was predominantly biotechnological. It was initially aimed at raising a person with an iron will in a magnificent body and was against intellectualism—which could weaken conviction and the desire for power. For this reason the main educational functions were delegated to the Hitler Youth. Built on paramilitary activity (sports and drills, hiking, campfires and songs, and participation in Nazi party celebrations), the HY practice could provide limited and only monotonous military training which was insufficient in the space of total war.
The Human Rights System Facing Challenges of Biotechnological Improvement of the Human Nature
Authors: Lapaeva Valentina
Published: December 2021

The opening possibilities of turning the mankind’s biological evolution into controlled technological process are inevitable result of development of the anthropocentric technogenic civilization in the direction of transforming the nature and subordinating it to a man. If the biological risks of this scenario can be reduced to acceptable level in the foreseeable future according to expert opinion, then the social risks, associated with the possibility of splitting the human community into “improved” elite and masses of “commoner”will only increase. At the same time, it is becoming more and more obvious that law, which is the main element of the cultural matrix of technogenic civilization, carries its main risks: law as a normative form of individual freedom is not able to withstand properly the threats to all mankind, which are caused by the social practices of liberal eugenics.
The attempt of the Oviedo Convention to solve this problem by establishing prohibition of genetic editing of the human embryo line created preconditions for discrimination against a certain group of people based on their genetic status, as well as for disproportionate restrictions on the scientific freedom in this area of research. This clearly demonstrated the unlawful nature of such a prohibition. The desire to disguise that this type of regulation goes beyond the law framework by including it in the system of the rights of future generations without proper legalizing this concept doesn’t withstand criticism. Recently the biomedical community has been moving from the idea of unequivocal prohibition of inherited editing of the human genome towards the establishing legal restrictions, that take into account the positions of all stakeholders, and monitoring their compliance. Particular importance is attached to the organization of public discussions and the preparing society to take a responsible and conscious solution to the problem. The success of this risky but perhaps the only possible strategy will mainly depend on the social context in which it can be implemented.
African Focus of The Global Sanctions Policy: Historical Stages
Authors: Zakharov Ivan A.
Published: December 2021

Africa remains the largest object of global sanctions policy, which is due to political instability and conflicts, but also to the great geopolitical and geo-economic significance of this continent for the former metropolises and other Western countries. In accordance with the historical and political context of Africa’s development and the available data we distinguish three stages of the sanctions policy towards this macroregion: The Cold War, the Post-Soviet and the Current stage. The first stage is characterized by the low efficiency and inexpediency of imposing sanctions. With the collapse of the African front of the Cold War in the late 1980’s the second stage of the sanctions policy begun. It was marked with the large-scale sanction pressure from the West aimed at supporting democratic institutions and the “vanishing” of pro-Soviet regimes. This massive intervention led to a serious destabilization of Africa which the international community was unable to control. The current stage was marked by the beginning of the International Criminal Court work in 2002, which got the opportunity to prosecute high-ranking officials, including the presidents of certain countries. In response to the close attention and increased pressure from the international community, Africa saw the popularization of the idea of creating alternative instruments for regulating relations within the macroregion. This reaction could be motivated by the possibly subjective attitudes of the African elites, but also by the low efficiency of sanctions. The data suggests that sanctions rarely achieve official goals and have a negative impact on ordinary citizens.
Overseas Chinese Policy of the PRC in the Era of Deng Xiaoping (1977-1992)
Authors: Afonasieva Alina V.
Published: December 2021

From both theoretical and practical points of view, the contemporary Overseas Chinese policy of the PRC is largely based on the experience gained during the de facto reign of Deng Xiaoping (1977–1992). In the shortest possible time after the end of the "cultural revolution (1966-1976)" Deng was succeeded to carry out restoration work on interaction with the diaspora and include it in the strategic development plan of the PRC for decades ahead. Talking about the PRC's Overseas Chinese policy, the author minds both the foreign policy – towards overseas Chinese (huaqiao-huaren: emigrants and ethnic Chinese with foreign citizenship, and the internal policy – towards re-emigrants and relatives of emigrants in the PRC (guiqiao-qiaojuan), who are directly connected with Overseas Chinese. 
The article analyzes the first steps of Deng Xiaoping's team to restore work with the Chinese diaspora before the official announcement of the policy of reform and opening-up: reconstruction of the administrative structure for Overseas Chinese Affairs, planning the main directions of work with diaspora, including it in the strategic development plan of the PRC. The author explains the legal details and examines the main theoretical approaches to the work with the diaspora in the first years of reform and opening-up. The paper deals with the processes of creating the basis for long-term cooperation between the PRC and the Chinese diaspora. It concludes that Deng Xiaoping completely restored external and internal work with the diaspora and created conditions for further comprehensive cooperation with it in the short, medium, and long term.
The Arabian Campaigns of Ardashir Pabagan
Authors: Dmitriev Vladimir A.
Published: December 2021

The Sasanids were interested in Arabia from the very beginning of their reign in Iran, and it was already the founder of the new dynasty Ardashir I Pabagan who attempted to establish Persian military and political influence in the Arabian Peninsula. In this regard, the purpose of the article is a historical reconstruction of the events connected with the conquest of the eastern and southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula by Ardashir I. The main sources are the “Book of Long Narratives” by Dinawari, “The History of the Prophets and Kings” by Tabarī, the anonymous “Desire to Know the History of Persians and Arabs” and “The Dictionary of Countries” by Yakut. Additional but important information is contained in the inscription of the shahanshah Shapur I on the Ka’bah-i Zardusht, the Sabean inscription Sh 31, and the rock relief of the Shahanshah Warahran II. It is difficult to say anything definite about the chronology of the Arabian campaigns of Ardashir I, however, judging by the context in which these events are described in the relevant sources, they did not cover a very long period and presumably can be dated back to the first half of the reign of Ardashir Pabagan. At first glance, the campaigns of Ardashir I to Arabia were situational and tactical, and their main reason was the desire of the shahanshah to secure the southwestern regions of Iran from the invasions of the Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula. At the same time, a more thorough analysis of the sources and taking into account the events that occurred later, during the reign of Shapur II and Khosrow I, allow us to consider the Arabian campaigns of Ardashir Pabagan as the first stage of the long struggle of the Sasanids for hegemony over the entire eastern and southern part of the Arabian Peninsula from southern Iraq to Yemen inclusive.
Opening of the Russian Consulate General in Khorasan in 1889. The Afghan Aspect
Authors: Ishchenko Nikita S.
Published: December 2021

By the mid-1880s, Russia took over Central Asia and approached closely to the borders of Afghanistan. As a result of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), Russia's southern neighbour assumed the status of a British protectorate and lost the right to an independent foreign policy. Against the backdrop of the ongoing Russian-British confrontation in Central Asia, Russian authorities felt an urgent need to obtain the reliable information on Afghanistan, but did not have an opportunity to send an envoy there and had to develop semi-legal intelligence activities and rely on the information obtained largely from local dwellers. Between 1882 and 1900, Russian Government opened four diplomatic offices to the north and west of the Afghan border: the Consulate in Kashgar (1882), the Political Agency in Bukhara (1885), the Consulate General in Khorasan (1889) and the Vice-Consulate in Sistan (1900). The aforementioned missions are united by the fact that their duties in addition to the issues related to the host territories, included information gathering about Afghanistan. However, the Afghan aspect of these diplomatic missions’ activities has not yet been reflected in any historical studies. The author has a plan for a thorough study of the issue and this article on the opening of the Russian Consulate General in the Iranian city of Mashhad being the first step on this way. On the basis of this research were the documents of the Foreign Policy Archive of Imperial Russia, the Russian State Historical Archive, as well as the source entitled “Siraj al-Tawarikh” in Dari.
Modern economic growth of developing countries: the most important trends, proportions, factors and social consequences
Authors: Meliantsev Vitalii A.
Published: December 2021

The article, based on a number of author's calculations, shows that in the mechanism of modern economic growth, which over the last two hundred years has led to colossal progress in the now advanced economies (AES) and a part of developing countries (DCS), there occurred serious failures in the last 3-4 decades. Despite the information revolution and deepening of the international division of labor, compound annual growth rates (CAGRS) of per capita GDP (PCGDP) and total factor productivity (TFP) in the AES and many DCS have demonstrated a significant tendency to slowdown.
Although the AES are still leading the world in the field of fundamental technological innovations, due to the loss of the demographic dividend, decrease in the efficiency of government effectiveness, hypertrophied development of the financial sector, they are noticeably losing their positions in the world economy.
Unlike many African, Middle Eastern and Latin American countries, a number of Asian countries (including the PRC, India and NICS), due to the policy of pragmatic reforms and openness, has succeeded in acceleration of CAGRs of their PCGDP and TFP.
However, given that in many AES and DCS after the global crisis of 2009 there was no significant mitigation of financial and social problems, and on the eve and during the pandemic they aggravated, it cannot be ruled out that if serious socially oriented reforms are not carried out in the AES and DCS, a deep financial, economic and socio-political crisis may arise in the world in the next year or two.
Types of Hellenistic Military Settlements in Royal Letters
Authors: Korovchinskiy Ivan N.
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of information on Hellenistic military settlements, which can be found in the extant letters of Seleucid and Attalid kings. We mean the letter of Antiochus III preserved by Flavius Josephus in his Judean Antiquities, and three letters extant as inscriptions on stone: ‘Ikadion’s inscription’ from the island of Failaka in the Arabian Gulf (Kuwait, middle of the 3rd – early 2nd centuries BC), Antiochus V’s letter from Jamnia-on-the-Sea (Palestine, 163 BC) and Eumenes II’s letter from Kardakon Kome (Lycia, 181 BC). The material of the letters allows to conclude, that there were at least two different types of aforementioned settlements: 1) military settlements in proper sense, inhabited by warriors, whose duty was permanent military service, and members of their families; 2) specific settlements where people generally lived peaceful lives being engaged mostly in agriculture, cults of local sanctuaries etc., but also in some military activities like defense of fortresses. Both types could be protected by the kings in the form of partial or full tax exemption, land grants etc., although the second type got less royal attention of that kind than the first one. The existence of the second type can be explained by the fact that the oldest type of army, quite actual in the ancient world, was militia of a community. Thence the second type of settlements can be nothing else than communities, whose militias were used by the Hellenistic kings in their military activities alongside the professional army.
Extract from the “Diwan” of Al-Makzoun Al-Sinjari (Beginning of the 13th Century)
Authors: Sarabyev Aleksei V.
Published: December 2021

The presenting appeal to the poetic heritage of the medieval mystic poet, emir, sheikh al- Makzoun al-Sinjari (c. 1188–1240) is undertaken for the first time in Russian oriental studies. The proposed translation from the Arabic fragment of his poetic work “Divan” is supplied with an introductory article giving an idea of the degree of study in world science of the literary and theological work of this Nusayri figure. Based on the analysis of the specific terms, a conclusion is made about the deep Sufi roots of the poetry of Makzoun. In the poem, the central concept is loving intimacy to God - a connection or coupling (wasl, wisal) with a clear erotic connotation. This meaning approach it to the biblical book “Song of Songs”, where the deep love relationship of the human soul and God is also clothed in an erotic form rich in metaphors. Makzoun relied in his poetry on samples of Arabic love lyrics transferring them to the realm of God-seeking. As a representative of Sufism, Makzoun uses words in special meanings, for example, the designation of the “parts” of the heart or soul – qalb, fu’ad. Some concepts (sabr, hizn, wajd, qabd, bast), in addition to the basic meanings, can denote “stations” (makamat) on the spiritual path of a Sufi. The religious meaning of the love qasida is revealed for one practicing in a mystical Muslim way, acquiring a special religious content. Fragments from Makzoun 's “Divan” may have been performed at Sufi musical festive gatherings or may have been part of a Nusayri religious practice.
«Cimmero-Scythian» antiquities from Central Anatolia
Authors: Makhortykh Sergey V.
Published: December 2021

Central Anatolia is one of the regions of Western Asia, where the most significant concentration of archaeological materials connected with the Eurasian nomads of the early Scythian time is recorded. The flat plains of Central Anatolia had good pastures and served as a space where different cultures communicated with each other since ancient times. In the 7th–6th centuries BC this territory was located between Western Anatolia with Lydia and the eastern Greek centers and Eastern Anatolia, which was the zone of interest of the Urartu and Assyria. Small local "principalities" were localized here. These principalities were  probably controlled by well-armed and mobile nomads, who used this territory as a base for raids on neighboring as well as more  distant regions. An important and most numerous category of nomad inventory coming from the region is constituted by bronze socketed arrowheads found in burials in the province of Amasya, Imirler, Gordion and on the local settlements (Boğazköy, Kaman-Kalehöyük, Kerkenez Dağ). The article introduces their typology and provides analogies coming from the Eurasian monuments of the 7th–6th centuries BC. The study of early nomadic complexes from Anatolia shows theirsyncretic nature, which is influenced by artifacts of the Cimmerian, Scythian, and Сentral Asian origin as well as the local Near Eastern items. It highlights the complex ethnic composition of the nomadic groups located here in the 7th–6th centuries BC that does not allow attributing all these materials to a single group, for example, the Cimmerians.
On the issue of Russian textile products trade in China in the the second half of the 19th - earle 20th centuries
Authors: Hamzin Ildar R.
Published: December 2021

The article considered the issue of trade in Russian textiles on the territory of the Qing Empire during the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. Russian textiles were the main products in Russian exports to China during this period, but at the same time, they were significantly inferior to the sale of textiles from other countries on the Chinese market. This problem shows the general deficit of Russian trade in China. The reasons for the decline in sales are studied using the example of Russian trade in various regions of China. Interestingly, with their higher quality, Russian cloth and cotton fabrics lost competition to foreign textiles in the Chinese market. The reasons for the failure of trade were the high prices of the Russian products, as well as their unsuitability for the taste of the Chinese consumer. The high price was dictated mainly by the need for a long and expensive transit from Russia to China. In the same time, the level of development of Russian factories didn’t allow to reduce the cost of fabric production. This was added to the disinterest of Russian trade circles in the Chinese market, unwillingness to interest a Chinese buyer in their product. At the beginning of the 20th century when the internal and external economic characteristics of China changed, the development of Russian exports became unpromising in comparison with the concession policy on Chinese territory. The basis for the research was largely pre-revolutionary works and materials of the Central archives of Russia.
Biden Priorities and Possible Strategy for Palestinian-Israeli Conflict Settlement
Authors: Karasova Tatiana A.
Published: December 2021

Israeli-U.S. relations are an important factor in U.S. policy in the Middle East. USA maintain Israel as a strategic ally and Israel was granted American “major non-NATO ally” status. United States actively influenced the Israeli regional policy. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict settlement was always America’ the most priority area. Israelis and Americans share the view that the United States has a predominant role and responsibility in the Palestinians - Israeli dispute peace-making. The two-state outcome and critical issue over Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Jerusalem was a topic of American concerns for a long time relied on bipartisanship support of Democrats and Republicans. During Osama’s  presidency D. Biden held post of deputy president and supported no new ideas for restarting negotiations between the sides of the conflict but its policies have failed, from Israel’s refusal to freeze settlement. The next Trump administration however was the “most pro-Israel ever”. Trump’s White House led a radical departure from the U.S.’s traditional role as the honest broker between Israelis and Palestinians.
Biden’s victory in 2021 signals restructure Israeli-Palestinian peace efforts, rehabilitating a durable two-state formula that establishes political, territorial, and demographic separation between Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA). But uunlike the Obama and Trump administrations, the Biden administration doesn't see the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a foreign policy priority. The question is: what really a Biden presidency might mean for the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict?
Details of Headdresses and Diadems from Novozavedennoe-II Barrow Cemetery
Authors: Maslov Vladimir E.
Published: December 2021

In the article is published the gold jewelry from the Early Scythian barrow cemetery Novo-zavedennoe-II in Central Ciscaucasia (Stavropol Region). It has been suggested that these finds were the parts of head's jewelry. In Novozavedennoe-II, obviously, were buried group of clan leaders who headed one of the militarized tribal alliance, which settled in the Ciscaucasia steppes after Near East campaigns. The relative chronology of the site covers the interval between the third quarter 7th century BC and the second quarter 6th century BC. In barrow No. 1 were found the gold sewn-on plaques in the form of rosettes and two types of pendants, which could be adornments of a ceremonial headdress made in the traditions of the Near East palace fashion. The ribbon diadems decorated of sewn-on plaques in the form of stylized lying feline predators obviously were in the Barrows No. 3 and 16.  The decorations from the mound No. 3 were made with using soldering and granulation, obviously in Western Asia. A set of sewn-on decorations from mound No. 16 were made using the stamp technique, it's possible, by a captive jeweler at the field headquarters of a Scythian chief. Especially important is the find in barrow No. 16 of a gold beads distributor, which has analo-gies in the tomb I in Nimrud. Obviously, gold female jewelry connected with Assyrian royal court get to the Scythian tombs at the end of the 7th century BC in time of the downfall of the Assyrian empire.
Review of pre-mongol arab-persian sources on the history of qara khitai state: features of the structure and content
Authors: Timokhin Dmitriy M.
Published: December 2021

This study is devoted to the analysis of pre-Mongol Arab-Persian sources containing information on the history of the Qara Khitai state. This power, formed in 1125 within the borders of East Turkestan, not only quickly becomes a regional leader, finally undermining the power of the Karakhanid rulers, but also interferes in the political processes that took place within neighboring regions. In particular, the Qara Khitai attempt to assert their power in the lands of Transoxiana leads to their clash with the Seljuk ruler, Sultan Sanjar, whose defeat in the battle of the Katavan plain in 1141, of course, to the destruction of his power after 1153, the growth of the power of regional leaders, as well as the strengthening of the Qara  Khitai state itself. Up to the beginning of the XIII cent. this political entity will be the most important rival of Khorezm and the Ghurid Sultan in the struggle for dominance not only in Transoxiana, but also in the lands of Khorasan. Among the Arab-Persian sources, when describing this state and its rulers, researchers mainly rely on the monuments of the Mongol era, but in this article we would like to draw attention to the information potential of earlier works on this issue. We will present an overview of the Arab-Persian sources of the pre-Mongol period, containing information on the history of the Qara Khitai state, and highlight the features of their structure and content. We will try to highlight the possible historiographical continuity in relation to the description of the history of the Qara Khitai.
The Soviet-Iranian Treaty of 1921: History and Modernity (to the Centenary of Conclusion)
Authors: Arabadzhyan Zaven A.
Published: December 2021

After a century since the Soviet-Iranian Treaty was signed in 1921 authors of the article consider its significance from a new viewpoint – as the backing of the sovereignty of Iran and Russia that supported development of their relations. Authors examine the way it complied with the interests of Russia and Iran, and its impact on the bilateral relations in the 20th century.
The signing of the Treaty secured the sovereignty of Iran, served as the base for the development of equal relations between the two neighboring states and opened up Iran for relations with foreign states. For the Russia, this document was a step towards breaking its diplomatic isolation. The authors emphasize that Russia had granted almost all its property to Iran which contributed to the improvement of the financial situation in Iran and served as a base for the development of mutually beneficial economic relations between the two countries. The authors mention that the property transfer clause was connected with the security of the Soviet Russia. This fact was reflected in the Article 6 of the Treaty. The Treaty set up the basement for the legal status of the Caspian Sea as a closed sea in the states' joint usage. The Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, signed in 2018, to some extent retained the special regime of the sea and reflected the spirit of the Treaty of 1921.
Although in IRI there are different views about the Treaty some experts consider that it generally complied with Iran's national interests.
The imports from Asia Minor in the Early Scythian monuments in the Kuban region of the North Caucasus
Authors: Ryabkova Tatyana V.
Published: December 2021

Artefacts from the Early Scythian mounds whose origins are linked with Near East are the most significant part of the finds because of dating and due to possibilities to synchronize Early Scythian culture with the Near Eastern civilizations.
 
Difficulties in determining the time and place of production of imported items are due to their eclecticism.Significant policy changes connected with Assyrian practice of mass deportation in the VIII century B.C. led to the emergence multicultural workshops. New artistic style incorporated the achievements of the art of Asia Minor, Northern Syria, Phoenicia, Iran and Urartu.
 
The article is devoted to publication of the two items from Scythians monuments in the Kuban region. One of them – the part of the vessel’s rim – is from the First Kelermes mound, excavated by N.I. Veselovsky. Its distinctive feature is the hatched rim for placing lid. Such vessels are unique in the North Caucasus’s monuments, but wide spread in the Phrygia’s tumulus and settlements. It means that Kelermes’s fragment could be connected with Asia Minor.
 
The next one is the silver vessel on a stand decorated by the bands with sphinxes and cocks.It was bought in Maykop in 1908. Despite the slightly different style of decoration of the upper and lower parts they were used together and were made in the same workshop by two craftsman.
 
The study of technology and a wide range of analogies allows to determine it as a model of cauldron which could have made in the Ionian or Lydian workshops.
About the “Scythian” Akinak from Rusahinili in Front of Mount Eiduru
Authors: Podobed Vyacheslav A.
Published: December 2021

The paper examines an iron sword and a bouterol made of horn found in one of the Urartian sites of Rusa son of Argishti – Rusahinili period in front of Mount Eiduru (Ayanis). The sword is a specimen of a blade weapon of nomads of the period of Near Eastern campaigns – an akinax of the Early Scythian Kelermes type. The archaeological context allows us to date the sword no later than 650 BC. It is assumed that the sword from Ayanis was acquired during the western military campaigns of Rusa II and can be regarded as a gift of one of the Cimmerian “chiefs” to King Biannini.
Based on the workmanship and technique of the “staff” of Queen Qaquli from Ayanis, as well as the swords found at Kelermes and Melgunov, it can be assumed that all these objects were made in an Urartian royal workshop. The swords from Kelermes and Melgunov are dip-lomatic gifts of Tsar Biannini to the Scythian chiefs who led the nomads in an alliance with Urartu, or a token of the imminent conclusion of an alliance. The fact that Urartian toreutic craftsmen inscribed the dynastic emblem of Urartian kings (I.M. Diakonoff) on the sword scab-bards of nomads rather indicates that in the eyes of Urartian donors their future owners were considered almost equal in rank to the owner of the Tushpin throne. This does not exclude the possibility that the covers could have been made during the reign of Argishti II.