bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drainage Pipeline Multi-Defect Segmentation Assisted by Multiple Attention for Sonar Images
Authors: Jin Qilin , Han Qingbang , Qian Jianhua , Sun Liujia , Ge Kao , Xia Jiayu
Published: January 2025

Drainage pipeline construction projects are vulnerable to a range of defects, such as branch concealed joints, variable diameter, two pipe mouth significances, foreign object insertion, pipeline rupture, and pipeline end disconnection, generated during long-term service in a complex environment. This paper proposes two enhancements to multiple attention learning to detect and segment multiple defects. Firstly, we collected numerous samples of drainage pipeline sonar defect videos. Then, our multiple attention segmentation network was used for target segmentation. The test precision and accuracy of MAP@50 reach 96.0% and 90.9%, respectively, in the segmentation prediction. Compared to the coordinate attention and convolutional block attention module attention models, it had a significant precision advantage, and the weight file size is merely 7.0 MB, which is far smaller than the Yolov9 model segmentation weight size. The multiple attention method proposed in this paper was adopted for detection, instance segmentation, and pose detection in different public datasets, especially in the object detection of the coco128-seg dataset under the same condition. Map@50:95 has increased by 13.0% assisted by our multiple attention mechanism. The results indicated the memory efficiency and high precision of the integration of the multiple attention model on several public datasets.
Enzymatic Modification of Apple Pomace and Its Application in Conjunction with Probiotics for Jelly Candy Production
Authors: Jagelavičiutė Jolita , Čižeikienė Dalia , Bašinskienė Loreta
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the applicational possibilities of enzymatically modified apple pomace (AP) in conjunction with probiotics as value-added ingredients for the production of jelly candies. AP was enzymatically modified with Pectinex® Ultra Tropical, Viscozyme® L, and Celluclast® 1.5 L (Novozyme A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark), and the soluble and insoluble dietary fibre content was determined using the Megazyme kit (Megazyme International Ireland Ltd., Wicklow, Ireland), reducing sugar content using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assay. The technological properties of the modified AP, such as its swelling capacity, water-retention capacity, oil-retention capacity, bulk density, and static and thermal emulsion stability, were evaluated. Enzymatically modified AP hydrolysed with Celluclast® 1.5 L was used for the production of jelly candies supplemented with Bifidobacterium animalis DSM 20105. The survival of probiotics in the jelly candies during in vitro digestion, the viability of probiotics during candy storage, and candy quality characteristics were analysed. Enzymatically modified AP had different carbohydrate compositions and technological properties, depending on the enzyme preparation used. Although the viability of probiotics in the jelly candies decreased during storage, a significantly higher viability of B. animalis was determined in jelly candies supplemented with hydrolysed AP compared with control candies made without AP after digestion in the saline, gastric, and intestine phases. This study shows that Celluclast® 1.5 L can be used for increasing the soluble dietary fibre in AP (18.4%), which can be further applied, in conjunction with B. animalis, for added-value jelly candy production.
Study on the Influence of Pile Installation Disturbance on the Settlement of Composite Foundation
Authors: Shao Zhiwei , Hong Baoning , Liu Xin , Yao Yunlong , Sun Dongning , Wang Guisen
Published: January 2025

The disturbance generated during the pile installation process increased the compressibility of the soil between the piles, thereby causing additional settlement of the composite foundation. This study was conducted against the background of a highway soft foundation treatment project in Zhongshan. Before and after the installation of cement mixing piles (CMP) and pre-stressed high-strength concrete pipe pile (PHC), a piezocone penetration test (CPTU) was applied to assess the soil between the piles and quantify the disturbance. Based on this, the settlement of the composite foundation was predicted using the stress modified method and finite element method (FEM). The results indicate that under low embankment load (<2.5 m), the installation of PHC piles reduces the compression modulus of the soil between the piles by approximately 30%, while CMP results in a reduction of about 10%. Disturbance settlement from CMP and PHC piles accounts for approximately 3–10% and 17–28% of the total settlement, respectively. This impact diminishes with the increase of embankment load.
Relationship Between Vertical Facial Patterns and Palatal Morphology in Class I and Class II Malocclusion
Authors: Tucci Ilaria , Sferra Simone , Giuliante Luca , Scribante Andrea , Mannocci Alice , Grippaudo Cristina
Published: January 2025

(1) The purpose of this study is to relate the bidimensional and tridimensional measures of the palate to the vertical facial pattern defined by the angle “SN-MP” between the mandibular plane and the anterior cranial base (Sella–Nasion/mandibular plane angle) in skeletal Class II untreated patients. Furthermore, the same palatal measures were used to compare Class II with Class I subjects. (2) A sample of 197 Class II Caucasian subjects (112 females and 85 males) with untreated skeletal Class II was collected retrospectively (from a private dental clinic specialized in orthodontics) and divided into two main groups according to the ANB angle: 74 Class I patients (0° ≤ ANB ≤ 4°) and 123 Class II patients (ANB > 4°). Class II subjects were furthermore divided into three groups depending on the angle SN-MP. Lateral cephalograms and digital 3D maxillary dental scans were available. Bidimensional and tridimensional measures were taken on each maxillary dental scan. The differences among the groups were analyzed for significance using a variance analysis. (3) A decrease in the posterior palatal height and an increase in the palatal surface area in Class I subjects were reported. The results showed a change in upper arch form, with a greater intermolar width in patients with a low SN-MP angle and a smaller one in high-angle patients. The more a Class II subject tended towards high-angle divergence, the narrower the palate was. (4) A greater posterior palatal height was found in Class II malocclusion, while greater surface area was noted in Class I malocclusion. In addition to this result, another statistical significance was detected in Class II malocclusion: the intermolar distance was greater in hypodivergent than in hyperdivergent patients. Similar volume values were noted across different malocclusions and vertical divergence groups. Palatal width seemed to be related to vertical facial pattern, while palatal height and area seemed to be related to sagittal malocclusions. These findings underscore the importance of considering palatal morphology variations in designing individualized orthodontic treatments, thereby improving patient-specific outcomes and broadening our understanding of skeletal Class II malocclusion.
Chemical Lasers Based on Polyatomic Reaction Dynamics: Research of Vibrational Excitation in a Reactive
Authors: Sierra Murillo José Daniel
Published: January 2025

The research presented by the author investigates a polyatomic reaction occurring in the gas phase. This study employs the Quasi-Classical Trajectory (QCT) approach using the Wu–Schatz–Lendvay–Fang–Harding (WSLFH) potential energy surface (PES), recognized as one of the most reliable PES models for this type of analysis. The substantial sample size enables the derivation of detailed results that corroborate previous findings while also identifying potential objectives for future experimental work. The Gaussian Binning (GB) technique is utilized to more effectively highlight the variation in the total angular momentum (J′) of the excited product molecule, HOD*. A key aim of the study is to explore the reaction dynamics due to their importance in excitation and emission processes, which may contribute to the development of a chemical laser based on this reaction. Increasing the vibrational level, v, of one reactant, D2, significantly enhances the excitation of HOD* and shifts the P(J′) distributions towards higher J′ values, while also broadening the distribution. Although the current research focuses on a few initial conditions, the author plans to extend the study to encompass a wider range of initial conditions within the reaction chamber of this type of chemical laser.
DRCCT: Enhancing Diabetic Retinopathy Classification with a Compact Convolutional Transformer
Authors: Touati Mohamed , Touati Rabeb , Nana Laurent , Benzarti Faouzi , Ben Yahia Sadok
Published: January 2025

Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, is further exacerbated by factors such as hypertension and obesity. This study introduces the Diabetic Retinopathy Compact Convolutional Transformer (DRCCT) model, which combines convolutional and transformer techniques to enhance the classification of retinal images. The DRCCT model achieved an impressive average F1-score of 0.97, reflecting its high accuracy in detecting true positives while minimizing false positives. Over 100 training epochs, the model demonstrated outstanding generalization capabilities, achieving a remarkable training accuracy of 99% and a validation accuracy of 95%. This consistent improvement underscores the model’s robust learning process and its effectiveness in avoiding overfitting. On a newly evaluated dataset, the model attained precision and recall scores of 96.93% and 98.89%, respectively, indicating a well-balanced handling of false positives and false negatives. The model’s ability to classify retinal images into five distinct diabetic retinopathy categories demonstrates its potential to significantly improve automated diagnosis and aid in clinical decision-making.
Biology, Pathogenicity, and Genetic Diversity of the Rice Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens in Heilongjiang Province, China
Authors: Guo Peng , Xu Xiaofeng , Ma Yue , Nihal Niaz , Yang Mingxiu , Ni Zhe , Haseeb Younis , Hou Lei , Lv Anqi , Zhang Junhua
Published: January 2025

Rice false smut (RFS) is pervasive and has emerged as the primary disease affecting rice productivity. Due to the lack of effective chemical control, disease-resistant varieties are the primary method of managing the disease. This study aimed to investigate the influence of biological characteristics such as hyphal growth rate, spore production and germination ability on the pathogenicity of Ustilaginoidea virens. The genetic diversity of 86 U. virens isolates was analyzed, and the tolerant varieties were identified using Rep-PCR molecular markers. The results indicated that among the U. virens isolates analyzed, about 31, 27 and 28 strains exhibited fast, medium and slow mycelium growth rates, respectively. Among the U. virens isolates analyzed, about 33, 27 and 26 strains exhibited strong, medium and weak sporulation abilities, respectively. In addition, among the U. virens isolates analyzed, about 29, 30 and 27 strains exhibited strong, medium and weak spore germination, respectively. No significant correlation was noted between mycelium growth rate and pathogenicity, but sporulation ability, spore germination ability and liquid culture were positively correlated (p < 0.05). Moreover, the genetic structure of U. virens was diverse and complex. There was a significant correlation between the genetic differentiation and pathogenicity of U. virens in Heilongjiang Province, China, with a maximum coefficient of 0.1786 and a minimum coefficient of 0.0129 between Harbin and Suihua, but no significant correlation was found with gene groups or geographical regions. The study found that genes and geographical population variation were primarily within the population, with 95.63% and 4.37% variation (p > 0.05), respectively, while pathogenicity population variation was mainly within the population, with 86.08% and 13.92% variation (p > 0.05), respectively. Pathogenicity had a significant effect on the differentiation of U. virens. Most rice varieties were susceptible, with 3 resistant, 8 moderately resistant, 9 moderately susceptible, 8 susceptible and 12 highly susceptible to RFS disease. Collectively, these results indicate that the tolerance of rice against U. virens is poor, which merits further investigation.
Structural Analysis of Amylin and Amyloid β Peptide Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Xie Longsheng , Lockhart Christopher , Bowers Steven R. , Klimov Dmitri K. , Jafri Mohsin Saleet
Published: January 2025

Amylin and amyloid β belong to the same protein family and activate the same receptors. Amyloid β levels are elevated in Alzheimer’s disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that amylin-based peptides can reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in animal models. Replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation machine learning, as well as other computational analyses, were applied to improve the understanding of the amino acid residues in these amylin-based peptides. Comparisons were made between amylin, amylin-based peptides, and amyloid β. These studies converged on amylin residues 10Q, 28S, 29S, 30T, 31N, 32V, 33G, 34S, and 35N (residues 10 and 28–35) being ranked highest, meaning that they were the most likely to be involved in activating the same targets as amyloid β. Surprisingly, the amyloid β signaling domain most closely matched amylin residues 29–35 in the simulated structures. These findings suggest important residues that are structurally similar between amylin and amyloid β and are thus implicated in the activation of the amylin receptor.
The Passage of Chaperonins to Extracellular Locations in Legionella pneumophila Requires a Functional Dot/Icm System
Authors: Robertson Peter , Allan David S. , Garduño Rafael A.
Published: January 2025

HtpB, the chaperonin of the bacterial pathogen L. pneumophila, is found in extracellular locations, even the cytoplasm of host cells. Although chaperonins have an essential cytoplasmic function in protein folding, HtpB exits the cytoplasm to perform extracellular virulence-related functions that support L. pneumophila’s lifestyle. The mechanism by which HtpB reaches extracellular locations is not currently understood. To address this experimental gap, immunoelectron microscopy, trypsin-accessibility assays, and cell fractionation were used to localize HtpB in various L. pneumophila secretion mutants. Dot/Icm type IV secretion mutants displayed less surface-exposed HtpB and more periplasmic HtpB than parent strains. The analysis of periplasmic extracts and outer membrane vesicles of these mutants, where HtpB co-localized with bona fide periplasmic proteins, confirmed the elevated levels of periplasmic HtpB. Genetic complementation of the mutants recovered parent strain levels of surface-exposed and periplasmic HtpB. The export of GSK-tagged HtpB into the cytoplasm of infected cells was also Dot/Icm-dependent. The translocating role of the Dot/Icm system was not specific for HtpB because GroEL, the chaperonin of Escherichia coli, was found at the cell surface and accumulated in the periplasm of Dot mutants when expressed in L. pneumophila. These findings establish that a functional Dot/Icm system is required for HtpB to reach extracellular locations, but the mechanism by which cytoplasmic HtpB reaches the periplasm remains partially unidentified.
From Cure to Crisis: Understanding the Evolution of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Human Microbiota
Authors: Tahmasebi Hamed , Arjmand Neda , Monemi Marzieh , Babaeizad Ali , Alibabaei Farnaz , Alibabaei Negar , Bahar Aisa , Oksenych Valentyn , Eslami Majid
Published: January 2025

The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria within the human microbiome has become a pressing global health crisis. While antibiotics have revolutionized medicine by significantly reducing mortality and enabling advanced medical interventions, their misuse and overuse have led to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. Key resistance mechanisms include genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and biofilm formation, with the human microbiota acting as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Industrialization and environmental factors have exacerbated this issue, contributing to a rise in infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. These resistant pathogens compromise the effectiveness of essential treatments like surgical prophylaxis and chemotherapy, increase healthcare costs, and prolong hospital stays. This crisis highlights the need for a global One-Health approach, particularly in regions with weak regulatory frameworks. Innovative strategies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, offer promising avenues for mitigating resistance. Addressing this challenge requires coordinated efforts, encompassing research, policymaking, public education, and antibiotic stewardship, to safeguard current antibiotics and foster the development of new therapeutic solutions. An integrated, multidimensional strategy is essential to tackle this escalating problem and ensure the sustainability of effective antimicrobial treatments.
Spinal Infection with Rare Cervical Epidural Air Bubbles
Authors: Liao Chen-Hao , Chen Tse-Hao
Published: January 2025

Spinal infections involving gas-forming pathogens are exceedingly rare, particularly in the cervical spine. We report the case of a 63-year-old male with a history of hypopharyngeal cancer who presented with neck pain and right upper limb weakness. Imaging studies revealed cervical epidural air bubbles and spinal cord edema at C1–C3. Laboratory findings were indicative of infection, and Streptococcus was identified through blood cultures. Urgent surgical decompression via laminectomy was performed, followed by antibiotic treatment. This case highlights the critical role of multimodal imaging, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in diagnosing spinal infections, especially when conventional radiographs are inconclusive. CT scans identified gas inclusions and soft tissue changes, while MRI provided superior visualization of spinal edema and complications such as medullary compression. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach combining timely surgical intervention with prolonged antibiotic regimens.
Investigating the Pulmonary Host Response of Acinetobacter baumannii Infection-Associated Pneumonia by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Chou Mu-Jung , Cheng Chih-Hung , Wang Hui-Ching , Tsai Ming-Ju , Sheu Chau-Chyun , Chang Wei-An
Published: January 2025

Background: For investigating the host response in Acinetobacter baumannii associated pneumonia, we analyzed the host genetic sequences obtained from metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Methods: The samples for mNGS were bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from the lungs of patients infected with A. baumannii and from patients without bacterial infections. BALF samples from patients with pneumonia were collected from the lungs of patients infected with A. baumannii with New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM, before treatment), A. baumannii with NDM (post-treatment), A. baumannii without resistant genes, and those without bacterial infection. Partek was used for investigating enriched functions and pathways related to the pulmonary host response to pneumonia caused by A. baumannii with NDM infection and A. baumannii without antimicrobial-resistant genes. The STRING was employed for identifying protein interaction pathways related to the pulmonary host response to pneumonia caused by A. baumannii without antimicrobial-resistant genes. Results: In pulmonary host response to pneumonia caused by A. baumannii with NDM, five immune system-related pathways and five pathways related to signal transduction were identified. No significant differences were observed in the immune system and signal transduction pathways in the pulmonary host response to pneumonia caused by A. baumannii without antimicrobial-resistant genes. However, significant differences were noted in the phagosome, ferroptosis, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in cellular processes. Conclusions: mNGS provides information not only on pathogen gene expression but also on host gene expression. In this study, we found that pneumonia with A. baumannii carrying the NDM resistance gene triggers stronger immune responses in the lung, while pneumonia with A. baumannii lacking antimicrobial resistance genes is more linked to iron-related pathways.
Changes in Locomotor Activity Observed During Acute Nicotine Withdrawal Can Be Attenuated by Ghrelin and GHRP-6 in Rats
Authors: Ayman Jázmin , Buzás András , Dochnal Roberta , Palotai Miklós , Jászberényi Miklós , Bagosi Zsolt
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) are peptides which can stimulate GH release, acting through the same receptor. Ghrelin and its receptor have been involved in reward sensation and addiction induced by natural and artificial drugs, including nicotine. The present study aimed to investigate the impacts of ghrelin and GHRP-6 on the horizontal and vertical activity in rats exposed to chronic nicotine treatment followed by acute nicotine withdrawal. Methods: Male and female Wistar rats were exposed daily to intraperitoneal (ip) injection with 2 mg/kg nicotine or saline solution for 7 days, twice a day (at 8:00 and at 20:00). In parallel, the rats were exposed daily to an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection with 1 μg/2 μL ghrelin or 1 μg/2 μL GHRP-6 or saline solution for 7 days, once a day (at 8:00). On the morning of the eighth day (12 h after the last ip administration) and the ninth day (24 h after the last ip administration), the horizontal and vertical activity were monitored in a conducta system. Results: On the eighth day, in nicotine-treated rats a significant hyperactivity was observed, that was reduced significantly by ghrelin and GHRP-6. On the ninth day, in nicotine-treated rats a significant hypoactivity was assessed that was reversed significantly by ghrelin and GHRP-6. Conclusions: Based on the present results, the changes in horizontal and vertical activity observed after 12 and 24 h of nicotine withdrawal can be attenuated by ghrelin and GHRP-6.
Early Identification of the Non-Transplanted Functional High-Risk Multiple Myeloma: Insights from a Predictive Nomogram
Authors: Li Yanjuan , Kuang Lifen , Huang Beihui , Liu Junru , Chen Meilan , Li Xiaozhe , Gu Jingli , Yu Tongyong , Li Juan
Published: January 2025

Background: Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who have a suboptimal response to induction therapy or early relapse are classified as functional high-risk (FHR) patients and have been shown to have a dismal prognosis. The aim of this study was to establish a predictive nomogram for patients with non-transplanted FHR MM. Materials and Methods: The group comprised 215 patients in our center between 1 January 2006 and 1 March 2024. To identify independent risk factors, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed, and a nomogram was constructed to predict non-transplant FHR MM. To evaluate the nomogram’s predictive accuracy, we utilized bias-corrected AUC, calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curves (CIC). Results: Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that younger age at onset, a higher proportion of LDH (more than 220 U/L), pattern A + C of M protein decline patterns, a lower proportion of patients with induction treatment efficacy than VGPR, and those undergoing maintenance therapies were independent risk factors for patients with non-transplanted FHR MM. The AUC scores for the training and internal validation groups were 0.940 (95% CI 0.893–0.986) and 0.978 (95% CI 0.930–1.000). DCA and CIC curves were utilized to further verify the clinical efficacy of the nomogram. Conclusions: We developed a nomogram that enables early prediction of non-transplant FHR MM patients. Younger age at onset, LDH ≥ 220 U/L, an A + C pattern of M-protein decline, and induction therapy efficacy not reaching VGPR are more likely to be FHR MM patients. Patients who do not undergo maintenance therapy are prone to early progression or relapse.
Magnetoelectric Extracellular Vesicle Latency-Targeting (MELT) Nanotherapeutic for the Block-Lock-and-Kill HIV Eradication Strategy
Authors: Andre Mickensone , Kolishetti Nagesh , Yndart Adriana , Vashist Arti , Nair Madhavan , Raymond Andrea D.
Published: January 2025

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) establishes latent infections in cellular reservoirs, including microglia. HC69 cells, a microglial model of HIV latency, contain an HIV promoter long terminal repeat (LTR)-GFP reporter and were used for testing the efficacy of a two-step magnetoelectric nanoparticle (MENP) and extracellular vesicle (xEV) latency-targeting (MELT) nanotherapeutic. GFP expression in HC69 at rest is low (GFPLo), and upon exposure to LTR, transcription-activating agents (i.e., TNF-α) are induced to be high expressing (GFPHi). Methods: The first step of MELT utilized ZL0580, an HIV Tat inhibitor loaded into EVs (80%) via incubation. ZL0580-EVs were taken up by GFPLo and blocked LTR transcriptional reactivation by 50% and were 90% less toxic than ZL0580 alone. The second step in MELT involved conjugation of monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) to MENPs. HPLC measurements showed 80% MMAE attachment to MENPs. Flow cytometry-based measurements of the membrane potential indicated that the membranes of GFPHi HC69 were 60% more polarized than GFPLo HC69 cells. More MMAE–MENPs were internalized by GFPLo HC69. Results: Using a mixed-cell blood–brain barrier (BBB) Transwell model, we demonstrated that 20% of MELT crossed the BBB, was taken up by HC69 cells, and reduced LTR reactivation by 10%. Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrated that MELT can potentially be utilized as a nanotherapeutic to target HIV latency in microglia.
Multi-Scale Modeling and Optimization of Single-Layer Reticulated Shell Structures Using Multi-Point Constraint and Variable Density Methods
Authors: Wang Xianjie , Chen Yongdang , Wang Zhaoyi , Tang Yue , Wang Xin , Lu Chengpeng
Published: January 2025

Optimization methods tailored for practical engineering applications continue to evolve in order to realize lightweight single-layer reticulated shell structures and maximize node stiffness. This paper takes the minimum amount of steel as the objective function, and divides the rod types into three groups and three corresponding one-to-one optimization schemes. Considering the stress and stiffness of the rod and the displacement and stability constraints of the whole structure, the equal step search method combined with the criterion method is used to optimize the rod size. Then the multi-scale calculation model based on the multi-point constraint method is established. Through calculation and analysis, the boundary load condition of the target node is obtained as the boundary condition of node optimization. Finally, the variable density method is used to optimize the topology of the node domain, and the minimum member size is included in the constraint conditions to obtain the optimized node form that is conducive to additive manufacturing. The research shows that reasonable cross-section value and grouping of members can effectively reduce the steel consumption without compromising the overall stability performance. The amount of steel used in the three optimization plans was reduced by 12%, 23%, and 28%, respectively, compared to before the optimization. The multi-scale model not only takes into account the calculation accuracy, but also can effectively simulate the stress conditions in the node domain. The development of topology optimization and additive manufacturing technology broadens the space for optimization design, and provides new ideas for advanced design to integrate intelligent manufacturing.
Innovative Framework for Historical Architectural Recognition in China: Integrating Swin Transformer and Global Channel–Spatial Attention Mechanism
Authors: Wu Jiade , Ying Yang , Tan Yigao , Liu Zhuliang
Published: January 2025

The digital recognition and preservation of historical architectural heritage has become a critical challenge in cultural inheritance and sustainable urban development. While deep learning methods show promise in architectural classification, existing models often struggle to achieve ideal results due to the complexity and uniqueness of historical buildings, particularly the limited data availability in remote areas. Focusing on the study of Chinese historical architecture, this research proposes an innovative architectural recognition framework that integrates the Swin Transformer backbone with a custom-designed Global Channel and Spatial Attention (GCSA) mechanism, thereby substantially enhancing the model’s capability to extract architectural details and comprehend global contextual information. Through extensive experiments on a constructed historical building dataset, our model achieves an outstanding performance of over 97.8% in key metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score (harmonic mean of the precision and recall), surpassing traditional CNN (convolutional neural network) architectures and contemporary deep learning models. To gain deeper insights into the model’s decision-making process, we employed comprehensive interpretability methods including t-SNE (t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding), Grad-CAM (gradient-weighted class activation mapping), and multi-layer feature map analysis, revealing the model’s systematic feature extraction process from structural elements to material textures. This study offers substantial technical support for the digital modeling and recognition of architectural heritage in historical buildings, establishing a foundation for heritage damage assessment. It contributes to the formulation of precise restoration strategies and provides a scientific basis for governments and cultural heritage institutions to develop region-specific policies for conservation efforts.
Design and Characteristics of a Single-Story Building Model Incorporating Waste
Authors: Darwish Mohamed , Elnakeb Mohamed , Moawad Marina , Shawki Marwan Mohamed , Abdelhamid Ehab , Eldwib Donia , Abouzeid Mohamed Nagib , Saudy Maram , Khedr Safwan , Nassar Khaled
Published: January 2025

The construction field is one of the largest sectors and industries worldwide. This industry is the main industry accused of contributing to greenhouse gases and increasing the effects of climate change. However, the construction industry is indispensable, accordingly in an attempt to decrease the greenhouse gas effects of construction this research presents the manuscript for building a one-story building with all components including waste products. The building model used a strip foundation with a concrete mix design incorporating recycled concrete as a partial replacement for aggregates, cement hollow blocks containing granite waste instead of conventional cement blocks, and sandwiched insulated panels made of wood-plastic composites for the roof. The structural soundness of the system was tested by loading it with a load surpassing its design load in addition to measuring the deflection and checking its abidance to the code limitations. The thermal efficiency was tested by measuring the temperatures in comparison with the outside of the building for a span of 7 days with data recorded every 1 h. Analysis of both the short-term and long-term costs and carbon emissions was performed by acquiring the carbon emissions per unit of material from literature and multiplying it by the quantities of the materials used within the different building alternatives. That study showed that the roofs made of Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) using Wood-Plastic Composite (WPC) facings when used with hollow-block cement block walls have shown enduring cost efficiency and improved thermal insulation, leading to diminished energy usage, life-cycle expenses, and carbon emissions. Furthermore, the proposed system is more environmentally friendly than conventional reinforced concrete technologies due to their lower costs and emissions in addition to improving sustainability through utilizing recycled materials.
Evaluating the Quality of Real-World Data on Adherence to Oral Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: How Real Is Real-World Data?
Authors: Navarro-Sabaté A , Font R , Espinàs JA , Solà J , Martínez-Soler F , Gil-Gil M , Viñas G , Tibau A , Borrell M , Segui M , Margelí M , Servitja S , Perez C , Domenech M , Nava M , Marin M , Gonzalez S , Borràs JM
Published: January 2025

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare estimates of adherence to oral endocrine therapy (OET) based on real-world data (RWD) and on clinical evaluation in people diagnosed with breast cancer in the public healthcare system in Catalonia (Spain). Methods: We conducted two retrospective cohort studies. Cohort 1 (RWD) consisted of women diagnosed with breast cancer in 2021 in the public healthcare system of Catalonia (Spain). Sources of RWD were the pharmacy billing register, hospital discharge records, and the Catalan health division’s central insurance registry. Nonadherence was defined as below 80% adherence in the first year of treatment. Data for cohort 2 came from two population-based cancer registries in Girona and Tarragona (Catalonia), with diagnoses from 2007 to 2011. We evaluated the impact of variables missing from RWD, such as stage and hormonal status. Analyses were performed using a chi-square test and logistic regression, with results stratified by age group and drug type. Results: Nonadherence at one year was 10.9% in cohort 1 and 11.3% in cohort 2. When we reviewed the medical records of a selection of nonadherent women from cohort 1, we found only 59.4% had documented treatment interruptions. Reasons for interruptions in the patients from RWD cohort included adverse effects (48.8%), patient decision (40.0%), medical reasons (29.4%), and other clinical causes (14.7%). Women aged under 50 years and those receiving tamoxifen or a sequential regimen had lower adherence. Determinants associated with nonadherence were similar in both approaches used. Conclusions: This study confirms the validity of estimating adherence with RWD from the Spanish national health system, although when combined with reviewing medical records, this may provide more reliable and higher-quality data. The RWD method provides valuable evidence to help oncologists discuss adherence with their patients.
A Landscape of Cancer Initiation and Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Seno Masaharu
Published: January 2025

Exposure to radiation and chemicals, oncogenic viruses, microbiomes, and inflammation are the major events of cancer initiation. DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations are classically considered the main causes of cancer. The recent idea of epigenetics is broadening the concept, including the suggestion that oncogenic virus infection disrupts various intracellular signaling cascades. Chronic inflammation was proposed as the origin of cancer in the 19th century, and the molecular level of events has been made clear with scientific development. Much knowledge of cancer initiation has become available for integration into research. Simultaneously, the presence of cancer stem cells has been identified and characterized. However, the point of shift from normal to malignant still appears obscure even when taking cancer stem cells into consideration. From these points of view, the advent of cancer stem cells and cancer initiation are briefly discussed as the points of shift from normal to malignant in this paper.
Blockade of LIF and PD-L1 Enhances Chemotherapy in Preclinical PDAC Models
Authors: Ye Jian , Qin Shuyang S. , Hughson Angela L. , Hannon Gary , Vrooman Tara G. , Lesch Maggie L. , Eckl Sarah L. , Benoodt Lauren , Mills Bradley N. , Lord Edith M. , Belt Brian A. , Linehan David C. , Luheshi Nadia , Eyles Jim , Gerber Scott A.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), expecting to be the second leading cause of cancer deaths by 2030, resists immune checkpoint therapies due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a key target in PDAC, promoting stemness, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and therapy resistance. Phase 1 clinical trials showed anti-LIF therapy is safe but with limited efficacy, suggesting better outcomes when combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy. Methods: We assessed the combination of chemotherapy (gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel) and dual blockade of LIF and PD-L1 on tumor growth and survival in orthotopic and spontaneous PDAC models. Flow cytometry and scRNA-seq were utilized to monitor the antitumor immune response. The role of key immune cells was further confirmed by depleting these immune cells, including CD4, CD8, or inflammatory monocytes. Results: Sequential treatment with chemotherapy (gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel) and dual blockade of LIF and PD-L1 significantly improved antitumor efficacy compared to monotherapy or dual combinations of these therapies. This chemo/anti-LIF/anti-PD-L1 approach reduced EMT in tumor cells and enhanced the antitumor immune response, primarily through CD8 T cells, as depleting CD8 cells largely abrogated the effect of treatment. This combination therapy also shifted macrophages and dendritic cells towards an antitumor phenotype. Conclusions: The combination of chemotherapy, anti-LIF, and anti-PD-L1 not only targeted tumor cells but also augmented the anti-tumor immune response. These findings strongly support advancing chemo/anti-LIF/anti-PD-L1 combination therapy to clinical trials in PDAC.
Highly Selective Oxidation of 1,2-Propanediol to Lactic Acid Using Pd Nanoparticles Supported on Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Zhiqing , Xiong Xiong , Jin Aiqian , Shen Lingqin , Yin Hengbo
Published: January 2025

1,2-Propanediol, with its highly functionalized molecular structure and abundant availability, serves as a viable feedstock for high-value chemicals. The oxidation of 1,2-propanediol can potentially yield lactic acid, an important commodity chemical. Herein, we report the catalytic oxidation of 1,2-propanediol in the presence of NaOH, using Pd nanoparticles (NPs) supported on various functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Both single-factor experiments and the response surface methodology were employed to investigate the optimal operating parameters. It was found that nitrogen doping promotes strong metal–support interactions between the active components and the support. Under optimal reaction conditions (123 °C, 1.25 MPa O2 pressure, 4 h, and a NaOH/1,2-PDO molar ratio of 4.0), a high lactic acid yield of 68.3% was achieved using nitrogen-doped MWCNT-supported Pd nanoparticles as the catalyst. The selectivity for lactic acid decreased with increasing reaction time, temperature, NaOH/1,2-PDO molar ratio, and O2 pressure, while the conversion rate increased correspondingly. After five cycles, the conversion of 1,2-PDO slightly decreased to 76.2%, while the LA selectivity remained high at 84.9%. Additionally, the reaction pathway was further investigated, confirming the formation mechanism of lactic acid.
The Organic-Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles as Lipase Carriers for Biocatalytic Application: Future Perspective in Biodegradation
Authors: Milovanović Jelena , Banjanac Katarina , Nikolić Jasmina , Nikodinović-Runić Jasmina , Prlainović Nevena Ž.
Published: January 2025

Over the past three decades, organic reactions catalyzed by lipase have been extensively studied. To overcome the drawbacks of free enzymes and develop new and sustainable biocatalysts, various insoluble forms of lipases were examined. Especially interesting are lipases immobilized on silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) due to their promising unique and advantageous physicochemical properties. Therefore, the present paper presents an overview of different organic functionalization methods of SiNP surfaces to create a more favorable microenvironment for lipase molecules. Given the high commercial value of lipases in biotechnological applications, the second part of this paper highlights the key industrial sectors utilizing these nanobiocatalysts. This review discusses the key industrial applications of silica-based lipase nanobiocatalysts, including biodiesel production, flavor ester synthesis, and pharmaceutical applications such as racemization. Special attention is given to emerging technologies, particularly the use of immobilized lipases in polymer biodegradation and polymerization reactions. These advances have paved the way for innovative solutions, such as self-degrading bioplastics, which hold significant promise for sustainable materials and environmental protection. This comprehensive overview underscores the transformative potential of lipase–SiNP nanobiocatalysts in both industrial and environmental contexts.
Methanol Synthesis from CO2 over ZnO-Pd/TiO2 Catalysts: Effect of Pd Precursors on the Formation of ZnPd-ZnO Active Sites
Authors: Quilis Romero Carlos , Mota Toledo Noelia , Pawelec Barbara , Navarro Yerga Rufino M.
Published: January 2025

This study examines the factors influencing the formation and structure of ZnPd-ZnO active sites supported on TiO2 by comparing their genesis from Pd/TiO2 base catalysts prepared by impregnation using different Pd precursors (Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2 and Pd(acac)2). The experimental results demonstrated that, in contrast to the production of CO over Pd/TiO2 base catalysts, the selectivity of methanol over ZnPd-ZnO/TiO2 catalysts was significantly affected by the dispersion of ZnPd intermetallic particles and the development of ZnPd-ZnO interfaces. These are determined by the characteristics of Pd particles supported on TiO2 and their contact with the ZnO particles deposited on them. The Pd/TiO2 base catalyst prepared by impregnation with neutral Pd precursor (Pd(acac)2) produces a higher concentration and more effective dispersion of the ZnPd intermetallic phase as well as a wider ZnO-ZnPd interface region in comparison to the Pd/TiO2 counterpart synthetized using the cationic Pd precursor (Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2). These differences in the ZnPd-ZnO active sites resulted in notable variations in the methanol yield, achieving the catalysts prepared with the neutral precursor about twice higher methanol selectivity from CO2 hydrogenation at low temperatures.
Boosting Hydrogen Evolution via Phase Engineering-Modulated Crystallinity of Ruthenium–Zinc Bimetallic MOFs
Authors: Wang Jia , Wang De , Huang Tianci , He Zhenyu , Cui Yong , Li Junsheng
Published: January 2025

The systematic design of ruthenium-based electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for sustainable hydrogen production via electrocatalytic water splitting in an alkaline medium. However, the mismatch between water dissociation and hydrogen adsorption kinetics limits its HER activity. Herein, we present a phase engineering-modulated strategy to develop an ultrasmall ZnRu bimetallic metal–organic framework electrocatalyst (ZnRu30-ZIF) for catalyzing alkaline HER. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations indicate that the incorporation of Ru atoms modifies the crystal structure of the ZIF-8 phase, resulting in enlarged facet spacing and smaller nanocrystals (45 ± 3 nm). This optimization of the crystal structure regulates the electronic properties of the ZnRu30-ZIF, forming a higher d-band center (−5.91 eV), which reduces the water dissociation energy (0.19 eV) and facilitates hydrogen desorption (ΔGH* = 1.09 eV). The prepared ZnRu30-ZIF exhibits a low overpotential of 48 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and an excellent mass activity of 2.9 A mgRu−1 at 0.1 V (vs. RHE). This work establishes a phase-engineering strategy for the preparation of high-performance Ru-based MOF electrocatalysts for HER.
ADAMTS13 Improves Endothelial Function and Reduces Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Abu El-Asrar Ahmed M. , Nawaz Mohd I. , Ahmad Ajmal , Siddiquei Mairaj , Allegaert Eef , Adyns Lowie , Vanbrabant Lotte , Gikandi Priscilla W. , De Hertogh Gert , Struyf Sofie , Opdenakker Ghislain
Published: January 2025

The protease, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif member 13 (ADAMTS13), known to cleave only the von Willebrand factor (VWF), has powerful regulatory effects on microvascular platelet adhesion, thrombosis, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. We study the protection against diabetes-induced retinal injury in experimental rats by supplementation with recombinant ADAMTS13. We compare human epiretinal membranes and vitreous samples from nondiabetic subjects and patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and extend in vitro analyses with the use of various immunodetection and spectrofluorimetric methods on rat retina and human retinal glial and endothelial cell cultures. Functional studies include the assessment of the blood–retinal barrier (BRB), cell adhesion, and in vitro angiogenesis. In epiretinal membranes, endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages express ADAMTS13. The levels of VWF, the platelet marker CD41, ADAMTS13, and the biomarkers of endothelial cell injury soluble VE-cadherin and soluble syndecan-1 are increased in PDR vitreous. ADAMTS13 is downregulated in diabetic rat retinas. The intravitreal administration of ADAMTS13 attenuates diabetes-induced BRB breakdown, the downregulation of VE-cadherin and β-catenin, and the upregulation of VWF, CD41, phospho-ERK1/2, HMGB1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. In Müller cells, ADAMTS13 attenuates MCP-1, MMP-9, and ROS upregulation induced by diabetic mimetic conditions. In HRMECs, ADAMTS13 attenuates the shedding of the soluble VE-cadherin and soluble syndecan-1 and the levels of phospho-ERK1/2, MCP-1, fractalkine, and ROS induced by diabetic mimetic conditions, the upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 elicited by TNF-α, the adherence of monocytes induced by TNF-α, and VEGF-induced migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Our findings suggest that enhancing ADAMTS13 levels in situ ameliorates diabetes-induced retinal inflammation and vascular dysfunction.
Porcelain Stoneware Slabs: An Investigation into Pyroplastic Deformation in New Body Formulations Containing Waste Glasses
Authors: Sgarlata Caterina , Varghese Lincy , Ferrari Francesco , Venturelli Davide , Siligardi Cristina
Published: January 2025

The ceramics industry has consistently applied circular economy principles by efficiently reusing and recovering raw materials in the production process. Incorporating secondary raw materials, such as production scraps and recycled materials, reduces costs and improves sustainability. In the ceramics sector, raw materials like feldspars can be substituted with secondary raw materials from other production processes, particularly glass-based ones. This study selected waste glass, such as bottle glass or glass fiber processing scraps, to investigate its performance in a porcelain stoneware slab mixture. The behavior of this mixture was compared to a traditional porcelain stoneware mixture and a mixture containing a glass-ceramic frit, which exhibits significantly different behavior from waste glass. The study involved a comprehensive characterization of the fired samples, with a specific focus on addressing pyroplastic deformation—an issue that occurs in large slabs during the firing process. Although pyroplastic deformation has been extensively studied in the past using various waste glasses, this research work uniquely employed waste glass fiber and glass-ceramic material to mitigate pyroplastic deformation compared to the more commonly studied waste soda–lime glass. The pyroplastic deformation tests were conducted using an instrument from Expert Lab Service-MDF.