bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two‐dimensional DOA estimation for coherent signals using a novel covariance‐like matrix
Authors: Shahimaeen Assieh , Dehghani Mohamad Javad
Published: April 2019

This paper addresses a two‐dimensional (2‐D) direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of coherent signals problem. To do so, we first reconstruct a covariance‐like matrix, and then apply forward and backward spatial smoothing (FBSS) method as a preprocessor to remedy the rank deficiency problem. By utilizing the covariance‐like matrix instead of outputs sensors in the FBSS method, the noise and small fading factor influences are reduced in the DOA estimation problem. Afterward, two matrix pencil pairs are exploited to extract 2‐D DOA of impinging signals. This two matrix pencil pairs method can estimate 2‐D DOA with repeated eigenvalues efficiently and also pair the estimated parameters automatically. The proposed algorithm not only has all the privileges of the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariant techniques (ESPRIT)‐like algorithm but also increases the array aperture. By mathematical tractability, we derive Cramer‐Rao bounds for azimuth and elevation angles for coherent signals received by uniform rectangular array to compare the performance of the estimation algorithms with a lower bound. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the symmetric configuration of uniform rectangular array (SC‐URA), the FBSS–multiple‐signal classification (FBSS‐MUSIC) and the ESPRIT‐like algorithms in terms of root mean squared error (RMSE).
Radiation‐induced genomic instability in breast carcinomas of the Swedish hemangioma cohort
Authors: Biermann Jana , Langen Britta , Nemes Szilárd , Holmberg Erik , Parris Toshima Z. , Werner Rönnerman Elisabeth , Engqvist Hanna , Kovács Anikó , Helou Khalil , Karlsson Per
Published: April 2019

Radiation‐induced genomic instability (GI) is hypothesized to persist after exposure and ultimately promote carcinogenesis. Based on the absorbed dose to the breast, an increased risk of developing breast cancer was shown in the Swedish hemangioma cohort that was treated with radium‐226 for skin hemangioma as infants. Here, we screened 31 primary breast carcinomas for genetic alterations using the OncoScan CNV Plus Assay to assess GI and chromothripsis‐like patterns associated with the absorbed dose to the breast. Higher absorbed doses were associated with increased numbers of copy number alterations in the tumor genome and thus a more unstable genome. Hence, the observed dose‐dependent GI in the tumor genome is a measurable manifestation of the long‐term effects of irradiation. We developed a highly predictive Cox regression model for overall survival based on the interaction between absorbed dose and GI. The Swedish hemangioma cohort is a valuable cohort to investigate the biological relationship between absorbed dose and GI in irradiated humans. This work gives a biological basis for improved risk assessment to minimize carcinogenesis as a secondary disease after radiation therapy.
A divergent breakdown of neurocognitive networks in Parkinson's Disease mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Aracil‐Bolaños Ignacio , Sampedro Frederic , Marín‐Lahoz Juan , Horta‐Barba Andrea , Martínez‐Horta Saül , Botí Mariángeles , Pérez‐Pérez Jesús , Bejr‐Kasem Helena , Pascual‐Sedano Berta , Campolongo Antonia , Izquierdo Cristina , Gironell Alexandre , Gómez‐Ansón Beatriz , Kulisevsky Jaime , Pagonabarraga Javier
Published: April 2019

Cognitive decline is a major disabling feature in Parkinson's disease (PD). Multimodal imaging studies have shown functional disruption in neurocognitive networks related to cognitive impairment. However, it remains unknown whether these changes are related to gray matter loss, or whether they outline network vulnerability in the early stages of cognitive impairment. In this work, we intended to assess functional connectivity and graph theoretical measures and their relation to gray matter loss in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI). We recruited 53 Parkinson's disease patients and classified them for cognitive impairment using Level‐1 Movement Disorders Society‐Task Force Criteria. Voxel‐based morphometry, functional connectivity and graph theoretical measures were obtained on a 3‐Tesla MRI scanner. Loss of gray matter was observed in the default mode network (bilateral precuneus), without a corresponding disruption of functional or graph theoretical properties. However, functional and graph theoretical changes appeared in salience network nodes, without evidence of gray matter loss. Global cognition and executive scores showed a correlation with node degree in the right anterior insula. We also found a correlation between visuospatial scores and right supramarginal gyrus node degree. Our findings highlight the loss of functional connectivity and topological features without structural damage in salience network regions in PD‐MCI. They also underline the importance of multimodal hubs in the transition to mild cognitive impairment. This functional disruption in the absence of gray matter atrophy suggests that the salience network is a key vulnerable system at the onset of mild cognitive impairment in PD.
Characteristics of Impaired Dendritic Cell Function in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Yonejima Atsushi , Mizukoshi Eishiro , Tamai Toshikatsu , Nakagawa Hidetoshi , Kitahara Masaaki , Yamashita Tatsuya , Arai Kuniaki , Terashima Takeshi , Iida Noriho , Fushimi Kazumi , Okada Hikari , Yamashita Taro , Sakai Yoshio , Honda Masao , Kaneko Shuichi
Published: April 2019

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen‐presenting cells with a central role in host immune response. This study analyzed gene expression and DC function in hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients, functions impaired because of HBV, and identified the genes related to these functions. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 64 HBV patients and 19 healthy controls were analyzed. Peripheral blood DCs were stained with antibodies against human leukocyte antigen–DR/Lin‐1/CD123/CD11c and separated into plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and myeloid DCs by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Using an interferon‐gamma enzyme‐linked immunospot assay, we analyzed antigen‐specific response in HBV‐infected patients. Regarding DC function, we analyzed antigen‐presenting capacity, cell migration capacity, phagocytic capacity, and cytokine production capacity. DC gene expression was analyzed by microarray to identify genes related to DC function. No difference was found in the number of DCs in peripheral blood between healthy participants and HBV patients. In cell‐surface marker analysis, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD40, and C‐C motif chemokine receptor 7 expression levels in pDCs were related to the HBV‐specific T‐cell response. DCs from HBV patients exhibited decreases in antigen‐presenting capacity, migration capacity, and cytokine production capacity. In gene expression analysis, immune‐related genes with greatly reduced expression levels in chronic hepatitis B patients were identified. Of these genes, interleukin (IL)‐6 signal transducer (IL6ST) expression level positively correlated with DC surface marker expression level. Adjustment of IL6ST expression level in DCs and treatment with oncostatin M resulted in recovery of DC function. Conclusion: IL6ST expression was identified as one cause of decline in DC function in HBV patients. Adjustment of IL6 family cytokine signaling may be useful for recovering reduced DC function in HBV infection.
Frontline treatment of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: Beyond R‐CHOP
Authors: Mondello Patrizia , Mian Michael
Published: April 2019

Although the majority of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can be cured with the standard immunochemotherapy R‐CHOP, one‐third of them relapses with a dismal outcome in most cases. In the recent years, remarkable advances have been achieved based on the discovery of molecular genetics in DLBCL. In addition to the major cell‐of‐origin designations of germinal center B‐cell and activated B‐cell subtypes, next‐generation sequencing has unveiled the remarkable complexity of DLBCL and identified potential molecular targets for tailored therapies. Despite these findings, the current standard of care for DLBCL patients is still R‐CHOP, and optimization of frontline therapy remains an important goal. In this review, we summarize recent updates on the evolution of frontline therapies for DLBCL.
The role of human immortal skin keratinocytes‐acellular dermal matrix scaffold in skin repair and regeneration
Authors: Zhu Chongtao , Liu Jiankun , He Bin , Qu Xiaowen , Peng Daizhi
Published: April 2019

In this study, we aimed to investigate the phenotypic characteristics of human immortal skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells and the role of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in coculture system of HaCaT cells and ADM. Flow cytometry was used to examine the cluster of differentiation (CD) makers of HaCaT cells. Apoptosis analysis was applied to detect the apoptosis rate of HaCaT cells. Morphological observation of ADM isolated from the reticular layer of Sprague‐Dawley rat dermis was utilized to evaluate the morphological structure of ADM. Methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and morphological experiments were further used to confirm the scaffold role of ADM in HaCaT cells. A wound‐healing mice model accompanied by HaCaT‐ADM scaffold transplantation was performed to further verify the function of HaCaT‐ADM scaffold. Our results showed that CD71, CD49f, K19, and CD29 were highly expressed in HaCaT cells, and the percentage of apoptosis cells was significantly increased, which represented that HaCaT cells had much stronger capacities of adhesion and proliferation than normal human keratinocytes. Additionally, the morphological structure of ADM presented many natural microbores, which made cells rapidly grow on ADM. The results exhibited that the HaCaT cells indeed promptly proliferate on ADM and easily grow into the microbores of ADM. Finally, an in vivo experiment further confirmed that the transplantation of the HaCaT‐ADM scaffold into the dorsal skin of a wound‐healing mice model could gradually repair the injured wound. Thus, these findings indicated that HaCaT cells might be as seed cells to develop skin tissue engineering and the HaCaT‐ADM scaffold might be a better candidate to promote skin repair and regeneration.
Efficient calculations of a large number of highly excited states for multiconfigurational wavefunctions
Authors: Delcey Mickael G. , Sørensen Lasse Kragh , Vacher Morgane , Couto Rafael C. , Lundberg Marcus
Published: April 2019

Electronically excited states play important roles in many chemical reactions and spectroscopic techniques. In quantum chemistry, a common technique to solve excited states is the multiroot Davidson algorithm, but it is not designed for processes like X‐ray spectroscopy that involves hundreds of highly excited states. We show how the use of a restricted active space wavefunction together with a projection operator to remove low‐lying electronic states offers an efficient way to reach single and double‐core‐hole states. Additionally, several improvements to the stability and efficiency of the configuration interaction (CI) algorithm for a large number of states are suggested. When applied to a series of transition metal complexes the new CI algorithm does not only resolve divergence issues but also leads to typical reduction in computational time by 70%, with the largest savings for small molecules and large active spaces. Together, the projection operator and the improved CI algorithm now make it possible to simulate a wide range of single‐ and two‐photon spectroscopies. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum amylase activity altered by the ABO blood group system in Chinese subjects
Authors: Peng You‐Fan , Goyal Hemant , Lin Hao , Liu De‐Chen , Li Ling
Published: April 2019

Objective

The underlying interactions between ABO blood group antigens and pancreatic exocrine tissue have been demonstrated, and serum amylase was synthesized by pancreatic ductal cells. Thus, we investigated the link between ABO blood type and serum amylase activity in Chinese subjects.

Methods

Our study included 343 relatively healthy Chinese individuals, and the data were retrieved from electronic medical record database.

Results

A increased trend was observed for serum amylase activity in ABO blood type distribution, and we found that serum amylase activity was remarkable increased in subjects with O blood type compared to those with non‐O blood type (P = 0.013). Logistic regression analysis indicated that serum amylase was independently associated with individuals with O blood group (adjusted odds ratio 1.574; 95% CI, 1.022‐2.425, P = 0.039).

Conclusions

The present evidence suggests a significant link between serum amylase activity and ABO blood type in the study population, indicating ABO blood type may be associated with the susceptibility of pancreatic disease.
Dysregulation of microRNA‐181b and TIMP3 is functionally involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Zhu Fu‐Xiang , Wu Heng‐Lan , Chen Jian‐Xiang , Han Bin , Guo Yin‐Feng
Published: April 2019

This study aimed to study the roleof microRNA (miR)‐181b and its target TIMP3 in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DMN) via inhibiting the apoptosis of mesangial cells. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was adopted to compare the miR‐181b expression between subjects with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and normal control. In addition, luciferase assays were utilized to explore the regulatory relationship between TIMP3 and miR‐181b. Real‐time PCR and densitometry analysis were conducted to measure the levels of TIMP3 mRNA/protein in DMN or in cells treated by miR‐181b inhibitors, miR‐181b mimics, and TIMP3 siRNA. And the 3‐(4,5‐dimethythiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was adopted to study the effect of miR‐181b on cell survival and apoptosis. miR‐181b expression was much higher in the DN group, and the results of computational analysis identified TIMP3 as a miR‐181b target. The luciferase activity of cells transfected with wild‐type TIMP3 and mutant2 TIMP3 was significantly reduced, whereas the luciferase activity of cells transfected with mutant1 TIMP3 was evidently higher. Furthermore, a negative regulatory relationship was established between TIMP3 and miR‐181b expression with a correlation efficient of −0.5351. The levels of TIMP3 mRNA/protein expression were apparently increased in the DN group. In addition, the treatment of cells with miR‐181b mimics and TIMP3 siRNA remarkably lowered the levels of TIMP3 mRNA/protein, whereas the transfection of cells with miR‐181b inhibitors notably elevated the expression of TIMP3 mRNA/protein. miR‐181b promoted the survival of cells and inhibited their apoptosis. The miR‐181b expression was related to the development of DMN and could be used as a prognosis biomarker of DMN in the patients with DM.
Morpho‐palynological investigations of natural resources: A case study of Surghar mountain district Mianwali Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Qureshi Muhammad Naeem , Talha Naureen , Ahmad Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad , Ashfaq Shomaila
Published: April 2019

Surghar mountain belt has comparatively less natural resources of floral diversity because it is composed of minerals of different kinds making it less favorable for the growth of different vegetation. The pollen morphology of some selected plants from Surghar belt Mainwali has been evaluated. The pollen grains were measured and demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The examined plant specimens have a difference in size, shape, polarity, and their exine ornamentation. The pollen taxa show a huge variation in size and sculpture. Pollen fertility has also been estimated, shows that the selected plants are well‐known in the Surghar belt. The need of the hour is to conserve these plants having a higher fertility rate to cope with the deforestation in an area. The conclusion does not favor theories in which deforestation results in fast growth in population. It shows that the irrational management and unlawful cutting down of woods neglected by the forest department are the main causes of deforestation in the mountain belt of Mianwali. The findings show the importance of morphological characteristics in the identification of natural resource species in the area.
Tumor microenvironment as the “regulator” and “target” for gene therapy
Authors: Wu Jiayan , Chen Jie , Feng Yuanji , Tian Huayu , Chen Xuesi
Published: April 2019

In this review, we focus on strategies for designing functional nano gene carriers, as well as choosing therapeutic genes targeting the tumor microenvironment. Gene mutations have a great impact on the occurrence of cancer. Thus, gene therapy plays a major role in cancer therapy and has the potential to cure cancer. Well‐designed gene therapy largely relies on effective gene carriers, which can be divided into viral carriers and non‐viral carriers. A gene carrier delivers functional genes to their intracellular target and avoids nucleic acids being degraded by nucleases in the serum. Most conventional cancer gene therapies only target cancer cells and do not appear to be sufficintly efficient to pass clinical trials. Accumulating evidence has shown that extending the therapeutic strategies to the tumor microenvironment, rather than the tumor cell itself, can allow more options for achieving robust anti‐cancer efficiency. In addition, unusual features between tumor microenvironment and normal tissues, such as a lower pH, higher glutathione and reactive oxygen species concentrations, and overexpression of some enzymes, facilitate the design of smart stimuli‐responsive gene carriers regulated by the tumor microenvironment. These carriers interact with nucleic acids and then form stable nanoparticles under physiological conditions. By regulation of the tumor microenvironment, stimuli‐responsive gene carriers are able to change their properties and achieve high gene delivery efficiency. Considering the tumor microenvironment as the “regulator” and “target” when designing gene carriers and choosing therapeutic genes shows significant benefit with respect to improving the accuracy and efficiency of cancer gene therapy.
Macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity in tuberculosis
Authors: Khan Arshad , Singh Vipul Kumar , Hunter Robert L , Jagannath Chinnaswamy
Published: April 2019

Macrophages are the primary host cells for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), during its intracellular survival in humans. The pathogen has a remarkable capacity to survive within the hostile environment of macrophages. However, primary infection does not result in active TB disease in most individuals. The majority of individuals remain latently infected, wherein the bacteria are held in check by the host immune response. Nevertheless, such individuals can develop active TB later upon the decline in their immune status. In contrast, in a small fraction of infected individuals, the host immune response fails to control the growth of M. tuberculosis bacilli, and granulomatous TB develops progressively. Elucidating the molecular and phenotypic events that govern the outcome of the infection within macrophages is fundamental to understanding the key features of these cells that could be equally critical in infection control. The molecular details of the M. tuberculosis-macrophage interaction continue to be discerned, and emerging evidence suggests that macrophage population that participate in infection is heterogeneous. While the local environment and developmental origin could influence the phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity of macrophages, M. tuberculosis has also been demonstrated to modulate the polarization of macrophages. In this review, we draw on work investigating specialized macrophage populations and their interactions with M. tuberculosis with respect to pathogenesis and specific immune responses. Understanding the mechanisms that control the repertoire of macrophage phenotypes and behaviors during infection may provide prospects for novel TB control strategies through modulation of immunobiological functions of macrophages.
Tunable Raman scattering enhancement via particle‐waveguide coupling
Authors: Kan Xue‐fen , Yin Cheng , Wu Jian , Li Bo‐wei , Han Qing‐bang
Published: April 2019

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering relies crucially on the formation of hot spots, which are usually difficult to fabricate and modulate. In this paper, the reverse symmetrical waveguide structure (RSW) is applied as the Raman scattering enhancement substrate, whereas gold nanoparticles are mixed with sample solution to achieve the effective coupling between localized surface plasmon (LSP) and the guided modes. Experimental results verify that the reverse symmetry results in a large penetration depth of the guided modes into the covering medium at resonance; thus, the coupling of waveguide modes can promote the resonant strength of the LSP of the nanoparticles. In return, the excitation of the nanoparticles also facilitates the coupling of incident energy into the guided modes. Finally, the Raman enhancement can be effectively adjusted by tuning the coupling efficiency of the waveguide. We illustrate such modulation by varying the guiding layer thickness, and the experimental results fit well with the theoretical model.
Reliability of Neck Mass Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound by Pediatric Emergency Physicians
Authors: Friedman Nir , Tseng Felicia , Savic Ranko , Diallo Mamadou , Fathi Kate , Mclean Lianne , Tessaro Mark O.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Neck masses are a common reason for presentations to the pediatric emergency department (PED). We sought to determine the agreement and time difference between point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) imaging by pediatric emergency physicians compared to radiology department imaging for children with neck masses in the PED.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of patients aged 0 to 18 years presenting to our tertiary PED who received both POCUS by a pediatric emergency physician and radiology department imaging. Charts were reviewed for POCUS diagnoses, final diagnoses, and imaging time metrics.

Results

Seventy‐five patients met the study criteria. In 58 of 75 cases there was agreement between the POCUS diagnosis and final diagnosis (κ = 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.6–0.83). There was agreement in 25 of the 28 cases in which POCUS examinations were performed by PED physicians with fellowship training in POCUS (κ = 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–1.00). The results for POCUS were generated in a median of 115 minutes (interquartile range, 68–185 minutes) before radiology department imaging results.

Conclusions

Point‐of‐care ultrasound imaging by pediatric emergency physicians for children with neck masses is a promising new POCUS application that may be able to save time in the PED.
Evaluation of the Performance of the Ultrasound (US) Elastographic Q‐Analysis Score Combined With the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System for Malignancy Risk Stratification in Prostate Nodules Based on Transrectal US–Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fusion Imaging
Authors: Ding Zhimin , Ye Xiuqin , Zhang Lei , Sun Yu , Ni Zhipeng , Liu Huiyu , Xu Jinfeng , Dong Fajin
Published: April 2019

Objectives

This study retrospectively evaluated the prognostic performance of the ultrasound elastographic Q‐analysis score (EQS) combined with the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) for malignancy risk stratification in prostate nodules based on transrectal ultrasound–magnetic resonance imaging fusion imaging.

Methods

Sixty‐two patients who were suspected to have PCa between October 2017 and May 2018 in our hospital were retrospectively evaluated. The performance of the EQS and PI‐RADS was evaluated by patients’ receiver operating characteristic curves in differentiating malignant and benign prostate nodules. The combination of the EQS and PI‐RADS methods for prostate imaging was evaluated.

Results

Sixty‐two prostate nodules in 62 patients were included. All of the patients underwent biopsy; 29 cases were prostate cancer, and the rest were benign prostate lesions. Both the EQS and PI‐RADS were significantly higher in malignant nodules than in benign nodules. The sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and Youden index of an EQS cutoff of 2.05 were 86.2%, 81.8%, 85.9%, 4.73, 0.169, 80.6%, 87.1%, and 68%, respectively. The corresponding numbers for a PI‐RADS cutoff of 4 were 82.7%, 69.7%, 84.2%, 2.72, 0.25, 70.6%, 82.1%, and 52.4%. The “tandem” method had a higher diagnostic specificity (87.9%), positive likelihood ratio (6.55), and positive predictive value (85.1%). The “parallel” method had a higher diagnostic sensitivity (96.5%), negative likelihood ratio (0.06), and negative predictive value (95.2%).

Conclusions

both the EQS and PI‐RADS had good diagnostic performance in differentiating between malignant and benign prostate lesions. The combination of the EQS and PI‐RADS improved the diagnostic performance to a certain degree.
Tunable Engineered Extracellular Matrix Materials: Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Promote Improved Neural Cell Growth and Survival
Authors: Landry Michael J. , Gu Kaien , Harris Stephanie N. , Al‐Alwan Laila , Gutsin Laura , De Biasio Daniele , Jiang Bernie , Nakamura Diane S. , Corkery T. Christopher , Kennedy Timothy E. , Barrett Christopher J.
Published: April 2019

Poly‐d‐lysine (PDL) and poly‐l‐lysine are standard surfaces for culturing neural cells; however, both are relatively unstable, costly, and the coated surface typically must be prepared immediately before use. Here, polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are employed as highly stable, relatively inexpensive, alternative substrates to support primary neural cell culture. Initial findings identify specific silk‐based PEMs that significantly outperform the capacity of PDL to promote neuronal survival and process extension. Based on these results, a library of PEM variants, including commercial and bio‐sourced polyelectrolytes, is generated and three silk‐based PEMs that substantially outperform PDL as a substrate for primary neurons in cell culture are identified. Further, testing these PEM variants as substrates for primary oligodendrocyte progenitors demonstrates that one silk‐based PEM functions significantly better than PDL. These findings reveal specificity of cellular responses, indicating that PEMs may be tuned to optimally support different neural cell types.
Corrosion protection of aluminum alloy by epoxy coatings containing polyaniline modified graphene additives
Authors: Yuan Ting Hui , Zhang Zhen Hua , Li Jin , Zhang Da Quan , Gao Li Xin , Li Wen Ge , Fan Zhi Feng
Published: April 2019

In the study, polyaniline/reduced‐graphene oxide (PANI‐RGO) composites, fabricated by loading 2, 5, and 8wt% graphene oxide, was prepared by in‐situ emulsion polymerization and reduction. They are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Epoxy coatings adding PANI and PANI‐RGO composites were coated on the surface of AA5083 Al alloy. The anticorrosion performance of the coatings is measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization curve in 3.5wt% NaCl solution. The results demonstrate that the epoxy/PANI‐RGO coating exhibits a better protection against AA5083 alloy corrosion compared with the epoxy/PANI coating. Enhancement of the passivation performance of PANI was obtained by the addition of RGO into epoxy/PANI coating system.
Nitridation of grate in a biomass‐fired boiler
Authors: Montgomery Melanie , Dahl Kristian V. , Grumsen Flemming B. , Kværndrup Frederik B. , Hald John
Published: April 2019

After a straw‐fired power plant in Denmark had been in operation for 16 years with 93,815 hr operation, there was a need for overlay welding repair of the grate due to a decrease in wall thickness from erosion/corrosion. The grate consisted of 15Mo3 (Werkstoff nr. 1.5415) tubes where water/steam flows through, which were welded together with fins, and where one side faced the combustion zone coming into contact with the fuel (the side that required weld overlay). The water/steam temperature was 320°C and the surface metal temperature was estimated to be 350°C. However, there were difficulties when trying to overlay weld the grate as the weld pool was unstable. The microhardness measurements on cross‐sections of the tubes revealed a higher hardness of the tube facing the combustion zone compared to opposite the combustion zone. In addition, there was higher hardness adjacent to the combustion side than the steam/water side. Analysis of etched cross‐sections with light optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of acicular structures at the convex surface. Further analysis has been conducted with X‐ray diffraction and a LECO nitrogen analyser indicating the presence of iron nitrides. Reasons for their evolution and implications for the repair welding are discussed.
Evaluation of corrosion resistance of multipass friction stir processed AZ31 magnesium alloy
Authors: Liu Dejia , Shen Mingxue , Tang Yanchuan , Hu Yong , Zhao Longzhi
Published: April 2019

Multipass friction stir processing (FSP) is an effective method to produce a homogeneous microstructure and enhance the mechanical properties of magnesium (Mg) alloys. However, few studies have concentrated on the variation of corrosion resistance of Mg alloys during multipass FSP. Electrochemical alternating current (AC) impedance, polarization behavior, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion morphology were used to investigate the effects of subsequent passes on the corrosion resistance of FSP AZ31 plates. A quasi‐in‐situ observation of the growth of corrosion products was carried out to further study the corrosion behaviors of FSP AZ31 alloy. It is found that subsequent passes could further reduce the grain size of FSP AZ31 alloy and result in an increase in the hardness compared with the first pass. Moreover, subsequent passes are beneficial to the improvement in the corrosion resistance of AZ31 alloy. Pitting corrosion occurs in FSP AZ31 plates, which has not changed after subsequent passes.
Application whole exome sequencing for the clinical molecular diagnosis of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy; identification of four novel nonsense mutations in four unrelated Chinese DMD patients
Authors: Zhang Yan , Yang Weikang , Wen Guoming , Wu Yanxia , Jing Zhiliang , Li Dazhou , Tang Minshan , Liu Guanglong , Wei Xuxuan , Zhong Yan , Li Yanhua , Deng Yongjian
Published: April 2019

Background

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common form of inherited muscular dystrophy. Germline mutations in dystrophin (DMD) gene cause DMD, with a X‐linked recessive mode of inheritance. Patients with DMD are usually characterized by weakness of muscle, usually started since childhood and gradually the patient will unable to stand and walk.

Methods

In our present study, we identified four unrelated Chinese patients with DMD from four Chinese families. Whole exome sequencing was performed for genetic molecular analysis for these probands.

Results

Whole exome sequencing and confirmatory Sanger sequencing identified four novel nonsense mutations in these four unrelated Chinese patients, respectively. All these four mutations lead to the formation of a truncated DMD protein by formation of a premature stop codon. According to the variant interpretation guidelines of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), these four novel nonsense mutations are categorized as “likely pathogenic” variants.

Conclusion

Our present finding not only identified four novel loss‐of‐function mutations in dystrophin (DMD) gene but also strongly emphasized the significance of whole exome sequencing as the most efficient way of identifying the candidate genes and mutations which enables us for easy and rapid clinical diagnosis, follow‐up, and management of DMD patients.
Association of PTPN22 polymorphism and its correlation with Graves' disease susceptibility in Polish adult population—A preliminary study
Authors: Wawrusiewicz‐Kurylonek Natalia , Koper‐Lenkiewicz Olga Martyna , Gościk Joanna , Myśliwiec Janusz , Pawłowski Przemysław , Krętowski Adam Jacek
Published: April 2019

Background

Susceptibility to Graves' disease (GD) is determined by various genetic factors; the gene encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) may be one of those associated with higher risk of GD. The aim was to estimate the association of the PTPN22 gene polymorphism rs2476601:c.C>T (c.1858C>T) with the predisposition to GD within the adult north‐eastern Polish population.

Methods

PTPN22 gene polymorphism was analyzed in individuals with clinical GD history (n = 166) and healthy subjects (n = 154). The presence of different variants of the investigated gene polymorphism was estimated using the DNA Sanger sequencing method.

Results

Patients with GD had a more frequent occurrence of the T gene allele of PTPN22 gene compared to the control group, however, it was not significant (p = 0.257). Analysis of genotype distribution showed significantly more frequent occurrence of TT homozygote in GD patients compared to control individuals (p = 0.016, OR = 9.28). Patients with ophthalmopathy had a less frequent occurrence of the T gene allele of PTPN22 gene compared to patients without ophthalmopathy, however, it was not significant (p = 0.12). Occurrence of the T gene allele of PTPN22 gene in GD manifestation in those under 40‐year old was more frequent compared to individuals over 40, but the obtained difference was also not significant (p = 0.75).

Conclusions

Our preliminary study suggest that PTPN22:c.1858C>T gene polymorphism may be associated with a predisposition to GD within the adult north‐eastern Polish population. The studied polymorphism of the PTPN22 gene did not significantly affect the risk of ophthalmopathy developing and disease manifestation before the age of 40.
A genetic counseling needs assessment of Mexico
Authors: Bucio Daiana , Ormond Kelly E. , Hernandez Daisy , Bustamante Carlos D. , Lopez Pineda Arturo
Published: April 2019

Background

While genetic counseling has expanded globally, Mexico has not adopted it as a separate profession. Given the rapid expansion of genetic and genomic services, understanding the current genetic counseling landscape in Mexico is crucial to improving healthcare outcomes.

Methods

Our needs assessment strategy has two components. First, we gathered quantitative data about genetics education and medical geneticists’ geographic distribution through an exhaustive compilation of available information across several medical schools and public databases. Second, we conducted semi‐structured interviews of 19 key‐informants from 10 Mexican states remotely with digital recording and transcription.

Results

Across 32 states, ~54% of enrolled medical students receive no medical genetics training, and only Mexico City averages at least one medical geneticist per 100,000 people. Barriers to genetic counseling services include: geographic distribution of medical geneticists, lack of access to diagnostic tools, patient health literacy and cultural beliefs, and education in medical genetics/genetic counseling. Participants reported generally positive attitudes towards a genetic counseling profession; concerns regarding a current shortage of available jobs for medical geneticists persisted.

Conclusion

To create a foundation that can support a genetic counseling profession in Mexico, the clinical significance of medical genetics must be promoted nationwide. Potential approaches include: requiring medical genetics coursework, developing community genetics services, and increasing jobs for medical geneticists.
Wolfberry‐Derived Zeaxanthin Dipalmitate Attenuates Ethanol‐Induced Hepatic Damage
Authors: Gao Hao , Lv Yi , Liu Yingxia , Li Jingjing , Wang Xiaogang , Zhou Zhengqun , Tipoe George L. , Ouyang Songying , Guo Yutong , Zhang Jinhong , Hao Xiangfeng , Li Wei , Koike Kazuo , So Kwok‐Fai , Xiao Jia
Published: April 2019

Scope

Besides abstinence and nutritional support, there is no proven clinical treatment for patients with alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD). Here, the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of wolfberry‐derived zeaxanthin dipalmitate (ZD) on AFLD models are demonstrated.

Methods and results

The hepatoprotective effects of ZD are evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Direct interacting receptors of ZD on cell membranes are identified by liver‐specific knockdown and biophysical measurements. Downstream signaling pathways are delineated using molecular and cellular biological methods. It is demonstrated that ZD attenuates hepatocyte and whole‐liver injury in ethanol‐treated cells (dose: 1 µm) and a chronic binge AFLD rat model (dose: 10 mg kg–1), respectively. The direct targets of ZD on the cell membrane include receptor P2X7 and adiponectin receptor 1 (adipoR1). Signals from P2X7 and adipoR1 modulate the phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinase‐Akt and/or AMP‐activated protein kinase‐FoxO3a pathways, to restore mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) functions suppressed by ethanol intoxication. In addition, ZD alleviates hepatic inflammation partially via the inhibition of Nod‐like receptor 3 inflammasome, whose activation is a direct consequence of suppressed mitophagy. Liver‐specific inhibition of receptors or mitophagy significantly impairs the beneficial effects of ZD.

Conclusions

ZD is an effective and promising agent for the potential treatment of AFLD.
Technical Note: Imaging dose resulting from optimized procedures with limited‐angle intrafractional verification system during stereotactic body radiation therapy lung treatment
Authors: Ding George X. , Zhang Yawei , Ren Lei
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The limited‐angle intrafractional verification (LIVE) system was developed to track tumor movement during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). However, the four‐dimensional (4D) MV/kV imaging procedure results in additional radiation dose to patients. This study is to quantify imaging radiation dose from optimized MV/kV image acquisition in the LIVE system and to determine if it exceeds the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group Report 180 image dose threshold.

Methods

TrueBeam™ platform with a fully integrated system for image guidance was studied. Monte Carlo‐simulated kV and MV beams were calibrated and then used as incident sources in an EGSnrc Monte Carlo dose calculation in a CT image‐based patient model. In three representative lung SBRT treatments evaluated in this study, tumors were located in the patient's posterior left lung, mid‐left lung, and right upper lung. The optimized imaging sequence comprised of arcs ranging from 2 to 7, acquired between adjacent three‐dimensional (3D)/IMRT beams, with multiple simultaneous kV (125 kVp) and MV (6 MV) image projections in each arc, for different optimization scenarios. The MV imaging fields were generally confined to the treatment target while kV images were acquired with a normal open field size with a full bow‐tie filter.

Results

In a seven‐arc acquisitions case (highest imaging dose scenario), the maximum kV imaging doses to 50% of the tissue volume (D50 from DVHs), for spinal cord, right lung, heart, left lung, and the target, were 0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, and 1.4 cGy, respectively. The corresponding MV imaging doses were 0.1 cGy to spinal cord, right lung, heart, and left lung, and 11 cGy to target. In contrast, the maximum radiation dose from two cases treated with two Volumetric‐Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) fields and two‐arc image acquisitions is approximately 30% of that of the seven‐arc acquisition.

Conclusions

We have evaluated the additional radiation dose resulting from optimized LIVE system MV/kV image acquisitions in two best (least imaging dose) and one worst (highest imaging dose) lung SBRT treatment scenarios. The results show that these MV/kV imaging doses are comparable to those resulting from current imaging procedures used in Image‐Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) and are within the dose threshold of 5% target dose as recommended by the AAPM TG‐180 report.
Surface load dynamic solution of saturated transversely isotropic multilayer half‐space
Authors: Jafarzadeh Ata , Eskandari‐Ghadi Morteza
Published: April 2019

This paper treats the dynamic response of a multilayered transversely isotropic fluid saturated poroelastic half‐space under surface time‐harmonic traction. The governing system of partial differential equations is uncoupled with the use of a set of physically meaningful and complete potential functions that decompose different body waves in a saturated poroelastic transversely isotropic medium. After expressing the equations in the Hankel‐Fourier domain, a proper algebraic factorization is applied to generate reflection and transmission matrices for decomposed waves. All responses including displacements, stresses, and pore fluid pressure for both general patch load and point load are presented in the form of semi‐infinite line integrals. The verification of the method is confirmed with the degeneration of the solutions presented here to the existing solutions for dried both homogeneous and multilayered elastic half‐spaces as well as poroelastic half‐space. Selected numerical results are depicted to investigate the effects of layering and pore pressure on responses of a transversely isotropic poroelastic medium. The load distribution effects are studied by comparison of the patch and point load responses. Also, resonance notion and effective parameters on this phenomenon such as layering system and anisotropy contrast are discussed. Significant influence of materials and layering configuration on number and amplitude of resonances depicted through the numerical evaluation.
Evaluating pelvic floor muscle contractility using two‐dimensional transperineal ultrasonography in patients with pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Ouchi Mifuka , Kitta Takeya , Suzuki Shigeyuki , Shinohara Nobuo , Kato Kumiko
Published: April 2019

Aim

The hiatal anterior‐posterior distance (APD), as measured by two‐dimensional (2D) transperineal ultrasonography, is an indicator of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) contractility. The function of the pelvic floor is independently related to pelvic organ prolapse (POP) severity. However, little evidence concerning the APD for patients with POP before and after PFM training (PFMT) has been published. Therefore, we analyzed 2D transperineal ultrasonography in women with POP.

Methods

Twenty‐eight women with POP completed a physiotherapist‐led PFMT regimen that consisted of 4 months of one‐on‐one PFMT and lifestyle advice. The APD was measured using 2D transperineal ultrasonography immediately before and after the PFMT period and used to calculate ΔAPD (APD at rest—APD during contraction). Vaginal squeeze pressure during maximum voluntary contractions was also assessed using a manometer. We then analyzed the reliability and the correlation between ΔAPD as measured using 2D transperineal ultrasonography and vaginal squeeze pressure before and after PFMT.

Results

The APD at rest and during PFM contractions demonstrated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. The ICC of maximal vaginal squeeze pressure was 0.97 during PFM contractions. Both ΔAPD (P < 0.01) and PFM strength (P < 0.05) increased significantly after PFMT. PFM strength and ΔAPD were correlated before (R = 0.53) and after (R = 0.68) PFMT (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

We demonstrated that dynamic 2D transperineal ultrasonography could be used for studying functional changes in patients with POP. The ΔAPD of the levator hiatus has potential as an anatomical surrogate marker for evaluating PFM function in hospitals.
Relationship of cue‐induced urinary urges to nocturia in women ages 18 to 40 years
Authors: Singer Jonathan , O'Connell Kathleen A.
Published: April 2019

Aims

Although physiological factors have a role in nocturia, research suggests that behavioral processes, especially classical conditioning may also play an important role in nocturia and other lower urinary tract symptoms. The study aimed to assess the relationship of stimulus‐associated urges during the day to nocturia in a sample of women aged 18 to 40, after controlling for physiological symptoms (eg, overactive bladder [OAB]; daytime frequency).

Methods

An online study was conducted using a panel of 356 female participants between the ages of 18 to 40. One‐third of the participants self‐reported an OAB diagnosis as determined by their physician. Almost 80% of participants reported having at least one nocturnal voiding per night. Participants completed the Urinary Cues Questionnaire, which assessed the frequency with which respondents experienced the urge to urinate in the presence of a variety of cues and the Overactive Bladder Screening Scale (OABSS), which assesses symptoms of OAB syndrome.

Results

Controlling for OABSS scores and daytime urinary frequency, the Situational Cues Subscale had a significant relationship with nocturia such that with each unit increase in the subscale, the probability of nocturia increased by 12% to 14% depending on the definition of nocturia.

Discussion

Behavioral techniques, such as habituation to decrease the association between awakening at night and feeling an urge to urinate, may be an appropriate intervention to mitigate nocturnal urination. Theoretically, this would translate to decreasing this disorder throughout the lifespan, if behavioral techniques could be effectively utilized in early adulthood.
Systematic Comparison of Graphene Materials for Supercapacitor Electrodes
Authors: Le Fevre Lewis W. , Cao Jianyun , Kinloch Ian A. , Forsyth Andrew J. , Dryfe Robert A. W.
Published: April 2019

A comparison of the performance of graphene‐based supercapacitors is difficult, owing to the variety of production methods used to prepare the materials. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic investigation into the effect of the graphene production method on the supercapacitor performance. In this work, we compare graphene produced through several routes. This includes anodic and cathodic electrochemically exfoliated graphene, liquid phase exfoliated graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoribbons. Graphene oxide exhibited the highest capacitance of approximately 154 F g−1 in 6 M KOH at 0.5 A g−1 attributed to oxygen functional groups giving an additional pseudocapacitance and preventing significant restacking; however, the capacitance retention was poor, owing to the low conductivity. In comparison, the anodic electrochemically exfoliated graphene exhibited a capacitance of approximately 44 F g−1, the highest of the ‘pure’ graphene materials, which all exhibited superior capacitance retention, owing to their higher conductivity. The cyclability of all of the materials, with the exception of reduced graphene oxide (70 %), was found to be greater than 95 % after 10 000 cycles. These results highlight the importance of matching the graphene production method with a specific application; for example, graphene oxide and anodic electrochemically exfoliated graphene would be best suited for high energy and power applications, respectively.
Self‐Assembly of Copper Polypyridyl Supramolecular Metallopolymers to Achieve Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy
Authors: Lai Lanhai , Luo Dong , Liu Ting , Zheng Wenjie , Chen Tianfeng , Li Dan
Published: April 2019

Self‐assembled functional supramolecular metallopolymers have demonstrated application potential in cancer therapy. Herein, a copper polypyridyl complex was found able to self‐assemble into a supramolecular metallopolymer driven by the intermolecular interactions, which could enhance the uptake in cancer cells through endocytosis, and thus effectively inhibiting tumor growth in vivo without damaging to the major organs. This study provides a facile way to achieve enhanced anticancer efficacy by using self‐assembled metallopolymers.