bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Habitat relationships among biodiversity indicators and co‐occurring species in a freshwater fish community
Authors: Wesner J. S. , Belk M. C.
Published: April 2012

It is often assumed that indicator species can act as surrogates for conservation of other taxa because the habitat characteristics that limit the distribution of indicators should also affect multiple co‐occurring native species. However, this assumption is rarely explicitly tested. Here, we test whether four fish species are potential indicators of overall fish diversity in the Bear River drainage (UT and WY, USA). We then examine whether biodiversity indicator relationships are driven by shared habitat associations among species by examining species‐habitat models. We use these models to test for correlations between indicator species and common co‐occurring species in predicted occurrence and density. Fish diversity was higher at sites with potential indicators than sites without, indicating that conservation aimed at any of these species is likely to affect a broad number of co‐occurring taxa. However, with minor exceptions, habitat correlations were inconsistent between indicator and co‐occurring species. Instead, most species showed idiosyncratic habitat relationships. Thus, while conservation of habitats containing indicator species is likely to positively affect the distribution of a minority of co‐occurring taxa, they may have neutral (or even negative) effects on the distribution or abundance of a majority of other native taxa that are common to the region. These data suggest that reliance on indicator taxa in conservation can be misleading because they obscure important ecological information about affected non‐target species.
Doing it the Gadamerian way – using philosophical hermeneutics as a methodological approach in nursing science
Authors: Austgard Kitt
Published: April 2012

While several authors are referring to Gadamer’s philosophy, the operationalization of his thinking into practical use in nursing science is less common. The goal of this paper is to systematize some of the basic key concepts in Gadamer’s hermeneutics into a methodological approach to the interpretation of texts. This is a somewhat different approach to his work from those described in earlier commentaries and should be useful for nursing science. In this paper, Gadamer’s hermeneutics is explored with a particular focus on some of the basic concepts of his philosophy. A four‐step approach is proposed that may be used to develop a research plan in the Gadamerian hermeneutic tradition. Gadamer himself did not develop a method of interpretation, but elaborated upon the old hermeneutic tradition, of an inner fusion of subtilitas intelligendi (understanding), subtilitas explicandi (interpretation) and subtilitas applicandi (application). Hence, the analyses are not open and accessible, but inherent in the interpretation (auslegung). To use Gadamer’s philosophy as a methodological approach, the interpreter must acquire a comprehensive understanding of the basic ideas and key concepts of his philosophy. These concepts may be used as a framework upon which to develop a research plan.
CAMBODIAN PATIENTS' AND HEALTH PROFESSIONALS' VIEWS REGARDING THE ALLOCATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS
Authors: NANN STEPHANIE , DOUSSET JEAN‐PHLIPPE , SOK CHANTHY , KHIM PISEY , Y SOPHEAP , SORUM PAUL , MULLET ETIENNE
Published: April 2012

The way Cambodian patients and health professionals judge the priority of HIV‐infected patients in relation to the allocation of antiretroviral drugs was examined. Participants were either HIV‐infected patients attending the HIV/AIDS Care and Support Centre for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Phnom Penh (29 females and 21 males) or members of the staff (9 physicians, 6 pharmacists and 15 health counsellors and health educators). They were presented with stories of a few lines depicting a patient's situation and were instructed to judge the extent to which the patient should be given priority for HIV drugs. The stories were composed according to a four within‐subject factor design: (a) the patient's family responsibilities, (b) the severity of infection, (c) the time elapsed since the first consultation, and (d) the financial difficulties of the family. Most patients expressed the view that the drugs should be used for the patients who are most important from a familial point of view, namely, when the family contains small children and/or is already in a precarious financial condition.
Characterisation of the dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III)‐oxyhydroxide at the microbe – mineral interface: the application of STXM–XMCD
Authors: COKER V. S. , BYRNE J. M. , TELLING N. D. , VAN DER LAAN G. , LLOYD J. R. , HITCHCOCK A. P. , WANG J. , PATTRICK R. A. D.
Published: April 2012

A combination of scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism was used to spatially resolve the distribution of different carbon and iron species associated with Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 cells. S. oneidensis MR‐1 couples the reduction of Fe(III)‐oxyhydroxides to the oxidation of organic matter in order to conserve energy for growth. Several potential mechanisms may be used by S. oneidensis MR‐1 to facilitate Fe(III)‐reduction. These include direct contact between the cell and mineral surface, secretion of either exogenous electron shuttles or Fe‐chelating agents and the production of conductive ‘nanowires’. In this study, the protein/lipid signature of the bacterial cells was associated with areas of magnetite (Fe3O4), the product of dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction, which was oversaturated with Fe(II) (compared to stoichiometric magnetite). However, areas of the sample rich in polysaccharides, most likely associated with extracellular polymeric matrix and not in direct contact with the cell surface, were undersaturated with Fe(II), forming maghemite‐like (γ‐Fe2O3) phases compared to stoichiometric magnetite. The reduced form of magnetite will be much more effective in environmental remediation such as the immobilisation of toxic metals. These findings suggest a dominant role for surface contact‐mediated electron transfer in this study and also the inhomogeneity of magnetite species on the submicron scale present in microbial reactions. This study also illustrates the applicability of this new synchrotron‐based technique for high‐resolution characterisation of the microbe–mineral interface, which is pivotal in controlling the chemistry of the Earth’s critical zone.
Regional LV deformation in healthy individuals during isovolumetric contraction and ejection phases assessed by 2D speckle tracking echocardiography
Authors: Hodt Anders , Stugaard Marie , Hisdal Jonny , Stranden Einar , Atar Dan , Steine Kjetil
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The main purpose of the this human study was by speckle tracking imaging to characterize the regional and temporal distribution of normal left ventricular (LV) deformation and the LV geometry during isovolumetric contraction (IVC) and the ejection phase.

Methods

Twelve healthy young men [22 (2·3) years] were included. Longitudinal and circumferential strain and local twist angle were measured at four LV short‐axis levels: basal, papillary, subpapillary and apical level during IVC and ejection phases. In addition, LV length from apex to the atrio‐ventricular level, two diameters at LV basal short‐axis level and atrio‐ventricular plane displacement (AVPD) were measured to characterize LV shape during IVC.

Results

During IVC, longitudinal and circumferential shortening was demonstrated at all four short‐axis levels from base to apex, while the LV made a basal counterclockwise and apical clockwise rotation representing untwist. In addition, there was a reduction in LV length and changes in short‐axis diameters at basal level and AVPD from end‐diastole to end‐IVC, reflecting that the LV changed from an oval to a more spherical shape. At end‐systole, longitudinal and circumferential shortening and local twist angle were significantly increased towards apex (P<0·05).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the IVC in healthy humans is characterized by regional longitudinal and circumferential shortening and LV untwist, which occurs parallel to geometric changes of the LV into a spherical shape. During ejection, increased regional gradients of LV deformation towards apex in LV longitudinal and circumferential shortening and local and net twist angle were demonstrated.
Blockade of β‐adrenoceptors restores the GRK2‐mediated adrenal α2‐adrenoceptor–catecholamine production axis in heart failure
Authors: Rengo G , Lymperopoulos A , Zincarelli C , Femminella GD , Liccardo D , Pagano G , de Lucia C , Cannavo A , Gargiulo P , Ferrara N , Perrone Filardi P , Koch WJ , Leosco D
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperactivity is characteristic of chronic heart failure (HF) and significantly worsens prognosis. The success of β‐adrenoceptor antagonist (β‐blockers) therapy in HF is primarily attributed to protection of the heart from the noxious effects of augmented catecholamine levels. β‐Blockers have been shown to reduce SNS hyperactivity in HF, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. The GPCR kinase‐2 (GRK2)–α2adrenoceptor–catecholamine production axis is up‐regulated in the adrenal medulla during HF causing α2‐adrenoceptor dysfunction and elevated catecholamine levels. Here, we sought to investigate if β‐blocker treatment in HF could lower SNS activation by directly altering adrenal GRK2 levels.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Four weeks after myocardial infarction‐induced HF, adult rats were randomized to 10‐week treatment with vehicle (HF/C) or bisoprolol (HF/B). Cardiac function and dimensions were measured. In heart and adrenal gland, GRK2 levels were assessed by RT‐PCR and Western blotting and adrenoceptors studied with radioligand binding. Catecholamines and α2adrenoceptors in adrenal medulla chromaffin cell cultures were also measured.

KEY RESULTS Bisoprolol treatment ameliorated HF‐related adverse cardiac remodelling and reduced plasma catecholamine levels, compared with HF/C rats. Bisoprolol also attenuated adrenal GRK2 overexpression as observed in HF/C rats and increased α2adrenoceptor density. In cultures of adrenal medulla chromaffin cells from all study groups, bisoprolol reversed HF‐related α2adrenoceptor dysfunction. This effect was reversed by GRK2 overexpression.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Blockade of β‐adrenoceptors normalized the adrenal α2adrenoceptor‐catecholamine production axis by reducing GRK2 levels. This effect may contribute significantly to the decrease of HF‐related sympathetic overdrive by β−blockers.
Modulation of PAR1 signalling by benzimidazole compounds
Authors: Asteriti S , Daniele S , Porchia F , Dell'Anno MT , Fazzini A , Pugliesi I , Trincavelli ML , Taliani S , Martini C , Mazzoni MR , Gilchrist A
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Recently, a small molecule (Q94) was reported to selectively block PAR1/Gαq interaction and signalling. Here, we describe the pharmacological properties of Q94 and two analogues that share its benzimidazole scaffold (Q109, Q89). Q109 presents a modest variation from Q94 in the substituent group at the 2‐position, while Q89 has quite different groups at the 1‐ and 2‐positions.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Using human microvascular endothelial cells, we examined intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate accumulation as well as isoprenaline‐ or forskolin‐stimulated cAMP production in response to thrombin.

KEY RESULTS

Q89 (10 µM) produced a leftward shift in the thrombin‐mediated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization concentration–response curve while having no effect on the Emax. Both Q94 (10 µM) and Q109 (10 µM) reduced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, leading to a decrease in Emax and an increase in EC50 values. Experiments utilizing receptor‐specific activating peptides confirmed that Q94 and Q109 were selective for PAR1 as they did not alter the Ca2+ response mediated by a PAR2 activating peptide. Consistent with our Ca2+ results, micromolar concentrations of either Q94 or Q109 significantly reduced thrombin‐induced inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate production. Neither Q94 nor Q109 diminished the inhibitory effects of thrombin on cAMP production, indicating they inhibit signalling selectively through the Gq pathway. Our results also suggest the 1,2‐disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives act as ‘allosteric agonists’ of PAR1.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The Q94 and Q109 benzimidazole derivatives represent a novel scaffold for the development of new PAR1 inhibitors and provide a starting point to develop dual signalling pathway‐selective positive/negative modulators of PAR1.
The solute carrier 6 family of transporters
Authors: Bröer Stefan , Gether Ulrik
Published: April 2012

The solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family of the human genome comprises transporters for neurotransmitters, amino acids, osmolytes and energy metabolites. Members of this family play critical roles in neurotransmission, cellular and whole body homeostasis. Malfunction or altered expression of these transporters is associated with a variety of diseases. Pharmacological inhibition of the neurotransmitter transporters in this family is an important strategy in the management of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review provides an overview of the biochemical and pharmacological properties of the SLC6 family transporters.

LINKED ARTICLES BJP published a themed section on Transporters in 2011. To view articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐7/issuetoc
Involvement of redox‐signalling in endogenous hydrogen sulfide production
Authors: Gallyas Ferenc
Published: April 2012

Recently, cystathionine‐γ‐lyase (CSE) was found to provide the major physiological pathway for H2S, the third member of the gasotransmitter family. In various pathophysiological conditions, H2S exerted protective effects based on its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐hypertensive and other regulatory functions. Interestingly, CSE expression had been only poorly studied and only in relation with inflammatory processes. Therefore, the study by Hassan et al. in this issue of the BJP, provides a considerable advance by furnishing direct experimental evidence for the involvement of redox signalling in the regulation of CSE gene expression. They found that PDGF up‐regulated CSE expression and activity that was abolished by antioxidants and by deletion of the transcription factor nuclear erythroid‐2‐related factor‐2 (Nrf2). Furthermore, PDGF induced Nrf2 binding to its consensus sequence that was again reversed by antioxidants. As Nrf2 also governs CO biosynthesis, and PDGF inversely affects H2S and NO production, these data could indicate a concerted regulation of the three gasotransmitters by redox signalling.

LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on Hassan et al., pp. 2231–2242 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.01949.x
Feasibility of implementing magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection in a tertiary obstetric unit
Authors: Ow Lin L. , Kennedy Amber , McCarthy Elizabeth A. , Walker Sue P.
Published: April 2012

Background

It is important to establish whether research recommendations regarding magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection can be readily translated into clinical practice and achieve the dual objectives of good coverage of the target group, while minimising unnecessary or prolonged exposure to treatment.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included all women admitted to a tertiary obstetric centre at 23–32 weeks gestation in the first 12 months following implementation of the guideline ‘Magnesium sulphate for the prevention of cerebral palsy’. We determined the number triaged to receive magnesium sulphate, the proportion of infants who received magnesium sulphate prior to delivery and the total number of doses administered.

Results

A total of 330 women were admitted at a mean gestational age of 28.2 weeks, and 132/330 (40%) were prescribed magnesium sulphate, of whom 123/132 (93%) delivered.

142/191 (74%) infants born at <32 weeks' gestation received magnesium sulphate prior to delivery, with no significant differences seen by plurality or gestational age. Of the 145 doses administered, only 13 women received more than one dose, and only nine of 145 (7%) doses proved to be unnecessary. The median treatment duration was 3 h 58 min. The infusion was discontinued as result of side effects in 2% of women.

Conclusion

Research recommendations regarding administration of magnesium sulphate with neuroprotective intent can be successfully translated into clinical practice. Appropriate triaging of women at high risk of imminent preterm birth is feasible, enabling a high level of magnesium sulphate coverage for infants that deliver prior to 32 weeks gestation, with minimal toxicity and a low rate of unnecessary maternal exposure.
A survey of women and health providers about information regarding the timing of driving a car after experiencing a caesarean section
Authors: Sedgley Jocelyn , Rickard Kristen , Morris Jonathan
Published: April 2012

Background

In NSW, around 30% of women experience a caesarean section. Anecdotally, few receive consistent information regarding driving after a caesarean delivery.

Aims

The aims were to determine the information provided to women following caesarean section and by whom it was given, and compare this with women's actual driving behaviour.

Method

Prior to hospital discharge, 101 consenting women completed a survey of five questions documenting the information they received about when to commence driving. They were telephoned 6–8 weeks postpartum and asked when they drove and whether they experienced any problems. Following this, a staff survey was conducted to establish what information was given to women. Insurance companies and government departments were contacted for relevant polices about when women can drive postcaesarean.

Results

100 women completed both surveys (99% of recruits); 65% were advised to wait for 6 weeks or longer before driving. However, 72% of women reported they had driven by 6 weeks, and 35% by 3 weeks. In our sample, women reported minimal discomfort and rarely discontinued driving. Returned staff surveys (n = 138) revealed inconsistent advice ranging from no advice to 8 weeks of driving abstinence. Other recommendations included following insurance company guidelines (of which there were none specific to postcaesarean) (34%), ‘listen to your body and be able to perform an emergency stop’ (27%).

Conclusion

Women receive conflicting advice, and current recommendations are not reflected in women's behaviour. Women are driving earlier than advised with minimal reported complications.
The New Label for Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents: The FDA’S Sentence
Authors: Fishbane Steven , Jhaveri Kenar D.
Published: April 2012

On June 24, 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revised the prescribing instructions (the label) for erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents. The new label, the second revision since publication of the TREAT Study, placed new restrictions on the use of these agents, and increased the strength of warnings. We believe that the new label language may deprive patients of the full benefits of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent treatment and impair the opportunity to individualize treatment through shared decision making. Diminished discovery and innovation in the treatment of one of the most common and important complications of kidney disease may also be an unintended consequence of the label change.
Desiccation, Moisture Content and Germination of Zostera marina L. Seed
Authors: Pan Jinhua , Han Houwei , Jiang Xin , Zhang Wenfeng , Zhao Nan , Song Shaofeng , Li Xia , Li Xiaojie
Published: April 2012

Zostera marina is the only seagrass species whose seeds have been successfully used in large‐scale restoration. Although progress has been made in refining Z. marina restoration protocols, additional information on Z. marina seed physiology is necessary as the science of seagrass restoration evolves. We tested the germination rates of Z. marina seeds under different relative humidities and temperatures for different periods of time. Z. marina seed moisture content (MC) and germination rates were also tested when seeds were exposed to a temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 50%. Z. marina seeds suffered higher mortality when exposed to lower relative humidity and higher temperature for longer period of exposure time. A significant negative correlation was detected between seed germination rate and MC. Z. marina seeds are sensitive to desiccation exposure and long periods of exposure to air should be prevented to minimize seed mortality when seeds are used in restoration projects.
Success Rates for Reintroductions of Eight Perennial Plant Species after 15 Years
Authors: Drayton Brian , Primack Richard B.
Published: April 2012

The creation of new populations of rare and endangered plant species has become well‐established as a standard technique in conservation and restoration ecology. However, much remains unknown about the actual rates of success or failure of such reintroductions. Recent research suggests that in part this reflects under‐reporting of failures. In 2000, the authors published a paper reporting rates of success in reintroducing eight perennial plant species into two reserves near Boston, MA, in 1994–1995. In 2010, the authors conducted a recensus of the experimental sites 15 years after reintroduction; almost all the populations reported in 2000 had disappeared. The implications for reintroduction methodology, with respect to establishing and reporting both successful and unsuccessful experiments are discussed.
When is Open‐endedness Desirable in Restoration Projects?
Authors: Hughes Francine M. R. , Adams William M. , Stroh Peter A.
Published: April 2012

A low‐intervention approach to restoration that also allows restoration outcomes to be framed as trajectories of ecosystem change can be described as “open‐ended” restoration. It is an approach which recognizes that long‐term ecosystem behavior involves continual change at small and large spatial and temporal scales. There are a number of situations in which it is appropriate to adopt an open‐ended approach to restoration including: in remote and large areas, where ecological limiting factors will be changed by future climates, where antecedent conditions cannot be replicated, where there are novel starting points for restoration, where restoration relies strongly on processes outside the restoration area, in inherently dynamic systems, where costs are high and where the public demands “wildness.” Where this approach is adopted managers need to explain the project and deal with public expectations and public risk. Monitoring biotic and abiotic components of the project are very important as an open‐ended approach does not equate to “abandon and ignore it.”
Usefulness of continuous renal replacement therapy for correcting hypernatremia in a patient with severe congestive heart failure
Authors: Park Hoon Suk , Hong Yu Ah , Kim Hyun Gyung , Choi Sun Ryoung , Sun In O. , Chung Byung Ha , Park Cheol Whee , Yang Chul Woo , Kim Yong Soo , Choi Bum Soon
Published: April 2012

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is used as an alternative to intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) in patients who have acute kidney injury (AKI) and cannot tolerate IHD. Several studies have reported the usefulness of CRRT in treating sepsis, which is a non‐renal indication for CRRT. Recently, CRRT was also introduced as a useful tool for treating severe congestive heart failure (CHF). By using CRRT, we successfully treated hypernatremia in a patient with severe CHF, without observing any fluid overload. Therefore, we report this case to suggest that CRRT should be considered for the treatment of hypernatremia in patients with severe CHF.
Optimal fluid control can normalize cardiovascular risk markers and limit left ventricular hypertrophy in thrice weekly dialysis patients
Authors: Velasco Nestor , Chamney Paul , Wabel Peter , Moissl Ulrich , Imtiaz Toufeeq , Spalding Elaine , McGregor Mark , Innes Andrew , MacKay Ian , Patel Rajan , Jardine Alan
Published: April 2012

Increased hemodialysis frequency can make fluid overload easier to treat, although most patients are still treated thrice weekly. Chronic fluid overload is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and elevated serum cardiac biomarkers, recognized as mortality risk factors. Serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT), N‐terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), left ventricular mass index by cardiac magnetic imaging, and ambulatory blood pressure was measured in 30 thrice weekly hemodiafiltration patients. Time‐averaged fluid overload (TAFO) was quantified by bioimpedance spectroscopy. In the study group, left ventricular hypertrophy was found to be 26% by cardiac magnetic resonance. Ambulatory blood pressure was 130 mmHg (112–151) requiring a low equivalent dose of medication of 0.25 units (0–1). Significantly, lower levels of left ventricular mass index (P < 0.05) were associated in those patients with TAFO <1 L or NT‐proBNP <1200 pg/mL or cTnT <0.1 ug/L. In the subgroups, 16 patients had normal cTnT (<0.03 ug/L), 16 patients had NT‐proBNP <400 pg/mL, and 20 patients had TAFO <1 L. Nine patients had both cTnT <0.03 ug/L and NT‐proBNP <400 pg/mL. Normally hydrated thrice‐weekly hemodiafiltration patients can have cardiac biomarker and TAFO levels indistinguishable from the normal healthy population. Obtaining TAFO by bioimpedance monitoring can offer a practical alternative to serum cardiac biomarkers.
Hemolysis‐induced acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Shih Hong‐Mou , Chen Yi‐Chou , Pan Chi‐Fong , Lin Hsin‐Chang , Wu Chi‐Jen , Chen Han‐Hsiang
Published: April 2012

Acute kidney injury is a common complication following cardiac surgery. Even small increases in creatinine levels are associated with increases in morbidity and mortality. Numerous factors such as hemolysis can contribute to the development of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. We present a rare case of severe hemolysis related to cardiopulmonary bypass resulting in kidney injury and requiring dialysis. The patient's renal function gradually recovered when hemolysis was improved. After follow‐up for 3 months, his creatinine levels returned to normal. We discussed the pathogenesis of this hemolysis‐related kidney dysfunction, the causes of hemolysis during cardiac surgery, and a new treatment option.
Prevalence, location and morphology of maxillary sinus septa: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pommer Bernhard , Ulm Christian , Lorenzoni Martin , Palmer Richard , Watzek Georg , Zechner Werner
Published: April 2012

Aim

To gain further insights and resolve conflicting results in the literature regarding prevalence, predominant location and morphologic variability of maxillary sinus septa.

Material and Methods

Electronic and hand searching of English literature identified 33 investigations published from 1995 to 2011. Septa were defined as at least 2–4 mm in height.

Results

Septa were present in 28.4% of 8923 sinuses investigated (95% confidence interval: 24.3–32.5%). Prevalence was significantly higher in atrophic sinuses compared with dentate maxillae (p < 0.001). Septa were located in premolar, molar and retromolar regions in 24.4%, 54.6% and 21.0% respectively. Orientation of septa was transverse in 87.6%, sagittal in 11.1% and horizontal in 1.3% of cases. Septa height measured 7.5 mm on average. Complete septa (dividing the sinus into two separate cavities) were found in only 0.3%. Other rare conditions included multiple septa in one sinus (4.2%) and bilateral septa (17.2%). Septa diagnosis using panoramic radiographs yielded incorrect results in 29% of cases.

Conclusions

In view of their high overall prevalence and significant morphologic variability, 3D radiographic imaging prior to sinus floor augmentation may help to reduce complication rates in the presence of maxillary sinus septa.
Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the areola misinterpreted as mycosis fungoides
Authors: Rosman Ilana S. , Hepper Donna M. , Lind Anne C. , Anadkat Milan J.
Published: April 2012

Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is a benign condition with fewer than 70 cases reported in the literature. We report a case of unilateral nevoid hyperkeratosis of the areola with intraepidermal lymphocytes that resembled Pautrier's microabscesses on histological examination. This is the third report of mycosis fungoides‐like changes in nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola. In addition, this is the first case to present immunohistochemical and T‐cell gene rearrangement studies of the intraepidermal lymphocytes. This case highlights a potential histopathological pitfall in the diagnosis of nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola.

Rosman IS, Hepper DM, Lind AC, Anadkat MJ. Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the areola misinterpreted as mycosis fungoides.
Alopecia with perineural lymphocytes: a clue to linear scleroderma en coup de sabre
Authors: Goh Carolyn , Biswas Asok , Goldberg Lynne J.
Published: April 2012

Linear scleroderma en coup de sabre (‘the stroke of the sword’) is an uncommon form of morphea with onset typically in childhood or adolescence. Involvement is usually located on the paramedian forehead and is associated with alopecia. It is microscopically indistinguishable from other forms of scleroderma. We present a 51‐year‐old woman who presented with alopecia and subsequently developed linear scleroderma en coup de sabre on her adjacent forehead. Histopathology revealed a strikingly perineural lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltrate, extending deeply into the subcutis and fascia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of alopecia with perineural lymphocytic inflammation as a presenting sign of linear scleroderma en coup de sabre.

Goh C, Biswas A, Goldberg LJ. Alopecia with perineural lymphocytes: a clue to linear scleroderma en coup de sabre.
A prospective study on MRI findings and prognostic factors in athletes with MTSS
Authors: Moen M. H. , Schmikli S. L. , Weir A. , Steeneken V. , Stapper G. , de Slegte R. , Tol J. L. , Backx F. J. G.
Published: April 2012

In medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) bone marrow and periosteal edema of the tibia on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently reported. The relationship between these MRI findings and recovery has not been previously studied. This prospective study describes MRI findings of 52 athletes with MTSS. Baseline characteristics were recorded and recovery was related to these parameters and MRI findings to examine for prognostic factors. Results showed that 43.5% of the symptomatic legs showed bone marrow or periosteal edema. Absence of periosteal and bone marrow edema on MRI was associated with longer recovery (P = 0.033 and P = 0.013). A clinical scoring system for sports activity (SARS score) was significantly higher in the presence of bone marrow edema (P = 0.027). When clinical scoring systems (SARS score and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale) were combined in a model, time to recovery could be predicted substantially (explaining 54% of variance, P = 0.006). In conclusion, in athletes with MTSS, bone marrow or periosteal edema is seen on MRI in 43,5% of the symptomatic legs. Furthermore, periosteal and bone marrow edema on MRI and clinical scoring systems are prognostic factors. Future studies should focus on MRI findings in symptomatic MTSS and compare these with a matched control group.
Botulinum Neurotoxin A Impairs Neurotransmission Following Retrograde Transynaptic Transport
Authors: Restani Laura , Novelli Elena , Bottari David , Leone Paola , Barone Ilaria , Galli‐Resta Lucia , Strettoi Enrica , Caleo Matteo
Published: April 2012

The widely used botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) blocks neurotransmission via cleavage of the synaptic protein SNAP‐25 (synaptosomal‐associated protein of 25 kDa). Recent evidence demonstrating long‐distance propagation of SNAP‐25 proteolysis has challenged the idea that BoNT/A remains localized to the injection site. However, the extent to which distant neuronal networks are impacted by BoNT/A retrograde trafficking remains unknown. Importantly, no studies have addressed whether SNAP‐25 cleavage translates into structural and functional changes in distant intoxicated synapses. Here we show that the BoNT/A injections into the adult rat optic tectum result in SNAP‐25 cleavage in retinal neurons two synapses away from the injection site, such as rod bipolar cells and photoreceptors. Retinal endings displaying cleaved SNAP‐25 were enlarged and contained an abnormally high number of synaptic vesicles, indicating impaired exocytosis. Tectal injection of BoNT/A in rat pups resulted in appearance of truncated‐SNAP‐25 in cholinergic amacrine cells. Functional imaging with calcium indicators showed a clear reduction in cholinergic‐driven wave activity, demonstrating impairments in neurotransmission. These data provide the first evidence for functional effects of the retrograde trafficking of BoNT/A, and open the possibility of using BoNT/A fragments as drug delivery vehicles targeting the central nervous system.
Evaluation of the effect of storage medium on fragment reattachment
Authors: Sharmin David Ditto , Thomas Eapen
Published: April 2012

Background/Aim

Fragment reattachment is a conservative and a valid alternative to a direct composite restoration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of commonly available storage media on the fracture resistance of reattached fragments.

Material and methods

Sixty sound human maxillary incisors were divided into three groups, the teeth were then sectioned and the fragments were kept dry (Group A), stored in milk (Group B) and in saline (Group C) for 24 h. The fragments were then reattached using simple reattachment technique with flowable composite resin. These teeth were then subjected to thermocycling and the fracture resistance of these reattached fragments were recorded. The mode of fracture was also recorded.

Results

Group C (saline) recorded the highest mean fracture resistance (76.9 N) followed by Group B (milk) and Group C (dry), (38.7 N and 27.2 N, respectively). Most of the samples in Group A (65%) and Group C (70%) showed adhesive fracture, whereas 50% of the samples in Group B showed adhesive fracture.

Conclusions

Fragments stored in saline and milk showed greater fracture resistance than those kept dried.
Genetic suppression of agrin reduces mania‐like behavior in Na+, K+‐ATPase α3 mutant mice
Authors: Kirshenbaum G. S. , Clapcote S. J. , Petersen J. , Vilsen B. , Ralph M. R. , Roder J. C.
Published: April 2012

Myshkin mice heterozygous for an inactivating mutation in the neuron‐specific Na+,K+‐ATPase α3 isoform show behavior analogous to mania, including an abnormal endogenous circadian period. Agrin is a proteoglycan implicated as a regulator of synapses that has been proposed to inhibit activity of Na+,K+‐ATPase α3. We examined whether the mania‐related behavior of Myshkin mice could be rescued by a reduction in the expression of agrin through genetic knockout. The suppression of agrin reduced hyperambulation and holeboard exploration, restored anxiety‐like behavior (or reduced risk‐taking behavior), improved prepulse inhibition and shortened the circadian period. Hence, agrin is important for regulating mania‐like behavior and circadian rhythms. In Myshkin mice, the suppression of agrin increased brain Na+,K+‐ATPase activity by 11 ± 4%, whereas no effect on Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was detected when agrin was suppressed in mice without the Myshkin mutation. These results introduce agrin as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of mania and other neurological disorders associated with reduced Na+,K+‐ATPase activity and neuronal hyperexcitability.
Pharmacological management of pain during orthodontic treatment: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Angelopoulou M. V. , Vlachou V. , Halazonetis D. J.
Published: April 2012

Angelopoulou M. V., Vlachou V., Halazonetis D.J. Pharmacological management of pain during orthodontic treatment: a meta‐analysis  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012; 15: 71–83. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structured Abstract

Objectives –  To evaluate the effectiveness of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in managing pain arising from orthodontic interventions, such as archwire or separators placement.

Data Sources –  Medline and Cochrane databases searched in February 2010 and updated in July 2010 using orthodontics and pain as the search terms. Additional studies located from Google Scholar, Clinical Trials and the reference lists of retrieved articles.

Study Selection –  Randomized controlled trials comparing NSAID to placebo using visual analogue scale (VAS) scores.

Data Synthesis –  Of the 1127 studies identified through database searches, seven were included for meta‐analysis. Treatment effects (Hedges’ g using random effects model) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the pain VAS scores were evaluated at 2, 6 and 24 h after intervention, during chewing and biting activities. Pain level at 2 h differed between the ibuprofen and placebo groups during biting (95% CI: −0.178 to −0.046), but not during chewing (95% CI: −0.551 to 0.148). At 6 h, the ibuprofen group exhibited lower pain levels during both activities (chewing 95% CI: −0.640 to −0.123, biting 95% CI: −0.857 to −0.172). At 24 h, no statistically significant difference could be detected between ibuprofen and placebo (chewing 95% CI: −0.642 to 0.112, biting 95% CI: −0.836 to 0.048). No statistically significant difference was found between ibuprofen and acetaminophen at any time point.

Conclusion –  Ibuprofen appears to lower orthodontic pain compared to placebo at 2 and 6 h after separators or archwire placement, but not at 24 h, when pain peaks.
The need for worldwide policy and action plans for rare diseases
Authors: Forman John , Taruscio Domenica , Llera Virginia A. , Barrera Luis A. , Coté Timothy R. , Edfjäll Catarina , Gavhed Désirée , Haffner Marlene E. , Nishimura Yukiko , Posada Manuel , Tambuyzer Erik , Groft Stephen C. , Henter Jan‐Inge ,   on behalf of the International Conference for Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs (ICORD)
Published: April 2012

There are more than 6000 rare diseases (defined as affecting <5/10 000 individuals in Europe, <200 000 people in the United States). The rarity can create problems including: difficulties in obtaining timely, accurate diagnoses; lack of experienced healthcare providers; useful, reliable and timely information may be hard to find; research activities are less common; developing new medicines may not be economically feasible; treatments are sometimes very expensive; and in developing countries, the problems are compounded by other resource limitations. Emphasis is required to support appropriate research and development leading to better prevention, diagnosis and treatments of rare diseases. Notably, clinical trials using already existing drugs may result in new, affordable, treatment strategies. Moreover, rare diseases may teach us about common disorders.

Conclusions:  Countries are encouraged to implement specific research and development activities within their individual capabilities, so that patients worldwide have equal access to necessary interventions to maximize the potential of every individual.
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection – a common cause of hearing loss of unknown aetiology
Authors: Karltorp Eva , Hellström Sten , Lewensohn‐Fuchs Ilona , Carlsson‐Hansén Eva , Carlsson Per‐Inge , Engman Mona‐Lisa
Published: April 2012

Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate the role of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as a cause of various types of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in a group of nonsyndromic children with otherwise unknown aetiology of hearing loss. Furthermore, the occurrence of combined congenital CMV infection and connexin 26 (Cx26) mutations was investigated.

Methods:  The dried blood spot (DBS) cards of 45 children with various degrees of hearing deficits and 46 children with severe/profound hearing loss were tested for CMV DNA with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The DBS cards of the 46 children with severe/profound hearing loss were also analysed for Cx26 mutations.

Results:  Of the 45 children with various degrees of hearing loss, nine were positive for CMV DNA (20%). The nine children represented severe/profound, mild and unilateral hearing loss. From the 46 children with severe/profound hearing loss, nine of 46 (20%) were positive for CMV DNA. In addition, three of the CMV DNA‐positive children were carriers of mutations of Cx26.

Conclusion:  Congenital CMV infection is a high risk factor in hearing impairment among children.
Quality of care for severe acute malnutrition delivered by community health workers in southern Bangladesh
Authors: Puett Chloe , Coates Jennifer , Alderman Harold , Sadler Kate
Published: April 2012

This study assessed the quality of care provided by community health workers (CHWs) in managing cases of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) according to a treatment algorithm. A mixed methods approach was employed to provide perspectives on different aspects of quality of care, including technical competence and acceptability to caretakers. CHWs screened children at community level using a mid‐upper arm circumference measurement, and treated cases without medical complications. Fifty‐five case management observations were conducted using a quality of care checklist, with 89.1% (95% confidence interval: 77.8–95.9%) of CHWs achieving 90% error‐free case management or higher. Caretakers perceived CHWs' services as acceptable and valuable, with doorstep delivery of services promoting early presentation in this remote area of Bangladesh. Integration of the treatment of SAM into community‐based health and nutrition programs appears to be feasible and effective. In this setting, well‐trained and supervised CHWs were able to effectively manage cases of SAM. These findings suggest the feasibility of further decentralization of treatment from current delivery models for community‐based management of acute malnutrition.
Antifreeze protein gene amplification facilitated niche exploitation and speciation in wolffish
Authors: Desjardins Mariève , Graham Laurie A. , Davies Peter L. , Fletcher Garth L.
Published: April 2012

During winter, the coastal waters of Newfoundland can be considered a ‘freeze risk ecozone’ for teleost fishes, where the shallower habitats pose a high (and the deeper habitats a low) risk of freezing. Atlantic (Anarhichas lupus) and spotted (Anarhichas minor) wolffish, which inhabit these waters, reside at opposite ends of this ecozone, with the Atlantic wolffish being the species facing the greatest risk, because of its shallower niche. In order to resist freezing, this species secretes five times the level of antifreeze protein (AFP) activity into the plasma than does the spotted wolffish. The main basis for this interspecific difference in AFP levels is gene dosage, as the Atlantic wolffish has approximately three times as many AFP gene copies as the spotted wolffish. In addition,AFPtranscript levels in liver (the primary source of circulating AFPs) are several times higher in the Atlantic wolffish. One explanation for the difference in gene dosage and transcript levels is the presence of tandemly arrayed repeats in the latter, which make up two‐thirds of its AFP gene pool. Such repeats are not present in the spotted wolffish. The available evidence indicates that the two species diverged from a common ancestor at a time when the ebb and flow of northern glaciations would have resulted in the emergence of shallow water ‘freeze risk ecozones’. The results of this study suggest that the duplication/amplification of AFP genes in a subpopulation of ancestral wolffish would have facilitated the exploitation of this high‐risk habitat, resulting in the divergence and evolution of modern‐day Atlantic and spotted wolffish species.

Database Nucleotide sequence data are available in the GenBank database under the accession numbers AWG1‐4,JQ040521,JQ040515,JQ040516,JQ040517, AWE1‐3,JQ040522,JQ040523,JQ040524, SWG1‐3,JQ040518,JQ040519, andJQ040520
SEXUALITY IN CHILD CUSTODY DECISIONS*
Authors: Pearson Kim H.
Published: April 2012

For gay and lesbian parents, child custody decisions have progressed considerably since the time it was generally accepted by courts that homosexual parents were per se unfit for custody. Most states now employ an orientation blind standard or nexus test, meaning that the court will not take a parent's orientation into account unless there is evidence of harm to the child. Although this is a step in a positive direction, there are unforeseen costs. Orientation blindness may seem neutral on the surface because nexus tests usually employ the term “sexual orientation,” but the question of harm is applied only to homosexual parents and not heterosexual parents. Gay and lesbian parents who wish to raise sexual orientation claims about the positive aspects of role‐modeling and community inclusion may be discouraged from doing so because parent‐child role‐modeling has traditionally been seen as recruitment, predation or the disruption of “normal” sexual development when the parent is gay or lesbian.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

Gay and Lesbian parents have strong incentives to argue against parent‐child imitation.

Heterosexual parents are not similarly constrained about positive modeling for their children.

Orientation‐blind standards may not be neutral in the application because of the strong social belief in parent‐child imitation.

If courts are aware of the disincentives that lesbian and gay parents have against arguing for positive modeling, they can more neutrally apply the orientation standards.
LET'S GO TO THE VIDEOTAPE: WHY THE FORENSIC INTERVIEWS OF CHILDREN IN CHILD PROTECTIVE CASES SHOULD BE VIDEO RECORDED*
Authors: Bertel Orly
Published: April 2012

Child sexual abuse is often difficult to prove due to a lack of physical evidence. In many instances, the only evidence is a child's statement given during a forensic interview. Forensic interviews are conducted to assess whether the child has been abused, to develop a plan to protect a child's safety pending trial, and to provide further investigative leads. Note taking by the interviewer is currently the primary method for documenting what takes place in a forensic interview. Research shows that this form of documentation is problematic because interviewers tend to omit abuse‐related details in their notes. This Note suggests that federal law should require that forensic interviews of children in child sexual abuse cases be video recorded. State law can provide for a policy of video recording even in the absence of a federal law mandate. Video recording would better preserve the child's statements thereby improving the reliability of the information that is obtained during forensic interviews. The child's demeanor would also be fully captured on video as opposed to getting lost in an interviewer's notes.