bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic parameters for ultrasonic fat thickness of Japanese Shorthorn cattle
Authors: Nagamine Y. , Roehe R. , Awata T. , Kalm E.
Published: March 2011

Records of performance testing from 309 Japanese Shorthorn bulls were used to estimate genetic parameters for ultrasonic fat thickness. Young bulls were tested for 140 days from 9 months of age. Backfat was measured by ultrasound at six positions on each side, from shoulder to loin, at a constant weight of 470 kg. Four of the positions were approximately 10 cm from the mid‐line and were defined as upper positions. Two positions were 25 cm from the mid‐line and were defined as lower positions. Variance components were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood, using canonical transformation under a multi‐trait animal model. Heritabilities (h2) from a single measurement were 0.32‐0.48 on upper positions and 0.37‐0.27 on lower positions. Corresponding positions on each side of the animal showed very high genetic correlations, from 0.94 to 0.99. The estimated h2 values of the sum of measurements of four left and right upper positions were 0.52 on both sides. The sum of measurements from eight upper positions showed the highest h2, 0.55, and genetic correlations among these summed measurements were nearly 1. Genetic correlations between average daily gain and all fat measurements were mostly slightly negative. The estimated h2 value for daily gain was 0.44.

Genetische Parameter für ultraschallgemessene Fettdicke japanischer Shorthorn Rinder

Die Messungen an 309 japanischen Shorthorn Bullen wurden zur Schätzung herangezogen. Diese waren von 140 Tagen bis 9 Monate Alter einer Mastleistungas prüfung unterzogen worden. Ultraschall Fettdicke wurde an 6 Positionen von Schulter bis Lende bei 470 kg Gewicht erhoben, vier ungefähr 10 cm der Mittellinie werden als obere, zwei 25 cm entfernt als untere Position definiert. Die Varianzkomponenten wurden nach kanonischer Transformation auf der Basis eines Mehr‐Merkmalmodells mittels restringiertier Maximum Likelihood geschätzt. Heritabilitäten für Einzelmerkmale waren für obere Positionen 0,32 bis 0,48, fü untere 0,37 bis 0,27, die genetischen Korrelationen waren zwischen 0,94 und 0,99. Die Heritabilität für die Summe der vier oberen Positionen an jeder Seite war 0,52, die für alle acht oberen Positionen 0,55. Genetishce Korrelationen zwischen Tageszuwachs und allen Fettdicken waren meistens schwach negativ, die Heritabilität für ersteren 0,44.
Indigenous practices of animal genetic resource management and their relevance for the conservation of domestic animal diversity in developing countries
Authors: Köhler‐Rollefson I.
Published: March 2011

This paper aims to suggest an alternative, or supplementary, conceptual and practical framework for livestock genetic resource conservation in developing countries. In a paradigmatic shift away from the reductionist approach of regarding ‘breeds’ as manifestations of certain genes that deserve to be either saved or not saved, an evolutionary model is adopted which views livestock genetic resources as products of certain specific socioeconomic conditions. This model focuses on the processes that have caused the development of domestic animal diversity historically, such as the livestock‐exchange mechanisms and breeding practices that function among traditional societies. A new definition for the term ‘breed’ is suggested that does not only apply to western Europe and its former colonies, but also to developing countries. The need to integrate knowledge into the identification and conservation of threatened livestock breeds is emphasized. By exploring these additional dimensions, new and participatory strategies for maintaining livestock genetic diversity can be discovered, that will have a wider application than technical approaches.

In diesem Artikel werden alternative, bzw. zusätzliche Ansatzweisen zur Erhaltung tiergenetischer Ressourcen in Entwicklungsländern vorgeschlagen. Abweichend von der vorherrschenden reduktionistischen Perspektive, die Tierpopulationen nur noch als Träger bestimmter Allele betrachtet, wird hier ein evolutionäres Modell aufgezeigt, das tiergenetische Ressourcen als Produkte bestimmter sozioökonomischer Kontexte betrachtet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Prozesse, die historisch zur Entstehung der tiergenetischen Vielfalt in traditionellen Kulturen geführt haben, wie Viehaustauschmechanismen und indigene Zuchtpraktiken. Eine neue, anthropologisch orientierte Definition des Begriffs “Rasse”wird vorgeschlagen, die auch auf die phänotypisch oft nicht einheitlichen Tierpopulationen in Entwicklungsländern anwendbar ist. Die Notwendigkeit indigenes Tierzuchtwissen in die Identifikation und Erhaltung bedrohter Rassen einzubeziehen wird betont. Durch Erforschung dieser zusätzlichen Dimensionen werden sich neue partizipatorische Ansätze zur rhaltung der tiergenetischen Vielfalt entwickeln lassen, die eine breitere Anwendungsbasis haben als rein technische Maßnahmen.
Effects of excluding a set of random effects on prediction error variance of breeding value
Authors: Cantet R. J. C.
Published: March 2011

The effects of excluding a set of random effects (U‐effects) uncorrelated to breeding values (BV) on prediction error variance (PEV) is studied analytically. Two situations are considered for model comparison: (a) existence of a ‘true’ model, (b) uncertainty about which of the competing models is ‘true’. Models compared are the ‘long’ one, which includes BV + U‐effects, and the ‘short’ one which includes BV's as the only random systematic effect. Expressions for PEV(BV) were obtained for the long model (PEVL); the short model (PEVS); and the short model assuming the long model is the correct one (PEVSI). It is shown that in general PEVS ≤ PEVL ≤ PEVSI. Results are exemplified by means of an example including a computer simulation.

En este trabajo se estudia analiticamente el efecto de excluir una variable aleatoria (efecto U) no correlacionada con el valor de cría (BV), sobre la varianza del error de predicción de este último (PEV(BV)). Para ello se utilizan dos enfoques de comparación de modelos: (a) existencia de un modelo ‘verdadero’, (b) incertidumbre respecto de cuál de ambos modelos alternativos es el correcto. Los modelos que se comparan son: el ‘largo’, que incluye BV+U, y el ‘corto’, el cuál solo incluye BV. Se obtienen las expresiones para PEV(BV) en las siguientes situaciones: (1) en el modelo largo (PEVL), (2) en el modelo corto (PEVS), y (3) en el modelo corto pero asumiendo que el largo es el verdadero (PEVSI). Se demuestra que en general PEVS ≤ PEVL ≤ PEVSI. Los resultados obtenidos son ilustrados mediante un ejemplo que incluye una simulación estocástica.

Veränderung der Fehlervarianz der Zuchtwertvoraussage durch Vernachlässigung einer Gruppe zufäliger Wirkungen.

Es wird die Auswirkung der Ausschaltung einer Gruppe zufälliger Wirkungen (U‐effects), die mit Zuchtwerten (BV) nicht korreliert sind, auf die Varianz des Voraussage‐Fehlers (PEV) analytisch untersucht. Zwei Modelle werden betrachtet: (a) Existenz eines “wahren”Modells, (b) Ungwißheit hinsichtlich des “wahren”Modells. Es werden verglichen: ein langes Modell, das BV und U‐Wirkungen umfaßt und ein kurzes, das nur BV als zufällige systematische Wirkung aufweist. Für PEV(BV) wurden Größen erhalten: (1) für das lange Modell (PEVL), (2) das kurze (PEVS) und (3) für das kurze unter der Annahme, daß das lange Modell das richtige ist (PEVSI). Im allgemeinen gilt PEVS ≤ PEVL ≤ PEVSI. Ergebnisse werden anhand einer Computersimulation erläutert.
Investigations on functional traits in Simmental: 1. Treatment costs for ten different diseases
Authors: Reinsch N. , Dempfle L.
Published: March 2011

All health‐related events and treatment costs (by veterinarian and non‐veterinarian) were recorded through fortnightly interviews with the herdsmen of 104 Simmental dairy farms in Upper Bavaria from autumn 1987 to spring 1990. The data include 8381 calvings and the subsequent time period. For ten different disease‐classes the sum of all treatment costs from calving up to either the subsequent calving or up to culling were computed. A multiplicative model with three covariates was fitted to these observations. The covariates are farm, parity and type of end of lactation (culling or subsequent calving). Farm effects are significant for almost all diseases. The average sum of treatment costs per calving with an associated disease was estimated as the average expected value for this sum, where averaging is over the farms. These costs range from 29 DM (claw disorders) up to 137 DM (dystocia). The average costs per calving (with or without disease) range from 1.59 DM (injuries of the udder) to 10.90 DM (fertility problems). Corresponding costs per cow and year are 1.74 DM and 12.24 DM.

Auf 104 Fleckviehbetrieben wurden insgesamt 8381 Kalbungen, alle auf diese Kalbungen folgenden Erkrankungen und die zugehörigen Behandlungskosten erhoben. Für zehn verschiedene Erkrankungsarten wurden jeweils alle Behandlungskosten innerhalb einer Zwischenkalbezit aufsummiert. An diese Beobachtungswerte wurde jeweils ein multiplikatives Modell mit den Einflußfaktoren Betrieb, Laktationsnumner und Art der Zwischenkalbezeit (beendet durch Kalbung bzw. durch Abgang) angepßt. Im Gegensatz zu den beiden anderen Faktoren erweist sich der Betrieb bei fast allen Erkrankungsarten als signifikant. Die durchschnittlichen Kosten innerhalb einer betroffenen Zwischenkalbezeit wurden als durchschnittlicher Erwartungswert über alle Betriebe berechnet. Diese Kosten liegen je nach Erkrankungsart in einem Bereich, der von ca. 29 DM (Klauenerkrankungen) bis zu ca. 137 DM (Schwergeburt) reicht. Umgerechnet auf eine beliebige Kalbung (mit oder ohne folgende Erkrankung) entstehen Kosten zwischen 1,59 DM (Euterverletzungen) und 10,90 DM (Fruchtbarkeitsprobleme). Je Kuh und Jahr betragen die entsprechenden Werte 1,74 DM und 12,24 DM.
Association of genetic variants of bovine growth hormone with milk production traits in Holstein cattle
Authors: Sabour M. P. , Lin C. Y. , Smith C.
Published: March 2011

Gene and genotype frequencies of alleles, identified by PCR/RFLP technology, at leucine 127/valine127 (L/V) and C/D loci of the growth hormone gene of Ayrshire, Holstein and Jersey breeds were determined. The frequency of the V allele at the L/V mutation locus was 0.29, 0.09 and 0.24 for the Ayrshire, Holstein and Jersey breeds, respectively. The frequencies of the D allele at the C/D mutation locus were 0.00, 0.13 and 0.30 for the three breeds, respectively. Different growth hormone genotypes of Holstein AI bulls were compared for their estimated transmitting abilities (ETA) of milk, fat and protein yields using the samples of unrelated bulls and samples of the top, medium and bottom groups of ETA. The L/V locus was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with fat and protein ETAs of the selected groups and approached significance (p = 0.06) for milk ETA, with the V allele being more frequent in the top than in the bottom group of bulls. The C/D polymorphic locus was significantly (p = 0.02) associated with differences among the top, middle and bottom groups of bulls for milk ETA, but not significantly (p > 0.05) associated with fat and protein ETAs. The results suggest a possible association of growth hormone gene polymorphism with milk production traits in Holstein bulls. However, the results were not conclusive due to the small sample size and low frequencies of the V and D alleles. Much larger sample sizes are needed to obtain a reasonable number of VV and DD genotypes for a critical comparison.

Zusammenhang genetischer Varianten des Rinderwachstumshormons mit Milchleistungsmerkmalen bei Holstein Rindern

Gene und Genotyp Frequenzen von Allelen, identifiziert mittels PCR/RFLP Technik, an Leucin127/Valin127 (L/V) und C/D Loci des Wachtumshormon Genes wurden bei Ayrshire, Holstein und Jerseys bestimmt. Die Häufigkeiten des V Alleles waren 0.29, 0.09 und 0.24, jene des D Alleles 0, 0.13, und 0.30 bei den drei Rassen. Der Vergleich verschiedener Genotypen bei Holstein KB Stieren hinsichtlich geschätzter Nachkommenüberlegenheit (ETA) für Milch, Fett und Protein Mengen umfaßte Stiere mit hohen, mittleren und niedrigen ETA. Der L/V Locus zeigte statistisch signifikanten Einfluß bei Fettund ProteinETA und p = 0.06 bei Milch, wobei das V Allel in der Spitzengruppe häufiger als bei neidrigen war. Der C/D Locus war signifikant (p<0.02) mit Unterschieden hinsichtlich Milch, nicht aber mit jenen hinsichtlich Fett und Protein assoziiert. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf Zusammenhänge, jedoch beinträchtigt geringe Zahl der Tiere und niedrige Häufigkeit der V und D Allele allgemeine und bindende Schlußfolgerungen.
Use of molecular markers for the identification of River Buffalo chromosomes: chromosome one
Authors: Nahas S. M. El , Oraby H. O. , Othman O. E. , Hondt H. A. de , Bosma A. A. , Womack J. E.
Published: March 2011

A standard karyotype for the River Buffalo has recently been established. The largest five chromosomes are biarmed and, based on the banding homology between cattle and buffalo chromosomes, were suggested to originate from the fusion of cattle acrocentric chromosomes. The origin of buffalo chromosome 1 is controversial due to the difficulty in differentiating between the small acrocentric cattle chromosomes. Using molecular markers assigned to cattle chromosomes, synteny between CD18, a marker for BTA1, and markers for small acrocentric cattle chromosomes BTA 24 to BTA 29 was investigated in buffalo/hamster somatic cell hybrids. The investigation revealed that CD18 is syntenic with ANT1, a marker for cattle chromosome 27. The present results confirm that buffalo BBU1 results from fusion of cattle BTA 1 and BTA 27. They also underline the importance of biarmed buffalo chromosomes for the identification of small cattle acrocentrics.
Advances and Prospects in Wheat Eyespot Research: Contributions from Genetics and Molecular Tools
Authors: Wei Le , Muranty Helene , Zhang Huaigang
Published: March 2011

Eyespot disease caused by the soil‐borne facultative fungi Oculimacula yallundae and O. acuformis is the major component of the stem‐base disease complex of wheat in temperate regions of the world with a cool and wet climate. In this review, we focus on results of genetic studies concerning both partners of the host–pathogen interaction. This comprises analyses of genetic diversity of the pathogen and identification of particular genes within it, evaluation and screening methods for host resistance, resistance sources and genetics of these resistances, breeding of resistant cultivars in wheat, and application of genetic markers in tagging and tracking of eyespot resistance genes. We also attempt to foresee some of the key issues and developments that may occur in future. The identification of markers tightly linked to eyespot resistance genes is the important research focus opening the door to marker‐assisted selection of resistant varieties.
Helicobacter pylori infection and histological changes in siblings of young gastric cancer patients
Authors: Nam Ji Hyung , Choi Il Ju , Cho Soo‐Jeong , Kim Chan Gyoo , Lee Jong Yeul , Nam Su Youn , Park Sook Ryun , Kook Myeong‐Cherl , Nam Byung‐Ho , Kim Young‐Woo
Published: March 2011

Background and Aim:  Helicobacter pylori infection is a risk factor for gastric cancer. We evaluated whether H. pylori infection and premalignant histological changes are more prevalent in siblings of young gastric cancer patients.

Methods:  Young (age ≤ 40) gastric cancer patients (n = 185), their young siblings (n = 130), and young control participants (n = 287) were recruited. H. pylori infection and histological changes were assessed using the updated Sydney system in biopsy specimens from three regions. We analyzed the association of H. pylori infection and histological changes with gastric cancer using logistic regression analysis.

Results:  The H. pylori infection rate was significantly higher in young cancer patients than their siblings (odds ratio [OR] = 2.42, P = 0.001) or control participants (OR = 3.60, P < 0.001). In H. pylori‐infected subjects, corpus gastritis and premalignant changes of the corpus lesser curvature (LCv) were also more prevalent in patients than in siblings or controls. In terms of the antrum, intestinal metaplasia was more prevalent in H. pylori‐infected patients than in siblings or controls, while atrophy was not affected. Siblings also had a higher H. pylori infection rate (OR = 1.60, P = 0.046) and higher prevalence of intestinal metaplasia at the corpus LCv (OR = 2.88, P = 0.027) than control participants.

Conclusions:  Even in young adults, H. pylori infection is a risk factor for gastric cancer. Young adults with histological findings including corpus predominant gastritis, corpus atrophy, or intestinal metaplasia are at increased risk. Since young siblings share risk factors, screening and treatment should be considered for these family members.
Adenocarcinoma arising in a traditional serrated adenoma of the rectosigmoid colon with osseous metaplasia
Authors: Wilsher Mark J.
Published: March 2011

Within the gastrointestinal tract, osseous metaplasia is an extremely rare phenomenon. It has only recently been described within a traditional serrated adenoma. Serrated colorectal carcinoma is the end point of the serrated neoplasia pathway. Left sided lesions typically arise from traditional serrated adenomas and represent only 8% of colorectal carcinomas. Herein reported is a case of colorectal adenocarcinoma arising from a traditional serrated adenoma with the rare occurrence of osseous metaplasia within the adenoma. The significance of the finding is discussed.
Are Scandinavian Countries Different? A Comparison of Relative Incomes for Older People in OECD Nations
Authors: Haynes Philip
Published: March 2011

Recent research has cast some doubt on the consistency of models that isolate Scandinavian countries as different to other nations in terms of egalitarian welfare states. For example, it has been argued that if occupational welfare polices have their contribution to national welfare better accounted for in comparative models, or if there is a focus on specific aspects of welfare coverage, then Scandinavian welfare states look less different to other European countries.

Using case‐based methods that try to balance the demand for generalizations and the qualitative integrity of the case, this research examines the specific case of income protection for the older population post‐retirement, to see if Scandinavian countries emerge as consistently different when compared with other OECD nations.

Scandinavia can be clearly identified in a separate cluster, but it is not alone and other countries also share its similarities. In particular, Scandinavia emerges in a cluster that provides more income replacement and protection for women. In part, this is reinforced by the high rate of labour participation by women in Scandinavian countries. However, there is little evidence of Scandinavian countries retaining noticeable differences and divergence in income protection policies for men.
Gender Equality Revisited – Changes in Nordic Childcare Policies in the 2000s
Authors: Eydal Guðný Björk , Rostgaard Tine
Published: March 2011

The Nordic childcare policy model is often reviewed and even recommended internationally for its contribution to gender equality, high female labour force participation and, perhaps more indirectly, to a high fertility rate. Nordic childcare services and parental leave schemes have thus been portrayed in the literature as policies which have managed to facilitate a work–family model of dual earners and dual carers. However, the recent introduction of cash‐for‐care schemes seems to go against the Nordic dual earner/dual carer model and ideals of gender equality, in supporting parental (maternal) care of the child in the home. At the same time, new upcoming trends of political fatherhood and the perspective of lifelong learning for the child are also changing the Nordic childcare model.

This article provides an analysis of how new childcare policy goals have been articulated into policies from the late 1990s to the late 2000s and how these may challenge the traditional goals of the Nordic welfare states.
Swedish Family Policy – Continuity and Change in the Nordic Welfare State Model
Authors: Earles Kimberly
Published: March 2011

The main question addressed in this regional issue is whether or not the Nordic welfare states can still be considered a distinct welfare regime cluster given recent changes, such as the introduction of more private elements into the welfare state. The Nordic welfare states are often described as emphasizing full employment, economic and gender equality, and universal access to cradle‐to‐grave welfare state benefits and services. In the case of Sweden, often pointed to as the model of a social democratic welfare state, such elements remain intact in most aspects of the welfare state, even given the challenges presented by the global neo‐liberal economic paradigm since the 1970s. One way to determine whether or not the Nordic welfare states remain a distinct cluster is to provide an in‐depth examination of various welfare state policies in each Nordic country. To contribute to this analysis, an investigation of family policy in the Swedish context will be provided. Even given recent challenges, such as the introduction of private for‐profit childcare providers and a home care allowance, I argue that Swedish family policy has remained largely social democratic in its underlying goals, and thus acts to support the case for a distinct Nordic welfare regime cluster.
Thrombophilia in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers‐a study on patients with or without post‐thrombotic syndrome
Authors: Zutt M. , Krüger U. , Rosenberger A. , Schön M.P. , Neumann C. , von Ahsen N. , Kretschmer L.
Published: March 2011

Background  Chronic venous leg ulcers (CVU) cause considerable burden of disease for the patients as well as enormous costs for health care systems. The pathophysiology of CVU is complex and not entirely understood. So far reliable pathogenic and/or prognostic parameters have not been identified.

Objectives  We studied the role of thrombophilia in patients referred to a University dermatology department for treatment of CVU.

Patients and methods  A cohort of 310 patients with active chronic venous leg ulcers (CEAP 6) was stratified into two comparably large groups according to the presence or absence of post‐thrombotic syndrome (PTS+; PTS−) as determined using duplex scan and/or phlebography. In addition, several thrombophilia parameters were assessed.

Results  The prevalence of protein S deficiency and factor V Leiden mutation was significantly higher in PTS+ patients compared with the PTS− group. However, patients in both subgroups revealed high prevalences of thrombophilia (antithrombin deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, activated protein C resistance, factor V mutation or elevated homocysteine).

Conclusion  Based on these data, it is conceivable that thrombophilia contributes to the pathogenesis of CVU, possibly through induction of microcirculatory dysregulations.
Stigma/style cell cycle inhibitor 1 (SCI1), a tissue‐specific cell cycle regulator that controls upper pistil development
Authors: DePaoli Henrique C. , Brito Michael S. , Quiapim Andréa C. , Teixeira Simone P. , Goldman Gustavo H. , Dornelas Marcelo C. , Goldman Maria Helena S.
Published: March 2011

See also the Commentary by Nieuwland et al
The use and usefulness of a parent questionnaire to help schools identify disability
Authors: Feiler Anthony , Porter Jill , Daniels Harry , Georgeson Jan , Hacker Jane , Martin Sue
Published: March 2011

The Equality Act 2010 will be implemented in full in 2011, and schools in the UK will have to provide special aids or services for children with disabilities where this provision is considered reasonable. This paper reports on staff perspectives on the use and usefulness of a parental questionnaire on disability from a sample of 49 schools (mainstream and special) located in 12 local authorities. Most schools found the process of administering the parent questionnaire undemanding; just under half of the sample indicated that they would take some action as a result of the data collected from the parental questionnaire (e.g., to inform plans for targeting or monitoring support for children, and to contact parents and follow‐up issues they had mentioned); and about one‐third of schools recorded unanticipated findings from the parental questionnaire, that is, the identification of children whose disabilities were not previously known to the school. Implications for schools are discussed.
Telomere‐dependent senescent phenotype of lens epithelial cells as a biological marker of aging and cataractogenesis: the role of oxidative stress intensity and specific mechanism of phospholipid hydroperoxide toxicity in lens and aqueous
Authors: Babizhayev Mark A. , Vishnyakova Khava S. , Yegorov Yegor E.
Published: March 2011

Cataract formation represents a serious problem in the elderly and has a large impact on healthcare budget. Aging and cataract formation are relatively complex phenomena, both in vivo and in vitro. Telomeres are special structures at the end of chromosomes. They shorten during each round of replication, and this has been characterized as a mitotic counting mechanism. Our review analysis in this work shows that the rate of telomere shortening in human lens epithelial cells during aging and cataract formation is modulated by oxidative stress as well as by differences in antioxidative defense capacity of the normal and cataractous crystalline lenses. Presented in this review studies suggest that telomere shortening in human lens cells and increased oxidative stress are the result of the peroxidative damage to the lens cell membranes and biomolecules induced in the lack of reductive detoxification of phospholipid hydroperoxides as the triggering mechanism of cataractogenesis. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a causative factor of cataract. The increased concentrations of primary molecular LPO products (diene conjugates, lipid hydroperoxides) and end fluorescent LPO products were detected in the lipid moieties of the aqueous humor samples obtained from patients with senile and complicated cataracts when compared to normal donors. The progressive accumulation of oxidative damage may act as an important mechanism for organism aging and cataractogenesis. The oxidative stress form and intensity might determine the lens senescence rate and cataract type, making efforts in the cataract prevention challenge more complex. The analyzed challenge in this work is that the reduction in telomere shortening rate and damages in telomeric DNA make an important contribution to the anticataract and life‐extension effect of carnosine administered systemically in the formulations stabilizing a dipeptide from the enzymatic hydrolysis with carnosinase, or topically administered to the eye with carnosine ophthalmic prodrug N‐acetylcarnosine and lubricant formulations thereof including corneal absorption promoters. Telomere length in the human crystalline lens cells is a reflection of aging, cataractogenesis, and lifespan in biogerontological studies.
Gestural behavior in group oral assessment: a case study of higher‐ and lower‐scoring students
Authors: Gan Zhengdong , Davison Chris
Published: March 2011

This paper reports on a microanalysis of gestural behavior in classroom assessment situations. Videotaped excerpts of secondary school ESL students engaged in a peer group oral assessment task were transcribed to represent the gestures that occurred during the interaction. Using conversation analysis as a central tool for analysis, this study explored the potential differences in use of gestures between higher‐ and lower‐scoring students in group oral language assessment situations. Results show that gestures of the higher‐scoring group appeared to be well synchronized with the flow of speech, turn‐taking, as well as other nonverbal behavior such as eye contact and facial expression, whereas the gestural behavior of the lower‐scoring group appeared to be an outward sign of language difficulties, disfluency, tension, and lack of confidence, and largely bore no association to the verbal speech. In addition, in the higher‐scoring group, gestures seemed to function at all the three discourse levels (paranarrative, metanarrative, and narrative), while in the lower‐scoring group, gestures seemed to be utilized predominantly at the paranarrative level and be involved in self‐organizational processes. Implications for current oral test criterion modification and for students' test preparation are discussed.
Social Discount Rates and Welfare Weights for Public Investment Decisions under Budgetary Restrictions: The Case of Cyprus*
Authors: Evans David J. , Kula Erhun
Published: March 2011

This paper focuses on the estimation of key welfare parameters for incorporation into social cost–benefit analysis (CBA) with special reference to Cyprus and its unique regional problems. In particular, the theory and application of social discount rates and regional welfare weights are considered from the perspective of the European Commission as both supranational planner and provider of major funding for investment in the EU‐12 area. The aim is to provide answers to three main questions. First, should different discount rates be applied in the appraisal of projects impacting on the Turkish and Greek regions of the island? Second, if different discount rates apply, then what approach should be taken in the discounting of costs and benefits for projects impacting on the entire island? Finally, what is the best method to estimate regional welfare weights for Cyprus and how should these weights be applied in social CBA in order to take proper account of the considerably lower average standard of living in North Cyprus? This particular case study serves to highlight a practical procedure, with suitable theoretical underpinnings, for the calculation and incorporation of regional welfare weights in social CBA more generally and especially with regard to Europe.
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase is Involved in the Induction of Nerve Growth Factor‐Induced Neck Muscle Nociception
Authors: Isaak Andreas , Ellrich Jens
Published: March 2011

(Headache 2011;51:734‐743)

Background.— Neck muscle nociception mediated by nitric oxide may play a role in the pathophysiology of tension‐type headache.

Objective.— The present study addresses the involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the facilitation of neck muscle nociception after local application of nerve growth factor (NGF).

Methods.— After administration of NGF into semispinal neck muscles, the impact of neck muscle noxious input on brainstem processing was monitored by the jaw‐opening reflex in anesthetized mice. The modulatory effect of preceding and subsequent administration of an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase on central facilitation was addressed in a controlled study.

Results.— With preceding i.p. application of saline or 0.096 mg/kg of the specific nNOS inhibitor Nω‐propyl‐L‐arginine (NPLA), NGF induced a sustained reflex facilitation within 60 minutes. Preceding injection of 0.96 mg/kg or 1.92 mg/kg NPLA completely prevented the potentially facilitatory effect of NGF. Subsequent administration of 0.96 mg/kg NPLA did not affect established NGF‐evoked reflex facilitation. Thus, NPLA prevents facilitation of brainstem processing by noxious myofascial input from neck muscles in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusion.— These findings suggest that nNOS is involved in the induction but not the maintenance of NGF‐evoked facilitation of nociception in the brainstem. These results from an experimental animal model may support the idea of NOS and nNOS as potential targets for pharmacological treatment of tension‐type headache.
Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Desmitis of the Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon in the Horse
Authors: Waguespack R. Wayne , Burba Daniel J. , Hubert Jeremy D. , Vidal Martin A. , Lomax Larry G. , Chirgwin Sharon R. , Lopez Mandi J.
Published: March 2011

Objective:To evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on collagenase‐induced lesions in the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) of horses.

Study Design:Paired, blinded controlled study.

Animals:Eight Thoroughbred horses (3 mares, 5 geldings; mean±SD weight, 464±26 kg, mean age, 8±1.7 years).

Methods:Lesions were created in both ALDDFTs of all horses by injection of 2 × 103IU of collagenase type I. Percent lesion and structure (fiber alignment and echogenicity) were quantified with ultrasonographic imaging 3, 6, and 9 weeks after collagenase injection. After ultrasound examinations, ESWT (1000 shocks at 0.15 mJ/mm2) was applied to 1 ALDDFT in each horse. ALDDFT were harvested 15 weeks after collagenase injection and the microstructure, mRNA levels of collagen types I and III, and collagen and glycosaminoglycan content were evaluated.

Results:There were no differences in percent lesion, echogenicity, or fiber alignment between control‐ and ESWT‐treated ligaments at each evaluation time; however, compared with 3‐week values, there was a significant increase in percent lesion and echogenicity for EWST treated ligaments at 6 weeks and significant decrease in both variables for treated and control ligaments at 12 weeks. Fiber alignment improved significantly at 9 weeks in controls and at 12 weeks in treated and control ligaments. Collagen type I mRNA levels were significantly higher in the ESWT treatment group compared with the control group 15 weeks after collagenase injection though differences in other mRNA levels, microstructure, and composition were not significant.

Conclusions:Our results do not support an effect of ESWT on collagenase‐induced lesions in the equine ALDDFT.
Pathologic Fracture in Dogs with Suspected or Confirmed Osteosarcoma
Authors: Bhandal Jitender , Boston Sarah E.
Published: March 2011

Objective:To evaluate clinical presentation of pathologic fractures associated with suspected or confirmed osteosarcoma in dogs and to assess treatment and survival times.

Study design:Case series.

Animals:Dogs (n=25) appendicular pathologic fracture.

Methods:Medical records (January 1997–May 2008) of dogs with pathologic fracture associated with a suspected or confirmed osteosarcoma were reviewed. Dogs were included if they had radiographic evidence of a pathologic fracture and a presumptive or definitive diagnosis of osteosarcoma. Radiographic details, histopathology, and/or cytology findings were recorded. Overall median survival time (MST) and MST of treated dogs were calculated. Age, sex, breed, and other concurrent treatment were evaluated.

Results:Rottweilers, Irish Wolfhounds, and Greyhounds were the most common breeds represented. Most dogs had minor trauma and 60% had lameness preceding the fracture. Most commonly, fractures were nondisplaced with minimal comminution. None of the dogs had radiographic evidence of pulmonary metastases at admission. Immediate (13 dogs; 52%) and delayed (4; 16%) euthanasia were performed. One dog was not treated and died 90 days after diagnosis. Three dogs (12%) were treated by amputation alone, 1 (4%) with amputation and chemotherapy, and 3 (12%) with internal fixation using an interlocking nail. Overall MST was 1 day (range, 0–623 days) and MST of treated dogs was 406.5 days. Histologic confirmation of osteosarcoma was available in all treated dogs and 6 euthanatized dogs.

Conclusions:Treatment of pathologic fracture associated with presumptive osteosarcoma should be considered as an option to amputation or euthanasia if owners desire other options.
Health Outcomes and Costs among Employees with Fibromyalgia Treated with Pregabalin vs. Standard of Care
Authors: Kleinman Nathan L. , Sanchez Robert J. , Lynch Wendy D. , Cappelleri Joseph C. , Beren Ian A. , Joshi Ashish V.
Published: March 2011

Objective:  To compare comorbidities, drug use, benefit costs, absences, medication persistence/adherence between employees with fibromyalgia initiating treatment with pregabalin (PGB) vs. antidepressant Standard of Care ([SOC] amitriptyline, duloxetine, or venlafaxine).

Methods:  Retrospective study of 240 adults initiating PGB or SOC after 7/1/2007. Multivariate regression models on propensity‐score‐matched cohorts compared postindex costs, absences, and adherence between cohorts.

Results:  Pregabalin users had significantly more preindex muscle pain and dizziness and less depression than SOC (each P < 0.05). Use of some non‐PBG/SOC drugs differed. No differences were found in total medical, drug, or absenteeism cost. PGB had more sick leave (9.8 vs. 6.8 days, P = 0.04), but other absence types were similar. All adherence metrics were nonsignificantly greater for PGB vs. SOC.

Conclusion:  Despite several comorbidity and drug use differences, most employee benefit outcomes and adherence did not differ between the cohorts.
Chlorine Truck Attack Consequences and Mitigation
Authors: Barrett Anthony Michael , Adams Peter J.
Published: March 2011

We develop and apply an integrated modeling system to estimate fatalities from intentional release of 17 tons of chlorine from a tank truck in a generic urban area. A public response model specifies locations and actions of the populace. A chemical source term model predicts initial characteristics of the chlorine vapor and aerosol cloud. An atmospheric dispersion model predicts cloud spreading and movement. A building air exchange model simulates movement of chlorine from outdoors into buildings at each location. A dose‐response model translates chlorine exposures into predicted fatalities. Important parameters outside defender control include wind speed, atmospheric stability class, amount of chlorine released, and dose‐response model parameters. Without fast and effective defense response, with 2.5 m/sec wind and stability class F, we estimate approximately 4,000 (half within ∼10 minutes) to 30,000 fatalities (half within ∼20 minutes), depending on dose‐response model. Although we assume 7% of the population was outdoors, they represent 60–90% of fatalities. Changing weather conditions result in approximately 50–90% lower total fatalities. Measures such as sheltering in place, evacuation, and use of security barriers and cryogenic storage can reduce fatalities, sometimes by 50% or more, depending on response speed and other factors.
Production risk, risk aversion and the determination of risk attitudes among Spanish rice producers
Authors: Picazo‐Tadeo Andrés J. , Wall Alan
Published: March 2011

Agricultural production is subject to risk and the attitudes of producers toward risk will influence input choices insofar as these affect production risk. Risk attitudes in turn may be affected by certain socioeconomic characteristics of producers. Using 2004 survey data from a cross‐section of 130 Spanish rice farms, we estimate risk‐aversion coefficients of farmers and investigate the influence of a series of socioeconomic variables on their risk attitudes. Our results show that farmers exhibit risk‐averse behavior and that risk attitudes are related to a series of socioeconomic characteristics. In particular, the belief that the farm will continue after the producer retires is found to increase the degree of risk aversion, while age is found to have nonlinear effects on risk aversion. Off‐farm income, especially from nonagricultural activities, is found to reduce risk aversion. Neither the educational level of the producer nor the presence of dependents on the household is found to have an effect on risk preferences. Regarding the production technology, we find that land, labor, and fitosanitary products are risk‐reducing inputs, whereas capital, seeds, and fertilizer all increase risk.
Sequential biphasic changes in claudin1 and claudin4 expression are correlated to colorectal cancer progression and liver metastasis
Authors: Georges Rania , Bergmann Frank , Hamdi Hadjar , Zepp Michael , Eyol Ergül , Hielscher Thomas , Berger Martin R. , Adwan Hassan
Published: March 2011

Terminal progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) culminates in liver metastasis. To identify genes that are involved in the metastatic phenotype, cDNA microarrays were used to analyse mRNA expression profiles of colorectal carcinoma (CC)531 rat colon adenocarcinoma cells for changes related to their homing into the liver. Briefly, CC531 cells were intraportally implanted into the liver of Wag‐Rij rats and re‐isolated after 3, 6, 9, 14 and 21 days. Compared to control CC531 cells, claudin1 and claudin4 were among the ≥8‐fold initially down‐regulated genes. The co‐culture of tumour cells with isolated rat hepatocytes and Kupffer cells did not induce down‐regulation of either claudin1 or 4. When the environment effective on circulating tumour cells was simulated by cell culture conditions favouring their adhesion, only claudin4 showed augmented expression. Knockdown of claudin1 and claudin4 mediated by small interfering RNA caused significantly increased migration and decreased clonogenic growth of tumour cells (P < 0.05), but had no effect on their proliferation. These experimental results were paralleled by increased claudin1 and claudin4 expression in human CRC samples in Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stages I–III, as evaluated by real‐time PCR. Increased claudin4 levels were correlated with significantly reduced overall survival (log‐rank test, P= 0.018). Further, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced expression of claudin1 and claudin4 was observed in stage IV and liver metastasis by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, sequential biphasic changes in claudin1 and claudin4 expression occur during the homing of rat CC531 CRC cells to the liver. This modulation is reflected by significant changes in claudin expression in human primary and metastatic CRC.
Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review
Authors: Burnett Mark E. , Wang Steven Q.
Published: March 2011

Background/purpose: Sunscreens are believed to be a valuable tool in providing photoprotection against the detrimental effects of UV radiation, a known carcinogen. However, a number of controversies have developed regarding their safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the relevant studies surrounding these controversies.

Methods: Evidence of the prevention of skin cancer, an oft‐cited reason for sunscreen use, was examined as it pertains to squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma. We also reviewed studies examining the effects of sunscreen on the synthesis of vitamin D, an essential nutrient whose role in health and disease continues to grow. Lastly, we analyzed studies surrounding the safety and toxicity of oxybenzone, retinyl palmitate and nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2).

Results: The overwhelming majority of available data is drawn from studies conducted using antiquated sunscreen formulations. Nonetheless, our research revealed that topical use of sunscreen protects against squamous cell carcinoma, does not cause vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in practice and has not been demonstrated to adversely affect the health of humans.

Conclusion: Given the established benefits of UV protection, the use of sunscreens remains an important part of an overall photoprotective strategy. Future sunscreens with improved formulation should ideally offer superior protection. With increased usage of sunscreen by the public, continuous and vigilant monitoring of the overall safety of future products is also needed.
Targeted phototherapy in combination with drug therapy for segmental vitiligo
Authors: Lee Dong‐Youn , Kim Cho‐Rok , Lee Joo‐Heung
Published: March 2011

According to the previous reports, segmental vitiligo usually shows a poor response to phototherapy. Here, we report two cases of recent onset segmental vitiligo that showed good or excellent response to targeted phototherapy in combination with drug therapy. These findings suggest that segmental vitiligo can be improved by combination therapy if its onset is recent.
Psoralen and ultraviolet A in the treatment of granuloma annulare
Authors: Browne Fiona , Turner David , Goulden Victoria
Published: March 2011

Background: Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, usually self‐limiting disease. Lesions may be localized or generalized with a tendency for generalized disease to follow a chronic course. There is evidence to support psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) in the treatment of GA, but little data on long‐term benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PUVA in the treatment of GA, and to establish clearance and remission rates.

Methods: We carried out a retrospective study of patients with generalized GA treated with PUVA over 13 years. Data were collected from case notes and a phototherapy database. On completion of treatment, outcome was assessed as clear, good improvement, moderate improvement and poor outcome. Follow‐up data were obtained for patients who had cleared using a postal questionnaire in addition to clinic notes.

Results: Fifty per cent of courses resulted in clearance of disease, 16% in good improvement, 25% had moderate benefit and 9% had a poor outcome. Of the patients that cleared, 79% remained in remission at 6 months but only 32% were still clear 12 months following treatment.

Conclusion: Our findings show clearance or good improvement of generalized GA in 66% of cases. Prolonged remission, however, occurred in less than a third of patients.
Effect of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether‐mediated photodynamic therapy on hypertrophic scar fibroblasts
Authors: Cai Hong , Gu Ying , Sun Qiang , Zeng Jing , Dong Ning , Zhao Guang
Published: March 2011

Background: Clinical studies have demonstrated that photodynamic therapy (PDT) for hyperplastic dermatosis results in a beneficial outcome. Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a pathological process characterized by fibroblastic hyperproliferation. However, it is unclear whether photochemical interactions between PDT and fibroblasts contribute to a beneficial outcome. To investigate the primary photochemical effects of PDT, we studied the efficacy of 630 nm PDT on human fibroblasts from HS using hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) as a photosensitizer.

Methods: Fibroblasts were cultured from nontreated HSs, and cells at passage 4–6 were used for the experiments. Morphological and biochemical changes in fibroblasts were assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining and annexin V‐FITC/PI flow cytometry (FCM). Caspase‐3 activity assay and immunofluorescence staining were performed to investigate caspase‐3 expression in fibroblasts.

Results: The morphological features of cell apoptosis were viewed under a fluorescent microscope by Hoechst 33258 staining. FCM indicated that the apoptotic rate was significantly increased after HMME–PDT, and caspase‐3 activity was observed.

Conclusions: Low‐level exposure to 630 nm PDT mediated by HMME appears to induce fibroblast apoptosis and stimulate caspase‐3 activation. However, the effect of HMME–PDT on fibroblasts needs further investigation to determine its therapeutic potential for HS.
GROWTH OF CLINICAL VETERINARY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: GAVIN PATRICK R.
Published: March 2011

Veterinary institutions started installing magnetic resonance (MR) scanners in the 1990s. Since then, clinical use of MR has grown in parallel with the development of specialized veterinary medicine, particularly in the field of neurology, which has been transformed by MR. Similarly, the introduction of MR for horses has revolutionized diagnosis of foot lameness. As MR imaging technology develops and MR scanners become more readily available to the veterinary profession, there is a growing need for more teaching and research about use of this remarkable modality.