bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic management of livestock to improve biodiversity conservation in African savannahs: a conceptual basis for wildlife–livestock coexistence
Authors: Fynn Richard W. S. , Augustine David J. , Peel Michael J. S. , de Garine‐Wichatitsky Michel
Published: December 2015

African savannas are complex socio‐ecological systems with diverse wild and domestic herbivore assemblages, which adapt spatially to intra‐ and interannual variation in forage quantity and quality, predation and disease risks.

As African savannas become increasingly fragmented by growing human populations and their associated ecological impacts, adaptive foraging options for wild and domestic herbivore populations are correspondingly limited, resulting in declining wildlife populations and impoverished pastoral societies. In addition, competition for grazing by expanding domestic herbivore populations threatens the viability of wild herbivore populations occupying similar grazing niches.

Conservation initiatives are further impacted by conflicts between wildlife and local communities of people who often receive little benefit from adjacent protected areas, creating conflict between the livelihood‐orientated goals of communities and the conservation‐oriented goals of the international community and those with vested interests in wildlife. Conservation strategies facilitating the alignment of these opposing goals of communities and conservationists are needed.

Synthesis and applications. Key to understanding facilitative and competitive interactions between wild and domestic herbivores are the concepts of niche differentiation and functional resource heterogeneity. Uncontrolled incursions of burgeoning domestic herbivore populations into protected areas (PAs) threaten the conservation of wild herbivore biodiversity. However, domestic herbivores can be managed to minimize competition with wild herbivores and to enhance habitat by maximizing grassland structural heterogeneity (greater adaptive foraging options), creation of nutrient hotspots in the landscape and facilitation of high‐quality grazing. Ecosystem service benefits to communities through controlled access to grazing resources in PAs, associated with appropriate disease management, can provide a conservation payment to promote communities’ support of conservation of key wildlife migratory ranges and corridors outside PAs.
Clinical implications from research exploring parent and family perspectives of the August 2011 London riots
Authors: Coopoosamy Yvanna Deeny
Published: December 2015

Political rhetoric and media reports following the August 2011 London riots in the UK drew attention to poor parenting to explain the cause of the riots, thus, a parent‐blaming discourse emerged. This article presents findings from a PhD thesis about how London parents and families constructed the riots and relevant clinical implications. A separate paper focuses on the method and findings from the PhD thesis with an aim to include parent and family perspectives on the riots in the academic literature. A Foucauldian‐informed thematic analysis indicated that social exclusion, gentrification, criminality, parenting, morality and neighbourhood were relevant to the 2011 London riots from interviews with parents and families. This article aims to support clinical work with parents and families, especially as clinicians were positioned as useful in supporting such groups, through the Troubled Families Programme following the London riots. Clinical implications were developed from themes about socio‐political issues and parent‐blaming discourses and the notion of positioning, as influenced by the Foucauldian‐informed analysis adopted.

Practitioner points

Consider the relevance of socio‐political issues and parent‐blaming discourses to the August 2011 London riots.

Use ‘social context’ questions to explore socio‐political issues when conducting therapy.

Use ‘parenting expectations’ questions to explore possible parent‐blaming discourses when conducting therapy.

Consider the ways in which clients may be positioned within their relationships.
Citation‐Capture Rates for Economics Journals: Do they Differ from Other Disciplines and Does it Matter?
Authors: Anderson David L. , Tressler John
Published: December 2015

This paper compares the rate of citation‐capture across the social sciences, sciences, business school disciplines and economics. It also explores differences in the rate of citation‐capture between leading journals in economics and a representative science category, and between higher and lower ranked economics journals. Short‐term citation counting as used in impact factors and journal ranking schemes is shown to favour sciences over social sciences. In addition, within economics, short‐term impact factors are systematically biased towards lower ranked journals. Our results imply that the use of leading multidisciplinary journal rankings as a proxy for direct citations introduces an unreported bias in research assessment. Such biases are in addition to those attributable to the well‐known differences in the total number of cites received by papers across various disciplines.
Long‐Term post‐merger announcement performance. A case study of Australian listed real estate
Authors: Ratcliffe Chris , Dimovski Bill , Keneley Monica
Published: December 2015

This study examines the long‐term postmerger performance of Australian Real Estate Investment Trusts (A‐REITs). The A‐REIT sector is used as a case study being less vulnerable to agency issues due to its regulatory structure (Eichholtz and Kok, 2008; Ratcliffe et al., 2009). Research on conventional firms has shown, on average, shareholders are worse off in the long run (Alexandridis et al., 2012). In contrast, we find that shareholders experience significantly positive abnormal returns, after accounting for the financial crisis. This outcome suggests that when managers are restricted with the use of retained earnings and the type of investment, they may be less susceptible to hubris and/or agency issues.
A Defence of Conscientious Objection in Medicine: A Reply to Schuklenk and Savulescu
Authors: Cowley Christopher
Published: December 2015

In a recent (2015) Bioethics editorial, Udo Schuklenk argues against allowing Canadian doctors to conscientiously object to any new euthanasia procedures approved by Parliament. In this he follows Julian Savulescu's 2006 BMJ paper which argued for the removal of the conscientious objection clause in the 1967 UK Abortion Act. Both authors advance powerful arguments based on the need for uniformity of service and on analogies with reprehensible kinds of personal exemption. In this article I want to defend the practice of conscientious objection in publicly‐funded healthcare systems (such as those of Canada and the UK), at least in the area of abortion and end‐of‐life care, without entering either of the substantive moral debates about the permissibility of either. My main claim is that Schuklenk and Savulescu have misunderstood the special nature of medicine, and have misunderstood the motivations of the conscientious objectors. However, I acknowledge Schuklenk's point about differential access to lawful services in remote rural areas, and I argue that the health service should expend more to protect conscientious objection while ensuring universal access.
Fair Innings and Time‐Relative Claims
Authors: Davies Ben
Published: December 2015

Greg Bognar has recently offered a prioritarian justification for ‘fair innings’ distributive principles that would ration access to healthcare on the basis of patients' age. In this article, I agree that Bognar's principle is among the strongest arguments for age‐based rationing. However, I argue that this position is incomplete because of the possibility of ‘time‐relative' egalitarian principles that could complement the kind of lifetime egalitarianism that Bognar adopts. After outlining Bognar's position, and explaining the attraction of time‐relative egalitarianism, I suggest various ways in which these two kinds of principle could interact. Since various options have very different implications for age‐based rationing, proponents of such a rationing scheme must take a position on time‐relative egalitarianism to complement a lifetime prioritarian view like Bognar's.
Conscientious Objection in Healthcare Provision: A New Dimension
Authors: West‐Oram Peter , Buyx Alena
Published: December 2015

The right to conscientious objection in the provision of healthcare is the subject of a lengthy, heated and controversial debate. Recently, a new dimension was added to this debate by the US Supreme Court's decision in Burwell vs. Hobby Lobby et al. which effectively granted rights to freedom of conscience to private, for‐profit corporations. In light of this paradigm shift, we examine one of the most contentious points within this debate, the impact of granting conscience exemptions to healthcare providers on the ability of women to enjoy their rights to reproductive autonomy. We argue that the exemptions demanded by objecting healthcare providers cannot be justified on the liberal, pluralist grounds on which they are based, and impose unjustifiable costs on both individual persons, and society as a whole. In doing so, we draw attention to a worrying trend in healthcare policy in Europe and the United States to undermine women's rights to reproductive autonomy by prioritizing the rights of ideologically motivated service providers to an unjustifiably broad form of freedom of conscience.
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Overview
Authors: Alexander Stephen PH , Kelly Eamonn , Marrion Neil , Peters John A , Benson Helen E , Faccenda Elena , Pawson Adam J , Sharman Joanna L , Southan Christopher , Buneman O Peter , Catterall William A , Cidlowski John A , Davenport Anthony P , Fabbro Doriano , Fan Grace , McGrath John C , Spedding Michael , Davies Jamie A ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: December 2015

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.13347/full. This compilation of the major pharmacological targets is divided into eight areas of focus: G protein‐coupled receptors, ligand‐gated ion channels, voltage‐gated ion channels, other ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The Concise Guide is published in landscape format in order to facilitate comparison of related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2015, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in the previous Guides to Receptors & Channels and the Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14. It is produced in conjunction with NC‐IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR‐DB and GRAC and provides a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates.
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Ligand‐gated ion channels
Authors: Alexander Stephen PH , Peters John A , Kelly Eamonn , Marrion Neil , Benson Helen E , Faccenda Elena , Pawson Adam J , Sharman Joanna L , Southan Christopher , Davies Jamie A ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: December 2015

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.13349/full. Ligand‐gated ion channels are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ligand‐gated ion channels, voltage‐gated ion channels, other ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The Concise Guide is published in landscape format in order to facilitate comparison of related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2015, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in the previous Guides to Receptors & Channels and the Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14. It is produced in conjunction with NC‐IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR‐DB and GRAC and provides a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates.
Genipin alleviates sepsis‐induced liver injury by restoring autophagy
Authors: Cho Hong‐Ik , Kim So‐Jin , Choi Joo‐Wan , Lee Sun‐Mee
Published: December 2015

Background and Purpose

Autophagy is an essential cytoprotective system that is rapidly activated in response to various stimuli including inflammation and microbial infection. Genipin, an aglycon of geniposide found in gardenia fruit, is well known to have anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidative properties. This study examined the protective mechanisms of genipin against sepsis, with particular focus on the autophagic signalling pathway.

Experimental Approach

Mice were subjected to sepsis by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Genipin (1, 2.5 and 5 mg·kg−1) or vehicle (saline) was injected i.v. immediately (0 h) after CLP, and chloroquine (60 mg·kg−1), an autophagy inhibitor, was injected i.p. 1 h before CLP. Blood and liver tissues were isolated 6 h after CLP.

Key Results

Genipin improved survival rate and decreased serum levels of aminotransferases and pro‐inflammatory cytokines after CLP; effects abolished by chloroquine. The liver expression of autophagy‐related protein (Atg)12‐Atg5 conjugate increased after CLP, and this increase was enhanced by genipin. CLP decreased Atg3 protein liver expression, and genipin attenuated this decrease. CLP impaired autophagic flux, as indicated by increased liver expression of microtubule‐associated protein‐1 light chain 3‐II and sequestosome‐1/p62 protein; this impaired autophagic flux was restored by genipin, and chloroquine abolished this effect. Genipin also attenuated the decreased expression of lysosome‐associated membrane protein‐2 and Rab7 protein and increased expression of calpain 1 protein induced by CLP in the liver.

Conclusions and Implications

Our findings suggest that genipin protects against septic injury by restoring impaired autophagic flux. Therefore, genipin might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of sepsis.
Crosstalk of mitochondria with NADPH oxidase via reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signalling and its role for vascular function
Authors: Daiber Andreas , Di Lisa Fabio , Oelze Matthias , Kröller‐Schön Swenja , Steven Sebastian , Schulz Eberhard , Münzel Thomas
Published: December 2015

Cardiovascular diseases are associated with and/or caused by oxidative stress. This concept has been proven by using the approach of genetic deletion of reactive species producing (pro‐oxidant) enzymes as well as by the overexpression of reactive species detoxifying (antioxidant) enzymes leading to a marked reduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and in parallel to an amelioration of the severity of diseases. Likewise, the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases is aggravated by overexpression of RONS producing enzymes as well as deletion of antioxidant RONS detoxifying enzymes. Thus, the consequences of the interaction (redox crosstalk) of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide produced by mitochondria with other ROS producing enzymes such as NADPH oxidases (Nox) are of outstanding importance and will be discussed including the consequences for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling as well as the redox regulation of the vascular function/tone in general (soluble guanylyl cyclase, endothelin‐1, prostanoid synthesis). Pathways and potential mechanisms leading to this crosstalk will be analysed in detail and highlighted by selected examples from the current literature including hypoxia, angiotensin II‐induced hypertension, nitrate tolerance, aging and others. The general concept of redox‐based activation of RONS sources via “kindling radicals” and enzyme‐specific “redox switches” will be discussed providing evidence that mitochondria represent key players and amplifiers of the burden of oxidative stress.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc
Does LEAP change the screening paradigm for food allergy in infants with eczema?
Authors: Allen K. J. , Koplin J. J.
Published: December 2015

The LEAP randomized controlled trial provides the first direct evidence that delayed introduction of peanut in an infant's diet significantly increases the risk of peanut allergy. However, as often is the case in ground‐breaking research, the LEAP study raises almost as many questions as it resolves. Although the quality of design and excellence in study execution is unquestioned, the particular difficulty this study raises is how to generalize results from a trial of high‐risk infants, which screened infants for the presence of peanut allergy prior to peanut introduction, to the general population. Although many existing infant feeding guidelines already allow for the introduction of allergenic foods from 4 to 6 months of age irrespective of co‐existent risk factors for peanut allergy, these will now need to be revised to more strongly state that avoidance may be harmful. Interim guidelines have already been published which incorporate these recommendations. However, the question as to how to achieve timely introduction of peanut into an infant's diet in a safe and cost‐effective way, particularly in high‐risk infants, remains unresolved.
Extraction of DNA from human embryos after long‐term preservation in formalin and Bouin's solutions
Authors: Nagai Momoko , Minegishi Katsura , Komada Munekazu , Tsuchiya Maiko , Kameda Tomomi , Yamada Shigehito
Published: December 2015

The “Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos” at Kyoto University was begun in 1961. Although morphological analyses of samples in the Kyoto Collection have been performed, these embryos have been considered difficult to genetically analyze because they have been preserved in formalin or Bouin's solution for 20–50 years. Owing to the recent advances in molecular biology, it has become possible to extract DNA from long‐term fixed tissues. The purpose of this study was to extract DNA from wet preparations of human embryo samples after long‐term preservation in fixing solution. We optimized the DNA extraction protocol to be suitable for tissues that have been damaged by long‐term fixation, including DNA‐protein crosslinking damage. Diluting Li2CO3 with 70% ethanol effectively removed picric acid from samples fixed in Bouin's solution. Additionally, 20.0 mg/mL proteinase was valuable to lyse the long‐term fixed samples. The extracted DNA was checked with PCR amplification using several sets of primers and sequence analysis. The PCR products included at least 295‐ and 838‐bp amplicons. These results show that the extracted DNA is applicable for genetic analyses, and indicate that old embryos in the Kyoto Collection should be made available for future studies. The protocol described in this study can successfully extract DNA from old specimens and, with improvements, should be applicable in research aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms of human congenital anomalies.
Mutation analysis of genes within the dynactin complex in a cohort of hereditary peripheral neuropathies
Authors: Tey S. , Ahmad‐Annuar A. , Drew A.P. , Shahrizaila N. , Nicholson G.A. , Kennerson M.L.
Published: December 2015

The cytoplasmic dynein–dynactin genes are attractive candidates for neurodegenerative disorders given their functional role in retrograde transport along neurons. The cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (DYNC1H1) gene has been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, and dynactin 1 (DCTN1) genes have been implicated in a wide spectrum of disorders including motor neuron disease, Parkinson's disease, spinobulbar muscular atrophy and hereditary spastic paraplegia. However, the involvement of other dynactin genes with inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPN) namely, hereditary sensory neuropathy, hereditary motor neuropathy and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease is under reported. We screened eight genes; DCTN1‐6 and ACTR1A and ACTR1B in 136 IPN patients using whole‐exome sequencing and high‐resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Eight non‐synonymous variants (including one novel variant) and three synonymous variants were identified. Four variants have been reported previously in other studies, however segregation analysis within family members excluded them from causing IPN in these families. No variants of disease significance were identified in this study suggesting the dynactin genes are unlikely to be a common cause of IPNs. However, with the ease of querying gene variants from exome data, these genes remain worthwhile candidates to assess unsolved IPN families for variants that may affect the function of the proteins.
Family Matters?: A Cross‐National Analysis of the Performance Implications of Family Ownership
Authors: Dow Sandra , McGuire Jean
Published: December 2015

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

This study makes use of a large multi‐country sample to examine how the market performance of family firms is affected by national context.

Research Findings/Insights

We find that Tobin's Q among family firms is significantly lower than that of non‐family firms across 33 countries. In examining these effects, results suggest that legal context and national culture influence the performance implications of publicly traded family firms, serving to mitigate some of the generally negative impact.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We find that national context is an important contingency in determining the family's ability and willingness to exploit minority shareholder wealth. Building upon our results, future research can focus on how formal and informal institutions may be substitutes for each other. Our results help explain why prior empirical research provides conflicting results regarding the impact of family governance on firm valuation.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Our findings suggest that the performance implications of family firms are contingent on legal protections, belief in the impartiality of the legal system, and culture. Given wide variations in these measures across countries, the appropriate mechanisms to strengthen investor protection will not follow a one‐size fits all approach.
Clinical applications of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of renal lesions – a systematic review
Authors: Ye Jing , Kumar Bhagat Santosh , Li Xiao‐bo , Li Hong‐mei , Zhou Ying‐wen , Liu Li‐qin
Published: December 2015

Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI) is an established technique to detect the changes of the diffusion of water in biological tissues and reflect the pathophysiological process on the molecular level. It is a promising non‐invasive imaging modality in detection of microstructural and functional changes in pathologies of kidney. To systematically review the research advancement of the DW‐MRI in diagnosis of renal lesions, a systematic literature search was performed up to 8 October 2014 using the MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase databases for articles reporting on DW‐MRI in diagnosis of renal lesions. Only articles with full data about DW‐MRI application with potential implication in solving usually encountered clinical challenges about renal lesions were finally examined. The clinical application of DW‐MRI allows a better understanding of some pathologic conditions of the kidney including renal insufficiency, renal artery stenosis, ureteral obstruction, foetal kidney disease, hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis. In addition, DW‐MRI can also provide clinicians with the information of function evaluation of renal allograft and curative effect assessment of renal tumour. In summary, performance of renal DW‐MRI, presuming that measurements are high quality, will further boost this modality, particularly for early detection of diffusion renal conditions, as well as more accurate characterization of renal lesions.
Exhaled particles as markers of small airway inflammation in subjects with asthma
Authors: Larsson Per , Lärstad Mona , Bake Björn , Hammar Oscar , Bredberg Anna , Almstrand Ann‐Charlotte , Mirgorodskaya Ekaterina , Olin Anna‐Carin
Published: December 2015

Exhaled breath contains suspended particles of respiratory tract lining fluid from the small airways. The particles are formed when closed airways open during inhalation. We have developed a method called Particles in Exhaled air (PExA®) to measure and sample these particles in the exhaled aerosol. Here, we use the PExA® method to study the effects of birch pollen exposure on the small airways of individuals with asthma and birch pollen allergy. We hypothesized that birch pollen‐induced inflammation could change the concentrations of surfactant protein A and albumin in the respiratory tract lining fluid of the small airways and influence the amount of exhaled particles. The amount of exhaled particles was reduced after birch pollen exposure in subjects with asthma and birch pollen allergy, but no significant effect on the concentrations of surfactant protein A and albumin in exhaled particles was found. The reduction in the number of exhaled particles may be due to inflammation in the small airways, which would reduce their diameter and potentially reduce the number of small airways that open and close during inhalation and exhalation.
Corpus callosum abnormalities: neuroradiological and clinical correlations
Authors: Al‐Hashim Aqeela H , Blaser Susan , Raybaud Charles , MacGregor Daune
Published: December 2015

Aim

To study neuroradiological features in pediatric patients with corpus callosum abnormalities, using new functional subtyping for the corpus callosum, and to correlate the features with the clinical presentation.

Method

We performed a retrospective review of 125 patients with radiologically identified abnormalities of the corpus callosum seen between 1999 and 2012. The study reviewed clinical features, genetic etiology, and chromosomal microarray (CMA) results. We used a new functional classification for callosal abnormalities based on embryological and anatomical correlations with four classes: complete agenesis, anterior agenesis (rostrum, genu, body), posterior agenesis (isthmus, splenium), and complete hypoplasia (thinning). We also studied the presence of extracallosal abnormalities.

Results

The new functional callosal subtyping did not reveal significant differences between the various subtypes in association with neurological outcome; however, the presence of cardiac disease was found more frequently in the group with complete agenesis. Thirty‐seven per cent (46/125) had identifiable causes: of these, 48% (22/46) had a monogenic disorder, 30% (14/46) had a pathogenic chromosomal copy‐number variant detected by CMA or karyotype, and 22% (10/46) had a recognizable clinical syndrome for which no confirmatory genetic test was available (namely Aicardi syndrome/septo‐optic dysplasia and Goldenhar syndrome). The diagnostic yield for a significant CMA change was 19%. The presence of Probst bundles was found to be associated with a better neurodevelopmental outcome.

Interpretation

The functional classification system alone ‘without clinical data’ cannot predict the functional outcome. The presence of extracallosal brain abnormalities and an underlying genetic diagnosis predicted a worse neurodevelopmental outcome. This study highlights the importance of CMA testing and cardiac evaluation as part of a routine screen.
Influence of bone marrow stromal cell secreted molecules on pulpal and periodontal healing in replanted immature rat molars
Authors: Al‐Sharabi Niyaz , Xue Ying , Udea Minora , Mustafa Kamal , Fristad Inge
Published: December 2015

Aim

To investigate the effect of paracrine factors secreted from human bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC‐CM) on pulpal and periodontal healing following immediate replantation of maxillary rat first molars.

Material and Methods

Fifty maxillary rat first molars were elevated and replanted after 2 min. The left teeth were replanted without treatment, whereas BMSC‐CM was injected into the right socket prior to replantation. Twelve un‐operated teeth served as reference teeth. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, alkaline phosphatase, Runt‐related transcription factor 2 and osteoclast stimulating factor 1 was studied by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at day 3 and 14. The dentin thickness together with Laminin‐ and PGP 9.5‐immunoreactivity were studied after 3, 14 and 90 days.

Results

Real‐Time qRT‐PCR data showed up‐regulated expression of ALP mRNA in the socket specimens of conditioned medium treated replanted teeth after 3 days. No morphological differences were found for the expression of Laminin and PGP 9.5 between control and conditioned medium treated replanted teeth. At day 14, external cervical and surface root resorption was found in one BMSC‐CM and one control tooth. At 90 days, all control replanted teeth had external cervical and surface root resorptions, whereas only one sample was seen among the conditioned medium treated teeth. At day 90, more extensive dentine formation with narrowing of the pulpal space was observed in the control compared with conditioned medium treated teeth.

Conclusions

The present findings showed that BMSC‐CM treatment reduced the number of replanted teeth with external root resorption and resulted in a significant reduction in new dentin formation.
Faculty professional development in emergent pedagogies for instructional innovation in dental education
Authors: Zheng M. , Bender D. , Nadershahi N.
Published: December 2015

Innovative pedagogies have significantly impacted health professions’ education, dental education included. In this context, faculty, defined in this study as instructor in higher education, has been increasingly required to hone their instructional skills. The purpose of this exploratory study was to share the design, implementation and preliminary outcomes of two programmes to enhance dental faculty's instructional skills, the Teaching and Learning Seminar Series and the Course Director Orientation. Data sources included faculty and student surveys developed and administered by the researchers; data extracted from the learning management system; reports from the learning analytics tool; and classroom observations. Participants’ satisfaction, self‐reported learning, instructional behavioural change, and impact on student learning behaviours and institutional practice were assessed borrowing from Kirkpatrick's 4‐level model of evaluation of professional development effectiveness. Initial findings showed that faculty in both programmes reported positive learning experiences. Participants reported that the programmes motivated them to improve instructional practice and improved their knowledge of instructional innovation. Some faculty reported implementation of new instructional strategies and tools, which helped create an active and interactive learning environment that was welcomed by their students. The study contributes to literature and best practice in health sciences faculty development in pedagogy and may guide other dental schools in designing professional development programmes.
A conceptual framework for understanding thermal constraints on ectotherm activity with implications for predicting responses to global change
Authors: Gunderson Alex R. , Leal Manuel
Published: December 2015

Activity budgets influence the expression of life history traits as well as population dynamics. For ectotherms, a major constraint on activity is environmental temperature. Nonetheless, we currently lack a comprehensive conceptual framework for understanding thermal constraints on activity, which hinders our ability to rigorously apply activity data to answer ecological and evolutionary questions. Here, we integrate multiple aspects of temperature‐dependent activity into a single unified framework that has general applicability. We also provide examples of the implementation of this framework to address fundamental questions in ecology relating to climate change vulnerability and species’ distributions using empirical data from a tropical lizard.
Should stimulation parameters be individualized to stop seizures: Evidence in support of this approach
Authors: Sobayo Tiwalade , Mogul David J.
Published: December 2015

Objective

Deep‐brain electrical stimulation (DBS) is a treatment modality being explored for many neurologic diseases and is a potentially potent means of disrupting the aberrant rhythms that arise during the epileptic seizures that afflict >1% of the population. However, current DBS protocols typically employed are formulated a priori and do not reflect the electrophysiologic dynamics within the brain as seizures arise, which may underlie their limited efficacy. This study investigates how the efficacy of DBS could be improved using endogenous dynamics to inform stimulation protocols.

Methods

Multisite brain dynamics within the circuit of Papez were calculated in a chronic rat limbic epilepsy model induced via lithium chloride/pilocarpine intraperitoneal injections. Stimulation/recording electrodes were placed in the CA3 region of the left and right hippocampi and the anteromedial nucleus of the left thalamus. Deconvolution of local field potentials using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and phase synchrony analysis revealed multisite coherence as seizures approached natural termination that could not be detected with Fourier analysis. Multisite stimulation used charge‐neutral biphasic square waves at frequencies observed during natural termination.

Results

Synchronization of electrical activity across sites occurred as both spontaneous and evoked seizures naturally terminated. Furthermore, the location and frequency of the synchrony varied between subjects but was stable in time within each animal. DBS protocols were significantly more effective at rapidly stopping seizures when the frequency and location of multisite stimulation reflected the endogenous synchrony dynamics observed in each subject as seizures naturally terminated.

Significance

These results strongly support the approach of tailoring DBS protocols to individual endogenous rhythms that may represent how brains naturally resolve epileptic seizures. This approach may significantly improve the overall efficacy of this potentially important therapy.
Human bedside evaluation versus automatic responsiveness testing in epilepsy (ARTiE)
Authors: Touloumes George , Morse Elliot , Chen William C. , Gober Leah , Dente Jennifer , Lilenbaum Rachel , Katzenstein Emily , Pacelli Ashley , Johnson Emily , Si Yang , Sivaraju Adithya , Grover Eric , Khozein Rebecca , Cunningham Courtney , Hirsch Lawrence J. , Blumenfeld Hal
Published: December 2015

Evaluation of behavioral impairment during epileptic seizures is critical for medical decision making, including accurate diagnosis, recommendations for driving, and presurgical evaluation. We investigated the quality of behavioral testing during inpatient video–electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring at an established epilepsy center, and introduce a technical innovation that may improve clinical care. We retrospectively reviewed video‐EEG data from 152 seizures in 33 adult or pediatric patients admitted for video‐EEG monitoring. Behavioral testing with questions or commands was performed in only 50% of seizures ictally, 73% of seizures postictally, and 80% with either ictal or postictal testing combined. Furthermore, the questions or commands were highly inconsistent and were performed by nonmedical personnel in about one fourth of cases. In an effort to improve this situation we developed and here introduce Automatic Responsiveness Testing in Epilepsy (ARTiE), a series of video‐recorded behavioral tasks automatically triggered to play in the patient's room by computerized seizure detection. In initial technical testing using prerecorded or live video‐EEG data we found that ARTiE is initiated reliably by automatic seizure detection. With additional clinical testing we hope that ARTiE will succeed in providing comprehensive and reliable behavioral evaluation during seizures for people with epilepsy to greatly improve their clinical care.
Surgical management of medically refractory epilepsy in patients with polymicrogyria
Authors: Wang Doris D. , Knox Renatta , Rolston John D. , Englot Dario J. , Barkovich A. James , Tihan Tarik , Auguste Kurtis I. , Knowlton Robert C. , Cornes Susannah B. , Chang Edward F.
Published: December 2015

Objective

Polymicrogyria (PMG) is a malformation of cortical development characterized by formation of an excessive number of small gyri. Sixty percent to 85% of patients with PMG have epilepsy that is refractory to medication, but surgical options are usually limited. We characterize a cohort of patient with polymicrogyria who underwent epilepsy surgery and document seizure outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective study of all patients with PMG who underwent epilepsy surgery (focal seizure foci resection and/or hemispherectomy) at our center was performed by review of all clinical data related to their treatment.

Results

We identified 12 patients (7 males and 5 female) with mean age of 18 (ranging from 3 months to 44 years) at time of surgery. Mean age at seizure onset was 8 years, with the majority (83%) having childhood onset. Six patients had focal, five had multifocal, and one patient had diffuse PMG. Perisylvian PMG was the most common pattern seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eight patients had other cortical malformations including hemimegalencephaly and cortical dysplasia. Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) often showed diffuse epileptic discharges that poorly lateralized but were focal on intracranial electrocorticography (ECoG). Eight patients underwent seizure foci resection and four underwent hemispherectomy. Mean follow‐up was 7 years (ranging from one to 19 years). Six patients (50%) were seizure‐free at last follow‐up. One patient had rare seizures (Engel class II). Three patients were Engel class III, having either decreased seizure frequency or severity, and two patients were Engel class IV. Gross total resection of the PMG cortex trended toward good seizure control.

Significance

Our study shows that even in patients with extensive or bilateral PMG malformations, some may still be good candidates for surgery because the epileptogenic zone may involve only a portion of the malformation. Intracranial ECoG can provide additional localizing information compared to scalp EEG in guiding resection of epileptogenic foci.
Equine placenta – A clinician's perspective. Part 2: Abnormalities
Authors: Pozor M.
Published: December 2015

Any insufficiency of the equine placenta has dramatic effects on the developing equine fetus. Placental abnormalities, such as the separation of the chorioallantois from the maternal endometrium or torsion of the umbilical cord, lead to fetal demise, premature labour or abortion. These conditions are each associated with characteristic lesions on the equine placenta, which can be found during a detailed examination. These findings can be very helpful for diagnosing problems and implementing appropriate treatments for mares and affected newborn foals. Furthermore, the retention of the entire placenta or any small fragment thereof can cause metritis, laminitis and sepsis. The prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment of this condition is necessary to save the mare from becoming seriously ill. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of the equine placenta is a crucial element of thepost partumevaluation of every brood mare.
Role of Institutional Climate on Underrepresented Faculty Perceptions and Decision Making in Use of Work–Family Policies
Authors: Castañeda Mari , Zambrana Ruth Enid , Marsh Kris , Vega William , Becerra Rosina , Pérez Debra Joy
Published: December 2015

The authors examined the institutional challenges that underrepresented minority (URM) faculty perceive in higher education with use of family support workplace policies. Evidence reveals that faculty encounter differences in access to information and explanations of how to use workplace–family statutes. A qualitative study of 58 URM faculty members highlighted five particularly notable themes: (a) faculty perceptions of how the institution views their family caregiving responsibilities, (b) inadequate compensation matters in the utilization of formal policies, (c) informal policies are often inaccessible and invisible, (d) social networks affect the inclusiveness of work–family institutional practices, and (e) fear of being regarded as a “red flag” constrains decisions regarding the use of policies. Given the push in higher education to diversify its faculty ranks, if administrators are to successfully implement diversity, equity, and inclusion and retain URM faculty, institutions need to pay particular attention to how URM faculty experience the academic climate regarding work–family balance.
The Unique Role of Parents and Romantic Partners on College Students' Financial Attitudes and Behaviors
Authors: Serido Joyce , Curran Melissa J. , Wilmarth Melissa , Ahn Sun Young , Shim Soyeon , Ballard Jaime
Published: December 2015

Extending a theoretical framework combining consumer socialization and planned behavior theories, the authors examined the influences that parents and romantic partners exert on college students' financial attitude and behavior using two waves of data collected from a sample of students in their first year (Wave 1) and fourth year (Wave 2) of college who were in a committed relationship at Wave 2 (N = 693 individuals). Using structural equation modeling, a positive relationship was found between the concurrent financial behavior of the parents and romantic partners and students' financial behavior (direct effects). After accounting for the parents' financial behavior at Wave 1, concurrent financial behavior of romantic partners (but not parents) positively predicted students' financial attitude, which in turn positively predicted students' financial behavior (indirect effects). These findings increase our understanding of the type and the timing of financial socialization factors that influence the financial behavior of college students.
A conserved island of BAG6/Scythe is related to ubiquitin domains and participates in short hydrophobicity recognition
Authors: Tanaka Hirofumi , Takahashi Toshiki , Xie Yiming , Minami Ryosuke , Yanagi Yuko , Hayashishita Mizuki , Suzuki Rigel , Yokota Naoto , Shimada Masumi , Mizushima Tsunehiro , Kuwabara Naoyuki , Kato Ryuichi , Kawahara Hiroyuki
Published: December 2015

BAG6 (also called Scythe) interacts with the exposed hydrophobic regions of newly synthesized proteins and escorts them to the degradation machinery through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. In this study, we provide evidence that BAG6 physically interacts with the model defective protein substrate CL1 in a manner that depends directly on its short hydrophobicity. We found that the N terminus of BAG6 contains an evolutionarily conserved island tentatively designated the BAG6 ubiquitin‐linked domain. Partial deletion of this domain in the BAG6 N‐terminal fragment abolished in cell recognition of polyubiquitinated polypeptides as well as the hydrophobicity‐mediated recognition of the CL1 degron in cell and in vitro. These observations suggest a mechanism whereby the BAG6 ubiquitin‐linked domain provides a platform for discriminating substrates with shorter hydrophobicity stretches as a signal for defective proteins.
Multipronged approach to identify and validate a novel upstream regulator of Sncg in mouse retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Chintalapudi Sumana R. , Morales‐Tirado Vanessa M. , Williams Robert W. , Jablonski Monica M.
Published: December 2015

Loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is one of the hallmarks of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, glaucoma being one of the most common. Mechanistic studies on RGCs are hindered by the lack of sufficient primary cells and consensus regarding their signature markers. Recently, γ‐synuclein (SNCG) has been shown to be highly expressed in the somas and axons of RGCs. In various mouse models of glaucoma, downregulation of Sncg gene expression correlates with RGC loss. To investigate the role of Sncg in RGCs, we used a novel systems genetics approach to identify a gene that modulates Sncg expression, followed by confirmatory studies in both healthy and diseased retinae. We found that chromosome 1 harbors an expression quantitative trait locus that modulates Sncg expression in the mouse retina, and identified the prefoldin‐2 (PFDN2) gene as the candidate upstream modulator of Sncg expression. Our immunohistochemical analyses revealed similar expression patterns in both mouse and human healthy retinae, with PFDN2 colocalizing with SNCG in RGCs and their axons. In contrast, in retinae from glaucoma subjects, SNCG levels were significantly reduced, although PFDN2 levels were maintained. Using a novel flow cytometry‐based RGC isolation method, we obtained viable populations of murine RGCs. Knocking down Pfdn2 expression in primary murine RGCs significantly reduced Sncg expression, confirming that Pfdn2 regulates Sncg expression in murine RGCs. Gene Ontology analysis indicated shared mitochondrial function associated with Sncg and Pfdn2. These data solidify the relationship between Sncg and Pfdn2 in RGCs, and provide a novel mechanism for maintaining RGC health.