bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface‐active phospholipid: a Pandora’s box of clinical applications. Part I. The lung and air spaces
Authors: Hills B. A.
Published: March 2003

Almost everywhere in the body there are phospholipids, not only comprising the lipid bilayer of membranes, but also in the free state. What is seldom appreciated, except in respirology, is that these ‘free’ phospholipids are unusual in that many are highly surface active. Surface activity is a property of certain substances (surfactants), conferred by their molecular constitution and configuration, which predisposes them to locate at interfaces because, in doing so, they reduce interfacial energy. When adsorbed (reversibly bound) to solid surfaces, surfactants can impart many highly desirable properties that have been widely studied and long accepted in the physical sciences, while their commercial applications have withstood the test of time. These desirable properties include lubricity (boundary lubrication), release (antistick) and ­dewatering, while providing a barrier to corrosion, abrasion, solute transmission and to biological ­microorganisms. Many of these offer obvious roles for surface‐active phospholipid (SAPL), ranging from a corrosion inhibitor in the stomach to a load‐bearing lubricant in the joints. This opens a veritable ‘Pandora’s box’ of potential clinical applications.

Part I of this review challenges traditional beliefs in respirology that ‘surfactant’ is unique to the lung and, moreover, that its actions are confined to the ­liquid−air interface. Evidence is discussed that, by binding to alveolar epithelium, SAPL imparts semipermeability needed before channels pumping ions can also pump water vital for maintaining fluid ­balance. Evidence is also reviewed for a lining to upper airways, sinuses and Eustachian tube where it can act like a standard release agent. (Intern Med J 2002; 32: 170−178)
Scleroderma in South Australia: epidemiological observations of possible pathogenic significance
Authors: Roberts‐Thomson P. J. , Jones M. , Hakendorf P. , Kencana Dharmapatni A. A. S. S. , Walker J. G. , Macfarlane J. G. , Smith M. D. , Ahern M. J.
Published: March 2003

Background: Scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder of unknown cause. Previous epidemiological studies have suggested some regional clustering and associations with occupations involving exposure to silica dusts and hydrocarbons.

Aims: To determine: (i) prevalence and incidence of scleroderma in South Australia (SA), a state with a stable population living in well‐defined urban, rural and industrial regions, (ii) hospital separation rates, (iii) cumulative survival rates, (iv) gender and disease subclassification, (v) geographical residency and occupations, (vi) familial associations and (vii) age at onset versus age‐specific incidence rate.

Methods: Creation of the South Australian Scleroderma Register (SASR) to identify demographics and clinical and serological features of all scleroderma patients resident in SA.

Results: Scleroderma occurs in South Australia with a point prevalence of 23 per 105 and an incidence of approximately 1/15th of this. However, this prevalence is high compared with other regional world studies. Scleroderma is predominantly a female disease, with most patients having the limited form of scleroderma characterized by the presence of the anticentromere antibody and a mean survival of 27.6 years. In contrast, diffuse scleroderma is a less benign disease occurring at an early age of onset and has a mean survival of 9.6 years. Scleroderma occurs throughout SA without regional localization. Weak associations are seen in males, but not females, with occupations involving possible environmental exposure to silica or hydrocarbons. Scleroderma rarely occurs in families.

Conclusion: No strong genetic or environmental influences were found to account for the relatively common occurrence of scleroderma in SA. The age at onset versus age‐specific incidence curve suggests that scleroderma can be considered as a stochastic illness involving a number of random events occurring in a predisposed population. These random events may involve mutations of pivotal somatic genes. (Intern Med J 2001; 31: 220–229)
Hepatocellular carcinoma: current approaches to diagnosis and management
Authors: McCaughan G. W. , Koorey D. J. , Strasser S. I.
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma, frequently associated with chronic viral hepatitis, is the fourth most common cancer worldwide. The incidence in Western countries is rising rapidly. Recent developments in diagnostic imaging allow for identification of small lesions amenable to curative therapy. Effective therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma remains a major clinical problem. (Intern Med J 2002; 32: 394−400)
Recent trends in lipid management: raising the bar and shifting the goalposts?
Authors: Sullivan D. R.
Published: March 2003

Abstract

The National Heart Foundation of Australia, in conjunction with the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, updated its Lipid Guidelines at the end of 2001, but on‐going modification is anticipated to stay abreast of the rapid progress in this field. Research at all levels re‐affirms the fundamental importance of lipid metabolism in many physiological and pathological processes. In addition, clinical trials such as the recent Heart Protection Study broaden the indications for intervention. The present review summarizes recent advances and analyzes emerging attitudes towards diagnosis and management that will influence future recommendations and practice. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 95−102)
Glyphosate‐resistant soybean as a weed management tool: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: REDDY KRISHNA N.
Published: March 2003

Transgenic soybean, resistant to glyphosate, represents a revolutionary breakthrough in weed control technology. Transgenic soybean is the most dominant among all transgenic crops grown commercially in the world. In 2000, glyphosate‐resistant (GR) soybean was planted to 25.8 million hectares globally, which amounts to 58% of the total global transgenic crop area. The United States soybean area planted with GR soybean has increased from 2% in 1996 to 68% in 2001. Glyphosate‐resistant soybean as a weed management tool has provided farmers with the opportunity and flexibility to manage a broad spectrum of weeds. The use of glyphosate in GR soybean offers another alternative to manage weeds that are resistant to other herbicides. The rapid increase in GR soybean area is caused by the simplicity of using only one herbicide and a lower cost for weed control. Adoption of GR soybean has resulted in a dramatic decrease in the area treated with other herbicides. Glyphosphate‐resistant soybean should not be relied on solely to the exclusion of other weed control methods, and should be used within integrated weed management systems. Over‐reliance on GR soybean could lead to problems such as shifts in weed species and population, and the development of glyphosate‐resistant weeds. The challenge is for soybean farmers to understand these problems, and for weed scientists to communicate with farmers that continuous use of glyphosate may diminish the opportunity of GR soybean as a weed management tool in the future.
Interval between sequential applications of asulam for regrowth control of torpedograss (Panicum repens L.)
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Amzad , Ishimine Yukio , Kuramochi Hitoshi , Akamine Hikaru
Published: March 2003

Two field experiments each conducted during a 1 year period at the Agricultural Experiment Farm, University of the Ryukyus, Japan evaluated the interval needed between sequential applications of asulam (3 kg ai ha−1) for successful control of torpedograss (Panicum repens L.). Regrowth of torpedograss from rhizomes was lowest when asulam was applied at 40‐day intervals. Application at intervals of 70 days or longer completely controlled above‐ground shoots but not regrowth from rhizomes. Above‐ground biomass of torpedograss regrowth was 7‐ and 49‐fold higher when asulam was applied at 70 and 100 day intervals, respectively, compared with 40‐day intervals. Asulam applied three times at 40‐day intervals starting 40 days after land preparation provided almost total torpedograss control 1 year after the initial application.
Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of black mustard on germination and growth of alfalfa
Authors: TURK M. A. , SHATNAWI M. K. , TAWAHA A. M.
Published: March 2003

The present study investigated the allelopathic effects of various black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) plant parts on alfalfa germination and seedling growth. Aqueous extracts of black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) leaf, stem, flower and root plant parts were made to determine their effects on germination and dry weights of hypocotyl, and radicle length of 5‐day‐old alfalfa seedlings over a range of extract concentrations. All aqueous extracts significantly inhibited alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth when compared with the distilled water control. Increasing the aqueous extract concentrations of separated Brassica nigra plant parts significantly inhibited alfalfa germination, seedling length and weight. Based on significant radicle length reactions to aqueous extracts, the toxicity may be classified in the following order of decreasing inhibition: flower, leaf, mixture of all plant parts, root, and stem. Increasing the concentration of aqueous flower extracts significantly inhibited the water uptake by germinated alfalfa seeds. The greatest inhibition in water uptake occurred at a 12 g kg−1 extract concentration for seeds soaked for 8 h.
Anaesthesia for scoliosis surgery in a patient on anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Leitao  , Isaac
Published: March 2003

Kyphoscoliosis surgery is frequently associated with major blood loss and coagulation disorders. A patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, heart valve prosthesis and respiratory restrictive syndrome, was submitted to surgical correction of kyphoscoliosis. Current drug therapy included digitalis, oral anticoagulant and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. After careful preoperative evaluation, oral anticoagulant and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs were discontinued (five and ten days before surgery, respectively), and intravenous heparin was introduced and maintained until two h before surgery. Bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis was obtained with ampicillin (50 mg·kg−1) and gentamicin (1.5 mg·kg−1). Anaesthetic management followed a general, balanced technique and the use of invasive monitoring devices. Clotting times were kept within the normal range—prothrombin time between 13 s and 14 s; partial thromboplastin time between 28 s and 30 s

Surgery was straightforward. The patient remained ventilated for 24 h and intravenous morphine (6 μg·kg−1·h−1) was used for nurse controlled analgesia. Afterwards, this was changed for patient controlled analgesia. Intravenous heparin was restarted 12 h after surgery and there were no complications postoperatively

Keeping the patient without anticoagulant therapy during this kind of surgery, was the less harmful option, taking into consideration that haemorrhage is inevitable and thromboembolism is a potential, though serious risk.
Laryngeal mask airway use in children with acute burns: intraoperative airway management
Authors: McCall John E. , Fischer Carl G. , Schomaker Elizabeth , Young Jacqueline M.
Published: March 2003

Paediatric patients with acute burns often require many operative procedures in short succession; yet due to inhalation injury or recent extubation their airways may be susceptible to tracheal tube induced damage. We proposed the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) as a useful airway management tool in this setting. In this prospective study, 80 eight (88) patients with mean age (±SD) of 7.8±4.7 years and average percentage total body surface area burned (%TBSA) of 21±18% had their airways managed with an LMA while in the operating room for 141 procedures. Twenty‐five patients (28.4%) had been previously intubated for burn management and 19 (21.6%) had evidence of inhalation injury. During each procedure, the patient was evaluated for airway obstruction, laryngospasm, inability to ventilate, hypoxaemia, evidence of aspiration/regurgitation or any situation which required intraoperative manipulation/removal of the LMA. Of the 141 procedures, 122 were without airway problems. Of the remaining 19, nine required only a simple reseating of the LMA for correction. The other 10 events include arterial desaturation (n=3), partial laryngospasm (5), airway obstruction (1) and regurgitation without aspiration (1). In each case, corrective action led to resolution of the problem with no patient morbidity. This series demonstrates the LMA is a safe and efficacious airway management device in the paediatric burn population.
Anaesthesia for manipulation of forearm fractures in children: a survey of current practice
Authors: Marcus R.J. , Thompson J.P.
Published: March 2003

Despite recent recommendations that all children presenting for urgent or emergency surgery should be treated as though they have a full stomach, a local audit had shown a wide variation in technique used for anaesthesia in children after trauma. Therefore, a postal questionnaire was sent to 500 anaesthetists regarding their preferred anaesthetic technique for a 6‐year‐old child requiring manipulation of a forearm fracture. Four clinical situations were presented differing in the timing of surgery in relation to the injury, starvation times before injury and the administration of opioid analgesia. Rapid sequence induction and tracheal intubation was preferred by 83% of all anaesthetists for surgery on the day of injury if the child had eaten 2 h prior to injury and had received opioid analgesia, but the percentage was significantly lower in experienced anaesthetists (P < 0.05) compared with trainees, and was 34.5% overall if surgery was delayed until the following day. Only 19.3% would perform a rapid sequence induction for surgery on the day of injury if the child had not eaten for 6 h before the injury. We conclude that not all anaesthetists believe that rapid sequence induction is necessary for anaesthesia after forearm fractures, despite recent recommendations.
Anaesthetic management of liver haemorrhage during laparotomy in a premature infant with necrotizing enterocolitis
Authors: Breschan Christian , Kraschl Raimund , Krenn Roland , Krumpholz Ruth , Jost Robert , Likar Rudolf
Published: March 2003

The case of a 680 g premature baby who developed massive spontaneous liver haemorrhage during laparotomy for necrotizing enterocolitis is reported. The infant survived due to rapid and massive fluid administration, including transfusion of large volumes of blood and blood products, in combination with high dose inotropic support and the surgical use of packing with thrombostatic sponges. Good venous access, including two central venous lines, turned out to be very useful.
Intramucosal gastric pH during liver transplantation
Authors: Concha Mario , Dagnino Jorge , Altermatt Fernando
Published: March 2003

Intramucosal gastric pH (pHi) was measured during liver transplantation in a 3‐year‐old girl. The basal value was below that reported as normal for paediatric patients under stable normal ventilatory and haemodynamic conditions. Additional reductions of the pHi were observed during the hepatectomy and anhepatic phase, in the absence of haemodynamic or ventilatory alterations. The reperfusion phase was characterized by a progressive return toward normal values. Because we did not measure oxygen delivery and consumption, we cannot determine whether the reduction of the pHi was due to insufficient oxygen delivery or a result of the vascular anatomical alterations due to the surgical procedure.
Impact of an antiemetic protocol on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children
Authors: Drake R. , Anderson B.J. , Persson M.A. , Thompson J.M.D.
Published: March 2003

The objective of the study was to demonstrate a decreased incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in children through the use of an antiemetic protocol. PONV was recorded in children (1.5–15 years) after inpatient surgery under general anaesthesia in a prospective, interview based survey. Group 1 consisted of children having surgery 1 month before the introduction of a formalized antiemetic protocol and group 2, 2 months after its introduction. Data were collected over a 1‐month period in each group. Outcome measures of nausea, emesis, antiemetic requirement and patient satisfaction were monitored for the first 24‐h postoperative period. There were 272 children enrolled: 138 in group 1 and 134 in group 2. There was a difference between the two groups for gender (P=0.03), type of surgery (P=0.017), perioperative opioid (P=0.003) and perioperative antiemetic use (P=0.024). However, multivariate analysis did not demonstrate an impact on outcome from these factors. The incidence of postoperative nausea (PON) and postoperative vomiting (POV) following the introduction of the protocol was 36% and 34%, respectively. Moderate to severe nausea was decreased after introduction of the protocol (18% versus 9%, P=0.028) but moderate to severe vomiting failed to reach significance (19% versus 11%, P=0.078). The proportion of children who had repeated nausea decreased after the introduction of the protocol (17% versus 8%, P=0.02) but repeated episodes of vomiting remained unchanged (19% versus 14%). This was attributed to a significant increase in antiemetic prescribing by protocol in group 2 (10% versus 59%, P < 0.001). Patient satisfaction was high in both groups (85% versus 90%). The introduction of a postoperative antiemetic protocol improved prescribing frequency. This resulted in a decreased incidence of moderate to severe PON and a reduction in the number of patients with repeated nausea.
Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effect of ropivacaine following ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block in children
Authors: Dalens Bernard , Ecoffey Claude , Joly Agnes , Giaufré Elisabeth , Gustafsson Urban , Huledal Gunilla , Larsson Lars E.
Published: March 2003

Background: The aim was to investigate the efficacy, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of ropivavcaine when administered for ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric block in children.

Methods: We examined the pharmacokinetics and analgesic efficacy after ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block with 3 mg·kg−1 ropivacaine 5 mg·ml−1 in 22 children, aged 1–12 years, who were scheduled for inguinal surgery. Sixteen of 22 patients had a postoperative pain score < 4 (Objective Pain Scale). Nine children were given supplementary analgesics during the first six postoperative hours.

Results: The peak plasma concentration of total ropivacaine was 1.50 ± 0.93 mg·l−1 (mean ± SD) (range 0.64–4.77 mg·l−1) 15–64 min after the injection. The peak plasma concentration of free ropivacaine was 0.05 ± 0.03 mg·l−1 (0.02–0.14 mg·l−1), which is well below the threshold for toxicity in adults. The terminal half‐life was 2.0 ± 0.7 h. No safety concerns or symptoms suggestive of systemic toxicity were observed.

Conclusions: A dose of 3 mg·kg−1 of ropivacaine given as a single ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block in 1–12‐year‐old children provides satisfactory postoperative pain relief, and is well tolerated.
Bispectral index monitoring during infant cardiac surgery: relationship of BIS to the stress response and plasma fentanyl levels
Authors: Kussman Barry D. , Gruber Eva M. , Zurakowski David , Hansen Dolly D. , Sullivan Lorna J. , Laussen Peter C.
Published: March 2003

Background: We evaluated the relationship of the bispectral index (BIS) to commonly used indices of depth of anaesthesia in 19 infants enrolled in a prospective study of the stress response to hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods: Group 1 (n=8) received high‐dose fentanyl by bolus technique; group 2 (n=6) received high‐dose fentanyl by continuous infusion; and group 3 (n=5) received a fentanyl–midazolam infusion. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, ACTH, glucose, lactate and fentanyl were analysed 15 min postinduction, 15 min poststernotomy, 15 min on CPB during cooling and during skin closure.

Results: Mean BIS (SD) values for all 19 patients were 45.3 (12.3), 40.4 (14.5), 24.4 (12.4) and 47.9 (13.9), at the successive time points. No significant differences were observed in changes in BIS over time between the groups. A significant correlation was found 15 min postinduction between BIS and BP (systolic r=0.51, mean r=0.56) in all groups, but not between BIS and HR. BIS did not correlate with BP or HR at any other time point. There was no significant correlation between BIS and hormonal, biochemical or plasma fentanyl levels for any group at any time point.

Conclusions: We were unable to demonstrate a relationship between the BIS and haemodynamic, metabolic or hormonal indices of anaesthetic depth. Further evaluation of the BIS algorithm is required in neonates and infants.
Management of postdural puncture headache with epidural blood patch in children
Authors: Ylönen Paula , Kokki Hannu
Published: March 2003

Background: Until the last decade, it was believed that postdural puncture headache (PDPH) was an uncommon complaint in children, but recent studies indicate that young children may develop PDPH after spinal puncture. When the symptoms are severe and are not relieved within a few days with analgesics, forced hydration and bed rest, then epidural blood patch (EBP) might be performed.

Methods: In this retrospective survey, we analysed EBP performed in Kuopio University Hospital between the years 1995 and 2000.

Results: During the 6‐year period, seven EBP were performed in children aged 12 years or younger. Four out of the seven children had undergone a diagnostic spinal puncture, two had spinal anaesthesia and one child had spinal puncture for treatment of postoperative hygroma. Five children had a typical PDPH, one child had a cerebrospinal fluid fistula headache and one child had a headache similar to his migraine. EBP was performed 2–19 days after spinal puncture with 0.3 ml·kg–1 (mean) of autologous blood injected into the epidural space.

Conclusions: EBP gave some relief of symptoms in all children. No complications related to EBP were noticed.
Repeated administration of ketamine may lead to neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain
Authors: HAYASHI HIDEAKI , DIKKES PIETER , SORIANO SULPICIO G.
Published: March 2003

Background: This study was conducted to investigate, in vivo, the dose and duration effects of ketamine administration on neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain.

Methods: Seven‐day‐old (P7) Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated with intraperitoneal injections of ketamine, a noncompetitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist. Degenerating neurones were identified by the cupric‐silver stain from 10 brain regions using the stereological disector method.

Results: A single dose of ketamine (25, 50 and 75 mg·kg–1) did not increase neuronal degeneration compared with the saline‐treated control. However, repeated doses of ketamine (25 mg·kg–1) at 90‐min intervals over 9 h increased degenerating neurones in seven out of 10 brain regions.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that the duration of ketamine exposure correlates with increased neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain.
Propofol or midazolam do not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Cohen Ira Todd , Drewsen Suzanne , Hannallah Raafat S.
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: The aim of the study was to determine if concurrent use of short‐acting sedatives would decrease the incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane while preserving rapid recovery.

Methods: Sixty‐nine children, aged 2–9 years, who were undergoing adenotonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to three groups: (i) intravenous midazolam 0.1 mg·kg–1; (ii) propofol 2 mg·kg–1; and (iii) control. An observer blind to anaesthetic technique assessed emergence times and behaviour. Data were compared using chi‐squared and ANOVA.

Results: Midazolam initially decreased the incidence of emergence agitation but, in the postanaesthesia care unit, significant agitation was seen in all three groups. Emergence and complete recovery were delayed in groups 1 and 2.

Conlusions: The concurrent use of midazolam or propofol did not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation but did delay emergence and recovery. These agents are not recommended for reducing emergence agitation in children receiving desflurane.
Accuracy of visual estimation of body height and weight in supine paediatric patients
Authors: Uesugi Takanobu , Okada Naoko , Sakai Keiichi , Nishina Kahoru , Mikawa Katsuya , Shiga Makoto
Published: March 2003

Background: When it is impossible to measure the weight and height of paediatric patients, these are usually estimated. We undertook this study to see how accurate these estimates are in practice.

Methods: Five observers estimated body height and weight, and subsequently calculated body surface area, in 48 paediatric inpatients who were lying on surgical ward trolleys.

Results: Regression analysis of the data revealed that good correlations existed between estimated and actual body size in all the investigators. However, we found large percentage errors in estimation for infants and younger children with small physical size, and a variation in scatter distribution of estimation errors among the five investigators.

Conclusions: These findings suggest the necessity to titrate drug doses for administration in this small paediatric population.
Effect of single‐ and multiple‐dose 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure and pupil size in female horses
Authors: van der Woerdt Alexandra , Wilkie David A. , Gilger Brian C. , Strauch Stephen M. , Orczeck Shawn M.
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of single and multiple‐dose 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size between 8amand 8pm.

AnimalsNine female horses with normotensive eyes.

ProcedureIOP, horizontal and vertical pupil size were measured on a single day, between 8amand 8pmat hours 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. A single dose of 0.5% timolol maleate was applied to both eyes immediately after the first measurement at 8am. IOP and pupil size were measured at 8amand 4pmin a 5‐day experiment of twice‐daily application of 0.5% timolol maleate.

ResultsA significant decrease in IOP from 24.9 ± 4.2 mmHg prior to application of timolol maleate to 20.7 ± 3.1 mmHg (4.2 mmHg = 17%) was observed 8 h after single‐dose application. A significant decrease in horizontal pupil size (2.0 mm = 11%) was present 6 h after single‐dose application. In the multiple‐dose experiment, a significant decrease in IOP was present on days 4 and 5 as compared to IOP measured prior to application of timolol maleate. A significant decrease in horizontal and vertical pupil size was present throughout the 5‐day study as compared to the values obtained prior to treatment.

Conclusions0.5% timolol maleate significantly decreased IOP and pupil size in normo‐tensive eyes of this group of female horses in both single and multiple twice daily applications.
Vasculature of the ophthalmic rete in night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax): scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts
Authors: Ninomiya Hiroyoshi
Published: March 2003

Vasculature of the ophthalmic rete (rete ophthalmicum) in the night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) was studied using scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and light microscopy on tissue sections. Most blood to the eyeball and a lesser volume of blood to the brain passed through the ophthalmic rete via the external ophthalmic artery. The collateral retial arterioles originated from the external ophthalmic artery forming a flat and fusiform‐shaped arterial network at the ventrotemporal region of the eyeball. The arterial network was intermixed with a similar complex of the veins from the eye. The ophthalmotemporal artery, which supplied the eyeball posteriorly, and supraorbital and infraorbital arteries, which supplied the eyeball anteriorly, originated from the rete. Blood from the eye, which is a site of potential heat loss, drained into the ophthalmic rete via the ophthalmotemporal vein. On the casts of retial arterioles, slit‐like cleavages at branching sites representing flap valves, which might play a role as sluice valves, were seen. In addition, marks of circularly running grooves, which might represent tufts of smooth muscle cells and might contribute to a sphincter activity, were observed. These anatomical specializations of the avian ophthalmic rete, involving parallel arrangement of arteries and veins, may function to facilitate counter‐current heat exchange and to regulate blood pressure and volume to the eye and the brain.
Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Pseudectinosoma, and description ofP. janineaesp. n. (Crustacea, Copepoda, Ectinosomatidae)
Authors: Galassi Diana M. P. , De Laurentiis Paola , Dole‐Olivier Marie‐José
Published: March 2003

Recent stygobiological investigations carried out in the circum‐Mediterranean area resulted in the discovery of a new species of the genusPseudectinosomaKunz, described herein asP. janineaesp. n. The taxonomic status of the genus is reviewed in a phylogenetic perspective. The origin of the present‐day distribution of the genusPseudectinosomais reconstructed both from patterns of relationships among the species and from palaeogeographical data.
Characterization of a developmentally regulated amino acid transporter (AAT1p) of the rust fungus Uromyces fabae
Authors: Struck Christine , Ernst Michael , Hahn Matthias
Published: March 2003

summary

In the rust fungus Uromyces fabae, invasion of the host plant and haustorium formation are accompanied by the activation of many genes (PIGs =in planta induced genes). In addition to the previously described AAT2 (PIG2), AAT1 (PIG27) was found to encode a protein with a high similarity to fungal amino acid permeases. AAT1 transcripts are present in germinated hyphae and throughout the mycelium later in the infection process, but occur at the highest levels in haustoria. Expression of AAT1p in a histidine uptake‐defective yeast mutant revealed energy‐dependent transport of 14C‐histidine, with a KM value of 25.8 µm. In addition, complementation analysis revealed AAT1‐dependent transport for lysine. Using Xenopus oocytes as expression system, AAT1p‐dependent symport of protons with a broad spectrum of amino acids was observed, with the highest activities obtained with histidine and lysine. These results confirm that in rust fungi, the expression of amino acid transporters is developmentally regulated and occurs preferentially in the parasitic phase of development.
Culture‐derived strategies of a paediatric home‐care nursing specialty team*
Authors: Byrne M. W.
Published: March 2003

This is an ethnographic study of one paediatric home‐care nursing specialty team that cares for children and their families affected by perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Observations made by the investigator as part of a larger study suggested that the intricacy and breadth of nursing knowledge and actions that were actually used far exceeded what the standard documentation recorded. Spradley's Developmental Research Sequence, combining methods of participant observation and interviewing, was used to answer the question: What nursing strategies are used in managing the health needs of HIV‐exposed infants in a home‐care programme? Thematic analyses revealed that the visit process had four essential elements, as perceived and lived by the nurses: the pursuit; the connection; the work; and the disengagement. This full scope of nursing strategies for assisting and empowering these families remains largely invisible, limited to verbal transmission to family caregivers and among nurses. It needs to be documented, claimed and further studied by nursing.
Self‐rated performance of quality specialists in Korea
Authors: Hwang J.‐I. , Kim C.‐Y.
Published: March 2003

This study was conducted to explore the self‐rated performance level of quality specialists in Korea in order to provide information to direct the future needs for education and role orientation. The formal identification and appointment of quality specialists in health‐care organizations in Korea began in the mid‐1990s. The majority of quality specialists, appointed by their hospital, assumed positions without undergoing the prerequisite training or education. Extensive variation in performance has been recognized. The sample (n = 29) in this study included all quality specialists at hospitals in Seoul and Kyung‐Gi province. Their performance was rated using a postal questionnaire consisting of a set of activities in five domains (policy development, data collection and analysis, communication and report, education and support, and administration). The response rate was 100%. The respondents had an average of 25.5 months of experience as quality specialists. Self‐rated performance of quality‐related activities demonstrated wide variation, independent of personal, departmental, or hospital‐specific characteristics. The respondents rated their performance highly in the area of communication and reporting. The performance of administrative activities was rated lowest. Perceived differences between desired and actual performance were statistically significant in all activities of each domain, and were largest in policy development, and next in education and support. Self‐rated performance among the five domains demonstrated positive, significant correlations. Hence, the findings imply the necessity of a formal education for quality specialists to accelerate balanced growth in all domains of quality activities.
Empowerment in nursing: the role of philosophical and psychological factors
Authors: Nyatanga Lovemore , Dann Katie L.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the concept of empowerment and how it relates to nursing. It notes that empowerment is a concept used to describe most human activities. The fact that empowerment applies to almost any activity denotes its ambiguity rather than its parsimony. To clarify the concept a definition is offered together with some suggestions for its origin. Some examples of empowerment programmes are given, including the Freirian empowerment philosophy that has had a profound effect in Brazil. The paper then focuses on nursing and discusses whether or not nursing can empower patients. It is argued that nursing cannot empower patients, at least at the present time. Two specific problems are identified as the main reasons why nursing cannot empower patients. It is argued that the first problem or reason is a philosophical one explored using the philosophy of existentialism. The second problem is the nurse–patient interaction and the psychological dynamics involved within such interaction. For example, the continued use of the term ‘patient’ by nurses and other healthcare professionals is seen as militating against empowerment. This is because of the traditional conception of a patient, which invariably assumes not only the patient's sick role but also the passivity associated with being a patient. Furthermore, the hierarchical nature of the profession makes it difficult to empower others. The paper examines some research studies related to patient empowerment. The findings suggest there are problems and some of them stem from the hierarchical and authoritarian nature of nursing. The paper concludes by suggesting ways by which the ideals of patient empowerment may be turned into reality.
Lipoprotein Creams: Utilization of Multifunctional Ingredients for the Preparation of Cosmetic Emulsions with Excellent Skin Compatibility
Authors: Förster TH. , Waldmann‐Laue M. , Both W. , Jassoy C.
Published: March 2003

Lipoproteins are plant‐derived surface‐active biopolymers, which act as emulsifying as well as viscosity‐enhancing agents in oil‐in‐water emulsions. Depending on the degree of hydrolization, lipoproteins are dispersible or even soluble in water. In the presence of low to medium polar oils, lipoproteins are adsorbed and align at the oil‐water interface, whereas in mixtures with high polar oils the lipoproteins are repelled from the oil‐water interface. The water‐dispersible lipoproteins show higher interfacial activity than the hydrolysates.

Lipoproteins bear a negative electric charge in aqueous dispersions at pH 6.5, which is probably the reason for the stabilization of oil droplets against coalescence. Lipoprotein creams were characterized in terms of particle size, rheology, and emulsion stability against sedimentation, which was evaluated by a near‐infrared sedimentometer.

After topical application, emulsion stability breaks down and an emulsion film is formed on the skin surface. Lipoprotein creams cause a distinct increase in skin pliability and skin moisture and show excellent skin compatibility. In a home use test the panelists appreciated the cosmetic and caring properties of the lipoprotein cream.
In Vitro Assessment of Sunscreen Photostability: The Effect of Radiation Source, Sunscreen Application Thickness and Substrate
Authors: Stokes R. , Diffey B.
Published: March 2003

The photostabilities of four sunscreen products have been assessed in vitro by applying sunscreen to a substrate and measuring the spectral transmission prior to, and after exposure to a source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Results were independent of whether an application thickness of 1 or 2 mg/cm was used, and whether the UV source was natural sunlight or a xenon arc solar‐simulator. There were significant differences, however, between results obtained on a roughened quartz substrate and those obtained on excised human epidermis. It is unlikely that any substrate will give an exact representation of the in vivo situation and, indeed, both quartz and excised human epidermis have disadvantages associated with their use. However, the ranking of the four products in terms of their photostability was the same for both substrates. This implies that transmission spectroscopy, with either a quartz or a human epidermis substrate, can be used successfully to compare the photostabilities of different sunscreen products.
A very stable W/O/W multiple emulsion
Authors: De Luca  , Grossiord  , Seiller
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

The comparison of the results of microscopic, conductimetric and rheologic analyses carried out on the same triple W/O/W emulsion, immediately following its manufacture and 10 years later, indicates the remarkable stability of such system. This stability illustrates the great potential of this formula in the protection of unstable ingredients, with regard to external stress, when encapsulated with a high yield.

Résumé

La comparison des résultats des analyses microscopiques effectuées sur une même fomule d’émulsion multiple H/L/H, juste après sa fabrication et après 10 ans de conservation, ont permis de mettre en évidence la remarquable stabilité de ce système. Cette stabilité démontre les grandes possibilités de cette formule dans la protection, vis à vis des milieux extérieurs, des substances fragiles incorporés avec un haut rendement d’encapsulation.
Stability of octyl methoxycinnamate and identification of its photo‐degradation product
Authors: Pattanaargson S. , Limphong P.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

A stability study of octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) using C‐18 HPLC indicated that OMC degraded into a new product when exposed to sunlight. When kept in the dark at 4, 20, 32 and 60 °C for one month, no degradation of OMC was detected. Online HPLC‐APCI‐MS revealed similar APCI mass spectra for OMC and its degradation product. Isolation of the photo‐degradation product was done using semi‐preparative HPLC. NMR spectra of OMC and the isolated photo‐degradation product indicated the change from an E‐octyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate into a Z‐octyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate. NMR spectra of the unfractionated‐light‐exposed‐OMC showed that the Z‐OMC was the only product generated.
Surface characterization of human hair by atomic force microscopy in the imaging and F‐d modes
Authors: Blach J. , Loughlin W. , Watson G. , Myhra S.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

Surface structure and surface mechanical properties of human hair have been characterized by atomic force microscopy in the imaging mode and by force vs. distance, F‐d, analysis. The effects of treatment by commercial conditioner/shampoo or by aqueous exposure have been investigated. The cuticular structure has been imaged at medium resolution; longitudinal striations with lateral spacings of 150–350 nm and vertical corrugations in the range 2–8 nm were observed at higher resolution. The features are similar to those observed for untreated wool fibre. Both adventitious debris/contamination and residues from cosmetic treatment can be imaged with resolution in the low‐nanometre range. Removal of the cuticular surface layer from treatment with alkali solution, and subsequent imaging, revealed a fibrous substructure. F‐d analysis of the surface is a rich source of spatially resolved mechanical and chemical information. Surface stiffness, and an equivalent Young's Modulus, E, can be inferred from the shape of the ‘approach’ tip‐to‐surface contact curve. A value of E of ≈ 10 MPa was obtained for untreated hair. During aqueous exposure for 1 h the stiffness and modulus decreased by approximately a factor of 10. The discontinuity seen at ‘lift‐off’ during the retract half‐cycle of F‐d analysis represents a measure of tip‐to‐surface adhesion. Adhesion decreased during aqueous exposure and was below the level of detectability after 1 h. Likewise, treatment by conditioner had the effect of lowering adhesion. High resolution F‐d data revealed features that are consistent with the presence of a thin and readily compressible surface layer, probably analogous to the surface lipid layer on untreated wool fibre.
UV protection of artificially coloured hair using a leave‐on formulation
Authors: Maillan Ph.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

The present article describes the use of a polymeric organosiloxane sunscreen (SLX), to protect the artificial colour of human hair upon simulated solar radiation. The cosmetic vehicle used to treat the coloured hair is a leave‐on formula. It has been found that the semi‐permanent and permanent colours can both be degraded when exposed to simulated sunlight. The efficacy of SLX to protect the artificial colours was compared to ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), the most often used UV filter in marketed sun sprays. SLX (1–5%) was more effective than EHMC (1–5%) to protect the artificially coloured hair, especially by protecting the lightness of the hair.
The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4–18 years
Authors: Smithers Gillian , Gregory Janet R. , Bates Christopher J. , Prentice Ann , Jackson Lisa V. , Wenlock Robert
Published: March 2003

This review describes and present the findings of a survey of the diet and nutrition of young people aged 4–18 years living in private households in the UK, carried out between January 1997 and January 1998. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of young people aged 4–18 years forms part of the NDNS programme, which aims to provide a comprehensive, cross‐sectional picture of the dietary habits, nutrient intakes and nutritional status of the British population by studying representative samples of defined age groups. The survey components included a detailed interview covering dietary habits, lifestyle and socio‐demographic characteristics; a 7‐day weighed dietary record; a 7‐day physical activity diary; measurements of height, weight, mid‐upper arm, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure; a blood sample for analysis of a range of nutritional status indices; a single urine sample; and an oral health interview and dental examination. A total of 1701 young people provided 7‐day dietary records, representing a response rate of 64%. Results have been published in two volumes covering the diet and nutrition survey and the oral health survey. The reports present results for boys and girls separately in four age groups: 4–6 years; 7–10 years; 11–14 years and 15–18 years. Results are also presented by region and by socio‐economic characteristics. This review summarises some of the main findings of the diet and nutrition survey, including: the proportion of young people who ate selected foods; energy and nutrient intakes compared with UK Dietary Reference Values; nutritional status; physical measurements; and physical activity.
The human uncoupling protein‐1 gene (UCP1): present status and perspectives in obesity research
Authors: Gonzalez‐Barroso M. Del Mar , Ricquier D. , Cassard‐Doulcier A.‐M.
Published: March 2003

Energy expenditure through brown adipose tissue thermogenesis contributes either to maintenance of body temperature in a cold environment or to wasted food energy, i.e. cold‐induced or diet‐induced thermogenesis. Both mechanisms are due to a specific and unique protein: the uncoupling protein‐1. Uncoupling protein‐1 is exclusively expressed in mitochondria of brown adipocytes where it uncouples respiration from ATP synthesis, dissipating the proton gradient as heat. In humans, although uncoupling protein‐1 can be detected, the inability to quantify brown adipose tissue makes it difficult to argue for a role for uncoupling protein‐1 in thermogenesis and energy expenditure. This review summarizes data supporting the existence of brown adipocytes and the role of UCP1 in energy dissipation in adult humans. Understanding the mechanisms which regulate transcription and expression of the human UCP1 gene will facilitate the identification of molecules able to increase the levels of this protein in order to modulate energy expenditure in adult humans.
Obesity prevalence and trends in Latin‐American countries
Authors: Filozof C. , Gonzalez C. , Sereday M. , Mazza C. , Braguinsky J.
Published: March 2003

The prevalence of obesity in some lower‐income and transitional countries is as high as, or even higher than, the prevalence reported in developed nations, and it seems to be increasing rapidly. In most countries, the prevalence of obesity is higher in women than in men, and higher in urban than in rural areas. Preobesity prevalence is very high in most Latin‐American countries. Sixty per cent of the population in Venado Tuerto (Argentina) has a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg m−2, as do 35% of the population in Brazil, 60% in Mexico, 68% in Paraguay and 53% in Peru. Trends are available from Brazil, where marked increases in the prevalence of obesity have occurred, except in women from higher‐income groups. Women from the higher‐income quartiles in urban regions experienced a marked reduction in obesity prevalence from 1989 to 1997 (12.8 to 9.2%). Although data in children is scant, the prevalence of undernutrition is decreasing and the prevalence of obesity is high also in Latin‐American children. The prevalence of obesity is high even in minority Indian groups. Rapid changes in dietary structure (in particular associated with urbanization) and major changes in the levels of physical activity, both occupationally and during leisure time, may explain these changes.