bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying factors determining the altitudinal distribution of the invasive pest leafminersLiriomyza huidobrensisandLiriomyza sativae
Authors: Tantowijoyo Warsito , Hoffmann Ary A.
Published: April 2010

Abiotic and biotic factors that change with altitude can influence the distribution of herbivorous insects. We examined factors influencing the distribution of the generalist leafminersLiriomyza sativaeBlanchard andLiriomyza huidobrensisBlanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), two pests of agricultural crops, in the tropical Dieng mountainous area of Central Java, Indonesia.Liriomyza huidobrensispredominated at altitudes above 700 m a.s.l. and was the only species collected above 1 400 m a.s.l. In contrast,L. sativaepredominated below 600 m a.s.l. and was not found above 1 200 m where the average temperature was 20.7 °C. Parasitoid diversity decreased with altitude, but parasitism did not change. The distribution of neither species was affected by parasitoids;L. huidobrensispredominant at high altitudes was preferred byOpiusparasitoids common at these altitudes. Intra‐ and interspecific competition was detected in laboratory experiments where larval density was high, but led to coexistence rather than species displacement. No competition was detected in a field experiment when larval density was low. However,L. sativaefailed to reproduce at the highest altitude, whereasL. huidobrensisestablished at all altitudes. Host composition varied with altitude and one host (faba beans) preferred byL. huidobrensiswas common at high altitudes. By relating published data on the performance of the leafminer species to altitudinal temperature changes, we were partly successful in predicting the altitude at which the dominant species switched. Temperature plays an overriding influence on the altitudinal distribution of leafminers.
Factors affecting soft tissue level around anterior maxillary single‐tooth implants
Authors: Nisapakultorn Kanokwan , Suphanantachat Supreda , Silkosessak Onanong , Rattanamongkolgul Suthee
Published: April 2010

Background: Peri‐implant soft tissue recession is a major esthetic concern for the anterior implants. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that affected the facial marginal mucosal level and papilla level around single‐tooth implants in the anterior maxilla.

Methods: Forty single‐tooth implants in the anterior maxilla were studied. Variables possibly associated with the soft tissue level were obtained from clinical measurements, study models, peri‐apical radiographs, and computerized tomograms. Fisher's exact test, analysis of variance, and binary logistic regression analysis were used to determine the influence of each factor on the facial marginal mucosal level and papilla level.

Results: The majority of the implants (75%) replaced the upper central incisors. The facial mucosal margin of the implant was 0.5±0.9 mm more apical than that of the contralateral tooth. Half or more of papilla fill was observed in 89% of the samples. More apical level of the facial mucosal margin at the implant sites was significantly influenced by many factors including a thin peri‐implant biotype, a proclined implant fixture angle, more apical level of the facial bone crest, increased distance from the contact point to the bone crest, contact point to the platform, and contact point to implant bone. A thin biotype was the most significant factor in determining the facial marginal mucosal level. Increased distance from the contact point to the bone crest was the only factor significantly associated with less papilla fill.

Conclusions: The papilla level around single‐tooth implants in the anterior maxilla was mainly influenced by the interproximal bone crest level of the adjacent tooth. Facial marginal mucosal level, on the other hand, was affected by multiple factors including the peri‐implant biotype, the facial bone crest level, the implant fixture angle, the interproximal bone crest level, the depth of implant platform, and the level of first bone to implant contact.

To cite this article:
 Nisapakultorn K, Suphanantachat S, Silkosessak O, Rattanamongkolgul S. Factors affecting soft tissue level around anterior maxillary single‐tooth implants. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 662–670. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01887.x
Caries prevalence of permanent teeth: a national survey of children in Iceland using ICDAS
Authors: Agustsdottir Helga , Gudmundsdottir Holmfridur , Eggertsson Hafsteinn , Jonsson Stefan Hrafn , Gudlaugsson Jon Oskar , Saemundsson Sigurdur Runar , Eliasson Sigfus T. , Arnadottir Inga B. , Holbrook W. Peter
Published: April 2010

Agustsdottir H, Gudmundsdottir H, Eggertsson H, Jonsson SH, Gudlaugsson JO, Saemundsson SR, Eliasson ST, Arnadottir IB, Holbrook WP. Caries prevalence of permanent teeth: a national survey of children in Iceland using ICDAS. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 299–309. © John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Objectives:  The Icelandic Oral Health Survey aimed to obtain new national data on the oral health of Icelandic children and teenagers.

Methods:  A representative stratified random cluster sample of 2251 Icelandic children in first, seventh and 10th grade, aged approximately 6‐, 12‐ and 15‐years old was examined for caries prevalence using the ICDAS criteria. Bite‐wing digital radiographs were obtained for the children in 7th and 10th grade.

Results:  D3MFT scores by visual examination of 6‐, 12‐ and 15‐year olds were 0.12, 1.43 and 2.78 respectively but when including radiographs, the D3MFT rose to 2.11 at 12 years and 4.25 at 15 years. The Significant Caries Index, SiC, by visual examination for 12 and 15 y was 3.7 and 6.7 respectively but was 4.7 for 12 y and 8.9 for 15 y with radiographs. In all age groups and at most disease levels, caries was active in the majority of the lesions (58–100%). The percentage of children with no visually detectable caries at D3/D1 level was 93%/74% for 6 years, 48%/22% for 12 years and 35%/16% for 15 years. When radiographs were included the percentage reduced to 34%/15% for 12 years and 20%/6% for 15 years. Approximately 80% of 12‐ and 15‐year‐olds had at least one of their first molars sealed, with the mean number of sealed first molars being 2.2 among 12 y and 2.0 among 15 y.

Conclusions:  Caries levels were higher than expected in this national survey and further away from the goals of the National Health Plan for 2010 than anticipated. Caries distribution was skewed with more than half of the children having low caries scores but a wide distribution of caries experience was seen among the remaining population.
Long‐term effectiveness of a nutritional program in reducing early childhood caries: a randomized trial
Authors: Feldens Carlos Alberto , Giugliani Elsa Regina Justo , Duncan Bruce Bartholow , Drachler Maria de Lourdes , Vítolo Márcia Regina
Published: April 2010

Feldens CA, Giugliani ERJ, Duncan BB, Drachler ML, Vítolo MR. Long‐term effectiveness of a nutritional program in reducing early childhood caries: a randomized trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 324–332. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Objectives:  To investigate the effectiveness of home visits advising mothers about healthy feeding practices during the first year of life on the occurrence of early childhood caries and severe early childhood caries at 4 years of age.

Methods:  We conducted a parallel randomized trial of mothers of single, full‐term children with birthweight ≥ 2500g in São Leopoldo, Brazil. The intervention group received monthly advice up to 6 months and then at 8, 10 and 12 months by undergraduate nutrition students, based on the ``Ten Steps for Healthy Feeding'', a Brazilian national health policy for primary care based on World Health Organization guidelines. The primary outcome was the occurrence of early childhood caries at age four. Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of severe early childhood caries and the number of affected teeth: decayed (white spots and cavities), missing and filled teeth (d1+mft). Blinded observers ascertained feeding habits in the home and one blinded dentist performed dental examinations in a municipal clinic. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00629629.

Results:  Of 500 mother‐child pairs (200 intervention, 300 control) enrolled, 340 (141 intervention, 199 control) completed 4 year follow‐up. As 138 (69.3%) controls but only 76 (53.9%) intervention children had early childhood caries, home counseling reduced incidence by 22% (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.65‐0.93). Severe early childhood caries incidence was reduced by 32% (RR 0.68; 95% CI 050‐0.92). The mean number of affected teeth was lower for the intervention group (3.25) compared with the control group (4.15) (Mann Whitney U‐test; p=0.023). No adverse effects were noted.

Conclusions:  Home nutritional advice during the first year of life decreases caries incidence and severity at four years of age in a low income community.
Self‐rated oral health and associated factors in Brazilian elders
Authors: Pattussi Marcos Pascoal , Peres Karen Glazer , Boing Antonio Fernando , Peres Marco Aurélio , Da Costa Juvenal Soares Dias
Published: April 2010

Pattussi MP, Peres KG, Boing AF, Peres MA, da Costa JSD. Self‐rated oral health and associated factors in Brazilian elders. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 348–359. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Objective:  Self‐rating provides a simple direct way of capturing perceptions of health. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of poor self‐rated oral health among elders.

Methods:  National data from a cross‐sectional population‐based study with a multistage random sample of 4786 Brazilian older adults (aged 65–74) in 250 towns were analysed. Data collection included oral examinations (WHO 1997) and struct‐ured interviews at elderly households. The outcome was measured by a single five‐point‐response‐scale question dichotomized into ‘poor’ (fair/poor/very poor) and ‘good’ (good/very good) self‐rated oral health. Data analyses used Poisson regression models stratified by sex.

Results:  The prevalence of poor self‐rated oral health was 46.6% (95% CI: 45.2–48%) in the whole sample, 50.3% (48–52.5) in men and 44.2% (42.4–46) in women. Higher prevalence ratios (PR) were found in elders reporting unfavourable dental appearance (PR = 2.31; 95% CI: 2.02–2.65), poor chewing ability (PR = 1.64; CI: 1.48–1.8) and dental pain (PR = 1.44; CI: 1.04–1.23) in adjusted analysis. Poor self‐perception was also associated with being men, black, unfavourable socioeconomic circumstances, unfavourable clinical oral health and with not using or needing a dental prosthesis.

Conclusion:  Assessment and understanding of self‐rated oral health should take into account social factors, subjective and clinical oral symptoms.
A comparison of a generic and oral health–specific measure in assessing the impact of early childhood caries on quality of life
Authors: Lee Gillian H.M. , McGrath Colman , Yiu Cynthia K.Y. , King Nigel M.
Published: April 2010

Lee GHM, McGrath C, Yiu CKY, King NM. A comparison of a generic and oral health–specific measure in assessing the impact of early childhood caries on quality of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 333–339. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract – Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the performance of a generic health‐related quality‐of‐life measure, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0 (PedsQL™ 4.0) and an oral health–specific quality‐of‐life measure, the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) in assessing the impact of severe early childhood caries (S‐ECC) on the children’s quality of life.

Methods: A trained and calibrated examiner conducted a clinical oral assessment of 111 children (mean age: 49 ± 12 months): 64 of whom were categorized as having S‐ECC and 47 as being caries‐free. Primary caregivers completed a Chinese version of the PedsQL™ 4.0 and the ECOHIS. Clinical examinations were conducted blind of the parental assessments.

Results: The ECOHIS scores were significantly higher for the S‐ECC group than for the caries‐free group (P ≤ 0.001). No significant difference was found between the PedsQL™ 4.0 scores in relation to caries status, except for the subscale of physical functioning (P = 0.04). Correlation of caries status with the ECOHIS scores was strong (r = 0.66;P < 0.01). No significant correlation was found between PedsQL™ 4.0 scores and caries status (r = 0.02;P > 0.05).

Conclusions: The oral health–specific measure, ECOHIS, shows better discriminant property between children with S‐ECC and caries‐free children than the generic measure, PedsQL™ 4.0. The ECOHIS appears more sensitive than PedsQL™ 4.0 in assessing the impact of dental caries on the life quality of preschool children.
Neuronal Ras activation inhibits adult hippocampal progenitor cell division and impairs spatial short‐term memory
Authors: Manns M. , Bichler Z. , Leske O. , Heumann R.
Published: April 2010

A large number of endogenous and exogenous factors have been identified to upregulate and downregulate proliferation, differentiation and/or survival of newborn cells in the adult hippocampus. For studying neuronal mechanisms mediating the impact of those factors, we used a transgenic synRas mouse model expressing constitutively activated Valin12‐Harvey Ras selectively in differentiated neurons. BrdU injections showed significantly reduced proliferation of new cells within the adult hippocampus of transgenic animals compared with their wild‐type siblings. In contrast, the relative survival of newborn cells was increased in synRas mice, although this effect did not fully compensate for diminished proliferation. Inhibition of progenitor cell proliferation and enhancement of cellular survival were more pronounced in males compared with females. Double labelling and doublecortin immunostaining verified that specifically newborn neurons were decreased in synRas mice. Reduced cell generation was observed already 2 h after BrdU pulse injections, identifying an early precursor cell population as target of the inhibitory transgene effect. Differences in proliferation remained stable after 24 h and were specific for the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, as subventricular cell generation was not affected supporting a non‐cell autonomous effect on neural hippocampal progenitors. Transgene expression only starts with synaptic differentiation and therefore reduced proliferation must represent an indirect secondary consequence of synRas activity in differentiated neurons. This was associated with impaired spatial short‐term memory capacities as observed in a radial maze paradigm. Our data suggest that constantly high Ras activity in differentiated neurons downregulates hippocampal precursor cell generation in the neuronal lineage, but is modulated by sex‐dependent factors.
Protein–protein interactions and selection: array‐based techniques for screening disease‐associated biomarkers in predictive/early diagnosis
Authors: Tomizaki Kin‐ya , Usui Kenji , Mihara Hisakazu
Published: April 2010

There has been considerable interest in recent years in the development of miniaturized and parallelized array technology for protein–protein interaction analysis and protein profiling, namely ‘protein‐detecting microarrays’. Protein‐detecting microarrays utilize a wide variety of capture agents (antibodies, fusion proteins, DNA/RNA aptamers, synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, and small molecules) immobilized at high spatial density on a solid surface. Each capture agent binds selectively to its target protein in a complex mixture, such as serum or cell lysate samples. Captured proteins are subsequently detected and quantified in a high‐throughput fashion, with minimal sample consumption. Protein‐detecting microarrays were first described by MacBeath and Schreiber in 2000, and the number of publications involving this technology is rapidly increasing. Furthermore, the first multiplex immunoassay systems have been cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration, signaling recognition of the usefulness of miniaturized and parallelized array technology for protein detection in predictive/early diagnosis. Although genetic tests still predominate, with further development protein‐based diagnosis will become common in clinical use within a few years.
Cardiovascular Aspects of Sexual Medicine
Authors: Jackson Graham , Montorsi Piero , Adams Michael A. , Anis Tarek , El-Sakka Ahmed , Miner Martin , Vlachopoulos Charalambos , Kim Edward
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common and considered to be predominantly of vascular origin.

Aim

To evaluate the link between ED and coronary artery disease (CAD) and provide a consensus report regarding evaluation and management.

Methods

A committee of eight experts from six countries was convened to review the worldwide literature concerning ED and CAD and provide a guideline for management.

Main Outcome Measure

Expert opinion was based on grading the evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate.

Results

ED and CAD frequently coexist. Between 50–70% of men with CAD have ED. ED can arise before CAD is symptomatic with a time window of 3–5 years. ED and CAD share the same risk factors, and endothelial dysfunction is the common denominator. Treating ED in cardiac patients is safe, provided that their risks are properly evaluated.

Conclusion

ED is a marker for silent CAD that needs to be excluded. Men with CAD frequently have ED that can be treated safely following guidelines.
Endocrine Aspects of Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Authors: Buvat Jacques , Maggi Mario , Gooren Louis , Guay Andre T. , Kaufman Joel , Morgentaler Abraham , Schulman Claude , Tan Hui Meng , Torres Luiz Otavio , Yassin Aksam , Zitzmann Michael
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Endocrine disorders may adversely affect men’s sexual function.

Aim

To provide recommendations based on best evidence for diagnosis and treatment of endocrine-related male sexual dysfunctions.

Methods

The Endocrine Aspects of Male Sexual Dysfunctions Committee, including 11 members from eight countries and four continents, collaborated with the Endocrine subcommittee of the Standards Committee of the International Society for Sexual Medicine. Medical literature was reviewed in detail, followed by extensive internal committee discussion over 2 years, then public presentation and discussion with the other experts before finalizing the report.

Main Outcome Measure

Recommendations based on grading of evidence-base medical literature and interactive discussion.

Results

From animal studies, it is derived that testosterone modulates mechanisms involved in erectile machinery, including expression of enzymes that both initiate and terminate erection. In addition, testosterone is essential for sexual motivation. Whether these findings could be extrapolated to human erections is unclear. Testosterone plays a broad role in men’s overall health. Recent studies have established strong associations between low testosterone and metabolic and cardiovascular imbalances. In some studies, low testosterone decreased longevity; however, longitudinal studies do not support the predictive value of low testosterone for further cardiovascular events. The article proposes a standardized process for diagnosis and treatment of endocrine-related male sexual dysfunctions, updating the knowledge on testosterone and prostate safety. There is no compelling evidence that testosterone treatment causes prostate cancer or its progression in men without severe testosterone deficiency (TD). The possible roles of prolactin and thyroid hormones are also examined.

Conclusions

Men with erectile dysfunction, hypoactive sexual desire and retarded ejaculation, as well as those with visceral obesity and metabolic diseases, should be screened for TD and treated. Prospective interventional studies are required before screening for TD in more conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, and considering correction as preventive medicine as much data suggests.
CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE AND PURCHASE INTENT OF A NOVEL LOW‐FAT SUGAR‐FREE SHERBET CONTAINING SOY PROTEIN
Authors: WALKER J. , BOENEKE C.A. , SRIWATTANA S. , HERRERA‐CORREDOR J.A. , PRINYAWIWATKUL W.
Published: April 2010

This research was designed to develop low‐fat sugar‐free frozen sherbet products containing an acceptable level of soy protein (SP) recommended by the Food and Drug Administration and to determine consumer sensory profile driving consumer acceptance and purchase intent. Four orange‐flavored sherbets were manufactured using four levels of SP isolate (6.0, 6.5, 7.5 and 7.9 g/serving) and evaluated by 140 consumers. Consumers evaluated each sample for acceptability of appearance/color, flavor, sweetness, sourness, texture/mouthfeel and overall liking. Consumers also evaluated overall acceptance and purchase intent of these products. All four formulations were overall different (multivariate analysis of variance, Pr > F = 0.0003). Appearance and sweetness were not used by the consumers to differentiate among the four sherbet formulations. Formulations with 7.9 g and 6.0 g SP were equally liked with the mean overall liking score of 5.60–5.66. Formulation with 6.0 g SP had the highest acceptance (65.0%) and purchase intent (55.7%) after consumers had been informed of soy health benefits. Specifically, overall liking and texture were identified as the two most critical attributes affecting overall acceptance and purchase intent of these products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Consumer interest in healthy eating is increasing. Soy‐based products have moved into the marketplace and are becoming increasingly popular. Consumers tend to associate consuming soy with healthy eating habits. In this study, consumer acceptability of low‐fat sugar‐free sherbets containing soy protein (SP) was evaluated. Development of a frozen dessert with SP would give consumers another venue to satisfy consumer's eating desire and provide them with the health benefits of soy.
DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPERATURE TOLERANT SURIMI GELS USING STARCH–PROTEIN INTERACTIONS
Authors: HUNT A. , GETTY K.J. , PARK J.W.
Published: April 2010

Two modified starches (acetylated, phosphated tapioca di‐starch [TAPDS], acetylated waxy maize di‐starch [WADS]) were combined 2:1:1 with native corn and potato (CP) starches and compared with CP at 1:1 and 0% starch (CON). Starch mixtures (2, 4, 6 and 8%) were added to Alaska pollock surimi. Heat stability (5–55C), frozen storage (0, 3 and 6 freeze/thaw [FT] cycles), and refrigerated storage (0, 3 and 6 days) of cooked gels were evaluated. In addition, micro differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic rheology were used to evaluate starch–protein interactions. TAPDS (4 and 6%) and WADS (2–8%) maintained water retention ability of fish protein gels significantly better (P < 0.05) than CON and CP (2–8%). WADS (2 and 6%) and TAPDS (4 and 6%) minimized variability in force and deformation values between 0 and 6 FT. Performance of TAPDS (4 and 6%) and WADS (2%), with regard to maintaining textural properties under different serving temperatures, indicates these special, modified starches could be effectively used in surimi seafood products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

TAPDS (4 and 6%) and WADS (2%) used in surimi seafood performed similar to (P > 0.05) or better than (P < 0.05) to CON with regard to maintaining textural properties at 5 and 55C. This indicates that reduction of surimi content from 75 to 51%, and subsequent increase in water and starch content, respectively, by using optimum levels of modified starch can possibly be achieved without sacrificing textural and other physical properties. Even though the cost of modified starches would be higher than native starch, the role of special, modified starch was significantly noted in maintaining physical properties of cooked starch‐surimi fish protein gels. The performance of TAPDS (4 and 6%) starch mixture and WADS (2%) with regard to maintaining textural attributes at hot and cold serving temperatures, as well as frozen and refrigerated storage stability, suggests that these formulations could be effectively used as a starch blend in surimi seafood products.
EFFECT OF ERYTHRITOL ON QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF REDUCED‐CALORIE DANISH COOKIES
Authors: LIN SHENG‐DUN , LEE CHING‐CHING , MAU JENG‐LEUN , LIN LI‐YUN , CHIOU SHIOW‐YING
Published: April 2010

The effects of erythritol on the quality characteristics of Danish cookies were studied. Danish cookies were formulated using erythritol as a sweetener to replace 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% sucrose. The results showed that Hunter L‐values and erythritol contents of cookies increased with increasing erythritol level whereas there was no difference in the moisture, protein, fat, ash and hardness of cookies prepared with sucrose or erythritol. The erythritol was stable during baking. In descriptive analysis, the surface color of cookies became lighter, and the sweetness of cookies became less sweet as erythritol level increased and sucrose decreased. The 50, 75 and 100% erythritol cookies had a cooling sensation. The moistness and hardness of cookies showed no difference among all samples. In hedonic test, the degree of surface color, sweetness, hardness, flavor and overall liking of cookies prepared with 0, 25 and 50% replacement of sucrose with erythritol revealed no difference. However, lower degree of sensory qualities (except hardness) liking of 75 and 100% erythritol cookies was observed.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Sucrose is one of the principal ingredients of cookies. But a sucrose‐rich diet had been proven to be associated with lipogenesis and obesity. Erythritol is a sugar alcohol and has a good tolerance by humans. It is a noncariogenic, nonglycemic and low‐calorie sweetener that is safe for diabetics. In addition, it possesses antioxidant properties. The study explores the possibility of utilizing erythritol to produce acceptable cookies.
MANUFACTURE OF THE FUNCTIONAL DRINK USING HYDROLYSATE FROM OYSTER AND OTHER EXTRACTS
Authors: CHO K.J. , BAIK M.Y. , CHOI Y.J. , HAHM Y.T. , KIM B.Y.
Published: April 2010

The functional drink was made with a hydrolysate obtained from oyster and extracts from injin and omija. The interactions of these ingredients were tested using a modified distance‐based design. They were analyzed using a linear and nonlinear regression model, and a trace plot. The optimization of the mixture ratio was made by statistical modeling using antiradical activity and sensory properties. These factors are the important target constraints in the drink. Sensory properties showed a linear canonical form. Antiradical activity, color and viscosity of the drink showed a nonlinear canonical form, indicating a higher interaction among the mixtures. The response trace plot revealed that antiradical activity, sensory properties, color, and viscosity were quite sensitive to the drink blending. The optimum formulation of the drink was determined to be 3% oyster hydrolysate, 3.83% injin extract and 8.17% omija extract.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Oyster hydrolysate, injin extract and omija extract have their own functional properties, such as high antiradical activity and specific sensory characters. Using a proper mixture design, a formulation of these ingredients could be optimized for the drinks. A canonical form and trace plot showed that the influence of each ingredient in the drinks, while optimization of ingredients ratio for the drink was obtained using a contour map with desirability. Although the taste of the drink could still use improvement, the optimum ratio for the functional drink was formulated.
SHELF LIFE ENHANCEMENT OF COCONUT BURFI – AN INDIAN TRADITIONAL SWEET
Authors: GUPTA VIKAS , VIJAYALAKSHMI N.S. , ASHWINI B. , ANBARASU K. , VIJAYALAKSHMI G. , PRAKASH MAYA , INDIRAMMA A.R. , RANGARAO G.C.P. , RAMESH B.S.
Published: April 2010

Coconut burfi is a popular traditional sweet of south India. The high percentage of saturated fat present in the product makes it susceptible to hydrolytic rancidity. The resulting increase in free fatty acid content coupled with mold growth limit its shelf life to 7–10 days in unpacked condition. Studies have been carried out on packaging and storage aspects of coconut burfi to extend its shelf life. The samples were packed in flexible pouches of multilayer films consisting of (1) polyester/polyethylene; and (2) polyester/aluminum foil/polypropylene under the following conditions: (1) normal packing; (2) 99% vacuum packaging; and (3) in‐package heat processing, and were stored at 27C temperature and 65% relative humidity and periodically withdrawn to monitor changes in chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities. A maximum of 75 days shelf life was obtained for heat‐processed samples as against <15 and 45 days for air and vacuum packed samples respectively in both packaging materials.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

By this study, the shelf life of coconut burfi has been extended to two and a half months, which enables to increase the marketability and sale of the product and make the nutritious product conveniently available for everybody.
All the Game's a Stage: Machinima and Copyright in Canada
Authors: Reynolds Graham
Published: April 2010

The primary purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which Canada's copyright laws permit the creation of machinima, an art form broadly defined as the creation of films within video games. This article is structured as follows. First, it will introduce machinima, discussing its origins, its development and its social importance. Second, it will examine whether the acts of creating and distributing machinima infringe copyright in Canada. Third, it will ask whether there are any defences to copyright infringement on which machinimators (those who create machinima) can rely. This article will demonstrate that, in many cases, the creation and distribution of machinima likely infringes Canadian copyright law. Furthermore, a large percentage of machinima that are found to infringe copyright will not be protected by the fair dealing defence as it is currently being applied by Canadian courts. This article will conclude by situating the narrow issue of machinima and copyright infringement within the broader context of creativity and copyright reform in the digital age.
Serum hyaluronic acid in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts
Authors: Seki M. , Asano K. , Sakai M. , Kanno N. , Teshima K. , Edamura K. , Tanaka S.
Published: April 2010

Objectives: To compare the serum level of hyaluronic acid in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunt with that in healthy dogs and to investigate the perioperative change in serum hyaluronic acid following shunt attenuation.

Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 29 congenital portosystemic shunt dogs before the operation, and 2 and 4 weeks after the operation from 17 and 7 dogs, respectively. The serum hyaluronic acid level of these dogs was measured and compared with that of 10 healthy beagles.

Results: The median preoperative hyaluronic acid level in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunt was significantly elevated compared with that in healthy dogs. Furthermore, the median postoperative hyaluronic acid level significantly decreased compared with the median preoperative levels in congenital portosystemic shunt dogs.

Clinical Significance: In the case of dogs with congenital portosystemic shunt, the reduction of intrahepatic portal blood flow might lower the clearance rate of hyaluronic acid in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, so hyaluronic acid clearance could be improved by attenuation of a shunt vessel. Hence, serum hyaluronic acid levels might be useful to evaluate liver function and also have the potential to evaluate successful attenuation of a shunt vessel in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunt. Further investigations are required to clarify whether serum hyaluronic acid offers significant benefits over existing markers such as serum bile acid or ammonia concentrations.
Surprising Inability of Singlet Oxygen‐generated 6‐Hydroperoxycholesterol to Induce Damaging Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation in Cell Membranes†
Authors: Korytowski Witold , Schmitt Jared C. , Girotti Albert W.
Published: April 2010

Singlet oxygen attack on cholesterol (Ch), a prominent monounsaturated lipid of mammalian cell plasma membranes, gives rise to three hydroperoxide (ChOOH) isomers, 5α‐OOH, 6α‐OOH and 6β‐OOH, the latter two in lower yield than 5α‐OOH, and 6α‐OOH in lowest yield. A third possible positional isomer, 7α‐OOH and 7β‐OOH, is produced by free radical attack. In the presence of iron and ascorbate (Fe/AH), 5α‐OOH or 6β‐OOH in phosphatidylcholine/Ch/ChOOH (20:15:1 by mol) liposomes was reduced to its corresponding alcohol, the rate constant being approximately the same for both ChOOHs. Using [14C]Ch as an in situ probe, we found that liposomal 5α‐OOH readily set off free radical‐mediated (chain) peroxidation reactions when exposed to Fe/AH, whereas 6β‐OOH under the same conditions did not. Moreover, liposomal 5α‐OOH triggered robust chain peroxidation in [14C]Ch‐labeled L1210 cells, leading to cell death, whereas 6β‐OOH was essentially inert in this regard. Thus, 5α‐OOH and 6β‐OOH undergo iron‐catalyzed reductive turnover, but only the former can provoke toxic membrane damage. These novel findings have important implications for UVA‐induced photodamage in Ch‐rich tissues like skin and eye, where 1O2 often plays a major role.
Photodamage to Multidrug‐resistant Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative Bacteria by 870 nm/930 nm Light Potentiates Erythromycin, Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Bornstein Eric , Gridley Scott , Wengender Paul , Robbins Alan
Published: April 2010

We have previously shown that 870 nm/930 nm wavelengths cause photodamage at physiologic temperatures in methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli via generation of endogenous radical oxygen species (ROS) and decreased plasma membrane potentials (ΔΨp). We tested MRSA (Strain HSJ216) in vitro with sublethal 870 nm/930 nm laser energy and subinhibitory concentrations of erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin, rifampin and trimethoprim to surmise whether photodamage could potentiate these antimicrobials. We also tested patient isolates of fluoroquinolone‐resistant MRSA and E. coli with subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin. In MRSA (Strain HSJ216) we observed 97% potentiation (a 1.5 log10 CFU decrease) with erythromycin and tetracycline. In patient isolates of E. coli, we observed 100% potentiation (>3 log10 CFU decrease) in all irradiated samples with ciprofloxacin. To assess whether staphyloxanthin pigment conferred protection against the generated ROS, we created an isogenic carotenoid‐deficient mutant of S. aureus that was significantly less tolerant of 870 nm/930 nm exposure than the wild type strain (P < 0.0001). We suggest that antibiotic potentiation results from a photobiological attenuation of ATP‐dependent macromolecular synthetic pathways, similar to that observed with daptomycin, via disruption of ΔΨp and endogenous generation of ROS. With erythromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, attenuation of energy‐dependent efflux systems is also a possibility.
Review of adverse reactions to injections of Chinese materia medica
Authors: Bian Zhaoxiang , Shang Hongcai , Cheng Chungwah , Wu Taixiang , Li Youping , Zhang Boli
Published: April 2010

Using Chinese Materia Medica (CM) as injections is an innovation that is proving effective in extensive clinical use in Mainland China. However, recent reports have focused on adverse reactions, ignoring the considerable successes of these preparations. In order to achieve balance in the media and in the minds of the public, we suggest the first step is to clarify the concepts of and differences between adverse drug reactions (ADR) and adverse events (AE) for all concerned—the public, medical practitioners, government officials, and lawmakers. Second, the State Food and Drug Administration should raise the requirements for Chinese Materia Medica Injection (CMI) registration and license approval and emphasize the importance of evidence‐based CMI development and evidence‐based CMI license approval. Thirdly, drug companies and institutions should reinforce basic research about the quality control of herbs and CMI‐drug interactions. Fourth, the Government should clarify the legal responsibilities for CMI approval agencies, CMI developers, medical doctors, and patients. Fifth, the medical association and Government should enhance training for health care professionals concerning the usage of CMIs. And finally sixth, State Food and Drug Administration should monitor the content and quality of the directions for use of CMI.
Real-time CNC Tool Path Generation for Machining IGES Surfaces
Authors: Chen Y. D. , Ni J. , Wu S. M.
Published: April 2010

A real-time CNC tool path generation algorithm has been developed for machining IGES surfaces. IGES-based CAD data files can be directly inputted to the CNC system and the tool paths generated in real time can be passed to a motion controller during cutting via a Multibuss II backplane structure. The development of such a real-time tool path generation method has eliminated the need for a tradeoff between the desired surface accuracy and the required memory size for storing off-line generated NC codes. The real-time NC path generation algorithm can properly deal with issues such as trimming lines, gouging detection, and adaptive tool step adjustment. The developed algorithm has been implemented on a multi-processor CNC system and verified through actual cutting tests. The test results show that no violating conditions occurred on machined part surfaces, and the surface contour error of the cut part is less than the given tolerance, which was 0.02 mm in this particular test.
Integrated Computational Durability Analysis
Authors: Baek W. K. , Stephens R. I. , Dopker B.
Published: April 2010

A computer aided analysis method is described for durability assessment in the early design stages using multibody dynamic analysis, finite element stress analysis, and fatigue life prediction methods. From multibody dynamic analysis of a mechanical system, dynamic loads of a mechanical component were calculated. Finite element stress analysis with substructuring techniques produced accurate stress fields for the component. From the dynamic loads and the stress field of the component, a dynamic stress history at the critical location was produced using the superposition principle. Using Neuber’s rule, a local strain time history was produced from the dynamic stress history. The local strain based fatigue life prediction method was then used to predict “crack initiation” life of the critical component. The predicted fatigue crack initiation life was verified by experimental durability tests. This methodology can be combined with identification of weak links and optimization techniques such that the design optimization for an entire mechanical system based upon durability is possible during the early product development stage.
A Fast Interpolation Algorithm for Temporally Nonequidistant Waypoints
Authors: Lym S. J. , Ehmann K. F.
Published: April 2010

An interpolation scheme applicable to temporally nonequidistant waypoints is proposed. The interpolation polynomial is based on the weighted sum of two second order polynomials derived based on four consecutive waypoints. The proposed method, while maintaining general continuity, is also amenable for fast real time applications using precomputed coefficient matrices defining the interpolation polynomials.
Unsteady Effect in a Nozzled Turbocharger Turbine
Authors: Rajoo Srithar , Martinez-Botas R. F.
Published: April 2010

The unsteady behavior of a nozzled turbocharger turbine under pulsating flow conditions has been studied experimentally in a cold flow test facility that replicates engine pulses. The results presented are obtained at a turbine speed of 48,000 rpm for pulsating frequencies of 40 Hz and 60 Hz (which correspond to 1600 rpm and 2400 rpm in a twin turbocharger six cylinder internal combustion engine). The turbine unsteady behavior is compared for nozzle vane angles ranging between 40 deg and 70 deg. A nozzled turbocharger turbine is found to behave differently from a nozzleless turbine under pulsating flow. The existence of a nozzle ring “damps” the unsteady flow leading to a reduced level of flow dynamics affecting the turbine wheel for all vane angles. The bigger volume in the nozzled turbine is also another contributing factor to the observed characteristics. The results are more pronounced in the higher frequency and maximum vane opening condition. Given this “damping” behavior, the concept of unsteady efficiency is questioned. The level of unsteadiness in the flow is characterized by the relevant nondimensional parameters, and the onset of the unsteadiness in the flow and its effect on a nozzled turbocharger turbine is discussed. The onset of the unsteady effect is suggested to be at 40 Hz flow condition. However, the nozzled turbine exhibits more of filling and emptying characteristics for both the frequency conditions, especially at close nozzle position cases. The effect of unsteadiness on the instantaneous efficiency calculation is more pronounced in the nozzled turbine compared with a nozzleless turbine.
Observations of Transition Phenomena on a Controlled Diffusion Compressor Stator With a Circular Arc Leading Edge
Authors: Henderson Alan D. , Walker Gregory J.
Published: April 2010

Laminar-turbulent transition behavior is studied near the leading edge of an outlet stator blade in a low-speed 1.5-stage axial-flow research compressor. The stator is a typical controlled diffusion design with a circular arc leading edge profile. Slow-response surface pressure distribution measurements are compared with numerical predictions from the quasi-two-dimensional flow solver, MISES. These both show a strong flow acceleration around each side of the circular arc, followed by a rapid deceleration near each blend point of the arc to the main surface profile. The relative magnitude of the localized overspeeds varies significantly over the wide range of stator flow incidence investigated. The unsteady boundary layer behavior on the stator is studied using a midspan array of surface-mounted hot-film sensors. On the suction surface, wake-induced transitional and turbulent strips are observed to originate close to the leading edge. The boundary layer approaches separation near the leading edge blend point on the suction surface, but this does not always lead to localized turbulent breakdown or continuous turbulent flow: a significant portion of the flow on the forward part of the surface remains laminar between the wake-induced transitional strips. At high positive incidence the wake-induced transitional strips originate near the leading edge blend point, but their growth is suppressed by the strong flow acceleration. On the pressure surface, a small separation bubble forms near the leading edge blend point resulting in almost continuous turbulent flow over the whole incidence range studied.
Unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation on Inlet Distortion in a Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Zemp Armin , Kammerer Albert , Abhari Reza S.
Published: April 2010

Blade failure in turbomachinery is frequently caused by an excessive resonant response. Forced response of the blades originates from unsteady fluid structure interactions as conditioned in the inlet section by duct bends, struts, or inlet guide vanes. This paper presents the computational part of a research effort that focuses on the blade forced response in a centrifugal compressor. Unsteady fluid flow simulations are used to quantify the forcing function acting on the compressor blades due to inlet flow distortion. The measured inlet flow distribution is applied as inlet boundary conditions in the computation. The unsteady investigation provided the temporal evolution of the distorted flow through the compressor. The time-resolved blade pressure distribution showed the temporal evolution of the dynamic load on the blade surface caused by the inlet distortion. The results suggest that the forcing function is most sensitive in the leading edge region due to inlet angle variations. Toward the impeller stability line the increase in incidence caused separation on the suction side of the main blade and therefore considerably altered the amplitude and the phase angle of the unsteadiness. The investigation of the effect of idealizing the inlet flow distribution on the forcing function showed an increase in the peak amplitude of approximately 30% compared with the actual inlet flow distribution.
Designing Low Pressure Turbines for Optimized Airfoil Lift
Authors: Gier Jochen , Franke Matthias , Hübner Norbert , Schröder Thomas
Published: April 2010

In the past 10–15 years, substantial effort has been spent on increasing the airfoil lift especially in aero-engine low pressure turbines. This has been attractive, since increased airfoil lift can be used for airfoil count decrease leading to weight and hardware cost reduction. The challenge with this effort consequently has been to keep the efficiency at high levels. Depending on the baseline level of airfoil lift, an increase of 20–50% has been realized and at least partly incorporated in modern turbine designs. With respect to efficiency there is actually an optimum level of airfoil lift. Airfoil rows at a lift level below this optimum suffer from an excessive number of airfoils with too much wetted surface and especially increasing trailing edge losses. Airfoils at lift levels above this optimum suffer from growing losses due to high peak Mach numbers inside the airfoil row, higher rear diffusion on the airfoil suction sides, and increased secondary flow losses. Since fuel cost have been rising significantly, as has been the awareness of the environmental impact of CO2, it becomes more and more important to design low pressure turbines for an optimal trade between efficiency and weight to achieve the lowest engine fuel burn. This paper summarizes work done recently and in the past to address the main influences and mechanisms of the airfoil lift level, with respect to losses and efficiency as a basis for determination of optimal airfoil lift selection.
3D Numerical Investigation of Tandem Airfoils for a Core Compressor Rotor
Authors: McGlumphy Jonathan , Ng Wing-Fai , Wellborn Steven R. , Kempf Severin
Published: April 2010

The tandem airfoil has potential to do more work as a compressor blade than a single airfoil without incurring higher losses. The goal of this work is to evaluate the fluid mechanics of a tandem rotor in the rear stages of a core compressor. As such, the results are constrained to shock-free fully turbulent flow with thick endwall boundary layers at the inlet. A high hub-to-tip ratio 3D blade geometry was developed based on the best-case tandem airfoil configuration from a previous 2D study. The 3D tandem rotor was simulated in isolation, in order to scrutinize the fluid mechanisms of the rotor, which had not been previously well documented. A geometrically similar single blade rotor was also simulated under the same conditions for a baseline comparison. The tandem rotor was found to outperform its single blade counterpart by attaining a higher work coefficient, polytropic efficiency, and numerical stall margin. An examination of the tandem rotor fluid mechanics revealed that the forward blade acts in a similar manner to a conventional rotor. The aft blade is strongly dependent on the flow it receives from the forward blade, and tends to be more three-dimensional and nonuniform than the forward blade.