bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural characterization of two pore‐forming peptides: Consequences of introducing a C‐terminal tryptophan
Authors: Herrera Alvaro I. , Al‐Rawi Ahlam , Cook Gabriel A. , Gao Jian , Iwamoto Takeo , Prakash Om , Tomich John M. , Chen Jianhan
Published: March 2010

Synthetic channel‐forming peptides that can restore chloride conductance across epithelial membranes could provide a novel treatment of channelopathies such as cystic fibrosis. Among a series of 22‐residue peptides derived from the second transmembrane segment of the glycine receptor α1‐subunit (M2GlyR), p22‐S22W (KKKKP ARVGL GITTV LTMTT QW) is particularly promising with robust membrane insertion and assembly. The concentration to reach one‐half maximal short circuit current is reduced to 45 ± 6 μM from that of 210 ± 70 μM of peptide p22 (KKKKP ARVGL GITTV LTMTT QS). However, this is accompanied with nearly 50% reduction in conductance. Toward obtaining a molecular level understanding of the channel activities, we combine information from solution NMR, existing biophysical data, and molecular modeling to construct atomistic models of the putative pentameric channels of p22 and p22‐S22W. Simulations in membrane bilayers demonstrate that these structural models, even though highly flexible, are stable and remain adequately open for ion conductance. The membrane‐anchoring tryptophan residues not only rigidify the whole channel, suggesting increased stability, but also lead to global changes in the pore profile. Specifically, the p22‐S22W pore has a smaller opening on average, consistent with lower measured conductance. Direct observation of several incidences of chloride transport suggests several qualitative features of how these channels might selectively conduct anions. The current study thus helps to rationalize the functional consequences of introducing a single C‐terminal tryptophan. Availability of these structural models also paves the way for future work to rationally modify and improve M2GlyR‐derived peptides toward potential peptide‐based channel replacement therapy. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature dependence of photoluminescence from P‐doped ZnMgTe bulk crystals of high quality grown by Bridgman method
Authors: Saito Katsuhiko , Shimao Satoshi , Tanaka Tooru , Guo Qixin , Nishio Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2010

High quality P‐doped Zn1‐xMgx Te crystals with Mg composition x of 0.09 to 0.3 were grown by vertical Bridgman method. The typical value of the full width at half maximum of (004) X‐ray ricking curve was 65.7 arcsec. For the first time temperature dependence of photoluminescence measurement were successfully attained by using the P‐doped Zn1‐xMgx Te crystals. All the crystals showed not only excitonic emission with no donor‐acceptor pair emission at low temperature but also photoluminescence (PL) band originated from interband transition at room temperature. From the temperature dependent PL intensity of free‐to‐bound (FB) transition emission, the relationship between x and the energy of P acceptor level was estimated by the use of one‐step model of thermal quenching mechanism. The result showed that the acceptor level monotonically increases with increasing x. This relationship seems to be reasonable which was supported by comparison with the energy difference between the peak of FB emission and estimated band gap at 4.2 K. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of indium oxide hexagonal microcavity and identification of its whispering gallery modes
Authors: Dong Hongxing , Chen Zhanghai , Sun Liaoxin , Lu Jian , Xie Wei , Hoe Tan H. , Jagadish Chennupati , Shen Xuechu
Published: March 2010

The In2O3 nanowires with hexagonal cross section as optical whispering gallery resonators were fabricated by using a simple in situ thermal oxidation method. Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) with different polarizations in the visible spectral range were observed at room temperature. The experimental observations were well described by the plane wave model and Cauchy dispersion formula (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal activation of nitrogen acceptors in ZnO thin films grown by MOCVD
Authors: Dangbégnon J. K. , Talla K. , Botha J. R.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen doping in ZnO is inhibited by spontaneous formation of compensating defects. Perfect control of the nitrogen doping concentration is required, since a high concentration of nitrogen could induce the formation of donor defects involving nitrogen. In this work, the effect of post‐growth annealing in oxygen ambient on ZnO thin films grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition, using NO as both oxidant and nitrogen dopant, is studied. After annealing at 700 °C and above, low‐temperature photoluminescence shows the appearance of a transition at ∼3.23 eV which is interpreted as pair emission involving a nitrogen acceptor. A second transition at ∼3.15 eV is also discussed. This work suggests annealing as a potential means for p‐type doping using nitrogen (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physical and optical properties of size‐selective CdTe nanocrystals
Authors: Fok Alice , Morales Jorge , Sohel Mohammad
Published: March 2010

Physical and optical properties of colloidal cadmium telluride nanocrystals (CdTe NCs) were investigated. The CdTe NCs were synthesized by reacting elemental tellurium dissolved in tributylphosphine with a mixture of cadmium oxide, octadecene, and oleic acid. These NCs, which were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are spherical and ranged from 5 to 7 nm in diameter. The identity of the compound post‐synthesis was confirmed by X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. UV‐Vis and photoluminescence (PL) properties as grown and pure CdTe samples were investigated. Bright excitonic photoluminescence emission was observed (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sample size calculations for evaluating a diagnostic test when the gold standard is missing at random
Authors: Kosinski Andrzej S. , Chen Ying , Lyles Robert H.
Published: March 2010

Performance of a diagnostic test is ideally evaluated by a comparison of the test results to a gold standard for all the patients in a study. In practice, however, it is common for a subset of study patients to have the gold standard not verified (missing) due to ethical or expense considerations. Sensitivity and specificity are often used as the relevant test performance measures and a joint confidence region (CR) for sensitivity and specificity can summarize the precision of estimates. In this paper, we present an approach to sample size computations when designing a study in which the gold standard is considered to be missing at random (MAR). We calculate the needed increase in sample size to ensure that the joint CR under MAR falls inside the boundaries of the joint CR derived for data with no missingness present. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Step Fabrication of Triple‐Layered Polymeric Microparticles with Layer Localization of Drugs as a Novel Drug‐Delivery System
Authors: Lee Wei Li , Widjaja Effendi , Loo Say Chye Joachim
Published: March 2010

Particulate systems have tremendous potential to achieve controlled release and targeted delivery of drugs. However, conventional single‐layered particles have several inherent limitations, including initial burst release, the inability to provide zero‐order release, and a lack of time‐delayed or pulsatile release of therapeutic agents. Multilayered particles have the potential to overcome these disadvantages. Herein, it is shown how triple‐layered polymeric microparticles can be fabricated through a simple, economical, reliable, and versatile one‐step solvent evaporation technique. Particle morphologies and layer configurations are determined by scanning electron microscopy, polymer dissolution tests, and Raman mapping. Key fabrication parameters that affect the formation of triple‐layered polymeric microparticles comprising poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (50:50), poly(L‐lactide), and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (40 wt% vinyl acetate) are discussed, along with their formation mechanisms. Layer thickness and the configurations of these microparticles are altered by changing the polymer mass ratios. Finally, it is shown that drugs can be localized in specific layers of the microparticles. This fabrication process can therefore be used to tailor microparticle designs, thus allowing such “designer” particulate drug‐delivery systems to function across a wide range of applications.
Interface‐Directed Self‐Assembly of Cell‐Laden Microgels
Authors: Zamanian Behnam , Masaeli Mahdokht , Nichol Jason W. , Khabiry Masoud , Hancock Matthew J. , Bae Hojae , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: March 2010

Cell‐laden hydrogels show great promise for creating engineered tissues. However, a major shortcoming with these systems has been the inability to fabricate structures with controlled micrometer‐scale features on a biologically relevant length scale. In this Full Paper, a rapid method is demonstrated for creating centimeter‐scale, cell‐laden hydrogels through the assembly of shape‐controlled microgels or a liquid–air interface. Cell‐laden microgels of specific shapes are randomly placed on the surface of a high‐density, hydrophobic solution, induced to aggregate and then crosslinked into macroscale tissue‐like structures. The resulting assemblies are cell‐laden hydrogel sheets consisting of tightly packed, ordered microgel units. In addition, a hierarchical approach creates complex multigel building blocks, which are then assembled into tissues with precise spatial control over the cell distribution. The results demonstrate that forces at an air–liquid interface can be used to self‐assemble spatially controllable, cocultured tissue‐like structures.
Adult Ciliary Epithelial Cells, Previously Identified as Retinal Stem Cells with Potential for Retinal Repair, Fail to Differentiate into New Rod Photoreceptors
Authors: Gualdoni Sara , Baron Michael , Lakowski Jörn , Decembrini Sarah , Smith Alexander J. , Pearson Rachael A. , Ali Robin R. , Sowden Jane C.
Published: March 2010

The ciliary margin in lower vertebrates is a site of continual retinal neurogenesis and a stem cell niche. By contrast, the human eye ceases retinal neuron production before birth and loss of photoreceptors during life is permanent and a major cause of blindness. The discovery of a proliferative cell population in the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the adult mammalian eye, designated retinal stem cells, raised the possibility that these cells could help to restore sight by replacing lost photoreceptors. We previously demonstrated the feasibility of photoreceptor transplantation using cells from the developing retina. CE cells could provide a renewable source of photoreceptors for transplantation. Several laboratories reported that these cells generate new photoreceptors, whereas a recent report questioned the existence of retinal stem cells. We used Nrl.gfp transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein in rod photoreceptors to assess definitively the ability of CE cells to generate new photoreceptors. We report that CE cells expanded in monolayer cultures, lose pigmentation, and express a subset of eye field and retinal progenitor cell markers. Simultaneously, they continue to express some markers characteristic of differentiated CE and typically lack a neuronal morphology. Previously reported photoreceptor differentiation conditions used for CE cells, as well as conditions used to differentiate embryonic retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and embryonic stem cell-derived RPCs, do not effectively activate the Nrl-regulated photoreceptor differentiation program. Therefore, we conclude that CE cells lack potential for photoreceptor differentiation and would require reprogramming to be useful as a source of new photoreceptors.
Hydrothermal Syntheses and Characterizations of Three ZnII Coordination Polymers Tuned by pH Value and Base
Authors: Ma Lu‐Fang , Li Bo , Sun Xiao‐Yuan , Wang Li‐Ya , Fan Yao‐Ting
Published: March 2010

Three new ZnII coordination polymers, [Zn(bpe)(HL)2(H2O)]n (1), {[Zn(bpe)(L)]·H2O}n (2), and [Zn2Ca(bpe)(HL)2(L)2]n (3) [H2L = 5‐methoxyisophthalic acid and bpe = 1,2‐dis(4‐pyridyl) ethylene], were hydrothermally synthesized under different pH values and bases. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and further characterized by elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy. Polymer 1 is formed at pH = 4 and has a 1D chain structure. These 1D chains are linked by hydrogen bonds to afford a 1D double chain and further to form a threefold interpenetrating network. At pH = 7, a 2D layer structure of 2 with sql topology is formed. By using calcium hydroxide as base for the synthesis of 3, a 3D network with pcu topology is obtained. These structural differences among 1–3 indicate that pH value and the identity of the base play important role in defining the overall structures of metal‐organic frameworks. In addition, the fluorescent properties of 1–3 are discussed.
Reactions of Distibanes with [Fe2(CO)9]: Synthesis, Structure and DFT Calculations of [(Et2Sb)4Fe4(CO)14], [(nPr2Sb)4Fe3(CO)10], [{(Me3SiCH2)2Sb}4Fe2(CO)6], and [2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4SbFe2(CO)8]
Authors: Breunig Hans J. , Lork Enno , Moldovan Ovidiu , Raţ Ciprian I.
Published: March 2010

The iron complexes [(Et2Sb)4Fe4(CO)14] (1), [(nPr2Sb)4Fe3(CO)10] (2), [{(Me3SiCH2)2Sb}4Fe2(CO)6] (3), and [2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4SbFe2(CO)8] (4) were prepared by reactions of distibanes with Fe2(CO)9. Compounds 1–4 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry; complex 1 was additionally characterized by density functional calculations.
Syntheses and Structural Characterization of 1D Chain and 1D Ladder Coordination Polymers Assembled from Exo‐bidentate Imidazolyl Ligands
Authors: Jin Shouwen , Wang Daqi , Zheng Zhiwen , Chen Jie , Feng Chao , Ye Xianghua , Zhou Yiping
Published: March 2010

Five novel coordination polymers, [(Cu(L1)2OH)·Cl·3H2O] (1) [L1 = bis(N‐imidazolyl)methane], [Cd(L1)2(NCS)2] (2), [Zn(L1)2(NCS)2] (3), [Cu(L1)2(NO3)2] (4), and [Cu(L2)1.5(NCS)2] (5) [L2 = 1,4‐bis(N‐imidazolyl)butane] were obtained from self‐assembly of the corresponding metal salts with flexible ligands and their structures were fully characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric (TGA) measurements. X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that complexes 1, 2, 3, and 4 exhibit 1D double‐stranded chain structures, which result from doubly bridged [CuOH], [M(NCS)2] (M = Cd, Zn), and [Cu(NO3)2] units, respectively. The polymeric copper complex 5 displays 1D ladder structure., These complexes, with the exception of complex 1, are stable up to 300 °C.
Manipulation of Molecular and Supramolecular Structure in Cobalt(II) Complexes with Tetrachloroterephthalate through the Influence of Different Solvents
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Chen Sheng‐Chun , Xu Huan , He Ming‐Yang , Chen Qun
Published: March 2010

The reactions of cobalt acetates with tetrachloroterephthalic acid (H2BDC‐Cl4) in different solvents gave two polymeric and one mononuclear CoII complexes. X‐ray single‐crystal structural determination revealed that the ligand BDC‐Cl4 displays a reliable bridging tecton to construct diverse supramolecular architectures through coordinative bonds or secondary hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The complexes [Co(BDC‐Cl4)(DMF)2(EtOH)2]n (1) and {[Co(BDC‐Cl4)(DMF)2(MeOH)2]·2DMF}n (2) demonstrate a one‐dimensional (1D) coordination motif with infinite CoII‐tetrachloroterephthalate chains, which are tuned by different binding solvent systems of DMF/ethanol (EtOH) and DMF/methanol (MeOH). [Co(DMF)2(H2O)4]·(BDC‐Cl4) (3) represents a two‐dimensional (2D) metallosupramolecular network by hydrogen‐bonded bridging between the aqua ligand of the mononuclear complex with the uncoordinated BDC‐Cl4 solvates. The spectroscopic, thermal, and fluorescent properties of 1–3 were also investigated.
Cadmiumreiche Cadmide des Systems Na/K/Cd
Authors: Mihajlov Viktoria , Röhr Caroline
Published: March 2010

The phase formation in the cadmium‐rich section of the ternary system Na/K/Cd was explored by syntheses from the elements. The crystal structures of the compounds in the region of Cd:(Na/K) ratios around 1:5 to 1:6, comprising the known binary compounds Na2Cd11 and K3Cd16 as well as ternary cadmides of the series KNaxCd11–x, were refined on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray data. The structure of the sodium cadmide Na2Cd11, which was in principle known from early film experiments (Mg2Zn11 structure type, cubic, space group Pm$\bar3$, a = 958.75(9) pm, Z = 3, R1 = 0.042) was confirmed and refined using single crystal data. The border phases of the new series KNaxCd11–x (x = 0.87/0.53; tetragonal, space group I41/amd, a = 1222.98(6)/1215.17(12) pm, c = 766.05(4)/769.05(7) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.021/0.024) form the BaCd11 structure type, which was previously unknown for alkaline metal compounds. The barium site of the basic structure type is occupied by potassium, whereas one cadmium site with slightly higher coordination number and interatomic distances is statistically occupied by sodium and cadmium atoms, which leads to the phase width given above. In the structure, the atoms of the two pure Cd positions form channels running along the tetragonal c axis, in which the K and Na/Cd atoms alternate. A similar structural motif is found in the second border compound K3Cd16, which has been described formerly as K0.37Cd2 with a complete disorder of potassium atoms inside the channels. The detailed inspection of single crystal image plate diffractometer data revealed satellite reflections indicating an almost commensurately modulated superstructure. In the new structural model with a quadrupled c axis (tetragonal, space group P4/nnc, a = 915.2(6), c = 1159.0(4) pm, Z = 2) three potassium cations per channel are partially ordered. Both the significant structural factors (strongly changing radius of the countercations) and the electronic criteria, which can be assessed from the pseudo band gap calculated using FP‐LAPW‐DFT methods, are discussed.
The Ternary System Nickel/Silicon/Titanium Revisited
Authors: Weitzer Franz , Naka Masaaki , Krendelsberger Nataliya , Stein Frank , He Cuiyun , Du Yong , Schuster Julius C.
Published: March 2010

The constitution of the ternary system Ni/Si/Ti is investigated over the entire composition range using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and metallography. The solid state phase equilibria are determined for 900 °C. Eight ternary phases are found to be stable. The crystal structures for the phases τ1NiSiTi, τ2Ni4Si7Ti4, τ3Ni40Si31Ti13, τ4Ni17Si7Ti6, and τ5Ni3SiTi2 are corroborated. For the remaining phases the compositions are determined as Ni6Si41Ti53 (τ6), Ni16Si42Ti42(τ7), and Ni12Si45Ti43 (τ8). The reaction scheme linking the solid state equilibria with the liquidus surface is amended to account for these newly observed phases. The discrepancies between previous experimental conclusions and modeling results are addressed. The liquidus surface is dominated by the primary crystallisation field of τ1NiSiTi, the only congruently melting phase.
[CoN2]/[CN2]‐Substitution in a Crystalline Phase with Composition Close to Sr6[CoN2]2[CN2]
Authors: Bendyna Joanna K. , Höhn Peter , Prots Yurii , Kniep Rüdiger
Published: March 2010

Sr6[CoN2]2[CN2] was prepared from Sr2N, carbon, cobalt, and NaN3 as nitrogen source. The crystal structure (I4/mmm (no. 139), a = 383.55(10) pm, c = 1237.8(4) pm) represents a Na2[HgO2] type arrangement with both linear [CoIN2]5– and smaller [CN2]2– ions mutually occupying the [HgO2] position.
Low Temperature Flux Synthesis and Characterizations of a New Layered Barium Borate BaB8O11(OH)4
Authors: Sun Hua‐Yu , Sun Wei , Huang Ya‐Xi , Mi Jin‐Xiao
Published: March 2010

The new hydroxyl barium borate BaB8O11(OH)4 was synthesized by using a low‐temperature molten salt technique with boric acid as flux at 458 K. Its crystal structure was determined from single‐crystal X‐ray data. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P121/n1 (No.14) with unit cell of a = 790.80(16) pm, b = 1393.9(3) pm, c = 1004.7(2) pm, β = 90.00(3)°, V = 1107.6(4) × 106 pm3, Z = 2. It is isostructural to PbB8O11(OH)4, but obviously different from AB8O11(OH)4 (A = Ca, Sr) in cell. The crystal structure of BaB8O11(OH)4 is built from corrugated borate layers,{[B8O11(OH)4]2–}n parallel to (010), which are stacked along the b axis and are linked by barium atoms. The borate layer consists of [B6O9(OH)] clusters as fundamental building blocks (FBBs), which are connected with surrounding four FBBs by sharing common oxygen vertices to form a sheet, and the sheet is further decorated with the flanking [B2O2(OH)3] dimers. FT‐IR and Raman spectroscopy, DTA‐TG, and the identification of an intermediate phase are presented.
Nachhaltig, regional, entwickelt?
Authors: Maier Andreas
Published: March 2010

The first section of this article deals with the concept of “sustainability” and examines the broader conditions affecting strategies to bring about sustainable regional development. Part Two extends the discussion to include the two lead projects undertaken in the Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen region of Austria— the “Kalkalpen National Park” and the State Exhibition entitled “Land of the Hammers”. Part Three draws on the product-cycle model in an attempt to identify potential breaks with the trends of development found in Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen. The article concludes by presenting some general conclusions regarding the status and prospects of a policy of sustainable regional development in Europe.
Die Region ist tot — es lebe die Region!
Authors: Wiechmann Thorsten
Published: March 2010

The inflationary use of the term “region”, observable over the last few years in spatial planning circles, has been accompanied by a new sense of confusion in respect of spatial units. In the absence of convincing definitions of the term “region”, at least of relevance to physical planning, the spatial sciences are called upon to develop a new conception of what is meant by “regions”. The author takes the view that the region should not be (mis)understood simply as a physical section of the earth’s surface, but should rather be viewed as an area characterised by socio-economic integration which defines itself as a loosely connected network through the mutual perception of the actors who operate within it.
Developing and Improving After‐School Programs to Enhance Youth’s Personal Growth and Adjustment: A Special Issue of AJCP
Authors: Durlak Joseph A. , Mahoney Joseph L. , Bohnert Amy M. , Parente Maria E.
Published: March 2010

Participating in after‐school programs (ASPs) has become a common experience for children. This special issue provides a perspective on the current status of research on ASPs. This introductory article overviews the historical and current context of ASPs and then describes a developmental ecological model to guide research in this area. The model offers a framework from which to organize and synthesize the research presented in this issue. Key principles include a holistic view of development that recognizes interrelations between multiple domains of youth adjustment, attention to multiple, relevant factors within and outside of youth that affect development, examining the dynamic interplay between persons, program features, and other contexts over time, and understanding the active role of youth in affecting their own development. These principles are examined in relation to five main areas: youth characteristics, social ecologies, program features, participation, and short‐ and long‐term outcomes. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
The Missing Data Assumptions of the Neat Design and their Implications for Test Equating
Authors: Sinharay Sandip , Holland Paul W.
Published: March 2010

The Non-Equivalent groups with Anchor Test (NEAT) design involves missingdata that are missing by design. Three nonlinear observed score equating methods used with a NEAT design are the frequency estimation equipercentile equating (FEEE), the chain equipercentile equating (CEE), and the item-response-theory observed-score-equating (IRT OSE). These three methods each make different assumptions about the missing data in the NEAT design. The FEEE method assumes that the conditional distribution of the test score given the anchor test score is the same in the two examinee groups. The CEE method assumes that the equipercentile functions equating the test score to the anchor test score are the same in the two examinee groups. The IRT OSE method assumes that the IRT model employed fits the data adequately, and the items in the tests and the anchor test do not exhibit differential item functioning across the two examinee groups. This paper first describes the missing data assumptions of the three equating methods. Then it describes how the missing data in the NEAT design can be filled in a manner that is coherent with the assumptions made by each of these equating methods. Implications on equating are also discussed.
Association between adolescent marriage and marital violence among young adult women in India
Authors: Raj Anita , Saggurti Niranjan , Lawrence Danielle , Balaiah Donta , Silverman Jay G.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To assess whether a history of adolescent marriage (< 18 years) places women in young adulthood in India at increased risk of physical or sexual marital violence.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis was performed on data from a nationally representative household study of 124 385 Indian women aged 15–49 years collected in 2005–2006. The analyses were restricted to married women aged 20–24 years who participated in the marital violence (MV) survey module (n = 10 514). Simple regression models and models adjusted for participant demographics were constructed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between adolescent marriage and MV.

Results

Over half (58%) of the participants were married before 18 years of age; 35% of the women had experienced physical or sexual violence in their marriage; and 27% reported such abuse in the last year. Adjusted regression analyses revealed that women married as minors were significantly more likely than those married as adults to report ever experiencing MV (adjusted OR 1.77; 95% CI, 1.61–1.95) and in the last 12 months (adjusted OR 1.51; 95% CI, 1.36–1.67).

Conclusions

Women who were married as adolescents remain at increased risk of MV into young adulthood.
Pediatric Rehabilitation: 1. Common Medical Conditions in Children With Disabilities
Authors: Kim Chong Tae , Moberg‐Wolff Elizabeth , Trovato Melissa , Kim Heakyung , Murphy Nancy
Published: March 2010

Objective

This self‐directed learning module focuses on the physiatric management of the common morbidities associated with pediatric traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy. It is part of the study guide on pediatric rehabilitation in the Self‐Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation and pediatric medicine. The goal of this article is to enhance the learner's knowledge regarding current physiatric management of complications related with pediatric traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy.
An Epidemic Model of Investor Behavior
Authors: Shive Sophie
Published: March 2010

I test whether social influence affects individual investors’ trading and stock returns. In each of the 20 most active stocks in Finland over 9 years, the number of owners in a municipality multiplied by the number of investors who do not own a stock, a measure of the rate of transmission of diseases and rumors through social contact, predicts individual investor trading. I control for known determinants of trade, including daily news, and show that competing explanations for the relation are unlikely. Socially motivated trades predict stock returns, and the effects are not reversed, suggesting that individuals share useful information. Individuals’ susceptibility to social influence has declined during the period, but the opportunities for social influence have increased.
Financing Frictions and the Substitution between Internal and External Funds
Authors: Almeida Heitor , Campello Murillo
Published: March 2010

Ample evidence points to a negative relation between internal funds (profitability) and the demand for external funds (debt issuance). This relation has been interpreted as evidence supporting the pecking order theory. We show, however, that the negative effect of internal funds on the demand for external financing is concentrated among firms that are least likely to face high external financing costs (firms that distribute large amounts of dividends, that are large, and whose debt is rated). For firms on the other end of the spectrum (low payout, small, and unrated), external financing is insensitive to internal funds. These cross-firm differences hold separately for debt and equity, and they are magnified in the aftermath of macroeconomic movements that tighten financing constraints. We argue that the greater complementarity between internal funds and external financing for constrained firms is a consequence of the interdependence of their financing and investment decisions.
A Reexamination of the Causes of Time-Varying Stock Return Volatilities
Authors: Zhang Chu
Published: March 2010

The decline of average stock return volatility in the 2001–2006 period provides an opportunity to test various theories on why the average return volatility increased in the pre-2000 period. This paper compares fundamentals-based theories with trading volume-based theories. While both fundamentals-based and trading volume-based theories explain the upward trend in the average volatility in U.S. stocks from 1976 to 2000 and international stocks from 1990 to 2000, only the fundamentals-based theories explain the volatility pattern for 2001–2006. Much of the variation in the stock return volatilities can be explained by the variation in the earnings volatilities and proxies for growth options, but not by trading-related variables. Evidence also shows that the explanatory power of the fundamentals variables is time varying.
The retreat from Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa [Franz Josef Land]: the diary of Lieutenant Carl Weyprecht of the Austro-Hungarian north pole expedition, 20 May–3 September 1874
Authors: Barr William
Published: March 2010

Having spent 21 months on board their icebound ship,Tegetthoff, adrift in the pack ice to the north of Novaya Zemlya, and having explored a substantial part of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa [Franz Josef Land], to which the ice-drift had carried their ship, on 20 May 1874 the members of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition abandoned it and started south by sledge and boat. Progress was painfully slow, and for weeks involved repeatedly alternating between man hauling across floes and rowing or sailing across leads and polynyas. The expedition finally reached open water on 15 August and started rowing and sailing south along the west coast of Novaya Zemlya. They encountered two Russian fishing boats at Mys Britvin [Cape Britvin], just south of Matochkin Shar on 24 August, and the Austrians persuaded one of their captains to take them to Vardø in Northern Norway. They arrived there on 3 September and caught the mail steamer south to Hamburg. Apart from the engineer, Otto Krisch, who died of tuberculosis and scurvy and was buried on Ostrov Vilcheka [Wilczek Island], the remaining 24 members of the expedition returned home safely. The diary of one of the co-leaders of the expedition, Lieutenant Carl Weyprecht, covering the period of the retreat, is published here in English for the first time.
Anabaptism-Pietism and Pentecostalism: scandalous partners in protest
Authors: Archer Kenneth J. , Hamilton Andrew S.
Published: March 2010

This article is an ecumenical conversation between Pentecostal and Anabaptist-Pietist traditions. Emerging out of this will be a suggestion that the Christian worship practice of footwashing may provide a means to share Christian love and fellowship that is inclusive of all Christian traditions. In this article we will addresses important points of theological intersection of these two storied traditions, specifically soteriology as a ‘Christian synergism’ and ecclesiology as an ‘alternative society’. These traditions approach ecclesiology through soteriology with a conscientious concern to form eschatological communities. We believe that these traditions must engage in ecumenical dialogue for mutual theological support in forming and sustaining ‘alternative Christian communities’ while continuing to participate in ecumenical dialogue with other traditions.
Heavy Alcohol Use, Alcohol and Drug Screening and their Relationship to Mothers' Welfare Participation: A Temporal-ordered Causal Analysis
Authors: CHENG TYRONE C. , LO CELIA C.
Published: March 2010

This longitudinal study examined the association between heavy alcohol use, alcohol- and drug-screening requirements, and social support network variables and mothers' welfare participation in the United States. The study was a secondary data analysis of 3,517 mothers. The sample was extracted from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data gathered in 1994–2004. Results of logistic regression show welfare participation is not associated with heavy alcohol use or alcohol- and drug-screening requirements, but is associated with a history of reported heavy alcohol use, informal help with childcare, and scant human capital. Results also indicate that alcohol- and drug screening required under TANF may not exclude heavy drinking mothers from TANF participation, and that social support networks do not cancel heavy drinking's association with participation. Policy implications are discussed.
Towards features updating selection based on the covariance matrix of the SLAM system state
Authors: Cheein Fernando A. Auat , di Sciascio Fernando , Scaglia Gustavo , Carelli Ricardo
Published: March 2010

This paper addresses the problem of a features selection criterion for a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm implemented on a mobile robot. This SLAM algorithm is a sequential extended Kalman filter (EKF) implementation that extracts corners and lines from the environment. The selection procedure is made according to the convergence theorem of the EKF-based SLAM. Thus, only those features that contribute the most to the decreasing of the uncertainty ellipsoid volume of the SLAM system state will be chosen for the correction stage of the algorithm. The proposed features selection procedure restricts the number of features to be updated during the SLAM process, thus allowing real time implementations with non-reactive mobile robot navigation controllers. In addition, a Monte Carlo experiment is carried out in order to show the map reconstruction precision according to the Kullback–Leibler divergence curves. Consistency analysis of the proposed SLAM algorithm and experimental results in real environments are also shown in this work.
Embedding temporal constraint propagation in machine sequencing for job shop scheduling
Authors: Chu Wesley W. , Ngai Patrick H.
Published: March 2010

In this paper, we show how a temporal constraint propagation technique can be embedded in the machine sequencing approach for solving the job shop scheduling problem. The temporal constraint propagation algorithm propagates the precedence constraints and machine interference constraints to reduce the search space generated by the machine sequencing approach. Further, by making use of the temporal nature of the job shop scheduling, efficient algorithms to propagate precedence constraints and machine interference constraints are developed. Experimental results reveal that embedding constraint propagation in the machine sequencing approach significantly reduces the computation time more than by just using the machine sequencing approach alone. Further, the proposed temporal constraint propagation algorithms provide an order of magnitude improvement on the computation time over the conventional constraint propagation algorithm.
Acquiring expert knowledge from characterized designs
Authors: McLaughlin Sally , Gero John S.
Published: March 2010

The expertise of designers consists, primarily, of information about the relationship between goals or performance criteria and the attributes of the desired artifact that will result in performances that will satisfy these criteria. The designer like experts in other fields is typically better at applying the knowledge that constitutes his expertise than he is at articulating this knowledge. Generation and simulation models are discussed as a means of generating a set of designs for which the set of attributes defining these designs and the performance of these designs in terms of the criteria considered are explicitly defined. Pareto optimization is discussed as a means of structuring these designs on the basis of their performance. The induction algorithm ID3 is used as a means of inferring general statements about the nature of solutions which exhibit Pareto optimal performance in terms of a set of performance criteria. The rules inferred in building design domain are compared with those extracted using a heuristic based learning system.
A distributed blackboard-based architecture for tele-diagnosis
Authors: Ronchi Jessica , Butera Grazia , Frascari Enrico , Scaruffi Piero
Published: March 2010

KANT is a knowledge-based system designed to diagnose Olivetti personal computers connected as remote terminals to a host computer through a SNA link. KANT is a collection of a few knowledge-based units: some of them operate in the field, and some operate back at the home office. They are configured in two blackboard systems which exchange data via the SNA link. The first blackboard runs on a cheap personal computer, only employs shallow knowledge, and performs the diagnoses that can be achieved in the field. The second blackboard runs on corporate mainframes, employs deep knowledge, and supports the more sophisticated analysis that is required from the project team for fixing complex problems.
Knowledge representation and planning control in an expert system for the creative design of mechanisms
Authors: Hoeltzel David A. , Chieng Wei-Hua , Zissimides John
Published: March 2010

An interactive system, referred to as MECXPERT {Mechanism Expert}, has been designed with the expressed purpose of assisting nonexpert design engineers in creating mechanisms for fulfilling specific motion-conversion and/or power-transmission requirements. The particular knowledge representation scheme chosen for this application comprises a hybrid formulation of a rule-based production system with a frame-based approach. The underlying control strategy is based on a series of special-purpose, domain-specific operators whose function is to move from one problem space to another through various stages or ‘states’ that comprise the mechanism design process.

The primary focus of this paper centers on the representation of knowledge and its control within an expert system for creative mechanism design. An overview summarizing the reasons for developing such an expert system is provided, and the formulation of a problem is discussed through an example taken from the design of a variable-stroke internal-combustion engine mechanism.
The represenaion of metallurgical knowledge for alloy design
Authors: Hulthage I. , Przystupa M. A. , Farinacci M. L. , Rychener M. D.
Published: March 2010

This article gives an overview of the metallurgical database of ALADIN, an expert system that aids metallurgists in the design of new aluminum alloys. Declarative structured representations in the form of schemata are used for metallurgical data and concepts. The representation is very general, as the goal has been to create a representation for all knowledge about aluminum alloys and metallurgy relevant to the design process. The alloy database and the architecture of the microstructure database is discussed in detail. The microstructure of alloys is described by an enumeration of the types of microstructural elements present along with their characteristics.
Innovative design of mechanical structures from first principles
Authors: Cagan Jonathan , Agogino Alice M.
Published: March 2010

In this paper a unique design methodology known as 1stPRINCE (FIRST PRINciple Computational Evalualor) is developed to perform innovative design of mechanical structures from first principle knowledge. The method is based on the assumption that the creation of innovative designs of physical significance, concerning geometric and material properties, requires reasoning from first principles. The innovative designs discovered by 1stPRINCE differ from routine designs in that new primitives are created. Monotonicity analysis and computer algebra are utilized to direct design variables in a globally optimal direction relative to the goals specified. In contrast to strict constraint propagation approaches, formal qualitative optimization techniques efficiently search the solution space in an optimizing direction, eliminate infeasible and suboptimal designs, and reason with both equality and inequality constraints. Modification of the design configuration space and the creation of new primitives, in order to meet the constraints or improve the design, are achieved by manipulating mathematical quantities such as the integral. The result is a design system which requires a knowledge base only of fundamental equations of deformation with physical constraints on variables, constitutive relations, and fundamental engineering assumptions; no pre-compiled knowledge of mechanical behavior is needed. Application of this theory to the design of a beam under torsion leads to designs of a hollow tube and a composite rod exhibiting globally optimal behavior. Further, these optimally-behaved designs are described symbolically as a function of the material properties and system parameters. This method is implemented in a LISP environment as a module in a larger intelligent CAD system that integrates qualitative, functional and numerical computation for engineering applications.
Qualitative modeling and analysis of lateral load resistance in frames
Authors: Fruchter Renate , Krawinkler Helmut , Law Kincho H.
Published: March 2010

This paper discusses a work in progress in the development of computer tools for qualitative modeling analysis and evaluation of conceptual structural designs. In the conceptual design stage the description of a structure is incomplete and imprecise, and does not permit the use of traditional numerical analysis tools. We describe a prototype system, QLRS, for qualitative evaluation of lateral load resistance in frames. The primary goal of the evaluation of structural response is to identify undesirable structural behavior. In QLRS, the evaluation process consists of three basic tasks. (1) identification of the story and structure models comprising the lateral load resisting system. We term this task structural system interpretation. (2) Qualitative analysis of the story and structure models, and approximate evaluation of the story drifts. We term this task structural behavior interpretation. (3) Assessment of the performance of the lateral load resisting system, in which the results of the structural system interpretation and the structural behavior interpretation are compared against the requirements for complete load path and relative story drift. Currently, QLRS is able to reason about load path discontinuities and soft-story behavior problems in 2-D moment resisting frames.
Equations aren’t enough: informal modeling in design
Authors: Subrahmanian Eswaran , Konda Suresh L. , Levy Sean N. , Reich Yoram , Westerberg Arthur W. , Monarch Ira
Published: March 2010

Arguing that design is a social process, we expand the meaning of modeling and analysis to include all activities facilitating continual refinement and criticism of the design requirements, process and solutions. We do not assume any a priori methods for modeling or analysis; rather, we provide a framework and an approach to study designers and give them whatever modeling and analysis capabilities they choose. Our approach is the basis for a support tool, n–dim, currently under development.
A physical modeling assistant for the preliminary stages of finite element analysis
Authors: Finn Donal P.
Published: March 2010

This paper describes work in progress aimed at developing an interactive modeling tool that assists engineers with the task of physical modeling in finite element analysis. Physical modeling precedes the numerical simulation phase of finite element analysis and involves applying modeling idealizations to real world physical systems so that complex engineering problems are more amenable to numerical computation. In the paper, the nature of physical modeling is explored, a cognitive model of how engineers are thought to model complex problems is described and based on this model a knowledge-based modeling assistant is proposed. The AI approach taken is based on Chandrasekaran's propose-critique-modify design model adapted for the task of physical modeling. Within this framework, the AI paradigms of case-based reasoning, derivational analogy and model-based reasoning are exploited. By representing fundamental thermal modeling scenarios as cases, complex physical systems can be modeled in a piecewise fashion. Derivational analogy permits generative adaptation of retrieved cases by using model-based engineering traces thereby providing a basis for critiquing case solutions. An initial prototype is described which has been implemented for the domain of convection heat transfer analysis.
MSG: A computer system for automated modeling of heat transfer
Authors: Ling Sui-ky Ringo , Steinberg Louis , Jaluria Yogesh
Published: March 2010

The task of modeling, i.e., of creating a set of equations that can be used to predict the behavior of a physical object, is a key step in engineering analysis. This paper describes a computer system, MSG, for generating mathematical models to analyze physical systems involving heat transfer behavior. MSG is motivated by the need for modeling in an automated design process. The models are sets of equations which may include algebraic equations, ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. MSG uses the strong domain theory to guide model construction in three sequential tasks: identify regions of interests on an object, determine relevant heat transfer and energy storage processes, and transform these processes into equations. The decisions in these tasks are guided by estimates of variation in temperature and material property, and the relative strengths of heat transfer processes.
An expert system approach to design of automotive air-conditioning systems
Authors: Bajpai Atul
Published: March 2010

An expert system approach for designing air-conditioning systems for cars and trucks is presented. A brief introduction to the automotive application of the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is provided as general background. The method presented uses an integrated approach combining the power of conventional analysis programs, databases and model-based expert system technology. Some sample rules from the knowledge base have been included in the paper to illustrate the application of the domain knowledge and its interaction with algorithmic programs. The system architecture is very open and modular, and it lends itself to easy modifications and future expansions. Possibilities for system enhancements are also outlined in the paper. The approach presented in this paper provides substantial benefits to the automotive air-conditioning design engineer particularly in the early stages of new vehicle platform planning and development. A pilot system has been successfully tested at General Motors for preliminary design of automotive air-conditioning systems.