bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood Viscosity in Horses With Colic
Authors: Andrews Frank M. , Hamlin Robert L. , Stalnaker Penny S.
Published: March 2010

Whole blood viscosity (WBV) was measured on six healthy horses and ten horses presented for colic surgery. A Wells‐Brookfield cone‐and‐plate microviscometer* at 6 rpm was used to determine WBV and WBV was adjusted for packed cell volume (PCV). The ten colic horses were divided into two groups: five horses that died or were euthanatized (group 1) and five horses that were discharged after surgery and medical therapy (group 2). The mean WBV for each group was compared using analysis of variance followed by Duncan multiple‐range tests. Mean WBV of group 2 (5.81 ± 1.48 centipoise [cp]) and normal horses (7.1 ± 2.3 cp) was significantly (P< 0.01) lower than group 1 (17.15 ± 5.71 cp). This preliminary trial shows that horses that died or were euthanatized had a significantly higher WBV than horses surviving. Since viscosity was adjusted for PCV, the differences may represent changes in other factors such as fibrinogen, rouleaux formation, red blood cell deformability, PaO2, or intracellular calcium ion concentration. Thus, increases in WBV in horses with colic may indicate severely compromised regional perfusion that may lead to significant tissue damage. In this preliminary study, it appears that WBV may be a prognostic aid in horses with colic. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:183–186)
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
Authors: Armstrong P. Jane , Hardie Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2010

Results are presented of consecutive percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies (PEGs) performed in 32 feline and 22 canine patients over a 30‐month period. Indications for PEG placement were hepatic disease (33%), esophageal disease (32%), oronasal abnormalities (22%), and cranial nerve deficits (4%), with miscellaneous conditions accounting for 9%. The median duration that PEG tubes were in place was 18 days (range, 0–320 days). The suitability of this feeding technique for clinical use was assessed by evaluating mortality, procedure‐related and delayed complications, and body weight changes by the end of the PEG feeding period. Fifty‐two of 54 PEGs were placed and used successfully. One fatality occurred during tube insertion due to splenic laceration, and one dog died of aspiration pneumonia secondary to pharyngoesophageal dysfunction. Other than splenic laceration, procedure‐related complications were benign pneumoperitoneum (1/54) and minor gastric hemorrhage resulting in melena (1/54). Delayed complications occurring 24 hours or longer after the procedure included aspiration (4/54), peristomal infection or excessive granulation tissue (3/54), and tube extraction or migration (3/54). Nineteen of 54 animals showed evidence of inadequate gastric emptying or volume intolerance when food was introduced after PEG placement. This effect was minor and easily resolved. Of the 44 animals for which follow‐up body weight information was available, 19 gained weight, six remained static, and 19 lost weight during the PEG feeding period. Percutaneous gastrostomy is a relatively safe, effective procedure and should be given early consideration for medium‐ or long‐term enteral nutritional support in appropriate canine and feline patients. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:202–206)
Canine Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Authors: Madewell Bruce R. , Munn Robert J.
Published: March 2010

The ultrastructural features of lymphoproliferative disorders from 18 dogs are described and compared with those recorded in the veterinary literature. A spectrum of diseases was selected for study to demonstrate the structural heterogeneity of these disorders. The most extreme variations were noted in nuclear contour, where bizarre cerebriform‐appearing nuclei were characteristic of neoplasms of T‐cell lineage, or single deep nuclear clefts suggested B‐cell lineage. The lesions surveyed included acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias, plasma cell neoplasms, cutaneous and multicentric malignant lym‐phomas, and cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders with histologic similarities to human mycosis fungoides.
Essential Thrombocythemia in a Cat
Authors: Hammer A. S. , Couto C. G. , Getzy D. , Bailey M. Q.
Published: March 2010

The diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia in a cat was made by fulfilling the five applicable criteria set forth by the Polycythemia Vera Study Group forusein humans. The criteria were 1) a platelet count persistently above 600,000/μL, 2) a normal initial hematocrit that did not rise in response to iron therapy, 3) normal serum iron concentration, 4) absence of collagen fibrosis of thebone marrow, and 5) no cause for reactive thrombocytosis. In addition, normal thrombopoietin concentrations and splenic hypofunction were demonstrated. Melphalan was not effective in decreasing the platelet count and the cat died of sepsis.
Per Rectal Portal Scintigraphy Using99mTechnetium Pertechnetate to Diagnose Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Bright Ronald , Ollis Paul , Shull Robert
Published: March 2010

Per rectal portal scintigraphy using99mTechnetium pertechnetate (99mTcO4‐) was used to diagnose portosystemic shunts (PSS) before surgical confirmation in seven dogs and two cats. Shunt fractions, representing the percent of portal blood that bypasses the liver, were determined by computer analysis of the scintigraphic images. Animals with portosystemic shunts had a mean preoperative shunt fraction of 84.02% (n = 9). The mean postoperative shunt fraction in four animals was 58.22%. The mean shunt fraction in ten control dogs was 5.00%. Per rectal portal scintigraphy is an innovative, easily performed, inexpensive method to diagnose congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs and cats.
Gastric Acid Secretion in Basenji Dogs With Immunoproliferative Enteropathy
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , MacLachlan N. James , Argenzio Robert A. , Hurlbert Sue Ann , Babineau Cynthia , de Buysscher Eduard V.
Published: March 2010

Gastric acid secretion was studied in 13 Basenji dogs with immunoproliferative enteropathy. Considerable variation in the severity of gastritis and enteritis existed among dogs. Basenji dogs were categorized into two groups on the basis of postmortem gastric and intestinal histology (group I, gastritis and enteritis; group II, only enteritis). Pentagastrin‐induced gastric acid secretory capacity was increased (P <0.002) in group II dogs as compared to healthy Beagle controls. Gastric acid secretory capacity of Basenji dogs with gastritis and enteritis (group I) was not different from that observed in control dogs. Basal serum gastrin concentrations and secretin‐stimulated serum gastrin concentrations of either group of Basenji dogs did not differ from controls. On the basis of symptomatology, Basenji dogs with diarrhea had significantly increased basal and postsecretin stimulation gastrin concentrations (P= 0.01) when compared with asymptomatic Basenji or healthy control dogs. These findings support a potential role for altered gastric acid secretory capacity in the pathogenesis of immunoproliferative enteropathy of Basenji dogs. Results of the secretin stimulation studies support previous pathologic studies that failed to detect gastrin‐secreting tumors. Incorporated into this investigation was a trial to determine whether the combination of oxymorphone and acepromazine could be used for acid secretory studies. Compared to pentobarbital, which has been frequently used for acid secretory studies in a research setting, the drug combination resulted in increased gastric fluid volumes, a comparative increase in acid secretion, and a rapid uneventful recovery. We conclude that the combination of oxymorphone and acepromazine provides an acceptable means of restraint in dogs undergoing acid secretory studies.
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism in Five Cats
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , James Katherine M. , Wallace Melissa , Timothy Steven D. , Joseph Richard J.
Published: March 2010

Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism was diagnosed in five young to middle‐aged cats of mixed breeding. Three of the cats were male and two were female. Historic signs included lethargy (n = 5), anorexia (n = 5), muscle tremors (n = 4), weakness (n = 4), generalized seizures (n = 3), ataxia (n = 3), mental dullness or disorientation (n = 3), panting (n = 2), pruritis (n = 1), ptyalism (n = 1) and dysphagia (n = 1). Weakness (n = 4), dehydration (n = 2), cataracts (n = 2), hypothermia (n = 1), and bradycardia (n = 1) were found on physical examination. Results of electrocardiography revealed a prolonged Q‐T interval in two cats. Results of initial laboratory tests revealed profound hypocalcemia and severe hyperphosphatemia with normal renal function. The diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism was made on the basis of the history, clinical signs, and results serum biochemical testing (i.e., severe hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia); in two cats, the diagnosis was also confirmed by histologic examination of parathyroid glands. Initial treatment included intravenous administration of 10% calcium gluconate and oral administration of large loading doses of calcium and vitamin D (dihydrotachysterol). Successful long‐term management with dihydrotachysterol and calcium was achieved in all cats. The final dosage of dihydrotachysterol required to maintain normocalcemia in the five cats ranged from 0.004 to 0.04 mg/kg/day (mean = 0.015 mg/kg/day). Long‐term calcium supplementation was given to three of the cats in dosages ranging from 29 to 53 mg/kg/day (mean = 42 mg/kg/day) of elemental calcium. One cat died after 28 months of therapy from widely metastatic hemangiosarcoma; the other three cats are still alive and well after 5 to 37 months of treatment.
Congenital Hypothyroid Dwarfism in a Family of Giant Schnauzers
Authors: Greco Deborah S. , Feldman Edward C. , Peterson Mark E. , Turner Janet L. , Hodges Connie M. , Shipman L. Wayde
Published: March 2010

Congenital hypothyroid dwarfism was diagnosed in a family of Giant Schnauzers. Three female and two male puppies from different litters were evaluated for dwarfism, lethargy, somnolence, gait abnormalities, and constipation. On physical examination, disproportionate dwarfism (n = 5), macroglossia (n = 3), hypothermia (n = 3), delayed dental eruption (n = 3), ataxia (n = 2), and abdominal distension (n = 1) were identified. Results of initial laboratory tests showed anemia (n = 4), hypercholesterolemia (n = 4), hypercalcemia (n = 2), and transudative abdominal effusion (n = 1). Radiographic skeletal surveys disclosed epiphyseal dysgenesis and delayed skeletal maturation (n = 5). A diagnosis of hypothyroidism was established on the basis of low basal serum thyroxine concentrations that failed to increase following the administration of TSH (n = 5) and markedly reduced to absent thyroid image when evaluated with gamma camera imaging of the thyroid gland (n = 4). In the two dogs that were most thoroughly evaluated, the results of thyroid histology, prolonged TSH testing, and repeat thyroid imaging, after three daily injections of TSH, were all consistent with secondary or tertiary, rather than primary, hypothyroidism. When TSH was administered over a period of 3 consecutive days (5 IU/day, subcuta‐neously), serum thyroid hormone response became normal and resulted in a normal thyroid image in the two dogs re‐evaluated with gamma camera imaging. Daily treatment with oral levothyroxine (20 ug/kg) resulted in complete remission in puppies (n = 4) treated prior to 4 months of age. The other puppy failed to attain normal breed standards for height. Pedigree analysis suggests an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for the development of congenital hypothyroidism in this family of Giant Schnauzers.
Multisystemic Chromatolytic Neuronal Degeneration in Cairn Terriers: A Case With Generalized Cataplectic Episodes
Authors: Cummings J. F. , de Lahunta A. , Gasteiger E. L.
Published: March 2010

Multisystemic chromatolytic neuronal degeneration, a newly recognized disease of Cairn Terriers, is described in a second affected North American puppy. In this puppy, the early onset of hind limb weakness at 11 weeks and rapid development of signs of diffuse CNS involvement were distinctive. Signs of cerebellar dysfunction were prominent, but bouts of cataplectic collapse in this puppy constituted the most distinguishing clinical feature. Although electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings lacked a true rapid eye movement (REM) pattern during cataplectic episodes, cervical electromyograph (EMG) potentials ceased or diminished, and imipramine injection was associated with arousal. Postmortem studies revealed that chromatolytic degeneration was very widespread, affecting many neuronal populations in the brain and spinal cord as well as neurons in sensory ganglia. Although the pattern of chromatolysis varied among affected perikarya, chromatolysis was consistently related to dispersion and loss of ribosomes. In this puppy, as opposed to six studied previously, thoracolumbar myelomalacia also occurred symmetrically in the dorsal horns and adjoining funicular white matter. The metabolic derangement underlying this chromatolytic neuronal degeneration and myelomalacia remains unknown.
The Influence of Corticosteroids on Host Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Cohn Leah A.
Published: March 2010

Glucocorticosteroid hormones affect virtually every tissue type in the body, including tissues of host‐defense systems. There is an enormous body of literature concerning specific effects of corticosteroids on host defenses. This literature review examines the affects of corticosteroids on leukocyte kinetics, phagocytic immunity, cell‐mediated immunity, and humoral immunity in steroid‐resistant species.
Dyserythropoiesis, Polymyopathy, and Cardiac Disease in Three Related English Springer Spaniels
Authors: Holland Christopher T. , Canfield Paul J. , Watson A. David J. , Allan Graeme S.
Published: March 2010

A polysystemic disorder was observed in three related English Springer Spaniel dogs that demonstrated regurgitation from an early age, slowly progressive temporal muscle atrophy with partial trismus, and less pronounced generalized skeletal muscle atrophy. All dogs exhibited moderate dyserythropoietic anemia, polymyopathy with megaesophagus, and varying degrees of cardiomegaly. The prevalence, etiology, underlying pathomechanism, and possible mode of inheritance remain to be elucidated.
Mitotane (o, p‘‐DDD) Treatment of 200 Dogs with Pituitary‐Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Kintzer Peter P. , Peterson Mark E.
Published: March 2010

Two hundred dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) were treated with mitotane at an initial daily dosage of 21 to 69 mg/kg (mean = 45.2 mg/kg) for S to 14 days. During the induction period, 194 of the dogs also were given daily maintenance dosages of a glucocorticoid. Fifty of the dogs exhibited one or more adverse effects during initial induction, including weakness, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and ataxia. After completion of the induction period, repeat ACTH stimulation testing revealed significant decreases in mean serum Cortisol concentrations when compared with initial values. Twenty‐five dogs, however, still responded to exogenous ACTH with serum Cortisol concentrations above normal resting range, necessitating daily treatment for an additional S to 55 days. In contrast, 70 of the 200 dogs had low post‐ACTH serum Cortisol concentrations after the induction period. These subnormal serum Cortisol concentrations generally increased spontaneously to within normal resting range 2 to 6 weeks after cessation of mitotane. In 184 dogs, mitotane was continued at an initial mean maintenance dosage of 49 mg/kg administered weekly in two to three divided doses. Of these dogs, 107 had one or more relapses of hyperadrenocorticism during treatment. In the 75 dogs that had one relapse, the median maintenance dosage was increased by approximately 35%, whereas the median maintenance dosage in the 32 dogs having two or more relapses was eventually increased by 225% over the initial dosage. After a mean maintenance treatment time of 2.0 years, the final maintenance dosage required in the 184 dogs ranged from 26.8 to 330 mg/kg/week. Concurrent glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency (Addison's disease) developed in 11 dogs after 27 days to 3.5 years (median = 4.6 months) of maintenance mitotane. The mean survival time of the 200 dogs was 2.2 years (range = 10 days to 8.2 years). Of the 34 dogs that died or were euthanatized within the initial 6 months, 18 died because of complications of hyperadrenocorticism. In contrast, dogs usually did not die of complications associated with hyperadrenocorticism after the first few months of treatment, when the signs of disease were in remission. Eleven dogs died or were euthanatized as a result of the compressive effects of an expanding pituitary tumor. The results of this study indicate that mitotane is effective and relatively safe for the treatment of dogs with PDH. Of the dogs treated for longer than 3 months, over 80% were considered to have a good to excellent response to treatment. Adverse effects, although they did occur with some frequency, were generally not life‐threatening, were related to the development of low serum Cortisol concentrations, and usually resolved when the dosage of glucocorticoid was increased.
Canine Ehrlichiosis in Six Dogs with Persistently Increased Antibody Titers
Authors: Perille Amy L. , Matus Robert E.
Published: March 2010

Chronic ehrlichiosis was diagnosed in six dogs on the basis of increased immunofluorescent antibody titers toEhrlichia canis. Although clinical signs varied, all six dogs were anemic, hyperglobulinemic, and an IgG monoclonal gammopathy was documented in five dogs in which serum protein electrophoreses were performed. All dogs were treated with tetracycline for at least 14 days; four dogs also received immunosuppressive drugs. Clinical signs resolved within 1 week, hematologic abnormalities resolved in 1 to 5 months, and increased globulin concentrations normalized in 1 to 15 months; however,E. canisantibody titers remained increased for 15 to 31 months after initiation of treatment. Results of this study show that increasedE. canistiters can persist in dogs with ehrlichiosis for many months after clinical recovery.
Concurrent Infection withToxoplasma gondiiand Feline Leukemia Virus: Antibody Response and Oocyst Production
Authors: Patton Sharon , Legendre AIfred M. , McGavin  , Pelletier Diana
Published: March 2010

Four adult cats (two testing positive and two negative for feline leukemia virus FeLV) were fedToxoplasma gondiitissue cysts collected from the brains of mice. Two control cats (1 FeLV+, 1 FeLV‐) were not fed cysts. The cats infected withT. gondiished thousands of oocysts but remained clinically and physically normal, with hemograms and clinical chemistry values essentially unchanged irrespective of their FeLV status. Infection with FeLV did not increase the duration of oocyst shedding. At necropsy no significant lesions were found.T. gondiiantibodies were detected by three serologic tests in the cats fed tissue cysts. The time necessary for an antibody response toT. gondiiwas not altered by the FeLV infection. Indirect hemagglutination (IHA) was the least reliable of the serologic tests studied; it detected antibodies later in the infection, and titers were less than in the other tests. Latex agglutination (LA) detected antibodies a few days before IHA, but titers were less than in modified direct agglutination (MAT). MAT detected antibodies earliest in the infection and also measured antibodies in aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid.
Pharmacology of Furosemide in the Horse: A Review
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Muir William W.
Published: March 2010

Furosemide, a diuretic, is frequently administered to horses for the prophylaxis of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage and the treatment of a number of clinical conditions, including acute renal failure and congestive heart failure. Furosemide increases the rate of urinary sodium, chloride, and hydrogen ion excretion. Plasma potassium concentration decreases after furosemide administration but urinary potassium excretion in horses is minimally affected. Renal blood flow increases after furosemide administration. Systemically, furosemide increases venous compliance and decreases right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and pulmonary blood volume. The systemic hemodynamic effects of furosemide are only manifest in the presence of a functional kidney, but can occur in the absence of diuresis, emphasizing the importance of the renal‐dependent extra‐renal effects of furosemide. The renal and systemic hemodynamic effects of furosemide are modified by prior administration of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Furosemide administration attenuates exercise‐induced increases in right atrial, aortic, and pulmonary artery pressures in ponies. Furosemide prevents exercise and allergen‐induced bronchoconstriction in humans and decreases total pulmonary resistance in ponies with recurrent obstructive airway disease. These pharmacologic effects are frequently used to rationalize its questionable efficacy in the prevention of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Neither the effect of furosemide on athletic performance nor its efficacy in the prevention of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage has been convincingly demonstrated.
Analysis of Survival in a Retrospective Study of 86 Dogs with Brain Tumors
Authors: Heidner Greta L. , Kornegay Joe N. , Page Rodney L. , Dodge Richard K. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: March 2010

A retrospective study of 86 dogs with brain tumors was undertaken. Sixty‐nine dogs had histologic confirmation of tumor type, whereas the remaining 17 dogs had CT evidence of a brain tumor. All dogs had neurologic abnormalities. Seven dogs received no treatment, 38 dogs received only symptomatic treatment, and 41 dogs received some form of definitive treatment, in addition to medical management. Types of definitive treatment included surgery, cobalt‐60 radiation, whole‐body hyperthermia,125I implants, and chemotherapy, alone or in combination. The factor that was most associated with survival duration was mode of therapy. Those dogs who were treated with cobalt‐60 radiation, with or without other combinations of therapy, lived significantly longer than dogs who received surgery (±125I implants), or dogs who received symptomatic treatment (P= 0.01 andP <0.001, respectively). After statistic adjustment for treatment, multiplicity of brain involvement (solitary vs. multiple) provided prognostic information with respect to survival (P= 0.001), with dogs who had a solitary site of involvement having a better prognosis. After further adjustment, initial neurologic dysfunction (mild/moderate vs. severe) showed significance as prognostic variable (P= 0.005). Both the mild and moderate groups had a more favorable prognosis compared with dogs who had severe initial neurologic impairment. The median survival time for the 86 dogs was 1.0 month (range: 1 day‐42.4 mo). Median survival times of dogs receiving: 1) no therapy or only symptomatic therapy, 2) surgery (±125I), or 3) cobalt‐60 radiation (± hyperthermia, ± surgery) were 0.2, 0.9, and 4.9 months, respectively.
Canine Bladder and Urethral Tumors: A Retrospective Study of 115 Cases (1980–1985)
Authors: Norris Alan M. , Laing Elizabeth J. , Valli Victor E. O. , Withrow Stephen J. , Macy Dennis W. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Tomlinson Jim , McCaw Dudley , Pidgeon Guy , Jacobs Robert M.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and fifteen dogs with neoplasms of the lower urinary tract (bladder and/or urethra) were retrospectively evaluated at five referral institutions participating in ongoing studies by the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group. Most tumors were malignant (97%) and of epithelial origin (97%). Lower urinary tract tumors were more common in older dogs weighing greater than 10 kg. The following significant (P < 0.05) statistical associations were found using the University of Guelph hospital population as control; there was no sex predisposition although the female:male ratio was 1.951. Neutered dogs were predisposed as were Airedale Terriers, Beagles, and Scottish Terriers, whereas German Shepherds were significantly under‐represented among dogs with lower urinary tract tumors. These statistical associations should be interpreted cautiously because of possible demographic differences in hospital populations among the University of Guelph and other cooperating institutions. There were no significant correlations between age, gender, weight, breed, response to therapy, and survival time. Clinical signs were indicative of lower urinary tract disease and included hematuria, stranguria, and pollakiuria. The laboratory data were nonspecific except for urinalysis test results. Hematuria and inflammatory urinary sediments were most commonly reported; neoplastic cells were identified in the urine sediment of 30% of dogs with lower urinary tract tumors. Contrast cystography was a useful noninvasive diagnostic method since 96% of the dogs had a mass or filling defect in the lower urinary tract demonstrated by this technique. Regional or distant metastases were evident in 37% of the dogs at the time of initial diagnosis whereas at necropsy, 48% of dogs had regional and juxtaregional lymph‐node metastasis and 51% had distant metastasis. One or more tumor types, in addition to the lower urinary tract tumor type, were discovered in 22% of dogs. Thc prognosis for dogs with lower urinary tract tumors was poor; only 16% of the dogs treated had a survival time of 1 year or more. Dogs with complete surgical excision of nonmetastatic bladder tumors had the longest median survival time ‐ 365 days. Dogs with bladder or urethral tumors had significantly longer median survival times than dogs with tumors located in both the bladder and urethra. Surgery and radiotherapy in nine dogs resulted in survival times of 30 to 630 days. The survival times for 15 dogs treated with chemotherapy ranged from 7 to 315 days. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:145–153)
Respiratory Distress Resulting from Acute Lung Injury in the Veterinary Patient
Authors: Frevert Charles W. , Warner Angeline E.
Published: March 2010

Because of improved management of animals in intensive care facilities, veterinarians are often confronted with patients at risk of developing adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The four objectives of this review are: 1) to describe the clinical conditions which place animals at risk for development of ARDS, 2) to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of endotoxin‐induced lung injury, 3) to address the interspecies variability in susceptibility to endotoxin‐induced lung injury, and 4) to outline areas where veterinarians should be concentrating their diagnostic and therapeutic efforts with regards to this syndrome. Because there is little written in the veterinary literature on ARDS, this review will rely heavily on the human ARDS literature as well as on research in animal models of acute lung injury. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:154–165)
Pulmonary Hypertension and Cardiac lnsuff iciency in Three Cows with Primary Lung Disease
Authors: Angel Kenneth L. , Tyler Jeff W.
Published: March 2010

Increased pulmonary arterial pressures as a result of pulmonary disease are described in two cows with chronic pneumonia and one cow with acute pneumonia. Based on clinical signs of congestive right heart failure, increased pulmonary arterial pressure, and right ventricular hypertrophy, cor pulmonale was diagnosed in one cow. Two cows had increased pulmonary arterial pressure and signs of right heart insufficiency, but right ventricular hypertrophy was not identified. Two of the cows had ventral edema and exercise intolerance. All cows had jugular venous distention and increased right atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures. Peripheral arterial PpO, was decreased in two cows, and not measured in the third cow. Although an uncommon cause of congestive heart failure in cattle at low altitudes, pulmonary hypertension should be considered in cattle with clinical right heart failure. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:214–219)
Canine Leptospirosis: A Retrospective Study of 17 Cases
Authors: Rentko Virginia T. , Clark Nancy , Ross Linda A. , Schelling Scott H.
Published: March 2010

Seventeen dogs were diagnosed with leptospirosis on the basis of clinical findings, laboratory abnormalities, and serology. This article summarizes and characterizes the historical and physical findings, laboratory data, serology, treatment, and outcome of these dogs. All of the dogs had serologic evidence of infection with interrogans serovars pomona and grippotyphosa. These findings are compared with previous reports of canine infection withLeptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola. The clinical presentation of these dogs did not correspond to the classic description of the disease in dogs in which concurrent renal and hepatic diseases are present. This may be due to infection with different serovars than those previously reported. In addition, this article suggests that canine leptospirosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with acute or subacute renal failure. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:235–244)
Phase I Evaluation of Doxorubicin and Whole‐body Hyperthermia in Dogs with Lymphoma
Authors: Novotney C. A. , Page R. L. , Macy D. W. , Dewhirst M. W. , Ogilvie G. K. , Withrow S. J. , McEntee M. C. , Heidner G. L. , Allen S. A. , Thrall D. E. , Gillette E. L.
Published: March 2010

Fifteen previously untreated dogs with histologically confirmed, high‐grade multicentric lymphoma were entered into a phase I study to evaluate combined doxorubicin and whole‐body hyperthermia (DOX/ WBH). Groups of three, four, and eight dogs were treated with whole‐body hyperthermia and concurrent doxorubicin at 12 mg/m2, 24 mg/m2and 30 mg/m2, respectively, after one doxorubicin induction dose at 30 mg/m2. Plateau temperature (42 ± 0.1d̀C) was maintained for 90 minutes using a radiant heating device. A total of five DOX/WBH treatments per dog were planned, and these were given every 21 days. Treatment‐related toxicity was not seen in the 12‐mg/m2doxorubicin dose group. Tumor progression prohibited administration of more than three DOX/WBH treatments to any dog in the 12‐mg/m2group. Premature ventricular contractions developed after the fifth treatment in one of the four dogs treated with 24 mg/m2of doxorubicin. Two dogs (25%) in the 30‐mg/m2dose group had treatment‐related toxicity. One dog experienced acute serious myelosuppression 1week after the third treatment. This dog received all planned DOX/WBH treatments. Asymptomatic cardiac toxicosis consisting of decreased ejection fraction and fractional shortening developed in the second dog. This dog received only two DOX/WBH treatments. The three dogs treated at 12 mg/m2had partial responses of short duration (60–83 days). Four dogs treated at 24 mg/m2had complete responses for 150,164,186, and 200 days. Eight dogs treated at 30 mg/m2had complete responses with a mean and median duration of 241 and 190 days, respectively. It was concluded that after a single induction doxorubicin treatment at 30 mg/m2, five additional doses of doxorubicin at 30 mg/m2can be administered without serious toxicity under hyperthermic conditions. Thus, there is no requisite doxorubicin dose reduction under hyperthermic conditions in comparison to the amount of doxorubicin normally given to dogs. Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of combined doxorubicin (at 30 mg/m2) and whole‐body hyperthermia compared with doxorubicin alone in dogs with lymphoma is warranted. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:245–249)
Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure in Dogs
Authors: King Lesley G. , Giger Urs , Diserens Deborah , Nagode Larry A.
Published: March 2010

Seventeen dogs with chronic renal failure (CRF) were studied to evaluate the incidence, type, and etiology of anemia in CRF. A nonregenerative, normochromic, normocytic anemia was seen in 12 of 17 dogs (70.6%). There was a direct correlation between the degree of anemia and the extent of CRF as assessed by serum creatinine concentrations (P= .0386,r= S0923). Erythrocyte concentrations of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (DPG) were significantly increased in anemic animals and showed a close correlation to the degree of anemia. The high DPG concentrations may compensate for the anemia by decreasing the hemoglobin‐oxygen affinity and thereby facilitating tissue oxygenation at low hematocrits. Serum concentrations of erythropoietin (Epo) were in the low to normal range, despite mild to moderate anemia, documenting a deficiency of Epo in dogs with CRF. The nonregenerative nature of the anemia supports impaired hematopoiesis as a significant etiologic factor. Other factors, such as increases in serum parathyroid hormone and phosphorus, were not found to correlate significantly with the degree of anemia, although there were significant differences between their concentrations in anemic compared with non‐anemic dogs. There was no change in erythrocyte osmotic fragility with uremia. The documentation of a nonregenerative, normochromic, normocytic anemia, with failure of an appropriate increase in Epo production, supports the therapeutic use of Epo in the management of the anemia seen in CRF in the dog. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:264–270)
Hyperkalemic Atrial Standstill in Neonatal Calf Diarrhea
Authors: Weldon Alan D. , Moise N. S. , Rebhun W. C.
Published: March 2010

Hyperkalemia has been associated with cardiac abnormalities and muscular disorders. Hyperkalemia is a common problem associated with the acid‐base and electrolyte disturbances that occur in neonatal calves having acute diarrhea. Occasional calves with acute neonatal diarrhea, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia have cardiac rate or rhythm abnormalities. Bradycardia observed in three such calves was found to represent atrial standstill and was attributed to hyperkalemia. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:294–297)
Lymphedema: Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Fossum Theresa W. , King Leonard A. , Miller Matthew W. , Butler Lisa M.
Published: March 2010

LYMPHEDEMA is a chronic disease characterized by an abnormal accumulation of interstitial lymph. Despite current research, it remains a disease entity for which there is no medical or surgical cure. Even the pathogenesis of this disease in many cases remains unclear. The first article to this series discussed the anatomy, etiology, pathogenesis, and classification of lymphedema. The clinical signs, diagnostic procedures, and medical and surgical management of patients with lymphedema will be discussed.
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Authors: Maddison Jill E.
Published: March 2010

Hepatic encephalopathy occurs in a number of different species as a result of either congenital portacaval shunts or acquired liver disease. Despite intensive research, the neurochemical basis of the disorder has not been defined. Theories to explain the cerebral dysfunction that accompanies acute or chronic hepatic failure include 1) ammonia acting as the putative neurotoxin, 2) perturbed monoamine neurotransmission as a result of altered plasma amino acid metabolism, 3) an imbalance between excitatory amino acid neurotransmission, mediated by glutamate, and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmission, mediated by y‐aminobutyric acid, and 4) increased cerebral concentrations of an endogenous benzodiazepine‐like substance. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:341–353)
Use of Recombinant Canine Granulocyte Colony‐Stimulating Factor to Decrease Myelosuppression Associated with the Administration of Mitoxantrone in the Dog
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Obradovich Joyce E. , Cooper Mary F. , Walters Lisa M. , Salman M.D. , Boone T.C.
Published: March 2010

Ten dogs were given mitoxantrone at a dose of 5 mg/m2body surface area intravenously. Recombinant canine granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (rcG‐CSF) was administered subcutaneously daily for 20 days after an infusion of mitoxantrone in five of these dogs to determine the effect of the hematopoietic growth factor on the duration and severity of myelosuppression. The median neutrophil counts dropped below normal (<3,000/uL) for 2 days in the dogs that received rcG‐CSF, and for 5 days in the dogs that received only mitoxantrone. Four of five dogs not treated with rcG‐CSF and none of those receiving rcG‐CSF developed serious neutropenia (<l,500/uL). The neutrophil counts were significantly (P< 0.05) higher in the rcG‐CSF treated dogs at all time points except before the administration of the colony‐stimulating factor, and the sixth day after the mitoxantrone was administered. These findings demonstrate that rcG‐CSF is capable of reducing the duration and severity of mitoxantrone‐induced myelosuppression. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:44–47)
Systolic Time Intervals and Their Derivatives for Evaluation of Cardiac Function
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Snyder Patti S.
Published: March 2010

Systolic time intervals provide a noninvasive indication of global left ventricular performance, are relatively sensitive, and are easily obtained from an M‐mode echocardiogram. This paper defines systolic time intervals (preejection period, left ventricular ejection time, and total electromechanical systole) and their derivatives (preejection period/left ventricular ejection time and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening). Their utility and weaknesses, as well as the effects of heart rate, loading conditions, cardiac contractility, and drug therapies on systolic time intervals are discussed. Normal values for systolic time intervals for the dog and cat are provided.
Effect of Therapy on Susceptibility to Urinary Tract Infection in Male Cats with Indwelling Urethral Catheters
Authors: Barsanti J. A. , Shotts E. B. , Crowell W. A. , Finco D. R. , Brown J.
Published: March 2010

Indwelling urinary catheters with a closed urine collection system were maintained in 30 male cats for 3 days after induction of irritant cystitis. All cats received subcutaneous fluids during the 3 days the catheters were in place. The effects of four different treatment regimens on urinary tract infection rates, incidence of urethral obstruction, and development of urinary tract lesions over a 10‐day period were compared with results in a nontreated group. Treatments were 1) amoxicillin for 5 days PO; 2) predniso‐lone for 5 days PO; 3) both amoxicillin and prednisolone for 5 days PO; and 4) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 3 days intravesicularly. Euthanasia was done before the end of the 10‐day experimental period if the cats had two bouts of urethral obstruction or if the cats became uremic for causes unrelated to urethral obstruction. Seven cats were euthanatized before the conclusion of the experiment. These cats had been treated with prednisolone, prednisolone and amoxicillin, or DMSO. All cats that received amoxicillin alone or no therapy survived the 10‐day period. Mortality was due to repeated urethral obstruction or to uremia associated with pyelonephritis or papillitis. Urinary tract infection rate was similar in all groups. The group treated with prednisolone alone had the highest incidence of renal infection. Inflammatory lesions in the lower urinary tract were similar in all groups. In conclusion, persistent urinary tract infection often develops in cats with cystitis after indwelling urethral catheteriza‐tion even when closed systems of urine drainage are used. Use of amoxicillin does not prevent such infections. Use of prednisolone may increase susceptibility to renal infection without decreasing urinary tract inflammation. Use of intravesicular DMSO did not decrease incidence of infection or degree of lower urinary tract inflammation.
Treatment of Membranopr oliferative Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic Syndrome in a Dog with a Thromboxane Synthetase Inhibitor
Authors: Grauer Gregory F. , Frisbie David D. , Snyder Patti S. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Panciera David L.
Published: March 2010

A 2‐year‐old spayed female Whippet with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome was treated with a specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (3‐methyl‐2[3‐pyridyl]‐l‐indo‐leoctanoic acid), resulting in decreased proteinuria and resolution of ascites and edema. Glomerular histology, however, appeared unaffected by treatment. Discontinuation of treatment for 10 weeks resulted in increased proteinuria and decreased serum albumin concentrations that were again attenuated when treatment was reinitiated. Thromboxane synthetase inhibitors have been used successfully to treat experimentally induced glomerulonephritis in several species and this treatment appears to hold promise for naturally occurring glomerulonephritis in dogs.
Congenital Esophageal Hiatal Hernia in the Chinese Shar‐Pei Dog
Authors: Callan Mary Beth , Washabau Robert J. , Saunders H. Mark , Kerr Larry , Prymak Caroline , Holt David
Published: March 2010

Esophageal hiatal hernia was diagnosed in 11 young Chinese Shar‐Pei dogs between October 1985 and July 1991. The dogs ranged in age from 2 to 11 months and included 3 females and 8 males. The most common clinical signs were regurgitation, vomiting, and hypersalivation. Physical examination was normal in 6 dogs; abnormal physical examination findings in the other 5 dogs included fever, dehydration, hypersalivation, and pulmonary wheezes and crackles. Laboratory evaluation was significant only for neutrophilia in 5 dogs. A diagnosis of hiatal hernia was made on the basis of survey thoracic radio‐graphic and/or barium esophagram findings of displacement of the esophagogastric junction and stomach into the thoracic cavity; the diagnosis was confirmed by surgery in 9 dogs and at necropsy in 2 dogs. Megaesophagus (n = 7), gastroesophageal reflux (n = 4), and esophageal hypomotility (n = 1) were additional findings in some dogs. Aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed in 7 of the dogs. Medical therapies formulated for the therapy of presumed reflux esophagitis generally failed to resolve the clinical signs associated with the hiatal hernia. Hiatal herniae were surgically repaired in 9 of the Shar‐Peis by various combinations of diaphragmatic crural apposition, fixation of the esophagus to the diaphragmatic crus (esophagopexy), and left fundic tube gastropexy. Eight of the animals survived surgery, six of which have been asymptomatic since surgery (19 to 36 months). The megaesophagus, esophageal hypomotility, and bronchopneumonia resolved in all of these dogs. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:210–215. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Dogs
Authors: Holloway Steven , Senior David , Roth Lois , Tisher C. Craig
Published: March 2010

A disease syndrome similar to the hemolytic uremic syndrome of people is described in three dogs with acute renal failure. In each dog, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis preceded the onset of anuric acute renal failure. Evidence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (schizocytes, thrombocytopenia, and increased concentrations of fibrin split products) was present in the three dogs. Serum chemistry results showed increased concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphorus. Ultrasound examination performed in one dog revealed increased echogenicity of the renal cortices. Treatment for anuric acute renal failure using a continuous dopamine and furosemide infusion established urine production in one of three dogs. Microscopic examination of tissue from the two dogs that underwent necropsy showed occlusion of the renal vasculature by fibrin thrombi consistent with microangiopathic arteriolar thrombosis. The pathophysiology and current knowledge of human hemolytic uremic syndrome is compared with hemolytic uremic syndrome in these dogs. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:220–227. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
The Role of Vascular Mechanisms in the Development of Acute Equine Laminitis
Authors: Hood David M. , Grosenbaugh Deborah A. , Mostafa Mostafa B. , Morgan Sherry J. , Thomas Barbara C.
Published: March 2010

ACUTE LAMINITIS has long been attributed to factors or events that precede the onset of laminitis. Between 1759 and 1907 the overconsumption of grain, inflammation of the feet, suppression of perspiration (anhydrosis), excessive rest, excessive bleeding, road concussion, poor shoeing, unilateral weight bearing, sudden environmental temperature changes, prolonged standing (in the cold and aboard ships), diarrhea, and postpartum complications were all designated as causes. Today, commonly listed etiologic factors include ingestion of large amounts of grain, cold water, lush grass, or black walnut shavings, repeated concussion, endometritis or other severe infections, colic, exhaustion, stress, drug toxicities, and endocrine dysfunctions. At Texas A&M University (Table 1) the factors recorded as the cause presume a causal relationship between some preceding event and the acute laminitis. Logically, any event that precedes laminitis might be a cause, but etiologic validity depends on the definition of “cause” and the role that coincidence might have in the appearance of the disease.
Thrombocytopenia in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 41 Cases
Authors: Jordan Holly L. , Grindem Carol B. , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: March 2010

The prevalence of feline thrombocytopenia (<200,000 platelets/m̈L) at North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, from January 1985 to March 1990, was 1.2% (41/3300). Cats were divided into six categories based on clinical diagnoses: 29% (12/41) had infectious disease, 20% (8/41) had neoplasia, 7% (3/41) had cardiac disease, 2% (1/41) had primary immune‐mediated disease, 22% (9/41) had multiple diseases, and 20% (8/41) had disorders of unknown etiology. The mean platelet count for all thrombocytopenic cats was 52,000/μL ± 46,000/μL (1 SD) with a range of 1000–190,000/μL. No significant differences were found between groups with respect to platelet count, packed cell volume, or white blood cell count, though anemia and leukopenia were common among the cats as a whole. Bleeding disorders (hemorrhage or thrombosis) were observed in 29% (12/41) of thrombocytopenic cats and were more likely to be associated with neoplasia, cardiac disease, and platelet counts less than or equal to 30,000/μL. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was diagnosed in 12% (5/41) of the cats. Infections and/or neoplasia affecting the bone marrow were the most common diseases associated with thrombocytopenia. Feline leukemia virus and myeloproliferative neoplasia accounted for approximately 44% (18/41) of the specific diagnoses in thrombocytopenic cats. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:261–265. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Evaluation of Prognostic Factors and Sequential Combination Chemotherapy With Doxorubicin for Canine Lymphoma
Authors: Keller Evan T. , MacEwen E. Gregory , Rosenthal Robert C. , Helfand Stuart C. , Fox Leslie E.
Published: March 2010

Fifty‐five dogs with lymphoma were treated using a doxorubicin‐based sequential combination chemotherapy protocol. Complete response, partial response, and no response were seen in 46, 4, and 5 dogs, respectively. The overall median remission duration and survival times were 36 and 51 weeks, respectively. Age, sex, weight, World Health Organization stage, World Health Organization substage (i.e., a = not ill, b = ill), serum calcium concentration, blood urea nitrogen concentration, breed, and protocol alteration secondary to toxicity were evaluated for prognostic significance. Univariate analysis of prognostic factors identified sex, World Health Organization substage, and serum calcium as statistically significant (P≤ .05) variables for both survival and remission duration. Upon multivariate analysis, only substage (P= .036) was a significant prognostic factor for remission duration, whereas, both substage (P= .006) and sex (P= .005) were significant prognostic factors for survival. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:289–295. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)