bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Powder coating steel building lintels at Catnic Components Ltd
Authors: Higgins Richard J
Published: February 2008

The building sector represents one of the most important and technically demanding areas for the application of powder coating technology. In response to this challenge, the powder manufacturing industry is consistently developing new products and constantly researching both application techniques and potential uses for its customer industries.
Remote potential monitoring for offshore structures protected by cathodic protection systems
Authors: Willis Andrew D.
Published: February 2008

The application of cathodic protection to the prevention of corrosion in steel structures immersed in sea water is a well established method. Monitoring such systems helps to ensure that the desired level of protection has been achieved and maintained for the prevailing conditions. This level is determined by the steel/ electrolyte (the sea water) potential. However, as it is impractical to measure this value directly a standard reference electrode, immersed in the electrolyte, is used and a value measured between this electrode and the structure. The measured value depends on the type of electrode employed.
Corrosion problems in central heating systems
Authors: Davis R.D.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion starts to attack the metallic and non‐metallic components of domestic and industrial heating systems from the time they are first filled with untreated water. The need for repairs, repetitive maintenance and component replacement is, in many cases, the result of a poor understanding of the contributory factors involved in how systems depreciate and also, to some extent, the complacency and shortsightedness of the specifiers and engineers responsible for the design and operation of such systems.
A temporary protective against corrosion
Authors: Polak Danute
Published: February 2008

A temporary protective has been developed at the Institute of the Plastics and Paint Industry, Gliwice (Polish Patent No. 130217). It is based on organic corrosion inhibitors, and is used mainly for the protection of steel beds at various stages of prefabrication and assembly of sheets, pipelines and structural elements generally not protected by paint coats but which should be free from corrosion products prior to being commissioned for service.
Corrosion in chlorine environments
Authors: Foroulis Z.A.
Published: February 2008

The subject of this paper is high temperature corrosion in chlorine and hydrogen chloride gaseous environments. The discussion will be limited to metals and alloys such as iron and carbon steel, iron‐chromium alloys and stainless steels, nickel and nickel alloys which are of interest in the petroleum industry.
Silica in boiler water
Authors: Ghosh P.
Published: February 2008

Steam contamination (solid particles in the superheated steam) comes from the boiler water largely in the carry‐over of water droplets. The need for extreme purity of steam for use in high pressure turbines has prompted the development of highly satisfactory devices for separating steam and water in a boiler drum. Consequently, steam contamination has been steadily reduced. Troublesome turbine blade deposits may occur with surprisingly low (0.6 ppm) total solids contamination in steam. In the 3.5–6 MPa range, however these deposits are usually water soluble and can be removed by periodic washing. In the 4 to 10 MPa range, however, silica deposits predominate and these deposits are not easily removed by water washing. With operating pressure of 13 MPa and above insoluble deposits do occur which may be controlled by residual water washing. Before the unit is returned to service, the deposits should be removed by air or water‐driven turbine cleaners or by chemical cleaning.
Corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of titanium in aqueous sulfate and sulfidic solutions
Authors: Foroulis Z.A.
Published: February 2008

Aqueous solutions which contain H2SO4, H2S or mixtures of H2S and NH3 are corrosive to carbon steel and other commonly used alloys. Therefore, titanium has been evaluated as a possible construction material in these environments. This paper summarizes the results of a study of the corrosion, galvanic and hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of titanium in aqueous sulfidic and sulfate solutions. Variables discussed include the effect of solution pH, temperature and solution composition on the corrosion and electro chemical behaviour including galvanic effects of titanium. This paper also considers the effect of pH, temperature and mechanical loading rate (strain‐rate) on the ductility and embrittlement of titanium.
New technology aircraft painting
Authors: Cowley Mike
Published: February 2008

Protection The modern aircraft will encounter a wide range of atmospheric conditions during the course of its working life.
Protective effect of substituted isoxazole and isoxazoline compounds on the dissolution of iron in hydrochloric acid
Authors: Al‐Abdallah M.M. , Abu‐Orabi S.T.
Published: February 2008

Inhibitive efficiency of solutions of substituted isoxazole and isoxazoline organic compounds on Fe dissolution in deaerated solutions of 4M HCL using nitrogen gas was studied at 15°C using the steady‐state potentiostatic current‐potential method at a sweep rate of 1 mV/S. Inhibitive efficiencies were calculated at constant time of immersion of the working electrode from the measurement of current densities, icorr µA cm‐2, in the presence and absence of the organic compounds at the corrosion potentials, Ecorr. Inhibitive efficiency, ?, increases as the concentration of the organic compound increases to a certain limit then decreases again. This may be due to stimulation effect in which the solubility of the adsorbate increase with concentration of the organic compounds. In the region, where the organic compounds act as inhibitors, substituted oxazole compounds showing better inhibitive efficiencies, this maybe due to the fact that the presence of double bond between the two carbon atoms in the oxazole unit enhance the adsorption via ?‐electrons and/or to decrease in steric effect. Other factors that have been found to affect the inhibition efficiencies of these substrates are the size and the relative strength of the electron releasing group of R‐substituents on the isoxazole or isoxazoline unit.
Development of HST MK 16 MoD
Authors: Freer M.E.
Published: February 2008

AT the last Aerotech Conference and exhibition held in October 1987, Mr Roger Moore of the Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, delivered a paper entitled “Military Ground Support Equipment”. In this paper Mr Moore made reference to the current requirement for a hydraulic servicing trolley which would cope with the RAF's mid‐range equipment.
Applications of A.C. Field Measurement Techniques for the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Lugg M.C.
Published: February 2008

THE a.c potential drop (acpd) technique has been used for many years for non‐destructive evaluation in a wide range of applications. The technique relies on the generation of a unidirectional incident current flow in the region under inspection, either by direct injection or by induction. This then allows the current perturbations caused by a defect to be derived analytically for a wide variety of geometries. These theoretical predictions are then inverted so that crack sizes can be obtained from surface potential difference measurements without the need for prior calibration. The skin depth in a metal is given by δ = (πμσƒ)−½ where μ is the magnetic permeability, σ the electrical conductivity of the metal, and f is the a.c. frequency used for the current input. The analytical solutions are considerably easier at the two extremes of the ratio of skin depth to crack depth, δ/d. At operating frequencies of a few kilohertz, the thin‐skin extreme, δ/d«1, typically occurs in magnetic materials or in metals of high conductivity such as aluminium, while the thick‐skin extreme, δ/d»1, occurs for short cracks in most other metals including stainless steel, nickel alloys and titanium. Other situations can be made to satisfy one extreme or the other by a suitable change in input frequency.
Latest Developments in Tube Inspection Systems
Authors: Kinley Don
Published: February 2008

THE Vector Measuring Machine (VMM) has been used successfully for many years as a part shape development tool; however, inspection departments have hesitated on giving up their inspection fixtures and using their VMMs as an accepted inspection instrument. The reason that Vector Measuring Machines have not been widely accepted in the bent tube industry as an inspection tool can be summed up in one word. Accuracy.
New Materials for Fabricated Gas Turbine Hot Section Components
Authors: Rothman M.F. , Patriarca C.R.
Published: February 2008

Materials have been developed in recent years which are particularly well‐suited for use in fabricated gas turbine hot section components. Among these are HAYNES® alloy No. 230 and HASTELLOY® alloy S. These alloys combine very good performance characteristics with capability for fabrication into such complex components as combustion chambers, afterburner flame‐holders, seal rings, and thermocouple/probe assemblies. The properties and fabrication characteristics of these two materials are reviewed and compared with other well‐known gas turbine alloys.
D3MAC
Authors: Lancaster Tony
Published: February 2008

AS industrial monitor and control systems grow in both size and sophistication, the demands placed upon the man‐machine interface (MMI) increase to the point at which there are significant advantages to be gained from separating the data distribution and display function from the rest of the system. One of the main benefits of such an approach is the elimination of ‘knock‐on’ effects from changes in the way the data is distributed, manipulated and displayed. In a system where data distribution and display are an integral part of the total monitor and control system, changes to one part of the system can result in unexpected and far reaching effects on the whole system. As a result, changes which would improve the MMI aspects of the system are often not implemented.
Computer Assisted Optimisation of Maintenance Activities
Authors: Pollak Gary
Published: February 2008

This paper describes how aircraft maintenance organisations can benefit from the introduction of computerised records systems, both by improved use of the human and material resources at their disposal and by better understanding the underlying meaning of the events that take place.
Evaluation of a Maximum Likelihood System Identification Technique on Flutter Testing Data
Authors: Van der Auweraer H. , Leuridan J.
Published: February 2008

The paper deals with the application of a frequency domain maximum likelihood estimation method for linear system identification in the field of flutter data analysis. Unlike methods based on least squares error minimization, the proposed method takes into account the disturbing process or measurement noise on as well the input as the output of the device under test. This enables the optimal and unbiased identification of the parameters in the linear system model. A few examples of the identification of the system parameters of a mechanical single input single output system from flutter test data are discussed and compared to more classical linear estimation methods.
Total Capability Contracting for a Flight Critical Structure
Authors: Wardrop Duncan J. , Allanson Robert M.
Published: February 2008

COMPONENTS using aluminium skins, ribs and honeycomb or graphite/epoxy and Nomex honeycomb bonded into an assembly, have been manufactured for some years. Major aircraft companies queried the use of honeycombs and expressed the need for other techniques to be developed.
Problem Solved!
Authors: den Hertog Rudi
Published: February 2008

THIS was the title of a presentation made by Rudi den Hertog, Fokker 100 Chief Engineer, at the 1st Fokker 100 Operators Conference early this year. The following is a summary of his very frank and detailed paper, It describes how the cause of, and cure for, failure of the port main landing gear (MLG) on a KLM Fokker 100 were determined in the course of a widespread 12‐months' investigation.
The Development of Pitot Static Flightline Testing
Authors: Curley John
Published: February 2008

DRUCK LTD, have been involved in the design and production of pressure transducers, transmitters and instrumentation for a variety of applications since the 1970s and were innovators in solid‐state silicon diaphragm sensor technology. At an early stage in their inception the Company became involved in the development of precision digital pressure indicators for the Royal Air Force, for the replacement of mercury column sensors then in service and it was only a matter of time before their technological advances attracted the attention of the civil aviation industry.
Understand the Science Before you Apply the Tools
Authors: Archibald Dennis
Published: February 2008

THE aviation and aerospace industry has always been characterised by highly complex, even high risk undertakings. The outcome of these undertakings, or projects, is dependent on the availability of money, manpower, materials and time. Predicting the way in which these various factors interact requires powerful management tools and, for many years, the aircraft engineering and aerospace industry has used computerised planning and control systems. The most profusely used software tool is Artemis which accounts for 40% of the project management software systems in use throughout the world. Artemis was developed and marketed by Metier Management Systems, a former Lockheed company. The company is now a division of Lucas Industries plc and trades as Lucas Management Systems. Lucas is the first to point out, however, that effective project management does not end with acquisition of an appropriate software tool. Equally important is creating the right organisational structure in which project managers and all those participating in a project can perform most effectively. This is why Lucas has employed Dennis Archibald, not to sell project management systems but to educate all management levels in the discipline and methods of project management. In this article Dennis Archibald, who first encountered project management techniques as an RAF officer in the early 1970's, explains the importance of understanding project management methodologies, irrespective of the software tools which may be either in use or under consideration.
Composite Developments in Aircraft Structures — Part 1
Authors: Middleton D.H.
Published: February 2008

THE first tentative steps in the use of composite materials for primary structures were taken in 1940 when, a Blenheim main spar was built of Gordon Aerolite, a material developed by Dr. Norman de Bruyne's firm, Aero Research Ltd. of Duxford (now part of the Ciba‐Geigy Group). It comprised unbleached flax thread skein formed with phenolic resin in a heated press to form what was probably the world's first advanced composite material.
Research into Materials Aspects of Aircraft Maintenance and Life Extension — Part 3
Authors: Chester R.J. , Clark G. , Hinton B.R.W. , Baker A.A.
Published: February 2008

Bonded composite repair technology was pioneered at ARL and has been successfully used to repair a wide range of military and civilian aircraft. The technique has proved to be very cost effective and has been shown to increase the availability of aircraft by significantly reducing the repair time. ARL has undertaken collaborative work with a number of airline operators, the CAA and FAA and with Boeing to demonstrate the advantage of the technology when compared to conventional repair methods. The Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) has signed a licence agreement with an Australian company. Helitech P/L, to exploit this technology on a world‐wide basis.
Thermography a Fast and Reliable Method for NonDestructive Testing
Authors: Smith Brian
Published: February 2008

ONE of the most difficult stages during the development of a new product is how to test its reliability to the limit. As new structures are formed employing different types of materials it is difficult to see how one might detect any flaws without causing significant damage to the product.
Cryogenic‐Fueled Turbofans
Authors: Fulton Ken
Published: February 2008

A recent two‐line news item in the International Herald Tribune highlighted an important aspect of Russia's interest in developing cryogenic‐fuelled aircraft. The item read simply “The airport in Vladivostok, in far eastern Russia, closed down on Tuesday because it had run out of fuel.” The air routes to Vladivostok from Moscow and other major Russian cities are extremely long and all kerosene loaded at Vladivostok has to be transported there for the purpose. Fuel supply routes extend over thousands of kilometres whether they involve the limited road and rail links in that part of the world or marine tankers using equally‐long and challenging sea routes.
Robots in the Aerospace Industry
Authors: Wilson Mike
Published: February 2008

Robots have undoubtedly proved their worth in the automotive industry. Even the man in the street remembers the spectacular Fiat TV advertisement with robots welding and transporting car bodies. Perhaps less spectacularly, but equally important, robots have been making steady inroads into other industries, including the aerospace industry.
Synthetic Vision Systems
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Various systems for enhancing visibility for civil aircraft have been proposed and a recent Royal Aeronautical society conference chaired by Captain Harry Hopkins sought to address many of these and provide a background against which their certification can be considered. The first contribution dealt with a NASA view of these systems and described the technical baselines for a programme to provide enhanced visual systems for three conditions. These are:
Boosting Aeroengine Thrust by Using Ramjets
Authors: Najjar Yousef S.H. , Aldoss Taha K.
Published: February 2008

Propulsion programmes have recently been showing continuing efforts to improve factors such as efficiency, emissions, performance, and cost. Lamb suggested an arrangement shown in Figure 1 in which the combustion air is fed to the combustion chambers (d) on the rotor (c) by a centrifugal compressor (a) driven by the rotor (c) through a layshaft gear (k), the rotor being enclosed in a casing (g) into which the exhaust gas from jet nozzles (f) is passed to preheat the combustion air. Drive for the propeller is taken via a second layshaft (n). This system is limited to shaft power applications such as helicopters. It also employs a tip combustion rotating system.
Aerospace Materials
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Satisfying the demanding requirements of the aerospace industry requires materials to have optimum levels of strength and toughness combined with good fatigue characteristics and the ability to retain superior features under widely varying conditions of loading and temperature. Recent developments in production and applications have highlighted these advances both in aircraft flying and pointing the way to likely uses in the future.
PAMS chosen for CNC programming
Authors: Johnston Jackie
Published: February 2008

The maiden flight of the Eurofighter 2000 combat aircraft in March 1994 was a significant milestone for the many companies contracted to supply components for its build. Among them was ML Aviation, which manufactures weapons carriage and release systems as well as a range of nasal and aircraft rocket and decoy flare systems.
Selective plating development fights corrosion
Authors: Mountford Richard
Published: February 2008

The aircraft and aerospace industry still offers many unique technical challenges, resulting from the continuing drive to achieve greater all‐round performance and economy.
Metallic materials for aircraft engineering
Authors: Bendall Keith C.
Published: February 2008

Aircraft designers require materials which offer features and benefits that are specifically tailored to the aerospace industry. Much time, with huge expenditure, has been devoted since the Second World War by many special alloy producers to the development of alloys which provide high strength and corrosion resistance — often with low density — for aircraft components.
Class 1 forming technology — with aluminium SPF
Authors: Stracey Russell J.
Published: February 2008

Superplastically formed (SPF) aluminium has now been utilized by the aerospace industry on a commercial basis for just over two decades. This years sees the twenty‐first anniversary of Worcester‐based Superform Metals: originally founded to serve the aero‐space market and still the largest single‐source supplier of SPF aluminium components worldwide.
Safe and reliable powerplants
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

In recent years the significant reliability goals achieved with aero‐engines have underlined the progress made in all areas of design and production. These features are prominent in the Rolls‐Royce series of turbofans in which integrity is guaranteed through the progressive implementation of advances which have been proved in service. One example in the 10,000 to 22,000lb thrust range is the Tay which is the quietest and most reliable engine for arduous short haul operations as in the Fokker 100 and 70 and high altitude business jets like the Gulfstream IV. It is also used in re‐engineering programmes including that of the Boeing 727 for night freighter operations.
Net‐end bending for aerospace tubing
Authors: Schweibold Donald J.
Published: February 2008

Like most modern manufacturing processes, tube bending and inspection is evolving from its “black art” origins. Tube processing has progressed through the use of manual and semiautomatic machinery, mylar templates, set‐up blocks, master samples and attribute gauges. Current production and quality improvements and requirements demand advancing the tube bending process from “art” to “science”. Using a VMM (vector measuring machine) and a computer numerically controlled (CNC) automatic bender advances this science.
Gas path analysis
Authors: Smith Peter
Published: February 2008

Describes the beginnings, development and successes of the gas path analysis program developed by Jet‐Care International. States that this program is the recommended method for monitoring filters and chip debris in Allied Signal TFE 731 engines. Indicates that it is currently being developed so that it will be able to monitor new variants and engine types. Concludes that there are immense savings to be made in using the Jet‐Care and also following successful tests the introduction of live monitoring is imminent.
Maintenance on the Boeing 777
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Compares the features of the 1995 Boeing 777 with its predecessors, highlighting the increased use of digital technology. Emphasizes the much improved reliability of the on‐board maintenance system and describes the sophisticated built‐in fault reporting and test capabilities.
Aerospace wear and corrosion‐resistant coatings — a perspective
Authors: Amos Trevor
Published: February 2008

Discusses the need to combat wear and corrosion, and to analyse wear types with regard to weight, longer working life, demands on performance, etc. Provides details of various surface coatings and debates their properties. Examines several R&D programmes on new‐generation coatings. Concludes that surface‐coating engineers should be part of the design team in the manufacturing process.
Avro in the world
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Looks at how Avro International Aerospace deals with the production of aircraft. Examines facilities and production at its Woodford, Manchester‐based site, as well as its potential. States that Avro bases its business activities around three key processes: customer, product and supply. Concludes that it is the attention given to these by all departments in the organization which underline Avro's successful sales position worldwide.
On‐board refuelling systems development
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Discusses the requirements for refuelling civil airliners, particularly under pressure refuelling. Analyses the problems that can arise and demonstrates how advancing technology has changed the appearance and efficiency of many components, particularly with reference to the control panel. Describes in detail the workings of a typical system; aspects of control of fuel quantity in refuelling; refuel control panels; and fuel gauges, with particular reference to the Boeing 777.
Educational development for marketing logistics
Authors: CHRISTOPHER MARTIN , MAGRILL LEONARD , WILLS GORDON
Published: February 2008

The development of a scientific discipline of marketing logistics requires a vital commitment to education in this area.
The distribution revolution of 1970
Authors: ACKERMAN KENNETH B.
Published: February 2008

Changing conditions in the United States distribution environment are becoming increasingly apparent. In this article the role of the public warehouse in these changed circumstances is examined.
The principal parameters involved in the selection of air freight
Authors: JACKSON PAUL D.
Published: February 2008

Frequently the transport mode decision is made on the basis of a few rules of thumb. This article suggests that there are a number of key factors involved in a decision to use air freight.
A new approach to depot delivery reas in logistics planning
Authors: BUXTON G. , QUAYLE N.J.T.
Published: February 2008

The problem of the determination of delivery areas from given depot locations can frequently be complex. In this article the authors present a simple technique for developing depot boundaries for own‐fleet operation.
Application of a new approach to depot delivery areas
Authors: BUXTON G. , QUAYLE N.J.T.
Published: February 2008

In an article in the previous issue of the International Journal of Physical Distribution, a technique for developing depot boundaries for own‐transport distribution was outlined. The algorithm for determining Delivery Areas From Fixed Own Depot Inventory Locations — DAFFODIL for short — is based upon the delineation of two boundaries surrounding the depot location: the time‐constraint boundary and the cost equalization boundary. They are determined by feeding values into two key formulae:
Controlling customer logistics service
Authors: HESKETT JAMES L.
Published: February 2008

Customer logistics service may mean different things to various organizations! Heavy emphasis in one organization may be placed on having a product available at the time, at the place, and in the quantities desired. In another company, it may be desirable to preserve the relative freedom in the manner and timing with which orders can be received from customers for processing. At other times and in other organizations, management may concentrate on improving the condition of goods delivered to customers. Finally, but of vital importance in many logistics systems, the speed and dependability with which items ordered can be made available to customers may be of primary concern.
The Computer in Distribution
Authors: EILON SAMUEL
Published: February 2008

The paper makes a distinction between management tasks which are associated with day‐to‐day operations in the distribution field and tasks which can be grouped under the title of planning and control. The first are concerned with tactical problems, usually on a short time scale, the fatter concentrate on strategy. The use of management science and the computer in some of these problems is briefly discussed.
Inventory costs & product margins — an aggregate approach
Authors: HOWARD KEITH , SCHARY PHILIP B.
Published: February 2008

A new approach to the problems of product line strategy and inventory investment decisions
The development of an analogous channel model
Authors: MAGRILL LEONARD
Published: February 2008

An investigation into how the acceptance of the total distribution concept can affect the theory of marketing channels and provide new insights for marketing management
Transport operations—planning and control
Authors: QUAYLE N.J.T.
Published: February 2008

Most articles and books that refer to information and control systems talk usually at a very abstract level. They mention ‘cybernetics’, ‘organisational changes’, ‘the systems approach’; and they generally seem loath to get down to specific details of what information a manager needs, when he should receive it, and how he should use it.
A marketing logistics educational programme in action
Authors: COWELL DONALD W.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this article is to report some of the findings of an evaluation study of a Marketing Logistics and Physical Distribution Planning one week, post experience course held at the University of Bradford Management Centre in February 1971. Since 1966 Bradford Management Centre has been actively engaged in post experience education for marketing and up to the present time faculty have worked with over 3000 managers. For the entire period of its operation it has always been the policy to assess the value of courses and much advice and evaluative feedback has been incorporated in its market offerings. In this particular case however the course was one of a series studied in depth by the author during his doctoral studies to assess the effectiveness of and directions for improvement of a series of one week programmes.
Managing customer complaints in distribution
Authors: WAGNER WILLIAM
Published: February 2008

“The customer service complaint is universal in physical distribution operations. It is inevitable that even the most efficient of distribution systems will occasionally have failures; it is equally inevitable that from these failures will emanate complaints. Only if an active and systematic effort is made to handle these complaints can they graduate … to become part of management's kit of tools in making its distribution system better and more responsive to the company's (and Its customers') needs.”
Extenders and zinc rich paints
Authors: Jones R.
Published: February 2008

Whilst accepting the economic necessity for adding extenders to zinc rich paints, there are several problems which need careful consideration.
Urethane oils and alkyds
Authors: Cornelius D.
Published: February 2008

Urethane polymers may be separated into three main types, which are briefly outlined here, but for the purpose of this article only the third section is relevant:
Developments in colorimeters and spectrophotometers
Authors: Mackenzie‐Wintle H.G.
Published: February 2008

With the increasing tightening of quality control standards in all industries, it is only to be expected that those firms whose products depend on colour to a greater or lesser degree should become more and more interested in a non‐subjective method of describing shades of colour in such a way that the chances of disagreement are minimised or preferably eliminated altogether.
Product appearance measurement
Authors: Lloyd Malcolm
Published: February 2008

The most important appearance attribute of a product is undoubtedly colour; however, the overall appearance of the product involves other attributes, including gloss, lustre and translucency. Such factors must be considered in making a judgment involving appearance, whether the judgment is visual or instrumental.
Predicting primer performance
Authors: Gray R.F.
Published: February 2008

The Greater London Council maintains an interest in paint and paint testing from its standpoint as a consumer body; a small section within the Council's Scientific Branch is employed in upholding this interest. The methods of test utilised by the section are subjected to regular review, and recently some attention has been focused upon corrosion tests.
Reproducibility of pigment dispersion
Authors: Doorgeest T.
Published: February 2008

A dry pigment is, as such, a material of limited interest. A well dispersed pigment is, however, a highly appreciated material. Between the dry pigment and the dispersed pigment lies the process of pigment dispersion. The dispersion process is therefore of prime importance for pigment users.
Epoxy resins in anti‐corrosive applications
Authors: Shaw J.D.N.
Published: February 2008

In the construction of chemical plant, one of the problems the design engineer has to contend with is the effect of corrosion by the chemicals employed in the processes on the materials used to construct plant, manufacturing vessels, floor areas, effluent lines, fume stacks, etc. If the materials used in construction are not carefully selected, corrosion can rapidly occur, necessitating costly maintenance work and often resulting in expensive plant breakdowns.
Powders and their potential markets
Authors: Childs E.S. , Holappa H.S.
Published: February 2008

This article will discuss some or our recent findings about the future of powder coatings, and attempt a number of difficult predictions of how, where, and why powder coatings will now grow in this decade on a worldwide scale. In so doing, we will try to clarify the technical and marketing restraints to powder coating growth. This growth, of course, is now guaranteed. Ours has been the more difficult task of quantifying that growth and putting powder coating technology into its proper perspective.
The influence of binder composition
Authors: Gannon J.A. , Dreher B.
Published: February 2008

A variety of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers may be employed as binders in powder coating formulations. Some typical applications of various powder coatings are shown in Table 1.
Polymer emulsion test methods
Authors: Products Ltd. Vinyl
Published: February 2008

There is somewhat of a lack of national and international standards regarding the performance of synthetic polymer emulsions, despite their undoubted importance as raw materials. This article describes the test methods used at, and in some cases modified by, Vinyl Products. The descriptions of the methods used are not intended to be full working instructions, but simply relate the values quoted in data sheets.
Critical surface tensions
Authors: Research Laboratories Shell
Published: February 2008

A relatively new concept which is now playing a major role in the studies of organic surfaces is the characterisation of such surfaces by the measurement of critical surface tension, γc. The value of this property allows certain predictions to be made as to whether or not a given liquid will wet and spread on a particular solid surface.
Water dispersible epoxide resin curing agents
Authors: Richardson F.
Published: February 2008

There are many advantages to be gained from the use of water, rather than toluene, or other typical solvents used in the application of epoxide resin paint systems, as the comparison in table 1 shows:
Micronised iron oxide pigments
Authors: Kresse P.
Published: February 2008

Because of rationalisation and demands for improved quality, the surface coatings industry makes ever‐increasing demands for micronised pigments. Micronised pigments permit quicker dispersion and increased output, coincident with decreased production costs. Such factors as the superior dispersibility of micronised pigments have frequently been mentioned, and it is not easy to quote new aspects of this. Therefore, this article will primarily cover other technical advantages of micronised iron oxide pigments‐advantages hitherto neglected in favour of the main advantage, better dispersibility.
Critical factors in three roll mills
Authors: Krapf A.J.
Published: February 2008

Modern three roll mills are fitted with automatic temperature control equipment, each roll with its own thermostat system. In addition to uniform and reproducible working temperatures, this ensures savings in water consumption of up to 30%. With mechanical and hydrostatic roll adjustment systems any variation in the roll gap produces a corresponding variation in the contact pressure. With hydrodynamic pressure systems, the roll gap can be altered with a constant contact pressure.
Printing ink Scientific Witchcraft
Authors: Thompson B.
Published: February 2008

From the early Chinese, through Gutenberg and on to the present, the design of printing presses has improved to meet the challenge of higher production speeds and new surfaces to print, and the life blood of printing ink, has developed to meet requirements not envisaged by Gutenberg in his wildest dreams.
Preservatives and fungicides for Paints Dispersions and emulsions
Authors: Pauli Otto
Published: February 2008

The paint industry uses antimicrobial substances for two purposes: to prevent products containing water from decomposing in the can or while the cans are in storage; and to formulate compositions for coatings whose surfaces must be bactericidal or resistant to moulds.
Water‐based thermosetting acrylic resins
Authors: Yunaska Matthew R. , Mercurio Andrew
Published: February 2008

A review of water‐based thermosetting resins for industrial finishes includes the fundamental parameters of acrylic polymers and a comparison of emulsion, colloid and solution properties.
Photo‐chemistry of pigments. Studies on the mechanism of chalking
Authors: Pappas S. Peter , Fischer Richard M.
Published: February 2008

Studies are presented which demonstrate that: (1) irradiation of titanium and zinc oxide pigments produces singlet oxygen; (2) irradiation of titanium dioxide pigments in water yields, hydrogen peroxide; and (3) the formation of singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide correlates with chalking tendencies of the pigments. These findings, together with the results of quenching studies, are interpreted in terms of a working hypothesis, for the generation of reactive oxidants, which ties together previous work into a unified scheme. The relative chalking rates of anatase and rutile titanium dioxide as well as the improvement of chalk resistance by surface treatment, are discussed within the framework of this scheme. The role of singlet oxygen in the chalking process, the importance of its presence with regard to the control of chalking, and possible mechanisms for its formation are also discussed.
Coating and sealing polyurethanes for building applications
Authors: Gruber Hermann
Published: February 2008

The following article reports on the use of PUR (polyurethane) systems for the building industry and discusses the choice of PUR raw materials available with particular reference to the surface treatment of concrete facades. One‐pack polyurethanes are used principally for impregnating concrete surfaces and solvent‐free PUR coatings can be made so elastic that cracks in concrete structural components can be bridged. Knifing polyurethane products can be used in the laying of ceramic tiles. Joint sealants can be produced either from two‐pack products or from blocked isocyanate prepolymers, which react with ketimines only in the presence of atmospheric moisture. Epoxy resin coatings are elasticised by blocked prepolymers. Statistics show that 30 per cent of plastics produced in the Federal Republic of Germany are used in the building industry. Nearly all plastics and paint binders are included in this figure. Polyurethane raw materials have also been used for many years. Apart from PUR insulating materials, polyurethanes are used in interior decoration as parquet floor varnishes, where abrasion resistance, flexibility and resistance to chemicals are required.
The influence of energy and other cost inflations on raw materials
Authors: Wilson E.S.
Published: February 2008

There is still much uncertainty in Processing industries resulting from rapidly increasing costs of raw materials, energy and labour and from the general inflation in all European countries. Many companies have themselves carried out studies aimed at assessing the likely influence on their business resulting from the dramatic increase in crude oil prices in the recent past. However, other inflationary pressures are also at work — e.g. rapidly increasing costs of labour and capital — which will contribute at differing levels to the increasing costs and, therefore, prices of industrial raw materials such as chemicals, plastics and the other materials.
Current and new hydrocarbon resins
Authors: Eades E.D.M. , Kerridge J.C.
Published: February 2008

The term hydrocarbon resins covers an increasingly wide range of products but this paper refers to those synthetic resins obtained by Friedel‐Crafts type polymerisation of streams derived from fossil fuels. It presents a brief picture of the types of resin which are produced, shows ICI's approach to development of a range of resins and finally, offers some thoughts on the potential uses of hydrocarbon resins in surface coatings against a background of changing raw material values.
Some recent developments in epoxy systems for the surface coating industry, part 2
Authors: Claude Paladini Jean
Published: February 2008

1) Dicyandiamide Figure XIII The guanidines are a family of epoxy hardeners of which dicyandiamide and its derivates are the most well‐known. DICY is obtained by dimerisation of cyanamide in aqueous solution. This product is characterized by low reactivity. In fact, to obtain good crosslinking, high curing temperatures are needed giving disadvantages such as: yellowing, partial decomposition of a surface coating, substrate deformation etc …
Rival demands for barium
Authors: Schofield M.
Published: February 2008

Although blanc fixe and lithopone have become less important as pigments these days, current resources of British barytes still prove of interest to several industries. In Scotland the Highland and Islands Development Board is developing the search for barytes, especialy since a major application has come in winning North Sea oil and gas. Barytes admixed with colloidal clay is essential as “heavy mud lubricant,” with an estimated 95 per cent of world resources of barytes now consumed in this major field. Every hundred feet depth of drilling calls for one tonne of ground barytes — all of this being returned to the earth and lost. With barium called for in pigments and extenders for the paint, rubber and chemical industries, British resources of barium minerals assume much significance.
Materials conservation and the polymer industry
Authors: Scott Gerald
Published: February 2008

The total utilisable resources of carbon in the biosphere are enormous by any standards. In the atmosphere alone there are about 700 billion tons of carbon as carbon dioxide and in the oceans there are stored 35,000 billion tons of available carbon dioxide. These two reserves alone amount to about four times the estimated total reserves of carbon in the form of coal and oil. The essential difference between these alternative sources of carbon is that whereas the carbon in the biological cycle is being continuously circulated in a system in which the total amount of carbon remains sensibly constant (there is a further 30,000 billion tons of carbon in the form of biological organic matter), the carbon in the form of coal and oil reserves are being rapidly depleted with consequent escalating cost and the lifetime of this source of chemicals and energy is variously estimated as being between 20 and 50 years.
Reclamation of electropainting wastes
Authors: Scaddon R.A.
Published: February 2008

Electropainting is a method of applying resin based pigmented materials to bare metal surfaces. Since it was first used in 1961 it has gained wide acceptance, U.K. consumption in 1974 being 8.5 million litres and world consumption in 1974 being about 75 million litres.
Pigments: Health and Safety
Authors: Moon W.R.
Published: February 2008

In common with other sectors of the chemical industry, organic pigment producers are responding to the new legislation covering the safe handling and storage of chemicals.
Properties and uses of Naintsch mineral extender
Authors: Lutz W.
Published: February 2008

Naintsch SE is an Austrian produced mineral extender with a high lamellar magnesium silicate content. Its industrial use is primarily based on its extreme whiteness and remarkable hiding power. These functional properties make Naintsch SE a unique extender for white coatings especially emulsions and roadmarking paints.
Dispersion of titanium dioxide in non‐aqueous media Part 4
Authors: Rackham J.M.
Published: February 2008

A well appreciated difficulty in paint formulation is the scaling‐up of laboratory data, and to obtain optimum performance on a commercial scale adjustments in p.v.c. (f) and in resin solids concentration have to be made. In the laboratory the millable p.v.c. (f) of a given formulation may be above, or more usually below, the value indicated by the flowpoint data, and depends mainly on the ability of the particular milling machine to cope with the quantity and nature of the millbase. In large‐scale manufacture using high‐speed shear impellers, a somewhat higher value than the experimentally determined p.v.c. (f) can be used, but for a ballmill it will be only slightly higher than the value millable in the laboratory. The concentration of resin solids has also to be adjusted, and here it is important to ensure that it is high enough to prevent pigment reagglomeration on let‐down.
Transmission of ultraviolet light by films containing titanium pigments—applications in u.v. curing
Authors: Hird M.J.
Published: February 2008

One of the problems with curing films containing a titanium pigment with ultraviolet light is the rapid attenuation of the incident light by the pigment. This limits both the pigmentation level and the thickness of film that can be effectively cured. In this study, the transmission by thin pigmented films of light of wavelength in the range 320–400 nm is measured experimentally. It is shown that the massive absorption of both the rutile and anatase forms of titanium dioxide in this region is responsible for the rapid attenuation of the light used to cure the films. The principal conclusion is that, given a constant lamp intensity and photoinitiator efficiency, the larger the wavelength of the light used to cure the film the greater will be the thickness of film that can be cured.
Resin plant safety: The designer's contribution and conscience
Authors: Browes Alan
Published: February 2008

Ultimate process plant safety is both most vulnerable and most easily attainable at the design stage. Asked bluntly: “Do you want a safe plant or a dangerous one?” nobody would choose danger but the question is rarely put as simply as that. Considerations of cost cloud the basic issues. Yet, assuming the capability and integrity of the contractor's design team, project capital cost is usually directly proportional to the quality of equipment, the extent of equipment and the input of specialised technology, all of which contribute to plant safety. As always, you tend to get what you pay for, so perhaps the opening question should really be: “Do you want a safe plant or a cheap one?”
Photochemical degradation of alkyd paints
Authors: Smith G.C.
Published: February 2008

Alkyd paints make up two thirds of the paints made in Australia and in fact three quarters of the paint used by the Armed Services is alkyd based. It can be seen, therefore, that increasing the service life of alkyd paints would effect considerable savings both to our defence effort and to the community at large. Photodegradation is a major cause in the reduction of a paints service life. It may cause chalking, checking, cracking, blistering and embrittlement and these in turn may lead to loss of adhesion. This could allow water, oxygen, air pollutants and grit to attack the underlying substrate causing corrosion and possibly loss of expensive equipment.
Spraying solventless epoxies
Authors: King Brian
Published: February 2008

The problem with spraying two pack solventless epoxy is to mix the two components in the correct ratio so that effective curing takes place when the material is sprayed.
Daylight fluorescent pigments and their applications
Authors: Ryan P.J.
Published: February 2008

Since the earliest man first started to decorate cave walls with coloured materials produced from earth pigments and vegetable binders, colour has experienced the most profound influence on contemporary living.