bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotations and mixtures of soil‐applied herbicides delay resistance
Authors: Busi Roberto , Powles Stephen B , Beckie Hugh J , Renton Michael
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND

Weed resistance to foliar herbicides has dramatically increased worldwide in the last two decades. As a consequence, current practices of weed management have changed, with an increased adoption of soil‐applied herbicides to restore control of herbicide‐resistant weeds. We foresee metabolism‐based resistance and cross‐resistance to soil‐applied herbicides as a potential global consequence to the increased and widespread adoption of new and old soil‐applied herbicides. Thus, the aim of this study is to use computer simulation modelling to quantify and rank the risk of weeds evolving resistance to soil‐applied herbicides under different usage strategies (single herbicide use, rotations and mixtures) and population genetic hypotheses.

RESULTS

Simulations indicate that without rotation it takes twice as long to select for resistance to a particular soil‐applied herbicide – trifluralin – than to any other herbicide option considered. Relative to trifluralin‐only use, simple herbicide rotation patterns have no effect in delaying resistance, whereas more complex rotation patterns can delay resistance two‐ or three‐fold. Herbicide mixtures further delay resistance up to six‐fold in comparison to single use or simple herbicide rotations.

CONCLUSION

By computer modelling simulations we demonstrate that mixtures maximize herbicide effectiveness and the selection heterogeneity of soil‐applied herbicides, and delay herbicide resistance evolution in weedy plants. Our study is consistent with previous state‐of‐art scientific evidence (i.e. epidemiological and modelling studies across different systems and pests) and extension efforts (i.e. ‘rotate herbicide mixtures’) to provide insight to manage the selection and evolution of weed resistance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel TIPT double mutation in EPSPS conferring glyphosate resistance in tetraploid Bidens subalternans
Authors: Takano Hudson K , Fernandes Vanessa NA , Adegas Fernando S , Oliveira Jr Rubem S , Westra Philip , Gaines Todd A , Dayan Franck E
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND

Bidens subalternans (greater beggarticks) is a tetraploid and troublesome weed infesting annual crops in most tropical regions of the world. A glyphosate‐resistant (GR) B. subalternans biotype was detected in a soybean field from Paraguay. A series of physiological and molecular analyses were conducted to elucidate its resistance mechanisms.

RESULTS

The GR biotype had a high level of resistance (> 15‐fold LD50), relative to a glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) biotype. Shikimate accumulation was up to ten‐fold greater for GS compared with GR. We found no differences in sensitivity when plants were treated and kept under lower (10/4 °C) or higher temperatures (25/20 °C). GS and GR had the same relative EPSPS gene copy number, and similar glyphosate absorption and translocation rates. Neither biotype metabolized glyphosate. A double amino acid substitution (TIPT – Thr102Ile and Pro106Thr) was found in only one EPSPS allele from one of the two EPSPS homoeologs present in tetraploid GR B. subalternans.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report of a TIPT double mutation conferring high levels of glyphosate resistance in a weed species. The presence of both wild‐type and TIPT mutant EPSPS on the polyploid genome of GR B. subalternans may offset a potential fitness cost, requiring additional research to confirm the absence of deleterious effects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Peculiarity of Electric Properties of Oxygen‐Implanted Silicon at Early Precipitation Stages
Authors: Danilov Denis , Vyvenko Oleg , Loshachenko Anton , Sobolev Nikolay
Published: June 2019

The evolution of the defect structure and electric properties of the oxygen‐implanted silicon samples subjected by thermal treatment in the temperature range from 700 to 1100 °C is investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and space charge spectroscopy. It is established that embedded positive charge of oxygen precipitates (OPs) decreases inversely proportional to their size. This fact gives evidence about localization of the charge in thin nonstoichiometric shell of OP. Annealing at 700 °C results in the formation of nanosized defects and in an inhomogeneous electric structure of the implanted region: the embedded positive charge is localized in the near‐surface vacancy‐rich part of the implanted region, whereas the strongly compensated layer is formed in self‐interstitial‐rich deepest part of the implanted region.
Stretching and Tunability of Graphene‐Based Passive Terahertz Components
Authors: Batrakov Konstantin G. , Volynets Nadezhda I. , Paddubskaya Alesia G. , Kuzhir Polina P. , Prete Maria Stella , Pulci Olivia , Ivanov Evgeni , Kotsilkova Rumiana , Kaplas Tommi , Svirko Yuri
Published: June 2019

The dependence of transmission/absorption of terahertz (THz) radiation on strain in graphene is investigated experimentally and with the aid of ab initio calculations. By applying strain to chosen graphene layer(s), the effective sheet conductance can be fine‐tuned to necessary value to design tunable passive THz components (such as shields, filters, polarizers, etc.) utilizing the high absorption ability of graphene. The positive influence of non‐perfectness of chemically vapor deposited (CVD) graphene for strong tunability versus mechanical deformations is also discussed.
Historical perspective: earlier ensembles and forecasting forecast skill
Authors: Kalnay Eugenia
Published: June 2019

The history of ensemble forecasting is briefly reviewed, including the pioneering approaches of stochastic dynamical forecasting (Epstein, 1969, Tellus, 21, 739–759), Monte‐Carlo forecasting (Leith, 1974b, Monthly Weather Review, 102, 409–418), Lagged Average Forecasting (Hoffman and Kalnay, 1983, Tellus, 35A, 100–118) and Scaled LAF (Ebisuzaki and Kalnay, 1991, pp. 6.31–6.32), as well as early predictions of forecast skill (McCalla and Kalnay, 1988, pp. 634–640; Palmer and Tibaldi, 1988, Monthly Weather Review, 116, 2453–2480; Kalnay and Ham, 1989, pp. 24–27; Molteni and Palmer, 1990, Monthly Weather Review, 119, 1088–1097), and their operational results (Wobus and Kalnay, 1995, Monthly Weather Review, 123, 2132–2148). Ensembles of multiple models (aka Poor person Ensemble Prediction Systems or PEPS) are generally quite successful compared to stochastically perturbed ensembles probably because the centers that created them each try to be one of the best, if not the best, so their uncertainties in the models and the analyses are more realistic than just stochastic perturbations.
Catalytic Application of Tactically Aligned Cd(II)‐Based Luminescent 3D‐Supramolecular Networks
Authors: Rajak Richa , Mohammad Akbar , Chandra Prakash , Mobin Shaikh M.
Published: June 2019

A new Cd(II) based coordination polymers {[Cd(Azopy)(H2O)4]⋅(NDC)}n (1) has been designed and synthesized by using 4,4′‐Azopyridine (Azopy), and 2, 6‐Naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDC) as a linker at ambient condition. The bulk purity of the 1 was analysed by powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, infrared spectroscopy and further confirmed by single crystal X‐ray studies. The crystal structure of 1 revealed a polythreading feature where each 2, 6‐naphthalene dicarboxylate unit are trapped between two one‐dimensional (1D) chain of [Cd(Azopy)(H2O)4]∞ via strong hydrogen bonding interactions. The hydrogen bonding and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions of 1 play a crucial role in the formation of the infinite 3D‐layered supramolecular network. Furthermore, the reduction of nitro‐aromatics to their corresponding amines was performed using green hydrogen source such as D‐glucose in H2O solvent at room temperature. Additionally, the dye adsorption studies revealed that 1 can adsorb Congo Red (CR) dye in a very short span of time. The kinetic study result reveals that the adsorption of CR for 1 is fitted well (R2 =0.996) with a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Moreover, photoluminescence of 1 shows emission in the blue region with λmax at 395 nm and 408 nm at room temperature in the solid state. 1 shows multi‐facet behaviour such as facile synthesis, luminescent nature in solids‐state, emerged as a heterogeneous dye‐adsorbent and catalyst which makes it easy to scaled‐up.
Impact of Linking Topology on the Properties of Carbazole‐Based Hole‐Transport Materials and their Application in Solid‐State Mesoscopic Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Linqin , Sheibani Esmaeil , Guo Yu , Zhang Wei , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Peng , Xu Bo , Kloo Lars , Sun Licheng
Published: June 2019

Carbazole is a promising core for the molecular design of hole‐transport materials (HTMs) for solid‐state mesoscopic solar cells (ssMSCs), such as solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its low cost and excellent optoelectronic properties of its derivatives. Although carbazole‐based HTMs are intensely investigated in ssMSCs and promising device performance is demonstrated, the fundamental understanding of the impact of linking topology on the properties of carbazole‐based HTMs is lacking. Herein, the effect of the linking topology on the optical and electronic properties of a series of carbazole‐based HTMs with 2,7‐substitution and 3,6‐substitution is systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the 2,7‐substituted carbazole‐based HTMs display higher hole mobility and conductivity among this series of analogous molecules, thereby exhibiting better device performance. In addition, the conductivity of the HTMs is improved after light treatment, which explains the commonly observed light‐soaking phenomenon of ssMSCs in general. All these carbazole‐based HTMs are successfully applied in ssMSCs and one of the HTMs X50‐based devices yield a promising efficiency of 6.8% and 19.2% in ssDSSCs and PSCs, respectively. This study provides guidance for the molecular design of effective carbazole‐based HTMs for high‐performance ssMSCs and related electronic devices.
Effects of Grain Size on Mechanical Properties and Work‐Hardening Behavior of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Naghizadeh Meysam , Mirzadeh Hamed
Published: June 2019

Grain size effects on the properties of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel are studied. Yield stress (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased with decreasing grain size (Hall–Petch law) while the difference between YS and UTS decreased. Three distinct stages for work‐hardening rate are identified: I) initial rapid fall until reaching a minimum value, II) subsequent rise to a maximum due to the transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, which is found to enhance by increasing grain size, and III) final fall until the onset of necking. More in‐depth analysis on the mechanical stability of austenite reveals that for below‐average grain size of ≈50 μm, by decreasing grain size, the TRIP effect diminishes; whereas for grain size larger than ≈50 μm, by increasing grain size, the TRIP effect becomes less pronounced. Due to the strong TRIP effect, high incremental work‐hardening exponents (n‐values of higher than 0.8) and low‐yield ratios (smaller than 0.5) are observed. It is also found that when the average grain size increases, the tensile toughness and the size and depth of dimples increase. The latter is responsible for the tardiness of the microcavity coalescence, which is indicative of high ductility of this austenitic alloy.
Optimized design of fillet welds for CHS joints according to EN 1993‐1‐8
Authors: Tousignant Kyle , Packer Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2019

Designing fillet welds using the directional method of EN 1993‐1‐8 requires the consideration of force components, converted to stresses, located in the plane of the weld throat. For circular hollow section (CHS) joints, considering these ”stress components“ can be exceedingly difficult. An approach to applying the directional method to CHS joints is developed in this paper. The directional and simplified methods of EN 1993‐1‐8 are then evaluated against available finite‐element data, validated from recent tests on weld‐critical CHS X‐joints according to the standard evaluation procedure of EN 1990. Despite inherent non‐uniform loading of the weld around the perimeter of the brace, it is shown that taking the total weld length to be effective is safe for both methods. Procedures are given so that these methods can be used to design fillet welds in CHS joints as ”fit‐for‐purpose“, as permitted by EN 1993‐1‐8 and ISO 14346, and new design charts are produced for minimum fillet welds that develop the axial capacity of the connected brace.
Equity in college physics student learning: A critical quantitative intersectionality investigation
Authors: Van Dusen Ben , Nissen Jayson
Published: June 2019

We investigated the intersectional nature of race/racism and gender/sexism in broad scale inequities in physics student learning using a critical quantitative intersectionality. To provide transparency and create a nuanced picture of learning, we problematized the measurement of equity by using two competing operationalizations of equity: Equity of Individuality and Equality of Learning. These two models led to conflicting conclusions. The analyses used hierarchical linear models to examine student's conceptual learning as measured by gains in scores on research‐based assessments administered as pretests and posttests. The data came from the Learning About STEM Student Outcomes' (LASSO) national database and included data from 13,857 students in 187 first‐semester college physics courses. Findings showed differences in student gains across gender and race. Large gender differences existed for White and Hispanic students but not for Asian, Black, and Pacific Islander students. The models predicted larger gains for students in collaborative learning than in lecture‐based courses. The Equity of Individuality operationalization indicated that collaborative instruction improved equity because all groups learned more with collaborative learning. The Equality of Learning operationalization indicated that collaborative instruction did not improve equity because differences between groups were unaffected. We discuss the implications of these mixed findings and identify areas for future research using critical quantitative perspectives in education research.
Multiobjective dynamic economic emission dispatch using evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition
Authors: Zhu Yongsheng , Qiao Baihao , Dong Yan , Qu Boyang , Wu Dongya
Published: June 2019

Due to the pressures of energy and environment problems, the dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED), which is more in line with actual dispatching requirements, has become an important research issue in recent years. In this paper, the highly dimensional, strongly coupled, nonlinear and nonconvex multiobjective DEED model is established considering both the fuel costs and pollution emissions objectives. Furthermore, an improved multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition with constraints handling (IMOEA/D‐CH) is proposed to obtain the optimal dispatching schemes. The IMOEA/D‐CH method first decomposes the DEED problem into a number of scalar optimization subproblems and then evolves them simultaneously using the neighborhood information. The real‐time heuristic constraints adjustment and modification methods and the adaptive threshold punishment mechanism are adopted in allusion to the complex constraints of the dispatching model. An evolutionary control strategy is also utilized to avoid excessive evolution of the algorithm toward a certain objective. In addition, the fuzzy decision‐making strategy is used to provide the decision maker with the optimal compromise solutions. To validate the effectiveness of the IMOEA/D‐CH method, the IEEE 30‐bus 6‐generator system and 10‐generator system and 118‐bus 14‐generator system are studied as test cases. The simulation results indicate the validity and superiority of the proposed method compared with the other reported methods. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mathematical analysis for homoclinic bifurcation in a DC–DC converter with a photovoltaic module expressed by a piecewise‐linear characteristic
Authors: Kousaka Takuji , Osada Shoma , Kato Hideyuki , Asahara Hiroyuki
Published: June 2019

Homoclinic bifurcation is observed in DC–DC converters; this bifurcation may affect the qualitative characteristics of DC–DC converters with photovoltaic modules. However, no papers have reported the appearance of homoclinic bifurcation or have analyzed this phenomenon mathematically. As the first step toward understanding the dynamical mechanism, this article investigates homoclinic bifurcation in DC–DC converters with photovoltaic modules expressed by piecewise‐linear characteristics. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thermal processes in a one‐dimensional crystal with regard for the second neighbor interaction
Authors: Loboda O. S. , Krivtsov A. M. , Porubov A. V. , Tsvetkov D. V.
Published: June 2019

An influence of the second neighbor interaction on the process of heat propagation in a one‐dimensional crystal is studied. Previously developed model of the ballistic nature of the heat transfer is used. It is shown that the initial thermal perturbation evolves into two consecutive thermal wave fronts propagating with finite and different velocities. The velocity of the first front corresponds to the maximum group velocity of the discrete crystalline model. The velocity of the second front is determined by the second group‐velocity extremum, which arises at a certain ratio between the stiffnesses of the first and second neighbor interaction in the lattice.
The Peculiarities of Capitalism: Frederick Cooper on Africa and the World Economy
Authors: Traugh Geoffrey
Published: June 2019

This essay explores Frederick Cooper’s work on the history of capitalism, bringing together his histories of class struggles on the East African coast and his conceptual interventions into debates on Africa and the world economy. It argues that Cooper’s notion of the “peculiarities of capitalism” illuminates how conflicts over work, rights, and the labor process have shaped where capital went and what it did in Africa. The essay also considers how Cooper’s work might inform the emerging literature on race and capitalism in Africa, exploring in particular the history of tobacco capitalism in postcolonial Malawi.
Tensions of an Oeuvre: Historical Materialism, Cultural History, and the Work of Frederick Cooper
Authors: Ivaska Andrew
Published: June 2019

Using theTensions of Empirevolume as a pivot point, this article traces Frederick Cooper’s work in relation to trajectories of historical materialism and cultural history over the past forty years. Highlighting Cooper’s contributions to both approaches, it points to a generative tension between these strands of his scholarship – as well as between his oeuvre and the arc of broader historiography on empire. Specific features of Cooper’s approach were key to the success of theTensions of Empirecollaboration, and attention to them can help recapture aspects of these historiographies that have become obscured over time.
Role of rapid diagnostics for viral respiratory infections in antibiotic prescribing decision in the emergency department
Authors: Li Jing , Kang-Birken S. Lena , Mathews Samantha K. , Kenner Catelynn E. , Fitzgibbons Lynn N.
Published: June 2019

Objective:

To describe the frequency of antibiotic prescriptions in patients with known viral respiratory infections (VRIs) diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 3 emergency departments (EDs) and to identify patient characteristics that influence the prescribing of antibiotics by ED physicians despite PCR confirmation of viral cause.

Design:

Retrospective, observational analysis of patients with PCR-diagnosed VRI discharged from 3 acute-care hospital EDs within 1 health system.

Results:

In total, 323 patients were discharged from the ED with a VRI diagnosis, of whom 68 were prescribed antibiotics (21.1%). These patients were older (median, 59.5 vs 43 years; P = .04), experienced symptoms longer (median, 4 vs 2 days; P = .002), were more likely to have received antibiotics in the preceding 7 days (27.9% vs 9.8%; P < .001), and had higher proportions of abnormal chest X-rays (64.5% vs 28.4%; P < .001). Patients were more likely to receive antibiotics for a diagnosis of pneumonia (39.7% vs 1.6%; P < .001) or otitis media (7.4% vs 0.4%; P = .002), and were less likely with diagnosis of upper respiratory infection (2.9% vs 13.7%; P = .02) or influenza (20.6% vs 44.3%; P < .001).

Conclusions:

Despite a diagnosis of VRI, one-fifth of ED patients were prescribed antibiotics. Patient characteristics including age, duration of symptoms, abnormal chest X-rays, and specific diagnosis may increase provider concern for concurrent bacterial infections. Opportunities exist for antimicrobial stewardship strategies to incorporate rapid diagnostics in promoting judicious antibiotic usage in the ED.
Anudo v. Tanzania (Afr. Ct. H.P.R.)
Authors: Manby Bronwen
Published: June 2019

The case of Anudo v. Tanzania is the first decided by the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights that considers the right to a nationality. The judgment complements existing jurisprudence from the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The Court ruled that Tanzania had arbitrarily deprived the applicant of his nationality and then arbitrarily expelled him from the country.
Wall-bounded flow over a realistically rough superhydrophobic surface
Authors: Alamé Karim , Mahesh Krishnan
Published: June 2019

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is performed for two wall-bounded flow configurations: laminar Couette flow at $Re=740$ and turbulent channel flow at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$ is the shear stress at the wall. The top wall is smooth and the bottom wall is a realistically rough superhydrophobic surface (SHS), generated from a three-dimensional surface profile measurement. The air–water interface, which is assumed to be flat, is simulated using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) approach. The two flow cases are studied with varying interface heights $h$ to understand its effect on slip and drag reduction ($DR$). For the laminar Couette flow case, the presence of the surface roughness is felt up to $40\,\%$ of the channel height in the wall-normal direction. Nonlinear dependence of $DR$ on $h$ is observed with three distinct regions. A nonlinear curve fit is obtained for gas fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{g}$ as a function of $h$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{g}$ determines the amount of slip area exposed to the flow. A power law fit is obtained from the data for the effective slip length as a function of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{g}$ and is compared to those derived for structured geometry. For the turbulent channel flow, statistics of the flow field are compared to that of a smooth wall to understand the effects of roughness and $h$. Four cases are simulated ranging from fully wetted to fully covered and two intermediate regions in between. Scaling laws for slip length, slip velocity, roughness function and $DR$ are obtained for different penetration depths and are compared to past work for structured geometry. $DR$ is shown to depend on a competing effect between slip velocity and turbulent losses due to the Reynolds shear stress contribution. Presence of trapped air in the cavities significantly alters near-wall flow physics where we examine near-wall structures and propose a physical mechanism for their behaviour. The fully wetted roughness increases the peak value of turbulent intensities, whereas the presence of the interface suppresses them. The pressure fluctuations have competing contributions between turbulent pressure fluctuations and stagnation due to asperities, the near-wall structure is altered and breaks down with increasing slip. Overall, there exists a competing effect between the interface and the asperities, the interface suppresses turbulence whereas the asperities enhance them. The present work demonstrates DNS over a realistic multiphase SHS for the first time, to the best of our knowledge.
Confinements regulate capillary instabilities of fluid threads
Authors: Chen Xiaodong , Xue Chundong , Hu Guoqing
Published: June 2019

We study the breakup of confined fluid threads at low flow rates to understand instability mechanisms. To determine the critical conditions between the earlier quasi-stable necking stage and the later unstable collapse stage, simulations and experiments are designed to operate at an extremely low flow rate. The critical mean radii at the neck centres are identified by the stop-flow method for elementary microfluidic configurations. Two distinct origins of capillary instabilities are revealed for different confinement situations. One is the gradient of capillary pressure induced by the confinements of geometry and external flow, whereas the other is the competition between the capillary pressure and internal pressure determined by the confinements.
How Early Entrants Impact Cluster Emergence: MNEs vs. Local Firms in the Bangalore Digital Creative Industries
Authors: Lorenzen Mark
Published: June 2019

This article addresses the question of how the emergence of a cluster in a global innovation system is influenced by early entrants. It does so by presenting an explorative study of the emerging digital creative industries cluster in Bangalore. I find that MNE entrants develop production and technological capabilities comparatively fast within a narrow range of value chain activities with limited spillovers to the cluster. In comparison, local entrants develop such capabilities more slowly, but within a broader range of value chain activities and with higher spillovers of skills and knowledge, as well as higher participation to building a local entrepreneurial ecosystem. I propose that these effects are moderated by the size of national consumer markets as well as industry context in the guise of project lengths and technological modularity. I also point to the role of global connectivity, proposing that local entrants, in particular, leverage international personal relationships for development of not only relational, but also production capabilities.
Coprime subdegrees of twisted wreath permutation groups
Authors: Chua Alexander Y. , Giudici Michael , Morgan Luke
Published: June 2019

Dolfi, Guralnick, Praeger and Spiga asked whether there exist infinitely many primitive groups of twisted wreath type with non-trivial coprime subdegrees. Here, we settle this question in the affirmative. We construct infinite families of primitive twisted wreath permutation groups with non-trivial coprime subdegrees. In particular, we define a primitive twisted wreath groupG(m,q) constructed from the non-abelian simple group PSL(2,q) and a primitive permutation group of diagonal type with socle PSL(2,q)m, and determine many subdegrees for this group. A consequence is that we determine all values ofmandqfor whichG(m,q) has non-trivial coprime subdegrees. In the case wherem= 2 and$q\notin \{7,11,29\}$, we obtain a full classification of all pairs of non-trivial coprime subdegrees.
Improved propagation methods for GAC (Momordica CochinchinensisSpreng.)
Authors: Tran Xuan T. , Parks Sophie E. , Roach Paul D. , Nguyen Minh H.
Published: June 2019

Gac is a dioecious tropical and perennial climber. The fruit is a rich source of carotenoids and is used in traditional cuisine and medicine. Improving propagation methods using simple techniques would increase production and improve conservation in regional areas. This study evaluated temperature requirements for seed germination, the use of rooting hormones to strike female cuttings and the grafting of female scions onto seedling rootstock. Seed germination was optimised between 25 and 35 °C, with a maximum germination percentage of 91% at 30 °C. However, increasing storage time from 6 to 18 months under laboratory conditions (21 ± 1°C and 60% relative humidity) reduced germination and this was associated with seed weight loss, highlighting the need to develop storage guidelines, particularly for the higher temperature and humidity conditions where Gac is grown. Survival of softwood cuttings was improved from 53 to 77% with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (3–5 g/L) and semi-hardwood cuttings did not require IBA treatment. Both splice and wedge grafting techniques achieved a survival rate > 53% and with the youngest rootstock (4 and 8 weeks) this increased to > 85%. Further work could investigate the production potential of crops using cuttings and grafted plants.
A comparison principle for convolution measures with applications
Authors: OLIVEIRA E SILVA DIOGO , QUILODRÁN RENÉ
Published: June 2019

We establish the general form of a geometric comparison principle for n-fold convolutions of certain singular measures in ℝd which holds for arbitrary n and d. This translates into a pointwise inequality between the convolutions of projection measure on the paraboloid and a perturbation thereof, and we use it to establish a new sharp Fourier extension inequality on a general convex perturbation of a parabola. Further applications of the comparison principle to sharp Fourier restriction theory are discussed in the companion paper [3].
The use of lithium in mixed states
Authors: Sani Gabriele , Fiorillo Andrea
Published: June 2019

Lithium is a unique drug. In more than 60 years of observation, it showed its multiple important clinical properties in treating mania, stabilizing mood alterations, preventing suicide and protecting from neurodegeneration. It was also the most extensively studied drug in psychiatry. Nevertheless, it is generally underprescribed. Specifically, lithium is virtually not considered in the treatment of patients affected by mixed affective states. Lithium is not suggested for the acute treatment of mixed affective states and is considered to be less effective than other mood stabilizers in the long-term management of these patients. The main reason why lithium has no indication for mixed states is the “lack of evidence.” Actually, there are several reasons to consider lithium as an effective treatment in patients with mixed affective states.
Latent profile analysis of dietary intake in a community-dwelling sample of older Americans
Authors: Bishop Nicholas J , Zuniga Krystle E , Ramirez Christina M
Published: June 2019

Objective:

To estimate latent dietary profiles in a community-dwelling sample of older Americans and identify associations between dietary profile membership and individual demographic, socio-economic and health characteristics.

Design:

Secondary analysis of the 2012 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and linked 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study (HCNS). Latent profile analysis identified mutually exclusive subgroups of dietary intake and bivariate analyses examined associations between dietary profile membership, participant characteristics and nutrient intakes.

Setting:

USA.

Participants:

An analytic sample of 3558 adults aged 65 years or older.

Results:

Four dietary profiles were identified with 15·5 % of the sample having a ‘Healthy’ diet, 42·0 % consuming a ‘Western’ diet, 29·7 % having a diet consisting of high intake of all food groups and 12·7 % reporting relatively low intake of all food groups. Members of the ‘Healthy’ profile reported the greatest socio-economic resources and health, and members of the ‘Low Intake’ profile had the fewest resources and worst health outcomes. Macronutrient and micronutrient intakes varied across profile although inadequate and excessive intakes of selected nutrients were observed for all profiles.

Conclusions:

We identified dietary patterns among older Americans typified by either selective intake of foods or overall quantity of foods consumed, with those described as ‘Low Intake’ reporting the fewest socio-economic resources, greatest risk of food insecurity and the worst health outcomes. Limitations including the presence of measurement error in dietary questionnaires are discussed. The causes and consequences of limited dietary intake among older Americans require further study and can be facilitated by the HRS and HCNS.
Age and Speed Matter in the Formation of New Oceanic Crust
Authors: Christeson Gail
Published: June 2019

A synthesis of data from studies in different ocean basins reveals that the characteristics of oceanic crust are shaped by age and spreading rate.
Differences between ketamine’s short-term and long-term effects on brain circuitry in depression
Authors: Gass Natalia , Becker Robert , Reinwald Jonathan , Cosa-Linan Alejandro , Sack Markus , Weber-Fahr Wolfgang , Vollmayr Barbara , Sartorius Alexander
Published: June 2019

Ketamine acts as a rapid clinical antidepressant at 25 min after injection with effects sustained for 7 days. As dissociative effects emerging acutely after injection are not entirely discernible from therapeutic action, we aimed to dissect the differences between short-term and long-term response to ketamine to elucidate potential imaging biomarkers of ketamine’s antidepressant effect. We used a genetical model of depression, in which we bred depressed negative cognitive state (NC) and non-depressed positive cognitive state (PC) rat strains. Four parallel rat groups underwent stress-escape testing and a week later received either S-ketamine (12 NC, 13 PC) or saline (12 NC, 12 PC). We acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging time series before injection and at 30 min and 48 h after injection. Graph analysis was used to calculate brain network properties. We identified ketamine’s distinct action over time in a qualitative manner. The rapid response entailed robust and strain-independent topological modifications in cognitive, sensory, emotion, and reward-related circuitry, including regions that exhibited correlation of connectivity metrics with depressive behavior, and which could explain ketamine’s dissociative and antidepressant properties. At 48 h ketamine had mainly strain-specific action normalizing habenula, midline thalamus, and hippocampal connectivity measures in depressed rats. As these nodes mediate cognitive flexibility impaired in depression, action within this circuitry presumably reflects ketamine’s procognitive effects induced only in depressed patients. This finding is especially valid, as our model represents cognitive aspects of depression. These empirically defined circuits explain ketamine’s distinct action over time and might serve as translational imaging correlates of antidepressant response in preclinical testing.
A protein complex required for polar growth of rhizobial infection threads
Authors: Liu Cheng-Wu , Breakspear Andrew , Stacey Nicola , Findlay Kim , Nakashima Jin , Ramakrishnan Karunakaran , Liu Miaoxia , Xie Fang , Endre Gabriella , de Carvalho-Niebel Fernanda , Oldroyd Giles E. D. , Udvardi Michael K. , Fournier Joëlle , Murray Jeremy D.
Published: June 2019

During root nodule symbiosis, intracellular accommodation of rhizobia by legumes is a prerequisite for nitrogen fixation. For many legumes, rhizobial colonization initiates in root hairs through transcellular infection threads. In Medicago truncatula, VAPYRIN (VPY) and a putative E3 ligase LUMPY INFECTIONS (LIN) are required for infection thread development but their cellular and molecular roles are obscure. Here we show that LIN and its homolog LIN-LIKE interact with VPY and VPY-LIKE in a subcellular complex localized to puncta both at the tip of the growing infection thread and at the nuclear periphery in root hairs and that the punctate accumulation of VPY is positively regulated by LIN. We also show that an otherwise nuclear and cytoplasmic exocyst subunit, EXO70H4, systematically co-localizes with VPY and LIN during rhizobial infection. Genetic analysis shows that defective rhizobial infection in exo70h4 is similar to that in vpy and lin. Our results indicate that VPY, LIN and EXO70H4 are part of the symbiosis-specific machinery required for polar growth of infection threads.
Isolated single atom cobalt in Bi3O4Br atomic layers to trigger efficient CO2 photoreduction
Authors: Di Jun , Chen Chao , Yang Shi-Ze , Chen Shuangming , Duan Meilin , Xiong Jun , Zhu Chao , Long Ran , Hao Wei , Chi Zhen , Chen Hailong , Weng Yu-Xiang , Xia Jiexiang , Song Li , Li Shuzhou , Li Huaming , Liu Zheng
Published: June 2019

The design of efficient and stable photocatalysts for robust CO2 reduction without sacrifice reagent or extra photosensitizer is still challenging. Herein, a single-atom catalyst of isolated single atom cobalt incorporated into Bi3O4Br atomic layers is successfully prepared. The cobalt single atoms in the Bi3O4Br favors the charge transition, carrier separation, CO2 adsorption and activation. It can lower the CO2 activation energy barrier through stabilizing the COOH* intermediates and tune the rate-limiting step from the formation of adsorbed intermediate COOH* to be CO* desorption. Taking advantage of cobalt single atoms and two-dimensional ultrathin Bi3O4Br atomic layers, the optimized catalyst can perform light-driven CO2 reduction with a selective CO formation rate of 107.1 µmol g−1 h−1, roughly 4 and 32 times higher than that of atomic layer Bi3O4Br and bulk Bi3O4Br, respectively.
Improving the diagnostic yield of exome- sequencing by predicting gene–phenotype associations using large-scale gene expression analysis
Authors: Deelen Patrick , van Dam Sipko , Herkert Johanna C. , Karjalainen Juha M. , Brugge Harm , Abbott Kristin M. , van Diemen Cleo C. , van der Zwaag Paul A. , Gerkes Erica H. , Zonneveld-Huijssoon Evelien , Boer-Bergsma Jelkje J. , Folkertsma Pytrik , Gillett Tessa , van der Velde K. Joeri , Kanninga Roan , van den Akker Peter C. , Jan Sabrina Z. , Hoorntje Edgar T. , te Rijdt Wouter P. , Vos Yvonne J. , Jongbloed Jan D. H. , van Ravenswaaij-Arts Conny M. A. , Sinke Richard , Sikkema-Raddatz Birgit , Kerstjens-Frederikse Wilhelmina S. , Swertz Morris A. , Franke Lude
Published: June 2019

The diagnostic yield of exome and genome sequencing remains low (8–70%), due to incomplete knowledge on the genes that cause disease. To improve this, we use RNA-seq data from 31,499 samples to predict which genes cause specific disease phenotypes, and develop GeneNetwork Assisted Diagnostic Optimization (GADO). We show that this unbiased method, which does not rely upon specific knowledge on individual genes, is effective in both identifying previously unknown disease gene associations, and flagging genes that have previously been incorrectly implicated in disease. GADO can be run on www.genenetwork.nl by supplying HPO-terms and a list of genes that contain candidate variants. Finally, applying GADO to a cohort of 61 patients for whom exome-sequencing analysis had not resulted in a genetic diagnosis, yields likely causative genes for ten cases.
Mutant H3 histones drive human pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cell expansion and promote leukemic aggressiveness
Authors: Boileau Meaghan , Shirinian Margret , Gayden Tenzin , Harutyunyan Ashot S. , Chen Carol C. L. , Mikael Leonie G. , Duncan Heather M. , Neumann Andrea L. , Arreba-Tutusaus Patricia , De Jay Nicolas , Zeinieh Michele , Rossokhata Katya , Zhang Yelu , Nikbakht Hamid , Mouawad Carine , Massoud Radwan , Frey Felice , Nasr Rihab , El Cheikh Jean , El Sabban Marwan , Kleinman Claudia L. , Mahfouz Rami , Minden Mark D. , Jabado Nada , Bazarbachi Ali , Eppert Kolja
Published: June 2019

Our ability to manage acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is limited by our incomplete understanding of the epigenetic disruption central to leukemogenesis, including improper histone methylation. Here we examine 16 histone H3 genes in 434 primary AML samples and identify Q69H, A26P, R2Q, R8H and K27M/I mutations (1.6%), with higher incidence in secondary AML (9%). These mutations occur in pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and exist in the major leukemic clones in patients. They increase the frequency of functional HSCs, alter differentiation, and amplify leukemic aggressiveness. These effects are dependent on the specific mutation. H3K27 mutation increases the expression of genes involved in erythrocyte and myeloid differentiation with altered H3K27 tri-methylation and K27 acetylation. The functional impact of histone mutations is independent of RUNX1 mutation, although they at times co-occur. This study establishes that H3 mutations are drivers of human pre-cancerous stem cell expansion and important early events in leukemogenesis.
A neuronal correlate of insect stereopsis
Authors: Rosner Ronny , von Hadeln Joss , Tarawneh Ghaith , Read Jenny C. A.
Published: June 2019

A puzzle for neuroscience—and robotics—is how insects achieve surprisingly complex behaviours with such tiny brains. One example is depth perception via binocular stereopsis in the praying mantis, a predatory insect. Praying mantids use stereopsis, the computation of distances from disparities between the two retinal images, to trigger a raptorial strike of their forelegs when prey is within reach. The neuronal basis of this ability is entirely unknown. Here we show the first evidence that individual neurons in the praying mantis brain are tuned to specific disparities and eccentricities, and thus locations in 3D-space. Like disparity-tuned cortical cells in vertebrates, the responses of these mantis neurons are consistent with linear summation of binocular inputs followed by an output nonlinearity. Our study not only proves the existence of disparity sensitive neurons in an insect brain, it also reveals feedback connections hitherto undiscovered in any animal species.
Death effector domain-containing protein induces vulnerability to cell cycle inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Ni Yingjia , Schmidt Keon R. , Werner Barnes A. , Koenig Jenna K. , Guldner Ian H. , Schnepp Patricia M. , Tan Xuejuan , Jiang Lan , Host Misha , Sun Longhua , Howe Erin N. , Wu Junmin , Littlepage Laurie E. , Nakshatri Harikrishna , Zhang Siyuan
Published: June 2019

Lacking targetable molecular drivers, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most clinically challenging subtype of breast cancer. In this study, we reveal that Death Effector Domain-containing DNA-binding protein (DEDD), which is overexpressed in > 60% of TNBCs, drives a mitogen-independent G1/S cell cycle transition through cytoplasm localization. The gain of cytosolic DEDD enhances cyclin D1 expression by interacting with heat shock 71 kDa protein 8 (HSC70). Concurrently, DEDD interacts with Rb family proteins and promotes their proteasome-mediated degradation. DEDD overexpression renders TNBCs vulnerable to cell cycle inhibition. Patients with TNBC have been excluded from CDK 4/6 inhibitor clinical trials due to the perceived high frequency of Rb-loss in TNBCs. Interestingly, our study demonstrated that, irrespective of Rb status, TNBCs with DEDD overexpression exhibit a DEDD-dependent vulnerability to combinatorial treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitor and EGFR inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our study provided a rationale for the clinical application of CDK4/6 inhibitor combinatorial regimens for patients with TNBC.
Structural basis of TFIIH activation for nucleotide excision repair
Authors: Kokic Goran , Chernev Aleksandar , Tegunov Dimitry , Dienemann Christian , Urlaub Henning , Cramer Patrick
Published: June 2019

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the major DNA repair pathway that removes UV-induced and bulky DNA lesions. There is currently no structure of NER intermediates, which form around the large multisubunit transcription factor IIH (TFIIH). Here we report the cryo-EM structure of an NER intermediate containing TFIIH and the NER factor XPA. Compared to its transcription conformation, the TFIIH structure is rearranged such that its ATPase subunits XPB and XPD bind double- and single-stranded DNA, consistent with their translocase and helicase activities, respectively. XPA releases the inhibitory kinase module of TFIIH, displaces a ‘plug’ element from the DNA-binding pore in XPD, and together with the NER factor XPG stimulates XPD activity. Our results explain how TFIIH is switched from a transcription to a repair factor, and provide the basis for a mechanistic analysis of the NER pathway.
A frequent variant in the Japanese population determines quasi-Mendelian inheritance of rare retinal ciliopathy
Authors: Nikopoulos Konstantinos , Cisarova Katarina , Quinodoz Mathieu , Koskiniemi-Kuendig Hanna , Miyake Noriko , Farinelli Pietro , Rehman Atta Ur , Khan Muhammad Imran , Prunotto Andrea , Akiyama Masato , Kamatani Yoichiro , Terao Chikashi , Miya Fuyuki , Ikeda Yasuhiro , Ueno Shinji , Fuse Nobuo , Murakami Akira , Wada Yuko , Terasaki Hiroko , Sonoda Koh-Hei , Ishibashi Tatsuro , Kubo Michiaki , Cremers Frans P. M. , Kutalik Zoltán , Matsumoto Naomichi , Nishiguchi Koji M. , Nakazawa Toru , Rivolta Carlo
Published: June 2019

Hereditary retinal degenerations (HRDs) are Mendelian diseases characterized by progressive blindness and caused by ultra-rare mutations. In a genomic screen of 331 unrelated Japanese patients, we identify a disruptive Alu insertion and a nonsense variant (p.Arg1933*) in the ciliary gene RP1, neither of which are rare alleles in Japan. p.Arg1933* is almost polymorphic (frequency = 0.6%, amongst 12,000 individuals), does not cause disease in homozygosis or heterozygosis, and yet is significantly enriched in HRD patients (frequency = 2.1%, i.e., a 3.5-fold enrichment; p-value = 9.2 × 10−5). Familial co-segregation and association analyses show that p.Arg1933* can act as a Mendelian mutation in trans with the Alu insertion, but might also associate with disease in combination with two alleles in the EYS gene in a non-Mendelian pattern of heredity. Our results suggest that rare conditions such as HRDs can be paradoxically determined by relatively common variants, following a quasi-Mendelian model linking monogenic and complex inheritance.
Generating viable mice with heritable embryonically lethal mutations using the CRISPR-Cas9 system in two-cell embryos
Authors: Wu Yi , Zhang Jing , Peng Boya , Tian Dan , Zhang Dong , Li Yang , Feng Xiaoyu , Liu Jinghao , Li Jun , Zhang Teng , Liu Xiaoyong , Lu Jing , Chen Baian , Wang Songlin
Published: June 2019

A substantial number of mouse genes, about 25%, are embryonically lethal when knocked out. Using current genetic tools, such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system, it is difficult—or even impossible—to produce viable mice with heritable embryonically lethal mutations. Here, we establish a one-step method for microinjection of CRISPR reagents into one blastomere of two-cell embryos to generate viable chimeric founder mice with a heritable embryonically lethal mutation, of either Virma or Dpm1. By examining founder mice, we identify a phenotype and role of Virma in regulating kidney metabolism in adult mice. Additionally, we generate knockout mice with a heritable postnatally lethal mutation, of either Slc17a5 or Ctla-4, and study its function in vivo. This one-step method provides a convenient system that rapidly generates knockout mice possessing lethal phenotypes. This allows relatively easy in vivo study of the associated genes’ functions.