bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the digital divide between young and elderly people increasing?
Authors: Paul Gerd , Stegbauer Christian
Published: May 2013

Elderly people still play a minor role in research on information needs and usage patterns of Internet users. Online research and advocacy groups look optimistically at the (economic and social) potential of the active and technology–skilled elderly; other approaches dealing with the social appropriation of technology see obstacles and stress the dangers of an increasing digital divide between generations. Our objective is to refer to taken for granted normative assumptions of the digital divide discourse, highlighting different requirements for the appropriation of the Internet. Using the concept of technological generations we look at formal and informal learning of young and elderly people in the German context. We use survey material and field impressions we gained in various technology related studies. The results show that the "two worlds apart" assumption (young vs. elderly people) is too simplistic. Factors like gender, education and socio–economic status still play an important role for acceptance and diffusion of a technology. The diffusion rate among the elderly is increasing, but will continue to lag behind the figures of the young users. Cultural preparations and easy access modes are essential for the elderly, who could make use of latecomer advantages. Informal learning and peer group support will be crucial for the diffusion of the Internet among the elderly. In our conclusions we look at the specific social status of the elderly cohort, which makes a comparison with other social groups very difficult.
Deconstructing Google bombs: A breach of symbolic power or just a goofy prank?
Authors: Tatum Clifford
Published: May 2013

In this study I compare two Google bombs using Melluci’s (1996) social movement framework. Viewing the Google bombing practice as a social movement provides an informative lens from which to analyze the nature and goals as well as the results of this form of online collective action. The empirical basis for this research relies on analysis of the content and context of Google bomb hyperlinking using an approach informed by Beaulieu’s (2005) notion of sociable hyperlinks. From this study I conclude that the Google bombing practice is an online protest technique not unlike the "media mind bomb" developed by the late Bob Hunter of Greenpeace (2004) fame. In the case of Hunter’s mind bombs, sounds and images were used to form alternate constructions of reality in the news media. Similarly, Google bombs are constructed by manipulating the relative ranking of an Internet search term and thereby creating alternate constructions of reality through collective action online.
Finding information on the World Wide Web: A specialty meta–search engine for the academic community
Authors: Aharoni Yaffa , Frank Ariel , Shoham Snunith
Published: May 2013

The Web is continuing to grow rapidly and search engine technologies are evolving fast. Despite these developments, some problems still remain, mainly, difficulties in finding relevant, dependable information. This problem is exacerbated in the case of the academic community, which requires reliable scientific materials in various specialized research areas.

We propose that a solution for the academic community might be a meta–search engine which would allow search queries to be sent to several specialty search engines that are most relevant for the information needs of the academic community. The basic premise is that since the material indexed in the repositories of specialty search engines is usually controlled, it is more reliable and of better quality.

A database selection algorithm for a specialty meta–search engine was developed, taking into consideration search patterns of the academic community, features of specialty search engines and the dynamic nature of the Web.

This algorithm was implemented in a prototype of a specialty meta–search engine for the medical community called AcadeME. AcadeME’s performance was compared to that of a general search engine — represented by Google, a highly regarded and widely used search engine — and to that of a single specialty search engine — represented by the medical Queryserver. From the comparison to Google it was found that AcadeME contributed to the quality of the results from the point of view of the academic user. From the comparison to the medical Queryserver it was found that AcadeMe contributed to relevancy and to the variety of the results as well.
The use of the Internet to activate latent ties in scholarly communities
Authors: Genoni Paul , Merrick Helen , Willson Michele
Published: May 2013

This paper presents the results of a survey on the use of the Internet by university-based scholars to contact unknown peers. These contacts are considered as examples of the activation of “latent ties” which are said to exist within communities with associated interests. The research indicates that the Internet facilitates the activation of these ties and that the degree to which it is used for this purpose is associated with academic rank.
Academic home pages: Reconstruction of the self
Authors: Thoms Lesley , Thelwall Mike
Published: May 2013

Previous literature within the postmodern movement typically finds the Internet to be a tool for surveillance and restriction. This is particularly identified in the personal homepages of academics, where the university is considered to marginalise staff through the coercive governing of their identity construction. Using a Foucauldian framework in which to analyse twenty academic homepages, this study looks specifically at identity construction on the Internet via the differences of link inclusion between academics whose homepages have been university–constructed and those whose homepages have been self–constructed, both dependent and independent of the university site. A Foucauldian discourse analysis identifies the marginalisation of academics in all conditions, wherein discursive positions were typically those of disempowerment. A typology of homepages and hence identities of academics is proposed based on the Web sites examined, concluding that whether the homepage is constructed by the academic or by the university, the identities of the individual are ultimately lost to the governmentality of the university.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rimmer Matthew , Stinson Greg
Published: May 2013

None available.
The media’s portrayal of hacking, hackers, and hacktivism before and after September 11
Authors: Vegh Sandor
Published: May 2013

This paper provides a thorough analysis of the mainstream media representation of hackers, hacking, hacktivism, and cyberterrorism. The intensified U.S. debate on the security of cyberspace after September 11, 2001, has negatively influenced the movement of online political activism, which is now forced to defend itself against being labeled by the authorities as a form of cyberterrorism. However, these socially or politically progressive activities often remain unknown to the public, or if reported, they are presented in a negative light in the mass media.

In support of that claim, I analyze five major U.S. newspapers in a one–year period with 9–11 in the middle. I argue that certain online activities are appropriated for the goals of the political and corporate elite with the help of the mass media under their control to serve as pretext for interventions to preserve the status quo. Thus, the media portrayal of hacking becomes part of the elite’s hegemony to form a popular consensus in a way that supports the elite’s crusade under different pretexts to eradicate hacking, an activity that may potentially threaten the dominant order.
The social structure of free and open source software development
Authors: Crowston Kevin , Howison James
Published: May 2013

Metaphors, such as the Cathedral and Bazaar, used to describe the organization of FLOSS projects typically place them in sharp contrast to proprietary development by emphasizing FLOSS’s distinctive social and communications structures. But what do we really know about the communication patterns of FLOSS projects? How generalizable are the projects that have been studied? Is there consistency across FLOSS projects? Questioning the assumption of distinctiveness is important because practitioner–advocates from within the FLOSS community rely on features of social structure to describe and account for some of the advantages of FLOSS production.

To address this question, we examined 120 project teams from SourceForge, representing a wide range of FLOSS project types, for their communications centralization as revealed in the interactions in the bug tracking system. We found that FLOSS development teams vary widely in their communications centralization, from projects completely centered on one developer to projects that are highly decentralized and exhibit a distributed pattern of conversation between developers and active users.

We suggest, therefore, that it is wrong to assume that FLOSS projects are distinguished by a particular social structure merely because they are FLOSS. Our findings suggest that FLOSS projects might have to work hard to achieve the expected development advantages which have been assumed to flow from "going open." In addition, the variation in communications structure across projects means that communications centralization is useful for comparisons between FLOSS teams. We found that larger FLOSS teams tend to have more decentralized communication patterns, a finding that suggests interesting avenues for further research examining, for example, the relationship between communications structure and code modularity.
Economics of scientific and biomedical journals: Where do scholars stand in the debate of online journal pricing and site license ownership between libraries and publishers?
Authors: Jeon–Slaughter Haekyung , Herkovic Andrew , Keller Michael
Published: May 2013

The emergence of e–journals brought a great change in scholarly communication and in the behavior of scholars. However, the importance of scholars’ behavior in the pricing of scientific journal has been largely ignored in the recent debate between libraries and publishers over site license practices and pricing schemes. Stanford’s survey results indicate that sharply increasing costs are the main reason for individual subscription cancellation, driving users to rely on library or other institutional subscriptions. Libraries continue to be a vital information provider in the electronic era and their bargaining power in the market and the importance of roles in scholarly communication will be increased by branding and a strong relationship with users. Publishers’ strategy for thriving in the electronic era is not to lose personal subscribers. Cooperation among the three sectors — scholars, libraries, and publishers — promises optimal results for each sector more than ever.
Piercing the peer–to–peer myths: An examination of the Canadian experience
Authors: Geist Michael
Published: May 2013

Canada is in the midst of a contentious copyright reform with advocates for stronger copyright protection maintaining that the Internet has led to widespread infringement that has harmed the economic interests of Canadian artists. The Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) has emerged as the leading proponent of copyright reform, claiming that peer–to–peer file sharing has led to billions in lost sales in Canada.

This article examines CRIA’s claims by conducting an analysis of industry figures. It concludes that loss claims have been greatly exaggerated and challenges the contention that recent sales declines are primarily attributable to file–sharing activities. Moreover, the article assesses the financial impact of declining sales on Canadian artists, concluding that revenue collected through a private copying levy system already adequately compensates Canadian artists for the private copying that occurs on peer–to–peer networks.
Computer–aided music distribution: The future of selection, retrieval and transmission
Authors: Duncan Nancy , Fox Mark
Published: May 2013

The Internet has made music more widely available and increased the convenience with which we can listen to music. We increasingly recognize that recorded music can take the form of digital files. The Internet and related technologies for music delivery have been made viable by advances in compression, data storage, and transmission technologies. To provide greater value to consumers, music labels need to make greater use of retrieval and selection technologies.
Interdoc: The first international non–governmental computer network
Authors: Murphy Brian
Published: May 2013

This paper tells in detail a little known story from the annals of computer networking history. In the early 1980s a small group of international non–governmental aid giving organizations developed their own network using available technologies to empower groups that worked for social and economic justice. Interdoc had member institutions from four continents, formalized its mandate with an international accord called the Valletri Agreement, operated in a three–circle structure, and aimed to manage the system from a social justice perspective. The network was used to inform and empower worker organizations, link grassroots activists, facilitate community–based research and education, bridge international political fault lines, collect and circulate human rights data, and disseminate information on sustainable development. Interdoc and its members were a precursor to, and helped facilitate the founding of the Association for Progressive Communications which grew to be the world’s largest computer networking institution serving non–governmental organizations dedicated to human rights, social, economic and environmental justice, and political change during the 1990s.
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic incentives in profit–oriented firms supplying Open Source products and services
Authors: Rossi Cristina , Bonaccorsi Andrea
Published: May 2013

This paper contributes to the literature on Open Source (OS) software by providing empirical evidence on the incentives of firms that engage in OS activities. Data collected by a survey conducted on 146 Italian companies supplying OS solutions (Open Source firms) show that (surprisingly) intrinsic, community–based incentives do play a role but are not, in general, put into practise. We investigate this discrepancy between attitudes and behaviours and single out groups of firms adopting more consistent behaviours. Our results are in line with the literature on business models of the firms that enter the Open Source field.
Multimedia that matters: Gallery–based technology and the museum visitor
Authors: Sayre Scott
Published: May 2013

Throughout the 1990s, many art museums began to struggle with the questions of how and where to integrate interpretive technologies into exhibits and galleries. While early adopters have continued to expand and revise their interpretive technology initiatives, the demands of the Internet and the tighter economics of the second millennium have prevented all but a minority of others from continuing to research and experiment with computer–based interpretive technologies in their galleries. Because of the interrupted evolution of the field, recent advances in technology, and significant changes in audience expectations, there is a growing need for current research in this area of interactive interpretive media in the museum environment. This paper examines recent testing and evaluations of gallery–based interpretive media projects produced by four major art museums and concludes with a summary of findings and recommendations for future research and program development.
Book Reviews
Authors: Vega Rob
Published: May 2013

None available.
Using digitized primary source materials in the classroom: A Colorado case study
Authors: Bloom Nena , Stout Cynthia
Published: May 2013

Using digitized primary source materials with K–12 students makes learning content more engaging and relevant, and helps students develop a wide range of skills. This paper highlights the use of primary source materials in Colorado classrooms and provides a brief overview of what educators’ needs are in order to use digitized primary source materials more efficiently and effectively with students.
The Maine Music Box
Authors: Lutz Marilyn , Gallucci Laura
Published: May 2013

The paper describes the Maine Music Box and examines its potential as a tool for teaching and learning music. Pedagogical concepts are demonstrated using MIDI, Scorch, image and streaming video files.
Digital Deerfield 1704: A new perspective on the French and Indian Wars
Authors: Spichiger Lynne , Sturm Chris
Published: May 2013

In February 2003, on the 300th anniversary of the raid on Deerfield, the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association and the Memorial Hall Museum launched a Web site that both commemorates and reinterprets this event from the perspectives of all the cultural groups who were present: Wobanakiak, Kanienkehaka, Wendat, English, and French. The site brings together a multitude of Web elements including historical scenes, narratives of peoples’ lives, artifacts and historic documents, interactive maps, voices and songs, essays, illustrations/paintings, and an interactive timeline to provide a window into a world of global political and religious conflict, family stories, and military sagas. Many teachers find that this site — with its wealth of primary source material; its special features like interactive maps and artifacts, zoom function, and magic lens; and its curricula section — is an excellent digital resource for their classrooms.
Less is more in Web search interfaces for older adults
Authors: Aula Anne , Käki Mika
Published: May 2013

We have previously found the elderly users to face several usability problems with the current search engines. Thus, we designed an elderly–friendly search interface, Etsin. To evaluate the success of the design, a usability study was conducted for comparing the usability of Etsin and Google. The participants faced fewer usability problems when using Etsin than Google and they valued the clarity of the Etsin interface. In conclusion, elderly users benefit from a simplified search engine interface that is easy to understand and that takes into account age–related issues.
Adoption of information technology by Greek journalists: A case study
Authors: Veglis Andreas , Tsourvakas George , Pomportsis Andreas , Avraam Evagelia
Published: May 2013

The information age has created many challenges for every profession. In the case of journalism the introduction of information technology has altered considerably various aspects of the profession. Today various computerized sources are regularly being used in media organizations. This paper investigates the adoption of information technology by Greek journalists. The study focuses on journalists working in local newspapers.
Virtually there: Travelling with new media
Authors: White Peter , White Naomi
Published: May 2013

This paper examines the uses of mobile, fixed telephone and Internet–based communication by travellers and the implications of that use for the experience of travel. For most of the respondents, continued communication with their networks of contacts back home were integral to their travel experience, allowing them to maintain an ongoing symbolic proximity or co–presence with people with whom they shared a common history. Travellers make clear distinctions between the uses, benefits and drawbacks of phones, texting and Internet–based communication. The continuation of intense communication between travellers and non–travellers suggests that people ‘back home’ and the travellers are involved in forms of ‘virtual travel’.
Sooner or later we will melt together: Framing the digital in the everyday
Authors: Beer David
Published: May 2013

Digital technologies are increasingly pervading our everyday lives. Many of our everyday practices involve the appropriation of digital technologies. The aim of this piece is to discuss two central issues surrounding this digitalisation of everyday life: (i) what constitutes digital culture?; and, (ii) how do digital technologies transform ownership? These questions are considered in this work with the intention of creating a benchmark from which future explorative (empirical) case studies can be developed. The central argument of the piece is that the study of digital technologies should be framed within everyday life. In other words, the study of digital technologies should be redefined as the study of the digitalisation of everyday life.
Podcasting: A new technology in search of viable business models
Authors: Crofts Sheri , Fox Mark , Retsema Andrew , Williams Bob
Published: May 2013

Podcasting has become popular as it allows listeners to time–shift content, i.e., to listen — when it suits them — to radio–like programming on portable MP3 and related devices. Dissatisfaction with traditional radio — which has too much advertising and is perceived to have generic programming — is fueling interest in programming that better meets the individual needs and interests of consumers. Podcasting represents a shift from mass broadcasting to on–demand personalized media. We look at the development of podcasting technology, the social context within which this development has occurred, and outline the legal constraints that podcasters face. Then we examine some business models for podcasting.
The filtering matrix: Integrated mechanisms of information control and the demarcation of borders in cyberspace
Authors: Villeneuve Nart
Published: May 2013

Increasingly, states are adopting practices aimed at regulating and controlling the Internet as it passes through their borders. Seeking to assert information sovereignty over their cyber–territory, governments are implementing Internet content filtering technology at the national level. The implementation of national filtering is most often conducted in secrecy and lacks openness, transparency, and accountability. Policy–makers are seemingly unaware of significant unintended consequences, such as the blocking of content that was never intended to be blocked. Once a national filtering system is in place, governments may be tempted to use it as a tool of political censorship or as a technological “quick fix” to problems that stem from larger social and political issues. As non–transparent filtering practices meld into forms of censorship the effect on democratic practices and the open character of the Internet are discernible. States are increasingly using Internet filtering to control the environment of political speech in fundamental opposition to civil liberties, freedom of speech, and free expression. The consequences of political filtering directly impact democratic practices and can be considered a violation of human rights.
The acquisition of open access research articles
Authors: Sale Arthur
Published: May 2013

The behavior of researchers when self–archiving in an institutional repository has not been previously analyzed. This paper uses available information for three repositories analyzing when researchers (as authors) deposit their research articles. The three repositories have variants of a mandatory deposit policy.
It is shown that it takes several years for a mandatory policy to be institutionalized and routinized, but that once it has been the deposit of articles takes place in a remarkably short time after publication, or in some cases even before. Authors overwhelmingly deposit well before six months after publication date. The OA mantra of ‘deposit now, set open access when feasible’ is shown to be not only reasonable, but fitting what researchers actually do.
Book reviews
Authors: Nardi Bonnie , Dennis Dion , Kocher Douglas
Published: May 2013

None available.
Mapping the mobile landscape in Australia
Authors: Gould Carmen , Jackson Margaret , Van Schyndel Ron , O'Donnell Jonathan
Published: May 2013

The wireless economy is expanding internationally, led by the popularity in mobile phones. We view the wireless economy as growing in three distinct, but inter–related areas: consumer transactions (mCommerce), enterprise solutions (mEnterprise); and, other services to individuals and organisations (mServices). This paper surveys the wireless landscape, specifically from a non–technologist’s perspective, while providing wide–ranging and contemporary examples of mobile applications in Australia.
Identity and Identification in a Networked World
Authors: Schneider Tim , Zimmer Michael
Published: May 2013

None Available.
MySpace on the record: The admissibility of social website content under the Federal Rules of Evidence
Authors: Schesser Stacey
Published: May 2013

With the increased reliance on technology in everyday life — including business, recreation, and culture — individuals leave traces of criminal activity on their computers, and now, online. As scholars address the U.S. Fourth Amendment and digital search and seizure issues, questions as to the admissibility of such acquired evidence begin to emerge. This paper explores the issues that both prosecutors and defense counsel face in determining whether digital evidence from Internet-based sources, primarily social networks, should be admitting under the Federal Rules of Evidence. Using an analysis of recent case law involving the admissibility of electronic evidence, the paper concludes with predictions on how these precedents would apply to social network Web sites like MySpace, Craigslist, personal blogs, and eBay.
The great debate: Law in the virtual world
Authors: Johnson David R. , Post David
Published: May 2013

None Available.
The life of the law online
Authors: Johnson David R.
Published: May 2013

None Available.
Robbery under arms: Copyright law and the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Rimmer Matthew
Published: May 2013

This article considers the radical, sweeping changes to Australian copyright law wrought by the Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement 2004 (AUSFTA). It contends that the agreement will result in a “piracy of the public domain”. Under this new regime, copyright owners will be able to obtain greater monopoly profits at the expense of Australian consumers, libraries and research institutions, as well as intermediaries, such as Internet service providers. Part One observes that the copyright term extension in Australia to life of the author plus 70 years for works will have a negative economic and cultural impact — with Australia’s net royalty payments estimated to be up to $88 million higher per year. Part Two argues that the adoption of stronger protection of technological protection measures modelled upon the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 (U.S.) will override domestic policy–making processes, such as the Phillips Fox Digital Agenda Review, and judicial pronouncements such as the Stevens v Sony litigation. Part Three questions whether the new safe harbours protection for Internet service providers will adversely affect the sale of Telstra. This article concludes that there is a need for judicial restraint in interpreting the AUSFTA. There is an urgent call for the Federal Government to pass ameliorating reforms — such as an open–ended defence of fair use and a mechanism for orphan works. There is a need for caution in negotiating future bilateral trade agreements — lest the multinational system for the protection of copyright law be undermined.
Landscape without bearings: Instructors' first experiences in Web-based synchronous environments
Authors: Murphy Elizabeth , Ciszewska-Carr Justyna
Published: May 2013

This paper presents the accounts of eight instructors’ metaphorical travels in landscapes without bearings. The instructors were part of a pilot project at a Canadian university involving the integration of a synchronous communication and collaboration environment into asynchronous distance education courses. To establish their bearings, the instructors need to be aware of their goals and combine them with strategies and techniques that effectively manage the affordances and constraints of the environment. That process may require a degree of risk–taking combined with a willingness to help students lead themselves. It requires developing a proficiency in the simultaneous use of multiple tools and recognizing the differences and similarities between Web–based synchronous environments and face–to–face or asynchronous environments. Above all, it requires an interest in and focus on pedagogy.
In Google we trust: Information integrity in the digital age
Authors: Shaker Lee
Published: May 2013

This paper considers information safety and accuracy in the digital age using Google as an entry point. In doing so, it explores the role media play in shaping the relationship of information, privacy, and trust between Google and the public. This inquiry is undertaken using framing theory to guide a content analysis of the way Google is presented in New York Times articles from a two–year period ending in November, 2005. Analysis of the extensive coverage of Google’s share price and earnings reports leads to the conclusion that trust in Google is fostered in part simply by reports of its fiscal success. To the extent that this is true, meaningful public debate about information policies is inhibited.
The new mobile scholar and the effective use of information and communication technology
Authors: Bills David B. , Holliman Stephanie , Lowe Laura , Ochola J. Evans , Park Su-Euk , Reed Eric J. , Wolfe Christine , Zieglowsky Laura Thudium
Published: May 2013

Our goal in this article is to understand how scholars — who need to collect, organize, analyze, and present large amounts of information in a short period of time — can use mobile information and communication technology (ICT) to work more efficiently and effectively. We argue that wireless fidelity (wi–fi) and universal serial bus (USB) technologies have made it possible for social scientists to work more productively outside of their own offices, but that many lack the kinds of practical knowledge needed to do so. We discuss ways in which understanding and using some basic and generally inexpensive ICT devices can help the “new mobile scholar” take full advantage of emerging ICTs.
Beyond binary choices: Understanding and exploiting trade-offs to enhance creativity
Authors: Fischer Gerhard
Published: May 2013

Many research approaches are conceptualized as binary choices, representing endpoints of a spectrum (each of them providing important perspectives within their own discourses). Design and creativity are often conceptualized as being focused on one of these binary choices, thereby overlooking other possibilities. To better stimulate, enhance, and support creativity, our research has explored the middle ground between the endpoints defined by binary choices to identify “sweet spots” based on a careful trade–off analysis of specific goals, objectives, stakeholders, and socio–technical environments.
This paper illustrates some of the major trade–offs related to design and creativity that we have explored in our research over the last ten years, including prescriptive and permissive environments, individual and social creativity, communities of practice and communities of interest, and consumer and active contributor cultures. It briefly describes some of the socio–technical environments that we have developed to enhance creativity in specific contexts.
Open source disaster recovery: Case studies of networked collaboration
Authors: Jones Calvert , Mitnick Sarai
Published: May 2013

Volunteers eager to help disaster victims have begun to draw on open source models of organization to mobilize and coordinate vast resources from around the world. This paper investigates two such groundbreaking efforts, involving responses to Hurricane Katrina and to the South East Asian tsunami. The study sheds light on how these organizations evolve so rapidly, how leaders emerge and confront challenges, and how interactions with traditional, more hierarchical disaster recovery efforts unfold. Lessons from these early efforts show how they can be improved, and also point to the need for more research on networked non–state actors that are playing increasingly prominent roles.
K-12 encounters the Internet
Authors: DiPerna Paul
Published: May 2013

None Available.
What's the matter with the information technology workforce?
Authors: Subramaniam Manimegalai M. , Burnett Kathleen
Published: May 2013

Information technology and the information technology workforce are essential to Internet innovation, infrastructure, development, and maintenance. A comprehensive and dynamic definition of information technology will help develop and coordinate interventions to ensure that a viable, diverse, and talented workforce is available to support information technology innovation, development, implementation, maintenance and application. A viable, diverse, and talented workforce is essential if the United States is to remain competitive in the economy. It is therefore necessary to establish consensus among information technology stakeholders on a definition of information technology prior to proceeding with classification of the workforce and development of educational programs. Wiki and ontology (Topic Maps) are two recent information technology innovations that provide the technological infrastructure necessary to achieve these goals.
Privacy and security disclosures on telecardiology Web sites
Authors: Dubbeld Lynsey
Published: May 2013

This article discusses telemedicine providers’ online privacy and security disclosures. It presents the results of an exploratory study of a number of telecardiology companies’ Web sites, providing insight in some of the current strategies towards data protection and information security in the international telemedicine market. The paper concludes that the online privacy notices in our sample are far from being standardized and complete. In view of privacy risks, as well as the transitory stage of the telemedicine sector, the underdeveloped state of online privacy notifications is disappointing — and a missed chance for those who are interested in the successful future development of Internet privacy and telemedicine–based healthcare.
University Internet cafés: One more cup of information for the road
Authors: Tanyeri Tayfun , Cuhadar Cem , Kiyici Mübin , Coklar Ahmet Naci
Published: May 2013

Internet cafés have become main centers for information access in Turkey. Recently universities have started their own Internet cafés. The purpose of this study was to identify how students used Internet cafés in universities and the problems they faced when using these cafés. Basicly, Turkish university students used Internet cafés for academic activities; they found the service fees rather high.

Internet cafés sind Hauptzentren für Informationen–Zugang in der Türkei geworden. Heutzutage haben alle Universitäten begonnen ihre Internetcafés zu öffnen. Der Zweck dieses Forschung–Studiums sollte identifizieren, wie Universität–Studenten Internet cafés in ihrer Universität benutzen und mit welchen Problemen sie konfrontiert sind, als sie den Internet benutzen. Das Hauptergebnis zeigte, daß die türkischen Studenten die Internetcafés für akademische Aktivitäten verwenden und sie fanden die Service-Gebühren ganz hoch. Die Studie versucht, aufzuzeigen, wie die Zunkunft der Internetcafes in der Türkei wohl aussehen wird.
Accidental open access and the hazards involved: Preliminary experiences on Internet-based publishing in a Peruvian university
Authors: Villanueva Eduardo
Published: May 2013

The importance of Open Access for developing academic and scientific research is beyond discussion. On the other hand, it is also certain that most OA initiatives have arisen from the academic communities of the developed world, assuming a whole set of practices and an ethos that is not necessarily shared all around the world. As an example of these differences, the case of a casual and non–intended approach to Open Access distribution of content, as it has happened in the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú from 2000, is presented. A significant amount of information, both administrative and academic, has been published at the institutional Web site. This has happened without formal policy, and by individual initiatives of departments interested in distributing content of potential interest for the Peruvian academic community. There are some misgivings about the end results, the appropriation of the information outside of this University itself; this is consequence of specific cultural and social attitudes toward digital content and the way that the Internet has been socially shaped in Peru. This paper tries to explore both the de facto policies that should had been turned into formal ones, and the consequences of the informal nature of the relationship with content and the cultural prevalence of intellectual piracy, not to be confused with real, for–profit content piracy. The research and policy issues resulting are also discussed.
Strategies for developing sustainable open access scholarly journals
Authors: Solomon David J.
Published: May 2013

Abstract: This paper discusses different forms of open access publishing and argues that small independent journals that are funded though subsidies provide an important niche in scholarly publishing. One such journal, Medical Education Online (MEO) is used as a case study characterizing the dilemma these journals can face in maintaining their operations as they become successful and their need for resources grows. The paper discusses several strategies for addressing this problem and how they have been implemented for MEO.
Digitizing more than organizational DNA
Authors: Riehl Jonathan
Published: May 2013

None Available.
Investigating the public in the Public Library of Science: Gifting economics in the Internet community
Authors: Tschider Charlotte
Published: May 2013

Countless critics of the open access movement have cited the Budapest–Bethesda–Berlin open access principles as responsible for unsustainable business models and a dilution of the efficacy of scientific scholarship or “impact.” Impact factors measure a journal’s primacy in academic scholarship, and it reflects how frequently a journal’s articles are cited. Much to the surprise of open access critics, PLoS Biology recently achieved a high impact factor of 13.9 after only two years of publishing, a feat rarely accomplished even in more traditional print journals.
The Public Library of Science (PLoS) employed the most liberal interpretation of the Budapest–Bethesda–Berlin (BBB) open access (OA) principles when creating its inaugural journal, PLoS Biology, after extensive OA advocacy efforts. BBB principles encourage open access for all individuals with an Internet connection and free use of all information for any educational purposes, including the creation of derivative works.
This study explores new OA research methodologies for measuring an OA technology’s effect on the Internet community. I will analyze linking patterns from a variety of Web categories to individual PLoS Biology articles from November 2004, a one–month, investigatory glimpse into who cites these articles and how this compares to Google Scholar citations of the same article.
I will describe two principles involved in the scientific OA transaction: the “gifting” of scientific articles and the further proliferation of this scientific information being given back to the community in the form of citation. Drawing on Marcel Mauss, I will highlight how the concept of “gifting” deviates from “sharing” in an Internet environment. I will conclude by highlighting the public citation finding in order to investigate the “public” in the Public Library of Science.
Rational sharing and its limits
Authors: Ng Wai-Yin
Published: May 2013

People differ in their willingness to share, as well as their reasons to do so. An open collaboration community of willing sharing members thrives on a virtuous cycle: increased sharing often offers stronger reasons for more people to share. However, it may also decline when the cycle goes the opposite direction and turns vicious. What determines the dividing line? We offer insights into this important question based on an analytic understanding of the concept of rational sharing, which is sharing for net gain in personal utility. In a nutshell, a community thriving on rational sharing is essentially an economic system, a platform for creating mutual benefit through exchanges.
This analysis is based on our prior work in statistical modelling of peer–to–peer systems. There are two salient features. First, the shared content is modelled as a mixture of different types of goods. Members’ sharing is pooled and organized into supply, which in turn is brought to match with demand from the members themselves, and a wider community also in the case of open access. The importance of the goodness of match between supply and demand is therefore apparent. Second, incentive schemes are modelled simply as dependence between the quality of service a member sees and the level of sharing. Being simplistic, it points to an interesting generic observation: no incentive is strong enough to break the catch–22 situation during startup unless some seed content is present.
We are not suggesting rationality as the only conscious basis of sharing for individuals. Quite the contrary, we gauge the limits of rational sharing thereby, and identify when and how non–rational bases of sharing is needed. For instance, high quality open access Wikis we witness today would not have been sustainable if sharing had been purely rational, as meaningful reward in quality gain has to be reserved for enticing rational members.
Tactical memory: The politics of openness in the construction of memory
Authors: Braman Sandra
Published: May 2013

Those in the openness movement believe that access to information is inherently democratic, and assume the effects of openness will all be good from the movement’s perspective. But means are not ends, nothing is inevitable, and just what will be done with openly available information once achieved is rarely specified. One implicit goal of the openness movement is to create and sustain politically useful memory in situations in which official memory may not suffice, but to achieve this, openness is not enough. With the transition from a panopticon to a panspectron environment, the production of open information not only provides support for communities but also contributes to surveillance. Proprietary ownership of information is being challenged, but there is erosion of ownership in the sense of being confident in what is known. Some tactics currently in use need to be re–evaluated to determine their actual effects under current circumstances. Successfully achieving tactical memory in the 21st century also requires experimentation with new types of tactics, including those of technological discretion and of scale as a medium. At the most abstract level, the key political battle of the 21st century may not be between particular political parties or ideologies but, rather, the war between mathematics and narrative creativity.
The case for open markets in education
Authors: Midgley Steve
Published: May 2013

This paper outlines a new approach, based on existing research, experience and practice, to improve public education and educational equity by making more effective technological systems for education available. It argues that effective administrative and educational data systems are essential to support widespread educational reform. These systems can best be sustained and developed within a competitive marketplace using open and closed source tools combined with open communities of practice and expertise. These innovations can help to ensure that such markets, tools and communities can evolve to support a very large number of districts undertaking comprehensive organizational reform.
Openness in communication
Authors: Hoem Jon
Published: May 2013

This paper introduces three existing models that give different perspectives on openness in communication systems. The first focuses strictly on how content is presented in digital media. The second model distinguishes between a content layer, a logical layer, and a physical layer where all may be open or restricted in various degrees. Finally a model with nine ideal communication patterns is presented in more detail and used to discuss the different power relations between producers and consumers and users of media content. The model provides an analytical framework to describe some characteristics unique to digital networked media
Disciplining Search/Searching Disciplines: Perspectives from Academic Communities on Metasearch Quality Indicators
Authors: Chopra Rohit , Krowne Aaron
Published: May 2013

“Quality Metrics” is an IMLS–funded research project which aims to address longstanding deficits in the formal conceptual support for and development of scholarly digital libraries. Central to attaining these goals is collecting and analyzing feedback from stakeholders in the scholarly community about the efficacy and value of key aspects of search technologies; including search interfaces, modalities, and results displays. A team at Emory University conducted this foundational research by utilizing the qualitative methodology of focus groups. In addition to an initial set of exploratory focus groups, the team conducted a second round of focus group sessions with a protoype search system specially designed for scholarly digital libraries. This paper describes the concept, objectives, methodology, and findings of the focus groups component of the Quality Metrics Project.
IN Harmony: Sheet Music from Indiana
Authors: Brancolini Kristine R. , Kowalczyk Stacy , Riley Jenn
Published: May 2013

The authors describe IN Harmony: Sheet Music from Indiana (http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/projects/inharmony/), a collaborative project to catalog and digitize sheet music from four cultural heritage institutions in the state, Indiana State Library, Indiana Historical Society, Indiana State Museum, and Indiana University. Now halfway through a three–year project, the partners have developed worked together to coordinate their workflows to facilitate standards–based digitization and cataloging. The lead partner, Indiana University, is performing automated quality control on digitized images for all partners and has created a flexible cataloging tool for sheet music that will be made available to other institutions at the conclusion of the project.
Covering music file-sharing and the future of innovation
Authors: Russell Adrienne
Published: May 2013

This paper explores the coverage of file–sharing from before the RIAA/Napster trial of 2000, drawing on interviews with journalists from the New York Times, Wired, Salon and the Los Angeles Times and on analysis of their stories and columns of opinion. It argues the file–sharing story saw “establishment” journalists unapologetically move away from long–established norms of journalism — by relying on alternative sources and by frankly including their own points of view, for example. The course of the stories these journalists produced points to the tensions that continue to mount in the new–media news landscape and to the forces that shape stories in the mainstream press. For more than a decade U.S. journalists lingered on the margins of profound questions about the limits of freedom under the rule of the market. Yet, with the emergence of the recording industry into the online music scene, journalists backed off, leaving the questions they raised unanswered and the larger issues behind the questions mostly unaddressed.
Puppy smoothies: Improving the reliability of open, collaborative wikis
Authors: Cross Tom
Published: May 2013

The reliability of information collected from at large Internet users by open collaborative wikis such as Wikipedia has been a subject of widespread debate. This paper provides a practical proposal for improving user confidence in wiki information by coloring the text of a wiki article based on the venerability of the text. This proposal relies on the philosophy that bad information is less likely to survive a collaborative editing process over large numbers of edits. Colorization would provide users with a clear visual cue as to the level of confidence that they can place in particular assertions made within a wiki article.