bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combustion performance of Onakawana lignite in a pilot scale fluidized bed combustor
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Friedrich F D , Beal M
Published: August 2017

Onakawana lignite containing up to 47% moisture has been burnt in two pilot scale atmospheric fluidized bed combustors. Bed parameters including fluidizing velocity, bed temperature and fuel moisture were varied to study their effect on combustion efficiency
and emissions. Carbon combustion efficiency varied between 95 and 98% without recycle, the highest value being achieved above 900 ° C. With fly ash recycle, combustion efficiencies of >99% were achieved at temperatures as low as 800 ° C, providing that the ratio of
"fines to lumps" in the coal feed stock did not exceed 2:1. NO x emissions typically varied between 17 and 90 ng/J input, well within the limit of 258 ng/J input specified by the National Guidelines for Stationary Sources. On the other hand, S0x , varied from 270 to 1400 ng/J depending on operating
conditions. The specified limit of 258 ng/J can be achieved by adding small amounts of limestone at about 850 ° C.
Investigation of new column packings for molecular weight determination of heavy fractions by size exclusion chromatography
Authors: Coulombe S , Desjardins S
Published: August 2017

New packing materials for size exclusion chromatography columns were investigated. Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and carborundum (SiC) were selected because of their inertness and potential to avoid secondary interactions such as adsorption that would add to
the size exclusion effect and make the molecular weight determination of complex samples like heavy oils and bitumen very difficult. The efficiency of columns packed with these materials was calculated and column packing procedures are discussed.
CANMET pilot plant hydrocracking at demonstration plant conditions - effect of oil/co-ground additive concentration on reactor solids behaviour-runs 86-CG-210 to 221
Authors: de Bruijn T J W , Dawson W H , Patmore D J
Published: August 2017

Three short series of pilot plant runs were performed using oil/co-ground additive concentrations of 0.96, 2.26 and 4.14 wt %. The gas flowrate was chosen to obtain a gas holdup of approximately 45% in order to agree more closely with that observed in the
CANMET hydrocracking demonstration plant in Montreal. The main objectives were to obtain data under these demonstration plant conditions, to determine the effect of this new type of additive on the reactor solids behaviour and to develop a criterion that can be used as an indicator of coking
problems. Secondary objectives were to verify a possible limit to the attainable pitch conversion for this feed and to test the effect of additive concentration on pitch conversion and solids concentrations. A new faster method to analyze solids was tested in the first short series of experiments.
It is promising but requires further development. A new procedure to analyze the heavy end product and reactor samples was successfully implemented in the second half of the experiments. Ash concentrations inside the reactor depended strongly on the additive concentration whereas TIOR concentrations
showed much less dependence. The TIOR concentration at point 1 in the reactor in fact decreased when the additive concentration was increased from 0.96 to 2.26 wt %. Consequently, the TIOR/ash ratio at point 1 in the reactor decreased significantly with increasing additive concentration. TIOR
yield decreased with increased additive concentrations. A TIOR yield of approximately 2 wt % on feed appeared to be a possible control criterion to indicate trouble free operation. This criterion might be valid even for conditions other than the ones employed in this study. Further experiments
are needed to confirm this. Previously accepted maximum values for the control criteria, TI concentration, TIOR concentration and TIOR/ash ratio, proved invalid for the new operating conditions used here. These criteria appear to be valid only for the old conditions. Each time the conditions are
significantly changed (in particular the gas rate) new values may be required for the criteria. No limit to the attainable pitch conversion was apparent and although different pitch conversions resulted at different additive concentrations, no trends with additive concentration could be
distinguished.
Commissioning of the FCRL Horiba Capa 500 particle size analyzer: correlations between in-house and contracted results for 21 additive slurries
Authors: McLean N R
Published: August 2017

FCRL/ERL recently installed and commissioned a Horiba Capa 500 particle sizer. A comparison study was undertaken to ensure the in-house analyzer was functioning and generating comparable data using a procedure originally received from Horiba's application
laboratory in California. Catalyst/additive slurries from The CANMET Hydrocrackng plant at Bells Corners were analyzed on two Horiba Capa 500 particle size instruments. One instrument' was located at FCRL/ERL and the other was at DELTA INC. in Pittsburgh. The results indicate good agreement between
the two instruments using the identical preparation and operating procedure.
Upgrading of IPPL vacuum bottoms by the carpet hydrocracking process- runs 86-CG-1 to 6: a test of oil co-ground additive
Authors: Sears P L , Dawson W H , Liu D D S
Published: August 2017

This run series was the first test of CANMET additive prepared by grinding together ferrous sulphate and coal in a vacuum gas oil medium. The process ran smoothly with this additive at up to 61% pitch conversion, achieved at 438° C. The amount of coke
deposited in the reactor during the run series was higher than expected at this temperature.
Monitoring ash concentration in reactor samples by dual-energy gamma-ray densitometry: runs 87-CG-16-70
Authors: Liu D D S , de Bruijn T J W , Sears P L , Patmore D J
Published: August 2017

The ash content and gamma-ray attenuation ratio, R, of the reactor samples from runs 87-CG-16 to 70 were measured by the ASTM ash and dual-energy gamma-ray methods respectively. Correlations between these two parameters were derived for each of the following
three types of additives: 1. Dried FeSO4 and coal (impregnated or separately ground); [Ash] = -6.60 + 2.43 R [wt %] 2. FeS04 only [Ash] = -6.53 + 2.13 R [wt % ] 3. Wet ground FeSO4 and coal [Ash] = -8.28 + 3.02 R [wt The procedure for measuring the attenuation ratio is very simple. It takes
less than 15 min to determine the ash concentration for a reactor sample compared with more than 8 h by the ASTM method. In general, the results are more reliable than those of the ASTM measurements because the possibility of human error in handling the sample for the ASTM assay is
eliminated.
Hydrocracking Athabasca bitumen using Co-Mo catalysts supported on wide pore carbon extrudates
Authors: Altajam M A , Ternan M
Published: August 2017

In recent years, the use of carbon material as a catalyst support has been considered along with alumina and silica. An experimental investigation has been carried out on the utilization of a wide pore, high surface area, carbon extrudate as a catalyst support
for the hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen. A carbon supported cobalt-molybdenum catalyst was prepared by impregnating the carbon extrudate with an aqueous solution, then calcining it to form the oxide precursor. The experiments were carried out in a high pressure fixed bed tubular reactor. After
the catalyst was sulphided the experiments were conducted between 425 - 450 C and between 6.9 - 29.7 MPa. Liquid hourly space velocities ranged between 0.5 and 1.5 h-J- . Similar tests were carried out on an alumina supported cobalt-molybdenum catalyst. Results showed that conversions using the
Co-Mo/C catalyst were lower than those obtained using the Co-Mo/A1101 catalyst. However when the results were compared on the basin df unit catalyst surface area, the pseudo turnover numbers were larger for the carbon supported catalyst than for the alumina supported one.
Canadian developments in coal combustion and carbonization
Authors: Lee G K , Price J T , Reeve D A
Published: August 2017

Coal utilization R&D in Canada is aimed at expanding the use of both thermal and coking coals in domestic and export markets and at accelerating the commercialization of innovative technologies for efficiently and economically converting coal to clean
energy. An extensive data base exists on the combustion and carbonization properties of Canada's coals in conventional industrial equipment and the performance of many of these coals has been demonstrated in emerging energy systems and processes. Ongoing programs are specifically structured to
assist industrial clients in resolving particular problems related to coal behaviour and equipment reliability, in extrapolating research results to practical applications, .and in implementing and evaluating full-scale trials with off-specification coals or unproved
equipment.
Properties of solid wastes from circulating fluidized bed combustion of high sulphur coal
Authors: Anthony E J , Doiron C C , Kissel R K , Ross G G
Published: August 2017

Wastes from circulating fluidized beds are quite unlike those discharged from conventional pulverized fuel (PF) fired equipment. They consist of a hetrogeneous mixture of CaO, CaSO4, ash and some unreacted CaCO3. As such they have quite different properties and
handling problems from those of the glassy mixture of silicates obtained from PF systems. This report describes various research programs supported by Energy, Mines and Resources, Environment Canada and New Brunswick Power to characterise these wastes, develop safe disposal procedure and investigate
potential uses for these solid wastes.
Octane improvement by etherification of light distillate olefins
Authors: Farnand B A , Lennox R K , Tharby R D
Published: August 2017

C4 tO C6 rich fractions of light olefins obtained from oil refinery catalytically cracked reactor effluent were reacted with methanol to form methyl ethers in a bench-scale pilot reactor. The ethers produced were methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), tertiary amyl
methyl ether (TAME) and tertiary hexyl methyl ether (THME). The yields of ethers were determined for various operating conditions of temperature, pressure, space velocity, and methanol/active olefin molar ratios. The ethers were blended into unleaded gasoline to determine their blending octane
numbers and their effect on vapour pressure. Both reactor effluent and purified ethers were used in the quality assessment tests. The average blending octane numbers in regular unleaded gasoline of 94.2 RON and 83.8 MON were: methanol/isopropanol blends at 4% total oxygen, 124 RON and 94 MON;
MTBE, 116 RON and 101 MON; TAME, 106 RON and 99 MON; and THME raw reactor effluent, 89.0 RON and 80.6 MON. The influence of these blending agents and the presence of unreacted methanol upon vapour pressure were discussed in terms of incorporating low cost butane into
gasoline.
Fast catalytic cracking of heavy gas oils: modeling coke deactivation
Authors: Larocca M , Ng S , de Lasa H
Published: August 2017

An unsteady-state pulse technique has been used to evaluate kinetic parameters for catalytic cracking of heavy gas oil with steamed commercial catalysts. The method closely mimic conditions of commercial FCC riser reactors. The experimental results obtained at a
catalyst time-on-stream of under 20 s allowed the evaluation of activation energies and kinetic constants for gas oil decomposition into gasoline and light gas plus coke, as a whole, as well as for individual groups: paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. Two models were considered in the present
study: (a) a three-lump model featuring gas oil, gasoline, and gas plus coke; (b) a five-lump model, where gas oil was split into paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. It was found that the catalyst deactivation due to coke formation, for contact times under 20 s, can be represented by both an
exponential decay function and a power decay function with an average exponent of 0.1-0.2.
Progress in the development of CWF burners for boiler and process combustor applications
Authors: Thambimuthu K V , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The Canadian program of coal-water fuel (CWF) technology development has been in progress since 1980. The main emphasis has been on CWF manufacturing technology and burner development. In the latter area, the commercial burner manufacturers have been involved in
the program, but have not been too successful in achieving reliable wear resistant atomizers that were durable and burners which gave good combustion. For this reason, a research program was undertaken by the Energy Research Laboratories, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) in
collaboration with the National Research Council to design and develop a dual oil/CWF burner based on the basic principles of atomization and combustion air mixing. The burner has been scaled up from a pilot-scale (5 GJ/h) to a commercial scale (55 GJ/h) prototype and has been tested on a 20 MWe
compact oildesigned utility boiler in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. In a similar development, durable burners were developed for a cement kiln which enabled a cement manufacturing company in Richmond, B.C., to convert its operations economically from natural gas to CWF. Details are given of
the respective programs, the development of burners and their impact on operation, since it is clear that oil-replacement combustion technologies will be in great demand when the price of oil escalates again as it has done in the past. Furthermore, the Canadian experience indicates that this is a
new coal burning technology that gives compact flames, a benign ash behaviour with reduced erosion and deposition on heat transfer surfaces, more rapid char combustion due to differences in morphology which combined with the ease of handling a liquid fuel will eventually enable it to compete with
oil and pulverized coal firing technology.
Pervaporation as an alternative process for the separation of methanol from C4 hydrocarbons in the production of MTBE and TAME
Authors: Farnand B , Noh S H
Published: August 2017

Pervaporation was investigated as an alternative process for the separation of methanol from a mixture of C 4 and C, hydrocarbons and methyl ethers in the production of MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether) and TAME (tertiary-amyl methyl ether). A preliminary
screening of pervaporation membranes was performed by using reactor effluent produced in a pilot scale etherification reactor. Nafion and a cellulose based membrane were chosen for further testing and showed similar performance.
Combustion evaluation of eureka residue in the CCRL pilot-scale flame tunnel furnace
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The handling properties and combustion, flame and heat transfer characteristics of Eureka residue were investigated and compared with those of commercially available No.6 fuel oil. Results indicated that if the Eureka residue sample is pulverized tc5 70%
<74 pm it can be burned in the CCRL flame tunnel furnace to give combustion flame and heat transfer characteristics similar to those obtained burning No.6 fuel oil.
Pilot-scale combustion evaluation of generic coal-water fuel made from a Cape Breton coal blend
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The combustion performances of two generic coal-water fuels (CWF), produced from a Cape Breton Development Corporation (CBDC) Lingan/Phelan thermal coal blend, were assessed as boiler fuels in the CCRL pilot-scale utility boiler. A commercial CWF, Carbofuel, made
from the same Cape Breton coal, was used as a reference CWF and all three were compared with the combustion performance of the pulverized parent coal fuel. The combustion trials indicated that each generic CWF ignited readily to produce a good, self-sustaining flame, which was comparable to that
obtained with the commercially produced Carbofuel CWF, but slightly lower in intensity than the flame produced by the pulverized parent coal. There was little difference in the combustion efficiencies of all the fuels when estimated from the combustible content of their respective fly
ashes.
Combustion and heat characteristics of bitumen emulsions
Authors: Whaley H , Banks G N
Published: August 2017

A number of today's technologies produce a bitumen-water emulsion owing to either the recovery process, i.e. in situ extraction, or possibly pipe-lining bitumen to the refinery and using water as a viscosity reducing agent. Can these emulsions be used as a fuel
directly and if so what are their combustion and heat transfer properties? A research program was undertaken to compare the combustion of bitumen and several emulsions with heavy fuel oil. It has been shown that the combustion performance of bitumen is not dissimilar to heavy fuel oil and that its
performance can be improved when the moisture content is controlled between 10 and 20 wt %. There appeared to be little difference between air and steam as an atomizing medium. It is recommended that close attention be paid to atomizer selection if there is a possibility of the emulsion
containing particulate material such as sand. This material can give rise to severe atomizer erosion if wear resistant materials are not utilized.
Two-stage hydroprocessing of synthetic crude gas oil
Authors: Mahay A , Chmielowiec J , Fisher I P , Monnier J
Published: August 2017

The hydrocracking of synthetic crude gas oils (SGO ), which are commercially produced from Canadian oil sands, is strongly inhibited by nitrogen-containing species. To alleviate the pronounced effect of these nitrogenous compounds, SGO was hydrotreated at severe
conditions prior to hydrocracking to reduce its N content from 1665 to about 390 ppm (by weight ). Hydrocracking was then performed using a commercial nickel-tungsten catalyst supported on silica-alumina. Two-stage hydroprocessing of SGO was assessed in terms of product yields and quality. As
expected, higher gas oil conversions were achieved mostly from an increase in naphtha yield. The middle distillate product quality was also clearly improved as the diesel fuel cetane number increased by 13%. Diesel engine tests indicated that particulate emissions in exhaust gases were lowered
by 20%. Finally, pseudo first-order kinetic equations were derived for the overall conversion of the major gas oil components
Effect of H-mordenite zeolite as a component in Co-Mo-Al203 hydroprocessing catalysts used for the conversion of Boscan heavy oil
Authors: Minja R J A , Ternan M
Published: August 2017

The effect of H-mordenite zeolite as a component in Co-Mo-Al203 catalysts has been studied. Catalysts containing up to 2 hydroprocesing 0% H-mordenite were used for hydrocracking Boscan heavy oil at 13.9 MPa. Although the acidic sites on the external surface
of the zeolite crystals were expected to increase cracking reactions, little effect on conversion was observed. As the H-mordenite content of the catalyst increased the bulk density and the specific surface area of the catalysts decreased substantially. When the reaction results were expressed on
the basis of constant residence time and constant catalyst surface area there was an increase in the reaction parameter with increasing H-mordenite content of the catalyst. It was also found that, coke deposition increased with the increasing H-mordenite content of the catalyst. These two
observations suggest that H-mordenite caused an increase in the number of acidic sites in the catalyst. The results indicate that catalysts with H-mordenite would produce greater conversions than catalysts without H-mordenite if the extrudates could be prepared in such a way that the catalyst bulk
density does not change when the H-mordenite is added.
Determination of saturates, aromatics and polars in gas oils using supercritical fluid chromatography with a backflush technique
Authors: Coulombe S
Published: August 2017

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has been used successfully for determining saturates and aromatics in middle distillates, diesel fuel and heating oils having a high boiling cutpoint up to 440 ° C. Advantages are fast analysis time, minimum sample
preparation and direct quantification using a flame ionization detector. This paper presents an extension of the method to analyze gas oils (final boiling point 525 ° C). The heavier boiling point samples contain polar-compounds which cannot be chromatographed directly because of strong
adsorption on the column. A model compound study shows how a backflush technique was used to successfully elute strongly adsorbed compounds that were not detected in the regular elution mode. In contrast with middle distillates where the saturates and aromatics were easily quantified, a calibration
is needed in the analysis of gas oils. The polar fraction is especially affected presumably because of the presence of heteroatoms.
Determination of molecular weight distribution of crude oils and their fractions
Authors: Coulombe S
Published: August 2017

Thirteen crude oil samples were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography on Ultrastyragel columns using tetrahydrofuran as solvent. The samples were investigated to determine their average molecular weights and their molecular weight
distribution.
Combustion evaluation of Canadian occidental water continuous emulsions in CCRL's pilot-scale combustion furnaces
Authors: Wong J K , Banks G N , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The handling properties and combustion, flame and heat transfer characteristics of several Canadian Occidental water continuous emulsions were investigated and compared with those of a commercially available No.6 fuel oil. Results in the flame tunnel furnace
indicated that these water continuous emulsions can be handled, pumped and atomized in the same equipment utilized for No.6 fuel oil and produce combustion flame and heat transfer characteristics similar to those of No.6 fuel oil. The investigation undertaken in the pilot-scale research boiler
corroborated the evidence obtained in the flame tunnel furnace and indicated that these water continuous emulsions could be readily utilized as a reasonable alternative to commercial grade No.6 fuel oil, employing the same burner and ancillary equipment.
Effect of gas recycle rate on the hydrocracking of vacuum bottoms in a pilot plant
Authors: Liu D D S , Dawson W H , Pruden B B
Published: August 2017

Hydrocracking runs were carried out in a 1 bbl/d pilot plant using vacuum tower bottoms (VTB) from a blend of Western Canadian heavy crudes. The effect of the superficial gas velocity on the reactor dynamics and on the conversion of VTB to distillate was examined
for several sets of superficial gas velocities and various temperatures. A gamma-ray interrogation method was applied to examine the hydrodynamics of multi-phase flows in the bubble column reactor. Because hydrocracking reactions occur in the liquid phase, the pitch (524 ° C+) conversion is
strongly affected by the liquid holdup which is a function of the superficial gas velocity. In these runs, the effect of gas velocity on pitch conversion was strong enough to offset the normal increase in pitch conversion with temperature so that similar pitch conversion could be obtained for
different combinations of temperature and gas velocity. Product distributions were uniquely correlated with the pitch conversion and a first order lumped parameter kinetic model was applicable. Sulphur conversion was also correlated with pitch conversion.
Combustion and atomization tests on two pipelineable coal slurries
Authors: Whaley H , Wong J K L , Thambimuthu K V , Banks G N
Published: August 2017

The combustion performance of two pipelineable slurry products prepared from Alberta foothills coal was assessed in CCRL's pilot-scale utility boiler. A commercial coal water fuel (CWF), prepared from Cape Breton coal, was used as the reference fuel. Combustion
tests indicated that ignition was very unstable for these slurries when compared with the commercial CWF and neither slurry could be recommended as an acceptable boiler fuel. One of the major problems with the two pipelineable slurries was the settling of the fuel in transit. It is recommended that
a fuel which has been kept in suspension, subsequent to manufacture, be tested at CCRL.
The effect of diffusion on the deactivation of catalysts used for hydrocracking Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Altajam M A , Kriz J F , Ternan M
Published: August 2017

The deactivation of alumina supported and carbon supported Co-Mo catalysts was studied while hydrocracking Athabasca bitumen. Diffusion rates were different because the pore diameters were different in alumina and carbon catalysts. Diffusion rates also changed
because the length of the diffusion path in the alumina catalyst was altered by using 3.2 and 1.6 mm diameter extrudates as well as powdered catalyst.
Dehydration of oil-water emulsion by pervaporation using porous hydrophilic membranes
Authors: Deng S , Sourirajan S , Chan K , Farnand B , Okada T , Matsuura T
Published: August 2017

Porous cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol membranes were tested for dehydration of oil-water emulsion by pervaporation at different temperatures. Membranes having pore sizes that correspond to those of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes, removed water
effectively from oil-water emulsions. The permeation rate decreased with an increase in the oil content in the emulsion, probably due to a gradual change in the emulsion structure from the w/o/w to o/w/o type. The permeation rate increased with an increase in the operating temperature without a
significant change in the oil separation.
Results of the fibec test program at Canadian forces base St. Hubert
Authors: Friedrich F D , Razbin V V
Published: August 2017

As part of the national management plan for NOx control, Environment Canada has drafted emissions regulations for industrial boilers, based on best available technology economically achievable. National Defence Canada, as a major boiler owner, has undertaken to
demonstrate low-NO x burners in two plants. One is fuelled by natural gas with No. 2 fuel oil backup and one is fuelled by Bunker "C" oil with No. 2 oil backup. This report describes the results of combustion tests on the first demonstration - a boiler at CFB St. Hubert which has been retrofitted
with a dual-fuel (natural gas and No. 2 fuel oil) burner employing flue gas recirculation (FGR). Tests were conducted with both fuels with and without flue gas recirculation over the load range of the boiler. Both efficiency and emissions were measured. It was found that FGR reduces NO x b y 50%
when firing natural gas, and 20 to 25% when firing No. 2 fuel oil. With natural gas , NO x e missions were within the limits of the draft regulations with FGR but exceeded limits without FGR. With No. 2 oil, NO x e missions were within the draft regulations only at low loads; below 40 %
Maximum Capacity Rating (MCR) with FGR, below 30% MCR without FGR. CO emissions were well below the limit for both fuels, but SO2 emissions were several times the limit when firing No. 2 fuel oil.
Separation of volatile organic compound/nitrogen mixtures by polymeric membranes
Authors: Feng X , Sourirajan S , Tezel H , Matsuura T , Farnand B
A
Published: August 2017

Dry asymmetric polyetherimide membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique under different conditions to investigate their performance for separating volatile organic compounds/nitrogen gas mixtures. The membrane performance was further tested under
different operating conditions such as operating temperature, feed vapour concentration and the pressure on the permeate side of the membrane. A set of transport equations was proposed for the membrane permeation of organic vapour/gas mixtures. The validity of the transport equations was tested by
their applicability to describe the experimental data.
Biphasic catalyst reactor for selective hydrogenation of benzene in gasoline
Authors: Gill U S , Fairbridge C , Farnand B A
Published: August 2017

Gasoline reformulation options include the reduction of the benzene content of existing gasoline blending streams to meet the proposed limiting standards. This paper describes the preliminary experimental results for a biphasic catalyst reactor system which
selectively converts benzene to cyclohexane. The catalyst used for this reaction is based upon a water soluble organometallic complex precursor. The cost to produce a 1% by volume of benzene in a gasoline blending stream of significant benzene content was estimated to be
$0.016/L.
Hydropurification of diesel fuel with glassy alloy catalysts interim report no. 2 parts 1 and 2
Authors: Giddings T M , Farnand B A , Deveau M , Wronski Z S , Barry J R , Collins L E
Published: August 2017

A crossflow microfiltration study was carried out for the separation of nickel powder from kerosene. This study is part of preliminary work for the evaluation of a membrane reactor system for the hydropurification of diesel fuels using glassy alloy particulates
as catalysts. This part of the study was to determine the effects of operating parameters, namely, trans-membrane differential pressure, feed crossflow rate, and fines loading. A statistical design software was implemented for the correlation of results and prediction of optimum conditions for a
given separation. The results indicated factors which must be considered including improvement to the design of-the - microfiltration system.
Preliminary investigation of membrane separations for liquid propane
Authors: Giddings T M , Farnand B A
Published: August 2017

The separation of propane and propylene in the liquid phase was investigated using membranes. Reverse osmosis using commercially available membranes and facilitated transport utilizing Nafion perfluorinated ion exchange membranes with Ag as the carrier were
examined. The selectivity of reverse osmosis to this separation was low with separation factors less than 2. Separation factors for facilitated transport were an order of magnitude greater, but product rates were an order of magnitude lower than those for reverse osmosis.
NOx and SO2 emissions with no. 6 and no. 4 fuel oils at Canadian forces base Halifax;
Authors: Friedrich F D , Razbin V V , Wigglesworth F L
Published: August 2017

In 1990, as part of the Federal Industrial Boiler Emissions Control (FIBEC) Program, National Defence Canada undertook to demonstrate a low NO x burner at Canadian Forces Base Halifax. A state-of-the-art dual register burner employing both flue gas recirculation
(FGR) and staged air supply was installed in Boiler 5; a 60 000 lb/h package boiler installed in 1986, which is normally fired with No. 6 fuel oil. Tests conducted in January 1991 showed that NO x e missions with the new burner exceeded by about 50% the limits proposed for the FIBEC regulations.
Furthermore, FGR had only a modest effect on reducing NOx. National Defence then decided to conduct similar tests with No. 4 oil, which normally contains less nitrogen than No. 6 oil, and therefore could be expected to produce lower emissions. A series of 25 tests was conducted on Boiler 5 and two
other boilers at CFB Halifax, to compare emissions from No. 6 fuel oil and No. 4 fuel oil. Boiler operating conditions were also adjusted to achieve lower NON . Compared with No. 6 oil, No. 4 oil offered only a modest decrease in NOx emissions ranging from 30% to zero. Lower excess air had a
strong influence in minimizing NO x formation. Indeed, with careful control of excess air, the two older boilers not equipped with low NO x burners produced lower emissions than the boiler with the low NO x burner, and the effect of FGR was negligible. This shows that there are important factors
besides burner design. Emissions of 802 were also measured, and always exceeded the proposed limit. It is concluded that the technology of low NO x burners is not yet sufficiently advanced that they can be reliably employed to meet stringent emissions standards. Depending on furnace size, shape and
construction, operation at low excess air may provide better results, but this can only be established by evaluating individual boilers, or at least boiler types. The proposed SO2 emission regulation can only be met by utilizing a residual oil containing no more than 1% sulphur, which is not
available from refineries in the Halifax area.
Fingerprinting sulfur forms in coal and coal macerals using sulfur l-edge XANES validation of classical methodology
Authors: Brown J R , Kasrai M , Bancroft G M , White C M , Tan K
H
Published: August 2017

An organic sulfur rich Spanish lignite from the Mequinenza district and two fossilized latex samples collected from German brown coal of the Geiseltal Basin, have been examined by S L-edge X-ray absorption near edge (XANES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies
(XPS). Each sample was found to possess a unique mixture of thiophenic, alkyl, aryl and disulfide sulfur constituents. The S L-edge XANES and XPS S 2p spectra were highly complementary. XPS data also revealed the presence of minor pyrite and oxygenated sulfur (sulfones and/or sulfates). Validation
of the scope, accuracy and precision of classical procedures (pyrolysis products, selective oxidation, chemical extracts) is now more feasible as high resolution L-edge XANES can be used to directly identify chemical forms of sulfur in coals.
Development of novel microemulsion catalysts
Authors: Ikura M , Stanciulescu M , Kelly J F
Published: August 2017

The use of microemulsions is an effective and convenient way to disperse transition metals in oil. Salts of transition metals dissolved in the water phase (discontinuous phase) of microemulsions can produce fine catalyst precursor particles. Recently CANMET
succeeded in producing water-in-pitch microemulsions containing various catalyst precursors. The microemulsions produced at CANMET are very stable. They were stored at room temperature for over 18 months with no sign of phase separation. Low angle X-ray analyses of the catalyst and catalyst
precursors indicated that extremely fine catalytically active species such as pyrrhotite were formed under high temperature and hydrogen pressure in the presence of sulphur-containing heavy oils. Typical pyrrhotite particles were approximately 250A (0.025 pm or 25 nm) in diameter which give 50 m 2/g
surface area. This report describes a production method of catalyst-containing microemulsions and a series of hydrocracking/hydrogenation runs using heavy oil and vacuum bottoms to explore the application of newly formulated microemulsions. The process performance of the microemulsion catalysts was
compared with that of the regular CANMET additive (FeSO4 on coal) in a tubing bomb. A microemulsion containing a Fe salt only and molybdenum naphthenate were compared using a CSTR. Experimental results from both units clearly indicated that the microemulsion additives are superior to the regular
CANMET additive. Further, the test results from the CSTR showed that 2000 ppm iron introduced via microemulsion as hydrocracking catalyst is as effective as 200 ppm molybdenum introduced as molybdenum naphthenate.
Energy and global warming
Authors: Lee G K , Friedrich F D
Published: August 2017

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon essential to life on earth. Global warming may result if the natural balance is upset by greenhouse gases emitted from human activities. The most important of these gases is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the combustion
of fossil fuels. Although atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have been increasing since the beginning of the industrial revolution, evidence of global warming is inconclusive. Global circulation models of the earth's climate predict higher temperatures as CO, concentrations increase but
their results have not been verified by measurable trends. Concern remains because if global warming occurs it could cause disastrous changes in climate. The nature of the various greenhouse gases, where they originate and what becomes of them are reviewed. CO, from coal is emphasized because it is
the world's most abundant fuel and is likely to be used increasingly in the foreseeable future. Strategies for reducing CO, emissions include technology for generating heat and electricity more efficiently, switching to low-carbon or carbon-free fuels, and reducing energy requirements through
conservation. The capture, disposal and use of CO, are also discussed. New technologies are described which offer potential for producing energy from coal and other carbon-based fuels with reduced emissions of CO. Some are commercially available whereas others still require research and development.
The inconclusive evidence for global warming, the world's heavy dependence on fossil fuels, and the global nature of the problem deem it unlikely that worldwide CO, emissions can be reduced or even maintained at their present levels. Major developing nations such as China and India, which must
increase energy production to meet the needs of their people, have few alternatives to indigenous coal. Even modest increases in either their population or their per capita energy consumption will result in massive CO, emissions. However, the rate of increase can be mitigated if all new energy
production facilities employ the most efficient, cost effective and ecologically sustainable technology available. Canada can play a leadership role by contributing its expertise in all forms of thermal energy technology, energy conservation, and research and development. Maximum benefit will be
achieved if the developing nations immediately implement our best proven technology to satisfy their escalating energy demand. More advanced, developing technology should be transferred only when its reliability is fully established.
Study of coke pore structure using image analyzer and mercury porosimeter
Authors: Jingfeng Y , Price J T , Gransden J F , Ng S H
Published: August 2017

Cokes prepared using different coking conditions were measured by image analysis and by mercury porosimetry techniques. Using the VIDAS 2.0 image analysis system it is possible to determine coke pore structure parameters for the larger pores in sufficient number
to enable representative and statistically valid data to be obtained. For a coke sample made in ERL's pilot coke ovens, at least 6 pellets should be used with 5 fields of view measured for each pellet to give reliable results. Coking conditions such as coal density and coking rate affect coke
porosity parameters as measured by image analysis techniques and differences in hot properties of the coke such as high temperature strength and reactivity have been related to differences in pore size and cell wall thickness. Analysis of small pore properties by high pressure mercury porosimetry
did not relate well to differences in conventional coke properties. Apparently macro pore structure plays a more dominant role than micropores in determining coke quality parameters
Low temperature ashing and quantitative xrd analysis of a coal from Smoky River Coal Ltd.
Authors: Charland J-P
Published: August 2017

Smoky River Coal Ltd. commissioned the Fuels Characterization Research Laboratory (FCRL) of the Energy Research Laboratories (ERL) to determine the clay content of a coal sample. The analysis was performed by using low temperature plasma ashing and X-ray powder
diffraction (XRD). The experimental low temperature coal ash percentage is in good agreement with the Parr-calculated value obtained from the proximate and ultimate analyses data obtained by FCRL. X-ray diffractograms of this low temperature coal ash were measured. Powder patterns of mineral phases
were identified and quantitative XRD analysis showed that the ash contains the following mineral percentages: quartz 14%, kaolinite 42%, illite/montmorillonite 32%, siderite 4% and albite 6%. Kaolinite and illite/montmorillonite make up the clays in this coal and account for
74% of the minerals found in this coal
Microfiltration of nickel powder in kerosene
Authors: Giddings T M , Farnand B A
Published: August 2017

A crossflow microfiltration study was carried out for the separation of nickel powder from kerosene. This study is part of preliminary work for the evaluation of a membrane reactor system for the hydropurification of diesel fuels using glassy alloy particulates
as catalysts. This portion of the study was to determine the effects of operating parameters namely trans-membrane differential pressure, feed cross-flow rate, and fines loading %. A statistical design software was implemented for the correlation of results and prediction of optimum conditions
for a given separation. The results obtained indicated that there were factors which must be considered, including improvement to the design of the microfiltration system.
The selection of polymeric membranes for liquid phase separations
Authors: Giddings T M , Farnand B A
Published: August 2017

Organic separations using cellulose derived membranes are discussed. Little success has been obtained using polymeric membranes for the separation of organic compounds such as propane from propylene, and benzene from cyclohexane. It is believed that cellulose
based membranes have great potential for these separations. Membranes fabricated for desalination of water prove ineffective for most organic applications. It is anticipated that modifications to these membranes in order to increase selectivity and stability are possible. A novel approach to
solubility parameters is utilized to explain the effect of these modifications, and to predict the sorption of model compounds onto cellulose and viscose-rayon.
Evaluation of the suitability of Alberta/Canadian coals for blast furnace injection based on a computer model project no. ac92-02-03
Authors: Hutny W P , Giroux L
Published: August 2017

Coal injection is being used to partially replace coke, the conventional fuel used to operate blast furnaces. The blast furnace tolerates different types of coals at low injection rates. However, a high coke replacement requires a high injection rate. Thus, the
coal should possess some desirable characteristics such as good combustibility and acceptable cooling effect on the raceway. Combustibility of coal must be determined experimentally. This study assumes complete combustion of coal and deals with a theoretical evaluation of cooling and coke
replacement characteristics of Alberta/Canadian coals using a computer model of the blast furnace process. Sixty five Canadian coals, including 23 from Alberta, ranging from lignites to anthracites were evaluated and compared with foreign coals and other injectants (oil, tar and natural gas). These
data will allow blast furnace operators to select, particularly for high injection rates, the most beneficial and economical coal for a particular blast furnace operation. The influence of a coal's properties on its suitability for blast furnace injection is discussed. In addition to C/H ratio, ash
content and volatile matter, new criteria are proposed: C/O and C/F1+0 ratios and cooling characteristics such as the raceway adiabatic flame temperature (RAF1) change related to the quantity of injected fuel (0C/kg of injectant) and the amount of injected fuel for a 1000C change in RAFT (kg/1000C
RAFT). Furthermore, the effect of coal injection on the coal market is discussed.
Princípios transdisciplinares do programa geração da paz: pontos de partida para extensão, pesquisa e formação
Authors: Arnt Rosamaria De Medeiros , Scherre Paula Pereira
Published: August 2017

Neste trabalho apresentamos as reflexões e sistematizações sobre princípios do Programa Geração da Paz, da pró-reitoria de extensão da Universidade Estadual do Ceará/Brasil, em

realização desde 2010, que visa a formação de educadores para a Cidadania e para a Paz. Entendemos princípios como pontos de partida, que se relacionam de forma dinâmica, aberta e processual, permitindo o surgimento de arranjos inovadores, por considerarem a complexidade e a multirreferencialidade da realidade e a multidimensionalidade humana. Identificamos como princípios transdisciplinares: abertura, escuta, diálogo, flexibilidade, partilha e auto-organização. Conceituando-os, apresentamos como foram vivenciados na coordenação e nas formações e como repercutem nas práticas profissionais dos educadores participantes.
Escola Waldorfiana sob a óptica de uma pesquisa intertransdisciplinar
Authors: Souza dos Santos Ana Cristina , Vasconcelos Helena Corrêa de , Santos Akiko
Published: August 2017

O presente trabalho foi resultado da pesquisa realizada em uma escola pública waldorfiana, situada na cidade de Nova Friburgo-RJ. O diálogo com esse espaço escolar inovador foi

marcado por visitas, estudo de análise documentária e produção de textos, explicitando distintas dimensões dessa escola. O estudo teve como principal objeto temático a organização curricular integradora, Waldorfiana que, sob a óptica de uma pesquisa intertransdisciplinar, mantém a preocupação em produzir conhecimento dessa mesma natureza – com fundamentos oriundos da literatura e de uma realidade escolar específica, onde pulula o debate sobre a

questão escolar do currículo. Neste texto buscou-se apresentar os caminhos da pesquisa, seu referencial teórico-metodológico, enfatizando as formulações teóricas de Edgar Morin, Ivor Goodson e Rudolf Steiner que sustentam a concepção de organização curricular na perspectiva teórica integrativa e integradora. Este documento procura também oferecer visibilidade às práticas desenvolvidas, em sintonia com o projeto waldorfiano que norteia essa escola, enquanto produto de observações vicárias lá efetuadas, trazendo primeiramente a visão geral do projeto político pedagógico das instituições e, posteriormente, concentra-se nas narrativas eleitas, oriundas de suas observações vicárias, afim de evidenciar a trajetória de uma escola waldorfiana, dando visibilidade a peculiaridades institucionais que lhe distingue da escola tradicional.
Programa Intercultural e-Culturas e a manifestação das emoções interculturais na interação entre Ensino Superior e Educação Básica
Authors: Zwierewicz Marlene , Vallejo Antonio Pantoja , Willemann Elcio
Published: August 2017

Viver em sociedades cada vez mais digitalizadas e migratoriamente dinâmicas traz para o âmbito das emoções uma versatilidade geográfica e temporal inédita, definindo novos contornos para a convivência humana. Nesse cenário, as emoções interculturais manifestam-se de forma diferenciada, estimulando a criação de alternativas educacionais que colaborem com seu manejo. Este artigo tem como objetivo sistematizar o Programa Intercultural e-

Culturas, uma iniciativa criada pelo Grupo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Educativo da Orientação - IDEO - HUM 660, que pertencente ao Departamento de Pedagogia da Universidade de Jaén - UJA (Espanha). Organizado para estimular a interação entre estudantes do sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental, visando a valorização da diversidade étnico-cultural, o programa é dinamizado a partir da interação entre Ensino Superior e Educação Básica e já oportunizou o intercâmbio entre estudantes de diversos países, como Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Espanha, Paraguai, Portugal e Reino Unido. Além de constituir-se em ação extensionista inédita, é também oportunidade para ressignificar o ensino e articular a pesquisa às demandas da realidade.