bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERSPECTIVE—How Does Religion Matter and Why? Religion and the Organizational Sciences
Authors: Chan-Serafin Suzanne , Brief Arthur P. , George Jennifer M.
Published: December 2012

Religion is becoming increasingly salient in and around, but not confined to, the American workplace. The rise of openly faith-based organizations and discourse surrounding the role and importance of spirituality are just a couple of the indicators that religion, in its various guises, is playing a role in organizational life. With few exceptions, however, scholarly research has sidestepped the issue of religion, and, perhaps unwittingly, discourse surrounding spirituality seems to imply that religion is a benign and positive force. Rather than implicitly or explicitly assuming that religion is a benign, positive force in organizations, in this paper, we suggest that organizational scholars need to rigorously address the potential consequences of religion at work in a dispassionate manner that acknowledges both the benefits/adaptive outcomes and the challenges/maladaptive outcomes. Specifically, adopting primarily a psychological approach, we theorize about two fundamental tensions produced by contemplations about religion and the concept of God at work and the conditions under which benefits versus challenges may prevail. These exemplary tensions, virtuousness versus “more-virtuous-than-thou” and prosociality and ethicality versus egocentrism, highlight the fact that religion has the potential to result in both adaptive and maladaptive outcomes for organizations and their members. Importantly, for each tension, we theorize about the initial conditions under which beneficial/adaptive or challenging/maladaptive outcomes will prevail. We also explore the critical role that the wider context plays in understanding these tensions and how religion affects organizational life.
The Tibetan gCod Ḍamaru —A Reprise: Symbolism, Function, and Difference in a Tibetan Adept's Interpretive Community
Authors: Cupchik Jeffrey W.
Published: December 2012

In the 1979 special Tibet Issue of Asian Music , a unique article featured a traditional master's written commentary on the symbolic elements and attributes of a drum that is almost exclusively associated with the Tibetan gCod ritual musical-meditation practice. Thirty years later, I pay homage to Rinjing Dorje and Ter Ellingson's original work, expanding upon it following a multisite ethnographic study. I show how practitioners link the gCod ḍamaru' s "outer" musical performance with its "inner" meditational performance through symbolic meaning, and how practitioners' meditative experiences and insights about symbolism are shared dynamically within an interpretive community.
Let Morning Shine over Pyongyang: The Future-Oriented Nationalism of North Korea's Arirang Mass Games
Authors: Burnett Lisa
Published: December 2012

The Arirang Mass Games are one of North Korea's most spectacular forms of cultural expression, comprised of breathtaking displays of music, dance, and gymnastics that can involve up to 100,000 participants. Although the content of the performance is avowedly nationalistic, the overall musical and theatrical concept is not native to North Korea at all, but rather blends elements from a variety of sources, including many from the West. Here, I argue that this seeming paradox can be resolved by viewing North Korean nationalism as primarily future-oriented, with a focus on the promised utopian society yet to come.
Earthsickness: Circumnavigation and the Terrestrial Human Body, 1520–1800
Authors: Chaplin Joyce E.
Published: December 2012

From their distinctive experience of going around the world, maritime circumnavigators concluded that their characteristic disease, sea scurvy, must result from their being away from land too long, much longer than any other sailors. They offered their scorbutic bodies as proof that humans were terrestrial creatures, physically suited to the earthly parts of a terraqueous globe. That arresting claim is at odds with the current literature on the cultural implications of European expansion, which has emphasized early modern colonists’ and travelers’ fear of alien places, and has concluded that they had a small and restricted geographic imagination that fell short of the planetary consciousness associated with the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. But circumnavigators did conceive of themselves as actors on a planetary scale, as creatures adapted to all of the land on Earth, not just their places of origin.
Changing Climate, Human Evolution, and the Revival of Environmental Determinism
Authors: Livingstone David N.
Published: December 2012

The role of climatic change in determining the shape of human evolution, a theme that came to prominence during the early years of the twentieth century, has resurfaced with renewed vigor. The author examines the rise and resurgence of the modern history of the idea that hominid evolutionary pathways have been trigged by climatic causes to illustrate the continuing vitality of environmental determinism and to highlight some continuities between early-twentieth-century and contemporary archaeoanthropology.
The Physiology of Extremes: Ancel Keys and the International High Altitude Expedition of 1935
Authors: Tracy Sarah W.
Published: December 2012

This article examines the International High Altitude Expedition of 1935 and its significance in the life and science of Ancel Keys. Both the expedition and Keys’s story afford excellent opportunities to explore the growing reach of interwar physiology into extreme climates—whether built or natural. As IHAE scientists assessed human performance and adaptation to hypoxia, low barometric pressure, and cold, they not only illuminated the physiological and psychological processes of high altitude acclimatization, but they also drew borderlines between the normal and the pathological, paved the way for the neocolonial exploitation of natural and human resources in Latin America, and pioneered field methods in physiology that were adapted and adopted by the Allied Forces during the Second World War. This case study in the physiology of place reveals the power and persistence of environmental determinism within biomedicine well into the twentieth century.
Attachment to Territory: Status or Achievement?
Authors: Kolers Avery
Published: December 2012

It is by now widely agreed that a theory of territorial rights must be able to explain attachment or particularity: what can link a particular group to a particular place with the kind of normative force necessary to forbid encroachment or colonization? Attachment is one of the pillars on which any successful theory of territory will have to stand. But the notion of attachment is not yet well understood, and such agreement as does exist relies on unexamined assumptions. One such assumption is that attachment is an achievement of some sort, as opposed to some kind of brute ascriptive status that a claimant has irrespective of anything it might do.

But achievements do not come for free. ‘Achievement’ is a success term, and any theory predicated on success, no matter how minimal, requires a theory of failure. Yet theorists of territory have not grappled with the problem of failure.
The emotional experience of the sublime
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2012

The literature on the venerable aesthetic category of the sublime often provides us with lists of sublime phenomena — mountains, storms, deserts, volcanoes, oceans, the starry sky, and so on. But it has long been recognized that what matters is the experience of such objects. We then find that one of the most consistent claims about this experience is that it involves an element of fear. Meanwhile, the recognition of the sublime as a category of aesthetic appreciation implies that attraction, admiration or pleasure is also present.

However, there is also a sense of fear and attraction when we watch car chases or fights. Neither of these is an occasion for the sublime so much as a visceral sort of excitement. As such, I will argue that it is not quite fear, but something that often manifests itself as fear that can be located in our experiences of the sublime.
Armstrong and van Fraassen on Probabilistic Laws of Nature
Authors: Maclean Duncan
Published: December 2012

InWhat is a Law of Nature?(1983) David Armstrong promotes a theory of laws according to which laws of nature are contingent relations of necessitation between universals. The metaphysics Armstrong develops uses deterministic causal laws as paradigmatic cases of laws, but he thinks his metaphysics explicates other sorts of laws too, including probabilistic laws, like that of the half-life of radium being 1602 years. Bas van Fraassen (1987) gives seven arguments for why Armstrong's theory of laws is incapable of explicating probabilistic laws. The main thrust of the arguments is that Armstrong's metaphysical apparatus serves to drive up the initial probability values stated by probabilistic laws. Armstrong replies to van Fraassen in his (1988) and (1997) by appealing to limiting relative frequencies. Remarkably little has since been written about Armstrong's theory of probabilistic laws and I wish to revive interest in the debate here by assessing Armstrong's response. I will argue that his response fails because the principle of instantiation puts the limiting relative frequencies that he requires out of reach.
Dialetheism and the Graphic Liar
Authors: Littmann Greg
Published: December 2012

A Liar sentence is a sentence that, paradoxically, we cannot evaluate for truth in accordance with classical logic and semantics without arriving at a contradiction. For example, consider L

L L is false

If we assume that L is true, then given that what L says is ‘L is false,’ it follows that L is false. On the other hand, if we assume that L is false, then given that what L says is ‘L is false,’ it follows that L is true. Thus, L is an example of a Liar sentence.

Several philosophers have proposed that the Liar paradox, and related paradoxes, can be solved by accepting the contradictions that these paradoxes seem to imply (including Priest 2006, Rescher and Brandom 1980). The theory that there are true contradictions is known as ‘dialetheism’ and we may call this the ‘dialethic solution.’ One standard response to the dialethic solution to the Liar paradox and related paradoxes has been to attempt to develop new ‘revenge’ versions of the paradoxes that are not subject to the dialethic solution (e.g. Parsons 1990, Restall 2007, Shapiro 2007).
Context, Compositionality and Amity: A Response to Rett
Authors: Sennet Adam
Published: December 2012

In an insightful and provocative paper, Jessica Rett (2006) claims that attempts to locate the (non-indexical, non-demonstrative) semantic contributions of context in syntax run into problems respecting compositionality. This is an especially biting problem for hidden indexical theorists such as Stanley (2000, 2002) who deploy hidden variables to provide a compositional theory of semantic interpretation. Fortunately for the hidden indexical theorists, her attack fails, albeit in interesting and subtle ways.

The following paper is divided into four sections. Section I presents a skeletal version of Rett's argument. Those already familiar with Rett (2006) can skip ahead without shame. Section II offers a defense to the hidden indexical theorists.
The Queen of Sheba in Shi'a Hadith
Authors: Inloes Amina
Published: December 2012

The story of the Queen of Sheba, known as Bilqis in the Islamic tradition, is a significant narrative in the Holy Qur'an with strong implications on the Qur'anic view of gender and leadership and the nature of femininity. Her story is also related in the Old Testament and was retold in many forms throughout the Near East and Africa. Few hadith in the Sunni or Shi'a canons give details about who Bilqis was as a person. However, Shi'a hadith about the story of Bilqis take a distinctly Shi'a approach and use her story to demonstrate the supremacy of Ahl al-Bayt. In doing so, they reinforce the importance of the feminine in Shi'a spiritual cosmology and provide a model for female followers of the Imams to share in wilayah .
Ibn Shahrashub and Shi'a Rhetorical Strategies in the 6 th /12 th Century
Authors: Pierce Matthew
Published: December 2012

Ibn Shahrashub was among the most influential Twelver Shi'a scholars of the 12 th century CE . His most famous work, Manaqib Al Abi Talib , has been a mainstay of popular and scholarly Shi'a biographical literature since its writing. Despite the fact that it remains to this day a regularly cited source, critical analysis of this work (and Ibn Shahrashub's perspective in general) has been lacking. Among the unique features of Manaqib Al Abi Talib is the author's extensive use of source material that was by his time considered Sunni. Some modern readers of Ibn Shahrashub have considered his use of Sunni sources to be evidence of a conciliatory form of Shi'ism. A closer look, however, suggests that Ibn Shahrashub was not using Sunni sources to build a common ground but rather as a rhetorical strategy to demonstrate the legitimacy of a distinctly Shi'a memory of the twelve imams. In this regard, Ibn Shahrashub appears to have been one of the first to utilize a discursive tactic which became increasingly important in subsequent centuries.
Ritual Purity and Buddhists in Modern Twelver Shi'a Exegesis and Law
Authors: Tabrizi Taymaz G.
Published: December 2012

This paper offers some preliminary notes on the position of Buddhists in Shi'a legal and tafsir (exegesis) discourse with particular emphasis on Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i's treatment of the subject in his al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an . The author concludes that although Tabataba'i introduced some novel elements in Shi'a tafsir relating to the identity of Sabians in the Qur'an, his description, knowledge and assumptions of Buddhism were taken from third-hand sources and were mostly elementary and often incorrect. A study of al-Mizan is nevertheless important as Tabataba'i's views on Sabians and Buddhists set the tone for all later Iranian Shi'a exegetes. This exegetical position is legally significant as it reinforces the position that Buddhists are not to be identified with the Qur'anic Sabians and are thus excluded from any possible kitabi status despite the fact that some Imami jurists may have considered the Buddha to be a divinely sanctioned prophet. This exclusion has the potential to complicate relationships in marriage or other forms of social contact due to ritual purity laws.
The Sarbadars of Sabzavar: Re-Examining Their 'Shi'a' Roots and Alleged Goal to 'Destroy Khurasanian Sunnism'
Authors: Mahendrarajah Shivan
Published: December 2012

It has been claimed that the Sarbadars were initially Shi'a, and had established a 'Shi'a republic' in Sabzavar. This article challenges that claim, and shows that the Sarbadar state only became Ithna-'ashari about 27 years after the rebellion. The confessionally mixed Sarbadar rebels allied with a Shi'a ghulat militia, and that association, coupled with the romanticization and politicization of the Sarbadars' rebellion, has distorted interpretations on the Sarbadars. It is hypothesized that this extremist militia was influenced by Isma'ili doctrines.
The Saudi Ulema and the Shi'a of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ismail Raihan
Published: December 2012

The Sunni ulema (clerics) of Saudi Arabia have been known for their anti-Shi'a rhetoric since the establishment of the first Saudi state under the patronage of Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab. To this day, they shape attitudes towards the Shi'a and influence how the Shi'a are perceived within the kingdom. Although it is well known that the ulema address the Shi'a in negative terms, there is a gap in the literature discussing the nature of the polemics directed at the Shi'a. This article examines the attitudes of the Saudi ulema towards the Saudi Shi'a in political and social terms through the analysis of fatawa, sermons, lectures, and publications issued by the Saudi religious authorities.
Indian Women Activists and Transnational Feminism over the Twentieth Century
Authors: Deo Nandini
Published: December 2012

Since 1975, the global feminist community has developed sites for networking clustered around the United Nations' calendar. These meetings and their discourses have had a major impact on women's movements around the world. The Indian women's movement has engaged in transnational dialogue for the past century. This article looks at the history of transnational engagement by Indian feminists and argues that its most recent avatar—in tandem with the UN world conferences on women—has been the least constructive. Early engagement was primarily focused on an exchange of ideas and personnel. The current engagement is shaped by financial dependency which has skewed the priorities of the Indian women's movement. Violence against women was an issue raised in 1993 in Vienna and became the central focus of activism in India despite the desire by many activists to focus on economic policies.
Empires of Information: Media Strategies for the 1975 International Women's Year
Authors: Olcott Jocelyn
Published: December 2012

The 1975 United Nations International Women's Year (IWY) Conference in Mexico City took place amid heightened attention to media coverage as a human rights issue as feminists highlighted the ways popular cultural representations limited women's opportunities. Third World leaders objected to depictions of postcolonial nations as spaces of endemic violence and ungovernability, and journalists decried efforts to censor their reporting. This article draws on political theorist Nancy Fraser's concept of contestatory counterpublics, particularly her attention to power differentials in spaces of apparent equality. At the IWY meetings, participants and journalists alike deliberated over the relative importance of cultural and structural factors and the proper balance between press freedoms and ethical reporting. Both official organizers and energetic activists endeavored to shape media coverage of IWY, but conflicts arose over where the dividing line lay between politics and women's issues—or between ideological propaganda and disinterested information.
Rethinking State Socialist Mass Women's Organizations: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women's Movement and the United Nations Decade for Women, 1975-1985
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen
Published: December 2012

During the UN Decade for Women, representatives of the world's governments came together for the first time to discuss the issues of equality, development, and peace in official intergovernmental forums, opening up an unexpected new front in the ongoing Cold War. While western women were concerned with legal and economic equality, socialist women in the Eastern Bloc argued that women's equality with men was useless in a world full of racism, violence, underdevelopment, colonialism, and war. Over the course of the decade, women from the developing world came to embrace the idea that feminist struggles could not be separated from the underlying political and economic conditions in which women lived, aligning themselves more closely with the socialist world. Through a case study of the Bulgarian Women's Movement, this article presents the UN Decade from the socialist women's point of view, and argues that their contributions to the early international women's movement should no longer be ignored.
Transnational Feminism and Contextualized Intersectionality at the 2001 World Conference Against Racism
Authors: Falcón Sylvanna M.
Published: December 2012

This article examines the organizing efforts of North American feminists from Canada, the United States, and Mexico during the preparatory period prior to the 2001 United Nations World Conference Against Racism held in Durban, South Africa. Preparing for the world conference fostered a process where new transnational coalitions and new articulations of racism flourished; these often overlooked outcomes remain fundamental to understanding transnational feminist interventions at the UN world conference. A tremendous amount of strategizing and preparation preceded the successes that feminist activists achieved at the Durban conference. Based on qualitative methodology, which includes in-depth interviews and participant observation, my research shows that engaging with a contextualized form of intersectionality enables more complex dialogues about racism. Moreover, by highlighting women's activism in three distinct social locations, this article also encapsulates how national contexts shape feminist activists' goals and experiences in transnational spaces.
Global Gender Policy in the 1990s: Incorporating the "Vital Voices" of Women
Authors: Garner Karen
Published: December 2012

This article examines the politics of state feminism during the Clinton Administration as practiced by foreign service officers at the State Department Office of International Women's Issues (OIWI), the First Lady and her White House staff, and the Ambassador to Vienna and her Embassy staff, who collaborated to organize the "Vital Voices: Women in Democracy Conference" in July 1997. Tracing the origins of the conference and the formation of the new women's policy agency, the OIWI, to the end of the Cold War transformations in U.S. foreign policy making and new attention to women's human rights and their role in civil society building globally, this article addresses theoretical and practical issues of employing insider-outsider strategies when organizing for global feminist change.
Neutralization of Word-Final Voicing in Russian
Authors: Shrager Miriam
Published: December 2012

This paper has two aims. The first is to describe a pilot instrumental study of the incomplete neutralization of Russian final dental stops /t/ and /d/. This study refutes the results of a previous instrumental study of word-final voicing neutralization, which suggested that /t/ and /d/ are completely neutralized word-finally. The study examines several phonetic quantities that might be correlated with incomplete neutralization and serve as cues for the correct classification of voiced and voiceless obstruents. The second aim is to bring forward an extensive summary and discussion of previous studies and theories on incomplete neutralization.
Auxiliary Clitics in Southwest Ukrainian: Questions of Chronology, Areal Distribution, and Grammaticalization
Authors: Danylenko Andrii
Published: December 2012

This paper addresses grammaticalization of the preterit and future auxiliary clitics derived from the verbs ‘to be’ and ‘to take’ in Southwest Ukrainian in comparison with North and Southeast Ukrainian, and the adjacent western and eastern Slavic dialects. It posits a parallel grammaticalization of such auxiliaries in the aspect of retrospection (preterit) and the aspect of prospection (future), although with different results in various Ukrainian dialects. Unlike the Polish auxiliaries that turned into person-number markers, the preterit auxiliary clitics are not fully degrammaticalized in Southwest Ukrainian and are altogether absent from North and Southeast Ukrainian. The auxiliary clitics used in the de-inceptive future derived from the periphrastic formation with the auxiliary ‘to take’ were undergoing grammaticalization along the clitic continuum postulated in the paper for the Ukrainian-speaking territories. The term ‘synthetic future‘ in Modern Ukrainian for formations like čytatymu ‘I will read’ is misleading, since the grammaticalization of the auxiliary did not run to completion. This explains its loose integration with the infinitive and the de-inceptive interpretation of the synthetic future ‘I will [begin] to read’ as compared to the analytic future formation ja budu čytaty ‘I will read’ in all the major Ukrainian dialects.
On the Relationship between Gemination and Palatalization in Early Romance Loanwords in Common Slavic
Authors: Boček Vít
Published: December 2012

This paper discusses how geminates in Early Romance loanwords were treated in Common Slavic. The proposal is that there was a tendency for Romance geminates to be replaced by palatalized consonants in Slavic, possibly via an early palatalized geminate stage in Slavic itself. This proposal receives support from the close relation between gemination and palatalization found in other Indo-European languages and presents a more systematic account of the phenomenon than other available explanations.
Hybrid Predicates in Russian
Authors: Robert Mehlig Hans
Published: December 2012

Apart from elementary predications that can be classified clearly as Activities or Accomplishments, Russian has elementary predications that are hybrid in their actionality and can be classified as Activities as well as Accomplishments. With regard to the category of aspect in Russian, these hybrid predications are characterized by the fact that they can be coded perfective not only by a paired perfective verb but also by a so-called delimitative procedural verb. The first part of this paper examines the conditions under which elementary predications can be interpreted as hybrid. Two different types of hybrid Accomplishments will be distinguished. First, there are hybrid Accomplishments where the Activity component is conceptualized as a homogeneous continuous process and thus fulfills the principle of arbitrary divisibility. In this case the imperfective aspect, which forms the basis for coding the Accomplishment as perfective by a delimitative procedural verb, has durative-processual meaning. Second, there are hybrid Accomplishments where the Activity component consists of several randomly ordered subevents and thus fulfills the principle of cumulativity. In this case the Activity component has conative meaning. The second part shows that elementary predications that are not hybrid in their actionality can be reclassified in their actionality by temporal distributivity and in that case are also characterized as hybrid. The third part deals with predications with an inner argument modified by quantifying determiners and measure expressions. I show that these predications likewise allow a reclassification by temporal distributivity. However, this is only the case if the extent of the entities involved in the situation is determined in advance.
A Phonetically Natural vs. Native Language Pattern: An Experimental Study of Velar Palatalization in Serbian
Authors: Mitrović Ivana
Published: December 2012

Two experiments test the naturalness hypothesis of velar palatalization. This hypothesis, based on surveys of various languages with velar palatalization, states that if a language has palatalization before [e], then it will have palatalization before [i], but not necessarily vice versa. Serbian is a prima facie counterexample to this generalization in certain morphosyntactic contexts, including the present-tense paradigm examined in this paper. In this context, Serbian palatalizes a velar stop [k] to a palatoalveolar affricate [ʧ] before [e] but not before [i]. Two experiments are conducted to test whether Serbian-speaking children and adults generalize from the existing pattern of palatalization before [e] to the natural pattern of palatalization before both mid and high vowels. The results from the first experiment show that children conform to the phonetically natural pattern but adults do not. These results suggest that speakers must be exposed to the pattern that "violates" the phonetically natural one for a substantial period of time before overwriting the phonetically natural pattern. The results from the second experiment, artificial pattern learning, show that the type of task and the type of palatalization (before [i] or [e]) play a crucial role, while age does not. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that subjects are more likely to choose a phonetically natural form presented to them than to volunteer it.
Voicing in Russian Stops: Cross-Linguistic Implications
Authors: Ringen Catherine , Kulikov Vladimir
Published: December 2012

This paper presents the results of an investigation of voicing in utterance-initial and intervocalic stops in monolingual Russian speakers. Prevoicing was found in over 97% of the lenis stops; over 97% of the intervocalic stops were fully voiced. Utterance-initial fortis stops were pronounced as voiceless unaspirated and had short positive VOT. Intervocalic fortis stops were completely voiceless except for a short voicing tail into closure. These results are relevant for typological studies of voicing. Some studies of languages with a two-way contrast between initial stops with prevoicing and short lag VOT have reported that prevoicing is less robust than what might be expected. These findings have been attributed to influence from another language without prevoicing. Our results with monolingual speakers of Russian support these claims. Our results are also relevant for the debate about the laryngeal feature in aspirating languages, which often have some voicing of intervocalic lenis stops. Such voicing has been attributed to passive voicing, in contrast with active voicing that occurs in true voice languages such as Russian. We found that the voicing in Russian is much more robust than the intervocalic voicing in aspirating languages. This difference is explained if the features of contrast are different in the two types of languages: [voice] in the case of Russian and [spread glottis] in the case of aspirating languages.
Turkish-German bilinguals and their intonation: Triangulating evidence about contact-induced language change
Authors: Queen Robin
Published: December 2012

In this article, I focus on the intonation patterns of Turkish-German bilinguals to discuss intonation within the context of language contact and language variation. The intonational variance involves the realization of terminal rises as produced by second- and third-generation Turkish-German bilinguals living in Germany. These speakers produce two phonetically, phonologically, and pragmatically distinct rises, which differ from what is typically reported for German monolinguals. The primary phonetic differences between the two rises include the relative alignment and slope of the rise, with one rise aligning on the final syllable of the word regardless of the stress pattern and showing a significantly steeper slope than the other. Although the source of these two rises is likely the two languages used by the speakers, this is not a case of intonational code-switching. Rather, the two rises, along with other edge phenomena, form an intonational system in which the rises are in contrast with one another as well as with falls and level edge contours and as such play different pragmatic roles relative to one another.
Revisiting population size vs. phoneme inventory size
Authors: Moran Steven , McCloy Daniel , Wright Richard
Published: December 2012

In this discussion note we argue against the findings presented in Hay & Bauer 2007, which show a positive correlation between population size and phoneme inventory size. We argue that the positive correlation is an artifact of the authors’ statistical technique and biased data set. Using a hierarchical mixed model to account for genealogical relatedness of languages, and a much larger and more diverse sample of the world’s languages, we find little support for population size as an explanatory predictor of phoneme inventory size once the genealogical relatedness of languages is accounted for.
Objectives and Prospects for Bringing Service-Learning into the Memory and Heritage Classroom
Authors: Post Chris W.
Published: December 2012

Como pedagogo, las prácticas de aprendizaje con servicio comunitario unen a la facultad, estudiantes, y organizaciones de la comunidad para lograr objetivos comunes. Para los docentes, el aprendizaje-servicio crea un ambiente de aprendizaje más sinérgico, y con frecuencia refuerza el material. Las organizaciones comunitarias reciben un apoyo y asistencia organizacional muy necesaria. Este método de enseñanza también ofrece a los estudiantes la oportunidad de interactuar con su comunidad, al mismo tiempo que concretizan conceptos críticos de la clase, mejorando la comprensión del material. Este ensayo esboza el fundamento pedagógico del aprendizaje-servicio y discute su uso en la memoria y la herencia en el aula. El ensayo inicia detallando un proyecto de aprendizaje-servicio coordinado con un grupo memorial histórico local, cubriendo tanto los objetivos y resultados del proyecto, así como incluyendo una evaluación de cómo el proyecto fue recibido por los estudiantes y el grupo memorial. En segundo lugar, el ensayo esboza planes para una futura aplicación del aprendizaje-servicio en el mismo curso. Este documento refuerza los estudios que promueven el aprendizaje-servicio como una pedagogía activa, participativa, dirigida al estudiante que puede tener un profundo impacto en la facultad, los estudiantes y la comunidad por igual.
Remembrance and Place-Making: Teaching Students to Look Ahead While Looking Back
Authors: Birdsall Stephen S.
Published: December 2012

Al enseñar a estudiantes de primer año en un seminario sobre memoria pública y construcción de lugar, les proveo la experiencia de alterar paisajes cotidianos. Partiendo de una apreciación de los simbolismos de los mitos culturales, consideramos la distinción entre memorias personales y públicas, paisajes vernaculares y cívicos, y cómo estas expresiones de remembranza han cambiado con el tiempo. El proyecto final del semestre, incorporando un enfoque constructivista de aprendizaje, requiere que cada estudiante cree un memorial de su elección que no exista, pero que a su juicio debería. Además, los estudiantes son instruidos para que tengan una visión a futuro al momento de decidir sobre sus memoriales, argu-mentando que un memorial que se olvida pierde el potencial de la intención creativa de su diseñador y su impacto. Se proporcionan varios ejemplos del seminario dictado en 2010.
A Tale of Two Civil War Statues: Teaching the Geographies of Memory and Heritage in Norfolk, Virginia
Authors: Leib Jonathan I.
Published: December 2012

En mis clases me gusta utilizar ejemplos locales, cuando es posible, para ilustrar las teorías y conceptos. En este ensayo, destaco un estudio de caso de Norfolk, Virginia, donde vivo y doy clases, el cual usamos en clase para ayudar a entender los conceptos de memoria, herencia y paisaje. Este caso se refiere a dos de los cementerios del siglo 19 adyacentes a la ciudad, los cementerios Elmwood y West Point. Uno de los cementerios es históricamente blanco y contiene una estatua recientemente construida de un soldado blanco confederado. El otro cementerio es históricamente afroamericano y contiene lo que se considera como la única estatua de la región de un soldado negro de la Unión. A través de un análisis de estas dos estatuas y cementerios, se explora cómo la raza y el poder son “naturalizados” en la presentación de la historia de la región, e investigamos el papel que la memoria y la herencia juegan en la construcción y la impugnación de asuntos de raza y poder sobre el paisaje.
Deciphering the calcitriol-induced transcriptomic response in keratinocytes: presentation of novel target genes
Authors: Rid Raphaela , Wagner Martin , Maier Christina J , Hundsberger Harald , Hintner Helmut , Bauer Johann W , Önder Kamil
Published: December 2012

Numerous studies to date have been aimed at unraveling the large suite of calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) response genes in diverse tissues including skin, where this hormone is involved in regulating keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, permeability barrier formation, innate immunity promotion, antimicrobial peptide production, and wound healing. However, the various approaches differ considerably in probed cell types, scale, throughput, and statistical reliability and do, of note, not reveal much overlap. To further expand our knowledge on presently elusive targets and characterize the extent of fragmentation of existing datasets, we have performed whole-transcriptome microarray examinations of calcitriol-treated human primary keratinocytes. Out of 28 869 genes investigated, we uncovered 86 differentially expressed (67 upregulated and 19 downregulated) candidates that were functionally clustered into five annotation categories: response to wounding, protease inhibition, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, cellular migration, and amine biosynthetic processes. A complementary RTq-PCR study of 78 nominees selected thereof demonstrated significant differential expression of 55 genes (48 upregulated and seven downregulated) within biological replicates. Our hit list contains nine previously authenticated targets (16.36%, proof of concept) and 46 novel genes (83.6%) that have not yet been explicitly described as being differentially regulated within human primary keratinocytes. Direct vitamin D receptor response element predictions within the regulatory promoter regions of 50 of the RTq-PCR-validated targets agreed with known biological functionality and corroborated our stringent data validation pipeline. Altogether, our results indicate the value of continuing these kinds of gene expression studies, which contribute to an enhanced comprehension of calcitriol-mediated processes that may be dysregulated in human skin pathophysiology.
Oncology Drug Development and Approval of Systemic Anticancer Therapy by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Martell Robert E. , Sermer David , Getz Kenneth , Kaitin Kenneth I.
Published: December 2012

Background.

Regulatory approval of oncology drugs is the cornerstone of the development process and approval characteristics shape eventual utilization. Approval trends and characteristics provide valuable information for drug developers and regulators and ultimately affect clinicians and patients.

Methods.

Indication characteristics were tabulated for drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for systemic therapy of malignancies from 1949 through October 2011. Variables included time to approval, initial/supplemental indication, tumor type, stage of disease, specification of protein expression or genetic information, drug class, trial design, concomitant agent, trial size, and endpoint.

Results.

A total of 121 unique anticancer agents, including 242 unique indications, were approved. The number of trials for each indication has decreased; however, trial size has increased and more randomized controlled trials have been performed. Trial designs have increasingly used time-to-event endpoints and rarely have used symptom-based primary endpoints. Approvals have been primarily single agent, with less emphasis on palliative treatments and increasing emphasis on advanced disease stages and requirements for prior therapy. Molecular specifications in labels have increased, but they are present in less than 30% of recent indications and are not associated with shorter approval times.

Conclusion.

Approval of oncology agents is occurring in increasingly more challenging settings, suggesting gaps between eventual practice and development in potentially suboptimal indications. Molecular specifications promise to enhance development, yet widespread use in label indications has not yet been achieved.
Treatment of Oral Fibroma of the Tongue Using Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium‐Scandium‐Gallium‐Garnet Laser: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Arora Shipra , Lamba Arundeep Kaur , Faraz Farrukh , Tandon Shruti , Chawla Kirti , Yadav Neha
Published: December 2012

Introduction: Fibroma is a benign tumor that is composed of fibrous connective tissue (CT) and is also known as irritation or traumatic fibroma. It represents a reactive hyperplasia of fibrous CT in response to local irritation or trauma. The aim of the present case report is to evaluate the treatment outcome of two cases of fibroma of the tongue after excision with an erbium, chromium:yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser.

Case Presentation: Two patients presented with the chief complaint of growth on the dorsal surface of the tongue, which was causing constant irritation as well as esthetic concerns. After examination, the growths were excised with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser in non‐contact mode at a power setting of 1.5 W, 20 Hz frequency and with a spray of 9% water and 13% air. This resulted in less blood in the operating field and minimal patient discomfort. No sutures were used; instead, a laser bandage was applied. The healing was uneventful and patients did not require postoperative analgesics. The histopathologic report confirmed the presurgical diagnosis. No relapse was observed at the 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions: The Er,Cr:YSGG laser works at cellular levels and promotes tissue repair by photo modulation. It causes negligible bleeding and postoperative discomfort with minimal need of local anesthesia and better patient compliance. Therefore, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser may be considered a patient‐ and clinician‐friendly tool.
Relationship between Umbilical Cord C-peptide and Risk of Hypoglycemia in Infants of Diabetic Mothers
Authors: Begum Mst Nurun Nahar , Hassan M Quamrul , Azad Kishwar
Published: December 2012

Objective: To examine the relationship between umbilical cord C-peptide and risk of hypoglycemia in infants of diabetic mothers. Method: Sixty neonates born to diabetic mothers were studied in BIRDEM hospital. Thirty infants who developed hypoglycemia at any time during the first 24 hours of age were considered as cases. Another 30 infants who did not develop hypoglycemia during the first 24 hours were considered as controls. Umbilical cord C-peptide levels were measured in both groups. All babies were screened for hypoglycemia at 4, 6, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours of life. Blood glucose value of less than 2.6 mmol/l was considered as hypoglycemia. Results: Clinical characteristics of cases and controls and their mothers did not show any significant difference. In 73.3% of cases hypoglycemia was detected by 6 hours of age. Most babies were asymptomatic (93.3%). It was found that IDMs who developed hypoglycemia had significantly higher cord C-peptide level at birth compared to those who remained normoglycemic (4.57±2.50 vs. 2.81± 2.11 ng/ml, P= 0.005). That means, there is significant association between raised level of cord C-peptide and hypoglycemia in IDMs. Conclusion: Hypoglycemia in infants of diabetic mothers associated with raised cord blood C-peptide levels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i2.13082 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (2): 71-75
Growth Status and Serum Zinc Level in Patients with Haemoglobin E-? Thalassemia
Authors: Morshed AKM Amirul , Islam Shahnoor , Islam Afiqul
Published: December 2012

Background: Hb- E - ? thalassemia is a major congenital hematological disease of Bangladesh. These patients have poor growth and delayed maturation mainly due to iron overload but zinc deficiency also has been suggested as a contributing factor. Objectives: To investigate and compare the serum zinc of Hb E ? thalassemia patients and normal children and to see the relationship between serum zinc and growth status. Methods: This cross sectional study on Hb E ? thalassemia was under taken in the out patient department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University from July 2009- May 2010. Total 31 children with Hb- E- ? thalassemia were enrolled for this study and matched 30 healthy children were taken as control. History of the cases were taken thoroughly and examination were done by the investigator himself. Anthropometry were measured properly and plotted in Centre for Disease Control (CDC) chart. Three ml (3 ml) of venous blood samples were drawn from both patient and control. Later on the blood samples were centrifuged and serum was stored at  20c till analysis for serum sinc level. Serum level of zinc was measured by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry following standard proceduve. Results: Mean serum zinc level in thalassemic group and control group were 97.4?g/dl (SD-18.4) and 99.6?g/dl (SD-18.7) respectively. There was no significant difference between two groups (p=.47). Mean percent of 50th centile of weight achieved was 75.9% in cases and 81% in control. Similarly mean percent of 50th centile of height achieved was 89% in cases and 93% in control. There was significant difference in height for age between both the groups (p=.05). Conclusion: Serum zinc level did not significantly changed in thalassemic group and control group children. But there were significant stunting in Hb E ? thalassemia patients and no significant difference was found between these children in terms of weight for age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i2.13083 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (2): 76-81
Neonatal Sepsis  A Review
Authors: Shaha Chandan Kumar , Dey Sanjoy Kumer , Shabuj Kamrul Hassan , Chisti Jubair , Mannan MA , Jashimuddin Md , Islam Md Tariqul , Shahidullah Mohammod
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i2.13084 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (2): 82-89
Urinary Tract Infection in Children: An Update
Authors: Laila Kamrul , Roy Eliza , Rahman Md Habibur , Roy Ranjit Ranjan
Published: December 2012

Background: A large number of children with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) are seen in the community by general practitioners , but there is frequently delay in treatment and not all are referred for further investigations. There is evidence that many cases are misdiagnosed. It is important to optimize diagnostic and management strategies. Result: UTI is an important cause of acute illness, it may be a marker of underlying urinary tract abnormality. Bacteria causes the large majority of UTI in children- Escherichia coli is the most common (90%) bacterial cause. Urine culture & sensitivity is the gold standard for the diagnosis and mandatory for confirmation of UTI. On culture, a colony count of more than 105/ml organisms of a single species is considered confirmatory of UTI. But there is a strong recommendation that , presence of both pyuria and at least 50,000 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) / ml of a single uropathogen in an appropriately collected specimen makes the diagnosis . There is a recommended imaging schedule in childhood UTI to detect anatomical abnormality. Management depends on type of infection. There is no role of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent febrile recurrent UTI without VUR. Conclusion: UTI is a very common disease and may be associated with renal abnormalities and long term squeale. There is debate about best investigation and management strategies. The greatest potential for prevention of renal damage lies in increased awareness, better diagnosis and management of young children with UTI in primary healthcare. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i2.13085 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (2): 90-97
Hepatic Hydrothorax- An Unusal Presentation of Wilsons Disease: A Case Report with Review of Relevant Literature
Authors: Begum Nazma , Karim ASM Bazlul , Mazumder Wahiduzzaman
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i2.13090 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (2): 101-104
A Case Report on Kasabach Merrit Syndrome
Authors: Azad Tarek , Hasan Rabiul , Bhattacherjee Achira , Choudhury Tahmina Jahan
Published: December 2012

Kasabach Merritt syndrome (KMS) is an uncommon complication of large haemangioma in which there is thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. We report a case of a new born male baby presented with a large haemangioma on the right upper extremity and his initial laboratory tests were consistent with consumptive coagulopathy. He was diagnosed as a case of KMS and treated with oral prednisolone. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i2.13091 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (2): 105-107
Abstracts from Current Literature Vol.36(2)
Authors: Editor The
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i2.13092 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (2): 108-109
Current Molecular Concept of Oral Carcinogenesis and Invasion
Authors: Khan Mahfujul Haq , Mishu Masuma Pervin , Imam Syed Touseef
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 43-47 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12479
Trial of Square and Round Edge Intraocular Lens on Preventing Posterior Capsule Opacification
Authors: Chowdhury PK D
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 51-52 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12544