bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of familial pancreatic cancer in Germany
Authors: Bartsch Detlef K. , Kress Ralf , Sina‐Frey Mercedes , Grützmann Robert , Gerdes Berthold , Pilarsky Christian , Heise Joachim W. , Schulte Klaus‐Martin , Colombo‐Benkmann Mario , Schleicher Cristina , Witzigmann Helmut , Pridöhl Olaf , Ghadimi Michael B. , Horstmann Olaf , von Bernstorff Wolfgang , Jochimsen Lisa , Schmidt Jan , Eisold Sven , Estévéz‐Schwarz Lope , Hahn Stephan A. , Schulmann Karsten , Böck Wolfgang , Gress Thomas M. , Zügel Nikolaus , Breitschaft Karl , Prenzel Klaus , Messmann Helmut , Endlicher Esther , Schneider Margarete , Ziegler Andreas , Schmiegel Wolff , Schäfer Helmut , Rothmund Matthias , Rieder Harald
Published: April 2004

Based on several case‐control studies, it has been estimated that familial aggregation and genetic susceptibility play a role in up to 10% of patients with pancreatic cancer, although conclusive epidemiologic data are still lacking. Therefore, we evaluated the prevalence of familial pancreatic cancer and differences to its sporadic form in a prospective multicenter trial. A total of 479 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were prospectively evaluated regarding medical and family history, treatment and pathology of the tumour. A family history for pancreatic cancer was confirmed whenever possible by reviewing the tumour specimens and medical reports. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating odds ratios, regression analysis with a logit‐model and the Kaplan‐Meier method. Twenty‐three of 479 (prevalence 4.8%, 95% CI 3.1–7.1) patients reported at least 1 first‐degree relative with pancreatic cancer. The familial aggregation could be confirmed by histology in 5 of 23 patients (1.1%, 95% CI 0.3–2.4), by medical records in 9 of 23 patients (1.9%, 95% CI 0.9–3.5) and by standardized interviews of first‐degree relatives in 17 of 23 patients (3.5%, 95% CI 2.1–5.6), respectively. There were no statistical significant differences between familial and sporadic pancreatic cancer cases regarding sex ratio, age of onset, presence of diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis, tumour histology and stage, prognosis after palliative or curative treatment as well as associated tumours in index patients and families, respectively. The prevalence of familial pancreatic cancer in Germany is at most 3.5% (range 1.1–3.5%) depending on the mode of confirmation of the pancreatic carcinoma in relatives. This prevalence is lower than so far postulated in the literature. There were no significant clinical differences between the familial and sporadic form of pancreatic cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel camptothecin analogues that circumvent ABCG2‐associated drug resistance in human tumor cells
Authors: Yoshikawa Megumi , Ikegami Yoji , Hayasaka Shinya , Ishii Kazuyuki , Ito Akiko , Sano Kazumi , Suzuki Toshihiro , Togawa Tadayasu , Yoshida Hisahiro , Soda Hiroshi , Oka Mikio , Kohno Shigeru , Sawada Seigo , Ishikawa Toshihisa , Tanabe Shinzo
Published: April 2004

Irinotecan (7‐ethyl‐10‐[4‐(1‐piperidino)‐1‐piperidino]‐carbonyloxycamptothecin; CPT‐11) is a widely used potent antitumor drug that inhibits mammalian DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I); however, overexpression of ABCG2 (BCRP/MXR/ABCP) can confer cancer cell resistance to SN‐38, the active form of CPT‐11. We have recently demonstrated that plasma membrane vesicles prepared from ABCG2‐overexpressing PC‐6/SN2‐5H cells transported SN‐38 and its glucuronide conjugate in an ATP‐dependent manner (Nakatomi et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;288:827–32). In the present study, we have characterized a total of 14 new camptothecin (CPT) analogues with respect to both the inhibition of Topo I and the substrate specificity of ABCG2. All of the tested CPT analogues, which have different substitutions at positions 10 and 11, strongly inhibited the Topo I activity in a cell‐free system, as did SN‐38. Their antitumor activities in the SN‐38‐resistant PC‐6/SN2‐5H2 cell line greatly varied, however, being correlated with intracellular accumulation levels. We have examined ATP‐dependent transport of those CPT analogues by using plasma membrane vesicles prepared from both PC‐6/SN2‐5H2 cells and ABCG2‐transfected HEK‐293 cells. Based on the substrate specificity of ABCG2 thus evaluated, it is strongly suggested that CPT analogues with high polarity are good substrates for ABCG2 and are therefore effectively extruded from cancer cells. In this context, to circumvent ABCG2‐associated drug resistance, low‐polarity CPT analogues are considered to be potent lead compounds. The present study provides a practical approach to discover new CPT‐based drugs for the chemotherapy of drug‐resistant human cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduction of tumor progression and paraneoplastic syndrome development in murine lung adenocarcinoma by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Authors: Peluffo Guillermo D. , Stillitani Isabel , Rodríguez Vanina A. , Diament Miriam J. , Klein Slobodanka M.
Published: April 2004

Mice bearing LP07 lung adenocarcinoma show some characteristics that are similar to those present in patients with NSCLC. LP07 tumor‐bearing mice develop the paraneoplastic syndromes of cachexia, leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. These symptoms may be partly due to a systemic inflammatory response. Our aim was to determine if treatment with NSAIDs would lower tumor and metastasis growth and their accompanying syndromes. The nonselective COX inhibitor indomethacin and the selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib reduced tumor growth and metastasis outcome in s.c. LP07 tumor‐bearing mice. Both drugs also inhibited the development of leukocytosis and the weight loss associated with LP07 progression. Serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐6, mediators of cachexia, were modulated by NSAIDs. Inhibition of in vitro migration and invasion and reduction in angiogenesis were attained when cells were treated with either indomethacin or celecoxib. MMP‐9 activity was also reduced in conditioned media from LP07 cells treated with celecoxib. These data suggest that several processes implicated in tumor progression can be modulated with NSAID treatment. Improvement in performance status through modulation of cachexia may offer a possibility for combining anti‐inflammatory treatments with more aggressive therapies. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hedgehog signalling in colorectal tumour cells: Induction of apoptosis with cyclopamine treatment
Authors: Qualtrough David , Buda Andrea , Gaffield William , Williams Ann C. , Paraskeva Christos
Published: April 2004

Hedgehog (Hh) signalling controls many aspects of development. It also regulates cell growth and differentiation in adult tissues and is activated in a number of human malignancies. Hh and Wnt signalling frequently act together in controlling cell growth and tissue morphogenesis. Despite the fact that the majority of colorectal tumours have a constitutively activated canonical Wnt pathway, few previous studies have investigated the expression of Hh signalling components in colorectal tumours. We describe here epithelial cell lines derived from both nonmalignant colorectal adenomas and colorectal adenocarcinomas that express both Sonic and Indian Hh. Interestingly, these cells also express the Hh receptor Patched and the downstream signalling components Smoothened and Gli1, suggesting autocrine Hh signalling in these cells. To test whether autocrine Hh signalling contributes to cell survival, we treated colorectal tumour cells with cyclopamine, a known inhibitor of Hh signalling. Cyclopamine treatment induced apoptosis in both adenoma‐ and carcinoma‐derived cell lines, which could be partially rescued by further stimulation of Hh signalling. These data suggest that autocrine Hh signalling can increase aberrant cell survival in colorectal tumour cells and may be a novel target for colon cancer therapy using drugs such as cyclopamine. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative cyclic stress–strain and fatigue resistance behavior of electron–beam‐ and gamma‐irradiated ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
Authors: Urriés I. , Medel F. J. , Ríos R. , Gómez‐Barrena E. , Puértolas J. A.
Published: April 2004

Fatigue‐related damage in UHMWPE is one of the main causes of long‐term failure in total joint replacements. Crosslinking ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) by gamma or electron‐beam irradiation, in combination with prior or further thermal treatment, enhances its wear resistance against metallic components in total hip replacements, and eventually in knees. However, little information is available on the fatigue response of this modified UHMWPE. The objective of this study was to compare electron‐beam‐irradiated UHMWPE at 50, 100, and 150 kGy, with the well‐known 25 kGy gamma‐irradiated UHMWPE. Two different cyclic tests were performed under tensile stress, with a zero load ratio, R = 0. First, specimens were subjected to a sinusoidal load cycle at 1 Hz, which provided stress–life curves with the use of a failure criterion based on 12% yield strain. Second, specimens were tested under 50 load cycles at a displacement rate of 15 mm/min, which provided information about the evolution of secant modulus and plastic strain. The incubation period was also analyzed. DSC measurements were carried out to check the crystallization effect of irradiation. According to the results of fatigue resistance there was a crossover behavior between gamma‐ and electron‐beam‐irradiated UHMWPE regarding the applied stress. When the stress was higher than the crossover value, the fatigue resistance of γ‐irradiated samples was higher than electron‐beam‐irradiated ones. When the stress was lower, the fatigue behavior was the opposite. The crossover stress depended on the electron‐beam‐irradiation dose. The clinical relevance of this study lies in an improved knowledge of electron‐beam‐irradiated material under extreme mechanical circumstances, such as fatigue. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 70B: 152–160, 2004
Improvement of parallelization performance of GAMESS: Global sum and (semi‐)direct integral calculation in multireference perturbation calculation
Authors: Umeda Hiroaki , Koseki Shiro , Nagashima Umpei
Published: April 2004

Performance benchmark tests of the multireference perturbation theory (MRPT2) calculation in the GAMESS suite of programs have been performed on a 128‐node PC cluster system. The benchmark results point to two kinds of problems with GAMESS: network delay and slow access to disk files. To overcome these bottlenecks, we employ (semi‐)direct atomic orbital integral calculations and a new algorithm for the “global sum” operation. These modifications produce remarkable performance improvements, especially in the 128‐node PC cluster system, which was almost twice as fast in our version as in the original version. The modification of “global sum” also improved the performance of other types of molecular orbital calculations in GAMESS, such as density functional theory. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1175–1183, 2004
Processing, shedding, and endocytosis of membrane type 1‐matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP)
Authors: Osenkowski Pamela , Toth Marta , Fridman Rafael
Published: April 2004

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are multidomain zinc‐dependent proteolytic enzymes that play pivotal roles in many normal and pathological processes. Some members of the MMP family are anchored to the plasma membrane via specialized domains and thus are perfectly suited for pericellular proteolysis. Membrane‐anchoring also confers the membrane type‐MMPs (MT‐MMPs) a unique and complex array of regulatory processes that endow cells with the ability to control MT‐MMP‐dependent proteolytic activity independently of the levels of endogenous protease inhibitors. Emerging evidence indicates that mechanisms as diverse as autocatalytic processing, ectodomain shedding, homodimerization and internalization can all contribute to the modulation of MT‐MMP activity on the cell surface. How these distinct processes interact to attain the optimal level of enzyme activity in a particular setting and the molecular signals that trigger them constitute a new paradigm in MMP regulation. This review will discuss the recent findings concerning these diverse regulatory mechanisms in the context of MT1‐MMP (MMP‐14). © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extended field of view sonography: A useful tool in the diagnosis and management of abdominal pregnancy
Authors: Cotter Amanda M. , Jacques Elvire G. , Izquierdo Luis A.
Published: April 2004

Diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy continues to be a challenge, resulting in delays in diagnosis and decision making. We report 2 cases of abdominal pregnancy for which extended field of view sonography contributed to both diagnosis and management. The shortcomings of MRI with respect to localizing the site of placental attachment are also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:207–210, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20012
Vaginal calculus secondary to vaginal outlet obstruction
Authors: Malhotra Neena , Kumar Sunesh , Roy Kallol Kumar , Agarwal Rachna , Verma Vineeta
Published: April 2004

Primary vaginal stones are extremely rare and are often mistaken for bladder calculi on plain radiography. However, intravenous pyelography and sonography can help differentiate between the two. We report a case of a large vaginal stone in a 21‐year‐old woman referred for apareunia and difficult micturation. The clinical findings of vaginal outlet obstruction and a hard mass anterior to the rectum made us suspect a bladder calculus; however, sonography of the pelvis indicated that the mass was in the vagina. Further examination using a probe to physically define the stone's location confirmed it to be a vaginal calculus. Surgery was performed to repair the outlet obstruction and remove the stone, which permitted the woman to urinate normally and engage in normal sexual relations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:204–206, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20015
Sonographic anatomy of the cervical esophagus
Authors: Zhu Shang‐Yong , Liu Ruo‐Chuan , Chen Li‐Hong , Yang Hong , Feng Xu , Liao Xin‐Hong
Published: April 2004

Purpose

Although conventional sonography is used widely for evaluation of the gastroesophageal junction, its use in the cervical esophagus is still limited. The aim of this study was to assess the use of sonography to demonstrate this portion of the esophagus.

Methods

The cervical esophagi in 60 cadavers and 435 healthy volunteers were examined sonographically. Among the healthy subjects 182 were scanned with a transducer operating at 7.5 MHz, 183 with a 10.0‐MHz transducer, and 70 with a 12.0‐MHz transducer. Sonographic layer patterns were compared among the groups. Sonographic and histologic analyses were also performed on 3 cadaveric esophageal specimens to correlate the sonographic appearances with the anatomical findings.

Results

Scans of the cadavers showed that the cervical esophagus lay between the trachea and vertebrae, with its origin at the midline; it gradually moved to the left as it descended toward the trunk. It moved to the right when the cadaver's head was turned to the left and the trachea was pushed gently to the left. Based on these anatomical characteristics, visualization of the cervical esophagus was optimized by scanning from both the left and the right lateral approaches, with manipulation of the trachea as needed. In scans of the 435 healthy subjects, the esophageal wall was shown as 5 layers in 423 (97.2%) and as 7 layers in the remaining 12 (2.8%). The demonstration rate of the 7‐layer pattern was significantly higher for subjects scanned at 12.0 MHz than for those scanned at 10.0 and 7.5 MHz (p < 0.01). The layers demonstrated sonographically corresponded to histological structures evident on microscopy.

Conclusions

The left lateral approach is essential to sonography of the cervical esophagus. However, the right wall of the esophagus is best seen from the right. In transverse scans, the cervical esophagus wall usually appears to be composed of 5 layers, although 7 layers can also appear, especially as the transducer frequency is increased. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:163–171, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20017
Enhanced gene transfer and cell death following p53 gene transfer using photochemical internalisation of glucosylated PEI‐DNA complexes
Authors: Ndoye Alioune , Merlin Jean‐Louis , Leroux Agnès , Dolivet Gilles , Erbacher Patrick , Behr Jean‐Paul , Berg Kristian , Guillemin François
Published: April 2004

Background

p53 is frequently mutated in many cancers including human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. In tumor models, wild‐type (wt) p53 gene transfer induces apoptosis and tumor regression in vivo, justifying the extensive clinical investigation of p53 gene therapy.

Methods

p53 nonviral‐mediated gene transfer was achieved using glucosylated polyethylenimine (PEI) in conjunction with photochemical internalisation (PCI). Experimental conditions were optimised using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter. p53 gene transfer was then evaluated using semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR in p53‐deleted PANC3 and p53‐mutated FaDu cell lines. Following gene transfer, induction of apoptosis was investigated using phosphatidylserine externalisation and nuclear fragmentation assays. Induction of long‐term cell death was analysed using colony‐forming assays.

Results

PCI was found to enhance GFP gene transfer after 48 h in both cell lines. Whether using glucosylated‐PEI alone or associated with PCI, p53 gene transfer was achieved with subsequent recovery of p53 mRNA expression in PANC3 cells and a significant 4‐fold increase in p53 mRNA expression in FaDu cells. PCI was found to further enhance p53 mRNA expression by 2.3‐fold in PANC3 cells. Spontaneous induction of apoptosis following wt‐p53 gene transfer was achieved in both cell lines. PCI was found to enhance apoptosis up to levels similar to those achieved with chemotherapy. As a consequence, long‐term cell death was significantly enhanced after wt‐p53 gene transfer when PCI was used in both cell lines, yielding up to 60% cell death.

Conclusions

PCI increases glucosylated‐PEI‐mediated p53 gene transfer, apoptosis as well as cell death in mutant p53 human cancer cells. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The myelinated axon is dependent on the myelinating cell for support and maintenance: Molecules involved
Authors: Edgar J.M. , Garbern J.
Published: April 2004

The myelin‐forming cells, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, extend processes that spirally wrap axons and provide the insulation that allows rapid saltatory conduction. Recent data suggest a further role for the myelin‐forming cells in axonal support and maintenance. This Mini‐Review summarises some of the data that support this view and highlights the molecules involved. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A farinograph study on the viscoelastic properties of sago/wheat flour dough systems
Authors: Md Zaidul IS , Abd Karim A , Manan DMA , Ariffin A , Nik Norulaini NA , Mohd Omar AK
Published: April 2004

Doughs containing mixtures of sago and wheat flours of differing protein content at different levels of sago substitution (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50%) were prepared as follows: sago + high protein wheat (HPW) flour, sago + medium protein wheat (MPW) flour and sago + low − protein wheat (LPW) flour. The viscoelasticity of doughs from control sago and wheat flours and sago/wheat flour mixtures was determined using a Braberder farinograph. It was found that arrival time increased with increasing protein content in the mixture. Peak time for control wheat flours and sago/wheat flour mixtures increased with increasing protein content. Dough stability, 20 min drop and water absorption were found to decrease as the sago proportion in the mixture decreased. The 50% sago/LPW mixture was unable to form a dough. Breakdown times for control HPW flour and HPW flour mixtures were the highest, followed by MPW flour and then LPW flour. However, breakdown time for control MPW flour was higher than that for HPW flour mixtures. The same trend was observed at all ratios of mixture over the whole experiment. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of tea leaf waste of green tea, oolong tea, and black tea addition on sudangrass silage quality and in vitro gas production
Authors: Kondo Makoto , Kita Kazumi , Yokota Hiro‐omi
Published: April 2004

This study evaluated the fermentation characteristics and in vitro gas production of sudangrass (Sorghum sudanese) silage with tea leaf waste of green tea, oolong tea and black tea added. All types of tea leaf waste contain large amounts of nitrogen (N) and tannins, and a small amount of low‐water‐soluble carbohydrates. Sudangrass was preserved without (control) and with green tea waste (GTW), oolong tea waste (OTW) or black tea waste (BTW) at rates of 50, 100 and 200 g kg−1 fresh matter in laboratory silos. The pH and butyric acid levels were significantly lower in GTW at all rates and in OTW at the 200 g kg−1 rate, whereas those levels were high in the control and BTW‐treated silage. Lactic acid level was appreciably higher in GTW‐ and OTW‐treated silage than the control and BTW‐treated silage. The addition of all types of tea waste increased the total N and tannins of the silage, whereas the acid detergent insoluble N was increased in the OTW‐ and BTW‐treated silage. GTW treatment increased gas production within a 96‐h period compared with the control, whereas OTW and BTW additions at 200 g kg−1 rates caused lower gas production. It is concluded that the fermentation characteristics and feed value of the silage incorporating with tea leaf wastes are different for these types of tea leaf. Among the three kinds of tea waste, GTW is the most valuable material as a silage additive. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparison between buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cow (Bos taurus) rumen fluids in terms of the in vitro fermentation characteristics of three fibrous feedstuffs
Authors: Calabrò Serena , Williams Barbara A , Piccolo Vincenzo , Infascelli Federico , Tamminga Seerp
Published: April 2004

Rumen fluids from fistulated buffalos (Italy‐BRF) and cows (Netherlands‐CRF) were used as inocula to determine the fermentation kinetics of three forages. These were corn silage (CS), grass silage (GS) and wheat straw (WS) which had originated from both regions, giving six substrates in total. Fermentation kinetics was assessed by the measurement of cumulative gas production. Organic matter (OM) loss and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration at the end of the fermentation period were also determined. Both BRF and CRF ranked the substrates in the same order for total VFA, total gas production and the maximum rate of substrate degradation (CS > GS > WS). However, while the ranking of substrates was the same for both species, the absolute values differed significantly between the two inocula. Gas production, expressed as cumulative volume per unit mass of incubated (OMCV, ml g−1) and as cumulative volume per unit mass of OM degraded (OM ml g−1) for CRF was consistently higher than that for BRF for all substrates (p < 0.0001). VFA production, particularly of acetic and butyric acids, was significantly (p < 0.0001) lower for BRF than for CRF, though the digestibility of OM was the same for both inocula. VFA production predicted by the use of stoichiometric equations was generally higher than the observed gas production. These equations also predicted that the calculated amount of OM utilised for microbial growth was higher for BRF than for CRF. This may explain why diets having the same energy content but less protein can be fed to buffalo since they seem to have a lower requirement for protein compared with cattle. This possibility will need to be investigated in vivo. Given the similar ranking of feedstuffs between the two sources of inocula, these results suggest that either inoculum would be suitable for use in the cumulative gas production test as a measure of feedstuff evaluation. However, given the differences in absolute values, it is recommended that inocula from the species which will receive the feedstuff should be used. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Phytate content is reduced and β‐glucanase activity suppressed in malted barley steeped with lactic acid at high temperature
Authors: Haraldsson Ann‐Katrin , Rimsten Lena , Alminger Marie Larsson , Andersson Roger , Andlid Thomas , Åman Per , Sandberg Ann‐Sofie
Published: April 2004

The effect of different steeping conditions on phytate, β‐glucan and vitamin E in barley during malting was studied by a full factorial experiment with three variables (steeping temperature, barley variety and steeping additions). Addition of lactic acid to the steeping water induced a reduction of phytate during steeping and germination, especially in combination with the high steeping temperature (48 °C). Furthermore, lactic acid and high temperature steeping inhibited β‐glucanase development, resulting in a well‐preserved β‐glucan content after germination. When steeping was conducted without addition of lactic acid, the low steeping temperature (15 °C) promoted development of both phytase and β‐glucanase activity during germination. A slightly higher level of tocopherols and tocotrienols was observed in samples steeped at 15 °C than in samples steeped at 48 °C. However, addition of lactic acid reduced the amount for both temperatures. When lactic acid bacteria were added to the steeping water none of the parameters studied differed from samples steeped with water only. The results show the possibility of combining phytate degradation with a preserved β‐glucan content during malting and can thus be of interest for development of cereal products with improved nutritional value. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of soy protein isolate on gel properties of Alaska pollock and common carp surimi at different setting conditions
Authors: Luo Yongkang , Kuwahara Ryuji , Kaneniwa Masaki , Murata Yuko , Yokoyama Masahito
Published: April 2004

The effects of soy protein isolate (SPI) on the gel properties of different grade Alaska pollock and common carp surimi at different setting conditions were evaluated and compared. Breaking force and distance of gels decreased with increasing SPI concentrations in direct cook (85 °C for 30 min) and in cook after setting at 30 °C for 60 min conditions. The effect of SPI on gel strength of common carp surimi was less than in Alaska pollock surimi. The breaking force obtained for addition of 10% SPI to Alaska pollock surimi was higher than for surimi alone when cooked after incubation at 50 °C for 60 min. Addition of SPI decreased the whiteness and increased the yellowness of the gel. The gel structure showed that the addition of SPI modified the microstructure of the fish protein gel, thus resulting in surimi with different gelling properties. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Zinc status in autistic children
Authors: Yorbik Özgür , Akay Cemal , Sayal Ahmet , Cansever Adnan , Söhmen Teoman , O. Çavdar Ayhan
Published: April 2004

The transition metal zinc is an essential element for normal development and function of biological systems including the central nervous system (CNS). Zinc may be an important trace element for the etiology and symptoms of subgroups of autistic children because it is an essential catalytic or structural element of many proteins and important for neural activity and the control of neuronal death. The aim of this study was to evaluate zinc status in children with autistic disorder. Plasma, erythrocyte, and hair zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the 45 and 39 autistic children, respectively. Forty‐one healthy children in the same age group were selected as controls. Plasma and erythrocyte zinc levels in the autistic children were found to be significantly lower than normal (P < 0.05). The mean hair zinc level of the patients was also low when compared with that obtained from normal Turkish children. These results may indicate chronic zinc deficiency or metabolic abnormality of zinc in autistic children. Further studies are required to clarify underlying mechanisms. J. Trace. Elem. Exp. Med. 17:101–107, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐1α, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐12 secreted by zinc‐induced murine macrophages in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Lastra M.D. , Aguilar A.E. , Cabañas M.A. , Hernandez R. , Humanez K. , Pastelin R.
Published: April 2004

Oral treatment of zinc modulates cytokine secretion during the gestation, lactation, and weaning periods. We used a experimental mice model of zinc supplementation during the perinatal stages to study the effects of this ion over the production of interleukin IL‐1α, IL‐12, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha by peritoneal macrophages. In addition, we determined the gene expression of these cytokines. Zinc (500 mg/L) was orally administered to mice from gestation to lactation (6‐week treatment, Zn+) and weaning (9‐week treatment). The serum cytokines IL‐1α and IL‐12 were assayed in the offspring at 21 and 42 days after birth. Our results showed a significant (P < 0.01) increase in cytokine production in the Zn+ animals at the end of the lactation stage. There was a tendency for the IL‐1 concentration to decrease at postweaning; nevertheless, IL‐12 concentrations were increased in mice at 42 days of age (P < 0.001). The production of IL‐1α, IL‐12, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha in the macrophages supernatants in vitro followed the same tendencies (P < 0.001). Molecular analysis showed an increase of mRNA synthesis in all cases, from 4‐fold to 6‐fold, in the cytokines analyzed. Our results suggest that the increase in the proinflammatory cytokines as a result of zinc administration may potentiate Th1 cells response, which could lead to the increase of cytokine production in deficient newborns. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 17:123–135, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel dysferlin mutations and characteristic muscle atrophy in late‐onset Miyoshi myopathy
Authors: Suzuki Naoki , Aoki Masashi , Takahashi Toshiaki , Takano Daiki , Asano Masahiro , Shiga Yusei , Onodera Yoshiaki , Tateyama Maki , Itoyama Yasuto
Published: April 2004

Miyoshi myopathy is characterized by weakness of the calf muscles during early adulthood. We report a case of late‐onset Miyoshi myopathy presenting at 48 years of age, with novel mutations in the dysferlin gene. Muscle computed tomography clearly revealed severe atrophy in the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles. Even older patients with atrophy in the posterior compartment of the distal lower extremities and a relatively high serum creatine kinase level should be examined for the dysferlin gene. Muscle Nerve 29: 721–723, 2004
Proposed modification to data analysis for statistical motor unit number estimate
Authors: Miller Timothy M. , Kogelnik Andreas M. , Olney Richard K.
Published: April 2004

Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) is an important electrophysiological technique for quantitative measurement of motor neuron loss. Although commonly used, there is no consensus concerning the optimal procedure for statistical MUNE, particularly regarding several operator‐dependent variables. To assess the variables, we analyzed 500 sequential, submaximal compound muscle action potential (CMAP) responses at three or four stimulus intensities in 10 controls and 10 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In both controls and ALS patients, we found that posttest filtering data based on 20% or 25% windows or 2, 2.5, or 3 SD excludes <5% of data. Windows of 10% or 15% excluded <5% of data in controls but not in ALS patients. Excluding data based on ±2 SD, the coefficient of variation for final MUNE was 12% in controls and 6% in ALS patients. Group sizes of 30 or 50 and sample sizes of 300 to 500 sequential CMAP responses per run yielded the lowest coefficient of variation. We propose that statistical MUNE data should be analyzed based on excluding data >2 SD from the mean, because this is operator independent, includes the majority of data, effectively excludes clearly outlying data, such as fasciculations or movement artifact, and has a reasonable coefficient of variation. Muscle Nerve 29: 700–706, 2004
Validity and reliability of a questionnaire to measure the impact of lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life: The Leicester impact scale
Authors: Shaw C. , Matthews R.J. , Perry S.I. , Williams K. , Spiers N. , Assassa R.P. , McGrother C. , Dallosso H. , Jagger C. , Mayne C. , Clarke M.
Published: April 2004

Aims

To develop a condition specific quality of life measure for males and females with urinary storage symptoms of urgency, frequency, nocturia and incontinence.

Materials and Methods

A sample of community dwelling males and females aged 40 years or more who were taking part in an epidemiological study provided data for development and validation of the scale. Questions were developed from literature review and discussions with clinicians and patients. Inclusion of items was dependent on levels of missing data and principal components analysis. Validity was assessed by comparison with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Bradburn Negative Affect Scale and single questions concerning the problematic nature of symptoms. Construct validity was assessed by comparing cases and non‐cases, and patients with different symptom patterns. Test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability statistics were calculated for individual items. Responsiveness to change was measured in subjects taking part in a randomised controlled trial of a nursing intervention.

Results

The scale showed high levels of internal consistency and measures of construct validity were as hypothesised. Test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability was moderate to excellent. The distribution of scores was skewed with low levels of impact but the questionnaire was responsive to conservative treatments in patients receiving a nursing intervention.

Conclusions

The questionnaire proved to be a valid and reliable interviewer administered instrument for measuring impact of urinary symptoms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:229–236, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct inhibition of rat detrusor muscle contraction by erythromycin
Authors: England Roland C.D. , Norman Robert I. , Elliott Ruth A.
Published: April 2004

Purpose

Detrusor instability is a common problem in the elderly, which is usually treated with anti‐cholinergic medication. This study investigates the effect of erythromycin on rat detrusor muscle contractile response to characterise its potential as an alternative inhibitor of bladder muscle contraction.

Materials and Methods

Strips of rat detrusor muscle were suspended in a perfusion organ bath. The contractile response to direct muscle stimulation, electrical field stimulation (EFS, 0.5–60 Hz), carbachol (10−5 M), and potassium (10–80 × 10−3 M) were determined before and after the addition of erythromycin (10−4–10−3 M). The contractile response to carbachol (10−5 M) in the presence of nifedipine (10−8 or 10−6 M) or in calcium‐free Kreb's solution was also determined in the absence and presence of erythromycin.

Results

Erythromycin 5 × 10−4 M inhibited the maximum contractile response to EFS, carbachol, and potassium by 38% (P < 0.01), 62% (P < 0.001), and 17% (P < 0.05), respectively, but did not significantly reduce the response to direct muscle stimulation. The atropine‐resistant component of EFS‐evoked contraction was inhibited by 19.5% (P < 0.01) in the presence of erythromycin. In calcium‐free Krebs solution, the maximum contractile response to carbachol was reduced by 42% of control (P < 0.0001) and nifedipine 10−8 M had no additional effect. When erythromycin 5 × 10−4 M was added together with nifedipine 10−8 M, the response to carbachol was inhibited by a further 25% (P < 0.005).

Conclusions

Erythromycin inhibits rat detrusor muscle contraction through the inhibition of calcium influx and the modulation of intracellular calcium movement. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:273–279, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Symptoms of urinary and faecal incontinence among men and women 75+ in relations to health complaints and quality of life
Authors: Stenzelius Karin , Mattiasson Anders , Hallberg Ingalill Rahm , Westergren Albert
Published: April 2004

Aims

The aim was to investigate the prevalence of self‐reported symptom of urinary, faecal, and double incontinence (UI, FI, and DI) in men and women 75+ and to identify how other health complaints and Quality of Life (QoL) relate to incontinence symptoms.

Methods

A randomised sample, stratified for age, of eligible men and women from the population were included in the study and 4,277 out of 8,500 completed a postal questionnaire (61.6% women). The questions focused on difficulties in controlling urine and faeces, other health complaints, socio‐economic background, and social relations.

Results

Among all respondents 39% reported symptom of UI (more so among women P < 0.001), symptom of FI in 16.9% (ns between sexes), DI, i.e., a combination of UI and FI, was reported among 14.5% (ns between sexes). Incontinence increased with age, and persons reporting incontinence also had significantly more of all other health complaints compared with persons without incontinence. Those reporting DI comprised an especially vulnerable group. Health complaints associated with UI were communicative and mobility problems, other urinary complaints, dizziness, cough, and fatigue. FI was associated with diarrhoea, stomach pain, fatigue, and other pain. Risk factors for DI were diarrhoea, communication, and mobility problems.

Conclusions

UI and FI were common among elderly men and women and increased with age. Furthermore, incontinence was associated with many other co‐existing health complaints, and the most frail were those with DI. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:211–222, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An economical difference scheme for heat transport equation at the microscale
Authors: Zhang Zhiyue
Published: April 2004

Heat transport at the microscale is of vital importance in microtechnology applications. In this article, we proposed a new ADI difference scheme of the Crank‐Nicholson type for heat transport equation at the microscale. It is shown that the scheme is second order accurate in time and in space in the H1 norm. Numerical result implies that the theoretical analysis is correct and the scheme is effective. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2004
Buckling analysis of a taper‐taper adhesive‐bonded composite joint
Authors: Helms Jack E. , Li Guoqiang , Pang Su‐Seng
Published: April 2004

An analytical model of the behavior of an adhesive‐bonded taper‐taper composite joint under axial compressive loading has been developed using the Ritz Method. The model was based on laminated beam theory. A Fourier series was used to represent the transverse displacement variable and the Ritz Method was used to derive an eigenvalue equation for adhesively bonded taper‐taper composite joint. The smallest eigenvalue is the critical buckling load. Finite element analyses were performed on two unidirectional laminated beam joints with various taper angles to verify the analytical model. The effect of varying the taper angle, adhesive thickness, and adhesive modulus on the critical buckling load was investigated analytically.
Dynamic mechanical behavior of LLDPE composites reinforced with kevlar fibers/short glass fibers
Authors: Hashmi S. A. R. , Kitano Takeshi , Chand Navin
Published: April 2004

Kevlar fibers (DuPont) and glass fibers have been used to reinforce linear lowdensity polyethylene (LLDPE) by using an elastic melt extruder and the compression molding technique. The impact behavior of hybrid composites of different compositions is compared and has been explained on the basis of volume fraction of fibers. The addition of glass fibers decreases the Izod impact strength of LLDPE. The Izod impact strength of the composite increses when glass fibers are replaced by Kevlar fibers. Dynamic mechanical α‐relaxation is studied and the effect of variation of fiber composition on the relaxation is reported in the temperature range from −50°C to 150°C at 1 Hz frequency. The α‐relaxation shifts towards the higher temperature side on addition of fibers in LLDPE. The addition of fibers increases the storage modulus, E′, of LLDPE. The hybridization of Kevlar and glass fibers helps in desiging composites with a desirable combination of impact strength and modulus. At the low temperature region, E′ increases significantly with glass fibers as compared to that noted with the addition of Kevlar fibers. The α‐transition temperature of composites increases significantly with Kevlar fibers as compared to that observed with addition of glass fibers.
Using textile topography to analyze X‐ray CT data of composite microstructure
Authors: Parnas Richard S. , Wevers Martine , Verpoest Ignaas
Published: April 2004

The 3‐dimensional yarn architecture in a 2‐dimensional woven fabric reinforced composite is nonuniform. Many structural features appear that are not obvious from consideration only of the yarn architecture in the single layer textile fabric. A complete set of 3‐dimensional image data was acquired for a representative volume of the composite using X‐ray micro‐computed tomography. Extensive image analysis was, however, necessary to reveal the yarn architecture due to relatively low signal‐to‐noise ratio and contrast levels relative to optical microscopy of polished cross sections.
Lateral compaction effects in braided structures
Authors: Dasilva Robert A. , Chen Julie
Published: April 2004

This paper addresses the phenomenology of strand interaction in biaxial non‐embedded braided textile structures under uniaxial tension. The specific interest in the development of new braided textile structures is a result of the shortcomings of current rope, belt, and cable performance under large strain controlled conditions. However, this work also holds particular significance in the area of textile composite preforms. In composites forming, the lateral strand compaction mechanism, which drives braid behavior under tension, may be applied to woven fabrics for predicting wrinkling during forming processes. Additionally, manufacturing models produced in this study may be used to predict shape and size limitations of braided composite preforms. In this paper, a generalized model is developed for these structures with the intent of characterizing and predicting mechanical behavior. The methodology consists of a modular framework, which includes the prediction of manufacturing parameters. Lateral strand compaction tests were performed to generate constitutive material curves for use in analytical geometric models. Model predictions correlate well with data generated from braid uniaxial tension tests. Results suggest that lateral strand strain drives braid tensile behavior.
Use of sensors and actuators to address flow disturbances during the resin transfer molding process
Authors: Lawrence Jeffrey M. , Advani Suresh G.
Published: April 2004

In Resin Transfer Molding a fiber preform is placed in a mold, the mold is closed and a thermoset polymeric resin is injected through gates into the mold to saturate the preform completely. The resin flow rate is controlled by actuators, which are usually injection machines. When one places the preform into the mold, the gap between the preform and the mold walls can create race tracking channels and provide the resin flow paths that can severely influence the flow patterns and drastically change the flow history. As this gap is unavoidable and not reproducible, one could have different strengths of this disturbance from one part to the next, some of which will cause incomplete saturation of the fibers by the resin. Hence, an active control of the filling stage is necessary that can detect and characterize the race tracking and provide the control action to redirect the flow with the aim to saturate the preform without resin starved regions (macro voids or dry spots). A methodology is proposed that intelligently places sensors in the mold to detect the resin arrival times at these locations. This information is used to determine and quantify the strength of the disturbance and used as an input parameter for the actuators to redirect the flow. This paper demonstrates this methodology on a simple mold configuration, and outlines how this technique can be generalized to any mold geometry or disturbance set in an automated RTM environment. Numerical simulations are used to establish the control methodologies, and all of the efforts are confirmed in a laboratory setting. The proposed methodology should prove useful in increasing the yield of Resin Transfer Molded parts.
Flow monitoring in liquid composite molding based on linear direct current sensing technique
Authors: Luthy Thierry , Ermanni Paolo
Published: April 2004

On‐line monitoring of the Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) process is a key element to improve part quality and to reduce manufacturing cost. In this context, direct current (DC) resistance measurement is a promising sensing technique allowing to track both flow front position and degree of curing of the resin during injection. An original measurement technique called Linear Direct Current (LDC) based on the same physical principle as DC was developed to record the flow front position continuously and not only at discrete nodes location. Preliminary measurements in a 1D‐flow channel have shown the large influence of the hardware configuration on the accuracy of the LDC system. Further experiments were conducted with the support of an embedded print plate in the flow channel as LDC sensor. These 2D measurements have demonstrated the relatively good spatial accuracy and stability of the LDC system. Permeability characterization in the 1D‐flow channel based on flow front position delivered by LDC, ultrasound monitoring techniques and visual recording is also presented in this paper. The flow front position determined by conventional methods based on video capture is taken as reference. Comparison of the permeability values (Kvisual, KLDC and KUS) shows a maximum deviation of 6.93% given by the LDC‐system. The ultrasound interface change measurement principle allows very accurate and reproducible punctual flow front tracking and shows a maximum deviation compared to the reference permeability (Kvisual) of 3.32%. This study shows the potential of the investigated techniques for flow front monitoring of LCM injection processes.
Predicting molding forces during sheet molding compound (SMC) compression molding. I: Model development
Authors: Abrams Lisa M. , Castro Jose M.
Published: April 2004

Because of its high strength‐to‐weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and low cost, Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) production offers great potential for growth in the automotive and trucking industry. Much attention is now being given to improving the economy of SMC compression molding by reducing the cycle time required to produce acceptable parts in steady production. One of the fastest‐growing applications of Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) compression molding panels is the manufacture of truck body panels. Owing to their large size, the molding forces developed are substantial and have a major influence in the molding cycle. The relevant process models for SMC flow are reviewed and a procedure is developed that can be used to obtain the closing force and calculate the needed material parameters. Experiments were done using commercially made SMC to verify the validity of this model and the compression force was predicted and compared to experimental values for commercially made automotive hoods.