bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of an alternative human CD133 promoter reveals the implication of Ras/ERK pathway in tumor stem-like hallmarks
Authors: Tabu Kouichi , Kimura Taichi , Sasai Ken , Wang Lei , Bizen Norihisa , Nishihara Hiroshi , Taga Tetsuya , Tanaka Shinya
Published: February 2010

Background

An increasing number of studies support the presence of stem-like cells in human malignancies. These cells are primarily responsible for tumor initiation and thus considered as a potential target to eradicate tumors. CD133 has been identified as an important cell surface marker to enrich the stem-like population in various human tumors. To reveal the molecular machinery underlying the stem-like features in tumor cells, we analyzed a promoter of CD133 gene using human colon carcinoma Caco-2 and synovial sarcoma Fuji cells, which endogenously express CD133 gene.

Results

A reporter analysis revealed that P5 promoter, located far upstream in a human CD133 gene locus, exhibits the highest activity among the five putative promoters (P1 to P5). Deletion and mutation analysis identified two ETS binding sites in the P5 region as being essential for its promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated the specific binding between nuclear factors and the ETS binding sequence. Overexpression of dominant-negative forms of Ets2 and Elk1 resulted in the significant decrease of P5 activity. Furthermore, treatment of Fuji cells with a specific MEK/ERK inhibitor, U0126, also markedly decreased CD133 expression, but there was no significant effect in Caco-2 cells, suggesting cell type-specific regulation of CD133 expression. Instead, the side population, another hallmark of TSLCs, was dramatically diminished in Caco-2 cells by U0126. Finally, Ras-mediated oncogenic transformation in normal human astrocytes conferred the stem-like capability to form neurosphere-like colonies with the increase of CD133 mRNA expression.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the Ras/ERK pathway at least in part contributes to the maintenance and the acquisition of stem-like hallmarks, although the extent of its contribution is varied in a cell type-specific manner. These findings could help our comprehensive understanding of tumor stemness, and also improve the development of eradicative therapies against human malignancies.
Anti-inflammatory activity of nanocrystalline silver-derived solutions in porcine contact dermatitis
Authors: Nadworny Patricia L , Wang JianFei , Tredget Edward E , Burrell Robert E
Published: February 2010

Background

Nanocrystalline silver dressings have anti-inflammatory activity, unlike solutions containing Ag+only, which may be due to dissolution of multiple silver species. These dressings can only be used to treat surfaces. Thus, silver-containing solutions with nanocrystalline silver properties could be valuable for treating hard-to-dress surfaces and inflammatory conditions of the lungs and bowels. This study tested nanocrystalline silver-derived solutions for anti-inflammatory activity.

Methods

Inflammation was induced on porcine backs using dinitrochlorobenzene. Negative and positive controls were treated with distilled water. Experimental groups were treated with solutions generated by dissolving nanocrystalline silver in distilled water adjusted to starting pHs of 4 (using CO2), 5.6 (as is), 7, and 9 (using Ca(OH)2). Solution samples were analyzed for total silver. Daily imaging, biopsying, erythema and oedema scoring, and treatments were performed for three days. Biopsies were processed for histology, immunohistochemistry (for IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, EGF, KGF, KGF-2, and apoptotic cells), and zymography (MMP-2 and -9). One-way ANOVAs with Tukey-Kramer post tests were used for statistical analyses.

Results

Animals treated with pH 7 and 9 solutions showed clear visual improvements. pH 9 solutions resulted in the most significant reductions in erythema and oedema scores. pH 4 and 7 solutions also reduced oedema scores. Histologically, all treatment groups demonstrated enhanced re-epithelialisation, with decreased inflammation. At 24 h, pMMP-2 expression was significantly lowered with pH 5.6 and 9 treatments, as was aMMP-2 expression with pH 9 treatments. In general, treatment with silver-containing solutions resulted in decreased TNF-α and IL-8 expression, with increased IL-4, EGF, KGF, and KGF-2 expression. At 24 h, apoptotic cells were detected mostly in the dermis with pH 4 and 9 treatments, nowhere with pH 5.6, and in both the epidermis and dermis with pH 7. Solution anti-inflammatory activity did not correlate with total silver content, as pH 4 solutions contained significantly more silver than all others.

Conclusions

Nanocrystalline silver-derived solutions appear to have anti-inflammatory/pro-healing activity, particularly with a starting pH of 9. Solutions generated differently may have varying concentrations of different silver species, only some of which are anti-inflammatory. Nanocrystalline silver-derived solutions show promise for a variety of anti-inflammatory treatment applications.
Oxygen consumption is depressed in patients with lactic acidosis due to biguanide intoxication
Authors: Protti Alessandro , Russo Riccarda , Tagliabue Paola , Vecchio Sarah , Singer Mervyn , Rudiger Alain , Foti Giuseppe , Rossi Anna , Mistraletti Giovanni , Gattinoni Luciano
Published: February 2010

Introduction

Lactic acidosis can develop during biguanide (metformin and phenformin) intoxication, possibly as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. To verify this hypothesis, we investigated whether body oxygen consumption (VO2), that primarily depends on mitochondrial respiration, is depressed in patients with biguanide intoxication.

Methods

Multicentre retrospective analysis of data collected from 24 patients with lactic acidosis (pH 6.93 ± 0.20; lactate 18 ± 6 mM at hospital admission) due to metformin (n = 23) or phenformin (n = 1) intoxication. In 11 patients, VO2 was computed as the product of simultaneously recorded arterio-venous difference in O2 content [C(a-v)O2] and cardiac index (CI). In 13 additional cases, C(a-v)O2, but not CI, was available.

Results

On day 1, VO2 was markedly depressed (67 ± 28 ml/min/m2) despite a normal CI (3.4 ± 1.2 L/min/m2). C(a-v)O2 was abnormally low in both patients either with (2.0 ± 1.0 ml O2/100 ml) or without (2.5 ± 1.1 ml O2/100 ml) CI (and VO2) monitoring. Clearance of the accumulated drug was associated with the resolution of lactic acidosis and a parallel increase in VO2 (P < 0.001) and C(a-v)O2 (P < 0.05). Plasma lactate and VO2 were inversely correlated (R2 0.43; P < 0.001, n = 32).

Conclusions

VO2 is abnormally low in patients with lactic acidosis due to biguanide intoxication. This finding is in line with the hypothesis of inhibited mitochondrial respiration and consequent hyperlactatemia.
Auditory Attraction: Activation of Visual Cortex by Music and Sound in Williams Syndrome
Authors: Thornton-Wells Tricia A. , Cannistraci Christopher J. , Anderson Adam W. , Kim Chai-Youn , Eapen Mariam , Gore John C. , Blake Randolph , Dykens Elisabeth M.
Published: February 2010

Williams syndrome is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with a distinctive phenotype, including cognitive–linguistic features, nonsocial anxiety, and a strong attraction to music. We performed functional MRI studies examining brain responses to musical and other types of auditory stimuli in young adults with Williams syndrome and typically developing controls. In Study 1, the Williams syndrome group exhibited unforeseen activations of the visual cortex to musical stimuli, and it was this novel finding that became the focus of two subsequent studies. Using retinotopy, color localizers, and additional sound conditions, we identified specific visual areas in subjects with Williams syndrome that were activated by both musical and nonmusical auditory stimuli. The results, similar to synesthetic-like experiences, have implications for cross-modal sensory processing in typical and atypical neurodevelopment.
Iothalamate Quantification by Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Measure Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Seegmiller Jesse C , Burns Bradley E , Fauq Abdul H , Mukhtar Naveen , Lieske John C , Larson Timothy S
Published: February 2010

Background: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be determined by measuring renal clearance of the radiocontrast agent iothalamate. Current analytic methods for quantifying iothalamate concentrations in plasma and urine using liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis have limitations such as long analysis times and susceptibility to interferences. We developed a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to overcome these limitations.

Methods: Urine and plasma samples were deproteinized using acetonitrile and centrifugation. The supernatant was diluted in water and analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a water:methanol gradient. We monitored 4 multiple reaction monitoring transitions: m/z 614.8–487.0, 614.8–456.0, 614.8–361.1, and 614.8–177.1. We compared the results to those obtained via our standard capillary electrophoresis (CE-UV) on samples from 53 patients undergoing clinical GFR testing.

Results: Mean recovery was 90%–110% in both urine and plasma matrices. Imprecision was ≤15% for the m/z 614.8–487.0 and 614.8–456.0 transitions over a 10-day period at 1 mg/L. Method comparison for 159 patient samples (53 clearances) provided the following Passing–Bablok regressions: plasma iothalamate LC-MS/MS (y) vs CE-UV (x), y = 0.99x + 0.36; urine iothalamate LC-MS/MS vs CE-UV, y = 1.01x + 0.31; corrected GFR LC-MS/MS vs CE-UV, y = 1.00x + 0.00. Interfering substances prevented accurate iothalamate quantification by CE-UV in 2 patients, whereas these samples could be analyzed by LC-MS/MS.

Conclusions: Iothalamate can be quantified by LC-MS/MS for GFR measurement. This method circumvents potential problems with interfering substances that occasionally confound accurate GFR determinations.
Like Your Labels?
Authors: field michele
Published: February 2010

The descriptive ““conventions”” used on food labels are always evolving. Today, however, the changes are so complicated (partly driven by legislation requiring disclosures about environmental impacts, health issues, and geographical provenance) that these labels more often baffle buyers than enlighten them. In a light-handed manner, the article points to how sometimes reading label language can be like deciphering runes——and how if we are familiar with the technical terms, we can find a literal meaning, but still not see the implications. The article could be ten times longer because food labels vary according to cultures——but all food-exporting cultures now take advantage of our short attention-span when faced with these texts. The question is whether less is more——and if so, in this contest for our attention, what ““contestant”” is voted off.
L-thyroxine-treated patients with nodular goiter have lower serum TSH and lower frequency of papillary thyroid cancer: results of a cross-sectional study on 27 914 patients
Authors: Fiore E , Rago T , Provenzale M A , Scutari M , Ugolini C , Basolo F , Di Coscio G , Miccoli P , Grasso L , Pinchera A , Vitti P
Published: February 2010

The risk of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is related to serum TSH, and the development of thyroid autonomy by reducing TSH levels decreases the frequency of PTC in patients with nodular goiter. Our aim was to investigate the effect of l-thyroxine (l-T4) on the frequency of PTC diagnosed by cytology in a large series of patients with nodular goiter untreated (n=20 055) or treated with l-T4 (n=7859). l-T4-treated patients with respect to untreated patients presented significantly lower serum TSH (median, interquartile range: 0.30 μU/ml, 0.08–0.62 μU/ml versus 0.70 μU/ml, 0.38–1.14 μU/ml; P<0.0001) and prevalence of PTC (3.2 vs 5.1%; P<0.0001). The frequency of PTC was closely related to serum TSH, with it being lowest in patients with TSH below the normal range (<0.4 μU/ml; 189/10 059, 1.9%) and highest in patients with TSH above the normal range (>3.4 μU/ml; 21/127, 16.5%), also showing a progressive increase from the lower to the upper quartile of normal range. A significantly higher proportion of l-T4-treated patients (6650/7859, 84.6%) had serum TSH below the median (0.90 μU/ml) with respect to untreated patients (12 599/20 055, 62.8%; χ2 P value <0.0001), with it being included in the range of TSH associated with a lower frequency of PTC. The relationship between serum TSH and frequency of PTC was unrelated to the type of nodularity (solitary versus multinodular) and was not age dependent. In conclusion, patients with nodular goiter, treatment with l-T4 is responsible for the reduction of serum TSH and is associated with a decreased frequency of PTC.
Trends in Childhood Leukemia in Basrah, Iraq, 1993–2007
Authors: Hagopian Amy , Lafta Riyadh , Hassan Jenan , Davis Scott , Mirick Dana , Takaro Tim
Published: February 2010

Objectives. Through a sister-university relationship between the University of Basrah and the University of Washington, we analyzed Ibn Ghazwan Hospital's leukemia registry data to evaluate trends in childhood leukemia since 1993.

Methods. We documented leukemia cases among children aged 0 to 14 years for each of the last 15 years. Population data were obtained from a 1997 census and various subsequent estimates to calculate rates.

Results. We observed 698 cases of childhood leukemia between 1993 and 2007, ranging between 15 cases (2.6 per 100 000 annual rate) in the first year and 56 cases (6.9 per 100 000 annual rate) in the final year, reaching a peak of 97 cases in 2006 (12.2 per 100 000 annual rate).

Conclusions. Childhood leukemia rates in Basrah more than doubled over a 15-year period. The test for trend was significant (P = .03). Basrah's childhood leukemia rate compared unfavorably with neighboring Kuwait and nearby Oman, as well as the United States, the European Union, and other countries.
Effect of a Two-Year Obesity Prevention Intervention on Percentile Changes in Body Mass Index and Academic Performance in Low-Income Elementary School Children
Authors: Hollar Danielle , Messiah Sarah E. , Lopez-Mitnik Gabriela , Hollar T. Lucas , Almon Marie , Agatston Arthur S.
Published: February 2010

Objectives. We assessed the effects of a school-based obesity prevention intervention that included dietary, curricula, and physical activity components on body mass index (BMI) percentiles and academic performance among low-income elementary school children.

Methods. The study had a quasi-experimental design (4 intervention schools and 1 control school; 4588 schoolchildren; 48% Hispanic) and was conducted over a 2-year period. Data are presented for the subset of the cohort who qualified for free or reduced-price school lunches (68% Hispanic; n = 1197). Demographic and anthropometric data were collected in the fall and spring of each year, and academic data were collected at the end of each year.

Results. Significantly more intervention than control children stayed within normal BMI percentile ranges both years (P = .02). Although not significantly so, more obese children in the intervention (4.4%) than in the control (2.5%) decreased their BMI percentiles. Overall, intervention schoolchildren had significantly higher math scores both years (P < .001). Hispanic and White intervention schoolchildren were significantly more likely to have higher math scores (P < .001). Although not significantly so, intervention schoolchildren had higher reading scores both years.

Conclusions. School-based interventions can improve health and academic performance among low-income schoolchildren.
Three-Phase Measurements of Non-wetting Phase Trapping in Unconsolidated Sand Packs
Authors: Al Mansoori Saleh K. , Pentland Christopher H. , Iglauer Stefan , Blunt Martin J.
Published: February 2010

We perform a series of experiments in water-wet sand packs to measure the trapped saturations of oil and gas as a function of initial saturation. We start with brine-saturated columns and inject octane (oil) to reach irreducible water saturation followed by displacement by air (gas) from the top, allowing oil and air to drain under gravity for different amounts of time, then finally brine is injected from the bottom to trap both oil and gas. The columns are sliced and a sensitive and accurate measurement of saturation along the column is made using gas chromatography. The maximum residual gas saturation is over 20%, compared to 14% for two-phase flow (Al Mansoori et al. 2009). For lower initial gas saturation, the amount of trapping is similar to that reached in an equivalent two-phase experiment. We also find that the amount of oil trapped is insensitive to either the initial gas saturation or the amount of gas that is trapped. More oil is trapped than would be predicted from an equivalent two-phase system, although the trapped saturation is never larger than the maximum reached in two-phase flow (around 11%) (Pentland et al. 2008). These initially surprising results are explained in the context of oil layer stability and the competition between snap-off and piston-like advance. In unconsolidated two-phase water-wet systems, displacement is principally by cooperative piston-like advance with relatively little trapping, whereas in consolidated media snap-off is generally more significant. However, during three-phase waterflooding, oil layer collapse events rapidly trap the oil which acts as a barrier to direct water-gas displacement, except by snap-off, leading to enhanced gas trapping.
Preliminary malacological investigation on the loess profile at Zmajevac, Croatia
Authors: Molnár David , Hupuczi Júlia , Galović Lidija , Sümegi Pál
Published: February 2010

More than 5 500 specimens of 37 terrestrial snail species were collected from a loess paleosol section at Zmajevac village, Croatia. The presence of Ena montana, Mastus bielzi, Cochlodina laminata, Macrogastra ventricosa, Clausilia pumila, Clausilia dubia, Pseudofusulus varians, Trichia unidentata and Trichia edentula species from the lower paleosol layer suggests that this malacological zone formed during the initial phase of a Middle Pleistocene interglacial cycle.
Metabolite concentrations in supraventricular white matter from teenage to early old age: A short echo time 1h magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study
Authors: Raininko Raili , Mattsson Peter
Published: February 2010

Background: Age- and sex-related changes of metabolites in healthy adult brains have been examined with different 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methods in varying populations, and with differing results. A long repetition time and short echo time technique reduces quantification errors due to T1 and T2 relaxation effects and makes it possible to measure metabolites with short T2 relaxation times.

Purpose: To examine the effect of age on the metabolite concentrations measured by 1H MRS in normal supraventricular white matter using a long repetition time (TR) and a short echo time (TE).

Material and Methods: Supraventricular white matter of 57 healthy subjects (25 women, 32 men), aged 13 to 72 years, was examined with a single-voxel MRS at 1.5T using a TR of 6000 ms and a TE of 22 ms. Tissue water was used as a reference in quantification.

Results: Myoinositol increased slightly and total N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) decreased slightly with increasing age. Glutamine/glutamate complex (Glx) showed U-shaped age dependence, with highest concentrations in the youngest and oldest subjects. No significant age dependence was found in total choline and total creatine. No gender differences were found. Macromolecule/ lipid (ML) fractions were reliably measurable only in 36/57 or even fewer subjects and showed very large deviations.

Conclusion: The concentrations of several metabolites in cerebral supraventricular white matter are age dependent on 1H MRS, even in young and middle-aged people, and age dependency can be nonlinear. Each 1H MRS study of the brain should therefore take age into account, whereas sex does not appear to be so important. The use of macromolecule and lipid evaluations is compromised by less successful quantification and large variations in healthy people.
Aging and Elderly Care Practice in Japan: Main Issues, Policy and Program Perspective; What Lessons can be Learned from Japanese Experiences?
Authors: Raikhola Pushkar Singh , Kuroki Yasuhiro
Published: February 2010

This article presents an overview of the main issues, policies and programs related to aging and elderly care practice of Japan based on the available published evidence to date. The Japanese enjoy the world's longest and healthiest lives. This fortunate situation, however, is also causing concern. The rate of population aging in Japan is much greater than that in other developed countries. In Japan, the nuclear family, female employment, decreased fertility rate and changing patterns of family roles have combined to make it more difficult or less desirable to provide that care informally and there are greatly increased demands for community and institutional care. The aging process of Japan not only increased the ratio of the elderly in the population but also accompanied a fundamental change in family and community. Therefore, the various systems which are affected by these changes, such as pensions, medical care and long term care, need to be rebuilt. The aging issue requires a long term commitment with enough foresight; policies must be created as soon as possible with consideration for cultural and social conditions specific to each country and each city. I think the care of the elderly therefore involves a holistic combination of health care, socio-economic care and the provision of suitable environment. In Japan the Long Term Care Insurance Plan and the New Gold Plan alongside other policies and programs are directed towards the care and welfare of elderly people. These policies and programs are actually imitable for countries like Nepal, where are no any substantial policies and programs for caring the elderly. So that we can learn various experiences of coping aging and elderly problem from Japan both in policy and program level. However, Nepal should develop its own policies and programs based on its own cultural traditions, economic capacity and social transitions in the society. Key Words: Aging; elderly care; fertility; policy; programs; Japan; Nepal. DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v3i0.2781 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3 2009 41-82
Local Level Perception of Corruption: An Anthropological Inquiry
Authors: Kattel Sewanta
Published: February 2010

The underlying problem of corruption in Nepal at the micro level stems from the 'capture' of the sustainable number of the policies and implementing rules and regulations of the different laws by vested interests. The long standing collusion between political parties and government officials has resulted in a destructed economy that favors private economic interests over the broader public goods. The situation is compounded by the patterns of non transparent and illegitimate practice that sustain the culture of corruption. Sources of income for individual and employees are unregulated and often arbitrarily determined through the patronage system that is link to the culture of silence underpinning such patronage. The role of civil society is to controlling corruption by working at the grass roots political and bureaucratic, and legal judicial level. Key words: Civil society; problem; power; judicial; corruption DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v3i0.2785 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3 2009 163-174
The Swine Flu pandemic in Nepal
Authors: Neopane A
Published: February 2010

DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2750 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 339-340
External and internal fixation for comminuted intra-articular fractures of distal radius
Authors: Pradhan RL , Lakhey S , Pandey BK , Manandhar RR , Rijal KP , Sharma S
Published: February 2010

Background: Distal radius fractures are a common injury and without proper treatment leads to high functional impairment and frequent complications. Objective: The aim of this study was to see the functional outcome in patients with comminuted distal radius fractures treated with combined external fixation and open reduction with volar plating. Materials and methods: All comminuted distal radius fractures classified as type C in AO/OTA classification were enrolled for the study from 2005 till 2008. The clinical scoring chart modified by Cooney was used to evaluate the functional outcome. Results: There were twenty-two patients with the average age of 42.18 years (range 19-60) with 15 male and 7 females. The follow-up period was from 14 to 46 months. Accordingly, there were 11 (50%) excellent, 7 (31%) good, 2 (9%) fair and 2 (9%) poor results. There were very few complications in our series. In three patients additional K-wire supplementation was necessary along with external and open internal fixation. Conclusions: Comminuted intra-articular fractures of distal radius should be treated by open reduction and combined internal and external fixation to achieve a high rate of patient satisfaction and satisfactory functional outcome. Key words: distal radius fractures; volar plating; external fixationDOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2756 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 369-373
Objective analysis of voice in normal young adults
Authors: Toran KC , Lal BK
Published: February 2010

Background: Acoustic vocal parameters measure frequency, intensity (amplitude), perturbation (jitter and shimmer) and dynamic range of the voicing vocal folds. Studies have established that a normal standard data is necessary for acoustic analysis. Objective: The aim of the present study is to standardise Jitter, shimmer, harmonic to noise ratio (HNR) and fundamental frequency (F0) for young adults with normal voice. Materials and methods: Values for acoustic voice measurements were obtained from 50 normal individuals with equal number of sexes, without sign and symptoms of voice problems. The vocal data measurement was performed with Doctor Speech (DRS) Tiger Electronics, USA. Results: Voice analyses were performed with a sustained vowel //i//. The jitter and HNR values were same [1.6 %( ±0.47/±0.43) and 25.8dB (±2.62/±2.72)] for both the genders. For the males, the jitter was 0.14% (±0.02) and 0.16% (±0.04) for female gender. There was a significant difference in the HNR (P=0.000) with 170.05HZ (±32.78) and 246.45HZ (±39.73) respectively for male and female genders. Conclusion: Our results differ from the various literatures; therefore it is important to standardise the program that we use before applying the values for tests designed for a different kind of population. Key words: Acoustic analysis; Perturbation; harmonics to noise ratio; fundamental frequency; standardised voice. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2757 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 374-377
Young people’s knowledge, attitude, and behaviour on STI/HIV/AIDS in the context of Nepal: A systematic review
Authors: Upreti D , Regmi P , Pant P , Simkhada P
Published: February 2010

Background: Sexual and reproductive health of young people has become a major health problem in recent decades. Recent and rapidly increasing Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) rates show an urgent need for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and HIV prevention interventions in Nepal. Objectives: This paper attempts to assess knowledge, attitude and behaviour on STIs/HIV/AIDS in the context of young peoples of Nepal. Materials and methods: A systematic review based on the available literature was carried out including both qualitative and quantitative studies. Results: Our findings indicate that the overall knowledge regarding STIs and HIV/AIDS is high although the level of knowledge seems to differ according to education, gender, and area of residence. Knowledge about condoms was also very high but practice of correct and consistent use in premarital and extramarital sexual relations with non-regular partners seems to be lower. The overall sexual behaviour among young people is unsafe. Conclusion: This suggests that young people's sexual and reproductive health issues need to be further addressed and explored in order to promote safer and responsible sexual behaviour. Key words: Attitude; Behaviour; HIV/AIDS; Knowledge; Nepal; STIs; Systematic Review; Young people DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2759 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 383-391
An epidemiological study of injury among urban population
Authors: Ghimire A , Nagesh S , Jha N , Niraula SR , Devkota S
Published: February 2010

Background: Injuries are a focus of public health practice because they pose a serious health threat, occur frequently and are preventable. Injuries affect people of all ages and range from minor cuts and bruises to major catastrophes that take thousands of lives. Objectives: This paper aims to find out the prevalence of injuries and to study the various epidemiological factors related to the injuries in Dharan. Materials and methods: A sample of 1398 households was taken as study sample. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the 10% households from each 19 wards. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and information related to injuries to the persons suffered from injuries. Result: The prevalence of minor injury in Dharan was 3.5% per month. The injury was common in the age group, 40-49 years (4.6%) and majority of injured persons were farmers (6.9%). Home was the common place (55.6%) for the minor injury. Cut/stab (32.8%) was the most common types of minor injury. The prevalence of major injury was 0.7% per year and occurred more among 50-59 years age group (1.7%). The commonest place for major injury was at road (53.1%) and service holders were at more risk (1.4%). Falls from the height (46.9%) were the most common types of major injury. Conclusion: The injuries related to lifestyle profession and road traffic accidents (RTA) is the commonest burden revealed in the study sample. Promotion of safety and education for protection at work and safe driving can prevent the major socio-economic loss to the family and community at large. Key words: Minor injury; Major injury; RTA; Epidemiological factors. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2762 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 402-407
Tempest in the Tea Leaves: Broadcasting the Esoteric Arts and Mystic Sciences, 1937–1953
Authors: Kuffert Len
Published: February 2010

Abstract:

From 1937 until 1953, it was contrary to Canadian broadcasting regulations to broadcast programs with speakers claiming to have supernatural abilities, or to offer personal advice over the airwaves. As the broadcast regulator, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation was responsible for enforcing the ban, which meant preventing privately operated stations from producing such programs. The struggle over what sort of programming was suitable not only mirrored the differences between audiences and regulators or broadcasters and regulators, but also attitudes toward esoteric lifestyles, religion, science, and the place of entertainment on the air. Regulators uncomfortable with the potential for exploitation or exposure of listeners' private affairs repeatedly turned back attempts by broadcasters to circumvent the regulation, and in the process revealed some deep-seated class and gender-based assumptions about radio's early audiences.
‘A Species of Treason?’: Deportation and Nation-Building in the Case of Tomo Čačić, 1931–1934
Authors: Molinaro Dennis G.
Published: February 2010

Abstract:

Deportation was used to remove political radicals from Canada during the early 1930s, as well as immigrants receiving poverty or unemployment relief. Studies of deportation in North America are limited and have rarely focused on ideas of ‘the nation’ as a primary focus of debates over deportation; and they have seldom dwelt upon the local efforts of those resisting deportation. Arguably the most influential works in this area are Barbara Roberts's Whence They Came: Deportation in Canada 1900–1935 and Anthony Rasporich's ‘Tomo Čačić: Rebel without a Country.’ This paper builds on the work of both authors by explaining not only the mechanisms, but also the ideological moorings, of Depression-era deportation policies, through the revealing case study of Tomo Čačić, a transnational radical who thought globally and acted locally. The power to deport provided the state with a powerful nation-shaping tool. Deportation of political radicals served a dual purpose: it both isolated and removed those identified as political enemies of the political order and, conversely, demonstrated by implication the qualities of those who were qualified to figure as citizens within the emerging Canadian nation.
Parasites from ‘Alien Shores’: The Decline of Canada's Freshwater Fishing Industry
Authors: Piper Liza
Published: February 2010

Abstract:

After 1900, the Northwest fishing industry expanded substantially from southern Manitoba to the Northwest Territories, with production directed principally to American urban markets. In response to the economic crisis of the 1930s, new international trade regulations prohibited the importation of fish infected with the Triaenophorus parasite and included two of the most important commercial freshwater fish species: tullibee and lake whitefish. In the following decades, in spite of repeated state and scientific interventions in the fishery, Canada's freshwater fishing industry was unable to fully recover from the economic impacts of the new trade regulations. This failure reflected the unprecedented influence of the parasite and its ecological relationships to other species and the freshwaters in which it was found. This paper goes beyond a conventional narrative of the impacts of economic protectionism to ascertain how the natural context in which resources such as fish are found intervenes in human socio-economic affairs.
Intra-Family and Socio-Political Dimensions of Land Markets and Land Conflicts: The Case of the Abure, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Kouamé Georges
Published: February 2010

This article is a contribution to reflection on the question of land markets in Africa. Based on a case study of Abure society (Côte d'Ivoire), the article emphasizes, first, the relation between the intra-family dimension of land rights and the functioning of the land lease market. Particular attention is paid to intra-family land tensions induced by the land lease market, and their repercussions in the form of inter-community conflict reflecting the ethnic-national basis of the land lease market (with autochthonous Abure lessors and Burkinabe tenants). Second, emphasis is placed on the socio-political dimension of land tenancy relationships. The article is based on a deciphering of the land rights and land tenure practices within Abure family groups, and of a 2001 conflict which set Abure young men against Burkinabe pineapple growers. Beyond the inter-community conflict surrounding land, the article reveals an intergenerational conflict within Abure society itself between social juniors and the elders who manage family land, regarding the delegation of rights to lease out family land and the distribution of land lease (rental) income.
Comparative Analysis of Two-Piece Extended Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters with Remote Exit-Site Locations and Conventional Abdominal Catheters
Authors: Crabtree John H. , Burchette Raoul J.
Published: February 2010

Background

An alternative peritoneal catheter exit-site location is sometimes needed in patients with obesity, floppy skin folds, intestinal stomas, urinary and fecal incontinence, and chronic yeast intertrigo. Two-piece extended catheters permit remote exit-site locations away from problematic abdominal conditions.

Objective

The effect on clinical outcomes by remotely locating catheter exit sites to the upper abdomen or chest was compared to conventional lower abdominal sites.

Methods

In a nonrandomized design, peritoneal access was established with 158 extended catheters and 270 conventional catheters based upon body habitus and special clinical needs. Prospective data collection included patient demographics, infectious and mechanical complications, and catheter survival.

Results

Kaplan–Meier survival time until first exit-site infection was longer for extended catheters ( p = 0.03). Poisson regression showed no difference in exit site, subcutaneous tunnel, and peritonitis infection rates; however, the proportion of catheters lost during peritonitis episodes was significantly greater for extended catheters ( p = 0.007) and appeared to be due primarily to coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms. Poisson regression showed interactions of body mass index (BMI) and diabetic status in determining catheter loss from peritonitis for both catheter types ( p = 0.02). Extended catheter patients had higher BMI and diabetes prevalence ( p < 0.0001). Overall extended catheter survival at 1, 2, and 3 years (92%, 80%, 71%) trended lower than conventional devices (93%, 87%, 80%; p = 0.0505).

Conclusions

Extended catheters enable peritoneal access for patients in whom conventional catheter placement would be difficult or impossible. Certain patient and extended-catheter characteristics may contribute to loss from peritonitis.
Who Should Own Americans’ Health Care?
Authors: Himmelstein David U. , Kuttner Robert , Woolhandler Steffie
Published: February 2025

This Viewpoint discusses the collapse of the Steward Health Care system as a case in point of the salience of proprietorship in health care, the problem of private equity firms’ business models emphasizing short-term gains, and the conflict between financial ambition and clinical mission.
Nevus Anemicus
Authors: Lan Xuemei , Wang Xiaopo
Published: February 2025

This case report describes a young, elementary school–aged boy with nevus anemicus.
Epistasis of ERAP1 With 4 Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Alleles in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia
Authors: Rayinda Tuntas , Dand Nick , McSweeney Sheila M. , Christou Evangelos , Ung Chuin Ying , Stefanato Catherine M. , Fenton David A. , Harries Matthew , Palamaras Ioulios , Tidman Alice , Holmes Susan , Koutalopoulou Anastasia , Ardern-Jones Michael , Kaur Manjit , Papanikou Sofia , Chasapi Vasiliki , Vañó-Galvan Sergio , Saceda-Corralo David , Melián-Olivera Ana , Azcarraga-Llobet Carlos , Lobato-Berezo Alejandro , Bustamante Mariona , Sunyer Jordi , Starace Michela Valeria Rita , Piraccini Bianca Maria , Wiss Isabel Pupo , Senna Maryanne Makredes , Singh Rashmi , Hillmann Kathrin , Kanti-Schmidt Varvara , Blume-Peytavi Ulrike , McGrath John A. , Simpson Michael A. , Tziotzios Christos
Published: February 2025

Importance

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is an inflammatory and scarring form of hair loss of increasing prevalence that most commonly affects women. An improved understanding of the genetic basis of FFA will support the identification of pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Objective

To identify novel genomic loci at which common genetic variation affects FFA susceptibility and assess nonadditive effects on genetic risk between susceptibility loci.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Four genome-wide association studies were combined using an SE-weighted meta-analysis. Within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus, stepwise conditional analysis was undertaken to determine independently associated classical MHC class I alleles. Statistical tests for epistatic interaction were performed between risk alleles at the MHC and endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) loci.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Genome-wide significant locus associated with FFA and nonadditive effects on genetic risk between susceptibility loci.

Results

Of 6668 included patients, there were 1585 European female individuals with FFA and 5083 controls. Genome-wide significant associations were identified at 4 genomic loci, including a novel susceptibility locus at 5q15, and the association signal could be fine-mapped to a single nucleotide substitution (rs10045403) in the 5′ untranslated region of ERAP1 (rs10045403; odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.19-1.43; P = 3.6 × 10−8). Within the MHC, FFA risk was statistically independently associated with HLA-A*11:01, HLA-A*33:01, HLA-B*07:02, and HLA-B*35:01. FFA risk was affected by genetic variation at the ERAP1 locus only in individuals who carried at least 1 of the MHC class I risk alleles.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this genome-wide meta-analysis, a supra-additive effect of genetic variation was found that affected peptide trimming and antigen presentation on FFA susceptibility. Patients with FFA may benefit from emerging therapeutic approaches that modulate ERAP-mediated processes.
Chemoimmunotherapy vs Immunotherapy Monotherapy Receipt in Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ahluwalia Vinayak S. , Parikh Ravi B.
Published: February 2025

This cross-sectional study examines factors that may be associated with the prescription of chemoimmunotherapy vs immunotherapy monotherapy in cases of advanced non–small cell lung cancer using nationwide data from the US.
Integrated Nicotine Replacement and Behavioral Support to Reduce Smoking in Opioid Agonist Therapy
Authors: Druckrey-Fiskaaen Karl Trygve , Madebo Tesfaye , Daltveit Jan Tore , Vold Jørn Henrik , Furulund Einar , Chalabianloo Fatemeh , Gilje Lid Torgeir , Fadnes Lars Thore
Published: February 2025

Importance

Approximately 85% of individuals receiving opioid agonist therapy for opioid dependence smoke tobacco. Despite the significant health risks associated with smoking-related diseases, there has been limited evaluation of smoking interventions tailored to this population.

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of an intervention combining nicotine replacement with brief behavioral support in reducing cigarette use.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This multicenter randomized clinical trial was conducted from April 2022 to October 2023 in 7 specialized opioid agonist therapy clinics in Bergen and Stavanger, Norway. The analyst was blinded to patient groupings. Assessors (study nurses) were not fully blinded to participant allocation. Individuals diagnosed with opioid dependency receiving opioid agonist therapy at participating clinics and smoking at least 1 cigarette per day were eligible for participation. Data analysis was performed from December 2023 through October 2024.

Intervention

In addition to standard opioid agonist therapy, participants in the intervention group received a 16-week integrated treatment combining nicotine replacement with brief behavioral support. Participants in the control group received only standard opioid agonist therapy.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was at least a 50% reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked, self-reported as cigarette use in the past 7 days at week 16. The analysis followed intention-to-treat principles. Cigarette use was self-reported as per the timeline-follow-back method.

Results

Among the 259 participants (mean [SD] age, 48.5 [10.4] years; 80 [30.9%] female), 135 were allocated to the intervention group and 124 to the control group. The odds ratio of at least halving the number of cigarettes smoked was 2.07 (95% CI, 1.14-3.75) in the intervention group compared with the control group.

Conclusions and Relevance

Providing integrated nicotine replacement and behavioral support at opioid agonist treatment clinics effectively helped opioid-dependent participants reduce the number of cigarettes smoked.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05290025
Estimating Different Value Functions of the Prospect Theory According to Individual Decision‐Making Styles
Authors: Kim Bum Seok , Kim Woosub , Min Jae H.
Published: February 2025

This study aims to explore human risk tolerance behaviors by applying decision‐making styles, which refer to individual habits or response patterns during decision‐making process. Specifically, this research estimates the sample's prospect theory value function by decision‐making style and statistically tests the difference in coefficients of the value function using ANOVA and Duncan grouping. The results show that individuals with rational and avoidant decision‐making styles tend to display risk‐averse tendencies in situations involving future prospective gains, whereas those with dependent, intuitive, and spontaneous styles exhibit risk‐seeking tendencies. Conversely, individuals with rational and dependent decision‐making styles demonstrate risk‐averse tendencies in situations involving future prospective losses, whereas those with avoidant, intuitive, and spontaneous styles display risk‐seeking tendencies. This study presents empirical evidence that decision‐making styles can account for all combinations of risk attitudes toward gains and losses situations. This finding demonstrates a granular level in risk attitudes that prospect theory cannot solely explain.
Patient Perceptions of Medication Therapy for Prevention of Post‐Traumatic Osteoarthritis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Qualitative Content Analysis
Authors: Waddell Lily M. , Mitchener Donald P. , Frier Kelly C. , Jones Morgan H. , Losina Elena , Bansback Nick , Fraenkel Liana , Kim Jason S. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Selzer Faith , Easterbrook Adam
Published: February 2025

Objective

Post‐traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) accounts for nearly 12% of osteoarthritis (OA) incidence and often occurs after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. Ensuring uptake of preventive treatments for PTOA requires that investigators and clinicians understand factors influencing patients to seek preventive therapies. This qualitative, descriptive study aimed to assess individuals’ willingness to adopt a medication therapy for PTOA prevention following ACL injury.

Methods

We enrolled participants who had an ACL tear within two years of enrollment. Subjects participated in a semi‐structured interview or focus group. We reviewed audio transcripts for accuracy, then organized the data inductively, beginning with open coding of audio transcripts using NVivo 12. Finally, using a qualitative content analysis approach we identified, revised, and constructed themes and subthemes.

Results

25 individuals (mean age 25, 60% women) participated. Participants were an average of 10 months post‐injury (mean 310 days, 95% CI [249, 371]) and reported a mean Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) pain score of 80.3 (95% CI [74.5, 86.2]). We identified three main themes related to general treatment for PTOA (e.g., unwanted side effects), medication treatment for PTOA (e.g., concern about pill size and dose frequency), and clinical trial attributes (e.g., time commitment).

Conclusion

Although participants expressed great interest in trying medication therapy for PTOA prevention, there was variability in which components of treatment mattered to them. Our results stress the importance of using qualitative approaches such as this one to inform the design of trials and treatments that real‐world patients will pursue with enthusiasm.
Coacervates Composed of Low‐Molecular‐Weight Compounds– Molecular Design, Stimuli Responsiveness, Confined Reaction
Authors: Higashi Sayuri L. , Ikeda Masato
Published: February 2025

The discovery of coacervation within living cells through liquid–liquid phase separation has inspired scientists to investigate its fundamental principles and significance. Indeed, coacervates composed of low‐molecular‐weight compounds based on supramolecular strategy can offer valuable models for biomolecular condensates and useful tools. This mini‐review highlights recent findings and advances in coacervates (artificial condensates), primarily composed of low‐molecular‐weight compounds, with focuses on their molecular design, stimuli responsiveness, and controlled reactions within or leading to the coacervates.