bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALFABETIZAÇÃO E LETRAMENTO: EXPLORARANDO CONCEITOS
Authors: Marchesoni Laís Bastos , Shimazaki Elsa Midori
Published: March 2021

Ao identificarmos a necessidade de pesquisar conceitos de letramento e alfabetização, desenvolvemos a presente pesquisa com o objetivo de compreendê-los por meio de diversos autores que discutem e investigam sobre tais processos. Para atender ao objetivo, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica pautada nos pressupostos da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Compreender conceitos de alfabetização e letramento e a relação entre eles é imprescindível para que se possam construir práticas efetivas de leitura e escrita. Este estudo permitiu a constatação de que alfabetização e letramento são processos distintos, porém indissociáveis. Concluímos que ser alfabetizado vai além do simples conhecimento sobre o código linguístico, ou seja, não basta apenas conhecer as letras do alfabeto. Saber decodificar algumas palavras ou frases não é suficiente para ter domínio do uso da língua escrita. Constatamos que ser alfabetizado ultrapassa um simples conhecimento sobre as letras e, por fim, verificamos que, em uma sociedade com a cultura letrada, como a atual, mais que alfabetizados, os indivíduos precisam ser letrados, ou seja, ademais de terem domínio da leitura e da escrita, precisam utilizá-las em seu cotidiano, dando-lhes significado social.
EDUCAÇÃO INTERPROFISSIONAL EM SAÚDE NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA SOBRE A EXPERIÊNCIA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Braatz Petermann Xavéle , Basso Miolo Silvana
Published: March 2021

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a produção científica sobre educação interprofissional em saúde no Brasil no contexto do ensino superior. Para isso realizou-se um estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura. Foram considerados estudos nacionais, com texto em línguas portuguesa, espanhola e inglesa, publicados de 2004 a 2020 nas bases de dados SciELO e LILACS, sendo incluídos nesse estudo de revisão integrativa 16 artigos. Os resultados foram avaliados pela técnica da análise temática. As categorias que denotaram a produção científica sobre educação interprofissional no ensino superior no Brasil compreenderam a educação interprofissional como meio para a troca de saberes, como espaço de reflexão e como elemento para o cuidado integral. Os resultados encontrados retrataram a importância da educação interprofissional no contexto analisado, com impacto positivo sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem na educação superior em saúde e, consequentemente, sobre a qualidade da atenção prestada na assistência à saúde.
Prawa podatnika a stanowienie prawa podatkowego – wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Nykiel Włodzimierz
Published: March 2021

Dobre funkcjonowanie mechanizmów finansowych państwa wymaga sprawnego prowadzenia polityki finansowej, w tym polityki podatkowej. Przewidywalność zmian prawa podatkowego stanowiących wyraz realizacji polityki znanej podatnikom jest zgodna z zasadą pewności prawa, gdyż istotnie redukuje ujemne konsekwencje braku stabilności. Jak wiadomo, posiedzenia Sejmu i Senatu są jawne. Jawne powinny być jednak także projekty przepisów prawa podatkowego, a nawet założenia owe projekty poprzedzające. Z jednej strony umożliwiłoby to, a co najmniej znacznie ułatwiło, przeprowadzenie odpowiednich konsultacji publicznych, z drugiej zaś redukowało niepewność podatników co do przyszłego prawa. W toku prac nad projektem należy dbać o poprawność języka prawnego i szanować zasady techniki prawodawczej. Konsultowanie i opiniowanie projektów przepisów podatkowych przez różne podmioty, w tym przez ekspertów, ma olbrzymie znaczenie dla prac ustawodawczych. Prowadzenie konsultacji z udziałem podatników, przedstawicieli organizacji społecznych, samorządowych i gospodarczych oraz samorządów zawodowych ma wpływ na jakość prawa i sprzyja odpowiedniemu wyważeniu interesu publicznego i prywatnego w prawie podatkowym. W przypadku niezrozumiałego przepisu, podatnika winna chronić zasada in dubio pro tributario. Przepis taki nie może być także podstawą zastosowania wobec podatnika sankcji. Do zasad podatkowych mających największe znaczenie z punktu widzenia praw podatnika należy zasada pewności. Pewność i bezpieczeństwo prawne podatnika ściśle wiążą się z zasadą lex retro non agit. Ważne są też zasady: ochrony praw nabytych i ochrony interesów w toku. Warto podkreślić, że projekt ustawy Karta Praw Podatnika wniesiony niedawno do Sejmu niemało miejsca poświęca przepisom dotyczącym stanowienia prawa podatkowego. Obserwacja praktyki dowodzi, że takie przepisy są potrzebne, gdyż przyczyniłyby się z jednej strony do poprawy jakości naszego prawa podatkowego, z drugiej zaś do wzmocnienia ochrony praw podatnika.
Klauzula przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania nie oznacza zakazu optymalizacji podatkowej. Glosa krytyczna do odmowy wydania opinii zabezpieczającej z dnia 28 maja 2020 r. DKP3.8011.8.2019
Authors: Kondej Mikołaj
Published: March 2021

28 maja 2020 r. Szef KAS odmówił wydania opinii zabezpieczającej dotyczącej możliwości rozpoznania przez podatnika straty na sprzedaży podmiotowi powiązanemu akcji spółki zależnej, których wartość znacząco spadła. Organ argumentował m.in., że dopuszczenie rozpoznania straty podatkowej na takiej sprzedaży pozostawałoby sprzeczne z przedmiotem lub celem ustawy podatkowej. Uznał on, że sprzeczność ta wynika z faktu „żonglowania” przez podatnika aktywami w ramach grupy kapitałowej w celu aktywacji kosztów podatkowych. W niniejszej glosie krytycznej autor wskazuje, że zasadność rozstrzygnięcia Szefa KAS wydanego w analizowanej sprawie budzi wątpliwości. Podważa on w szczególności argumentację organu wskazującą, że rozpoznanie ekonomicznej straty w ramach transakcji z podmiotem powiązanym pozostaje sprzeczne z przedmiotem lub celem ustawy podatkowej lub jej przepisu.
Die liberale Männerwelt und die weibliche Polenbegeisterung 1832
Authors: Brudzyńska-Němec Gabriela
Published: March 2021

Die Tätigkeit der weiblichen Polenvereine zur Zeit der deutschen Polenbegeisterung wird in diesem Aufsatz in den Kontext des weiblichen politischen Engagements im Vormärz gestellt, um zugleich nach emanzipatorischen Elementen dieser Tätigkeit zu fragen. Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind die weiblichen Polenvereine im deutschen Südwesten, die deutsche Frauen vor allem 1832 ins Leben riefen, um ihrerseits ehemalige polnische Aufständische zu unterstützen.
„so verletzt, so erniedrigt, so elend, so mißhandelt, so verwundbar, so ungeschützt“. Zur Problematik von Identität und Gewalt im Werk Helga M. Novaks
Authors: Surynt Izabela
Published: March 2021

Die Problematisierung von Gewalt gegenüber Gruppen und Individuen im Rahmen jeglichen sozialpolitischen Systems gehört zu den wichtigsten literarischen Anliegen im Werk Helga M. Novaks. Über die spezifische Behandlung dieses Themenkreises entscheidet die enge Verschränkung der Gewaltproblematik mit der Darstellung von Prozessen individueller und kollektiver Identitätsbildung. Indem die Autorin ihre literarischen Figuren in Situationen versetzt, in denen sie stets körperlicher und/oder emotionaler Gewalt ausgesetzt werden und diese Erfahrung dann zur wichtigsten Motivation ihrer Protagonisten/innen für die Erarbeitung immer neuer Ich-Entwürfe stilisiert, spricht Novak der erlebten Gewalt nicht nur destruktive Potentiale zu, sondern räumt ihr auch eine (letztlich) positive Kraft ein. Diese besteht in der Stimulierung menschlicher Aktivitäten zur Herausbildung wechselnder Lebensprojekte unter dem Zwang der sich verändernden (Um)Welt. Die Thematisierung von Identität und Gewalt in literarischen Texten Novaks geht oft mit der Auseinandersetzung mit der Diskriminierung der Frauen sowie kulturell/ethnisch/national ‚Anderen‘/‚Fremden‘ einher. Diesen Fragen ist der vorliegende Beitrag gewidmet.
Construction of green hostels based on biologically renewable construction materials and natural economic media network
Authors: Borkowski Krzysztof , Borkowski Jakub , Durmała Marek
Published: March 2021

With growing demand for sustainable tourism, ecotourism is a fast-growing branch of the tourism industry, where the design and management of destinations must take into consideration the quality, originality, ecological compatibility, aesthetical properties, educational value, and the evaluation of the carrying capacity of destinations. In this study, we propose a new type of artificial tourist attractions within educative ecotourism, the green hostels constructed entirely of natural materials in harmony with the environment. The here presented model may be adapted to any type of natural environments. Our model of green hostels is based on biologically renewable construction materials and natural economic media network, may constitute a new tourist product in ecotourism. Apart from the presentation of the concept, the study sought answers to the following specific issues: (1) Identify the target group of the planned tourist offer and its needs and estimate the potential number of direct recipients of the project and (2) Demand analysis, based on needs research in terms of developing the tourist offer in a given area, based on which it is possible to indicate the demand for a specific type of tourist product.
Neoliberalismo e a reprodução de práticas discursivas anti-cotas nos grupos historicamente discriminados: uma análise crítica.
Authors: Silva Luís Felipe Oliveira Alves da , Ferreira André
Published: March 2021

Este trabalho relaciona o neoliberalismo, especificamente o conceito de neoliberalismo de baixo para cima desenvolvida por  Gago (2018), às críticas ao sistema de cotas brasileiro direcionadas por indivíduos pertencentes a minorias étnicas e raciais, reforçando o enraizamento de ideias neoliberais nas camadas mais populares da sociedade. A possível atuação dos think tanks da direita brasileira pode justificar a padronização discursiva dos formadores de opinião, contribuindo para o enraizamento de tais ideias neoliberais. No Brasil, formadores de opinião oriundos de grupos minoritários e muitas vezes marginalizados, reforçam este conceito ao adotarem práticas discursivas neoliberais, como menor intervenção estatal e se posicionar contra o sistema de cotas, defendendo a meritocracia. O sistema de cotas enfrenta críticas dentro da própria universidade, também associadas à ideia de meritocracia. Desconstruindo tais argumentações, os conceitos de Estado mínimo e de livre mercado esbarram no fato de o ideal de mercado perfeitamente concorrencial estar longe da realidade, enfraquecendo a mão invisível do mercado. A questão meritocrática não é rechaçada pelas cotas, pois a concorrência por vagas permanece, embora sob um novo contexto. Considerando estudos que mostram o aumento da população negra nas universidades, o sistema de cotas cumpre, em última análise, o que se propõe a fazer: democratizar o acesso ao ensino superior.
REAL DESEMPENHO EDUCACIONAL EM COMPARAÇÃO AOS VALORES DOS INDICADORES EDUCACIONAIS: UMA ANÁLISE DO IFDM DE MATO GROSSO, 2005-2015
Authors: Kelmo Israel , Matheus Hatanaka Caio , Ribeiro Elisama
Published: March 2021

A educação é uma das variáveis chaves que determina o nível de desenvolvimento de uma sociedade e sua oferta deve atender as necessidades sociais. A finalidade deste trabalho é verificar se os valores estimados do Índice de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM) educacional refletem o real desempenho da educação, e seus agentes, nos municípios do Estado de Mato Grosso (MT), entre 2005 e 2015. Assim, foram realizadas análises exploratórias dos dados do IFDM, com foco no Índice educacional, assumindo a ideia de que o IFDM elevado, em comparação com a realidade, não reflete o real nível educacional dos municípios mato-grossenses. Os resultados encontrados foram que, apesar de 88% dos municípios de MT apresentarem um IFDM de moderadamente desenvolvidos, o desempenho dos dez municípios com IFDM mais elevados com os dez mais baixos, os resultados, tanto na Prova Brasil quanto no ENEM, foram semelhantes, diferindo-se apenas na quantidade de escolas participantes.
Is “limpa” a verb or an adjective?
Authors: Silva Carolina Garcia de Carvalho , Name Maria Cristina
Published: March 2021

We investigate the role of phonological phrase boundary cues on syntactic parsing by Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth, BP) native adults. It is assumed that speech is organized in a hierarchy of prosodic constituents that may relate to constituents of other components of grammar (Nespor e Vogel, 1986). Although this is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship, a mapping is possible between constituents of each component, such as between phonological phrases and certain syntactic unit. The production of reliable prosodic cues in spontaneous speech is controversial. For instance, Snedeker e Trueswell (2003) propose that only expert speakers produce disambiguating prosodic cues; for Kraljic e Brennan (2005), even naïve speakers produce prosodic cues that are helpful for listeners. Millotte et al. (2007) found that French native speakers produced reliable prosodic cues (phrase-final lengthening and pitch rise) when they read pairs of ambiguous sentences that differed in their prosodic structures. The authors also found that native listeners were able to use these cues to assign the ambiguous words to their correct lexical categories. Then, -boundary cues may help native listeners to correctly analyze ambiguous sentences. Motivated by the French experiment results, we proposed two experiments in order to test the influence of prosody on syntactic analysis by BP adults. In the first experiment, a sentence-reading task, participants produced different prosodic patterns for ambiguous words (verb or adjective) in different syntactic structures. Duration, pitch and energy values of the segments around the-boundaries were measured and revealed that (i)-boundaries were marked by acoustical reliable cues; and (ii) the lexical categories N, V and ADJ have different behaviors in the prosodic structure. Figure A: Example of the Noun + ambiguous word - Adj [garota MUDA] (on the left) and V [garota] [MUDA…] (on the right).In the second experiment, listeners were asked to complete the auditory ambiguous sentences that were just cut after the target words (Eu acho que a menina LIMPA… . I think the clean girl…/the girl cleans…). Participants gave more verb responses in the Verb condition and more adjective responses in the Adjective condition. These results suggest that BP adults are able to use phonological phrase boundary cues to decide if an ambiguous word is a verb or an adjective and, then, to constrain syntactic analysis. We discuss the implication of these results for models of online syntactic analysis and language acquisition.Figure B: Experiment 2- Mean number of adjective and verb responses given to adjective and verb sentences (out of 4 possible responses for each sentence type).
Editorial
Authors: Barbosa Plínio A.
Published: March 2021

Our team is glad to offer to the scientific community this first issue of the Journal of Speech Sciences (JoSS). JoSS is an open access journal which follows the principles of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), meaning that its readers can freely read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of any article electronically published in the journal. JoSS covers experimental aspects that deal with scientific aspects of speech, language and linguistic communication processes. Experimental approaches are emphasized in the journal in order to stimulate the development of new methodologies, of new annotated corpora, of new techniques aiming at fully testing current theories of speech production, perception, as well as phonetic and phonological theories and their interfaces...
The analysis by synthesis of speech melody
Authors: Hirst Daniel
Published: March 2021

This paper describes the application of the analysis by synthesis paradigm to the melody of speech. Acomplete chain of processes is described from the acoustic analysis of fundamental frequency (f0), via thephonetic modelling of f0 using the Momel algorithm, to the surface phonological representation of thecurves using the INTSINT alphabet. Each step of the chain is designed as a reversible process which can beused to generate an acoustic output allowing an objective evaluation of the analysis. Finally, the currentimplementation of ProZed, a prosody editor for linguists, is described. It is argued that an explicit set ofmodelling tools like this will allow linguists to test different models of phonological structure which, it ishoped, will result in the availability of more and better data on a wide variety of languages.
Exploring the speech rhythm continuum
Authors: Olivio Ann Marie
Published: March 2021

In current speech rhythm research, the traditional search for isochrony and speech rhythm classes has been replaced with a focus on uncovering the acoustic correlates of rhythm in the speech signal (Ramus, Nespor, and Mehler 1999, Grabe and Low 2002, Cummins 2002). In this paper, I present findings from a study in which I describe speech rhythm in a language whose rhythm had not been previously studied—Ashanti Twi (Niger-Congo, Kwa). Additionally, I test the validity of claims made about the utility of various rhythm metrics. Two native speakers of Ashanti Twi participated in the study. Each speaker was recorded while reading a translation of “The North Wind and the Sun”. Vocalic and consonantal intervals were measured in Praat using auditory and visual cues. Various rhythm metrics (interval measurements and Pairwise Variability Indices) were then computed and compared to results from prior studies. Results show that Ashanti Twi is rhythmically more similar to languages that have been traditionally described as syllable-timed, such as French and Spanish. However, it does not fall clearly into the traditional stressor syllable-timed categories, supporting the claim that speech rhythm should be studied as a continuum rather than a categorical distinction.
Editorial
Authors: Barbosa Plínio Almeida
Published: March 2021

Our team is glad to offer the second issue of the Journal of Speech Sciences (JoSS) to the scientific community. JoSS is an open access journal which follows the principles of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), meaning that its readers can freely read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of any article electronically published in the journal. All papers are registered in the DOAJ. The journal is indexed in Linguistics Abstracts.
Voice quality and voice dynamics data
Authors: Pessoa Aline Neves , Novaes Beatriz Cavalcanti de Albuquerque Caiuby , Pereira Lilian Kuhn , Camargo Zuleica Antonia
Published: March 2021

Acoustic and perceptual auditory analysis procedures present themselves as clinical tools which give support to the understanding of the speech features of hearing impaired children (HIC). Voice quality stems from the overlapped action of the larynx, the supralaryngeal vocal tract and the level of muscular tension throughout the speech flow. Nonetheless, voice dynamics is characterized by frequency, duration and intensity variations. This research aimed at investigating acoustic and perceptive correlates of a HIC child’s voice and dynamic quality. The child, who has a cochlear implanted, had his speech samples collected during speech therapy sessions. The male subject (R), who uses a unilateral cochlear implant (UCI), had his speech production samples recorded when he was 5 (05 samples) and 6 years old (05 samples), and which were later tagged Cut A and Cut B respectively. The recorded corpus was acoustically analyzed through the use of the SGEXpressionEvaluator script (Barbosa, 2009) running on the free software Praat v10. The measures which were automatically extracted by the script correspond to the fundamental frequency –f0, first f0 derivative, intensity, spectral fall and long term spectrum. The perceptual auditory analysis of the voice quality was based on the VPAS-PB script (Camargo e Madureira, 2008). The perceptual auditory judgments and the acoustic measures were subjected to statistical analysis procedures. At first the, the data (perceptual and acoustic) were separately analyzed through a hierarchical and agglomerative cluster analysis. Subsequently, they were examined together through the principal component analysis. Results revealed the existence of correspondence between the acoustic and perceptual auditory data. In the audio recorded data samples from Cut B (one year after the first one) greater variability tendencies in acoustic measures of f0 could be observed associated with laryngeal hyper function at the perceptual level plus silent pauses and the reduction of speech rate. From the integrated acoustic and perceptual analysis it was possible to keep a record of the child’s oral language development process. The data analysis in this study allowed the observation of several interaction levels between the vocal tract (lip movement extension adjusts, tongue and jaw, associated with velopharyngeal adjusts and muscular tension from the larynx), plus the inspection of speech dynamics elements (habitual pitch and speech rate) of a child’s speech who has a UCI implanted during a one-year-speech-therapy-process period. This source of information made the characterization of the child’s evolution possible, especially in terms of perceptual auditory analysis descriptions being phonetically motivated by the speech dynamics quality.
/l/ variation in american english
Authors: Yuan Jiahong , Liberman Mark
Published: March 2021

We investigated the variation of /l/ in a large speech corpus through forced alignment. The results demonstrated that there is a categorical distinction between dark and light /l/ in American English. /l/ in syllable onset is light, and /l/ in syllable coda is dark. Intervocalic /l/ can be either light or dark, depending on the stress of the vowels. There is a correlation between duration (the rime duration and the duration of /l/) and /l/-darkness for dark /l/, but not for light /l/. Intervocalic dark /l/ is less dark than canonical syllable-coda /l/, but it is always dark, even in very short rimes. Intervocalic light /l/ is less light than canonical syllable-onset /l/, but it is always light. We argue that there are two levels of contrast in /l/ variation. The first level is determined by its affiliation to a single position in the syllable structure, and the second level is determined by its phonetic contexto.
Editorial
Authors: Barbosa Plínio Almeida
Published: March 2021

his is the third issue (issue 1 of volume 2) of the Journal of Speech Sciences (JoSS). JoSS is an open access journal which follows the principles of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), meaning that its readers can freely read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of any article electronically published in the journal. All papers are registered in the DOAJ. We fully subscribe to the position of Gideon Burton, Assistant Professor of English at Brigham Young University, cited by Larry Lessig, who said that Open Access “it is the only ethical move available to scholars who take their own work seriously enough to believe its value lies in how well it engages many publics and not just a few peers”. The journal is also indexed in Linguistics Abstracts.
Changes in the prosodic structure of journalistic text before and after speech therapy intervention
Authors: Constantini Ana Carolina
Published: March 2021

Prosody has a crucial role in TV news speaking style in transmitting the message to listener. Speaking style influences prosodic structure and may characterize a distinctive mark of a person or a social group speech. Besides, speaking style allows the speaker to attract the listener´s attention to particular chunks of his/her announcement. The aim of this work is to study the rhythmic organization of Brazilian Portuguese (BP) TV news speaking style by analyzing the evolution of the normalized duration of vowel-to-vowel units (VV units) throughout the utterances in two conditions (before and after vocal training workshops). For this study two students of journalism were submitted to vocal training workshops for six months. Each meeting lasted one hour and thirty minutes. The training workshops intended to improve phonoarticulatory aspects involved in TV news speaking style. The students read a specific text before and after the training but did not receive direct instructions as how to read the text. The Praat Software was used to analyze the VV durations and statistic analyses were carried out. Statistical analyses of VV durations did not show differences between before and after intervention as a whole, but showed differences in specific stretches of the utterances, particularly in phrase stress position. These differences across conditions were considered an indication of the strategies developed by the participants during the training, such as the increase of silent pause duration and the increase of VV duration in general. The increase in VV units duration after the training may be considered a way of speaking the news with more emphasis. These strategies did not appear before training. Based on the results of VV timing after training it is possible to say that the training had a crucial role in improving the professional-related subjects´ speaking style. Perceptual tests were carried out to exam how the strategies used by the subjects to read the announcement would be interpreted by the listener comparing before and after intervention. The perceptual tests suggested that listeners do perceive emphasis in after-training reading and this seems to be related not only to longer VV units, but also to expanded fundamental frequency range. The order that the announcements were presented had influenced the listeners´ answers.
Experimental approach of the prosodic component in the linguistic input of gardenpath sentences in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Fonseca A. A.
Published: March 2021

This study investigates what part the prosodic component plays in linguistic processing. Can prosodic cues be computed early in the linguistic process and influence the syntactic processing? Some studies in American English (Kjelgaard&Speer, 1999; DeDe 2010) and German (Steinhaueret al 1999) have shown that yes, furthermore, prosodic elements like intonational phrases can modify the syntactic chain during processing. Our work is based on the premises that, during the perceptive processing, an early activation of the prosodic component in the linguistic input can lead the sentence’s syntactic structure.There have been studies in Brazilian Portuguese that show how prosody influences parsing (Lourenço-Gomes 2008; Magalhães& Maia 2006), however, none that tested the effects of prosodic constituents’ organization in online tasks.
Extending automatic transcripts in a unified data representation towards a prosodic-based metadata annotation and evaluation
Authors: Batista F. , Moniz H. , Trancoso I. , Mamede N. , Mata A. I.
Published: March 2021

This paper describes a framework that extends automatic speech transcripts in order to accommodate relevant information coming from manual transcripts, the speech signal itself, and other resources, like lexica. The proposed framework automatically collects, relates, computes, and stores all relevant information together in a self-contained data source, making it possible to easily provide a wide range of interconnected information suitable for speech analysis, training, and evaluating a number of automatic speech processing tasks. The main goal of this framework is to integrate different linguistic and paralinguistic layers of knowledge for a more complete view of their representation and interactions in several domains and languages. The processing chain is composed of two main stages, where the first consists of integrating the relevant manual annotations in the speech recognition data, and the second consists of further enriching the previous output in order to accommodate prosodic information. The described framework has been used for the identification and analysis of structural metadata in automatic speech transcripts. Initially put to use for automatic detection of punctuation marks and for capitalization recovery from speech data, it has also been recently used for studying the characterization of disfluencies in speech. It was already applied to several domains of Portuguese corpora, and also to English and Spanish Broadcast News corpora.
Phone based acoustic modeling for automatic speech recognition for Punjabi language
Authors: Ghai Wiqas , Singh Navdeep
Published: March 2021

Punjabi language is a tonal language belonging to an Indo-Aryan language family and has a number of speakers all around the world. Punjabi language has gained acceptability in the media & communication and therefore deserves to have a place in the growing field of automatic speech recognition which has been explored already for a number of other Indian and foreign languages successfully. Some work has been done in the field of isolated word speech recognition for Punjabi language, but only using whole word based acoustic models. A phone based approach has yet to be applied for Punjabi language speech recognition. This paper describes an automatic speech recognizer that recognizes isolated word speech and connected word speech using a triphone based acoustic model on the HTK 3.4.1 speech Engine and compares the performance with acoustic whole word model based ASR system. Word recognition accuracy of isolated word speech was 92.05% for acoustic whole word model based system and 97.14% for acoustic triphone model based system whereas word recognition accuracy of connected word speech was 87.75% for acoustic whole word model based system and 91.62% for acoustic triphone model based system.
Doubling of the number of hands as a resource for the expression of meaning intensification in Brazilian Sign Language (Libras)
Authors: Nogueira Xavier André
Published: March 2021

Signs, the lexical items of signed languages, can be articulatorily characterized as one or two-handed (Klima and Bellugi, 1979). It has been observed in the signed language literature that some one-handed signs can undergo doubling of manual articulator to express meaning intensification (Johnston and Schembri, 1999). This work reports the results of an experiment designed and carried out (1) to elicit intensified forms of some signs of Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) and (2) to check the extent to which the doubling of the number of hands in signs typically produced with only one hand is employed as a resource for expressing the intensification of their meaning. The analysis of the data obtained revealed that subjects were consistent in changing their facial and body expressions as well as the aspects of their hands’ movement when producing the intensified forms of a sign. However, the same did not seem to hold true about the doubling of the number of hands in one-handed signs for the same purpose. Out of 12 deaf subjects, users of Libras, only 6 produced a few one-handed sign with two hands when intensifying their meaning and mostly not for the same sign.
Foreign accent
Authors: Wang Xinchun
Published: March 2021

Mandarin speakers’ productions of English sentences, spontaneous speech, and filtered speech were rated for degree of foreign accent by native English and Mandarin listeners. Results showed Mandarin speakers with 12 years' length of residence (LOR) in the U.S. were rated to be accented as those with zero LOR. Untrained native Mandarin listeners with no LOR in the target language environment were comparable to native English listeners in gauging degree of foreign accent based on sentences and spontaneous speech. No stimulus effect was found between sentences and spontaneous speech for accent rating. Filtered natural speech appeared to attenuate degree of foreign accent and Mandarin listeners were not able to assess foreign accent based on long excerpts of filtered speech. The findings suggest that LOR is not an important predictor of degree of foreign accent for adult speakers with late age of arrival (AOA).
Dynamic model of speech
Authors: Lucente Luciana
Published: March 2021

This article explores the relationship between intonational patterns and its relationship with speech rhythm and discourse, according to the dynamic systems research program. The study of these relationships were based on Barbosa’s (2006) Dynamic Model of Speech Rhythm; on Dato intonational annotation system proposed by Lucente (2008); and on the Computational Model of the Structure of Discourse, proposed by Grosz & Sidner (1986). The Dynamic Model of Rhythm suggests that the speech rhythm is the result of the action of two oscillators – accentual and syllabic - which receive as input linguistic and gestural information, and give the output as gestural duration. This article hypothesis is that in addition to these oscillators, a glottal oscillator can act controlling the intonation patterns of speech. These patterns, or intonational cycles, which organize the BP intonation, emerge when related to the spontaneous discourse segmentation. For each discourse segment classified as spontaneous according to a criteria proposed in this article, the speech is segmented into the DaTo system in linguistically structured units, which contains the purposes of communication and attention. Each of these segments is aligned to the speech intonation pattern delimitated by a rising contour (LH or> HL) at the beginning and by a falling contour (LHL), or a boundary level (L), at the end. The speech rhythm is also aligned to the pattern formed between intonation and discourse. By the inclusion of a new layer for the stress groups segmentation into DaTo system was possible to observe that the alignment between the stress groups segmentation and the intonational annotation coincide with discourse segments boundaries. The alignment between intonation, rhythm and discourse, having the stress groups as attractors, allowed us to propose the insertion of a glottal oscillator into the Dynamic Model of Rhythm.
Editorial
Authors: Mertens Piet , Simon Anne Catherine
Published: March 2021

This issue of JoSS contains extended versions of a small selection of papers presented at the Prosody-Discourse Interface conference (Interface Discours-Prosodie, IDP), held in Leuven (Belgium), from 11 to 13 September 2013. This conference is the fifth edition in a series of biannual conferences previously held in Aix-en-Provence (2005), Geneva (2007), Paris (2009), and Salford (2011). The general topic of these conferences is the relation between prosody and discourse.
Prosodic features of situational variation across nine speaking styles in french
Authors: Prsir Tea , Goldman Jean-Philippe , Auchlin Antoine
Published: March 2021

This paper presents results from an on-going study of prosodic and phonostylistic variation across speaking styles, i.e., acoustic images associated to types of language production, also called phonogenres. It extends previous work in (1, 2) by enlarging the corpus (C-PhonoGenre, 8 hours) and by exploring a more comprehensive collection of genres. The situational parameters in (3, 4) are reduced to four situational features, each admitting three values, the combination of which differentiates sub-phonogenres. The main goal of this study is to establish correlations between the situational and prosodic features of discourse. Corpus processing, annotation and measure calculation are performed semi-automatically, through a set of tools implemented under Praat and manual steps. Rhythmical measurements by DurationAnalyser (5) combined with the output of ProsoReport (6) produce an acoustic analysis of the differences between phonogenres. A large number of micro- and macro-prosodic measures provide a finegrained ‘prosometric’ description. This article presents the methodology for collecting the corpus, and results for the phonogenres.
Reduction of the nasal diphthong in the word ‘não’ and the initial position of the intonational syntagma
Authors: Castro Caio , Serra Carolina , Callou Dinah
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we analyze the different oral productions of the adverb não ‘no’ in two Brazilian Portuguese varieties. On the initial boundary of the intonational phrase, the nasal diphthong of the negation adverb can be reduced, which may lead to a phonological cliticization process. This process can be explained through phonological restrictions, as well the acoustic correlates of accent in Portuguese. The statistical, perceptive and auditory results indicate different phonological status for both functional words on the first position of the intonational phrase.
Acoustic analysis of prosodic features of lexical stress in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Cruz Regina Célia Fernandes , Borges Benedita do Socorro Pinto , Ferreira Jany Éric Queirós , Rilliard Albert , Fontel Emanuel da Silva
Published: March 2021

The current work revisits the prosodic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese (PB) lexical stress, matching an acoustic approach and sociolinguistic corpus. We analyze here speech samples of 6 native speakers of PB, from Pará, stratified into sex and having a high educational level. The corpus is formed of three random repeats of 21 words, being 7 by lexical stress, inserted in a vehicle phrase (Eu digo _____ devagar). As the 3 syllables of each word were analyzed, the final corpus is composed of 1134 tokens (3 kinds of lexical stress x 7 words x 3 syllables x 3 repetitions x 6 speakers). In order to validate the hypothesis, the mean fundamental frequency (F0) was calculated in semitone and the intensity (dB) taken in the nuclear element of each syllable. Duration (ms) was measured considering the whole syllable. The data demonstrate that duration is the most robust physical parameter in the distinction between stressed and unstressed syllables. The pre-tonic syllables, in the case of the paroxytones and oxytones, register the greatest number of F0 variations. The intensity was not a robust parameter in the characterization of lexical stress in BP.
Perception of expressive prosodic speech acts performed in USA english by L1 and L2 speakers
Authors: Erickson Donna , Rilliard Albert , Moraes João Antônio de , Shochi Takaaki
Published: March 2021

Attitudes have been described for different languages, with varying labels or contexts of occurrence for same labels. It renders cross-cultural comparison uncertain. A corpus was designed to bypass these limitations. This paper focuses on USA English produced by L1 and L2 speakers. The best performances in 9 attitudes are used in a forced-choice test, in both audio and visual modalities. Results show that 6 categories group the presented attitudes in coherent sets. The cultural origin affects marginally the categorisation of the expressions. An acoustic analysis of the fundamental frequency and intensity allows to test the predictions of two theoretical propositions – the Frequency code and the Effort code. It concludes to a main coherence of cross-language expressivity, and discusses differences. For negative expressions of imposition, L1 speakers follow the Frequency code – and L1 listeners expect this; L2 speakers use the Effort code in the same situations, leading to confusions in the audio-only modality. Differences for seduction and irony are also discussed.
Charisma – who has charisma and can I get it?
Authors: Abelin Åsa C.
Published: March 2021

The article puts forward very intriguing ideas on charisma and charismatic speech. A basic assumption in the article is that we can actually acquire charisma or charismatic expression; it isn‟t meant for just a few selected persons. From the examples of Jobs and Zuckerberg, the question might however arise whether the great charisma of Jobs is due to wording and the content of what is said, or if it is really a result of prosodic expression. Still, there is reason to believe that there are voices more charismatic than others.
neutralization of dialectal features of the speech of Belém/PA and Recife/PE in telejournalistc narrations
Authors: Souza Gisele Braga , Constantini Ana Carolina
Published: March 2021

The objective of this article is to analyze the speech used in the local news programs in Belém, capital of the state of Pará, and in Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco, in order to verify how it is characterized. For this, speech samples were collected from three reporters native to the capital of Pará, as well as three news presenters and two reporters native to the capital of Pernambuco, using videos made available on the Internet to verify if they use the characteristics of their dialects or if they meet a standard norm of telejournalistic discourse. It starts from the hypothesis that some of these characteristics are smoothed or erased as an attempt to regularize or normalize them and thus try to follow a pattern of pronunciation of more prestigious forms in Brazilian Portuguese. From the realization of the research, attempts to neutralize the dialectal features of the speech of Belém and Recife were verified, based on the statements of the professionals analyzed. However, in Belém, the smoothing of the dialectal features doesn't come to be predominant, already in Recife the neutralization of the dialectal features is much more frequente.
C-oral-Brasil project
Authors: Bossaglia Giulia , Ferrari Lúcia de Almeida
Published: March 2021

In this paper we present different resources for the study of spoken Brazilian Portuguese, developed within the C-ORAL-BRASIL project. The C-ORAL-BRASIL stemmed from the European C-ORAL-ROM project (Cresti & Moneglia, 2005), which has compiled spoken corpora of Italian, French, Spanish, and European Portuguese. The corpora of the C-ORAL family represent adequate tools for the analysis of spoken language, for they are provided not only with the transcripts of the recorded sessions (with prosodic breaks’ annotation), but also with their audio files and the text-to-speech alignment. So far, the C-ORAL-BRASIL project has published the C-ORAL-BRASIL I (Informal corpus: Raso & Mello, 2012), while the C-ORAL-BRASIL II (to be published by 2019) comprises a Formal corpus (Natural context), a Media corpus, and a Telephonic corpus. Besides these resources, a set of informationally tagged comparable minicorpora (representative samples of the aforementioned corpora) are already available or in preparation, enabling (cross-linguistic) studies focussed on information structure.
Vocal quality of children with altered frenulum in the tongue
Authors: Camargo Zuleica , Canton Paula da Costa
Published: March 2021

Children with a disordered lingual frenulum are said to be more prone to various difficulties in the development process. Although these children tend to present changes in chewing, swallowing and speech, it can be assumed that the voice is practically not focused, with few studies concerned on vocal function (Camargo et al, 2017, 2017a). With the aim of investigating voice quality in children with and without lingual frenulum disorder, 61 children were clinically evaluated regarding the characteristics of the lingual frenulum (Marchesan, 2012) and the perceptual judgments of voice quality in semi-spontaneous (audio) speech samples. Video samples of orofacial clinical examinations and semi-spontaneous (audio) speech samples were recorded in a soundproof room. 28 children presented altered lingual frenulum (19 boys and 09 girls) and 33 frenulum without alterations (20 boys and 13 girls). We adopted the phonetic description of voice quality model as the theoretical background (Laver, 1980) and the Vocal Profile Analysis Scheme – VPAS (Laver et al, 1981; adapted for brazilian portuguese: Camargo, Madureira, 2008) for perceptual data analysis. Voice quality settings regarding the position of lips, tongue (tip and body), jaw, pharyngeal cavity configuration and vocal tract muscle tension occurred in a greater proportion (in terms of number of the occurrences and the degree of manifestation) in children with lingual frenulum disorded. When observing the data differently by male and female subgroups, we estimate that the former accounted for most of the occurrences related to labiodentalization, retracted and lowered tongue body and pharyngeal constriction. In the girls' subgroup, pharyngeal constriction was also recurrent. With regard to our previous explorations on the topic (Camargo et al, 2017, 2017a), we were able to advance in terms of a broader understanding of children's voice quality profiles and, particularly, those related to congenital orofacial motricity limitations. The relationships between size and position of the hyoid bone in children with an altered frenulum of the tongue (Ardekani et al, 2016), especially the raised and posterior position of the hyoid bone and the posteriorization of the jaw compared to children without frenulum disorerss, seem to influence the voice quality findings reported in this study. The high incidence rates of dysphonia in childhood tend to make it difficult to associate the alterations of the lingual frenulum to phonatory settings, although they may, hypothetically, appear as aggravating factors for dysphonia.
Speech articulation assessment tools
Authors: Uberti Letícia Bitencourt , Portalete Caroline Rodrigues , Pagliarin Karina Carlesso , Keske-Soares Marcia
Published: March 2021

Aims: to identify and describe the instruments and methods available to evaluate speech articulation, and investigate the evidence of validity and reliability for each of these tests in their target populations. Method: The study was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Two researchers conducted a search of the PubMed and Scopus databases using keywords related to assessment, articulation, assessment methods and speech. Search results were limited to studies involving children and adolescents, published in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Results: 78% of studies involved children aged 6 years to 9 years 9 months. 28% of articles used instruments to evaluate language and communication as a whole, and detect language disorders using tasks which evaluated specific skills including phonological processing, working memory, automatization of speech production and phonological awareness. Other authors used custom assessment protocols to evaluate the repetition or enunciation of words, sentences and syllables. Only six studies provided validity and normative data for assessment instruments. Conclusion: The majority of studies used commercial or research instruments to evaluate speech articulation. All studies also evaluated speech perception. Psychometric studies were available for most of the instruments used to evaluate speech articulation in the studies reviewed.
Editorial
Authors: Barbosa Plínio Almeida , Constantini Ana Carolina
Published: March 2021

É com grande prazer que oferecemos à comunidade científica, em dois números seguidos, cinco trabalhos apresentados durante o I Congresso Brasileiro de Prosódia, realizado de 4 a 8 de novembro de 2019 no Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Esses cinco artigos foram selecionados pelo público participante como melhores apresentações e, em seguida, seus autores foram convidados a apresentar seus artigos estendidos que foram então submetidos a pelo menos dois pareceristas externos. O resultado desse trabalho de revisão e de discussão científica pode ser visto neste número 8.2 e no anterior, o número 8.1, que abrilhantam assim o Journal of Speech Sciences.