bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of the Threat of War on Children in Military Families
Authors: Ryan-Wenger Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Since 1990, the number of United States military personnel deployed for war and operations other than war has been at an all-time high. Active-duty and reserve military personnel constantly train and prepare for war and deployment. But how prepared for war are the 3.36 million children of military parents? What is it like for children who have parents who could be deployed at any moment? To what extent does living with the threat of war cause fear, anxiety, or other emotional responses in children? How do children cope with this pervasive threat to their security and family structure? Are military health care providers overlooking a need for anticipatory guidance or intervention for military families?
“Less Is Best”: A Group-based Treatment Program for Persons with Personality Disorders
Authors: Hurdle Donna
Published: November 2023

Group work has become a popular method of providing mental health services in today’s managed mental health care environment (MacKenzie, 1996; Rosenberg and Zimet, 1995). This method is being used for a great variety of mental health problems, from depression and anxiety disorders to treatment of persons with more severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorders. Severe personality disorders can be just as debilitating as any of these Axis I disorders, and many clients are diagnosed with both (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Benjamin, 1993). Personality disorders can be a challenge to provide services for in even the most resource-rich environment and can seem virtually impossible to serve in a managed care environment. Among the personality disorders, the borderline syndrome is often considered the most intractable and difficult to treat (Gabbard, 1998).
Identifying Human Remains Following an Air Disaster: The Role of Social Work
Authors: Newhill Christina E , Sites Edward W
Published: November 2023

Crisis intervention theory and practice have tradtionally been within the purview of social work (Fein & Knaut, 1986; Groner, 1978; Hepworth & Larsen, 1993; Lukton, 1982; Newhill, 1989; Slaikeu, 1984). The origin of modern crisis intervention methodology may be traced to the work of Erich Lindemann (1944) and his colleagues following the Coconut Grove nightclub fire in Boston on November 28, 1942 in which 493 people perished. His clinical report on the psychological aftermath of this disaster and the interventions thought to be effective in mitigating the distress of family members of the victims laid the foundation for the development of approaches to disaster response (Newhill, 1989).
The Value of Pets in Geriatric Practice: A Program Example
Authors: Ebenstein Helene , Wortham Jennifer
Published: November 2023

A program designed to help elderly pet owners is succeeding in reaching people in unexpected ways. Older clients who are willing to accept help for their pets, but not for themselves, at first participate in the program for services such as dog walking and transportation to a veterinarian. In time, they get to know and trust the volunteer and social worker providing the services. The relationships that develop because of a shared concern for the well-being of an animal eventually create an opportunity for wary seniors to begin dealing with other important issues.
Evaluation of Yoga and Meditation Trainings with Adolescent Sex Offenders
Authors: Derezotes David
Published: November 2023

A sizable national effort is now exerted to deal with adolescent sex offenders, and the potential negative impact of sexual assault on children has been well-established (Becker, 1990). In response to increasing rates of adolescent sex offenders, there are now over 650 inpatient and outpatient treatment centers for adolescent sex offenders in the United States (Lakey, 1993). Little is yet known about the rates of recidivism of adolescents in these programs, but the evidence suggests that community-based treatment programs (in which the teens continue living at home) may be most effective in reducing recidivism (Rasmussen, 1995).
A.P. Carter and Sara Carter
Authors: Smith Lee
Published: November 2023

I grew up on the music of the Carter family. Their first-ever recorded versions of our region’s old songs forever shaped my sense of narrative and place. Vzsionary genius A. P Carter was the first to understand the value and importance of the Appalachian area ‘s traditional music; he put his family in the car and took them to record for Ralph Peer at the historic Bnstol Sessions of r927 in Bnstol, Tennessee. Country music as we know it - or as we knew it, to be exact- was born there. Though Sara and A. P Carter and hzs szster-in-law Maybelle Carter (who formed the original group) have long since been eclipsed by subsequent stars--including their own family members Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash- we must not forget their importance. They gave voice to an almost invisible people in a poor, zsolated part of America, articulating their values, beliefi, and passions; documenting their hzstory and their lives. Thzs music has evolved and changed over the years, yet it continues to sing the working man’s-and woman’s-song, expressing our frustrations and our dreams. Their legacy of language, story, and song continues to make us mindful of who we are, as it delights and inspires us today.
John Jay Chapmall
Authors: Barzum Jacques
Published: November 2023

One has on(y to read the. first ten pages of A Glance towards Shakespeare to know that one is in the presence of a master critic and prose writer: John Jay Chapman z:1· a literar:r genius whom America lzasyet to value - and er?h};.fc>r he 1:) immense(y enjoyable. I11:1, vision is unique(y enlightening and entertaining, and his sty-le simply original. Hz:1· range, too, Z:1’ notable. It goes from ci{y politics to poetry- and philosoph;y and ,Jom estimates a/great American. figures to anertraordinary utterance at the scene of a lynching. In I9I2 Chapman went to Coatesville, Penns;ylvania, at the nsk of his life to hold a “prrqer meeting” after the cruel death of a roung Negro. Chapman was alma pioneer in the civil rights movement through lu:) short biography, a/William Lio.rd Garrison, as fresh toda.r in word and thought as il was nine{y_rears ago.
Robert Latou Dickinson
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

Robert Latou Dickinson died in I95o. first encountered him some sixteen .rears later, in the course of researching mr doctoal dissertation, later published as Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger. Propelled b.r no more than a hunch and a hope, I made mr war one bitter(y cold da.r in I966 through fresh-fallen snow across Central Park to the New York Academ.r of Medicine on Fifth Avenue and the office of Dr. Christopher Tietze, once Dickinson s own. To mr delight, Tietze pulled/ram a shelf in hz:, closet several long-neglected cardboard ho.res of papers relating to Dickinson’s involvement with ivlargaret Sanger and the birth control movement in the r92os and I93os. Those dusty cartons proved the answer to a researcher’s prayer: They introduced me to a fascinating human being, a pioneer in the scientific stud of sexual practice, a proponent of often daring reforms respecting womens attire, diet, exercise, and erotic fulfillment, and a gifted artist who often i!lmtrated his own medical publications and e.r:hibited work at the New York World’., Fair in I939-1940. He was also the leading gynecologzs·t of !us· day. HZ:, papers proved incornparab(y rich in educating me about the historical development of the medical profession in the early twentieth centur. about the technical history of contraceptive devices, and about the myriad difficulties that beset Margaret Sangers extraordinary struggle to make contraception an accepted part of clinical practice.
Dorothy Draper
Authors: Brown Katie
Published: November 2023

My infatuation with the interior designer Dorothy Draper began with my love of hot dogs. When I was young I would eat one thing and one thing only-hot dogs with mustard. I also had a favorite place to eat my meal and that was Howard John- son s. The grilled dogs satisfied my stomach. But the colors of the restaurant, a combination of bright orange and turquoise blue, dazzled in my eyes. Dorothy Draper, the restaurant’s designer, was brave enough to pair these colors. I developed my most significant attachment to Dorothy Draper during the long summer days in a small northern Michigan town. These days were often slow, dull, and depressing. But there was always one day I looked forward to: the day my mother, my sisters, and I spent on Mackinaw Island. My sisters loved the horseback riding, the boat rides, and the chocolate fudge. But I had eyes only for Grand Hotel. It is a beautiful white Victorian fortress. The outside took my breath away, but the inside made my heart beat fast. There was no doubt about it - Dorothy had been there. The long halls, the dining rooms, and the shops were all decorated in bright colors, long stripes, and soft.florals. Each wall,. floor, and furniture covering seemed so whimsical they seemed to possess their own dzstinctive, enticing scent. We usually settled in some corner where we ordered tea and cakes. I would nestle in comfortably on some big over-stuffed yummy chair covered in the softest, brightest fabric the back of my knees had ever felt. Dorothy Draper was not only a maverick in my profession, she was the magician who entertained and inspired the imagination of a growing girl.
John England
Authors: Greeley Andrew
Published: November 2023

John England, the.first Catholic bishop of Charleston, is the invisible giant of the Catholic Church in the United States because he was able, almost two centuries before the fact, to anticipate the changes thatVatican Council II enacted for the whole Church. England’s conviction that Catholicism was compatible with American democracy, while a minority opinion in his own time, demonstrates that there was an element in the Catholic heritage that was capable of embracing progress, growth, and freedom and of engaging in friendly conversation with those who were not Catholic.
John Hoskins Griscom
Authors: Wallance Mike
Published: November 2023

In 1842, John H Griscom, a learned and pious Quaker physician, ssued a scorching report on sanitary conditions in the city. Griscom had seen the effects of living in cellars and tenements close up during hzs years of service at the New York Dzspensary and New York Hospital, and when he was appointed to the post of city inspector in 1842, he embarked on a comprehensive survey of city health.
Adolf Meyer
Authors: Solomon Andrew
Published: November 2023

Though born in Switzerland, Adolf Meyer made the great American leap that was to distinguish US. therapeutic process from the European models from which it was derived. In this fresh country of self invention, he saw that learning to accommodate ones character was not a sufficient goal for psychodynamics. Here in America, he saw, one could change ones character. No longer would you struggle merely to gain tolerance of your flaws; rather, you would eviscerate them. Meyer believed that man had infinite adaptive capacities, embodied in the full plasticity of thought. It was a vision of inspired optimism, in keeping with the brave liberalisms ofWilliam James and John Dewey, and it changed psychotherapy forever.
Albert Jay Nock
Authors: Buckley William F
Published: November 2023

Albert Jay Nock is insufficient(r honored for the stylist he indisputably was. His devotion to the English language was total but also discriminating. There was also his copious memory of just about everything there is to be learned about Rabelais or touched on by the classics. He belongs in Oxford, in all the libraries, at deck levelB.
DeWitt Wallace
Authors: Brown Helen Gurley
Published: November 2023

Dewitt Wallace started a publication from nowhere that now circles the world and through the years has enlightened and iriformed readers like no other. I read Reader’s Digest from cover to cover every month and subscribed to the Digest for every editor at Cosmo all the years I was there. I pointed out that the Digest edited better than any place in the world in terms of pulling in materials (or assigning) and then condensing and even improving, so that the Digest version was almost better than the original. Wallace did not buy something and do a rehash- he created and had enormous i,ifluence on the publishing world that continues to this day.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Authors: Brown Tina
Published: November 2023

Ida Wells strikes so many chords for me, as a woman, a journalist, and an editor, who was well enough known in her time to be invited to England to lecture, that I am surprised by how little she is known today. Every- schoolchild in America and Britain knows that Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in1955 and that Martin Luther King organized the famous boycott. Ida Wells did both these things seven decades before-and that was only the overture of her lifelong struggle for gender and racial justice.
Frank W. Woolworth
Authors: Homes A M
Published: November 2023

Frank Winfield Woolworth, revolutionary retailer, entrepreneur, visionary-by the end of his life the concept of the five-and ten-cent store was synonymous with his name. Woolworth s: this was place you went for everything, the most necessary and the absolutely unnecessary. This is where I learned to shop, where my mother, remembering the Woolworths of her youth, let me loose on Saturday mornings, to wander, to explore. A phantasmagoria, an education, a treasure chest of temptation, a wide expanse with counters that went on forever, wooden floors, oiled to keep dirt from sticking, the whole store filled with the scent of fresh popped popcorn, of roasting peanuts, the sweet tweak of dark chocolates. Every row was an adventure, from buttons and bobbins, to pencil cases, lunch boxes, poster-board, glue and glitter, Halloween costumes, valentines, parakeets and goldfish that seemed to live forever. There was something for everyone and then some, things you could.find nowhere else, things you never knew existed, things you never knew you needed until you saw them there.
The Rumble of Discontent
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

As 1935 opened, what history was to remember as the New Deal had not yet happened. Franklin Roosevelt had given the country an abundance of the “bold, persistent experimentation” that he had promised in the presidential campaign of 1932, as well as a stiff dose of the “action along new lines . . . action, action” that he had urged upon his advisers just before taking office in 1933. The sheer activism of the new administration no doubt helped to shore up the national spirit in a season of despair, as did Roosevelt’s own carbonated optimism – “it seemed to generate from him as naturally as heat from fire,” one awed presidential dinner guest wrote. But nations –and their leaders–can subsist on solely spiritual nourishment little longer than they can live on bread alone. Despite the exhilaration of the Hundred Days, despite the exertions of the NRA and the AM, despite the reopening of the banks and the efforts of federal relief agencies, despite all the ingenuity and exuberance of Roosevelt and his New Dealers, the Depression persisted. After two full years of the New Deal, one in five American workers remained jobless. The tonic effect of Roosevelt’s inaugural declaration that “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself” had long since worn off.
What the New Deal Did
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

Not with a bang, but a whimper, the New Deal petered out in 1938. Roosevelt’s annual message to Congress in January 1939 was his first in which he did not propose new social and economic programs. “We have now passed the period of internal conflict in the launching of our program of social reform,” he announced. “Our full energies may now be released to invigorate the processes of recovery in order to preserve our reforms.” As it happened, recovery awaited not the release of more New Deal energies but the unleashing of the dogs of war. Yet the end of reform scarcely meant the end of social and economic change, nor even the end of pursuing those goals the New Deal had championed, especially the goal of security. When the war brought recovery at last, a recovery that inaugurated the most prosperous quarter century America has ever known, it brought it to an economy and a country that the New Deal had fundamentally altered. Indeed, the achievements of the New Deal years surely played a role in determining the degree and the duration of postwar prosperity.
To the Brink
Authors: Kennedy David m.
Published: November 2023

The supreme geopolitical fact of the modern era, Prince Bismarck is alleged to have remarked, is that the Americans speak English. Winston Churchill, with his incessant references to the common ideals and interests of the “English-speaking peoples,” exploited that theme shamelessly. On it, indeed, he based his strategy for Britain’s survival. But for all the apparent inevitability of Anglo-American cooperation against the Nazi threat, in actual practice the transatlantic partnership was devilishly difficult to forge. Churchill’s anxieties and often cunning manipulations, as well as Roosevelt’s own hesitations and evasions, his wary deference to the isolationists, and his frequently cagey misrepresentations to the American public, all testified to the abundant difficulties that impeded collaboration between Britain and the United States–not to mention the even more formidable obstacles that blocked full-blown American belligerency.
The Struggle for a Second Front
Authors: Kennedy David m.
Published: November 2023

Late on the evening of Armistice Day, November 11, 1943, Roosevelt and a handful of aides stole away from the White House and boarded the presidential yacht Potomac. At dawn the president’s little craft lay alongside the massive battleship Iowa, anchored in Chesapeake Bay. A special rig hoisted the commander-in-chief up onto the Iowa’s main deck. The dreadnought weighed anchor and headed out to the open sea. Eight days later the presidential party disembarked at Oran, in French North Africa. Roosevelt transferred to a specially fitted Army Air Corps Douglas C-54 transport plane, whimsically named “the Sacred Cow.” His ultimate destination was Teheran and his first-ever meeting with Stalin. But the Sacred Cow first touched down at Cairo. It was not a stop that the president had originally wanted, and not one he anticipated with relish.
The Cauldron of the Home Front
Authors: Kennedy David m.
Published: November 2023

On September 9, 1942, shortly before the sun peeped over the North American continent’s western edge and drove the night from the sea, Japanese submarine I-2 5 porpoised to the surface of the Pacific Ocean a few miles off the Oregon coast. Moving with practiced efficiency in the darkness, its crew assembled a fragile, single-engine fioat plane on the boat’s deck, slung two 168-pound incendiary bombs under its wings, and pitched it skyward with a catapult. Guided by the beam from the Cape Blanco lighthouse, Warrant Officer Nobuo Fujita piloted his little aircraft over the coastal cliffs and into American airspace. As dawn was breaking, he released his two bombs into the dense pine and fir woods near the logging town of Brookings, wheeled oceanward again, and rendezvoused with his mother ship. Submarine, pilot, and airplane, swiftly restowed with folded wings into the boat’s minuscule cargo hold, dove to safety.
Endgame
Authors: Kennedy David m.
Published: November 2023

On the morning of January 20, 1945, Franklin Roosevelt fitted his wasted legs into his heavy steel braces for the first time in four months. He was wheeled to the south portico of the White House, rose laboriously from his chair with the help of his son James, and gripped a lectern to deliver his fourth inaugural address, the briefest in American history, just 573 words. “We have learned that we must live as men and not as ostriches,” he said. “We can gain no lasting peace if we approach it with suspicion and mistrust—or with fear.” The perfunctory ceremony was over in minutes. As the president withdrew, observers murmured about his pallor and gauntness. He had lost almost twenty-five pounds since the preceding summer. James told him frankly that he looked like hell. When the presidential party went back inside the White House, FDR sat his son down to talk about his will and about the funeral instructions he had deposited in the White House safe. He did not disclose that ten months earlier the cardiologist Howard G. Bruenn had diagnosed him with hypertension, hypertensive heart disease, and failure of the left ventricular chamber. In plain language, Bruenn described the president’s health as “God-awful.” But as he had done for years with his paralysis, Roosevelt did his best willfully to ignore his cardiovascular illness. Though Bruenn prevailed upon him to cut his working day back to just a few hours, the president concealed the severity of his condition from others, asked no questions of his physician, and tried to carry on m public as if nothing in his life had changed.
Officials and Municipal Functions
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

We do not have any direct information about whether or not city officials in Asia were paid. One inscription tells us that the agoranomos Aristarchos, son of Demetrios, from Erythrae, used the proceeds from his office to embellish his city by having a marble altar built. However, this inscription refers to an ex-official. Such proceeds are likely to have come from fines and dues which the agoranomos and probably other city officials had the right to impose. A letter of Eumenes II to Tyraion in Phrygia shows that the proceeds from the office of the agoranomos in a subject city went to the royal treasury. Inscriptions from Asian cities reveal that gymnasiarchs could impose small fines in Ceos, as ynomoi in Pergamum, neopoioi in Samos, agoranomoi in Selymbria, and other officials elsewhere. At least some offices in Hellenistic Athens could bring in revenues as well.
Greek Cities under Hellenistic and Roman Rulers
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

Many principles and features of city administration in Asia Minor survived intact from the coming of Alexander till the arrival of the Romans. The same words with broad meaning continued to be used, and no administrative terminology in the strict sense was created. Depending on the perspective adopted in a document, offices were classified in more than one way, and officials with various kinds of responsibilities could he placed in the same or different categories. The Greeks continued to conceptualize city administration not by technical notions or fields and levels of administration defined a priori but by grouping city offices according to each case. Common people still had access to many offices because their expenditures were reimbursed. No permanent relations of subordination were ever established among numerous city officials because all the important matters continued to be decided by the people’s assemblies. The latter displayed its power hy assuming legislative initiative and electing temporary commissions that dealt with specific problems and were directly responsible to the assembly. The number of city officials who could bring forward legislative proposals before the people’s assembly remained strictly limited throughout the Hellenistic period.
Mythographus Vergilianus
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

In addition to mytholological paraphrase/companions for both Ovid and Germanicus, it has not (I think) been realized that we also have what amounts to another for Vergil, embedded in the various late antique commentaries, principally (of course) Servius. Given the enormous bulk of the various Vergil scholia (1,660 pages in the Thilo-Hagen edition, plus a further 270 pages of Hagen’s Scholia Bernensia), most only consult it occasionally for specific passages, and fewer still dip into Filargirius and Ps-Probus. The few who have studied the corpus as a whole have usually been interested in its value either for the textual criticism of VergiJI or for the teaching of Latin in late antiquity. Any one who has read more than half a dozen pages at length is likely to be aware that Servius devotes much space to explaining mythological allusions, but it is perhaps only medievalists who appreciate quite how much mythographic material he offers. The Servian corpus’ is by far the fullest and most important source for those central medieval mythographic texts, the first and second Vatican mythographersand for the medieval Latin West in general.
The Roman Poets
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

Mythological allusions and comparisons are a very conspicuous feature of Roman poetry. Take Propertius. “How,” asks Oliver Lyne, “did Propertius acquire his knowledge of the myths he uses? More importantly, what sort of familiarity did his readers have with this type of myth, and how did they acquire it?” Apart from the classical poets, he suggests two possible sources: mythographic handbooks, and the mythological paintings that decorated so many walls in Pompeii and no doubt most other Italian towns.
Chapter Two
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

Learn the Law always adhered to by people who are erudite, virtuous, and free from love and hate, the Law assented to by the heart. Excursus: Desire To be motivated by desire* is not commended, but it is impossible here to be free from desire; for it is desire that prompts vedic study and the performance of vedic rites. 3lntention is the root of desire;* intention is the wellspring of sacrifices; and intention triggers every religious observance and every rule of restraint-so the tradition declares. 4Nowhere in this world do we see any activity done by a man free from desire; for whatever at all that a man may do, it is the work of someone who desired it.* 5By engaging in them* properly, a man attains the world of the immortals and, in this world, obtains all his desires just as he intended.+
Chapter Six
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

+1After living this way in the householder’s order according to rule, a twice-born bathgraduate should duly live in the forest, controlling his self and mastering his organs.* When a householder sees his skin wrinkled, his hair turned gray, and his children’s children, he should take to the wilderness. 3Giving up village food and all his belongings, he should go to the forest, entrusting his wife to his sons or accompanied by her. Taking with him his sacrificial fires and the implements required for his domestic fire rituals, he should depart from the village to the wilderness and live there with his organs controlled. Using various kinds of ritually clean sage’s food (3.257 n.), or vegetables, roots, and fruits, he should continue to offer the same great sacrifices (3.68-70) according to rule. 6He should wear a garment of skin or tree bark;* bathe in the morning and evening; always wear matted hair; and keep his beard, body hair, and nails uncut.
Chapter Eight
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

When the king is going to try a case, he should enter the court modestly accompanied by Brahmins and counselors who are experts in policy.* 2Seated or standing there, dressed in modest clothes and ornaments, and raising his right hand,* he should look into the cases of the plaintiffs 3every day in accordance with the standards of the region and those specified in the legal texts, lawsuits that fall individually* under the eighteen avenues of litigation. 0f these, (i) the first is non-payment of debts; (ii) deposits; (iii) sale without ownership; (iv) partnerships; (v) non-delivery of gifts; 5(vi) non-payment of wages; (vii) breach of contract; (viii) cancellation of a sale or purchase; (ix) disputes between owners and herdsmen; 6(x) the Law on boundary disputes; (xi) verbal assault; (xii) physical assault; (xiii) theft; (xiv) violence; (xv) sexual crimes against women;* 7(xvi) Law concerning husband and wife; (xvii) partition of inheritance; and (xviii) gambling and betting. These are the eighteen grounds on which litigation may be instituted in this world.
Chapter Ten
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Four Classes !Devoted to their respective activities, the three twice-born classes should study the Veda; but it is the Brahmin who should teach them, not the other two-that is the firm principle. 2The Brahmin must know the means of livelihood of all according to rule, and he should both teach them to the others and follow them himself. Because of his distinctive qualities, the eminence of his origin, his observance of restrictive practices, and the distinctive nature of his consecration, the Brahmin is the lord of all the classes. Three classes-Brahmin, K atriya, and Vaisya-are twice-born; the fourth, SUdra, has a single birth. There is no fifth. In all the classes, children born in the direct order of class* to wives who are of equal cla-,s and married as virgins should be recognized as belonging to the same class by birth. 6Sons fathered by twice-born men on wives of the class immediately below theirs are considered only “similar,” disdained as they are due to their mother’s defect.
Defining Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Brittain Charmaine R
Published: November 2023

Ever since the case of Mary Ellen Wilson garnered headlines as the first child rescued from an abusive situation in 1876, the plights of children who are abused and neglected have captured our attention and mobilized our resources. We have learned much about diagnosing child abuse and neglect and even more about providing effective intervention and treatment. The first step in helping maltreated children is to identify those who have been abused or neglected and often this is done through a medical diagnosis. Over the years, in the retelling of Mary Ellen Wilson’s story, myth has sometimes been confused with fact. Some of the inaccuracies may stem from colorful but erroneous journalism, others from simple misunderstanding of the facts, and still others from the complex history of the child protection movement in the United States and Great Britain and its link to the animal welfare movement. While it is true that Henry Bergh, president of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), was instrumental in ensuring Mary Ellen’s removal from an abusive home, it is not true that her attorney—who also worked for the ASPCA—argued that she deserved help because she was “a member of the animal kingdom.” The real story—which can be pieced together from court documents, newspaper articles, and personal accounts—is quite compelling, and it illustrates the impact that a caring and committed individual can have on the life of a child.
Child Abuse by Poisoning
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C
Published: November 2023

Dr. C. Henry Kempe first referred to poisoning as a form of child abuse in 1962. Since that date, workers in both the medical and CPS fields have become increasingly aware of this and other less obvious forms of maltreatment. In 1993, the American Association of Poison Control Centers reported 5,400 toxin exposures in children as being due to “malicious intent” on the part of a caregiver (Litovitz, Clark, & Soloway, 1994). Literature reviews have shown hundreds of published cases of children poisoned by alcohol, illicit drugs, prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, folk remedies, and common household substances (Bays & Feldman, 2001). For purposes of identification and intervention, poisoning as a form of child maltreatment may be divided into four distinct categories: (1) impulsive acts under stress, (2) bizarre child-rearing practices, (3) neglect (lack of supervision), and (4) pediatric condition falsification (Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy). With increased reporting, the patterns of these four categories have become more clearly defined.
Neglect
Authors: Sirotnak Andrew P , Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C
Published: November 2023

A school official calls the local CPS office with concerns of a student who might be neglected. He seems hungry and thin. He is poorly kept and looks and smells dirty. A medical provider voices concern about an infant who is not growing properly. Her mother seems distant and unconcerned. These and similar situations may be problems of neglect, the most prevalent form of child maltreatment in the United States today. These cases are difficult not only in their frequency but also in the obscurity of their diagnosis and variety of treatments. In our society, neglect is easily confused with poverty, ignorance, or parents or caregivers who are overwhelmed with other problems. The treatment of neglect is often protracted, combining the efforts of many different agencies and professionals. The medical provider will work with a CPS worker not only in treating the child’s immediate problem but also in monitoring his growth and development through the course of his treatment. In this form of maltreatment, the combined efforts of many professionals are crucial.
Child Abuse Fatalities
Authors: Sirotnak Andrew P
Published: November 2023

The death of a child as a result of abuse or neglect often represents the tragic failure of our society to identify at-risk families and to protect vulnerable children. Yet even in the most well-designed and well-delivered community systems of child protection and public health, children will die from physical abuse or neglect. Data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2005) for 2003 showed that an estimated 1,500 children died from abuse or neglect for an incidence rate of 2.00 per 100,000 children. Children under 4 years of age accounted for 78.7% of child fatalities and children less than or equal to 1 year accounted for almost 60% of all fatalities. Inconsistent state reporting, uninvestigated suspicious child deaths, and deaths misidentified as accidental or SIDS are factors in these numbers being an estimate only. Most children are killed by a parent or caregiver; often both parents or caregivers are responsible and both genders are equally victimized. Despite many high-profile cases in recent years, the national data reports that only 10.7% of these families had received services in the five years prior to the deaths.
A Tangled Bank: Reflections on the Tree of Life and Human Health
Authors: Colwell Rita R
Published: November 2023

Writing almost 150 years ago, Charles Darwin coined the name “tree of life” to describe the evolutionary patterns that link all life on Earth. His work set a grand challenge for the biological sciences—assembling the Tree of Life—that remains incomplete today. In the intervening years, we have come to understand better the significance of this challenge for our own species. As human activity alters the planet, we depend more and more on our knowledge of Earth’s other inhabitants, from microorganisms to mega fauna and flora, to anticipate our own fate. Aldo Leopold, the great naturalist and writer, wrote, “To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering” (1993:145–146). However, the simple fact is that we do not yet know “what’s out there,” and we are often unaware of what we have already lost. The total number of species may number between 10 and 100 million, of which approximately 1.7 million are known and only 50,000 described in any detail. Today, we are in a better position to carry forward Darwin’s program. Museums, universities, colleges, and research institutions are invaluable repositories for data painstakingly collected, conserved, and studied over the years.
The Fruit of the Tree of Life: Insights into Evolution and Ecology
Authors: Futuyma Douglas J
Published: November 2023

A milestone in the history of biology—and indeed of science and of society—was passed in February 2001, when two research groups announced completion of a “draft” of the human genome (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium 2001, Venter et al. 2001). Even if some biologists felt that this event had rather less scientific significance than the public acclaim might suggest (because, after all, complete genome sequences had already been published for quite a few other species), the social and medical implications are undeniably immense. And for an evolutionary biologist, the most gratifying aspect of this historic event is that the leading publications are pervaded with evolutionary interpretation: “Most human repeat sequence is derived from transposable elements.” “The monophyletic LINE1 and Alu lineages are at least 150 and 80 Myr old, respectively.” “[M]ost protein domains trace at least as far back as a common animal ancestor.” “[C]onservation of gene order[between human and mouse] has been used to identify likely orthologues between the species, particularly when investigating disease phenotypes.”[All quotations are taken from International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001).]
The Early Branches in the Tree of Life
Authors: Pace Norman R
Published: November 2023

The development of DNA sequencing technology in the last decades of the 20th century revolutionized biology, including the ways in which we can study the history of life. Before the availability of gene sequences, relationships of fossils were the main hope to chart the evolution of life. The character traits used to relate organisms in evolution were primarily morphological and could not be applied to microbial organisms. With gene sequences, contemporary organisms are related quantitatively in terms of nucleotide differences. Variation in sequences among modern organisms is a measure of the extent of biodiversity. Gene and now wholegenome sequences also allow the inference of maps of the history of evolution, in the form of phylogenetic trees. The results are illuminating and provide grist for conjecture and controversy on the evolutionary process. The purpose of this article is to tour the large-scale structure of the phylogenetic Tree of Life and to provide some interpretation of this emerging view of life’s history. I emphasize how our understanding of the extent of the tree has expanded because of recent molecular studies of microbial diversity in the environment.
The Diversification of Flowering Plants
Authors: Soltis Pamela S , Soltis Douglas E , Chase Mark W , Endress Peter K , Crane Peter R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the phylogeny of flowering plants, with special emphasis on the root and major clades of the angiosperms, and patterns of radiation in the evolutionary history of angiosperms. Given the size of the angiosperm clade, we will not examine relationships within major clades in any detail; instead, we refer the reader to publications that focus on those clades or grades[e.g., basal angiosperms (Zanis et al. 2002), monocots (Chase et al. 2000), early-diverging eudicots (Hoot et al. 1999), asterids (Albach et al. 2001, Bremer et al. 2002)]. After this overview, we use the phylogeny to examine patterns of evolution in three important features of flowering plants: double fertilization and endosperm formation, closed carpels, and perianth structure and organization. The flowering plants are one of five clades of extant seed plants, and they are by far the largest, most diverse, and most important ecologically of all living embryophytes (land plants). There are at least 260,000 (Takhtajan 1997) species of flowering plants (i.e., five to six times the number of living species of vertebrates), classified in approximately 450 families (e.g., 453, as listed in Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II 2003).
Phylogeny of the Holometabolous Insects: The Most Successful Group of Terrestrial Organisms
Authors: Whiting Michael F
Published: November 2023

The radiation and diversification of the holometabolous insects stand as two of the grandest events in all of evolutionary history, representing an unprecedented explosion in species coupled with extensive anatomical and physiological specialization. The defining characteristic for Holometabola is complete metamorphosis: every insect in this group, with rare exception, passes through an egg, larval, pupal, and adult stage. This is in contrast to the non-holometabolous insect groups in which juveniles have more or less the same form as the adult, live in the same environment, and exploit similar resources. Although it has never been thoroughly tested, it is thought that the evolution of complete metamorphosis was the key innovation allowing these insects to partition habitats between adults and juveniles, resulting in a wider range of niches that could be occupied by the nascent species. And occupied they have. Holometabola includes well more than one million species representing roughly 80% of all described insect species and just more than half of the total number of described species on Earth today (Kristensen 1999, Wilson 1988). The immense size of this group and their unique morphological specializations present a serious challenge to phylogenetic systematics.
Phylogenetic Relationships among Modern Birds (Neornithes): Toward an Avian Tree of Life
Authors: Cracraft Joel , Barker F Keith , Braun Michael , Harshman John , Dyke Gareth J , Feinstein Julie , Stanley Scott , Cibois Alice , Schikler Peter , Beresford Pamela , García-Moreno Jaime , Sorenson Michael D , Yuri Tamaki , Mindell David P
Published: November 2023

Modern perceptions of the monophyly of avian higher taxa (modern birds, Neornithes) and their interrelationships are the legacy of systematic work undertaken in the 19th century. Before the introduction of an evolutionary worldview by Charles Darwin in 1859, taxonomists clustered taxa into groups using similarities that reflected a vision of how God might have organized the world at the time of Creation. Such was the case with the Quinerian system of avian classification devised by Macleay (1819–1821) in which groups and subgroups of five were recognized, or of Strickland (1841) or Wallace (1856) in which affinities were graphed as unrooted networks (see O’Hara 1988). After Darwin, this worldview changed. For those comparative biologists struggling to make sense of Earth’s biotic diversity in naturalistic terms, Darwinism provided a framework for organizing similarities and differences hierarchically, as a pattern of ancestry and descent. The search for the Tree of Life was launched, and it did not take long for the structure of avian relationships to be addressed. The first to do so was no less a figure than Thomas Henry Huxley (1867), who produced an important and influential paper on avian classification that was explicitly evolutionary. 1868).
The Gentle Subversive
Authors: Lytle Mark Hamilton
Published: November 2023

“There is properly no history; only biography;’ Ralph Waldo Emerson once observed. Few historians would agree. The frame of biography is simply too narrow to suit their aims. Measuring as they do the lines of change and continuity, concerned as they must be in reconstructing context, historians often find a single life unequal to these tasks. Yet some lives can serve such purposes if they are recreated with a telling sense of time and place.

Such surely is the case with Mark Lytle’s The Gentle Subversive. In it, Lytle chronicles the life of Rachel Carson, a modern-day naturalist who produced one of the most important books of the twentieth century. When it appeared in 1962, Silent Springsounded an alarm that still rings today, of an impending crisis brought on by the indiscriminate use of pesticides. What began as a well-intentioned effort to rid the environment of insects that destroyed crops and spread disease ended by threatening to poison the planet.
Middle East Feasts
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The Promised Land is defined by its frontiers and then by its abundant if basic food supply—”a land flowing with milk and honey.” The Lord’s Prayer deals with eternal truths, and with one practical request—for “our daily bread.” The pagan ancient Greeks, imagining the life of the immortals on Mount Olympus, provided for their sustenance—ambrosia and nectar, the food and drink of the gods.
Religion and Murder in the Middle East
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The theme of this meeting is “The Modern State and Political Assassination.” My purpose is to add some dimensions, both of time and space, to the topic—extending it outward to the Middle East as a region and back-ward at least until Biblical times, and to emphasize one aspect which has received passing attention but not, I suspect, sufficient for our purposes. That is the religious aspect—the citing of religion as a motive and as a justification for murder. Let me start with the year 656 c.e. and the assassination of ‘Uthman, the third caliph, that is to say, the third in the succession to the Prophet in the headship of the Muslim community. Of the first four caliphs, three were murdered, but the third was crucial. The second, ‘Umar, was murdered by a disgruntled slave, who was neither a Muslim nor an Arab; his act therefore had no religious or political significance. ‘Uthman was murdered by Muslim Arab mutineers, and his murder was the signal for a devastating civil war.
Europe and the Turks
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

This year [1953] the Turks have been celebrating the 500th anniversary of their conquest of Constantinople. Turkish rule in Europe began nearly a century earlier, and was firmly established by the time that the occupation of the Imperial city rounded off the Turkish dominions and made Constantinople once again the capital of a great empire. But the anniversary may serve as the occasion for some reflections on the place of the Ottoman Empire in the history of Europe and of the world.
Europe and Islam
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Europe is a European idea, conceived in Greece, nurtured in Rome, and now, after a long and troubled childhood and adolescence in Christendom, approaching maturity in a secular, supranational community. Asia and Africa are also European ideas, European ways of describing the Other. All human groups have terms, often derogatory, to designate those who are outside the group. Some of these terms have acquired an almost universal significance. Barbarians were originally non-Greeks, gentiles are non-Jews, Asian and Africans are non-Europeans and were sub-divided geographically into the east and the south. Barbarians did not of course regard themselves as barbarians, nor did gentiles regard themselves as gentiles, until both were taught, by the processes of Hellenization and Christianization, to see themselves in this alien light. The Hellenization of the barbarians took place in antiquity; the Christianization of the gentiles in the Middle Ages. The awareness among Asians and Africans of this European-imposed identity dates in the main from modern times, when they were taught this classification by European rulers, teachers and preachers. By the present day, the Greek invention of the three continents of the Old World has been universally accepted.
Cold War and Détente in the 16th Century
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The drawing of historical parallels has fallen into disrepute of late, partly no doubt as a result of some strikingly inept and widely disseminated recent examples. The working historian is accustomed to evidence which is fragmentary, unreliable, inconsistent and often contradictory, thus accurately reflecting the human condition. It is for this reason that history is one of the most valuable of educational and intellectual disciplines; for this reason too that historical statements are much more tentative, much more hypothetical than is normally expected in the comparativist social sciences. The historian knows that his materials are friable and unsafe, and he can only watch with wonderment and alarm as the model-building social scientists raise great structures of the bricks which he reluctantly supplies to them.