bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug Prohibition in the United States Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives
Authors: Nadelmann Ethan A
Published: November 2023

As frustrations with the drug problem and current drug policies rise daily, growing numbers of political leaders, law enforcement officials, drug abuse experts, and common citizens are insisting that a radical alternative to current policies be fairly considered: the controlled legalization (or decriminalization) of drugs. Just as “Repeal Prohibition” became a catchphrase that swept together the diverse objections to Prohibition, so “Legalize (or Decriminalize) Drugs” has become a catchphrase that means many things to many people. The policy analyst views legalization as a model for critically examining the costs and benefits of drug prohibition policies. Libertarians, both civil and economic, view it as a policy alternative that eliminates criminal sanctions on the use and sale of drugs that are costly in terms of both individual liberty and economic freedom. Others see it simply as a means to “take the crime out of the drug business.” In its broadest sense, however, legalization incorporates the many arguments and growing sentiment for deemphasizing our traditional reliance on criminal justice resources to deal with drug abuse and for emphasizing instead drug abuse, prevention, treatment, and education, as well as noncriminal restrictions on the availability and use of psychoactive substances and positive inducements to abstain from drug abuse.
Policy Implications of the Gradient of Health and Wealth
Authors: Deaton Angus
Published: November 2023

Poorer people die younger and are sicker than richer people; indeed, mortality and morbidity rates are inversely related to many correlates of socioeconomic status such as income, wealth, education, or social class. That economic deprivation is strongly related to ill health was perhaps first scientifically documented by Rene Villerme, who compared mortality rates and poverty across the arrondissements of Paris in the 1820s, although references to the relationship can be found in ancient Greek and Chinese texts. A gradient of health with social class (defined through occupation) has been documented in the United Kingdom since the first census in 1851. In the United States, the landmark study by Evelyn Kitagawa and Philip Hauser merged census and death records to document the relationship between mortality on the one hand and education, income, occupation, race, and place of residence on the other. The gradient persists in recent data. The National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS) merged data from death records with responses from household surveys around 1980. People whose reported family incomes in 1980 were less than $5,000 in 1980 prices are estimated to have a life expectancy around 25 percent lower than those whose family incomes were above $50,000.
Genetic Screening from a Public Health Perspective Three “Ethical” Principles
Authors: Burris Scott , Gostin Lawrence O
Published: November 2023

The disciplines of medicine and public health are different in their goals and practices,t and this difference is centrally important in the context of human genetics. Medical genetics concerns the clinical decision made by a doctor to use genetic technology for the benefit of his or her patient. Public health genetics, on the other hand, may be defined as the systematic application of human genetic technologies to identify, prevent, or ameliorate genetic conditions in whole populations. Genetic testing, then, involves the decision to test an individual patient, while genetic screening involves a decision to systematically test a discrete population. The ethical and policy implications are quite different depending on whether genetics is applied in the medical or the public health context. From a public health perspective, the benefits of testing are assessed against different criteria, and the line between providing care to the individual patient and providing it to the population represents a dramatic investment of scarce resources, both political and economic. Medical ethics, which can guide the clinical decisions of health care providers, do not adequately address the distributional issues and health-health trade-offs that arise in public health decision making. In this chapter, we discuss the emerging idea of public health ethicsand set out three principles, rooted in public health, for deciding whether a genetic test should be deployed in a program of population screening.
Power, Authority, and Criminal Law : Freedom Is Messy: Crime and Late Modern Democracy
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

After the looting of Baghdad in the spring of 2003 and the imagined crime wave in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it became common for pundits and others to pronounce that the first task of government is necessarily providing security for body and property. Of course, as a historical matter, nothing could be more wrong. Families and clans were the prime units of security and retained substantial control over the resolution of interpersonal violence until the early modern period of European history. As a fact of historical development, the state only gradually laid claim to the power to punish crimes and secure civic order, and the “monopoly” of legitimate violence so often proclaimed on behalf of the state was the sheerest of fictions even in the most advanced countries before the twentieth century. Even the supposedly “logical” priority of “law and order” granted by classical political philosophers is best seen in terms of the struggles to renegotiate political life associated with political liberalism (Herzog 1989). Indeed, the emergence of criminology as a positive science of criminal behavior and an expert adjunct of state power in the late nineteenth century constituted a major revision of the liberal idea, recognizing that crime was best regulated by modern techniques of social governance rather than through punitive criminal justice (Horn 2003).
Controlling The Means Of Analysis
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

The political economy of the United States is democratic capitalism, an arrangement that has undergone profound technological and social changes over time. Ted Halstead and Michael Lind provide a serviceable chronology beginning with the creation of a “decentralized agrarian republic;’ followed by the early stages of the Industrial Revolution driven by steam power, cocomitant with the Civil War and Reconstruction, the sequel being a mature industrial economy, dominated by electricity and fossil fuels, which generated the economic surpluses that made the welfare state a reality.1 These eras have had a pronounced effect on social policy. The first affirmed representative government through the Constitution, in the process, articulating the federal legislative process. The second introduced manufacturing and attendant immigration, which prompted the Progressive movement. The third inaugurated the American welfare state. Accordingly, social theorists have identified the primary issues that have accompanied modernism. Karl Marx proposed the central question as, “Who controls the means of production?” As a corrective to rampant capitalism, the expansion of government led Max Weber to ponder, “Who controls the means of administration?”
Poor Policy
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

By the 1990s, conservatives had exploited a policy process that already favored the affluent and influential by deploying a network of think tanks to reverse the liberal trajectory in social policy and reform the welfare state. To be sure, their track record on restructuring social programs was uneven. Previous forays into social policy reform that had targeted social insurance had been aborted when Social Security and Medicare were found to be unexpectedly popular; yet, the Right came to appreciate the poignant vulnerability of public assistance pro grams, especially family welfare-Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). An earlier attempt to reform AFDC through the Family Support Act (FSA) of 1988 could hardly be claimed as an unqualified success.
Radical Pragmatism
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

If knights, grandees, noblemen, or the high-born were to consider me a fool, I should take it as an intolerable affront; but that scholars who never entered or trod the paths of chivalry should set me down as a madman does not effect me a jot. A knight I am and a knight I shall die, if it please the Most High. Some travel the broad field of proud ambition; others by way of base and servile adulation; others again by way of deceitful hypocrisy, and a few by way of the true religion. But beneath the influence of my star I journey along the narrow path of knight errantry, in which exercise I despise wealth, but not honour. I have redressed grievances, set down fiends. I am in love, only because knights errant are obliged to be so; and, being so, I am not one of those depraved lovers, but of the continent and platonic sort. I always direct my purposes to virtuous ends, and do good to all and ill to none.
Developmental Aspects of Visual Recognition Memory in Infancy
Authors: Rose Susan A , Feldman, Judith F , Jankowski Jeffery J
Published: November 2023

We have been studying infant visual recognition memory, an early ability that is related to later cognition (McCall & Carriger, 1993; Rose & Feldman, 1995, 1997), an early-emerging form of genuine cognitive ability. Infant recognition memory has generally been considered a fundamental form of explicit (or pre-explicit) memory (Nelson, 1995, 1997). Until recently, research on infant and adult memory has proceeded along separate but parallel tracks, in large part because differences in methods of study made it difficult to compare findings. Although infant memory is studied exclusively with nonverbal methods, the adult work has used primarily verbal methods. A convergence between the two fields became possible when some infant tasks became recognized as nonverbal analogues of tasks commonly used to study adult memory. In this section, we describe the theoretical distinction between explicit and implicit memory and the neurophysiological basis for explicit memory.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

Few protest leaders have burst upon the American political scene more dramatically than did Mario Savio in fall 1964 when he was a twenty-one-year-old Berkeley student. The University of California (UC) had become the scene of nonviolent political warfare, with the administration enforcing and students defying a campus ban on political advocacy that closed down the free speech area at UC’s busy southern entrance. Coming at a time when student civil rights activism was surging, the ban seemed an attack on the civil rights movement and a gross violation of the right to free speech, igniting protests in mid- and late September. This conflict escalated just before noon on October 1 as police drove a squad car to UC Berkeley’s central thoroughfare, Sproul Plaza, to arrest civil rights organizer Jack Weinberg because he, like many free speech activists, was defying the ban by staffing a political advocacy table on the plaza. Before the police could complete the arrest, someone shouted,”Sit down!” Within moments a crowd of students surrounded the car in a nonviolent blockade that would last thirty-two hours. Shortly after the blockade began, Mario Savio, a leader of the civil rights group University Friends of SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee), removing his shoes so as not to damage the police car, climbed on top of it and into national headlines, using its roof as a podium to explain the protest and demand freedom of speech. From those first moments atop that car Savio emerged as the Berkeley rebellion’s key spokesperson, symbolizing all that was daring, militant, and new about the Free Speech Movement (FSM).
The Police Car Blockade
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

Aware that the free speech protests were about to escalate, the administration pre- pared for a confrontation on October 1. Kerr, Strong, and other top administrators met on the evening of the September 30 sit-in to discuss strategy and, referring to protest leaders, agreed that they should “pick off one at a time.” While peeling away support for the movement, they considered it “important to get the opposition to a minimum as we build up the friends from students and faculty.” To avoid alienating supporters in the academic community the administration decided to focus its repressive arm initially on those who were not official members of that community. The decision was “to avoid police action—except non-students. Right now have the police remove non-students” who violate the free speech ban.
Introduction
Authors: Hansen Kevin
Published: November 2023

Early one morning, on the southern coast of Everglades National Park, Ranger Jan Kirwan backed her Boston Whaler away from the dock and swung the bow toward the marina access canal. I busied myself in the stern sorting water quality test equipment. Over the next four hours, we would be collecting and testing water samples taken from sites throughout the southern end of Everglades National Park. The half light of dawn hung over the Flamingo Marina. I could just make out the mangrove trees behind the maintenance shops and gas pumps as they receded behind us. It was not until we rounded the small peninsula that marked the entrance to the larger Buttonwood Canal that I saw the bobcat sitting onshore.
Bobcat Basics
Authors: Hansen Kevin
Published: November 2023

Billy the bobcat and Conner the rottweiler are playfully wrestling in Dawn Simas’ backyard. The cat and dog are best buddies, but the relationship seems in jeopardy when Conner’s jaws clamp too firmly on one of Billy’s rear legs. Billy spins with the remarkable speed and dexterity common to cats, and clamps his jaws on Conner’s testicles. The dog lets out a yelp, releases his hold, and jumps clear of the fray. “That always works,” laughs Dawn as we stand watching the encounter. The sun is setting over the oak trees that surround her home in the foothills of northern California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains. At first glance the 100-pound purebred rottweiler would seem to have the edge over the 35-pound bobcat, but the feline’s speed, reflexes, strength, and aggressiveness more than compensate.
Satiric Attack
Authors: Keane Catherine
Published: November 2023

While satire in its theatrical mode makes entertaining examples of everyday behavior, the genre has other ways of using its misbehaving targets to gratify readers. Besides parading and exposing vice, satirists may strike back at it metaphorically. The satiric process is often likened to physical aggression. Satirists attack, bite, and lash; their work is scathing, cutting, and piercing. Physical violence is just under the surface in literary satire, but the exact relationship between the two practices requires some untangling to be understood. To this end, two theoretical formulations have been especially influential in modem satire criticism. Elliott’s theoretical history of satire argues that the genre derives from primitive spells and curses that were designed to harm enemies; literary satire is the evolved, refined manifestation of those same impulses.1 Freud’s analysis of jokes posits a more immediate, rather than a historical, connection between humor and harm. The pleasure granted by a “tendentious” joke, Freud argues, stems first from the channeling of aggression into economical wit, and then from the bond formed between teller and audience, which is based on mutual hostility toward the joke’s victim. According to both theories, the impulse to violence is masked and transformed by language and wit. Satire is described figuratively as deferred or muted violence, a product of societies that have learned to disguise raw aggression.
The Quarry: Our Sources for Peter the Rock
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

Simon Peter is undoubtedly the best-known disciple of Jesus. But how well known is he, really? We know his name, Simon, and his nickname, allegedly given by Jesus himself, Cephas, which in the first century was not a name at all but a noun meaning “rock.” The modern equivalent would be “Rocky.” This at least was his nickname in Aramaic—the language that both Jesus and Simon spoke. In Greek, the language of the New Testament, the word for rock is petra, whence we get his more commonly known name, Peter. The name Simon Peter, then, literally means “Simon the Rock.” Given Simon’s impetuous and unfailingly fickle character during Jesus’ lifetime, one almost wonders if Jesus was being ironic.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E
Published: November 2023

I am convinced that the luckiest of geographic circumstances and the best of laws cannot maintain a constitution in despite of mores, whereas the latter can turn even the most unfavorable circumstances and the worst laws to advantage. The importance of mores is a universal truth to which study and experience continually bring us back. I find it occupies the central position in my thoughts: all my ideas come back to it in the end.
Introduction
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

From its origins fundamentalism was primarily a religious movement. It was a movement among American “evangelical” Christians, people professing complete confidence in the Bible and preoccupied with the message of God’s salvation of sinners through the death of Jesus Christ. Evangelicals were convinced that sincere acceptance of this “Gospel” message was the key to virtue in this life and to eternal life in heaven; its rejection meant following the broad path that ended with the tortures of hell.
Tremors of Controversy
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

Both dispensationalism and holiness teachings developed into significant movements in the context of a troubled culture that had always thought of itself as Christian and was now rapidly becoming secularized. As in every age, evidence of moral decline was readily at hand; in the decades spanning the turn of the century the spectre of teeming cities, the immorality and irresponsibility associated with urban poverty, the disruptiveness of industrialization, and the strangeness of non-Protestant immigrants gave particular credence to suspicion that this might be the end of an era-the Christian era.
Four Views circa 1910
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

In retrospect, we can see that the decade preceding America’s entry into the Great War was the end of an era for the American evangelical establishment. Throughout the nineteenth century there had seemed to be reasonable hope for establishing the foundations of something like a “Christian America.” With the knowledge of what has happened since, it is apparent that this ideal was illusory and that the evangelical consensus itself was already irreparably damaged.
World War I, Premillennialism, and American Fundamentalism: 1917-1918
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

Between 1917 and the early 1920s American conservative evangelicals under went a dramatic transformation. In 1917 they were still part of the evangelical coalition that had been dominant in America for a century. Some theological conservatives, premillennialists, and revivalists were often warning against the modern tendencies of their liberal, postmillennial, or Social Gospel opponents; but all of these groups operated within the same denominations and interdenominational agencies, and at times still cooperated.
Fundamentalism and the Cultural Crisis: 1919-1920
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

An overwhelming atmosphere of crisis gripped America during the immediately postwar period. The year 1919 especially was characterized by a series of real as well as imagined terrors. The disruption caused by massive demobilization and postwar economic adjustments was compounded by a number of acrimonious labor disputes and strikes and by a series of terrorist bombings. There was alarm over rapidly deteriorating moral standards and a deep suspicion of foreign influence.
Epilogue: Dislocation, Relocation, and Resurgence: 1925-1940
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

It would be difficult to overestimate the impact of “the Monkey Trial’’ at Dayton, Tennessee, in transforming fundamentalism. William Jennings Bry an’s ill-fated attempt in the summer of 1925 to slay singlehanded the prophets of Baal brought instead an outpouring of derision. The rural setting, so well suited to the stereotypes of the agrarian leader and his religion, stamped the entire movement with an indelible image.
Fundamentalism as a Political Phenomenon
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

Ever since fundamentalism first appeared on the scene, its opponents had suspected the existence of a sinister political dimension to the movement. In World War I, professors at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago suggested that the premillennialists might be supported by German money. When the war was over and fundamentalist patriotism was no longer in question, there came the more plausible accusation of complicity with business interests.
Isaac Newton
Authors: Christianson Gale E
Published: November 2023

Quarrelsome and quirky, a disheveled recluse who ate little, slept less, and yet had an iron constitution, Isaac Newton rose from a virtually illiterate family to become one of the towering intellects of science. Now, in this fast-paced, colorful biography, Gale E. Christianson paints an engaging portrait of Newton and the times in which he lived. We follow Newton from his childhood in rural England to his student days at Cambridge, where he devoured the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo, and taught himself mathematics. There ensued two miraculous years at home in Woolsthorpe Manor, where he fled when plague threatened Cambridge, a remarkably fertile period when Newton formulated his theory of gravity, a new theory of light, and calculus--all by his twenty-fourth birthday. Christianson describes Newton’s creation of the first working model of the reflecting telescope, which brought him to the attention of the Royal Society, and he illuminates the eighteen months of intense labor that resulted in his Principia, arguably the most important scientific work ever published. The book sheds light on Newton’s later life as master of the mint in London, where he managed to convict and hang the arch criminal William Chaloner (a remarkable turn for a once reclusive scholar), and his presidency of the Royal Society, which he turned from a dilettante’s club into an eminent scientific organization. Christianson also explores Newton’s less savory side, including his long, bitter feud with Robert Hooke and the underhanded way that Newton established his priority in the invention of calculus and tarnished Liebniz’s reputation. Newton was an authentic genius with all too human faults. This book captures both sides of this truly extraordinary man. A volume in Oxford’s Lives and Legacies series. Brief, erudite, and inviting, the exciting new Lives and Legacies series offers a fresh look at some of the greatest minds in the humanities and sciences. Written by prominent authors, these engaging volumes will shed light on the life and work of our leading intellectual, artistic, and historical figures.
“My Greater Friend”
Authors: Christianson Gale E
Published: November 2023

Thomas Fuller, A Seventeenth-Century Scholar, Described Cambridge’s Trinity College as “the stateliest and most uniform college in Christendom.”1 On the massive exterior of Trinity’s Great Gate is a statue of its founder, the legendary King Henry VIII, whose six wives set a record among English monarchs. It was from this prospect that Isaac Newton first gazed on the institution that would be his home for almost forty years. Before him stood the chapel, the master’s lodge, and the magnificent dining hall, with its beamed ceilings, minstrels’ gallery, and huge portrait of Henry, which took six strong men to carry. Beyond the Tudor Gothic buildings spread “the Backs,” the green expanse bordering the Cam River. To someone of Newton’s unworldly background it must have seemed miraculous and frightening at the same time.
The Revolutionary Professor
Authors: Christianson Gale E
Published: November 2023

W1th A Bachelor’S Degree In Hand And His Status As A Gentleman legally recorded, Newton returned to Cambridge and Trinity College to complete his master of arts. He now faced the fellowship elections of September and October 1667. lf successful, he could extend his stay at Trinity indefinitely; if not, he would likely he forced to choose between the life of an obscure gentleman farmer or the pastorship of a village church in rural Lincolnshire.
The Alchemist
Authors: Christianson Gale E
Published: November 2023

It Was At The Globe Theatre, The London Playhouse Constructed in 1598, that most ofWilliam Shakespeare’s dramas were first performed by a company of actors called Chamberlain’s Men. Among the most memorable scenes played out on the Globe’s stage was one from the tragedy Macbeth. It is set in a cave, where three witches circle a boiling cauldron, chanting: To an audience of Shakespeare’s time, there was nothing unusual about witches or boiling cauldrons or the casting of spells over a vile brew of exotic ingredients. But when it later became known that Isaac Newton, who was born two years before the Globe burned down in 1644, also kept a cauldron stocked with odd ingredients, it was considered to be something of a scandal.
“Your Most Unfortunate Servant”
Authors: Christianson Gale E
Published: November 2023

The Book That Supposedly Nobody Could Understand Was finally published in July 1687. Halley, who had put up his own money to see it through the press, set the price of the leather bound volume at nine shillings, a bargain, considering the riches between its elegant covers. Not satisfied, he offered a second and cheaper version of the work in hopes that more people would read the revolutionary treatise. So awed was the astronomer that he paid its author yet another compliment. He wrote a poem titled “Ode to Newton” and inserted it at the beginning of the Principia. Its final line speaks volumes: “Nearer to the gods no mortal may approach.”
Mark Of The Lion
Authors: Christianson Gale E
Published: November 2023

In September 1695 ISAAC NEWTON SUDDENLY DISAPPEARED FROM Cambridge without explanation. He returned two weeks later but told no one where he had been. Rumors began to circulate that he secretly had gone to London, and finally secured the government post that his friendjohn Locke had been unable to deliver. These rumors were given substance in late November when the mathematician john Wallis wrote Edmond Halley from Oxford: “We are told here Newton is made Master of the Mint: which, if so, I do congratulate him.”1 Halley, who had kept in touch with Newton, was aware that negotiations were under way, and that Newton’s cause was being championed by his ally Charles Montague, a powerful political figure who had the king’s ear. Halley also knew that Wallis was some what mis informed.Newton was not a candidate for the position of master of the mint but rather that of warden, or second in command. In March 1696, Montague again summoned Newton to London. If all went well, the appointment would he his together with the handsome salary of five or six hundred pounds per year. Without even pausing to draft a reply, Newton hoarded the coach for the capital and his long-awaited audience with King William III.
“LIKE A BOY ON THE SEASHORE”
Authors: Christianson Gale E
Published: November 2023

John Conduitt, The Son Of A Wealthy Family From The County of Hampshire in southern England, became a familiar face at Leicester House in the summer of 1717. While there is no doubt that the young man was in awe of Sir Isaac Newton, the primary reason for his frequent visits had nothing to do with science, mathematics, or the operations of the mint. Conduitt came to 35 St. Martin’s Street to court Catherine Barton, who at thirty-eight years of age was nine years older than her suitor, hut still very beautiful. Conduitt had served as a captain with the British Army in Spain, where he identified the site of Carteia, a lost city once occupied by the Romans. When word of his discovery reached the Royal Society hack in London, he was invited to read a paper on the subject, which he did upon his return to England three months later. It was there that he first met Newton, who may have invited him to Leicester House for dinner at which Catherine would have presided as hostess.
Assumptions of Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit Social Work Regarding Change
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Ng Siu-Man , Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan
Published: November 2023

The assumptions, values, and practices of Integrative Social Work practice are influenced by ideas of the yin–yang perspective, philosophical Daoism, and Buddhism. However, Integrative Social Work neither claims to be developed based on nor representative of any one or all three philosophies. In addition, the practice of Integrative Social Work is built upon the accumulated knowledge and experience of mainstream social work practice developed under a humanistic and Judeo-Christian culture. The introduction of Eastern philosophies, however, serves as a balancing force to complement the current developments of social work practice with individuals and families. Zeig and Gilligan (1990) suggested that most clinical practice approaches should have their own theory regarding problem causation, problem maintenance, and mechanisms to bring about beneficial changes in clients. Integrative Social Work practice exemplifies the following views regarding problem formulation, problem maintenance, and client change.
The Power of the Mind: Moving Beyond Cognition and Problem Resolution
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Ng Siu-Man , Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan
Published: November 2023

Social work practice traditionally recognizes the human mind as a key component that plays a pivotal role in problem formation and influences human behaviors as well as human changes. The interpretation of the human mind, however, is constantly changing and evolving, as facilitated, or constrained, by the values and available knowledge at the time regarding human behaviors and the change process (Donzelot, 1979; Johnson & Sandage, 1999; Lee, M. Y., 1996). Prior to the 1950s, social work practice with individuals was predominantly influenced by psychodynamic theories that originated from the work of Sigmund Freud (1923/1961). Psychoanalytic theory, as developed by Freud, emphasizes a belief in the power of the unconscious mind, biological impulses, and other internal processes of a person to determine behaviors (Freud, 1936). Treatment focuses on assisting individuals to get in touch with their unconscious mind and work through deep-seated intrapsychic struggles through analysis.
Spiritual Growth and Transformation: Expanding Life’s Horizons
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Ng Siu-Man , Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan
Published: November 2023

Despite the fact that the social work profession was developed by pioneers who had strong spiritual motivations for services, the social work profession continues to downplay spirituality as an integral part of social work practice. As a profession, social work chose to build its professional base upon scientific and humanistic traditions and divorced from spirituality. However, spirituality is a necessary component of an ordinary, even of a secular, life. Problems like domestic violence, burnout in the workplace, gambling addiction, substance abuse, and so on are related to a sense of inner emptiness, meaninglessness, and the absence of compassion and love in individuals and families. These are more or less spiritual problems. In fact, alcoholism has been described as a futile search for spirituality. In a review by Hodge (Hodge, 2001a), spirituality was found to be a significant variable in recovery from divorce, homelessness, sexual assault, and substance abuse. Studies in a healthcare setting also found that spiritual resources foster meaning and a sense of life affirmation and personal growth in cancer patients at different stages (Gall & Cornblat, 2002; Parry, 2003) and that daily spiritual experiences may mitigate physical, cognitive, and emotional burnout (Holland & Neimeyer, 2005).
Centering the Self: Personal Growth and Transformation
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Ng Siu-Man , Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan
Published: November 2023

Throughout life there are challenges and changes created by life transitions, sickness, accidents, loss of loved ones, and other crises. Based on the assumption that life is a process of constant change and evolution, Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit Social Work sees therapy as part of this process of searching, discovering, and becoming that the client goes through in his or her life. Believing that problems will come and go, Integrative Body–Mind– Spirit Social Work does not consider problem resolution the ultimate goal of therapy. Rather, it aims to provide a therapeutic context for enhancing the self-healing and self-balancing abilities of individuals and families. Only when the self is well grounded can an individual maintain a sense of peace and personal integrity while facing life’s unfolding challenges. Nurturing and rediscovering the “self” is therefore of paramount importance, not only for restoring the self-healing and rebalancing abilities of individuals but also for ongoing personal growth and becoming. In Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit Social Work, nurturing and rediscovering the “self” is more than enhancing self-awareness and self-actualization. It is about achieving and maintaining balance in the self–other dynamics in an individual’s identity (Leung & Chan, 2006b) and connecting to a larger sense of self. This chapter describes an understanding of the “self” based on Eastern traditions and how it shapes the practice of social work.
Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit Approach to Enhance Women’s Well-being
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Ng Siu-Man , Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan
Published: November 2023

In the early 1980s, research on the effects of multiple roles on women’s health focused on the number of roles women engaged in. Within the context of two competing hypotheses, women’s psychological well-being may be increased by less life involvement, that is, the scarcity hypothesis, or increased by more life involvement, that is, the expansion hypothesis, (Froberg, Gjerdingen, & Preston, 1986). In later years, the direction of research on women’s multiple roles shifted to analyzing the effects of specific role combinations. Individuals tend to internalize the multiple roles they play and the statuses they occupy in their social networks; however, there are fewer psychological advantages of holding multiple roles for women than there are for men. Numerous studies have been done on examining the distressing aspects of enacting the specific primary roles of worker, wife, and mother. Among women, simultaneously attending to the demands of multiple roles showed immediate negative effects on their psychological well-being (Williams, Suls, Alliger, Learner, & Wan, 1991). This gender difference in distress may contribute to male–female differences in perception of the nature of work–parent conflict, attributions of responsibility for marital problems (Chan, Chan et al., 2001), feelings of guilt, and self-evaluation as parents and spouses (Simon, 1995).
Clinical Epidemiology
Authors: Weiss Noel S
Published: November 2023

Let’s say that among your patients is a middle-aged man with intermittent claudication and that his symptoms have been increasing in severity over the last several years. His blood sugar level is normal, but he has a long history of cigarette smoking. The results of the physical examination are normal except for the absence of pulses in his legs. The systolic blood pressure measured in the dorsalis pedis artery is only 70% of that measured in the brachial artery.
Therapeutic Safety
Authors: Weiss Noel S
Published: November 2023

We have seen the heavy reliance that is placed on results of randomized trials in evaluating the efficacy of a given therapy. Unfortunately, randomized trials cannot contribute as much to our understanding of the adverse effects associated with these same therapies. Randomized controlled trials usually are based on samples of several dozen to several thousand subjects. Some adverse effects that bear heavily on a therapy’s risk/benefit ratio are relatively uncommon and so may not occur in any one study. Even if certain adverse experiences do occur among the study subjects and differ in frequency between the treated and untreated groups, their frequency may be too low to exclude chance as an explanation.
Summarizing Evidence
Authors: Weiss Noel S
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s and 1990s, an era in which computerized access to the medical literature became widespread, the systematic review emerged in the medical literature. A systematic review is narrowly focused on a single question or related group of questions. For example, a systematic review might compare laparoscopic hernia repair with open repair in terms of complications, length of time before return to work, and recurrence (Memon et al., 2003). The authors of a systematic review attempt to find all or a clearly described part of the available evidence related to their study questions. They state their strategy for finding the evidence and summarize what they find in tables and text. Many systematic reviews use numerical methods to combine in a quantitative way evidence from relevant studies; this quantitative summary is called “meta-analysis.”
Implementing Best Practice and Expert Consensus Procedures
Authors: Corcoran Kevin , Vandiver Vikki L
Published: November 2023

Evidence-based practice (EBP) reflects the continuum in the development of the scientific revolution. Prior to the scientific revolution, methods of answering questions were paramount to the accuracy of the answer (Dear, 2001). The scientific revolution, in contrast, improved the soundness of the methods in order to increase the likelihood of more accurate observations. Improved methods tended to provide more persuasive evidence.
Overview of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Rosenthal Richard N
Published: November 2023

In the good old days clinicians defined best practices from the guild’s platform, and then the public tacitly accepted them. When the doctor ordered something, it was accepted as correct; if a specialist offered it, it was implicitly accepted as the best approach (Kramer & Glazer, 2001). Without detracting from the role of clinical experience and mentoring for the honing of clinical judgement in trainees, today’s Dr. Welby is faced with the unlikely proposition of having to read an estimated 19 articles a day in his or her field just to keep up with the advances in clinical research. As such, without higher-level strategies to organize and evaluate qualitatively the increasing torrent of information, the knowledge base of any clinician is likely to drift away from the center or be doomed to become ever more specialized and restricted over time. Although there is a clear place for individual expertise, it has become apparent that expert intuitions and opinions are not necessarily correspondent with the results of systematic reviews of high quality research. Even the most experienced clinicians need help from reliable studies and other sources of statistical data in order to complement their clinical experience with accurate estimates of benefit and harm (Donald, 2002). Given the rapid pace with which practice is evolving, “without current best evidence, practice risks becoming rapidly out of date, to the detriment of patients” (Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray, Haynes, & Richardson, 1996).
Evidence-Based Treatment for Traumatized and Abused Children
Authors: Munson Carlton E
Published: November 2023

The basic premise of this chapter is that intervention with traumatized children must have a developmental focus, using a scientific perspective that relies on evidence that is grounded in a therapeutic relationship. There have been few efforts to link the concepts of a developmental perspective, evidence, and the science of relationship in work with traumatized children. The research literature regarding child trauma is generally not presented or described in a way that is usable for the average practitioner. This chapter provides information that can assist in specifying and measuring relationship in ways that have not been systematically applied in the past and explains uses of evidence in work with traumatized children. This chapter uses a practical but comprehensive approach to child trauma treatment that can be easily understood and applied by practitioners.
Treating Juvenile Delinquents With Conduct Disorder, Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Springer David W
Published: November 2023

Juvenile delinquents with externalizing disorders are a challenging, yet rewarding, population to treat. The externalizing disorders—namely, attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)—are some of the most common encountered by practitioners working with juvenile delinquents (Kazdin, 2002; Kronenberger & Meyer, 2001). In studies of community and clinic samples, a large percentage of youths with CD or ADHD (e.g., 45% to 70%) also met criteria for the other disorder (Fergusson, Horwood, & Lloyd, 1991), and comorbidity between CD and ODD, anxiety disorders, and depression is common as well (Kazdin, 2002). In a recent epidemiological study that examined psychiatric disorders in juvenile delinquents (Teplin, Abram, McClelland, Dulcan, & Mericle, 2002), the most common disorders were substance use disorders and disruptive behavior disorders (ODD and CD), with more than 40% of males and females meeting criteria for a disruptive behavior disorder. Accordingly, this chapter presents a case exemplar of treating a juvenile delinquent dually diagnosed with conduct disorder and alcohol abuse. First, it is important to highlight the difference between juvenile delinquency and CD. Many readers may be aware of the behaviors associated with a diagnosis of CD, such as aggressive behavior toward others, using a weapon, fire setting, cruelty to animals or persons, vandalism, lying, truancy, running away, and theft (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). The DSM-IV-TR allows for coding a client with one of two subtypes of CD: childhood-onset type (at least one criterion characteristic occurs prior to age 10) and adolescent-onset type (absence of any criteria prior to age 10). While an adolescent may be considered a “juvenile delinquent” after only one delinquent act, to warrant a diagnosis of CD, that same adolescent must be engaged over an extended period (at least 6 months) in a pattern of behavior that consistently violates the rights of others and societal norms. It is critical, therefore, that practitioners take painstaking care in their diagnostic assessments of conduct disorder, as both false positives and false negatives carry potentially serious consequences for both the offender and society (Springer, McNeece, & Arnold, 2003).
Epicurus’ Role in Controversies on Asceticism in European Religious History
Authors: Berner Ulrich
Published: November 2023

The name of Epicurus has been known in European religious history predominantly as a symbol of hedonism-that is, of a non­ ascetic, if not anti-ascetic, way of life. In late antiquity already, pagan as well as Christian authors polemicized Epicurus and his hedonistic philosophy.1 His name was even used as an invective by some church fathers, in the context of polemics against heretics. For example, Jovinian, a critic of asceticism who was condemned as a heretic, was attacked as the “Epicurus of Christianity” by Jerome, the famous church father and proponent of asceticism.
The Caiva Devaluation of Pautta and Caina Asceticism in Precolonial Tamilakam
Authors: Schalk Peter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall consider certain Tamil religious terms. I intend to identify anti-Pautta (-Buddhist) and anti-Caiga (-Jain) sec­ tions with special regard to anti-ascetic statements from the tevaram,1 “garland of the god.”2 It is part of tirumu_rai, “holy order,” the canon of the Tamil Caivas (Saivas), which was finalized around the thirteenth century C.E. The Caivas have chosen the god Civag (Siva) as their main god. They constitute the dominant religious group in South India. There is also a strong minority of Vail’_lavas (Vai l’_lavas), who worship the god PerumaJ (Vi l’_lu). The present form of Caivam is a result of a formation of about 1,500 years in Tamilakam. Before Western colonization in the sixteenth century in premodern India, Tamilakam was comprised ofTamilnatu (Tamilnadu) and Kera!am (Kerala).
“The Epitome of the Ascetic Life”: The Controversy over Self-Mortification and Ritual Suicide as Ascetic Practices in East Asian Buddhism
Authors: Kleine Christoph
Published: November 2023

These practices are indeed striking, given that Buddhism is typically thought of as a religion of moderation that readily avoids all extremes. We should therefore briefly consider the attitude of early Buddhism towards self­ mutilation and ritual suicide and deal with the question of how this relates to the problem of asceticism.
“Gotami, Do Not Wish to Go from Home to Homelessness!”: Patterns of Objections to Female Asceticism in Theravada Buddhism
Authors: Husken Ute
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes and analyzes criticism of female asceticism within the Theravada Buddhist tradition as it emerges from authori­tative Pāli texts and scholarly depictions of the contemporary attitude of male and female monastics and laypeople in Sri Lanka. Theravada Buddhism is conceived of as an uninterrupted religious tradition since the fifth century B.C.E., the time of the Buddha Gotama. 2 Since the Buddha Gotama's time, there has been a reported resistance against establishing a monastic institution for female Buddhists (bhikkhunisamlgha). This resistance is multivocal, and diverse arguments are brought forward. This chapter will inves­tigate whether a common pattern of criticism is discernible, whether a common basis of these patterns can be detected, and how these relate to the criticism of asceticism in general.
Early Buddhism, Asceticism, and the Politics of the Middle Way
Authors: Freiberger Oliver
Published: November 2023

Among the various religious and ascetic groups of ancient India, the early Buddhist community is well known for its critical stance toward asceticism. While cultivating a certain “moderate” ascetic lifestyle themselves, early Buddhists are usually portrayed as being critical toward the severe ascetic practices of contemporary groups. This critical view is particularly manifested in the doctrine of the Middle Way, which describes the way between the “extremes” of indulging in sensual pleasures and of practicing severe asceticism. As a major issue of the Buddha’s first dharma talk, this concept can be considered a core doctrine of early Buddhism.