bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Will Research in Neuroscience Influence the Practice of Psychiatry in the Next Ten Years?
Authors: O'Keeffe Jonathan
Published: March 2012

Psychiatry differs from other clinical specialties in several important respects. At a basic level, physical examination of the body is conspicuously absent in psychiatry. The diagnostic process employs almost no physical laboratory-based tests such as blood, urine, or CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) analysis. Nor are the various imaging modalities instrumental in diagnosing a psychiatric condition. Such investigations are almost ubiquitous elsewhere in medicine, yet insofar as they are utilized in psychiatry they are overwhelmingly aimed at excluding non-psychiatric conditions. Moreover, modern-day psychiatry is, more than any medical specialty, a minefield of controversy. Psychoanalysis, for example, still widely practised, is viewed by many psychiatrists in the field as little more than quackery (Webster 1996), and even within the disciplined ranks of those committed to neurobiological models of disease disagreement exists as to whether schizophrenia and bipolar disorder represent distinct pathologies (Maier, Zobel and Wagner 2006). As if the unusual nature and degree of internal debate regarding psychiatric theories and therapies were not enough, controversy extends so far as to question the very existence of psychiatric conditions. As Thomas Szasz, Professor of Psychiatry at Syracuse University, famously opined, '“mental illness” is not the name of a biological condition' (Szasz 1973).
Murder on the Orient Express
Authors: Ingleby Matthew
Published: March 2012

The late Frank Kermode defined ‘the classic’ as the endlessly re-readable text. Classics energise the critical sphere afresh in each generation by proving themselves open to novel adaptations whilst escaping the confines of any particular interpretation. The plot-driven detective genre, which all too often fakes novelty by rearranging the Cluedo pieces, places an overt structural emphasis on interpretive closure. Threatening to reduce reading to riddle-solving, detective literature would thus appear to be the very antithesis of Kermode’s classically good read.
Oliver Harris: William Burroughs and the Torso Murderer
Authors: Cran Rona
Published: March 2012

Viktor Wynd’s Little Shop of Horrors, situated unassumingly on Mare Street in Hackney, is a beguiling emporium of which William S. Burroughs would no doubt have approved. There are shrunken heads on sale, and sinister bibelots. Hendrick’s gin is served in teacups. A foetal piglet slumbers on a shelf, a pair of Labrador testicles floats in formaldehyde, and the majestic, taxidermed head of a warthog charges into the lurid backroom where tonight’s lecture takes place. The locale is apt: like Burroughs, it is “dreamy and innocent”, whilst also being “ravaged and vicious”, and the sense of double-exposure explored by Oliver Harris in his dexterous introduction to the recently re-issued edition of Queer is made freakishly palpable by the sight of a two-bodied lamb encased in glass, and by the bicephalous teddy-bears on sale by the till.
Spinoza and Toleration
Authors: Bogers Thijs
Published: March 2012

The arguments put forward by Baruch de Spinoza (1632-1677) in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (TTP) of 1670 build up towards the final chapter wherein Spinoza states that ‘the true purpose of the state is in fact freedom.’ (Spinoza 2008, 252). In the final chapter, Spinoza pleads for a state based on the toleration of differing opinions: ‘freedom of judgment must necessarily be permitted and people must be governed in such a way that they can live in harmony, even though they openly hold different and contradictory opinions.’ (Spinoza 2008, 257). However, the title of the preceding chapter begins with the words: ‘Where it is shown that authority in sacred matters belongs wholly to the sovereign powers’ (Spinoza 2008, 245). Here Spinoza heavily curtails the freedom of individuals concerning all ‘external’ religious matters. Spinoza brings these two seemingly contradictory views together in chapter 20 when he concludes that: ‘the state is never safer than [...] when the right of the sovereign authorities, whether in sacred or secular matters, is concerned only with actions, and when everyone is allowed to think what they wish and to say what they think.’ (Spinoza 2008, 259).
Why is the Environmental Justice Movement so much Stronger in the USA than in Europe?
Authors: Lobo Daniel
Published: March 2012

Although there is a vast amount of critically influential knowledge developed by a long history of strong US environmental justice movements (EJM) from which Europe and the rest of the world can learn, in a time of strong post-neoliberal tendencies in Europe it becomes important to understand the nature of this knowledge, its context and dynamics. This research note aims to contribute to the debate on international environmental justice by addressing the different relationships that the USA and Europe establish with the EJM and its influence on the relational configuration of their current societal contexts.
'Electrides': Electrons Claim their Independence
Authors: Torrisi Antonio
Published: March 2012

It was about two hundred years ago when Sir Humphrey Davy, a brilliant English scientist and poet whose fame is acknowledged for the discovery of alkaline metals (potassium, sodium, magnesium, barium), observed a surprising phenomenon: potassium metal exposed to ammonia vapours forms gold-blue coloured materials. About one hundred years later the American chemist Charles Kraus claimed, as possible explanation of this phenomenon, that potassium (K) atoms ionise (lose electrons) in liquid ammonia to form a cation K+ species, while the freed electrons are solvated (surrounded) by the ammonia (NH3) molecules. Several other alkaline metals such as lithium and sodium show similar behaviour when dissolved in amines and in ether solvents. The two phenomena of „electron solvation‟ and „cation complexation‟ linked to Davy‟s observation, are behind one of the most investigated and promising fields of chemical and materials science research in the last ten years: 'electrides'.
Thomas Pogge, Politics as Usual: What Lies Behind Pro-Poor Rhetoric
Authors: Blunt Gwilym
Published: March 2012

An initial glance at Thomas Pogge‟s most recent work gives the impression that it is business as usual for the cosmopolitan philosopher. He continues his ardent criticism of the current international system‟s causal relationship with global poverty and the abject failure to better the conditions of the world‟s poorest persons. Yet, Politics as Usual is more than a restatement. Indeed, it has alarming implications for those holding cosmopolitan principles of socioeconomic justice.
Acute Relationship between Cognitive and Psychological Symptoms of Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: de Guise Elaine , LeBlanc Joanne , Tinawi Simon , Lamoureux Julie , Feyz Mitra
Published: March 2012

Objective. The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between acute psychological reactions and cognition as well as postconcussive symptoms in patients with MTBI. Research Methods. Sociodemographic and medical history data were gathered for 59 patients diagnosed with MTBI. Validated and standardized tools were used to assess anxiety, depression, and cognitive function two weeks after trauma. Postconcussive symptoms were assessed with the Rivermead postconcussive questionnaire. Results. Despite the absence of significant neuropsychological deficits, a very high level of anxiety and depression was observed in our cohort. Level of anxiety and depression were positively related to cognitive performances and to postconcussive symptoms. Moreover, patients with preexisting alcohol and psychological problems were more likely to present with acute depression after MTBI. Conclusions. Early psychological rehabilitation should be provided to decrease the intensity and frequency of postconcussive symptoms and diminish the risk of these problems becoming chronic.
Sorption of Sulfonamide Antibiotics to Soil Organic Sorbents: Batch Experiments with Model Compounds and Computational Chemistry
Authors: Schwarz J. , Thiele-Bruhn S. , Eckhardt K.-U. , Schulten H.-R.
Published: March 2012

Sorption of the sulfonamide antibiotics sulfanilamide, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfapyridine to model soil organic matter was investigated. Therefore, Fluka humic acid and an enzymatically reacted vanillin oligomer were used in batch experiments at pH 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5. Sorption of the amphoteric sulfonamides was nonlinear and pH dependent. At pH 4.5 and 6.0 sorption to both humic acid and oligomer increased in the order sulfanilamide < sulfapyridine < sulfadimethoxine. This was primarily attributed to the sulfonamides' H-bond donor/acceptor properties. Sorption to the oligomer indicated that in addition to π-π interactions with aromatics phenolic, aldehyde and methoxyl moieties of the oligomer are specific binding sites. Stronger sorption to humic acid than to the oligomer was related to the more complex structure and functional group diversity of humic acid. At pH 7.5 sorption sequence was changed to sulfadimethoxine < sulfanilamide < sulfapyridine, indicating a changed sorption behavior due to different sulfonamide speciation. In part sorption non-reversibility was strong. This was attributed to surface complexation, rate-limiting intra-particle diffusion processes and entrapment of sulfonamides in voids of organic matter. Molecular mechanics (MM+) computational modeling using a DOM-trimer model confirmed that H-bonding and dipole-dipole interactions are crucial for entrapment of sulfonamides in voids of organic matter.
Scoping a Public Health Impact Assessment of Aquaculture with Particular Reference to Tilapia in the UK
Authors: Watterson Andrew , Little David , Young James A. , Murray Francis , Doi Larry , Boyd Kathleen A. , Azim Ekram
Published: March 2012

Background. The paper explores shaping public health impact assessment tools for tilapia, a novel emergent aquaculture sector in the UK. This Research Council’s UK Rural Economy and Land Use project embraces technical, public health, and marketing perspectives scoping tools to assess possible impacts of the activity. Globally, aquaculture produced over 65 million tonnes of food in 2008 and will grow significantly requiring apposite global public health impact assessment tools. Methods. Quantitative and qualitative methods incorporated data from a tridisciplinary literature. Holistic tools scoped tilapia farming impact assessments. Laboratory-based tilapia production generated data on impacts in UK and Thailand along with 11 UK focus groups involving 90 consumers, 30 interviews and site visits, 9 visits to UK tilapia growers and 2 in The Netherlands. Results. The feasibility, challenges, strengths, and weaknesses of creating a tilapia Public Health Impact Assessment are analysed. Occupational and environmental health benefits and risks attached to tilapia production were identified. Conclusions. Scoping public health impacts of tilapia production is possible at different levels and forms for producers, retailers, consumers, civil society and governmental bodies that may contribute to complex and interrelated public health assessments of aquaculture projects. Our assessment framework constitutes an innovatory perspective in the field.
Homotopy Extension Property in Homotopy Theory for Topological Semigroups
Authors: Kılıçman Adem , Saif Amin
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this paper is to extend the concept of homotopy extension property in homotopy
theory for topological spaces to its analogical structure in homotopy theory for topological
semigroups. In this extension, we also give some results concerning on absolutely retract and its
properties.
Climate and Competition Shape Species' Borders: A Study of the Panamint (Crotalus stephensi) and Speckled (Crotalus mitchellii) Rattlesnakes
Authors: Lawing A. Michelle , Meik Jesse M. , Polly P. David
Published: March 2012

We used ecological niche modelling to study the relative roles of climate and interspecific interactions in
defining the parapatric contact between closely related species (Crotalus mitchellii and C. stephensi) and to predict refugia during the last glacial maximum. The modelled suitable habitat for C. stephensi correctly predicts the existing parapatric border between it and C. mitchellii, suggesting that C. stephensi's range at the border is limited by climatic factors. In contrast, the suitable habitat for C. mitchellii does not correctly predict the existing parapatric boundary; rather the suitable habitat of this species extends into the range of C. stephensi, suggesting the latter species, not climatic factors, limit the range of C. mitchellii. Modelled refugia of C. stephensi are much smaller than modern suitable habitat
and are partially situated at the current parapatric border, whereas the refugia of C. mitchellii are similar
to its current suitable habitat, though also shifted to the south. Ecological niche modelling appears to be a
useful tool for studying the interplay between climate and competition in determining boundaries between
parapatric species. It also appears to be useful for predicting past suitable habitats of species, because
predicted refugia are congruent with independent estimates from molecular phylogeography.
Stability Indicating Method for Simultaneous RP HPLC Determination of Camylofin Dihydrochloride and Nimesulide in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Singh Rajeev Kumar R. , Rathnam Manapragada V. , Singh Sangeeta J. , Vegesna Raju V. K.
Published: March 2012

A simple, fast, and precise reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of camylofin dihydrochloride and nimesulide using caffeine as an internal standard. The stability indicating capability of the method was proved by subjecting the drugs to stress conditions as per ICH-recommended test conditions. Separation was achieved using Varian Chromspher 5 C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) as stationary phase with a mobile phase comprising of buffer solution pH 5.0 : methanol (600 : 400, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1, column temperature of 30∘C and UV detection at 220 nm. The retention time of caffeine, camylofin dihydrochloride, and nimesulide was about 5.0 min, 6.1 min, and 12.7 min, respectively. The proposed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness and solution stability. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were found to be acceptable over the ranges of 250–750 μg mL−1 for Nimesulide and 125–375 μg mL−1 for camylofin dihydrochloride. The test solution was found to be stable for 72 h. It can be conveniently adopted for routine quality control analysis.
Toll-Like Receptors as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Muccioli Maria , Sprague Leslee , Nandigam Harika , Pate Michelle , Benencia Fabian
Published: March 2012

Ovarian cancer (OC) is an aggressive disease that affects approximately 1 in 70 women and has a poor prognosis (<50%, 5-year survival rate), in part because it is often diagnosed at a late stage. There are three main types of OC: neoplasms of surface epithelial, germ cell, or stromal origin, with surface epithelial tumors comprising about 80% of all OCs. In addition to improving diagnostics, it is necessary to develop more effective treatments for epithelial-origin OC. Here, we describe the paradoxical roles of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the progression of cancer and discuss how its modulation may result in decreased tumor growth and metastasis via the attenuation of proangiogenic cytokines and potentiation of proapoptotic factors. In particular, it has been found that TLR activity can behave like a “double-edged sword”, as its signaling pathways have been implicated as having both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting effects. With particular emphasis on OC, we discuss the need to consider the signaling details of TLRs and associated proteins in the multiple cell types present in the tumor milieu to achieve safe and effective design of TLR-based cancer therapies.
The City as Fulcrum of Global Sustainability
Authors: Yanarella Ernest , Levine Richard
Published: March 2012

This book finds short- and long-term solutions to twenty-first century global woes by looking to the city as the fulcrum for introducing sustainability around the world.
Why the World Economy Needs a Financial Crash and Other Critical Essays on Finance and Financial Economics
Authors: Topporowski Jan
Published: March 2012

These essays explain why financial crisis breaks out, its social, economic and cultural consequences, and the limitations of policy in the face of economic stagnation induced by financial inflation.
India and the World Bank
Authors: Kirk Jason
Published: March 2012

'The World Bank needs India more than India needs it.' So goes an emerging consensus on both sides of the relationship between the Bank and its largest borrower. This book analyzes the politics of aid and influence, with a particular focus on sub-national state-level reforms in India.
Dialogics of Self, the Mahabharata, and Culture
Authors: Bandlamudi Lakshmi
Published: March 2012

'Dialogics of Self, the Mahabharata and Culture: The History of Understanding and Understanding of History' explores the interrelationships between individual and cultural historical dynamics in interpreting texts, using key concepts from Bakhtins theory of dialogics.
Action!
Authors: Rosenbaum Jonathan , Cardullo Bert
Published: March 2012

Action! draws on the very best published and unpublished interviews of the Bright Lights Film Journal, and contains many gems, including the last ever interview given by Francois Truffaut, four months before he died.
Psychoanalytic Mythologies
Authors: Parker Ian
Published: March 2012

Psychoanalytic Mythologies presents a collection of essays on the theme of what it is to be a human subject in a culture permeated by psychoanalytic imagery.
An Age of Progress?
Authors: Moss Walter
Published: March 2012

An enthralling analysis of the defining social and political events of the twentieth century.
Inclusive Growth, Full Employment, and Structural Change
Authors: Felipe Jesus
Published: March 2012

'Inclusive Growth, Full Employment, and Structural Change: Implications and Policies for Developing Asia' discusses policies to achieve inclusive growth in developing Asia, including those relating to agriculture, investment, certain state interventions, monetary, fiscal, and the role of the state as employer of last resort.
Basics of Nonlinearities in Mathematical Sciences
Authors: Kumar Sinha Dilip
Published: March 2012

An attempt to familiarize the reader with nonlinear systems, in particular qualitative characteristics in a variety of systems amenable to mathematization.
Capitalism and Freedom
Authors: Nolan Peter
Published: March 2012

In this remarkable, expansive text, Peter Nolan explores the impact of the domineering economic phenomenon on our personal and social liberties.
The Indian Uprising of 1857–8
Authors: Anderson Clare
Published: March 2012

An in-depth study of the 1857 Indian mutiny-rebellion, exploring the political and social themes of this remarkable phenomenon.
Screen Writings
Authors: Cardullo Bert
Published: March 2012

'Screen Writings: Genres, Classics, and Aesthetics' offers close readings of genre films and acknowledged film classics in an attempt to explore both the aesthetics of genre and the definition of 'classic' - as well as the changing perception of so-called classic movies over time.
P. S. O'Hegarty (1879–1955)
Authors: Curtis Keiron
Published: March 2012

'P.S. O'Hegarty (1879-1955)' provides an informative and lively biography of the Irish nationalist P.S. O'Hegarty, a major historical figure in the modern separatist movement.
Another Canon
Authors: Paranjape Makarand
Published: March 2012

Both rigorous and readable, Another Canon is an original contribution to the study of Indian English literature.
Identification of Peptide Features in Precursor Spectra Using Hardklör and Krönik
Authors: Hoopmann Michael R. , MacCoss Michael J. , Moritz Robert L.
Published: March 2012

Hardklör and Krönik are software tools for feature detection and data reduction of high‐resolution mass spectra. Hardklör is used to reduce peptide isotope distributions to a single monoisotopic mass and charge state, and can deconvolve overlapping peptide isotope distributions. Krönik filters, validates, and summarizes peptide features identified with Hardklör from data obtained during liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Both software tools contain a simple user interface and can be run from nearly any desktop computer. These tools are freely available from http://proteome.gs.washington.edu/software/hardklor. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 37:13.18.1‐13.18.13. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Surface‐Grafted Polymer‐Assisted Electroless Deposition of Metals for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Liu Xuqing , Zhou Xuechang , Li Yi , Zheng Zijian
Published: March 2012

Surface‐grafted polymers, that is, ultrathin layers of polymer coating covalently tethered to a surface, can serve as a particularly promising nanoplatform for electroless deposition (ELD) of metal thin films and patterned structures. Such polymers consist of a large number of well‐defined binding sites for highly efficient and selective uptake of ELD catalysts. Moreover, the polymer chains provide flexible 3D network structures to trap the electrolessly deposited metal particles, leading to strong metal–substrate adhesion. In the past decade, surface‐grafted polymers have been demonstrated as efficient nanoplatforms for fabricating durable and high‐performance metal coatings by ELD on plastic substrates for applications in flexible and stretchable electronics. This focus review summarizes these recent advances, with a particular focus on applications in polymeric flexible and stretchable substrates. An outlook on the future challenges and opportunities in this field is given at the end of this paper.
Analysing markets within the latent class approach: an application to the pharma sector
Authors: Bassi Francesca
Published: March 2012

In this paper, the latent class approach is applied to an analysis of the Italian pharmaceutical market. The application serves as an example of how fruitfully latent class methodology can be implemented in marketing research. The sector in question shows a high level of competitiveness, more limited economic budgets than years ago and, at the same time, expensive sales and promotion activities; in this context, it is very important to know the reference market to design appropriate marketing strategies. Taking into account the hierarchical structure of the data, this paper: (i) identifies groups of doctors with similar attitudes toward pharmaceutical representatives' work and (ii) verifies which aspects of promotional activity are significant to influence prescription quantities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymorphism and higher order structures of protein nanofibers from crude mixtures of fish lens crystallins: Toward useful materials
Authors: Healy Jackie , Wong Kang , Sawyer Elizabeth B. , Roux Clement , Domigan Laura , Gras Sally L. , Sunde Margaret , Larsen Nigel G. , Gerrard Juliet , Vasudevamurthy Madhusudan
Published: March 2012

Protein nanofibers are emerging as useful biological nanomaterials for a number of applications, but to realize these applications requires a cheap and readily available source of fibril‐forming protein material. We have identified fish lens crystallins as a feedstock for the production of protein nanofibers and report optimized methods for their production. Altering the conditions of formation leads to individual protein nanofibers assembling into much larger structures. The ability to control the morphology and form higher order structures is a crucial step in bottom up assembly of bionanomaterials. Cell toxicity assays suggest no adverse impact of these structures on mammalian cell proliferation. There are many possible applications for protein nanofibers; here we illustrate their potential as templates for nanowire formation, with a simple gold plating process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 595–606, 2012.
Meta-analysis of individual patient data to examine factors affecting growth and rupture of small abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Sweeting M J , Thompson S G , Brown L C , Powell J T
Published: March 2012

Background

Surveillance is a common management strategy for small abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) (3·0–5·4 cm in diameter). Individual characteristics, other than diameter, may influence aneurysm growth or rupture rates.

Methods

Individual data were collated from 15 475 people under follow-up for a small aneurysm in 18 studies. The influence of co-variables (including demographics, medical and drug history) on aneurysm growth and rupture rates (analysed using longitudinal random-effects modelling and survival analysis with adjustment for aneurysm diameter) were summarized in an individual patient meta-analysis.

Results

The mean aneurysm growth rate of 2·21 mm/year was independent of age and sex. Growth rate was increased in smokers (by 0·35 mm/year) and decreased in patients with diabetes (by 0·51 mm/year). Mean arterial pressure had no effect and antihypertensive or other cardioprotective medications had only small, non-significant effects on aneurysm growth, consistent with the observation that calendar year of enrolment was not associated with growth rate. Rupture rates were almost fourfold higher in women than men (P < 0·001), were double in current smokers (P = 0·001) and increased with higher blood pressure (P = 0·001).

Conclusion

Follow-up schedules for individuals with a small AAA may need to consider diabetes and smoking, in addition to aneurysm diameter. The differing risk factors for growth and rupture suggest that a lower threshold for surgical intervention in women may be justified. No single drug used for cardiovascular risk reduction had a major effect on the growth or rupture of small aneurysms.
Polyhedral AgBr Microcrystals with an Increased Percentage of Exposed {111} Facets as a Highly Efficient Visible‐Light Photocatalyst
Authors: Wang Hua , Lang Xiufeng , Gao Jian , Liu Wei , Wu Di , Wu Yongmin , Guo Lin , Li Jinghong
Published: March 2012

Synthesis of inorganic single crystals with exposed high‐reactivity facets is a desirable target in the catalytic chemistry field. Polyhedral AgBr microcrystals with an increased percentage of exposed high‐reactivity {111} facets have been successfully prepared for the first time, and the photocatalytic performance of these microcrystals when used as an AgBr/Ag plasmonic photocatalyst was investigated. The results indicate that the as‐prepared sample has high photocatalytic activity and, under the same measurement conditions, the photodegradation rate of methyl orange dye over these microcrystals is at least four times faster than with other shapes of AgBr/Ag microstructure, as well as 20 times faster than with the highly efficient Ag3PO4 photocatalyst. DFT calculations suggest that the AgBr (111) surface is mainly composed of unsaturated Ag atoms and has a relatively high surface energy, both of which are favorable for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of the AgBr/Ag polyhedron photocatalyst. This work not only provides a highly efficient plasmonic photocatalyst of polyhedral AgBr/Ag microcrystals with an increased percentage of exposed high‐reactivity AgBr {111} facets, but also demonstrates that the shape and crystalline quality of the exposed facets have an important influence on the photocatalytic activities.
Recent Progress in the Application of Atomic Force Microscopy for Supported Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Zhong Jian , He Dannong
Published: March 2012

In the past two decades, atomic force microscopy has been widely used for studying supported lipid bilayer related research, including the structure and dynamics of membranes and membrane proteins, and the interaction of membranes with chemical and biological molecules. The focus of this minireview is on the recent progress in the application of atomic force microscopy for supported lipid bilayers. Such progress mainly includes the application in the following aspects: submolecular‐resolution imaging, in situ observation, and nanomechanics measurement.
Paper‐Based Electrochemiluminescent 3D Immunodevice for Lab‐on‐Paper, Specific, and Sensitive Point‐of‐Care Testing
Authors: Yan Jixian , Ge Lei , Song Xianrang , Yan Mei , Ge Shenguang , Yu Jinghua
Published: March 2012

Recent research on microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (μPADs) has shown that paper has great potential for the fabrication of low‐cost diagnostic devices for healthcare and environmental monitoring applications. Herein, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was introduced for the first time into μPADs that were based on screen‐printed paper‐electrodes. To further perform high‐specificity, high‐performance, and high‐sensitivity ECL on μPADs for point‐of‐care testing (POCT), ECL immunoassay capabilities were introduced into a wax‐patterned 3D paper‐based ECL device, which was characterized by SEM, contact‐angle measurement, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. With the aid of a home‐made device‐holder, the ECL reaction was triggered at room temperature. By using a typical tris(bipyridine)ruthenium–tri‐n‐propylamine ECL system, this paper‐based ECL 3D immunodevice was applied to the diagnosis of carcinoembryonic antigens in real clinical serum samples. This contribution further expands the number of sensitive and specific detection modes of μPADs.
“Spontaneous” Ambient Temperature Dehydrocoupling of Aromatic Amine–Boranes
Authors: Helten Holger , Robertson Alasdair P. M. , Staubitz Anne , Vance James R. , Haddow Mairi F. , Manners Ian
Published: March 2012

The dehydrocoupling/dehydrogenation behavior of primary arylamine–borane adducts ArNH2⋅BH3 (3 a–c; Ar=a: Ph, b: p‐MeOC6H4, c: p‐CF3C6H4) has been studied in detail both in solution at ambient temperature as well as in the solid state at ambient or elevated temperatures. The presence of a metal catalyst was found to be unnecessary for the release of H2. From reactions of 3 a,b in concentrated solutions in THF at 22 °C over 24 h cyclotriborazanes (ArNH‐BH2)3 (7 a,b) were isolated as THF adducts, 7 a,b⋅THF, or solvent‐free 7 a, which could not be obtained via heating of 3 a–c in the melt. The μ‐(anilino)diborane [H2B(μ‐PhNH)(μ‐H)BH2] (4 a) was observed in the reaction of 3 a with BH3⋅THF and was characterized in situ. The reaction of 3 a with PhNH2 (2 a) was found to provide a new, convenient method for the preparation of dianilinoborane (PhNH)2BH (5 a), which has potential generality. This observation, together with further studies of reactions of 4 a, 5 a, and 7 a,b, provided insight into the mechanism of the catalyst‐free ambient temperature dehydrocoupling of 3 a–c in solution. For example, the reaction of 4 a with 5 a yields 6 a and 7 a. It was found that borazines (ArN‐BH)3 (6 a–c) are not simply formed via dehydrogenation of cyclotriborazanes 7 a–c in solution. The transformation of 7 a to 6 a is slowly induced by 5 a and proceeds via regeneration of 3 a. The adducts 3 a–c also underwent rapid dehydrocoupling in the solid state at elevated temperatures and even very slowly at ambient temperature. From aniline–borane derivative 3 c, the linear iminoborane oligomer (p‐CF3C6H4)N[BH‐NH(p‐CF3C6H4)]2 (11) was obtained. The single‐crystal X‐ray structures of 3 a–c, 5 a, 7 a, 7 b⋅THF, and 11 are discussed.
Coronary Revascularization in Women
Authors: Lundberg Gina , King Spencer
Published: March 2012

Historically, mortality rates have been higher in women than in men for both PCI and CABG. Recent registries and studies have shown that women have mortality rates similar to men after correcting for age and comorbidities. The gender gap is narrowing with respect to outcomes for women with both PCI and CABG. Revascularization with PCI and CABG in women with stable angina (SA), unstable angina (UA), non ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) will all be reviewed in light of the most recent studies and registries. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

All American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines are published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology and Circulation, and are available online at www.cardiosource.com and http://my.americanheart.org/professional/Statements Guidelines. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Effects of Cyclic Lipodepsipeptide Structural Modulation on Stability, Antibacterial Activity, and Human Cell Toxicity
Authors: Bionda Nina , Stawikowski Maciej , Stawikowska Roma , Cudic Maré , López‐Vallejo Fabian , Treitl Daniela , Medina‐Franco José , Cudic Predrag
Published: March 2012

Bacterial infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, identifying novel antibacterial targets and new antibacterial agents capable of treating infections by drug‐resistant bacteria is of vital importance. The structurally simple yet potent fusaricidin or LI‐F class of natural products represents a particularly attractive source of candidates for the development of new antibacterial agents. We synthesized 18 fusaricidin/LI‐F analogues and investigated the effects of structure modification on their conformation, serum stability, antibacterial activity, and toxicity toward human cells. Our findings show that substitution of an ester bond in depsipeptides with an amide bond may afford equally potent analogues with improved stability and greatly decreased cytotoxicity. The lower overall hydrophobicity/amphiphilicity of amide analogues in comparison with their parent depsipeptides, as indicated by HPLC retention times, may explain the dissociation of antibacterial activity and human cell cytotoxicity. These results indicate that amide analogues may have significant advantages over fusaricidin/LI‐F natural products and their depsipeptide analogues as lead structures for the development of new antibacterial agents.
Interfacial Layering of a Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid Thin Film on Mica: A Computational Investigation
Authors: Dragoni Daniele , Manini Nicola , Ballone Pietro
Published: March 2012

The structure of a thin (4 nm) [bmim][Tf2N] film on mica was studied by molecular dynamics simulations using an empirical force field. Interfacial layering at T=300 K and at T=350 K is investigated by determining the number‐ and charge‐density profiles of [bmim][Tf2N] as a function of distance from mica, and by computing the normal force Fz opposing the penetration of the ionic liquid film by a spherical nanometric tip interacting with [bmim][Tf2N] atoms by a short‐range potential. The results show that layering is important but localised within ∼1 nm from the interface. The addition of a surface charge on mica, globally neutralised by an opposite charge on the [bmim][Tf2N] side, gives rise to low‐amplitude charge oscillations extending through the entire film. However, outside a narrow interfacial region, the resistance of the [bmim][Tf2N] film to penetration by the mesoscopic tip is only marginally affected by the charge at the interface. The results obtained here for [bmim][Tf2N]/mica are similar to those obtained using the same method for the [bmim][Tf2N]/silica interface, and agree well with experimental force–distance profiles measured on the latter interface at ambient conditions.
Nanocarbon Composites and Hybrids in Sustainability: A Review
Authors: Vilatela Juan J. , Eder Dominik
Published: March 2012

There is an ever‐growing need to protect our environment by increasing energy efficiency and developing “clean” energy sources. These are global challenges, and their resolution is vital to our energy security. Although many conventional materials, such as metals, ceramics, and plastics, cannot fulfil all requirements for these new technologies, many material combinations can offer synergistic effects that create improved and even new properties. The implementation of nanocarbons, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, into nanocomposites and, more recently, into the new class of hybrids, are very promising examples. In contrast to classical nanocomposites, where a low volume fraction of the carbon component is mixed into a polymer or ceramic matrix, hybrids are materials in which nanocarbon is coated with a thin layer of the functional compound, which introduces the interface as a powerful new parameter. Based on interfacial charge and energy transfer processes, nanocarbon hybrids have shown increased sensitivities in gas sensors, improved efficiencies in photovoltaics, superior activities in photocatalysts, and enhanced capacities in supercapacitors. This review compares the characteristics and potentials of both nanocarbon composites and hybrids, highlights recent developments in their synthesis and discusses key challenges for their use in various energy applications.
Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Rich Mesoporous Carbon Nitride with Tunable Pores, Band Gaps and Nitrogen Content from a Single Aminoguanidine Precursor
Authors: Talapaneni Siddulu N. , Mane Gurudas P. , Mano Ajayan , Anand Chokkalingam , Dhawale Dattatray S. , Mori Toshiyuki , Vinu Ajayan
Published: March 2012

Highly ordered mesoporous carbon nitride (CN) with an extremely high nitrogen content and tunable pore diameters was synthesized by using a new precursor with a high nitrogen content, aminoguanidine hydrochloride and mesoporous silica SBA‐15 with different pore diameters as hard templates. Surprisingly, the N/C ratio of the prepared mesoporous CN (MCN‐4: 1.80) was considerably higher than that of the theoretically predicted C3N4 nanostructures (1.33). This is mainly due to the fact that the CN precursor easily undergoes polymerization at high temperature and affords a highly stable polymer composed of a diamino‐s‐tetrazine moiety with a six‐membered aromatic ring containing six nitrogen atoms that are linked trigonally with the nitrogen atoms. The obtained materials were thoroughly characterized by means of XRD, nitrogen adsorption, high resolution TEM, electron energy loss spectra, high resolution SEM, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR, and C, N, O, and S analysis. The results show that the MCN‐4 materials possess a well‐ordered mesoporous structure similar to SBA‐15 with a high specific surface area and tunable band gap in the range of 2.25–2.49 eV. Interestingly, the pore diameter of the materials can be finely tuned from 3.1–5.8 nm by increasing the pore diameter of the hard‐template SBA‐15. The reaction temperature plays a critical role for the formation of MCN, and we found that 400 °C is the best condition to obtain MCN‐4 with a high nitrogen content. We have further investigated the catalytic application of the MCN‐4 materials towards Friedel–Crafts hexanoylation of benzene and compared the results with the mesoporous CN with less nitrogen content (MCN‐1) and nonporous CN. Among the materials studied, MCN‐4 showed the highest activity, affording a high yield of hexanophenone within a few hours, which is mainly due to the presence of free amine groups on the wall structure of MCN‐4.
Atomic Layer Deposition of HfO2 Thin Films Employing a Heteroleptic Hafnium Precursor
Authors: Xu Ke , Milanov Andrian P. , Parala Harish , Wenger Christian , Baristiran‐Kaynak Canan , Lakribssi Kaoutar , Toader Teodor , Bock Claudia , Rogalla Detlef , Becker Hans‐Werner , Kunze Ulrich , Devi Anjana
Published: March 2012

The application of a heteroleptic hafnium amide‐guanidinate precursor for the deposition of HfO2 thin films via a water‐assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD) process is demonstrated for the first time. HfO2 films are grown in the temperature range 100–300 °C using the compound [Hf(NMe2)2(NMe2‐Guan)2] (1). This compound shows self‐limiting ALD‐type growth characteristics with growth rates of the order of 1.0–1.2 Å per cycle in the temperature range 100–225 °C. The saturation behavior and a linear dependence on film thickness as a function of number of cycles are verified at various temperatures within the ALD window. The as‐deposited HfO2 films are characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrical measurements. For a direct comparison of the precursor performance with that of the parent alkyl amide [Hf(NMe2)4] (2), ALD experiments are also performed employing compound 2 under similar process conditions, and in this case no typical ALD characteristics are observed.
Initial Stage Growth during Plasma‐Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Cobalt
Authors: Lee Han‐Bo‐Ram , Park Yong Jun , Baik Sunggi , Kim Hyungjun
Published: March 2012

The initial growth of Co thin films during plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE‐ALD) is investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and synchrotron radiation X‐ray reflectivity (SR‐XRR). For the PE‐ALD of Co, CoCp2 and NH3 plasma were used as precursor and reactant, respectively. From XRR simulation, the growth rate at the initial stage of growth did not linearly increase with growth cycles, showing deviation from ideal ALD growth. The low density of PE‐ALD‐produced Co film up to 100 cycles is observed from XRR and confirmed by AFM and SEM results. The growth behavior of Co is explained by island growth under substrate‐inhibited growth mode.
Application of Carbon Nanotubes Directly Grown on Aluminum Foils as Electric Double Layer Capacitor Electrodes
Authors: Khavrus Vyacheslav O. , Weiser Mathias , Fritsch Marco , Ummethala Raghunandan , Salvaggio Maria Grazia , Schneider Michael , Kusnezoff Mihails , Leonhardt Albrecht
Published: March 2012

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are directly grown by catalytic (C)CVD on Al foils with various surface morphologies to make hybrid electrodes for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). A simple drop‐coating procedure is used for the deposition of the Fe/Al‐based catalyst. It is found that the surface topography of the Al foil is a governing factor for the growth of CNTs, their alignment, and adhesion to the current collector. Prepared electrodes achieve a specific capacitance up to 11.2 F g−1, which is found to be weakly sensitive to the alignment of the CNTs. Discussion of parameters that influence the properties of the resulting EDLCs is presented.
Physical activity is related to insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents, independent of adiposity: a review of the literature
Authors: Berman Laura J. , Weigensberg Marc J. , Spruijt‐Metz Donna
Published: March 2012

In adults, there is evidence that physical activity effectively improves insulin sensitivity regardless of adiposity. Whether this is also the case in children and adolescents is less clear. Clarifying this matter may help to identify the best outcomes to target in exercise programs for these age groups, where changes in adiposity may not always be desirable or realistic. A review of the literature was conducted on studies that examined the relationships of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and strength with insulin sensitivity independent of adiposity in children and adolescents. Experimental (intervention) and correlational (longitudinal and cross‐sectional) studies on participants ages 18 years and younger were identified. A total of 42 studies were included in this review. Sample sizes in the studies ranged from 14 to 4955 participants, with individual ages ranging from 5 to 19 years. A significant relationship with insulin sensitivity existed in 78% of studies on physical activity, 69% of studies on cardiorespiratory fitness and 66% of studies on strength. In studies that examined both physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness concurrently, evidence suggests that they are both correlated with insulin sensitivity independent of adiposity, especially when physical activity is at higher intensities. However, the strength of this relationship might be influenced by study design, measurement techniques and participant characteristics. This is the first review of its type to take research design into account and to examine study outcomes according to participant ethnicity, gender, age, pubertal status and weight status. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion of soils due to rainfall impact – an interpolation method
Authors: Parlange J‐Y. , Hogarth W. L. , Heng B. C. P. , Sander G. C. , Barry D. A. , Brovelli A. , Jomaa S. , Parlange M. B. , Hairsine P. B. , Steenhuis T. S. , van Meerveld H. J. , Rose C. W.
Published: March 2012

An approximate analytical solution of the Hairsine–Rose model of erosion is obtained by interpolation of asymptotic expressions for large times and great distances. The solution, when erosion is initiated by rainfall impact, is both simple and accurate. The results are illustrated by comparison with a numerical solution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pd‐ and/or Au‐Loaded Nb‐ and V‐Doped Macro‐Mesoporous TiO2 Supports as Catalysts for the Total Oxidation of VOCs
Authors: Barakat Tarek , Rooke Joanna C. , Franco Manuel , Cousin Renaud , Lamonier Jean‐François , Giraudon Jean‐Marc , Su Bao‐Lian , Siffert Stéphane
Published: March 2012

Two sets of hierarchically structured titania (TiO2) supports were doped with group V metal oxides, one with Nb2O5 and the other with V2O5. It was noted that before thermal treatment the prepared materials were amorphous, whereas after calcination at 400 °C the XRD patterns showed well‐defined peaks that indicated that the materials were a crystalline anatase phase. Treating these supports at high temperatures was followed by a decrease in their Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area values. The catalytic performance of these materials and their corresponding noble metal (Pd and Au) loaded catalysts was investigated in the total oxidation of toluene. It was clear that after noble‐metal loading, the activity was much higher than that of the unloaded supports, with Pd5VTi and PdAu3NbTi offering the best performances in the oxidation reaction. XRD patterns of the noble‐metal‐loaded catalysts showed peaks associated with the presence of metallic gold particles and palladium species on the supports; diffuse‐reflectance UV/Vis spectra also showed the presence of these noble metals, as well as a reduction in the intensities of the bands relative to those in the spectra of the unloaded doped titania supports, which is due to the metal–support interactions. Spectra obtained with this characterization technique also showed a shift of the Au bands to higher wavelengths, which should be correlated to changes in the size of the gold particles.
Cage Rearrangements in Dodecanuclear Co–Pt Dicarbido Clusters Promoted by Redox Reactions
Authors: Femoni Cristina , Iapalucci Maria Carmela , Longoni Giuliano , Zacchini Stefano , Fedi Serena , Fabrizi de Biani Fabrizia
Published: March 2012

The chemical reduction of [Co8Pt4C2(CO)24]2– ([1]2–) with Na/naphthalene results, after workup, in the isolation of either [Co10Pt2C2(CO)22]4– ([2]4–) or [Co8Pt4C2(CO)20]4– ([3]4–), depending on the experimental conditions. All these species undergo several chemical and/or electrochemical redox reactions, disclosing the existence of structurally related dodecanuclear clusters [1]n– (n = 0–4), [2]n– (n = 2–6) and [3]n–(n = 1–7). In the attempt to isolate more reduced species,[1]n–, [2]n– and [3]n– undergo structural rearrangements resulting, among others, in the formation of the new species [Co10–xPt2+xC2(CO)24]2– ([4]2–) (x = 0–2) structurally related to [1]2–. These dodecanuclear M12C2 dicarbido clusters are not isostructural and differ in the metal composition and/or the number of CO ligands. Nevertheless, they can be readily interconverted even if the interconversion reactions are not straightforward.