bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE OF THE ARMY OF SERBIA TO NON- MILITARY THREAT - MIGRATION
Authors:   Ministry of Defense, Bircaninova 5, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Banjac Nikola ,   University of Defense, Military Academy, Veljka Lukica Kurjaka 33, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Komazec Nenad
Published: December 2024

The issue of work indicates that with the global connection of the world or
more precisely with the opening of borders, easier access, development of technologies,
migrations are becoming more frequent, one could say almost an everyday occurrence.
The main security risk is still the possibility of radical Islamists and returnee fighters
from the Middle East infiltrating among migrants entering the Republic of Bulgaria
and Macedonia. Serbia. Migrant smuggling activities remain the biggest security
threat.
The research in the work raises an issue that needs to be further analyzed, bearing in
mind the fact that the migration crisis is becoming more complicated and requires new
responses and forms of organization and protection of the country, and is reflected in
the fact that the external factors of migration deserve special research in order to
identify security risks and threats. overview and assessment of the policies of countries
in the surrounding area, and above all the views of the key actors of the EU, with an
emphasis on the impact and consequences for the Republic of Serbia, as well as
predicting possible directions of development of the migrant crisis and preventive
actions of the Republic of Serbia to protect national interests.
INTERNET OF THINGS AND THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY
Authors:   Metropolitan University, Faculty of Management, Tadeusa Koscuska 63, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Domazet Sinisa
Published: December 2024

The dynamic development of information and communication technologies
has led to the rapid development of the Internet of Things. Undoubtedly, the Internet of
Things has brought numerous novelties in the functioning of modern man, but
numerous challenges have also appeared in connection with these technologies. They
relate to the protection of personal data, intellectual property rights, product liability,
consumer rights and the like. The goal of the research in the paper is to analyze the
relationship between the obligation to protect personal data and the Internet of Things,
while pointing out the problems of misuse of data that have arisen through the use of
modern technologies. The research established that numerous abuses were observed in
practice regarding the application of technologies based on the Internet of Things.
Normative method and legal-logical methods of induction and deduction were used in
the paper.
MILITARY APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Authors:   University of Defence in Belgrade, National Defense School, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka 1, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Miljkovic Milan ,   University of Defence in Belgrade, National Defense School, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka 33, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Berisa Hatidza ,   University of Defence in Belgrade, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka 1, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Zgonjanin Srdjan
Published: December 2024

The application of artificial intelligence for military purposes can be broadly
divided into three main areas. The first area involves enabling weapons and military
equipment to operate without human supervision. The second area focuses on the
processing and interpretation of large amounts of data, which aids in intelligence work,
defining military strategy, and making strategic decisions. The third area pertains to
assisting military systems in executing commands and observations independently
during combat situations. AI applications offer armed forces a competitive advantage
by accelerating decision-making through transforming the OODA decision-making
loop, enhancing overall command capability. As the technology evolves, the
"unpredictable, fragile, inflexible, and inexplicable characteristics of artificial
intelligence" remain to be fully understood, allowing it to continue surpassing strategy
and human error. However, like any revolutionary technology, artificial intelligence is
likely to intensify competition among militarily powerful states, leading to a security
dilemma that increases the potential for escalation.
TOOLS TO REDUCE VULNERABILITY FROM HYBRID THREATS
Authors:   University ,,Sv. Kliment Ohridski” Bitola, Faculty of Security Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia, Georginova Tatjana
Published: December 2024

Building national resilience is the primary responsibility of member states
because countering hybrid threats relates to national security and defense. However,
today many member states face common threats that can be effectively addressed at the
level of the European Union. In the paper, the author analyzes the need – to combine
European and national instruments in building the resistance of the member states to
hybrid threats and in preventing, reacting and recovering from the crisis. In the final
part, the author analyzes the instruments whose application is aimed at creating the
ability to detect and reduce vulnerability from hybrid threats in order to increase the
ability to respond. In the concluding observations, the author gives recommendations
in the direction of how each national country can efficiently and effectively deal with
hybrid threats (Establishing cooperation with EU and NATO institutions, intended to
deal with hybrid threats; the complexity of hybrid threats requires the full involvement
of all institutional stakeholders in the national security system; Promotion of
cooperation and exchange of information at the national and international level;
Building high-quality and trained key personnel, as well as maintaining the basic
principles of national security and resilience of society through constant basic
training).
CHALLENGES, RISKS AND THREATS TO THE SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Authors:   University of Defence, Military Academy, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka Street No. 33, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Kovacevic Nenad ,   University of Defence, Military Academy, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka Street No. 33, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Mak Antonio ,   University of Defence in Belgrade, National Defense School, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka Street No. 33, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Teodorovic Branko
Published: December 2024

Security is a function of the development of society, and observed from the
aspect of modern international relations, it is one of the most important, because every
day the conditions for preserving human existence become more complex, and thus the
fear of uncertainty and uninterrupted functioning of the constituents of society
increases. Depending on the severity of the consequences for the values of the society,
certain dangers to the security of the constituents of the society can be determined as a
challenge, risk or threat. The paper presents a conceptual and categorical distinction
between security challenges, risks and threats. The aim of this paper is to determine
the list of challenges, risks and threats to the security of the Republic of Serbia, as well
as to define the most dominant ones. The list has been made based on the results of the
research. Due to the length of the paper, only a brief overview of the methodology and
results of the research is given.
SECURITY CRISIS
Authors:   Faculty of Business Studies and Law, University of UNION Nikola Tesla, Jurija Gagarina 141a Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Forca Bozidar ,   Faculty of Business Studies and Law, University of UNION Nikola Tesla, Jurija Gagarina 141a Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Zupac Goran
Published: December 2024

Crisis is a phenomenon that increasingly occupies both theory and practice
in various areas of human activity. In theoretical works on the crisis, most often, we
come across the views that contemporary crises are significantly different from the so-
called. rudimentary notions of that phenomenon, and its basic property reduces it to
complexity and multidimensionality and gives it the attribute - modern. Various authors
try to define "modern" with a multifaceted approach, trying to determine at least some
general set of recommendations for resolving the crisis.
This paper deals with the security crisis, for the basic reason that every crisis, from the
individual to the global level, is essentially security. In modern conditions, security is
an essential need of man and his communities and a prerequisite for their survival and
development. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to offer a theoretical framework for
the security crisis, on the one hand, and to indicate some directions of crisis
management, on the other hand. The general conclusion of the paper could be
formulated as follows: Interest is the generator of security crises, but also the key to
their resolution.
OPTIMIZING EMPTY CONTAINER MOVEMENTS IN MARITIME INDUSTRY: A SIMULATION-BASED APPROACH AMIDST GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES
Authors:   University of Maribor Faculty of Logistics, Mariborska cesta 7, Celje, Slovenia, Kramberger Tomaz ,   College of International Transport and Logistics, Araba Academy for Science, Technology
and Maritim Transport, Alexandria, Egypt, Abdelshafie Alaa ,   University of Maribor Faculty of Logistics, Mariborska cesta 7, Celje, Sloveni, Rupnik Bojan
Published: December 2024

The maritime industry, responsible for over 90% of global trade, faces
significant challenges in managing empty containers due to global trade imbalances.
The management of these containers has become a critical focus within the industry,
with the need for strategic repositioning plans to reduce dwell times and storage costs.
The rise of nationalist movements, such as the Houthi rebel group’s attacks on
commercial ships, has further complicated this issue, disrupting supply chains and
increasing transportation costs. This study explores the current barriers and challenges
in managing empty container movements and presents methods, models, and
applications to address these issues. It also discusses the impact of geopolitical events
on the maritime industry and the implications for empty container transport. The
research employs a hybrid approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods,
and utilizes advanced mathematical and computational simulation methods to model
the return of empty containers to Asia. The results demonstrate the significant impact
of different repositioning strategies on container utilization, company profit, and
container turnover, highlighting the importance of strategic management in the
maritime industry.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND CYBER SECURITY: KEY STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING DIGITAL THREATS
Authors:   Metropolitan University, Faculty of Management, Tadeusa Koscuska 63, Belgrade,  Republic of Serbia, Karovic Samed
Published: December 2024

Crisis management and cybersecurity are critical elements in addressing
digital threats. In the current digital environment, many organizations face an
increasing number of cyber threats that can seriously jeopardize their security and
business stability. By analyzing existing threats, identifying vulnerabilities, and
implementing appropriate countermeasures, successful crisis management and
cybersecurity strategies become essential components in protecting against potential
attacks.
This paper explores and explains the strategies that organizations can apply to
effectively manage crises caused by cyber attacks. By focusing primarily on preventive
measures, early detection of vulnerabilities, and rapid incident response, organizations
can enhance their ability to resist cyber attacks, thereby protecting their resources,
data integrity, and reputation. The integration of comprehensive approaches to crisis
management and cybersecurity becomes imperative to ensure business sustainability
and continuity in today's digital environment.
CLIMATE CHANGE - THEN AND NOW
Authors:   Ministry of Interior, Sector for Emergency Management, Department of Emergency management Smederevo, Republic of Serbia, Klikovac Anita
Published: December 2024

During the last five decades, we have systematically recorded an increase
in temperature, accompanied by the melting of ice sheets in the polar regions and an
increase in sea level. Although the discussion of climate change may date back to the
19th century, today, thanks to advances in science and technology, we have the ability
to make accurate measurements that significantly contribute to our understanding and
prediction of these changes. However, despite this progress, there are two opposing
views on the causes of climate change: one claims that the changes are caused by
human action, while the other emphasizes natural processes as dominant factors,
independent of human influence. This document leads us to the conclusion that it is
necessary to take urgent and effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in
order to avoid catastrophic consequences for life on Earth. This includes switching to
renewable energy sources, increasing energy efficiency and applying technologies to
remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Without these steps, the forecast is bleak,
with significant impacts on the environment, economy and society around the world,
including our region. Global awareness and action are needed to ensure a sustainable
and acceptable life for future generations.
DIPLOMATIC ROLE OF THE UN IN SOLVING THE CRISIS IN UKRAINE AND GAZA
Authors:   General Staff of the Serbian Army, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Milikic Dejan
Published: December 2024

The United Nations was formed after the Second World War, with the aim of
preventing the recurrence of suffering caused by war conflicts and with the main task
of preserving international peace and security. It was created as a successor to the
League of Nations, which was judged to be ineffective. Although the mission of the
United Nations was complicated in the first decades of its formation, due to Cold War
relations, the Organization of the United Nations was a key diplomatic institution that
influenced the provision of peace in the world. The beginning of a special military
operation in Ukraine by the Russian Federation marks the beginning of a new
tightening of relations between Russia Federation and USA. With the attack of Hamas
on Israel and the beginning of the bombing of the Gaza Strip, another hot spot of war
is opening, with the danger of drawing other countries into the conflict. Is the United
Nations becoming ineffective for maintaining peace in the world? Through this paper,
I will explain the place in the role of the United Nations in the light of the conflicts in
Ukraine and Gaza and the possibilities of the United Nations to be a factor in the
diplomatic resolution of the conflict.
BEST PRACTICES IN CIVIL PROTECTION MANAGEMENT: IDENTIFYING CHALLENGES, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES
Authors:   School of Engineering Management, Vojvode Zivojina Misica 43, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Strbac Katarina ,   Faculty of Business Studies and Law, University of UNION Nikola Tesla, Jurija Gagarina 141a Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Milosavljevic Branislav
Published: December 2024

Civil protection management is crucial in mitigating risks and ensuring
effective emergency response. This article explores the identification and analysis of
challenges and obstacles, provides recommendations for improving the civil protection
management system, and presents international case studies showcasing best practices.
By adopting a scientific approach, this article emphasises the importance of
collaboration, continuous education and training, system evaluation, technological
advancements, and interdisciplinary engagement. Through synthesising knowledge
and practical experience, civil protection management can enhance its ability to
protect communities, minimise damage, and promote resilience in the face of diverse
challenges.
CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL SECURITY AND EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Authors:   University of Defense, Military Academy, Veljka Lukica Kurjaka 33, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Komazec Nenad ,   University of Defense in Belgrade , Military Academy, Veljka Lukica Kurjaka 33,
Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Milic Aleksandar ,   University of Defence in Belgrade, Military Academy, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka Street
No. 33, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Randjelovic Aca ,   Public enterprise City cleanliness, Mije Kovacevica 4, Belgrade, Serbia, Lapcevic Zoran
Published: December 2024

Fulfilment of existential needs has been a top priority for human since its
inception. Success in achieving this is conditioned by several different factors, which
in different ways and with different consequences prevented people from fulfilling their
needs. The result of the action of different forces was always the same, i.e. human
suffered pain. Starting from natural disasters, which he did not understand, to other
people who wanted to steal his prey, the environment became more and more
dangerous. Joining different groups brought certain advantages in the field of joint
action, against certain dangers, but at the same time new conditions of life and
realization of life's needs. In social groups, new relationships were developing, which
were driven by previously unknown forces, which represented new dangers. Therefore,
human no longer had individual problems, but they were raised to the social level, and
with that the level of complexity of mutual relations between people increased. Human
is simply forced to protect his values in order to fulfil his needs. In order to realize this,
he had to create an environment in which there is no danger, that is, a safe environment.
The creation of such an environment was influenced by many factors, i.e., forces in
nature and social groups.
Emergency situations are a significant danger to modern society. Observed in terms of
intensity or consequences, the hazards that cause them generate significant problems
for society. The last decades of the 20th century are full of an increasing number of
emergency situations, which significantly disrupt social security, at the local, regional
and global level.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE NECESSARY FOR SECURE AND SAFE REMOVAL EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR
Authors:   University of Defence in Belgrade, Military Academy, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka Street No. 33, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Milicevic Јovica ,   Mine Action Center Serbia, Vojvode Toze 31, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Glamoclija Bojan ,   Mine Action Centre of Republic of Serbia,VojvodeToze 31, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Krstic Jelena
Published: December 2024

Republic of Serbia, because of its geopolitical position, it was the scene of
numerous conflicts, which consequences have been resulted by a large number of
explosive remnants of war. The development of the industry and the geospatial location
imposed the need for a defence industry and a large number of ammunition storage
facilities. The consequences of accident situations in production facilites and depots
have been shown with large number of unexploded ordnance in cntaminated areas. The
imposed danger conditioned the necesity of a systematic approach to the removal of
found residual explosive devices. The legal framework in force needs to be constantly
innovated. The existing capacities for mine action operations need to be modernized
and developed in accordance with identified and anticipated needs. The main authority
of mine action operations is the Serbian Mine Action Centre which coordinates and
controls the ddemining works and compliance with safety measures. Taking into
account the modern trends in the development of capabilities in mine action, the paper
presents the approach of defining the necessary knowledge that each element in mine
action should adopt in order to achieve certain capabilities, with an emphasis on EOD-
1 and EOD-2 operators. Capability development needs to be designed through staff
training in several segments: for engagement in demining tasks; for engagement in
tasks of organizing work in preparation and demining; for engagement in
implementation of quality control of conducted works. The paper presents an approach
to defining a model of staff training for demining purposes level EOD-1 and EOD-2.
THE CONCEPT OF MODERN ARTILLERY RECONNAISSANCE IN FOREIGN ARMED FORCES AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE SERBIAN ARMED FORCES IN THE FUNCTION OF OWN UNITS SAFETY
Authors:   University of Defence in Belgrade, Military Academy, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka Street No. 33, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Djuric Zoran ,   Combined artillery brigade, Camurlijski put bb, Nis, Republic of Serbia, Markovic Marko ,   University of Defence in Belgrade, Military Academy, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka Street No. 33, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Bojanic Branislav ,   University of Defence in Belgrade, Military Academy, Veljka Lukica-Kurjaka Street No. 33, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, Novakovic Vuk
Published: December 2024

Serbian Army’s modernization process thru the introduction of new
digitalized and modernized weapons and equipment requires discovering the most
optimal methods for handling and using it cnsidering all key characteristics of modern
armed conflict. During practical use of this weapons and equipment, in participating
in field exercises and combined arms live fire exercises (CALFEX) we could see the
dynamics of operations in modern warfare requires more mobility, better target
acquisition in whole area of operation, faster flow of information and data processing,
as well as speed of reaction toward better artillery fire efects and decreasing risks for
own forces. Thru analysis of realized axercises where participated artillery units
equiped with modern reconnaissence equipment we empirical conclused there exist
strong need for arrangement and change of organizational framework of artillery units.
Considering that actual formations are dimensioned according with requirments of
equipmnet wich is more or less exceed we identified need for adaptation to modern
equipment requirements in terms of optimization human resources potentials both in
quantitative and in qualitative sense. Thru this work we offer some models of doctrinal
arrangement and change of organizational framework structure.
Measurements of Fitness through Agility and Endurance of Under-19 Cricket Players of Pakistan
Authors: Naseer Abida , Nawaz Aamir , Javed Saeed , Batool Asima
Published: December 2024

The leading objective of the present research was to determine the comparisons of pre and post-tests of agility and endurance as fitness measures of under-19 cricket players of Pakistan. The quasi-experimental research design as pre-test and post-test was applied to 40 players’ samples representing equal control and experimental groups. Run A3, 40 m sprint, and explosive power were the batteries applied to measure agility, whereas, the YOYO test was used to record the endurance of cricket players for 12 weeks. The findings of the present research revealed that the players improved their agility and endurance comparatively better in their post-test. The results revealed that the control and experimental groups found a significant difference (< 0.05) from each other after post-test. It was concluded that trainers should focus on the development of agility and endurance to enhance the fitness of players. Cricket trainers should be encouraged and supported to attend diverse fitness courses to improve their fitness dexterity and to apply them to their players in ground/practical settings.
Perceived Emotional Intelligence and Gender Role Attitudes of Married Individuals: Gender and Work Status in Perspective
Authors: Kalsoom Saima , Masood Sobia , Faran Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The current study examined the association of gender role attitudes and emotional intelligence of married individuals.  The second objective of this study was to assess the role of work status and gender as moderators for predicting the relationship of gender role attitudes with emotional intelligence of married individuals.
Methodology: A sample of married working men and women (N = 500), both working, and housewives was selected. Purposive and convenient sampling technique was used for data collection. Indigenous versions of perceived emotional intelligence and gender role attitudes measures were used to collect the data. The results of alpha coefficients for the scales and its subscales indicated satisfactory reliability levels as evidence for the stability of scores. Assessment of correlation coefficients exhibited significant positive relationship of emotional intelligence with gender role attitudes, which projected that higher self-perceived emotional intelligence resulted higher egalitarian gender role attitudes.
Findings: Correlation analysis suggested that emotional self-regulation, emotional self-awareness, and interpersonal skills as sub facets of emotional intelligence were found positively correlated with gender role attitudes. Independent moderation models were tested to explore the effect of gender and work status as moderator. These results indicated that moderation effect was significant for women than men, while across work status, it was found that moderation effect was significant for housewives and married working women than married working men into the positive direction.
Conclusion: To conclude this empirical evidence are vital contributions drawn from the collectivistic and traditional socio-cultural context of Pakistan.
An Investigation into Smartphone Usage and Nomophobia among Journalists in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Aqeel , Yousaf Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Background & Study Aim: Nomophobia, a digital-age spinoff, is often linked to smartphone usage with varying degrees of consequences for different segments of the society. Various studies depict that this digital pathology has affected individuals, mainly the students and academia with limited research about individuals from different professions. In view of the dearth of research about professional circles, particularly the journalists, who heavily depend on and remain occupied with the smartphones for hours to get news updates, collect and process information, and disseminate news, this cross-sectional, non-experimental, correlational study has explored a relationship between smartphone usage and nomophobia among the active smartphone user journalists in Pakistan.
Methodology: This research has applied Smartphone Addiction Scale-SV developed by Kwon et al. (2013) and Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) Scale developed by Yildirim and Correia (2015) to measure the phenomenon using purposive sampling and data was collected from (N=1005) journalists who are literate enough to understand English language and registered with any of the press clubs in Pakistan.
Findings: The findings of the study suggest that majority of the journalists suffer from severe nomophobia, and there exists a significant positive relationship between smartphone usage and nomophobia among the study population. Moreover, smartphone usage positively predicts nomophobia among them. There exist no differences of prevalence of nomophobia among the journalists in context of gender groups. However, the older age journalists depict more tendency towards nomophobia as compared to the younger journalists.
Conclusion: The study concluded that majority of the journalists in Pakistan suffer from severe levels of nomophobia with a significant positive relationship between smartphone usage and nomophobia. Smartphone usage and nomophobia equally prevail among male and female journalists but the older age journalists are more inclined towards smartphone usage and nomophobia as compared to their younger colleagues.
Consequences of Uncertain Food Prices on Household Health and Education Living in Urban Areas of Pakistan
Authors: Zehra Nigar
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The aim of this research paper was to develop the household deprived health and education index for thirteen cities of Pakistan. The paper also identifies the impact of uncertain food prices (volatility in food prices) on household health and education deprivation.
Methodology: The study conducted using the methodology of pseudo panel fixed effect for four waves of PSLM data.
Findings: The results also explained that the volatility in food prices increase the deprivation in both dimensions i.e., health and education.
Conclusion: It is concluded that in terms of education deprivation Quetta is the most deprived large city and stand at the 1st rank while, Bahawalpur is the most deprived city in terms of household health in 2014-15. The study recommended that government should build more schools and health care centers to provide free quality education and medical treatment.
Parenting Style, Academic Motivation and Future Orientation among University Students
Authors: Jan Farhat , Salik Remona , Iqbal Nazia
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The purpose to conduct this present research work was to understand the impact of different styles of parenting on motivation in academics and future orientation among students of university level.
Methodology: Current study is quantitative. Sample was consisted of 400 university students of age ranging from 18-27 who’s both parents were alive. Current study consisted of two phases. Pilot study (N=50) was conducted to establish the psychometric properties of instruments. Results of pilot study gave satisfactory results.  In main study 350 university students were included. Parenting style scale (PSS), Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) and Future Time Perspective (FTP) was used as research instrument.
Findings: Results indicated that authoritative parenting has significant positive relation with academic motivation and future orientation as compare to other styles of parenting. It was found that academic motivation and future orientation has significant positive relationship. Results revealed that women have high academic motivation and were found to be more oriented towards future. Another finding was that students from high family income have high academic motivation and future orientation.
Conclusion: It was concluded that authoritative parenting leads to high academic motivation and future orientation.
Analysis of Zarb-E-Azab in International Elite Press and Image of Pakistan
Authors: Shah Syed Ali Hassan , Shah Syed Muhammad Bilal , Gulfam Hassan
Published: December 2024

The regime of communication prevails across the world. The country's images—negative vs. positive-- are built in the light of the coverage given in the press. The objective of this study to how the international press framed Pakistan's image and how the action taken by the state to contribute to the war against terror is perceived in the international elite press. Also, this study is an attempt to find out the difference in the image of Pakistan and any impact of this action on the image of Pakistan by the international community. Zarb-e-Azab (Z.E.A) is a military action waged against terrorists within the geographical boundaries of Pakistan. The researcher selected the international elite Press from the U.S.A, U.K, China, and India. These international elite presses were the New York Times (N.Y.T), the Sun, Global Times (G.T), and Times of India (T.O.I). In what ways did these selected Elite Press (E.P) frame, constructed, and frame Pakistan's image in their editorial pages and news reports during the operation Z.E.A. Researcher used content analysis as a method to test the hypotheses and answer the research questions. While the framing theory was used to support the study results. The result shows, Pakistan’s Image was positively developed at the international level, and U.S.A security departments recognized and appreciated Pakistan's civil leadership role and military action against terrorism. Operation Z.E.A destroyed the militant groups and made Pakistani society peaceful and established a terrorism-free image of Pakistan. The G.T.I, 2017 report also admired Pakistan's military efforts.
Problems and Difficulties Faced by Conventional University Teachers as a Result of Shifting from Face-to-Face to Virtual Teaching Mode during the Covid-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Evidence from Lahore
Authors: Muslim Darakhshan , Sarfraz Maryam , Azad Mueen-ud-Din , Zahra Arooj , Touseef Syeda Aneeqa
Published: December 2024

COVID-19 have an unusual breakout around the end of 2019. Due to lock down situations the online education has become the popular alternative to conventional face to face teaching, yet it comes with some issues and challenges faced by online teachers. The purpose of this study is to investigate  the challenges faced by the male and female conventional teachers shifted to online teaching due to this Pandemic. This paper focused on challenges such as pedagogical, technological, time management, online group assessments and lack of interaction. The study conducted using questionnaire survey. A sample of 70 teachers from different university of Lahore, Pakistan was selected. A five point scale questionnaire was developed to collect the data. Frequencies and  percentage were used to analyze  the overall perception of online teachers about the issues they faced. Independent samples t-test was applied to assess the difference in the perception and experiences of male and female teachers while teaching in an online setting. The correlation analysis was also applied to assess the association among the above-mentioned factors. It was observed that the teachers are mostly facing the pedagogical issues including unfamiliar courses, less visible connection with the students, multitasking and improvements in course contents, time management due to heavy workloads. Only a few teachers are facing technological issues. Most of the teachers found satisfied with the process of assessing the students in online learning. No gender differences were found regarding the issues except that female instructors face more technology-related issues than male. This research provide a baseline to investigate challenges faced by teachers in online space. To address the challenges like Pedagogical, technological, time management, online group assessments and lack of interaction, higher education institutions need to provide training, support and opportunities for the continuous professional development of teachers.
Role of Research and Development Innovation between Ownership Structure and Firm Performance
Authors: Siddique Muhammad , Rasheed Abdul , Khalil Ur Rehman
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the moderating role of research and development intensity (R&D) between ownership structure (OS) and financial firm performance (FP). The Estimated Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) model was used on a panel data sample of 296 non-financial firms listed at the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) during 2011-2020. Research findings help to understand the R&D innovation policy implementation support to enhance the firm’s financial performance. The results indicate that R&D innovation interaction with OS (concentrated, institutional, managerial, and family ownership) has a positive and statistically significant association with FP and varies according to performance measures. The study findings contain functional implications for practising corporate governance (CG) in emerging economies. Non-financial firms in emerging countries can enhance their financial performance by investing in R&D innovation projects.
Socioeconomic Challenges Faced by Mothers of Disabled Children: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Zehra Nigar , Fatima Quratulain
Published: December 2024

This paper aims to highlight the challenges faced by mothers of disabled children especially Cerebral Palsy (CP) children living in Karachi, Pakistan. CP is the most common childhood neurological disorder that is responsible for both physical and mental disabilities. The study addresses both the economic as well as social challenges for instance; health challenges, social challenges, economic and financial challenges, marital life challenges, job challenges, and future worries. The objective is achieved by Qualitative research design using in-depth interviews. Thirty mothers are interviewed in the study most of them are housewives while few are working mothers. It is revealed that all mothers whether they are working or housewives experience health challenges, social isolation challenges, and future worries for their children. However, few mothers experienced marital life and financial challenges. It is observed that apart from the said challenges working mothers also faced job challenges. The study concluded that a wide range of challenges is experienced by the mothers of children with CP. This paper provides valuable information for organizing awareness programs regarding the problems faced by mothers and disabled children.
Exploring the Role of Television in Opinion Formulation of Youth on National Issues
Authors: Butt Sehrish Hamid , Iftikhar Aatif , Khan Zahid Iqbal
Published: December 2024

This study explored the influence of various private TV news and current affairs channels in opinion formulation of youth regarding terrorism, energy crisis, unemployment, and present law and order situation in the country. Mainly the survey method was used for the collection of data, employing a self-administered questionnaire. Male and female university-going students of graduate and post graduate level of Islamabad, belonging to different income levels and age groups, formed the population of the study. The data were analysed at the two levels of analysis, univariate and bivariate using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and simple linear regression respectively. The study found a significant and positive relationship between private TV news and current affairs channels and their impact on the opinion formulation of youth regarding the national issues of terrorism, energy crisis and unemployment, and law and order situation in the country.
The Development of Sustainable Goals and Concern for Human Rights in Business
Authors: Ali Naheeda
Published: December 2024

Human rights have been neglected in the normative discourse on corporate responsibility due to a propensity to defer to attorneys in legal problems and a relatively charitable orientation. This contributed to the propensity to mostly avoid challenging the state's dominating position in the human rights debate. In this study, one of the many aspirational goals included in the United Nations' Agenda 2030 is the recognition of the significance of the private sector as a partner in the effort to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Such a discourse known as business and human rights (BHR), has grown over the last two decades. It has impacted how we think about corporate responsibility and how firms are held responsible for the human rights breaches they create. In this research concerns have been raised over the fact that Agenda 2030 does not adequately address the growing discourse on private-sector accountability, putting the advancement of this field in jeopardy. We will discuss, how accurately do the Sustainable Development Goals represent the continuing discussion over BHR? Is there any gap between the discourse on sustainable development and the discourse on BHR rights affecting the execution of the SDGs, corroborating reservations that there is a divide between sustainable development and the discourse on BHR rights? Is there that much difference between the two arguments, and how much of a difference does it make if there is? This study is based on qualitative research. we analyzing statutes, local and international laws, protocols, conventions, treaties and reports for the accomplishment of this work. The use of legal tools to promote business and human rights emphasis on the fact that "international legal tools must and will play a role in the continuous growth of the business and human rights framework" is something that has always been made clear. It does not, however, support a single comprehensive agreement. As opposed to this, he views legal instruments as "well-built precision tools" that target certain subject matters and governance shortcomings in the areas of business and human rights. Highlighting logistical difficulties and maybe anticipating that such discussions might be used as an "excuse" by states to block the GP implementation process, a request to begin fresh treaty negotiations was made in the UN Human Rights Council.
Determinants of Households’ Budget Allocation to Health and Education in Balochistan, Pakistan: Role of Income, Household Size, and Employment
Authors: Yousaf Hazrat , Khan Gulawar , Khan Adnan
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The main aim of this research paper is to analyze the behavior of households' budget expenditures on education and health in the province of Balochistan. There are several reasons for our study to select Balochistan, but the most important reason is that Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan.
Methodology: For this quantitative research, the descriptive statistic, Pearson correlation and Working-Leser model.
Findings: Amongst health categories, households spend lion share of their budget on medicine and education categories, they spend more on school/ college/ university fees. The Pearson correlation result suggests that budget allocation to health is strongly negatively correlated with logarithm income while obtaining a positive correlation between budget allocation to education and logarithm income. Correlations between household size and budget allocation to health and education were negative while a positive correlation between budget allocation to health and employee, and between budget allocation to education and employee. The econometric result suggests that income, household size and employment status are the key drivers for determining household budget allocation to education and health.
Conclusion: The rise in employment and controlling policy of household size could be a valid policy options while the income elasticity is suggesting that rise in income could also be a valid policy option in case of Balochistan for rising budget allocation to health and education.
A Qualitative Assessment of Factors of Migration in Lahore City, Pakistan
Authors: Ghafoor Naghmana , Mehr-un-Nisa  , Qamar-un-Nisa
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The present study is designed to explore the factors responsible for the fast-growing urbanization and large inflow of population in Lahore City.
Methodology: A sample of 10 migrants, who were permanently or semi-permanently migrated to Lahore city, were interviewed in-depth, about the push and pull factors of migration. The interviews were audio-tapped and transcribed carefully. Those transcriptions were then analyzed using QSR NVivo.11 plus software. Thematic analysis was conducted on the emerging themes.
Findings: The main themes and their relative strengths were presented to analyze the major findings of the study. The findings of the study suggest that the pull factors include; i.e., improved employment opportunities, educational services, entertainment facilities, and other social and physical infrastructure at the destination area (Lahore City) attract the migrants to move.
Conclusions: This rapid inflow of migrants due to various reasons is causing pressures on the civic and administrative capacity of the city, and challenges for city planners and policy makers. It is causing socioeconomic problems for both the residents and the migrants. It should be checked by provision of improved economic and social services in small cities and towns.
Indo-Pak Water Disputes: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Ismail Muhammad , Azhar Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Study Aim: The main objective of this research is to explore water conflicts between Pakistan and India and their effects on bilateral relations of both states. Indian concern to uphold hydro hegemony on the Western Rivers of Pakistan is also the main rationale of this research. The primary purpose of the study is to answer the research questions and explain the causes and consequences of water disputes between Pakistan and India.
Methodology: Secondary sources are used to collect data and the analyses are made under the paradigm of qualitative content analysis method. The Indo-Pakistan water disputes are hampering the peaceful situation of South Asian region and it may lead the region towards the massive conflict.
Findings: The South Asian region is counted as one of the most dangerous regions of the world due to persistent rivalry of Islamabad and New Delhi. The hostility between Pakistan and India is not novel but some issues are watering the plant of antagonism historically and it may be resulted into a war. There are many factors behind these adverse bilateral relations but Kashmir issue and water conflicts are more prominent and have potential to trigger any misadventure. Water security is gaining more significance as non-traditional security threats are becoming primary concern of every state. Initially, Indus Water Treaty (IWT) resolved the water issues between both states but in 21st century, it reemerged owing to the building of many hydropower projects on the Chenab, Jhelum and Indus rivers by India.
Conclusion: Due to growing needs of water and decreasing supply, further tensions are increasing between Islamabad and New Delhi, which, are needed to be resolved immediately. Regular talks at Indus Water Commissioners level should be conducted and all reservations should be addressed. Efforts to maintain hydro-hegemony should also be avoided by India. It is also highly needed and required that confidence-building measures should be adopted by both states to avoid any futuristic combat like situation over water issues.
Środki ochrony prawnej konsumentów w przypadku braku zgodności treści lub usług cyfrowych z umową
Authors: Koman Klaudia
Published: December 2024

Przedmiot przyjętej w dniu 20 maja 2019 r. dyrektywy 2019/770 stanowią prawa i obowiązki stron umów o dostarczanie treści lub usług cyfrowych. Ustawodawcy krajowi zobowiązani są do implementacji unijnego aktu do wewnętrznych porządków prawnych do 1 lipca 2021 r. Do dnia przedstawienia projektu dyrektywy, państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej nie osiągnęły jedno-litego rozwoju krajowego prawa zobowiązań w zakresie dostarczania treści lub usług cyfrowych. Zapewnienie realnej ochrony prawnej nabywców treści lub usług cyfrowych jest uzależnione od prawidłowej interpretacji przepisów dyrektywy 2019/770. Z tego względu niniejszy artykuł skupia się na analizie kluczowych zagadnień dyrektywy, tj. wymogów zgodności treści lub usług cyfrowych z umową oraz środków ochrony prawnej przysługujących konsumentom w przypadku wystąpienia wad w dostarczonych treściach lub usługach.
Kształtowanie i kontrola kosztów kredytu konsumenckiego w świetle najnowszych wyroków Trybunału Sprawiedliwośc
Authors: Rogoń Dominika
Published: December 2024

W opracowaniu Autorka omawia konkluzje wyroków Trybunału Sprawiedliwości w sprawach: C-621/17; C-779/18; C 224/19; C-259/19; C-84/19; C-222/19 oraz C-252/19 dotyczących kształtowania i kontroli kosztów kredytu konsumenckiego.
De l’exaltation : une lecture écoféministe de deux romans d’Anaïs Barbeau-Lavalette1
Authors: Lepage Élise
Published: December 2024

Dans Femme forêt (2021) et Femme fleuve (2022) d’Anaïs Barbeau-Lavalette, une narratrice s’immerge dans un milieu naturel où elle vit des expériences de profonde exaltation. Cet article propose une lecture écoféministe de ces deux romans en faisant ressortir comment l’écriture de Barbeau-Lavalette « recycle », pour les resémantiser, des métaphores usuelles et les intègre dans une rhétorique de la porosité entre le sujet et son environnement. Elle développe par ailleurs des images de métamorphoses montrant des formes de vie qui se transforment au sein de leurs milieux naturels. En valorisant la cyclicité et la porosité des êtres, ces romans remettent en question les hiérarchisations biologiques et appellent de nouvelles approches épistémologiques.