bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of 1,3‐Enynes or Arylalkynes with Alkenes with Highly Reactive Cationic Phosphine Au(I) Complexes.
Authors: Nieto‐Oberhuber Cristina , Lopez Salome , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intermolecular Tandem Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling/[4 + 4] and [4 + 2] Cycloadditions: A One‐Pot, Five‐Component Assembly of Bicyclo[6.4.0]dodecanes.
Authors: Lee Phil Ho , Lee Kooyeon
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sterically Congested “Roofed” 2‐Thiazolines as New Chiral Ligands for Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Yamakuchi Manabu , Matsunaga Hirofumi , Tokuda Ryoh , Ishizuka Tadao , Nakajima Makoto , Kunieda Takehisa
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Proline‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Between Methyl Ketones and 1‐Aryl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethanones.
Authors: Qiu Li‐Hua , Shen Zong‐Xuan , Shi Chang‐Qing , Liu Yan‐Hua , Zhang Ya‐Wen
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Route to Regioselective Opening of N‐Tosylaziridines with Zinc(II) Halides.
Authors: Ghorai Manas K. , Das Kalpataru , Kumar Amit , Ghosh Koena
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Single and Double Suzuki—Miyaura Couplings with Symmetric Dihalobenzenes.
Authors: Sinclair David J. , Sherburn Michael S.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Formation of C—O Bonds by Alkene Activation: Lewis Acid Cycloisomerization of Olefinic Alcohols.
Authors: Coulombel Lydie , Favier Isabelle , Dunach Elisabet
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Metathesis Approach to Aromatic Heterocycles.
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Orr Allan J. , Gosby Katherine , Bingham Matilda
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Intramolecular Alkene Hydroaminations Catalyzed by Yttrium Complexes of Axially Chiral Bis(thiolate) Ligands.
Authors: Kim Joon Young , Livinghouse Tom
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic Hydroxyalkylation of Indoles with Ethyl Trifluoropyruvate.
Authors: Toeroek Bela , Abid Mohammed , London Gabor , Esquibel Joseph , Toeroek Marianna , Mhadgut Shilpa C. , Yan Ping , Prakash G. K. Surya
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
3,3‐Bisaryloxindoles as Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Neel David A. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of N‐(5‐Methyl‐3‐oxo‐1,2‐diphenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl) ‐N′‐phenylureas as Cholecystokinin Antagonists.
Authors: Lattmann Eric , Sattayasai Jintana , Boonprakob Yodchai , Lattmann Pornthip , Singh Harjit
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Oxazolidinones by Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of β‐Amino Alcohols and 2‐Aminophenol under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Li Fu‐Wei , Peng Xin‐Gao , Xia Chun‐Gu , Hu Bin
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitrilimine Cycloadditions to the Cyano Group in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Molteni Giorgio , Del Buttero Paola
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Highly Substituted 2,6‐anti‐Configured Tetrahydropyrans. First Steps Towards an Efficient Access to the Amphidinol 3 Ring System.
Authors: Dubost Christophe , Marko Istvan E. , Bryans Justin
Published: August 2005

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A Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Catalytic Intramolecular Stetter Reaction.
Authors: Read de Alaniz Javier , Rovis Tomislav
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Screening of N‐[Coumarin‐6‐ylamino]thiazolidinone and Spiro Indolo‐thiazolidinone Derivatives.
Authors: Choudhari B. P. , Mulwad V. V.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lactams as Prostanoid Receptor Ligands. Part 4. 2‐Piperidones as Selective EP4 Receptor Agonists.
Authors: Elworthy Todd R. , Brill Emma R. , Caires Christopher C. , Kim Woongki , Lach Leang K. , Tracy Jahari Laurant , Chiou San‐San
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Green Approach to the Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones by Uronium Hydrogensulfate under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Salehi Peyman , Dabiri Minoo , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Baghbanzadeh Mostafa
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Bis(dihydropyrimidinone‐4‐yl)benzene Using Boric Acid as a Catalyst.
Authors: Tu Shu‐Jiang , Zhu Xiao‐Tong , Fang Fang , Zhang Xiao‐Jing , Zhu Song‐Lei , Li Tuan‐Jie , Shi Da‐Qing , Wang Xiang‐Shan , Jl Shun‐Jun
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 4H‐3,1‐Benzoxazin‐4‐ones by Cyanuric Chloride Cyclodehydration of N‐Benzoyl‐ and N‐Acylanthranilic Acids.
Authors: Khajavi Mohammad S. , Shariat Seyed M.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation and Selective Reactions of Mixed Bimetallic Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Boron—Magnesium Reagents.
Authors: Baron Oliver , Knochel Paul
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of Novel 10‐Deoxoartemisinins.
Authors: Tran Khac Vu , Nguyen Van Tuyen , Tran Van Sung
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Selective Glycine Phase‐Transfer Catalysis Using Fluoroanthracenylmethyl Cinchonidine Catalysts.
Authors: Andrus Merritt B. , Ye Zhifeng , Zhang Jiuqing
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Glycosyl Phosphonium Halide as a Reactive Intermediate in Highly α‐Selective Glycosylation.
Authors: Kobashi Yohei , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Formal Total Synthesis of Cephalotaxine (I).
Authors: Li Wei‐Dong Z. , Ma Bao‐Chun
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of Novel Conformationally Constrained Tropane‐Based Biaryl and Arylacetylene Ligands as Potent and Selective Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibitors and Potential Antidepressants.
Authors: Zhou Jia , Klaess Thomas , Johnson Kenneth M. , Giberson Kelly M. , Kozikowski Alan P.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antitumor Effects of Two Novel Naturally Occurring Terpene Quinones Isolated from the Mediterranean Ascidian Aplidium conicum.
Authors: Aiello Anna , Fattorusso Ernesto , Luciano Paolo , Macho Antonio , Menna Marialuisa , Munoz Eduardo
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis and Antioxidative Activity of Magnolamide from Magnolia coco.
Authors: Chiou Wen‐Fei , Shen Chien‐Chang , Yu Hsi‐Jung , Chiang Chang‐Han , Chen Ching‐Chuan , Chang Wenyi , Don Ming‐Jaw
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of Viridiofungin A.
Authors: Morokuma Kenji , Takahashi Keisuke , Ishihara Jun , Hatakeyama Susumi
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Observation of Quamtum Splitting Behavior in Nanocrystalline SrAl12O19:Pr, Mg Phosphor.
Authors: Loureiro Sergio M. , Setlur Anant , Heward William , Taylor Seth T. , Comanzo Holly , Manoharan Mohan , Srivastava Alok , Schmidt Paul , Happek Uwe
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ferrimagnetic Nanogranular Co3O4 Through Solvothermal Decomposition of Colloidally Dispersed Monolayers of α‐Cobalt Hydroxide.
Authors: Nethravathi C. , Sen Sonia , Ravishankar N. , Rajamathi Michael , Pietzonka Clemens , Harbrecht Bernd
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Liquid Gallium Columns Sheathed with Carbon: Bulk Synthesis and Manipulation.
Authors: Zhan Jinhua , Bando Yoshio , Hu Junqing , Golberg Dmitri , Nakanishi Haruyuki
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Borylborazines as New Precursors for Boron Nitride Fibres.
Authors: Miele Philippe , Toury Berangere , Cornu David , Bernard Samuel
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Colloidal Processing of Dense in situ Reinforced α‐SiAlON Ceramics from Reacting Precursor Powders
Authors: Ferreira J. M. F. , Xu X. , Oliveira M. I. L. L.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Successful Strategies for Aqueous Colloidal Shape‐Forming of Nitride‐Based Ceramics
Authors: Olhero S. M. , Oliveira M. I. L. L. , Ferreira J. M. F.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalysis with Transition Metal Nanoparticles in Colloidal Solution: Nanoparticle Shape Dependence and Stability
Authors: Narayanan Radha , El‐Sayed Mostafa A.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Aza‐ and Diazabicyclo[X.Y.0]alkane Dipeptide Mimetics
Authors: Maison Wolfgang , Prenzel Alexander H. G. P.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphazenes with Pyridine Groups
Authors: Diefenbach Ursula
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Reactions of Stable Silylenes
Authors: West Robert , Moser Daniel F. , Haaf Michael , Schmedake Thomas A. , Guzei Ilia
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ring Rearrangement Metathesis (RRM): A New Concept in Piperidine and Pyrrolidine Synthesis
Authors: Basra Sandeep , Blechert Siegfried
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Calixarene Analogues Containing Thiophene Ring, Cystine Peptide, and Homoaza Units: Molecular Recognition Toward Organic Cations
Authors: Ito Kazuaki , Ohba Yoshihiro
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Allenes in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Brummond Kay M. , Chen Hongfeng
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reflections on Chiral Metal Surfaces and Their Potential for Catalysis
Authors: Baiker Alfons
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tautomeric Preferences in Histamine and Its Model 4(5)‐Alkylimidazoles
Authors: Raczynska Ewa D. , Darowska Malgorzata , Makowski Mariusz
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acyclic and Cyclic Carbonic Acids and Esters, and Their Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium Analogues
Authors: Jung K. W. , Nagle A. S.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Michael Additions Catalyzed by Transition Metals and Lanthanoid Species.
Authors: Comelles Josep , Moreno‐Manas Marcial , Vallribera Adelina
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Liquid Inorganic—Organic Nanocomposites: Novel Electrolytes and Ferrofluids
Authors: Smarsly Bernd , Kaper Helena
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Combinatorial Methods for the Discovery of Catalysts
Authors: Wennemers Helma
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Triorganoaluminum Compounds
Authors: Oishi M.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Canola and Rapeseed Oil
Authors: Rousseau Derick
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multikilo Resolution of XU305, a Key Intermediate to the Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonist Roxifiban via Kinetic and Dynamic Enzymatic Resolution
Authors: Pesti Jaan A. , Anzalone Luigi
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Beryllium Compounds
Authors: Yasuda H.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Application of N‐Vinylimidoyl, N‐Arylimidoyl and Hydrazonyl Compounds in the Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Zielinski Wojciech , Kudelko Agnieszka , Mazik Monika , Czardybon Wojciech
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitrogen Heterocycles as Building Blocks for New Metallosupramolecular Architectures
Authors: Steel Peter J.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkylation, Hydrogenation and Oxidation Catalyzed by Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Viswanathan B. , Jacob Bindhu
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Barium Compounds
Authors: Yanagisawa A.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Grignard Reagents with Transition Metals
Authors: Takahashi T. , Liu Y.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Additions of Allyl, Allenyl, and Propargylstannanes to Aldehydes and Imines
Authors: Gung Benjamin W.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rapid Screening of Asymmetric Hydrogenation Catalysts Leading to Commercial Applications
Authors: Lennon Ian C. , Moran Paul H.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Theoretical Conformational Analysis of Organophosphorus Compounds
Authors: Vereshchagina Ya. A. , Ishmaeva E. A. , Zverev V. V.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kinetik und Reaktionstechnik der Synthese ionischer Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Jess A. , Große Böwing A. , Wasserscheid P.
Published: August 2005

Ionische Flüssigkeiten (Ionic Liquids, ILs) sind neuartige Lösungsmittel mit vielfältigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten, z. B. in der Katalyse und in Trennprozessen. Bisher werden ILs vor allem in Laborbatch‐Reaktoren hergestellt. Die dadurch eingeschränkte Verfügbarkeit und der immer noch relativ hohe Preis stehen einer technischen Anwendung häufig noch entgegen. Eine Verbesserung der Herstellung durch ein möglichst kontinuierliches Verfahren ist daher wünschenswert. Im Beitrag werden die grundsätzlichen Syntheserouten, die Kinetik und die Reaktionstechnik der IL‐Synthese diskutiert, insbesondere im diskontinuierlichen Rührkessel und im Rohrreaktor. Dazu werden beispielhaft Untersuchungsergebnisse zur Synthese von 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazoliumchlorid ([BMIM]Cl) und von 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazoliumethylsulfat ([EMIM][EtSO4]) herangezogen, da sich beide Synthesen bzgl. der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, des Phasenverhaltens und der Notwendigkeit einer sehr guten Wärmeabfuhr deutlich unterscheiden.
Elektrochemische Verfahren – Neuentwicklungen und Tendenzen
Authors: Hoormann D. , Pütter H. , Jörissen J.
Published: August 2005

Elektrochemische Verfahren sind für viele Großprodukte unverzichtbar, wie z. B. für Chlor und Natronlauge sowie für Aluminium und etliche andere Metalle. Die erfolgreiche Optimierung dieser Verfahren hat große wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, insbesondere unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Energieverbrauchs. Darüber hinaus soll gezeigt werden, dass elektrochemische Verfahren an einer Fülle von Innovationen beteiligt sind. Gasdiffusionselektroden kommen erstmals in industriellen Elektrolysen zum Einsatz und führen zu erheblichen Energieeinsparungen. Industriell erfolgreich sind auch neue Verfahren der organischen Elektrochemie, die einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Green Chemistry leisten. Neue Elektrodenmaterialien eröffnen interessante Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. In einer zukünftigen nachhaltigen Energieversorgung wird die Elektrochemie eine wesentliche Rolle spielen.
Klimaänderung und Klimaschutz
Authors: Zellner R.
Published: August 2005

Die naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse über anthropogen induzierte Klimatrends sind seit nunmehr zwei Jahrzehnten auch Gegenstand der gesellschaftlichen Diskussion und des politischen Handlungsbedarfs. Während die Verringerung von Treibhausgasemissionen das wesentliche Ziel der Klimaschutzpolitik war und immer noch ist, hat sich langsam aber auch die Überzeugung durchgesetzt, dass die Anpassung an Klimawandel eine unumgängliche Bedingung ist, die Folgen auf Mensch und Ökosysteme zu verringern. Dies ist darin begründet, dass sowohl der Schutz vor dem derzeitigen Klima verbesserter Anpassung bedarf als auch weitere anthropogen bedingte Klimaveränderung trotz des Kyoto‐Protokolls praktisch nicht vermeidbar ist. Klimaänderung ist aber beherrschbar – soweit die Gesellschaft die Möglichkeit wahrnimmt, sich darauf einzustellen.
Zur Integration von Reaktion und Stofftrennung
Authors: Kienle A. , Sundmacher K. , Seidel‐Morgenstern Andreas
Published: August 2005

Auf Grund von unerwünschten Nebenreaktionen sowie thermodynamischen Limitierungen erfordert die Gewinnung reiner Produkte neben der Durchführung der chemischen Reaktionen stets den Einsatz von Stofftrennprozessen. Häufig erfolgt die Abtrennung der gewünschten Produkte sequentiell zum Reaktionsschritt in separat nachgeschalteten Trennapparaten. Eine attraktive und in den letzten Jahren zunehmend genutzte Möglichkeit besteht in der gezielten Integration eines Trennprozesses direkt in den Reaktor. Die verschiedenen Varianten unterscheiden sich insbesondere in der Art des eingesetzten Trennprozesses sowie in den angewandten Betriebsweisen. Zielstellung dieser Arbeit ist es, an Hand von drei Beispielen bestehende Analogien zwischen verschiedenen integrierten Prozessen zu verdeutlichen. Betrachtet werden Reaktivdestillationskolonnen, Membranreaktoren und chromatographische Reaktoren. Anschließend werden die Grundzüge einer einheitlichen Theorie zur Analyse und raschen Bewertung integrierter chemischer Prozesse skizziert. Die Theorie basiert auf der Annahme chemischen Gleichgewichts. Sie verbindet das Konzept der transformierten Konzentrationsvariablen aus der Reaktivdestillation mit der klassischen Gleichgewichtstheorie aus der Chromatographie.
Autoabgasreinigung – eine Herausforderung für die Verfahrenstechnik
Authors: Brinkmeier Clemens , Eigenberger Gerhart , Bernnat Jens , Tuttlies Ute , Schmeißer Volker , Opferkuch Frank
Published: August 2005

Es wird ein Überblick über den Stand der Technik, der experimentellen Analyse und der modellmäßigen Erfassung der im Pkw‐Bereich wichtigsten Abgasreinigungsverfahren – 3‐Wege‐Katalysatoren für λ‐geregelte Otto‐Motoren, NOX‐Speicherkatalysatoren und Dieselrußfilter – gegeben. Während der serienmäßig eingesetzte 3‐Wege‐Katalysator einen hohen technischen Stand erreicht hat, bereitet der serienmäßige Einsatz der beiden anderen Konzepte noch erhebliche Probleme. Diese beruhen auch auf der Prämisse, alle für den Betrieb und die jeweilig periodische Regeneration erforderlichen Bedingungen über die Motorsteuerung einzustellen, was die Flexibilität auf Seiten der Motorentwicklung wie die Effizienz der Abgasreinigung erheblich einschränkt. Daher wird abschließend ein modifiziertes Reinigungskonzept für Autoabgase vorgeschlagen, bei dem alle wichtigen Abgaskomponenten in einer autarken, von der Motorsteuerung weitgehend unabhängigen Einheit zusammengefasst sind. Für den Aufbau dieser Einheit bieten die in den letzten Jahren entwickelten Konzepte der integrierten Reaktionsführung wichtige Ansatzpunkte.
„Try to Change Situations, not People”︁: Gerhard Kreysa und die DECHEMA
Authors: Keim W. , Weitkamp J.
Published: August 2005

Am 21. September dieses Jahres feiert Professor Gerhard Kreysa seinen 60. Geburtstag. Als international geschätzter Forscher auf den Gebieten der Elektrochemie und Technischen Chemie, als Wissenschaftsmanager und seit 1992 als Geschäftsführer der DECHEMA Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V. hat er sich große Verdienste erworben um die erfolgreiche Weiterentwicklung der DECHEMA zum Nutzen der Wissenschafts‐Community und ihre Einbindung in nationale und internationale Netzwerke.
From Oil to Gas: Trends im Anlagenbau
Authors: Plass L.
Published: August 2005

Der Energieverbrauch wird auch in Zukunft weltweit stark ansteigen. Dabei zeichnet sich bereits heute ab, dass der Anteil an Erdöl als Ausgangsstoff für Synthesen in der chemischen Industrie rückläufig sein wird, während Erdgas immer stärker eingesetzt werden wird. Eine Schlüsselrolle kommt dabei der Erzeugung von Methanol aus Gas zu, die Dank neuer Technologien und immer größerer Anlagen in Zukunft kostengünstiger möglich sein wird.
Von der technischen Entwicklung zum erfolgreichen nanotechnologischen Produkt
Authors: Gutsch Andreas , Averdung Johannes , Mühlenweg Heike
Published: August 2005

Die zunehmende Wettbewerbsintensität und Globalisierung der Märkte verbunden mit der Verkürzung der Innovationszyklen in nahezu allen Branchen erfordert neue Antworten von der Chemie. Dabei betrifft der Innovationsdruck nicht nur die neuen Produkte aus Forschung und Entwicklung, sondern auch die immer kürzer werdende Zeitspanne von der Erfindung bis zum verkaufsfähigen Produkt. Insbesondere in der Spezialchemie führen Wettbewerbs‐ und Kostendruck zu einer Fokussierung auf attraktive Markt‐ und Kundensegmente. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Schaffung von Zusatznutzen für den Kunden durch maßgeschneiderte Systeme und kundenspezifische Problemlösungen. Große Chancen ergeben sich hier aus neuen, auf Nanotechnologie basierenden Produkten. Vor allem hauchdünne Funktionsschichten aus Nanopartikeln werden in Zukunft den Wert vieler Produkte entscheidend mitbestimmen. So wird die Nanotechnologie in den kommenden Jahrzehnten die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Unternehmen in allen wesentlichen Branchen stark prägen. Sie ist als Querschnittstechnologie Quelle für Innovationen mit hohem Wertschöpfungspotenzial in einer Vielzahl von Technologiefeldern. Der Beitrag betrachtet die Herstellung von Nanomaterialien durch Gasphasensynthese bis hin zur vermarktbaren Produktinnovation.
Frequency, severity, clinical course, and correlates of fatigue in 372 patients during 5 weeks of radiotherapy for cancer
Authors: Hickok Jane T. , Roscoe Joseph A. , Morrow Gary R. , Mustian Karen , Okunieff Paul , Bole Christopher W.
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Patients often describe fatigue as the most distressing of the symptoms they experienced during their cancer treatment. Fatigue may increase from initial levels experienced during cancer treatment with the addition of radiotherapy (RT).

METHODS

Three hundred seventy‐two patients completed a Symptom Inventory at the initiation of RT and weekly for 4 weeks thereafter. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate differences in fatigue at baseline by demographics and diagnosis. Changes over the course of treatment were evaluated by repeated‐measures analysis of variance and Student t tests for paired data. The effect of diagnosis, age, gender, and previous treatment on fatigue was investigated by linear and hierarchical regression.

RESULTS

Fifty‐seven percent of patients reported some degree of fatigue at the initiation of RT. The proportion increased to 76% by Week 3 and then to 78% at Week 5. Eighty‐four percent of patients with initial fatigue remained fatigued throughout the 5‐week course. Of the 160 patients without initial fatigue, 70% subsequently developed it. By Week 5, only 13% of patients had never reported any fatigue. Severity was found to be related to diagnosis, with patients with prostate carcinoma reporting the least severe fatigue and patients with lung, alimentary, and head and neck carcinoma reporting the most severe fatigue. Neither gender, age, nor total dose of RT predicted significant variance in severity.

CONCLUSIONS

Fatigue was a common adverse effect of RT for cancer, reported by more than three‐fourths of patients by the third to fifth weeks of treatment. Cancer diagnosis was the only factor found to be significantly related to variation in fatigue severity. Additional studies should be devised to identify other underlying causes of RT‐related fatigue. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor‐C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 in patients with T1 lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kojima Hiroshi , Shijubo Noriharu , Yamada Gen , Ichimiya Shingo , Abe Shosaku , Satoh Masaaki , Sato Noriyuki
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Vascular endothelial growth factor‐C (VEGF‐C) plays an important role in lymphangiogenesis and activates VEGF receptor‐3 (VEGFR‐3). Lymphatic spread is an important prognostic factor in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the expression of VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐3 correlates with clinicopathologic factors and prognosis in patients with TNM classification T1 lung adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective review of 129 consecutive patients who underwent complete resection for T1 lung adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining for VEGF‐C, VEGF, VEGFR‐3, CD34 (microvessels), tryptase (mast cells), and CD68 (macrophages) was performed to statistically analyze clinicopathologic implications of VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐3 status.

RESULTS

Of 129 patients with T1 lung adenocarcinoma, 56 (43.3%) patients were positive for tumor‐cell VEGF‐C and 73 (56.6%) and 69 (53.5%) patients were positive for tumor‐cell and endothelial‐cell VEGFR‐3, respectively. Patients with positive staining for tumor‐cell VEGF‐C showed significantly less favorable survival rates than patients with negative staining (P = 0.031). The survival rates of patients with positive staining for tumor‐cell and endothelial‐cell VEGFR‐3 were significantly lower than those with negative staining (P = 0.0034 and P = 0.0020, respectively). Patients with positive staining for both tumor‐cell VEGF‐C and endothelial‐cell VEGFR‐3 exhibited the most unfavorable prognoses. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that coexpression of tumor‐cell VEGF‐C and endothelial‐cell VEGFR‐3 was an independent negative prognostic factor (P = 0.0129) as well as N factor (P = 0.0020).

CONCLUSIONS

VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐3 status may be indicative of survival rates for patients with T1 lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A comprehensive economic analysis of biomass gasification systems
Authors: Dowaki Kiyoshi , Mori Shunsuke , Fukushima Chihiro , Asai Noriyasu
Published: August 2005

This paper presents a comprehensive economic analysis of biomass gasification systems. There has recently been interest in promoting biomass energy systems in Japan's domestic sector. However, there are problems in achieving this project. The costs of plant construction are very high compared with conventional plants. Accordingly, the unit costs of electricity will be increased to levels comparable with those of other environmental energy systems. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In this paper, biomass energy systems using woody biomass are proposed from the viewpoint of successful environmental business. Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) plants operated by independent power producers and biomass gasification cogeneration (BGCGS) plants in sawmills or asphalt‐concrete production factories have the potential for implementation in the near future. Our analysis concludes that the systems proposed in this paper provide the following outcomes with subsidies: (1) the generating cost of BIGCC ranges from 15.1 to 36.6 yen/kWh, (2) the generating cost of BGCGS ranges from 2.6 to 32.2 yen/kWh, and (3) the cost reduction of BGCGS products in asphalt factories amounts to about 60 million yen per year. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 52–63, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20089
A case study of elemental and structural composition of dental calculus during several stages of maturation using SRXRF
Authors: Abraham J. , Grenón M. , Sánchez H. J. , Pérez C. , Barrea R.
Published: August 2005

This work presents a study of elemental composition and preponderant structure of human dental calculus, as they mature in the mouth for a period of 1 year. The synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence technique using a white beam was employed as an analytical method. The set of samples were extracted from different dental elements of the same subject, who did not require any other clinical care. By means of analyzing the Ca/P molar ratio an estimation of the main crystallographic structure was attained, by simple comparison with stoichiometric values of the several crystalline structures that compose the calculus. The results showed a slowly progressive transformation of the initial crystalline structures (brushite) into more stable structures (hydroxyapatite), passing through octacalcium phosphate and whitlockite. The concentrations of mayor components (Ca and P) as a function of time followed a sigmoid curve. The analysis of trace element concentratios versus time indicated a null or small correlation of concentration values with the kinetics of the crystallization process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Two maps with large representativity on one surface
Authors: Richter R. Bruce , Salazar Gelasio
Published: August 2005

We show that, for each orientable surface Σ, there is a constant cΣ so that, if G1 and G2 are embedded simultaneously in Σ, with representativities r1 and r2, respectively, then the minimum number cr(G1, G2) of crossings between the two maps satisfies

This refines earlier estimates by Negami. Furthermore, we provide a counterexample to a conjecture of Archdeacon and Bonnington by exhibiting, for each k, embeddings G1 and G2 in the double torus so that, if we force all the vertices of G1 to be in the same face of G2, then the number of crossings between G1 and G2 is at least k · cr(G1, G2). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A severe peak tailing of phosphate compounds caused by interaction with stainless steel used for liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Wakamatsu Akira , Morimoto Kentaro , Shimizu Masao , Kudoh Shinobu
Published: August 2005

A severe peak tailing was observed for adenosine 5'‐monophosphate in flow injection analysis with stainless steel tubing and water/methanol mixture (1:1, v/v) as carrier. The cause of the peak tailing was investigated by focusing on the chemical structure of the analytes, the material used for the analytical systems and the composition of the carrier. We clarified that the peak tailing was caused by the interaction between phosphate residues in the analytes and stainless steel. The severe peak tailing did not occur with stainless steel tubing when the phosphate compounds were analyzed with carrier containing phosphoric acid or phosphate buffer. The findings indicate that such ill peak profiles are usually not considerable in conventional HPLC separation because phosphoric acid or phosphate buffer is quite commonly used in eluents. In LC‐MS, however, the use of phosphoric acid and phosphate buffer is usually avoided because of their non‐volatility; therefore this interaction between stainless steel and phosphate compound becomes predominant and results in severe peak tailings. We also found an effective method for avoiding the interaction. When stainless parts, such as LC tubing and ESI spray capillary, were treated with phosphoric acid prior to analysis, the peak profiles of the phosphate compounds were dramatically improved, even when non‐phosphate buffer is used as carrier.
Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry and related techniques for purity assessment in early drug discovery
Authors: Molina‐Martin Manuel , Marin Aranzazu , Rivera‐Sagredo Alfonso , Espada Alfonso
Published: August 2005

The combination of HPLC and MS has become the most valuable analytical tool to determine the identity and purity of a drug substance in the drug discovery arena over the past decade. This article describes different LC/MS configurations and their broad applicability to meet the fundamental analytical requirements involved in discovering new drugs. In addition, the value of chemiluminescence nitrogen detection for absolute purity determination and the convenience of CE as an orthogonal separation technique to HPLC are also discussed. In summary, LC/MS‐based methodologies that implicate automation, various levels of throughput and open access systems have proved to be an integral part of the drug discovery process. As a result, the paradigm of high‐quality/‐quantity information is fulfilled in a timely fashion.
Quantum monte carlo study of heats of formation and bond dissociation energies of small hydrocarbons
Authors: Kollias A. C. , Domin D. , Hill G. , Frenklach M. , Golden D. M. , Lester W. A.
Published: August 2005

A quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) benchmark study of heats of formation at 298 K and bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of 22 small hydrocarbons is reported. Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) results, obtained using a simple product trial wavefunctions consisting of a single determinant and correlation function, are compared to experiment and to other theory including a version of complete basis set theory (CBS‐Q) and density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional. For heats of formation, the findings are a mean absolute deviation from experiment of 1.2 kcal/mol for CBS‐Q, 2.0 kcal/mol for B3LYP, and 2.2 kcal/mol for DMC. The mean absolute deviation of 31 BDEs is 2.0 kcal/mol for CBS‐Q, 4.2 kcal/mol for B3LYP, and 2.5 kcal/mol for DMC. These findings are for 17 BDEs of closed‐shell molecules that have mean absolute deviations from experiment of 1.7 kcal/mol (CBS‐Q), 4.0 kcal/mol (B3LYP), and 2.2 kcal/mol (DMC). The corresponding results for the 14 BDEs of open‐shell molecules studied are 2.4 kcal/mol (CBS‐Q), 4.3 kcal/mol (B3LYP), and 2.9 kcal/mol (DMC). The DMC results provide a baseline from which improvement using multideterminant trial functions can be measured. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 583–592, 2005
A mechanism of hyperthermia‐induced apoptosis in ras‐transformed lung cells
Authors: Vertrees Roger A. , Das Gokul C. , Coscio Angela M. , Xie Jingwu , Zwischenberger Joseph B. , Boor Paul J.
Published: August 2005

Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in both men and women, is the consequence of disordered apoptosis, induction of which may have therapeutic utility. Hyperthermia has been identified as a stimulus for apoptosis. We investigated the mechanism of hyperthermia‐induced cell death in ras‐transformed lung cells. Effect of hyperthermia (43°C for 180 min) was compared between two cell lines, an immortalized (sv‐40) normal human bronchial epithelial (BEAS2‐B) and its malignant transformed (H‐rastransfected) counterpart (BZR‐T33). Survival after hyperthermia: 7‐d growth culture BEAS2‐B, 1.03 ± 0.007 and BZR‐T33, 0.39 ± 0.008 (P < 0.05); clonogenic assays BEAS2‐B, 0.76 ± 0.003 and BZR‐T33, 0.41 ± 0.004 (P < 0.05). Hoechst positive (apoptotic) cells: BEAS2‐B, 11 ± 3% and BZR‐T33, 78 ± 5% (P < 0.05). TUNEL, DNA fragmentation, and Annexin‐V all corroborate this result. Western blot comparing the effect of hyperthermia in BZR‐T33 cells to BEAS2‐B cells revealed: TRAIL and FAS‐L displayed significant increases (threefold and twofold, respectively); caspase‐3 showed a decrease in uncleaved form and an increase in cleaved form, and a 50‐fold increase in activity effectively blocked with the caspase‐3 inhibitor DEVD‐fmk; caspase‐9 showed near depletion of uncleaved; poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) degradation was clearly visible during heating. After hyperthermia, gene expression demonstrates a 5.7‐fold increase in TRAIL and insignificant changes in tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), FAS‐L, and caspases 3, 8, 9 in transformed cells. Data demonstrated that hyperthermia induces apoptosis in transformed cells, and that apoptosis is mediated by caspase‐3 as a result of activation of cell‐death membrane receptors of the tumor‐necrosis‐factor family. In summary, these data suggest that hyperthermia could become an additional modality in the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of lung cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure of ocellus photoreceptors in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis larva as revealed by an anti‐arrestin antibody
Authors: Horie Takeo , Orii Hidefumi , Nakagawa Masashi
Published: August 2005

Although there have been several studies on the structure of the ocellus photoreceptors in ascidian tadpole larvae using electron microscopy, the overall structure of these photoreceptor cells, especially the projection sites of the axons, has not been revealed completely. The number of photoreceptor cells is also controversial. Here, the whole structure of the ocellus photoreceptors in the larvae of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis was revealed by using an anti‐arrestin (anti–Ci‐Arr) antibody. The cell bodies of 30 photoreceptor cells covered the right side of the ocellus pigment cell and their outer segments extended through the pigment cell into the pigment cup. The axons of the photoreceptor cells were bundled together ventro‐posteriorly in a single tract extending towards the midline. The nerve terminals diverged antero‐posteriorly at the midline of the posterior sensory vesicle (SV). The Ci‐arr gene was expressed throughout the SV at the embryonic mid‐tailbud stage and it became restricted to the neighborhood of the ocellus pigment when ocellus pigmentation occurred. At the same time, the Ci‐Arr protein was first detected, suggesting that the photoreceptor cells began to differentiate. The development of photoreceptor cells after hatching was also investigated using the anti–Ci‐Arr antibody. Three hours after hatching, the photoreceptor terminals began to ramify and then expanded. Previous behavioral analysis showed that the larvae did not respond to the step‐down of light until 2 h after hatching and then the photoresponse became robust. Accordingly, our results suggest that growth of the photoreceptor terminal is critical for the larvae to become photoresponsive. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2005
Elastic PMLs for resonator anchor loss simulation
Authors: Bindel David S. , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: August 2005

Electromechanical resonators and filters, such as quartz, ceramic, and surface‐acoustic wave devices, are important signal‐processing elements in communication systems. Over the past decade, there has been substantial progress in developing new types of miniaturized electromechanical resonators using microfabrication processes. For these micro‐resonators to be viable they must have high and predictable quality factors (Q). Depending on scale and geometry, the energy losses that lowerQmay come from material damping, thermoelastic damping, air damping, or radiation of elastic waves from an anchor. Of these factors, anchor losses are the least understood because such losses are due to a complex radiation phenomena in a semi‐infinite elastic half‐space. Here, we describe how anchor losses can be accurately computed using an absorbing boundary based on aperfectly matched layer(PML) which absorbs incoming waves over a wide frequency range for any non‐zero angle of incidence. We exploit the interpretation of the PML as a complex‐valued change of co‐ordinates to illustrate how one can come to a simpler finite element implementation than was given in its original presentations. We also examine the convergence and accuracy of the method, and give guidelines for how to choose the parameters effectively. As an example application, we compute the anchor loss in a micro disk resonator and compare it to experimental data. Our analysis illustrates a surprising mode‐mixing phenomenon which can substantially affect the quality of resonance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive hybrid time‐stepping scheme for highly non‐linear strongly coupled problems
Authors: Vijalapura Prashanth K. , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: August 2005

This paper deals with the design and implementation of an adaptive hybrid scheme for the solution of highly non‐linear, strongly coupled problems. The term ‘hybrid’ refers to a composite time stepping scheme where a controller decides whether a monolithic scheme or a fractional step (splitting) scheme is appropriate for a given time step. The criteria are based on accuracy and efficiency. The key contribution of this paper is the development of a framework for incorporating error criteria for stepsize selection and a mechanism for choosing from splitting or monolithic possibilities. The resulting framework is applied to silylation, a highly non‐linear, strongly coupled problem of solvent diffusion and reaction in deforming polymers. Numerical examples show the efficacy of our new hybrid scheme on both two‐ and three‐dimensional silylation simulations in the context of microlithography. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate correction of surface noises of polygonal meshes
Authors: Shen Jie , Maxim Bruce , Akingbehin Kiumi
Published: August 2005

In this paper we propose a new algorithm for accurate correction of surface noises of polygonal meshes. It consists of three basic components: (a) feature‐preserving pre‐smoothing; (b) partitioning of feature and non‐feature regions; (c) second‐order predictor for non‐feature regions and median filter for feature regions. The unique contributions of our approach include (a) an idea of partitioning an input surface into feature and non‐feature regions so that different smoothing algorithms, which are best suited for either feature or non‐feature regions can be, respectively, applied; (b) a second‐order predictor that provides higher smoothing accuracy and better convergence on smoothly curved surfaces. In comparison with several existing algorithms, our algorithm is evaluated quantitatively in terms of surface normal and vertex distance error metrics. Numerical experiments indicate the effectiveness of our approach in the aspects of convergence and accuracy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conducting polythiophenes with a broad spectrum of reactive groups
Authors: Li Guangtao , Bhosale Sheshanath , Tao Shengyang , Bhosale Sidhanath , Fuhrhop Jurgen‐Hinrich
Published: August 2005

The development of reliable and reproducible chemistries for the immobilization of biomolecules to a conducting polymer is a key challenge in the design and preparation of a CP‐based biosensor. In this article, the syntheses and electropolymerization of a series of new 3‐alkylthiophene derivatives functionalized with the most used reactive groups in immobilization chemistry, including maleimide, azide, and anhydride, are described. Despite the nucleophilic or electrophilic nature of the reactive groups, the synthesized thiophene monomers exhibit rather good polymerizability, and the reactive groups withstand the polymerization conditions and are correctly incorporated into the resulting electroactive polymers. The reactivity of the pendant reactive groups of the resulting polymers to attach biomolecules has been examined with different redox‐active, photoactive compounds as well as recognition elements as model compounds. It has been confirmed that with well‐established procedures developed for the immobilization of enzymes, the model compounds can be easily and selectively bound onto these new conducting polymers without the loss of their optical and electrochemical activity. Therefore, these conductive materials with a broad spectrum of reactive groups will provide a useful platform for developing CP‐based biosensors for a wide range of applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4547–4558, 2005
Ethylene and 1‐hexene copolymerization with CO‐prereduced phillips CrOx/SiO2 catalyst in the presence of Al–alkyl cocatalyst
Authors: Fang Yuwei , Liu Boping , Hasebe Kouichi , Terano Minoru
Published: August 2005

Phillips catalyst has been contributing to about 40% of world high‐density polyethylene production because of its ability to give products with unique microstructures like broad molecular weight distribution as well as short and long chain branches. Even after 50 years' effort, some crucial problems concerning the nature of active sites, polymerization, and branching mechanisms are still kept mysterious. In this work, ethylene and 1‐hexene copolymerization with Phillips catalyst prereduced by CO was carried out in the presence of triethyl aluminum (TEA) cocatalyst. The microstructures of polymers were investigated by 13C NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) methods. A hybrid‐type kinetics was found for both homo‐ and copolymerization kinetics, which indicated that there existed two types of active sites namely site A and site B. Site A with instant activation, high activity, and fast decay was transformed from a metathesis site, namely Cr(II) site, coordinated with CO or CO2 through desorption of CO or CO2 by TEA, which contributed to the formation of short chain branches, especially methyl branches. Site B with slow activation, low activity, and slow decay was generated from reduction of residual chromate (VI) by TEA. Both 1‐hexene and TEA can decrease the molecular weight of polyethylene as well as enhance short chain branching. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4632–4641, 2005
Synthesis of photocrosslinkable hyperbranched polyesters and their film properties
Authors: Maruyama Ken , Kudo Hiroto , Ikehara Takayuki , Ito Nobuhito , Nishikubo Tadatomi
Published: August 2005

Hyperbranched polyesters with terminal methacryloyl groups (HBPEAc) were synthesized by the one‐pot polyaddition of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and trimesic acid in the presence of methacrylic acid with a number‐average molecular weights of 5100–7700 in 70–83% yields. The photoradical polymerization of HBPEAc was examined in the presence of 2‐methyl‐1‐[4‐(methylthio)phenyl]‐2‐morpholinopropan‐2‐one (Irgacure 907®) as a photoinitiator in the film state upon UV irradiation to afford the corresponding cured films quantitatively. The crosslinking densities of the cured films of HBPEAc were higher than those of the corresponding linear ones, and birefringence cannot be detected for the cured films of HBPEAc because of their random structures. Furthermore, an alkaline‐developable hyperbranched polyester containing pendant carboxyl groups (HBPEAc‐COOH) was prepared by the addition reaction of HBPEAc with cis‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, and its patterning properties were examined to give the resolution of a 55‐μm‐line and 275‐μm‐space pattern by UV irradiation with 700 mJ/cm2. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4642–4653, 2005
ELL binding regulates U19/Eaf2 intracellular localization, stability, and transactivation
Authors: Xiao Wuhan , Jiang Feng , Wang Zhou
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

U19/Eaf2, an androgen‐response gene, is downregulated in advanced human prostate cancer specimens and its overexpression can markedly induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Eleven‐nineteen Lysine‐rich Leukemia (ELL) is an RNA polymerase II transcription elongation factor, initially identified as a fusion partner gene of MLL in the t(11; 19) (q23; p13.1) chromosomal translocation in acute myeloid leukemia. U19/Eaf2 was previously reported as an ELL‐associated factor, a potential transcription factor binds to ELL, forming nuclear speckles in vivo. These findings suggest that ELL–U19/Eaf2 interaction is potentially important in prostate cancer progression and/or acute myeloid leukemia. However, the functional significance of U19/Eaf2 interaction with ELL remains unclear.

METHODS

Using co‐transfection, co‐immunoprecipitation, protein stability assay and transactivation assay, we characterized the consequence of ELL binding to U19/Eaf2.

RESULTS

We provide further evidence for U19/Eaf2 as a transcription factor and show that ELL binding is required for nuclear speckle formation of human U19/Eaf2, stabilizes U19/Eaf2 and enhances its transactivation activity.

CONCLUSIONS

The above observations indicate ELL may be an important factor required for U19/Eaf2 function because U19/Eaf2 nuclear localization and transactivation activity are essential for its function as a transcription factor. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.