bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Q-Switch Nd:YAG Laser-Assisted Decontamination of Implant Surface
Authors: Namour Melanie , El Mobadder Marwan , Magnin Delphine , Peremans André , Verspecht Tim , Teughels Wim , Lamard Laurent , Nammour Samir , Rompen Eric
Published: October 2019

Peri-implantitis (PI) is an inflammatory disease of peri-implant tissues, it represents the most frequent complication of dental implants. Evidence revealed that microorganisms play the chief role in causing PI. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the cleaning of contaminated dental implant surfaces by means of the Q-switch Nd:YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser and an increase in temperature at lased implant surfaces during the cleaning process. Seventy-eight implants (titanium grade 4) were used (Euroteknika, Sallanches, France). Thirty-six sterile implants and forty-two contaminated implants were collected from failed clinical implants for different reasons, independent from the study. Thirty-six contaminated implants were partially irradiated by Q-switch Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Six other contaminated implants were used for temperature rise evaluation. All laser irradiations were calibrated by means of a powermetter in order to evaluate the effective delivered energy. The irradiation conditions delivered per pulse on the target were effectively: energy density per pulse of 0.597 J/cm2, pick powers density of 56 mW/cm2, 270 mW per pulse with a spot diameter of 2.4 mm, and with repetition rate of 10 Hz for pulse duration of 6 ns. Irradiation was performed during a total time of 2 s in a non-contact mode at a distance of 0.5 mm from implant surfaces. The parameters were chosen according to the results of a theoretical modeling calculation of the Nd:YAG laser fluency on implant surface. Evaluation of contaminants removal showed that the cleaning of the irradiated implant surfaces was statistically similar to those of sterile implants (p-value ≤ 0.05). SEM analysis confirmed that our parameters did not alter the lased surfaces. The increase in temperature generated at lased implant surfaces during cleaning was below 1 °C. According to our findings, Q-switch Nd:YAG laser with short pulse duration in nanoseconds is able to significantly clean contaminated implant surfaces. Irradiation parameters used in our study can be considered safe for periodontal tissue.
Integrated Digital and Conventional Treatment Workflow in Guided Complete Mouth Implant Rehabilitation: A Clinical Case Report
Authors: Lee Jason D. , Jung Soomin , Wang Chin-Wei , Lee Sang J.
Published: October 2019

The introduction of digital dentistry and CAD/CAM technology has redefined treatment concepts in implant dentistry—computer guided implant placement has become routine practice, and CAD/CAM prostheses are now commonplace. These advances in treatment options and modalities has led to a paradigm shift in the workflow of surgical and restorative treatments. This case report presents a customized staged treatment protocol that involves the strategic retention of teeth to serve as transitional abutments, which will support a computer guided implant surgical guide as well as a fixed interim prosthesis. The treatment protocol also describes an integrated digital and conventional workflow for full mouth implant-supported fixed prosthetic rehabilitations to provide improved patient care with more predictable outcomes and fewer complications.
A Comparative Analysis of the Legislation Evolution for Drone Use in OECD Countries
Authors: Tsiamis Nikolaos , Efthymiou Loukia , Tsagarakis Konstantinos
Published: October 2019

Drones have been employed for multiple uses, such as for military, surveillance, recreational, scientific, and research purposes. Their presence inside civil areas has necessitated the need to regulate their use. Towards this direction, many countries worldwide have issued national legislations, which vary on vehicle categorization according to the size, weight, flight altitude, purpose of use, and restrictions. In this study, we pursued the first comparative analysis of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries’ national legislations, in order to explore the similarities and differences in drone use and recommend improvements and homogenization. Some of the examined countries issued legislation during recent years of drone application, while others amended their existing legislative framework in order to catch up with drone technology evolution. Although from the 35 OECD countries 22 belong to the European Union, we observed much diversity among national legal frameworks. The intensive use of drones has led to severe ethical dilemmas that policy makers will need to address in the near future. We conclude with a proposal regarding the basic legislation for different uses according to the criteria that have been developed so far, followed by limitations and restrictions.
Ghana’s Journey towards Universal Health Coverage: The Role of the National Health Insurance Scheme
Authors: Kipo-Sunyehzi Daniel Dramani , Ayanore Martin Amogre , Dzidzonu Daniel Kweku , AyalsumaYakubu Yakubu
Published: October 2019

Background: the main aim of the study is to find if the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in Ghana is achieving universal health coverage (UHC) or not. The study gives the trajectories of health policies in Ghana and their implications on long term health financing. NHIS in Ghana was implemented in 2004, with the aim of increasing subscribers’ access to health care services and reduce financial barriers to health care. On equity access to healthcare, it addresses two core concerns: (1) enrolling particular groups (persons exempted from annual premium payments) and (2) achieving UHC for all citizens and persons with legal residence. It utilizes a multifactor approach to the conceptualization of UHC. The research question: Is Ghana’s NHIS on course to deliver or achieve universal health coverage? Methods: we used qualitative methods. In doing so, the study engaged participants in in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and direct observations of participants in their natural settings, like hospitals, clinics, offices and homes, with purposive and snowball techniques. This data triangulation approach aims to increase the reliability and validity of findings. Results: the empirical evidence shows NHIS performed relatively well in enrolling more exempt groups (particular groups) than enrolling all persons in Ghana (UHC). The biggest challenge for the implementation of NHIS from the perspectives of health insurance officials is inadequate funding. The health insurance beneficiaries complained of delays during registrations and renewals. They also complained of poor attitude of some health insurance officials and health workers at facilities. Conclusions: both health insurance officials and beneficiaries emphasized the need for increased public education and for implementers to adopt a friendly attitude towards clients. To move towards achieving UHC, there is a need to redesign the policy, to move it from current voluntary contributions, to adopt a broad tax-based approach to cover all citizens and persons with legal residence in Ghana. Also, to adopt a flexible premium payment system (specifically ‘payments by installation’ or ‘part payments’) and widen the scope of exempt groups as a way of enrolling more into the NHIS.
Modelling the Effect of Microsite Influences on the Growth and Survival of Juvenile Eucalyptus globoidea (Blakely) and Eucalyptus bosistoana (F. Muell) in New Zealand
Authors: Salekin Serajis , Mason Euan G. , Morgenroth Justin , Bloomberg Mark , Meason Dean F.
Published: October 2019

The effect of microsite on juvenile forest plantation yield is rarely explored. This is because juvenile plantation growth is considered to be reasonably homogenous due to a lack of resource competition between trees prior to canopy closure. However, models of juvenile plantation height growth and survival that are sensitive to microsite variation could aid decisions relating to site preparation, plantation establishment and early silvicultural treatments. In this study, juvenile Eucalyptus bosistoana and E. globoidea height growth and survival proportion were modelled against topographic and environmental microsite characteristics as independent variables. The experiment included three different sites situated in a sub-humid region of New Zealand. A total of 540 plots were planted with 18,540 trees in regular rows and columns. Micro-topographical variables significantly influenced height growth and survival proportion of both E. bosistoana and E. globoidea, but species differed in their responses. More sheltered microsites yielded greater height growth and survival for both species. The height of both species was influenced by wind exposure, morphometric protection, and distance from the nearest ridge. E. bosistoana height was also influenced by topographic position and surface plan curvature. Survival was affected by surface profile curvature for both species, while E. globoidea survival was also impacted by surface plan curvature and distance from the top ridge. This study identified microsite factors influencing juvenile height and survival of two Eucalyptus species.
Oligosaccharides Isolated from MGO™ Manuka Honey Inhibit the Adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus Aureus to Human HT-29 cells
Authors: Lane Jonathan A. , Calonne Julie , Slattery Helen , Hickey Rita M.
Published: October 2019

Historically, honey is known for its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities and its use for treatment of wound infections. Although this practice has been in place for millennia, little information exists regarding which manuka honey components contribute to the protective nature of this product. Given that sugar accounts for over 80% of honey and up to 25% of this sugar is composed of oligosaccharides, we have investigated the anti-infective activity of manuka honey oligosaccharides against a range of pathogens. Initially, oligosaccharides were extracted from a commercially-available New Zealand manuka honey—MGO™ Manuka Honey (Manuka Health New Zealand Ltd.)—and characterized by High pH anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperiometric detection. The adhesion of specific pathogens to the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, was then assessed in the presence and absence of these oligosaccharides. Manuka honey oligosaccharides significantly reduced the adhesion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (by 40%), Staphylococcus aureus (by 30%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (by 52%) to HT-29 cells. This activity was then proven to be concentration dependent and independent of bacterial killing. This study identifies MGO™ Manuka Honey as a source of anti-infective oligosaccharides for applications in functional foods aimed at lowering the incidence of infectious diseases.
Association of Indolebutyric Acid with Azospirillum brasilense in the Rooting of Herbaceous Blueberry Cuttings
Authors: Koyama Renata , Aparecido Ribeiro Júnior Walter , Mariani Zeffa Douglas , Tadeu Faria Ricardo , Mitsuharu Saito Henrique , Simões Azeredo Gonçalves Leandro , Ruffo Roberto Sergio
Published: October 2019

Association between auxins and plant growth-promoting bacteria can stimulate root growth and development of fruit crop nursery plants, and can be a promising biological alternative to increase the rooting of cuttings. The objective of this study was to assess the viability of producing ‘Powderblue’ blueberry nursery plants from cuttings using different doses of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in association with Azospirillum brasilense. The following treatments were tested: 0 (control); 500 mg L−1 of IBA; 1000 mg L−1 of IBA; A. brasilense; 500 mg L−1 of IBA + A. brasilense; and 1000 mg L−1 of IBA + A. brasilense. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six treatments and four replicates, and each plot (box) consisted of 10 cuttings. The boxes were arranged in a mist chamber with an intermittent regimen controlled by a timer and solenoid valve. After 90 days, the following variables were assessed: rooted cuttings; survival of cuttings; foliar retention; sprouting; cuttings with callus; root dry mass per cutting; number of roots per cutting; and root length. It was observed that the application of IBA with the A. brasilense rhizobacteria increased the number of roots of ‘Powderblue’ blueberry cuttings, while the treatments with IBA alone and IBA 1000 mg L−1 + A. brasilense increased the root length of cuttings. However, treatments with IBA and A. brasilense had no impact on % rooted cuttings and % survival of cuttings.
The Importance of Considering Alexithymia during Initial Stages of Intimate Partner Violence Interventions to Design Adjuvant Treatments
Authors: Romero Martínez Ángel , Lila Marisol , Moya-Albiol Luis
Published: October 2019

Empirical evidence supports that individuals with alexithymia might be prone to certain types of violence, such as intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW). Moreover, considering that alexithymia is directly involved in behavior regulation, problems due to identifying and regulating emotional states might be postulated as responsible, at least in part, for the success of psychotherapeutic treatments designed for decreasing the future risk of reoffending. Therefore, we assessed whether alexithymia was a good predictor of the discontinuation of treatment (dropout) and the risk of recidivism during the initial stages of intervention in a sample of men convicted of IPVAW perpetration (n = 118), while controlling for potential confounding variables (i.e., socio-demographic characteristics, impulsivity, and drug misuse). Our data demonstrate that high alexithymic traits lead to dropout and a high risk of recidivism during the initial stages of treatment, remaining significant even after including potential confounding variables. Even though impulsivity and drug misuse increase the amount of explained variance, none of them moderates the association of alexithymia with dropout and/or reoffending. It should be noted that this study identified alexithymia as a direct modulator of violence due to its effects on discontinuing IPVAW treatment during initial stages. Therefore, as we gain knowledge analyzing the relationships between previously mentioned factors, it could be applied to develop valid screening methods along with strengthening current rehabilitation programs and designing adjuvant treatments to increase their effectiveness.
Effect of Educational Program on Knowledge, Attitude, and Willingness of Nursing Students for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Donation
Authors: Kim Miok , Shin Minho
Published: October 2019

This study explored how an educational program on hematopoietic stem-cell donation (HSCD) affects the knowledge, attitude, and willingness for HSCD among nursing students. The subjects were the nursing students at a university in Korea: 43 in the experimental group and 42 in the control group. All subjects took a pre-test, and only the experimental group attended an educational program. Both the groups completed two post-tests. Variables of interest were knowledge, attitude, willingness, and registration ratio for HSCD. The educational program increased knowledge (F = 8.093, p < 0.001) and attitude (F = −6.422, p < 0.001) of the experiment group. After the program, the experimental group showed higher willingness for HSCD (χ2 = 7.609, p = 0.006) and higher registration ratio for HSCD (χ 2= 4.258, p = 0.039) compared to the control group. The educational programs for knowledge and attitude about HSCD will affect the students’ future nursing, and influence clients and their families toward positive perception on HSCD and organ donations.
The Sedentary Time and Physical Activity Levels on Physical Fitness in the Elderly: A Comparative Cross Sectional Study
Authors: M. Silva Fernanda , Petrica João , Serrano João , Paulo Rui , Ramalho André , Lucas Dineia , Ferreira José Pedro , Duarte-Mendes Pedro
Published: October 2019

Background: Ageing is a life-long process characterized by a progressive loss of physical fitness compromising strength, flexibility, and agility. The purpose of this study was to use accelerometry to examine the relationship between sedentary time, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with the elderly’s physical fitness. Additionally, we aimed to examine the association between the aforementioned variables on older adults who fulfilled global recommendations on physical activity for health and on those who did not fulfil these recommendations. Methods: Eighty-three elderly (mean ± SD: 72.14 ± 5.61 years old) of both genders volunteered to participate in this cross-sectional study, being divided into an active group (n = 53; 71.02 ± 5.27 years old) and an inactive group (n = 30; 74.13 ± 5.72 years old) according to the established guidelines. Sedentary and physical activity times were assessed using an ActiGraph® GT1M accelerometer, whereas physical fitness was evaluated with the Senior Fitness Test. Results: MVPA time was correlated with lower body mass index (BMI) ((rs = −0.218; p = 0.048; −0.3 < r ≤ −0.1 (small)) and shorter time to complete the agility test ((rs = −0.367; p = 0.001; −0.5 < r ≤ −0.3 (low)). Moreover, MVPA time was positively correlated with aerobic endurance ((rs = 0.397; p = 0.000; 0.5 < r ≤ 0.3 (low)) and strength ((rs = 0.243; p = 0.027; 0.3 < r ≤ 0.1 (small)). In the inactive group, MVPA time was positively correlated with upper limb flexibility ((rs = 0.400; p = 0.028; 0.5 < r ≤ 0.3 (low)); moreover, sedentary time was negatively correlated with upper limb flexibility ((r = −0.443; p = 0.014; −0.5 < r ≤ −0.3 (low)), and LPA time was negatively correlated with BMI ((r = −0.423; p = 0.020; −0.5 < r ≤ −0.3 (low)). In the active group, MVPA time was correlated with lower BMI ((rs = −0.320; p = 0.020; −0.5 < r ≤ −0.3 (low)), and shorter time to complete agility test ((rs = −0.296; p = 0.031; −0.3 < r ≤ −0.1 (small)). Conclusions: Our results reinforce the importance of promoting MVPA practice among the elderly, thereby allowing physical fitness maintenance or improvement.
Adult Stem Cell Therapeutics in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Gaddam Sriprachodaya , Periasamy Ramesh , Gangaraju Rajashekhar
Published: October 2019

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complication of diabetes, is one of the leading causes of blindness in working-age adults. The pathology of the disease prevents the endogenous stem cells from participating in the natural repair of the diseased retina. Current treatments, specifically stem cell therapeutics, have shown variable efficacy in preclinical models due to the multi-faceted nature of the disease. Among the various adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, especially those derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow, have been explored as a possible treatment for DR. This review summarizes the current literature around the various adult stem cell treatments for the disease and outlines the benefits and limitations of the therapeutics that are being explored in the field. The paracrine nature of adipose stem cells, in particular, has been highlighted as a potential solution to the lack of a homing and conducive environment that poses a challenge to the implantation of exogenous stem cells in the target tissue. Various methods of mesenchymal stem cell priming to adapt to a hostile retinal microenvironment have been discussed. Current clinical trials and potential safety concerns have been examined, and the future directions of stem cell therapeutics in DR have also been contemplated.
Comparing the Protection Imparted by Different Fraction Extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Der p–Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Hsieh Chia-Chen , Liu Keng-Fan , Liu Pei-Chun , Ho Yaw-Tsan , Li Wei-Sung , Peng Wen-Huang , Tsai Jen-Chieh
Published: October 2019

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used extensively as a food ingredient and medicinally, but the effect on asthmatic airway inflammation has not been studied in detail. We accordingly explored the protective effects exerted by various garlic fraction extracts against airway inflammation with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)–induced allergic asthma in vivo and in vitro. Garlic extraction was realized using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, n-butanol, and water in sequence to obtain different fraction extracts. Mice were orally administered different fractions (80 mg/kg) daily for four weeks. The histological results showed that the water fraction could ameliorate lung-based goblet cell hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mucus hypersecretion. The water fraction extracts decreased IgE and IgG1, and they decreased inflammatory cells as quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); however, they increased IgG2a in serum. Moreover, the water fraction extracts increased IFN-γ and IL-12 (both constituting Th1 cytokines) in BALF, but they reduced IL-13, -4, and -5 (all constituting Th2 cytokines), and also inhibited the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The water fraction also inhibited the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signal pathways in A549 cells. These findings suggest that water fraction extracts of garlic have a clear anti-inflammatory effect on Der p–induced allergic asthma.
Tip Crack Imaging on Transparent Materials by Digital Holographic Microscopy
Authors: Zhou Wen-Jing , Li Bo-Yu , Shen Hong-Xia , He Deng-Ke , Zhang Hong-Bo , Yu Ying-Jie , Tornari Vivi
Published: October 2019

With this study, we propose a method to image the tip crack on transparent materials by using digital holographic microscopy. More specifically, an optical system based on Mach–Zehnder interference along with an inverted microscopy (Olympus CKX53) was used to image the tip crack of Dammar Varnish transparent material under thermal excitation. A series of holograms were captured and reconstructed for the observation of the changes of the tip crack. The reconstructed holograms were also compared temporally to compute the temporal changes, showing the crack propagation phenomena. Results show that the Dammar Varnish is sensitive to the ambient temperature. Our research demonstrates that digital holographic microscopy is a promising technique for the detection of the fine tip crack and propagation in transparent materials.
Experimental and Numerical Research on the Influence of Stern Flap Mounting Angle on Double-Stepped Planing Hull Hydrodynamic Performance
Authors: Zou Jin , Lu Shijie , Jiang Yi , Sun Hanbing , Li Zhuangzhuang
Published: October 2019

In the current hydrodynamic research relating to planing hulls, the stern flap and steps are generally considered to be two independent resistance reduction measures. Limited research has focused on the coupled effects of flaps and steps. Therefore, experimental and numerical simulation methods are carried out in this paper to explore the influence of the flap mounting angle coupled with the steps. A series of model towing tests were implemented for a double-stepped planing hull with 2°, 3° and 4.5° flap angles. The test results show that, as the mounting angle increased, the low speed resistance performance was improved and the porpoising critical speed was delayed, with a slight resistance cost. Based on the tests, a numerical simulation method was established with volume Froude numbers ranging from 0.88 to 5.20. The simulated hull flow field showed good agreement with the testing data. The simulation results suggest a cavity induces the negative pressure after the steps; the cavity core region is the air phase, and this expands with the air–water mixture flow. The cavity also causes wetted surface reduction and pressure distribution changes. Finally, comparisons of cavities after-steps and load coefficients of different planing surfaces among models were considered. Numerical results analysis gave distinct interpretations for the experimental phenomenon of porpoising critical speed increasing with a slight resistance increment.
Repositionable Compounds with Antifungal Activity against Multidrug Resistant Candida auris Identified in the Medicines for Malaria Venture’s Pathogen Box
Authors: Wall Gina , Herrera Natalia , Lopez-Ribot José L.
Published: October 2019

Background. Candida auris has spread rapidly around the world as a causative agent of invasive candidiasis in health care facilities and there is an urgent need to find new options for treating this emerging, often multidrug-resistant pathogen. Methods. We screened the Pathogen Box® chemical library for inhibitors of C. auris strain 0390, both under planktonic and biofilm growing conditions. Results. The primary screen identified 12 compounds that inhibited at least 60% of biofilm formation or planktonic growth. After confirmatory dose-response assays, iodoquinol and miltefosine were selected as the two main leading repositionable compounds. Iodoquinol displayed potent in vitro inhibitory activity against planktonic C. auris but showed negligible inhibitory activity against biofilms; whereas miltefosine was able to inhibit the growth of C. auris under both planktonic and biofilm-growing conditions. Subsequent experiments confirmed their activity against nine other strains C. auris clinical isolates, irrespective of their susceptibility profiles against conventional antifungals. We extended our studies further to seven different species of Candida, also with similar findings. Conclusion. Both drugs possess broad spectrum of activity against Candida spp., including multiple strains of the emergent C. auris, and may constitute promising repositionable options for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of candidiasis.
Texture Evolution in AA6082-T6 BFSW Welds: Optical Microscopy and EBSD Characterisation
Authors: Tamadon Abbas , Pons Dirk J. , Clucas Don , Sued Kamil
Published: October 2019

One of the difficulties with bobbin friction stir welding (BFSW) has been the visualisation of microstructure, particularly grain boundaries, and this is especially problematic for materials with fine grain structure, such as AA6082-T6 aluminium as here. Welds of this material were examined using optical microscopy (OM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Results show that the grain structures that form depend on a complex set of factors. The motion of the pin and shoulder features transports material around the weld, which induces shear. The shear deformation around the pin is non-uniform with a thermal and strain gradient across the weld, and hence the dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) processes are also variable, giving a range of observed polycrystalline and grain boundary structures. Partial DRX was observed at both hourglass boundaries, and full DRX at mid-stirring zone. The grain boundary mapping showed the formation of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) at regions of high shear as a consequence of thermomechanical nature of the process.
Layer-By-Layer: The Case for 3D Bioprinting Neurons to Create Patient-Specific Epilepsy Models
Authors: Antill-O’Brien Natasha , Bourke Justin , O’Connell Cathal D.
Published: October 2019

The ability to create three-dimensional (3D) models of brain tissue from patient-derived cells, would open new possibilities in studying the neuropathology of disorders such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. While organoid culture has provided impressive examples of patient-specific models, the generation of organised 3D structures remains a challenge. 3D bioprinting is a rapidly developing technology where living cells, encapsulated in suitable bioink matrices, are printed to form 3D structures. 3D bioprinting may provide the capability to organise neuronal populations in 3D, through layer-by-layer deposition, and thereby recapitulate the complexity of neural tissue. However, printing neuron cells raises particular challenges since the biomaterial environment must be of appropriate softness to allow for the neurite extension, properties which are anathema to building self-supporting 3D structures. Here, we review the topic of 3D bioprinting of neurons, including critical discussions of hardware and bio-ink formulation requirements.
Eating Occasions, Obesity and Related Behaviors in Working Adults: Does it Matter When You Snack?
Authors: Barrington Wendy E. , Beresford Shirley A. A.
Published: October 2019

Reported relationships between frequency, type, and timing of eating occasions and obesity-risk among adults are mixed while associations with obesogenic eating behaviors remain unexplored. The Physical Activity and Changes in Eating (PACE) study was a group-randomized controlled trial to prevent weight gain among 34 small worksites in Seattle from 2005–2009. Baseline surveys assessed body mass index (BMI), obesogenic eating behaviors (e.g., fast food and distracted-eating), and eating occasions (i.e., snacks and meals) among 2265 employees. BMI and waist circumference were measured on a subset (n = 567). Time-periods for analyses included: morning (12:00 a.m. to 10:59 a.m.), mid-day (11:00 a.m. to 4:29 p.m.), and evening (4:30 p.m. to 11:59 p.m.). Multilevel linear models estimated associations between snack timing, obesity, and related behaviors while adjusting for meal timing, gender, and worksite random effects. Greater morning snacking was associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption, while greater evening snacking was associated with higher BMI, higher obesogenic dietary index (intake of fast food, French fries, and soft drinks), and higher percent time eating while distracted. Associations with mid-day snacking were mixed. Patterns of association were consistent across repeated and objective measures. Findings suggest that evening snacking is more detrimental to healthy weight compared to snacking at other times of day. Reducing evening snacks may be an important and simple message for population-level obesity prevention efforts.
Recent Developments in the Reduction of Oxidative Stress through Antioxidant Polymeric Formulations
Authors: Zafar Muhammad Shajih , Quarta Alessandra , Marradi Marco , Ragusa Andrea
Published: October 2019

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced endogenously in our body, or introduced through external factors, such as pollution, cigarette smoke, and excessive sunlight exposure. In normal conditions, there is a physiological balance between pro-oxidant species and antioxidant molecules that are able to counteract the detrimental effect of the former. Nevertheless, when this homeostasis is disrupted, the resulting oxidative stress can lead to several pathological conditions, from inflammation to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we report on the recent developments of different polymeric formulations that are able to reduce the oxidative stress, from natural extracts, to films and hydrogels, and finally to nanoparticles (NPs).
Elucidation of the Relationship between Intrinsic Viscosity and Molecular Weight of Cellulose Dissolved in Tetra-N-Butyl Ammonium Hydroxide/Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Bu Daqin , Hu Xiangzhou , Yang Zhijie , Yang Xue , Wei Wei , Jiang Man , Zhou Zuowan , Zaman Ahsan
Published: October 2019

The determination of molecular weight of natural cellulose remains a challenge nowadays, due to the difficulty in dissolving cellulose. In this work, tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) aqueous solution (THDS) were used to dissolve cellulose in a few minutes under room temperature into true molecular solutions. That is to say, the cellulose was dissolved in the solution in molecular level, and the viscosity of the solution is linearly dependent on the concentration of cellulose. The relationship between the molecular weight of cellulose and the intrinsic viscosity tested in such dilute solutions has been established in the form of the Mark–Houwink equation, [ η ] = 0.24 × DP 1.21 . The value of 1.21 indicates that the cellulose molecules dissolve in THDS quite well. The cellulose dispersion in the THDS was proved to be in molecular level by atomic force microscope (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The reliability of the established Mark–Houwink equation was cross-checked by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and traditional copper (II) ethylenediamine (CED) method. No considerate degradation was observed by comparing the intrinsic viscosity and the degree of polymerization (DP) values of the original with and the regenerated cellulose samples. The natural cellulose can be molecularly dispersed in the multiple-component solvent (THDS), and kept stable for a certain period. A time efficient and reliable method has been supplied for determination of the degree of polymerization and the molecular weight of cellulose.
Simulation of Ion Exchange Resin with Finite Difference Methods
Authors: Zhu Yawen , Liu Bobo , Peng Ruichao , Luo Yunbai , Yu Ping
Published: October 2019

Ion exchange resin is used to remove potentially corrosive impurities from coolant in the first circuit of a nuclear power plant. After one operational cycle, the used and unused resin in the mixed bed is discarded as solid waste. The aim of this work is to create a mathematical model to predict the operational cycle time of the mixed bed resin for reducing unused resin discharge. A partial differential equation (PDE) was set up with the conservation of matter. A finite difference method was used to solve the PDE. Matlab was the programming and calculating tool used in this work. The data from solution were obtained at different time and space nodes. The model was then verified experimentally using different ions on exchange columns. Concentrations of K+, Mn2+, and Cl- were calculated to verify the validation of the model by comparing it with experimental data. The calculated values showed good consistency with the experimental value.
Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Development in Malaysia: Appraisal of Environmental, Financial, and Public Issues Related with Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Yong Zi , Bashir Mohammed , Ng Choon , Sethupathi Sumathi , Lim Jun , Show Pau
Published: October 2019

As Malaysia is a fast-developing country, its prospects of sustainable energy generation are at the center of debate. Malaysian municipal solid waste (MSW) is projected to have a 3-5% increase in annual generation rate at the same time an increase of 4-8% for electricity demand. In Malaysia, most of the landfills are open dumpsite and 89% of the collected MSW end up in landfills. Furthermore, huge attention is being focused on converting MSW into energy due to the enormous amount of daily MSW being generated. Sanitary landfill to capture methane from waste landfill gas (LFG) and incineration in a combined heat and power plant (CHP) are common MSW-to-energy technologies in Malaysia. MSW in Malaysia contains 45% organic fraction thus landfill contributes as a potential LFG source. Waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies in treating MSW potentially provide an attractive economic investment since its feedstock (MSW) is collected almost for free. At present, there are considerable issues in WTE technologies although the technology employing MSW as feedstock are well established, for instance the fluctuation of MSW composition and the complexity in treatment facilities with its pollutant emissions. Thus, this study discusses various WTE technologies in Malaysia by considering the energy potentials from all existing incineration plants and landfill sites as an effective MSW management in Malaysia. Furthermore, to promote local innovation and technology development and to ensure successful long-term sustainable economic viability, social inclusiveness, and environmental sustainability in Malaysia, the four faculties of sustainable development namely technical, economic, environmental, and social issues affiliated with MSW-to-Energy technologies were compared and evaluated.
Economic MPC of Wastewater Treatment Plants Based on Model Reduction
Authors: Zhang An , Liu Jinfeng
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we consider the problem of economic model predictive control of wastewater treatment plants based on model reduction. We apply two model approximation methods to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) described by a modified Benchmark Simulation Model No.1 to overcome the intensive computation associated with economic model predictive control (MPC). Two computationally efficient models are obtained based on trajectory piecewise linearization (TPWL) and reduced order TPWL. To obtain the reduced order TPWL model, a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based method is utilized. Further, the reduced order model is linearized to obtain a TPWL-POD model. The objective is to design controllers which minimize the overall economic cost. Accordingly, we design economic MPC (EMPC) controllers based on each of the models. The economic control cost can be described as a weighted summation of effluent quality and overall operating cost. We compare the accuracy of the two proposed approximation models with different linearization point numbers. We evaluate the average evaluation time for the two proposed EMPC controllers and make comparisons with the EMPC based on the original nonlinear model. We also investigate how the number of linearization points involved in the TPWL model and TPWL-POD model affects the control performance in terms of average performance cost and the average evaluation time.
A Study on Global Investors’ Criteria for Investment in the Local Currency Bond Markets Using AHP Methods: The Case of the Republic of Korea
Authors: Jang Jae Young , Park Min Jae
Published: October 2019

Global investors’ investment in local currency bonds, especially Korea Treasury Bonds, has increased significantly since the mid-2000s, and their influence on bonds and financial markets has grown consistently. In this paper, we investigate global investor’s priority of decision factors in investing in Korea Treasury Bonds by distributing a pairwise comparative survey to experts and analyzing the results using the analytical hierarchy process technique. For analysis, we created model frames with experts in the field of investment based on literature analysis, selected survey participants by considering their institution of their employment, work experience and region, and obtained responses. We find that investors with short-term investment propensities are more sensitive to international and domestic factors and less to risk factors, and more heavily influenced by U.S. dollar funding conditions. On the other hand, investors with long-term investment tendencies are found to be more sensitive to international and risk factors as opposed to domestic factors, and influenced by: global policy rate decisions and fiscal soundness, sovereign credit rating, possible global economic recession, and geographical risks. Our findings not only contribute to enhancing investors’ understanding of the Korean bond market by discussing consensus among investors, but also provide policy implications for Korean government policymakers who need stable and sustained funding.
FES-Induced Cycling in Complete SCI: A Simpler Control Method Based on Inertial Sensors
Authors: Sijobert Benoît , Le Guillou Ronan , Fattal Charles , Azevedo Coste Christine
Published: October 2019

This article introduces a novel approach for a functional electrical stimulation (FES) controller intended for FES-induced cycling based on inertial measurement units (IMUs). This study aims at simplifying the design of electrical stimulation timing patterns while providing a method that can be adapted to different users and devices. In most of studies and commercial devices, the crank angle is used as an input to trigger stimulation onset. We propose instead to use thigh inclination as the reference information to build stimulation timing patterns. The tilting angles of both thighs are estimated from one inertial sensor located above each knee. An IF–THEN rule algorithm detects, online and automatically, the thigh peak angles in order to start and stop the stimulation of quadriceps muscles, depending on these events. One participant with complete paraplegia was included and was able to propel a recumbent trike using the proposed approach after a very short setting time. This new modality opens the way for a simpler and user-friendly method to automatically design FES-induced cycling stimulation patterns, adapted to clinical use, for multiple bike geometries and user morphologies.
Gunshot Airborne Surveillance with Rotary Wing UAV-Embedded Microphone Array
Authors: Serrenho Felipe Gonçalves , Apolinário José Antonio , Ramos António Luiz Lopes , Fernandes Rigel Procópio
Published: October 2019

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are growing in popularity, and recent technological advances are fostering the development of new applications for these devices. This paper discusses the use of aerial drones as a platform for deploying a gunshot surveillance system based on an array of microphones. Notwithstanding the difficulties associated with the inherent additive noise from the rotating propellers, this application brings an important advantage: the possibility of estimating the shooter position solely based on the muzzle blast sound, with the support of a digital map of the terrain. This work focuses on direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation methods applied to audio signals obtained from a microphone array aboard a flying drone. We investigate preprocessing and different DoA estimation techniques in order to obtain the setup that performs better for the application at hand. We use a combination of simulated and actual gunshot signals recorded using a microphone array mounted on a UAV. One of the key insights resulting from the field recordings is the importance of drone positioning, whereby all gunshots recorded in a region outside a cone open from the gun muzzle presented a hit rate close to 96%. Based on experimental results, we claim that reliable bearing estimates can be achieved using a microphone array mounted on a drone.
On Political Correctness
Authors: Pérez de la Fuente Oscar
Published: October 2019

This paper aims to analyse the arguments in favour and against applying Political Correctness policies on campus, especially on the curricula. The arguments in favour that will be studied are the criticism of the canon and the fair representation of minorities. The arguments against are that Political Correctness is a threat to freedom of expression, academic freedom and its methodology is problematic.
The Trypanosomal Transferrin Receptor of Trypanosoma Brucei—A Review
Authors: Kariuki Christopher K. , Stijlemans Benoit , Magez Stefan
Published: October 2019

Iron is an essential element for life. Its uptake and utility requires a careful balancing with its toxic capacity, with mammals evolving a safe and bio-viable means of its transport and storage. This transport and storage is also utilized as part of the iron-sequestration arsenal employed by the mammalian hosts’ ‘nutritional immunity’ against parasites. Interestingly, a key element of iron transport, i.e., serum transferrin (Tf), is an essential growth factor for parasitic haemo-protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma. These are major mammalian parasites causing the diseases human African trypanosomosis (HAT) and animal trypanosomosis (AT). Using components of their well-characterized immune evasion system, bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei parasites adapt and scavenge for the mammalian host serum transferrin within their broad host range. The expression site associated genes (ESAG6 and 7) are utilized to construct a heterodimeric serum Tf binding complex which, within its niche in the flagellar pocket, and coupled to the trypanosomes’ fast endocytic rate, allows receptor-mediated acquisition of essential iron from their environment. This review summarizes current knowledge of the trypanosomal transferrin receptor (TfR), with emphasis on the structure and function of the receptor, both in physiological conditions as well as in conditions where the iron supply to parasites is being limited. Potential applications using current knowledge of the parasite receptor are also briefly discussed, primarily focused on potential therapeutic interventions.
Wetland Biomass and Productivity in Coastal Louisiana: Base Line Data (1976–2015) and Knowledge Gaps for the Development of Spatially Explicit Models for Ecosystem Restoration and Rehabilitation Initiatives
Authors: Rivera-Monroy Victor H. , Elliton Courtney , Narra Siddhartha , Meselhe Ehab , Zhao Xiaochen , White Eric , Sasser Charles E. , Visser Jenneke M. , Meng Xuelian , Wang Hongqing , Xue Zuo , Jaramillo Fernando
Published: October 2019

Coastal Louisiana hosts 37% of the coastal wetland area in the conterminous US, including one of the deltaic coastal regions more susceptible to the synergy of human and natural impacts causing wetland loss. As a result of the construction of flood protection infrastructure, dredging of channels across wetlands for oil/gas exploration and maritime transport activities, coastal Louisiana has lost approximately 4900 km2 of wetland area since the early 1930s. Despite the economic relevance of both wetland biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) as ecosystem services, there is a lack of vegetation simulation models to forecast the trends of those functional attributes at the landscape level as hydrological restoration projects are implemented. Here, we review the availability of peer-reviewed biomass and NPP wetland data (below and aboveground) published during the period 1976–2015 for use in the development, calibration and validation of high spatial resolution (<200 m × 200 m) vegetation process-based ecological models. We discuss and list the knowledge gaps for those species that represent vegetation community associations of ecological importance, including the long-term research issues associated to limited number of paired belowground biomass and productivity studies across hydrological basins currently undergoing different freshwater diversions management regimes and hydrological restoration priorities.
Seasonal and Annual Rainfall Variability and Their Impact on Rural Water Supply Services in the Wami River Basin, Tanzania
Authors: Twisa Sekela , Buchroithner Manfred F.
Published: October 2019

In some parts of Africa, rainfall variability has resulted in widespread droughts and floods, thus posing a substantial challenge to water availability in rural areas, especially drinking water. Therefore, due to increasing water demands, increases in the population, and economic development, water supply systems are under constant stress. One of the critical uncertainties surrounding the effects of rainfall variability in Africa is the significant impact that it imposes on rural water supply services. The present study analyzes the trends in annual and seasonal rainfall time series in the Wami River Basin to see if there have been any significant changes in the patterns during the period 1983–2017 and how they affect the access to water supply services in rural areas. The study analyzes the trends of rainfall series of three stations using simple regression, Mann–Kendal Test and Sen’s Slope Estimator. The water point mapping datasets were analyzed considering seasonal variation. The analysis showed a statistically significant positive trend in annual rainfall at Kongwa and March–April–May (MAM) seasonal rainfall at Dakawa. The maximum increase in annual rainfall occurred at Kongwa (5.3 mm year−1) and for MAM seasonal data at Dakawa (4.1 mm year−1). Water points were found to be significantly affected by seasonal changes, both in terms of availability and quality of water. There also exists a strong relationship between rural water services and seasons.
Individualité paragénétique de la formation filonienne BGPC en Bretagne occidentale. Aperçu préliminaire
Authors: Chauris Louis , Laforêt Claude , Picot Paul , Pierrot Roland
Published: October 2019

In spite of the presence of minerals containing antimony, tin, arsenic, nickel and cobalt, the veins BGPC occurring in Western Brittany belong to a classic para-genetic type called « formation du plomb argentifère ».
Paragenèse manganésifère d'une rhyolite hyperalcaline du Mont-Dore
Authors: Brousse Robert , Maury René Charles
Published: October 2019

The matrix of the Charlannes comendite (Mont-Dore) contains Mn-rich minerais : arfvedsonite (MnO = 13 %), mica (MnO = 9,9 %), magnetite (MnO = 14,7 %), pyrophanite (MnO = 34,6 %). This enrichment is related to the increase of the Mn/Fe ratio during fractional crystallization of the Mont-Dore volcanic series.