bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing and Reinforcing Islamism
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores attempts to “reframe” Islamism in the 1990s by both PAS and UMNO by investigating the contours of the ongoing debate between PAS and UMNO, and within PAS itself, over the nature and expression of Islam as an organizing principle for society and politics in pluralist Malaysia. It also examines how Malaysia’s non-Muslim community has responded to this renovation and negotiation exercise that Malaysia’s main Islamist parties have been engaged in.
“Popular” Political Islam
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong
Published: May 2009

This chapter takes the discussion beyond the boundaries of mainstream party politics and systematically sets out the debates in the civil sphere that have both engaged and countered the discourse of Islamism in Malaysia as propounded by the main Islamic political parties. In particular, the chapter provides a survey of major civil society groups in Malaysia and netizen discourses that have engaged the Islamization debate in recent times from various angles, particularly in relation to legal issues such as Islamic family law, hudud, and apostasy. To capture the full range of positions, it discusses groups that span the spectrum from conservative to liberal, anti-establishment to pro-establishment, and also includes non-Muslim and fringe Muslim groups. The chapter also looks at popular discourses and representations of Islamism in Malaysia expressed in English, Malay, and Mandarin-language blogs, alternative media, and Internet chatrooms, which represent a separate source of “popular opinion” and space for debate, although one that has thus far eluded analytical attention.
“Securing” Islam in a Time of Turbulence
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores expressions of Muslim militancy and extremism as they have emerged in Malaysia. While small in numbers and increasingly enervated as an ideology, militant extremism is nevertheless an important expression of Islamism that has occasionally surfaced in Malaysia and influenced thinking on trends and patterns. The chapter scrutinizes the Malaysian government’s confrontation with Islamic militancy in its domestic political sphere by investigating its operational and ideological countermeasures against the backdrop of an escalating Islamist political discourse. The chapter further discusses the Islamic factor in Malaysian foreign policy as another means by which the UMNO-led government bolsters its Islamic credentials, and it looks at how PAS has developed its own foreign policy agenda for similar purposes.
True Fictions and False Histories
Authors: Latham Sean
Published: May 2009

A history of the roman à clef’s slow rise and abrupt decline, this chapter explores its invention in the 17th and 18th centuries, where it at once contested and facilitated the emergent novel’s claim to moral authority and aesthetic autonomy. Both narrative forms developed unique yet interrelated strategies for negotiating the expanding divide between history and fiction. The novel’s eventual rise, in fact, came to depend precisely on its ability to suppress and eventually supplant the far more disruptive—and innovative—energies of the roman à clef. This chapter first explores the ways in which the two genres became intertwined with one another in texts like Moll Flanders and Clarissa. It then traces the subtle ways in the novel eventually managed to incorporate elements of its shadowy double, which was, in turn, roundly denigrated as inartistic and insipid. The earlier genre did not disappear entirely, however, but continued to stalk the novel in works like Dickens’s Bleak House and Disraeli’s Coningsby. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the anarchic and innovative potential of the roman à clef, a genre whose energies had only been temporarily constrained rather than fully controlled.
Libel
Authors: Latham Sean
Published: May 2009

Despite the often heroic narratives of modernism’s campaign against antiobscenity laws, writers in the period were much more likely to run afoul of libel suits sometimes brought successfully by plaintiffs entirely unknown to them. This chapter surveys the surprisingly rich yet almost entirely unexplored intersection between literature and libel in the period by providing a broad overview of key cases and legal decisions. As writers increasingly experimented with the roman à clef, judges, juries, and eventually legislators in Great Britain struggled to maintain a clear legal conception of fiction—and the consequences were broad and far-reaching. Publishers demanded sometimes vast changes to manuscripts and the inherent conservatism of libel law became, in the words of one commentator, a “terror to authorship.” Following the particularly far-reaching case of E. Hulton & Co. v. Jones in 1909, the novel itself seemed to teeter on the edge of illegality as the courts proved almost incapable of meeting both the legal and aesthetic challenged posed by the roman à clef’s ability to broach the public sphere. The chapter concludes with a short digest of key acts and legal decisions in Britain and Ireland.
The Novel at the Bar
Authors: Latham Sean
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores the way James Joyce and Wyndham Lewis negotiated the legal consequences of their narrative experiments with libel and defamation in key romans à clef like Ulysses and The Apes of God. Both drew heavily on their own lives—as well as those of nearly everyone they knew—to launch a deliberate critique of the moral, aesthetic, and legal divide between fact and fiction. This forms, in fact, a fundamental aspect of their high modernist aesthetics. The interpenetration of world and text in their major works, however, also led both men into often grave legal trouble, putting their books in limbo and, in Lewis’s case, leading to a seemingly endless string of crippling lawsuits. Far from purely extraliterary events, these legal entanglements are instead an organizing component of the works themselves: the core element of a largely forgotten modernism structured around social, aesthetic, and legal contests between fiction and reality. Forged and circulated in this complex field of force, this chapter examines the ways these experimental texts not only exploit the ambiguities of libel law but are themselves inevitably constrained by its potent ability to adjudicate fact and thereby define the limits of fiction.
Religion
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents the ideas of agency, intentionality, and teleo-functional reasoning. Agency is something we infer from the regular patterns we observe in an entity’s behavior. Such patterns trigger assumptions about animacy (liveliness, self-propelledness) and may also lead to attribution mentality (beliefs and desires) to the behaving entity. Agency is something that is inferred; therefore it is immaterial and detached from a bodily implementation. Observing regular patterns also in purely natural events may trigger assumptions about invisible agents responsible for this apparent order. Such proclivity to “promiscuous teleology” makes concepts of supernatural agents salient and easy to adopt. Supernatural agents are also believed to have open access to all minds and thus to know everybody’s thoughts. Such omniscience is explained by combining Tylor’s idea of religion as belief in spirits with Durkheim’s idea of religion as the social “glue” that ties a group of people together.
Mind Your Heads
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka
Published: May 2009

Supernatural agent representations are mental concepts, whereas texts, uttered words, and so forth are extramental, public representations. They express mental representations. Public representations also trigger mental representations. Knowledge is called “shared” when ideas in individual minds can be seen as differing versions of each other. Traditions, cultures, and religions are abstractions based on the observed overlap in mental and public representations. They are not entities with an essence. “Religions” are abstractions based on the observed overlap in both mental and public representations, not classes with an essence.
Souls, Ghosts, and Shamans
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka
Published: May 2009

Beliefs about personalized spirits do not belong to more “advanced” cultures only (contra R. R. Marett). Humans have always been capable of understanding both the idea of impersonal forces and of personal agency. Traditional beliefs about souls and spirits express the folk-psychological understanding of the liveliness of the body as well as of various cognitive-emotional functions. As pure mentality is difficult to imagine, mentality is often combined with something apparently physical: a “subtle” body resembling mist, the house where a dead agent keeps on haunting, and so forth. Spirit possession is based on the belief that agency is separable from a given biological body and can invade a new body. Like shamanism, also possession beliefs are used as a means of maintaining social order. Shamans and possession specialists make shared knowledge explicit by interpreting the will of the spirits.
Buddhist Supernatural Agents
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka
Published: May 2009

In the Buddhist tradition, buddhas are regarded as omniscient in the sense that everything is directly reflected in the mind of a buddha. In certain “Hindu” schools, the ideas of karma and rebirth seem to have developed as “folk-genetic” explanations of the observed fact that offspring resemble their parents. Problems involved in explaining all states of affairs in the world as based on the past actions of isolated individuals were solved by postulating a God who saw the merits of individuals and fixed their future correspondingly. In Buddhism, both the ideas of an immutable self and God were rejected; all things and events were considered to arise from purely mechanical processes. The Buddha’s mentality now lives in the doctrine which is regarded as the Dharma-body of the Buddha. Relics and Buddha images are used as a means of giving a concrete form to the Buddha’s agency after his death.
Conclusion
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka
Published: May 2009

Focusing on human intuitions about agency and intentionality helps understand beliefs about spirits, gods, and buddhas. Supernatural agents are beings with animacy and mentality, combined with a nonstandard bodily form. In transcending individual corporeal boundaries, supernatural agents represent the shared knowledge of a group (my beliefs about your beliefs about our beliefs …) Durkheim’s view of religion as the “social glue” thus is possibly only because of spirit beliefs. Reflective ideas about gods and buddhas are highly elaborated spirit beliefs. They are culture-specific versions of the cross-culturally recurrent pattern of a “promiscuous teleology,” the tendency to see everything as happening for a purpose. This phenomenon is based on hyperactive agency detection (HAD), hyperactive understanding of intentionality (HUI), and hyperactive teleological reasoning (HTR). Supernatural agent concepts are contagious because they resonate with an innate tendency to understand more or less everything in teleological terms.
Applying the Framework to Family Ties Benefits
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter applies the normative framework in Chapter 2 to a number of the family ties benefits discussed in Chapter 1. It examines how some of the benefits from Chapter 1 fare under the normative approach. It briefly explores how evidentiary privileges, harboring fugitive exemptions, violence within the family, pretrial release, sentencing, and prison practices should be analyzed in light of the normative framework. In most cases, the framework adds new insights into how policymakers, judges, and citizens should think about family ties benefits.
A Survey of Family Ties Burdens
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter identifies practices characterized as family ties burdens. These include parental responsibility laws imposing liability on parents because of crimes or misdeeds committed by their children, omissions liability for failing to prevent harm to family members, and criminal liability for nonpayment of child or parental support. Defendants are also burdened on account of their family status when they face prosecutions for incest, adultery, and bigamy. In all seven of these instances, in the absence of the particular familial status of the defendant, the actions or omissions at issue would largely be ignored by the criminal justice system or, in some cases, treated more leniently.
A Normative Framework for Family Ties Burdens
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a normative framework for analyzing whether and how family ties burdens can be justified. First, it explains why this book adopts a defendant-centered perspective despite the fact that when other perspectives are introduced, family ties burdens could be thought of as bringing benefits to the family as an institution or to particular family members other than the defendant. It then revisits some of the normative costs of family ties benefits explored earlier in the book to ascertain whether any retain applicability in the context of family ties burdens. Finally, the chapter highlights the voluntary caregiving feature seen in the structure of many family ties burdens.
Coda
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It argues that family ties benefits and burdens should be viewed with skepticism for two reasons. First, they undermine the core functions of a fair and attractive criminal justice system within a liberal democracy. Second, using the criminal justice system to reflect and constitute traditional ideals of the family is ineffective at best and, more often, plainly and perniciously discriminatory. The chapter points to how the frameworks developed within the book might be used to analyze the difficult problem of domestic violence in the household.
Hugh of Saint Victor
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: May 2009

Hugh of St. Victor (c.1096–1141) left a large and influential corpus of works on all aspects of theology, as well as the liberal arts broadly defined. This book introduces Hugh within his community in twelfth-century Paris and summarizes his major works according to his own threefold conception. First comes the pedagogical foundation (Didascalicon), including the historical sense of sacred scripture, then the (allegorical) framework of scriptural doctrine (especially creation and restoration in De sacramentis), and finally the tropological or spiritual finale of personal appropriation of the biblical message (the ark treatises and the Soliloquy). Hugh’s encyclopedic interests include grammar and geometry, philosophy and all of theology, history and eschatology, Job and Mary, the sacraments broadly and narrowly defined, spirituality, and the Dionysian Celestial Hierarchy. How he held all this together in his thought and corpus is a challenge to modern (and postmodern) readers.
Pedagogy
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: May 2009

This chapter introduces and summarizes Hugh’s early works: the Chronicles (De tribus maximis), On the Scriptures (De scripturis), and the Didascalicon. It thus introduces Hugh’s concepts of history, scripture, creation and restoration/salvation, education, philosophy, theology, and the arts.
Creation and History
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: May 2009

This chapter introduces and summarizes On Grammar, On Practical Geometry, On the Formation of Novices (De institutione novitiorum), and the Notes (Notulae) on the Octateuch. It covers Hugh’s concepts of the good creation and biblical history, including the books of Genesis and Job, as well as the education and overall formation of Victorine novices.
Preface and prologue
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: May 2009

This chapter introduces and summarizes the Preface and Prologue of Hugh’s major work of doctrinal theology, De sacramentis (On the Sacraments). It also covers other smaller works, such as a Dialogue on the sacraments, Sentences on Divinity, and On the Three Days (De tribus diebus), with discussions of scripture, creation, salvation, and restoration.
The FinalSoliloquy
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: May 2009

This chapter introduces Hugh’s spiritual masterpiece, De arrha anime or Soliloquy. It concerns the soul’s down payment or bridal gift (arrha), the love of the bridegroom (Song of Songs), and personal testimony.
1 On Analytic Theology
Authors: Crisp Oliver D.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a possible research programme that could provide a fruitful means of thinking theologically. The theological model under consideration draws upon one stream of current philosophical thinking, namely, analytic philosophy of religion. Analytic theology is an approach that is characterized by (a) explanatory/metaphysical ambitions that prioritize explanations marked by rhetorical features like clarity and (b) a commitment to the view that there are theological truths that are accessible to human beings. Analytic theology as such carries no commitment to the view that reason is a source of ‘fundamental knowledge’ (rather than merely a tool for exploring the relations among ideas).
4 A Conception of Faith in the Greek Fathers
Authors: Lamont John
Published: May 2009

A frequent complaint about the application to theology of ideas from analytic philosophy is that such applications are unhistorical; they impose anachronistic concepts and questions upon issues from the Christian theological tradition, while ignoring vital elements of this tradition that do not fit into analytic ways of thinking. This chapter considers a subject where this accusation is the opposite of the truth. It uses a contemporary debate in analytic philosophy — that of the nature of testimony as a source of knowledge — to gain a better understanding of an important theological tradition on the nature of Christian belief. This tradition, developed by the Greek Fathers, is not only illuminated but supported by current arguments for testimony as an autonomous source of knowledge.
8 On Understanding Scripture as the Word of God
Authors: McCall Thomas
Published: May 2009

The so-called classical view of scripture states that scripture really is the word of God. Karl Barth's view has emerged as an important and influential alternative to the classical view. He does not endorse what is often loosely called a ‘progressive’ or ‘liberal’ view of scripture. He does not think that the Bible contains or reflects the Word of God and does not believe that it is merely the record of some important religious experiences. But nor does he endorse the traditional view, and indeed he is critical of it. Instead, he is convinced that scripture really is the Word of God — but only in the ‘event’ that it becomes so. This chapter engages Barth's proposal. It attempts to show how Barth's own concerns might be addressed by the use of analytic tools. Making use of recent developments in analytic philosophy of language, it argues that the theologian who shares Barth's fundamental theological commitments can — and indeed should — hold to the classical view.
9 On Believing that the Scriptures are Divinely Inspired
Authors: Crisp Thomas M.
Published: May 2009

This chapter investigates the epistemology of belief that the Bible is divinely inspired. It assumes that most Christians arejustified in believing as much and asks: Whence comes justification for this belief? It considers and rejects the possibility that justification for the belief comes by way of argument from history or natural theology, then considers and rejects the possibility that its justification owes to something like Calvin's ‘internal testimony of the Holy Spirit’. Rather, the chapter argues, for most Christians, justification for belief that the Bible is divinely inspired is akin to the justification enjoyed by beliefs accepted on the basis of testimony from those deemed expert by one's social group.
11 Science and Religion in Constructive Engagement
Authors: Murray Michael J.
Published: May 2009

In recent years theologians have worked harder to incorporate the deliverances of science into their theological systems. Most of them are keen to avoid Galileo-Affair-style collision courses with science. But there is much less agreement on what a more accommodating approach might be. This chapter critically assesses a variety of proposals. After arguing against Stephen Gould's segregationist approach and John Haught's fully integrationist approach, the chapter considers a couple of critical historical episodes which illustrate the ways in which theology and science can engage in mutually critical constructive dialogue. The first of those episodes concerns the 17th-century tension between Cartesian physics and the Roman doctrine of transubstantiation, while the second focuses in William Ralph Inge's engagement with cosmology in the early 20th century.
14 Dark Contemplation and Epistemic Transformation
Authors: Coakley Sarah
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores the mystical writings of St Teresa of Ávila with an eye to providing certain correctives to analytic appropriations of St Teresa's work. It begins with a playful feminist analysis of some of the most important turns to religious experience in analytic philosophy of religion in recent decades, which lead on, in the light of a feminist critique, to an analysis of how Teresa's project might suggest how contemplative practice (as opposed to passing religious experiences) could help provide justification for certain sorts of theistic claim, and what role an apophatic sensibility would play in such a move. This final chapter not only attempts to extend some of the main moves made by William Alston in his Perceiving God in such a new way, but also responds to Alston's own recent attempt to press his epistemological project in this apophatic direction. It is argued that Alston's new ‘turn’ has considerable potential, but one still in need of further development and critique.
International Law and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Authors: Joyner Daniel H.
Published: May 2009

Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) technologies is by no means a new concern for the international community. Indeed, since the signing of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty in 1968, tremendous energies have been expended upon diplomatic efforts to create a web of treaties and international organizations regulating the production and stockpiling of WMD sensitive materials within states, as well as their spread through the increasingly globalized channels of international trade to other states and non-state actors. However, the intervention in 2003 by Western powers in Iraq has served as an illustration of the importance of greater understanding of and attention to this area of law, as disagreements over its content and application have once again lead to a potentially destabilizing armed intervention by members of the United Nations into the sovereign territory of another member state. Other ongoing disputes between states regarding the character of obligations work assumed under non-proliferation treaty instruments, and the effect of international organizations' decisions in this area, form some of the most contentious and potentially destabilizing issues of foreign policy concern for many states.
The Nuclear Non-proliferation Regime
Authors: Joyner Daniel H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the origins of the nuclear Nnon-proliferation regime. The NPT was opened for signature on July 1, 1968 at Washington, London, and Moscow. It was signed that first day by the three depository governments and by more than fifty other states. The treaty entered into force on March 5, 1970. In 2007, the membership of the NPT stands at 187 states, and the treaty continues to serve as the cornerstone legal instrument of the nuclear non-proliferation system. Articles I, II, III, and VI of the NPT are discussed.
The Chemical and Biological Weapons Non-proliferation Regimes
Authors: Joyner Daniel H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter analyzes international legal regimes regulating the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons. It begins with a brief description of chemical and biological weapons. It then discusses provisions of the 1925 Geneva Protocol, the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). It argues that the biological and chemical weapons regulatory regimes, with the BWC and CWC as their cornerstones, have succeeded in establishing a comprehensive legal prohibition upon possession, development, proliferation, and use of biological and chemical weapons. This legal prohibition is supported by a pervasive and powerful ancient moral taboo particularly on the use of biological and chemical weapons.
The World Trade Organization and WMD Dual-Use Export Controls
Authors: Joyner Daniel H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter considers one further substantive area of international law which may be included under the umbrella category of non-proliferation law, in that it provides the rules and administrative structures concerned with cross-border transfers of a broad range of goods and services, inclusive of cross-border transfers (i.e., horizontal proliferation) of WMD-related items and technologies. The rules of international trade law most relevant to this consideration can be found in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which, since 1995, has been housed within the administrative framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Non-proliferation Law and the United Nations System: The U.N. Political Bodies
Authors: Joyner Daniel H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations political bodies in creating, facilitating, maintaining, and enforcing international law on the subject of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. As the cornerstone international organization in the area of international peace and security, the United Nations has had a long history of engagement with the issue of WMD proliferation, beginning with the very first General Assembly Resolution on January 24, 1946. The UN Charter itself gives to the political bodies of the organization specific powers to participate in the creation of new international law on issues of WMD proliferation, as well as special powers of enforcement of non-proliferation law to the UN Security Council.
The Challenges of Counterproliferation: The Proliferation Security Initiative
Authors: Joyner Daniel H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), an ongoing informal diplomatic program involving some fifty states at various levels of cooperation in logistic, law enforcement, and military efforts aimed at interdicting WMD-related items and technologies in transit, most often over the sea lanes. It argues that the PSI presents potentially problematic issues of legal and jurisprudential concern, from which more general lessons can be learned regarding counterproliferation-oriented pre-emptive uses of force. When viewed from a policy standpoint as well, its utility as a function of costs versus benefits, particularly in its more aggressive modes of prosecution, is also questionable. However, both legal and policy-related concerns could be substantially allayed through the operationalization of the PSI's principles in a more reserved and transparent manner.
‘Virgil in the Basket’: narrative as hermeneutics in Hebrew literature of the Middle Ages
Authors: Yassif Eli
Published: May 2009

This chapter emphasizes the continuity of central ideas over many centuries. Despite tremendous innovation and change within the literature, it persuasively connects folkloric motifs from a medieval Hebrew folktale with classical images from Jewish tradition. It addresses the question of the authority of narrative texts as historical documents as well as the question of narrative hermeneutics — in all its force and seriousness.
Women reading the Song of Songs in the Christian tradition
Authors: McGinn Bernard
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores a neglected topic in the history of Christian reception of the Song of Songs — its interpretation for and by women. The reason for this lack of attention is not hard to find. Although women began to make major contributions to theology, especially mystical theology, from the 13th century on, even educated women could not receive the formal training in scriptural interpretation that was under the control of male monks and schoolmen.
Myth as historia divina and historia sacra
Authors: Assmann Jan
Published: May 2009

Taking Fishbane's groundbreaking methodological work in biblical mythology, this chapter explores the possibility of applying these insights to a range of non-Israelite historical and mythological texts. It argues that such a thing as the narrative representation of the past is anything but normal and self-evident. It requires a general cultural option for change over against identity and continuity. The past, in order to become the subject of such a representation, must in itself possess a kind of narrative structure.
The riddle of Psalm 111
Authors: Zvi Brettler Marc
Published: May 2009

This chapter pays tribute to Fishbane's extraordinary philological and literary skills. Arguing on the basis of careful textual analysis as well as inner-biblical interpretation, it urges reconsideration of the classification of Psalm 111. Psalm 111 is seen as a ‘riddle psalm’ within the larger category of Torah psalms rather than as a historical psalm.
Calling God names: an inner‐biblical approach to the Tetragrammaton
Authors: Schniedewind William M.
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores holistically a question that touches on Fishbane's interest in mythopoesis as well as inner-biblical interpretation, and the cultural roles of both endeavors. It investigates the Tetragrammaton's enigmatic etymology in Exod 3:15 and 6:3, its meaning and use, and the ways the meaning of this divine name may have changed with the loss of the First Temple and its eventual re-establishment. The careful analysis of this single key concept offers insight into the much larger issues surrounding communal redefinition.
A rabbinic disquisition of Leviticus 26:3℃13: a utopian vision between Jews and Christians
Authors: Weinberg Joanna
Published: May 2009

This chapter seeks out clues to the underlying social reality of a rabbinic text — the earliest midrash on Leviticus, Sifra, and its later interpretations. The midrashic presentation of God's corporeality is viewed as a forum for Jewish–Christian theological discussions over multiple centuries.
Yearning for intimacy: Pesikta d'Rav Kahana and the Temple
Authors: Hirshman Marc
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines the ambience of the Pesikta d'Rav Kahana and its objectives by paying close attention to some of the Greek loanwords it uses and, more generally, to the nature of the language it employs in parables when speaking of the temple and the degree of intimacy indicated between God and Israel. The Pesikta d'Rav Kahana throbs with a longing for God's presence in the temple. The longing for restoration is accompanied by a strong desire for retribution on the nations of the world, a motif that is a staple of most, if not all, of the piskaot. The king parables are employed to indicate God's desire for a place (papilion) where intimacy with Israel is assured and secure. God secures a place among the Jewish elders, abandoning the angels above (sunkleten), in order to guide the discussion of calendar, the heart of the Pesikta's concern.
Cain, Abel, and brutism
Authors: Bland Kalman P.
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores Maimonides' claims about the lack of humanity in Cain and Abel, and the bestial nature of all humankind. Drawing on bible, midrash, philosophy, and kabbalistic sources, the chapter reflects a breadth of approach and interests akin to Fishbane's own writings.
‘Sage is preferable to prophet’: revisioning midrashic imagination
Authors: Wolfson Elliot R.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with Fishbane's understanding of ‘inspired exegesis’, that is, the thread found in rabbinic literature itself that considers rabbinic exegesis not only reliant on Torah study but also deeply revelatory. It then turns to the mystical text of the Zohar and demonstrates that its authors take this idea a step further, viewing their interpretive work and experience not only as participating in revelation but also as exceeding the normal range of prophetic experience. The chapter demonstrates that these medieval mystics are really practising an intellectual mysticism, strongly reminiscent of Fishbane's concept of exegetical illumination.
Between sensual and heavenly love: Franz Rosenzweig's reading of the Song of Songs
Authors: Mendes‐Flohr Paul
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines how Franz Rosenzweig read and responded to the Song of Songs' juxtaposition of love and death. Rosenzweig viewed the erotic imagery of the Song of Songs as the most eloquent statement in the Hebrew Bible on the meaning of revelation, of the divine-human relation. Indeed, he refers to this love-song as the Kernbuch der Offenbarung, the focal-book of revelation. Yet God is not once mentioned, nor even alluded to, in this dialogue between a man and a woman, testifying to the physical delights and anguish of their mutual love.
Christianity and Conservative Historiography: Herbert Butterfield, Cambridge, and the Greater World
Authors: Soffer Reba N.
Published: May 2009

While also discussing Geoffrey Elton and George Kitson Clark, this chapter concentrates on Butterfield, who spoke to the wide audience that listened to the BBC, lectured throughout Britain and America, participated in planning international policy in both countries, and exerted global influence. In the aftermath of a horrific Second World War, Butterfield called upon an unknown providential dispensation higher than human understanding, and he fortified that dispensation by a ‘scientific’ study of international politics to guarantee peace and the continuity of traditions and institutions that had succeeded historically. Refusing to judge individuals, Butterfield was convinced that history must be understood as the tragic effect of original sin upon moral freedom.
Conservatism and Exceptionalism
Authors: Soffer Reba N.
Published: May 2009

Daniel Boorstin, a pre‐eminent historian, and Rowland Berthoff, less famous but sharing the same convictions, believed in a democratic society that reflected the given historicity of a vast and heterogeneous geography, massive waves of immigration, and social and economic incentives that made success possible. Each historian produced an American conservative historiography that was an eclectic amalgam of liberal, populist, and conservative interests. They presented American history the experimental product of exceptional American circumstances: the separation of Church and state, religious pluralism, a classless society, social and geographical mobility, the constant influx of productive immigrants, and the replacement of a paternalistic landed aristocracy by an industrial plutocracy.
Structural Crystallography of Inorganic Oxysalts
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: May 2009

This book deals with the structural crystallography of inorganic oxysalts in general. A special emphasis is placed upon structural topology and the methods of its description. The latter include graph theory, nets, 2-D and 3-D tilings, polyhedra, etc. The structures considered range from minerals to organically templated oxysalts, for all of which this book provides a unified approach to structure interpretation and classification. Most of the structures are analysed and it is shown that they possess the same topological genealogy and relationships, sometimes despite their obvious chemical differences. In order to expand the range of oxysalts considered, the book offers traditional schemes and also alternative approaches such as anion topologis, anion-centered polyhedra and cation arrays. It also looks into the amazingly complex and diverse world of inorganic oxysalts.
Basic concepts
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: May 2009

This chapter introduces basic concepts in structural chemistry relevant to the description and interpretation of structures of inorganic oxysalts. It starts from the structural classification of these materials using bond-valence theory and theory of mixed anionic radicals developed by the Moscow school of crystal chemistry. Typical bond lengths in inorganic oxysalts are tabulated and their behaviour is discussed. Some important parameters of hydrogen bonding are considered.
Graph theory applied to low-dimensional structural units in inorganic oxysalts
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes a multitude of low-dimensional (0-, 1-, and 2-D) structural units in inorganic oxysalts using graph theory. It shows that most topologies can be described as derivatives of several graphs that are termed basic. The derivation procedures include deleting vertices and/or edges, branching, recombination, etc. The concepts of geometrical and structural isomerism are discussed and these phenomena are analysed by means of orientation matrices. The chapter provides systematic treatment of low-dimensional topologies in inorganic oxysalts with over 400 references to the original literature that are critically analysed and re-considered from a topological point of view.
Topology of framework structures in inorganic oxysalts
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: May 2009

This chapter deals with framework structures that represent one of the most complex units in inorganic oxysalts. The frameworks are considered from different viewpoints. First, several examples of structures based upon fundamental building units are considered and it is shown that many of them are organized on the basis of regular nets. However, most of the frameworks in oxysalts are much more complex and require detailed and sometimes non-trivial approaches for their interpretation. The frameworks are considered based upon polyhedral units, chains, or layers. Special attention is paid to the investigation of internal topologies of framework channels that are described by means of tubular units.
Anion-topology approach
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: May 2009

This chapter deals with description of dense 2-D topologies using the concept of anion-topology introduced by P. C. Burns and co-authors for the analysis of uranyl layered structures. Anion topologies are considered as plane tilings and their classification is developed. Several cases of geometrical isomerism are discussed using the concept of orientation matrix introduced in Chapter 2.
Alternative approaches to structure description
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: May 2009

This chapter is devoted to alternative approaches to description of complex structures of inorganic oxysalts. These include, first, treatment in terms of anion-centered polyhedra (either tetrahedra or octahedra). The history of this approach is considered and its effectiveness is demonstrated. Many examples of structural units based upon anion-centered polyhedra are provided (e.g., stella quadrangula and inverted perovskites). The second approach examined is description in terms of cation arrays, this is the most suitable description for structures with large and heavy cations (e.g., lanthanoids). As example, the structural chemistry of rare earth fluoride carbonates is discussed.
Dimensional reduction in inorganic oxysalts
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: May 2009

This chapter analyses ‘structure-composition’ correlations in inorganic oxysalts by means of dimensional reduction. It is shown that the dimensionality of structural units in inorganic oxysalts is controlled by the incorporation of ionic component (e.g., alkali metal salt or oxide) into parent structure. This allows for compositional diagrams with fields of units of different dimensionality or different connectedness values of polyhedra. For hydrated oxysalts, it is shown that incorporation of water and acid also reduces dimensionality.
General Relativity and the Einstein Equations
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne
Published: May 2009

General Relativity has passed all experimental and observational tests to model the motion of isolated bodies with strong gravitational fields, though the mathematical and numerical study of these motions is still in its infancy. It is believed that General Relativity models our cosmos, with a manifold of dimensions possibly greater than four and debatable topology opening a vast field of investigation for mathematicians and physicists alike. Remarkable conjectures have been proposed, many results have been obtained but many fundamental questions remain open. This book overviews the basic ideas in General Relativity, introduces the necessary mathematics and discusses some of the key open questions in the field.
Lorentz Geometry
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a survey of the basic definitions of Riemannian and Lorentzian differential geometry used in this book. The first nine sections use the simplest formulations, in local coordinates, as they are needed for the first five chapters and physical applications. The later sections contain material used in the following, more advanced, chapters. Topics covered include manifolds, differential mappings, vectors and tensors, pseudo-Riemannian metrics, Riemannian connection, geodesics, curvature, geodesic deviation, maximum length and conjugate points, linearized Ricci and Einstein tensors, and second derivative of the Ricci tensor.
General Relativity and Einstein's Equations
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a discussion of Newton's gravity law. It then covers general relativity, observations and experiments, Einstein's equations, field sources, Lagrangians, fluid sources, Newtonian approximation, Minkowskian approximation, high-frequency gravitational waves, and coupled electromagnetic and gravitational waves.
Cosmology
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a discussion of the cosmological principle. It then covers isotropic and homogeneous Riemannian manifolds, Robertson-Walker spacetimes, Friedmann-Lemaître models, homogeneous non-isotropic cosmologies, Bianchi class I universes, Bianchi type IX, the Kantowski-Sachs models, Taub and Taub NUT spacetimes, locally homogeneous models, and recent observations and conjectures.
Other Hyperbolic-Elliptic Well-Posed Systems
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents well-posed hyperbolic or hyperbolic-elliptic systems that lead to the same local existence andgeometric uniqueness theorems as the wave gauge choice. However, these different formulations may be important in numerical studies or global existence proofs. Topics covered include Leray-Ohya non-hyperbolicity of Rij = 0, wave equation for K, fourth-order non-strict and strict hyperbolic systems, first-order hyperbolic systems, Bianchi-Einstein equations, Bel-Robinson tensor and energy, and Bel-Robinson energy in a strip.
Progressive Waves
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne
Published: May 2009

This chapter draws on the treatment of progressive waves for non-linear equations used in Sections III.12 and III.13 to construct weak gravitational and electromagnetic waves on a given electrovac Einsteinian spacetime. Topics covered include quasilinear systems, quasilinear first-order systems, progressive waves in relativistic fluids, quasilinear quasidiagonal second-order systems, non quasidiagonal second-order systems, fields and equations, and strong gravitational waves.
Global Hyperbolicity and Causality
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents the general properties of global Lorentzian geometry used in the global in time Einsteinian dynamics. Topics covered include the global existence of Lorentzian metrics, time orientation, futures and pasts, causal structure of Minkowski spacetime, causal structures on general spacetimes, topology on a space of paths, global hyperbolicity, strong and stable causalities, Cauchy surface, globally hyperbolic Einsteinian spacetimes, and strong cosmic censorship.
Stationary Spacetimes and Black Holes
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents the proofs of fundamental uniqueness theorems for complete stationary solutions of the vacuum, or electrovac, solutions of the Einstein equations. It studies the properties of the Kerr stationary black hole, of which the Schwarzschild black hole is a particular case. It surveys the history of the research on the uniqueness theorem for 3+1-dimensional stationary black holes which was pictured by J. A. Wheeler using the picturesque phrase 'black holes have no hair'.
Global Existence Theorems: Asymptotically Euclidean Data
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne
Published: May 2009

This chapter shows how the Penrose transform can be used to prove global existence of solutions of various semilinear field equations. It outlines the foundation points of Friedrich's conformal system, and explains how a conformal transformation of a future causal cone in Minkowski spacetime of dimension greater than or equal to six on to another such light cone gives a global existence theorem of solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations with small data which are Schwarzschild outside of a compact set. The chapter indicates some of the arguments of the book Non-Linear Stability of Minkowski Space, and states some further properties proved in another book by Nicolo and Klainerman. Finally, it sketches the main steps of the proof by Lindblad and Rodnianski of the global existence in wave coordinates, for small initial data.
Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: May 2009

This book develops a viable cosmopolitan model of global justice that takes seriously the equal moral worth of persons, yet leaves scope for defensible forms of nationalism and for other legitimate identifications and affiliations people have. The book addresses two prominent skeptics about global justice: those who doubt its feasibility and those who believe that cosmopolitanism interferes illegitimately with the defensible scope of nationalism by undermining goods of national importance, such as authentic democracy or national self‐determination. The model addresses concerns about implementation in the world, showing how we can move from theory to public policy that makes progress toward global justice. It also makes clear how legitimate forms of nationalism are compatible with commitments to global justice. The book is divided into three central parts. In the first, the book defends a cosmopolitan model of global justice. In the second, which is largely concerned with public policy issues, it argues that there is much we can and should do toward achieving global justice. The book addresses several pressing problems, discussing bo theoretical and public policy issues involved with each. These include tackling global poverty, taxation reform, protection of basic liberties, humanitarian intervention, immigration, and problems associated with global economic arrangements. In the third part, the book shows how the discussion of public policy issues can usefully inform our theorizing; in particular, it assists our thinking about the place of nationalism and equality in an account of global justice.