bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The seasonal feeding ecology of the javan slow loris (nycticebus javanicus)
Authors: Cabana Francis , Dierenfeld Ellen , Wirdateti Wirdateti , Donati Giuseppe , Nekaris K.A.I.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To describe the strategy employed by exudativorous primates during seasonal shifts in food abundance using the Javan slow loris as a model. Males and females may cope differently as well as exploit fallback foods in different proportions.

Materials and methods

Observing 15 free ranging Javan slow lorises over a year, we quantified their seasonal diet and nutrient intake using intake rates. For gum intake rates, we conducted a trial with 10 captive Javan slow lorises measuring the length of time it took for them to ingest 10 g of gum. We monitored phenology in our field site over five plots that were assessed monthly. We weighed our free‐ranging animals every six months. We analyzed all food items slow lorises ingested for macronutrients using the nutritional geometry framework.

Results

The slow loris diet consisted of eight food categories, with gum and insects being the major food sources in terms of wet weight intake. The captive gum trials resulted in an intake rate of 0.021 g/s. All food items eaten by wild Javan slow lorises were available in the wet season and were restricted in the dry season. Males and females reacted differently to seasonal abundances with females ingesting more protein, gum, fruits and flowers and males ingesting more fiber.

Conclusions

The strategy used by the Javan slow lorises during periods of lower food availability were similar to folivorous primates and included increased dependence on lower quality foods. The reproductive costs of gestation and lactation may place a burden on females that requires them to alter their foraging strategy during the dry season to ensure enough protein and overall energy is ingested. The overall strategy used by these exudativorous primates is one of nutrient maximization as no nutrient was clearly preferred over another.
A Dual Functional Electroactive and Fluorescent Probe for Coupled Measurements of Vesicular Exocytosis with High Spatial and Temporal Resolution
Authors: Liu Xiaoqing , Savy Alexandra , Maurin Sylvie , Grimaud Laurence , Darchen François , Quinton Damien , Labbé Eric , Buriez Olivier , Delacotte Jérôme , Lemaître Frédéric , Guille‐Collignon Manon
Published: January 2017

In this work, Fluorescent False Neurotransmitter 102 (FFN102), a synthesized analogue of biogenic neurotransmitters, was demonstrated to show both pH‐dependent fluorescence and electroactivity. To study secretory behaviors at the single‐vesicle level, FFN102 was employed as a new fluorescent/electroactive dual probe in a coupled technique (amperometry and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM)). We used N13 cells, a stable clone of BON cells, to specifically accumulate FFN102 into their secretory vesicles, and then optical and electrochemical measurements of vesicular exocytosis were experimentally achieved by using indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrodes. Upon stimulation, FFN102 started to diffuse out from the acidic intravesicular microenvironment to the neutral extracellular space, leading to fluorescent emissions and to the electrochemical oxidation signals that were simultaneously collected from the ITO electrode surface. The correlation of fluorescence and amperometric signals resulting from the FFN102 probe allows real‐time monitoring of single exocytotic events with both high spatial and temporal resolution. This work opens new possibilities in the investigation of exocytotic mechanisms.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Intramolecular Hydroacylation of Trisubstituted Alkenes
Authors: Yang Junfeng , Rérat Alice , Lim Yang Jie , Gosmini Corinne , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: January 2017

Enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of trans‐2,3‐disubstituted indanones is achieved by intramolecular hydroacylation of 2‐alkenylbenzaldehydes bearing trisubstituted alkenyl groups under cobalt‐chiral diphosphine catalysis. Notably, a high level of enantioselectivity is induced regardless of the stereochemistry (E/Z ratio) of the alkenyl group of the starting material. Deuterium‐labeling experiments shed light on the productive reaction pathways of the E‐ and Z‐isomers.
Deprotonation of a Hydridoborate Anion
Authors: Landmann Johannes , Keppner Fabian , Hofmann Daniel B. , Sprenger Jan A. P. , Häring Mathias , Zottnick Sven H. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus , Ignat'ev Nikolai V. , Finze Maik
Published: January 2017

The first deprotonation of a borohydride anion was achieved by treatment of [BH(CN)3]− with strong non‐nucleophilic bases, which resulted in the formation of alkali‐metal salts of the tricyanoborate dianion B(CN)32− in up to 97 % yield and 99.5 % purity. [BH(CN)3]− is less acidic than (Me3Si)2NH but a stronger acid than iPr2NH. Less sterically hindered, more nucleophilic bases such as PhLi and MeLi mostly attack a CN group under formation of imine dianions [RC(N)B(CN)3]2−, which can be hydrolyzed to ketones of the [RC(O)B(CN)3]− type. The boron‐centered nucleophile B(CN)32− reacts with CO2 and CN+ reagents to give salts of the [B(CN)3CO2]2− dianion and the tetracyanoborate anion [B(CN)4]−, respectively, in excellent yields.
Observing Single‐Molecule Dynamics at Millimolar Concentrations
Authors: Goldschen‐Ohm Marcel P. , White David S. , Klenchin Vadim A. , Chanda Baron , Goldsmith Randall H.
Published: January 2017

Single‐molecule fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool for revealing chemical dynamics and molecular association mechanisms, but has been limited to low concentrations of fluorescent species and is only suitable for studying high affinity reactions. Here, we combine nanophotonic zero‐mode waveguides (ZMWs) with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to resolve single‐molecule association dynamics at up to millimolar concentrations of fluorescent species. This approach extends the resolution of molecular dynamics to >100‐fold higher concentrations, enabling observations at concentrations relevant to biological and chemical processes, and thus making single‐molecule techniques applicable to a tremendous range of previously inaccessible molecular targets. We deploy this approach to show that the binding of cGMP to pacemaking ion channels is weakened by a slower internal conformational change.
Synthesis and characterization of water‐soluble copper(II), cobalt(II) and zinc(II) complexes derived from 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐5‐sulphonic acid: DNA binding and cleavage studies
Authors: Gubendran Ammavasi , Kesavan Mookkandi Palsamy , Ayyanaar Srinivasan , Raja Jeyaraj Dhaveethu , Athappan Periyakaruppan , Rajesh Jegathalaprathaban
Published: January 2017

Three water‐soluble complexes, [Cu2L2Cl2] (1), [CoL2(im)2] (2) and [ZnLClH2O] (3) (HL = 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐5‐sulphonic acid; im = N‐methylimidazole), were prepared and characterized using various spectral techniques. The DNA binding behaviour of complexes 1–3 was studied using UV–visible and circular dichroism (CD) spectra and cyclic voltammetry. All three complexes exhibit hypochromism but complexes 1 and 3 alone give a red shift of 4 nm with a significant binding constant of Kb = 2.1 × 104 and 1.0 × 104 M−1, respectively, but complex 2 shows no red shift with lower Kb of 4.1 × 103 M−1. The voltammetric E1/2 of complex 1 on interaction with herring sperm DNA shifts to a more positive potential, as expected, than complex 2 due to higher DNA affinity. Additionally, analysis of electrochemical data yields a value of K+/K2+ greater than one suggesting that complex 1 binds to DNA through intercalation in the M(I) state. Evidently in CD spectral analysis, complex 1 exhibits a decrease in molar ellipticity with a red shift of 10 nm and a significant decrease in intensity compared to complexes 2 and 3. This clearly indicates that complex 1 induces the B → A transition to a greater extent than 2 and 3. Oxidative cleavage using circular plasmid pUC18 DNA with complex 1 was investigated using gel electrophoresis. Interestingly, complex 1 displays a strong DNA binding affinity and is efficient in cleaving DNA in the presence of H2O2 at pH = 8.0 at 37 °C.
Processing and properties of an ethylene–vinyl acetate blend foam incorporating ethylene–vinyl acetate and polyurethane waste foams
Authors: Sipaut Coswald S. , Halim Husna A. , Jafarzadeh Mohammad
Published: January 2017

Waste polyurethane foam (w‐PU) and waste ethylene–vinyl acetate foam (w‐EVA) were used as fillers for the production of an ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) blend foam. Two different foaming techniques (single‐stage and heat–chill processes) were used for this purpose. The waste foam concentration was varied up to 30 wt % of the original EVA. The physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of the filled foam were studied. The single‐stage process produced blend foams with a lower density and a greater cell size than the foams obtained by the heat–chill process. The density and compression strength of the blend foam increased as the percentage of w‐PU foam increased. However, for the w‐EVA/EVA blend foams, the addition of w‐EVA foam did not significantly affect the density or compression strength compared to the original EVA foams. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44708.
Multilevel‐layer‐structured polyamide 6/poly(trimethylene terephthalate) nanofibrous membranes for low‐pressure air filtration
Authors: Wang Jiaona , Zhao Weiwei , Wang Bin , Pei Guangling , Li Congju
Published: January 2017

Multilevel‐layer‐structured polyamide 6 (PA6) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) nanofibrous membranes were fabricated by an electrospinning method. The morphology of the multileveled layers membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The tensile strength of the PA6–PTT membranes were controlled by the regulation of the layer structure. Additionally, the surface area of the multilevel‐layer‐structured membranes was also investigated with the nitrogen physisorption isotherms. Furthermore, the multilevel‐layered membranes, with a tensile strength of 9.8 MPa and a surface area of 5.1601 m2/g on 300‐nm dioctylphthalate (DOP) aerosol particles, showed a higher efficiency (95.825%) and a lower pressure drop (55 Pa) than the pure PA6 membranes (with values of 94.634% and 467 Pa, respectively). This suggested a new method for high‐efficiency and low‐pressure‐drop filtration applications. Correlations between the filtration pressure drop and filtration efficiency with the structure of the membranes, particle size, and surface velocity were proposed, and the advantage of the multilevel‐layered structure is also discussed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44716.
Morphology and rheological properties of compatibilized low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch blends
Authors: Sabetzadeh Maryam , Bagheri Rouhollah , Masoomi Mahmood
Published: January 2017

Morphology and rheological properties of low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch (LDPE/LLDPE/TPS) blends are experimentally investigated and theoretically analyzed using rheological models. Blending of LDPE/LLDPE (70/30 wt/wt) with 5–20 wt % of TPS and 3 wt % of PE‐grafted maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MA) as a compatibilizer is performed in a twin‐screw extruder. Scanning electron micrographs show a fairly good dispersion of TPS in PE matrices in the presence of PE‐g‐MA. However, as the TPS content increases, the starch particle size increases. X‐ray diffraction patterns exhibit that with increase in TPS content, the intensity of the crystallization peaks slightly decreases and consequently crystal sizes of the blends decrease. The rheological analyses indicate that TPS can increase the elasticity and viscosity of the blends. With increasing the amount of TPS, starch particles interactions intensify and as a result the blend interface become weaker which are confirmed by relaxation time spectra and the prediction results of emulsion Palierne and Gramespacher‐Meissner models. It is demonstrated that there is a better agreement between experimental rheological data and Coran model than the emulsion models. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44719.
Enhancement of electrodes modified by electrodepositedPEDOT‐nanowires with dispersedPt nanoparticles for formic acid electro‐oxidation
Authors: Ramírez M. R. Andrés , del Valle M. Angélica , Armijo Francisco , Díaz Fernando R. , Angélica Pardo M. , Ortega Eduardo
Published: January 2017

Preparation of electrodes modified with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) nanowires, PEDOT‐nw, was optimized using nanoparticles of dispersed Pt, Pt‐np, to be tested for HCOOH electro‐oxidation. The PEDOT‐nw is electrosynthesized directly on the working electrode, using mesoporous silica as template, by cyclic voltammetry from a 0.01 mol L−1monomer + 0.1 mol L−1tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate solution in acetonitrile, on the Pt|PEDOT|mesoporous silica template previously modified electrodes. Using SEM, the presence of PEDOT nanowires with 20 to 25 nm in diameter was verified. In addition, itsp‐doping response is about 500 times larger than that obtained on the bulk polymer, maintaining full reversibility of the process. The subsequent electrochemical insertion of Pt‐np and formation of Pt‐np with average diameter of about 20 nm, checked by TEM, demonstrated that the catalytic activity of this nanostructured electrode remarkably enhanced HCOOH electro‐oxidation. The obtained current is up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously reported in similar studies, using a much smaller amount of Pt and with a potential decrease greater than 100 mV. Thus, we have at our disposal a simple, inexpensive, and highly reproducible way to preparein situnanostructured electrodes using just electrochemical techniques, which can be useful on all the applications of these devices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44723.
Effect of entangled state of nascent UHMWPE on structural and mechanical properties of HDPE/UHMWPE blends
Authors: Yang Huaqin , Hui Lei , Zhang Jingjing , Chen Peng , Li Wei
Published: January 2017

In this study, a synthesized ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with a less entangled state and a commercial UHMWPE with a highly entangled state were blended with high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) by melt blending, respectively. Rheology, 2D small‐angle X‐ray scattering (2D‐SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile test were used to study the relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties of blends. It was demonstrated that the UHMWPE with the less entangled state was easy to be oriented at a given flow. More mechanical networks were achieved among the HDPE matrix and the UHMWPE chains due to the fewer entanglements of synthesized UHMWPE, improving the melting recovery of blends. Furthermore, notably oriented structures (shish‐kebabs) with increased long‐periods were made in the blends of weakly entangled UHMWPE and HDPE. The tensile strength of this blend was thus enhanced, i.e., the tensile strength raised for neat HDPE from 45.7 to 83.1 MPa for HDPE/UHMWPE blends containing 10 wt % of less entangled UHMWPE. However, the phase separation of blends was characterized when more weakly entangled UHMWPE was incorporated. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44728.
Soft and flexible conductive PDMS/MWCNT composites
Authors: Hassouneh Suzan S. , Yu Liyun , Skov Anne L. , Daugaard Anders E.
Published: January 2017

Conductive elastomers based on MWCNT in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been prepared by a range of dispersion methods such as ultrasonication, speedmixing and roll milling in combination with physical or covalent modification. The ionic liquid (IL), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, was used to pre‐disperse MWCNT in a MWCNT/IL‐gel that was used for preparation of MWCVNT/PDMS composites. The method was seen to be effective at low levels of MWCNT, but required combination with a roll mill to obtain a stable dispersion at 4 wt % MWCNT. With higher amounts of MWCNT a reduction in conductivity was observed, which was attributed to a change in morphology occurring between 4 and 5 wt % MWCNT. As an alternative to IL dispersing aids a novel functionalized MWCNT was prepared by free radical polymerization using α‐methacryloxypropyl‐polydimethylsiloxane, which could be used directly for preparation of MWCNT/PDMS composites. Composites prepared by use of the IL dispersion method, use of a roll mill or by use of the f‐MWCNT all had conductivities around 0.005–0.01 s/cm and retained conductivity upon extension. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44767.
Synergistic effects of crosslinking and chitosan molecular weight on the microstructure, molecular mobility, thermal and sorption properties of porous chitosan/gelatin/hyaluronic acid scaffolds
Authors: Acevedo Cristian A. , Sánchez Elizabeth , Díaz‐Calderón Paulo , Blaker Jonny J. , Enrione Javier , Quero Franck
Published: January 2017

In this study, synergistic effects of crosslinking and chitosan molecular weight on the microstructure, molecular mobility, thermal, and sorption properties of porous chitosan/gelatin/hyaluronic acid hybrid foams are reported. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been utilized to confirm the covalent attachment of hyaluronic acid to gelatin and chitosan, and covalent chemical crosslinking between gelatin and chitosan. Detailed image analysis of scanning electron microscopy images of the porous scaffold hydrids reveal that the pore size of the materials formulated using either low‐ or high‐molecular‐weight chitosan increases significantly upon crosslinking using ethyl(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N‐Hydroxysuccinimide. These microstructural changes are even more pronounced for the crosslinked hybrid scaffolds formulated using low‐molecular‐weight chitosan, highlighting a synergistic effect between crosslinking and the use of low‐molecular‐weight chitosan. Results obtained using differential scanning calorimetry demonstrate a significant reduction in molecular mobility reduction in molecular mobility for crosslinked scaffolds formed using high‐molecular‐weight chitosan compared to non‐crosslinked hybrids and crosslinked hybrids formulated using low‐molecular‐weight chitosan. Correspondingly, dynamic vapor sorption evidenced significantly lower water vapor sorption for crosslinked scaffolds formulated using high‐molecular‐weight chitosan. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44772.
Electrical, mechanical, and piezoresistive properties of carbon nanotube–polyaniline hybrid filled polydimethylsiloxane composites
Authors: Leyva Egurrola Saul , del Castillo Castro Teresa , Castillo Ortega María Mónica , Encinas José Carmelo , Herrera Franco Pedro Jesús , Bonilla Cruz José , Lara Ceniceros Tania E.
Published: January 2017

The electrical, mechanical, and piezoresistive properties of ternary composites based on elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and polyaniline (PANI) were studied and compared with those of binary PDMS–CNT composites. The presence of PANI affected the percolating network of the CNTs. At lower PANI concentrations (2.5 and 5%), the conductive network of the CNTs was constructively modified; this led to an enhancement in the conductivity in the sample containing 2% CNTs. A higher PANI content (7.5%) hindered the flow of main charge carriers through the composite. The piezoresistive response of the binary and ternary composites was studied by cyclic experiments under compression loads. In all of the samples, the electrical resistance increased monotonically up to a 10% strain. The reproducibility of the piezoresistive behavior in the binary and ternary composites provided evidence that the fillers could reversibly recover their initial position together with the PDMS chains without a significant displacement with respect to their original positions. The reduction of the piezoresistive sensibility by PANI addition was attributed to the displacement restrictions of the CNTs within the composite under pressure because of the volume exclusion of PANI particles; this maintained the probability of CNT contact and increased the possibility of the formation of new CNT conductive channels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44780.
Amidohydroxylated polyester with biophotoactivity along with retarding alkali hydrolysis through in situ synthesis of Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles using diethanolamine
Authors: Rezaie Ali Bashiri , Montazer Majid
Published: January 2017

In this research, polyester fabric was modified through in situ synthesis of Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) in one single step processing using diethanolamine. This introduced amide and hydroxyl active groups on the polyester surface, adjusted pH, aminolyzed, and improved the surface activity of polyester. Copper sulfate was used as precursor, sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone as a stabilizer in a chemical reduction route at boil as a facile and cost‐effective approach. The central composite design was also utilized to optimize the processing conditions and study the effect of each variables on the weight gain, color change, and wettability of the treated fabrics. FESEM and mapping, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analysis confirmed effective assembling of Cu/Cu2O NPs on the amidohydroxylated polyester surface. The optimum treated fabric showed excellent antibacterial properties on both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, a very good photocatalytic activity towards degradation of methylene blue solution obtained after 24 h sunlight irradiation. Further, the hydrophilicity, mechanical properties and stability of the treated fabrics in concentrated sodium hydroxide improved through formation of amidohydroxyl active groups, amidoester cross‐linking and nanocross‐linking within polymeric chains through in situ synthesis of Cu/Cu2O. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44856.
Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Belimumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Fifty‐Two–Week Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Stohl William , Schwarting Andreas , Okada Masato , Scheinberg Morton , Doria Andrea , Hammer Anne E. , Kleoudis Christi , Groark James , Bass Damon , Fox Norma Lynn , Roth David , Gordon David
Published: January 2017

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous (SC) belimumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Patients with moderate‐to‐severe SLE (score of ≥8 on the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment [SELENA] version of the SLE Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI]) were randomized 2:1 to receive weekly SC belimumab 200 mg or placebo by prefilled syringe in addition to standard SLE therapy for 52 weeks. The primary end point was the SLE Responder Index (SRI4) at week 52. Secondary end points were reduction in the corticosteroid dosage and time to severe flare. Safety was assessed according to the adverse events (AEs) reported and the laboratory test results.

Results

Of 839 patients randomized, 836 (556 in the belimumab group and 280 in the placebo group) received treatment. A total of 159 patients withdrew before the end of the study. At entry, mean SELENA–SLEDAI scores were 10.5 in the belimumab group and 10.3 in the placebo group. More patients who received belimumab were SRI4 responders than those who received placebo (61.4% versus 48.4%; odds ratio [OR] 1.68 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.25–2.25]; P = 0.0006). In the belimumab group, both time to and risk of severe flare were improved (median 171.0 days versus 118.0 days; hazard ratio 0.51 [95% CI 0.35–0.74]; P = 0.0004), and more patients were able to reduce their corticosteroid dosage by ≥25% (to ≤7.5 mg/day) during weeks 40–52 (18.2% versus 11.9%; OR 1.65 [95% CI 0.95–2.84]; P = 0.0732), compared with placebo. AE incidence was comparable between treatment groups; serious AEs were reported by 10.8% of patients taking belimumab and 15.7% of those taking placebo. A worsening of IgG hypoglobulinemia by ≥2 grades occurred in 0.9% of patients taking belimumab and 1.4% of those taking placebo.

Conclusion

In patients with moderate‐to‐severe SLE, weekly SC doses of belimumab 200 mg plus standard SLE therapy significantly improved their SRI4 response, decreased severe disease flares as compared with placebo, and had a safety profile similar to placebo plus standard SLE therapy.
The effect of images on item statistics in multiple choice anatomy examinations
Authors: Notebaert Andrew J.
Published: January 2017

Although multiple choice examinations are often used to test anatomical knowledge, these often forgo the use of images in favor of text‐based questions and answers. Because anatomy is reliant on visual resources, examinations using images should be used when appropriate. This study was a retrospective analysis of examination items that were text based compared to the same questions when a reference image was included with the question stem. Item difficulty and discrimination were analyzed for 15 multiple choice items given across two different examinations in two sections of an undergraduate anatomy course. Results showed that there were some differences item difficulty but these were not consistent to either text items or items with reference images. Differences in difficulty were mainly attributable to one group of students performing better overall on the examinations. There were no significant differences for item discrimination for any of the analyzed items. This implies that reference images do not significantly alter the item statistics, however this does not indicate if these images were helpful to the students when answering the questions. Care should be taken by question writers to analyze item statistics when making changes to multiple choice questions, including ones that are included for the perceived benefit of the students. Anat Sci Educ 10: 68–78. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Patent citation data in social science research: Overview and best practices
Authors: Jaffe Adam B. , de Rassenfosse Gaétan
Published: January 2017

The last 2 decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in the use of patent citation data in social science research. Facilitated by digitization of the patent data and increasing computing power, a community of practice has grown up that has developed methods for using these data to: measure attributes of innovations such as impact and originality; to trace flows of knowledge across individuals, institutions and regions; and to map innovation networks. The objective of this article is threefold. First, it takes stock of these main uses. Second, it discusses 4 pitfalls associated with patent citation data, related to office, time and technology, examiner, and strategic effects. Third, it highlights gaps in our understanding and offers directions for future research.
Synthesis, Physical Properties and Memory Device Application of a Twelve‐Ring Fused Twistheteroacene
Authors: Duan Jingdan , Gu Pei‐yang , Xiao Jinchong , Shen Xingxing , Liu Xiaoyu , Yi Yuanping , Zhang Qichun
Published: January 2017

Developing new organic conjugated materials for high density memory devices is highly desirable. In this research, a novel donor–acceptor‐type twelve‐ring fused twistheteroacene, 2,7,19,24‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐13,30‐didodecyl‐9,17,26,34‐tetraphenyl benzo[8′,9′]triphenyleno[2′,3′:7,8]dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxino[1,2,3,4‐lmn]dibenzo[6′,7′:10′,11′]tetraceno[2′,3′:5,6][1,4]dioxino[2,3‐f][3,8]phenanthroline‐12,14,29,31(13H,30H)‐tetraone (DPyN) has been synthesized and characterized. It displays high thermal stability, possesses a broad absorption band centered at 510 and 538 nm, and emits red fluorescence in organic solvents. A solution‐processed memory device with DPyN as an active element shows an excellent memory performance with an ON/OFF current ratio of 103.46:1 and a threshold voltage of −2.44 V.
Evaluating elevated convection with the downdraft convective inhibition
Authors: Market P. S. , Rochette S. M. , Shewchuk J. , Difani R. , Kastman J. S. , Henson C. B. , Fox N. I.
Published: January 2017

A method for evaluating the penetration of a stable layer by an elevated convective downdraft is discussed. Some controversy exists on the community's ability to define truly elevated convection from surface‐based convection. By comparing the downdraft convective inhibition (DCIN) to the downdraft convective available potential energy (DCAPE), we determine that downdraft penetration potential is progressively enabled as the DCIN is progressively smaller than the DCAPE; inversely as DCIN increases over DCAPE, so does the likelihood of purely elevated convection. Serial vertical soundings and accompanying analyses are provided to support this finding.
Synthesis and luminescence properties of blue‐emitting phosphor Ca12Al14O32F2:Eu2+ for white light‐emitting diode
Authors: Chen Wanping , Zhang Xinzhu , Wang Liping
Published: January 2017

A blue‐emitting phosphor Ca12Al14O32F2:Eu2+ was synthesized using a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction under a reductive atmosphere. The X‐ray diffraction measurements indicate that a pure phase Ca12Al14O32F2:Eu2+ can be obtained for low doping concentration of Eu2+. The phosphor has a strong absorption in the range 270–420 nm with a maximum at ~340 nm and blue emission in the range 400–500 nm with chromatic coordination of (0.152, 0.045). The optimal doping concentration is ~0.24. In addition, the luminescence properties of the as‐synthesized phosphor were evaluated by comparison with those of Ca12Al14O32Cl2:Eu2+ and the commercially available phosphor BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+. The emission intensity of Ca12Al14O32F2:Eu2+ was ~72% that of BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ under excitation at λ = 375 nm. The results indicate that Ca12Al14O32F2:Eu2+ has potential application as a near‐UV‐convertible blue phosphor for white light‐emitting diodes.
Deciphering the intercalative binding modes of benzoyl peroxide with calf thymus DNA
Authors: Xia Kaixin , Zhang Guowen , Gong Deming
Published: January 2017

The binding of benzoyl peroxide (BPO), a flour brightener, with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) was predicted by molecular simulation, and this were confirmed using multi‐spectroscopic techniques and a chemometrics algorithm. The molecular docking result showed that BPO could insert into the base pairs of ctDNA, and the adenine bases were the preferential binding sites which were validated by the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra. The mode of binding of BPO with ctDNA was an intercalation as supported by the results from ctDNA melting and viscosity measurements, iodide quenching effects and competitive binding investigations. The circular dichroism and DNA cleavage assays indicated that BPO induced a conformational change from B‐like DNA structure towards to A‐like form, but did not lead to significant damage in the DNA. The complexation was driven mainly by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, the ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopic data matrix was resolved by a multivariate curve resolution–alternating least–squares algorithm. The equilibrium concentration profiles for the components (BPO, ctDNA and BPO–ctDNA complex) were extracted from the highly overlapping composite response to quantitatively monitor the BPO–ctDNA interaction. This study has provided insights into the mechanism of the interaction of BPO with ctDNA and potential hazards of the food additive.
The Healthy Eating, Active Living (HEAL) Study: Outcomes, Lessons Learnt and Future Recommendations
Authors: Cox Rachael , Skouteris Helen , Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Watson Brittany , Jones Amanda D. , Omerogullari Stella , Stanton Kelly , Bromfield Leah , Hardy Louise L.
Published: January 2017

Internationally, there are few interventions that promote healthy lifestyles in the out‐of‐home care (OOHC) sector. The aim of this quantitative study was to measure the efficacy of the Healthy Eating, Active Living (HEAL) programme for young people who live in residential OOHC and their carers. Seventy young people and 177 carers were recruited between August 2012 and October 2014 from 48 residential care units across metropolitan Melbourne and regional Victoria, Australia. The HEAL programme included educational sessions for young people, and professional development for carers to foster healthy eating and physical activity. Young people and carers completed questionnaires measuring behavioural, psychosocial and motivational outcomes. Objective measures of height and weight were collected for young people and self‐reported by carers. The findings revealed no evidence for the efficacy of the HEAL intervention for either young people or carers. The most likely explanation for the null result was difficulties associated with: (1) collecting quantitative data for evaluative purposes in vulnerable populations (particularly the impact of attrition on statistical power); and (2) implementing interventions in complex environments. We conclude with a summary of lessons learnt and recommendations for future research in this unique setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Quantitative study… to measure the efficacy of the HEAL programme for young people who live in residential OOHC and their carers’

Key Practitioner Messages

There are a number of challenges inherent to collecting longitudinal data and/or employing a randomised trial design in this setting. Researchers working in this area need to acknowledge the critical need for this type of research but also consider alternative approaches to data collection.

It is integral that organisational practices and/or policies are in place so that a HEAL philosophy is embedded in the residential OOHC culture; in other words, HEAL becomes a part of each organisation's values, goals and shared expectations.
Provide undocumented students support without compromising legal responsibilities
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: January 2017

Undocumented students on college campuses nationwide face uncertain times with Donald Trump as president. For students who have enjoyed protection from deportation under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program while in college, the path remains unclear as to what exactly will occur in the face of Trump's presidency after campaign promises that illegal immigrants would be swiftly deported.
Who you are isn't who you will be
Authors: Kouzes Jim , Posner Barry
Published: January 2017

We've been writing and speaking about exemplary leadership for more than 30 years, and throughout that time there's one question people ask us more often than any other question. That most frequently asked question is some variation of “Are leaders born or made?”
Acyl Histidines: New N‐Acyl Amides from Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Tørring Thomas , Shames Stephanie R. , Cho Wooyoung , Roy Craig R. , Crawford Jason M.
Published: January 2017

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is a Gram‐negative gammaproteobacterial pathogen that infects and intracellularly replicates in human macrophages and a variety of protozoa. L. pneumophila encodes an orphan biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) that contains isocyanide‐associated biosynthetic genes and is upregulated during infection. Because isocyanide‐functionalized metabolites are known to harbor invertebrate innate immunosuppressive activities in bacterial pathogen–insect interactions, we used pathway‐targeted molecular networking and tetrazine‐based chemoseletive ligation chemistry to characterize the metabolites from the orphan pathway in L. pneumophila. We also assessed their intracellular growth contributions in an amoeba and in murine bone‐marrow‐derived macrophages. Unexpectedly, two distinct groups of aromatic amino acid‐derived metabolites were identified from the pathway, including a known tyrosine‐derived isocyanide and a family of new N‐acyl‐l‐histidine metabolites.
Double‐stenting in distal left main lesions: Let's crush
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Albertal Mariano
Published: January 2017

Key Points

Unprotected distal left main (ULM) lesions often require double‐stenting.

In the MITO Registry, a mini‐crush stenting technique was safer than culotte stenting.

Performing mini‐crush arises as the best approach in patients with distal ULM lesions requiring elective double‐stenting.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: A Rift into the Future Energy Supply
Authors: Christoforidis Konstantinos C. , Fornasiero Paolo
Published: January 2017

Photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) production is a process that converts solar energy into chemical energy by means of a suitable photocatalyst. After the huge amount of systems that have been tested in the last forty years, the advent of nanotechnology and a careful design at molecular level, allow to obtain attractive activity, even using pure visible light. At the same time we are approaching reasonable photocatalyst stability in laboratory test, and the attention is paid to identify cost‐effective photocatalysts that might find real applications. This Review provides a broad overview of the elementary steps of the heterogeneous photocatalytic H2 production, including an outline of the physico‐chemical reactions occurring on semiconductors and cocatalysts. The use of different renewable oxygenates as sustainable sacrificial agent for the H2 production is outlined, in view of a transition from fossil fuels to pure water splitting. Finally, the recent advances in the development of photocatalyst are discussed focusing on the current progress in organic and hybrid organic/inorganic photocatalysts.
Spherical Boron Nitride Supported Gold–Copper Catalysts for the Low‐Temperature Selective Oxidation of Ethanol
Authors: Wang Yang , Shi Lei , Lu Wenduo , Sun Qiang , Wang Zifeng , Zhi Chunyi , Lu An‐Hui
Published: January 2017

The oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde in the fine‐chemical industry is a burgeoning process that requires leading‐edge technology. A major challenge is to find a catalyst with high ethanol conversion and high acetaldehyde selectivity at a high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and a low operation temperature. Boron nitride nanosphere supported Au–Cu nanoparticles offer much opportunity for low‐temperature ethanol oxidation. A catalytic ethanol conversion of 77 % and a selectivity of 94 % towards acetaldehyde were achieved at a temperature of 180 °C and a high GHSV of 100 000 mL gcat−1 h−1, values that far exceed those obtained with Au–Cu/SiO2. The immobilized Au–Cu nanoparticles have an average size of approximately 3 nm, and the majority of Au species are assigned Auδ−. The weak interaction of acetaldehyde with both Au–Cu active phases and the boron nitride support facilitates the adsorption–desorption behavior of acetaldehyde. As a result, the progression of secondary reactions is slowed and the degree of coverage of the active sites is minimized.
Electrochemical Detection of 2,4‐Dichlorophenol on a Ternary Composite Electrode of Diamond, Graphene, and Polyaniline
Authors: Peleyeju Moses G. , Idris Azeez O. , Umukoro Eseoghene H. , Babalola Jonathan O. , Arotiba Omotayo A.
Published: January 2017

In this work, a novel ternary composite electrode made from diamond, graphene, and polyaniline was prepared, characterized, and applied for the electrochemical determination of 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) in aqueous media. The composite obtained through oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of graphene and diamond was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface area analysis. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with the composite material and the electrochemical properties of the bare and modified electrodes were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The obtained results show that the modified electrode exhibits superior electrochemical properties to the bare GCE. Determination of 2,4‐DCP in 0.1 M HNO3 was carried out by using square wave voltammetry, and the oxidation peak of the analyte was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration. The linear regression equation was
and the detection limit was calculated to be 0.25 μM. The electrode exhibited antifouling capabilities during the electro‐oxidation of 2,4‐DCP. The sensor was utilized for the detection of 2,4‐DCP in domestic wastewater and it is believed to hold promise for practical applications.
Oxygen Reduction and Evolution in an Ionic Liquid Electrocatalyzed by a Highly Active Au Nanoparticles/Graphene Hybrid
Authors: Qiu Xingyuan , Zhou Wei , Qi Chengzi , Cheng Danhong , Ouchi Yukio
Published: January 2017

A hybrid of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which mainly feature Au(111) planes and have an average diameter of 8 nm, has been prepared by using a facile approach. The RGO/AuNPs hybrid exhibits high bifunctional electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as well as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in room‐temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). Compared with the performance of a commercial Pt/C material, a higher ORR current density as well as a much better reversibility of ORR/OER has been obtained on RGO/AuNPs, suggesting that this novel hybrid material could be employed as a promising catalyst for the development of IL‐based rechargeable metal−air batteries.
Oxidation of Substituted Phosphanylboranes with Chalcogens
Authors: Marquardt Christian , Hegen Oliver , Kahoun Tobias , Scheer Manfred
Published: January 2017

The elemental chalcogens sulfur, selenium, tellurium and bis(trimethylsilyl)peroxide as an oxygen source are applied for the oxidation of the phosphanylboranes Ph2P‐BH2⋅NMe3 (1) and tBuHP‐BH2⋅NMe3 (2). The corresponding monooxidation products Ph2P(X)‐BH2⋅NMe3 (X=O–Te, 3 a–d) and tBuHP(X)‐BH2⋅NMe3 (X=O–Te, 4 a–d) were obtained in good yields and comprehensively characterized by single crystal X‐ray structure analysis, NMR, IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The first oxidation step proceeds very selectively for all chalcogenides. For the tBu derivative, a further oxidation can be realised with O2, S8 and Se yielding tBu(HX)P(X)‐BH2⋅NMe3 (X=O, S, Se, 5 a–c). The telluride compounds presented herein are the first examples of neutral Te‐substituted phosphanylboranes.
A Hybrid Solid‐State NMR and Electron Microscopy Structure‐Determination Protocol for Engineering Advanced para‐Crystalline Optical Materials
Authors: Thomas Brijith , Rombouts Jeroen , Oostergetel Gert T. , Gupta Karthick B. S. S. , Buda Francesco , Lammertsma Koop , Orru Romano , de Groot Huub J. M.
Published: January 2017

Hybrid magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy and TEM were demonstrated for de novo structure determination of para‐crystalline materials with a bioinspired fused naphthalene diimide (NDI)–salphen–phenazine prototype light‐harvesting compound. Starting from chiral building blocks with C2 molecular symmetry, the asymmetric unit was determined by MAS NMR spectroscopy, index low‐resolution TEM diffraction data, and resolve reflection conditions, and for the first time the ability to determine the space group from reciprocal space data using this hybrid approach was shown. Transfer of molecular C2 symmetry into P2/c packing symmetry provided a connection across length scales to overcome both lack of long‐range order and missing diffraction‐phase information. Refinement with heteronuclear distance constraints confirmed the racemic P2/c packing that was scaffolded by molecular recognition of salphen zinc in a pseudo‐octahedral environment with bromide and with alkyl chains folding along the phenazine. The NDI light‐harvesting stacks ran orthogonal to the intermolecular electric dipole moment present in the solid. Finally, the orientation of flexible lamellae on an electrode surface was determined.
Comparative effectiveness of screening strategies for colorectal cancer
Authors: Barzi Afsaneh , Lenz Heinz‐Josef , Quinn David I. , Sadeghi Sarmad
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) has been successful in decreasing the incidence and mortality from CRC. Although new screening tests have become available, their relative impact on CRC outcomes remains unexplored. This study compares the outcomes of various screening strategies on CRC outcomes.

METHODS

A Markov model representing the natural history of CRC was built and validated against empiric data from screening trials as well as the Microstimulation Screening Analysis (MISCAN) model. Thirteen screening strategies based on colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, computed tomographic colonography, as well as fecal immunochemical, occult blood, and stool DNA testing were compared with no screening. A simulated sample of the US general population ages 50 to 75 years with an average risk of CRC was followed for up to 35 years or until death. Effectiveness was measured by discounted life years gained and the number of CRCs prevented. Discounted costs and cost‐effectiveness ratios were calculated. A discount rate of 3% was used in calculations. The study took a societal perspective.

RESULTS

Colonoscopy emerged as the most effective screening strategy with the highest life years gained (0.022 life years) and CRCs prevented (n = 1068) and the lowest total costs ($2861). These values were 0.012 life years gained, 574 CRCs prevented, and a total cost of $3164, respectively, for FOBT; and 0.011 life years gained, 647 CRCs prevented, and a total cost of $4296, respectively, for DNA testing. Improved sensitivity or specificity of a screening test for CRC detection was not sufficient to close the outcomes gap compared with colonoscopy.

CONCLUSIONS

Improvement in CRC‐detection performance is not sufficient to improve screening outcomes. Special attention must be directed to detecting precancerous adenomas.Cancer2017;123:1516–1527.©2017 American Cancer Society.
Allogeneic transplantation for advanced acute myeloid leukemia: The value of complete remission
Authors: Weisdorf Daniel J. , Millard Heather R. , Horowitz Mary M. , Hyare Parvinder S. , Champlin Richard , Ho Vincent , Mielcarek Marco , Rezvani Andrew , Stockerl‐Goldstein Keith , Khoury Hanna J. , De Lima Marcos , Saber Wael , Sandmaier Brenda , Zhang Mei Jie , Eapen Mary
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) without complete remission (CR) or in first relapse (Rel1) can have extended leukemia control and survival after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). For patients in Rel1 or primary induction failure (PIF), transplantation versus treatment to achieve a second CR (CR2) and subsequent HCT might yield similar outcomes, but available comparative data are scarce.

METHODS

Survival was analyzed in 4682 HCT recipients according to disease status: PIF (N = 1440), Rel1 (failing ≥1 reinduction; N = 1256), and CR2 (N = 1986).

RESULTS

Patient, disease, and transplantation characteristics were similar, except that patients in CR2 more often had performance scores of 90% to 100%, de novo AML, and longer CR1 duration. Adverse cytogenetics were more common in patients who experienced PIF. The 5‐year survival rate adjusted for performance score, cytogenetic risk, and donor type for CR2 was 39% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37%‐41%) compared with 18% (95% CI, 16%‐20%) for HCT in Rel1 and 21% (95% CI, 19%‐23%) in PIF (P< .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Although survival is superior for patients who undergo HCT in CR2, transplantation for selected patients in Rel1 or PIF may still be valuable. These data can guide decision making about additional salvage therapy versus prompt HCT for patients not in CR, but they also highlight that AML is intrinsically more treatable in patients who have favorable‐risk cytogenetics, those with longer CR1 duration, and younger patients with better performance status.Cancer2017;123:2025–2034. ©2017 American Cancer Society.