bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expansin gene loss is a common occurrence during adaptation to an aquatic environment
Authors: Hepler Nathan K. , Bowman Alexa , Carey Robert E. , Cosgrove Daniel J.
Published: October 2019

Expansins comprise a superfamily of plant cell wall loosening proteins that can be divided into four individual families (EXPA, EXPB, EXLA and EXLB). Aside from inferred roles in a variety of plant growth and developmental traits, little is known regarding the function of specific expansin clades, for which there are at least 16 in flowering plants (angiosperms); however, there is evidence to suggest that some expansins have cell‐specific functions, in root hair and pollen tube development, for example. Recently, two duckweed genomes have been sequenced (Spirodela polyrhiza strains 7498 and 9509), revealing significantly reduced superfamily sizes. We hypothesized that there would be a correlation between expansin loss and morphological reductions seen among highly adapted aquatic species. In order to provide an answer to this question, we characterized the expansin superfamilies of the greater duckweed Spirodela, the marine eelgrass Zostera marina and the bladderwort Utricularia gibba. We discovered rampant expansin gene and clade loss among the three, including a complete absence of the EXLB family and EXPA‐VII. The most convincing correlation between morphological reduction and expansin loss was seen for Utricularia and Spirodela, which both lack root hairs and the root hair expansin clade EXPA‐X. Contrary to the pattern observed in other species, four Utricularia expansins failed to branch within any clade, suggesting that they may be the result of neofunctionalization. Last, an expansin clade previously discovered only in eudicots was identified in Spirodela, allowing us to conclude that the last common ancestor of monocots and eudicots contained a minimum of 17 expansins.
Bioinspired artificial platelets for transfusion applications in traumatic hemorrhage
Authors: Girish Aditya , Sekhon Ujjal , Sen Gupta Anirban
Published: October 2019

KEY IDEAS

Among blood components, platelets (PLTs) present the toughest logistic challenges in transfusion due to limited availability, difficult portability and storage, high contamination risks, and very short shelf life (approx. 5 days).

Robust research efforts are being directed to develop biologic PLTs in vitro as well as design biosynthetic and artificial PLT technologies that can potentially resolve these challenges to allow adequate availability and timely transfusion to improve survival in trauma.
A prospective evaluation of oral Yunnan Baiyao therapy on thromboelastographic parameters in apparently healthy cats
Authors: Patlogar Jeffrey E. , Tansey Colleen , Wiebe Melissa , Hybki Gabrielle C. , Trostel Todd , Murphy Lisa A. , Nakamura Reid K.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To determine the effect of Yunnan Baiyao (YB) on hemostatic parameters measured by thromboelastography (TEG) in apparently healthy cats administered 1 capsule of YB orally twice daily for 1 week.

Design

Prospective study of client‐owned cats at a small animal specialty hospital.

Setting

One private referral center.

Animals

Twenty client‐owned adult cats were prospectively enrolled.

Interventions

All cats underwent echocardiographic examination by the same board‐certified cardiologist to rule out occult cardiomyopathy. Blood samples were collected for analysis of baseline CBC, fibrinogen, and kaolin‐activated TEG values. Cats were administered 1 capsule (250 mg/capsule) of YB twice daily orally for 1 week and the physical examination, CBC, fibrinogen, and TEG were re‐evaluated. Any side effects attributed to YB were noted at this time.

Measurements and Main Results

Three cats were excluded as 2 cats were identified with underlying cardiomyopathy and another cat had a cystic mass in the cranial mediastinum identified via echocardiography. Seventeen cats were treated with YB; however, 1 cat could not complete the study due to severe vomiting associated with YB administration. The remaining 16 cats completed the study, although 2 additional cats experienced transient vomiting. Yunnan Baiyao administration was associated with a significant decrease in HCT and red blood cell count, although no cat became anemic. None of the TEG parameters significantly changed compared to baseline after 1 week of YB therapy.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest YB at a dose of 1 capsule orally twice daily in cats fails to produce any significant change in hemostatic parameters as measured by TEG, although it did significantly reduce HCT and red blood cell count. Yunnan Baiyao was tolerated for most of the cats, although 3 of 17 (17.6%) cats experienced vomiting. Clinicians should be aware of these effects before considering the use of YB in cats.
Evaluation of pulse oximetry as a surrogate for PaO2in awake dogs breathing room air and anesthetized dogs on mechanical ventilation
Authors: Farrell Kate S. , Hopper Kate , Cagle Laura A. , Epstein Steven E.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To evaluate the ability of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation measurement via pulse oximetry (SpO2) to serve as a surrogate for PaO2in dogs.

Design

Two‐part study: prospective observational and retrospective components.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Ninety‐two dogs breathing room air prospectively enrolled on a convenience basis. Retrospective evaluation of 1,033 paired SpO2and PaO2measurements from 62 dogs on mechanical ventilation.

Interventions

Dogs with concurrent SpO2and PaO2measured on room air had a data sheet completed with blood gas analysis. SpO2, PaO2, and FiO2values were collected from medical records of dogs on mechanical ventilation.

Measurements and Main Results

Predicted PaO2was calculated from SpO2using the dog oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. The correlation coefficient between measured and predicted PaO2was 0.49 (P < 0.0001) in room air dogs and 0.74 (P < 0.0001) in ventilated dogs. In room air dogs, Bland–Altman analysis between measured minus predicted PaO2versus the average showed a mean bias of −6.0 mm Hg (95% limit of agreement, −35 to 23 mm Hg). The correlation coefficient between PaO2/FiO2and SpO2/FiO2ratios was 0.76 (P < 0.0001). After combining data sets, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the optimal cutoff value for detecting hypoxemia (PaO2 < 80 mm Hg) was an SpO2of 95%, with sensitivity and specificity of 77.8% and 89.5%, respectively. Using this cutoff, 6.9% of SpO2readings failed to detect hypoxemia, whereas 7.2% predicted hypoxemia that was not present.

Conclusions

The SpO2was not clinically suitable as a surrogate for PaO2, though it performed better in mechanically ventilated dogs. As sensitivity for the detection of hypoxemia was poor, pulse oximetry does not appear to be an acceptable screening test. The SpO2/FiO2ratio may have value for evaluation of anesthetized dogs on supplemental oxygen. Arterial blood gas analysis remains ideal for assessment of oxygenation.
Intercultural Contact as a Predictor of Cultural Intelligence
Authors: Sousa Cátia , Gonçalves Gabriela , Santos Joana
Published: October 2019

With the aim of observing to what extent intercultural contact is a predictor of cultural intelligence, and the relationship between cultural intelligence, type of intercultural contact, gender and education, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using the ANOVA and t-test. With a sample of 661 individuals, results show that intercultural contact is a predictor of cultural intelligence and that men and individuals who possess superior level studies present higher cultural intelligence means. Those who maintain intercultural contact with friends or family present superior cultural intelligence means in metacognitive and motivational dimensions and individuals who maintain an intercultural contact in professional environment present high score at the level of cognitive and behavioral dimensions.
Influence of Gratitude and Materialism on Two Different Conceptualizations of Subjective Well-being
Authors: Puente-Díaz Rogelio , Cavazos-Arroyo Judith
Published: October 2019

The present investigation examined the influence of materialism and gratitude on subjective well-being under two different conceptualizations of this construct: subjective well-being as a construct with three independent components and subjective well-being as a second other factor with three first order factors. 386 participants from Mexico completed a battery of questionnaires measuring gratitude, materialism, positive and negative affect and life satisfaction. Results showed a negative influence of materialism on positive affect, life satisfaction and overall sense of subjective well-being and a positive influence on negative affect. Gratitude had a positive influence on positive affect, life satisfaction and overall sense of subjective well-being. Results also showed that gratitude did not influence negative affect directly, but indirectly through its influence on overall sense of subjective well-being. The implications of our findings were discussed.
¿Qué es un editor de una revista científica en América Latina?
Authors: López López Wilson
Published: October 2019

Editorial.
Riesgos para la salud de profesores universitarios derivados de factores psicosociales laborales
Authors: Gómez Ortiz Viviola , Perilla Toro Lyria Esperanza , Hermosa R. Angélica María
Published: October 2019

El propósito del estudio fue identificar factores de riesgo psicosocial ocupacional en académicos de universidades de Bogotá y establecer si están asociados o no con diversos indicadores de malestar psicológico. En el estudio, participaron 302 académicos de 21 universidades de la ciudad. Los resultados evidenciaron que la inseguridad laboral, las excesivas exigencias laborales y la alta carga de trabajo son los principales factores psicosociales laborales generadores de estrés en los profesores universitarios. Quienes más perciben demandas y carga de trabajo son también quienes más reportan malestar de diverso tipo, tales como ansiedad, síntomas psicosomáticos y desajuste social. Las demandas, exigencias y esfuerzos laborales son percibidos como más altos por parte de los profesores más jóvenes, con categoría de asistentes. Los resultados de este estudio señalan la necesidad de las universidades de revisar sus prioridades y definir cómo aprovechar de la mejor manera el potencial de su principal capital que son los académicos, sin que estos terminen lastimados por sus esfuerzos y compromiso con las instituciones.
Theoretical Study on the Influence of Planet Gear Rim Thickness and Bearing Clearance on Calculated Bearing Life
Authors: Fingerle Andreas , Hochrein Jonas , Otto Michael , Stahl Karsten
Published: October 2019

Planetary gearboxes are becoming more popular due to their high-power density and potentially high efficiency. When the planet bearings are internally mounted, the body of the planet gear has to be hollow. The demand for large outer diameters due to high-load requirements might result in a small planet rim thickness. Depending on the rim thickness, its rigidity may become very low. Due to the low stiffness and the special load conditions caused by the double meshing, the deformation of the planet and its bearings are unique. In this paper, the influence of rim thickness on bearing load and lifetime is examined. The analysis is performed with a finite element method (FEM) model of a planet rim with a built-in cylindrical roller bearing. With the resulting planet deformation from the FEM calculation, the load distribution on the rolling elements in the bearing and the bearing lifetime according to ISO/TS 16281:2008 has been evaluated.
Folding of Thick Origami Through Regionally Sandwiched Compliant Sheets
Authors: Butler Jared , Pehrson Nathan , Magleby Spencer
Published: October 2019

The regional sandwiching of compliant sheets (ReCS) technique presented in this work creates flat-foldable, rigid-foldable, and self-deploying thick origami-based mechanisms. Regional sandwiching of the compliant sheet is used to create mountain-valley assignments for each fold about a vertex, constraining motion to a single branch of folding. Strain energy in deflected flexible members is used to enable self-deployment. This work presents the methods to design origami-based mechanisms using the ReCS technique, including volume trimming at the vertex of the compliant sheet and of the panels used in the sandwich. Three physical models, a simple single fold mechanism, a degree-four vertex mechanism, and a full tessellation, are presented to demonstrate the ReCS technique using acrylic panels with spring and low-carbon steels. Consideration is given to the risk of yielding of the compliant sheet due to parasitic motion with possible mitigation of yielding by decreasing the thickness of the sheet.
Physical analysis and optimization of electromagnetic coilgun launch systems
Authors: Zhou Joshua , Liu Takyiu
Published: October 2019

Coilguns are one of the most widely used projectile launch systems using electromagnetic force. The ideal coilgun would propel a projectile with maximum velocity while also having a high power efficiency. The physics of coilguns is well understood; however, optimizing the coilgun design is much more difficult, as it requires the consideration of the parameters of every component of the system, such as the coil, projectile, and power supply. In this paper, electromagnetism, kinematics, and electrical circuit theory are employed to analytically describe the operations of a coilgun with permanent magnetic projectiles. These analytical equations are then implemented using mathematical programs. Coilguns with distinct design parameters and current profiles can be tested numerically to quickly find the optimal combinations to achieve the maximum velocity or power efficiency. The results are presented and measurements are utilized to verify the predictions.
Statistical Parametric Mapping as a Measure of Differences Between Limbs: Applications to Clinical Populations
Authors: Hughes-Oliver Cherice N. , Harrison Kathryn A. , Williams D.S. Blaise , Queen Robin M.
Published: October 2019

In healthy individuals, symmetrical lower-extremity movement is often assumed and calculated using discrete points during various tasks. However, measuring overall movement patterns using methods such as statistical parametric mapping (SPM) may allow for better interpretation of human movement. This study demonstrated the ability of SPM to assess interlimb differences in lower-extremity movement during 2 example tasks: running and landing. Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to determine sagittal and frontal plane lower-extremity joint angles in (1) young and older individuals during running and (2) patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and uninjured control athletes during landing. Interlimb differences within each group were compared using SPM and paired t tests on peak discrete angles. No differences between limbs were found between young and older runners using SPM. Peak ankle eversion and plantar flexion angles differed between limbs in young and older runners. Sagittal plane hip angle varied between limbs in uninjured control athletes. Frontal plane ankle angle and sagittal plane knee and hip angles differed between limbs in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using SPM and discrete analysis. These data suggest that SPM can be useful to determine clinically meaningful interlimb differences during running and landing in multiple populations.
Associations of Local Social Engagement and Environmental Attributes With Walking and Sitting Among Japanese Older Adults
Authors: Kubota Akio , Carver Alison , Sugiyama Takemi
Published: October 2019

This cross-sectional study examined associations of local social engagement with walking and sitting, and whether these associations were modified by local environmental attributes. Older residents (aged 65–84 years, n = 849), recruited from a regional city in Japan, reported walking frequency, sitting time, local social engagement, and local environmental attributes. Walk Score® was also used as an environmental measure. Analysis of data from 705 participants found that engaging in community activities was significantly associated with more frequent walking, but not with prolonged sitting. Interaction analyses between social engagement and environmental attributes did not show any significant interactions, suggesting that promoting local social engagement may increase walking frequency among older adults, regardless of local environmental characteristics. Community-level social initiatives that encourage older adults to participate in local meetings, events, and activities may be an effective physical activity promotion strategy among older adults.
Predicting Motor Skill Learning in Older Adults Using Visuospatial Performance
Authors: Wang Peiyuan , Infurna Frank J. , Schaefer Sydney Y.
Published: October 2019

Between-group comparisons of older and younger adults suggest that motor learning decreases with advancing age. However, such comparisons do not necessarily account for group differences in cognitive function, despite the co-occurrence of aging and cognitive decline. As such, cognitive differences may explain the observed age effects on motor learning. Recent work has shown that the extent to which a motor task is learned is related to visuospatial function in adults over age 65. The current study tested whether this relationship is replicable across a wider age range and with a brief, widely available cognitive test. Thirty-three adults (aged 39–89 years old) completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) prior to practicing a functional upper extremity motor task; performance on the motor task was assessed 24 hours later to quantify learning. Backward elimination stepwise linear regression identified which cognitive domains significantly predicted retention. Consistent with previous findings, only the Visuospatial/Executive subtest score predicted change in performance 24 hours later, even when accounting for participant age. Thus, the age-related declines in motor learning that have been reported previously may be explained in part by deficits in visuospatial function that can occur with advancing age.
Reflections on Motor Development Research Across the 20th Century: Six Empirical Studies That Changed the Field
Authors: Clark Jane E. , Bardid Farid , Getchell Nancy , Robinson Leah E. , Schott Nadja , Whitall Jill
Published: October 2019

Motor development research has had a rich history over the 20th century with a wide array of scientists contributing to a broad and deep body of literature. Just like the process of development, progress within the field has been non-linear, with rapid periods of growth occurring after the publication of key research articles that changed how we conceptualized and explored motor development. These publications provided new ways to consider developmental issues and, as a result, ignited change in our theoretical and empirical approaches within the field of motor development and the broader field of developmental psychology. In this paper, we outline and discuss six pioneering studies that we consider significant in their impact and in the field’s evolution, in order of publication: Halverson, 1931; Wild, 1938; Gibson & Walk, 1960; Connolly, Brown, & Bassett, 1968; Thelen & Fisher, 1982; Thelen & Ulrich, 1991. We have limited this review to empirical papers only. Together, they offer insight into what motor development research is, where it came from, why it matters, and what it has achieved.
Obesity Affects Postural Control in Middle Childhood and Adolescence but not in Early Childhood
Authors: García-Massó Xavier , Marco-Ahulló Adrià , Villarrasa-Sapiña Israel , Álvarez-Pitti Julio , Bermejo Jose-Luis
Published: October 2019

Introduction:Overweight/obese children have postural control differences compared with normal-weight children. Nevertheless, there are not studies that analyze the effect of obesity during the entire period comprised between childhood and adolescence. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in postural control between normal-weight and overweight/obese participants during early and middle childhood and adolescence.Methods:359 children were divided into six groups according to age and weight status. Each participant carried out one 30-s trial with eyes open (EO) and one 30-s trial with eyes closed (EC). Center of pressure signals were acquired using a Wii Balance Board. Mean velocity in antero-posterior (MVAP) and medio-lateral (MVML) directions and the 95% confidence interval ellipse area were calculated.Results:A Mann Whitney U-test showed significant differences between normal-weight and obese 8- to 12-year-old children in MVAPand MVMLin both EO and EC. In 13- to 17-year-old adolescents, there were differences between normal-weight and overweight/obese in ellipse area and MVML, both in EO and EC condition. There were no differences in postural stability between normal-weight and overweight/obese 4- to 7-year-old children.Conclusions:Obesity reduces postural stability only in middle childhood and adolescence but not in early childhood.
Motor Competence Levels in Young Children: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between Belgium and Greece
Authors: D’Hondt Eva , Venetsanou Fotini , Kambas Antonis , Lenoir Matthieu
Published: October 2019

The targeted continent and/or country driven promotion of physical activity and health from an early age onwards requires more insight into cross-cultural differences in motor competence. Using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition Short Form (BOT-2 SF), this study assessed and compared both fine and gross motor skill performances of 5- and 6-year-old children from Belgium (n = 325) and Greece (n = 245). Linear mixed effect models and a χ2test analyzed between-country differences in BOT-2 SF scores and the distribution across descriptive performance categories. Overall, Belgian and Greek participants displayed quite similar levels of motor competence, with fewer children performing (well-)below average than could be expected. On test item level, however, several significant differences emerged. Large effect sizes were found for knee push-ups (Hedges’g = 1.46) and copying a square (Hedges’g = 2.59), which demonstrated a better outcome for Belgian and Greek preschoolers, respectively. These findings might be attributed to different (physical) education practices in both European countries. The present study also highlights the importance of using an assessment tool covering the entire range of motor skills as well as a focusing primarily on raw performance scores, containing and explaining more variance, for international comparative research purposes.
Paired Associative Stimulation Rewired: A Novel Paradigm to Modulate Resting-State Intracortical Connectivity
Authors: Hooyman Andrew , Garbin Alexander , Fisher Beth
Published: October 2019

Recent neuroimaging research has demonstrated that resting-state intracortical connectivity (i.e., the shared communication between two brain regions) can serve as a robust predictor of motor performance and learning. Theoretically, direct modulation of resting-state intracortical connectivity within the motor system could then improve motor performance and learning. However, previous neuromodulation techniques such as repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation may be limited in the capacity to modulate targeted intracortical connectivity. Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) has shown efficacy in facilitating connectivity primarily between the central and peripheral nervous system based on the neuroplasticity mechanism of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity. It may therefore be plausible for a reconfigured corticocortical PAS paradigm to modulate resting-state intracortical connectivity using a dual stimulator methodology over specific cortical nodes. However, potential theoretical and technological considerations of such a paradigm first need to be addressed prior to application for the purposes of manipulating motor behavior. We posit a corticocortical PAS paradigm used in conjunction with resting-state electroencephalography to demonstrate efficacy of potentiating motor learning associated resting-state intracortical connectivity within the human brain. Here we provide a precise PAS/EEG experimental design, details on data analysis, recommendations for maintaining scientific rigor, and preliminary proof of principle within a single-subject.
Optimizing Bowling Performance
Authors: Abdollahipour Reza , Valtr Ludvík , Wulf Gabriele
Published: October 2019

The present study examined the influence on motor performance of key variables described in the OPTIMAL (Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning) theory of motor learning: enhanced expectancies for future performance, autonomy support, and an external focus. Participants performed a nine-pin bowling task. In the optimized group, enhanced expectancies, autonomy support, and an external focus were implemented on three successive blocks of 12 trials. In the control group, participants performed all trials under “neutral” conditions. The optimized group outperformed the control group on all blocks. The findings corroborate the importance of key variables in the OPTIMAL theory by demonstrating immediate benefits of their implementation for motor performance.
The Test–Retest Reliability of Force Plate–Derived Parameters of the Countermovement Push-Up as a Power Assessment Tool
Authors: Parry Gemma N. , Herrington Lee C. , Horsley Ian G.
Published: October 2019

Context: Muscular power output of the upper limb is a key aspect of athletic and sporting performance. Maximal power describes the ability to immediately produce power with maximal velocity at the point of release, impact, or takeoff, with research highlighting that the greater an athlete’s ability to produce maximal power, the greater the improvement in athletic performance. Despite the importance of upper-limb power for athletic performance, there is presently no gold-standard test for upper-limb force development performance. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the test–retest reliability of force plate–derived measures of the countermovement push-up in active males. Design: Test–retest design. Setting: Controlled laboratory. Participants: Physically active college athletes (age 24 [3] y, height 1.79 [0.08] m, body mass 81.7 [9.9] kg). Intervention: Subjects performed 3 repetitions of maximal effort countermovement push-up trials on Kistler force plates on 2 separate test occasions 7 days apart. Main Outcome Measures: Peak force, mean force, flight time, rate of force development, and impulse were analyzed from the force–time curve. Results: No significant differences between the 2 trial occasions were observed for any of the derived performance measures. Intraclass correlation coefficient and within-subject coefficient of variation calculations indicated performance measures to have moderate to very high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .88–.98), coefficient of variation = 5.5%–14.1%). Smallest detectable difference for peak force (7.5%), mean force (8.6%), and rate of force development (11.2%) were small to moderate. Conclusion: Force platform–derived kinetic parameters of countermovement push-up are reliable measurements of power in college-level athletes.
Do Alternative Cooling Methods Have Effective Cooling Rates for Hyperthermia Compared With Previously Established CWI Cooling Rates?
Authors: Parker Kailin C. , Shelton Rachel R. , Lopez Rebecca M.
Published: October 2019

Clinical Scenario: In the last few years, there have been several studies examining alternative cooling strategies in the treatment of exertional heat stroke (EHS). Morbidity and mortality with EHS are associated with how long the patient’s core body temperature remains above the critical threshold of 40.5°C. Although cold-water immersion (CWI) is the gold standard of treatment when cooling a patient with EHS, more recent alternative cooling techniques have been examined for use in settings where CWI may not be feasible (ie, remote locations). Clinical Question: Do alternative cooling methods have effective core body temperature cooling rates for hyperthermia compared with previously established CWI cooling rates? Summary of Key Findings: The authors searched for studies using alternative cooling methods to cool hyperthermic individuals. To be included, the studies needed a PEDro score ≥6 and a level of evidence ≥2. They found 9 studies related to our focused clinical question; of these, 5 studies met the inclusion criteria. The cooling rates for hand cooling, cold-water shower, and ice-sheet cooling were 0.03°C/min, 0.08°C/min, and 0.06°C/min, respectively, whereas the tarp-assisted cooling with oscillation (TACO) method was the only method that had an acceptable cooling rate (range 0.14–0.17°C/min). Clinical Bottom Line: When treating EHS, if CWI is not available, the tarp-assisted cooling method may be a reasonable alternative. Clinicians should not use cold shower, hand cooling, or ice-sheet cooling if better cooling methods are available. Clinicians should always use CWI when available. Strength of Recommendation: Five level 2 studies with PEDro scores ≥6 suggest the TACO method is the only alternative cooling method that decreases core body temperature at a similar, though slower, rate of CWI. Hand cooling, cold showering, and ice-sheet cooling do not decrease core body temperature at an appropriate rate and should not be used in EHS situations if a modality with a better cooling rate is available.
Injury Profile of Elite Male Young Soccer Players in a Spanish Professional Soccer Club: A Prospective Study During 4 Consecutive Seasons
Authors: Raya-González Javier , Suárez-Arrones Luis , Navandar Archit , Balsalobre-Fernández Carlos , Sáez de Villarreal Eduardo
Published: October 2019

Context: As the number of injuries in young soccer players increases, an epidemiological study is the first step in improving preventive strategies. Objectives: To analyze the injury profile of a Spanish professional soccer club’s academy during 4 consecutive seasons and to examine the injury incidence across different chronological age groups. Design: Prospective cohort design. Setting: Aggregate injury and exposure data collected during 4 consecutive seasons. Participants: Three hundred nine elite male young soccer players. Main Outcomes Measures: Injuries that led to participation time missed from training and match play prospectively reported by medical or coaching staff of the club. Results: A total of 464 time-loss injuries were observed during this study period. The overall injury incidence was 2.93 injuries per 1000 hours, with higher incidence during matches than during training (10.16 vs 2.10 injuries/1000 h; rate ratio [RR] = 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17–0.25; P < .05), with the U14 age group presenting the lowest injury rate (2.39 injuries/1000 h; RR = 1.15–1.57; P < .05). In terms of injury severity, moderate injuries were the most frequent (1.42 injuries/1000 h). Muscle injuries were the most common type of injuries (57.7%; 2.75 injuries/1000 h; RR = 1.84–13.4; P < .05), and hamstrings (93/268) were the most affected muscle group (0.58 injuries/1000 h; RR = 1.58–2.91; P < .05). Injury incidence showed a seasonal variation as indicated by peaks in August and October. In matches, specifically, the match period between 75 and 90 minutes showed the highest injury incidence (10.29 injuries/1000 h; RR = 1.89–6.38; P < .01). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that specific preventive strategies must be implemented to try to reduce the injury incidence in Spanish elite young soccer players attending to the characteristics of each age group.
Early Controlled Exercise and Timing of Treatment Following Concussion: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Hattrup Nicholas , Gray Hannah , Krumholtz Mark , Valovich McLeod Tamara C.
Published: October 2019

Clinical Scenario:Recent systematic reviews have shown that extended rest may not be beneficial to patients following concussion. Furthermore, recent evidence has shown that patient with postconcussion syndrome benefit from an active rehabilitation program. There is currently a gap between the ability to draw conclusions to the use of aerobic exercise during the early stages of recovery along with the safety of these programs.Clinical Question:Following a concussion, does early controlled aerobic exercise, compared with either usual care or delayed exercise, improve recovery as defined by symptom duration and severity?Summary of Key Findings:After a thorough literature search, 5 studies relevant to the clinical question were selected. Of the 5 studies, 1 study was a randomized control trial, 2 studies were pilot randomized controlled trials, and 2 studies were retrospective. All 5 studies showed that implementing controlled aerobic exercise did not have an adverse effect on recovery. One study showed early aerobic exercise had a quicker return to school, and another showed a 2-day decrease in symptom duration.Clinical Bottom Line:There is sufficient evidence to suggest that early controlled aerobic exercise is safe following a concussion. Although early aerobic exercise may not always result in a decrease in symptom intensity and duration, it may help to improve the psychological state resulting from the social isolation of missing practices and school along with the cessation of exercise. Although treatments continue to be a major area of research following concussion, management should still consist of an interdisciplinary approach to individualized patient care.Strength of Recommendation:There is grade B evidence to support early controlled aerobic exercise may reduce the duration of symptoms following recovery while having little to no adverse events.
Using a Game Sense Approach to Teach Buroinjin as an Aboriginal Game to Address Social Justice in Physical Education
Authors: Williams John , Pill Shane
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To explore a teacher educator professional learning opportunity within the context of a taught unit of work at a government primary school in Canberra, Australia’s national capital. The unit of work focus was a traditional Australian Aboriginal game taught using a Game Sense Approach to deliver a socially just version of quality physical education. Method: A qualitative self-study methodology was adopted where the participants were Author 1 and 49 Year 5 students (aged 10–11 years). Results: Game Sense Approach was found to be an effective professional learning opportunity for Author 1, while Author 2’s knowledge about Indigenous perspectives in physical education was extended. In addition, student participants valued the taught lessons, which highlighted issues of social justice. Discussion/Conclusion: It is possible for the self-study approach described here and seemingly incompatible epistemological approaches to work together to realize a socially just version of quality physical education that can inform physical education teaching beyond this study.
Gender Categorizations During Group Work in Physical Education
Authors: Koekoek Jeroen , Knoppers Annelies
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To explore how the use of gender categorizations inform children’s preferences of working with others in physical education. Method: Draw, write, and tell procedures were used to elicit the thoughts and feelings of 42 children, across four schools, about their peers and working together in groups. The children, aged between 11 and 13 years, were distributed across 14 focus groups to talk about conditions in group work that they thought facilitated and inhibited their learning. Results: Two meta-themes—(a) classmates and friendships and (b) work intention and trust—emerged from the interview data about their preferences for the ways groups were constituted. The results indicated that these children created or constructed categories of their peers based on gender but using gender-neutral words. Conclusion: Their constructions of working with others in PE contributed to an implicit curriculum consisting of different expectations for the same gender and for other gender groups.
Impact of a Sustained TPSR Program on Students’ Responsibility, Motivation, Sportsmanship, and Intention To Be Physically Active
Authors: Merino-Barrero Juan Andrés , Valero-Valenzuela Alfonso , Belando Pedreño Noelia , Fernandez-Río Javier
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To assess the impact of a sustained Teaching for Personal and Social Responsibility program in Physical Education.Method: There were 72 primary and secondary education students (11–13 years), enrolled in two different schools, and their four teachers were randomly distributed into an experimental group (n = 35) and a nonequivalent group (n = 37) by their schools’ administration. A pre-/posttest, repeated-measures nonequivalent group design was used. The two teachers of the experimental group implemented a Teaching for Personal and Social Responsibility program, whereas the two teachers of the nonequivalent group used Direct Instruction in their classes over four consecutive learning units (29 sessions, 5 months).Results: Students in the experimental group significantly increased their personal and social responsibility (p < .01), self-determined motivation (p < .01), basic psychological needs satisfaction (competence, autonomy, and relatedness;p < .01), sportsmanship (p < .05), and intention to be physically active outside school (p < .05).Conclusion: The Teaching for Personal and Social Responsibility program was more able to increase students’ self-determined motivation and to generate positive psychosocial consequences than the Direct Instruction approach.
The Relationship Between Barrier Self-Efficacy and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hill Christopher R. , Feltz Deborah L. , Samendinger Stephen , Pfeiffer Karin A.
Published: October 2019

Previous reviews have highlighted the importance of self-efficacy beliefs in maintaining adequate levels of childhood physical activity (PA), but variable findings with different age groups and measures of PA indicate the need to quantify the extant literature. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to estimate the relationship between adolescents’ barrier self-efficacy (BSE) and PA behavior using a random-effects model and to examine age and type of PA measurement as potential relationship moderators. A systematic online database review yielded 38 articles up to June 2018. A small to moderate correlation between BSE beliefs and PA was noted, although the variability was considerable. Age and measurement timing were not significant moderators, but the type of measurement was a significant relationship moderator. This meta-analysis emphasizes the importance of BSE as a psychosocial correlate to PA behavior in young people. There is a need for further BSE–PA research with attention to measurement technique and developmental differences.
Testing the Learning Styles Hypothesis: An Assessment of the Learning Styles, Learning Approaches, and Course Outcomes in the Sport Management Classroom
Authors: Shreffler Megan B. , Cocco Adam R. , Presley Regina G. , Police Chelsea C.
Published: October 2019

Increasing student persistence rates is imperative in higher education, as less than 60% of those who initially enroll in college full-time finish with a certificate or degree. Educators must ensure students are engaged with many facets of their educational experiences. Two strategies through which educators can engage students in the classroom, approaches to learning and learning styles, were examined. Researchers then assessed the relationships between these strategies and student success in the course (quiz scores and overall course grade). Findings suggest that the self-reported learning styles of students enrolled in sport management courses have little impact on student success. Thus, support was not found for the learning styles hypothesis. However, approaches to learning warrant attention, as students who employstrategicstudy skills are likely to achieve significantly higher course outcomes compared with those who utilizedeeporsurfacestudy skills in the sport management discipline.
Novel excitations near quantum criticality in geometrically frustrated antiferromagnet CsFeCl
3
Authors: Hayashida Shohei , Matsumoto Masashige , Hagihala Masato , Kurita Nobuyuki , Tanaka Hidekazu , Itoh Shinichi , Hong Tao , Soda Minoru , Uwatoko Yoshiya , Masuda Takatsugu
Published: October 2019

Hybridization of phase and amplitude fluctuations of an order parameter is evidenced by neutron scattering technique.
Orbital-selective Kondo lattice and enigmatic
f
electrons emerging from inside the antiferromagnetic phase of a heavy fermion
Authors: Giannakis Ioannis , Leshen Justin , Kavai Mariam , Ran Sheng , Kang Chang-Jong , Saha Shanta R. , Zhao Y. , Xu Z. , Lynn J. W. , Miao Lin , Wray L. Andrew , Kotliar Gabriel , Butch Nicholas P. , Aynajian Pegor
Published: October 2019

Kondo lattice emerges from deep within the antiferromagnetic phase of a heavy fermion, driven by selective sub-orbitals.
Intrinsically disordered proteins access a range of hysteretic phase separation behaviors
Authors: Garcia Quiroz Felipe , Li Nan K. , Roberts Stefan , Weber Patrick , Dzuricky Michael , Weitzhandler Isaac , Yingling Yaroslava G. , Chilkoti Ashutosh
Published: October 2019

Salient nonequilibrium phase separation behaviors in intrinsically disordered proteins dictate phase separation–driven assembly.
A Prospective Cohort Study of Durations of
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteremia According to Different Phenotypes and a New Concept of Persistent Bacteremia
Authors: Kang Chang Kyung , Song Kyoung-Ho , Kim Seong Eun , Kim Eu Suk , Park Wan Beom , Park Kyung-Hwa , Chun Shin Hye , Lee Shinwon , Cho Chong Rae , Kang Seung Ji , Oh Myoung-don , Kim Yeon-Sook , Lee Sun Hee , Kwak Yee Gyung , Jang Hee-Chang , Kim Chung-Jong , Kim Young Keun , Bang Ji-Hwan , Kiem Sungmin , Kwon Ki Tae , Jung Younghee , Kang Yu Min , Jung Sook-In , Kim Hong Bin ,   the Korea Infectious Diseases (KIND) Study Group, Kim Nam-Joong , Choe Pyoeng Gyun , Kim Taek Soo , Choi Su Jin , Park Kyoung Un , Choi Yun Jung , Kwon Kyoung Mi , Park Jung In , Choi Su-Mi , Yun Seon Jin , Yi Jongyoun , Park Sohee , Hwang Hyeon-jeong , Lee Youngsoon , Choi Hee Kyoung , Han Myung Sook , Park Sang Won , Kim Dong-Kie , Song Sae-Am , Kang Min Ji , Shin Jae Gyun , Kim Hye-In , Shin Seung Min
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the duration of
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteremia (SAB) according to methicillin resistance and the primary foci of infection. We also aimed to newly define persistent SAB considering these results. Nonduplicated episodes of SAB in patients aged ≥15 years from 14 hospitals in the Republic of Korea were analyzed between January 2009 and February 2018.
Differential Expression of Immune Checkpoint Molecules on CD8+T Cells Specific for Immunodominant and Subdominant Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Epitopes
Authors: Carroll Kate L. , Avery Lyndsay , Treat Benjamin R. , Kane Lawrence P. , Kinchington Paul R. , Hendricks Robert L. , St. Leger Anthony J.
Published: October 2019

Without an effective means of eliminating HSV-1 from latently infected neurons, efforts to control the virus have centered on preventing viral reactivation from latency. Virus-specific CD8+T cells within the infected TG have been shown to play a crucial role in inhibiting viral reactivation, and with a portion of these cells exhibiting functional impairment, checkpoint molecule immunotherapies have presented a potential solution to enhancing the antiviral response of these cells. In pursuing this potential treatment strategy, we found that Tim-3 (often associated with CD8+T cell functional exhaustion) is not upregulated on impaired cells but instead is upregulated on highly functional cells that have recently received antigenic stimulation. These findings support a role for Tim-3 as a marker of activation rather than exhaustion in this model, and we provide additional evidence for the hypothesis that there is persistent viral gene expression in the HSV-1 latently infected TG.
Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema: complication of cocaine use
Authors: Costeira Filipa de Sousa , Vieira Filipa , Gomes Fernanda Marta , Leite Carolina
Published: October 2019

Pneumomediastinum is more frequent in young men and usually presents in association with subcutaneous emphysema. It can occur in case of oesophageal or chest trauma, be iatrogenic or develop spontaneously, in case of emesis, coughing or forceful straining. Use of illicit drugs, such as cocaine, has been associated with multiple respiratory complications, including pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. The pathogenesis of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum after cocaine inhalation is not completely known, but it is thought that the physical manoeuvers used to increase its absorption and effect may lead to alveolar rupture, resulting in air escaping into the mediastinum and fascial planes of the neck and chest. Chest X-ray is usually diagnostic, but CT can be used as complementary study, allowing evaluation of adjacent structures. A case of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema after cocaine inhalation in an otherwise healthy man is presented.
Interleukin-1α deficiency reduces adiposity, glucose intolerance and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis in diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Almog Tal , Kandel Kfir Michal , Levkovich Hana , Shlomai Gadi , Barshack Iris , Stienstra Rinke , Lustig Yaniv , Leikin Frenkel Alicia , Harari Ayelet , Bujanover Yoram , Apte Roni , Shaish Aviv , Harats Dror , Kamari Yehuda
Published: October 2019

Objective

While extensive research revealed that interleukin (IL)-1β contributes to insulin resistance (IR) development, the role of IL-1α in obesity and IR was scarcely studied. Using control, whole body IL-1α knockout (KO) or myeloid-cell-specific IL-1α-deficient mice, we tested the hypothesis that IL-1α deficiency would protect against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and its metabolic consequences.

Research design and methods

To induce obesity and IR, control and IL-1α KO mice were given either chow or HFD for 16 weeks. Glucose tolerance test was performed at 10 and 15 weeks, representing early and progressive stages of glucose intolerance, respectively. Liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) samples were analyzed for general morphology and adipocyte size. Plasma levels of adiponectin, insulin, total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG), lipoprotein profile as well as hepatic lipids were analyzed. Expression of lipid and inflammation-related genes in liver and eWAT was analyzed. Primary mouse hepatocytes isolated from control mice were treated either with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (control) or 20 ng/mL recombinant IL-1α for 24 hours and subjected to gene expression analysis.

Results

Although total body weight gain was similar, IL-1α KO mice showed reduced adiposity and were completely protected from HFD-induced glucose intolerance. In addition, plasma total cholesterol and TG levels were lower and HFD-induced accumulation of liver TGs was completely inhibited in IL-1α KO compared with control mice. Expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 6 (ELOVL6), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), key enzymes that promote de-novo lipogenesis, was lower in livers of IL-1α KO mice. Treatment with recombinant IL-1α elevated the expression of ELOVL6 and FASN in mouse primary hepatocytes. Finally, mice with myeloid-cell-specific deletion of IL-1α did not show reduced adiposity and improved glucose tolerance.

Conclusions

We demonstrate a novel role of IL-1α in promoting adiposity, obesity-induced glucose intolerance and liver TG accumulation and suggest that IL-1α blockade could be used for treatment of obesity and its metabolic consequences.