bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The psychological impact of being on a monitoring pathway for localised prostate cancer: A UK‐wide mixed methods study
Authors: Matheson Lauren , Wilding Sarah , Wagland Richard , Nayoan Johana , Rivas Carol , Downing Amy , Wright Penny , Brett Jo , Kearney Therese , Cross William , Glaser Adam , Gavin Anna , Watson Eila
Published: May 2019

Objective

To address concerns over the psychological impact of being on a monitoring pathway following prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis, this study compared the psychological status of men on active surveillance (AS) or watchful waiting (WW) with men on active treatment (AT) and explored psychological adjustment in men on AS/WW.

Methods

Cross‐sectional survey of UK men diagnosed with PCa 18 to 42 months previously (n = 16 726, localised disease at diagnosis) and telephone interviews with 24 men on AS/WW. Psychological outcomes were measured using two validated scales (Short Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale [SWEMWBS] and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale). Univariable and multivariable analyses compared outcomes between men on AS/WW and AT. Thematic analysis of interviews was undertaken, informed by a previously developed theory of adjustment to cancer.

Results

A total of 3986 (23.8%) respondents were on AS/WW. Overall, psychological outcomes were similar or better in men on AS/WW compared with those receiving AT (SWEMWBS: Poor well‐being; 12.3% AS/WW vs 13.9% AT, adjusted OR = 0.86, 95% CI, 0.76‐0.97; K6: severe psychological distress; 4.6% vs 5.4%, adjusted OR = 0.90, 95% CI, 0.74‐1.08). Interviews indicated that most men on AS/WW had adjusted positively. Men with poorer well‐being were less able to accept, reframe positively and normalise their diagnosis, described receiving insufficient information and support, and reported a lack of confidence in their health care professionals.

Conclusions

Most men on AS/WW cope well psychologically. Men making treatment decisions should be given this information. Psychological health should be assessed to determine suitability for AS/WW, and at monitoring appointments. A clear action plan and support from health care professionals is important.
Sequential latin hypercube design with both space‐filling and projective properties
Authors: Zhou XiaoJian , Lin Dennis K. J. , Hu XueLong , Ouyang Linhan
Published: May 2019

Space‐filling and projective properties are probably the two most important features in computer experiment. The existing research works have tried to develop different kinds of sequential Latin hypercube design (LHD) to meet these two properties. However, most if not all of them cannot simultaneously ensure these two properties in their versions of sequential LHD. In this paper, we propose a novel sequential LHD that can simultaneously meet the space‐filling and the projective properties at each stage. A search algorithm is employed to find how many design points should be added in each stage to ensure the projective property; and the “Maximin" criterion is used to meet the space‐filling property. Two kinds of examples for low dimension and higher dimension are presented to illustrate how these sequential sampling processes are realized. The proposed method can be applied to the areas where computationally expensive simulations are involved.
Reliability analysis of multi‐state series systems with performance sharing mechanism under epistemic uncertainty
Authors: Qiu Siqi , Ming Henry X. G.
Published: May 2019

For real engineering systems, it is sometimes difficult to obtain sufficient data to estimate the precise values of some parameters in reliability analysis. This kind of uncertainty is called epistemic uncertainty. Because of the epistemic uncertainty, traditional universal generating function (UGF) technique is not appropriate to analyze the reliability of systems with performance sharing mechanism under epistemic uncertainty. This paper proposes a belief UGF (BUGF)‐based method to evaluate the reliability of multi‐state series systems with performance sharing mechanism under epistemic uncertainty. The proposed BUGF‐based reliability analysis method is validated by an illustrative example and compared with the interval UGF (IUGF)‐based methods with interval arithmetic or affine arithmetic. The illustrative example shows that the proposed BUGF‐based method is more efficient than the IUGF‐based methods in the reliability analysis of multi‐state systems (MSSs) with performance sharing mechanism under epistemic uncertainty.
Oxidation of a depleted uranium‐5 wt% molybdenum (U‐5Mo) alloy in UHV by AES and XPS
Authors: Bacon Simon R. , Brierley Martin , Baker Mark A. , Watts John F.
Published: May 2019

Early stage oxidation of a dilute‐depleted uranium‐molybdenum alloy was analysed in situ under ultra‐high vacuum conditions by AES and XPS. At the equivalent of less than 300 ns at 1‐atm O2, U‐5Mo oxidizes to form stoichiometric UO2. No molybdenum oxidation is observed. After an oxygen dose of approximately 39 L, the oxide layer approached a limiting thickness of approximately 2.4 nm. The oxidation kinetics followed a logarithmic rate law, with the best fit to the experimental data for the oxide thickness, d, being given by d = 1.26 log(0.12t + 0.56). Changes in oxygen KLL and 1s peak positions associated with transformation from chemisorbed oxygen to metal oxide were observed at similar oxygen doses of 2.3 and 2.6 L O2 by AES and XPS, respectively, which opens up the possibility of using well‐characterized XPS chemical information to inform Auger peak shifts.
Base Catalyzed Scaffold Shift from Pyranone Carboxamide to Pyrazolyl Acetamide through Intramolecular Ring Transformation
Authors: Rozy Farhana , Sharon Ashoke
Published: May 2019

Scaffold shift of biologically active pyranone carboxamide to pyrazolyl acetamide, which is another biologically important scaffold was achieved through one‐pot base catalyzed metal‐free intramolecular ring transformation. Out of the two probable mechanistic pathways (Figure 3), substitution at C‐4 by hydrazineyl leading to a pyranone intermediate followed by an intramolecular attack of hydrazineyl at C‐6 and decarboxylation to yield pyrazolyl acetamides was rationalized through LCMS, UV monitoring and computational studies.
Hydrogenation of Dicyclopentadiene Resin and Its Monomer over High Efficient CuNi Alloy Catalysts
Authors: Bai Zongxuan , Chen Xiao , Yang Kaixuan , Guan Weixiang , Li Chuang , Chen Ping , Liang Changhai
Published: May 2019

Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) resin polymerized by DCPD contains a large number of unsaturated bonds, hydrogenation plays an important role in enhancing its thermal stability and decoloring. Herein, a series of supported Cu−Ni‐Al catalysts with high distribution and large surface areas derived from direct reduction of hydrotalcite‐like compounds have been synthesized. The hydrogenation properties of supported Cu−Ni‐Al catalysts for the DCPD resin and its monomer have been investigated. The Cu1Ni3‐Al2O3 catalyst shows the highest DCPD conversion (>99%) and selectivity to tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (THDCPD) (>98%) under mild conditions (40 °C, 2 MPa H2) compared with the corresponding catalysts prepared by impregnation and mechanically mixed method. Due to the high particle dispersion of active‐sites and the synergistic effect between metallic Cu and Ni, the optimal catalyst (Cu1Ni3‐Al2O3) also presents an expected catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of DCPD resin.
Effects from Basis Sets and Levels of Calculations on the Nature of Interactions Predicted by QTAIM Dual Functional Analysis with QTAIM Functions
Authors: Hayashi Satoko , Nishide Taro , Ueda Kazuki , Hayama Koki , Nakanishi Waro
Published: May 2019

Investigations concerning the nature of interactions must be considered an issue of primary importance in the chemical sciences. The dynamic and static natures of interactions were recently proposed based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules dual functional analysis (QTAIM‐DFA). The nature of interactions is widely investigated under various conditions, which often results in the predictions of (very) different natures. The predicted nature should be well correlated to the observed parameters, especially for experimental scientists. The effects from the basis sets and levels of calculations on the predicted parameters are carefully examined, exemplified by the interaction distances in question, the QTAIM functions for the interactions, and the QTAIM‐DFA parameters. The effects are discussed for the total (basis set + level) terms and each term. The mechanisms of the total terms are also clarified for the QTAIM‐DFA parameters. The results provide a good guideline for discussion of the nature of interactions based on the calculated parameters under various calculation conditions. The results help to establish a reliable method to elucidate the nature of interactions, such as QTAIM‐DFA.
Microspheres/Custard‐Apples Copper (II) Chelate Polymer: Characterization, Docking, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Assay
Authors: Bagade Reena , Chaudhary Ratiram Gomaji , Potbhare Ajay , Mondal Aniruddha , Desimone Martin , Dadure Kanhaiya , Mishra Raghvendra , Juneja Harjeet
Published: May 2019

In the present study we have reported fabrication and structural determination of 3D microspheres/custard‐apples shaped mesoporous CuII chelate polymer (CP) from a 1D chelating ligand for enhanced an antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The CP was fabricated from a novel chelating ligand suberoyl bis(2‐ethoxybenzamide) (sbebz) with copper salt by condensation, while sbebz was synthesized from 2‐ethoxybenzamide and suberoyl chloride, and was structurally authenticated by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, FT‐IR, Mass spectroscopy, XRD, and SEM. As‐fabricated CP was characterized by XRD, FT‐IR, EDS, UV‐DRS, XPS, Raman, SEM, TEM, AFM, BET, and TG for authentication of its structure, shape, size, chemical state, composition, purity, surface behavior, porosity, and thermal stability. SEM revealed nearly monodispersity in microspheres, while TEM rendered average particles sizes of 10–47 nm. AFM supported nearly homogenized nature of microspheres, while BET rendered a mesoporosity. Further, antioxidant property of CP was examined by using α, α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in ethanolic/methanolic solvents, while ascorbic acid was used as a standard medium. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of both materials was tested against human pathogenic bacteria viz. gram +Ve (Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus substilis), and gram –Ve (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Moreover, molecular docking of sbebz was performed using both genetic (GA) and non‐genetic (Non‐GA) algorithm techniques, where result demonstrated an excellent docking energy.
New Insights into the Triton X‐100 Induced Chemical Exfoliation of MoS2 to Derive Highly Luminescent Nanosheets
Authors: Kedawat Garima , Kumar Pawan , Nagpal Kanika , Paul Sharon J. , Singh V. N. , Kumar Sampath Satheesh , Gupta Bipin Kumar
Published: May 2019

The exfoliation of two dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) into mono‐ or few‐layers without compromising their semiconductor properties has momentous interest for both point of view; fundamental studies and further implementation in practical applications. Herein, we reported a novel and inexpensive approach for high yield nanosheets from bulk MoS2 to few layers of strong luminescent MoS2 nanosheets using Triton X‐100 as a surfactant with tailoring the bulk band gap 1.2 eV to 1.79 eV of few layers of nanosheets after chemical exfoliation process, which can be easily scaled‐up in large quantity. The microstructural results reveal that the exfoliated nanosheets have thickness in the range of few layers and lateral dimension in the range of few hundred nanometers. Our findings may offer a new innovative one setup chemical exfoliation process to design a few layer of MoS2 nanosheets without suppressing luminescent properties, which is highly desirable for the next generation optoelectronic devices.
Introduction
Authors: Heitmeyer Wilhelm , Kurtenbach Sebastian
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter discusses the purpose of the study and highlights the need for a cross-cultural comparison of youth violence. Furthermore, the research question is formulated, which characterizes the entire book. Finally, the structure of the study is discussed at the end of the chapter.
Description of the Pakistani Context
Authors: Zaman Muhammad
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, the description of the sample and protocols of the research on Pakistan is documented. It also sheds light on the study locations in Pakistan and the uniqueness of the urban neighborhoods of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. A short description, as well as a comparison of the neighborhoods, is presented in the chapter. The broader social conditions and infrastructure of these neighborhoods are also presented in the chapter. The chapter closes with an outline of a broader impression of the findings of the chapter.
Proactive Process Adaptation Using Deep Learning Ensembles
Authors: Metzger Andreas , Neubauer Adrian , Bohn Philipp , Pohl Klaus
Published: May 2019

Proactive process adaptation can prevent and mitigate upcoming problems during process execution. Proactive adaptation decisions are based on predictions about how an ongoing process instance will unfold up to its completion. On the one hand, these predictions must have high accuracy, as, for instance, false negative predictions mean that necessary adaptations are missed. On the other hand, these predictions should be produced early during process execution, as this leaves more time for adaptations, which typically have non-negligible latencies. However, there is an important tradeoff between prediction accuracy and earliness. Later predictions typically have a higher accuracy, because more information about the ongoing process instance is available. To address this tradeoff, we use an ensemble of deep learning models that can produce predictions at arbitrary points during process execution and that provides reliability estimates for each prediction. We use these reliability estimates to dynamically determine the earliest prediction with sufficient accuracy, which is used as basis for proactive adaptation. Experimental results indicate that our dynamic approach may offer cost savings of 27% on average when compared to using a static prediction point.
Tools and systems for evolutionary engineering of biomolecules and microorganisms
Authors: Jang Sungho , Kim Minsun , Hwang Jaeseong , Jung Gyoo Yeol
Published: May 2019

Evolutionary approaches have been providing solutions to various bioengineering challenges in an efficient manner. In addition to traditional adaptive laboratory evolution and directed evolution, recent advances in synthetic biology and fluidic systems have opened a new era of evolutionary engineering. Synthetic genetic circuits have been created to control mutagenesis and enable screening of various phenotypes, particularly metabolite production. Fluidic systems can be used for high-throughput screening and multiplexed continuous cultivation of microorganisms. Moreover, continuous directed evolution has been achieved by combining all the steps of evolutionary engineering. Overall, modern tools and systems for evolutionary engineering can be used to establish the artificial equivalent to natural evolution for various research applications.
Congenital abnormalities and anatomical variations of the vermiform appendix and mesoappendix
Authors: Vieira Elciana de Paiva Lima , Bonato Larissa Milton , Silva Gabriela Gonçalves Pereira da , Gurgel Jonas Lírio
Published: May 2019

Aim The purpose of this review was to present and discuss the anatomical variations and congenital abnormalities of the vermiform appendix and mesoappendix reported in recent years, and their associations with acute appendicitis and other associated pathologies.

Methods The search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, and SciELO.

Results Thirty-seven studies were included in this review. Among the abnormalities of the vermiform appendix identified are agenesis and duplicity, and anatomical variations were related to length and positioning. Appendicular duplicity was a more frequent abnormality, mainly Type B2, associated with acute appendicitis, followed by agenesis, Type III. The first case of agenesis associated with acute appendicitis and volvulus-type duplicity of the appendix was identified. The most frequent position was retrocecal in adults and pelvic in children. In the mesoappendix, anatomical variations in its positioning, shape, absence, and length were identified.

Conclusion This review sought to present and discuss the anatomical variations and congenital abnormalities of the vermiform appendix and mesoappendix reported in recent years, and their associations with acute appendicitis and other associated pathologies, contributing to aid in clinical diagnosis and surgical interventions in patients with suspected acute appendicitis.
Detecting and characterising an englacial conduit network within a temperate Swiss glacier using active seismic, ground penetrating radar and borehole analysis
Authors: Church Gregory , Bauder Andreas , Grab Melchior , Rabenstein Lasse , Singh Satyan , Maurer Hansruedi
Published: May 2019

Englacial hydrology plays an important role in routing surface water to the glacier's bed and it consequently affects the glacier's dynamics. However, it is often difficult to observe englacial conduit conditions on temperate glaciers because of their short-lived nature. We acquired repeated active surface seismic data over the Rhone Glacier, Switzerland to monitor and characterise englacial conduit conditions. Amplitude-versus-angle analysis suggested that the englacial conduit is water filled and between 0.5 and 4 m thick. A grid of GPR profiles, acquired during the 2018 melt season, showed the englacial conduit network persisting and covering ~ 14,000 m2. In late summer 2018, several boreholes were drilled into the conduit network. We observed generally stable water pressure, but there were also short sudden increases. A borehole camera provided images of a fast flowing englacial stream transporting sediment through the conduit. From these observations, we infer that the englacial conduit network is fed by surface meltwater and morainal streams. The surface and morainal streams merge together, enter the glacier subglacially and flow through subglacial channels along the flank. These subglacial channels flow into highly efficient englacial conduits traversing the up-glacier section of the overdeepening before connecting with the subglacial drainage system.
Asian Americans are less willing than other racial groups to participate in health research
Authors: Liu Yiyang , Elliott Amy , Strelnick Hal , Aguilar-Gaxiola Sergio , Cottler Linda B.
Published: May 2019

Background:

Asian Americans constitute 5% of the U.S. population. Their willingness to participate in research is important to examine because it influences participation rates and the representativeness of study results.

Methods:

A total of 17,339 community members participated from six diverse Clinical and Translational Award (CTSA) sites. Community members were asked about their willingness to volunteer for eight different types of health research, their expectation of monetary compensation for research participation, their trust in research and researchers, their preferred language to receive health information, and their socio-demographic background. We examined Asian Americans’ willingness to participate in various types of health research studies and compared their perceptions with other racial/ethnic groups (i.e., Asian n = 485; African-American n = 9516; Hispanic/Latino n = 1889; Caucasian n = 4760; and other minority n = 689).

Results:

Compared to all other racial/ethnic groups, Asian Americans were less willing to participate in all eight types of health research. However, Asian Americans reported a lower amount of fair compensation for research participation than African-Americans and Hispanics/Latinos but were as likely to trust researchers as all other racial/ethnic groups.

Conclusion:

Asian Americans are less willing to participate in health research than other racial/ethnic groups, and this difference is not due to dissatisfaction with research compensation or lower trust in researchers. Lack of trust in research and language barriers should be addressed to improve representativeness and generalizability of all populations in research.
ENLARGED MIXED SHIMURA VARIETIES, BI-ALGEBRAIC SYSTEM AND SOME AX TYPE TRANSCENDENTAL RESULTS
Authors: GAO ZIYANG
Published: May 2019

We develop a theory of enlarged mixed Shimura varieties, putting the universal vectorial bi-extension defined by Coleman into this framework to study some functional transcendental results of Ax type. We study their bi-algebraic systems, formulate the Ax-Schanuel conjecture and explain its relation with the logarithmic Ax theorem and the Ax-Lindemann theorem which we shall prove. All these bi-algebraic and transcendental results extend their counterparts for mixed Shimura varieties. In the end we briefly discuss the André–Oort and Zilber–Pink type problems for enlarged mixed Shimura varieties.
GOLDFELD’S CONJECTURE AND CONGRUENCES BETWEEN HEEGNER POINTS
Authors: KRIZ DANIEL , LI CHAO
Published: May 2019

Given an elliptic curve$E$over$\mathbb{Q}$, a celebrated conjecture of Goldfeld asserts that a positive proportion of its quadratic twists should have analytic rank 0 (respectively 1). We show that this conjecture holds whenever$E$has a rational 3-isogeny. We also prove the analogous result for the sextic twists of$j$-invariant 0 curves. For a more general elliptic curve$E$, we show that the number of quadratic twists of$E$up to twisting discriminant$X$of analytic rank 0 (respectively 1) is$\gg X/\log ^{5/6}X$, improving the current best general bound toward Goldfeld’s conjecture due to Ono–Skinner (respectively Perelli–Pomykala). To prove these results, we establish a congruence formula between$p$-adic logarithms of Heegner points and apply it in the special cases$p=3$and$p=2$to construct the desired twists explicitly. As a by-product, we also prove the corresponding$p$-part of the Birch and Swinnerton–Dyer conjecture for these explicit twists.
Inequality under Authoritarian Rule
Authors: Teo Terence K.
Published: May 2019

Since the turn of the century, much comparative politics scholarship has examined whether and how income inequality affects the prospects of democratization and, to a lesser extent, whether democracy reduces inequality. What is lacking, however, is a close examination of the extent of income inequality in authoritarian regimes. This article examines the variation in inequality across authoritarian regimes and argues that electoral competition – in conjunction with party ideology and the extent of party institutionalization – helps explain the pattern of inequality under authoritarian rule. I find that electoral authoritarian (EA) regimes – regimes in which multiple parties legally compete in elections – have lower levels of inequality compared to non-EA regimes. I further find that inequality is lower in EA regimes with left-leaning ruling parties and more institutionalized party systems. This analysis highlights the value of exploring the dynamics and contingent effects of electoral competition in authoritarian regimes.
Polygnathids (Conodonta) around the Pragian/Emsian boundary from the Dacun-1 section (central Guangxi, South China)
Authors: Lu Jian-Feng , Valenzuela-Ríos José Ignacio , Liao Jau-Chyn , Wang Yi
Published: May 2019

The base of the Emsian, which is defined by the first appearance of the conodont Polygnathus kitabicus, has never been successfully demonstrated in the South China Block (including Guangxi and eastern Yunnan). As a result, we studied conodonts from the lowermost part of the Shizhou Member of the Yukiang Formation at the Dacun-1 section in the Liujing area, Guangxi. This new investigation has revealed a conodont fauna only consisting of Polygnathus pireneae, P. sokolovi, P. kitabicus, P. sp. and Pandorinellina exigua philipi, which can be assigned to the uppermost part of the pireneae Zone and the lowermost part of the kitabicus Zone in ascending order. The Pragian/Emsian boundary at the Dacun-1 section is located in the highest thick-bedded limestone bed that can be observed in the lowermost part of the Shizhou Member. Therefore, this is the first time that the lower boundary of the Emsian defined by the lowest occurrence of P. kitabicus is reported in the South China Block. However, the scarcity of suitable limestone samples for conodont analysis in the middle and upper parts of the Shizhou Member precludes definitive identification of the upper boundary of the kitabicus Zone in the Liujing area.
Language as category: using prototype theory to create reference points for the study of multilingual data
Authors: WATSON RACHEL
Published: May 2019

abstract

In this paper I present a framework for the conceptualization of languages based on the prototype theory of categorization proposed by Eleanor Rosch and her colleagues for natural semantic categories. It is motivated by research in the Casamance region of southern Senegal, where a high level of multilingualism in non-standardized varieties is the norm, making accurate description of languages, and thus analysis of multilingual discourse, problematic. I show that languages in this context can be conceived of as categories, of which linguistic features may be more or less prototypical members. Such an approach can form the basis for a more robust method of language description, integrating rich sociolinguistic data, and facilitating more nuanced analysis of multilingual discourse data.
Reframing Black Southerners’ Experiences in the Courts, 1865–1950
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: May 2019

In civil cases that took place in southern courts from the end of the Civil War to the mid-twentieth century, black men and women frequently chose to bring litigation and then negotiated the white-dominated legal system to shape their cases and assert rights. In some ways, these civil cases were diametrically opposite from the criminal cases of black defendants who did not choose to enter a courtroom and often received unequal justice. However, this article draws on almost 2,000 cases involving black litigants in eight state supreme courts across the South between 1865 to 1950 to argue that in both civil and criminal cases African Americans were at times shaping their cases and fighting for their rights, as well as obtaining decisions that aligned with the interests of white elites. Southern state courts during the era of Jim Crow were thus spaces for negotiating for rights and sites of white domination, in both criminal and civil cases.
An Accurate Calculation Method for Two-dimensional Incompressible Laminar Boundary Layers, Including Cases with Regions of Sharp Pressure Gradient
Authors: Curle N
Published: May 2019

The paper develops and extends the calculation method of Stratford, for flows in which a Blasius type boundary layer reacts to a sharp unfavourable pressure gradient. Whereas even the more general of Stratford’s two formulae for predicting the position of boundary-layer separation is based primarily upon an interpolation between only three exact solutions of the boundary layer equations, the present proposals are based upon nine solutions covering a much wider range of conditions. Four of the solutions are for extremely sharp pressure gradients of the type studied by Stratford, and five are for more modest gradients. The method predicts the position of separation extremely accurately for each of these cases.

The method may also be used to predict the detailed distributions of skin friction, displacement thickness and momentum thickness, and does so both simply and accurately.
Some Measurements in a Turbulent Circular Jet in the Presence of a Co-flowing Free Stream
Authors: Smith D J , Hughes T
Published: May 2019

Results obtained by hot-wire measurements in a turbulent jet are presented for the cases where the jet issues into a co-flowing free stream and, for comparison, where the jet issues into quiescent air. The results obtained in the former show some agreement with other workers, but they are more extensive, including measurements of microscales and macroscales. The results also suggest that the presence of a free stream reduces the rate of decay of the longitudinal turbulent component of velocity, which has the effect of increasing the skewness of the eddy structure.
The Stability of a Two-dimensional Wall Jet
Authors: Tsuji Yutaka , Morikawa Yoshinobu , Nagatani Toshihiro , Sakou Masaaki
Published: May 2019

The stability of a two-dimensional wall jet was studied theoretically and experimentally. As a result of the linear stability calculation, it was found that one eigenmode is separated into two modes when the Reynolds number is large, and inside a neutral stable curve in the α, R-plane there exists another neutral curve enclosing a stable region. Experimental results of small disturbances were compared with calculated results; agreement between them was satisfactory. It was found, further, that subharmonics of a predominant disturbance velocity component appear in the non-linear region.
Chordwise Variation of Vorticity: A Comparison of Approximations for Use in Panel Methods
Authors: Petrie J A H
Published: May 2019

Based on computing efficiency, a comparison is made of three different ways of representing the chordwise variation of bound vorticity for use in panel methods. Because of expense, the two-dimensional analogues of the three-dimensional models were used and the results assumed to hold in both situations. A constant panel of vorticity is found to have inherent difficulties which make it unattractive to use. A linearly varying vorticity model is found to be best but a model using line vortices is almost as good and, moreover, simpler to use.
A Comparison of Techniques for Estimating STOL Aircraft Response to Low Altitude Turbulence
Authors: Reid L D , Markov A B , Graf W O
Published: May 2019

This paper describes four techniques that can be applied to predict the response of an aircraft (including STOL and VTOL vehicles) to wind shear and turbulence during the landing approach. A comparison among the techniques is carried out by predicting the longitudinal response of a light STOL transport to atmospheric conditions within the earth’s planetary boundary layer. The turbulence data were generated by a boundary-layer wind tunnel and by an instrumented helicopter. Of the four techniques described, the flight path correlation technique is the most recent, having been developed to handle some of the problems facing the analysis of STOL and VTOL aircraft response. The other three approaches are the power spectral density technique, the equivalent deterministic input technique, and the in-flight turbulence measurement technique. The practical features of each of these are outlined and typical response predictions are plotted as a function of height during the landing approach. In general terms it was concluded that the techniques requiring the greatest amount of data-collection sophistication and computation (the in-flight data measurement and flight path correlation techniques) would produce the best results.
Components of Error in Field Experiments with Cotton, Groundnuts, Kenaf and Sesame in the Central Sudan Rainlands. I. Field and Statistical Methods; Increasing Precision by Replication and its Cost
Authors: Hack H.R.B.
Published: May 2019

The layout of experiments for the study of the growth of four crops in the central rainlands of the Sudan in 1965 is described. The treatments, different levels of flooding prior to sowing, were replicated within blocks. Standard procedures for estimating within plot, between replicate plotswithin block and treatment x block components of error are set out and an example is given of the analysis employing data on kenaf. Using typical values for components of error found in these experiments, increases in precision obtainable by varying the number of plants sampled per plot, and the number of replicate plots per treatment, are considered in relation to their costs. It is concluded that excessive replication would be required to establish differences of interest and that attention should be given to sources of error variation when such large errors are found.
The Root of Immortality: Death in the Context of Jewish Wisdom
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: May 2019

In his influential studyThe Sacred Canopy, Peter Berger asserted that “the power of religion depends, in the last resort, upon the credibility of the banners it puts in the hands of men as they stand before death or, more accurately, as they walk, inevitably, toward it.” Berger was not suggesting that religion is primarily a private obsession of the individual with death. Rather his thesis is that religion is a social phenomenon, part of the human enterprise of “world-building” by which we attempt “to impose a meaningful order upon reality.” The significance of death is not an individual matter because “death radically challengesallsocially objectivated definitions of reality—of the world, of others, and of the self. Death radically puts in question the taken-for-granted, ‘business-as-usual’ attitude in which one exists in everyday life. Here everything in the daytime world of existence in society is massively threatened with ‘irreality’—that is, everything in that world becomes dubious, eventually unreal, other than what one used to think.” In short, death is a threat to the meaningfulness not only of the individual life, but of the common enterprise of society and, indeed, of any attempt, social, religious or philosophical, to perceive reality as a coherent and purposeful order.
God's Use of theIdem per Idemto Terminate Debate
Authors: Lundbom Jack R.
Published: May 2019

Twice in the book of Exodus where tradition preserves the revelation of the divine name to Moses, God employs a peculiar idiom which S. R. Driver has called theidem per idem. In Exod 3:14 God says:

I will be what I will be

and again in 33:19 he tells his servant:

But I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious

and I will show mercy on whom I will show mercy

Theidem per idemis a tautology of sorts which Driver says is employed “where the means or the desire to be more explicit does not exist.” Driver calls the idiom Semitic, and indeed it is, as one can see by perusing the many examples from Hebrew and Arabic cited earlier by Paul de Lagarde in hisPsalterium Iuxta Hebraeos Hieronymi. But it is also found, as we shall see in a moment, in other languages both ancient and modern.
Hegel in Rahner: A Study in Philosophical Hermeneutics
Authors: Corduan Winfried
Published: May 2019

Philosophical hermeneutics concerns itself with the philosophical concepts a theologian uses to express the content of revelation. This paper is an exercise in the philosophical hermeneutics of Karl Rahner. It will focus on one particular aspect of his philosophical background, namely those elements which he shares with the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel. This exercise is designed to be conceptual in nature, rather than historical. The question of how much of Rahner's thought is directly influenced by his reading and study of Hegel is probably not answerable with certainty and, at any rate, is not as interesting as the conceptual question of how these two thinkers took recourse to very similar ideas in order to solve some common problems.
The Scottish Franchise: Lobbying during the Cromwellian Protectorate
Authors: Goldwater Ellen D.
Published: May 2019

Scholars whose speciality is Scottish church history have long been aware that in 1657 members of two factions of the Scottish Presbyterian church came to London to debate before the Lord Protector the method of selecting ministers for Scottish parishes, but these historians have overlooked some of the Scots' other activities. A close look at parliamentary happenings reveals that these men, Resolutioners and Remonstrants, were also deeply involved in secular politics. Their disagreements were not confined to church matters, for during their stay these groups lobbied vigorously both in parliament and in the council of state, taking opposing positions as to what should be the qualifications for voting in Scotland. In this country, most Scots had been disenfranchised since the conclusion of the Civil War and their defeat at the hands of Cromwell's soldiers. The problem to be resolved was which and how many past adherents of the Stuart cause in Scotland should now be allowed to vote and hold office.
The religious inquiry in the Irish census of 1861
Authors: Macourt Malcolm P. A.
Published: May 2019

The results of the religious inquiry in the Irish census of 1861 (which showed that the established church commanded the allegiance of only one-eighth of the population) were used extensively in the debate on church disestablishment, and the results of successive religious inquiries have been since used for a variety of purposes. This paper considers the origins of the inquiry, the controversy surrounding its first inclusion in the census, and the importance of church disestablishment in that controversy.
Judicial Knowledge Based on Questionable Notions of Mental Disorder
Authors: Boasson Charles
Published: May 2019

In every system of law there exist formalized rules of evidence, according to which facts have to be proven.

A party in court may be required by his opponent to prove all the facts on which he desires to rely.

Yet there must be a limit to the legal uncertainty of an endless chain of facts for which, otherwise, an equally endless chain of proofs might be demanded.

Judges have a proper and powerful way to prevent superfluous debates as to the existence of what they deem to be generally known, or to have been already sufficiently established in a number of previous cases. Such facts can be declared to have become “public”, “judicial” or “common knowledge”.

A fact so declared may, actually, be of a very complicated nature, such as a generally accepted scientific theory. The danger is, that no scientific theory is completely static, and widely accepted theories may, with justification be undermined by newer and more refined insights, but it usually takes some time until the new—and perhaps better—theory becomes generally accepted.

For that reason, theories which are in a flux, or are being competently questioned, cannot be easily declared to have been solved one way or the other. Predilection towards a particularly emphasized conception to such extent as to declare that conception not merely preferred, but “public knowledge” may foreclose for a considerable time the prevalence of better conceptions.
On the Date for Assessing Damage
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: May 2019

In an epoch of inflation of the kind in which we are now living, the question of the correct date for assessing damage has come to be widely discussed. Should it be the date when the tort or breach of contract was committed, as the crystallisation doctrine urges? Or instead of the “date of the tort” or the “date when the damage occurs” should some other point of time be chosen, either the date of judgment or the date of payment? Or, more radically, should no particular date be adopted but subsequent events be taken into account in determining the existence and scope of the damage and assessing it, in so far as these events affect the damage, in the light of the proper interest of the injured party? (see infra, part 3).
Passage Through the Strait of Bab Al-Mandeb
Authors: Lapidoth Ruth
Published: May 2019

The strait of Bab al-Mandeb, “the gate of tears” or “the gate of the wailing yard”, joins the high seas of the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean to those of the Red Sea. The name is primarily used by geographers to designate the narrowest part of the passage, between Ras Bab al-Mandeb on the Asian shore and Ras Siyan in Africa. At this point it is bordered on the east by the Yemen Arab Republic (Northern Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (Southern Yemen), and in the west by the Republic of Djibouti (formerly the French Territory of the Afars and Issas). About 14 miles farther north, where the Red Sea (or, for that matter, the strait) is nearly 20 miles wide, lies the coast of Ethiopia (the province of Eritrea). All the riparians claim a territorial sea of 12 miles, and the Yemen Arab Republic, as well as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, also claim jurisdiction for certain purposes in an additional zone of 6 miles.

On the eastern shore of the strait of Bab al-Mandeb lies the peninsula of Ras Bab al-Mandeb, which is about 6–10 km. wide. It consists of rocky, volcanic plains with several hills of 200–300 m. The coast of Ras Bab al-Mandeb is surrounded by coral reefs of a width of up to 1500 m. The border between North Yemen and South Yemen passes down the middle of Ras Bab al-Mandeb.
Non-Extradition of Israeli Nationals and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: Reflections on Bill No. 1306
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: May 2019

Bill No. 1306 of 25 July 1977 would amend the Extradition Law of 1954 so as to preclude entirely the possibility of extraditing to foreign States any nationals of Israel. Sec. 1 of the Extradition Law would be replaced by the following section: “A person who is in Israel may only be extradited to another State if he is not an Israeli national and only in accordance with this Law”. A (majority) report of a committee established by the Minister of Justice and chaired by Judge Nathan proposed in October 1976 to amend the Extradition Law so that in the future Israeli nationals would be extradited only to States which extradite their nationals to Israel. The Committee proposed also that Israeli courts be granted jurisdiction to try, under Israeli law, Israeli nationals who have committed abroad offences covered by the Extradition Law. A minority recommendation submitted by Judge Nathan proposed that a total prohibition be imposed on the extradition of Israeli nationals. The Government Bill is based on the recommendation of Judge Nathan. The object of this article is to consider some of the questions to which this Bill gives rise.
An Assessment of Allelopathic Potential inAvenaGerm Plasm
Authors: Fay P.K. , Duke W.B.
Published: May 2019

Three thousand accessions of the U.S. Dep. Agric. World Collection ofAvenasp. germ plasm were screened for their ability to exude scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxy coumarin), a naturally occurring compound shown to have root growth inhibiting properties. Twenty-five accessions exuded more blue-fluorescing materials than a standard oat cultivar (Avena sativaL. ‘Garry’). Analysis of the exuded materials revealed that four accessions exuded up to three times as much scopoletin as ‘Garry’. When PI 266281 was grown with wild mustard [Brassica kaber(D.C.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] for 16 days in sand culture, the growth of the wild mustard was significantly less than that obtained when the weed was grown with ‘Garry’. Wild mustard plants grown in close association with PI 266281 exhibited severe chlorosis, stunting, and twisting which appeared indicative of chemical or allelopathic effects rather than simple competition. Analysis of the culture solution indicated that levels of scopoletin were too low to cause the observed effects and it is postulated that the final toxic effects were possibly due to the exudation of scopoletin and other allelopathic compounds.
Winter Annual Grass Weed Control in Italian Ryegrass with Ethofumesate
Authors: Lee W.O.
Published: May 2019

Ethofumesate (2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate) applied preemergence or early postemergence at 0.8 to 4.5 kg/ha eliminated annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) seed fields. Rattail fescue (Festuca myurosL.) was more difficult to control. The 0.8 kg/ha rate controlled only 55% of the rattail fescue. Rates of 1.1 to 1.7 kg/ha controlled 72 to 95% and rates of 2.2 to 4.5 kg/ha eliminated rattail fescue. All ethofumesate treatments except one, 2.2 kg/ha applied postemergence in Experiment 7, reduced weed competition enough so that ryegrass seed yields were increased. At 4.5 kg/ha, a rate double that required to eliminate rattail fescue, seed yields were as high or higher than at 2.2 kg/ha rate, indicating that ethofumesate has at least a twofold safety margin on Italian ryegrass. The germination of ryegrass seed harvested from plots treated with ethofumesate at 0, 2.2, and 4.5 kg/ha was not affected by the treatments.
Uptake and Translocation of Bentazon with Additives
Authors: Nalewaja John D. , Adamczewski K.A.
Published: May 2019

Several experiments were conducted to determine the influence of temperature, relative humidity, leaf age, and additives on14C-bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] uptake and translocation by redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] and soybeans (Glycine maxL. Merr. ‘Corsoy’). A water soluble linseed oil formulation enhanced absorption and translocation of the14C-label by redroot pigweed more than did emulsifiable linseed oil, petroleum oil, or a surfactant. The oil additives reduced the14C-label washed from the treated area of a leaf and increased absorption and translocation compared to bentazon applied alone. Low relative humidity and older leaves of redroot pigweed resulted in less14C-bentazon absorption than with high relative humidity or younger leaves. The addition of emulsifiable linseed oil reduced the influence of low relative humidity and leaf age upon14C-bentazon absorption. Comparative absorption and translocation of14C-bentazon was wild mustard > redroot pigweed > soybeans. Uptake and translocation of14C-bentazon by redroot pigweed was greater at 30 C than at 10 C.
Differential Cold Tolerance of Quackgrass and Johnsongrass Rhizomes
Authors: Stoller E.W.
Published: May 2019

Rhizomes of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] were buried at various depths in the soil in the fall of 1972 and 1973, then removed at different times for viability tests. Quackgrass rhizomes retained viability at 2 cm where the coldest temperatures were −17 C. Johnsongrass rhizomes survived the winter at depths of 20 cm or more, and were killed at temperatures below about −9 C. Quackgrass rhizomes had a higher concentration of lipids and higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids than did johnsongrass rhizomes. This difference may contribute to the superior cold tolerance of the quackgrass rhizomes.