bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. V.—The Deposition in open Country of a coarse Aerosol released from an Aircraft
Authors: Yeo D. , Thompson B. W.
Published: July 2009

An investigation has been made of the deposition in open country of a coarse aerosol released from an aircraft flying at approximately 30 feet. A constant drop spectrum was used, with a mass median diameter of approximately 80 microns.

It is shown that the rate at which the aerosol deposits is greatly affected by the degree of atmospheric turbulence, a practical measure of which is described. The rate of deposition is approximately inversely proportional to the time interval elapsing between production of the aerosol and deposition, except for deposits laid down near the line of emission.

Droplets less than 10 microns in diameter are not deposited appreciably within any useful time interval, and it would be most uneconomical to attempt to produce deposits upon the ground by using drop spectra consisting mainly of such small droplets.

The solution used was a 10 per cent. w/v solution of technical DDT in a solvent consisting of 1 part of Shell Power Kerosene to 1 part of Shell Diesoline. Evaporation of the volatile constituents takes place very rapidly during the first few seconds after production of the droplets, and deposits formed immediately beneath the aircraft track have lost 50 per cent of their initial volume. Solvent losses increase significantly with time, but so slowly that for most practical purposes the solution strength of the ground deposit is very nearly constant for all important sampling points.
Field Observations on a Breeding Place of Glossina pallidipes Austen in Kenya
Authors: Parsons B. T.
Published: July 2009

A breeding-place of Glossina pallidipes Aust., in evergreen shrubs of Craibia sp. on the Kiangine river, Makueni, Kenya, was studied by means of hand-searching for puparia in conjunction with records of rainfall and temperature. A fly-patrol was also operated. The country away from the river was thorn-scrub, with Acacia and Commiphora trees predominating.

Three sites, each of 200 sq. yards, divided into 50 squares, were marked out, and two of them were searched monthly and the third quarterly.

Site “ A ” was searched nearly every month between April 1949 and June 1952, and full puparia were nearly always found. Numbers varied very widely; and it was noted that few could be found in rainy seasons during the months of November to January and April to May, though 1950 was an abnormal year. A consistently large increase in numbers was observed in February, the hottest and driest month, and a rather less marked increase towards the end of the long dry season in September and October. Large numbers of full puparia also tended to coincide with times of low average minimum temperature.

The numbers of flies caught on the fly-patrol did not appear to bear any close relation to the numbers of full puparia discovered.

Testing for efficiency of searching by means of marked puparia showed that about 40 per cent. of puparia were recovered, so that results must be taken as relative.
Aspects of the biology of Diclidophlebia eastopi Vondracek and D. harrisoni Osisanya (Homoptera, Psyllidae)
Authors: Osisanya E. O.
Published: July 2009

Diclidophlebia eastopi Vondráček and D. harrisoni Osisanya are pests of the timber tree Triplochiton scleroxylon in Nigeria. The egg and five nymphal instars are described and illustrated. Under laboratory conditions the life-cycle (egg-egg) of D. eastopi was completed in 18½ days, and mated fed females had a life span of 15 days. The sex ratio in the field was 1:1. Nymphs feed near the veins of mature leaves, causing premature leaf fall; adults feed on leaves of any age and cause no symptoms. Fecundity averaged 502 eggs, with a daily oviposition rate of 38; most eggs are laid in batches along the veins of mature leaves. The life-cycle of D. harrisoni was 16 days; mated and fed females lived 10 days. The feeding of firstinstar nymphs near the margins of young leaves causes leaf tunnels to form, inside which the nymphs complete their development; adults feed only from young leaves. In the field the female:male ratio was 2:3. Fecundity averaged 131, with a daily oviposition rate of 31. Fertility improved with multiple matings. The eggs are laid singly, partially embedded in the epidermis, and only on young leaves.
Diel periodicities of landing of nulliparous and parous Aedes aegypti (L.) at Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Corbet Philip S. , Smith Stephen M.
Published: July 2009

The results derive from three 24-h catches of Aedes aegypti (L.) (1190 females, 504 males) using human bait at Buguruni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in April 1971. The diel periodicity of all females is predominantly diurnal (at least 99·83% arrive during daylight or twilight) and bimodal, with consistent peaks at 06.00–07.00 h (post-sunrise) and 17.00–18.00 h (pre-sunset). The diel periodicities of nullipars and pars, and of uninseminated and inseminated females are virtually identical. The diel periodicity of males is also bimodal but differs from that of females in that at least two-thirds (instead of about half) of the individuals arrive between noon and sunset, more activity occurs between 09.00 and 15.00 h, and the post-sunrise peak falls at 08.00–09.00 h. A large influx of nullipars one afternoon did little to modify the close correspondence between the diel periodicities of nullipars and pars on subsequent days. Females land on bait in all ovarian stages (I–V), but in these catches more than 80% of nullipars and pars were almost equally divided between stages I and II. Among nullipars relatively more uninseminated females, and among pars relatively more with relict eggs, land in stage I than do so in stage II. It is inferred that pars with relict eggs usually expel them between stages I and II. This work reveals the likelihood that (at least at Buguruni) the frequency of potentially infective bites on a given day could be monitored with acceptable precision by limiting the catch to seven hours and the part that was age-graded to two hours.
A Mosquito Survey in New Caledonia and the Belep Islands, with new Locality Records for two Species of Culex
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: July 2009

The mosquito fauna of New Caledonia and the Belep Islands is discussed, together with some features of the larval morphology of Culex (Culex) pipiens fatigans Wied., C. (C.) annulirostris Skuse and C. (Neoculex) pseudomelanoconia Theo. Culex (C.) bitaeniorhynchus Giles, herein recorded from New Caledonia for the first time, is probably a post-war introduction into the Noumea area from Australia. Culex (Lophoceratomyia) fraudatrix Theo., recorded from Art Island (Belep group), has not previously been known from the New Caledonian area. From the mosquito and blood-smear survey in the Belep Islands, it is concluded that these islands, like New Caledonia, are as yet free from Anopheles and malaria.
Observations on the Life History of Laemophloeus minutus (Ol.) (Col. Cucujidae) when bred on various Stored Cereals and Cereal Products
Authors: Williams Gwyneth C.
Published: July 2009

Laemophloeus minutus (Ol.) has been reared on six food materials of a type with which the genus, Laemophloeus, is commonly associated in the field. Consideration of the length of egg to adult development, together with the mortality, recorded from each medium indicates that Manitoba wheat and whole-meal flour are equally favourable for the development of the species, followed in order of precedence by Plate maize, English wheat and, finally, National (85 per cent. extraction) and Canadian (70–75 per cent. extraction) flour which proved equally unfavourable.

The stage of the life-history at which mortality mainly occurred varied with the diet. The high death-rate on English wheat was caused by the inability of newly hatched larvae to enter grains undamaged in the germ region. Mortality on National and Canadian flour occurred chiefly in the fourth instar.

There were indications of cannibalism in both larval and adult stages, at any rate when the diet was unfavourable.

The germ of wheat was attacked in preference to any other part of the grain. Maize germ was also consumed but whether it was preferred to the same extent as that of wheat was not established.

Pupation was mainly, but not exclusively, intergranular in wheat. Normal cocoons were formed in National and Canadian flours but some larvae pupated in loose webbing or in flour free from webbing and freshly emerged adults were observed in unwebbed National and Canadian flour.
Observations on the Effect of Exposure to a Low Temperature on Laemophloeus minutus (Ol.) (Col. Cucujidae)
Authors: Williams Gwyneth C.
Published: July 2009

Experiment showed that all developmental stages of Lacemophloeus minutus (Ol.) can survive exposure to a temperature of + 2°C. for a limited period which varies with the instar.

The egg was more susceptible to such exposure than any other stage, followed by the first, second and third larval instars and the adult, which did not differ significantly from each other, and then by the fourth-instar larva and pupa which can also be grouped together.

The adult male proved 1·21 times more susceptible than the female to the effects of exposure.

Atmospheric humidity did not influence the mortality of eggs or adults. Previous starvation did not affect the mortality of adults subsequently exposed to + 2°C.
Studies of House Leaving and Outside Resting of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in East Africa. I.—The Outside Resting Population
Authors: Gillies M. T.
Published: July 2009

The behaviour of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles was studied under natural conditions in a lowland area of Tanganyika.

Studies on the outside resting population were carried out by direct searching for natural resting sites, and by the use of artificial box shelters partly buried in the ground in shaded localities. Catches in these give a valid sample when set up at some distance from houses.

Fed and gravid females comprised 67 per cent. of the outside resting gambiae population, the latter group being between 12 and 4·5 times as numerous as the former. Rather less than half the funestus females caught were unfed, the remainder of the population being mainly composed of gravid females.

Precipitin tests on the small numbers of fed females caught outside were nearly all positive for man.

The identification of gravid funestus females was confirmed by periodic examination of the eggs.

Entry of females into outside shelters did not occur solely in the period around sunrise. An appreciable number of funestus females did not enter before 07.00 hours and this was particularly so in shaded shelters.

The building of a hut in the vicinity of a box shelter caused a drastic reduction in the numbers of mosquitos resting in the latter.

Outside biting activity in these two species is of negligible importance as a source of females resting outside.
The Species of Carpophilus Stephens (Col. Nitidulidae) associated with Stored Products
Authors: Dobson Ronald M.
Published: July 2009

Sixteen of the numerous described species of Carpophilus Stephens have been found associated with stored products in different parts of the world, and of these, several species are continually distributed by international trade and have become established in many countries.

A key to most of these species is given, several of the species are redescribed and new taxonomic characters, mainly associated with the genitalia, are introduced and figured.

A Table is given summarising recent importations of Carpophilus species into Britain, detailing the commodities on which the insects have been found, their places of origin and the number of individual records.
Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species identification: a rapid molecular diagnostic technique for quarantine application
Authors: Armstrong K. F. , Cameron C. M. , Frampton E. R.
Published: July 2009

New Zealand is currently the only major fruit producing country in the world that is free of economically important fruit flies. As part of the effort to maintain this status, there is a need to supplement quarantine decision-making procedures with a means of rapidly identifying immature life stage infestations to the species level. Here we describe a molecular method that achieves this, using simple restriction patterns of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as diagnostic markers. The 18S and 18S plus internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified from larval DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nineteen species, spanning four genera (including five subgenera ofBactrocera) were analysed. Restriction analysis of the 18S PCR product provided poor resolution, even at the generic level. Digestion of the 18S + ITS PCR product, however, generated thirteen diagnostic haplotypes as defined by the composite restriction patterns fromRsaI,Sau3aHaeIII andAluI. No variation was detected at these restriction sites within or between populations. Twenty two restriction enzymes have been screened, but diagnostic RFLPs have yet to been found for six out of the tenBactrocera (Bactrocera)species;B. passiflorae(Froggatt) cannot be distinguished fromB. facialis(Coquillet), norB. kirki(Froggatt) fromB. trilineola(Froggatt) orB. neohumeralis(Hardy) fromB. tryoni(Froggatt). Geographic origin could assist in distinguishing the first four species, but the latter pair are very closely related with overlapping origins, hosts and adult morphology. All six species, however, are considered high risk with respect to their likely establishment in New Zealand. Therefore diagnosis based on this molecular technique would support the same quarantine decision. We consider this method could be useful as a diagnostic technique and discuss directions for further development.
Reproductive success of Varroa jacobsoni in brood of its original host, Apis cerana, in comparison to that of its new host, A. mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Boot Willem Jan , Tan Nguyen Quang , Dien Pham Cong , Huan Luong Van , Dung Nguyen Van , Long Le Tu , Beetsma Joop
Published: July 2009

Reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans has been extensively studied in colonies of the mite's recently acquired host, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. However, data on reproduction in colonies of its original host, A. cerana Fabricius, are still fragmentary. In order to compare reproductive success in naturally infested brood cells of A. cerana and A. mellifera, freshly capped worker and drone cells (0–5 h after capping) were marked and opened 9 days later. When one or more foundress Varroa mites were found, the number and stage of the offspring were recorded. In colonies of A. cerana, V. jacobsoni reproduced almost exclusively in drone cells. Surprisingly, however, these drone cells proved to be better suited for reproduction than drone (and worker) cells of A. mellifera. Firstly, in drone cells of A. cerana, 97–100% of the mites produced daughters and 98–99% of these mites also produced a son. In drone and worker cells of A. mellifera only 70–80% produced daughters and only 74–86% of these mites produced a son. Secondly, if a mite produced daughters, she produced more daughters in drone cells of A. cerana than in drone cells of A. mellifera: 4.5–4.6 vs 2.9–3.7 daughters per mite, respectively. Finally, infestation by two foundress females negatively affected reproduction per mite in drone cells of A. mellifera, but not in drone cells of A. cerana. Thus, V. jacobsoni seems to be better adapted to A. cerana than to A. mellifera, although population growth of mites in A. mellifera colonies is higher due to the exploitation of worker cells besides drone cells.
The gaseous environment of mound colonies of the subterranean termite Coptotermes lacteus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) before and after feeding on mirex-treated decayed wood bait blocks
Authors: French J.R.J. , Rasmussen R.A. , Ewart D.M. , Khalil M.A.K.
Published: July 2009

Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, chloroform, hydrogen, methane and nitrous oxide emissions were collected from within several mound colonies of the subterranean termite Coptotermes lacteus (Fgottatt) and the surrounding habitat of a dry sclerophyll forest in central Gippsland, Australia, following treatment of the termite mounds with mirex-treated bait blocks. All the mirex-treated colonies died within two weeks of commencing active feeding on the bait blocks. The flux measurements of the gaseous emissions were calculated before, during and after treatment with the mirex-treated decayed wood bait blocks. Carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen all declined after colony death.
Geographic distribution and seasonal variation of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the aphidRhopalosiphum padi(Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Martinez-Torres D. , Moya A. , Hebert P.D.N. , Simon J.-C.
Published: July 2009

This study examines the spatial and seasonal patterning of mitochondrial DNA diversity in French populations of the bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus), on both its primary and secondary hosts. Our results confirm the presence of two major mitochondrial lineages that are generally associated with the breeding system variation (cyclic and obligate parthenogenesis) shown by this species. The strength of this relationship varies regionally, being most evident in the south and west. Cyclically parthenogenetic populations show no significant regional or seasonal genetic divergence reflecting high levels of gene flow, possibly promoted by their obligate host-alternation. However, obligately parthenogenetic populations show a north-south cline in the distribution of the dominant haplotypes. This pattern might result from a selective advantage of some obligately parthenogenetic lineages under cold temperature regime. Alternatively, this cline might be established by a gradient in the intensity of nuclear gene flow between cyclically and obligately parthenogenetic populations mediated by androcyclic males. The discrimination between these possible explanations will require extending analysis to include hypervariable nuclear markers.
Automating the identification of insects: a new solution to an old problem
Authors: Weeks P.J.D. , Gauld I.D. , Gaston K.J. , O'Neill M.A.
Published: July 2009

In this paper we describe a semi-automated digital image analysis system which is capable of discriminating five closely related species of Ichneumonidae. Specimens were distinguished by differences in their wings. The system functions by (a) extracting the significant variation (principal components) among a training set of images of the same species, (b) using these principal components to efficiently represent the morphology of wings of that species, and (c) exploiting the fact that images of the same species will share characteristic principal components, while images of different species will not. Such an approach allows the construction of modular species classifiers, to which like species correlate strongly, while dissimilar species do not. A recognition accuracy of 94% was achieved when the system was tested on 175 images of wings of the five ichneumonids. The wing images were caricatured to accentuate their venation and pigmentation patterns.
The Action of Rotenone and Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate on the isolated Heart of the Cockroach
Authors: Krijgsman B. J. , Dresden D. , Berger Nelly E.
Published: July 2009

A method based upon Yeager's technique is described permitting the study of the surviving heart ofPeriplaneta americanaunder varying conditions for several hours.

Rotenone causes diastolic contractions, decrease of frequency and cessation in diastole, threshold <0·0000005 per cent. Presumably it produces an inhibitoryaction on the neurogenic automatic cardiac centre.

The latent period of the rotenone action is dependent upon the concentration. Using this principle a method is developed for quantitative estimation of the activity of derris preparations.

Tetraethyl pyrophosphate has a strongly accelerating action on the frequency of the heart and increases the amplitude; in this case there is no latent period. Threshold 0·000008 per cent. Presumably TEPP activates the neurogenic heart automatism by its vigorous anticholinesterase activity.
The Relations of the Coastal Tsetse of Kenya to the Plant Communities
Authors: Moggridge J. Y.
Published: July 2009

Under the conditions prevailing at Kilifi G. pallidipes is evenly distributed throughout all vegetation types with the exception of cultivation from which it is at all times almost entirely absent. There is a preference for the denser vegetation in the dry season from which the tsetse spread out into the lighter vegetation in the wet and humid seasons. There is never at any time any concentration of G. pallidipes along the edges of extensive thicket or forest.

The distribution of G. austeni is similar to that of G. pallidipes except that there is no tendency to spread into lighter vegetation in the wet season.

There is some reason to think that G. brevipalpis prefers thicket of medium density and does not share with G. austeni a preference for tall heavy thicket.

G. pallidipes was the only species staged for hunger, except for austeni in the Sokoke forest. Males are replete at all seasons. G. austeni showed a remarkably large proportion of recently fed males.

Pupae and pupal cases of G. pallidipes were found on the floor of the coral rag thicket and forest. G. austeni and G. brevipalpis showed a preference for the undersides of large logs.
Two new African injurious Grasshoppers
Authors: Dirsh V. M.
Published: July 2009

♂ (Type). Antennae somewhat longer than the head and pronotum together. Frontal ridge flat, punctured, gradually narrowed to the apex, its margins obtuse. Fastigium of the vertex slightly concave, oval, with rounded apex and almost smoothed lateral carinulae. Occiput with a scarcely distinguishable median carinula.
Studies of British Anthomyiid Flies
Authors: Miles Mary
Published: July 2009

Observations have been made on the life-history and habits of C. cilicrura. The flies came to moist, freshly turned soil at all times from April to October, particularly in warm bright weather, but the number of flies seen on observation plots was affected by the area of damp and disturbed soil nearby. Both males and females were attracted and some females laid eggs within a few minutes of their capture. When isolated in phials and fed on dilute sugar solution, captured flies lived up to 79 days. Captured females spent varying periods up to 44 days before laying eggs. The eggs were usually laid in batches of less than ten at irregular intervals over periods extending up to 28 days, and 53 eggs per fly was the highest number recorded. Parasitism by the nematode, Heterotylenchus aberrans Bovien, occurred.

Eggs were found in soil crevices and on vegetation in contact with soil. The observed incubation period was 2–4 days according to the temperature.

The duration of the larval instars was affected by temperature; in captivity, the larval feeding period was 8–16 days in May-June and 15–24 days in October-November. The pupal stage lasted from 16–21 days in May-June and from five weeks to five months in autumn and winter. A few flies emerged during January and February in the insectary.

In captivity first-instar larvae found food buried at a depth of 6 ins. and they were able to reach maturity on fragments of vegetation buried in sand. It is suggested that they are primarily scavengers on organic matter in the soil.

Larvae of P. fugax have been found in the stems and crowns of turnips and swedes, and in cabbages, cauliflowers, lettuces and brussels sprouts. A study of their habitat shows that they occur in decomposing vegetation.

Eggs have been found about various brassicas. Their incubation period was 2–4 days. Larvae were reared in decomposing vegetation. Pupation takes place in the soil and in the feeding sites. Adults have been taken from May to October. The life-cycle from egg to adult occupied 4–5 weeks in spring and the winter was passed in the pupal stage.
The Cotton Jassid, Empoasca lybica (De Berg.) during the dead Seasons in the Gezira, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Cowland J. W. , Hanna A. D.
Published: July 2009

Regular surveys were carried out from May to July to find out where Jassids live during the cotton close season.

A list of host plants on which Jassids can breed, or feed only as adults, is given; they exhibit preference for certain plants.

The movement of Jassids to cotton was recorded. The initial infestation of cotton is very small but is rapidly built up within the cotton crop. Gardens are shown to be the chief sources of infestation and cotton fields nearest them show larger initial numbers.

Attempts to exterminate Jassids in these gardens by spraying all plants with 0.1 per cent, or 0.5 per cent. DDT emulsion during the summer dead season were not successful. It is thought that reinfestation came from adults which had been present on the tops of Acacia arabica trees and had not been reached by the spray.
A Check-list and Host-list of Ixodoidea found in Nyasaland, with Descriptions and biological Notes on some of the Rhipicephalids
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: July 2009

The geographical distribution in the African Continent of very few of the species of Ixodoidea has been fully determined. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latr.) and certain species of Boophilus are known to be widely distributed, while others, such as R. duttoni Neum., have been recorded from only one or two localities. The present study was primarily undertaken to determine the genera and species of ticks occurring in Nyasaland, but it is hoped it will contribute to the wider problems of the distribution in Africa of the several species.
Aerial Curtain Spraying for Locust Control: A theoretical Treatment of some of the Factors involved
Authors: Sawyer K. F.
Published: July 2009

This paper deals with the aerial curtain method of spraying flying swarms of locusts with insecticide from aircraft.

Equations are developed for calculating the dosage deposited on locusts in single spraying runs under idealised conditions. Graphical methods of solving the equations are described together with a simple method for obtaining the summed effect when a number of spraying runs are carried out in a regular sequence to form an aerial curtain.

There is an optimum combination of spray droplet size distribution and spraying height according to the depth and density of the swarm, but good performance can be obtained with a single fixed droplet size distribution. A fine spray is recommended for the attack of flat-topped, shallow swarms, but a coarser spray is required to penetrate adequately into deeper and denser swarms.

The efficiency of application of the insecticide solution, calculated as the proportion of lethal doses actually applied to those potentially available, may be as high as 10 per cent., but varies rapidly with spray droplet size and swarm characteristics.

The numerical values given may need some modification in the light of further experimental and field data, especially in regard to locust airspeed in the swarm and the effect of droplet size on mortality.
Acaricidal Control of the Tick, Ixodes ricinus (L.) on Cattle
Authors: Arthur Don. R.
Published: July 2009

Methods of approach to the control of I. ricinus by acaricidal action are outlined, and the type of acaricide for the control of ticks on dairy stock is discussed.

Dairy cattle were treated against ticks. Arsenic and carbolic washes were avoided for specified causes. The results of using (i) derris (5·5 per cent, rotenone), (ii) 0·5 per cent. DDT, (iii) DDT in a mixture with pyrethrum, talc or kaolin base, and (iv) pyrethrum (0·9 per cent. pyrethrins I and II) in aqueous solution show that (i) had a greater residual toxicity when applied to cattle, (ii) produced erratic results, which at present do not permit of specific recommendations. When DDT is employed in conjunction with pyrethrum as a powder (iii) the effective duration is low, and this is true also of pyrethrum as an aqueous wash (iv).
The Entomology of Swollen Shoot of Cacao
Authors: Strickland A. H.
Published: July 2009

The entomology of swollen shoot of cacao is a complex and unique problem involving the inter-relations in the field of over 120 insect species of four insect and two arachnoid orders. Briefly, there are 17 species of pseudococcids, 75 species of ants, 16 species of hymenopterous parasites, three predatory beetles, one predatory dipteran, and three arachnid species involved in vector relationships directly, with a further 18 Coccid species involved indirectly (it is possible, of course, that further work will show that some of these 18 species are directly concerned as vectors).

In the present paper an attempt has been made to reduce this assemblage of insect material to some semblance of order. The Coccid species are named and a series of preliminary observations on their biology and field behaviour detailed. The ant species, some of which are obligatorily associated with certain vector species, have been sorted into groups where specific determination has proved impossible or unnecessary and information has been included on their field habits and relative abundance.

There are three distinct but complementary ecological niches involved in the problem. The first, and most important, is the association between the mealybug virus vectors and the Myrmicine coccid-tending ants. The second is the association between mealybugs of the generaParaputoandFormicococcusand the wild forest tree hosts of swollen shoot virus, and the third is the negative association between the mealybug tending Myrmicine ants andOecophyllaandMacromischoides, the latter species acting in certain circumstances as barriers to the spread of the mealybugtending species and hence to the spread of mealybugs and virus. These problems will be dealt with on a quantitative basis in a further paper.
On the Australian Fern Weevils
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

The weevil, Syagrius fulvitarsis, Pasc., has been known for some time as an enemy of ferns, Mr. W. W. Froggatt having found it abundantly attacking ferns both in greenhouses and in the open in the Botanic Gardens at Sydney.
Two New Chalcidoid Parasites
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

The Imperial Bureau of Entomology has recently received from Fiji two examples of a Trichogrammatid bred from eggs of a Hispid, Promecotheca reichei, Baly, that mines in leaves of coconuts, and through the kindness of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall this material has been handed to me for examination. As received, the specimens (mounted in glycerine under the same cover glass) were too shrivelled to be studied satisfactorily. After some colour notes had been made, the wings of each specimen were detached and mounted. The bodies were then thoroughly potashed (10 per cent.) and transferred to glacial acetic in which, owing to their original pallor, they practically disappeared. They were accordingly stained for one minute with carbol fuchsin (Grübler), washed again in acetic acid, and gradually brought up to pure clove oil in which the dissection of one example was completed. Although it is unfortunately still no easy matter to determine the genera of the Trichogrammatidae, I have no hesitation in assigning the insects under discussion to Chaetostricha, Walker, in interpreting which I agree with Dr. Kryger's views in his paper on “ The European Trichogramminae ” (Entomologiske Meddelelser, xii, pp. 303–305, 1918). The ring joint in this genus is solid, but in both examples examined the funicular joint at the extreme base shows a clear, nearly complete, weakly chitinised ring, which must give additional flexibility to the antenna at this point.
A new Hymenopterous Parasite of the Australian Fern Weevil, Syagrius fulvitarsis, Pasc.
Authors: Fullaway D. T.
Published: July 2009

Ischiogonus syagrii, sp. n.

Female. Long, 3·75 mm. Ochraceous (brown ochre, Winsor & Newton), the eyes, antennae outwardly, tips of mandibles, ocellar space, prosternum anteriorly and a thin line on either side on the groove of the notum, a large spot anteriorly on the mesopleurae, distal tarsal segment and the sheath of the ovipositor black. More or less thinly clothed with hair.
The Life-history of the Australian Moth-lacewing,Ithone fusca, Newman (Order Neuroptera Planipennia)
Authors: Tillyard R. J.
Published: July 2009

In a previous publication (1919), I brought our knowledge of the Ithonidaeup to date, so far as the perfect insects were concerned, and gave a short account of the work which had been done by Mr. Luke Gallard and myself in discovering the habitats and dates of appearance of the commonest species,Ithone fusca, Newman. This paper also recorded our success, in November 1918, in obtaining numbers of fertile eggs, larvae and pupae. I promised then to give a full account of the life-history in a later paper, and that promise is now being fulfilled.
Rice Grasshoppers of the Genus Hieroglyphus and their Nearest Allies
Authors: Uvarov B. P.
Published: July 2009

Species of the genus Hieroglyphus are well known in India as serious pests of rice, sugar-cane, Sorghum, and some other crops, but in nearly all economic entomological publications one species only, H. banian, F. (= furcifer, Serv.) is regarded as being noxious. It is obvious, however, from some of the earlier descriptions and figures that there is more than one injurious species, but the exact status of each one of them could not be established even in more recent economic publications owing to the very unsatisfactory state of the systematics of this group, which made correct identification of species uncertain even for a specialist and quite impossible for an economic entomologist. It is true that comparatively recently I. Bolivar (1912) and J. Carl (1916) published more or less comprehensive papers on the genus, but these papers are not revisions, as the authors did not include all the known species and hardly touched questions of synonymy; moreover, Carl's paper, though published four years after that of Bolivar, was written without any reference to the latter, which resulted in the same species being described twice under different names, thus increasing the confusion. Further, both these authors based their papers on insufficiently extensive material, so that they were unable to appreciate the range of variation in the species.
Notes upon the Habits of Ceylonese Ambrosia-beetles
Authors: Speyer Edward R.
Published: July 2009

The ambrosia-beetles of Ceylon comprise a number of genera of Scolytidae and Platypodidae. It is proposed only to deal with beetles belonging to the former family which are included in the subfamily Cryphalinae, adding a few notes on the Platypodids.
Report of the Distribution of Tsetse-flies in the Neighbourhood of Accra
Authors: Macfie J. W. S.
Published: July 2009

The results of the investigation may be summarised as follows: Two species of Glossina were encountered in the neighbourhood of Accra, namely, G.palpalis, R.-D., and G. longipalpis, Wied. They were found all along the range of hills to the west and north of the Accra plain, and extending thence a little way on to the plain, G. longipalpis spreading rather farther than G. palpalis. The greater part of the plain was found to be free from tsetse-flies and unsuitable for them. In the town of Accra itself no tsetse-flies were found, and although it is well known that occasional specimens reach it (probably being transported thither by motor vehicles and railway trains), no evidence was obtained that they had established themselves there or would be able to do so under existing conditions.
Anopheles Larvae from Palestine and Elsewhere
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: July 2009

The fourth stage larvae of A. superpictus, sergenti, funestus and aconitus are discussed. A. superpictus may be at once separated from the others by the absence of float-hairs, or rudiments of float-hairs, from the metathorax and first abdominal segment; also by the small extent of the dark markings on the head, and the narrowness of the dorsal plates of the abdomen. A. sergenti differs from A.aconitus and funestus (of which Edwards has suggested that it might be regarded as a variety) principally in the abdominal plates. A. aconitus and A. funestus differ from one another in details connected with the inner anterior clypeal (i.a.) pre-antennal (pr.a.) and vertical (v.) hairs, and in the shape of the abdominal plates, but they are evidently closely related, if larval anatomy is any evidence of relationship.
A new Hispid Beetle injurious to Oil Palms in Brazil
Authors: Maulik S.
Published: July 2009

Through the courtesy of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, F.R.S., I have had the opportunity of examining the new beetle, a description of which is given below. It was sent by Dr. G. Bondar to Dr. Marshall as occurring in Brazil on Elaeis guineensis. This plant, the African oil palm, is a native of tropical Western Africa, where it has a wide geographical distribution from the Gulf of Guinea to the South of Fernando Po. It flourishes in the Island of Zanzibar and along the shores of the Central African lakes, and has been introduced into the Philippine Islands, the West Indies and South America.
The Trypanosome Infections of Tsetse-flies in Northern Nigeria and a new Method of Estimation
Authors: Lloyd Ll. , Johnson W. B.
Published: July 2009

The Tsetse Investigation in N. Nigeria is being carried out under the auspices of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, the expense being met by the Nigerian Government. The work was commenced by the present Investigators in 1921 and their Report dealing with the first year's work was published in the Bulletin of Entomological Research (xiii, p. 373, April 1923). This paper deals more fully with the trypanosome infection of tsetses in Nigeria and describes a method of estimating this with rapidity.
Some Tachinidae (Dipt.) of Economic Importance from the Federated Malay States
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

I am indebted to Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall for a small but important collection of Tachinid flies from the Federated Malay States, mostly parasites of insects of agricultural importance.
The Giant Mealy Bug and its Control
Authors: Dutt G. R.
Published: July 2009

This insect has been referred to in various publications of our Department under the name of Monophlebus stebbingi var. octocaudatus, Gr. It occurs every year at Pusa on many fruit trees, but is especially bad on peach, plum, mango, and jak (Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn.).
The Influence of Temperature on the Maturation and General Health of Locusta migratoria, L.
Authors: Pospelov V. P.
Published: July 2009

These experiments with Locusta migratoria show that temperature conditions during breeding have a great influence on the normal development and general health of this insect. There is a certain limit of favourable temperature, below which the development of the genital products in the imagines ceases, and the insects easily succumb to bacterial diseases.
Notes on Encyrtidae (Hym.-Chalcidoidea) bred from Psyllids, with Description of a New Species
Authors: Gahan A. B. , Waterston J.
Published: July 2009

Specimens of the interesting new species described herewith came into the hands of both authors of this paper at about the same time from the same source, and were determined by each as new to science. Each being in ignorance of the fact that the other had received specimens, both proceeded to describe it. Before either description was published, however, the duplication was discovered through correspondence, and the description has been made the subject of this joint paper. The type and allotype specimens are in the United States National Museum, but paratypes are in the British Museum as stated below.
On theminutusGroup of the GenusPhlebotomusin Palestine
Authors: Adler S. , Theodor O.
Published: July 2009

From June 1925 to December 1925 a number ofPhlebotomus, considered at first to bePhlebotomus minutus, Rondani (1843), were collected in Jericho. As Austen (1921) had recordedP. minutusvar.africanus, Newstead (1912), from the Jaffa district and Buxton (1924) had recordedP. minutusonly from Haifa and Jerusalem and did not find among his material any specimens with the palpal formula ofP. minutusvar.africanus, we commenced a systematic examination of our material with particular reference to palpal characters in order to determine whether any varieties ofP. minutusoccur in Jericho.
A new Staphylinid Beetle preying on Red Spider in Mauritius
Authors: Cameron Malcolm
Published: July 2009

Near O. flavicornis, Lac, but smaller, the 8th and 9th joints of the antennae more strongly transverse, the fore-parts less closely punctured. Head extremely finely, sparingly punctured. Antennae with 3-jointed club, the 8th and 9th joints twice as broad as long, the 10th short, oval. Thorax twice as broad as long, very finely, moderately closely punctured. Elytra a little broader than and about half as long again as the thorax, very finely, moderately closely, asperately punctured. Abdomen strongly narrowed from base to apex, finely and moderately closely punctured on the anterior segments. The whole insect covered with a short, stiff black pulescence, the fore-parts with an extremely fine, more or less transverse ground sculpture.
Studies on Beetles of the Family Ptinidae. VI.—The Biology ofPtinus fur(L.) andP. sexpunctatusPanzer
Authors: Howe R. W. , Burges H. D.
Published: July 2009

The development ofPtinus fur(L.) andP. sexpunctatusPanzer at 70 per cent. R.H. and several temperatures has been studied.

The optimum temperature for rapid development ofP. furis about 23°C., at which temperature it completes its development in a mean period of 132·1 days on fishmeal. ForP. sexpunctatusthe optimum temperature for rapid development is slightly below 30°C., development being completed in approximately 111 days on wheatfeed at this temperature.

Eggs ofP. sexpunctatus, but not those ofP. fur, hatch at 30°C., which is near the maximum temperature for development ofP. fur.

Larvae ofP. furnormally moult three times at 23°C. on fishmeal, but some have an extra moult.

Well defined diapause as mature larvae in cocoons occurs at low temperatures in some individuals ofP. fur; at 23°C. this lasts about 220 days after normal larvae have pupated ; the period at 20°C. is about 280 days. Diapause at this stage also occurs inP. sexpunctatus. In experiments, the development periods of the diapausing and non-diapausing larvae overlapped to form a continuous series.

SomeP. sexpunctatuspass through a period of quiescence as mature adults in cocoons ; at 23°C., this lasted 43·5 days on fishmeal and 103·0 days on wheatfeed (mean periods). InP. furthe pre-emergence period is 30 to 60 days, considerably longer than that of other warehouse Ptinids studied.

Of the foods, wheatfeed allows the quickest development for both species, but fishmeal produces the heaviest beetles.

The adult beetles live for several months. They require food and drinking water. Egg output is small, the mean number of eggs laid per female at 25°C. being 38·6 forP. furand 21·3 forP. sexpunctatus.

P. sexpunctatuswas able to overwinter in an unheated outbuilding and could possibly become a pest on some foods.

P. furis unlikely to occur in large numbers, owing to its long development period, small egg output and tendency to larval diapause.
The Separation ofConwentzia pineticolaEnd. fromConwentzia psociformis(Curt.), and Notes on their Biology
Authors: Collyer Elsie
Published: July 2009

Conwentzia psociformis(Curt.) andConwentzia pineticolaEnd. differ as adults in only two characters, and since there are variable and intermediate forms occur, reliable determination is sometimes impossible. In the past, these two species have often been regarded as two forms of the same species.

The immature stages ofC. pineticolaare, however, very different from those ofC. psociformisand show that the two are distinct species and can readily be separated on larval characters. The larval stages and egg ofC. pineticolaare described for the first time, and an account of its life history given.

The feeding habits of these two species are described, and mention is made of two other Coniopterygid species that occur in orchards.
Further Toxicological Studies on Species of Capnodis in Israel
Authors: Rivnay E.
Published: July 2009

Whilst the status of Capnodis as a pest in Israel has been considerably reduced by the control measures that have been adopted, it was considered desirable to test the new synthetic contact insecticides, in particular DDT and BHC.

Techniques for the determination of the effect of insecticides on neonate larvae of Capnodis are described and the results discussed.

It is shown that BHC and DDT are ineffective as fumigants against the boring larvae.

Used as a contact insecticide against the larvae, a high degree of mortality is obtained with 5 per cent. BHC over a period of 50 days. DDT is far less effective. BHC, dieldrin and methoxychlor remained effective for over a year if left undisturbed in the ground.

Against adult Capnodis, BHC gave results comparable to those obtained with cryolite and retained its activity for at least twelve days after application.
Studies of the Responses of the Female Aëdes Mosquito. Part IV. Field Experiments on Canadian Species
Authors: Brown A. W. A.
Published: July 2009

1. The responses of adult mosquitos, consisting of several Canadian species of Aëdes, were investigated under field conditions by employing heated and clothed robots.

2. Moisture increased the attractiveness of a warm body two to four times when the air temperature exceeded 60°F. ; at cooler temperatures, surface moisture decreased the attractiveness.

3. Warmth increased the attractiveness of a body, so that a robot at 98°F. attracted three times as many mosquitos as one at 50–65°F.

4. It may therefore be concluded that moisture is the major attractant factor when the air temperature exceeds 60°F., and warmth when the temperature is less than 60°F.

5. Carbon dioxide vapour emitted from an artificial head almost doubles the attractiveness of a warm body.

6. The vapours of ether and gasoline were significantly attractive. A sweat-soaked jerkin was more attractive than a water-soaked one.

7. Light colours were less attractive than dark ones, and luminescent dyes decreased the attractiveness of cloths. Green is less attractive than red or blue.

8. Glossy satins were less attractive than matt broadcloths. Greenish-khaki nylon cloth was much less attractive than khaki drill or cotton.

9. There was no evidence of interspecific differences in the responses of the mosquitos investigated.