bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary study on implantable inductive‐type sensor for continuous monitoring of intraocular pressure
Authors: Kim Yong Woo , Kim Mi Jeung , Park Ki Ho , Jeoung Jin Wook , Kim Seok Hwan , Jang Cheol In , Lee Soo Hyun , Kim Jae Hun , Lee Seok , Kang Ji Yoon
Published: July 2015

Background

This study aims to validate the performance and biocompatibility of an implantable inductive‐type sensor for continuous monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP)

Methods

The sensor is composed of a top layer integrated with an inductor and capacitor circuit, and a bottom layer integrated with ferrite. With IOP change, the sensor's bottom layer is mechanically deflected, which changes the distance between the bottom‐layer ferrite and top‐layer inductor, resulting in an alteration of inductance magnitude and the resonant frequency (RF). In‐vitro measurement was conducted via air pressurization in a sealing jig (n = 3). Subsequently, the sensor was implanted into the anterior chamber of a rabbit eye. In‐vivo measurement was performed while the IOP was elevated by infusion of balanced salt solution (BSS, 6 μL/min). Smaller‐sized sensors later were implanted into two rabbit eyes, which were microscopically examined at 2, 4 and 8 weeks post‐implantation. The eyes were then immediately enucleated for histological examination.

Results

The in‐vitro measurement showed a significant RF shift as pressure in the jig was increased from 0 mmHg to 60 mmHg (average initial frequency: 10.86 MHz, average shift: 403 kHz). The in‐vivo measurement also showed an RF decrease, from 12.80 MHz to 12.67 MHz, as the pressure was increased from 10 mmHg to 20 mmHg. Microscopic in‐vivo evaluations and histological exams, performed at intervals up to 8 weeks post‐implantation, showed no evidence of significant inflammation or deformity of the ocular‐tissue structures.

Conclusions

The implantable inductive‐type IOP sensor demonstrated wireless pressure‐sensing ability and favourable biocompatibility in the rabbit eye.
Pathological complete response to gefitinib in a 10‐year‐old boy with EGFR‐negative pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a case report and literature review
Authors: Li Shaomei , Zhang Zhe , Tang Hong , He Zhen , Gao Yun , Ma Weiguo , Chang Yuxi , Wei Bing , Ma Jie , Liu Kangdong , Ma Zhiyong , Wang Qiming
Published: July 2015

Background and Aims

Pulmonary Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) accounts for 0.1‐0.2% of all lung cancer. It occurred in the 3‐78 years old, and 50% patients younger than 30. MEC has no standard treatment, but recently reports indicated MEC without epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations sensitive to gefitinib.

Objectives

To explore a new standard treatment strategy for MEC, after reviewed literature related to MEC, we used Gefitinib to treatment a patient with EGFR‐negative MEC, and observe its effects.

Methods

10‐year‐old boy was diagnosed with low‐grade MEC by bronchial lung biopsy, EGFR gene mutation test was negative. Gefitinib was administered as neoadjuvant therapy at 125 mg daily.

Results

The patient underwent right middle lobe, lower lobe resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection. After surgery, the patient had gained weight (5 kg) after 18 days of gefitinib therapy. A CT scan of the chest 1 month after surgical resection showed no recurrence, and followed for 22 months after treatment without tumour recurrence, suggesting that the patient was completely cured.

Conclusion

Gefitinib has potential to become a standard treatment for pulmonary MEC patients, including pediatric patients. However, the mechanisms need further investigation.
Isolated Congenital Muscular Diverticulum of the Left Ventricular Apex Complicated with Mural Thrombosis in an Adult
Authors: Kong Lingyun , Li Yidan , Wu Yafeng , Lv Xiuzhang
Published: July 2015

We present a case of apical isolated congenital left ventricular (LV) diverticulum complicated with mural thrombosis in an adult and elucidate the echocardiographic features for differential diagnosis of LV outpouchings.
Efficiency of a dual density studded fish pass designed to mitigate for impeded upstream passage of juvenile European eels (Anguilla anguilla) at a model Crump weir
Authors: Vowles A. S. , Don A. M. , Karageorgopoulos P. , Worthington T. A. , Kemp P. S.
Published: July 2015

This study demonstrated that juvenile (glass) eels used a specific substrate (eel tiles) to circumvent a model Crump weir under an experimental setting. Upstream passage efficiency was 0 and 67% for the unmodified (no studded eel tiles on the downstream face; control) and modified (with studded eel tiles on the downstream face; treatment) set‐ups, respectively, and was greater for a small (59%) compared to large (41%) stud configuration. Eels were active and motivated to ascend the weir during both control and treatment set‐ups. Approach and attempt rates were elevated during the first few minutes of the treatment compared to control trials. Eels were edge‐oriented under both set‐ups and ascended the weir through the tiles during single burst swimming events (reaching estimated speeds of 68.5 cm·s−1). Eel tiles may provide a cost‐effective solution for mitigating impacts of anthropogenic barriers to juvenile eel migration. Further research is required to determine passage efficiencies under higher flows, for a greater size range of eel, and for other migratory anguilliform fish (e.g. lamprey, Lampretra spp. and Petromyzon marinus L.). The performance of eel tiles should be validated through robust field studies.
Fungal contributions to carbon flow and nutrient cycling during decomposition of standing Typha domingensis leaves in a subtropical freshwater marsh
Authors: Su Rong , Kuehn Kevin A. , Phipps Scott W.
Published: July 2015

Despite the well‐known occurrence of ‘standing‐dead’ emergent plant litter in freshwater marshes, the role of fungi in its decomposition is poorly known. Here, we quantified the growth and biomass dynamics of fungi associated with standing‐dead Typha domingensis leaves, estimated the contribution of fungi to carbon flow during decomposition and assessed their contribution to nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) cycling.

In a subtropical freshwater marsh, standing leaves of T. domingensis were sampled in August while living (green) and then monthly during leaf senescence and standing‐dead decomposition for 1 year. Leaf samples were analysed for mass loss, fungal biomass (ergosterol), rates of fungal production (14C‐acetate incorporation) and microbial respiration (CO2 evolution), and for litter chitin (glucosamine), carbon, N and P concentrations.

Losses in T. domingensis leaf carbon (37%) occurred during senescence and standing decomposition. During this time, increases in ergosterol and chitin concentrations were observed in the standing litter, indicating the rapid colonisation of decaying Typha leaves by fungi. Estimated fungal biomass (from ergosterol) reached a maximum of 37 mg C g−1 detrital C.

Over the entire study period, estimated cumulative fungal production in standing Typha litter was 39 mg C g−1 initial detrital C, indicating that 11% of leaf C was converted to fungal C. The corresponding estimate of cumulative microbial respiration was 136 mg C g−1 initial detrital C, indicating that 37% of Typha leaf litter C was mineralised by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) during decomposition. Fungi also immobilised up to c.27% and c.55% of the total detrital N and P, respectively.

Fungi play an important role in the cycling of C and nutrients in freshwater marshes, and this should be integrated into current models that describe major biogeochemical pathways.
Contrasting responses of phytoplankton and benthic algae to recent nutrient enrichment in Arctic tundra ponds
Authors: Lougheed Vanessa L. , Hernandez Christina , Andresen Christian G. , Miller Nickole A. , Alexander Vera , Prentki Richard
Published: July 2015

Tundra ponds are a dominant feature on the Arctic Coastal Plain, but their response to warming, especially in the long‐term, is largely unknown. Our study assessed changes in algal nutrient limitation over a 40‐year period in historically studied ponds that may have been affected by either human development in the region or increased temperatures leading to permafrost thaw and nutrient release. We also compared nutrient limitation of algae in the pelagic and benthic zones at a landscape level.

Nutrient diffusing substrata (NDS) and bottled nutrient incubations, which expose natural algal communities to known quantities of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), were utilised to determine benthic and phytoplankton algal nutrient limitation, respectively, in a series of ponds on the north slope of Alaska, USA. This included ponds where phytoplankton nutrient limitation was examined in 1971–1973 as part of the International Biological Program (IBP), as well as ponds in a remote protected area and others near the village of Barrow.

Nutrient limitation status of phytoplankton has changed since the original IBP study 40 years ago from P limitation to NP co‐limitation. One‐third of regional phytoplankton enrichment experiments indicated no nutrient limitation of algal growth, and none exhibited single‐nutrient P limitation. This shift in nutrient limitation was coincident with increased water column nutrients due to degrading permafrost, and to the expansion into the ponds of macrophytes, which may compete with algae for available nitrogen.

A comparison of pelagic and benthic experiments across the landscape revealed differences among these zones with a predominance of NP limitation of phytoplankton and absence of nutrient limitation in the benthic zone, reflecting contrasting nutrient limitation status within the same ponds. Permafrost thaw is probably reintroducing previously frozen stores of P or N to the sediment surface, which are quickly taken up by periphyton but become limited in the water column. Grazing by invertebrates, which were not excluded from the benthic assays, may also have influenced the results.

While ponds within the village of Barrow had higher nutrient and algae levels, there was no obvious effect of urban development on nutrient limitation status, nor did development appear to have influenced the historic IBP pond sites.
Understanding co‐consumption between consumers and their pets
Authors: Kylkilahti Eliisa , Syrjälä Henna , Autio Jaakko , Kuismin Ari , Autio Minna
Published: July 2015

Pets live with people; they participate in people's everyday life activities and are often seen as human‐like family members. Consumers in the industrialized countries are investing more money in their pets and spending more time with them than ever before. The pet and the owner can even be considered to form a unit that consumes together. In this article, we develop a conceptual understanding of co‐consumption by examining how pets act as co‐consumers in everyday consumption. The pet owner and pet have joint consumption experiences in which they interact with other actors such as service providers. The consumer (pet owner) consumes because of the pet, meaning that he or she constantly needs to take the pet into account in choices and activities beyond pet‐related consumption, such as what kind of car to buy, where to work, whom to marry and how to live. The co‐consumer (pet) also acts as an active agent who experiences, feels, suffers and likes the goods and services that the consumer buys for the pet. Reciprocally, the pet provides the consumer (pet owner) with companionship, support and a boost to wellbeing. As such, our research suggests that co‐consumption provides an understanding not only of consumption with pets but also of other contexts, especially those in which the aim is shared well‐being such as consumption together with children, the disabled or the elderly.
The European Stroke Organisation Guidelines: a standard operating procedure
Authors:   The European Stroke Organisation, Ntaios George , Bornstein Natan M. , Caso Valeria , Christensen Hanne , De Keyser Jacques , Diener Hans-Christoph , Diez-Tejedor Exuperio , Ferro Jose M. , Ford Gary A. , Grau Armin , Keller Emanuella , Leys Didier , Russell David , Toni Danilo , Turc Guillaume , Van der Worp Bart , Wahlgren Nils , Steiner Thorsten
Published: July 2015

In 2008, the recently founded European Stroke Organisation published its guidelines for the management of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. This highly cited document was translated in several languages and was updated in 2009. Since then, the European Stroke Organisation has published guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoidal hemorrhage, for the establishment of stroke units and stroke centers, and recently for the management of intracerebral hemorrhage. In recent years, the methodology for the development of guidelines has evolved significantly. To keep pace with this progress and driven by the strong determination of the European Stroke Organisation to further promote stroke management, education, and research, the European Stroke Organisation decided to delineate a detailed standard operating procedure for its guidelines. There are two important cornerstones in this standard operating procedure: The first is the implementation of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology for the development of its Guideline Documents. The second one is the decision of the European Stroke Organisation to move from the classical model of a single Guideline Document about a major topic (e.g. management of ischemic stroke) to focused modules (i.e. subdivisions of a major topic). This will enable the European Stroke Organisation to react faster when new developments in a specific stroke field occur and update its recommendations on the related module rather swiftly; with the previous approach of a single large Guideline Document, its entire revision had to be completed before an updated publication, delaying the production of up-to-date guidelines. After discussion within the European Stroke Organisation Guidelines Committee and significant input from European Stroke Organisation members as well as methodologists and analysts, this document presents the official standard operating procedure for the development of the Guideline Documents of the European Stroke Organisation.
Requirement of miR‐9‐dependent regulation of Myocd in PASMCs phenotypic modulation and proliferation induced by hepatopulmonary syndrome rat serum
Authors: Xu Duo , Gu Jian‐teng , Yi Bin , Chen Lin , Wang Guan‐song , Qian Gui‐sheng , Lu Kai‐zhi
Published: July 2015

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is characterized by a triad of severe liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilation and hypoxaemia. Pulmonary vascular remodelling (PVR) is a key feature of HPS pathology. Our previous studies have established the role of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) phenotypic modulation and proliferation in HPS‐associated PVR. Myocardin, a robust transcriptional coactivator of serum response factor, plays a critical role in the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch. However, the mechanism regulating myocardin upstream signalling remains unclear. In this study, treatment of rat PASMCs with serum drawn from common bile duct ligation rats, which model symptoms of HPS, resulted in a significant increase in miR‐9 expression correlated with a decrease in expression of myocardin and the phenotypic markers SM‐α‐actin and smooth muscle‐specific myosin heavy chain (SM‐MHC). Furthermore, miRNA functional analysis and luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR‐9 effectively regulated myocardin expression by directly binding to its 3′‐untranslated region. Both the knockdown of miR‐9 and overexpression of myocardin effectively attenuated the HPS rat serum‐induced phenotype switch and proliferation of PASMCs. Taken together, the findings of our present study demonstrate that miR‐9 is required in HPS rat serum‐induced phenotypic modulation and proliferation of PASMCs for targeting of myocardin and that miR‐9 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in HPS.
Intracellular levels of glutamate in swollen astrocytes are preserved via neurotransmitter reuptake and de novo synthesis: implications for hyponatremia
Authors: Schober Alexandra L. , Mongin Alexander A.
Published: July 2015

Hyponatremia and several other CNS pathologies are associated with substantial astrocytic swelling. To counteract cell swelling, astrocytes lose intracellular osmolytes, including l‐glutamate and taurine, through volume‐regulated anion channel. In vitro, when swollen by exposure to hypo‐osmotic medium, astrocytes lose endogenous taurine faster, paradoxically, than l‐glutamate or l‐aspartate. Here, we explored the mechanisms responsible for differences between the rates of osmolyte release in primary rat astrocyte cultures. In radiotracer assays, hypo‐osmotic efflux of preloaded [14C]taurine was indistinguishable from d‐[3H]aspartate and only 30–40% faster than l‐[3H]glutamate. However, when we used HPLC to measure the endogenous intracellular amino acid content, hypo‐osmotic loss of taurine was approximately fivefold greater than l‐glutamate, and no loss of l‐aspartate was detected. The dramatic difference between loss of endogenous taurine and glutamate was eliminated after inhibition of both glutamate reuptake [with 300 μM dl‐threo‐β‐benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA)] and glutamate synthesis by aminotransferases [with 1 mM aminooxyacetic acid (AOA)]. Treatment with TBOA+AOA made reductions in the intracellular taurine and l‐glutamate levels approximately equal. Taken together, these data suggest that swollen astrocytes actively conserve intracellular glutamate via reuptake and de novo synthesis. Our findings likely also explain why in animal models of acute hyponatremia, extracellular levels of taurine are dramatically elevated with minimal impact on extracellular l‐glutamate.

image

We identified mechanisms that allow astrocytes to conserve intracellular l‐glutamate (Glu) upon exposure to hypo‐osmotic environment. Cell swelling activates volume‐regulated anion channel (VRAC) and triggers loss of Glu, taurine (Tau), and other cytosolic amino acids. Glu is conserved via reuptake by Na+‐dependent transporters and de novo synthesis in the reactions of mitochondrial transamination (TA). These findings explain why, in acute hyponatremia, extracellular levels of Tau can be dramatically elevated with minimal changes in extracellular Glu.
Cellulite treatment: a comprehensive literature review
Authors: Zerini Irene , Sisti Andrea , Cuomo Roberto , Ciappi Serena , Russo Francesco , Brandi Cesare , D'Aniello Carlo , Nisi Giuseppe
Published: July 2015

An effective and long‐term treatment of cellulite has not been well established. To our knowledge, no review has analyzed the whole range of treatments for this condition. We conducted a review of in vivo studies on humans adopting the key words “cellulite” and “treatment.” The studies were included according to eligibility criteria. We performed an analysis to estimate the overall effect of cellulite treatments from clinical studies. Medline library was screened up to December 2014 to identify eligible studies. We included 73 original studies in the present review. All of them were clinical studies, in most of them, only women were recruited. Above the studies searched up, 66 tested the effectiveness of an exclusive treatment performed without the association to other procedures: 11 topical agents, 10 shock‐wave therapy, 10 radio frequency, eight laser therapy, five oral therapy, four manual massage therapy, three carbon dioxide therapy, two compressive therapy, two infrared therapy, one dermabrasion, and 11 devices that use an association of multiple treatments. Seven papers tested a combination of two or more treatments. The mean difference of clinical morphologic features and ultrastructural changes between the treated group and the controlled showed significant heterogeneity between studies. It is still difficult to indicate an exclusive and effective single treatment for this condition. Our analysis purposed to obtain a complete overview of the available treatments in cellulite reduction.
The effectiveness of the newly designed thermal gown on hypothermic patients after spinal surgery
Authors: Lee Wen‐Ping , Wu Pao‐Yuan , Shih Whei‐Mei , Lee Meng‐Ying , Ho Lun‐Hui
Published: July 2015

Aims and objectives

To develop the newly designed thermal gown to test the effectiveness in relieving postoperative hypothermia as compared to traditional cotton cloth.

Background

Hypothermia is a common problem after spinal surgery. A patient's safety and comfort are significant. Currently, most research is focused on instruments that relieve a patient's hypothermia. Studies have rarely considered a patient's comfort while caring for their body temperature.

Design

This study employed an experimental design. The participants were assigned randomly to two groups: the experimental group (N = 50) and the control group (N = 50).

Methods

The experimental group received the newly designed thermal gown intervention. The control group received the standard postanaesthesia care unit re‐warming intervention. The material used to collect data included demographic data, postoperative management and comfort level. Nurses measured patients' vital signs and asked for patients' subjective comfort level on admission to the postanaesthesia care unit every 10 minutes until their discharge from the postanaesthesia care unit.

Result

The accumulated percentage for thermal gown group patients in reaching 36 °C during the first 20 minutes of admission was significantly higher than that of the cotton cloth group. The thermal gown group individuals showed significantly higher comfort levels (score = 4) at 10 minutes, when compared to the cotton cloth group.

Conclusion

Results suggested that the newly designed thermal gown had effectively improved postoperative temperature and comfort level with an evidence‐based intervention.

Relevance to clinical practice

Maintaining a patient's body temperature is a major task for nurses working in the post‐anaesthesia care unit. With the newly designed thermal gown, the duration of a patient's stay in the postanaesthesia care unit was shortened and the patient's comfort was increased.
Managing paediatric death in the emergency department
Authors: O'Meara Matthew , Trethewie Susan
Published: July 2015

Death of a child in an emergency department is a rare occurrence, but one with significant impact on the family and staff involved. The rarity means few emergency department clinicians feel ‘expert’ in the overall management process. However, most have some knowledge and experience which can be augmented by collaborating with other health professionals. By exploring some of the main management issues and challenges for the emergency department, key aspects of care are identified for emergency department clinicians to consider in reviewing local procedures and guidelines.
Victorian Philology and the Metaphors of Language
Authors: Weaver Sarah
Published: July 2015

Victorian philology was unrivalled in the multiplicity and range of subjects it was called upon to support. From psychology to ethnography, Biblical exegesis to Darwinian natural selection, one's interpretation of language history located one along axes of other intellectual values. Furthermore, theories of language were profoundly metaphorical. The metaphors inherent in words themselves – the relation of signifier and signified – were considered to be poetic, while the explanations of philologists were rich in metaphors about language. Examining these metaphors reveals much. They give a sense of how language was understood in the nineteenth century; they reflect in miniature other influential sciences of the period; and they gesture toward anxieties that a historical understanding of language aroused. This article contextualises philology within the milieu of Victorian intellectual pursuits and investigates its relation to metaphor.
Environmental characteristics and phytoplankton productivity of a shallow Ramsar‐site floodplain in the western Himalaya
Authors: Khan Mohammad A.
Published: July 2015

Hokersar wetland (altitude of 1584 masl), a shallow (0.5 m) floodplain waterfowl habitat in Kashmir, India, gained international importance in 2005 with its declaration as a Ramsar site. Although isolated in the western Himalayan mountains, it is being impacted by a silt‐laden river (Doodhganga). Human activities, not the least of which is affected by the closeness of the wetland to suburban areas, have gradually altered its trophic state. Its alkaline‐ and calcium‐rich waters contain many planktonic diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria. Nitrate–nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations are high (370–4750 and 101–968 μg L−1, respectively). A pronounced seasonal cycle in phytoplankton production (g C m−2 day−1) was evident in a minimum value of 0.38 (Jan–Feb, 2002) and a maximum value of 4.02 (July, 2002), closely paralleling the seasonal cycles of temperature and light. The photosynthetic efficiency of the wetland was highest (1.97%) during the summer. The annual phytoplankton production of this wetland ecosystem was 210 × 102 KJ m−2, suggestive of a meso‐eutrophic status.
Correlation between shell phenotype and local environment suggests a role for natural selection in the evolution of Placostylus snails
Authors: Dowle E. J. , Morgan‐Richards M. , Brescia F. , Trewick S. A.
Published: July 2015

The giant edible Placostylus snails of New Caledonia occur across a wide range of environmental conditions, from the dry southwest to the wetter central and northeastern regions. In large, slow‐moving animals such as Placostylus, speciation could be assumed to be largely driven by allopatry and genetic drift as opposed to natural selection. We examined variation in shell morphology using geometric morphometrics and genetic structure within two species of Placostylus (P. fibratus, P. porphyrostomus), to determine the drivers of diversity in this group. Despite the current patchy distribution of snails on New Caledonia, both mtDNA and nuclear SNP data sets (>3000 loci) showed weak admixing between populations and species. Shell morphology was concordant with the genetic clusters we identified and had a strong relationship with local environment. The genetic data, in contrast to the morphological data, did not show concordance with climatic conditions, suggesting the snails are not limited in their ability to adapt to different environments. In sympatry, P. fibratus and P. porphyrostomus maintained genetic and morphological differences, suggesting a genetic basis of phenotypic variation. Convergence of shell shape was observed in two adjacent populations that are genetically isolated but experience similar habitat and climatic conditions. Conversely, some populations in contrasting environments were morphologically distinct although genetically indistinguishable. We infer that morphological divergence in the Placostylus snails of New Caledonia is mediated by adaptation to the local environment.
Combinations of the Ghd7, Ghd8 and Hd1 genes largely define the ecogeographical adaptation and yield potential of cultivated rice
Authors: Zhang Jia , Zhou Xiangchun , Yan Wenhao , Zhang Zhanyi , Lu Li , Han Zhongmin , Zhao Hu , Liu Haiyang , Song Pan , Hu Yong , Shen Guojing , He Qin , Guo Sibin , Gao Guoqing , Wang Gongwei , Xing Yongzhong
Published: July 2015

Rice cultivars have been adapted to favorable ecological regions and cropping seasons. Although several heading date genes have separately made contributions to this adaptation, the roles of gene combinations are still unclear.

We employed a map‐based cloning approach to isolate a heading date gene, which coordinated the interaction between Ghd7 and Ghd8 to greatly delay rice heading. We resequenced these three genes in a germplasm collection to analyze natural variation.

Map‐based cloning demonstrated that the gene largely affecting the interaction between Ghd7 and Ghd8 was Hd1. Natural variation analysis showed that a combination of loss‐of‐function alleles of Ghd7, Ghd8 and Hd1 contributes to the expansion of rice cultivars to higher latitudes; by contrast, a combination of pre‐existing strong alleles of Ghd7, Ghd8 and functional Hd1 (referred as SSF) is exclusively found where ancestral Asian cultivars originated. Other combinations have comparatively larger favorable ecological scopes and acceptable grain yield.

Our results indicate that the combinations of Ghd7, Ghd8 and Hd1 largely define the ecogeographical adaptation and yield potential in rice cultivars. Breeding varieties with the SSF combination are recommended for tropical regions to fully utilize available energy and light resources and thus produce greater yields.
B‐1 phagocytes: the myeloid face of B‐1 cells
Authors: Popi Ana Flavia
Published: July 2015

The relationship between malignant B cells and macrophages has long been established. Furthermore, evolutionary studies have demonstrated that B cells from early vertebrates have both phagocytic and antibody production capabilities. In addition to their lymphoid nature, B‐1 cells retain several myeloid characteristics. Various reports have demonstrated that B‐1 cells can differentiate into phagocytes. However, descriptions of B‐1 cells as a novel phagocyte cell member are rarely found in the literature. This review aims to present the available data regarding B‐1 cell–derived phagocytes and also discusses how their existence might be relevant to hematopoiesis and immune responses.
Zygomatic‐orbital reconstruction in patient with Treacher Collins syndrome using bioceramic made of hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate
Authors: Corrêa A.P.S. , Shinohara E.H. , Gavina R.S. , Garcia‐Júnior I.R. , Timóteo C.A.
Published: July 2015

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a rare, serious congenital malformation that mainly affects craniofacial structures, and the incidence of this syndrome is one in every 50 000 births. Craniofacial rehabilitation in patients with TCS generally includes zygomatic‐orbital and maxillomandibular reconstruction. This article describes a case of TCS in which zygomatic‐orbital reconstruction was performed with a third‐generation, biphasic, micro–macro porous bioceramic composed of hydroxyapatite and beta‐tricalcium phosphate. This method proved to be a viable alternative to autogenous grafts and led to a satisfactory aesthetic outcome.
Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transposition in a patient with multiple sclerosis – a report of a patient with 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Bharadwaj G.
Published: July 2015

Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transposition is a well‐known technique which utilises existing alveolar bone for implant placement in posterior mandible, thus avoiding additional procedures such as bone graft or ridge augmentation. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder affecting the myelin sheath of the nerve and causes varying degrees of sensory‐motor neural dysfunction. A case of a 55‐year‐old Caucasian female with MS undergoing IAN transposition for management of atrophic mandible is discussed here. At the end of 1 year, there was minimal residual sensory deficit, not affecting function.
The yield of monitoring for HSV and VZV viremia in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients
Authors: Patrick Katharine , Ali Muhammad , Richardson Susan E. , Gassas Adam , Egeler Maarten , Krueger Joerg , Lowry Jane , Allen Upton , Schechter Tal
Published: July 2015

Reactivation of HSV and VZV is common following HSCT. Consensus guidelines do not support the use of routine screening for viremia following HSCT in adults, but no such clear guidelines exist in pediatrics. In our center, routine practice was to screen patients weekly for HSV and VZV viremia until engraftment in autologous transplant patients and up to day +100 in allogeneic transplant patients. We conducted a retrospective study of over 500 patients to establish whether this screening identified any patients with HSV or VZV viremia who would not have been identified by clinical signs or symptoms. Over a 4.5‐yr period, routine screening identified three cases of HSV viremia and one case of VZV viremia. Two patients had persistent, unexplained fever and two patients had skin or mucosal lesions suggestive of HSV/VZV. We conclude that routine screening for HSV and VZV viremia in pediatric HSCT patients has a very low yield and that viremia can be reliably identified by targeted testing in patients with vesicular skin lesions, oral or genital ulceration, unexplained fever, neurological symptoms, or unexplained abnormal liver transaminases.
Low metabolic rates in primitive hunters and weaver spiders
Authors: Canals Mauricio , Veloso Claudio , Moreno Lucila , Solis Rigoberto
Published: July 2015

The rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release of primitive hunters and weaver spiders, the Chilean Recluse spider Loxosceles laeta Nicolet (Araneae: Sicariidae) and the Chilean Tiger spider Scytodes globula Nicolet (Araneae: Scytodidae), are analyzed, and their relationship with body mass is studied. The results are compared with the metabolic data available for other spiders. A low metabolic rate is found both for these two species and other primitive hunters and weavers, such as spiders of the families Dysderidae and Plectreuridae. The metabolic rate of this group is lower than in nonprimitive spiders, such as the orb weavers (Araneae: Araneidae). The results reject the proposition of a general relationship for metabolic rate for all land arthropods (related to body mass) and agree with the hypothesis that metabolic rates are affected not only by sex, reproductive and developmental status, but also by ecology and life style, recognizing here, at least in the araneomorph spiders, a group having low metabolism, comprising the primitive hunters and weaver spiders, and another group comprising the higher metabolic rate web building spiders (e.g. orb weavers).
Buddhist Debate in Medieval Japan
Authors: Sango Asuka
Published: July 2015

Buddhist debate was an oral exchange of questions and answers between two monks or nuns concerning issues of Buddhist doctrine. Although it has received considerable attention from scholars of Indian and Tibetan Buddhism, its vitality in medieval Japan has only recently begun receiving scholarly attention. As recent scholarship has emphasized, not only was participating in debates where issues of Buddhist doctrine were intensely deliberated indispensable to educating scholar monks, but it was also an official requirement for promotion. Yet the debates' politicized and highly technical nature has led many critics, both medieval and modern, to dismiss them as merely a device for self‐glorification or as tedious displays of pedantry. At the same time, the currently dominant historical paradigm of the ‘exoteric‐esoteric system’ presumes that doctrinal learning and debate practice declined as esoteric Buddhist schools and their thaumaturgic rites performed for private, this‐worldly purposes grew in popularity. Recent studies, however, have shown that debates in fact provided occasions for inter‐sectarian dialogue while advancing Buddhist doctrinal studies in both exoteric and esoteric schools and remained crucial to both educating and promoting monks throughout the medieval period.
Low‐energy density and high fiber intake are dietary concerns in female endurance athletes
Authors: Melin A. , Tornberg Å. B. , Skouby S. , Møller S. S. , Faber J. , Sundgot‐Borgen J. , Sjödin A.
Published: July 2015

Low or reduced energy availability (LEA) is linked to functional hypothalamic oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea (FHA), which is frequently reported in weight‐sensitive sports. This makes LEA a major nutritional concern for female athletes. The aim of this study was to describe dietary characteristics of athletes with LEA and/or FHA. Endurance athletes (n = 45) were recruited from national teams and competitive clubs. Protocols included gynecological examination, body composition, eating disorder evaluation, and 7‐day dietary intake and EA assessment. Athletes with disordered eating behavior/eating disorders (n = 11), menstrual dysfunction other than FHA (n = 5), and low dietary record validity (n = 4) were excluded. Remaining subjects (n = 25) were characterized by EA [optimal: ≥ 45 kcal (188 kJ)/kg fat‐free mass (FFM)/day (n = 11), LEA: < 45 kcal (188 kJ)/kg FFM/day (n = 14)] and reproductive function [eumenorrhea (EUM; n = 10), FHA (n = 15)]. There was no difference in EA between FHA and EUM subjects. However, FHA and LEA subjects shared the same dietary characteristics of lower energy density (ED) [(P = 0.012; P = 0.020), respectively], and fat content [(P = 0.047; P = 0.027), respectively]. Furthermore, FHA subjects had a lower intake of carbohydrate‐rich foods (P = 0.019), higher fiber content (P < 0.001), and drive for thinness score (P = 0.003). Conclusively, low ED together with high fiber content may constitute targets for dietary intervention in order to prevent and treat LEA and FHA in female athletes.
The USEPA's distribution system water quality modelling program: a historical perspective
Authors: Clark Robert M.
Published: July 2015

Hydraulic and water quality models have become widely used to understand both the hydraulic behaviour, and the fate and transport of contaminants in drinking water distribution systems. Research conducted by the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) played a major role in the development and application of hydraulic/water quality modelling in the United States and throughout the world. Eventually this research led to the development of EPANET, an integrated hydraulic/water quality model, and had a major influence on the implementation of the United States Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The modelling research conducted by the US EPA has helped many drinking water utilities throughout the world alleviate public health threats due to the deterioration of water quality in drinking water networks. The US EPA has provided over 100 000 downloads of the EPANET software over the last 2 years.
The ownership of English in Taiwan
Authors: SEILHAMER MARK F.
Published: July 2015

Although applied linguists have long asserted that individuals who have learned English as an additional language can rightly claim ownership of the language, this willingness on the part of academics to grant ownership to all users of English is ultimately of little consequence to the users themselves, who more often than not consider linguistic ownership to be determined solely by ethnicity or place of birth. This paper outlines a framework comprised of three aspects of language ownership—prevalent usage, affective belonging, and legitimate knowledge—and subsequently applies these concepts to a multi‐case ethnographic study of English ownership (and lack thereof) among a group of Taiwanese English learners/users who privileged different ownership dimensions. Prevalent usage was found to be very important for achieving any degree of ownership, and the ability to make overt ownership claims ultimately depended on confidence and agency.
English identity and Manguebeat in Brazil
Authors: DE FIGUEIREDO EDUARDO H. DINIZ
Published: July 2015

This study is an analysis of how English is conceptualized in Brazil's Manguebeat—a cultural movement that came to prominence in the 1990s and that became one of the most influential musical styles in the country ever since. The use of English in the manifesto that first presented Manguebeat and in two of the albums that epitomize the movement is examined through text mapping in combination with the discourse analysis theory put forth by Gee (2011). The results show that English in Manguebeat is positioned as a language that does not belong exclusively to an Inner Circle country. They also demonstrate how English influences cultural expression from the periphery of Brazil, positioning it as a mobile resource that can be deployed and recontextualized in the Brazilian context.
Juvenile allergic urethritis with urethro-ejaculatory reflux presenting as acute intermittent bilateral testicular torsion
Authors: Patel Ramnik V , Brimioulle Marina , Govani Dhaval , Youssef Talaat
Published: July 2015

We report a case of juvenile allergic urethritis secondary to double concentrate orange squash of a famous brand in a 3-year-old boy who developed bilateral urethro-ejaculatory reflux (UER) and severe urethral, perineal and scrotal pain referred to both lower limbs intermittently predominantly during and after micturition-simulating features of bilateral intermittent testicular torsion. Accurate history, urinalysis, ultrasound, colour Doppler and food challenge were helpful in diagnosis. Topical steroids, antihistaminic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory medications together with withdrawal of the allergen produced complete recovery. Allergic urethritis in association with bilateral UER causing secondary seminal vesiculitis and epididymitis is rare. It presented as acute scrotum and responded to innovative treatment. Allergic disease can have a dramatic effect on a child’s quality of life. This is the first documented case of allergic urethritis and associated UER presenting as juvenile acute scrotum. Steroids, antihistamines and anti-inflammatory agents together with avoidance of the allergen helped achieve recovery.
Wireless capsule endoscopy as a tool in diagnosing autoimmune enteropathy
Authors: Gram-Kampmann Eva-Marie , Lillevang Søren T , Detlefsen Sönke , Laursen Stig Borbjerg
Published: July 2015

Autoimmune enteropathy (AE) is an immune mediated illness of the intestinal mucosa. The cause is unknown, and the diagnosis is based on typical characteristics displayed. There is no gold standard for treatment. We present two adult cases of AE and demonstrate the challenges in establishing the diagnosis. The extensive diagnostic work up excluded other more common causes of protracted diarrhoea. Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) displayed universal small intestinal mucosal damage with shortened villi that led to the suspicion of AE in both patients. The diagnosis was confirmed with microscopy, showing shortened villi, villous blunting and hyperplasia of crypts in both patients. In one patient, deep crypt lymphocytosis with minimal intraepithelial lymphocytosis was found as well. Both patients were successfully treated with high-dose immunosuppressant therapy to induce and maintain remission. Use of WCE as a diagnostic tool was invaluable in establishing the diagnosis of AE.
A case of neurosarcoidosis secondary to treatment of etanercept and review of the literature
Authors: Berrios Idanis , Jun-O'Connell Adalia , Ghiran Sorina , Ionete Carolina
Published: July 2015

There are only three cases in the literature that describe development of neurosarcoidosis in a patient who is on tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors. We describe a case of a 33-year-old woman with a history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and refractory uveitis (with previous treatment trials of adalimumab, infliximab, mycophenolate, methotrexate) who had been stable for 2 years on etanercept. She was diagnosed with biopsy-proven systemic sarcoidosis with meningeal and parenchymal neurosarcoidosis. She was switched to infliximab and methotrexate, with clinical and imaging improvements. This is a case that demonstrates the difficulty of choosing tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibitors when treating patients with multiple clinical autoimmune entities. It is also a case where a change in the mechanism of TNF-α inhibition pathway can still be used to treat refractory sarcoidoisis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is still unclear what the exact difference between the TNF-α blockers and their neurological complications is, and who the patients at risk of developing neurological complications are.
Novel surgical management of a laryngeal granular cell tumour
Authors: McIntyre Charlotte Jane , Allen John Lee Y , Powell Harry , Sandhu Guri
Published: July 2015

Granular cell tumour (GCT) is a rare benign tumour occurring, most commonly, in the head and neck. Multiple tumours occur in 5–16% of patients. These tumours are chemo-radio-resistant and have high recurrence rates despite their benign histopathological features. Traditional management, depending on access, involves total tumour resection with wide margins due to the high rates of recurrence with incomplete resection. We present a patient with two synchronous GCTs of their upper airway: in the larynx and the trachea. Complete excision of the supraglottic lesion would have rendered the patient's larynx incompetent. Therefore, after multidisciplinary team (MDT) discussion, and following a discussion with the patient regarding the risks and benefits, a novel surgical management approach was agreed. Subtotal CO2laser excision of the upper GCT was performed enabling functional organ preservation. A subsequent procedure was required when the patient became symptomatic due to tumour recurrence.
An atypical presentation of a typical pulmonary pathogen in an immunosuppressed patient
Authors: Ulrich Lara Emily , Sivakumar Parthipan
Published: July 2015

We describe a case of a 38-year-old, HIV-positive asthmatic man with a history of intravenous methamphetamine substance misuse who presented with worsening dyspnoea, wheeze, productive cough without haemoptysis and deteriorating exercise tolerance. His chest X-ray was clear and subsequent CT scanning demonstrated multilobar, patchy consolidation and ground glass change in the lung parenchyma. His CD4 count was 864 cells/mm3(n=500–1500 cells/mm3) and viral load 863 IU/mL. Our primary diagnosis was an atypical pneumonia with associated bronchospasm. The differential diagnosis also included a methamphetamine-induced pulmonary haemorrhage, given the multiple small foci of ground glass change. The patient's sputum culturedHaemophilus influenzae, which was somewhat surprising, given his unusual CT findings. He recovered with antibiotic therapy and a follow-up CT scan at 6 weeks revealed complete resolution of the radiological findings.
A mimic's imitator: a cavitary pneumonia in a myasthenic patient with history of tuberculosis
Authors: Garcia Raquel Ramos , Bhanot Nitin , Min Zaw
Published: July 2015

A 77-year-old man with myasthenia gravis receiving prednisone and plasmapheresis was found to have right upper lobe cavitary pneumonia on radiological imaging studies after thymectomy. He had a remote history of treated pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) at the age of 19. On the basis of history of TB and current prednisone therapy, reactivation of pulmonary TB was highly suspected. Branching Gram-positive bacilli were identified on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). BAL Ziehl-Neelsen Acid-fast bacilli stain was negative, but a modified Kinyoun stain revealed branching, beaded, filamentous bacilli, suggestive ofNocardiaspp.Nocardia cyriacigeorgicagrew from the BAL culture. Cerebral MRI demonstrated a right frontal lobe lesion, clinically correlated to be nocardial brain abscess. The patient was treated with three-drug antimicrobial therapy (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, meropenem, linezolid) for 2 months, followed by an additional 10 months of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Amikacin would have been included in the initial three-drug regimen, but its use was contraindicated in our myasthenic patient because aminoglycoside would trigger fatal myasthenic crisis by neuromuscular blockage. Follow-up imaging studies revealed resolution of the lung and brain lesions.