bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a New Political Economy of Security Provision
Authors: Gheciu Alexandra
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 places the analysis of developments in Eastern Europe in a broader international context, examining how the transformation of the field of security has been shaped by processes of European integration as well as globalization—particularly through the influx into Eastern Europe of multinational corporations, including global security companies. In particular, as each of the countries examined in this book embarked upon processes of European integration, they came to be deeply affected by EU legislation and specific accession/partnership conditionality, including in the field of security. In addition, the chapter explores the ways in which dynamics of European integration and globalization have generated new opportunities for reshaping the field of security for a series of domestic actors engaged in performing security.
Quaker Women in Lenape Country
Authors: Soderlund Jean R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the central role of Quaker women during the years 1675–1710 in developing the first colony founded by members of the Society of Friends in North America. As individuals, women Friends helped to fashion a multicultural society consistent with Quaker beliefs in religious liberty and pacifism by maintaining amicable relations with the Lenape Indians and non-Quaker European settlers. At the same time, however, Friends failed to acknowledge the inconsistency of exploiting enslaved African Americans with Quaker ideals. As leaders of the Salem, Burlington, Chesterfield, and Newton (later Haddonfield) monthly meetings, Quaker women also helped to shape West New Jersey society by strengthening rules of discipline to prevent their children and other Friends from marrying non-Quakers and adopting ‘outward vanities’.
Objections, Replies, and Clarifications
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers seven objections to the view of conceptual engineering put forward in this book. It responds to a worry about topic presentation. It responds to the charge of having not given a full defense of externalism, or a theory of control, and returns to the aversion to concepts. It then considers some other objections to do with meaning holism, change in thoughts, and confronts the gloomy possibility that engineering makes things worse—that what we think of as amelioration is in fact deterioration.
Conceptual Engineering without Bedrock and without Fixed Points
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers whether there are any limits to conceptual engineering, developing the idea that there are no safe spaces from conceptual change. First, it considers Chalmers’s argument for bedrock concepts. It argues that Chalmers’s claim that there is an asymmetric structure in the space of disputes is an (implausible) empirical claim. Second, it considers Eklund’s claim to the effect that our thinnest normative concepts are irreplaceable, and this is a limit to conceptual engineering, and shows that Eklund doesn’t establish this. It ends by revisiting some old worries, defending the choice of the term ‘conceptual engineering’, and responding to the claim that by making conceptual engineering inscrutable and out of control, it has been debunked rather than defended. However, conceptual engineering is very hard for us to do, but so is (almost) everything that is important to us.
A Gospel of the Eleven
Authors: Watson Francis
Published: May 2018

A perceived inadequacy in existing post-resurrection narratives seems to have inspired the second-century author of the Epistula Apostolorum to compose a comprehensive post-resurrection dialogue. In this—after securing with some difficulty their acceptance that he is truly alive—Jesus answers his disciples’ wide-ranging questions mainly about issues of eschatology and mission. Also present in this text are retrospective summaries of his descent from the heavenly world and his earthly career. While this important though neglected text may usefully be classified with works in a similar format, from Nag Hammadi and elsewhere, its primary affinities are with the traditions of Jesus’ earthly career reflected in Matthew, Luke, and especially John. In particular, the Johannine account of Easter Day and its aftermath provides the author not so much with a normative exemplar as with a source that he exploits freely and critically to develop his proto-orthodox theological agenda.
Matter and the Soul
Authors: Parkhouse Sarah
Published: May 2018

The theme of eschatology is not usually identified by exegetes as particularly emphasized in the Gospel of Mary, though it should be. The two primary teachings, the dialogue between the Saviour and his disciples and Mary’s recollection of her vision, are predominantly eschatological in nature, the former being concerned with the earthly realm and the latter the heavenly. The earthly realm is the created cosmos made of ‘matter’, destined for dissolution owing to its inherent instability, whereas the heavenly is the home of the ‘Soul’, the goal of its perilous post-mortem journey past hostile spiritual powers that seek to bar its way. Despite obvious differences with the Olivet Discourse of Matthew 24 and parallels, there are multiple points of convergence with the eschatological teachings within the canonical gospels. Starting from the Gospel of Mary, this chapter explores connections between eschatological thinking on both sides of the canonical boundary.
Jesus and Early Christian Identity Formation
Authors: Schröter Jens
Published: May 2018

Whether they came to be regarded as canonical or non-canonical, the many gospels produced in the early Christian centuries shed light on the ways in which Jesus was received and interpreted from sometimes conflicting perspectives. The dividing line between ‘accepted’ and ‘rejected’ writings, which emerges during the second and third centuries, is blurred by the fact that canonical and non-canonical gospels draw on similar or related traditions. They also overlap in their perspectives on Jesus’ earthly activity and his relationship to God or the heavenly realm. This chapter aims to provide an overview of approaches to the significance of the Jesus figure in the context of early Christian identity formation. In spite of relatively early recognition of differences that led some gospels but not others to attain ‘canonical’ status, the manuscript evidence from papyri finds indicates a more fluid relationship between texts on either side of the canonical boundary.
Graphic Signs of Authority in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 300-900
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar
Published: May 2018

This book presents a cultural history of graphic signs such as the sign of the cross, christograms, monograms, and other graphic devices, examining how they were employed to relate to and interact with the supernatural world, and to represent and communicate secular and divine authority in the late antique Mediterranean and early medieval Europe. It analyses its graphic visual material with reference to specific historical contexts and to relevant late antique and early medieval texts as a complementary way of looking at the cultural, religious, and socio-political transition from the late Graeco-Roman world to that of medieval Europe. This monograph treats such graphic signs as typologically similar forms of visual communication, reliant on the visual-spatial ability of human cognition to process object-like graphic forms as proxies for concepts and abstract notions—an ability that is commonly discussed in modern visual studies with reference to categories such as visual thinking, graphic visualization, and graphicacy. Thanks to this human ability, the aforementioned graphic signs were actively employed in religious and socio-political communication in the first millennium ad. This approach allows for a synthetic study of graphic visual evidence from a wide range of material media that have rarely been studied collectively, including various mass-produced items and unique objects of art, architectural monuments, and epigraphic inscriptions, as well as manuscripts and charters. As such, this book will serve as a timely reference tool for historians, art historians, archaeologists, epigraphists, manuscript scholars, and numismatists as well as the informed general public.
Decisions Behind the Veil
Authors: Bruner Justin P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the behavior of individuals placed in circumstances approximating the ‘veil of ignorance.’ Unlike previous experiments of Rawls’ veil, it considers Rawls’ fair equality of opportunity principle in addition to the so-called difference principle. The chapter author’s experimental design can register whether behavior is consistent with a lexicographic ranking of principles of justice. The chapter observes wide support for utilitarianism as well as fair equality of opportunity and, moreover, finds the former is lexically prior to the latter.
Statutes of Limitations and Personal Identity
Authors: Mott Christian
Published: May 2018

Legal theorists have proposed several theories to justify statutes of limitations in the criminal law, but none of these normative theories is generally accepted. This chapter investigates the related descriptive question as to whether ordinary people have the intuition that legal punishment becomes less appropriate as time passes from the date of the offense and, if they do, what factors play a role in these intuitions. Five studies demonstrate that there is an intuitive statute of limitations on both legal punishment and moral criticism, and that these intuitions arise, in part, from judgments about changes in psychological connectedness over time.
On the Matter of Robot Minds
Authors: McLaughlin Brian P. , Rose David
Published: May 2018

One reason it matters whether phenomenally conscious robots will soon be forthcoming is that such robots would have moral rights. The view that they are on the horizon often rests on a certain philosophical view about consciousness, one called “nomological behaviorism” in this chapter. The view entails that, as a matter of nomological necessity, if a robot had exactly the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as a phenomenally conscious being, then the robot would be phenomenally conscious. The chapter experimentally investigates whether the folk think that certain (hypothetical) robots made of silicon and steel would have the same conscious states as certain familiar biological beings with the same patterns of dispositions to peripheral behavior as the robots. The findings provide evidence that the folk largely reject the view that silicon-based robots would have the sensations that they, the folk, attribute to the biological beings in question.
Tapping into Diversity Through Open Innovation Platforms: The Emergence of Boundary-Spanning Practices
Authors: Levina Natalia , Fayard Anne-Laure
Published: May 2018

Crowdsourcing for innovation is gaining critical momentum, with an increasing number of organizations engaging with digital platforms. While collecting ideas from a broad set of participants is now easier than ever, combining and deploying them in innovative ways is becoming increasingly difficult. As a result, organizations are faced with challenges in productively integrating ideas generated by the crowd. Organizations seeking to learn about and combine new perspectives have traditionally turned to consulting companies to tap into external expertise. In this chapter, we compare how consulting companies approach the problem of translating and integrating across a diversity of expertise with how external innovation is addressed in innovation-focused crowdsourcing platforms. We examine the nature of boundaries that arise in both types of endeavors and draw on boundary-spanning theories to develop an understanding of the differences between traditional ways of integrating diverse ideas compared with digitally mediated approaches.
Specialized Courts and Tribunals as the Guardians of International Law? The Nature and Function of Judicial Interpretation in Kelsen and Schmitt
Authors: von Bernstorff Jochen
Published: May 2018

Jochen von Bernstorff identifies the several roles and functions of international courts and tribunals (ICs) from the perspective of Hans Kelsen’s and Carl Schmitt’s accounts of international law. Kelsen saw the international judiciary with compulsory adjudication and de facto law-making authority as the key to a future peaceful world order. This would not require a world legislator. He also held that judges had considerable freedom in their interpretation and application of international law. Schmitt agreed that courts have a central law-making function, and also that judges are subject to few interpretative constraints. But Kelsen and Schmitt were not writing with today’s sector-specific international courts in mind. Much current concerns about the legitimacy of ICs can be traced back to tensions with what could be claimed to represent a global judicial imperialism. Von Bernstorff warns against sectorial colonization in the sense that the specialized ICs take control over non-judicialized sectors.
Substance and Style—How the WTO Adjudicators Legitimize their Decisions
Authors: Gerstetter Christiane
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyses how the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement bodies legitimize their decisions and by implication also the WTO Dispute Settlement System as well as the WTO as an institution more broadly. The author argues there are two relevant dimensions for understanding how judges legitimize judicial decisions: the substantive outcomes of cases, that is who wins and loses and what interpretations are adopted, and the way a judicial decision is justified. She concludes that the WTO dispute settlement bodies act strategically in order to win the acceptance of the member states, and ultimately legitimize this dispute settlement system as a judicial entity.
That Was Then and This Is Now
Authors: Gardner John
Published: May 2018

This chapter has two concerns. It first reflects on the special institutional arrangements of private law. Next, the chapter considers, more broadly, the role of freedom, choice, and autonomy—what might be called ‘liberal values’—in the defence of private law. It rejects the widely favoured idea that the case for the wrongdoer to owe a reparative duty to the person wronged entails that the person wronged should be the one to pursue that remedy and have control over the process by which it is obtained (or not, at that person’s discretion). There is no entailment. Indeed, the process by which the wrongdoer is brought into line still remains in question.
Epidemics
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

This book challenges a dominant hypothesis in the study of epidemics. From an interdisciplinary array of scholars, a consensus has emerged: invariably, epidemics in past times provoked class hatred, blame of the ‘other’, or victimization of the diseases’ victims. It is also claimed that when diseases were mysterious, without cures or preventive measures, they more readily provoked ‘sinister connotations’. The evidence for these assumptions, however, comes from a handful of examples—the Black Death, the Great Pox at the end of the sixteenth century, cholera riots of the 1830s, and AIDS, centred almost exclusively on the US experience. By investigating thousands of descriptions of epidemics, reaching back before the fifth-century BCE Plague of Athens to the eruption of Ebola in 2014, this study traces epidemics’ socio-psychological consequences across time and discovers a radically different picture. First, scholars, especially post-AIDS, have missed a fundamental aspect of the history of epidemics: their remarkable power to unify societies across class, race, ethnicity, and religion, spurring self-sacrifice and compassion. Second, hatred and violence cannot be relegated to a time when diseases were mysterious, before the ‘laboratory revolution’ of the late nineteenth century: in fact, modernity was the great incubator of a disease–hate nexus. Third, even with diseases that have tended to provoke hatred, such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, plague, and cholera, blaming ‘the other’ or victimizing disease bearers has been rare. Instead, the history of epidemics and their socio-psychological consequences has been richer and more varied than scholars and public intellectuals have heretofore allowed.
Mechanisms for Unity
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter investigates changes in mentalities after the Black Death, comparing practices never before analysed in this context—funerary and labour laws and processions to calm God’s anger. While processions were rare or conflictual as in Catania and Messina in 1348, these rituals during later plagues bound communities together in the face of disaster. The chapter then turns to another trend yet to be noticed by historians. Among the multitude of saints and blessed ones canonized from 1348 to the eighteenth century, the Church was deeply reluctant to honour, even name, any of the thousands who sacrificed their lives to succour plague victims, physically or spiritually, especially in 1348: the Church recognized no Black Death martyrs. By the sixteenth century, however, city-wide processions and other communal rituals bound communities together with charity for the poor, works of art, and charitable displays of thanksgiving to long-dead holy men and women.
Smallpox Violence in Victorian Britain
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

In contrast to North America, far fewer incidents of individual or collective acts of cruelty and violence were inflicted against smallpox victims in Britain. But similar to North America’s lines of conflict, the English aggressors were the wealthy and their butts of cruelty, the smallpox impoverished. Instead of direct action, the English approach to closing smallpox hospitals and preventing the poor receiving adequate care rested on lawsuits and judicial injunctions, reaching as high as the House of Lords, which allowed the privileged in districts such as Hampstead and Fulham to shut their smallpox hospitals, prevent smallpox victims from entering their districts, and renege on their civic responsibilities.
‘Common Sense’ Energy Security in the United States
Authors: Nyman Jonna
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 examines ‘common sense’ energy security practices in the US. It discusses the role and history of energy and energy policy-making, before looking directly at how energy security has been practised in US policy since 2004. It then analyses how energy security was constructed in official discourse in the same time period, drawing out four key themes and the centrality of continued and increased domestic fossil fuel production to these themes. Together, it suggests, these practices create a ‘common sense’ understanding of energy security which has become accepted and difficult to challenge. The chapter concludes by showing some of the implications of this ‘common sense’, demonstrating that it produces an energy security paradox.
Space (Center for Social Development and the Public Sphere)
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 “Space,” continues to focus on interstitiality, lived experience, and the combustive acts of creativity and imagination that take place behind the justice face. It examines another NGO “vortex,” the Center for Social Development,” which was led by two Cambodian-Americans, Chea Vannath and Theary Seng and known for high-profile Khmer Rouge Tribunal outreach “Public Forums.” The chapter traces the origins of the non-governmental organization and the public forum project, noting how the forums changed in accordance with the historical moment and the vision of these leaders, including Chea Vannath’s deep Buddhist belief and Theary Seng’s Christianity even as both were also influenced by time spent in the United States. The chapter concludes with a return to the International Center for Transitional Justice outreach project and a discussion of the public forums as an imagined “public spheres,” alleged “spaces” of liberal democratic being asserted by transitional justice imaginary discourses.
Subjectivity (DC-Cam and the ECCC Outreach Tour)
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

The chapters in Part III, “Eddies,” seek to step behind this justice facade and explore the lived experience of victim participation as well as the ways in which this experience was mediated by another Cambodian intermediary organization, Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam). Chapter 7 builds upon the previous chapters by unpacking how the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) sought to produce a certain liberal democratic, right-bearing juridical subjectivity even as alternative subjectivities also mediated the experience of Cambodians in and around the court. Specifically, Chapter 7 focuses on a non-governmental organization outreach tour, which included attending the first day of two weeks of civil party testimony in which relatives of S-21 victims testified. Three international civil parties—each in many respects exemplary victims embodying the qualities of wound, suffering, helplessness—spoke. Even as they did, it was evident that there were cracks in this justice facade revealing underlying complexities obscured and pushed out of sight. Such fissures were also evident when the outreach participants visited Tuol Sleng and performed a ceremony for the spirits of the dead, highlighting Buddhist subjectivities backgrounded by the juridical process.
Problems of Self-Knowledge
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: May 2018

Various problems of self-knowledge are introduced, along with the important notions of transparency, privileged access, and peculiar access. Accounts of self-knowledge are classified according to whether they are economical, inferential, detectivist, or unified. Roughly: economical accounts repurpose other epistemic capacities; inferential accounts say self-knowledge is acquired by inference; detectivist accounts say the explanation of self-knowledge involves causal mechanisms; and unified accounts give the same basic epistemological story for all mental states. The account to be defended later has all four features. The chapter concludes by reviewing the history of self-knowledge considered as a philosophical problem. Self-knowledge from Descartes onwards was generally taken for granted, unlike our knowledge of the external world, which was thought deeply problematic. This gets things completely back to front.
Some Recent Approaches
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 argued that the failings of the inner-sense theory are often more apparent than real. In any event, recent approaches to self-knowledge are usually advertised as taking a radically different route. This chapter surveys and criticizes three prominent examples, due to Davidson, Moran, and Bar-On. They illustrate how radically different accounts of self-knowledge can be, despite having some overlapping themes. All three philosophers emphasize the linguistic expression of self-knowledge. Moran and Bar-On both think the main problems are in important respects not epistemological. Davidson and Moran concentrate on the propositional attitudes, belief in particular, and suggest that another approach entirely will be required for knowledge of one’s sensations.
Desire, Intention, and Emotion
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: May 2018

So far, a transparent epistemology has been given for belief and perception. Assuming that is correct, this chapter begins by arguing that transparency must apply across the board, thus giving a “general theory” of self-knowledge. The chapter then sketches the needed extensions for desire, intention, and emotion (using the specific example of disgust). The three proposed rules for desire, intention, and disgust explain privileged and peculiar access in the usual style. Privileged access is explained because one tries to follow these rules, then (minor qualifications aside) one will arrive at a true belief about one’s desire, intention, or feeling of disgust. And peculiar access is explained because the methods only work, or only work in full generality, in one’s own case. The rules are also detectivist, and plausibly economical.
Memory, Imagination, and Thought
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: May 2018

This chapter further extends the transparency approach to memory, imagination, and thought. The kind of memory that is chiefly treated is episodic memory which, it turns out, is closely connected to the other two topics. Imagery is the key to a transparent epistemology of memory, and also to imagination and thought. That completes the defense of this book’s theory of self-knowledge. The theory needs controversial claims, most notably the idea that knowledge can be obtained by reasoning from inadequate evidence, or from no evidence at all, and that perception and imagery constitutively involve belief. Those controversial claims were backed by independent argument, but are hardly beyond dispute. The ambition has simply been to establish the transparency account as a leading hypothesis, deserving of further examination.
Organized Armed Groups in Contemporary International Practice
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 suggests that IHL requires non-state entities to fulfil three criteria to form a party to a non-international armed conflict: a group needs to be (1) a collective entity with (2) the ability to ensure respect for basic humanitarian norms, and (3) the capacity to engage in sufficiently intense violence. This chapter discusses how these broad criteria have been interpreted and also develops new ways of how they should be understood in light of the variety of groups engaged in contemporary armed conflicts and the increasing fragmentation of groups. Instead of simply recounting factors established in international jurisprudence, this chapter reconsiders these factors’ actual relevance and shows how they can be helpful in proving the three identified criteria. In its final part, Chapter 3 applies the identified criteria to two specific cases: transnational armed groups such as the Islamic State Group, and cyber groups such as Anonymous.
Smart Cities and Smart Regulation
Authors: Rønne Anita
Published: May 2018

Increasing focus on sustainable societies and ‘smart cities’ due to emphasis on mitigation of climate change is simultaneous with ‘smart regulation’ reaching the forefront of the political agenda. Consequently, the energy sector and its regulation are undergoing significant innovation and change. Energy innovations include transition from fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources and application of new computer technology, interactively matching production with consumer demand. Smart cities are growing and projects are being initiated for development of urban areas and energy systems. Analysis from ‘Smart Cities Accelerator’, developed under the EU Interreg funding programme that includes Climate-KIC,——provides background for the focus on a smart energy system. Analysis ensures the energy supply systems support the integration of renewables with the need for new technologies and investments. ‘Smart’ is trendy, but when becoming ‘smart’ leads to motivation that is an important step towards mitigating climate change.
Regulation of Electricity Storage, Intelligent Grids, and Clean Energies in an Open Market in Mexico
Authors: Márquez José Juan González , Brambila Margarita González
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyses the role of electricity storage as an innovative strategy to attain the Mexican Government’s goals regarding carbon dioxide emission reduction and energy transition. The survey includes the analysis of the different electricity storage technologies as well as the legal framework governing electricity storage as the fifth link of the energy supply chain from a comparative perspective. The authors discuss whether energy storage is a generation or a distribution/transmission asset. The chapter also analyses Mexico’s experiences in energy storage and briefly describes the way it is regulated in other jurisdictions. Finally, the authors propose the regulation of energy storage as a separate licensed activity.
Energy Supply Planning in a Distributed Energy Resources World
Authors: Paddock LeRoy , San Martano Karyan
Published: May 2018

Traditional electricity planning in the United States has typically been focused on forecasting future demand and identifying the need for new large generating facilities that involve one-way flows from central power plants to customers. However, legal innovation has incentivized the deployment of more energy resources at the customer end of the electricity network and technological innovation has facilitated rapid expansion in the number and capacity of these distributed energy resources. These changes now require innovation in the type of planning for future energy resources that must be employed to ensure an efficient and reliable electric energy network. Deployment of the rapidly growing number of distributed energy resources —solar and wind generation, combined heat and power, fuel cells, battery storage, demand response and energy efficiency—is facilitated by an increasingly smart grid. This chapter proposes a new, distributed resource-planning process to better integrate all of these distributed resources into the grid.
Three ‘Intentions’ to Respect
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

The inspired books of the Bible should be interpreted integrally. This involves respecting not only the ‘intention’ of the human authors who composed the sacred texts (the intentio auctoris), to the extent that this can be established, but also the ‘intention’ of the readers who take up the texts (the intentio legentis) and the ‘intention’ of the text itself (the intentio textus ipsius). We must respect what the original authors wanted to communicate but also acknowledge the insights of subsequent readers and the multiple meanings that emerge from the texts’ reception history. The historical-critical method, which studies the genesis and authorial meaning of our biblical texts, is necessary but insufficient. Where it lapses into an exegesis that separates itself from the faith community and purports to be impartial and ‘objective’, it may yield some specific results but hardly valuable insights into the inspired Scriptures as a whole.
Epilogue
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

On rereading this manuscript, I hope that it can contribute to two valuable causes. May it help to deliver Christians from false interpretations of the Bible, the book that is essential for creating and sustaining their religious identity! May it also enrich their vision of what the Holy Spirit has achieved and continues to achieve in the arena of biblical inspiration!...
Epilogue
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter argues that the EuroTragedy was that critics—outsiders and insiders—warned of the euro's economic flaws and the likely political damage it could do. Wrapped in an obsessive groupthink, European leaders portrayed the single currency as a “pro-European” enterprise. However, the euro delivered none of the economic benefits promised. Some analysts had predicted that the euro would cause the share of trade between Eurozone countries to increase; instead, even before the global crisis had started in 2007, the share of within-Eurozone trade had started declining and that tendency accelerated after the crisis began. When the inevitable financial crisis came—first as a global crisis and then as a rolling Eurozone crisis—the euro caused the most damage in the weakest Eurozone countries, widening existing income disparities. The chapter then points to specific measures to improve the functioning of the Eurozone.
Monitoring with the CART Principles
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on how to use a theory of change and the CART principles to build a monitoring system that generates useful information that can be used for program learning and improvement. Monitoring systems, properly designed, can demonstrate accountability to external stakeholders and also help organizations improve operational decision-making. This chapter argues that organizations should collect five types of monitoring data: financial data about program operations, activity tracking of key program functions and outputs, targeting information about the people participating in a program, engagement data about how people engage with the program, and feedback data on participants’ perspectives on the program. The chapter then continues with the example of Nutrition for All, the hypothetical organization introduced in Chapter 3, to show how an organization can use its theory of change and the CART principles to decide how to collect each type of monitoring data.
The CART Principles for Impact Evaluation
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

The CART principles are essential for designing a right-fit impact evaluation. This chapter explains what it means to conduct credible, actionable, responsible, and transportable impact evaluation. To ensure that impact evaluations follow the CART principles, organizations ought to strive for bias-free data collection and analysis. Bias (systematic error that favors one measure over another) may come from the way data are collected (question wording influences responses), or the way they are analyzed (e.g., influence of external factors or how people are selected into programs). In many cases, an randomizied control trial (RCT) helps generate a credible impact evaluation. In the simplest version of an RCT, individuals are randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. However, in special circumstances, other quasi-experimental evaluation methods can be successful. Actionable impact evaluation requires that organizations commit to learn from the undertaking and act on the results, even if they are disappointing. Organizations can make sure an evaluation is responsible by weighing how much it costs relative to its expected benefits. This chapter also addresses common criticisms about RCTs and identifies some strategies for reducing their cost. Finally, the chapter explains that the transportable principle mandates that evaluations produce useful evidence for others.
The Retail Donor Perspective
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

This chapter teases apart the information shortfalls in the philanthropy market for individual donors. Donors that want to use the CART principles to evaluate nonprofit organizations have little information to go on to do so. Few organizations put forward genuine measures of impact. And the rating information that is out there is often misleading. Retail donors are left to sway back and forth in the wake of informal impressions, nonprofit-driven public relations, isolated tales of success, and fortuitous personal connections. The chapter argues that existing nonprofit rating systems do not address the core problem since they typically focus on transparency, overhead, or other factors that may or may not be correlated to actual program impact. ImpactMatters, co-founded by Goldilocks co-author Dean Karlan, uses the CART principles to develop “impact audits” that evaluate nonprofits’ quality of impact evidence, cost to create impact, quality of monitoring systems, and extent of learning and iteration.
Discussion and Evaluation
Authors: Kwame Harrison Anthony
Published: May 2018

Chapter 5 begins with a general discussion of the central research paradigms that ethnographers claim and/or move between. The remainder of the chapter is organized according to the evaluative standards used by the various stakeholders who surround the ethnographic enterprise—namely, researchers, members of researched communities, and readers. The section on researchers is centered on their aspirations to do “good work,” which the author proposes involves reflexivity, transparency, and sincerity. It also elaborates on the moral principles and ethical regulations that ethnographic researchers observe. In discussing members of researched communities, the author highlights their recent ability to speak back against the research, explaining how it has fostered more accountable and collaborative modes of ethnography. Finally, in discussing readers of ethnography, the author makes a distinction between “everyday” and “professional” readers, proposing a handful of criteria—credibility, coherence, impact, and worthiness—used by the latter in making their professional assessments.
Taiko Scenarios
Authors: Ahlgren Angela K.
Published: May 2018

The Minneapolis-based taiko group Mu Daiko challenges notions of Minnesota as uniformly white and ideas about Asian America as a coastal phenomenon. The chapter uses ethnographic interviews, participant observation, and performance analysis to argue that taiko outreach (low-tech engagements, often with an educational aim) creates familiar scenarios that reveal pervasive racial attitudes toward Asian Americans. Building on Diana Taylor’s “scenarios of discovery,” the chapter demonstrates the ways taiko outreach sometimes reinforces the idea that Asians are perpetual foreigners, while at other times they create opportunities for meaningful connections between performers and audiences. A focus on the group’s Korean American adoptee members prompts a challenges easy definitions of Asian America and the Midwest and highlights Minnesota as a key site for Asian American cultural production.
Conclusion
Authors: Ahlgren Angela K.
Published: May 2018

The conclusion describes and analyzes an informal performance of the song “Joy Bubble” by Tiffany Tamaribuchi and its expansion into the dance “Tanko Bushi,” a popular obon song, at a 2017 gathering. In August 2017, more than forty women convened in San Diego, California, for a three-day event focused on women and taiko. The layering of two different but related songs—one new and one old—highlights the similarities between the Asian American movement and the current political moment, as well as the role of performance in resisting oppressive structures. After a brief review of the book’s main arguments, the chapter concludes with questions about the future of taiko.
Limitations on China’s Ability to Understand Indian Apprehensions about China’s Rise as a Naval Power
Authors: Garver John
Published: May 2018

John Garver, a leading expert on Sino-Indian relations, focuses on China’s strategic blind spots in understanding the world around it. He explores the possibility that wide spread, deeply rooted and emotionally powerful Chinese beliefs about their country’s history make it difficult for Chinese to put themselves in their neighbour’s shoes and effectively reassure their neighbour’s deep apprehensions about China’s growing power. This cluster of Chinese beliefs is virtually central to China’s self-identity and render Chinese dismissive of Japanese and Indian fears of China’s growing power. Garver argues that if China is unable to understand, emphasize and respond in adequately reassuring ways to its neighbour’s fears over China’s growing power the probable result is likely to be the formation of a coalition of China’s neighbours seeking collective security against China.
The Subsurface Dimension of Sino-Indian Maritime Rivalry
Authors: Rehman Iskander
Published: May 2018

Iskander Rehman describes the subsurface capabilities and interactions of the Indian and Chinese navies, where China enjoys a clear quantitative superiority over India in all three components of the submarine fleet—conventional, nuclear attack, and nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Whereas the PLAN has long privileged subsurface warfare as part of an offensive sea denial strategy, the Indian Navy has traditionally focused on sea control. However, this may be changing. Beijing’s growing interest in ‘open seas protection’ may divert resources away from offensively minded operations towards defensive escort missions for PLAN surface task forces. The Indian Navy’s growing interest in standoff strike is also giving new emphasis on subsurface land attack capabilities. In reality, Sino-Indian rivalry to the maritime domain is still very much in its opening phases. Sino-Indian naval rivalry is set to unfold over the course of many decades, and submarines will be at the forefront of this competition.
India and China
Authors: Medcalf Rory
Published: May 2018

Rory Medcalf is Australia’s most prominent commentator on the Indo-Pacific region, and has played an important role in popularizing the concept throughout the region. In this chapter, he explores the forces that are leading to a greater Chinese naval presence in the Indian Ocean and India’s options in responding to that presence. Medcalf argues that for India, and for other resident powers of the Indian Ocean, the accelerated arrival of China as a security player should be cause neither for panic nor complacency. There is still scope to ensure that China in the Indian Ocean becomes neither destabilizingly defensive nor dangerously dominant. In particular, India needs to take the initiative in building maritime security cooperation with a range of capable Indian Ocean-going powers that are well-disposed to its rise in order to create a stable strategic environment in which China will play an important role.
Impediments to Usability
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

The Usability Demand requires all moral theories to be usable for decision-making, arguably by each agent and on every occasion for decision-making. Chapter 3 first examines the ways in which common human epistemic deficiencies can cause a moral theory to fail the Usability Demand (lack of understanding; error, uncertainty, and ignorance [lack of belief] about relevant nonmoral facts; cognitive computational constraints; error, uncertainty, or ignorance about moral facts; and meta-moral error and uncertainty). Among these problems the book will focus on error and uncertainty about nonmoral facts. The chapter then describes the three salient responses to these problems: the Pragmatic, Austere, and Hybrid Responses. Finally, it lays out both conceptual rationales (such as the claim that the concept of morality requires usability) and goal-oriented rationales (such as the claim that a moral system must enhance social welfare) for accepting the Usability Demand.
Multiple-Rule Hybrid Solutions to the Problems of Error and Uncertainty
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 11 argues that the best Hybrid system is one in which multiple lower-tier decision-guides are arranged in a hierarchy that prioritizes, on deontic grounds, the guides that are best to use in situations where an agent can use more than one guide in deriving a prescription. The system includes a theoretical account of right and wrong (Code C) that prescribes acts as objectively obligatory, together with a general decision-guiding principle (Code C*). Code C* prescribes as subjectively obligatory the act recommended as choice-mandated by the decision-guide, usable in the core sense by the agent, that is higher in the hierarchy of choice-mandating decision-guides than any other decision-guide usable by the agent and appropriate to Code C. This decision-guide need only be usable in the core, not the extended, sense. Sample consequentialist and Rossian Hybrid systems are outlined.
“Steeped in Greek Mythology”
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter surveys myth retellings for children in the first half of the twentieth century, mostly in anthologies but also in other fictional forms in which modern children interact with figures from classical myth. Key developments include the impact of anthropology and folklore studies, the emergence of the United States as a center of children’s publishing after World War I, questions about the relevance of myth to American children, the assimilation of myths to fables and tall tales, innovative approaches to illustration, and mid-century nostalgia for earlier myth books. Among the authors discussed are Andrew Lang, Padraic Colum, James Daugherty, Robert McCloskey, Edith Hamilton, Roger Lancelyn Green, and Ingri and Edgar Parin D’Aulaire.
The Prime Ministers' Craft
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

This book addresses major modern controversies in corporate governance, clarifying the issues at stake and assessing the arguments for corporate reform. The main focus is on governance of the large organizations that employ the majority of workforces in developed economies and which account for most of the finance and refinance of the private sector. Shareholder value and shareholder primacy are now under increasing scrutiny having previously been positioned as natural precepts of governance. The book joins that debate with a critique and also with suggestions for company reform that allow for plurality within jurisdictions: the trust firm, industrial foundations, social enterprises, the ‘benefit corporation’, restricted voting rights, employee representation etc. The book addresses several sets of controversies in corporate governance. Part 1 places the corporate form within the context of legal constitution and governmental regulation. The second set of chapters considers corporate governance systems and their role in innovation and adaptation. The chapters in part 3 discuss labour relations and worker involvement in the governance of companies. Part 4 widens the focus to consider effects external to the firm—on consumer interests and the environment. What these issues point to is that the modern corporation is not only an economic institution but also a cultural and political one, reflecting the firm’s role in civil society The overall theme is that the corporate governance agenda has been on the wrong track and needs to be fundamentally reset.
The Inner Circle
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

Prime ministers need help, both to understand the policies they must consider and the political implications of any choices. They receive it from their prime ministers’ offices (PMOs) and from Cabinet Office/Prime Ministers’ Department. The former sees the task through the prime minister’s eyes, providing immediate partisan support and advice. The chiefs of staff in the PMO have become key figures in modern government as they try to make the task manageable. The Cabinet Office or prime ministers’ departments provide more expert advice, always on how to manage the administrative and cabinet process, sometimes on policy issues too. Whether both are appropriate is debated: do they serve the cabinet as a collective or the prime ministers as an individual office-holder? How and whether prime ministers should direct government or merely coordinate it remains contested.
Institutions and contexts
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 surveys the essential historical, political, and linguistic conditions of Kievan Rus′ from its conversion to Christianity in the tenth to eleventh centuries, and establishment of monasteries and scribal culture, to the rise of Muscovy in the fifteenth century. The impact of Byzantine legacy on writing as a source of translation and emulation raises questions about the definition of literature in the medieval period. The chapter discusses why the application of the modern idea of the genre system is problematic, arguing that other criteria of literariness, encapsulated in the author-function, apply, and that even within a copying culture rhetorical strategies can lend emotional credibility to anonymous compilations, while prayers and tales of journeys convey highly literary and personal sense of identity.