bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Darwin, Concepción, and the Geological Sublime
Authors: White Paul
Published: January 2012

Argument

Darwin's narrative of the earthquake at Concepción, set within the frameworks of Lyellian uniformitarianism, romantic aesthetics, and the emergence of geology as a popular science, is suggestive of the role of the sublime in geological enquiry and theory in the early nineteenth century. Darwin'sBeaglediary and later notebooks and publications show that the aesthetic of the sublime was both a form of representing geology to a popular audience, and a crucial structure for the observation and recording of the event from the beginning. The awesome spectacle of the earthquake proved in turn the magnitude of the forces at stake in earth history, and helped to make geology an epic conjoining the history of civilization with the history of the earth.
The Nature of Emergency: The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Crisis of Reason in Late Imperial Japan
Authors: Orihara Minami , Clancey Gregory
Published: January 2012

Argument

Hijōji(emergency) was an important keyword in the militarist Japan of the 1930s. Previous scholarship has assumed that such language sprung from the global financial crisis of 1929, and subsequent diplomatic events. Our article demonstrates, however, that a full-bodied language of emergency was crafted well before the collapse of the global economy, and against the backdrop of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, which destroyed the Japanese capital. While previous “great earthquakes” had been opportunities to strengthen Japanese participation in the global project of science, this one led more dramatically to a crisis of reason, and indirectly contributed to the spiritual, anti-western, and anti-rational rhetoric of what became the “Showa Restoration.” This and other post-disaster landscapes, we argue, should be examined as compelling sites for the crafting of political language – sites of opportunity and meaning as well as trial. While the phrase “state of emergency” was coined under very different circumstances in post-war Britain, it gained power and charisma in Japan, and likely other places around the world, by its association with natural catastrophe. Thus did modern politics establish a new connection with the traditional realm of the sublime, and in the case of Japan, the supernatural. Emergency's ability to associate politics with nature would never disappear, and has perhaps even strengthened in the early twenty-first century.
“Collective Monitoring, Collective Defense”: Science, Earthquakes, and Politics in Communist China
Authors: Fan Fa-ti
Published: January 2012

Argument

This paper examines the earthquake monitoring and prediction program, called “collective monitoring, collective defense,” in communist China during the Cultural Revolution, a period of political upheavals and natural disasters. Guided by their scientific and political ideas, the Chinese developed approaches to earthquake monitoring and prediction that emphasized mass participation, everyday knowledge, and observations of macro-seismic phenomena. The paper explains the ideas, practices, and epistemology of the program within the political context of the Cultural Revolution. It also suggests possibilities for comparative analysis of science, state, and natural disasters. The paper redefines the concept of “citizen science” and argues that the concept provides a useful comparative perspective on the intimate relationship between science and the macropolitics of modern state and society.
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in Japanese broiler flocks
Authors: SASAKI Y. , IKEDA A. , ISHIKAWA K. , MURAKAMI M. , KUSUKAWA M. , ASAI T. , YAMADA Y.
Published: January 2012

This study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from broiler flocks in Japan. Caecal dropping samples were collected from 288 broiler flocks between November 2007 and February 2010. Salmonella was prevalent in 248 (86·1%) broiler flocks. The top three serovars were S. Infantis, S. Manhattan and S. Schwarzengrund. S. Infantis was found in all regions tested in this study. However, S. Manhattan and S. Schwarzengrund were frequently found only in the western part of Japan. High antimicrobial resistance rates were observed against oxytetracycline (90·2%), dihydrostreptomycin (86·7%) and ampicillin (36·5%), and 258 (90·5%) of 285 isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. Interestingly, 26·3% of isolates were resistant to ceftiofur, especially 38·1% of S. Infantis isolates, although its use in broilers has not been approved in Japan. This study showed that Salmonella is highly prevalent (86·1%) in Japanese broiler flocks, that 90·5% of Salmonella isolates were multidrug-resistant, and that S. Infantis frequently exhibited resistance to cephalosporin antimicrobial agents.
Triage in Mass-Casualty Events: The Haitian Experience
Authors: Merin Ofer , Miskin Ian N. , Lin Guy , Wiser Itay , Kreiss Yitshak
Published: January 2012

Introduction: Mass-casualty triage is implemented when available resources are insufficient to meet the needs of all patients in a disaster situation. The basic principle is to do the maximum good for the most casualties with the least amount of resources. There are limited data to support the applicability of this principle in massive disasters such as the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti, in which the number of patients seeking medical attention overwhelmed the local resources.

Objective: To analyze the application of a triage system developed for use in a mass-casualty setting with limited resources. The system was designed to admit only those patients who had medical conditions requiring urgent treatment that were within the capabilities of the hospital and had a good chance of survival after discharge. Priority was given to those whose treatment could be administered within a short hospital stay.

Method: A retrospective, observational review of computerized registration forms of Haitian earthquake victims who sought medical care at a 72-bed field hospital within four to 14 days after the event. An analysis of the efficacy of the triage protocol that was used followed, using length of hospital stay to measure consumption of resources.

Results: A total of 1,111 patients were triaged for treatment in the field hospital within 14 days of the earthquake. The median length of stay for all patients for whom data was available was 16 hours (mean = 29.7 hours). The majority of patients (n = 620, 65%) were discharged within 24 hours. Two hundred five patients underwent surgery and were discharged within a median of 39 hours (mean = 52.6 hours); of these, 124 (62%) were discharged within 48 hours. The total mortality of the treated patients was 1.5% (n = 17).

Conclusions: Currently accepted triage principles for the most part are appropriate for efficiently providing medical care in a disaster area with extremely limited resources, but require extensive adaptation to local conditions.
Effects of alternative label formats on choice of high- and low-sodium products in a New Zealand population sample
Authors: McLean Rachael , Hoek Janet , Hedderley Duncan
Published: January 2012

Objective

Dietary sodium reduction is a cost-effective public health intervention to reduce chronic disease. In response to calls for further research into front-of-pack labelling systems, we examined how alternative sodium nutrition label formats and nutrition claims influenced consumers’ choice behaviour and whether consumers with or without a diagnosis of hypertension differed in their choice patterns.

Design

An anonymous online experiment in which participants viewed ten choice sets featuring three fictitious brands of baked beans with varied label formats and nutritional profiles (high and low sodium) and indicated which brand in each set they would purchase if shopping for this product.

Setting

Participants were recruited from New Zealand's largest online nationwide research panel.

Subjects

Five hundred people with self-reported hypertension and 191 people without hypertension aged 18 to 79 years.

Results

The addition of a front-of-pack label increased both groups’ ability to discriminate between products with high and low sodium, while the Traffic Light label enabled better identification of the high-sodium product. Both front-of-pack formats enhanced discrimination in the presence of a reduced salt claim, but the Traffic Light label also performed better than the Percentage Daily Intake label in moderating the effect of the claim for the high-sodium product.

Conclusions

Front-of-pack labels, particularly those with simple visual cues, enhance consumers’ ability to discriminate between high- and low-sodium products, even when those products feature nutrition claims.
Validation of a general nutrition knowledge questionnaire in a Turkish student sample
Authors: Alsaffar A Aylin
Published: January 2012

Objective

To validate the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire developed by Parmenter and Wardle (1999) in a Turkish student sample.

Design

The original questionnaire of Parmenter and Wardle (1999) was modified and translated into Turkish. The modified questionnaire was administered to second year undergraduate students. Some students completed the questionnaire twice for the measurement of test–retest reliability. Statistical analysis was performed on the responses to measure the internal reliability, test–retest reliability and construct validity.

Setting

Students completed the questionnaire under supervision. The questionnaire was completed at the end of lectures. Retest was carried out two weeks after first administration of the test.

Subjects

A total of 195 undergraduate students studying either nutrition and dietetics (n 90) or engineering (n 105) participated in the study. Of these, 125 students completed the questionnaire on two occasions.

Results

Overall internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0·89) and test–retest reliability (0·86) were high. Significant differences between the scores of the two groups of students indicated that the questionnaire had satisfactory construct validity.

Conclusions

The modified version of the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire can be used as a tool to examine the nutrition knowledge of adults in Turkey. In the next stage of the study, some adjustments need to be made to the items that led to low reliability values so that these items will be more applicable to the eating habits and patterns of Turkish people.
Transcendental Idealism and Ontological Agnosticism
Authors: McWherter Dustin
Published: January 2012

Since the initial reception of theCritique of Pure Reasontranscendental idealism has been perceived and criticized as a form of subjective idealism regarding space, time, and the objects within them, despite Kant's protestations to the contrary. In recent years, some commentators have attempted to counter this interpretation by presenting transcendental idealism as a primarily epistemological doctrine rather than a metaphysical one. Others have insisted on the metaphysical character of transcendental idealism. Within these debates, Kant's rejection ofontology(of the kind exemplified by Wolff and Baumgarten) has received comparatively little treatment, although it is often acknowledged. The present essay seeks to contribute to the secondary literature on Kant by offering an analysis of this claim and elaborating its consequences for transcendental idealism. This will take the form of a critical examination of transcendental idealism's supposedontological agnosticism—that is, its disavowal of any ontological claims. The overall conclusion is that Kant's rejection of ontology is deeply problematic, and to such an extent that it may be necessary to reconsider the possibilities of defending transcendental idealism as a purely epistemological, non-ontological doctrine.
Kant's A Priori Intuition of Space Independent of Postulates
Authors: Valdez Edgar J.
Published: January 2012

Defences of Kant's foundations of geometry fall short if they are unable to equally ground Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries. Thus, Kant's account must be separated from geometrical postulates. I argue that characterizing space as the form of outer intuition must be independent of postulates. Geometrical postulates are then expressions of particular spatializing activities made possible by the a priori intuition of space. While Amit Hagar contends that this is to speak of noumena, I argue that a Kantian account of space as the form of outer attention-directing remains seated in the subject.
A Multi-level Analysis of Thirty-two Societies on Marital and Family Satisfaction - ERRATUM
Authors: KAMO YOSHINORI , HORI MAKIKO
Published: January 2012

In the article by Yoshinori Kamo and Makiko Hori presented in Japanese Journal of Political Science, the author affiliations were incorrect.
ALLAN RAMSAY, THE IDEA OF ‘SCOTTISH MUSIC’ AND THE BEGINNINGS OF ‘NATIONAL MUSIC’ IN EUROPE
Authors: Gelbart Matthew
Published: January 2012

This article examines the process of fashioning an idea of ‘national’ music, by considering the social and political conditions that made such an idea possible at a particular historical moment. An early example, Scotland, is the focus here, and helps to show the type of discursive and active work involved in giving meaning to the idea of ‘Scottish music’ in a cultural sense. I argue that the poet and song collector Allan Ramsay played a central role in the years beginning around 1720. Before Ramsay's generation, there was only a limited sense of ethnic identity translating into poetic or musical style. Furthermore, Ramsay himself, in attempting to harness song and music as national cultural capital, also had to contend with the fact that Scotland was ethnically, culturally and linguistically split along the Highland–Lowland divide, and in other ways as well. Through his song collectionA Tea-Table Miscellanyand his follow-up publication of tunes for that collection, as well as through his involvement with Edinburgh's elite musical community, Ramsay helped transform Scotland's musical culture from a manuscript-based milieu organized around specific musical functions and occasions to one in which national origins helped validate music, and printed collections enshrined such groupings. Lastly, in addition to its direct influence, Ramsay's work helped shape the emergent discourse about national song indirectly: an extensive outgrowth of thought rooted partly in Ramsay's own ideas led to his being used as a negative example among collectors of ‘folk’ music from the later eighteenth century onward.
Coping With Obesity Stigma Affects Depressed Mood in African‐American and White Candidates for Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Fettich Karla C. , Chen Eunice Y.
Published: January 2012

Depressed mood in severely obese, bariatric surgery–seeking candidates is influenced by obesity stigma, yet the strategies for coping with this stigma are less well understood. This study hypothesized that coping strategies are significantly associated with depressed mood above and beyond demographic factors and frequency of weight‐related stigma, with specific coping strategies differing between racial groups. Severely obese, bariatric surgery–seeking adults (N = 234; 91 African Americans) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Stigmatizing Situations Inventory (SSI). Two hierarchical linear regressions were conducted separately for African Americans and whites. For both racial groups, age, sex, BMI, years overweight, annual income, and education level did not account for a significant portion of the variance in BDI scores. The frequency of stigmatizing situations and coping strategies significantly explained 16.4% and 33.2%, respectively, of the variance for whites, and 25.9% and 25%, respectively, for African Americans (P < 0.001). Greater depressed mood in whites was associated with older age, lower education, fewer positive self‐statements, and less self‐love and more crying; while in African Americans greater depressed mood was associated only with ignoring the situation (P < 0.05). The study found that regardless of race, depressed mood in severely obese, bariatric surgery–seeking clients is related to the frequency of stigmatizing experiences and associated coping strategies. This suggests that efforts to reduce the deleterious effects of weight‐related stigma need to focus both on reducing the frequency of stigmatization and on teaching effective coping strategies. These efforts also need to take into account the client's racial background.
Sexual Orientation and Bias in Self‐Reported BMI
Authors: Richmond Tracy K. , Walls Courtney E. , Austin S. Bryn
Published: January 2012

Our objective was to determine if sexual orientation groups differ in accuracy of BMI (kg/m2) calculated from self‐reported height and weight and if weight status modifies possible differences. Using gender‐stratified multiple linear regression to analyze Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 12,197), we examined the association of sexual orientation with BMI calculated from self‐reported height and weight (self‐reported BMI), controlling for BMI calculated from objectively measured height and weight (objectively measured BMI) as well as demographic, health, and behavioral variables. We tested for effect modification of the relationship between sexual orientation and self‐reported BMI by objectively measured BMI. The population underestimated their BMI (females: β = 0.87, P < 0.001; males = 0.86, P < 0.001). Sexual orientation groups differed little in their accuracy of reporting; only gay males had significant underreporting (β = −0.37, P = 0.038) relative to their heterosexual peers. We found no evidence of effect modification of the relationship of sexual orientation and self‐reported BMI by objectively measured BMI. With the exception of gay males, sexual orientation groups are consistent in their underreporting of BMI thus providing confidence in most comparisons of weight status based on self‐report. Self‐reporting of weight and height by gay males may exaggerate the differences in BMI between gay and heterosexual males.
Solid-phase synthesis of oxaliplatin–TATpeptide bioconjugates
Authors: Abramkin Sergey , Valiahdi Seied M. , Jakupec Michael A. , Galanski Mathea S. , Metzler-Nolte Nils , Keppler Bernhard K.
Published: January 2012

Conjugation of a platinum(iv) analog of oxaliplatin to a TAT-peptide fragment as a vehicle for membrane penetration was accomplished; cytotoxicity of mono- and diconjugates revealed IC50 values in the low micromolar range.
GRAS proteins: the versatile roles of intrinsically disordered proteins in plant signalling
Authors: Sun Xiaolin , Jones William T. , Rikkerink Erik H. A.
Published: January 2012

IDPs (intrinsically disordered proteins) are highly abundant in eukaryotic proteomes and important for cellular functions, especially in cell signalling and transcriptional regulation. An IDR (intrinsically disordered region) within an IDP often undergoes disorder-to-order transitions upon binding to various partners, allowing an IDP to recognize and bind different partners at various binding interfaces. Plant-specific GRAS proteins play critical and diverse roles in plant development and signalling, and act as integrators of signals from multiple plant growth regulatory and environmental inputs. Possessing an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain, the GRAS proteins constitute the first functionally required unfoldome from the plant kingdom. Furthermore, the N-terminal domains of GRAS proteins contain MoRFs (molecular recognition features), short interaction-prone segments that are located within IDRs and are able to recognize their interacting partners by undergoing disorder-to-order transitions upon binding to these specific partners. These MoRFs represent potential protein–protein binding sites and may be acting as molecular bait in recognition events during plant development. Intrinsic disorder provides GRAS proteins with a degree of binding plasticity that may be linked to their functional versatility. As an overview of structure–function relationships for GRAS proteins, the present review covers the main biological functions of the GRAS family, the IDRs within these proteins and their implications for understanding mode-of-action.
Anti‐miR‐155 oligonucleotide enhances chemosensitivity of U251 cell to taxol by inducing apoptosis
Authors: Meng Wei , Jiang Ling , Lu Lin , Hu Haiyan , Yu Hailang , Ding Dapeng , Xiao Kun , Zheng Wenling , Guo Hongbo , Ma Wenli
Published: January 2012

The oncogene, microRNA‐155, is significantly elevated in GBM (glioblastoma multiforme), regulating multiple genes associated with cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasiveness. Thus, miR‐155 can theoretically become a target for enhancement of the chemotherapy in cancer. Down‐regulating miR‐155 to enhance the effect of taxol has not been studied in human GBM. Human GBM U251 cells were treated with taxol and the miR‐155 inhibitor alone or in combination. IC50 values were dramatically decreased in cells treated with miR‐155 inhibitor combined with taxol, to a greater extent than those treated with taxol alone. Furthermore, the miR‐155 inhibitor significantly enhanced apoptosis in U251 cells. The data suggest that miR‐155 blockage increased the chemosensitivity to taxol in GBM cells, making combined treatment an effective therapeutic strategy for controlling the growth by inhibiting EAG1 expression.
Measuring Speech-Sound Learning Using Visual Analog Scaling
Authors: Munson Benjamin , Schellinger Sarah K. , Carlson Kari Urberg
Published: January 2012

The ultimate goal for speech-language pathologists is to align the linguistic behaviors of the clients whom we serve with those of the ambient language of the community. In light of this goal, it is critical that change in speech production is measured accurately. In this article, we review the use of visual analog scaling as a measure of change in children’s speech production. Following a discussion of this tool, the authors consider the clinical utility of this type of measurement.
An Input-Focused Intervention for Children With Developmental Phonological Disorders
Authors: Rvachew Susan , Brosseau-Lapré Françoise
Published: January 2012

In this article, we consider recent advances in theory and practice related to developmental phonological disorders (PDP). We consider the benefits of structured speech input to address PDP and provide a summary of a recent study designed to address phonological disorders in children using input-focused intervention. Results revealed that intervention focusing on input resulted in similar gains when compared to intervention focusing on speech production practice. We then discuss clinical implications.
Thinking through Territoriality: Introducing Claude Raffestin to Anglophone Sociospatial Theory
Authors: Klauser Francisco R
Published: January 2012

This introductory paper establishes the grounds for a more sustained discussion of Claude Raffestin's understanding of human territoriality in its contribution to contemporary geographical debates. The purpose is to highlight the broad, and fundamentally interrelated, philosophical, epistemological, and political ambitions of Raffestin's work, before elucidating some of the key conceptual pillars of his relational thinking through territoriality. In this, particular emphasis will be placed on the concept of mediation. The proposed engagement with Raffestin's work offers an opportunity not only for revisiting territoriality in its value for contemporary political geography and sociospatial theory, and for rethinking the positioning and contribution of Raffestin's oeuvre itself, but also for critically reflecting upon the spaces and power relationships of geographical knowledge production today and in the past.
Reading Claude Raffestin: Pathways for a Critical Biography
Authors: Fall Juliet J
Published: January 2012

In this paper I suggest fleshing out and making material the authorial voice by exploring pathways for writing a critical biography of Claude Raffestin, a Swiss geographer writing since the late 1970s up to the present day. In exploring his life and contribution as part of the wider Francophone tradition of social and political geography, I aim to engage further with the debate on the circulation of knowledge and the alleged hegemony of the English language within geography. In doing this, I suggest that the term ‘disciplinary Orientalism’ might help to think through some of the contradictions in geography, which both draws heavily from foreign critical thinkers, often removed from the spaces and contexts of debate they are/were writing in, and simultaneously ignores foreign geographical traditions and contributions. Building on Raffestin's work—and drawing from diverse sources, including his writings, reviews of his work, and new interview material—I explore how his geographies might make sense here and now, to the extent that ‘here’ is inevitably an uncertain place, not only in where this paper is written and read but also because reading always takes place in-between contexts. Through this example I explore how scholars are embodied and located in uncertain places and points to the multiple circulations and noncirculations of theory and praxis within geography.
Illusory Object Motion in the Centre of a Radial Pattern: The Pursuit-Pursuing Illusion
Authors: Ito Hiroyuki
Published: January 2012

A circular object placed in the centre of a radial pattern consisting of thin sectors was found to cause a robust motion illusion. During eye-movement pursuit of a moving target, the presently described stimulus produced illusory background-object motion in the same direction as that of the eye movement. In addition, the display induced illusory stationary perception of a moving object against the whole display motion. In seven experiments, the characteristics of the illusion were examined in terms of luminance relationships and figural characteristics of the radial pattern. Some potential explanations for these findings are discussed.
Transcriptional response of the bovine endometrium and embryo to endometrial polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration as an indicator of subclinical inflammation of the uterine environment
Authors: Hoelker Michael , Salilew-Wondim Dessie , Drillich Marc , Christine Grosse-Brinkhaus , Ghanem Nasser , Goetze Leopold , Tesfaye Dawit , Schellander Karl , Heuwieser Wolfgang
Published: January 2012

The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of subclinical endometritis on endometrial and embryonic gene expression. A total of 49 cows at either Day 0 or Day 7 of the oestrous cycle (62–83 days post partum) following superovulation were classified as having subclinical endometritis (SE-0, SE-7) or a healthy endometrium (HE-0, HE-7) on the basis of endometrial cytological evaluation. Endometrial samples and associated embryos were subjected to global transcriptome analysis using the Bovine GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and aberrant transcript profiles were observed in SE-0 and SE-7 cows. At Day 0, 10 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in endometrial samples. Specifically, the PDZK1, PXDN, DDHD2, GPLD1 and SULT1B1 genes were downregulated, whereas the PKIB, LOC534256, BT29392, LYZ and S100A14 genes were upregulated in SE-0 cows. Similarly, 11 transcripts were found to be differentially regulated on Day 7. Of these, GNPTG, BOLA-DQA5, CHD2, LOC541226, VCAM1 and ARHGEF2 were found to be downregulated, whereas PSTPIP2, BT236441 and MGC166084 were upregulated in SE-7 cows. Accordingly, endometrial health status affected the number of flushed, transferable embryos. In all, 20 genes were differentially regulated in blastocysts derived from HE-7 and SE-7 cows. Of these, GZMK, TCEAL4, MYL7, ADD3 and THEM50B were upregulated, whereas NUDCD2, MYO1E, BZW1, EHD4 and GZMB were downregulated. In conclusion, endometrial polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration as an indicator of subclinical endometritis is associated with changes in endometrial gene expression patterns, including genes involved in cell adhesion and immune modulation. Consequently, subclinical endometritis affects gene expression in embryos, including the expression of genes related to membrane stability, the cell cycle and apoptosis.
Dominant folding pathways of a WW domain
Authors: a Beccara Silvio , Škrbić Tatjana , Covino Roberto , Faccioli Pietro
Published: January 2012

We investigate the folding mechanism of the WW domain Fip35 using a realistic atomistic force field by applying the Dominant Reaction Pathways approach. We find evidence for the existence of two folding pathways, which differ by the order of formation of the two hairpins. This result is consistent with the analysis of the experimental data on the folding kinetics of WW domains and with the results obtained from large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of this system. Free-energy calculations performed in two coarse-grained models support the robustness of our results and suggest that the qualitative structure of the dominant paths are mostly shaped by the native interactions. Computing a folding trajectory in atomistic detail only required about one hour on 48 Central Processing Units. The gain in computational efficiency opens the door to a systematic investigation of the folding pathways of a large number of globular proteins.
Coherent angular motion in the establishment of multicellular architecture of glandular tissues
Authors: Tanner Kandice , Mori Hidetoshi , Mroue Rana , Bruni-Cardoso Alexandre , Bissell Mina J.
Published: January 2012

Glandular tissues form ducts (tubes) and acini (spheres) in multicellular organisms. This process is best demonstrated in the organization of the ductal tree of the mammary gland and in 3D models of morphogenesis in culture. Here, we asked a fundamental question: How do single adult epithelial cells generate polarized acini when placed in a surrogate basement membrane 3D gel? Using human breast epithelial cells from either reduction mammoplasty or nonmalignant breast cell lines, we observed a unique cellular movement where single cells undergo multiple rotations and then maintain it cohesively as they divide to assemble into acini. This coherent angular motion (CAMo) was observed in both primary cells and breast cell lines. If CAMo was disrupted, the final geometry was not a sphere. The malignant counterparts of the human breast cell lines in 3D were randomly motile, did not display CAMo, and did not form spheres. Upon “phenotypic reversion” of malignant cells, both CAMo and spherical architecture were restored. We show that cell-cell adhesion and tissue polarity are essential for the formation of acini and link the functional relevance of CAMo to the establishment of spherical architecture rather than to multicellular aggregation or growth. We propose that CAMo is an integral step in the formation of the tissue architecture and that its disruption is involved in malignant transformation.
Ion-matter interaction: the three-dimensional version of the thermal spike model. Application to nanoparticle irradiation with swift heavy ions
Authors: Dufour Ch , Khomenkov V , Rizza G , Toulemonde M
Published: January 2012

In the framework of swift heavy ion–matter interaction, the thermal spike has proved its worth for nearly two decades. This paper deals with the necessary refinement of the computation due to the kind of materials of interest, i.e. nanomaterials such as multilayered systems or composite films constituted of nanocylinders or nanospheres embedded in an insulating matrix. The three-dimensional computation of the thermal spike model is applied for the first time in the case of ions striking layers containing spherical nanoparticles embedded in a silica matrix. The temperature profiles calculated at each point (x, y, z) of the target for a total duration up to 10−10 s and different values of ion impact parameter allow a possible explanation of the particle shape change under irradiation with swift heavy ions having an energy of several MeV amu−1
Electric field induced silicon carbide nanotubes: a promising gas sensor for detecting SO2
Authors: Jia Y B , Zhuang G L , Wang J G
Published: January 2012

Finding an effective strategy for detecting SO2 gas is very important in order to solve the problem of pollution of SO2. Based on the first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we herein explore the possibility of using (5, 5) silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) with an external electric field (EF) as a potential gas sensor for SO2 detection. It is found that SO2 molecules can be chemisorbed to the Si–C bonds of SiCNTs and can generate a different charge distribution under the EF, resulting in the breaking of some S–C bonds. It is these broken S–C bonds that induce a decrease in the band gap. Furthermore, with the concentration of SO2 exceeding 20%, the band gap of SiCNT under an EF of 9.00 V nm−1 would be reduced from 1.75 eV for SiCNT to zero, indicating the transformation from a semiconductor to a conductor. Hence, with an appropriate EF, SiCNTs can effectively respond to SO2 and serve as sensors for detecting SO2 gas.
Strength of ultrananocrystalline diamond controlled by friction of buried interfaces
Authors: Mo Yifei , Stone Donald , Szlufarska Izabela
Published: January 2012

The following text amendments should be made for clarification:

In the left column at the bottom of page 2, the sentence 'Since the fraction of GB atoms scales approximately linearly with the grain diameterd,...' should be changed into 'Since the fraction of GB atoms scales approximately linearly withthe inverse ofthe grain diameterd,...'

In the left column on page 7, the second sentence 'It is because H passivation leads to a replacement of strong interfacial C–C bonds with weaker C–H bonds...' should be changed into 'It is because H passivation of C atoms leads to a reduction of the number of strong interfacial C–C bonds...'
Development and validation of a tokamak skin effect transformer model
Authors: Romero J.A. , Moret J.-M. , Coda S. , Felici F. , Garrido I.
Published: January 2012

A lumped parameter, state space model for a tokamak transformer including the slow flux penetration in the plasma (skin effect transformer model) is presented. The model does not require detailed or explicit information about plasma profiles or geometry. Instead, this information is lumped in system variables, parameters and inputs. The model has an exact mathematical structure built from energy and flux conservation theorems, predicting the evolution and non-linear interaction of plasma current and internal inductance as functions of the primary coil currents, plasma resistance, non-inductive current drive and the loop voltage at a specific location inside the plasma (equilibrium loop voltage). Loop voltage profile in the plasma is substituted by a three-point discretization, and ordinary differential equations are used to predict the equilibrium loop voltage as a function of the boundary and resistive loop voltages. This provides a model for equilibrium loop voltage evolution, which is reminiscent of the skin effect. The order and parameters of this differential equation are determined empirically using system identification techniques. Fast plasma current modulation experiments with random binary signals have been conducted in the TCV tokamak to generate the required data for the analysis. Plasma current was modulated under ohmic conditions between 200 and 300 kA with 30 ms rise time, several times faster than its time constant L/R ≈ 200 ms. A second-order linear differential equation for equilibrium loop voltage is sufficient to describe the plasma current and internal inductance modulation with 70% and 38% fit parameters, respectively. The model explains the most salient features of the plasma current transients, such as the inverse correlation between plasma current ramp rates and internal inductance changes, without requiring detailed or explicit information about resistivity profiles. This proves that a lumped parameter modelling approach can be used to predict the time evolution of bulk plasma properties such as plasma inductance or current with reasonable accuracy; at least under ohmic conditions without external heating and current drive sources.
Clinical pharmacy skills
Authors: Wiffen Philip , Mitchell Marc , Snelling Melanie , Stoner Nicola
Published: January 2012

Ward etiquette 34

Patient etiquette 36

Dealing with medical staff 38

Understanding medical notes 40

Guidelines for prescription endorsement of hospital or institutional drug charts by pharmacists 50

Prescription screening and monitoring 54

Drug history (DHx) taking 58

Writing on drug (medicine) charts 60

Writing in medical notes ...
Evidence-based medicine
Authors: Wiffen Philip , Mitchell Marc , Snelling Melanie , Stoner Nicola
Published: January 2012

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) and clinical pharmacy 126

Statistical versus clinical significance 128

Odds ratios and relative risk 130

Binary and continuous data 132

L’Abbé plots 133

Mean difference and standardized mean difference 134

Assessing the quality of randomized studies 136

Critical appraisal of systematic reviews ...
Patient management issues
Authors: Wiffen Philip , Mitchell Marc , Snelling Melanie , Stoner Nicola
Published: January 2012

Drug use in liver disease 178

Drug dosing in liver disease 180

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) 183

Drugs in renal impairment 184

Drugs in pregnancy 190

Drugs in breastfeeding 194

Drugs and dietary considerations 198

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency 200

Drugs in porphyria 202

Terminology used in liver disease is summarized in ...
Therapy-related issues: cardiovascular system
Authors: Wiffen Philip , Mitchell Marc , Snelling Melanie , Stoner Nicola
Published: January 2012

Angina 338

Tolerance to nitrate therapy 341

Heart failure 342

Drug interventions for severe heart failure 348

Acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema 350

Treatment of hypertension 352

Understanding anticoagulation 356

Clinical use of anticoagulants 358

Warfarin dosing 362

Counselling patients treated with warfarin 364

Reversing the effects of warfarin (or other vitamin K antagonists) ...
Therapy-related issues: infections
Authors: Wiffen Philip , Mitchell Marc , Snelling Melanie , Stoner Nicola
Published: January 2012

Basic microbiology 412

Modes of action of antibacterials 416

Selection and use of antimicrobials 418

Antimicrobial prophylaxis 428

Optimizing antimicrobial use 430

Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines 432

Antimicrobial resistance 436

Infection control 440

Micro-organisms are classified in many ways. The most important classifications are as follows.
...
Therapy-related issues: endocrine system
Authors: Wiffen Philip , Mitchell Marc , Snelling Melanie , Stoner Nicola
Published: January 2012

Diabetes mellitus 444

Monitoring and control 449

Thyroid disorders 450

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects approximately 4% of the UK population. In 2009, Diabetes UK reported that 2.6 million people in the UK have diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90% of all diabetes and is a result of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Type 1 diabetes results from an absolute insulin deficiency secondary to autoimmune dysfunction....
Epidemiology and burden
Authors: Lam Raymond W.
Published: January 2012

• Depression is a highly prevalent condition – about 1 in 7 people will experience a depressive episode during their lifetime.

• Many people with depression will have a recurrent or chronic course, leading to substantial impairment in psychosocial function.

• Depression is now the leading cause of disability in developed countries and the fourth leading cause world wide....
Pathogenesis
Authors: Lam Raymond W.
Published: January 2012

• There are likely multiple processes to explain the etiology and pathophysiology of depression, with involvement of biological, psychological and social factors.

• Circadian rhythmicity, stressful life events and stress reactivity can modify genetic and biological processes (gene-environment interactions) to contribute to depression.

• Endophenotypes, or genetic expressions of neural systems involved in depression, will be important in the study of the pathogenesis of depression and the development of novel treatments....
Clinical features and diagnosis
Authors: Lam Raymond W.
Published: January 2012

• Depression is associated with a number of physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.

• Sub-typing of major depressive disorder has implications for treatment choice and selection.

• The differential diagnosis of depression includes bereavement, bipolar disorder, and other medical or substance-induced conditions.

Depression is associated with many different types of symptoms which can result to a variable presentation in any given person. The features of depression can be physical (sleep, energy, appetite, libido), emotional (low mood, anxiety, crying) or cognitive (guilt, pessimism, suicidal thoughts). ...
Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Lam Raymond W.
Published: January 2012

• The newer antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, other receptor agents) are first-line medications due to improved safety and tolerability over first-generation medications (TCAs, MAOIs).

• Selection of an antidepressant must take into account efficacy, depression subtype, safety, side effect profile, simplicity of use, comorbid conditions, concurrent medications, and cost....
Functional wiring of the yeast kinome revealed by global analysis of genetic network motifs
Authors: Sharifpoor Sara , van Dyk Dewald , Costanzo Michael , Baryshnikova Anastasia , Friesen Helena , Douglas Alison C. , Youn Ji-Young , VanderSluis Benjamin , Myers Chad L. , Papp Balázs , Boone Charles , Andrews Brenda J.
Published: January 2012

A combinatorial genetic perturbation strategy was applied to interrogate the yeast kinome on a genome-wide scale. We assessed the global effects of gene overexpression or gene deletion to map an integrated genetic interaction network of synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) and loss-of-function genetic interactions (GIs) for 92 kinases, producing a meta-network of 8700 GIs enriched for pathways known to be regulated by cognate kinases. Kinases most sensitive to dosage perturbations had constitutive cell cycle or cell polarity functions under standard growth conditions. Condition-specific screens confirmed that the spectrum of kinase dosage interactions can be expanded substantially in activating conditions. An integrated network composed of systematic SDL, negative and positive loss-of-function GIs, and literature-curated kinase–substrate interactions revealed kinase-dependent regulatory motifs predictive of novel gene-specific phenotypes. Our study provides a valuable resource to unravel novel functional relationships and pathways regulated by kinases and outlines a general strategy for deciphering mutant phenotypes from large-scale GI networks.
The transcriptional activity of co‐activator AIB1 is regulated by the SUMO E3 Ligase PIAS1
Authors: Li Shujing , Yang Chunhua , Hong Yongde , Bi Hailian , Zhao Feng , Liu Ying , Ao Xiang , Pang Pengsha , Xing Xinrong , Chang Alan K. , Xiao Liyun , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wu Huijian
Published: January 2012

Background information

Amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1) is a transcriptional coactivator of nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. It is required for animal growth and reproductive development, and has also been implicated in breast carcinogenesis. Although AIB1 is known to be covalently modified by SUMO‐1, which serves to regulate its stability and transcriptional activity, the exact SUMO E3 ligase involved in its sumoylation has not been determined. In order to resolve this question, we investigated the interaction between AIB1 and different members of PIAS proteins (all are SUMO E3 ligases) through immunoprecipiation.

Results

Among the five different PIAS proteins, only PIAS1 co‐immunoprecipitated with AIB1 in extract prepared from breast cancer cells (MCF‐7). Over‐expression of PIAS1 together with AIB1 in MCF‐7 cells led to increased sumoylation of AIB1, resulting in repression of its transcriptional activity. In contrast, the PIAS1 mutant (C350S) lacking E3 ligase activity appeared to have no effect on the sumoylation of AIB1. Through sumoylation of AIB1, PIAS1 also promoted the stability of AIB1 and attenuated its interaction with estrogen receptor α (ERα), resulting in repression of the transactivation activity of ERα. In addition, MCF‐7 cells co‐transfected with wild‐type PIAS1 and AIB1 showed about 40% reduction in cell growth, while cells co‐transfected with wild‐type PIAS1 and mutant AIB1 resistant to sumoylation showed about 34% increase in cell growth compared to cells transformed with wild‐type AIB1 only.

Conclusions

Taken together, these results suggested that PIAS1 may play a crucial role in the regulation of AIB1 transcriptional activity through sumoylation.
Do small airway abnormalities characterize asthma phenotypes? In search of proof
Authors: Contoli M. , Kraft M. , Hamid Q. , Bousquet J. , Rabe K. F. , Fabbri L. M. , Papi A.
Published: January 2012

The role of small airway abnormalities in asthma pathogenesis has been extensively studied and debated for several decades. However, whether or not small airway abnormalities play a relevant role in specific phenotypes of asthmatic patients and contribute to clinical presentation is largely unknown. In the present review, we evaluated available data on the role of small airways in severe asthma, with a further focus on asthma in smokers and asthma in the elderly. These phenotypes are characterized by a poor response to treatment and they can represent a model of greater small airway impairment. In severe asthmatics, small airway involvement has been shown through evidence of both distal inflammation and of increased air trapping. The few available data on asthmatics who smoke, and elderly asthmatics, similarly suggests that small airway abnormalities contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. In this perspective, there could be a rationale for specifically assessing small airway impairment in these patients and for clinical studies evaluating whether pharmacological approaches targeting the more peripheral airways result in clinical benefits beyond conventional therapy.
Severe asthma: future treatments
Authors: O'Byrne P. M. , Naji N. , Gauvreau G. M.
Published: January 2012

Background

Patients with severe refractory asthma have not achieved asthma control, even with high doses of ICS, usually in combination with LABAs and other maintenance treatments.

Objective

The most promising approaches currently under investigation are those which reduce airway eosinophils in patients with severe refractory asthma and a persisting airway eosinophilia.

Results

Monoclonal antibodies against IL‐5 have been shown to improve lung function, improve asthma control, reduce exacerbation risk and allow reduction or elimination of maintenance oral corticosteroids in this subset of patients. Bronchial thermoplasty may provide benefit in improving control and reducing exacerbations in selected patients. The addition of the muscarinic antagonist, tiotropium also improves airflow obstruction, but its benefit on exacerbation risk is not yet established. Other developments being evaluated in severe refractory asthma are CXCR2 antagonists in patients with a persisting neutrophilic airway inflammation, and CRTh2 antagonists, both of which are small molecule antagonists, and hMabs against IL4 and IL‐13. Finally, other approaches to reduce receptor numbers, using inhaled anti‐sense, has shown to reduce allergen‐induced airway eosinophilia, and combining different anti‐sense against different targets may become a feasible treatment option.

Conclusions

A variety of new treatment options are being investigated to help improve overall asthma control in patients with severe refractory asthma. These include medications to optimize lung function; bronchial thermoplasty to reduce airway smooth muscle in central airways; and those which target specific inflammatory cells or receptors of inflammatory mediators.

Clinical Relevance

Patients with severe refractory asthma have the greatest unmet treatment needs to improve asthma control and reduce exacerbation risk. New treatment approaches have been identified which will benefit subsets of these patients. Phenotyping patients is necessary to select those likely to benefit.