bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State of the Art on 3D Reconstruction with RGB‐D Cameras
Authors: Zollhöfer Michael , Stotko Patrick , Görlitz Andreas , Theobalt Christian , Nießner Matthias , Klein Reinhard , Kolb Andreas
Published: June 2018

The advent of affordable consumer grade RGB‐D cameras has brought about a profound advancement of visual scene reconstruction methods. Both computer graphics and computer vision researchers spend significant effort to develop entirely new algorithms to capture comprehensive shape models of static and dynamic scenes with RGB‐D cameras. This led to significant advances of the state of the art along several dimensions. Some methods achieve very high reconstruction detail, despite limited sensor resolution. Others even achieve real‐time performance, yet possibly at lower quality. New concepts were developed to capture scenes at larger spatial and temporal extent. Other recent algorithms flank shape reconstruction with concurrent material and lighting estimation, even in general scenes and unconstrained conditions. In this state‐of‐the‐art report, we analyze these recent developments in RGB‐D scene reconstruction in detail and review essential related work. We explain, compare, and critically analyze the common underlying algorithmic concepts that enabled these recent advancements. Furthermore, we show how algorithms are designed to best exploit the benefits of RGB‐D data while suppressing their often non‐trivial data distortions. In addition, this report identifies and discusses important open research questions and suggests relevant directions for future work.
What is the impact of professional learning on physical activity interventions among preschool children? A systematic review
Authors: Peden M. E. , Okely A. D. , Eady M. J. , Jones R. A.
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate professional learning models (length, mode, content) offered as part of objectively measured physical childcare‐based interventions. A systematic review of eight electronic databases was conducted to June 2017. Only English, peer‐reviewed studies that evaluated childcare‐based physical activity interventions, incorporated professional learning and reported objectively measured physical activity were included. Study designs included randomized controlled trails, cluster randomized trials, experimental or pilot studies. The search identified 11 studies. Ten studies objectively measured physical activity using accelerometers; five studies used both accelerometer and direct observation tools and one study measured physical activity using direct observation only. Seven of these studies reported statistically significant intervention effects. Only six studies described all components of professional learning, but only two studies reported specific professional learning outcomes and physical activity outcomes. No patterns were identified between the length, mode and content of professional learning and children's physical activity outcomes in childcare settings. Educators play a critical role in modifying children's levels of physical activity in childcare settings. The findings of this review suggest that professional learning offered as part of a physical activity intervention that potentially impacts on children's physical activity outcomes remains under‐reported.
The power of mobility
Authors: Rodby‐Bousquet Elisabet
Published: June 2018

This commentary is on the systematic review by Field and Livingstone and the original article by Kenyon et al. on pages 997–1011 and 1012–1017 of this issue.
Arbitrary reference, numbers, and propositions
Authors: Palmira Michele
Published: June 2018

Reductionist realist accounts of certain entities, such as the natural numbers and propositions, have been taken to be fatally undermined by what we may call the problem of arbitrary identification. The problem is that there are multiple and equally adequate reductions of the natural numbers to sets (see Benacerraf, 1965), as well as of propositions to unstructured or structured entities (see, e.g., Bealer, 1998; King, Soames, & Speaks, 2014; Melia, 1992). This paper sets out to solve the problem by canvassing what we may call the arbitrary reference strategy. The main claims of such strategy are 2. First, we do not know which objects are the referents of proposition and numerical terms since their reference is fixed arbitrarily. Second, our ignorance of which object is picked out as the referent does not entail that no object is referred to by the relevant expression. Different articulations of the strategy are assessed, and a new one is defended.
Identification of architectural distortions in mammograms using local binary patterns and radial lengths through an exhaustive evaluation framework
Authors: Chatzistergos Sevastianos E. , Andreadis Ioannis , Nikita Konstantina S.
Published: June 2018

A method based on the combination of Local Binary Pattern operator and radial lengths is presented aiming at the identification of Architectural Distortions (ADs) in mammograms. Local Binary Pattern operator, a number of its variants, and radial lengths are combined together producing a high‐dimensional feature space. A process, based on the combination of Principal Component Analysis and ttest, is used to effectively transform feature space and reveal the most descriptive features. The classification step is performed using a Support Vector Machine classifier. Open access databases (Mammographic Image Analysis Society and Digital Database for Screening Mammography) are used through an exhaustive evaluation framework that aims at eliminating both mammogram selection bias and limited subtlety variation, thus enabling a fair and complete comparison procedure. Furthermore, in order to provide a test bed for future comparisons, a dataset is constructed from all the available AD Regions Of Interest in Digital Database for Screening Mammography (163 AD vs 375 Regions Of Interest from specific normal cases) and is used to further evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The method performed flawlessly and classified correctly all cases.
Carbon emissions from South‐East Asian peatlands will increase despite emission‐reduction schemes
Authors: Wijedasa Lahiru S. , Sloan Sean , Page Susan E. , Clements Gopalasamy R. , Lupascu Massimo , Evans Theodore A.
Published: June 2018

Carbon emissions from drained peatlands converted to agriculture in South‐East Asia (i.e., Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo) are globally significant and increasing. Here, we map the growth of South‐East Asian peatland agriculture and estimate CO2 emissions due to peat drainage in relation to official land‐use plans with a focus on the reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+)‐related Indonesian moratorium on granting new concession licences for industrial agriculture and logging. We find that, prior to 2010, 35% of South‐East Asian peatlands had been converted to agriculture, principally by smallholder farmers (15% of original peat extent) and industrial oil palm plantations (14%). These conversions resulted in 1.46–6.43 GtCO2 of emissions between 1990 and 2010. This legacy of historical clearances on deep‐peat areas will contribute 51% (4.43–11.45 GtCO2) of projected future peatland CO2 emissions over the period 2010–2130. In Indonesia, which hosts most of the region's peatland and where concession maps are publicly available, 70% of peatland conversion to agriculture occurred outside of known concessions for industrial plantation development, with smallholders accounting for 60% and industrial oil palm accounting for 34%. Of the remaining Indonesian peat swamp forest (PSF), 45% is not protected, and its conversion would amount to CO2 emissions equivalent to 0.7%–2.3% (5.14–14.93 Gt) of global fossil fuel and cement emissions released between 1990 and 2010. Of the peatland extent included in the moratorium, 48% was no longer forested, and of the PSF included, 40%–48% is likely to be affected by drainage impacts from agricultural areas and will emit CO2 over time. We suggest that recent legislation and policy in Indonesia could provide a means of meaningful emission reductions if focused on revised land‐use planning, PSF conservation both inside and outside agricultural concessions, and the development of agricultural practices based on rehabilitating peatland hydrological function.
Handheld Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Instrumentation Applied to the Rapid Discrimination between Iron Meteorites and Meteor‐Wrongs
Authors: Senesi Giorgio S. , Manzari Paola , Tempesta Gioacchino , Agrosì Giovanna , Touchnt Ahmed A. , Ibhi Abderrahmane , De Pascale Olga
Published: June 2018

Meteorites are rocks that once were part of planets or large asteroids, and usually contain a great amount of extra‐terrestrial iron. Nowadays, the meteorite business is booming and the demand is increasing all over the world, whereas supply (originating especially from Morocco and Algeria) is limited. Thus, specimens presented as meteorites often turn out to be common Earth rocks or old smelter and castoff iron dubbed as a ‘meteor‐wrong’. In the present study, a compact handheld instrument based on fast‐response multi‐elemental analysis technique, i.e., laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), has been used to identify specific major elements (Ni and Co) and trace elements (Ga and Ir), in order to discriminate a certified iron meteorite with respect to a suspected meteorite fragment and a pig iron product. Furthermore, a calibration freeLIBS method has been used to quantify the main elements Fe, Ni and Co in the iron meteorite and Fe, Mn, Si and Ti in the other two fragments.
Synthesis of CuInTe2 nanowires: A polycrystalline‐to‐single‐crystalline transformation process
Authors: Shi Liang , Wan Songming , Ding Jia
Published: June 2018

A facile solvothermal synthetic route has been developed to prepare CuInTe2 nanowires with the template aiding of anodic aluminum oxide. Microstructure analysis reveals that the as‐prepared single crystalline CuInTe2 nanowires have a [112] direction preferential growth. Oriented attachment mechanism has been proposed to explain the anisotropic growth of CuInTe2 nanowires during a polycrystalline‐to‐single‐crystalline transformation process. CuInTe2 nanowires have strong absorption in the visible region based on UV‐Vis absorption spectra measurement, confirming its suitability as a light absorbing material in solar cells.
Upconverting YbPO4:RE monospheres (RE=Ho, Er, Tm)
Authors: Li Ji‐Guang , Wang Zhihao , Zhu Qi , Xu Zhixin , Wang Xuejiao , Kim Byung‐Nam , Li Xiaodong , Sun Xudong
Published: June 2018

Uniform spheres of (Yb0.98RE0.02)PO4 orthophosphate (RE=Ho, Er, and Tm, respectively) were synthesized via a homogeneous precipitation procedure mediated by SO42− anions. The as‐precipitated and 1100°C calcined products were determined via laser‐diffraction particle sizing to have the average diameters of ~2.04 ± 0.67 and 1.80 ± 0.93 μm, respectively. The upconversion luminescence of RE3+ under sensitization by the host Yb3+ was studied for the calcination products under 978 nm laser excitation, and it was found that the emissions are dominated by a red band at ~650 nm for Ho3+ (5F5 → 5I8 transition), similarly strong green (~515‐565 nm, 2H11/2/4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition) and red (~640‐680 nm, 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transition) bands for Er3+, and a near‐infrared band at ~800 nm for Tm3+ (3H4 → 3H6 transition). The number of laser photons needed to populate the emitting state was determined by varying the excitation power, and the possible photon reactions leading to the observed upconversion were discussed.
Is the humoral immunity dispensable for the pathogenesis of psoriasis?
Authors: Thomas J. , Küpper M. , Batra R. , Jargosch M. , Atenhan A. , Baghin V. , Krause L. , Lauffer F. , Biedermann T. , Theis F.J. , Eyerich K. , Eyerich S. , Garzorz‐Stark N.
Published: June 2018

Background

Imbalances of T‐cell subsets are hallmarks of disease‐specific inflammation in psoriasis. However, the relevance of B cells for psoriasis remains poorly investigated.

Objective

To analyse the role of B cells and immunoglobulins for the disease‐specific immunology of psoriasis.

Methods

We characterized B‐cell subsets and immunoglobulin levels in untreated psoriasis patients (n = 37) and compared them to healthy controls (n = 20) as well as to psoriasis patients under disease‐controlling systemic treatment (n = 28). B‐cell subsets were analysed following the flow cytometric gating strategy based on the surface markers CD24, CD38 and CD138. Moreover, immunofluorescence stainings were used to detect IgA in psoriatic skin.

Results

We found significantly increased levels of IgA in the serum of treatment‐naïve psoriasis patients correlating with disease score. However, IgA was only observed in dermal vessels of skin sections. Concerning B‐cell subsets, we only found a moderately positive correlation of CD138+ plasma cells with IgA levels and disease score in treatment‐naïve psoriasis patients. Confirming our hypothesis that psoriasis can develop in the absence of functional humoral immunity, we investigated a patient who suffered concomitantly from both psoriasis and a hereditary common variable immune defect (CVID) characterized by a lack of B cells and immunoglobulins. We detected variants in three of the 13 described genes of CVID and a so far undescribed variant in the ligand of the TNFRSF13B receptor leading to disturbed B‐cell maturation and antibody production. However, this patient showed typical psoriasis regarding clinical presentation, histology or T‐cell infiltrate. Finally, in a group of psoriasis patients under systemic treatment, neither did IgA levels drop nor did plasma cells correlate with IgA levels and disease score.

Conclusion

B‐cell alterations might rather be an epiphenomenal finding in psoriasis with a clear dominance of T cells over shifts in B‐cell subsets.
A New Interpretation of Augmented Subscores and Their Added Value in Terms of Parallel Forms
Authors: Sinharay Sandip
Published: June 2018

The value‐added method of Haberman is arguably one of the most popular methods to evaluate the quality of subscores. The method is based on the classical test theory and deems a subscore to be of added value if the subscore predicts the corresponding true subscore better than does the total score. Sinharay provided an interpretation of the added value of subscores in terms of scores and subscores on parallel forms. This article extends the results of Sinharay and considers the prediction of a subscore on a parallel form from both the subscore and the total raw score on the original form. The resulting predictor essentially becomes the augmented subscore suggested by Haberman. The proportional reduction in mean squared error of the resulting predictor is interpreted as a squared multiple correlation coefficient. The practical usefulness of the derived results is demonstrated using an operational data set.
Exploring the Influence of Range Restrictions on Connectivity in Sparse Assessment Networks: An Illustration and Exploration Within the Context of Classroom Observations
Authors: Wind Stefanie A. , Jones Eli
Published: June 2018

Range restrictions, or raters’ tendency to limit their ratings to a subset of available rating scale categories, are well documented in large‐scale teacher evaluation systems based on principal observations. When these restrictions occur, the ratings observed during operational teacher evaluations are limited to a subset of the available categories. However, range restrictions are less common within teacher performances that are used to establish links (anchor ratings) in otherwise disconnected assessment systems. As a result, principals’ category use may be different between anchor ratings and operational ratings. The purpose of this study is to explore the consequences of discrepancies in rating scale category use across operational and anchor ratings within the context of teacher evaluation systems based on principal observations. First, we used real data to illustrate the presence of range restriction in operational ratings, and the effect of this restriction on connectivity. Then, we used simulated data to explore these effects using experimental manipulation. Results suggested that discrepancies in range restriction between anchor and operational ratings do not systematically impact the precision of teacher, principal, and teaching practice estimates. We discuss the implications of these results in terms of research and practice for teacher evaluation systems.
A Top‐Down Approach to Designing the Computerized Adaptive Multistage Test
Authors: Luo Xiao , Kim Doyoung
Published: June 2018

The top‐down approach to designing a multistage test is relatively understudied in the literature and underused in research and practice. This study introduced a route‐based top‐down design approach that directly sets design parameters at the test level and utilizes the advanced automated test assembly algorithm seeking global optimality. The design process in this approach consists of five sub‐processes: (1) route mapping, (2) setting objectives, (3) setting constraints, (4) routing error control, and (5) test assembly. Results from a simulation study confirmed that the assembly, measurement and routing results of the top‐down design eclipsed those of the bottom‐up design. Additionally, the top‐down design approach provided unique insights into design decisions that could be used to refine the test. Regardless of these advantages, it is recommended applying both top‐down and bottom‐up approaches in a complementary manner in practice.
Parameter Invariance and Skill Attribute Continuity in the DINA Model
Authors: Bolt Daniel M. , Kim Jee‐Seon
Published: June 2018

Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) typically assume skill attributes with discrete (often binary) levels of skill mastery, making the existence of skill continuity an anticipated form of model misspecification. In this article, misspecification due to skill continuity is argued to be of particular concern for several CDM applications due to the lack of invariance it yields in CDM skill attribute metrics, or what in this article are viewed as the “thresholds” applied to continuous attributes in distinguishing masters from nonmasters. Using the deterministic input noisy and (DINA) model as an illustration, the effects observed in real data are found to be systematic, with higher thresholds for mastery tending to emerge in higher ability populations. The results are shown to have significant implications for applications of CDMs that rely heavily upon the parameter invariance properties of the models, including, for example, applications toward the measurement of growth and differential item functioning analyses.
Cetopsis varii, a new species of whale catfish (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae) from the Meta Basin, Colombia
Authors: Abrahão Vitor Pimenta , de Pinna Mario C. C.
Published: June 2018

Cetopsis varii sp. nov. Cetopsidae (Cetopsinae) is described from the Río Meta basin in eastern Colombia, at middle portions of the Río Orinoco basin. The new species differs from congeners by a combination of features: the absence of a humeral spot, presence of eye, conical teeth on vomer and dentary and rounded posterior nares, along with details of body, dorsal and caudal‐fin pigmentation. The osteology of the new species is investigated through high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography and cleared and stained specimens. Data thus obtained are used to code the new species for character states utilized in a previous phylogenetic analysis of Cetopsidae. Analysis of the expanded matrix shows that C. varii is the sister group to C. orinoco.
When Juveniles Commit Sexual Offenses: Considerations and Recommendations for Judges
Authors: Russell Kristan N. , Marsh Shawn C.
Published: June 2018

Considering sexual offenders’ impact on victims, families, and communities, one cannot understate the importance of utilizing evidence‐based dispositions with juvenile offenders adjudicated for sexual offenses. This proves difficult, however, as the body of literature regarding juvenile sexual offenders is complex and often misunderstood. Research on how juvenile sexual offenders experience – broadly construed – the juvenile justice process is particularly sparse. The research that is available about juvenile sexual offender treatment, recidivism, and outcomes in general tends to be mixed as to the best way to deal with this distinctly stigmatized population. Thus, the purpose of this review article is primarily educational in that we summarize the highlights of current research and thinking in regards to juvenile sexual offenders with which judges should be familiar, and subsequently offer practice recommendations. The ultimate goal in offering and applying these recommendations in juvenile court settings is to help alleviate potential collateral consequences, increase positive long‐term outcomes for juveniles, and increase public safety.
Platelet rich plasma for photodamaged skin: A pilot study
Authors: Lee Z‐Hye , Sinno Sammy , Poudrier Grace , Motosko Catherine C , Chiodo Michael , Saia Whitney , Gothard David , Thomson Jennifer E , Hazen Alexes
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Despite increasing popularity of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in treating aging facial skin, the quality of evidence supporting its use is poor due to the lack of consistent methods of its preparation and application.

Objective

This study was conducted to assess treatment efficacy and patient satisfaction with a single PRP treatment prepared with a simplified preparation and application technique.

Methods

Four millilitre of PRP were injected into 6 standardized points on each side of the face. Outcomes were assessed by independent physician evaluation of pretreatment and posttreatment photographs using the Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). In addition, patient‐reported outcomes were evaluated using the FACE‐Q.

Results

Thirty‐one participants ranging from 27 to 71 years of age (median, 38; IQR 32‐58) were recruited for this study. Posttreatment WSRS scores improved in only 1 patient; the GAIS scores of 14 patients indicated aesthetic improvement. Analysis of FACE‐Q scores revealed statistically significant increases in participant satisfaction with overall facial appearance and cheeks. The most frequently reported adverse effects were tenderness (23.4%; 7 of 31), facial tightness (20.0%; 6 of 31), and swelling (20.0%; 6 of 31).

Conclusions

A simple method of PRP preparation offers modest benefit in treating the effects of skin aging and photodamage. Future research studies should alter our methods using a stepwise approach to optimize the treatment of aging facial skin with PRP.
Prevention and Management of Cheek and/or Tongue Biting Related to Posterior Implant‐Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses (ISFDPs)
Authors: Afrashtehfar Kelvin I. , Belser Urs C.
Published: June 2018

After the loss of several adjacent posterior teeth, bone resorption occurs that can lead to a marked occlusal discrepancy between arches. This discrepancy may originate from the more pronounced resorption at the facial portion of the alveolar bone crest, often resulting in a more palatal implant position. Therefore, establishing normal overbite and cusp‐fossa relation may become difficult, namely causing inappropriate crown contours and emergence profiles. This manuscript describes a technique in which a different occlusal configuration is given to solve some problems that edge‐to‐edge occlusal configuration produces. For instance, patients may suffer from cheek and/or tongue biting after the delivery of a maxillary posterior implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis resulting in an edge‐to‐edge occlusal configuration. In instances of severe maxillary resorption in the posterior buccal zone, it is recommended to consider a distinct cross‐bite occlusion and by this prevent the well‐known discomfort and clinical signs associated with both an edge‐to‐edge interarch relationship or a so‐called “stretched” transversal overbite.
Use of (1→3)‐β‐d‐glucan for diagnosis and management of invasive mycoses in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Farhour Zahra , Mehraj Vikram , Chen Jun , Ramendra Rayoun , Lu Hongzhou , Routy Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2018

People living with HIV (PLHIV) are highly vulnerable to invasive fungal infections (IFIs) due to their immune dysfunction. Diagnosis and treatment of IFIs remain challenging due to the requirement of deep tissue sampling to visualise and culture fungi before initiating treatment. Such techniques are less practical in resource‐limited settings due to their cost and requirement of relatively invasive procedures. Hence, identification of surrogate markers for the early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of IFIs is required. Recent studies have shown that (1→3)‐β‐d‐glucan (BDG), a major fungal cell wall antigen, represents a promising soluble marker for the presumptive diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of IFIs in HIV‐infected patients. Herein, we review findings on the merits of BDG assays in the diagnosis of IFIs and monitoring of antifungal therapies for PLHIV. Conversely to other types of immunocompromised patients, HIV infection is associated with gut damage and subsequent bacterial and fungal translocation leading to elevated BDG plasma levels.
Gastrointestinal mucormycosis in apparently immunocompetent hosts—A review
Authors: Kaur Harsimran , Ghosh Anup , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M. , Chakrabarti Arunaloke
Published: June 2018

The diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) mucormycosis is always a challenge due to its non‐specific clinical presentations and often diagnosed at autopsy. Recently increased number ofGImucormycosis has been reported in immunocompetent hosts and during 1948 through 2017, 200 cases ofGImucormycosis are available in literature. We could review 176 cases where case details were available. Majority (50.6%) of the cases were reported from Asia. The disease is nearly equally recorded in adults and paediatric population. The infection commonly affected the intestine (64.2%) followed by stomach (33%). A significant improvement in antemortem diagnosis was noted since 2001.Rhizopusspecies were the predominant (67.5%) aetiological agents. Amphotericin B was the most commonly used drug (93.4%). Despite improvement of antemortem diagnosis and therapy, the mortality was 60.5% and 67.5% in adults and children respectively. Combined medical and surgical therapy (reported in 47.8% patients) had significantly better survival rate than those receiving either of them. Analysing the clinical presentations, we propose to suspectGImucormycosis in a malnourished/ dehydrated child (especially premature neonate) with history of exposure to broad‐spectrum antibiotics or formula/spoon feeding and presenting with mass in abdomen, abdominal distension or bilious vomiting; and an adult presenting with abdominal distension, fever orGIbleed with underlying risk factors for mucormycosis.
Microbiota‐gut‐brain axis: Interaction of gut microbes and their metabolites with host epithelial barriers
Authors: Bhattarai Y.
Published: June 2018

The gastrointestinal barrier and the blood brain barrier represent an important line of defense to protect the underlying structures against harmful external stimuli. These host barriers are composed of epithelial and endothelial cells interconnected by tight junction proteins along with several other supporting structures. Disruption in host barrier structures has therefore been implicated in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. While there are several factors that influence host barrier, recently there is an increasing appreciation of the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in regulating barrier integrity. In the current issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Marungruang et al. describe the effect of gastrointestinal barrier maturation on gut microbiota and the blood brain barrier adding to the growing evidence of microbiota‐barrier interactions. In this mini‐review I will discuss the effect of gut microbiota on host epithelial barriers and its implications for diseases associated with disrupted gut‐brain axis.
Recurrence of Giant Cell Tumor of the Spine after Resection: A Report of 10 Cases
Authors: Lin Peng , Lin Nong , Teng Wangsiyuan , Wang Sheng‐dong , Pan Wei‐bo , Huang Xin , Yan Xiao‐bo , Liu Meng , Li Heng‐yuan , Li Bing‐hao , Sun Ling‐ling , Wang Zhan , Zhou Xing‐zhi , Ye Zhao‐ming
Published: June 2018

Objective

To review the clinical details and further treatments for recurrent spinal giant cell tumors (SGCT), and to analyze the risk factors of recurrence and shed new light on the treatment options and prognosis of recurrent SGCT.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of recurrent SGCT between April 2003 and January 2014 was performed. A total of 10 patients comprising 3 men and 7 women with a mean age of 28.9 years (range, 21–40 years) were included in the study. All complete clinical data, radiographs, CT, MRI, scans and pathological data were reviewed. The tumor locations and the regions involved were evaluated by CT and MRI. The blood supply of the tumors was evaluated by enhanced CT and MRI. The mean follow‐up was 81.3 months (range, 35.7–172.1 months).

Results

All patients had Enneking stage 3 tumors; 9 (90%) of them had different extents of spinal canal involvement in the primary time period. All patients underwent intralesional resection during their first surgery. Only 1 patient received local adjuvant treatments; no patient underwent selective arterial embolization or used denosumab at that time. Only 1 patient underwent adjuvant radiotherapy postoperatively, and another patient used bisphosphonates. After recurrence, 1 patient was cured using denosumab, and 2 patients' disease was controlled through use of other medical treatments or adjuvant treatments. There were 3 repeated recurrences and 7 repeated surgical procedures were performed in 5 patients. There were 6 intralesional excisions and 1 decompression surgery. The mean relapse‐free time after the first surgery was 32.3 months (range, 10.5–62.6 months). The overall mean relapse‐free time was 40.2 months (range, 10.5–157 months). No distant metastasis was found in our series. At the final follow‐up, 4 patients were disease free, 3 patients' disease was under control, 2 has progressive disease aggravation, while 1 patient died as a result of progression of disease 133.9 months after first surgery.

Conclusion

Intralesional excision for recurrent spinal giant cell tumors is an effective option that may have satisfactory prognosis. However, the excision and the inactivation of the lesion should be carried out carefully and thoroughly without missing any corners. Early diagnosis of recurrence may be associated with better prognosis. Adjuvant treatments perioperatively and systemic medical treatments can decrease recurrence rates and can have therapeutic effects in the recurrent SGCT.
Review on Nonoccupational Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements
Authors: Schmalwieser Alois W. , Siani Anna Maria
Published: June 2018

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation follows people during their whole life. Exposure to UV radiation is vital but holds serious risks, too. The quantification of human UV exposure is a complex issue. UV exposure is directly related to incoming UV radiation as well as to a variety of factors such as the orientation of the exposed anatomical site with respect to the sun and the duration of exposure. The use of badge‐sensors allows assessing the UV exposure of differently oriented body sites. Such UV devices have been available for over 40 years, and a variety of measuring campaigns have been undertaken since then. This study provides an overview of those studies which reported measurements of the personal UV exposure (PE) during outdoor activities of people not related to their occupation. This overview is given chronologically to show the progress of knowledge in this research and is given with respect to different activities. Special focus is put on the ratio of personal exposure to ambient UV radiation. This ratio, when given as a function of solar elevation, allows estimating PE at any other location or date if ambient UV radiation is known.
Smoke screen: Estimating the tax pass‐through to cigarette prices in Pakistan
Authors: Cevik Serhan
Published: June 2018

This article estimates and compares the speed and magnitude of the tax pass‐through across major cigarette brands at different price points (budget, mainstream, and premium) in Pakistan by using a novel dataset of monthly observations on cigarette prices in 50 cities during the period 2004 to 2015. The empirical analysis indicates that the pass‐through of cigarette taxes to the final consumer price is fast but incomplete in Pakistan. The pass‐through coefficient is estimated to be in the range of 70 to over 90 percent across four major cigarette brands, and most of the pass‐through occurs contemporaneously within a period of 2 months. The results imply that a 1‐Pakistan rupee (PR) increase in taxation leads to an increase of PRs 0.8, on average, in cigarette prices. In other words, cigarette taxes are undershifted to consumers in Pakistan. With respect to the tax pass‐through at different price tiers (budget, mainstream, and premium), I find significant variation in the pass‐through coefficient, which is close to one for the premium cigarette brand and significantly lower for the budget and mainstream cigarette brands.
Understanding care in the past to develop caring science of the future: a historical methodological approach
Authors: Nyborg Vibeke N. , Hvalvik Sigrun , McCormack Brendan
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we explore how the development of historical research methodologies during the last centuries can contribute to more diverse and interdisciplinary research in future caring science, especially towards a care focus that is more person‐centred. The adding of a historical approach by professional historians to the theory of person‐centredness and person‐centred care can develop knowledge that enables a more holistic understanding of the patient and the development of the patient perspective from the past until today. Thus, the aim was to show how developments within historical methodology can help us to understand elements of care in the past to further develop caring science in future. Historical research methodologies have advocated a “history from below” perspective, and this has enabled the evolution of systematic approaches to historical research that can be explored and critically analysed. Linked with this, the development of a more social and cultural oriented understanding of historical research has enabled historians to explore and add knowledge from a broader societal perspective. By focusing on the life of ordinary people and taking social and cultural aspects into account when trying to reconstruct the past, we can get a deeper understanding of health, care and medical development. However, an interdisciplinary research focus on person‐centredness and person‐centred care that includes professional historians can be challenging. In this paper, we argue that a historical perspective is necessary to meet the challenges we face in future delivery of health care to all people, in all parts of society in an ever more global world.
Journalists–sources relationship in violent conflicts coverage: Shifting dynamics
Authors: Gonen Yonatan
Published: June 2018

News sources are a major part of news production in times of violent crisis and conflict. They can shape the context in which journalists see and frame the events. The relationship between journalists and their sources during conflicts has received extensive scholarly analysis over the last three decades. This paper addresses the characteristics of this relationship by discussing the power balance between the two sides and presenting a typology of traditional and new news sources used during conflict coverage. Two major trends are concluded: (1) The power dynamics between journalists and news sources during conflict and crisis times are changing and becoming more complex, as sources are more able to influence the news and the boundary between them and journalists are becoming more blurred in today's global digital media environment. (2) New faces and sources are included in news stories, such as terrorists, enemy leaders, and ordinary citizens, enriching the audience with alternative views on the conflict. Although both trends suggest a decrease of dependence on official sources, journalists still rely most on such sources, which maintain some of their control over news flow during conflict.
Karrabing: An Essay in Keywords
Authors: Lea Tess , Povinelli Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2018

Using forms of “improvisational realism,” the north Australian‐based Karrrabing Indigenous Film Collective mimics and plays with strategies of fabulation and faux realism to provoke audiences into new ways of understanding the multileveled worlds Indigenous families inhabit and think about. Successful as their filmography has been, Karrabing works nonetheless enter a culturally saturated visual contract that threatens to tip their productions back into a recognizable, morally responsible, set of resemblances. This visual or social contract is not of the Karrabing’s making but interpolates a response, which we explore here by way of keywords: ethnography/documentary, cultural maintenance, training, collaboration, and transparency.
Conventionalized politeness in Singapore Colloquial English
Authors: Stadler Stefanie
Published: June 2018

Politeness is a phenomenon that has received a great deal of attention, especially with reference to varieties of English. Although societal norms vary somewhat across cultural contexts, most varieties of English seem to show a preference for polite and face‐conscious routines and for indirect and somewhat circumlocutionary forms of speech. Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) has received rather little attention in terms of politeness research. This paper explores politeness in the Singaporean cultural context and found that, while conventionalized indirectness is practiced in Singapore Standard English, SCE shows a strong preference for a conventionalized lack of explicit politeness and for systematic conversational brevity.
SOIL CARBON TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: Austin Emily E.
Published: June 2018

Climate change is a wicked problem with causes and consequences overlapping with other wicked problems and no single solution (Hulme 2015). For example, the frequent droughts associated with climate change exacerbate another major problem facing humanity as we enter the Anthropocene: how to produce adequate food to feed a growing population without increasing pollution or “more food with low pollution (MoFoLoPo)” (Davidson et al. 2015). Soils represent an intersection of these two wicked problems, because they are integral to food production through agriculture and also are an important component of global climate models. Recent focus in the field of soil carbon cycling has facilitated a transformation in our understanding of the processes that control this important resource. This understanding is critical to responding to both wicked problems.
THE PHYSICALIZED MIND AND THE GUT‐BRAIN AXIS: TAKING MENTAL HEALTH OUT OF OUR HEADS
Authors: Bruce Lindsay , Ritchie Sarah Lane
Published: June 2018

As it becomes increasingly plausible that the mind–brain is explicable in naturalistic terms, science‐and‐religion scholars have the opportunity to engage creatively and proactively with facets of brain‐related research that better inform our understanding of human well‐being. That is, once mental health is recognized as being a whole‐body phenomenon, exciting theological conversations can take place. One fascinating area of research involves the “gut–brain axis,” or the interactive relationship between the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., gut bacteria), the central nervous system, and mental health. A growing body of literature explores the immensely significant interactions between the gut microbiome and mental health issues involving depression, anxiety, gene expression, and stress responses. One's mental health does not occur in a disembodied state, but in a complex physical environment that is strongly influenced by environmental factors, many of which we can control. This article argues that science‐and‐religion can welcome scientific research in this area, creatively incorporating such insights into a theology of mental health and physical well‐being.
CLIMATE CHANGE AT HIGH LATITUDES: AN ILLUMINATING EXAMPLE
Authors: Pickart Robert S.
Published: June 2018

A striking example is presented of a newly observed phenomenon in the ice‐covered Arctic Ocean that appears to be a consequence of changes in the physical forcing. In summer 2011, a massive phytoplankton bloom was observed north of the Bering Strait, between Russia and the United States, underneath pack ice that was a meter thick—in conditions previously thought to be inconducive for harboring such blooms. It is demonstrated that the changing ice cover, in concert with the resulting heat exchange between the atmosphere and ocean, likely led to this paradigm shift at the base of the food chain by altering the supply of nutrients and sunlight. Such early‐season under‐ice blooms have the potential to profoundly alter the Arctic food web.
ECO‐ANXIETY, TRAGEDY, AND HOPE: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL DIMENSIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Authors: Pihkala Panu
Published: June 2018

This article addresses the problem of “eco‐anxiety” by integrating results from numerous fields of inquiry. Although climate change may cause direct psychological and existential impacts, vast numbers of people already experience indirect impacts in the form of depression, socio‐ethical paralysis, and loss of well‐being. This is not always evident, because people have developed psychological and social defenses in response, including “socially constructed silence.” I argue that this situation causes the need to frame climate change narratives as emphasizing hope in the midst of tragedy. Framing the situation simply as a threat or a possibility does not work. Religious communities and the use of methods which include spirituality have an important role in enabling people to process their deep emotions and existential questions. I draw also from my experiences from Finland in enabling cooperation between natural scientists and theologians in order to address climate issues.
MENTAL WELL‐BEING, NEUROSCIENCE, AND RELIGION: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE SCIENCE AND RELIGION FORUM
Authors: Straine Gillian K. , Harris Mark
Published: June 2018

The Science and Religion Forum (SRF) seeks to be the premier organization promoting the discussion between science and religion in the United Kingdom. Each year, the SRF holds a conference tackling a topical issue, and in 2017 focused on mental well‐being, neuroscience, and religion. This article introduces the thematic section which is made up of five papers from that conference. As a new field within the science and religion academy, these articles are both wide‐ranging and detailed. This introductory article locates this section within the academy and argues that its place is not only valid but vital, given the increase of mental health problems and the need for medicine, church, and society to answer this problem and present ways to help.
THE CHURCH AND MENTAL HEALTH: THEOLOGICAL AND PRACTICAL RESPONSES
Authors: Ryan Ben
Published: June 2018

Over the past few years, the number of Christian projects and charities working in the mental health sector in the United Kingdom has increased dramatically. At the same time, scientific and medical understandings of mental health have been advancing rapidly. These parallel trends beg a serious question: is the Christian Church's response to mental health authentically engaging with a changing scientific picture? Are theological questions like responsibility, sin, redemption, and reconciliation taking account of a changing landscape? This is not a theoretical question, but has major practical consequences for developing practical pastoral responses.
Helium plasma modification of Si and Si3N4 thin films for advanced etch processes
Authors: Martirosyan Vahagn , Despiau-Pujo Emilie , Dubois Jerome , Cunge Gilles , Joubert Olivier
Published: June 2018

To achieve the etching of silicon nitride spacers with a perfect anisotropy and an almost infinite selectivity, an alternative method consisting of two sequential steps—surface modification in hydrogen or helium plasma followed by the selective removal of modified layers in wet solutions or by exposure to gaseous reactants—was recently proposed. In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of low-energy (5–250 eV) He+ bombardment on c-Si and amorphous Si3N4 surfaces are performed to understand all mechanisms driving the light ion implantation in this process. The modification of the Si and Si3N4 substrates with the ion dose is investigated, as well as their structure and composition at steady state. Simulations show a self-limited ion implantation with a surface evolution composed of two stages: a rapid volume transformation (with almost no sputtering) followed by a slow saturation and the formation of a stable He-implanted layer at steady state. The mechanisms of ion-induced damage (Si-Si or Si-N bond breaking, He trapping) induce the creation of a less dense modified layer, full of He-filled cavities and containing weaker bonds, which can facilitate its subsequent removal in a second step. The impact of the ion energy on the modified thickness and sputtering is studied. Finally, a comparison between MD and experiments performed on Si3N4 substrates is reported, showing a both qualitative and quantitative agreement.
Tuning a musical instrument with vibrato system: A mathematical framework to study mechanics and acoustics and to calculate optimal tuning strategies
Authors: Hebenstreit D.
Published: June 2018

String instruments such as electric guitars are often equipped with a vibrato system, which allows varying the pitch of all strings as a musical effect. It is usually based on a mobile bridge that is kept in balance by the strings and a coiled spring. Tuning such an instrument is complex, since adjusting the tension on one string will alter all other strings' tensions. In practice, a heuristic method is used where all strings are repeatedly tuned to the desired pitch, which appears to reliably yield correct pitches after a while. It is unclear why this method works; an analysis is lacking. This paper presents a mathematical model to study this subject in detail; the model captures the underlying mechanics and acoustics and can be used to simulate a typical tuning process. The paper then verifies the model with experimental data and shows that the model permits calculation of optimal tuning strategies that use the least number of adjustment steps.
Bigger and better in Tex’s
Authors: Joshi Sunil , Pillai Asha
Published: June 2018

High-dimensional profiling defines novel metrics of T cell exhaustion in HIV and cancer.
Glycerol monolaurate induces filopodia formation by disrupting the association between LAT and SLP-76 microclusters
Authors: Zhang Michael S. , Tran Phuong M. , Wolff Alexander J. , Tremblay Mikaela M. , Fosdick Micaela G. , Houtman Jon C. D.
Published: June 2018

The actin cytoskeletal rearrangements required for T cell activation are disrupted by the monoglyceride GML.