bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical modelling of Halbach linear generator incorporating pole shifting and piece-wise spring for ocean wave energy harvesting
Authors: Tan Yimin , Lin Kejian , Zu Jean W.
Published: December 2017

Halbach permanent magnet (PM) array has attracted tremendous research attention in the development of electromagnetic generators for its unique properties. This paper has proposed a generalized analytical model for linear generators. The slotted stator pole-shifting and implementation of Halbach array have been combined for the first time. Initially, the magnetization components of the Halbach array have been determined using Fourier decomposition. Then, based on the magnetic scalar potential method, the magnetic field distribution has been derived employing specially treated boundary conditions. FEM analysis has been conducted to verify the analytical model. A slotted linear PM generator with Halbach PM has been constructed to validate the model and further improved using piece-wise springs to trigger full range reciprocating motion. A dynamic model has been developed to characterize the dynamic behavior of the slider. This analytical method provides an effective tool in development and optimization of Halbach PM generator. The experimental results indicate that piece-wise springs can be employed to improve generator performance under low excitation frequency.
Room-temperature ferromagnetic transitions and the temperature dependence of magnetic behaviors in FeCoNiCr-based high-entropy alloys
Authors: Na Suok-Min , Yoo Jin-Hyeong , Lambert Paul K. , Jones Nicholas J.
Published: December 2017

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) containing multiple principle alloying elements exhibit unique properties so they are currently receiving great attention for developing innovative alloy designs. In FeCoNi-based HEAs, magnetic behaviors strongly depend on the addition of alloying elements, usually accompanied by structural changes. In this work, the effect of non-magnetic components on the ferromagnetic transition and magnetic behaviors in equiatomic FeCoNiCrX (X=Al, Ga, Mn and Sn) HEAs was investigated. Alloy ingots of nominal compositions of HEAs were prepared by arc melting and the button ingots were cut into discs for magnetic measurements as functions of magnetic field and temperature. The HEAs of FeCoNiCrMn and FeCoNiCrSn show typical paramagnetic behaviors, composed of solid solution FCC matrix, while the additions of Ga and Al in FeCoNiCr exhibit ferromagnetic behaviors, along with the coexistence of FCC and BCC phases due to spinodal decomposition. The partial phase transition in both HEAs with the additions of Ga and Al would enhance ferromagnetic properties due to the addition of the BCC phase. The saturation magnetization for the base alloy FeCoNiCr is 0.5 emu/g at the applied field of 20 kOe (TC = 104 K). For the HEAs of FeCoNiCrGa and FeCoNiCrAl, the saturation magnetization significantly increased to 38 emu/g (TC = 703 K) and 25 emu/g (TC = 277 K), respectively. To evaluate the possibility of solid solution FCC and BCC phases in FeCoNiCr-type HEAs, we introduced a parameter of valence electron concentration (VEC). The proposed rule for solid solution formation by the VEC was matched with FeCoNiCr-type HEAs.
Magnetic and transport properties of Ba and Co co-doped SrRuO3
Authors: Qi Chao , Bai Gang , Xu Jingbo , Xie Qiyun , Wu Xiaoshan
Published: December 2017

The microstructure and electro-magnetic properties of simultaneous Ba doping for Sr and Co doping for Ru in SrRuO3 have been carefully investigated. All the doped samples exhibit the same orthorhombic Pnma structure as the pure bulk SrRuO3, although introducing some local structural modifications due to the ionic radius mismatch at Sr/Ru-site. A maximum of 2.2% negative magnetoresistance and much suppressed Curie temperature are found for the most insulating Ba and Co co-doped Sr0.88Ba0.12Ru0.88Co0.12O3 sample. The substitution induced A-site disorder, B-site ion dilution, structural distortion and the intrinsic nature of cobalt ion etc. are jointly considered to explain the observed interesting phenomena.
In-droplet microparticle separation using travelling surface acoustic wave
Authors: Park Kwangseok , Park Jinsoo , Jung Jin Ho , Destgeer Ghulam , Ahmed Husnain , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: December 2017

Droplets in microfluidic systems can contain microscale objects such as cells and microparticles. The control of the positions of microscale objects within a microchannel is crucial for practical applications in not only continuous-flow-based but also droplet-based systems. This paper proposes an active method for the separation of microparticles inside moving droplets which uses travelling surface acoustic waves (TSAWs). We demonstrate the preconcentration and separation of 5 and 10 μm polystyrene microparticles in moving water-in-oil droplets through the application of TSAWs with two different frequencies. The microparticles inside the droplets are affected by the acoustic radiation force induced by the TSAWs to move laterally in the direction of the TSAW propagation and are thereby separated according to their size. In-droplet separation is then demonstrated through droplet splitting at a Y-junction. Compared to our previous studies, this acoustic approach offers the label-free and on-demand separation of different-sized micro-objects in moving droplets. The present method has potential uses such as in-droplet sample purification and enrichment.
Interlocking corporate networks in civil society
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores contributions from three organizations that occupy the terrain somewhere between corporations and civil society; the Institute of Ideas/Spiked, the Democracy Institute, and the Institute of Economic Affairs. These groups engage in science-related debates on addiction. They play an active role in creating doubt about the public health consequences or public health solutions to the problems associated with alcohol, food, and gambling. Such organization can be seen to take an increasingly proactive role within policy debates around public health regulation. Whether or not these activities are part of a deliberate corporate strategy or a consequence of third-party lobbying activity is unclear. This chapter argues that to understand the exercise of corporate power, researchers must go beyond traditional units of analysis and consider the contributions and motivations of opaque organizations.
The creative work of large ensembles
Authors: Cottrell Stephen
Published: December 2017

Preparing large ensembles for performance involves musical, social, logistical and financial challenges of a kind seldom encountered in other forms of collective music-making. The conventional approach to meeting the challenges that arise during rehearsal is to appoint a single musical overseer, usually a conductor, whose ostensible role in musical preparation is to directly influence the musicians while working towards the creation of a musical product to be delivered in later performances. Rehearsal leadership, viewed from this perspective, moves predominantly in one direction, from conductor to ensemble. But such a perspective oversimplifies the conductor’s relationship with the ensemble, the relationships between the musicians, and the strategies that the latter must employ when working in large ensembles. Conceptualizing the ensemble as a complex system of interrelated components, where leadership and creative agency are distributed and developed through rehearsal to achieve what audiences assume to be a unified whole, yields new understanding of the work of large ensembles. This chapter examines these components of the creative process in orchestral and choral rehearsal and performance, the internal and external forces shaping and constraining that process, and the approaches that individual musicians and conductors could adopt in response to the changing contexts in which such creativity might be manifested.
Dialogue and beyond
Authors: King Elaine , Gritten Anthony
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the nature of dialogue in ensemble music performance, interrogating the ways in which ‘communication’ and ‘interaction’ occur in the context of rehearsal and live performance of western art music. An expanded conceptual model is proposed in which the epistemic difference between rehearsal and performance is characterized by a paradigm shift from communication (which we define as a one-way process of dialogue, illustrated by turn-taking) to interaction (a two-way process of dialogue, illustrated by reciprocity). The authors argue that interaction draws upon an embodied physical knowledge that is predominantly gestural and corporeal, alongside which (verbal) communication is one small contributory component. Finally, they claim that it is more propitious to understand the central role of embodied knowledge in ensemble performance in terms of interaction rather than communication.
Recent development of Ori-Finder system and DoriC database for microbial replication origins
Authors: Luo Hao , Quan Chun-Lan , Peng Chong , Gao Feng
Published: December 2017

DNA replication begins at replication origins in all three domains of life. Identification and characterization of replication origins are important not only in providing insights into the structure and function of the replication origins but also in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of the initiation step in DNA replication. The Z-curve method has been used in the identification of replication origins in archaeal genomes successfully since 2002. Furthermore, the Web servers of Ori-Finder and Ori-Finder 2 have been developed to predict replication origins in both bacterial and archaeal genomes based on the Z-curve method, and the replication origins with manual curation have been collected into an online database, DoriC. Ori-Finder system and DoriC database are currently used in the research field of DNA replication origins in prokaryotes, including: (i) identification of oriC regions in bacterial and archaeal genomes; (ii) discovery and analysis of the conserved sequences within oriC regions; and (iii) strand-biased analysis of bacterial genomes.

Up to now, more and more predicted results by Ori-Finder system were supported by subsequent experiments, and Ori-Finder system has been used to identify the replication origins in > 100 newly sequenced prokaryotes in their genome reports. In addition, the data in DoriC database have been widely used in the large-scale analyses of replication origins and strand bias in prokaryotic genomes. Here, we review the development of Ori-Finder system and DoriC database as well as their applications. Some future directions and aspects for extending the application of Ori-Finder and DoriC are also presented.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor: Aligning Thalamic and Posterior Subthalamic Targets in 1 Surgical Trajectory
Authors: Bot Maarten , van Rootselaar Fleur , Contarino Maria Fiorella , Odekerken Vincent , Dijk Joke , de Bie Rob , Schuurman Richard , van den Munckhof Pepijn
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) deep brain stimulation (DBS) and posterior subthalamic area (PSA) DBS suppress tremor in essential tremor (ET) patients, but it is not clear which target is optimal. Aligning both targets in 1 surgical trajectory would facilitate exploring stimulation of either target in a single patient.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate aligning VIM and PSA in 1 surgical trajectory for DBS in ET.

METHODS

Technical aspects of trajectories, intraoperative stimulation findings, final electrode placement, target used for chronic stimulation, and adverse and beneficial effects were evaluated.

RESULTS

In 17 patients representing 33 trajectories, we successfully aligned VIM and PSA targets in 26 trajectories. Trajectory distance between targets averaged 7.2 (range 6-10) mm. In all but 4 aligned trajectories, optimal intraoperative tremor suppression was obtained in the PSA. During follow-up, active electrode contacts were located in PSA in the majority of cases. Overall, successful tremor control was achieved in 69% of patients. Stimulation-induced dysarthria or gait ataxia occurred in, respectively, 56% and 44% of patients. Neither difference in tremor suppression or side effects was noted between aligned and nonaligned leads nor between the different locations of chronic stimulation.

CONCLUSION

Alignment of VIM and PSA for DBS in ET is feasible and enables intraoperative exploration of both targets in 1 trajectory. This facilitates positioning of electrode contacts in both areas, where multiple effective points of stimulation can be found. In the majority of aligned leads, optimal intraoperative and chronic stimulation were located in the PSA.
Introduction
Authors: Song Weijie
Published: December 2017

This chapter contextualizes and theoreticizes the literary topography of space and emotion, the (de)formation of modern subjectivity, individual desire and collective consciousness, political conflicts and historical violence, as well as nationalist sentiments and cultural memories centering around Beijing, the ancient capital and modern city, which has framed the material infrastructures, human conditions, mental images, political regimes, cultural identities, and literary imaginations from the late Imperial and Republican periods to the Cold War era and after. I consider five modes of creating a city-text that fashion Beijing: (1) a warped hometown, (2) a city of snapshots and manners, (3) an aesthetic city, (4) an imperial capital in comparative and cross-cultural perspective, and (5) a displaced and relocated city on the Sinophone and diasporic postmemory. Each method of imagining Beijing provides a unique entry point into the nexus of urban settings, archives of emotions, and strategies of literary mappings in Beijing’s journey from imperial capital to socialist city.
American Exceptionalism in Community Supervision
Authors: Rhine Edward E. , Taxman Faye S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores whether the concept of American exceptionalism applies to the discourse and conduct of community supervision in its main variant—probation—when comparing the United States with Europe. Community supervision in the United States does not serve merely as a stand-alone punishment. It functions frequently as a much-less-acknowledged “front door” to incarceration due to failures in its conduct. It is often used after incarceration terms or as an “elastic frame” in which additional punishments—such as economic sanctions, liberty restrictions, and coerced treatment—can be levied. This chapter's approach is to compare US and European probation through the use of five indicia, or “markers,” to gauge the penal scope and shape of probation. The markers provide criteria to assess the liberty restrictions imposed on offenders.
American Exceptionalism in Parole Release and Supervision
Authors: van Zyl Smit Dirk , Corda Alessandro
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on American exceptionalism in parole release and supervision. It first establishes a clear understanding of what is meant by granting parole and parole supervision in the United States and Europe within the respective sentencing schemes and then gives a comparative statistical picture. The chapter then considers the history of parole on both sides of the Atlantic, before examining and comparing current policies in the United States and Europe in more detail. The principal finding is that European parole, unlike its American counterparts, is dominated by a discourse that stresses and highlights human dignity and procedural justice rather than public safety. In the American discourse, by contrast, there is less emphasis on the rights of parolees. Parole decision-making and supervision are mainly shaped by risk aversion. To conclude, this chapter reflects on whether European ideals for parole may take root in the United States.
Team Creativity
Authors: Harms Mackenzie , Kennel Victoria , Reiter-Palmon Roni
Published: December 2017

Creative cognition is a critical aspect of creative problem solving for both teams and individuals, but the cognitive processes underlying creativity have received more attention at the individual than the team level. This chapter focuses on early- and late-stage cognitive processes that have currently received less attention in the team creativity literature: problem construction and idea evaluation and selection. Problem construction aims to clarify problem ambiguity through restating and redefining a problem and identifying goals and parameters for consideration prior to solution generation. Idea evaluation and selection occurs after idea generation and refers to the evaluation of ideas with respect to specific standards, goals, or ideals, and the selection of ideas for pursuit in implementation. Additional research for team problem construction and team idea evaluation and selection is proposed.
Diet and Nutrition
Authors: McCullough Marjorie L. , Willett Walter C.
Published: December 2017

The formal study of diet, nutrition and cancer is still relatively young, with most epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) having occurred in the last twenty to thirty years. Despite methodological challenges of studying diet and cancer in free-living populations, there is scientific consensus that overweight and obesity increase the risk of certain cancers and growing evidence that dietary patterns rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains and low in red and processed meat are associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer and total cancer mortality. Although it is more difficult to isolate the specific components of diet that affect risk, several key factors appear to play a role. Dietary composition appears to operate by both affecting energy intake and also independent of energy intake. Despite extensive research, evidence does not support an important impact of the macronutrient composition of diet on cancer risk.
Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Kitahara Cari M. , Schneider Arthur B. , Brenner Alina V.
Published: December 2017

Thyroid cancer, once considered relatively uncommon in the general population, is now the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, and the third most common cancer among women under 45 years of age. The incidence is substantially higher in women than men (3:1 ratio); this differential is highest between ages 15 and 39 and declines with age. Nearly all thyroid cancers derive from the follicular epithelium, and the most common histological type is papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing in many countries since the early 1980s. This trend appears to be attributable to a combination of diagnostic changes, improvements in the detection and diagnosis of smaller PTCs, and changes in the prevalence of environmental factors. While less common, the incidence of larger, more advanced-stage PTCs has increased at a similar rate to that of smaller PTCs.
Breast Cancer
Authors: Brinton Louise A. , Gaudet Mia M. , Gierach Gretchen L.
Published: December 2017

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with annual estimates of 1.7 million newly diagnosed cases and 522,000 deaths. Although more breast cancers are diagnosed in economically developed than in developing countries, the reverse is true for mortality, reflecting limited screening and less effective treatments in the latter. Breast cancer incidence has been on the rise in the United States for many years, but in recent years this is restricted to certain subgroups, while internationally there have been continued generalized increases, likely reflecting adoption of more Westernized lifestyles. Breast cancer is widely recognized as being hormonally influenced, with most of the established risk factors believed to reflect the influence of cumulative exposure of the breast to stimulatory effects of ovarian hormones—leading to increased cellular proliferation, which in turn can result in genetic errors during cell division.
Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Tworoger Shelley S. , Shafrir Amy L. , Hankinson Susan E.
Published: December 2017

Worldwide, ovarian cancer is the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer and the eighth most common cause of death from cancer. In 2012, 239,000 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 152,000 women died of the disease worldwide. In the United States in 2015, an estimated 21,290 women were newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 14,180 died from the disease. Both incidence and mortality have decreased over time in the United States, with a 1.6% and 2.1% annual decrease, respectively, from 2003 to 2012. Ovarian cancers can arise from epithelial, germ, or stromal cells, although about 90% are epithelial in origin. Risk factors best confirmed to increase risk of ovarian cancer include age and a family history of ovarian cancer, while parity, oral contraceptive use, and tubal ligation decrease risk. Several etiologic pathways, including hormonal and inflammatory pathways, have garnered substantial support from both epidemiologic and laboratory studies, although many questions remain.
A Good Life on a Finite Earth
Authors: Fiorino Daniel J.
Published: December 2017

Green growth is the idea that a society’s ecological and economic goals can be pursued as a mutually reinforcing, positive sum. It accepts that economies increase in scale and efficiency, but that economic growth may occur in less harmful ways ecologically through the use of new policies, patterns of investment, technology innovation, and behavioral change. The ultimate goal is a green economic transition, in which ecological objectives and policies are effectively integrated with many others—energy, transportation, manufacturing, and infrastructure, to name a few—and all sectors of society work more collaboratively to maximize opportunities for positive-sum solutions. The concept of green growth offers a means of reframing ecology–economy relationships and defining a pragmatic framework for making and implementing policy choices. The feasibility of and capacity for green growth depends on three sets of factors: understanding ways of linking ecological and economic goals; having governance capacities for ecological protection and policy integration; and creating the social conditions for acting collectively and valuing ecological public goods. Political systems vary in their ability to meet these conditions. For the United States, which exhibits both advantages and disadvantages in the pursuit of a green growth path, the challenge is to achieve the political conditions for promoting change. Principal among these conditions are to build a political coalition in support of a green economic transition, implement institutional reforms that enhance democracy, reduce economic inequality, and stress global action and interdependency.
Curtain of Lies
Authors: Feinberg Melissa
Published: December 2017

Curtain of Lies examines the role of truth in the political culture of the Cold War by looking at Eastern Europe during the period from 1948–1956. It examines how actors on both sides of the Iron Curtain tried to delineate the “truth” of Eastern Europe and how this worked to set the parameters of knowledge about the region. Eastern Europe’s Communist governments, under the guidance of the Soviet Union, tried to convince their citizens that the West was the land of imperialist warmongers and that Communism would bring a glorious future to the region. Their propaganda efforts were challenged by competing discourses emanating from the West, which claimed that Eastern Europe was a totalitarian land of captive slaves, powerless in the face of Soviet aggression. Curtain of Lies investigates the ways that ordinary East Europeans were affected by and contributed to these two ways of thinking about their homelands, concentrating on the interactions between refugees who illegally fled Eastern Europe in the early 1950s and American-sponsored radio stations that broadcast across the Iron Curtain. These broadcasters interviewed refugees as sources of knowledge about life under Communist rule. Careful analysis of these interviews shows, however, that the meanings East European émigrés gave to their own experiences could be influenced by what they had heard on Western broadcasts. Broadcasters and their listeners (who also served as their sources) mutually reinforced their own assumptions about the meaning of Communism, helping to create the evidentiary foundation for totalitarian interpretations of Communist rule in Eastern Europe.
The Uses and Abuses of Narrative for Life
Authors: Meretoja Hanna
Published: December 2017

Chapter 4 tests hermeneutic narrative ethics as a lens for analyzing the (ab)uses of narrative for life in Julia Franck’s Die Mittagsfrau (2007, The Blind Side of the Heart), exploring how narrative practices expand and diminish the space of possibilities in which moral agents act and suffer. It demonstrates how narrative “in-betweens” bind people together, through dialogic narrative imagination, and can promote exclusion that amounts to annihilation. It addresses the necessity of storytelling for survival, and a transgenerational culture of silence that leads to the repetition of harmful emotional-behavioral patterns. It explores the continuum from being able to tell one’s own stories to violently imposed narrative identities and suggests that moral agency requires a minimum narrative sense of oneself as a being worthy and capable of goodness. The chapter argues that the ethical evaluation of narrative practices must be contextual—sensitive to how they function in particular sociohistorical worlds.
Transforming the Narrative In-Between
Authors: Meretoja Hanna
Published: December 2017

Chapter 7 explores the ethical potential of dialogic storytelling, in dialogue with David Grossman’s To the End of the Land (2008) and Falling Out of Time (2011). It analyzes how storytelling animated by an ethos of dialogue—involving receptivity, responsivity, and openness—functions as a mode of non-subsumptive understanding, whereas subsumptive narratives, examined here against the backdrop of the Israel-Palestine conflict, tend to reinforce harmful cultural stereotyping. In relation to theories of the dialogical self and Bracha Ettinger’s and Judith Butler’s work on trans-subjectivity and vulnerability, the chapter contributes to an ethics of relationality that articulates the primacy of the dialogic space with respect to individual subjects, our implicatedness in violent histories, our fundamental dependency on one another, as beings capable of and vulnerable to violence, and the potential of dialogic storytelling to create trans-subjective narrative in-betweens that make possible new modes of experience and transformative, agency-enhancing encounter-events.
Fighting for Respect
Authors: Faull Andrew
Published: December 2017

This chapter analyzses the discourses and practices in South African police stations on violence and authority, particularly during the months following a police massacre of striking platinum miners at Marikana. Police officers who were not present at the shooting instinctively defended their colleagues from external criticism. This chapter suggests that members of the South African Police Service believe that the use
of violent force in the performance of their duties is necessary to gain the respect of the communities they serve, which is also linked to constructions of masculinity.
Moral Parenthood
Authors: Millum Joseph
Published: December 2017

Most people believe that parents have moral rights and responsibilities regarding their children. These rights and responsibilities undergird the nuclear family and are essential to the flourishing of its members. However, their basis and contents are hotly contested. Do a child’s genetic parents have a right to parent her? Many people’s gut responses affirm the importance of genetic ties, but the moral justification for tying parental rights to genetics is unclear. Parents are permitted to make far-reaching decisions about their children’s medical care, education, religious practice, and discipline. When can parental rights be limited by the interests of the child or of society? Matters are no more settled regarding parental responsibilities. A man who conceives a child through voluntary sexual intercourse is commonly thought to acquire parental responsibilities, even if he took every precaution against conception. Yet sperm donors are widely thought to have no responsibilities toward their progeny. What underlies these disparate judgments? Parents are expected to do a lot for their children. But there are surely limits. Sometimes parents must balance the needs of multiple family members or just want time for themselves. What is the extent of parental responsibilities? This book provides a philosophical account of the foundations of moral parenthood. It explains how parental rights and responsibilities are acquired, what those rights and responsibilities consist in, and how parents should make decisions for their children. In doing so, it provides a set of frameworks to help solve pressing ethical dilemmas relating to parents and children.
Cowboy Christians
Authors: Dallam Marie W.
Published: December 2017

This book examines the long history of cowboy Christians in the American West, including the cowboy church movement of the present day and closely related ministries in racetrack and rodeo settings. Early chapters move from the postbellum period through the twentieth century, tracing religious life among cowboys on the range as well as projected in popular imagery and the media. The central chapters focus on the modern cowboy church and examine its structure, theology, and method of perpetuation, as well as exploring future challenges the institution may face, such as its relegation of women to subordinate participant roles. The final chapter considers present-day incarnations of rodeo and racetrack ministries as examples of the cowboy Christian proclivity for blending the secular and the sacred in leisure environments. Woven throughout the text is a discussion of the religious significance of the cowboy church movement, particularly relative to twenty-first century evangelical Protestantism. The author demonstrates that its antecedents and influences include muscular Christianity, the Jesus movement, and new paradigm church methodology. With interdisciplinary research that blends history and sociology, the text draws on interviews with leaders from cowboy churches, traveling rodeo ministries, and chaplains who serve horse racing and bull riding environments, as well as incorporating the author’s own experiences as a participant observer.
India Turns East
Authors: Grare Frédéric
Published: December 2017

India Turns East tells the story of India’s long and difficult journey to reclaim its status in a rapidly changed environment increasingly shaped by the US-China rivalry and the uncertainties of US commitment to Asia’s security. The so-called Look East Policy initially aimed at reconnecting India with Asia’s economic globalization. As China becomes more assertive, Look East has rapidly evolved into a comprehensive strategy with political and military dimensions which, together with favourable circumstances, have gradually allowed for a closer relationship with the United States. But the book argues that despite this rapprochement, the congruence of Indian and US objectives regarding China is not absolute. The two countries share similar concerns, but differ about the role China should play in the emerging regional architecture. Moreover, though bilateral US policies are usually perceived positively in New Delhi, paradoxically, the multilateral dimension of the US Rebalance to Asia policy sometimes pushes New Delhi closer to Beijing’s positions than to Washington’s. The asymmetry of power between the United States and India and their geographic separation make the persistence of significant divergences inevitable. The challenge for India is to reinvent the concept of strategic autonomy — defined as a position allowing India to leverage US capacities while avoiding being drawn into a zero-sum game between the US and China — but it will ultimately be able to do so only if it does make itself more attractive. Economic reforms are a key to India relationships with both the US and China.
Inflectional classes and containment
Authors: Brown Dunstan
Published: December 2017

Inflectional classes are an instance of autonomous morphology, where expression in form cross-cuts syntactically relevant distinctions. However, most analyses assume some kind of ‘containment’, where choice of inflectional allomorphs is largely restricted to a part of speech. In default inheritance accounts of morphology higher defaults are assumed to correspond to recognizable parts of speech. Data from Archi and Noon indicate that violations of containment are not so implausible, but even here there is a role for principles, such as Network Morphology’s ‘morphological projection’, or Spencer’s ‘morpholexically coherent lexicon’, that entail a relationship between parts of speech and default morphological classes.
French pronouns in cognition
Authors: Hudson Richard
Published: December 2017

This chapter applies a cognitive theory of language—Word Grammar—to the analysis of French pronoun clitics, with default inheritance as the underlying logic. It outlines the relevant cognitive apparatus that seems to be available in general cognition, then shows in general terms how this apparatus supports autonomous morphology, default morphology, and the treatment of clitics as words realized by affixes. It then turns to French pronouns, with separate formal network analyses for enclitics, proclitics, and clitic-climbing to auxiliaries (arguing that other kinds of clitic-climbing are syntactic rather than morphosyntactic).
‘Defaults’ and morphological structure
Authors: Anderson Stephen R.
Published: December 2017

While the other chapters are primarily concerned with the question of how default notions in morphological structure should be expressed, this chapter takes a somewhat different approach, attempting to characterize the notion of morphological ‘default’ from the other direction by investigating the range of phenomena in morphology that deviate from the default and thereby introduce structural complexity. This chapter argues that morphological complexity, the focus of much recent attention, is in fact simply the opposite side of the coin from structural defaults. Accordingly, if we want to understand defaults, we have to study their opposite sides, the sorts of complexity that characterize the morphologies of particular languages.
Gettier Cases
Authors: Blouw Peter , Buckwalter Wesley , Turri John
Published: December 2017

The term ‘Gettier case’ is a technical term frequently applied to a wide array of thought experiments in contemporary epistemology. What do these cases have in common? It is said that they all involve a justified true belief which, intuitively, is not knowledge, due to a form of luck called ‘gettiering.’ While this very broad characterization suffices for some purposes, it masks radical diversity. We argue that the extent of this diversity merits abandoning the notion of a ‘Gettier case’ in favor of more finely grained terminology. We propose such terminology, and use it to effectively sort the myriad Gettier cases from the theoretical literature in a way that charts deep fault lines in ordinary judgments about knowledge.
Renewing our Understanding of Religion
Authors: Wynn Mark
Published: December 2017

This chapter argues that a renewed understanding of religion can contribute to a renewal in the philosophy of religion. In pursuing this line of argument, it is useful to retrieve an older conception of religion, which has receded from view in recent discussion. On this conception, religious commitment is not fundamentally a matter of belief, from which various practices then flow, nor fundamentally a matter of practice, from which various creedal commitments then flow. Instead it is an amalgam of belief and practice, of the kind that is required for the pursuit of distinctively spiritual goods. A philosophy of religion that is rooted in this conception of religion can deepen our appreciation of religion’s role in the wider economy of human life, and help us to identify new varieties of spiritual good, so contributing, potentially, to the development of new forms of religious and spiritual practice.
Money and Flows of Coinage in the Red Sea Trade
Authors: Nappo Dario
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the financial scale of Indo-Roman trade via the Red Sea, comparing the large sums mentioned by Pliny with the evidence of customs dues, ostraca from the Red Sea port of Berenike, and hoards of Roman coins found in India. Analysis of the finds of Roman coins in India by value rather than number over time suggests that, contrary to prevailing opinion, there was not a major diminution in the value of the trade after the reign of Tiberius. Although there was apparently some decline in the Flavian period, the face value of coin finds recovers in the second century until the reign of Antoninus Pius. Coins for export to India were specially selected for their higher precious metal content, and older issues with a higher silver content continued to be exported to India long after they had largely ceased to circulate within the Roman Mediterranean.
Managing Business Model Transformation
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin
Published: December 2017

Chapter 7 describes the decisive role of management in business model innovation. It considers each of the approaches in the business model innovation matrix and examines the role played by top and middle managers. It gives the example of how TomTom went through a recursive cycle of renewal and replication, with a visionary CEO as the main driver. A number of potential traps in business model innovation and how managers may avoid them are discussed. This chapter explores various warning signs that might indicate to management that a change of business model is required and examines, through case examples, the many different ways in which firms can combine replication and renewal.
Re-examining Business Model Innovation
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin
Published: December 2017

Chapter 8 summarizes the main findings in the following areas: the two fundamental types of business model innovation, the levers of business model innovation, business model transformation, and the role of management. The chapter also presents a series of dos and don’ts for business model innovation, compiled from extensive discussions with a panel of senior managers who took part in our research and who have considerable experience in business model innovation.
Naturalism, Involved Philosophy, and the Human Predicament
Authors: Kanterian Edward
Published: December 2017

Scientistic naturalism is an important current in contemporary philosophy, but it offers a skewed and impoverished account of nature, human existence, and the nature of philosophy. This chapter first presents and contrasts this form of naturalism with two opposing varieties: extended and expansive naturalism. As the chapter shows, extended and especially expansive naturalism point toward a conception of philosophy as an “involved,” hermeneutic discipline, which is incompatible with scientistic naturalism. This conception of philosophy is then enriched by taking into account Cottingham’s religious epistemology of involvement and Heidegger’s elaboration of the hermeneutic circle. As it turns out, a genuinely involved approach to philosophy requires, as its starting-point, a hermeneutics of the human predicament. Key aspects of such a hermeneutics are introduced by means of Luther’s existential theology. Finally, six main points of an involved philosophy, taken as a new model of religious understanding, are formulated.
Religious Knowledge versus Religious Understanding
Authors: Scott Kyle
Published: December 2017

In religious epistemology there is a significant amount of focus on religious knowledge, but much less attention has been paid to religious understanding. This is unfortunate. It is unfortunate not just because religious understanding is an interesting topic but also because religious understanding is more epistemically valuable than religious knowledge. This chapter presents two reasons for thinking this is the case. The first is that the connection between understanding and action gives us reason to think this, and the second is that understanding plays a more important role in a religious context. Following this, the chapter argues that we ought to reconsider skeptical arguments against religious belief because although they may undermine knowledge, they may not undermine understanding—the chapter offers an example of a skeptical argument where focusing on understanding rather than knowledge provides us with a straightforward response.
After Certainty
Authors: Pasnau Robert
Published: December 2017

No part of philosophy is as disconnected from its history as is epistemology. After Certainty offers a reconstruction of that history as the story of an epistemic ideal first formulated by Plato and Aristotle, later developed throughout the Middle Ages, and then dramatically reformulated in the seventeenth century. In watching these debates unfold over the centuries, we come to understand why epistemology has traditionally been embedded within a much wider sphere of concerns about human nature and the reality of the world we live in. We also come to see why epistemology has become today a much narrower and specialized field, concerned with the conditions under which it is true to say, in English, that someone knows something. Looking back to earlier days, this study makes its way through the various and changing ideals of inquiry that have been pursued over the centuries, from the expectations of certainty and explanatory depth to the rising concern over evidence and precision, as famously manifested in the new science. At both the sensory and the intellectual levels, the initial expectation of infallibility is seen to give way to mere subjective indubitability, and in the end it is unclear whether anything remains of the epistemic ideals that philosophy has long pursued. All we may ultimately be left with is hope.
Thick Evaluation
Authors: Kirchin Simon
Published: December 2017

We use evaluative terms and concepts every day, in talk of ethics, aesthetics, politics, and when we discuss common-or-garden issues. We call actions right and wrong, teachers wise and ignorant, and children annoying and angelic. Philosophers place evaluative concepts into two camps. Thin concepts, such as goodness and badness, and rightness and wrongness have evaluative content, but they supposedly have no or hardly any nonevaluative, descriptive content: they supposedly give little or no specific idea about the character of the person or thing described. In contrast, thick concepts such as kindness, elegance, and wisdom supposedly give a more specific idea of people or things, yet given typical linguistic conventions thick concepts also convey evaluation. Kind people are often viewed positively while ignorance has negative connotations. The distinction between thin and thick concepts is frequently drawn in philosophy and is central to everyday life, but is rarely discussed in detail. In this full-length study, Simon Kirchin discusses the distinction, highlighting key assumptions, questions, and arguments, many of which have gone unnoticed. He argues for a ‘nonseparationist’ account of thick concepts: although they may have different aspects, such concepts cannot be split into separate component parts of thin evaluation and nonevaluative content as many suppose. In doing so Kirchin argues for a novel account of evaluation itself.
The Origin of Mass
Authors: Iliopoulos John
Published: December 2017

Why do most ’elementary particles’ which form the constituents of all matter have a non-zero mass? Strange question, apparently in contradiction with our physical intuition. In this little book we attempt to explain that the question is far from being trivial and that the answer can be found in the recent discovery of a new particle in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva. We offer the reader a guided tour, starting from the tiny fractions of a second after the Big Bang, when all particles have been created, to the present experiments we perform in our laboratories. We show that the Universe follows a profound symmetry principle which seems to determine the structure of the world.
The usage guide
Authors: Straaijer Robin
Published: December 2017

Drawing on data from the Hyper Usage Guide of English (HUGE) database (Straaijer 2014), this chapter sets the context for the other chapters of the collection by exploring the usage guide as a genre since the earliest publication in 1770. While modern usage guides overlap in form and content with other genres of works about language, there are distinct characteristics that identify them as a separate genre. After this genre had slowly been evolving for 150 years, H. W. Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926) became a model for future publications. However, the usage guide remains a strongly author-driven genre, resulting in much variation in form and content. After continued development and professionalization from the mid-twentieth century onwards, two subtypes within the genre seem to have emerged: one striving for comprehensiveness and the other offering entertaining narrative. This variety may account for the enduring popularity of the genre.
Attitudes to British usage
Authors: Ebner Carmen
Published: December 2017

In this chapter Carmen Ebner discusses how the attitudes of British English speakers have changed by comparing the findings of an earlier usage attitude study conducted by Mittins et al. (1970) with recently collected data on the same usage problems via an online questionnaire. In particular, she will look at the split infinitive, between you and I, differently than, the dangling participle (as in pulling the trigger, the gun went off), and literally. As a result, she will be able to compare what are in effect two snapshots of current usage, and identify possible changes in attitudes towards these disputed linguistic items.
Novel ecosystems
Authors: Hobbs Richard J.
Published: December 2017

This chapter relates the story of the development of recent ideas relating to ecosystems that are greatly modified by environmental and biological changes. Originally such ecosystems were given attention simply because they were an understudied set of systems that could teach us about how ecological communities assemble and reassemble. However, as the widespread prevalence of such “novel ecosystems” became obvious, some data suggested they could deliver important ecosystem functions. This led to a debate regarding the values, management, and restoration of altered ecosystems. The original papers had a hard time in the review process, and debate has, at times, been rancorous. However, many practitioners and ecologists now find the concept of novel ecosystems useful, and the possibility of their conservation value worth investigating.
Corruption and Anticorruption in the Era of Modernity and Beyond
Authors: Engels Jens Ivo
Published: December 2017

Introducing a detailed discussion of the modernization or transition thesis, this chapter argues that understandings of anticorruption did indeed change dramatically around 1800. The revolutionaries declared war on corruption and deemed practices that had been common during the Ancien Régime—especially patronage and the use of public positions for private gain—as corrupt. The consequences of this for anticorruption were far-reaching: the public and the private were more sharply separated and all “old” practices (or recent ones construed as such) were attacked with “new” anticorruption rules. The belief grew that corruption could be eliminated. However, the chapter tells a non-linear story: the essential ambivalence of modernization is fully reflected in anticorruption discourse and efforts. The more closely modern societies are looking for corruption, the more corruption they will find. As the transgression of the public-private-boundary is unavoidable, the success even of present-day campaigns is very limited.