bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rasgos del profesorado asociados al uso de diferentes estrategias metodológicas en las clases de ciencias
Authors: Gil-Flores Javier
Published: March 2017

En este trabajo se analiza la actuación en el aula del profesorado que imparte ciencias en educación secundaria obligatoria, considerando una muestra de 365 profesores españoles de ciencias que participaron en la encuesta TALIS 2013 (Teaching and Learning International Survey) promovida por la OCDE. Se identificaron dos tipos de estrategias metodológicas próximas a una enseñanza dirigida por el profesor (tradicional) y una enseñanza centrada en el alumno (alternativa). Además, fueron exploradas algunas de las características personales y profesionales de los docentes vinculadas al empleo de cada estrategia metodológica. Los resultados vinculan la metodología alternativa a la colaboración profesional, las creencias constructivistas y la participación en actividades de desarrollo profesional efectivo.
Formas de aproximar el área bajo una curva: un estudio con estudiantes de bachillerato
Authors: Aranda Carmen , Callejo María Luz
Published: March 2017

En este trabajo caracterizamos cómo estudiantes de bachillerato construyen la idea de aproximación al área de la superficie bajo una curva en un experimento de enseñanza utilizando applets. Las tareas fueron diseñadas atendiendo a una trayectoria hipotética de aprendizaje del concepto de integral definida, considerando las fases de construcción de un concepto apoyadas en la abstracción reflexiva. El análisis de las interacciones entre los estudiantes y sus respuestas permitió identificar tres características en el proceso de construcción de la idea de aproximación al área bajo una curva: sin considerar la idea de aproximación al área como límite de una sucesión; comprensión de la aproximación al área mediante la concepción dinámica y métrica del límite de las sumas superiores e inferiores, pero no de la conexión entre ambas concepciones; y construcción de la idea de cota del error de la aproximación con relación al número de subintervalos de la partición, generada al coordinar las concepciones dinámica y métrica del límite.
The Mental Health Continuum–Short Form (MHC–SF) in the Argentinean context: Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance
Authors: Lupano Perugini María Laura , de la Iglesia Guadalupe , Castro Solano Alejandro , Keyes Corey Lee M.
Published: March 2017

The present research aimed at studying the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form (MHC–SF; Keyes, 2005) in a sample of 1,300 Argentinean adults (50% males; 50% females). Their mean age was 40.28 years old (SD = 13.59). The MHC–SF is a 14 item test that assesses three components (i.e., emotional, social, and psychological) of well-being. Convergent and divergent evidence of construct validity was assessed by conducting confirmatory factor analysis, cross-validation, factorial invariance, and correlations with external criteria. Internal consistency was studied using Cronbach’s alphas. Results indicated an adequate fit of a three-dimensional model. This structure was also confirmed, and was invariant throughout sex and age. The emotional well-being scores converged with life satisfaction and positive affect measures; the psychological well-being scale had a positive association with the presence of meaning in life; and the social well-being scores showed a positive and strong correlation with an external measure of well-being. Also, all scores were negatively associated with negative affect, search of meaning in life, and presence of depression symptoms. Internal consistency was .89 for the MHC–SF. Furthermore, the findings supported the two - continua model of mental health.
Sentimentality and nostalgia in elderly people in Bulgaria and Greece – Cross-validity of the questionnaire SNEP and cross-cultural comparison
Authors: Stoyanova Stanislava Yordanova , Giannouli Vaitsa , Gergov Teodor Krasimirov
Published: March 2017

Sentimentality and nostalgia are two similar psychological constructs, which play an important role in the emotional lives of elderly people who are usually focused on the past. There are two objectives of this study - making cross-cultural comparison of sentimentality and nostalgia among Bulgarian and Greek elderly people using a questionnaire, and establishing the psychometric properties of this questionnaire among Greek elderly people. Sentimentality and nostalgia in elderly people in Bulgaria and Greece were studied by means of Sentimentality and Nostalgia in Elderly People questionnaire (SNEP), created by Gergov and Stoyanova (2013). For the Greek version, one factor structure without sub-scales is proposed, while for the Bulgarian version of SNEP the factor structure had four sub-scales, besides the total score. Together with some similarities (medium level of nostalgia and sentimentality being widespread), the elderly people in Bulgaria and Greece differed cross-culturally in their sentimentality and nostalgia related to the past in direction of more increased sentimentality and nostalgia in the Bulgarian sample. Some gender and age differences revealed that the oldest male Bulgarians were the most sentimental. The psychometric properties of this questionnaire were examined for the first time in a Greek sample of elders and a trend was found for stability of sentimentality and nostalgia in elderly people that could be studied further in longitudinal studies.
Believing is doing: Emotion regulation beliefs are associated with emotion regulation behavioral choices and subjective well-being
Authors: Ortner Catherine Nicole Marie , Briner Esther Lydia , Marjanovic Zdravko
Published: March 2017

Research in emotion regulation has begun to examine various predictors of emotion regulation choices, including individual differences and contextual variables. However, scant attention has been paid to the extent to which people’s beliefs about the specific consequences of emotion regulation strategies for the components of an emotional response and long-term well-being predict their behavioral regulatory choices and, in turn, their subjective well-being. Participants completed measures to assess their beliefs about the consequences of functional and dysfunctional strategies, behavioral choices of emotion regulation strategies in negative scenarios, and subjective well-being. The model that fit the data indicated partial mediation whereby beliefs were associated with approximately 9% of the variance in choices. Emotion regulation choices were related to subjective well-being, with an additional direct effect between beliefs and well-being. This suggests beliefs play a role in people’s regulatory choices. Future research should explore how beliefs interact with individual differences and contextual variables to better understand why people regulate their emotions in different ways and, ultimately, to help individuals make healthy emotion regulation choices.
Identifying textual silence in scientific research articles. Recontextualizations of the field account in Geology
Authors: Dressen Dacia F.
Published: March 2017

Long neglected as a primary impetus of study, textual silences abound in such field disciplines as geology, where most field results seem to ‘disappear’ from the published research article. This paper first discusses the nature of textual silence and then proposes a typology of textual silences associated with written scientific discourse. Next, by examining the different disciplinary genres involved in the “recontextualizations” of a fieldwork study in geology, this study seeks to (1) identify textual silence in the various recontextualizations and (2) offer explanations for it.
Die Modalpartikeln auf Deutsch und Dänisch - eine kontrastive Analyse
Authors: Voller Inge
Published: March 2017

This article is about the German and Danish modal particles in a contrastive analysis. There are several features, which are characteristic for this particular word class. After a few comments on those the article is concerned about how to make a proper analysis of those words based on the German modal particles. As shall be shown these words are important to a communication situation, because they show the interlocutors how they are supposed to understand each other. This analysis will be an approach finding out, which functions these words have and the point is, that it is possible to find appropriate equivalents in Danish for the German modal particles, which can be listed, maybe in a dictionary.
Equivalent relations, context and cotext in bilingual dictionaries
Authors: Gouws Rufus H.
Published: March 2017

Users of bilingual dictionaries often have problems to choose the correct translation equivalent for a given occurrence of the source language form. This could be due to a lack of entries indicating the relevant context and cotext of the translation equivalents. This paper deals with different types of equivalent relations in bilingual dictionaries and the varying need for entries to support the translation equivalents. It is argued that where a relation of semantic divergence prevails the inclusion of context and cotext entries are of extreme importance. The function of a dictionary should determine the nature and extent of the supporting entries. Lexicographers should be well aware of the additional need for context and cotext entries in the treatment of synsemantic words. Consequently they have to negotiate the problems resulting from under addressing, over addressing and zero addressing. It is suggested that procedures of addressing equivalence can help to ensure equivalent discrimination.
La lexicométrie française : naissance, évolution et perspectives
Authors: Brunet Etienne
Published: March 2017

Au terme d’une carrière de cinquante ans entièrement consacrée à la statistique linguistique, l’auteur tente d’établir un bilan de la discipline, au moins pour le domaine français. Il s’attache d’abord à évoquer les premières initiatives auxquelles sont associés entre autres les noms de Guiraud, Quemada, Gougenheim, Tournier et Muller. Puis il suit l’évolution des méthodes qui tendent à s’éloigner du modèle inférentiel prôné par Muller pour adopter une démarche descriptive où l’analyse s’appuie sur des calculs multidimensionnels. En passant de la calculette à l’ordinateur, l’outil informatique développe sa puissance sur des corpus de taille croissante, dont certains font l’objet d’un examen particulier : la BNF, Frantext, SketchEngine et enfin Google Books. La taille de ce dernier projet – qui atteint presque 100 milliards de mots pour la production française de ces deux derniers siècles – peut donner le vertige au jugement, sans effacer le doute, la composition du corpus, inégale et incertaine, faussant la chronologie. On en conclut que l’évidence aveuglante d’un résultat graphique ne doit pas en imposer à la raison. L’effet peut-être massif, et la cause obscure. La lexicométrie s’est beaucoup étendue en surface; il lui faut aussi gagner en profondeur.
La presse canadienne francophone et les événements du « 11 septembre » : une analyse des textes médiatiques par Sphinx et Hyperbase
Authors: Richard Chantal , Kasparian Sylvia , de Finney James
Published: March 2017

Comment les journaux francophones du Canada ont-ils traité des événements tragiques du 11 septembre 2001? Ce drame a provoqué un grand besoin de compréhension de la part de la population canadienne. Devant l’ampleur de l’événement, les médias canadiens ont réagi et proposé plusieurs articles informatifs et analytiques autour de cet événement tragique qui a bouleversé le monde entier. À partir d’un corpus constitué de 158 textes, tirés de six journaux qui représentent les principales régions francophones du Canada, Le Devoir, Le Soleil, La Presse, L’Acadie Nouvelle, Le Droit, La Liberté et représentant la totalité des textes qui font mention de l’expression « 11 septembre » dans les articles publiés entre le 11 septembre 2001 et le 12 septembre 2002, nous avons essayé de décrire par une analyse lexicale et thématique, grâce à des outils informatisés d’ADT, les représentations ainsi véhiculées dans la presse francophone au Canada.
INTEX à l’épreuve de la description de la morphosyntaxe du verbe aller en français acadien
Authors: Chapados Aline , Kasparian Sylvia
Published: March 2017

Les utilisations du verbe aller dans les français régionaux diffèrent de celles du français standard, tant sur le plan de leurs contextes que sur le plan de leurs formes. Ce projet vise deux objectifs : d’abord, dépouiller, par l’intermédiaire de l’outil informatique INTEX les différents contextes morphosyntaxiques du verbe aller dans le roman Pélagie-la-Charrette d’Antonine Maillet, et ensuite, intégrer ces résultats au logiciel sous la forme d’un dictionnaire selon le cadre méthodologique développé par Maurice Gross au LADL (Laboratoire d’Automatique Documentaire et linguistique). Ce travail se veut un premier pas vers la création d’un dictionnaire INTEX du français acadien. Nous présenterons les formes graphiques du verbe aller telles qu’elles se présentent dans les corpus oraux et écrits ainsi que les graphes construits dans INTEX pour les décrire. Nous aborderons enfin le dictionnaire des expressions figées du verbe aller construit à partir de ces données.
De Montmartre à Broadway : le cabaret Au matou botté de Montréal (1929-1932)
Authors: Bellemare Luc
Published: March 2017

L’existence éphémère du cabaret Au matou botté (1929-1932) de Montréal illustre à merveille la « crise de l’homme et de l’esprit » entrant dans la modernité, telle que décrite par l’historien Yvan Lamonde. En novembre 1929, les revuistes Roméo Poirier et Albéric Bourgeois fondent le cabaret Au matou botté à l’étage du restaurant Kerhulu & Odiau, dans le Quartier latin. Envers et contre tous les obstacles, ce café-concert va vivre trois grandes périodes créatives. De l’ouverture jusqu’à mai 1930, la boîte calquée sur le modèle de Montmartre connaît un vif succès en occupant une niche identitaire canadienne-française laissée vacante par les autres lieux de divertissement de la ville. La programmation inclut des chansons françaises, des récitals lyriques, des sketches comiques et des thés dansants. En mai 1930, lorsque Paul Max et Eugène Vivez reprennent la direction artistique, le cabaret adopte le style plus rentable d’un nightclub de Broadway, avec orchestre de jazz, chansons anglaises, pantomimes italiennes et animal dances – fox-trot et autres danses aux pas inspirés d’animaux. Les touristes apprécient bien l’ambiance renouvelée, mais la clientèle des fastes débuts a déserté. À l’automne 1930, le cabaret semble se chercher une identité basée sur un compromis entre Montmartre et Broadway. Nous verrons pourquoi l’organisation d’événements spéciaux, la présence d’artistes locaux et internationaux, la contribution de vedettes de cinéma et la diffusion d’une émission au poste radio CKAC ne suffiront malheureusement pas à assurer la viabilité des lieux.
Avaliação da qualidade química do leite de jumentas da raça Pêga
Authors: Craveiro de Sá Uliana Ivy , Hilgemberg Villela Costa Barbara , Socolovski Biava Janaina
Published: March 2017

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características químicas (teores de lactose, proteína, gordura, sólidostotais e contagem de células somáticas) do leite de jumentas da raça Pêga, criadas em sistema de semiconfinamentona região de Ponta Grossa, Paraná. Quinze jumentas com idade média de 9,4 anos foramutilizadas neste estudo. A jumentas foram ordenhadas manualmente a cada 15 dias, com início no 7˚ diaapós o parto, até os 150 dias de lactação. As amostras de leite foram armazenadas e transportadas emfrasco plástico contendo Bronopol (45 mL), totalizando dez amostras por animal. O leite das jumentasapresentou reduzidos teores de gordura (1,28%), proteína (2,11%) e sólidos totais (10,71%), e elevadosde lactose (6,29%), quando comparado ao leite bovino. Foram observadas correlações negativas entreos teores de gordura (-0,332), proteína (-0,620) e sólidos totais (-0,497) em função dos dias de lactação,tendo uma queda diária de 0,0056%, 0,0061% e 0,0095%, respectivamente. Entretanto, os teores delactose apresentaram correlação positiva com os dias de lactação, apresentando um aumento de 0,0015%diariamente. A contagem de células somáticas aumentou 0,0035 x 103 células por mL a cada dia de lactação.O presente estudo demonstrou que o leite de jumenta é caracterizado por baixos níveis de gordura, proteínae sólidos totais, seguindo padrão semelhante ao de outros equídeos. [P]
A Contrastive Analysis of the Notion of Marriage in the Nineteenth American Literature and the Pre-Islamic Arabic Literature
Authors: Al-Momani Hassan
Published: March 2017

The current study aims at contrasting the notion of marriage in the nineteenth American literature with that of the pre-Islamic Arabic literature. To conduct the study, the marriage advice given by the mother (Marmee) in Alcott's Little Women will be compared with Umama Bint Al-Harith's in the pre-Islamic era to see how women in both literatures view marriage and the status of womanhood in their own cultures. A close reading contrastive analysis will be implemented on both pieces of advice to see how the culture influences the mothers' notion of marriage in both texts. The study concludes that although the notion of marriage is similar in both literatures, it is different due to the cultural effect on women's perception of their status in their cultures of their relationship with men.
Arthroscopic Glenoid Labrum Repair of Left Shoulder in a Male With Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Cui Jiaming , Cui Guoqing , Lu Wei , Yang Yuping , Wang Daping , Zhu Weimin
Published: March 2017

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is an inherited connective tissue disorder that has been classified into several primary types. The clinical characteristic of EDS is hypermobility of the joints, hyperextensibility and fragility of the skin, and hemorrhage tendency. For many patients, the hypermobile joints become a serious problem. We present the case of a 19-year-old male diagnosed with EDS, with recurrent dislocations of his left shoulder, hyperextensibility and fragility of the skin, and a carp-mouth–shaped scar of the forearm. After 4 years of nonoperative treatment, we performed an arthroscopic glenoid labrum repair of left shoulder. At a 6-year follow-up, the patient has no instability in the left shoulder. We believe that glenoid labrum repair is a viable method for treating recurrent dislocations for patients with EDS. It is strongly suggested to check coagulation function of patients to avoid substantial bleeding when decorticating the glenoid rim, to ensure a conservative postoperative rehabilitation.
The Effects of Repeated Readings on the Reading Performances of Hispanic English Language Learners with Specific Learning Disabilities
Authors: Landa Katrina G. , Barbetta Patricia M.
Published: March 2017

A multiple probe across participants design was used to explore the effects of repeated readings on the reading fluency, errors, and comprehension of 4, third-to-fifth grade English language learners (ELLs) with specific learning disabilities (SLD). Also, generalization measures to untaught passages and maintenance data were collected. In baseline, participants read a passage aloud once, while during repeated readings, they read a passage 3 times. In the repeated readings condition, participants read more words correctly per minute, made fewer reading errors, and answered more literal comprehension questions correctly. The gains observed generalized to untaught passages. A majority of scores on maintenance probes at 2, 4, and 6 weeks maintained near or above the levels scored for each dependent variable during the last intervention session.
Implementing an Intervention in Special Education to Promote Social Skills in an Inclusive Setting
Authors: Puckett Kathleen , Mathur Sarup R. , Zamora Roxanne
Published: March 2017

This study examined the effects of instruction, delivered in a special education classroom, to improve classroom behaviors and support the emergence of social skills in an inclusive classroom for two fourth grade male students with behavioral concerns. The intervention consisted of peer mentoring, interactive social narratives, video modeling and technology-aided instruction. Effectiveness of the intervention was determined using multiple baseline design across three behaviors and analysis of student interviews and journals. Results indicate that classroom behaviors improved and students reported changes in themselves, increased motivation, and emerging friendships. Implications for using evidence-based practices to improve social functioning of students with behavioral difficulties in an action research study are presented.
Perceptions of Disability and Special Education Among East Asian Parents:
Authors: Yan Min-Chi , Kim Sunyoung , Kang Hyun-Ju , Wilkerson Kimber L.
Published: March 2017

The purpose of the current literature review is to understand how East Asian American (EAA) parents of students with disabilities perceive disabilities and special education. These parental perspectives are compared to those of their East Asian (EA) parents to better understand whether EAA parents adjust their perceptions in the U.S. Findings from 21 studies indicate both similarities and differences between EAA parents and EA parents regarding (1) parents' perceptions of disability, including (a) familiarity with the concept of disability, (b) child's disability type, and (c) religious beliefs and (2) parents' perceptions of special education and related services, including (a) highly qualified teachers, (b) overall quality of special education and related services, and (c) level of parental involvement in their child's education. Implications for research and practice are discussed, including the need for increasing awareness of disabilities among immigrant communities and the promotion of parental involvement in schools.
Calculating surface ocean pCO2 from biogeochemical Argo floats equipped with pH: An uncertainty analysis
Authors: Williams N. L. , Juranek L. W. , Feely R. A. , Johnson K. S. , Sarmiento J. L. , Talley L. D. , Dickson A. G. , Gray A. R. , Wanninkhof R. , Russell J. L. , Riser S. C. , Takeshita Y.
Published: March 2017

More than 74 biogeochemical profiling floats that measure water column pH, oxygen, nitrate, fluorescence, and backscattering at 10 day intervals have been deployed throughout the Southern Ocean. Calculating the surface ocean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2sw) from float pH has uncertainty contributions from the pH sensor, the alkalinity estimate, and carbonate system equilibrium constants, resulting in a relative standard uncertainty in pCO2sw of 2.7% (or 11 µatm at pCO2sw of 400 µatm). The calculated pCO2sw from several floats spanning a range of oceanographic regimes are compared to existing climatologies. In some locations, such as the subantarctic zone, the float data closely match the climatologies, but in the polar Antarctic zone significantly higher pCO2sw are calculated in the wintertime implying a greater air‐sea CO2 efflux estimate. Our results based on four representative floats suggest that despite their uncertainty relative to direct measurements, the float data can be used to improve estimates for air‐sea carbon flux, as well as to increase knowledge of spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in this flux.
Spatial and seasonal variability in fine mineral dust and coarse aerosol mass at remote sites across the United States
Authors: Hand J. L. , Gill T. E. , Schichtel B. A.
Published: March 2017

Understanding the spatial and temporal variability in fine mineral dust (FD, mineral aerosols with diameters less than 2.5 µm) and coarse aerosol mass (CM, mass of aerosols with diameters between 2.5 and 10 µm) is important for accurately characterizing and perhaps mitigating their environmental and climate impacts. The spatial and seasonal variability of ambient FD and CM was characterized at rural and remote sites across the United States for 2011–2014 using concentration and elemental chemistry data from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) aerosol monitoring network. FD concentrations were highest (and had ≥50% contributions to PM2.5 mass) in the southwestern United States in spring and across the central and southeastern United States in summer (20–30% of PM2.5 mass). CM was highest across the Southwest and southern Great Plains in spring and central United States in spring, summer, and fall (≥70% contributions to PM10 mass). Similar FD and CM seasonal variability was observed near source regions in the Southwest, but a seasonal decoupling was observed in most other regions, suggesting the contribution of nonlocal sources of FD or perhaps non‐dust‐related CM. The seasonal and spatial variability in FD elemental ratios (calcium, iron, and aluminum) was fairly uniform across the West; however, in the eastern United States a shift in summer elemental composition indicated contributions from nonlocal source regions (e.g., North Africa). Finally, long‐term trend analyses (2000–2014) indicated increased FD concentrations during spring at sites across the Southwest and during summer and fall in the southeastern and central United States.
Seasonal distribution of archaeal lipids in surface water and its constraint on their sources and the TEX86 temperature proxy in sediments of the South China Sea
Authors: Jia Guodong , Wang Xianxu , Guo Wei , Dong Liang
Published: March 2017

The applicability of the temperature proxy based on a tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms (TEX86) from isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (isoGDGTs) has increasingly been examined in the South China Sea (SCS). Views on the proxy differ on whether it is biased to a particular season or to depth in this sea. Here we studied isoGDGTs in a large number of suspended particulate matters (SPM) in surface water during summer and winter as well as several surface sediments of the northern SCS. The integration of these novel data with already published data demonstrated that isoGDGTs were similar in distribution between surface water SPM and shallow shelf sediments. They can be characterized by low ratio (<4) of [GDGT‐2]/[GDGT‐3] and low‐percentage abundance (<4%) of the crenarchaeol regioisomer; however, those in deep basin sediments showed higher values for both parameters, suggesting a substantial contribution of “deep‐water” Thaumarchaeota. The relationship between TEX86 in SPM and in situ measured sea surface temperature differed from a global calibration and showed distinct trends between summer and winter, reflecting archaeal seasonality in surface waters. By assuming the TEX86 temperature signal in shallow sediments as the weighted mean of summer and winter signals, we revealed spatial changes in the relative contribution of summer and winter archaeal isoGDGTs to sediments, with a likely higher winter contribution further offshore. This occurrence may complicate the interpretation of the shallow sedimentary TEX86 record, and further investigation is required to fully understand seasonal archaeal lipid production and sedimentation.
Glocalization
Authors: Walcott Susan M.
Published: March 2017

Glocalization refers to the effects of intermixed global and local scale actions in a variety of applications and disciplines. This intersection occurs in both developed and developing regions as a result of globalization. The resulting hybridity is an outcome of modernization combining place‐specific attributes and global homogenizing communication resulting in a particular blend.
Stream Ecosystems
Authors: Francis Robert A.
Published: March 2017

Streams are lotic ecosystems characterized by hierarchical organization of structure, three‐dimensional connectivity maintained by flows, and high spatiotemporal heterogeneity of habitat. They are naturally biodiverse and maintain species adapted to a range of flow conditions, across a variety of aquatic and riparian habitats. Microbes, meiofauna, and macroinvertebrates are the most abundant and diverse species, though plants and vertebrates may play important roles in stream ecology, in particular as “ecosystem engineers.” Despite the many ecosystem services streams provide, they are among the most degraded ecosystems on the planet, and are frequently the foci for ecological restoration efforts.
Infrastructure
Authors: Addie Jean‐Paul D.
Published: March 2017

Infrastructure materially connects more or less distant places by facilitating various social processes and relations across space. Usually understood in physical terms as the material elements shaping resource flows, infrastructure also refers to the institutions and rules conditioning social practice. Recent geographic research has stressed the social, political, and economic dimensions of infrastructure. As an object of empirical analysis, infrastructure discloses broad transformations in the production and management of sociotechnical systems, including the “splintering” of collective services and utilities. Conceptually, infrastructure has provided the foundations for methodological and conceptual innovations surrounding ontologies of flow and mobility, and theorizations of society/nature relations that reframe technological networks as unstable, politicized entities.
Annales School
Authors: Clout Hugh
Published: March 2017

Members of the Annales School of historians in France were of critical importance in transforming the practice of historical scholarship in France and elsewhere. Their ideas also influenced historical geographers.
Accessibility, in Transportation Planning
Authors: Neutens Tijs
Published: March 2017

Accessibility is a fundamental concept in transport and land‐use planning. It helps to explain travel choices, plays an important role in the appraisal of transport policy plans, and constitutes a precondition for regional development. While various closely related definitions have been proposed, the concept generally refers to the potential to reach spatially distributed activities using the available transportation system. Along with the proliferation of definitions, numerous indicators have been proposed to measure accessibility either from a location‐based or person‐based perspective.
Territory and Territoriality
Authors: Antonsich Marco
Published: March 2017

Territory and territoriality are generally regarded as key concepts in political geography. While anglophone geographers have privileged a rather politico‐institutional understanding, closely related to the state and the notion of sovereignty, francophone geographers have privileged a social and semiotic approach, which emphasizes the role people play in the production of territories. After having been dismissed as a relic of the past in an age of flows and networks, and obfuscated by the hegemonic role place has played in geography, territory seems to have attracted new interest and gained momentum in the discipline since 2009.
Endemism
Authors: Young Kenneth R.
Published: March 2017

Endemism refers to the uniqueness of the biota of a particular place. It provides insights into the historical biogeography of regions, and helps evaluate the role of dispersal barriers in affecting the evolution of the biota. Oceanic islands such as the Galapagos have high endemism because of their distance from the mainland and because their biota has evolved further under island conditions. Endemic species restricted to islands or unique habitat types are among the most threatened species. Systematic planning for biodiversity conservation uses endemism, among other variables, to choose land portfolios that best include the species and places of concern. Under future conditions, endemic species will likely often be even more threatened, as biophysical controls on species distributions shift, requiring dispersal to and successful colonization of new sites.
Environment and Trade
Authors: Neumayer Eric
Published: March 2017

The effects of trade and trade liberalization on the environment are complex and myriad. One can analytically distinguish the main ones as scale, compositional effects, transport, static efficiency, dynamic efficiency, and governance effects. Some of these are likely to be predominantly positive (e.g., dynamic efficiency) or negative (e.g., transport), but the remainder are heavily context‐dependent such that trade and trade liberalization cannot be said to be unambiguously positive or negative for the environment. What seems clear, however, is that with suboptimal environmental policies in place, further trade liberalization is likely to exacerbate the detrimental environmental effects of negative externalities. Equally, however, if accompanied by efficient environmental policymaking liberalized trade can promote environmental protection.
Security
Authors: Klinke Ian
Published: March 2017

The provision of security has traditionally constituted one of the key domains of modern statehood. Security policy tends to operate in a climate of fear that justifies exceptional measures such as the expansion of state powers at home or the use of military force abroad. Research in human geography has problematized these practices and tried to understand the ways in which society is governed in the name of security. In doing so, geographers have been particularly vocal in exploring issues such as border, urban, energy, environmental and biosecurity, interrogating them at a whole range of different scales, from the body to the globe. Particularly useful debates on security have emerged in relation to the cognate concepts of geopolitics, human security, securitization, risk, and biopolitics.
Carceral Geographies
Authors: Moran Dominique
Published: March 2017

Carceral geographies are concerned with the spaces and practices of detention and imprisonment and frequently use the carceral context as a lens through which to view concepts with wider currency within contemporary and critical human geography. Scholarship within carceral geography has tended to focus on the nature and experience of carceral spaces, the spatial geographies of incarceration, and the relationship between these spaces and practices of imprisonment and a punitive state. Carceral geography has made key contributions to debates within human geography over mobility, liminality, and embodiment, and it has increasingly found a wider audience, with geographical approaches to carceral space being taken up by and developed further within cognate disciplines of criminology and prison sociology.
Population and Natural Resources
Authors: Forsyth Tim
Published: March 2017

Malthusian analysts predict that unchecked population growth will lead to the degradation and exhaustion of natural resources, and possible social collapse. In contrast, other theorists have argued that resource scarcity will correct itself through the operation of market forces or human ingenuity. Still other analysts have argued that access to resources – and the means of adapting to scarcity – is influenced by society, and hence there is a need to identify who is most vulnerable, and how the worldviews of different analysts might influence how they understand adaptation to scarcity. The potential impact of population on resource scarcity is an important concern in public and policy debates, but development interventions increasingly seek to govern the social and economic contexts that influence how different societies experience scarcity, rather than adopting the old Malthusian concern that assumes that population growth is always problematic.
Population Growth
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce
Published: March 2017

In 1900, the world's population was approximately 1.5 billion. Since 1960, world population has grown by approximately 5.5 billion people. Given current fertility levels and growth rates, global population is expected to reach 9.7 billion people by 2050. Historical processes of global population growth also need to be understood in relation to regional differences in population growth and the prospects for future population change. Changing patterns of population growth have also been the subject of considerable debate, including Malthusian and optimist positions, concerning the immediate impacts of population growth as well as the long‐term implications of growing world population.
Film
Authors: Sharp Laura L. , Lukinbeal Chris
Published: March 2017

Film geography traces its roots to several key moments in the history of the geographic tradition, but especially the cultural turn and the crisis of representation. The development of this area of specialization during the 1980s and 1990s, a period when geography was turning its attention to the denaturalization of essentialized binaries, has had the effect of slowing film geography's development by interring it in a binary quagmire. We use the real/reel binary, or the ontological argument that film is a representation of reality, as an entry point to key debates around film geography, highlighting the role of hermeneutics, as well as how hermeneutics, working in tandem with a handful of deep‐seated binaries – material and nonmaterial, direct and indirect experience, subject and object – abet the continued and problematic distinction between the real and the reel.
Geoengineering/Climate Intervention
Authors: Macnaghten Phil , Szerszynski Bronislaw
Published: March 2017

The term “geoengineering” is used to refer to a range of techniques for deliberatively intervening in the global climate to counteract global warming. Solar radiation management techniques are a class of geoengineering methods designed to reflect some of the inbound sunlight back into space with the intended effect of arresting further warming of the planet and thus counteracting global warming. Carbon dioxide removal techniques, by contrast, aim to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere through practices which attempt to address the root cause of climate change. The challenges that geoengineering poses for geographical scholarship are discussed, including analysis of the various contributions the latter can play. This includes, inter alia, analysis of geoengineering's distinctive relationship with nature, its challenges for debates on risk governance, its potential implications for contemporary political systems, its conditioning by wider economic relations, and the role for public engagement in deliberating a geoengineered future.
Medical Tourism
Authors: Crooks Valorie A.
Published: March 2017

Medical tourism is the intentional movement of patients from one country to another in order to privately seek medical care. Medical tourism is a global industry involving hospitals in destination countries that range in development and health indicators, and the procedures offered to international patients are highly varied. It is thought that some aspects of medical tourism may benefit destination countries while others may exacerbate health inequities both in destination countries and patients' home countries.
Rust Belt Cities
Authors: Fasenfest David
Published: March 2017

Rust Belt cities, once urban centers in the heartlands of industrial production, fell victim to global restructuring, technological change, and international competition. By the late 1970s they became synonymous with poverty, population loss, and urban decay. To reverse this decline, these cities now focus on the arts, urban agrarianism, and repurposing abandoned industrial spaces to house new technologies and create jobs to attract immigrants and new, younger residents.
Demographic and Epidemiological Transition
Authors: McCracken Kevin , Phillips David R.
Published: March 2017

Demographic transition refers to the shift in vital rates within population groups at various geographical scales from a pattern of high birth (fertility) and death (mortality) rates to one of low rates. Epidemiologic(al) transition, a somewhat more recent concept, considers patterns of mortality change and causes of death (and sometimes ill health) from patterns dominated by infectious diseases to those in which chronic, degenerative physical ailments predominate, and increasingly mental ill‐health conditions, including dementias. Paralleling both these transitions are recognized related changes such as “nutrition transition” and aging transition. All these patterns are evident internationally, regionally, and locally, but it is recognized that they may not be unidirectional. Indeed, different “speeds” of transition may occur in different places and sometimes reverses or mixed patterns may be observed.
Interpolation: Inverse‐Distance Weighting
Authors: Wong David W.S.
Published: March 2017

The general concept of spatial interpolation is first discussed, particularly in the contexts of spatial sampling and the geographical nature of spatial data. Then two major interpolation approaches, deterministic and statistical/geostatistical, are differentiated. The inverse‐distance weighting (IDW) method is introduced as a specific method using a spatial averaged weighting scheme based upon the inverse of distance between the sampled locations and the location of predicted value. Parameters involved in specifying the IDW method are highlighted using examples to illustrate their impacts on the interpolation results. Limitations, potential algorithmic problems, and an extension of the IDW method are also discussed.
War
Authors: Korf Benedikt
Published: March 2017

A critical geography of war encompasses a careful analysis of war and its relation to peace, to politics, to society, and to capitalism. It discusses how and to what extent late‐modern war has changed its patterns compared to previous eras of warfare (the “new” wars debate). What seems to characterize many late‐modern wars – and unsettles the observers of these wars – is the intricate entanglement of archaic, modern, and futurist objects, technologies, and subjectivities that characterize these wars: a variety of war technologies, fighting practices, and warrior subjectivities, which are attributed to different historical epochs, are coming together in present‐day warscapes. This phenomenon is conceptualized as synchronicity of the nonsynchronous in late‐modern warfare.
Exploitation
Authors: Glassman Jim
Published: March 2017

Exploitation is a term that is politically significant because of its varied uses. These uses include morally charged claims implying abusive human conduct and more technical uses that imply systemic patterns of surplus‐value appropriation in the labor process, these latter being complicated by global geographies of capital accumulation.
Cluster Detection
Authors: Wheeler David C.
Published: March 2017

Investigating a spatial pattern of events or event counts to find a geographic area with statistically significant high probability of event occurrence is known as cluster detection. Cluster detection is used in many disciplines where spatial analysis is conducted, including archeology, biology, criminology, and epidemiology. In spatial epidemiology, cluster detection is frequently used to identify areas of significantly elevated or decreased risk of disease incidence or mortality, potentially to reveal etiologic clues. This entry reviews important concepts and several contemporary statistical analysis approaches to cluster detection, focusing particularly on applications in spatial epidemiology. The methods reviewed include generalized additive models, Bayesian hierarchical modeling, and local spatial scan statistics.
Urban Biogeography
Authors: Jim C.Y.
Published: March 2017

Biogeography in the built environment evaluates the spatiotemporal intricacies of the nature‐in‐city realm. A historical review offers a backdrop to urban green space (UGS) preservation and provision. UGS typology includes natural enclaves, ruderal pockets, emulated nature, and artificial green sites. They furnish heterogeneous habitats with core and edge ecotones to accommodate diverse species assemblages and varied biomass structure. The urban flora is classified based on biogeographical provenance. Constraints due to harsh built‐up environment and visitor disturbances leave imprints on urban ecosystems. Geometrical assessment provides hints to optimize UGS design for ecosystem services and human use. Ecological‐naturalistic design and climax woodland ecosystem are advocated. Three‐dimensional urban greening can extend UGS to green roofs and green walls to supplement ground‐level natural areas. Surveys of social and economic functions and response to climate change add new dimensions to the inquiry to further justify UGS provision.
Participatory Development
Authors: Binns Tony
Published: March 2017

Participatory development aims to engage local people in planning for development interventions which are normally intended to benefit them. Since World War II there has been a gradual move away from large‐scale, dictatorial, “top‐down” development projects to smaller, more democratic, “bottom‐up,” community‐based initiatives. A wide range of participatory methodologies have been devised for acquiring data which can be used to shape development interventions. While these have been used mainly in rural areas, some have been successfully adapted for use in urban areas. Although such methodologies are generally regarded as a positive step forward in understanding communities and their resources, the process of “participation” is fraught with difficulties and should be undertaken with care and sensitivity.
Crime
Authors: Haining Robert
Published: March 2017

The geography of crime and criminality is important in economic, political, and social geography, and there are several theoretical approaches. For acquisitive crime (e.g., theft and burglary), theories focus on the trade‐off between risk and reward (rational choice) while emphasizing the importance of individual level and environmental factors. Acquisitive and expressive crime rates are linked to everyday lifestyles and routine activities. Two responses that try to deter crime are urban design and policing methods. While geographers have made significant contributions to work on crime and criminality, these have tended to be sporadic and partial, focusing on specific issues such as victimization rates linked to race and gender or the role of new technologies (GIS) and new methodologies (spatial analysis) in adding value to police recorded crime data. Crime has profound consequences in terms of wider social and economic impacts.
B
erkeley
S
chool
Authors: Pow C.P.
Published: March 2017

The Berkeley School of Cultural Geography emerged in the 1920s and is closely associated with the works of Carl Ortwin Sauer (1889–1975) and his students. While an intellectual development can rarely be attributed to a single individual scholar, Sauer's pivotal role is so significant that his name has become largely synonymous with the Berkeley School. Through Sauer, cultural geography became redefined as an interdisciplinary project focusing on the key theme of human–environmental interaction and cultural ecology. While the Berkeley School enjoyed a dominant status right through to the 1970s, it was heavily criticized and challenged by the rise of “new cultural geography” in the late 1980s.
Whiteness
Authors: Bonnett Alastair
Published: March 2017

Whiteness is introduced as the central term in European racial classification systems. This entry outlines its historical development and connection to European colonialism, and addresses its role both within the history of geography and as a category for analysis within contemporary human geography. The interest in whiteness in the 1990s and 2000s emerged predominantly through studies of its role in Western rural and urban locations but it is also shown that the international dimensions and contexts of whiteness have also attracted scholarly attention, including the connections between whiteness and neoliberalism.
Life Course
Authors: Holdsworth Clare
Published: March 2017

Geographical research is concerned with the spatial context of human behaviors. Yet a focus on space should not preclude a focus on time, as both dimensions infer each other. The development of life course approaches in social sciences provides a framework for analyzing the co‐constituency of space and time through examining the collective significance of individual life histories. Life course has an analytical potential for geographical research, and geographers have studied the sequencing, synchronicity, and relationality of individual life course events with reference to research on migration, age, and transitions.