bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Schizophrenia‐Like States in Methamphetamine Psychosis
Authors: Tomiyama Gakujin
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to clarify the characteristic psychopathology of chronic methamphetamine (MAP) psychosis, the clinical symptoms of 11 chronic MAP psychotics were compared with those of the same number of chronic schizophrenics matched for sex and age. The positive symptoms were almost similar in both groups. However, the negative symptoms evaluated by the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) differed considerably. According to the SANS, the scores of avolition‐apathy, anhedonia‐asociality and attentional impairment were moderately high in both groups. The scores of affective flattening or blunting and alogia were lower in the MAP group than those in the schizophrenia group. The SANS scores of negative symptoms increased in accordance with the age of onset in the MAP group, while such a correlation was not observed in the schizophrenia group. Furthermore, detailed clinical observations of the patients revealed the following differences between the two groups: 1) spontaneous affective expression during the interviews was more vivid in the MAP group compared tothe schizophrenia group, and 2) affective expressions or interpersonal behaviors changed immediately depending on the situation in the MAP group. From the viewpoint of clinical psychopathology, a group of MAP psychotics whose hallucinatory‐delusional state persisted for a long period of one month or more after cessation of MAP use seemed to differ from either chronic schizophrenics or patients with acute MAP psychosis. The author proposed that this group of patients should be a clinical entity and be called as “residual methamphetamine psychosis.”
Depression in Members of a New Religious Sect in Japan
Authors: Satoh Shinji , Takiguchi Naohiko , Shoji Masami , Sakai Kazuo , Seno Eiichi , Naito Shiro , Tomita Hiroshi , Hara Jun , Konishi Takako , Kano Katsumi , Oda Susumu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We investigated 226 people belonging to a regional church of a new religious sect (hereinafter referred to as religious group) and 899 ordinary people living in the rural area near this church (hereinafter referred to as nonreligious group) with a questionnaire using Zung's Self‐Rating Depression Scale (SDS). In males ranging in age from 40 to 69, the mean scores of 7 SDS items out of 20 were significantly higher in the religious group than in the nonreligious group. Males at the age of 70 or older in both groups, however, did not show any significant difference in these items. It suggests that the religious affiliation exerted mentally good effects on the older male members.
Neuropsychiatric Disturbances in a Patient with a Nonmosaic Isodicentric (X) (q21.32) Chromosome
Authors: Suzuki Toshihito , Koizumi Junzo , Arinami Tadao , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Ofuku Kojiro , Kawai Nobuyoshi , Baba Atsuomi , Ninomiya Haruhiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 41‐year‐old female patient with mental retardation and generalized epileptic seizure had a nonmosaic idic (X) (pter‐q21.32::q21.32‐pter) chromosome in peripheral lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. Primary amenorrhea, myelodysplastic syndrome, pigmented nevi and characteristic facial appearance were also observed. A few cases with the nonmosaic idic (X) (q::q) with various breakpoints reported previously commonly showed ovarian failure with dysfunction of relevant hormone. CNS abnormalities of the present case were demonstrated by CT, MRI and SPECT using 123I‐EVIP. CNS abnormalities were considered to be possibly due to karyotype with a nonmosaic idic (X) (q21.32).
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Depression
Authors: Kanaya Toshinori , Yonekawa Masaru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in patients with endogenous depression by the single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using N‐isopropyl‐p‐[123I] iodoamphetamine (IMP). The subjects were 32 patients with endogenous depression and 20 normal controls. These 32 patients, who were divided into 10 unmedicated group and 22 medicated group, were reexamined when the depressed patients reverted to a euthymic state (remission). The value of rCBF was assessed by the corticocerebellar ratio (CCR), which was expressed as a ratio of activity per pixel in the cerebral regions of interests (ROls) to the activity per pixel in the cerebellum. The depressive patients showed a decrease in rCBF all over the cerebral regions and, especially, the lower rCBF in the left than in the right hemisphere. These changes turned toward normal in a remitted state following treatments, though there was no significant difference in rCBF between the medicated and unmedicated patients. There was a significantly negative correlation between the severity of depressive symptoms and the mean rCBF in a total of patients with depression. These results suggest that psychiatric symptoms in the depressive patients might be related to the left hemispheric dysfunction.
Ultrastructure of Rectal Biopsy Specimens in Unusual Familial Ataxia with Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormality
Authors: Nakamura Ichiro , Fukutani Yuken , Kobayashi Katsuji , Kawasaki Yasuhiro , Sakamoto Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Matsubara Rokuro , Isaki Kiminori , Torii Hosaku
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The ultrastructure of rectal biopsy specimens from a 60‐year‐old woman of unusual familial ataxia with cerebrospinal fluid abnormality was investigated. She had two male siblings similarly affected and a close consanguinity in the family. Meissner's plexus neurons, Schwann cells, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells within the rectum contained intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions (lEIs) with or without intensely eosinophilic granules. Ultrastructurally the lEIs were composed of a membrane‐bound, fine granular material with or without dense cores. The IEIs resembled intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in various cells of the central nervous system from a male autopsied sibling. The clinically and morphologically similar finding in the two siblings suggests an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder previously unreported.
Enhancing Effects of Sound on Methamphetamine‐Induced Behavioral Aberrations in the Rat: A Model of Relapse of Schizophrenia‐Like Symptoms
Authors: Hada Hiroshi , Miyamoto Kenshiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Conditioning of methamphetamine (MAP)‐induced behavioral aberrations, hyperactivity (HA), stereotyped (SB) and bizarre behavior (BB) in rats were examined using Pavlovian conditioning methods. A speaker‐sound (SS) was used as the conditioning stimulus (CS) and MAP‐induced behavior as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The rats belonging to the Sound Group were repeatedly administered with MAP or saline paired with SS in an observation room and those in the Soundless Group with MAP only in the housing room.

After chronic administration with MAP, conditioned behavioral responses (CBR) such as HA, SB, and BB were observed more intensely in the Sound Group than in the Soundless Group while being subjected to SS. CBR were greatest on the 30th day after the last MAP administration and they did not disappear for 120 days.

CBR were considered as analogous to the spontaneous relapse of schizophrenia‐like symptoms.

Furthermore, as a certain behavior which had been conditioned could easily be observed as CBR with both specific (SS) and nonspecific environmental cues (handling), it is difficult to distinguish the withdrawal behavioral effects of MAP that lacks those of CBR.
Conditioned Drug Effects of Pimozide, Haloperidol and Chlorpromazine on Methamphetamine‐Induced Behavior
Authors: Miyamoto Kenshiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The separate effects of pimozide, haloperidol and chlorpromazine on conditioned behavioral responses and whether there is a difference when the drug is administered accompanied by a sound stimulus were examined in rats. The results showed a similar degree of inhibition could be obtained by saline plus sound as that by pimozide alone. The pimozide with sound group showed a higher inhibition rate than that of the other two groups of rats. In the haloperidol with sound group, a stronger inhibition appeared and furthermore when the injection was discontinued, conditioned abnormal behavior that had been inhibited began to recover. The chlorpromazine group was similar to the haloperidol group. This means that repeated saline injections accompanied by sound and each drug individually inhibits conditioned abnormal behavior and that each drug combined with sound causes the strongest inhibition. The findings obtained suggested that the antipsychotics examined could have conditioned drug effects.
A Delusional Disorder That Occurred in One of a Pair of Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Sato Tetsuya , Fujita Motoi , Ihda Shin
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The authors reported a pair of male monozygotic twins in one of whom a delusional disorder occurred, and discussed the etiology of that disorder. The analysis of the twins indicates the following: 1. The disposition for the delusional disorder might be related to a psychological tendency to experience a delusion that might be based on a genetic factor. This might be strengthened by the development of a hypersensitive personality (Kretschmer, E.) promoted by environmental factors. 2. A hypersensitive personality might be a significant risk factor for the delusional disorder.
Three Cases of Chronic Subdural Hematoma with Depressive State
Authors: Nagatomo Itsugi , Ueyama Kenichi , Fukuzako Hiroshi , Matsumoto Kei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The authors described 3 cases of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) with a depressive state. There were no abnormal findings from general and neurological examinations. Computed tomographic (CT) brain scans revealed sickle‐shaped low density areas in the bilateral frontal lobes. Two of the 3 cases had not had episodes of head contusion, and it was not until the CT brain scanning that they were found to have CSDH. Evacuation of the hematomas was not considered suitable and the depressive state of these 2 cases was improved by antidepressants. The remaining case seemed to have become depressive because of failure in business. After the head contusion, his depressive state gradually became more severe. A neurosurgical operation was carried out to evacuate the hematoma. CSDH seemed to aggravate his depressive state. These 3 cases show that CSDH located in the bilateral frontal lobes may cause and/or influence affective disorder.
The Complex Episode of Transient Global Amnesia*
Authors: Nagamine Isao , Okura Masao , Ikuta Takumi , Karisha Kenji , Saito Kazuhiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In most reports, Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) consisted of a single episode of total amnesia. The detailed investigation on the process of recovery from amnesia in the present two cases of TGA indicated the existence of a complex episode of TGA which consisted of a sequence of episodes of total amnesia.
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Discrete Brain Regions of Depression Model Rats
Authors: Komori Teruhisa , Nomura Junichi , Inoue Katsura , Kitayama Isao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity was measured in discrete brain regions of rats during short‐term forced running stress (FRS). TH activity was also determined in a depression‐like state and in a recovered state after a long‐term FRS. Under the short‐term FRS, the TH activity showed a significant increase in the locus ceruleus, certain limbic regions and tuberoinfundibular system. In the depression‐like state, however, there was a significant decrease in the locus ceruleus and certain limbic regions, but a significant increase was seen in the median eminence. The TH activity in recovered rats showed no difference from the level in the controls. These findings demonstrate an adaptive increase in the TH activity in relation to stress, and may also indicate a failure of adaptation in the depression‐like state.
A Clinical Study on Intellectual Impairment in Parkinsonian Patients during Long‐Term Treatment
Authors: Horiguchi Jun , Nishimatsu Ohichi , Inami Yasushi , Sukegawa Tsuruhei , Shoda Taka'aki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The severity of intellectual impairment of 89 patients with Parkinson's disease was evaluated with the Osaka Intelligence Scale for the Aged (OISA). Based on their intelligence levels, the patients were divided into three groups: normal, slight dementia and dementia. EEGs, psychiatric complications such as hallucination, degree of motor disability, history of medication, relationship between changes in intelligence and total amount of administered drugs were also examined. There was no significant correlation between the length of duration of the illness and the degree of intellectual impairment. Two characteristic subgroups were found among our subjects: a group of patients who rapidly became demented after the onset of Parkinsonism, and a group of patients whose intelligence was preserved for a longer period. The mean age of the onset of the disease in the former group was older than that of the latter. Patients of the former group exhibited psychiatric complications and EEG abnormalities more frequently. The severity of motor disability and medications administered at the time of the OISA examination did not differ between the two groups. Deterioration of the intelligence of the patients with Parkinson's disease did not correlate with the total amount of the administered antiparkinsonian drugs.
A Case of Alcoholic Dementia with Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia
Authors: Tsuji Motohiro , Nakajima Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 47‐year‐old man with chronic alcoholism was admitted to a psychiatric institution because of his mental symptoms and abnormal behavior. He had dementia, emotional disturbances, muscle cramps (tetanic fits), and impairment of abstract thinking and psychomotor function. The biochemical examination of his blood revealed Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and a low level of serum parathyroid hormone. The administration of Ca lactate improved hypocalcemia and muscle cramps, but not the other symptoms. An addition of Mg sulfate did not change the clinical condition and the serum electrolyte level. From these findings a relation of chronic alcohol intake to the imbalance of serum electrolytes as well as a low level of serum parathyroid hormone was discussed, and a pathogenetic mechanism of dementia observed in this case was speculated.
Methylphenidate and Interpersonal Relationships of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Mino Yoshio , Ohara Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to clarify the effects of methylphenidate on interpersonal relationships of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), data from sociometric tests conducted in 28 classes to which ADHD children belonged was analyzed, comparing patients who had a history of methylphenidate treatment with those who had not. It was suggested that ADHD children with a history of methylphenidate treatment had more favorable votes and fewer unfavorable ones than those without it. However, there were more isolated children among ADHD children with methylphenidate treatment than in those without it. The results are discussed in the light of previous findings in the literature and a hypothesis for methylphenidate induced isolation is proposed.
Ultrastructure of Senile Plaque Using Thick Sections in the Brain with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Araki Kunio , Miyakawa Taihei , Katsuragi Shoichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The subjects used in the present study consisted of 8 cases with Alzheimer's disease. Senile plaques which seemed to have no relation with the capillaries were examined in thick serial sections (3,000–5,000 A) by electron microscope. The results obtained were as follows: All of those senile plaques had amyloid angiopathy with amyloid fibrils and these amyloid fibrils formed the main elements of senile plaques. From these findings, it was confirmed that the amyloid fibrils in all plaques are produced from the capillaries.
Ultrastructure of Neurofibrillary Tangles in Alzheimer's Disease by Means of Tilt‐Stage Electron Microscopy
Authors: Katsuragi Shoichi , Miyakawa Taihei , Ouchi Kiyoshi , Kuramoto Ryoko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease were examined by means of tilt‐stage electron microscopy. Observing a longitudinal direction, constricted parts of the NFT did not move in an axial direction. In a transverse section, a fibril of the NFT consisted of globular subunits having a hollow structure in the center and did not appear as paired filaments. From these findings, it was considered that a fibril of NFT consists of twisted protofilaments made up of globular subunits and does not consist of paired helical filaments.
Interface between Shamanism and Psychiatry in Miyako Islands, Okinawa, Japan: A Viewpoint from Medical and Psychiatric Anthropology
Authors: Shimoji Akitomo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This study is the first report regarding the borderland between psychiatry and shamanism in Miyako Islands, Okinawa, Japan. Folk healing practices are still flourishing on the islands. Most mentally ill persons we examined admitted to having consulted shamans. Although there is a need to assess the positive and negative effects of shamanistic practices on Miyako Islands' health care system as a whole, this report indicates the urgent need to come to terms with the interaction between shamanism and psychiatry on a multidimensional level. We describe here psychotic illness attributed to kandaari. These cases underline the importance of understanding “the explanatory model” (Kleinman 1979) of people as regards the causes and the effective healing of illness. From the viewpoint of medical and psychiatric anthropology, aspects of the treatment of such patients in the biocultural context are described.
The Developmental Mode of Adolescent Psychopathology: From the Pathogenic Viewpoint of the Eating Disorder
Authors: Tsutsumi Satoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The developmental mode of eating disorder was studied by investigating 48 cases in detail. After various factors were examined, it appeared certain that the intensification of adolescent turmoil as well as the neurotic level of determinants can become the strong driving force and the cause of eating disorder. Among most cases, the less sprightly life is dominant around preadolescence, which affects the orientation of psychopathology in adolescence. Under the influence of the developmental mode in preadolescence, every case determines how to utilize adolescent mentality (asceticism and indulgence colored by masochism and defiance vs. obedience). With this standpoint, the author illustrates how there may occur branching out of the subtype of eating disorder.
Contributions of Genetic Studies to Clinical Psychiatry
Authors: Abe Kazuhiko , Oda Noboru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Recent twin and family studies have demonstrated a genetic factor in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, some cases of infantile autism, enuresis, specific reading disability, sleepwalking, night terrors, common fears and anxiety. Family studies have been used to elucidate the nosological relationship of psychiatric disorders; e.g. anorexia nervosa (to affective disorder), Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, and sleeptalking. Advances in biochemical genetics and in enzyme polymorphisms suggest that there are wide individual variations in the adverse effects of drugs and that dosage should be tailored to the individual patient. Recently molecular genetic methods have been introduced to psychiatry, but a major breakthrough in this field appears to be still years away.
Three Cases of Respiratory Dyskinesia
Authors: Nakamura Jun , Otsuka Mieka , Kuniyoshi Masahiro , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We present here three cases of respiratory dyskinesia (RD). RD was observed with a video recording and other recordings were made of a respiratory airflow with a thermistor, and abdominal movement with a strain gauge. Neurological findings end CT scanning indicated marked organic changes in the brain in these 3 cases. RD was complicated with tardive dyskinesia of the tongue and lips, and the symptoms were aggravated during stress and absent during sleeping, which are the characteristic features of extrapyramidal symptoms. The symptoms of the three cases have improved by decreasing the dose of butyrophenone derivatives and discontinuing anti‐parkinsonian drugs, which suggested that an intracerebral imbalance of DA and ACh may be the cause of RD.
Exteroceptive Suppression of the Masseter and Temporalis Muscles and Parkinsonian Rigidity
Authors: Nakashima Kenji , Takahashi Kazuro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Exteroceptive suppression of the masseter and temporalis muscles, produced by electrical stimulation of the mental nerve, was studied in 40 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 18 age‐matched control subjects. Prior to the stimulation, background electromyographic activity showed no difference between the normal subjects and patients with PD. The latency in the patients with PD did not differ from that in the normal subjects. The duration and degree of suppression were lower in the patients with PD when compared with the normal subjects. The low level of degree was more obvious in patients with severe rigidity in the neck. A low degree of exteroceptive suppression might play a partial role in causing rigidity.
Effects of Clomipramine on the Concentrations of Catecholamines, Indoleamines and Their Metabolites in 11 Rat Brain Regions
Authors: Kido Hideki , Hasegawa Mitsuru , Sakamoto Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Kurata Kouichi , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effects of clomipramine (CMP) treatment on the brain concentrations of catecholamines, indoleamines and their metabolites were evaluated in 11 rat brain regions. An acute CMP treatment (15 mg/kg) reduced only the 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid (5HIAA) concentrations in all regions. A long‐term CMP treatment (14 days, 10 mg/kg/day) decreased the concentrations of dopamine (DA), 5‐hydroxy‐tryptamine and 5HIAA in the mesencephalon, and increased the DA concentrations in the hippocampus. In comparison with the values for the long‐term treated rats, an acute injection of CMP (15 mg/kg) after a long‐term treatment increased the norepinephrine concentrations in the hypothalamus and amygdala, and the concentrations of DA, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in the basal ganglia. On the other hand, it failed to decrease the 5HIAA concentrations in the basal ganglia, frontal cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum, pons + medulla oblongata, and mesencephalon.
Problems of Subject Inclusion in Psychiatric Research: Observations from Research with Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Radford Mark H.B. , Nakane Yoshibumi , Kalucy Ross S. , Ohta Yasuyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In a recent study of psychiatric disturbance and decision making behaviour12, it was observed that a significant number of psychiatric inpatients experienced difficulties in addressing themselves to the experimental tasks at hand. Despite the large number of studies that have used psychiatric inpatients as subjects, little, if any mention has been made of these difficulties. The following report describes the difficulties that have been observed in the above research project, and examines their possible implications for clinical assessment, research, and for clinical investigations and evaluation of treatment regimes (e.g. effectiveness of particular drug therapies), which use psychiatric inpatient populations as subject sources.
Symtoms and Social Adjustment of Schizophrenic Patients as Evaluated by Their Family Members: A Cross‐Cultural Psychiatric Study between Offshore Islands and an Urban City
Authors: Otsuka Toshihiro , Ohta Yasuyuki , Nakane Yoshibumi , Yoshitake Kazuyasu , Tsukasaki Minoru , Sugasaki Hiroyuki , Araki Kenichi , Michitsuji Shunichiro , Takada Koichi , Radford Mark H.B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We conducted a comparative study of symptoms and social adjustment of schizophrenic patients on offshore islands and one urban region in Japan. In the evaluation of symptoms and social behavior by family members, no differences were observed between the two regions. Looking at social adjustment in the two regions, no differences were observed by family members either in the performance level or in the expectation level of socially expected activities. However, on the offshore islands, the expectation level of socially expected activities by family members was significantly higher than the level of self‐accomplishment set by schizophrenic patients themselves. As for leisure activities, both family members and patients on the islands evaluated the level of performance to be significantly higher than in the urban region, and the level of satisfaction of the patients themselves was also higher on the islands. Considering both these findings and Japanese traditional views of work and leisure, it is believed that on the islands patients are required to engage in more productive activities and less leisure activities than in the urban region. Further it seems that patients on the islands compared to patients in the urban region may have greater difficulty in social adjustment.
Epileptic Seizures in the 4p‐ Syndrome: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Kanazawa Osamu , Irie Norio , Kawai Itsuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We report ictal phenomena in two patients with the 4p – syndrome captured on simultaneous video‐EEG monitor. One patient, diagnosed as having partial epilepsy, had complex partial seizures and hemiconvulsive status epilepticus. This was associated with more severe mental retardation. The second patient was diagnosed as having the West syndrome and exhibited tonic spasms with a cluster formation. We conclude that various types of epileptic seizures may occur in patients with the 4p ‐ syndrome, including grand mal and myoclonic seizures.
Observations of Microvessels in the Brain with Alzheimer's Disease by the Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Kimura Takemi , Hashimura Tetsuo , Miyakawa Taihei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Microvessels in the brain with Alzheimer's disease and those of a control group were observed by means of the scanning electron microscopy. There were no morphological differences between the relatively large arteries in Alzheimer's disease and those of the control. Remarkable differences existed in terminal arterioles and capillaries. In Alzheimer's brain, the terminal arterioles frequently had focal constrictions and smooth muscle cells with an irregular shape and arrangement, and the capillaries also showed an irregular abluminal surface and irregular constriction and dilatation along their paths. In the control brain, there were no changes such as those observed in Alzheimer's disease. The findings suggest that diffuse neuronal loss in Alzheimer's cerebral cortex might be induced by circulatory disturbance through the changed micro‐vessels.
Methamphetamine‐Induced Dopamine Release in the Medial Frontal Cortex of Freely Moving Rats
Authors: Kashihara Kenichi , Hamamura Takashi , Okumura Kazuya , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effect of niethamphetamine (MAP) on the efflux of endogenous dopamine (DA) in the medial frontal cortex of freely moving rats was evaluated by a micro‐dialysis technique. The injection of MAP at 4 mg/kg, i.p., increased the extracellular levels of DA and decreased the levels of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid significantly. Although the changes were smaller than those observed in the striatum, the direction and time course were similar. MAP increases the efflux of DA in the medial frontal cortex.
Comparison of Kindling at Short Interstimulus Intervals in Acutely and Chronically Prepared Rabbits
Authors: Jibiki Itsuki , Kubota Takashi , Wada Yuji , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: For the purpose of contributing methodologically to experimental research on epilepsy, we investigated whether a difference exists in kindling development between acute and chronic preparations using identical species of animals, kindled brain tissues, stimulus intervals, and intensities. Seizure‐threshold stimulations repeatedly applied at 5‐min intervals to the unilateral visual cortex in rabbits completed the generalization of epileptiform discharge trains after the llth‐24th trials in the acute preparations concomitantly with an increase in the afterdischarge duration and the development of independent discharges, whereas they induced no kindling phenomena even with 50 trials in the chronic preparations. These results indicate that there is an extreme difference in kindling susceptibility between acute and chronic preparations, resulting, presumably, from multifactorial dissimilarities in these experimental conditions.
Kindling‐Induced Neuronal Plasticity in the Dorsal Hippocampus CA1 in Acutely Prepared Rabbits: Unit Activity Analysis
Authors: Jibiki Itsuki , Kubota Takashi , Fujimoto Kimio , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To elucidate kindling‐induced neuronal plasticity by single cell discharge analysis, responses consisting of action potentials orthodromically elicited in the dorsal hippocampus CA1 by a single electric shock to the neighboring region were serially observed before, during and after kindling, i.e. the repetition of stimulus trains applied to the same hippocampal region in acutely prepared rabbits. Eventually, the orthodromic unit responses with identical ampltiudes, which were's regarded as a single cell origin, gradually increased in the firing rate at the interictal stages during and after the kindling. Further, an inhibitory period following the unit responses, during which no spontaneous unit activity appeared, was remarkably prolonged during and after the kindling. Both the increase of the unit responses and the prolongation of the inhibitory period irreversibly lasted for hours once they occurred. Such unit activity analysis confirms kindling‐induced excitatory and inhibitory synaptic plasticity.
Mechanism of Electrographic Seizure Generation in the Rat Brain Slice in Low Magnesium Medium: Modulatory Effect of Interictal Bursting on Seizure Generation
Authors: Kojima Hisashi , Kowada Masayoshi , Bragdon Andrew C.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to understand the mechanisms underlying seizure generation, the present study investigated the functional and anatomical interaction between seizures and interictal bursts. Bathing rat brain slices of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in zero magnesium medium elicited electrographic seizures. In the later period, the electrographic seizures were eventually replaced by the interictal bursts. In this phase, lowering [K+]0 and raising [Ca2+]0, restored the tonic seizures by suppressing the interictal bursts. A multiple knife cut experiment revealed that the seizures arose in the entorhinal cortex and the interictal bursts originated in CA3. A selective knife cut across the subiculum showed that the interictal bursts, propagating from CA3 to the entorhinal cortex, disrupted and suppressed the electrographic seizures in standard Mg–free medium.
Kindling‐Induced Changes of GTP Binding in the Cerebral Cortical Membrane
Authors: Iwasa Hiroto , Hasegawa Shuji , Kikuchi Shuichi , Watanabe Kaori , Koseki Keijiro , Kodama Kazuhiro , Sato Toshio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Specific [3H]GTP binding to the cerebral cortical membrane was examined in amygdaloid kindled rats. Membrane fractions of the cerebral cortex obtained from kindled rats and sham operated control were incubated with [3H]GTP and the data were analyzed by Scatchard plots. There were no differences in the Bmax and Kd values in basal (without any agonists) binding between kindled and control membranes. In the presence of isoprenaline, β‐agonist, Bmax values increased in the control, but did not increase in the kindled group. The kindling‐induced abolishment of isoprenaline effect on Bmax of GTP binding persisted at least two weeks. Specific GTP binding activity of control membrane increased in the presence of carbachol, muscarinic agonist. A carbachol‐induced increase in specific GTP binding activity also disappeared in the kindled group. These results suggest that a functional imbalance among various types of GTP binding proteins (Gs, Gi or Go) might be related to the acquisition of the epileptogenesis in the kindling model of epilepsy.
10‐Year Foliow‐Up Study of Epilepsy with Psychosis
Authors: Onuma Teiichi , Adachi Naoto , Hisano Takeshi , Uesugi Shuuji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Thirty‐three cases of psychosis associated with epilepsy were followed in our clinic for 10 years. In 12 cases, the psychotic symptom appeared episodically and 9 of them had more than one relapse and 7 of them more than 2 relapses. Only 3 cases had no relapse. In 21 cases, the psychotic symptoms were continuous, lasting more than 2 years. In 8 of them, the symptoms were stable and remained unchanged but in 13 of them, the symptom showed exacerbation and partial remissions. In 11 cases, a decrease or discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs (mostly haloperidol) significantly provoked or aggravated the psychotic symptoms.
An Important Role of Non‐NMDA Receptors in the Expression of Kindled Amygdaloid Seizure in Rats
Authors: Saitoh Hiroki , Osonoe Kouichi , Osonoe Minako , Mori Norio , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: γ‐D‐glutamylaminomethylsulphonic acid (GAMS), a preferential antagonist of non‐NMDA receptors (kainate and quisqualate receptors), was injected into the kindled amygdala (AM) of rats. When the kindled AM was stimulated at the previously established generalized seizure triggering threshold (GST) one hour after the GAMS (1 or 2 mu;mol) injection, afterdischarge (AD) generation was completely suppressed. However, a re‐stimulation at the intensity of 40–200 μA above the GST generated AD associated with Stage 1 or 5 seizure. Our result suggests an important role played by non‐NMDA receptors in the expression and generalization of AM‐onset seizures.
The Effects of Clonazepam on Rolandic Discharge of Benign Epilepsy of Children with Centro‐Temporal EEG Foci
Authors: Takahashi Keiichi , Saito Masahiro , Kyo Keiko , Gomibuchi Kyoko , Niijima Shinichi , Tada Hideyo , Honda Toshihiro , Sato Yasuko , Takahashi Hiroshi , Ohtsuka Chikaya
Published: March 2008

1) CZP had marked effects on RD. RD disappeared in 8 (73%) of 11 patients treated with CZP alone and 6 (43%) of 14 treated with CZP in combination with other drugs. Even when RD persisted, its amplitude and frequency decreased in some patients.

2) In the group treated with CZP in combination with other drugs, RD disappeared in all 5 patients with the persistent RD, of whom 2 had arachnoid cyst. Of the 6 patients with frequent seizures, 2 were subsequently diagnosed as having CPS and SPS, respectively. Patients who did not respond to CPZ included those in whom the diagnosis of BECCT should be reconfirmed, and electro‐clinical response may be also useful for diagnosing RD.

3) In patients treated with CZP alone for a short‐term treatment of BECCT, the drug administration could be discontinued only in one. A longer follow‐up study is necessary to reach a conclusion in future.
The Sequence of Panic Symptoms
Authors: Mizobe Yuko , Yamada Kumiko , Fujii Isao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: For phenomenological elucidation of panic attacks, 26: patients with panic attacks were requested to name the panic symptoms in order of their occurrence and specify the patterns of their abatement. Panic symptoms were found to be classifiable into three categories: early symptoms consisting of dizziness or faintness, palpitations, and sweating; intermediate symptoms dyspnea, nausea or abdominal distress, flush or chills, chest pain or discomfort, shaking, and choking; late symptoms paresthesias, fear of dying, and fear of going crazy. Panic symptoms disappeared in 61.6% irrespective of the sequence of their occurrence. Twenty‐one patients were interviewed about the experience of nocturnal panic attacks, and 23.8% experienced them. These findings suggest that fear is caused by sudden physical abnormality triggered by some biological factors.
The Meaning of Basic Symptoms for the Genesis of the Schizophrenic Nuclear Syndrome
Authors: Klosterkötter Joachim
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In the Bonn Transition Sequences study, the development of the Schneiderian first rank symptoms in their exact chronological order was studied from the first symptomatological precursors up to the complete forms of the respective psychotic Anal phenomena. At their onset, subjective experiences of preexisting disorders of perception, thinking, speech and memory, of cognitive control of action and of proprioception were found. These four groups of initial deficiencies developed via certain intermediate phenomena into first rank symptoms. The analysis of these transition sequences revealed three phases with different generating factors each. Altogether, the results showed that and how the gap between the deficiency findings of the biologically oriented research in schizophrenia and the diagnostically relevant changes in experience can be bridged.
A Study of Common Carotid Arterial Blood Flow Volume of Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Nagatomo Itsugi , Nomaguchi Mitsuo , Matsumoto Kei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Ninety‐seven nursing home residents were divided into 2 groups according to whether they had had an episode of stroke or not. Each group was classifled into 3 subgroups: prolonged bed rest, walking with aids or walking by themselves. They were investigated for both the carotid blood flow volume and the modifled Stockton geriatric rating scale (SGRS), In chronic stroke residents, the total blood flow volume of prolonged bed rest residents was lower than that who can walk by themselves. In residents without stroke, the total blood flow volume of prolonged bed rest residents was lower than the other 2 subgroups. The total blood flow volume was significantly correlated with the scores of 3: factors of the modifled SGRS.
Age‐Related Changes in Occipital Alpha Rhythm of Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Ono Yoshiro , Yoshida Hironobu , Momotani Yozo , Yoshimasu Fumio , Higashi Yuji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A power spectral analysis was performed on occipital EECs recorded from 36: Down Syndrome (DS) subjects aged 15: to 54: and compared with two control groups; 47: healthy volunteers (Control) and 42: mentally retarded people without DS (MR). The frequencies of occipital alpha rhythms of DS showed a eignIflcant inverse correlation with chronological age, while Control and MR did not. The average frequencies of DS were signIflcanUy low even in the youngest age‐group in comparison with those of Control, and also decreased in the age‐groups of 35: and older compared with MR. It was considered that a slowing of alpha rhythm was a manifestation of premature aging that occurred in the underdeveloped brains of DS.
Distinguishing Acute and Tardive Akathisia by Monitoring Microvibration: A Pilot Study
Authors: Nishikawa Tadashi , Kuwahara Hiroo , Tsuda Akira , Tanaka Masatoshi , Koga Itsuyuki , Uchida Yasunori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: One acute and one tardive akathisia patients, respectively, and 10: neuroleptic‐treated schizophrenic patients were injected with biperiden 5: mg or saline and the response to anticholinergics was monitored by microvibration (MV) as an indicator of muscle tonus. These data were subjected to the Fast Fourier Transform and an averaged power spectrum was computed. The biperiden injection markedly reduced the power spectral values of MV in acute akathisia. In contrast with acute akathisia, the biperiden injection sigdlcantly increased the power spectral values of MV in tardive akathisia. The subjective feelings of akathisia patients were parallel to the power spectral values of MV. Control patients were not aflected by such treatment. The present findings show that the subjective symptoms of akathisia can be well defined by the objective, differential response to anticholinergics in a manner similar to the visible extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, dyskinesia) induced by neuroleptics.
Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR) in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Miyamoto Hiroshi , Sakuma Kenichi , Kumagai Kazuya , Ichikawa Tadahiko , Koizumi Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Auditory brain stem responses were recorded in 20: patients with anorexia nervom and 10: normal control subjects. Twenty patients were studied during two phases of illness, 1) anorexia nervosa group with under weight WAN group), and 2) anorexia nervom group with recovered normal weight (N‐AN group). Absolute latencies, interwave latencies, absolute amplitudes, and amplitude ratios were investigated. A nonsignillcant diflerence was found among these groups as far 88: the latencies were concerned. Both the patients in the U‐AN group and those in the N‐AN group had signiflcantly smaller amplitude ratios (IIIA, IV.V/I) and absolute amplitude (V) than did the control subjects. Furthermore, a nonsignificant difference wm found between the U‐AN group and the N‐AN group. It suggests that some dysfunction might exist in the region of the brain stem.
A Long‐Term Observation on a Case of Epilepsy with Occipital Continuous Spikes
Authors: Ichikawa Tadahiko , Sakuma Kenichi , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Koizumi Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have reported a 38‐year‐old female who did not show clinical seizures during continuous spikes in the left occipital area over a period of 18: years. As to the neurological findings, visual disturbance, optic nerve atrophy and right hemianopsia were almost always present. The low density area distributing f'rom the left occipital area to the left temporal one on the CT revealed to be porencephaly. From the clinical Andings obtained in this case, the lesion responsible for the occipital continuom spikes could be ascribed to be functional abnormality of the visual pathway connecting the left lateral geniculate body with the left occipital cortex.
Immunoglobulin k/Λ Ratios in Migraine and Tension‐Type Headache
Authors: Shimomura Tokio , Araga Shigeru , Kowa Hisanori , Takahashi Kazuro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The possibility of immunological mechanisms causing headaches has been proposed in the past. To investigate the immunological system activation in patients with chronic headaches, we evaluated the k/Λ ratios of immunoglobulins in 40: patients with migraine and 49: patients with tension‐type headache. Nineteen healthy volunteers composed the control group. The serum k and Λ levels of immunoglobulins were determined by using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. The k/Λ ratios of IgG in the patients with tension‐type headache were sigaiflcantly higher than those in the controls. The k/Λ ratios of IgA and IgM in the patients with headaches were higher than those in the controls, but they were not statistically significant. The total concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were significantly higher in the patients with migraine. In the patients with tension‐type headache, the total concentrations of IgG and IgA were sigaificantly higher than those in the controls. The high levels of k/Λ ratios of IgC in the patients with tension‐type headache and the increase in the total concentrations of immunoglobulins in the patients with migraine and tension‐type headache, observed in this study, suggest that the humoral immunological system activation might exist, and it might be related to the etiology of tension‐type headache and migraine.
An Autopsied Case of Interferon Encephalopathy
Authors: Mitsuyama Yoshio , Hashiguchi Hiroyuki , Murayama Toshihiko , Koono Masashi , Nishi Shohei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 78‐year‐old male with renal carcinoma was treated with a high dose infusion of interferon‐alpha (IFN‐alpha) for eight months. The patient had evidence of organlc brain syndrome such 88: dysfunction of memory, slowing of behavior, and development of mental confusion that appeared eight months after the treatment. MRI at the time of mental confusion revealed difise white matter lesions. Neuropathologic findings were compatible to Binswanger's disease and Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT), Preexisting neurologic abnormalities including intracerebral arteriosclerosis and cerebral atrophy may increase susceptibility to unacceptably severe IFN neurotoxicity.
Four Clinical Types of Panic Disorders
Authors: Takeuchi Tatsuo , Hasegawa Masahiko , Ikeda Masatoshi , Hayashi Ryosuke , Tomiyama Gakujin , Nemoto Toyomi , Hoshino Keiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The authors attempted to classify panic disorders into four types according to a clinical course and accompanying neurotic or depressive symptoms. The characteristics of each type are as follows; type I: a single panic attack is the only symptom, type 11: only panic attacks occur frequently without any accompanying neurotic or depressive symptoms, type III: a recurrence of panic attacks and the gradual development of neurotic symptoms, such as anticipatory anxiety, generalized anxiety, agoraphobia, or hypo‐chondriasis, type IV: depressive symptoms develop in the course of recurring panic attacks. Type IV is further divided into three subtypes. Type IV‐1: depressive symptoms develop secondary to panic attacks and major depression later coexists with panic disorder. Type IV‐2: panic disorder continuously changed into major depression. Type IV‐3: panic attacks and depressive symptoms are seen independently. The most common types are type III and type IV‐1, and seem to be a core group of the panic disorder. Typical cases of each type are presented and underlying psychopathology is discussed.
Current Views on Panic Disorder and Its Management in Japan: A National Survey
Authors: Satoh Keiji , Fujii Isao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In a national random‐sample survey, the views of 1,069 practicing clinicians, including internists, surgeons and psychiatrists, on panic disorder were surveyed by using a series of questionnaires. In spite of a high rate of clinical experience and agreements on the symptoms among clinicians, the nature of this disorder, such as a common descriptive diagnosis, and the preferred treatment have not been agreed upon by the Japanese medical community. Furthermore, respondents were questioned as to the preferred treatment for panic disorder, but no treatment was regarded as critical by a majority of clinicians. It is concluded that because of the high potential patient population with panic disorder, clinical research that will provide more adequate diagnosis and treatment for this disorder is necessary in Japan.
A Case of Testicular Feminization Syndrome with Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Hashiramoto Keiko , Yoshida Toshihide , Sakane Naoki , Kondo Motoharu , Kitagawa Ichiro , Honjo Hideo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 19‐year‐old patient with I female appearance visited our department for treatment of bulimia nervosa. The patient had primary amenorrhea. Chromosomal studies revealed a 46XY karyotype, and the plasma testosterone level was in the range of normal adult males. The patient was diagnosed as having testicular feminization syndrome. The psychological backgrcund, such as severe anxieties concerning her body, was behind the eating disorders. Examinations revealed intraabdominal testes. A bilateral gonadectomy was performed, and no androgen receptors were detected in the suprapubic skin. After the gonadectomy, the patient's mental status became much more stable, and the ability to control her eating pattern was restored. Testicular feminization with bulimia nervosa is rare in Japan. The importance of mental support and a careful follow‐up to people with testicular feminization is being discussed.