bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EPR Study of Rotational Diffusion in Viscous Ionic Liquids: Analysis by a Fractional Stokes–Einstein–Debye Law
Authors: Miyake Yusuke , Hidemori Takehiro , Akai Nobuyuki , Kawai Akio , Shibuya Kazuhiko , Koguchi Shinichi , Kitazume Tomoya
Published: January 2009

Rotational correlation time (τc) of nitroxide radical solute was determined in ionic liquids by utilizing CW EPR spectroscopy. The experimental values of τc determined in viscous ionic liquids disagree with the values calculated according to Stokes–Einstein–Debye (SED) equation. A fractional SED law was examined for these solute–solvent combinations.
Fabrication of Multifunctional Magnetic Nanogold Microspheres as Immunosensing Probe for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Food
Authors: Tang Dianping , Li Hang , Liao Jiayao
Published: January 2009

This research describes the fabrication process of multifunctional magnetic nanogold microspheres as immunosensing probe for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, as a model, in food.
Becoming a nun in the Dharmaguptaka tradition
Authors: Heirman Dr Ann
Published: January 2009

The present article discusses the two stages that, according to the vinaya texts, precede a full ordination of a woman candidate within the samgha: the stages of novice and of probationer. In the context of the present-day discussions on the position of nuns within the samgha, and on the (re)introduction of a nuns' ordination in lineages where today this is not fully accepted, the article focuses on the formal issues that in the Dharmaguptaka vinaya tradition precede the nuns' ordination and thus prepare the basis on which the full ordination was traditionally built.
The Date & Cause of the First Schism
Authors: Sujato Bhikkhu
Published: January 2009

1. The texts and inscriptions dating from the early period – roughly the first 500 years after the Buddha’s passing away – do not support the conclusion that fully-fledged sects existed at that time. Rather, we should think in terms of ‘sectarian tendencies’ that emerged as actual sects towards the end of the early period. The available sources that speak of the First Schism are best read as sectarian accounts depicting the situation in the Buddhism of their own time – roughly 100-500 CE – rather than as historical records of the pre-A?okan era.

2. All of the Sthavira sources mention the so-called ‘five theses’ of the Mah?sa?ghika (later ascribed to a certain ‘Mah?deva’) as either the cause of the First Schism or as important doctrinal issues. And a review of relevant Vinaya sources demonstrates that the ‘five theses’ were probably accepted within the Mah?sa?ghika, which confirms that this was likely the principal cause of the First Schism.
Rahula and the Liberal Buddha
Authors: Edwards Mr Colin
Published: January 2009

This article suggests that the popular western image of the Buddha of the Pali suttas has been influenced by the opening pages of Walpola Rahula’s book What the Buddha Taught. It examines two closely linked qualities postulated by Rahula as attributes of the Buddha: that he is respectful of other religions and that he encourages freedom of thought in his followers. It finds Rahula’s evidence faulty at every turn and goes on to give examples of the Buddha’s and suttas’ disrespectful attitude to other faiths, suggesting that in respect of its ‘exclusivism’, the Buddhism of the Pali suttas is no different from other religions.
Comparison of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolated from Rainbow Trout Fry
Authors: Kum Cavit , Kirkan Sukru , Sekkin Selim , Akar Ferda , Boyacioglu Murat
Published: January 2009

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in the west Aegean region of Turkey and to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of F. psychrophilum (isolated from the fry of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) to seven antimicrobial agents, as determined by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. A total of 250 rainbow trout fry (weight = 2–5 g; total length = 3–6 cm) were examined, and 20 bacterial isolates were phenotypically identified. Antimicrobial agents included in this investigation were amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (AMC), erythromycin (E), enrofloxacin (ENR), florfenicol (FFC), gentamicin (CN), oxytetracycline (OT), and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim (SXT). Disk diffusion and agar dilution methods were performed according to published standards. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges were determined using the agar dilution method for F. psychrophilum isolates. Resistance of F. psychrophilum to CN (disk diffusion method: 70%; agar dilution method: 95%), E (65%; 100%), and SXT (75%; 100%) was high using both methods. Resistance to ENR (10%; 15%) and FFC (25%; 25%) was low with both methods; MIC90 (minimum concentration required to inhibit bacterial growth by 90%) was 4 μg/mL for ENR and 16 μg/mL for FFC. Ninety percent of the F. psychrophilum isolates were resistant to AMC based on the disk diffusion method, while only 15% of isolates showed resistance based on the agar dilution method. For OT, 20% of isolates were resistant based on disk diffusion, while 75% exhibited resistance based on agar dilution. The importance of susceptibility testing when facing an outbreak of F. psychrophilum at a fish farm is obvious; however, the discrepancies between testing methods for AMC and OT require further studies.
Comparison of Tank Treatments with Copper Sulfate and Potassium Permanganate for Sunshine Bass with Ichthyobodosis
Authors: Mitchell Andrew J. , Darwish Ahmed , Fuller Adam
Published: January 2009

The biflagellated, single celled parasite Ichthyobodo necator can cause significant losses among fish populations, particularly those cultured in tanks. Treatments of KMnO4 and CuSO4 were evaluated against a naturally occurring I. necator infestation on sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) raised in tanks. Four hour static treatments with 3 mg of KMnO4/L of water (2.5 mg/L above the determined KMnO4 demand) or 2 mg of CuSO4/L of water (total alkalinity = 207 mg/L; total hardness = 95 mg/L) were randomly applied to 4 tanks/treatment (23 fish/tank); the same treatments were reapplied 2 d later. Four tanks were used as positive controls. By 2 d posttreatment (after the second treatment), only 17.4% of the untreated control fish survived, and a sample of the remaining fish was heavily infested with I. necator. All remaining control fish were dead by 5 d posttreatment. The KMnO4 treatment significantly curtailed the initial mortality (survival = 92.4%) and slightly reduced the high parasite loads at 2 d posttreatment. However, fish mortalities increased dramatically over the next 3 d (survival at 5 d posttreatment = 37.5%), and parasite loads from sampled fish remained high. The CuSO4 treatment was effective in significantly lowering the parasite load (almost eliminating I. necator) and maintaining a high fish survival (87.5%) by 5 d posttreatment. The findings in this study clearly demonstrate that CuSO4 is a viable treatment for ichthyobodosis in tanks.
Genetic Analysis of Paramyxovirus Isolates from Pacific Salmon Reveals Two Independently Co circulating Lineages
Authors: Batts William N. , Falk Knut , Winton James R.
Published: January 2009

Viruses with the morphological and biochemical characteristics of the family Paramyxoviridae (paramyxoviruses) have been isolated from adult salmon returning to rivers along the Pacific coast of North America since 1982. These Pacific salmon paramyxoviruses (PSPV), which have mainly been isolated from Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, grow slowly in established fish cell lines and have not been associated with disease. Genetic analysis of a 505 base pair region of the polymerase gene from 47 PSPV isolates produced 17 nucleotide sequence types that could be grouped into two major sublineages, designated A and B. The two independently co circulating sublineages differed by 12.1–13.9% at the nucleotide level but by only 1.2% at the amino acid level. Isolates of PSPV from adult Pacific salmon returning to rivers from Alaska to California over a 25 year period showed little evidence of geographic or temporal grouping. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these paramyxoviruses of Pacific salmon were most closely related to the Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (ASPV) from Norway, having a maximum nucleotide diversity of 26.1% and an amino acid diversity of 19.0%. When compared with homologous sequences of other paramyxoviruses, PSPV and ASPV were sufficiently distinct to suggest that they are not clearly members of any of the established genera in the family Paramyxoviridae. In the course of this study, a polymerase chain reaction assay was developed that can be used for confirmatory identification of PSPV.
Evolution of Glyphosate-Resistant Crop Technology
Authors: Green Jerry M.
Published: January 2009

New and improved glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops continue to be rapidly developed. These crops confer greater crop safety to multiple glyphosate applications, higher rates, and wider application timings. Many of these crops will also have glyphosate resistance stacked with traits that confer resistance to herbicides with other modes of actions to expand the utility of existing herbicides and to increase the number of mixture options that can delay the evolution of GR weeds. Some breeding stacks of herbicide resistance traits are currently available, but the trend in the future will be to combine resistance genes in molecular stacks. The first example of such a molecular stack has a new metabolically based mechanism to inactivate glyphosate combined with an active site-based resistance for herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS). This stack confers resistance to glyphosate and all five classes of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Other molecular stacks will include glyphosate resistance with resistance to auxin herbicides and herbicides that inhibit acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) and 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). Scientists are also studying a number of other herbicide resistance transgenes. Some of these new transgenes will be used to make new multiple herbicide-resistant crops that offer growers more herbicide options to meet their changing weed management needs and to help sustain the efficacy of glyphosate.
Seed-Mediated Gene Flow in Wheat: Seed Bank Longevity in Western Canada
Authors: Nielson Ryan L. , McPherson Marc A. , O'Donovan John T. , Harker K. Neil , Yang Rong-Cai , Hall Linda M.
Published: January 2009

Development of genetically modified (GM) wheat has raised concerns about the movement and persistence of transgenes in agroecosystems and the ability of growers to segregate GM from conventional wheat. Wheat as a crop has been studied extensively but the population biology of volunteer wheat is not well characterized. Artificial seed bank studies were conducted in western Canada to provide baseline data on volunteer wheat seed persistence. Seed from two cultivars of Canadian western red spring wheat, ‘AC Splendor’ and ‘AC Superb’, were buried in mesh bags at three depths (0, 2, and 15 cm) in two different environments in the fall of 2003 and 2004. In addition, in 2004, ‘AC Superb’ seed were separated into small and large seed lots and buried with a medium seed lot to examine the influence of seed size on seed bank persistence. Seeds were withdrawn at intervals to assess seed germination and viability and regression analysis conducted on the viable seed at each sample period, after burial. Seed viability was variable within years and sites, and declined exponentially over time. In the spring, approximately 6 mo after initiation, viable seed ranged from 1 to 43%. With the exception of a single site and year, seeds on the soil surface persisted significantly longer than buried seeds and increasing burial depth accelerated loss of viability. The maximum viability of wheat seeds at 0, 2, and 15 cm depth in the spring following planting was 43, 7, and 2%, respectively. The extinction of viability for 99% (EX99) of the seed was estimated from regression analysis. The EX99values of seeds buried at 0, 2, and 15 cm ranged from 493 to 1,114, 319 to 654, and 175 to 352 d after planting (DAP), respectively, with the exception of one site in 2003 where burial depths were not different and all had an EX99value of 456 DAP. Seed size and cultivar did not significantly affect persistence, with the exception of one site in 2003 where the difference in EX99values was 20 DAP. The rapid loss of seed viability limits temporal gene flow via volunteers in years following a wheat crop. Results provide data on spring wheat biology to aid in Canadian environmental biosafety assessments of GM wheat and will be incorporated into a mechanistic model to predict wheat gene flow on the Canadian prairies.
Red Rice (Oryza sativa) Emergence Characteristics and Influence on Rice Yield At Different Planting Dates
Authors: Shivrain Vinod K. , Burgos Nilda R. , Gealy David R. , Smith Kenneth L. , Scott Robert C. , Mauromoustakos Andy , Black Howard
Published: January 2009

Cultivated rice yield losses due to red rice infestation vary by cultivar, red rice density, and duration of interference. The competition effects of red rice could be influenced further by emergence characteristics, red rice biotype, and planting time of cultivated rice. We aimed to characterize the emergence of red rice biotypes at different planting dates and evaluate the effect of red rice biotype, rice cultivar, and planting date on cultivated rice yield loss. Field experiments were conducted at the Southeast Research and Extension Center, Rohwer, AR, and at the Arkansas Rice Research and Extension Center, Stuttgart, AR, in the summer of 2005 and 2006. The experimental design was a split-split plot with three or four replications. Planting time, ClearfieldTM(CL) rice cultivar, and red rice biotype were the main plot, subplot, and sub-subplot factors, respectively. There were three planting times from mid-April to mid-May at 2-wk intervals. CL rice cultivars, CL161 and hybrid CLXL8, and 12 red rice biotypes were planted. The emergence rate and coefficient of uniformity of germination differed among some red rice biotypes within a planting time. Planting date affected the emergence characteristics of red rice biotypes. The mean emergence rate of red rice was 0.043 d−1in the mid-April planting and 0.058 d−1in the late April planting. For the mid-April planting, 50% of red rice biotypes emerged in 20 ± 2 d compared with 15 ± 2 d for CL rice cultivars. Yield losses due to red rice biotypes generally increased in later planting dates, up to 49%. Yield losses due to interference from red rice biotypes ranged from 14 to 45% and 6 to 35% in CL161 and CLXL8, respectively. Cultivated rice became less competitive with red rice in later plantings, resulting in higher yield losses.
A New Method for Estimation of Resource Selection Probability Function
Authors: LELE SUBHASH R.
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT  Weighted distributions can be used to fit various forms of resource selection probability functions (RSPF) under the use‐versus‐available study design (Lele and Keim 2006). Although valid, the numerical maximization procedure used by Lele and Keim (2006) is unstable because of the inherent roughness of the Monte Carlo likelihood function. We used a combination of the methods of partial likelihood and data cloning to obtain maximum likelihood estimators of the RSPF in a numerically stable fashion. We demonstrated the methodology using simulated data sets generated under the log—log RSPF model and a reanalysis of telemetry data presented in Lele and Keim (2006) using the logistic RSPF model. The new method for estimation of RSPF can be used to understand differential selection of resources by animals, an essential component of studies in conservation biology, wildlife management, and applied ecology.
Temporal Patterns of Apparent Leg Band Retention in North American Geese
Authors: ZIMMERMAN GUTHRIE S. , KENDALL WILLIAM L. , MOSER TIMOTHY J. , WHITE GARY C. , DOHERTY PAUL F.
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT  An important assumption of mark—recapture studies is that individuals retain their marks, which has not been assessed for goose reward bands. We estimated aluminum leg band retention probabilities and modeled how band retention varied with band type (standard vs. reward band), band age (1–40 months), and goose characteristics (species and size class) for Canada (Branta canadensis), cackling (Branta hutchinsii), snow (Chen caerulescens), and Ross's (Chen rossii) geese that field coordinators double‐leg banded during a North American goose reward band study (N = 40,999 individuals from 15 populations). We conditioned all models in this analysis on geese that were encountered with ≥1 leg band still attached (n = 5,747 dead recoveries and live recaptures). Retention probabilities for standard aluminum leg bands were high ( = 0.9995, SE < 0.001) and constant over 1–40 months. In contrast, apparent retention probabilities for reward bands demonstrated an interactive relationship between 5 size and species classes (small cackling, medium Canada, large Canada, snow, and Ross's geese). In addition, apparent retention probabilities for each of the 5 classes varied quadratically with time, being lower immediately after banding and at older age classes. The differential retention probabilities among band type (reward vs. standard) that we observed suggests that 1) models estimating reporting probability should incorporate differential band loss if it is nontrivial, 2) goose managers should consider the costs and benefits of double‐banding geese on an operational basis, and 3) the United States Geological Survey Bird Banding Lab should modify protocols for receiving recovery data.
Religious Beliefs: A Hidden Variable in the Performance of Science Teachers in the Classroom
Authors: Mansour Nasser
Published: January 2009

This article focuses on some of the challenges of teaching science in a culture where science and religion sometimes appear to be or are set at odds with each other. Apparent conflicts between scholarly claims and religious claims are not limited to science, however — they occur in almost every subject. Many topics included in science education are acknowledged as controversial issues, for example, evolution, cloning, abortion and genetic engineering. These issues pose problems for science teachers, especially in a religiously based culture, because of the nature of the conflict between the implications of a scientific study of some of these issues and religion. Some other issues may not formally conflict with religion but teachers' views, or the way they interpret the religious view regarding these controversial issues, can create a false contradiction, which might influence their performance and, in turn, influence their students' learning. Therefore, there is a need to understand teachers' personal religious beliefs and practices around some of these, and the way their beliefs influence their performance in the classroom. This article describes a study conducted to address these needs. The study looks at the role and influence of religion on the science teacher's performance. The findings highlighted the powerful influence of teachers' religious beliefs in dealing with or gaining new knowledge (the epistemology and the ontology of science). Also, the findings found that teachers' religious beliefs are among the major constructs that drive teachers' ways of thinking and classroom practices about scientific issues related to religion.
A transcriptionally active copia-like retroelement in Citrus limon
Authors: Felice Bruna , Wilson Robert , Argenziano Carolina , Kafantaris Ioanis , Conicella Clara
Published: January 2009

The plant nuclear genome is largely composed of mobile DNA, which can rearrange genomes and other individual gene structure and also affect gene regulation through various promoted activities: transposition, insertion, excision, chromosome breakage, and ectopic recombination. Ty1-copia-like retrotransposon is a widespread class of transposable elements in the plant kingdom, representing a large part of the total DNA content. Here, a novel retrotransposon-like sequence was isolated and identified as the Ty1-copia-like reverse transcriptase domain (named here CLCoy1), based on the homology of known elements. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, revealed that CLCoy1 was mainly located in telomeric and sub-telomeric regions along the Citrus chromosomes. CLCoy1 composes 3.6% of the genome and, interestingly, while transposons are mostly specific to a species, this element was identified in other Citrus species such as Citrus aurantium, Fortunella margarita and Citrus paradisi, but undetected in Poncirus trifoliata. We also determined that wounding, salt and cell culture stress produced transcriptional activation of this novel retroelement in Citrus limon. The novel Ty1-copia-like element CLCoy1 may have played a major role in shaping genome structure and size during Citrus species evolution.
New records of three Aroids from Bangladesh
Authors: Ara Hosne , Hassan Md Abul
Published: January 2009

Three species of Araceae viz. Colocasia oresbia A. Hay, Rhaphidophora grandis Schott and R. pertusa (Roxb.) Schott are recorded here for the first time from Bangladesh. Correct names with important synonyms, illustrated description, flowering and fruiting times, ecology, geographical distribution and occurrence within Bangladesh for each species are provided. Key words: Three new records, Araceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v12i1.610 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 12(1): 25-32, 2005 (June)
Pleurocarpous mosses of Bangladesh: Family Thuidiaceae and Brachytheciaceae
Authors: Khatun Hamida , Hadiuzzaman Syed
Published: January 2009

A taxonomic account of six species of pleurocarpous mosses of Bangladesh under the order Hypnobryales is given. Detailed taxonomic descriptions, illustrations, and distributions of these six species are provided. Key words Pleurocarpous mosses, Thuidiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Hypnobryales, Bangladesh. DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v12i2.604 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 12(2): 71-84, 2005 (December)
A checklist of angiospermic flora of Lalmai Hills, Comilla, Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md Munir , Hassan Md Abul , Uddin Mohammad Zashim
Published: January 2009

The paper includes a checklist containing a total of 151 angiospermic species (127 dicot and 24 monocot) growing in the Lalmai hills, Comilla, Bangladesh, which has been prepared after the survey of the area during the years 2001 and 2002. Key words Preliminary checklist, angiospermic flora, Lalmai hills, Comilla, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v12i2.605 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 12(2): 85-96, 2005 (December)
Notes on two green plankton found in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam AKM Nurul , Alfasane Md Almujaddade
Published: January 2009

Not available. Key words: Green planktonic algae, Chlorococcales, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v12i2.606 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 12(2): 97-99, 2005 (December)
The genus Microlepia Presl (Dennstaedtiaceae) from Bangladesh
Authors: Mirza Momtaz Mahal
Published: January 2009

The paper deals with the genus Microlepia Presl of the family Dennstaedtiaceae, which includes 4 species, namely, M. hookeriana (Wall. ex Hook.) Presl, M. strigosa (Thunb.) Presl, M. speluncae (L.) Moore and M. hancei Prantl from Bangladesh, of which last one is a new record. Key words : Microlepia, Dennstidiaceae, Pteridophyte, New record, BangladeshDOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i1.590 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(1): 21-28, 2006 (June)
Identification of some Hibiscus germplasm through numerical analysis
Authors: Alam Nazmul , Pasha Mostafa Kamal , Ahmad Shamsuddin
Published: January 2009

Numerical analyses of 68 morphological characters of 12 varieties/forms belonging to four species of Hibiscus were carried out by calculating Sørensens and Sneath and Sokal similarity coefficients followed by cluster analysis and construction of dendrograms for visual appreciation of taxonomic relationship within this family. The Sørensens similarity coefficient varied between 0.211 and 0.919 and Sneath and Sokal similarity coefficient ranged between 0.142 and 0.890, indicating much variation between the species. Key words: Hibiscus, Numerical analysis, Identification, Cluster analysis, Dendrogram DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i1.593 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(1): 49-54, 2006 (June)
Macrothelypteris torresiana (Guad.) Ching (Thelypteridaceae) - A new record for Bangladesh
Authors: Mirza Momtaz Mahal
Published: January 2009

Not available. Key words: Macrothelypteris torresiana, New record, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i1.597 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(1): 69-71, 2006 (June)
Curvularia harveyi Shipton : A new Hyphomycetes record for Bangladesh
Authors: Shamsi Shamim , Yasmin Arju
Published: January 2009

Not available. Key words: Curvularia harveyi; Maize; Bangladesh DIO: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i1.524Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(1): 67-69, 2007 (June)
An annotated checklist of Lauraceae in Bangladesh
Authors: Ara Hosne , Mia Md Manzur-ul-Kadir , Khan Bushra
Published: January 2009

A preliminary report on the species of the Laurel family in Bangladesh is presented in this paper. In Bangladesh, the family is represented by 13 genera and 46 species. Updated nomenclature with synonyms, local and English names, flowering and fruiting time, diagnostic characteristics, geographical distribution and occurrence within Bangladesh have been provided under each taxon. Key words: Checklist, Lauraceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i2.533 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 147-162, 2007 (December)
Aristolochia elegans Mast. (Aristolochiaceae) â A new angiospermic record for Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Md. Oliur , Afroz Sumona , Hassan Md. Abul
Published: January 2009

Not available.Keywords: Aristolochia elegans Mast., New record, BangladeshÂ DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v15i2.1753Â Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 15(2): 155-158, 2008 (December)
Lead Poisoning: An Alarming Public Health Problem in Bangladesh
Authors: Mitra Amal K. , Haque Akhlaque , Islam Manirul , Bashar S. A. M. K.
Published: January 2009

To assess the risk of lead poisoning among preschool and school-aged children in Bangladesh, 345 children were screened for blood lead levels (BLLs) from one rural and two urban areas in Bangladesh from September 2007 through January 2008. An urban industrial area at Tongi was identified as a disaster area, where 99% (104/105) of those tested had BLLs ≥10 µg/dL. Industrial emissions and use of leaded gasoline by two-stroke engine vehicles were identified as possible sources of lead in that area. A rural nonindustrial area at Chirirbandar, Dinajpur was identified as another high-risk area, where 14% of the children screened had BLLs ≥10 µg/dL. BLLs at the urban industrial area were significantly higher than those at the rural and urban nonindustrial areas (24.58 ± 10.32, 7.24 ± 6.31, and 2.47 ± 3.32 µg/dL, respectively; p
ChemInform Abstract: C2‐Symmetric Tetrafluorobenzobarrelenes as Highly Efficient Ligands for the Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Annulation of 1,3‐Dienes with 2‐Formylphenylboron Reagents.
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Yasuhara Yuichi , Nagaosa Makoto , Hayashi Tamio
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Preparation of α‐Alkylidene‐γ‐butyrolactones Using a Telescoped Intramolecular Michael/Olefination (TIMO) Sequence: Synthesis of (+)‐Paeonilactone B (XXI).
Authors: Edwards Michael G. , Kenworthy Martin N. , Kitson Russell R. A. , Perry Alexis , Scott Mark S. , Whitwood Adrian C. , Taylor Richard J. K.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyroglutamic Acids. Part 2. The Stereoselective Condensation of Multifunctional Groups with Chiral Levulinic Acids.
Authors: Gilley Cynthia B. , Buller Matthew J. , Kobayashi Yoshihisa
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diindolylmethanes and Heterocyclic(indolyl)alkanes.
Authors: Deb Mohit L. , Bhuyan Pulak J.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: PEG‐Mediated Catalyst‐Free Expeditious Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzimidazoles and Bis‐Benzimidazoles under Solvent‐Less Conditions.
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Chhanda , Tapaswi Pradip Kumar
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization Reaction of Yne‐Allenamides: An Approach to Cyclic Enamides.
Authors: Brummond Kay M. , Yan Bingli
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation and Intermolecular Additions of Pyridylmethyl Radicals.
Authors: Ferjancic Zorana , Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Protocol for Multicomponent Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐2(1H)‐pyridinones Using CeCl3×7H2O/NaI as a Reaction Promoter.
Authors: Yadav Lal Dhar S. , Kapoor Ritu
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline‐2,3‐diones with Carbon‐Centered Nucleophiles.
Authors: Surikova O. V. , Mikhailovskii A. G. , Polygalova N. N. , Vakhrin M. I.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Activities of Some New Fenamate Analogues.
Authors: Alafeefy Ahmed M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Efficient One‐Pot Tandem Synthesis of 2‐Styryl‐Substituted 4(3H)‐Quinazolinones.
Authors: Dabiri Minoo , Baghbanzadeh Mostafa , Delbari Akram Sadat
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoquinoline Derivatives of Quinoxaline‐2‐one from Pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline‐2,3‐diones and o‐Phenylenediamine.
Authors: Surikova O. V. , Aliev Z. G. , Polygalova N. N. , Mikhailovskii A. G. , Vakhrin M. I.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Thiazolo[3′,2′:2,3]‐as‐triazino[5,6‐b]indoles and Isomeric Thiazolo[2′,3′:3,4]‐as‐triazino[5,6‐b]indoles.
Authors: Rastogi Nisheeth , Sethi Rakesh , Varma Rajendra Singh , Tripathi Diwakar
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lactonizations of Carboxylic Acid‐Substituted 3‐Fluorodihydropyridines with Electrophiles: Peculiar Behavior of F+.
Authors: Rudler Henri , Parlier Andree , Hamon Louis , Herson Patrick , Daran Jean‐Claude
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Iridium‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalization/Silylation of Heteroarenes.
Authors: Lu Biao , Falck John R.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Selenoacylation of Allenes Leading to the Regioselective Formation of Functionalized Allyl Selenides.
Authors: Toyofuku Masashi , Murase Erika , Fujiwara Shin‐ichi , Shin‐ike Tsutomu , Kuniyasu Hitoshi , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Promoting Effect of a Dicyanamide Based Ionic Liquid in the Selective Hydrogenation of Citral.
Authors: Arras Juergen , Steffan Martin , Shayeghi Yalda , Claus Peter
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of anti‐β‐Substituted γ,δ‐Unsaturated Amino Acids: A Highly Selective Asymmetric Thio‐Claisen Rearrangement.
Authors: Liu Zhihua , Qu Hongchang , Gu Xuyuan , Min Byoung J. , Nyberg Joel , Hruby Victor J.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Branched Tri‐ to Pentasaccharide Representative of Fragments of Shigella flexneri Serotypes 3a and/or X O‐Antigens.
Authors: Boutet Julien , Guerreiro Catherine , Mulard Laurence A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Conformational Studies of the Disaccharides Derived from the Inner Core of the Lipopolysaccharide Isolated from Sinorhizobium freddii SMH12.
Authors: Fernandez de Cordoba Francisco J. , Rodriguez‐Carvajal Miguel A. , Tejero‐Mateo Pilar , Gil‐Serrano Antonio M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N,N‐Acetals as N‐Acyliminium Ion Precursors: Synthesis and Absolute Stereochemistry of Epiquinamide.
Authors: Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , et al. et al.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Pyrimidine Glycosides.
Authors: El‐Sayed H. A. , Moustafa A. H. , Haikal A. Z. , Abdou I. M. , El‐Ashry E. S. H.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Unexpected Isolation of CTP‐431, a Novel Thiopyrone from the Sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis.
Authors: Johnson Tyler A. , Amagata Taro , Oliver Allen G. , Tenney Karen , Valeriote Frederick A. , Crews Phillip
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Binaphthol‐Derived Phosphoric Acid as a Versatile Catalyst for Enantioselective Carbon—Carbon Bond Forming Reactions
Authors: Terada Masahiro
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
On the Chinese Origin of the Galley Method of Arithmetical Division
Authors: Lay-Yong Lam
Published: January 2009

Before 1600 the most common method of division used in Europe was the galley, batello, or scratch method, and this was still popular up to the end of the eighteenth century. This method is commonly supposed to be of Hindu origin, being based on a method found in India about the fourth century. It will be shown that the Hindu method is identical to the Chinese method of division (ch'u) mentioned in very early Chinese texts such as the Chiu Chang Suan Shu (Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, c. first century a.d.). The earliest detailed description of this method is found in the Sun Tzŭ Suan Ching (The Mathematical Manual of Master Sun, third century a.d.).
‘A Man of my Type’—Editing the Einstein Papers
Authors: Stachel John
Published: January 2009

Towards the end of the career of many a distinguished scientist, or shortly after his or her death, an edition of the scientist's articles is published under the title: ‘The Collected Papers of…’. While not wishing to slight either the ceremonial importance or real utility of such collections, they must be clearly distinguished from the sort of editions on which theCollected Papers of Albert Einsteinis modelled. The former are primarily intended to make the published papers of a great scientist easily accessible to other scholars and students working in the same field as an aid to their research. The reader is provided with little or no help in understanding or evaluating the historical role these writings played in the development of this field, the circumstances leading to their creation, or how they fit into the life of their creator.
Automation and Documentary Editing
Authors: Burke Frank G.
Published: January 2009

In 1979, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission began a programme of encouraging the use of automated techniques by its documentary editing projects with a series of small grants for lease/purchase of equipment. In addition to such projects as the Documentary History of the First Federal Congress, the Samuel Gompers Papers, the Papers of Henry Laurens and the Papers of Marcus Garvey, which received funding from these early grants, other Commission-sponsored projects, such as the Papers of General George C. Marshall, initiated automation activities with institutional support or grant funds from other agencies, such as the National Endowment for the Humanities.
The Conquest of Scurvy
Authors: Lloyd C. C.
Published: January 2009

Scurvy is now almost a forgotten disease, but it would be difficult to exaggerate its importance in the history of a maritime nation such as our own. To the historian of medical science it is equally interesting, because the various and extraordinary variety of theories concerning it reflect in themselves the intellectual climate of the past. By their repeated refusal to accept the conclusions of an experimental method, by their pedantic reliance on a priori reasoning or antiquated prejudices, the medical authorities of all countries delayed the conquest of this terrible disease long after a cure had been established by men who had practical experience of it. If anyone imagines that even in scientific knowledge progress is inevitable, let him remember that scurvy continued to be the curse of the sea and the hardship of explorers so recent as Scott and Shackleton a hundred years after it had been eliminated in the fleets of Nelson's day.
Prince Rupert as a Scientist
Authors: Dewhurst Kenneth
Published: January 2009

The rapid growth of seventeenth-century science is said to have been facilitated from four main outside channels: the arts, medicine, economic life and war, each of them influencing, to some extent, the important scientific achievements of the latter half of the century. The bitter campaigns of the English Civil War stimulated a rough and ready empiricism, as military necessity brought forth increasing advances in engineering, navigation, cartography, medicine and surgery. And the impetus to inventive genius provided by long experience in the art of war is well exemplified in the career of the Royalist Commander, Prince Rupert of the Rhine. After nearly forty years of waging war on land and sea, Prince Rupert, German-English nephew of Charles I, spent his retirement in busy experiment; and many of his inventions, though based on his knowledge of weapons, were later adapted for peaceful purposes.
Thomas Thomson (1773–1852) Historian of Chemistry
Authors: Kent Andrew
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

Professor Thomson had been a typical Scottish ‘lad o’ pairts'. Deservant of repute as teacher, scientist, editor and historian, his most distinctive achievements were in scientific journalism and propaganda. These were powerfully exhibited in the interests of Dalton's Atomism and of Prout's Hypothesis—and in university politics.

His work for Chambers' Encyclopaedia and for Nicholson's Journal was influential and effective. His textbooks gained an international esteem and each successive edition was kept up to date.

Much of his professional outlook and experience is expressed in his History of Chemistry (2 vols. 1830–31). Researches in his old Department at Glasgow on his choice and use of material provide the main topics of this Address. These volumes are still important.
Paracelsus'S Two-Way Astrology II. Man'S Relation to the Stars
Authors: Jevons F. R.
Published: January 2009

The preceding paper described how all-pervasive was the influence that Paracelsus designated ‘astral’. In what sense, then, is it true that he placed restrictions, on astrological powers? The restriction applies to the more limited and usual sense of astrology, referring to the control of events on earth by the stars in the sky. Paracelsus was not prepared to hand over our fates entirely to a distant autocracy of the stars quite beyond our control.
The “Calculatores” in Early Sixteenth-century Physics
Authors: Wallace William A.
Published: January 2009

The aim of this paper is to report some little-known aspects of sixteenth-century physics as these relate to the development of mechanics in the seventeenth century. The research herein reported grew out of a study on the mechanics of Domingo de Soto, a sixteenth-century Spanish scholastic,1 which has been concerned, in part, with examining critically Pierre Duhem's thesis that the English “Calculatores” of the fourteenth century were a primary source for Galileo's science.2 The conclusion to which this has come, thus far, is that Duhem had important insights into the late medieval preparation for the modern science of mechanics, but that he left out many of the steps. And the steps are important, whether one holds for a continuity theory or a discontinuity theoryvis-à-visthe connection between late medieval and early modern science.
Galileo's 1604 Fragment on Falling Bodies (Galileo Gleanings XVIII)
Authors: Drake Stillman
Published: January 2009

The first attempted derivation by Galileo of the law relating space and time in free fall that has survived is preserved on an otherwise unidentified sheet bound among his manuscripts preserved at Florence. It is undoubtedly closely associated with a letter from Galileo to Paolo Sarpi, dated 16 October 1604, which somehow found its way into the Seminary of Pisa, where it is still preserved. Those two documents, together with the letter from Sarpi to Galileo which seems to have inspired them, are translated in full below. Sarpi's letter, dated 9 October 1604, suggests that recent oral discussions of problems of motion had recently taken place between the two men. It reads as follows:

“In sending you the enclosure, it occurs to me to propose to you a problem to resolve, and another that seems to me paradoxical.