bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Singular Grace of Division's Wound
Authors: Wells Christopher
Published: July 2010

Given the persistence of ecclesial unity—that the Church is one—as a fact of grace, is it possible to understand the concurrence of division between Christian communities as a provision of providence? A hallmark of the ecumenical movement has been its consciousness, at least, of this uncomfortable question, granting, as it does, the evangelical authenticity of various self-differentiated 'churches'. In this context, one may understand the spiritual intelligence of the Catholic Church's solution to the problem at and after Vatican II, writ in terms of the body of Christ. Christian divisions are wounds, Catholic leaders have suggested, that would form the faithful in their vocation of mutual self-offering and -emptying 'in' Christ crucified, 'in' one body. Such an approach to ecumenical reconciliation seems both requisite and promising, as may be seen with reference to the present 'lexicon' of Anglican-Catholic engagement.
Jonathan Edwards and the Closing of the Table: Must the Eucharist be Open to All?
Authors: Crisp Oliver
Published: July 2010

The New England Puritan theologian, Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) famously changed his mind on the question of the qualifications for communion in his church, a matter that led to his dismissal from the pastorate at Northampton. This paper sets Edwards' contribution to the Communion Controversy in New England into the broader context of his thought, especially his doctrine of the Church. I argue that, although there are objections to Edwards' position, his sacramental theology makes a constructive contribution to ecclesiology.
'We did not come here as tenants, but as landlords': Nigerian Pentecostals and the Power of Maps
Authors: Knibbe Kim
Published: July 2010

This article is an attempt to show how the spaces in which African Christians in Amsterdam can move are produced by the mapping of various actors and the geographies that are created based on these maps. It first situates and describes a Nigerian-initiated Pentecostal church within global cultural flows, in relation to Nigeria and in relation to the Netherlands. In the view of many African Pentecostals, Europe, and by extension the Netherlands and Amsterdam, are territories which should be won back for Jesus. Subsequently, I show how 'producing the local' is crucially important to the goals of this church and how this relates to mapping and the production of religious geographies. The last part of this paper analyses how one particular location of this church, namely the South East of Amsterdam, shows up on a very different map that pinpoints this neighbourhood as a centre of Nigerian crime. In both cases, maps turn out to be a powerful means to mobilise money and people to produce long-lasting results. Cet article tente de montrer comment les espaces dans lesquels les Africains chrétiens d'Amsterdam peuvent se mouvoir sont produits par la stratégie d'acteurs variés et que les géographies créées sont basées sur ces plans. Il situe et décrit d'abord l'église pentecôtiste nigériane dans les flux culturels globaux entre le Nigeria et les Pays-Bas. L'Europe, et par extension les Pays-Bas et Amsterdam, est un territoire que Jésus devrait récupérer. Par la suite, je montre que « produire une localité » est extrêmement important pour cette église et comment cela se rapporte à la stratégie et à la production de géographies religieuses. La dernière partie de cet article montre qu'une localisation particulière de cette église, à savoir le sud-est d'Amsterdam, révèle une carte très diff érente qui indique les alentours comme un centre du crime nigérian. Dans les deux cas, les cartes se révèlent un moyen puissant pour mobiliser des gens et des ressources afin de produire des résultats durables.
The Church Building: A Sanctuary or a Consecrated Place? Conflicting Views between Angolan Pentecostals and European Presbyterians
Authors: Smit Regien
Published: July 2010

The African diaspora is partly shaped through religious institutions, such as the migrant churches. Angolans, like other Africans, when building a new life in the Netherlands, find new ways to gather in church communities. Since these communities need housing, the existing church building is a place of encounter between established and migrant church communities. Far from approaching African diaspora as Africans facing problems in a host environment, this article states that in the encounter between locals and migrants at least two parties are challenged in their comfort zones. Taking a conflict between the Angolan church Igreja do Espirito Santo and the Presbyterian Holy Chapel in Rotterdam as a case study, it is argued that the material aspect of this shared place of worship is an enlightening perspective for studying this cross-cultural encounter. This article consists of three levels of analysis, namely of theological differences, differences in aesthetical appraisal of the building and differences in standards of purity and pollution. La diaspora africaine est en partie formée par des institutions religieuses, comme l'église immigrée. Les Angolais, comme d'autres Africains, en construisant une nouvelle vie aux Pays-Bas, trouvent de nouvelles façons de se réunir dans des communautés religieuses. Puisque ces communautés ont besoin de logement, les bâtiments d'église existants sont des endroits de rencontre entre les communautés des Eglises établies et immigrées. Plutôt que d'approcher le sujet de la diaspora africaine sous l'aspect de « problèmes que les Africains rencontrent dans un environnement hôte », cet article constate que dans la rencontre entre la population locale et les migrants, au moins deux groupes sont défiés dans leurs zones de confort. A partir de l'étude de cas du conflit entre l'église angolaise d'Igreja do Espirito Santo et la chapelle presbytérienne, il est discuté que l'aspect matériel de ce lieu de culte partagé est une perspective d'instruction pour étudier cette rencontre multiculturelle. Cet article se réfère à trois niveaux d'analyse, à savoir les différences théologiques, les différences dans l'appréciation esthétique du bâtiment et les différents normes de pureté et de pollution.
Place, Space, and Authority. The Mission and Reversed Mission of the Ghanaian Seventh-day Adventist Church in Amsterdam
Authors: Koning Danielle
Published: July 2010

African churches in diaspora frequently use mission discourses in which they seek to reach out not only to Africans but to 'native' populations as well. However, though such discourses are sometimes followed up by praxis and incidental 'success,' there often appears a gap between socalled 'reversed mission' discourse and its accompanying praxis. This article explores why this gap may exist, through a space and place related understanding of mission and a case study of the Ghanaian Seventh-day Adventists in Amsterdam. It is argued that ethnicised forms of place making, reversed mission as an identity discourse, and asymmetrical and ambivalent authority relations may account for the breach between reversed mission discourse and praxis among Ghanaian Adventists in Amsterdam and possibly the larger African Christian diaspora. Les églises africaines en diaspora se servent fréquemment des discours de mission dans lesquels ils cherchent à atteindre non seulement les Africains, mais aussi les populations locales. Cependant, même si ces discours sont parfois traduits en pratique et jouissent d'un certain 'succès,' on constate souvent un écart entre le discours de la « mission inversée », et la pratique qui l'accompagne. Cet article essaie d'analyser ces écarts entre discours et pratique à travers une compréhension de la mission dans sa dimension globale et locale et une étude de cas sur les Adventistes du septième jour ghanéens à Amsterdam. Il est soutenu que les formes ethniques de création d'espaces, la mission inversée en tant que discours d'identité et les relations d'autorité asymétriques et ambivalentes peuvent expliquer la brèche entre le discours de la mission inversée et la pratique parmi les Adventistes ghanéens à Amsterdam et probablement la plus grande diaspora Africaine chrétienne.
Ghanaian Migrants in Germany and the Social Construction of Diaspora Les migrants ghanéens en Allemagne et la construction sociale de la diaspora
Authors: Nieswand Boris
Published: July 2010

This article explores diasporic discourses and practices among Ghanaian migrants in Germany. Instead of presuming that 'diaspora' is a stringent theoretical concept or refers to a bounded group in a sociological sense, it is argued that it provides migrants with a grammar of practice that allows for the situational and contextual construction of different types of 'diasporas'. Empirically, three social sites of construction are identified. Firstly, the Ghanaian nation-state and the reconfiguration of Ghanaian nationalism play an important role for promoting diasporic discourses. Secondly, the discourse of development and 'charity rituals' of ethnic and 'hometown' associations are of particular relevance for the proliferation of Ghanaian 'diasporas'. Thirdly, Ghanaian chieftaincies are involved in diasporic activities. The article is based on data collected in thirteen months of multi-sited ethnography conducted in Germany and Ghana between 2001 and 2003 and the analysis of video tapes, newspaper articles and web pages. Cet article explore les discours diasporiques et les pratiques trouvées parmi les migrants ghanéens en Allemagne. Plutôt que de présumer que la « diaspora » est un concept théorique strict ou fait référence à un groupe délimité dans un sens sociologique, il est soutenu qu'il fournit une grammaire de pratiques qui permet la construction situationnelle et contextuelle de différents types de « diasporas ». Empiriquement, trois lieux de construction sociale sont identifiés. Premièrement l'Etat-nation ghanéen et la reconfiguration du nationalisme ghanéen jour un rôle important pour promouvoir des discours diasporiques. Deuxièmement, le discours du développement et des « rituels de charité » des associations ethniques et des « villes natales » a une pertinence particulière pour la prolifération des « diasporas » ghanéennes. Troisièmement, les chefferies des tribus ghanéennes sont impliquées dans les activités de la diaspora. Empiriquement, cet article se base sur treize mois d'ethnographie, conduite en Allemagne et au Ghana entre 2001 et 2003, et sur l'analyse de bandes-vidéos, d'articles de journaux et de sites web.
Gendering the Diaspora: Zimbabwean Migrants in Britain La question du genre dans la diaspora : les migrants zimbabwéens en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Pasura Dominic
Published: July 2010

This article analyses the performative and lived realities of the Zimbabwean diaspora in Britain. The author explores the way in which both public and private spaces of the diaspora are important arenas in the construction and reconstruction of gendered identities. It is based on multisited ethnography, comprising 33 in-depth interviews and participant observation in four research sites, and draws upon concepts of diaspora and transnationalism as theoretical and analytical frameworks. The findings suggest that the challenges to patriarchal traditions in the hostland in terms of women's primary migrant status and financial autonomy, the different labour market experiences of men and women, and egalitarian laws have caused tensions and conflict within diaspora households. The article examines how men use religious and social spaces, which provide for the affirmation of more traditional roles and relations, as a form of public resistance to changes happening within the domestic sphere. Cet article analyse les réalités de la diaspora zimbabwéenne en Grande-Bretagne telles qu'elles sont vécues ou représentées. L'auteur explore la voie par laquelle les espaces tant publics que privés sont des arènes importantes dans la construction et la reconstruction des identités de genre. Il est basé sur une ethnographie multi-sites, comprenant 33 entretiens poussés et l'observation participante dans quatre sites de recherche, et en tire les concepts de diaspora et de trans-nationalisme comme des structures théoriques et analytiques. Les découvertes suggèrent que les défis aux traditions patriarcales dans le pays d'accueil en termes de statut principal de migrant et d'autonomie financière des femmes et que les expériences différentes sur le marché du travail des hommes et des femmes et les lois égalitaires ont causé des rapports tendus et conflictuels dans les ménages de la diaspora zimbabwéenne. L'article examine comment les hommes utilisent les espaces religieux et sociaux pour affirmer des rôles et des relations plus traditionnels comme une forme de résistance publique aux changements intervenant dans la sphère privée.
Prophetic Diasporas Moving Religion Across the Lusophone Atlantic
Authors: Sarró Ramon , Blanes Ruy Llera
Published: July 2010

In this article we examine the concept of a religious Lusophone Atlantic, highlighting historical and contemporary exchanges in this continuum and situating research within recent scholarship regarding the 'Atlantic,' religious diasporas and contemporary Christianity. We focus in particular on the place of prophetic movements (namely the Kimbanguist and Tokoist churches) within the Portuguese and Angolan religious fields. Dans cet article nous examinons le concept d'un Atlantique lusophone religieux, mettant en évidence des échanges historiques et contemporains dans cet ensemble et plaçant la recherche dans l'érudition récente à propos de 'l'Atlantique,' les diasporas religieuses et le christianisme contemporain. Nous nous concentrons en particulier sur la place des mouvements prophétiques (à savoir le Kimbanguisme et les églises tocoïstes) dans les domaines religieux portugais et angolais.
Towards a Theory of Culture of Communication: The Fixed and the Dynamic in Hamas' Communicated Discourse
Authors: Alshaer Atef
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes to use the phrase ‘culture of communication’ to unravel the relationship between language and culture that cannot be understood as merely unexplained mental signposts without constitutive enmeshed ideas. It engages with relevant core ideas and combines theoretical and empirical evidence to put forward the proposition that a culture of communication exists in every culture. The key constituents of a culture of communication, as an analysis of online images used by the Palestinian Islamic movement Hamas will show, are diverse verbal, written and visual forms of communication, which relate to each other in intricate ways and which require orderly discursive interpretation. To make my argument, I highlight the concept of culture of communication and the discourses and issues that follow from it. Then, I address the landmark literature on language and culture before considering the case study. My objective is to attempt to discern the relational aspects that underpin socio-political understanding and practices in terms of communication.
The Power of Conviction: Nassrallah's Rhetoric and Mediated Charisma in the Context of the 2006 July War
Authors: Matar Dina
Published: July 2010

This paper addresses two inter-related aspects of Hizbullah's political communication strategies: the mediated charisma of its Secretary-General Sayyed Hassan Nassrallah and his religious-political discourse. It focuses on two of his political speeches that framed the July 2006 war with Israel, widely seen as a Hizbullah victory that enhanced its popularity among Arab and Muslim populations within and outside of Lebanon. The paper starts with an overview of the group's transformation from an Islamist resistance movement into a powerful political party in Lebanon and outlines Nassrallah's rise in power and authority. It then assesses Nassrallah's mediated charisma and political-religious discourse and highlights the ways in which both draw on historical and cultural repertoires to produce a hyper-populist narrative that appeals to the intended audience—Lebanese nationals—in a particular historical moment. These cultural repertoires, what Foucault calls ‘episteme’, provide meaning and legitimacy to discourses and worldviews. The paper concludes that Nassrallah's mediated charisma and his political-religious discourse provide compelling forms of rhetorical political communication that can be effective in specific contexts.
Covering the Qana ‘Massacre’ 1996: A Case of Contextual Objectivity
Authors: Harb Zahera
Published: July 2010

This article is part of a larger qualitative study that investigates the Lebanese journalism culture and performance in relation to the Israeli forces' operations against Lebanon and their encounters with the Lebanese resistance between 1996 and 2000. News values and objectivity are key aspects of the culture that this paper explores. It is a story about journalism told by a journalist, yet one who uses academic tools to narrate her story and the story of her fellow journalists. The article presents part of the author's own story - an ethnographic account of Tele Liban's coverage during the 1996 ‘Grapes of Wrath’ operation, as Israel then called it. The performance of Tele Liban journalists during this period will be presented and examined in relation to journalistic norms of objectivity, neutrality, balance and truth. This paper examines what might be identified as alternative ways of understanding reporting wars and conflicts and argues that in this particular situation, reporting was a case of contextual objectivity.
‘The Stranger That Dwelleth with You Shall Be unto You as One Born among You’—Israeli Media Law and the Cultural Rights of the ‘Palestinian-Israeli’ Minority
Authors: Schejter Amit
Published: July 2010

The media and communication rights of Palestinians in Israel are designed to deny them of collective cultural rights, specifically the right to express their identity through the mass media and to participate equally in the process of national culture building. Through a critical analysis of the documents that shape the media industry in Israel and their historical evolution, this paper lays bare the assumptions underlying Israeli media policies. The policies are designed in a discourse branding ‘Palestinian-Israelis’ a linguistic minority, and portraying them as the ‘enemy within’, thus barring their participation in the development of Israeli culture by limiting their electronic media participation to separate channels targeting both them and Arabs in neighboring states. The paper argues that this policy stems from a narrow interpretation of ‘democracy’ that rejects identification with the Orient and embraces neo-liberalism.
Listening to the Displaced Narrative: Politics, Power and Grassroots Communication Amongst Palestinians Inside Israel
Authors: Humphries Isabelle
Published: July 2010

Understanding the channels through which political ideas are constructed and shared at an everyday level should be central to any study of community politics. Amongst the Palestinians who represent 20% of the Israeli population, yet who have no space to express national identity at state level, the grassroots arena becomes a primary site for communication of national/ist politics. This article explores multiple ways in which the 1948 Nakba is represented and mediated amongst Palestinians inside Israel in the face of six decades of Israeli silencing of Palestinian politics. Using ethnographic research I demonstrate how reflecting on grassroots political communication – as opposed to offi cial party rhetoric - contributes to an understanding of how Palestinians construct ideas and identities as citizens in the Israeli state. In communicating ideas about the 1948 Nakba – which of all themes the Israeli state is most keen to suppress – displaced Palestinian voices continue to challenge the Israeli hegemonic narrative.
Enriching or Impoverishing Discourse on Rights? Talk about Freedom of Expression on Arab Television
Authors: Sakr Naomi
Published: July 2010

There is more to the denial of freedom of expression than outright censorship. The right to freedom of expression is interdependent with, and indivisible from, other rights guaranteed under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. To discuss freedom of expression narrowly as if it were self-contained, and to conceal the issues, processes, and conflicts implicit in its achievement, can be seen as a hegemonic strategy that serves relations of domination. Three sets of public exchanges analyzed here, conducted on and about Arab television against a background of growing international intolerance for free speech, arguably contributed to a narrow, reified understanding of freedom of expression. The first centered on a television drama serial, the second on cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed, and the third on the ambitions of a privately owned television station in Egypt. Since freedom of expression was repeatedly referred to in all three cases, it might be said that Arab television increased awareness on this topic. Evidence shows, however, that instead of illuminating ways in which the rights and duties inherent in freedom of expression could benefit the viewing public, each set of exchanges helped to sustain power relations by obscuring them.
New Media and Political Change in the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Assembling Media Worlds and Cultivating Networks of Care
Authors: Bishara Amahl
Published: July 2010

In terms of infrastructure and technology, the media environment of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories developed extensively between the first and second Intifadas. Yet the media environment of the second Intifada was not necessarily more conducive to democratic change than that of the first. This paper argues that technological advances must be evaluated in their political contexts, and that the Palestinian context offers insight into what news media can do when they are not necessarily forums for an effective public sphere. For decades, Palestinians have assembled their media world out of other states' media, and a diverse collection of small and large media. This active process of assembly has itself constituted a productive field of political contestation. During the first Intifada, having no broadcast media or uncensored newspapers, Palestinians relied on small media like graffiti to evade Israeli restrictions. During the Oslo period, the Palestinian Authority (PA) established official Palestinian broadcast media, while Palestinian entrepreneurs opened broadcasting stations and Internet news sites. During the second Intifada, with Palestinian news media hampered by continued PA restrictions and intensified Israeli violence, small and new media enabled networks of care and connection, but were not widely effective tools for political organizing.
'Going Local' as a Strategy to Enter Arab National Television Markets: Examples from Lebanon and Jordan
Authors: Nötzold Katharina , Pies Judith
Published: July 2010

Nascent Jordanian television stations want to distinguish themselves from state-owned Jordan TV and pan-Arab satellite channels by announcing their intention to broadcast mostly 'local' items of interest. In Lebanon, several terrestrial stations concentrate heavily on news items from certain Lebanese regions in order to cater to diverse sectarian audiences. Despite some differences, these two examples have in common their focus on local issues as a strategy to enter or survive in a competitive national television market. In this paper we examine definitions of the term 'local' that are inherent in those strategies and their societal implications. We look at different aspects of 'local' coverage as defined by TV producers and how these actually translate into content. By taking Lebanon and Jordan as examples, the paper seeks to assess whether 'going local' is a promising strategy to fill the gap between pan-Arab and protocol-oriented national news.
The Case of Iranian Cultural Diplomacy in Syria
Authors: von Maltzahn Nadia
Published: July 2010

The study of intra-regional use of soft power in the Middle East has received little attention to date. This article focuses on the case of revolutionary Iran's cultural diplomacy in Syria, to throw light on the Iranian government's efforts to promote its Islamic values and build relationships between the two peoples. After introducing the Islamic Republic's motivations in establishing cultural relations abroad, the article examines the goals and content of Iran's cultural diplomacy work in Syria, against the background of bilateral relations. It will become clear that Islamic Iran understands the importance of soft power in advancing its ideas and establishing lasting links. The government utilizes conventional methods of cultural diplomacy and tries to reach out to the Syrian population at large. Whilst the Syrian regime cooperates with its ally, the initiative comes from the Iranian side. The study is based on field work in Syria in 2008, drawing on interviews and publications from the Iranian Cultural Chancellery in Damascus.
'Freedom's a Lifestyle Choice': US Cultural Diplomacy, Empire's Soundtrack, and Middle Eastern 'Youth' in our Contemporary Global Infowar
Authors: El-Khairy Omar
Published: July 2010

The point of entry for this article is contemporary globalization, in particular its triumphant tone and promise of an alternative and improved global political arrangement. Although accepting that many of the most visible cultural expressions of globalization are American, contemporary accounts seem inadequate to address how globalization is more specifically providing the infrastructure for America's global dominance of 'benevolent supremacy.' Such an endeavor cannot be described simply in terms of a traditional colonial project, but rather as a pursuit of hegemony through techniques of government, modernization, and development, driven by the themes of American social doxa. With today's shift from an iron curtain ideology to a velvet curtain of culture, how is one to understand the current disjuncture(s) between the economy, communication, culture, and politics – this globally variable synaesthesia? This article, therefore, attempts to highlight today's mechanisms of control, as well as hip-hop culture's particular attempts to counteract our contemporary technopoly through its formation of alternative public spheres. Cultural campaigns are increasingly becoming the primary front to today's post-modern political economy. Through an investigation into the sensory assault of contemporary globalization across the Middle East, this article strives to re-work conventional approaches to the relation ship between commerce, communication, and culture in the region. The article concludes by interrogating what our soundtrack of globalization sounds like today, as well as the possible lessons to be learnt from those lost tapes of freedom which directed previous generations.
The Buhen Horse: Fifty Years after Its Discovery (1958–2008)
Authors: Clutton-Brock Juliet , Raulwing Peter
Published: July 2010

The horse skeleton found in the autumn of 1958 at the fortress of Buhen in northern Sudan has become one of the most prominent, but also one of the most enigmatic equid remains from the second millennium BC: Firstly, because of its assumed early date of c. 1675 BC, deduced by W.B. Emery after analysing the stratigraphical data, This – according to our knowledge at the time – being several decades before the oldest known equid remains in Egypt. Secondly, because of wear on the lower left second premolar (LP2), which has led to the conclusion that it was most probably caused by bit-wear. Since the 1960s, both conclusions have been subject to criticism. The purpose of this study is to provide a review of the history of research and reception of the Buhen horse in its interdisciplinary context over the last fifty years with the result that only modern scientific techniques might be able to solve some of the outstanding questions.
Female Circumcision as a Rite de Passage in Egypt—Continuity through the Millennia?
Authors: Huebner Sabine
Published: July 2010

In Greece and Rome, a female stood at the center of attention of her family and the outside world only on two occasions, at her marriage and at her funeral. Therefore a party thrown in the honor of a minor girl, recorded in three papyri, all from third-century Oxyrhynchus (P.Oxy. Hels. 50.17; P.Oxy. LXVI 4542 and 4543) seems rather odd at first sight. From these papyri we learn that this event, the so-called therapeuteria, was a family get-together to which relatives, neighbors and friends were invited. As the editors of P.Oxy. LXVI remark, the girls for whom the event was organized were apparently still minors and unmarried since they lived at home. However, no convincing explanation has been advanced so far that would sufficiently explain this custom. This paper presents evidence from ancient ethnographic reports, medical texts, early Islamic sources and comparative evidence from modern Egypt, which offer highly interesting parallels and a new interpretation of this family party, and which would explain it as an indigenous tradition cultivated already for several millennia in this region.
Teaching Egyptian History: Some Discipline-Specific Pedagogical Notes
Authors: Muhlestein Kerry
Published: July 2010

This paper was originally given at the professional workshop In Search of Egypt's Past: Problems and Perspectives of the Historiography of Ancient Egypt; A North American workshop at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, inaugurating the Journal of Egyptian History, April 23–24, 2008; most of the remaining papers of which will appear in Fascicle 2 of this journal. While many Egyptologists teach Egyptian history, we often fail to carefully conceive of just what this means. Teaching history is more than conveying facts about a time period, it is also teaching how to analyze and (re)construct history. Our classes may often teach this aspect as well, but is it explicit? And are we equipping graduate students with the ability to both do and teach history well? This training has a direct impact on their employability as well as their scholarship. A survey and study of History Department outcomes reveals areas we can improve our history teaching and our training of graduate students. Moreover, as Egyptologists, we have a significant offering to make to teaching history.
The Royal Titulary in the 18th Dynasty: Change and Continuity
Authors: Leprohon Ronald J.
Published: July 2010

The phraseology used to compose the royal titularies during the Eighteenth Dynasty was as varied as it was circumscribed. Following a long-established tradition, the Eighteenth Dynasty kings chose names that corresponded to the situation they inherited at their accession. When the rulers of the family that re-united Egypt drew up their titulary, they first looked to celebrated predecessors for inspiration to compose their royal titulary. Later pharaohs looked more closely in time to their immediate predecessors. The titulary also reveals much about the concept of kingship during the period. From belligerent phrases to wishes for prosperity and longevity, the kings revealed much about themselves and their personalities through their chosen titulary.
Egyptologists’ Fallacies: Fallacies Arising from Limited Evidence
Authors: Gee John
Published: July 2010

It has been noted that Egyptologists tend to neglect methodology and consequently we are sometimes guilty of logical fallacies in our work. A subset of those fallacies that we tend toward are those fallacies in logic that result from our evidence being limited or inadequate. Those logical fallacies examined here are the fallacy of negative proof, the elimination of evidence, the fallacy of the lonely fact, and canonized guesswork. The fallacy of negative proof arises when we assume that absence of evidence is evidence of absence. When evidence contrary to our theories based on the fallacy of negative proof appears there is a tendency to explain it away or dismiss it. The fallacy of the lonely fact results when we generalize from a single case. There is also a tendency in the discipline to treat the guesses of others as facts even when correcting evidence appears.
Georgia and Iran: Three Millennia of Cultural Relations An Overview
Authors: Farmanfarmaian Fatema Soudavar
Published: July 2010

When Georgia was incorporated into the Russian Empire, the rich background of interaction with Persian culture, the result of centuries of contact, was lost to the scholar whose interest in Georgian history came to depend on Russian historiography with its focus on the period under Russian rule and its misreading of anything prior to that. Western scholarship, often oblivious of the far reach of Persian culture, devoted too little attention to the subject or gave it short shrift. Owing largely to the recent work of Georgian scholars, a century of neglect is now being reversed, but an overall picture of the breadth and depth of Georgian-Iranian interaction is still lacking. This paper proposes to offer a general overview from the third millennium BCE to the Russian conquest of Georgia, when Persian influence began its decline.
A Garden of Possibilities in Manuchehri’s Spring Panegyrics
Authors: Sharlet Jocelyn
Published: July 2010

The eleventh-century Persian poet Manuchehri Dāmghāni began his career in northern Iran and became established as a leading panegyric poet of the Ghaznavids. The panegyric qasida was a major literary articulation of Persianate cultural hegemony. Most of Manuchehri’s pane-gyric qasidas begin with a nasib about the natural world. The nature description as an introduction to panegyric is an integral part of the panegyric poem and its expression of cultural values, but it is also at odds with the praise section that follows it. This project explores how Manuchehri deploys elaborate rhetoric and imagery in the description of nature to offer a commentary on the possibilities of patronage relationships.
Imagining Hāfez: Rabindranath Tagore in Iran, 1932
Authors: Marashi Afshin
Published: July 2010

In April and May of 1932, Rabindranath Tagore traveled to Iran on an official visit. He had been invited to Iran as the official guest of Rezā Shah Pahlavi. Using an array of primary source material, this article examines the cultural, political, and ideological implications of this trip for the emerging discourse of nationalism in interwar Iran. The article argues that Tagore’s visit played an important part in promoting the new official nationalism of the Pahlavi state. The emerging interwar ideology of “Pahlavi nationalism” sought to dissociate Iran from the Abrahamic-Islamicate “civilizational ethos” that was now understood to have long dominated Iranian culture, and instead sought to associate Iranian nationalism’s claim of cultural authenticity to a newly emerging notion of “Indo-Iranian civilization” rooted in the pre-Islamic culture of Zoroastrianism and Aryanism. Tagore’s visit to Iran was seen as an opportunity for his Iranian hosts to present him to the Iranian public as a living personification of this newly conceived idea of national authenticity. The public ceremonies and pronouncements that accompanied Tagore during the four-week trip all reinforced this basic message. The paper therefore argues that the Tagore visit to Iran was closely tied to the Pahlavi state’s policy of cultural nationalism.
Reproductive ecology of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea)
Authors: Kight Scott
Published: July 2010

Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea) are important detritivores in many ecosystems. Because reproductive success and population dynamics of the Oniscidea depend on diverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors, the effects of global climate change on their biology may be significant. Although few studies have examined the relationship between climate change and population ecology in terrestrial isopods, much is known about their environment, genetics, physiology, behavior, life history, population biology, and evolutionary patterns. This review addresses the influence of biotic and abiotic environmental factors on terrestrial isopod reproduction. Significant biotic factors include microorganism-mediated sex determination, mate choice, sperm competition, maternal effects, food availability, and predation. Significant abiotic factors include temperature and moisture regimes, photoperiod, altitude, latitude, and microhabitat diversity. Studies of these factors reveal general patterns, as well as informative exceptions, in the ways different oniscid species, as well as different populations within a species, respond to environmental variation.
Insects as flagship conservation species
Authors: Oberhauser Karen , Guiney Margaret
Published: July 2010

Insect conservation has generally received less public attention than vertebrate conservation. Less is known about threats to invertebrates, and invertebrates generally have less public charisma than vertebrates and thus engender less concern. We argue that an additional reason is that invertebrates are rarely used as flagship conservation species, and that increased focus on invertebrate conservation in public campaigns would benefit this important group of species and conservation efforts in general. We describe conservation efforts focused on three groups: charismatic insects, endangered insects, and insects that provide important ecological services. In each of these cases, we provide a case study that illustrates ways in which these efforts have wide-reaching conservation and education impacts. Our goals are to expand insect conservation efforts and to motivate entomologists and conservationists in general to utilize appropriate insect species to garner support for conservation efforts.
Gall-attacking behavior in phytophagous insects, with emphasis on Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
Authors: Sugiura Shinji , Yamazaki Kazuo
Published: July 2010

Plant galls are induced by physicochemical interactions between plants and gall-inducing organisms, such as insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Organisms that are unable to create galls on plants, but feed on gall tissues induced by other species, are referred to as gall-attackers (gall-feeders) and include various insect orders (Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera). Gall-attacking weevils (Coleoptera) and moths (Lepidoptera) may have acquired their gall-feeding habits independently (i.e. cecidophages), whereas other gall-attacking insects, such as inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera) and gall midges (Diptera) may have evolved these habits from gall-inducing ancestors (i.e., inquilines). Most species of gall-attacking weevils feed only on galls (obligate cecidophages), while most gall-attacking moths feed on galls and also on ungalled or normal plant tissues (facultative cecidophages). Weevils may have acquired their gall-attacking habits independently from other types of feeding habits, such as leaf mining, seed-feeding, and bud-feeding, while moths may have acquired them from leaf-chewing and wood-boring. Studies on the effects of gall-attacking weevils on gall-inducing arthropods report a higher proportion of lethal effects than studies on effects from gall-attacking moths. Weevil larvae rarely move around food resources because they have no legs, while moth larvae can actively move among food resources using their prolegs. This difference in mobility between weevils and moth larva may be related to their differential gall-attacking behaviors and effects on gall-inducers. Cecidophages provide a model system for investigating the evolution of feeding habits and the ecology of species interactions.
Folkeforbund Og Ensidig Afrustning
Authors: Wehberg Hans
Published: July 2010

Spørgsmaalet om Tilladeligheden af ensidig Afrustning spiller en fra Aar til Aar stedse større Rolle i den offentlige Debat i de skandinaviske Lande, Holland og Schweiz. Medens man saavidt jeg ved, før Verdenskrigen aldrig i Forbindelse med Spørgsmaalet om ensidig Afrustning har fremsat den Paastand, at en Stat skulde være folkeretlig forpligtet til at opretholde Troppestyrker, finder man efter Folkeforbundets Oprettelse ofte den Mening repræsenteret, at den ensidige Afrustning skulde være uforenelig med de Pligter, der følger af Folkeforbundspagten og Folkeretten. I det følgende skal det undersøges om dette Standpunkt er berettiget eller ej.
Empowering Peace Operations to Protect Civilians: Form over Substance?
Authors: White Nigel
Published: July 2010

This article will consider the evolution of the doctrines of peacekeeping and military enforcement, and the problematic move towards convergence. It will focus in particular on the predominance since the turn of the century of what are labelled protection mandates – mandates that authorize peacekeepers to protect civilians. In so doing it raises the question of whether the increased use of chapter VII mandates has had a positive impact in terms of lives saved. Further empirical work will be needed if this hypothesis is to be tested properly, though this paper incorporates some initial findings, based on UN reports from both the DR Congo and Darfur.
Re-Focusing on Protecting Civilians' Basic Safety and Why We Need to Know Why People Kill: On the Latest Reports of the Secretary-General on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict
Authors: Schmid Evelyne
Published: July 2010

The concept of protection of civilians in armed conflict and the respective roles of peace operations and other actors have not been conclusively defined. This article considers the Secretary General's latest reports on protection, in particular the two most recent ones (29 May 2009 and 28 October 2007). The author argues that the understanding of effective protection strategies should be informed by a diagnosis of the warring parties' motivations to use deliberate violence against civilians. Analyzing why humanitarian law, human rights law and refugee law are disregarded in many confl icts can help to improve protection strategies. An analysis of the warring parties' motivations may also caution against the belief that there is a system out there that can always protect people in ongoing conflict if only humanitarian actors would improve their modus operandi. Consequently, this article suggests that the notion of protection should remain in close touch with the idea of immediate basic safety. The author recommends that the SecretaryGeneral should insist in future statements and reports that a sound approach to protection requires a diagnosis of why fighting parties choose to attack and threaten civilians. If the diagnosis shows that the armed parties have incentives to disregard basic legal norms and morals; the SC needs to demonstrate real political will to give the concept of protection the meaning it has in conventional language or in the alternative, honestly avoid using it.
Where are the 'Good Samaritans'? Assessing Cross-National Support for Peacekeeping Operations
Authors: Lyon Alynna , Malone Mary Fran
Published: July 2010

What leads a country's population to support or oppose peacekeeping operations? Are there cross-national diff erences in public support for peacekeeping? In this paper, we aim to answer these questions by examining public attitudes towards peacekeeping operations in the United States and ten European nations (France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, Poland, Slovakia, and Turkey). is paper also assesses several explanations for cross-national variations in support for these missions. More specifi cally, we aim to determine whether theories of risk assessment, elite cues, and policy objectives can explain public support for peacekeeping cross-nationally.
If Only There Were a Blueprint! Factors for Success and Failure of UN Peace-Building Operations
Authors: van der Lijn Jaïr
Published: July 2010

In spite of the fact that UN peacekeeping operations are a relative new field for scholarly research, the literature on the subject has grown into a substantial body. This article distils from this body of scholarly literature eleven clusters of factors for success and failure for UN peacekeeping operations in general and tests these on four case studies – Cambodia, Mozambique, Rwanda and El Salvador – of one particular type of UN peacekeeping operation: the UN peace-building operations. It concludes that although the results of the four cases of UN peace-building operations largely confirm the factors for success and failure as found in literature for UN peacekeeping operations in general, theory on UN peace-building operations still needs adjustment and fine tuning. Amongst others, it appears from the cases that two factors that receive a lot of attention in literature – the non-use of force by the operation and the need for a clear and detailed mandate – are less important.
The Conflictual Promises of the United Nations' Rule of Law Agenda: Challenges for Post-Conflict Societies
Authors: Vig Stéphanie
Published: July 2010

The role of UN missions in post-conflict societies has progressed through peace-keeping and peace-making to a more recent emphasis on peace-building. To accompany this new focus, the UN has articulated a rule of law agenda, two central components of which are promoting international norms and standards and facilitating national ownership. This paper explores the self-sanctioned role the UN has awarded itself in promoting the rule of law in post-conflict societies by exploring each one of these two central components and their interaction.Meritorious in their own right, the potential of these two components of the rule of law agenda may position the UN in situations where both cannot be satisfied contemporaneously. In implementing its rule of law agenda, the United Nations will likely come to face the prospect of a local authority seeking to differ from international norms and standards. In such circumstances, the UN's rule of law agenda makes conflictual promises. The choices and prioritization that the UN will be called upon to make in such circumstances will reveal much about how it conceptualizes its role in promoting the rule of law in post-conflict societies. This paper seeks to delineate the nature of the choices confronting the United Nations in pursuit of its rule of law agenda.
The Al-Jedda Case before the House of Lords
Authors: Sari Aurel
Published: July 2010

This comment examines the main implications of the Al-Jedda case decided by the House of Lords in December 2007. The case was brought by a dual Iraqi-British citizen detained at a British military detention facility in Iraq for imperative reasons of security. Mr Al-Jedda claimed that his detention violated his right to liberty and security of person recognised by Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The House of Lords found that the relevant Security Council resolution authorising British forces to operate in Iraq displaced Article 5 of the Convention to the extent that a conflict arose between the two instruments, and that his detention was consequently lawful.
The Immunity of the United Nations in Relation to the Genocide in Srebrenica in the Eyes of a Dutch District Court
Authors: Spijkers Otto
Published: July 2010

The Srebrenica genocide has come before three different courts in The Hague, the Netherlands. The International Court of Justice looked at the responsibility of the Republic of Serbia; the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia looked at the responsibility of certain individuals. No court has as yet dealt with the responsibility of the United Nations ('UN') itself. Ten relatives of victims of the genocide and a foundation called the Mothers of Srebrenica believed this to be a role for the judges of the District Court in The Hague. However, on 10 July 2008, the Dutch Court affirmed the UN's immunity and declared it had no jurisdiction to hear the action against it. This article discusses that judgment. It will look at the applicable immunity provisions, i.e. Article 105 of the UN Charter and the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, their conceptual foundation (the doctrine of functional necessity), and the role of the Dutch Court in interpreting and applying these provisions. It will also look at a possible clash between respect for the absolute immunity of the UN and other legal obligations for the Netherlands, including those under the Genocide Convention, and the European Convention on Human Rights.