bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intervention‐based multidimensional phase unwrapping using recursive orthogonal referring
Authors: Liu Junmin , Drangova Maria
Published: January 2012

We present a new intervention‐based phase unwrapping algorithm, which solves the inherent integration‐path‐dependent problem (typically resulting in streaks), by using a 2D recursive orthogonal referring (PUROR) approach. The streaks were removed by three consecutive procedures: intra‐image phase unwrapping, inter‐image cross‐referring a “good‐strip,” and cross‐referring line segments. The application of these procedures results in streak‐free 2D phase images. The phase inconsistencies across slices in a 3D image were removed using a hybrid 3D PUROR algorithm: the two step approach involves stacking the individual slices, by using the mean phase values of each slice, then applying the 2D PUROR algorithm to reformatted 2D images that include the slice direction. The described approach was tested with in vivo multislice phase images acquired in the axial, sagittal, and coronal orientation. The results of the unwrapped phase volume recovered using the PUROR algorithm have equivalent quality to that achieved by using established methods, but the PUROR algorithm is about two orders of magnitude faster (between 1 and 5 s per 256 × 256 slice; independent of slice orientation and echo time). Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust and adaptive multigrid methods: comparing structured and algebraic approaches
Authors: MacLachlan S.P. , Moulton J.D. , Chartier T.P.
Published: January 2012

Although there have been significant advances in robust algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods in recent years, numerical studies and emerging hardware architectures continue to favor structured‐grid approaches. Specifically, implementations of logically structured robust variational multigrid algorithms, such as the black box multigrid (BoxMG) solver, have been shown to be 10 times faster than AMG for three‐dimensional heterogeneous diffusion problems on structured grids. BoxMG offers important features such as operator‐induced interpolation for robustness, while taking advantage of direct data access and bounded complexity in the Galerkin coarse‐grid operator. Moreover, because BoxMG uses a variational framework, it can be used to explore advances of modern adaptive AMG approaches in a structured setting. In this paper, we show how to extend the adaptive multigrid methodology to the BoxMG setting. This extension not only retains the favorable properties of the adaptive framework but also sheds light on the relationship between BoxMG and AMG. In particular, we show how classical BoxMG can be viewed as a special case of classical AMG and how this viewpoint leads to a richer family of adaptive BoxMG approaches. We present numerical results that explore this family of adaptive methods and compare its robustness and efficiency to the classical BoxMG solver.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new tool for the assessment of satisfaction with iron chelation therapy (ICT‐Sat) for patients with β‐thalassemia major
Authors: Elalfy Mohsen S. , Massoud Walid , Elsherif Nayera H. , Labib Jonair H. , Elalfy Omar M. , Elaasar Safaa , von Mackensen Sylvia
Published: January 2012

Background

High satisfaction with iron chelation is a major determinant for adherence to ICT in beta‐thalassaemia major (β‐TM) patients. In this study, a new tool to assess different domains of satisfaction for available forms of ICT was developed and validated. The impact of patients' satisfaction with ICT has been tested.

Methods

Items were generated via focus groups and a preliminary version with 24 items (ICT‐Sat) with an additional item for treatment preference and a knowledge questionnaire (KQ) was developed. 170 β‐TM patients from three Thalassaemia centers in Egypt, aged 2–32 years received three questionnaires to fill in; the new ICT‐Sat, a KQ, and a previously validated tool for satisfaction with ICT (SICT) and retested 4–6 weeks later to ensure re‐test reliability. Type of chelation, drug related adverse events, compliance with ICT, and serum ferritin level (SF) during the year prior to the study as well as available cardiac T2*data were recorded.

Results

One hundred and fifty two β‐TM patients completed all questionnaires; median age was 12 years. The final 15 remaining ICT‐Sat items, yielding to four domain scores, explained 70.6% of the total variance. The “perceived effectiveness” and “fear and worries” domains of the ICT‐Sat correlated significantly with the domains “perceived effectiveness” and “acceptance” of the SICT. Patients treated with oral ICT were more satisfied with perceived effectiveness, and their side effects.

Conclusions

A new clinically based ICT‐Sat tool was developed and revealed good psychometric characteristics. Adherence to ICT was better correlated with “perceived effectiveness” and SF level. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 910–915. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Massive conformation change in the prion protein: Using dual‐basin structure‐based models to find misfolding pathways
Authors: Singh Jesse P. , Whitford Paul C. , Hayre N. R. , Onuchic José , Cox Daniel L.
Published: January 2012

We employ all‐atom structure‐based models with a force field with multiple energetic basins for the C‐terminal (residues 166–226) of the mammalian prion protein. One basin represents the known alpha‐helical (αH) structure while the other represents the same residues in a left‐handed beta‐helical (LHBH) conformation. The LHBH structure has been proposed to help describe one class of in vitro grown fibrils, as well as possibly self‐templating the conversion of normal cellular prion protein to the infectious form. Yet, it is unclear how the protein may make this global rearrangement. Our results demonstrate that the conformation changes are not strongly limited by large‐scale geometry modification and that there may exist an overall preference for the LHBH conformation. Furthermore, our model presents novel intermediate trapping conformations with twisted LHBH structure. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Signatures of the ATP‐binding pocket as a basis for structural classification of the serine/threonine protein kinases of gram‐positive bacteria
Authors: Zakharevich Natalia V. , Osolodkin Dmitry I. , Artamonova Irena I. , Palyulin Vladimir A. , Zefirov Nikolay S. , Danilenko Valery N.
Published: January 2012

Eukaryotic‐like serine/threonine protein kinases (ESTPKs) are widely spread throughout the bacterial genomes. These enzymes can be potential targets of new antibacterial drugs useful for the treatment of socially important diseases such as tuberculosis. In this study, ESTPKs of pathogenic, probiotic, and antibiotic‐producing Gram‐positive bacteria were classified according to the physicochemical properties of amino acid residues in the ATP‐binding site of the enzyme. Nine residues were identified that line the surface of the adenine‐binding pocket, and ESTPKs were classified based on these signatures. Twenty groups were discovered, five of them containing >10 representatives. The two most abundant groups contained >150 protein kinases that belong to the various branches of the phylogenetic tree, whereas certain groups are genus‐ or even species‐specific. Homology modeling of the typical representatives of each group revealed that the classification is reliable, and the differences between the protein kinase ATP‐binding pockets predicted based on their signatures are apparent in their structure. The classification is expected to be useful for the selection of targets for new anti‐infective drugs. Proteins 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSTABILITY OF GROUNDWATER‐FED STREAMS ON HYPORHEIC FAUNA, ON A GLACIAL FLOODPLAIN, DENALI NATIONAL PARK, ALASKA
Authors: Crossman J. , Bradley C. , Milner A. , Pinay G.
Published: January 2012

Macroinvertebrate community distributions were investigated within the benthic and hyporheic zone of five groundwater‐fed streams, on a floodplain terrace, in a glacierized catchment in Alaska, in summer 2008. The streams were characterized by a distinct gradient in environmental instability and provided an opportunity to determine whether the local variability in environmental instability of groundwater‐fed streams (reflecting differences in lengths of groundwater flow pathways) are of sufficient magnitude and frequency to influence macroinvertebrate community distribution. Individual measures of surface‐water temperature, streamflow, streambed stability and sediment size were incorporated into a multivariate index of environmental instability (IEI), using principal components analysis. In the hyporheic zone, a logarithmic association was observed between macroinvertebrate diversity and IEI and a quadratic association between abundance and IEI. The increase in diversity along the gradient of instability reflected a greater evenness of taxa caused by reduction in abundance of Chironomidae, combined with an increase in abundance of several less dominant taxa (Limnephilidae, Empididae, Baetidae and Simuliidae). At the surface, a quadratic association between diversity and IEI was observed, consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.

Chironomidae, Nemouridae and Empididae presented contrasting surface and hyporheic distributions, indicating use of the hyporheic zone as a refuge. Moreover, covariance in the surface and hyporheic distribution of Limnephilidae and Chloroperlidae suggested the use of the hyporheic zone as an extension of the benthic habitat. The data indicate that local variability in environmental conditions between groundwater‐fed streams is sufficient to induce differences in macroinvertebrate communities and in the response of individual taxa. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guiding explanation construction by children at the entry points of learning progressions
Authors: Songer Nancy Butler , Gotwals Amelia Wenk
Published: January 2012

Policy documents in science education suggest that even at the earliest years of formal schooling, students are capable of constructing scientific explanations about focal content. Nonetheless, few research studies provide insights into how to effectively provide scaffolds appropriate for late elementary‐age students' fruitful creation of scientific explanations. This article describes two research studies to address the question, what makes explanation construction difficult for elementary students? The studies were conducted in urban fourth, fifth, and sixth grade classrooms where students were learning science through curricular units that contained 8 weeks of scaffold‐rich activities focused on explanation construction. The first study focused on the kind and amount of information scaffold‐rich assessments provided about young students' abilities to construct explanations under a range of scaffold conditions. Results demonstrated that fifth and sixth grade tests provided strong information about a range of students' abilities to construct explanations under a range of supported conditions. On balance, the fourth grade test did not provide as much information, nor was this test curricular‐sensitive. The second study provided information on pre–post test achievement relative to the amount of curricular intervention utilized over the 8‐week time period with each cohort. Results demonstrated that when taking the amount of the intervention into account, there were strong learning gains in all three grade‐level cohorts. In conjunction with the pre–post study, a type‐of‐error analysis was conducted to better understand the nature of errors among younger students. This analysis revealed that our youngest students generated the most incomplete responses and struggled in particular ways with generating valid evidence. Conclusions emphasize the synergistic value of research studies on scaffold‐rich assessments, curricular scaffolds, and teacher guidance toward a more complete understanding of how to support young students' explanation construction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 141–165, 2012
Ordered and disordered proteins as nanomaterial building blocks
Authors: Srinivasan Nithya , Kumar Sanjay
Published: January 2012

Proteins possess a number of attractive properties that have contributed to their recent emergence as nanoscale building blocks for biomaterials and bioinspired materials. For instance, the amino acid sequence of a protein can be precisely controlled and manipulated via recombinant DNA technology, and proteins can be biosynthesized with very high purity and virtually perfect monodispersity. Most importantly, protein‐based biomaterials offer the possibility of technologically harnessing the vast array of functions that these biopolymers serve in nature. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the field of protein‐based biomaterials, with an overall theme of relating protein structure to material properties. We begin by discussing materials based on proteins that have well‐defined three‐dimensional structures, focusing specifically on elastin‐ and silk‐like peptides. We then explore the newer field of materials based on intrinsically disordered proteins, using nucleoporin and neurofilament proteins as case studies. A key theme throughout the review is that specific environmental stimuli can trigger protein conformational changes, which in turn can alter macroscopic material properties and function. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:204–218. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1160

This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of a 3D Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymer with Tris(2‐carboxyethyl)iso­cyanurate and 1, 2‐Bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Yang , Xu Rui , Han Zheng‐Bo
Published: January 2012

A new coordination polymer [Co(Htci)(bpe)0.5]·H2O (1) [bpe = 1, 2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene, H3tci = tris(2‐carboxyethyl)isocyanurate] was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, which reveals that 1 is a 3D pillar‐layered structure.
Calories, beauty, and ovulation: The effects of the menstrual cycle on food and appearance‐related consumption
Authors: Saad Gad , Stenstrom Eric
Published: January 2012

The menstrual cycle has been largely ignored within the consumer research literature. Using a survey panel, women's food and appearance‐related consumption was tracked for 35 consecutive days. As predicted, food‐related desires, dollars spent, and eating behaviors were greater during the luteal (non‐fertile) phase, whereas appearance‐related desires, dollars spent, and beautification behaviors increased during the fertile phase. Dollars spent on products unrelated to food or beautification were not significantly influenced by the menstrual cycle. Hence, women's consumption desires, preferences, and dollars spent in evolutionarily relevant product categories (food and mating) fluctuate across their ovulatory cycle. Branding‐related implications are briefly discussed.
Physics teaching in the medical schools of Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Jiann‐wien , Hsu Roy
Published: January 2012

We describe and analyze the statistics of general physics and laboratory courses in the medical schools of Taiwan. We explore the development of the general physics curriculum for medical students of Taiwan. Also, an approach to designing a general physics course in combination with its application to medical sciences is proposed. We hope this preliminary study can provide a useful reference for physics colleagues in the medical schools of Taiwan to revolutionize the dynamics of teaching physics to the medical students of Taiwan.
Notes on some Recent Excavations at Westminster Abbey
Authors: Westlake H. F.
Published: January 2012

Until the publication in 1911 of The Abbot's House at Westminster by Dr. Armitage Robinson, it had been assumed by all previous investigators of the monastic buildings at Westminster that the Misericorde stbod upon the site of what is now Ashburnham House. From documentary evidence Dr. Robinson was led to the conclusions that this site was actually that of the Prior's House, and that the Misericorde lay either in an angle south-west of the Frater and contiguous with it, or in a loft at its west end as at Durham. He inclined strongly, however, to the former hypothesis, influenced by the remains of two vaulting-shafts on either side and south of a hatch communicating with the Frater. One further conclusion was that the Misericorde was upstairs. ‘If there was a vaulted chamber under the Misericorde which formed part of a passage to the kitchen, all the facts fit in well together.’ It may be remarked that further documentary evidence has served only to confirm Dr. Robinson's view, but until recently no attempt has been made at any serious investigation of the site, though the late Clerk of the Works, Mr. Thomas Wright, sen., left some valuable notes of observations made by him on the occasion of the laying of a drain.
A Village Site of the Hallstatt Period in Wiltshire
Authors: Cunnington M. E.
Published: January 2012

The site of an Early Iron Age village on All Cannings Cross Farm, about six miles east of Devizes, was discovered quite by chance. In this corn-growing country great open ploughed fields fringe the lower slopes of the high chalk downs. At All Cannings Cross the ploughed land stretches to the foot of Tan Hill and Clifford's Hill, on the Marlborough Downs, overlooking the vale of Pewsey. The site of the settlement has been under plough for many years, perhaps for centuries, so that any surface indications there may once have been, have long since disappeared.
Roman Spoons from Dorchester
Authors: Dalton O. M.
Published: January 2012

The silver spoons in the Dorchester Museum, exhibited by Capt. Acland, F.S.A., were discovered in 1898 or 1899 on the Somerleigh Court Estate, in Dorchester, a prolific Roman site. The coins belonging to the find, over fifty in number, are all siliquae, dating from Julian II to Honorius (A. D. 360–400); among them is one coin of Licinius I, A. D. 317, which is probably intrusive. The coins, examined by my colleague, Mr. H. Mattingly, and to be published in the Numismatic Chronicle later in the present year, thus give the second half of the fourth century as the probable date of the find, a period with which the general character of the spoons is in agreement. The silver object figured with the spoons belongs to a small class represented in England and perhaps used as manicure knives. There is a specimen with a long handle and smaller blade in the British Museum.
On Some Recent Exhibits
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: January 2012

In April last the Society published two gold crescents found in Cornwall and now in Truro Museum; and in view of the proximity of Ireland, it is not surprising that others have been found; but the present exhibit (figs. 1–3) is the most important of its kind, being the only case in which anything to indicate a precise date has been found with gold crescents anywhere. Mr. George Penrose, Local Secretary, and Curator of Truro Museum, sent with the three objects in question the following information:

‘The two gold crescents (figs. 1, 2) and bronze celt (fig. 3) sent for exhibition were found together, close to the edge of a low cliff at Harlyn or Perlaze Bay, near Padstow, Cornwall, sometime during the year 1864.
Notes on the Panels from a Carolingian Ivory Diptych in the Ravenna and South Kensington Museums, and on two Fourteenth-century Ivory Groups
Authors: Maclagan Eric
Published: January 2012

The three plaques of ivory here illustrated are already well known to students of such work, but there has been some uncertainty as to the form in which they were originally joined together. One of them, representing the Eagle of the Evangelist St. John, is in the Victoria and Albert Museum,1 for which it was acquired in 1867 from the Webb Collection; the other two, with the Angel of St. Matthew and a half-length figure of Christ, are now in the Museo Nazionale at Ravenna.
An Iron Age Site near Epsom
Authors: Frere Sheppard
Published: January 2012

The site here to be described was discovered in November 1940, when the writer was examining mechanical excavations near Longdown Lane, Epsom, for archaeological material; and it consists of a shallow pit containing remains attributable to the Iron Age. The site (fig. 1) lies about 330 ft. above O.D. on a northward sloping spur of the North Downs. Thus the subsoil is Upper Chalk (Marsupites Zone); but in places this is capped with Tertiary clay, and occasionally there are deep flaws in the rock, also filled with clay. The modern plough-soil hereabouts is 1 ft. thick, and below it is a layer of old plough-soil visible as brown clay with small chalk particles, on an average 6 in. deep. In the edge of the mechanical excavation above mentioned there was seen (fig. 2) a pit sunk through the brown plough-soil into the natural clay pocket, and its top had of course been removed by modern ploughing. The pit was filled with dark soil; its floor was flat and lay 2 ft. from the surface and was 2 ft. 2 in. wide. The dark filling contained small potsherds, tiny particles of charcoal, bone burnt and unburnt, and the lower stone of a saddlequern.

The writer salvaged as much as was practicable on the spot, and later obtained permission to empty the whole pit; but it was not possible to clear any large area and search for post-holes. When cleared, the pit was seen to have a level floor and to be roughly circular with a diameter of 3 ft. The walls were not undercut, but sloped steeply down to the flat floor (fig. 2).
Notes on Four Palimpsest Brasses in Westminster Abbey
Authors: Westlake H. F.
Published: January 2012

Immediately within the gates of the North Ambulatory of the Abbey Church, and west of the table-tomb of Abbot Estney, is the marble slab which is assumed to cover the remains of Sir Thomas Parry, treasurer of the household of Queen Elizabeth and steward also of the manors of the newly re-created dean and chapter of Westminster. Thomas ap Harry was the son and heir of Henry Vaughan of Tretower. He married Anne, daughter of Sir William Reade of Boarstall in Buckinghamshire, was knighted in 1558, died in 1560, and was buried in the Abbey Church on 15th December in that year. In 1562 his widow, Dame Anne, surrendered her lease of ‘one great mansion house within the precinct’ known as ‘Vaughan's House’, and was granted in return a lease of what in an older day had been the prior's house, which the dean had just vacated and which now is built up in the later Ashburnham House.
Early Anglo-Saxon Weights
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: January 2012

In our Proceedings xvi, 174, is an illustration of a bronze weight found at Grove Ferry, near Fordwich, Kent, and exhibited by Col. Copeland, who subsequently presented it to the British Museum. There is a description by bur present President, with references to other weights from Kentish graves of the sixth century, which were later studied by Mr. Fred. Seebohm; but it has recently been re-weighed, and its value found to be 576 troy (or barley) grains, not 575 grains. The difference is trifling, but enough to emphasize the fact that it is exactly one-tenth of the troy pound. On each face are 22 impressions of the same stamp, arranged in different ways, and therefore in this case probably ornamental. The decimal division of the pound is found in Republican Rome, but there the pound was 5760 and the ounce 576 wheat grains, four of which are equivalent to three barley or troy grains. However, I can find no evidence that the above hint has ever been taken in order to explain the weight-system of our pagan forefathers in England. For this purpose let it be supposed that the troy pound, which is not named before the fifteenth century, was divided in two ways. In the tables G stands for grammes of 154 grains, and an asterisk distinguishes weights that exactly agree with the standard.
The Age of Stonehenge Deduced from the Orientation of its Axis
Authors: Stone E. Herbert
Published: January 2012

In the year 1901 Sir Norman Lockyer made some instrumental observations at Stonehenge with a view to determining the angle of obliquity of the ecliptic which would cause midsummer sunrise to take place at a point on the horizon on the line of the axis of the structure.
Two Irish Bronze-Age Finds containing rings
Authors: Armstrong E. C. R.
Published: January 2012

Both finds belong to the latest portion of the Irish Bronze Age, Montelius's fifth period (1150-800 B.C.). The first was recently acquired by the Royal Irish Academy. The circumstances of its discovery are obscure; no more definite information being obtainable than that the objects were dug up near an old ruined castle in co. Westmeath about the month of January, 1922. It includes a bronze socketed celt, and twenty-four complete and one imperfect cast bronze rings. The objects are well covered with an agreeable grey-green patina, with the exception of one ring which was scraped clean, presumably to see of what metal it was composed. The looped axe-head is of characteristic Irish type with oval mouth and broad cutting edge. A little below the mouth it is ornamented with a raised band, the mouth being similarly encircled. The largest ring, which has an external diameter of 4.3 inches, is hollow; the remainder have been cast solid. The illustration (pi. XIII) will dispense with a detailed description of the various rings.
International Archaeology
Authors: Read Hercules
Published: January 2012

A Reflective mind can hardly look upon the present world without feeling considerable apprehension. The tumult and turmoil of the last decade still have their reactions, and progress towards stability and sanity is painfully slow. Nor is this all. The aims and ideals that seem to possess or obsess the minds of nearly all classes in these disturbing days are pitifully low and entirely wanting in dignity. All the countries of the world would seem to be infected with the same want of idealism, and the peoples to possess no ambition outside of sheer materialism. Our own country is in this respect not markedly different from others, though our racial temperament has considerable effect on its external manifestations. At no time in our past history have material conditions been so favourable as they now are, and this in spite of the deep reaching disturbances of recent years. And yet the cry, as much in England as elsewhere, is on all sides for yet further advantages on the material side, and hardly a voice is raised to point out that contentment of soul lies in another direction, and that in wealth alone no real satisfaction can be found. There is nothing of novelty in this statement, but I speak of it because never in my time has there been a demand so entirely unashamed and ignoring so completely the needs of man's spiritual and intellectual sides. The newspapers, the majority of them pitifully partisan, preach this same gospel of materialism, pointing this way or that in deference to their political colour, but sedulously ignoring all human demands except for food, clothing, and amusement. much from politicians, and truly one gets little.
The Parish Clerks' Company's Plate
Authors: Ebblewhite Ernest Arthur
Published: January 2012

The Company of Parish Clerks was incorporated as ‘The Master, Wardens, Assistants and Brethren of the Parish Clerks of the Parish Churches of the City and Suburbs of London and the Liberties thereof, the City of Westminster, the Borough of Southwark and the Fifteen Out-Parishes adjacent’ by King Charles the First by letters patent dated 27th February 1639. The Company had received several charters previously.
The Age and Origin of the Wansdyke
Authors: Passmore A. D.
Published: January 2012

A study of this great earthwork proves that at some period of our history a resident people or a retiring nation wished to cut off the whole of south-west England from a northern enemy. To accomplish this purpose a huge bank with its ditch to the north was carried from near Portishead in Somerset right across Wiltshire, ending somewhere near Andover (Hants), between which place and the sea the low-lying watery valleys of the Anton and Test would in themselves be sufficient protection without an earthwork: thus the whole of the counties of Cornwall, Devon, and Dorset, together with parts of Wilts, Somerset, and Hampshire, were shut in and completely protected. After drawing the above line on a map it will at once be noticed that the usual rule of human effort—to do things with the least possible labour— has not been followed, as the left flank of the dyke, instead of resting on the Avon at or near Bath, has been at great labour carried across the stony Somerset hills to the open sea: this extra length was dictated by some powerful reason, the explanation being (as I read the evidence) that the enemy was in command of a fleet of small boats by which they could at any time land on the southern bank of the Avon (the Somerset shore). To guard against this the dyke Was built south of and above the Avon valley: we may suppose also that the invaders were without boats large enough to face the open sea or that the inhabitants of the Somerset and Devon shores were numerous or brave enough to defend themselves.
Fourth Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge
Authors: Hawley W.
Published: January 2012

At the time when I presented my last report the excavation of the ditch had nearly reached a point where the avenue approaches it. In anticipation of our arrival at this position the top of the counterscarp had been laid bare for —a width of 2 ft. in order that a good view of the avenue end, both in plan and section, might be obtained. The details shown were, however, disappointing, for when the south-east trench of the avenue appeared it presented an insignificant-looking, angular section in the bank about 18 in. deep and 3 ft. wide in top measurement, the apex of the angle cutting a groove in the solid chalk below. Where the extremity of the groove approached the ditch it ended at 8 in. from the side, leaving a ridge of undisturbed chalk, and indicating that the ditch was of earlier construction. The contents of the ditch showed that there had been no attempt to carry the avenue across it, nor was there any sign of it on the opposite side. The avenue bank was barely discernible and it is rather doubtful if it came quite to the edge of the ditch. It gave the impression that when making it the builders allowed their work to fade out as they approached the edge. The ditch continued an unaltered course independently of the proximity of the avenue.
A Jug of the Anglo-Saxon Period
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: January 2012

Our Fellow Mr. E. T. Leeds, in his account of the Asthall barrow in Oxfordshire (Antiquaries Journal, iv, 122), records the occurrence of a vase of wheelmade ware decorated with an angular pattern impressed with a roller stamp. This is dated by the associated bronzes, which are of seventh-century type.
A Gold Ornament found at Castle Cary, Somerset
Authors: Gray H. St. George
Published: January 2012

The gold ornament here described was found over a hundred years ago at the north end of the hamlet of Galhampton and just within the parish of Castle Cary, but it has never been recorded before. It was recently presented to the Somerset Museum at Taunton Castle by Dr. R. E. H. Woodforde (who now resides in Hertfordshire). It had been handed down in his family, and was dug up by his great-grandfather, Colonel William Woodforde (1758–1844) in his garden on the west side and close to the main road from Castle Cary to Ilchester.
Bronze Crowns and a Bronze Head-dress, from a Roman site at Cavenham Heath, Suffolk
Authors: Layard Nina Frances
Published: January 2012

The bronze crowns and the ornament of chains and discs which are the subject of this paper, were found a few years ago at Cavenham Heath, Suffolk, lying close together at a depth of about 1½ ft. from the surface. Later they came into the possession of Mr. Ashley, landlord of the Crown Hotel, Mundford, from whom I purchased them.
Archaeological Work in Ukrain by Professor Ščerbakivskyj
Authors: Burkitt M. C.
Published: January 2012

Having had occasion, when in Prague, to meet Professor Ščerbakivskyj and to discuss with him his work at Hontzi, I felt t i should be made known in England, more especially as little has been published from this area since Volkov's papers at the Geneva Congress. Only a short precis is possible of the excavations and illustrations. Although the excavator inclines to a Magdalenian date for the culture, perhaps because it is not typically Aurignacian, one might rather suggest ‘Eastern European Upper Palaeolithic’, which occurs in an area where the Magdalenians —a French folk—never penetrated, although their influence was no doubt felt. This is certainly applicable to Pfedmost and other finds in Moravia which are neither of true Solutre nor La Madeleine culture. It is important for prehistorians to grasp clearly the fact that even at this early time cultures had by no means even a European extension and that different provinces had different cultures, more or less related.
A Portrait of Beatrix of Falkenburg
Authors: Steinberg S. H.
Published: January 2012

Among the many treasures of art preserved by Sir William Burrell at Hutton Castle, Berwick-on-Tweed, is a stained-glass window which is likely to arouse the interest of English historians and historians of art. It represents Beatrix of Falkenburg, wife of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, King of the Romans and brother of King Henry III; and it is a very valuable example of English art of the thirteenth century.
A Preliminary Account of the Tablets from Atchana
Authors: Smith Sidney
Published: January 2012

Two lots of tablets have been found, one during the 1937 season and one in 1938, the total number of tablets and parts of tablets, excluding inconsiderable fragments, being about three hundred. The 1937 lot falls into two classes, here called A and B, the 1938 lot into three, here called B, C, and D.
The Sarcophagus of Naro, Sicily
Authors: Steinberg S. H.
Published: January 2012

Among the places which Count Roger I conquered during his campaign in Southern Sicily in 1086, Gaufredus Malaterra mentions the Arab town of Narû, the present Naro, in the province of Agrigento. Naro, like nearly all towns in inner Sicily, is dominated by a castle and a church which stand some hundred yards distant from one another on two rocky heights at the top of the mountain on which the town is situated. The church stands, as is shown by recent excavations, on the site of a pagan temple and an Arab mosque. Here Roger I had erected the first Christian church after the Norman conquest. A century later this building was renovated and extended. The Englishman Walter of the Mill, from 1169 archbishop of Palermo and before that dean of Agrigento, whose diocese also included Naro, is said to have been the builder. The new building was started in 1174, when Bartholomew of the Mill, Walter's brother, was bishop of Agrigento, and it was consecrated in May 1263 by Rudolf, cardinal bishop of Albano, attended by two archbishops and four bishops. Since 1867 the church has not been used and has become a sad ruin. The ceiling has fallen in, weeds grow on the floor, all its interior ornaments have been destroyed and have disappeared. There is, however, one exception: on the west wall of the north transept, opposite the apse, still stands one large sarcophagus. This sarcophagus is made of yellowish-white marble. Its lower part rests on four seated lions, and is shaped like a bath, round the top of which run two mouldings. In vertical section the lid is pentagonal, the upper point forming the ridge of the saddle-roof. This ridge is not strictly horizontal, but is raised a little towards the middle. From both the side-mouldings one member is left out, having perhaps been reserved for an inscribed ribbon, probably inlaid in metal. On each of the slopes are three round medallions worked in relief. The outer ones contain the symbols of the four Evangelists, the inner ones the half-length figures of Christ, with sceptre and orb, and the Holy Virgin.
An Anglo-Saxon Gold Finger-ring
Authors: Nelson Philip
Published: January 2012

The massive gold finger-ring, the subject of this paper, was, I am informed, discovered in the city of York and may be thus described. Within a mount of seven circles of wire, alternately plain and ornamental, having three circles in front, three behind, and one on the edge, is set a solidus of the emperor Valentinian I, A.D. 364–75. The shank, which is of plain, thick wire, is beaten out at either end into a flat semicircle, and is attached to the reverse of the coin and to the mount, whilst to the shoulders are applied a considerable number of pellets of varying size (pl. XLII, 1).
An Equestrian Aquamanile of the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Nelson Philip
Published: January 2012

It may be remembered that some years ago, in a paper read before this Society, ‘Equestrian Aquamaniles’ were divided into three groups, according to the mode of exit of the water from the vessel, which groups were arranged as follows:

Group I. Exit from the mouth of the horse, A.D. 1180–1270.

Group II. Exit from the forehead of the horse, A.D. 1270–1350.

Group III. Exit from the chest of the horse, A.D. 1350–1450.

The equestrian aquamanile now to be considered, which has a dark, lustrous patina, measures 11½ in. in length and 12¾ in. in height and belongs to group II and to that subdivision in which the head and body of the rider are turned to one side.
A Thirteenth-Century Stirrup and Storage-Jar from Rabley Heath, Herts.
Authors: Andrews H. C. , Dunning G. C.
Published: January 2012

The iron stirrup and pottery vessel recorded here were found at Rabley Heath, Hertfordshire, in September 1938. Rabley Heath is a heath only in name, for to-day it is divided into fields interspersed with much woodland. It is situated about a mile south of Knebworth and two miles north of Welwyn, at an altitude of less than 600 ft.; the soil is Boulderclay overlying the chalk. To the south-west the land falls to the Mimram valley, and in the opposite direction to the southern end of the Hitchin Gap which cuts through the extension of the Chiltern Hills along the north edge of Hertfordshire.
Limoges Enamel Altar-cruets of the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Nelson Philip
Published: January 2012

Altar-cruets in early times were known by a variety of names, ama, amula, ampulla, fiala, phiala, potum, urceus, urceolus, vas, and vasculum. These sacred vessels were made in pairs, in order to contain the wine and the water for use in the chalice and for the subsequent ceremonial ablutions, and, since the laity did not receive the chalice, these altar-cruets were in consequence of relatively small size.
Quelques Sculptures anglaises d'Albâtre conservées en Belgique
Authors: Squilbeck Jean
Published: January 2012

On ne s'est guère occupé jusqu'ici des albâtres anglais conservés en Belgique. Ils sont pourtant nombreux et le plus souvent pleins d'intérêt.

Nous n'avons plus de retables complets comme ceux que le Comte Biver a signalés dès 1910, dans l'Archaeological Journal. Ils ont été vraisemblablement démembrés par les Iconoclastes qui ont fait, dans les anciens Pays-Bas, des ravages peut-être moins systématiques que ceux des Puritains anglais, mais hélas aggravés par les invasions et les guerres.
A Romano-British Interment, with Bucket and Sceptres, from Brough, East Yorkshire
Authors: Corder Philip , Richmond I. A.
Published: January 2012

The Roman Ermine Street, having crossed the Humber on the way to York from Lincoln, leaves Brough Haven on its west side, and the little town of Petuaria to the east. For the first half-mile northwards from the Haven its course is not certainly known: then, followed by the modern road, it runs northwards through South Cave towards Market Weighton. In the area thus traversed by the Roman road burials of the Roman age have already been noted in sufficient quantity to suggest an extensive cemetery. The interment which is the subject of the present note was found on 10th October 1936, when men laying pipes at right angles to the modern road, in the carriage-drive of Mr. J. G. Southam, having cut through some 4 ft. of blown sand, came upon a mass of mixed Roman pottery, dating from the late first to the fourth century A.D. Bones of pig, dog, sheep, and ox were also represented. Presently, at a depth of about 5 ft., something attracted closer attention. A layer of thin limestone slabs was found, covering two human skeletons, one lying a few feet from the west margin of the modern road, the other parallel with the road and some 8 ft. from its edge. The objects described below were found with the second skeleton, and the first to be discovered was submitted by Mr. Southam to Mr. T. Sheppard, F.S.A.Scot., Director of the Hull Museums, who visited the site with his staff. All that can be recorded of the circumstances of the discovery is contained in the observations then made, under difficult conditions. ‘Slabs of hard limestone’, it was reported, ‘taken from a local quarry of millepore oolite and forming the original Roman road, were distinctly visible beneath the present roadway—one of the few points where the precise site of the old road has been located. On the side of this… a burial-place has been constructed. What it was like originally it is difficult to say, beyond that a layer of thin … slabs of limestone occurred over the skeletons. This had probably been kept in place or supported by some structure of wood, as several large iron nails, some bent at right angles, were among the bones.’ If this were all that could be said about the burials, they would hardly merit a place in these pages. The chief interest of the record would be its apparent identification of the exact course of the Roman road at a point where this had hitherto been uncertain. Three objects associated with the second skeleton are, however, of exceptional interest.
Excavations at Ur, 1928–9
Authors: Woolley C. Leonard
Published: January 2012

The seventh campaign of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania at Ur started on October 24 1928, and continued until the end of February 1929. The Staff consisted of my wife, Mr. M. E. L. Mallowan, general assistant, and the Rev. E. Burrows, S.J., as epigraphist. Mr. Mallowan was detained in England by illness and did not join us in the field until early in December, up to which time my wife, in addition to doing all the drawings, was my sole field assistant, and subsequently continued to share with me the whole of the cemetery work of the season. The excavation of the graveyard area kept us busy during the greater part of the winter, and we dug 454 graves in all. By the end of January the area proposed for the current year had been exhausted, and attention was devoted to the strata underlying and bordering on the graveyard. It was this work that led to the discoveries connected with the Flood. On Mr. Mallowan's arrival more men were enrolled and set to work on the courtyard of the great Nannar Temple. By the middle of February this task also was completed, and finally, for the last ten days of the season, both gangs were drafted off for experimental work on the city walls of Ur. The results of the season therefore fall under four headings:

I. The Cemetery.

II. The buildings and rubbish-mounds of the pre-cemetery town and the evidence for the Flood.

III. The Nannar Temple.

IV. The Town Walls.
A Research Policy for Field Work
Authors: Peers C. R.
Published: January 2012

The growth of interest in archaeological research, of which our own times afford so many proofs, has the double advantage of assuring recognition of such additions to knowledge as may from time to time be made, and of emphasizing the need to fill the gaps which the increase of knowledge only serves more clearly to define. While it would be unreasonable to look for the solution of most of the outstanding problems of archaeology in the near future, it is evident that a clear conception of the most profitable lines of inquiry is essential to any progress.
Three Fragments of Roman Official Statues, from York, Lincoln, and Silchester
Authors: Richmond I. A.
Published: January 2012

Official statuary of the Roman period in Britain is now so rare as to be almost wholly unexpected. The few well-known examples have long since been published, and only gleanings remain. But these gleanings are valuable, since they offer a fresh clue to the past existence in official surroundings of important Imperial statues on a wider scale than has hitherto been proved.
The Sidmouth Bronze: Legionary Standard or Tripod?
Authors: Taylor M. V.
Published: January 2012

The well-known bronze figure of a centaur and rider (pl. viii) now in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum at Exeter was found on the beach at the foot of the cliffs (near two geological faults) about 200 yards east of the little river Sid by some fishermen in 1840.

The only other recorded discoveries of Roman objects at Sidmouth consist of a few coins on the sea beach—a ‘first brass’ of Vespasian, a Commodus of A.D. 183, and a small brass of Constantine I (as well as a Bactrian copper)—and others in Sidmouth or the neighbourhood, while pottery of the first, and perhaps second, century A.D., ultimately from the Early Iron Age hill-fort at High Peak, two miles south-west of Sidmouth, has also been noted. The nearest site of any Roman structure is at Seaton, some nine or ten miles to the northeast, where traces of a Roman house have been observed. Until something more substantial has been discovered we can only conclude that the little harbour at the mouth of the river Sid in the Roman period was visited by a few travellers, but not extensively inhabited. It may even be that the bronze object, though of Roman date, was brought by a post-Roman traveller, or decorated a bowsprit when Sidmouth harbour was in use at a later date.

The object comprises a group of a centaur with rider and charging beast set on a pedestal which rests on a shank, now broken; at the top of the shank and immediately below the pedestal is a heavy hook-like bracket. The whole measures 7 in. high (from the top of the centaur's head to the bottom of the broken shank) and 5 in. at its maximum width. It has been cast and is hollow, and is very much worn by the action of the sea, a pebble being still lodged in the mouth and another under the arm of the centaur. The shank also is hollow, about 1½ in. deep, and filled with lead, perhaps in modern times.
Interim Report on the Excavations at Glastonbury Abbey
Authors: Peers C. R. , Clapham A. W. , Horne Ethelbert
Published: January 2012

The last Interim Report on the excavations at Glastonbury was read before this Society on 29th November 1928, and a precis of this report was printed in vol. lxxiv of the Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological Society.
A polished hand-axe from West Runton, Norfolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: January 2012

The flint implement which it is the purpose of this note to illustrate and describe was found upon the surface of a ploughed field situated on the top of the cliff, immediately to the east of West Runton Gap, Norfolk. It is made from a honey-coloured flint, in places passing into a putty shade with areas of black staining. So far as its form and flaking are concerned, it is a characteristic ovate hand-axe, thickest at about the middle line, and with a wavy cutting-edge extending round nearly the whole of the periphery of the implement. The drawings and section (figs, 1, 1A, and 1B) here reproduced give a clear idea of the general appearance of the specimen, which weighs 5 oz. and measures in greatest length 3 3/16 in., in greatest width 2 5/16 in., and in greatest thickness 1 10/16 in. The flaking is all to be referred to one period, and exhibits a noticeable amount of gloss. The specimen is little, if at all, abraded, and its flake-scars show one or two striations, but no incipient cones of percussion, while in the interstices of both faces are to be seen patches of a highly ferruginous material containing sand, and occasionally a small amount of grey, humus-like substance is to be observed attached to portions of the flaked surfaces.