bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The challenge for personnel management
Authors: Farnham David
Published: February 2008

The greatest changes in personnel activities since the late 1970s are in industrial relations, High unemployment, low growth and widespread redundancies, for example, are leading trade union negotiators to adopt far more defensive and cautious approaches in pressing for improvements in their members' living standards than they did in the 1970s. There is now considerable concern with protecting jobs, and lower expectations of increases in pay and improved conditions of employment. According to the Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS), management's reaction in many cases is to look closely at their communications structures to ensure that employees receive as much information as possible concerning the policies and prospects of the enterprise directly from management. While some employers are seeking the active cooperation of employees by extending joint consultation and forming joint working parties to consider particular problems, others are imposing organisational changes on employees unilaterally. This is done through direct approaches to them over the heads of their recognised trade unions.
Can we change other people's behaviour?
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Page Denys
Published: February 2008

It was stated earlier that the hardest to change behaviours are those which are:
Behaviour modelling — a needs based approach
Authors: Swierenga Harm
Published: February 2008

There is much talking, writing and thinking being done at present on the concept of managing in organisations. The reason for this is not because the subject is now “in”, but because it is probably the chief factor determining the welfare of an organisation. As long as we have organisations, ways and means of managing effectively will be thought about.
Effective negotiation — the Harvard Project
Authors: Sharp Alan
Published: February 2008

Being able to reach sound and lasting agreements without giving in to the other party, even if he is hard and aggressive, is a necessity for success in any field. The skills involved are not easy to acquire and cannot be taught, yet like all skills they can be developed with practice. This conference, to enable participants to do so, has been developed jointly with the staff of the Harvard Negotiation Project and is updated regularly with the latest results of wide‐ranging research at that project. It provides theory in an understandable form, coupled with intensive yet enjoyable practice.
Technical training is not enough
Authors: Giles David
Published: February 2008

“We need a change of attitude”, I read or hear some Captain of Industry or Managing Director say in a television interview. So I am encouraged to share with those who are seriously interested in considering how to promote such a change something of our experience in such a programme, which has now run for seven years with 1,000 clients. Its origins and a fairly detailed description have already appeared in Education & Training in June 1979 and October 1981.
Standard bearers in the private sector
Authors: Gold Donald J.
Published: February 2008

The Association for the Recognition of Business Schools (ARBS) was established in 1983 following the decision by the Department of Education & Science to discontinue the inspection and recognition as efficient of private schools and colleges which applied to it for such accreditation. Up to 1982 it had been possible for private teaching institutions to apply to the DES for recognition, and this involved a visit by HM Inspectors and subsequent recognition or non‐recognition as the case might be.
Maximising staff resources
Authors: Bancroft Sue
Published: February 2008

Despite the many modern labour‐saving devices in use today, personnel costs remain the largest single item for most companies. The severe world economic recession has therefore focused attention on the need to make the most of qualified personnel; this is particularly important if maximum value is to be won from new market opportunities.
Diploma Mills — Part 2: How they operate
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

One of the prime beneficiaries of the diploma mill merchants is the publishing industry. A very high propor‐tion of the degrees sold are the result of press advertising.
Technical training is not enough
Authors: Giles David
Published: February 2008

Previous readers will recall that Rolls‐Royce Technical College students come to college for one week in three of their training. The TEC assignments become a total of five equally‐weighted evaluations, one for each significant part of the course:
Whither the EITB?
Authors: Pennant Jones E.
Published: February 2008

The engineering industry is in metamorphosis. It is changing its products, its processes, its business structures, and its methodology of management. Perhaps most importantly of all, it is changing from being an industry of comparative stability to being one of continuing and increasingly rapid change. It needs to be clearly understood that the problem is not simply one of performing a single, violent convulsion in which a new order replaces the old and stability returns. We are faced for the foreseeable future with the need not only to cope with change, but to pursue it actively in order to meet and beat our competitors in world markets.
Technology in the classroom
Authors: Bushell Tony
Published: February 2008

The microcomputer has such a profound effect on teaching style that it cannot be thought of just as an aid similar to an overhead projector. It requires a totally new approach to teaching, whether this be within a formal lecture or an individual tutorial. Such a change will not be welcomed by inexperienced or unprepared staff, and will be resisted resolutely. Those staff, however, who have witnessed the enhancement of some parts of a teaching programme by the intelligent use of a microcomputer, and who are prepared to make the effort, will be well rewarded. This is not to say that the micro has applications in all subject areas to the same degree; but this degree cannot yet be stated with any clear precision, since new applications are being discovered continuously in subjects which have previously been considered immune.
The fragile consensus
Authors: Emeritus
Published: February 2008

One of the key characteristics of the postindustrial society is the increasing educational and professional sophistication of the work force. This sophistication runs through all sectors of business and government — primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary industries, though particularly through the last named service industries — and is encouraged by several of the other characteristics of the postindustrial society referred to below.
Diploma Mills Part 4: Saints and sinners
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Before the Reformation the Archbishop of Canterbury, as Papal Legate, was empowered by the Church to make provisional awards of degrees, which were then ratified by the Pope in his capacity as head of the university he had founded at the Pontifical Court. After the Reformation, the Archbishop was authorised to continue to award degrees by the virtue of the Ecclesiastical Licenses Act 1533 — known as Peter's Pence Act.
The classroom is a pillar box away
Authors: Henderson David
Published: February 2008

Since the present economic recession started with the oil crisis of the early 1970s, managers and employers have been asked by various politicians to ensure that their staff are ready for the recovery ahead. It appears a tall order to increase expenditure on staff training when turnover and profits are down, and government spending on education and training is effectively lower. However, the costs of keeping staff up‐to‐date and fully trained in their particular specialities need not be as heavy as is often believed. The most cost‐efficient and, arguably, least exploited form of education is that of distance learning, more commonly known as correspondence courses.
Self‐instruction — an approach to staff training
Authors: Day MBE Harry
Published: February 2008

The Cabinet Office (Management and Personnel Office) has had published on its behalf by HM Stationery Office a handbook under the above title, reviewed in this issue (see Texts), which provides a basis for making judgements about self‐instruction as an approach to staff training. It examines a wide range of self‐instructional methods, addressing policy, financial and managerial decisions which must accompany their use. The Civil Service was one of the first employers in the UK to adopt this method of training, and several government departments now use it extensively. The author of both the handbook and this article, Harry Day MBE, a retired civil servant, spent the major part of his later career working on a wide range of specialist training duties, prominent among which was his extensive involvement with self‐instruction.
Diploma Mills — Part 5: The UK operation
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

For a long time comparatively few diploma mills existed outside the USA. This is no longer the case. Many Americans now operate in overseas countries, while simultaneously other nationalities have moved into this uncontrolled and lucrative business.
Fraud in the training field
Authors: Sheldon Robert
Published: February 2008

Technological, economic, social and political changes since the end of World War II have not only forced business and industry to adapt faster and more extensively than ever before. They have also compelled firms to look more than ever at training as a means of surviving and, hopefully, of becoming more efficient in the process.
Diploma Mills — Part 6 Medical qualifications
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

In recent years governments in many countries, notably UK and USA, have introduced a mass of legislation aimed at safeguarding the consumer. This is in sharp contrast with their unwillingness to ensure consumer protection against degree mill operators selling fringe medical qualifications.
Diploma Mills — Part 7: Government action and inaction
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Diploma Mills are not new. Certainly they have been around for 150 years. The earliest recorded operation known to the writer was Richmond College, a US‐based outfit established in 1835.
Business Communications
Authors: Sheldon Robert
Published: February 2008

I was glad when ABE Chairman Lyndon Jones suggested that I should write this series. Within and between business organisations, communications are the integrating force which enable them to act in a co‐ordinated manner. There is no organisation without communication, and where communication is lacking or is of poor quality people involved in operations soon suffer. At various times I have heard them make many bitter complaints, of which the following are a sample; the English is not always to be emulated, but the annoyance expressed was undeniably justified:
Beyond the classroom
Authors: Rose John
Published: February 2008

A report from Deliotte Haskins and Sells warns independent schools to take PR advice on future management policies if they are to survive against the maintained sector of education. But the advice may fall on deaf ears in some quarters where it is most needed.
Management in action
Authors: Lawrence Peter
Published: February 2008

Business and management undergraduates expect to join an administrative machine and become its systems monitors. The textbooks lead them to expect this. But it is not what management is really like, writes Peter Lawrence in Management in Action, a study of British and German production and general managers, just published. The book shows management work as messy and complicated, not systematic:
Organising yourself to communicate
Authors: Sheldon Robert
Published: February 2008

Two aspects of your relationship with any other member of the same loop are important: level and quality.
Babel revisited
Authors: Butcher Ian
Published: February 2008

Walking the corridors of the institutions of the EEC can be a multi‐lingual experience. When buying a newspaper or meeting someone for the first time in the Brussels headquarters, French tends to be the preferred working language. When a Dane speaks to a Dutchman, they will probably use English; but when a Spaniard greets a Greek what lingua franca will they decide upon?
Alternative education
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

In the post‐industrial society traditional universities will not be insulated against change. No longer can they serve exclusively as degree‐granting bodies sheltering 18–22 year olds between allowances and salaries. They have to meet the needs of the Information Age or go the way of the dinosaur.
How to pass examinations
Authors: Sheldon Robert
Published: February 2008

There is no royal road to examination success, but at least there is a correct approach. Knowing it can be of great help in preparing yourself psychologically. Few people actually like examinations, but the candidate who enters the examination hall with confidence and a clear head is not too discomfited. Such tension as he has disappears as soon as he starts writing his first answer, and he may then experience something like relish for the challenge.
Effective note‐taking
Authors: Pen Company Parker
Published: February 2008

A report commissioned by Parker in the USA into student note‐taking points to bad note‐taking as a prime cause of failure to achieve the level of academic success of which a student is capable. The report surveyed a wide selection of university teachers across the country, and their observations can be summed up as follows:
Tip of the iceberg
Authors: Holland Geoffrey
Published: February 2008

Nine out of ten companies in Britain have no accurate idea of how much they actually spend on staff training, and a similar figure applies in the public sector. Without knowing what you are spending on traditional methods, how on earth can you assess the economic benefit of the sort of up‐to‐date training methods which are now available, and which you can really effectively cost and budget?
How to study
Authors: Baker CBE Edgar
Published: February 2008

There are quite a few books published on study methods. Years ago I published a slim volume on the subject (A Guide to Study — BACIE, London) and it is still in print. If you examine these books you will probably conclude — correctly — that what they have to say is no more than applied common sense. However common sense is not always easy to follow; for although we all start out with good intentions, we often fail to keep to them. So perhaps the first thing to emphasise is that successful study demands constant and steady practice, for which there is no substitute. This is another way of saying that before you embark on a course of study, you must be quite clear about your aims. After that you must plan carefully, and persevere once you have started. This is easy to say, but difficult to observe. I have seen many students pay their fees and then drop out, often almost before they have got started.
What is marketing?
Authors: McGhee Alexis
Published: February 2008

This question is increasingly being raised by companies of all sizes throughout the UK. But why should this be? Marketing has been around for a long time now and has been successfully practised by many companies. What is true, perhaps, is that marketing practice has largely been confined to fast‐moving consumer goods; but this situation is now beginning to change rapidly, particularly in the retailing and service goods sectors.
Trends in international banking education
Authors: Glover Eric
Published: February 2008

Having established the base, how do we set about improving the quality of banking tuition? Courses for teachers, designed to bring them up to date and help them share experience of teaching particular subjects, are one way. We also, of course, monitor individual college results with follow‐up visits, either by our education officers or by senior institute staff. The major change which I see here is for institutes to become more involved in direct tuition, particularly through the use of distance learning and computer‐based methods.
Education for change and survival
Authors: Revans Reg
Published: February 2008

In 1982 I was invited by Brian Wolfson, chairman of a commission set up by the British Institute of Management for defining what might be done to develop their educational policies, to let him have any ideas that might help with the task he had taken on. It was gratifying for me to read in the Wolfson Report some time later that action learning was among its recommendations.
The people principle
Authors: Lane Chris
Published: February 2008

Interpersonal skills — the way we respond and deal with others — have come to the fore in recent years as a vital ingredient in the success of an organisation. In an increasingly competitive world where the differences in cost and quality between companies are becoming increasingly small, many firms are recognising the value of their personnel as a marketable commodity. Good old‐fashioned service is back in vogue, and you have only to turn on your television set to see how many companies have realised this.
Teaching negotiating skills — the pragmatic approach
Authors: Bennett Roger
Published: February 2008

Negotiation is an important part of management, but many managers receive no formal training in negotiating skills. Hardly any executive, senior civil servant, trade union official or professional consultant is not involved occasionally in some form of interpersonal bargaining. Most managers would like to improve their negotiating abilities, but are prevented by the lack of training facilities and by the confusing, inconsistent, and contradictory approaches to negotiation theory evident in the limited literature that exists. Negotiation can be tedious and time‐consuming; yet managers must be able to negotiate effectively if they are to fulfil their proper roles as controllers, co‐ordinators, and allocators of resources. Regrettably, negotiation is not a significant component in the Human Resources Management or similar syllabuses of the major professional bodies. I believe it should be. Moreover, I wish to argue in favour of a specific approach to the teaching of negotiating skills.
New school‐leaving exam. on course
Authors: Patten Chris
Published: February 2008

The GCSE will go ahead on the timetable set for it. There can be no going back, and no hanging back. The GCSE will be a single system with differentiated assessment, which will allow candidates at each level of ability to show what they know, understand, and can do. We have had hitherto an examination system the main effect of which, in the middle and lower grades, is to certify poor performance. The GCSE will be differentiated so that pupils — the lower attainers, the average, the above‐average, the ablest — will be able to show achievement in positive terms; it will certify success.
The Diploma Mill and modern technology
Authors: Bear John
Published: February 2008

Every technological advance has its dark side. The aeroplane has made world travel possible for the masses — and thousands have died in horrific crashes. We have grown utterly dependent on the automobile — but the fumes from its exhaust pollute the air we breathe. The computer has revolutionised the way we do business — and that includes, alas, the business of running the fraudulent colleges and universities that are known as diploma mills. Indeed operators of the world's less‐than‐wonderful educational institutions have eagerly seized upon all that the modern world of high technology and industry has to offer, the better to make their worthless certificates available to more and more unsuspecting victims worldwide.
Management for all
Authors: Edgerton Ron
Published: February 2008

Let me first offer my understanding of all. To me this means every employee, whether he be manager, supervisor or assistant. We could extend the use of the term to include customers on whose buying we depend; we should also include government, local and national, because we can work only within the laws and regulations they make.
The structure of unstructured training
Authors: Gray Harry
Published: February 2008

One of the most difficult forms of consultant help to sell to a prospective client is unstructured training. Clients naturally wish to have a reasonably clear description of what they are paying for; so most training consultants prepare packages of some material substance that illustrate what they normally do. Often these packages are highly structured in terms of both time allocation and written content. Some consultancies in fact sell a standard package often without any modification for specific client needs, the argument being that training is generic rather than specific.
Education for Enterprise
Authors: Stoker S.G.C. , Johnson C.
Published: February 2008

Agreement with Napoleon's suggestion that Britain was a nation of shopkeepers has not, in itself, brought about an increased consciousness in our educational system that a knowledge of the process of wealth‐creation is a pre‐requisite for the young school‐leaver. In recent years, however, it has at last become respectable to be associated with vocational education. Statements by the Department of Education & Science, the activities of the Manpower Services Commission, and curriculum innovations such as TVEI and CPVE have highlighted the potential of vocational vehicles in the work of secondary schools in particular. Tragically many curriculum changes have come about as a result of the plague of unemployment which has beset the nation; and educational thinkers and developers have been forced into a corner, there to ponder on the activities of either the young unemployed or the potentially unemployed. Sadly, the development of Education for Enterprise in Durham University Business School over the last two years was born of an unemployment disaster.
General trends in commercial education in England and Wales 1943–1975
Authors: Wolstencroft R.
Published: February 2008

This is a summary and some of the conclusions reached after completing the first innovatory analysis of the general trends in commercial education in England and Wales for the period 1943–1975. The completed dissertation was accepted for the degree of MEd., at University College, Cardiff, in 1985.
Whither development training?
Authors: Everard K.B.
Published: February 2008

Within the broad sweep of educational and training processes aimed at the development of people, there is a particular approach to which the label development training has come to be applied. Central to this approach is this cyclical process depicted below:
What's in a Name?
Authors: Gunn John
Published: February 2008

When it is misused, language — like sex — divides rather than unites. Bernard Shaw's quip about the United States and Britain being divided by a single language has become a cliché. It almost implies that the multitude of dialects which exist in Britain would by now have fragmented the entire kingdom.
Everyday Judgements
Authors: Brooks J.
Published: February 2008

Every day at home, at work or on our travels, we make judgements of others. They may be family, friends, colleagues, or those for whom we are responsible. They may even be complete strangers. How often do we look at someone and wonder what they do for a living or where they come from. The questions we pose normally remain unanswered; so we form our own judgements.
Adult Training — Employers' Viewpoint
Authors: Clendon Ryland , Yorke David
Published: February 2008

The aim of the survey, which involved interviews with 66 companies in the north‐west of England, was to:
The Place of the Polytechnic
Authors: Stoddart John
Published: February 2008

You will have been aware of change during your time with us — change in the social and economic life of the City, change in the Polytechnic itself. You will have seen the serious devastation of the Don Valley, and will have read of closures and redundancies in local manufacturing industry — of Tinsley Park, Jonas Woodhead, and Viners, of the restructuring of Sheffield Forgemasters. You will have lived close to the miners' strike and read of local pit closures. You will also be aware of new retail outlets opening in Sheffield: a new Sainsburys, Presto, Texas, B&Q. You will know that, contrary to its traditional image, Sheffield is now predominantly a service sector city with the major employers to be found in the public sector — City Council, Health Authority, Manpower Services Commission, University, and Polytechnic.
Video In‐house
Authors: Palmer Val
Published: February 2008

For many thousands of years, since man first discovered fire, the focal point of family life has been the hearth. In recent years, as millions around the world have acquired the television viewing habit, sitting‐room chairs have turned to face the cathode‐ray tube and not the fireplace. In some cases favourite photos of loved ones adorn the top of the set, where once they would have perched on the mantlepiece; thus further reflecting television's role as the social hub of the household.
Computer Based Training
Authors: James Dennis
Published: February 2008

Computer Based Training (CBT) (or Computer Aided Learning (CAL) — see below for some useful definitions) has been slow to develop both in education and in commerce and industry, because of the level of programming skills required for the authoring of effective material and the resource costs involved in the production of materials which usually have a narrow application and no commercial viability. Increasingly, however, useful CBT authoring languages/systems are becoming available for a wide range of mainframe, mini and microcomputers. These include relatively inexpensive systems running on IBM PCs and even BBC microcomputers; and providing their limitations can be tolerated, they can make it possible for teachers and trainers to author their own courseware in an efficient and cost‐effective way.
Meeting the Needs of UK Industry
Authors: Willis Eric
Published: February 2008

In recent years the attitude to training in Britain has been transformed. Due to the considerable efforts of politicians like Lord Young and organisations like the Confederation of British Industries and the Manpower Services Commission, the importance of training is now placed at the top of the agenda of any industrial and commercial strategy. Funding training is also no longer a problem, as a result of the resources allocated to the MSC and the Training Boards; while the European Community, through the European Social Fund and European Regional Development Fund, is also putting huge amounts of money into training.
1990s — A Decade of Decadence
Authors: Willis Eric
Published: February 2008

The accelerating pace of technological and social change has resulted in a large number of jobs, skills and professions becoming either obsolete or dramatically reduced in numbers and importance. This pace of job obsolescence is likely to accelerate rapidly in the 1990s when the full effects of the second industrial revolution, based on the dramatic advances in electronics and computing, are implemented throughout industry and commerce. The resulting change will mean an unprecedented need for flexibility and retraining; but even then large sections of the potential working population are likely to remain marooned, and surplus to the requirements of the job market.
Theories of Motivation
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Page Denys
Published: February 2008

Human resource management is becoming more and more complex as society develops. Seldom is it possible nowadays for a boss to behave like the old‐fashioned sergeant‐major whose subordinates jump to attention whenever a command is barked out. Moreover the answers to apparently simple questions, such as “Why do I work?” and “Why do others work?” , becomes increasingly complicated when the opportunities for meaningful work wax and wane with successive booms and recessions.
Secondary School Improvement — The Primary Aim
Authors: Baker CBE Edgar
Published: February 2008

The Curriculum — Croydon Education Authority. Those Having Torches — Suffolk Education Department (£5.50). Appraisal and Target Setting — D. Trethowan (Harper and Row, £7.95). Staff Development in the Secondary School — C. Day and R. Moore (Croom Helm, £9.95).
Marketing Oneself
Authors: Kitchen Philip
Published: February 2008

Recently the subject of self marketing — the application of marketing concepts to individuals — has attracted attention and space in American and UK publications. A tentative model has been developed which lends itself to the teaching of this exercise English publications are showing up the inability of those in employment, even those involved in marketing, to market themselves effectively.
Future of Work — the New Agenda
Authors: Handy Charles
Published: February 2008

I want to suggest that as important as the number of jobs in the future is the type of those jobs, and I want to look a little more broadly at what is still the physical place of work for most of us — the organization — be it factory, office, or shop, places which I think are changing with all manner of unsuspected consequences even while we talk. If you even half believe me it adds up to quite a change; to put it more evocatively we are living through a social revolution, but what keeps one awake at night is the fact that half the people have not noticed and the other half do not seem to give a damn. Sometimes I think that the British people actually prefer to stumble backwards into the future, because that way they delude themselves that things are not changing too much after all.
Training for Office Skills
Authors: Marks Alfred
Published: February 2008

UK recruitment consultants Alfred Marks are setting up a nationwide chain of High Street Learning Centres with equipment and courseware supplied by ASI (UK) Ltd, one of the leading international multi‐media training companies. The first of these centres has been opened at their head office in London's Regent Street. The centres will incorporate the latest training technology in the form of Interactive Video Instruction (IVI). The training is intended to produce a new‐generation temporary workforce that will be more highly‐skilled and flexible than ever before. Comprehensive training in personal computing, behavioural skills and office practice will allow temporaries to play a more important role in the office environment, and could even offer a route into management.
Assessing Occupational Competence
Authors: Wood Robert
Published: February 2008

There is a concept called occupational competence to be realised in practice. MSC has said, in the context of YTS, that by competent it means: Performing at the standards expected of an employee doing the same job (Guidance Notes on Compiling the Record of Achievement and the YTS Certificate). This is fine as an operational definition; but it inevitably sets a local rather than a national standard, which is what is wanted. To make it work nationally, it would be necessary to conceive of some idealised employee. We therefore distinguish between national standards and local or domestic standards.
FEEDBACK AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Margerison Charles J.
Published: February 2008

What is the objective of giving personal feedback? Ideally it is to help people to improve their performance, but whenever we start to talk to others about their behaviour, we can be on difficult ground. There is a danger that whatever we say may be treated as negative criticism as opposed to constructive help. It is the way in which we phrase feedback which determines whether it is a negative comment or a positive one.
MANAGEMENT EDUCATION — THE WAY FORWARD
Authors: Reid R.P.
Published: February 2008

It is, in my view, vital that the findings and recommendations of Professor Charles Handy's report (sponsored by NEDC, MSC and BIM) and the Constable/McCormick study (sponsored by the Government and undertaken under the auspices of CBI and BIM) are put into practice and not left to gather dust, as has been the fate of so many studies in the past. The Foundation for Management Education has picked up the ball and already started to run with it, but before I come to that let me paint in the backcloth against which we are working.
CAREERS IN CHARTERED SURVEYING
Authors: Warrington Olivia
Published: February 2008

Young people seeking a career which offers variety and the opportunity to travel, and which won't tie them to a desk, should investigate the opportunities in Chartered Surveying. The College of Estate Management at Reading, Berks, the leading educational institution for the property professions worldwide, is keen to draw the attention of school leavers to the possibilities. Its Vice‐Principal, Peter Goodacre, says:
EDITORIAL — BAKER USES HIS LOAF
Authors: Bradley Derek
Published: February 2008

The Education Reform Bill 1987, described by Education Secretary Kenneth Baker as a charter for better education, consists in Part II of provisions relating to higher and further education, which should be of particular interest to the general readership of Education & Training. The powers and duties of local education authorities are re‐stated. They have a duty to secure the provision of adequate further education to meet the needs of their areas; this covers all education and training for those who have left school. But the transfer of the polytechnics and major higher education colleges out of the LEA sector will leave those authorities responsible for only a small proportion of advanced further education. Further education is therefore redefined. Advanced courses — broadly those of a standard higher than “A”‐level — become higher education, leaving further education to cover all other provisions for those who have left school. The types of courses which are to be considered as higher education are set out in an Appendix to the Bill.
EDUCATIONAL WATCHDOGS
Authors: Baker Edgar
Published: February 2008

Our regular contributor Edgar Baker CBE, former Staff HMI in Business Studies, looks at a trio of books covering the maintenance of standards throughout the British educational system.
THE DESIGNER AS ENTREPRENEUR
Authors: Morris Andrew
Published: February 2008

I represent the typical client — a user of interior and graphic design resources for most of my business life and, today, a promoter of contract design products through our Business Design Centre in Islington, North London. I am going to try to illustrate how good designers can become great entrepreneurs by learning how to promote themselves effectively whilst, at the same time, becoming “client friendly”. If you like, it's like blending design mania with marketing mania to find the perfect recipe for success.
MANAGEMENT EDUCATION — FUTURE NEEDS: 2
Authors: Sadler Philip
Published: February 2008

Philip Sadler, Principal of Ashridge Management College, calls for a new co‐ordinating agency for management education in this article originally written for the human resources journal Manpower Policy and Practice.
AN OXONIAN VIEW OF INDUSTRY
Authors: Park Daphne
Published: February 2008

This article is based on the British Petroleum Lecture given at the Royal Society of Arts, London, in December 1987 by the author.
TRAINING FOR TOMORROW
Authors: Rowe Christopher
Published: February 2008

This article provides an overview of Britain's current attitude to training, with particular reference to the all‐important area of Information Technology (IT).
TIME FOR A NEW APPROACH TO SECRETARIAL EDUCATION
Authors: Bennett Roger
Published: February 2008

Conventional secretarial courses, including graduate and A‐level entry programmes, typically apply skills‐based approaches to curriculum design. They have freestanding components for various secretarial competencies — typing, shorthand, office practice, word‐processing, business communication, etc — with additional subjects (business law, marketing or economics, for example) incorporated according to the availability of staff and other resources within the institution. Subject teachers seek to inculcate in students sets of abilities, perceptions and approaches strictly related to the subjects they teach. Programmes develop around particular skills, and there are few inter‐relations between courses.
TEACHING COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Authors: Hills Philip
Published: February 2008

This article is an updated version of Chapter 6, “Teaching Communication Skills in the United Kingdom”, which appeared in Communication Skills. Volume 1: An International Review, edited by Philip Hills and Margaret McLaren, Croom Helm, London, 1987. In 1979 a survey of courses, books and materials used in communication skills courses in universities, polytechnics and institutes of higher education listed 55 institutions providing such courses which “varied in purpose, length, style and content”. The main areas dealt with by these courses were in:
HOW WILL GCSE AFFECT A‐LEVELS?
Authors: Greetham Bryan
Published: February 2008

The author has written this article, on bridging the gap between the new GCSE and GCE A‐levels, for publication in Gabbitas Truman and Thring's annual guide for parents to choosing schools and colleges. It is based on a number of interviews with teachers in a range of subjects, and aims to identify the type of study skills problems that pupils will face in moving on from GCSE to A‐levels, and the type of provision that schools and colleges are making to cope with the transition.
GETTING THROUGH TO THE YTS LOW ACHIEVER
Authors: Whiteley A.M.
Published: February 2008

The Problem in Cleveland In May 1985 it came to the attention of the Cleveland Area Manpower Board, via the Careers Service, that 40 per cent or more of those youngsters who had previously had difficulty in coping in their school environment were failing to succeed in YTS. A review of the literature of “both sides” — government/MSC proponents versus their critics in education and industry — revealed that there was cause for concern regarding the sector of youth referred to as low achievers. Some aspects of the problem, if indeed one did exist, were self‐evident. At some time during the school career the low achiever's ability to conceptualise within the school framework of cultural values and academic subjects either did not develop, or ceased to develop at some point, or was not yet sufficiently developed to keep up with class norms. This meant that, relatively speaking, while the rest of the class built layer after layer of verbal and numerate expertise it went on outside the scope of the low achiever's comprehension.
FUTURE TRENDS IN GRADUATE EMPLOYMENT
Authors: Morgan W. John
Published: February 2008

The Director of the Department of Adult Education at the University of Nottingham has based this article on comments arising from a recent Further Education Replan project.
THE DEVELOPING ROLE OF THE SECRETARY
Authors: Macdonald Eleanor
Published: February 2008

The Principal of EM Courses, and a former senior executive with Unilever, stresses that the former Girl Friday is now an integral part of the Robinson Crusoe Corporation.
Distribution
Authors: Short David
Published: February 2008

Everybody knows something about shopping, but unless one is closely connected with distribution the sheer size and complexity of the industry—and its range of opportunities—is not apparent. Distribution is the word which over the last few years has come to mean the retailing, wholesaling, mail order, and credit trading industries. Taken together they represent Britain's second largest industry, employing 2¼ million people in over half a million establishments. One in five of the country's school‐leavers works in the industry at some stage within 12 months of completing schooling.
Corrosion Problems of Ammonium Sulphate Manufacture
Authors: Bamforth A.W.
Published: February 2008

In the manufacture of ammonium sulphate, whether by using evaporators or saturators, the erosive effect of crystals present in solution, the low sulphuric acid concentrations usually present, and the relatively high temperatures of operation give rise to serious corrosion problems which begin at the drawing board stage of design and continue through all stages of manufacture. These corrosion problems are discussed in detail in this article and advice is given on materials of construction, including stainless steels, nickel alloys, rubber‐lined mild steel, lead, silicon irons, aluminium and a number of plastics.
CORROSION FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS:Corrosion and Design—Part 2
Authors: Shreir L.L.
Published: February 2008

In the first part of this article, which appeared in March, the theoretical principles of corrosion were applied to practical problems of design, including the choice of the metal of construction and atmospheric corrosion considerations. Now the author describes how design can afford protection against immersed corrosion and corrosion during the finishing process. In his next article, which will be the third in our series, Dr. Shreir will deal with the important subject of cathodic protection and also with underground corrosion in general.
PAINT VERSUS CORROSION—1
Authors: Diamond H.
Published: February 2008

Painting is the commonest method of protecting metal surfaces from corrosion and to meet the needs of various industries paint manufacturers have produced a comprehensive range of primers, undercoats and finishes. In this discussion of industrial paints for the protection and decoration of metal surfaces, the author first reviews the types of paints now available, secondly discusses the means by which they are applied, thirdly describes how the paint film may be dried, and finally considers the use of paint by industry and the Services. His survey includes cars, commercial vehicles, household equipment, office equipment, metal containers and the special needs of the oil, chemical and aircraft industries.
CATHODIC PROTECTION—2
Authors: Shreir L.L.
Published: February 2008

In the first part of his article, which appeared last month, Dr. Shreir discussed underground corrosion and theoretical principles. In this concluding part he describes methods of cathodic protection and then considers the application of the method in chemical and process engineering. Figs. 1 to 6 and references 1 to 16 appeared in the first article.
Prevention of Corrosion by Water in Oil Refineries
Authors: Sherwood P.W.
Published: February 2008

Protection from corrosion by water is the most important single item of preventive maintenance in petroleum refineries. This problem is encountered in innumerable forms and no one solution satisfies all the requirements of even a single refinery, let alone the needs of different plants. The broad field of protection from water corrosion takes in such widely differing situations as underground storage tanks which are to be spared attack from soil water, prevention of corrosion in heat exchangers due to sweet or brackish cooling water, and in steam boilers due to softened water, and protection of exposed metallic structures from rain water, etc.
Non‐Metallic Materials of Construction for Handling Radioactive Wastes
Authors: Griffiths L.H.
Published: February 2008

The problem of disposing of radioactive effluents is growing bigger as more nuclear plants are built and industry generally makes increasing use of radioactive chemicals in research. Here the author attempts to assess the value of various corrosion‐resistant materials of construction for effluent systems designed to handle radioactive liquids. He concentrates on non‐metallic materials such as rubbers, plastics and concrete and describes a number of special cements.
PAINT VERSUS CORROSION—2
Authors: Diamond H.
Published: February 2008

In the first part of this article which appeared last month, Mr. Diamond dealt with the composition, application and drying of anti‐corrosive paints. Here he considers the many uses of paint for corrosion prevention in industries ranging from motor cars to chemicals.
Corrosion and Tablet Machinery
Authors: Mitchell K.A.
Published: February 2008

In a number of industries where tablet‐making machines are used—for example, pharmaceuticals and confectionery —corrosion spells contamination. Therefore, it is not simply a question of protecting metal from corrosion but also one of ensuring the purity of the products being tabletted. As an illustration of the importance of the problem it may be recalled that over 50 years ago ivory punches and dies were used to prevent corrosion and contamination. Today modern corrosion‐resistant metals and plastics are used. Here the author describes how machinery makers guard against corrosion and gives some hints on the care of machines to give a corrosion‐free life.
Painting for the Protection of Outdoor Metal Structures
Authors: Stanners J.F.
Published: February 2008

The corrosion of metal structures outdoors is a problem common to almost all industries, for such structures range from bridges to window frames. Painting is the most widely used method of protection, but to get the best results full use must be made of the separate skills of the designer and engineer, the painting contractor, the paint manufacturer and the foreman and painter on the job. Nor must the important contribution of those who prepare the metal to receive the paint be forgotten. All these aspects of the successful use of paint to prevent corrosion are considered in this authoritative and practical article.
Corrosive Conditions Encountered by Edge Cutlery
Authors: Kington C.N.
Published: February 2008

The term edge cutlery as used in this article refers to spring knives (such as pocket knives which include a flat spring and moveable blades), knives without springs (such as table knives, kitchen, butcher, carving and trade blades, etc.), scissors and cut‐throat razors. The British cutlery trade has a normal turnover of the order of several million pounds per year in these and allied edge products, and approximately half of this is accounted for by exports, so that the trade has to cater for varying climatic and use conditions in a large number of countries all over the world. Corrosive conditions can occur in ordinary use and also during transport and storage, and whilst serious corrosion is rare some examples are sufficiently interesting to warrant examination. Today, corrosion problems in British edge cutlery are almost invariably traceable to extraordinary conditions encountered in transit or in use, and over which the manufacturer often has little or no control. The lessons to be learned from investigation of such cases as do occur nearly always require application by the user, and less frequently, by those responsible for transport and storage.
Metallic Corrosion in the Baking Industry
Authors: Ottaway F.J.H.
Published: February 2008

In this article the author discusses the various points at which corrosion occurs in the bakehouse plant and mentions the probable factors involved. The three main sections of the baking industry are covered, viz. bread making, flour confectionery (cake making) and biscuit making. An increasing number of bakers are now beginning to realise that metallic corrosion need not be an inevitable occurrence of conditions of the bakery, and the following article, by a member of the staff of the British Baking Industries Research Station, will help bakers to avoid this unnecessary waste of money.
Chemical Methods of Descaling and Derusting
Authors: Streatfield E.L.
Published: February 2008

This is an excerpt from a paper entitled ‘Some Industrial Applications of Metal Cleaning,’ which formed the chairman's address read before a joint meeting of the London sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.
CORROSION OF SHIPS
Authors: Pickworth A.
Published: February 2008

Steel—one of the most commonly used metals, especially in ship construction—is unfortunately one of the most corrodible. Moreover, conditions favourable to corrosion are ever‐present in a floating structure and, because of long voyages away from a home port and conditions of service, a ship can receive thorough examination and maintenance only at long intervals. Intelligent maintenance requires a knowledge of the causes of corrosion and of the methods of combating it and is of primary importance, but much can be done by designers and constructors in their respective spheres to minimise the tendency to corrode by eliminating, as far as possible, bad features in design and workmanship with a view to rendering maintenance easier.