bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public policy and the market for dental services
Authors: Leake J. L. , Birch S
Published: July 2008

Abstract –  Social inequality in access to oral health care is a feature of countries with predominantly privately funded markets for dental services. Private markets for health care have inherent inefficiencies whereby sick and poor people have restricted access compared to their healthy and more affluent compatriots. In the future, access to dental care may worsen as trends in demography, disease and development come to bear on national oral healthcare systems. However, increasing public subsidies for the poor may not increase their access unless availability issues are resolved. Further, increasing public funding runs counter to policies that feature less government involvement in the economy, tax policy on private insurance premiums, tax reductions and, in some instances, free‐trade agreements. We discuss these issues and provide international examples to illustrate the consequences of the differing public policies in oral health care. Subsidization of the poor by inclusion of dental care in social health insurance models appears to offer the most potential for equitable access. We further suggest that nations need to develop national systems capable of the surveillance of disease and human resources, and of the monitoring of appropriateness and efficiency of their oral healthcare delivery systems.
N1421K mutation in the glycoprotein Ib binding domain impairs ristocetin‐ and botrocetin‐mediated binding of von Willebrand factor to platelets
Authors: Lanke Elsa , Kristoffersson Ann‐Charlotte , Isaksson Christina , Holmberg Lars , Lethagen Stefan
Published: July 2008

von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common inheritable bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of von Willebrand Factor (VWF), which is involved in platelet adhesion and aggregation. We report a family consisting of three patients with VWD characterized by an apparently normal multimeric pattern, moderately decreased plasma factor VIII (FVIII) and VWF levels, and disproportionately low‐plasma VWF:RCo levels. The patients were found to be heterozygous for the novel N1421K mutation, caused by a 4263C > G transversion in exon 28 of the VWF gene coding for the A1 domain. Botrocetin‐ and ristocetin‐mediated binding of plasma VWF to GPIb were reduced in the patients. In vitro mutagenesis and expression in COS‐7 cells confirmed the impairment of the mutant in botrocetin‐ and ristocetin‐mediated VWF binding to GPIb. VWF collagen binding capacity was unaffected in plasma from the heterozygous individuals as well as in medium from transfected COS‐7 cells. Our findings indicate that the N1421K substitution in the VWF affects the GPIb binding site or a recognition element by a conformational change of the A1 domain.
Molecular diagnosis of leishmaniosis in the Paraná state of southern Brazil
Authors: De Fátima Arruda Pereira Elisângela , Thomaz‐Soccol Vanete , Lima Hermênio Cavalcante , Thomaz‐Soccol Andréa , De Castro Edilene Alcântara , Mulinari‐Brenner Fabiane , Queiroz‐Telles Flávio , Luz Ennio
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  The objective of the present study was to establish a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for the diagnosis of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniosis from autochthonous cases in the state of Paraná in southern Brazil as well as imported cases. We sought to determine its utility and accuracy compared with smears and present culture methods. To standardize PCR samples, skin and mucosal punch biopsies from human lesions were performed on patients living in different regions of the Paraná state (76 cases) and other endemic areas of Brazil and Argentina (7 cases). For PCR standardization, two pairs of primers (MP1L/MP3H and B1/B2) were utilized for amplification of the conserved sequences in the minicircle of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) for the Leishmania braziliensis complex. Two other primer pairs (b1/b2 and a1/a2) were species‐specific for L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) amazonensis, respectively. After differential diagnosis, eight patients had clinical diagnosis of the cutaneous ulcer changed to others pathologies such as syphilis, baso‐cellular carcinoma, varicose ulcer, ecthyma and paracoccidioidomycosis. Of the 75 patients with cutaneous (CL) and mucocutaneous (MCL) lesions who provided samples, 47 (46 CL + 1 MCL) were diagnosed with leishmaniosis by smear and 57 (52 LC + 5 MCL) were diagnosed by culture methods. In contrast, our PCR technique presented higher accuracy when compared to the direct examination and culture of parasites. PCR is applicable both for CL where all 61 lesions were diagnosed, and MCL where 12 of 14 lesions were diagnosed. This molecular biology technique is also a faster and more specific diagnostic method compared with present parasitological procedures.
Predicting possible zonisamide hypersensitivity syndrome
Authors: Neuman Manuela G. , Shear Neil H. , Malkiewicz Izabella M. , Kessas Mona , Lee Amy W. , Cohen Lawrence
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant (AC) that contains a sulpha moiety potentially triggering hypersensitivity syndrome reactions (HSR). The lymphocyte toxicity assay (LTA) is an in vitro drug rechallenge test, which is believed to reflect a decreased capacity of the individual to detoxify reactive metabolites. The study examined whether cross‐reactivity is present between ZNS and other AC and/or sulphonamides and if this HSR may be predicted using the LTA. The second aim was to determine age‐related differences in ZNS‐induced HSR. LTA was previously validated in patients who received sulphamethoxazole (SMX) or AC.

Methods:  Forty adult patients who displayed clinical HSR to SMX (20) or AC (20) participated in the study. Each group was represented with an equal number of individuals above and below the age of 60. LTA‐SMX, LTA‐AC and LTA‐ZNS from 20 patients who previously presented a clinical reaction to one of the drugs and who had a positive LTA result to the specific drug were compared with 20 individuals who received the same drugs but did not present reactions. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the statistical significance.

Results:  In vitro results correlated with the clinical diagnosis. LTA presented a significant difference (P < 0.0001) between control and hypersensitive patients. In each age group, only a single patient had a severe clinical manifestation of SMX‐HSR. These individuals tested positive to both SMX and ZNS.

Conclusions:  Sulphamethoxazole‐HSR but not AC‐HSR patients may present a cross‐reactivity to ZNS‐HSR. The use of LTA to predict a possible ZNS reaction is recommended for SMX‐sensitive individuals who prescribed ZNS.
Protein kinase C isoenzymes differentially regulate the differentiation‐dependent expression of adhesion molecules in human epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Szegedi Andrea , Páyer Edit , Czifra Gabriella , Tóth Balázs I. , Schmidt Emese , Kovács László , Blumberg Peter M. , Bíró Tamás
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Epidermal expression of adhesion molecules such as desmogleins (Dsg) and cadherins is strongly affected by the differentiation status of keratinocytes. We have previously shown that certain protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms differentially alter the growth and differentiation of human epidermal HaCaT keratinocytes. In this paper, using recombinant overexpression and RNA interference, we define the specific roles of the different PKC isoenzymes in modulation of expression of adhesion molecules in HaCaT keratinocytes. The level of Dsg1, a marker of differentiating keratinocytes, was antagonistically regulated by two Ca‐independent ‘novel’ nPKC isoforms; i.e. it increased by the differentiation‐promoting nPKCδ and decreased by the growth‐promoting nPKCε. The expression of Dsg3 (highly expressed in proliferating epidermal layers) was conversely regulated by these isoenzymes, and was also inhibited by the differentiation inducer Ca‐dependent ‘conventional’ cPKCα. Finally, the expression of P‐cadherin (a marker of proliferating keratinocytes) was regulated by all of the examined PKCs, also in an antagonistic manner (inhibited by cPKCα/nPKCδ and stimulated by cPKCβ/nPKCε). Collectively, the presented results strongly argue for the marked, differential, and in some instances antagonistic roles of individual Ca‐dependent and Ca‐independent PKC isoforms in the regulation of expression of adhesion molecules of desmosomes and adherent junctions in human epidermal keratinocytes.
Partial purification and characterization of RNase P from human peripheral lymphocytes
Authors: Vourekas Anastassios , Vryzaki Eleftheria , Toumpeki Chrisavgi , Stamatopoulou Vassiliki , Monastirli Alexandra , Tsambaos Dionysios , Drainas Denis
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Ribonuclease P (RNase P) is ubiquitous and essential Mg2+‐dependent endoribonuclease that catalyzes the 5′‐maturation of transfer RNAs. RNase P and the ribosome are so far the only ribozymes known to be conserved in all kingdoms of life. Eukaryotic RNase P activity has been detected in nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts and demonstrates great variability in sequence and subunit composition. In the last few years we have developed methodologies and pursued projects addressing the occurrence, distribution and the potential physiological role of RNase P in human epidermal keratinocytes. In view of the vital importance of lymphocytes for an effective immune system and their successful application after transfection with RNase P‐associated external guide sequences in gene therapy, we concerned ourselves with the isolation and characterization of RNase P of peripheral human lymphocytes. We developed a method described herein, that will enable the study of the possible involvement of this ribozyme in the pathogenetic mechanisms of diverse autoimmune, inflammatory and neoplastic cutaneous disorders and may facilitate the further development of RNase P‐based technology for gene therapy of infectious and neoplastic dermatoses.
Characterization of the structural and molecular defects in fibres and follicles of the merino felting lustre mutant
Authors: Li Shu Wei , Ouyang Hong Sheng , Rogers George Ernest , Bawden Christopher Simon
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  The felting lustre (FL) mutation found in Merino sheep results in a fleece that has a lustrous appearance and readily felts. This phenotype was described 50 years ago to result from the mutation of a single gene, but the molecular and cellular changes in the wool are not well understood. In this study, follicle and fibre material of FL mutant (n = 3) and normal control (n = 5) Merino ewes was compared using histological analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and electron microscopy [scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)]. Histological examination suggested that follicle structure in FL mutants is essentially normal, while SDS‐PAGE analysis found that some low molecular weight keratin‐associated proteins (KAP) were present at much lower levels in FL wool. Examination of transcript prevalence revealed that the KAP6.1, KAP7 and KAP8 genes in FL mutant follicles are downregulated, while the KAP2.12 and KAP4.2 genes are upregulated. TEM analysis indicated that there is only one type of cortical cell, the paracortical cell, in the fibre of FL mutants, while there are paracortical and orthocortical cells in fibres of normal Merino sheep. In contrast, SEM suggested the surface topography of FL wool fibres is normal. The evidence presented here strongly suggests that the properties of FL wool can be ascribed, at least in part, to the lower content of high glycine/tyrosine proteins and the reduction in orthocortical cells in mutant wool fibres.
Consumption of vegetables alters morning urinary 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin concentration
Authors: Oba Shino , Nakamura Kozue , Sahashi Yukari , Hattori Atsuhiko , Nagata Chisato
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Melatonin, which is contained in certain vegetables, may have an influence on circulatory melatonin concentrations. This study examined the effects of the consumption of vegetables on 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin concentrations in morning urine. Ninety‐four healthy women aged 24–55 were recruited through a city public health center in Japan. The women randomly allocated to the intervention group were requested to consume high amounts of six selected vegetables, with a target of 350 g/day for 65 days, while those in the control group were asked to avoid the same six vegetables during the same period. First‐void morning urine was collected before and at the end of the intervention period, and creatinine‐adjusted 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin concentrations were measured. At the end of the intervention period, daily mean intake of melatonin from the six vegetables was 1288.0 ng in the intervention group and 5.3 ng in the control group. In the intervention group, the mean concentration of 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin changed from 48.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 40.4–57.2] ng/mg creatinine to 49.6 (95% CI: 42.8–57.3) ng/mg creatinine across the intervention period. In the control group, the mean concentration of 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin changed from 55.5 (95% CI: 48.7–63.2) ng/mg creatinine to 50.8 (95% CI: 44.0–58.7) ng/mg creatinine across the intervention period. A comparison of the two groups with regard to the changes in the 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin concentrations across the intervention period showed a significant difference (P = 0.03). The results indicate that increased consumption of vegetables raises circulatory melatonin concentrations.
Melatonin and ischemia–reperfusion injury of the brain
Authors: Cervantes Miguel , Moralí Gabriela , Letechipía‐Vallejo Graciela
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  This review summarizes the reports that have documented the neuroprotective effects of melatonin against ischemia/reperfusion brain injury. The studies were carried out on several species, using models of acute focal or global cerebral ischemia under different treatment schedules. The neuroprotective actions of melatonin were observed during critical evolving periods for cell processes of immediate or delayed neuronal death and brain injury, early after the ischemia/reperfusion episode. Late neural phenomena accounting either for brain damage or neuronal repair, plasticity and functional recovery taking place after ischemia/reperfusion have been rarely examined for the protective actions of melatonin. Special attention has been paid to the advantageous characteristics of melatonin as a neuroprotective drug: bioavailability into brain cells and cellular organelles targeted by morpho‐functional derangement; effectiveness in exerting several neuroprotective actions, which can be amplified and prolonged by its metabolites, through direct and indirect antioxidant activity; prevention and reversal of mitochondrial malfunction, reducing inflammation, derangement of cytoskeleton organization, and pro‐apoptotic cell signaling; lack of interference with thrombolytic and neuroprotective actions of other drugs; and an adequate safety profile. Thus, the immediate results of melatonin actions in reducing infarct volume, necrotic and apoptotic neuronal death, neurologic deficits, and in increasing the number of surviving neurons, may improve brain tissue preservation. The potential use of melatonin as a neuroprotective drug in clinical trials aimed to improve the outcome of patients suffering acute focal or global cerebral ischemia should be seriously considered.
Human Herpesvirus‐6 Induces MVB Formation, and Virus Egress Occurs by an Exosomal Release Pathway
Authors: Mori Yasuko , Koike Masato , Moriishi Eiko , Kawabata Akiko , Tang Huamin , Oyaizu Hiroko , Uchiyama Yasuo , Yamanishi Koichi
Published: July 2008

The final envelopment of most herpesviruses occurs at Golgi or post‐Golgi compartments, such as the trans Golgi network (TGN); however, the final envelopment site of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) is uncertain. In this study, we found novel pathways for HHV‐6 assembly and release from T cells that differed, in part, from those of alphaherpesviruses. Electron microscopy showed that late in infection, HHV‐6‐infected cells were larger than uninfected cells and contained many newly formed multivesicular body (MVB)‐like compartments that included small vesicles. These MVBs surrounded the Golgi apparatus. Mature virions were found in the MVBs and MVB fusion with plasma membrane, and the release of mature virions together with small vesicles was observed at the cell surface. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the MVBs contained CD63, an MVB/late endosome marker, and HHV‐6 envelope glycoproteins. The viral glycoproteins also localized to internal vesicles in the MVBs and to secreted vesicles (exosomes). Furthermore, we found virus budding at TGN‐associated membranes, which expressed CD63, adaptor protein (AP‐1) and TGN46, and CD63 incorporation into virions. Our findings suggest that mature HHV‐6 virions are released together with internal vesicles through MVBs by the cellular exosomal pathway. This scenario has significant implications for understanding HHV‐6’s maturation pathway.
Effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinse on Streptococci counts of tooth‐tissue‐borne palatal expander biofilm
Authors: Maruo IT , Rosa EAR , Maruo H , Tanaka O , Guariza Filho O , Ignácio SA , Camargo ES
Published: July 2008

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Maruo IT, Rosa EAR, Maruo H, Tanaka O, Guariza Filho O, Ignácio SA, Camargo ES

Objectives –  To assess total Streptococci (TS) counts and biofilm mass over tooth‐tissue‐borne palatal expander (TTBPE), as well as the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouth rinse on these variables.

Design –  A cross‐sectional study design employed clinical procedures and laboratorial techniques.

Setting and Sample Population –  Patients who had TTBPE removal indicated were divided into two groups: a CHX group (n = 26) in which three times a day of 0.2% CHX digluconate mouth rinses were prescribed 7 days before TTBPE removal; and a control (CON) group (n = 25) in which no antimicrobial treatment was applied.

Experimental Variable –  ‘Gender’, ‘Age’, and ‘TTBPE wear time’ were recorded. After TTBPE removal, biofilm mass was determined by the difference between (TTBPE + biofilm) and (TTBPE only) masses. TS counts were determined by biofilm suspension followed by progressive dilutions and culture on Mitis Salivarius agar with incubation at 37°C for 72 h.

Outcome Measure –  Biofilm mass (mg) and Colony Forming Units of TS / mg of biofilm (CFU‐TS / mg) were calculated.

Results –  Total Streptococci mean values in CHX (6.77 × 106CFU‐TS / mg) were statistically lower (p < 0.01) than those in CON (3.82 × 107CFU‐TS / mg), but there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between CHX (168.88 mg) and CON (182.04 mg) masses nor statistical correlation (p > 0.05) between biofilm mass and CFU‐TS / mg in the two groups.

Conclusion –  Chlorhexidine reduces the TS counts in TTBPE, but has no effect on biofilm mass.
Low‐energy laser stimulates tooth movement velocity via expression of RANK and RANKL
Authors: Fujita S , Yamaguchi M , Utsunomiya T , Yamamoto H , Kasai K
Published: July 2008

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Fujita S, Yamaguchi M, Utsunomiya T, Yamamoto H, Kasai K

Objective –  Recent studies have demonstrated that low‐energy laser irradiation stimulates bone formation in vitro and in vivo. However, very little is known about the effects of laser irradiation on osteoclastogenesis. The receptor activator of the nuclear factor‐kB (RANK) / RANK ligand (RANKL) / osteoprotegerin (OPG) system is essential and sufficient for osteoclastogenesis. The present study was designed to examine the effects of low‐energy laser irradiation on expressions of RANK, RANKL, and OPG during experimental tooth movement.

Design –  To induce experimental tooth movement in rats, 10 g of orthodontic force was applied to the molars. Next, a Ga–Al–As diode laser was used to irradiate the area around the moved tooth and the amount of tooth movement was measured for 7 days. Immunohistochemical staining with RANK, RANKL, and OPG was performed. Real time PCR was also performed to elucidate the expression of RANK in irradiated rat osteoclast precursor cells in vitro.

Results –  In the irradiation group, the amount of tooth movement was significantly greater than in the non‐irradiation group by the end of the experimental period. Cells that showed positive immunoreactions to the primary antibodies of RANKL and RANK were significantly increased in the irradiation group on day 2 and 3, compared with the non‐irradiation group. In contrast, the expression of OPG was not changed. Further, RANK expression in osteoclast precursor cells was detected at an early stage (day 2 and 3) in the irradiation group.

Conclusion –  These findings suggest that low‐energy laser irradiation stimulates the velocity of tooth movement via induction of RANK and RANKL.
Histological analysis of orthodontic root resorption in rats treated with the cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor celecoxib
Authors: Gameiro GH , Nouer DF , Pereira‐Neto JS , De Araújo Magnani MBB , De Andrade ED , Novaes PD , De Arruda Veiga MCF
Published: July 2008

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Gameiro GH, Nouer DF, Pereira‐Neto JS, de Araújo Magnani MBB, de Andrade ED, Novaes PD, de Arruda Veiga MCF

Introduction –  It has been reported that anti‐inflammatory drugs used for treatment of pain and discomfort related to orthodontic treatment could slow down tooth movement. However, the effect of these drugs on orthodontic root resorption is not well understood.

Objectives –  The aim of this study was to investigate whether the COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib offers some protection against orthodontically induced root resorption.

Design –  Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Groups I and II were treated with saline and celecoxib (10 mg / kg), respectively for 3 days. Groups III and IV were treated with saline and celecoxib for 14 days. The upper left first molars of all rats were moved mesially for 14 days with 50 g of force. An area including the disto‐apical aspect of the mesial root of the first molar was processed for histological and histochemical techniques with tartarate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP).

Outcome Measure –  The degree of root resorption was measured using an image analysis system with a grid‐sheet superimposed in the root were resorption lacunae were counted. The number of TRAP‐positive cells on the tooth root surface defined as odontoclasts were also evaluated.

Results –  The results revealed that there were no significant differences in the degree of root resorption and in the number of odontoclasts on the root between the four groups studied.

Conclusion –  The short and long‐term celecoxib administration did not suppress the root resorption in case of experimental orthodontic force application.
Hemimandibular elongation: treatment and long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Deleurant Y , Zimmermann A , Peltomäki T
Published: July 2008

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Deleurant Y, Zimmermann A, Peltomäki T

Objective –  To study long‐term changes in the mandibular asymmetry of patients with hemimandibular elongation (HE) treated with two‐phase surgical orthodontic approach.

Design –  Descriptive clinical study.

Setting and Sample Population –  Private practice setting. Seven (six females) out of 47 diagnosed and treated patients for severe mandibular asymmetry were included with the following criteria: diagnosis of HE based on clinical, radiological and single photon emission computed tomography bone scintigraphic studies, good quality orthopantomograms (OPT) available at six time‐points, two‐phase surgical treatment (high condylectomy, HC, and orthognathic surgery, OS) and measurements of maximal mouth opening (MMO) available.

Method –  Mandibular ramus height and corpus length were measured on OPTs at six time‐points. Ratios between the affected/non‐affected sides were calculated.

Results –  All patients had progression of mandibular asymmetry before any operation, which finding together with the scintigraphy resulted to the decision to perform HC. Thereafter ramus and corpus asymmetry decreased compared with the initial measurements. After OS, stable symmetry of corpuses and alignment of skeletal and dental midlines were obtained. MMO reduced on average 50% after HC, regained 20% after OS and recovered almost totally at the last follow‐up.

Conclusions –  High condylectomy to stop excessive growth and OS to correct facial asymmetry is considered successful and necessary treatment for patients with HE. MMO can well recover after surgical traumas. Orthodontists should consider mandibular asymmetry as abnormal and need for surgical treatment if asymmetry is progressive and the ratio between affected/non‐affected sides approaches 10%.
A three‐dimensional look for facial differences between males and females in a British‐Caucasian sample aged 15½ years old
Authors: Toma AM , Zhurov A , Playle R , Richmond S
Published: July 2008

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Toma AM, Zhurov A, Playle R, Richmond S

Background –  Optical surface scanning accurately records the three‐dimension (3D) shape of the face non‐invasively. Many software programs have been developed to process and analyze the 3D data, enabling the clinicians to create average templates for groups of subjects to provide a comparison of facial shape.

Objective –  Differences in facial morphology of males and females were identified using a laser scan imaging technology.

Subjects and Methods –  This study was undertaken on 380 British‐Caucasian children aged 15 and a half year old, recruited from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). 3D facial images were obtained for each individual using two high resolution Konica/Minolta laser scanners. The scan quality was assessed and any unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. Average facial templates were created for males and females, and a registration technique was used to superimpose the facial shells of males and females so that facial differences can be quantified.

Results –  Thirty unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. The final sample consisted of 350 subjects (166 females, 184 males). Females tend to have more prominent eyes and cheeks in relation to males with a maximum difference of 2.4 mm. Males tend to have more prominent noses and mouths with a maximum difference of 2.7 mm. About 31% of the facial shells match exactly (no difference), mainly in the forehead and chin regions of the face.

Conclusions –  Differences in facial morphology can be accurately quantified and visualized using 3D imaging technology. This method of facial assessment can be recommended and applied for future research studies to assess facial soft tissue changes because of growth or healthcare intervention.
Stage‐specific activation of MIG‐17/ADAMTS controls cell migration in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ihara Shinji , Nishiwaki Kiyoji
Published: July 2008

The activation of ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) family proteases depends on removal of the prodomain. Although several studies suggest that ADAMTS activities play roles in development, homeostasis and disease, it remains unclear when and where the enzymes are activated in vivo. MIG‐17, a Caenorhabditis elegans glycoprotein belonging to the ADAMTS family, is secreted from the body wall muscle cells and localizes to the gonadal basement membrane to control the migration of gonadal distal tip cells. Here, we developed a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the N‐terminal neo‐epitope of the activated MIG‐17. In western blotting, the antibody specifically detected the activated form, the signal for which dramatically increased during the third and fourth larval stages, when MIG‐17 is required to direct distal tip cell migration. In in situ staining, the monoclonal antibody recognized the activated form in the basement membrane, whereas it failed to detect a processing‐resistant mutant form localized to the basement membrane. MIG‐17 was activated in the basement membranes of the muscle, intestine and gonad in the third larval stage, and downregulated in nongonadal basement membranes in young adults and in gonadal basement membranes in older adults. Thus, the activation of MIG‐17 is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner during C. elegans development. This is the first report demonstrating the regulated activation of an ADAMTS protein in vivo. Our results suggest that monoclonal antibodies against neo‐epitopes have potential as powerful tools for detecting activation of ADAMTSs during development and in disease pathogenesis.
This is David Cameron
Authors: Reeves Richard
Published: July 2008

A year ago, this journal published an article asking what Cameronism really stood for. Twelve months on, and we are much closer to identifying a clear agenda, says Richard Reeves.
Cleaning up the Bush mess
Authors: Reich Robert
Published: July 2008

After three decades of government starvation of necessary resources, the next US president needs to champion progressive taxation, argues Robert Reich.
PPR report: Inside Black Britain
Authors: Asthana Anushka
Published: July 2008

Journalist Anushka Asthana asks whether there is still such a thing as ‘Black Britain’, and finds that the story is far more complicated than she expected.
Is capitalism in crisis?
Authors: Eatwell John
Published: July 2008

John Eatwell, former economic adviser to Neil Kinnock, asks what can and should be done to resolve financial turmoil in the west.
Is multiculturalism dead?
Authors: Modood Tariq
Published: July 2008

Multiculturalism has been subject to overwhelming criticism in the last decade or so. Tariq Modood asks, is it finally time to abandon the idea?
Dalit women in the social justice revolution in India
Authors: Still Clarinda
Published: July 2008

Dr Clarinda Still argues that women are not only being left behind in the advance of Dalits in India, they may also be suffering as a direct result of it.
Why China is the new intellectual centre of the world
Authors: Leonard Mark
Published: July 2008

As it grows in intellectual strength and influence, we need to change the way that we think about China, argues Mark Leonard, who looks here at three aspects of China's ideas revolution.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Nano‐TiO2
Authors: Lee Hsiao–Yen , Kale Girish M.
Published: July 2008

Nanopowders of phase pure TiO2 (rutile) have been synthesized by hydrothermal method using dilute nitric acid as a peptizer. The nanoparticles exhibited bimodal morphological features. The sintering behavior of these nanoparticles have been investigated and compared with the commercially obtained mixed phase (86% anatase+14% rutile) nanopowders of TiO2. The hydrothermally synthesized nanopowders were found to sinter to nearly 90% of the theoretical density at approximately 850°C and still maintain nanostructured grains. This is important for the application of these materials for gas sensors, disinfectants, and as photocatalysts. The nanopowders of TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method have superior physical and microstructural features compared with commercial nanopowders. It is possible to scale up the process with relative ease and at much lower capital cost.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sr‐ and Mg‐Doped LaGaO3 Tapes
Authors: Majewski Peter , Maldener Thorsten
Published: July 2008

The study focuses the processing of La1−xSrxGa1−yMgyO3−d (LSGM) tapes and the characterization of their microstructure, chemical composition, and sinter behavior during annealing. Dilatometric runs show that sintering of the tapes conclude at about 1500°C. This finding correlates with the observed sharp increase of the crystallinity of LSGM at higher temperatures. The porosity of the tapes has been found to be minimum at 1525°C. Increasing sintering temperatures cause a loss of Sr, Mg, and Ga, which is presumably due to evaporation of the elements. The Vickers hardness of the tapes sintered at 1500°C was measured to be about 900.
Towards understanding the mass–metallicity relation of quasar absorbers: evidence for bimodality and consequences
Authors: Bouché Nicolas
Published: July 2008

One way to characterize and understand H i-selected galaxies is to study their metallicity properties. In particular, we show that the metallicity of absorbers is a bivariate function of the H i column density (NH i) and the Mg ii equivalent width (Wλ2796r). Thus, a selection upon Wλ2796r is not equivalent to a H i selection for intervening absorbers. A direct consequence for damped absorbers with log NH i > 20.3 that falls from the bivariate metallicity distribution is that any correlation between the metallicity [X/H] and velocity width (using Wλ2796r as a proxy) cannot be interpreted as a signature of the mass–metallicity relation akin to normal field galaxies. In other words, damped Lyα absorber (DLA) samples are intrinsically heterogeneous and the [X/H]–Wλ2796r or [X/H]–Δv correlation reported in the literature arises from the H i cut. On the other hand, a sample of Mg ii-selected absorbers, which are statistically dominated by lowest NH i systems (sub-DLAs) at each Wλ2796r, is found to have a more uniform metallicity distribution. We postulate that the bivariate distribution [[X/H](NH i, Wλ2796r)] can be explained by two different physical origins of absorbers, namely sight lines through the interstellar medium of small galaxies and sight lines through the out-flowing material. Several published results follow from the bivariate [X/H] distribution, namely (i) the properties of the two classes of DLAs, reported by Wolfe et al. and (ii) the constant dust-to-gas ratio for Mg ii absorbers.
Are oxygen and neon enriched in PNe and is the current solar Ne/O abundance ratio underestimated?
Authors: Wang W. , Liu X.-W.
Published: July 2008

A thorough critical literature survey has been carried out for reliable measurements of oxygen and neon abundances of planetary nebulae (PNe) and H ii regions. By contrasting the results of PNe and of H ii regions, we aim to address the issues of the evolution of oxygen and neon in the interstellar medium (ISM) and in the late evolutionary phases of low- and intermediate-mass stars (LIMS), as well as the currently hotly disputed solar Ne/O abundance ratio. Through the comparisons, we find that neon abundance and Ne/O ratio increase with increasing oxygen abundance in both types of nebulae, with positive correlation coefficients larger than 0.75. The correlations suggest different enrichment mechanisms for oxygen and neon in the ISM, in the sense that the growth of neon is delayed compared to oxygen. The differences of abundances between PNe and H ii regions are mainly attributed to the results of nucleosynthesis and dredge-up processes that occurred in the progenitor stars of PNe. We find that both these α-elements are significantly enriched at low metallicity (initial oxygen abundance ≲8.0) but not at metallicity higher than the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The fact that Ne/O ratios measured in PNe are almost the same as those in H ii regions, regardless of the metallicity, suggest a very similar production mechanism of neon and oxygen in intermediate-mass stars (IMS) of low initial metallicities and in more massive stars, a conjecture that requires verification by further theoretical studies. This result also strongly suggests that both the solar neon abundance and the Ne/O ratio should be revised upwards by ∼0.22 dex from the Asplund, Grevesse & Sauval values or by ∼0.14 dex from the Grevesse & Sauval values.
On Application of Constitutional Descriptors for Merging of Quinoxaline Data Sets Using Linear Statistical Methods
Authors: Ghosh Payel , Vracko Marjan , Chattopadhyay Asis Kumar , Bagchi Manish C.
Published: July 2008

The present paper is an attempt for unifying two different quinoxaline data sets with a wide range of substituents in 2, 3, 7, and 8 positions having excellent antitubercular activities with a view to developing robust and reliable structure–activity relationships. The merging has been performed for these two sets of quinoxaline 1,4‐di‐N‐oxides derivatives comprising 29 and 18 compounds, respectively, on the basis of constitutional descriptors, which denotes the structural characterization of the molecules. Principal component analysis was performed to see the distribution of the compounds from two data sets for the constitutional descriptors. The distribution of compounds in score plot based on constitutional descriptors suggests unification of quinoxaline data sets which is useful for the model development. Outlier detection was performed from the standpoint of residual analysis of the partial least squares regression models. The superiority of the constitutional descriptors over other calculated molecular descriptors has been established from the standpoint of leave‐one‐out cross‐validation technique associated with partial least squares regression analysis. Internal validation through the leave‐many‐out methodology was also performed with good results, assuring the stability of the models. The results obtained from linear partial least squares regression analysis lead to a statistically significant and robust quantitative structure–activity relationship modeling.
Mapping the Mahāyāna: Some Historical and Doctrinal Issues
Authors: D’Amato Mario
Published: July 2008

Buddhism is often characterized as divided into two forms: Mahāyāna and H?nayāna. But how should this distinction be understood? In this article, I offer the reader a sense of how the contours of the Mahāyāna have been drawn from a historical and doctrinal perspective. I discuss three theories regarding the origins of the Mahāyāna, and elucidate an account of the Mahāyāna from a significant Mahāyāna treatise. I also comment on the use of the terms ‘Mahāyāna’ and ‘H?nayāna’, and conclude with some thoughts on a conundrum regarding the Mahāyāna's own self‐understanding.
Analysis of Volatile Compounds Produced by 2 Strains of Lactococcus lactis Isolated from Leben (Tunisian Fermented Milk) Using Solid‐Phase Microextraction‐Gas Chromatography
Authors: Ziadi M. , Wathelet J.P. , Marlier M. , Hamdi M. , Thonart P.
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:  The volatile compounds that characterize Leben during fermentation with 2 Lactococcus lactis strains (SLT6 and SLT10) in flasks, in a 100‐L fermentor, and during storage at 4 °C, were investigated and compared to those from commercial Leben. Volatile compounds from Leben were concentrated by a Carboxen–PDMS fiber and analyzed by GC‐MS. These compounds include acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, sulfur compounds, and hydrocarbons. Commercial Leben presented a poor volatile profile compared to the laboratory‐made Leben. The mixed culture of 2 Lactococcus lactis strains resulted in higher volatile compound formation than the single strain culture. The GC volatile profiles of Leben produced in flask and in the 100‐L fermentor were similar. Changes in volatile compounds were observed during storage at 4 °C. The effect of culture conditions on production of volatiles by SLT6 strain was studied. Aeration (0.1 mL/min) and agitation enhanced the production of diacetyl, acetoin, 3‐methylbutanal, and 3‐methylbutanol. Fermentation at pH 5 had no effect on volatile production.
HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS/MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activities of Nonanthocyanin Phenolics in Mulberry (Morus albaL.)
Authors: Zhang W. , Han F. , He J. , Duan C.
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT: Qualitative analysis of the nonanthocyanin phenolics from 2 mulberry cultivars, da‐10 and hongguo, was performed by the HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS/MS method. Six nonanthocyanin phenolics compounds were identified (procatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4‐caffeolyquinic acid, taxifolin, rutin, quercetin) and 3 others (3,5‐diCQA, taxifolin‐hexoside, kamepferol‐hexoside) were tentatively identified. Quantification of nonanthocyanin phenolic was performed by HPLC‐DAD, which revealed that rutin (111.38 and 90.79 μg/g FW) was the major nonanthocyanin phenolics in the 2 mulberry cultivars. Phenolic acids in cultivar da‐10 (54.68 μg/g FW) were far more than in cultivar hongguo (14.93 μg/g FW). CQA and its isomers (40.02 μg/g FW) were the major phenolic acid in cultivar da‐10. The nonanthocyanin phenolics in the 2 cultivars of mulberry had higher antiradical activities in superoxide anion and DPPH radical and antioxidant activity in β‐CLAMS assay than the Trolox. These results were relevant to not only the control of color stability and organoleptic characteristics of mulberry juice and wine but also the exploitation of the functional foods made from mulberry.
Educational Transitions and Differential Learning Environments: How Explicit Between‐School Tracking Contributes to Social Inequality in Educational Outcomes
Authors: Maaz Kai , Trautwein Ulrich , Lüdtke Oliver , Baumert Jürgen
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT—
The different forms of educational tracking implemented in national educational systems can influence both gains in students’ learning and the development of social differences in educational outcomes. Using the German school system as an example, this article identifies 2 mechanisms by which explicit between‐school tracking—that is, the allocation of students to different types of schools or curricula at the beginning of secondary level—increases the strength of the link between socioeconomic background and student achievement. First, the transition to a secondary track is associated with social background—The more educationally advantaged the parents, the higher a student’s chance of being enrolled in a high‐track school. Second, ability grouping at the secondary level produces relatively homogeneous developmental environments, with higher learning rates in high tracks. The long‐term consequences of tracking and potential countermeasures are discussed.
Urban Myths: Popular Culture, the City and Identity
Authors: Milestone Katie
Published: July 2008

This article uses Manchester (England) as a case study to examine some relationships between the city and the popular culture that emerges from, or seeks to represent, this city. We focus on post‐war popular culture that has been widely disseminated such as film, television and popular music. The article considers whether these examples of popular culture reflect wider urban, social and cultural change and discuss what impact this popular culture has had on changing the landscape and fortunes of the city. In particular, we discuss the case study of Manchester's popular culture in terms of ideas about place‐based identities and social class. We consider popular culture in terms of de‐industrialising Manchester through to regenerated Manchester. The paper concludes by discussing the possibility that the city centre of Manchester has become gentrified and considers the impact that this is having on popular culture.
‘I CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT MY CHILD’: MOTHERHOOD AS A ‘SOLUTION’ TO EARLY TRAUMA
Authors: Schumacher Beate
Published: July 2008

abstract  The author argues that for a certain group of patients having a baby is used to provide a solution to early trauma commonly associated with personality disorders. Indeed, it is suggested that ‘pathological motherhood’ be seen as a symptom of personality disorder. Clinical examples of such unconscious ‘solutions’ are given, which also serve to illustrate how easily the children born to patients like this become the victims of abuse and/or neglect. In line with the government's own guidance on personality disorders no longer being a diagnosis of exclusion, a plea is made for appropriate services to be made available to these patients with their children.
Dragonfly community re‐organisation in boreal forest lakes: rapid species turnover driven by climate change?
Authors: FLENNER IDA , SAHLÉN GÖRAN
Published: July 2008

Abstract.

 Climate change affects many ecosystems on earth. If not dying out or migrating, the species affected have to survive the altered conditions, including changes in community structure. It is, however, usually difficult to distinguish changes caused by a changing climate from other factors.

Forestry is considered to be the major disturbance factor in Swedish forests. Here, we use forest lake data sets from 1996 and 2006 which include species abundance data for dragonfly larvae, water plant structure, forest age and forestry measures during a period of 25 years: from 1980 to 2005. Hence, we were able to discriminate between forestry effects and changes in species composition driven by recent climate change.

We explored effects on regional species composition, species abundance and ecosystem functions, such as changes in niche use, utilising dragonflies (Odonata) as model organisms.

Our results show that dragonflies react rapidly to climate change, showing strong responses over such a short time span as 10 years. We observed changes in both species composition and abundance; former rare species have become more frequent and now occur in lakes of a wider quality range, while former widespread species have become more selective in their choice of waters. The new communities harbour about the same number of species as before, but seen from a regional perspective, diversity is reduced.

We predict that the altered species composition and abundance might raise new demands in conservation planning as well as altering the ecological functions of the aquatic systems.
Grazing impacts on moth diversity and abundance on a Scottish upland estate
Authors: LITTLEWOOD NICK A.
Published: July 2008

Abstract. 

Livestock grazing is the most important direct management impact on grasslands in upland areas of the UK. For phytophagous species, such as Lepidoptera, the impact is primarily through grazing altering the species composition and structure of the vegetation. However, specific impacts related to different grazing regimes are not well understood for this group of insects.

Within a replicated controlled grazing experiment, nocturnal adult moths were sampled by light trapping in the fifth year after establishment. Sampling effort was standardised between the four grazing treatments by simultaneously using identical traps in each treatment.

The highest‐intensity grazing treatment produced the lowest moth abundance and species richness. Ungrazed and low‐intensity sheep grazing treatments produced the highest moth abundance and species richness.

Moths that feed exclusively on graminoids and moths that overwinter as larvae were disproportionately well represented in the ungrazed treatment.

A sub‐set of species for which large declines have recently been documented in the UK were most abundant in the ungrazed treatment. However, they made up the largest proportion of the overall assemblage in the high‐intensity grazing treatment.

Increased grazing inversely affects moth abundance and species richness. However, effects are not even across all moth species. An absence of grazing is likely to negatively affect the abundance of some moths, especially those that overwinter in the egg stage.