SARS-CoV-2 E and 3a proteins are inducers of pannexin currents
Authors: Mendes Barbara Oliveira , Alameh Malak , Ollivier Béatrice , Montnach Jérôme , Bidère Nicolas , Souazé Frédérique , Escriou Nicolas , Charpentier Flavien , Baró Isabelle , De Waard Michel , Loussouarn Gildas 
Published: October 2022

Controversial reports have suggested that SARS-CoV E and 3a proteins may be viroporins that conduct currents through the plasma membrane of the infected cells. If true, these proteins would represent accessible targets for the development of new antiviral drugs by using high-throughput patch-clamp techniques. Here we aimed at better characterizing the cell responses induced by E or 3a protein with a particular focus on the ion conductances measured at the cell surface. First, we show that expression of SARS-CoV-2 E or 3a protein in CHO cells gives rise to cells with newly-acquired round shape, tending to detach from the Petri dish. This suggests that cell death is induced upon expression of E or 3a protein. We confirmed this hypothesis by using flow cytometry, in agreement with earlier reports on other cell types. In adhering cells expressing E or 3a protein, whole-cell currents were in fact not different from the control condition indicating that E and 3a proteins are not plasma membrane viroporins. In contrast, recording currents on detached cells uncovered outwardly-rectifying currents, much larger than those observed in control. The current characteristics are reminiscent of what was previously observed in cells expressing SARS-CoV-1 E or 3a proteins. Herein, we illustrate for the first time that carbenoxolone blocks these outward currents suggesting that they are conducted by pannexin channels, mostly likely activated by cell morphology change and/or cell death. Alongside we also demonstrate that truncation of the C-terminal PDZ binding motifs reduces the proportion of dying cells but does not prevent pannexin currents suggesting distinct pathways for cell death and pannexin currents induced by E and 3a proteins. We conclude that SARS-CoV-2 E and 3a proteins are not acting as viroporins expressed at the plasma membrane.

Author Summary

A viroporin (or viral porin) is a class of proteins that is encoded by a virus genome. It is named porin because its biological role is to conduct ions through a pore that it created in a lipid membrane such as the one surrounding a human cell. if such viroporin is present at the external membrane of a human cell infected by a virus, it can be an easy target of an antiviral agent which thus does not have to enter the cell to be active. One example of viroporin is the flu M2 protein that is the target of amantadine, an antiviral agent used against flu. In previous studies, two proteins of SARS-CoV viruses, named E protein and 3a protein, have been suggested to be viroporins at the surface of infected human cells, potentially opening a new research avenue against SARS. Here we demonstrate that both proteins are not viroporins at the external membrane but they rather trigger changes in the cell shape and promote cell death. They only indirectly induce the activity of a porin that is encoded by the cell genome, named pannexin.