bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Causes of the English Civil War
Authors: Russell Conrad
Published: October 2023

What were the causes of the English Civil War? In recent years, traditional explanations involving the struggle for sovereignty and the bourgeois revolution have been increasingly questioned. Conrad Russell's new analysis brings into focus fundamental religious and constitutional issues of vital importance to contemporaries, but until now neglected by historians. Basing his study on extensive research among both printed and unpublished sources, Professor Russell highlights the constitutional problems of multiple kingdoms within Britain; the religious problem of competing theologies within and outside a state church; and the economic problem of the inadequacy of royal revenue to meet the needs of the monarchy. In order to understand the events of the 1640s, he traces the story of the church and state back over the previous century. This is the fullest account yet available of the origins of one of the most significant events in British history. It will be essential reading for all students of the seventeenth century. Contents: The Corpus Delicti 1637-1642; The problem of Multiple Kingdoms c. 1580-1630; The Church, Religion, and Politics: The Problem of the Definite Article; The Church of England 1559-1625: A Church Designed by a Committee?; Religious Unity in Three Kingdoms and in One 1630-1642; The Rule of Law: Whose Slogan?; The Poverty of the Crown and the Weakness of the King; The Man Charles Stuart; Conclusion; Appendix.
The Church in Anglo–Saxon Society
Authors: Blair John
Published: October 2023

From the impact of the first monasteries in the seventh century, to the emergence of the local parochial system five hundred years later, the Church was a force for change in Anglo-Saxon society. It shaped culture and ideas, social and economic behaviour, and the organization of landscape and settlement. This book traces how the widespread foundation of monastic sites (‘minsters’) during c.670-730 gave the recently pagan English new ways of living, of exploiting their resources, and of absorbing European culture, as well as opening new spiritual and intellectual horizons. Through the era of Viking wars, and the tenth-century reconstruction of political and economic life, the minsters gradually lost their wealth, their independence, and their role as sites of high culture, but grew in stature as foci of local society and eventually towns. After 950, with the increasing prominence of manors, manor-houses, and village communities, a new and much larger category of small churches were founded, endowed, and rebuilt: the parish churches of the emergent eleventh- and twelfth-century local parochial system. In this innovative study, John Blair brings together written, topographical, and archaeological evidence to build a multi-dimensional picture of what local churches and local communities meant to each other in early England.
Minsters in Church and State c.650–850
Authors: Blair John
Published: October 2023

The monastic boom started, in the years around 670, at a critical point in the development of the English Church and its culture. If the Synod of Whitby (664) was largely of symbolic importance, few areas of religious life can have been left untouched by the plague which struck England in the same year, and remained a feature of life for some decades. Yet that disaster (which could, like the fourteenth-century plague, have given survivors access to higher material standards) accompanied an extraordinary economic and cultural expansion. As the first, essentially foreign, generations of religious mentors passed from the scene, their place was taken by English-born men and women trained from youth in Christian doctrine and scholarship. The really momentous change was not the triumph of ‘Roman’ over ‘Irish’, but the formation of an indigenous ecclesiastical establishment which could stand on its own feet.
Variation and Change in the Forms of Private Life in the 1980s
Authors: Kuijsten Anton
Published: October 2023

In contemporary western societies, the family is often regarded as a fortress under siege, on the verge of surrender to new forms of living arrangement. What Ahlburg and De Vita (1992:2) recently mentioned for the United States, seems to have validity for most European countries as well: &‘The breadwinner-homemaker model with husband and wife raising their own biological (or adopted) children was once the dominant pattern.
The Health and Survival of the Elderly Evidence From the Gothenburg Longitudinal Study
Authors: Svanborg Alvar
Published: October 2023

In gerontology one of the most urgent questions concerns a better understanding of how ageing in itself, as distinguished from disease, influences our vitality, and to what extent it would be possible to postpone at least certain of the negative functional consequences of ageing. What are the determinants for a prolongation of life with reasonable quality? In other words: can we postpone the negative functional consequences of ageing?

One obvious problem is to differentiate between manifestations of ageing and symptoms of disease, especially if disease might be an unavoidable consequence of ageing.
Playing on Principle? Israel’s Justification for its Administrative Acts in the Occupied West Bank
Authors: Fair Emma Play
Published: October 2023

Israel’S occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip is a legalistic one. The military government invariably seeks to defend its actions in the Occupied Territories with reference to legal provisions or principles, whether of international or local law. Emphasizing its claim to respect the standards and principles of international law, the military authorities informed an academic delegation to the Occupied Territories that: The Israeli government’s equivocal position as to which provisions of ‘humanitarian law’ apply to its occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is examined in many of the chapters in this volume2 and will not be further discussed here. The purpose of this paper is rather to examine Israel’s application of certain principles derived from international law, summed up in the statement above: the maintenance of ‘public order and safety’, concern for the welfare of the local population, and the ensurance of security.
Enforcement of Human Rights in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Authors: Dugard John
Published: October 2023

Whatever the correct legal status of the Occupied Territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip may be, it is accepted by both Israel and her critics that the conduct of the military administration in the Occupied Territories is to be judged by the standards of international law. The most obvious standards are those contained in the humanitarian provisions of the Hague Regulations of 1907 and the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949. However, it is also suggested that Israel’s administration should be judged by wider standards, such as those contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
The Use and Abuse of Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Beatson J
Published: October 2023

The Law of Restitution is now firmly established as a distinct branch of the law of obligations. Yet for much of the past 25 years its status has been the subject of debate both in the courts and in academia and there are those who still regard it with suspicion. This is therefore an appropriate time to publish the collected essays of a scholar who has made a significant contribution to the study of restitution and who has established a distinctive position on many of its most keenly disputed controversies. For this collection the author has chosen a number of previously published and influential papers which he has selectively revised and updated, together with a number of completely new papers which present his latest views on a range of issues central to the law of restitution.
E
Authors: Toth A G
Published: October 2023

Equal Pay (Principle Of) Principle according to which men and women should receive equal pay for equal work or work of equal value. This principle is laid down in Art. 141 EC [Art. 119 of the original EEC Treaty], which has been described as the ‘European translation’ or counterpart of Convention No. 100 concerning equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value, adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1951 (see Case 43/75 Defrenne II [1976] ECR 455 at p. 484 per A.-G. Trabucchi).
Lawyers and the Making of English Land Law 1832–1940
Authors: Anderson J Stuart
Published: October 2023

Here Stuart Anderson offers a completely fresh interpretation of the manner in which the concepts found in the 1925 property legislation were formed by debates about law reform beginning in the 1840s. Examining the texts of the statutes with a historian's eye, he explains how the statutes were enacted, by whom, and for what reasons. The result is both a work of legal history and a commentary on modern English land law.
Law As A Social System
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: October 2023

Modern systems theory provides a new paradigm for the analysis of society. In this volume, Niklas Luhmann, its leading exponent, explores its implications for our understanding of law. Luhmann argues that current thinking about how law operates within a modern society is seriously deficient. In this volume he lays out the theoretical and methodological tools that, he argues, can advance our understanding of contemporary society and, in particular, of the identity, performance, and function of the legal system within that society. In systems theory, society is its communications: they are its empirical reality; the items that can be observed and studied. Systems theory identifies how communications operate within a physical world and how different sub-systems of communication operate alongside each other. In this volume, Luhmann uses systems theory to address a question central to legal theory: what differentiates law from other parts of society? However, unlike conventional legal theory, this volume seeks to provide an answer in terms of a general social theory: a methodology that answers this question in a manner applicable not only to law, but also to all the other complex and highly differentiated systems within modern society, such as politics, the economy, religion, the media, and education. This truly sociological approach offers profound insights into the relationships between law and all of these other social systems.
Sentencing, Equal Treatment, and the Impact of Sanctions
Authors: Ashworth Andrew , Player Elaine
Published: October 2023

One distinguishing mark of Andrew von Hirsch’s writings is that they narrow the gap between the philosophy of punishment and the justification of sentencing and penal practices. It is difficult enough to establish a convincing rationale (or set of justifications) for State punishment in principle. It is even more difficult to apply that rationale to actual sentencing systems, not merely in respect of the range of available sentences and the practices of courts at the sentencing stage but also in relation to the practices of ‘penal agents’ (e.g. prison officials, probation officers) in carrying out the sentences imposed by courts. And yet if justifications for State punishment are to be practical, they must be justifications which relate to the actual punishments to which convicted offenders are subjected.
Law in Policing: Legal Regulation and Police Practices
Authors: Dixon David
Published: October 2023

The book poses the questions: how do law and policing relate; and can police practices be significantly changed by means of legal regulation? In examining these questions, this book deals with issues which are at the heart of contemporary debates about policing. It contains empirical research from England and Australia in the context of the international policing literature, arguing that studies of policing need theoretical and comparative development. The structure of the book is as follows. The first chapter provides a detailed critical reading of three theoretical conceptions of law in policing which the author terms legalistic-bureaucratic, culturalist, and structural. Chapter two examines the concept of police powers, using historical material from England and Australia. The way in which empirical work can generate theoretical reconsideration is shown in Chapter three, which considers the ways in which legal regulation of policing may be evaded by obtaining a suspect's 'consent' to policing practices such as search and detention, and considers the implications of this for conceptions of policing. Chapters four and five focus on the key policing practice of custodial interrogation in, respectively, England and Australia. This leads, in Chapter six, to the long controversy about the right of silence (and to its severe restriction in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994). It concludes with comments about the symbolic nature of the issue, the theoretical implications of the problems encountered in defining and counting instances of suspects using the right to silence, and the possible effects of the 1994 Act. The final chapter discusses how the practices and forms of law and policing intersect, relates law in policing to broader debates about regulation, the rule of law, and techniques of controlling power, and considers the limits and possibilities of using law to direct and control policing.
A. W Brian Simpson: Bibliography
Authors: Winterton Jules
Published: October 2023

This is a bibliography of the published works of Alfred William Brian Simpson, as listed in various bibliographies, library catalogues, and indexing services from the early 1950s to about February 1999. The breadth of his interests has necessitated a wide search. An attempt has been made to be comprehensive but such attempts do not always succeed, and the compiler would be glad to receive a note of any works omitted.
Non-aligned Neutrality
Authors: Holbraad Carsten
Published: October 2023

The last period of Danish foreign policy which may be presented as characterized by some particular form of neutrality was only brief. It lasted from the end of the German occupation and the restoration of Danish government in May 1945 to the collapse of the Scandinavian defence talks and the accession to the North Atlantic treaty in the earlier months of 1949. The policy of neutrality was brought into play within a year of the liberation, soon after the breakdown of the post-war solidarity of the allied powers, and was not finally abandoned till more than three years later, in a situation of high tension between East and West. Developed at a time when Denmark was seeking to overcome what were now recognized as the great handicaps of its earlier policies of neutrality, namely isolation and weakness, the new policy was in those respects different both from that pursued in the decades of voluntary diplomatic isolation before the First World War and from that followed in the period of deliberate military weakness before the Second World War. Especially in its earlier phase, it was also considerably more outward-looking and active than either of the two earlier policies had been.
Electioneering
Authors: Butler David , Ranney Austin
Published: October 2023

Elections in all the world's democracies have changed radically over the past forty years. The advent of television, opinion polls, and campaign consultants has transformed them - but what some see as the `Americanization' of electioneering has happened very differently in different countries. In this book acknowledged local experts explore how far elections have been `Americanized' in ten countries or regions, including the USA, Britain, Japan, and Latin America. Their essays shed new light on the diversity of ways in which democratic choice is made. They also discuss campaigning methods and debate whether the increasingly sophisticated techniques invoked by politicians to win votes actually make their campaigns more effective. This is a study in comparative government; it is also a pragmatic examination of the most essential element of any democracy - free elections.
The Electoral Systems Researcher as Detective: Probing Rae’s Suspect ‘Differential Proposition’ on List Proportional Representation
Authors: Arend Lijphart
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to solve an intriguing mystery in Douglas W. Rae’s (1967) celebrated book The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws: his ‘differential proposition’ on list proportional-representation formulas is based on a weak, logically flawed, hypothesis-but is nevertheless clearly confirmed by his empirical evidence. I shall show that this mystery can be satisfactorily solved, but only after a great deal of careful and persistent sleuthing and the sorting-out of a large number of promising but insufficient clues.
Vying for European Funds: Territorial Restructuring in Spain
Authors: Morata Francesc , Muñoz Xavier
Published: October 2023

Since its entry into the EU Spain has developed, rather successfully, a twofold bargaining strategy, reaping the benefits of membership of an integrated market and a democratic European alliance, but also claiming additional funds to close the gap between it and the large member states. The EU has been perceived as a source of benefits in terms of political stability, economic growth, regional aids, and foreign investments.
Cohesion in Italy: A View on Non-Economic Disparities
Authors: Grote Jürgen R
Published: October 2023

In the conclusion to his Governing Italy, David Hine (1993) expressed the hope ‘that the exigencies of Community membership will force ... reforms on the national political system’. Perhaps the European Union, under current political conditions of fragmentation, generalized clientelism, and corruption, is one of the last credible authorities able to instigate reforms. A more effective and legitimate Italian governance system needs changes on two fronts: it requires more balanced state-state relations, and it calls for more positive state-society relations. It will be argued that EU cohesion policy is particularly well-suited to help overcome the fragmentation and pluralism of the Italian state. EU cohesion policy could help to define a more central role for regional government in central-regional relations, and it could encourage a more effective partnership between state and private organizations.
The British Press and European Integration: 1948 to 1996
Authors: Wilkes George , Wring Dominic
Published: October 2023

Between 1948 and 1975, the British press moved from a vaguely ‘proCommunity’ consensus to a pronounced and nearly unanimous Euroenthusiasm. Gradually this gave way to widespread Euroscepticism in large sections of the press in the 1990s.
Nutrition, Immunity and Infection
Authors: Lunn Peter G
Published: October 2023

In attempting to define the cause of the decline in premature mortality which has occurred during the past 200 years in countries which are now developed, one clear direction of investigation is to draw comparisons with parts of the world which remain underprivileged. If we understand which environmental factors are responsible for the continued high levels of early mortality in such countries, it should be possible to identify which aspects of socioeconomic development have helped to reduce the problem.Clearly, one of the major differences between the developed and developing world is in nutrition and nutritional status. Food availability for the majority of people in developing countries is at best marginal, and chronic undernutrition throughout life is often the norm.
Testing for Common Trends
Authors: Stock James H , Watson Mark W
Published: October 2023

Cointegrated multiple time series share at least one common trend. Two tests arc developed for the number of common stochastic trends (i.e. for the order of cointegration) in a multiple time series with and without drift. Both tests involve the roots of the ordinary least squares coefficient matrix obtained by regressing the series onto its first lag. Critical values for the tests are tabulated, and their power is examined in a Monte Carlo study. Economic time series are often modeled as having a unit root in their autoregressive representation, or (equivalently) as containing a stochastic trend. But both casual observation and economic theory suggest that many series might contain the same stochastic trends so that they are cointegrated. Previous researchers have found that U.S. postwar interest rates, taken individually, appear to be integrated of order 1. In addition, the theory of the term structure implies that yields on similar assets of different maturities will be cointcgrated.
Peasants and Governments
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul
Published: October 2023

This book is the first of two companion volumes by these authors on trade shocks in controlled economies. Both theoretically innovative and drawing on extensive applied work, it addresses a number of issues in the forefront of economics, principally the relationship between macro and micro economics, by analysing the impact of an external macro shock - the coffee price boom - on each of two developing countries which have much in common but whose governmental organizations and objectives differ sharply. The authors focus on three important ways in which governments affect peasants: setting crop prices; controlling access to consumer goods; and provision of public services. They address these three areas using microeconomic analysis and household survey data collected in Kenya and Tanzania. Much of the analysis is relevant for a wide class of developing countries.
The Demographic Transition
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude
Published: October 2023

This book examines the basic mechanisms behind the modernization of demographic behaviour. The author has marshalled an impressive amount of statistical material relating to 67 countries, half of them less developed, and covering the period 1720-1984. The whole sweep of western demographic experience is dealt with comprehensively and impartially, and though technically sophisticated, the book also covers issues of interpretation and analysis. The author shows how mortality decrease necessarily precedes fertility decline and how so-called exceptions are simply false exceptions; how the decline of fertility is dependent on important and manifold social transformations; and reveals the strong connections between international migration and the course of demographic transition. Chesnais demonstrates that less developed countries are following the same general patterns as MDCs and argues that the theory of demographic transition must include the effect of population changes on the economic progress of society.
Nationalization: Ownership and Organization
Authors: Tomlinson Jim
Published: October 2023

The question of who should own industry has been a major issue of British politics in the twentieth century. In 1918 the Labour Party made nationalization a key part of its political programme. Between 1945 and 1951 the Labour government nationalized a significant proportion, about 20 per cent, of British industry. In the 1980s a Conservative government reversed much of this nationalilzation in its programme of privatization. This history may be seen in a number of lights. Obviously it can be seen as a significant part of British political history (e.g. Barry 1965; Morgan 1987); it can be seen as a fundamentally administrative phenomenon (e.g. Gordon 1938; Chester ll975); it can be seen in relation to economic theory (e.g. Brech 1985; Vickers and Yarrow 1988); or it can be seen in the light of the development of the individual industries concerned (e.g. Supple 1986). This diversity of approaches reflects an obvious but important truth about nationalization--that its objectives and its implications have been extremely diverse and complex. Without denying this diversity and complexity this chapter, in line with the concerns of the book, focuses upon nationalization as an efficiency issue. Part of the argument for and against nationalization always related to the perceived impact on industrial efficiency, though this was, as always, efficiency perceived in a particular sense which needs to be understood in context.
1979--1990: Enterprise and Economic Liberalism
Authors: Tomlinson Jim
Published: October 2023

The Conservative government elected in 1979 was committed to a reversal of most of the norms of economic policy of the post-war period. Rather than using demand management to control output and employment, the centrepiece of policy was to be the control of the money supply to beat inflation. This was to be accompanied by a ‘rolling back ‘ of the state, measured both by the level of public expenditure, borrowing, and taxation and the extent of state regulation of the economy. The defeat of inflation and the reduction in the role of the state were aimed to provide the conditions for sustained economic growth. This aim was also seen as requiring a major shift in the balance of power in the labour market, away from trade unions towards employers. This reduction of union power was aimed not only at freeing the labour-market to operate more like the competitive model of economics textbooks, but also at ending the corporatism of the 1970s, with its extension of the unions ‘ political role.
A Case-Study: Cars
Authors: Tomlinson Jim
Published: October 2023

The cotton industry discussed in the previous chapter may be seen as symbolic of Britain ‘s industrial pre-eminence in the nineteenth century, fallen on hard times in the twentieth. In contrast, the car industry, whose life only began right at the end of the nineteenth century, symbolizes the problems of those new industries central to industrial performance through much of the twentieth century. The literature on British economic decline commonly treats cars as reflecting (perhaps in exaggerated form) the general difficulties the country has had in matching the industrial performance of major competitors. Certainly that decline has been striking. Although always well behind the Unites States as a car producer in the first half of the century, Britain was the first or second largest European producer. As late as 1955 she produced more cars than Germany, and at that date was the world ‘s largest exporter (Table 14.l). But by the beginning of the 1990s Britain was the only major industrial country without a domestically owned mass-production car manufacturer, and was running a major deficit on trade in cars.
The Demographic Impact of Family Benefits: Evidence from a Micro-Model and from Macro-Data
Authors: Blanchet D1Dier , Ekert-Jaffe Olivia
Published: October 2023

This paper presents two ways to evaluate the impact of family allowances on fertility. The first approach consists of an a priori evaluation derived from a small micro-model of fertility behaviour. Inspired by some ideas from the new home economics, and remaining as analytkally simple as possible, this model tries to describe a little more realistically, in our view, how people plan the successive births of their children. Taking into account the discrete character of individual fertility decisions, it will pay particular attention to the aggregation of these individual decisions in determining the total level of fertility and its changes in response to changes in family policy.
High Inflation
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel
Published: October 2023

This book looks at very high inflations, exemplified by those suffered by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Israel, Mexico, and Peru in the eighties and by the Soviet Union today. The authors argue that a better grasp of high inflation processes is necessary in order for countries intricated in it to design stabilization strategies. The extremes of monetary instability can also give a clearer picture of the purpose that money and financial institutions serve under more normal circumstances, thus deepening our understanding of the benefits of monetary stability. The authors examine the financial problems that governments have to wrestle with in high inflation, the private sector's adaptations to high inflation conditions, and the difficulties of finding a policy strategy that can be sustained through disinflation to lasting stabilization. In describing, analysing, and explaining a number of high inflationary experiences, the authors show that standard macroeconomic theory cannot account for the phenomenon of these extreme cases and ask how received inflation theory needs to be changed in order for it to accommodate the various effects on the functioning of the economy. Finally, the authors make a series of policy prescriptions which will help policy-makers to avoid inflationary situations.
The Role of Government in Japan’s ‘Catch-up’ Industrialization: A Neoinstitutionalist Perspective
Authors: Yamamura Kozo
Published: October 2023

Did the Japanese government, its central bureaucracy in particular, make a substantive positive contribution to the transformation of a late nineteenth-century agrarian economy into an economic superpower of today? If so, are there lessons the governments of developing nations around the globe can learn from the Japanese experience? Joining a large majority of students of the Japanese economy, I answer the first question in the affirmative. And although many answer the second question negatively, my answer to it too is affirmative.
The Structure of Bureaucratic Rationality and Economic Development in Japan
Authors: Silberman Bernard S
Published: October 2023

The relationship between state administration and economic development has been a subject of fitful and sometimes anxious concern ever since Max Weber first called attention to the relationship between organizational rationality and the development of modern capitalism and society. Despite a great deal of writing there has not been much success in showing precisely what constitutes this relationship. Weber, in a fit of functionalism, argued that organizational roles characterized by specific rules defining hierarchy, hierarchical authority, specialization, differentiation, career, expertise, and the possession of office were required, if by nothing else, by the sheer size and complexity of modern society and its capacity for engendering resources. Furthermore, Weber argued, this rationalized structure of administration was the most efficient form of administration.
The Role of the Fiscal Investment and Loan Program in Postwar Japanese Economic Growth
Authors: Noguchi Yukio
Published: October 2023

Japan’s Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP; Zaisei Toyushi Keikaku) is a unique financing system operated by the government and is frequently referred to as ‘the second budget.’ It has been used by the government as a policy instrument in a manner similar to the regular budget to achieve policy objectives, but the FILP is different from the regular budget (the General Account budget) in terms of source of funds, type of projects financed, and nature of legislative control. In this latter sense, it can be said that the FILP has given the Japanese government a unique and powerful policy tool not possessed by the governments of other countries.
Financing Japanese Industry: The Interplay between the Financial and Industrial Bureaucracies
Authors: Mabuchi Masaru
Published: October 2023

The nature of a country’s financial system holds the key to the effectiveness of its industrial policy. In countries with mature capital markets, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, where equity capital is the predominant source of industrial funds, the state’s capacity to implement industrial policy is limited. In contrast, in countries such as Japan and France where capital markets are less developed and where the state administers interest rates, banks play a prominent role as suppliers of funds and the state is thus in a much better position to expand its control of the industrial economy.
Developmental Bureaucracy in Comparative Perspective: The Evolution of the Korean Civil Service
Authors: Woo-Cumings Meredith
Published: October 2023

The World Bank Project on the Japanese Civil Service seeks to understand the evolution of the Japanese bureaucracy’s role in mediating the relationship between the state and the economy. This task is important not only because, as E. H. Norman observed more than 40 years ago, ‘the key to understanding Japanese political life was given to whoever appreciated fully the historical role and actual position of the bureaucracy,’ but also because we want to know whether the Japanese case, to the extent that it exemplifies a particularly salutary relationship between the state and economic development, might be emulated elsewhere.
The Indonesian National Urban Development Strategy and its Relation to Policy and Planning
Authors: Gardiner Peter
Published: October 2023

Concepts and approaches to strategic planning are now fairly well entrenched in the literature, although only a few fully national planning exercises have actually been carried out specifically for urban development. Egypt and Pakistan are per haps the best examples of major studies predating the work in Indonesia dis cussed in this chapter. Nevertheless, more integrated planning has increasingly been seen by administrators as a means of dealing with such problems as increasing urban-rnral disparity, escalating development costs connected with congestion and environmental degradation in primate cities, and distortions in regional development caused by imbalances in the functional and economic linkages between cities, and between these cities and their rural hinterlands.
Extent and Implications of Rural-Urban Migration in India
Authors: Papola T S
Published: October 2023

India has a relatively low degree of urbanization. About one-fourth of its population is located in urban areas. The extent of urbanization has been increasing over several decades; and a part of the increase is contributed by migration from rural areas. Increasing urbanization, particularly rural-urban migration, is often viewed as a ‘problem’. This chapter represents a preliminary attempt to examine the nature and extent of this problem on the basis of available evidence from the population censuses and other sources of data and studies undertaken by other scholars on related aspects.
Monetary Stability: Threat and Proven Response
Authors: Neumann Manfred J M
Published: October 2023

The goal of ensuring the stability of the purchasing power of money can be justiVed ethically. The guiding ‘ordo-liberal conception’ of the market economy is that the economic activities of the population require a regulatory framework (Ordnungsrahmen) that offers them the greatest possible degree of individual freedom and self-fulVlment, with individual responsibility. This includes private property and open meritocratic competition. It also includes a currency whose purchasing power is stable. Only this sort of money is ‘minted freedom’.It is precisely because the state claims a monopoly of money creation that it is of central ethical importance that it offers citizens, in exchange for their services, a means of exchange whose purchasing power is stable.
.Household Labour Allocation and Mobility in Times of Crisis
Authors: Oppong René Wéry With Christine
Published: October 2023

This chapter is concerned with a variety of ‘coping mechanisms’ adopted to combat poverty at the household or individual level. Two related types of adaptation are dealt with: geographical mobility (temporary and permanent) and the changes in volume, types, distribution, and allocations of household labour. A major theme is the fact that the globalization of the world’s economy, has affected the international divisions of labour. Several dramatic changes have taken place in labour markets with regard to the roles played by female as well as male workers. One has been the increasing feminization of labour force and employment. Whilst recorded female labour force participation rates have been rising, in many cases those for men are on the decline. At the same time, more people than ever before are now on the move, both inside and across national borders, in search of work and less harsh living conditions. This global mobility and dispersal is affecting the residential patterns of kin, spouses, parents, and children and changing the traditional divisions of labour between the sexes and age groups.
The Transition’s Population Crisis: Nuptiality, Fertility, and Mortality Changes in Severely Distressed Economies
Authors: Cornia Giovanni Andrea , Paniccià Renato
Published: October 2023

In most of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (hereafter referred to in brief as ‘Eastern Europe’, unless explicitly specified), the economic and political reforms since 1989 have been accompanied by an unprecedented fall in output, a rapid impoverishment of large sections of society, increasing uncertainty about the future and an exceptional population crisis. For instance, between 1989 and 1994, marriage rates fell by between one-quarter and one-half in Georgia; birth rates shrank by up to 40 per cent, as in Estonia, and death rates among male adults due to cardiovascular and violent causes more than doubled, as in Russia (UNICEF 1994, 1995). To give an idea of the extent of the recent demographic crisis, it suffices to mention that by 1994 the life expectancy at birth of Russian males had fallen to the same level as that of Pakistani males, while the natural increase of the population had become negative in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, the three Baltic countries, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.
Bases for Civil Society in Reform China
Authors: Gold Thomas
Published: October 2023

The popular demonstrations of 1989 revealed a number of things about the Chinese people, or, more specifically, about many urban Chinese. They exposed the depth of frustration with the slow pace of political reform, with the corruption of the élite, and with the loss of many of the certainties of the old system, such as fixed prices and the iron rice bowl. The demonstrations also made clear to the world, and to the Chinese people themselves, that the people were not, as commonly assumed, mere passive objects of party policy, but were capable of acting as subjects, as agents of historical change, organizing on their own without party mediation, and articulating their grievances in public.
Trade Shocks: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem
Published: October 2023

Many developing countries are prone to temporary trade shocks. Shocks have long been seen as a problem, either because they have produced booms and busts in which private agents have misallocated resources through myopia, or because they have lured governments into huge fiscal errors. To date there have been three phases in the debate on appropriate policy responses. In the first the problem was seen as inappropriate private responses to which the solution was public action at the international or domestic level. Public action at the international level sought to reduce fluctuations in the international prices of commodities. The main instrument envisaged for this was the buffer stock, financed by international collaboration. In the 1970s this led to the proposal of a common fund involving buffer stock operations for each of the major commodities. Although some of these were established, by the 1990s they had collapsed.
Conclusions: Governance beyond State Strength
Authors: Pierre Jon
Published: October 2023

As the preceding chapters have shown, governance theory has tremendous potential in opening up alternative ways of looking at political institutions, domestic-global linkages, transnational co-operation, and different forms of public-private exchange. Also, governance can be approached from a wide range of vantage points even within the same subfield of political science.
Dynasties, Intergenerational Transfers, and Life-Cycle Income: A Case Study of Taiwan
Authors: Mason Andrew , Miller Tim
Published: October 2023

The life cycle of income is a prominent feature of all economies. The young experience extended periods of time during which they are dependent upon their parents or other adults for their very survival. The personal incomes of the elderly are typically well below the levels achieved during their prime earning years. Because of these sustained periods of dependency, intergenerational or inter-age transfers are a pervasive aspect of all economies.

Three institutions have evolved that effect the transfer of economic resources from working generations to the young and the elderly: the state, financial markets, and the family (R. D. Lee in this volume). The state uses its taxing and spending authority to transfer resources between generations. Financial markets enable individuals to save during some periods in their lives and dissave during others. Families redistribute income among their members by living together and pooling their individual incomes or by making interhousehold transfers.
Weapons of the Underdog
Authors: O’Neill Robert
Published: October 2023

My argument is that with the end of the cold war the utility of nuclear weapons has changed. Formerly they were the weapons of the top dogs: now they are becoming weapons of the underdogs. Let me explain. The first book that I edited on nuclear weapons (in 1975) was set in a context very different to that of the current work. The Vietnam War was in its final stages, the SALT I agreement was not long in place, and the Vladivostok agreement had been reached while the book was in progress.
Trade Empirics
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

The Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) model was generalized by Jaroslav Vanek (1968) into a theory of the factor content of trade. It is called the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) model in this context. The HO–HOV framework offers testable predictions about who exports what, who imports what and the factor content of trade. Incorporating some additional assumptions produces testable predictions about international factor rewards. The framework has naturally become, for many years, the support of a large body of empirical work on the determinants and effects of international trade. The evidence about international trade patterns shows, though, that the HOV model pre- dictions about the factor content of trade are frequently at odds with the data. In the early nineties, the HOV model seemed to be on the way out as an empirical tool.
Japan’s Banking Crisis in International Perspective
Authors: Corbett Jenny
Published: October 2023

While there has been a great deal of interest in the banking difficulties faced by many countries during the 1980s and 1990s and there have been some theoretical and historical studies of financial fragility, relatively few attempts have been made explicitly to compare countries’ recent experience of crisis. Many of the studies which do make comparisons (OECD 1992; BIS 1993; Nakajima and Taguchi 1995; Lindgren et al. 1996; Alexander et al. 1997) stress common features in the causes of crises and do not attempt systematically to catalogue differences internationally. This is partly explained by the search for general policy lessons from the experiences. Yet, despite a lack of careful international comparison, several studies of the Japanese experience make quite strong statements which imply comparison (Nakajima and Taguchi 1995; Horiuchi 1996a). In particular, there is a view that the size of the Japanese crisis is particularly large and that the extent of moral hazard as a cause of the Japanese crisis was particularly great.
Empowering Women for Reproductive Rights
Authors: Sen Gita , Batliwala Srilatha
Published: October 2023

As the first major international population conference in which women’s health advocates played a central role, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo in September 1994 broke new ground by winning acceptance in the mainstream population policy discourse for a range of new concepts concerning women’s health, rights, and empowerment. Concepts such as reproductive health, sexual health, reproductive rights, sexual rights, and women’s empowerment have been current in the language of women’s health advocates for at least the last fifteen years; in the three or four years prior to Cairo they had even begun to seep into articles in population journals. But it was at ICPD that they finally began to come into their own by gaining recognition in the global policy arena.
Female Empowerment and Adolescent Demographic Behaviour
Authors: Gage Anastasia J
Published: October 2023

In the past two decades, there has been a considerable amount of research on adolescent sexual behaviour and childbearing. This interest has been spurred by a growing awareness of the negative health, social, and economic consequences of early sexual activity and childbearing for parents and children. These consequences include unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent data from the United States Bureau of the Census, the Population Reference Bureau, and the International Center for Research on Women compiled by Scommegna (1996) illustrate the magnitude of the problem. About 15 million young women aged 15-19 give birth every year, accounting for more than 10 per cent of births worldwide. About two million adolescent women in developing countries have illegal unsafe abortions each year and at least 10 per cent of abortions worldwide occur to women aged 15-19 years. In addition, rates of STD infection among adolescents are high and their risk of contracting AIDS is growing rapidly. About half of all HIV infections have occurred in young people under age 25. Since the start of the pandemic, at least 12 million young people have become infected with the human immune deficiency (HIV) virus. In many countries, women aged 15-24 account for 40 per cent of all new HIV infections (Scommegna, 1996). The trend toward later age at first marriage, and in some areas, younger age at first intercourse, translate into a longer period during which adolescents may not be adequately protecting themselves against unwanted pregnancy, STDs, and HIV.
Portugal The Rationale of Democratic Regime Building
Authors: Magone José M
Published: October 2023

Portugal is a latecomer to the club of democracies, and from the beginning democratic government was constrained by a lack of historical experience with genuine democracy based on universal secret and equal suffrage. The Portuguese parliamentary system was in flux from 1976 to 1987. It became consolidated only after the absolute majority of Anibal Cavaco Silva (PSD) in the elections of 19 July 1987. In the early consolidation period, this fledgling democracy had some experiences with coalition government, yet over time they have remained exceptions to the rule. The importance of the coalition experience lies in the fact that it was important for the consolidation of the political system.
Conclusion Coalition Governance in Western Europe
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C , Strøm Kaare
Published: October 2023

The European experience with coalition government is complex and evolving. Patterns of coalition membership, formation, governance, and performance vary from country to country and in many cases from era to era. The chapters of this volume have illustrated this diversity with greater specificity and in more intimate detail than any previous study of cabinet coalitions. Such an intensive empirical survey is timely for more than one reason. For one thing, all major existing surveys have become dated, since no comprehensive volume containing studies by country experts has been published since the mid-1980s.