bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternatives in Psychiatric Testimony on Dangerousness
Authors: Smith JT , English MJ
Published: July 2015

In the District of Columbia, as in many state jurisdictions, psychiatrists are likely to encounter the issue of testifying in a court regarding their “predictions of future dangerousness” in two situations: (a) during the process of involuntary civil commitment or commitment after a finding of not guilty by reason of insanity in a criminal case and (b) upon petition for a conditional or unconditional release after commitment in a criminal case [1ߝ3]. The criteria for civil commitment in the District of Columbia are mental illness and a finding that the mentally ill individual is likely to injure himself or others because of his mental illness [4]. The standard is similar after a finding of not guilty by reason of insanity [5, 6].
An Experimental Investigation of the Relative Validity and Utility of the Polygraph Technique and Three Other Common Methods of Criminal Identification
Authors: Widacki J , Horvath F
Published: July 2015

Although the polygraph (“lie detector”) technique is frequently used for other purposes its major application is in criminal investigation and identification. In such applications even the harshest critics acknowledge the usefulness and potential of the technique [1]. Nevertheless, there is still considerable controversy with respect to practitioners' claims that the technique has a nearly perfect validity [2,3]. The research reported to date, although suggestive of very high validity, does not compellingly demonstrate that the validity, at least in field situations, is as high as practitioners claim [4,5]. None of that research, however, whether laboratory- or field-based, examined the validity and utility of the polygraph technique in comparison to other commonly used methods of criminal identification. The need for such a comparison was made explicit by Reid and Inbau [6, p. v] in their claim that the polygraph technique “possesses a degree of accuracy commensurate with, and even superior to, most of the presently approved forms of evidence, scientific as well as non-scientific, that feature in criminal and civil trials.”
Death Sequence in Multiple Carbon Monoxide Asphyxiations
Authors: Covey EL
Published: July 2015

A recent case of multiple carbon monoxide asphyxiations was investigated by authorities and ruled accidental. The question of the sequence of death became a critical issue to the estate settlement.
Bullet Residue as Distinguished from Powder Pattern
Authors: Messler HR , Armstrong WR
Published: July 2015

It is often necessary to determine the distance and direction from which a gun was fired at an object. This is easily accomplished by observing the position and dimensions of any powder pattern deposited. The presence of a powder pattern usually indicates a close-proximity firing. A ease involving a rifle used to fire through a window and shade on a door was presented for such a routine investigation. Contrary to the initial opinions of the investigating officer at the scene, laboratory tests showed that the pattern was not a powder pattern but instead a lead residue appearing much like a powder pattern, yet having distinctive and reproducible characteristics, These lead residues can occur at long distances from the muzzle (that is, 9 m or 30 ft) and are always present on the opposite side of the target, if it is penetrated. Information regarding the case which lead to the investigation is presented. Equipment devised to reproduce the test is described, and photographs of the patterns produced are presented. Included are points of difference between conventional powder tattooing and the lead residue observed by us. Some discussion is given to the effects of varying distances, calibers, and bullet compositions.
A Review of Crime Laboratory Management Forum 1976
Authors: Anderson JF
Published: July 2015

The book is a compilation of twelve essay-type chapters and a chapter on the results of a criminalisties survey. The authors are outstanding personalities in the crime laboratory field today.
Correlation of Antemortem and Postmortem Digoxin Levels
Authors: Vorpahl TE , Coe JI
Published: July 2015

The dynamics of digoxin metabolism have been well studied since the introduction of sensitive radioimmunoassay procedures capable of detecting low biologic levels of this compound [1]. The value of monitoring digoxin therapy through serum levels has been widely accepted, and toxic effects are frequently observed when the serum level of adult individuals exceeds 2 ng/ml [2,3]. Beller et al [4] reported a twofold increase in mortality among hospitalized patients having digitalis toxicity.
Cardiac Hemangioma: A Rare (or Possible) Cause of Sudden Death in Children
Authors: Krous HF , Chapman AJ , Altshuler G
Published: July 2015

Recently we had occasion to study an apparently healthy 13-year-old girl who died suddenly and unexpectedly. Necropsy revealed that her death was most likely caused by an arrhythmia induced by hemangiomatous involvement of the ventricular conduction system. Cardiac neoplasms have commonly been described in literature of the English language [1], but hemangiomas, especially those of small size, have rarely been reported [1–9]. This lack of reports may be attributed to a failure of detection. It would appear from published cases that some lesions, whether or not hemangiomatous, may be so diminutive as to pass unnoticed even at necropsy examination [1,10–13]. For this reason, as well as the rarity of our encounter, we report the following case.
The Identification of Smokeless Powders and Their Residues by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
Authors: Newlon NA , Booker JL
Published: July 2015

The identification and characterization of smokeless powders by means of gas chromatographic examination of their pyrolysis products is possibly the most significant method of selective identification available to the forensic examiner. Minor constituent analysis has been established as a rapid and accurate means of distinguishing various powders from each other [1], but the inherent limitations resulting from the amount of sample necessary for examination and the chemical changes associated with the burning of surface coatings restrict the utility to situations where grains of virtually unaltered powder can be obtained. The examination of powders by thermoanalytical methods [2,3] introduces the advantage of reduced sample size, but these techniques are not so selective and have limitations when partially burned powder is being examined. Pyrolysis gas chromatography, on the other hand, is advantageous in that it requires only small samples and the examination is primarily of homogeneous constituents that exhibit considerable variations among different lots of powder.
Application of Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy to the Examination of Paints
Authors: Boudreau AJ , Cortner GV
Published: July 2015

The value of paint flakes as evidence has been described throughout the forensic science literature. Experimental procedures and techniques as well as testing sequences have been reported in some detail by May and Porter [1], Crown [2], and Gothard [3]. Modern instrumental methods such as neutron activation analysis [2, 4], X-ray fluorescence [5], atomic emission spectroscopy [2, 6], pyrolysis gas chromatography [3, 7], and spectrophotometry [1, 2, 8] have been applied to effect a greater degree of discrimination. The use of solubility testing, color change with acids and bases, and thin-layer chromatography has been advocated for some time [6, 9]. The most prosaic of tests, microscopic comparison of color, layer sequence, and surface texture, has recently received attention by Gothard [3] and Fouweather et al [10].
A Review of Pocket Guide for Crime Scene Investigators
Authors: Wilber CG
Published: July 2015

This handy little booklet is just what the title states. It is a pocket guide for those charged with on-the-scene investigation of crimes. It is not intended as a complete monograph on the subject. It is not a textbook of criminal investigation. Nevertheless, it could serve as a workable text for a short course in crime scene investigation.
The Fluorometric Detection of Salicylate in Bloodstains
Authors: King LA
Published: July 2015

The prospect of using drugs or their metabolites as discriminating markers in bloodstains was first discussed by Curry [1]. This approach could prove particularly useful in cases where blood protein has been denatured or where other evidence suggests that a particular drug has been consumed. The collection of body fluids as stains could also be of interest to the toxicologist. Filter paper techniques offer advantages over conventional methods in terms of sample stability and ease of storage and shipment. A recent publication described the radioimmunoassay of morphine recovered from blood and urine stains [2].
Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for Methamphetamine Excreted in Human Urine
Authors: Niwaguchi T , Inoue T , Kishi T , Kanda Y , Niwase T , Nakadate T , Inayama S
Published: July 2015

Recently radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods have been developed for the determination of nanogram levels of methamphetamine in urine [1–3]. These methods are suitable for rapid screening but require expensive instrumentation. This communication describes a rapid and simple hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test that might be adaptable to the mass screening of urine samples without special equipment.
The Comparison and Matching of Low Density Polyethylene Plastic Bags by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Cleverley B
Published: July 2015

Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is by far the most common polymer film material. Bags and pouches made from LDPE are readily available and are being used as packaging by peddlers of illegal drugs and by other criminals. It is therefore important that an investigator have ways of comparing LDPE bags used in the commission of a crime with bags belonging to a suspect.
The Quantitative Acid Phosphatase Test. A Statistical Analysis of Endogenous and Postcoital Acid Phosphatase Levels in the Vagina
Authors: Sensabaugh GF
Published: July 2015

The acid phosphatase test is routinely used in many laboratories as a test for semen in cases involving sexual assault. The basis for this test is the fact that the level of acid phosphatase (ACP) activity is 500 to 1000 times higher in human semen than in other normal body fluids or secretions [1]; this ACP is secreted into semen by the prostate gland. It has been amply demonstrated that elevated levels of ACP activity persist in the vaginal pool after sexual intercourse and in semen stains [2–16]. Thus the detection of strong ACP activity is considered a fairly reliable indicator of semen.
The “Undetermined” Ruling: A Medicolegal Dilemma
Authors: Murphy GK
Published: July 2015

For many years it has been the duty of coroners and medical examiners not only to investigate deaths of medicolegal interest but also to render an opinion as to the cause and manner of death. “Cause of death” is understood to be the primary disease, injury, or physiologic disturbance that brings about a person's death. “Manner of death” is ruled “natural” when death results solely from a disease process and “unnatural” when death results from unavoidable injury (“accident”), conscious intent of the decedent (“suicide”), or the act of another (“homicide”).
A Liquid Gradient Density Screening System for Soil Sample Identification Studies Using a Minicomputer
Authors: Harbin DN , Covey EL , Howell GR , Lott JW , Lott PF
Published: July 2015

The use of density gradient systems for the identification and comparison of soil samples is a well-recognized procedure [1,2]. In the usual manual method, liquid from a series of mixtures consisting of various ratios of high and low density liquids, such as 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane and bromobenzene, is added to a glass tube positioned vertically in a stand having a ruled background. The liquid is added up to each line and two or more identical tubes are prepared for comparison of the unknown against the reference material. A simple 8- to 10-step gradient is usually sufficient to obtain a usable resolution for most soil samples.
Is There Any Place in Criminal Prosecutions for Qualified Opinions by Document Examiners?
Authors: Hilton O
Published: July 2015

In the course of resolving submitted problems, document examiners may reach an opinion ranging from genuineness to forgery. In comparisons with standards, the opinion may range from “This person wrote the questioned material” to “This person cannot have written the questioned material.” However, not all opinions are positively yes or no. For a number of reasons an opinion may be qualified to some degree. These opinions are expressed in reports of findings, but should any opinion other than a positive one be part of the testimony in a criminal case?
Differentiation Between Single-Base and Double-Base Gunpowders
Authors: Hardy DR , Chera JJ
Published: July 2015

One aspect of our continuing investigation of smokeless gunpowders in the forensic science laboratory has been the differentiation between single-base and double-base gunpowders. Nitrocellulose is the basic ingredient in single-base gunpowder. Nitroglycerine added to nitrocellulose in quantities varying from 1 to 40% w/w is the distinguishing ingredient of double-base gunpowders.
Forensic Sciences Services and the Criminal Justice System as Viewed by the Defense
Authors: Keefe JF
Published: July 2015

This paper addresses the limited use of the forensic sciences in criminal prosecutions, and particularly in the defense of criminal cases. Much of the following material is also applicable to civil proceedings because forensic sciences services are more often used in civil cases because of the monetary issues that initiate and permeate civil litigation.
Jury Preconceptions and Their Effect on Expert Scientific Testimony
Authors: Tanton RL
Published: July 2015

When the forensic scientist testifies in court, both he and his testimony are usually evaluated by a group of people that has never seen him before and has little or no scientific background. These people, the jury, are exposed to the forensic scientist for only a relatively short time, during which they are privy to a strictly regulated question-and-answer conversation carried on between the scientist and the attorneys in the case. As a result of this exposure, the jurors must answer several important questions: 1. What did the expert say? 2. What is the significance of the expert's testimony? 3. Is the expert competent? 4. Is the expert honest?
Sudden Unexpected Death from Cardiac Concussion (Commotio Cordis) with Unusual Legal Complications
Authors: Froede RC , Lindsey D , Steinbronn K
Published: July 2015

The clinical concept of cardiac concussion (commotio cordis) has been known for many centuries; however, it has received little attention since it was reviewed in the 1940s. Blunt force injuries to the chest wall causing damage to the heart are observed in injuries involving vehicular accidents, sports, and all activities entailing impact or crushing. Occasionally, little or no evidence of pathologic change is observed grossly or microscopically. The clinical course may depend on the degree of involvement of the conductive system of the heart, with death usually a result of ventricular fibrillation. Good clinical documentation of the events before death and a complete pathologic evaluation are necessary if the cause of death is to be determined. This paper reports a case of blunt force trauma to the anterior chest wall resulting in sudden death, unexpected legal complications arising from improper embalming of the body, and the pathologist's need to consider legal problems arising from his activities.
Histologic Diagnosis of Sodomy
Authors: Paparo GP , Siegel H
Published: July 2015

In cases of death in which sodomy is suspected, careful examination of the anorectal area for trauma and the collection of a proper specimen for the detection of spermatozoa and the demonstration of elevated acid phosphatase (AP) activity are required. Whereas trauma in the anal region may be suggestive of sodomy, the presence of intact spermatozoa within the anorectal canal offers incontrovertible proof. Tests for elevated rectal AP activity in our experience, like that of Enos and Beyer [], have been disappointing.
An Efficient Method to Eliminate Streaking in the Electrophoretic Analysis of Haptoglobin in Bloodstains
Authors: Stolorow MD , Wraxall BGD
Published: July 2015

Haptoglobin is an α2 glycoprotein, found in the plasma portion of blood, whose biological functions include the binding and transportation of hemoglobin. Haptoglobin possesses the two characteristics necessary for it to be of value to forensic serology. First, haptoglobin is a genetic marker with an excellent “Discriminating Power” [1] of 0.60 [2], making it, mathematically, one of the best polymorphic proteins for individualizing bloodstains. Second, haptoglobin has been shown to persist in quantities readily detectable in dried blood-stains over a longer period of time than that commonly acknowledged for many other polymorphic proteins and enzymes. During the course of this study, bloodstains stored at room temperature in the laboratory for up to two years were correctly phenotyped in haptoglobin by the procedure presented here.
Comments on Arson
Authors: Perr IN
Published: July 2015

Most psychiatrists have little contact with arsonists. Those who work with juvenile delinquents will have seen some adolescent firesetters, often of limited intelligence with schizoid personality or other behavior disorders. On rare occasions the compulsive firesetter, driven sexually, will engage in repetitive events and be found masturbating at the scene of a fire. Vandalism or revenge fires may be directed at schools, public buildings, and employers. Similarly, psychotic firesetters are caught in the throes of their bizarre practices—burning churches or other symbolic institutions. Many criminals show a history of adolescent firesetting. Nonetheless, psychiatrists see few arsonists. It is unclear if the arsonists seen are typical because so few are actually caught. Thus those caught may be singularly incompetent in one way or another.
Disopyramide (Norpace ®) Distribution at Autopsy of an Overdose Case
Authors: Anderson WH , Stafford DT , Bell JS
Published: July 2015

A 44-year-old female died as the result of an overdose of disopyramide. An analytical method was developed and the distribution of the drug in various tissues was determined. Analysis of the blood sample indicated a drug concentration far exceeding that of the therapeutic concentration.
Sudden Death Due to Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Trunk
Authors: Roh LS
Published: July 2015

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk is a rare congenital anomaly of the cardiovascular system. Most patients with this condition die during the first year of life without proper treatment. In rare instances a patient will survive to his teens and adulthood. However, in most of these cases minor symptoms are present such as a feeling of heaviness of the lower chest, mild chest pain, or some electrocardiographic changes. A sudden unexpected death because of this anomaly, in a previously healthy athletic 22 year old, is reported.
Procedure for the Characterization of Zinc Oxide Photocopy Papers
Authors: Kelly JD , Haville P
Published: July 2015

A method is presented for the characterization of zinc oxide photocopy papers. The tests include nondestructive physical examinations of weight, pH, and color under ultraviolet light. Chemical tests, consisting of thin-layer chromatographic examination of the sensitizing dyes and infrared spectrophotometry of the binder resins, are carried out on extractions of the photoconductive surface layer. A semiqualitative flow chart has been prepared that permits differentiation of most of the zinc oxide photocopy papers on the basis of the composite of characteristics of 50 papers supplied by eleven manufacturers.
How Does Crowding Affect Signatures?
Authors: Morton SE
Published: July 2015

Document examiners often encounter signatures presenting an unusual appearance. One factor that alters the appearance of signatures is crowding. In this paper crowded signatures are examined to determine exactly what changes take place when a writer is forced to write his name in a space much smaller than that he would normally use. Several persons were asked to write normally spaced signatures that were then measured. Each subject was then asked to write his or her signature in spaces reduced laterally by one third and one half and then in spaces similarly reduced laterally as well as by one half vertically.
Examination of Human Fingernail Ridges by Means of Polarized Light
Authors: Apolinar E , Rowe WF
Published: July 2015

A method has been developed for the preparation of thin human nail specimens suitable for examination by transmitted light microscopy. The nails to be examined are embedded in an acrylic resin and the upper surface of the nail is sanded and polished until the desired thickness is reached. The resulting thin nail specimens display sharp bands of interference colors when placed between crossed polarizing filters. The widths of the bands are of the same order of magnitude as the widths of the ridges and valleys on the nail surface, indicating that each band of color represents a single ridge or valley on the nail surface. The optimum viewing conditions are obtained when the specimens are oriented so that the direction of the nail ridges is 45 deg from the directions of the polarizing or analyzing filters. Fingernail specimens from the same finger may be matched by using a transmitted light comparison microscope equipped for polarized light observations.
Puffer Poisoning in Japan—A Case Report
Authors: Tsunenari S , Uchimura Y , Kanda M
Published: July 2015

A fatal case of puffer poisoning in an 80-year-old man is reported. By using a bioassay with mice and extracts of crude poisons, the toxicities of the autopsy materials, fresh puffer ovaries, and the remaining cooked ovaries were determined and expressed in mouse units per gram (M.U.). Some medicolegal aspects of puffer poisoning are also discussed. Puffer poisoning is a primary cause of fatal food poisoning in Japan even though its frequency is not high.
Impurities and Artifacts of Illicit Cocaine
Authors: Lukaszewski T , Jeffery WK
Published: July 2015

Mass spectra of impurities and artifacts of illicit cocaine are illustrated and discussed. The methods used in the synthesis of the compounds are described and nuclear magnetic resonance data are presented as proof of structure.
Liability and Electroshock Therapy
Authors: Perr IN
Published: July 2015

The malpractice status of the use of electroshock therapy (electroencephalotherapy) has been reviewed. In about 40 years, there have been relatively few reported cases dealing with EST (EET) and professional liability. Few cases have been won, and those generally for modest amounts. However, future successful claims are expected to reflect current inflation. Certainly the limited volume of litigation would seem to raise a question as to the justification for the extent of the surcharges charged for psychiatric malpractice insurance for the administration of EST. Potential liability for EST continues to be a significant threat to the psychiatric practitioner, although drug matters, suicide, and conformance with legal standards seem a more significant area for current litigation. Those who use EST (EET) can minimize liability exposure by (1) obtaining an informed consent from the patient, (2) describing the method of treatment and possible complications to the family or patient and so noting, (3) ensuring legal authority to treat the patient who is incompetent to give consent or for whom special procedures are required, (4) treating in accordance with accepted procedures, (5) avoiding outpatient EST, if possible, (6) paying close attention to patient complaints, (7) keeping good records, and (8) not promising perfection.
A New Approach to the Microscopical Examination and Comparison of Synthetic Fibers Encountered in Forensic Science Cases
Authors: Petraco N , DeForest PR , Harris H
Published: July 2015

This paper describes a refined approach to the problems of identification and comparison of synthetic fibers encountered in forensic science case work. The necessary apparatus consists of a polarizing microscope equipped with a Mettler hot stage. Observations concerning the variation of a fiber's birefringence with temperature have been found to be very useful, both for determining the generic type of an unknown fiber and for detecting subtle differences among fibers of the same generic type from different sources. Data, including semilogarithmic plots of birefringence as a function of temperature, are given for nine different generic types of synthetic fibers.
Automobile Cigarette Lighter Burns
Authors: Smialek JE , Spitz WU , Sacra EM
Published: July 2015

Recognition and interpretation of patterned wounds are fundamental in medico-legal work. The construction of automobile cigarette lighters results in a unique burn pattern. A homicide case involving such injury is described. The differences between lighters in various American automobiles are pointed out and categorized.
Identification of Potassium Salts of Clorazepate by X-Ray Diffractometry
Authors: Foster RL , Doms DJ , Lott PF
Published: July 2015

A technique has been developed that permits X-ray diffraction patterns to be obtained for the identification of the monopotassium and dipotassium salts of clorazepate in pharmaceutical products. The sample is not altered or destroyed; a single capsule of the material is sufficient for the analysis.
The Application of Mass Spectrometry to the Study of Pencil Marks
Authors: Zoro JA , Totty RN
Published: July 2015

Organic mass spectrometry offers a possible method for distinguishing between pencils by examination of the material transferred to paper in a single written letter. In a preliminary selected ion recording experiment, marks made by 17 different pencils were divided into four groups. Problems were encountered, however, when attempts were made to apply the technique to pencil writing on hard or soiled paper.
Radiologic Identification of Unknown Human Remains
Authors: Murphy WA , Spruill FG , Gantner GE
Published: July 2015

During the 15 months from April 1978 through July 1979, 3964 cases were referred to the City of St. Louis, Office of the Medical Examiner. Of these, 71 (1.8%) required investigation to establish identification (ID). All eases were rigorously investigated to establish the most scientifically sound ID possible. In addition to evidence from the scene, fingerprint, dental, and X-ray studies were attempted. Fifty (80.4%) individuals were scientifically identified, 17 (24%) were circumstantially identified, and 4 (5.6%) remain unidentified.

Thirty (60%) of the 50 scientific IDs were by comparison of premortem and postmortem radiographs. Positive ID was accomplished in 22 eases of decomposition, 4 fire victims, 2 inadvertent body misidentifications, 1 submersion victim, and 1 suicide. Although all regions of the body were useful for ID, chest, skull, and abdominal radiographs were most frequently helpful. Anatomic, disease, and postsurgical features provided the unique features necessary for identification.
Second Endorsements Deserve a Second Look
Authors: Truman VR
Published: July 2015

Although second endorsements on forged checks and money orders are common document examination problems, the question of simulation (or other forgery) of such signatures is not common. Presented are several handwriting cases in which certain questioned second endorsements would appear routinely identifiable. However, upon closer examination, the evidence supports a qualified opinion.
Analysis of the Results of Gunshot Residue Detection in Case Work
Authors: Rudzitis E
Published: July 2015

The results of gunshot residue tests in more than 800 criminal cases are described. A combination of neutron activation and atomic absorption analyses was found to be the most efficient method for the determination of trace amounts of antimony and barium on swabs. A statistical treatment was used as a basis for the evaluation of individual test results.
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Metallic Cations
Authors: Linde HG
Published: July 2015

Two silica gel thin-layer chromatographic systems are described that are capable of distinguishing 18 common metallic cations by mobility and color development with one of three visualization reagents. Two groups of cations arise from this ion mobility: a “fast” group containing molybdenum, iron, antimony, tin, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese, and bismuth, and a “slow” group containing chromium, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, calcium, and lead. The analytical method can be applied to comparing and identifying inorganic cations in small samples of evidential materials.
Nondestructive Recovery and Examination of Bullet Fragments from Brain Tissue
Authors: Johnson AC , Kinard WD , Washington WD
Published: July 2015

A technique providing both analytical and toolmark results for lead fragments from bullets is discussed. It permits the nondestructive recovery of bullet fragments from soft cadaver tissue and was used with a plasma asher in an actual homicide case. The lead fragments are examined by neutron activation analysis (but other analytical techniques can be used) for their antimony and arsenic content and by microscopy for matching toolmarks.
Detailed Study of the Removal of Copper Jackets from Jacketed Bullets
Authors: Izak-Biran T , Guinn VP , Purcell MA
Published: July 2015

The often-used method of removing copper jackets from jacketed bullets (or fragments thereof) with nitric acid has been studied in some detail. It was found that 8M nitric acid is not satisfactory but that concentrated nitric acid works very well, removing the jacket completely in 5 min at room temperature with no measurable dissolution of the lead and with no measurable change in the concentrations of antimony, silver, or copper at the surface of the lead core (compared with their interior concentrations). The method was tested on commercial hardened-lead bullets (4.7% antimony) and on commercial soft-lead bullets (16 to 1078 ppm antimony). Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to measure the concentrations of antimony, silver, and copper in specimens.
Analysis of Explosives by Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yinon J
Published: July 2015

Negative ion chemical ionization (NCI) mass spectrometry using isobutane as a reagent has been applied to the analysis of explosives. The method is evaluated as complementary to positive ion CI, as both methods can be applied to the same sample. We used a magneticsector-type mass spectrometer without changing the electron multiplier voltage. Under these conditions NCI mass spectra of explosives have been obtained at a sensitivity similar to that of positive ion CI mass spectra.
A Review of Radiographic Techniques Related to Pathology
Authors: Simson LR
Published: July 2015

This “pocket guide” of radiographic techniques is intended for radiology technicians who are not directly supervised by a radiologist. The title suggests that it might also be of use to pathologists doing postmortem X-ray examinations. It is, in fact, an abbreviated dictionary of medical diagnoses. Each definition is followed by a list of radiographic projections recommended to illustrate that specific disease or lesion.
Black Gold and Paradise
Authors: Preston Steven A.
Published: July 2015

The presence and use of petroleum in the Los Angeles area date back to prehistoric times. The automobile-driven Black Gold Rush of the 1890s fueled the emergence of Los Angeles and its port at San Pedro. But oil also had its downsides. The following speakers will address oil-based growth, problems, remedies, and culture.
Black Gold in Paradise—Reclaiming Signal Hill
Authors: Farfsing Kenneth C.
Published: July 2015

In 1921 oil was struck in Signal Hill, a previously agricultural area. Speculation and poorly regulated drilling followed. Wells, sumps, and derricks surrounded houses. Fires, leaks, soil and air pollution, noise, and industrial accidents proliferated. To thwart annexation by Long Beach, Signal Hill incorporated as an independent city in 1924, but problems continued. The city formed the Signal Hill Redevelopment Agency in 1974. Redevelopment dramatically transformed Signal Hill. By 2011, residential neighborhoods and commercial space characterized the city. While wells continue to operate in cul-de-sacs and shopping center parking lots, oil and community have learned how to coexist.
Oil Drilling in the City
Authors: Elkind Sarah S.
Published: July 2015

Oil development in residential areas was first argued on the basis of conflicting property rights. Later, environmental concerns focused the issue on community interests. World War II brought the issue of local control of land-use planning to the fore.
An “Oleaginous Civilization”
Authors: Quam-Wickham Nancy
Published: July 2015

Urban oil production is a key factor in Los Angeles’s environmental, social, and economic history. Oil workers and their families experienced hazardous conditions in oil-field communities that added to Los Angeles’s suburban sprawl. In response, oil workers were in the forefront of labor activism seeking regulatory action. The dire ecological impact of oil production by both backyard operators and major oil companies, including subsidence, was met by only piecemeal efforts at environmental regulation. Yet we adhere to a cultural trope of oil as progress.
Association of Respiratory Picornaviruses With High Acuity and Severe Illness in a Pediatric Health Care System
Authors: Fleming-Dutra Katherine E. , Simon Harold K. , Fortenberry James D. , Jerris Robert , Radecke Jaime , Hirsh Daniel A.
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVES:

We aimed to determine the illness severity associated with respiratory picornaviruses (rhinovirus/enterovirus).

METHODS:

Electronic medical records of pediatric emergency department (PED) visits were reviewed. The percent positive of respiratory pathogens, tested by using viral polymerase chain reaction panel, was determined for the July 2012 to June 2013 period. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of picornaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza with ICU admission during the 2012−2013 academic year. Medical records of visits leading to ICU admission with picornaviruses were reviewed.

RESULTS:

During 2012−2013, picornaviruses were more commonly identified (22.6%) among admitted patients than influenza (6.4%) or RSV (15.1%). Picornaviruses and RSV were associated with ICU admission (picornaviruses: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.99 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.68−2.36]; RSV: aOR, 1.49 [95% CI: 1.20−1.85]) while influenza was not (aOR, 0.93 [95% CI: 0.66−1.29]). Of visits resulting in ICU admission, 79% were from patients with previous high-risk medical conditions, of which asthma or a history of wheezing was the most common (43%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Picornaviruses can be associated with severe disease in children, especially those with underlying medical conditions. During times of high picornavirus activity, hospitals should target infection control measures to limit the spread of picornaviruses and protect the vulnerable patients. Future research into targeted therapies for picornaviruses and vaccines is needed.
Clinical and Geographic Characterization of 30-Day Readmissions in Pediatric Sickle Cell Crisis Patients
Authors: McMillan Jefferson E. , Meier Emily R. , Winer Jeffrey C. , Coco Megan , Daymont Mary , Long Sierra , Jacobs Brian R.
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a blood disorder affecting many US children that is often associated with hospital readmission. Although previous studies have reported on the clinical factors that influence readmission risk, potential geographic factors have not been fully investigated. The goal of this study was to investigate the importance of geographic risk factors and to confirm previously derived clinical risk factors that influence readmissions for SCD pain crises.

METHODS:

Retrospective analyses were performed on pediatric inpatients with sickle cell crises at a single center. Readmission rates and risk factors were assessed. Geospatial analysis was conducted on point variables that represented health service access, and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed.

RESULTS:

The study identified 373 patients experiencing sickle cell crises, with 125 (33.5%) having at least one 30-day readmission. Age (mean difference: 2.2 years; P < 0.001), length of stay (median difference: 1 day; P < .001), admission pain score >7 of 10 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.21; P < 0.01), discharge pain score >4 of 10 (OR: 2.098; P < .01), living within 5 miles of the center’s main hospital (OR: 0.573; P = .04), and >3 hospital utilizations in the previous 12 months (OR: 5.103; P < .001) were identified as potential indicators of 30-day readmission risk. Logistic regression models for 30-day readmissions yielded similar results.

CONCLUSIONS:

Increased age, high admission and discharge pain scores, decreased length of stay, and increased hospital utilizations were found to be associated with an increased risk of readmission for sickle cell crisis. Patient’s residence was also found to be a significant risk indicator, supporting the utility of geospatial analysis in assessing readmission risk.
Bioethical and Regulatory Issues in Newborn Medical Research
Authors: Cook Noah
Published: July 2015

Current federal research regulations for the protection of human subjects are designed to uphold 3 basic ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Research investigators and institutional review boards share responsibility for applying these principles through optimizing informed consent, minimizing research risks, and selecting subjects equitably. Children are afforded additional regulatory protections, and research involving neonates in particular carries unique challenges to successful implementation of these core ethical principles. Further complications arise from alternate interpretations of research regulations, an inevitable part of the struggle to keep pace with continuous and rapid advances in medical practice.
Relative Adrenal Insufficiency in Premature Infants: State of the Art
Authors: Weiss Mara Emily , Caldarelli Leslie , Hageman Joseph R. , Littlejohn Elizabeth
Published: July 2015

Management of critically ill very low-birth-weight infants with the clinical picture of vasopressor-resistant shock in the neonatal intensive care unit is a complex issue. Once airway and breathing have been stabilized and hypotension has been treated with volume and vasopressors with no improvement, the issue of cardiovascular insufficiency must be addressed. After cultures have been performed and antibiotic therapy started, the question of adrenal insufficiency arises. This article discusses of the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during gestation, aspects of what is considered normal function, and the diagnosis and management of the entity of relative adrenal insufficiency in the premature infant.
BIOLOGÍA DEL ÁFIDO NEGRO (Aphis craccivora: APHIDIDAE) SOBRE FRÍJOL CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata, FABACEAE)
Authors: DE LA PAVA S Nataly , SEPÚLVEDA-CANO Paula Andrea
Published: July 2015

Este trabajo describe los parámetros biológicos y poblacionales del pulgón negro, Aphis craccivora Koch, sobre fríjol caupí (Vigna unguiculata (L. Walp.)), bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Los insectos se criaron sobre plántulas individualizadas a una temperatura promedio de 28 °C, humedad relativa de 70 % y fotoperiodo de 12 horas. Los parámetros medidos fueron periodo ninfal, fecundidad, supervivencia, periodo pre-reproductivo y aspectos relativos a la tasa de crecimiento del áfido. La tasa reproductiva neta R (0) fue 66,00, la tasa intrínseca de crecimiento del áfido (rm) fue 0,51, el tiempo de duplicación de la población (TD) fue 2,3. Se analizaron las curvas de supervivencia (lx), fecundidad (mx), la duración del período ninfal y reproductivo del áfido. Los resultados difieren de los realizados en otras variedades de fríjol caupí, evidenciándose la susceptibilidad de la variedad criolla usada por los agricultores en la costa Caribe colombiana.

Biology of Black Aphid (Aphis Craccivora: Aphididae) on Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata, Fabaceae) 

This research describes the population and biological parameters of the black aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) on cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata (L. Walp.)), under laboratory conditions. The insects were raised on individualized seedlings in an average temperature of 28 °C, at 70 % relative humidity during a photoperiod of 12 hours. The parameters measured were the nymphal period, fecundity, longevity, pre-reproductive period and aspects of aphid growth rate. The net reproductive rate R (0) was 66.00, the intrinsic g rate of increase of the aphid (rm) was 0.51, and the population doubling time (TD) was 2.3. Survival curves (lx), fecundity (mx), the duration of nymphal and the reproductive period of the aphid were analyzed. The results differ from those found in other varieties of cowpea beans, demonstrating the susceptibility of the native variety used by farmers in the Colombian Caribbean coast.
VARIACIÓN ESPACIO-TEMPORAL DE PLANTAS VASCULARES ACUÁTICAS EN EL COMPLEJO CENAGOSO DEL BAJO SINÚ, CÓRDOBA, COLOMBIA
Authors: PÉREZ-VÁSQUEZ Nabi Del Socorro , Arias-Rios Jorge , Quirós-Rodríguez Jorge Alexander
Published: July 2015

Se determinó la variación espacio temporal de las plantas vasculares acuáticas en las ciénagas de María Arriba, San Sebastián, Purísima y Momil del complejo cenagoso del bajo Sinú (CCBS), en el departamento de Córdoba (Colombia), abarcando los periodos hidrológicos ocurridos durante el año 2011. El área de estudio se dividió en cuatro sectores y mediante el método de intercepción en línea se determinó la abundancia y frecuencia de las hidrófitas. En cada sector se extendió una línea de 200 m perpendicular al litoral y sobre ella se ubicaron cuadrantes de 1 m2 cada 50 m, en los que, se determinó la cobertura y frecuencia de las diferentes especies  Se registraron 39659 individuos distribuidos en 24 familias, 30 géneros y 35 especies. La mayor abundancia de especies se presentó en Momil con 18582 individuos, siendo la familia Lemnaceae la más representativa. El análisis de varianza (ANOVA) indica que no existen diferencias estadísticas significativas en la abundancia de la especies de plantas acuáticas de los  meses de muestreo (F=1,04; GL=11; p = 0,083), sin embargo, se evidenció la incidencia del período hidrológico sobre la dinámica de crecimiento de las plantas, algunas especies desaparecen en época seca, otras sobreviven un periodo corto de tiempo, mientras que otras como Lemna minor L y Salvinia auriculata Aubl aumentan en época de lluvia.

Space-time Variation of Aquatic Vascular Plants in Complex Low Swampy Sinú, Córdoba, Colombia

The space-time variation of vascular aquatic vegetation was studied in Maria Arriba, San Sebastian, Purísima and Momil swamps of the lower Sinú swamp complex, located in the department of Córdoba (Colombia), covering hydrological periods occurred in one year. The area of study was divided in four sectors and by the linear intercept method it was determined the abundance and frequency of the hydrophytes. In each sector, a line of 200 m was extended perpendicularly to the coastline where located quadrants of 1m2 for each 50 m determined, the coverage and frequency of the different species. They were recorded 39659 individuals distributed in 24 families, 30 genus and 35 species. The highest abundance of species was presented in Momil with 18582 individuals being the family Lemnaceae the most representative. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that not exist statistically significantly different in the abundance of the species of aquatic plants from sampling months (F=1,04; GL=11; p= 0,083), however, it has demonstrated the incidence of a hydrological period on the plants  dynamic growth,  some species disappear in dry season, others survive for  a short period of time, while others like  Lemna minor L. y Salvinia auriculata  Aubl. increase  in the rainy season. 
PRIMER REPORTE DE LA FAMILIA CHEIRIDIIDAE (ARACHNIDA: PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA) EN COLOMBIA
Authors: QUIROZ-RODRÍGUEZ Jorge Alexander , BEDOYA ROQUEME Edwin , BEDOYA COCHETT Robin
Published: July 2015

Durante un estudio de la fauna de artrópodos asociada a montículos de detritos de hormigas de la especie Atta colombica Guérin-Méneville, 1844 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en la hacienda Santa Isabel, corregimiento de Patio Bonito en el departamento de Córdoba, se encontraron representantes de la familia Cheiridiidae. Por tanto, estos pseudoescorpiones se convierten en el primer reporte de la familia para Colombia y por primera vez se registra su presencia en detritus de hormigas. Así mismo, este reporte, amplía su distribución conocida para Suramérica.

First Report of Family Cheiridiidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpionida) in Colombia

During a study of the arthropod fauna associated with mounds of detritus produced by Atta colombica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Santa Isabel estate, locality of Patio Bonito, Department of Córdoba, were found representatives of the family Cheiridiidae. Therefore, these pseudoscorpions becomes in the first report of the family to Colombia and for the first time is recorded its presence in ant detritus. Also, this report extends its known distribution range in South America.   
Maquiavel: do cosmos medieval ao renascentista, a fortuna e as circunstâncias da liberdade
Authors: Benevenuto de Souza Flávia Roberta
Published: July 2015

As circunstâncias se apresentam como definitivas quando se pretende executar qualquer tipo ação humana, especialmente aquelas que dizem respeito à conquista e à manutenção do poder. Admitindo-se que quanto maior a força da fortuna menor a liberdade para efetivar ações capazes de conduzir o ator político ao êxito nomundo da contingência, torna-se imprescindível saber até que ponto ela exerce poder sobre as ações dos homens. Mas será possível precisálo?Partimos do contexto histórico em que as obras de Maquiavel foram escritas para compreender a relação que o autor estabelece com a tradição, ora assumindo-a, ora a ela se opondo. Recuperamos os textos de Maquiavel e estabelecemos, então, diálogo com alguns comentadores da obra do autor para investigar a questão da fortuna propriamente dita.
SEDGWICK, Sally. Hegel’s critique of Kant – From dichotomy to identity. Chicago: Oxford University Press, 2012. 194 p.
Authors: Ribeiro de Menezes Costa Danilo Vaz-Curado
Published: July 2015

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FIGAL, Günter. Nietzsche: uma introdução filosófica. Trad. Marco Antônio Casanova. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad X, 2012.
Authors: Kahlmeyer-Mertens Roberto Saraiva
Published: July 2015

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Sobre o significado e a legitimidade transcendental dos conceitos de precisão, interesse, esperança e crença na filosofia kantiana
Authors: Klein Joel Thiago
Published: July 2015

Este trabalho apresenta uma interpretação abrangente e sistemática do significado e da legitimidade dos conceitos de precisão (Bedürfnis), interesse (Interesse), esperança (Hoffnung) e crença (Glaube) no interior da filosofia kantiana. A análise desses conceitos está diretamente vinculada à discussão acerca da natureza da razão prática pura, da legitimidade do conceito de sumo bem e da unidade arquitetônica da razão. Defende-se que tanto os conceitos de precisão e interesse, assim como os conceitos de crença e esperança possuem legitimidade transcendental e concordam com as bases da filosofia crítica.