bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Technical Deterioration in James Baldwin's First Three Novels
Authors:   , Collins Brent
Published: February 2023

There has been a marked deterioration in James Baldwin’s technical competence in his first three novels. Go Tell It on the Mountain, though a relatively simple first novel with autobiographical elements, is more competently executed, by all purely literary criteria, than Giovanni’s Room and Another County. Stylistically, the rhythms of the King James Bible and Negro speech which Mr. Baldwin uses so successfully in his first novel have been replaced by a more strained, affected style which is too often deadened by obscenities and an overly-emotional rhetoric. The plots of the author’s second two novels are at once awkward and contrived. This is due in part to an unnecessary use of the flashback technique and in part to a discrepancy between the characters and the effects they achieve. Instead of being an organic whole, these plots are episodic and disconnected, and, consequently, their structure is anti-climactic. We observe Mr. Baldwin’s greatest weakness in his characterization. His characters are inconsistent and often appear to by types rather than individuals. Their problems are either unstated or misunderstood by the author; as a result, the effects the writer is trying to achieve with them lack credibility. The cause of Mr. Baldwin’s technical deterioration seems to lie in his commitment to the Negro protest movement. That is, he has become too much a propagandist for that cause and has lost the objectivity and tolerance requisite for any purely artistic creation.
Male-Male Competition and Mating Success on Leks Attended by Hybrid Prairie-Chicken
Authors:   , Bain Matthew
Published: February 2023

Male-male competition contributes to male mating success in lekking birds, however, female choice is usually considered to be responsible for the characteristic skew in fitness among males in this mating system. I conducted intensive behavioral observations during the 2002 breeding season at two leks attended by lesser (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), greater (T. cupido), and resultant hybrid prairie-chicken in western Kansas, following a regional-scale survey for mixed Tympanuchus leks in 2001. Sample observations of 43 individually marked males over 512 hours allowed identification of agonistic correlates of mating success, which included agonistic display behaviors, court characteristics, and attendance. I then examined how these traits differed among hybrids and their parental forms, and speculated on how hybrid status might affect mating success. Male-male competition appeared to contribute significantly to mating success in lesser and greater prairie-chicken; a total of 24 copulations were observed on the two study leks. A total of five lesser x greater prairie-chicken hybrids regularly attended and displayed; this study is the first to provide behavioral data from marked hybrids on leks. Hybrid males appeared to succeed in the male-male facet of sexual selection as indicated by regular lek attendance, central court placement, court placement adjacent to copulation hotspots, and frequencies of agonistic interactions and vocalizations that were similar to males that mated; yet hybrids failed to copulate. Vocalizations were the primary difference I detected among lesser, greater and hybrid prairie-chicken. I hypothesized that one of these vocalizations, the antiphonal boom, might be subject to intense intrasexual selection. I also provide evidence for the possible role of this vocalization in the recent evolutionary divergence of Tympanuchus.
Use of Emotional Intelligence in Accurate Decoding of Music Performance
Authors:   , Brown Eric
Published: February 2023

Previous research has shown a positive relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and the ability to decode emotion from music (Resnicow, Salovey, & Repp, 2004). However, music used in such studies has been produced in a laboratory setting where a musician was instructed to play a piece of music to produce a certain emotion...
Activity of Reithrodontomys Megalotis (Baird), Microtus Ochrogaster (Wagner), and Peromyscus Maniculatus (Wagner), as Recorded by a Photographic Device
Authors:   , Carley Curtis
Published: February 2023

Activity of small mammals in relation to time of day, various weather conditions, and moonlight was studied during July, August, September, and October, 1964, in a relict area located 1.5 miles southwest of Hays, Ellis County, Kansas. The activity was recorded by means of an automatic photographic device contained in two shelters. One shelter, containing a camera with a synchronized flash, was set on one side of a small mammal runway. The other shelter, containing meteorological instruments and a clock was set on the opposite side of the runway. The shelters were arranged in such a way that when an animal activated the apparatus by stepping on a treadle set in the runway, a photograph was taken of the animal against the background of the instrument dials. The photographic records showed that the western harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis (Baird), the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner), and the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner), were the most frequent users of the runways investigated. The records were analyzed with respect to variations in occurrence, moonlight, time of activity, and meteorological conditions. Reithrodontomys megalotis and M. ochrogaster were found to have been less active on moonlit nights, while P. maniculatus was more active during these times. Microtus ochrogaster appeared to have been nocturnal during the summer and diurnal during the cooler months, while R. megalotis and P. maniculatus were almost entirely nocturnal. The greatest peaks of activity for R. megalotis and P. maniculatus were in the early evening, with lesser peaks occurring in the early morning. Microtus ochrogaster had its greatest peak of activity within a few hours after sunrise, with a lesser peak in the early evening. In general, all three species showed a poor relationship to changes in such meteorological factors as temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure. The major determining factor in the activity of R. megalotis and P. maniculatus appears to be light intensity, while the regulating mechanism in the activity of M. ochrogaster could not be ascertained.
A Study of the Social Participation of the Nonemployed Wife of the Working Class Man in Hays, Kansas
Authors:   , Arnhold Rose
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of social participation of the non-employed wife of the working class man in Hays, Kansas. In the literature on the working class segment of the population one theme seemed to persist. The researchers noted with interest the reluctance of the workingman's wife to become socially active. In reference to the working class the findings of previous studies supported the existence of a positive relationship between social class and social participation. Individuals in the upper social strata were reported to be more active participants in voluntary associations than were individuals in the lower strata. Individuals in the upper social strata also contributed disproportionately to leadership positions in voluntary associations. It was the workingman's wife who seemed to be, as compared to her middle and upper class counterpart, most isolated from the larger society.
A Study Designed to Investigate the Effects of Motivational Orientations and Environmental Conditions Upon Bargaining Behavior
Authors:   , Giebler Gale
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine some of the possible differences in three different types of motivational orientations and two different environmental conditions in behavior in a bargaining game. Sixty undergraduates enrolled in General Psychology at Fort Hays Kansas State College were used. The three different motivational orientations were: 1) cooperative, 2) competitive, and 3) individualistic; and the two different environmental conditions were: 1) face-to-face, and 2) behind-the-screen. The subject’s task was to make one of the two choices which could be either a cooperative or a competitive choice. Significant differences were obtained in comparing responses given in the three different motivational orientations, but significant differences were not obtained between responses in the two different environmental conditions. A cooperative orientation led to more cooperative behavior than the individualistically or competitively oriented groups and the competitively oriented was least cooperative of all.
Life History of a Dune-Dwelling Rhaphidophorid, Utabaenetes Tinkham, in the San Rafael Desert of Utah
Authors:   , Shofner Ryan
Published: February 2023

The camel cricket, Utabaenetes(tanneri Tinkham, has been little studied. This study gathered information on the basic life history and behavior of this species, which is found only in the San Rafael Desert and adjacent Colorado Plateau in areas of loose sand or active dunes. The daily activity pattern is matutinal, and individuals construct burrows for shelter in the afternoon. The diet of U.(tanneri is omnivorous, composed of plant material, detritus, and conspecific crickets. Utabaenetes(tanneri has been found in the diet of several predatory species, although the total number of observed predation instances is low. Utabaenetes(tanneri might be a Batesian mimic of sympatric tenebrionid beetles, which might explain the small number of observed predation attempts on this species. Utabaenetes(tanneri can be very abundant where it occurs. Abundance and density of crickets was determined for three study plots in Grafield County, Utah. Plot 1 had a mean abundance of 482 crickets, determined by mark and resight analyses, and a mean density of 0.23 individuals per square meter. Only one cricket was found in Plot 2, and no mark and resight analysis was performed. Plot 3 had a mean abundance of 50 crickets, and a mean density of 0.022 individuals per square meter. The bulk density of the soil was compared between the three sites, but no significant difference was found (Kruskal0Wallace X2 = 0.932, df = 2, P = 0.627), and therefore is probably not the reason for the differences in abundances between the three plots. Studies on similar species of sand treaders have indicated that they are important detritivores within arid ecosystems. They are also preyed on by numerous species, and are usually one of the most abundant arthropods where they occur. Utabaenetes(tanneri probably functions in a similar ecological role to these other species of sand treaders. In addition to these observations of U.(tanneri, a morphological description of the species is provided. The first key to the subfamilies of Rhaphidophoridae in the United States and Canada is presented, along with a key to the genera of the subfamily Ceuthophilinae.
Observer Reaction to Physical and Verbal Abuse in Relation to Gender and Sexual Orientation of Abuser and Victim
Authors:   , Stritt Rachel
Published: February 2023

Advocating for victims of domestic violence has drastically evolved within the last few years through an increase of education and advocacy for victims, but there is still room for improvement. This study examines the relationship among gender of abuser, gender of victim, and type of abuse (physical or verbal) and participants reaction to witnessing domestic violence. In this experimental study, participants were randomly assigned to one of ten different vignettes describing a domestic violence scenario that varied the gender of the victim and the abuser, along with the type of abuse. Two of these vignettes did not mention the gender of the victim or abuser, only the type of abuse. Participants were then asked to infer the gender of the people described in the given scenario. Lastly, they were asked to rate their likelihood, on a five point rating scale, to do the following: leave the couple alone, call the police, verbally intervene, physically intervene, video the altercation, monitor the couple so the abuser knows there is a witness, or just watch the fight because it is interesting. Participants were also asked to fill out a general Victim Concern Scale to gauge their overall concern for victims and if there was any relation with the different types of vignettes. Higher levels of intervention for calling the police were found for scenarios where the gender was not specified. Physical violence was found to have a higher participant response rate than verbal abuse and the most likely response was to call the police. Consistent with previous research, this study found no significant difference in participants’ responses to vignettes when comparing heterosexual relationships to LGBTQ+ relationships. Interestingly, participants in this study equally assumed the gender of the victim and abuser. This research adds to previous studies by establishing the relationship among the variables listed and by being able to contribute knowledge to the understanding of domestic violence.
Classical Innuendo
Authors:   , Galliardt Jan
Published: February 2023

The title “Classical Innuendo” refers to the nature of my subject matter in that I often use references to art from the past. These references are combined with elements of modern society, such as newspaper photographs, movie stars, and rock musicians, followed by a selected backdrop that describes the space and adds to the psychological impact of the imagery. This juxtaposition often results in satirical statements depicting certain vices and follies of modern man as he clings to the past and yet seeks to redefine himself. This redefinition concerns such things as the place of visual art in society today, and feelings about events of the past.
Courtship Violence and the Decision to Leave The Relationship: Testing the Theory of Learned Helplessness
Authors:   , Zimmer-Gembeck Melanie
Published: February 2023

Violence in premarital relationships is a national problem that has only recently become a topic of interest to researchers. Previous research has shown that about 1/2 of the violent dating relationships continue after violence has occurred. Reasons for the continuation of marriages after violence has occurred have been a topic of much concern in the research of late, but reasons for the continuation of violent dating relationships have been overlooked. Learned helplessness is one reason put forth for husbands and wives continuing their relationship after violence. It has been hypothesized that women in violent relationships become helpless because they face situations within the relationship where their responses and the subsequent outcomes are not related. This present research was designed to test the theory of learned helplessness within the dating relationship and to study the relationship between courtship violence and other variables including experience with violence in the family of orientation, attitudes towards violence, and perceived alternatives to the violent situation. Of the sample, 71% (n=134) had been involved in a physically and/or emotionally violent relationship. Almost all of these subjects (97%, n=130) did not leave the relationship immediately after the violence began. No significant relationships were found between direct childhood experiences with violence and courtship violence. The more tolerant an individual's attitudes were towards violence, the more likely he or she was to inflict physical violence, experience physical violence, be involved in physical violence in a relationship , and inflict a greater amount of emotional abuse. Also, the lower an individual perceived his or her alternatives to be to the violent relationship, the longer the relationship continued, the more physical abuse experienced and the more emotional abuse inflicted. Learned helplessness was measured with the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASO). The higher an individual's global negative score, internal positive score, and stable positive score, the longer the violent courtship relationship continued. Males who scored below the mean on the three ASQ scales (external, specific, and unstable attributions) and females who scored above the mean (internal, global, and stable attributions) tended to be involved in the highest levels of relationship violence. The implications of the results are discussed.
Positive and Negative Aspects of Transparent Watercolor and Drawing
Authors:   , Joy Robert
Published: February 2023

The following thesis is the result of experimentation in the manipulation of value for the creation of positive and negative space. Space is used in three different ways in this thesis: first, in the reversal of roles, second, in the creation of form and shape through value contrast, and finally, in a metamorphosis from positive to negative.
A Study of the Oil Property Assessments in Ellis County, Kansas
Authors:   , Rupp Daniel
Published: February 2023

This study of the administration of the oil property taxes in Ellis County was made for the purpose of suggesting improvements to modernize the tax structure of the local units of government in the state of Kansas. Methods and Procedures Employed: Many past and present oil property tax assessments were examined and read and comparisons were made between the valuations of selected oil properties in the past with their present values. Books dealing with the oil assessment procedure were also read, and the General Statutes of Kansas were surveyed for laws which concern the oil assessment procedure. Interviews with those county officers who have a role to play in the administration of the oil property tax were a major source of information. Summary and Findings: A lot of oil property is escaping taxation each year. The reason for this is that the assessment procedure has remained basically the same since its inception, and thus it fails to take into consideration the increase in the values of the various items of oil property over the years. The oil and gas schedule does not provide sufficient space for an adequate description of property being assessed. It was recommended that state legislature be passed which requires the oil companies to list all of their oil properties for assessment purposes, that the oil property tax system should be modernized and kept up to date, and that the oil and gas schedule should be enlarged to allow for a more adequate description of oil properties. It was recommended that better qualifications should be adopted for the holder of the oil assessor’s office, and more on the job privileges should be provided for him.
An Investigation of Capital Punishment in the State of Kansas
Authors:   , Garrelts Gayle
Published: February 2023

It is the purpose of this study to present a history of capital punishment in Kansas. There is a brief history of capital punishment dating back to the origins of the death penalty and the schools of thought through various periods of history that have affected the existence of the death penalty. There is also a Kansas statutory history of the death penalty, along with an attempt to establish the legal position of capital punishment as it has existed since its inception. There are attempts to show some aspects of public sentiment during those phases of abolishment or re-establishment of capital punishment. The writer has concentrated on those executions which have occurred in Kansas since 1935, and on the individual, his trial and costs of litigation. The governors’ attitudes regarding the death penalty between 1870 and 1907 made it an anomalous formality; thus, in 1907 it was abolished. Since the death penalty was re-established in 1935, no governor has commuted the death sentence. The opinions of the governors and the general public seem to be, that since it is the law, it should be carried out. From 1935 to 1965, the length of time between sentencing and carrying out the penalty has increased. The federal courts have been confronted with an increasing number of appeals based on a violation of the condemned’s constitutional rights.
Examining How Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Underlying Processes of Trait and State Impulsivity Influence Suicidal Behavior
Authors:   , Duran Julia
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT\r Due to the effects of ACEs and impulsive behavior on mental and physical health, it is important to better understand the relationship between these two as well as how they both may influence choices, such as suicide. Numerous studies have identified impulsive behavior as a risk factor for suicide, however, recent research has identified several underlying independent processes that make up impulsivity. This study uses a broad assessment of trait and state impulsivity to gather a more discrete understanding of the underlying processes that contribute to impulsive behavior. The short version UPPS-P scale was used to measure negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency, and behavioral lab tasks were used to measure prepotent response inhibition, delay discounting, and distortions in elapsed time. Simple bivariate regressions revealed ACEs are a significant predictor of prepotent response inhibition, total S-UPPS-P scores, as well as the subscales of negative urgency, positive urgency, and sensation seeking. A hierarchical regression found total ACE scores, negative urgency, and distortions in elapsed time to be significant predictors of total suicidal behavior scores. Lastly, an ordinal logistic regression suggests a greater likelihood of going from suicidal ideation to planning, and from planning to attempting when ACEs, negative urgency, and lack of premeditation scores are greater. By identifying these specific dimensions of impulsivity as risk factors for suicidal behaviors, we can recognize individuals at greater risk of attempting, as well as target and mitigate the effects of these behaviors through interventions.\r Keywords: Trait Impulsivity, State Impulsivity, ACEs, Suicidal Behaviors
Impact of an Economic Depression on Suicide and Functions of the Social Structure: Kansas 1920-1940
Authors:   , Rose Arthur
Published: February 2023

The impact of war would require a complex and detailed study. The impact of an economic depression would present clearer lines for study and it is selected. This then, is the hypothesis for this study: I f a society is to maintain in itself, its basic functions will not suffer adversely during an economic depression.
The Folk Humor of Faulkner's Frenchman's Bend and Bosman's Groot Marico
Authors:   , Dickson Robert
Published: February 2023

Herman Charles Bosman was a South African writer and a contemporary of William Faulkner. Both writers used the traditions of the American folk humorists in much of their work. This study has set out to define these traditions, and to demonstrate the use of folk humor by both writers, who used it for different reasons and with different results. The locales in which these tales take place are first examined, as are the protagonists, the folk who live in Faulkner’s Frenchman’s Bend and Bosman's Groot Marico. Then the origin and development of folk humor is explored, and its traditions are defined in six categories: point-of view, form, style, plot, setting, and character. By using these six categories, the use of folk humor by both Faulkner and Bosman is demonstrated. They use humor primarily to entertain, but both have additional reasons for its use. Bosman sets out to criticize the society which he portrays, and he uses humor to make this didactic approach palatable to his reading public. Faulkner, in The Hamlet and As I Lay Dying, his two novels about the folk, uses folk humor to balance and complement the underlying tragedy inherent in them. The use of folk humor by Faulkner and Bosman is successful in both cases, and has earned them critical acclaim, which is supported by this study.
The Relationship Between Critical Thinking Skills and on Field Success in College Level Student Athletes
Authors:   , Veliquette Roger
Published: February 2023

In college athletics, the simplest definition for success is winning. However, anyone who has been associated with athletics knows that, at times, a win feels like a loss and a loss feels like a win. Definitions of athletic success were reviewed in the study. In addition, to consider the student half of the student-athlete, a core component of academics, which is critical thinking skill, was reviewed along with the relationship between that and on-field success. The participants for this study were 21 freshmen letter-winning student-athletes at Fort Hays State University, a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II institution. Critical thinking was measured using the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. The sample of freshmen student-athletes from Fort Hays State University had a mean, raw score that was significantly lower than the mean, raw score for freshmen at four-year colleges. Athletic success was measured and defined based on Podlog (2002). This included scores associated with goal achievement and enjoyment of sport. The survey showed a significant correlation with the scores for goal achievement and enjoyment of sport, and no correlation existed between critical thinking and on-field success.
The Effects of Differential Drive Levels on Running Speed and Activity in Frustrative Nonreward
Authors:   , King Dennis
Published: February 2023

This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that as drive level increased, defined by hours of deprivation, activity level increased in each of the two goal boxes, and running speed in alley two increased. The results of the test of this hypothesis should also be greater for the subjects which received the frustration condition than for those which received the reward condition in the post-shift treatment. Twenty-four female albino rats were trained under hunger deprivation to traverse an alley into a goal box, then to leave the goal box and to traverse a second alley into a second goal box. Running speed in alley one and alley two was measured as was activity in goal box one and goal box two. After four days of familiarization training, the actual experiment was begun, in which all subjects received reward in both goal boxes. After five days of 100 percent reward, the post-shift condition was begun, in which half of the subjects for each of the three drive conditions received 50 percent reward in goal box one and 100 percent reward in goal box two, termed the frustration condition. The remaining subjects received 100 percent reward in both goal boxes, termed the reward condition. The statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in running speed in alley two in comparison to that of alley one. The three drive levels, and the reward-frustration condition, were not independent of the running speeds in alley one and alley two. The analysis for activity in the goal boxes was not independent of the three drive levels, and the reward - frustration condition. There also appeared to be wide variance across trials.
Bank Specific Determinants Of Profitability In Turkish Banks
Authors:   , Karakuza Ahmet
Published: February 2023

This paper examines the profitability of Turkish commercial banks during the period 2005 – 2014. We use bank – specific determinants to predict the following years’ profitability measured by return on assets (ROA). Among the performance measures, the amount of net interest income as a proportion of total operating income is positive related to profitability. It remains important for banks to loan money out at a rate higher than their cost of capital. Non-interest income as a proportion of total assets is strongly positively related to profitability. Consumer loans as a proportion of total loans is negatively related to profitability. Our findings indicate that while the traditional source of bank profits from lending remains crucial, diversifying away from consumer loans into earning income from non-interest sources is important for enhancing bank profitability.
A Polarographic Study of Some Halogenated Nitroparaffins
Authors:   , Kullbom Stanley
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine some of the polargraphic characteristics of the reduction of four alpha halogenated nitroparaffins; 1-cholor-1-nitropropane, 2-chloro-2nitropropane, 1-bromo-1-nitropropane, and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane. An additional problem was the preparation and purification of the bromonitropropanes, since only the chloronitropropanes are available commercially.
College Students' Attitudes Toward Sexuality
Authors:   , Medina Marianna
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the researcher was to investigate the sexual attitudes of college students at a western Kansas university. The sample consisted of 201 females, 183 males; 122 freshmen, 72 sophomores, 77 juniors, and 113 seniors, a total of 384 students. The independent variables were gender, dating age, family structure, birth order, and perception of family. The dependent variables were the sub-scale scores of the Sexual Attitude Scale: Permissiveness, Sexual Practices, Communion, and Instrumentality. Six composite null hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance. Each of the composite null hypotheses were tested employing a three-way Analysis of Variance. A total of 80 comparisons (plus 88 recurring comparisons) were made. Twenty of the 80 comparisons were for main effects, 60 for interactions. Of the 20 main effects five were statistically significant at the .05 level. The five significant main effects were the following: 1) gender and the dependent variable Permissiveness, 2) dating age and the dependent variable Permissiveness, 3) birth order and the dependent variable Permissiveness, 4) gender and the dependent variable Instrumentality, and 5) perception of family and the dependent variable Permissiveness. Of the 60 interactions two were statistically significant at the .05 level. The following interactions were statistically significant at the .05 level: 1) gender and the perception of family for the dependent variable Permissiveness; and 2) among gender, fancily structure, and the perception of fancily for the dependent variable Permissiveness. The results of the present study appeared to support the following generalizations: 1) males have a more permissive attitude towards sex than females, 2) those who started dating before age 13 have a more permissive attitude toward sex than those who started dating at an older age, 3) youngest and oldest birth order subjects have a more permissive attitude toward sex than middle born, 4) males were more instrumental than females, 5) subjects who reported 1-4 negative words describing fancily had a more permissive attitude toward sex than those who reported no negative 6) an interaction between gender and the perception of fancily for Permissiveness, and 7) an interaction among gender, family structure, and the perception of family for the dependent variable Permissiveness.
Paintings, Collages, Photographs
Authors:   , Bonner Dana
Published: February 2023

The primary goal of my creative activity is to emphasize the superiority of subjective experience. The accumulation of these inner, personal experiences combine to form each individual’s reality. On a daily basis, these “realities” interact, collide or perhaps, never encounter one another. This interaction or overlapping of various levels of reality, both within the individual and among the collective, has become a major theme of my work.
An Annotated Plant List for Adams' Ranch Osage County, Oklahoma
Authors:   , Dwyer Don
Published: February 2023

This thesis represents an annotated plant list for a 30,000 acre tract of land located in the northern part of Osage county, Oklahoma, and the very southern extremities of Cowley and Chautauqua counties, Kansas. This area lies in the True Prairie with big and little bluestem (Andropogon gerardi and A. scoparius) as the dominant vegetation. Plant collections were made and plants identified during the summers of 1956 and 1957. The annotations are brief descriptions of the plants which include height, flowering period, flower color, preferred site and measurements of various plant parts which might aid in identification. There are about one-third of the plants illustrated by photographs. These include the most important species of the area. There were 315 species represented in the area. Of these, 19 are tree species. These were distributed among 66 different families and 197 genera. A total of 56 species belonging to the Gramineae represented 18 per cent of all species recorded; 52 or 17 per cent are compositae and 29 or 9 per cent are Leguminosae. An estimate of the number of plants per acre based on forb counts taken during the two summers are included in the forb annotations. The most abundant forb on the ranch was western ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya), a rhizomatous perennial, with 67,942 plants per acre. Common broomweed (Gutirrezia dracunculoides) was the most abundant annual forb with 24,444 plants per acre. A herbarium with a representative of each plant found on the ranch was made. This is located at the Phillips Agricultural Demonstration project headquarters on Adams Ranch and will be used by visitors to the project as well as future research workers.
Competitive Effects of Japanese Brome (Bromus Japonicus Thunb.) on Native Perennial Grasses
Authors:   , Wolters Gale
Published: February 2023

A portion of the mixed prairie was studied in an attempt to measure the effects of Japanese brome on production of native perennial grass. Vegetation was analyzed by paired foot-square quadrats. Japanese brome was removed from treated plots and control plots were left as they naturally occur. Microclimate study consisted of soil temperature and soil moisture under both treatments. Germination tests on Japanese brome were conducted in a Mangelsdorf germinator and early growth and development was studied with the use of phytometers in the greenhouse. Averages for a six-week period showed 20.90 and 18.18 percent soil moisture for treated and control plots, respectively, representing a statistically significant difference in soil moisture content. Highly significant differences in soil temperature existed between treated and control plots with averages of 22.4 and 20.70⁰ C., respectively. Production of Japanese brome averaged 1, 774 pounds per acre on March 1 but production decreased to an average of 957 pounds per acre by maturity (June 30). No statistical difference was found between the yield of perennial grasses from treated and control plots at maturity of Japanese brome (June 30) when the annual was removed from the treated plots on March 16. Production of perennial grasses at the end of the growing season (September 19) was significantly greater on the control plots than on treated plots with averages of 2,394 and 2,214 pounds per acre, respectively, when Japanese brome was removed from the treated plots on March 16. Removal of Japanese brome at maturity (June 30) had no effect on production of perennial grasses which averaged 2,385 and 2,394 pounds per acre for treated and control plots, respectively. Total yearly production on control plots (perennial grass plus Japanese brome) averaged 2,877 pounds per acre. Germination of Japanese brome caryopses averaged 94 percent. Freezing Japanese brome caryopses before germination had no effect on percentage germination, but non-frozen caryopses germinated approximately four hours sooner than frozen caryopses. Early growth and development of Japanese brome was observed from the Simple one-leaf two-root stage after four days of growth to the highly complex growth development 49 days after germination. The primary root penetrated to a depth of 81.0 cm. and the maximum depth of penetration of the 11 secondary roots was 77.5 cm. with a lateral spread of 15.0 cm. after seven weeks of growth. An average of 14 leaves per plant were found after seven weeks of growth.
The Dull Knife Raid of 1878 : A Study of the Frontier
Authors:   , Powers Ramon
Published: February 2023

The Dull Knife outbreak of 1878 was one of the last Indian raids in the United States. It was part of the general conflict which plagued frontier America from its very genesis to the latter part of the nineteenth century. The frontiersman-Indian conflict can only be explained through a study of the actual confrontation of the Indians and the whites. The Indian and the frontiersman differed in their conception of land use. In the Northern Cheyenne's relationship with the United States government, that difference was manifested in the treaty which forced the northern tribe to the southern agency, and the attempt of the agency to \civilize\ the Cheyenne. The conditions in Indian Territory were unbearable for the Northern Cheyenne who had been forced there by an illegal treaty. The annuities and rations guaranteed these Indians were not supplied in full measure showing the infidelity of the government in its role as benefactor of the red man. The outbreak from Darlington Agency, the raids in southwest Kansas, and the Sappa creek and Beaver creek massacres were defiant acts of revenge against the whites who were taking over their country. Indian ingenuity and military failure characterize this outbreak. Serious problems plagued the United States Army in protecting the frontier and the public was unwilling to either give support to the army in suppressing the Indians or leave the red man to determine his own future in his own way. The settler demanded the services of the state and federal government to protect him in his exploitation of the earth's resources. The might of a new industrial nation was on his side and he won.
A Study of the Effects of a Children's Literature Program on the Reading Attitudes of First and Fourth Grades
Authors:   , Lohfink Gayla
Published: February 2023

In the study of the effects of a teacher-planned literature instructional program, a teacher read-aloud program, and a non-specified reading instructional program on the reading attitudes of first and fourth grade students in two rural, western Kansas public schools, two statistical designs were employed. Four null hypotheses were tested with the pre-test/post- test control group design. Assessment of the 54 first graders and the 42 fourth graders' reading attitudes involved the utilization of the Primary Reading Attitude Index, Inventory of Reading Attitude, and the Reading Attitude Inventory (modified). No significant differences in adjusted post - mean attitude scores were evident in the results of the analyses of covariance for both the first and fourth graders. Additionally, no statistical differences in reading attitudes were found between the boys and girls who participated in the literature implementation program (first and fourth grade). Three null hypotheses were tested using the post-measure one group design. Each of the hypotheses regarding the comparison of first and fourth grade students' enjoyment of school reading on the student opinionnaire was rejected. A significant difference in the analysis of variance among the comparisons of first graders' mean ratings on the student opinionnaire revealed that those pupils who received the literature-based treatment program expressed more positive attitudes toward reading than the two control groups. No significant differences among the fourth graders' mean ratings on the students’ opinionnaire were noted. Results from the t-tests indicated statistically significant differences between the calculated mean ratings for the first and fourth grade pupils and the theoretical mean of the student opinionnaire, whereby more positive attitudes were yielded by the students involved in the implementation program. Similarly, results from a t-test revealed a statistically significant difference between the calculated mean ratings of the teachers involved in the project and the theoretical mean of the teacher opinionnaire. Teacher s who participated in the investigation expressed more positive opinions than would have been statistically expected. Thus, a total of seven null hypotheses were tested in the study, of which three were rejected.
Geological and Structural Analysis of the Surface Geology of Ellis County, Kansas
Authors:   , Pool James
Published: February 2023

A detailed surficial geologic map of Ellis County, Kansas was produced as a pilot study in the Kansas Geological Survey's (KGS) effort to remap the entire state. This study determined the efficiency, reliability, and financial suitability of mapping with published soil survey data. If the parent material of a soil type is determined, a surficial geologic map of the existing rock units underlying the soils may be produced. Generally, the soil survey data proved to be an accurate reflection of the underlying bedrock and provided the means of producing an extremely detailed geologic map. The final geologic map was produced by computer-aided cartography using the GIMMAP (Geodata Interactive Management Map Analysis and Production) system developed at the KGS. Three-point solution methods indicated that the surficial strata in Ellis County are essentially horizontal. Lineament analyses of a black and white aerial photographic mosaic and a series of color infrared aerial photographs suggested that the lineament features in Ellis County are stream-related.
The Gathering
Authors:   , Clause Rodney
Published: February 2023

The majority of my work consists of human fragments and their emotional content. Each part of the human body contains the ability to communicate without words, but with gesture. As my art changes, so does my emotions. As my emotions change, so does my art. My art is an impulse that is connected with the impulse to express and communicate, therefore my art may be regarded as a mode of expression or language without words. Art is like a dream which forms a mode of imaginative realization of human emotions.
The Problem of France and its Effect on the Potsdam Agreements
Authors:   , Anderson Larry
Published: February 2023

France, in the Potsdam Agreements, was accorded equal power in the occupation and control of defeated Germany with the Big Three. Yet, the French were not bound, in any way, to the Potsdam Agreements by which the occupation and control of defeated Germany was to proceed. The purpose of this study has been to discover how and why this omission occurred and its effect upon the Pots dam design. Pursuance of this study led to an investigation of Big Three wartime summit meetings and of Big Three relations with France during the various phases of the war. From June of 1940 to October of 1944 the Big Three were faced with the problem of finding and recognizing a French Government representative of the French people. Following the recognition of the Provisional Government of France on October 23, 1944, the three great powers were faced with de Gaulle's chauvinistic and ambitious plans for himself as well as his nation. Full responsibility for the obstruction, however, cannot be delegated to France alone, for the responsibility must be shared by all four nations. By their attitude, the Soviets implied a continual belief in French inferiority, and Russia became a new symbol of danger to French security. Great Britain and the United States, although the main supporters of French rights, failed to support France adequately when she needed it most. The result was the frustration of the Potsdam design for the occupation and control of defeated Germany. The planned coordinated approach was replaced by a national zonal approach. The long-range effect can be discerned in the Berlin wall and the lack of unity between the Western powers; both of which are, in part, a result of the French obstruction following Germany's surrender.
Differences in Defensive Styles in Males and Females as Disclosed by the Repression-Sensitization Scale
Authors:   , Most Charles
Published: February 2023

Males and females differ in their defensive responses to verbal stimuli that are most directly sexually suggestive. 200 subjects were administered Byrne's Revised Repression-Sensitization Scale creating a normative distribution, in which only the upper and lower 27% of the sample (106 subjects) (repressers and sensitizers) were administered the Galbriath Word Association Test. It was hypothesized that females as a group would behave as \repressers”, exhibit shorter latencies and respond to sexually suggestive words with neutral or nonthreatening interpretations. Males as a group were hypothesized to behave as \sensitizers\, exhibit longer response latencies and respond to sexually suggestive words with conflict-laden and emotional content. Responses were analyzed using one-way analysis of variances and a CRF 2,2 analysis of variance. Results indicate that males and females are dichotomized on the R-5 scale with males responding as \sensitizers\ and females as \repressers\ (p < .05). Females responded to sexually suggestive stimuli with neutral or nonthreatening interpretations and males with conflict-laden and emotional content (p < .01). Differences in latencies were not evidenced; this is probably due to the nature of the Word Association Test, in that, it did not produce enough anxiety in which to measure defensiveness in regard to latencies. The major hypothesis that males and females have different defensive reactions as measured on the R-S scale was supported.
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Western Kansas Feedlots and Sewage Treatment Plants
Authors:   , Zwenger Samuel
Published: February 2023

Antibiotics are used in human medicine as well as agriculture. In the United States thousands of tons of antibiotics are annually given in low levels to livestock as prophylactics and to promote growth. This is in addition to antibiotic treatments needed when they have a bacterial infection. Antibiotics used in human medicine, such as penicillin, have shown a general trend of decreasing effectiveness that has been attributed in part to overuse or improper use. The use of antibiotics in agriculture might lead to similar resistance patterns. This might render antibiotics and their analogs less effective when needed in a clinical setting. To examine current resistance trends, soil samples were collected from pens at ten beef cattle feedlots across western Kansas. Soil samples were screened for bacteria resistant to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, all of which are considered broad spectrum antibiotics. Each antibiotic was tested at a concentration of 100[micro] g mL[-1]. Some bacteria isolates showed single drug resistance while others showed resistance to more than one antibiotic. Half of the antibiotics produced each year in the United States are used in human medicine. After antibiotics are administered they might pass through the patient and leave the body without being completely metabolized. This might contribute to an enormous amount of antibiotics entering sewage wastewater. The selection for antibiotic resistant bacteria might occur in sewage wastewater. Bacteria might develop high levels of resistance and perhaps resistance to multiple antibiotics. The mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer might facilitate the transfer of resistance genes within a bacterial population. Bacteria or their DNA might leave a sewage treatment plant (STP). Therefore, an understanding of antibiotic resistant bacteria leaving sewage treatment plants might be medically important to humans. I sampled the influent of five sewage treatment plants and isolated bacteria resistant to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, all broad spectrum antibiotics. I determined the minimum inhibitory concentration of each isolate and also determined multiple resistance to either ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol or tetracycline. All sewage plants sampled contained bacteria resistant to at least one of the three antibiotics tested.