bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Persuasive Effects of Emotive Visual Imagery: Superficial Manipulation or the Product of Passionate Reason?
Authors: Huddy Leonie , Gunnthorsdottir Anna H.
Published: March 2003

This study reevaluates the persuasive impact of emotional visual appeals within politics and examines two different explanations for their effects. One possibility is that the effects of emotive visual images are essentially superficial in nature, consistent with the view that feelings aroused by an affective image are transferred somewhat mechanically to a political candidate or cause with which it is paired. This transfer‐of‐affect explanation suggests that emotional appeals may work best among the least informed voters or those paying the least attention to a persuasive political message. The second possibility is that emotional appeals work via passionate reason, in which affective responses to an emotive image are integrated with, and potentially bias, reasoned thought about the accompanying message. This integrated approach leads to the counterintuitive prediction that individuals who are most highly involved in an issue (and who know the most about it) are most influenced by emotional imagery. This prediction arises from growing evidence that people highly involved in value‐laden social issues generate the strongest emotional responses to issue‐related persuasive appeals. These two models were tested in a study in which undergraduate students were presented with a picture of a cute or an ugly animal and a flyer from an organization advocating a pro‐ or anti‐environment stance with respect to preserving the animal's habitat. The responses showed that emotive imagery was most persuasive among the most involved environment supporters, providing clear evidence of passionate reasoning.
Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action as a Function of Racial Identity Among African American College Students
Authors: Schmermund Anke , Sellers Robert , Mueller Birgit , Crosby Faye
Published: March 2003

Variations in support for affirmative action were assessed in a sample of 181 African American college students in Massachusetts. These students generally endorsed affirmative action, and endorsement varied positively as a function of the belief that one had personally benefited from affirmative action. Aspects of racial identity, indexed by the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity, also predicted variations in attitudes toward affirmative action, over and above background factors and personal benefit. Consistent with realistic group conflict theory, the most influential aspects of identity were centrality (i.e., the degree to which group identity is central to personal identity), private regard (i.e., pride in the group), and an oppressed minority ideology (i.e., a viewpoint that emphasizes the similarities between African Americans and other oppressed groups).
Scale Invariance of Incident Size Distributions in Response to Sizes of Their Causes
Authors: Englehardt James D.
Published: March 2003

Incidents can be defined as low‐probability, high‐consequence events and lesser events of the same type. Lack of data on extremely large incidents makes it difficult to determine distributions of incident size that reflect such disasters, even though they represent the great majority of total losses. If the form of the incident size distribution can be determined, then predictive Bayesian methods can be used to assess incident risks from limited available information. Moreover, incident size distributions have generally been observed to have scale invariant, or power law, distributions over broad ranges. Scale invariance in the distributions of sizes of outcomes of complex dynamical systems has been explained based on mechanistic models of natural and built systems, such as models of self‐organized criticality. In this article, scale invariance is shown to result also as the maximum Shannon entropy distribution of incident sizes arising as the product of arbitrary functions of cause sizes. Entropy is shown by simulation and derivation to be maximized as a result of dependence, diversity, abundance, and entropy of multiplicative cause sizes. The result represents an information‐theoretic explanation of invariance, parallel to those of mechanistic models. For example, distributions of incident size resulting from 30 partially dependent causes are shown to be scale invariant over several orders of magnitude. Empirical validation of power law distributions of incident size is reviewed, and the Pareto (power law) distribution is validated against oil spill, hurricane, and insurance data. The applicability of the Pareto distribution, in particular, for assessment of total losses over a planning period is discussed. Results justify the use of an analytical, predictive Bayesian version of the Pareto distribution, derived previously, to assess incident risk from available data.
Valuation of Childhood Risk Reduction: The Importance of Age, Risk Preferences, and Perspective
Authors: Dockins Chris , Jenkins Robin R. , Owens Nicole , Simon Nathalie B. , Wiggins Lanelle Bembenek
Published: March 2003

This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness‐to‐pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided. The second dimension of the problem is a more fundamental issue: Whose perspective is relevant when valuing children's health effects—society's, children's, adults‐as‐children, or parents'? Each perspective is considered, followed ultimately by the conclusion that adopting a parental perspective through an intrahousehold allocation model seems closest to meeting the needs of the estimation problem at hand. A policy example in which the choice of perspective affects the outcome of a regulatory benefit‐cost analysis rounds out the article and emphasizes the importance of perspective.
Identification and Review of Sensitivity Analysis Methods
Authors: Christopher Frey H. , Patil Sumeet R.
Published: March 2003

Identification and qualitative comparison of sensitivity analysis methods that have been used across various disciplines, and that merit consideration for application to food‐safety risk assessment models, are presented in this article. Sensitivity analysis can help in identifying critical control points, prioritizing additional data collection or research, and verifying and validating a model. Ten sensitivity analysis methods, including four mathematical methods, five statistical methods, and one graphical method, are identified. The selected methods are compared on the basis of their applicability to different types of models, computational issues such as initial data requirement and complexity of their application, representation of the sensitivity, and the specific uses of these methods. Applications of these methods are illustrated with examples from various fields. No one method is clearly best for food‐safety risk models. In general, use of two or more methods, preferably with dissimilar theoretical foundations, may be needed to increase confidence in the ranking of key inputs.
Use of Sensitivity Analysis to Assess Reliability of Metabolic and Physiological Models
Authors: Kohn Michael C.
Published: March 2003

Because ethical considerations often preclude directly determining the human health effects of treatments or interventions by experimentation, such effects are estimated by extrapolating reactions predicted from animal experiments. Under such conditions, it must be demonstrated that the reliability of the extrapolated predictions is not excessively affected by inherent data limitations and other components of model specification. This is especially true of high‐level models composed of ad hoc algebraic equations whose parameters do not correspond to specific physical properties or processes. Models based on independent experimental data restricting the numerical space of parameters that do represent actual physical properties can be represented at a more detailed level. Sensitivities of the computed trajectories to parameter variations permit more detailed attribution of uncertainties in the predictions to these low‐level properties. S‐systems, in which parameters are estimated empirically, and physiological models, whose parameters can be estimated accurately from independent data, are used to illustrate the applicability of trajectory sensitivity analysis to lower‐level models.
Fusion of Intelligence Information: A Bayesian Approach
Authors: Paté‐Cornell Elisabeth
Published: March 2003

The attack that occurred on September 11, 2001 was, in the end, the result of a failure to detect and prevent the terrorist operations that hit the United States. The U.S. government thus faces at this time the daunting tasks of first, drastically increasing its ability to obtain and interpret different types of signals of impending terrorist attacks with sufficient lead time and accuracy, and second, improving its ability to react effectively. One of the main challenges is the fusion of information, from different sources (U.S. or foreign), and of different types (electronic signals, human intelligence, etc.). Fusion thus involves two very distinct and separate issues: communications, i.e., ensuring that the different U.S. and foreign intelligence agencies communicate all relevant and accurate information in a timely fashion and, perhaps more difficult, merging the content of signals, some ``sharp'' and some ``fuzzy,'' some dependent and some independent into useful information. The focus of this article is on the latter issue, and on the use of the results. In this article, I present a classic probabilistic Bayesian model sometimes used in engineering risk analysis, which can be helpful in the fusion of information because it allows computation of the posterior probability of an event given its prior probability (before the signal is observed) and the quality of the signal characterized by the probabilities of false positive and false negative. Experience suggests that the nature of these errors has been sometimes misunderstood; therefore, I discuss the validity of several possible definitions.
Use of Quality‐Adjusted Life Year Weights with Dose‐Response Models for Public Health Decisions: A Case Study of the Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption
Authors: Ponce Rafael A. , Bartell Scott M. , Wong Eva Y. , LaFlamme Denise , Carrington Clark , Lee Robert C. , Patrick Donald L. , Faustman Elaine M. , Bolger Michael
Published: March 2003

Risks associated with toxicants in food are often controlled by exposure reduction. When exposure recommendations are developed for foods with both harmful and beneficial qualities, however, they must balance the associated risks and benefits to maximize public health. Although quantitative methods are commonly used to evaluate health risks, such methods have not been generally applied to evaluating the health benefits associated with environmental exposures. A quantitative method for risk‐benefit analysis is presented that allows for consideration of diverse health endpoints that differ in their impact (i.e., duration and severity) using dose‐response modeling weighted by quality‐adjusted life years saved. To demonstrate the usefulness of this method, the risks and benefits of fish consumption are evaluated using a single health risk and health benefit endpoint. Benefits are defined as the decrease in myocardial infarction mortality resulting from fish consumption, and risks are defined as the increase in neurodevelopmental delay (i.e., talking) resulting from prenatal methylmercury exposure. Fish consumption rates are based on information from Washington State. Using the proposed framework, the net health impact of eating fish is estimated in either a whole population or a population consisting of women of childbearing age and their children. It is demonstrated that across a range of fish methylmercury concentrations (0–1 ppm) and intake levels (0–25 g/day), individuals would have to weight the neurodevelopmental effects 6 times more (in the whole population) or 250 times less (among women of child‐bearing age and their children) than the myocardial infarction benefits in order to be ambivalent about whether or not to consume fish. These methods can be generalized to evaluate the merits of other public health and risk management programs that involve trade‐offs between risks and benefits.
Daily Soil Ingestion Estimates for Children at a Superfund Site
Authors: Stanek III Edward J. , Calabrese Edward J.
Published: March 2003

Ingestion of contaminated soil by children may result in significant exposure to toxic substances at contaminated sites. Estimates of such exposure are based on extrapolation of short‐term‐exposure estimates to longer time periods. This article provides daily estimates of soil ingestion on 64 children between the ages of 1 and 4 residing at a Superfund site; these values are employed to estimate the distribution of 7‐day average soil ingestion exposures (mean, 31 mg/day; median, 17 mg/day) at a contaminated site over different time periods. Best linear unbiased predictors of the 95th‐percentile of soil ingestion over 7 days, 30 days, 90 days, and 365 days are 133 mg/day, 112 mg/day, 108 mg/day and 106 mg/day, respectively. Variance components estimates (excluding titanium and outliers, based on Tukey's far‐out criteria) are given for soil ingestion between subjects (59 mg/day)2, between days on a subject (95 mg/day)2, and for uncertainty on a subject‐day (132 mg/day)2. These results expand knowledge of potential exposure to contaminants among young children from soil ingestion at contaminated sites. They also provide basic distributions that serve as a starting point for use in Monte Carlo risk assessments.
Evaluation of the Physical Hazards Associated with Two Remedial Alternatives at a Superfund Site
Authors: Scott Paul K. , Pittignano Alex , Finley Brent L.
Published: March 2003

This study presents an evaluation of the risks due to the physical hazards associated with two remedial alternatives for a former chemical manufacturing facility in New Jersey. Both the on‐site and off‐site risk of work‐related fatalities during remedy implementation and the risks of accident or accident‐related fatalities during the off‐site transport of site‐related materials were evaluated. The two remedial alternatives evaluated were on‐site containment and excavation with off‐site incineration. The risk of at least one fatality due to a work‐related accident was estimated for on‐site activities associated with each remedial alternative, and for off‐site incineration. The risks of at least one accident and of one accident‐related fatality were calculated with accident and fatality data from the U.S. Department of Transportation. In addition, the risk of at least one accident that might potentially affect a natural resource (e.g., river, lake, or national park) was evaluated. This evaluation indicates that the risk of a work‐related fatality is over an order of magnitude higher, and the risk of an accident or accident‐related fatality is over three orders of magnitude higher, for the excavation/off‐site incineration remedial alternative than for the on‐site containment alternative. Overall, this study indicates that the physical hazards associated with excavation and off‐site incineration are much greater than those associated with on‐site containment for this site. Therefore, if a choice between the two remedial alternatives were to be made based solely on physical hazards and accident risk, the on‐site containment alternative would be more protective of human health and the environment than the excavation/off‐site incineration alternative.
Public Response to the Tokai Nuclear Accident
Authors: Katsuya Tsunoda
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the influence of the September 30, 1999 nuclear accident in Tokai village (Japan) on the public’s attitudes toward nuclear power in Japan. The data used in this report were taken from the results of two surveys conducted mainly to measure the attitudes of the Japanese public with regard to the use of nuclear power in Japan. The first survey was done before the accident in District 23 in Tokyo and also in Osaka and Nagoya. The second survey, which took place after the accident in District 23 in Tokyo and in Osaka and Nagoya, also included residents in a number of other cities of various sizes throughout Japan. The results of the two surveys showed that (1) acceptability of and trust in nuclear power operation had decreased, (2) perceived accident likelihood and public interest had significantly increased, and (3) there had been neither significant nor even a small change in the public’s self‐rated knowledge about nuclear power or their distrust of the government. The results also showed that the ratio of nuclear power generation opponents to total respondents had considerably increased (7% to 23%) whereas nuclear power generation supporters had moderately decreased (1% to 12%).
Religion as Orienting Worldview
Authors: Peterson Gregory R.
Published: March 2003

Religions are complex, and any attempt at defining religion necessarily falls short. Nevertheless, any scholarly inquiry into the nature of religion must use some criteria in order to evaluate and study the character of religious traditions across contexts. To this end, I propose understanding religion in terms of an orienting worldview. Religions are worldviews that are expressed not only in beliefs but also in narratives and symbols. More than this, religions orient action, and any genuine religious tradition necessarily is concerned with normative behavior, whether ethical or religious in character. Such an understanding of religion has several advantages, one of which is its natural relation to current forms of the science‐religion dialogue. Not only can the findings of cognitive science and related areas inform us about the nature of religion; scientific discoveries also prove to be important for any religious synthesis that attempts to construct a worldview for the twenty‐first century.
The Extended Case Method
Authors: Burawoy Michael
Published: March 2003

In this article I elaborate and codify the extended case method, which deploys participant observation to locate everyday life in its extralocal and historical context. The extended case method emulates a reflexive model of science that takes as its premise the intersubjectivity of scientist and subject of study. Reflexive science valorizes intervention, process, structuration, and theory reconstruction. It is the Siamese twin of positive science that proscribes reactivity, but upholds reliability, replicability, and representativeness. Positive science, exemplified by survey research, works on the principle of the separation between scientists and the subjects they examine. Positive science is limited by “context effects” (interview, respondent, field, and situational effects) while reflexive science is limited by “power effects” (domination, silencing, objectification, and normalization). The article concludes by considering the implications of having two models of science rather than one, both of which are necessarily flawed. Throughout I use a study of postcolonialism to illustrate both the virtues and the shortcomings of the extended case method.

Methodology can only bring us reflective understanding of the means which have demonstrated their value in practice by raising them to the level of explicit consciousness; it is no more the precondition of fruitful intellectual work than the knowledge of anatomy is the precondition of“correct” walking.

Max Weber— The Methodology of the Social Sciences
Religious Culture and Political Action
Authors: Wood Richard L.
Published: March 2003

Recent work by political sociologists and social movement theorists extend our understanding of how religious institutions contribute to expanding democracy, but nearly all analyze religious institutions as institutions; few focus directly on what religion qua religion might contribute. This article strives to illuminate the impact of religious culture per se, extending recent work on religion and democratic life by a small group of social movement scholars trained also in the sociology of religion. In examining religion's democratic impact, an explicitly cultural analysis inspired by the new approach to political culture developed by historical sociologists and cultural analysts of democracy is used to show the power of this approach and to provide a fuller theoretical account of how cultural dynamics shape political outcomes. The article examines religious institutions as generators of religious culture, presents a theoretical model of how religious cultural elements are incorporated into social movements and so shape their internal political cultures, and discusses how this in turn shapes their impact in the public realm. This model is then applied to a key site of democratic struggle: four efforts to promote social justice among low-income urban residents of the United States, including the most widespread such effort—faith-based community organizing.
Processes and Mechanisms of Democratization
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: March 2003

Unlike Artistotle's analysis, recent treatments of democratization identify pathways and propose necessary conditions but fall short of specifying cause-effect relations. Democratization does not follow a single path, and is unlikely to have universally applicable necessary or sufficient conditions. A political process analysis of democratization defines it as movement toward broad citizenship, equal citizenship, binding consultation of citizens, and protection of citizens from arbitrary state action. High levels of all four elements depend on a significant degree of state capacity. Democratization emerges from interacting changes in public politics, categorical inequality, and networks of trust, which in turn depend on specifiable mechanisms of change in social relations. When the shocks of conquest, confrontation, colonization, and revolution promote democratization, they do so by accelerating the same causal mechanisms. The next round of research and theory on democratization requires identification, verification, and connection of the relevant causal mechanisms.
Beyond Agency
Authors: Fuchs Stephan
Published: March 2003

The reason why agency/structure and micro/macro debates remain unresolved is the bad essentialist habit of treating such pairs as opposite natural kinds. Once variation is allowed, agency and structure, or micro and macro, are temporary poles bracketing a continuum, with social entities moving along this continuum over time. Explaining these transformations from agency into structure, or micro into macro, and vice versa is the challenge for explanatory theory. This challenge is met by switching to a constructivist level of second-order observing. Then, agency and structure become variable devices or frames different observers might use to perform different sorts of cultural work.
Optimal Layout of Bridge Trusses by Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Soh Chee‐Kiong , Yang Jiaping
Published: March 2003

In this paper we present an approach to the layout and shape‐optimization problem of bridge truss structures using genetic algorithms. The objective is to find an optimal layout design that will have minimum weight or material volume, subject to performance constraints related to member stresses, joint displacements, and member buckling. An automated two‐stage optimization search process, which integrates structural analysis by finite‐element method, genetic algorithms, and cognitive topology patterns (domain knowledge), is developed to solve the optimal problem. Two examples concerning bridge truss structure are investigated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in solving these layout‐optimization problems.
Distributed Computing and Simulation in a Traffic Research Test Bed
Authors: Jayakrishnan R. , Rindt Craig R.
Published: March 2003

This article describes the laboratory backbone of the California Advanced Research Testbed (CART), which is integrated with an actual urban traffic network. The research laboratory is based at the University of California at Irvine (UCI) and has real‐time communication capabilities with several traffic‐control centers in Orange County, California. We discuss a simulation and optimization environment that provides the capabilities to study various components of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) in conjunction with the available real‐world connections. The platform accommodates system components such as communications, computing, modeling, prediction, optimization, and control with sufficient flexibility that different candidate system designs can be studied. The article focuses on distributed computing issues and implementation of the hybrid simulation framework that includes integrated microscopic and macroscopic simulation models.
Earthquake Response Spectra Models Incorporating Fuzzy Logic with Statistics
Authors: Wadia‐Fascetti Sara , Gunes Burcu
Published: March 2003

It is well accepted that the ground motion at a site depends on the rupture mechanism, source‐to‐site distance, local geologic conditions, and energy released by the earthquake. However, design spectra represent expected responses that do not explicitly include the influence of the uncertainties associated with these fundamental features. The objective of this article is to present a viable methodology that can be used to develop a response spectra using fuzzy logic and statistical analysis and to demonstrate how fuzzy‐statistical response spectra can be used to evaluate potential structural response.

Site‐specific response spectra from the Northridge earthquake are used to develop response spectra models that quantify uncertainties inherent to the ground motion. The uncertainty in these computational models is quantified using fuzzy‐set logic, statistics, and random vibrations. The local geologic conditions are characterized as rock or alluvium, and fuzzy sets are used to represent near, intermediate, and far epicentral distances. Proposed ground‐motion models are used to define uncertain input motion for use in dynamic analyses of an example building. The resulting structural responses are compared with those obtained from time‐dependent accelerations. Comparisons are made with the current design codes, and suggested implementation strategies for the proposed models are discussed.
Selection of Methodology for Neural Network Modeling of Constitutive Hystereses Behavior of Soils
Authors: Basheer Imad A.
Published: March 2003

Classic constitutive modeling of geomaterials based on the elasticity and plasticity theories suffers from limitations pertaining to formulation complexity, idealization of behavior, and excessive empirical parameters. This article capitalizes on the modeling capabilities of neural networks as substitutes for the classic approaches. The neural network–based modeling overcomes the difficulties encountered in understanding the underlying microscopic processes governing the material's behavior by redirecting the efforts into learning the cause‐effect relations from behavioral examples. Several methodologies are presented and cross‐compared for effectiveness in approximating a theoretical hysteresis model resembling stress‐strain behavior. The most effective methodology was used in modeling the constitutive behavior of an experimentally tested soil and produced models that simulated the real behavior of the soil with high accuracy. Although these models are empirical, they are retrainable and thus, unlike classic constitutive modeling techniques, can be revised and generalized easily when new data become available.
Valuation Bias in Commercial Appraisal: A Transaction Price Feedback Experiment
Authors: Hansz J. Andrew , Diaz III Julian
Published: March 2003

Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that transaction price feedback may bias valuation judgment. Among participating appraisers, evidence of asymmetrical response was found. The group receiving transaction feedback indicating that current judgments were “too low” responded with judgments in subsequent, unrelated valuations that were significantly higher than the group that received no feedback. The response from “too high” feedback was in the expected direction (lower value judgments) but was not significant. Additionally, valuation dispersion of around 10% revealed in these experiments is consistent with studies of valuation variability and may reflect an upper bound of typical commercial appraisal dispersion.
Decentralization in Pollution Permit Markets
Authors: Yates Andrew
Published: March 2003

A pollution permit market is decentralized when firms are allowed to trade permits across time, regions or pollutants. Using a model in which firms have better information about their abatement costs than a regulator, we develop a comparative advantage formula that delineates whether or not pollution permit markets should be decentralized. When the damage from pollution is described by a separable function, the formula implies a simple sufficient condition for not allowing decentralization.
The Son’s Assumption of a Human Nature: A Call for Clarity
Authors: Kapic Kelly M.
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to bring some clarity to the controversial question of whether the Son of God assumed a fallen or unfallen human nature. We briefly survey conflicting historical assessments and continuing perplexity related to this question. Next we argue that much contemporary confusion can only be removed by first noting how John Calvin and Reformation catechisms tended to understand the idea of Jesus’ sinlessness. In conclusion, from the vast literature on the subject we outline seven points which may serve contemporary reflection on this question by showing where the two views agree, disagree, or show internal divisions.
Between the Rock and a Hard Place: In Support of (something like) a Reformed View of the Eucharist
Authors: Farrow Douglas
Published: March 2003

In this article, Calvin’s eucharistic theology is re‐read in the light of Aquinas, Augustine, Irenaeus, Luther, Jean‐Luc Marion, Graham Ward and Catherine Pickstock. It is found to have great strengths, sucessfully avoiding both static ideas of Christ’s presence and individual nominalism, while allowing a prominent place for the Holy Spirit and room for the believer’s faith. Calvin took account of the doctrine of the Ascension quite differently from Luther by stressing Christ’s bodily absence from this world. The article argues that this dialectic of presence and absence would gain from giving it a temporal dimension, giving more weight to eschatology.
Multinational Corporations and Spillovers
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Kokko Ari
Published: March 2003

This paper examines spillover effects of the activities of multinational firms. Such effects are most likely to be found in host countries, where the operations of foreign multinationals may influence local firms in the MNCs own industry as well as firms in other industries. However, there is no comprehensive evidence on the exact nature or magnitude of these effects, although it is suggested that host country spillovers vary systematically between countries and industries. In particular, the positive effects of foreign investment are likely to increase with the level of local capability and competition. The spillovers to the home countries of MNCs are often more difficult to identify, for various reasons. Earlier studies suggest that the effects are generally positive, but the increasing international division of labor within multinationals complicates the analysis. The impact on the home country is likely to depend on what activities these firms concentrate at home.
Robustness and Local Linearisation in Economic Models
Authors: George Donald , Oxley Les
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the importance of nonlinear dynamics from a theoretical and an empirical point of view. It stresses the need for global as opposed to local analysis and develops the important concept of robustness. Using this concept, the paper argues that much modern macroeconomics can be dismissed on methodological grounds alone. The paper also deals with the empirics of hyperinflation and with the detection of chaos in financial markets.
Macroeconomic Measures of ‘Sustainability’
Authors: Hanley Nick
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the policy need for indicators of ‘sustainable development’, and the impetus behind recent moves to establish official indicators. The range of indicators available from current economic theory is then examined. These measures may be divided into those based on flows and those based on stocks. Flow‐based measures are essentially attempts to adjust Net National Product to transform it into an indicator of sustainability. Stock‐based measures revolve around the concept of the natural and man‐made capital stocks. We also consider the idea of Safe Minimum Standards as a sustainability indicator. The paper concludes that no currently‐available single measure of sustainability is likely to be adequate.
Social Capital: One or Many? Definition and Measurement
Authors: Paldam Martin
Published: March 2003

Three families of social capital concepts are discussed: (fa1) trust, (fa2) ease of cooperation, and (fa3) network. In the language of game theory, social capital is the excess propensity to play cooperative solutions in prisoners’ dilemma games. The three families lead to different definitions, and thus to different measurement methods. Some measures are theory‐near, while others are easy‐to‐use proxies. It is shown that all definitions and measures are related. The ‘social capital dream’ is that all definitions try to catch aspects of the same phenomenon, so that all measures tap the same latent variable. It is discussed whether this dream is likely to come true.
The Political Economy of Shock Therapy
Authors: Marangos John
Published: March 2003

The collapse of the centrally administered economies gave rise to a transition process towards economic systems based on market relations. Nevertheless, the transition process is not restricted to the economic field. The political and ideological aspects of the transformation are fundamental. As such an analysis of the shock therapy model requires the exposition of what I define the primary elements of the shock therapy model which are: 1) The body of economic analysis used by the shock therapy model. 2) What structure of society the shock therapy model desires to achieve? 3) The speed of the reforms. 4) The political structure consistent with the model. 5) The consistent ideological structure. After the identification of the primary elements of the shock therapy model the next’step’is to identify secondary elements, the desired changes with respect to: 1) ’Price liberalisation–stabilisation. 2) Privatisation. 3) Institutional structure. 4) ’Monetary policy. 5) Fiscal policy. 6) International trade and Foreign Aid. 7) ’Social policy. The analytical framework developed makes possible to understand the shock therapy model from a new and more enlightening perspective. We are better able to comprehend the complexities involved and the disagreements about the reform process.
Productivity Growth, Efficiency and Outsourcing in Manufacturing and Service Industries
Authors: Heshmati Almas
Published: March 2003

This paper is a survey of recent contributions to, and developments of, the relationship between outsourcing, efficiency and productivity growth in manufacturing and services. The objective is to provide a thorough and up–to–date survey that provides a significant discussion on data, as well as on the core methods of measuring efficiency and productivity. First, the readers are introduced to the measurement of partial and total factor productivity growth. Different parametric and non–parametric approaches to the productivity measurement in the context of static, dynamic and firm–specific modelling are discussed. Second, we survey the econometric approach to efficiency analysis. The issues of modelling, distributional assumptions and estimation methods are discussed assuming that cross–sectional or panel data are available. Third, the relationship between outsourcing and productivity growth in manufacturing and services is discussed. The correspondence between a number of hypotheses and empirical findings are examined. Examples of varieties of relevant empirical applications, their findings and implications are presented. Fourth, measurement of inputs and outputs in manufacturing and services are discussed. Finally, to promote useful research, a number of factors important to the analysis of outsourcing, efficiency and productivity growth in the service sector are summarised.
Forgiveness: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature
Authors: Sells James N. , Hargrave Terry D.
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the published literature addressing forgiveness as a therapeutic issue. The review revealed four major themes. These included: diverse attempts in the literature to define forgiveness; the presentation of models of intervention; resistance among theoreticians and therapists to examine forgiveness as a therapeutic construct, and empirical evidence of forgiveness intervention applied to clinical settings. These theoretical and empirical publications are described and critiqued. An evaluation is made as to the current state of the research, and suggestions for future directions.
The use of a decision‐based forgiveness intervention within intergenerational family therapy
Authors: DiBlasio Frederick A.
Published: March 2003

The intervention presented here links intergenerational theory and therapy with a step‐by‐step forgiveness strategy. Forgiveness is defined from a cognitive perspective so that it can be applied within a family‐of‐origin session. In practice, the forgiveness strategy has been effective in breaking dysfunctional patterns from the past that have been carried into the new family. Long‐term effects of forgiveness are analysed through a case study that includes a six‐year follow‐up of a family‐of‐origin forgiveness intervention.
Intensive family therapy: a way to change family functioning in multi‐problem families
Authors: Sundelin Johan , Hansson Kjell
Published: March 2003

TA single group treatment outcome study of intensive family therapy (IFT) is presented. One hundred and nine families from five Swedish units participated and results on family measures for eighty‐six of these families are reported. This multi‐centre study is the largest so far of this treatment model. The units offered a full‐day multi‐impact treatment programme for families during an intensive period of approximately one month preceded by a period of extensive planning. Measures used were the self‐rating ‘Family Climate’ and Family Relation Scale and observer‐rated CRS‐Turbo and the Beavers’ System Scales. Significant changes in the direction towards a better family climate and a higher family functioning occurred. Given the very difficult circumstances of these multi‐problem families the results are considered promising.
Pathways to problems – an exploratory study of how problems evolve vs dissolve in families
Authors: Dalloe Rudi , Hamilton‐Brown Louise
Published: March 2003

A social constructionist and a systemic lens are combined to consider the nature of the development of problems in families. An exploratory qualitative study is presented in which families were invited to discuss their constructions of the onset of difficulties and their subsequent progression. Qualitative data are presented from two groups of families: where there had been spontaneous recovery (SR) as opposed to where the problems were still current (PC). The findings suggest that a combination of factors, including helpful inputs in the form of practical assistance and non‐pathologizing definitions can help avert descent into pathology. However, the ability of families to recognize and utilize positive inputs also appeared to be related to their available resources, including their ‘spare emotional capacity’ . The findings lend some weight to the clinical view that early validation and support is essential for families to help them to utilize their natural self‐healing capabilities.
Understanding alliances. How can research inform user‐friendly practice?
Authors: Reimers Sigurd
Published: March 2003

‘User‐friendliness’ is described as a therapist stance which involves attentiveness to the quality of the ‘therapeutic relationship’, both between therapist and family and between service providers and their public. This article draws on research published in the last seven years from within and outside the family therapy field which can help improve this relationship. I will argue that the issues which challenge user‐friendly practice need to be related to the theories which inform family therapy and to the traditional tension within the research field between focusing on measurable outcomes or on user satisfaction. The urgency for a clear analysis of what can make family therapy practice more sensitive to its public comes partly from the relative state of maturity which family therapy has now reached and its need actively to work alongside other approaches. Other crucial influences considered are a greater public demand for choice and improvements in public services, and social policy trends towards greater efficiency and accountability within the helping services.
Family–oriented treatment for people with alcohol problems in Ireland: a comparison of the effectiveness of residential and community–based programmes
Authors: Doyle Mairead , Carr Alan , Rowen Stephen , Galvin Paudie , Lyons Sheila , Cooney Gerry
Published: March 2003

Using a naturalistic design involving consecutive referrals self–selected for family–oriented treatment, forty–two participants from a residential programme and twenty–five participants from a community–based programme were assessed on a range of alcohol–use and psychosocial measures before treatment. A proportion of these cases were assessed after treatment and at six months’follow–up. At six months’ follow–up 79 per cent of both the residential and community groups were either abstinent or drinking moderately. However, more members of the residential group (75 per cent) were abstinent at follow–up compared with the community group (36 per cent). In contrast, more members of the community group were moderate drinkers (43 per cent) at follow–up compared with the residential group (4 per cent). At six months’ follow–up, compared with the community group, more members of the residential group showed a clinically significant reduction in recent negative consequences of drinking and psychological adjustment problems. Both groups made significant mean gains on indices of alcohol abuse and psychosocial adjustment but there were important intergroup differences. The residential group showed a greater mean reduction in recent negative consequences from drinking but the community group showed a greater mean reduction in the percentage of days’ heavy drinking.
Artificial Experiments on Society: Comte, G.C. Lewis and Mill
Authors: Brown Robert
Published: March 2003

The success of the experimental physical sciences in mid‐Victorian Britain brought to prominence the question whether artificial social experiments—as distinct from those offered by the ordinary course of social life—were feasible. Influenced in part by Comte's writings, such authoritative figures as J.S. Mill and C.G. Lewis argued that social issues were not subject to experimental investigation. Their arguments are examined here in order to raise, for further discussion, the problem why social experimentation in general was so often firmly resisted during the period.
Mines and Labour Migrants in Southern Africa
Authors: Maloka Tshidiso
Published: March 2003

Jonathan Crush, Alan Jeeves and David Yudelman, South Africa's Labor Empire: A History of Black Migrancy to the Gold Mines (Westview Press: David Philip, Boulder: Cape Town, 1991), xvi+266 pp.

Patrick Harries, Work, Culture, and Identity: Migrant Laborers in Mozambique and South Africa, c.1860–1910 (Heinemann: Witwatersrand University Press: James Curry, Portsmouth: Johannesburg: London: 1994), xxiii+305 pp.

T. Dunbar Moodie (with Vivienne Ndatshe), Going for Gold: Men, Mines and Migration (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994), xxi+337 pp.

Wilmot G. James, Our Precious Metal: African Labour in South Africa's Gold Industry, 1970–1990 (David Philip: Indiana University Press: James Currey, Cape Town: Bloomington: London, 1992), ix+188 pp.
Jurisdictional Competition and the Psychoanalytic Dominance of American Psychiatry
Authors: Leveille John J.
Published: March 2003

Despite constituting only a small fraction of all psychiatrists, psychoanalysts rose to a position of dominance within American psychiatry in the post‐World War Two era. This article explains their success. A review of the social and institutional context of psychoanalysis and psychiatry reveals that many factors were actually unfavorable to psychoanalysis, and several others were at best equivocal in their support of analysis. Neither income, status, the relationship between institutions and ideology, or other such factors accounts for the success. After describing these factors and showing how they do not work as explanations, I argue that psychoanalysis succeeded largely because of its utility to the psychiatric profession in the growing jurisdictional disputes with non‐medical competitors, specifically clinical psychology.
Women Legal Academics – A New Research Agenda?
Authors: Cownie Fiona
Published: March 2003

Women academics have been the subject of suprisingly little academic research; this is particularly true of women legal academics. This article argues that it is important that research into women legal academics is carried out, not just to gain empirical evidence about the working lives of these women, but because in exploring these members of the ‘academic tribe’ of lawyers, important insights may be gained into the university as an institution, the development of law as a discipline, and the nature of law itself.
Human Rigghts: A Culture of Controversy
Authors: Campbell Tom
Published: March 2003

Many arguments in favour of constitutionally entrenched Bills of Rights are undermined by the inherently controversial nature of human rights with respect to their content, their form, and their valence. Even in the case of civil and political rights, the concretization of rights at the level of specificity required to decide particular cases must always be politically and morally controversial. There is no accepted moral or legal method that can be utilized to give the requisite objectivity to the value choices inherent in human rights jurisprudence. Positivization of human rights increases their utility but compromises their moral status. It follows that legitimate articulation of human rights requires ongoing democratic dialogue and decision‐making. Although perceived as a stop‐gap measure, the Human Rights Act 1998 could facilitate an enduring partnership between courts and parliaments, placing human rights more firmly on the political agenda and establishing a proper balance between the inputs of courts and parliaments which recognizes that the development of positivized human rights must be primarily located in electorally‐based politics.
The Politics of the Human Rights Act
Authors: Young James
Published: March 2003

The Human Rights Act is the result of post‐war changes in Europe. It is the consequence less of the campaigning of dedicated individuals and more of the change in the position of the United Kingdom in Europe and the world. Objections to incorporation of the Convention have given way to the desire to be like the rest of Europe. Traditional views of the judicial role have given way to a perception of the judiciary as the last bastion against an over‐powerful executive, unchecked by Parliament.