bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in Organic Acid Profiles of Thermally Processed Green Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Different Varietals
Authors: BIBEAU T. C. , CLYDESDALE F. M.
Published: December 2016

Four varieties of green beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Lake Shasta, Lake Geneva, Slimgreen, and Cascade), grown under the same conditions were analyzed for organic acid content and pH. Each variety was comminuted and processed in TDT tubes with an FO value of 4.9 at temperatures of 240 and 280 F. All analyses were conducted in duplicate using an Automatic Organic Acid Analyzer (Waters Associates, Milford, Mass.). Differences in the organic acid content were determined statistically at the 95% significance level for each acid. The organic acid profiles for the beans showed qualitative variations which appeared to be somewhat variety dependent and changes in the acid profile to a particuler variety on processing appeared to be dependent on the variety. The effects of processing on the pH of the samples appeared to be quite similar. All varieties contained acetic, fumaric, lactic, succinic, α-ketoglutaric, malic, and citric acids both initially and after processing.
Microorganisms and Flavor Development Associated with the Wild Rice Fermentation
Authors: FRANK J. F. , MARTH E. H. , LINDSAY R. C. , LUND D. B.
Published: December 2016

Predominant microorganisms on fresh and fermenting wild rice were isolated, characterized, and then used as inoculum so their effects on processing and flavor characteristics of wild rice could be determined. During storage of wild rice at 4 C for 14 weeks, Achromobacter spp., Flavobacterium spp., coryneforms, and coliforms, and Achromobacter spp. predominated in succession. In rice stored at 21 C for 2 weeks, Pseudomonas spp. predominated. Microorganisms isolated from fresh wild rice included pseudomonads, micrococci, coliforms, Achromobacter spp., and Flavobacterium spp. Wild rice inoculated with some isolates from fermenting rice developed a variety of odors including fecal-putrid, earthy, and rotting vegetation types at 30 C, and the previous odors plus ammonia, fatty acid, and sweet-aromatic types at 7 C. Processing characteristics of wild rice inoculated with selected isolates, were not affected, but there were changes in flavor of the rice. Intensities of both tea-like and earthy flavors in wild rice were increased by inoculation of rice with Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, and Micrococcus isolates.
Microbial Quality of Raw Aquacultured Fish Fillets Procured from Internet and Local Retail Markets†
Authors: PAO S. , ETTINGER M. R. , KHALID M. F. , REID A. O. , NERRIE B. L.
Published: December 2016

The microbial quality of raw fillets of aquacultured catfish, salmon, tilapia, and trout was evaluated. A total of 272 fillets from nine local and nine Internet retail markets were tested. Mean values were 5.7 log CFU/g for total aerobic mesophiles, 6.3 log CFU/g for psychrotrophs, and 1.9 log most probable number (MPN) per gram for coliforms. Differences in these microbial levels between the two kinds of markets and among the four types of fish were not significant (P > 0.05), except that Internet trout fillets had about 0.8-log higher aerobic mesophiles than did trout fillets purchased locally. Although Escherichia coli was detected in 1.4, 1.5, and 5.9% of trout, salmon, and tilapia, respectively, no sample had ≥1.0 log MPN/g. However, E. coli was found in 13.2% of catfish, with an average of 1.7 log MPN/g. About 27% of all fillets had Listeria spp., and a positive correlation between the prevalence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes was observed. Internet fillets had a higher prevalence of both Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes than did those fillets purchased locally. L. monocytogenes was present in 23.5% of catfish but in only 5.7, 10.3, and 10.6% of trout, tilapia, and salmon, respectively. Salmonella and E. coli O157 were not found in any sample. A follow-up investigation using catfish operation as a model revealed that gut waste exposed during evisceration is a potential source of coliforms and Listeria spp.
Survival and Transfer of Murine Norovirus 1, a Surrogate for Human Noroviruses, during the Production Process of Deep-Frozen Onions and Spinach
Authors: BAERT LEEN , UYTTENDAELE MIEKE , VERMEERSCH MATTIAS , VAN COILLIE ELS , DEBEVERE JOHAN
Published: December 2016

The reduction of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) on onions and spinach by washing was investigated as was the risk of contamination during the washing procedure. To decontaminate wash water, the industrial sanitizer peracetic acid (PAA) was added to the water, and the survival of MNV-1 was determined. In contrast to onions, spinach undergoes a heat treatment before freezing. Therefore, the resistance of MNV-1 to blanching of spinach was examined. MNV-1 genomic copies were detected with a real-time reverse transcription PCR assay in PAA-treated water and blanched spinach, and PFUs (representing infectious MNV-1 units) were determined with a plaque assay. A ≤1-log reduction in MNV-1 PFUs was achieved by washing onion bulbs and spinach leaves. More than 3 log PFU of MNV-1 was transmitted to onion bulbs and spinach leaves when these vegetables were washed in water containing approximately 5 log PFU/ml. No decline of MNV-1 occurred in used industrial spinach wash water after 6 days at room temperature. A concentration of 20 ppm of PAA in demineralized water (pH 4.13) and in potable water (pH 7.70) resulted in reductions of 2.88 ± 0.25 and 2.41 ± 0.18 log PFU, respectively, after 5 min of exposure, but no decrease in number of genomic copies was observed. No reduction of MNV-1 PFUs was observed on frozen onions or spinach during storage for 6 months. Blanching spinach (80°C for 1 min) resulted in at least 2.44-log reductions of infectious MNV-1, but many genomic copies were still present.
Bioprotective Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Malting and Brewing
Authors: ROUSE SUSAN , VAN SINDEREN DOUWE
Published: December 2016

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are naturally associated with many foods or their raw ingredients and are popularly used in food fermentation to enhance the sensory, aromatic, and textural properties of food. These microorganisms are well recognized for their biopreservative properties, which are achieved through the production of antimicrobial compounds such as lactic acid, diacetyl, bacteriocins, and other metabolites. The antifungal activity of certain LAB is less well characterized, but organic acids, as yet uncharacterized proteinaceous compounds, and cyclic dipeptides can inhibit the growth of some fungi. A variety of microbes are carried on raw materials used in beer brewing, rendering the process susceptible to contamination and often resulting in spoilage or inferior quality of the finished product. The application of antimicrobial-producing LAB at various points in the malting and brewing process could help to negate this problem, providing an added hurdle for spoilage organisms to overcome and leading to the production of a higher quality beer. This review outlines the bioprotective potential of LAB and its application with specific reference to the brewing industry.
A Comparative Risk Assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in Prepackaged versus Retail-Sliced Deli Meat
Authors: ENDRIKAT SARAH , GALLAGHER DANIEL , POUILLOT RÉGIS , QUESENBERRY HEATHER HICKS , LaBARRE DAVID , SCHROEDER CARL M. , KAUSE JANELL
Published: December 2016

Deli meat was ranked as the highest-risk ready-to-eat food vehicle of Listeria monocytogenes within the 2003 U.S. Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service risk assessment. The comparative risk of L. monocytogenes in retail-sliced versus prepackaged deli meats was evaluated with a modified version of this model. Other research has found that retail-sliced deli meats have both higher prevalence and levels of L. monocytogenes than have product sliced and packaged at the manufacturer level. The updated risk assessment model considered slicing location as well as the use of growth inhibitors. The per annum comparative risk ratio for the number of deaths from retail-sliced versus prepackaged deli meats was found to be 4.89, and the per-serving comparative risk ratio was 4.27. There was a significant interaction between the use of growth inhibitors and slicing location. Almost 70% of the estimated deaths occurred from retail-sliced product that did not possess a growth inhibitor. A sensitivity analysis, assessing the effect of the model's consumer storage time and shelf life assumptions, found that even if retail-sliced deli meats were stored for a quarter of the time prepackaged deli meats were stored, retail-sliced product is 1.7 times more likely to result in death from listeriosis. Sensitivity analysis also showed that the shelf life assumption had little effect on the comparative risk ratio.
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Listeriosis-Associated Deaths Due to Listeria monocytogenes Contamination of Deli Meats Originating from Manufacture and Retail
Authors: PRADHAN ABANI K. , IVANEK RENATA , GRÖHN YRJÖ T. , BUKOWSKI ROBERT , GEORNARAS IFIGENIA , SOFOS JOHN N. , WIEDMANN MARTIN
Published: December 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate the relative risk of listeriosis-associated deaths attributable to Listeria monocytogenes contamination in ham and turkey formulated without and with growth inhibitors (GIs). Two contamination scenarios were investigated: (i) prepackaged deli meats with contamination originating solely from manufacture at a frequency of 0.4% (based on reported data) and (ii) retail-sliced deli meats with contamination originating solely from retail at a frequency of 2.3% (based on reported data). Using a manufacture-to-consumption risk assessment with product-specific growth kinetic parameters (i.e., lag phase and exponential growth rate), reformulation with GIs was estimated to reduce human listeriosis deaths linked to ham and turkey by 2.8- and 9-fold, respectively, when contamination originated at manufacture and by 1.9- and 2.8-fold, respectively, for products contaminated at retail. Contamination originating at retail was estimated to account for 76 and 63% of listeriosis deaths caused by ham and turkey, respectively, when all products were formulated without GIs and for 83 and 84% of listeriosis deaths caused by ham and turkey, respectively, when all products were formulated with GIs. Sensitivity analyses indicated that storage temperature was the most important factor affecting the estimation of per annum relative risk. Scenario analyses suggested that reducing storage temperature in home refrigerators to consistently below 7°C would greatly reduce the risk of human listeriosis deaths, whereas reducing storage time appeared to be less effective. Overall, our data indicate a critical need for further development and implementation of effective control strategies to reduce L. monocytogenes contamination at the retail level.
Editorial Welcome: Special Issue on Ethnocracy
Authors: Goodman James , Anderson James
Published: December 2016

This Special Issue of Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal focuses on the domination of social and political relations by Ethnocracy – rule or would-be rule by an ethnic group or ethnos, as distinct from Democracy or rule by the demos of all the people. Ethnocracy encompasses state regimes and associated political movements and parties that discriminate systematically in favour of a particular ethnic group (or groups) and against others. When we proposed the Special Issue in late 2014 ethnocratic practices were as prevalent as they had ever been; and now two years later they appear to be on the increase with an ethno-populist upsurge and the election or threatened election of governments pursuing ethnocratic agendas. From India to the USA, from Russia to Hungary, leading politicians openly discriminate against ethnic ‘others’ to attract support from ‘their own’ ethnic groups; across the European Union and in other liberal democracies they increasingly scapegoat ‘immigrants’ to hide their own inadequacies and further their political objectives. Now, more than ever, it is critical that the dynamics of ethnocracy are more clearly understood. This Issue documents the logics of ethnocracy in a variety of different contexts, posing questions about how it develops and how it can be challenged.
The ion trap aerosol mass spectrometer: improved design, first field deployment, and the capability of differentiating organic compound classes via MS–MS
Authors: Fachinger Johannes R. W. , Gallavardin Stéphane J. , Helleis Frank , Fachinger Friederike , Drewnick Frank , Borrmann Stephan
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Further development and optimisation of a previously described ion trap aerosol mass spectrometer (IT-AMS) are presented, which resulted in more reproducible and robust operation and allowed for the instrument’s first field deployment. Results from this 11-day long measurement indicate that the instrument is capable of providing quantitative information on organics, nitrate, and sulphate mass concentrations with reasonable detection limits (0.5–1.4 µg m−3 for 1 h averages), and that results obtained with the IT-AMS can directly be related to those from Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers. The capability of the IT-AMS to elucidate the structure of fragment ions is demonstrated via an MS4 study on tryptophan. Detection limits are demonstrated to be sufficiently low to allow for MS2 studies not only in laboratory, but also in field measurements under favourable conditions or with the use of an aerosol concentrator. In laboratory studies the capability of the IT-AMS to differentiate [C4Hy]+ and [C3HyO]+ fragments at the nominal m / z 55 and 57 via their characteristic fragmentation patterns in MS2 experiments was demonstrated. Furthermore, with the IT-AMS it is possible to distinguish between fragments of the same elemental composition ([C2H4O2]+ at m / z 60 and [C3H5O2]+ at m / z 73) originating from different compound classes (carboxylic acids and sugars) due to their different molecular structure. These findings constitute a proof of concept and could provide a new means of distinguishing between these two compound classes in ambient organic aerosol.
Hydrological recovery in two large forested watersheds of southeastern China: the importance of watershed properties in determining hydrological responses to reforestation
Authors: Liu Wenfei , Wei Xiaohua , Li Qiang , Fan Houbao , Duan Honglang , Wu Jianping , Giles-Hansen Krysta , Zhang Hao
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Understanding hydrological responses to reforestation is an important subject in watershed management, particularly in large forested watersheds ( >  1000 km2). In this study, we selected two large forested watersheds (Pingjiang and Xiangshui) located in the upper reach of the Poyang Lake watershed, southeastern China (with an area of 3261.4 and 1458 km2, respectively), along with long-term data on climate and hydrology (1954–2006) to assess the effects of large-scale reforestation on streamflow. Both watersheds have similar climate and experienced comparable and dramatic forest changes during the past decades, but with different watershed properties (e.g., the topography is much steeper in Xiangshui than in Pingjiang), which provides us with a unique opportunity to compare the differences in hydrological recovery in two contrasted watersheds. Streamflow at different percentiles (e.g., 5, 10, 50 and 95 %) were compared using a combination of statistical analysis with a year-wise method for each watershed. The results showed that forest recovery had no significant effects on median flows (Q50%) in both watersheds. However, reforestation significantly reduced high flows in Pingjiang, but had limited influence in Xiangshui. Similarly, reforestation had significant and positive effects on low flows (Q95%) in Pingjiang, while it did not significantly change low flows in Xiangshui. Thus, hydrological recovery is limited and slower in the steeper Xiangshui watershed, highlighting that watershed properties are also important for determining hydrological responses to reforestation. This finding has important implications for designing reforestation and watershed management strategies in the context of hydrological recovery.
An intercomparison of mesoscale models at simple sites for wind
energy applications
Authors: Olsen Bjarke Tobias , Hahmann Andrea Noemi , Sempreviva Anna Maria , Badger Jake , Jørgensen Hans Ejsing
Published: December 2016

Abstract. An intercomparison of model results from 25 different Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models is presented for the year 2011 at six sites in Northern Europe characterized by simple terrain. The model results and a detailed description of each model was submitted by 18 different modeling groups to a open call for data, and serves as a rare quantitative overview of the model uncertainties associated with state-of-the-art mesoscale models used for wind energy applications today. At three of the sites the model intercomparison was verified with observations from nearby meteorological masts. The intercomparison was based on statistical properties of the wind for a number of heights at each site. The results show better performance of the models and a smaller inter-model spread offshore and aloft (2–4 % mean wind speed bias above 40 meters), and greater errors and more spread for inland sites and closer to the surface (up to 7–9 % wind speed bias). For the distributions of wind speed, wind direction, and wind shear only small deviations exist between the observations and the average of the models, but a small shift of the average wind speed distribution towards high wind speeds at Cabauw, and an underrepresentation of strong shear cases was observed. Although the model setup options were studied to determine a 'best practice', no significant indicator was found.
Factors Contributing to EFL Teachers' Professional Development in Indonesia
Authors: Amin Muhammad , Saukah Ali
Published: December 2016

This study was aimed at investigating factors contributing to English as a Foreign Language teachers’ professional development and how these factors have shaped their professionalism. The subjects of the study included six English teachers at senior high schools under the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Religious Affairs in three different regions in Indonesia. Findings of the study reveal that there are both personal and environmental factors identified as having contributed to an EFL teacher’s professionalism, both prior to and after their induction into EFL teaching. Prior to the induction, two of the personal factors were identified: an early interest in English and a high aptitude, although early exposure to English may also be considered an environmental factor. After induction, their professional development is affected by: the level of job satisfaction, commitment to their own learning and student learning, communication skills, and resilience as personal factors, and students, school facilities, teacher colleagues, curriculum change, school leadership, and the supervisory system as environmental factors.
Different Voices, Perfect Storms, and Asking Grandma What She Thinks: Situating Experimental Philosophy in Relation to Feminist Philosophy
Authors: Pohlhaus Gaile
Published: December 2016

At first glance it might appear that experimental philosophers and feminist philosophers would make good allies. Nonetheless, experimental philosophy has received criticism from feminist fronts, both for its methodology and for some of its guiding assumptions. Adding to this critical literature, I raise questions concerning the ways in which “differences” in intuitions are employed in experimental philosophy. Specifically, I distinguish between two ways in which differences in intuitions might play a role in philosophical practice, one which puts an end to philosophical conversation and the other which provides impetus for beginning one. Insofar as experimental philosophers are engaged in deploying “differences” in intuitions in the former rather than the latter sense, I argue that their approach is antithetical to feminist projects. Moreover, this is even (and perhaps especially) the case when experimental philosophers deploy “differences” in intuitions along lines of gender.
Just Caring for Caregivers: What Society and the State Owe to Those Who Render Care
Authors: Reiheld Alison
Published: December 2016

Traditional considerations of justice for those who require caregiving have centered on what is due to the dependent person. However, considerations of justice also bear strongly on what is due to the caregiver. I focus on unpaid dependency work, too long treated as a private matter rather than a public concern. More is owed to those who render care: the division of labor is unjust, the nature of dependency work creates vulnerabilities for caregivers, and unpaid caregivers are disadvantaged in the world of paid work. Obligations to mitigate these facts are ultimately based on the truth that all members of society at some point in their lives benefit from caregiving and that noncaregivers benefit unfairly from the heavy distribution of dependency work to a small number of certain kinds of individuals. It is necessary to ask which agents of justice are responsible for remedying this state of affairs, and how. I propose a distributed scheme of obligation in which members of society and the state, as arbiter of social responsibility, share responsibility for the remedy. It is incumbent upon us as a society to refrain from making vulnerable the most essential among us, to reap benefits without sowing unjust burdens.
Renal insufficiency as a primary manifestation of sarcoidosis in a 13-year-old boy
Authors: Nasser Wael , Gassan Safori , Soboh Soboh , Farid Nakhoul
Published: December 2016

Background: Childhood sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. The disease affects childrenaged 13-15 years, especially the lungs.Objective: We describe a 13-year-old boy who presented to our pediatric nephrology division due to acute renal failure, cutaneousrash and anemia.Methods: Percutaneous kidney biopsy was performed showing non-caseating granulomas with mononuclear infiltrates.Results: Mantoux test and serology for Brucella were negative. Chest radiograph showed minimal, bilateral infiltrates. Renalultrasound showed nephrocalcinosis. Pulmonary functions study demonstrated mild restrictive disturbance. Plasma creatininewas 1.8 mg/dl and calcium 12.3 mg/dl.Conclusion: In the current patient, renal insufficiency was discovered while exploring constitutional symptoms in a 13-year-oldchild. Early diagnosis and adapted treatment allows preserving renal function.
Railway Transport Liberalization: A Case Study of Various Countries in the World
Authors: Ozkan Turgut , Yanginlar Gozde , Kalayci Salih
Published: December 2016

Today, the processes of restructuring the railway sector and the liberalization of the railway market change significantly. Vertical separation between infrastructure railway transportation service provision and train operations is a significant key element in the railway liberalization. This paper focuses on a research into railway regulation and liberalization in 30 countries. The aim of this paper is to give a comparative overview of the regulation of railways and analyses the process of the liberalization and restructuring of railways in the 30 countries. We test this theoretical prediction using a data base that contains investment in transport with private participation, transport services information from World Bank. Our final results are valid for the period 1980-2014. Overall, the analyses showed statistically significant interaction effects between railways transportation and transport services and investment in transport with private participation. This study presents new insights in theory, paving the way for further research.
The Role of Beach Tourism in Sustainable Living of Rural Families: A Study in Mahmoud Abad Township, Iran
Authors: Khajehshahkouhi Alireza , Sahneh Bahman , Mousavei Seyedeh Khatereh
Published: December 2016

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the role of beach tourism in sustainable living of rural families of the Mahmoud Abad Township that this study from the manner of goal is applicable-developmental and is based on the descriptive-survey method. The required data in this research regarding the type of method, is collected as a questionnaire that the people under study in this section are the total families inhabiting the beach villages in the area that the volume of the people under study has been selected using the Cochrane formula as 369 individuals and the field data were collected by the standard questionnaire. The results gathered were analyzed using the statistical examinations of Freedman, one-sided Chi-square, Wilcoxon, spearman, Kendal and Kramer. In the economic analysis section regarding all aspects we have come to this point that beach tourism has influenced the economic aspect of the lives of inhabitants and has improved their economic condition up to a point. Regarding the social and cultural state and with evaluation of related issues to this section, the state of being effected from non-native cultures and the culture of inhabitants being influenced has been evaluated and in relation with environmental circumstances regarding the observations and the state of the area and utilizing the statistical examinations of Wilcoxon results, it should be stated that environmental changes has occurred in a negative way in beaches after tourists’ arrival.
Leveraging Globalization to Revive Traditional Foods
Authors: Trolio Jena , Eckman Molly , Mehta Khanjan
Published: December 2016

Traditional foods are important to the sustainability of their native regions because they are often keystone assets to food security, economic stability, and quality nutrition. Globalization of agricultural markets, changing lifestyles, and rural-to-urban migration has contributed to the gradual loss of traditional foods in developing countries. The transition from traditional foods to imported refined carbohydrates, sugars, and edible oils has promoted nutrient deficiency, economic instability, and food insecurity. While the effects of globalization have been largely negative for indigenous foods, globalization is inevitable and has potentially useful aspects. Local champions and international supporters can leverage specific technologies and market patterns brought about or influenced by globalization to revive culinary traditions, strengthen local food systems, and bolster indigenous livelihoods. Such approaches include helping farmers benefit from technological advances in efficiency and economy of scale, biotechnology, post-harvest processing, and smart infrastructure combined with ethically-conscious food sourcing. Trends such as human migration, exotic food fads, interest in nutritious and organic foods, the rise of social media, and agricultural extension and education can also support improvements in local agricultural products and their globalizing markets. Collectively, these efforts can help revive sustainable traditional food production and enhance the lives and livelihoods of indigenous communities.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 9, No. 6
Authors: Sun Sherry
Published: December 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 9, No. 6, 2016
Pricing electricity and supporting renewables in Heavily Energy Subsidized Economies
Authors: Newbery David M.
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Heavily Energy Subsidized Economies’ energy subsidies cost the budget on average 4% of GDP in 2014. Resource rents permit administratively undemanding transfers to citizens to maintain political support, whose removal will be resisted, despite resulting inefficient consumption and lock-in risk. Collapsing energy prices delivering severe fiscal shocks combined with growing concerns over climate change damage make carefully designed reforms both urgent and politically more acceptable. Political logic suggests designing reforms that compensate vocal interest groups. The paper presents evidence on the magnitude and impacts of oil, gas and electricity subsidies, and discusses how the electricity sector can be weaned off subsidies, enabling CCGTs and unsubsidized renewables to reduce carbon emissions.
First record of the Mediterranean zonal index Mesosimoceras cavouri (Gemmellaro, 1872) in the Upper Jurassic (Pseudomutabilis Zone, semicostatum γ horizon) of SW Germany and its stratigraphical significance
Authors: Scherzinger Armin , Schweigert Günter , Főzy István
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The ammonite species Mesosimoceras cavouri (Gemmellaro), the index of the Mediterranean Cavouri Zone, is recorded for the first time from the Submediterranean Upper Jurassic of SW Germany. It occurs in the Untere-Felsenkalke Formation, within a rich ammonite association of the late Pseudomutabilis Zone characterized by fine-ribbed variants of Aulacostephanus pseudomutabilis (de Loriol) and a still undescribed flexuous-ribbed variant of Aulacostephanus eudoxus (d’Orbigny). This ammonite association represents the here newly introduced Lingulaticeras semicostatum γ horizon. The record of Mesosimoceras cavouri (Gemmellaro) confirms at least a partial correlation of the Mediterranean Cavouri Zone with the Submediterranen Pseudomutabilis Zone and the Subboreal Eudoxus Zone.
A review of the basal tyrannosauroids (Saurischia: Theropoda) of the Jurassic Period
Authors: YUN Changyu
Published: December 2016

The well supported clade Tyrannosauroidea represents one of the most basal coelurosaurian theropods. Given that current fossil records of earliest coelurosaur theropods are extremely scarce, basal-most tyrannosauroid materials are key to understanding the origin and diversification of coelurosaurs. Here, I present a brief overview of currently known basal tyrannosauroids of Jurassic age, discussing their systematics and distribution. The currently oldest known Jurassic tyrannosauroids are from Europe continent, possibly suggesting the European origin of the superfamily.
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND MORPHOGENESIS OF THE ELBLĄG ELEVATION IN THE LIGHT OF DIVERSIFIED DYNAMICS OF the VISTULian ICE SHEET
Authors: Pikies Radosław
Published: December 2016

Glaciotectonic and neotectonic processes are among the key factors influencing the geological structure of the Elbląg Elevation. The former is undoubtedly interrelated with the latter. Intensity and scale of glaciotectonic processes were for the first time examined from the point of view of transgression dynamics of the Vistulian continental glaciers, advancing from the Baltic Sea area. Geological structure, morphology and bathymetry of the eastern part of the Central Baltic Sea bottom show that main elements of the dynamics were shaped in this area. The diversified dynamics resulted in the formation of ice streams, carrying the major part of ice mass out of the ice sheet. It also caused that the advance of the ice sheet over the Polish Lowlands was not synchronous and occurred with various intensity. The Elbląg Elevation was subjected to these rules, because it was the first to be situated within the diverse force of interaction field with ice stream B3 (streams according to Punkari, 1997), advancing towards the Polish Lowlands from the area of a submeridional megadepression of the Gotland Deep and the Gdańsk Deep (south-eastern part of Central Baltic Sea). As regards the Elbląg Elevation area, an evaluation of the scale and intensity of glaciotectonic processes in time has been performed. Especially strong glaciotectonic disturbances, appearing on the western slope of this elevation, have been related to the presence of the distinct, submeridionally oriented fault zone Iława–Elbląg (its northern part), which coincides with the western boundary of this elevation. The likely reason for the development of glaciotectonic deformation during the middle and upper parts of the Vistula Glaciation might habve been the change of the regime of neotectonic stress field, operating within the broad foreland of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Swell, which probably took place at the end of the Eemian Interglacial.
Remarks about Real Driving Emissions tests for passenger cars
Authors: Merkisz Jerzy , Pielecha Jacek , Jasiński Remigiusz
Published: December 2016

New test procedures for determining exhaust emission from passenger vehicles will be introduced in 2017. For several years, the European Commission has been developing new procedures, which aim is to perform tests in road conditions. The purpose is to determine the real values of emissions, which are not always reflected by the level of emissions obtained in the laboratory. Proper and accurate procedures for determining emissions in real traffic conditions (RDE – Real Driving Emission) have not yet been approved (as opposed to Heavy Duty Vehicles for which such conditions already exist), but there are proposals that are currently being analyzed by major research centers in Europe. There are many differences between those proposals such as determining road emission or research methodology related to emission measurement of hydrocarbons. The work compares the results of emissions measured in road tests using the latest legislative proposals related to passenger cars. The results are shown in relation to the used measurement method: classic method of determining exhaust emission; uses all measurement data determining the mass of harmful compounds and distance travelled during the test; method of averaging the measuring windows (MAW – moving average windows), also in the literature called EMROAD method, which determines the measurement windows (on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions from the WLTC test) and on its basis determines the road emission in RDE test; generalized method of instantaneous power (Power Binning), known in the literature as CLEAR – Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, determines road emissions on the basis of generalized instantaneous power during the RDE test.
Problem solving with the Sneetches
Authors: Russo James , Russo Toby
Published: December 2016

Math by the Month features collections of short activities focused on a monthly theme. These articles aim for an inquiry or problem-solving orientation that includes four activities each for grade bands K–2, 3–4, and 5–6. In this issue, teachers read the classic Dr. Seuss book The Sneetches and other stories with their class and get students to engage with these associated mathematical problems. The problems, many of which are open-ended or contain multiple solutions or solution pathways, cover a range of mathematical concepts.
Quick images for all
Authors: Rawding Molly
Published: December 2016

Postscript items are designed as rich grab-and-go resources that any teacher can quickly incorporate into his or her classroom repertoire with little effort and maximum impact. Quick images are a fun, engaging way for students to compose and decompose visual numbers. Students apply their understanding of subitizing–the ability to recognize a number of items without counting–as they determine the quantity of the group
Una introducció a «Mirades educatives a la ciutat: experiència quotidianitat i participació»
Authors: Estrela Cerveró M. Mar
Published: December 2016

Pròleg a la secció monògràfica escrit per M. Mar Estrela Cerveró, coordinadora d'Àgora.
Educação integral na cidade: processos de formação de territórios educativos na experiência de Belo horizonte, Minas Gerias, Brasil.
Authors: Lopes de Carvalho Paulo Felipe , Alvarez Leite Lúcia Helena
Published: December 2016

O artigo discute a relação entre escola e com o bairro e a cidade no âmbito do Programa Escola Integrada\PEI, experiência Educação Integral de Belo Horizonte/MG/Brasil. A partir de uma pesquisa etnográfica que envolveu um grupo de adolescentes e educadores participantes do Programa, foi possível compreender que a constituição de territórios educativos relaciona-se fortemente ao vínculo educandos com o bairro, bem como com as relações de poder que são inerentes à cidade. Esses elementos, que conformam a tessitura do território educativo, têm possibilitado a emergência de ações coletivas, via escola, com a melhoria de espaços na comunidade e proporcionado um processo educativo mais próximo da vivência cotidiana dos educandos.
PARTICIPACIÓ, CIUTAT I EDUCACIÓ: ELS CONSELLS D’INFÀNCIA I D’ADOLESCÈNCIA
Authors: Muñoz Moreno José Luís , Colorado Ramírez Sara
Published: December 2016

En aquest article es reflexiona al voltant de la participació que en educació s’impulsa i es promou des de la ciutat. Al respecte, es repara en la relació establerta entre ciutat i educació a partir de la implicació de la ciutadania en els processos de pressa de decisions com a un repte clau per a la democratització de la societat, per al desenvolupament individual i col·lectiu i per a un millor benestar. Particularment, es centra l’atenció en l’experiència dels Consells d’Infància i d’Adolescència com a òrgans i espais que fan possible repensar les ciutats mitjançant la mirada i la participació educativa d’infants i adolescents i que en tant que ciutadans i ciutadanes, amb drets i oportunitats, han de disposar del seu propi protagonisme també en l’anàlisi, la discussió i la construcció del present i el futur de les ciutats on viuen i conviuen.
Securing inheritance: Probate proceedings in the Nordic countries, 1600-1800
Authors: Jónsson Már
Published: December 2016

Probate documents, inventories of property, and deeds of partition between heirs have for some decades been used with impressive results by historians and other scholars working on topics such as living standards, patterns of consumption, and material culture. The aim of this article is to explain divergent rules on the partition of inheritance that determined the production of these documents, as they came to be defined by legislators in the two Nordic realms in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The Danish and Norwegian law codes of 1683–1687 stipulated that an inventory of property was only required when the heirs were minors, absent, or not the direct descendants of the deceased, whereas the Swedish Law Code of 1734 allowed for no exceptions and ordered that all inventories be held by the local courts. It did not require an officially attested deed of partition, which had been made obligatory in the Danish and Norwegian codes, valid also in Iceland and the Faroe Islands. This legislation was applied with only minor changes until late in the nineteenth century. A preliminary estimate of documentation from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Nordic archives is presented in the latter part of the article, and indicates that probate records concerning almost a million individuals are preserved, the great majority from the last decades of that period. There will be great variety in the preservation of records according to place and date, but in Sweden and Finland the documentation will mainly consist of inventories of the belongings of all kinds of people, with few deeds of partition of inheritance. In Denmark and Norway one can expect a large number of probate records containing a partition of inheritance, most of them with details of the portion allotted to each of the heirs, and even the inventories, while the probate population will be more limited than in Sweden and Finland and the age distribution will be different, due to exemptions from the requirement to draw up inventories.
Where highbrow taste met itinerant dance in eighteenth-century Scandinavia: The dance entrepreneur Martin Nürenbach
Authors: Fiskvik Anne Margrete
Published: December 2016

In 1770, the German-Swedish dancer and acrobat Martin Nürenbach (d.1780) arrived in Christiania (Oslo), Norway, where he successfully applied for a royal privilege to perform Danish comedies. Nürenbach had previously been part of an itinerant ensemble operating in Sweden, led by Carl Gottfried Seuerling. Nürenbach quit Norway in 1772 and returned to Sweden, where he resumed his former career as an itinerant artist until he died in Finnish Tavastland (Tavastia), in 1780. In the field of Nordic dance Nürenbach’s efforts have generally been belittled or else ignored. Although credited for his attempt to establish a more stable theatrical culture in Christiania, he has also been dismissed for lacking skill as an actor and a theatre director. However, the repertoire in which he excelled was not the highbrow theatre of the era. This article emphasises the need to investigate Nürenbach and his like in the light of itinerant performance traditions. In doing so, it recasts his achievements as a dancer and acrobat. As part of this reassessment, the article revisits a notorious ‘anti-recommendation’ that followed Nürenbach’s application for royal performance privileges in 1771. The anonymous memorandum in question has repeatedly been cited as proof of the alleged inferiority of Nürenbach and his ensemble.
Optical characterization of InGaN/GaN quantum well active region of green laser diodes
Authors: Tian Aiqin , Liu Jianping , Zhang Liqun , Ikeda Masao , Fan Xiaowang , Zhang Shuming , Li Deyao , Zhang Feng , Wen Pengyan , Cheng Yang , Yang Hui
Published: December 2016

We performed the optical characterization of InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) active regions of green laser diodes (LDs) with different threshold current densities by temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) analysis. The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) was evaluated to be 39 and 59% for green LDs with threshold current densities of 8.50 and 1.85 kA cm−2, respectively. Additional nonradiative recombination centers with an activation energy of 10 meV were found in the sample with the lower IQE, which is attributed to defects located at the interface of InGaN/GaN QWs.
P-type doping of GaN

by magnesium ion implantation
Authors: Narita Tetsuo , Kachi Tetsu , Kataoka Keita , Uesugi Tsutomu
Published: December 2016

Magnesium ion implantation has been performed on a GaN

substrate, whose surface has a high thermal stability, thus allowing postimplantation annealing without the use of a protective layer. The current–voltage characteristics of p–n diodes fabricated on GaN

showed distinct rectification at a turn-on voltage of about 3 V, although the leakage current varied widely among the diodes. Coimplantation with magnesium and hydrogen ions effectively suppressed the leakage currents and device-to-device variations. In addition, an electroluminescence band was observed at wavelengths shorter than 450 nm for these diodes. These results provide strong evidence that implanted magnesium ions create acceptors in GaN

.
Trapping of xenon gas in closed inner spaces of carbon nanomaterials for stable gas storage under high-vacuum condition
Authors: Kobayashi Keita , Yasuda Hidehiro
Published: December 2016

Xe gas can be trapped in the closed inner spaces of glassy carbon derived from C60 fullerene by thermal coalescence of C60 in Xe atmosphere and in cap-opened carbon nanotubes (CNTs) covered with an ionic liquid by soaking Xe-adsorbing CNTs in an ionic liquid. The trapped Xe gas is detected by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry using a spectrometer mounted on an analytical transmission electron microscope. The closed inner spaces store gas molecules even under high-vacuum condition (∼10−5 Pa).
Age, growth and population structure of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) in northeast Florida using a length-based, age-structured population model
Authors: Johnson Eric G. , Swenarton Mary Katherine
Published: December 2016

The effective management of invasive species requires detailed understanding of the invader’s life history. This information is essential for modeling population growth and predicting rates of expansion, quantifying ecological impacts and assessing the efficacy of removal and control strategies. Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) have rapidly invaded the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea with documented negative impacts on native ecosystems. To better understand the life history of this species, we developed and validated a length-based, age-structured model to investigate age, growth and population structure in northeast Florida. The main findings of this study were: (1) lionfish exhibited rapid growth with seasonal variation in growth rates; (2) distinct cohorts were clearly identifiable in the length-frequency data, suggesting that lionfish are recruiting during a relatively short period in summer; and (3) the majority of lionfish were less than two years old with no lionfish older than three years of age, which may be the result of culling efforts as well as ontogenetic habitat shifts to deeper water.
Imaging and Analysis of Encapsulated Objects through Self‐Assembled Electron and Optically Transparent Graphene Oxide Membranes
Authors: Yulaev Alexander , Lipatov Alexey , Lu Annie Xi , Sinitskii Alexander , Leite Marina S. , Kolmakov Andrei
Published: December 2016

This study demonstrates a technique for facile encapsulation and adhesion of micro‐ and nanoobjects on arbitrary substrates, stencils, and microstructured surfaces by ultrathin graphene oxide membranes via a simple drop casting of graphene oxide solution. A self‐assembled encapsulating membrane forms during the drying process at the liquid–air and liquid–solid interfaces and consists of a water‐permeable quasi‐2D network of overlapping graphene oxide flakes. Upon drying and interlocking between the flakes, the encapsulating coating around the object becomes mechanically robust, chemically protective, and yet highly transparent to electrons and photons in a wide energy range, enabling microscopic and spectroscopic access to encapsulated objects. The characteristic encapsulation scenarios have been demonstrated on a set of representative inorganic and organic micro‐ and nanoobjects and microstructured surfaces. Different coating regimes can be achieved by controlling the pH of the supporting solution, and the hydrophobicity and morphology of interfaces. Several specific phenomena, such as compression of encased objects by contracting membranes as well as hierarchical encapsulations, have been observed. Finally, electron/optical microscopy, analysis of encapsulated objects, and the effect of membrane on the image contrast formation and signal attenuation are discussed.
Flexible and Transparent Cu Electronics by Low‐Temperature Acid‐Assisted Laser Processing of Cu Nanoparticles
Authors: Kwon Jinhyeong , Cho Hyunmin , Suh Young Duk , Lee Jinhwan , Lee Habeom , Jung Jinwook , Kim Dongkwan , Lee Daeho , Hong Sukjoon , Ko Seung Hwan
Published: December 2016

Copper is a promising electronic material due to low cost and high electrical conductivity. However, the oxidation problem in an ambient condition creates a crucial issue in practical applications. In this paper, a simple and cost‐effective Cu patterning method has been developed on flexible PET film by combining a solution processable Cu nanoparticle patterning and a low‐temperature postprocessing with acetic acid treatment, laser sintering process, and acid‐assisted laser sintering process. The acid‐assisted laser sintering processed Cu electrode shows superior characteristics in electrical, mechanical, and chemical stability over other postprocessing methods. Finally, the Cu electrode is applied to flexible electronics applications such as flexible and transparent heaters and touch screen panels.
A New Domain of Reactivity for High‐Valent Dinuclear [M(μ‐O)2M′] Complexes in Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Engelmann Xenia , Yao Shenglai , Farquhar Erik R. , Szilvási Tibor , Kuhlmann Uwe , Hildebrandt Peter , Driess Matthias , Ray Kallol
Published: December 2016

The strikingly different reactivity of a series of homo‐ and heterodinuclear [(MIII)(μ‐O)2(MIII)′]2+ (M=Ni; M′=Fe, Co, Ni and M=M′=Co) complexes with β‐diketiminate ligands in electrophilic and nucleophilic oxidation reactions is reported, and can be correlated to the spectroscopic features of the [(MIII)(μ‐O)2(MIII)′]2+ core. In particular, the unprecedented nucleophilic reactivity of the symmetric [NiIII(μ‐O)2NiIII]2+ complex and the decay of the asymmetric [NiIII(μ‐O)2CoIII]2+ core through aromatic hydroxylation reactions represent a new domain for high‐valent bis(μ‐oxido)dimetal reactivity.