bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
'What These Cryptic Symbols Mean': Quotation, Allusion, and John Darnielle's Biblical Interpretation
Authors:   Adam
Published: April 2011

The Mountain Goats' repertoire of biblically-themed songs displays a salutary resistance to oversimplifying dichotomies. Their catalogue defies the imperative to fit into the "Christian rock"-vs.- mainstream "secular rock" market niches while at the same time it does not fit conveniently into the biblical-critical world's fascination with characterising certain interpretive methods as "legitimate" and others as "illegitimate." The Mountain Goats' songs don't challenge these dichotomies head-on, but they demonstrate the allusive richness available to an interpreter freed from rigid obeisance to these idols of the market and the library. Whereas in many popular interpretations, the Bible figures as an oracular repository of sacred law, or as a textbook of science and metaphysics, or a sourcebook for general spirituality, the Mountain Goats' biblical songs draw on the Bible as an all-too-human expression of how the world is (and will be), even when the appearances suggest otherwise. In cultivating a wide range of songs that reflects the Bible's characteristic underdetermination, the Mountain Goats make the moral and theological ambivalence of the Bible audible again without resolving that ambivalence into consoling or deplorable platitudes, theological dogmas or historical facts.
A Tale of Two Cities: San Francisco and "Gomorrah" in Biblical Allusion and Unestimated Prophecy
Authors: Blackwell J. Mark
Published: April 2011

This article examines the song "Gomorrah" and its central motif of "don't look back" as reflective of the culture and era in which it was first written and later recorded. Through an analysis of its literary structure, the song reveals an enduring message not commonly associated with Lot in the Bible. Rather, "Gomorrah" speaks of San Francisco in the 1970s and the struggles of two of its prominent institutions: the Grateful Dead and the LGBT movement.
A Phenomenological Contribution to the Approach of Biological Psychiatry
Authors: Messas Guilherme P.
Published: April 2011

This article develops a phenomenological contribution to biological psychiatry. Grounded in the principles of transformation, heterogeneity, proportionality and particularity, a paradigm of phenomenological orientation allocates to biology a role different from that assumed by official Cartesian psychiatry. First, no clear definition of what is biological may be established a priori—as a general application, and useful to each and every studied phenomenon. Biology may be understood only as the experience of ununderstandable elements within consciousness, and as belonging necessarily to a whole unity of conscious experience. Second, the research agenda in biological psychiatry necessarily intersects with the investigation of the particularities of each individual clinical case with its unique characteristics. Without this, the very notion of biological psychiatry becomes merely a theoretical abstraction. Finally, the continuity of the biological agenda needs to resume the construction and investigation of psychopathological categories that cohere with the reality of the mental universe.
Positive Functions of Psychosis
Authors: Martens Willem H. J.
Published: April 2011

The positive functions of psychosis are examined. It is concluded that psychosis might have following positive and compensating functions: satisfaction of urgent needs that otherwise would remain unsatisfied; avoidance of and coping with unbearable reality, harmful influences and stress, and/or trauma; realization of urgent but otherwise unattainable goal settings; and upgrading of social-emotional and cognitive incapacities into more adequate social-emotional and cognitive awareness and functioning. The therapeutic implications of these findings are also discussed.
American Policymaking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1996-1999: The Anti-Kabila Bias and the Crushing Neutrality of the Lusaka Accords
Authors: Cook Christopher R.
Published: April 2011

This article examines the development of American policy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Why did the U.S. become involved? I argue that Washington’s policy was based in how they framed the conflict. They chose to see it through the prism of Rwandan and Ugandan security needs. The Administration favored the narrative of genocide instead of contemplating a war of “partition and plunder.” This may not be surprising because Washington often privileges a Westphalian approach to security and ignores the role of economic sub-state actors. However, by doing so they exhibited a “crushing neutrality” towards Laurent Kabila.
Religious Nationalism in a New Era: A Perspective from Political Islam
Authors: Altuntaş Nezahat
Published: April 2011

Nationalism is an ideology that has taken different forms in different times, locations, and situations. In the 19th century, classical liberal nationalism depended on the ties between the nation state and its citizenship. That form of nationalism was accompanied by “the state- and nation-building” processes in Europe. In the 20th century, nationalism transformed into ethnic nationalism, depending on ideas of common origin; it arose especially after World War I and II and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Finally, at the beginning of 21st century, nationalism began to integrate with religion as a result of global political changes. The terrorist attack on the United States, and then the effects that the United States and its allies have created in the widespread Muslim geography, have added new and different dimensions to nationalism. The main aim of this study is to investigate the intersection points between religion and nationalism, especially in the case of political Islam.
Responses to Election Outcomes: The Aftermath of 2007 Elections in Nigeria and Kenya
Authors: Orji Nkwachukwu
Published: April 2011

The aim of this article is to explain variations in losers’ behaviour after the 2007 elections in Nigeria and Kenya. It analyzes the conditions that made it possible for violent post-election protests to occur in Kenya and not in Nigeria. The main question the article addresses is why the losers in Nigeria chose to peacefully protest the 2007 election results while the losers in Kenya protested violently. This article adopts a methodology involving analysis of documents, including published literature, official documents, and media reports. It argues that violent post-election protests occurred in Kenya, and not in Nigeria, because of the higher political salience of ethnicity, the stronger elite-mass linkage, and the winner-loser power parity in Kenya.
Feminist Public Theology in the Uniting Church in Australia
Authors: Pitman Julia
Published: April 2011

This article considers the expression of Protestant feminist public theology by the first women to gain access to leading positions in the Uniting Church in Australia, which was inaugurated in 1977. Roman Catholic and Protestant feminist theologians have started to provide theories of feminist public theology. The case studies of Lilian Wells, first Moderator of the Synod of New South Wales, and Jill Tabart, first woman President of the Assembly of the Uniting Church, provide evidence for the revision of these theories. The article argues that both the desire for and the expression by women of feminist public theology has a history that is longer than might be assumed. It also argues that such history confirms but also challenges aspects of received theories of feminist public theology, and that the two cases outlined below provide insight into the constraints inherent in the expression of feminist public theology in Protestant denominations such as the Uniting Church in Australia.
Paul Tillich’s ‘Method of Correlation’ and the Unification of Korea: From Correlation to Co-Reconstruction
Authors: Ahn Ilsup
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the theological relevance and significance of Paul Tillich’s ‘method of correlation’ with regard to the Korean political situation, with a particular focus on the issue of the unification of North and South Korea. The first part of the article critically appropriates Tillich’s philosophical‐theological concepts such as the ‘demonic’, the ‘polarities’ and the ‘kingdom of God’ in order to analyse how the historical existence of the Korean people has been deeply shaped by the division of Korea. The second part of the article constructively applies an in-depth reading of Tillich’s theology of peace, in presenting a theological perspective on how the unification of the two Koreas might be attained through a co-reconstructive endeavour between the divided peoples of North and South Korea.
Archytas lu par Simplicius. Un art de la conciliation*
Authors: Gavray Marc-Antoine
Published: April 2011

Intent upon harmonizing doctrines of their predecessors, some Neoplatonic commentators are faced with a problem of resolving doctrinal discrepancies so as to restore the συµφωνία in the history of philosophy. This article considers a particular example of this attempt ats harmonization: how Simplicius reconciles Aristotle’s Categories with the Neopythagorean doctrine of the Pseudo-Archytas. The chronological inversion introduced by the counterfeiter produces remarkable effects on the late Platonic doctrine about general terms, to the extent that a commentator such as Simplicius works to reduce the dissonance between Archytas’ and Aristotle’s words.This paper has three aims: to restore the general grid that Simplicius uses for reading and commenting on Archytas through Aristotle; to identify the exegetical strategies aimed at a doctrinal reconciliation; to consider a specific case, provided by the doctrine of weight, which engenders a new physical theory by Simplicius.
Evolutionary Algorithm-Based Error Parameterization Methods for Data Assimilation
Authors: Bai Yulong , Li Xin
Published: April 2011

The methods of parameterizing model errors have a substantial effect on the accuracy of ensemble data assimilation. After a review of the current error-handling methods, a new blending error parameterization method was designed to combine the advantages of multiplicative inflation and additive inflation. Motivated by evolutionary algorithm concepts that have been developed in the control engineering field for years, the authors propose a new data assimilation method coupled with crossover principles of genetic algorithms based on ensemble transform Kalman filters (ETKFs). The numerical experiments were developed based on the classic nonlinear model (i.e., the Lorenz model). Convex crossover, affine crossover, direction-based crossover, and blending crossover data assimilation systems were consequently designed. When focusing on convex crossover and affine crossover data assimilation problems, the error adjustment factors were investigated with respect to four aspects, which were the initial conditions of the Lorenz model, the number of ensembles, observation covariance, and the observation interval. A new data assimilation system, coupled with genetic algorithms, is proposed to solve the difficult problem of the error adjustment factor search, which is usually performed using trial-and-error methods. The results show that all of the methods can adaptively obtain the best error factors within the constraints of the fitness function.
Shared Human Rights Norms and Military Conflict
Authors: Peterson Timothy M. , Graham Leah
Published: April 2011

The normative transfer thesis posits that systematic discrimination, inequality, and repression are indicative of violent norms within states, which extend to the realm of foreign policy. In this article, the authors contend that the pacifying influence of similarity conditions the impact of physical integrity norms at the dyad level. Although mutual norms of domestic nonviolence are more pacifying than mutual disregard thereof, the authors argue that a wide disparity in norms is more aggravating than shared violent norms. This follows because similarity of abusive norms may preclude certain conflicts of interest from originating. The authors test this argument on data from 1981 to 2001, finding that conflict initiation is more likely when states have disparate levels of respect for physical integrity rights. The authors find evidence for a conditional norm transfer, as mutually respectful dyads are least likely to experience conflict; however, they also find evidence of a somewhat weaker peace between abusers.
Anger, Hatred, and the Quest for Peace: Anger Can Be Constructive in the Absence of Hatred
Authors: Halperin Eran , Russell Alexandra G. , Dweck Carol S. , Gross James J.
Published: April 2011

Anger is often viewed as a destructive force in intergroup conflicts because of its links to aggressive behavior. The authors hypothesized, however, that anger should have constructive effects in those with low levels of hatred toward the out-group. Using experimental designs with subsamples of nationwide representative surveys, the authors conducted two studies within the context of the Israeli—Palestinian conflict. Study 1 showed that inducing anger toward Palestinians several weeks before the Annapolis summit increased support for making compromises in upcoming negotiations among those with low levels of hatred but decreased support for compromise among those with high levels of hatred. Study 2 showed that, even when a strong anger induction was used just days before the summit, the anger induction led to increased support for compromise among those low in hatred, but not among those high in hatred. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for informing a psychological understanding of conflicts.
Global Issues and Perspectives on Working with Women
Authors: Wetzel Janice Wood
Published: April 2011

Because social workers and their clients are primarily women, women's concerns should be moved from the periphery of the profession to its center. This issue is linked in this article to existing global political realities regarding women and social work policies and practice. In this regard, three concepts are discussed: the historical division between sex and race, which has reached international proportions, the social work ethic of self-determination, and the primacy of perceptions of and about women.
The Anti-Institution Movement and Women Caregivers
Authors: Briar Katharine Hooper , Ryan Rosemary
Published: April 2011

Community-based living transfers the work of caring for disabled and dependent persons from the public sector to the private sector, from systems of care staffed by paid professionals to untrained individuals who usually are women. The resulting stresses on women caregivers are becoming an important social work issue.
Lesbianism as a Personal Identity and Social Role: A Model
Authors: Nichols Margaret , Leiblum Sandra R.
Published: April 2011

Although some sociologists have conceptualized homosexuality and lesbianism as "'lifestyles" or "careers," most clinicians, including many who do not view homosexuality as a disease, continue to think of a sexual orientation to the same sex as an intrinsic physical attribute. The authors propose an identity-social role model of lesbianism and outline the implications of this model for clinical practice and research. They describe forces that shape the lesbian identity, delineate clinical issues involving the identity, and raise several questions regarding research.
On the Lookout
Authors: Dinerman Miriam , Gottlieb Naomi
Published: April 2011

Welcome to "On The Lookout," designed to put readers in touch with resources in practice and research that may be helpful but are not easily located. These briefs will let you know about such things as innovative service programs for women, a monograph or report not found in the usual publication sources, or a creative research strategy particularly responsive to women. This statement of purpose also asks potential contributors to send us items that fall within the scope of this column.

Practitioners and researchers may appreciate short reports on new developments—an innovative entry point to a community for research purposes, a report about a particularly interesting women's program, a monograph on a social policy issue available through a specialized source, or a new kind of service for women. Also, research in progress or requests for participants in research may be included. A central feature will be specifics as to how to reach the information source should the reader wish to pursue the item further. We will not evaluate the item except for potential reader interest and therefore cannot take responsibility for the accuracy or validity of any item. We ask our readers to carry the task of further inquiry, go directly to the source for more information and not to AFFILIA.

Submission to this department should be no more than one hundred words and should include name, address, and any other pertinent information including cost so the reader may follow up. The editors reserve the right to edit abstracts for brevity and clarity. Please let us know your reactions and questions and send us items for the column. We hope you will be regular readers and contributors as we begin ....
The Changing and Unchanging Status of Rural Women in the Workplace
Authors: Morris Lynne Clemmons
Published: April 2011

Rural women entered the workforce in record numbers during the 1970s. However, they remained concentrated in the low-wage sectors of the rural economy. This article examines the prevalence of low-wage employment among rural women and its effects on the feminization of rural poverty.
"Martha's Rules"
Authors: Minahan Anne
Published: April 2011

For several years I have been teaching a social work course on how social workers can make their employing organization more responsive to consumers. We'study how decisions are made in organizations. The students and I have become intrigued with the use of consensus decision-making in some organizations. Many—but by no means all—of these organizations are feminist organizations that wish to put feminist beliefs and philosophy into practice within organizations and to avoid structured administrative hierarchies for decision making. In their study of "consensus decision-making" organizations, students have reported that some participants are impatient with the time required by the use of consensus decision-making for all decisions—large and small. One student brought to class a copy of "Martha's Rules" that were developed by Martha's Housing Co-op for families in Madison, Wisconsin. "Martha's Rules" are not only an alternative to Robert's Rules, but provide ideas for people in organizations who are committed to consensus decision-making and who want to make it work well.
A New Look at Salary Equity for Male and Female Faculty in Schools of Social Work
Authors: Norman Elaine
Published: April 2011

Many studies have documented that women faculty in schools of social work hold lower ranks, achieve tenure less frequently, and earn lower salaries than do their male peers. The findings of the study of all full-time faculty members in graduate schools of social work in 1984-85 that is reported here concurred with the previous research. However, the data indicated that the situation is not uniform throughout the country; some schools treat their female faculty members better than do others. Therefore, the study also explored eight factors that best describe the schools in which women are treated more equitably. Two factors were found to be most closely related to equity: the sex of the dean and the geographic location of the school.
Transforming Abortion Discourse
Authors: Collins Barbara G.
Published: April 2011

Reproductive freedom, including legal access to abortion, feminists insist, is a fundamental health issue for women. However, it is also the issue that has provoked the most opposition to the feminist struggle. The polarized debate epitomized in the abortion conflict, the author contends, is at least partly embedded in the nature and form of the discourse about abortion, which inadequately conceptualizes both pregnancy and women's decisions regarding unwanted pregnancy. Gilligan's paradigm of moral voices is used to explore the possibility of transforming this discourse.
Sexual Harassment at Work: A Review of Research and Theory
Authors: Maypole Donald E.
Published: April 2011

In this article, sexual harassment is defined, power-dominance theory is used to explain its occurrence, and six recent epidemiological studies are reviewed. Suggestions are made for the delivery of services to victims and for including information on resources for victims in the curricula of schools of social work.
Women in Academia: Career Orientation, Satisfactions, and Stress
Authors: Ski Hunter Mary , Shannon Coleen
Published: April 2011

Using data from a national survey, this article focuses on career-related attitudes and behaviors of social work academics, paying particular attention to the status of female academics. Although the women and men in the sample were similar in many ways, the women experienced certain sources of stress and dissatisfaction that were not identified by the men, and thus their academic careers seem to have differed significantly from those of the men. The women aspired to be like their male counterparts. To do so, however, would require that they slant their careers more toward research than toward teaching.
Feminism among Social Work Students
Authors: Lincoln Rosamond , Randi Daimon Koeske
Published: April 2011

Research conducted at the University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work assessed the feminist behavior and identification of two samples of MSW students using the Feminist Behavior Scale, which was developed specifically for the study. The students' responses indicated that they had little awareness of feminist issues and did not identify themselves as feminists. The study also found that the MSW curriculum does not focus on the psychology, history, or oppression of women and that MSW students have few opportunities to write papers that reflect feminist issues. The implications of these findings for a profession that is dominated by women and that frequently provides treatment and other services to women and their families are discussed.
Strategies for Strengthening Feminist Research
Authors: Gottlieb Naomi , Bombyk Marti
Published: April 2011

Social work research, like all research in the social sciences, has been challenged by feminist scholars. Alternative research methods proposed by feminists, however, contain their own inherent dilemmas that need to be addressed. This article summarizes the historical dynamics of feminist research, identifies key issues that pose problems for the development of knowledge, and proposes self-correcting measures for strengthening future feminist research.
Social Work Theories and Practice with Battered Women: A Conflict-of-Values Analysis
Authors: Gutiérrez Lorraine M.
Published: April 2011

In the 1970s, wife abuse became a concern of sociologists, feminists, and family theorists. The new perspectives they brought to the problem, which focused more on social factors than on individual pathology, challenged social workers to examine how their practice and assumptions perpetuated the problem. This article investigates how the social work literature has been affected by new theories of domestic violence and analyzes the impact that these theories have had on practice with battered women.
Views of Wife Abuse: Does the Research Method Make a Difference?
Authors: Davis Liane V.
Published: April 2011

This article explores the attitudes of service providers toward abused women and abusing men from the perspectives of masculine and feminine research. The masculine approach revealed widespread victim blaming among the respondents. The feminine approach revealed that, when given the opportunity to explore the problem at length, service providers avoided making judgments and worked at understanding and explaining the men's and women's behaviors. Thus, the feminine research method seems to be more appropriate for elucidating the complex realities in the lives of clients and the work of social workers.
Mentor Relationships Among Women in Academe
Authors: Richey Cheryl A. , Gambrill Eileen D. , Blythe Betty J.
Published: April 2011

Although it is generally acknowledged that mentor relationships facilitate professional development and advance careers, little is known about the influence of gender on the nature and pattern of these relationships, especially for women in academe. On the basis of material in the literature and of their own and others' personal experiences, the authors discuss characteristics and stages of mentor relationships, resources exchanged by protegees and mentors, and strategies for handling problems that may arise. The need for creating new, more accurate metaphors or models for feminist-oriented patron relationships is explored, with the archetype, Artemis, presented as one alternative. The article concludes with an exploration of the implications of such relationships for education, practice, and research.
Women's Ways and Effective Management
Authors: Chernesky Roslyn H. , Bombyk Marcia J.
Published: April 2011

Current knowledge about gender differences in managerial behavior as well as thinking about effective management styles suggests that the managerial style of women may be different from that of men and more effective. Findings from a study of women executives of human service agencies and their perceptions of how they approach administration support the assertion that women bring to their administrative positions a unique view and understanding of women's experience of caring and, in so doing, may be more effective managers.
From Cycle to Syndrome and Back Again: A Social Work Response to PMS
Authors: Morell Carolyn
Published: April 2011

Although the validity of a prevalent cyclical syndrome among women is questionable, commercial exploitation causes many women to accept the construct as fact. The issue is not one of health alone; it is a political issue of substantial magnitude. Without ignoring or denying women's negative premenstrual conditions, social workers can resist-and help other women resist-the "medicalization" of the premenstruum. The intent of this article is to open up discussion of the theoretical and practical issues that social workers confront in intervening with women who have various premenstrual conditions.
A Social Worker's Perspective on Pornography
Authors: Andrews Arlene Bowers
Published: April 2011

As advocates for the oppressed and for personal freedom, social workers may find themselves torn by opposing views on pornography. Critical questions about pornography have gone unanswered. This article reviews fundamental issues in the debate about pornography as a step toward stimulating systematic research by social workers in response to these questions.
The Powers That Might Be: The Unity of White and Black Feminists
Authors: Kopacsi Rosemarie , Faulkner Audrey Olsen
Published: April 2011

The contemporary women's movement has failed to bring together white women and women of color around a common agenda for social change that will be beneficial to all women. This article traces the history of the failed efforts of white women and black women to form permanent alliances for change. It suggests that the mutuality of goals related to work and family roles is a starting point for joint activities to reverse past separatism. The authors propose strategies that white feminist social workers can use to achieve a fuller realization of the potential power of the women's movement.
Victim: Family Systems and Feminist Perspectives
Authors: Rodning Susan Alene
Published: April 2011

This article considers the concept of victim from two conceptual frameworks: the family systems perspective and the feminist perspective. It discusses the values that inform family systems and feminist practice, the definition and use of the concept of victim in treatment in these two perspectives, and whether the two frameworks can be integrated. The literature on feminism in family practice is reviewed, and the implications for research and policy development are presented.
Poor Women and Work Programs: Back to the Future
Authors: Miller Dorothy C.
Published: April 2011

New welfare-to-work programs have been hailed in the press as the "new consensus" on reforming welfare. A close look at the evaluation studies and surveys of recent demonstration programs, however, indicates little success in getting women off welfare or out of poverty. Programs seem to be designed for failure. A feminist theoretical analysis indicates that such "failure" is functional to patriarchy, capitalism, and white supremacy.
Women at the Helm: Three Extraordinary Leaders
Authors: Kendall Katherine A. , Kendall Katherine A.
Published: April 2011

Social work has been fortunate in its forebears, in large part because it was one of the few acceptable outlets for the talents and energies of educated women in an earlier era. In fact, social work history and female leadership are inextricably intertwined. This articles tells of three extraordinary social work leaders, one from Germany, one from the United Kingdom, and one from the United States. Social workers today have much to learn from Alice Salomon, Eileen Younghusband, and Edith Abbott.
Black Women and American Social Welfare: The Life of Fredericka Douglass Sprague Perry
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: April 2011

Biographical research and the study of mutual-aid networks provide invaluable data to document the historical contributions of black women to American social welfare. The achievements of these black women role models can be an inspiration to contemporary social workers. The caregiving and community social welfare activities of one such woman, Fredericka Douglass Sprague Perry, are discussed in this article.
From Separation to Connection: Shifts in Understanding Women's Development
Authors: Berzoff Joan
Published: April 2011

This article considers the theories of adult development that have led to shifts in understanding the psychology of women. A male-defined life cycle of adult development has been succeeded by a self-in-relation psychology of women. The implications of this shift in paradigm for social policy and practice with women are discussed in relation to a number of issues. Group therapy for women is recommended as the treatment of choice, given the role of connectedness in women's development.
Maintaining Order Through Deviance? The Emotional Deviance, Power, and Professional Work of Municipal Court Judges
Authors: Scarduzio Jennifer A.
Published: April 2011

This study examines the intersection of power, professional work, organizing, and emotional deviance at two municipal courthouses in the United States. A variety of qualitative methods including observation, shadowing employees, informal interviewing, and semi-structured respondent interviews were used to collect the data. A total of twelve municipal court judges were observed during arraignments, pre-trial conferences, and trials, and four of these judges participated in member checking interviews for a total of sixteen in-depth, audio-recorded interviews.This article centers on emotional deviance, or the expression of emotion that occurs when employees disregard feeling rules and express emotions that do not align with organizational expectations. In the case of judges who are mandated to be rational and neutral, emotional deviance becomes a distinctive advantage. Furthermore, the findings of this piece suggest that professional work is actually quite emotional and it also introduces the concept of privileged deviance to describe the ways in which deviance is related to power and specific verbal and nonverbal communicative behaviors. The article ends by discussing implicit and explicit privileged deviance and offers practical implications related to the training of municipal court judges and the mandates to process cases quickly while still fostering a high level of defendant satisfaction.
Has European sectoral social dialogue improved since the establishment of SSDCs in 1998?
Authors: Degryse Christophe , Pochet Philippe
Published: April 2011

This article looks at the way in which European sectoral social dialogue has developed over the past 20 years. It tries to determine whether the establishment of Sectoral Social Dialogue Committees in 1998 (SSDCs; currently 40) has affected the nature and/or quantity of texts adopted by these bodies. To this end, two periods are considered: 1990—1997 and 1998—2009. A first finding is that European sectoral social dialogue has burgeoned since the mid-1990s. The establishment of SSDCs therefore forms part of this expansion. Our main finding is that, whereas previously sectoral social dialogue was primarily geared towards ‘joint lobbying’ documents addressed to the European institutions, it now appears to be generating more documents that reflect ‘reciprocal commitments’. Yet this trend is really only perceptible from 2003 onwards, five years after the first SSDCs were established. The increased number of binding joint texts adopted can be explained by the Commission having undertaken more consultation (under Treaty Article 154) which opened a window of opportunity for the social partners to sign ‘agreements’.
European sectoral social dialogue and national social partners
Authors: Perin Emmanuelle , Léonard Evelyne
Published: April 2011

In 1998, the European Commission decided to institutionalize European sectoral social dialogue (ESSD) committees under a new harmonized form. As of 2010, there are 40 sectors with a sectoral committee. A recent Commission assessment suggested that there is a direct correlation between the effectiveness of ESSD and that of social dialogue on a national level. This article analyses in greater detail the relationships between the European committees and national-level social partners, showing that these relationships play a decisive role in the ability of ESSD to work efficiently. The article examines four dimensions of this ‘vertical coordination’: the representativeness of the European social partners; the Europeanization of interests; national players’ involvement in the ESSD committees and, finally, the implementation of joint texts. As these four dimensions are by no means autonomous, the article briefly examines their interaction in its last section, showing that this can fuel either a vicious circle hindering ESSD or, by contrast, a virtuous circle facilitating it.
2011: 20 years of European interprofessional social dialogue: achievements and prospects
Authors: Clauwaert Stefan
Published: April 2011

Twenty years have passed since the then European social partners ETUC, UNICE and CEEP concluded their Agreement on Social Policy, incorporating ‘the basic rules of the game of European social dialogue’, which was first annexed to the Maastricht Treaty and has been part of the body of the Treaties since the Treaty of Amsterdam. The first part of this article briefly takes stock of the results to date of this European interprofessional social dialogue, in particular as regards concrete outcomes. The second part looks at more recent developments, as well as at what is to be expected for 2011. Part 3 reviews some of the lessons learned so far and draws some conclusions — in particular for trade unions, in view of the 2011 ETUC Congress — for a negotiation agenda for a possible revision to the 1991 Agreement.
Information and consultation arrangements: results from a transnational study
Authors: Ribarova Ekaterina
Published: April 2011

This article is based on the INFORMIA study which investigated the nature and extent of information and consultation (I&C) arrangements in four EU Member States (Bulgaria, France, Ireland and Italy) and one candidate country (Croatia). The study analysed not just the I&C procedures arising from the transposition of Directive 2002/14/EC on information and consultation of employees, but also other arrangements of longer standing, such as European Works Councils (EWCs) and the I&C procedure on occupational health and safety issues. It examined the application of I&C arrangements in the participating countries, with a particular focus on rights, responsibilities, methods of electing employee representatives, and the scope of I&C arrangements. Finally, the study examined whether any of the enterprises surveyed had made use of I&C procedures as part of their strategies for dealing with the global economic crisis.
European collective agreements at company level and the relationship between EWCs and trade unions — lessons from the metal sector
Authors: Müller Torsten , Platzer Hans-Wolfgang , Rüb Stefan
Published: April 2011

The conclusion of framework agreements at European company level is a relatively new phenomenon which has gained momentum over the past decade, as an increasing number of European Works Councils (EWCs) moved beyond the information and consultation function foreseen in the EWC Directive. This new negotiating role of EWCs confronts trade unions with the twofold challenge to prevent syndicalist tendencies and to secure the primacy of trade unions as collective bargaining actors. Focusing on developments in the metalworking sector, this article examines the content and the implementation of the European Metalworkers’ Federation’s mandating procedure as the so far most far-reaching attempt by trade unions to maintain or regain control over negotiating activities at European company level. Based on an analysis of the negotiating process in four companies the article concludes that the application of the mandating procedure is heavily shaped by customs and practices of company-level and cross-company industrial relations in the company’s home country and that the application of the mandating procedure can be expected to be more successful the more trade unions foster close cooperation among those actors responsible for negotiating policy and thus encourage an understanding among both lay and full-time officials of the necessity of such a procedure.
EU integration and EU initiatives on employee participation and social dialogue
Authors: Schömann Isabelle
Published: April 2011

This article analyses the European Commission’s general approach in the area of social policy. It scrutinizes the rationale behind the introduction of various employee participation schemes and their evolution over time. Legislative acts on employee information and consultation, as well as on the empowerment of the European social partners as co-legislators in the field of social policy, have contributed to a genuine multi-level system of industrial relations emerging at European level. However, the EU-level approach towards social policy over recent decades, together with reform of European labour law and recent ECJ case-law, has reinforced an increasingly liberal trend towards initiatives that are less social in their orientation, as well as putting more pressure on collective workers’ rights and the social acquis communautaire. Against this background, European social dialogue and European labour law are facing difficulties in ensuring that existing minimum labour standards are maintained in legislation and collective agreements. The article argues that labour law and social dialogue would gain from a more proactive participation of trade unions in decision-making processes at national and European levels. This would help to secure a legal and collectively bargained protection of workers’ rights.
EWCs after 15 years — success or failure?
Authors: Jagodziński Romuald
Published: April 2011

The present article contributes to the debate on the failure or success of European Works Councils (EWCs) as an institution of European industrial relations. To this end it takes stock of EWC performance from various points of view. First, a quantitative evaluation of the development of EWCs, based on the ETUI database, is used to show that EWCs have become an essential element of European industrial relations. Second, we show that EWCs are a dynamic, constantly developing institution of employee representation. Their significance is assessed, including by looking at their institution-building capacity on various levels. The article also considers the future of EWCs. In this context the recent recast Directive 2009/38/EC is briefly discussed. Functional developments of EWC practice (signing company-level transnational agreements) are identified as new challenges for the coming years. The article concludes by arguing that the firm position of EWCs in European industrial relations can be viewed as a self-evident success, and has had positive spillover effects resulting in provisions on employee representation in other EU instruments.
The Association Between Genetic Risk and Contact With the Criminal Justice System in a Sample of Hispanics
Authors: Beaver Kevin M. , Chaviano Nicholas
Published: April 2011

A considerable amount of research has examined the genetic correlates to a wide array of antisocial behaviors. The results culled from this line of research have revealed that genes of the dopaminergic system are associated with criminal and delinquent involvement. Whether these associations would be detected with samples of various racial/ethnic origins remains to be determined. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the association between genetic risk (as measured by dopaminergic genes) and contact with the criminal justice system in a sample of Hispanics. Analyses of data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health revealed that genetic risk was related to the odds of being arrested, being sentenced to probation, being incarcerated, and being arrested multiple times. Limitations of the study are discussed and avenues for future research are explored.
Neighborhoods, Acculturation, Crime, and Victimization Among Hispanics: The Cross-Fertilization of the Sociologies of Immigration and Crime
Authors: Miller HollyVentura , Gibson Chris L.
Published: April 2011

Hispanics represent the fastest growing demographic in the United States and will constitute the majority of the population by 2050. Despite this considerable growth, criminology has largely ignored these groups and research in this area lags behind. This article is an attempt to address these oversights by offering recommendations for a theoretically driven research agenda related to Hispanic crime and victimization. Drawing from the sociologies of crime and immigration, we describe several ways in which to extend and integrate the knowledge base on these topics; more specifically, we offer suggestions for disentangling the link between acculturation, crime, and victimization among Hispanics and how the links between these may depend on the neighborhood context in which Hispanics reside. We conclude with a modest research agenda on conceptual, methodological, and statistical issues.
Gender, Self-Control, and Offending Behaviors Among Latino Youth
Authors: Shekarkhar Zahra , Gibson Chris L.
Published: April 2011

Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), the current study investigates the empirical validity of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s propositions linking gender, self-control, and offending behaviors across a large and diverse sample of Latino youth. According to their theory, differences in self-control- that are influenced by differences in parenting practices—should account for differential offending across race/ethnicity and gender. Consistent with their theory, results found males to have lower self-control and greater involvement in self-reported violent and property offending compared to females. Furthermore, Latino youth with lower self-control were more likely to report violent and property offending; however, the gender gap observed for property and violent offending was not accounted for by low self-control or parenting. In fact, none of the parenting measures (warmth, hostility, monitoring) differed for males and females and they were not found to influence involvement in offending for males or females. Low self-control predicted violent offending for males and females separately, but it predicted property offending only for males. In addition to mentioning limitations and future research, findings are discussed as they relate to theory and prior research on self-control.
Xenophobia Among Hispanic College Students and Implications for the Criminal Justice System
Authors: San Miguel Claudia , Miller J. Mitchell , Kwak Dae-Hoon , Lee-Gonyea Jenifer A. , Gonyea Nathan E.
Published: April 2011

Immigration, particularly the illegal immigration of Mexicans, has emerged as one of the nation’s foremost social problems. This study explores attitudes toward illegal immigrants among a sample of Hispanic college students of primarily Mexican decent ( N = 216). Through an intrarace inquiry strategy, we examine whether illegal immigrants (a) are a growing problem in the United States, (b) contribute to the decline of society, and (c) are more likely than other groups in the United States to break the law. Findings reveal that college students with positive attitudes toward Mexico and the Mexican culture were more likely to hold negative attitudes toward illegal immigrants. Gender, annual household income, and college major were also found to be statistically significant predictors of attitude toward illegal immigrants. As Hispanics constitute the largest voting minority group, the impact of the findings on public policy, including implications for the criminal justice system, are discussed.
Addressing the Hispanic Delinquency and Mental Health Relationship Through Cultural Arts Programming: A Research Note From the Prodigy Evaluation
Authors: Rapp-Paglicci Lisa , Stewart Chris , Rowe William , Miller J. Mitchell
Published: April 2011

The social problem of juvenile delinquency continues to place resource strain on the juvenile justice system and related institutions. Given the disproportionate representation of minorities in the justice system, generally, and the pronounced increase regarding system contact with Hispanics, specifically, there is a dire need for culturally competent prevention and early intervention efforts in terms of individual rehabilitation, public safety, and system relief. This study examined a cultural arts program, Prodigy, delivered in south Florida to participant groups including heavy Hispanic representation to explore the efficacy of prosocial programming, especially self-regulation skills, in offsetting delinquency risk factors. Results suggest that cultural arts programming is effective for allieviating depression, anxiety, and related mental health issues as well as bolstering positive familial relations. Discussion is oriented around the need for further research on cultural arts programming configured for Hispanic delinquency prevention.
Animating Talk and Texts
Authors: May Laura
Published: April 2011

This article describes the classroom interactions surrounding teacher read-alouds of nonfiction texts in the classroom of a teacher who strived for cultural relevancy. Participants in this study were one European American teacher and her upper-elementary students who lived in the surrounding working-class neighborhood; all but two students identified as Latino or African American. Data were collected for two consecutive school years using ethnographic and discourse analytic methods. Analyses showed that the teacher took up three social positions (i.e., cultural advocate, facilitator of classroom interactions, and teacher of reading) by animating texts and students.