bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression Levels of Some Antioxidant and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Genes in Patients with Early‐Stage Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: De Palma Giuseppe , Mozzoni Paola , Acampa Olga , Internullo Eveline , Carbognani Paolo , Rusca Michele , Goldoni Matteo , Corradi Massimo , Tiseo Marcello , Apostoli Pietro , Mutti Antonio
Published: March 2010

This study was aimed at: (i) investigating the expression profiles of some antioxidant and epidermal growth factor receptor genes in cancerous and unaffected tissues of patients undergoing lung resection for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (cross‐sectional phase), (ii) evaluating if gene expression levels at the time of surgery may be associated to patients′ survival (prospective phase).
Antioxidant genes included heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD-1), and ‐2 (SOD-2), whereas epidermal growth factor receptor genes consisted of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and v‐erb‐b2 erythroblastic leukaemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (HER-2). Twenty‐eight couples of lung biopsies were obtained and gene transcripts were quantified by Real Time RT‐PCR. The average follow‐up of patients lasted about 60 months.
In the cancerous tissues, antioxidant genes were significantly hypo‐expressed than in unaffected tissues. The HER-2 transcript levels prevailed in adenocarcinomas, whereas EGFR in squamocellular carcinomas. Patients overexpressing HER-2 in the cancerous tissues showed significantly lower 5‐year survival than the others.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Should Be Considered in Patients with Cognitive Problems
Authors: Zetterberg Henrik , Mattsson Niklas , Blennow Kaj
Published: March 2010

Hepatologists assay liver enzymes and cardiologists structural heart proteins in serum to diagnose and monitor their patients. This way of thinking has not quite made it into the memory clinics yet, in spite of the availability of validated cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for key pathological events in the brain in neurodegeneration. Here, we argue that a spinal tap should be considered in all patients who seek medical advice for memory problems and list the highly relevant clinical questions CSF analyses can address.
Analysis of Ozone (O3) and Erythemal UV (EUV) measured by TOMS in the equatorial African belt
Authors: Ssenyonga Taddeo , Stamnes Jakob J. , Dahlback Arne , Steigen Andreas , Okullo Willy , Frette Øyvind
Published: March 2010

We presented time series of total ozone column amounts (TOCAs) and erythemal UV (EUV) doses derived from measurements by TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) instruments on board the Nimbus-7 (N7) and the Earth Probe (EP) satellites for three locations within the equatorial African belt for the period 1979 to 2000. The locations were Dar-es-Salaam (6.8° S, 39.26° E) in Tanzania, Kampala (0.19° N, 32.34° E) in Uganda, and Serrekunda (13.28° N, 16.34° W) in Gambia. Equatorial Africa has high levels of UV radiation, and because ozone shields UV radiation from reaching the Earth’s surface, there is a need to monitor TOCAs and EUV doses. In this paper we investigated the trend of TOCAs and EUV doses, the effects of annual and solar cycles on TOCAs, as well as the link between lightning and ozone production in the equatorial African belt. We also compared clear-sky simulated EUV doses with the corresponding EUV doses derived from TOMS measurements. The TOCAs were found to vary in the ranges 243 DU − 289 DU, 231 DU − 286 DU, and 236 DU − 296 DU, with mean values of 266.9 DU, 260.9 DU, and 267.8 DU for Dar-es-Salaam, Kampala and Serrekunda, respectively. Daily TOCA time series indicated that Kampala had the lowest TOCA values, which we attributed to the altitude effect. There were two annual ozone peaks in Dar-es-Salaam and Kampala, and one annual ozone peak in Serrekunda. The yearly TOCA averages showed an oscillation within a five-year period. We also found that the EUV doses were stable at all three locations for the period 1979−2000, and that Kampala and Dar-es-Salaam were mostly cloudy throughout the year, whereas Serrekunda was mostly free from clouds. It was also found that clouds were among the major factors determining the level of EUV reaching the Earth´s surface. Finally, we noted that during rainy seasons, horizontal advection effects augmented by lightning activity may be responsible for enhanced ozone production in the tropics.
Apoptosis-promoting effects of Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on normal human lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Korb Vanessa C. , Moodley Devapregasan , Chuturgoon Anil A.
Published: March 2010

Sutherlandia frutescens (SF), an indigenous medicinal plant to South Africa, is traditionally used to treat a diverse range of illnesses. More specifically, the immune-enhancing potential of SF has been recognised to the extent that SF extracts have been recommended as an adjuvant in HIV/AIDS treatment by the South African Ministry of Health, despite a lack of knowledge of its mechanism of action or potential immune toxicity. As yet, unsubstantiated data support the notion of immunostimulatory effects of SF extracts in HIV-infected patients. This was suggested by post-treatment recovery of CD4+ cells brought about by the reduction of the impact of virus-induced apoptosis. This study investigated the apoptotic effects of SF extracts on normal human lymphocytes in vitro. Initially, an acute cytotoxic profile of SF extract was formulated, from which an IC50 of 7.5 mg/mL was calculated and administered for 3 h, 6 h and 12 h to cell populations. At 12 h, SF caused a significant increase in apoptosis in the total lymphocyte population and CD4+ cells as evidenced by increased phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation, caspase-3/7 activity, and decreased ATP content. After 12 h, the SF extract initiated lymphocyte activation in both total lymphocyte and CD4+ subpopulations, indicated by a doubling of the number of cells expressing the CD69 activation marker. The apoptosis observed may thus be the result of activation-induced lymphocyte cell death (AICD). Our results are in conflict with preliminary clinical evidence which has suggested SF extracts are possibly beneficial in the treatment of HIV infection. More extensive evaluations of the effects of SF extracts on the immune system in such subjects are urgently needed.
One or two species? A morphometric comparison between robust australopithecines from Kromdraai and Swartkrans
Authors: Cofran Zachary , Thackeray J. Francis
Published: March 2010

The type specimen of Paranthropus robustus (TM 1517, including a partial cranium) was discovered at Kromdraai near Sterkfontein in 1938 and described by Robert Broom as a new species. Subsequently, more robust australopithecines were discovered at the nearby site of Swartkrans. These Swartkrans hominins were described by Broom as Paranthropus crassidens. Many palaeoanthropologists currently regard the robust australopithecines from Kromdraai and Swartkrans as one species, but consensus has not been reached on this issue. A morphometric analysis has been undertaken to assess the probability that specimens attributed to P. crassidens represent the same species as that which is represented by TM 1517, the holotype of P. robustus. Our results failed to reject the null hypothesis that both sites sample the same, single species of robust australopithecine.
A review of phytoplankton dynamics in tropical African lakes
Authors: Ndebele-Murisa Mzime R. , Musil Charles F. , Raitt Lincoln
Published: March 2010

This paper provides a synthesis of current knowledge on phytoplankton production, seasonality, and stratification in tropical African lakes and considers the effects of nutrient enrichment and the potential impacts of climate warming on phytoplankton production and composition. Tropical African lakes are especially sensitive to climate warming as they experience wide fluctuations in the thermocline over a narrow range of high water temperatures. Recent climate warming has reduced phytoplankton biomass and production in the lakes. A decline in the production of palatable chlorophytes and an increase in cyanobacteria has led to reduced zooplankton production and a consequent decline in fish stocks, all of which can be associated with the elevated water temperatures. This indicates that even moderate climate warming may destabilise phytoplankton dynamics in tropical African lakes, thereby reducing water quality and food resources for planktivorous fish, with consequent negative impacts on human livelihoods.
COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AND SIMULATED RESPONSES TO S1 SELECTION IN A DIPLOID, CROSS-FERTILIZED SPECIES
Authors: CHOO T. M. , KANNENBERG L. W.
Published: March 2010

Computer simulation was used to test the accuracy of mathematical formulae for predicting mean response and variance of response to S1 per se recurrent selection under both additive and complete dominance genetic models. S1 selection was simulated at two levels of selection intensity (5 and 25%) and two levels of narrow sense heritability (0.2 and 0.6) for 15 cycles. In each cycle, 400 S1 families were evaluated in simulated trials consisting of one replication of 10-plant plots at each of four locations. The character under selection was controlled by 40 independently assorted loci. For both genetic models, variance component analysis provided good estimates of genetic variance and the predicted gains were in good agreement with the simulated gains. The simulated coefficient of variation of response was small and was very close to the predicted coefficient of variation in each of the four selection regimes under both models.
EFFECT OF DELAYED HARVEST ON SHATTERING LOSSES IN OATS, BARLEY AND WHEAT
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

Shattering losses were studied in representative shattering-resistant and shattering-susceptible cultivars of oats, barley and wheat. Losses were assessed after combine ripeness (14–15% kernel moisture) under rainfed conditions in oats and barley, and under both rainfed and irrigated conditions in wheat. Losses in the shattering-susceptible oat cv. Random were three to four times as great as the losses in the resistant cv. Kelsey. In 1979, losses of Random were 49.6% of yield during 1 mo after combine ripeness, compared to 12.4% for Kelsey. Shattering losses in barley tended to be mostly as broken spikes. Losses in the shattering-susceptible cv. Bonanza were 17.3% of yield, compared to 10.1% for the resistant cv. Galt during the 1-mo period after ripeness. Shattering losses were greater in irrigated than in rainfed wheat. Under both environments, loss of the shattering-susceptible cv. Sinton was double that of the resistant cv. Neepawa.
PERFORMANCE UNDER STRESS OF ADVANCED CYCLES OF FOUR POPULATIONS OF CORN (Zea mays L.) IN AN S1 PER SE RECURRENT SELECTION PROGRAM
Authors: ADARA O. A. , KANNENBERG L. W.
Published: March 2010

Two cycles of S1 per se recurrent selection were conducted in four populations of corn (Zea mays L.). The primary selection criterion was a performance index: grain yield divided by percent moisture at harvest. The original (C0) source material and first cycle (C1) of selection for each population were evaluated in a favorable (1977) and an unfavorable (1978) growing season. Second cycle (C2) materials were also included in the 1978 comparisons. In 1977, C1 yielded significantly more grain than C0 in three of the four populations. In contrast, performance of C1 and C2 materials in 1978 was inferior to C0 in all populations but one. The advanced cycles of only one population showed improvement over C0 in both years. Comparisons of the 1977 data for days to silking, grain yield, and percent ear moisture at harvest suggest that rate of grain filling in C1 was higher than in C0 for all populations. The higher rates of grain filling in the advanced cycles may have caused a carbohydrate deficiency under stress (1978) so that the leaves no longer functioned normally and kernel filling was terminated prematurely. In general, the four populations showed inherent differences in their respective responses to selection, to environmental stress, and to inbreeding.
PREDICTING NITROGEN AND DIGESTIBILITY OF FORAGES USING NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE PHOTOMETRY
Authors: WINCH J. E. , MAJOR HELEN
Published: March 2010

A Technicon Infra Alyzer 2.5, near infrared reflectance analyzer equipped with the six filters (1.68, 1.94, 2.10, 2.15, 2.23, 2.31 μm) which are used for the estimation of percent nitrogen, oil and moisture of grain crops was evaluated for the analyses of percent total nitrogen, in vitro and in vivo dry matter digestibility in grasses, legumes and grass-legume mixtures. Of the three quality parameters, only percent nitrogen was estimated with an acceptable degree of accuracy. The analyzer, therefore, has a potential for rapid nitrogen analysis of grasses, legumes and grass-legume mixtures. Correlation coefficients of 0.90 and above were obtained between infrared and Kjeldahl nitrogen when the nitrogen content of grasses or legume test samples was derived on either a grass or a legume calibration. A slight decrease in the standard error of prediction occurred when grass and legume calibrations were used to estimate nitrogen content of grass and legume samples, respectively. To insure accuracy, samples used to develop calibrations as well as those to be analyzed should be finely ground. In addition, the moisture content of the samples must be kept within the moisture range of the calibration.
TRIALLATE HERBICIDE APPLICATION WITH DRY AND SOLUTION NITROGEN FERTILIZERS
Authors: MOYER J. R. , CHOW P. N. P. , DRYDEN R. D.
Published: March 2010

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of triallate herbicide and the availability of nitrogen (N) in joint applications of triallate plus N. Triallate did not affect the conversion of urea to NH4- and NO3-N. The concentration of triallate in solution was not altered by NH4-N at initial concentrations up to 1400 μg NH4-N/g of soil. In the field, spring applications of triallate in all of the granular forms resulted in reduced wild oat control compared to triallate in the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) form. Triallate coated on urea or NH4NO3 gave wild oat control similar to that obtained with commercial 10 G granules. Fall treatments resulted in similar wild oat control for all methods of triallate application. Combined and separate applications of triallate and N fertilizer produced similar wheat yields as long as the wild oat control was similar. The results indicate that triallate can be applied with solution N fertilizer in both spring and fall and with dry N fertilizer in the fall.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 49. Equisetum arvense L.
Authors: CODY WILLIAM J. , WAGNER VLADIMIR
Published: March 2010

A summary of biological information on Equisetum arvense L., field horsetail, is presented. It is a circumpolar native species which is found in all parts of Canada north to latitude 83°N. It is a weed of low-lying meadows, pastures, hay and grain fields, orchards, small fruit plantings and roadsides, as well as occurring in riparian, native woodland and tundra situations.
NAPAYO HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL A. B.
Published: March 2010

Napayo is an awned cultivar developed by the backcross method from Thatcher and Manitou. It was licensed in 1972 for use on the eastern prairies.
BENITO HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL A. B. , CZARNECKI E. M.
Published: March 2010

Benito is an early maturing cultivar with four genes for leaf rust resistance. It is adapted to the rust area of Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan.
COLUMBUS HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL A. B. , CZARNECKI E. M.
Published: March 2010

Columbus is a late maturing cultivar developed by the backcross method from Neepawa. It is resistant to harvest-time sprouting and has a low level of alpha-amylase.
CREE BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
Authors: GOPLEN B. P. , GREEN-SHIELDS J. E. R.
Published: March 2010

Cree, a new cultivar of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), was developed at the Agriculture Canada research Station in Saskatoon and was issued License No. 1901 by the Plant Products Division of Agriculture Canada on 28 Feb. 1979. It is the first cultivar of birdsfood trefoil bred in Western Canada and was selected mainly for winterhardiness and forage yield. It was extensively tested in Uniform Regional Tests across Western Canada from 1960 to 1975, and was found to be superior to Empire in forage yield, seed yield, and seedling vigor, and superior to Leo in seed yield.
SUGARS AND EATING QUALITY OF RUTABAGAS
Authors: SUZUKI MICHIO , CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

Rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) harvested in October and November contained a high level of sugars, more than 51% of dry matter. Roots harvested in September contained less sugars than those harvested later. Sugar concentration increased as much as 10% of dry weight during storage. Rutabagas harvested when the sugar concentration of dry weight reached the maximum level were of good eating quality. The optimum harvest time to obtain high quality rutabagas varied from year to year depending on weather conditions.
SALVO TIMOTHY
Authors: CHILDERS W. R. , SUITOR R. W.
Published: March 2010

Salvo is an extremely early cultivar of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), which produces excellent aftermath. In mixtures with alfalfa, the heads are 10–15 cm out of the boot when the alfalfa is ready to cut for haylage. Salvo’s rapid regrowth contributes to higher second cutting yields than those obtained with later timothy cultivars, which are slower to produce regrowth. Salvo is expected to be particularly useful in the Atlantic provinces as an early cultivar in pure stands.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEEDING DATE AND SEEDING RATE ON SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF FIVE GENOTYPES OF Brassica napus
Authors: DEGENHARDT D. F. , KONDRA Z. P.
Published: March 2010

The effects of seeding date and seeding rate on the agronomic characteristics of five genotypes of Brassica napus L. were studied for 2 yr at two locations in western Canada. Delayed seeding resulted in a significant increase in vegetative and total yield but a significant decrease in seed yield, harvest index, plant density, racemes per plant and racemes per unit area. Seeding date had no significant effect on seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight and plant height. Increased seeding rate resulted in a significant increase in plant density, and racemes per unit area, but a significant decrease in harvest index, racemes per plant, seed yield per plant and plant height. Seeding rate had no significant effect on seed, vegetative or total yield and 1000-seed weight. There were significant differences due to genotypes for all variables except for total yield and racemes per unit area.
A DISEASE-RESISTANT SAFFLOWER ALLOPLOID FROM Carthamus tinctorius L. × C. lanatus L.
Authors: HEATON T. C. , KLISIEWICZ J. M.
Published: March 2010

Cultivated safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. (2n = 24), was crossed with the wild species C. lanatus L. (2n = 22). The interspecific hybrid, C. tinctorius × C. lanatus (nt + n1 = 34), was sterile, forming a mean of 4.85 II/PMC. Colchicine treatment of hybrid seedlings obtained from embryo culture produced a fertile alloploid (2nt + 2n1 = 68). The alloploid and C. lanatus were highly resistant to Alternaria and Pseudomonas leaf diseases, and Fusarium wilt. C. tinctorius was susceptible to the three pathogens. All safflowers were susceptible to Verticillium da liae although C. lanatus showed less severe symptoms. Disease resistance in the alloploid appeared to be controlled by dominant genes contributed by the genome of C. lanatus.
FALL GROWTH AND COLD ACCLIMATION OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE ON SALINE SOILS
Authors: FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

The effect of salt stress during the period of cold acclimation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) was studied in field trials on saline soils north of the Quill Lakes in the northeastern corner of the agricultural area of Saskatchewan. Shoot and crown dry weights and crown moisture, sodium, magnesium and sulfur contents were all strongly influenced by variables related to soil conductivity. Increased levels of soil sodium and magnesium salts were reflected by increased concentrations of sodium, magnesium and sulfur in the crown tissue. In contrast, crown calcium content decreased significantly with increased soil salinity. Soil salinity had a variable effect on cold hardiness. Although the general trend was towards reduced cold tolerance of plants with increased salt stress, reductions were not large enough to be of practical concern.
PATTERN OF FLOWER AND POD DEVELOPMENT IN RAPESEED
Authors: McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

Bud, flower, and pod production, and pod abortion were recorded at daily intervals for individual inflorescences on early- and late-seeded Brassica campestris (L.) ’Torch’ and B. napus (L.) ’Tower’. Flowering on plants of both cultivars, and both seeding dates, was initiated progressively later on each of the developing inflorescences. While late-developing inflorescences of Torch terminated flowering later than early-developing inflorescences, all inflorescences on Tower terminated flowering at about the same time. All flower initials that gave rise to open flowers were clearly visible on individual inflorescences soon after flowering commenced. Abortion, the failure of pods to elongate, increase in girth and become seed-bearing, was substantial for both varieties and both seedings. Abortion occurred predominantly towards the end of the flowering period or after, and was most prevalent on the later-developing inflorescences. The pattern of flower and pod development in rapeseed indicates a potential for recovery from hail or other injuries early in flowering. This recovery may occur by development of additional flowers or retention of flowers or pods which otherwise would have been lost through natural abortion.
QUANTITY AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF EFFLUENT LOSSES FROM ENSILED HIGH MOISTURE GRASS
Authors: FISHER L. J. , ZURCHER P. , SHELFORD J. A. , SKINNER J.
Published: March 2010

Observations were made on effluent flow and nutrient content of the effluent from eight silos filled with orchardgrass. Dry matter (DM) content of the effluent appeared to be approximately one-third the DM content of the ensiled material. The protein content of the effluent was more closely related to the DM than to the protein content of the forage. The amount of ash in the effluent DM was two and a half times the ash content of the forage. Approximately 75% of the total effluent flow occurred in the first 5 days after ensiling. Protein content of the effluent ranged from 1.1% during the first day of flow to 2.4% of the last day. The soluble carbohydrate content averaged 26.9 g/L for the first day of sampling to 5.9 g/L on the last day the effluents were sampled. Ash content of the effluent DM remained relatively constant with time but ranged from 18 to 30% depending on the material ensiled.
CONTROL OF WILD OATS, GREEN FOXTAIL AND TARTARY BUCKWHEAT WITH MIXTURES OF PROPANIL OR PROPANIL/MCPA AND POSTEMERGENCE WILD OAT HERBICIDES
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A.
Published: March 2010

The phytotoxicity of barban, diclofop, difenzoquat and flamprop to wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was reduced when these herbicides were tank-mixed with propanil or propanil/MCPA. Green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.) control with propanil and propanil/MCPA was poor. Propanil/MCPA in a tank mixture with diclofop reduced diclofop control of green foxtail. Barban in a tank mixture with propanil increased green foxtail and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum L. Beauv.) control compared to propanil alone. All other tank mixtures of propanil or propanil/MCPA with the wild oat herbicides had no significant effects on green foxtail control compared with propanil or propanil/MCPA. Tartary buckwheat control with propanil was good and the wild oat herbicides (except barban) in tank mixtures with propanil did not influence Tartary buckwheat control. There was an early chlorosis of wheat following treatments containing propanil or propanil/MCPA but this disappeared later in the growing season. Because of the reduced wild oat control with tank mixtures of propanil or propanil/MCPA with barban, diclofop, difenzoquat or flamprop, use of these mixtures for broadspectrum weed control is not practical.
INFLUENCE OF NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS, AMMONIUM SULPHATE, WATER QUALITY AND SPRAY VOLUME ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF GLYPHOSATE
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , O’DONOVAN J. T. , HAMMAN W. M.
Published: March 2010

In field studies, the surfactants Tween 20, X-77 and Triton X-100 enhanced the effectiveness of low glyphosate rates on rape, wheat, oats and barley. In greenhouse studies, Triton X-A Special and Tween 20 enhanced glyphosate phytotoxicity in wild oats and barley. Concentrations of at least 0.5% vol/vol Tween 20 and 0.25% vol/vol Triton X-A Special were required for enhancement of glyphosate phytotoxicity in barley. The surfactants Renex 36, Cittowet Plus and Dupont WK reduced glyphosate phytotoxicity in field and greenhouse studies. Atplus 411F, Surfel and Triton X-114 also reduced glyphosate effectiveness in several field treatments. A number of other surfactants had no significant effects on glyphosate phytotoxicity. Glyphosate was less phytotoxic to barley when applied in tap water (45 ppm Ca++ equivalent) compared to distilled water. With increasing spray volumes, the effectiveness of low rates of glyphosate was reduced and this reduction was more evident in tap than in distilled water. Ammonium sulphate in combination with Agral 90 enhanced glyphosate phytotoxicity in barley.
IMPROVING ASPEN POPLAR AND PRICKLY ROSE-COVERED RANGELAND WITH HERBICIDES AND FERTILIZER
Authors: BOWES GARRY
Published: March 2010

The improvement of brush-covered rangeland seeded to tame forage species following the application of three herbicide mixtures, with and without fertilizer, was documented. The area was located 193 km northeast of Regina, Saskatchewan, on a Waitville loam in the Grey (Podzol) soil association. The highest forage yields were reported on areas that received either a combination of 2,4-D + 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D + dicamba or 2,4-D + picloram and a yearly fertilizer treatment. The forage yields on the three previously mentioned treatments ranged from 109 to 139 g/m2 and from 394 to 424 g/m2 during the first and second years, respectively, of the experiment, respectively.
EFFECTS OF A ROTATION OF SIMAZINE, TERBACIL, AND DICHLOBENIL IN A MATURE APPLE ORCHARD
Authors: HEENEY H. B. , WARREN V. , KHAN S. U.
Published: March 2010

Annual yields of mature Kinkead Red Spy apple trees were higher when growth under trees was controlled by a rotation of three herbicides, namely, simazine (2-chloro-4, 6 bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine), terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) and dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) compared to yields of trees in which sod was regularly mowed to control growth of weeds. While weed control with herbicide rotations was not as effective as with continuous usage of a single herbicide, it was commercially acceptable, and the problem of common vetch (Vicia cracca L.) as on escape weed, particularly with continuous simazine was largely avoided. Over the 6-yr period there was little effect on nutrient levels of the foliage. Use of a rotation of herbicides prevented the accumulation of residues in the soil and levels of all herbicides noted in year 1 of the rotation were reduced to negligible amounts 2 yr after a particular herbicide had been applied.
EFFET DES DATES DE PLANTATION SUR LES POMMES DE TERRE CULTIVEES EN SAISONS COURTES
Authors: RIOUX R. , GENEREUX H. , GOSSELIN J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of planting dates on growth and quality of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown on a wet and cold soil was studied. Ninety days after planting, total yield was higher in plots planted in mid-June than in those planted at the end of May. However, 110 days after planting, yield was higher with the earlier planting dates. Yield at 130 day s after planting was not significantly different from yield at 110 days after planting. Tuber growth ended on 15 Sept. in 1975 and on 30 Sept. in 1974 and 1976. Percentage of tubers 70 mm and more in size was four times higher at 110 than at 90 days after planting for cv. Kennebec at the first planting date. Increase in tuber size was lower for cvs. Norland and Netted Gem and for all other planting dates. In spite of a low increase of specific gravity, chipping quality decreased as harvest was delayed. Percentage of tubers bearing Rhizoctonia sclerote increased as harvesting was delayed.
ESTIMATING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM IRRIGATED CROPS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: TAN C. S. , FULTON J. M.
Published: March 2010

Several years of daily evapotranspiration (ET) data for irrigated early potatoes, corn and processing tomatoes, grown on Fox sandy loam measured by floating lysimeters and estimated by meteorological data were used to evaluate an equilibrium evapotranspiration (ETeq) model. A reasonable relationship was obtained between values estimated by the model and those measured by floating lysimeters. The ETeq model can be used to estimate daily ET over a wide range of soil moisture and foliage cover conditions. ETeq can be estimated from readily available climatic data in the form: ETeq = (0.48 + 0.01 Ta) [(0.114 + 0.365n/N) K↓a − 0.039]; where Ta is the mean daily air temperature (°C); n is sunshine duration (h); N is maximum hours of bright sunshine (h); K↓a is solar energy received at the top of the atmosphere (mm/day). At high soil water storage in the root zone, the ET/ETeq remained constant, whereas, at low soil water storage, the ET/ETeq decreased linearly with decreasing soil water storage. The total crop yields were directly related to growing season accumulated ET.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WILD RICE GRAIN
Authors: WATTS B.M. , DRONZEK B.L.
Published: March 2010

Twelve samples of Canadian lake and paddy wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.) were analyzed for proximate, mineral and amino acid composition. Mean proximate and mineral values for lake and paddy wild rice were: total carbohydrate 82.8%, protein (nitrogen × 5.7) 13.8%, ash 1.7%, crude fiber 1.2%, ether extract 0.5%, phosphorous 0.28%, potassium 0.30%, magnesium 0.11%, iron 17 ppm, manganese 14 ppm, zinc 51 ppm and copper 13 ppm. Amino acid composition of the unprocessed wild rice showed little variation among samples. The essential amino acid score of the unprocessed wild rice, based on the FAO/WHO 1973 pattern, was 82, with threonine and lysine most limiting. Lysine values were lowered by processing. Calculated nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were 5.60 for Johnson strain and 5.65 for lake-grown wild rice.
Apera, SILKY-BENT OR WINDGRASS, AN IMPORTANT WEED GENUS RECENTLY DISCOVERED IN ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: McNEILL J.
Published: March 2010

Two species of Apera have been discovered in Ontario. Keys and illustrations are provided distinguishing the species from one another and from other Ontario grasses. Attention is drawn to the potential weed hazard in Ontario of one of them, A. spica-venti (loose silky-bent), an important weed of winter cereals in central and eastern Europe.
NONPROTEIN NITROGEN CONTENTS OF SOME GRAIN LEGUMES
Authors: HOLT N. W. , SOSULSKI F. W.
Published: March 2010

The seeds of nine grain legume species were analyzed for nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), amino acids (AA) in NPN, total nucleic acids and nucleic acid nitrogen (NAN). The range in amounts of low molecular weight NPN as determined by ultrafiltration was 16–75 mg/g N for the nine species. The range in NAN was very small and the average of all species was 23.4 mg/g N or 1.05 mg/g seed. Arginine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and glycine were the major AA constituents in the ultrafiltrate NPN of six samples of field pea, fababean and field bean. Twenty percent of the nitrogen (N) of the NPN was in protein AA in fababean while the values were 59–75% for field pea and field bean. The remainder along with the NAN was equal to 3.6–5.7% of the seed N.
AN EMPIRICAL METHOD OF ESTIMATING SOIL TEMPERATURE ON CROPPED LAND ON CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , NICHOLAICHUK W. , BIEDERBECK V. O. , UKRAINETZ H. , BOLE J.
Published: March 2010

Agronomists often require quick, easy methods of estimating soil temperatures under cereal production, either to fill in missing experimental measurements or to help explain apparent discrepancies in results. Methods available in the literature allow such estimates to be made from meteorological measurements and soil physical characteristics, but these methods are often mathematically complex. In the present paper a simple empirical regression and correlation approach was used to relate soil temperatures under cereal and fallow cropping systems to air temperature, and also to soil temperature at corresponding depths under grass plots at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Relationships for the top 22.5 cm of soil were developed for the growing season and also for the whole year. Relationships between soil and air temperature were good near the soil surface, but deteriorated with depth even though highly significant r2 values were obtained. The best relationships were obtained between soil temperatures under the cereal system and temperatures under grass (r2 > 0.8 for growing season and > 0.9 for whole year). The relationships between mean daily temperatures under cereals (y) and those under grass at corresponding depths (x) were generally represented by y = x. The best Swift Current relationships for the growing season were used successfully [Formula: see text] to predict data for different years at Swift Current and Scott, Saskatchewan and at Lethbridge, Alberta. The error in prediction at the 10-cm depth was, on the average, 1–3 °C and at the 20-cm depth, 0–4 °C. The relationship developed will be more accurate in drier regions such as the southern prairies.
DESICCATION OF FLAX WITH DIQUAT
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , KENASCHUK E. O.
Published: March 2010

Diquat treatments were applied to flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) over a 5-yr period to determine its effect on some agronomic and quality characteristics when applied at 0.28 and 0.56 kg a.i./ha at the 75, 50, 25 and 0% green capsule stages. In most cases the spray applications effectively hastened drying of the plants, eliminating the need for windrowing. Desiccation of capsules and leaves was generally rapid and complete, but stem desiccation was variable: in some cases the plants were dried completely but in a few cases only the top 20% or less was dried. The 0.56 kg a.i./ha rate gave a more rapid and more complete desiccation than the 0.28 kg rate. In most cases, seed yields and 1000-seed weights were reduced by applications made at the 75 and 50% green capsule stages, and sometimes at the 25% green stage, particularly when maturation proceeded slowly. In some instances germination percentages were reduced, particularly by the earliest applications. Effects on oil content, iodine value and volume weight were usually minimal. Harvesting of the sprayed crop soon after it was dry was necessary to avoid the risk of accelerated seed weathering. It was concluded that delaying diquat application until the 25% green capsule stage, or later, was necessary to assure minimal effect on seed yield and quality.
EFFECTS OF ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER ON CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF ALFALFA
Authors: SUZUKI MICHIO , THOMPSON L. S.
Published: March 2010

Some effects of the alfalfa blotch leafminer (Agromyza frontella (Rond.)) on chemical components of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were determined. At an early stage of infestation by adults, little or no change in the chemical components measured was found in leaves with 50 pinhole punctures/cm2 or less in a greenhouse experiment. In leaves with more advanced degrees of infestation, the concentrations of chlorophyll, N and K decreased. A leaching of nitrogen compounds and K occurred from these infested leaves. In a field experiment a combination of cypermethrin application and three different cutting systems resulted in various degrees of infestation. The effect of these control measures on the concentrations of N, P and K in alfalfa leaves and stems was insignificant. The concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates, however, tended to be lower in the infested plants than the non-infested plants. Leafminer-infested alfalfa did not seem to lose dry matter or nutrients more than the non-infested plants during harvesting and haymaking operations. These results suggest that although the alfalfa blotch leafminer may not cause a great loss in forage yield or N, P and K of alfalfa, it may reduce the content of water-soluble carbohydrates.
EFFECT OF FRUIT DEVELOPMENT ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF SQUASH
Authors: ZACK C. D. , LOY J. B.
Published: March 2010

The effect of the presence or absence of fruit on vegetative growth in a bush strain and bush-vine hybrid of squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) was studied. Internode lengths increased progressively during development in both bush and heterozygous bush-vine plants, but at a faster rate in bush-vine plants. The presence of fruit did not significantly affect internode lengths, but decreased the rate of leaf initiation in bush plants, thus suppressing stem elongation and maintaining the bush phenotype late into the growing season.
INFLUENCE D’UN PAILLIS EN POLYETHYLENE CLAIR SUR LA PRODUCTION DE CONCOMBRE DANS UNE REGION NORDIQUE
Authors: DRAPEAU RAYNALD , DARISSE FERNAND
Published: March 2010

Cucumbers were grown during six summers with clear plastic mulch on bare soil. Mulching influence on yield varied with years, increasing from 1.8 to 78%, and was related to annual temperature conditions. Lowest increases in yield were recorded in the longest frost-free season with high monthly temperatures. During cooler and shorter seasons cucumber yields on plastic mulch were significantly higher than with the bare soil controls. No difference was noted in cucumber weight and size. Soil temperatures were consistently higher under the plastic mulch.
COMPOSITION DES HUILES EXTRAITES DU FRUIT DE Ravenala madagascariensis
Authors: RABARISOA ISABELLE , GAYDOU EMILE M. , BIANCHINI JEAN-PIERRE
Published: March 2010

Oils extracted from various parts (seed and aril) of Ravenala madagascariensis S. (Musaceae) were studied for their fatty acid and sterol contents. Results showed that these oils, partially solidified, may be used as edible food products and that oil contents of seed and aril are respectively 4.1% and 68.7%. These oils contain rather high levels of oleic (39%) and palmitic (34–42%) acids. Sterol fraction analysis of seed oil reveals 7 sterols, mainly beta-sitosterol (65%), whereas sterol fraction of aril oil reveals 12 sterols, mainly stigmasterol (18%) 24-methyl-5 alpha cholest-7 en -3-beta ol (16%), apha-spinasterol (28%) and delta-7 avenasterol (19%). This study showed that Ravenala madagascariensis S. oils have a fatty acid composition which is intermediary between the palm oil and cocoa butter composition. They form a possible new source of vegetable butter.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MINERAL NUTRIENTS IN GREY AND NON-GREY FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: ARNOLD NEVILLE , CHONG CALVIN , BINNS MICHAEL
Published: March 2010

The macro- and micro-elemental composition of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotianum tabacum L. ’Delhi 76’) was compared in leaf and soil samples associated with non-grey (normal) plants and plants affected with the grey-tobacco disorder. Samples were collected from 15 different locations in Quebec. Chemical analyses (mean of 15 locations) indicated significantly less N, P, K, Ca, and B but more Fe and Al in grey tobacco leaves. Soils producing grey tobacco had significantly less N, Ca, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity but more Cl. The brown spotting and bronze cast symptoms on the leaves of Quebec grey tobacco plants seemed to resemble most closely symptoms of Fe toxicity. Principal component analyses showed that the mineral nutrient profiles of grey and non-grey tobacco leaf samples were clearly distinguishable, but corresponding profiles for soil samples were not.
INHERITANCE OF SEED COAT COLOR IN EIGHT SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Segregation for seed coat color was studied in F2 populations of crosses between eight red-seeded and three white-seeded cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell). Red Bobs and Pitic 62 each possessed a single gene for red seed coat color; Glenlea and NB320 each carried two genes; Neepawa, Park and RL4137 each possessed three genes. Data for crosses with Manitou were not sufficient to distinguish between the presence of two or three genes for seed coat color in this cultivar.
EFFECTS OF ATRAZINE CONCENTRATIONS ON THE HILL REACTION IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS OF TRIAZINE-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE OILSEED RAPE (Brassica napus AND B. campestris) GENOTYPES
Authors: WEISS J. , BEVERSDORF W. D.
Published: March 2010

Effects of atrazine concentrations (10−7 to 10−4 M) on the Hill reaction were evaluated using isolated chloroplasts from parentals, F1 and BC3 of triazine-resistant biotype of bird’s-rape (Brassica campestris) × B. napus ’Tower’ and bird’s-rape × B. campestris ’Torch’. Atrazine did not affect the Hill reaction of bird’s-rape, hybrids or BC3 with cytoplasm from the triazine-resistant bird’s-rape, but interfered with the Hill reaction in triazine-susceptible Tower and Torch.
NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS, RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS, AND CRESTED WHEATGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , WINKLEMAN G. E. , WARDER F. G.
Published: March 2010

The effects of three rates of N fertilizer and nine dates of initial harvest on the nitrate content of Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.), Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum Fisch. Schult) were studied on irrigated land for 2 yr. The nitrate content of the forage of all three grasses increased with increasing rates of N fertilizer and varied with date of harvest. Toxic levels of nitrates (> 2000 ppm) were found in forage of all three grasses fertilized with 400 kg N/ha. Altai wild ryegrass accumulated toxic levels of nitrates more readily than Russian wild ryegrass and both ryegrasses accumulated toxic levels of nitrate more readily than crested wheatgrass. It is suggested that toxic levels of NO3-N can be expected in Altai and Russian wild ryegrass fertilized with 400 kg N/ha, but crested wheatgrass fertilized at similar rates should have toxic levels for only a short period, if at all.
STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS TECHNIQUE USED WITH ALFALFA AND OTHER Medicago SPECIES
Authors: QUIROS CARLOS F.
Published: March 2010

Starch gel electrophoresis is currently used in our laboratory for the study of the genetics and evolution of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and related species. An account is given of this technique, and the staining of the gels for enzyme activity of peroxidases, leucine-aminopeptidases, esterases, and alcohol dehydrogenases.
RED COLOR EVALUATION OF McINTOSH APPLES WITH THE ’TECHWEST’ COLOR METER
Authors: LAREAU M. J. , ROUSSELLE G. L. , PRICE K.
Published: March 2010

The red color of ’McIntosh’ apples was comparatively determined by the ’Techwest’ color meter and by judges. The ’Techwest’ color meter was found to be a reliable instrument for the objective color classification of apples.
VEEPICK TOMATO
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Veepick is a mid-season paste tomato introduced for pick-your-own production. It is larger than most paste types and has good internal color and flavor. Customers use it for strained products and for freezing whole.
VEEPRO AND VEEROMA TOMATOES
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Veepro and Veeroma are mid-season paste tomatoes introduced for mechanical harvest. Veepro is suitable for coreless whole pack and both are suitable for the manufacture of ketchup.
SEVERITY OF SPROUTING AS A FACTOR INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF AMYLASE LEVELS IN PILOT MILL STREAMS OF CANADIAN WHEATS
Authors: KRUGER J. E.
Published: March 2010

Wheats from a wet harvest year, 1978, and a dry harvest year, 1979, were examined for levels of α-amylase in Grain Research Laboratory pilot mill streams. Specific α-amylase determinations were more discriminating than use of the amylograph in discerning differences in levels of enzyme. Wheats grown in 1978 had more enzyme present in the break flours and less in the middlings than wheats grown in 1979. On a per gram basis, a 1 CWRS wheat from 1978 and a 2 CWRS wheat from 1978 with comparable α-amylase activities had different distributions of enzyme in the mill streams. Thus the 1 CWRS 1978 contained a higher activity per gram in the 1st break, 6th middlings and bran flour but contained equal or less activity per gram in the other fractions. Model wheat systems containing 1.8% of 44-h germinated wheat and 0.3% of 96-h germinated wheat were examined for α-amylase levels per gram in pilot mill streams. It was found that the less severely sprouted system had less activity in the sizings and early middlings relative to the later middlings. These findings suggest that the observed differences in distribution of α-amylase in mill streams of wheats harvested in 1978 and 1979 can be explained by a greater severity of sprout damage in the 1978 crop year. The α-amylase versus mobility relationships for the different flour streams varied widely and was influenced by starch damage as well as other factors, β-amylase levels in the 1978 and 1979 pilot mill streams were found to have a different distribution than α-amylase.
EFFECTS OF PLANT DENSITY ON THE YIELD, MATURITY AND GRAIN CONTENT OF WHOLE-PLANT MAIZE
Authors: DAYNARD T.B. , MULDOON J.F.
Published: March 2010

To study the effect of increases in plant density on the dry matter (DM) yield, percentage grain and percentage DM content of whole-plant maize (Zea mays L.), 12 tests were established over a 3-yr period in Central and Southern Ontario. Each test involved three adapted hybrids grown at 50 000, 63 000 and 75 000 plants/ha in 1976, and at these three densities plus 92 000 plants/ha in 1977 and 1978. No hybrid-by-density interaction for DM yield occurred in any test, and the density response was similar for most tests. Maximum DM yield was generally attained once density increased to 63 000 plant/ha. Plant population had a negligible effect on the grain percentage of DM content of forage up to 75 000 plants/ha. Optimum density for DM yield was much lower than expected, given the small stature (i.e., leaf area/plant) of adapted hybrids grown in most of Ontario.
EFFETS DE L’HUMIDITE DU SOL, DES DATES DE SEMIS ET DES MAUVAISES HERBES SUR LE RENDEMENT DES CEREALES
Authors: DESCHENES J.-M. , DUBUC J.-P.
Published: March 2010

Soil moisture and weeds were evaluated under two seeding dates on a St. André sandy loam to explain the increase in grain yield observed with the early sowing of oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). For each seeding date (early and late May), two soil moisture levels were obtained using the seasonal precipitation as the first level and by adding 25 mm of water/week as the second level. Weed cover was noted on each plot. A greenhouse experiment was conducted by simulating the soil moisture and soil temperature conditions measured in the field. In the field, early seeding and irrigation increased the yield of cereals but the yield differences observed between seeding dates were greater than the yield differences obtained between soil moisture levels. Soil moisture does not explain by itself the increased yield obtained with early seeding because the plots sown in late May and irrigated produced about 80% of the yield obtained on plots sown early and not irrigated. The regression analysis has shown that the soil thermal units between sowing and emergence and the total amount of water between emergence and heading explain more than 50% of the yield variation of cereals. Weeds did not play an important role. Greenhouse results were comparable to those obtained in the field although the importance of soil moisture was more evident. On light soils at La Pocatière, the yield of cereals is regulated by cool soil temperatures at seeding and by high soil moisture level between emergence and heading. These conditions are generally met when seeding is done in early May.