bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Economic Cycle in Imperial China? Revisiting Robert Hartwell on Iron and Coal
Authors: Wright Tim
Published: December 2007

Robert Hartwell's article published in 1967 in this journal has had an extensive influence in both Chinese and global history. The present article reviews the reception and use made of Hartwell's arguments by secondary sources over the last forty years. It focuses on three aspects: the Song economic revolution; Hartwell's quantitative estimate for iron production; and Hartwell's proposition that coal and iron production and consumption peaked in the Song dynasty, at least on a per capita basis. It argues that a consistent set of estimates are needed for coal and iron development over the last thousand years of imperial Chinese history. En 1967 Robert Hartwell publia un article dans ce journal qui a fortement influencé l'historiographie chinoise et mondiale. Cette contribution passe en revue l'acceptation et l'utilisation des arguments de Hartwell qu'on trouve dans les sources secondaires parues depuis quarante ans. Elle traite surtout de trois aspects de sa thèse, la révolution économique sous les Song; l'estimation quantitative de la production de fer, et la proposition qui veut que la production et la consommation du charbon et du fer par tête furent maximales sous la dynastie Song. La contribution témoigne de la nécessité de disposer d'une série cohérente d'estimations traitant du développement du charbon et du fer durant le dernier millénium de l'histoire de la Chine impériale.
Royal Land in Ptolemaic Egypt: A Demographic Model
Authors: Monson Andrew
Published: December 2007

Recent studies in Ptolemaic agrarian history have emphasized the regional differences between the Fayyum and the Nile Valley, where private land was more extensive. This article proposes a demographic model that regards communal rights on royal land in the Fayyum as an adaptation to risk and links privatization with population pressure. These correlations and their reflection in Demotic and Greek land survey data raise doubts about the common view that patterns of tenure on royal land in the Fayyum can be attributed to more intensive state control over this region. De récents travaux relatifs à l'histoire agraire de l'Egypte Lagide ont mis en évidence les différences régionales entre le Fayoum et la vallée du Nil, où la terre privée était prédominante. Cet article propose un modèle démographique qui considère les droits communaux sur la terre royale dans le Fayoum comme une stratégie d'adaptation aux risques et lie la privatisation de la terre avec la pression démographique. Ces corrélations, attestées dans les documents cadastraux, remettent en question le consensus selon lequel l'organisation de la culture de la terre royale dans le Fayoum était soumise à un contrôle étatique plus strict.
Victorinus of Pettau as the Author of the Canon Muratori
Authors: Armstrong Jonathan
Published: December 2007

The present author contends that the Muratorian Fragment can be attributed directly to the third-century bishop Victorinus of Pettau. The argument outlined in this article is bipartite. First, Victorinus documents more parallels to the Fragment than any other ancient author. Second, several of the otherwise inexplicable oddities of the Fragment are rendered intelligible by a Victorinan theory of authorship.
Italian versus Eastern Valentinianism?
Authors: Kalvesmaki Joel
Published: December 2007

Three ancient texts seem to attest to a division between eastern and western Valentinians. Closer analysis of these three texts suggests that such a conclusion would be too hasty. The first text, the title to one of Clement of Alexandria's works, is either unreliable or so specific that it calls into doubt the division. Hippolytus's testimony, the second text, is so laden with problems that it reliably attests to merely the existence of the Eastern Teaching, and possibly to its distinctive doctrinal position concerning the body of Jesus. The third text, by Tertullian, is vague and seems not to refer to an eastern-western division. In sum, the three texts have so many problems that any future efforts to develop a taxonomy of Valentinianism should not begin with this alleged geographical division.
Not Just `Skin Deep'
Authors: Loney Tom , Standage Martyn , Lewis Stephen
Published: December 2007

This study examined links between anxiety pertaining to having one's skin evaluated by others and intention to participate in sport/exercise, general self-esteem and dermatological quality of life. Data assessing dermatological-related social anxiety, perceived acne severity, intention to participate in sport/exercise, self-esteem and dermatological quality of life were obtained from 50 acne patients. Results showed dermatological-related social anxiety to be negatively associated with intention to participate in sport/exercise, self-esteem and dermatological quality of life. The relationship between patient-rated acne severity and outcome variables was found to be partially mediated by reported levels of dermatological-related social anxiety. The current findings suggest that how one perceives their skin to be evaluated by others has implications for self-perceptions and may act as a barrier to sport/exercise participation.
Mechanical and microstructural assessments of RR1000 to IN718 inertia welds – effects of welding parameters
Authors: Daus F. , Li H. Y. , Baxter G. , Bray S. , Bowen P.
Published: December 2007

In the present study inertia friction welded RR1000 to IN718 joints have been investigated. Crack growth tests within 0·3 mm of the weld interface, conducted in air at 500 and 650°C, have shown that there is no difference in crack growth rate due to three different sets of welding parameters applied. The cracks were found to propagate from RR1000 through the weld line into IN718. In RR1000 the cracks pass a zone within 15–30 μm from the weld interface, allowing higher crack growth rates. Fractographic studies have shown that these higher crack growth rates are caused by a higher tendency to intergranular cracking, most likely due to oxidation damage along grain boundaries. The similar properties of the welds tested can be related to a similar weld process characteristic during the last second of the welding cycle for all three sets of welding parameters applied.
A telepaediatric burns service and the potential travel savings for families living in regional Australia
Authors: Smith Anthony C , Kimble Roy M , O'brien Andrea , Mill Julie , Wootton Richard
Published: December 2007

In approximately six years we have conducted more than 1000 burns consultations for children living in 65 regional towns throughout Queensland and in northern New South Wales. Some regional towns are up to 2600 km from the specialist paediatric burns centre in Brisbane. We have calculated the potential travel distance saved, assuming that each consultation required a return journey to Brisbane, and that paediatric patients would have been accompanied by a parent or carer. The annual number of telepaediatric burns consultations conducted has grown from 64 in 2001 to 285 in 2006. The average time spent per consultation was 13 min (SD 2). In 2006, telepaediatric burns appointments accounted for about 17% of all burns outpatient appointments. The median distance of patients seen by telehealth was 600 km (interquartile range 300–1225). In six years, the estimated travel savings were about 1.4 million km, which is equivalent to a return journey from Earth to the Moon. twice.
Communications and Press Relations in Urban Government
Authors: Taras Ray
Published: December 2007

The relationship between local authorities, the press and the public has long been a subject of interest and concern. A survey concluded by NALGO in 1957 showed that eighty-one per cent of respondents followed council affairs by reading newspaper reports of council meetings. More recently, studies by Dr Dilys Hill and by Anthony Barker and Michael Rush have stressed the importance of the local press as a medium of information for both the public and for Members of Parliament, whilst Ian Jackson has shown the degree to which press content reflects the assumed values of the communities served by local newspapers. Official concern was manifested in the reports of the Committee on the Management of Local Government (the Maud Committee) and the Committee on Public Participation in Planning (the Skeffington Committee).

This is a study of the relationships between four urban local authorities and their local press, and is centred upon the effects of opening meetings of council committees to the representatives of the press. The research aimed at discovering whether improved press communication resulted from open committee meetings, in terms of the quantity of information transmitted to the public by way of their local newspapers.
Constraints on the Uptake of Improvement Grants
Authors: Sigsworth E. M. , Wilkinson R. K.
Published: December 2007

The Housing Act, 1969, introduced more generous financial assistance for people wishing to improve and modernise ‘sound older houses’. The standard grant now covers half the cost of improvement up to a normal maximum of £200. Discretionary grants aiming at a more generous level of improvement or the conversion of houses of unsatisfactory size into, say, flats, were increased to maxima of £1000 for improvement and £1200 for conversion. Additional finance, whilst important in explaining the recent increase in the numbers of both types of grant is, however, only one of the relevant factors to be considered when looking at the possibilities of yet further and needed increases in the rate of improvement. Increases in finance presuppose both a knowledge of possibilities and an incentive to realise them on the part of the householder, as well as an assumption of a capacity or at least an elasticity in the supply of other relevant factors of production. The purpose of this article is to identify and examine those factors which may act as constraints upon the speed with which improvement policies can be implemented, and therefore we look at both the demand and the supply side.
The Recruitment of Local Politicians: An Integrated Approach with Some Preliminary Findings from a Study of Labour Councillors
Authors: Gordon Ian
Published: December 2007

The study of local political recruitment has received little attention in Britain. This paper begins with a justification for research in this area along with a discussion of the concept of political recruitment. From this examination the paper proceeds towards specifying those aspects of political recruitment which need to be investigated if we are to understand it as a dynamic process. Finally, some preliminary findings are presented of the factors associated with the political recruitment of Labour Councillors and the implications of the type of Councillor for political attitudes.
Variations in the Provision of Financial Aid through Social Work in Scottish Local Authorities
Authors: Jackson M.P. , Valencia B.M. , Bland R.
Published: December 2007

Section 12 of the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968 gave social work departments in Scotland the power to offer financial aid to any member of the community to ‘promote social welfare’. Although a major break with past practice and theory, it seems that these new powers have been used to different extents by social work departments. The aim of this paper is to show how an explanation of these variations might be attempted, first, the paper reviews such ways of accounting for the variations as the extent to which financial aid is used as a substitute for payments by the SBC, the possibility that financial aid is being used as a substitute for other services, and the way that decisions are made in social work departments and variations in staffing. Secondly, it looks at the correlation between variables which might be seen as a measure of these items and variations in the provision of financial aid. In conclusion, it is suggested that a fairly high proportion of the variations in the provision of financial aid can be explained by two variables: the total expenditure on social work by the authority and the number of children under eighteen multiplied by the proportion of the authority’s population in Socio-Economic Grouping II.
Interaktives Vergleichen und Zusammenführungen von Ontologien (Interactive Ontology-Mapping and Merging)
Authors: El Jerroudi Zoulfa , Ziegler Jürgen
Published: December 2007

In dieser Arbeit werden semi-automatische Verfahren vorgestellt, die den Domänenexperten beim interaktiven Vergleichen und Zusammenführen von Ontologien unterstützen sollen. Das Ziel beim Vergleichen von zwei Ontologien besteht darin, eine Abbildung zwischen der Quell- und Zielontologie zu finden, die dem Nutzerverständnis einer semantischen Entsprechung am nächsten kommt. Für die Initialisierung des Vergleichsprozesses startet der iMERGING-Editor mit der linguistischen Ähnlichkeit von zwei Konzepten, danach werden die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Ontologie berücksichtigt und im dritten Schritt wird die Ähnlichkeit aufgrund zusätzlich vorhandener Informationen wie die Verknüpfung mit Dokumenten untersucht. Nutzereingaben, wie das Ablehnen oder Ändern eines Mappings, werden im Vergleichsprozess interaktiv berücksichtigt, so dass Domänenwissen des Nutzers mit einbezogen werden kann, um semantische Entsprechungen zwischen zwei Elementen der Wissensstruktur zu finden.
Herausforderungen in der Entwicklung passiver HF-Sensoren (Challenges in the Development of Passive RF-Sensors)
Authors: Gould Darren , Sklorz Adam , Schröder Christian , Meiners Mirco , Benecke Wolfgang , Lang Walter
Published: December 2007

Das hier beschriebene drahtlose Sensorsystem ist zur Vermeidung der Kondensationsbildung bzw. der Entstehung von Beschlag auf Windschutzscheiben im Kraftfahrzeug (KFZ) entwickelt worden. Es überwacht mittels eines aktiven Feuchtesensors sowie eines passiven HF-Temperatursensors die Temperatur bzw. den Taupunkt auf der Scheibe und steht über eine Schnittstelle mit dem Bordcomputer des Fahrzeugs in Verbindung. Der passive HF-Temperatursensor wird durch eine magnetische Kopplung „energieautark” betrieben und arbeitet bis zu einem maximalen Abstand von 4cm zur Schnittstelle. Er misst bei einer Leistungsaufnahme von 1,95mW innerhalb eines Temperaturbereichs von -20°C bis 80°C bis auf 1,5°C genau.
Intelligenter Reifen mit energieautarker Mikroelektronik (Intelligent Tire Using Energy-autarkic Microelectronics)
Authors: Haas Thomas
Published: December 2007

Ein Reifendruck-Kontrollsystem überwacht den Reifendruck eines Fahrzeugreifens unter Einbeziehung der Temperatur, um vor Druckschwankungen zu warnen, welche das Fahrverhalten beeinflussen.

Aktuelle Kontrollsysteme bestehen aus batterieversorgten Radelektroniken, die im Reifeninneren befestigt sind. Um die Lebensdauer des Systems zu erhöhen, muss eine autarke Energieversorgung für die Radelektronik integriert werden.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Weiterentwicklung vom herkömmlichen Reifendruck-Kontrollsystem zum System Intelligenter Reifen dargestellt und auf die autarke Energieversorgung eingegangen. Betonung wird dabei auf den Vergleich von felgenbasierter zu reifenbasierter Energiewandlung gelegt.
Elektromechanischer Energiewandler basierend auf SOI-Technologie (Electromechanical Energytransducer Based on SOI-Technology)
Authors: Bartsch Ulrich , Ruther Patrick , Paul Oliver
Published: December 2007

In diesem Beitrag wird die Modellierung, Fertigung und Charakterisierung eines elektromechanischen Energiewandlers präsentiert. Dabei werden, sowohl in der Schaltungssimulation des Wandlers als auch in der entspechenden experimentellen Verifikation, der Einfluss des Lastwiderstands sowie die Frequenz und die Amplitude der anregenden Schwingung berücksichtigt. Die für diese Studie realisierten Wandler basieren auf kapazitiven Kammstrukturen aus zwei feststehenden Kammelektroden und einem über freitragende Balken beweglich gelagertem Gegenstück. Neben einem makroskopischen Modell wurden mikromechanische Resonatoren zur Verifikation der theoretischen Vorhersagen realisiert. Der für den miniaturisierten Wandler entwickelte Fertigungsprozess basiert auf „Silicon-on-insulator”-Wafern, deren aktive Siliziumschicht mithilfe von reaktivem Tiefenätzen strukturiert wurde.
The crystal structure of Pigment Yellow 181 from laboratory powder diffraction data
Authors: Pidcock Elna , van de Streek Jacco , Schmidt Martin U.
Published: December 2007

The crystal structure of the β polymorph of Pigment Yellow 181 was solved from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data and Rietveld refined. In the crystal structure, the molecules are essentially planar, with extensive hydrogen bonding between the molecules.
Fatores de risco para a mortalidade perinatal no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 2003
Authors: Aquino Terezinha de Almeida , Guimarães Maria José Bezerra , Sarinho Sílvia Wanick , Ferreira Luiz Oscar Cardoso
Published: December 2007

Foi realizado estudo caso-controle com o objetivo de analisar os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade perinatal no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 2003, de acordo com um modelo hierarquizado de determinantes proximais, intermediários e distais. Foram considerados casos os óbitos perinatais com peso ao nascer igual ou superior a 500g, de gravidez única e não portador de anencefalia. Os controles foram os nascidos vivos entre 26 de dezembro de 2002 e 31 de dezembro de 2003, que não evoluíram para o óbito até seis dias completos de vida, com as mesmas características dos casos. Com o linkage entre o banco de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos e o de óbitos perinatais, obtiveram-se 403 casos e 1.612 controles. Após regressão logística múltipla, com a inclusão de variáveis dos três níveis de determinação, constituíram-se fatores de risco para mortalidade perinatal: a prematuridade (OR = 18,23), o baixo peso ao nascer (OR = 4,90), a idade da mãe igual a ou maior que 35 anos (OR = 1,97), o nascimento em hospitais participantes do Sistema Único de Saúde (OR = 1,93) e a escolaridade da mãe inferior a quatro anos de estudo (OR = 1,78).
Use of contraceptive methods by sexually active teenagers in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
Authors: Rocha Clarissa Lisbôa Arla da , Horta Bernardo L. , Pinheiro Ricardo Tavares , Cruzeiro Ana Laura Sica , Cruz Suelen
Published: December 2007

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of contraceptive use by adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed from March to September 2002 in a representative sample of adolescents 15 to 18 years of age in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Multiple-stage sampling was used, and in the 448 census tracts located in the urban area, 90 were sampled and households were visited in each tract. Information was collected on sexual initiation and use of contraceptive methods. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions. The sample included 960 adolescents. 88% of subjects reported the use of any contraceptive method. Condoms were the most commonly used method (63.2%). Low adolescent schooling was the only variable associated with increased risk of non-use of contraceptives. Condom use was higher among males, adolescents whose mothers had 9 or more years of schooling, and those reporting several sexual partners in the previous year. Condoms were the most commonly used contraceptive method.
Esterilização cirúrgica voluntária na Região Metropolitana de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, antes e após sua regulamentação
Authors: Carvalho Luiz Eduardo Campos de , Osis Maria José Duarte , Cecatti José Guilherme , Bento Silvana Ferreira , Manfrinati Márcia B.
Published: December 2007

Realizou-se estudo de corte transversal para comparar características do atendimento à demanda pela esterilização cirúrgica voluntária nos serviços públicos de saúde da Região Metropolitana de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, e características de mulheres e homens submetidos à esterilização nessa região, antes e após a regulamentação legal. Aplicaram-se questionários estruturados e pré-testados a 398 mulheres, 15 gestores municipais da área de planejamento familiar e 15 coordenadores de unidades básicas de saúde. Em oito municípios foi referida a realização da laqueadura, e em nove, a da vasectomia, na metade dos quais se afirmou seguir os critérios estabelecidos pela Lei federal de planejamento familiar. Não se observaram diferenças significativas quanto a características das mulheres e homens esterilizados antes e depois da regulamentação legal, nem quanto ao tempo de espera pela cirurgia. A maior parte das laqueaduras continuou a ser realizada durante uma cesárea; o pagamento "por fora" diminuiu, porém a diferença não foi significativa. Existem fortes indícios de que, na Região Metropolitana de Campinas, as mudanças produzidas com a regulamentação da legislação específica sobre esterilização não ocorreram da forma esperada. Apesar de avanços, ainda existem várias distorções que precisam ser corrigidas.
Cysticercosis-related mortality in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 1985-2004: a study using multiple causes of death
Authors: Santo Augusto Hasiak
Published: December 2007

Cysticercosis-related mortality has not been studied in Brazil. Deaths recorded in the State of São Paulo from 1985 to 2004 in which cysticercosis was mentioned on any line or in any part of the death certificate were studied. Causes of death were processed using the Multiple Cause Tabulator. Over this 20-year period, cysticercosis was identified in 1,570 deaths: as the underlying cause in 1,131 and as an associated cause of death in 439. Standardized mortality rates with cysticercosis as the underlying cause showed a downward trend and were higher among men and older individuals. Intracranial hypertension, cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, and cerebrovascular diseases were the main associated causes in deaths due to cysticercosis. AIDS was the principal underlying cause of death in which cysticercosis was an associated cause. The counties (municipalities) with the most cysticercosis-related deaths were São Paulo, Campinas, Ribeirão Preto, and Santo André. Wide variation was observed between counties regarding the value ascribed to cysticercosis as the underlying cause of death. This leads to underestimation of the disease's importance in planning health interventions.
Aspectos estruturais e funcionais do apoio social de idosos do Município de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Rosa Tereza Etsuko da Costa , Benício Maria Helena D'Aquino , Alves Maria Cecília Goi Porto , Lebrão Maria Lúcia
Published: December 2007

Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a distribuição das redes sociais e de apoio em idosos no Município de São Paulo, Brasil, por características sócio-econômicas e demográficas. Estudou-se amostra probabilística de 1.568 idosos (60 ou mais anos) da cidade de São Paulo (inquérito sobre Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento - SABE), focalizando-se as dimensões estruturais e funcionais das redes sociais. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a regressão logística simples e múltipla. As melhores condições nas redes sociais foram observadas nos menores patamares de renda e as piores entre os mais velhos e os "não casados". Para as mulheres, as chances de estarem "não casadas" aumentaram significativamente quanto pior era o seu nível educacional. O "status de coabitação" foi o que mais influenciou o apoio funcional, onde "morar só" aumentou significativamente as chances de não ocorrerem as trocas sociais. Os modelos de regressão logística múltipla construídos separadamente por gênero sugerem que idade, estado civil, renda per capita e escolaridade estão associados com as redes sociais entre os idosos. No entanto, essas relações manifestam-se de modos desiguais entre gêneros e entre as características sócio-demográficas para as diferentes dimensões da rede social.
O trabalho dos pediatras em um serviço público de urgências: fatores intervenientes no atendimento
Authors: Melo Egléa Maria da Cunha , Assunção Ada Ávila , Ferreira Roberto Assis
Published: December 2007

Este estudo qualitativo de base empírica apresenta as condições materiais e organizacionais do trabalho dos pediatras em um serviço público de urgências pediátricas, com vistas a identificar fatores que estejam interferindo no atendimento. Realizou-se um estudo do trabalho por meio de entrevistas coletivas e observações diretas da atividade. Os resultados foram tratados de maneira articulada aos dados estatísticos e históricos obtidos de uma pesquisa documental. Foram entrevistados 44 médicos pertencentes a sete equipes de pediatras, entre os quais, sete pediatras foram observados em situação real de trabalho, buscando analisar a atividade realizada. Viu-se que a fragilidade do sistema de referência e contra-referência é fator determinante do volume de atendimentos. O ambiente marcado pela aglomeração de pacientes gera pressão temporal com interferências diretas sobre o ato pediátrico praticado. Os autores identificaram as estratégias informais construídas e implementadas pelos sujeitos visando garantir a qualidade do atendimento segundo os preceitos da pediatria.
Processo de trabalho e saúde de trabalhadores de uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição: entre a prescrição e o real do trabalho
Authors: Colares Luciléia Granhen Tavares , Freitas Carlos Machado de
Published: December 2007

O presente estudo objetivou investigar a relação entre o processo de trabalho em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição e a saúde dos trabalhadores, dando voz aos atores envolvidos neste processo. A observação direta, a entrevista semi-estruturada e os grupos focais foram utilizados como técnicas de coleta de dados. Tomou-se como referência o diálogo entre a ergonomia da atividade humana e a psicodinâmica do trabalho. Os resultados mostraram que a organização do trabalho na unidade estudada representa uma atividade rotineira, cujas exigências da situação de trabalho se dão com base em critérios prescritos pela instituição. A variabilidade das atividades é influenciada, sobretudo, pelos equipamentos, instrumentos e materiais disponíveis, gerando improvisos na produção de refeições que requerem custo tanto físico quanto psíquico dos trabalhadores. A insatisfação durante a realização das tarefas provém particularmente do estilo de supervisão e do relacionamento com os chefes imediatos. Os próprios trabalhadores propuseram mudanças na organização do trabalho fundamentadas em maior diálogo e confiança entre chefes e subordinados. Por fim, a pesquisa aponta para a necessidade de uma intervenção que estimule a participação dos trabalhadores como agentes de mudança.
SciELO Saúde Pública: o desempenho dos Cadernos de Saúde Pública e da Revista de Saúde Pública
Authors: Barata Rita Barradas
Published: December 2007

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar dois periódicos brasileiros incluídos na biblioteca SciELO Saúde Pública, por meio de um conjunto de indicadores e análise dos artigos mais acessados. Cadernos de Saúde Pública: 3.743,59 acessos/mês, média de 30,31 citações por artigo. Os 50 mais acessados (6,72 a 524,50 acessos) foram publicados em português (92%), 42% eram ensaios teóricos, 20% inquéritos transversais, 16% estudos descritivos. 42% usaram técnicas argumentativas, 34% quantitativas, 18% técnicas qualitativas e 6% modelagem matemática. As áreas temáticas mais contempladas foram: saúde e trabalho (50%), epidemiologia (22%) e saúde ambiental (8%). Revista de Saúde Pública: 1.590,97 acessos/mês, com média de 26,27 citações por artigo. Os 50 mais acessados (7,33 e 56,50 acessos) foram todos publicados em português, 46% eram inquéritos transversais, 14% levantamentos em bases de dados e 12% revisões bibliográficas. As técnicas quantitativas foram utilizadas em 66% desses artigos, modelagem matemática foi semelhante ao observado entre os artigos dos Cadernos de Saúde Pública, assim como as técnicas qualitativas. Os temas predominantes foram: organização de serviços de saúde (22%), nutrição (22%), saúde e trabalho (18%), epidemiologia (12%) e saúde ambiental (12%).
Vítimas de acidentes de trânsito na faixa etária pediátrica atendidas em um hospital universitário: aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos
Authors: Feitas Juliana Pontes Pinto , Ribeiro Lindioneza Adriano , Jorge Miguel Tanús
Published: December 2007

O presente estudo analisa aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos relacionados às vítimas de acidentes de trânsito de menores de 15 anos mediante dados obtidos de prontuários médicos. Tais casos foram atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, no período de 1999 a 2003. Das 1.123 vítimas analisadas, a média de idade foi de oito anos, 65,7% eram meninos, 76,6% envolveram-se nos acidentes como pedestres ou ciclistas, 45,9% apresentaram traumatismo crânio-encefálico e 9% permaneceram internados por mais de duas semanas. Quatorze (1,2%) vítimas faleceram, 78,6% nas primeiras 48 horas de internação e 85,7% haviam sofrido traumatismo crânio-encefálico grave. Dos passageiros de motocicletas ou veículos de quatro ou mais rodas, 58,8% não usavam adequadamente os dispositivos de segurança no momento do sinistro. Dos ciclistas, 61% sofreram traumatismos isolados nos membros. Diferentemente, os pedestres sofreram, com maior constância, lesões múltiplas (57,5%), foram internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (7,1%) e foram responsáveis por 66,7% dos óbitos. Dados epidemiológicos dos acidentes de trânsito envolvendo vítimas na faixa etária pediátrica devem fundamentar programas de prevenção em saúde pública.
Psicodinâmica da violência de grandes grupos e da violência de massas
Authors: Volkan Vamik D.
Published: December 2007

A partir de Freud, as teorias psicanalistas sobre grandes grupos focalizam, principalmente, as percepções e os significados que, psicologicamente, os indivíduos atribuem a eles. Este texto analisa alguns aspectos sobre a psicologia dos grandes grupos e sua psicodinâmica interna e específica. Toma como referência grupos étnicos, nacionais, religiosos e ideológicos cujo pertencimento dos sujeitos iniciou-se na infância. O autor faz uma comparação entre o processo de luto em indivíduos e o processo de luto em grandes grupos para ilustrar por que é necessário investir no conhecimento da psicologia destes últimos como um objeto específico. O autor descreve, ainda, sinais e sintomas de regressão em grandes grupos. Quando há ameaça à identidade coletiva, pode ocorrer um processo de violência de massas que obviamente influencia a saúde pública.
Mortes e crimes cometidos com armas de fogo na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, 2002
Authors: Hugo Spinelli , Marcio Alazraqui , Gabriela Zunino , Olaeta Hernán , Poggese Héctor , Concaro Carola , Porterie Sidonie
Published: December 2007

Resumo A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerado o principal responsável por esse fato. O objetivo do presente trabalhoé descobrir, a partir de dados do setor de saúde, justiça e polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires, em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal, e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal Argentina.Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior, realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período, ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, das quais 23,7% foram provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de crimes cometidos com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constituemse em um tema relevante da agenda pública.
Comparison of Classifiers Applied to Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Data
Authors: Adler W. , Peters A. , Lausen B.
Published: December 2007

Objectives:
Comparison of classification methods using data of one clinical study. The tuning of hyperparameters is assessed as part of the methods by nested-loop cross-validation.

Methods:
We assess the ability of 18 statistical and machine learning classifiers to detect glaucoma. The training data set is one case-control study consisting of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy measurement values from 98 glaucoma patients and 98 healthy controls. We compare bootstrap estimates of the classification error by the Wilcoxon signed rank test and box-plots of a bootstrap distribution of the estimate.

Results:
The comparison of out-of-bag bootstrap estimators of classification errors is assessed by Spearman’s rank correlation, Wilcoxon signed rank tests and box-plots of a bootstrap distribution of the estimate. The classification methods random forests 15.4%, support vector machines 15.9%, bundling 16.3% to 17.8%, and penalized discriminant analysis 16.8% show the best results.

Conclusions:
Using nested-loop cross-validation we account for the tuning of hyperparameters and demonstrate the assessment of different classifiers. We recommend a block design of the bootstrap simulation to allow a statistical assessment of the bootstrap estimates of the misclassification error. The results depend on the data of the clinical study and the given size of the bootstrap sample.
Decomposition of Biomedical Signals in Spatial and Time-frequency Modes
Authors: Haueisen J. , Arendt-Nielsen L. , CN Chen A. , Zanow F. , Gratkowski M.
Published: December 2007

Objectives:
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method for spatial-time-frequency analysis of multichannel biomedical data. We exemplify the method for data recorded with a 31-channel Philips biomagnetometer.

Methods:
The method creates approximations and decompositions of spatiotemporal signal distributions using elements (atoms) chosen from a very large and redundant set (dictionary). The method is based on the Matching Pursuit algorithm, but it uses atoms that are distributed both in time and space (instead of only time-distributed atoms in standard Matching Pursuit). The time-frequency distribution of signal components is described by Gabor atoms and their spatial distribution is modeled by spatial modes. The spatial modes are created with the help of Bessel functions. Two versions of the method, differing in the definition of spatial properties of the atoms, are presented.

Results:
The technique was validated on simulated data and real magnetic field data. It was used for removal of powerline noise from multichannel magnetoencephalography data, extraction of high-frequency somatosensory evoked fields and for separation of partially overlapping T- and U-waves in magnetocardiography.

Conclusions:
The method allows for parameterization of multichannel data in the time-frequency as well as in the spatial domains. It thus can be used for signal preserving filtering simultaneously in time, frequency, and space. Applications are e.g. the elimination of artifact components, extraction of components with biological meaning, and data exploration.
Anomaly Detection Using Temporal Data Mining in a Smart Home Environment
Authors: Jakkula V. , Cook D. J.
Published: December 2007

Objectives:
To many people, home is a sanctuary. With the maturing of smart home technologies, many people with cognitive and physical disabilities can lead independent lives in their own homes for extended periods of time. In this paper, we investigate the design of machine learning algorithms that support this goal. We hypothesize that machine learning algorithms can be designed to automatically learn models of resident behavior in a smart home, and that the results can be used to perform automated health monitoring and to detect anomalies.

Methods:
Specifically, our algorithms draw upon the temporal nature of sensor data collected in a smart home to build a model of expected activities and to detect unexpected, and possibly health-critical, events in the home.

Results:
We validate our algorithms using synthetic data and real activity data collected from volunteers in an automated smart environment.

Conclusions:
The results from our experiments support our hypothesis that a model can be learned from observed smart home data and used to report anomalies, as they occur, in a smart home.
Gulp1 regulates chondrocyte growth arrest and differentiation via the TGF‐β/SMAD2/3 pathway
Authors: Kim Dough , Kim Jung‐Eun , Lee Seon Bhin , Lee Na Yeon , Park Seung‐Yoon
Published: March 2024

Chondrocyte differentiation is crucial for cartilage formation. However, the complex processes and mechanisms coordinating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation remain incompletely understood. Here, we report a novel function of the adaptor protein Gulp1 in chondrocyte differentiation. Gulp1 expression is upregulated during chondrogenic differentiation. Gulp1 knockdown in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells reduces the expression of chondrogenic and hypertrophic marker genes during differentiation. Furthermore, Gulp1 knockdown impairs cell growth arrest during chondrocyte differentiation and reduces the expression of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21. The activation of the TGF‐β/SMAD2/3 pathway, which is associated with p21 expression in chondrocytes, is impaired in Gulp1 knockdown cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Gulp1 contributes to cell growth arrest and chondrocyte differentiation by modulating the TGF‐β/SMAD2/3 pathway.
Commissioning and clinical implementation of an independent dose calculation system for scanned proton beams
Authors: Dreindl Ralf , Bolsa‐Ferruz Marta , Fayos‐Sola Rosa , Padilla Cabal Fatima , Scheuchenpflug Lukas , Elia Alessio , Amico Antonio , Carlino Antonio , Stock Markus , Grevillot Loïc
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Experimental patient‐specific QA (PSQA) is a time and resource‐intensive process, with a poor sensitivity in detecting errors. Radiation therapy facilities aim to substitute it by means of independent dose calculation (IDC) in combination with a comprehensive beam delivery QA program. This paper reports on the commissioning of the IDC software tool myQA iON (IBA Dosimetry) for proton therapy and its clinical implementation at the MedAustron Ion Therapy Center.

Methods

The IDC commissioning work included the validation of the beam model, the implementation and validation of clinical CT protocols, and the evaluation of patient treatment data. Dose difference maps, gamma index distributions, and pass rates (GPR) have been reviewed. The performance of the IDC tool has been assessed and clinical workflows, simulation settings, and GPR tolerances have been defined.

Results

Beam model validation showed agreement of ranges within ± 0.2 mm, Bragg‐Peak widths within ± 0.1 mm, and spot sizes at various air gaps within ± 5% compared to physical measurements. Simulated dose in 2D reference fields deviated by ‐0.3% ± 0.5%, while 3D dose distributions differed by 1.8% on average to measurements. Validation of the CT calibration resulted in systematic differences of 2.0% between IDC and experimental data for tissue like samples. GPRs of 99.4 ± 0.6% were found for head, head and neck, and pediatric CT protocols on a 2%/2 mm gamma criterion. GPRs for the adult abdomen protocol were at 98.9% on average with 3%/3 mm. Root causes of GPR outliers, for example, implants were identified and evaluated.

Conclusion

IDC has been successfully commissioned and integrated into the MedAustron clinical workflow for protons in 2021. IDC has been stepwise and safely substituting experimental PSQA since February 2021. The initial reduction of proton experimental PSQA was about 25% and reached up to 90% after 1 year.
Microstructure of Stress‐Induced Martensite in Micron‐Sized Zirconia Single Crystal Spheres
Authors: Dhariwal Deepak , Lu Kathy
Published: March 2024

Martensitic phase transformation of zirconia (ZrO2), when realized from the superelastic effect, has immense potential in energy applications, such as micro‐actuation and high‐energy dissipation/damping. In this study, martensitic transformation in ZrO2 is studied using a newly developed microscale phase field model, which is scale‐independent and contains an averaged gradient term. The model is implemented using the FEniCS package in Python. With a thorough explanation of the model construction, the mechanics of phase transformation are detailed, and the material behaviors under different stress conditions are discussed. Mesh sensitivity, multivariant evolution, and the effect of particle size are analyzed to understand the martensite evolution in superelastic ZrO2. This work provides new insight into the martensitic phase transformation behaviors of micron‐sized spherical ZrO2 particles.
Energetics and Kinetics of Membrane Permeation of Photoresists for Bioprinting
Authors: Diedrich Lucas , Brosz Matthias , Abele Tobias , Urbanek Niklas , Steinke Salome , Gräter Frauke , Göpfrich Kerstin , Aponte‐Santamaría Camilo
Published: March 2024

3D bioprinting is a promising technology which typically uses bioinks to pattern cells and their scaffolds. The selection of cytocompatible inks is critical for the printing success. In laser‐based 3D bioprinting, photoresist molecules are used as bioinks. However, the interaction of photoresists with lipid membranes and their permeation into the cell remains poorly understood. Here, molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro assays address this issue, retrieving partition coefficients, free energies, and permeabilities for twelve commonly used photoresists in model lipid bilayers. Crossing the hydrophobic center of the membrane constitutes the rate limiting step during permeation. In addition, three photoresists feature a preferential localization site at the acyl chain head group interface. Photoresist permeabilities range over ten orders of magnitude, with some molecules being membrane‐permeable on bioprinting timescales. Moreover, permeation correlates well with the oil–water partition coefficients and is severely hampered by the lipid ordering imposed by the lipid saturation. Overall, the mechanism of interaction of photoresists with model lipid bilayers is provided here, helping to classify them according to their residence in the membrane and permeation through it. This is useful information which will help guide the selection of cytocompatible photoresists for 3D bioprinting.
Amorphous Tungsten Oxide Nanodots for Chromatic Applications
Authors: Liu Pengcheng , Wang Bin , Wang Chengchao , Ma Lanxin , Zhang Wu , Hopmann Eric , Liu Linhua , Elezzabi Abdulhakem Y. , Li Haizeng
Published: March 2024

Amorphous tungsten oxide (WO3) is widely exploited in the fields of photochromism and electrochromism. Despite its widespread use, the tractable synthesis of amorphous WO3 nanodots is still on the drawing board, even though the WO3 nanodots possess superior chromatic performance owing to their large surface‐to‐volume ratio. Therefore, a new efficient strategy to synthesize amorphous WO3 nanodots, which exhibit both excellent electrochromic and photochromic properties, is reported. For the first time, the ligand effects of the amorphous WO3 nanodots on chromatic applications are elucidated. The presence of the ligand on amorphous WO3 nanodots inhibits the electrochromic color switching, while promoting photochromic performance. As a proof of concept, zinc‐WO3 electrochromic devices, WO3‐polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) transparent hydrogels, and PVA/WO3 textiles are prepared for diverse rapid‐switching chromatic applications. These results present a new strategy for the synthesis of widely used amorphous WO3 nanodots and open new opportunities for the development of WO3‐based chromatic applications.
A Multifunctional Bio‐Based Polyester Material Integrated with High Mechanical Performance, Gas Barrier Performance, and Chemically Closed‐Loop
Authors: Li Xing‐Liang , Wu Rui‐Zhi , Fu Teng , Li Zheng‐Ming , Li Yao , Wang Xiu‐Li , Wang Yu‐Zhong
Published: March 2024

The development of multifunctional bio‐based materials with closed‐loop chemically recyclable plastics can be a paramount response to the worldwide plastic waste predicament. However, the trade‐off dilemma between the high performance and easy recycling performance of these materials still encounters huge challenges. In this contribution, inspired by the significant contribution of the hydrogen bonding networks to enhanced mechanical and gas barrier performance as well as the cosolvents to enhance recycling performance, a novel polyester material (PBHyF) synthesized by bio‐based monomers that integrate high‐performance and efficient chemical closed‐loop is presented. PBHyF show ultra‐high mechanical properties (83.2 MPa, 233.9%) and barrier properties (CO2 0.0157 barrer, O2 0.0071 barrer, H2O 5.518E‐15 g·cm/cm2·s·Pa) that are greater than bio‐based materials and most engineering plastics of previous work. More significantly, PBHyF also exhibits multifunctionality with excellent ultraviolet shielding properties, solvent‐resistant properties, and easy recycling performance. The initial monomers of PBHyF can be obtained in exceptional yields (>90.0%) and purity (>99.0%) under mild conditions by a simple energy‐efficient rapid chemical‐solvolysis strategy, even with polyolefin blend plastics. Further possesses similar high‐performance repolymerized polyester comparable to the polyester before recycling. Hence, these state‐of‐art high‐performance and easy‐recycling bio‐based materials provide a new approach for a green, sustainable material economy.
Enhancing Stability and Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells via 5‐Ammonium Acid Additive
Authors: Meng Fanwen , Song Bo , Dai Tingting , Li Xiaomeng , Yin Yan , Lou Zhidong , Teng Feng , Hu Yufeng , Qin Liang , Hou Yanbing
Published: March 2024

The quality of perovskite films plays a fundamental role in determining the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It is widely recognized that achieving high crystalline quality and minimizing defect density in perovskite films are essential. In this study, the utilization of the multifunctional additive 5‐ammonium acid (5‐AVA) to improve the morphology of perovskite films is proposed. The ‐NH2 and ‐COOH groups in 5‐AVA enable effective coordination with Pb ions and organic ions in perovskite, resulting in the suppression of defect formation and the reduction of non‐radiative recombination losses. Furthermore, the addition of 5‐AVA facilitates a more favorable energy level alignment, thereby enhancing the transfer of carriers between the perovskite layer and transport layers. Consequently, this process contributes to the improvement of the open circuit voltage (VOC) in PSCs. Attributing to the addition of 5‐AVA, the optimized PSCs achieve significantly enhanced performance with a maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.74% and excellent long‐term stability. This work presents a straightforward and effective approach to enhance the performance and long‐term stability of PSCs.
A Heteronuclear W/Cu/S Clusters‐Based Donor–Acceptor Polymer for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yao Xiaoqiang , Fang Zihan , Ren Huarong , Mu Xijiao , Xiao Guo‐Bin , Zou Xiaoxin , Cao Jing
Published: March 2024

Designing the donor–acceptor polymers‐based modifiers with good charge mobility and abundant surface functional groups to bind on perovskite material is highly demanded to boost interfacial charge extraction and transport while yet realized. Here, two [WS4Cu4Br]+and [WS4Cu5Br2]+cluster units are bridged by triphenylamine ligands to yield an unprecedented a heteronuclear W/Cu/S clusters‐based donor–acceptor polymer. Due to the effect of Rydberg orbital components in different clusters mainly contributed by Cu ions, Cu‐rich units have negative potential, whereas Cu‐deficient groups display positive potential. This facilitates the formation of a circuit network with ligands acting as “wires” to realize efficient charge transport. Mobility tests reveal that the hole mobility of polymer film is 3.81 × 10−5cm2V−1s−1. Such a polymer can efficiently extract and transport the holes from perovskite film, and thus improving the cell performance and stability. This work opens the opportunities for designing donor–acceptor polymers based on heteronuclear W/Cu/S clusters.