bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crafting, Community, and Collaboration: Reflections on the Ethnographic Sala Project at the Pukara Lithic Museum, Peru
Authors: Klarich Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2014

The Museo Lítico Pukara (Pukara Lithic Museum) is an archaeological site museum in the small highland town of Pucará in the northwestern Lake Titicaca Basin of Peru. Recently, an ethnographic sala (exhibition space) was developed and installed within the museum that focuses on local craft production and its role within the agro‐pastoral economy, regional exchange systems, and other household‐level and community activities. The sala is the culmination of a decade‐long effort by national and foreign archaeologists, anthropologists from the regional university and their students, the Peruvian Ministry of Culture, and the townspeople of Pucará. This article presents a brief history of the museum, describes the development of the sala project, and frames the process and results of this project as they relate to discussions of community, collaboration, and value at the intersections of archaeology and ethnography. [collaborative archaeology, community, archaeological site museums, Latin America, Peru]
Digital Heritage, Knowledge Networks, and Source Communities: Understanding Digital Objects in a Melanesian Society
Authors: Were Graeme
Published: September 2014

This article investigates digital heritage technologies from a Melanesian perspective. It explores—in the context of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea—the types of values placed on digital surrogates as a means to engage critically with recent debates on “digital” or “virtual” repatriation. It raises the question as to whether digital knowledge resources such as 3D digital objects are really seen as secondary or “second best” to the original or whether digital technologies reproduce, in new form, an economy of objects that sustains knowledge and revival practices. As a way to address this, the Mobile Museum pilot project was launched in January 2012 to help support the Nalik people of New Ireland reconnecting with and researching their cultural heritage in Queensland museums. This article demonstrates, in contrast to recent calls for an ideological return to the status of the museum object as put forward by Conn (2010), how ethnographic objects should be understood in terms of their performativity, mobility, and virtuality, which render them operative far beyond the physical realms of museum institutions. [digital heritage, digital repatriation, ethnographic collections, cultural revitalization, Melanesia]
Carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae: biology, epidemiology, and management
Authors: Temkin Elizabeth , Adler Amos , Lerner Anat , Carmeli Yehuda
Published: September 2014

Introduced in the 1980s, carbapenem antibiotics have served as the last line of defense against multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative organisms. Over the last decade, carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have emerged as a significant public health threat. This review summarizes the molecular genetics, natural history, and epidemiology of CRE and discusses approaches to prevention and treatment.
Effectiveness of pre‐school‐ and school‐based interventions to impact weight‐related behaviours in African American children and youth: a literature review
Authors: Robinson L. E. , Webster E. K. , Whitt‐Glover M. C. , Ceaser T. G. , Alhassan S.
Published: September 2014

This review assessed the effectiveness of pre‐school‐ and school‐based obesity prevention and/or treatment interventions targeting healthy eating, physical activity or obesity in African American children and adolescents. Systematic searches were conducted for English‐printed research articles published between January 1980 and March 2013. Retained articles included experimental studies conducted in the United States that targeted ≥80% African American/black children and adolescents and/or studies whose results were stratified by race/ethnicity, and that were conducted in pre‐schools/head start or schools (excluding after‐school programmes). Of the 12,270 articles identified, 17 met the inclusion criteria (pre‐school, n = 2; elementary school, n = 7; middle and secondary schools, n = 8). Thirteen studies found significant improvements in nutrition (pre‐school, n = 1; elementary, n = 7; secondary, n = 5) and three found significant improvements in physical activity (pre‐school, n = 1; elementary, n = 2) variables of interest. Two studies (pre‐school, n = 1; secondary, n = 1) reported significant reductions in obesity in African American children. The evidence available suggests school‐based interventions are effective in promoting healthy nutrition behaviours in African American children. Conclusions overall and, particularly, about effects on physical activity and obesity are limited due to the small number of studies, differences in assessment approaches and a lack of follow‐up assessments.
What works for obesity prevention and treatment in black Americans? Research directions
Authors: Kumanyika S. K. , Whitt‐Glover M. C. , Haire‐Joshu D.
Published: September 2014

Obesity prevalence in black/African American children and adults of both sexes is high overall and compared with US whites. What we know, and do not know, about how to enhance the effectiveness of obesity prevention and treatment interventions in African Americans is the focus of the 10 articles in this special issue of Obesity Reviews. The evidence base is limited in quantity and quality and insufficient to provide clear guidance. With respect to children, there is relatively consistent, but not definitive support for prioritizing the systematic implementation and evaluation of child‐focused interventions in pre‐school and school settings and outside of school time. For adults or all ages, developing and refining e‐health approaches and faith‐based or other culturally and contextually relevant approaches, including translation of the Diabetes Prevention Program intervention to community settings is indicated. Major evidence gaps were identified with respect to interventions with black men and boys, ways to increase participation and retention of black adults in lifestyle behaviour change programmes, and studies of the impact of environmental and policy changes on eating and physical activity in black communities. Bold steps related to research funding priorities, research infrastructure and methodological guidelines are recommended to improve the quantity and quality of research in this domain.
Anxiety Predicts Mortality in ICD Patients: Results from the Cross‐Sectional National CopenHeartICD Survey with Register Follow‐Up
Authors: KIKKENBORG BERG SELINA , CASPAR THYGESEN LAU , HASTRUP SVENDSEN JESPER , VINGGAARD CHRISTENSEN ANNE , ZWISLER ANN‐DORTHE
Published: September 2014

Background

Although highly effective in preventing arrhythmic death, patients receiving an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) may still experience psychological difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and reduced quality of life. The objectives of this study were to describe patient‐reported outcomes among ICD patients: (1) compared to a matched healthy population, (2) compared by ICD indication, (3) factors predicting patient‐reported outcomes, and (4) if patient‐reported outcomes predicted mortality.

Methods

The study was a mailed survey to an unselected group of patients 18+ years old receiving ICD between January 1, 2011 and June 30, 2011 (n = 499). The following instruments were used: SF‐36, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HeartQoL, EQ‐5D, and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory.

Results

The response rate was 72%. Mean age was 65.5 years and 82% patients were males. Fifty‐three percent of patients had primary prevention indication ICD. Compared to an age‐ and gender‐matched population without disease, the ICD population had worse mental health (55.0 vs 51.7 points) and physical health (52.6 vs 41.9 points). Patients with primary prevention indication had lower levels of perceived health, quality of life, and fatigue; for example, physical health 39.8 versus 44.3 points, compared to secondary prevention indication. Anxiety, poor perceived health, fatigue, and low quality of life were all predictors of mortality, anxiety being the strongest with an adjusted odds ratio of 4.17 (1.49; 11.66).

Conclusions

Patients with primary prevention ICD had lower levels of perceived health, quality of life, and more fatigue. Anxiety, poor perceived health, fatigue, and low quality of life were all predictors of mortality.
The rs3807989 G/A Polymorphism in CAV1 is Associated with the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Chinese Han Populations
Authors: LIU YAOWU , NI BIXIAN , LIN YUAN , CHEN XIN‐GUANG , CHEN MINGLONG , HU ZHIBIN , ZHANG FENGXIANG
Published: September 2014

Background

A recent meta‐analysis of several genome‐wide association studies identified six new susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for atrial fibrillation (AF) in individuals of the European ancestry. We aimed to replicate the associations between these SNPs and the risk of AF in a Chinese Han population.

Methods

We genotyped six SNPs (rs3903239 in PRRX1, rs3807989 in CAV1, rs10821415 in C9orf3, rs10824026 in SYNPO2L, rs1152591 in SYNE2, and rs7164883 in HCN4) using the middle‐throughput iPLEX Sequenom MassARRAY platform. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in logistic regression models.

Results

We enrolled a total of 1,593 Chinese Han origin individuals in the study, including 597 AF patients and 996 non‐AF controls. Among the six SNPs analyzed in the study, the SNP rs3807989 in CAV1 on chromosome 7q31 was found to be significantly associated with a decreased risk of AF (crude OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.64–0.89, P = 0.001; adjusted OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.63–0.89, P = 0.001). There were no significant associations between the other five loci and AF risk.

Conclusion

Our results confirmed that CAV1 rs3807989 may contribute to a decreased AF risk in Chinese Han populations. However, further validation studies with different ethnic backgrounds and biological function analyses are warranted to confirm our finding.
Crystallographic orientations of structural elements in skeletons of Syringoporicae (tabulate corals, Carboniferous): implications for biomineralization processes in Palaeozoic corals
Authors: Coronado Ismael , Pérez‐Huerta Alberto , Rodríguez Sergio
Published: September 2014

The crystallographic orientation of structural elements in skeletons of representatives of Carboniferous Syringoporicae (Auloporida) has been analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrographic microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on specimens from the Iberian Peninsula. The skeletons of the tabulate corals of the Syringoporicae consist of biogenic calcite crystals, and their microstructure is composed of lamellae, fibres and granules, or of a combination of these. Independent of the microstructure, the c‐axis is oriented towards the lumen, quasi‐perpendicular to the growth direction of the skeleton (perpendicular to the morphological axis lamellae, parallel to fibres). Most phaceloid taxa have a turbostratic distribution, as a biogenic response to prevent the cleavage of crystals. Cerioid and some phaceloid corals, whose microstructure is conditioned by wall elements, do not exhibit turbostratic distribution. Wall elements are determined by the biology of each taxon. Holacanth septal spines are composed of fibres arranged in a cone‐shape structure, sometimes clamped to the external part of the corallite and show a complex crystallography. Monacanth septal spines are spindle shaped and composed of bundles of fibres. Tabulae are composed of lamellae. Their development and crystallographic orientation depends on the position of the epithelium in each case. Shared walls are formed by a combination of the walls of two independent corallites with a median lamina, composed of granules; these have a crystallographic orientation between that of the two corallites. The growth of the microstructure is derived by a coordinated stepping mode of growth, similar to other groups of organisms such as molluscs and scleractinians. The nucleation and formation of packages of co‐oriented microcrystals suggest a growth mode similar to mineral bridges with a competitive growth mode between each crystal. The growth pattern of corallites suggests that the growth direction is divided into two main components: a horizontal growth direction towards the lumen and a vertical direction towards the top.
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy in Association with Generalized Inflammatory Peeling Skin Syndrome
Authors: Srinivasaraghavan Rangan , Krishnamurthy Sriram , Chandar Rumesh , Mahadevan Subramanian , Chandrashekar Laxmisha , Rajesh Nachiappa Ganesh
Published: September 2014

We describe an 8‐year‐old girl born to second‐degree consanguineous parents with complaints of recurrent episodes of hematuria for 6 months. She had generalized peeling of the skin since birth and recurrent purulent cutaneous infections. The clinical presentation and histopathology of the skin biopsy specimen were consistent with the inflammatory variant of peeling skin syndrome (PSS). She also had a single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis, for which a bidirectional Glenn shunt had been placed. The renal biopsy specimen showed immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. She responded well to enalapril and steroids, with a decrease in proteinuria. IgA nephropathy has not been previously reported in PSS. Complications such as IgA nephropathy in children with PSS would help to further delineate the diverse clinical presentations and the clinical course of this rare dermatosis. We discuss the mechanisms that could explain this hitherto unreported association.
Platonic Virtue: An Alternative Approach
Authors: Vasiliou Iakovos
Published: September 2014

I begin by describing certain central features of a prominent Anglophone approach to Platonic virtue over the last few decades. I then present an alternative way of thinking about virtue in Plato that shifts central concern away from moral psychology and questions about virtue's relationship to happiness. The approach I defend focuses on virtue, both as a supreme aim of a person's actions and as something whose nature needs to be determined.
Bas van Fraassen's Philosophy of Science and His Epistemic Voluntarism
Authors: Okruhlik Kathleen
Published: September 2014

Bas van Fraassen's anti‐realist account of science has played a major role in shaping recent philosophy of science. His constructive empiricism, in particular, has been widely discussed and criticized in the journal literature and is a standard topic in philosophy of science course curricula. Other aspects of his empiricism are less well known, including his empiricist account of scientific laws, his relatively recent re‐evaluation of what it is to be an empiricist, and his empiricist structuralism. This essay attempts to provide an overview of these diverse aspects of van Fraassen's empiricism and to show how they relate to one another. It also focuses on the nature of van Fraassens's epistemic voluntarism and its relationship to his empiricist philosophy of science.
Impact of negative affectivity and trait forgiveness on aortic blood pressure and coronary circulation
Authors: Sanchez‐Gonzalez Marcos A. , May Ross W. , Koutnik Andrew P. , Fincham Frank D.
Published: September 2014

Prior research suggests that negative affectivity (NA) may have a direct adverse effect on coronary circulation, whereas forgiveness may provide cardioprotection. This study examined whether NA and forgiveness were independently related to aortic hemodynamics and the subendocardial viability index (SVI), a marker of coronary perfusion. A sample of 131 adults (M = 21.11 years, SD = 2.52) were evaluated for NA (depression, anxiety, and anger symptoms) and forgiveness (Tendency to Forgive Scale; TTF). Aortic hemodynamic parameters via applanation tonometry were assessed at rest and during sympathostimulation (cold pressor test; CPT). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses of resting values showed that NA was related to higher aortic blood pressure (ABP) and lower SVI. After controlling for demographics and for NA, TTF scores were significantly associated with decreased ABP, but increased SVI. CPT changes from baseline indicated that, after controlling for demographics and NA, TTF scores were significantly associated with SVI. Results indicate that NA significantly predicts ABP and decreased SVI. Conversely, forgiveness seems to provide cardioprotection by evoking decreased ABP while improving SVI.
The Psychology of Inspiration
Authors: Thrash Todd M. , Moldovan Emil G. , Oleynick Victoria C. , Maruskin Laura A.
Published: September 2014

Inspiration is a concept of longstanding interest in diverse areas of academia, but it has only recently become the subject of rigorous scientific investigation. In this article, we review the emerging scientific literature on inspiration, with a focus on both theory and findings. First, we present a general definition of inspiration based on an integrative literature review, and we outline approaches to differentiating the general inspiration construct into specific types. Second, we review the literature on construct validity. Third, we present substantive theory and findings, with an emphasis on the role of inspiration in promoting attainment of elusive goods, such as creativity, productivity, and happiness. Finally, we respond to frequent questions and misconceptions about inspiration, and we offer recommendations about how to promote inspiration in others or oneself.
Let Go of Your (Inflated) Ego: Caring more about Others Reduces Narcissistic Tendencies
Authors: Jordan Christian H. , Giacomin Miranda , Kopp Leia
Published: September 2014

Narcissists are known for having excessively positive self‐views, but an equally defining characteristic of narcissism may be a disregard of other people. Could encouraging people to care more about others, or feel more connected to them, reduce narcissism? We describe a series of studies demonstrating that a more communal focus on others reduces narcissistic tendencies. In particular, repeating communal self‐statements (i.e., “I am a caring person”), recalling a time when one was caring, feeling empathy, focusing on monetary expenditures (which increases a sense of dependence on others), and interdependent self‐construal all situationally reduce narcissism. These effects occur on a small scale but are significant because they establish that communal focus causes changes in narcissism. They also suggest that narcissism may have a state‐like or context‐dependent component, fluctuating across time and situations. Everyone may have the propensity to be narcissistic, but caring more about others may help to curb narcissism.
Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology
Authors: Bauman Christopher W. , McGraw A. Peter , Bartels Daniel M. , Warren Caleb
Published: September 2014

Sacrificial dilemmas, especially trolley problems, have rapidly become the most recognizable scientific exemplars of moral situations; they are now a familiar part of the psychological literature and are featured prominently in textbooks and the popular press. We are concerned that studies of sacrificial dilemmas may lack experimental, mundane, and psychological realism and therefore suffer from low external validity. Our apprehensions stem from three observations about trolley problems and other similar sacrificial dilemmas: (i) they are amusing rather than sobering, (ii) they are unrealistic and unrepresentative of the moral situations people encounter in the real world, and (iii) they do not elicit the same psychological processes as other moral situations. We believe it would be prudent to use more externally valid stimuli when testing descriptive theories that aim to provide comprehensive accounts of moral judgment and behavior.
Thiol‐based regulation of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase in blood bank–stored red blood cells: a strategy to counteract oxidative stress
Authors: Rinalducci Sara , Marrocco Cristina , Zolla Lello
Published: September 2014

Background

Red blood cell (RBC) glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a glycolytic enzyme normally inhibited upon binding to the membrane‐spanning protein Band 3, but active when free in the cytosol. Accumulating evidence in other cells indicates that oxidative thiol modifications in cytosolic GAPDH drive this molecule into functional avenues that deviate from glycolysis. This study aimed to investigate the role of GAPDH in oxidative stress–dependent metabolic modulations occurring in SAGM‐stored RBCs, to increase the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms affecting RBC survival and viability under blood banking conditions.

Study Design and Methods

Membranes and cytosol from CPD SAGM‐stored RBCs were subjected to Western blotting with anti‐GAPDH at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of preservation. Immunoreactive bands were excised, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by mass spectrometry for the presence of oxidative posttranslational modifications. GAPDH enzymatic activity was also measured in the cytosolic fraction during storage.

Results

At 21 days of storage, we demonstrated that cytosolic GAPDH undergoes temporary inactivation due to the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond between the active‐site Cys‐152 and nearby Cys‐156, a mechanism to rerouting glucose flux toward the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, an increase in the membrane‐bound GAPDH was detected in long‐stored RBCs.

Conclusion

Reversible inhibition or activation of cytosolic GAPDH may represent a protective strategy against oxidative stress to favor NADPH production in stored RBCs.
The Trans‐Pacific Partnership: Suddenly a ‘Game Changer’
Authors: Mercurio Bryan
Published: September 2014

This article argues that the entry of Canada, Mexico and most importantly Japan has dramatically shifted the prospects and potential impact of the TPP. More specifically, the article offers four reasons why the entry of Canada, Mexico and Japan has transformed the TPP from a potentially failed agreement of limited economic significance and great geopolitical risk to a ‘game changer’ for the region and beyond. The article also recognizes that while the entry of Canada, Mexico and Japan has transformed the TPP negotiations, their entry comes with some potentially serious risks. The article discusses three specific risks the new entrants bring to the negotiations.
Numerical Study of the Laminar Flow Past a Rotating Square Cylinder at Low Spinning Rates
Authors: Chatterjee Dipankar , Gupta Satish Kumar
Published: September 2014

The fluid dynamic interaction between a uniform free stream flow and the rotation induced flow from a sharp edged body is numerically investigated. A two-dimensional (2D) finite volume based computation is performed in this regard to simulate the laminar fluid flow around a rotating square cylinder in an unconfined medium. Body fitted grid system along with moving boundaries is used to obtain the numerical solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The Reynolds number based on the free stream flow is kept in the range 10≤Re≤200 with a dimensionless rotational speed of the cylinder in the range 0≤Ω≤5. At low Re=10, the flow field remains steady irrespective of the rotational speed. For 50≤Re≤200, regular low frequency Kármán vortex shedding (VS) is observed up to a critical rate of rotation (Ωcr). Beyond Ωcr, the global flow shows steady nature, although high frequency oscillations in the aerodynamic coefficients are present. The rotating circular cylinder also shows likewise degeneration of Kármán VS at some critical rotational speed. However, significant differences can be seen at higher rotation. Such fluid dynamic transport around a spinning square in an unconfined free stream flow is reported for the first time.
Explicit and Implicit Cosimulation Methods: Stability and Convergence Analysis for Different Solver Coupling Approaches
Authors: Schweizer Bernhard , Li Pu , Lu Daixing
Published: September 2014

The numerical stability and the convergence behavior of cosimulation methods are analyzed in this manuscript. We investigate explicit and implicit coupling schemes with different approximation orders and discuss three decomposition techniques, namely, force/force-, force/displacement-, and displacement/displacement-decomposition. Here, we only consider cosimulation methods where the coupling is realized by applied forces/torques, i.e., the case that the coupling between the subsystems is described by constitutive laws. Solver coupling with algebraic constraint equations is not investigated. For the stability analysis, a test model has to be defined. Following the stability definition for numerical time integration schemes (Dahlquist's stability theory), a linear test model is used. The cosimulation test model applied here is a two-mass oscillator, which may be interpreted as two Dahlquist equations coupled by a linear spring/damper system. Discretizing the test model with a cosimulation method, recurrence equations can be derived, which describe the time discrete cosimulation solution. The stability of the recurrence equations system represents the numerical stability of the cosimulation approach and can easily be determined by an eigenvalue analysis.
A Hybrid Bioprinting Approach for Scale-Up Tissue Fabrication
Authors: Yu Yin , Zhang Yahui , Ozbolat Ibrahim T.
Published: September 2014

Tissue engineering has been focused on the fabrication of vascularized 3D tissue for decades. Most recently, bioprinting, especially tissue and organ printing, has shown great potential to enable automated robotic-based fabrication of 3D vascularized tissues and organs that are readily available for in vitro studies or in vivo transplantation. Studies have demonstrated the feasibility of the tissue printing process through bioprinting of scaffold-free cellular constructs that are able to undergo self-assembly for tissue formation; however, they are still limited in size and thickness due to the lack of a vascular network. In this paper, we present a framework concept for bioprinting 3D large-scale tissues with a perfusable vascular system in vitro to preserve cell viability and tissue maturation. With the help of a customized Multi-Arm Bioprinter (MABP), we lay out a hybrid bioprinting system to fabricate scale-up tissues and organ models and demonstrated envision its promising application for in vitro tissue engineering and its potential for therapeutic purposes with our proof of concept study.
Bioprinting Technology: A Current State-of-the-Art Review
Authors: Dababneh Amer B. , Ozbolat Ibrahim T.
Published: September 2014

Bioprinting is an emerging technology for constructing and fabricating artificial tissue and organ constructs. This technology surpasses the traditional scaffold fabrication approach in tissue engineering (TE). Currently, there is a plethora of research being done on bioprinting technology and its potential as a future source for implants and full organ transplantation. This review paper overviews the current state of the art in bioprinting technology, describing the broad range of bioprinters and bioink used in preclinical studies. Distinctions between laser-, extrusion-, and inkjet-based bioprinting technologies along with appropriate and recommended bioinks are discussed. In addition, the current state of the art in bioprinter technology is reviewed with a focus on the commercial point of view. Current challenges and limitations are highlighted, and future directions for next-generation bioprinting technology are also presented.
Neutron Diffraction Measurement and Numerical Simulation to Study the Effect of Repair Depth on Residual Stress in 316L Stainless Steel Repair Weld
Authors: Jiang Wenchun , Luo Yun , Wang BingYing , Woo Wanchuck , Tu S. T.
Published: September 2014

Welding is often used to repair the defects in pressure vessels and piping, but residual stresses are generated inevitably and have a great effect on structure integrity. According to the defect size, different repair depth will be carried out, which leads to different stress state. In this paper, the effect of repair depth on residual stress in 316L stainless steel repair weld has been studied by neutron diffraction measurement and finite element modeling (FEM). The results show that the residual stresses in the deep repair are larger than those in shallow repair weld, because the deep repair involves multipass welding and brings a serious work hardening. In the weld metal, the longitudinal stress has exceeded the yield stress, and increases slightly with the increase of repair depth. In contrast to the longitudinal stress, the transverse stress is more sensitive to the repair depth. With the increase of repair depth, the transverse stress increases and even exceeds the yield strength as the repair depth is 45% of the plate thickness. At the bottom surface of the plate and heat affected zone (HAZ), both the longitudinal and transverse stresses increase as the repair depth increases. It also shows that the mixed hardening model gives the best agreement with the measurement, while isotropic and kinematic hardening models cause an overestimation and underestimation, respectively. Therefore, the mixed hardening model is recommended for the prediction of residual stresses.
Chemical vapor deposition of TiO2 thin films from a new halogen-free precursor
Authors: Wang Wenjiao B. , Yanguas-Gil Angel , Yang Yu , Kim Do-Young , Girolami Gregory S. , Abelson John R.
Published: September 2014

TiO2 films are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition using the recently synthesized precursor Ti(H3BNMe2BH3)2 with H2O as the co-reactant. Films grown between 350 and 450 °C are crystalline and consist of a mixture of rutile and anatase phases; the fraction of rutile/anatase is larger at 450 °C. The films are continuous, dense, and pure, with the sum of B, C, and N impurities <1 at. %. The growth rate is ∼1.2 nm/min, limited by the precursor feed rate and therefore independent of temperature. The growth rate decreases monotonically with increasing H2O pressure due to the competition between precursor and co-reactant molecules for adsorption sites on the surface. The advantages of this system compared with other available Ti-bearing precursors are the absence of halogen and the synthesis of mixed-phase material at modest temperatures.
Activity Profile of International Rugby Sevens: Effect of Score Line, Opponent, and Substitutes
Authors: Murray Andrew M. , Varley Matthew C.
Published: September 2014

Purpose:

To investigate the influence of score line, level of opposition, and timing of substitutes on the activity profile of rugby sevens players and describe peak periods of activity.

Methods:

Velocity and distance data were measured via 10-Hz GPS from 17 international-level male rugby sevens players on 2–20 occasions over 4 tournaments (24 matches). Movement data were reported as total distance (TD), high-speed-running distance (HSR, 4.17−10.0 m/s), and the occurrence of maximal accelerations (Accel, ≥2.78 m/s2). A rolling 1-min sample period was used.

Results:

Regardless of score line or opponent ranking there was a moderate to large reduction in average and peak TD and HSR between match halves. A close halftime score line was associated with a greater HSR distance in the 1st minute of the 1st and 2nd halves compared with when winning. When playing against higher-compared with lower-ranked opposition, players covered moderately greater TD in the 1st minute of the 1st half (difference = 26%; 90% confidence limits = 6, 49). Compared with players who played a full match, substitutes who came on late in the 2nd half had a higher average HSR and Accel by a small magnitude (31%; 5, 65 vs 34%; 6, 69) and a higher average TD by a moderate magnitude (16%; 5, 28).

Conclusions:

Match score line, opposition, and substitute timing can influence the activity profile of rugby sevens players. Players are likely to perform more running against higher opponents and when the score line is close. This information may influence team selection.
The Effect of Low-Volume Sprint Interval Training on the Development and Subsequent Maintenance of Aerobic Fitness in Soccer Players
Authors: Macpherson Tom W. , Weston Matthew
Published: September 2014

Purpose:

To examine the effect of low-volume sprint interval training (SIT) on the development (part 1) and subsequent maintenance (part 2) of aerobic fitness in soccer players.

Methods:

In part 1, 23 players from the same semiprofessional team participated in a 2-wk SIT intervention (SIT, n = 14, age 25 ± 4 y, weight 77 ± 8 kg; control, n = 9, age 27 ± 6 y, weight 72 ± 10 kg). The SIT group performed 6 training sessions of 4–6 maximal 30-s sprints, in replacement of regular aerobic training. The control group continued with their regular training. After this 2-wk intervention, the SIT group was allocated to either intervention (n = 7, 1 SIT session/wk as replacement of regular aerobic training) or control (n = 7, regular aerobic training with no SIT sessions) for a 5-wk period (part 2). Pre and post measures were the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRL1) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max).

Results:

In part 1, the 2-week SIT intervention had a small beneficial effect on YYIRL1 (17%; 90% confidence limits ±11%), and VO2max (3.1%; ±5.0%) compared with control. In part 2, 1 SIT session/wk for 5 wk had a small beneficial effect on VO2max (4.2%; ±3.0%), with an unclear effect on YYIRL1 (8%; ±16%).

Conclusion:

Two weeks of SIT elicits small improvements in soccer players’ high-intensity intermittent-running performance and VO2max, therefore representing a worthwhile replacement of regular aerobic training. The effectiveness of SIT for maintaining SIT-induced improvements in high-intensity intermittent running requires further research.
Activity Profiles of Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players During Competition
Authors: Rhodes James M. , Mason Barry S. , Perrat Bertrand , Smith Martin J. , Malone Laurie A. , Goosey-Tolfrey Victoria L.
Published: September 2014

Purpose:

To quantify the activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby (WCR) players and establish classification-specific arbitrary speed zones. In addition, indicators of fatigue during full matches were explored.

Methods:

Seventy-five elite WCR players from 11 national teams were monitored using a radio-frequency-based, indoor tracking system across 2 international tournaments. Players who participated in complete quarters (n = 75) and full matches (n = 25) were included and grouped by their International Wheelchair Rugby Federation functional classification: groups I (0.5), II (1.0–1.5), III (2.0–2.5), and IV (3.0–3.5).

Results:

During a typical quarter, significant increases in total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), and mean speed (m/s) were associated with an increase in classification group (P< .001), with the exception of groups III and IV. However, group IV players achieved significantly higher peak speeds (3.82 ± 0.31 m/s) than groups I (2.99 ± 0.28 m/s), II (3.44 ± 0.26 m/s), and III (3.67 ± 0.32 m/s). Groups I and II differed significantly in match intensity during very-low/low-speed zones and the number of high-intensity activities in comparison with groups III and IV (P< .001). Full-match analysis revealed that activity profiles did not differ significantly between quarters.

Conclusions:

Notable differences in the volume of activity were displayed across the functional classification groups. However, the specific on-court requirements of defensive (I and II) and offensive (III and IV) match roles appeared to influence the intensity of match activities, and consequently training prescription should be structured accordingly.
Velocity Thresholds for Women’s Soccer Matches: Sex Specificity Dictates High-Speed-Running and Sprinting Thresholds—Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM)
Authors: Bradley Paul S. , Vescovi Jason D.
Published: September 2014

There is no methodological standardization of velocity thresholds for the quantification of distances covered in various locomotor activities for women’s soccer matches, especially for high-speed running and sprinting. Applying velocity thresholds used for motion analysis of men’s soccer has likely created skewed observations about high-intensity movement demands for the women’s game because these thresholds do not accurately reflect the capabilities of elite female players. Subsequently, a cohesive view of the locomotor characteristics of women’s soccer does not yet exist. The aim of this commentary is to provide suggestions for standardizing high-speed running and sprint velocity thresholds specific to women’s soccer. The authors also comment on using generic vs individualized thresholds, as well as age-related considerations, to establish velocity thresholds.
Qualitative Ultrasound Comparisons Between Pre-Pubertal Normally Active Girls versus Competitive Jump Rope Participants
Authors: Heumann Kristin J. , Swan Pamela D.
Published: September 2014

Jumping rope (JR) is known to enhance Os Calcis Stiffness Index (OCSI) in postpubertal girls; however the effects in prepubescent girls are unknown.

Purpose:

Qualitative Ultrasound (QUS) indices were compared between competitive JRs (N = 19) and normally active (NA, N = 18) girls 9–12 years old.

Methods:

Heel QUS, height, weight, percent body fat (bioelectrical impedance), and Tanner Sex Stage (self-report) were measured.

Results:

JR were significantly younger and had less body fat than NA (p < .01). No other between group differences were found. OCSI was not different between groups even after correcting for fat mass (p > 0.3). Broadband attenuation (BUA) was correlated with Tanner stage (R > .40; p = .01).

Conclusion:

QUS of the heel bone is more related to pubertal status than to JR participation in young girls. Prepubertal girls who perform high intensity jumping have similar bone quality measures as normally active girls.
Reasons for Exercise Behavior Among American and Chinese College Women
Authors: Yan Zi , Berger Bonnie , Tobar David , Cardinal Bradley J.
Published: September 2014

The exercise motivation of American and Chinese college women was examined. American women were found to exercise more for fitness, physical attractiveness, and weight control, and the Chinese women more for enjoyment. Women in different stages of exercise behavior expressed different reasons for exercise in terms of enjoyment, fitness, health, mood, and physical attractiveness. Focusing one’s attention on reasons such as enjoyment for Chinese women and fitness, physical attractiveness, and weight control for American women may be important in terms of exercise participation. The long-term exercisers expressed higher levels of motivation in terms of enjoyment, fitness, health, mood, and physical attractiveness.
Female Bodybuilding: Perceived Social and Psychological Effects of Participating in the Figure Class
Authors: Aspridis Angelique , O’Halloran Paul , Liamputtong Pranee
Published: September 2014

Female bodybuilding is a sport where competitors often make considerable alterations to their diets, physical activities, and social lives to successfully prepare for competition. No study had specifically examined the perceived impact of participating in the Figure class of female bodybuilding, which places less emphasis on muscularity and more on feminine presentation. The purpose of this research was to examine the perceived social and psychological effects of participating in the Figure class. Semistructured interviews, ranging from 45 to 90 minutes, were conducted with 11 female Figure competitors. These women experienced many positive consequences as a result of participating, such as a sense of empowerment. However, results revealed that women in the sport of bodybuilding do not need to be “male like” in appearance to experience negative social reactions. Results demonstrated that women competing in the Figure class, with the greater emphasis on feminine presentation and considerably less emphasis on muscularity, also experienced widespread stigma and social isolation.
Examination of the Relationship Between Imagery Use, Efficacy Beliefs, and Body Image in Females
Authors: Cooke Lisa , Chandler Krista
Published: September 2014

Given the prevalence of inactivity among women, it is imperative to examine sources which may influence exercise behavior. Researchers have begun to examine the practical application of exercise imagery on involvement in physical activity (Giacobbi et al., 2003; Milne et al., 2008). Using the Applied Model of Imagery Use in Exercise (Munroe-Chandler & Gammage, 2005), imagery use, efficacy beliefs, and body image among female exercisers (N = 300) was investigated. Results revealed frequent use of exercise imagery, high efficacy beliefs, and positive body image cognitions among exercisers. Structural equation modeling revealed that efficacy beliefs did not mediate the relationship between imagery use and body image among a specific sample of female exercisers. However, the results do suggest that exercise imagery significantly predicts all four types of efficacy belief types (Efficacy Expectancy, Outcome Expectancy, Outcome Value, and Self-presentational Efficacy). Further examination of the suggested relationships in the applied model is needed.
In situ TEM imaging of CaCO
3
nucleation reveals coexistence of direct and indirect pathways
Authors: Nielsen Michael H. , Aloni Shaul , De Yoreo James J.
Published: September 2014

Watching nucleation pathways in calcite

The initial stage of crystallization, the formation of nuclei, is a critical process, but because of the length and time scales involved, is hard to observe. Nielsen
et al.
explored the crystallization of calcium carbonate, a well-studied material but one with multiple nucleation theories. Different calcium and carbonate solutions were mixed inside a fluid cell and imaged using a liquid cell inside a transmission electron microscope. Competing pathways operated during nucleation, with both the direct association of ions into nuclei from solution and the transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate into and between different crystalline polymorphs.

Science
, this issue p.
1158
Greenland temperature response to climate forcing during the last deglaciation
Authors: Buizert Christo , Gkinis Vasileios , Severinghaus Jeffrey P. , He Feng , Lecavalier Benoit S. , Kindler Philippe , Leuenberger Markus , Carlson Anders E. , Vinther Bo , Masson-Delmotte Valérie , White James W. C. , Liu Zhengyu , Otto-Bliesner Bette , Brook Edward J.
Published: September 2014

Old and older, cold and colder

Greenland surface air temperatures changed dramatically during the last deglaciation. The exact amount is unknown, which makes it difficult to understand what caused those changes. Buizert
et al.
report temperature reconstructions for the period from 19,000 to 10,000 years before the present from three different locations in Greenland and interpret them with a climate model (see the Perspective by Sime). They provide the broad geographic pattern of temperature variability and infer the mechanisms of the changes and their seasonality, which differ in important ways from the traditional view.

Science, this issue p.
1177
; see also p.
1116
The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis
Authors: Denoeud France , Carretero-Paulet Lorenzo , Dereeper Alexis , Droc Gaëtan , Guyot Romain , Pietrella Marco , Zheng Chunfang , Alberti Adriana , Anthony François , Aprea Giuseppe , Aury Jean-Marc , Bento Pascal , Bernard Maria , Bocs Stéphanie , Campa Claudine , Cenci Alberto , Combes Marie-Christine , Crouzillat Dominique , Da Silva Corinne , Daddiego Loretta , De Bellis Fabien , Dussert Stéphane , Garsmeur Olivier , Gayraud Thomas , Guignon Valentin , Jahn Katharina , Jamilloux Véronique , Joët Thierry , Labadie Karine , Lan Tianying , Leclercq Julie , Lepelley Maud , Leroy Thierry , Li Lei-Ting , Librado Pablo , Lopez Loredana , Muñoz Adriana , Noel Benjamin , Pallavicini Alberto , Perrotta Gaetano , Poncet Valérie , Pot David , Priyono  , Rigoreau Michel , Rouard Mathieu , Rozas Julio , Tranchant-Dubreuil Christine , VanBuren Robert , Zhang Qiong , Andrade Alan C. , Argout Xavier , Bertrand Benoît , de Kochko Alexandre , Graziosi Giorgio , Henry Robert J , Jayarama  , Ming Ray , Nagai Chifumi , Rounsley Steve , Sankoff David , Giuliano Giovanni , Albert Victor A. , Wincker Patrick , Lashermes Philippe
Published: September 2014

Coffee, tea, and chocolate converge

Caffeine has evolved multiple times among plant species, but no one knows whether these events involved similar genes. Denoeudet al.sequenced theCoffea canephora(coffee) genome and identified a conserved gene order (see the Perspective by Zamir). Although this species underwent fewer genome duplications than related species, the relevant caffeine genes experienced tandem duplications that expanded their numbers within this species. Scientists have seen similar but independent expansions in distantly related species of tea and cacao, suggesting that caffeine might have played an adaptive role in coffee evolution.

Science, this issue p.1181; see also p.1124
The critical role of water at the gold-titania interface in catalytic CO oxidation
Authors: Saavedra Johnny , Doan Hieu A. , Pursell Christopher J. , Grabow Lars C. , Chandler Bert D.
Published: September 2014

Easier oxidation over gold with added water

Gold adsorbed on metal oxides is an excellent catalyst for the room-temperature oxidation of CO to CO
2
. However, there has been continuing disagreement between different studies on the key aspects of this catalyst. Saveeda
et al.
now show through kinetics and infrared spectroscopy that the presence of water can lower the reaction activation barrier by enabling OOH groups to form from adsorbed oxygen (see the Perspective by Mullen and Mullins). The OOH then reacts readily with CO. It thus seems that the main role of oxide support and its interface with the metal is in activating water, but that the steps of the reaction that involve CO occur on gold.

Science
, this issue p.
1599
; see also p.
1564
Multiple nutrient stresses at intersecting Pacific Ocean biomes detected by protein biomarkers
Authors: Saito Mak A. , McIlvin Matthew R. , Moran Dawn M. , Goepfert Tyler J. , DiTullio Giacomo R. , Post Anton F. , Lamborg Carl H.
Published: September 2014

Protein markers of cyanobacterial stress

Nutrients including iron, nitrogen, and phosphorus limit primary productivity in the oceans. Determining how abundant cyanobacteria such as
Prochlorococcus
adapt to nutrient stress across marine settings requires accurate molecular assays. Saito
et al.
developed a proteomic and metaproteomic approach capable of targeting specific metabolic biomarkers from mixed communities in seawater (see the Perspective by Moore).
Prochlorococcus
proteins are indicative of a major limiting nutrient across a wide transect in the Pacific Ocean; however, they also show that the limitation of multiple nutrients at overlapping biomes is an additional source of stress.

Science, this issue p.
1173
; see also p.
1120
Particle physics in a superconductor
Authors: Pashkin Alexej , Leitenstorfer Alfred
Published: September 2014

A superconducting condensate can display analogous behavior to the Higgs field

[Also see Report by

Matsunaga
et al.

]
Greenland deglaciation puzzles
Authors: Sime Louise Claire
Published: September 2014

Nitrogen isotope data help to resolve puzzling observations during the last deglaciation

[Also see Report by

Buizert
et al.

]
Clogging information flow in ALS
Authors: Paul Joseph West , Gitler Aaron D.
Published: September 2014

Dipeptide repeat proteins produced in certain neurodegenerative diseases exert toxicity by blocking RNA biogenesis

[Also see Research Article by

Kwon
et al.

and Report by

Mizielinska
et al.

]
RIKEN shrinks troubled center
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: September 2014

Japan's developmental biology powerhouse brought to knees by misconduct revelations.
A policy morass
Authors: Malakoff David
Published: September 2014

Regulating risky research is getting complicated.