bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State determination of catalytic converters based on an ultra-wideband communication system
Authors: Motroniuk I. , Stöber R. , Fischerauer G.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. A novel microwave-based approach for monitoring the state of aftertreatment systems such as diesel particulate filters (DPFs), three-way catalytic converters (TWCs), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts is proposed. The volume inside the metallic housing of the DPF, TWC, or SCR is considered as a wireless communication channel between two terminals of a communication system. It is shown that, depending on the transmission channel characteristics, the properties of the catalyst, such as the catalyst state, can be inferred. This is done by means of an ultra-wideband (UWB) measurement and the subsequent evaluation and processing of the waveform in the time and frequency domains.
Bone metastases affect prognosis but not effectiveness of third-line targeted therapies in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Iacovelli Roberto , Santini Daniele , Rizzo Mimma , Felici Alessandra , Santoni Matteo , Verzoni Elena , Masini Cristina , Massari Francesco , Calvani Nicola , Mosca Alessandra , Procopio Giuseppe
Published: August 2015

Introduction: Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has improved with the use of targeted therapies, but bone metastases continue to be negative prognostic factor.Methods: Patients with mRCC treated with everolimus (EV) or sorafenib (SO) after two previous lines of targeted therapies were included in the analysis. Overall survival (OS) and progressionfree survival (PFS) were assessed based on the presence of bone metastases and type of therapy; they were also adjusted based on prognostic criteria.Results: Of the 233 patients with mRCC, 76 had bone metastases. Of the 233 patients, EV and SO were administered in 143 and 90 patients, respectively. Median OS was 10.4 months in patients with BMs and 17.4 months in patients without bone metastases (p = 0.002). EV decreased the risk of death by 18% compared to SO (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74–0.91; p < 0.001), with comparable effects in patients with or without bone metastases. In the same manner, EV decreased the risk of progression by 12% compared to SO (adjusted HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.96; p = 0.002), but this difference was not significant in patients without bone metastases. The major limitations of the study are its retrospective nature, the heterogeneity of the methods to detect bone metastases, and the lack of data about patients treated with bisphosphonates.Conclusions: The relative benefit of targeted therapies in mRCC is not affected by the presence of bone metastases, but patients without bone metastases have longer response to therapy and overall survival.
Single ectopic ureteral orifice with bilateral duplicated renal collecting systems in an adult girl: Diagnosis by magnetic resonance urography
Authors: Tang Min , Wang Quanrongzi , Liu Bianjiang , Li Jie , Lu Qiang , Song Ninghong , Wang Zengjun , Zhang Wei
Published: August 2015

Renal duplication accompanied by ureteral ectopia is an uncommon urinary congenital abnormality. We report the case of a 21-year-old girl who suffered from lifelong continuous urinary leakage. She was finally diagnosed with bilateral duplicated collecting systems complicated with right ectopic ureteral orifice – an extremely rare case. The patient underwent ureteric re-implantation for the ectopic side, and her urinary incontinence ceased soon thereafter. In this case, traditional imaging failed to show the exact insertion of an ectopic ureter. However, magnetic resonance urography combined with retrograde intubation radiography successfully depicted the point of ureteric insertion, which may make the diagnostic process accurate and efficient.
Positive and negative ionospheric storms occurring during the 15 May 2005 geomagnetic superstorm
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C.
Published: August 2015

This study focuses on the 15 May 2005 geomagnetic superstorm and aims to investigate the global variation of positive and negative storm phases and their development. Observations are provided by a series of global total electron content maps and multi‐instrument line plots. Coupled Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Plasmasphere electrodynamics (CTIPe) simulations are also employed. Results reveal some sunward streaming plumes of storm‐enhanced density (SED) over Asia and a well‐developed midlatitude trough over North America forming isolated positive and negative storms, respectively. The simultaneous development of positive and negative storms over North America is also shown. Then, some enhanced auroral ionizations maintained by strong equatorward neutral winds appeared in the depleted nighttime ionosphere. Meanwhile, the northern nighttime polar region became significantly depleted as the SED plume plasma could not progress further than the dayside cusp. Oppositely, a polar tongue of ionization (TOI) developed in the daytime southern polar region. According to CTIP simulations, solar heating locally maximized (minimized) over the southern (northern) magnetic pole. Furthermore, strong upward surges of molecular‐rich air created O/N2 decreases both in the auroral zone and in the trough region, while some SED‐related downward surges produced O/N2 increases. From these results we conclude for the time period studied that (1) composition changes contributed to the formation of positive and negative storms, (2) strengthening polar convection and increasing solar heating of the polar cap supported polar TOI development, and (3) a weaker polar convection and minimized solar heating of the polar cap aided the depletion of polar plasma.
A wind tunnel study of flow structure adjustment on deformable sand beds containing a surface‐mounted obstacle
Authors: McKenna Neuman Cheryl , Bédard OttO
Published: August 2015

Roughness elements of varied scale and geometry commonly appear on the surfaces of sedimentary deposits in a wide range of planetary environments. They perturb the local fluid flow so that the entrainment, transport, and deposition of particles surrounding each element are fundamentally altered. Fluid dynamists have expended much effort in examining the flow structures surrounding idealized elements mounted on fixed, planar walls. However self‐regulation occurs in sedimentary systems as a result of the bed surface undergoing rapid topographic modification with sediment transport, until it reaches a stable form that enhances the net physical roughness. The present wind tunnel study examines how the flow pattern surrounding an isolated cylinder, a problem extensively studied in classical fluid mechanics, is altered through morphodynamic development of a deep well that envelopes the windward face and sidewalls of the roughness element. Spatial patterns in the fluid velocity, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds stress obtained from laser Doppler anemometer measurements suggest that the flow structures surrounding such a cylinder are fundamentally altered through self‐regulation of the bed topography as it reaches steady state. For example, flow stagnation and the turbulent dissipation of momentum are substantially increased at selected points surrounding the upwind face and sidewalls of the cylinder, respectively. Along the center line of the wake flow to the rear of the cylinder, several structures arising from flow separation are annihilated by strong upwelling of the airflow exhausted from the terminus of the well. Feedback plays a complex, time‐dependent role in this system.
Metallic Glass as a Mechanical Material for Microscanners
Authors: Lin Yu‐Ching , Tsai Yao‐Chuan , Ono Takahito , Liu Pan , Esashi Masayoshi , Gessner Thomas , Chen Mingwei
Published: August 2015

Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) actuators essentially have movable silicon structures where the mechanical motion can be activated electronically. The microscanner is one of the most successfully commercialized MEMS devices which are widely used for collecting optical information, manipulating light, and displaying images. While silicon is abundant, it is also brittle and stiff and when microprocessed, defects are not uncommon. These defects result in weakness under torsional stress and this has been the key factor limiting the scanning performance of the microscanner. Here a metallic glass (MG)‐based microscanner is reported with MG as the material for the moving torsion bars. The low elastic modulus, high fracture toughness, and high strength of MG offers, for the first time, an ultralarge rotating angle of 146° with power consumption lowered to the microwatt range, and a smaller driving force and better actuation performance, than conventional single crystal silicon and polycrystalline silicon. The high spatial resolution and large scanning field of the MG‐based microscanner are demonstrated in the tomographic imaging of a human finger. This development of an MG‐based MEMS possibly opens a new field of low‐powered MEMS devices with extreme actuation and enhanced sensing.
Development of the Thiol‐Selective Solid‐Supported Oligoarginine‐Conjugating Reagent KSH‐2
Authors: Fukumoto Kentarou , Kajiyama Akihiro , Shimura Shunsuke , Taketa Koji , Kimura Shinichiro , Taguchi Akihiro , Takayama Kentaro , Yakushiji Fumika , Hayashi Yoshio
Published: August 2015

Arginine‐rich, cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) and oligoarginines are attractive tools for intracellular delivery of various molecules with low membrane permeability. Although a variety of labeling methods have been reported, we report here the design and synthesis of a thiol (SH)‐group selective solid‐supported octaarginine‐conjugating reagent KSH‐2. KSH‐2 was prepared by two steps including the activation of 3‐nitro‐2‐pyridinesulfenyl (Npys) resin by chlorosulfenylation and the loading of a Cys(tBu)‐containing octaarginine unit to form an active disulfide. In model experiments using SH‐containing captopril and hexadecapeptide, solid‐supported reagent KSH‐2 efficiently gave the octaarginine‐conjugated products with a high degree of purity by only mixing and filtration. This reagent could be applied to a wide variety of SH‐containing molecules for selective oligoarginine conjugation.
An update on methods for revascularization and expansion of the TASC lesion classification to include below‐the‐knee arteries: A supplement to the inter‐society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II): The TASC steering committee*
Authors: Jaff Michael R. , White Christopher J. , Hiatt William R. , Fowkes Gerry R. , Dormandy John , Razavi Mahmood , Reekers Jim , Norgren Lars
Published: August 2015

The Inter‐Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC) guidelines were last updated in 2007 (TASC II) and represented the collaboration of international vascular specialties involved in the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Since the publication of TASC II, there have been innovations in endovascular revascularization strategies for patients with PAD. The intent of this publication is to provide a complete anatomic lower limb TASC lesion classification, including the infrapopliteal segment, and an updated literature review of new endovascular techniques and practice patterns employed by vascular specialists today. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pyrazolopyrimidines: Potent Inhibitors Targeting the Capsid of Rhino‐ and Enteroviruses
Authors: Makarov Vadim A. , Braun Heike , Richter Martina , Riabova Olga B. , Kirchmair Johannes , Kazakova Elena S. , Seidel Nora , Wutzler Peter , Schmidtke Michaela
Published: August 2015

There are currently no drugs available for the treatment of enterovirus (EV)‐induced acute and chronic diseases such as the common cold, meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, and myocarditis with or without consecutive dilated cardiomyopathy. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of pyrazolopyrimidines, a well‐tolerated and potent class of novel EV inhibitors. The compounds inhibit the replication of a broad spectrum of EV in vitro with IC50 values between 0.04 and 0.64 μM for viruses resistant to pleconaril, a known capsid‐binding inhibitor, without affecting cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Using virological and genetics methods, the viral capsid was identified as the target of the most promising, orally bioavailable compound 3‐(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)amino‐6‐phenylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4‐amine (OBR‐5‐340). Its prophylactic as well as therapeutic application was proved for coxsackievirus B3‐induced chronic myocarditis in mice. The favorable pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and pharmacodynamics profile in mice renders OBR‐5‐340 a highly promising drug candidate, and the regulatory nonclinical program is ongoing.
Hydrogen Generation from Water Splitting on TiO2 Nanotube‐Array‐Based Photocatalysts
Authors: Zhou Dantong , Chen Zhi , Gao Tong , Niu Feng , Qin Laishun , Huang Yuexiang
Published: August 2015

H2 production from water splitting by a photocatalytic process is one route that can be used to solve global issues related to energy depletion and environmental pollution, and it has attracted a great amount of attention in both the academic and industrial fields. TiO2 nanotube arrays are intensively investigated as TiO2 catalysts. In comparison to a TiO2 powder catalyst, the nanotube arrays have specific advantages, including a large surface area, easy retrievability, uniformly ordered structure, and size‐dependent properties, all of which make them attractive in wide applications including H2 generation. In recent years, a large amount of work has been done and great progress has been achieved in this field. In this review, we summarize synthetic strategies to prepare TiO2 nanotube arrays and their modification methods, and we highlight recent progress in the generation of H2 on TiO2 nanotube‐array‐based materials. Finally, challenges associated with industrial application of this photocatalytic technique are also emphasized.
Pure zeolite Na‐P and Na‐X prepared from coal fly ash under the effect of steric hindrance
Authors: Chen Yanguang , Xu Tingting , Xie Conghao , Han Hongjing , Zhao Fajun , Zhang Jian , Song Hua , Wang Baohui
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

Coal fly ash (CFA) is a solid waste generated during combustion and transformation of coal that causes serious environmental pollution because of the huge amount of emissions and subsequent accumulation. In this work, coal fly ash was selected as a source of silicon and aluminum components to synthesize zeolites Na‐P and Na‐X.

RESULTS

High purity zeolites Na‐P and Na‐X were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The influences of an organic steric agent and different sodium salts on the preparation were investigated and the process parameters of the hydrothermal system optimized. The synthesized product was further characterized by XRD, SEM, ICP, FTIR, and BET surface area measurements. Adsorption tests of Na‐P and Na‐X zeolite for Ni2+ were performed and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used for the detailed analysis.

CONCLUSION

Pretreatment and purification of CFA favors the preparation of pure Na‐P and Na‐X zeolite. The organic steric agent and different sodium salts were used to decrease the grain size of the product and control the purity and yield, respectively. Zeolite Na‐P synthesized with the addition of TEA (triethanolamine) had the best Ni2+ adsorption performance and a hypothesis for Ni2+ adsorption is proposed. Preliminary analysis proved that Van der Waals absorption is the main type of adsorption for the porous zeolite but ion exchange could also occur with the effect of metal ion exchange contributing a maximum of 13.56% to the total adsorption capacity. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Barcelona and SEAT, a History of Lost Opportunity: Corporate Marketing, Nation Branding, and Consumer Nationalism in the Automotive Industry
Authors: RIUS-ULLDEMOLINS JOAQUIM
Published: August 2015

Why is there no SEAT Barcelona? Barcelona is a well-named place brand, but SEAT consciously has disassociated itself from its geographic origins. This seems rather strange decision if one takes into account the increasing importance of the place-of-origin effect in automotive industry. This article describes how SEAT has constructed its Spanish identity and hidden its Catalan-Barcelona origins, and discusses SEAT’s own growing “denationalization” because of the acquisition by Volkswagen Group by using banal nationalism to gain the loyalty of the country’s nationalist consumers and to fashion a corporate image in line with Spain’sMarca España, or national brand. Through this decision, SEAT has lost the opportunity to associate itself withMarca Barcelona, a successful urban brand.
Turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in spherical shells
Authors: Gastine Thomas , Wicht Johannes , Aurnou Jonathan M.
Published: August 2015

We simulate numerically Boussinesq convection in non-rotating spherical shells for a fluid with a Prandtl number of unity and for Rayleigh numbers up to $10^{9}$. In this geometry, curvature and radial variations of the gravitational acceleration yield asymmetric boundary layers. A systematic parameter study for various radius ratios (from ${\it\eta}=r_{i}/r_{o}=0.2$ to ${\it\eta}=0.95$) and gravity profiles allows us to explore the dependence of the asymmetry on these parameters. We find that the average plume spacing is comparable between the spherical inner and outer bounding surfaces. An estimate of the average plume separation allows us to accurately predict the boundary layer asymmetry for the various spherical shell configurations explored here. The mean temperature and horizontal velocity profiles are in good agreement with classical Prandtl–Blasius laminar boundary layer profiles, provided the boundary layers are analysed in a dynamical frame that fluctuates with the local and instantaneous boundary layer thicknesses. The scaling properties of the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers are investigated by separating the bulk and boundary layer contributions to the thermal and viscous dissipation rates using numerical models with ${\it\eta}=0.6$ and with gravity proportional to $1/r^{2}$. We show that our spherical models are consistent with the predictions of Grossmann & Lohse’s (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 407, 2000, pp. 27–56) theory and that $\mathit{Nu}(\mathit{Ra})$ and $\mathit{Re}(\mathit{Ra})$ scalings are in good agreement with plane layer results.
SUB-RIEMANNIAN STRUCTURES ON GROUPS OF DIFFEOMORPHISMS
Authors: Arguillère Sylvain , Trélat Emmanuel
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we define and study strong right-invariant sub-Riemannian structures on the group of diffeomorphisms of a manifold with bounded geometry. We derive the Hamiltonian geodesic equations for such structures, and we provide examples of normal and of abnormal geodesics in that infinite-dimensional context. The momentum formulation gives a sub-Riemannian version of the Euler–Arnol’d equation. Finally, we establish some approximate and exact reachability properties for diffeomorphisms, and we give some consequences for Moser theorems.
Sequential substitution of K+ bound to Na+,K+-ATPase visualized by X-ray crystallography
Authors: Ogawa Haruo , Cornelius Flemming , Hirata Ayami , Toyoshima Chikashi
Published: August 2015

Na+,K+-ATPase transfers three Na+ from the cytoplasm into the extracellular medium and two K+ in the opposite direction per ATP hydrolysed. The binding and release of Na+ and K+ are all thought to occur sequentially. Here we demonstrate by X-ray crystallography of the ATPase in E2·MgF42−·2K+, a state analogous to E2·Pi·2K+, combined with isotopic measurements, that the substitution of the two K+ with congeners in the extracellular medium indeed occurs at different rates, substantially faster at site II. An analysis of thermal movements of protein atoms in the crystal shows that the M3–M4E helix pair opens and closes the ion pathway leading to the extracellular medium, allowing K+ at site II to be substituted first. Taken together, these results indicate that site I K+ is the first cation to bind to the empty cation-binding sites after releasing three Na+.
Omental adipose tissue fibrosis and insulin resistance in severe obesity
Authors: Guglielmi V , Cardellini M , Cinti F , Corgosinho F , Cardolini I , D'Adamo M , Zingaretti M C , Bellia A , Lauro D , Gentileschi P , Federici M , Cinti S , Sbraccia P
Published: August 2015

Background/Objectives:

The unresolved chronic inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity leads to interstitial deposition of fibrogenic proteins as reparative process. The contribution of omental adipose tissue (oWAT) fibrosis to obesity-related complications remains controversial. The aim of our study was to investigate whether oWAT fibrosis may be related to insulin resistance in severely obese population.

Subjects/Methods:

Forty obese subjects were studied by glucose clamp before undergoing bariatric surgery and thus stratified according to insulin resistance severity (M-value). From the first (Group B: n=13; M=1.9±0.7 mg kg−1 min−1) and the highest (Group A: n=14; M=4.5±1.4 mg kg−1 min−1) M-value tertiles, which were age-, waist- and body mass index-matched, oWAT samples were then obtained.

Gene expression of collagen type I, III and VI, interleukin-6, profibrotic mediators (transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, activin A, connective tissue growth factor), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and macrophage (CD68, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, CD86, CD206, CD150) markers were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Adipocyte size and total fibrosis were assessed by histomorphometry techniques.

Results:

Fibrosis at morphological level resulted significantly greater in Group B compared with Group A, although collagens gene expression did not differ. Notably, collagen VI messenger RNA significantly correlated with collagen I, collagen III, HIF-1α, TGF-β1, CD68, MCP-1 and CD86 transcription levels, supporting their relation with fibrosis development.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, we show for the first time that human oWAT fibrosis in severe obesity is consistent with a higher degree of insulin resistance measured by glucose clamp. Therefore, collagen deposition could represent a maladaptive mechanism contributing to obesity-related metabolic complications.
Slow mitochondrial repair of 5′-AMP renders mtDNA susceptible to damage in APTX deficient cells
Authors: Akbari Mansour , Sykora Peter , Bohr Vilhelm A.
Published: August 2015

Aborted DNA ligation events in eukaryotic cells can generate 5′-adenylated (5′-AMP) DNA termini that can be removed from DNA by aprataxin (APTX). Mutations in APTX cause an inherited human disease syndrome characterized by early-onset progressive ataxia with ocular motor apraxia (AOA1). APTX is found in the nuclei and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Depletion of APTX causes mitochondrial dysfunction and renders the mitochondrial genome, but not the nuclear genome susceptible to damage. The biochemical processes that link APTX deficiency to mitochondrial dysfunction have not been well elucidated. Here, we monitored the repair of 5′-AMP DNA damage in nuclear and mitochondrial extracts from human APTX+/+ and APTX−/− cells. The efficiency of repair of 5′-AMP DNA was much lower in mitochondrial than in nuclear protein extracts and resulted in persistent DNA repair intermediates in APTX deficient cells. Moreover, the removal of 5′-AMP from DNA was significantly slower in the mitochondrial extracts from human cell lines and mouse tissues compared with their corresponding nuclear extracts. These results suggest that, contrary to nuclear DNA repair, mitochondrial DNA repair is not able to compensate for APTX deficiency resulting in the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage.
Attention is necessary for subliminal instrumental conditioning
Authors: Mastropasqua Tommaso , Turatto Massimo
Published: August 2015

The capacity of humans and other animals to provide appropriate responses to stimuli anticipating motivationally significant events is exemplified by instrumental conditioning. Interestingly, in humans instrumental conditioning can occur also for subliminal outcome-predicting stimuli. However, it remains unclear whether attention is necessary for subliminal instrumental conditioning to take place. In two experiments, human participants had to learn to collect rewards (monetary gains) while avoiding punishments (monetary losses), on the basis of subliminal outcome-predicting cues. We found that instrumental conditioning can proceed subconsciously only if spatial attention is aligned with the subliminal cue. Conversely, if spatial attention is briefly diverted from the subliminal cue, then instrumental conditioning is blocked. In humans, attention but not awareness is therefore mandatory for instrumental conditioning, thus revealing a dissociation between awareness and attention in the control of motivated behavior.
S-maltoheptaose targets syndecan-bound effectors to reduce smoking-related neutrophilic inflammation
Authors: Lam David CL , Chan Stanley CH , Mak Judith CW , Freeman Craig , Ip Mary SM , Shum Daisy KY
Published: August 2015

Cigarette smoke induces injury and neutrophilic inflammation in the airways of smokers. The stability and activity of inflammatory effectors, IL8 and neutrophil elastase (NE), can be prolonged by binding to airway heparan sulfate (HS)/syndecan-1, posing risk for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). We hypothesize that antagonizing HS/syndecan-1 binding of the inflammatory effectors could reduce smoking-related neutrophil-mediated airway inflammation. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) of COPD patients found both total and unopposed NE levels to be significantly higher among smokers with COPD than non-COPD subjects. Similar NE burden was observed in smoke-exposed rats compared to sham air controls. We chose sulfated-maltoheptaose(SM), a heparin-mimetic, to antagonize HS/sydecan-1 binding of the inflammatory mediators in airway fluids and lung tissues of the smoke-exposed rat model. Airway treatment with SM resulted in displacement of CINC-1 and NE from complexation with bronchio-epithelial HS/syndecan-1, dissipating the chemokine gradient for neutrophil flux across to the bronchial lumen. Following SM displacement of NE from shed HS/syndecan-1 in bronchial fluids, NE became accessible to inhibition by α1-antitrypsin endogenous in test samples. The antagonistic actions of SM against syndecan-1 binding of NE and CINC-1 in smoke-exposed airways suggest new therapeutic opportunities for modulating airway inflammation in smokers with SM delivery.
Bottom-up assembly of metallic germanium
Authors: Scappucci Giordano , Klesse Wolfgang M. , Yeoh LaReine A. , Carter Damien J. , Warschkow Oliver , Marks Nigel A. , Jaeger David L. , Capellini Giovanni , Simmons Michelle Y. , Hamilton Alexander R.
Published: August 2015

Extending chip performance beyond current limits of miniaturisation requires new materials and functionalities that integrate well with the silicon platform. Germanium fits these requirements and has been proposed as a high-mobility channel material, a light emitting medium in silicon-integrated lasers and a plasmonic conductor for bio-sensing. Common to these diverse applications is the need for homogeneous, high electron densities in three-dimensions (3D). Here we use a bottom-up approach to demonstrate the 3D assembly of atomically sharp doping profiles in germanium by a repeated stacking of two-dimensional (2D) high-density phosphorus layers. This produces high-density (1019 to 1020 cm−3) low-resistivity (10−4Ω · cm) metallic germanium of precisely defined thickness, beyond the capabilities of diffusion-based doping technologies. We demonstrate that free electrons from distinct 2D dopant layers coalesce into a homogeneous 3D conductor using anisotropic quantum interference measurements, atom probe tomography and density functional theory.
Nuclease activity and interaction studies of unsymmetrical binuclear Ni(ii) complexes with CT-DNA and BSA
Authors: Poornima S. , Gunasekaran K. , Kandaswamy M.
Published: August 2015

A new series of binuclear Ni(ii) complexes have been synthesized and their BSA, DNA binding and nuclease activity have been evaluated.
H2 oxidation versus organic substrate oxidation in non-heme iron mediated reactions with H2O2
Authors: Hassanpour Azin , Acuña-Parés Ferran , Luis Josep M. , Cusso Olaf , Morales de la Rosa Silvia , Campos-Martín José Miguel , Fierro Jose L. G. , Costas Miquel , Lloret-Fillol Julio , Mas-Ballesté Rubén
Published: August 2015

A mixture of α-[Fe(CF3SO3)2(BPMCN)] and H2O2 is able to oxidize H2. However, the presence of acetic acid enhances organic substrate oxidation.
Phosphorus Lewis acids: emerging reactivity and applications in catalysis
Authors: Bayne J. M. , Stephan D. W.
Published: August 2015

Part of the renaissance in main group chemistry has been a result of the focus on reactivity and catalysis. In this tutorial review, we focus attention on the role of phosphorus-based Lewis acids in such advances.
Preparation of solid–solution type Fe–Co nanoalloys by synchronous deposition of Fe and Co using dual arc plasma guns
Authors: Sadakiyo Masaaki , Heima Minako , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Matsumura Syo , Matsuura Masashi , Sugimoto Satoshi , Kato Kenichi , Takata Masaki , Yamauchi Miho
Published: August 2015

We succeeded in the efficient preparation of well-dispersed Fe–Co nanoalloys (NAs) using the arc plasma deposition method.
Cryo-crystallization under a partial anti-solvent environment as a facile technology for dry powder inhalation development
Authors: Vadakkan Mithun Varghese , Kumar G. S. Vinod
Published: August 2015

In this work, Isoniazid (INH) (an anti-TB drug) was converted to inhalable particles using cryo-crystallization under a partial anti-solvent environment.
In situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles dispersed or wrapped by a Cordyceps sinensis exopolysaccharide in water and their catalytic activity
Authors: Zheng Zhaomin , Huang Qilin , Guan Han , Liu Shiyu
Published: August 2015

In situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) dispersed or wrapped by a Cordyceps sinensis exopolysaccharide (EPS) and their catalytic activity.
Structure and oxide ion conductivity in tetragonal tungsten bronze BaBiNb5O15
Authors: Ma Hongqiang , Lin Kun , Fan Longlong , Rong Yangchun , Chen Jun , Deng Jinxia , Liu Laijun , Kawaguchi Shogo , Kato Kenichi , Xing Xianran
Published: August 2015

Tetragonal tungsten bronze compound, BaBiNb5O15, is found to be a new type of oxide ion conductor with a total electrical conductivity of 3 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 600 °C.
A novel triazine-aryl-bis-indole derivative inhibits both phosphodiesterase IV and expression of cell adhesion molecules
Authors: Banerjee Tanima , Kar Dipak , Krishna Palakodety Radha , Prabhakar Sunchu , Nomula Rajesh , Mallula Venkata Satyanarayana , Ravindranath Hajari , Sridhar Gattu , Adepu Ramesh , Srikanth Gourishetty , Mabalirajan Ulaganathan , Ghosh Balaram , Jaisankar Parasuraman , Johri Rakesh , Chakraborty Dolonchapa , Mishra Vani , Chhabra Jasmeet Kaur , Shukla Mamta , Paul Bhola Nath , Bandyopadhyay Santu , Roy Siddhartha , Sharma Gangavaram V. M. , Bandyopadhyay Arun
Published: August 2015

Triazine-aryl-bis-indole derivative inhibits phosphodiesterase activity.
Enzymatic deacidification of the rice bran oil and simultaneous preparation of phytosterol esters-enriched functional oil catalyzed by immobilized lipase arrays
Authors: Zheng Mingming , Zhu Jiuxia , Huang Fenghong , Xiang Xia , Shi Jie , Deng Qianchun , Ma Fangli , Feng Yuqi
Published: August 2015

Novel ordered mesoporous silica immobilized lipase arrays are described for enzymatic deacidification of the high-acid rice bran oil and simultaneous preparation of phytosterol esters-enriched functional oil.
NiMoO4@Ni(OH)2 core/shell nanorods supported on Ni foam for high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Jiang Ge , Zhang Mingyi , Li Xueqing , Gao Hong
Published: August 2015

The NiMoO4 nanorods were used as the backbone to support and provide reliable electrical connection to the Ni(OH)2 nanosheets for supercapacitor applications.
DMSO affects Aβ1–40's conformation and interactions with aggregation inhibitors as revealed by NMR
Authors: Laurents D. V. , Pantoja-Uceda D. , López L. C. , Carrodeguas J. A. , Mompeán M. , Jiménez M. Á. , Sancho J.
Published: August 2015

DMSO alters Abeta's conformation and its recognition by inhibitors.
Second harmonic generation from the novel polar polymorph α/β-BaTeMo2O9 phases
Authors: Reshak A. H.
Published: August 2015

The second harmonic generation (SHG) and the first hyperpolarizability (βijk) of β-BaTeMo2O9 and α-BaTeMo2O9 phases have been calculated.
Microstructure and corrosion behavior of Cr and Cr–P alloy coatings electrodeposited from a Cr(iii) deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Zhang Jialei , Gu Changdong , Tong Yueyu , Gou Junming , Wang Xiuli , Tu Jiangping
Published: August 2015

Cr and Cr–P coatings were electrodeposited on Fe substrates from non-aqueous deep eutectic solvent-based electrolytes containing Cr(iii).
Ionic group-mediated crosslinked polyimide membranes for enhanced CO2 separation
Authors: Kammakakam Irshad , Nam SangYong , Kim Tae-Hyun
Published: August 2015

The dual cation-forming DABCO- or bisimidazolium-based ionic groups were introduced as crosslinkage sites and CO2-solubilizing groups into 6FDA–durene polyimide.
Poly(ω-bromoalkylnorbornenes-co-norbornene) by ROMP-hydrogenation: a robust support amenable to post-polymerization functionalization
Authors: García-Loma Rodrigo , Albéniz Ana C.
Published: August 2015

The new polymers described have a saturated backbone and a bromo-substituent as the entry point to other functional groups of choice.
Mechanical measurements of heterogeneity and length scale effects in PEG-based hydrogels
Authors: Bush Brian G. , Shapiro Jenna M. , DelRio Frank W. , Cook Robert F. , Oyen Michelle L.
Published: August 2015

Colloidal-probe AFM was used to characterize the time-dependent transport properties of PEG hydrogels and assess heterogeneity at the micrometer scale.
Guided differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells on co-cultured cartilage and bone scaffolds
Authors: Lee Paul , Tran Katelyn , Zhou Gan , Bedi Asheesh , Shelke Namdev B. , Yu Xiaojun , Kumbar Sangamesh G.
Published: August 2015

A biphasic micro and nanostructured scaffold with hydroxyapatite and extracellular matrix components was created for the regeneration of osteochondral tissue. Material cues of the biphasic scaffold supported differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in both osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages.
Enhanced sodium storage behavior of carbon coated anatase TiO2 hollow spheres
Authors: Zhang Yan , Yang Yingchang , Hou Hongshuai , Yang Xuming , Chen Jun , Jing Mingjun , Jia Xinnan , Ji Xiaobo
Published: August 2015

Carbon coated anatase TiO2 hollow spheres are successfully prepared by etching amorphous TiO2 solid sphere precursors followed by carbon wrapping. The as-obtained composites are employed as anodes for sodium-ion batteries for the first time, and manifested an enhanced sodium storage performance.
Room temperature curable zirconium silicate dielectric ink for electronic applications
Authors: Varghese Jobin , Teirikangas Merja , Puustinen Jarkko , Jantunen Heli , Sebastian Mailadil Thomas
Published: August 2015

Room temperature curable ZrSiO4 ink.
Chemical synthesis of high quality epitaxial vanadium dioxide films with sharp electrical and optical switch properties
Authors: Makarevich A. M. , Sadykov I. I. , Sharovarov D. I. , Amelichev V. A. , Adamenkov A. A. , Tsymbarenko D. M. , Plokhih A. V. , Esaulkov M. N. , Solyankin P. M. , Kaul A. R.
Published: August 2015

The new effective chemical synthesis of epitaxial VO2 films with record electrical and optical switch properties is presented.
Polyamines and nucleic acids during development of the chick embryo
Authors: Caldarera CM , Barbiroli B , Moruzzi G
Published: August 2015

1. A higher concentration of polyamines (spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine) during development of the chick embryo was observed between the fifth and tenth day of incubation; the concentrations of nucleic acids showed a parallel increase. 2. When spermine (5mumoles) was injected into the yolk sac of embryos at the tenth day of incubation, a high amine-oxidase activity was noted and the spermine and spermidine concentrations were decreased; also, there was a remarkable decrease in RNA and DNA concentrations and a parallel increase in that of total free nucleotides. 3. On the other hand, when iproniazid (16mumoles) was injected there was an inhibition of amine-oxidase activity and a similar increase in the concentrations of spermine and spermidine and of nucleic acids, whereas that of total free nucleotides decreased. 4. Another group of embryos injected with spermine and iproniazid together showed a remarkable increase in spermine and spermidine concentrations and a parallel increase in those of RNA and DNA, and a decrease in that of total free nucleotides.
Accumulation of amino acids in muscle of perfused rat heart. Effect of insulin
Authors: Scharff R , Wool IG
Published: August 2015

1. Rat heart perfused with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer released material containing ninhydrin-positive nitrogen, but the amount was less than that reported to be released by diaphragm; glucose, but not insulin, decreased the release of ninhydrin-positive nitrogen and increased the concentration of the same material in the intracellular water of heart. 2. When heart was perfused with a mixture of amino acids and glucose, there was actually a net uptake, and an increase in intracellular concentration, of ninhydrin-positive nitrogen. Changes in the concentration of ninhydrin-positive nitrogen did not accurately reflect changes in concentration of amino acids. 3. The effect of insulin on the actual concentration of individual amino acids in heart muscle was examined by perfusing the heart with a mixture of amino acids and other ninhydrin-positive substances in the same concentration as they are found in plasma. 4. The effect of insulin on the concentrations of amino acids in the medium and in the intracellular water of the heart was determined after perfusion for different periods of time. No clear or meaningful effect of insulin was observed, despite the fact that insulin significantly increased the accumulation, in each of the same hearts, of radioactivity from amino[(14)C]isobutyric acid.
The synthesis of ribonucleic acid during inhibition of Escherichia coli by chlortetracycline
Authors: Holmes IA , Wild DG
Published: August 2015

1. During inhibition of Escherichia coli by chlortetracycline, protein synthesis was sharply reduced whereas synthesis of RNA was much less affected. 2. Most of the RNA made during inhibition was contained in particles that sedimented more slowly than ribosomes. 3. The particles were more sensitive than ribosomes to degradation by ultrasonic vibrations and ribonuclease and differed from ribosomes in their behaviour during chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. 4. The particles contained two species of RNA that differed slightly in their sedimentation properties from the two RNA components found in ribosomes. 5. The nature of the events taking place during inhibition by chlortetracycline is discussed with particular reference to the status of the particles that accumulate and to the mode of action of this and other antibiotics.
Studies on the biosynthesis of quinones in fungi. Incorporation of 6-methylsalicylic acid into fumigatin and related compounds in Aspergillus fumigatus I.M.I. 89353
Authors: Packter NM
Published: August 2015

1. Orsellinic acid has been detected as a metabolite of Aspergillus fumigatus. 2. The other principal aromatic components of the medium are fumigatin and the quinol, fumigatol. Fumigatol has been shown to be dihydrofumigatin after oxidation to the quinone followed by acetylation. 3. (14)C-labelled 6-methylsalicylic acid can be hydroxylated in A. fumigatus to form orsellinic acid and decarboxylated to give m-cresol. 4. (14)C-labelled 6-methylsalicylic acid is incorporated into fumigatin and fumigatol (1.0-1.5%), but the conversion does not occur until about 2-3 days after supplementation of the medium. At this stage of growth, the organism has already synthesized approx. 20 times as much fumigatol as fumigatin and this ratio is reflected in the much lower specific activity of the quinol. 5. Supplementation of the medium with either orsellinic acid or orcinol, in addition to (14)C-labelled 6-methylsalicylic acid, greatly decreases the latter's incorporation into fumigatin. At the same time, the cultures containing these substances are stimulated to produce another quinone with relatively high specific activity. 6. 6-Methylsalicylic acid has not been detected in the medium of normal cultures. The results indicate that 6-methylsalicylic acid itself is not a direct precursor of fumigatin and fumigatol but that it is converted into a true intermediate, probably after hydroxylation to orsellinic acid. 7. Supplementation of the medium with 6-methylsalicylic acid (15-25mg./200ml.) greatly affects the metabolism of A. fumigatus. Growth is inhibited and the synthesis of fumigatol is markedly depressed in these cultures. The inhibitory effects may possibly be related in some way to the production of m-cresol.
Steady-state concentrations of coenzyme A, acetyl-coenzyme A and long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A in rat-liver mitochondria oxidizing palmitate
Authors: Garland PB , Shepherd D , Yates DW
Published: August 2015

1. Fluorimetric assays are described for CoASH, acetyl-CoA and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, and are sensitive to at least 50mumumoles of each. 2. Application of these assays to rat-liver mitochondria oxidizing palmitate in the absence and presence of carnitine indicated two pools of intramitochondrial CoA. One pool could be acylated by palmitate and ATP, and the other pool acylated by palmitate with ATP and carnitine, or by palmitoylcarnitine alone. 3. The intramitochondrial content of acetyl-CoA is increased by the oxidation of palmitate both in the absence and presence of l-malate. 4. The conversion of palmitoyl-CoA into acetyl-CoA by beta-oxidation takes place without detectable accumulation of acyl-CoA intermediates.
The biosynthesis of squalene and sterols by the adipose tissue of rat, sheep and man
Authors: Durr I F
Published: August 2015

1. The subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue of man, the epididymal fat pads of the rat and the fat tail of the Syrian sheep incorporate mevalonic acid into non-saponifiable lipids. 2. Time studies showed that the rates of decarboxylation of mevalonic acid and synthesis of non-saponifiable lipids slightly decline after 20min. but subsequently remain linear for 6hr. 3. About one-half of the incorporated radioactivity in the non-saponifiable lipids was in squalene, 20% in lanosterol and cholesterol, and the remainder in unidentified substances.
Fatty acids synthesis in rat adipose tissue. Tracer concentration effects in vitro
Authors: Duncombe W. G.
Published: August 2015

1. The use of labelled acetate for studying the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids in rat adipose tissue in vitro has been examined, with special reference to the effect of acetate concentration. 2. The incorporation of acetate into fatty acids is proportional to the concentration of acetate in the medium when the latter does not exceed about 10μm. Above this concentration, the relative incorporation becomes progressively less, and reasons for this are discussed. 3. In particular it is shown that this is not necessarily due to disturbance of the endogenous rate of fatty acid synthesis by a relatively large amount of acetyl-CoA derived from added acetate. 4. However, to ensure that the added acetate does not cause such a disturbance its concentration must be kept sufficiently low. For labelled acetate used under present conditions, this concentration should not be more than about 10μm.
Influence of growth condition on the concentration of potassium in Bacillus subtilis var. niger and its possible relationship to cellular ribonucleic acid, teichoic acid and teichuronic acid
Authors: Tempest D. W. , Dicks J. W. , Ellwood D C
Published: August 2015

1. Mg2+-limited Bacillus subtilis var. niger, growing in a chemostat in a simple salts medium, contained considerably more potassium and phosphorus than Mg2+-limited Aerobacter aerogenes growing in a similar medium at corresponding dilution rates. 2. Growth of the bacillus in a K+-limited environment did not lower the cellular potassium and phosphorus contents, the molar proportions of cell-bound magnesium, potassium, RNA (as nucleotide) and phosphorus being approximately constant at 1:13:5:13 (compared with 1:4:5:8 in Mg2+-limited or K+-limited A. aerogenes). 3. Growth of B. subtilis in a phosphate-limited environment caused the cellular phosphorus content to be lowered to a value similar to that of Mg2+-limited A. aerogenes, but the potassium content was not correspondingly lowered; the molar potassium:magnesium ratio varied from 14 to 17 with changes in dilution rate from 0·4 to 0·1hr.−1. 4. Whereas over 70% of the cell-bound phosphorus of Mg2+-limited or K+-limited A. aerogenes was contained in the nucleic acids, these polymers accounted for less than 50% of the phosphorus present in similarly limited B. subtilis; much phosphorus was present in the walls of the bacilli, bound in a teichoic acid-type compound composed of glycerol phosphate and glucose (but no alanine). 5. Phosphate-limited B. subtilis cell walls (from organisms grown at a dilution rate of 0·2hr.−1) contained little phosphorus and no detectable amounts of teichoic acid, but 40% of the cell-wall dry weight could be accounted for by a teichuronic acid-type compound; this contained a glucuronic acid and galactosamine, neither of which could be detected in the walls of Mg2+-limited B. subtilis grown at a corresponding rate. 6. It is suggested that the high concentration of potassium in growing B. subtilis (compared with A. aerogenes) results from the presence of large amounts of anionic polymer (teichoic acid or teichuronic acid) in the bacillus cell walls.
Attempts to detect lycopersene formation in yeast
Authors: Scharf S. S. , Simpson K. L.
Published: August 2015

1. β-Ionone vapour has been shown to cause an increase in the more saturated carotenes and a decrease in the less saturated carotenes of Rhodotorula glutinis. Lycopersene (dihydrophytoene) has been proposed as a precursor to phytoene. Attempts were made to isolate lycopersene from β-ionone-treated cultures of R. glutinis. 2. Large samples of β-ionone-treated cultures were examined for the presence of lycopersene. Spots were detected on silicic acid plates that could not be differentiated from synthetic lycopersene on the basis of column and thin-layer chromatographic separations and staining techniques. The lycopersene-like substance could be obtained from non-treated pigmented yeast as well as baker's yeast. 3. An extraction of bacterial-grade yeast extract also yielded a lycopersene-like substance. The extracts of R. glutinis cells cultured on media not containing yeast extract did not contain the lycopersene-like compound. 4. No significant carbon was incorporated into the lycopersene zone from 14C-labelled mevalonate, acetate and glucose by R. glutinis and baker's yeast. 5. These results indicate that compounds may exist with chromatographic properties similar to lycopersene, but that lycopersene could not be detected in either a pigmented or a non-pigmented yeast.