bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Changes in Effusion‐Synovitis With Progression of Cartilage Damage Over Eighteen Months in Patients With Osteoarthritis and Meniscal Tear
Authors: MacFarlane Lindsey A. , Yang Heidi , Collins Jamie E. , Jarraya Mohamed , Guermazi Ali , Mandl Lisa A. , Martin Scott D. , Wright John , Losina Elena , Katz Jeffrey N. ,   the MeTeOR Investigator Group
Published: August 2018

Objective

Synovitis is a feature of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and meniscal tear and has been associated with articular cartilage damage. This study was undertaken to examine the associations of baseline effusion‐synovitis and changes in effusion‐synovitis with changes in cartilage damage in a cohort with OA and meniscal tear.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Meniscal Tear in Osteoarthritis Research (MeTeOR) trial of surgery versus physical therapy for treatment of meniscal tear. We performed semiquantitative grading of effusion‐synovitis and cartilage damage on magnetic resonance imaging, and dichotomized effusion‐synovitis as none/small (minimal) and medium/large (extensive). We assessed the association of baseline effusion‐synovitis and changes in effusion‐synovitis with changes in cartilage damage size and depth over 18 months, using Poisson regression models. Analyses were adjusted for patient demographic characteristics, treatment, and baseline cartilage damage.

Results

We analyzed 221 participants. Over 18 months, effusion‐synovitis was persistently minimal in 45.3% and persistently extensive in 21.3% of the patients. The remaining 33.5% of the patients had minimal synovitis on one occasion and extensive synovitis on the other. In adjusted analyses, patients with extensive effusion‐synovitis at baseline had a relative risk (RR) of progression of cartilage damage depth of 1.7 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.0–2.7). Compared to those with persistently minimal effusion‐synovitis, those with persistently extensive effusion‐synovitis had a significantly increased risk of progression of cartilage damage depth (RR 2.0 [95% CI 1.1–3.4]).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the presence of extensive effusion‐synovitis is associated with subsequent progression of cartilage damage over 18 months. The persistence of extensive effusion‐synovitis over time is associated with the greatest risk of concurrent cartilage damage progression.
Smartly Designed Hierarchical MnO2@Fe3O4/CNT Hybrid Films as Binder‐free Anodes for Superior Lithium Storage
Authors: Yan Du‐Juan , Zhu Xiao‐Dong , Gao Xiao‐Tian , Gu Liang‐Liang , Feng Yu‐Jie , Sun Ke‐Ning
Published: August 2018

Nowadays, the development of advanced anode materials is highly desirable for the increasing demand for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Nanostructured MnO2 has received utmost attention due to high theoretical capacity (1230 mA h g−1), abundant resources, environmental benignity, and shortened electron and ion diffusion paths. Unfortunately, poor electronic conductivity and strong aggregation inclination of MnO2 nanostructures result in disappointing electrochemical performances, which restrict their practical application as sole institute. Here, we propose smartly designed MnO2@Fe3O4/CNT hybrid films, in which MnO2 nanosheets, Fe3O4 nanoparticles and CNTs are hierarchically assembled in a unique stage of nanosheets–nanoparticles–nanotubes. The resulting MnO2@Fe3O4/CNT hybrid films can be directly used as anodes without any polymer binders, and exhibit significant synergistic interactions among three components, achieving excellent reversible capacity and rate performance.
Rational Synthesis of Chabazite (CHA) Zeolites with Controlled Si/Al Ratio and Their CO2/CH4/N2 Adsorptive Separation Performances
Authors: Guo Ya , Sun Tianjun , Gu Yiming , Liu Xiaowei , Ke Quanli , Wei Xiaoli , Wang Shudong
Published: August 2018

Separation of CO2 from CH4 and N2 is of great significance from the perspectives of energy production and environment protection. In this work, we report the rational synthesis of chabazite (CHA) zeolites with controlled Si/Al ratio by using N,N,N‐trimethyl‐1‐adamantammonium hydroxide (TMAdaOH) as an organic structure‐directing agent, wherein the dependence of TMAdaOH consumption on the initial Si/Al ratio was investigated systematically. More TMAdaOH is required to direct the crystallization of CHA with higher Si/Al ratio. Once the product Si/Al ratio is larger than 24, the amount of TMAdaOH consumption remains nearly constant. CHA zeolites with different Si/Al ratios and charge‐compensating cations were then applied for the separation of CO2/CH4/N2 mixtures. The equilibrium selectivities predicted by ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) and ideal selectivities calculated from the ratio of Henry's constants for both CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 decrease with the zeolite Si/Al ratio increasing, whereas the percentage regenerability of CO2 presents the opposite trend. Therefore, there is a trade‐off between adsorption selectivity and regenerability for the adsorbents. There is a weaker interaction between CO2 molecules and the H‐type zeolites than that on the Na‐type ones, thus a higher regenerability can be achieved. This study indicates that it is possible to design CHA zeolites with different physicochemical properties to meet various adsorptive separation requirements.
The Reactivity of Mercapto Groups against Boron Hydrides in Pincer Ligated Nickel Mercapto Complexes
Authors: Zhang Jie , Liu Ting , Wei Changgeng , Chang Jiarui , Ma Qiang‐Qiang , Li Shujun , Ma Nana , Chen Xuenian
Published: August 2018

Several pincer ligated nickel mercapto complexes, [2,6‐(R2PCH2)2C6H3]NiSH (R=tBu, 1 a; iPr, 1 b), [2,6‐(R2PO)2C6H3]NiSH (R=tBu, 2 a; iPr, 2 b) and [4‐MeOCO‐2,6‐(tBu2PO)2C6H2]NiSH (3 a), were synthesized and fully characterized. The reactivity of the mercapto groups against boron hydrides and organic bases was investigated. It was found that the mercapto groups are difficult to be deprotonated by boron hydrides or organic bases. The treatment of complex 2 a or 2 b with an excess amount of catecholborane (HBcat) afforded the corresponding pincer ligated nickel borohydride complexes and the HBcat degradation product. The treatment of complex 1 a, 2 a or 2 b with an excess amount of BH3⋅THF produced the corresponding nickel borohydride species and the S‐bridged triborane species THF⋅BH2‐μ2‐S(B2H5) (5). No reactions between these complexes and organic bases were observed. DFT calculations were carried out to understand this reactivity and get mechanistic insights into the reactions.
BODIPY‐based Carbonaceous Materials for High Performance Electrical Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Wang De‐Gao , Wang Huan , Song Min , Yu Guipeng , Kuang Gui‐Chao
Published: August 2018

Incorporation of heteroatoms into carbon materials is crucial to tailor carbon materials’ donor‐acceptor properties and consequently tune their chemical and electrical performance. However, doping carbon materials with multi‐heteroatoms (three or more, especially the light elements) has been rarely payed attention until now. In this work, we develop a porous organic polymer containing boron, nitrogen, fluorine elements and realize its corresponding carbonaceous materials by subsequent carbonation or KOH activation process. Electrochemical measurements results reveal that KOH activation sample (BPOP‐700A) is endowed with excellent specific capacitance of 408 F g−1 in three‐electrode system and an energy density over 19.2 Wh kg−1 in two‐electrode system at aqueous electrolyte, which can be attributed to multi light elements (boron, nitrogen and trace fluorine) doping, favorable morphology and rational pore size distribution architecture. In addition, BPOP‐700A displays well rate ability and outstanding cycle performance (10 A g−1, 10 000 cycles, 95 % retention). Our work might give some hints in designing multi light element doping carbon materials in supercapacitor applications.
Cobalt and Nitrogen Codoped Carbon Nanosheets Templated from NaCl as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zhou Qing‐Yan , Zhao Lei , Sui Xu‐Lei , Gong Xiao‐Fei , Li Jia‐Zhan , Li Xi‐Fei , Wang Zhen‐Bo
Published: August 2018

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a cathode is an essential component of many electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems. Two‐dimensional materials are beneficial for electron conduction and mass transport with high density, showing prominent electrochemical catalytic performance towards the ORR. Herein, a simple NaCl‐assisted method to synthesize cobalt–nitrogen‐doped carbon materials (CoNC), which present prominent performance towards the ORR in alkaline media, is described. The utilization of the NaCl template endows the product with a large specific surface area of 556.4 m2 g−1, as well as good dispersion of cobalt nanoparticles. CoNC‐800@NaCl (800 indicates the calcination temperature in °C) displays an excellent onset potential of 0.94 V (vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode), which is close to that of commercial Pt/C. Additionally, CoNC‐800@NaCl also exhibits better long‐term durability and methanol tolerance than that of Pt/C. The high‐performance CoNC‐800@NaCl catalyst provides a hopeful alternative to noble‐metal catalysts for the ORR in practical applications.
Comparison of aqueous soluble proteins profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and H37Ra and a Malaysian clinical isolate
Authors: Kai‐Cheen Ang , Lay‐Harn Gam
Published: August 2018

Differentially expressed aqueous soluble proteins between Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and H37Rv were identified. The protein extracts were separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Twelve proteins were detected to be differentially expressed significantly between virulent strain H37Rv and attenuated strain H37Ra. The differentially expression of these proteins was validated by a recently isolated clinical virulent strains of M. tuberculosis, TB138. Out of the 12 proteins identified, which consisted of ten upregulated and two downregulated proteins, nine were belonged to intermediate metabolism and respiration protein group, two were in lipid metabolism, and one protein was involved in information pathways and virulence. Among these proteins, two of the upregulated proteins, namely, mmsA and pntAa, showed a consistent expression pattern in both virulent mycobacterium strains. These proteins can serve as potential biomarkers for the intervention treatment of TB.
Advances in microalgal lipid extraction for biofuel production: a review
Authors: Harris Jesse , Viner Kelsey , Champagne Pascale , Jessop Philip G.
Published: August 2018

Algal biomass is an attractive feedstock for sustainable biofuel production because of its high growth rate and the fact that it does not compete with food crops. This review examines progress made in the processing and extraction of microalgal lipids as feedstocks for algae‐derived biofuels. The discussion focuses on lipid extraction processes but also mentions drying, cell disruption, and transesterification processes because of their potential effect on the extraction process, and because of the possibility of performing them simultaneously with extraction. Some of the common themes discussed include the benefits of utilizing wet microalgal biomass, combining process steps (process intensification), and the importance of considering the entire life cycle when assessing the ‘greenness’ of a technology. Lipid extraction technologies will need to be improved for microalgal biofuels to compete effectively with fossil fuels, particularly through the development of energy‐efficient extraction methods and the adaptation of these methods for large‐scale production. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Lignocellulosic biomass for chemicals and energy: an integrated assessment of future EU market sizes, feedstock availability impacts, synergy and competition effects, and path dependencies
Authors: Londo Marc , van Stralen Joost , Uslu Ayla , Mozaffarian Hamid , Kraan Carolien
Published: August 2018

Lignocellulosic biomass is expected to play an important role in decarbonizing our economy. In this modeling study, we assessed the future role of biobased chemicals and energy from this resource in the EU up to 2030. The study's general outcomes indicate that biobased heat remains the largest biobased sector over this period, and biobased chemicals remain the smallest. A significant share of EU‐domestic lignocellulosic biomass potential remains unutilized, even when feedstock availability is restricted. The technology mix for biobased heat, power, biofuels, and chemicals remains relatively stable in all cases, with a strong role for biobased combined heat and power (CHP). Several specific ‘what if’ analyses were done. These show that both restriction of feedstock potential and active mobilization of available potential affect overall costs of biobased options, illustrating the relevance of specific policies in bringing biomass potentials to the market. In feedstock‐restricted scenarios, specific attention to advanced lignocellulose‐based fuel technologies is essential to meet biofuel ambitions. Another analysis indicates that both competition and synergy effects occur between energy and chemical applications of biomass. This illustrates that biorefining and co‐production of biobased chemicals and energy in integrated biorefineries is a better and more robust business than separated production. Finally, an analysis of the dynamics between lignocellulosic and crop‐based biofuels reveals that the current capacity of the latter creates a need for a specific subtarget for lignocellulose‐based biofuels before they can enter the market, and that crop‐based biofuels may be gradually phased out, but with significant additional costs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
An aptasensor for rapid and sensitive detection of estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer
Authors: Ahirwar Rajesh , Dalal Anita , Sharma Jai G. , Yadav Birendra K. , Nahar Pradip , Kumar Ashok , Kumar Saroj
Published: August 2018

The analysis of estrogen receptor (ER) expression in breast carcinomas plays a crucial role in determining the endocrine responsiveness of tumors for systemic adjuvant therapy. Conventionally, the ER levels in breast carcinomas had been detected using the dextran‐coated charcoal assay and radioimmunoassay, which are now substituted with safer and economic antibody‐based assays such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Despite a gold (Au) standard method, the IHC has been criticized for factors such as tissue fixation, antibody selection, and threshold staining for result interpretation that could falsify test accuracy and reproducibility. The quest for alternative methods of ER quantification in tissue samples paved the way for aptamer‐based diagnostics. Previously, we have isolated a DNA aptamer against human ER alpha (ERα) using an in vitro evolution system. In this study, we developed an electrochemical sensor using the 76‐nucleotide DNA ERα‐ aptamer for rapid, precise, and cost‐effective detection of ERα expression in human breast cancer patients. The aptasensor was constructed by covalently immobilizing the thiolated ERα‐ aptamer onto a screen‐printed Au electrode. Construction of aptasensors was confirmed through atomic force microscopy and differential pulse voltammetry measurements. A detection limit of 0.001 ng/ml was calculated for full‐length ERα (66.2 kDa) in a detection time of 10 min. Analysis of the cancerous breast tissue samples using the ELISA and aptasensor methods enabled distinctive classification of samples into the categories of ER −ve, weak ER +ve, and strong ER +ve samples. The current change of this aptasensor lies within 5% after a storage of 60 days at 4°C. Further studies on a reasonably large sample size are required to realize the clinical potential of the sensor.
One‐Pot Photochemical Synthesis of Gold Nanoplates Using Nonionic Diblock Copolymers and their Surface Functionalization
Authors: Oh Ju‐Hwan , Lee Jae‐Seung
Published: August 2018

Two‐dimensional gold nanoplates (AuNPLs) have been of significant interest because they are ideal substrates for surface modification and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Conventionally, AuNPLs are synthesized using a seed‐mediated growth method employing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a shape‐directing agent (SDA). The CTAB‐based method, however, suffers from cumbersome multistep growth, unsuccessful surface modification, and high cytotoxicity. Therefore, the development of facile and CTAB‐free synthesis of AuNPLs is required to address these challenges. Herein, we present a one‐pot photochemical synthesis of AuNPLs with an average diameter of 1.5 μm using a nonionic diblock copolymer, Brij‐58, as both an SDA and a reductant. The growth of AuNPLs is thermodynamically and kinetically investigated by controlling the reactant concentrations, reaction temperatures, and head‐to‐tail ratios of Brij polymers. Furthermore, the synthesis is conducted in the presence of seed particles, resulting in a larger diversity of structures. Notably, the obtained AuNPLs are successively conjugated with thiolated DNA, thus demonstrating the surface potential of the AuNPLs as a reversible assembly platform for bioanalytical applications.
Development and validation of stability indicating reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantification of methotrexate and teriflunomide in nanoparticles and marketed formulation
Authors: Pandey Shweta , Mahtab Asiya , Singh Archu , Ahmad Farhan Jalees , Aqil Mohd. , Talegaonkar Sushama
Published: August 2018

Methotrexate (MTX) and teriflunomide (TEF) are the two most effective disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs used as combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and no robust high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is available for their simultaneous estimation to date. Therefore, we have developed and validated an isocratic reversed‐phase HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of MTX and TEF spiked in the form of active pharmaceutical ingredients, tablets and nanoformulations. The best separation was achieved on a BDS, C18, 4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm analytical column (Thermo Hypersil) with methanol–ethylammonium formate–potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (55 mm, pH 3.5; 65:5:30, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. All the samples were subjected to force degradation studies. Responses of MTX and TEF were found to be a linear function of concentration over the range 1–50 μg/mL (r2 = 0.9976 and 0.9982). The limits of detection and limit of quantification were 7.74 and 25.82 ng/mL and 10.74 and 35.80 ng/mL, respectively. Degradation products produced under the stress studies did not interfere with the detection of MTX and TEF and therefore the developed method can be regarded as stability indicating.
The venous trunk of henle (gastrocolic trunk): A systematic review and meta‐analysis of its prevalence, dimensions, and tributary variations
Authors: Stefura Tomasz , Kacprzyk Artur , Droś Jakub , Pędziwiatr Michał , Major Piotr , Hołda Mateusz Krystian
Published: August 2018

Surgeons have recognized the clinical significance of the venous trunk of Henle during multiple pancreatic, colorectal, and hepatobiliary procedures. To date, no study has followed the principles of evidence‐based anatomy to characterize it. Our aim was to find, gather, and systematize available anatomical data concerning this structure. The MEDLINE/PubMed, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, BIOSIS, SciELO, and Web of Science databases were searched. The following data were extracted: prevalence of the trunk of Henle, its mean diameter and length, the organization of its tributaries, method of anatomical assessment (cadaveric, radiological, or intraoperative), geographical origin, study sample, and known health status. Our search identified 38 records that included data from 2,686 subjects. Overall, the prevalence of the trunk of Henle was 86.9% (95% CI, 0.81–0.92) and the mean diameter was 4.2 mm. Only one study reported the length of the trunk (10.7 mm). The most common type of venous trunk (56.1%) was a vessel comprising three tributaries: gastric (right gastro‐epiploic vein), pancreatic (most commonly the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein), and colic (most commonly the superior right colic vein). The trunk of Henle is a common variant in the anatomy of the portal circulation. It is a highly variable vessel, but the most common type is a gastro‐pancreato‐colic trunk. In surgical practice, the presence of this venous trunk poses a high risk for bleeding, but it can also be a useful landmark during various abdominal procedures. Clin. Anat. 31:1109–1121, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Focal radiation necrosis of the brain in patients with melanoma brain metastases treated with pembrolizumab
Authors: Du Four Stephanie , Janssen Yanina , Michotte Alex , Van Binst Anne‐Marie , Van den Begin Robbe , Duerinck Johnny , Neyns Bart
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Up to 60% of patients with metastatic melanoma develop melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) during the course of their disease. Surgery, radiosurgery (SRS), stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), and whole‐brain radiation therapy (WBRT) or combinations of these are commonly used local treatment modalities. Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies against the CTLA‐4 and PD‐1 immune checkpoint receptors significantly improved the survival of metastatic melanoma patients, including patients with MBM. This prolonged survival, and potentially also the immunostimulatory mechanisms, may expose patients to a higher risk for long‐term complications such as focal postradiation necrosis of the brain (RNB).

Methods

We analyzed the incidence of pseudotumoral RNB in a single institution cohort of 142 melanoma patients that were prospectively followed after starting treatment with pembrolizumab in an expanded access program.

Results

Of the 142 patients, 43 (30.7%) patients had MBM at initiation pembrolizumab. Of these, 31 (72.1%) were treated with SRS, 8 (18.6%) with WBRT while 4 (9.3%) had no prior local therapy. Of patients treated with RT, 28 (71.1%) received RT before the initiation of pembrolizumab. 5 (12.8%) patients developed a new symptomatic pseudotumoral lesion at a median time of 11.15 months (range 8‐46) after the RT. In all patients, the diagnosis of RNB was radiologically confirmed. The RNB was treated with corticosteroids in two patients, bevacizumab in two patients, and surgery in three symptomatic patients. The diagnosis was histologically confirmed in the patients treated with surgery.

Conclusion

Melanoma patients with MBM treated with radiosurgery and showing a beneficial response to pembrolizumab are at risk for late RNB. In case of suspected isolated progression at the site of a previously irradiated MBM, the diagnosis of RNB should be considered.
Proteome‐Wide Identification of On‐ and Off‐Targets of Bcl‐2 Inhibitors in Native Biological Systems by Using Affinity‐Based Probes (AfBPs)
Authors: Wang Ziqian , Guo Zongwei , Song Ting , Zhang Xiaodong , He Nianzhe , Liu Peng , Wang Peiran , Zhang Zhichao
Published: August 2018

Selective inhibition of proteins of the Bcl‐2 family by small‐molecule inhibitors is a promising new approach in drug discovery. However, information about how these molecules interact with their cellular targets (on‐ and off‐) is highly limited. We have designed and synthesized photoreactive and “clickable” affinity‐based probes (AfBPs)—Nap‐2 and Nap‐5—by introducing photo‐crosslinkers onto Nap‐1, a fluorescent derivative of small‐molecule Bcl‐2 inhibitor S1‐6. The resulting trifunctional probes Nap‐2 and Nap‐5 can enrich, visualize, and enable the identification of cellular on‐ and off‐targets of Bcl‐2 inhibitors both in vitro and in situ. Tubulin was validated as an off‐target of Bcl‐2 inhibitors (Nap‐1 and S1‐6) by large‐scale cell‐based proteome profiling and pull‐down/western blotting (PD/WB) with Nap‐2 and Nap‐5. It was preliminarily illustrated to be a BH3‐containing protein because some well‐known Bcl‐2 inhibitors can block the labeling of tubulin by Nap‐2.
Recurrent Sweet's syndrome in a patient with multiple myeloma
Authors: Gurnari Carmelo , Franceschini Luca , Anemona Lucia , Passarelli Francesca , Vaccarini Sara , Pupo Livio , Provenzano Ida , Nasso Daniela , Rizzo Manuela , Cantonetti Maria
Published: August 2018

Key Clinical Message

We report on a case of Sweet's syndrome associated with multiple myeloma, as harbinger for disease relapse.
Unveiling Hidden Catalysts for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane based on Combining Machine Learning with Literature Data
Authors: Takahashi Keisuke , Miyazato Itsuki , Nishimura Shun , Ohyama Junya
Published: August 2018

The front cover artwork for Issue 15/2018 is provided by National Institute for Materials Science; ICAT, Hokkaido University, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, and Nagoya University (all in Japan) as part of CREST: Catalysts Informatics Project. The image shows machine learning as a tool for catalyst design based on experimental catalysis data. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201800310.
Sterically Constrained Bicyclic Phosphines: A Class of Fascinating Compounds Suitable for Application in Small Molecule Activation and Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Brand Alexander , Uhl Werner
Published: August 2018

Bicyclic phosphines with two annulated, electronically unsaturated five‐membered heterocycles are available through facile routes. In most cases, their phosphorus atoms are bound to heteroatoms such as oxygen or nitrogen (PN3 or PN2O), whereas homoleptic coordination by three sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms has been reported only recently. Steric strain causes unique reactivity. Oxidative addition of halogens, N−H or O−H bonds have afforded phosphoranes as valuable materials for secondary processes. Ring opening was identified as an important step for the understanding of these reactions and has been observed experimentally with a diphosphorus‐based ring system. A PH2 derivative has been considered as a model system for small molecule activation, and hydrogen transfer to a diazo compound was observed experimentally. Several of these phosphines are excellent ligands for the coordination of transition‐metal atoms. The very bulky PC3 compound has a basicity similar to that of PPh3 and may allow the synthesis of complexes with unusually low coordination numbers at the metal atoms. These phosphines found recently renewed interest as promising reagents in various secondary transformations such as the activation of σ‐bonds or in coordination chemistry.
Photodynamic Activity of Fullerene Derivatives Solubilized in Water by Natural‐Product‐Based Solubilizing Agents
Authors: Antoku Daiki , Sugikawa Kouta , Ikeda Atsushi
Published: August 2018

Water‐soluble fullerenes prepared by using solubilizing agents based on natural products are promising photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Cyclodextrin, β‐1,3‐glucan, lysozyme, and liposomes can stably solubilize not only C60 and C70, but also some C60 derivatives in water. To improve the solubilities of fullerenes, specific methods have been developed for each solubilizing agent. Water‐soluble C60 and C70 exhibit photoinduced cytotoxicity under near‐ultraviolet irradiation, but not at wavelengths over 600 nm, which are the appropriate wavelengths for photodynamic therapy. However, dyad complexes of solubilized C60 derivatives combined with light‐harvesting antenna molecules improve the photoinduced cytotoxicities at wavelengths over 600 nm. Furthermore, controlling the fullerene and antenna molecule positions within the solubilizing agents affects the performance of the photosensitizer.
Adsorption of volatile organic compounds on peanut shell activated carbon
Authors: Bedane Alemayehu H. , Guo Tian‐xiang , Eić Mladen , Xiao Huining
Published: August 2018

The aims of this work were to prepare porous activated carbon from peanut shell by chemical activation using ZnCl2 and study its volatile organic compounds adsorption capacities. The adsorption properties of ethyl on the prepared activated carbon were experimentally determined at different temperatures. The surface textural characteristic of the activated carbon was evaluated by N2 adsorption isotherm measurements. The average BET surface area, pore size, and micro‐pore volume of the prepared activated carbon were 1025 m2/g, 0.70 nm, and 0.37 cm3/g, respectively, with narrow pore size distribution. Higher adsorption capacity of toluene on the activated carbon was observed compared to ethyl benzene and p‐xylene, in particular at low vapour concentration ranges. The experimental isotherm data were also analyzed using the Langmuir, Langmuir‐Freundlich, and multisite Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir‐Freundlich and multisite Langmuir model provide the best fit for volatile organic compound adsorption isotherms. In addition, the surface and thermal properties of the activated carbon were also investigated using FT‐IR, Zeta‐potential, and TGA. Overall, the peanut shell activated carbon prepared in this study exhibited comparable surface properties and adsorption performance with the available commercial activated carbons and activated carbons prepared from other various sources reported in other literature.
Visible Light‐Induced Methoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of Trimethylsilyl Enol Ethers and Allyltrimethylsilanes with FSO2CF2CO2Me
Authors: Yu Wei , Ouyang Yao , Xu Xiu‐Hua , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: August 2018

A photocatalytic methoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of trimethylsilyl enol ethers with FSO2CF2CO2Me in the presence of fac‐Ir(ppy)3 was developed. This reaction provided a practical strategy for the construction of various α‐CF2CO2R aromatic ketones, which are difficult to access by other methods. Furthermore, a series of methoxycarbonyldifluoromethylated allylic compounds could also be obtained from allyltrimethylsilanes using the same strategy. The resulting CF2CO2R‐containing products are useful building blocks and potentially valuable in medicinal chemistry and material sciences.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Antiangiogenic Activity of Polyfluorinated Benzamides
Authors: Steinebach Christian , Ambrożak Agnieszka , Dosa Stefan , Beedie Shaunna L. , Strope Jonathan D. , Schnakenburg Gregor , Figg William D. , Gütschow Michael
Published: August 2018

The introduction of fluorine into bioactive molecules is a matter of importance in medicinal chemistry. In this study, representatives of various chemical entities of fluoroaromatic compounds were synthesized. Depending on the reaction conditions, either tetrafluorophthalimides or ammonium tetrafluorophthalamates are accessible from tetrafluorophthalic anhydride and primary amines. Tetrafluorophthalamic acids undergo thermal decarboxylation to yield tetrafluorobenzamides. These could be successfully converted upon treatment with primary amines, in the course of an aromatic nucleophilic substitution, to 2,3,5‐trifluorobenzamides with respective amino substituents at the 4‐position. The five structure types were characterized by means of spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. The synthesized compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of angiogenesis by measuring microvessel outgrowth in a rat aortic ring assay. The biological activity was maintained throughout these different polyfluorinated chemotypes.
Preparation and Culture of Human Liver Resident Immune Cells
Authors: Feng Hao , Ou Baochi , Dong Wei , Thasler Wolfgang E.
Published: August 2018

Co‐cultivation of tumor cells and liver resident immune cells or other non‐parenchymal cells (NPCs) from the same donor is important for the study of cancer metastasis. So far, little is known about the mechanism of tumor cell or pathogen clearance, leukocyte infiltration, and immune cell recruitment in the human liver. To investigate these processes in vitro, the use of primary human hepatocytes and non‐parenchymal cell, especially immune cell, co‐culture systems play essential roles in the establishment of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix communications similar to native liver tissues. Hepatic non‐parenchymal cells mainly comprise liver sinusoid endothelial cells (LSECs), microvascular endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells (KCs), natural killer T (iNKT) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Here we describe procedures for preparation, isolation, and culture of human liver resident immune cells and other non‐parenchymal cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Protein Expression Vectors for E. coli
Authors: Riggs Paul D.
Published: August 2018

Escherichia coli is often the first host chosen for recombinant protein production, due to its low cost, ease of use, and the wide range of molecular tools available. After the gene of interest is cloned, the first task of the researcher is to choose a suitable protein expression vector for protein production. The number of possible vectors is vast, but a good background of the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of vectors can help in designing a successful strategy. This unit provides an introduction to the elements that make up an expression vector and guidance in applying those elements to the production of a particular protein. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Human Papillomavirus Integration: Analysis by Molecular Combing and Fiber‐FISH
Authors: Redmond Catherine J. , Fu Haiqing , Aladjem Mirit I. , McBride Alison A.
Published: August 2018

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are frequently integrated in HPV‐associated cancers. HPV genomes can be integrated in three patterns: A single integrated HPV genome (type I), multiple, tandemly integrated HPV genomes (type II), and multiple, tandemly integrated HPV genomes interspersed with host DNA (type III). Analysis of the organization of type II and type III integration sites is complicated by their repetitive nature, as sequences of individual repeats are difficult to distinguish from each other. This article presents a method for directly visualizing HPV integration sites using molecular combing combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization, also known as fiber‐FISH. In this technique, genomic DNA is stretched across a glass coverslip and individual integrated HPV sequences are detected and directly visualized by in situ hybridization with a resolution of ∼1 kb. Fiber‐FISH allows comprehensive characterization of the genomic organization of HPV integration sites containing type II and type III integration. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reconciliation sentiment among former perpetrators of violence during the Colombian armed conflict
Authors: López López Wilson , Rincón Dario León , Pineda‐Marín Claudia , Mullet Etienne
Published: August 2018

This study assessed reconciliation sentiment among former members of Colombian paramilitary and guerilla groups. A total of 103 participants who were detained in rehabilitation centers were presented with an augmented version of the Reconciliation Sentiment Questionnaire. Overall, participants considered that they had achieved some measure of reconciliation with the people they harmed. Most viewed themselves as able to control their nervousness and impulses in situations in which victims were physically present or victims were simply evoked, and most felt sure, to a reasonable extent, that victims did not intend to seek vengeance. Nevertheless, a minority—mostly former members of the guerillas and detainees who did not attend rehabilitation programs—was not sure that acts of vengeance would not be attempted. A majority of participants was, to some extent, willing to trust and cooperate with former victims and probably the society at large. Only two, however, were totally convinced that it would be possible to do so.
Enhancing Durability and Photoelectrochemical Performance of the Earth Abundant Ni–Mo/TiO2/CdS/CIGS Photocathode under Various pH Conditions
Authors: Baek Minki , Zafar Muhammad , Kim Seongbeen , Kim Do‐Heyoung , Jeon Chan‐Wook , Lee Jinwoo , Yong Kijung
Published: August 2018

Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) is a promising photocathode material owing to its high absorption coefficient, adjustable band gap, and suitable band edge for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, most CIGS photocathodes have suffered from instability in applications that require a wide range of pH conditions and have utilized noble metal HER catalysts to achieve a high performance. Thus, improving the durability of the CIGS photocathode under various pH conditions and developing a cost‐effective non‐noble metal catalyst are critical issues in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) application of this promising photocathode material. Here, we catalyze the CIGS photocathode with Ni–Mo as a non‐noble metal to enhance the PEC efficiency, and we employ atomically grown TiO2 to passivate the CdS/CIGS surface and improve the stability under a wide range of pH conditions. Our Ni–Mo alloy exhibits the best HER catalytic activity among reported earth‐abundant HER catalysts in both acidic and alkaline solutions. The Ni–Mo/CdS/CIGS photocathode yields an onset potential of 0.5 V (vs. RHE) and a short‐circuit photocurrent density as high as 15–25 mA cm−2 under various pH conditions ranging from 0.4 to 14, which is highly comparable to that of Pt/CdS/CIGS. Furthermore, the passivation of CdS/CIGS with a thin TiO2 layer, obtained by atomic layer deposition, effectively prevents the photocorrosion of CdS and the dissolution of the Mo back contact, which are the main causes of the degradation of the photocathode. The optimized Ni–Mo/TiO2/CdS/CIGS photocathode produces a stable photocurrent density at 0 VRHE for 100 minutes except under strong alkaline conditions. The current work presents a very useful method to improve the efficiency and durability of the CIGS photocathodes with an earth‐abundant metal catalyst, which completely replaces Pt.
Room‐Temperature Atomic‐Layer‐Deposited Al2O3 Improves the Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells over Time
Authors: Kot Malgorzata , Kegelmann Lukas , Das Chittaranjan , Kus Peter , Tsud Nataliya , Matolinova Iva , Albrecht Steve , Matolin Vladimir , Schmeisser Dieter
Published: August 2018

Electrical characterisation of perovskite solar cells consisting of room‐temperature atomic‐layer‐deposited aluminium oxide (RT‐ALD‐Al2O3) film on top of a methyl ammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3) absorber showed excellent stability of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) over a long time. Under the same environmental conditions (for 355 d), the average PCE of solar cells without the ALD layer decreased from 13.6 to 9.6 %, whereas that of solar cells containing 9 ALD cycles of depositing RT‐ALD‐Al2O3 on top of CH3NH3PbI3 increased from 9.4 to 10.8 %. Spectromicroscopic investigations of the ALD/perovskite interface revealed that the maximum PCE with the ALD layer is obtained when the so‐called perovskite cleaning process induced by ALD precursors is complete. The PCE enhancement over time is probably related to a self‐healing process induced by the RT‐ALD‐Al2O3 film. This work may provide a new direction for further improving the long‐term stability and performance of perovskite solar cells.
Efficient, Self‐Terminating Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals through Periodate Oxidation in Pickering Emulsions
Authors: Liu Peiwen , Pang Bo , Tian Lin , Schäfer Timmy , Gutmann Torsten , Liu Huan , Volkert Cynthia A. , Buntkowsky Gerd , Zhang Kai
Published: August 2018

Many efforts have been made to isolate native nanocrystals from raw materials in the last two decades, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), but existing methods still suffer from low yields, complicated synthesis processes, and nonuniform sizes of obtained CNCs. This study concerns a facile, self‐terminating, and efficient method for the formation of uniform CNCs in high yields during the periodate oxidation process within Pickering emulsions. A biphasic system containing hexane with dissolved hexylamine and an aqueous solution of sodium periodate (NaIO4) was used as the reaction medium. Regulated by hexylamine, owing to its limited solubility in water, the pH value of the aqueous phase was enhanced to around 9.8, leading to the precipitation of sodium orthoperiodate (Na2H3IO6) nanoplates and thus the formation of the initial Pickering emulsions. During the gradual formation of cellulose nanofibers and then CNCs, CNCs were attracted to stabilize the interface of the Pickering emulsions, which prevented further decomposition of CNCs by the oxidizing agent in aqueous suspensions. Thus, this isolation strategy secured the efficient separation of CNCs based on their own particular amphiphilic properties and achieved a high yield of up to 56 wt %.
Use outcomes‐based funding to your advantage
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: August 2018

NASHVILLE, Tenn.— More than 40 states currently have a statewide goal for degree completion, and many of those states tie funding to meeting those completion goals. “There is a strong likelihood that your state is tying funding for higher education to state completion goals — soon, if they haven't already,” said Steven P. Gentile, associate chief fiscal officer of the Tennessee Higher Education Commission. Tennessee is a state with ambitious completion goals with outcomes‐based funding tied to meeting the goals.
A long goodbye
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: August 2018

Many of you regular readers know I retired recently. I had announced my retirement seven months prior to my departure, at the request of the president. She wanted to hire someone in early to have a transition period for the new chief academic officer.
Metabolism of vesatolimod in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes: Metabolic stability assessment, metabolite identification, and interspecies comparison
Authors: Li Wen , Zhang Jing , Wang Yanping , Hu Fangdi , Zhang Yinghua
Published: August 2018

Vesatolimod (GS‐9620) is an agonist of toll‐like receptor (TLR7) 7, which has been developed as an anti‐hepatitis B virus (HBV) agent. The focus of the present study is on the metabolic stability evaluation and metabolite identification of GS‐9620 in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes, as well as interspecies comparison. The average observed in vitro T1/2 values were 3.06, 13.06, and 15.56 minutes in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes, respectively. The findings suggested that GS‐9620 was rapidly metabolized in the presence of reductive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in rat liver microsomes (RLM), and moderately metabolized in dog liver microsomes (DLM) and human liver microsomes (HLM). Subsequently, the metabolites were characterized using an ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap orbitrap tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC–LTQ–Orbitrap–MS) with dd‐MS2 on‐line data acquisition mode. Under the current conditions, a total of 18 metabolites were detected and their identities were proposed by comparing their accurate masses, fragmental ions, and retention times with those of GS‐9620. Three metabolites (M2, M4, and M18) were authentically identified by using reference standards. In RLM, 16 metabolites were identified with M2 being the most abundant metabolite. M4, M5, and M9 were rat‐specific. In DLM, 12 minor metabolites were identified with a dog‐specific metabolite (M6). In HLM, GS‐9620 showed similar metabolic profiles to that in DLM, and 11 minor metabolites were detected with M12 being human‐specific. Based on the identified metabolites, the metabolic pathways of GS‐9620 were proposed, including hydroxylation, bis‐hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and oxidative deamination.
Linking marine ecosystems with the services they supply: what are the relevant service providing units?
Authors: Culhane Fiona E. , Frid Christoper L. J. , Royo Gelabert Eva , White Lydia , Robinson Leonie A.
Published: August 2018

Marine ecosystems support supply of ecosystem services (ESs) through processes and functions carried out by diverse biological elements. Managing sustainability ofESuse requires linking services to the parts of ecosystems supplying them. We specified marine service providing units (SPUs) as plausible combinations of a biotic group (e.g., bacteria, seabirds) with an associated major habitat (e.g., sublittoral sediment). We developed a network model for large marine ecosystems, documenting 2,916 links between 153SPUs with 31 services. Coastal habitats and their taxa accounted for 48% of links, but all habitats with their taxa contribute to at least 20ESs. Through network analysis, we showed some services link to certain key habitats, while others are less clearly defined in space, being supported by a variety of habitats and their taxa. Analysis highlighted large‐scale flows across marine habitats that are essential in underpinning continued supply of certainESs, for example, seed dispersal. If we only protect habitats where services are used, we will not fully protect the supply of services reliant on mobile taxa moving between habitats. This emerged because we considered habitats and their taxa together. We recommend using combinations of habitats and taxa asSPUs when informing marine ecosystem management and conservation.
Rigor and reproducibility via laboratory studies of eating behavior: A focused update and conceptual review
Authors: Sysko Robyn , Steinglass Joanna , Schebendach Janet , Mayer Laurel E. S. , Walsh B. Timothy
Published: August 2018

Objective

The eating behavior of individuals with eating disorders has been examined in laboratory settings over the last 30 years. In this focused review, we build on prior research and highlight several feeding laboratory paradigms that have successfully demonstrated quantifiable and observable behavioral disturbances, and thereby add rigor and reproducibility to the examination of disturbances of eating behavior. This review describes the measures commonly obtained via these laboratory techniques. Supporting Information Appendices with detailed information about implementation are provided to allow for the reproducible execution of these techniques across labs.

Methods/Results

Literature documenting the existence of objective abnormalities in eating behavior among individuals with eating disorders or in comparison to healthy controls (n > 40) is briefly summarized. These protocols, conducted across at least 17 independent labs, are sensitive and reproducible, can be used to assess subjective and physiological parameters associated with eating, and elucidate the impact of treatment. Laboratory studies from patients with eating disorders compared with healthy controls reproducibly demonstrate both that patients with Anorexia Nervosa ingest fewer calories and that individuals with Bulimia Nervosa and Binge‐Eating Disorder ingest more calories when asked to binge‐eat.

Discussion

Feeding laboratory studies have the potential for quantifying the characteristic behavioral psychopathology of patients with eating disorders, and may provide a useful tool to explore the potential utility of new treatments for individuals with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge‐Eating Disorder.