bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing plant water relations for wheat with alternative pulse and oilseed crops grown in the semiarid Canadian prairie
Authors: Cutforth H W , Angadi S V , McConkey B G , Entz M H , Ulrich D , Volkmar K M , Miller P R , Brandt S A
Published: March 2010

Understanding the drought physiology of alternate crops is essential to assess the production risks of new cropping systems. We compared the water relations of dry (field) pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different moisture availabilities in field trials conducted in 1997 and 1998 at Swift Current, SK. Stress experience and stress responses varied with crop type. In general, there were similarities in drought physiology between the two pulse crops and between the two oilseed crops. The mean predawn leaf water potential of pea was frequently lowest, while the mean midday leaf water potential of wheat was at least -0.40 MPa lower than for any other crop. The crops exhibited different strategies to overcome water stress. Wheat had the lowest osmotic potential at full turgor, except under drought when turgor was lowest for chickpea and wheat; the highest values were observed in Brassica spp. Mean midday pressure potentials were lowest in wheat (and mostly negative, indicating loss of turgor) and highest for the pulse crops. Mean midday pressure potential for canola was positive when well-watered, otherwise it was near 0. Despite lowering osmotic potential, wheat could not maintain positive turgor much of the time at midday. Pulse crops, with the contributions from both osmotic adjustment and cell elasticity, maintained positive turgor over a wider range of water potentials compared with the other crops. With regard to both osmotic adjustment and tissue elasticity, we ranked the crops from high to low ability to adjust to moderate to severe water stress as pulses > wheat > Brassica oilseeds. Key words: Leaf water, osmotic, turgor potentials, wheat, pulse, canola, semiarid prairie
Optimum leaf nutrient concentrations of wild lowbush blueberry in Quebec
Authors: Lafond Jean
Published: March 2010

To evaluate the nutritional status of wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.), optimum leaf nutrient concentrations were developed in earlier studies conducted in Canada's Maritime Provinces and in Maine. However, these concentrations have not been validated under the climatic and edaphic conditions of the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec (Canada). These concentrations may not be necessarily correlated with the high productivity levels recorded in this region in recent years. The objective of the study was therefore to determine the minimum and maximum blueberry leaf nutrient concentrations under the conditions characterizing this region. These concentrations were derived using the boundary-line approach, which involves estimating the relationship between maximum fruit yield and leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The data were obtained from N and P fertilization trials carried out between 2001 and 2006 in eight blueberry fields in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region. On average, more than 80% of the samples analyzed met the minimum leaf nutrient concentrations. Minimum leaf N and Mg concentrations were comparable to those obtained in earlier studies. Minimum leaf concentrations were revised downward for P and Ca. Only minimum K concentration was higher compared with published standards. Maximum leaf concentrations were revised downward for all nutrients. Minimum and maximum concentrations were 16.36–20.55, 1.19–1.66, 5.40–7.10, 2.93–3.88 and 1.34–1.81 mg g-1 for N, P, K, Ca and Mg respectively. These concentrations were used to establish sufficiency ranges suited to wild lowbush blueberry growing conditions in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region. Key words: Vaccinium augustifolium Ait., nutritional standards, yield-nutrients relationship
Association of seed and agronomic traits with isoflavone levels in soybean
Authors: Murphy S. E. , Lee E. A. , Woodrow L. , Seguin P. , Kumar J. , Rajcan I. , Ablett G. R.
Published: March 2010

Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., seeds contain isoflavones, compounds with potential human health benefits. This study investigated the association of seed and agronomic traits with isoflavone level in a genetically diverse group of soybean genotypes to provide more information for cultivar development. F4:7 lines derived from several crosses were grown in four locations in 2005 and six locations in 2006 across Ontario and Quebec. Seed protein, oil and isoflavone contents were measured using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) on a plot basis. Seed yield was determined at 13% moisture and days to maturity (R8) were recorded. GGE genotype-by-trait biplots were generated to describe the relationships among all variables. Isoflavone content was not correlated with yield, indicating that potential exists for development of high or low isoflavone cultivars without sacrificing yield. Isoflavone content was negatively correlated with protein content; however, high isoflavone lines were identified with moderate protein content. Isoflavone content was correlated with maturity, suggesting that delayed planting and/or the use of later maturing varieties could be a successful strategy to increase isoflavone content. The results of this study support the potential for the development of either high or low isoflavone soybean cultivars with acceptable agronomic and seed quality traits.Key words: Soybean, isoflavone, protein, oil, yield, maturity
Management of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in tame oat (Avena sativa L.) with early seeding dates and high seeding rates
Authors: May W E , Shirtliffe S J , McAndrew D W , Holzapfel C B , Lafond G P
Published: March 2010

Traditionally, farmers have delayed seeding to manage wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in tame oat (Avena sativa L.) crops, but this practice can adversely affect grain yield and quality. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of using high seeding rates with early-seeded oat to maintain grain yield and quality, and (2) to determine an optimum seeding rate to manage wild oat and maximize grain yield and quality. The factors of interest were wild oat density (low and high density), seeding date (early May, mid May, early June and mid June), and tame oat seeding rate (150, 250, 350 and 450 viable seeds m-2). The study was conducted at Indian Head and Saskatoon, SK, in 2002, 2003 and 2004, at Winnipeg, MB, in 2002, and at Morden, MB, in 2003 and 2004. Wild oat biomass, wild oat panicle density and wild oat seed in the harvested sample decreased as seeding rate increased, while tame oat biomass and grain yield increased. Wild oat density ranged between 0 and 100 plants m-2 with averages of 10 plants m-2 in the low density treatment and 27 plants m-2 in the high density treatment. At low seeding rates, grain yield decreased with increasing wild oat density. The difference in grain yield between the two wild oat densities decreased as the seeding rate increased. There was a curvilinear decrease in grain yield as seeding was delayed. A seeding date × seeding rate interaction was noted for test weight, plump seed, thin seed and groat yield. Seed quality improved as seeding rate increased for only the mid-June seeding date. Even though the mid-June test weight increased as the seeding rate increased it was always lower than the early May test weight at any seeding rate. The results from this study established that in the presence of wild oats, early seeding of tame oat is possible providing high seeding rates, 350 plants m-2 are used.Key words: Wild oat competition, wild oat density, wild oat biomass, grain yield, grain quality
Organic fruit production in British Columbia
Authors: Neilsen G H , Lowery D T , Forge T A , Neilsen D
Published: March 2010

British Columbia has climatic conditions suitable for the production of a wide range of high-value fruit crops, and has the highest rate of increase of organic production in Canada. This review assesses the current status of organic fruit production using a case study of the three most valuable fruit crops currently grown: apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and high bush blueberry (Vaccinium corybosum L.). The review emphasizes the current status of organically acceptable management of crop resources and crop protection from insects and diseases. Central to organic production are soil management strategies designed to maintain soil fertility and increase soil biological activity and biodiversity by increasing soil organic matter content. Composts and organic amendments that require vigilant testing of their variable and often lower nutrient content are substituted for the chemical fertilizers of conventional production. Increased effort to manage vegetation within and between planting rows is necessitated by an inability to use herbicides. Thus, techniques such as mulching, cultivation and cover cropping are important. Management of insects and diseases requires detailed information of the agro-ecosystem and the unique interactions between pests and specific crops. Organic approaches to minimize pest damage include altered production practices or applications of organically approved control products. Some aspects of organic production systems have received little or no research. In irrigated areas, there is little information available on water management that supports conservation and the specific needs of organic production systems. Historically, research on organic production systems has not received the financial support allocated to conventional system research. Many research needs are identified in this review both applicable to all three fruit crops studied, but also specific to the individual crop. It is argued that future consumer demand calls for an acceleration of research on organic fruit production systems. Key words: Malus × domestica Borkh., organic soil, insect and disease management, Vaccinium corybosum L., Vitis vinifera L.
The biology of Canadian weeds. 65. Salsola tragus L. (updated)
Authors: Beckie H J , Francis A
Published: March 2010

This account updates that published by Crompton and Bassett in 1985 (classified then as Salsola pestifer A. Nels.). The taxonomy of this species has been controversial and confusing. Salsola tragus is an annual broadleaf weed species native to Eurasia and inadvertently introduced to the Americas in crop seed in 1873. This naturalized species is a common and economically important weed in crop production systems and non-cropped disturbed areas in semiarid to arid regions of western North America; in eastern North America, S. tragus commonly occurs along roadsides, railways, and other dry, stony, and sandy areas. Pollen-mediated gene flow and efficient seed dispersal aids both short- and long-distance spread. As a C4 species, S. tragus is highly competitive in semiarid and arid small-grain cropping systems because of its ability to emerge early, efficiently extract soil available water by its extensive root system, and tolerate heat, drought, and salinity. Moreover, the evolution of acetolactate synthase-inhibitor resistance has impacted herbicidal control of the species. The weed has been used as an emergency forage during drought, and is palatable when immature and non-toxic to livestock. Key words: Salsola tragus, Salsola pestifer, Salsola iberica, Salsola kali, Russian thistle, weed biology
DNA methylation polymorphism in annual wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.) and cultivated soybean (G. max L. Merr.)
Authors: Zhong X , Wang Y , Liu X , Gong L , Ma Y , Qi B , Dong Y , Liu B
Published: March 2010

To study DNA methylation polymorphism in soybean, 20 and 27 lines of annual wild and cultivated soybeans, respectively, were selected from previously established “Soybean Core Collections in China”, and subjected to methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analysis. Twenty-seven primer pairs generated 984 CG/CNG methylation sites across the 47 lines, and the data were dissected into methylation-sensitive (MS) and methylation-insensitive(MIS) polymorphisms. The calculated MSP vs. MISP for wild soybeans were 34.65 vs. 34.76%, while corresponding results for the cultivated soybeans were 47.05 vs. 47.15%, indicating higher levels of MSP and MISP in cultivated than in wild soybeans. These results were incongruent with the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of the same soybean lines, and suggested enhanced DNA methylation polymorphism due to human selection. All three markers, MSP, MISP and AFLP, enabled clustering of the soybean lines into two distinct groups each predominantly containing wild or cultivated ones. Homology search indicated that 12 out of 24 sequenced MSPs had significant similarities to known-function or predicated genes, suggesting possible functional relevance of the methylation polymorphism. No significant association between MSP and MISP or MSP and AFLP was detected. Our results suggest that DNA methylation polymorphism in soybean has been under both natural and human selections, implicating possible roles of this epigenetic modification in genome evolution and domestication.Key words: Annual wild soybean (Glycine soja), cultivated soybean (G. max), DNA methylation polymorphism, epigenetic variation, evolution, domestication
Influence of six successive annual applications of sulphur fertilizers on wheat in a wheat–canola rotation on a sulphur deficient soil
Authors: Malhi S S , Schoenau J J , Vera C L
Published: March 2010

A 9-yr (1999–2007) field experiment was conducted on a S-deficient Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf) loam soil at Porcupine Plain in northeastern Saskatchewan. The objective was to compare the influence of six successive annual applications (1999–2004) and the following residual effects for 3 yr (2005–2007) of elemental S and sulphate-S fertilizers on yield, seed protein and total S concentration, and S uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a wheat–canola rotation. Treatments used were combinations of two application times (preceding autumn and before seeding in spring) with two granular elemental S fertilizers (ES-90 and ES-95), one fertilizer containing both elemental S and sulphate-S (Agrium Plus), ammonium sulphate, and a zero-S control. The S fertilizers were applied annually at a rate of 15 kg S ha–1. From 1999 to 2004, seed yield (3 yr) and straw yield (4 yr), seed protein concentration (3 yr), total S concentration in seed (4 yr), and S uptake in seed (5 yr) and straw (5 yr) of wheat showed significant response to S fertilization. In the first year (1999), ammonium sulphate and Agrium Plus were more effective than ES-90 and ES-95. In the following years (2000–2004), there was no significant effect of S source on seed and straw yield. Sulphate-S containing fertilizers produced greater total S concentration in seed and S uptake in straw (3 yr) and for S uptake in seed (1 yr). There was no effect of timing of S application on seed yield and protein concentration in any year, but autumn application was superior to spring application for straw yield and S uptake (1 yr), and for seed total S concentration and S uptake (2 yr). Residual effects of six previous S applications showed improvement in wheat seed yield until 2006, and straw yield and total S uptake until 2007. Elemental S, especially when applied in autumn, tended to have more lasting residual effects than the other S fertilizer treatments. There was some build-up of residual sulphate-S in soil in almost all S fertilizer treatments after four successive applications, but this was generally higher with sulphate-S-containing fertilizers. Recovery of applied S from 1999 to 2004 in plants was usually higher with sulphate-S fertilizer than with elemental S fertilizer in most years. Recovery of applied S in soil was higher for sulphate-S fertilizers, followed by ES-90, and finally ES-95. Residual nitrate-N in soil was significantly lower in spring-applied ammonium sulphate treatment than the zero-S or other S treatments. Key words: Elemental S, fertilizer, protein concentration, S uptake, sulphate-S, wheat, yield
Efficacy of three greenhouse screening methods for the identification of physiological resistance to white mold in dry bean
Authors: Terán H , Singh S P
Published: March 2010

White mold (WM) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is the most devastating disease of common bean (dry and snap or garden bean) (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in North America. The use of a reliable screening method (SM) in common bean is crucial to improve physiological resistance to WM. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of three SM to identify physiological resistance in dry bean genotypes with different evolutionary origins and levels of resistance. Screening methods tested were: (i) the modified straw test or cut–stem (CSM); (ii) infected bean flower (IFL); and (iii) infected oat seed (IOS). A 195, ICA Bunsi, Othello, and VCW 54 dry bean were tested with the three SM. The experimental design was a split plot in randomized complete blocks with three replications in 2007 and 2008. Two independent inoculations 1 wk apart for each SM were made. The WM reaction was scored at 16, 23, and 33 d post-inoculation (DPI) using a 1 to 9 scale. There were highly significant differences between SM and its interaction with years. The CSM and IFL were the most consistent and highly correlated (r > 0.70, P < 0.01). Interspecific breeding line VCW 54 consistently had the highest WM resistance across years, SM, and evaluation dates, followed by A 195. White mold scores increased with delayed evaluations. Thus, CSM or IFL with disease assessed 33 DPI should be used for identifying common bean genotypes with high levels of physiological resistance to WM.Key words: Common bean, growth habit, race Mesoamerica, race Nueva Granada, Phaseolus vulgaris, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
The influence of crop rotation on the mineral nutrient content of organic vs. conventionally produced wheat grain: Preliminary results from a long-term field study
Authors: Turmel M -S , Entz M H , Bamford K , Thiessen Martens J R
Published: March 2010

The effects of farming system (organic vs. conventional) and crop rotation (annual grain vs. grain-forage) on the mineral nutrient content of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain was tested in a long-term field study in Manitoba. Crop rotation affected phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) concentrations, while system affected nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) concentrations. Interactive effects were observed for N, P, S, and zinc (Zn). This preliminary study demonstrates that differences in nutrient content between organic and conventional wheat depend on crop rotation and suggests that crop rotation should be considered in studies comparing the quality of organic and conventional produce.Key words: Crop rotation, organic crop production, mineral nutrient content, wheat
Interplant root competition leads to an overcrowding effect in maize
Authors: Jiang W , Wang K , Jiang G , Wu Q , Zhang J , Dong S , Liu P
Published: March 2010

We conducted an experiment with two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) to examine the effect of interplant root competition on root growth and to evaluate the impact to total plant performance. Two maize hybrids (Jinhai 5 and Denghai 3719) were grown either with no root competition in their own plot (owners) or as individuals sharing twice the space and nutrients (sharers). Plants were sampled every other week after pollination to track changes in root and shoot biomass. The carbohydrate allocation was smaller in the roots of sharers compared with owners at the pro-phase of grain filling and shoot accumulation was slightly accelerated during this period. However, at the lag phase, the accumulation rate in the shoots of individual plants was distinctly lower than in owners, as a result of earlier root senescence. Overall, shoot mass was reduced by 8% in sharers of both hybrids, while they showed a similar root to shoot ratio compared with the owners. Although the “sharing” treatment was confounded by larger soil spaces, the effects of larger soil volume and interplant root competition were different, and demonstrate that interplant root competition has an inhibitory effect on roots. Maize plants displayed an overcrowding effect (or an escape strategy) by allocating more carbohydrate to the shoots at the expense of the roots when faced with interplant root competition.Key words: Overcrowding effect, interplant root competition, maize (zea mays L.), root discrimination
Red Rider common bea
Authors: Park S J , Rupert T , Yu K , Navabi A
Published: March 2010

Red Rider is a determinate cranberry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with medium-late season maturity. It has relatively tall erect plants without vines and a large seed size (approximately 63.7 g 100 seed-1). Red Rider is moderately resistant to race 15 of bean common mosaic virus. The seed has acceptable cooking and canning quality.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., cranberry bean, dry bean, cultivar description
Genetic variability of Canadian elite cultivars of summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) revealed by simple sequence repeat markers
Authors: Fu Y -B. , Gugel R K
Published: March 2010

Canadian public oilseed breeding programs have played a leading role in the development of canola-quality Brassica rapa oilseed cultivars, but the genetic variability of the cultivars developed over the past 60 yr is poorly understood. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were applied to assess the genetic variability of 294 plants representing one landrace introduced from Poland ca. 1940 and nine Canadian elite B. rapa cultivars released by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada since 1964. Application of 18 SSR primer pairs detected 27 likely loci on five or more linkage groups and 123 polymorphic alleles. The allelic frequencies ranged from 0.003 to 0.997 and averaged 0.262. The estimates of mean heterozygosity for these cultivars ranged from 0.126 to 0.197 and averaged 0.165. Significant decreases of SSR alleles and average dissimilarities were observed over the 60 yr of breeding effort. The proportion of total SSR variation residing among the cultivars was 10.4%; between high vs. low erucic acid cultivars 5% and between high- vs. low-glucosinate cultivars 5%. Pairwise genetic differentiation ranged from 0.025 to 0.184 and averaged 0.104. Genetic clustering of these cultivars revealed AC Sunbeam to be a genetically unique cultivar, and two distinct groups of the other nine cultivars were separated by high- vs. low-glucosinate content. Several distinct genotypes, largely derived from the landrace Polish, were identified. These findings are useful for broadening the genetic base of elite B. rapa germplasm, selecting genetically diverse genotypes for synthetic and hybrid combinations, and conserving this germplasm.Key words: Simple sequence repeat, turnip rape (summer), Brassica rapa, genetic diversity, genetic relationship, genetic structure
Argus field pea
Authors: Bing D -J , Beauchesne D , Sloan A , Gan Y , Vera C , McLaren D , Chang K -F
Published: March 2010

Argus is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It has excellent lodging resistance and high seed yield. Argus is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd. (syn. E. polygoni DC.). Argus is adapted to all field growing regions in western Canada.Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., powdery mildew resistance, cultivar description
N, P, and S fertilization effects on industrial hemp in Saskatchewan
Authors: Vera C L , Malhi S S , Phelps S M , May W E , Johnson E N
Published: March 2010

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has become a well-known crop in western Canada in recent years, but insufficient information is available on its nutrient requirements for optimum yield. Our objective was to confirm the response of two hemp cultivars to increasing levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) in various sites in the province of Saskatchewan, during 2006-2008. Increasing N rates significantly increased plant height, biomass, and seed yield, when data were averaged across all sites (location-years), reaching maximum values at about 150 kg N ha-1 of applied N fertilizer. The cultivar Crag was taller and produced greater biomass than the cultivar Finola over all levels of N fertilizer rate. The minimum rate of N fertilizer to achieve maximum height/biomass for Crag, relative to Finola, was 5 kg N ha-1 lower for height (Finola: 163 kg N ha-1) but 9 kg N ha-1 higher for biomass (Finola: 180 kg N ha-1). Finola seed yield was more responsive to progressively greater rates of N fertilizer. Consequently, maximum seed yield (plateau) was 27% greater for Finola than for Crag, but 198 kg N ha-1 of fertilizer was required to achieve this maximum yield vs. 175 kg N ha-1 for Crag. There was generally little or no response to P fertilizer, on soils with adequate available P, or to S fertilizer on an S-deficient soil. Results from this study indicate that N fertilizer rate and cultivar choice are important management parameters to consider for industrial hemp production.Key words: Fertilizer, hemp cultivars, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, soil extractable P, soil nitrate-N
The Biology of Canadian weeds. 144. Pastinaca sativa L.
Authors: Cain N. , Darbyshire S J , Francis A. , Nurse R E , Simard M -J.
Published: March 2010

The parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, was introduced to North America shortly after European settlement as an important root-crop. It subsequently escaped cultivation and naturalized as a less palatable “wild” form. Cultivation of parsnip has diminished in Canada to the point where it is now only a minor crop, but the wild form has increased as a troublesome weed, particularly in eastern regions. Wild parsnip is most prevalent in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, but occurs across the continent except in the far north and extreme southeast. As a monocarpic biennial with a large tap root, it reproduces entirely by seed. A wide variety of habitats and soil types are tolerated. It is considered a noxious weed because of its toxic properties (primarily photo-activated dermatitis) to both humans and livestock. It invades disturbed sites, rights-of-way, pastures, perennial crops, and reduced-tillage fields where it effectively out-competes shorter vegetation. In arable fields, wild parsnip is normally controlled by tillage. Manual removal, cutting, and mowing can be effective in reducing seed production, but direct contact with plants or sap is hazardous. Various herbicides have been reported to be useful in the control of wild parsnip (e.g., glyphosate, 2,4-D, triclopyr, etc.), but little quantitative information is available on application rates and levels of control.Key words: Panais sauvage, Pastinaca sativa, PAVSA, weed biology, wild parsnip
Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with oat in southwestern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Tamburic-Ilincic L.
Published: March 2010

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph: Gibberella zeae Schwein. Petch] is the predominant Fusarium species pathogenic to wheat, barley and corn in Ontario and produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in grain. The first objective of this study was to determine the Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin concentrations (DON, HT-2, and T-2) from commercial oat (Avena sativa L.) fields grown in the same area as wheat, corn and barley in Ontario. The second objective was to measure DON level across cultivars grown in the Ontario Performance Trial (OPT) after spray-inoculation with F. graminearum. Fusarium sporotrichioides, F. graminearum and F. poae were the predominant species identified in oat. The highest level of DON in commercial oat fields were 0.3, 0.1, 0.2 and 1.2 ppm in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The highest concentrations of HT-2, and T-2 in 2006 were 0.5 and 0.2 ppm, respectively, whereas the levels in 2007 were both under 0.2 ppm. The relatively low level of DON in commercial oat fields confirmed that oat is in general less affected with F. graminearum than other cereals. However, this study supports the importance of monitoring Fusarium spp. and concentrations of mycotoxins in oat in Ontario, especially during growing conditions, as experienced in 2008, which favored Fusarium infection and DON accumulation. Differences in percent of Fusarium spp. infected kernels and DON level (ppm) were identified amongst the cultivars in the OPT in naturally infected oat samples and after inoculation, respectively. Key words: Oat, Fusarium spp., mycotoxins
EFFECT OF AMMONIUM NITROGEN AND AMINO ACIDS ON PERITHECIAL FORMATION OF VENTURIA INAEQUALIS
Authors: ROSS R. G. , BREMNER FRANCES D. J.
Published: March 2010

Perithecia of Venturia inaequalis did not form in a basal medium to which was added ammonium sulfate, chloride, phosphate or tartrate as the sole sources of nitrogen, when the pH of the medium was allowed to fall to inhibitory levels. Perithecia formed with these ammonium salts as nitrogen sources when calcium carbonate was added to control the pH. With ammonium carbonate and oxalate there was no appreciable change in pH, and perithecia formed with these salts as nitrogen sources. Perithecia did not form in media with leucine as a nitrogen source. Formation of perithecia with other amino acids depended on the concentration of amino-nitrogen in the media. A substance toxic to perithecial formation may form in cultures containing leucine; if so, it is produced in different amounts by the two isomers and the racemic mixture of this amino acid.
EFFECT OF STAGE AND HEIGHT OF CUTTING ON THE CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT AND CRUDE PROTEIN YIELD OF INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS, BROMEGRASS, AND REED CANARYGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , WARDER F. G. , ASHFORD R.
Published: March 2010

The effects of harvesting at three heights of cutting and four stages of development on the crude protein content and crude protein yield of intermediate wheatgrass, Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv., bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leyss., and reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L., were studied on irrigated land. Reed canarygrass had a higher crude protein content at clip 1 than bromegrass, which in turn contained more than intermediate wheatgrass. Grass cut at the vegetative and shotblade stages of development contained more protein than that cut at either the flower or seed stage. Neither species nor stage of growth at the time of taking the initial harvest had a consistent influence on the yield of crude protein.
BIOMAGNETIC RESPONSES IN GERMINATING MALTING BARLEY
Authors: Pittman U. J. , Ormrod D. P.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT, CULTIVAR AND VIRUS STRAIN ON THE EXPRESSION OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS SYMPTOMS IN TOMATO
Authors: FLETCHER J. T. , MacNEILL B. H.
Published: March 2010

Symptom expression in tomatoes infected with isolates of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was profoundly influenced by temperature, day-length and light intensity. We suggest that symptoms such as fern-leaf and distortion, which result from the interplay of virus and host with the environment, have little meaning as descriptive terms for virus isolates except under circumstances in which certain factors of the environment are strictly controlled. Differentiation of pathogenic strains of TMV on Pelham’s isogenic tomato lines containing Tm factors was most satisfactorily achieved when tests were conducted at approximately 20 C with a light intensity of 10,800 lux and a daylength of 14 hours. The existence of varying degrees of receptivity to TMV, revealed when susceptible tomato cultivars were incubated under various environmental regimens, indicates that plant breeders may be able to find acceptable levels of tolerance to TMV even in hosts which contain no major genes for resistance to the virus.
EFFECT OF AVAILABLE SOIL PHOSPHORUS ON YIELDS AND RESPONSE OF BRUSSELS SPROUTS TO FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS IN THE FIELD
Authors: MUNRO D. C. , CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

The Morgan method, of the four methods studied, gave the best indication of availability of soil phosphorus for Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera DC, Jade Cross). Control plot yields were highly correlated with available soil phosphorus by the Morgan method (r = 0.55, [Formula: see text]) and increased by about 1.3 metric tons of sprouts/ha for each 1 ppm increase in available soil phosphorus. Maximum yields were obtained by the application of 117 kg P/ha on soils testing less than 1.5 ppm P. No response to applied phosphorus occurred at soil-P levels greater than 5.0 ppm. Leaf-tissue phosphorus concentrations generally increased with increasing rates of applied phosphorus. Tissue phosphorus concentrations of control plot leaf samples were not related to control plot yields, but were significantly related to available soil phosphorus. Phosphorus deficiency was indicated when leaf tissue from unfertilized plants contained less than 0.35% total P, but some responses to applied phosphorus did occur when unfertilized plants contained up to 0.60% total P in the tissue.
SUMMERLAND APPLE
Authors: Lapins K. O.
Published: March 2010

not available
CRANBERRY GROWTH AS RELATED TO WATER LEVELS IN THE SOIL
Authors: Hall I. V.
Published: March 2010

not available
PLANTVAX EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE IN THE CONTROL OF LEAF AND STEM RUSTS IN WHEAT
Authors: Hagborg W. A. F.
Published: March 2010

not available
AGRONOMIC STUDIES WITH FODDER RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS VAR. BIENNIS)
Authors: FULKERSON R. S.
Published: March 2010

Production practices that included two seeding methods and seven seeding rates in one study, and a combination of seven seeding and five harvest dates in another, were compared in field studies over a five-year period. Data were collected on dry matter yield and several plant characteristics. The lowest seeding rate in the row plantings produced the highest yield of dry matter every year. Seeding rates had no effect on yield within the broadcast method. Plant weight, stem diameter and leaf content were greater under the row seeding method than under the broadcast system, but none was affected strongly by seeding rate under either method. Plant height and dry matter content at harvest were not affected either by the methods or by the rates of seeding used. On the other hand, date of seeding had a marked effect on the final dry matter content and yield. Early seeding dates produced the highest yields. Dry matter yield increased several-fold throughout the autumn harvest period where mid- to late-season seedings were employed.
BENAZOLIN FOR SELECTIVE WEED CONTROL IN WHEAT AND OILSEED CROPS
Authors: MOLBERG E. S. , ASHRAFF M. A.
Published: March 2010

In field tests conducted between 1963 and 1969, wheat, Triticum aestivum L., flax, Linum usitatissimum L., Argentine rape, B. assica napus L., and Polish rape, B. campestris L., were tolerant to benazolin (4-chloro-2-oxo-3-benzothiazolineacetic acid). Wild mustard, Sinapia arvensis L., and redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L., were controlled. Control of other weeds encountered in these tests was usually unsatisfactory. There was sufficient difference in tolerance of wild mustard and both species of rape to make selective control possible. In years when growing conditions were favorable, benazolin gave good control of wild mustard in rape at 0.56 kg/ha. When crop stands were poor due to dry, unfavorable weather a rate of 0.84 kg/ha was required. This sometimes caused light but visible injury to the rape, although crop yields were not significantly reduced. The selective properties of benazolin may make it possible to grow rape on land infested with wild mustard.
CONTROL OF THE ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA WITH THE INSECTICIDE-NEMATICIDE LANNATE
Authors: PANAYI C. , ESTEY R. H.
Published: March 2010

Lannate (Dupont trademark, formerly known as Du Pont Insecticide 1179) at 16, 32, 48, and 64 ppm of technical material applied as a soil drench at transplanting time gave satisfactory control of the root-knot disease of tomatoes grown in soil infested with Meloidogyne hapla. From the standpoint of root-knot control and absence of phytotoxicity, 32 ppm was a favorable dosage level. At this concentration Lannate retarded egg production of the surviving nematodes, and its nematicidal efficacy was superior to that of other nematicides tested, at the concentrations used.
SURFACE PITTING—A STORAGE DISORDER OF SWEET CHERRIES
Authors: PORRITT S. W. , LOPATECKI L. E. , MEHERIUK M.
Published: March 2010

A storage disorder of sweet cherries referred to as surface pitting is described and illustrated. Different handling, packaging and storage treatments influenced the amount of the disorder, but did not prevent it. Storage at 0 C or lower resulted in a higher incidence of the disorder than storage at a temperature several degrees higher. Neither mineral foliar sprays nor controlled atmosphere storage were effective in preventing surface pitting, and hydrocooling increased it.
BIRD DAMAGE TO SWEET CHERRIES IN THE NIAGARA PENINSULA, ONTARIO
Authors: VIRGO BRUCE B.
Published: March 2010

Four of the nine species of birds which frequented cherry orchards during the damage season caused 95% of the damage; the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) and the bronzed grackle (Quiscalus versicolor L.) appeared to do most of the damage, while the American robin (Turdus migratorius L.), despite its high density in the orchards, and the red-wing blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) appeared to do little. The amount of damage was largely independent of the type of habitat surrounding the orchards, probably because of the diverse land use in the Peninsula. Damage was also unaffected by the position of the fruit on the tree. The early maturing cultivars were the most susceptible to depredation and, while differences between other cultivars were apparent, the causes were not clear. The economic importance of bird damage to the industry as a whole is negligible, although individual growers may suffer significant losses. It is estimated that the Peninsula cherry growers lost $44,500 or 2.8% of the gross value of the crops in 1965; losses from other causes were 8.4% of the gross value in the same year.
A TEMPERATURE GRADIENT BAR FOR SEED GERMINATION AND COLD HARDINESS STUDIES
Authors: Timbers G. E. , Hocking R. P.
Published: March 2010

not available
HERITABILITIES OF AND CORRELATIONS AMONG QUALITY TRAITS IN WHEAT
Authors: BAKER R. J. , CAMPBELL A. B. , TIPPLES K. H.
Published: March 2010

Quality data from Western Canadian Cooperative Wheat Tests were analyzed. Standard deviations of 25 different quality measurements were determined and will allow wheat breeders to assess the significance of differences in their material. Estimates of heritability indicated that protein content and remix loaf volumes were highly heritable while gassing power, diastatic activity and other measures of amylase activity appeared to be influenced mainly by environmental factors. It was recognized that estimates of heritability were probably biased upward due to the nature of the data, and a need for studies designed for the purpose of estimating heritability of quality traits was expressed. Correlations among quality measurements were estimated. Prediction of loaf volumes on the basis of measurements on flour were quite successful, and indicated the importance of measurements such as protein content, farinograph development time and gassing power in early generation selection for quality.
NUTRITION AND BLOSSOM-END ROT OF TOMATOES AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL WATER REGIME
Authors: SHAYKEWICH C. F. , YAMAGUCHI M. , CAMPBELL J. D.
Published: March 2010

Two cultivars of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), Moreton hybrid and Cardinal hybrid, were grown under greenhouse conditions on Riverdale clay and Oakville clay loam soils. The three water regimes used were field capacity, field capacity to 50% available water depletion, and one-half of the soil varying between field capacity and wilting percentage with the other half maintained at the wilting percentage. Increased soil water stress increased N and decreased P concentration in plant tissue. Concentrations of K, Na, Ca, and Mg were not significantly affected. The change in nutrient concentration increased with severity of water stress. Incidence of blossom-end rot increased with increasing soil water stress.
EFFECTS OF RATE AND PLACEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS, pH, AND TEMPERATURE ON THE EARLY GROWTH, PHOSPHORUS, BORON, AND ZINC CONTENT OF CORN
Authors: GRANT E. A. , MacLEAN A. A. , GUPTA U. C.
Published: March 2010

The effects of rate and placement of phosphorus (P), liming, and temperature were assessed in terms of yield, P, boron (B), and zinc (Zn) contents of corn grown on a podsol under greenhouse conditions. Yield was 5–10 times greater at 20 C than at temperatures progressing from 9.6 to 19.3 C over 8 weeks. There was also a greater response to applied P at high temperatures. At low temperatures, a small amount of P (17 kg/ha) placed with the seed was as effective, as much larger amounts banded. Liming increased P uptake but not growth, and in one experiment reduced growth when pH levels were raised to 6.0 and 6.5. The reduced yield due to liming appeared to be associated with greatly reduced Zn uptake. Applied P also reduced Zn content but not uptake. Boron content was not affected by treatment.
SEED PROTEIN AMINO ACID COMPOSITIONS RESULTING FROM CROSSES BETWEEN TWO BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS CULTIVARS
Authors: GODING L. A. , DOWNEY R. K. , FINLAYSON A. J.
Published: March 2010

Amino acid compositions were determined on the seed meal and two storage proteins (the 12S globulin and 1.7S protein) from each of the parents of two cultivars of the Brassica campestris L. species (Arlo and Yellow sarson), from the progeny of the cultivar cross, and seven individual F1 plants. All plants examined contained the 12S globulin and the 1.7S protein. The proteins from the parents are indistinguishable chromatographically and electrophoretically but have slight differences in amino acid compositions, whereas those from the individual F1 plants are different from their parental counterparts. The results show that the amino acid composition of seed storage proteins may be changed by intercultivar crossing and the cross in this case has produced a wide array of phenotypes.
EFFECTS OF SUCCINIC ACID 2,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZIDE, 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID, AND ETHYLENE ON RESPIRATION, ETHYLENE PRODUCTION, AND RIPENING OF "REDHAVEN" PEACHES
Authors: LOONEY NORMAN E.
Published: March 2010

Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) were applied to peach (Prunus persica L. cult "Redhaven") trees 7 and 9 weeks after bloom, respectively. Fruits harvested weekly throughout the growing season were examined for respiratory behavior and ethylene production with and without the addition of ethylene gas. All fruits harvested during the first (stage 1) of the two periods of rapid fruit growth, as well as mature fruits (in late stage 3), displayed a climateric respiratory pattern and produced appreciable amounts of ethylene. Alar significantly increased the ethylene production associated with ripening. Ethrel increased ethylene production only in ripening fruits not given the postharvest ethylene treatment. Both Alar and Ethrel advanced and favored uniform fruit ripening, the combination of these materials appearing to be most effective.
STOMATAL FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION ON THE INFLORESCENCE OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM
Authors: TEARE I. D. , LAW A. G. , SIMMONS G. F.
Published: March 2010

Stomatal distribution and frequency on the lemma, palea, glume, and awn were determined by counting the stomata per unit area on the various components of the wheat spikelet. Stomata occurred in rows on the abaxial surface of the lemmas and glumes. The portion of the lemma covered by a glume or adjacent lemma did not have stomata. A single row of stomata extended down each side of the crease of the palea. Each awn had two parallel rows of stomata at the base; the rows spiraled up the awn and were reduced to one row at the tip. We found that inflorescence stomata ranged from 15000 to 60000; awn stomata from 100 to 13000; palea stomata, from 2000 to 10000; lemma stomata, from 6000 to 22000; and glume stomata, from 6000 to 20000. Number of stomata per inflorescence represented 3–16% of the flag-leaf stomata/culm. The characterization of 19 cultivars of Triticum aestivum in relation to stomata numbers per inflorescence shows a wide range of variation that may be useful in future breeding programs.
HYPERBOLIC RELATION BETWEEN LEAF AREA INDEX AND PLANT POPULATION IN CORN (ZEA MAYS)
Authors: Major David J. , Daynard Terrance B.
Published: March 2010

not available
VARIABILITY IN FUSARIUM SOLANI F. PISI AND F. OXYSPORUM F. PISI
Authors: BOLTON A. T. , DONALDSON A. G.
Published: March 2010

Fusarium solani f. pisi and F. oxysporum f. pisi were isolated from diseased peas in Ontario. Several isolates were selected and subjected to a thorough study of their variability in culture and within the host. Variants of F. oxysporum f. pisi were obtained that resembled F. solani f. pisi in cultural characteristics and in ability to produce root-rot symptoms in peas. Variants of F. solani f. pisi were formed in culture and in the host that caused a purple coloration on potato dextrose agar and produced only wilt symptoms on peas. It is suggested that the pea-wilt and root-rot Fusaria constitute a single species.
COMPLETION OF THE JUVENILE STAGE IN ORCHARDGRASS
Authors: KOZUMPLIK V. , CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

Three orchardgrass strains of different origins were used to determine the stage at which seedlings become capable of responding to induction treatment. The seedlings were grown under long photoperiods and warm temperatures after emergence until the sixth to ninth leaf appeared on the main tiller (shoot), and were then exposed to the induction conditions (10 hr photoperiod at 10 C) for 6 weeks. The juvenile stage in all three strains was completed at the eighth to ninth leaf stage. From the practical point of view, the eighth leaf stage can be used as an indicator of the completion, since about 90% of the seedlings induced at this stage subsequently developed heads, compared with 100% at the ninth leaf stage and 30–60% at the seventh leaf stage. Different photoperiods (14, 17, 24 hr) and different temperatures (15.5, 21 C), prior to the induction treatment, influenced the rate of leaf appearance, but did not affect subsequent heading. The maximum rate of leaf appearance occurred under long photoperiods (17 and 24 hr) and a warm temperature (21 C). Under these conditions, seedlings reached the eight-leaf stage in 3–4 weeks after emergence. The number of tillers was not as good a criterion of the completion of the juvenile stage as was the number of leaves on the main tiller.
MUTATIONS INDUCED IN McINTOSH APPLE BY IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: LAPINS K. O.
Published: March 2010

Irradiating McIntosh scions with gamma rays from a 60Co source induced many mutants with reduced vigor or spurred growth habit, but nearly all of the mutants had unacceptable fruit characteristics. A wide array of fruit mutations occurred, most of which were inferior to the original cultivar. About half of the irradiated material had reduced fertility. Most of the semifertile mutants had 31–32% stainable pollen, whereas the untreated controls had 49–50% stainable pollen. In the second-test planting, significant differences were found among the final 10 selections in vigor of tree, biennial bearing index, number of seeds per fruit, fruit size, shape, and skin and flesh color. One selection had better fruit shape and skin color than the original cultivar.