bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Megasphaera
Authors: Marchandin Hélène , Juvonen Riikka , Haikara Auli
Published: August 2015

Me.ga.sphae'ra. Gr. adj.megasbig; Gr. n.sphaeraa sphere; N.L. fem. n.Megasphaerabig sphere.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Megasphaera

Anaerobic.Gram‐stain‐negative cocci, 0.4–2.0 µm or more in diameter. Nonmotile. Endospores not formed. Glucose, fructose, and lactate may or may not be fermented. Gas may or may not be produced. Gelatin or milk is not hydrolysed and nitrate is not reduced. Pyruvate but not succinate is utilized. Common metabolic end products of all five species described are acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acid. Found in the rumen of cattle and sheep, in the feces and intestine of man, in human clinical samples, and in spoiled bottled beer.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 42.4–46.4 (Tm), 53.6 (Bd).

Type species:Megasphaera elsdenii(Gutierrez, Davis, Lindahl and Warwick 1959) Rogosa 1971a, 187AL(Peptostreptococcus elsdeniiGutierrez, Davis, Lindahl and Warwick 1959, 20; organism LC Elsden and Lewis 1953, 183; rumen organism LC Elsden, Volcani, Gilchrist and Lewis 1956, 686).
Phascolarctobacterium
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko , Osawa Ro
Published: August 2015

Phas.co.larc'to.bac.te'ri.um. Genus namePhascolarctosKoala; Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod; N.L. neut. n.Phascolarctobacteriumbacterium of Koalas.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Phascolarctobacterium

Pleomorphic rods, 0.5 × 2.0 µm to 0.5 × 5–20 µm. Pleomorphism is medium dependent; in the presence of succinate small rods are transformed into elongated and fragmented rods with multiple branches. Gram‐stain‐negative, nonmotile, nonspore‐forming chemo‐organotroph.Propionic acid is the main end product of succinate fermentation. Growth inhibited by fumarate. Growth of satellite colonies around colonies of succinate‐producingEscherichia colicells.Obligately anaerobic. Growth most rapid at 30–37°C. Phylogenetically a member of the familyVeillonellaceae, phylumFirmicutes. So farSucciniclasticum ruminisis the closest phylogenetic neighbor.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 41.4–42.3 (Tm).

Type species:Phascolarctobacterium faeciumDel Dot, Osawa and Stackebrandt 1994, 182VP(Effective publication: Del Dot, Osawa and Stackebrandt 1993, 383.).
Zymophilus
Authors: Schleifer Karl‐Heinz
Published: August 2015

Zy.mo'phi.lus. Gr. n.
zyme
leaven, yeast; Gr. adj.
philos
lover; N.L. masc. n.
Zymophilus
yeast‐lover.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Zymophilus

Slightly curved, helical, or crescent‐shaped
rods
(0.7–1.0 × 3–30 µm) with rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Gram‐stain‐negative. Motile. Mobility can be lost after several subcultivations. Nonspore‐forming.
Strictly anaerobic
. Chemo‐organotrophic, fermentative metabolism.
Glucose is fermented to acetic and propionic acids
.
Acetoin is not produced
. Occur in pitching yeast or brewery waste. The peptidoglycan type is directly cross‐linked
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (variation A1γ; Schleifer and Kandler, 1972). Diamines cadaverine and rarely putrescine are found as characteristic components of peptidoglycan. Lipid F is found as characteristic cellular compound. Phylogenetically a member of the family
Veillonellaceae
(low G+C Gram‐stain‐positives with a Gram‐negative cell‐wall type). The closest phylogenetic neighbors are
Pectinatus
,
Megasphaera
, and
Selenomonas
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38–41 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Zymomonas raffinosivorans
Schleifer, Leuteritz, Weiss, Ludwig, Kirchhof and Seidel‐Rüfer 1990, 26
VP
.
Anaerococcus
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki , Ohkusu Kiyofumi
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro.coc'cus. Gr. prep.
an
without; Gr. n.
aer
air; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
berry, coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Anaerococcus
anaerobic coccus.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Anaerococcus

Cocci, occurring in pairs, tetrads, irregular masses or chains. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Strictly anaerobic. Metabolize peptones and amino acids; the major metabolic end products are butyric acid, lactic acid and small amounts of propionic and succinic acids. Most species are able to ferment several carbohydrates, but are weakly fermentative. Glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose are major sugars fermented. Most species do not produce indole. The position 1, position 3, and interpeptide bride of peptidoglycan are glycine or alanine,
l
‐lysine, and
d
‐glutamic acid or
d
‐aspartic acid. Major cellular fatty acid are C
18:1
, C
16:1
, C
18
, and C
16
(Ezaki et al., 1983; O'Leary and Wilkinson, 1988). Members of the genus are typically isolated from the human vagina and various purulent secretions.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 30–35.

Type species
:
Anaerococcus prevotii
(Foubert and Douglas 1948) Ezaki, Kawamura, Li, Li, Zhao and Shu 2001b, 1526
VP
.
Peptoniphilus
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki , Kawamura Yoshiaki
Published: August 2015

Pep.to.ni.phil'us. N.L. neut. n.peptonumpeptone; Gr. adj.philosliking, friendly to; N.L. masc. n.Peptoniphilusfriend of peptone, referring to the use of peptone as a major energy source).

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Peptoniphilus

Non‐spore‐forming, obligately anaerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, cocci. Cells may occur in pairs, short chains, tetrads, or small masses. Nonmotile. Optimal growth temperature is 37°C. The major metabolic end product from peptone yeast extract glucose (PYG) medium is butyric acid. Carbohydrates are not fermented. Use peptones and oligopeptide as major energy source. The position 1, position 3, and interpeptide bridge of peptidoglycan are alanine,L‐ornithine, andD‐glutamic acid (Li et al., 1992; Schleifer and Nimmermann, 1973; Weiss, 1981).

DNA G+C content(mol%): 25–34 (Ezaki, 1982).

Type species:Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus(Distaso 1912) Ezaki, Kawamura, Li, Li, Zhao and Shu 2001a, 1525 (Peptococcus asaccharolyticusDistaso 1912, Douglas 1957;Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticusEzaki, Yamamoto, Ninomiya, Suzuki and Yabuuchi 1983, 690).
Sedimentibacter
Authors: Lechner Ute
Published: August 2015

Se.di.men.ti.bac'ter. N.L. masc. n.sedimentumsediment; N.L. n.bactermasc. equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod or staff; N.L. masc. n.Sedimentibacterrod from sediment, referring to its origin.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Sedimentibacter

Slightly curved rod‐shaped cells found singly or in chains,0.35×7 µm, ovalspores formedfrom terminal swollen sporangia. Gram‐stain‐positive or ‐negative. Motile by means ofperitrichous flagella. Strict anaerobe. Growth between 12 and 41°C with optimal growth at 33–37°C. pH optimum 7–8.2. Growth requires yeast extract and is supported by thefermentation of pyruvate or of amino acids in a Stickland‐type reaction.H2not produced.Carbohydrates not fermented.Purines including uric acid,adenine,hypoxanthine,guanine,and xanthine are not utilized. Catalase and urease are absent. Thecell‐wall type is A1α(L‐lysine, direct). Menaquinones are not present. The genus represents a separate line of descent within thePeptostreptococcaceaeaccording to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 34–35.5.

Type species:Sedimentibacter hydroxybenzoicus(Zhang, Mandelco and Wiegel 1994) Breitenstein, Wiegel, Haertig, Weiss, Andreesen and Lechner 2002, 806VP(Clostridium hydroxybenzoicumZhang, Mandelco and Wiegel 1994, 218).
Soehngenia
Authors: Parshina Sofiya N. , Stams Alfons J. M.
Published: August 2015

Soehn.ge'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.
Soehngenia
named in honor of Nicolas L. Soehngen, founder and first head (1911–1937) of the Laboratory of Microbiology of Wageningen University, The Netherlands, where this strain was isolated and described.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Soehngenia

Rod‐shaped cells
, 0.5–0.7 × 2–11 µm (Figure 1).
Gram‐stain‐positive
. In the early exponential phase of growth, cells are slightly motile by means of peritrichous flagella (Figure 2); older cells lose their motility. Colonies are rhizoid, resemble a snowflake, dark, and creamy. Rare terminal and subterminal spore formation.
Mesophilic
. Anaerobic, but
aerotolerant
; it can grow with 50% air in the gas phase. Fixes molecular nitrogen.
Chemo‐organotrophic
. Saccharolytic and weakly proteolytic. Growth substrates are a wide range of carbohydrates and some other carbon sources, including yeast extract, cysteine, and serine. Isolated from a laboratory anaerobic digester sludge with benzaldehyde as the substrate.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 43.0 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Soehngenia saccharolytica
Parshina, Kleerebezem, Sanz, Lettinga, Nozhevnikova, Kostrikina, Lysenko and Stams 2003, 1797
VP
.
Tissierella
Authors: Shah Haroun N. , Hookey John V.
Published: August 2015

Tis.si.er.el.la. N.L. dim. ending ‐
ella;
N.L. fem. dim. n.
Tissierella
named after Henry Tissier, who first described the organism that was originally isolated from the feces of an infant.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Tissierella

Rod‐shaped
nonsporulating cells, 2–8 × 0.6–1.1 µm. Gram‐stain‐positive or ‐negative. Cells are either nonmotile, or motile via peritrichous flagella that occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains.
Obligately anaerobic
. Colonies are distinct, flat or low convex, white to gray and grow optimally at 37°C.
Weakly or non‐fermentative
.
Creatine or creatinine are required for growth
and typically produce acetate, ammonia, and CO
2
. Predominant metabolic end products in peptone‐yeast extract‐glucose broth are acetic, butyric, and isovaleric acids. Nonhydroxylated and 3‐hydroxylated long‐chain fatty acids that are straight‐chained saturated and
iso
‐methyl branched chain types.
meso
‐Diaminopimelic acid or
D
‐ornithine are present in the cell‐wall peptidoglycan.
Respiratory menaquinones are absent
. Isolated from various infected sites in humans, human feces, and environmental sources. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the species varies from ~95 to 89%.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 28–32.

Type species
:
Tissierella praeacuta
(Tissier 1908) Collins and Shah 1986, 463
VP
.
Symbiobacterium
Authors: Beppu Teruhiko , Ueda Kenji
Published: August 2015

Sym.bi.o.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. adj.
symbiotikos
symbiotic; Gr. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Symbiobacterium
symbiotic small rod, referring to the growth dependence upon co‐culture with other bacteria.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family VII / Symbiobacterium

Straight, rod‐shaped cells, 0.25–0.35 × 1.7–7 µm, with a multilayered cell wall that stains Gram‐negative. Exhibits low optical density.
Endospore‐like structures are formed
. Peritrichously flagellated. Facultatively anaerobic.

Optimum growth occurs in broth co‐culture with a thermophilic
Geobacillus
sp

.,

but limited axenic growth is possible under a CO
2
atmosphere or with bicarbonate

. Small, translucent colonies are formed on gellan gum plates.

Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene indicate that this genus represents a deep bacterial lineage that is distinct from the
Firmicutes

,

as well as from the
Actinobacteria

.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65–69.

Type species
:
Symbiobacterium thermophilum
Ohno, Shiratori, Park, Saitoh, Kumon, Yamashita, Hirata, Nishida, Ueda and Beppu 2000, 1832
VP
.
Halanaerobium
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: August 2015

Hal.an.ae.ro'bi.um. Gr. n.
hals
salt; Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; Gr. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
Halanaerobium
salt organism which grows in the absence of air.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Halanaerobiales / Halanaerobiaceae / Halanaerobium

Cells rod‐shaped
,
non‐motile or motile by peritrichous flagella
, and Gram‐stain‐negative.
Strictly anaerobic
, chemo‐organotrophic with fermentative metabolism. Carbohydrates are fermented with the production of acetate, H
2
, and CO
2
. In some species, ethanol, formate, propionate, butyrate, and lactate are also found. Thiosulfate and elemental sulfur may be used as electron acceptors in certain species.
Halophilic
, growing optimally at NaCl concentrations around 1.7–2.5 M and requiring a minimum of 0.3–1.7 M NaCl for growth, depending on the species. Neutral or slightly alkaline pH values are preferred. Endospore formation is never observed.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 27–37 (
T
m
, HPLC).

Type species
:
Halanaerobium praevalens
corrig. Zeikus, Hegge, Thompson, Phelps and Langworthy 1984, 503
VP
(Effective publication: Zeikus, Hegge, Thompson, Phelps and Langworthy 1983, 232.).
Halobacteroides
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: August 2015

Ha.lo.bac.te.ro'i.des. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
the masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a staff or rod; Gr. n.
eidos
form, shape; N.L. masc. n.
Halobacteroides
rod‐like salt organism.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Halanaerobiales / Halobacteroidaceae / Halobacteroides

Cells are long
,
thin
,
often flexible rods
,
motile by peritrichous flagella
, Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores may be formed.
Strictly anaerobic
, chemo‐organotrophic with fermentative metabolism. Carbohydrates are fermented with production of acetate, ethanol, H
2
, and CO
2
.
Halophilic
, growing optimally at NaCl concentrations around 1.7–2.6 M and requiring a minimum of 1.2–1.7 M NaCl for growth.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 30.5–30.7 (Bd, HPLC).

Type species
:
Halobacteroides halobius
Oren, Weisburg, Kessel and Woese 1984a, 355
VP
(Effective publication: Oren, Weisburg, Kessel and Woese 1984b, 68.).
Natroniella
Authors: Zavarzin George A. , Zhilina Tatjana N.
Published: August 2015

Na.tro.ni'el.la. Gr. n.
natron
, derived from Ar.
natrun
soda (sodium carbonate); N.L. fem. n.
Natroniella
organism growing in soda deposits.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Halanaerobiales / Halobacteroidaceae / Natroniella

Cells are rods
,
flexible
,
motile by peritrichous flagella
.
Spores
may be formed.
Cell wall
has
Gram‐stain‐negative
structure.
Strictly anaerobic
.
Possess a respiratory type of homoacetogenic metabolism
.
Extremely alkaliphilic
, developing in soda brines at pH 9–10.
Halophilic
, growing at 1.7–4.4 M NaCl.
Obligately dependent on Na
+
,
Cl
−
,

and CO
3

2
−

ions
. Mesophilic.
Chemo‐organotrophic
; some organic acids, amino acids, and alcohols are fermented.
Acetate is the product of fermentation
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Natroniella acetigena
Zhilina, Zavarzin, Detkova and Rainey 1996a, 1189
VP
(Effective publication: Zhilina, Zavarzin, Detkova and Rainey 1996b, 324.).
Sporohalobacter
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: August 2015

Spo.ro.ha.lo.bac'ter. Gr. n.
spora
seed; Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
the masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a staff or rod; N.L. masc. n.
Sporohalobacter
spore‐producing salt rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Halanaerobiales / Halobacteroidaceae / Sporohalobacter

Gram‐stain‐negative
,
rod‐shaped cells
,
motile by peritrichous flagella
.
Halophilic
, growing optimally at 1.4–1.5 M NaCl and requiring a minimum of 0.7 M NaCl for growth. Temperature optimum about 40 °C.
Strictly anaerobic
. Ferments amino acids with production of acetate, propionate and other acids, H
2
, and CO
2
. Sugars poorly used.
Endospores produced
. Gas vesicles are attached to the endospores in the single species described.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 31.5 (Bd).

Type species
:
Sporohalobacter lortetii
(Oren 1983) Oren, Pohla and Stackebrandt 1988, 136
VP
(Effective publication: Oren, Pohla and Stackebrandt 1987, 245.) (
Clostridium lortetii
Oren 1983, 47).
Ammonifex
Authors: Huber Robert
Published: August 2015

Am.mo'ni.fex. L. neut. n.
sal ammoniacum
salt of Ammon (NH
4
Cl); L. v.
facere
to make; N.L. masc. n.
Ammonifex
the ammonium‐maker.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermoanaerobacteraceae / Ammonifex

Rod‐shaped
,
straight or slightly curved cells with rounded ends
, usually about 2–3 × 0.6 µm. The cells occur singly, in pairs, and in short chains of up to six cells. Complex cell envelope.
Muramic acid present
;
diaminopimelic acid absent
. Nonsporulating.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Motile by terminal and lateral flagellation. Core lipids consist mainly of (non‐phytanyl) ether lipids and fatty acid methyl esters. Sensitive to lysozyme and antibiotics. Extremely thermophilic. Growth between 57 °C and 77 °C (optimum 70 °C), pH 5.0 and 8.0 (optimum 7.5), and 0–1.5% NaCl (optimum 0.1%). Growth occurs on solid surfaces.
Strictly anaerobic
.
Autotrophic growth by oxidation of hydrogen and reduction of nitrate
,
sulfate
,
or sulfur
. Nitrate ammonification. Facultatively chemolithoautotrophic. Based on 16S rDNA analysis,
Ammonifex
belongs to the low G+C subgroup of the Gram‐stain‐positive bacteria.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 54.

Type species
:
Ammonifex degensii
Huber and Stetter 1996, 836
VP
(Effective publication: Huber, Rossnagel, Woese, Rachel, Langworthy and Stetter 1996, 47.).
Gelria
Authors: Plugge Caroline M.
Published: August 2015

Gel.ri'a. N.L. fem. n.
Gelria
Gelre or Gelderland, one of the 12 provinces in The Netherlands, in which Wageningen is located.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermoanaerobacteraceae / Gelria

Cells are
rod‐shaped
0.5 × 3–20 µm in glucose‐containing liquid cultures.
Cells vary in length dependent on growth substrate
. Cells are short rods (<2 µm) when grown in co‐culture with a methanogenic partner on glutamate.
Nonmotile
and
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Formation of
terminal spores
,
0
.
5
×
0
.
5 µm
,
during late exponential phase
.
Strictly anaerobic chemo‐organotroph
.
Moderately thermophilic
between 37 and 60 °C with an optimum at 50–55 °C.
Neutrophilic
; pH range 5.5–8.
Saccharolytic growth
in pure culture.
Hydrogen formed can be transferred to a syntrophic methanogenic partner
, not to sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, nitrate, or fumarate. Isolated from granular sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 33.8 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Gelria glutamica
Plugge, Balk, Zoetendal and Stams 2002, 406
VP
.
Thermoanaerobacter
Authors: Onyenwoke Rob U. , Wiegel Juergen
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.an.ae.ro.bac'ter. Gr. adj.thermoshot; Gr. pref.annot; Gr. n.aerair; M.L.bactermasc. equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod staff; N.L. masc. n.Thermoanaerobacterrod which grows in the absence of air at elevated temperatures.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermoanaerobacteraceae / Thermoanaerobacter

All species areobligately anaerobic thermophilesand have aGram‐positive cell wall, i.e., although theGram‐stain reaction variesamong the individual species and even within strains from the same species, they have a Gram‐positive cell‐wall structure. Most species exhibit asluggish motilityand a peritrichous arrangement of 2–6 flagella (retarded peritrichous flagellation). Cells arerod shapedand occur in various arrangements that vary by species. Many of theThermoanaerobacterspecies formpleomorphic cellsduring the late exponential and stationary growth phases assembling through nonsymmetric cell division chains of alternating rod‐shaped and coccoid cells. Other types of pleomorphic rods are formed, presumably through weakening of the cell wall by lysozyme‐like enzymes that are the remnants of the sporulation process (Figure1). Growth temperature optima range from 55–75 °C, withgrowth ranges of 35–78°Cand atemperature span over 35°C. The pH for growth ranges frompH25C4.0–9.9, with a pH optimum of 5.8–8.5. Several species also exhibit a wide pH optimum of about 3 units without a sharp peak. All species are able to groworganoheterotrophicallyusing various fermentation pathways including the homoacetogenic or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, or using inorganic electron acceptors (e.g.,Thermoanaerobacter sulfuriphilususing S0as an electron acceptor and lactate as an electron donor and carbon source). SomeThermoanaerobacterstrains are also able to growchemolithoheterotrophically by coupling H2oxidationto growth (Fardeau et al., 1994). Furthermore, others arefacultative chemolithoautotrophs, growing with H2+ CO2(such asThermoanaerobacter kivui) or Fe(III) + H2+ CO2(such asThermoanaerobacter siderophilus). Generally, typical fermentation products from hexoses are ethanol, acetate, lactate, H2, and CO2.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 30–39.

Type species:Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicusWiegel and Ljungdahl 1982, 384VP(Effective publication: Wiegel and Ljungdahl 1981, 348.).
Thermoanaerobacterium
Authors: Onyenwoke Rob U. , Wiegel Juergen
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.an.ae.ro.bac'te.ri.um. Gr. n.thermoshot, Gr. pref.annot, Gr. n.aerair, Gr. n.bakteriona small rod, N.L. neut. n.Thermoanaerobacteriuma rod which grows in the absence of air at high temperatures.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / Thermoanaerobacterium

Extreme thermophiles withgrowth temperature optima between 55 and 70 °C. Cells haveGram‐positive cell‐wall structure, but many strains areGram‐stain‐negative. Cells are rod‐shaped and motile by peritrichously inserted flagella, except forThermoanaerobacterium aciditolerans, which has a single, polar flagellum.Endospores are present in some species. Hexagonal S‐layer typically present. However, it may be difficult to visualize because of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes attached to the cells.Obligate anaerobesand catalase‐negative.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 29–46.

Type species:Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes(Schink and Zeikus 1983a) Lee, Jain, Lee, Lowe and Zeikus 1993a, 48VP(Clostridium thermosulfurogenesSchink and Zeikus 1983a, 1156).
Thermosediminibacter
Authors: Wiegel Juergen
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.se.di.mi.ni.bac'ter. Gr. adj.thermoshot: L. neut. n. sediment ‐inissedment; N.L. masc. n.bacter(from Gr. neut. n.baktron) a rod or staff; N.L. masc. n.Thermosediminibacterthermophilic rod isolated from sediment.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / Thermosediminibacter

Gram‐positive cell‐wall structure,but stains Gram‐negative.Slightly curved rods,occasionallybranched orswollen with the tendency to form autoplastsin the early stationary growth phase (Figure 1). Physiology is obligatelyanaerobic,thermophilic,and heterotrophic, requiring yeast extract for growth. Cell wall is of themeso‐DAP direct type.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 45–50.

Type species:Thermosediminibacter oceaniLee, Wagner, Brice, Kevbrin, Mills, Romanek and Wiegel 2006, 925VP(Effective publication: Lee, Wagner, Brice, Kevbrin, Mills, Romanek and Wiegel 2005, 382.).
Thermovenabulum
Authors: Slobodkin Alexander
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.ve.na'bu.lum. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; L. neut. n.
venabulum
a hunting spear; N.L. neut. n.
Thermovenabulum
hot hunting spear‐shaped cell, referring to the branched cell morphology.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / Thermovenabulum

Straight,
sometimes branched rods
0.5–0.6 µm in diameter and 1.5–7.0 µm in length.
Gram‐positive cell‐wall structure
.
Forms protrusions of cell envelope
. Cells occur singly or in short chains and exhibit tumbling motility due to peritrichous flagellation.
Form
round refractile
endospores
in terminally swollen sporangia.
Anaerobic
.
Thermophilic
; the temperature range for growth is 45–76 °C. Neutrophilic. Growth occurs at NaCl concentrations from 0–3.5% (w/v).
Grows organotrophically
on a number of proteinaceous substrates and carbohydrates.
Utilizes molecular hydrogen in the presence of Fe
(
III
)
and an organic electron donor
. Reduces amorphous Fe(III) oxide, Fe(III) citrate, 9,10‐anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonate, fumarate, nitrate, sulfite, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and MnO
2
. None of the electron acceptors utilized, except fumarate, stimulates growth.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36.

Type species
:
Thermovenabulum ferriorganovorum
Zavarzina, Tourova, Kuznetsov, Bonch‐Osmolovskaya and Slobodkin 2002, 1741
VP
.
Solobacterium
Authors: Kageyama Akiko , Benno Yoshimi
Published: August 2015

So.lo.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj.
solus
sole; Gr. dim n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Solobacterium
sole bacterium.

Firmicutes / Erysipelotrichia / Erysipelotrichales / Erysipelotrichaceae / Solobacterium

Cells are 0.2 µm × 0.4–0.7 µm and
occur singly. Gram‐positive. Obligatorily anaerobic
. Colonies appear after cultivation for 2 d at 37 °C on EG agar in an anaerobic jar containing 100% CO
2
.
Spores and flagella are absent. Fermentation products of glucose are mainly acetic, lactic, and butyric acids; pyruvic acid is produced in a small amount
. Strains are isolated from humans. Comparative 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strains are members of the
Clostridiales
and that 16S rDNA sequence is most similar to that of members of
Clostridium
cluster XVI (Collins et al., 1994).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37–39.

Type species
:
Solobacterium moorei
Kageyama and Benno 2000b, 1415
VP
.
Lentisphaera
Authors: Cho Jang‐Cheon , Giovannoni Stephen J.
Published: August 2015

Len.ti.spha.e'ra. L. adj.
lentus
sticky; L. fem. n.
sphaera
sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Lentisphaera
a sticky sphere.

Lentisphaerae / Lentisphaeria / Lentisphaerales / Lentisphaeraceae / Lentisphaera

Cells are spherical
(
coccus
).
Gram‐stain negative. Gram‐negative cell structure. Cells have thin layer of extracellular slime and buds or appendages around the cells
. Nonmotile. Strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, and facultatively oligotrophic bacteria. Do not produce pigments. Require NaCl for growth.
Do not utilize amino acids as sole carbon sources. Produce transparent exopolymers
. The major cellular fatty acids are C
16:1
ω9
c
(50.8%) and C
14:0
(25.9%).
The genome size is 6.02 Mb, based on full‐genome sequencing
. Phylogenetically, the genus belongs to the order
Lentisphaerales
in the phylum
Lentisphaerae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 48–49.

Type species
:
Lentisphaera araneosa
Cho, Vergin, Morris and Giovannoni 2004a, 1005
VP
(Effective publication: Cho, Vergin, Morris and Giovannoni 2004b, 618.).
Candidatus Magnetobacterium
Authors: Spring Stefan , Schleifer Karl‐Heinz
Published: August 2015

Mag.ne' to.bac.te' ri.um
. Gr. n.
magnes
magnet, comb. form
magneto‐;
Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Magnetobacterium
a magnetic rod.

Nitrospirae / “Nitrospira” / “Nitrospirales” / “Nitrospiraceae” / “Candidatus Magnetobacterium”

Rod‐shaped, large, magnetic cells occurring in freshwater sediments. The original description is based on bacteria enriched from the littoral sediment of a freshwater lake in Southern Germany (Chiemsee); similar types of bacteria were also observed in sediments of other freshwater lakes and ponds in Southern Germany and Brazil. Counts of active bacteria in different vertical layers of Chiemsee sediment indicated that “
Candidatus
M. bavaricum” is a typical gradient organism, particularly adapted to zones characterized by low levels of oxygen, where it reaches the highest abundance (Spring et al., 1993). A minor fraction of these bacteria was also found in the anoxic zone, whereas high concentrations of oxygen can apparently not be tolerated by this bacterium over longer periods of time.

Type species
: “

Candidatus
Magnetobacterium bavaricum

” Spring, Amann, Ludwig, Schleifer, van Gemerden and Petersen 1993, 2398.
Leptospirillum
Authors: Barrie Johnson D.
Published: August 2015

Lep.to.spi.ril' lum
. Gr. adj.
lepto
thin, narrow, fine; Gr. n.
spira
a spiral; M.L. neut. n.
Leptospirillum
a thin spiral.

Nitrospirae / “Nitrospira” / “Nitrospirales” / “Nitrospiraceae” / Leptospirillum

Small,
Gram‐negative
,
vibrioid or spiral‐shaped
cells (0.9–2.0 × 0.2–0.5 µm).
Motile
by means of a
single
(in most cases)
polar flagellum
. No known resting stages. Obligately chemolithotrophic, using the
oxidation of ferrous iron
(or ferrous iron‐containing sulfide minerals, such as pyrite) as sole energy source, and
fixing carbon dioxide
by the Benson‐Calvin cycle.
Obligately aerobic and acidophilic
; pH optima for growth is generally 1.3–2.0. Mesophilic isolates and a single moderately thermophilic isolate have been described.
Leptospirillum
forms a distinct lineage within the proposed
Nitrospira
phylum (Ehrich et al., 1995). Widely distributed in natural and industrial environments where the accelerated oxidation of sulfide ores creates acidic, metal‐rich ecosystems.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 51–56.

Type species
:
Leptospirillum ferrooxidans
Hippe 2000, 503 (ex Markosyan 1972, 26).
Gemmata
Authors: Fuerst John A. , Lee Kuo‐Chang , Butler Margaret K.
Published: August 2015

Gem.ma'ta. L. v.
gemmare
to put forth buds, to bud; N.L. fem. n.
Gemmata
(from L. fem. part. adj.
gemmata
put forth buds, budded) budded (bacteria), referring to the cell division mode of the bacterium.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Planctomycetales / Planctomycetaceae / Gemmata

Spherical to pear‐shaped cells
, 1.4–3.0 × 1.4–3.0 µm. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Cells reproduce by budding
, with the single daughter cell a mirror image of the mother cell, and there may be a narrow bud attachment site. Cells can bud repeatedly.
Cells possess a multitrichous bundle of flagella
. Aerobic, having a strictly aerobic type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Colonies have pink pigmentation
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 64.4 ± 1.0 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Gemmata obscuriglobus
Franzmann and Skerman 1985, 375
VP
(Effective publication: Franzmann and Skerman 1984, 266.).
Singulisphaera
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N. , Kulichevskaya Irina S.
Published: August 2015

Sin.gu.li.spha.e'ra. L. adj.
singuli
single, separate; L. fem. n.
sphaera
sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Singulisphaera
a single spherical cell.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Planctomycetales / Planctomycetaceae / Singulisphaera

Spherical cells
, up to 3–4 µm in diameter, occurring
singly
, in pairs, or in shapeless aggregates.
Crateriform structures
are scattered
over the whole cell surface
. Encapsulated. Immobile. Reproduce by budding.
Stalk‐like structures are absent
. Attach to surfaces by means of
amorphous holdfast material
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Chemoorganotrophic aerobes. Capable of growth in microaerobic conditions. Colonies are opaque and nonpigmented. Various carbohydrates or
N
‐acetylglucosamine are the preferred substrates. No growth factors are required.
Possess hydrolytic capabilities
. Organic nitrogen compounds, ammonium, and some amino acids serve as nitrogen sources.
Nitrate is not utilized
. Catalase, oxidase, and urease positive. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction is negative. Mesophilic and
moderately acidophilic bacteria
growing in the pH range of 4.2–7.5, with an optimum at pH 5.0–6.2.
Sensitive to NaCl
. This genus is a member of the phylum
Planctomycetes
, order
Planctomycetales
, family
Planctomycetaceae
. Acidic wetlands are the main habitat.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 57.8–59.9.

Type species
:
Singulisphaera acidiphila
Kulichevskaya, Ivanova, Baulina, Bodelier, Sinninghe Damsté and Dedysh 2008, 1191
VP
.
Brevundimonas
Authors: Vancanneyt Marc , Segers Paul , Abraham Wolf‐Rainer , Vos Paul De
Published: August 2015

Brev.un.di' mo.nas.L. adj.brevisshort; L. fem. n.undawave; Gr.monasa unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.Brevundimonasbacteria with short wavelength flagella.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Caulobacterales / Caulobacteraceae / Brevundimonas

Gram‐negative, rod‐shaped, subvibrioid or vibrioid cells, 0.4–0.5 × 1–2 µm.Cells of some species can form prosthecae(stalks). These species are characterized by an asymmetric cell division whereby fission results in a prosthecate (nonmotile) and a flagellated (motile) cell. Motility by means of single polar flagella. Nonsporeforming. A yellow or orange carotenoid pigment may be formed.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 62–68.

Type species:Brevundimonas diminuta(Leifson and Hugh 1954b) Segers, Vancanneyt, Pot, Torck, Hoste, Dewettinck, Falsen, Kersters and De Vos 1994, 507 (Pseudomonas diminutaLeifson and Hugh 1954b, 68.)
Caulobacter
Authors: Poindexter Jeanne S.
Published: August 2015

Cau' lo.bac' ter
. L. n.
caulis
stalk; M.L. masc.
bacter
form of Gr. neut. n.
bactrum
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Caulobacter
stalk(ed) rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Caulobacterales / Caulobacteraceae / Caulobacter

Cells single, unbranched, with tapered poles; long axis typically distinctly curved, conferring a
vibrioid
shape, but may be straight in some isolates and the cell shape
fusiform
; 0.4–0.6 × 1–2 µm during growth in most media. The younger pole of the dividing cell bears a
single flagellum
, and the older pole bears a prostheca (the
stalk
) developed by outgrowth of the cell envelope. The stalk includes outer membrane, peptidoglycan, cell membrane, and a core sometimes observed to be occupied in part by membranes but not in any case by any other discernible cytoplasmic components. Stalk diameter is constant along its length, varying from 0.11 to 0.18 µm among isolates; the stalk possesses at least one
stalk band
as a substructure after the cell has matured and completed at least one cell cycle. Binary fission is constrictive and is completed without formation of a septum. The stalk‐bearing progeny cell grows and eventually repeats the
asymmetric cell division
. The flagellum‐bearing progeny cell, after a period of motility, releases the flagellum and develops its stalk at the previously flagellated site as it grows and proceeds to its
asymmetric cell division
. At the base of the flagellum and at the outer tip of the stalk is a small mass of adhesive material, the
holdfast
, which confers adhesiveness on each of the progeny.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62–65.

Type species
:
Caulobacter vibrioides
Henrici and Johnson 1935b, 84.
Phenylobacterium
Authors: Eberspächer Jürgen
Published: August 2015

Phe.ny.lo.bac.te' ri.um
. Gr. n.
phen
benzene; Gr. n.
bacterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Phenylobacterium
benzene bacterium, so named because of its unique preference for phenyl moieties from heterocyclic compounds as carbon sources.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Caulobacterales / Caulobacteraceae / Phenylobacterium

Rods
,
coccobacilli
,
or cocci
;
0
.
7–1
.
0
×
1
.
0–2
.
0
μ
m
occurring singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Some strains tend to clump. In old cultures, pleomorphic forms, such as long rods (1.0 × 2.0–4.0 µm), long chains (10–50 µm) connected by filaments, and elliptical forms, may occur. Capsule stain negative; flexible capsule present.
Nonmotile
. Nonsporeforming. Non‐acid‐fast. Sheaths and prosthecae not produced. Nonpigmented.
Gram negative
. Growth on chloridazon–mineral salts agar is slow and colonies are small (1–2 mm) after 2–3 weeks. Colonies may be either smooth, convex, moist with shiny surfaces and entire edges, and easily emulsified in saline, or rough, dry, and not emulsifiable in saline. In liquid media, there is slight production of a greenish‐yellow nonfluorescent pigment; in media containing
L
‐phenylalanine a yellowish‐green fluorescent pigment is produced.
Strictly aerobic
.
Catalase positive
,
weakly oxidase positive
.
Chemoorganotrophic
,
having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism
. Optimal temperature, 28–30°C. No growth at 4°C or 37°C; at 37°C cultures die within several days. Optimal pH 6.8–7.0; growth occurs between pH 6.5 and 8; no growth at pH 4 or 9.
Osmotically sensitive
.

Vitamin B
12
is a growth factor

.
High nutritional specialization
;
grows well on chloridazon
,
antipyrin
,

and
L
‐phenylalanine

(
most strains only after long lag phase
). Slow growth on
L
‐glutamate, pyruvate, fumarate, succinate, and malate as well as on diluted complex media (0.5–2 g/l peptone).
Most sugars
,
alcohols
,
amino acids
,
carboxylic acids
,
and ordinary complex media are not utilized
. Does not denitrify; does not produce nitrite from nitrate. NH
4
+
and NO
3
−
are used as sole sources of nitrogen; no growth with N
2
. Gelatin, casein, starch, and esculin not hydrolyzed. Urease negative. Litmus milk negative. Weak H
2
S production from thiosulfate or cysteine. Methyl red and Voges–Proskauer negative. Indole negative. No acid or gas produced from sugars or alcohols. Not pathogenic for rats or rabbits.
Isolated from soil after enrichment in mineral salts media containing chloridazon
,
antipyrin
,
or pyramidon
(synthetic heterocyclic compounds).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65–68.5.

Type species
:
Phenylobacterium immobile
Lingens, Blecher, Blecher, Blobel, Eberspächer, Fröhner, Görisch, Görisch and Layh 1985, 38.
Beijerinckia
Authors: Kennedy Christina
Published: August 2015

Beij.e.rinck' i.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Beijerinckia
named after M.W. Beijerinck, the Dutch microbiologist (1851–1931).

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Beijerinckiaceae / Beijerinckia

Straight or slightly curved rods
, ~
0
.
5–1
.
5
×
7–4
.
5
μ
m
, with rounded ends. Cells occur singly or appear as dividing pairs. Sometimes large, misshapen cells 3.0 × 5.0–6.0 µm occur; these are occasionally branched or forked. Intracellular granules of
poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate
(
PHB
) are formed, generally one at each pole. Cysts (enclosing one cell) and capsules (enclosing several cells) may occur in some species. Gram negative. Motile by peritrichous flagella or nonmotile.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism.

N
2
is fixed under aerobic or microaerobic conditions

. Optimal temperature for growth, 20–30°C; no growth occurs at 37°C.
Growth occurs between pH 3
.
0 and pH 9
.
5–10
.
0
.
Liquid cultures can become a highly viscous
,
semitransparent mass
; in some species the whole medium becomes opalescent and turbid, and adhering slime is not produced.
On agar media
,

especially under N
2
‐fixing conditions

,
copious slime is produced
and giant colonies with a smooth, folded, or plicate surface develop; some strains form slime having a more granular consistency.
Catalase positive
.
Glucose
,
fructose
,
and sucrose are utilized
by all strains and oxidized to CO
2
. No growth occurs on peptone medium. Glutamate is utilized poorly or not at all. Species are found in soils, particularly
tropical regions
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 54.7–60.7.

Type species
:
Beijerinckia indica
(Starkey and De 1939) Derx 1950a, 146 (
Azotobacter indicum
(sic) Starkey and De 1939, 337.)
Chelatococcus
Authors: Egli Thomas W. , Auling Georg
Published: August 2015

Che.la' to.coc.cus. Gr. n.cheleclaw; M.L. v.chelatoto form claw‐like complexes with divalent cations, i.e., to chelate; Gr. n.coccusberry, used for a bacterium of roughly spherical shape; M.L. masc. n.Chelatococcuschelating coccus.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Beijerinckiaceae / Chelatococcus

Short,stout,almost coccoid rods,0.5–1×1–2μm;resemble diplococci during exponential growth. Gram negative.Nonmotile.Obligately aerobic. Optimal growth temperature, 35–37°C; temperature range for growth, 4–41°C. Slow growth with all substrates tested so far (μmax<0.2 h−1). Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is accumulated within the cells.Utilize the metal‐chelating aminopolycarboxylic acids nitrilotriacetic acid(NTA)andS,S‐ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid as sole sources of carbon,energy,and nitrogen. Generally, sugars are not utilized (except for glycerol).Require one or more vitamins. All strains are sensitive to β‐lactam antibiotics but resistant to nalidixic acid. Ubiquinone Q‐10 is present. The main polyamine present issym‐homospermidine; putrescine and spermidine occur as major polyamines, and spermine as a minor polyamine.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 63.

Type species:Chelatococcus asaccharovoransAuling, Busse, Egli, El‐Banna and Stackebrandt 1993b, 624 (Effective publication: Auling, Busse, Egli, El‐Banna and Stackebrandt 1993a, 110.)
Afipia
Authors: Weyant Robbin S. , Whitney Anne M.
Published: August 2015

A.fip' i.a
. L. fem. n.
Afipia
derived from the abbreviation AFIP, for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, where the type strain of the type species was isolated.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Bradyrhizobiaceae / Afipia

Gram‐negative rods in the
Alphaproteobacteria
.
Motile
by means of one or two polar, subpolar, or lateral flagella.
Optimal growth is obtained at 30
°
C
and growth does not occur at or above 42°C. Grows well on buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar and in nutrient broth with 0% added NaCl. Growth does not occur in nutrient broth with 6% added NaCl and is not enhanced by increased CO
2
. Colonies are gray‐white, glistening, convex and opaque, 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter at 72 hours of incubation at 30°C on BCYE agar. Nonfermentative metabolism; acid is not produced from
D
‐glucose, lactose, maltose, or sucrose.
Positive for oxidase
,
urease
,
and litmus milk alkalinization
. Negative for hemolysis, gas production from nitrate, production of indole and H
2
S (triple sugar iron agar method), and hydrolysis of gelatin and esculin. Isolated from potable water. Associated with human infection. Interrelatedness of species by DNA–DNA hybridization is 12–69%.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61.5–69.

Type species
:
Afipia felis
Brenner, Hollis, Moss, English, Hall, Vincent, Radosevic, Birkness, Bibb, Quinn, Swaminathan, Weaver, Reeves, O'Connor, Hayes, Tenover, Steigerwalt, Perkins, Daneshvar, Hill, Washington, Woods, Hunter, Hadfield, Ajello, Kaufmann, Wear and Wenger 1992, 327 (Effective publication: Brenner, Hollis, Moss, English, Hall, Vincent, Radosevic, Birkness, Bibb, Quinn, Swaminathan, Weaver, Reeves, O'Connor, Hayes, Tenover, Steigerwalt, Perkins, Daneshvar, Hill, Washington, Woods, Hunter, Hadfield, Ajello, Kaufmann, Wear and Wenger, 1991, 2458.)
Bosea
Authors: Das Subrata K.
Published: August 2015

Bos' e.a
. M.L. gen. n.
Bosea
named after Sir J.C. Bose, the founder of Bose Institute, Calcutta, India.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Bradyrhizobiaceae / Bosea

Rod shaped cells
,
0
.
85
×
1
.
4–1
.
6
μ
m
. Gram negative.
Aerobic
. Occurring singly.
Motile by a single polar flagellum
. Optimal temperature for growth: 30–32°C, range; 20–37°C. Optimal pH: 7.5–8.0; range, 6.0–9.0.
Chemolithoheterotrophic
, able to obtain energy from the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds in the presence of organic carbon. No autotrophic growth occurs. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Found in cultivated soil.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 68.2.

Type species
:
Bosea thiooxidans
Das, Mishra, Tindall, Rainey and Stackebrandt 1996, 985.
Oligotropha
Authors: Meyer Ortwin O.
Published: August 2015

O.li.go.tro' pha
. Gr. n.
oligos
little, scanty;
tropha
nourishing, living on few substrates; M.L. fem. n.
Oligotropha
utilizer of few substrates.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Bradyrhizobiaceae / Oligotropha

Rod‐shaped cells
, slightly curved, 0.4–0.7 × 1.0–3.0 µm.
Motility variable
; when present, it is by means of
one subpolar flagellum
(Meyer and Schlegel, 1978). Star‐shaped aggregates (rosettes)— held together by polar pili and excreted slime—are formed to a certain extent, especially in the post exponential and stationary growth phases. Gram negative. Colonies are white or cream colored, and no carotenoid pigment is produced. Colony formation on agar plates is slow (one to four weeks, depending on the medium). Aerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor; however, some strains can denitrify.
Facultatively chemolithoautotrophic
aa Chemoorganoheterotrophic substrates are usually restricted to the salts of some organic acids such as pyruvate, although some strains can also utilize sugars and amino acids. Dinitrogen is not fixed. Not phototrophic. Not methanotrophic. Isolated from wastewater of sewage treatment settling ponds and from soil.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62.5–63.1.

Type species
:
Oligotropha carboxidovorans
(Meyer and Schlegel 1978) Meyer, Stackebrandt and Auling 1994, 182 (Effective publication: Meyer, Stackebrandt and Auling 1993, 391) (“
Pseudomonas carboxydovorans
” Meyer and Schlegel 1978, 42; “
Hydrogenomonas carboxydovorans
” Kistner 1954, 186.)
Rhodoblastus
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho
.
do
.
blas
'
tus
. Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; Gr. n.
blastos
bud shoot; M.L. masc. n.
Rhodoblastus
the budding rose.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Bradyrhizobiaceae / Rhodoblastus

Cells are rod shaped
,
motile by means of flagella
;
show polar growth
,
budding
,
and asymmetric cell division
.

Gram negative and belong to the
Alphaproteobacteria

.
Internal photosynthetic membranes appear as lamellae underlying and parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane
.

Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids

. Straight‐chain monounsaturated C
18:1
, C
16:1
, and saturated C
16:0
are the major cellular fatty acids. Contain ubiquinones, rhodoquinones, and menaquinones with 10 isoprene units (Q‐10, MK‐10, and RQ‐10).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62.2–66.8.

Type species
:
Rhodoblastus acidophilus
(
Rhodopseudomonas acidophila
Pfennig 1969a, 601) Imhoff 2001, 1865.
Ancalomicrobium
Authors: Jenkins Cheryl , Stanley Patricia M. , Staley James T.
Published: August 2015

An.ca' lo.mi.cro' bi.um
. Gr. masc. n.
ancalos
arm; Gr. adj.
micros
small; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; M.L. neut. n.
Ancalomicrobium
arm (‐producing) microorganism.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Hyphomicrobiaceae / Ancalomicrobium

Unicellular
bacterium with conical cells ~1.0 µm in diameter.
Two to eight or more prosthecae
produced per cell. Prosthecae are cylindrical without crossbands and taper gradually from cell to a distal diameter of ~0.2 µm and a length of 2–5 µm when fully differentiated. Prosthecae may be bifurcated.
Budding bacterium
. Buds are formed directly from mother cell, never from prosthecae. Cells occur singly or in pairs prior to division; rarely form aggregates.

Type genus
:
Ancalomicrobium adetum
Staley 1968, 1940.
Ancylobacter
Authors: Staley James T. , Jenkins Cheryl , Konopka Allan E.
Published: August 2015

An' cy.lo.bac' ter
. Gr. adj.
ankylos
sharply curved; Gr. n.
bakterion
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Ancylobacter
a curved rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Hyphomicrobiaceae / Ancylobacter

Curved rods
, 0.3–1.0 × 1.0–3.0 µm.
Rings
(0.9–3.0 µm outer diameter) occasionally formed prior to cell separation. Coiled, helical, and filamentous forms are not produced. Cells are encapsulated. Resting stages not known.
Some strains produce gas vacuoles
. Gram negative.
Generally nonmotile
, but motility occurs in one gas vacuolate strain by means of a single polar flagellum.
Obligately aerobic
, possessing a strictly respiratory type of metabolism, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Optimal temperature, 22–37°C. Colonies are translucent to opaque and white to cream colored. Pellicles are produced in liquid media.
Oxidase positive
. Catalase positive. Chemoorganotrophic, using a variety of sugars or salts of organic acids as carbon sources. Chemolithotrophic growth has been reported on molecular hydrogen. Strains that have been tested can use methanol and formate (
facultatively methylotrophic
). Occur in soil and freshwater environments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66–69 (Bd).

Type species
:
Ancylobacter aquaticus
(Ørskov 1928) Raj 1983, 297 (
Microcyclus aquaticus
Ørskov 1928, 128.)
Angulomicrobium
Authors: Vasilyeva Leana V.
Published: August 2015

An
'
gu
.
lo
.
mi
.
cro
'
bi
.
um
. M.L. fem. n.
angularis
angular; Gr. adj.
micros
small; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; M.L.neut. n.
Angulomicrobium
angular microbe.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Hyphomicrobiaceae / Angulomicrobium

Unicellular bacterium
,
having polygonal cells with radial symmetry
, ranging in dimensions from 1.1–1.5 µm. The shape of the cells is tetrahedral or mushroom‐like. Flat, triangular bacteria are provisionally included within the genus.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 64.3–68.

Type species
:
Angulomicrobium tetraedrale
Vasilyeva, Lafitskaya and Namsaraev 1986, 354 (Effective publication: Vasilyeva, Lafitskaya and Namsaraev 1979, 1037.)