bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular ecology of a shallow water shrimp, Acetes sibogae sibogae Hansen 1919: Evidence for strongly limited gene flow across the western Pacific
Authors: Hardianto Eko , Fukuchi Jun , Hanamura Yukio , Wijayanti Diah Permata , Sabdono Agus , Imai Hideyuki
Published: January 2022

The shallow water shrimp Acetes sibogae sibogae is an ecological and economically important organism in the Asian region. We assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of this species based on samples obtained from eight sites in Japan, the Philippines and Indonesia. Nucleotide sequence analyses were performed based on PCR‐amplified mitochondrial DNA fragments comprising the control region and part of the 12S rRNA gene. In total, 656 bp nucleotide sequences were obtained from 377 individuals. The results show a low haplotype diversity value in shrimp from the Kokuba‐gawa River (0.5) in Japan and intermediate values (0.79–0.99) in other populations. While nucleotide diversity estimates in all sampled localities were lower (0.17%–0.86%) than those reported in other crustaceans, analysis of molecular variance revealed significant genetic differentiation (p < .001) among all sites. Furthermore, the mean fixation index estimate was very high (FST: 0.27), indicating that dispersal potential among sites was low and gene flow, therefore, was restricted. The mismatch distribution of pairwise differences between haplotypes indicated that A. s. sibogae did not fit a sudden population expansion model. Overall, the present study indicates that wild stocks of A. s. sibogae on Okinawa‐jima Island and the Philippine and Indonesian Archipelagos should be assigned high importance for conservation management of this species because adapted genotypes have significant evolutionary potential during environmental changes.

[Correction added on 5th February 2022, after first online publication: Values have been corrected in the Abstract section.]
Microbiomes associated with cultures of Gambierdiscus australes and Ostreopsis cf. ovata, two epibenthic dinoflagellates from the NE Atlantic Ocean (Las Palmas, Gran Canaria)
Authors: Denaro Renata , Crisafi Francesca , Smedile Francesco , Soprano Vittorio , Rossi Rachele , Zingone Adriana , Acosta Felix , Giacobbe Maria Grazia
Published: January 2022

Our study focuses on bacterial communities associated with two benthic, epiphytic dinoflagellates, Gambierdiscus australes and Ostreopsis cf. ovata, isolated from coastal waters of Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, and grown in clonal cultures. The goal was to characterize the stable bacterial consortia found within the phycosphere of each dinoflagellate species and establish into which functional group they fell. High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) results highlighted a higher bacterial diversity in O. ovata compared with G. australes. Alphaproteobacteria dominated in both dinoflagellates with Marivita and Labrenzia as the most represented OTUs in Ostreopsis and Gambierdiscus, respectively, and Thalassospira and Oceanicaulis well represented in both species. Based on SIMPER analyses, Labrenzia and the Phycispherales SM1A02, dominant in Gambierdiscus and Ostreopsis, respectively, accounted for the most significant difference between the two microbiomes. The microbiomes described here differed from those described for the same dinoflagellate species in other studies, which could depend on differences in environmental conditions, macroalgal substrate, and/or growth stage or bloom phase of the microalgal hosts. The distinct bacterial communities associated with the two potentially toxic dinoflagellates, isolated from the same site and sampling event and cultivated under the same conditions, suggest different modalities of interaction and interexchange between bacteria and their hosts.
Gene drives for vertebrate pest control: Realistic spatial modelling of eradication probabilities and times for island mouse populations
Authors: Birand Aysegul , Cassey Phillip , Ross Joshua V. , Russell James C. , Thomas Paul , Prowse Thomas A. A.
Published: January 2022

Invasive alien species continue to threaten global biodiversity. CRISPR‐based gene drives, which can theoretically spread through populations despite imparting a fitness cost, could be used to suppress or eradicate pest populations. We develop an individual‐based, spatially explicit, stochastic model to simulate the ability of CRISPR‐based homing and X chromosome shredding drives to eradicate populations of invasive house mice (Mus muculus) from islands. Using the model, we explore the interactive effect of the efficiency of the drive constructs and the spatial ecology of the target population on the outcome of a gene‐drive release. We also consider the impact of polyandrous mating and sperm competition, which could compromise the efficacy of some gene‐drive strategies. Our results show that both drive strategies could be used to eradicate large populations of mice. Whereas parameters related to drive efficiency and demography strongly influence drive performance, we find that sperm competition following polyandrous mating is unlikely to impact the outcome of an eradication effort substantially. Assumptions regarding the spatial ecology of mice influenced the probability of and time required for eradication, with short‐range dispersal capacities and limited mate‐search areas producing ‘chase’ dynamics across the island characterized by cycles of local extinction and recolonization by mice. We also show that highly efficient drives are not always optimal, when dispersal and mate‐search capabilities are low. Rapid local population suppression around the introduction sites can cause loss of the gene drive before it can spread to the entire island. We conclude that, although the design of efficient gene drives is undoubtedly critical, accurate data on the spatial ecology of target species are critical for predicting the result of a gene‐drive release.
SxsA, a novel surface protein mediating cell aggregation and adhesive biofilm formation of Staphylococcus xylosus
Authors: Schiffer Carolin J. , Schaudinn Christoph , Ehrmann Matthias A. , Vogel Rudi F.
Published: January 2022

Biofilm formation of staphylococci has been an emerging field of research for many years. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood and vary widely between species and strains. The aim of this study was to identify new effectors impacting biofilm formation of two Staphylococcus xylosus strains. We identified a novel surface protein conferring cell aggregation, adherence to abiotic surfaces, and biofilm formation. The S. xylosus surface protein A (SxsA) is a large protein occurring in variable sizes. It lacks sequence similarity to other staphylococcal surface proteins but shows similar structural domain organization and functional features. Upon deletion of sxsA, adherence of S. xylosus strain TMW 2.1523 to abiotic surfaces was completely abolished and significantly reduced in TMW 2.1023. Macro‐ and microscopic aggregation assays further showed that TMW 2.1523 sxsA mutants exhibit reduced cell aggregation compared with the wildtype. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that sxsA is part of the core genome of S. xylosus, Staphylococcus paraxylosus, and Staphylococcus nepalensis and additionally encoded in a small group of Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains. This study provides insights into protein‐mediated biofilm formation of S. xylosus and identifies a new cell wall‐associated protein influencing cell aggregation and biofilm formation.
TAPPing into the potential of inducible tau/APP transgenic mice
Authors: Xu Guilian , Ulm Brittany S. , Howard John , Fromholt Susan E. , Lu Qing , Lee Brian Benedict , Walker Ariel , Borchelt David R. , Lewis Jada
Published: January 2022

Aims

Our understanding of the pathological interactions between amyloidosis and tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease is incomplete. We sought to determine if the relative timing of the amyloidosis and tauopathy is critical for amyloid‐enhanced tauopathy.

Methods

We crossed an inducible tauopathy model with two β‐amyloid models utilising the doxycycline‐repressible transgenic system to modulate timing and duration of human tau expression in the context of amyloidosis and then assessed tauopathy, amyloidosis and gliosis.

Results

We combined inducible rTg4510 tau with APPswe/PS1dE9 [Line 85 (L85)] mice to examine the interactions between Aβ and tauopathy at different stages of amyloidosis. When we initially suppressed mutant human tau expression for 14–15 months and subsequently induced tau expression for 6 months, severe amyloidosis with robust tauopathy resulted in rTg4510/L85 but not rTg4510 mice. When we suppressed mutant tau for 7 months before inducing expression for a subsequent 6 months in another cohort of rTg4510/L85 and rTg4510 mice, only rTg4510/L85 mice displayed robust tauopathy. Lastly, we crossed rTg4510 mice to tet‐regulated APPswe/ind [Line 107 (L107)] mice, using doxycycline to initially suppress both transgenes for 1 month before inducing expression for 5 months to model early amyloidosis. In contrast to rTg4510, rTg4510/L107 mice rapidly developed amyloidosis, accompanied by robust tauopathy.

Conclusions

These data suggest that tau misfolding is exacerbated by both newly forming Aβ deposits in younger brain and mature deposits in older brains. Refined use and repurposing of these models provide new tools to explore the intersection of ageing, amyloid and tauopathy and to test interventions to disrupt the amyloid cascade.
How effective and how expensive are interventions to reduce sedentary behavior? An umbrella review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lam Kevin , Baurecht Hansjörg , Pahmeier Kathrin , Niemann Anja , Romberg Carolin , Biermann‐Stallwitz Janine , Neusser Silke , Wasem Jürgen , Mugler Nida , Welker Christine , Leitzmann Michael , Jochem Carmen
Published: January 2022

A reduction in sedentary behavior (SB) can contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases. This is the first umbrella review that summarizes the effectiveness and monetary costs of different types of interventions to reduce SB across all age groups and populations in different settings. We comprehensively searched seven databases for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses and conducted an umbrella review of the effects of interventions to reduce SB. Additionally, we performed a meta‐analysis of primary studies included in the umbrella review. Furthermore, we analyzed health economic aspects of interventions to reduce SB. We included 40 systematic reviews in our umbrella review, with 136 primary studies suitable for further meta‐analyses. We found that interventions targeting the physical environment reduce SB most effectively in the majority of populations and settings. Workplace interventions reduced SB by −89.83 min/day (95% CI −124.58 to −55.09; p ≤ 0.0001). Twenty‐two of 169 primary studies (13.0%) contained health economic information. The intervention costs per participant ranged from €0 to €3587. Our findings demonstrate that physical environment interventions most effectively reduce SB in a majority of populations and settings. Health economic information was reported in few studies and was mostly restricted to acquisition costs.
Photoprotection by clothing: A review
Authors: Boothby‐Shoemaker Wyatt T. , Mohammad Tasneem F. , Ozog David M. , Lim Henry W.
Published: January 2022

Clothing is recognized by leading health agencies as a primary method to protect against the harmful effects of photodamage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and visible light. The photoprotective capacity of clothing is commonly measured as the ultraviolet protective factor (UPF). While the technology driving photoprotective clothing has been well‐established, there continues to be efforts to discover new materials to improve the UPF of clothing. Here, we show increased Google searches for photoprotective clothing over the last decade, suggesting a high level of public interest in photoprotective clothing. In addition, we investigate the frequency of UPF‐graded photoprotective clothing sold by large retail stores featured inFortune1000. We review factors that alter the UPF of clothing and describe emerging textile technologies used to increase clothing's photoprotective capacity. Finally, we compare how photoprotective clothing is regulated among different countries, the importance of photoprotective clothing in occupational health, and research in visible light and clothing photoprotection.
Reframing the politics of natural resource governance in Africa: Insights from the local content legislation process in Ghana
Authors: Ayanoore Ishmael , Hickey Sam
Published: January 2022

New oil‐producing countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa have moved rapidly to adopt local content legislation to ensure that locally owned firms benefit from natural resource finds. Current research into this move frames local content development in Africa as existing on a continuum between elite projects to accumulate rents and build a domestic capitalist class. This article problematizes such accounts through an in‐depth case study of Ghana. By deploying an adapted “political settlements” framework that incorporates the role of ideas as well as transnational agency, we show that elite commitment to local content reforms is driven by the broader politics of regime survival and paradigmatic ideas rather than political economy factors alone.

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Converting free users to paid subscribers in the SaaS context: The impact of marketing touchpoints, message content, and usage
Authors: Li Hongshuang (Alice)
Published: January 2022

As software‐as‐a‐service (SaaS) becomes an increasingly popular business model, free‐trial acquisition, which allows prospective consumers to explore the service at no charge, also becomes a norm for SaaS companies. However, empirical research on the role of marketing communications, consumers’ free‐trial usage, and their interactions is still lacking. This study utilizes the granular data from a leading SaaS firm that provides prospects with free trials and examines the impact of and interactions among various marketing touchpoints, different types of message content, and the frequency and variety of free‐trial usage on consumers’ subscription decisions. Regarding advertising effectiveness, this study finds that consumer‐initiated touchpoints with all message content enhance conversion, but the firm‐initiated touchpoints conveying persuasive messages discourage conversion. Meanwhile, free‐trial usage does not always follow the old adage “the more, the merrier.” When usage is unpacked as frequency and variety, more frequent free‐trial usage encourages conversion, but exploring a greater variety of software leads to a lower conversion rate. For the focal firm, advertising and free‐trial usage attenuate each other in leading to conversion, except for the persuasive messages sent to frequent users and featured messages to variety‐seeking users. The robustness of these findings is tested, and two simulations demonstrate how the model helps firms determine when to contact consumers with additional display ads or emails. This research provides guidance to SaaS managers on the impact of advertising, free‐trial usage, and the interplay between both on conversion, which facilitates decisions on marketing strategies and resource allocations.
Value Creation in the Public Service Ecosystem: An Integrative Framework
Authors: Osborne Stephen P. , Powell Madeline , Cui Tie , Strokosch Kirsty
Published: January 2022

This article develops the concept of the “public service ecosystem” across four levels—the institutional, service, individual, and beliefs levels. It does this by integrating service management and marketing theory with public administration and management theory. Consequently, it explores both the dimensions of value and value creation within the public service ecosystem at each level, and the interactions and inter‐relationships across these levels. It concludes with the key implications for public administration and management theory and pactice.
End‐of‐life palliative home care for children with cancer: A qualitative study on parents’ experiences
Authors: Hansson Helena , Björk Maria , Santacroce Sheila Judge , Raunkiær Mette
Published: January 2022

Background

There is insufficient knowledge available about the impact of paediatric palliative care at home on meeting family needs and ensuring the highest quality of care for the dying child. The aim of this study was to elucidate parents’ experiences of how and why home‐based paediatric palliative care impacted the entire family during their child's final phase of life.

Methods

The study used a qualitative design. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with the bereaved parents of children who had received palliative care at home from a paediatric cancer hospital department programme that was based on collaboration with community nurses and the paediatric palliative care service. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and qualitative content analysis was applied. The Ecocultural theory was used to explain the findings.

Results

Three main themes emerged: (1) involvement enabling a sense of control and coping, (2) sustaining participation in everyday family life routines and (3) making room for presence and comfort during and after the end‐of‐life trajectory.

Conclusion

End‐of‐life palliative care at home can enable parents and other family members to maintain a sense of control, presence and semblance of everyday life. It contributes to managing and alleviating the burden and distress during the last phase of the child's life and during bereavement. We suggest that healthcare professionals support family members in participation and daily life routines and activities during a child's EOL care, as it affects the well‐being of the entire family.
Disease mechanisms in Sjögren’s syndrome: What do we know?
Authors: Jonsson Roland
Published: January 2022

Why should we explore and study disease mechanisms? This is particularly important when we are dealing with complex pathogenesis without a direct causal agent, for example, syndromes with multiple organ involvements. Sjögren's syndrome is definitely such an entity. Also, there are a number of reasons for such studies such as disclosing the aetiology, to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment of the disease process and monitor response to treatment, to determine targets for treatment, to define critical items in classification criteria, amongst others. Samples available for the study of disease mechanisms in Sjögren's syndrome have included serum (autoantibodies, cytokines), DNA (gene profiling, GWAS), cells (phenotypes/flow cytometry, proportion of cells/CyTOF), tissue (focal inflammation, germinal centres, mass cytometry), and saliva (proteomics, biochemistry, mucosal immunity). An original explanatory concept for the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome proposed a specific and self‐perpetuating immune‐mediated loss of exocrine tissue as the principal cause of glandular hypofunction. This hypothesis however falls short of accommodating several Sjögren's syndrome‐related phenomena and experimental findings. Today, the emergence of advanced bio‐analytical platforms has further enabled the identification of central pathogenic processes and potential biomarkers. The purpose of this minor review is to highlight a selection of previous but also recent and novel aspects on the disease mechanisms in Sjögren's syndrome.
Transgender‐based disparities in suicidality: A population‐based study of key predictions from four theoretical models
Authors: Bränström Richard , Stormbom Isabella , Bergendal Morgan , Pachankis John E.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Numerous studies have reported a high prevalence of suicidality among transgender individuals. Yet few studies have reported results from population‐based samples, leaving open questions about the generalizability of existing findings. Factors proposed to explain transgender individuals’ elevated risk of suicidality derive from several theoretical models (i.e., clinical model, interpersonal model, minority stress model, and societal integration model). These models identify both general risk factors (e.g., mental health risks and interpersonal risks) assumed to be elevated among transgender individuals because of transgender individuals’ exposure to stigma‐related disadvantage and the stigma‐specific risks themselves (e.g., minority stressors such as discrimination). This is one of the first population‐based studies to examine differences in suicidality between transgender and cisgender individuals and theoretically derived factors potentially explaining such differences.

Methods

A sample of 533 transgender and 104,757 cisgender individuals (age 16–84) was analyzed.

Results

Compared to cisgender individuals, transgender individuals were at a substantially higher risk of reporting both lifetime and past 12‐month suicidality. Several factors partially mediated the increased risk of suicidality among transgender compared to cisgender individuals, including depressive symptoms, lack of social support, and exposure to discrimination.

Conclusions

This study suggests that transgender people experience multiple psychosocial health threats and calls for interventions to reduce these threats.
Trajectories of suicidal ideation following separation from military service: Overall trends and group differences
Authors: Hoffmire Claire A. , Borowski Shelby , Griffin Brandon J. , Maguen Shira , Vogt Dawne
Published: January 2022

Background

Although the transition out of military service is a high‐risk time for suicidal ideation (SI), a paucity of research examines the development of SI during this transition process and veteran subgroups at risk for SI as they readjust to civilian life.

Methods

A population‐based, longitudinal post‐9/11 veteran cohort reported SI frequency at 3, 9, 15, 21, and 27 months post‐separation using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9. We identified distinct trajectories of SI over time (i.e., classes) using latent class growth analysis and examined demographic and military service predictors of class membership overall and by gender using multinomial logistic regression.

Results

Four SI trajectories that were similar across genders were identified: resilient (90.1%), delayed onset (5.0%), remitting (2.7%), and chronic (2.2%). Younger age, minority race/ethnicity, medical and other (vs. honorable) separation types, and Veterans Health Administration service utilization were associated with increased odds of assignment to a higher‐risk trajectory (delayed onset, remitting, and/or chronic vs. resilient), whereas continued service in the National Guard/Reserves and officer rank was associated with lower odds of assignment to a higher‐risk trajectory.

Conclusions

Findings regarding veterans at greatest risk for SI following military separation can inform targeted assessment and early intervention efforts.
Land suitability mapping using GIS‐based ANP for residential zoning: Case research from central Iran
Authors: Aghmashhadi Amir H. , Azizi Ali , Zahedi Samaneh , Hoseinkhani Maryam , Cirella Giuseppe T.
Published: January 2022

Markazi Province has high potential for residential development due to its geopolitical location in the central part of Iran. This study investigated the possibility of residential area development in Markazi Province using a GIS‐based analytic network process. ArcGIS Version 10.6.1 and Super Decision Version 3.2 software were utilized for the zoning and assessment of criteria. All criteria, and their sub‐criteria, and limitations were gathered using national standards, literature review, and experts. According to the final residential area land suitability map, 16.74% of Markazi Province is highly or very highly suitable for urban development, even though 57.55% of the province's area (i.e., 30% of its current cities) are located in the exclusion zone. Results suggested that most parts of the province do not have desirable conditions for residential zoning. Further attention and deepened GIS monitoring over an extended period would be beneficial before future development is considered. In particular, the natural limitations in the region—such as slope—impede development potential. The study provides an alternative quantifiable and verifiable approach for sustainable urban planning from a land use policy perspective.
Placing the law: The socio‐spatial impact of legal norms beyond mere compliance
Authors: Chiodelli Francesco , Morpurgo Daniela
Published: January 2022

This paper explores the complex ways in which a legal norm can influence a socio‐spatial context. More precisely, the paper aims to contribute to the theoretical investigation of the nexus between law and space in the field of legal geography by proposing an analytical framework for the study of the spatial operativity of law beyond compliance. To do so, this work relies on the concepts of nomotropism (namely, “acting in light of the rule”) and effectiveness‐as‐operativity. They imply that (1) any legal norm that has a causal relation with an action can be deemed effective regardless of whether such action conforms with or transgresses such norm, and (2) the impact of a norm is not confined to mere compliance. The paper then articulates the analytical framework derived by these theoretical insights with reference to different kinds of norms (law in actu and law in intellectu; law in books and law in practice). The relevance of the resulting theoretical structure for the investigation of complex socio‐spatial phenomena is finally exemplified through the analysis of a conflictual process for the establishment of a Muslim place of worship in Italy.
Procedural adverse events in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease undergoing chronic automated red cell exchange
Authors: Wade Jenna , Yee Marianne E. M. , Easley Kirk A. , Pahz Shannon , Butler Hailly , Zerra Patricia E. , Josephson Cassandra D. , Fasano Ross M.
Published: January 2022

Background

Chronic automated red cell exchange (RCE) is increasingly employed for sickle cell disease (SCD). There is a paucity of data on the incidence of RCE adverse events (AEs) and potential patient and procedural risk factors for AEs.

Methods

A retrospective review of pediatric SCD patients receiving chronic RCE over 3 years was performed to determine the frequency of AEs and identify procedural and patient AE risk factors. AE incidence, AE rate, incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and relative risks (RRs) were calculated based on various procedural and patient characteristics by univariable (UV) and multivariable (MV) analyses.

Results

In 38 patients receiving 760 procedures, there were 150 (19.7%) AEs, 36 (4.7%) were symptomatic AEs. AE rates were 20.2 [95% CI 17.2, 23.6] and 4.8 [95% CI 3.49, 6.70] per 100 person months for AEs and symptomatic AEs, respectively. AE incidences were: hypocalcemia (117; 15.4%), dizziness (22; 3.0%), hypotension (15; 2.0%), and nausea (14; 1.8%). Patients with baseline Hct ≥30% experienced more total AEs and symptomatic AEs. Patients with pre‐procedure systolic BP <50th percentile, severe CNS vasculopathy, and non‐SCA genotype (HbSC or Sβ+ thalassemia) exhibited more total AEs. IHD depletion was not associated with an increased incidence of AEs or symptomatic AEs.

Conclusion

SCD patients with Hct ≥30%, systolic BP <50th percentile, severe CNS vasculopathy, and possibly non‐SCA genotype may be at higher risk for RCE‐related AEs. The effect of IHD on AE risk is likely minimal. Individualized AE risk assessment should be performed in all SCD patients undergoing chronic automated RCE.
The determinants of air cargo flows and the role of multinational agreements: An empirical comparison with trade and air passenger flows
Authors: Oesingmann Katrin
Published: January 2022

This paper analyses the effect of the standard gravity model variables and of various multinational agreements—namely the Euro, the European Union (EU), the Schengen Agreement and other regional trade agreements (RTAs)—on the volume of air cargo flows. To compare the impacts, the data set created for this analysis contains intra‐ and extra‐European air cargo flows as well as data on air passenger and total trade flows. The results suggest that the impact of the analysed multinational agreements on air cargo flows diverges completely from their impact on total trade flows—however, the effects on air cargo flows are more similar to the effects on air passenger flows. Whereas the Euro and the Schengen Agreement affect air cargo volumes positively, EU membership and other RTAs do not significantly affect trade by air. Methodology‐wise, different dynamic structural gravity models are formulated and estimated with Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PPML). Including intranational flows and controlling for multilateral resistance, endogeneity and globalisation effects reverses the impact of some of the policy variables compared with an estimate based on a simple structural gravity model.
INTRODUCTION TO ESSAYS IN HONOR OF ALISTER McGRATH
Authors: Sollereder Bethany
Published: January 2022

This introduction gives a short biography of Alister McGrath, introduces the articles that are part of this special issue, and concludes with a few personal reflections on working with McGrath by the author.
Time‐dependent changes in autophagy, mitophagy and lysosomes in skeletal muscle during denervation‐induced disuse
Authors: Triolo Matthew , Slavin Mikhaela , Moradi Neushaw , Hood David A.
Published: January 2022

Deficits in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and quality are observed following denervation‐atrophy. This is due to alterations in the biogenesis of new mitochondria as well as their degradation via mitophagy. The regulation of autophagy and mitophagy over the course of denervation (Den) remains unknown. Further, the time‐dependent changes in lysosome content, the end‐stage organelle for mitophagy, remain unexplored. Here, we studied autophagic as well as mitophagic pre‐lysosomal flux in subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria from rat muscle subjected to Den for 1, 3 or 7 days. We also assessed flux at 1 day post‐denervation in transgenic mt‐keima mice. Markers of mitochondrial content were reduced at 7 days following Den, and Den further resulted in rapid decrements in mitochondrial respiration, along with increased ROS emission. Pre‐lysosomal autophagy flux was upregulated at 1 and 3 days post‐Den but was reduced compared to time‐matched sham‐operated controls at 7 days post‐Den. Similarly, pre‐lysosomal mitophagy flux was enhanced in SS mitochondria as early as 1 and 3 days of Den but decreased in both SS and IMF subfractions following 7 days of Den. Lysosome protein content and transcriptional regulators TFEB and TFE3 were progressively enhanced with Den, an adaptation designed to enhance autophagic capacity. However, evidence for lysosome dysfunction was apparent by 7 days, which may limit degradation capacity. This may contribute to an inability to clear dysfunctional mitochondria and increased ROS signalling, thereby accelerating muscle atrophy. Thus, therapeutic targeting of lysosome function may help to maintain autophagy and muscle health during conditions of muscle disuse or denervation.

Key points

Denervation is an experimental model of peripheral neuropathies as well as muscle disuse, and it helps us understand some aspects of the sarcopenia of ageing.

Muscle disuse is associated with reduced mitochondrial content and function, leading to metabolic impairments within the tissue. Although the processes that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis are understood, those that govern mitochondrial breakdown (i.e. mitophagy) are not well characterized in this context.

Autophagy and mitophagy flux, measured up to the point of the lysosome (pre‐lysosomal flux rates), were increased in the early stages of denervation, along with mitochondrial dysfunction, but were reduced at later time points when the degree of muscle atrophy was highest.

Denervation led to progressive increases in lysosomal proteins to accommodate mitophagy flux, yet evidence for lysosomal impairment at later stages may limit the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria, stimulate reactive oxygen species signalling, and reduce muscle health as denervation time progresses.
Causas del despojo y abandono forzado de tierras en Colombia. Una mirada desde el derecho privado
Authors: Martínez-Luna William Fernando
Published: January 2022

Teniendo en cuenta que el proceso de restitución de tierras despojadas o abandonadas, regulado por la Ley 1448 de 2011, busca ubicar a la víctima en el mismo estado en que se encontraba antes de la situación que lo separó material y jurídicamente de sus bienes, se hace indispensable para el juez, a la hora de establecer la medida de protección, determinar el vínculo jurídico que ostentaba la víctima sobre el predio y las causas que produjeron el despojo o abandono de la tierra. De acuerdo con esto, el propósito de este trabajo es identificar cuáles han sido los principales derechos y vínculos jurídicos vulnerados a la población como consecuencia del conflicto armado interno, e indagar los motivos y modalidades que lo produjeron. Para esto se hará un análisis cuantitativo descriptivo de sentencias emitidas por los jueces y tribunales especializados en restitución de tierras.
Ocupar e desconstruir — a derrubada simbólica de estátuas colonizadoras através da série Devolta, de Diambe da Silva
Authors: Baker Julia
Published: January 2022

O presente artigo busca articular o movimento de derrubada de estátuas, símbolos da colonização e escravidão, com a performance coreográfica da artista Diambe da Silva na cidade do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 2019 e 2020. Primeiro é contextualizado o papel social e simbólico das estátuas no espaço público, e como a arte é vetor de mudança através de uma breve revisão bibliográfica de artigos e textos, que colocam em evidência a problemática de estátuas de personalidades controversas que ainda são preservadas e mantidas em espaços públicos e como o poder público e os cidadãos vem lidando com essa questão nos últimos anos. Depois, a obra de Diambe é analisada, a partir da escolha das estátuas e sua localização no Rio de Janeiro. O artigo selecionou três coreografias da série Devolta que ocorreram nas estátuas das figuras históricas de Dom Pedro I, Dom João VI e Princesa Isabel, personalidades recorrentes nas narrativas da história colonial brasileira e que exerceram papéis centrais e controversos quando revisitamos a narrativa construída de um país que, de colônia, se tornou império para, por fim, ser reconhecido como república. Através das coreografias, um novo sentido simbólico é dado às estátuas, localizadas em espaços de destaque da cidade, conhecidas áreas nobres, o bairro de Copacabana e o centro comercial da cidade, sendo o último espaço de moradia da monarquia portuguesa no Brasil. Relacionando os conceitos de coreopolícia e coreopolítica de Andre Lepecki com a obra de Diambe em conjunto com pensamentos de Achille Mbembe sobre o destino das estátuas representantes de um passado opressor colonial, o artigo faz uma leitura crítica do lugar das estátuas na atualidade a partir da obra da artista.
La revuelta performativa. Hacia una noción expandida de cuerpos e imágenes en el espacio público a partir del estallido social chileno
Authors: Pinto Veas Ivan , Bello Maria Jose
Published: January 2022

A dos años del llamado “estallido de Octubre”, este artículo se centra en una mirada retrospectiva a piezas audiovisuales realizadas por distintos colectivos audiovisuales insertos en un proceso de protesta y transformación social. El texto realiza un análisis desde las ideas de performance y performatividad, proponiendo la noción de un “espacio performático” que acompañó el proceso propiamente performativo de la revuelta. Luego de revisar las condiciones y consecuencias políticas del estallido, así como discutir cómo se insertan estas manifestaciones en las relaciones arte y política, el articulo analiza diversas piezas y registros que constituyen un corpus sólido de un archivo audiovisual de la revuelta social. La creación de relatos audiovisuales fue parte de un acelerado proceso de transformación en las formas de hacer y comunicar las demandas políticas, desde una estética vinculada a la ocupación artística del espacio público que se plasmó en narrativas que desestabilizaron el orden dominante desde las pantallas.
A Subspace-Inclusive Sampling Method for the Computational Design of Compositionally Graded Alloys
Authors: Allen Marshall , Kirk Tanner , Malak Richard , Arroyave Raymundo
Published: January 2022

Compositionally graded alloys, a subclass of functionally graded materials (FGMs), utilize localized variations in composition with a single metal part to achieve higher performance than traditional single material parts. In previous work [Kirk, T., Galvan, E., Malak, R., and Arroyave, R., 2018, “Computational Design of Gradient Paths in Additively Manufactured Functionally Graded Materials,” J. Mech. Des., 140, p. 111410. 10.1115/1.4040816], the authors presented a computational design methodology that avoids common issues which limit a gradient alloy’s feasibility, such as deleterious phases, and optimizes for performance objectives. However, the previous methodology only samples the interior of a composition space, meaning designed gradients must include all elements in the space throughout the gradient. Because even small amounts of additional alloying elements can introduce new deleterious phases, this characteristic often neglects potentially simpler solutions to otherwise unsolvable problems and, consequently, discourages the addition of new elements to the state space. The present work improves upon the previous methodology by introducing a sampling method that includes subspaces with fewer elements in the design search. The new method samples within an artificially expanded form of the state space and projects samples outside the true region to the nearest true subspace. This method is evaluated first by observing the sample distribution in each subspace of a 3D, 4D, and 5D state space. Next, a parametric study in a synthetic 3D problem compares the performance of the new sampling scheme to the previous methodology. Lastly, the updated methodology is applied to design a gradient from stainless steel to equiatomic NiTi that has practical uses such as embedded shape memory actuation and for which the previous methodology fails to find a feasible path.
Experimental Confirmation that an UncommonrrsGene Mutation (g878a) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Confers Resistance to Streptomycin
Authors: Domenech Pilar , Mouhoub Esma , Reed Michael B.
Published: January 2022

The effective treatment of patients diagnosed with drug-resistant tuberculosis is highly dependent on the ability to rapidly and accurately determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of theMycobacterium tuberculosisisolate(s) involved. Thus, as more clinical microbiology laboratories advance toward the use of DNA sequence-based diagnostics, it is imperative that their predictive functions extend beyond the well-known resistance mutations in order to also encompass as many of the lower-frequency mutations as possible.
Case Commentary: Long-Term Fosmanogepix Use in a Transplant Recipient with Disseminated Aspergillosis Caused by Azole-Resistant Aspergillus calidoustus
Authors: Kline Ahnika , Lionakis Michail S.
Published: January 2022

Aspergillus calidoustus
is an emerging, azole-resistant, cryptic
Aspergillus
species in immunosuppressed patients that often features extrapulmonary involvement and carries high mortality. The case presented by J.
Supplemental Material: A shallow-water depositional interpretation for the upper Miocene Chagres Formation (Caribbean coast of Panama)
Authors: Stiles Elena , al. et
Published: January 2022

Supplemental Material 1: Playa Tortuguillas. Supplemental Material 2: Piña Norte. Supplemental Material 3: Piña Sur. Supplemental Material 4: Balneario Tommy. Supplemental Material 5: Monasterio Palmas Bellas. Supplemental Material 6: Localities visited in this study, along with the reference number of the sediment samples used in previous paleobiological studies performed in the Panama Paleontology Project (Collins et al., 1996b; Collins and Coates, 1999), collected at these approximate locations.
Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder
Authors: Aybek Selma , Perez David L
Published: January 2022

Functional neurological disorder (FND), previously regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion, is now a rule-in diagnosis with available treatments. This represents a major step toward destigmatizing the disorder, which was often doubted and deemed untreatable. FND is prevalent, generally affecting young and middle aged adults, and can cause severe disability in some individuals. An early diagnosis, with subsequent access to evidence based rehabilitative and/or psychological treatments, can promote recovery—albeit not all patients respond to currently available treatments. This review presents the latest advances in the use of validated rule-in examination signs to guide diagnosis, and the range of therapeutic approaches available to care for patients with FND. The article focuses on the two most frequently identified subtypes of FND: motor (weakness and/or movement disorders) and seizure type symptoms. Twenty two studies on motor and 27 studies on seizure type symptoms report high specificities of clinical signs (64-100%), and individual signs are reviewed. Rehabilitative interventions (physical and occupational therapy) are treatments of choice for functional motor symptoms, while psychotherapy is an emerging evidence based treatment across FND subtypes. The literature to date highlights heterogeneity in responses to treatment, underscoring that more research is needed to individualize treatments and develop novel interventions.
Association between youth homicides and state spending: a Chicago cross-sectional case study
Authors: Mason Maryann , McLone Suzanne , Monuteaux Michael C , Sheehan Karen , Lee Lois K , Fleegler Eric W
Published: January 2022

Objective

To identify contributing factors associated with rapid spikes and declines in Chicago youth homicide from 2009 to 2018.

Setting

City of Chicago, Illinois, US 2009–2018.

Participants

Homicide count data come from the National Violent Death Reporting System. The study included information on 2271 homicide decedents between the ages of 15 and 24 who died between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2018. Of these decedents, 92.9% were male; 79.1% were non-Hispanic black; and 94.9% died from a firearm injury.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

(A) Temporal shifts in monthly homicide rates and (B) temporal associations between social, environmental and economic conditions/events and fluctuations in homicides.

Results

We found statistically significant shifts in homicide rates over time: a 77% rise in monthly youth homicide rates per 100 000 persons from 2015 to 2016 (4.3 vs 7.5); dropping back to pre-2015 rates (4.3) by mid-2017. There was a temporal co-occurrence between the rapid rise in youth homicides and absence of a state budget. Conversely, we found a temporal co-occurrence of the sharp decline in homicides with the reinstatement of a state budget. Adjusting for seasonality, we found death rates were greater in the months without a budget compared with months with a budget (1.48, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.70).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that state funding may be a potential protective factor against youth homicide.
Patient-driven innovations reported in peer-reviewed journals: a scoping review
Authors: Reinius Maria , Mazzocato Pamela , Riggare Sara , Bylund Ami , Jansson Hanna , Øvretveit John , Savage Carl , Wannheden Carolina , Hasson Henna
Published: January 2022

Background

Awareness of patients’ innovative capabilities is increasing, but there is limited knowledge regarding the extent and nature of patient-driven innovations in the peer-reviewed literature.

Objectives

The objective of the review was to answer the question: what is the nature and extent of patient-driven innovations published in peer-reviewed scientific journals?

Eligibility criteria

We used a broad definition of innovation to allow for a comprehensive review of different types of innovations and a narrow definition of ‘patient driven’ to focus on the role of patients and/or family caregivers. The search was limited to years 2008–2020.

Sources of evidence

Four electronic databases (Medline (Ovid), Web of Science Core Collection, PsycINFO (Ovid) and Cinahl (Ebsco)) were searched in December 2020 for publications describing patient-driven innovations and complemented with snowball strategies.

Charting methods

Data from the included articles were extracted and categorised inductively.

Results

A total of 96 articles on 20 patient-driven innovations were included. The number of publications increased over time, with 69% of the articles published between 2016 and 2020. Author affiliations were exclusively in high income countries with 56% of first authors in North America and 36% in European countries. Among the 20 innovations reported, ‘Do-It-Yourself Artificial Pancreas System‘ and the online health network ‘PatientsLikeMe’, were the subject of half of the articles.

Conclusions

Peer-reviewed publications on patient-driven innovations are increasing and we see an important opportunity for researchers and clinicians to support patient innovators’ research while being mindful of taking over the work of the innovators themselves.
Population attributable fractions of modifiable cancer risk factors in Korea: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Han Mi Ah , Hwang Eu Chang , Jung Jae Hung , Kim Seo-Hee , Park Sun Mi
Published: January 2022

Introduction

The burden of cancer continues to increase worldwide, and cancer is the leading cause of life expectancy reduction and death in Korea. Population attributable fraction (PAF), an epidemiological measure of exposures and health outcomes, could provide information on the public health impacts of exposures in populations. Knowing the PAFs of modifiable risk factors could aid in planning and prioritising strategies to reduce cancer burden in the population. This study aims to summarise systematically the PAF estimates of modifiable cancer risk factors in Korea.

Methods and analysis

This review will include studies that determined PAFs of modifiable risk factors on cancer incidence and mortality in Korea. We will define modifiable risk factors as those that can be changed directly by peoples’ conscious actions. We will perform systematic searches in EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Korean databases (Korean Studies Information Service System, Research Information Sharing Service, KoreaMED, Korean Medical Database, National Assembly Library, and Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information) from their inception to July 2021. Two reviewers will independently screen studies for eligibility, extract data and perform quality assessments of the included studies. We will present the results in a qualitative or descriptive manner and will not perform meta-analyses or other quantitative data synthesis to derive summary estimates of PAFs because we anticipate high variability among PAF estimates.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval is not required because we will only use data from published papers. We will disseminate the results through publication in a peer-reviewed journals.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42021268258.