bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surveillance of Chigger Mite Vectors for Tsutsugamushi Disease in the Hwaseong Area, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 2015
Authors: Bahk Young Yil , Jun Hojong , Park Seo Hye , Jung Haneul , Jegal Seung , Kim-Jeon Myung-Deok , Roh Jong Yul , Lee Wook-Gyo , Ahn Seong Kyu , Lee Jinyoung , Joo Kwangsig , Gong Young Woo , Kwon Mun Ju , Kim Tong-Soo
Published: June 2020

Owing to global climate change, the global resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases and their potential to inflict widespread casualties among human populations has emerged as a pivotal burden on public health systems. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in the Republic of Korea is steadily increasing and was designated as a legal communicable disease in 1994. The disease is a mite-borne acute febrile disease most commonly contracted from October to December. In this study, we tried to determine the prevalence of tsutsugamushi disease transmitted by chigger mites living on rodents and investigated their target vector diversity, abundance, and distribution to enable the mapping of hotspots for this disease in 2015. A total of 5 species belonging to 4 genera (109 mites): Leptotrombidium scutellare 60.6%, L. pallidum 28.4% Neotrombicula tamiyai 9.2%, Euschoengastia koreaensis/0.9%), and Neoschoengastia asakawa 0.9% were collected using chigger mite collecting traps mimicking human skin odor and sticky chigger traps from April to November 2015. Chigger mites causing tsutsugamushi disease in wild rodents were also collected in Hwaseong for the zoonotic surveillance of the vector. A total of 77 rodents belonging to 3 genera: Apodemus agrarius (93.5%), Crocidura lasiura (5.2%), and Micromys minutus (1.3%) were collected in April, October, and November 2015. The most common mite was L. pallidum (46.9%), followed by L. scutellare (18.6%), and L. orientale (18.0%). However, any of the chigger mite pools collected from rodent hosts was tested positive for Orientia tsutsugamushi, the pathogen of tsutsugamushi disease, in this survey.
DISTRICT PLANNING AND LAND USE
Authors: Rau C
Published: June 2020

-
Anticipating the unexpected - managing pasture pest outbreaks after large-scale land conversion
Authors: Jackson T.A. , Townsend R.J. , Dunbar J.E. , Ferguson C.M. , Marshall S.D.G. , Zydenbos S.M.
Published: June 2020

Pasture pests are often held in check by natural enemies but we have observed that severe pest attack over a wide area can occur after large scale land use change. Data were reviewed from current projects and databases for pest density and damage records covering the past 30 years. The focus was on areas where large scale land change has been implemented, including new irrigation schemes, pasture development from tussock or scrub, and land moulding for drainage via "flipping" or "hump and hollow". In these situations, pest outbreaks reached unprecedented levels, e.g. 2200 grass grub larvae/m2 in the Amuri irrigation scheme, 770 porina larvae/m2 on the East Otago Plateau and 3500 manuka beetle larvae/ m2 at Cape Foulwind on the West Coast. With major land use change, a new environment is created where pest species are provided abundant resources and the initial invaders multiply rapidly, free from the pressure of natural enemies. Monitoring systems, to provide early warning of pest attack, and remediation strategies can be used to overcome damage by these pests. Keywords: Land development, pest outbreaks, grass grub, manuka beetle, porina
RPR revisited (1): Research, recommendations, promotion and use in New Zealand
Authors: Quin B.F. , Zaman M.
Published: June 2020

Reactive phosphate rock (RPR) has been studied extensively in field trials and laboratory research in New Zealand since the 1930s. This paper looks at the different approaches to research over the decades, at what conclusions were drawn, at the recommendations made to farmers, and at the commercial promotion and sales of RPR. It is not an exhaustive literature review, but sufficiently comprehensive to demonstrate the large amount of research conducted, and to document the important issues that have arisen, particularly with respect to advice being given to farmers. RPR research has suffered from a series of mishaps which have hindered, in one way or another, the results being accurately interpreted and passed on clearly to farmers. There is a need for specific advice for farmers regarding managing or minimising any lag in production following a switch to RPR. New Zealand's grazed pastures, water quality and "clean and green" image internationally are closely interlinked. Given the proven significant reduction in P losses in run-off to waterways with RPR, the conditions in which RPR can be successfully used in New Zealand's pastoral agriculture have been reassessed. Key words: reactive phosphate rock, RPR, superphosphate, SSP, TSP, PAPR, long-term comparisons, plot trials, grazing trials, fertiliser recommendations, history
Evaluating the Agronomic Effectiveness of Fertiliser Products
Authors: Edmeades D.C. , Mcbride R.M.
Published: June 2020

One of the problems which arises when analysing and interpreting results from field trials designed to test the efficacy of fertilisers and fertiliser-type products on pastures and crops is the conundrum of Type 1 and Type 2 statistical errors: is the product having literally no effect, or is the trial not "powerful" enough to detect small differences. This problem can be objectively and pragmatically solved, when sufficient trial data are available, by using cumulative frequency distribution functions. In this paper we explain what cumulative frequency distribution functions are and their usefulness for determining the agronomic effectiveness of products. This technique is then applied to field trial data testing the effectiveness of a number of fertiliser and fertiliser-type products used in agriculture today. It is concluded that this approach provides a more objective basis for determining the efficacy or otherwise of fertilisers. Keywords: fertilisers, agronomic effectiveness, testing, field trials, cumulative frequency distribution.
Evaluating perennial ryegrass cultivars: improving testing
Authors: Kerr G.A. , Chapman D.F. , Thom E.R. , Matthew C. , Van der Linden A. , Baird D.B. , Johnston E. , Corkran J.R.
Published: June 2020

The agronomic performance of a range of perennial ryegrass cultivar-endophyte combinations was compared in 16 trials conducted at sites throughout New Zealand. Each trial was run for 3 years according to seed industry evaluation protocols, measuring variables including: dry matter (DM) yield (total annual and seasonal DM yield), ryegrass ground cover at the end of 3 years, susceptibility to plant pulling, and rust incidence. The change in DM yield over the 3-year term of each trial was also analysed. There were significant differences among cultivars in total annual DM yield, and in seasonal DM yield for each of the five periods of the year among which yield was split (winter, early spring, late spring, summer, and autumn). Mean annual yield declined between Year 1 and Year 3 in all regions except Taranaki, by between 0.8 t DM/ha (Canterbury) and 5.3 t DM/ha (Waikato). There were significant region, year, region × year, and cultivar × year interactions in yield change. Significant differences in ground cover score for perennial ryegrass at the end of 3 years were recorded among cultivars. However, these differences did not mirror on-farm observations of ryegrass persistence in the Waikato during the drought of 2007/08, suggesting that the standard trial protocols currently used do not adequately test persistence. It is recommended that industry cultivar testing needs to more accurately assess perennial ryegrass persistence, using new protocols including running trials on commercial farms, for more than 3 years, and using mixed swards. Genetic differences in persistence could be generated more quickly by choosing sites known to challenge perennial ryegrass growth and survival. Keywords: perennial ryegrass, cultivar evaluation, DM yield, persistence testing, plant pulling, rust
The changing face of southern New Zealand farming: opportunities of land use change
Authors: Copland R.J. , Stevens D.R.
Published: June 2020

Southern New Zealand has seen major changes in land use in the past 20 years with the rise in dairy cows in milk from 149 000 in 1994 to 682 000 in 2010, while breeding ewe numbers have declined from 11.2 million to 7.3 million over the same period. The development of milking platforms with a significant need for winter dairy grazing has opened up many opportunities for sheep, beef and deer farmers in the region. The need to remain profitable, displacement of sheep to more marginal land, and social influences such as retaining family ownership have encouraged farmers to make the most of potential land-use change opportunities. Three case studies outline the changes made and potential profitability increases in dairy conversion, flexible sheep and beef operations and improved deer production, with cash surplus after expenses being more than doubled in each case. Keywords: land use, profit, dairy, sheep, beef, deer.
Understanding the role of spring grazing of lucerne in the Central Otago environment
Authors: Stevens D.R. , Thompson B.R. , Carruthers A. , Wall A.J. , Casey M.J. , Phiskie R. , Young P. , Moot D.J.
Published: June 2020

The Lucerne for Lambs Sustainable Farming Fund project used on-farm data and whole-farm modelling to help farmers understand the impact of increasing the amount of grazing dryland lucerne on Central Otago farms. On-farm results from 2 years showed that spring stocking rate on lucerne-based pasture averaged 10 ewes and their lambs per hectare compared with 3 ewes and their lambs on dryland grass-based pasture. Lamb growth rate was approximately 50 g/day higher on lucerne-based pastures, resulting in a total lamb production of 358 kg liveweight/ha at weaning compared with 108 kg liveweight/ha on grass-based pastures. Whole-farm modelling showed that increased profitability could be achieved by the addition of significant areas of grazing lucerne. Profitability increased by $119/ha on a 5000 ha traditional merino property. Profitability of a 522 ha partially irrigated valley floor property running crossbred ewes was increased by $249/ha. Using lucerne for spring grazing also reduced the impacts of both winter and summer droughts in the variable conditions of Central Otago. Keywords: dryland, lamb growth, lucerne, modelling, profitability, stocking rate, whole farm systems.
Effects of weather variability on sheep and beef farming in northern Southland, New Zealand: A modelling analysis
Authors: Li F.Y. , Vibart R. , Dynes R.A. , Vogeler I. , Brown M.
Published: June 2020

Inter-annual weather variation has profound effects on pasture production and pastoral farm performance. However, the relationship between the variation in herbage and animal production and farm economic and environmental (nitrate leaching and greenhouse gas emission) outcomes are not clearly quantified, especially with varying farm management strategies applied under variable weather scenarios. We used a pasture model (APSIM-AgPasture), corroborated by measured pasture growth data, to generate pasture growth curves for a typical sheep and beef farm in northern Southland for the past 39 years, and grouped them into five weather scenarios. We fed these curves into a farm system model (Farmax) to examine the changes in farm performance with various management adaptations. We found that farm economic and environmental outcomes did not respond proportionally to pasture production; compared with the variation range in herbage production, the variation range in animal production was smaller, but the variation range in farm profitability was larger. Environmental efficiency (nitrate leaching and greenhouse gas emissions per unit of animal products) was high in wet years. Our results highlight the importance of considering the nonproportional changes among pasture production, animal production, profitability, and environmental outcomes of pastoral farming when selecting farm management strategies and tactics to adapt to weather variations, and indicate the necessity of incorporating these non-linear relationships in the development of farm management decision support tools. Key words: Climate variability, pasture herbage production, animal production, production efficiency, environmental efficiency, management adaptation
Using nitrogen fertiliser to decrease phosphorus loss from high phosphorus soils
Authors: Dodd R.J. , Mcdowell R.W. , Condron L.M.
Published: June 2020

Decline in soil phosphorus (P) concentrations is slow, and environmentally significant concentrations of P can be lost to water long after fertiliser application is decreased. One potential method to accelerate the decline in soil P concentrations is to increase plant uptake by applying nitrogen (N). A one-year lysimeter trial investigated P losses to leachate on three soil types receiving three rates of N fertiliser (0, 150 and 300 kg N/ha/yr) and zero or half maintenance P fertiliser, with regular cutting and removal of pasture. Increasing N input increased annual pasture yield and decreased DRP loss in leachate compared to the zero N treatment, without increasing nitrate or ammonium loss. Furthermore, treatments receiving half maintenance P at all N rates had lower P losses than the zero N and zero P treatment. Based on a cut and carry system, increasing N fertiliser in conjunction with decreasing P fertiliser has potential as a mitigation strategy to decrease P loss without compromising yields or increasing N leaching.
A comparison of the intake of cows grazing swedes and kale and consequent condition score change.
Authors: Thompson B.R. , Stevens D.R.
Published: June 2020

The actual intake requirements of kale and swedes for maintenance and gain are not well defined for pregnant cows in winter. Farmer observations of cows grazing brassicas suggested that the winter feed requirements appeared much greater than those calculated using industry standards. Two balanced groups of dairy cows were grazed under similar management practices on a kale or swede brassica crop for a 5-week period during winter to estimate total energy intake and intake rate. Brassica intake rates did not differ significantly except for the period 5-24 hours after the commencement of grazing, when the swede group cows consumed more crop than the kale group (P=0.042). Body condition score change was higher (P
Effects of soil fertility and compaction on root dynamics in a perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture
Authors: Dodd M.B. , Mackay A.D.
Published: June 2020

Pasture root mass and production were measured in two experiments in the Manawatu region. The first examined the effects of nitrogen (N) inputs and soil phosphorus (P) status over one year (2008/9) and the second examined the interacting effects of soil P status and artificial soil compaction over one year (2011/12). Root mass was measured by soil core sampling and root production was measured by an in-growth core technique, to 120 mm depth. Over most of the two periods studied there were no significant differences in root mass or production between treatments. However, higher N+P fertility resulted in 20% lower root mass but 32% higher root production during September and November 2008. In 2011/12, soil compaction reduced root production by approximately 22% yearround. Increased soil P fertility did not compensate for this effect. Fertility effects on root growth seem more influenced by N than P in this system. Keywords: nitrogen, phosphorus, root production, soil compaction
A review of the effect of autumn nitrogen fertiliser on pasture nitrogen concentration and an assessment of the potential effects on nitrate leaching risk
Authors: Shepherd M. , Lucci G.
Published: June 2020

The aim was to test the hypothesis that nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied in autumn increases N leaching by increasing pasture N concentration (Nconc) and thus increasing partitioning of excretal N to urine. A review of past data showed that N fertiliser application generally had only a small effect on pasture Nconc, on average. The general effect was ±5% or less for single applications of 50 kg N/ha or less, compared with nil N fertilised pasture, depending on the season. Based on this, we estimated that the increase in pasture Nconc from autumn fertiliser is less important for nitrate leaching risk than the extra forage grown, and the resultant extra N consumed and excreted as a result of the applied fertiliser N. However, if the period between fertiliser application and grazing is short, the elevation in Nconc is likely to be larger with a greater influence on partitioning to urinary N. Keywords: Nitrogen, fertiliser, pasture nitrogen concentration, urine
An assessment of the implications of timing and soil nitrogen dynamics during and after summer drought on Waikato Allophanic soils
Authors: Lucci G.M. , Shepherd M. , Vogeler I.
Published: June 2020

Recommendations for farming when coming out of a drought are to apply fertiliser nitrogen (N), but when a drought breaks late in the season (i.e. mid to late autumn), the release of soil N has the potential to compound fertiliser N loads at a time when pasture N demand is low. Using the APSIM model, based on measurements made on a Waikato dairy farm and using data from the drought of 2007/8, an accumulation of 20 kg NO3-N/ha in the top 50 cm of soil post-drought was predicted, and therefore any fertiliser N applied during the drought would have added to the available N pool. Where a total of 70 kg N/ha fertiliser was applied during the drought, 35 kg NO3-N/ha was leached during the following winter. A glasshouse trial was subsequently run to observe N dynamics under controlled conditions. The pot trial confirmed that a substantial amount of available N was released (40-60 kg N/ha; 0-15 cm) upon rewetting after a "severe" drought, which may be sufficient to promote growth. The ability of pasture to grow and utilise soil/fertiliser N and the subsequent risk of N leaching will depend on how late in the season drought soils are returned to field capacity and when drainage commences. Keywords: pasture, nitrogen, nitrate leaching, nitrogen fertiliser, drought, ASPIM
Autumn establishment of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) inoculated with four different carriers of Ensifer meliloti at four sowing dates
Authors: Black D.B.S. , Moot D.J.
Published: June 2020

The effects of autumn sowing dates (26 January 2012, 21 February 2012, 15 March 2012, 3 April 2012) and inoculant carriers (ALOSCA®, coated seed, Nodulator® and peat slurry) on lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) establishment and yield were studied at Lincoln University on a variable Templeton silt loam soil. For the 2012/13 regrowth season the January (14.7 t/ha) sowing date yielded more dry matter (DM) than the March (11.2 t/ha) and April (7.3 t/ha) sowing dates, and February (13.2 t/ha) was intermediate. All four inoculation carriers resulted in increased DM and nitrogen (N) yields compared with the bare seed control. A comparison of the peat inoculated and bare seed treatments indicated an extra 335 kg N/ha was removed in herbage from the inoculated treatments. Results highlight the importance of rhizobia, biological nitrogen fixation, and seed inoculation when sowing lucerne into soil with no paddock history of lucerne. Keywords: alfalfa, ALOSCA®, bare seed, biological nitrogen fixation, coated seed Nodulator®, peat slurry treated seed, rhizobia.
Innovation and technology uptake on farm
Authors: Lissaman W.J. , Casey M. , Rowarth J.S.
Published: June 2020

The belief that the average farmer in New Zealand is too old to adopt new technologies overlooks the evidence, and the overseas literature aligning adoption with education experience and financial security. It also overlooks the fact that many innovations are developed on farm by people experienced in what they are doing. This paper reviews the literature from a wide source of perspectives synthesising information and allowing examination of critical success factors (e.g., age, education, financial background, experience). New Zealand examples of innovation on farm are described. The research suggests that farmers adopt technologies when they can see the outcome in terms of the bottom line for their farming system. Education, experience and financial security are all part of the mix that allows the benefits to be evaluated against the risks. These farmers have the background to adapt new technologies to their farming systems, and to develop innovative approaches to meet new production challenges, whether environmental, economic or regulatory. Key words: Adoption, adaptation, end-user, extension
Critical success factors when going global: Agribusiness co-operative growth
Authors: Macdonald T.O.R. , Rowarth J.S.
Published: June 2020

Agricultural co-operatives make a significant contribution to New Zealand's economy, but "going global" involves the realities of conducting business at an international scale with potential for significant risk exposure in both the short and long run. This paper provides a case study analysis detailing the critical success factors for agribusiness co-operatives growing internationally. The paper studies the strategies of three New Zealand agri-co-operatives with international business ventures (Ravensdown, the Dairy Goat Co-operative, and Fonterra). The case data suggests international success is a factor of sufficient access to capital, strong customer relationships, value chain management and maintaining control through competitive advantage. Keywords: Case study, co-operative, critical success factors, international growth, strategy
Critical success factors when going global: New Zealand dairy companies
Authors: Scott A.P. , Bowden S. , Rowarth J.S.
Published: June 2020

New Zealand dairy companies are being encouraged to expand in offshore markets, and capitalise on the increasing demand for high quality dairy products in emerging nations. To succeed internationally dairy companies need to invest in capturing their value chain and securing suppliers effectively, as well as developing intangible assets, like customer relationships, international partnerships, strong brands and reputations. This paper examines seven critical success factors, identified from comparing academic literature on international success and the preceding background paper, to three case studies on the New Zealand dairy companies, Tatua Dairy Co-operative, Synlait Ltd, and Fonterra Ltd. Keywords: critical success factors, international business strategy, New Zealand dairy industry, exportation
A review of the economic impact of high levels of variance in fertiliser spreading systems
Authors: Grafton M.C.E. , Yule I.J. , Manning M.J.
Published: June 2020

Recent technological improvements in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have made it possible to measure the accuracy of fertiliser spreading in the field. This demonstrates that the field coefficient of variation, "field CV", of actual spread patterns on farms is significantly higher than appreciated by most end users and service providers. Levels of field CV greater than 40% for spreading N fertiliser produces a 20% yield reduction, which in terms of urea on dairy pasture is potentially around $170 million nationally, and is economically significant. Manufacturers of fertiliser spreading equipment and ground-spread applicators have introduced improved delivery technologies which reduce field CV. Mostly these improvements relate to GPS use to assist drivers, automated maintenance of bout width, control of product flow and provision of automatic start-stop control. These improvements have the potential to reduce CV to 20% and reduce economic loss to 3%. Similarly, combinations of GIS methods and differential global positioning systems (DGPS) will assist pilots to reduce field CV from 70% to 40%. Keywords: Geographic Information Systems, coefficient of variation, fertiliser spreading accuracy, real time kinematic, spread pattern.
Response of simple grass-white clover and multi-species pastures to gibberellic acid or nitrogen fertiliser in autumn
Authors: Van Rossum M.H. , Bryant R.H. , Edwards G.R.
Published: June 2020

Herbage dry matter (DM) production, botanical composition and nutritive value of pastures were measured in response to the application of 24 g/ ha gibberellic acid (GA; 60 g ProGibb®/ha) and 50 kg N/ha nitrogen fertiliser (N; 106 kg urea/ha) in autumn. Responses were compared for simple two species grass (perennial ryegrass or tall fescue)-white clover pastures and multi-species pastures where herbs (chicory and plantain), legumes (red clover and lucerne) and prairie grass were sown with the simple mixtures. Four weeks after application, the increase in DM yield averaged across pasture mixtures relative to untreated plots was 273, 104, and 493 kg DM/ha for GA alone, N fertiliser alone, and GA and N combined, respectively. Application of GA increased the white clover percentage in all pastures except simple tall fescue pastures. The percentage of herbs in multispecies pastures was increased by application of N but not GA. Crude protein concentration was decreased by GA application in all pastures except simple ryegrass pastures. The results from this study show that it is important to consider the botanical composition of pastures when determining the effect of GA on DM yield and nutritive value. Keywords: crude protein, Cichorium intybus, Festuca arundinacea, gibberellins, Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, nutritive value
Persistence of ryegrass, tall fescue and cocksfoot following sequential annual sowings: pasture yield, composition and density in 3 establishment years under sheep grazing in Canterbury
Authors: Maxwell Thomas M R , Edwards Grant R , Cosgrove Gerald P
Published: June 2020

A long-term pasture persistence trial, consisting of repeated annual sowings, commenced in Canterbury in 2015 and is planned to continue until 2024. Preliminary results of the first 3 years sowings are reported. Each annual sowing used the same randomised block design of eight perennial ryegrass cultivars, one tall fescue and one cocksfoot cultivar, replicated four times. Grasses were drilled into a cultivated seedbed in autumn, with white clover broadcast-sown, then rolled with a Cambridge roller. Except for one 3-week spell in spring and in autumn to accumulate herbage to measure DM yield, botanical composition, morphology and sward density, plots were continuously stocked with sheep to maintain a 3-8 cm sward height from late-August to late-May. Results from the first 12 months following each of the three annual sowings (2015, 2016 and 2017) indicate establishment year had a greater influence on DM yield, botanical composition, grass leaf and stem proportions, and basal cover than did grass species or cultivar. Accumulating data from successive annual sowings and continued monitoring of each will help identify the long-term effect and difference between establishment years, as well as grass persistence traits for inclusion in the Forage Value Index ranking of perennial ryegrass cultivars.
A new winter active crop to improve soil nitrogen uptake
Authors: Caradus John R , Russell Adrian , Chapman Tim J , Wood Lisa , Bowater Paul
Published: June 2020

Nutrient losses due to leaching are often greatest when soils are wet and draining, mainly during winter and often after summer crops are harvested or grazed in autumn and early-winter. Cover crops such as oats have been used as a management option to reduce nitrogen leaching, but the degree of benefit is largely dependent on management for achieving high crop yields. Triticale, due largely to its ryecorn parentage, has a deep root system resulting in an excellent nutrient scavenging ability. The breeding of a new and unique triticale cultivar, T100 (marketed under the brand name of ‘WinterMax’), with proven winter activity and early establishment vigour provides an improved option for nutrient ‘trapping’ compared with existing winter cover crops. Field trials were sown in autumn or winter after maize cropping or with differing levels of applied nitrogen, at two sites in Canterbury. The winter-active triticale removed 19, 21, 28, 35 and 45% more nitrogen from wet soils than another triticale, oats, ryecorn, wheat and annual ryegrass, respectively.
Soil aluminium toxicity in New Zealand pastoral farming – a review
Authors: Morton Jeff D , Moir Jim L
Published: June 2020

As most New Zealand pastoral soils are acidic, aluminium (Al) can be present at high concentrations and restrict plant root growth and shoot yield. In field trials, Al toxicity in white clover has been associated with CaCl2-extractable soil Al levels of 3-5 ppm or exchangeable soil KCl-extractable levels of 1-2 me/100g, when soil pH levels were below 5.5-5.7 in the top 75 mm. Lucerne is less tolerant of Al toxicity than white clover and ryegrass, which in turn are less tolerant than Lotus spp., arrow leaf, subterranean, Caucasian, Persian and gland clovers, and naturalised adventive annuals such as cluster, haresfoot, striated and suckling clovers. Soil Al toxicity generally increases with soil depth. Soil pH is a reliable indicator of soil Al and, on average, can be increased by 0.1 units/tonne/ha of applied lime to reduce soil Al to below the toxic range. Lime application is the most effective strategy where it can be ground-applied. A key limitation of ground-applied lime to reduce Al toxicity is that its movement down the soil only occurs slowly except in high rainfall areas. Soil Al and pH levels and legume content in hill soils varies according to slope and aspect and there is an opportunity to differentially apply lime by air to areas with low soil pH and more legume, for the best economic return.
Urine patch size and nitrogen load: effects on nitrogen uptake from the urine patch in plantain and ryegrass/white clover pastures
Authors: Shepherd Mark A , Carlson Bill T
Published: June 2020

Field measurements from micro-plots (0.20 - 0.36 m2) of perennial ryegrass/white clover and of pure plantain were used to mimic a urine patch (UP) and to test the effects of UP nitrogen (N) load and size on pasture N offtake. Urine N offtake was greater with plantain than with standard pasture; however, the relative contribution to uptake from the wetted area and surrounding edge was the same for both species. Most (>90%) of the apparent offtake of urine N by plantain and standard pastures was within 20 cm of the edge of the UP. For the two urine patch sizes tested, edge contribution to urine N offtake was on average about 30% of the total from the UP, but was higher for at 600 kg N/ha urine N (45%) than at 300 kg N/ha (18%). Understanding this edge contribution is important for model improvement, and for the development of mitigations to decrease N leaching.
Yield benefits of pasture mixtures with species drilled in the same and alternate rows
Authors: Black Alistair D , Anderson S , Dalgety S K , Hassall C A , Myint T S , Vreugdenhil S R
Published: June 2020

This study investigated the effect of sowing species in alternate drill rows on dry matter (DM) yield of pasture mixtures. Seven mixtures of ‘Base’ perennial ryegrass, ‘Tonic’ plantain and ‘Apex’ white clover (three pure, three binary and one ternary) were drilled into plots in March 2015 at Lincoln University. Binary and ternary mixtures were also sown with species in alternate drill rows. Ryegrass-white clover and plantain-white clover mixtures yielded more than the average monoculture yields of their constituent species (over-yielding). This diversity effect averaged 7.01 t DM/ha in Year 1 (2015/2016) and 3.45 t DM/ha in Year 2 (2016/2017) of sown yield (total minus weeds) when species were drilled together. Diversity effects were due to synergistic interactions and white clover interacted more strongly with plantain than ryegrass. There was no additional yield benefit from increasing the number of species from two to three in the mixture, and from sowing species in alternate rows.
Exploring the link between more negative osmotic potential and ryegrass summer performance
Authors: Weerarathne L Vishna Y , Dong Wencheng , Nie Minghe , Wang Yan , Lopez Ignacio F , Matthew Cory
Published: June 2020

This paper outlines recent research studying within-population variation in selected New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivars, for traits related to tolerance of summer moisture deficit. Two clonal replicates of 220 genotypes from ‘Grasslands Nui’ (Nui, n=50), ‘Grasslands Samson’ (Samson, n=80), and ‘Trojan’ (n=90) were exposed to 1 month of moisture deficit challenge, with plant water relations measurements performed to evaluate putative drought-response mechanisms. Water use of individual genotypes ranged from <100 to >1000 g water/g DM indicating large within-population variation for this trait. Mean water use efficiency (WUE) was for Nui, Samson, and Trojan, respectively, 424±16, 412±10, and 319±9 g water/g DW (P<0.001), suggesting that commercial plant breeding may have indirectly reduced water use in modern cultivars without specific focus on water relations. Principal component analysis indicated more negative osmotic potential may contribute to reduced water use while maintaining yield under water deficit, giving a potential focus for future breeding selection targeting summer water deficit tolerance.
The concentration of bioactive compounds in Plantago lanceolata is genotype specific
Authors: Box Lisa A , Judson H Glenn
Published: June 2020

Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) is known to contain bioactive compounds including verbascoside (acteoside), aucubin and catalpol. Limited New Zealand data are available to quantify the concentrations of secondary plant compounds in cultivars of plantain. This experiment compared secondary plant compound concentrations for five cultivars or breeding lines of plantain and the botanical distribution of these compounds over a year. For all cultivars verbascoside concentration was greatest, aucubin intermediate and catalpol lowest. The concentration of catalpol and verbascoside in leaf tended to be greater for the cultivars ‘Hercules’ and ‘Endurance’ compared with ‘Elite 2’, ‘PG742’ and ‘Tonic’. However, ‘Hercules’ and ‘Endurance’ tended to have lower concentrations of catalpol and verbascoside in scape (reproductive material from base to seedhead). The difference among cultivars in aucubin concentration was small. This experiment suggests that leaf concentration of catalpol and verbascoside is genotype specific.
Specific genotypes of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) vary in their impact on sheep urine volume and nitrification in the urine patch
Authors: Judson H Glenn , Fraser Patricia M , Peterson Michelle E , Edwards Grant R
Published: June 2020

Plantain has the potential to reduce nitrate leaching through a number of mechanisms. In an indoor study, sheep were offered either perennial ryegrass or different plantain genotypes while aiming to achieve similar dry matter and water intakes. Supplementary water was sprayed on the feed to achieve the latter objective. Animals fed two cultivars (‘Tonic’ and ‘Agritonic’, marketed as “Ecotains” with claims around the potential to reduce nitrate leaching, and breeding lines (from a breeding program aimed at improving aspects of leaching mitigation) produced significantly more urine (4925 and 4887 ml/day, respectively) than those fed a range of commercial plantain cultivars (averaging 4333 ml/day) or perennial ryegrass (3993 ml/day). These results suggest the plantains marketed as “Ecotains” and those in the environmental breeding program may have diuretic effects on sheep, thereby reducing the concentration of nitrogen in the urine. In a soil incubation experiment, urine from sheep grazing either perennial ryegrass or ‘Agritonic’ plantain was applied to soil microcosms (70 ml vials containing 20 g of soil). Urine from sheep grazing the plantain, showed a slower overall nitrification rate (especially in the first 28 days post-application) when a significantly lower proportion of the urinary N was converted to nitrate. Both these observations support the use of specific genotypes of plantain to assist in reducing nitrate leaching.
A field survey of soil pH and extractable aluminium in the Ashburton Lakes Catchment, Canterbury, New Zealand.
Authors: Whitley Amy E , Almond Peter C , Moir Jim L , Giona Bucci Monica , Nelson Josh , Moot Derrick J
Published: June 2020

Soil extractable aluminium (Al) concentrations have a strong impact on the establishment, growthand persistence of pasture legumes. A survey of 21 soil profiles in the Ashburton Lakes catchmentwas conducted to determine the key factors driving extractable Al concentrations. The mean Al (0.02 MCaCl2) concentration was 7.8 mg/kg with the highest values in the top 50 cm of the soil profile. However,there was considerable variation among sites. Landform age, rainfall and depth were all important variables forextractable Al (but R2 was low), while landform type was not. The highest Al concentrations in the 20 cm depthzone were found at the wettest sites in the catchment where rainfall was ≥ 1266 mm and where pH was lowest.Farmers in this catchment could use this knowledge to determine which areas of their farms are most susceptible to elevated Al concentrations and at what depth. This would assist in determining which areas could be targeted for development and which are unsuitable.
Soil acidity and aluminium in South Island high and hill country: new data and future needs
Authors: Moir Jim L , Moot Derrick J , Whitley Amy E , Black Alistair D , Hendrie Daniel L
Published: June 2020

Soil extractable aluminium (Al) concentrations can have a strong impact on the establishment, growth and persistence of pasture legumes. This has become clear in New Zealand high and hill-country, where legumes are scarce and failing to persist in acid soils with high Al levels. For the last decade a research programme has been conducted at Lincoln University focused on legume growth and persistence in acid, high Al concentration soils. Research has examined several aspects of soil acidity and Al toxicity and screened and evaluated a range of legume species, identifying several that show promise in their growth and persistence under acidic and high Al concentrations, in addition to harsh climatic environments. This paper summarises this extensive body of research and also suggests some future research topics for addressing the growing challenge of increasing soil acidity and soil Al faced by increasing numbers of producers.
Natural history features of the high-country and drylands of the South Island, New Zealand
Authors: Lee William G
Published: June 2020

The high-country and dryland zone of the South Island of New Zealand includes the Southern Alpsand eastern mountains and basins. Formed by post-Pliocene tectonic, glacial and alluvial processes, theseareas contain a range of landforms across extreme climatic gradients. Diverse habitats support plantsand animals which have a distinctive and long natural history. New Zealand’s short (c. 700 years) historyof human land use has been highly disruptive for indigenous biodiversity. We have misunderstood theeco-evolutionary vulnerabilities of the native biota, the extent of environmental limits, and the impacts ofintroduced weeds and pests. Recent large-scale capture of water and addition of nutrients for agriculture areexcluding indigenous biodiversity in many ecosystems. Predicted climate change and competition for waterresources will exacerbate agricultural impacts, but the remaining indigenous biodiversity can be resilient ifrepresentative areas are protected.
Agricultural intensification, ownership, and landscape change in the Mackenzie Basin
Authors: Brower Ann , Sprague Rowan , Vernotte Marion , McNair Hamish
Published: June 2020

This article investigates the role of shifting land ownership in landscape change in New Zealand’s Mackenzie Basin. It was hypothesised that ownership patterns influence landscape transformation; and changes in ownership lead to landscape changes. Satellite imagery was used to trace recent landscape changes quantifying a change from brown extensive pastoralism to green irrigated pasture. It was concluded that the change in land ownership following land reform allowed for about half of this agricultural intensification since 2003. Aggregating intensification on new freehold land with that on current pastoral lease changes the story; Crown decisions about disposition or intensification of Crown land account for two-thirds of intensification since 2003. Hence, if current trends in the Mackenzie are to change, the Crown must examine its decision patterns. Change in some form seems likely. The results presented speak to who has the power to make change. The choice and the power reside somewhere in the space between the Commissioner of Crown Lands and the Minister of Land Information.
Kajian Hermeneutika dalam Sjair Iblis
Authors: Muhammad Fajar Hardi , Jefrizal Jefrizal
Published: June 2020

Abstract: Sjair Iblis is one of the manuscripts which is a religious group containing the teachings and beliefs of Muslims. Poetry of the Devil is included in one of the manuscripts that the author and the author do not know about, or better known as "Anonymous". The original Devil Poetry text is still stored well at the University of Leiden Netherlands with KITLV 219. However, the code is not found in any catalog such as the catalog of Maleische Handschriften Musem van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wefenschappen dan catalogus of Malay, Minangkabau and South Sumatran Manuscripts In The Netherlands, even that catalog was not identified KITLV 219 code. This study refers to the study of HG Gadamer hermeneutics using descriptive qualitative methods. Interestingly this Devil Poetry script because there are several things to be analyzed with the concept of Gadamer hermeneutics, this study also aims at how to find out the interpretation of the text of the Devil Poetry itself then this study provides treasures in the fields of religion, communication, language and understanding to the relationship between the past and the present.

---

Abstrak: Syair Iblis salah satu naskah yang merupakan golongan keagamaan berisi tentang ajaran serta kepercayaan umat Islam. Syair Iblis termasuk dari salah satu naskah yang tidak diketahui pengarang dan penulisnya, atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan “Anonymous”. Naskah Syair Iblis yang asli masih tersimpan baik di Universitas Leiden Netherlands dengan kode KITLV 219. Akan tetapi kode tersebut tidak ditemukan pada katalog manapun seperti katalogus Maleische Handschriften Musem van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wefenschappen dan catalogus of Malay, Minangkabau and South Sumatran Manuscripts In The Netherlands, katalog itupun tidak teridentifikasi kode KITLV 219. Penelitian ini mengacu kepada kajian hermeneutika H.G Gadamer dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Menariknya naskah Syair Iblis ini karena ada beberapa perihal untuk dapat di analisis dengan konsep hermeneutika Gadamer, Penelitian ini juga bertujuan bagaimana mengetahui interpretasi teks terhadap Syair Iblis itu sendiri kemudian penelitian ini memberikan khazanah dalam bidang keagamaan, pernaskahan, bahasa dan pemahaman hingga hubungan antara masa lalu dan masa kini.
Potret Praktik Keberagaman Masyarakat Palembang Abad ke-19 dalam Naskah Tasawuf
Authors: Kalsum Nyimas Umi
Published: June 2020

Abstract: Religion is a source of customs and traditions in life, although in the process of development it is never exactly the same between one region and another, but it can still take root especially in the Palembang area. This can be seen from pre-Islamic culture still shows its existence and shape even if only in a small percentage. For this reason, the question arises how the portrait of the 19th century Palembang religious practice? By looking at the presence of Islam at that time. To answer the question above, researchers used library research using historical research methods with script data sources, namely the Ratib Samman, Risalah Tawasul and Tuhfah ar-Ragibin. The data is verified and interpreted and then written in narrative form (historiography). The results showed that pre-Islamic culture still shows its existence, namely breaking by presenting juwadah (Palembang's wet cake) even though the people have embraced Islam and some religious practices are colored with traditional things wrapped in verses of the Quran as reading spells and prayers. 

---

Abstrak: Agama merupakan sumber adat istiadat dalam kehidupan, sekalipun dalam proses perkembangannya tidak pernah persis sama antara daerah satu dengan yang lainnya, tetapi tetap dapat mengakar khususnya di daerah Palembang. Hal ini dapat terlihat dari budaya pra Islam tetap menunjukkan eksistensinya dan bentuknya walau hanya dalam prosentase yang kecil. Untuk itulah muncul pertanyaan bagaimana potret praktek keberagamaan masyarakat Palembang abad ke-19? Dengan melihat kehadiran Islam pada saat itu. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan di atas peneliti mengunakan penelitian pustaka dengan menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah dengan sumber  data naskah, yaitu naskah Ratib Samman, Risalah Tawasul dan Tuhfah ar-Ragibin. Data tersebut diverfikasi dan  dinterpretasikan kemudian dituliskan dalam bentuk narasi (historiografi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa budaya pra Islam masih menunjukkan eksistensinya, yaitu menyanggar dengan menyuguhkan juwadah (kue basah khas Palembang) kendati masyarakatnya telah memeluk Islam dan sebagaian lagi praktek keberagamaan diwarnai dengan  hal-hal yang sifatnya tradisional dengan dibungkus ayat-ayat Quran sebagai bacaan mantera dan doanya.
Praktik Zoo Therapy dalam Catatan Naskah-naskah Jawa
Authors: Murtini Murtini , Sudardi Bani , Istandiyantha Istandiyantha
Published: June 2020

Abstract: Every group of people, ethnicity, or tribe must possess cultural richness in the form of medical tradition. In the scientific world, this tradition is called ethnomedicin. In terms of therapy, etnomedicin is divided into two, namely herbal therapy and zoo theraphy. Herbal therapy is an attempt to treat an ethnic group using plant materials, while zoo theraphy is a traditional treatment using ingredients from animals. This research determines the object in the form of Javanese manuscripts which contains knowledge about zoo practices in Javanese manuscripts. The approach used is an exploratory approach by trying to make a qualitative description. In addition, this study also uses an ethnographic research approach to see animal medicine practices in the community. Treatment with zoo therapy is generally related to myths, rituals and legends. In general, manuscripts date from the 19th century, especially the Mataram Mataram era. One of the manuscripts that has become the source of the implementation of zoo theraphy is the Suluk Tambangraras script, also known as Serat Centhini. Other sources include primbon manuscripts, and practices of therapy zoos in the community.

---

Abstrak: Setiap kelompok masyarakat, etnis, atau suku pasti memliki kekayaan budaya berupa tradisi pengobatan. Dalam dunia ilmiah, tradisi tersebut disebut etnomedisin. Dalam hal therapy, etnomedisin dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu herbal therapy dan zoo therapy. Herbal therapy adalah usaha pengobatan suatu etnis dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan tumbuhan sedangkan zoo therapy adalah pengobatan tradisional dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan dari binatang. Penelitian ini menentukan objek berupa naskah-naskah Jawa yang mengandung pengetahuan tentang praktek zoo dalam naskah-naskah Jawa. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan eksploratif dengan berusaha membuat deskripsi kualitatif. Di samping itu, penelitian ini juga menggunakan pendekatan penelitian etnografis untuk melihat praktik pengobatan hewan di masyarakat. Pengobatan dengan zoo therapy pada umumnya berkaitan dengan mitos, ritual, dan legenda. Pada umumnya naskah-naskah berasal dari abad ke 19, khususnya zaman Mataram Surakarta. Salah satu naskah yang banyak menjadi sumber pelaksanaan zoo therapy adalah naskah Suluk Tambangraras atau dikenal dengan nama Serat Centhini. Sumber lain berupa naskah-naskah primbon, serta praktek-praktek pelaksanaan zoo therapy di masyarakat.