bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The incidence of cerebral arterial vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Donaldson Lachlan , Edington Ashleigh , Vlok Ruan , Astono Inez , Iredale Tom , Flower Oliver , Ma Alice , Davidson Keryn , Delaney Anthony
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To describe a pooled estimated incidence of cerebral arterial vasospasm (aVSP) following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) and to describe sources of variation in the reported incidence.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) and cohort studies. The primary outcome was the proportion of study participants diagnosed with aVSP. We assessed for heterogeneity based on mode of imaging, indication for imaging, study design and clinical characteristics at a study level.

Results

We identified 120 studies, including 19,171 participants. More than 40 different criteria were used to diagnose aVSP. The pooled estimate of the proportion of patients diagnosed with aVSP was 0.42 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.46, I2 = 96.5%). There was no evidence that the incidence aVSP was different, nor that heterogeneity was reduced, when the estimate was assessed by study type, imaging modalities, the proportion of participants with high grade CT scores or poor grade clinical scores. The pooled estimate of the proportion of study participants diagnosed with aVSP was higher in studies with routine imaging (0.47, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.52, I2 = 96.5%) compared to those when imaging was performed when indicated (0.30, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.36, I2 = 94.0%, p for between-group difference < 0.0005).

Conclusion

The incidence of cerebral arterial vasospasm following aSAH varies widely from 9 to 93% of study participants. Heterogeneity in the reported incidence may be due to variation in the criteria used to diagnose aVSP. A standard set of diagnostic criteria is necessary to resolve the role that aVSP plays in delayed neurological deterioration following aSAH.

PROSPERO registration

CRD42020191895
Do female amphibians and reptiles have greater reproductive output if they have more mates?
Authors: Lee Patricia L. M. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Rollins Lee A. , Wapstra Erik , Phillips Karl P.
Published: July 2022

In general, males mate with multiple females to increase individual reproductive success. Whether or not, and under what circumstances, females benefit from multiple mating has been less clear. Our review of 154 studies covering 184 populations of amphibians and reptiles showed that polyandry was widespread and variable among and within taxonomic groups. We investigated whether amphibian and reptile females had greater reproductive output as the number of sires for offspring increased. Meta-analysis revealed significant heterogeneity in the dataset of all taxa. Expected heterozygosity was a significant moderator (covariate) of positive relationships between female reproductive output and the number of sires, but a sensitivity test showed the result was tenuous. Significant heterogeneity remained despite controlling for expected heterozygosity and other variables but was resolved for most taxonomic groups with subgroup meta-analyses. Subgroup meta-analyses showed that only female salamanders (Caudata) had significantly greater reproductive output with an increased number of sires. For many species of Caudata, males cannot coerce females into accepting spermatophores. We therefore suggest that if females control the number of matings, they can use polyandry to increase their fitness. Caudata offers ideal models with which to test this hypothesis and to explore factors enabling and maintaining the evolution of female choice. Outstanding problems may be addressed by expanding taxonomic coverage and data collection and improving data reporting.

Significance Statement

Many factors and combinations of factors drive polyandry. Whether or not females benefit from mating with more than one male remains equivocal. Focusing on amphibians and reptiles, our analyses demonstrate that female salamanders produced more offspring when mated with multiple males, whereas this was not the case for reptiles. Unlike many other species in our dataset, the polyandrous female salamanders fully control sperm intake and have chosen to mate multiple times. We further highlight problems and key directions for future research in the field.
Male–male associations in spotted bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus maculatus) exhibit attributes of courtship coalitions
Authors: Spezie Giovanni , Fusani Leonida
Published: July 2022

Despite strong selective pressures inherent in competition for mates, in species with non-resource-based mating systems males commonly engage in non-agonistic interactions with same-sex visitors at display arenas. Bowerbirds perform courtship dances on elaborate display structures — known as bowers — that are built and defended by one resident male. Several reports have suggested that bower owners tolerate the presence of specific male visitors at their display arenas, referred to here as ‘subordinates’. Subordinate males may learn the skills required for successful sexual signalling via prolonged social interactions at adults’ arenas, but little is known about whether courtship proficiency changes with experience and/or whether subordinates actively contribute to enhancing the resident male’s mating success. In this study, we investigated male-male associations in wild spotted bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus maculatus). We first sought to determine whether courtship behaviour differs based on bower ownership status. We then examined whether social interactions between bower owners and subordinate males may qualify as courtship coalitions. Our analysis of courtship postural components did not reveal differences in timing or relative occurrence of postural components between subordinate males and bower owners, whereas we found evidence that male-male associations in spotted bowerbirds may provide an example of rudimentary courtship coalitions. In particular, higher subordinate attendance is associated with lower destruction rates by neighbouring rivals and with overall higher mating success, and male pairs are stable in subsequent years. This study provides novel information about social dynamics among male bowerbirds, and further insights into the evolution of coalitionary behaviour in male displays.

Significance statement

Same-sex associations between established males and subordinate visitors on display arenas are common in birds, yet poorly understood. Using video recordings from a population of wild spotted bowerbirds,Ptilonorhynchus maculatus, we performed a quantitative analysis on motor courtship components across males, and on their social interactions on display arenas to investigate the nature of male–male partnerships. Our results showed that motor courtship performance in subordinate visitors is not suggestive of an early ontogenetic stage, as previously speculated. Moreover, though bower ‘owners’ and subordinate males do not coordinate their behaviour during courtship or bower building, male–male partnerships may qualify as a rudimentary or incipient form of courtship coalitions. Subordinate males are tolerated at bowers, the magnitude of subordinate attendance correlates with owner males’ mating success, and repeated interactions between individuals reveal consistent partner associations.
Development of a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for various oral paclitaxel formulations co-administered with ritonavir and thrombospondin-1 based on data from early phase clinical studies
Authors: van Eijk Maarten , Yu Huixin , Sawicki Emilia , de Weger Vincent A. , Nuijen Bastiaan , Dorlo Thomas P. C. , Beijnen Jos H. , Huitema Alwin D. R.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Orally administered paclitaxel offers increased patient convenience while providing a method to prolong exposure without long continuous, or repeated, intravenous infusions. The oral bioavailability of paclitaxel is improved through co-administration with ritonavir and application of a suitable pharmaceutical formulation, which addresses the dissolution-limited absorption of paclitaxel. We aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of different paclitaxel formulations, co-administered with ritonavir, and to investigate a pharmacodynamic relationship between low-dose metronomic (LDM) treatment with oral paclitaxel and the anti-angiogenic marker thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1).

Methods

Fifty-eight patients treated with different oral paclitaxel formulations were included for pharmacokinetic analysis. Pharmacodynamic data was available for 36 patients. All population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling was performed using non-linear mixed-effects modelling.

Results

A pharmacokinetic model consisting of gut, liver, central, and peripheral compartments was developed for paclitaxel. The gastrointestinal absorption rate was modelled with a Weibull function. Relative gut bioavailabilities of the tablet and capsule formulations, as fractions of the gut bioavailability of the drinking solution, were estimated to be 0.97 (95%CI: 0.67–1.33) and 0.46 (95%CI: 0.34–0.61), respectively. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship between paclitaxel and TSP-1 was modelled using a turnover model with paclitaxel plasma concentrations driving an increase in TSP-1 formation rate following an Emax relationship with an EC50 of 284 ng/mL (95%CI: 122–724).

Conclusion

The developed pharmacokinetic model adequately described the paclitaxel plasma concentrations for the different oral formulations co-administered with ritonavir. This model, and the established pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship with TSP-1, may facilitate future development of oral paclitaxel.
The influence of Pacific-North American teleconnection on the North Pacific SST anomalies in Wintertime under the global warming
Authors: Chen Zheng , Gan Bolan , Huang Fei , Li Jianping , Wu Lixin , Fan Lei , Diao Yina
Published: July 2022

The impact of the enhancing Pacific-North American teleconnection (PNA) on the intensity of the first mode of SST anomalies (SSTa) in wintertime North Pacific [known as the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)-like SST pattern] under global warming is studied using reanalysis datasets and 12 selected CMIP5 models. The robust observational result of the PNA one month ahead of the PDO shows that the PNA has a great effect on the PDO-like SSTa. The intensities of PNA and PDO are defined with elimination of the ENSO signals to evaluate the direct impact of PNA on the PDO in the North Pacific under global warming. By comparing RCP8.5 and historical scenario of selected multi-models (PNA enhanced models), future projection illustrates that the PDO intensity will intensify 2.2 times its internal variability. Approximately 67% of the increase in PDO variations is contributed by the PNA-induced SSTa in the future warming scenario of multi-models ensemble mean. Models with stronger intensification of PNA variability tends to have larger magnitude of SSTa response in the North Pacific, which has more contributions to the enhancement of PDO intensity change in a warmer climate. This may shed some light on the projection of PDO variability and the relative role of PNA forcing under the global warming.
Childhood chronic condition and subsequent self-reported internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence: a birth cohort study
Authors: Määttä Heidi , Honkanen Meri , Hurtig Tuula , Taanila Anja , Ebeling Hanna , Koivumaa-Honkanen Heli
Published: July 2022

Chronic conditions are common in childhood. We investigated the associations of childhood chronic conditions reported by parents with subsequent self-reported internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence. A sample of 6290 children (3142 boys and 3148 girls) with data on chronic condition reported by parents both at 7 and at 16 years of age was obtained from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986), which is a longitudinal 1-year birth cohort (n = 9432) from an unselected, regionally defined population. Internalizing and externalizing problems were measured at 8 years of age with Rutter Children’s Behavioral Questionnaire by teachers and at 16 years of age with Youth Self-Report by adolescents. When studying the effects of history of chronic conditions on these problems at 16 years of age, childhood internalizing and externalizing problems and social relations were adjusted. A history of chronic condition predicted subsequent somatic complaints among all adolescents. Early-onset chronic conditions were related to subsequent externalizing (OR 1.35; 1.02–1.79) and attention problems (OR 1.33; 1.01–1.75) and later onset of chronic conditions with internalizing (OR 1.49; 1.22–1.82) and thought problems (OR 1.50; 1.18–1.92). The effect was specific for sex and the type of chronic condition.

Conclusion: Childhood chronic conditions predicted internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence. To prevent poor mental health trajectories, children with chronic conditions during their growth to adolescence need early support and long-term monitoring.

What is Known:• Childhood adversities increase the risk of mental disorders.• Internalizing and externalizing problems have been suggested for measuring childhood and adolescent psychopathologies.

What is New:• Having a chronic condition (CC) before the age of 7 or later but before the age of 16 had different outcomes in adolescence. The early onset predicted externalizing problems, whereas the late onset predicted internalizing problems and thought problems in adolescence. The risk of somatic complaints was increased regardless of CC onset time. These findings can reflect more restricted ability to mental processing in the younger children.
The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Amodeo Ilaria , Borzani Irene , Raffaeli Genny , Persico Nicola , Amelio Giacomo Simeone , Gulden Silvia , Colnaghi Mariarosa , Villamor Eduardo , Mosca Fabio , Cavallaro Giacomo
Published: July 2022

In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has largely increased our knowledge and predictive accuracy of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in the fetus. Thanks to its technical advantages, better anatomical definition, and superiority in fetal lung volume estimation, fetal MRI has been demonstrated to be superior to 2D and 3D ultrasound alone in CDH diagnosis and outcome prediction. This is of crucial importance for prenatal counseling, risk stratification, and decision-making approach. Furthermore, several quantitative and qualitative parameters can be evaluated simultaneously, which have been associated with survival, postnatal course severity, and long-term morbidity.

Conclusion: Fetal MRI will further strengthen its role in the near future, but it is necessary to reach a consensus on indications, methodology, and data interpretation. In addition, it is required data integration from different imaging modalities and clinical courses, especially for predicting postnatal pulmonary hypertension. This would lead to a comprehensive prognostic assessment.

What is Known:• MRI plays a key role in evaluating the fetal lung in patients with CDH.• Prognostic assessment of CDH is challenging, and advanced imaging is crucial for a complete prenatal assessment and counseling.

What is New:• Fetal MRI has strengthened its role over ultrasound due to its technical advantages, better anatomical definition, superior fetal lung volume estimation, and outcome prediction.• Imaging and clinical data integration is the most desirable strategy and may provide new MRI applications and future research opportunities.
Febrile children with comorbidities at the emergency department — a multicentre observational study
Authors: Borensztajn Dorine M. , Hagedoorn Nienke N. , Carrol Enitan D. , von Both Ulrich , Emonts Marieke , van der Flier Michiel , de Groot Ronald , Herberg Jethro , Kohlmaier Benno , Levin Michael , Lim Emma , Maconochie Ian K. , Martinon-Torres Federico , Nijman Ruud G. , Pokorn Marko , Rivero-Calle Irene , Tsolia Maria , van der Velden Fabian J. S. , Vermont Clementien , Zavadska Dace , Zenz Werner , Zachariasse Joany M. , Moll Henriette A.
Published: July 2022

We aimed to describe characteristics and management of children with comorbidities attending European emergency departments (EDs) with fever. MOFICHE (Management and Outcome of Fever in children in Europe) is a prospective multicentre study (12 European EDs, 8 countries). Febrile children with comorbidities were compared to those without in terms of patient characteristics, markers of disease severity, management, and diagnosis. Comorbidity was defined as a chronic underlying condition that is expected to last > 1 year. We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis, displaying adjusted odds ratios (aOR), adjusting for patient characteristics. We included 38,110 patients, of whom 5906 (16%) had comorbidities. Most common comorbidities were pulmonary, neurologic, or prematurity. Patients with comorbidities more often were ill appearing (20 versus 16%, p < 0.001), had an ED-Paediatric Early Warning Score of > 15 (22 versus 12%, p < 0.001), or a C-reactive protein > 60 mg/l (aOR 1.4 (95%CI 1.3–1.6)). They more often required life-saving interventions (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 2.2–3.3), were treated with intravenous antibiotics (aOR 2.3, 95%CI 2.1–2.5), and were admitted to the ward (aOR 2.2, 95%CI 2.1–2.4) or paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) (aOR 5.5, 95% CI 3.8–7.9). They were more often diagnosed with serious bacterial infections (aOR 1.8, 95%CI 1.7–2.0), including sepsis/meningitis (aOR 4.6, 95%CI 3.2–6.7). Children most at risk for sepsis/meningitis were children with malignancy/immunodeficiency (aOR 14.5, 8.5–24.8), while children with psychomotor delay/neurological disease were most at risk for life-saving interventions (aOR 5.3, 4.1–6.9) or PICU admission (aOR 9.7, 6.1–15.5).

Conclusions: Our data show how children with comorbidities are a population at risk, as they more often are diagnosed with bacterial infections and more often require PICU admission and life-saving interventions.

What is Known:• While children with comorbidity constitute a large part of ED frequent flyers, they are often excluded from studies.

What is New:• Children with comorbidities in general are more ill upon presentation than children without comorbidities.• Children with comorbidities form a heterogeneous group; specific subgroups have an increased risk for invasive bacterial infections, while others have an increased risk of invasive interventions such as PICU admission, regardless of the cause of the fever.
Partial regularity for $$\omega $$-minimizers of quasiconvex functionals
Authors: Li Zhuolin
Published: July 2022

We establish partial regularity for the$$\omega $$ω-minimizers of quasiconvex functionals of power growth. A first-order partial regularity result ofBV$$\omega $$ω-minimizers is obtained in the linear growth case under a Dini-type condition on$$\omega $$ω. Only assuming the smallness of$$\omega $$ωnear the origin, we show partial Hölder continuity in the subquadratic case by considering a normalised excess.
Feasibility of climate reanalysis data as a proxy for onsite weather measurements in outdoor thermal comfort surveys
Authors: Krüger Eduardo L. , Di Napoli Claudia
Published: July 2022

Outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) surveys require synchronous monitoring of meteorological variables for direct comparisons against subjective thermal perception. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is a feasible index as it integrates meteorological conditions as a single value irrespective of urban morphological attributes or biological sex, age and body mass. ERA5-HEAT (Human thErmAl comforT) is a downloadable reanalysis dataset providing hourly grids of UTCI climate records at 0.25° × 0.25° spatial resolution from 1979 to present. We here evaluate for the first time whether it is possible to use ERA5-HEAT data as a proxy for the UTCI measured onsite during OTC surveys. A dataset comprising 1640 survey responses gathered over 14 OTC campaigns in Curitiba, Brazil (25°26′S, 49°16′W) was analysed. We assessed the bias obtained between the Dynamic Thermal Sensation, an index derived from the UTCI, and the thermal sensation reported by survey participants by considering locally measured meteorological variables and ERA5-HEAT reanalysis data. As ERA5-HEAT data are given on an hourly basis, prediction bias can be greatly reduced when accounting for survey responses close to the hour. In terms of seasons, the fall and winter seasons have diminished mean bias, though with larger spread than in summer. In terms of UTCI stress categories, prediction bias is lower for the thermal comfort range. When comparing reanalysis data against WMO station data as proxy candidates for survey field data, the former presented lower bias, less spread in terms of standard deviation and higher correlation to in situ data.
The efficacy of a self-help parenting program for parents of children with externalizing behavior: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: de Jong Suzanne R. C. , van den Hoofdakker Barbara J. , van der Veen-Mulders Lianne , Veenman Betty , Twisk Jos W. R. , Oosterlaan Jaap , Luman Marjolein
Published: July 2022

Parenting programs are effective for children with externalizing problems, but not always easily accessible for parents. In order to facilitate accessibility, we developed a self-help parenting program, consisting of a manual and online part. The efficacy of the program in reducing children’s externalizing problems was compared to waitlist in a randomized controlled trial. In addition, two versions of the program were exploratively compared, one with and one without biweekly telephonic support. Candidate moderators (child and parent factors) and parental satisfaction were also examined. We randomly assigned 110 families to one of the following three conditions: the support condition, the no support condition, or the waitlist condition. Intervention duration was 15 weeks. Outcomes were collected at baseline (T0), 8 weeks (T1), 15 weeks (T2), and 28 weeks (T3) and included daily telephonic measurements of parent-rated externalizing behavior and the Intensity scale of the parent-rated Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI). Main analyses compared outcomes at T2, using longitudinal regressions with T0 as fixed factor. Results showed that children improved significantly more on both outcomes in the intervention condition compared to waitlist, with small to medium effect sizes. Parental satisfaction was high. Neither differences in efficacy nor in parental satisfaction were found between the support and no support condition. No moderators were detected. The newly developed self-help parenting program is effective in reducing children’s externalizing behavior problems and may help improve access to evidence-based care.
State politics and gender diversity in sport governance
Authors: Lesch Lara , Kerwin Shannon , Wicker Pamela
Published: July 2022

This study investigates the relationship between state politics and sport governance based on an institutional framework and the concept of spillover effects. Specifically, it examines whether spillover effects occur from state parliament and government composition to board gender diversity within sport governing bodies. Organizational-level data from German national and state sport governing bodies were collected (n = 930). They were combined with state-level data on the government composition by gender and political party (parliament, ministers) based on the location of each sport governing body’s headquarter. The results show that on average 20.1% of board members in sport governing bodies are women. Regression analyses indicate that the share of parliamentarians from the Social Democrats and the Green party is positively associated with the share of women in sport governance, while the share of Liberals in the parliament is negatively related. The share of women parliamentarians from the Social party and the share of women Conservative ministers are negatively related to women in sport governance. The findings indicate that women representation in sport governance is linked to state politics, suggesting that spillover effects occur from an organizations’ political environment.
Integration of Heterogeneous Biological Data in Multiscale Mechanistic Model Calibration: Application to Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Palgen Jean-Louis , Perrillat-Mercerot Angélique , Ceres Nicoletta , Peyronnet Emmanuel , Coudron Matthieu , Tixier Eliott , Illigens Ben M. W. , Bosley Jim , L’Hostis Adèle , Monteiro Claudio
Published: July 2022

Mechanistic models are built using knowledge as the primary information source, with well-established biological and physical laws determining the causal relationships within the model. Once the causal structure of the model is determined, parameters must be defined in order to accurately reproduce relevant data. Determining parameters and their values is particularly challenging in the case of models of pathophysiology, for which data for calibration is sparse. Multiple data sources might be required, and data may not be in a uniform or desirable format. We describe a calibration strategy to address the challenges of scarcity and heterogeneity of calibration data. Our strategy focuses on parameters whose initial values cannot be easily derived from the literature, and our goal is to determine the values of these parameters via calibration with constraints set by relevant data. When combined with a covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES), this step-by-step approach can be applied to a wide range of biological models. We describe a stepwise, integrative and iterative approach to multiscale mechanistic model calibration, and provide an example of calibrating a pathophysiological lung adenocarcinoma model. Using the approach described here we illustrate the successful calibration of a complex knowledge-based mechanistic model using only the limited heterogeneous datasets publicly available in the literature.
Underlying mechanisms of change in cancer prevalence in older U.S. adults: contributions of incidence, survival, and ascertainment at early stages
Authors: Akushevich I. , Yashkin A. , Kovtun M. , Yashin A. I. , Kravchenko J.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To quantitatively evaluate contributions of trends in incidence, relative survival, and stage at diagnosis to the dynamics in the prevalence of major cancers (lung, prostate, colon, breast, urinary bladder, ovaries, stomach, pancreas, esophagus, kidney, liver, and skin melanoma) among older U.S. adults age 65 +.

Methods

Trend partitioning was applied to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data for 1973–2016.

Results

Growth of cancer prevalence in older adults decelerated or even decreased over time for all studied cancers due to decreasing incidence and improving survival for most of cancers, with a smaller contribution of the stage at cancer diagnosis. Changes in the prevalence of cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, and breast were predominantly due to decreasing incidence, increasing survival and more frequent diagnoses at earlier stages. Changes in prevalence of some other cancers demonstrated adverse trends such as decreasing survival in localized and regional stages (urinary bladder and ovarian) and growing impact of late-stage diagnoses (esophageal cancer).

Conclusion

While decelerating or decreasing prevalence of many cancers were due to a beneficial combination of decreasing incidence and increasing survival, there are cancers for which decelerating prevalence is due to lack of improvement in their stage-specific survival and/or increasing frequency of diagnosis at advanced stages. Overall, if the observed trends persist, it is likely that the burden associated with cancer prevalence in older U.S. adults will be lower  comparing to projections based on constant increasing prevalence have previously estimated.
Self-discrepancy, Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Affective Style and Self-efficacy
Authors: Schlechter Pascal , Hellmann Jens H. , Morina Nexhmedin
Published: July 2022

Background

Self-discrepancy theory posits that greater discrepancy between the actual and ideal self is related to dysphoria and greater discrepancy between the actual and ought self to anxiety. Despite both being transdiagnostically associated with psychopathology, differential effects of actual:ideal and actual:ought discrepancies have not been confirmed. There is further lack of knowledge about cognitive and affective factors implicated in the relationship between self-discrepancies and depression and anxiety. We therefore examined the relationship of actual:ideal/actual:ought discrepancies with depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being, and whether affective styles (concealing, adjusting, and tolerating) and self-efficacy emerge as mediators or moderators.

Methods

Self-discrepancies were measured as discrepancies in the Big Five taxonomy of personality. Participants (N = 596) responded to the 10-item Big Five Inventory and ideal/ought versions of these traits, and measures of affective styles, self-efficacy, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and well-being.

Results

Both self-discrepancies were positively associated with depression, anxiety, and negatively with well-being, self-efficacy, tolerating and adjusting. No differential effects of the two types of discrepancy emerged. The adjusting affective style and self-efficacy partly accounted for the relationships between self-discrepancies and the outcomes.

Conclusion

Knowledge about affective adjustment and self-efficacy in counteracting putative negative emotional effects of self-discrepancies may inform intervention efforts.
Revisiting and revising Tatarskii’s formulation for the temperature structure parameter ($$C_T^2$$) in atmospheric flows
Authors: Basu Sukanta , Holtslag Albert A. M.
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we revisit a well-known formulation of temperature structure parameter ($$C_T^2$$

C
T
2

), originally proposed by V. I. Tatarskii. We point out its limitations and propose a revised formulation based on turbulence variance and flux budget equations. Our formulation includes a novel physically-based outer length scale which can be estimated from routine meteorological data.
Bohmian Mechanics is Not Deterministic
Authors: Landsman Klaas
Published: July 2022

I argue that Bohmian mechanics (or any similar pilot-wave theory) cannot reasonably be claimed to be a deterministic theory. If one assumes the “quantum equilibrium distribution” provided by the wave function of the universe, Bohmian mechanics requires an external random oracle in order to describe the (Kolmogorov–Levin–Chaitin) algorithmic randomness properties of typical outcome sequences of long runs of repeated identical experiments (which provably follow from the Born rule). This oracle lies beyond the scope of Bohmian mechanics (or any deterministic extension thereof), including the impossibility of explaining the randomness property in question from “random” initial conditions. Thus the advantages of Bohmian mechanics over other interpretations of quantum mechanics, if any, must lie at an ontological level, and in its potential to derive the quantum equilibrium distribution and hence the Born rule.
‘Built from the internet up’: assessing citizen participation in smart city planning through the case study of Quayside, Toronto
Authors: Chantry Will
Published: July 2022

Citizen participation in smart cities has come under ever more scrutiny in recent years. Whilst smart city projects across the world have proclaimed themselves as citizen-centric, scholars have found that these claims are still framed within a neoliberal, post-political conception of citizenship, whereby citizens are afforded little agency. In evaluating such projects and in aid of developing a better understanding of the citizen’s role in smart cities, scholars have developed various heuristics. This paper aims to further both empirical and theoretical developments in the field to evaluate citizen participation in Quayside, Toronto’s first smart city neighbourhood, using Cardullo and Kitchin’s Scaffold of Smart Citizen Participation. A document analysis of seventeen citizen engagement summary reports and advertisements, corresponding to eight citizen engagement initiatives, has revealed that the quality of citizen participation varied substantially according to individual initiatives in Quayside. It was also discovered that Cardullo and Kitchin’s scaffold was ineffective at capturing the complexity of citizen engagement in smart city planning. In light of this, a new heuristic which assesses the post-political spaces of citizen engagement has been developed. This heuristic can provide a productive foundation for further research in the field.
Landscaping the Behavioural Ecology of Primate Stone Tool Use
Authors: Almeida-Warren Katarina , Camara Henry Didier , Matsuzawa Tetsuro , Carvalho Susana
Published: July 2022

Ecology is fundamental in the development, transmission, and perpetuity of primate technology. Previous studies on tool site selection have addressed the relevance of targeted resources and raw materials for tools, but few have considered the broader foraging landscape. In this landscape-scale study of the ecological contexts of wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) tool use, we investigated the conditions required for nut-cracking to occur and persist in discrete locations at the long-term field site of Bossou, Guinea. We examined this at three levels: selection, frequency of use, and inactivity. We collected data on plant foods, nut trees, and raw materials using transect and quadrat methods, and conducted forest-wide surveys to map the location of nests and watercourses. We analysed data at the quadrat level (n = 82) using generalised linear models and descriptive statistics. We found that, further to the presence of a nut tree and availability of raw materials, abundance of food-providing trees as well as proximity to nest sites were significant predictors of nut-cracking occurrence. This suggests that the spatial distribution of nut-cracking sites is mediated by the broader behavioural landscape and is influenced by non-extractive foraging of perennial resources and non-foraging activities. Additionally, the number of functional tools was greater at sites with higher nut-cracking frequency, and was negatively correlated with site inactivity. Our research indicates that the technological landscape of Bossou chimpanzees shares affinities with the ‘favoured places’ model of hominin site formation, providing a comparative framework for reconstructing landscape-scale patterns of ancient human behaviour. A French translation of this abstract is provided in theelectronic supplementary information: EMS 2.
The Critically Endangered Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) Population Increases but not at the Maximum Possible Rate
Authors: Liu Guioqi , Lu Xueli , Liu Zhao , Xie Zhi , Qi Xuming , Zhou Jiang , Hong Xiaojiang , Mo Yanni , Chan Bosco P. L. , Chapman Colin A. , Jiang Zhigang
Published: July 2022

With the ongoing global biodiversity crisis in the Anthropocene, it is critical to understand how to save endangered species to “bend the curve” of biodiversity decline. The Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is a Critically Endangered species that is endemic to Hainan Island. We performed two synchronized total count surveys in Hainan Tropic Rain Forest National Park in November and December of 2020 and 2021 by locating gibbon groups from their morning calls and conducting detailed counts in all potential habitat fragments. We compared our findings with existing data to model the population trend, and analyzed the potential and realized reproductive potentials. We found 5 groups with a total of 33 gibbons in 2020 and 35 in 2021, including 4 and 6 solitary individuals respectively. This is an increase of 169% since 2003, when there were 13 individuals with 2 groups and 2 solitary individuals. Logistic and linear curves fitted the 2003-2021 population census data equally well. Although the population is growing, it has not realized its full reproductive potential (when all adult females give births at 24-month intervals), suggesting that external factors like available habitat, as well as nutritional, physiological, and behavioral factors may be limiting the population. The gibbon’s recovery demonstrates that establishing a nature reserve with regular patrols, banning logging, curbing poaching, and environmental education have been effective. Because the Hainan gibbon population is still extremely small, carefully planned conservation actions, including an ambitious forest restoration program, will be needed to ensure the species’ continued survival.
Hegemonic masculinity, sexism, homophobia, and perceived discrimination in traditionally male-dominated fields of study: A study in Swiss vocational upper-secondary schools
Authors: Blondé Jérôme , Gianettoni Lavinia , Gross Dinah , Guilley Edith
Published: July 2022

The current research investigated the endorsement of hegemonic masculinity, sexism, and homophobia, and the perceptions of discrimination, among samples of heterosexual male and female, and LGB students who had entered into traditionally male-dominated and female-dominated fields of study. Specifically, students from vocational and educational training in Swiss upper-secondary schools were recruited. Results revealed that adherence to hegemonic masculinity, sexism, and homophobia is higher in male-dominated fields of study (vs. female-dominated). Furthermore, heterosexual female and LGB students enrolled in male-dominated fields of study have been found to experience and anticipate more discrimination than heterosexual male students. Implications of these results are discussed.
Adapting routines in schools when facing challenging situations: Extending previous theories on routines by considering theories on self-regulated and collectively regulated learning
Authors: Maag Merki Katharina , Wullschleger Andrea , Rechsteiner Beat
Published: July 2022

Routines play a major role in educational change in schools. But what happens if the routines performed by school staff fail to deal successfully with current challenges? What strategies aid adaptation of the routines in a specific situation? Up to now, there exists no comprehensive concept for understanding why and at what points the adapting of routines in schools in a specific situation takes a favorable or unfavorable direction. To address this gap, we propose extending theories on routines by considering theories on self-regulated and collectively regulated learning. We consider these theories to be a beneficial complement because of their broad theoretical, methodological, and empirical research base. We argue that these theories enhance the understanding of adapting routines to specific challenging situations in schools. We present a newly developed theoretical framework for dealing with specific challenging situations in schools as an interplay between routines and regulation processes. Finally, important research questions regarding the suggested approach are discussed.
Grass and ground dwelling beetle community responses to holistic and wildlife grazing management using a cross-fence comparison in Western Kalahari rangeland, Namibia
Authors: Reinhard Johanna E. , Geissler Katja , Blaum Niels
Published: July 2022

Savannahs are often branded by livestock grazing with resulting land degradation. Holistic management of livestock was proposed to contribute to biodiversity conservation by simulating native wildlife grazing behaviour. This study attempts the comparison of the impact of a holistic management regime to a wildlife grazing management regime on grass and ground-dwelling beetle species diversity on neighboring farms in Namibian rangeland. Results show that the response of biodiversity in species richness and composition to holistic management of livestock differs substantially from wildlife grazing with a positive impact. From a total of 39 identified species of ground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, Carabidae) from 29 genera, eight species were found to be indicators for holistic management of livestock and three were found to be indicators for wildlife grazed rangeland. Observations suggest that holistic management of livestock may contribute to biodiversity conservation, but the differential effect of grazing management on species assemblages suggests that livestock grazing cannot replace native wildlife herbivory.

Implications for insect conservation

An adaptive management strategy such as holistic management used in this study shows the potential to support high beetle biodiversity. Holistic management of livestock thus aspects in favour for a sustainable form of grazing management for insect conservation even though it does not functionally replace grazing by native wildlife.
Nanoarchitectonics of (110) directed polyethylene glycol stabilized cerium nanoparticles for UV filtering applications
Authors: Rehman Yaser , Qutaish Hamzeh , Kim Jung Ho , Huang Xu-Feng , Konstantinov Konstantin
Published: July 2022

The use of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in ultraviolet (UV) filters can cause serious health issues due to their genotoxicity and cytotoxicity effect. Recent research on cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles has demonstrated their biocompatible nature, excellent antioxidant and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption properties. CeO2-based nanocomposite materials or nano-architectures can offer uniform absorptive properties, therapeutic skin effect and easy skin application. In this study, cerium oxide-polyethylene glycol (CeO2-PEG) nano-architecture was prepared by hydrothermal processing with the aim to improve stability, antioxidant properties, and enhance UV absorption for UV filtering applications. The morphology study of the developed nanocomposite revealed the formation of polymer bands with well-dispersed CeO2 nanoparticles. The nanocomposite structure has exhibited excellent UV absorption in the UV range 200–400 nm due to decrease in optical band gap in comparison to the naked CeO2 NPs. The evaluation of the photocatalytic activity (PCA) of the nanocomposite structure against P25 photocatalyst and ZnO nanoparticles showed no dye (crystal violet) degradation on UV irradiation. Hence, PCA assay verified the absence of ROS generation and increased stability of the nanostructure under UV irradiation. The investigation of antioxidant properties of the Ce-PEG nanocomposite by a dichlorofluorescein (DCF)-based assay revealed sufficient intracellular ROS scavenging in comparison to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and H2O2 only assays. In vitro toxicity evaluation of Ce-PEG nanocomposite towards non-malignant human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) revealed a non-significant cell mortality ~ 10% of control at a dosage of 50 mg L−1. The nanocomposite structure also exhibited excellent UV protection for HaCaT cells under UV irradiation conditions compared to P25. Our findings suggest that the developed nanocomposite combined the antioxidant and UV absorption properties of CeO2 and skin emollient role of (PEG), and hence offered a novel biocompatible and multifunctional structure for sunscreens and therapeutic skin product.

Graphical abstract
A Gradient Flow Equation for Optimal Control Problems With End-point Cost
Authors: Scagliotti A.
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we consider a control system of the form $\dot x = F(x)u$

x

̇

=
F
(
x
)
u
, linear in the control variable u. Given a fixed starting point, we study a finite-horizon optimal control problem, where we want to minimize a weighted sum of an end-point cost and the squared 2-norm of the control. This functional induces a gradient flow on the Hilbert space of admissible controls, and we prove a convergence result by means of the Lojasiewicz-Simon inequality. Finally, we show that, if we let the weight of the end-point cost tend to infinity, the resulting family of functionals is Γ-convergent, and it turns out that the limiting problem consists in joining the starting point and a minimizer of the end-point cost with a horizontal length-minimizer path.
ATHENA X-IFU Demonstration Model: First Joint Operation of the Main TES Array and its Cryogenic AntiCoincidence Detector (CryoAC)
Authors: D’Andrea M. , Ravensberg K. , Argan A. , Brienza D. , Lotti S. , Macculi C. , Minervini G. , Piro L. , Torrioli G. , Chiarello F. , Ferrari Barusso L. , Biasotti M. , Gallucci G. , Gatti F. , Rigano M. , Akamatsu H. , Dercksen J. , Gottardi L. , de Groote F. , den Hartog R. , den Herder J.-W. , Hoogeveen R. , Jackson B. , McCalden A. , Rosman S. , Taralli E. , Vaccaro D. , de Wit M. , Chervenak J. , Smith S. , Wakeham N.
Published: July 2022

The X-IFU is the cryogenic spectrometer onboard the future ATHENA X-ray observatory. It is based on a large array of TES microcalorimeters, which work in combination with a Cryogenic AntiCoincidence detector (CryoAC). This is necessary to reduce the particle background level thus enabling part of the mission science goals. Here we present the first joint test of X-IFU TES array and CryoAC Demonstration Models, performed in a FDM setup. We show that it is possible to operate properly both detectors, and we provide a preliminary demonstration of the anti-coincidence capability of the system achieved by the simultaneous detection of cosmic muons.
Conservation Properties of Iterative Methods for Implicit Discretizations of Conservation Laws
Authors: Birken Philipp , Linders Viktor
Published: July 2022

Conservation properties of iterative methods applied to implicit finite volume discretizations of nonlinear conservation laws are analyzed. It is shown that any consistent multistep or Runge-Kutta method is globally conservative. Further, it is shown that Newton’s method, Krylov subspace methods and pseudo-time iterations are globally conservative while the Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods are not in general. If pseudo-time iterations using an explicit Runge-Kutta method are applied to a locally conservative discretization, then the resulting scheme is also locally conservative. However, the corresponding numerical flux can be inconsistent with the conservation law. We prove an extension of the Lax-Wendroff theorem, which reveals that numerical solutions based on these methods converge to weak solutions of a modified conservation law where the flux function is multiplied by a particular constant. This constant depends on the choice of Runge-Kutta method but is independent of both the conservation law and the discretization. Consistency is maintained by ensuring that this constant equals unity and a strategy for achieving this is presented. Simulations show that this strategy improves the convergence rate of the pseudo-time iterations. Experiments with GMRES suggest that it also suffers from inconsistency but that this is automatically accounted for after some finite number of iterations. Similar experiments with coarse grid corrections based on agglomeration indicate no inconsistency.