bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial statistical analysis of the human corneal endothelial mosaic
Authors: RANNOU K , GUERRERO P , GAVET Y , PINOLI JC , THURET G , GAIN P
Published: August 2014

Purpose The human corneal endothelium is a monolayer of flat hexagonal cells, which do not regenerate and are responsible for the maintenance of cornea transparency. The aim of our study is to provide a statistical characterization of their spatial distribution.

Methods The data consisted of manually segmented human corneal endothelial cells from specular microscopy images of patients and light microscopy of stored corneas. Each cell was summarized by its mass centre, and the spatial repartition was analysed with the Ripley’s K and L functions and the Baddeley‐vanLieshout’s J function, that quantify the distance distribution between centres. This analysis was compared with two classical random point processes (Poisson, hard‐core)

Results Ripley’s and Baddeley‐vanLieshout’s functions allowed us to determine if the mass centres were distributed in a complete random or uniform way, or if spatial clusters did occur. Quantitative comparisons were made between young and old corneal endothelial mosaics.

Conclusion The perspectives of this mathematical modeling are to simulate cells mosaics behaviour over both space and time in different conditions such as normal aging, dystrophies, and after keratoplasty. Grant: ANR2012 CORIMMO3D
The effects of paclitaxel on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the mouse cornea.
Authors: JASIELSKA M , KOCIOK N , BRäUTIGAM M , JOUSSEN M , PLEYER U , MAIER AK
Published: August 2014

Purpose Paclitaxel is a cytoskeletal agent that interacts with mitotic activity and inhibits microtuble disassembly. Consequently its antiproliferative effect has raised interest as antiangiogenic compound and is currently used in oncology and cardiology. Therefore we investigated the effects of paclitaxel on the angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis process in a murine corneal neovascularization model.

Methods The mouse model of suture‐induced corneal neovascularization was used to assess the anti‐hemangiogenic and anti‐lymphangiogenic effect of paclitaxel by topical application, paclitaxel coated suture. As positive control we used dexamethason eye drops and as negative control – albumin eye drops. Application of eye drops was performed (3x/day) for 2 weeks beginning at the day of the suture‐treatment. Corneal neovascularization formation (angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis) was quantified on corneal flatmounts stained with CD31 and LYVE‐1.

Results Topical applications of paclitaxel significantly inhibited the outgrowth of lymphatic vessels. In contrast, we did not detect an anti‐angiogenic effect of paclitaxel on corneal neovascularization, although the extend of corneal neovascularization was significantly reduced in animals treated with dexamethason (positive control).

Conclusion Topical application of paclitaxel inhibits lymphangiogenesis in the cornea. This finding suggests a potential role of paclitaxel in the treatment of corneal diseases.
Ocular heat flow associated with threshold in vivo exposure to 1090 nm infrared radiation for cataract induction
Authors: YU Z , SCHULMEISTER K , TALEBIZADEH N , KRONSCHLÄGER M , SÖDERBERG P
Published: August 2014

Purpose To investigate the heat flow in the ocular media after in vivo exposure to 1090 nm IRR at the radiant exposure intended for cataract induction.

Methods Six‐weeks‐old albino SD rats were anesthetized and pupil‐dilated prior to exposure. The animals were divided into two groups of 12. All animals were unilaterally exposed to 197 W/cm2 IRR at 1090 nm within the dilated pupil for 8 s. In one group, temperature was recorded with the thermocouples placed at the limbus, in the vitreous behind lens and on the sclera next to the optic nerve, respectively in the exposed eye. In the other group, one thermocouple was placed at the limbus and another on the sclera next to the optic nerve in the exposed eye. Temperature was recorded from the end of the exposure till temperature back to the baseline.

Results In the first group, the induced temperature rise was, 95% CI, 11±3 ºC at the limbus, 16±6 ºC in the vitreous behind lens and 16±7 ºC on the sclera next to the optic nerve in the exposed eye. The rate constant was 2.4±0.4×10‐2 s‐1 at the limbus, 2.6±0.3×10‐2 s‐1 in the vitreous behind lens, and 2.9±0.6×10‐2 s‐1 on the sclera next to the optic nerve in the exposed eye (d.f. = 11). In the second group, the temperature rise was 9±1 ºC at the limbus and 26±10 ºC on the sclera next to the optic nerve in the exposed eye. The rate constant was 2.4±0.3×10‐2 s‐1 at the limbus and 4.3±1.1×10‐2 s‐1 on the sclera next to the optic nerve in the exposed eye (d.f.=11).

Conclusion An exposure to 197 W/cm2 1090 nm IRR for 8 s induces a temperature increase of 10 ºC at the limbus and 25 ºC close to the retina. The temperature fall in the anterior ocular segment is twice rapid in the posterior segment of the eye.
Comparative study of the incidence of macula edema in healthy and diabetic patients after uncomplicated cataract surgery
Authors: MIRACHTSIS T , GEORGIADOU I , SIOULIS C , MARKOU C , LAKE S , MOSCHOU V , GEORGIADIS N
Published: August 2014

Purpose To report the incidence of macula edema and its correlation with CDE(Cumulative Dissipated Energy) data in healthy and diabetic patients after cataract surgery.

Methods 168 patients (105 healthy and 63 diabetic) underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. Preoperatively medical history, biometric parameters were recorded and fundus photographs were taken. Phaco metrics were recorded after each surgery. Postoperatively fundus fluorescein angiography was performed between the 2nd and 6th month follow up. Patients with indications of macula thickness changes were evaluated with optical coherence tomography.

Results a) Macular edema was recorded in 7 out of 63 diabetic patients (11,1%) and in 5 out of 105 healthy patient( 4,8%). This difference is not significant statistically (p=0,122>0,05). b) There was a significant correlation between CDE values and the occurrence of CME in both groups (p=0,0001665 <0,05.) c) Values of CDE>36,32 are predictors for CME (p= 0,006<0,050).

Conclusion a) Improved surgical techniques have decreased the incidence of postoperative macula edema. b) There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of CME between the 2 study groups. c) CDE (Cumulative Dissipated Energy) value is an important factor that indicates the phacoemulsification energy and time needed.
Statin use and increased risk of cataract surgery
Authors: ERIE J , CHAMBERLAIN A , HODGE D
Published: August 2014

Purpose To determine the association of statin use with the risk of cataract surgery.

Methods This is a retrospective population‐based, case‐control study. The Rochester Epidemiology Project was used to identify eligible residents of Olmsted county, Minnesota, USA. Cases included 6,024 county residents aged 50 years and older who had first‐eye cataract surgery between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2011. Controls included residents who never had cataract surgery and were matched to cases by age, sex, and index date within 1 month of surgery. Statin medication prescriptions for at least 1 year before the surgery date (cases) or index date (controls) were examined. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by using logistic regression models.

Results In the cataract surgery cohort, 2,557 (42%) were statin users compared to 2,038 (34%) in the matched control cohort (P<0.0001). Statin use of 1 or more years was associated with an increased risk of cataract surgery (OR=1.44; 95% CI, 1.34 – 1.55; P<0.0001). The associations were similar in women (OR=1.52; 95% CI, 1.38‐1.68; P<0.0001) and men (OR=1.34; 95% CI, 1.20‐1.51; P<0.0001), and remained significant after adjusting for diabetes, oral corticosteroid use, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use (P<0.003).

Conclusion This study provides additional evidence that statin use is associated with an increased risk of cataract surgery in men and women, and underscores the likelihood of this unintended outcome in the large segment of the population that uses statins.
Simplified topical anaesthetic protocol for ambulatory cataract surgery: safety and satisfaction
Authors: FERTE A , BATTA B , TRECHOT F , FUCHS‐BUDER T , ANGIOI K
Published: August 2014

Purpose Background and goal of study: The aim of our study was to assess safety and efficiency of cataract surgery (CS) under topical anaesthesia alone, i.e. without pre‐anaesthetic evaluation and without direct presence of an anaesthesiologist. To this end we assessed incidence of preoperative patients’ anxiety, perioperative adverse events and patients’ and surgeons’ satisfaction.

Methods Materials and methods: Patients undergoing CS under topical anaesthesia were included during one month. Anaesthesiologist and anaesthesia nurse were present in the area and could intervene in case of an adverse event. Patients’ anxiety was scored using Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety & Information Scale (APAIS), their satisfaction with Iowa Satisfaction with Anaesthesia Scale (ISAS). Surgeons’ satisfaction was scored with a VAS from 0 to 10 (0: surgery not possible & 10: excellent surgical conditions).

Results Results and discussion: 124 consecutive patients were included; mean age was 71 (±9.4). Mean APAIS I was 6.4/20 (±3.7). Mean APAIS II was 3.1 (±1.8). Mean ISAS score was 5.5/6 (±0.6), indicating a high patients’ satisfaction. Surgeons’ satisfaction score was 8.9/10 (±1.7). 23 adverse events occurred, 16 of them of required intervention: 5 supplemental regional anaesthesia, 6 iv‐analgesia, 5 management of hypertension.

Conclusion Conclusion: These preliminary data suggest that simplified topical anaesthesia protocol for ambulatory CS seems to be feasible and safe, as long as an anaesthesia team is present in the area to intervene if needed.
Indexing of cataract surgery video by content based video retrieval
Authors: MARTIANO DH , CHARRIERE K , LAMARD M , COCHENER B
Published: August 2014

Purpose Many surgical computer‐aided projects have emerged in recent years, but none interested in cataract surgery . The aim of our study was to develop a method able to recognize in real time the video stream , surgical phases clearly identified and thus to classify them in a database .

Methods Over a period of 2 years, we have adopted a first series of 60 videos of cataract surgery , performed by six different surgeons. The operating parameters were recorded in postoperative dedicated form. Our first method characterized videos in 9 tasks : incision , OVD injection, capsulorhexis , hydrodissection , phacoemulsification , epi ‐ core implementation , OVD aspiration and closure. We developed specifically for this study , a novel characterization method using a granular system at several levels. To recognize in real time during the surgical phase , we used search algorithms for video content. The parameters studied were primarily based on visual content. Finally , we used the calculation of the area under the ROC curve for the quantification measure.

Results The average video length was 15.25 + / ‐ 7 minutes [ 10.05‐28 ] . 8 videos were atypical ( implemented iris hooks , toric IOL). The mean area under the curve was 0.806 + / ‐ 0.1 [ 0563‐0937 ] for the analysis of complete sequences.

Conclusion We choose to measure granularity in 4 different levels : procedure, phase, step, activity. These recognition system appear as a significant progress towards the construction of smart systems for surgery. Our method gives good quality results for sequencing our database video cataract surgery. And apart from some interest to have a database by automated grading , we can imagine the development of a device to support the initiation of surgical novice.
Survival in uveal melanoma spanish patients: 1992‐2012
Authors: SAORNIL ALVAREZ M , ALONSO P , GARCIA‐ALVAREZ C , MUNOZ M , ALMARAZ A , LOPEZ‐LARA F
Published: August 2014

Purpose To analize the specific survival of spanish patients diagnosed and treated of uveal melanoma in a national referral unit and compare the results with the previously published in other population

Methods Patients diagnosed of choroidal and ciliary body melanoma between 1992 and 2012 were included. Epidemiologic and general data, clinical and tumor characteristics, histopathologic features, survival status and cause of death were collected prospectively in a database. Statistical analysis was descriptive for baseline clinical features; survival was analysed by Kaplan‐Meier curves and multivariate Cox's regression model.

Results 480 patients were included. Mean follow up of 58.6 months; mean age of 61.7 in males (48.5%) and 62.6 in females, arising in choroid 95.6%. Iris color was grey in 19%, and brown in 43.8%. Most of the tumors were medium size (40.4%) without neither extraocular (94.6%) nor systemic(98.7%) extension.Brachytherapy was performed in 43.4%, observation in 36.4% and enucleation in 18.2%. Predominant histologic types were mixed (39.1%) and fusiform (34.3%). Thirty nine patients died during the follow up time due to metastatic melanoma. Survival rate at 5 and 10 years was 87.7% and 85.5%. Patients with grey/blue iris presented worse survival at 5 years (75.6%) than hazel (91.4%). No deaths were registered in patients with small size; for medium and large survival was 91.2% and 64%. Factors with prognostic significance were: ciliary body location, extraocular extension, epithelioid type and grey/blue iris color.

Conclusion The present study show a better survival than previously published series. Lighter iris color as showed prognostic value.These results may be due to epidemiologic differences.
Clinical features, instrumental diagnostics and surgical treatment of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in children
Authors: SAAKYAN S , AMIRYAN A , IVANOVA O , TATSKOV R
Published: August 2014

Purpose To present the clinico‐instrumental features and surgical approaches in orbital rhabdomiosarcoma in children.

Methods 15 children in the age from 4 month to 14 years (4 girls and 11 boys) were treated in our clinic. All the patients underwent both clinical and instrumental examinations, including CT‐scan, high frequency ultrasonography. The surgical treatment was performed in all cases – tumor excision or incision biopsy. The morphological verification of the tumors’s type was dedicated in all children – embryonal (13 children) and alveolar (2 children) rhabdomyosarcomas.

Results In all case the progressive proptoses with vision decreasing in short period of time were noticed (from 2 weeks to 4 month). CT scan demonstrated a solid mass with accurate margins, localized in different part of the orbit (mainly under the upper roof – in 6 cases) with infiltration of rectus or oblique extraocular muscles. High frequency ultrasonography with Doppler scanning showed a hyporeflective lesion with hypervascular internal vascularization. In 6 cases the tumor excision were performed (all these tumors were covered with thin pseudocapsula and has less infiltration of orbital tissues).

Conclusion The examination of rhabdomyosarcoma should be complex, based on anamnesis data, clinical features and instrumental investigations results. The type of surgical treatment should be chosen depending on the tumor infiltration of orbital tissues.
Case of orbital mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma accompanied with refractory serous retinal detachment
Authors: OSHITARI T , OTA S , KISHIMOTO T , YAMAMOTO S
Published: August 2014

Purpose We present a case of orbital mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma accompanied with refractory serous retinal detachment.

Methods A 44‐year‐old man who developed uveitis in the right eye was referred to Chiba National Hospital. His visual acuity was 0.5, and the IOP was 34 mmHg OD. Keratic precipitates and inflammatory cells were observed in the anterior chamber. Fundus examinations showed a serous retinal detachment (SRD) and a hyperemic disc. B‐mode ultrasonography showed a thickened choroidal membrane and a retrobulbar mass. The MRI findings showed that the mass had T1‐ and T2‐low intensities. Although topical steroid treatments improved the inflammation, the SRD was not improved. Because the oral steroid administration did not reduce the size of the retrobulbar mass, he was referred to the Chiba University Hospital.

Results Two month later, the retrobulbar mass had increased, and a partial resection biopsy combined with flow cytometry was performed. The final diagnosis was mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The intraocular IL‐10 was not measurable. After R‐CHOP chemotherapy, the tumor size decreased but the SRD was not improved. Not only lymphoma cell infiltration but also choroidal circulatory disturbance may be associated with the development of the SRD.

Conclusion Retrobulbar malignant lymphomas accompanied by refractory SRD are very rare and difficult to diagnose without biopsy. But, early diagnosis is more helpful in deciding the appropriate therapy.
Merkel cell carcinoma: therapeutic discussion about two cases
Authors: BAILLIEUL A , RICHET M , DESSERRE J , MAURAGE CA , LABALETTE P
Published: August 2014

Purpose Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor. Its incidence is estimated 0.34/100000 in the U.S. Caucasian population. The Merkel cell carcinoma is a tumor of rapid change with a high malignant potential. Indeed, the survival rate at 3 years was estimated at 68%. Eyelid localization is meanwhile 5‐10 % of Merkel cell carcinoma. The median age of diagnosis is 69 years. It is then in the form of an inflammatory nodule that may be confused with a chalazion.

Methods We present two clinical cases of Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid, initially confused with chalazion. The staging was performed by PET scan. The first case was classified T1N0M0 carcinoma, the second a classified TxN0M0 carcinoma. Both cases underwent surgical excision healthy margin. The first case is a simple excision, the second flap rotation of the lower eyelid. During follow up the second case received radiotherapy for loco regional reached.

Results There is no current consensus for the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma in the eyelid location. Its management is complex and must be multidisciplinary. Mohs micrographic surgery is the technique of choice. To secure tumor margins, radiotherapy seems to be an interesting adjuvant treatment for tumors larger than 2 cm. The sentinel nodetechnique can avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomy. Combination of radiotherapy and sentinel lymph node procedure may improved survival.

Conclusion Merkel cell carcinoma is probably a virally induced cancer: a recent prospective study shows a significant association between infection with polyomavirus MCV and Merkel cell carcinoma. New therapy should happen quickly in the future.
Case of relapsing polychondritis with different ocular inflammations
Authors: NANA F , TOSHIYUKI O , SHUICHI Y
Published: August 2014

Purpose We present a case of relapsing polychondritis with orbital cellulitis.

Methods A 71‐year‐old man had age‐related macular degeneration and had been treated by an intravitreal injection of anti‐VEGF in another hospital. Three months later, he noted that he was deaf in both ears. At the same time, he developed scleritis in the right which was improved by a topical steroids. At the first visit to our hospital, he had a reddish swelling in the left eyelid with pain. There was also a reddish swelling of the right auricula. CT examinations showed maxillary sinusitis, and he was diagnosed with left orbital cellulitis. He was treated with intravenous antibiotics, and the left orbital cellulitis rapidly improved but he developed right scleritis and left gonitis. Blood tests showed an elevation of ESR and CRP, and positive antinuclear antibody. MRI showed bilateral posterior scleritis and right auricular perichondritis.

Results Because he had auricular perichondritis and cochleovestibular disorders, auricular biopsy was performed, and an infiltration of lymphocytes into the periauricular tissue was found histologically. Taken together, he was diagnosed with relapsing polychondritis. Oral predonisolone treatment was performed by a consulting rheumatologist, and both ocular and auricular inflammations improved. He continues with the oral predonisolone.

Conclusion Although ocular complications of relapsing polychondritis are rare, polychondritis is a life‐threatening disease. Thus, ophthalmologists should consider relapsing polychondritis in patients with both ocular and auricular inflammation.
Prevalence of refractive error in school childrens with color vision deficiencies
Authors: OSTADIMOGHADDAM H , YEKTA AA , HERAVIAN J , AHMADI HOSSEINI M , VATANDOUST S , ABOLBASHARI F , SHARIFI F
Published: August 2014

Purpose To assess the refractive error status in subjects with color vision deficiency (CVD) and color normal (CN) in order to make a contribution to a better understanding of emmetropization process.

Methods A total of 4400 students were screened using a Ishihara pseudoisochromatic color vision plate set. One hundred and sixty students were detected to have CVD. Four hundred age and sex match were set as the control group. Objective refraction was performed to determine the refractive status of the subjects.

Results The prevalence of myopia in CVD group was 7.7% that was significantly lower than CN subjects (13.9%). Furthermore, CVD group presented with lower prevalence of hyperopia (41%) in comparison with CN group (57.4%). In addition, CVD subjects were presented with lower magnitude of refractive error in comparison with NC.

Conclusion Although lower prevalence of myopia support the theory of the role of Longitudinal chromatic aberration in refractive error development, lower prevalence of hyperopia in CVD group is in contrary with that. This Results indicated that longitudinal chromatic aberration is not the only factor that could influences the emmetropization process.
Topical treatment‐ are we adhering to guidelines?
Authors: ANSARI E , FAGJENBAUM M
Published: August 2014

Purpose To determine if established guidelines for medical treatment are being used in glaucoma clinics

Methods Retrospective case note review of 120 consecutive patients in a glaucoma clinic who had been started on topical treatment within the last 5 years. The prescribing trends were compared to EGS guidelines and local guidelines. first line, second line and combination regimens, was analysed. The persistence of individual classes of drops and combination regimens was studied.

Results First line: Prostaglandin analogues (PGA) were prescribed in 70%, Beta‐blockers (BB) in 20% and Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI) and combination preparations in 10%. Persistence: 25% of PGA group, effect of one PGA lasted > 3 years; 75% of PGA group, effect of one PGA lasted < 3 years. 36% of BB group, effect of one BB lasted > 3years; in 64%, effect of single BB lasted < 3 years. Second line: PGA prescribed in 25%, BB in 9% and combination preparations in 66%. Persistence: 30% of BB+PGA lasted > 3 years; 43% of PGA+BB lasted > 3

Conclusion First line drop prescription was in line with EGS and local guidelines. Persistence of effect of BB at > 3 years was better than PGA (36% v 25%). Combination drops were the most popular 2nd line, with Cosopt being the most popular (38%) 2nd line drop. The combination of PGA+combination drop had the best persistence (39%). There was a surprisingly large number of cases with inappropriate combination regimes.

Commercial interest
Patient satisfaction after preservative free latanoprost; the PASSY survey in Germany
Authors: ERB C
Published: August 2014

Purpose To determine the characteristics and satisfaction regarding tolerance of glaucoma patients treated by Monoprost®, preservative‐free (PF) latanoprost, in ophthalmology consultations.

Methods Multicenter, epidemiological, retrospective survey in 6 European countries. OHT/Glaucoma Patients treated by PF latanoprost for more than 2 months were included. A 2 page questionnaire recorded: ocular history, data on previous treatment, reason for change, tolerance of the treatments, OSD and tear substitutes use, eye examination.

Results 248 patients from Germany were analyzed. Mean age was 67. 89.5 % of the patients had received another previous treatment and the reasons for previous changes were mainly local intolerance (66%) and insufficient efficacy (46%). 96 % of patients declared to be satisfied or very satisfied with their PF latanoprost treatment. Tolerance was declared as better or much better than their previous treatment by 79% of patients and the same by 17%. The use of Monoprost® UD in comparison to the previous treatment was easier for 40 % of the patients or the same for 52%. Within the 38% of patients who use tear substitutes, this use decreased for 28% and did not change for 66% of patients.

Conclusion After 2 months of Monoprost® treatment, almost all the patients were satisfied of their treatment and more than three‐fourth considered that the tolerance was better than the previous treatment.

Commercial interest
Two simple animal models of intraocular pressure elevation for testing therapeutic drugs in glaucoma
Authors: GRILLO‐ANTONELLI S , CIMBOLINI N , FERAILLE L , ELENA P
Published: August 2014

Purpose Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the most important risk factors. Here we present two experimental models of high IOP in rats and rabbits. One is related to the side effects of corticosteroids and the other one on the hypersaline stress.

Methods In the rat model, elevation of IOP was induced by instillations of 0.1% dexamethasone twice daily. One group received only saline instillations. The three dexamethasone induced groups received either 0.9% NaCl or brimonidine/timolol (0.2%/0.25%) or latanoprost (0.002%). The IOP was measured using a TonoLab® tonometer. In the rabbit model, elevation of IOP was induced by intravitreal (IVT) injection of 5% saline solution. The first received isotonic saline solution (0.9%) by IVT injection, the other two groups received hypertonic saline solution (5%) by IVT injection, one treated with an instillation of 0.9% NaCl and the other with an instillation of brimonidine‐timolol (0.2%/0.25%). IOP were recorded with a pneumatonometer.

Results In the rat model, 0.1% dexamethasone instillations induced a significant and chronic increase of the IOP over 35 days. The high IOP significantly decreased after treatment with the IOP‐lowering agents. In the rabbit model, the treatment showed a significant and acute increase of the IOP over 30 min to 120 min, after treatment the IOP significantly decreased.

Conclusion These two models of high intraocular pressure with simple experimental handling and low cost, can be used as a tool for discovering therapeutic drugs in glaucoma targeting the outflow
Changes in ganglion cell complex thickness in patients treated with intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy
Authors: CHO B , LEE JY , YOO RM
Published: August 2014

Purpose To evaluate the effect of repeated intravitreal injections of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) on the thickness of the ganglion cell complex(GCC) in patients with retinal diseases.

Methods This is a retrospective study of 91 patient with injections for age‐related macular degeneration(AMD), diabetic retinopathy(DMR), or retinal vein occlusion(RVO), who received more than three anti‐VEGF injections. For this study, Ganglion cell complex thickness was measured by SD‐OCT. The measurements of GCC thickness were made at the fovea and at 3 points nasal and 3 points temporal to the fovea, each separated by a distance of 500 microns. We also evaluated the correlation between changes in ganglion cell complex and other factors including intraocular pressure (IOP), injection times, and the type of disease.

Results After multiple intravitreal anti‐VEGF treatments, ganglion cell complex thickness decreased from the initial GCC thickness. Changes of GCC thickness(final GCC thickness ‐ initial GCC thickness) were ‐7.47 ± 22.81, ‐4.93 ± 21.93, ‐3.60 ± 33.39, ‐1.19 ± 9.38, ‐9.10 ± 32.89, ‐0.93 ± 24.44 and ‐2.57 ± 24.78 at T 1500, T 1000, T 500, the fovea, N 500, N 1000 and N 1500, respectively. And mean GCC thickness was changed from 98.56 ± 17.04 to 94.30 ± 14.49 (p= 0.15). When classified by disease, the decrease in GCC thickness was statistically significant in RVO patients. The number of injections was found to have no correlation with changes in GCC thickness.

Conclusion Multiple intravitreal injections of anti‐VEGF lead to a significant change in GCC thickness. But, the number of injections did not appear to adversely affect GCC thickness.
Structure‐function relationship: Ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer thickness by SD‐OCT and central visual field sensitivity
Authors: CHAPRON T , MARECHAL M , EL CHEHAB H , FENOLLAND JR , MARILL AF , ROSENBERG R , DELBARRE M , MOUINGA A , RENARD JP
Published: August 2014

Purpose To evaluate relationships between central 10‐2 visual field (VF) sensitivity by standard automatic perimetry (SAP) and the ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness by Cirrus HD‐OCT.

Methods 64 eyes: 29 control and 34 glaucomatous eyes with an isolated 10‐2 central VF defect were included. Each of them underwent analyze of GCIPL thickness by Cirrus HD‐OCT and a reproducible central VF testing (Humphrey Field Analyser, SITA standard 10‐2, Carl Zeiss Meditec). Relationship between VF sensitivity and GCIPL thickness was analysed globally and in the six sectors of the HD‐OCT‐Cirrus using Spearman rank order correlations.

Results Macular VF sensitivity and GCIPL thickness relationships were statistically significant in each sector (R= 0.455 ‐ 0.576, all p<0.001). Correlation for mean macular VF sensivity and mean GCIPL thickness was higher than sectorial correlations (R=0.645, p<0.0001). For sectors analysed, the highest correlation was in inferotemporal sector (R=0.576).

Conclusion GCIPL thickness by Cirrus‐HD OCT showed statistically significant structure‐function associations with central VF sensitivity. Mean central VF sensitivity had the strongest correlation.
Refractory open angle glaucoma treated by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Results at one year of a prospective series
Authors: ROULAND J , APTEL F
Published: August 2014

Purpose To assess the safety and efficacy of Ultrasound Circular Cyclo‐Coagulation (UC3 procedure) using HIFU (high intensity focused ultrasound) in patients with refractory open angle glaucoma.

Methods Prospective clinical series performed in two centers, on twenty‐eight eyes of twenty‐eight patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma, treated with the EyeOP1 medical device equipped with six miniaturized cylindrical piezoelectric transducers. All eyes were treated with a 6‐second exposure time from each transducer. The main assessment criteria were safety and efficacy as indicated by the incidence of complications and by the IOP reduction. Ophthalmic, ultrasound biomicroscopy and flare examinations were performed before treatment and during clinical follow‐up at D1, D7, M1, M2, M3 M6 and M12

Results The mean intraocular pressure was significantly reduced from 29.0 ± 7.2 mmHg before treatment to 21.6 ± 9.4 mmHg at last follow‐up. Eight patients needed to be re‐treated. Complete success rate, as defined by an IOP reduction >20% and IOP> 5 mmHg after one UC3 procedure was 50%, and 68% after re‐treatments. The mean IOP reduction achieved in responding patients was 45%. No major intra‐ or post‐operative complications occurred. Clinical examination showed no lesions of the ocular structures other than the ciliary body and no or few signs of intraocular inflammation after treatment. Ocular inflammation evidenced by flare was very limited and non‐significant.

Conclusion Coagulation of the ciliary body using high intensity focused ultrasound delivered by miniaturized transducers is a simple, well‐tolerated procedure which enables to significantly reduce the intraocular pressure in patients with refractory Open Angle Glaucoma.

Commercial interest
MHC Class II expression in the retina during experimental autoimmune uveitis
Authors: LIPSKI D , DEWISPELAERE R , FOUCART V , CASPERS L , BRUYNS C , WILLERMAIN F
Published: August 2014

Purpose Autoimmune posterior non infectious uveitis induction requires intraocular MHCII‐dependent recognition of a retinal antigen by autoreactive T cells. MHCII basal retinal expression is weak, but possibly induced during uveitis. In this work, we aim to identify the retinal cell types susceptible to express MHCII during EAU.

Methods C57Bl/6 mice were immunized with IRBP1–20. At day 12, T cells were semi‐purified from lymph nodes and spleens, re‐stimulated in vitro and injected to naive C57Bl/6 mice. Fundoscopy was performed after 3 weeks. MHCII expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence on eye cryosections and co‐labellings for GFAP, CD31, endoglin and IBA‐1 realized to identify cells expressing MHCII.

Results No expression of MHCII is detected in naive retinas, while strong induction is found during EAU. The majority of cells infiltrating the vitreous co‐stain for MHCII and IBA‐1, a marker of macrophages and microglial cells. Extravasated cells around vasculitis lesions also show MHCII staining, partially co‐localized with IBA‐1. At the vascular level, marginal expression of MHCII appears on GFAP+ (glial and Müller cells) and CD31+ (endothelial cells, platelets and macrophages) cells, while no co‐staining is observed with endoglin. MHCII is expressed on the ciliary body epithelium and lightly on the RPE. Microglia displays an intense diffuse MHCII expression.

Conclusion Our results support a strong MHCII induction during EAU, on both retinal and infiltrating cells. At the level of the BRB, although RPE cells express some MHCII, our data do not demonstrate expression of MHCII by endothelial cells. The question of how antigen presentation to activated T cells occurs at the site of the inner BRB remains to be addressed.
Ocular manifestations among hiv children at the regional hospital of bafoussam ‐ cameroon
Authors: DOMNGANG NOCHE C , KAGMENI G , KEMAYOU D , BELLA A
Published: August 2014

Purpose to determine the frequency and types of ocular manifestations in HIV children, as well as search for determinants of these ocular manifestations

Methods Our study was cross‐sectional and descriptive, and was held in the Regional Hospital of Bafoussam (Cameroon) from March to June 2013. The sampling was consecutive.

Results Forty (21 boys and 19 girls) children were included in the study (mean age= 7.5 years) which 97.5% were under treatment. The overall frequency of participants with ocular manifestations was 27.5% (n=11/40) with a predominance of adnexal disorders (n=7). Adnexal pathologies found were infectious conjunctivitis (n=3), allergic conjunctivitis (n=1), blepharitis (n=1), molluscum contagiosum (n=1) and nystagmus (n=1). The only anterior segment disease found was a cataract with posterior synechiae (n=1) and the posterior segment pathologies were: a retinitis with vasculitis (n=1) and a papillary atrophy (n=2). The frequency of eye diseases was 33,3% (n=7/21) among boys and 22,0% (4/19) among girls (p=0,38). They were more prevalent in the < 5 years (33,3%, n = 4 /12) and 11‐15 years (38,5%, n=5/13) and were less in the 6‐10 years (13,3%, n=2 /15) (p=0,52). They were also more frequent among participants with CD4 between 201 and 400 cells/mm3 (p=0,36).

Conclusion The frequency of ocular manifestations of HIV children (victims of mother to child transmission) was 27.5% in our study. The most frequent pathologies were not specific to the HIV infection.
The functional role of RPGR protein complex in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: SHU X , PATNAIK S , CRAFT J , MCCULLOCH D
Published: August 2014

Purpose Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a progressive outer retinal dystrophy, affecting 1/3500 individuals in most populations. Mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene are the most common single cause of RP, accounting for up to 20% of all cases. RPGR forms a protein complex by interacting with the RPGR‐interacting protein 1 (RPGRIP1) and/or RPGRIP1 like protein (RPGRIP1L). We aim to investigate the functional role of RPGR protein complex in the pathogenesis of RP.

Methods Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock‐down RPGR, RPGRIP1 or RPGRIP1L in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 1 cell line. The efficiency of siRNA knock‐down was assessed by qualitative RT‐PCR and western blotting. The knock‐down effects of RPGR, RPGRIP1, or RPGRIP1L were characterized by immnocytochemistry, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blotting.

Results Knock‐down of RPGR, RPGRIP1 or RPGRIP1L caused defects in ciliogenesis, remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton, and centrosome positioning. Since planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway regulates actin cytoskeleton rearrangement through activation of small RhoA GTPases. So, we performed ELISA and found that RhoA‐GTPase activity were upregulated in the absence of RPGR, RPGRIP1, or RPGRIP1L protein. We also found knock‐down of RPGR, RPGRIP1 or RPGRIP1L decreased the stability of DVl3 proteins, key components of polar cell polarity (PCP) pathway.

Conclusion We provide compelling evidence that the RPGR protein complex is required for the stability of DVl3, and regulates RhoA for apical centrosome positioning required for cilia formation. We show a novel functional role of RPGR complex in cilia formation by regulating actin cytoskeleton through alteration of PCP pathway.
Analysis of the polymorphic variants of genes involved in miRNA pathway and its impact on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in pathogenesis of primary open angle galucoma
Authors: MAJSTEREK I , WALCZAK A , MARKIEWICZ L , PRZYBYLOWSKA‐SYGUT K , SZYMANEK K , GACEK M , SZAFLIK J , SZAFLIK JP
Published: August 2014

Purpose Elevated intraocular pressure is concerned as the major risk factor of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling resulting in impaired outflow of aqueous humor from the eye. Their expression is crucial for a normal ECM structure synthesis and organization. It is estimated that about 30% of all human genes are regulated by microRNA (miRNA) pathway.

Methods Blood samples of 250 patients and 250 age matched controls were enrolled in the study. We evaluated effects of 24 functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of miRNA pathway genes including DROSHA, DGCR8, XPO5, RAN, DICER1, TARBP2, AGO1, AGO2, GEMIN3, GEMIN4, HIWI by TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay. We also performed a polygenic approach to assess the cumulative effects of these SNPs on MMPs expression level in POAG patients by Real‐Time PCR.

Results The data statistical analysis showed that SNPs of miRNA might be associated with risk of POAG in a Polish population. Data also showed a correlation between disturbances in expression of MMPs genes connected with glaucoma pathophysiology and diversity of miRNA levels in eye tissues. Thus, the results may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease.

Conclusion Furthermore, the results may be useful for direct application of specific types of miRNAs in the expression regulation of MMPs involved in pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma. The work was supported by the grant of National Science Center Poland no. 2012/05/B/NZ7/02502.
Comparative study of RNFL,GCA (macular ganglionnar cells) OCT alteration and MRI lesions in a population of multiple sclerosis patients (MS) with a recent history (less than 4 years)
Authors: BOURNIQUEL M , VALERO B , DE FARIA A , GIRAUD JM
Published: August 2014

Purpose Spectral domain OCT allows measuring peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and macular ganglionar cells and inner plexiform layers (GCA). Previous studies established alterations of these layers in ON.The aim of this study was to evaluate eyes without ON‐ and to compare GCA and RNFL lesions.

Methods We studied 48 eyes from 24 patients with authentified MS.On 48 eyes,8 eyes had clinically proven optic neuritis in previous years. Patients with ON in the last 6 months, or with elevated intra ocular pressure,high myopia,or macular pathology were excluded.All had clinical exam and OCT measurement (Zeiss Cirrus).

Results The 8 eyes with history of ON showed clear thinning of both GCA and RNFL (p<<0,05 with both).With the 40 other eyes,11 showed abnormalities with OCT,29 had normal OCT.In those 11 eyes,both OCT measurements ( RNFL and GCA) showed a thickness loss, but higher with GCA with a better statistical correlation ( p= 0,037 versus p=0,062).Futhermore, more dials were involved in GCA versus RNFL in the thinning topography for 7 eyes out this 11 eyes group.We ran a screening for IRM abnormalities for all 24 patients, categorizing them in three groups (high, medium and low lesion load) without any clear association to the OCT alterations.

Conclusion This study confirmed acquired ganglion cells alterations,remaining after ON,in patients who had a complete visual function recovery.It showed GCA or RNFL abnormalities in one quarter of patient without ON history.GCA seems to have greater sensitivity than RNFL ,but further studies on biggest population are necessary to precise specificity an sensitivity of these two measures.
Strabismus and nystagmus in the congenital cataracts
Authors: LEE S , PARK J
Published: August 2014

Purpose To evaluate the clinical manifestations and factors affecting onset of strabismus and nystagmus in the congenital cataracts.

Methods 148 eyes of the 88 patients who had undergone cataract removal for congenital cataracts between January 1996 year and January 2011 year were reviewed. The age at the surgery was from 6 weeks to 21 years. The factors related with the development of strabismus and nystagmus were analyzed.

Results The prevalence rate of strabismus was 28.8% in the bilateral cataracts, and 45% the unilateral cataracts at the last follow‐up. Exotropia was the most common type of strabismus both preoperatively and postoperatively regardless of bilaterality of the cataracts. The same type of strabismus persisted after surgery. Nystagmus was noted in the 18 patients (30.5%) only with bilateral cataracts. Nystagmus was accompanied significantly by strabismus in the 10 patients (55.6%). In the patients with nystagmus, esotropia:exotropia was 4:6 and poor visual prognosis was noted. Strabismus developed more significantly in the patients without primary IOL implantation.

Conclusion The factors related with development of strabismus were unilateral cataracts, nystagmus, and aphakic state. Exotropia was the most common type and nystagmus was shown only in the bilateral cataracts.
Prevalence of optic neuropathy in alcoholic patients and predictive value of optic nerve alterations for its diagnosis
Authors: MICHAU S , RIGOLE H , PERNEY P , VILLAIN M , DAIEN V
Published: August 2014

Purpose Optic neuropathy (ON) is one of the complications of alcohol. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of alcoholic ON in a cohort of patients hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal. Secondary objective was to explore the predictive value of optic nerve changes for diagnosis of ON.

Methods This was a single‐center prospective study. A complete eye examination was performed during the patient's alcohol withdrawal. The definition of alcoholic ON used was an assocation of alterations of visual field with impaired color vision. Optic nerve function and morphology were assessed using visual evoked potentials, optical coherence tomography (OCT), Nerve Fiber Indicator from polarimetry (GDx) and Moorfields Regression Analysis of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II (MRA‐HRT II).

Results Two hundred patients were included prospectively from January 2010 to June 2013 (145 men and 55 women) with a mean age of 47 ± 12 year. The average alcohol consumption was 220 ± 122 g/day. 46 patients (23%) responded to alcoholic ON defintion (13.5 % in both eyes and 9.5% in only one eye). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for visual evoked potentials were of 55.5% and 54.5% respectively; for GDx 18% and 97%, respectively; for OCT 38% and 92%, respectively; and for MRA‐HRT II 19% and 79%, respectively.

Conclusion A high prevalence of alcoholic ON observed in this study should prompt screening and early treatment. From predictive value of objective optic nerve changes, we discuss the best couple of exams to complete the screening of alcoholic ON.
Pentraxin‐3 level at admission is a strong predictor of short‐term mortality in a community‐based hospital setting
Authors: Bastrup‐Birk S. , Munthe‐Fog L. , Skjoedt M.‐O. , Ma Y. J. , Nielsen H. , Køber L. , Nielsen O. W. , Iversen K. , Garred P.
Published: August 2014

Background

The pattern recognition molecule pentraxin‐3 (PTX3) is a novel potential marker of prognosis, as elevated levels are associated with both disease severity and mortality in patients with a wide range of conditions. However, the usefulness of PTX3 as a prognostic biomarker in a general hospital setting is unknown.

Patients and methods

The study cohort consisted of 1326 unselected, consecutive patients (age >40 years) admitted to a community hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark. Patients were followed until death or for a median of 11.5 years after admission. The main outcome measure was all‐cause mortality. Serum samples collected from patients at admission and from 192 healthy control subjects were quantified for PTX3 level by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

PTX3 was elevated in patients (median 3.7 ng mL−1, range 0.5–209.8) compared with healthy nonhospitalized subjects (median 3.5 ng mL−1, range 0.0–8.3; P = 0.0003). Elevated PTX3 levels, defined as above the 95th percentile of the concentration in healthy subjects, were associated with increased overall mortality during the study (P < 0.0001). This increase in mortality was greatest in the short term, with an unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 6.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8–11.0] at 28 days after admission, compared to 1.7 (95% CI 1.4–2.0) at the end of follow‐up. These results were still significant after adjustment for age, gender and glomerular filtration rate: adjusted HR of 5.0 (95% CI 2.9–8.8) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.2–1.8), respectively.

Conclusion

These results suggest that PTX3 could be a widely applicable marker of short‐term mortality in hospitalized patients and may be useful in the initial risk stratification.
Alteration processes in the CV chondrite parent body based on analysis of NWA 2086 meteorite
Authors: Kereszturi A. , Blumberger Z. , Józsa S. , May Z. , Müller A. , Szabó M. , Tóth M.
Published: August 2014

Analysis of the NWA 2086 CV3 chondrite showed a matrix/chondrule ratio of 52%, similar to Bali, Mokoia, and Grosanaja. Nearly twice as many chondrule fragments as intact ones demonstrate that an early fragmentation phase occurred prior to final accretion. After this event, no substantial mechanical change or redeposition is evident. Rims with double‐layered structures were identified around some chondrules, which, in at least one case, is attributed to an accretionary origin. The rim's outer parts with a diffuse appearance were formed by in situ chemical alteration. During this later process, Mg content decreased, Fe content increased, and olivine composition was homogenized, producing a rim composition close to that of the matrix. This alteration occasionally happened along fractures and at confined locations, and was probably produced by fluid interactions. Iron oxides are the best candidate for a small grain‐sized alteration product; however, technical limitations in the available equipment did not allow exact phase identification. These results suggest that NWA 2086 came from a location (possible more deeply buried) in the CV parent body than Mokoia or Bali, and suffered less impact effects—although there is no evidence of sustained thermal alteration. This meteorite may represent a sample of the CV parent asteroid interior and provide a useful basis for comparison with other CV meteorites in the future.