bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eliminating Dependence on Foreign Aid— Some Policy
Implications
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

The domestic resources of the developing countries are usually
too limited even to permit a steady maintenance of their per capita
income. In their attempt to improve the level of their per capita
income, such countries resort to the strategy of increasing their growth
rate by relying on foreign resources. In an economy, where population is
growing at the rate of 3 percent per annum, and saving capacity is less
than 10 percent of the G.N.P., the chances of increasing the per capita
income are very low. Capital inflow allows an economy to grow at a
higher rate. It is expected that an increasing proportion of increased
income will be saved so that the economy would be self-reliant after
some years. How¬ever, most of the aid to the developing countries is in
the form of loans, often on very unfavourable terms, with the result
that the debt servicing problem becomes quite serious. The huge burden
of debt servicing makes it rather difficult for the developing countries
to attain self-reliance. Since a continuous aid inflow means a surrender
of national sovereignty to some extent, almost all the developing
countries want to eliminate their dependence on aid as soon as possible.
To achieve this objective, many developing countries set a time period
after which the capital inflow would hopefully be zero. If a time limit
is to be set, then we must know the policies that a government will have
to follow in order to eliminate aid flows. In particular, we need to
know the maximum allowance for consumption out of the increase in
national income. Similarly, if there is a limit to the marginal
propensity to save, we must determine the period over which a country
can realistically hope to do away with the aid.
Socio-Economic and Institutional Factors Influencing Fertilizer
Use in the Punjab (Pakistan)
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: August 2018

Application of chemical fertilizers is one of the quickest and
simplest means of increasing farm production. Increased fertilizer use
has been an important factor in increasing crop productivity in the
developed countries and in those developing countries which have shown
high rates of growth in the agricultural sector. The use of chemical
fertilizers in Pakistan started in 1952. With the introduction of
fertilizer-responsive seeds for wheat and rice crops, and the
availability of additional irrigation water from the installation of
private and public tubewells, the use of fertilizers has become
increasingly popular. The farmers were further encouraged to increase
the use of fertilizers by a sub¬stantial price subsidy and the
promotional efforts by the government and the fertilizer industry in
Pakistan. Despite the promotional efforts by the government and
fertilizer industry, the application rate of fertilizer in Pakistan
remains one of the lowest, even when compared with the fertilizer use
levels in other developing countries. During 1970-71, fertilizer use per
hectare of arable land in Pakistan was 15.1 nutrient kilograms. During
the same period the rate of fertilizer use in the Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Taiwan, Siouth Korea and Japan was 25.2, 47.3, 243.6,
Mass Poverty in Pakistan - A Further Study
Authors: Alauddin Talat
Published: August 2018

Despite great development efforts made in Pakistan1 during the
last twenty-five years, the extent of poverty in the country has
remained shockingly great and the living standards of the masses
alarmingly low. The interest in the study of the mass poverty problem is
of recent origin in Pakistan. Earlier studies have examined the problem
mainly from the point of view of an equit¬able distribution of income
and wealth and their analysis has been principally based on their
relative shares. However, one study [6] deals with the specific problem
of mass poverty in Pakistan, taking into account the absolute levels.
The study, done by Naseem, analyses consumption expenditure of the
masses by making use of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey [9]
data for the years 1963-64, 1966-67, 1968-69 and 1969-70. Since then,
many changes have occurred in Pakistan's economy as a result of which
the per capita GNP declined during the last two years covered by this
study, viz. 1970-71 and 1971-72. Since expenditure, as a measure of
welfare, may not be very appropriate in a year in which income declines,
for part of the expenditure might be financed by dissavings and sales of
assets, the analysis for this paper is based on both expendi¬ture and
income levels. Moreover, as the estimation of poverty levels, to a great
extent, involves, besides other things, value judgment, it is more
appro¬priate to specify a range of income and expenditure values rather
than specific values. For this reason, the study makes use of four
levels of income and expenditures, instead of the two adopted in
Naseem's study [6], below each of which the number of the poor is
estimated.
Demand for Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Fertilizer Price Policy in
Pakistan
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Javed M. Anwar
Published: August 2018

One of the major constraints to an increase in Pakistan's
agricultural production is low fertilizer input. Despite spectacular
growth of fertilizer con¬sumption during the '60s the rate of fertilizer
application in Pakistan remains below the optimal rate [8, pp.77-90]
and far below the rates in advanced countries [15, p. 24]. An upward
movement of the rate of fertilizer applica¬tion, essential to avoid
recurring loss of agricultural production, entails ap¬propriate policy
measures over a long time-horizon. Appropriate policy guidance may well
be derived from the experience of the '60s. It is believed that low
fertilizer prices, among other factors, contributed enormously to the
growth in fertilizer consumption [9, pp.419-25]. Towards the end of the
'60s, however, the fertilizer prices increased causing a decline of per
acre and total fertilizer consumption [15, p. 24]. As fertilizer is a
critical input, reduced consumption is translated into reduced
agricultural output, higher prices of agricultural commodities or both.
Trade Effects of the Generalized System of Preferences
Authors: Iqbal Zubair
Published: August 2018

All the developed countries that agreed to be donors under the
proposal for Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) adopted at the
first UNCTAD session in 1964, have introduced their individual (GSP)
schemes.1 Under these schemes, imports of a large number of manufactures
and semimanufactures from less developed countries are permitted at zero
or reduced tariff rates up to a certain maximum amount. The full tariff
rates continue to apply to imports from other countries. Attention has
focused on the institutional arrangements underlying the schemes, the
nature and possible effects of quantitative limitations such as import
ceilings and tariff quotas, and the estimation of probable demand
responses to preferential tariff cuts in developed countries under
specific schemes [3,4, 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14]. An underlying assumption
of the GSP has been that a preferential treatment of imports from less
developed countries would promote the exports of manu¬factured and
semimanufactured products from these countries. The purpose of , this
study is not to test or otherwise quantify this hypothesis as such.
Rather, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive assessment of the
global trade effects of all the schemes, taken individually as well as
collectively, by estimating the trade creation, (i.e., increase in world
trade) and trade diversion, (i.e., decline in the exports of
non-preferred countries) effects. These estimates are drawn upon
Money Multiplier As a Determinant of Money Supply: The Case of
Pakistan
Authors: Hamdani S.M. Mazahir Hasnain
Published: August 2018

Monetary policy is an important instrument for pursuing growth
and stability in a less developed economy. However, it can yield desired
results if and only if it is judiciously formulated and properly
implemented. An appropriate formulation of monetary policy requires two
basic relations to hold: (1) the demand function for money must be
reasonably stable and empiri¬cally available to the monetary authorities
and (2) the stock of money must be subject to control by the monetary
authorities and the mechanism through which money supply is
quantitatively determined in an economy should be clear to the
policy-makers.
Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: The Philippines.
By Robert E. Baldwin. New York: Columbia University Press (Published by
the National Bureau of Economic Research, New York). 165 Pp.
Authors: Ashraf Javed
Published: August 2018

In line with the theme set out in its sister volumes, the book
under review explores the anatomy of exchange control, the
liberalization of exchange controls and the relationship of the exchange
control system to growth for Philippines for the period from World War
II to 1971. It makes searching probes-into how different commercial
policies and exchange controls influenced growth, employment, resource
allocation and income distribution. A great deal of attention is focused
on the evaluation of attempts to liberalize the exchange controls.
Fiscal and monetary measures are also accorded detailed treat¬ment
commensurate with their importance.
Health Economics: Report on a WHO Inter-Regional Seminar. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 1975. (Public Health Papers No. 64 ISBN 924
130064). Pp.44.
Authors: Iqbal Javed
Published: August 2018

The interest of the policy-maker in social sectors is of a
recent origin. All aggregative production functions in the past
indicated the existence of a residual factor which was generally imputed
to qualitative and quantitative advances in education and training.
Other social factors like health were not given the attention they
deserved. It took a long time before the economic significance of
education could fee reflected in policy-making. Still worse is the case
of health sector, the study of which has not been seriously done by
economic theorists.
The Environment, Attitudes and Activities of Rural Women: A Case
Study of A Village in Punjab
Authors: Khan Seemin Anwar , Bilquees Faiz
Published: August 2018

Changing social and economic conditions in Pakistan and
throughout the world require an appraisal of the role women play in
their environment. Strategies are being proposed to promote integration
of women into the develop¬ment process. In Pakistan there is a
particular concern for rural areas where the majority of the population
lives. To make such strategies effective, however, we need to have more
baseline data about the target group, i.e. the rural women. Our
objective in this study is to report, as accurately and comprehen¬sively
as we can, on the nature and kinds of various economic activities in
which village women take part. It is common knowledge that women
participate at different times of the year in the harvesting and
planting of crops, but very little is known about how much time is spent
in these tasks and how these activities affect the lives of village
women. Beyond work in the fields, rural women are active in producing
goods and services, mostly for their families own consumption but also,
on a smaller scale, for sale and exchange in the local market. No one
has yet calculated the NFP the net female product of a country, but it
is likely to be quite large and in Pakistan the bulk of the NFP is
generated in the rural sector1.
Growth of Crop Output in Pakistan—An Analysis by Component
Elements
Authors: Saeed Zahid
Published: August 2018

An assessment of production possibilities in the agricultural
sector is an important aspect of the process of making projections of
agricultural output. A knowledge of the determinants of production or of
sources of growth as observed in the recent past is a useful starting
point in delineating the production possibilities. Locating sources of
growth in agriculture is normally interpreted as an exercise in
determining dimensions of the input-output relationship in crop
production processes. There are mainly two approaches for analysing the
issue: (a) Estimation of the production functions and (b) Disaggregation
of the "gross value of production" (GVP) into its main components. This
paper pre¬sents some results on sources of growth at the disaggregated
district level by breaking down the increase in the gross value of
production into four factors. The first section consists of the
methodology and data used. Main results are presented in the second
section. The last section derives some implications for research in this
area.
On the Concept of Foreign Exchange Multiplier—A
Correction
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

In an earlier issue of this journal, Diamond [1] has argued
that in develop¬ing countries increased imports may have an inflationary
rather than a defla¬tionary impact on the economy. His reasoning is
based on the fact that develop¬ing countries are faced with short
supplies of imported inputs and not with a deficient demand. An increase
in the imports of intermediate goods results in increased production and
higher G.N.P. The ratio of the increase in output to the increase in the
imports is termed foreign exchange multiplier by Diamond. Diamond's
analysis is quite useful as it enables one to determine the increase in
output when foreign exchange constraint is relaxed in a developing
economy. However, his analysis suffers from two problems. First, the
assumption that all of the increase in foreign exchange will be
allocated to the imports of intermediate goods is unrealistic. Second,
there is a mathematical error in his Equation 6 when he divides the
output vector by an imports vector. In this note, the assumption that
all of the increase in foreign exchange is allocated to the imports of
intermediate inputs is relaxed. Diamond's Equation 6 is corrected. It is
further shown that for the computation of a foreign exchange multiplier
for the economy as a whole one does not need inter-industry matrix and
that information regarding the value added per unit of gross output is
sufficient.
Recent Advances in Economics: A Book of Readings. Edited by
Rendings Fels and John J. Siegfried. (Homewood, Illinois: Richard D.
Irwin, 1974).
Authors: Malik M.
Published: August 2018

This book is the latest in the American Economic Association
series of "readings". But, unlike its predecessors, it is more difficult
to review because there is not one but several themes, a mixed bag:
mixed in subject matter, in approach, is one's view of things, in its
general tenor, and to some extent, in quality as well. It was published
in response "to the realization that under¬graduate instruction too
often treats economics as an unchanging body of knowledge instead of as
a field of research like medicine, astronomy and archae¬ology, in which
new discoveries are constantly made" (P. v).
Sectoral Growth Rates and Efficiency of Factor Use in Large-Scale
Manufacturing Sector in West Pakistan
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

The large-scale manufacturing sector of Pakistan has grown at
an annual compound rate of 14.3 percent1 over the period 1949-50 to
1969-70. However, one does not know the rates at which different
sub-sectors of this sector have grown in the past. Similarly, earlier
studies done for an analysis of this sector's efficiency were limited to
calculations of effective protection rates [3,7,10] or of comparative
cost ratios [2]. What has not been studied before is the magnitude of
the change in the efficiency of factor use in Pakistan. The absence of
such literature in Pakistan stems essentially from the non-avail¬ability
of consistent and reliable time series data at a disaggregated level.
Pakistan's censuses of manufacturing industries hereinafter referred to
as CMI, carried out almost every year, do contain data at a
disaggregated level, but those data suffer from a serious undercoverage.
Since the magnitude of the undercoverage shows wide fluctuations, the
data cannot be used for computing growth rates. In an earlier study [4]2
an attempt was made to construct a consistent time series of data
relating to the large-scale manufacturing sector. The data reported were
at current prices, which need to be deflated for compu¬tation of growth
rates at constant prices
Characteristics and Employment Generation of Small-Scale
Industries in Western Nigeria
Authors: Farooq Janet , M. Farooq Ghazi , Adepoju Aderanti
Published: August 2018

With meagre capital investment but with, supposedly, higher
labour pro¬ductivity than in agriculture, small-scale industries can be
an important source of employment as well as a healthy contributor to
industrial production in a developing country like Nigeria. A study of
the Pakistan-Indian situation has shown that normally the highest
employment per unit of capital is found in very small firms (of 20 or
less workers). Such firms sometimes have the distinct short-term
advantage of both lower capital-labour and capital-output ratios than
larger establishments [20]. In fact, if the small-scale industrial
sector is encouraged within a favourable economic environment, it can
play an important role in economic development at least in the
transitional state.
Interdistrict and Interprovincial Differentials in Correlates of
Female Labour Force Participation, 1961
Authors: Shah Nasra M. , Abbasi Nasreen , Alam Iqbal
Published: August 2018

This paper is an attempt at analysing female labour force
participation and its various socio-economic and demographic correlates
in Pakistan. Data for the four provinces have been analysed separately
in order to get an idea of the diversity between regions and to identify
characteristics that influence female work participation in different
parts of the country. The area relating to the size and structure of
female labour force has received considerable attention in recent years
in Pakistan. A preliminary attempt, using 1961 Census data, was made by
Bhatti and Alam [1] at iden¬tifying the significant correlates of female
work in Pakistan. Yusuf [20] analysed correlttes of male participation
in labour force by using data from the 1961 Census. Constraints and
cultural definitions relating to types of female work were discussed by
Papanek [15], Pastner [14] and Shah [18]. Saeed [17] analysed the
factors important in female participation in farm operations, and
differentiated between work participation by women belonging to various
castes in four villages in Lyallpur. A case study of women's attitudes,
environment and activities has recently been made by Khan and Bilquees
[4] for a Punjabi Village. Shah [19] analysed from survey data the
demographic and socio¬economic influences on female labour force
participation in the rural and urban areas of Pakistan.
An Estimation of the Grant Element in Foreign Aid
Authors: Mahmood M A.
Published: August 2018

The purpose of aid is to effect a real transfer of resources
from the developed countries to the developing ones. Aid can be given
through a number of arrangements which differ from one donor country to
another. The three main variables that influence the terms of aid are
the interest rate, the grace period and the repayment period. Another
factor that may influence these terms is the possibility that the loan
may be repayable in local instead of convertible currency; if this is
so, then the grant element of the loan increases.1 However, this
possibility is ignored when calculating the grant element in this paper
as it occurs infrequently in repayment agreements.
A Note on the Effective Exchange Rate for Pakistan's Manufactured
Exports, 1968-1975
Authors: Guisinger Stephen E.
Published: August 2018

The role of relative prices in determining the export
performance of developing countries is now well established. Studies by
Kravis [2], Mo-Geehan [3] and others have found that price
competitiveness is essential for maintaining a rapid rate of export
growth in both developed and developing countries. For Pakistan, Husain
[1] has shown that changes in export prices resulting from changes in
the export bonus scheme had a significant effect on raising the level of
munufactured exports over the 1960-1967 period.
Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: India. By Jagdish
N. Bhagwati and T.N. Sirinivasan. New York Columbia University Press
(Published by the National Bureau of Economic Research 1975) 261
pages.
Authors: Shahid Abdur Razzaq
Published: August 2018

This volume on India is one of a series of research projects
on exchange control, liberalization, and economic development,
undertaken for many less developed countries. The study deals with three
major topics: exchange control, liberalization, and growth. First, under
'The Anatomy of Exchange Control', the methods of allocation and
intervention in the foreign trade and payments practised by the
government during the restrictive period 1956-66 and their economic
impact are discussed. Then, a detailed analysis of the 'Liberalization
Episode' which covers the policies in the period 1966-68, including the
June 1966 devaluation, and the episode's effect on price level, economic
activity, and exports is given. Finally, the overall growth effects of
the foreign trade regime (broadly defined as exchange rate policy plus
the frame-work of relevant domestic policies such as industrial
licensing), and their possible contribution to India's rather
unsatisfactory economic performance are examined.
Economic Theory and Practice in the Asian Setting, Volume 3: The
Economics of Agriculture. Edited by Committee on Economics Teaching
Material for Asian Universities. New Dehli: Wiley Eastern
Limited.
Authors: Bilquees Faiz
Published: August 2018

This book is the product of the efforts of a group of teachers
who felt the need to provide Asian students with empirical work on
agriculture which applies economic theory to their own environment. The
papers in the volume are organized into six topics on Agriculture: (a)
Management decisions on small farms; (b) importance of technical
know-how; (c) mechanization of agri¬culture; (d) relationship between
farm-size and productivity; (e) impact of food aid; and (f) agricultural
policies of Asian countries. The major theme of the papers is that land
holdings in Asian Countries are usually very small.
Serving Agriculture As An Administrator. By A.T. Mosher. (New
York), Agricultural Development Council, Inc., XIV+64 pp.51.5.
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: August 2018

Development of agriculture is receiving considerable attention
nowadays, especially in the developing countries. With increased
emphasis on agricultural development, numerous publications and writings
focusing on overall strategies and policies for helping agriculture to
develop, or emphasizing on various specific and socio-economic and
technical aspects have appeared. It is now realized that in order to
accelerate the pace of transforming traditional agri¬culture, new farm
inputs, technological innovations and their diffusion among farmers must
be stepped up. Also, institution building is now recognized as important
for rapid agricultural development. It requires making present
organizations more effective and creating new ones, in order to respond
to the ever increasing and changing requirements of the agricultural
sector.
An Urban Poverty Line Estimate
Authors: Wasay Abdul
Published: August 2018

A fundamental policy objective in developing countries is the
reduction of poverty and the provision of an adequate level of income
sufficient to allow for the basic consumption needs of the lowest income
group. It is not an easy objective because resources are limited.
Moreover, the definition of basic needs itself is difficult since these
needs vary from region to region, and over time. Nevertheless, the
poverty problem is sufficiently important to justify the development of
practical measures of at least the biological and physical needs: food,
clothing, and shelter. With such measures, a translation of basic
consumption needs from physical to expenditure units and the calculation
of an absolute poverty line is possible.
Foreign Assistance and the New International Economic
Order
Authors: Baqai Mom
Published: August 2018

Foreign assistance has been an integral part of the existing
international economic order. It was the major link sustaining a tenuous
relationship between the dominant economic forces moving towards an
unprecedented affluence and the large periphery of poverty-ridden
economies of the developing world. It served the function which private
or public charity performs in traditional societies. It tended to delay
the demand for ensuring a fair and dignified share to the developing
countries in the material gains of human progress. The progress of
mankind in harnessing world's natural resources and in the applica¬tion
of science to productive processes has so far benefited a small part of
the world population though it has a great potential for increasing
prosperity on a global scale. International community has not yet
acquired a global perspec¬tive in determining its strategy for dealing
with economic issues.
Education and the Income Differential: An Estimation for
Rawalpindi City
Authors: Hamdani Khalil A.
Published: August 2018

Empirical tests of the human capital hypothesis—that education
increases an individual's income—have been undertaken in several
countries with favourable results [13]. These results show that (1)
income differentials between individuals of different educational levels
are wide; (2) the differentials establish shortly after the initial
years of work and maintain through the duration of the life cycle; (3)
the differentials are greater in developing countries than in developed
countries; (4) the returns to education, after allowing for educational
costs, exceed the returns to physical capital investment in developing
countries; (5) the highest returns are to primary education; and (6)
private returns exceed social returns. Which, if not all, of these
results are true for Pakistan is not known. This paper yields such
comparative results through an application of the human capital
hypothesis to Rawalpindi City. The data for Rawalpindi are for males and
derive from a socio-economic survey conducted by the Pakistan Institute
of Development Economics in 1975.
Nutrition Planning: Analysis of Some Policy Options
Authors: Mccarthy F. Desmond
Published: August 2018

Pakistan's Development Perspective (1975-80) provides for an
increase in private consumption at the rate of over 7 percent per annum
and this implies a per capita increase of 4.2 percent per year. In order
to examine the implica¬tion of these projections it is of interest to
look at almost all aspects of the country's economic and socio-political
structure. This paper focuses primarily on just one part of the overall
picture-namely some options that might be considered on the demand side
of the economy. Ideally one would like to understand each individual's
milieu and characteristics to try and project his future behaviour as a
consumer with reasonable accuracy. In practice this is, of course, not
feasible so that one must strive for a balance between a manageable
amount of data and yet capture enough of the key features of market
behaviour to produce meaningful results. These features should ideally
reflect socio-economic status, and regional and seasonal variations.
Largely because of the type of data readily available, this paper tends
to emphasize the first class of features and for the most part ignores
the other two.
Economic Analysis of Fertilizer Demand in the Punjab
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: August 2018

It is a well known fact that increased use of purchased farm
inputs, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, seeds and farm
machinery, etc., has been associated with a substantial increase in
agricultural production and higher farm productivity. Since demand for
farm inputs is derived from demand for farm products, therefore,
agricultural development in a country or region may be studied either
through the changes in farm production and productivity, or through the
changes in demand for various farm inputs. The demand for fertilizers,
especially, lends itself to this type of analysis, because fertilizer is
a highly divisible farm input.
Population Change, Modernization and Welfare. By Joseph Spengler.
Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1974.
Authors: Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

The book covers a wide field, touching on almost all aspects
of popula¬tion change on a world-wide scale. It discusses, using world
and country data, the relationships between demographic and
socio-economic variables, and elaborates on" their relative importance
in the determination of population problems which confront the world as
a whole and nations individually. Policies designed to alleviate these
problems are discussed with an emphasis on those related to population
control. The first chapter is entitled "Population Growth: Past and
Prospective" and reviews the various parameters associated with
population change in the past and in the future. It touches upon the
concept of a stable population in order to show the elements which cause
a population to change (i.e. remove it from its stable condition). The
main elements of change, population growth, migration, mortality and
natality are discussed individually. The chapter is concluded by a
description of the main differences in these elements and other
socio-economic conditions as they exist in the less-developed and
developed countries.
A Development Model and Foreign Aid Requirements in
Pakistan
Authors: Ali Ghulam
Published: August 2018

In the transitional period of development, absorptive capacity
is not a binding constraint to development for long. As attempts to
increase invest¬ment are made in a bid to achieve the desired growth
rate, savings fall short of funds required for the purpose. In the
initial period of development, the under¬developed countries like
Pakistan generally face the emergence of a gap [6a] between investment
and savings which we will refer to as the resources gap. If domestic
resources are sufficient to generate required savings, there may be
another limit to the investment of these resources due to lack of
complementary inputs, in which their own production Capacity is limited,
and their traditional exports are not, in general, sufficient to finance
the imports of capital goods and other complementary inputs in
accordance with the needs of the economy. Therefore, there emerges
another gap termed as the trade gap.
Financial Liberalisation and Domestic Saving in Economic
Development: An Empirical Test for Six Countries
Authors: Abe Shigeyuki , Fry Maxwell J. , Kyun Min Byoung , Vongvipanond Pairoj , Yu Teh-Pei
Published: August 2018

Despite a voluminous literature stressing the importance of
financial development in the process of economic growth, a convincing
theoretical framework was lacking until the recent publications of
McKinnon [19] and Shaw [25]. Indeed, neoclassical growth theories
provide, in the main, a negative role to the monetary process. Here, a
reduction rather than an increase in real returns on financial wealth
stimulates saving and investment. McKinnon and Shaw both take direct
issue with the neoclassical proposition, showing that crucial
assumptions in this paradigm are erroneous in the context of less
developed countries. McKinnon produces an alternative model in which
real money balances are complements rather than substitutes to tangible
investment. Shaw rejects neoclassical growth models in favour of the
debt-intermediation view which he himself pioneered in the
1950's.
On the Care and Handling of Regression Specifications in
Fertility Research
Authors: De Tray Dennis , Khan Zubeda
Published: August 2018

Economists, sociologists and demographers must often attempt
to answer important questions with data not well suited to the problem
at hand. One example that crops up frequently in
socio-economic-demographic literature is the use of samples of women,
whose ages span the entire fecund period, to study the effects of
couples' characteristics on "completed" fertility, or on the demand for
children. In this case, the usual procedure is to control either for age
or for duration of marriage, and to assume that issues concerned with
timing and spacing of children can be ignored. Under this assumption,
differences in the level of the stock of children among families at any
point in time (any age) bear a one-to-one correspondence to differences
in completed fertility observed at the end of the fertile period. In
this paper, we explore some of the pitfalls researchers may encounter
when using data with this characteristic, especially in the absence of
exact knowledge of the functional form of the relationship between age
or duration of marriage and other variables thought to affect actual
fertility.
A Note on Changes in Real Wages of Government Servants, 1959-60
to 1975-76
Authors: Qureshi M.L. , Bilquees Faiz
Published: August 2018

An attempt has been made in this paper to estimate the changes
that have taken place in the real wages of government servants from
1959-60 to 1975-76. In 1972, the government servants were classified in
22 categories. For purposes of comparison, the various posts in 1959-60
were grouped into cate¬gories which correspond to the 22 categories of
1972. The wages include the basic salary at the minimum of the scale,
plus allowances and other fringe benefits such as housing subsidy/house
rent, dearness, conveyance and other allowances expressed in money terms
at current prices in 1959-60, 1972 and 1975-76 as per details given in
Appendix Tables I, II and III respectively.
A Note on Petrol Versus Diesel Transport An Assessment of a
Policy Option
Authors: Majeed Abdul
Published: August 2018

The policy of higher tax on petrol than on diesel gasoline
encourages diesel transport. This may cause distortion and suboptimal
allocation. This note is aimed at testing this hypothesis empirically.
The First section briefly des¬cribes the petrol versus diesel argument.
In the Second section cost compari¬sons are made for two petrol and
diesel vehicles of comparable performance. The conclusion and policy
options are discussed in the Third section.
The Employment Problem in Less Developed Countries.—By David
Turnham, assisted by Ingelies Jaeger. Development Centre of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.
1971.
Authors: Ali Karamat
Published: August 2018

The goal of full employment is one of the most desired
objectives of economic planning. The nature of the employment problem in
developed countries is different from that in the less developed ones.
For a realistic solu¬tion to these problems, it is essential to examine
the employment problem in the right perspective and to study its various
dimensions in detail. This volume provides an analytical insight into
the various aspects of the employment problem in less-developed
countries. The nature of the unemployment pro¬blem in under-developed
countries, its causes and solutions are discussed with empirical
evidence from different countries.
Factor Supply and Factor Intensity of Trade in Korea.—By Wontack
Hong. Korea Development Institute, Seoul, Korea. 1976.
Authors: Nishat Surraiya
Published: August 2018

The main purpose of the book is to investigate the changes in
the factor intensity of Korea's trade. The time span covered for the
analysis is 1960-1973, the period during which Korea experienced both
rapid capital accumulation and a prodigious expansion of manufactured
exports. The book contains 12 chapters in all. Following an introductory
note, Chapter 1 presents an overview of growth and trade in Korea. It is
shown that annual commodity exports of Korea, which amounted to less
than 100 million before 1962, increased at an average annual rate of 40%
during 1962-73 and were around $3200 million in 1973 and §4500 million
in 1974. The share of manufactured goods in total commodity exports,
which never exceeded the 20 percent level during 1953-61, steadily
increased thereafter and had reached a level of over 90 percent after
1970. It is further shown that in the Sixties in Korea, import
substitution and export expansion went concomitantly and that private
entrepreneures determined the allocation of resources. However, in the
Seventies, the government encouraged entrepreneurs to diversify exports
away from unskilled labour-intensive manufactures, for example, textiles
and ply-wood, to relatively skill intensive and moderately
capital-intensive manufacturing, such as the ship-building and machinery
industries. This was necessary if the coun¬try was to take full
advantage of the changing comparative costs which were becoming apparent
in her foreign trade.
Labour Content and Structure of Pakistan's Manufactured
Exports
Authors: Nlshat Surraiya
Published: August 2018

The Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theorem occupies a central position
in the discussion of the pattern of trade between countries. According
to this theorem a country should specialize in the production and export
of those commodities which require more of those factors with which the
country is relatively well endowed, i.e., a labour-abundant country
should export labour-intensive product and a capital-abundant economy
should export capital-intensive goods.
Assessing Fertility and Nuptiality Differentials of Rural and
Urban Iran
Authors: Lee Che-Fu , Khan Mohammad
Published: August 2018

Delayed marriage and non-marriage were the important factors
of fertility decline in the classic case of Western Europe [8,1] and in
some parts of Eastern Europe [16]. Changes in age structure of marriage,
though not so much in the proportion of non-marriage, have also been
observed along with trends of fertility decline in the recent history of
some Eastern Asian Countries see, for example, [6,17]. In light of these
historical cases it is natural to ask what is, and will be the relative
impact of nuptiality and fertility change on the growth of populations
in developing nations which remain high in fertility and traditionally
are married young and nearly universally.
Technological Change, Tenant Displacement and Adjustment in
Pakistan: Some Preliminary Observations
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: August 2018

Agriculture in Pakistan has experienced a breakthrough which
is com¬monly known as the Green Revolution. This breakthrough was
achieved mainly through the introduction of high yielding varieties of
wheat, rice and maize, increased use of chemical fertilizers, tractors,
and substantial private and public investment in water development
projects. All this has helped in shifting the country's agricultural
production function outward. The agricultural policy of the government,
which has encouraged the use of new technology, has also contributed to
this shift and increased resource productivity.
A Note on the Edible Oil Milling Sector Output, Value Added and
Employment
Authors: Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

The importance of the edible oil industry cannot be
over-emphasised, Most of the urban population and an increasing
proportion of the rural popula¬tion depend upon it for their cooking
needs. As indigenous supplies are highly inadequate, large quantities of
edible oils have to be imported to meet domestic requirements, as shown
in Table 1.
Farming in Pakistan.—By Muhammad Afzal, Pakistan Academy of
Sciences, Islamabad. 1977. 277, pp.
Authors: Mohammad Ali Chaudhry
Published: August 2018

In this book attempt has been made to deal with diverse areas
of varied significance in agriculture. It begins with a description of
the geography and rural set up of the country. In the introductory part
of the book an account is given of the topography, historical land use
in agriculture, cottage industries and the problems of the rural economy
like uneven land distribution, tenancy, illeteracy and indebtedness.
This description is useful as it provides an excel¬lent background
material for undertaking any analysis of the performance and potential
of the agricultural sector.
Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Egypt. By Bent
Hansen and Karim Nashashibi. New York: Columbia University Press. 1975.
XXXV +358 pp.(Published by the National Bureau of Economic Research,
New York).
Authors: Hamdani S.M. Mazahir Hasnain
Published: August 2018

The book under review is one of a series of studies conducted
under the auspices of the National Bureau of Economic Research. The
primary object was the empirical exploration of a classical doctrine
that trade is an engine of growth. The book consists of three major
parts. In part one analysis of the Egyptian trade regimes at an
aggregate level, from World War II to the Sixties, is presented in five
chapters. Chapter 1 outlines Egypt's foreign trade, economic development
and political characteristics in a historical perspective. After
discussing ninety years of free trade it moves on to explain how Egypt's
industrial sector expanded through protection and the increased demand
resulting from the outbreak of World War II. Thereafter, during the
Nasser regime the economy underwent a metamorphosis, namely,
nationalization of all industries, finance and trade. Consequently, by
the end of the Sixties the public sector's share in gross dome¬stic
product and investment was as high as 50 percent and 90 perecent.
respectively.
An Analysis of Production Relations in the Large-scale Textile
Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Malik Sohail J. , Mushtaq Mohammad , Nazli Hina
Published: August 2018

This paper attempts to determine econometrically the
underlying production relations for the large-scale textile
manufacturing sector of Pakistan, based on data available from the siX
most recent censuses of large-scale manufacturing industries. The
cOllariance model is used for pooling the provincial data. Testing for
alternative forms reveals that the CES production function with
constant-returns-to-scale most adequately explains the underlying
production structure. The estimates of the elasticity of substitution
are significantly different from zero in all cases, implying significant
and efficient employment generation possibilities.
B. M. Bhatia. Indian Agriculture: A Policy Perspective. New'Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ud., 1988.191 pp.Rupees (Indian) 140.00 (Hardbound Edition).
Authors: Khwaja Sarmad
Published: August 2018

India is self-sufficient in the production of foodgrains, and in good years has substantial exportable surpluses. This is no small achievement for a country which, in the late Sixties, had to import as much as 13 percent of its requirements of foodgrains. The turnaround came as a result of the distribution of high-yielding seeds, fertilizer, modern agricultural technology, and provision of extension services. But agricultural growth has remained concentrated in the north-west of the country, which is well-endowed with infrastructures like irrigation, rural electrification, roads, markets, etc. By one estimate, these areas, which account for less than 15 percent of the total area under foodgrains cultivation in the country, have contributed as much as 56 percent of the increase in foodgrain production in the post-green· revolution period. No doubt, this has led to an increase in the regional disparities as well. Another serious imbalance in Indian agriculture has arisen because of cropwise disparities in growth, between foodgrains and non-foodgrains on the one hand, and among different foodgrains on the other. About 70 percent of the total cultivated area in the country is rain-fed, which contributes a large proportion of the total output of important crops like cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and cotton; and over 40 percent of the total food grains production of the country. But productivity in these areas is low and fluctuates according to the amount of rainfall. Dr Bhatia shows that stagnation in the agriculture sector has coincided not only with adverse weather conditions but also with adverse inputoutput price ratios, particularly between fertilizer and procurement prices of cereals.
Ashok Parikh. The Estimation and Forecasting of Trade Shares. Bangkok: United Nations Publication, 1986.344 pp.(Development Papers No.5)
Authors: Ashfaque H. Khan
Published: August 2018

Macro-econometric' models have proved their worth as tools of intelligent policy-making in a large number of countries where the required data are reasonably good. Hence, despite lingering doubts cast by the rational-expectations school about its utility for macro-economic management, macro-econometric model building has continued unabated. It is, however, well known that national econometric models tell an incomplete story about the international linkages of national economies. Even though every respectable national model contains foreign trade equations, the country-Wide macro-models do not contain the equations to permit the model-builders to incorporate explicit1y the inter-country linkages. It was this realization that led to the creation of Project LINK at the University of Pennsylvania in 1968 under the supervision of Professor Lawrence Klein. Similar efforts are also being pursued by the ESCAP Secretariat thrOUgh Project Asian SUb-Unk to promote a better understanding of the extent of interdependence among the economies of the region. Lately the Asian and Pacific Development Centre, (APDC) in collaboration with the Pakistan Ipstitute of Development Economics (PIDE), has undertaken similar efforts to link the economies of South Asian countries to promote a better understanding of the extent of interdependence through international trade among the economies of the region.
A Quantitative Appraisal of Adjustment Lending
Authors: Bela Balassa
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of adjustment programmes. This is done by charting changes in various performance indicators fonowing the receipt of the first adjustment loan, and by further contrasting the results with those for the comparator group of countries that did not receive adjustment loans. h is found that the average decline in the GOP growth rate in the loan-recipient countries was less than in the comparator groups. Similar results were obtained in regard to per capita GOP. At the same time, in both cases, a majority of loan-recipient countries experienced an improvement in their relative position vis-d-vis the nonrecipient s. It is further apparent that the loan-recipient countries made an adjustment effort in the period following the fIrst loan. To begin with, economic expansion was concentrated in the traded goods sectors, industry and agriculture, both of which experienced an improvement in the loan-recipient countries relative to the comparator groups. Also, the growth of consumption declined substantially in absolute terms as well as relative to the non-recipient countries. In turn, an acceleration is observed in the growth of investment that holds the promise for future economic growth.
Un reto de innovación pedagógica: Las guías de aprendizajes
Authors: Orozco Alvarado Julio Cesar , Díaz Pérez Adolfo Alejandro
Published: August 2018

En el contexto actual la innovación pedagógica es un debate constante que afronta el profesorado de los diferentes subsistemas educativos y de las diferentes áreas del conocimiento, y es que la sociedad del conocimiento nos ha llevado a analizar y reflexionar sobre un recurso didáctico tan recurrente y cotidiano que ha implementa el profesorado en sus prácticas educativas, nos referimos a las guías didáctica, guías de aprendizajes, o guías de estudios como popularmente la hemos denominado en el contexto educativo nicaragüense. En este sentido, desde una perspectiva interpretativa y cualitativa, el equipo de investigadores genera un espacio de cuestionamiento, crítica y reflexión alrededor del concepto y de la estructura de una guía de aprendizaje, y lleva la discusión hacia su punto culminante al explicitar las diferencias entre las guías de estudios y los cuestionarios. Finalmente, el artículo concluye con la presentación de una propuesta de guía de aprendizaje, la cual fue pilotada y validada en un Instituto de Educación Secundaria, con el objetivo que el profesorado incorpore este elemento innovador en sus prácticas docentes y propicie la mejora de la calidad de los aprendizajes del estudiantado, ya que este es un excelente recurso didáctico si es diseñado y aplicado correctamente en los procesos de aprendizaje.