bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PORTRAIT DE L’INTELLECTUEL « INTERMÉDIAIRE »
Authors: LEFORT-FAVREAU JULIEN
Published: August 2017

Cet article vise à définir la notion d’intellectuel dans l’oeuvre théorique et
critique d’André Belleau. Le terme « intermédiaire », que nous utilisons pour circonscrire
la notion, renvoie d’abord à la notion de code, telle que développée par Belleau dans « Code
social et code littéraire dans le roman québécois », où il met en relief le caractère
intrinsèquement conflictuel du champ et de l’institution littéraires. Le terme
« intermédiaire » renvoie également à la réflexion qu’entame Belleau sur les différents
niveaux de culture. Belleau considère le rôle de l’intellectuel comme celui du
« transcodeur », c’est-à-dire celui qui sait interpréter la nouveauté politique des
discours. En somme, Belleau met au point une théorie de l’intellectuel québécois qui aménage
une zone de médiation entre l’engagement intellectuel et l’action militante, entre le geste
et la parole.
LA POÉSIE À DISTANCE
Authors: DUMONT FRANÇOIS
Published: August 2017

Bien qu’André Belleau n’ait vraisemblablement jamais écrit que des poèmes de jeunesse, la poésie a joué un rôle important dans son parcours et sa pensée. Il faut d’abord noter la prégnance de la poésie dans la revue Liberté, qui a été pour Belleau, comme il le souligne lui-même, un milieu d’apprentissage déterminant. Du point de vue théorique, la poésie joue également un rôle central, cette fois comme repoussoir par rapport aux définitions de la littérature basées sur le genre poétique : marqué par la pensée de Mikhaïl Bakhtine, Belleau met en valeur le dialogisme du roman, mais il souligne aussi la part d’essai de la littérature, dimension qui serait masquée par la domination théorique de la poésie. À plusieurs égards, la poésie prend ainsi figure d’adversaire. Cependant, elle reste pour Belleau, tout au long de sa vie, une forme artistique primordiale, comme en témoignent ses traductions de poèmes de Nelly Sachs et comme on le voit dans certains articles et dans ses cahiers de lecture.
ANDRÉ BELLEAU À L’ÉPREUVE DE L’ÉTRANGER
Authors: DION ROBERT
Published: August 2017

À propos de la revue Liberté, dont il a été un cofondateur, André Belleau
a maintes fois réitéré son caractère « ouvert » — d’une ouverture toutefois paradoxale, à la
fois accueillante à l’Autre et néanmoins centrée sur elle-même. Dans le présent article, il
est question d’observer comment Belleau a composé avec l’« épreuve de l’étranger » (Berman)
par le truchement de la référence à une tradition étrangère, en l’occurrence allemande. Au
terme d’un parcours analytique qui puise principalement dans les archives de l’essayiste
(notes préparatoires, premières versions, notes de lecture, plans de cours et notes de
cours, etc.), il apparaît que, pour Belleau, le recours à l’Allemagne, plus patent dans les
marges et dans le versant oral de sa pratique que dans l’oeuvre publiée, constitue l’une des
voies de sortie possibles du déterminisme « selon lequel un Québécois ne parle toujours, en
définitive, que du Québec » (Dumont). Cette sortie comporte toutefois le risque de s’isoler
et de se retrouver sans communauté, comme les écrivains romantiques marginalisés des cités
atomisées de l’Allemagne des xviiie et xixe siècles ; ce risque, Belleau aura sans cesse tenté
de le circonvenir en négociant une « ouverture » à l’altérité dont la complexité est
analysée ici.
MÉMOIRE TRAUMATIQUE ET MÉMOIRE COLLECTIVE DANS KAMOURASKA
Authors: GAGNON ALEX
Published: August 2017

Inspiré d’un fait divers de 1839, le roman Kamouraska d’Anne Hébert raconte un meurtre, non pas comme événement objectif et extérieur, mais comme événement vécu et remémoré, sur un mode résolument traumatique, par l’héroïne Élisabeth d’Aulnières, complice du crime. En analysant cette représentation hébertienne de la mémoire, et qui plus est la manière dont le texte, à l’aide de procédés formels, exhibe ou mime le fonctionnement même des processus mémoriels, cet article entend réinscrire le roman dans la généalogie des représentations (orales et littéraires) du fait divers entre 1839 et 1970, généalogie dont Anne Hébert est à la fois l’héritière directe, pour des raisons familiales, et la critique, en tant que romancière : il s’agit de montrer, en un mot, que le roman peut être lu comme une représentation du fonctionnement de la mémoire collective devant les événements traumatiques dont elle conserve la trace.
Comparison between next‐generation and Sanger‐based sequencing for the detection of transmitted drug‐resistance mutations among recently infected HIV‐1 patients in Israel, 2000–2014
Authors: Moscona Roy , Ram Daniela , Wax Marina , Bucris Efrat , Levy Itzchak , Mendelson Ella , Mor Orna
Published: August 2017

Introduction: Transmitted drug‐resistance mutations (TDRM) may hamper successful anti‐HIV‐1 therapy and impact future control of the HIV‐1 epidemic. Recently infected, therapy‐naïve individuals are best suited for surveillance of such TDRM. In this study, TDRM, detected by next‐generation sequencing (NGS) were compared to those identified by Sanger‐based population sequencing (SBS) in recently infected HIV‐1 patients.

Methods: Historical samples from 80 recently infected HIV‐1 patients, diagnosed between 2000 and 2014, were analysed by MiSeq (NGS) and ABI (SBS). DeepChek‐HIV (ABL) was used for interpretation of the results.

Results: Most patients were males (80%); Men who have sex with men (MSM) was the major transmission group (58.8%). Overall, TDRM were detected in 31.3% of patients by NGS and 8.8% by SBS, with SBS TDRM restricted to persons infected with subtype B. All SBS‐detected TDRM were identified by NGS. The prevalence of TDRM impacting protease inhibitors (PI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) was 11.3, 26.2 7.5%, respectively, in NGS analyses and 0, 3.8 and 5%, respectively, in SBS analyses. More patients with NGS and SBS TDRM were identified in 2008–2014 (37.2% or 13.9%, respectively) compared to 2000–2007 (24.3% or 2.7%, respectively), and a significantly greater number of these patients had multiple NGS TDRM. The most abundant, albeit, minor‐frequency RT TDRM, were the K65R and D67N, while K103N, M184V and T215S were high‐frequency mutations. Minor TDRM did not become a major variant in later samples and did not hinder successful treatment.

Conclusions: NGS can replace SBS for mutation detection and allows for the detection of low‐frequency TDRM not identified by SBS. Although rates of TDRM in Israel continued to increase from 2000 to 2014, minor TDRM did not become major species. The need for ongoing surveillance of low‐frequency TDRM should be revisited in a larger study.
Littorally adaptive? Testing the link between habitat, morphology, and reproduction in the intertidal sculpin subfamily Oligocottinae (Pisces: Cottoidea)
Authors: Buser Thaddaeus J. , Burns Michael D. , López J. Andrés
Published: August 2017

While intertidal habitats are often productive, species-rich environments, they are also harsh and highly dynamic. Organisms that live in these habitats must possess morphological and physiological adaptations that enable them to do so. Intertidal fishes are generally small, often lack scales, and the diverse families represented in intertidal habitats often show convergence into a few general body shapes. However, few studies have quantified the relationship between phenotypes and intertidal living. Likewise, the diversity of reproductive traits and parental care in intertidal fishes has yet to be compared quantitatively with habitat. We examine the relationship of these characters in the sculpin subfamily Oligocottinae using a phylogenetic hypothesis, geometric morphometrics, and phylogenetic comparative methods to provide the first formal test of associations between fish phenotypes and reproductive characters with intertidal habitats. We show that the ability to live in intertidal habitats, particularly in tide pools, is likely a primitive state for Oligocottinae, with a single species that has secondarily come to occupy only subtidal habitats. Contrary to previous hypotheses, maximum size and presence of scales do not show a statistically significant correlation with depth. However, the maximum size for all species is generally small (250 mm or less) and all show a reduction in scales, as would be expected for an intertidal group. Also contrary to previous hypotheses, we show that copulation and associated characters are the ancestral condition in Oligocottinae, with copulation most likely being lost in a single lineage within the genus Artedius. Lastly, we show that body shape appears to be constrained among species with broader depth ranges, but lineages that occupy only a narrow range of intertidal habitats display novel body shapes, and this may be associated with habitat partitioning, particularly as it relates to the degree of wave exposure.
Differences in the 16SrRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes in the mullets Mugil cephalus and Mugil curema, and snooks Centropomus viridis and Centropomus robalito
Authors: Peregrino-Uriarte AB , Pacheco-Aguilar R , Varela-Romero A , Yepiz-Plascencia G
Published: August 2017

The mitochondrial genes coding for 16SrRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) in four commercially important fish species from the Gulf of California were studied. These fish species were the striped mullet Mugil cephalus and white mullet Mugil curema, and the white snook Centropomus viridis and yellowfin snook Centropomus robalito. Fragments of the 16SrRNA and COI genes were obtained by PCR amplification. Restriction digest of the amplicons for both genes revealed different banding patterns among the four species. The genetic distance based on the 16SrRNA gene sequence was smaller than for COI for both groups of species. Phylogenetic inference for both genes showed monophyly of the four species in two separate groups, one comprising the mullets and the other the snooks. Monophyly of the groups was observed despite the polytomies with the rest of the species included in the bootstrap analysis of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses.
Spatial and temporal changes in batch fecundity of common sardine and anchovy off central and southern Chile (2002–2007)
Authors: Cubillos LA , Alarcón C , Castillo-Jordán C , Claramunt G , Oyarzún C , Gacitúa S
Published: August 2017

Anchovy Engraulis ringens and common sardine Strangomera bentincki are two small pelagic fish that co-occur in the same reproductive habitat off central and southern Chile and have a similar reproductive strategy. Interannual and spatial changes in the batch fecundity of both fish were analyzed with the purpose of detecting variability in the parameters and inferring different reproductive tactics that could affect the reproductive potential. Samples were obtained from adult surveys carried out to estimate spawning biomass by the Daily Egg Production Method, from 2002 to 2007, off Chile. The study area was divided into two zones: central and south. The batch fecundity was linearly related to ovary-free female body weight for each year. For anchovy, the slope was not different across years and zones, while for sardine, changes in intercept and slopes varied significantly among years, but not between zones. The average weight of mature females tended to be higher in the south zone for both species, and average batch fecundity ranged from 4,283 to 8,903 eggs per mature female anchovy, and from 5,901 to 10,414 eggs per mature female sardine. Although the anchovy and sardine reproductive strategy is similar, differences in batch fecundity seemed to be the main distinction between the species in the central and southern spawning sites off Chile, with implications for the reproductive potential.
Interannual variability of the reproductive strategy of the Peruvian anchovy off northern-central Peru
Authors: Mori J , Buitrón B , Perea A , Peña C , Espinoza C
Published: August 2017

In this paper we analyze the standardized monthly anomalies of time series of the gonadosomatic index (GSI, 1986–2008), spawning fraction (SF, estimated by histological analysis of gonads, 1992–2008), and condition factor (1986–2008) of the Peruvian anchovy Engraulis ringens. Statistical analysis using filters showed, according to their mode of variability, the existence of three distinct periods for GSI (1986–1989, 1990–2000, and 2001–2008) and two for SF (1995–2001 and 2002–2008). Based on this, we built monthly GSI and SF patterns for each period, which showed marked and prolonged seasonal reproductive activity. The patterns found have been interpreted as changes in reproductive strategy. The condition factor showed no significant differences throughout the study period. We discuss changes in these periods and their implications for fisheries management measures.
Kinetics of sub‐ion scale magnetic holes in the near‐Earth plasma sheet
Authors: Zhang X.‐J. , Artemyev A. , Angelopoulos V. , Horne R. B.
Published: August 2017

In collisionless space plasmas, the energy cascade from larger to smaller scales requires effective interactions between ions and electrons. These interactions are organized by sub‐ion scale plasma structures in which strong electric fields connect demagnetized ions to magnetized electrons. We consider one such structure, magnetic holes, observed by THEMIS spacecraft in the dipolarized hot plasma sheet. Magnetic holes are localized depressions of the magnetic field with strong currents at their boundaries. Taking advantage of slow plasma convection (∼10–20 km/s), we reconstruct the electron velocity distribution within magnetic holes and demonstrate that the current at their boundaries is predominantly carried by magnetized thermal electrons. The motion of these electrons is the combination of diamagnetic drift and E × B drift in a Hall electric field. Magnetic holes can effectively modulate the intensity of electron cyclotron harmonic waves, and thus the spatial distribution of thermal electron precipitation. They may also contain field‐aligned currents with magnitudes of ∼5 nA/m2 (1 order of magnitude smaller than the cross‐field current density). Therefore, sub‐ion scale magnetic holes can be important for ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupling.
EMIC wave parameterization in the long‐term VERB code simulation
Authors: Drozdov A. Y. , Shprits Y. Y. , Usanova M. E. , Aseev N. A. , Kellerman A. C. , Zhu H.
Published: August 2017

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves play an important role in the dynamics of ultrarelativistic electron population in the radiation belts. However, as EMIC waves are very sporadic, developing a parameterization of such wave properties is a challenging task. Currently, there are no dynamic, activity‐dependent models of EMIC waves that can be used in the long‐term (several months) simulations, which makes the quantitative modeling of the radiation belt dynamics incomplete. In this study, we investigate Kp, Dst, and AE indices, solar wind speed, and dynamic pressure as possible parameters of EMIC wave presence. The EMIC waves are included in the long‐term simulations (1 year, including different geomagnetic activity) performed with the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code, and we compare results of the simulation with the Van Allen Probes observations. The comparison shows that modeling with EMIC waves, parameterized by solar wind dynamic pressure, provides a better agreement with the observations among considered parameterizations. The simulation with EMIC waves improves the dynamics of ultrarelativistic fluxes and reproduces the formation of the local minimum in the phase space density profiles.
First observation of mesosphere response to the solar wind high‐speed streams
Authors: Yi Wen , Reid Iain M. , Xue Xianghui , Younger Joel P. , Spargo Andrew J. , Murphy Damian J. , Chen Tingdi , Dou Xiankang
Published: August 2017

We present a first analysis of 9 and 6.75 day periodic oscillations observed in the neutral mesospheric density in 2005 and 2006. Mesospheric densities near 90 km are derived using data from the Davis meteor radar (68.5°S, 77.9°E; magnetic latitude, 74.6°S), Antarctica. Spectral analysis indicates that the pronounced periodicities of 9 and 6.75 days observed in the mesosphere densities are associated with variations in solar wind high‐speed streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity. Neutral mesospheric winds and temperatures, simultaneously measured by the Davis meteor radar, also exhibit 9 and 6.75 day periodicities. A Morlet wavelet analysis shows that the time evolution of the 9 and 6.75 day oscillations in the neutral mesosphere densities and winds are similar to those in the solar wind and in planetary magnetic activity index, Kp in 2005 and 2006. These results demonstrate a direct coupling between Sun's corona (upper atmosphere) and the Earth's mesosphere.
Actin and Actin‐Modulating Proteins
Authors: Staiger Christopher J. , Hussey Patrick J.
Published: August 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Actin

Myosin

Actin‐Binding Proteins: Overview

Monomer‐Binding Proteins

Cross‐Linking and Bundling Factors

Capping Factors

Nucleation Complexes

OtherF‐Actin Binding Proteins

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
Regioselective Synthesis of Selenide Ethers through a Decarboxylative Coupling Reaction
Authors: Cui Fei‐Hu , Chen Jing , Su Shi‐Xia , Xu Yan‐li , Wang Heng‐shan , Pan Ying‐ming
Published: August 2017

An efficient and selective approach to the synthesis of selenide ethers containing one or two geminal C–Se bonds from readily available diselenides and phenylacetic acids was developed. Compounds containing one C–Se bond were prepared by employing air as the oxidant under metal‐free conditions, whereas compounds having two geminal C–Se bonds were formed via the iron(III) chloride/oxygen/cesium carbonate (FeCl3/O2/Cs2CO3) system. Moreover, 1,2‐diphenyldisulfane also could be smoothly converted into the corresponding sulfur ether product under the standard reaction conditions.

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Synthesis of Fused Heterocycles via One‐pot Oxidative O‐Arylation, Pd‐Catalyzed C(sp3)‐H Arylation
Authors: Hong Fenglin , Lu Nannan , Lu Beili , Cheng Jiajia
Published: August 2017

An efficient and user‐friendly synthesis of 7H‐chromeno[3,2‐c]quinolines has been developed via a one‐pot oxidative O‐arylation, Pd‐catalyzed C(sp3)‐H arylation of readily available arylols and trivalent aryliodine reagents. A variety of valuable and complex fused heterocycles were quickly assembled in high isolated yields with broad substrate scopes.

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Acceptorless and Base‐free Dehydrogenation of Cyanohydrin with (η6‐Arene)halide(Bidentate Phosphine)ruthenium(II) Complex
Authors: Kim Kicheol , Moeljadi Adhitya Mangala Putra , Hirao Hajime , Hong Soon Hyeok
Published: August 2017

Ruthenium‐catalyzed dehydrogenation of cyanohydrins under acceptorless and base‐free conditions was demonstrated for the first time in the synthesis of acyl cyanide. As opposed to the thermodynamically preferred elimination of hydrogen cyanide, the dehydrogenation of cyanohydrins could be kinetically controlled with ruthenium (II) bidentate phosphine complexes. The effects of the arene, phosphine ligands and counter anions were investigated in regard to catalytic activity and selectivity. Selective dehydrogenation can occur via β‐hydride elimination with the experimentally observed [(alkoxide)Ru] complex.

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Molecularly Stacking Manganese Dioxide/Titanium Carbide Sheets to Produce Highly Flexible and Conductive Film Electrodes with Improved Pseudocapacitive Performances
Authors: Liu Weihong , Wang Zhiqiang , Su Yanli , Li Qingwen , Zhao Zhigang , Geng Fengxia
Published: August 2017

2D nanostructures with high surface area and flexibility are regarded as a promising building platform for flexible supercapacitors that are attracting tremendous attention due to their potential applications in various wearable technologies. Notably, although pseudocapacitive metal oxides are widely accepted as a very important class of electrochemically active materials, the utilization of 2D metal oxide sheets in the preparation of flexible supercapacitors is very rare. The scarcity of a suitable filler with the integrated properties of both high conductivity and excellent hydrophilicity is probably to blame. In this work, by introducing a recently discovered intriguing material, Ti3C2 sheets, a novel MnO2/Ti3C2 hybrid with a molecularly stacked structure is developed using a simple and scalable mixing and filtration method. Their individual advantages are combined in the hybrid, thus delivering excellent electrochemical performances. A highly flexible and symmetric supercapacitor based on the novel hybrid electrode manifests top‐class electrochemical performance with maximum energy and power densities of 8.3 W h kg−1 (at 221.33 W kg−1) and 2376 W kg−1 (at 3.3 W h kg−1), respectively, regardless of the various bending states, suggesting enormous possibilities for applications in future flexible and portable micropower systems.
Secular trend and social variation in age at menarche among Polish schoolgirls before and after the political transformation
Authors: Gomula Aleksandra , Koziel Slawomir
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To describe the biological results of the political and economic transformations that took place in Poland between 1966 and 2012, based on an analysis of age at menarche, and to determine changes across social groups.

Methods

Data were collected in 1966, 1978, 1988, and 2012 in several districts of Poland. The study included 34,940 schoolgirls. Age at menarche was assessed with the use of status quo method. Definition of socioeconomic status was based on 4 factors: urbanization level, mother and father education, and family size.

Results

When the political and economic situation in Poland improved, a decrease in age at menarche was observed, whereas in years of crisis it increased. The same social differentiation in menarcheal age observed before the political transformation continued to be present in 2012.

Discussion

Socioeconomic changes were significantly associated with age at menarche. Social inequalities, reflected in menarcheal age, continue to be present in Poland.
Thiol–Ene (Click) Reactions as Efficient Tools for Terpene Modification
Authors: Firdaus Maulidan
Published: August 2017

This Focus Review highlights the application of thiol–ene (click) chemistry to the production of a diverse range of materials that are derived from terpenes. To present an overview concerning the potency of terpenes as renewable resources, recent advances in their development by using synthetic organic chemistry are initially discussed. In addition, the use of thiol–ene chemistry as an efficient approach and versatile tool for noncatalytic carbon−heteroatom bond formation is briefly presented, including mechanistic and kinetic aspects, as well as some structural considerations, that is, the influence of the thiol and olefin structures, which should be well‐thought‐out before applying such chemistry. This discussion also covers how an initiator works and its effect on the reaction rate. Moreover, the utilization of thiol–ene reactions for the synthesis of terpene‐based valuable platform chemicals, monomers, and polymers, including recent examples that demonstrate its broad utility, are highlighted.
OH 83: A new early modern human fossil cranium from the Ndutu beds of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Authors: Reiner Whitney B. , Masao Fidelis , Sholts Sabrina B. , Songita Agustino Venance , Stanistreet Ian , Stollhofen Harald , Taylor R.E. , Hlusko Leslea J.
Published: August 2017

Objective

Herein we introduce a newly recovered partial calvaria, OH 83, from the upper Ndutu Beds of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. We present the geological context of its discovery and a comparative analysis of its morphology, placing OH 83 within the context of our current understanding of the origins and evolution of Homo sapiens.

Materials and methods

We comparatively assessed the morphology of OH 83 using quantitative and qualitative data from penecontemporaneous fossils and the W.W. Howells modern human craniometric dataset.

Results

OH 83 is geologically dated to ca. 60–32 ka. Its morphology is indicative of an early modern human, falling at the low end of the range of variation for post‐orbital cranial breadth, the high end of the range for bifrontal breadth, and near average in frontal length.

Discussion

There have been numerous attempts to use cranial anatomy to define the species Homo sapiens and identify it in the fossil record. These efforts have not met wide agreement by the scientific community due, in part, to the mosaic patterns of cranial variation represented by the fossils. The variable, mosaic pattern of trait expression in the crania of Middle and Late Pleistocene fossils implies that morphological modernity did not occur at once. However, OH 83 demonstrates that by ca. 60–32 ka modern humans in Africa included individuals that are at the fairly small and gracile range of modern human cranial variation.
Post‐weaning diet in archaeological human populations: A meta‐analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of child skeletons
Authors: Tsutaya Takumi
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Childhood is a unique stage in human life history, in which subadults have completed their weaning process but are still dependent on older individuals for survival. Although the importance of food provisioning during childhood has been intensively discussed, childhood diet in the past has rarely been studied in a systematic manner.

Methods

In this study, a meta‐analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of post‐weaning children (PWC) in Holocene human populations around the world is presented. The isotope ratios of PWC were standardized with those of adult females and males in the same population, and they were analyzed in terms of the difference in subsistence.

Results

Results of this study indicate that diets of PWC and adults were generally similar (most differences were within the range of ±1‰), which is consistent with the universal feature of food provisioning to PWC in humans. In hunter—gatherer populations, there is no significant difference between PWC and adult isotope ratios. In non‐hunter—gatherer populations, however, PWC probably consumed significantly larger proportions of foods from lower trophic levels than did the adults, and such foods would be terrestrial C3 plants.

Conclusions

Potential factors relating to the dietary differences among PWC and adults are presented from a perspective of balance between food provisioning and self‐acquisition by PWC. Significant isotopic differences between PWC and adults in non‐hunter—gatherer populations revealed in this study have implications for declined health during the subsistence transition in Holocene, isotopic studies using human tooth enamel, and “δ15N dip” of subadults after weaning.
Effectiveness of dispatcher training in increasing bystander chest compression for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest patients in Japan
Authors: Tsunoyama Taichiro , Nakahara Shinji , Yoshida Masafumi , Kitamura Maki , Sakamoto Tetsuya
Published: August 2017

Aim

The Japanese government has developed a standardized training program for emergency call dispatchers to improve their skills in providing oral guidance on chest compression to bystanders who have witnessed out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs). This study evaluated the effects of such a training program for emergency call dispatchers in Japan.

Methods

The analysis included all consecutive non‐traumatic OHCA patients transported to hospital by eight emergency medical services, where the program was implemented as a pilot project. We compared the provision of oral guidance and the incidence of chest compression applications by bystanders in the 1‐month period before and after the program. Data collection was undertaken from October 2014 to March 2015.

Results

The 532 non‐traumatic OHCA cases were used for analysis: these included 249 cases before and 283 after the guidance intervention. Most patients were over 75 years old and were men. After the program, provision of oral guidance to callers slightly increased from 63% of cases to 69% (P = 0.13) and implementation of chest compression on patients by bystanders significantly increased from 40% to 52% (P = 0.01). Appropriate chest compression also increased from 34% to 47% (P = 0.01). In analysis stratified by the provision of oral guidance, increased chest compressions were observed only under oral guidance.

Conclusions

We found increased provision of oral guidance by dispatchers and increased appropriate chest compressions by bystanders after the training program for dispatchers had been rolled out. Long‐term observation and further data analysis, including patient outcomes, are needed.
Untersuchung der epigenetischen Funktionen von Lysin‐Acetyltransferasen mit Methoden der chemischen Biologie
Authors: He Maomao , Han Zhen , Liu Liang , Zheng Y. George
Published: August 2017

Die Seitenkettenacetylierung von Lysinresten in Histonen und Nicht‐Histon‐Proteinen durch Katalyse mit Lysin‐Acetyltransferasen (KATs) ist eine häufige posttranslationale Modifikation (PTM) in eukaryotischen Zellen. Die Lysin‐Acetylierung spielt eine regulatorische Rolle in wichtigen zellulären Prozessen. Einen besonderen Einfluss hat die KAT‐vermittelte Histon‐Acetylierung für alle durch DNA‐Template vermittelten epigenetischen Vorgänge. In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich gezeigt, dass das Studium von KAT‐Funktionen in biologischen und krankheitsbezogenen Prozessen in großem Maße von exakt konzipierten Strategien der chemischen Biologie profitiert. Hier werden Ansätze der chemischen Biologie zur Untersuchung der KAT‐Aktivität und ‐Funktion erläutert. Diese Methoden und Sonden werden entsprechend ihrem Wirkmechanismus und den jeweiligen Anwendungen eingeteilt, und ihre Stärken und Grenzen werden diskutiert.
Anaerobic Origin of Ergothioneine
Authors: Burn Reto , Misson Laëtitia , Meury Marcel , Seebeck Florian P.
Published: August 2017

Ergothioneine is a sulfur metabolite that occurs in microorganisms, fungi, plants, and animals. The physiological function of ergothioneine is not clear. In recent years broad scientific consensus has formed around the idea that cellular ergothioneine primarily protects against reactive oxygen species. Herein we provide evidence that this focus on oxygen chemistry may be too narrow. We describe two enzymes from the strictly anaerobic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium limicola that mediate oxygen‐independent biosynthesis of ergothioneine. This anoxic origin suggests that ergothioneine is also important for oxygen‐independent life. Furthermore, one of the discovered ergothioneine biosynthetic enzymes provides the first example of a rhodanese‐like enzyme that transfers sulfur to non‐activated carbon.
Intermolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Fluorocarbonylation of Unactivated Alkenes: Efficient Access to β‐Fluorocarboxylic Esters
Authors: Qi Xiaoxu , Yu Feng , Chen Pinhong , Liu Guosheng
Published: August 2017

A novel palladium‐catalyzed intermolecular oxidative fluorocarbonylation of alkenes has been developed, in which employment of a cooperative process with electrophilic ArIF2‐meidated alkenes activation and palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation is crucial for the successful catalytic transformation. The current transformation presents the first convenient method to generate β‐fluorinated carboxylic acid derivatives under mild reaction conditions from simple alkenes with excellent regioselectivity.
Conversion of Methane into Methanol and Ethanol over Nickel Oxide on Ceria–Zirconia Catalysts in a Single Reactor
Authors: Okolie Chukwuemeka , Belhseine Yasmeen F. , Lyu Yimeng , Yung Matthew M. , Engelhard Mark H. , Kovarik Libor , Stavitski Eli , Sievers Carsten
Published: August 2017

The conversion of methane into alcohols under moderate reaction conditions is a promising technology for converting stranded methane reserves into liquids that can be transported in pipelines and upgraded to value‐added chemicals. We demonstrate that a catalyst consisting of small nickel oxide clusters supported on ceria–zirconia (NiO/CZ) can convert methane to methanol and ethanol in a single, steady‐state process at 723 K using O2 as an abundantly available oxidant. The presence of steam is required to obtain alcohols rather than CO2 as the product of catalytic combustion. The unusual activity of this catalyst is attributed to the synergy between the small Lewis acidic NiO clusters and the redox‐active CZ support, which also stabilizes the small NiO clusters.
Chemical Biology Approaches for Investigating the Functions of Lysine Acetyltransferases
Authors: He Maomao , Han Zhen , Liu Liang , Zheng Y. George
Published: August 2017

The side‐chain acetylation of lysine residues in histones and non‐histone proteins catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) represents a widespread posttranslational modification (PTM) in the eukaryotic cells. Lysine acetylation plays regulatory roles in major cellular pathways inside and outside the nucleus. In particular, KAT‐mediated histone acetylation has an effect on all DNA‐templated epigenetic processes. Aberrant expression and activation of KATs are commonly observed in human diseases, especially cancer. In recent years, the study of KAT functions in biology and disease has greatly benefited from chemical biology tools and strategies. In this Review, we present the past and current accomplishments in the design of chemical biology approaches for the interrogation of KAT activity and function. These methods and probes are classified according to their mechanisms of action and respective applications, with both strengths and limitations discussed.
From Precision Synthesis of Block Copolymers to Properties and Applications of Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Xiao , Iocozzia James , Chen Yihuang , Zhao Shiqiang , Cui Xun , Wang Wei , Yu Haifeng , Lin Shaoliang , Lin Zhiqun
Published: August 2017

Inorganic nanoparticles have become a research focus in numerous fields because of their unique properties that distinguish them from their bulk counterparts. Controlling the size and shape of nanoparticles is an essential aspect of nanoparticle synthesis. Preparing inorganic nanoparticles by using block copolymer templates is one of the most reliable routes for tuning the size and shape of nanoparticles with a high degree of precision. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in the design of block copolymer templates for crafting spherical inorganic nanoparticles including compact, hollow, and core–shell varieties. The templates are divided into two categories: micelles self‐assembled from linear block copolymers and unimolecular star‐shaped block copolymers. The precise control over the size and morphology of nanoparticles is highlighted as well as the useful properties and applications of such inorganic nanoparticles.
Synthesis of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Bioisosteres of Internal Alkynes and para‐Disubstituted Benzenes from [1.1.1]Propellane
Authors: Makarov Ilya S. , Brocklehurst Cara E. , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Koch Guido , Knochel Paul
Published: August 2017

We report a general preparation of arylated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes through the opening of [1.1.1]propellane with various arylmagnesium halides. After transmetalation with ZnCl2 and Negishi cross‐coupling with aryl and heteroaryl halides, bis‐arylated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes are obtained. These bis‐arylated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes may be considered as bioisosteres of internal alkynes. Bioisosteres of tazarotene and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)pyridine were prepared and their physicochemical properties were evaluated.
Gellan gum‐based novel composite hydrogel: Evaluation as adsorbent for cationic dyes
Authors: Arun Krishna K. , Vishalakshi B.
Published: August 2017

A semi‐interpenetrating network system [(GG‐g‐PAAm)‐PVA] was made by microwave irradiation of aqueous mixture of gellan gum (GG), acrylamide (AAm), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide as crosslinking agent. The gel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The swelling behavior was studied under different pH conditions. A pH‐dependent swelling with maximum swelling under neutral pH was observed. The swelling process is found to follow second‐order kinetics and the mechanism of water transport is found to be Fickian type of diffusion. The (GG‐g‐PAAm)‐PVA was evaluated for removal of dye from aqueous solution, using crystal violet, a cationic dye. The maximum adsorption capacity of the gel was found to be 45.45 mg/g. The kinetic studies revealed a second‐order adsorption process which fits well into Langmuir model. The evaluation of thermodynamic parameters indicated the adsorption process to be exothermic and spontaneous at lower temperatures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45527.
High‐strength regenerated cellulose fibers spun from 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride solutions
Authors: Zhang Jiaping , Yamagishi Naoki , Tominaga Keita , Gotoh Yasuo
Published: August 2017

High‐performance regenerated cellulose fibers were prepared from cellulose/1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) solutions via dry‐jet wet spinning. The spinnability of the solution was initially evaluated using the maximum winding speed of the solution spinning line under various ambient temperatures and relative humidities in the air gap. The subsequent spinning trials were conducted under various air gap conditions in a water coagulation bath. It was found that low temperature and low relative humidity in the air gap were important to obtain fibers with high tensile strength at a high draw ratio. From a 10 wt % cellulose/BMIMCl solution, regenerated fibers with tensile strength up to 886 MPa were prepared below 22 °C and relative humidity of 50%. High strengthening was also strongly linked with the fixation effect on fibers during washing and drying processes. Furthermore, an effective attempt to prepare higher performance fibers was conducted from a higher polymer concentration solution using a high molecular weight dissolving pulp. Eventually, fibers with a tensile strength of ∼1 GPa and Young's modulus over 35 GPa were prepared. These tensile properties were ranked at the highest level for regenerated cellulose fibers prepared by an ionic liquid–based process. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45551.
New Coumarin Derivatives as Anti‐Breast and Anti‐Cervical Cancer Agents Targeting VEGFR‐2 and p38α MAPK
Authors: Batran Rasha Z. , Dawood Dina H. , El‐Seginy Samia A. , Ali Mamdouh M. , Maher Timothy J. , Gugnani Kuljeet S. , Rondon‐Ortiz Alejandro N.
Published: August 2017

Breast and cervical cancers are the most common gender‐specific cancers affecting women worldwide. In this investigation, we highlighted the synthesis, VEGFR‐2 and p38α MAPK inhibitory activity of new series of fluorinated coumarin‐based derivatives featuring a variety of bioactive chemical moieties attached or fused to the coumarin nucleus at the 3 and/or 4 position. The bioactive inhibitors were further assessed for their anti‐proliferative effect against human MCF‐7 breast cancer and HeLa cervical cancer cell lines, respectively. Most of the tested compounds showed potent preferential inhibition effects against human VEGFR‐2 and remarkable anticancer activities in the human breast cancer cell line MCF‐7. Compounds 29, 24, and 2 displayed the highest inhibitory activity against VEGFR‐2 (94% inhibition) and they were the most potent anticancer agents toward MCF‐7 cancer cells with IC50 values of 7.90, 8.28, and 8.30 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 13 inhibited p38α MAPK phosphorylation with a significant reduction in % cell viability against HeLa cancer cells at 10 and 30 µM. Docking experiments carried out on VEGFR‐2 and p38 MAPK crystallographic structures revealed that the active compounds bind to the active sites through H‐bonds, arene–cation, and hydrophobic π–π interactions. QSAR analysis demonstrated considerable correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.76969) and root mean square error (RMSE = 0.10446) values. Also, the residual values between the experimental pIC50 and predicted pIC50 are very close, indicating the reliability of the established QSAR model.
Messung der Wasseraufnahme historischer Putze
Authors: Geyer Christoph , Müller Andreas , Wehle Barbara
Published: August 2017

Häufig sind massive Außenwände historischer Gebäude verputzt. Dieser Putz muss, mitsamt den Farbanstrichen, den Wetterschutz der Außenwand sicherstellen. Dieser Wetterschutz kann vereinfachend durch zwei hygrische Parameter des Putzsystems, den Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten, der die Wasseraufnahme z. B. bei Schlagregenereignissen bestimmt und den Diffusionswiderstand, der die Verdunstung des aufgenommenen Wassers regelt, dargestellt werden [1], [2]. Daher kommt der genauen Kenntnis des Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten der Außenputzsysteme historischer Fassaden eine besondere Bedeutung zu, um einerseits den Wetterschutz historischer Außenwände richtig einzuschätzen und andererseits die Robustheit von Sanierungslösungen korrekt zu prognostizieren. Für die zerstörungsfreie Feststellung des Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten des Außenputzsystems, des sogenannten Ww‐Werts, stehen mit dem Karstenschen Röhrchen, der Frankeschen Prüfplatte und dem Wasseraufnahmemessgerät drei In‐situ‐Messverfahren zur Verfügung. Allerdings bestehen Unsicherheiten bezüglich der Genauigkeit dieser Messmethoden und der Vergleichbarkeit der Messergebnisse untereinander und mit Labormesswerten. Daher werden an fünf verschiedenen Fassaden die Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten der Putzsysteme gleichzeitig mit den drei In‐situ‐Messverfahren und im Labor bestimmt. Die Messergebnisse werden verglichen, um Umrechnungsfunktionen zwischen den verschiedenen In‐situ‐Messverfahren und den Labormessungen abzuleiten.
„Außenliegende Wandtemperierung“ – LowEx‐Anwendung zur Temperierung von Bestandsgebäuden und thermischen Aktivierung der Bestandswand: theoretische Grundlagen und Kennwerte
Authors: Schmidt Christoph , Luther Gerhard , Altgeld Horst , Maas Stefan , Groß Bodo , Scholzen Frank
Published: August 2017

Im Rahmen der Forschungsprojekte „LEXU“ und „LEXU II“ der IZES gGmbH wurde eine außenliegende Wandtemperierung (kurz „aWT“) entwickelt und erprobt. Bei der außenliegenden Wandtemperierung handelt es sich um ein niederexergetisches Temperierungssystem, das in Form von wasserführenden Rohren zwischen Bestandswand und neuem Wärmedämm‐Verbundsystem (WDVS) aufgebracht wird. Erweitert man den Wandaufbau um einen Luftspalt zwischen dem Temperierungssystem und dem WDVS, so kann die außenliegende Wandtemperierung mit einer außenliegenden Lufttemperierung ergänzt werden. Beide Systeme werden aktuell anhand eines Demonstrationsobjektes umgesetzt. Auch die theoretischen Grundlagen und Simulationsmöglichkeiten wurden in den Forschungsprojekten erarbeitet. Der Fokus dieser Veröffentlichung liegt auf den theoretischen Grundlagen der aWT. Bei der aWT handelt es sich um einen Sonderfall eines thermoaktiven Bauteilsystems mit Fokus auf dem niederexergetischen Ansatz und mit der Möglichkeit einer minimalinvasiven Sanierung „von außen“.
Entwicklung eines Wärmedämmputzes mit Naturfasern und Untersuchung des Wärme‐ und Feuchteverhaltens
Authors: Hroudová Jitka , Korjenic Azra , Zach Jiří , Mitterböck Michael
Published: August 2017

Das Hauptziel dieses Gemeinschaftsprojektes der TU Brno und TU Wien war es, geeignete Putzrezepturen (Wärmedämmputze) zu entwickeln, bei denen Fasern pflanzlicher oder tierischer Herkunft bzw. Zellulosefasern aus der Papierindustrie eingemischt werden, die ökologische Anforderungen erfüllen und günstige bauphysikalische Eigenschaften für Baukonstruktionen vorweisen. Neben den (bau‐) physikalischen Untersuchungen wurden wärmetechnische und mechanische Grundeigenschaften einschließlich Feuchteverhalten ermittelt. Die Untersuchungen zeigten im Hinblick auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften und das Feuchtigkeitsverhalten sehr gute Ergebnisse. Nach der Entwicklung und Bestimmung der Materialkenndaten wurden diese in die WUFI‐Datenbank integriert. Des Weiteren wurde einer der speziell entwickelten Putze (Beimengung von Schafwolle und Ziegenhaaren) unter realen Bedingungen hinsichtlich Wärmedämmeigenschaften und Feuchteverhalten analysiert und bewertet. Das neuentwickelte Putzsystem wurde bei einer realen Sanierung angewendet, die Situation in einer WUFI‐Simulation nachgebildet und sowohl messtechnisch als auch rechnerisch untersucht. Die Messungen und die Simulation zeigten ein sehr positives Verhalten.
Schallschutz gegen Außenlärm in DIN 4109 – Anforderungen und Hintergründe
Authors: Meier Andreas
Published: August 2017

Die vorhandenen Regelungen rund um den Schallschutz in Gebäuden gegen Außenlärm werden derzeit kontrovers diskutiert. Neben dem Berechnungsverfahren in DIN 4109 wird in der Praxis oftmals die VDI 2719 herangezogen. Darüber hinaus finden Regelungen der 24. BImSchV Anwendung. Für die DIN 4109 sind aktuell Änderungsblätter im Entwurf erschienen.

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die unterschiedliche Zielsetzung der Regelungen, erläutert die Hintergründe und vorgeschlagenen Anpassungen für die DIN 4109.
Grundbruchversagen bei geogitterbewehrten Stützkonstruktionen
Authors: Derksen Jan , Ziegler Martin , Detert Oliver , Hangen Hartmut
Published: August 2017

Die Bemessung von Stützbauwerken beinhaltet nach EC 7 und DIN 1054 den Nachweis der Grundbruchsicherheit in Anlehnung an DIN 4017. Der für starre Fundamente entwickelte Ansatz zur Ermittlung des Grundbruchwiderstands wurde auf geogitterbewehrte Stützkonstruktionen übertragen. Vorgaben für die Nachweisführung finden sich in der EBGEO und anderen internationalen Regelwerken. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften flexibler und starrer Konstruktionen wird das tatsächliche Grundbruchversagen von geogitterbewehrten Stützkonstruktionen in physikalischen Modellversuchen am Lehrstuhl für Geotechnik im Bauwesen der RWTH Aachen untersucht.

Die Untersuchungen werden an geogitterbewehrten Modellwänden durchgeführt und einem Referenzversuch mit starrer Stützkonstruktion gegenübergestellt. Eine gleichförmige Belastung wird auf die Modellkonstruktion übertragen, die bis zum Versagen gesteigert wird. Während des Versuchsablaufs wird die Bodenverformung mittels Digital Image Correlation (DIC) aufgenommen und die Bruchkinematik durch Auswertung der Scherfugen qualitativ analysiert.

Die physikalischen Modellversuche zeigen eine Abhängigkeit des maßgebenden Versagensmechanismus von der Konstruktionsweise der Stützmauer. Während unterhalb der flexiblen geogitterbewehrten Modellkonstruktion ein Grundbruchversagen auftritt, versagt ein entsprechendes starres System durch eine Gleitbewegung, die im Vergleich zum Grundbruch einen deutlich geringeren Widerstand aufweist.