bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frakturen der Arme
Authors: Maier Klaus-Jürgen , Knobe Matthias
Published: February 2018

Fallbeispiele Wie proximale Oberarmfrakturen, handgelenknahe Unterarmfrakturen und periprothetische
Frakturen diagnostiziert und die Patienten am besten therapiert werden können, stellen unsere Autoren anhand
praktischer Beispiele dar.
Bedeutung des faszialen Bindegewebes bei Muskelverletzungen
Authors: Wilke Jan , Banzer Winfried
Published: February 2018

Faszien sind keine passiven Muskelhüllen, sondern mechanisch bedeutsame Kraftüberträger innerhalb des Bewegungssystems. Mehrere Studien zeigen zudem, dass es bei Muskelverletzungen im Sport auch zu Läsionen der Faszie kommen kann. Wenngleich die klinische Relevanz dieser Schädigungen noch nicht abschließend geklärt ist, sollte in der Diagnostik und Therapie daher auch das Bindegewebe berücksichtigt werden.
Wirkeffekte differenter iterativer Ganzkörper-Hyperthermie-Verfahren auf Schmerzen und Zytokine bei rheumatischen Erkrankungen – eine aktuelle Literaturübersicht
Authors: Lange Uwe , Dischereit Gabriel
Published: February 2018

Patienten mit rheumatischen Erkrankungen profitieren empirisch häufig sehr gut von seriellen Ganzkörper-Hyperthermie-Applikationen, ohne dass die zugrundeliegenden Wirkmechanismen im Detail bekannt sind. Trotz deutlicher Fortschritte der medikamentösen Therapieoptionen in den letzten Jahren, besteht nach den aktuellen Daten der Kerndokumentation der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Regionaler Kooperativer Rheumazentren (AGRZ) bei einem nicht unerheblichen Anteil der Patienten weiterhin eine moderate bis hohe Krankheitsaktivität mit konsekutiv mäßig bis starken Schmerzen. Dargestellt werden in diesem Artikel Studien zu differenten iterativen Ganzkörper-Hyperthermie-Applikationen und deren Einfluss auf das Schmerzempfinden sowie auf molekulare Modulatoren der Schmerzentstehung. Zusammengefasst illustrieren die objektivierten Befunde eine klinisch deutliche, mittelfristige Schmerzlinderung mit Einfluss auf hyperalgetische und analgetische Mediatoren. Erstmals bieten sich somit Erklärungen für die subjektive Schmerzlinderung.
Galilean generalized Robertson-Walker spacetimes: A new family of Galilean geometrical models
Authors: de la Fuente Daniel , Rubio Rafael M.
Published: February 2018

We introduce a new family of Galilean spacetimes, the Galilean generalized Robertson-Walker spacetimes. This new family is relevant in the context of a generalized Newton-Cartan theory. We study its geometrical structure and analyse the completeness of its inextensible free falling observers. This sort of spacetimes constitutes the local geometric model of a much wider family of spacetimes admitting certain conformal symmetry. Moreover, we find some sufficient geometric conditions which guarantee a global splitting of a Galilean spacetime as a Galilean generalized Robertson-Walker spacetime.
Hybridization regulated metal penetration at transition metal-organic semiconductor contacts
Authors: Chuang Tzu-Hung , Lu Kun-Ta , Lu Chun-I , Hsu Yao-Jane , Wei Der-Hsin
Published: February 2018

Metal-organic contacts are keys to define the functionalities of hybrid structures, but orbital hybridization at interfaces has made rationalizing their behavior a challenging task. Here, we examined Fe/C60 and Ni/C60 bilayers with X-ray absorption spectra to study the nature of orbital hybridization and the possible correlation with metal penetration. Depositing Fe or Ni on C60 films of sub-nanometer thickness to emulate interfaces, we found that both bilayers show evidence of not only d-π hybridization and metal penetration but also a deeper Ni penetration. The carbon K-edge spectra recorded from C60 films indicate that the deeper Ni penetration is accompanied by a larger donation of electrons from Ni to C60. This finding of hybridization-modulated metal penetration is somewhat counterintuitive but is consistent with a scenario of metal-C60 hybridization competing with metal-metal aggregation. A stronger Ni-C60 hybridization could result in smaller Ni clusters and a greater probability of penetration through the interstitial space between C60 molecules. We conclude that metal penetration can be regulated with orbital hybridization between metal and C60.
Hopf solitons on compact manifolds
Authors: Ward R. S.
Published: February 2018

Hopf solitons in the Skyrme-Faddeev system on R3 typically have a complicated structure, in particular when the Hopf number Q is large. By contrast, if we work on a compact 3-manifold M, and the energy functional consists only of the Skyrme term (the strong-coupling limit), then the picture simplifies. There is a topological lower bound E ≥ Q on the energy, and the local minima of E can look simple even for large Q. The aim here is to describe and investigate some of these solutions, when M is S3, T3, or S2 × S1. In addition, we review the more elementary baby-Skyrme system, with M being S2 or T2.
Energy partitioning constraints at kinetic scales in low-β turbulence
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , F.-Viñas Adolfo , Dorelli John C. , Goldstein Melvyn L. , Shuster Jason , Avanov Levon A. , Boardsen Scott A. , Stawarz Julia E. , Schwartz Steven J. , Schiff Conrad , Lavraud Benoit , Saito Yoshifumi , Paterson William R. , Giles Barbara L. , Pollock Craig J. , Strangeway Robert J. , Russell Christopher T. , Torbert Roy B. , Moore Thomas E. , Burch James L.
Published: February 2018

Turbulence is a fundamental physical process through which energy injected into a system at large scales cascades to smaller scales. In collisionless plasmas, turbulence provides a critical mechanism for dissipating electromagnetic energy. Here, we present observations of plasma fluctuations in low-β turbulence using data from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in Earth's magnetosheath. We provide constraints on the partitioning of turbulent energy density in the fluid, ion-kinetic, and electron-kinetic ranges. Magnetic field fluctuations dominated the energy density spectrum throughout the fluid and ion-kinetic ranges, consistent with previous observations of turbulence in similar plasma regimes. However, at scales shorter than the electron inertial length, fluctuation power in electron kinetic energy significantly exceeded that of the magnetic field, resulting in an electron-motion-regulated cascade at small scales. This dominance is highly relevant for the study of turbulence in highly magnetized laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.
Arbitrary amplitude dust kinetic Alfvén solitary waves in the presence of polarization force
Authors: Singh Manpreet , Kaur Nimardeep , Saini N. S.
Published: February 2018

In this investigation, the effect of polarization force on dust kinetic Alfvén solitary waves (DKASWs) in a magnetized dusty plasma consisting of dust fluid, electrons, and positively charged ions is studied. By incorporating density non-uniformity and polarization force in the fluid model equations, the energy balance equation is derived, and from the expression for Sagdeev pseudopotential, the existence conditions for solitary structures in terms of Mach number are determined. From the numerical analysis of Sagdeev pseudopotential, compressive and rarefactive DKASWs at sub- and super-Alfvénic speeds are observed. These waves are significantly affected by varying polarization force, angle of propagation, plasma beta, and Mach number.
Calibration of the low-energy channel Thomson parabola of the LMJ-PETAL diagnostic SEPAGE with protons and carbon ions
Authors: Ducret J.-E. , Batani D. , Boutoux G. , Chancé A. , Gastineau B. , Guillard J.-C. , Harrault F. , Jakubowska K. , Lantuejoul-Thfoin I. , Leboeuf D. , Loiseau D. , Lotode A. , Pès C. , Rabhi N. , Saïd A. , Semsoum A. , Serani L. , Thomas B. , Toussaint J.-C. , Vauzour B.
Published: February 2018

The SEPAGE diagnostic will detect charged particles (electrons, protons, and ions) accelerated in the interaction of the PETAL (PETawatt Aquitaine Laser) laser with its targets on the LMJ (Laser MegaJoule)–PETAL laser facility. SEPAGE will be equipped with a proton-radiography front detector and two Thomson parabolas (TP), corresponding to different ranges of the particle energy spectra: Above 0.1 MeV for electrons and protons in the low-energy channel, with a separation capability between protons and 12C6+ up to 20 MeV proton energy and above 8 MeV for the high-energy channel, with a separation capability between protons and 12C6+ up to 200 MeV proton kinetic energy. This paper presents the calibration of the SEPAGE’s low-energy channel TP at the Tandem facility of Orsay (France) with proton beams between 3 and 22 MeV and carbon-ion beams from 5.8 to 84 MeV. The magnetic and electric fields’ integrals were determined with an accuracy of 10−3 by combining the deflections measured at different energies with different target thicknesses and materials, providing different in-target energy losses of the beam particles and hence different detected energies for given beam energies.
Molecular dynamics simulation for the test of calibrated OPLS-AA force field for binary liquid mixture of tri-iso-amyl phosphate and n-dodecane
Authors: Das Arya , Ali Sk. Musharaf
Published: February 2018

Tri-isoamyl phosphate (TiAP) has been proposed to be an alternative for tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) in the Plutonium Uranium Extraction (PUREX) process. Recently, we have successfully calibrated and tested all-atom optimized potentials for liquid simulations using Mulliken partial charges for pure TiAP, TBP, and dodecane by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It is of immense importance to extend this potential for the various molecular properties of TiAP and TiAP/n-dodecane binary mixtures using MD simulation. Earlier, efforts were devoted to find out a suitable force field which can explain both structural and dynamical properties by empirical parameterization. Therefore, the present MD study reports the structural, dynamical, and thermodynamical properties with different mole fractions of TiAP-dodecane mixtures at the entire range of mole fraction of 0–1 employing our calibrated Mulliken embedded optimized potentials for liquid simulation (OPLS) force field. The calculated electric dipole moment of TiAP was seen to be almost unaffected by the TiAP concentration in the dodecane diluent. The calculated liquid densities of the TiAP-dodecane mixture are in good agreement with the experimental data. The mixture densities at different temperatures are also studied which was found to be reduced with temperature as expected. The plot of diffusivities for TiAP and dodecane against mole fraction in the binary mixture intersects at a composition in the range of 25%-30% of TiAP in dodecane, which is very much closer to the TBP/n-dodecane composition used in the PUREX process. The excess volume of mixing was found to be positive for the entire range of mole fraction and the excess enthalpy of mixing was shown to be endothermic for the TBP/n-dodecane mixture as well as TiAP/n-dodecane mixture as reported experimentally. The spatial pair correlation functions are evaluated between TiAP–TiAP and TiAP–dodecane molecules. Further, shear viscosity has been computed by performing the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics employing the periodic perturbation method. The calculated shear viscosity of the binary mixture is found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental values. The use of the newly calibrated OPLS force field embedding Mulliken charges is shown to be equally reliable in predicting the structural and dynamical properties for the mixture without incorporating any arbitrary scaling in the force field or Lennard-Jones parameters. Further, the present MD simulation results demonstrate that the Stokes-Einstein relation breaks down at the molecular level. The present methodology might be adopted to evaluate the liquid state properties of an aqueous-organic biphasic system, which is of great significance in the interfacial science and technology.
229 nm UV LEDs on aluminum nitride single crystal substrates using p-type silicon for increased hole injection
Authors: Liu Dong , Cho Sang June , Park Jeongpil , Seo Jung-Hun , Dalmau Rafael , Zhao Deyin , Kim Kwangeun , Gong Jiarui , Kim Munho , Lee In-Kyu , Albrecht John D. , Zhou Weidong , Moody Baxter , Ma Zhenqiang
Published: February 2018

AlGaN based 229 nm light emitting diodes (LEDs), employing p-type Si to significantly increase hole injection, were fabricated on single crystal bulk aluminum nitride (AlN) substrates. Nitride heterostructures were epitaxially deposited by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy and inherit the low dislocation density of the native substrate. Following epitaxy, a p-Si layer is bonded to the heterostructure. LEDs were characterized both electrically and optically. Owing to the low defect density films, large concentration of holes from p-Si, and efficient hole injection, no efficiency droop was observed up to a current density of 76 A/cm2 under continuous wave operation and without external thermal management. An optical output power of 160 μW was obtained with the corresponding external quantum efficiency of 0.03%. This study demonstrates that by adopting p-type Si nanomembrane contacts as a hole injector, practical levels of hole injection can be realized in UV light-emitting diodes with very high Al composition AlGaN quantum wells, enabling emission wavelengths and power levels that were previously inaccessible using traditional p-i-n structures with poor hole injection efficiency.
A structural coarse-grained model for clays using simple iterative Boltzmann inversion
Authors: Schaettle Karl , Ruiz Pestana Luis , Head-Gordon Teresa , Lammers Laura Nielsen
Published: February 2018

Cesium-137 is a major byproduct of nuclear energy generation and is environmentally threatening due to its long half-life and affinity for naturally occurring micaceous clays. Recent experimental observations of illite and phlogopite mica indicate that Cs+ is capable of exchanging with K+ bound in the anhydrous interlayers of layered silicates, forming sharp exchange fronts, leading to interstratification of Cs- and K-illite. We present here a coarse-grained (CG) model of the anhydrous illite interlayer developed using iterative Boltzmann inversion that qualitatively and quantitatively reproduces features of a previously proposed feedback mechanism of ion exchange. The CG model represents a 70-fold speedup over all-atom models of clay systems and predicts interlayer expansion for K-illite near ion exchange fronts. Contrary to the longstanding theory that ion exchange in a neighboring layer increases the binding of K in lattice counterion sites leading to interstratification, we find that the presence of neighboring exchanged layers leads to short-range structural relaxations that increase basal spacing and decrease cohesion of the neighboring K-illite layers. We also provide evidence that the formation of alternating Cs- and K-illite interlayers (i.e., ordered interstratification) is both thermodynamically and mechanically favorable compared to exchange in adjacent interlayers.
V-I characteristics of X-ray conductivity and UV photoconductivity of ZnSe crystals
Authors: Degoda V. Ya. , Alizadeh M. , Kovalenko N. O. , Pavlova N. Yu.
Published: February 2018

This article outlines the resulting experimental V-I curves for high resistance ZnSe single crystals at temperatures of 8, 85, 295, and 420 K under three intensities of X-ray and UV excitations (hvUV > Eg). This paper considers the major factors that affect the nonlinearity in the V-I curves of high resistance ZnSe. We observe superlinear dependences at low temperatures, shifting to sublinear at room temperature and above. However, at all temperatures, we have initial linear areas of V-I curves. Using the initial linear areas of these characteristics, we obtained the lifetime values of free electrons and their mobility. The comparison of the conductivity values of X-ray and UV excitations made it possible to reveal the fact that most of the electron-hole pairs recombine in the local generation area, creating a scintillation pulse, while not participating in the conductivity. When analyzing the nonlinearity of the V-I curve, two new processes were considered in the first approximation: an increase in the average thermal velocity of electrons under the action of the electric field and the selectivity of the velocity direction of the electron upon delocalization from the traps under the Poole-Frenkel effect. It is assumed that the observed nonlinearity is due to the photoinduced contact difference in potentials.
Dynamic metasurface lens based on MEMS technology
Authors: Roy Tapashree , Zhang Shuyan , Jung Il Woong , Troccoli Mariano , Capasso Federico , Lopez Daniel
Published: February 2018

In the recent years, metasurfaces, being flat and lightweight, have been designed to replace bulky optical components with various functions. We demonstrate a monolithic Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) integrated with a metasurface-based flat lens that focuses light in the mid-infrared spectrum. A two-dimensional scanning MEMS platform controls the angle of the lens along two orthogonal axes by ±9°, thus enabling dynamic beam steering. The device could be used to compensate for off-axis incident light and thus correct for aberrations such as coma. We show that for low angular displacements, the integrated lens-on-MEMS system does not affect the mechanical performance of the MEMS actuators and preserves the focused beam profile as well as the measured full width at half maximum. We envision a new class of flat optical devices with active control provided by the combination of metasurfaces and MEMS for a wide range of applications, such as miniaturized MEMS-based microscope systems, LIDAR scanners, and projection systems.
Unexpected pressure induced ductileness tuning in sulfur doped polycrystalline nickel metal
Authors: Guo Cheng , Yang Yan , Tan Liuxi , Lei Jialin , Guo Shengmin , Chen Bin , Yan Jinyuan , Yang Shizhong
Published: February 2018

The sulfur induced embrittlement of polycrystalline nickel (Ni) metal has been a long-standing mystery. It is suggested that sulfur impurity makes ductile Ni metal brittle in many industry applications due to various mechanisms, such as impurity segregation and disorder-induced melting etc. Here we report an observation that the most ductile measurement occurs at a critical sulfur doping concentration, 14 at.% at pressure from 14 GPa up to 29 GPa through texture evolution analysis. The synchrotron-based high pressure texturing measurements using radial diamond anvil cell (rDAC) X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques reveal that the activities of slip systems in the polycrystalline nickel metal are affected by sulfur impurities and external pressures, giving rise to the changes in the plastic deformation of the nickel metal. Dislocation dynamics (DD) simulation on dislocation density and velocity further confirms the pressure induced ductilization changes in S doped Ni metal. This observation and simulation suggests that the ductilization of the doped polycrystalline nickel metal can be optimized by engineering the sulfur concentration under pressure, shedding a light on tuning the mechanical properties of this material for better high pressure applications.
Quantifying trends and predictors of decline in eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) populations in a rapidly urbanising landscape
Authors: Brunton Elizabeth A. , Srivastava Sanjeev K. , Schoeman David S. , Burnett Scott
Published: February 2018

Human population growth and the resultant expansion of urban landscapes are drivers of biodiversity loss globally. Impacts of urbanisation on wildlife are not well understood, although the importance of preserving biodiversity in urban areas is widely recognised. The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), a common species of large macropod, can be found in high densities in many urban landscapes across Australia. South East Queensland is a subtropical region of Australia that has experienced high rates of urban expansion. Human population growth in the region has resulted in widespread changes to the landscape and much of the eastern grey kangaroo’s natural habitat has been modified. Declines in kangaroo populations have been anecdotally reported; however, the impact of urbanisation on kangaroo populations has not been quantified. This study used a modelling approach, collecting data from the community, and private and government organisations to: (1) map the current distribution of eastern grey kangaroos; (2) quantify trends in kangaroo abundance; and (3) identify anthropogenic drivers of changes in kangaroo abundance in the region. Of the kangaroo populations identified, 42% were reported to have undergone an overall decline in abundance since 2000. Higher human population growth rate and smaller area remaining under natural land use were predictors of kangaroo population declines. Further kangaroo declines can be anticipated in the region, particularly in areas with projected human population growth rates over 80% for the next decade. This study emphasises the importance of integrated urban development over large spatial extents to mitigate impacts of urbanisation on terrestrial mammals.
Rainfall statistics, stationarity, and climate change
Authors: Sun Fubao , Roderick Michael L. , Farquhar Graham D.
Published: February 2018

Significance

Precipitation shows large year-to-year variations, and there is interest in whether there have been long-lasting changes. We use a global land-based database (1940–2009) of annual precipitation and find evidence for changes at around 14% of the global land surface. In contrast, around 76% of the global land shows little or no change. Our results emphasize the importance of fully accounting for natural variability when assessing long-term precipitation change.
Substrate binding to BamD triggers a conformational change in BamA to control membrane insertion
Authors: Lee James , Sutterlin Holly A. , Wzorek Joseph S. , Mandler Michael D. , Hagan Christine L. , Grabowicz Marcin , Tomasek David , May Mary D. , Hart Elizabeth M. , Silhavy Thomas J. , Kahne Daniel
Published: February 2018

Significance

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts contains proteins that adopt β-barrel structures. To maintain the integrity of this structure, the β-barrel assembly machine (Bam) folds and inserts integral membrane proteins into the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. By studying the assembly of an essential β-barrel substrate we found that the two essential components of the complex, BamA and BamD, coordinate with each other upon substrate binding to facilitate folding and insertion. These results could enable the design of strategies to combat Gram-negative pathogens.
Tracking the route of molecular oxygen in O
2
-tolerant membrane-bound [NiFe] hydrogenase
Authors: Kalms Jacqueline , Schmidt Andrea , Frielingsdorf Stefan , Utesch Tillmann , Gotthard Guillaume , von Stetten David , van der Linden Peter , Royant Antoine , Mroginski Maria Andrea , Carpentier Philippe , Lenz Oliver , Scheerer Patrick
Published: February 2018

Significance

Tracking the route of substrates, intermediates, and inhibitors in proteins is fundamental in understanding their specific function. However, following the route of gases like molecular oxygen within enzymes has always been challenging. In protein X-ray crystallography, gases can be mimicked using krypton or xenon (with a higher electron count); however, these have a different physical behavior compared to true substrates/inhibitors. In our crystal structure of the O
2
-tolerant membrane-bound [NiFe] hydrogenase (MBH) from
Ralstonia eutropha
, we were able to show the direct path of molecular oxygen between the enzyme exterior and the active site with the “soak-and-freeze” derivatization method. This technique might be useful to detect O
2
traveling routes in many other enzymes.
Desynchrony between brain and peripheral clocks caused by CK1δ/ε disruption in GABA neurons does not lead to adverse metabolic outcomes
Authors: van der Vinne Vincent , Swoap Steven J. , Vajtay Thomas J. , Weaver David R.
Published: February 2018

Significance

Circadian clocks throughout the body control mammalian physiology. Disruption of circadian rhythms associated with modern 24/7 societies results in adverse metabolic consequences, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Internal desynchrony between the phase of central and peripheral clocks is believed to be a major contributor to these adverse consequences. Here, in the first direct test of this assumption, we show that a ∼6-h phase misalignment between circadian clocks in brain and peripheral tissues is insufficient to induce obesity and glucose intolerance in mice. These results suggest that the adverse consequences of circadian disruption may arise by multiple mechanisms, rather than arising from internal desynchrony alone.
Fast flow-based algorithm for creating density-equalizing map projections
Authors: Gastner Michael T. , Seguy Vivien , More Pratyush
Published: February 2018

Significance

Geographic maps are a popular means to visualize spatial statistics. Conventionally, each map region is displayed with an area proportional to the actual land area. But equal-area maps can grossly misrepresent demographic data: Densely populated cities should be given more prominence than large, but sparsely populated territories. Cartograms solve this problem by rescaling map regions in proportion to, for example, population or gross domestic products. Until now, it has generally been cumbersome or slow to calculate map projections for contiguous cartograms. Here we describe and benchmark a fast flow-based algorithm that computes cartograms in a matter of seconds, yet maintains the strengths of previous methods—a development which may lead to a more widespread adoption of cartograms.
Prospective forecasts of annual dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence in Thailand, 2010–2014
Authors: Lauer Stephen A. , Sakrejda Krzysztof , Ray Evan L. , Keegan Lindsay T. , Bi Qifang , Suangtho Paphanij , Hinjoy Soawapak , Iamsirithaworn Sopon , Suthachana Suthanun , Laosiritaworn Yongjua , Cummings Derek A.T. , Lessler Justin , Reich Nicholas G.
Published: February 2018

Significance

Dengue hemorrhagic fever poses a major problem for public health officials in Thailand. The number and location of cases vary dramatically from year to year, which makes planning prevention and treatment activities before the dengue season difficult. We develop statistical models with biologically motivated covariates to make forecasts for each Thai province every year. The forecasts from our models have less error than those of a baseline model on out-of-sample data. Furthermore, the forecasts from a model based on incidence occurring before the start of the rainy season successfully order provinces by outbreak risk. These early, accurate forecasts of dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence could help public health officials determine where to allocate their resources in the future.
OligoMiner provides a rapid, flexible environment for the design of genome-scale oligonucleotide in situ hybridization probes
Authors: Beliveau Brian J. , Kishi Jocelyn Y. , Nir Guy , Sasaki Hiroshi M. , Saka Sinem K. , Nguyen Son C. , Wu Chao-ting , Yin Peng
Published: February 2018

Significance

FISH enables researchers to visualize the subcellular distribution of RNA and DNA molecules in individual cells. The recent development of FISH methods employing probes composed of synthetic DNA oligonucleotides (oligos) allows researchers to tightly control aspects of probe design such as binding energy and genomic specificity. Although oligo FISH probes are central to many recently developed massively multiplexed and superresolution imaging methods, no dedicated computational utility exists to facilitate the design of such probes on the genome-wide scale. Here, we introduce a streamlined pipeline for the rapid, genome-scale design of oligo FISH probes and validate our approach by using conventional and superresolution imaging. Our method provides a framework with which to design oligo-based hybridization experiments.
The secreted metabolome of
Streptomyces chartreusis
and implications for bacterial chemistry
Authors: Senges Christoph H. R. , Al-Dilaimi Arwa , Marchbank Douglas H. , Wibberg Daniel , Winkler Anika , Haltli Brad , Nowrousian Minou , Kalinowski Jörn , Kerr Russell G. , Bandow Julia E.
Published: February 2018

Significance

Bacterial secondary metabolites are of great relevance to human society and the environment. To this day, investigations of secreted metabolites focus on single compounds, compound classes, or compounds with specific bioactivities. Comparing the supernatants of
Streptomyces chartreusis
cultivated in different media, using liquid chromatography–coupled tandem MS, we detected a great diversity of highly regulated compounds surpassing genome-based expectations. Guided by molecular networking, a new polyether ionophore was identified and subsequently purified and characterized. The approach presented here provides a basis for structure analysis for molecules produced in amounts too low for standard methods of structure elucidation. Simultaneously, it facilitates the differential analysis of secreted metabolomes, providing insights into the chemical profiles under different cultivation conditions.
Unexpected transformation of dissolved phenols to toxic dicarbonyls by hydroxyl radicals and UV light
Authors: Prasse Carsten , Ford Breanna , Nomura Daniel K. , Sedlak David L.
Published: February 2018

Significance

Phenols are common anthropogenic and natural chemicals that contaminate drinking water sources. To reduce exposure to these compounds, hydroxyl radicals are often used as chemical oxidants during water treatment. Although this treatment process removes phenols, we have found that it unexpectedly produces toxic transformation products. We identify these products and simultaneously assess their toxicity with a technique that detects products formed when the transformation products react with amino acids and peptides. Our results highlight the potential risks of using oxidative treatment on alternative drinking water sources, such as contaminated groundwater and recycled municipal wastewater. They also suggest that these reactions produce these toxic transformation products in other situations, including in clouds and sunlit surface waters and within living cells.
MotAB-like machinery drives the movement of MreB filaments during bacterial gliding motility
Authors: Fu Guo , Bandaria Jigar N. , Le Gall Anne Valérie , Fan Xue , Yildiz Ahmet , Mignot Tâm , Zusman David R. , Nan Beiyan
Published: February 2018

Significance

MreB is a bacterial actin that supports cell wall synthesis and rod-like morphology in many bacteria. In the bacterium
Myxococcus xanthus
, MreB is also required for gliding motility. In this work, we studied the movement of MreB particles during
M. xanthus
gliding motility at high spatial and temporal resolution. We found that MreB provides a scaffold for the gliding motors while the gliding machinery drives the movement of MreB filaments. The interplay between MreB and the gliding machineries is analogous to the interdependent movements of myosin motors and actin in eukaryotic cells. Since their discovery, actin-like homologs have been implicated in many spatially organized cellular processes in bacteria. This study expands our knowledge of MreB function in bacterial gliding motility.
Sarcomeric perturbations of myosin motors lead to dilated cardiomyopathy in genetically modified
MYL2
mice
Authors: Yuan Chen-Ching , Kazmierczak Katarzyna , Liang Jingsheng , Zhou Zhiqun , Yadav Sunil , Gomes Aldrin V. , Irving Thomas C. , Szczesna-Cordary Danuta
Published: February 2018

Significance

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a progressive heart disease with no current cure, often culminating in heart transplantation. Transgenic D94A (aspartic acid-to-alanine) mice carrying a novel DCM-causative mutation in the
MYL2
gene, encoding the cardiac myosin regulatory light chain, were created and investigated by echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic and molecular structural and functional assessments. Our data show that hypocontractile myosin motors and structural perturbations at the level of sarcomeres trigger aberrant functional remodeling in D94A hearts and the development of DCM, which closely follows the clinical phenotype. Left ventricular chamber dilation and decreased ejection fraction, observed in D94A hearts, were indicative of systolic dysfunction, a hallmark of DCM. Our study suggests that
MYL2
may be considered a therapeutic target for dilated cardiomyopathy.
In vivo repressed genes of
Vibrio cholerae
reveal inverse requirements of an H
+
/Cl
−
transporter along the gastrointestinal passage
Authors: Cakar Fatih , Zingl Franz G. , Moisi Manuel , Reidl Joachim , Schild Stefan
Published: February 2018

Significance

Bacterial infection is still a global threat to human health. Gene expression profiling of pathogenic bacteria during infection may aid in a better understanding of the pathophysiological events. Here, we present a reporter-based technology to identify in vivo repressed (
ivr
) genes of
Vibrio cholerae
. Our data demonstrate that constitutive expression of
ivr
genes reduces colonization fitness, indicating a pivotal role of gene silencing. A comprehensive characterization of an H
+
/Cl
−
transporter revealed a defined spatiotemporal expression pattern, being induced in the stomach to facilitate survival under low pH, but silenced under alkaline pH in the lower gastrointestinal tract to avoid detrimental effects. Thus, previously understudied
ivr
genes could reveal new insights into host–pathogen interaction and alternative therapeutic strategies.
Identification of the YEATS domain of GAS41 as a pH-dependent reader of histone succinylation
Authors: Wang Yi , Jin Jing , Chung Matthew Wai Heng , Feng Ling , Sun Hongyan , Hao Quan
Published: February 2018

Significance

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on histone lysines regulate gene expression and physiological functions. Succinylation is a newly discovered PTM with distinctive features. However, rarely studies have shown the function of succinylation on histone lysines. Our biochemical and structural studies demonstrate that GAS41, an oncogene-coded protein, can act as the reader of succinylation on histone H3K122. The functional significance of the pH-dependent histidine of GAS41 recognizing succinyl lysine (Ksuc) could have implications in local pH-dysregulated circumstances. The mechanism illustrated by the structures also provides an important insight into the development of specific regulators targeting the GAS41 YEATS domain in the future.
Distinct sets of tethering complexes, SNARE complexes, and Rab GTPases mediate membrane fusion at the vacuole in Arabidopsis
Authors: Takemoto Kodai , Ebine Kazuo , Askani Jana Christin , Krüger Falco , Gonzalez Zaida Andrés , Ito Emi , Goh Tatsuaki , Schumacher Karin , Nakano Akihiko , Ueda Takashi
Published: February 2018

Significance

Plant vacuoles play unique roles such as storage and coloring, in addition to lysosomal/vacuolar functions shared by eukaryotes: degradation and recycling of waste. To fulfill these complex and specialized functions, plant vacuolar trafficking occurs through multiple, uniquely regulated transport pathways. Two evolutionarily conserved tethering complexes, homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) and class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET), are involved in lysosomal/vacuolar trafficking in nonplant systems, although they also exist in plants. However, it remains almost entirely unknown how these tethering complexes regulate the unique aspects of plant vacuolar transport. Here, we show that HOPS and CORVET mediate distinct vacuolar trafficking pathways in coordination with different sets of soluble
N
-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins and RAB GTPase. Our findings provide further evidence for the unique evolutionary diversification of the vacuolar transport system in plants.
Environmental enrichment and exercise are better than social enrichment to reduce memory deficits in amyloid beta neurotoxicity
Authors: Prado Lima Mariza G. , Schimidt Helen L. , Garcia Alexandre , Daré Letícia R. , Carpes Felipe P. , Izquierdo Ivan , Mello-Carpes Pâmela B.
Published: February 2018

Significance

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a neuroprotective strategy successfully employed in the treatment of cognitive deficits in different models of brain injury or disease, including Alzheimer’s disease. However, the models used to study the effects of EE include different aspects or components that go beyond the environmental changes, as animals submitted to EE also increase physical activity levels and social interaction. Here we show that EE neuroprotection in memory deficits related to amyloid-β neurotoxicity, rather than resulting from EE per se, may rely on increased physical activity and social interaction.
Pulmonary alveolar type I cell population consists of two distinct subtypes that differ in cell fate
Authors: Wang Yanjie , Tang Zan , Huang Huanwei , Li Jiao , Wang Zheng , Yu Yuanyuan , Zhang Chengwei , Li Juan , Dai Huaping , Wang Fengchao , Cai Tao , Tang Nan
Published: February 2018

Significance

Pulmonary alveolar type I (AT1) cells are essential for the gas-exchange function of lungs. AT1 cells retain their cellular plasticity during injury-induced alveolar regeneration. However, we know very little about the developmental heterogeneity of the AT1 cell population. Our study identified a robust genetic marker of postnatal AT1 cells, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (Igfbp2). We use this marker to demonstrate that the postnatal AT1 cell population actually consists of two AT1 cell subtypes (Hopx
+
Igfbp2
+
and Hopx
+
Igfbp2
−
AT1 cells) with distinct cell fates during alveolar regeneration. The large majority of adult AT1 cells expresses Igfbp2 and cannot transdifferentiate into AT2 cells during post pneumonectomy formation of new alveoli. Therefore, Hopx
+
Igfbp2
+
AT1 cells represent the terminally differentiated population of AT1 cells.
Cooption of heat shock regulatory system for anhydrobiosis in the sleeping chironomid
Polypedilum vanderplanki
Authors: Mazin Pavel V. , Shagimardanova Elena , Kozlova Olga , Cherkasov Alexander , Sutormin Roman , Stepanova Vita V. , Stupnikov Alexey , Logacheva Maria , Penin Aleksey , Sogame Yoichiro , Cornette Richard , Tokumoto Shoko , Miyata Yugo , Kikawada Takahiro , Gelfand Mikhail S. , Gusev Oleg
Published: February 2018

Significance

Anhydrobiosis is an ametabolic state found in several organisms that can survive extreme desiccation. It is of practical interest because its application to other systems might allow room temperature preservation of cells, tissues, or organs in the dry state. The insect
Polypedilum vanderplanki
is the most complex animal that can enter anhydrobiosis. Proteins responsible for desiccation tolerance in
P. vanderplanki
are relatively well studied, but little is known about mechanisms underlying their induction during desiccation. Here, we show that the heat shock transcription factor regulatory network was coopted during the evolution of
P. vanderplanki
to activate many known desiccation-protective genes, including genes encoding late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins.
The timescale of early land plant evolution
Authors: Morris Jennifer L. , Puttick Mark N. , Clark James W. , Edwards Dianne , Kenrick Paul , Pressel Silvia , Wellman Charles H. , Yang Ziheng , Schneider Harald , Donoghue Philip C. J.
Published: February 2018

Significance

Establishing the timescale of early land plant evolution is essential to testing hypotheses on the coevolution of land plants and Earth’s System. Here, we establish a timescale for early land plant evolution that integrates over competing hypotheses on bryophyte−tracheophyte relationships. We estimate land plants to have emerged in a middle Cambrian–Early Ordovocian interval, and vascular plants to have emerged in the Late Ordovician−Silurian. This timescale implies an early establishment of terrestrial ecosystems by land plants that is in close accord with recent estimates for the origin of terrestrial animal lineages. Biogeochemical models that are constrained by the fossil record of early land plants, or attempt to explain their impact, must consider a much earlier, middle Cambrian–Early Ordovician, origin.
Variational structure of Luttinger–Ward formalism and bold diagrammatic expansion for Euclidean lattice field theory
Authors: Lin Lin , Lindsey Michael
Published: February 2018

Significance

Many-body perturbation theory is one of the pillars of quantum many-body physics and has been used extensively to predict ground-state and excited-state electronic properties of real materials in the past few decades. Nonetheless, few practically used methods in many-body perturbation theory have been justified on a rigorous basis. We present a variational formalism that can be used for the rigorous study of a number of many-body perturbation methods in Euclidean lattice field theory. In particular, this perspective allows us to justify the widely used bold Feynman diagrammatic expansion, without relying on formal arguments such as partial resummation of Feynman diagrams to infinite order.
Gripped by authority
Authors: Horgan Terry , Timmons Mark
Published: February 2018

Moral judgments are typically experienced as being categorically authoritative – i.e. as having a prescriptive force that (i) is motivationally gripping independently of both conventional norms and one's pre-existing desires, and (ii) justificationally trumps both conventional norms and one's pre-existing desires. We argue that this key feature is best accommodated by the meta-ethical position we call ‘cognitivist expressivism’, which construes moral judgments as sui generis psychological states whose distinctive phenomenological character includes categorical authoritativeness. Traditional versions of expressivism cannot easily accommodate the justificationally trumping aspect of categorical authoritativeness, because they construe moral judgments as fundamentally desire-like. Moral realism cannot easily accommodate the aspect of inherent motivational grip, because realism construes moral judgments as a species of factual belief.
On the sharpness of the bound for the Local Converse Theorem of 𝑝-adic 𝐺𝐿_{𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒}
Authors: Adrian Moshe , Liu Baiying , Stevens Shaun , Tam Geo
Published: February 2018

We introduce a novel ultrametric on the set of equivalence classes of cuspidal irreducible representations of a general linear group 

GL

N

{\operatorname {GL}}_{N}

over a non-archimedean local field, based on distinguishability by twisted gamma factors. In the case that 

N
N

is prime and the residual characteristic is greater than or equal to 

⌊

N
2

⌋

\left \lfloor \frac {N}{2}\right \rfloor

, we prove that, for any natural number 

i
≤

⌊

N
2

⌋

i\le \left \lfloor \frac {N}{2}\right \rfloor

, there are pairs of cuspidal irreducible representations whose logarithmic distance in this ultrametric is precisely 

−
i

-i

. This implies that, under the same conditions on 

N
N

, the bound 

⌊

N
2

⌋

\left \lfloor \frac {N}{2}\right \rfloor

in the Local Converse Theorem for 

GL
N

\operatorname {GL}_N

is sharp.
Reorienting Norwegian mental healthcare services: listen to patients’ learning appetite
Authors: Mjøsund Nina Helen , Eriksson Monica , Espnes Geir Arild , Vinje Hege Forbech
Published: February 2018

Reorientation of healthcare services towards more efficient health promotion interventions is an urgent matter. Despite policies and guidelines being in place, it is the least developed key action area of the Ottawa charter. User involvement, or the voice of the patient, is missing from the knowledge base of health promotion in the mental healthcare services. The aim of this study was to add experiential knowledge from former patients. We explored the lived experience of 12 former inpatients at a mental healthcare hospital. We describe what they perceive as mental health promoting efforts. A salutogenic theoretical framework and the methodology of interpretative phenomenological analysis were used. The analysis revealed an appetite for learning in order to develop an in depth understanding of their former experiences. This was motivated by a desire to master daily life despite living with an illness and to increase health and well-being. The participants perceived the learning processes within the healthcare setting as mental health promoting. This craving for a better life is compatible with health promotion. It may turn out to be an opportunity to complement the curative activity of healthcare services with health promotion educational activities.
On the origin of phosphorus nitride in star-forming regions
Authors: Mininni C , Fontani F , Rivilla V M , Beltrán M T , Caselli P , Vasyunin A
Published: February 2018

We present multitransition observations of phosphorus nitride (PN) towards a sample of nine massive dense cores in different evolutionary stages. Using transitions with different excitation conditions, we have found for the first time that the excitation temperatures of PN are in the range ∼5–30 K. To investigate the main chemical route for the PN formation (surface-chemistry versus gas-phase chemistry), and the dominant desorption mechanism (thermal versus shock), we have compared our results with those obtained from molecules tracing different chemical and physical conditions (SiO, SO, CH3OH, and N2H+). We have found that the PN line profiles are very well correlated with those of SiO and SO in six out of the nine targets, which indicate that PN may be released by sputtering of dust grains due to shocks. This finding is corroborated by a faint but statistically significant positive trend between the PN abundance and those of SiO and SO. However, in three objects the PN lines have no hints of high-velocity wings, which indicates an alternative origin of PN. Overall, our results indicate that the origin of PN is not unique, as it can be formed not only in protostellar shocks, but also in colder and more quiescent gas through alternative pathways.
Precision measurements on trapped antihydrogen in the ALPHA experiment
Authors: Eriksson S.
Published: February 2018

Both the 1S–2S transition and the ground state hyperfine spectrum have been observed in trapped antihydrogen. The former constitutes the first observation of resonant interaction of light with an anti-atom, and the latter is the first detailed measurement of a spectral feature in antihydrogen. Owing to the narrow intrinsic linewidth of the 1S–2S transition and use of two-photon laser excitation, the transition energy can be precisely determined in both hydrogen and antihydrogen, allowing a direct comparison as a test of fundamental symmetry. The result is consistent with CPT invariance at a relative precision of around 2×10
−10
. This constitutes the most precise measurement of a property of antihydrogen. The hyperfine spectrum of antihydrogen is determined to a relative uncertainty of 4×10
−4
. The excited state and the hyperfine spectroscopy techniques currently both show sensitivity at the few 100 kHz level on the absolute scale. Here, the most recent work of the ALPHA collaboration on precision spectroscopy of antihydrogen is presented together with an outlook on improving the precision of measurements involving lasers and microwave radiation. Prospects of measuring the Lamb shift and determining the antiproton charge radius in trapped antihydrogen in the ALPHA apparatus are presented. Future perspectives of precision measurements of trapped antihydrogen in the ALPHA apparatus when the ELENA facility becomes available to experiments at CERN are discussed.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Antiproton physics in the ELENA era’.