bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Edible Fungi and Algae as Feed Supplement
Authors: Xu Chang , Wang Hui , Liu Yu Huan , Ruan Prof. Roger , Li Yun
Published: June 2012

Edible fungi and algae possess some properties that contain antitumor, anti-oxidation, antibacterial, free radical scavenging activities, immunomodulator and some other Functions, which have been used as feed supplement all over the world for decades. The addition of them as feed supplement has beneficial effect on growth performance in domestic animals by increasing average daily intake and feed efficiency. Moreover, the fungi can inform mycelium pellet in Shaker, which is contribute to keep the algae inside, or forming a mutuality symbiosis alga-fungus sphere, which is effectively used in swine manure biogases slurry decontamination in our experiment.
Synthesis and Kinetics of a Green Surfactant Alkyl Glucamines
Authors: Li He Ping , Wei Jin Ping , Huang Hong Xia , Xiao Shun Hua , Yu Cai Li , Hu Yang , Yang Guang Wei
Published: June 2012

Using glucose and N-butylamines as the main feedstocks in the normol pressure, a novel green surfactant alkyl glucamines was synthesized through hydroammonolysis reaction in the presence of recombination macromolecule organic acid as catalyst. The synthesis technical of alkyl glucamines was studied systematically. The results showed that the conversion was more than 65% when the quantity ratio of glucose to amine was 1︰4, pH was 8.5 around, reaction temperature was 50°C for 60h about. The reaction mechamnism and kinetics of glucose hydroammonolysis was discussed simultaneously. The kinetic model on the synthesis of alkyl glucamines was built： ＝ －0.0117 t －1.3502. The correlation coefficients of the model were gained precisely, and the model was credible by the statistical test and experiment.
Catalytic Ozonation of Humic Acids with La-Mn/γ-Al2O3 Complexation Catalysts
Authors: Li Yan , Liu Yong , Zhao Shi Lin , Yuan Peng Juan , Li Lin
Published: June 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a catalytic ozonation system for the treatment of humic acid(HA) as simulated wastewater by use of the rare earth and transition metal complexing γ-Al2O3catalysts(RTCC) in aqueous solution at room temperature. In the reaction, HA was removed by the joint effect of ozonation and catalytic oxidation. Experimental results showed that the optimum technological conditions were calcination at 723 K, pH of 11 and 1:1 ratio (La (NO3)3/ Mn (NO3)2) for the preparation of RTCC. The ozonation with RTCC induced a significant degradation efficiency of HA in UV absorbance, as compared to ozone alone was 21.11% higher after 30 minutes reaction. The RTCC samples were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images.
Development of CaO-Based Sorbent Doped with Framework Materials for CO2 Capture
Authors: Liu Chang Tian , Li Ying Jie , Sun Rong Yue , Xie Xin
Published: June 2012

Calcium looping technology is an attractive method for CO2 capture in dual fluidized bed combustion (FBC) reactors. The major limit for this technology is that the capture capacity of CaO-based sorbents sharply decreases with increasing cycle numbers. Attrition and consequent elutriation of CaO-based sorbents from FBC reactors also limit its application. In order to overcome these shortcomings, doping with framework materials is shown as a promising potential solution. Therefore, this work looks at a review of the CO2 capture capacities of CaO-based sorbents doped with different framework materials, such as aluminate cements, kaolin, aluminum oxides, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, and lanthanum salt. The synthetic sorbents have a better performance in CO2 capture capacities than the original sorbents in long term carbonation/calcination cycles.
Alkalibacillus huanghaiensis Sp. Nov., a New Strain of Moderately Halophilic Bacterias Isolated from Sea Water of the Yellow Sea in China
Authors: Li Wei Guo , Tan Song Wen , Xu Zhong , Yang Hui Ru , Wei Li , Su Jun Feng , Ma Fang
Published: June 2012

A Gram-positive, strictly aerobic and moderately halophilic bacterial strain HSD was obtained from the sea water sample collected from International Sea Water Bathing Place in Weihai, a city on the shore of the Yellow Sea. Strain HSD was bacillus. The optimum growth temperature was 32~37°C and the optimum pH was 6.0~9.0. It could grow well at 100 g•L-1 salt mass concentration. The G+C mole fraction of its genomic DNA was 37.5%. 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated a close relationship to Alkalibacillus halophilus (DQ359731) with similarity of 99%. However, they had obvious difference in whole-cell main fatty acid components, cell size, cell morphology, motility, oxidase, gelatine liquefication, nitrate reduction, NaCl tolerance range, pH tolerance range, G+C mole fraction, sole carbon source, sole nitrogen source, antibiotic sensitivity and a source of the strain isolation. Comparing of these taxonomic characters of strain HSD with those of other type strains of the genus Alkalibacillus, the differences were more obvious. In view of multiple identification results, it was proposed that strain HSD was classified as the type strain of a new species of the genus Alkalibacillus under the name Alkalibacillus huanghaiensis sp.nov..
Study on the Formula of the Environmental Friendly 90 °C PVC Sheathing Compound
Authors: Tian Feng , Zhang Kai Tuo , Ni Yan Rong , Su Chao Hua
Published: June 2012

The formula of the environmental protection PVC sheathing compound used for wires and cables contains: the base resin, composite stabilizer, plasticizer, filler, antioxidant and lubricant. In this paper, each component’s effects on the performance of the sheathing compound were studied. The optimized formula was established as: 100.00 phr PVC SG-3, 7.80 phr Ca/Zn stabilizer, 38.00 phr DIDP, 11.00phr DOTP, 34.50 phr ground calcium carbonate, 0.40 phr Bisphenol A, 0.70 phr lubricants, and 1.50phr coloring agent. The product properties were tested. The results indicate that this formula system contain neither heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, hexavalent chromium and mercury, nor polybrominated biphenyls and their ethers, which can cause significant damage to people and the environment. The product property completely meets the performance standards set for the environmental protection 90 °C PVC sheathing compound.
Synthesis of Ag, Pd-Loaded Bi2WO6 and its Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Guo Li , Wang Dan Jun , Fu Feng , Qiang Xiao Dan , Xu Te
Published: June 2012

Ag, Pd loaded Bi2WO6 photocatalyst were prepared via a photoreduction process and characterized with UV-Vis-DRS, XRD and FE-SEM. The photocatalysis experimental results indicated that the photocatalytic activity of Ag-loaded Bi2WO6 was greatly enhanced compared with pure Bi2WO6, and the content of silver has an impact on the catalytic activity of Ag-loaded Bi2WO6 photocatalyst. The loaded Ag and Pd acts as the electron receptor on the surface of Bi2WO6, which inhibits the recombination of photogenerated charge carrier between Ecb to the Evb in the Ag-loaded Bi2WO6. As a result, the reduction of electron-hole recombination decreased, which could significantly improve the photocatalytic activity.
Synthesis of PCL / Graphene Oxide Composites by In Situ Polymerization
Authors: Yu Teng , Wang Guang Shuo , Liu Lian , Wang Pei , Wei Zhi Yong , Qi Min
Published: June 2012

Recently, Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted enormous interests due to its extraordinary properties. GO sheets are expected to find a variety of applications, such as GO-based composites materials and biotechnology. The nanocomposites of Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and graphene oxide (GO) were successfully synthesized by in-situ polymerization. WAXD indicated that the PCL/GO composites formed an exfoliated structure. And Polarized Optical Image (POM) showed that the graphene oxide could be homogeneously dispersed in matrix. What’s more, we also studied the crystallization behavior of the pure PCL and PCL/GO nanocomposites as well as the effects of graphene oxide as the nucleation agent.
Preparation of Fibrous SO42-/ZrO2-Nio Solid Acid Catalyst, Characterization and its Catalytic Properties
Authors: Du Qiang , Xu Tian Tian , Song Xue Mei , Zhang Ying , Liao Yang , Zhao Shi Lin
Published: June 2012

A novel SO42-/ZrO2-NiO solid acid catalyst was prepared by using collagen fiber as the template. It was found that the SO42-//sup>ZrO2-NiO catalyst remained good fibrous morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The IR analysis suggested that the metal oxide surface and SO42- were combined to form dual-coordinate state. The catalyst had both medium strong acidic sites and strong acidic sites through temperature-programmed decomposition (TPD) of ammonia. The calcination temperature is inversely proportional to the surface area of fibrous ZrO2-NiO. The catalyst was applied to the esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol to estimate the catalytic activity and the best preparation conditions of SO42-/ZrO2-NiO solid acid catalyst was found out. The results showed the SO42-/ZrO2-NiO catalyst had high catalytic activity.
Preparation of Kaolin/Cu2O Photocatalyst and its Application in the Photocatalytic Oxidation-Extraction Desulfurization
Authors: Niu Feng Xing , Fu Feng , Gao Xiao Ming , Zhang Xue Mei , Wu Yu Fei
Published: June 2012

A type of visible light photocatalyst kaolin/Cu2O was prepared from kaolin, CuCO3·Cu(OH)2·XH2O, NaOH and C6H12O6 by means of hydrothermal method and was characterized by XRD, SEM and UV-vis. The desulfurization process for model fuel was studied based on a combination of photochemical reaction and liquid-liquid extraction. The effects of the doping of kaolin, volume of air, reaction time, and dosage of photocatalyst kaolin/Cu2O on the desulfurization efficiency were also investigated. When the load kaolin ratio of 20%, reaction time is 2 h, the volume of O2 is 150 mL·min-1, the amount of kaolin/Cu2O is 2 g·L-1 and solvent/oil ratio of 0.5, the desulfurization rate of model compound reached over 97 %.
Research Progress on Solubility of Ca5(PxAs1-XO4)3(OH) and Ca5(PxAs1-XO4)3F
Authors: Li Jiao , Zhu Zong Qiang , Zhu Yi Nian , Zhao Xin , Zhu Tao
Published: June 2012

Solubility studies of apatite in water and acidic media have been focused on the solubility products. Aim at highlighting on current developments, the solubility products of calcium arsenate-phosphate hydroxyapatite/fluorapatite [Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3(OH)/Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3 F, 1≥x≥0] in literature is sorted out. Literature values of the solubility products vary greatly. These discrepant solubility products can be due to differences between the minerals, the way the experiments in the studies have been conducted, the failure to achieve equilibrium.
Factors Affecting the Genotoxicity of Drinking Water
Authors: Xu Zhi Zhen , Wang Dong Sheng , Zhang Rong , Tang Shi Chuan
Published: June 2012

The genotoxicity of drinking water have received increased attention in recent years to assess aquatic ecosystem safety. The factors affecting the genotoxicity of drinking water, including sample preparation, the concentration of bromide and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), were investigated using umu test. The result showed that sample preparation and bromide could significantly influence the genotoxicity of drinking water. During sample preparation, 1 and 2 L waters concentrated were suitable for umu test and the highest yield for genotoxic compounds was obtained from acid solution (pH 2) when ethyl acetate served as the eluant. Bromide could substantially increase the genotoxicity of drinking water after chlorine disinfection. The genotoxicity of drinking water could not be increased with increasing NH3-N concentration.
Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollutants on Air Particulate Matters in Lanzhou City
Authors: Yu Yun Jiang , Wang Qiong , Nan Zhong Ren , Zhang Yan Ping , Lin Hai Peng , Wang Sheng Li
Published: June 2012

In order to learn the present situation of heavy metals on particulate matters and evaluate their health risk, this paper cites the examples of District Xigu which is severely polluted and Town Yuzhong which is slightly polluted in Lanzhou city, the concentration of heavy metals attached on particulate matters in different seasons and different regions is measured, and the distribution proportion of heavy metals in different diameters of particulates is analyzed. Based on the health risk evaluation model recommended by USEPA, this paper evaluates health risks of pollution caused by heavy metals on atmosphere particulates at different sampling places in Lanzhou city. The result shows that heavy metal attached on particulate matter in Lanzhou city is distributed seasonally and regionally. Heavy metals on particulate matters in Lanzhou city are mainly attached on particulates of which the diameters are less than 10μm(PM10). In terms of horizontal gradient, the hazard index of heavy metal in the total suspension particulates in severely-polluted district of Lanzhou city in winter is greater than 1. In terms of vertical gradient, the hazard index of heavy metals on total suspension particulates 15m above ground in winter is greater than 1. These polluted aspects should be treated. The carcinogenic risk of chromium exceeds 10-6~10-4 which is acceptable scope stipulated by USEPA and should be well handled.
Zeku County Longquna-Donggerina Gold Deposit Geologic Feature and Metallogenic Regularities
Authors: Jing Huang , Yang Zi Rong , Zhang De Qing
Published: June 2012

Longquna-Donggerina gold deposit of Kuze county in Qinghai province that has development value in the Langqin area in recent years,which is prospecting achievements by the sustained regional heavy mineral anomaly. By analysis on metallogenic geological setting and regional heavy mineral anomaly feature, combined with the ditailed mining area geological data , gold deposit occurs mainly sandstone and slate, and the degree of mineralization has positive correlation with magmatic activity and tectonization. Lonquna-Donggerina gold deposit had been preliminary identified that belongs to the low temperature hydrothermal fissure filling type vein deposit.
Processing of Sulphur Concentrate with High Quality by Flotation
Authors: Xian Yong Jun , Wen Shu Ming , Deng Jiu Shuai , Liu Jian , Liu Dan , Shen Hai Ying
Published: June 2012

Based on the analysis of the properties of the ore from Weixin area in Yunnan province, a suitable technical route was presented for the processing of sulphur concentrate with high quality. The main factors i.e. grinding fineness, pH, collector type and dosage, affecting the quality of roughing concentrate was investigated. On this basis, a close-circuit flotation test scheme was proceeded, which obtained a high quality sulphur concentrate with sulphur grade of 51.58%, sulphur recovery of 99.22%, iron grade of 45.14% and impurities content of 3.28%. In addition, a decrease of slurry concentration of cleaning further increase the quality of sulphur concentrate, which contained 52.82% sulphur, 45.29% iron and 1.89% impurities.
Research on Reinforcing Acid Leaching of a Refractory Copper Oxide Ore with High Content of Slime and Iron Minerals
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wen Shu Ming , Bai Shao Jun
Published: June 2012

The characteristics of Yangla copper oxide ore and acid leaching of this copper ore were investigated. The results indicate direct dump acid leaching of raw ore is not feasible for the treatment of this copper ore in practice. Sieve sizing-warming-stirring-acid leaching process was employed for the treatment of the fine grain materials below 1m, while 66.19% copper leaching efficiency and10.92 t H2SO4 consumption for per ton are obtained. Dump acid leaching process was employed for the treatment of the coarse grain materials above 1 mm, while 68.65% copper leaching efficiency and 15.43 t H2SO4 consumption for per ton copper are obtained. Key techniques are that sieve sizing process strictly controls the content of fine grain materials in dump leaching process and the searches ability of H2SO4 for the internal copper ore is improved, while warming-stirring-acid leaching process reinforces the copper leaching efficiency of fine grain materials. The proposed in this paper will be of benefit to the utilization of similar refractory copper oxide ore with high content of slime and iron minerals.
Study on Preparation Techniques of Carnallite with Waste Brine
Authors: Li Da , Cheng Fang Qin , Wang Xu Ming , Guan Yun Shan
Published: June 2012

In this work, the crystallization of Carnallite from waste brine of Qaidam Basin in Qinghai province was studied based on NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-H2O phase diagram. According to this study, a new crystallization pathway to recycling waste brine was developed. The carnallite salt was formed by using this technology during the waste brine evaporation. The experiment data shows that 5 tons of waste brine was required to form one ton of the carnallite. The average grade of carnallite prepared by using this procedure was about 19.40 % of KCl, 16.92% of NaCl, 28.80% of MgCl2, and 0.82% of CaSO4. This study provides an opportunity to utilization of the waste brine.
Study on Reverse Flotation of Hematite Ores in Anhui
Authors: Chen Jiang An , Liu Jun , Zeng Jie
Published: June 2012

Anhui hematite contains 43.21% of iron and 30.11% of silicon; it belongs to high silica refractory hematite. In this paper, reverse-flotation process was adopted to deal with the ore; as a result, good indexes can be obtained, which the iron concentrate grade is 61.76 % with 83.06% recovery. Flotation process can be carried out at room temperature, in comparison with anionic reverse flotation process, cationic reverse flotation can reduce the cost of ore processing. study.
Geological Storage of CO2 to Enhance Coalbed Methane Production
Authors: Zhang Bei Bei , Song Xian Cun
Published: June 2012

The concentration of carbon dioxide gas in atmosphere is remarkably increasing because of burning fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas and oil. CO2 is an important Greehouse Gas which results in global warming, and it also threatens human life security and social economy sustainable developing. CO2 geological storage is considered to be a fairly significant way to seal CO2 permanently, it can also slow down global warming. Coals have a super adsorption capacity, especially to CO2, because of the special dual porosity and huge specific surface. Therefore, CO2 can be injected and sequestrated in coal seams by geological storage. Geological storage of CO2 can not only reduces its concentration in atmosphere, but also can enhance coalbed methane production synchronously. The paper discusses CO2 injection and sequestration in coal bed to enhance CBM production mechanism, feasibility and propose a technical route. Experiments show that the technical route of CO2 geological storage to enhance CBM production is feasible, and the technical of CO2 geological storage is good for slowing down globle warming and reducing gas accidents.
Research on Periodically Change of Airflow Temperature in Mine
Authors: Yao You Li
Published: June 2012

Airflow temperature in mine changes with periodical change of surface air temperature, but its change pattern couldn’t be expressed by quantitative calculation currently. by differential equation of round roadway and zero dimension of boundary condition, wall rock thermal field is expressed by superposition of two thermal fields; the two thermal fields is respectively effected by annual average wind temperature and air temperature fluctuation. The paper mainly analyses wind temperature fluctuation differential equation and its definite condition; and deduces the expression of temperature fluctuation amplitude and phasing degree at different point of roadway, while surface air temperature periodically fluctuating; by calculating and analyzing, we have the conclusion that amplitude of temperature fluctuation presents downtrend of negative exponent curve with roadway length increasing; phasing degree linearly lag with roadway length increasing. The research result is greatly significant for controlling thermal damage and forecasting wind temperature for seasonal hot mine.
Study on Nitrogen Foam Flooding in Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Xu Hong Xing , Pu Chun Sheng , Yang Hong Bin , Man Wen Hua , Yang Tao
Published: June 2012

Aiming at the heterogeneity characteristics of fractured reservoir, a new type of nitrogen foam flooding agents is proposed. The gas/liquid ratio of nitrogen foam flooding is selected as 3:1, and the injection rate is selected as 3mL/min by the evaluation of foam resistance factor using core flooding equipment. In addition, this foam system has a better performance in the situation of low oil saturation. The results of nitrogen foam flooding show that it can enhance oil recovery by 38% after water flooding using artificial cuboid fractured core, indicating this nitrogen foam formula is suitable for EOR in fractured reservoir.
Test Method and Application of Broken Rock Zone of Roadway Surrounding Rock by Borehole Imaging
Authors: Yang Yong Jie , Wang Min , Wang Kai
Published: June 2012

It is of great significance to select the reasonable support pattern and support parameters for accurately determining the magnitude of the broken rock zone of roadway. At present, the test methods of the broken rock zone of the roadway surrounding rock all have stated disfigurements and deficiency. The borehole imaging method has advantages: simple operation and the test results being intuitive and reliable. The test results and analysis of the broken rock zone of rail crossheading in 3down 109 coal face of Luxi Coal Mine show that the test results consistent well with the actual situation and they have practical reference value for the test and application of the broken rock zone of the roadway surrounding rock.
The Opportunities and Challenges of Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in China
Authors: Sun Lian Zhong , Li Meng Gang , Jing Ke Yao , Wei Pei
Published: June 2012

With the conventional oil and gas development and consumption, unconventional oil and gas becomes more and more important. Unconventional oil and gas development in China should consider some opportunities and challenges. These include developed technique and success methods in other countries, the variable price of oil and gas, the quality and quantity of reserves distribution, taxes policies and the increasing quantity of oil and gas consumption and demand.
Lower Paleozoic Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions of Middle Uplift in Southern Yellow Sea Basin
Authors: Wang Ming Jian , Zhang Xun Hua
Published: June 2012

Guided by the theory of petroleum system, we analyzed the Lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbon accumulation elements and conditions of the Middle uplift of Southern Yellow Sea Basin and concluded the hydrocarbon accumulation pattern. The results showed that: the source rock of lower Palaeozoic in the Middle uplift of Southern Yellow Sea Basin consists of the dark mudstone and carbonate rock; carbonate rock is the main favorable reservoir followed by clastic rock; there are three source-reservoir-cap assemblages; the source rock of Lower Palaeozoic has experienced two hydrocarbon generation stages which are late Silurian and late Middle Triassic; hydrocarbon generated by Lower Palaeozoic source rock can only migrate to the traps near the center of hydrocarbon generation by sandbody and cracks in a short distance; lithologic trap and broad anticlinal trap are the main types in the study area. Through the above analysis, we conclude two accumulation patterns of Lower Palaeozoic in the Middle uplift of Southern Yellow Sea Basin.
Optimization Design of Open Hole Long Horizontal-Section Well Multi-Stage Fracturing in the Shenli Tight Oil Reservoir
Authors: Lv Guang Zhong , Zhang Jian Qiao
Published: June 2012

The tight oil reservoir is abundance in shengli oilfield and has a good exploration prospects, and overall "deep", "small", "thin" , "poor" , "scattered" geological features, It main performance in the development was conventionally low or no productivity, the initial production decline, late decreasing slowed and original watercut is 35%, to deepen the study of the percolation mechanism, the use of numerical reservoir simulation technology, the long horizontal segment of the multi-stage fractured horizontal well geological parameters (fracture spacing, fracture half-length, horizontal length, fracture conductivity, etc.)optimized design, the successful implementation of the long horizontal segment multi-stage fractured horizontal wells( Fan 154 - P1), initial production is five times higher than the same period in straight well, to achieve the highly efficient development of such oilfields.
Shale Gas Slippage Dynamic Characteristics in Nano-Scale Pores
Authors: Li Zhi Feng , Li Zhi Ping , Song Zhao Jie , Wang Yang , Yang Xiang Dong , Liu Gang
Published: June 2012

There are two important features on microstructure of shale.Firstly, Shale rocks are composed of rather fine grained particles, and their pores are very small, at the scale of nanometers.Gas slippage is complicate because its pore diameter is typically less than 10 nm. Secondly, a large amount of shale gas are absorbed in shale the same as coal-bed methane. Adsorbed gas desorption changes the structure. Permeability of shale is dynamic because of Nano-pore structure and desorption of absorbed gas during production. Shale gas slippage dynamic characteristics is researched in Nano-scale pores,based on capillary bundle medle and solid deformation theory. Mathematical model results show that pore diameter and pressure have important effect on permeability. Permeability increases firstly then reduces because of pressure drawdown when pore diameter is less than 10 nm. The lager pore diameter is, the lower pressure point of permeability Inflection and the faster permeability decline rate is. Gas molecular diffusion has less influence on flow when pore diameter is lager than 20 nm and when pressure is lager than 10 MPa. This model can be used for shale gas evaluation and production optimization.
Geological Features of Fuxin Gold Deposit
Authors: Wang Xue , Yang Zhan Xing , Jiang Jing Lin
Published: June 2012

Fuxin city is a part of low mountains and hills in Liaoning western, the plain and the hill occupy respectively 1/2. Metallogenic geological conditions of gold in Fuxin regions is superior, the types of mineral deposits is diverse, and it is dominated by Antique eon tough shear zone greenstone(mylonite) and altered rock type, volcanic type take second place, potential resource is larger, is an important production base of Liaoning province even the country. Therefore researching the geological characteristics of gold deposits in Fuxin region is of great significance.
A Novel Approach of Cuttings Transport with Bubbles in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Li Ying Ying , Jiang Guan Cheng , Li Ling , Xu Wei Xing , Zhao Zhi Heng
Published: June 2012

Aiming at the cutting bed settling problems in horizontal section during drilling process, a novel additive FGC for cuttings transport is applied. The experimental results show that the wettability was converted to amphiphobic and the cuttings preferentially attached to gas bubbles after FGC adsorption on the cuttings’ surface. The surface area of the cuttings is increased and the density of it is reduced, making cuttings more easily to be driven by liquid and settlement decrease. Tested by the horizontal simulation device, the cuttings transport effect is good and most of cuttings can be circulated to the outlet position by drilling fluid.
An Application of BP Neural Network Model to Predict the Moisture Content of Crude Oil
Authors: Zhou Ying Ming , Wang Shu Wei , Lin Lin
Published: June 2012

With the constant expansion of super heavy oil SAGD conversion development, the accurate testing of the crude oil in the high moisture content range is particularly important. In this paper, against the characteristics of Adopting SAGD technology exploiting heavy oil, BP neural network prediction model and calculation method has been adopted to predict the moisture content of crude oil. Through the study, the experimental data of the model were verified by the maximum prediction error is less than 3%, the accuracy of the forecast moisture content of crude oil to meet the site requirements. Through this study, the experimental data to the model was validated by the maximum prediction error is less than3%, the prediction accuracy of which to moisture content of crude oil is able to meet the requirements of the project site.
Analysis of Acoustic Propagation Characteristic of Near-Bit Drill Tools
Authors: Li Zhi Gang , Ge Shi Tong , Guan Zhi Chuan
Published: June 2012

In order to Make Use of Acoustic Wave to Transmit the Information from near- Bit End to a Remote Bit End, Using the Finite Element Method, Simulate and Analyze the Acoustic Wave Propagating Characters of Common near-bit Drill Tools: Ordinary Drill Collar, Spiral Drill Collar, Integral Straight Edge Stabilizer, Integral Spiral Stabilizer and Screw Drill. the Results Show that: because the Form and Size of Axial Cross Section Are in Basic Consistent, the Ordinary Drill Collar and Spiral Drill Collar Not only Have Better Characteristics in Time Domain, No Repeated Oscillation of Waveform Occurring, but Also Have Wider Bandwidth (up to 4KHz), and because of the Stabilizer Section, the Acoustic Impedance in the Axial Direction Discontinuities and the Time Domain Waveforms of other Three Kinds of Drilling Tools Appear that Not only Waveforms Have Shook Repeatedly, but Also the Width of the Pass Band Has Narrowed Significantly.
Hydrocarbon Accumulation Characteristics and its Main Controlling Factors in Lithologic Reservoirs Area: Example of Fuyu Oil Layer in the Southern Fuxin Uplift of Songliao Basin
Authors: Sun Yu , Chen Chen , Ma Shi Zhong , Yan Bai Quan
Published: June 2012

Taking Fuyu oil layer in the southern Fuxin Uplift of Songliao Basin as an example, through study on types and distribution characteristics of found reservoirs, this article discusses hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics and its main controlling factors in lithologic reservoirs area. The results show that reservoirs types of Fuyu oil layer are mainly local structure-lithologic reservoirs in the southern Fuxin Uplift. Characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation is tertiary structure controlling direction, single trap controlling hydrocarbon accumulation, local structure controlling boundary and monosandbody controlling layer. General direction of hydrocarbon migration is controlled by tertiary structure, and hydrocarbon accumulation is controlled single trap. Planar distribution boundary of hydrocarbon is controlled by boundary of local structure and monosandbody in single trap, and vertical distribution layer of oil/water is controlled by vertical development characteristics of monosandbody. Local structure, single distributary channel sandbody and their array mode is main controlling factors on complicated distribution of oil/water. It is supported an important realistic significance to complicated exploration and development of lithologic reservoirs.
Application Prospects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Du Yu Kun , Wang Rui He , Ni Hong Jian , Huo Hong Jun
Published: June 2012

The technical problems during the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are becoming more and more difficult to handle with conventional drilling and production methods. Supercritical carbon dioxide has so many good properties such as high rock-breaking drilling efficiency, strong dissolved displacement performance and unharmful effect on the reservoir that it can be used as a drilling, completion and production medium to effectively exploit the unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. The global distribution of unconventional oil and gas resources is introduced, application status of carbon dioxide in oil and gas development is discussed, and development prospects of supercritical carbon dioxide in the unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are systematically analyzed. Using supercritical carbon dioxide as a medium in the whole development process is an important trend of unconventional oil and gas development technologies.
Experimental Research of the Acoustic Emission (AE) Characteristics during the Tensile Process of the Blowout Preventer Shell Material
Authors: Zhao Jun Ru , Dai Guan Ga , Zhang Ying
Published: June 2012

In this paper, The tesile damage process of the blowout preventor shell material ZG25GrNiMo was researched using acoustic emission technique. Analyzed the acoustic emission characteristics in different damage phases of this material using parameter analysis and waveform analysis. The result indicated that the acoustic emission characteristics are different in yielding, plastic deformation and rupture process. The differences of frequency spectrums of different damage modes are evident.
Full Transient Features of Heat Transfer and Sensitivities on Deep Water Wells
Authors: Song Xun Cheng , Xu Xiao Long , Hu Sha Sha , Guan Zhi Chuan
Published: June 2012

Wellbore temperature is significant to well program and safety drilling for deep water drilling operations. On the basis of transient heat transfer mechanisms involved in deep water drilling among wellbore and formation and sea water, wellbore temperature profile, especially near sea bed and sensitivities to drilling fluid circulating duration, inlet temperature, water depth, water temperature, riser insulation and drilling fluid specific heat capacity have been analyzed via this model. Analysis show that deep-water wellbore temperature is much lower than a land well, the temperatures above sea bed normally ranges 10-30°C, and decreases with increased circulating duration; temperature at both outlet and bottom hole decreases drastically with increased water depth, and heat generation must be considered into estimating wellbore temperature profile especially one at bottom hole.
Installation Technology of Deepwater Vertical Collet Connector
Authors: Zhu Yan Shun , Luo Xiao Lan , Duan Meng Lan , Zhou You , Guo Hong , Hong Yi
Published: June 2012

Installation is the key technology of the deepwater vertical collet connectors. Based on thorough analysis of the existing installation technology and construction resources, combined with the technical features of installation used to connect different types of jumpers, new designs of vertical collet connectors installation for rigid jumpers and flexible jumpers are proposed in detail in this paper.
Numerical Modeling of Mud Invasion Profile Based on the Well Logging with the Shallow Depth of Investigation
Authors: Zhang Yuan Zhong , Miao Xiu Ying
Published: June 2012

The drilling mud invasion is a dynamic process varying with time and reveal the permeability or the relatively permeability of the formation saturated with fluid. The mud invasion profile denotes the water saturation change with the radial distance from the borehole wall. The logging with the shallow depth of investigation (DOI), such as density logging, neutron logging and shallow electrical logging, often detects the information of the flushed zone. We chose DOI logging to model the slope invasion profile with the hyperbolic secant function, and the calculated logging reading comparing from the real logging reading to optimize the invasion profile. The results show that the mud invasion profile and the invasion depth are strongly affected by porosity, where the invasion depth reduces with porosity adding.
Optimize Oil Field Simulation Measures through Multi-Factor Comprehensive Evaluation Method Based on Fuzzy Mathematics and Grey Correlation
Authors: Liu Zhi Kun , Li Qi , Zhang Shao Xiang
Published: June 2012

This paper adopts the multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method combining fuzzy mathematics and gray relational analysis to conduct oil field stimulation measures optimization. It overcomes the one-sidedness of the man-made assignment through the replacing correlation of ray correlation analysis with weight set of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The paper first analyzed the factors that affect the oil field stimulation measures, and then created a multi-factor comprehensive evaluation theoretical model, finally based on the instance to evaluate the model. The results show that the method is feasible and has high application value.
Parameter Optimization of CO2 Huff and Puff for S-16 Well Field
Authors: Zhang Ji Cheng , Lan Jin Yu , Song Kao Ping
Published: June 2012

S-16 block of YSL oilfield is fault lithologic deposit. For the practical problems of low permeability, high injection pressure causing to difficult injection and low degree of reserve recovery due to delaying the supplement of producing energy, this paper applies the module E300 of Eclipse to establishing the triaxiality and triphase compositional model of the simulated block which takes the 11Y67-611 and 11Y69-56 as the target wells, completing the numerical simulation study of optimizing parameters of CO2 huff and puff by using of the evaluation indexes of oil increment and the oil-draining rate. It provided theoretical reference for YSL oilfield to carry out CO2 huff and puff that its optimized parameters.
Research of the Relationship between Characteristics of Carbonate Fracture-Cave Unit and Fluids Producing Status - A Case Study in Well Block ZG7 in North Slope of Tazhong Uplift
Authors: Jiao Wei Wei , Zhang Jie , Cheng Li Jun , Liu Dan Dan , Deng Zhi
Published: June 2012

Carbonate reservoir is one of the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation. But the exploration proved that high-quality reservoir and commercial hydrocarbon flow had no absolute corresponding relationship, high-quality reservoir just was the necessary condition of hydrocarbon accumulation. It was found that local construction highs had an important control function to hydrocarbon accumulation. So it has a realistic guiding significance to exploration that enhancing the detailed study on carbonate fracture-cave unit. This paper selected Well Block ZG7 with complex oil-water relationship as a case, and comparative analyzed the structural position, structural characteristics, reservoir characteristics and fluid producing status before and after acid fracturing. It indicated that structural position of fracture-cave unit had a crucial control function to the fluid property in it, whose high accumulated hydrocarbon and the low was water commonly. The structure of facture-cave unit had a close relationship with the fluid producing status, which differed from the variation of fracture-cave unit structure. Carbonate reservoir and local construction were the important controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation, under the background of high-quality reservoir, local structures and structural highs were the favorable accumulation areas.
Research Progresses of Hydraulics for Extended Reach Drilling in China, Part I: Cuttings Transport and Precise Calculation of Pressure Loss
Authors: Guo Xiao Le , Wang Zhi Ming , Long Zhi Hui
Published: June 2012

The extended reach drilling (ERD) is being adopted widely as an effective and economical way of developing oilfields in China. But it also brought a series of technical difficulties because of its own characteristics. Some progresses were made after several years of hard work in China about Hydraulics for extended reach drilling, which included cuttings transport models and rules, precise model of circulating system pressure loss calculation, hole cleaning calculating models and monitoring method, hydraulic extended limit calculation model and analysis, hydraulics design and optimization method for ERD. Based on the above studies, the author finally developed a system of hole cleaning monitoring and hydraulics design and its risk analysis which could provide theoretical support and useful tool for engineering design and risk assess before drilling. These researches are helpful to ERD and have enriched the hydraulic theory of ERD. Due to space limitations, this article could only demonstrate part of these progresses, as the subtitle showed.
The Damage and Deformation Mechanism of Soft Mudstone in Drilling Engineer
Authors: Zhang Hui , Hou Bing , Yin Guo Qing , Chen Mian , Li Chao , Jin Yan , Yuan Fang
Published: June 2012

Under pressure and activity difference between drilling mud and poro fluid, the degredation of mudstone mechanic features will change with the saturation time. It reveals that the reduction of the mudstone strength parameter and the decrease of the elastic modulus are the results of hydration stress development after the mudstone hydration. This paper proposed that the damage of soft mudstone is caused by the hydration stress development. After introduced the internal damage variable in the linear constitutive equations of viscoelastic materials, the approximate equation about the changing rate of the internal damage variables and the changing rate of the hydration stress can be got.
The Influence Factors of Numerical Simulation on CO2 Flooding in F-48 Block Low Permeable Oil-Field
Authors: Song Kao Ping , Gao Rui , Zhang Ji Cheng
Published: June 2012

In order to enhance the oil recovery of low permeable oil-field, this paper uses the Eclipse software to establish the component numerical simulator of formation crude, analyzes the factors that influence on CO2 flooding, such as permeability, the crude oil relative density, the inlayer heterogeneity, interlamination heterogeneity, intrastratal cross flow channel and so on. The results show that along with the increasing of the permeability, the degree of reserve recovery of CO2 flooding enlarged, and with the increasing relative density of the crude oil, the degree of reserve recovery of CO2 flooding decreased. The stronger of the in layer heterogeneity and the interlamination heterogeneity, and the higher of the permeability of the cross flow channel is, the lower level of CO2 flooding degree of reserve recovery it tends to be. The light reservoir which with poor development in vertical permeability or in the thin oil layers should be selected to use the CO2 flooding, in order to guarantee a better development effect on the low permeable oil-field.
The Killing Method of Exceptional Operating Conditions Well
Authors: Yuan Qi Ji , Zheng Zheng
Published: June 2012

During the process of drilling, overflow happens when the waterhole blocks, drilling tool breaks off and drops into the well, or empty hole occurs after hoisting completed. In course of the workover operation, overflow happens while oil tube fracturing, blocking up, and occurring empty well or can’t flow. As it is difficult to establish effective fluid cycling for such type of well when overflow occurs, conventional killing well method cannot handle the problem of overflow for the well in special operating conditions. The so-called special operating conditions well have intact well head control equipment, but unable establish cycling after the overflow well shut in. The paper is aimed at finding out the non-routine well control procedure to deal with the overflow of the well in special operating conditions. Study the well killing technology in four situations. The situation included the well is full of natural gas, lower of the well is liquid column and upper of the well is natural gas, the wellbore blocks and unable establish cycling for containing liquid column, besides the wellbore holds fish where the fish is intact and doesn’t block the wellbore, the fish blocks the wellbore or the fish is breakup and blocks the wellbore. Discuss the principles, steps, calculation procedure and formulas of killing well in volumetric control mode. The result is applied in one of the non-conventional wells’ workover operation in the eastern of Sichuan. This paper simulates the calculation of killing well and reveals the killing well curves and form design.
The Numerical Simulation of Buried Hill Fractured Reservoir by CO2 WAG with Overlap Alternative Horizontal Well Pattern
Authors: Yue Ping , Du Zhi Min , Chen Xiao Fan , Lu Li
Published: June 2012

For the trends of global climate warming, it is great important to implement the Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. This paper describes the numerical simulation of CO2 displacement enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in M reservoir. The M reservoir is an extra-thick buried hill fractured reservoir, which use overlap alternative horizontal well pattern to produce. Considering the time-varying effects of fracture’s porosity and permeability parameters, combining the develop dynamic and the diversification of physical property parameters of fractured formation, use the dual porosity dual permeability model and the three-dimensional components simulator to simulate the develop process. By CO2 WAG orthogonal experiment design, can simulate and predict the development effect of fractured buried hill reservoir affected by factors such as: different production and injection well pattern, injection intensity, gas water slug ratio, alternating cycle and so on. The results show that in the process of CO2 WAG can significantly reduce the risk of gas breakthrough by overlap alternative horizontal well pattern, and reduce the negative impact by fracture properties, also can improve EOR and CO2 sequestration effectively. On this basis, this paper evaluates the suitability of WAG development methods to fractured buried hill reservoir with overlap alternative horizontal well pattern, also optimizes the reasonable development plan for M reservoir.
The Research on Rational Proration to Low Yield and Pressure Gas Well in Tight Gas Reservoir
Authors: Lei Deng Sheng , Qi Zhi Lin
Published: June 2012

The rational proration is the prerequisite condition of realizing the high gas production and steady production of gas reservoir. Especially to the tight gas reservoir, due to the very low permeability, there are many low yield and low pressure gas wells. Because low yield and low pressure, the gas well is easily effected by the liquid loading and the change of working system, which cause the degree of reserve recovery decrease, more seriously make the gas stop producing directly. Based on the seepage rule in tight gas reservoir and analyzing the every factors influencing the production of low yield and pressure gas well, the low yield and pressure gas well have been classified to several types. And the gas well yields of different type have been optimized.
Study on the Industry of Making Biodiesel from Hogwash Oil
Authors: Zhang Jia Dong , Zhu Zi Wei
Published: June 2012

Hogwash oil mainly refers to the greasy floater recycled from oil-water separation system or drainage of the catering industry, it is a general definition of various wasted greases. With the improvement of living standard, people have stronger sense of environmental protection, and gradually realize the potential hazard of poorly disposed kitchen garbage, the government and environmental protection departments are paying more attention on treatment of hogwash oil. Biodiesel is a renewable source of energy, a liquid fuel made from rapeseed, soybean, oil palm, pistachio nut, microalgae and the like oil crops, nuts and aquatic plants as well as animal greases and used cooking oil, and it is a high-quality petroleum diesel substitute. Given China’s reality, the implementation of the hogwash oil-for-biodiesel project could not only bring more economic benefits to the society, but also have significant influence on city image, citizens’ health and environmental quality. The popularization of such project will have great significance in protecting China’s energy security and relieving current fuel shortage.
A Study on Compatibility of an ASP Demulsifier with Defoaming Agent
Authors: Li Jin Ling , Wang Bao Hui , Yan Ji Dong
Published: June 2012

During the Process of ASP Produced Fluid Treatment, a Considerable Amount of Chemical Agents Were Injected to the Production System due to Problems such as Heavy Emulsion, Scaling and Foaming, Etc. these Chemicals React on each other and Finally Coexist in the Produced Fluid. how about Compatibility between the Chemicals? Will they Strengthen or Weaken their Functions on each other? this Paper Has Confirmed the Effects and their Influences to the Produced Fluid through Lab Tests on Compatibility between Demulsifiers, Defoaming Agents and Proposed a Proper Concentration to Eliminate Influences Caused by the Uncompatibility. Therefore, it Reduces the Effect on the Water Quality.