bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short Teacher Responses in the EFL Classroom: A Corpus-Approach Assessment
Authors: Keselman Iosif , Yakovleva Yulia
Published: July 2021

Teacher’s positive feedback in the form of immediate succinct response is an indispensable motivational factor crucial to students’ oral production and classroom participation. The present study was intended to assess the range and authenticity of teacher responses used by a number of Russian teachers of English in everyday classroom interactions. The study adopted theCorpus Approachas a reference tool to verify the research data against a Corpus-driven evidence that isto examine and assess the authenticity of the most frequent responses given by the study participants (21 practising EFL teachers working in Orel, Russia, most of whom are graduates of Orel State University, andwhose teaching experience ranges from 11 to 25 years). The results indicated that the phrases the teachers used in the classroom differed from those native speakers use in similar authentic environment. The analysis revealed that the teachers did not resort to clear and concise positive reinforcement often enough to stimulate the students’ engagement. In addition, a finite list of highly authentic TRs was recommended for more frequent use in ordinary EFL classrooms and among would-be English teachers. Overall, both teachers in the field and trainee teachers need to be more informed on how and in what particular way to encourage their students’ classroom participation.
Improvement in broiler performance by feeding a nutrient-dense diet after a mild feed restriction
Authors: Hadaeghi Mohammad , Avilés-Ramírez Carmen , Seidavi Alireza , Asadpour Leila , Núñez-Sánchez Nieves , Martínez-Marín Andrés L
Published: July 2021

Background: The use of early nutrient-restriction programs in broilers can prevent complications such as increased body fat deposition and its consequences. However, feed restriction not always gives the expected results. Objective: To assess the effect of two levels of feed restriction followed by a re-alimentation period with five increasing nutrient levels on growth performance and immune response of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 330 animals were used. The treatments were: 25 (T25) and 35% (T35) quantitative feed restriction during the starting period, and 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15% increased energy and protein contents during the growing and finishing periods. Results: For all the T25 treatments, except for T25-0, feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were higher, and feed conversion rate (FCR) was lower (p<0.05) compared to the control treatment. In that group, the response of FI and BWG to the increased nutrient density was mostly quadratic (p<0.001), whereas that of FCR was linear (p<0.001). The FI and BWG results were less homogeneous in the T35 treatments, but FCR was lower compared to the control treatment (p<0.05) in all of them. The FCR showed no differences (p>0.05) between treatments during the finishing period. Conclusion: Feeding a nutrient-dense diet after a period of mild feed restriction gives the best results, while increasing nutrient density after a more severe feed restriction does not improve productive results compared to a standard diet. Carcass traits and immune function were not affected by restriction level or nutrient density.
Prospects for the Development of the State's Investment Policy to Stimulate Research in the Field of Healthcare
Authors:   Territorial Fund of Medical Insurance of the Leningrad Region, Antochin Yu.N. , Ivashchenko V.V. ,   ITMO University, Murashova S.V. ,   ITMO University, Trynchenkov N.A. ,   ITMO University
Published: July 2021

Authors explore results of realization of governmental politics of the Russian Federation in the stimulation development and integration of innovations area in the period of 2010-2019 as in general and in the health sphere especially. It is established that systematic increasing of budget on the scientific researches and designing even if infrastructure has already developed don’t allow to reach comparable level of innovative and publishing activity in comparison to the countries where the main part of the budget on the scientific researches and designing is business money. The reason is the low level of relevance in scientific researches and designing and also businesses are not interested in developing their results and introduction into their own production. Authors add a recommendation of modernization of the system by creating grants through strengthening public-private partnership at the stage of formulating tasks for grants.
Contemporary Literature Review of the Russian Rouble Determinants
Authors:   Institut de recherche sur la Résolution Non-violente des Conflits, Bali Morad
Published: July 2021

This short literature review’s goal is to examine available papers regarding the study of Russian Rouble determinants. For purpose of analysis, 35 articles were studied among which 22 were selected, for a total of 414 pages shelled. This work analyzes most recent empirical articles, in order to identify factors responsible for the Russian currency fluctuations. Different models will be compared to learn if some are more effective than others, from basic Linear regression to Structural vector autoregressive, through Ordinary least squares or Vector error correction models. Moreover, a very special and particular attention will be paid to variables used. Which combinations of variables are used to study factors influencing the Russian currency? While it seems vital to include oil prices, interest rate, and consumer price index, is it important to have them all together in the same model? Are results among papers similar? In addition, would it be necessary to add variables such as GDP, gold price, gas price, M2 aggregate or sanctions? However, this paper will compare data from each model and try to find out if there is one best way to study the Russian currency determinants.
Innovation University in the EdTech Market
Authors:   ITMO University, Gopka A.S. , Nikolaev A.S. ,   ITMO University
Published: July 2021

The authors of the article consider the features of the functioning of the educational technologies market. The analysis of the investment attractiveness of projects in the market of digital educational solutions is carried out. The main focus of the article is on the Russian system of higher education, since it is the higher educational institutions that today become not only the drivers of the country's scientific activity, but also the center for the formation of competencies in the field of innovative entrepreneurship among students. This vector of development of Russian higher education leads to the need for constant improvement of the activities of organizations that are forced to restructure their business processes and offer new educational products with the maximum degree of practical orientation. This is the only way higher education institutions can maintain their competitiveness both nationally and internationally. The article evaluates this trend, and also provides the author's approach to understanding the conditions and principles of the domestic EdTech market, which includes the classification of the main market players and the definition of the sector itself, which occupies a unique position at the intersection of science and business.
Simulation of Motion of an Ensemble of Unmanned Ground Vehicles Using FLAME GPU
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation, Akopov A. S. , Beklaryan L. A. ,   Central Economics and Mathematics Institute RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation, Beklaryan A. L. ,   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation, Belousov F. A. ,   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation,   Central Economics and Mathematics Institute RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: July 2021

A new approach to modeling the spatial dynamics of unmanned ground vehicles (UV) and conventional vehicles (CV) using the FLAME GPU supercomputer agent-based simulation platform is presented. A new simulation model of an artificial road network (ARN) of the "Manhattan Grid" type is proposed, within the framework of which the spatial dynamics of the UV and CV ensemble is studied under various scenario conditions. The effects of "turbulence" and "crush" (traffic congestion) resulting from intensive and dense traffic of vehicles are investigated.
OCCASIONALISM AS A MEAN FOR CREATING COMIC EFFECT IN UKRAINIAN HUMOROUS AND SATIRICAL POETRY OF THE 1950s–1980s (a Case Study of Valentyn Lagoda’s Literary Works)
Authors: Fedzhora Sofiia
Published: July 2021

From the perspective of modern linguistic theory, the paper deals with author’s neologisms, or occasionalisms, as one of the vivid lexical means of creating comic effect in Valentyn Lagoda’s poetic works. Author’s neosemantisms and occasionalisms were singled out in the humorist’s texts. They are formed in morphological and non-morphological way and are aimed at designating people by the type of activity. Occasional proper names with transparent internal semantics, nouns-composites and occasional abbreviations are also in the focus of the study. The paper clarifies the semantics of these items, the way they were formed, their functions in the text what allowed to reveal a specific nature of the fragments of collective lingual model of the world in the Soviet epoch that was related to critical attitude and condemnation of the certain things in the society of that time. The emphasis is maid on the historical factors which provoked the emergence of the author’s neologisms, in particular ridiculazation of some situations and some people which believed to be unacceptable for the Soviet society. Temporal and situational conditionality of the author’s neologism leads to the fact that modern readers often do not understand the meanings of those occasionalisms which seemed so funny half a century ago.
LINGUO-SUGGESTIVE POTENTIAL OF ANCHORING TECHNOLOGY IN THE DISCOURSE OF FOOTBALL FANS (based on German language)
Authors: Goncharova Tetiana
Published: July 2021

The article reveals the results of the study of the linguo–suggestive potential of the football fans discourse. It is found out that the discourse of fans is built in the paradigm of “us – them” and is aimed at forming a certain emotional state of the discursive community, which involves the implementation of linguo-suggestive influence. It is proved that anchoring technique is one of the leading techniques of neuro-linguistic programming in the communication of a fan group as a discursive community. The research presents an algorhythm for its implementation, which has six stages: 1) determining the situation, 2) creating the key anchor-stimulus, 3) finding the image-standard in the minds of the community, 4) forming the image presentation, 5) choosing the channel of broadcasting, 6) ensuring synergy through verbal and nonverbal means. Video recordings, publications and posts of football fans of German lingual culture on the Internet (on the example of protest discourses) became the empirical material for the study of anchoring technique. The research material proved that three types of broadcast channels are used in discourse: visual, audio and kinesthetic. The effectiveness of the impact is achieved through their complex combination and the use of verbal and nonverbal semiotic signs. The article singles out and analyzes the means of spelling, graphic, lexical-semantic and grammatical-stylistic levels due to which the pragmatic effect is achieved.
Experimenting with Roles in Adolescence: Applying Drama for Constructing the Zone of Proximal Development
Authors: Rubtsova O.V.
Published: July 2021

In 2019 a multidisciplinary research project “Digital Storytelling Theater” was launched in Moscow State University of Psychology and Education. The project aims at elaborating, evaluating, and introducing drama technologies into secondary school settings with the goal of applying them as a powerful tool for learning and development. The article focuses on the ways, in which drama can be used for constructing the zone of proximal development in adolescence. It is argued that not any kind of drama-based activities is consistent with the principles of a developing environment in the framework of the Cultural-Historical Paradigm. Creating such a setting is a challenging research task, which requires organization of such types of activity and interaction as role exchanges and reflexive communication. On the example of creating a play with a class of adolescents, it is demonstrated how drama, based on role experimenting, can contribute to overcoming group contradictions, boosting learning motivation and turning personal “pereghivanije” into a resource for development (on the experience of living through the pandemic of COVID-19).
Arsenic in Agricultural Soils of Slovakia
Authors: Kobza Jozef
Published: July 2021

The article presents the current distribution of arsenic in agricultural soils of Slovakia. The current concentration of arsenic (extracted with aqua regia) was measured and evaluated based on 318 monitoring sites of national soil monitoring system in Slovakia. Based on the obtained results, one can state that the average content of arsenic is lower than the valid hygienic limit for arsenic (25 mg.kg-1) for predominated sandy-loamy and loamy soils in Slovakia. Increased values of arsenic were determined only for the Horná – Upper Nitra region (anthropogenic impact) – 24.5 mg.kg-1 and for the Stredný – Central Spiš region (mixed anthrophogenic and geogenic impact) – 129.5 mg.kg-1. These regions belong to the most arsenic-affected regions in Slovakia, where the content of bioavailable forms of arsenic is also increased in the range of 0.013–0.997 mg.kg-1. The hygienic limit for bioavailable arsenic in soils of Slovakia is 0.4 mg.kg-1. Finally, there is a serious risk of arsenic transport from soil into the plants and food chain especially in case of acid soils. A higher risk of As presence seems to be in anthropogenically affected soils.
Seksualność władców polskich w świetle Roczników Jana Długosza
Authors: Obara-Pawłowska Anna
Published: July 2021

W artykule przedstawiono zapatrywania Jana Długosza na skłonności i praktyki seksualne średniowiecznych władców polskich, postrzegane w kategoriach grzesznych zachowań. Punktem wyjścia prowadzonych rozważań jest zestawienie wypowiedzi dziejopisa na temat patologii sfery intymnej przedstawicieli dynastii piastowskiej i jagiellońskiej. Następnie, na podstawie zebranego materiału, przeanalizowano stosunek kronikarza do takich występków jak np. rozpusta, cudzołóstwo, gwałty, sodomia/peccatum contra naturam. Tak pojętą seksualność panujących badano w określonych kontekstach jej przywołania na kartach Roczników. Podejście takie wynika z charakteru dzieła, które nie stanowi w pełni wiarygodnego źródła wiedzy na temat aktywności seksualnej w sensie faktograficznym. Roczniki jako utwór historiograficzny, którego autor dążył do nadania wymiaru moralizatorsko-dydaktycznego, stanowią za to doskonałą podstawę dla poznania wzorca obyczajowości monarszej, postulowanej przez przedstawiciela XV-wiecznego duchowieństwa polskiego. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła również wypowiedzieć się na temat znaczenia, jakie kronikarz przypisywał informacjom o określonych skłonnościach panujących dla uzasadnienia wizji historiozoficznej prezentowanej w dziele.
Medale pośmiertne Jana III Sobieskiego
Authors: Rokita Jan Gustaw
Published: July 2021

W artykule pt. Medale pośmiertne Jana III Sobieskiego przeanalizowano szczegółowo trzy medale emitowane w następstwie śmierci Jana III Sobieskiego (17 lipca 1696 r.). Jak przekonuje autor, dysponenci medali pośmiertnych Jana III Sobieskiego, także i tych wyemitowanych na polecenie Augusta II Wettyna, kazali podległym sobie medalierom z szacunkiem odnosić się do zmarłego władcy i propagować jego osiągnięcia. Jednocześnie jednak oczekiwali od nich upamiętnienia w jak najlepszym świetle własnej osoby. Jak udało się udowodnić, twórcy medali Sobieskiego przed przystąpieniem do pracy inspirowali się wcześniejszymi przedstawieniami graficznymi. Należy jednak pamiętać, iż w przypadku pierwszego z opisywanych medali, wykonanego w 1696 r. przez anonimowego twórcę, motyw uwiecznionej na rewersie personifikacji Fortuny był w XVII-wiecznej ikonografii na tyle popularny, iż współczesny historyk nie jest w stanie zidentyfikować bezpośredniego źródła inspiracji. Druga strona medalu będąca odzwierciedleniem dobrze znanych wzorców na pewno więc także nie wnosi niczego nowego do ikonografii interesującego nas okresu. Odmienna sytuacja ma miejsce w przypadku drugiego z medali wybitego pomiędzy 1696 a 1697 r., również przez nieznanego medaliera. Utrwalone kolejno na jego awersie i rewersie wyobrażenia zarówno dwóch mieczy elektorskich symbolizujących konstelację Enes Electorales Saxonici oraz uroczystej koronacji Augusta II Wettyna, odbywającej się w murach katedry na Wawelu (15 września 1697 r.), mimo iż również z całą pewnością rozpowszechniane za pośrednictwem innych wcześniejszych dzieł sztuki (np. graficznej) przez dysponenta saskiego, do dziś zachowały się w mniejszej ilości różnego rodzaju przedstawień łatwiejszych do odnalezienia.
Mińskie sejmiki poselskie w latach 1778–1786 – między problemami domowymi a światem zewnętrznym
Authors: Rolnik Dariusz
Published: July 2021

W tekście przedstawiono przebieg sejmików mińskich w latach 1778–1786, omówiono elekcje poselskie i treści instrukcji poselskich. Na tej podstawie przeanalizowano stosunek szlachty mińskiej do najważniejszych problemów tamtego okresu trapiących Rzeczpospolitą, rozumianą jako wspólne państwo, wspólną ojczyznę. Analizy pokazały, że do burzliwych elekcji poselskich nie dochodziło, te przebiegały raczej spokojnie, brak śladów sporów przy układaniu instrukcji poselskich. Generalnie nie budziły one kontrowersji, nie odnosiły się do kwestii ideologicznych czy ogólnopaństwowych, dotykały problemów codziennych województwa, dlatego zazwyczaj były akceptowane. Wychodzono w treściach instrukcji poza obręb województwa mińskiego, ale granice nieprzekraczalne wyznaczały Litwa i sprawy czy kłopoty jej obywateli, zazwyczaj tych najwyżej sytuowanych. Pragmatyczne podejście do życia i codzienności dominuje w postanowieniach sejmików poselskich badanego okresu. Ideologicznie z pewnością nie cementowały one Rzeczypospolitej. Myślenie, że poseł reprezentuje miejsce, z którego został wybrany, a nie państwo polsko-litewskie, w czasach stanisławowskich – przynajmniej symbolicznie do 1788 r. – w Mińskiem dominowało.
Стремоуховы. Поместное дворянство и аппарат управления Российской империи в XIX – начале ХХ века
Authors: Bogdanov Stanislav
Published: July 2021

Na przykładzie starego rodu Stremouchowów, należącego do szlachty prowincjonalnej, autor stara się zilustrować specyfikę relacji między aparatem władzy państwowej a szlachtą. Szlachta w systemie społecznym Państwa Rosyjskiego funkcjonowała jako klasa, która zmonopolizowała prawo do rządzenia państwem. Dobrobyt ekonomiczny i społeczny całej szlachty i jej poszczególnych członków był bezpośrednio związany z przynależnością do tej klasy i zajmowana w niej pozycja, jak również stopień dobrobytu, zależały od zajmowanego stanowiska w aparacie władzy i zasług osobistych przed nim. Załamanie się dawnego systemu stosunków między państwem a szlachtą na początku XVIII w. prowadzi do przekształcenia szlachty z klasy w stan, w którym przynależność była uwarunkowana prawem urodzenia. Ziemia, która była fundamentem ekonomicznym szlachty, przekształciła się z własności tymczasowej w dziedziczną. Chociaż szlachta uniezależnia się w ten sposób od ciężaru służby państwowej, służba ta zachowuje dla szlachty znaczenie egzystencjalne, co znajduje odzwierciedlenie w rosyjskiej heraldyce szlacheckiej. Upadek szlachty jako klasy związany jest z reformami aparatu państwowego pierwszej połowy XIX w., które otworzyły drogę wykształconym przedstawicielom stanów nieuprzywilejowanych oraz z kryzysem agrarnym drugiej połowy XIX w., który podważył fundamenty gospodarcze szlachty. Arystokratyczna szlachta ziemiańska zaczyna być wypierana z aparatu rządowego przez proletaryzowaną biurokrację, utworzoną z zubożałej starej szlachty i bezrolnych raznoczyńców, która stała się nową klasą rządzącą. Historia rodu Stremouchowów na przestrzeni pięciu stuleci ukazuje, pod wieloma względami wspólne dla całej szlachty rosyjskiej, procesy przekształcania szlachty moskiewskiej w prowincjonalnych właścicieli ziemskich, a następnie w zawodową biurokrację i zdeklasowaną szlachtę.
Ludwik Niemiec a Obodryci i Duńczycy od traktatu w Verdun w 843 r.
Authors: Sochacki Jarosław
Published: July 2021

Obodryci od VIII w. uwikłani w walki z Wieletami oraz zagrożeni ekspansją ze strony państwa duńskiego postanowili zawrzeć sojusz z Karolem Wielkim i jego następcą Ludwikiem Pobożnym. Do traktatu zawartego w Verdun w 843 r. doszło również zawieranie sojuszy przez władców obodrzyckich z Duńczykami, co ze strony frankijskiej spotykało się z nieprzychylnym odzewem. Dla Ludwika Niemca, walczącego między innymi z Gostomysłem i Dobomysłem, stosunki z Obodrytami stanowiły jeden z istotnych problemów nie do końca przez tego władcę rozwiązany, mimo tego, że jego przeciwnicy nie mogli liczyć na ewentualne wsparcie ze strony władców duńskich w osobach Horika I, Horika II Młodszego i Zygfryda, usiłującymi raczej utrzymywać poprawne stosunki z władcą wschodniofrankijskim, mimo ataków na jego ziemie, zwłaszcza w 845 r., kiedy zdobyli i zniszczyli Hamburg. Zasadniczym celem niniejszego artykułu jest zatem przebadanie na podstawie źródłowej, głównie rocznikarskiej, walk toczących się między Ludwikiem Niemieckim a Duńczykami i Obodrytami oraz znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy jego przeciwnicy działali w swych atakach na państwo wschodniofrankijskie w sojuszu, czy też czynili to samodzielnie. Artykuł został podzielony na dwie części celem uzyskania większej przejrzystości zasygnalizowanych problemów badawczych – w pierwszej poruszono stosunki frankijsko-duńsko-obodrzyckie do traktatu w Verdun w 843 r., a więc w okresie przed faktycznym rozpadem państwa Karola Wielkiego i jego następcy na trzy samodzielne organizmy polityczne, natomiast w drugiej przedstawiono zmagania Ludwika Niemca z Duńczykami i Obodrytami, kiedy to w przypadku zwalczania zagrożenia duńskiego (Lotar II) tylko sporadycznie dochodziło do jego współpracy z innymi przedstawicielami monarchii karolińskiej.
Kasata klasztoru dominikanów przy kościele św. Jakuba w Sandomierzu w 1864 r. i jej konsekwencje
Authors: Burdzy Dominika
Published: July 2021

Kasata dominikańskiego klasztoru przy kościele św. Jakuba, tak jak innych placówek zakonnych w całym Królestwie Polskim, nastąpiła 8 listopada 1864 r. według odgórnie ustalonego schematu, dzięki czemu chciano uzyskać pełne zaskoczenie. Zakonnicy zostali przewiezieni do klasztoru etatowego w Klimontowie. Przy kościele św. Jakuba pozostawiono dotychczasowego podprzeora, który miał zadbać o ciągłość nabożeństw aż do momentu wyznaczenia na to miejsce duchownego diecezjalnego. Przy kościele pozostało również arcybractwo różańcowe, którego celem było podtrzymywanie kultu maryjnego, oświetlanie ołtarzy i wizytowanie chorych. Zwierzchnictwo nad świątynią przeszło w ręce biskupa sandomierskiego, który miał wyznaczać spośród duchowieństwa diecezjalnego kapłana z tytułem rektora do pełnienia obowiązków duszpasterskich.

W przejęciu majątku brała udział komisja, w skład której wchodzili asesor ekonomiczny przy Rządzie Gubernialnym Radomskim, prezydent miasta Sandomierza oraz dziekan sandomierski. Przy wszystkich czynnościach obecny był przeor dominikanów Paulin Machnicki. W szczegółowym protokole sporządzonym w momencie kasaty opisano zabudowania i grunty należące do dominikanów, które znajdowały się w Sandomierzu, a także folwarki w Gołębicach i Jugoszowie. Majątek ten został przejęty na rzecz Skarbu Królestwa Polskiego.
Józef Milik (1891–1944) – biografia polityczna podlaskiego posła i działacza społecznego
Authors: Odziemczyk Jacek
Published: July 2021

Artykuł dotyczy postaci Józefa Milika (1891–1944), parlamentarzysty ruchu narodowego oraz działacza społecznego z Podlasia. Na podstawie dostępnych źródeł archiwalnych, statystycznych, opracowań i pamiętników starano się przedstawić biografię polityczną przedwojennego posła Związku Ludowo-Narodowego i Stronnictwa Narodowego w latach 1928–1935. Badaniami objęto także powiązaną z funkcją polityczną działalność społeczną i samorządową J. Milika, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do jego rodzinnego powiatu sokołowskiego. J. Milik był bowiem także członkiem Wydziału Powiatowego i Sejmiku Powiatowego oraz organizatorem życia społecznego w swojej rodzinnej gminie Sterdyń. W ten sposób została ukazana jego droga życiowa, która spowodowała, że stał się jedną z ważnych postaci endecji w skali regionu i kraju, wchodząc m.in. w skład centralnych organów władzy Stronnictwa Narodowego.

Autor przedstawił również zaangażowanie J. Milika w rozwój struktur konspiracyjnych i działalność w Radzie Jedności Narodowej – parlamencie Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego podczas II wojny światowej. Podkreślił dalszą potrzebę badań zwłaszcza nad tym okresem, którą jednak ogranicza ilość i zawartość źródeł.
Polska Partia Robotnicza w powiecie chojnickim: geneza, idee, struktura, ludzie i działalność polityczna (1945–1948)
Authors: Wałdoch Marcin
Published: July 2021

Tematyka związana z PPR, jej struktura, ludzie i działalność polityczna jest dokładnie poznana, w odniesieniu do centralnych struktur partii, a w niektórych przypadkach również do struktur regionalnych. Jak dotąd jednak nie ma żadnych opublikowanych studiów nad PPR w powiecie chojnickim w latach 1945-1948. Stąd autor zdecydował się wypełnić tę lukę poznawczą poprzez studia nad materiałami źródłowymi. W stadium tym przyjęto dwie hipotezy. Pierwszą, stanowiącą przypuszczenie, że elity PPR w Chojnicach były elementem „narzuconej władzy” w procesie sowietyzacji Polski. Druga hipoteza, pomocnicza, stanowi przypuszczenie, że zjawiska polityczne, wynikające z działalności politycznej PPR na ziemi chojnickiej, były analogiczne do zjawisk zachodzących w całej Polsce, na szczeblu lokalnym, w wyniku budowania struktur i utożsamiania władzy państwowej z PPR zgodnie z ideologią marksizmu-leninizmu.
Biskupi polscy na wojnach monarchów w XIII–XIV wieku
Authors: Maciejewski Jacek
Published: July 2021

Obowiązek służenia władcy bezpośrednio na wojnie istniał także w Polsce średniowiecznej, ale w XIII i XIV w. podlegał znaczącym przemianom i był ciągle przedmiotem negocjacji, na które największy wpływ miały aktualne stosunki lokalnego Kościoła z władcą. Załamanie się władzy centralnej w pierwszych dziesięcioleciach XIII w., przy jednoczesnym wzroście wpływów papieskich doprowadziło do emancypacji kościoła w stosunku do władzy świeckiej, co zaowocowało także nieuczestniczeniem biskupów w wyprawach zbrojnych książąt. W okresie zjednoczeniowym pojawiły się co prawda wyraźne tendencje do zmiany tego nastawienia, ale nie zaowocowało to militaryzacją episkopatu na podobieństwo krajów sąsiednich. Biskupi zostali ponownie włączani w sferę działalności państwowej, ale ani władcy, jak się zdaje, nie nalegali na osobiste zaangażowanie zbrojne hierarchów, ani ci drudzy z własnej woli nie wykazywali większego zainteresowania rzemiosłem wojennym, co mogło być konsekwencją zmiany norm kulturowych i oczekiwań społecznych wśród elit późnośredniowiecznego Królestwa Polskiego.
Kościół dla ubogich. Kilka uwag na temat książki Matteo Compagnaro, Posoborowa teologia Ameryki Łacińskiej. Geneza, charakterystyka, perspektywy, Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2020, ss. 135
Authors: Sołga Przemysław
Published: July 2021

Artykuł dotyczy książki Matteo Compagnaro poświęconej posoborowej teologii w Ameryce Łacińskiej. Motywem do napisania niniejszego tekstu było wiele kontrowersyjnych stwierdzeń autora opiniowanej książki. W artykule oceniono publikację Matteo Compagnaro, biorąc pod uwagę takie aspekty, jak jej konstrukcja, podstawa źródłowa i zawartość merytoryczna. Zwrócono uwagę na istotne braki w pracy oraz podjętego polemikę z niektórymi stwierdzeniami autora książki.
Genuine, Principled and Tactical Compromise
Authors: Cohen-Almagor Raphael
Published: July 2021

This essay addresses the concept of compromise. When compromise takes place between two or more parties, reciprocity must be present; that is, the concessions are mutual. Genuine compromise is based on mutual respect and on genuine concessions between the parties. First, the concept of compromise is explained. Next, a relevant distinction is made between principled and tactical compromise. A principled compromise refers to a mutual recognition by each side of the other’s rights, which leads them to make concessions to enable them to meet on a middle ground. It is genuinely made in good faith and both sides reconcile themselves to the results. To illustrate I consider the need for compromise regarding praying area for women at the Western (Wailing) Wall, considered the holiest site in Judaism. The article proceeds by considering the notion of tactical compromise that reflects temporary arrangement reached as a result of constraints related to time. Here, in fact, agents do not give up any of their aims. They do not act in good faith and do not intend to meet their counterpart on a middle ground. Instead, they simply realize that the end could not be achieved at a given point of time, and they aim to reach it stage by stage. The essential component of compromise, namely mutuality, is lacking.
Analysis of the Causes of Conflicts at Universities and Alternative Methods of Resolving Them. Part II: Academic Ombudsman and Adjudicative Methods
Authors: Gmurzyńska Ewa
Published: July 2021

This study is the second part of the article entitled: Analysis of the Causes of Conflicts at Universities and Alternative Methods of Resolving Them. Part I: Mediation in Academic Disputes. The first part analyzes the causes of conflicts at universities and the basic alternative method of solving them – mediation. The second part focuses on the issue of academic disputes in the context of the court proceeding, and discusses the institutions of the academic ombudsman, arbitration in academic disputes and mixed methods, in particular the Office of Independent Adjudicator. Due to the changing expectations of students towards universities, contractual nature of these relations, increased number of court proceedings brought against universities or anticipation of such an increase, as well as the development of ADR methods in various fields, universities around the world started to look for new ways of solving academic disputes that would protect the independence of universities and at the same time fulfill an educational function. ADR methods such as mediation, ombudsman or arbitration may effectively replace or supplement insufficient internal procedures, as well as court proceedings characterized by high costs, lengthy procedures and formalism. These methods are better adapted to the nature of the academic community, take into account the voice of the participants, give them the opportunity to influence the proceeding and outcome of the dispute, ensure the equality of the parties. They also fulfill educational purposes, especially in disputes involving students, as they give the possibility of ending the dispute through dialogue and taking into account the point of view of the other party.
Socjalistyczny nihilizm prawny w Polsce Ludowej i drogi przezwyciężania tej koncepcji
Authors: Kania Rafał
Published: July 2021

After World War 2 in Poland, the process of building a new order began. Marxism, as interpreted by Lenin and Stalin, was adopted as the foundation. The creation of a system consistent with the official ideology required the implementation of abstract ideas in practice. One of the main tools used by the communists was law. It was an example of the practical implementation of legal nihilism, accompanying the construction of a totalitarian state. After 1956, a process began in Poland, aimed at overcoming the forcefully imposed order covering many areas of culture and science. The article provides the presentation of selected ideas from the field of law theory in communist Poland, the development of which reduced the influence of Marxism-Leninism in law. The main thesis of the article assumes that the process of de-Stalinization of Polish legal sciences had progressed gradually since 1956. The research objective of the article is to verify the hypothesis that the changes in Polish legal sciences related to overcoming the tenets of the Marxist-Leninist ideology took place in a manner similar to other areas of cultural and academic life. The issue has not yet been addressed in the way presented in the article, so the study can provide a useful material for research on the period of the Polish People’s Republic.
Utopia Without the Law – Why Is It Impossible?
Authors: Kuźmicz Karol
Published: July 2021

The academic character of the article is connected with the attempt to answer the question asked in the title: Utopia without the law – is it possible? The theoretical arguments provided by the author lead to an affirmative answer to this question and allow for formulating the following thesis: there is no utopia without the law. The law is not only present in utopias, both positive and negative ones (anti-utopias and dystopias) but also, to a great extent, determines their existence and functioning. As a result, it links utopian thinking to reality. Any answer to this question is possible and justifiable in the academic discourse. According to the author of this article not only the law is present in the utopia but the law in the utopia must exist. The essence of the law in utopias is justice, but there is not justice in utopias without wisdom. The Bible, Roman law and philosophical and legal reflection were the sources of an approach to law for the creators of utopia. Referring to the views of such thinkers as: Plato, Immanuel Kant, Rudolf von Ihering, Gustav Radbruch, Karl R. Popper, Bronisław Baczko, the author states that the law is an integral part of both worlds: the utopian world and real world. So, there is not utopia without the law as an idea of jusctice, implemented into the social life of the people who are intelligent beings.
Relevance of the Court Decision on the Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant in Relation to Paks II
Authors: Lovas Dóra
Published: July 2021

The aim of the article is to present the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant. This investment can also be related to the Paks II nuclear power plant investment, therefore the two investments are compared too. Both projects were examined by the European Commission, which take an important part when the national aid was awarded to Hinkley Point C and Paks II projects, and the decision of the CJEU also had influence on it. The author considers the European Commission’s aid conception positive, because the less developed countries are not forced to use only the renewables, but the environmental and security aspects of nuclear energy are also allowed (e.g. Hinkley Point C and Paks II nuclear power plants). The subsidy was allowed in both cases, but the reasons are different. In these cases, the limits of the EU energy politics can be seen, i.e. the right to select the package and the priority of the energy security and sustainable development. To mention an example for the difference, in Great Britain the energy sector was divided among the participants on the market but in Hungary the nuclear energy remained under state control. In the first option the state wanted to prove that it grants offset for the help to the general market services and in the second option the market investor principle was highlighted in order to show no other market participant act in other way. These points were not accepted, the state aid was provided both cases with permissible reasons because the projects condescend the goals of environmental policy and energy security. The decisions show that as a result of the efforts to protect the environment the dependency on energy increased and it cannot be solved only be encouraging the usage of the renewables. The permissive attitude of the European Commission can be found here and it is influenced by the increased state regulative roles. According to the author, it also appears in the environmentally friendly decisions which refers to the Paris Agreement’s fulfilment and the involvement of environmental requirements into politics. Moreover, the European Union tries to maintain its leader role in economics, which can be reached by the decrease of energy dependency and the exclusive usage of renewable energies is not the appropriate solution. The CJEU judgement is relevant in several respects. The article focuses primarily on the issue of environmental protection, state aid and the relation between the Euratom Treaty and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
Kontrologia a prawo karne. Geneza, stan obecny, perspektywy
Authors: Zalewski Wojciech
Published: July 2021

The present day brings a number of significant challenges for the state and the law, especially in the context of questions about the relationship between the state and the citizen. The development of science and technology provides wide opportunities for extending the methods of surveillance and control. State control, which is exercised through the instruments of criminal law, has been a subject of interest in criminology and criminal law for a long time. During the crisis of criminal law and criminology, which has been going on for over four decades, the question of the future of criminal law and criminology becomes utterly relevant. Progressive dehumanization causes that a person becomes a passive object of influence. In the long term, the belief in dealing with crime and effective crime management is consolidated, and in fact the phenomenon of delaying solutions is exacerbated. Social costs are rising. Automated technological justice is established. Doubts about the verification of control mechanisms are deepening. Who will control the controllers? Will the science of criminal law and criminology be replaced by a new science – contrology? Do questions about the etiology of crime, and especially the philosophical and ethical dimensions of punishment, lose their sense?
Bierne i czynne prawo wyborcze w wyborach przedstawicieli pracowników do rady nadzorczej spółki dominującej koncernu. Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości (Wielka Izba) z dnia 18 lipca 2017 r. w sprawie Konrad Erzberger przeciwko TUI AG (C-566/15)
Authors: Giedrewicz-Niewińska Aneta
Published: July 2021

The commentary is partially critical. Mr Konrad Erzberger is a shareholder of the TUI concern, based in Germany, operating worldwide. Half of the TUI supervisory board is made up of shareholder representatives and half of the representatives appointed by the employees. In the judgement, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) answered the question, whether it was compliant with Articles 18 and 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) stating that a Member State should grant active and passive voting rights in the elections of employee representatives to the supervisory board of a company to those employees only who are employed at the company’s premises or in the group’s enterprises on the national territory. The analysis of the arguments presented by the CJEU conducted in the commentary, pointing to e.g. the lack of objective and clear criteria for restricting the freedoms of the European market, is partially critical. It has been postulated that employees employed in a group of companies should enjoy the same rights to participate in decision-making, regardless of where their workplace is located.
Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Oxyfluorfen on The Somatic Cells of Allium cepa
Authors: KARAİSMAİLOĞLU Cengiz
Published: July 2021

In this work, the cytotoxic and genotoxic influences of oxyfluorfen herbicide were surveyed by examining of mitotic index, mitotic stages, chromosomal anomalies, micronucleus percentage, and comet assay parameters on the somatic cells of Allium cepa. The roots were treated with 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 ppm herbicide concentrations with 12, 24 and 36 h. application periods. Mitotic index was noticeably diminished by oxyfluorfen in each application group when matched with their control, except for 0.2 ppm. The percentages of mitotic stages were altered. Oxyfluorfen enhanced drastically the aberrant cell ratio at all application groups and application periods in contrast to their control, excluding 0.2 ppm. Mitotic anomalies were noted as disturbed prophase, stickiness, C-mitosis, chromatid bridges and laggards. The micronucleus was detected at interphase and its percentage was determined in the applied concentrations. Also, the comet assay was employed to examine the single strand breakages. Almost all of the used concentrations of oxyfluorfen increased DNA losses. A positive relationship was discovered between micronucleus occurrence and DNA loss.
Elma Üretiminin Ekonomik Analizi TRB1 Bölgesi (Bingöl, Elâzığ, Malatya) Örneği
Authors: KARAKAYA Ersin , KIZILOĞLU Semiha
Published: July 2021

TRB1 Bölgesinin bitkisel üretim katma değerinin yükseltilmesinde, lokomotif bir alt sektör görevi üstlenen meyvecilik sektöründe, elma yetiştiriciliği ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma; TRB1 Bölgesinde elma üretiminin yoğun olarak yapıldığı Bingöl, Elâzığ ve Malatya illerini kapsamakta ve elma üretiminde girdi kullanımı, 1 kg elmanın üretim maliyetinin hesaplanması, yıllık faaliyet sonuçlarının belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırmalı olarak irdelenmesi ile karlılık ve verimlilik analizlerinin yapılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tabakalı tesadüfi örnekleme metodundan yararlanılarak elma üreticiliği yapan 223 adet işletmeden, 2018-2019 üretim döneminde yüz yüze gerçekleştirilen anketlerden sağlanan veriler, çalışmanın ana materyalini oluşturmuştur. İncelenen işletmelerde elma üretim maliyeti ve karlılığının belirlenmesinde tek ürün bütçe analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre; yetiştiricilerin genel ortalama itibariyle genel tarım deneyimi yaklaşık olarak 19 yıl, elma yetiştiriciliği deneyimi ise 16 yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen işletmeler için elma arazisinin büyüklüğü ortalama 28,02 da olarak hesaplanmıştır. İncelenen işletmelerde, ortalama elma verimi 627,65 kg/da olarak gerçekleşirken, 1 kg elmanın maliyeti 0,88 ₺ olarak hesaplanmıştır. Elmanın ortalama satış fiyatı 1,16 ₺/kg ve ürün net karı ise 0,28 ₺/kg olarak belirlenmiştir. Dekara düşen üretim değerinin 728,07 ₺, brüt karın ise 394,72 ₺ olduğu belirlenmiştir. İncelenen elma işletmelerinde dekara net kar 173,45 ₺, nispi kar ise 1,31 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, elma üretiminde üretici ülkeler içinde yer alabilmek ve ihracatta diğer ülkelerle rekabet edebilmek için özellikle üretim miktarı, endüstri kalitesi, altyapı, finans ve pazar koşulları geliştirilmelidir.
Notes on the Seasonal Dynamics of Polyphylla turkmenoglui Petrovitz (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) in the vineyards of Manisa, western Anatolia
Authors: YENER Hüseyin , ŞENTÜRK Ömer Faruk , ANLAŞ Sinan
Published: July 2021

Polyphylla turkmenoglui Petrovitz, 1965 is one of the the most important pests of vineyard in the Aegean Region of Turky. Larvae of this species feed on roots of vineyard and in general, the larvae is found under the soil. For that reason, control of this pest is very difficult. The adults mostly feed on pines foliage. In the study, the seasonal activity of the adult beetles of P. turkmenoglui was studied via two light traps between May-August in 2016 and 2017 in two vineyard locations in Alaşehir and Sarıgöl districts, Manisa province of Turkey. At the end of the study, 1.552 specimens of P. turkmenoglui were evaluated. Total 362 and 1.190 specimens were collected from the localities in Alaşehir and Sarıgöl respectively. In spite of the small differences in trapping localities, the number of the specimens belonging to this species increased as of June, reached the highest level in mid-June and early July, and started to decrease after this date. No specimens were collected after the second half of July. In addition, the morphological features of this species, both male and female, were defined and illustrated.
The Effects of Two-Step Tempering Treatment on the Rheological Characteristics of Flour in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: KURT Mustafa , DİZLEK Halef
Published: July 2021

In flour milling, tempering is the last process applied to the wheat before grinding and it has a unique and vital role in wheat processing technology. In wheat milling, tempering is conventionally done in one step. In this study, two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Adana-99 and Russian) with different hardness degree were subjected two-step tempering process in addition to single-step (classical) tempering process. The potential of two-step tempering treatment a) to improve the wheat and flour qualities and b) on the rheological characteristics of wheat flour was the explored. Each wheat variety was subjected to four different tempering treatments. These were; a. no tempering (control), b. single-step tempering for 24 h, c. single-step tempering for 48 h and d. two-step tempering for 48 h. The tempering treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the rheological properties. This positive effect was more evident in the extensograph measurements compared to farinograph measurements. Two-step tempering treatment significantly increased the resistance, ratio and energy values of the dough. This showed that two-step tempering significantly increased strength, force, resistance, and the ability to retain gas properties of dough, which are the most important quality criteria for bread dough. Tempering treatment for 48 h among single step tempering treatments resulted in improved flour quality. The findings conclude that, water when added to the wheat in the tempering process in two-steps results in an improved flour quality in terms of rheological properties.
CHAID Algoritması ile Üyelerin Tarımsal Örgütlerin Genel Kurul Toplantısına Katılımını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi: Iğdır İli Örneği
Authors: KILIÇ TOPUZ Bakiye , EYDURAN Ecevit , ERTÜRK Yakup Erdal , BOZOĞLU Mehmet
Published: July 2021

Araştırmanın amacı, tarımsal örgüt üyelerinin genel kurul toplantılarına katılımlarını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmanın birincil verileri, Iğdır ilinde faaliyet gösteren tarımsal örgütlere üye olan çiftçiler arasından basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre seçilen 155 çiftçiyle yüz yüze yapılan anketlerden elde edilmiştir. Üyelerin genel kurul toplantılarına katılımlarını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesinde, 10 çapraz geçerlilik temelinde CHAID algoritmasından yararlanılmıştır. Bu sınıflandırma algoritmasının uygunluğu, duyarlılık, özgüllük, doğruluk oranları ve ROC eğrisi altında kalan alan gibi model değerlendirme ölçütleri ile belirlenmiştir. Algoritma sonuçları üyelerin genel kurul toplantılarına katılım durumlarını tarımsal örgütlere olan bağlılık, arazi miktarı ve tarımsal örgüt-işletme arası mesafenin istatistiksel olarak etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Üyelerin genel kurul toplantılarına katılımlarının artırılabilmesi için; örgütlere olan bağlılıklarının artırılması ve tarımsal örgüt-işletme arası mesafenin en fazla 15 km olması gerekli görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, tarımsal örgüt üyelerinin genel kurul toplantılarına katılım karakterizasyonu bakımından CHAID algoritmasının kullanılması önerilebilir.