bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Innovative Design of a Measuring Equipment and Using TiO2 Nanogrease to Reduction of Friction Force for Pneumatic Cylinder
Authors: Chang Ho , Chiu Yen Chen , Lan Chou Wei
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study is to measure the maximum static friction and dynamic friction in the actuation process of pneumatic cylinder after TiO2 nanoparticles are added to grease. The study makes an innovative design of a new measuring equipment of friction force, which can measure the friction force between the piston seal in pneumatic cylinder and the cylinder bore. The friction force of pneumatic cylinder bore directly affects the output dynamic property of pneumatic cylinder motion. Friction force measuring system can measure the change of friction force of pneumatic cylinder bore under the condition with different operating speeds, and can analyze the relationship between friction force of pneumatic cylinder and output dynamic property of pneumatic cylinder. Such a friction force measuring equipment takes pneumatic cylinder as an output of motive force to drive the measurement of pneumatic cylinder, and uses load cell and draw-line encoder to measure the friction force of pneumatic cylinder bore and the motion speed. In the experiment, the friction forces of pneumatic cylinder given with oil and without oil are measured respectively, achieving the friction force property of pneumatic cylinder bore when being lubricated by nanogrease added with nanoparticles of different weight percentages (wt.%). The experimental results show that adding TiO2 nanoparticles to grease can effectively decrease the friction force produced in the actuation process of pneumatic cylinder.
Study on Continuous Monitoring Glucose Concentration with Terbium Gallium Garnet Crystal
Authors: Li Dong Ming , Jia Shu Hai , Wang Ji
Published: August 2011

In a continuing effort to develop a noninvasive means of monitoring glucose levels using many methods. In this paper a laser, closed-loop, system was designed and a model was developed to extract the glucose concentration information by Faraday rotation with Terbium Gallium Garnet Crystal(TGG Tb3Ga5O12). The system was tested using various concentrations of glucose. The results show that for a static, non-moving sample, glucose can be predicted. For the physiologic range (0-16mmol/l) for either laser wavelength (523nm or 632.8nm), the Correlation coefficient value (R2) are 09977and 0.9995 respectively. The measurement results of 24 hours show the system with good stability, which error is less than 0.05%.
Petri Net Channelized-Based Deadlock Prevention Policy for Flexible Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Huang Yi Sheng , Row Ter Chan
Published: August 2011

Petri nets are employed to model flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs). However, the system deadlocked are possible happened. The conventional deadlock prevention policies are always to forbid the system entering the deadlock by using the control places. To obtain a live system, some dead markings must be sacrificed in the traditional policies. Therefore, the original reachability states of the original model can not be conserved. However, this paper is able to maintain all the reachability states of the original net and guaranty the control system live. Under our control policy, all number of reachability states of the original net will be preserved. Finally, two examples are performed that can reach the maximal permissiveness for FMSs using Petri net models (PNMs).
Estimation Equation of Needle Deflection Based on Dynamics Model in Robot-Assisted Percutaneous Surgery
Authors: Ma Wen Zhong , Wu Dong Mei , Du Zhi Jiang
Published: August 2011

Aimed to robot-assisted percutaneous surgery, we present an estimation equation to calculate the deflection at needle tip based on dynamics model in this paper. According to the equation, we can use the needle loads to calculate the estimation deflection of needle tip, during needle insertion into soft tissue. Finally, verifying experiments of estimation equation were carried out on a liver. The experimental result shows that the error of equation proposed is small and acceptable. This equation can be used to estimate deflection and direction of needle tip, and can also provide a reference strategy in robot-assisted percutaneous surgery
The Influence of Several Ions on Pitting Corrosion in Sedimentary Water of Oil Tank
Authors: Zhou Yong Zhang , Liu Min , Ni Xin , Chen Dong Sheng , Wei Wu Ji
Published: August 2011

Hysteretic loops were used to study the influence of several ions in sedimentary water of oil tank on local corrosion at the bottom of crude oil tank, which were measured by the electrochemical station CHI660. The results indicated that the pitting increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of the concentrations of each ion. The most serious pitting corrosion occurred under the following condition: the concentration of Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, Mg2+, Ca2+ were 10.0 g/L, 1.0 g/L, 0.75 g/L, 0.35 g/L, 0.2 g/L, respectively.
Design and Implementation for Data Acquisition System of Simulation Control Center Basing on Dummy Instrument
Authors: Zhang Li , Chen Lei , Xu Lu Tie , Chang Wen Ping
Published: August 2011

The control center test signal of a new type of intelligent ammunition was analyzed, basing on which a scheme for simulating the detection system of control center has been fixed. The key test signal of control center is simulated with PC104 bus technique. The structure diagram and operating principle of data acquisition system have been presented. The test data can be exactly collected and effectively handled by this system, which has blow properties: high signal accuracy, high repeatability, simplicity of operator, et al.
The Research of Content and Critical Technology with Health Management Technology for Civil Airplane
Authors: Lu Xiang , Meng Ke Sheng , Chen Xue Sen
Published: August 2011

With the development of civil aircraft engine health mangement system, the research of content of Health Management Technology for Civil Airplane is listed in schedule. This paper takes the advantage of the experience of abroad’s Health Management Technology for Civil Airplane and puts the content of the research of Health Management into detail.This paper also summarizes the critical technology of Health Management.The research above accelerates the development of Health Management Technology for Civil Airplane and shorts the gap between World powers and us.
Technical Problems and Research Thoughts on Development of Multi-Component Blending Yarn
Authors: Duan Ya Feng , Yao Jiang Wei
Published: August 2011

The development of multi-component blending yarn enlarging the fiber sources, improving performance of yarns, making yarns functional, enhancing the look and feel of the yarn, so it was developed rapidly. However, different fiber component differs in morphology and performance, which making the control of the spinning process and yarn quality difficult, the main problems in developing multi-component blending yarn, i.e. the choice of fiber, blending ways, the choice of the blending ratio, the spinning ways, spinning process, are summarized here, which became the technical base of the production of multi-component blending yarn of high quality.
Study on Spindle Servo Control of Four-Axis Vertical CNC Machining Center
Authors: Kuang Zhi Quan
Published: August 2011

This paper studies swinging rule of the fourth spindle in Four-axis vertical CNC machining center relying on the vertical axis head. Through current regulator, the speed regulator and improved single neuron PID speed controller the servo control system model is realized. Test results show that good performance is reached according to design of servo control system. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text.
The Framework of Information Collection and Data Management for Mass Customization Furniture
Authors: Xiong Xian Qing , Wu Zhi Hui
Published: August 2011

Starting with the characteristics of digital factory’s information system, the article mainly analyzes the composition of information collection and data management for mass customization furniture. It puts forward the mode of collection and response of customer demand information for mass customization furniture and the mode of information collection and data management for furniture manufacturing’s execution system, furniture enterprise’s material list and the design of furniture product. Finally, the article summarizes how to organize and coordinate the information flow of mass customization furniture, which would provide some reference modes for the digitalization management of mass customization furniture enterprises in the future.
Research on Preparation and Hydrolysis Resistance of Poly(lactic acid) Modified by MDI
Authors: Shang Jian Jiang , Wu Jian Ning , Li De Qiang , Huang Ya Xi , Zhao Ling Ming , Wang Jun , Liu Zhi Yong
Published: August 2011

The poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was modified by 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) successfully prepared to improve the stability of PLA. The MDI and the hydroxyl terminated PLA could form PLA modified by MDI (MDI-PLA) via addition reaction. The structure of MDI-PLA was confirmed by FTIR and its degradation properties were investigated. The results showed that the pH of the aqueous media and the ion strength together played an important role in the degradation behavior of the PLA and MDI-PLA. Both of the PLA and MDI-PLA had the highest degradation rate in 0.01 M NaOH. It offers the best stability to hydrolysis resistance by adding the 0.6 wt% of MDI to the PLA materials，and have a more stable of 15 times than unmodified PLA.
Synthesis of ZnO Polycrystalline Flakes Using Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Tseng Yung Kuan , Chuang Ming Hung , Chen Yen Cheng
Published: August 2011

This study proposes a novel sol-gel method of fabricating the two-dimensional flakes polycrystalline zinc oxide (ZnO). Apply zinc acetate dehydrate in glycerol and hydrolyzed to get the precursor zinc alkoxide particles at 160°C, and self-assemble into flakes ZnO nanostructures, and then got higer crystallinity polycrystalline ZnO after calcination for one hour at 500°C. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to observe the morphology of the flakes. Its size got to a few μm2. Analyze the crystal structure and crystallinity by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). After calcination for one hour at 500°C, we can determine it is the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. And TGA/DSC to observe the loss and phase change of the solution. The Study has successfully synthesized ZnO polycrystalline flakes by sol-gel method.
Mechanical Anisotropy of Extruded Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zr Alloy
Authors: Zhu Rong , Wu Yan Jun , Wang Jing Tao , Lu Ke Cheng
Published: August 2011

Tensile and compressive tests were performed on extruded Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zr (mass fraction, %) alloy specimens with different tilt angles relative to extrusion direction. The microstructures were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Calculations of the orientation factors for basal slip were done for that existed texture. The results show that the alloy doesn’t show tensile-compressive yield strength asymmetry, and the highest flow stress is appeared along the extrusion direction. Meanwhile the extruded textures are much more randomized. The reason may be that the addition of rare-earth is benefit to activate the non-basal slips, especially pyramidal slip. The reduction of c/a ratio is helpful to enhance the symmetry of the Mg crystal, which decreases the critical resolved shear stress of  slip.
Research on Axisymmetric Vibration of Gear with Stepped Variable Thickness
Authors: She Yin Zhu , Lv Ming , Wang Shi Ying
Published: August 2011

Ultrasonic gear honing is a kind of precision processing technology with great application prospect. The gear is a special kind of load in ultrasonic machining, and its vibration characteristic and natural frequency has great influence on processing frequency of the system. According to the structure characteristic of the gear with stepped variable thickness, its equations of axisymmetric bending vibration frequency were derived on the basis of the thick plate theory in this paper, and then the gear’s natural frequency is obtained which is in accordance with the results of FEM computation. Besides, the main factors affecting the calculation accuracy are analyzed with some examples in this paper The analysis shows that within the application range of Mindlin’s plate theory, the gears’ frequency obtained by the suggested method is accurate.
Fabrication and Thermal Physical Properties of SiCp/Al Composite upon Powder Metallurgy Followed by Hot Extrusion
Authors: Chen Cheng , Yu Hua Shun , Zhang Jing Jing , Zhang Wei , Wang Shou Hui
Published: August 2011

In this study, SiC particles reinforced aluminum matrix composite was successfully fabricated using powder metallurgy technique followed by hot extrusion. The phases were identified by XRD and the microstructures were observed by SEM. The results showed that only Al and SiC phases existed in the composite, SiC particulates were well distributed in the aluminum matrix and the interface between Al and SiC was clean and well combined. Meanwhile, thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite were investigated, the research showed that thermal conductivity decreased as SiCp content increased because of poor thermal conductivity of SiCp and increased crystal defects forming during the fabrication process. And the same to thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite decreased as SiCp content increased because SiCp can acted as obstacles to the motion of dislocations, which can hinder the hot movement of electronics.
Surface Nanocrystallines of Fe3Al Produced by Surface Mechanical Attrition
Authors: Ren Jiang Wei , Li Dong , Xu Pei Quan
Published: August 2011

A nanocrystallines surface layer was produced in Fe3Al intermetallic compound by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The microstructure of deformed layer, phase structure and morphology of surface nanocrystallines were characterized through optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, transmission electronic microscopy and high resolution electronic microscopy. The results show that a deformed layer about 11μm wide is produced after 10min surface mechanical attrition. The grains on the top surface of Fe3Al are refined to nanocrystallines and the grain size of nanocrystallines is about 35nm. High density dislocations collect on the boundaries of grains. The formation of nanocrystallines is controlled by grain subdivision mechanism.
Effect of Surface Characteristics on Bioactivity of Ceramic Coating on Ti6al4v by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation
Authors: Yang Zhi Yong , Xia Ling Qin , Sun Wei Wei , Li Wei Jing
Published: August 2011

The surface topographic of ceramic coating on Ti6Al4V alloy, which was fabricated by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation, was investigated by SEM and 3D profile. The chemical compositions and the phase structures were detected by EDS, XRD, FT-IR. The PEO coating shows a rough porous morphology and the chemical phases are anatase and rutile TiO2. In addition, both of calcium-phosphorus ratios of the two samples were above 1.67. The bioactivity was focused on after soaking in SBF (simulated body fluid). It can be concluded by the experimental data that the surface roughness and the composition are corelated to form hydroxyapatite (HA), and the coatings containing Ca and P can induce bioapatite quickly.
Effect of Materials’ Wettability on the Dynamic Behavior of Droplet Impact onto a Rough Solid Surface
Authors: Cui Jing , Liu Yang , Li Wei Zhong , Zhang Ning
Published: August 2011

In this paper, the effect of material’s wettability on the droplet impact has been investigated by numerical apporach. The unsteady flow behaviors of liquid droplet impacting against the rough solid surface with different wettabilities have been simulated based on lattice Boltzmann method. The spreading and bounding characterisitcs of droplet have been discussed. For the hydrophilic material, the droplet will sink into the grooves among roughness bumps, and its apparent contact angle in steady stead will be smaller than its corresponding intrinsic contact angle; while for the hydrophilic material, droplet will flow into the grooves but suspend on the top of roughness elements without any contacting with the bottom surface, and the apparent contact angle is larger than its intrinsic contact angle.
The Numerical Simulation of Gas-Liquid-Solid Three-Phase Flow in the Disc Pump
Authors: Li Bin , Qi Hao
Published: August 2011

In this paper, the flow law of gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow was studied in the disc pump internal, established a set of numerical simulation method that calculated multiphase flows of disc pump internal. Finally the structure of the disk pump impeller was improved, and designed a new disc pump with multiple-blade structure, through numerical simulation calculation for the gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow of the disc pump internal, mastered change rule of fluid pressure and speed in disk pump internal, obtained relation curves between the different solid phase particle concentration with different gas phase concentration and the head with the efficiency of the pump. The head of the new disc pump was significantly improved by analyzing the disc pump head curve and the actual application.
The Design of Wireless Communication Module
Authors: Gao Dong Wei , Ma Qing Gong , Zhou Xiao Ling , Li Jun Hua
Published: August 2011

This task is based on the control of the MCU. In order to make it work, the first and foremost thing is to configure the interface among the MCU, display device and the wireless communication device with reason. In detail, the hardware design concludes the MCU control system, display circuit as well as the design of the wireless one. As for the software design, there are the initialization of the MCU and the display component. The programmer for the control of the display part and wireless part are also concluded.
Research of Influence Quantity on Mass Metrology
Authors: Jian Wang , Zhong Rui Lin , Cai Chang Qing , Yao Hong , Yue Zhang , Ding Jing An
Published: August 2011

According to the measurement principle of magnetic parameter of weight, the influence of reading stability for measuring magnetism of weight is analyzed, and the key influence of reading stability is presented in the measurement process. The magnetism of weight is measured by the magnetic susceptometer with capacity of 5.1g and resolution of 0.1 mg. At the same time the change of environmental vibration at the laboratory and the fluctuating of ambient magnetic field are measured respectively. The experimental results show the fluctuating of ambient magnetic field that is the key influence parameter of weight magnetism measurement.
Circuitry Design Feature of Stages with High-Gain Coefficient on Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Krutchinsky Sergey , Bespyatov Vasiliy , Korolev Alexander , Zhebrun Eugeniy , Zolotarev Anton
Published: August 2011

The feature of implementing of loops with self-compensation of CMOS transistors differential resistance in the gain stages is reviewed. Shown that these compensation loops reduce the parametric sensitivity of the stage and the transistors output capacitance influence on a range of operating frequencies. А set of loops of cancellation of the CMOS transistors parasitic parameters influence on stage cutoff frequency was proposed. The conclusions were made. An example of cost-stage high gain was given.
Fatigue Response of Centrally Notched Ti/APC-2 Nanocopmosite Laminates due to Two-Step Loads
Authors: Jen Ming Hwa R. , Chang C K. , Lee H S. , Hsu Feng Chi
Published: August 2011

The Ti/AS-4 Carbon Fiber/PEEK (Ti/APC-2) cross-ply nanocomposite laminates were fabricated. The Ti thin sheets were surface treated by anodic oxidation of electroplating to achieve good bonding with APC-2 laminates. Nanoparticles SiO2 were dispersed uniformly on the interfaces of APC-2 with the optimal amount of 1 wt%. The modified diaphragm curing process was adopted to fabricate the hybrid panels. Then, the panels were cut into samples. The centrally notched samples of hole diameter 6mm. First, we obtained the mechanical properties of unnotched samples as base-line data due to tensile and cyclic tests. Then, we performed both tests for the notched samples and found that the ultimate load was reduced 53%, nominal stress 38%, stiffness 3%, and also the fatigue lives compared with unnotched ones. Next, the two-step loading tests, such as high→low and low→high tests, were conducted. The average values of Miner’s sum were less than 1.0 for both two-step tests. The total lives were in the range of 5780~29048 cycles for both tests. That evidently demonstrates the notched samples drastically drop the mechanical properties and lives from high cycle fatigue to low cycle fatigue.
Natural Convection in a Cavity Partially Filled with a Vertical Porous Medium
Authors: Liu Fang , Chen Bao Ming
Published: August 2011

The shear stress jump boundary condition that must be imposed at an interface between a porous medium and a free fluid in an enclosure is investigated. Two-domain approach is founded and finite element method is used to solve the problem. Three stress jump coefficients 0, 1, -1 are analyzed for different Rayleigh number, permeability and thickness of porous layer. Variation of Maximum stream function and Nusselt number show stronger convection and heat transfer when the stress jump coefficient is positive. There is little distinctive in flow and heat transfer when the value of coefficient is equal to 0 and -1.
Method of Continuum Structural Topology Optimization with Information Functional Materials Based on K Nearest Neighbor
Authors: Li Jing Kui , Zhang Yi Min
Published: August 2011

The KNN method is extracted from the technique of pattern recognition for the continuum structure topology optimization design with information functional materials. Original design region is taken as initial sample space, and continuum structure's units are regarded as samples. Unit stress and displacement sensitivity are utilized as feature vector to describe sample, and the feature vectors' Euclidean distance is considered as the recognition standard to classify all the samples. One FEM package is utilized to process the entire optimization. Finally, the topology optimization result is obtained. Several examples are verified under different situations. The results indicate that the KNN method is feasible.
Composite Material Application and Development in Pressure Vessels
Authors: Cheng Huan Xin
Published: August 2011

Some characteristics and advantages of composite material pressure vessels are discussed and main applications of composite material pressure vessels are expounded and development trend of composite material pressure vessels is pointed out in the paper. The paper has some reference values for research and design of composite pressure vessels.
Grey New Information GOM(1,1) Model and its Application Based on Opposite-Direction Accumulated Generating and Background Value Optimization
Authors: Liao De Gang , Luo You Xin
Published: August 2011

The accuracy of the traditional grey model is not high for the monotonic decreasing data. The paper uses the opposite-direction accumulated method and makes full use of new information combined with optimization of the background values. It induces the formula of the parameters in the model and establishes the grey new information GOM(1,1) model in which it is based on the opposite-direction accumulated operation and optimization of the background values. It is a new method of the grey model. The examples show it is with higher accuracy than that of non-new information model.
Design of Sine-Wave Control System of BLDCM Regarding a New Permanent-Magnet Material
Authors: Meng Da Wei , Lu Yu Feng , Xu Yong Ming , Wang Xi Feng
Published: August 2011

The Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDCM) is in nature of high power density, high reliability and easy control etc, growing with the development of microcomputers, new power electronic devices, control theories and low cost rare earth permanent magnet material. The applications of a new permanent magnet material are described in this paper,such as in manufacture of parts of stereo,automobile devices,medical instruments and computer hardware, etc.Besides,the paper also discusses the prospect of its development and the problems in its production.Aiming at the BLDCM with a Hall rotor position sensor, a motor drive controller is designed by pure hardware approach. In this paper, a simple design procedures is described that can be implemented to decrease the material cost of a BLDCM often found in domestic appliances and automotive applications. According to the experiment’s result, this controller has the advantages of easy debugging, high anti-interference ability, larger driving power, low volume and low cost in large scale production.
Application of Long-Range-Corrected Density Functional in Zinc Porphyrin for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Yi Dan , Liao Yi
Published: August 2011

In this work, we applied quantum chemical techniques (DFT and TD-DFT) to assess which level of theory is appropriate for calculating the ground- and excited-state structures of ZnP. The result of geometrical optimization of ZnP demonstrates that wB97XD can be an excellent method giving similar results with the experiment. However for TD-DFT calculations, TD-LC-wPBE/6-31G* was needed to replicate the optical transitions in toluene solution.
Influence of Flux on Sintering Property of Imported Hematite Ore
Authors: Zhang Jin Zhu , Huang Jun
Published: August 2011

The microstructure and compressive strength were investigated by means of optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile testing machine. The influence of basicity, SiO2 and Al2O3 content on sintering property of hematite ore was studied. The results show that when the silica content was either 5.3% or 5.6%, the best result of the compressive strength of samples obtained at middle basicity. While the silica content was up to 5.9%, the greatest value of the compressive strength of samples attained at lower basicity.
Study on Ca (II) Ion Quenching Luminescent Emission of Tb Complex Material
Authors: Tai Xi Shi
Published: August 2011

The quenching effect of different concentrations of Ca (II) ion on luminescent intensity of Tb (III) complex material in ethanol, methanol and DMSO solutions has been studied. The results show that different concentrations of Ca (II) ion have obvious quenching effect to luminescent emission of Tb (III) complex material in organic solvent. And the quenching effect of 0.4 mol/L Ca (II) ion solution is strongest.
The Physical Properties of Ultra-Short Leather Fiber Extracted from Chromed Leather Waste and its Use in Textile Industry
Authors: Qian Cheng
Published: August 2011

In order to probe the possibility of utilizing chromed leather wastes from the view of textile, firstly ultra-short leather fiber of 0.01～0.5cm was extracted by special equipment. Then the fiber structure was characterized; the moisture absorbency was tested and compared with wool and silk protein fibers. On the above basis, ultra-short collagen fiber suede fabric was developed successfully. The results indicate that ultra-short collagen fibers exist in bundles, adhesion forces between fibers are larger those of single (bundle) fiber strength. Their moisture absorbency is similar to that of wool. The micro-suede fabric made is suitable for decorating materials.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Copper Metal Ion Biosorption by Flavobacterium sp. as a Low-Cost Natural Biosorbent
Authors: Zhang Xi Chan , Li Xing Guang
Published: August 2011

Present study deals with the evaluation of biosorptive removal of copper byFlavobacterium sp.Experiments have been carried out to find the effect of various parameters such as initial pH, contact time and initial metal ion concentration. Adsorption equilibrium studies showed that Cu(II) adsorption data followed the Langmuir model, the maximum binding capacity ofwas 55.20 mg/g at pH 6.0. Kinetics of copper biosorption by Flavobacterium sp. biomass is better described by pseudo second order kinetic model. It was also clearly observed that The present study indicated thatFlavobacterium sp.biomass may be used as a cost and effective biosorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from wastewater.
Adsorption of Neutral Red from Solution by Bio-Chars Produced from Pyrolysis of Wheat Straw
Authors: Zhang Li Juan , Ma Dan , Mao Gui Yun , Zhang Man Man , Han Run Ping
Published: August 2011

Bio-char, a by-product from fast wheat straw pyrolysis, was investigated as adsorbents for the removal of cationic dye, neutral red (NR) from solution. Adsorption studies were performed at bio-cha dose, NaCl concentration, contact time and dye concentration in the batch mode. Salt coexisted in solution is not favor in adsorption and the adsorption is faster process. The equilibrium data are modeled with Langmuir and Freundlich equations and both models are better fitted. Thermodynamic parameters are calculated and the results show that the process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Bio-char can be used to remove cationic dye from solution.
Strategic Research to Build the Competitive Advantage of Software and Service Outsourcing Manufacturing Industry in ChongQing
Authors: Peng Xiang Jun
Published: August 2011

The prosperous development of the software and information service outsourcing industry brings opportunities for inland city to optimize manufacturing industrial structure and change economic growth pattern. This paper takes Chongqing, which locates in open frontier and is national service outsourcing demonstration city as an example. Based on international service outsourcing market development trend research, this paper analyzes that Chongqing develops service outsourcing manufacturing industry advantages and restricted factors. From industrial foundation, technology import and innovation, financing channels, the information public service platform, talents construction, development environment aspects, software and information service outsourcing industry development path was initially discusses.
Electronic Properties of ZnO/Si Heterojunction Prepared by ALD.
Authors: Quemener Vincent , Alnes Mari , Vines Lasse , Nilsen Ola , Fjellvåg Helmer , Svensson Bengt Gunnar , Monakhov Eduard
Published: August 2011

ZnO/n-Si and ZnO/p-Si heterostructures were prepared by Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and the electronic properties have been investigated by Current-Voltage (I-V), Capacitance-Voltage (C-V) and Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements. DLTS measurements show two dominants electron traps at the interface of the ZnO/n-Si junction with energy position at 0.07 eV and 0.15 eV below the conduction band edge, labelled E(0.07) and E(0.15), respectively, and no electrically active defects at the interface of the ZnO/p-Si junction. E(0.07) is reduced by annealing up to 400°C while E(0.15) is created at 500°C. The best heterostructure is found after heat treatment at 400°C with a substantial improvement of the current rectification for ZnO/n-Si and the formation of Ohmic contact on ZnO/p-Si. A reduction of the interface defects correlates with an improvement of the crystal structure of the ZnO film with a preferred orientation along the c-axis.
Stimulated Creation of the SOI Structures with Si Nano-Clustersw by Low–Dose SIMOX Technology
Authors: Litovchenko V.G. , Romanyuk Boris , Melnik Viktor , Klad’ko Vasyl , Popov Valentin , Oberemok Oleksandr , Khatsevich Igor
Published: August 2011

The peculiarities of a buried layer formation obtained by a co-implantation of O2 ions with the energy of 130 keV and carbon ions within the energy range of 30-50 keV have been investigated. The corresponding ion doses for carbon and oxygen ions were equal to 2∙1016 cm-2 and 1.8∙1017 cm-2, respectively. It has been observed that annealing at 1150°C results in enhanced oxygen diffusion towards the region with a maximum carbon concentration. Analysis of x-ray diffraction patterns and TEM images confirm formation of Si nanoclusters in the SiO2 buried layer. The intensive luminescence with the maximum at 600 nm has been observed in the synthesized structures.
Iron Gettering at Slip Dislocations in Czochralski Silicon
Authors: Lauer Kevin , Herms Martin , Grochocki Anett , Bollmann Joachim
Published: August 2011

The impact of slip dislocations on the interstitial iron distribution in as-grown CZ silicon wafers is investigated by calibrated MWPCD excess charge carrier lifetime measurements, DLTS measurements and measurements of the dislocation density. In regions of high dislocation density low interstitial iron content as well as low lifetime is observed. A linear correlation between dislocation density and interstitial iron content is found. We explain this linear correlation by the thesis that slip dislocations are 60° dislocations, which have adsorbed one iron atom at each dangling bond along the dislocation axis. Interstitial iron is gettered by slip dislocations but iron silicide, which forms along the dislocation axis, is a very strong recombination center for excess charge carriers as well. Hence, gettering of interstitial iron at slip dislocations does not increase the electrical quality of silicon.
Scanning X-Ray Excited Optical Luminescence Microscopy as a New Tool for the Analysis of Recombination Active Defects in Multi-Crystalline Silicon
Authors: Trushin Maxim , Vyvenko O.F. , Seifert Winfried , Klossek André , Zizak Ivo , Kittler Martin
Published: August 2011

The results of investigations of solar grade mc-Si by means of combination of scanning X-ray beam excited optical luminescence microscopy (SXEOL), X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) are presented. It was found, that for relatively clean sample SXEOL and XBIC provide similar information about the recombination activity of defects while for the samples with a high transition metal content there are significant differences in the provided information. The reasons of the revealed XBIC - SXEOL differences are discussed.
Oxygen Precipitation Studied by X-Ray Diffraction Techniques
Authors: Meduna Mojmir , Caha Ondřej , Ruzicka Jiri , Bernatovà Silvie , Svoboda Milan , Buršík Jiří
Published: August 2011

We report on study of oxygen precipitates grown in Czochralski silicon wafers investigated by x-ray diffraction in Bragg reflection geometry and Laue transmission geometry. The analysis of diffraction curves in Laue geometry was done using Takagi equations and statistical dynamical theory of diffraction. These techniques allow us to determine as the radius of defect area as the defect concentrations from measurement in Laue geometry. These results obtained on silicon wafers exposed to two-step and three-step treatments were compared with other experimental techniques including transmission electron microscopy and infrared absorption spectroscopy, while only the largest precipitates are detected by other techniques. The results of all methods are in good agreement.
Modeling of Lifetime Distribution in a Multicrystalline Silicon Ingot
Authors: Boulfrad Yacine , Stokkan Gaute , M'Hamdi Mohammed , Øvrelid Eivind , Arnberg Lars
Published: August 2011

Lifetime distribution of a multicrystalline silicon ingot of 250 mm diameter and 100 mm height, grown by unidirectional solidification has been modeled. The model computes the combined effect of interstitial iron and dislocation distribution on minority carrier lifetime of the ingot based on Shockley Read Hall (SRH) recombination model for iron point defects and Donolato’s model for recombination on dislocations. The iron distribution model was based on the solid state diffusion of iron from the crucible and coating to the ingot during its solidification and cooling, taking into account segregation of iron to the melt and back diffusion after the end of solidification. Dislocation density distribution is determined from experimental data obtained by PVScan analysis from a vertical cross section slice. Calculated lifetime is fitted to the measured one by fitting parameters relating the recombination strength and the local concentration of iron
Chemical composition of rumen microbial fraction and fermentation parameters as affected by tannins and saponins using an in vitro rumen fermentation system
Authors: Castro-Montoya J. M. , Makkar H. P. S. , Becker K.
Published: August 2011

Castro-Montoya, J. M., Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. 2011. Chemical composition of rumen microbial fraction and fermentation parameters as affected by tannins and saponins using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 433–448. Post-rumen chemical composition of the microbial fraction is one of the factors that determines the nutrients absorbed and available for maintenance and production of the animal. The hypothesis was that tannins and saponins alter chemical composition of rumen microbes and fermentation parameters in the rumen. Purified quebracho, mimosa, chestnut and sumach tannins; and quillaja and gypsophilla saponins were incubated with 380 mg of substrate (hay:concentrate 70:30 wt/wt) for 24 h in an in vitro gas production system at concentrations from 0.25 to 1.25 mg mL−1. Saponins increased N and reduced sugar contents of the liquid-associated microbes. The ratio of crude protein to purine bases significantly increased on adding sumach and chestnut tannins and decreased on the addition of quebracho and mimosa tannins. Quebracho, mimosa and chestnut tannins reduced total short-chain fatty acid production. The acetate:propionate ratio decreased for all additives. Results suggest that in vitro (a) depending on the source and the concentration, tannins would have an effect on the nitrogen and sugar contents of the liquid associated microbes, (b) saponins are likely to increase N and reduce sugar contents of rumen liquid associated microbes, and (c) estimation of microbial protein synthesis based on purine bases may lead to under- or over-estimations in the presence of tannins and saponins. In vivo studies are required to validate these results.
Contrasting aerosol trends over South Asia during the last decade based on MODIS observations
Authors: Kaskaoutis D. G. , Kharol S. K. , Sinha P. R. , Singh R. P. , Badarinath K. V. S. , Mehdi W. , Sharma M.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols over south Asia constitute a major environmental and climate issue. Thus, extensive land and cruise campaigns have been conducted over the area focusing on investigating the aerosol properties and climate implications. Except from the ground-based instrumentation, several studies dealt with analyzing the aerosol properties from space, focusing mainly on the spatial distribution of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and possible feedbacks of aerosols on the monsoon system. However, except from some works using ground-based instrumentation or satellite observations over a specific region, there is lack of studies dealing with monitoring of the aerosol trend over south Asia. The present work analyzes the variations and trends in aerosol load over south Asia using Terra-MODIS AOD550 data in the period 2000–2009. Overall, an increasing trend of 10.17 % in AOD is found over whole south Asia, which exhibits large spatio-temporal variation. More specifically, the AOD550 increasing trend is more pronounced in winter, and especially over northern India. The present study shows an evidence of a decreasing AOD550 trend over the densely-populated Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) during the period April–September, which has never been reported before. This decreasing trend is not statistically significant and leads to an AOD change of −0.01 per year in June, when the dust activity is at its maximum. The AOD decrease seems to be attributed to weakness of dust activity in the northwest of India, closely associated with expansion of the vegetated areas and increase in precipitation over the Thar desert. Similarly, GOCART simulations over south Asia show a pronounced decreasing trend in dust AOD in accordance with MODIS. However, much more analysis and longer dataset are required for establishing this evidence.
Surface high-resolution temperature forecast in southern Italy
Authors: Federico S. , Avolio E. , Fusto F. , Niccoli R. , Bellecci C.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Since June 2008, 1-h temperature forecasts for the Calabria region (Southern Italy) are issued at 2.5 km horizontal resolution at CRATI/ISAC-CNR. Forecasts are available online at http://meteo.crati.it/previsioni.html (every 6-h). This paper shows the forecast performance out to three days for one climatological year (from 1 December 2008 to 30 November 2009, 365 run) for minimum, mean and maximum temperature. The forecast is evaluated against gridded analyses at the same horizontal resolution. Gridded analysis is based on Optimal Interpolation (OI) and uses a de-trending technique for computing the background field. Observations from 87 thermometers are used in the analysis system. In this paper cumulative statistics are shown to quantify forecast errors out to three days.
Strategic Sensors and Regional Exponential Observability
Authors: Al-Saphory Raheam A. Mansor
Published: August 2011

The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of regional exponential observability in connection with the strategic sensors. Then, we give characterization of such sensors in order that regional exponential observability can be achieved. The obtained results are applied to two-dimensional systems, and various cases of sensors are considered. We also show that there exists a dynamical system for diffusion system which is not exponentially observable in the usual sense but it may be regionally exponentially observable.
Management of early nasal polyposis using a steroid‐impregnated nasal dressing
Authors: More Yogesh , Willen Seth , Catalano Peter
Published: August 2011

Background:

Oral corticosteroids are the mainstay of medical management of sinonasal polyposis. However, systemic steroid‐related side effects can be significant in both the short‐term and long‐term. Topical targeted steroids in optimal concentrations to the affected mucosa present an attractive alternative. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of steroid impregnated absorbable nasal dressing with oral steroids in the management of early nasal polyposis after endoscopic sinus surgery.

Methods:

A total of 21 symptomatic patients with nasal polyposis presenting with endoscopic findings of early polyposis received triamcinolone‐impregnated (20 mg/mL) nasal dressing (Nasopore; Stryker Canada). A control group of 20 similar patients were treated with a short course of oral steroids. Evaluation was based on Sinonasal Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ‐11) and Perioperative Sinus Endoscopy (POSE) score at baseline, 4‐week, and 8‐week follow‐up intervals.

Results:

At baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks mean SNAQ scores were 18.42, 8.76, and 9.42 in the study group and 19.35, 7.15, and 7.60 in the control group, respectively. Mean POSE scores were 12.14, 5.04, and 6.04 in the study group and 13.52, 5.01, and 5.52 in the control group, respectively. No significant difference was found between the groups at 4 and 8 weeks in either SNAQ (p = 0.129, p = 0.235) or POSE (p = 0.803, p = 0.795) scores.

Conclusion:

Triamcinolone‐impregnated absorbable nasal dressing is comparable to oral steroids in the management of early nasal polyposis after sinus surgery. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
A novel electro‐organic synthesis of aniline‐based copolymers at platinum electrodes
Authors: Saraswat Apoorv , Kant Sharma Laxmi , Srivastava Manish K. , Siddiqui I. R. , Singh R. K. P.
Published: August 2011

A novel, efficient, and ecocompatible electro copolymerization of anilines at platinum electrode using acetonitrile as non‐aqueous solvent and lithiumperchlorate as supporting electrolyte was carried and described here. The progress and mechanistic study of copolymerization was done using cyclic voltammetry. The reaction proceeded smoothly and quantitatively at ambient temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The Five Whys Method: A Tool for Developing Problem Definitions in Collaboration with Children
Authors: Kohfeldt Danielle , Langhout Regina Day
Published: August 2011

Participatory action research with young people (yPAR) involves youth and adults in a collaborative process of research, reflection, analysis and action. An important part of the research cycle is the identification of a problem definition. Yet, there is relatively little research addressing the process of how young people develop a problem definition on which to focus their analysis and intervention and what methods might exist to facilitate this process. This article draws upon a yPAR project with fifth‐grade working‐class young people, primarily young people of colour, to demonstrate how the Five Whys method for reflecting on lived experiences facilitated the development of problem definitions in line with second‐order change. The Five Whys method, when used within a participatory framework, offers both a context and a structure for young people to critically examine social problems they identify and to seek out root causes. The article highlights changes in the participant's formulation of problems in the context of using the Five Whys method, from a primarily individual level of analysis to a more structural level of analysis. It also outlines the subsequent changes in proposed actions to address the identified problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and Antitumor Evaluation of C(6)‐Isobutyl‐ and C(6)‐Isobutenyl‐Substituted Pyrimidines, and Dihydropyrrolo[1,2‐c]pyrimidine‐1,3‐diones
Authors: Krištafor Svjetlana , Kraljević Tatjana Gazivoda , Ametamey Simon M. , Cetina Mario , Ratkaj Ivana , Haček Romana Tandara , Pavelić Sandra Kraljević , Raić‐Malić Silvana
Published: August 2011

A growing body of evidence supports that pyrimidine derivatives, in which the sugar residues have been replaced by acyclic side chains, might be developed as promising anticancer agents that interfere with tumor cell proliferation, survival, and metastatic formation. In this work, we prepared novel pyrimidines bearing i‐Bu (i.e., 3, 4, and 7–9) and isobutenyl (i.e., 5 and 10) side chains at C(6) and examined their in vitro effects on tumor cell lines. The dihydropyrrolo[1,2‐c]pyrimidine‐1,3‐diones 6 and 11 were obtained as products of intramolecular cyclization, which occurred during the removal of Bn in 5 or MeO protecting groups in 10. Fluorination of 3 with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) and then dehydrohalogenation of the resulting fluorinated derivative 4 afforded 6‐isobut‐2′‐enyl pyrimidine derivative 5 with a C(2′)C(3′) bond. For the preparation of 6‐isobut‐1′‐en‐1‐yl pyrimidine 10, a synthetic strategy involving acetylation of the 1,3‐diols was applied. Antitumor evaluation of compounds 3–11 showed that 2,4‐dimethoxypyrimidine containing 6‐[(1,3‐dibenzyloxy)‐2‐hydroxy]methyl side chain, 3, exerted a strong antiproliferative effect on the studied tumor cell lines. Additionally, it was shown that the mechanism of antiproliferative effect of 3 in HeLa cells include early G2/M arrest and apoptosis, as well as a p53‐independent S‐phase arrest upon prolonged treatment.
Construction and Activity of a Synthetic Basement Membrane with Active Laminin Peptides and Polysaccharides
Authors: Yamada Yuji , Hozumi Kentaro , Nomizu Motoyoshi
Published: August 2011

Cell‐adhesive peptides derived from extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are potential candidates for incorporating cell‐binding activities into materials for tissue engineering. We have identified a number of cell adhesive peptides from laminins, which are major components of basement membrane ECM. Our goal is the development of synthetic basement membranes using the peptides on scaffolds. We review peptide–polysaccharide complexes, which were prepared by conjugation of the peptides to chitosan and alginate, and the biological activities of the resulting matrices. The peptide–polysaccharide matrices can also be used as a biomaterial for cell transplantation. These studies suggest that the peptide–polysaccharide complexes have the potential to mimic the multifunctional basement membrane and may be useful for tissue engineering.