bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of functional disability in Huntington's disease: Role of cognitive and motor dysfunction
Authors: Ross Christopher A. , Pantelyat Alex , Kogan Jane , Brandt Jason
Published: September 2014

The clinical syndrome of Huntington's disease (HD) is notable for a triad of motor, cognitive, and emotional features. All HD patients eventually become occupationally disabled; however, the factors that render HD patients unable to maintain employment have not been extensively studied. This review begins by discussing the clinical triad of HD, highlighting the distinction in the motor disorder between involuntary movements, such as chorea, and voluntary movement impairment, with the latter contributing more to functional disability. Cognitive disorder clearly contributes to disability, though the relative contribution compared to motor is difficult to unravel, especially because many of the tests used to asses “cognition” have a strong motor component. The role of emotional changes in disability needs more study. The literature on contributions to functional disability, driving impairment, and nursing home placement is reviewed. Relevant experience is presented from the long‐standing JHU HD observational study on motor versus cognitive onset, as well as on cognitive and motor features at the time when individuals discontinued working. Finally, we briefly review government policies in several countries on disability determination. We interpret the data from our own studies and from the literature to indicate that there is usually a close relationship between cognitive and motor dysfunction, and that it is critical to take both into consideration in determining disability. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Weathering the storm: best practices for nonprofits in crisis
Authors: Kinsky Emily S. , Drumheller Kristina , Gerlich R. Nicholas
Published: September 2014

Nonprofit organizations are as susceptible to crisis as any organization as exemplified by Livestrong's attempts to outlive Lance Armstrong's downfall and Planned Parenthood (PP) overcoming Susan G. Komen for the Cure's (SGK) policy to defund organizations under investigation. The public battles held on social media during crises such as these have forced organizations onto new battlegrounds. Supporters for each of these nonprofits proudly shared their thoughts via tweets (e.g. #IstandwithPP) and status updates, as the organizations raced to control the situation. PP had tweeted SGK's policy change creating a bevy of support while sending SGK into a reversal that is still costing racers. Surveys were distributed following Armstrong's performance‐enhancing drug use confession and SGK's funding policy announcement to determine attitudes toward giving after organizational crisis. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used to assess the strength of attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control on the intent to donate to these organizations. The use of TPB expands nonprofit marketing horizons by helping better understand stakeholder intentions and their causes. On the basis of the findings, best practices for nonprofits handling crisis were identified. In particular, organizations need to know their target audiences, know what will make supporters remain, look at crises as opportunities for renewal, be honest, and apologize when appropriate.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions of a Non‐Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Effluent with PC‐3 Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Gibson Andrew R. , McCarthy Helen O. , Ali Ahalm A. , O'Connell Deborah , Graham William G.
Published: September 2014

The effect of a radio‐frequency driven, microscale non thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet operated in helium with vol. 0.3% molecular oxygen gas admixture, on PC‐3 prostate cancer cells has been investigated. The viability of cells exposed to the plasma was found to decrease with increasing plasma exposure time, with apoptosis through caspase and PARP cleavage being observed. High concentrations of nitrite and nitrate were detected in growth media exposed to the plasma and were found to increase in a time dependent manner post exposure. This indicates a slow release of reactive nitrogen species into the growth media, which is likely to influence cellular response to plasma exposure.
Insights into β2‐adrenergic receptor binding from structures of the N‐terminal lobe of ARRDC3
Authors: Qi Shiqian , O'Hayre Morgan , Gutkind J. Silvio , Hurley James H.
Published: September 2014

ARRDC3 is one of six known human α‐arrestins, and has been implicated in the downregulation of the β2‐adrenergic receptor (β2AR). ARRDC3 consists of a two‐lobed arrestin fold and a C‐terminal tail containing two PPYX motifs. In the current model for receptor downregulation by ARRDC3, the arrestin fold portion is thought to bind the receptor, while the PPXY motifs recruit ubiquitin ligases of the NEDD4 family. Here we report the crystal structures of the N‐terminal lobe of human ARRDC3 in two conformations, at 1.73 and 2.8 Å resolution, respectively. The structures reveal a large electropositive region that is capable of binding phosphate ions of crystallization. Residues within the basic patch were shown to be important for binding to β2AR, similar to the situation with β‐arrestins. This highlights potential parallels in receptor recognition between α‐ and β‐arrestins.
First principles analysis of atomic configurations of group IV elements in Ge crystal for solar cells
Authors: Matsutani Ryo , Sueoka Koji , Kamiyama Eiji
Published: September 2014

We focused on group IV semiconductors, i.e., Ge (Si), containing C, Si (C, Ge), and/or Sn atoms as alternative candidates for poly‐Si crystals to achieve higher engineering efficiency in solar cells in this research. The main target of this study was to obtain basic data on atomic configurations, such as bond strain and stable sites for substituted C, Si, and Sn atoms in Ge and for C, Ge, and Sn atoms in Si crystals through first principles analysis. We found that ((C, Si)/C) atoms with smaller covalent radii than (Ge/Si) formed tensile local strain along zigzag bonds in the <110> direction while (Sn/(Ge, Sn)) atoms with larger covalent radii than (Ge/Si) formed compressive local strain. Another important result was that local strains except for zigzag bonds had opposite signs to strains along zigzag bonds. The main results to summarize stable configurations of substitutional IV elements were: (1) C and Sn (Si) atoms were stable at positions next to one another, while Si and Sn atoms were stable at mostly separated positions in Ge crystals. (2) C (Ge) and Sn atoms were stable at positions next to one another, while C and Ge atoms were stable at mostly separated positions in Si crystals. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An application of reference point‐based NSGA‐II for power system congestion management ensuring system stability
Authors: Bhattacharjee Tulika , Chakraborty Ajoy Kumar
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we formulate the power transmission congestion problem as a multiobjective optimization problem and solve it using the reference point NSGA‐II (R‐NSGA‐II) technique. Restructuring of the electric power industry has led to intensified use of the transmission grid, thereby causing more frequent power transmission congestion. Congestion threatens the power system security and reliability and is therefore a crucial issue in the unbundled power system scenario, which is usually managed by rescheduling the generators and the demand. Stability considerations should also be incorporated within the congestion management (CM) methodology so as to ensure secure stability margins post CM. In this paper, we formulate the CM problem in a pool model as a true multiobjective optimization problem with the three conflicting objectives of minimizing CM cost and maximizing the voltage stability margin and the transient stability margin. The multiobjective CM problem is solved using the R‐NSGA‐II method, which is a modification of the well‐known non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA‐II) optimization algorithm. R‐NSGA‐II makes use of decision maker (DM)‐supplied preference information to guide the search for better solutions corresponding to the DM's preferences. The R‐NSGA‐II‐based CM approach is tested and verified on the IEEE‐39 bus system model, and its performance is compared with those of NSGA‐II and other reported method. The results obtained demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of obtaining Pareto‐optimal solutions as per the user's choice with fewer iterations, and therefore could be effectively used for solving the multiobjective CM problem. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three predictions are better than one: Sentence multi‐emotion analysis from different perspectives
Authors: Wu Yunong , Kita Kenji , Matsumoto Kazuyuki
Published: September 2014

Emotion prediction has been a core task in affective computing, which aims at finding the thorough human mental states by analyzing people's activities. In this paper, we focus on predicting emotions in the public online blogs from different people, by extracting as many reasonable emotions for each blog sentence as possible. Concretely, we consider three different perspectives for analyzing the multiple emotions in a sentence: (i) predict sentence emotions by examining the emotion related topics in a global sense; (ii) predict the sentence emotions from the context‐sensitive word emotions; and (iii) predict sentence emotions by considering the emotional significance in the local bag of words. We build different probabilistic models from each perspective, to separately generate the sentence emotion probabilities. We then integrate these probabilistic models to jointly predict the emotion probabilities. Because the component models are based on different emotional assumptions with distinct features, the integrated predictions should predict emotions from more general perspectives and therefore yield better results. In the experiment, we employ different evaluation criteria to compare the multi‐emotion predictions from the single and integrated models. Compared to the results in the baseline model, our bi‐integrated models achieve 8.69% higher Micro F1 and 7.78% higher Macro F1 scores, on average. Moreover, our tri‐integrated model acquires 10.00% higher Micro F1 and 9.19% higher Macro F1 scores than the baseline results, which proves our assumption, and suggests interesting features in the different emotion perspectives. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electron probe determination of trace elements in olivine
Authors: Korolyuk V. N. , Pokhilenko L. N.
Published: September 2014

Evaluation of the error of computations using analysis results requires knowing the error of determining the analyte. The necessity of limiting the error of computations conditions the value of the permissible error of determining the concentration: it should not exceed a certain predetermined limit. In particular, such a requirement is made for determining a component by the content of which the temperature of rock formation is calculated in a mineral. This study demonstrates derivation of a formula for quantitation limit Clim of an analyte. Relations have been obtained connecting Clim, the detection limit Cmin, and the relative standard deviation V of the element quantitation. The equations connecting metrological characteristics allowed identifying the required analysis conditions and their practicability. The characteristics of the methodology for quantitation of Na2O, Al2O3, CaO, Cr2O3 и MnO in the olivines of depleted peridotites have been identified using microanalyzer JXA‐8100, with the accelerating voltage of 20 kV and the probe current of 400 nA. The count rate per measurement was 10 s in the line and background positions. The number of measurements per quantitation was 25. Under these conditions, Cmin of the aforementioned oxides does not exceed 9 ppmw for 1σ‐criterion. For V = 0.1, Clim is within the range of 45–100 ppmw. The example of an ‘aluminum’ geothermometer serves to demonstrate that electron probe micro analysis may ensure the error required for calculating the temperature by the content of trace elements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of the Sulfido Ferrate Oxide, Cs11[Fe5S8]2[O]
Authors: Schwarz Michael , Röhr Caroline
Published: September 2014

The sulfido ferrate oxide Cs11[Fe5S8]2[O] was synthesized at a maximum temperature of 1170 K from samples containing Fe, Cs2S2 and CsO2 as well as by substituting CsO2 as oxygen source with Fe2O3. In the crystal structure (tetragonal, tI84, SG I4/mmm, a = 1199.34(2), c = 1411.65(2) pm, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0188) two crystallographically different iron ions, which are present in a 1:4 atomic ratio, are tetrahedrally coordinated by S ligands [d(Fe–S) = 228.8–238.3 pm]. The [FeS4] tetrahedra are connected by common edges to form “holey” layers closely related to the dense tetrahedra layers of compounds like “AIFe2S2” (AxFe2–yS2, ThCr2Si2‐type). In both compounds the layers are arranged in the unit cell at heights z of 1/4 and 3/4. Inbetween the alkali counter cations are interspersed. In Cs11[Fe5S8]2[O], one cation site is replaced by oxygen, which is octahedrally coordinated by Cs cations only [d(O–Cs) = 285–303 pm]. The tips of these isolated [OCs6] octahedra point into the holes of two adjacent sulfido ferrate layers. The structure relation between the aristotype “A[Fe2S2]”, the mixed‐valent title compound and “K5[Fe8S10]”, which serves as a model for the FeII ferrates AxFe2–yS2, are discussed applying the crystallographic group‐subgroup formalism. The latter model compound is used in a comparison of the calculated band structures and the discussion of the chemical bonding in a layered FeII sulfido ferrate and the related intermediate valent FeII/III title compound.
Petrographic Characteristics of the Proterozoic Vempalle Carbonates, Cuddapah Basin, India and their Implications
Authors: Mathur Ramavati , Raj B. Udai , Balaram V.
Published: September 2014

The Vempalle Formation of the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin has a well developed sequence of carbonate rocks, which are interbedded with shales, siltstones and chert. The stromatolitic carbonates are conspicuous at many places but the oolitic carbonates are less prominent and are present only in some areas. All the carbonates are pervasively dolomitized. Petrographic examination of these carbonates revealed that they are predominantly made up of fine grained micrite with patchy development of sparite and chert/quartz. The stromatolitic carbonates show distinct banding of alternate carbonate and cherty layers. The latter are rich in organic matter indicating prevalence of profuse biogenic activity. The oolitic carbonates comprise of ooids showing both concentric and radial patterns and made up of carbonate/ chert and cemented by micro/mega quartz or carbonate itself. Diagenetic and post depositional features are reflected in cementation, recrystallization, compaction, stylolite formation and silicification processes. Various stages of cementing material are observed. Secondary vein fillings of carbonate or quartz traverse the carbonate/cherty groundmass. Intraclasts present suggest occasional erosional destruction of associated sediments, short lived transport and local redeposition. Accessory silicate minerals represent terrigenous influx during deposition. Dolomitization of the carbonates was fabric retentive and early diagenetic. The environmental conditions were characterised by low energy, within a shallow water zone, in occasional higher energy events and turbulence. The carbonates appear to have been deposited on a shallow water ramp within a tidal regime.
The Application of Chromatographic Gas Ratio Analysis in Reservoir Fluid Evaluation of “Beta” Field in the Congo Basin
Authors: Mode Ayonma Wilfred , Anyiam Okwudiri Aloysius , Egbujie Brian Chinedu
Published: September 2014

This study illustrates how real time chromatographic analysis of light hydrocarbons can provide effective fluid characterisation as the reservoir is being penetrated. For the analysis, gas chromatographic data of Methane to Pentane (C1-C5) were collected from the reservoir sections of three wells (A, B and C) in the “Beta Field”, onshore Congo basin. These gas values were plotted on the Pixler plot for the individual wells. Also, the values of their wetness, character and balance ratios were evaluated. The results obtained were compared with the fluid type standard values of the gas ratios, to identify the type of fluid in the formation. The fluid types indicated by these results were then compared with the results obtained through the analysis of the resistivity values from the three wells. These results show that both the chromatographic gas ratio analysis and the resistivity results indicate the same fluid type (oil) in the three wells.
Cervid remains from the Middle Siwaliks of Hasnot (Late Miocene), Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Akbar , Akhtar Muhammad , Iliopoulos George
Published: September 2014

The late Miocene-early Pliocene fossil deposits of Hasnot in northern Pakistan have yielded a very rich vertebrate fauna. In this paper we describe the remains of Cervidae from six of these localities. By dental remains, at least four species of cervids are documented. These remains significantly widen the time distribution of the cervids and draw back the first appearance of cervids in the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Siwaliks. The data indicate a diverse set of coexisting ungulates in the area, subsisting within a mosaic of habitats.
Toll‐like receptor 3 transmembrane domain is able to perform various homotypic interactions: An NMR structural study
Authors: Mineev Konstantin S. , Goncharuk Sergey A. , Arseniev Alexander S.
Published: September 2014

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) take part in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The role of the transmembrane domain in TLR signaling is still elusive, while its importance for the TLR activation was clearly demonstrated. In the present study the ability of the TLR3 transmembrane domain to form dimers and trimers in detergent micelles was shown by solution NMR spectroscopy. Spatial structures and free energy magnitudes were determined for the TLR3 transmembrane domain in dimeric and trimeric states, and two possible surfaces that may be used for the helix–helix interaction by the full‐length TLR3 were revealed.
HOMOGENEOUS PBW DEFORMATION FOR ARTIN–SCHELTER REGULAR ALGEBRAS
Authors: SHEN Y. , ZHOU G.-S. , LU D.-M.
Published: September 2014

We introduce a method named homogeneous PBW deformation that preserves the regularity and some other homological properties for multigraded algebras. The method is used to produce Artin–Schelter regular algebras without the hypothesis on grading.
Patterns of dietary intake and serum carotenoid and tocopherol status are associated with biomarkers of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk
Authors: Wood Adrian D. , Strachan Anna A. , Thies Frank , Aucott Lorna S. , Reid David M. , Hardcastle Antonia C. , Mavroeidi Alexandra , Simpson William G. , Duthie Garry G. , Macdonald Helen M.
Published: September 2014

Dietary modification may affect inflammatory processes and protect against chronic disease. In the present study, we examined the relationship between dietary patterns, circulating carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations, and biomarkers of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in a 10-year longitudinal study of Scottish postmenopausal women. Diet was assessed by FFQ during 1997–2000 (n3237, mean age 54·8 (sd2·2) years). Participants (n2130, mean age 66·0 (sd2·2) years) returned during 2007–11 for follow-up. Diet was assessed by FFQ (n1682) and blood was collected for the analysis of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-6, serum amyloid A, E-selectin, lipid profile and dietary biomarkers (carotenoids, tocopherols and retinol). Dietary pattern and dietary biomarker (serum carotenoid) components were generated by principal components analysis. A past ‘prudent’ dietary pattern predicted serum concentrations of hs-CRP and IL-6 (which decreased across the quintiles of the dietary pattern;P= 0·002 andP= 0·001, respectively; ANCOVA). Contemporary dietary patterns were also associated with inflammatory biomarkers. The concentrations of hs-CRP and IL-6 decreased across the quintiles of the ‘prudent’ dietary pattern (P= 0·030 andP= 0·006, respectively). hs-CRP concentration increased across the quintiles of a ‘meat-dominated’ dietary pattern (P= 0·001). Inflammatory biomarker concentrations decreased markedly across the quintiles of carotenoid component score (P< 0·001 for hs-CRP and IL-6, andP= 0·016 for E-selectin; ANCOVA). Prudent dietary pattern and carotenoid component scores were negatively associated with serum hs-CRP concentration (unstandardised β for prudent component: − 0·053, 95 % CI − 0·102, − 0·003; carotenoid component: − 0·183, 95 % CI − 0·233, − 0·134) independent of study covariates. A prudent dietary pattern (which reflects a diet high in the intakes of fish, yogurt, pulses, rice, pasta and wine, in addition to fruit and vegetable consumption) and a serum carotenoid profile characteristic of a fruit and vegetable-rich diet are associated with lower concentrations of intermediary markers that are indicative of CVD risk reduction.
THE LYDIAN LOGOS OF HERODOTUS 1.50–2
Authors: Mills Sophie J. V.
Published: September 2014

Chapters 50–2 of Herodotus' first book have been relatively neglected by scholars, presumably because they appear at first glance simply to list Croesus' sacrificial offerings at Delphi, rather than operating as a narrative imbued with the tragic motifs that scholars have long admired and explored in the Lydian logos as a whole. Only H. W. Parke has paid attention to these chapters, and even he considers them only from the perspective of Herodotus' historical veracity. Caroline Dewald, in an article on the misleading power of objects in Herodotus, does not include 1.50–2 in her discussion, while Gregory Crane notes that Herodotus' list is ‘surprisingly detailed’, but can only explain its specificity in terms of the presumed general appeal of such a list to his contemporaries. This note will suggest, however, that, as well as simply documenting Croesus' spectacular offerings, the narrative of these chapters is also shaped by some fundamental themes that run through the whole Croesus story.
THE POSITION OF ATTIC WOMEN IN DEMOCRATIC ATHENS
Authors: Pritchard David M.
Published: September 2014

The study of the women of classical Athens involves an evidentiary paradox. Women and their pastimes were prominent subjects in this state's literature and in the pictures on its painted pottery, while its comedies and tragedies regularly had articulate and forthright female characters. But none of this gives us access to the ways in which women conceived of their own lives; for they were – as the late John Gould explained so well – ‘the product of men and addressed to men in a male dominated world’. What is more, we lack any works from democratic Athens by female writers to counter this persistently male perspective. Two further biases complicate the study of Attic women. What evidence we have focuses almost without exception on the girls and the wives of Athenian citizens and so provides limited insight into the different circumstances of female slaves and female resident aliens. Typically this evidence also presents the life of wealthy females as the norm for every Attic woman, hampering our ability to reconstruct how exactly the daughters and the wives of poor citizens lived their lives.
Latin Literature
Authors: Langlands Rebecca
Published: September 2014

Anyone who has ever taught or studied theAeneidwill be familiar with student gripes that the protagonist, Aeneas, does not meet their expectations of a hero: stolid, boring, wooden, uninspiring, lacking in emotional range. Likewise, students of Lucan'sCivil Waroften find it hard to get a handle on the figure of Cato, and his hard-line heroics are usually met with a combination of disbelieving horror and ridicule. The important and deceptively simple suggestion of J. Mira Seo's new monograph is that such apparently two-dimensional and unsatisfactory ‘problem characters’ in Latin literature (19) are the result not of the failure of the ancient poets to depict their protagonists successfully, but rather of the different expectations that Romans held about literary characterization. Her book sets out to explore the possibility that Roman writers were not attempting to present characters who are psychologically ‘rounded’ in the way that we moderns expect, with our Cartesian approach and our high regard for radical individuality and subjectivity. Rather, she argues, Roman characterization was based on a distinctively Roman approach to self as ‘aemulatory, referential, and circumscribed by traditional expectations of society’ (15). For Seo, characterization is a literary technique (4) rather than mimetic of real people (5) and, like genre, characters in literature are established through reference to earlier material. Indeed, characterization is a form of allusion, and characters in literature are ‘nodes of intertextuality’ (4) created out of generic expectation and familiar schemata, and the significant and creative modification of these. This technique is often evident in ancient literature (the intertextuality of Virgil's depiction of Dido is well known); however Seo pursues its implications through close readings of five case studies: Virgil's Aeneas, created through the conflicting voices offama, with effeminate Paris as his ghostly doppelganger; Cato as Lucan's lethal exemplum; Seneca's Oedipus, becoming ‘himself’ under the pressure of decorum and the literary tradition; and two of Statius' most stereotypical and over-determined characters, the archetypal ‘doomed beautiful youth’, exquisitely intensified in the figure of Parthenopaus, and the doomed prophet Ampharius. In her series of illuminating and insightful readings, Seo shows how such characters are built up through schematization, through articulation from a variety of perspectives in the texts, and through the evocation and skilful modification of familiar literary motifs. Although I am not sure she has entirely cracked the problem of Roman characterization, her book opens up a stimulating new approach to Roman poetry and characterization, which I hope will inspire others to take up the call for more research in this area.
Philosophy
Authors: Castagnoli Luca
Published: September 2014

The stream of publications on Socrates and his legacy – including, of course, the nature and extent of Plato's ‘Socraticism’ – continues to flow copiously. This review will consider a sample of titles which have appeared in the last four or five years (several of which have also been released in paperback form more recently). They embody a variety of research aims and approaches, and reflect some of the methodological issues involved in the enterprise of Socratic studies.
Energy balance aspect in KALI-30 GW high-voltage pulse power source
Authors: Sharma Archana , Mitra S. , Vishnu Sharma Senthil K. , Singh Sandeep , Tewari S.V. , Mittal K.C.
Published: September 2014

This paper elaborates the effect of unmatched stored energy in high-voltage high-energy pulsed power systems. High-voltage insulation failure of KALI system is analyzed thoroughly for its occurrence. According to the simulations and analysis energy mismatch of MARX generator and Blumlein transmission line is found to be the most significant cause for high-voltage failure of the system. MARX generator and Blumlein of KALI are redesigned to attain better energy balance at same voltage level. Observations, simulation and analytical results are illustrated in the following sections.
A new observer-based adaptive controller for cooperative handling of an unknown object
Authors: Monfaredi Reza , Rezaei S. Mehdi , Talebi Ali
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a new observer-based adaptive controller for handling an object withunknowngeometry, center of mass, and inertia using a cooperative robotic system. The cooperative robotic system comprises three Cartesian robots, where robots and the grasped object form a closed-loop kinematic chain. The unknown object is approximated by three virtual links of unknown lengths rigidly attached to one another at the object's center of mass (COM). Due to the unknown COM and unknown inertia of the object, the lengths and inertia of these virtual links are unknown, resulting in kinematic and dynamic uncertainties in the control system. A parameter estimator is proposed to estimate the object's COM to compensate for kinematic uncertainties of the system. Moreover, a new dynamic adaptation law is developed to cope with dynamic uncertainties of the object. The dynamic equations of the cooperative system are transformed from joint space into task space. These task space dynamics are transformed into object space by passively decomposing the dynamics into two decoupled systems, i.e.lockedandshapedsystems. An adaptive controller is developed for the locked system, and the shaped system is controlled by a composite controller based on a PD controller plus a stabilizing damping term. The stability of the proposed controllers is shown using the passivity concept and Lyapunov theorem. Simulation results show that the closed-loop position error asymptotically converges to zero. It is also shown that kinematic and dynamic adaptation parameters converge to real and bounded values respectively.
The emergence and evolution of infant externalizing behavior
Authors: Lorber Michael F. , Del Vecchio Tamara , Slep Amy M. Smith
Published: September 2014

In the present investigation, we examined the developmental viability of the externalizing behavior construct spanning the period from 8 to 24 months of age. A sample of 274 psychologically aggressive couples was recruited from hospital maternity wards and followed from childbirth through 24 months of age. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaire measures of infant physical aggression, defiance, activity level, and distress to limitations at 8, 15, and 24 months. The developmental viability of externalizing behavior at each age studied was suggested by several results. Physical aggression, defiance, activity level, and distress to limitations reflected the operation of a single underlying externalizing behavior factor. In some cases, these individual facets of externalizing behavior became more strongly associated with one another over time. The externalizing construct exhibited remarkable longitudinal stability, with the stability of physical aggression and defiance increasing with age. The externalizing behavior construct was concurrently and prospectively associated with several factors in its nomological network (e.g., interparental conflict and poor parental bond with the infant). Our findings suggest that externalizing behaviors coalesce into a psychologically meaningful construct by 8 months of infant life. Researchers who seek to chart the emergence of the externalizing behavior construct may now need to look to earlier months.
Clinical and molecular characterisation of Holt–Oram syndrome focusing on cardiac manifestations
Authors: Jhang Won Kyoung , Lee Beom Hee , Kim Gu-Hwan , Lee Jin-Ok , Yoo Han-Wook
Published: September 2014

Background: Holt–Oram syndrome is characterised by CHD and limb anomalies. Mutations in TBX5 gene, encoding the T-box transcription factor, are responsible for the development of Holt–Oram syndrome, but such mutations are variably detected in 30–75% of patients. Methods: Clinically diagnosed eight Holt–Oram syndrome patients from six families were evaluated the clinical characteristics, focusing on the cardiac manifestations, in particular, and molecular aetiologies. In addition to the investigation of the mutation of TBX5, SALL4, NKX2.5, and GATA4 genes, which are known to regulate cardiac development by physically and functionally interacting with TBX5, were also analyzed. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed to detect exonic deletion and duplication mutations in these genes. Results: All included patients showed cardiac septal defects and upper-limb anomalies. Of the eight patients, seven underwent cardiac surgery, and four suffered from conduction abnormalities such as severe sinus bradycardia and complete atrioventricular block. Although our patients showed typical clinical findings of Holt–Oram syndrome, only three distinct TBX5 mutations were detected in three families: one nonsense, one splicing, and one missense mutation. No new mutations were identified by testing SALL4, NKX2.5, and GATA4 genes. Conclusions: All Holt–Oram syndrome patients in this study showed cardiac septal anomalies. Half of them showed TBX5 gene mutations. To understand the genetic causes for inherited CHD such as Holt–Oram syndrome is helpful to take care of the patients and their families. Further efforts with large-scale genomic research are required to identify genes responsible for cardiac manifestations or genotype–phenotype relation in Holt–Oram syndrome.
Carbon flow from volcanic CO2 into soil microbial communities of a wetland mofette
Authors: Beulig Felix , Heuer Verena B , Akob Denise M , Viehweger Bernhard , Elvert Marcus , Herrmann Martina , Hinrichs Kai-Uwe , Küsel Kirsten
Published: September 2014

Effects of extremely high carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations on soil microbial communities and associated processes are largely unknown. We studied a wetland area affected by spots of subcrustal CO2 degassing (mofettes) with focus on anaerobic autotrophic methanogenesis and acetogenesis because the pore gas phase was largely hypoxic. Compared with a reference soil, the mofette was more acidic (ΔpH ∼0.8), strongly enriched in organic carbon (up to 10 times), and exhibited lower prokaryotic diversity. It was dominated by methanogens and subdivision 1 Acidobacteria, which likely thrived under stable hypoxia and acidic pH. Anoxic incubations revealed enhanced formation of acetate and methane (CH4) from hydrogen (H2) and CO2consistent with elevated CH4 and acetate levels in the mofette soil.13CO2 mofette soil incubations showed high label incorporations with ∼512 ng 13C g (dry weight (dw)) soil−1 d−1into the bulk soil and up to 10.7 ng 13C g (dw) soil−1 d−1 into almost all analyzed bacterial lipids. Incorporation of CO2-derived carbon into archaeal lipids was much lower and restricted to the first 10 cm of the soil. DNA-SIP analysis revealed that acidophilic methanogens affiliated with Methanoregulaceae and hitherto unknown acetogens appeared to be involved in the chemolithoautotrophic utilization of 13CO2. Subdivision 1Acidobacteriaceae assimilated 13CO2 likely via anaplerotic reactions because Acidobacteriaceae are not known to harbor enzymatic pathways for autotrophic CO2 assimilation. We conclude that CO2-induced geochemical changes promoted anaerobic and acidophilic organisms and altered carbon turnover in affected soils.
Host adaptive immunity alters gut microbiota
Authors: Zhang Husen , Sparks Joshua B , Karyala Saikumar V , Settlage Robert , Luo Xin M
Published: September 2014

It has long been recognized that the mammalian gut microbiota has a role in the development and activation of the host immune system. Much less is known on how host immunity regulates the gut microbiota. Here we investigated the role of adaptive immunity on the mouse distal gut microbial composition by sequencing 16 S rRNA genes from microbiota of immunodeficient Rag1−/− mice, versus wild-type mice, under the same housing environment. To detect possible interactions among immunological status, age and variability from anatomical sites, we analyzed samples from the cecum, colon, colonic mucus and feces before and after weaning. High-throughput sequencing showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia dominated mouse gut bacterial communities. Rag1− mice had a distinct microbiota that was phylogenetically different from wild-type mice. In particular, the bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila was highly enriched in Rag1−/− mice compared with the wild type. This enrichment was suppressed when Rag1−/− mice received bone marrows from wild-type mice. The microbial community diversity increased with age, albeit the magnitude depended on Rag1 status. In addition, Rag1−/− mice had a higher gain in microbiota richness and evenness with increase in age compared with wild-type mice, possibly due to the lack of pressure from the adaptive immune system. Our results suggest that adaptive immunity has a pervasive role in regulating gut microbiota’s composition and diversity.
Application of online microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method in assessing neuroprotective effect of Rhizoma coptidis on diabetic rats
Authors: Wang Qianqian , Zhang Jing , Pi Zifeng , Zheng Zhong , Xing Junpeng , Song Fengrui , Shu Liu Shu Liu , Liu Zhiqiang
Published: September 2014

An online microdialysis coupled with LC-MS/MS method is applied for rapid, sensitive and directin vivoanalysis.
Selective hydrolysis of oxidized insulin chain B by a Zr(iv)-substituted Wells–Dawson polyoxometalate
Authors: Sap Annelies , Absillis Gregory , Parac-Vogt Tatjana N.
Published: September 2014

The reactivity of a Zr(iv)-substituted Wells–Dawson POM towards the flexible 30-mer polypeptide, oxidized insulin chain B, was examined. Hydrolysis of the polypeptide has been achieved at physiological pH and temperature in a fast (0.45 h−1) and selective manner.
Oxidation of tetrahydrofuran to butyrolactone catalyzed by iron-containing clay
Authors: Ausavasukhi Artit , Sooknoi Tawan
Published: September 2014

Earth-abundant iron-containing clay can be applicable as an oxidation catalyst for butyrolactone production from biomass-derived tetrahydrofuran using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant at mild condition.
Influence of gold–bipyridyl derivants on aggregation and disaggregation of the prion neuropeptide PrP106–126
Authors: Zhao Cong , Wang Xuesong , He Lei , Zhu Dengsen , Wang Baohuai , Du Weihong
Published: September 2014

Gold–bipyridyl derivants affect aggregation and disaggregation of a prion neuropeptide PrP106–126.
201Tl+-labelled Prussian blue nanoparticles as contrast agents for SPECT scintigraphy
Authors: Perrier M. , Busson M. , Massasso G. , Long J. , Boudousq V. , Pouget J.-P. , Peyrottes S. , Perigaud Ch. , Porredon-Guarch C. , de Lapuente J. , Borras M. , Larionova J. , Guari Y.
Published: September 2014

Ultra-small Prussian blue nanoparticles of 2–3 nm can be easily labelled with radioactive201Tl+to obtain new radiotracers for201Tl-based imaging.
Capillary force lithography: the versatility of this facile approach in developing nanoscale applications
Authors: Ho Dominic , Zou Jianli , Zdyrko Bogdan , Iyer K. Swaminathan , Luzinov Igor
Published: September 2014

Capillary force lithography (CFL) is a facile tool to form sub-100 nm large area patterns from a polymer melt, for applications ranging from surfaces for regulating cell growth to gas sensors.
Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) functionalized carbon nano-onions for high resolution cellular imaging
Authors: Bartelmess Juergen , De Luca Elisa , Signorelli Angelo , Baldrighi Michele , Becce Michele , Brescia Rosaria , Nardone Valentina , Parisini Emilio , Echegoyen Luis , Pompa Pier Paolo , Giordani Silvia
Published: September 2014

BODIPY functionalized, non-cytotoxic carbon nano-onions were synthesized, characterized and probed for high resolution cellular imaging of MCF-7 cells.
Tailoring viscoelastic response of carbon nanotubes cellular structure using electric field
Authors: Misra Abha , Kumar Praveen
Published: September 2014

In presence of static or oscillating electric field, viscoelastic recovery leads to larger decrease in stress, especially at low strain.
Highly diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of chiral non-racemic nitrones to 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes: an experimental and computational investigation
Authors: Majer Roberta , Konechnaya Olga , Delso Ignacio , Tejero Tomas , Attanasi Orazio A. , Santeusanio Stefania , Merino Pedro
Published: September 2014

Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes and chiral non-racemic nitrones to give 3-substituted-5-diazenyl isoxazolidines were studied.
Antibacterial epipolythiodioxopiperazine and unprecedented sesquiterpene from Pseudallescheria boydii, a beetle (coleoptera)-associated fungus
Authors: Wu Qi , Jiang Nan , Bo Han Wen , Ning Mei Ya , Ming Ge Hui , Kai Guo Zhi , Seik Weng Ng , Xiang Tan Ren
Published: September 2014

Pseudallescheria boydiiproduces four new epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) boydines A–D and two novel sesquiterpene boydenes A and B.
Towards novel efficient and stable nuclear import signals: synthesis and properties of trimethylguanosine cap analogs modified within the 5′,5′-triphosphate bridge
Authors: Zytek Malgorzata , Kowalska Joanna , Lukaszewicz Maciej , Wojtczak Blazej A. , Zuberek Joanna , Ferenc-Mrozek Aleksandra , Darzynkiewicz Edward , Niedzwiecka Anna , Jemielity Jacek
Published: September 2014

A study of methylenebisphosphonate, imidodiphosphate, phosphorothioate and boranophosphate TMG cap analogs.
Integration of large single-grain Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 into low-temperature polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors for system-on-glass display
Authors: Park Jae Hyo , Byun Chang Woo , Lee Yong Woo , Kim Hyung Yoon , Son Se Wan , Ahn Donghwan , Joo Seung Ki
Published: September 2014

A large single-grain Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) film was integrated into low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin-film transistors fabricated on a glass substrate.
Experimental and molecular dynamics characterization of dense microemulsion systems: morphology, conductivity and SAXS
Authors: Negro E. , Latsuzbaia R. , de Vries A. H. , Koper G. J. M.
Published: September 2014

Microemulsions are exciting systems that are promising as tuneable self-assembling templating reaction vessels at the nanoscale.
Theory of electromagnetic fluctuations for magnetized multi-species plasmas
Authors: Navarro Roberto E. , Araneda Jaime , Muñoz Víctor , Moya Pablo S. , F.-Viñas Adolfo , Valdivia Juan A.
Published: September 2014

Analysis of electromagnetic fluctuations in plasma provides relevant information about the plasma state and its macroscopic properties. In particular, the solar wind persistently sustains a small but detectable level of magnetic fluctuation power even near thermal equilibrium. These fluctuations may be related to spontaneous electromagnetic fluctuations arising from the discreteness of charged particles. Here, we derive general expressions for the plasma fluctuations in a multi-species plasma following arbitrary distribution functions. This formalism, which generalizes and includes previous works on the subject, is then applied to the generation of electromagnetic fluctuations propagating along a background magnetic field in a plasma of two proton populations described by drifting bi-Maxwellians.
A one-dimensional model illustrating virtual-cathode formation in a novel coaxial virtual-cathode oscillator
Authors: Turner Geoffrey R.
Published: September 2014

A one-dimensional electrostatic sheet model of a coaxial geometry Virtual Cathode Oscillator (VCO) is presented. The cathode is centrally located and connects to a peripherally located plate electrode to form a resonant cavity, and is thus considered to be a novel design. Charge is modelled as concentric sheets about the cathode whose absolute position and velocity are determined as a function of time by solving the relativistic equations of motion. The model predicts the formation of a virtual cathode between the grid and plate electrodes for the case of a space-charge limited current. Setting the electron reflexing frequency (as a function of the grid potential) comparable with the cavity resonant frequency is predicted to improve the efficiency of microwave emission.
Two-dimensional acoustic cloaks of arbitrary shape with layered structure based on transformation acoustics
Authors: Li Qi , Vipperman Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2014

Acoustic metamaterials have attracted much attention in recent years. Acoustic cloaks, which make objects invisible to acoustic waves, are the most common use for acoustic metamaterials. In this paper, acoustic cloaks with arbitrary shapes are presented based on transformation acoustics. This method interprets the compression and dilation of space as appropriate properties of materials. The derived properties of the cloak with irregular shapes are highly inhomogeneous and anisotropic, much more complex than the annulus cloaks. The materials for this kind of cloak are impossible to find in nature, and difficult to fabricate with artificial materials. In order to overcome this difficulty, layered structure with isotropic materials is adopted to approximate the required properties of the cloak. Numerical simulations of cloaks of arbitrary shape are performed to validate the design.
Creating a dependency syntactic treebank
Authors: Muhonen Kristiina , Purtonen Tanja
Published: September 2014

We present a user-centered approach for defining the dependency syntactic specification for a treebank. We show that by collecting information on syntactic interpretations from the future users of the treebank, we can model so far dependency-syntactically undefined syntactic structures in a way that corresponds to the users’ intuition. By consulting the users at the grammar definition phase we aim at better usage of the treebank in the future. We focus on two complex syntactic phenomena: elliptical comparative clauses and participial NPs or NPs with a verb-derived noun as their head. We show how the phenomena can be interpreted in several ways and ask for the users’ intuitive way of modeling them. The results aid in constructing the syntactic specification for the treebank.
From revivalist to undertaker
Authors: Ó Giollagáin Conchúr
Published: September 2014

This is the second of a two-part article which examines the implications of the changing relationship between those who exercise political and State power in Ireland and those who adhere to the minority Irish language culture. Building on the analysis in the first article (Ó Giollagáin, 2014) in relation to the evolution of language policy in the Irish State since independence in 1922, this paper offers an analysis of current language policy reform. The analysis here contends that the aim of the current language policy reform process is to give a superficial aura of renewal, while at the same time enshrining the marginalization of the Irish language reducing it to an institution-based identity rather than a sociocultural phenomenon. Rather than intervening proactively against the imminent social collapse of Irish, the Irish State, through the mechanisms of the20 Year Strategy for Irishand the amendedGaeltacht Act 2012, is instead adopting a palliative care approach to the sociocultural demise of Irish. The first paper contended that the Irish State effectively abandoned the language revival in the early 1970s and this paper asserts that the current reform process marks a completion of the abandonment process by which the Irish State is divesting itself of practical responsibility for the remaining Irish-language (Gaelic) autochthony in the Gaeltacht in favor of a visionless and institutionally-circumscribed L2 language culture for Irish. The Irish state is now effectively consigning the living culture of Irish to history, while at the same time attempting to disguise this significant shift in policy by subcontracting its new policy of encouraging L2 language networks to language agencies with inadequate institutional capacities and resources for the task.