bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Genus and Species of Capsidae (Heteroptera) from the Flowers of Cola acuminata in Sierra Leone
Authors: China W. E.
Published: July 2009

Very small, shining black, evenly, but rather sparsely covered with very regular, equally long, pale, short, depressed hairs.

Head very strongly deflexed, including the eyes more than three times as broad as long, seen from above, but actually only a little more than one and a third times as broad as long seen in full face ; seen from the side (fig. 2, a) shorter than height at base ; frons and vertex moderately convexly arched, the vertex between the eyes about twice as wide as the diameter of one of the eyes (which are feebly prominent) ; basal margin of vertex between the eyes distinctly carinate, and slightly overlapping the anterior margin of pronotum ; clypeus flat, not at all prominent, and obscurely delimited from the frons ; rostrum extending to the hind coxae, the basal joint incrassate and reaching the base of the front coxae ; antennae moderately short, inserted close to the front margin of the eyes at about two-thirds of the distance from the base of the eye to its anterior apex, first joint slightly incrassate, cylindrical, extending to the apex of the clypeus, second joint incrassate more or less fusiform, the apex much thicker than the base, about three and a half times as long as the first joint, the third and fourth sub-equal, slightly thinner than, and about twice as long as, the first joint.
The Bionomics of the Lesser Bulb Flies, Eumerus strigatus, Flyn., and Eumerus tuberculatus, Rond., in South–west England
Authors: Hodson W. E. H.
Published: July 2009

The larvae of certain flies belonging to the family Syrphidae have long been recognised as plant pests. Merodon equestris, Fab., was recorded in Great Britain as far back as 1869, having probably been imported in narcissus bulbs from Holland (Verrall). This fly is now universally known as the “ Large Narcissus Fly,” the larvae causing serious losses in nearly every locality where the narcissus is grown commercially. More recently flies of the genus Eumerus have been associated with a type of injury very similar to that caused by the larger fly, and the larvae have been recorded on a variety of host-plants in Europe and America. Chief among these hosts may be included narcissus, onion, hyacinth, parsnip, iris, and potato. The flies are commonly referred to as “ Lesser Bulb Flies ” or alternatively in some parts of North America, where they were first recorded as European introductions in 1904, as “ Lunate Onion Flies.”
Two New Scelionid Parasites of Locusta migratoria, L., from Russia
Authors: Ogloblin A. A.
Published: July 2009

This summer I received for identification from the Entomological Department of the Experimental Station at Poltava one vial with 12 specimens (2 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀) of a new species of Scelio bred from eggs of Locusta migratoria ph. danica, collected by F. Lukjanovich, 12.viii.1925, at Priluky, Poltava province ; and later on Mr. B. P. Uvarov sent me two females of another species from Turkestan. All the representatives of the cosmopolitan genus Scelio, Latr., so far as we know, are egg-parasites of Acrididae. Some species have been bred from L. danica in Australia, but in Europe this is the first species of which the host has been recorded. Dr. J. J. Kieffer, in a posthumous monograph of the Scelionidae (Das Tierreich, Lief. 48, 1926), among other generic characters mentioned the four-jointed maxillary palpi. He further distinguished the Australian genus Neoscelio, Dodd, from Scelio by its having three-jointed maxillary palpi, besides the long metathoracic spine. Unfortunately Kieffer did not mention to which species of the genus Scelio his observation referred. I have dissected a few specimens of three species, S. vulgaris, Kieff., S. uvarovi, sp. n., and S. nikolskyi, sp. n., and can state that in both sexes of all these species the maxillary palpi are only three-jointed. The generic definition of the genus Scelio must therefore be corrected in this sense.
Experiments in the Control of Tsetse-fly. (Report of the Tsetse Investigators in N. Nigeria.)
Authors: Lloyd Ll. , Johnson W. B. , Rawson P. H.
Published: July 2009

(1) This report is an account of the experimental work carried out by the Tsetse Investigators in Northern Nigeria during the period from January 1924 to May 1926. G. morsitans and G. tachinoides are dealt with. In the Introduction the district around Sherifuri, where the camp is situated, is described, the differences between primary and secondary tsetse foci are defined, and an account is given of the method of collecting data as a basis on which to estimate the effects of experiment. Before and during experiment flies were collected week by week from foci subject to experimental change and from others employed as controls, the following factors being noted : the sex proportion in the catch, the rate of catching, the state of nutrition, the proportion of very young flies, the blood content of the guts with classification of the kinds of blood taken, and the trypanosome infection.

(2) An experiment was carried out in which game was excluded from a good secondary focus of tsetse by means of a fence. This set up a state of starvation in morsitans and to some extent in tachinoides. There was a marked reduction in the abundance of both species, especially in morsitans. More blood than usual was taken by morsitans from birds, and both species contained a larger proportion of blood of human type than is usual. Invasion of the enclosed area by tsetse from outside vitiated the experiment and resulted in certain anomalies, viz., that the rate of trypanosome infection remained high ; the blood content was not appreciably decreased ; the proportion of very young flies increased abnormally in morsitans. It is considered that game destruction, if it could be accomplished, would lead to a disappearance of morsitans, but not of tachinoides, and for this reason no policy of game destruction is recommended, but a policy of laissez faire towards the game in Northern Nigeria, so that there may be no increase in the wild Ungulata, which results in increase and spread of fly.

(3) A successful experiment in deferred grass burning is recounted. The late sweeping fire resulted in a great mortality of morsitans and tachinoides, both flies and pupae. It hardly affected the growth of established thicket, but probably checked expansion of such and the formation of new thicket. It is considered that late grass fires, well organised, might have a good effect in Northern Nigeria, but the difficulties in the way of postponement of burning are exceedingly great in this country.

(4) The commencement of an experiment in clearing with subsequent settlement is briefly described. Except on the main road through the experimental area only fringing forest is being cut down, the general woodland being left untouched. If this policy is successful only a relatively small proportion of a fly area will need to be cleared, attention being confined to the main foci.

(5) An account is given of an unsuccessful attempt to introduce into Nigeria Syntomosphyrum glossinae, a Chalcid parasite of G. morsitans in East Africa.
Notes on the Distribution and Habits of Culicidae in Central Abyssinia
Authors: Scott Hugh
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this paper is to place on record my notes on the distribution of the mosquitos obtained by myself during an Expedition to Central Abyssinia made, in company with Mr. J. Omer Cooper, from September 1926 to January 1927. We were engaged in collecting insects of many Orders and some other animals, as well as plants, so that it was not possible to devote more than a limited time to Culicidae. Nevertheless, I purposely gave rather special attention to this family and got together a series of some 103 specimens of the adult insects, belonging to 13 (or possibly 14) species. Examples of each species were pinned immediately, when freshly killed, with fine pure-silver pins, while in a few places where large numbers of one species occurred the surplus specimens were placed in spirit. No detailed investigation of the larval or pupal stages was undertaken ; a few examples of these may later be forthcoming among the collection of aquatic organisms which are Mr. Omer Cooper's special province, but they are not dealt with here.
Notes on the Reaction of the Breeding Places of Anophelines in Macedonia
Authors: Russell Helen
Published: July 2009

The importance of the reaction of mosquito breeding water was established by MacGregor in 1921, and since then observations have been reported from various parts of the world. In the original paper MacGregor showed that, in the laboratory, three species of English mosquitos could survive an alkalinity of pH 9·6 and died in acid water of pH 4·4, while two other species developed in pH 4·4. Later, in Mauritius, he found the local Anophelines in water ranging from pH 9·5 to pH 8·4 and rarely in places giving the reading pH 7·4 ; and maintained that the reaction of any water there was a reliable index of the presence of Anopheline larvae. Senior White, in Ceylon, found the local Anophelines in water with readings from pH 5·8 to pH 8·6 usually, and decided that on the whole the local Culicines had a more restricted range. Buxton, in Palestine, found six species of Anopheles in water varying from pH 9·2 to pH 7·4, and of these only one occurred in water less alkaline than pH 8. He notes that Nablus, where the water supply is unusually acid for Palestine (pH 7 to 7·5), is free from malaria.
Further Observations on Mosquito Breeding in Tree-holes and Crab-holes
Authors: Dunn Lawrence H.
Published: July 2009

The following article includes the results of observations on the number and species of mosquitos breeding in two tree-holes during a period of more than ten months.
A Note on Australian Typhlocybine Leafhoppers, with a Description of a new Species
Authors: Myers J. G.
Published: July 2009

The small and obscure leafhoppers of the subfamily Typhlocybinae are assuming increasing economic importance, firstly by direct damage to the plants on which they live, and secondly as carriers of “ virus ” diseases.
Notes on the Bionomics of Cotton Stainers (Dysdercus) in Nigeria
Authors: Golding F. D.
Published: July 2009

(1) There are two forms of D. superstitiosus, F., in Nigeria, which are designated banded and spotted forms in the present paper. The banded form appears on cotton earlier in the season than the spotted, and it remains on the crop longer. Migration to cotton is gradual in the case of the banded form, while a sudden influx of migrants of the spotted form commences in October. Many spotted adults migrate to Bombax and Sterculia between January and March, whereas the banded form remains on the cotton until it is uprooted at the end of March. The spotted form is far more numerous than the banded on maize and guinea corn.

(2) There is considerable variation in the colouration of adults of the spotted form; at Ibadan about 99 per cent. of the migrants to cotton are yellow or orange in colour, while the adults of the filial generations produced on cotton are almost always red in colour (a few individuals are deep orange-red). These colour variations are thought to be of seasonal origin.

(3) D. superstitiosus is the most prevalent species on cotton at Ibadan, Ilorin, Oyo, Zaria and Kano; melanoderes is of equal or greater importance in the forest zone at Ilugun and occasionally is numerous at Ibadan; fasciatus is of importance in savannah country at Oyo; haemorrhoidalis is rare on cotton. No evidence has been obtained that any one of these species is a varietal form of another species. Both forms of superstitiosus are widely distributed in Nigeria.

(4) Migration to cotton is induced by the flowering of that crop. The maximum weekly migration has occurred between the weeks ending 15th October and 7th November in five localities in the last three years; viz., at the time of, or soon after, the maximum flowering of the cotton crop. There are indications that there is a tendency for stainers to migrate in a southerly direction, probably as a result of the desiccating harmattan wind from the Sahara.

(5) The principal alternative food-plants of stainers in the Ibadan district are: Bombax sp., Sterculia sp., Hibiscus esculentus, H. sabdariffa, Urena lobata, and Abutilon zanzibaricum. At Ilorin, silk-cotton trees (Bombax), H. esculentus, H. lunariifolius and U. lobata are the most important alternative food-plants.

(6) A rhythm exists in the weekly proportions of the sexes during the cotton season; males predominate among the early migrants to cotton and among the first individuals to mature of each generation. This rhythm appears to be the result of shorter period of post-embryonic development in the case of males than in that of females derived from the same batch of ova.
The construction of a life-table for Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) from seasonal age-measurements of a wild population
Authors: Taylor P.
Published: July 2009

Samples of female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. were collected in the Zambesi Valley in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia using an electric net and aged using the overian ageing technique. Similar age-structures were demonstrated in the four seasons studied, and the life-table constructed on the basis of the reproductively active members of the population indicates that females produce more than two female offspring in a lifetime. The tsetse population is considered to be regulated by the survival of the newly emerged teneral flies and non-teneral nullipars. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) is calculated from the life-table as 0·01204 for the reproductively active sector of the population.
Dysdercus sidae, Montr., in Queensland
Authors: Ballard E. , Evans M. Gwen
Published: July 2009

Like other species of its genus in different parts of the cotton-growing areas of the world, Dysdercus sidae is a serious pest of cotton, not as has been stated from staining the lint by its excrement or being crushed in the gins, but from being the agent by which internal boll-rot fungi enter the green cotton boll.
The Incidence of a Fungal Parasite of Scale-insects in New Zealand
Authors: Myers J. G.
Published: July 2009

Aegerita webberi, Fawcett, is a very interesting parasitic fungus which has been recorded as attacking Aleyrodes citri in Florida, Aleyrodes and Aspidiotus in Ceylon, and an undetermined scale in New Zealand, and of which our knowledge has been recently summarised by Petch.* He notes that on the characters of the seal-brown sterile stromata it appeared probable that the forms from the three localities represented three species, but the sporodochia are identical in all, and they must therefore all be referred to A. webberi.
The British Gall Midges of Peas
Authors: Barnes H. F.
Published: July 2009

There are in Britain three species of gall midges the larvae of which may be found in pea-pods: the pea midge (Contarinia pisi, Winn.), which is the most common and is sometimes a pest; Lestodiplosis pisi, Barnes, a predator on the former; and Clinodiplosis pisicola, sp. n., an inquiline. The larvae are readily distinguishable both by their colour and by the structure of their anal extremities (fig. 1).
Some reared Parasitic Hymenoptera from the Sudan
Authors: Gahan A. B.
Published: July 2009

The following descriptions and notes are based upon material received from H. Bennett Johnston, Assistant Government Entomologist, Wad Medani, Sudan, Africa.
A Study of Colaspis hypochlora, Lefèvre
Authors: Salt George
Published: July 2009

In the banana-producing area of north-eastern Colombia and in certain parts of Central America, the skins of the banana fruits are sometimes attacked by insects, which gnaw the epidermal tissues and cause unsightly, blackened scars. In some districts so much fruit is thus affected that the matter has become of considerable economic importance; measures intended to reduce the injury have been initiated and studies of the causal organisms commenced.
A new Species of Nysius (Hem., Lygaeidae) from Australia
Authors: Evans J. W.
Published: July 2009

The Rutherglen bug is a well-known pest of fruit trees, vines and other crops in Australia, and has been recorded from every State in the Commonwealth, even Western Australia not being free from it.

The identity of this insect has been uncertain for some time past, although it has been assumed in economic literature that the species described by Bergroth in 1891 as Nystus vinitor is identical with the Rutherglen bug, since it is the only representative of the genus Nysius to have been described from Australia.

In 1927 Mr. R. Veitch, Chief Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture and Stock, Brisbane, sent a collection of Nysius spp. to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology for determination. They were handed over to Mr. W. E. China, of the British Museum, to whom I am indebted for the very considerable assistance given me in the preparation of this paper.

The collection, which consisted of a number of insects off different plants and from various localities, contained two distinct species, one of which agreed with Bergroth's very inadequate description of N. vinitor (I have not seen the type) ; the other turns out to be a new species, which I propose to name Nysius clevelandensis, since all the locality labels of this insect were marked Cleveland.
Some Coccidae collected by Dr. J. G. Myers in New Zealand
Authors: Green E. Ernest
Published: July 2009

In his recently published work, “A Classification of the Higher Groups and Genera of the Coccid Family Margarodidae” (U.S. Dept.Agr., Tech. Bull. no. 52, July 1928), Mr. H. Morrison has made some sweeping alterationsin the previously accepted status of tribes and genera, some of which may possibly be open to criticism. But his classification is so vastly superior to anything hitherto attempted that—if only for the sake of uniformity—it should be adopted until a still better complete classification has been propounded. So far as it affects the matter dealt with in the following paper the only novelty is the erection of a new subfamily, Coelostomidiinae, with several new tribes and genera, to accommodate the species hitherto included in Coelostomidia, together with several allied genera.
Insects injurious to Sunflower in Ukraine
Authors: Dekhtiarev N. S.
Published: July 2009

The cultivation of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Ukraine is of great importance, especially in the eastern part, which suffers much from drought. In this area the sunflower constitutes the largest single crop, even exceeding maize, owing to its greater capability for withstanding drought.
Notes on the Scarabaeid Beetles attacking Vines in Ukraine
Authors: Dekhtiarev N. S.
Published: July 2009

The most favourable areas for the cultivation of grape-vines in Ukraine are the sands of the lower reaches of the Dnieper in the district of Kherson, the shore of the Black Sea, the Kherson-Odessa districts, and along the Sea of Asov, chiefly in the district of Mariupol. Moreover, as is well known, vines do not suffer from Phylloxera when grown on pure sand. For these reasons, numerous State Departments, and also many private individuals, have spent a great deal of money in utilising this enormous extent of shifting sands for growing grapes.

The unexpected appearance of the larvae of various Scarabaeid beetles, especially Polyphylla fullo, L. (fig. 1), has been a great obstacle to the successful exploitation of these barren spaces. The larvae in the soil generally average about 10–12 to the square metre, and they often completely destroy the newly planted vines in one summer. Many enterprising persons have thus been ruined in their endeavours to form vineyards on the sands. It was stated officially in pre-war times that these pioneers had spent over £2,000,000 sterling without any result.
The Tsetse-fly Parasites belonging to the Genus Thyridanthrax (Diptera.—Family Bombyliidae), with Descriptions of new Species
Authors: Austen E. E.
Published: July 2009

The only Dipterous parasites of tsetse-flies at present known belong to the family Bombyliidae, and to the genus Thyridanthrax, O. Sack., as enlarged by the late Professor Bezzi. Hitherto the species of this genus definitely stated in literature to be parasitic in the larval stage in Glossina pupae consisted solely of Th. (Villa) lloydi, Austen, and Th. (Anthrax) abruptus, Lw. In the following pages the number of species of which specimens have been bred from pupae of tsetse-flies is raised to seven, including three species which are described below for the first time. With one exception (Th. argentifrons, sp. n.), in which the holotype emerged from a pupa of Glossina tachinoides, Westw., while a paratype was bred from a pupa of G. morsitans, Westw., form submorsitans, Newst., these flies are not known to attack any species of Glossina other than G. morsitans. Whether it will ever prove possible to make practical use of parasites for the purpose of tsetse-fly control, is a question for the future. In this connection, however, it is perhaps of interest to note that, whereas six out of the seven species dealt with below occur either in Rhodesia, or in countries to the south-east or north-east of that territory, the seventh species (Th. argentifrons) has been met with in Northern Nigeria.
The Sudan Millet Bug, Agonoscelis versicolor, F.
Authors: Sarel-Whitfield F. G.
Published: July 2009

The Sudan dura (millet) bug, Agonoscelis versicolor, F., a member of the family Pentatomidae, Hemiptera Heteroptera (Rhynchota), is an important pest of millet. Its depredations vary from year to year, depending chiefly upon the rainy season, but every few years it causes serious losses of millet (Sorghum vulġare and Sorghum sp.), which is the main food crop of the Northern Sudan.

This bug is widely distributed in Africa, but so far as the writer is aware, it is only in the Sudan that it occurs as a serious pest of grain, or, indeed, as a serious pest at all. In view of this, and the little work that has been done upon it, it was felt advisable, when a severe outbreak took place in 1927, not only to concentrate upon the control but also to effect as complete a study as possible of the bionomics and essential morphology of the bug.

Upon completion of the work it was found better to publish the results as two separate papers : (1) A Sudan Government Entomological Bulletin, giving an account of the bug as a pest in the Sudan, the control measures carried out, the bionomics and parasites ; and (2) a paper for publication in a scientific journal giving the results of the morphological studies, and their relation and application to the bionomics of the insect. The present paper is the result of the latter study.
On three new Chalcidoid Parasites of Platyedra
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

Among several parasites received by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology from different countries, the following three parasites and hyperparasites of the pink boll-worm, Platyedra gossypiella, Saund., proved to be new and are described here as they may be of interest in the biological control of this cotton pest.
Mosquito Notes.—VIII
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

These species, together with A. brunnipes, Theo., have been referred to the Neocellia group of the subgenus Myzomyia on account of the broad mesonotal scales, and (in the case of the first two species mentioned) of the broadly white-tipped hind tarsi. The three species, however, differ from the other members of the Neocellia group in the possession of a distinct propleural hair, whereas the other African species (A. maculipalpis, Giles, and A. pretoriensis, Theo.) agree with all the Oriental species of the Neocellia group in having no propleural hair. It is therefore probable that the first three species are to be regarded as members of the Myzomyia group in which the ornamentation is unusually well developed. This conclusion, arrived at from an examination of the adults, is confirmed by a study of the larvae ; Christophers informs me that the larvae of A. theileri, which have been examined by himself and Puri, have pleural hairs of the Myzomyia type. It is also suggestive that A. rufipes and A. theileri are both variable in wing-markings and thoracic scaling, and as in the case of A. marshalli, some variations appear to be definitely fixed. Some of these variations are described below as new varieties.
Experiments in Grass Fires againstGlossina morsitansin Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Chorley J. K.
Published: July 2009

1. An account is given of two organised grass fires carried out in the Lomagundi fly-belt of Southern Rhodesia in the years 1927 and 1928, as a method of controllingG. morsitans.

2. The effect of these fires on the flora and game is described, and details given of the immediate effect of these fires on both the adult fly and the puparia. The effect on the adult fly was to concentrate it along the shady watercourses and other parts of the forest where the fires were less fierce and the requisite shade was to be found.

3. On the puparia, no immediate effect was noticeable. The number of dead puparia collected increased during October and November, and this is considered to be attributable to the lethal effects of the sun, not of the fire.

4. The pupal period of the fly decreases from eighty-two days for puparia collected in June, to twenty-one days for puparia collected in November. The period of greatest activity of the fly, as indicated by emerging flies, density and collected puparia, is in September.

5. A short account is given of the trypansome infection and food of the fly. On the average 11 per cent. of the flies are infected with pathological trypansomes in the proportion of tencongolensegroup to sevenvivaxgroup. Only one infection of the gland was found out of 1,523 dissections. There is a tendency for the percentage of infected flies to increase during the late dry season. This rise coincides with the increased visibility of the game. Examination of the fat content failed to indicate any degree of starvation amongst the flies.

The food of the fly consists almost entirely of mammalian blood, only one case of avian blood being found.

6. A final decision has not yet been pronounced upon the efficacy of grass fires as a means of controllingG. morsitansin Southern Rhodesia.
On the Part played by Parasites in the Control of Insects living in protected Situations
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: July 2009

Among the injurious insects with which the entomologist attempting to utilise the methods of biological control has to deal, there are many which live in such a way that a considerable proportion of their population is practically inaccessible to parasites and predators, even during the stages when they are attractive to their enemies. Insects of this type are not infrequently transported in their animal or vegetable food materials into other territories, escape attention during the process of inspection, and develop in their new homes into devastating pests. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly, the Codling Moth, and the European Corn Borer are familiar examples of this class of pest.
A Note on Stibaropus tabulatus, Schiö. (Hem., Pent.), a new Pest of Tobacco in South India
Authors: Krishna Ayyar P. N.
Published: July 2009

Stibaropus tabulatus, Schiödte, a Pentatomid bug of the subfamily Cydninae, is remarkable in having the unusual habit of living underground and attacking the roots of tobacco, and to the best of the writer's knowledge this is the first record of this species as an insect of economic importance; though Lefroy has mentioned the allied S. molginus, Schiödte, in his “Indian Insect Life” (p. 674) as having been observed at the roots of a palm in South India at a considerable depth below the surface. As the insect under report was something of a novelty and was a pest of such a valuable crop like tobacco, the writer made special efforts to study its life-history and habits, and it is the aim of this paper to place on record the results of his observations and studies, though he regrets that they are somewhat fragmentary in character.
A Note on certain Species of the Genus Tirathaba, Walker (Lepid., Pyral.)
Authors: Tams W. H. T.
Published: July 2009

In his classification of the Pyralid subfamily Galleriinae (Novitates Zoologicae, xxiv, 1917), Sir George Hampson, in reviewing the genus Tirathaba, Walker, has created some confusion in dealing with the species Tirathaba rufivena, Walker.
Moth Pests in Cocoa and Confectionery
Authors: Noyes Winefred M.
Published: July 2009

1. The chief pests of cocoa and chocolate are the Pyralid moths, Ephestia elutella (cocoa moth), E. kühniella (Mediterranean flour moth), E. cautella (fig moth), and Plodia interpunctella (Indian meal moth).

2. Beans are infested before arrival at the factory, this infestation commencing on the plantation and increasing during the various stages of transit to the factory. The docks, in particular, may be the most important source of infestation owing to the fact that there fresh consignments may be brought into direct contact with much older consignments already heavily infested.

3. The steps recommended for factory use are:—

(a) General cleanliness in all parts of the factory, avoidance of dead spaces which offer opportunities for breeding and pupation, removal of all waste material, constant sweeping, frequent whitewashing and distempering, etc.

(b) Heat treatment of beans on arrival at the factory and subsequent storage where they will not be liable to re-infestation. The heat treatment to consist of subjection to a temperature of 60° C.–65° C. for a time dependent on quantity of beans.

(c) The use of traps in the factory in order to keep down the numbers of stray moths. Such traps may consist of vinegar and syrup.

(d) The protection of all finished goods by means of fine-mesh materials so far as possible.

4. No insect life survives either roasting or any stage of manufacture in which the chocolate is in a molten condition.

5. Although parasites exist which prey on the larvae of these moths, it is not considered that extermination by means of them would be practicable.

6. Fumigation of warehouses, especially at the docks, is under consideration by the Empire Marketing Board, and any recommendation they may make will probably be applicable to factories. At the present stage, however, it is premature to make suggestions.
A new Species of Erythroneura (Homoptera, Jassoidea) injurious to Cassava in East Africa
Authors: China W. E.
Published: July 2009

Colour:—Head bright yellow shading to orange at apex of clypeus and on labium; eyes grey-black; a broad shining brownish-black percurrent stripe down middle of vertex, extending slightly round anterior margin of head to frons, and much broader anteriorly than posteriorly. Pronotum shining black with a trace of whitish pruinosity giving a bluish sheen; a narrow transverse yellow band along anterior margin behind each eye, extending outwardly to and along lateral margins, a pair of narrow arcuate whitish spots on anterior disc between eyes and almost meeting in middle line, an impressed whitish spot on each side beyond outer end of arcuate spot and fusing externally with the yellow lateral border, and a large obscure yellowish rounded spot in each of the basal lateral angles. Propleura yellow. Scutellum shining black, covered with whitish pruinosity over impressed region of disc, giving a bluish sheen. Meso- and meta-pleura yellow shading to dark brown towards acetabula, the meso- and meta-sterna dark brown. Tegmina semi-hyaline, sometimes powdered with white pruinosity, which gives them a bluish sheen; the suprabrachial area and the first, third and fourth apical areas slightly infumate, the remainder infuscate; the costal plaque dark brown, veins brown. Wings hyaline, somewhat infumate, the veins (except cross-vein between second and third longitudinal veins) brown. Legs pale yellow, the anterior tibiae and tarsi and the intermediate tarsi infuscate. Abdomen entirely black, with very fine white pruinosity giving a bluish sheen.
Mosquito Notes.—IX
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

In his catalogue of the Anophelini (1924) Christophers admitted only one genus the tribe, which he divided into five subgenera: Anopheles (s. str.), Nyssorhynchus, Myzomyia, Bironella and Chagasia. The position of the first three as subgenera Anopheles is now universally accepted, but the arguments in favour of recognising the other two as distinct genera are worth consideration.
Notes on Parasites of the Gall-Midge (Jatrophobia brasiliensis, Rübs.) of Cassava in Trinidad
Authors: Myers I. H.
Published: July 2009

In a field of ground-provisions growing near the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture at St. Augustine, Trinidad, it was noticed, in November 1928, that the leaves of cassava (Manihot utilissima, L.), which formed a large part of the crop, were attacked by a gall-forming insect. Urich (1915, p. 39) has recorded a gall-midge (Lasioptera sp.) as occurring in Trinidad, with one or two Hymenopterous parasites, and Bequaert (1926, p. 205) states that Felt (1921) reports having received Cecidomyia manihot, Felt, from Trinidad (collected by F. W. Urich).
Records of Sarcophagidae with new Species
Authors: Rohdendorf B.
Published: July 2009

Palestine: 10, ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ from Jaffa, Jericho, Jerusalem and Haifa, 1924 (G. F. Hucklesby), 1929 (J. Tapukhi). China: Shantung, 4 ♂♂ from Tsinan and Taishan, 1926 (E. Hindle).
Glossina palpalis and Sleeping Sickness at Ganawuri, Plateau Province, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Taylor A. W.
Published: July 2009

It is only in recent years that the presence and extent of sleeping sickness amongst the pagan tribes on the Bauchi Plateau have been recognised. This is partly owing to the fact that endemic sleeping sickness of a very mild type with a low mortality has prevailed hitherto. The epidemic disease with a high mortality seems to be of recent origin and is probably due to the improved communications and unrestrained movement between different tribes and races throughout the Province, resulting in the introduction of new and virulent strains of Trypanosoma gambiense. The large labour camps at the tin mines are doubtless responsible for a good deal of this movement of population. Tsetse on the Plateau is usually scanty, as suitably heavy shade and an adequate food supply are comparatively rare. Wherever conditions permit, however, Glossina palpalis is present. The following report is based on a visit made by the author during November and December, 1929, to Ganawuri, where the most severe epidemic of sleeping sickness yet recorded on the Plateau was in progress. The objects of the visit were primarily an investigation into the bionomics of G. palpalis in this locality, and the determination of the part played by it in the transmission of the disease.
Some new injurious Phytophaga from Somaliland and Uganda
Authors: Bryant G. E.
Published: July 2009

Blue-black, the basal joints of the antennae, coxae and base of the tibiae tinged with fulvous, the head greenish black, the prothorax and the elytra more metallic blue, finely punctured. Length, 4 mm.
Observations on the Parasites of the Pine-shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, Schiff.
Authors: Thorpe W. H.
Published: July 2009

A preliminary study of the parasites of the Pine-shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, in England was undertaken at the request of the Dominion Entomologist of Canada.

In all twenty-eight species of primary and secondary parasites were obtained. Thirteen of these species were represented in our material by not more than two specimens and are probably of little economic importance. Of the remaining fifteen, two (Habrocytus and Eutelus) are definitely hyperparasites, and at least two of the Pimplines (P. ruficollis and P. brevicornis) are liable to live as hyperparasites under certain conditions.

The dominant or “key” parasites in this complex appear to be the Braconid, Orgilus obscurator, and two Ophionines, Cremastus interruptor and Omorgus mutabilis. These were shipped to Canada and the first two have become established there.

A brief account is given of the salient facts in the biology of each species and the more important diagnostic characters of the adults are described to facilitate accurate identification, often a very difficult matter.

The mature larvae of the commoner species are described in detail, with the particular object of finding satisfactory specific characters.

Of the common species the majority attack the larva. Pimpla examinator is the only true pupal parasite which is at all common, but Omorgus mutabilis and Orgilus obscurator, although they are essentially larval parasites, frequently remain in their host and complete their development after it has pupated. Four other species, though normally living as larval parasites, may occasionally emerge from the pupa. One egg-parasite, Trichogramma evanescens, was recorded.

None of the common species is confined to R. buoliana, and there is no reason to suppose that the other species, about which less is known, are any more specific. Five of the species reared are new to Great Britain and eighteen constitute new records for this host.
The Distribution of Tsetse-flies in the Sudan
Authors: Bedford H. W.
Published: July 2009

In the Sudan, as in other parts of Africa, where tsetse-flies (Glossina) are known to occur, the distribution of the species is always a matter of considerable interest, owing to the fact that some are known to be disseminators of disease and others are suspected as being possible carriers. Of the twenty species so far recorded from the continent of Africa, nine have been experimentally proved to be capable of transmitting trypanosomes pathenogenic to man or his domestic animals. As yet only five species have been found in the Sudan, namely, G. palpalis fuscipes, G. morsitans, G. longipennis, G. fusca and G. fuscipleuris, and of these the first four are known to be carriers of trypanosomiasis.
Repellency of Pyrethrum and Lethane Sprays to Mosquitos
Authors: Ribbands C. R.
Published: July 2009

(1) Spraying of huts with 0·1 per cent. pyrethrum in kerosene, at the rate of 25 c.c. per 1,000 cubic feet, deterred 90 per cent. of A. minimus from entry on the following night. The repellent effect persisted in diminished degree for at least four days.

(2) A rather larger quantity of pyrethrum, sprayed in a Freon aerosol, produced a similar but somewhat less marked effect.

(3) The repellent effects of Lethane 384 in kerosene were much less marked, and not discernible on the second night.

(4) Different species varied greatly in their sensitivity to the repellents.

(5) Two types of repellent effects were indicated. Repellent effects proper were the most important, and males were more sensitive to these than females of the same species. There was also a masking effect, to which anthropophilic females were sensitive, which resulted from obscuring of attractive human scents by the chemical odours.
Studies on Wheat Bulb Fly, (Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall.)
Authors: Gough H. C.
Published: July 2009

Laboratory and field observations have been made on the biology of Wheat Bulb Fly in the years 1943–45. The eggs hatch in late January and early February. Severe frosts delay hatching but do not kill the eggs. In a laboratory experiment a high proportion of eggs buried 18 inches below the soil surface, hatched, and the larvae infested plants. Field observations showed that proportions of the eggs also survive prolonged flooding.

The development and habits of the larvae are recorded. It was confirmed that oats are not a suitable host and though a very small number of these plants were infested the larvae did not survive. Occasionally two larvae infest the same shoot and when this happens one larva dies. The larvae leave the plants in April or early May and pupate in the soil. The pupal stage lasts six to seven weeks.

The adults emerge, males first, in June. Copulation occurs about three weeks after emergence and at this time dense aggregations of flies occur. Usually males predominate in these and in certain circumstances all the flies are males. The flies disperse gradually from the field in which they emerged and the females start laying eggs in suitable areas about a month after emergence. In Yorkshire egg laying occurred in July and early August and lasted about a month. Even within the limited area and time of these observations variations up to three weeks were noted in different places and seasons. Lateness was associated with heavy soils.
Notes on the Bionomics of Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus in East Africa
Authors: Hocking K. S. , MacInnes D. G.
Published: July 2009

Females of both A. gambiae and A. funestus were found to enter buildings throughout the night, but more A. gambiae entered between 1 and 4 a.m. and more A. funestus just before dawn. Males of both species entered only just before dawn.

The rate of development of the ovaries was studied in individual mosquitos isolated in cages in the laboratory. The mean period between egg layings at a mean temperature of 25·5°C. was about 4¾ days in both species.

It was found that females of A. gambiae and A. funestus did not normally spend more than 24 hours in any one hut; but that they rested outside buildings during the day time only when newly emerged and just before and just after egg-laying.

Observations were made on the feeding and oviposition habits. It was found that females of both species would sometimes feed daily, whereas digestion of a full blood-meal occupied 24–72 hours in A. gambiae and 24–96 hours in A. funestus. The average dry season clutch of A. gambiae was 175 eggs and of A. funestus 123; wet season clutches appeared to be smaller.
Studies on the Toxicity Of insecticide Films
Authors: Pradhan S.
Published: July 2009

Experiments are described in which the concentration-time-mortality relationships with certain insects were investigated for the insecticides DDT and γ-BHC, the insecticides being used in film form. Adults of Tribolium castaneum, the larvae of Plutella maculipennis and adults of the Aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, were used as test insects. T. castaneum proved the most suitable insect for experimental laboratory work on films, since it can be kept in continuous contact with them without difficulty.

A description is given of the techniques employed for T. castaneum and also for the other insects which are able to progress on perpendicular glass surfaces. Techniques are described for experiments in which attempts were made to eliminate as far as possible the fumigation effect of γ-BHC and to differentiate it from that of direct contact. The fumigation effect of this compound is considerable and it appears impossible to eliminate it entirely.

With T. castaneum the characteristic curves connecting log. concentration with percentage mortality varies with time of exposure, from horizontal lines showing on the one hand zero toxicity and, on the other, complete mortality at all concentrations. Sigmoid curves are represented between these limits. The average survival period of T. castaneum adults gradually decreases with the strength of poison in the film.

The surface upon which toxic films are deposited was shown in preliminary experiments to have a definite bearing upon their effectiveness. Waxed surfaces showed least toxicity, and amongst a few leaves used Geum gave the highest and water lily, at lower critical concentrations, the least effect. High concentrations on water lily were little different from others in toxic action.
A new Variety of Anopheles aitkeni from Borneo
Authors: McArthur John
Published: July 2009

The following is a description of a mosquito found to occur in the hills surrounding Tambunan Plain, North Borneo, whilst working with the Malaria Research Department, in 1939–42. It appears to represent a new variety of the Anopheles aitkeni type, which it is proposed to name Anopheles aitkeni borneensis.
The persistent Toxicity under standardised field Conditions of Pyrethrum, DDT and “Gammexane” against Pests of stored Food
Authors: O'Farrell A. F. , Jones B. M. , Brett G. A.
Published: July 2009

The persistent toxicity of films of pyrethrum in P31 oil may endure on suitable surfaces under warehouse conditions for much longer periods than hitherto supposed, but unexplained fluctuations in toxicity may occur.

Within the range 0·8 per cent. to 1·3 per cent. total pyrethrins, the pyrethrum content appears to be only a minor factor in determining the persistent toxicity of such films.

The nature of the surface sprayed is of great importance in determining the persistent toxicity of pyrethrum films in P31 oil, which is negligible on concrete and increases steadily through the following list of surfaces—brick, heavy hessian, light hessian, jute, cotton, and wood; the last-mentioned two being particularly good substrates.

Residual deposits of DDT or “ Gammexane ” derived from kerosene sprays are of little use on concrete, but appear otherwise little affected by the nature of the surface treated; they give a uniform degree of persistent toxicity on the various surfaces listed.
Notes on East African Bush Locusts with special Reference to Phymateus aegrotus (Gerstaecker 1869) (Orth., Acrid., Pyrgomorphinae)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: July 2009

The term “Bush Locust” is defined.

The synonymy and known distribution of Phymateus aegrotus are given and previously published records of its occurrence are reviewed.

The occurrence of hopper-bands, and of adults, in East Africa for the years 1938–47, inclusive, is outlined.

P. aegrotus and other species of the genus are normally unimportant economically as adults, but the hoppers form bands after the manner of, though on a much smaller scale than, true locusts. Outbreaks of these hopper-bands appear to be sporadic but they are sometimes destructive to crops.

P. aegrotus has usually been of only local importance as an agricultural pest but areas in which the crops have been damaged are noted. Among wild host-plants there appears to be a preference for Euphorbiaceae although the hoppers are more or less polyphagous.

Other East African species which form hopper-bands and which are known to attack crops are mentioned.

The life-history of P. aegrotus is described so far as it is known, and observations made by Dr. H. B. N. Hynes on the closely related species, P. pulcherrimus, in Ethiopia are also recorded.

Reflex actions in Phymateus species, including such phenomena as autohaemorrhage and colour display by the adults when alarmed, are noted and the literature on the subject is reviewed.

Observations are made on hopper behaviour and band-size of P. aegrotus. The latter is usually only a square yard or two in extent but bands up to 25 square yards in area have been observed by the author and there are reports of even larger ones. These bands are very dense both when marching and when stationary (60–80 finalinstar hoppers per square foot). Notes on areas of infestation are also given.

In most cases it is sufficient to beat out the bands with branches. Poison bait and dusting with 7 per cent, di-nitro-ortho-cresol are also successful.

Detailed descriptions of the coloration of final-instar hoppers of P. aegrotus and the other East African Phymateus species discussed are given. Keys for the identification of these hoppers and of the adults of the four species, P. aegrotus (Gerst.), P. pulcherrimus I. Bol., P. viridipes Stål and P. purpurascens Karsch (for all of which standardised English names are proposed), are also included.
Studies on the Action of DDT on Anopheline Mosquitos and House-flies
Authors: Johnston A. N.
Published: July 2009

Experimental results indicated that the mortality rate of Anophelines depends on the time of exposure. No evidence of differential reaction between the various stages of larvae was found.

Definite and positive evidence of the action of DDT on mosquito pupae was obtained.

Laboratory trials indicated that mortality of adult Anophelines following contact with DDT is relatively slow, and the period of exposure required for a lethal dose is approximately 15 minutes.

Adult flies required a much shorter period of exposure, viz., 30 secs., and the rate of mortality was higher.

Evidence of the mechanical transference of DDT by flies is also presented.