bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of the Genus Passiflora L. Diversity in Colombia and Its Potential as an Indicator for Biodiversity Management in the Coffee Growing Zone
Authors: Ocampo John , Coppens D’Eeckenbrugge Geo , Jarvis Andy
Published: November 2010

Analysis was made of 3,923 records of 162 wild Passiflora specimens to assess the distribution of their diversity in Colombia, identify collection gaps, and explore their potential as indicator species. Despite variable collecting density among and within biogeographic regions, the Andean region clearly presents a higher species richness, particularly in the central coffee growing zone and the departments of Antioquia, Cundinamarca and Valle del Cauca. The elevational distribution of diversity shows a small peak below 500 m, and two higher ones between 1,000–2,000 and 2,500–3,000 m. This pattern corresponds to divergent adaptive trends among infrageneric divisions. The analysis on 19 climatic variables showed that the two principal variance components, explaining 77 percent of the total, are respectively associated with temperature and precipitation, without influence of seasonality. Distribution parameters allow recognizing more than 36 narrow endemics. Prediction of species distribution showed nine areas with very high richness (predicted sympatry of 41 to 54 species) in the Andean region, three of which correspond to collection gaps. Endemics were not particularly frequent there, so a prioritization of protected areas based on species richness would not favor their conservation. The sites with high Passiflora diversity are poorly represented in the current system of protected areas. Instead, their striking correspondence with ecotopes of the coffee growing zone imposes a conservation strategy integrating agricultural and environmental management at the landscape level. Reciprocally, several traits of Passiflora species make them particularly suited as indicators for any effort of conservation or restoration in this region of importance for the country.
Scale Effects on Quasi-Steady Solid Rocket Internal Ballistic Behaviour
Authors: Greatrix David R.
Published: November 2010

The ability to predict with some accuracy a given solid rocket motor’s performance before undertaking one or several costly experimental test firings is important. On the numerical prediction side, as various component models evolve, their incorporation into an overall internal ballistics simulation program allows for new motor firing simulations to take place, which in turn allows for updated comparisons to experimental firing data. In the present investigation, utilizing an updated simulation program, the focus is on quasi-steady performance analysis and scale effects (influence of motor size). The predicted effects of negative/positive erosive burning and propellant/casing deflection, as tied to motor size, on a reference cylindrical-grain motor’s internal ballistics, are included in this evaluation. Propellant deflection has only a minor influence on the reference motor’s internal ballistics, regardless of motor size. Erosive burning, on the other hand, is distinctly affected by motor scale.
Influence of Climate on the Growth of Hybrid Poplar in Michigan
Authors: Chhin Sophan
Published: November 2010

This study examined the influence of climate on cumulative and interannual growth patterns of 18 full-sib families of hybrid poplars (Populus × smithii Boivin) derived from different geographical locations (state counties) of natural stands of aspen parents (trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata Michx.)). The hybrids were subsequently planted in 1982 in southern mid-Michigan at Michigan State University (MSU) Sandhill Research Area. Cumulative measures of hybrid poplar productivity (diameter, height, basal area, and stem volume) in 2009 (28 years since plantation establishment) were related via correlation analysis to geographical distances and climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) between parental county locations and between parental locations and the plantation site. Tree-ring analysis methods (dendrochronology) were also used to quantify the influence of climate (i.e., mean temperature and total precipitation at monthly and 3-month seasonal scales) on interannual basal area growth rates of hybrid poplars. Analyses of cumulative measures of growth indicated a maternal effect: full-sib families had higher productivity if they had a maternal parent originating from a state county that was close to or had higher temperature (annual and summer) and summer precipitation than corresponding parameters of the planting site. Principal component analysis indicated that 17 of the 18 full-sib families shared a large amount of common growth variation. Dendrochronological analyses of interannual growth-climate relationships indicated that growth was mainly affected by the degree of late summer to fall moisture stress in both the current and previous growth season, and the degree of winter harshness.
Photodegradation of Selected PCBs in the Presence of Nano-TiO2 as Catalyst and H2O2 as an Oxidant
Authors: Dasary Samuel S. R. , Saloni Julia , Fletcher Amanda , Anjaneyulu Yerramilli , Yu Hongtao
Published: November 2010

Photodegradation of five strategically selected PCBs was carried out in acetonitrile/water 80:20. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that PCBs without any chlorine on ortho-positions are closer to be planar, while PCBs with at least one chlorine atoms at the ortho-positions causes the two benzene rings to be nearly perpendicular. Light-induced degradation of planar PCBs is much slower than the perpendicular ones. The use of nano-TiO2 speeds up the degradation of the planar PCBs, but slows down the degradation of the non-planar ones. The use of H2O2 speeds up the degradation of planar PCBs greatly (by >20 times), but has little effect on non-planar ones except 2,3,5,6-TCB. The relative photodegradation rate is: 2,2’,4,4’-TCB > 2,3,5,6-TCB > 2,6-DCB ≈ 3,3’,4,4’-TCB > 3,4’,5-TCB. The use of H2O2 in combination with sunlight irradiation could be an efficient and “green” technology for PCB remediation.
Synthesis of Phenolics and Flavonoids in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Their Effects on Photosynthesis Rate
Authors: Ghasemzadeh Ali , Jaafar Hawa Z. E. , Rahmat Asmah
Published: November 2010

The relationship between phenolics and flavonoids synthesis/accumulation and photosynthesis rate was investigated for two Malaysian ginger (Zingiber officinale) varieties grown under four levels of glasshouse light intensity, namely 310, 460, 630 and 790 μmol m−2s−1. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to identify and quantify the polyphenolic components. The results of HPLC analysis indicated that synthesis and partitioning of quercetin, rutin, catechin, epicatechin and naringenin were high in plants grown under 310 µmol m−2s−1. The average value of flavonoids synthesis in leaves for both varieties increased (Halia Bentong 26.1%; Halia Bara 19.5%) when light intensity decreased. Photosynthetic rate and plant biomass increased in both varieties with increasing light intensity. More specifically, a high photosynthesis rate (12.25 µmol CO2 m−2s−1 in Halia Bara) and plant biomass (79.47 g in Halia Bentong) were observed at 790 µmol m−2s−1. Furthermore, plants with the lowest rate of photosynthesis had highest flavonoids content. Previous studies have shown that quercetin inhibits and salicylic acid induces the electron transport rate in photosynthesis photosystems. In the current study, quercetin was an abundant flavonoid in both ginger varieties. Moreover, higher concentration of quercetin (1.12 mg/g dry weight) was found in Halia Bara leaves grown under 310 µmol m−2s−1 with a low photosynthesis rate. Furthermore, a high content of salicylic acid (0.673 mg/g dry weight) was detected in Halia Bara leaves exposed under 790 µmol m−2s−1 with a high photosynthesis rate. No salicylic acid was detected in gingers grown under 310 µmol m−2s−1. Ginger is a semi-shade loving plant that does not require high light intensity for photosynthesis. Different photosynthesis rates at different light intensities may be related to the absence or presence of some flavonoid and phenolic compounds.
Effect of Oxidative Damage Due to Excessive Protein Ingestion on Pancreas Function in Mice
Authors: Gu Chunmei , Xu Huiyong
Published: November 2010

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of oxidative damage due to excessive protein diet on pancreas function in mice. For this purpose, thirty male (C57BL/6J) mice were randomly divided into three groups and fed on different diets as follows: group 1 was fed on a normal diet, group 2 was fed on an excessive protein diet and group 3 was fed on an excessive protein diet supplemented with 0.06 g/kg cysteamine. Each group was fed for 2 weeks, and then pancreas samples were collected to examine oxidative and antioxidant parameters and pancreas function. The results showed that ingestion of an excessive protein diet markedly increased contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased T-AOC and activities of antioxidants SOD and GSH-Px, compared with a normal diet (P < 0.05). Pancreas weight and concentration of protein, DNA and RNA were significantly higher (P < 0.05), digestive enzyme activities were significantly lower and levels of somatostatin and insulin were higher in mice fed with an excessive protein diet than those fed with a normal protein diet. In the group fed with excessive protein diet supplemented with cysteamine, oxidative stress was mitigated and pancreas function was improved. These data demonstrate that excessive protein ingestion could increase oxidative damage of free radicals on pancreas function through destroying the balance of oxidants and antioxidants.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of 4‑Substituted 1,4-Dihydropyridines with the Use of Bifunctional Thiourea-Ammonium Salts Bearing Different Counterions
Authors: Yoshida Kohzo , Inokuma Tsubasa , Takasu Kiyosei , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: November 2010

Organoammonium salts composed of a Brønsted acid and an anilinothiourea promoted the Michael addition of β-keto esters and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in the presence of primary amines to give functionalized 1,4-dihydropyridines enantioselectively. With the use of the different Brønsted acids such as DFA and HBF4 with the same bifunctional thiourea, both enantiomers of 4-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine were synthesized from the same starting materials.
Median Lethal Dose, Antimalarial Activity, Phytochemical Screening and Radical Scavenging of Methanolic Languas galanga Rhizome Extract
Authors: Al-Adhroey Abdulelah H. , Nor Zurainee M. , Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M. , Mahmud Rohela
Published: November 2010

The methanolic extract of Languas galanga rhizomes was investigated for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei (NK65) infections in mice. The median lethal dose was determined to ascertain the safety of the extract in ICR mice of both sexes. The antimalarial activities during early and established infections, as well as the prophylactic activity were evaluated. Phytochemical screening and radical scavenging activity of the extract were also investigated to elucidate the possible mechanism of the antimalarial properties. The acute oral toxicity (LD50) of Languas galanga extract in mice was established to be 4,998 mg/kg. The extract of Languas galanga rhizomes demonstrated significant antiplasmodial activity in all the three models of the antimalarial evaluations. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of some vital antiplasmodial constituents such as terpenoids and flavonoids. The extract also exhibited a moderate capacity to scavenge the free radicals. The rhizome extract of Languas galanga thus possesses antimalarial activity, which explains the rational usage of this plant in traditional Malaysian medicine.
Tri-n-Butylborane/WaterComplex-Mediated Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with Proteinaceous Materials and Proteins: A Review
Authors: Fujisawa Seiichiro , Kadoma Yoshinori
Published: November 2010

Previous studies of tri-n-butylborane–initiated graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylates with hydrated proteinous materials and proteins have focused on the number of grafted-poly (MMA) branches as well as the percent graft and graft efficiency. The number of branches in silk fibroin is 1.3, whereas the number in collagen, gelatin, ovalbumin and wool are 0.1, 0.04, 0.02 and 0.03, respectively. The number of grafted-PMMA branches in synthetic poly-L-peptides is approximately 10-fold less than that in gelatin, and decline, in the order poly-Ala > poly-Ser > poly-Pro > poly-Glu > poly-Lys. By contrast, poly-Gly, poly-Tyr and poly-Leu have no branches. The co-catalytic effect (the ratio of the number of polymer formed relative to that of control) of amino acids on tri-n-butylborane-initiated polymerization of MMA in the presence of water has been linearly correlated with their ionization potential (IPkoopman); |Äå HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital)| (r2 = 0.6, outliers: Cys and His); Äå HOMO = [åHOMOaqua − åHOMOvacuum] calculated using the semiempirical AM1 method. Also, a significant exponential relationship between the number of branches of poly-L-polypeptides and the Äå HOMO of the corresponding amino acids has been observed (r2 = 0.9). A possible grafting site of protein (polypeptide) is discussed.
Plastic Optical Fiber Displacement Sensor Based on Dual Cycling Bending
Authors: Kuang Jao-Hwa , Chen Pao-Chuan , Chen Yung-Chuan
Published: November 2010

In this study, a high sensitivity and easy fabricated plastic optical fiber (POF) displacement sensor is proposed. A POF specimen subjected to dual cyclic bending is used to improve the sensitivity of the POF displacement sensor. The effects of interval between rollers, relative displacement and number of rollers on the sensitivity of the displacement sensor are analyzed both experimentally and numerically. A good agreement between the experimental measurements and numerical calculations is obtained. The results show that the interval between rollers affects sensitivity most significantly than the other design parameters. Based on the experimental data, a linear equation is derived to estimate the relationship between the power loss and the relative displacement. The difference between the estimated results and the experimental results is found to be less than 8%. The results also show that the proposed POF displacement sensor based on dual cyclic bending can be used to detect displacement accurately.
A Polymer-Based Capacitive Sensing Array for Normal and Shear Force Measurement
Authors: Cheng Ming-Yuan , Lin Chun-Liang , Lai Yu-Tse , Yang Yao-Joe
Published: November 2010

In this work, we present the development of a polymer-based capacitive sensing array. The proposed device is capable of measuring normal and shear forces, and can be easily realized by using micromachining techniques and flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) technologies. The sensing array consists of a polydimethlysiloxane (PDMS) structure and a FPCB. Each shear sensing element comprises four capacitive sensing cells arranged in a 2 × 2 array, and each capacitive sensing cell has two sensing electrodes and a common floating electrode. The sensing electrodes as well as the metal interconnect for signal scanning are implemented on the FPCB, while the floating electrodes are patterned on the PDMS structure. This design can effectively reduce the complexity of the capacitive structures, and thus makes the device highly manufacturable. The characteristics of the devices with different dimensions were measured and discussed. A scanning circuit was also designed and implemented. The measured maximum sensitivity is 1.67%/mN. The minimum resolvable force is 26 mN measured by the scanning circuit. The capacitance distributions induced by normal and shear forces were also successfully captured by the sensing array.
Consumer Satisfaction and Event Quality Perception: A Case of us Open Taekwondo Championship
Authors: Ko Yong Jaea , Kim Min Kil , Kim Yu Kyoum , Lee Jeoung-Hak , Cattani Kevin
Published: November 2010

Sporting events not only attract sport participants, spectators, and tourists to the host city, but also increase media attention and create positive impact on a community. Currently, numerous martial arts events (MA) are held in the US. However, scholarly efforts have not been made
to understand the spectator profile in MA events. The purpose of this study was to examine the demographic characteristics of US Open Taekwondo event spectators and their perceived event quality and satisfaction by focusing on gender and age segments. The results showed that event quality
perceptions vary depending on gender and age groups. Given these results, implications for future study and practice for event managers are discussed.
Food Safety at Fairs and Festivals: Vendor Knowledge and Violations at a Regional Festival
Authors: Lee Ji-Eun , Almanza Barbara A. , Nelson Douglas C.
Published: November 2010

This 2-year study examined the food safety knowledge of food vendors at one of Indiana's largest festivals, and compared it with health inspection violations at this event. Ninety-four percent of nonprofit food vendors in 2006 and 100% of nonprofit food vendors in 2008 participated.
Descriptive statistics, correlation matrices, and general linear models (GLM) were employed. Results for average knowledge scores were that respondents were able to correctly answer 6.16 out of 10 questions (62%) in 2006 and 10.2 out of 14 (73%) in 2008. Results from the correlations and the
GLM showed that vendors serving temperature control for safety (TCS) food had significantly higher knowledge scores in 2006. Vendors' ages (p < 0.05) and attendance at the educational workshop (p < 0.1) impacted the vendors' knowledge scores significantly in 2008. Food
safety knowledge and inspection violations were not found to be correlated. Several implications are suggested for training programs to improve vendors' food safety knowledge, and practices.
Examining Corporate Sponsorsip of Charitable Events in the Greater Charleston Area
Authors: Nadav Sharon , Smith Wayne W. , Canberg Andrea
Published: November 2010

Despite an increasing trend of businesses using event sponsorship as a marketing strategy and tool to enhance corporate image, limited research is available to understand the basis for businesses' decision making regarding event sponsorship and the subsequent evaluation of the value
of that sponsorship. The purpose of this study is to develop an event sponsorship decision-making model based on how companies in the greater Charleston, South Carolina area choose and evaluate sponsorship of local charitable events. The findings in this study suggest that six primary factors
influence event sponsorship decision making: business policy, type of organization, event type, marketing strategy, projected outputs, and perceived value. The emphasis on each of these factors in the decision-making process was also influenced by the business's orientation toward pure marketing
or pure philanthropy. A strategy for approaching businesses regarding event sponsorship for charitable events is suggested based on the findings in this study.
Exploring the Connection Between Anthropology and Tourism: Patrimony and Heritage Tourism in Perspective
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano E.
Published: November 2010

The onset of anthropology was accompanied with involuntarily or not of the colonialism that characterized the 19th century. This does not mean that anthropology was functional to colonialism but certainly paved the way for its upsurge. Based on the concerns of the first ethnologists,
who warned about the disappearance of cultures of colonized aborigine tribes, the present article emphasizes two provocative theses. One refers to the cynical European paternalism that, on one hand, nourishes a discourse associated with the needs of protection while at the same time expanding
the political hegemony from center to periphery. Secondly, it is hypothesized that these earlier mentioned concerns have endured in the threshold of time to the present day. With this background in mind, one can argue that capitalism overrides the needs of protection and upends their meanings.
At least the concepts of Patrimony, Protection, and Heritage should be revisited. Certainly early capitalism emerged in our world associated to two previous forces: novelty and conversation. This means that on the one hand capitalism operates in the novelty of goods and products to establish
new channels of consumption, but on the other hand services should be placed in several compartments foster transactional exchanges.
Activation of the Interferon Pathway in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome
Authors: KIMOTO OSAMU , SAWADA JIN , SHIMOYAMA KUMIKO , SUZUKI DAISUKE , NAKAMURA SATOKI , HAYASHI HIDEHARU , OGAWA NORIYOSHI
Published: November 2010

Objective.

DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to identify key target genes in peripheral blood from patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS).

Methods.

DNA microarray analysis was performed in 19 patients with SS (all women) and 10 healthy controls (5 men and 5 women) using a low-density DNA microarray system with 778 genes. For confirmation, the expression of upregulated genes was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR in another 37 SS patients (35 women and 2 men) and 9 healthy controls (8 women and 1 man). Relationships between gene signatures and various clinical measures, such as disease duration, symptoms and signs, complications, immunological findings, and salivary and lacrimal functions, were analyzed.

Results.

Interferon-α (IFN-α)-inducible protein 27 (IFI27) showed the most significant difference between SS patients and controls in the microarray screening. We performed quantitative RT-PCR for IFI27. IFI27 gene expression level was increased in patients with SS compared with controls (p < 0.01) by real-time PCR, supporting our observations from the microarray data. The level of IFI27 was significantly correlated with serum IgG levels (r = 0.462, p < 0.01) and ß2-microglobulin (r = 0.385, p < 0.05), soluble interleukin 2 receptor (r = 0.473, p < 0.01), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.333, p < 0.05), and antinuclear antibody titer (speckled pattern; r = 0.445, p < 0.01).

Conclusion.

Our results suggest that upregulation of IFN-inducible genes in SS patients is a systemic phenomenon, and IFN may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SS. The expression level of IFI27 could be an effective and specific biomarker associated with SS.
Improvement of Thyroid Function in Hypothyroid Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis After 6 Months of Adalimumab Treatment: A Pilot Study
Authors: RATERMAN HENNIE G. , JAMNITSKI ANNA , LEMS WILLEM F. , VOSKUYL ALEXANDRE E. , DIJKMANS BEN A.C. , BOS WOUTER H. , SIMSEK SUAT , LIPS PAUL , van de STADT ROB J. , de KONING MARGRET H.M.T. , NURMOHAMED MICHAEL T.
Published: November 2010

Objective.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by high levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF appears to have an etiologic role in thyroid dysfunction, and thyroid dysfunction is a common comorbidity in RA. Anti-TNF treatment might limit thyroid dysfunction. Thus, changes in thyroid hormones were studied during TNF-blocking therapy in patients with RA.

Methods.

At baseline and after 6 months’ treatment with adalimumab, thyroid function [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), and antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPOabs)] were assessed in 138 consecutive adalimumab-treated patients with RA who were naive for TNF-blocking agents. Patients were categorized as hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, or euthyroid. In these groups, changes in thyroid function were determined.

Results.

Prevalences of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and TPOabs were 13%, 5%, and 15%, respectively. After 6 months, TPOabs decreased from 267 to 201 IU/ml (p = 0.048). In hypothyroid patients without concomitant L-thyroxine, a trend for declining levels of TSH was observed. Subgroup analysis revealed that in patients who were hypothyroid and TPOabs-positive and L-thyroxine-naive, TSH levels decreased significantly, from 12.5 (interquartile range 6.7–18.4) to 7.1 (interquartile range 4.9–13.8) mU/l (p = 0.043).

Conclusion.

Anti-TNF treatment improves thyroid function in hypothyroid patients with RA (especially in those who are L-thyroxine-naive and TPOabs-positive), providing further evidence that inflammatory cytokines such as TNF have a pathogenic role in thyroid dysfunction.
Les inégalités mondiales : une réalité plurielle
Authors: Boutaud Aurélien
Published: November 2010

Résumé Qu’entend-on par inégalités mondiales ? Les indicateurs traditionnels – PIB, indice de Gini – sont-ils pertinents pour mesurer ces dernières ? Aurélien Boutaud présente un état des lieux de ces inégalités, en montrant qu’on ne saurait les appréhender sans insuffler une dimension écologique et politique au regard que l’on peut porter sur elles. C’est en effet sous l’angle des inégalités écologiques que se donne à lire la persistance du rapport colonial que le Nord entretient avec le Sud.
Revenu d'existence et promotion de la sociodiversité
Authors: Arnsperger Christian
Published: November 2010

Résumé Christian Arnsperger propose ici une variante originale du revenu d’existence. Il voit en effet dans ce dernier le revenu que les sociétés démocratiques confrontées à la crise du capitalisme devraient offrir aux expérimentateurs sociaux, aux inventeurs de vies nouvelles ayant pour objectif d’explorer de nouveaux modes de vie compatibles avec les contraintes écologiques actuelles et la raréfaction des ressources.
Primera cita del Entoprocto Pedicellina hispida Ryland, 1965 en el mar Mediterráneo (costa tunecina)
Authors: Ben Ismail D. , Ben Hassine O. K. , Mascarell G. , D’Hondt J. L.
Published: November 2010

No disponible
Primera cita de Aphis commensalis Stroyan, 1952 (Hemiptera, Aphididae) en España
Authors: Pérez Hidalgo N. , Mier Durante M. P. , Nieto Nafría J. M.
Published: November 2010

No disponible
Granites employed in Ávila-Spain. I. Chemical composition of the different types
Authors: García-Talegón J. , Íñigo A. C. , Vicente M. A. , Vargas M. , Molina E.
Published: November 2010

The chemical composition of the different types of granite employed in the Cathedral and buildings of historic and artistic interest in Avila (Spain) is studied.
The differences among the various fades studied (grey, ochre and bloodstone granites) are explained in terms of their different mineralogical composition, a result of the profound paleoweathering that occurred in the Iberian Hercynian Basement.
The chemical differences between quarry stone and the samples taken from different parts of the buildings are due to weathering processes that occurred on the buildings. Among these, the precipitation of salts in humid zones and the effect of alkaline mortar on the varieties rich in opal are striking.
Influencia del filler calizo en las propiedades de los morteros a resistencia constante
Authors: Hernández Francisco , Mnéndez Ignacio , Triviño Fernando
Published: November 2010

This article studies the effects produced by the lime filler on the Portugal cement used with additions in the production of mortars.
The starting point is a Portland cement to which different ratios of lime filler, ranging from 0-50%, are added. The next step consists of preparing mortar specimens using standardized sand as aggregate, curing them up to the age of 28 days when they are put to flexo-tensile and compression tests.
The mortar strength is fixed at the age of 28 days, making it coincide with the strength of a pattern cement mortar (cement without additions) of the same age. Then the effects of the filler on the slump and the water cement relation are observed for fixed strength.
Eflorescencias y costras sobre areniscas de Villamayor. Ensayos de laboratorio
Authors: Madruga F. , Saavedra J. , Martín Patino M. T.
Published: November 2010

Accelerated tests carried out in the laboratory allow us to study the crystalline material settled over the surface of the sandstones when in contact with watery solutions of different compositions.
Sandstone specimens of three different textures were placed on trays containing watery solutions, putting one surface in contact with the liquid. In order to accelarate the capillary absorption, a flow of air was established over the opposite surfaces. The humidity and dryness cycles were repeated 45 times.
The crystallized salts were identified by X-ray diffraction, SEM and chemical microanalysis by X-rays dispersive energy. The following results were obtained: gypsum, hexahydrite, picromerite, natrone, arcanite in saline solutions; trone, aftitalite, and presence of gypsy m in cement solutions; gypsum and syngenite in the guano solution test. These salts are analogous to those found in the superficially damaged stones of the Cathedral of Salamanca.
Selective sandstone deterioration in the cathedrals of Salamanca, Textural anisotropy as a cause
Authors: Martín Patino María Teresa , Madruga Fernando , Saavedra Julio
Published: November 2010

Textural sandstone anisotropy is related to the selective deterioration of such stone in buildings.
The samples studied come from the Cathedrals of Salamanca.
Stone fragments, cut in different directions with regard to the base supporting the ashlars in the wall, are studied by means of a binocular magnifying glass and the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
This shows that the sandstone microfabric has a granular and a laminar microtexture, which correspond to different directions in the plane in question as regards the position of the ashlar. Either of these circumstances coincides with the stone surface on the outside of the building and affect its surface deterioration in a different way.
The SEM images of deteriorated stone were compared with those of unaffected stone, with both types coming from differently orientated cuts as regards the position of the ashlar. In conclusion, the position given to the block of stone in the building is of importance for the preservation of the stone.
The speed of ultrasound transmission measured in samples from commercial quarries confirms the textural sandstone anisotropy to a greater or lesser extent.
Las sales solubles en el deterioro de rocas monumentales. Revisión bibliográfica
Authors: Grossi C. M. , Esbert R M.
Published: November 2010

This paper points out the importance of soluble salts in the deterioration/conservation of monumental stones. The most frequent salts in monuments as well as their sources are referred. A review of the damage caused by these salts and the developed mechanisms of deterioration is also included. Finally, the distinctive behaviour of each type of salt and their distribution on the walls of buildings is shown.
Selección de materiales para la fabricación de hormigones de alta resistencia
Authors: Alaejos Gutiérrez María Pilar , Fernández Cánovas Manuel
Published: November 2010

The selection of component materials is the first step in order to reach a good quality concrete. The Spanish Code EH-91 point out the different requisites for the component materials used in a normal concrete. However, these requisites may be not sufficient for a high strength concrete (HSC). In this paper we present the tests carried out in order to establish a system for selecting the component materials for a HSC, such us: cements, aggregates, admixtures. The results of the tests allow by means of normal laboratory tests to know the suitability of these materials used for making HCS. The requirements for these component materials must be higher when higher are the strengths to be reached. The exposed method allow us to save a lot of previous laboratory tests necessary until now, in order to get a high strength concrete.
Influencia del tipo de curado sobre un conglomerante cal-toba-yeso
Authors: Álvarez Cabrera J. L.
Published: November 2010

Mortars with lime-tufa-gipsum binder where studied when submitted to different types of curing.
The mortars were prepared with a binder/sand ratio of 1/3 and a/c= 0,7, and they were demoulded after 24 hours.
In the tested specimens, variations in values of bending strength, compressive strength and volumetric weight were observed. The best values of mechanical strength were obtained with the specimens submitted to accelerated treatment such as curing in autoclave with saturated vapour, while the smallest values of strength were achieved in the specimens submitted only to weathering.
Los vidrios de baja emisividad
Authors: Olivares Santiago Manuel , Olmo Escribano Rafael
Published: November 2010

The use of low-emittance coating (low-E) glasses in Europe and the United States is not recent (they make use of them long since: 10-15years), nevertheless they are almost unknown in Spain, in all respects, in spite of being commercialized long since by different houses, specialists in these matters.
We run into a lack of regulation about the qualities and stipulations these elements must comply with, since the regulations governing the thermal insulation of the buildings (CT-79) refers to the generic and peculiar qualities of the glazed openings, but these regulations do not approach the question of the real behaviour of the glazed openings with low-emittance glasses and other semi-transparent elements.
The expenditure of energy and the lighting characteristics of the openings are not yet unforeseen, so far. These properties undergo a variation with regard to the base-glass or the support, due to the low-emittance coating.
The article is organized in to three parts. The first part is the analysis of the functional characteristics and the lighting properties of the glasses from a general point of view.
The second one explains what low-emittance glasses are, and the way of obtaining them (very briefly); according to the kind of process of obtaining the low-emission coating, the proceedings of low-emission glasses are gradually limited.
Finally, the third part deals with the thermic characteristics of whole glazing, and specially with the glazed openings, from the point of view of a functional consistency for both glass and joinery.
Morteros ligeros con aditivos químicos y zeolitas naturales sílico-activas
Authors: Sotolongo Lorente Regino , Gayoso Blanco Regino , Gil Izquierdo Carlos
Published: November 2010

The influence of chemical admixtures (superplasticizer-retarder) and active silica minerals (fraction less than 45 μm) in cement hydration, mechanical strength increase and variations of the physical properties of light weight mortars with partially zeolitized Cuban tuffs is evaluated.
Research of the lime rich portions of the CaO-SiO2-P2O5 system
Authors: Diouri A. , Boukhari A. , Aride J. , Puertas F. , Vázquez T.
Published: November 2010

A detailed study has been carried out to explain the influence of Pp^ in silicate phases and in industrial raw meals upon their mineralogical compositions. Some compositions in the lime rich portion of the CaO-SiO2-P2O5 system are studied using laboratory reactants.

The results showed that the compositions lying in the range of CaO = 69,5-70,1; P2O5= 16,2-19,5; SiO2 = 11,1-13,6 (wt%) give, at 1000 °C, the mineralogical composition (HAp, β-C2S, C5PS) which can develop a high strength in chemically bonded ceramics. At high temperature (1400 ºC) these compositions give a large amount of silicocarnotite (C5PS) and 2C2.C3P phase.

A selected composition of the industrial raw meal with added phosphate: CaO = 62,66; SiO2 -= 17,33; Al2O3 = 4,88; Fe2O3 = 4,29; P2O5 = 8,73; MgO = 2,09 (wt%) forms at 1350 ºC a clinker containing high amount of α-C2S to replace C3S. Such a clinker may have good applications in the synthesis of active belite cement.
Concrete Durability. Influence of chloride ions concentrations in mixing water and dissolution
Authors: López Villarino Begoña , Barrios Sevilla Jesús , Flores Duque Vicente , Rodríguez García María Reyes
Published: November 2010

The most aggressive situation which is responsible for most of the cases of steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete, takes place when chlorides are present in the environment. These chlorides destroy the passivating film of steel and promote the denominated pitting corrosion.
In order to study the demonstrated corrosive action of chloride ions on concrete structures, a number of experiments have been designed, to quantify the effect of different amounts of this ion in concrete. Several mixes have been prepared with portland cement type II-C-35 to which it has been added, as an additive in mixing water, NaCl in increasing concentrations. The samples obtained were submerged in different dissolutions of NaCl.
From the results obtained it is clear that the chloride content in mixing water does not affect the flux of calcium ions; however, its influence on the flux of chloride ions is significant. Likewise, it is confirmed that the existence of chloride ions in dissolution influences the migration of calcium and chloride ions.
Analytical study of the main door of Santiago church, Guadix, Granada
Authors: Espinosa Gaitán Jesús , Gutiérrez Montero Francisco , Villegas Sánchez Rosario
Published: November 2010

The analytical study described on this paper has been made due to the request formulated by the priest of Santiago church, D. José Mª Ballesteros, through the Provincial Delegation of Culture of Granada. In view of the degradation of the main door front, the Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico has been asked for technical advice on the possible treatment to be carried out to resolve the problems of this front. As a part of the technical study we have carried out the analysis required to determine the characteristics of the stone used, the possible causes of weathering and to evaluate the most adequate treatment products, in case that it is convenient to apply any one as a part of the conservation restoration works.
As a first step we have carried out a visual inspection of the door front and the inside of the church, and then samples have been taken. These samples have been analyzed by means of: chemical analysis of main components, X Ray diffraction, mineralogic petrographic study and SEM observation. From all these determinations it has been deduced the possible causes and mechanisms of alteration.
As previous phase to the evaluation of treatments, due to the high quantity of stone needed to make all the tests, we have proceeded to identify and find the quarry of origin of this stone; it is located in Bácor, a little village on the municipal term of Guadix, at 40 Km from it. Once the identification has been made with certainty, enough material has been extracted to prepare the samples used. It is very interesting to study this stone because it has been employed also on the Cathedral of Guadix and it will be able to extend the results obtained on the tests to this building.
Analysis of the factors which have an influence on the reduction of residuary strengths due to alkaline solution in the interstitial mortars of concretes with aluminous cement Assessment of the risk limits in the case of roof beams
Authors: Goma Ginesta Ferrán
Published: November 2010

The scarce references which exist in the bibliography on this subject and their vagueness on the factors which have an influence on the reduction of the strength of aluminous cement concrete due to the effect of alkalinity, have not yet allowed the limits to be clearly seen which could give rise to a situation of risk in the structural elements due to this cause.
A study is presented which endeavors to measure the quantitative influence of different parameters of the same or of a similar conditions to those presented in the usual types of concrete in existing beams with aluminous cement characteristic of our market.
The parameters tested were: the influence of the concentration of free ions OH-, the class of alkaline ion, the temperature, the time, the presence or absence of CO2, the degree of conversion, the physical parameters, porosities, densities, etc., and the phases existing were determined by XRD, DTA and TG before and after the alkaline action.
From the results obtained in numerous series of Rilem mortars and micro-mortars, it is possible to see the possibility of establishing the setting of parameters which define areas without risk.
Repair mortars based on lime. Accelerated aging tests
Authors: Martínez-Ramírez S. , Puertas Maroto F. , Blanco Varela María Teresa
Published: November 2010

The behaviour under different accelerated aging tests (freeze/thaw and crystallization cycles) of a new lime mortar with biocide properties destinated to monumental repair has been studied.
New mortars (which have the biocide impregnated in a clay called sepiolite) have a similar behaviour to lime mortars used as a reference. After the aging tests, the biocide properties of the mortars have been tried.
Repair products utilization: Suitability to stone materials and effectiveness control through time
Authors: Sánchez de Rojas M. I. , García N. , Frías M.
Published: November 2010

With the present study, the necessity of carrying out tests to select the most suitable restoration treatment is remarked. Showing how the results obtained evidence the products behaviour, although knowing and evaluating limitations due to laboratory tests, different to real conditions.
Influence of the joint incorporation of CaF2 and CaSO4 in the clinkerization process. Obtainment of new cements
Authors: Blanco-Varela María Teresa , Palomo A. , Puertas F. , Vázquez T.
Published: November 2010

This article review the state of the art on the effect of the joint incorporation of fluorides and sulfates to the cement crudes. This incorporation may be carried out partially replacing the traditional crudes, thus obtaining a new cement produced with a considerable energy saving and with advantageous characteristics with regard to the traditional cement.
The work presents a study of equilibrium diagrams of interest and mentions some industrial experiences developed by the researchers, authors of this article.
Evaluation of the water related characteristics of diverse Spanish stones after the application of different protective treatments
Authors: Rubio L. , Bello A.
Published: November 2010

The characteristics related to water absorption of some important stones very used in the southern of Spain were tested before and after the application of diverse commercial protective treatments, including the application of diverse dilutions and the correlative application of two complementary products.
Some considerations about the adequation of the pair product/stone have been realized.
Cementos de escorias activadas alcalinamente: Situación actual y perspectivas de futuro
Authors: Puertas F.
Published: November 2010

The paper presents the state of the art in cements and concretes with alkaline-activated slag. Characteristics and properties of these materials are given.
Special emphasis is made on those scientific and technical aspects which remain unsolved and which, therefore, call for further research.
Biological colonization and deterioration of mortars by phototrophic organisms
Authors: Saiz-Jiménez C. , Ariño X.
Published: November 2010

In the last years, considerable studies on the effect of phototrophic organisms (cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, mosses and vascular plants) on cultural heritage properties have been carried out. The data indicate that these organisms, instead of having an irrelevant role, actively participate in the deteriorating processes of artificial building materials. This paper reviews recent research on mortar colonization and biodeterioration.
Monuments deterioration evaluation, using digited images. A methodology
Authors: Ángel María C. , Martínez B. , Prendes N. , Rodríguez F.
Published: November 2010

In this work a methodology is proposed for data processing, integrating the techniques of digital images processing and the analytical capacity of graphical referencing systems and relational databases, in relation with the monuments.
The images are generated using the digital image processing and they are included into a graphical data processing systems associated with a database containing the characteristics of the ashars or constituent elements. By combination of the images with the database induced properties the information is processed. The results are thematic maps that we save such as images. These maps are layers of new information (deduced levels).
The elaboration of these maps allows attacking the problems of the restoration, renovation or treatment of the different monumental spaces on a global way, paying special attention on the most gravely affected areas.
Alkaline-sulphate activation processes of a Spanish blast furnace slag
Authors: Fernández Jiménez A. , Puertas F. , Fernández-Carrasco L.
Published: November 2010

Alkaline-sulphate activation processes of a Spanish granulated blast furnace slag (Avilés, Ensidesa) have been studied. Activator solutions used were: deionized water (as reference solution), Ca(OH)2 (3,5∙10-3N), NaOH (1N), Na2CO3 (2N), CaSO4∙2H2O (3,0∙10-3N) at 25ºC. The influence of the nature of alkaline or sulphate solution cation on slag activation process was verified. Sodium solutions decrease the induction period while calcium solutions increase it.
Slag reaction degree was also determined, likewise the nature of the different reaction products formed as a function of the activator solution nature.
Aplicación de la espectroscopia infrarroja al estudio de cemento aluminoso
Authors: Fernández-Carrasco Lucía , Vázquez Tomás
Published: November 2010

Mineralogical components of hydrated high alumina cement were studied by means of infrared absorption spectroscopy. The same technique was also used to analyze the samples obtained from beams that had been made with high alumina concrete.
The article points up the importance of this technique as complementary to others used more habitually in the characterization of these compounds.
Formulation of heat absorbing glasses
Authors: Álvarez-Casariego Pedro , Mazón Pedro
Published: November 2010

In the thermal exchanges between buildings and environment, glazing is an element of major importance, for it largely influences the so-called Solar Heat Gain and Thermal Losses. These parameters can be modified by applying different type of coatings onto glass surface or by adding colorant compounds during glass melting.
The latter is a cheaper way to control the Solar Heat Gain. The knowledge of the laws governing the interaction between colorant compounds and solar radiation, allows us to define glass formulations achieving specific aesthetic requirements and solar energy absorption.
In this paper two examples of application of the modelling of glass colorants spectral absorptance are presented. First is addressed to obtaining a glass with high luminous transmittance and low solar energy transmittance, and the other one to obtaining a glass with neutral colour appearance and minimized solar energy transmittance. Calculation formulas are defined together with photometric properties so-obtained. These type of glasses are particularly suitable to be used as building and automotive glazing, for they retain the mechanical characteristics and possibilities of transformation of standard glass.
A probabilistic model for failure design of glass plates in buildings
Authors: Fernández Canteli Alfonso , Viña OLay Isabel , Bernardo Sánchez Antonio
Published: November 2010

A model for the design of glass plates to failure is presented, which, based on the theory of plates with gross deformations for the calculation of the stress state as well as on the empirical flaws statistical distribution in the glass surface, applies fracture Mechanics criteria to establish a probabilistic prediction of failure. The validity of the model has been experimentally proved for plates with different thicknesses and geometric characteristics.
GRC: Composite material from an inorganic matrix reinforced with AR glass fibres
Authors: Comino Almenara P. I.
Published: November 2010

This article describes the historical background of Cem-FIL. Alkali Resistant Glass Fibre, as well as the composite characteristics of the element they generate: GRC. The most important advantages and properties of this type of Composite Material are also detailed.