bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution Transcript Map of the Region Spanning D12S1629 and D12S312 at Chromosome 12q13: Triple A Syndrome-Linked Region
Authors: Lee Hyoungnam , Choi Eunkyung , Seomun Young , Montgomery K. , Huebner A. , Lee Eunice , Lau Stephanie , Joo Choun-Ki , Kucherlapati R. , Yoon Sung-Joo Kim
Published: July 2002

For those searching for human disease-causing genes, information on the position of genes with respect to genetic markers is essential. The physical map composed of ESTs and genetic markers provides the positional information of these markers as well as the starting point of gene identification in the form of genomic clones containing exons. To facilitate the effort of identification of genes in the region spanning D12S1629 and D12S312, we constructed a high-resolution transcript map with PAC/BAC/cosmid clones. The strategy for the construction of such a map involved utilization of STSs for the screening of the large insert bacterial chromosome libraries and a chromosome 12-specific cosmid library by hybridization. The contig was constructed based on the STS contents of the clones. The resulting high-resolution transcript map of the region between P273P14/SP6 andD12S312 spans 4.4 cM from 66.8 to 71.2 cM of the Généthon genetic map and represents ∼2.4 Mb. It was composed of 81 BAC, 45 PAC, and 91 cosmid clones with a minimal tiling path consisting of 16 BAC and 4 PAC clones. These clones are being used to sequence this part of chromosome 12. We determined the order of 135 STSs including 74 genes and ESTs in the map. Among these, 115 STSs were unambiguously ordered, resulting in one ordered marker per 21 kb. The order of keratin type II locus genes was determined. This map would greatly enhance the positional cloning effort of the responsible genes for those diseases that are linked to this region, including male germ cell tumor as well as palmoplantar keratoderma, Bothnian-type, and triple A syndrome. This transcript map was localized at human chromosome 12q13.
A 7.5 Mb Sequence-Ready PAC Contig and Gene Expression Map of Human Chromosome 11p13–p14.1
Authors: Gawin Beate , Niederführ Alexandra , Schumacher Nina , Hummerich Holger , Little Peter F.R. , Gessler Manfred
Published: July 2002

The region p13 of the short arm of human chromosome 11 has been studied intensely during the search for genes involved in the etiology of the Wilms' tumor, aniridia,genitourinary abnormalities, mental retardation (WAGR) syndrome, and related conditions. The gene map for this region is far from being complete, however, strengthening the need for additional gene identification efforts. We describe the extension of an existing contig map with P1-derived artificial chromosomes (PACs) to cover 7.5 Mb of 11p13–14.1. The extended sequence-ready contig was established by end probe walking and fingerprinting and consists of 201 PAC clones. Utilizing bins defined by overlapping PACs, we generated a detailed gene map containing 20 genes as well as 22 anonymous ESTs which have been identified by searching the RH databases. RH maps and our established gene map show global correlation, but the limits of resolution of the current RH panels are evident at this scale. Initial expression studies on the novel genes have been performed by Northern blot analyses. To extend these expression profiles, corresponding mouse cDNA clones were identified by database search and employed for Northern blot analyses and RNA in situ hybridizations to mouse embryo sections. Genomic sequencing of clones along a minimal tiling path through the contig is currently under way and will facilitate these expression studies by in silico gene identification approaches.
Transit Peptide Mutations That Impair in Vitro and in Vivo Chloroplast Protein Import Do Not Affect Accumulation of the γ-Subunit of Chloroplast ATPase1
Authors: Kindle Karen L. , Lawrence Susan D.
Published: July 2002

We have begun to take a genetic approach to study chloroplast protein import inChlamydomonas reinhardtii by creating deletions in the transit peptide of the γ-subunit of chloroplast ATPase-coupling factor 1 (CF1-γ, encoded by AtpC) and testing their effects in vivo by transforming the altered genes into anatpC mutant, and in vitro by importing mutant precursors into isolated C. reinhardtii chloroplasts. Deletions that removed 20 or 23 amino acid residues from the center of the transit peptide reduced in vitro import to an undetectable level but did not affect CF1-γ accumulation in vivo. The CF1-γ transit peptide does have an in vivo stroma-targeting function, since chimeric genes in which the stroma-targeting domain of the plastocyanin transit peptide was replaced by the AtpC transit peptide-coding region allowed plastocyanin to accumulate in vivo. To determine whether the transit peptide deletions were impaired in in vivo stroma targeting, mutant and wild-type AtpC transit peptide-coding regions were fused to the bacterial ble gene, which confers bleomycin resistance. Although 25% of the wild-type fusion protein was associated with chloroplasts, proteins with transit peptide deletions remained almost entirely cytosolic. These results suggest that even severely impaired in vivo chloroplast protein import probably does not limit the accumulation of CF1-γ.
Purification and Characterization of Phosphoribulokinase from the Marine Chromophytic Alga Heterosigma carterae1
Authors: Hariharan Tara , Johnson Paula J. , Ann Cattolico Rose
Published: July 2002

In this study we characterized phosphoribulokinase (PRK, EC 2.7.1.19) from the eukaryotic marine chromophyte Heterosigma carterae. Serial column chromatography resulted in approximately 300-fold purification of the enzyme. A polypeptide of 53 kD was identified as PRK by sequencing the amino terminus of the protein. This protein represents one of the largest composite monomers identified to date for any PRK. The native holoenzyme demonstrated by flow performance liquid chromatography a molecular mass of 214 ± 12.6 kD, suggesting a tetrameric structure for this catalyst. Because H. carterae PRK activity was insensitive to NADH but was stimulated by dithiothreitol, it appears that the enzyme may require a thioredoxin/ferredoxin rather than a metabolite mode of regulation. Kinetic analysis of this enzyme demonstrated Michaelis constant values of ribulose-5-phosphate (226 μm) and ATP (208 μm), respectively. In summary, H. carterae PRK is unique with respect to holoenzyme structure and function, and thus may represent an alternative evolutionary pathway in Calvin-cycle kinase development.
Premature Polyadenylation at Multiple Sites within aBacillus thuringiensis Toxin Gene-Coding Region1
Authors: Diehn Scott H. , Chiu Wan-Ling , De Rocher E. Jay , Green Pamela J.
Published: July 2002

Some foreign genes introduced into plants are poorly expressed, even when transcription is controlled by a strong promoter. Perhaps the best examples of this problem are the cry genes ofBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), which encode the insecticidal proteins commonly referred to asB.t. toxins. As a step toward overcoming such problems most effectively, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms limiting the expression of a typical B.t.-toxin gene,cryIA(c), which accumulates very little mRNA in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells. Most cell lines transformed with the cryIA(c) B.t.-toxin gene accumulate short, polyadenylated transcripts. The abundance of these transcripts can be increased by treating the cells with cycloheximide, a translation inhibitor that can stabilize many unstable transcripts. Using a series of hybridizations, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactions, and RNase-H-digestion experiments, poly(A+) addition sites were identified in the B.t.-toxin-coding region corresponding to the short transcripts. A fourth polyadenylation site was identified using a chimeric gene. These results demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge that premature polyadenylation can limit the expression of a foreign gene in plants. Moreover, this work emphasizes that further study of the fundamental principles governing polyadenylation in plants will have basic as well as applied significance.
Involvement of Ethylene in Potato Microtuber Dormancy
Authors: Suttle Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2002

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) single-node explants undergoing in vitro tuberization produced detectable amounts of ethylene throughout tuber development, and the resulting microtubers were completely dormant (endodormant) for at least 12 to 15 weeks. The rate of ethylene production by tuberizing explants was highest during the initial 2 weeks of in vitro culture and declined thereafter. Continuous exposure of developing microtubers to the noncompetitive ethylene antagonist AgNO3 via the culture medium resulted in a dose-dependent increase in precocious sprouting. The effect of AgNO3 on the premature loss of microtuber endodormancy was observed after 3 weeks of culture. Similarly, continuous exposure of developing microtubers to the competitive ethylene antagonist 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) at concentrations of 2 mL/L (gas phase) or greater also resulted in a dose-dependent increase in premature sprouting. Exogenous ethylene reversed this response and inhibited the precocious sprouting of NBD-treated microtubers. NBD treatment was effective only when it was begun within 7 d of the start of in vitro explant culture. These results indicate that endogenous ethylene is essential for the full expression of potato microtuber endodormancy, and that its involvement may be restricted to the initial period of endodormancy development.
Phenylarsine Oxide Inhibits the Fusicoccin-Induced Activation of Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase
Authors: Olivari Claudio , Albumi Cristina , Pugliarello Maria Chiara , De Michelis Maria Ida
Published: July 2002

To investigate the mechanism by which fusicoccin (FC) induces the activation of the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, we used phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a known inhibitor of protein tyrosine-phosphatases. PAO was supplied in vivo in the absence or presence of FC to radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings and cultured Arabidopsis cells prior to PM extraction. Treatment with PAO alone caused a slight decrease of PM H+-ATPase activity and, in radish, a decrease of PM-associated 14-3-3 proteins. When supplied prior to FC, PAO drastically inhibited FC-induced activation of PM H+-ATPase, FC binding to the PM, and the FC-induced increase of the amount of 14-3-3 associated with the PM. On the contrary, PAO was completely ineffective on all of the above-mentioned parameters when supplied after FC. The H+-ATPase isolated from PAO-treated Arabidopsis cells maintained the ability to respond to FC if supplied with exogenous, nonphosphorylated 14-3-3 proteins. Altogether, these results are consistent with a model in which the dephosphorylated state of tyrosine residues of a protein(s), such as 14-3-3 protein, is required to permit FC-induced association between the 14-3-3 protein and the PM H+-ATPase.
The Determination Time of the Carpel Whorl Is Differentially Sensitive to Carbohydrate Supply in Pharbitis nil
Authors: Durdan Simon Francis , Herbert Robert James , Rogers Hilary Joan , Francis Dennis
Published: July 2002

A shoot apical meristem is florally determined if, following its removal from an induced plant, it flowers when cultured in non-inductive conditions. Determination times were measured in the short-day plant Pharbitis nil to examine whether floral whorls are determined simultaneously or sequentially. Shoot apices were excised at daily intervals following a 48-h dark-inductive treatment, cultured in non-inductive conditions for 4 weeks in continuous light, and the number of floral organs scored. The culture medium was White's supplemented with sucrose, glucose (Glc), fructose (Fru), or 1:1 Glc:Fru at 2% (w/v), 4% (w/v), or 6% (w/v) or sugar-mannitol combinations of osmotic potentials equivalent to 4% (w/v) or 6% (w/v). The minimum whorl determination time was 1 d for sepals, petals, and stamens regardless of carbon supply. However, for carpels it varied remarkably from 5 d on sucrose, to 2 to 3 d on Fru or Glc:Fru, to 1 d for 2% (w/v) and 6% (w/v) Glc. Therefore, depending on the carbon supply, the carpel whorl was determined at the same time or after the outer whorls. Generally, these effects could not be reproduced on the sugar-mannitol treatments.
Characterization of the Two Saccharopine Dehydrogenase Isozymes of Lysine Catabolism Encoded by the Single Composite AtLKR/SDHLocus of Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhu Xiaohong , Tang Guiliang , Galili Gad
Published: July 2002

Arabidopsis plants possess a composite AtLKR/SDHlocus encoding two different polypeptides involved in lysine catabolism: a bifunctional lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (LKR/SDH) enzyme and a monofunctional SDH enzyme. To unravel the physiological significance of these two enzymes, we analyzed their subcellular localization and detailed biochemical properties. Sucrose gradient analysis showed that the two enzymes are localized in the cytosol and therefore may operate at relatively neutral pH values in vivo. Yet while the physiological pH may provide an optimum environment for LKR activity, the pH optima for the activities of both the linked and non-linked SDH enzymes were above pH 9, suggesting that these two enzymes may operate under suboptimal conditions in vivo. The basic biochemical properties of the monofunctional SDH, including its pH optimum as well as the apparent Michaelis constant (K  m) values for its substrates saccharopine and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide at neutral and basic pH values, were similar to those of its SDH counterpart that is linked to LKR. Taken together, our results suggest that production of the monofunctional SDH provides Arabidopsis plants with enhanced levels of SDH activity (maximum initial velocity), rather than with an SDH isozyme with significantly altered kinetic parameters. Excess levels of this enzyme might enable efficient flux of lysine catabolism via the SDH reaction in the unfavorable physiological pH of the cytosol.
Fatty acid oxadiazoles as acid corrosion inhibitors for mild steel
Authors: Ajmal Mohammad , Jamal Danish , Quraishi M.A.
Published: July 2002

2‐undecane‐5‐mercapto‐1‐oxa‐3, 4‐diazole (UMOD), 2‐heptadecene‐5‐mercapto‐1‐oxa‐3, 4‐diazole (HMOD) and 2‐decene‐5‐mercapto‐1‐oxa‐3, 4‐diazole (DMOD) were synthesized in the laboratory and their influence on the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1N HCI and 1N H2SO4 was investigated by weight‐loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The inhibition efficiency of these compounds was found to vary with concentration, temperature and immersion time. Good inhibition efficiency (IE) was evidenced in both acid solutions, remaining high (> 90 per cent) even at the concentration of 25ppm. The adsorption of these compounds on the steel surface for both acids was found to obey Temkin’s adsorption isotherm. The values of activation energy and free energy of adsorption indicated physical adsorption on mild steel surface. The potentiodynamic polarization data have shown that compounds studied are mixed type inhibitors.
Influence of 4‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐3n‐propyl‐1‐2‐4‐triazole on the corrosion and permeation of hydrogen through mild steel in acidic solutions
Authors: Quraishi M.A. , Muralidharan S. , Iyer S.V.K.
Published: July 2002

The influence of 4‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐3 n‐propyl‐1‐2‐4‐triazole (AMPT) on corrosion and hydrogen permeation through mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4 and 1M HCl has been studied using weight loss measurements and various electrochemical techniques. AMPT is found to be more inhibitive in H2SO4 than in HCl. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies clearly prove the fact that this compound behaves as a mixed inhibitor; but predominantly as a cathodic inhibitor. Hydrogen permeation studies and AC impedance measurements also indicate an improved performance of the compound in H2SO4. The adsorption of this compound on the mild steel surface obeys Temkin’s adsorption isotherm.
Building a stronger organization through leadership development at Parke‐Davis Research
Authors: Jones Mark E. , Simonetti Jack L. , Vielhaber‐Hermon Mary
Published: July 2002

This article describes a systematic process initiated by Parke‐Davis Pharmaceutical Research and Development to increase the leadership capabilities of its scientific management staff. Our approach to helping scientists step up to the challenging responsibility of leading others was built around four powerful ideas: imagination, leadership, application, and community. A process of university based executive education programs and follow‐up sessions was initiated to help managers shift their perspective from following the science to leading other scientists. Achievement of this objective was accomplished by developing a partnership with the University of Michigan Executive Education Center.
Going global: implications for communication and leadership training
Authors: Berger Mel
Published: July 2002

Most of us recognise the importance of building effective relationships in the global arena. However, do we have the skills to develop effective business relationships with others whose attitude and behaviour differs markedly from our own? Are we aware that the same skills that bring success in our own culture may be perceived as rude and inappropriate by another? The first step is to avoid the divisive tendency to put negative labels on those whose behaviour differs from our own. For example, what one person regards as relaxed and easy‐going may be judged by another as lazy and indecisive. The solution is to develop tolerance and patience ‐ easy to say but hard to do. This article identifies cross‐cultural skills that are essential for achieving success, including communicating with others for whom English is not their first language, taking part in team meetings, and understanding the core values of a given country. The article concludes with a short case example of how a newly merged Anglo‐French company learned how to use its differences and strengths when carrying out important team meetings.
Knowledge is about people, not databases
Authors: Dougherty Vicky
Published: July 2002

Knowledge and knowledge management are popular phrases these days. Despite the increased sophistication of knowledge management projects and of knowledge management theory development, the information technology‐led perspective dominates. Knowledge transfer is about connection not collection, and that connection ultimately depends on choice made by individuals. There are many mechanisms that enable knowledge transfer, but these mechanisms, such as information technology, are only tools. Despite it presenting a seemingly more complex approach, the behavioural choice of people is the key to the success of knowledge transfer. Whether this can be successful as an additional “program” in our organisations, or whether a new strategic approach is required, is a matter of debate. However, the development of knowledge management as a discipline gives us the opportunity to model, by engaging in dialogue, the dynamic interpersonal process of knowledge transfer. Furthermore, such discussions can help increase the profile of “people‐centred” strategic thinking.
The development of theories from the analysis of the organisation: case studies by the patterns of behaviour
Authors: Nieto Mariano , Pérez Waldo
Published: July 2002

This study presents an adaptation of case studies denominated by the patterns of behaviour, an ideal methodology for the development of theories explaining the organisation and its integrants’ behaviour. In comparison with other alternatives, best results are obtained in the research of dynamic and complex processes that require analysis during a prolonged period of time, multiple sources of evidence, both quantitative and qualitative, and diverse analysis techniques, such as training and organizational culture. Its application also achieves to lay the foundations of the models and to make explicit the logic underlined in the hypothesis. This account is structured as follows. After an introduction, the case studies are characterized by patterns of behaviour before pointing out the stages of its application. Next, the possibility of generalizing the findings and the role of the methodology in the development of the theories in the organisation is discussed: finalising with a summary and conclusions.
Developing transferable personal skills: part of the graduate toolkit
Authors: Greenan Kate , Humphreys Paul , McIlveen Heather
Published: July 2002

Issues such as the development of transferable personal skills and student assessment are receiving increasing attention in higher education establishments. Reports on an investigation into the enhancement of work‐based skills within a university environment. Presents a learning strategy which describes the approach used in developing group work, presentation and self‐ and peer‐assessment skills, and evaluates by questionnaire students’ impressions of the process. Reports the results which suggest that skill development does take place and that students find group work an enjoyable learning experience. Conceptually, students appreciated the need for self‐ and peer‐assessment, but had difficulties with implementing it in practice. Argues that, ultimately, there is a need to continue to involve students so that they can see evaluation in a positive, development light and to envcourage sudents to take a more proactive role in assessing their own performance.
As we may teach
Authors: Davis Tom
Published: July 2002

The paper examines the concept of the memex, a use of the computer as a hypertext learning and teaching tool, pioneered by Vannevar Bush in 1945. It discusses the practical implementation of this concept in the author’s own teaching, using the World Wide Web. The disadvantages of the UK context and the drawbacks of a more conventional view of computer aided learning are listed.
Risk, representation and the new pay
Authors: Heery Edmund
Published: July 2002

Considers the ethics of the “new pay”, a prescriptive model of pay management which has exercised increasing influence over reward practice in recent years. Makes two primary criticisms of the new pay ‐ that it seeks to impose excessive risk on employees and that it affords little scope for involvement of employee representatives in the selection, design and operation of reward systems.
A Review of Information Systems Development Methodologies
Authors: Walters S.A. , Broady J.E. , Hartley R.J.
Published: July 2002

A key area affecting library management is the effective and efficient
management and development of information systems. The concept of an
information systems development methodology (ISDM) is a management
approach that has been virtually ignored in the context of library
management. Provides a critique of the literature relating to ISDMs with
a view to exploring their use by libraries in the future. Examines the
historical development of ISDMs, followed by a definition of the term,
and an outline of the requirements for ISDM. Subsequently discusses
themes in information systems development in relation to the main types
of ISDM associated with them, leading to a consideration of the problems
with ISDMs and with their usage. Outlines the need for the further
refinement of ISDMs in the light of these problems. Finally, suggests
theoretical reasons for the use of ISDMs by library managers.
The impact of tactical and strategic FM automation
Authors: Lunn S.D. , Stephenson P.
Published: July 2002

This paper promotes an overview of facilities management (FM) and the impact of information technology (IT). It opens with a definition of FM automation and a brief history of the generations of development. This is followed by key demand impacts which have both enabled and stimulated the growth of FM automation during the past and into the future. Specific attention is then given to the tactical and strategic impacts of the technology affecting the organisation within the emerging and complex business environment. Some examples are cited together with the effects of discontinuous change and the resistance to such change. Finally, a brief look at the impact of system selection is also included to assist FM organisations in their determination of automation needs within the paradigms of change, complexity and dependence.
Crowd facilities, management and communications in disasters
Authors: Sime Jonathan D.
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews the human behaviour and risk communications which occurred during a number of major fires (Beverly Hills Supper Club, Summerland, Woolworth’s, Bradford, King’s Cross) and a crowd crush (Hillsborough). The paper draws on official Inquiry reports and related research, including a series of five underground station evacuation studies modelled on the King’s Cross fire scenario. The pattern of delay in warning the public is considered in terms of misconceptions about “panic” and the performance of public facilities as a communication system consisting of design, technology, management and occupancy (setting in use). The paper advocates performance‐based design, warning system technology and facilities management (organisational and occupant response) criteria, allied to minimally sufficient early warning of the public on a risk communication timeline. The latter needs to address and accommodate the timing and duration of occupant response, shelter and escape behaviour from different locations as an emergency unfolds.
Safety training – a special case?
Authors: Cooper Mark , Cotton David
Published: July 2002

Examines the subject of safety training and attempts to demonstrate that it has particular challenges, especially in relation to the provision of realistic training. A review of the research literature in both industrial training and occupational health and safety reveals a wealth of material on the subject. However, the authors expected to find – and did not – material concerning the subject of “training safely” and of “risk assessment for training”. Proceeds to show that these are issues that are of practical concern both to practitioners and to safety regulators. A small study involving 34 safety inspectors seems to confirm this. It is argued that “training safely” is an area where the research lags behind practical developments. Concludes by proposing a programme of future research to meet this need.
Evaluating effective management learning
Authors: Bramley Peter
Published: July 2002

Published studies which evaluate the contribution of management development activities to business effectiveness are rare. In this paper it is argued that one of the reasons for this is that the model which is being used, based on changing effectiveness in the work place, is proposed and case studies are described which illustrate how this model can facilitate evaluation. The “Business Excellence” framework proposed by the European Foundation for Quality Management, is used as a framework for setting objectives for increases in effectiveness and thus for criteria against which to evaluate the contribution of the management development activities.
Investors in People in small organizations: learning to stay the course?
Authors: Hill Rosemary , Stewart Jim
Published: July 2002

This article introduces the “Investors in People (IIP) Small Business Handicap Hurdle Model”. The model represents a significant outcome of a survey carried out within small organizations in the north west of England during 1996. The survey was a preliminary phase of a major study conducted over a period of four years. The model offers both a conceptual integration of survey conclusions and also an empirical tool for application in a broader context. Findings about the appropriateness and acceptability of the IIP standard and framework in small organizations are reported. An overview of the IIP standard itself is presented.
Derivative extraction from a neuro‐fuzzy model
Authors: Rashid K. , Ramírez J.A. , Freeman E.M.
Published: July 2002

Many engineering optimisation problems are difficult to describe mathematically and as such can not be easily optimised. Recently attention has focussed on developing methods to create approximations of the real object function using numerical model data instead. The approximated function can then be optimised using a suitable optimisation method. This paper describes the extraction of derivative information from a neuro‐fuzzy system. Subsequently, this permits the application of classic deterministic optimisation methods in order to identify the global minimum of any approximated objective function. For non‐differentiable functions this approach is of great benefit. Results from an analytical optimisation example, in which the objective function and the solution are known, and a two variable loudspeaker optimisation problem are discussed. In both cases, the neuro‐fuzzy system worked well to model the physical problem and the extracted derivative served to locate the minimum.
Image reconstruction from real scattering data
Authors: Rieger W. , Buchau A. , Haas M. , Huber C. , Lehner G. , Rucker W.M.
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with the inverse scattering problem of reconstructing the material properties of perfectly conducting or dielectric cylindrical objects. The material properties are reconstructed from measured far‐field scattering data provided by the Electromagnetics Technology Division, AFRL/SNH, 31 Grenier Street, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731‐3010. The measured data have to be calibrated for use in our reconstruction algorithm. The inverse scattering problem formulated as unconstrained nonlinear optimization problem is numerically solved using an iterative scheme with a variable calibration factor which will be determined during the optimization process. Numerical examples show the successful application of the method to the measured data.
The organisational determinants of success for delivering fee‐paying graduate courses
Authors: Orr Stuart
Published: July 2002

The literature identified fee‐paying education as one of the fastest growth industries in the world – it is a global industry from which many industrialised countries, such as Australia, are well positioned to benefit. At this stage, little conclusive evidence exists that identifies how such enterprises should operate, although many universities around the globe have already made a considerable investment in fee‐paying graduate education and rely heavily on the income it generates. The literature suggests that few, if any, excel in the best practices associated with this type of education. The research also identified a set of best practices that apply specifically to fee‐paying graduate education that can be grouped in a number of categories.
The European Union and employment relationships
Authors: McDonald Frank
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the role of the European Union (EU) in influencing the development of employment relationships in the Member States. An analysis of the formation and development of EU legislation and policies is provided that identifies key players in the processes by which the EU exerts influence over developments in employment relationships. The differential impact of EU actions on organisations is considered with reference to location in Member States and by sector.
The cultural challenge of the information superhighway in France
Authors: Evans Daniel S.
Published: July 2002

Drawing on previous studies and experience this paper proposes that the return on investment associated with the development of the information superhighway in France is closely linked to national and corporate culture. Analysis of the French business culture suggests that effort should be made in cultural alignment to increase the potential return on investing in the information superhighway. Differences between the “Internet” culture and the French culture are highlighted.
International accounting harmonisation ‐ a comparison of Spain, Sweden and Austria
Authors: Blake John , Amat Oriol , Gowthorpe Catherine , Pilkington Catherine
Published: July 2002

Despite attempts to secure harmonisation of accounting practice, significant variations in accounting rules and practice continue to arise in European countries, variations which give rise to compliance costs for multinational companies. First, this paper considers the relevance of international accounting harmonisation for European business. It then proceeds to examine accounting regulations in three countries: Spain, Sweden and Austria, highlighting the key regulatory issues of the “true and fair” view requirement and the link between taxation and accounting. The three countries are selected because of the interesting contrasts which they provide; these contrasts are examined in detail in the paper. The work is based on a series of interviews carried out with leading accounting practitioners in the three countries during 1996‐1997. The paper concludes that there are significant obstacles to accounting harmonisation in Europe and that there is potential for continuing diversity of national accounting practice.
Analysis of “wet” sensation for lingerie fabrics
Authors: Sukigara Sachiko , Niwa Masako
Published: July 2002

Describes an investigation into the sensation of wetness and dampness by both subjective and objective measurements. When fabric has a high water content, the subject felt a strong feeling of stickiness. This stickiness was evaluated objectively by measurement of the friction between the wet fabric and artificial skin. The speed of moisture transmission measured by the simulation test is one of the parameters used to evaluate the clammy feeling.
Transient flow of homogeneous gas‐liquid mixtures in pipelines
Authors: Hadj‐Taieb Ezzeddine , Lili Taieb
Published: July 2002

To accurately predict transient flow in homogeneous gas‐liquid mixtures in rigid and quasi‐rigid pipes, two mathematical models based on the gas‐fluid mass ratio are presented. The fluid pressure and velocity are considered as two principal dependent variables and the gas‐fluid mass ratio is assumed to be constant. By application of the conservation of mass and momentum laws, non‐linear hyperbolic systems of two differential equations are obtained and integrated numerically by a finite difference conservative scheme. The fluid density is defined by an expression averaging the two‐component densities where a polytropic process of the gaseous phase is admitted. The rigid model is deduced by neglecting the liquid compressibility and the pipe wall elasticity against the gas deformability. The quasi‐rigid model takes into account these two parameters. The effect of fluid compressibility on transient pressure behaviour is then analysed and confronted to the pipe wall elasticity. Numerical solutions are compared with numerical results available in literature and experiment developed in the laboratory. The results show that the pressure wave propagation is significantly influenced by the gas‐fluid mass ratio and the elasticity of the pipe wall. They indicate that the pipe elasticity and liquid compressibility may be neglected for great values of gas‐fluid mass ratio but not for the smaller ones.
Electronic commerce: the information‐security challenge
Authors: Labuschagne L. , Eloff J.H.P.
Published: July 2002

The major reason why most people are still sceptical about electronic commerce is the perceived security risks associated with electronic transactions over the Internet. The Internet, however, holds many opportunities that could mean survival or competitive advantage for many organisations. To exploit these opportunities, it is important to first analyse the risks they hold. Electronic commerce is based on business as well as technological risks, making it a very difficult environment to secure. Apart from these two types of risk categories there are several other issues and problems that need to be addressed.
The knowledge continuum ‐ organizing for research and scholarly communication
Authors: Vassallo Paul
Published: July 2002

The Office of Information Services (OIS) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is undergoing a major organizational transition to function as a cohesive unit under the concept of the knowledge continuum. The concept is based on the premise that the processes which contribute to the creation of new knowledge in the research environment form part of a continuum which has no beginning and no end. Thus, it concludes that the knowledge continuum is best served by an organizational structure which extends its contribution and role in the scholarly process of research to produce and disseminate results which benefit scholarly communication. The knowledge continuum assesses the various elements that contribute to scholarly communication and seeks to provide a continuum of support services whereby the identification, absorption, utilization, and manipulation of existing knowledge merge with the organization, creation, and dissemination of new knowledge. This case study analyzes the application of the concept of the knowledge continuum, through the use of Internet technology, and the resulting organizational implications and conclusions.
Thermomechanical analysis of the laminated object manufacturing (LOM) process
Authors: Sonmez Fazil O. , Hahn H. Thomas
Published: July 2002

LOM is one of the techniques for rapid prototyping, which is used to build three‐dimensional solid objects. In this paper, a numerical analysis of the thermomechanical behavior of a laminate during the LOM process is presented. Models were developed to describe heat transfer and deformation phenomena. These models are incorporated into computer codes to generate numerical results. The numerical results show how the process parameters (e.g. roller temperature, velocity, indentation) are related to temperature and stress distributions within the laminate. By using this code, process conditions which are favorable to bonding are identified.
Succession planning without job titles
Authors: Guinn Stephen L.
Published: July 2002

Recommends a succession planning process based on key competences, not job titles, to provide greater flexibility and a more strategic and future focus. Discusses the use of a competency model and evaluation methods to identify and develop individuals with the desired skills and talents to lead organizations into the future.
Towards a general model for protein–substrate stereoselectivity
Authors: Sundaresan Vidyasankar , Abrol Ravinder
Published: July 2002

Protein–substrate interactions in enzymatic, neurological, and immunological systems are typically characterized by a high degree of stereoselectivity towards complex substrates. We propose a novel stereocenter‐recognition (SR) model for stereoselectivity of proteins (or receptors in general) towards substrates that have multiple stereocenters, based on the topology of substrate stereocenters. The model provides the minimum number of substrate locations that need to enter into binding, nonbinding, or repulsive interactions with receptor sites, for stereoselectivity to occur. According to this model, a substrate location may interact with multiple receptor sites, or multiple substrate locations may interact with a single receptor site, but a stereoselective receptor has to offer, in the correct geometry, at least as many interactions as the required minimum number of substrate locations. The SR model predicts that stereoselectivity towards an acyclic substrate with N stereocenters distributed along a single chain requires interactions involving a minimum of N + 2 substrate locations, distributed over all stereocenters in the substrate, such that effectively three locations exist per stereocenter. Thus, enantioselective recognition of molecules with one chiral center requires a protein to interact with a minimum of three substrate locations, while stereoselectivity towards substrates with two or three stereocenters requires interactions with a minimum of four or five substrate locations, respectively, and so on. We demonstrate the general applicability of this model to protein–substrate interactions by interpreting several previous experimental observations.
A Discrete‐Time Intertemporal Asset Pricing Model: GE Approach with Recursive Utility
Authors: Ma Chenghu
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the equilibrium characterization of asset pricing in a discrete‐time Lucas exchange economy (Lucas 1978) with the intertemporal recursive utility function of Epstein and Zin (1989). A general formulation of equilibrium asset pricing is presented. It is shown that risk aversion of a certainty equivalent corresponds to risk aversion in the intertemporal asset pricing model. The discrete‐time analogue of Ma's (1993) option pricing formula is derived in an i.i.d. environment, with which we prove an observational nonequivalence theorem in distinguishing the differences of the betweenness recursive utility functions and the expected utility functions. Additionally, when the consumption growth rate follows a first‐order Markov process, it is shown that the observational nonequivalence result holds for Kreps–Porteus expected utility. Finally, as by‐products, this paper also contains derivations of closed‐form formulas for the aggregate equity (with endogenously determined yields), the term structure of interest rates, and European call options on the aggregate equity in a Markov setting.
Role of angiotensin II in dynamic renal blood flow autoregulation of the conscious dog
Authors: Just Armin , Ehmke Heimo , Wittmann Uwe , Kirchheim Hartmut R.
Published: July 2002

The influence of angiotensin II (ANGII) on the dynamic characteristics of renal blood flow (RBF) was studied in conscious dogs by testing the response to a step increase in renal artery pressure (RAP) after a 60 s period of pressure reduction (to 50 mmHg) and by calculating the transfer function between physiological fluctuations in RAP and RBF. During the RAP reduction, renal vascular resistance (RVR) decreased and upon rapid restoration of RAP, RVR returned to baseline with a characteristic time course: within the first 10 s, RVR rose rapidly by 40 % of the initial change (first response, myogenic response). A second rise began after 20–30 s and reached baseline after an overshoot at 40 s (second response, tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF)). Between both responses, RVR rose very slowly (plateau). The transfer function had a low gain below 0.01 Hz (high autoregulatory efficiency) and two corner frequencies at 0.026 Hz (TGF) and at 0.12 Hz (myogenic response). Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) lowered baseline RVR, but not the minimum RVR at the end of the RAP reduction (autoregulation‐independent RVR). Both the first and second response were reduced, but the normalised level of the plateau (balance between myogenic response, TGF and possible slower mechanisms) and the transfer gain below 0.01 Hz were not affected. Infusion of ANGII after ramipril raised baseline RVR above the control condition. The first and second response and the transfer gain at both corner frequencies were slightly augmented, but the normalised level of the plateau was not affected. It is concluded that alterations of plasma ANGII within a physiological range do not modulate the relative contribution of the myogenic response to the overall short‐term autoregulation of RBF. Consequently, it appears that ANGII augments not only TGF, but also the myogenic response.
Axotomy‐induced changes in the properties of NMDA receptor channels in rat spinal cord motoneurons
Authors: Abdrachmanova Galya , Teisinger Jan , Vyklický Ladislav
Published: July 2002

Properties of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels were studied using the patch‐clamp technique in fluorescence‐labelled control and axotomised motoneurons in thin spinal cord slices. Single‐channel currents induced by NMDA in outside‐out patches isolated from axotomised motoneurons and voltage clamped at −100 mV, exhibited six amplitude levels with a mean conductance of 14.9 ± 1.9, 22.2 ± 2.7, 35.6 ± 4.4, 49.1 ± 3.5, 59.6 ± 3.5 and 69.0 ± 2.9 pS. In contrast, the conductance of NMDA receptor channels, recorded under identical conditions in control motoneurons was characterised by only four levels corresponding to 20.1 ± 2.5, 38.0 ± 3.0, 58.6 ± 3.4 and 71.5 ± 2.6 pS. The time course of deactivation of NMDA receptor EPSCs in axotomised motoneurons voltage clamped at +40 mV was double exponential. The deactivation had a similar time course in control and axotomised motoneurons from 6–day‐old animals; however, the deactivation became faster with increased time after injury. The fast and slow time constants in motoneurons 8 days after axotomy became three times faster than in controls. NMDA receptor‐mediated responses were voltage dependent in the presence of extracellular Mg2+. In axotomised motoneurons Boltzmann analysis of the relationship between the peak amplitude of NMDA receptor EPSCs or NMDA‐induced responses and membrane potential suggested an apparent Kd for Mg2+ binding (at 0 mV) of 1.2 ± 0.5 and 3.4 ± 3.9 mm, respectively. Single‐cell RT‐PCR analysis of mRNA revealed that NR2A–D and NR3A subunit transcripts were expressed in axotomised motoneurons. The results of our experiments suggest that in addition to genotypic control of NMDA receptors in motoneurons, axotomy, an experimental model of neurodegeneration, alters functional properties of the receptors in motoneurons destined to die.
Regional brain blood flow and cerebral hemispheric oxygen consumption during acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus
Authors: Llanos Aníbal J. , Riquelme Raquel A. , Sanhueza Emilia M. , Herrera Emilio , Cabello Gertrudis , Giussani Dino A. , Parer Julian T.
Published: July 2002

Unlike fetal animals of lowland species, the llama fetus does not increase its cerebral blood flow during an episode of acute hypoxaemia. This study tested the hypothesis that the fetal llama brain maintains cerebral hemispheric O2 consumption by increasing cerebral O2 extraction rather than decreasing cerebral oxygen utilisation during acute hypoxaemia. Six llama fetuses were surgically instrumented under general anaesthesia at 217 days of gestation (term ca 350 days) with vascular and amniotic catheters in order to carry out cardiorespiratory studies. Following a control period of 1 h, the llama fetuses underwent 3 × 20 min episodes of progressive hypoxaemia, induced by maternal inhalational hypoxia. During basal conditions and during each of the 20 min of hypoxaemia, fetal cerebral blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres, cerebral oxygen extraction was calculated, and fetal cerebral hemispheric O2 consumption was determined by the modified Fick principle. During hypoxaemia, fetal arterial O2 tension and fetal pH decreased progressively from 24 ± 1 to 20 ± 1 Torr and from 7.36 ± 0.01 to 7.33 ± 0.01, respectively, during the first 20 min episode, to 16 ± 1 Torr and 7.25 ± 0.05 during the second 20 min episode and to 14 ± 1 Torr and 7.21 ± 0.04 during the final 20 min episode. Fetal arterial partial pressure of CO2 (Pa,CO2, 42 ± 2 Torr) remained unaltered from baseline throughout the experiment. Fetal cerebral hemispheric blood flow and cerebral hemispheric oxygen extraction were unaltered from baseline during progressive hypoxaemia. In contrast, a progressive fall in fetal cerebral hemispheric oxygen consumption occurred during the hypoxaemic challenge. In conclusion, these data do not support the hypothesis that the fetal llama brain maintains cerebral hemispheric O2 consumption by increasing cerebral hemispheric O2 extraction. Rather, the data show that in the llama fetus, a reduction in cerebral hemispheric metabolism occurs during acute hypoxaemia.