bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Men Overperceive Women’s Sexual Interest?
Authors: Perilloux Carin , Kurzban Robert
Published: November 2014

Substantial evidence comparing men’s perceptions of women’s sexual intentions with women’s own reports of their sexual intentions has shown a systematic pattern of results that has been interpreted as support for the idea that men overestimate women’s true sexual intentions. However, because women’s true sexual intentions cannot be directly measured, an alternative interpretation of the existing data is that women understate their sexual intentions and that men’s assessments of women’s intentions are generally accurate. In three studies, we (a) replicated the typical sex difference in sexual-intent ratings, (b) showed that men maintain their ratings of women’s sexual intentions even when incentivized to tell the truth, and (c) showed that women believe that other women are understating their sexual intentions in self-report measures. Taken together, these results imply that men might be accurate in perceiving and reporting women’s sexual intentions and that men might be managing errors through biased behavior rather than biased beliefs.
Those Mean Girls and Their Friends
Authors: Dentith Audrey M. , Wright Robin Redmon , Coryell Joellen
Published: November 2014

This article highlights the stories and experiences of three White women who were victims of bullying and mobbing in academic settings. Related literature grounds their experiences and offers insights related to the phenomena including definitions of mobbing and bullying, characteristics of bullies, the prevalence of bullying and mobbing, and the effects of such behaviors on the victims.
Cuts and Bruises Caused by Arrows, Sticks, and Stones in Academia
Authors: Misawa Mitsunori
Published: November 2014

Bullying is a serious problem in contemporary society because it negatively affects not only people who are victims of bullying and bystanders but also organizations and workplaces. It occurs almost everywhere including K-12 education, postsecondary education, and workplaces. Based on the author’s narrative study, this article explores and theorizes three types of adult bullying in higher education from the academic experiences of 19 gay male faculty of color. The data were collected via in-depth individual interviews using a semi-structured interview guide, transcribed, and analyzed. The data revealed three types of bullying: (a) positional bullying, (b) counter-positional bullying, and (c) unintentional conspirative positional bullying. This article will provide a snapshot of each type of bullying through participant narratives and discuss the implications for higher and adult education in the pursuit of diversity and social justice.
A crack initiation and two debondings development at the interface of a circular rigid inclusion under uniform loading
Authors: Hasebe Norio , Yamamoto Yasumiki
Published: November 2014

Competition of a crack and two debondings at the interface of a circular rigid inclusion in an infinite elastic body is analyzed under uniaxial loading in the x and y directions, respectively, and under biaxial uniform loading. It is investigated how these debondings develop along the interface of the inclusion from the initial debondings and where a crack occurs from the tip of debonding. Particularly, when there are both possibilities of the debonding development and of the crack occurrence from the tip of the debonding, it can be decided which phenomenon actually occurs. The angles at which the debondings develop and the crack occurs are determined. The magnitude of the load is also determined. As the criterion for debonding development and crack occurrence, strain energy release rates are used. Moreover, the restricting condition is that the normal stress at the interface ahead of the debonding tip is positive and the stress intensity factor of mode I just after crack occurrence is positive. As for the load, the constant load and the gradually increasing load from zero are considered. The stress analysis is carried out as a mixed boundary value problem with two stress and two displacement boundaries of plane elasticity. The rational mapping function of a sum of fractional expressions and complex stress functions are used for the stress analysis.
Algorithms for single-machine scheduling to minimize the total tardiness with learning effects and two competing agents
Authors: Lee Wen-Chiung , Wang Jen-Ya , Su Hsin-Wei
Published: November 2014

Scheduling with learning effects or scheduling with two competing agents has been widely studied in recent years. However, they are seldom discussed at the same time. In this article, we consider a single-machine scheduling problem with learning effects where the objective is to minimize the total tardiness of jobs from one agent, given that the maximum tardiness of jobs from the other agent cannot exceed an upper bound. We provide a branch-and-bound algorithm to search for the optimal solution and a genetic algorithm equipped with a local search to obtain near-optimal solutions. In addition, we conduct some computational experiments to investigate the solution quality and execution speed of both algorithms.
Screw Size and Insertion Technique Compared With Removal Rates for Calcaneal Displacement Osteotomies
Authors: Lucas Douglas E. , Simpson G. Alexander , Berlet Gregory C. , Philbin Terrence M. , Smith J. Luke
Published: November 2014

Background:

The calcaneal displacement osteotomy is frequently used by foot and ankle surgeons to correct hindfoot angular deformity. Headed compression screws are often used for this purpose, but a common complication is postoperative plantar heel pain from prominent hardware. We evaluated hardware removal rates after calcaneal displacement osteotomies and analyzed technical factors including screw size, position, and angle. We hypothesized that larger screws placed more plantarly would have been removed more frequently. We also believed that although 2 smaller screws cost more initially, when removal rates and cost are accounted for, savings would be demonstrated with this technique.

Methods:

We retrospectively collected data on type of fixation, cost of fixation, and frequency of removal. After exclusions we had 30 patients in our screw removal cohort and 119 in our screws retained cohort. A basic cost analysis and statistical analysis was performed.

Results:

The small screw group had a hardware removal rate of 9% (4/43) compared to 25% (26/104) of the larger screw group ( P = .032). While the cost of 2 smaller screws is more than that of 1 larger screw, when the cost of removal and the rates of doing so are considered, the smaller screws resulted in substantial cost savings.

Conclusion:

Technical considerations for the medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy, including the use of multiple smaller screws, provided for a lower rate of hardware removal and likely decreased long-term costs.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative series.
Development of an Interactive Social Media Tool for Parents With Concerns About Vaccines
Authors: Shoup Jo Ann , Wagner Nicole M. , Kraus Courtney R. , Narwaney Komal J. , Goddard Kristin S. , Glanz Jason M.
Published: November 2014

Objective. Describe a process for designing, building, and evaluating a theory-driven social media intervention tool to help reduce parental concerns about vaccination. Method. We developed an interactive web-based tool using quantitative and qualitative methods (e.g., survey, focus groups, individual interviews, and usability testing). Results. Survey results suggested that social media may represent an effective intervention tool to help parents make informed decisions about vaccination for their children. Focus groups and interviews revealed four main themes for development of the tool: Parents wanted information describing both benefits and risks of vaccination, transparency of sources of information, moderation of the tool by an expert, and ethnic and racial diversity in the visual display of people. Usability testing showed that parents were satisfied with the usability of the tool but had difficulty with performing some of the informational searches. Based on focus groups, interviews, and usability evaluations, we made additional revisions to the tool’s content, design, functionality, and overall look and feel. Conclusion. Engaging parents at all stages of development is critical when designing a tool to address concerns about childhood vaccines. Although this can be both resource- and time-intensive, the redesigned tool is more likely to be accepted and used by parents. Next steps involve a formal evaluation through a randomized trial.
Swedish parents’ activities together with their children and children’s health: A study of children aged 2–17 years
Authors: Berntsson Leeni T , Ringsberg Karin C
Published: November 2014

Background: Nordic children’s health has declined. Studies show that parents’ engagement in children’s leisure-time activities might provide beneficial health outcomes for children. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine the association between Swedish parents’ activities together with their children, the parents’ experiences of time pressure and their children’s health. Methods: Data of 1461 Swedish children aged 2–17 years old that were collected in the NordChild study of 2011 were used. We analyzed physical health, diseases and disabilities, psychosomatic health and well-being, and the parents’ experiences of time pressure; and we calculated the associations between parental activity together with the child and health indicators. Results: Activities that were significantly and positively associated with children’s health at ages 2–17 years of age were: playing and playing games; going to the cinema, theatre, and sporting events; reading books; playing musical instruments/singing; sports activities; watching TV/video/DVD. Playing video games or computer games, driving child to activities and going for walks were significantly and positively associated at age groups 7–12 years and 13–17 years. Activities that were negatively associated with health were: surfing/blogging on the Internet, going shopping and doing homework. Parents who were not experiencing time pressures had a higher level of activity together with their children. The parental experience of time pressure was associated with work time, with less homework activity and more symptoms in children. Conclusions: The family and home are important settings for the development of children’s health. We found eight parental activities together with their children that promoted the children’s health. Parents’ working time and their time pressure experiences affected their activities with their children. There is a need for an increased focus on parental activities that are positively associated with children’s health.
Health promotion by communities and in communities: Current issues for research and practice
Authors: South Jane
Published: November 2014

Background and aims: This paper explores contemporary issues around community-based health promotion in the light of international health policies reaffirming the central role of community action within broader efforts to achieve health equity. Adopting a system-level approach poses challenges for current health promotion practice and evaluation, particularly where there is a shift in emphasis from small-scale community health projects towards mainstream community programmes, capable of engaging widely across diverse populations. Methods: Drawing on research with community members carried out by the Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK, the paper re-examines assumptions about the nature of interventions within community settings, and what participation means from a lay perspective. Key research issues for community-based health promotion are highlighted. Conclusions: The paper concludes by proposing that community-based interventions need to be reframed, if the dual challenges of citizen involvement and evidence based practice are to be met.
Governance of public health: Norway in a Nordic context
Authors: Helgesen Marit K.
Published: November 2014

Introduction: The two pillars of public health are health promotion and disease prevention. Based on a notion of governance in the state -local relation as changing from hierarchical via New Public Management (NPM) to New Public Governance (NPG), the governance of public health in Norway is contrasted to governance of public health in the other Nordic states: Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Aim: The article aims to present and discuss the governance of public health as it is played out in the state-local relationship. Methods: The method is to study central state documents in the four countries, as well as articles, research reports and papers on public health. Results: The article shows that the governance modes (hierarchy, NPM and NPG) exist in parallel, but that their mechanisms actually vary in use. Legal, economic and informational mechanisms are, to a varying degree, in use. Conclusions: In Finnish and Swedish public health policies, health promotion is at the forefront; while Danish and Norwegian public health policies spur the local governments to carry out interventions to prevent disease and hospital admissions.
Understanding Black Male Student Athletes’ Experiences at a Historically Black College/University
Authors: Cooper Joseph N. , Hall Jori
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this article is to describe how a mixed methods approach was employed to acquire a better understanding of Black male student athletes’ experiences at a historically Black college/university in the southeastern United States. A concurrent triangulation design was incorporated to allow different data sources to be collected and analyzed simultaneously to identify areas of convergence. Quantitative findings served as complementary data to corroborate the emergent qualitative themes. Legitimation strategies were applied in identifying meta-inferences from the analysis of findings, which enabled a more comprehensive understanding of key institutional characteristics that contributed to Black male student athletes’ academic achievement and positive college experiences at a historically Black college/university.
Lifecycle Prognostics: Transitioning between information types
Authors: Sharp Michael , Coble Jamie , Nam Alan , Hines J Wes , Upadhyaya Belle
Published: November 2014

As nuclear power plants seek to extend their licenses and maintain a high level of performance and safety, online monitoring and assessment of system degradation are becoming a crucial consideration. A goal of the DOE Light Water Reactor Sustainability program is the accurate estimation of the remaining useful life of nuclear power plant systems, structures, and components. Effective prognostic systems should seamlessly predict the remaining useful life from beginning of component life to end of component life, so-called Lifecycle Prognostics. When a component is first put into operation, the only information available may be past failure times of similar components or the expected distribution of failure times derived from reliability analyses of these data (Type I Prognostics). These data provide an estimated life for the average component operating under average usage conditions. As the component operates, it begins to consume its available life at a rate largely influenced by the system and environmental stresses. Information from these recorded stresses can be used to update the expected failure time distribution (Type II Prognostics). The incorporation of stressor information allows for the estimation of the remaining useful life for an average component operating under specific usage conditions. After continued operations, measurable levels of degradation may evolve, which allows for further improvement of the failure time distribution estimate by incorporating these health indicators (Type III Prognostics). This article presents a framework for using Bayesian methods to transition between prognostic model types and to update failure time distribution estimates as new information becomes available.
Study of on-line condition monitoring and fault feature extraction for marine diesel engines based on tribological information
Authors: Yan Xinping , Sheng Chenxing , Zhao Jiangbin , Yang Kun , Li Zhixiong
Published: November 2014

Reliability and safety issues on marine diesel engines have been received and still need considerable attentions. The literature review indicates that a large amount of failures are caused by abnormal wear of the diesel engine components. It is therefore essential to monitor the engine condition using the tribological information. To further promote the oil monitoring technology into industrial application, a new on-line condition monitoring and remote fault diagnosis system for marine diesel engines is proposed in this article. The new system consists of an on-line tribological signal acquisition model in the ship, a remote feature extraction model and a fault diagnosis model in the laboratory center. The third-generation telecommunication (3G/B3G) which is called wireless communication system is adopted to connect the remote ship with laboratory center. Nine wear characteristics are extracted to detect the engine faults. Experimental tests are implemented on a diesel engine in a real ship named “Changjing 2” to evaluate the performance of the proposed fault diagnosis system. The results show that index of particle covered area can be treated as the best feature for marine diesel engines fault detection. The results also reflect that the new system offers satisfactory on-line fault diagnosis ability and is effective for the diesel engine fault diagnosis in practice.
‘Foreigners are stealing our birth right’: Moral panics and the discursive construction of Zimbabwean immigrants in South African media
Authors: Banda Felix , Mawadza Aquilina
Published: November 2014

We examine 575 randomly selected articles on Zimbabwean immigrants from the South African Media (SAM) database to expose discourses of exclusion and the production of the psycho-social condition – moral panic. We use critical discourse analysis, notions of remediation and immediacy to scrutinize discourse structures and other discursive strategies designed to conceal mediation and authorial prejudices, and to make the reader ‘experience’ the actual content. In addition to making the anti-immigrant rhetoric appear legitimate, and the danger immediate and real, we argue that the apparent seamless content is often biased by selection and structured in such a way as to deny voice to immigrants and their advocates. Among other things, we conclude that since the readers’ interpretations are filtered through lenses of subjectivities defined by communicative contexts characterized by job scarcity, poverty, crime and wanting healthcare, the news content heightens anxiety and miseducates more than it enlightens readers on migration issues. Hence there is a danger of SAM becoming unwitting conveyors of the same vices they preach against.
Effects of a Classroom-Based Yoga Intervention on Cortisol and Behavior in Second- and Third-Grade Students
Authors: Butzer Bethany , Day Danielle , Potts Adam , Ryan Connor , Coulombe Sarah , Davies Brandie , Weidknecht Kimberly , Ebert Marina , Flynn Lisa , Khalsa Sat Bir S.
Published: November 2014

This uncontrolled pilot study examined the effects of a classroom-based yoga intervention on cortisol concentrations and perceived behavior in children. A 10-week Yoga 4 Classrooms intervention was implemented in one second-grade and one third-grade classroom. Students’ salivary cortisol responses were assessed at 3 time points. Classroom teachers also documented their perceptions of the effects of the intervention on students’ cognitive, social, and emotional skills. Second, but not third, graders showed a significant decrease in baseline cortisol from before to after the intervention. Second and third graders both showed significant decreases in cortisol from before to after a cognitive task, but neither grade showed additional decreases from before to after a single yoga class. The second-grade teacher perceived significant improvements in several aspects his/her students’ behavior. The third-grade teacher perceived some, but fewer, improvements in his/her students’ behavior. Results suggest that school-based yoga may be advantageous for stress management and behavior.
Two Cases of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation of the Common Peroneal Nerve Successfully Treating Refractory, Multifactorial Leg Edema
Authors: Ingves Matthew V. , Power Adam H.
Published: November 2014

The treatment of leg edema often involves promoting venous blood flow but can be difficult in patients with comorbidities that prevent traditional management strategies such as limb elevation or mechanical compression devices. The geko device is a self-contained neuromuscular stimulation device that adheres to skin over the common peroneal nerve and delivers a low-voltage stimulus that activates the lower-leg musculature resulting in enhanced superficial femoral vein blood flow and velocity. Here we report 2 cases of multifactorial and refractory leg edema successfully treated with the geko device over a period of 4 to 16 weeks. The device also improved pain and chronic wound healing. Although the geko device is costly, it was well tolerated and may provide another treatment strategy for resistant leg swelling.
Effect of primers and surface treatments on the gas barrier, mechanical, optical, printing, and flex-crack properties of the polyvinylidene chloride coated biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate films
Authors: Maikap Akshay N , Jain Shikha , Singh Hari K , Gupta Ashish , Behl Sidharath
Published: November 2014

This paper discusses a new method for development of transparent high barrier biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film via offline coating method. In the present research, a more efficient coating method was employed which reduces the cost of the developed film by 30–35% and minimizes the energy consumption and saves the processing time of the film. Biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film was corona treated or chemically coated during processing thus eliminating one process step. Further, biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film was offline coated by polyvinylidene chloride dispersion for high barrier properties and then laminated with polyethylene. Processing parameters, polyvinylidene chloride coating formulations, and primer type were optimized based on the coating feasibility, laminate bond strength, barrier properties, and ink adhesion properties. Primer coating on biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film substrate offers high laminate bond strength and improved ink adhesion. Polyvinylidene chloride coated biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film has improved barrier properties compared to that of untreated biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film. In polyvinylidene chloride coated biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film, oxygen transmission rate value was observed as 6–7 cc/m2/day and water vapor transmission rate was observed as 3–4 g/m2/day.
Improving formability of laser welded automotive dual phase steels with local cooling
Authors: Wei C. , Zhang J. , Yang S. , Sun L. , Tao W. , Wu F. , Xia W.
Published: November 2014

A new laser welding process with the local cooling was presented and applied to two automotive dual phase steels, DP780 and DP980. The microstructure, microhardness, tensile properties of welded joints and limiting dome height (LDH) of welded blanks were investigated. It is observed that the local cooling during laser welding process can greatly reduce the martensite tempering and thus reduce the heat affected zone softening. The laser welded joints with the local cooling all failed at the base metal, and exhibit the comparable strength and ductility with the base metal. For the welded blanks with the local cooling, LDH is increased significantly, and failure initiates from the weld and propagates perpendicular to the weld.
Enforced differentiation of Dnmt3a-null bone marrow leads to failure with c-Kit mutations driving leukemic transformation
Authors: Celik Hamza , Mallaney Cates , Kothari Alok , Ostrander Elizabeth L. , Eultgen Elizabeth , Martens Andrew , Miller Christopher A. , Hundal Jasreet , Klco Jeffery M. , Challen Grant A.
Published: November 2014

Key Points

Dnmt3a-null hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) cannot sustain long-term hematopoiesis. Cooperating c-Kit mutations drive leukemic transformation of Dnmt3a-null HSCs.
Prevalence of low central venous oxygen saturation in the first hours of intensive care unit admission and associated mortality in septic shock patients: a prospective multicentre study
Authors: Boulain Thierry , Garot Denis , Vignon Philippe , Lascarrou Jean-Baptiste , Desachy Arnaud , Botoc Vlad , Follin Arnaud , Frat Jean-Pierre , Bellec Frédéric , Quenot Jean-Pierre , Mathonnet Armelle , Dequin Pierre-François ,   for the Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis Group
Published: November 2014

Introduction

In septic shock patients, the prevalence of low (<70%) central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and its relationship to outcome are unknown. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of low ScvO2 in the first hours of ICU admission and to assess its potential association with mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.

Methods

This was a prospective, multicentre, observational study conducted over a one-year period in ten French ICUs. Clinicians were asked to include patients with severe sepsis or septic shock preferably within 6 hours of ICU admission and as soon as possible without changing routine practice. ScvO2 was measured at inclusion and 6 hours later (H6), by blood sampling.

Results

We included 363 patients. Initial ScvO2 below 70% was present in 111 patients and the pooled estimate for its prevalence was 27% (95% Confidence interval (95%CI): 18% to 37%). At time of inclusion, among 166 patients with normal lactate concentration (≤2 mmol/L), 55 (33%) had a low initial ScvO2 (<70%), and among 136 patients who had already reached the classic clinical endpoints for mean arterial pressure (≥65 mmHg), central venous pressure (≥8 mmHg), and urine output (≥0.5 mL/Kg of body weight), 43 (32%) had a low initial ScvO2 (<70%). Among them, 49% had lactate below 2 mmol/L. The day-28 mortality was higher in case of low initial ScvO2 (37.8% versus 27.4%; P = 0.049). When adjusted for confounders including the Simplified Acute Physiology Score and initial lactate concentration, a low initial ScvO2 (Odds ratio (OR) = 3.60, 95%CI: 1.76 to 7.36; P = 0.0004) and a low ScvO2 at H6 (OR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.12 to 4.26; P = 0.022) were associated with day-28 mortality by logistic regression.

Conclusions

Low ScvO2 was common in the first hours of admission to the ICU for severe sepsis or septic shock even when clinical resuscitation endpoints were achieved and even when arterial lactate was normal. A ScvO2 below 70% in the first hours of ICU admission and six hours later was associated with day-28 mortality.
Endogenous glycosaminoglycan anticoagulation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: MacLaren Graeme , Monagle Paul
Published: November 2014

A heparin-like effect was recently described in infants, children, and adults receiving bivalirudin while supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following cardiopulmonary bypass. This is most likely due to endogenous release of glycosaminoglycans from vascular endothelium and mast cells and is associated with longer duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and an increased incidence of sepsis. Further investigation into this effect should include patients without recent cardiopulmonary bypass, exclude the presence of covalent antithrombin-heparin complexes, and employ a variety of different heparinases for thromboelastography. The phenomenon may partially explain the heterogeneity of anticoagulation requirements in patients on extracorporeal life support.
Does pulse pressure variation predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yang Xiaobo , Du Bin
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Fluid resuscitation is crucial in managing hemodynamically unstable patients. The last decade witnessed the use of pulse pressure variation (PPV) to predict fluid responsiveness. However, as far as we know, no systematic review and meta-analysis has been carried out to evaluate the value of PPV in predicting fluid responsiveness specifically upon patients admitted into intensive care units.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE and included clinical trials that evaluated the association between PPV and fluid responsiveness after fluid challenge in mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units. Data were synthesized using an exact binomial rendition of the bivariate mixed-effects regression model modified for synthesis of diagnostic test data.

Result

Twenty-two studies with 807 mechanically ventilated patients with tidal volume more than 8 ml/kg and without spontaneous breathing and cardiac arrhythmia were included, and 465 were responders (58%). The pooled sensitivity was 0.88 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 0.92) and pooled specificity was 0.89 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.92). A summary receiver operating characteristic curve yielded an area under the curve of 0.94 (95% CI 0.91 to 0.95). A significant threshold effect was identified.

Conclusions

PPV predicts fluid responsiveness accurately in mechanically ventilated patients with relative large tidal volume and without spontaneous breathing and cardiac arrhythmia.
The genome of the sparganosis tapeworm Spirometra erinaceieuropaeiisolated from the biopsy of a migrating brain lesion
Authors: Bennett Hayley M , Mok Hoi Ping , Gkrania-Klotsas Effrossyni , Tsai Isheng J , Stanley Eleanor J , Antoun Nagui M , Coghlan Avril , Harsha Bhavana , Traini Alessandra , Ribeiro Diogo M , Steinbiss Sascha , Lucas Sebastian B , Allinson Kieren SJ , Price Stephen J , Santarius Thomas S , Carmichael Andrew J , Chiodini Peter L , Holroyd Nancy , Dean Andrew F , Berriman Matthew
Published: November 2014

Background

Sparganosis is an infection with a larval Diphyllobothriidea tapeworm. From a rare cerebral case presented at a clinic in the UK, DNA was recovered from a biopsy sample and used to determine the causative species as Spirometra erinaceieuropaei through sequencing of the cox1 gene. From the same DNA, we have produced a draft genome, the first of its kind for this species, and used it to perform a comparative genomics analysis and to investigate known and potential tapeworm drug targets in this tapeworm.

Results

The 1.26 Gb draft genome of S. erinaceieuropaei is currently the largest reported for any flatworm. Through investigation of β-tubulin genes, we predict that S. erinaceieuropaei larvae are insensitive to the tapeworm drug albendazole. We find that many putative tapeworm drug targets are also present in S. erinaceieuropaei, allowing possible cross application of new drugs. In comparison to other sequenced tapeworm species we observe expansion of protease classes, and of Kuntiz-type protease inhibitors. Expanded gene families in this tapeworm also include those that are involved in processes that add post-translational diversity to the protein landscape, intracellular transport, transcriptional regulation and detoxification.

Conclusions

The S. erinaceieuropaei genome begins to give us insight into an order of tapeworms previously uncharacterized at the genome-wide level. From a single clinical case we have begun to sketch a picture of the characteristics of these organisms. Finally, our work represents a significant technological achievement as we present a draft genome sequence of a rare tapeworm, and from a small amount of starting material.
BAsE-Seq: a method for obtaining long viral haplotypes from short sequence reads
Authors: Hong Lewis Z , Hong Shuzhen , Wong Han Teng , Aw Pauline PK , Cheng Yan , Wilm Andreas , de Sessions Paola F , Lim Seng Gee , Nagarajan Niranjan , Hibberd Martin L , Quake Stephen R , Burkholder William F
Published: November 2014

We present a method for obtaining long haplotypes, of over 3 kb in length, using a short-read sequencer, Barcode-directed Assembly for Extra-long Sequences (BAsE-Seq). BAsE-Seq relies on transposing a template-specific barcode onto random segments of the template molecule and assembling the barcoded short reads into complete haplotypes. We applied BAsE-Seq on mixed clones of hepatitis B virus and accurately identified haplotypes occurring at frequencies greater than or equal to 0.4%, with >99.9% specificity. Applying BAsE-Seq to a clinical sample, we obtained over 9,000 viral haplotypes, which provided an unprecedented view of hepatitis B virus population structure during chronic infection. BAsE-Seq is readily applicable for monitoring quasispecies evolution in viral diseases.
Use of next-generation DNA sequencing to analyze genetic variants in rheumatic disease
Authors: Wiley Graham B , Kelly Jennifer A , Gaffney Patrick M
Published: November 2014

Next-generation DNA sequencing has revolutionized the field of genetics and genomics, providing researchers with the tools to efficiently identify novel rare and low frequency risk variants, which was not practical with previously available methodologies. These methods allow for the sequence capture of a specific locus or small genetic region all the way up to the entire six billion base pairs of the diploid human genome.

Rheumatic diseases are a huge burden on the US population, affecting more than 46 million Americans. Those afflicted suffer from one or more of the more than 100 diseases characterized by inflammation and loss of function, mainly of the joints, tendons, ligaments, bones, and muscles. While genetics studies of many of these diseases (for example, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease) have had major successes in defining their genetic architecture, causal alleles and rare variants have still been elusive. This review describes the current high-throughput DNA sequencing methodologies commercially available and their application to rheumatic diseases in both case–control as well as family-based studies.
Clinical significance of macrophage phenotypes in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Medbury Heather J , Williams Helen , Fletcher John P
Published: November 2014

The emerging understanding of macrophage subsets and their functions in the atherosclerotic plaque has led to the consensus that M1 macrophages are pro‐atherogenic while M2 macrophages may promote plaque stability, primarily though their tissue repair and anti‐inflammatory properties. As such, modulating macrophage function to promote plaque stability is an exciting therapeutic prospect. This review will outline the involvement of the different macrophage subsets throughout atherosclerosis progression and in models of regression. It is evident that much of our understanding of macrophage function comes from in vitro or small animal models and, while such knowledge is valuable, we have much to learn about the roles of the macrophage subsets in the clinical setting in order to identify the key pathways to target to possibly promote plaque stability.
GreenCaps: towards solid curing agents for sustainable polyurethane foams
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Marques Ana C , Bordado João C , de Schrijver Aster , Pagliaro Mario
Published: November 2014

Testing and further investigation of organosilica microspheres functionalized with aqueous glycerol as solid curing agents for polyurethane (PU) foams confirms the potential of these materials to cure better and greener PU foams. The developed microspheres were found to be stable in the foam precursor mixture, allowing handling and mixing of the foam cans, and were shown to provide a slight improvement of the curing speed. The foams obtained from the froth containing the microspheres were found to maintain the level of quality of reference foam samples. Termed “GreenCaps”, these microspheres will subsequently be tested in pre-commercial applications.
Pore-pressure-constrained, rock-physics-guided velocity model building method: Alternate solution to mitigate subsalt geohazard
Authors: Dutta Nader , Deo Bhaskar , Liu Yangjun (Kevin) , Ramani Krishna , Kapoor Jerry , Vigh Denes
Published: November 2014

We developed an integrated method that can better constrain subsalt tomography using geology, thermal history modeling, and rock-physics principles. This method, called rock-physics-guided velocity modeling for migration uses predicted pore pressure as a guide to improve the quality of the earth model. We first generated a rock-physics model that provided a range of plausible pore pressure that lies between hydrostatic (lowest possible pressure) and fracture pressure (highest possible pressure). The range of plausible pore pressures was then converted into a range of plausible depth varying velocities as a function of pore pressure that is consistent with geology and rock physics. Such a range of plausible velocities is called the rock-physics template. Such a template (constrained by geology) was then used to flatten the seismic gathers. We call this the pore-pressure scan technique. The outcome of the pore-pressure scan process was an “upper” and “lower” bound of pore pressure for a given earth model. Such velocity bounds were then used as constraints on the subsequent tomography, and further iterations were carried out. The integrated method not only flattened the common image point gathers but also limited the velocity field to its physically and geologically plausible range without well control; for example, in the study area it produced a better image and pore-pressure prognosis below salt. We determined that geologic control is essential, and we used it for stratigraphy, structure, and unconformity, etc. The method had several subsalt applications in the Gulf of Mexico and proved that subsalt pore pressure can be reliably predicted.
Identification of parameters of an order in psychophysiology
Authors: Сидоркина  , Sidorkina D. , Филатова  , Filatova D. , Филатов  , Filatov M. , Нехайчик  , Nekhaychik S.
Published: November 2014

While using a set of diagnostic characters x;, which form a total system state vector x=x(t), there emerges problem of selections such characters with more significant number l«m from the total number m. Today such problems are still not solved, therefore, the paper presents method of its solving for assessment of distinctions in psychophysiological state of two big groups of subjects (under changing ecological factors) using neuroemulators. While binary classification problem solving based on analysis of sensomotor parameters of two groups the procedure, providing real ranking x; and choosing more significant 1, is produced. The work of neuroemulator is similar to work of neural networks of hippocampus while heuristic brain activity.
The Wear Project
Authors: Malik Nadia
Published: November 2014

When we meet a character in a performance, the implicit understanding is that they have existed until the point where we join their journey and will continue existing after we leave them. Their clothing tells a hi/story to the audience before we hear them speak and before any action takes place. As a Costume Designer and Lecturer, my awareness of costuming as an anthropological practice has led me to explore these principles using myself as the subject of scrutiny. For one year I am logging every clothing combination I go through along with memories, prices, locations and dates, etc. in order to explore the sub/conscious clothing decisions I make and the stories, embedded in my clothes, that I am surrounded by every day. What does my wardrobe mean to me inwardly and reveal to my audience outwardly, and how does this ‘me-search’ extend my artistic practice?
Increasing air humidity – a climate trend predicted for northern latitudes – alters the chemical composition of stemwood in silver birch and hybrid aspen
Authors: Tullus Arvo , Sellin Arne , Kupper Priit , Lutter Reimo , Pärn Linnar , Jasinska Anna , Alber Meeli , Kukk Maarja , Tullus Tea , Tullus Hardi , Lõhmus Krista , Sõber Anu
Published: November 2014

We studied the physicochemical properties of stemwood in saplings of silver birch ( Roth) and hybrid aspen ( L. Ã Michx.), grown for four years under artificially elevated relative air humidity (on average by 7%) in field conditions, using the Free Air Humidity Manipulation (FAHM) research facility in Estonia. Altogether 91 sample trees from three experimental plots with manipulated air humidity and from three control plots were cut in the dormant season and sampled for the analysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, acid detergent lignin, macronutrients (N, P, K), ash content, density, and calorific value of wood. The analysed trees grew significantly more slowly under elevated humidity conditions, with a more pronounced effect on aspens. Significantly higher concentrations of N and P were observed in the stemwood of both aspens and birches grown under elevated humidity. This could be the result of a change in the content of living parenchyma cells and/or enhanced retranslocation of nutrients into wood parenchyma. Additionally, humidification resulted in a significantly higher concentration of cellulose and a lower concentration of hemicellulose in aspen stemwood, and in significantly lower concentrations of cellulose and K in birch stemwood. Elevated humidity did not affect lignin concentration, ash content, basic density and calorific value of stemwood. Results from the FAHM experiment suggest that the increasing air humidity accompanying global warming at northern latitudes will affect the growth and functioning of deciduous trees and forests, with obvious consequences also for forest management and industry.Betula pendulaPopulus tremulaP. tremuloides
Planetary Boundaries and Chemical Pollution: A Grail Quest?
Authors: Sala Serenella , Saouter Erwan
Published: November 2014

In the last few years, the environmental footprint concept has obtained an increasing interest by both the scientific and political communities. The chemical footprint evaluation aims to assess at what extent actual emission of chemicals harms the ecosystems above their capability to recover (the so-called carrying capacity of the system).
Deixis and personhood: Autism, intersubjectivity, and the fluidity-to-inelasticity hypothesis
Authors: Oakley Todd , Vidanović Đorđe
Published: November 2014

We present the broad outlines of theory of intersubjectivity as it pertains to the production and understanding of deixis in discourse produced by two verbal autistic subjects. After a brief philosophical and linguistic overview of deixis, we provide an outline of the intersubjectivity matrix as it normally develops. We then use this framework as a heuristic for assessing the performance of our participants as they conversed with typically developed counterparts about specific video clips. Verbal autists possess many of the intersubjectivity skills required for normal conversation but lack the ability to deploy stable reference points when using the deictic scheme to communicate about situations in which either the topic or the audience are displaced in time and space. We present the Fluidity to Inelasticity Hypothesis (FIH) in which an initially fluid and chaotic use of deictic forms settles into a stable but inflexible deictic scheme.
Monolithic Integration of Diluted-Nitride III–V-N Compounds on Silicon Substrates: Toward the III–V/Si Concentrated Photovoltaics
Authors: Durand O. , Almosni S. , Ping Wang Y. , Cornet C. , Létoublon A. , Robert C. , Levallois C. , Pedesseau L. , Rolland A. , Even J. , Jancu J.M. , Bertru N. , Le Corre A. , Mandorlo F. , Lemiti M. , Rale P. , Lombez L. , Guillemoles J.-F. , Laribi S. , Ponchet A. , Stodolna J.
Published: November 2014

GaAsPN semiconductors are promising material for the development of high-efficiency tandem solar cells on silicon substrates. GaAsPN diluted-nitride alloy is studied as the top-junction material due to its perfect lattice matching with the Si substrate and its ideal bandgap energy allowing a perfect current matching with the Si bottom cell. The GaP/Si interface is also studied in order to obtain defect-free GaP/Si pseudo-substrates suitable for the subsequent GaAsPN top junctions growth. Result shows that a double-step growth procedure suppresses most of the microtwins and a bi-stepped Si buffer can be grown, suitable to reduce the anti-phase domains density. We also review our recent progress in materials development of the GaAsPN alloy and our recent studies of all the different building blocks toward the development of a PIN solar cell. GaAsPN alloy with energy bandgap around 1.8 eV, lattice matched with the Si substrate, has been achieved. This alloy displays efficient photoluminescence at room temperature and good light absorption. An early-stage GaAsPN PIN solar cell prototype has been grown on a GaP(001) substrate. The external quantum efficiency and the
A Comparative Study of Public Libraries in Edinburgh and Copenhagen and Their Potential for Social Capital Creation
Authors: Miller Judith
Published: November 2014

Public libraries have always been under pressure to earn their place in society - but can their benefit to the community be proven? Although the concept of social capital can be traced back to 1916, in the past 10 years social capital theory has been linked increasingly to the public library. Social capital refers to links between people in society - “networks, norms and trust” (Putnam 1996, 34) - which produce positive outcomes for the community as a whole. The purpose of this article is to investigate the library as place and the potential of the public library to create social capital. This comprises the examination of two cases, Edinburgh City Libraries in Edinburgh, Scotland and Kobenhavns Biblioteker in Copenhagen, Denmark in the form of a comparative case study. The methods used to elicit data included qualitative interviews with library managers, observation, and consultation of organizational documentation. The case study was limited by a small sample size, possibility of cultural bias, and lack of generalizability of evidence. Findings show that library staff in Edinburgh and Copenhagen are actively involved in creating social capital in a number of ways: through facilitating or organizing meetings, providing an informal meeting place, forging links between groups in the community, creating a welcoming environment, and by meeting community educational needs. It was found that Copenhagen and Edinburgh share in many characteristics, but have different attitudes to trust. Conclusions demonstrate that three main factors affect the library’s potential to create social capital; the library building and space, the library’s staff and volunteers, and the links that the library has with the community. It is recommended that further research should be carried out in the area of library as place and on the identification of factors generating social capital.
Flexible polyvinyl alcohol/2-hydroxypropanoic acid films: effect of residual acetyl moieties on mechanical, thermal and antibacterial properties
Authors: Hrabalikova Martina , Merchan Martha , Ganbold Solongo , Sedlarik Vladimir , Valasek Pavel , Saha Petr
Published: November 2014

This work ascertains the effect of the degree of hydrolysis of polyvinyl alcohol under extended interaction with 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (lactic acid). Systems based on three different types of polyvinyl alcohol matrices (of hydrolysis degree 80, 88 and 98 mol%) and lactic acid were characterized according to their physicochemical, mechanical and thermal properties. An agar diffusion test and the dilution and spread plate technique were conducted to facilitate antibacterial activity to counteract Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A mathematical model was applied to the experimental data to estimate the antibacterial efficacy of the resultant flexible films.