bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amplification of EDHF‐type vasodilatations in TRPC1‐deficient mice
Authors: Schmidt Kjestine , Dubrovska Galyna , Nielsen Gorm , Fesüs Gabor , Uhrenholt Torben R. , Hansen Pernille B. , Gudermann Thomas , Dietrich Alexander , Gollasch Maik , de Wit Cor , Köhler Ralf
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSETRPC1 channels are expressed in the vasculature and are putative candidates for intracellular Ca2+handling. However, little is known about their role in endothelium‐dependent vasodilatations including endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) vasodilatations, which require activation of Ca2+‐activated K+channels (KCa). To provide molecular information on the role of TRPC1 for KCafunction and the EDHF signalling complex, we examined endothelium‐dependent and independent vasodilatations, KCacurrents and smooth muscle contractility in TRPC1‐deficient mice (TRPC1‐/‐).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHVascular responses were studied using pressure/wire myography and intravital microscopy. We performed electrophysiological measurements, and confocal Ca2+imaging for studying KCachannel functions and Ca2+sparks.

KEY RESULTSTRPC1 deficiency in carotid arteries produced a twofold augmentation of TRAM‐34‐ and UCL1684‐sensitive EDHF‐type vasodilatations and of endothelial hyperpolarization to acetylcholine. NO‐mediated vasodilatations were unchanged. TRPC1‐/‐ exhibited enhanced EDHF‐type vasodilatations in resistance‐sized arteriolesin vivoassociated with reduced spontaneous tone. Endothelial IKCa/SKCa‐type KCacurrents, smooth muscle cell Ca2+sparks and associated BKCa‐mediated spontaneous transient outward currents were unchanged in TRPC1‐/‐. Smooth muscle contractility induced by receptor‐operated Ca2+influx or Ca2+release and endothelium‐independent vasodilatations were unaltered in TRPC1‐/‐. TRPC1‐/‐ exhibited lower systolic blood pressure as determined by tail‐cuff blood pressure measurements.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSOur data demonstrate that TRPC1 acts as a negative regulator of endothelial KCachannel‐dependent EDHF‐type vasodilatations and thereby contributes to blood pressure regulation. Thus, we propose a specific role of TRPC1 in the EDHF–KCasignalling complex and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of TRPC1, by enhancing EDHF vasodilatations, may be a novel strategy for lowering blood pressure.
Ca2+paradox injury mediated through TRPC channels in mouse ventricular myocytes
Authors: Kojima Akiko , Kitagawa Hirotoshi , Omatsu‐Kanbe Mariko , Matsuura Hiroshi , Nosaka Shuichi
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe Ca2+paradox is an important phenomenon associated with Ca2+overload‐mediated cellular injury in myocardium. The present study was undertaken to elucidate molecular and cellular mechanisms for the development of the Ca2+paradox.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHFluorescence imaging was performed on fluo‐3 loaded quiescent mouse ventricular myocytes using confocal laser scanning microscope.

KEY RESULTSThe Ca2+paradox was readily evoked by restoration of the extracellular Ca2+following 10–20 min of nominally Ca2+‐free superfusion. The Ca2+paradox was significantly reduced by blockers of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels (2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, Gd3+, La3+) and anti‐TRPC1 antibody. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+content, assessed by caffeine application, gradually declined during Ca2+‐free superfusion, which was further accelerated by metabolic inhibition. Block of SR Ca2+leak by tetracaine prevented Ca2+paradox. The Na+/Ca2+exchange (NCX) blocker KB‐R7943 significantly inhibited Ca2+paradox when applied throughout superfusion period, but had little effect when added for a period of 3 min before and during Ca2+restoration. The SR Ca2+content was better preserved during Ca2+depletion by KB‐R7943. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the expression of TRPC1, in addition to TRPC3 and TRPC4, in mouse ventricular myocytes.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese results provide evidence that (i) the Ca2+paradox is primarily mediated by Ca2+entry through TRPC (probably TRPC1) channels that are presumably activated by SR Ca2+depletion; and (ii) reverse mode NCX contributes little to the Ca2+paradox, whereas inhibition of NCX during Ca2+depletion improves SR Ca2+loading, and is associated with reduced incidence of Ca2+paradox in mouse ventricular myocytes.
Imaging calcium signals in vivo: a powerful tool in physiology and pharmacology
Authors: Russell James T
Published: August 2010

The design and engineering of organic fluorescent Ca2+ indicators approximately 30 years ago opened the door for imaging cellular Ca2+ signals with a high degree of temporal and spatial resolution. Over this time, Ca2+ imaging has revolutionized our approaches for tissue‐level spatiotemporal analysis of functional organization and has matured into a powerful tool for in situ imaging of cellular activity in the living animal. In vivo Ca2+ imaging with temporal resolution at the millisecond range and spatial resolution at micrometer range has been achieved through novel designs of Ca2+ sensors, development of modern microscopes and powerful imaging techniques such as two‐photon microscopy. Imaging Ca2+ signals in ensembles of cells within tissue in 3D allows for analysis of integrated cellular function, which, in the case of the brain, enables recording activity patterns in local circuits. The recent development of miniaturized compact, fibre‐optic‐based, mechanically flexible microendoscopes capable of two‐photon microscopy opens the door for imaging activity in awake, behaving animals. This development is poised to open a new chapter in physiological experiments and for pharmacological approaches in the development of novel therapies.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Imaging. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐8BJP has previously published an Imaging in Pharmacology themed section, edited by A Davenport and C Daly. To view this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2010.159.issue‐4
Forensic Approach to an Archaeological Casework of “Vampire” Skeletal Remains in Venice: Odontological and Anthropological Prospectus*
Authors: Nuzzolese Emilio , Borrini Matteo
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  During the years 2006–2007, the Archeological Superintendent of Veneto (Italy) promoted a research project on mass graves located on Nuovo Lazzaretto in Venice, where the corpses of plague deaths were buried during the 16th and 17th centuries. The burials were of different stages and are believed to be the remains of plague victims from the numerous outbreaks of pestilence, which occurred between the 15th and 17th centuries. Among the fragmented and commingled human bones, an unusual burial was found. The body was laid supine, with the top half of the thorax intact, arms parallel to the rachis axis, the articulations were anatomically unaltered. Both the skull morphology and the dimensions of the caput omeris suggest the body was a woman. A brick of moderate size was found inside the oral cavity, keeping the mandible wide open. The data collected by the anthropologist were used to generate a taphonomic profile, which precluded the positioning of the brick being accidental. Likewise, the probability of the brick having come from the surrounding burial sediment was rejected, as the only other inclusions found were bone fragments from previous burials in the same area. The data collected by the odontologist were employed for age estimation and radiological dental assessment. The forensic profile was based conceptually on the “circumstances of death” and concluded that the positioning of the brick was intentional, and attributed to a symbolic burial ritual. This ritual confirms the intimate belief held at those times, between the plague and the mythological character of the vampire.
Validation of a DNA Quantitation Method on the Biomek® 3000
Authors: Myers Jarrah R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Laboratory automation has the ability to increase the throughput and efficiency of laboratory processes to keep pace with current backlogs and requests for analysis. This paper addresses the specific studies employed to properly evaluate an automated method for DNA quantitation setup using Applied Biosystems Quantifiler™ Human DNA Quantification kit on a Biomek® 3000. The calibration of robotic pipetting as well as comparison with manually performed steps confirmed the accuracy of the automated methods used. Reproducibility studies evaluated differences between robotic and manually prepared human DNA standard curves. Additional studies examined DNA samples of known quantities, extract storage formats, sensitivity, and an assessment of contamination. The Biomek® 3000 not only demonstrated reproducibility and accuracy that equaled or surpassed the manual method but also revealed a contamination‐free method to replace the multiple pipetting steps required during quantitation setup.
Thoughts on irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Malten K. E.
Published: August 2010

An attempt is made to formulate some kind of working hypothesis concerning the pathophysiology, clinical appearance and treatment of irritant contact dermatitis.

Acute irritant dermatitis may he caused by one single overwhelming external exposure of comparatively short duration. It is usually accidental and therefore recognized early as cause and effect.

Chronic irritant dermatitis may be the result of a too early repetition of one impairing factor (chronic irritant dermatitis ‘traumiteration’ type), but is more commonly the result of the influence of a variety of stimuli, each starting to be active before recovery from the foregoing stimuli has been completed (chronic irritant dermatitis ‘summation’ type). By repetition of the same stimulus, or by a combination of varying stimuli, the degree of impairment surpasses a critical level, in consequence of which a clinical disease (irritant contact dermatitis) ensues. This clinical disease, however, is only ‘the tip of the iceberg’.

Such stimuli may be chemical, mechanical and/or climatic. To find out which are the harmful factors requires a detailed case history about the patient's work, habits and hobbies, thus enabling him to avoid as many damaging exposures as is practical, and hence reducing the sum of causative factors. A number of causative factors are enumerated.

The article is intended to be a catalyst to promote discussion on this subject.
Oral mucosal diseases investigated by patch testing with a dental screening series
Authors: Alanko Kristiina , Kanerva Lasse , Jolanki Riita , Kannas Liisa , Estlander Tuula
Published: August 2010

The rôle of contact allergies in oral mucosal diseases was studied. The subjects were 24 patients out of 479 tested, who had oral mucosal symptoms and positive patch test reactions in a dental series during 1987–1994 at the Department of Dermatology. Helsinki University Hospital. The clinical diagnoses were oral lichen planus (LPO, 13 patients), leukoplakia (2), glossodynia, i.e., ‘burning mouth syndrome’ (4), stomatitis (3) and recurrent angioedema (2), Only 1 patient had symptoms in relation to dental care. All but 2 patients had allergic reactions to mercury (Hg) (12 patients), gold sodium thiosulfate (Au) (13 patients) or both. A clinical connection between oral symptoms and contact allergy was seen in 10 patients, 9 patients (7 LPO, 2 leukoplakia) had Hg allergy in these cases, the oral lesions disappeared after the amalgam fillings had been removed. 1 patient had recurrent stomatitis and perioral eczema after dental care and 2,2‐bis(4‐(2‐hydroxy 3‐methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl)propane (BIS‐GMA) allergy. Her symptoms were caused by drilling of acrylic fillings. In addition, a connection between localized stomatitis and contact allergy was considered probable in 2 cases. 1 patient had stomatitis from contact with an orthodontic device and nickel allergy. The other had stomatitis from contact with a dental gold crown and gold allergy. No clinical connection was found between gold allergy and the oral symptoms of other patients.
A study of the sensitization rate to sesquiterpene lactone mix in Singapore
Authors: Tan Eileen , Leow Yung Hian , Ng See Ket , Goh Chee Leok
Published: August 2010

We report a study of the sensitization rate to sesquiterpene lactone (SL) mix at the National Skin Centre, Singapore. This is a retrospective review of 1256 patients who were patch tested to SL mix (0.1%) from January 1995 to December 1997. 18 out of 1256 patients (1.43%) reacted positively to SL mix. Their ages ranged from 13 to 58 years (average 33.8 years). There were 15 Chinese, 2 Indian and 1 Malay patients. There was a female preponderance, with a female: male ratio of 3.5:1. The most common clinical presentation were dermatitis of the hands (8; 44%), face (5; 28%), and generalized involvement (5: 28%). After extensive evaluation, only 2 patients had a positive patch test reaction that was of current clinical relevance. 13 patients had concomitant sensitization to other allergens. The 3 commonest concomitant allergens were nickel, balsam of Peru and fragrance mix. In our series, SL allergy is observed to be more common in females and the mean age is lower compared to the classical Compositae dermatitis. The sensitization rate is comparable to other studies, although the clinical relevance is only 11%.
The problems of rubber hypersensitivity (Types I and IV) in chronic leg ulcer and stasis eczema patients
Authors: Gooptu C. , Powell S. M.
Published: August 2010

The prevalence of Type I and Type IV hypersensitivity to rubber allergens in patients with stasis eczema and/or venous leg ulcers over an 18‐month period was studied by prick and patch testing. Results from 109 patients were analysed. Positive patch tests were found in 71 patients (65%). Delayed‐type hypersensitivity to rubber chemicals was found in 17 patients (15.6%). However, only 1 patient who had additional risk factors showed Type I hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex. We therefore conclude that, although Type IV hypersensitivity to rubber chemicals is relatively common in our patients, Type I hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex remains rare.
Positive rates to propyl gallate on patch testing: a change in trend
Authors: Perez A. , Basketter D. A. , White I. R. , McFadden J.
Published: August 2010

Propyl gallate (E310) has, until recently, been used as a major antioxidant in fatty food and, in the cosmetic industry, in the manufacture of lipsticks. Propyl gallate has a high sensitizing potential; however, the frequency of allergic contact dermatitis from antioxidants of the gallate type was previously thought to be surprisingly low. Previous exposure and orally induced tolerance, as suggested by Khan and colleagues, may have explained the low rates of allergic contact dermatitis to propyl gallate in the past. The objectives were to assess the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis to propyl gallate in our centre from 1988 to 2005. From 1988 to 2005, 9529 patients were patch tested to the face series, 6973 were females and 2556 were males. Patch tests were read at 2 D and 4 D. Positive reactions were scored as per International Contact Dermatitis Research Group recommendations as negative, +, ++, and +++ reactions. Propyl gallate was used at a 1% petrolatum (pet.). A total of 55 patients had positive reactions to propyl gallate 1% pet. (0.57%), 46 were female (0.65%) and 9 were male (0.33%). Using chi‐square, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the positivity rates between the 1988–96 period (0.45%) and the 1997–2005 period (0.77%). A review of our face series performed in the last 18 years has shown a statistically significant increase in propyl gallate‐positive rates on patch testing over the last decade. An increase in its use in the cosmetic industry may well be the explanation for this. Nevertheless, a concomitant reduction of propyl gallate as an antioxidant in food, with oral tolerance being less likely to develop, may also be a contributing factor in the increasing trend of allergic contact dermatitis caused by propyl gallate.
The reaction index and positivity ratio revisited
Authors: Andersen Klaus Ejner , Andersen Flemming
Published: August 2010

Background and Objectives:  Assessing the quality of patch test preparations continues to be a challenge. 2 parameters, the reaction index (RI) and positivity ratio (PR), have been proposed as quality indicators by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). The value of these statistics has not been examined by others.

Methods:  We calculated the RI and PR for the 24 TRUE® test allergens in 7635 patients with consecutive eczema tested at the Department of Dermatology, Odense University Hospital over a 15‐year period, and data for 7 selected standard allergens were compared with corresponding data from the original IVDK papers.

Results and Conclusions:  At our patch test laboratory, RI’s are lower, even negative, and the PR’s are considerably lower than the IVDK results. The most likely explanation is a difference in reading/scoring tradition between the different departments of the IVDK and our department. Calculation of RI’s and PR’s for patch test allergens is of limited value as a measure of quality of the patch test materials, because it predominantly reflects differences in scoring and reading of patch test reactions. Further, questionable reactions (+?) may be clinically relevant and very important for the individual patient. Focus on standardization of patch test materials, patch test technique, and reading of patch test reactions is mandatory.
Percutaneous penetration via hand eczema is the major accelerating factor for systemic absorption of toluene and xylene during car spray painting
Authors: Hino Ryosuke , Nishio Daisuke , Kabashima Kenji , Tokura Yoshiki
Published: August 2010

Background:  For absorption of organic solvents, the respiratory tract is well known as the major site, but percutaneous absorption might be critical in some workplaces.

Objectives:  The aim of the study is to determine whether the skin, if disordered, is 1 of the major routes of organic solvent absorption.

Patients/Methods:  72 male workers who painted the car body in the booth of a Japanese car company were participated in this study. The severity of hand eczema, urinary metabolites of organic solvents and the concentration of airborne organic solvents were measured.

Results:  The correlation coefficiency between the skin severity index and the urinary concentration of hippuric acid or methylhippuric acid was statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between their urinary values and the air concentration of mixed organic solvents.

Conclusions:  The skin is a more critical absorption route for organic solvents than the respiratory tract in some occupational settings. Hand eczema is a common disease and has a possibility to be a critical absorption route of organic solvents.
Immunological occupational contact urticaria and contact dermatitis from proteins: a review
Authors: Amaro Cristina , Goossens An
Published: August 2010

Protein contact with the skin can be associated with 2 major clinical conditions: contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis. This article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical pictures and the literature on the proteins having caused immunological occupation‐related skin problems, i.e. fruits, vegetables, spices, plants, and woods; animal proteins; grains and enzymes, all affecting a wide variety of jobs. This is illustrated with some cases observed in the contact‐allergy unit in Leuven.
Contact allergy to 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole and phenyl‐α‐naphtylamine, allergens in industrial greases and lubricant oils – contact allergy to water‐insoluble greases is uncommon but needs to be considered in some workers
Authors: Aalto‐Korte Kristiina , Suuronen Katri , Kuuliala Outi , Jolanki Riitta
Published: August 2010

Background:  Industrial lubricants are usually made of petroleum and contain no water. Industrial greases and neat oils (insoluble metalworking oils) cause contact allergy relatively seldom, and reported allergies to the components of engine oils, such as hydraulic oils, are extremely scarce.

Objective:  The aim was to describe patients with contact allergy to the components of industrial lubricants.

Results:  We describe 2 patients with allergic reactions to 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole. Their allergies derived from guide‐way oil and grease. Guide‐way oils are lubricants for metalworking machines. Machinists may have continuous skin contact to these oils, as the oils are leaked to the circulating metalworking fluid system and form the so‐called ‘tramp oil’. We also report a new case with allergy to phenyl‐α‐naphtylamine in grease.

Conclusion:  2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole is an aromatic compound used in oils and greases. It has previously caused contact allergy to workers who have handled the pure chemical, but to our knowledge, there are no previous reports of contact allergy from products containing the chemical in a relatively low concentration. 1 of our 2 cases had been sensitized from grease and the other from a guide‐way oil. The latter case shows that machinists may become sensitized to lubricants that leak to the metalworking fluid system.
Prevalence of patch test results from 1970 to 2002 in a multi‐centre population in North America (NACDG)
Authors: Nguyen Shawn H. , Dang Thao P. , MacPherson Cora , Maibach Hilda , Maibach Howard I.
Published: August 2010

Background:  The North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) has members who assess subjects with suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and patch tests them with the same screening allergens using a standardized procedure permitting analysis of long‐term trends in patch test reactions.

Objective:  This study reports the trends in prevalence patch test positivity of allergens by pooling data collected by the NACDG between 1970 and 2002.

Patients/Methods:  Patients were tested with the screening series of allergens, using a standardized technique. Data from these patients were recorded on a standard computer entry form and analysed. More than 100 allergens were tested on over 34 000 patients during several patch studies between the period. The Cochran‐Armitage test of trend is used to evaluate changes in prevalence over time.

Results:  4 trends are noticed: (1) The incidence of presumed allergic nickel (P < 0.0001) and quaternium‐15 (P < 0.0001) reactions rose with consistency over the years. (2) While that of cinnamic aldehyde (P = 0.21) and p‐phenylenediamine (P < 0.0001) decreased. (3) The prevalence of positive reactions for potassium dichromate (P < 0.0001) shows an initial steady decrease but then a sharp increase starting from the 1996 period. (4) In contrast, thiuram (P = 0.0008) and neomycin (P < 0.0001) show an initial general increase, with a sharp decrease between 1998 and 2002.

Conclusion:  Implications for opportunities to prevent ACD by utilizing less‐allergenic alternatives appear robust; however, we do not wish to over generalize interpretations because of important limitations.
Atopy and contact allergy to fragrance: allergic reactions to the fragrance mix I (the Larsen mix)
Authors: Buckley Deirdre A. , Basketter David A. , Kan‐King‐Yu Denis , White Ian R. , White Jonathan L. M. , McFadden John P.
Published: August 2010

Background:  The relationship between an atopic diathesis and contact sensitization to fragrances is unclear.

Objective:  To investigate whether there is an association between atopy and allergy to fragrance mix I (FM I).

Patients/Methods:  The computerized files of patients patch tested to FM I at St John’s Institute of Dermatology (1980–2004) were reviewed. Demographic details recorded for all patch‐tested patients included age, sex, date of testing, history of current or previous atopic eczema (AE), history of current or previous asthma nor hay fever (A/HF), family history (FH) of any type of atopy, and any positive patch tests.

Results:  About 8.4% of females (1713/20 338) and 6.6% of males (903/13 734) were allergic to FM I. About 8.95% (101/1129) of females with AE were allergic to FM I versus 8.63% (619/7171) of females who had neither AE and A/HF nor FH (non‐atopics) (P = 0.72). About 5.6% (40/710) of males with AE were positive to FM I versus 6.9% (427/6201) of male non‐atopics (P = 0.23). There was a striking increase in AE and A/HF during this 25‐year period (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:  We found no association between atopy and allergy to FM I. There has been a marked increase in atopy in individuals referred for patch testing in the past 25 years.
Reactivity of in vitro activated human T lymphocytes to p‐phenylenediamine and related substances
Authors: Skazik Claudia , Grannemann Silke , Wilbers Liane , Merk Hans F. , Coenraads Pieter‐Jan , Breuer Sebastian , Blömeke Brunhilde
Published: August 2010

Background:  Patch tests to p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) and related substances often show concurrent reactions that can be attributed to separate sensitization or cross‐reactivity.

Objectives:  In order to understand the health risks associated with cross‐reactivity, we studied cross‐reactivity of eight chemicals in vitro by measurement of T‐cell proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), T‐cell lines (TCL), and T‐cell clones (TCC) of subjects with a positive patch test result to PPD.

Patients/Methods:  We studied PBMC from 13 patients and were able to generate TCL from seven and TCC from four patients. Their proliferative responses to the chemicals were estimated.

Results:  Concurrent reactions to these compounds on the polyclonal and monoclonal level were found. A restricted T‐cell receptor (TCR) Vβ16‐usage was observed (5/8 clones). A detailed analysis of 34 TCL showed broad cross‐reactivity (64.7%) between PPD, p‐toluenediamine, Bandrowski’s Base, and p‐aminoazobenzene. More restricted patterns were found in 8.8%, which responded only to compounds with two or three benzene rings, whereas 26.5% of the clones reacted specifically only to one compound.

Conclusion:  More than 60% of the clones showed a broad cross‐reactivity pattern. Hence, clinically observed cross‐reactivity between different para‐amino compounds can be based on a TCR recognizing similar epitopes of these compounds with low specificity.
Trends of contact allergy to fragrance mix I and Myroxylon pereirae among Danish eczema patients tested between 1985 and 2007*
Authors: Thyssen Jacob P. , Carlsen Berit Christina , Menné Torkil , Johansen Jeanne Duus
Published: August 2010

Background:  Fragrance contact allergy has for long been recognized as an important health issue. In Denmark, the frequency of fragrance mix (FM) I contact allergy increased between 1985–1986 and 1997–1998 among male and female dermatitis patients.

Objectives:  To investigate the development of FM I and Myroxylon pereirae (MP) contact allergy between 1985 and 2007 with an emphasis on recent years.

Methods:  A retrospective analysis of all patch test data from our database was performed. Comparison of sensitivity rates was made using a chi‐squared test for trend. Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations.

Results:  Of 16 173 patients, 7.2% were sensitized to FM I and 4% to MP. FM I contact allergy was associated with female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 1.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.33–1.74] and age between 41 and 60 years (OR = 3.20; 95% CI = 1.98–5.21). Significant declines of FM I and MP reactions among women but not men were observed between 1999 and 2007.

Conclusions:  Although the frequency of FM I contact allergy has decreased in Denmark in recent years, it is still high. Furthermore, fragrance contact allergy is caused by other important allergens not included in this analysis. Allergic contact reactions to the ingredients of FM I remain a problem in European consumers.
Clinical scoring and biophysical evaluation of nasolabial skin barrier damage caused by rhinorrhea
Authors: Houben Evi , Adam Ralf , Hachem Jean‐Pierre , Roseeuw Diane , Rogiers Vera , De Paepe Kristien
Published: August 2010

Background:  An acute viral cold is a very common illness and is characterized by sneezing and a runny nose. Because of rhinorrhea and frequent use of handkerchiefs, the skin around the nose feels uncomfortably dry and flaky.

Objectives/Methods:  To evaluate the nasolabial skin barrier impairment, 14 female volunteers with a common cold were recruited. Visually assessed clinical scoring and/or biophysical measurements – including transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin colour, squamometry, skin pH, and a skin surface lipid profile analysis – were carried out at the start of the cold, a second time when the severity of the cold symptoms was maximal, and finally when the volunteers felt healthy again and stopped using handkerchiefs.

Results and Conclusions:  Transepidermal water loss assessments showed significantly higher measurements on the maximum outcome of the nasal cold compared with the time‐point when the symptoms of the cold had disappeared. This was in accordance with skin colour chroma a* measurements and the visually assessed skin erythema and scaliness scores, indicating that the superficial nasolabial skin barrier was inferior at the maximum of a nasal cold in comparison with the skin condition when volunteers were fully recovered.
Classification of atopic hand eczema and the filaggrin mutations
Authors: Giwercman Charlotte , Lerbaek Anne , Bisgaard Hans , Menné Torkil
Published: August 2010

Hand eczema is a common disease with various risk factors of which atopic dermatitis is known to be one of the most important. Recently, two mutations in the gene coding for filaggrin, a protein important for the skin barrier, have repeatedly been shown to be associated with atopic dermatitis. Moreover, one study point towards an association between the filaggrin null alleles and the subgroup of patients having both hand eczema and atopic dermatitis. For the remainder of hand eczema patients, still unknown genetic risk factors exist. We propose that in future, classification of atopic hand eczema should distinguish between patients with and without the filaggrin null alleles and to further differentiate between associations with type I allergy, type IV allergy and exposure to irritants, respectively. Furthermore, we suggest future studies of atopic hand eczema to analyse for the filaggrin mutations. We believe this will increase the possibility of subgrouping this otherwise heterogenic disease and thereby enable a better phenotype–genotype characterization of hand eczema. This could improve the preventive initiatives, secure better information of patients about the prognosis for their disease, and possibly enable targeted treatment.
Screening for acrylate/methacrylate allergy in the baseline series: our experience in Sweden and Singapore
Authors: Goon Anthony Teik‐Jin , Bruze Magnus , Zimerson Erik , Goh Chee‐Leok , Soo‐Quee Koh David , Isaksson Marléne
Published: August 2010

Background:  No studies to specifically determine the prevalence of contact allergy to acrylates/methacrylates in patch tested populations have been published.

Objectives:  To determine the prevalence of acrylate/methacrylate allergy in all patients tested to the baseline patch test series.

Methods:  Five acrylate/methacrylate allergens (2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, and 2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate) were included in the baseline series for at least 2 years in Malmö and Singapore.

Results:  Thirty‐eight patients in total had reacted to acrylate/methacrylate allergens in the baseline series during the study period in both populations. In Malmö, there were 26 (1.4%) patients with positive patch tests to acrylate/methacrylate allergens, 14 of whom had relevant reactions. In Singapore, there were 12 (1.0%) patients with positive patch tests to acrylate/methacrylate allergens, but only 1 had relevant reactions. If we had not added acrylate/methacrylate allergens to the baseline series, we would not have patch tested 13/26 (50%) of the positive reactors in Malmö and 11/12 (92%) of the positive reactors in Singapore. The overall proportion of missed positive reactors would have been 24/38 (63%).

Conclusions:  The prevalence of acrylate/methacrylate allergy in our patch tested dermatitis populations is 1.4% in Malmö and 1.0% in Singapore.
Regional control by the dental follicle of alterations in alveolar bone metabolism during tooth eruption
Authors: Jr S. C. Marks , Cahill D. R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract—Tooth eruption is a localized, bilaterally symmetrical series of events which involves resorption and formation of alveolar bone on opposite sides of the tooth and requires the presence of the dental follicle. We examined the effect on eruption of selective surgical removal of parts of the follicle. Removal of either the basal or coronal halves of the follicle prevented eruption. Bone resorption and formation of an eruption pathway did not occur after removal of the coronal part of the follicle and bone formation did not occur after removal of the basal part of the follicle. Exposure and incisions of the follicle had no effect on eruption. We interpret these data to mean that the polarized resorption and formation of alveolar bone that occur around a tooth during eruption are regulated by the adjacent parts of the dental follicle.
Effect of occlusal (mechanical) stimulus on bone remodelling in rat mandibular condyle
Authors: Gazit D. , Ehrlich J. , Kohen Y. , Bab I.
Published: August 2010

Gazit D, Ehrlich J, Kohen Y, Bab I. Effect of occlusal (mechanical) stimulus on bone remodelling in rat mandibular condyle. J Oral Pathol 1987: 16: 395–398.

Mechanical load influences the remodelling of skeletal tissues. In the mandibular condyle, occlusal alterations and the consequent mechanical stimulus induce changes in chondrocytes and cartilage mineralization. In the present study we quantified in the mandibular condyle the effect of occlusal interference on remodelling of the subchondral bone. Computerized histomorphometry after 5–21‐day exposure to the influence of a unilateral occlusal splint revealed an increased rate of trabecular remodelling, consisting of enhancement in osteoblast and osteoclast numbers and activities. The bone formation parameters reached their high values on Days 5 or 9 and remained stable thereafter. Bone resorption showed a gradual increase throughout the experimental period. These results further characterize the temporomandibular joint reaction to occlusal alterations. It is suggested that the present increase in bone turnover together with the known enhancement in chondrogenesis are part of a process of functional adaptation in response to mechanical stimulus.
Chemical and physical oral findings in a case of anorexia nervosa and bulimia
Authors: Jensen Ø. E. , Featherstone J. D. B. , Stege P.
Published: August 2010

Jensen ØE, Featherstone JDB, Stege P. Chemical and physical oral findings in a case of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. J Oral Pathol 1987: 16: 399–402.

The deleterious effect on enamel of continual acid challenge from regurgitation of gastric contents in bulimic subjects is well documented. No previous reports, however, have been published on chemical and physical measurements of teeth from such subjects, or on the importance of fluoride in maintaining their dentition. Teeth were obtained from a deceased anorexic and bulimic patient. Shortly before death this patient had saliva analyses and in vivo enamel biopsies at our clinic, before and after a 3‐week regimen of daily rinsing with 0.05% NaF. After 4 years of daily regurgitation there was an almost normal thickness of the enamel surfaces typically “at risk”, i.e. the palatal surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth, with normal hardness measurements 10μm away from the outer surface. SEM micrographs showed an irregular topography, with crystalline deposits rich in calcium, phosphate and fluoride. These surfaces were more reactive to uptake of additional fluoride when given as a daily rinse, than the more protected, and, therefore, presumed unaffected surfaces. Our findings suggest that frequent and meticulous oral hygiene measures can substantially minimize the erosive effect on tooth enamel of gastric contents in bulimic patients, especially if fluoride products are used regularly.
Rheumatoid nodule in the oral mucosa. A case report with immunohistochemical study
Authors: Skov B. G.
Published: August 2010

Skov, BG. Rheumatoid nodule in the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol 1987: 16: 403–405.

A case of rheumatoid nodule in the buccal mucosa is reported. Histologically, 3 of zones characteristic rheumatoid nodules were recognized: a central necrotic area, an intermediate zone with palisading mesenchymal cells and an outer layer composed of chronic inflammatory cells. By immunohistochemical studies, ferritin was found in some of the cells in the intermediate zone, suggesting that these cells may be of histiocytic origin. Granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica may be differential diagnoses.
Peroxidases: past and present
Authors: Paul K.G.
Published: August 2010

Paul KG. Peroxidases: past and present. J Oral Pathol 1987: 16: 409–411.

The history of peroxidases spans nearly two centuries. Our knowledge has developed from early phenomenological observations of the colored products of peroxidase‐catalyzed reactions, to our present understanding of many of the steps in the complex peroxidation reaction mechanism. Peroxidases are ubiquitous in plant and animal tissues and occur in diverse structural forms. Collectively, they are able to catalyze the hydroperoxide oxidation of many different kinds of organic and inorganic compounds. In spite of the great diversity of structures and functions, mechanisms of heme‐containing peroxidases have several common features: (i) the transfer of the oxidizing equivalents of the hydroperoxidase to the enzyme to form Compound I, (ii) the reduction of Compound I by the transfer of electrons from donor molecules, (iii) the inactivation of Compound I by excess hydroperoxide. Rate constants for these and other steps in the peroxidation mechanism, as well as redox potentials, have been reported for many peroxidases. The molecular basis for the donor specificity of peroxidases has not yet been elucidated. Today, much interest is directed towards the biological functions of peroxidases and their reaction products.
Distribution of interferon‐y mRNA‐positive cells in oral lichen planus lesions
Authors: Mattsson C. Simark , Jontell M. , Bergenholtz G. , Heyden M. , Dahlgren U. I.
Published: August 2010

The present study investigated the potential involvement of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐producing cells in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). On biopsies from 10 OLP patients, an in situ hybridization technique was employed to determine the topographic al distribution of cells expressing IFN‐γ mRNA. It was estimated that approximately 1% or fewer lesional cells were IFN‐γ mRNA‐positive. These cells were mainly encountered lining the basal membrane in a majority of the patients, or were in a few cases circumscribing the infiltrate, but were more seldon localized to the center of the lesion. A slightly higher, but not statistically significant number of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐induced IFN‐γ‐producing cells, in vitro, was found in blood from 11 other OLP patients compared with blood from matched controls. Equal concentration of IFN‐γ in supernatants from PHA‐stimulated blood cells were detected in the two groups. Similarly, the IFN‐γ response towards C. albicans was alike in OLP and in healthy control (HC) blood cells, indicating normal immunological memory function in the OLP patients. A small set of cells with spontaneous IFN‐γ production was found in OLP and in HC peripheral blood. The data suggest that T‐lymphocyte activation and cytokine production act locally and are not reflected in peripheral blood. The localization of the IFN‐γ mRNA‐positive cells indicates that the antigenic peptides are presented at the periphery of the mononuclear cell infiltrate. Furthermore, the low frequency of IFN‐γ mRNA‐positive cells in the lesions suggests that the disease is maintained by a small number of antigen‐specific T cells.
Inflammatory pseudotumor in the mandibular retromolar region
Authors: Ide Fumio , Shimoyama Tetsuo , Horie Norio
Published: August 2010

An unusual pseudosarcomatous lesion of the oral mucosa is described in a 43‐year‐old woman. It presented as an aggressive ulcerative mass in the mandibular retromolar gingiva of one month's duration. The lesion was composed of florid myofibroblastic and fibrohistiocytic proliferations with infiltrative margins in an inflammatory background and was considered to be an inflammatory pseudotumor. Although the tumor appeared to have been incompletely excised, the patient remains free of disease at 1 year follow‐up.
Factors for progression of periodontal diseases
Authors: Ellis S. D. , Tucci M. A. , Serio F. G. , Johnson R. B.
Published: August 2010

Progression factors for periodontal diseases have been suggested by in vitro study of peripheral blood and gingival cells; however, those factors are not established in vivo. This investigation assessed biopsies of three groups of gingival tissues: those adjacent to a 1) 3 mm (normal), 2) 4‐6 mm, and 3) <6 mm gingival sulcus, to determine changes in the gingival microenvironment coincident to the progression of periodontal disease. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity, and IL‐12 and bc1‐2 levels, were decreased at >6 mm; total protein and IL‐6 concentrations were increased adjacent to >6 mm, as compared to <3 and 4‐6 mm, sites. Apoptotic cells were evident only within gingiva adjacent to >6 mm sites. These data suggest that IL‐12 is an important factor in the shift from a TH1 to TH2 cell profile and that a favorable gingival microenvironment for hyper‐inflammation may develop coincident to progression of periodontal diseases due to decreased bcl‐2 and increased IL‐6 concentrations within gingiva. These changes in the gingival microenvironment could impair apoptosis and promote enhanced release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes; decreased catalase and SOD activity could promote accumulation of ROS and result in additional tissue destruction.
Decreased expression and release of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) in cultured peripheral blood T lymphocytes of oral cancer patients
Authors: Uematsu Takashi , Urade Masahiro , Yamaoka Minoru
Published: August 2010

To investigate the mechanism whereby serum dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV activity in oral cancer patients is decreased, we examined the expression of cell surface DPP IV, also known as CD26, in cultured peripheral blood T lymphocytes of these patients and the amounts of DPP IV released into culture medium; values were compared with those found in healthy subjects. When peripheral blood T lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and/or interleukin‐2, the proliferative response and expression of CD26 (DPP IV) in their plasma membranes were greatly diminished in oral cancer patients as compared with those in healthy subjects. In addition, DPP IV activity in lymphocyte culture medium was reduced more in oral cancer patients than in healthy subjects, indicating decreased shedding of DPP IV from activated T lymphocytes in the patients. Based on these findings, it is suggested that suppression of DPP IV expression in peripheral blood T lymphocytes is one of the important factors involved in the mechanism of decrease of serum DPP IV activity in oral cancer patients.
Quantitative assessment of mast cells in recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU)
Authors: Natah Sirajedin S. , Häyrinen‐Immonen Ritva , Hietanen Jarkko , Malmström Maria , Konttinen Yrjö T.
Published: August 2010

Previous studies on the frequency of mast cells (MCs) in recurrent aphtous ulcers (RAU) have yielded conflicting results. Monoclonal antibodies specific for tryptase (AA1) and anti‐IgE (polyclonal antibody) were used to identify density and distribution of MCs in an immunohistochemical study of RAU (n=15), induced oral traumatic ulcers (TUs) (n=9), and control clinically healthy oral mucosa (n=15). Results were quantified by means of a VIDAS image analyzer. In all sections studies, IgE‐positive cells showed similar frequency and distribution to tryptase‐positive MCs. In RAU lesions, numerous tryptase‐positive MCs were found in the sub‐epithelial lamina propria, but MC numbers in the epithelium were low and present only in some RAU biopsies. MCs were also more numerous in RAU‐inflammatory infiltrates (118±31 cells/mm2) than those seen in TU‐inflammatory infiltrates (75±18 cells/mm2, P< 0.001). MC activation/degranulation, as judged by diffuse extracellular tryptase staining, was a common feature within RAU‐inflammatory infiltrates and at RAU‐inflammatory infiltrates‐connective tissue interfaces, which were often associated with connective tissue disruption. MC counts in the RAU connective tissue, lateral to the inflammatory infiltrates, were significantly greater than in the connective tissue of TUs and of control biopsies (124±36 vs 73±13 vs 69±21 cells/mm2, respectively; P<0.001). Overall, MCs were significantly increased in aphthae (116±26 cells/mm2) compared with TU lesions (72±11 cells/mm2, P<0.001) and controls (71±16 cells/mm2, P<0.001). In conclusion, MC numbers are increased in a typical topographical pattern, and the local MCs show signs of activation/degranulation suggesting active involvement of this cell type in RAU pathogenesis.
Reduced expression of the CD44 variant exons in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship to metastasis
Authors: Ue Teruyoshi , Yokozaki Hiroshi , Kagai Kiyoshi , Higashikawa Koichiro , Yasui Wataru , Sugiyama Masaru , Tahara Eiichi , Ishikawa Takenori
Published: August 2010

In the present study, we examined the expression of CD44 variant exons in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Of ten cell lines from OSCCs, two (KB and H357), as well as the HeLa cell line, failed to express CD44 variant exons. In surgical specimens, all normal mucosa expressed CD44v9 (both mRNA and protein). Of 40 primary OSCCs, 19 (47.5%) showed downregulation of CD44v9, which correlated with tumor cell differentiation, primary metastasis to lymph nodes and secondary metastasis to lymph nodes. The results suggest that the downregulation of CD44v9 may play a role in lymphatic metastasis of OSCC and changes in its expression may be a useful diagnostic tool to determine the metastatic potential of OSCC to lymph nodes. Moreover, three cell lines that failed to express CD44 variant exons might become a useful experimental model to study the role of variant exons in the progression of OSCC.
Oral keratinocytes derived from the peritonsillar mucosa express the proinflammatory cytokine IL‐6 without prior stimulation
Authors: Formanek Michael , Knerer Birgit , Temmel Andreas , Thurnher Dietmar , Millesi Werner , Kornfehl Johannes
Published: August 2010

The aim of the present study is to examine the cytokine expression and corresponding receptor pattern of human oral mucosa‐derived keratinocytes. The mRNA expression of these cytokines from isolated and purified cells was measured by a RT‐PCR method, the protein production by ELISA, and the receptor expression was determined by FACS analysis. In freshly isolated oral keratinocytes, IL‐1α, IL‐1α receptor antagonist, IL‐6, IL‐8, TGF‐β, TNF‐α, and bFGF were detectable at the protein and mRNA level, whereas PDGF and TGF‐α were found only at the mRNA level. There were no detectable signals for IL‐2 and IL‐4. The cytokine production at the protein level was independent from stimulation with PMA (phorbol myristate acetate). Unstimulated commercially available and primary isolated epidermal keratinocytes showed similar cytokine pattern except a lack of IL‐6. FACS analysis revealed receptor expression on oral keratinocytes for IL‐1, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, EGF, IFN‐γ, and PDGF. In addition, receptor mRNA for IL‐8, TNF‐α, FGF‐2 and KGF could be detected, but not for IL‐10. Our results show that human oral keratinocytes produce a cytokine panel comparable to epidermal keratinocytes. In contrast to the epidermis, IL‐6 was produced by human oral keratinocytes constitutively without prior stimulation, which may indicate their active regulation role in the maintenance of the oral mucosa.