bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vaginal lactobacilli profile in pregnant women with normal & abnormal vaginal flora
Authors: Yeruva Thirupathaiah , Rajkumar Hemalatha , Donugama Vasundhara
Published: December 2024

Background & objectives:

Lactobacilli species that are better adapted to vaginal environment of women may colonize better and offer protection against vaginal pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the distribution of common Lactobacillus species was investigated in pregnant women.

Methods:

Sixty seven pregnant women were included in the study and vaginal samples were collected for Gram staining. Women were classified as normal vaginal flora, intermediate flora and bacterial vaginosis (BV) based on Nugent's score. Vaginal samples were also collected for the identification of Lactobacillus spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) profiling of 16S rDNA amplification method.

Results:

Lactobacillus crispatus (100%) was the most predominant Lactobacillus spp. present in pregnant women with normal flora, followed by L. iners (77%), L. jensenii (74%) and L. helveticus (60%). While, L. iners was commonly present across groups in women with normal, intermediate or BV flora, L. crispatus, L. jensenii and L. helveticus decreased significantly as the vaginal flora changed to intermediate and BV. In women with BV, except L. iners other species of lactobacilli was less frequently prevalent. Species such as L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum, L. paracasei and L. casei were not detected in any vaginal sample.

Interpretation & conclusions:

L. crispatus, L. jensinii and L. helveticus were predominant species in women with normal flora. L. crispatus alone or in combination with L. jensinii and L. helveticus may be evaluated for probiotic properties for the prevention and treatment of BV.
Direct identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) from positive blood culture bottles
Authors: Sharma Megha , Gautam Vikas , Mahajan Monika , Rana Sudesh , Majumdar Manasi , Ray Pallab
Published: December 2024

Culture-negative bacteraemia has been an enigmatic entity with respect to its aetiological agents. In an attempt to actively identify those positive blood cultures that escape isolation and detection on routine workflow, an additional step of MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) based detection was carried out directly from the flagged blood culture bottles. Blood samples from 200 blood culture bottles that beeped positive with automated (BACTEC) system and showed no growth of organism on routine culture media, were subjected to analysis by MALDI-TOF MS. Forty seven of the 200 (23.5%) bacterial aetiology could be established by bottle-based method. Based on these results, growth on culture medium could be achieved for the isolates by providing special growth conditions to the fastidious organisms. Direct identification by MALDI-TOF MS from BACTEC-positive bottles provided an opportunity to isolate those fastidious organisms that failed to grow on routine culture medium by providing them with necessary alterations in growth environment.
Validity of Broselow tape for estimating weight of Indian children
Authors: Shah Vivek , Bavdekar Sandeep B.
Published: December 2024

Background & objectives:

The Broselow tape has been validated in both ambulatory and simulated emergency situations in the United States and is believed to reduce complications arising from inaccurate drug dosing and equipment sizing in paediatric population. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the actual weight and weight determined by Broselow tape in the Indian children and to derive an equation for determination of weight based on height in the Indian children.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India. The participants’ weights were divided into three groups <10 kg, 10-18 kg and >18 kg with a total sample size estimated to be 210 (70 in each group). Using the tape, the measured weight was compared to Broselow-predicted weight and percentage weight was calculated. Accuracy was defined as agreement on Broselow colour-coded zones, as well as agreement within 10 per cent between the measured and Broselow-predicted weights. The resulting data were compared with weights estimated by advanced paediatric life support (APLS) and updated APLS formulae using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results:

The mean percentage differences were −11.78, −17.09 and −14.27 per cent for <10, 10-18 and >18 kg weight-based groups, respectively. The Broselow colour-coded zone agreement was 33.3 per cent in children weighing <10 kg, but only 7.4 per cent in the 10-18 kg group and 33.9 per cent in the >18 kg group. Agreement within 10 per cent was 53.13 per cent for the <10 kg group, but only 21.08 per cent for the 10-18 kg group and 33.9 per cent for the >18 kg group. Application of 10 per cent weight correction factor improved the percentages to 79.2 per cent for the <10 kg category, to 55.70 per cent for the 10-18 kg group and to 61.0 per cent for the >18 kg group. The correlation coefficient between actual weight and weights estimated by Broselow tape (r=0.89) was higher than that between actual weight and weight estimated by APLS method or updated APLS formulae (r=0.68) in 12-60 months age group as well as in >60 months age group (r=0.76).

Interpretation & conclusions:

Broselow weight overestimated weight by >10 per cent in majority of Indian children. The weight overestimation was greater in children belonging to over 18 and 10-18 kg weight groups. Applying 10 per cent weight correction factor to the Broselow-predicted weight may provide a more accurate estimation of actual weight in children attending public hospital. Weights estimated using Broselow tape correlated better with actual weights than those calculated using APLS and updated APLS formulae.
Reassessing the Significance of Mycobacterium in Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Study Protocol in Nigeria
Authors: Ekeke Ngozi , Iyama Francis Sunday , Ossai Edmund Ndudi , Chukwu Joseph Ngozi , Eze Chinwe Chika , Egbule Daniel , Nwafor Charles , Njoku Martin I. , Meka Anthony O. , Odama Michael , Ezeakile Okechukwu E. , Murphy-Okpala Ngozi N.
Published: December 2024

Background:

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) significantly impact the physical and mental well-being of affected individuals, particularly in Nigeria. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating mental health services with self-care practices for individuals suffering from leprosy, Buruli ulcer (BU), and lymphatic filariasis (LF). The role of trained Healthcare Workers (HCWs) and NTD champions (NTD-Cs) will be explored to enhance health outcomes in this population.

Methods:

A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in four local government areas (clusters) with the highest incidence of leprosy, BU, or LF. Clusters were purposively selected and randomized into intervention and control groups: three clusters received interventions, while one served as a control. The intervention arms include (a) Mental health and self-care interventions by NTD-Cs. (b) Mental health and self-care interventions by HCWs. (c) Self-care interventions only by HCWs. d) Control group receiving standard care. Data were collected at baseline and postintervention using validated questionnaires, including the Patient Health Questionnaire and World Health Organization Quality of Life (QOL-BREF), among others. The intervention will last for 8 months, with monthly self-help group meetings providing support and resources.

Results:

The study aims to provide evidence on the effectiveness of integrated mental health and self-care interventions for NTD patients by evaluating outcomes such as mental health status, quality of life (QOL), and socioeconomic factors.

Conclusion:

This trial aims to inform policy and practice by demonstrating the potential benefits of integrating mental health services within the care framework for individuals affected by NTDs in Nigeria. If successful, the findings will contribute to the enhancement of healthcare delivery and may be incorporated into the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Program for broader implementation across the country.

Trial registration: PACTR Registration number: PACTR202404852537141.

https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/Default.aspx?Logout=True

Retrospectively registered.
The Effects of Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Treatment Uptake and Outcomes in the Fako Division of Cameroon
Authors: Pokam Benjamin David Thumamo , Shindoh Elsie Ngu , Djuikoue Cecile Ingrid , Nana Cedric Seugnou , Kakah Sabi Hannah , Elisee Assadioh Pierre Kana , Tendongfor Nicholas
Published: December 2024

Background:

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an infectious disease affecting mainly the lungs and persists as the leading cause of death worldwide. With the emergence of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, the management and outcome of TB has been greatly affected because of the global shift in attention. This study aims to determine the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the TB treatment uptake and outcomes in the Fako Division of Cameroon.

Methods:

A hospital-based retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out in 3 Health Districts of the Fako Division of Cameroon. Extraction forms and structured questionnaire were used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from records and health personnel, respectively. Data on treatment uptake and outcomes before and during the pandemic were compared, as well as challenges faced in TB diagnosis and treatment during the pandemic.

Results:

Of the 1557 reviewed files of TB patients, treatment uptake was lower (73.40%) during compared to before (82.30%) the pandemic (P < 0.0001). A larger proportion (83.30%) had a successful outcome before compared to (74.3%) during the pandemic (P < 0.0001). There was a significant drop in both good TB treatment uptake (8.9%) and successful outcomes (9%), respectively, during the pandemic. A number of significant challenges faced in TB diagnosis and treatment during the pandemic included shortage of drugs (63.6%) and diagnostic materials (54.5%), as well as decrease in the diagnosis rate of TB patients (90.9%) with the main reason being fear of being quarantined at the hospital (63.6%).

Conclusions:

A decrease in TB treatment uptake and successful outcomes was observed during the COVID-19 period compared to prior the pandemic. This is indicative of poor usage of the TB services during the pandemic as a result of COVID-19 barrier measures and laxity in the TB control programs. TB programs require some intensification geared towards strengthening the patient-centered approach and a community-based active TB case finding, especially in the current potential resurgence of the pandemic.
SIADH, a Rare Complication Postcarotid Endarterectomy – Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Chittibomma Kovidh , Sebastian Jithin Jagan , Subramanian Sairam
Published: December 2024

Severe hyponatremia, postcarotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a rare phenomenon. Several physiological conditions lead to hyponatremia post-CEA. We describe the case of an 83-year-old hypertensive who developed severe hyponatremia after right CEA for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. He developed symptoms of severe hyponatremia on postoperative day 4, before discharge, with a serum sodium level of 112 mmol/L. He was investigated and found to have diuretic-induced hyponatremia alongside syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The symptoms were recognized early, and both causes were treated, leading to improvements in sodium levels and preventing further deterioration. The patient was discharged on an ADH receptor antagonist with no recurrence of symptoms during follow-up. There have been four similar cases reported in the literature, which have been reviewed in comparison to the present case. Severe hyponatremia post-CEA presents after 24 h of surgery, and awareness helps early diagnoses and prevents hyponatremia-related readmission and patient morbidity.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Radiomic Features in Normal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Investigating Robustness and Region Variations
Authors: Shakeri Mahsa , Mostaar Ahmad , Sadeghi Arash Zare , Hosseini Seyyed Mohammad , Joybari Ali Yaghobi , Ghadiri Hossein
Published: December 2024

Background:

Despite extensive research on various brain diseases, a few studies have focused on radiomic feature distribution in healthy brain images. The present study applied a novel radiomic framework to investigate the robustness and baseline values of radiomic features in normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) regions.

Materials and Methods:

Analyses were performed on T1 and T2 images including 276 normal brains and 14 healthy volunteers were scanned with three scanners using the same protocols. The images were divided into 1024 three-dimensional nonoverlap patches with the same pixel size. Seven patches located in the thalamus, putamen, hippocampus and brain stem were selected as volume of interest (VOI). Eighty-five radiomic features were generated. To investigate the variation of features across VOIs, the analysis of variance was performed and coefficient of variation (COV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were explored to examine the features repeatability.

Results:

Thalamus (right and left) and hippocampus (left) resulted in more stable features (COV ≤ 6%) in T1 and T2 images, respectively. The inter-scanner ICC analysis demonstrated the features of T2 sequences represented more repeatable results and the brain stem and thalamus (both T1 and T2) showed particularly high repeatability (higher ICC values). Robust results (ICC ≥ 0.9) were identified for energy and range features of the first order class and several textures features across different brain regions.

Conclusion:

Our results indicated the baselines of the repeatable texture features in healthy brain structural MRI highlighting inter-scanner stability. According to the findings, MRI sequencing and VOI location impact feature robustness and should be considered in brain radiomic studies.
Crossed products as compact quantum metric spaces
Authors: Klisse Mario
Published: December 2024

By employing the external Kasparov product, in [18], Hawkins, Skalski, White, and Zacharias constructed spectral triples on crossed product C

$^\ast $

-algebras by equicontinuous actions of discrete groups. They further raised the question for whether their construction turns the respective crossed product into a compact quantum metric space in the sense of Rieffel. By introducing the concept of groups separated with respect to a given length function, we give an affirmative answer in the case of virtually Abelian groups equipped with certain orbit metric length functions. We further complement our results with a discussion of natural examples such as generalized Bunce-Deddens algebras and higher-dimensional noncommutative tori.
Comparison of Bending Properties in Paired Human Ribs with and
without Costal Cartilage
Authors: Schaffer Rose , Kang Yun-Seok , Marcallini Angelo , Pipkorn Bengt , Bolte John H , Agnew Amanda M
Published: December 2024

Thoracic injuries, most frequently rib fractures, commonly occur in motor vehicle
crashes. With an increased reliance on human body models (HBMs) for injury
prediction in various crash scenarios, all thoracic tissues and structures
require more comprehensive evaluation for improvement of HBMs. The objective of
this study was to quantify the contribution of costal cartilage to whole rib
bending properties in physical experiments. Fifteen bilateral pairs of 5th human
ribs were included in this study. One rib within each pair was tested without
costal cartilage while the other rib was tested with costal cartilage. All ribs
were subjected to simplified A-P loading at 2 m/s until failure to simulate a
frontal thoracic impact. Results indicated a statistically significant
difference in force, structural stiffness, and yield strain between ribs with
and without costal cartilage. On average, ribs with costal cartilage experienced
a lower force but greater displacement with a longer time to fracture compared
to isolated ribs. Comparisons were complicated by varying levels of
calcification between costal cartilages and varying geometry with the inclusion
of the costal cartilage. This study highlights the important effects of costal
cartilage on rib properties and suggests an increased focus on costal cartilage
in HBMs in future work.
Effect of health insurance on catastrophic health expenditure among households of people with non-communicable diseases in Busia County, Kenya
Authors: Kemei Wilson , Nyaberi Jackline , Ruttoh Simon
Published: December 2024

INTRODUCTION
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasingly becoming important causes of illness and premature deaths globally, causing up to 41 million deaths annually, mostly occurring in Low and Middle-Income Countries. However, NCD treatment is lengthy and expensive forcing households to incur catastrophic expenditure. Thus, NCDs deepen inequality and are major drivers of unending poverty due to their lengthy treatment. Kenya successively reformed the National Health Insurance Fund to include a package that covers the plight of NCDs and transform it into a primary enabler for achieving Universal Health Coverage. This study examined whether health insurance affects catastrophic health expenditure among households of people with NCDs.
METHODOLOGY
A quasi-experimental design was conducted among eligible households with health insurance and those without, involving a representative sample of 350 households. Trained interviewers conducted interviews at baseline and after one year with household heads.
RESULTS
Households without cover spent a higher proportion of their total income (23%) on NCD care compared to households with insurance (11.7%). The mean total expenditure on NCD care for insured households was Ksh. 8,657.37 (95% CI 7,061.6 - 10,253.1) while that for non-insured was Ksh. 16,851.20 (95% CI 15,255.4 - 18,445.0), p = 0.000. Although the proportion of un-insured households that incurred catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) was higher than that of insured households, the study failed to establish that the incidence of CHE was different for non-insured and insured households (χ2= 33.89, df =1, p = 0.062).
CONCLUSION
NHIF cover was unable to protect Households of People with NCDs from CHE. The study recommends that NHIF's benefits package be further reformed to adequately cover all NCD's care needs. County government to strengthen the health system and boost capacity at lower levels of care to enhance NHIF coverage.
Unmasking the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis diagnosis and care in Bungoma County, Kenya
Authors: Wamalwa Gabriel Muyiemba , Omesa Eunice N. , Thiga Joan , Kiplimo Richard , Ong’ang’o Jane , Godana Adano
Published: December 2024

INTRODUCTION
After the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, the global focus solely shifted to fighting the pandemic. Tuberculosis (TB) services were affected in that the number of newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients decreased from 7.1 million in 2019 to 5.8 million in 2020. This study investigated the effects of COVID-19 on the diagnosis of tuberculosis patients and their treatment outcomes in Bungoma County, Kenya
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using TB data from all health facilities in Bungoma County. A total of 5,981 TB patient records were collected, 3337 before COVID-19 and 2644 during COVID-19. An interrupted time series analysis was done to assess the impact of COVID-19 on TB case notification, comparing the period before COVID-19 (April 2018–March 2020) and during the pandemic (April 2020–March 2022). TB cases diagnosed were defined as the number of clinically diagnosed and bacteriologically confirmed TB treatment patients. Treatment outcomes were assigned to patients at the end of treatment according to WHO guideline. Data analysis on proportions was done using Epi Info 7 software.
RESULTS
The number of new patients diagnosed during the pandemic dropped compared to the period before the pandemic. The cure rate among the bacteriologically confirmed patients decreased from 86.9% before COVID-19 to 66.9% during COVID-19. The death rate among the patients increased during the COVID-19 pandemic to 10.8%, compared to 9.3% before the pandemic.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
COVID-19 not only negatively impacted the number of TB patients diagnosed in Bungoma County but also led to an increase in unfavorable TB patient outcomes. Bungoma County should invest in strategies to safeguard the health system in the future against similar pandemics.
Factors associated with loss to follow up among Tuberculosis patients in Embu County, 2016-2021
Authors: Nduati Beth Muthoni , Kimani Evelyn , Kiplimo Richard , Kiptai Titus , Kiarie Joyce , Rono Aiban , Godana Adano , Nyaboke Drusilla , Omesa Eunice , Ong`ang`o Jane , Mmochi Stella , Grace Rabut , Njinju Joseph , Thiga Joan
Published: December 2024

INTRODUCTION
Loss of follow-up among Tuberculosis patients is a significant challenge for Tuberculosis control. It may lead to prolonged infectiousness of Tuberculosis cases, increased rate of treatment failure, relapse, progression to drug-resistant TB, and deaths. The study aimed at identifying factors associated with loss to follow-up among TB patients in Embu County.
METHODOLOGY
A retrospective cohort study was carried out among all patients (n = 8983) notified between the years 2016-2021 in Embu County, Kenya. The data was obtained from the routinely collected TB data stored in the National Tuberculosis Program database. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with treatment loss to follow-up. Data analysis was conducted using R statistical software.
RESULTS
Out of 8,983 patients notified, 657(7.3%) of them had a treatment outcome of loss to follow-up. The majority were; males (78%), age groups 15-44 (68%), Embu West Sub County (67%), public sector (91%), clinically diagnosed (51%), obesity (30%), and the HIV positive (19%). Being a male (aOR=1.6(95% _CI: 1.3 – 1.9), being in age-group 15-44 years, being clinically diagnosed (aOR=1.58(95% _CI: 1.31– 1.92), being previously treated (aOR=1.38(95%_CI: 1.03-1.83), and having HIV as a comorbidity (aOR=1.48 (95%_CI: 1.19-1.83) increased the risk of being loss to follow up during TB treatment.
CONCLUSION
Loss to follow-up among TB patients is still a challenge in Embu County. Sex, age, and HIV status were shown to increase the risk of loss to follow-up among TB patients; thus highlighting the need for strategic interventions to improve treatment adherence.
Is exposure to inter-parental violence associated with recent intimate partner violence among women in Kibra informal settlements?
Authors: Ombija Stephen Ochieng , Wao Hesborn , Esho Tammary
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND
Exposure to inter-parental violence has been associated with Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). However, research in Kenya's informal settlements (ISs) has been limited in determining this empirical link. This study aimed to examine if inter-parental violence exposure (IPVE) is associated with IPV in the ISs of Kibra, Nairobi, Kenya.
METHODOLOGY
A cross-sectional study design was employed with 1,068 women living in Kibra ISs selected through systematic random sampling. A modified questionnaire from the Demographic Health and Survey (DHS) targeting women's experience of IPV measured by combining physical, sexual, and emotional violence was used. The main explanatory variable was women or their partner’s IPVE during childhood. Data were analysed using STATA v.15.
RESULTS
The study revealed that 73% of women exposed to inter-parental violence had experienced IPV. Meanwhile, of women whose partners had been exposed to inter-parental violence, 75% had experienced IPV. Women exposed to inter-parental violence had increased odds of experiencing IPV AOR=2.27 (95% CI: 1.56-3.29), while women whose partners were exposed to inter-parental violence were positively associated with IPV AOR=1.59 (95% CI: 1.01-2.48).
CONCLUSION
This study shows that IPV is associated with IPVE among women in Kibra ISs. Targeted interventions may require social and behavioural change implementation that can break the cycle of violence among women and partners exposed to inter-parental violence during childhood. Further research can delve into robust evidence-based study designs to understand IPV and IPVE.
Factors influencing supportive supervision practice among Frontline Nurse Managers at Thika Level 5 Hospital, Kiambu County, Kenya
Authors: Waweru Lucy Waithira , Oluchina Sherry , Mwangi Elijah Githinji
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND
Supportive supervision (SS) is a process that aims at improving healthcare staff performance through the identification of knowledge and skill gaps, giving feedback and on jobtraining. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing SS practice among Frontline Nurse Managers at Thika Level 5 Hospital (TL5H) in Kiambu County, in Kenya.
METHODOLOGY
The study applied a mixed methods study design using both quantitative (analytical crosssectional) and qualitative approaches (FGDs and KII). The study population was the Nursing Services Manager, Frontline Nurse Managers and their deputies. Quantitative data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and observation checklist. For qualitative data study applied purposive sampling was to recruit Frontline Nurse Managers and their deputies. Qualitative data was collected through Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key informant interviews (KIIs). Quantitative analysis was done using SPSS version 25.0. Quantitative data was presented using frequency distribution tables and charts. Qualitative data were analysed using NVivo version 12 and then presented in themes. The analytical statistic was not done since there was no observed SS at Thika Level 5 Hospital (TL5H).
RESULTS
On observation, all wards and sections at TL5H scored below expectation on SS. From the semi-structured questionnaire, 82% of the respondents indicated SS performance as “none” per week. 64.1% of the respondents reported that they were not trained on SS and their knowledge score was AT 40%. 90% of the respondents identified staff shortage as a barrier to SS practice, 55 % as lack of time for SS and 20% identified lack of tools as a barrier to performing SS.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Frontline Nurse Managers’ SS practice was below expectation and their knowledge of SS was marginal. Frontline Nurse Managers lacked time for SS since they also performed patient care roles due to hospital staff shortage. The study recommends the introduction of a structured SS tool, training of Frontline Nurse Managers on SS, and addressing staff shortage in hospitals.
Relationship between salivary immune markers, cd4+count and hiv-oral lesions among newly diagnosed adults with hiv in southwest Nigeria
Authors: E. O Abe , A.O Adisa , B.F Adeyemi , B Kolude , M.O Arowojolu , C Hawkins
Published: December 2024

INTRODUCTION: An understanding of immunological changes in the oral cavity of persons with HIV is pivotal to predicting oral health status in such individuals. This study aimed to assess the correlation between salivary levels of sIgA, cytokines, CD4+ T cell counts, and oral lesions among newly diagnosed adults with HIV before antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation.MATERIALS & METHODS: The study was conducted among adults (>18 years) newly diagnosed with HIV who presented at antiretroviral clinics of two tertiary hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data documented were socio-demographics, oro-facial lesions, CD4+ count, and saliva samples before ART initiation. Saliva assays of sIgA and cytokines were done using ELISA kits. CD4+ counts and saliva analytes were compared between those with and those without oral lesions using the Mann-Whitney U test. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis.RESULTS: Seventy one participants were enrolled having 23(32.4%) males and 48(67.6%) females; mean age 38.8±SD 11.7 years. HIV oral lesions seen among the study participants included pseudomembranous and erythematous candidiasis (43.2%), oral melanotic hyperpigmentation (4.5%), and a combination of candidiasis with OMH (11.4%). The mean CD4+ count for all study participants was 356.04 ±244.16 cells/mm3, being lower among those with oral lesions 330.16±282.28 cells/mm3 compared to those without oral lesions 388.29±238.92cells/mm3. Also, the participants had median (inter-quartile range) values of sIgAas 7.99pg/mL (6.14-9.01), IL-6 as 7.09pg/mL (5.93-8.33) and IFN-γ as 6.23pg/mL (5.27-7.60). Comparatively, higher median (IQR) values of IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α were found to be 40.38pg/mL (32.61- 45.61), 21.48pg/mL(16.68-26.68) and 20.21pg/mL(14.56-23.82) respectively. Mann-Whitney U test revealed higher mean rank values for sIgA, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ, but IL-10 was lower among participants with oral lesions. Only TNF-α did not vary with the presence or absence of oral lesions.CONCLUSION: HIV- oral lesions were found to be associated with lowered CD4+ count as well as salivary cytokine dysregulation.
Caries, the culprit of tooth loss among patients in a tertiary health facility in the south west of Nigeria: a retrospective study
Authors: A.O Awotile , T.O Omosebi , O.A Adenuga-Taiwo , M.E Sorunke , O.O Onigbinde
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND: Tooth loss is an irreversible dental health condition affecting an individual’s oral health-related quality of life. Dental caries has been implicated as one of the factors associated with tooth loss.OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate untreated dental caries and their contribution to tooth loss and determine the pattern of tooth loss among patients in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), a tertiary institution in South West Nigeria.METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study using the dental records of patients who attended the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic, LASUTH, for tooth extraction from 2021 to 2023. Data was extracted on the indication for extraction. Data was collected and analyzed using a computer software programme, Statistical (SPSS, IBM) Version 25. Associations between variables were assessed using a chisquare test. P-value <0.05 was considered to be significant at 95% CI.RESULTS: A total of 11,300 patients’ records were retrieved. There were 11,275 records with complete data, of which 5,378(47.7%) weremales and 5,897(52.3%) were females. Total number of teeth extracted was 16,316. Toothache (82.5%) was the most common reason for dental visits. Dental caries were observed to be the main reason for tooth extraction, accounting for 11,754(72.0%) of total teeth extracted (16,316). Those aged 26-35 years experienced more tooth loss (33.9%) due to dental caries. Mandibular molars (52.6%) accounted for the majority of teeth that had been extracted due to dental caries.CONCLUSION: Untreated dental caries was the main cause of tooth loss (72%) due to extractions. The prevalence of tooth loss was higher in younger adults and females. Mandibular molars are extracted most frequently.
Identification of compounds with potential angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity in Adansonia digitata L. fruit pulp
Authors: Alhaji Liman Abubakar , Salihu Aliyu
Published: December 2024

The study employed bioassay-guided fractionation to identify novel angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory compounds from Adansonia digitata fruit pulp, potentially responsible for its antihypertensive effects. A. digitata Fruit pulp was extracted using the solvents n-hexane, ethylacetate, methanol, and water. The percentage weight, in vitro Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities and IC50 values of the extracts were determined. Fractionation and phytocompound identification were performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography techniques, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The yields obtained from solvent extractions using n-hexane, ethylacetate, methanol, and water were 0.14%, 1.17%, 4.30%, and 21.80%, respectively. The IC50 values of Ramipril®, n-hexane, ethylacetate, methanol, and water extracts were found to be 101.40μg/ml, 116.70μg/ml, 40.53μg/ml, 47.25μg/ml, and 81.05μg/ml, in that order. The most potent ACE inhibitory activity was found in methanol extract of A. digitata Fruit (MEADF), which was chosen for bioassay-guided fractionation. From the assay, two fractions (Fraction I and III), among others, showed low IC50s of 11.77±0.10 μg/ml and 11.96±0.16 μg/ml, respectively, and significant ACE inhibitory activity. The most relatively abundant compounds found in Fractions I and III) were 9, 12, octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (conjugated linoleic acid isomers), cis-Vaccenic acid, 3H-Pyrazol-3-one, 4-benzoyl-2, 4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl (a pyrazole), and Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (aromatic acid ester).
The study reveals valuable compounds in the methanol extract of Baobab fruit pulp, which could be a promising source for developing antihypertensive foods.
Bioactive compounds in methanol extract of Newbouldia laevis leaf inhibit alpha-glucosidase <iin silico and enhance antioxidant status in fructose/alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic rats.
Authors: Salemcity Aanuoluwa James , Orodepo Gabriel Ogunsola , Salemcity Oluwatimilehin Goodness , Ololade Zaccheus Sunday , Olu-Anthony Success Jesutomisola , Adenibuyan Mofiyinfoluwa Ebunoluwa , Oluwaseun Temitope Moses , Aladesuyi Michael Olasunkanmi
Published: December 2024

Newbouldia laevis (NL) has been folklorically known to be used for managing diabetes mellitus. Its mechanism of action against this disease has not been fully proven. The study was therefore designed to investigate the effect of NL bioactive compounds on diabetic parameters in vivo and in silico. For in vivo study, twenty-five rats divided into five groups (n = 5) were given 20% fructose solution for two weeks and grouped as follows: normal control (NC) received 10ml/kg olive oil; diabetes was induced in groups 2 (Diabetic control- DC), 3, 4 and 5 using 80mg/kg alloxan, and they were administered 10ml/kg olive oil, 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg MENL, and 5mg/kg glibenclamide, respectively. Methanol extract of NL (MENL) was characterized using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Molecular docking was done on bioactive compounds obtained from GC-MS analysis against α-glucosidase to unravel probable mechanism of action of the extract. Serum insulin and antioxidant were determined using ELISA and spectroscopy techniques respectively. As against DC, blood glucose level was significantly low while insulin was high in MENL treated groups. Antioxidant increased significantly in MENL treated groups compared to DC. Four hit molecules inhibited α-glucosidase more than acarbose. It could be inferred that bioactive compounds in NL may exhibit their normoglycemic effect by inhibiting α-glucosidase, improving insulin sensitivity and enhancing antioxidant status.
Performance evaluation of functionalized linear peptides as potential vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors: an insilico approach
Authors: Oyebamiji Abel K. , Oke David Gbenga , Olanrewaju Adesoji Alani , Adekunle David O. , Akinola Omowumi Temitayo
Published: December 2024

Breast tumors have caused significant devastation in females worldwide, presenting a great challenge to researchers. In this regard, the primary goal of researchers is to design and develop efficient drug-like compounds that can act as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor agents that can down-regulate cancer. It was investigated how functionalized linear peptides inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. To optimize the investigated peptides, density functional theory using the 6-31G* basis set was used. Molecular docking was done to perform molecular assessments of the peptides under study as well as the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (PDB ID: 2vpf). ADMET screening was also done using AdMETLab to evaluate the pharmaceutical properties and the toxicity status of the peptides. The optimized investigated compounds yielded several descriptors, such as frontier molecular orbitals (highest occupied molecular orbital energy and lowest occupied molecular orbital energy), band gap, polar surface area, polarizability, lipophilicity, and many more which revealed the inhibiting potential of these compounds to act as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor agent. Furthermore, the computed binding affinity showed that, in comparison to the reference medications (5-fluorouracil), the investigated compounds showed greater inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Molecular dynamic simulation was used to validate the findings. The ADMET screening revealed that the studied compounds are safer and more bioavailable than the referenced drug
Another case of communal breeding in the White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus
Authors: Angelov Ivaylo , Abebe Yilma Delelegn , Yotsova Tsvetomira , Dobrev Vladimir
Published: December 2024

No abstract.
A rare photo from The Gambia of a pair of White-headed Vultures Trigonoceps occipitalis illustrates dimorphism in colour; in celebration of Peter J. Mundy (1941- 2023)
Authors: Barlow Clive R , Bojang Fansu , Henderson Alastair
Published: December 2024

No abstract.
An Enumerative Perspective on Connectivity
Authors: Akmal Shyan
Published: December 2024

Connectivity (or equivalently, unweighted maximum flow) is an important measure in graph theory and combinatorial optimization. Given a graph $G$ with vertices $s$ and $t$, the connectivity $\lambda(s,t)$ from $s$ to $t$ is defined to be the maximum number of edge-disjoint paths from $s$ to $t$ in $G$. Much research has gone into designing fast algorithms for computing connectivities in graphs. Previous work showed that it is possible to compute connectivities for all pairs of vertices in directed graphs with $m$ edges in $\tilde{O}(m^\omega)$ time [Chueng, Lau, and Leung, FOCS 2011], where $\omega \in [2,2.3716)$ is the exponent of matrix multiplication. For the related problem of computing "small connectivities," it was recently shown that for any positive integer $k$, we can compute $\min(k,\lambda(s,t))$ for all pairs of vertices $(s,t)$ in a directed graph with $n$ nodes in $\tilde{O}((kn)^\omega)$ time [Akmal and Jin, ICALP 2023]. In this paper, we present an alternate exposition of these $\tilde{O}(m^\omega)$ and $\tilde{O}((kn)^\omega)$ time algorithms, with simpler proofs of correctness. Earlier proofs were somewhat indirect, introducing an elegant but ad hoc "flow vector framework" for showing correctness of these algorithms. In contrast, we observe that these algorithms for computing exact and small connectivity values can be interpreted as testing whether certain generating functions enumerating families of edge-disjoint paths are nonzero. This new perspective yields more transparent proofs, and ties the approach for these problems more closely to the literature surrounding algebraic graph algorithms.

Comment: 29 pages, TheoretiCS journal version
Dibujo emergente, corporeizado y enactivo: Una aproximación al pensamiento gráfico contemporáneo
Authors: Herrera-González Isabel
Published: December 2024

La literatura académica sobre la práctica de dibujo en la contemporaneidad es escasa. En particular, una revisión bibliográfica revelaría ciertas deficiencias en el análisis teórico del proceso de disegno en el marco de las nuevas concepciones textuales. El presente texto pretendería, así, ofrecer una aproximación analítica y hermenéutica a la creación gráfica en la era tecnológica, a fin de examinar la pertinencia de indagar en la práctica artística como método de investigación empírica en torno a la conexión de procesos abstractos con la corporalidad. Se arguye que una metodología analítico-comparativa transdisciplinaria, que abarque ámbitos como el pensamiento gráfico y los estudios sobre medios de comunicación, facilitaría el inicio de una reconfiguración en el enfoque hacia los medios, la técnica y la creación artística actuales. A través de teóricos como Merleau-Ponty y Haraway, nos propondremos analizar parte de la dimensión emergente de los procesos creativos. En última instancia, el objetivo que se plantea como horizonte buscaría empezar a definir y reivindicar el estado ontológico previo a la formalización del dibujo estático y fijo. A saber, la materialidad fluida que encarnaría la noción de ‘dibujo-en-proceso’.
Exploraciones desde el arte y el diseño: Futuro, método y transformación
Authors: Moncunill-Piñas Mariona
Published: December 2024

El presente número reúne una miscelánea de artículos que, desde perspectivas metodológicas, analíticas, especulativas, críticas y prácticas, abordan distintos modos de hacer y de relacionarse con el mundo desde las artes y el diseño.
PHRASEMES IN THE TALES OF LONG AGO
Authors:   Fakultet za odgojne i obrazovne znanosti u Osijeku, MANCE Nina
Published: December 2024

The present paper analyses phrasemes in the Tales of Long Ago. Based on the phrasemes found in the work, the author has defined three research goals: 1. to establish the meanings of a broad range of phrasemes in Tales of Long Ago, 2. to try to distinguish between comparative phrasemes and comparatives, 3. to present and explain various phraseme versions that testify to Ivana’s virtuous narrative and the impeccable selection of lexical and phraseme units. It is exactly the phraseme variations that make the narrative clearer and more picturesque. As an appendix to the paper, a short phraseological dictionary is added, with a list of phrasemes found in the Tales of Long Ago.
EVALUATED COMPOSITE CONOTATIONS: ESTIMATED COMPONENT STRUCTURE OF THE WORD AND EVALUATING VALUE
Authors:   Національний технічний університет України„Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського“, ІЩЕНКО Ніна
Published: December 2024

The author of the present paper considers one of the connotation components – evaluation, and at the same time the evaluation meaning of a word. Evaluation component is an approval or a disapproval, which is concluded in the meaning of the word or from the context.
GROTESQUE ELEMENTS IN SELECTED CROATIAN AND ITALIAN DRAMAS FROM EARLY 20TH CENTURY. INTERPRETATION AND INTERTEXTUALITY
Authors:   Filozofski fakultet Sveučilište u Splitu, MARIĆ Antonela
Published: December 2024

The author of this paper considers intertextual elements and interprets the grotesque features, codes and methods typical for the group of authors commonly referred to as the Italian Grotesque theatre writers. The analysis is limited to the period of approximately first three decades of the 20th century and is particularly concerned with similarities of features perceived as grotesque between the said Italian group and the Croatian writers of the same period. Some of the plays are grotesque in structure, making grotesque its intrinsic value. In other plays, grotesque is manifested through effects and representation of carnivalesque features, including elements of popular tradition, dances, melodies, chorus songs, ludic dimension, and other carnivalesque motifs. The grotesque aesthetics is also expressed through images of deformed reality and is wrapped in subtle cynicism, being a feature consistent with the expressionist irony. The said characteristics make it possible to find intertextual parallels between the selected authors and their respective plays.
MEMORY OF WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN THE PROSE FICTION OF VERKA ŠKURLA-ILIJIĆ AND MARIJA TUCAKOVIĆ-GRGIĆ
Authors:   Filozofski fakultet Osijek, BRUNČIĆ Dubravka
Published: December 2024

The paper analyses the prose fiction of Croatian women writers published between the two world wars: the short story entitled The Two of Them by Verka Škurla-Ilijić and a longer story titled Through Albania – with the Serbian Army in 1915 by Marija Tucaković-Grgić. The above texts shape various war narratives: Bosnian-Herzegovinian war reality (V. Škurla-Ilijić) and the experience of the so-called „Albanian Golgotha“ (M. Tucaković-Grgić). Relying on the concept of „memory in literature“ (the term of A. Erll), the theoretical analysis of narrative procedures that represent the function of memory in the literary text and the study of the role of memory in shaping individual and collective identities (B. Neumann, H. Welzer et al.), the author analyses the views of different forms of women’s experiences of the First World War. The identities of female characters are shaped through the prism of civilizational-cultural contacts, whereas their destinies are determined by national and religious affiliation and socio-economic status. While exploring the representations of women and their war experiences, the author aims to illuminate the gender dimension of representations of the First World War, redirecting of the focus of the war story from an exclusively male experience to the memory of women’s war roles, which opens up the question of the manner in which traditional gender roles, notions of heroism, patriotism and war victims, are shaped and (re)defined in the texts of these writers.
APPROPRIATENESS OF DAILY TELEVISION CONTENT FOR SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
Authors:   Fakultet za odgojne i obrazovne znanosti Osijek, MAJDENIĆ Valentina , BELCAR Ana-Marija ,   Osnovna škola „Matija Petar Katančić“ Valpovo
Published: December 2024

The world we live in provides an easy access to information, not just from our own community and culture but from all over the world. Media are all around us and have become the subject of many researches. Television, as one of the mainstream media, carries an important role in contemporary culture. Because of its powerful audio-visual effects, television is one of the most influential mass communication media, appealing to everyone, especially children and young adults. The present paper is a result of a survey that examined the appropriateness of daily television content for younger school-age children. The author also investigates the way young children spend their free time, the amount of time they spend watching TV, whether their TV watching time is limited, television content they prefer and the opinion they have regarding the television content. The survey was conducted at „Matija Petar Katančić“ elementary school in Valpovo in December 2017, with eighty-five second-graders, third-graders and fourth-graders.
REPORT ON JULIJE BALOVIĆ’S POETRY BOOK FROM THE HAZU ARCHIVES IN ZAGREB
Authors:   Fakultet za crnogorski jezik i književnost ‒ Cetinje, RADOMAN Aleksandar , ČIRGIĆ Adnan
Published: December 2024

The author of this paper reflects on the Julije Balović’s handwritten poetry book from the late 17th and early 18th century. The manuscript is kept at the Archives of HAZU (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) in Zagreb and contains 24 poems, including fifteen decasyllabic epic poems. As an appendix to this paper, a transcripti-on of several poems is provided.
CONTRIBUTION OF SRETEN PEROVIĆ TO MONTENEGRIN LITERARY STUDIES
Authors:   Fakultet za crnogorski jezik i književnost ‒ Cetinje, RADOMAN Aleksandar
Published: December 2024

Sreten Perović is among the founders of contemporary Montenegrin literary and cultural studies. This paper points out the particularly prominent value of his contribution to the establishment of the Montenegrin post-war literary criticism, as well as the formation of contemporary Montenegrin literary historiography, achieved through meritorious scientific defense of the authentic values of Montenegrin culture and by extending the field of interest to the writers and literary phenomena neglected because of Njegoš all the way until the appearance of Perović’s generation.