bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Release
Authors: Delury John
Published: May 2023

The chapter highlights the complicated figure of Henry Kissinger, who negotiated an end to the era of hostility with China and the war in Vietnam. It talks about how Kissinger, as consigliere to Richard Nixon, gutted realism of its moral compass. Kissinger included the two spies on the agenda for US–China détente and freedom for Richard Fecteau, which came in the lead-up to Nixon's visit to Beijing in February 1972. It took another year, and a mother's love, to liberate the last prisoner of the era of enmity, Jack Downey. The chapter emphasizes how the end of the Cold War between the United States and China can be read between the lines of the transcript of conversations between two men, Zhou Enlai and Henry Kissinger.
End the Arms Race, Not the Human Race
Authors: Colbourn Susan
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the rise of antinuclear activism throughout 1980 and 1981, focusing on the proliferation of grassroots campaigns and massive rallies as the Cold War seemed to return to Europe in full force. It talks about the decision to host cruise missiles on the soil of the United Kingdom that would make the country a likely target for a limited Soviet preemptive strike. Concerned citizens flooded the streets to attend massive rallies and throw their weight behind an array of campaigns to stop NATO's deployments and halt the nuclear arms race. The chapter mentions the opposition to the Euromissiles that brought together people who had mobilized to ban the bomb, protested the Vietnam War, and picketed nuclear power plants. NATO's Dual-Track Decision served as both a lightning rod and a lowest common denominator around which a diverse group could rally.
December Snow
Authors: Dickinson Rachel
Published: May 2023

This chapter captures a brief moment of stagnation during a snowy day in December. It explores the author's fears about driving in terrible weather as it might risk the loss of more family members due to untimely accidents. And as the author watches the snow she also talks about lingering in “the land of regrets,” which she still feels she deserves to, as she thinks about Jack once again instead of looking to a future in which Jack does not exist. Again, the author finds herself stuck in the past and the present, unable if not unwilling to move on. In this moment, she can only be alone with her regrets.
Visitation
Authors: Dickinson Rachel
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses a phone conversation which occurred shortly after Jack's death. The call came from a Girl Scout leader who looked after one of Jack's sisters. This leader said that she was a Reiki master, and had received messages from Jack during meditations. Here, she offered three images: a waterfall, an old wooden door with stained glass, and Jack's father carrying groceries. After receiving the messages underlying these images, the author privately considers how the visions the Girl Scout leader experienced uncannily aligned with a few instances in her own life, suggesting that Jack was indeed attempting to contact his mother through the Reiki master.
The Pull of Water
Authors: Dickinson Rachel
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the symbolisms of water. It first describes artesian aquifers and artesian wells and how they have supplied springwater for the people near the author's house. The author remarks that she had grown up in a place that once had mile-high glaciers right over where their farmhouse sat. She describes the way the glaciers had changed the land, carving waterways across it. She also discusses underground water sources and all the other ways water makes its presence felt in her life. The chapter then returns to the waterfall from her childhood, describing the way the water beckoned to her, and how she had felt a strong, nearly irresistible pull to join it.
Staying in a Ghost Town
Authors: Dickinson Rachel
Published: May 2023

This chapter chronicles the author's stay in Crisfield, Maryland. It begins with reminiscences drawn from family photos and Facebook pages, before embarking on extended memories of living in an apartment similar to the Crisfield one, but located in Ocean City, Maryland where her family used to go for the summer. Here, the chapter recounts the Watergate scandal and the marriage of Diana and Prince Charles. However, it focuses largely on the author's Crisfield experience and her love of ghost towns. The author is drawn to the sorts of towns where there are far fewer people around, where houses and businesses and buildings sit empty for part of the year but where people—workers—live in the midst of all that emptiness. And it is in Crisfield in the off-season where the author finds herself filled with a longing to return home.
Constructing (and Reconstructing) Christian Community
Authors: Klepper Deeana Copeland
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers how Christian–Jewish interaction, superstition and magic, and eschatology affected Albert of Diessen's revision process through the Mirror of Priests. It acknowledges magical practices, demonic spirits, and Jews existing within the circle of the Christian community. The revisions with the concepts on hand showcased Albert's priorities and beliefs as he constructed and reconstructed notions he thought were important to his readers and their parishioners. Moreover, Albert wrote and rewrote the Mirror of Priests on the cusp of a dramatic shift in clerical attitudes towards sorcery, witchcraft, and superstition across Europe, especially in German-speaking territories. The chapter also mentions how Albert referenced celestial glory for the Mirror's conclusion.
Plastic Literary
Authors: Ghosh Ranjan
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the notions of plastic intertextuality and plastic avant-gardism. It explains how polymeric structuration correlates to the core of twentieth-century critical consciousness. The constructive aspect of plastic reality appears in European modernism through the work of several artists, such as Kurt Schwitters' Merz. The chapter also considers the crystalline-amorphous textuality quality of plastic and art. It highlights the correlation between language and plastic, which have stratification and seemingly endless interpretations built through a series of moments, positions, conflicts, and discourse. Thus, intertextuality gains the quality of being hylomorphic. Additionally, plastic texts exhibit flexibility in response to the temperature of thinking and theory.
Conclusion
Authors: Safran Gabriella
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter reflects on nineteenth-century writers' desire to hear and borrow the “voice of the people.” In the early 1880s, as the younger members of the mid-nineteenth-century cohort reached their fifties, they revisited the concerns of their youth. At times, Count Lev Tolstoy played with non-gentry style in a way that could be seen as crossing. Like other writers of his generation, he kept notebooks of other people's words and he argued that Russian writers needed to adopt such language. Tolstoy then wrote a short memoir about the Moscow census, and during the following decade he worked on a long essay about how people such as himself might live morally in a world with terrible poverty. Like the Russian writers of the previous decades, he depicts adequate listening and recording across social lines as a problem with both technical and moral aspects, which were tied to each other. The chapter then considers how Nikolai Leskov raised different questions about how writers listen and record.
Failing the Seventh Grade
Authors: Alvarez Rafael
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains how Bruce White's addiction began in middle school. White's first foray into selling drugs took place in the seventh grade. Bruce admitted that dealing and doing drugs was the only curriculum he followed, which ultimately led to failing his seventh grade. The chapter details the series of drugs he tried in high school. In the first month of ninth grade, White was called to the principal's office for suspicion of the distribution of barbiturates in school. However, he overheard school officials say they would call the police so he left the school grounds and got high with a friend. The chapter explains it was the end of public education for White.
Misadventure En Route to the Underworld
Authors: Alvarez Rafael
Published: May 2023

This chapter details the events that led up to Bruce White getting shot by riot police. It starts with the death of his mother, citing the suspicion that his brother Andy, who was a drug addict like him, broke her fingers to steal her jewelry. On January 1998, White was shot in his family home. According to the police department, the shooting resulted from White's attempted murder of a policeman, tactical officer Brian Cromer. The police raid found an M16 rifle, handguns, ammunition, and a bong. The chapter notes that his family thought White was only scared when he fired the shot, saying he was not that stupid to fire a gun at police officers in riot gear. White received emergency medical help at Sinai Hospital.
Epilogue
Authors: Alvarez Rafael
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of a day in Bruce White's life. White starts and ends his days with meditations and prayers, mostly dedicated to other people than just himself. One Thanksgiving weekend, someone broke into his office and stole more than $2000 of rent money meant for people learning to be clean and sober in his recovery houses. Moreover, Bruce continues to work the twelve steps of Narcotics Anonymous and listen to his sponsor while connecting with people whose sobriety he respects. The chapter then highlights White's effort in separating his personal recovery and being in the recovery business.
Making Sudan Archaeological
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses turning the constitution of Sudan into an archaeological terra incognita. It considers the disciplinary and professional strategies revolving around the work of British colonial administrators, the Sudanese development-minded officials, and America's Tennessee Valley Authority development scheme. Archaeology colliding with independent Sudanese officialdom helped to foster ways of thinking about the discipline that had clear colonial resonances and connection to “New World” archaeology. As construction of the Aswan High Dam became imminent, Sudanese authorities mobilized a rhetoric of the threat posed to ancient remains familiar from Egypt. The chapter mentions the documentary objects of the Nubian campaign presented by CEDAE and Sudan's documentation center.
“Fanaticism Can Wield Such a Mighty Influence over the Female Heart”
Authors: Hessinger Rodney
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins by discussing the debates that led to the tarring and feathering of the Mormon prophet Joseph Smith Jr. and his scribe Sidney Rigdon in Ohio. It then explores the tensions between pluralism and committed faith displayed in Mormon apostate Ezra Booth's letters. In Booth's rendering, tolerance seems only possible for those religious rivals who are not so bold as to assume the miraculous powers of the apostles. These letters exacerbated a wider set of conflicts that had been unfolding as two upstart churches battled for adherents in Ohio country. In many ways, the battle over the souls of Rigdon and Symonds Ryder would represent, in miniature, the battle between the Disciples of Christ and the Mormons for converts on the Western Reserve. The chapter then analyzes narratives concerning “spiritual wifery” and polygamy, showing how Mormon families were imagined as a heresy against the companionate marriage ideal.
The Sexual Containment of Perfectionism
Authors: Hessinger Rodney
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at the containment of the boldest religious sexual experiment of the Second Great Awakening, the perfectionist community of John Humphrey Noyes. Once men and women were reborn, Noyes insisted, they were incapable of sin. Rejecting both secular and religious law, Noyes crafted a system of “complex marriage.” However, the initiation of this system came at a significant cost, a self-imposed isolation from the outside world. Once safely settled in upstate New York, Noyes and the Oneida Community forsook proselytism. A series of critics had forced this settlement. Noyes's antinomian theology, his insistence that one should follow the spirit rather than ground one's religion in scripture and reason, they said, was his fatal flaw. In addition, they insisted this sect endangered young women, threatening to seduce them into a dangerous commune. Facing heated criticism, the Oneida Community would make peace with its neighbors by publicly declaring that their door was shut to new members.
Nabokov Noir
Authors: Parker Luke
Published: May 2023

This book places Vladimir Nabokov's early literary career—from the 1920s to the 1940s—in the context of his fascination with silent and early sound cinema and the chiaroscuro darkness and artificial brightness of the Weimar era, with its movie palaces, cultural Americanism, and surface culture. The book argues that Nabokov's engagement with the cinema and the dynamics of mass culture more broadly is an art of exile, understood both as literary poetics and practical strategy. Obsessive and competitive, fascinated and disturbed, Nabokov's Russian-language fiction and essays, written in Berlin, present a compelling rethinking of modernist-era literature's relationship to an unabashedly mass cultural phenomenon. The book examines how Nabokov's involvement with the cinema as actor, screenwriter, moviegoer, and, above all, chronicler of the cinematized culture of interwar Europe enabled him to flourish as a transnational writer. Nabokov, the book shows, worked tirelessly to court publishers and film producers for maximum exposure for his fiction across languages, media, and markets. In revealing the story of Nabokov's cinema praxis—his strategic instrumentalization of the movie industry—the book reconstructs the deft response of a modern master to the artificial isolation and shrinking audiences of exile.
Doorway
Authors: Jukes Helen
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins by narrating how the idea of beekeeping arrived with the author. It recounts how she began checking for the prospect, wind exposure, the damp, and the warehouse roof. As the chapter mentions, the author learned a bit about beekeeping a few years prior when she lived in London, where she met Luke, a friend of hers, who had hives all over the city. The chapter emphasizes how the author was hooked by the bees, and by the beekeeping too—those precise and careful movements that were not unlike a kind of tenderness; not unlike a kind of intimacy. The chapter argues that beekeeping is about more than gaining proximity to a hive; it's about entering into a relationship with a colony. The chapter also stretches the author's understanding of the word therapy, pulling its meaning at the edges to see what it can hold. The chapter wonders about a definition that places a different emphasis on feeling better—not feeling better, but feeling better: an approach to beekeeping focused on paying attention, becoming more attuned to the world around us, perhaps even adjusting how we sense and see.
Orientation
Authors: Jukes Helen
Published: May 2023

This chapter chronicles the author's first beeshive inspection, one week after the bees arrived. It highlights that most beekeepers will inspect their hives once a week in summer: You lift the lid and take the bars out one by one, keeping an eye out for signs of disease, checking for brood and pollen stores, and making sure that the queen is alive and well. As the chapter notes, the author's first inspection of her hive was a bit simpler than all that: She just wanted to check that the bees have moved off Viktor's nuc frames and begun building their own comb from the top bars. The chapter then shifts to elaborate on the rural landscapes. It stresses that over the last century, there had been a massive drive in the UK towards intensive agriculture; farming practices that inadvertently supported pollinating insects—the hedgerows, fallow fields, and even the alfalfa crops—have been replaced by systems of large-scale monoculture and agrochemical use that are harmful to them. The chapter peeks at the author's second hive inspection. It emphasizes that a colony of bees will always seek to build along a single orientation.
Peasants, Property, and Payments
Authors: Bouchard Constance Brittain
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the nature of peasant dues and obligations, including the extent to which these were negotiated. Whether serf or free tenant, peasants were highly valuable. The inherent value of peasants to medieval society lies in the fact that they were the ones who cleared the land, pastured the animals, and grew the food. Without them, townspeople, lords, ecclesiastics, and their households either would not have had anything to eat or would have had to produce it themselves. Indeed, agricultural land would have been worthless without peasant labor. Peasants produced food for their own families, sold food to the population of the growing towns, and, through their rents and dues, supported their lords. The peasants themselves recognized how necessary they were. They were able to use turning points, such as the donation of the land on which they lived to a monastery, to negotiate for better conditions or reduced payments, or at least for consistency in their dues in the future.
The World of Books and the Book of the World
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how the book could become the metaphor of nature itself, its hostile antipodes, which it seemed destined to drain of reality. Youth movements have always directed their energies against what is unnatural, at least until nature again holds sway in their books. It talks about modernity's great flirtations with totality that could arise from books, particularly those spawned in big libraries that one removes from perceptible realities. The chapter analyzes the claim to finality and conclusiveness raised by books that is considered false by virtue of its very form. The book not only remains the figure of a covert longing for a more accessible understanding than that offered by the jargon of theoretical specialization, but it also serves to illustrate the structural processes of scientific theory itself.
The Sky as Book, the Book in the Sky
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews the Platonic cosmos of ideas that is nothing like a book as the imagined relationship to it and to the world of appearances is anything but a comportment and activity akin to reading. The process for grasping the interrelationships among objects in that cosmos is much more like the reception of images. The chapter explains how concepts are formed through their reduction to an outline, which is not just typical of Platonism. The chapter describes the biblical and postbiblical Jewish history of the concept that makes clear that the specific singularity of the book was of decisive importance for the formation of the book metaphor. All traditions of letter and script metaphorics have sufficed for the status of the image found in Dante, who sees scattered in the world what is united in God.
The Illiterate Layman as Reader of the World Book
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the illiterate layman as the unprejudiced reader of the book of nature. It mentions Raymond of Sabunde, who first suggested that the layman will be immediate to the source of wisdom, even before immediacy is claimed for access to the source of faith. One aspect of the wisdom that the layman in Nicholas of Cusa opposes to knowledge will come to be called “freethinking.” The chapter discusses that the prosperous layman's everyday world offers a wealth of new metaphors that activate the truth that is already possessed at natural endowment and to rises above all imitation of nature, or the regulations of number, measure, and weight, familiar from the marketplace. The book of the world consists of the peculiar intermediary realm of tools that reason will soon use to prize open nature.
Authoritarian Laughter
Authors: Klumbyte Neringa
Published: May 2023

This book explores the political history of the satire and humor magazine Broom published in Soviet Lithuania. Artists, writers, and journalists were required to create state-sponsored Soviet humor and serve the Communist Party after Lithuania was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940. The book investigates official attempts to shape citizens into Soviet subjects and engage them through a culture of popular humor. Broom was multidirectional—it both facilitated Communist Party agendas and expressed opposition toward the Soviet regime. Official satire and humor in Soviet Lithuania increasingly created Soviet dystopian visions of Soviet modernity and were a forum for critical ideas and nationalist sentiments that were mobilized in anti-Soviet revolutionary laughter in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The book illustrates that Soviet Western peripheries were unstable and their governance was limited. While authoritarian states engage in a statecraft of the everyday and seek to engineer intimate lives, authoritarianism is defied not only in revolutions, but in the many stories people tell each other about themselves in jokes, cartoons, and satires.
The Soviet Predicament
Authors: Klumbyte Neringa
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the Soviet predicament. It explains how the Soviet ideological project reshaped everyday life. Broom portrayed everyday life while featuring satirized social problems and Soviet virtues. Moreover, Broom editors were aware of the role of laughter as a political tool of the state, especially on the ideological front. Thus, Broom's satire and humor contributed to the Sovietization of everyday life through ideological socialisation. The chapter cites that the Soviet predicament was a generational experience while referencing that the founding editors of Broom lived through World War II, lost families in the Gulag and the Holocaust, and experienced the violent postwar era and the end of Stalinism.
Satirical Justice
Authors: Klumbyte Neringa
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers satirical justice functioning as an institution of an authoritarian state while also helping some ordinary people. According to scholarly interpretations, complaint writing was encouraged in the USSR in an effort to ebb the citizens' discontent or foster socialist democracy. The chapter highlights the importance of satirical justice being ideologically correct. Moreover, the satirical justice of Broom suggested moral perspectives on how various minor offenders have to be approached through either derision, ridicule, or humiliation. The disintegration of the institution of satirical justice in 1990 indicated it was an institution of the authoritarian state that depended on the state's support, promoted official visions of justice, and engaged readers for propaganda and prophylactic purposes.
History, Nation, and Local Foundations of the Stalin Cult
Authors: Kaiser Claire P.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents the role of the Caucasus in Joseph Stalin's foundational writing on the “national question.” It examines the rewriting of Stalin's own revolutionary history in the Caucasus by Lavrenti Beria, and the foundation that these works provided for the construction of a national cult in Georgia that would revise history books and amalgamate subnational groups into a single, Georgian nationality. The chapter also looks at how Georgians played an outsized role in the formation of the Soviet polity and its nationality apparatus, with the Georgian example as a central arena for debate about all-Union affairs. By the late Stalin era, understandings of Georgian national identity were closely intertwined with pride in Stalin as a conational, following two decades of constructing a consolidated Georgian nationality via census categories and historical writing which drew on the foundations of the Stalin cult. The chapter recounts how Stalin clearly inhabited a “deep Georgian ethnic consciousness” into his late twenties and chronicles the time when he ascended to power in Moscow by the mid-1920s.
De-Stalinization, kartulad
Authors: Kaiser Claire P.
Published: May 2023

This chapter recounts Joseph Stalin's death in 1953 and the aftermath of revelations at the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956. The chapter explores how it marked a crucial turning point in Georgia, yet for reasons different from the resistance, confusion, or hope expressed elsewhere in the USSR. Khrushchev charged Stalin with fabricating a nationalist underground in Georgia, thereby providing a pretext for committing terror in the republic. The chapter examines how the rupture initiated by Khrushchev's revelations reverberated throughout the Soviet Union, causing many citizens to reevaluate their life stories and social roles. The chapter chronicles the resulting protests in Tbilisi and elsewhere in Georgia. It highlights how the violent suppression in 1956 of demonstrations in Tbilisi against Khrushchev's perceived denigration of Stalin as a national figure in the secret speech compelled a reevaluation of what it meant to be Soviet and Georgian in a post-Stalin society.
Conclusion
Authors: Meerwijk Maurits Bastiaan
Published: May 2023

This chapter assesses how the development of a live plague vaccine by Louis Otten offered a cheap and efficient alternative to plague control. Nevertheless, as the chapter argues, state agents remained committed to the policy they had perfected over the last thirty years: home improvement. The chapter stresses that vaccination failed to permanently remove the plague threat. It notes that fully half the funds provided for the prevention and control of infectious disease continued to be earmarked to support the home improvement scheme. But home improvement was slow, costly, and reactive. It was unpopular, unable to achieve its stated aim of breaking human–rat cohabitation on its own, and it had become implicated in the production of fresh outbreaks of malaria. The chapter questions why Dutch colonial scientists, physicians, and officials were so intent on pursuing the home improvement scheme and its attendant policies of home inspection and hygiene education under these circumstances. It then demonstrates that the answer to this question rested in the fact that plague control had long since ceased to be about plague alone.
A Conceptual Roadmap
Authors: Strach Patricia , Sullivan Kathleen S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter uses a conceptual roadmap to lay out a theoretical and methodological approach and traces how governments achieve their goals. It addresses a prominent problem in the United States about how and why governments addressed the garbage problem and what are the resources they employed. It also relates government actors and institutions to the host of governmental and nongovernmental entities that were important in defining a problem, creating policy to address it, and implementing solutions. The chapter describes the nontraditional resources that proved important in the story of nineteenth-century trash collection and disposal through governance approach. It explains how governments work by examining them in relation to other actors, institutions, and levels of government.
Ready to Profit
Authors: Strach Patricia , Sullivan Kathleen S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter shows how corruption generated political will but failed to create lasting solutions in St. Louis and New Orleans, noting how corrupt regimes were willing to take on collection and relied on their various connections to profit from it. It considers corruption as a resource that many governments chose over available expertise to respond to the garbage problem. St. Louis developed the capacity to collect and dispose of trash, but the city lost its ability to do so in a bid to rid the city of corruption, while New Orleans's disposal plant never got off the ground. The chapter confirms what is it about corruption that makes development so hard and demonstrates how corruption motivated city officials to address garbage collection and disposal. It highlights corruption in St. Louis and New Orleans outside of government before corrupt regimes were integrated into formal democratic structures.
Solving the Garbage Can Problem
Authors: Strach Patricia , Sullivan Kathleen S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter identifies white women's civic organizations as the available resource. It shows that municipal governments, which largely ignored women in creating sanitation policies, enlisted some formerly sidelined women's groups that had been eager to get involved in garbage collection in its early years. It also covers the women's groups in primary case cities and looks at the opportunities that women in the southern cities of Birmingham and Louisville found for themselves. The chapter highlights the power dynamics of the Birmingham and Louisville cases to see what ensued in cities where women lacked access to formal institutions but carved out roles and authority in civic spaces. Women eagerly offered their services as resources of governing, building on the intersection of race and class privilege and gender hierarchy.
Conclusion
Authors: Strach Patricia , Sullivan Kathleen S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter emphasizes the importance of politics, not just as what happens in Washington, DC, and electoral participation. Even the most mundane issues, like trash, illustrate how politics and power operate, often hiding in plain sight. The chapter talks about how garbage collection and disposal have largely been taken for granted and how it was a struggle to put sanitation programs in place and to get people to comply. It explains the resources that governments use to create and maintain policies gives more thorough depiction of the way governments make and maintain policy and how political development occurs. It also shows how legacies of inequality are built into the most mundane and ordinary practices, like garbage collection and disposal, to meet the imperatives of governing in a developing public program.
Epilogue
Authors: Kunakhovich Kyrill
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews how cultural spaces had been sites of political debate, considering them as rare outlets for discussing public affairs under dictatorships that limited free speech. Officials used cultural spaces to address the public, modeling social norms, signaling policy changes, and showcasing visions of the communist future. The chapter describes the cultural public sphere that brought visibility and prestige for privileged and persecuted artists alike. It looks at the state cultural matrix, such as theaters, cinemas, art galleries, and youth clubs, that made room for conversations that were banned over the meaning of national identity, the role of communist officials, or relationships to the USSR and to the West. The communist cultural matrix formed identities that endure to this day, long after the matrix itself fell apart and the legacy of communism's public sphere continues to shape Eastern Europe.
Marshaling Interracial Intercourse during the Philippine-American War, 1898–1902
Authors: Winkelmann Tessa
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how the lives of Filipino women shifted after the arrival of the US military in the Philippines. It starts with the letters of the Lopez family highlighting the atrocities of the US military demanding people's homes and liberties of women and became part of the later anti-imperialist agenda. Dangerous intercourse most often materialized in the ubiquitous physical sexual violence around the archipelago during the Philippine–American War. The chapter elaborates on how both Americans and Filipinos attempted to shape the narrative on sexuality and control interracial intercourse to achieve their respective vision for the Philippines and influence the Philippine–American War. It explains that the sexual vice economy and its adjacent liquor industry offered ways to undermine US imperial rule and negotiate their positions in the changing political climate.
Colonial “Frontiers”
Authors: Winkelmann Tessa
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers how different regional norms, cultures, and geographies shaped interracial relations. It highlights the significance of German expat Otto Scheerer, who was one of the white settler intermediaries that helped colonial state-building processes due to his familiarity with the land and its people, especially in the local Indigenous communities. The case studies of southern Mindanao and the northern Cordilleras also highlight the contingency of Manila's primacy as the colonial capital and seat of power. The chapter mentions how local conditions influenced imperial strategy and dangerous intercourse. It explains that the Americans' disparate sexual geographies across the island reveal how settler colonial processes were nonetheless an integral part of the occupation.
Depicting Dangerous Intercourse
Authors: Winkelmann Tessa
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the imperial fictions produced by American expatriates and Filipino writers. For American expatriates, representations of sexual relations between colonizer and colonized likewise espoused the idea that intercourse was dangerous, primarily for the sanctity of white racial purity and the moral constitutions of white men. On the other hand, Filipino writers consistently wrote about interracial intercourse as symptomatic of the uneven relations between the United States and the Philippines. The chapter notes “Hanggang pier lang” as a contemporary pejorative that reflected the US imperial presence in the Philippines. Imperial fiction that depicted dangerous intercourse in the American colonial Philippines highlights the discursive strategies used by Filipinos and Americans alike to control the direction of the United States–Philippines relationship.
The Border as Salvation and Snare
Authors: Burnet Jennie E.
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the opportunity for rescue presented by Rwanda's political borders. It illustrates the rescue strategies enabled by proximity to the border through a detailed case study of Gisenyi, a town on Rwanda's northwest border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It also draws on actor-network analyses of international borders and migration, arguing that state sovereignty became synonymous with genocidal violence. For many Hutu in Gisenyi, regardless of their religion, their first impulse was to help their Tutsi kin, neighbors, coworkers, or acquaintances, but their dense social ties to Hutu extremists made it difficult for them to persist in rescue efforts for long. The chapter considers cases where people leveraged their wealth or social capital to rescue Tutsi.
The Copyleft and the (Copy) Right to the City
Authors: Corsín Jiménez Alberto , Estalella Adolfo
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the birth of so-called self-defensive telematics in squatted social centers and the debates concerning the nature of autonomy as a space of vitality between network rights and affective needs. It describes the role that the autonomous movement played in hosting some of the first experiments in infrastructural sovereignty by hackers and free culture activists. It also delves into the language, praxis, and alliances of autonomia that offered free culture activists a provisional template for making sense of their own tinkering with the assemblages of liberation. The chapter points out how the underground passages from autonomy to free culture still resonated and conveyed some of the struggles for building decent habitats for the city or the situated imaginations of the barrio as a space of conviviality, refuge, resistance, and experiment. It tells stories about the neighborhood as an intimation of the free city.
More Than Many and Less Than One
Authors: Corsín Jiménez Alberto , Estalella Adolfo
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the centrality awarded by activists to practices of description and documentation. It talks about how activists engage in profuse descriptions of their projects, sometimes in literary form and sometimes in other registers such as photography, sketches, technical drawings, and filmmaking. These complex descriptions or prototypes aim to provide both technical and legal guidelines for others to replicate the designs, and pedagogical directions that users can understand the contexts to which the designs originally responded. The chapter emphasizes the significance of the prototypes in incarnating a cultural history of intransitive designs that situated assemblages of the commons, the public, and the libre. The culture of prototyping unfolds an experimental culture, as a systematics for assays, trial, and the joys of figuring out.
Freedom in 3D
Authors: Corsín Jiménez Alberto , Estalella Adolfo
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on prototypes, viewing them as sociotechnical devices and as archival assemblages that mobilize ecological sensibilities, material exigencies, and contextual obligations. It draws attention to how activists seek to liberate culture in three dimensions by freeing it from the shackles of discursive normativity or the technical and legal constraints of intellectual property rights. It also explains the role that atmospherics, physics, and kinesthetics play in bundling practices of knowing into specific climates of action and experience. The chapter tells the story of the Zoohaus dinosaur, which is a story about the problems faced by a group of young architects trying to build a physical archive for open-source architectural techniques that would itself serve as an object of free culture. It addresses the question of what kind of architectural object is free knowledge.
Pluralism, Interrupted
Authors: Liu Huwy-min Lucia
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines a Protestant version of memorial meetings where it created a pluralist subject through its modular framing. The ability of rituals to allow people to live with differences breaks apart when people began to view performing rituals as making a personal statement of who they were and what they believed. Thus, rituals' modular framing started to lose its power to accommodate alterity. Some Protestants started to adopt a rewriting approach in their attempts to transform memorial meetings into a modular form and reframe memorial meetings with religious and relational rituals. The chapter explains how Protestantism and socialism challenged normative structures and narrowed the possibility for pluralism and pluralist subjectivity.
Aesthetics of Everyday Folk
Authors: Kim Suzy
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the most influential figure behind early cultural developments in Korea, the dancer, and choreographer Choe Seung-hui. It highlights the emergence of folk aesthetics as part of a transnational cultural movement. Additionally, the cultural movement is influenced by socialist realism and decolonial aesthetics of everyday life centered on women's activities. The chapter explains how Choe's contributions have been subsumed by official state narratives. It argues how Choe's influence in the creation of basic Korean dance movements was to have a lasting place even if her name was left out of official discourse until the 1990s. Kim Jong Il's writings on the art of dance emphasized the importance of basic dance movement training, which was based on Choe's work.
“Harboring and Concealing a Weary and Fainting Slave”
Authors: Hoffer Peter Charles
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores William Henry Seward's return to the full-time practice of law. Since Seward was a mediator and a litigator, he understood political relations the way that he understood the relational rights of clients and opposing parties. The chapter details two contested criminal trials that involved Seward, citing the lack of a public defender system. It then clarifies that not all of Seward's lawyering advanced the cause of his jurisprudence. Seward left the governor's office to become the defender of the Woodworth patent. The chapter highlights how Seward found ways to introduce relational concepts, economic issues and moral issues during his arguments.
Workers from the East
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the deportation and conditions of labor among Eastern Workers. Of the millions sent to work, only a handful of people volunteered, and fewer still would have agreed to go if they had known what awaited them. Workers at factories felt hunger constantly and experienced arbitrary violence. They resided in overcrowded camps, where illness and bombing raids threatened. Meanwhile, small workplaces like family farms or households usually provided better conditions. Living with a family meant some private space and more food, although it also meant working closely with one's employers. In some senses, the conditions of Eastern Workers were not so different from those of their counterparts in the wartime USSR. The difference between Stalinism and Nazism for civilian workers was in the racialized cruelty of Germany. The occupiers brought Eastern Workers to the Reich because the necessities of war outweighed their hatred of Slavic people. German limitations on Eastern Workers' mobility were also much stricter than Stalinist restrictions on laborers.
Unheroic Returns
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses returnee-resisters who attempted to write their lives into the heroic narrative of World War II. Most returnee-resisters hoped their biographies would help them avoid repression, but the most ambitious expected to return to the USSR as heroes. Hundreds of returnees, or more, claimed to have been in resistance organizations as Eastern Workers or prisoners of war. However, historians and resistance members alike would discover that the stories they wanted to tell did not mesh with Stalinist official expectations about the war. The most skeptical about repatriate-resisters were secret police officials. Counterintelligence officers played a central role in deciding who was a war hero. The chapter then looks at the return of the Russian Workers Liberation Committee (RROK). Members of RROK hoped that Stalinist officials would accept RROK as a pledge of fidelity to the USSR.
Wayward Children of the Motherland
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes the work of repatriation officers tasked with bringing nonreturners home to the motherland; these Soviet officers found themselves on the front lines of the emerging Cold War. As the number of returnees diminished, repatriation reflected and sharpened tensions between the USSR and its former allies. For Soviet officers, repatriation became a conflict of principles. It was impossible for them to imagine that Soviet people would not rush to the USSR if they had an honest chance. As minors in the care of occupation authorities, war orphans of disputed origin became the objects of heated debate over national belonging. Although evidence mounted that few nonreturners would consider migrating to the USSR, Soviet officers continued this hopeless mission, using repatriation as a forum to highlight the contrasts between the principles of the socialist bloc and the dishonesty of the capitalists. A minority of Soviet displaced persons chose to go to the USSR. These late returnees faced difficult questions from Soviet officers: Why had they waited? Why return now? The real motivations were usually family or economic desperation.
Violence as a Proactive Response to Adversity
Authors: d’Appollonia Ariane Chebel
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into violence as a proactive response to adversity. Adversity and prejudice motivate migrants and minorities to define themselves as a group which often results in the utility of violence, an overlooked dimension of American exceptionalism. Moreover, groups engage in distinct forms of self-identification and mobilization. The chapter tackles the dynamic relationship structure between contextual adversity and forms of ethnoracial mobilization: reactive identification, identity politics, and contentious identity politics. It also expounds on the issues and debates surrounding racism, racial prejudice, racialization affecting ethnoracial relations and identity politics, and identity politics applied to race relations in a multiracial society.
Is Violent America Europe’s Future?
Authors: d’Appollonia Ariane Chebel
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the American model of assimilation being enacted in Europe. Various forms of racial prejudice, like xenophobia, are rampant throughout Europe even though some Europeans have praised the benefits of America's multiculturalism. Urban riots motivated by ethnoracial discrimination and protests of racial discrimination became commonplace in several European countries. The chapter notes the rising controversy on systemic racism and ethnoracial separatism in Europe. It highlights the significance of American exceptionalism, citing how ethnoracial groups in Europe have the incentive to mobilize according to an identity-based strategy to integrate into the mainstream of politics and gain access to resources.
Conclusion
Authors: d’Appollonia Ariane Chebel
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter examines the principles of intergroup relations that may achieve both social justice and racial equity. It also acknowledges the effects of ethnoracial contentious politics on intergroup relations. Moreover, ethnoracial identities, racial prejudice, and violence have always been organically related in America. The expansion of the politics of reconciliation engages in the polarized fragmentation of American society in an effort to generate a more inclusive politics of difference and prevent further violence. The chapter considers how to move on from antagonism to agonism, which is a form of democratic engagement that rejects the appeal of authoritative fixed identities.
Boots, Gloves, and Tactical Kinship
Authors: Uehling Greta Lynn
Published: May 2023

This chapter exposes the continuation of war in the places one might least expect: family, and considers what happens in families when they become a part of the conflict itself. It uses the cases of two women to show how kinship can become “tactical” and provide vivid examples of everyday war. The chapter tells the story Oleksandra, who provisioned her father who fought as a pro-Russian volunteer sniper killing former neighbors and Larysa, who redoubled her commitment to country after her son was shot by separatists that her mother and sister funded. Given the diffuse nature of contemporary warfare that is waged without discreet frontlines and involves different kinds of nonstate actors, it is worthwhile to consider the quotidian and mundane, practices that advance conflict from the sidelines. The chapter also describes cruel optimism and tactical kinship that provide more granular detail of the logic behind people's willingness to participate in war.
Intertext
Authors: Uehling Greta Lynn
Published: May 2023

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Introduction
Authors: Marantzidis Nikos
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Greek Communism. The Communist Party of Greece (KKE) was born in a turbulent moment when the Communist world had just begun taking shape. While it originated in 1918 as a typical socialist party, the KKE became one of the European Communist parties most loyal to Moscow. By the mid-twentieth century, it had embraced the spirit of Soviet internationalism more ardently than any other party in Western Europe. While other Communist parties embarked on their national roads toward socialism, the KKE maintained unusually strong relations with Moscow and with its Balkan sister parties. The chapter considers how the KKE has featured in historiography. The history of the Greek Communist Party provides a unique opportunity to understand the nature, organizational characteristics, and dynamics of international Communism, particularly in southeastern Europe. The chapter explains how the book traces the KKE's interactions with the Communist parties in neighboring states, and with the Comintern, the Soviet Union, and the Bolsheviks in the years 1918–56.