bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of vineyard management and landscape composition on pest control by predatory mites across European wine growing regions
Authors: Möth Stefan , Richart-Cervera Sylvie , Comsa Maria , Herrera Rafael Alcalá , Hoffmann Christoph , Kolb Sebastian , Popescu Daniela , Reiff Jo Marie , Rusch Adrien , Tolle Pauline , Walzer Andreas , Winter Silvia
Published: February 2023

Ecosystem services and biodiversity in vineyards are strongly influenced through local edaphoclimatic factors, viticultural practices and landscape composition. Pest control by natural enemies is an important ecosystem service for wine production, contributing to the EU goal to reduce pesticide use by 50 % until 2030. Important natural enemies in this context are predatory mites which are effective in controlling pest mites on vines. In this study, we investigated predatory and pest mite densities in 156 vineyards across five European wine-growing regions ranging from southern Spain to central Romania differing in respect to pesticide use, farming types, inter-row management and landscape composition. We hypothesized that (i) intensive viticultural management practices (e.g. high usage of pesticides and/or intensive vegetation management) would decrease predatory mite populations as well as species richness and that (ii) higher proportions of semi-natural habitats at the landscape scale may mitigate the negative effects of intensive management on predatory mites. Our results showed that only one or two predatory mite species dominated their community composition in the respective wine-growing regions. Furthermore, the farming type was one major factor for predatory mite densities. Conventional and integrated farming resulted in higher population densities compared to organic farming in the Austrian and French study region. The effect of the farming type could be linked to the beneficial impact of a lower pesticide use and lower toxicity for predatory mites in conventional and integrated vineyards. Predatory mite densities also benefited more from spontaneous vegetation cover compared to seeded cover crops in the vineyard inter-row. The increased predatory mite densities in the vineyards with spontaneous vegetation cover could be related to a better supply of pollen as food resource in this inter-row management type compared to seeded cover crops. Contrary to our expectations, predatory mite densities benefited through an increased proportion of vineyards in the surrounding landscape. Our findings showed accordingly, that predatory mites as natural enemies in European vineyards could be promoted through a reduced use of pesticides and extensive vegetation management in the inter-rows. This findings should be considered for European agri-environmental programmes in viticulture to increase natural pest control and at the same time to reduce harmful pesticide use, thereby contributing to the EU pesticide reductions goals.
Investigating the impact of {Fe2+}:{HS-} ratio on FeS formation: preliminary results on particle size and charge
Authors: Karami Alemeh , Koskamp Janou , Wolthers Mariette
Published: February 2023

Mackinawite (FeS) is the first iron sulfide phase to form in anoxic systems containing ferrous iron and sulfide. It is a major inorganic scale in oil and gas piping and its catalytic properties make it a potential candidate for a variety of industrial applications including energy storage systems and batteries. This, together with Mackinawite’s potential for remediation through the doping of heaving metal cations, makes it an interesting subject of investigation. Since in natural conditions iron and sulfide do not generally occur in alike concentrations, investigating diverging ratios of iron:sulfide activities, improves our knowledge about iron sulfide early formation in natural and geo-engineered settings.Here, we investigated FeS formation at a saturation index of 1.8 (~63 fold supersaturation), varying {Fe2+}:{HS-} and at pH 10.2. Particle size distribution was explored using Dynamic Light Scattering measurements, surface charge of particles (Zeta potential) was measured with Electrophoretic Light Scattering and samples were imaged using Transmission Electron Microscopy.Regarding particle charge, we observed particles that were more negatively charged when the solution had an excess of anions (HS-), compared to solutions with more cation(Fe2+) which led to having particles with less negative net surface charge.Furthermore, preliminary results indicated non-linear evolution of FeS particle size through time. Higher concentrations of iron promoted formation of larger particles, whereas having more sulfide induced the formation of  smaller particles.Our observations reveal that FeS particle formation is sensitive to the ratio of {Fe2+}:{HS-} in the solution. When there is an excess of iron, growth and/or aggregation of nuclei is enhanced and predominates over nucleation, in contrast to the other conditions(equal activities, or excess HS-). This behavior may be explained by the zeta potential, which reflects the surface charge of the particles. At pH 10, the FeS particles are negatively charged (Wolthers et al., 2005) and more so at stoichiometric and excess-sulfide conditions. In excess Fe, the particles are less charged and therefore less physically stable and more likely to aggregate, leading to larger particle growth.
Evolving concepts and communication: what do we need to evaluate better regional groundwater flow?
Authors: Mádl-Szőnyi Judit , Molson John , Batelaan Okke , Verweij Hanneke , Jiang Xiao-Wei , Carrillo-Rivera José Joel , Tóth Ádám
Published: February 2023

The theory of regional groundwater flow is sixty years old in 2023, which has made it possible to evaluate groundwater flow systems and evolution in sedimentary basins. Recently, the approach has been extended to different environments in the Earth's crust. By applying regional groundwater flow theory, we can solve groundwater issues on a larger scale than for single aquifers. Application of the concept contributes to all practical aspects of groundwater topics, including the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals for water.However, the developed terms related to groundwater flow evaluation need to be more strictly defined and clarified for interpreting complex hydrogeological flow systems. The presentation summarizes the results of discussions among RGFC-IAH board members on this topic and tries to provide some necessary frameworks for the future application of the concept.At regional scales, groundwater flow evaluation should include the concept of aquifer systems. The term artesian basin has become obsolete because it implies impermeable layers in natural environments; groundwater basin is preferred instead. Sedimentary basin is a broader term which can contain more than one groundwater basin. For the goals of flow system evaluation, the term groundwater basins can be used, which are characterized by siliciclastic basin fill and basement aquifer systems. The full-groundwater basin is required for 2D and 3D interpretations, because half- (or symmetric-) basin assessment can provide misleading results. Hydraulic continuity is a fundamental principle in groundwater flow evaluation, it can be assumed in groundwater basins across multiple aquifers, aquitards and faults, as long as one has no contradicting evidence. Conceptual groundwater flow models need to be tested with specific field data, numerical simulations and groundwater flow-related manifestations.The presentation aims to initiate a discussion on improving the application of regional groundwater flow theory. The conference presentation is supported by the National Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Climate Change, RRF-2.3.1- 21-2022-00014 project.
Harmonisation of Free Tropospheric Ozone Satellite Data Records in Support of TOAR Phase II
Authors: Hubert Daan , Keppens Arno , Verhoelst Tijl , Compernolle Steven , Lambert Jean-Christopher
Published: February 2023

The first TOAR assessment encountered several observational challenges that limited the confidence in estimates of the burden, short-term variability and long-term changes of ozone in the free troposphere. One of these challenges is the difficulty to interpret tropospheric observations from space, especially when combining data records from multiple satellites with differences in vertical sensitivity, prior information, resolution and spatial domain. Additional confounding factors are time-varying biases and the lack of harmonisation of geophysical quantities, units and definition of the tropospheric top level. All together, these increased the uncertainty on the distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone, impeding firm assessments relevant for policy and science. These challenges motivated the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) to initiate a coordinated activity on improving assessments of tropospheric ozone measured from space. Here, we report on work that contributes to this CEOS activity and to various Working Groups (SOWG, OPT, HEGIFTOM, TOP, ROSTEES, ...) of the ongoing second TOAR assessment.
Our primary objective is to harmonise the vertical perspective of different satellite data records. A first class of tropospheric ozone products is obtained through an inversion of spectral measurements by nadir-viewing sounders into a vertical profile. We describe two complementary approaches (Prior Replacement and Complete Data Fusion) to harmonise the differing profile retrieval set-up for GOME-2, IASI and other UV-visible and infrared nadir sensors, using information conveyed in the prior and the averaging kernels. A second class of products is obtained through subtraction of the stratospheric component from total column retrievals. The stratospheric column is derived with various methods, resulting in differing spatial coverage, tropospheric top level, sampling frequency, etc…  We present how all tropospheric ozone products, from both classes, are harmonised to a common tropospheric top level. We then intercompare all harmonised satellite records, and report on the differences and how these reduce upon harmonisation. Finally, we reflect on the importance of the vertical harmonisation process to improve constraints of the spatial distribution and trends in tropospheric ozone.
Acknowledgements : We are grateful to the sustained effort and committment of the teams, institutes and agencies that collect and provide satellite and ozonesonde data records of high quality.
Dry seasons and dry years amplify the Amazon and Congo forests’ rainfall self-reliance
Authors: Wang-Erlandsson Lan , van der Ent Ruud , Staal Arie , Keys Patrick , Zemp Delphine Clara , Fetzer Ingo , Taniguchi Makoto , Gordon Line
Published: February 2023

Rainfall is a key determinant of tropical rainforest resilience in South America and Africa, of which a substantial amount originates from terrestrial and forest evaporation through moisture recycling. Both continents face deforestation that reduces evaporation and thus dampens the water cycle, and climate change that increases the risk of water-stress induced forest loss. Hence, it is important to understand the influence of forest moisture supply for forest rainfall during dry periods. Here, we analyze mean-years and dry-years dry-season anomalies of moisture recycling in the South American (Amazon) and African rainforests (Congo) over the years 1980-2013. Annual average reliance of forest rainfall on their own moisture supply (ρfor) is 26 % in the Amazon and 28% in the Congo forest.  In dry seasons, this ratio increases by 7% (or ~2 percentage points) in the Amazon and up to 30 % (or ~8 percentage points) in Congo. Dry years further amplify dry season ρfor in both regions by 4-5 %. In both Amazon and Congo, dry season amplification of ρfor are strongest in regions with a high mean annual ρfor. In the Amazon, forest rainfall self-reliance has declined over time, and in both Amazon and Congo, the fraction of forest evaporation that recycles as forest rainfall has declined over time. At country scale, dry season ρfor can differ drastically from mean annual ρfor (e.g., in Bolivia and Gabon, mean annual ρfor is ~30% while dry season ρfor is ~50 %). Dry period amplification of ρfor illuminates additional risks of deforestation as well as opportunities from forest conservation and restoration, and is essential to consider for understanding upwind forest change impacts on downwind rainfall at both regional and national scales.
Climate Services Ecosystems: an opportunity to increase optimization
Authors: Gonzalez Romero Carmen , Muñoz Angel G. , Goddard Lisa , St.Clair Asuncion Ledas , Doblas- Reyes Francisco , Terrado Marta , Bojovic Dragana
Published: February 2023

Societies use climate services as part of their mitigation and adaptation strategies to a changing climate (e.g., Cortekar et al., 2016; Vaughan and Dessai, 2014; Scott, Lemieux and Malon, 2011), and have been defined and framed around particular single applications or sectors, either agriculture, health, energy, water management or disaster risk management (WMO, 2009, Council, 2001)- just to mention a few. Whilst this can bring potential benefits such as high specialization and adaptation (WMO, 2019; Lemos, 2015), co-benefits of articulated climate services among different sectors have not been fully assessed in the broader societal system, where these are developed and implemented. Understanding and valuing the nexus between the sectors during the design, development and implementation of climate services might help project optimization, and eventually benefit the community, country, entire region or society.Climate services ecosystems are defined -slightly modifying the business-perspective definition of Vargo and Akaka (2012)- as relatively self-contained, self-adjusting systems of resource-integrating actors connected by shared institutional goals, and mutual-value creation through exchange of climate services (Goddard, Gonzalez Romero, et al., 2020). In other words, a climate-services ecosystem involves interactions between different sectors sharing the same or similar climate services, which enhances resilience, and lends efficiency and value, by optimally orchestrating the available solutions. These ecosystems tend to be more robust to climate impacts than a collection of climate services focused on certain applications or just one sector, because shocks to one part of the ecosystem are redistributed and dampened through the entire network. Since by definition these ecosystems take advantage of existing climate services in different society-relevant sectors, the overall benefit is directly dependent on the ecosystem configuration itself. The ability to scale high-quality climate services, not just to other locations but to other sectors, and the ability for these climate-service networks to organize into ecosystems is hypothesized to be a crucial ingredient to resilience in the face of climate variability and change, given that resources are finite.The analysis of the ecosystems though Dynamical Casual Network Theory allows us to understand, characterize and forsee potential behaviour and changes in relationships between the elements of the networks, supporting the decision-making processes within. In combination with projects like Climateurope2, this concept of climate services ecosystems can help with the standardization of climate services.
Search for dependence of ionospheric parameters on meteorological local storms
Authors: Potuznikova Katerina , Koucka Knizova Petra , Chum Jaroslav , Kerum Jacek
Published: February 2023

In our recent studies, we analysed coherency between the dynamics of tropospheric low-pressure areas on side and stratospheric and ionospheric variability on the other side. We have identified different types of atmospheric frontal movements in the troposphere associated with particular types of echo detected up to the F2 ionospheric layer on the digisonde measurements (ionograms, drifts) and Continuous Doppler sounder spectrograms. We found that, in addition to synoptic patterns of continental scale, disturbances in the ionosphere are caused by fast-moving midlatitudes frontal cyclones.Another type of tropospheric situation, which especially in the summer causes observable changes in ionosphere parameters, are local storms caused by thermal convection possibly supported by local orography. The response of these storms in the ionosphere is significant despite the fact that they are meteorological phenomena of the subsynoptic scale (horizontal range of the unit km) and their duration does not exceed several hours).In the present paper we focus on cases of meteorological storms that occurred in the period from 2014 to 2022 during low geomagnetic and solar activity. The selection of storm events was made based on measurements of both aerological data and surface meteorological data. Automatic detection of spread in hight and frequency in ionograms recorded by the DPS-4D digisonde is performed using convolutional neural network coded in python with help of the tensorflow library.
Sectoral water usage in the Community Earth System Model (CESM)
Authors: Taranu Ioan Sabin , Lawrence David , Wada Yoshihide , Tang Ting , Yao Yi , Vanderkelen Inne , De Hertog Steven , Thiery Wim
Published: February 2023

Abstract:Climate change and human water management are the two main drivers of terrestrial water storage change, from regional to global scale. When thinking about the future, our main tools to project upcoming changes in the terrestrial water fluxes and storage are the Earth System Models (ESMs). Through the representation of physical, chemical and biological processes relevant to the climate dynamics, ESMs are the closest we got to represent the real Earth.Despite important advancements in the development of ESMs, these models are still missing key elements relevant to the representation of the water cycle, notably anthropogenic water management (Nazemi and Howard, 2015). Through the construction of dams and the abstraction of water from surface and groundwater sources, humans can significantly alter the regional and continental water budget, including river discharge and seasonality, groundwater levels and surface evapotranspiration.The objective of our current project is to reduce this gap, by enhancing the Community Earth System Model to support abstractions for all major water use sectors including domestic, livestock, thermoelectric, manufacturing, mining and irrigation. Some unique features of our development are: full coverage of human water usage for both historical (1971-2010) and future scenarios; a sectoral competition scheme when water availability is limited; application of consumption fluxes on surface soil to accentuate role of human water usage on land-atmosphere interactions; full coupling between routing-land-atmosphere-ocean components. At the moment, all abstractions are performed exclusively from surface water.For the scope of this conference, we will present for the first time, the global simulation results for the historical period (1971-2010) in land only mode, including a general performance of the model in normal conditions and some case studies for known historical drought events. References:Nazemi, Ali, and Howard S. Wheater. "On inclusion of water resource management in Earth system models–Part 1: Problem definition and representation of water demand." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19.1 (2015): 33-61. 
The changing ocean biogeochemistry in the Earth system
Authors: Ilyina Tatiana
Published: February 2023

The ocean plays an essential role in regulating Earth’s climate; it is also essential for regulating the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Long-term (at the end of this century) changes in ocean biogeochemical cycles will be determined by the pace of anthropogenic emissions and resulting climate change. For the ocean carbon cycle, Earth system models (ESMs) within the 6th Climate Model Intercomparison Project project that while the ocean carbon sink continues to grow with rising emissions, the fraction of emissions that is taken up declines as atmospheric CO2 rises, resulting in a positive carbon–climate feedback. By contrast, near-term (until 2040) changes will be masked by internal climate variability. ESMs in concert with observations are key to constrain the response of ocean biogeochemical cycles to ongoing climate change. Yet, predictive understanding of how ocean biogeochemical cycles would respond to rapid and strong changes in emissions is currently missing. Such knowledge is critical in support of monitoring and verification of political actions for strong and rapid decarbonization. I will talk about recent progress and challenges in our understanding of the long-term and near-term fate of the ocean biogeochemical cycles under changing climate.
Radiocarbon constraints on lateral export of soil organic carbon in rivers of Switzerland
Authors: Brunmayr Alexander , Graven Heather , Rhyner Timo , Moreno Duborgel Margaux , Haghipour Negar
Published: February 2023

Lateral carbon transport through inland waters plays a critical yet often overlooked role in the delicate balance of carbon exchanges controlling the net uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Though new terrestrial carbon cycle models are increasingly making an effort to explicitly represent these traditionally neglected lateral fluxes, the parameters governing lateral carbon transport, particularly the composition and ages of exported soil carbon, remain ill-constrained. In this study, we explore the power of combined river and soil 14C datasets as a parameter constraint when calibrating a novel carbon cycle model connecting the terrestrial and riverine systems in catchments of Switzerland. For the riverine data, we use 14C measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for water samples collected during high-discharge events in 2021 across Switzerland. Within those river catchments, we have forest soil 14C data at various depths down to 60cm for up to three samples in time (mid 1990s, 2014, and 2022). The soil samples were split into the following representative fractions: soil dissolved organic carbon (soil-DOC), particulate organic carbon (soil-POC), and mineral-associated organic carbon (soil-MOC), which represents the older and more recalcitrant component of soil carbon. This study investigates to what extent using these fraction-specific 14C measurements together with 13C and nitrogen data for both rivers and soils allows us to not only distinguish the different sources of riverine carbon but further analyze the composition and age of the soil organic carbon ending up in Swiss rivers.
Semi-supervised seismic event detection using Siamese Networks
Authors: Murray David , Stankovic Lina , Pytharouli Stella , Stankovic Vladimir
Published: February 2023

Detecting seismic events and their precursors is vital to understand and assess risks in areas of seismic instability. Most recent detection methods are based on supervised learning, where machine learning models are first trained using a labelled dataset, before being deployed. However, seismic sensors are often difficult to install and maintain, and large-scale events are few and far between. Furthermore, labelling collected data requires a great deal of time and effort from seismologists. Noise can vastly increase the difficulty of this task and labels can be highly subjective. Labelled data used for training machine learning models depends on the monitoring setup and geological characteristics of the terrain where the sensors are installed. For example, a dataset of events recorded in the Alps will likely not be representative of events that could be seen in less mountainous regions, meaning that transferability of proposed networks is vital. The Rest and Be Thankful in Scotland is a remote hillside prone to weather-induced seismic events which can cause disruption to the road infrastructure in the valley below, after rockfalls and landslides due to quakes. In this paper we propose a semi-supervised method of clustering these different types of events. Grouping data into categories of both known and unknown event types can reduce the time needed by experts to create labelled datasets via the use of Siamese networks and further understand the dynamics of the slope. We validate results against the BGS earthquake database from within a 50km radius, as well as human induced rockfalls. Grouping across around 100 days of data has detected a possible 10 earthquakes, 82 rockfalls, and 137 micro-quakes.
Aircraft observations of NH3 from agricultural sources
Authors: Noppen Lara , Clarisse Lieven , Tack Frederik , Ruhtz Thomas , Merlaud Alexis , Van Damme Martin , Van Roozendael Michel , Schuettemeyer Dirk , Coheur Pierre
Published: February 2023

Ammonia (NH3) is mainly emitted in the atmosphere by anthropogenic activities, especially by agriculture. Excess emissions greatly disturb ecosystems, biodiversity, and air quality. Despite our awareness of these deleterious consequences, NH3 concentrations are increasing in most industrialized countries. This underlines the need for more stringent regulations and good knowledge of the species gained through effective monitoring.Since a decade, NH3 is monitored from space, daily and globally, with thermal infrared sounders. However, their coarse spatial resolution (above 10 km) renders accurate quantification of NH3 sources particularly challenging. Indeed, only the largest and most isolated NH3 point sources have been identified and quantified from current observations and often only by exploiting long-term averages. To address the urgent need for better constraining NH3 emissions, a new satellite, called Nitrosat, has been proposed in response to the 11th ESA’s Earth Explorer call. The mission aims at mapping simultaneously NO2 and NH3 at a spatial resolution of 500 m at a global scale. With the support of ESA, almost 30 aircraft demonstration flights took place in Europe between 2020 and 2022. These flights mapped gapless areas of at least 10 by 20 km containing various sources of NO2 and NH3 using two instruments: the SWING instrument targeting NO2 in the UV-VIS and Hyper-Cam LW measuring infrared spectra to observe NH3.Here we present NH3 observations from campaigns performed in Italy in spring 2022. The Po Valley was the main target, as it is the largest (agricultural) hotspot of NH3 in Europe.  Despite the presence of large background concentrations in the Po Valley, we show that the infrared measurements are able to expose a multitude of local agricultural hotspots such as cattle farms. A particularly successful campaign covering the region from Vetto to Colorno demonstrates measurement sensitivity to the gradual increase of NH3 background concentrations outside and inside the Po Valley. We also discuss flights carried out further south in Italy targeting other emissions of NH3, such as those from a soda ash plant, and the emissions from a fertilizer release experiment that was organized in collaboration with a farmer. We present the measurements both at their native horizontal resolution of 4 m and downsampled at the 500 m resolution of Nitrosat.
Seismicity and crustal structure of the Terceira Island, Azores
Authors: Fontiela João , Afonso Dias Nuno , Silveira Graça , Moreira Mário , Matias Luís
Published: February 2023

We present the analysis of the local and regional seismicity recorded in 2019-2021 by a temporary seismic network installed on Terceira Island. This new seismic dataset allow us to study the induced seismicity caused by fluid extraction in a geothermal powerplant and to image the subsurface seismic structure with local earthquake tomography. From the distribution of the seismicity, it is possible to highlight two regions with a high number of events amongst other areas. The first one, located in the central part of the island, is associated with the volcanoes of Pico Alto and Guilherme Moniz, with  low magnitude earthquakes, and hypocentre's depths less than 10 km. The geothermal power plant is located in the transition between these two volcanic systems. We identify a cluster of earthquakes in the neighbourhood of the geothermal power plant at depths ranging from 1 to 3 km, consistent with the induction by the powerplant operation. The second seismicity region is located on the island's western sector, at the Santa Bárbara volcanic system. There, the seismicity pattern is more complex, mainly by the occurrence of both tectonic and seismo-volcanic earthquakes.  Local earthquake tomography allows imaging of the crust from the surface to the upper-middle crust, up to 8 km depth. The Santa Bárbara and Pico Alto volcanoes are characterized by low Vp and high Vp/Vs anomalies, stronger in the first and typically related to active volcanoes. In the transition between the two volcanoes, we observe shallow strong Vp and very low Vp/Vs anomalies typical of geothermal fields. On the other hand, the Guilherme Moniz volcano exhibits high Vp anomaly and normal Vp/Vs values.The eastern sector of the Terceira is characterized by low seismicity and, consequently, low tomographic resolution. This work is a contribution to projects GEMMA (PTDC/CTA-GEO/2083/2021) and RESTLESS (PTDC/CTA-GEF/6674/2020), and it was also supported by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) I.P./MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) – UIDB/50019/2020-IDL, UIDB/04683/2020 - ICT and UIDP/04683/2020 - ICT
Development and First Deployment of an Innovative Airborne δ13C(CH4) In Situ Measurement Setup
Authors: Waldmann Paul , Lichtenstern Michael , Reum Friedemann , Ziereis Helmut , Fiehn Alina , Gałkowski Michał , Gerbig Christoph , Fix Andreas , Roiger Anke
Published: February 2023

Recent atmospheric methane concentrations show an accelerated increase, but the contributions of the underlying emitters are poorly understood. Recording the stable carbon isotope ratio of methane (δ13C(CH4)) is a powerful tool for CH4 source attribution and the understanding of the global methane budget. The airborne measurement of δ13C(CH4) provides the advantages of reaching remote areas and covering large-scale regions, but is challenging regarding sufficient precision while maintaining high spatial measurement density. The state of the art technique is to collect airborne gas samples for subsequent laboratory analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry, with high δ13C(CH4) precision of 0.05 ‰. Here we present an innovative in situ airborne system for the measurement of δ13C(CH4), called MIRACLE. MIRACLE consists of a conventional Picarro cavity ring down greenhouse gas analyzer (G2210-i) for the measurement of CH4 and δ13C(CH4), and a sampler unit. The sampler enables the collection of six gas samples in 2 l stainless steel tanks, in a short time (20 s each) via a metal bellows pump, which allows for the specific sampling of small-scale features, such as point source emissions. The sampling is followed by an extended period of subsequent analysis (up to 10 min). Using this setup, we achieve sufficient δ13C(CH4) precision (1σ uncertainty of 0.34 ‰) and an average of five samples per flight hour, allowing for a large number of samples for long flights. Due to the resulting dense coverage with sufficient precision, this novel approach allows for airborne δ13C(CH4) characterization of small-scale methane emitters and large-scale gradients. We employed MIRACLE aboard the research aircraft HALO during the CoMet 2.0 Arctic campaign in summer 2022, which focused on characterizing natural and anthropogenic methane sources in Canada. In this presentation, a proof of concept for the instrument is elaborated, including the investigation of sample purity and measurement comparisons with other instruments. Additionally, we show δ13C(CH4) signatures revealed by the method of Keeling analysis of measurements obtained during CoMet 2.0 and compare them to previous studies. The airborne operation of the MIRACLE instrument combines the advantages of increased precision δ13C(CH4) measurements, typically only possible under stable laboratory conditions, with the in situ, near real time data analysis and the large-scale sampling of secluded areas. MIRACLE will be deployed during the DLR GHGMon campaign (June 2023) to investigate the δ13C(CH4) ratio of agricultural sources of methane in the Netherlands.
The microclimate and mass balance of Qaamarujup Sermia, West Greenland 1929-2022
Authors: Schalamon Florina , Abermann Jakob , Scher Sebastian , Trügler Andreas , Schöner Wolfgang
Published: February 2023

Understanding the interaction of the atmosphere and cryosphere is critical for predicting the consequences of the rapidly changing climate, particularly in the Arctic. To accurately represent feedback mechanisms between ice and climate in physical models, their thorough quantification at the local scale is required. This study analyses two high-resolution datasets from the Qaamarujup Sermia outlet glacier (West Greenland) that were collected 90 years apart (1929-1931 and 2022 onward). The first is a dataset from Alfred Wegener's last expedition 1929-31, including sub-daily atmospheric observations as well as monthly to (bi-)weekly mass balance measurements. An almost identical monitoring network was installed in 2022 with the goal of observing changes in microclimate and their impact on the glacier. Both periods cover far above-normal air temperatures. The newly installed monitoring network consists of two automatic weather stations (AWS), of which one is placed near the coast and the other one on the ice sheet in approx. 940 m a.s.l.. The station network is supplemented with three temperature and humidity sensors in 50, 270 and 950 m a.s.l. . Further, there are four autonomous ablations sensors and six ablation stakes to quantify the surface mass balance of the glacier. During the field campaign in 2022, 39 vertical drone flights were performed to investigate temperature and humidity profiles of the lowest 400 m of the atmosphere. Preliminary findings show that a surface-based temperature inversion above the glacier surface is present on all days investigated during the study period (2-10.7.2022). An elevated temperature inversion above the ice-free valley part is also present at 50% of the days, with one day reaching further inland than the glacier front. Both types of inversion occur in combination on three out of the eight study days. Comparison of the historic surface mass balance with data from a regional climate model shows reasonable agreement for locations 950 m a.s.l., while the complex topography in the valley is not represented sufficiently. Our results emphasize the value of validation data on a small spatial scale as well as the potential of short-term observations almost a century apart to investigate changing feedback mechanisms of the ice/climate interaction.  
Machine learning-based bias correction for tropical cyclone track simulation of the WRF model over the western North Pacific
Authors: Kim Kyoungmin , Yoon Donghyuck , Cha Dong-Hyun , Im Jungho
Published: February 2023

The tropical cyclone (TC) tracks are usually simulated with the numerical models, which have an intrinsic error, although the performance of numerical models is continuously improving. Recently, machine learning has been suggested as a good tool to correct the intrinsic error of the model outputs. This study used an artificial neural network (ANN) to correct the error of TC tracks hindcasted by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over the western North Pacific (WNP). TCs whose intensity was higher than tropical depression (i.e., tropical storm, severe tropical storm, and typhoon) from June to November were hindcasted, and TC positions at 72 h were set as the target of bias correction. WRF model output, best track data, and wind field of reanalysis were used as input variables of ANN. The structure of ANN was optimized for TCs during 2006-2015, and the optimized ANN was verified for TCs from 2016-2018. In the verification of ANN, TCs were classified using k-mean clustering to analyze the results of bias correction because the performance of the numerical model for the TC track varied depending on the region of WNP. The ANN corrected the error of WRF by 8.81% for four clusters where ANN was most effective. Moreover, the post-processing was applied to other clusters with less effect of ANN. Consequently, ANN with post-processing improved the accuracy of WRF by 4.34%.
The role of lithospheric-deep mantle interactions in modulating the landscape evolution of arc-continent collision
Authors: Rodriguez Corcho Andres Felipe , Mallard Claire , Polanco Sara , Farrington Rebecca , Montes Camilo , Moresi Louis
Published: February 2023

The interaction of subducted oceanic lithosphere with the upper-lower mantle transition zone has been documented to cause episodes of increased surface compression and extension at convergent continental margins. However, little is known about how these lithospheric-deep mantle interactions impact the evolution of arc-continent collision margins, where orogenic growth and basin formation/infilling can occur simultaneously. We use 2.5D subduction models that couple the evolution of Earth’s surface with the geodynamics of the mantle to investigate: (i) how the interactions between the lithosphere and the deep mantle affect the topography evolution of the orogen and basin infilling; and (ii) how sedimentation in the basin modulates the evolution of deformation. Results show that slab-folding in the upper-lower mantle transition zone triggers increased shortening and topographic growth in the orogen by causing the steepening of the subducting slab, which increases the sediment supply to the basin at punctuated times. Furthermore, results show that: (i) the effect of slab-folding in the topography evolution of the orogen and basin infilling increases with the efficiency of surface processes; and (ii) there is a spatial/temporal correlation between the cumulated sedimentation in the basin and the plastic strain. To quantify the strength of this correlation, we performed a Spearman correlation test, which displayed a high correlation between low values of sedimentation (200-1500 m) and low values of plastic strain (0.1-1.5) during the occurrence of slab-folding. In contrast, we found a high correlation between high values of sedimentation (> 1500 m) and plastic strain (>1.5) only when the sedimentation in the basin is 6000 m. We conclude that: (i) the effect of slab-folding in the topography evolution of the orogen and basin infilling is modulated by the efficiency of surface processes (ii) low sedimentation in the basin increases the activity of short wavelength deformation; and (iii) high sedimentation increase the activity of large wavelength deformation during slab-folding only when slab-steepening is maximum.
Hydrogeochemical research of thermal waters from Topusko, Croatia
Authors: Pavić Mirja , Briški Maja , Pola Marco , Borović Staša
Published: February 2023

A hydrochemical and geothermometric study of thermal waters in Topusko (Croatia) was conducted in order to improve the existing conceptual model of the Topusko hydrothermal system. The town of Topusko is located 80 km south of Zagreb at the SW edge of the Pannonian Basin System, which has favourable geothermal characteristics. The natural thermal springs of Topusko with temperatures up to 53°C and thermal waters from shallow wells with temperatures up to 65°C represent the second warmest natural thermal water source in Croatia. Water samples have been collected monthly since March 2021 from two natural thermal springs, i.e. Livadski izvor and Blatne kupelji springs, and the TEB-4 thermal well in the discharge area of the hydrothermal system. Furthermore, rainwater was sampled in the supposed recharge area. Chemical composition of groundwater is determined by the original composition of the infiltrated water as well as chemical reactions with various rocks along its circulation path. In-situ parameters, major anions and cations, stable water isotopes, radioactive isotope analysis of tritium (3H), and silica geothermometers were used to assess the origin of thermal waters in Topusko and their interaction with the thermal aquifer. Furthermore, a local meteoric water line was constructed and compared with the isotope ratio of the thermal waters. The results pointed to: i) the meteoric origin of thermal waters according to stable water isotopes; ii) Ca-HCO3 hydrochemical facies suggesting that carbonate dissolution occurs in the aquifer, being consistent with the presence of carbonates in the stratigraphic logs of wells; iii) an equilibrium temperature in the reservoir of 88°C according to silica geothermometers; and iv) low tritium activity being consistent with sub-modern waters and a recharge before 1955. The monitoring of these thermal springs will continue for another year to collect a larger dataset and reinforce our conclusions. Additional analyses including radiocarbon dating and stable isotope composition from SO42- will be conducted to provide a comprehensive hydrochemical characterisation of these thermal waters, which have been utilised since ancient Roman times, and intensively since 1980s, but have not been thoroughly investigated.Acknowledgments: Presented research has been conducted in the scope of the project “Multidisciplinary approach to hydrothermal system modelling” (HyTheC) funded by the Croatian Science Foundation under grant number UIP-2019-04-1218.
NaturaSat – a software for the identification, classification, and monitoring of Natura 2000 habitats
Authors: Ozvat Aneta Alexandra , Mikula Karol , Kollár Michal , Ambroz Martin , Šibíková Mária , Šibík Jozef , Čahojová Lucia
Published: February 2023

We present the methods designed for the NaturaSat software devoted to the identification, classification, monitoring, and evaluation of Natura 2000 habitats by Sentinel-2 multispectral data. The NaturaSat software contains various image processing techniques based on novel mathematical models, and together with vegetation data, it makes a suitable facility for all requirements of habitat exploration. The semi-automatic and automatic segmentation methods are implemented to identify the habitat areas. The novel deep learning algorithm, a natural numerical network, is implemented for habitat classification but can also be used in various research tasks or nature conservation practices, such as identifying ecosystem services and conservation value. Moreover, based on the natural numerical network, relevancy maps are created, and it can improve many further vegetation and landscape ecology studies. The relevancy map tells us about the relevancy of the classification of the segmented area into the chosen habitat. NaturaSat provides direct access to multispectral Sentinel-2 data provided by the European Space Agency and thereby allows monitoring of Natura 2000 habitats. The monitoring process is based on calculating the statistical characteristics in the protected areas and analyzing them in time. The software was developed through the intensive cooperation of botany field scientists, mathematicians, and software developers, which means that the implemented methods have a mathematical basis and are validated in field research. The NaturaSat has a user-friendly environment for, e.g., vegetation scientists, fieldwork experts, and nature conservationists, and it is robust enough to accurately extract target unit borders, even at the habitat level. The accuracy is close to the pixel resolution; in the case of Sentinel-2 images, it is 10 m. If unmanned aerial vehicles or air-borne images are used in the software, the accuracy is rapidly pushed.
Modeling the impact of the urban land-use on the Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation
Authors: Falga Renaud , Wang Chien
Published: February 2023

The urban areas can modify the local and regional climate through various processes. They can indeed modify the water cycle and precipitations, either through the modification of land-use, or through effects induced by the emissions of anthropogenic aerosols. The thermodynamical perturbations induced by the presence of urban land-use, including the urban heat island effect, are known to induce rainfall modification due to perturbation of the flow and enhancement of the convective activity. However, this impact has yet to be clarified in a large scale, highly energetic system like the Asian Monsoon system. Using the high resolution meso-scale atmospheric model Meso-NH, we investigated the impact of urban land-use on the precipitation during the Indian Summer Monsoon, including the influence on extreme events. The results of this study will be presented and discussed.
In situ measurements of greenhouse gas mole fractions over North American high-latitude regions during CoMet 2.0 Arctic mission
Authors: Galkowski Michal , Gerbig Christoph , Schultz Uwe , Fix Andreas
Published: February 2023

As a second most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gas, methane has been an object of intense study over the past years. Despite a good overall knowledge of the sources contributing to the increase of its atmospheric abundance, the precise constrain of the global methane budget remains elusive, with large uncertainties still characterizing both anthropogenic and natural emissions, especially in the regions poorly constrained by observations, such as tropical wetlands or northern high-latitude regions.CoMet 2.0 Arctic mission, executed in August and September 2022 aimed at characterizing the distribution of CH4 and CO2 over significant regional sources with the use of a German Research Aircraft HALO (High Altitude Long-range Observatory), as well as to validate remote sensing measurements from state-of-the-art instrumentation installed on-board against a set of independent in-situ observations. These sources included both anthropogenic (oil, gas and coal industries) as well as natural sources that represent large-scale methane-emission regions (including wetlands and major deltas in the region).We will present results of in-situ observations performed across 15 research flights performed over a variety of environments. High-precision mole fractions of CO2, CH4 and CO were measured with the the JIG (Jena In-Situ Greenhouse gas sensor, based on Picarro 2401-m) instruments, while JAS (Jena Air Sampler) allowed collection of 155 spot samples to additionally characterize N2O, H2, SF6, O2/N2, Ar/N2 and stable isotopes (not presented).Flight strategies were adopted in order to balance the needs of different types of instrumentation aboard HALO aircraft, while simultaneously sample the atmospheric constituents in the optimal manner. These strategies included a) high- to mid-altitude horizontal legs during transfers from Base of Operations (Edmonton, Alberta) towards the specific target areas, b) local vertical profiles, c) low-altitude sections with detailed scanning of the mole fractions of atmospheric constituents across the PBL and residual layers. With the appropriate selection of strategies for targeting particular emission sources, we were able to gather a rich observation suite that demonstrates importance of interplay between regional fluxes and atmospheric dynamics on spatio-temporal ranges larger than usually considered.