bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nickel Electroless Plating: Adhesion Analysis for Mono-Type Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Shin Eun Gu , Rehman Atteq ur , Lee Sang Hee , Lee Soo Hong
Published: September 2015

The adhesion of the front electrodes to silicon substrate is the most important parameters to be optimized. Nickel silicide which is formed by sintering process using a silicon substrate improves the mechanical and electrical properties as well as act as diffusion barrier for copper.
In this experiment p-type mono-crystalline czochralski (CZ) silicon wafers having resistivity of 1.5 Ω·cm were used to study one step and two step nickel electroless plating process. POCl3 diffusion process was performed to form the emitter with the sheet resistance
of 70 ohm/sq. The SiNx layer was set down as an antireflection coating (ARC) layer at emitter surface by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process. Laser ablation process was used to open SiNx passivation layer locally for the formation of the front electrodes.
Nickel was deposited by electroless plating process by one step and two step nickel electroless deposition process. The two step nickel plating was performed by applying a second nickel deposition step subsequent to the first sintering process. Furthermore, the adhesion analysis for both one
step and two steps process was conducted using peel force tester (universal testing machine, H5KT) after depositing Cu contact by light induced plating (LIP).
Polyelectrolyte/Graphene Oxide Barrier Film for Flexible OLED
Authors: Yang Seung-Yeol , Park Jongwhan , Kim Yong-Seog
Published: September 2015

Ultra-thin flexible nano-composite barrier layer consists of graphene oxide and polyelectrolyte was prepared using the layer-by-layer processing method. Microstructures of the barrier layer was optimized via modifying coating conditions and inducing chemical reactions. Although the
barrier layer consists of hydrophilic polyelectrolyte was not effective in blocking the water vapor permeation, the chemical reduction of graphene oxide as well as conversion of polyelectrolyte to hydrophobic nature were very effective in reducing the permeation.
Electrochemical Performances of Yttrium Doped Li3V2–XYX(PO4)3/C Cathode Material for Lithium Secondary Battery
Authors: Jeong Minchan , Kim Hyun-Soo , Bae Dong-Sik , Lee Chang-Woo , Jin Bong-Soo
Published: September 2015

In this study, the Li3V2–X YX(PO4)3 compounds have been synthesized by a simple solid state method. In addition, a polyurethane was added to apply carbon coating on the surface of the Li3V2–X
YX(PO4)3 particles for enhancement of the electrical conductivity. The crystal structure and morphology of the synthesized Li3V2–XYX(PO4)3/C (LVYP/C) was investigated using an
X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) systematically. The electrochemical performance of synthesized material, such as the initial capacity, rate capability, cycling performance and EIS was evaluated. The sizes of synthesized particle ranged from 1 to 5 μm.
The Li3V2–XYX(PO4)3/C (X = 0.02) delivered the initial discharge capacity of 171.5 mAh · g–1 at 0.1C rate. It showed a capacity retention ratio of 73.0% at 1.0C after 100th cycle. The
electrochemical impedance spectroscopies (EIS) results revealed that the charge transfer resistance of the material decreases by Y doping.
Correlation Between the Raman Crystallinity of p-Type Micro-Crystalline Silicon Layer and Open Circuit Voltage of n-i-p Solar Cells
Authors: Jung Junhee , Kim Sunbo , Park Jinjoo , Shin Chonghoon , Pham Duy Phong , Kim Jiwoong , Chung Sungyoun , Lee Youngseok , Yi Junsin
Published: September 2015

This article mainly discusses the difference between p-i-n and n-i-p type solar cells. Their structural difference has an effect on cell performance, such as open circuit voltage and fill factor. Although the deposition conditions are the same for both p-i-n and
n-i-p cases, the substrate layers for depositing p-type microcrystalline silicon layers differ. In n-i-p cells, the substrate layer is p-type amorphous silicon oxide layer; whereas, in p-i-n cells, the substrate layer is ZnO:Al. The interfacial change leads
to a 12% difference in the crystallinity of the p-type microcrystalline silicon layers. When the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer’s crystallinity was not sufficient to activate an internal electric field, the open circuit voltage and fill factor decreased 0.075 V and
7.36%, respectively. We analyzed this problem by comparing the Raman spectra, electrical conductivity, activation energy and solar cell performance. By adjusting the thickness of the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, we increased the open circuit voltage of the n-i-p cell
from 0.835 to 0.91 V.
Influence of Surface Morphology on the Antimicrobial Effect of Transition Metal Oxides in Polymer Surface
Authors: Oh Yoo Jin , Hubauer-Brenner Michael , Hinterdorfer Peter
Published: September 2015

In this study, the physical properties of transition metal oxide surfaces were examined using scanning probe microscopic (SPM) techniques for elucidating the antimicrobial activity of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), tungsten trioxide (WO3), and zinc oxide (ZnO) embedded
into the polymers thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polypropylene (PP). We utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the contact imaging mode and its derivative single-pass Kelvin probe force microscopy for investigating samples that were presumably identical in their compositions, but
showed different antimicrobial activity in bacterial adhesion tests. Our results revealed that surfaces with larger roughness and higher surface potential variation showed stronger antimicrobial activities compared to smoother and homogeneously charge-distributed surfaces. In addition, capacitance
gradient (dC/dZ) measurements were performed to elucidate the antimicrobial activity arising from the different dielectric behavior of the transition metal oxides in this heterogeneous polymer surface. We found that the nano-scale exposure of transition metal oxides on polymer surfaces provided
strong antimicrobial effects. Applications arising from our studies will be useful for public and healthcare environments.
Quantum Dot-Bead-DNA Probe-Based Hybridization Fluorescence Assays on Microfluidic Chips
Authors: Ankireddy Seshadri Reddy , Kim Jongsung
Published: September 2015

The development of chip-based, quantum dot (QD)-bead-DNA conjugate probes for hybridization detection is a prime research focus in the field of microfluidics. QD-Bead-DNA probe-based hybridization detection methods are often called “bead-based assays,” and their success
is substantially influenced by the dispensing and manipulation capabilities of microfluidic technology. Met was identified as a prognostic marker in different cancers including lung, renal, liver, head and neck, stomach, and breast. In this report, the cancer causing Met gene was detected
with QDs attached to polystyrene microbeads. We constructed a microfluidic platform using a flexible PDMS polymer. The chip consists of two channels, with two inlets and two outlets. The two channels were integrated with QD-bead-DNA probes for simultaneous detection of wild type target DNA
and mutant DNA, containing three nucleotide changes compared to the wild type sequence. The fluorescence quenching ability of QDs within the channels of microfluidic chips were compared for both DNAs.
Preparation of Microstructure Molds of Montmorillonite/Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate Nanocomposites for Miniaturized Device Applications
Authors: Kim Young Ho , Sohn Jeong-Woo , Woo Youngjae , Hong Joo-Hyun , Kim Gyu Man , Kang Bong Keun , Park Juyoung
Published: September 2015

Environmentally friendly microstructure molds with montmorillonite (MMT) or multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) nanocomposites have been prepared for miniaturized device applications. The micropatterning of MMT/PEGDA and MWCNT/PEGDA
with 0.5 to 2.0 wt% of MMTs and MWCNTs was achieved through a UV curing process with micro-patterned masks. Hexagonal dot arrays and complex patterns for microstructures of the nanocomposites were produced and characterized with an optical microscope; their thermal properties were studied
by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA results showed that these nanocomposites were thermally stable up to 350 °C. Polydimethylsiloxane thin replicas with different microstructures were prepared by a casting method using the microstructured nanocomposites as molds. It is considered
that these microstructure molds of the nanocomposites can be used as microchip molds to fabricate nanobio-chips and medical diagnostic chip devices.
Fabrication of Hollow Porous Silica Using a Combined Emulsion Sol–Gel Process and Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer for Loading of Quercetin
Authors: Lee Sang Gil , Kim Young Ho , Bae Jun Tae , Lee Chung Hee , Pyo Hyeong Bae , Kang Kuk Hyoun , Lee Dong Kyu
Published: September 2015

Flavonoids have recently attracted significant interest as potential reducing agents, hydrogendonating antioxidants, and singlet oxygen-quenchers. Quercetin, in particular, induces the expression of a gene, known to be associated with cell protection, in dose- and time-dependent manners.
Therefore, quercetin may be used as an effective cosmeceutical material useful in the protection of dermal skin. In this study, hollow porous silica spheres used to load quercetin were prepared by using a combined emulsion sol–gel process and triblock copolymer as a template. Fabrication
of hollow porous silica spheres was performed under various conditions such as the molar ratios of H2O/TEOS (w) and weight ratios of poloxamer 184/poloxamer 407. Loading of quercetin in hollow porous silica spheres was devised to improve the stability of quercetin and to
consider the possibility as a raw cosmetic material. The surface of inclusion complexes of quercetin in hollow porous silicas was modified to enhance the stability of quercetin. The physicochemical properties of the samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)-differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and porosity analysis. Determination of quercetin concentration was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
Spontaneous Self-Assembly of Thiol-Capped CdTe Nanoparticles Into Nanowires Under Dark Conditions
Authors: Lee Yea Eun , Kang Jeong Won , Kim Ki-Sub
Published: September 2015

Thiol-capped cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanoparticles (NPs) self-assembled into nanowires (NWs) under dark conditions, and the evolutionary process was investigated. Thiolglycolic acid (TGA) was selected as one of the stabilizers and a TGA-to-Cd ion ratio of 1.3 rather than the traditional
2.4 ratio was used. The reduced amount of the stabilizer and the oxidation of tellurium ions on CdTe NP surface under dark conditions resulted in reorganization from individual NPs into NWs consisting of multi-layers of individual NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) were performed to characterize the synthesized nanostructures. The NWs produced were straight and long, with lengths ranging from 500 nm to 10 μm. Photoluminescence (PL) showed that the nanostructure wavelengths were slightly blue-shifted from 546 to 539 nm. Both
control of the amount of stabilizer and oxidation of Te ions acted as driving forces to form NWs. Thus, small modifications in synthesis yielded a major difference in the final nanomaterial structure. The suggested synthetic procedure provides a viable pathway for the fabrication of nanomaterials.
Preparation and Characterization of Ophthalmic Lens Materials Containing Titanium Silicon Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: No Jung-Won , Kim Dong-Hyun , Lee Min-Jae , Kim Duck-Hyun , Kim Tae-Hun , Sung A-Young
Published: September 2015

Hydrogel ophthalmic lenses containing fluorine-substituted aniline group, titanium silicon oxide nanoparticles, and silver nanoparticles were copolymerized, and the physical and optical properties of the hydrogel lenses were measured. To produce the hydrophilic ophthalmic lenses, the
additives were added to the mixture containing HEMA, NVP, MA, EGDMA, and AIBN. The cast mold method was used for the manufacture of the hydrogel ophthalmic lenses, and the produced lenses were completely soaked in a 0.9% NaCl normal saline solution for 24 hours for hydration. The physical
properties of the produced macromolecule showed that the water content was 32.5–37.6%, the refractive index was 1.450–1.464, the UV-B transmittance was 0.5–35.2%, and the contact angle was between 56 and 69°. Also, the addition of aniline, titanium silicon oxide, and
silver nanoparticles allowed the ophthalmic lenses to block UV. These results show that the produced macromolecule can be used as hydrophilic lenses for ophthalmologic purposes that can block UV.
Coulomb Impurity Problem of Graphene in Strong Coupling Regime in Magnetic Fields
Authors: Kim S. C. , Eric Yang S.-R.
Published: September 2015

We investigate the Coulomb impurity problem of graphene in strong coupling limit in the presence of magnetic fields. When the strength of the Coulomb potential is sufficiently strong the electron of the lowest energy boundstate of the n = 0 Landau level may fall to the center
of the potential. To prevent this spurious effect the Coulomb potential must be regularized. The scaling function for the inverse probability density of this state at the center of the impurity potential is computed in the strong coupling regime. The dependence of the computed scaling function
on the regularization parameter changes significantly as the strong coupling regime is approached.
Nanocomposite Films of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Grafted Graphene Oxide/Poly(vinyl alcohol) for Gas Barrier Film Applications
Authors: Lee Min Eui , Jin Hyoung-Joon
Published: September 2015

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composites containing graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with PVA were synthesized via the esterification of the carboxylic groups of GO. The presence of PVA-grafted GO (PVA-g-GO) in the PVA matrix induced strong interactions between the chains of the PVA matrix
and allowed the PVA-g-GO to be uniformly dispersed throughout the matrix. The grafting of PVA to GO increased the gas barrier properties of the GO/PVA composites because of the increased compatibility between GO and PVA. The PVA-g-GO/PVA composites were used to coat the surface of poly(ethylene
terephthalate) films. These coated films exhibited excellent gas barrier properties; the film containing 0.3 wt% of PVA-g-GO had an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 0.025 cc/(m2 · day) and an optical transmittance of 83.8%. As a result, PVA-g-GO/PVA composites that exhibited
enhanced gas barrier properties were prepared with a solution mixing method.
Tri-Metal Layered Semitransparent Electrode for Red Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Jae Woo , Lee Ho Won , Lee Song Eun , Yang Hyung Jin , Lee Sung Kyu , Hwang Kyo Min , Park Soo Na , Yoon Seung Soo , Kim Young Kwan
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we fabricated tri-metal layered thin film semitransparent electrodes consisting of a thin conductive metal layer, sandwiched between two nickel layers. An equal red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (PHOLED) structure was deposited on the anodes of indium tin
oxide (ITO) and three types of tri-metal layers (Ni/Al/Ni, Ni/Cu/Ni, and Ni/Ag/Ni, thickness of 3/7/3 nm in common) on a glass substrate. The optical and electrical performances of the device using Ni/Ag/Ni were improved more than the performances of the other devices due to the micro-cavity
effect in accordance with the various electrode characteristics. Moreover, we fabricated the same red PHOLED structures on a flexible substrate, as a consequence, showed competitive emission characteristics compared to the devices fabricated on a glass substrate. Therefore, this study could
succeed to additional research on flexible display panel and light-emitting devices with ITO-free electrodes.
Direct Synthesis of Diphenyl Carbonate from Phenol and Carbon Dioxide Over Ti-Salen-Based Catalysts
Authors: Kang Ki Hyuk , Jun Jin Oh , Han Seung Ju , Kwon Kihyeok , Kwon O-Sung , Jang Boknam , Song In Kyu
Published: September 2015

Various metal-salen catalysts were prepared for use in the direct synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) from phenol and carbon dioxide. We found that metal-salen complexes containing titanium as central metal species retained suitable Lewis acid property for the reaction. It was revealed
that the catalytic activity of Ti-salen complexes could be controlled by introducing appropriate substituents into salen ligand. Insertion of phosphonium salts into para-position of aromatic aldehyde of salen ligand enhanced solubility of the catalyst in the methanol-phenol solution,
and tert-butyl substituent in the salen ligand induced selective formation of DPC due to steric effect. In addition, introduction of various bridging groups into salen ligand caused change in electronic property of central metal atom. Among the catalysts tested, Ti-(t-butyl)salphen(PPh3)Cl
showed the best catalytic performance at 100 °C and 60 bar. The catalytic system utilizing Ti-(t-butyl)salphen(PPh3)Cl catalyst was then optimized by conducting the reaction at various reaction temperatures and pressures.
Synthesis of CuO Nanotubes with Controlled Diameters by Chemical Transformation of Cu Nanowires
Authors: Kim Seil , Lee Young-In
Published: September 2015

The simple, low-cost, and scalable transformation of Cu nanowires into CuO nanotubes was demonstrated by employing a thermal oxidation processes. The diameter of the Cu nanowires was controlled by utilizing anodic alumina templates with controlled pore sizes and this resulted in CuO
nanotubes with various outer and inner diameters after thermal oxidation at 350 °C for 2 h. The morphology, phase, and microstructure of the transformed nanostructures were systematically investigated and it was confirmed that the transformation to the tubular nanostructures resulted from
the Kirkendall effect caused by the different diffusion rates of Cu and O in CuxO generated during thermal oxidation. The transformed CuO nanotubes with the controlled diameters have a wide range of applications in photovolatics, catalysis, gas sensors, and field effect transistor
because of their dimensionalities and large specific surface areas.
Roughening of Polyimide Surface for Inkjet Printing by Plasma Etching Using the Polyimide Masked with Polystyrene Nanosphere Array
Authors: Mun Mu Kyeom , Park Jin Woo , Ahn Jin Ho , Kim Ki Kang , Yeom Geun Young
Published: September 2015

Two key conditions are required for the application of fine-line inkjet printing onto a flexible substrate such as polyimide (PI): linewidth control during the inkjetting process, and a strong adhesion of the polyimide surface to the ink after the ink solidifies. In this study, the
properties of a polyimide surface that was roughened through etching in a He/SF6 plasma, using a polystyrene nanosphere array as the etch mask, were investigated. The near-atmospheric-pressure plasma system of the He/SF6 plasma that was used exhibits two notable properties
in this context: similar to an atmosphericpressure plasma system, it can easily handle inline substrate processing; and, similar to a vacuum system, it can control the process gas environment. Through the use of plasma etching, the polyimide surface masked the 120-nm-diameter polystyrene nanospheres,
thereby forming a roughened nanoscale polyimide surface. This surface exhibited not only a greater hydrophobicity—with a contact angle of about 150° for water and about 30° for silver ink, indicating better silver linewidth control during the silver inkjetting process—but
also a stronger adhesion to the silver ink sprayed onto it when compared with the flat polyimide surface.
Contact Hole Shrinking of Directed Self-Assembly and Its Application Based on Simulation Approach
Authors: Kim Sang-Kon
Published: September 2015

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) has become an intense field of study as a complementary technique to conventional lithography for 1×-nm semiconductor patterning. DSA contact hole (C/H) shrinking is a possible implemental technique in the DSA process. In
this paper, a DSA C/H shrinking is fully modeled and simulated by using a self-consistent field theory (SCFT). Simulation results show good agreement with experiment results. In terms of this simulation, the potential of DSA C/H shrinking with thermal reflow is integrated into the conventional
CMOS lithography process in order to achieve high resolution and pattern density multiplication at a low cost. The optical proximity correction (OPC) of DSA C/H shrinking due to prepattern C/H and pitch can increase process window for DSA C/H shrinking.
Capturing and Sharing Our Collective Expertise on Climate Data: The CHARMe Project
Authors: Clifford Debbie , Alegre Raquel , Bennett Victoria , Blower Jon , Deluca Cecelia , Kershaw Philip , Lynnes Christopher , Mattmann Chris , Phipps Rhona , Rozum Iryna
Published: September 2015

For users of climate services, the ability to quickly determine the datasets that best fit one’s needs would be invaluable. The volume, variety, and complexity of climate data makes this judgment difficult. The ambition of CHARMe (Characterization of metadata to enable high-quality climate services) is to give a wider interdisciplinary community access to a range of supporting information, such as journal articles, technical reports, or feedback on previous applications of the data. The capture and discovery of this “commentary” information, often created by data users rather than data providers, and currently not linked to the data themselves, has not been significantly addressed previously. CHARMe applies the principles of Linked Data and open web standards to associate, record, search, and publish user-derived annotations in a way that can be read both by users and automated systems. Tools have been developed within the CHARMe project that enable annotation capability for data delivery systems already in wide use for discovering climate data. In addition, the project has developed advanced tools for exploring data and commentary in innovative ways, including an interactive data explorer and comparator (“CHARMe Maps”), and a tool for correlating climate time series with external “significant events” (e.g., instrument failures or large volcanic eruptions) that affect the data quality. Although the project focuses on climate science, the concepts are general and could be applied to other fields. All CHARMe system software is open-source and released under a liberal license, permitting future projects to reuse the source code as they wish.
Enhanced Persistence of Equatorial Waves via Convergence Coupling in the Stochastic Multicloud Model
Authors: Brenowitz Noah D. , Frenkel Yevgeniy , Majda Andrew J.
Published: September 2015

Recent observational and theoretical studies show a systematic relationship between tropical moist convection and measures related to large-scale convergence. It has been suggested that cloud fields in the column stochastic multicloud model compare better with observations when using predictors related to convergence rather than moist energetics (e.g., CAPE) as per Peters et al. Here, this work is extended to a fully prognostic multicloud model. A nonlocal convergence-coupled formulation of the stochastic multicloud model is implemented without wind-dependent surface heat fluxes. In a series of idealized Walker cell simulations, this convergence coupling enhances the persistence of Kelvin wave analogs in dry regions of the domain while leaving the dynamics in moist regions largely unaltered. This effect is robust for changes in the amplitude of the imposed sea surface temperature (SST) gradient. In essence, this method provides a soft convergence coupling that allows for increased interaction between cumulus convection and the large-scale circulation but does not suffer from the deleterious wave–conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) behavior of the Kuo-type moisture-convergence closures.
Range expansion and habitat shift triggered elevated diversification of the rice genus (Oryza, Poaceae) during the Pleistocene
Authors: Lin Li , Tang Liang , Bai Yun-Jun , Tang Zhi-Yao , Wang Wei , Chen Zhi-Duan
Published: September 2015

Background

The rice genus (Oryza) contains many wild genetic resources that are vital to the well-being of humans. However, little is known about the process by which the genus diversified or the factors that drove its speciation. Here, we integrated the phylogenetic, molecular dating and biogeographic methods to investigate the spatial-temporal patterns ofOryzadiversification, and used a series of model tests to examine whether intercontinental migrations and/or key innovations were associated with significant changes in diversification rates in the genus.

Results

Oryzabecame differentiated in tropical Asia in the Miocene. There were two migrations from the ancestral area into Africa and Australia during the Miocene. We inferred at least 10 migration events out of tropical Asia since the Pleistocene, mainly involving the species adapting open habitat. A rapid increase in diversification rates of the wholeOryzaoccurred during the Pleistocene. Intercontinental migrations from tropical Asia to other tropical regions were positively correlated with shift in habitat, but not with changes in life history. A habitat preference shift from shade tolerant to open habitat predated the burst in diversification rates.

Conclusions

Rice species may have been pre-adapted to invade open habitat. Significant increase in diversification rates occurred during the Pleistocene and is associated with range expansion and habitat shift, but not with life history. The rice genus provides an excellent case supporting the idea that range expansion and invasion of novel habitats can drive the diversification of a group.
Changes in the chemical profile of cephalic salivary glands ofScaptotrigona postica(Hymenoptera, Meliponini) workers are phase related
Authors: Poiani Silvana B. , Morgan E. David , Drijfhout Falko P. , da Cruz-Landim Carminda
Published: September 2015

Most advanced eusocial bees recruit their nest mates to food resources. Recent studies in Meliponini species have revealed that the cephalic salivary (labial) glands (CSGs) are responsible for the production of scent trail pheromones. Studies on CSGs have shown that changes occur in worker glandular cell morphology from emergence from brood combs until forager phase, which may be correlated to changes in the composition of the CSG secretion. However, the composition of the CSG secretion and the chemical changes that occur in it according to the worker's life phase or tasks performed are unknown for many species, including Scaptotrigona postica. In this study, the chemical profile of CSG secretion in S. postica workers was studied. Glands were taken from specimens that were newly emerged (NE), working in the brood comb area (CA) and foraging (FO), and were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that the glandular secretion consists of oxygenated compounds of middle volatility (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and ether), and their quantity varies among the different life phases, increasing as the individual moves from intra- to extra-colonial activities. The NE phase contained the smallest variety and quantity of compounds. Because of the variability of compounds, the CA workers were separated into three subgroups according to the chemical constitution of their secretion. Forager workers showed the largest quantity and variety of chemical compounds. The major compounds in forager gland secretion were 7-hexadecen-1-yl acetate and 5-tetradecen-1-yl acetate. Statistical analysis indicates that the chemical composition of glandular secretion is phase related.
Green and Reusable Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines and Its Derivatives under Solvent-free Conditions
Authors: Satyanarayana Kandregula Veera Venkata , Chandra Matangi Ravi , Ramaiah Parimi Atchuta , Murthy Yellajyosula Lakshmi Narasimha , Gil Yoon Soon , Pammi Sri Venkata Narayana
Published: September 2015

Novel, reusable, and efficient (Cd, Zn) S nanocatalysts were prepared by simple and economical chemical bath deposition using a greener approach. The as-synthesized catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of as-prepared nanocatalysts were examined for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines and its derivatives under solvent-free conditions without using any toxic materials. It has been observed that CdS nanocatalyst shows superior catalytic activity and is recyclable and reusable for ten runs without any significant loss.
High-capacity Lithium-ion Storage System Using Unilamellar Crystallites of Exfoliated MoO2 Nanosheets
Authors: Sugaya Hidetaka , Fukuda Katsutoshi , Morita Masahito , Murayama Haruno , Matsubara Eiichiro , Kume Toshirou , Uchimoto Yoshiharu
Published: September 2015

The electrochemical properties of a composite electrode for the lithium-ion battery consisting of exfoliated MoO2 nanosheets were investigated. The cell exhibited a high capacity of ca. 400 mA h g−1 in the cell voltage range of 3.0–0.1 V, even after several charge–discharge cycles. In situ X-ray analysis during the electrochemical test revealed that multiple injections of Li+ into the interlayers between the MoO2 nanosheets and subsequent delithiation from the material occurred reversibly at room temperature.
Striving for excellence in maternity care: The Maternity Stream of the City of Sanctuary
Authors: Haith-Cooper Melanie , McCarthy Rose
Published: September 2015

Asylum-seeking and refugee (AS&R) women living in the UK often have complex health and social care needs, with poor underlying mental and physical health and an increased risk of negative pregnancy outcomes. Despite this, AS&R women are less likely to attend for timely maternity care and when they do, care may be poor, with staff not understanding their specific needs and displaying poor attitudes. This article discusses the Maternity Stream of the City of Sanctuary and how this charity aims to work with statutory and voluntary sector maternity-related services and groups to develop services that are inclusive for AS&R women and meet their specific needs. Volunteer AS&R women are central to the activities of the Maternity Stream and this article discusses how they engage with midwives and other maternity workers to facilitate the development of services that may ultimately improve pregnancy outcomes for AS&R women.
What do midwives think about midwifery supervision?
Authors: Roseghini Manjit , Olson Suzanne
Published: September 2015

In preparation for the annual audit of the Local Supervising Authority (LSA), a team of supervisors of midwives (SoMs) surveyed the midwives in their unit. This was to ascertain midwives' views of supervision, including their willingness to undertake the Preparation of Supervisors of Midwives course, and to raise the profile of supervision.

The survey was sent, via a SurveyMonkeyTM link, to 325 midwives. The response rate was 58.0% (n=188): 73.0% (n=138) responded that supervision is a positive process and 32.0% (n=60) said that they would consider becoming a SoM. Three questions with open text yielded richer data from which themes were drawn.

The results were analysed in relation to the requirements of the Midwives rules and standards ( Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2012 ) and the recent King's Fund report (2015), Midwifery regulation in the United Kingdom. The views of midwives regarding the effectiveness of midwifery supervision, especially in light of recent recommendations, are particularly pertinent.
Milky Moments
Authors: Gerrard Jacque
Published: September 2015

By Ellie Stoneley; illustrated by Jessica D'Alton Goode
Canine joint problems, owner awareness and social media
Authors: Oxley JA , Ellis CF , McCormick WD
Published: September 2015

Social media can be both a boon and a problem in owner awareness of canine medical conditions. YouTube videos could be used in research of owner perception of dog ‘skipping’.
Clinical management and rehabilitation of persistent sternal instability
Authors: El-Ansary Doa , Aitken John , Zalucki Nadia , Hardikar Ashutosh
Published: September 2015

Background:

Postoperative sternal complications after cardiac surgery remain a significant problem that increases hospital length of stay and cost of care, delays recovery, and impairs function. While the majority of patients with sternal instability can be successfully treated with sternal debridement and rewiring, this may not be an option for all patients who present with acute or persistent instability.

Methods:

This clinical case reports an interdisciplinary approach to the clinical assessment and conservative management of a complex patient with multiple co-morbidities and persistent sternal instability following three open-heart procedures for coronary revascularisation. It presents new and innovative diagnosis of sternal instability and monitoring of sternal healing using real-time ultrasound, as well as clinical management, with a sternal brace (QualiTeam, Chiaverano, 10010-Torino, Italy).

Results:

With the QualiBreath in situ, the patient reported a significant reduction in pain with activity (2/10), uninterrupted sleep and improved confidence in completing everyday tasks. On physical examination, there was minimal sternal motion on palpation (Sternal Instability Scale grade 1).

Conclusions:

A conservative interdisciplinary team approach to the management of patients who present with persistent sternal instability is recommended.
Skin cancer part 1: recognition, patient education and sun safety
Authors: Onselen Julie Van
Published: September 2015

Aesthetic nurses observe and assess the skin on a daily basis and therefore need to have an awareness of recognising skin lesions or moles that may be suspicious. In addition, aesthetic nurses have an important patient education role and can advise individuals who present to their clinic on checking their skin lesions and moles, skin self-examination, sun protection, and risk factors/prevention of skin cancer. This article aims to inform and update aesthetic nurses' knowledge on skin cancer. The article will cover recognition of skin cancer and patient education, including sun safety and self-examination. Skin cancer treatment will be covered in the second article in this series.
Must-attend sessions at this year's Clinical, Cosmetic and Reconstructive Expo
Authors: Senior Yvonne
Published: September 2015

This year, for the first time, the Journal of Aesthetic Nursing will be joining forces with the Private Independent Aesthetic Practices Association (PIAPA) at Clinical, Cosmetic and Reconstructive Expo. To mark this new and exciting partnership, Yvonne Senior predicts the best conference sessions from both the Expo and aesthetic nursing conference agendas
Making your brand mobile-friendly by creating a website with a responsive design
Authors: Ratcliffe Jason
Published: September 2015

Internet usage has continued to increase over the past decade, with many people actively searching for information about medical aesthetic treatments and clinics online. Jason Ratcliffe examines how the rapid adoption of smartphones has changed the way in which clients interact with the world wide web, and suggests how clinics can capitalise on the latest phase of the internet revolution
Incorporating the study of religion into Canadian citizenship education: More than the political
Authors: Patrick Margie
Published: September 2015

To date Canadian citizenship education in English Canada has largely ignored religion. Given the religious diversity of the Canadian population and the increasing political salience of religion in national and international events, the marginalization of religion within citizenship education is no longer tenable. Citizenship education is integrally connected with diversity policies, and the religious illiteracy common among Canadians harms those who belong to minority religions, many of whom are first- and second-generation immigrants. More specifically, religious illiteracy breeds misperceptions about religious adherents who highly identify with their religious identity and it hinders the ability of society to take religious differences seriously. Despite the links between religious and citizenship education however, there are concerns about reducing religion to its political expediency of addressing religious diversity and pluralism. In this article I draw on research about religion conducted in various disciplines that promote citizenship education and address religious illiteracy without reducing religion to its political functions. The three areas studied are religious pluralism, religious identity and inter-religious dialogue.
Antibacterial Activity of Textiles for Wound Treatment
Authors: Pinho Eva , Soares Graça , Henriques Mariana , Grootveld Martin
Published: September 2015

Major advances in the development and use of antimicrobial textiles to control bacterial proliferation on wound beds continue. However, wound dressings are, in general, not included in standardized regimens for measuring and monitoring their antimicrobial effectiveness. This work adapts these methods to assess the antibacterial activity of textiles designed for wound healing purposes. Environmental conditions representative of those present at the wound site (i.e., moisture levels, infection, and available nutrients) were evaluated. This work shows that moisture levels were the environmental factor that had the greatest influence on the antimicrobial agent activities tested. These results suggest that it is possible to use the more representative environmental conditions present on the wound bed for in vitro screening of textile antimicrobial activity.
Antibacterial and Deodorizing Effects of Processed Stockinet for Cast Immobilization
Authors: Tada Kaoru , Okamoto Syunrou , Hachinota Ai , Yamamoto Daiki , Yasutake Hidetoshi , Gonoji Yukio , Tokuumi Yuuji , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of stockinets processed with deodorizing and antibacterial agents. The subjects were injured patients who received plaster cast immobilization. The following were performed: 1) sensory evaluation using an odor intensity measurement method, 2) measurement of residual odor concentrations of ammonia, acetic acid, and hydrogen sulfide, and 3) measurement of bacteriostatic activity values. Odor was significantly reduced in the processed stockinets (2.27 ± 0.93) compared to the unprocessed stockinets (2.92 ± 1.03). The odor concentrations were reduced and significant differences were observed in ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations, but not for acetic acid. The bacteriostatic activity was 4.23 ± 0.70 for processed stockinets and a criterion of 2.2 or greater was satisfied. These findings demonstrated the deodorizing and antibacterial effects of the processed stockinets.
Evaluation of a Most Probable Number Quantitation System with a Modified AATCC Test Method 100 for Measuring Fungal Growth
Authors: Price Michael S. , Turmenne Jesse , Sloan Gina P.
Published: September 2015

Industrial testing for bacterial growth on commercial substrates is highly efficient, with high-throughput means for quantifying growth. However, current antifungal testing is mostly subjective, with quantitative tests reliant on labor-intensive colony counting. We evaluated the use of a commercially available most probable number (MPN) system for quantifying growth of mold in a modified version of the AATCC Test Method (TM) 100. Using the MPN system, we were able to detect up to a 3.7-fold log reduction in mold growth between antifungal treated and untreated fabric samples. Using agar plate counts in parallel, we reproduced the trends observed using the MPN system. The trends in log reduction of growth correlated well and confirm that the MPN system satisfactorily substitutes for plate counts in evaluating antimicrobial technologies.
How Kinetic Property Shapes Novelty Perceptions
Authors: Kim Junghan , Lakshmanan Arun
Published: September 2015

This article demonstrates a new substantive finding: that kinetic property in advertising, defined as direction changes in the paths of moving on-screen ad elements, enhances consumer judgments of product novelty. Across six studies, the authors first outline an inference-based theory as to why the novelty-enhancing effect of kinetic property manifests: kinetic property generates impressions of how visually lively an ad is, which leads to inferences of product atypicality and, consequently, higher novelty judgments. Second, they demonstrate boundary conditions by showing that (1) the positive effect for kinetic property is evident with incremental (and not radical) innovations, (2) the effect dissipates when figure-ground contrast in the ad makes kinetic property less discriminable, (3) contextual adaptation to kinetic property can mitigate this effect, and (4) kinetic property enhances novelty judgments primarily when product category characteristics such as perceived market dynamism match with kinetic property–based executions. The authors offer substantive implications for firms marketing new products as well as for multimedia advertising.
The Legal Logic of the Master-Signifier in Pseudo-Freedom of Expression: A Self-Guarantee for the Reformist Modes of Self-Expression in Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Y. M. , A. R.
Published: September 2015

Appearing in the “Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam” as an
A Novel Method of Audio Steganography using Advanced Encryption Standard
Authors: Aslam Muhammad , Alkhaldi Ali Hussain
Published: September 2015

This paper introduces a new sound steganographic algorithm based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). First of all sound is converted in the form of an image and then it is encrypted with the help of AES. Simulations and security analyses are provided to demonstrate an excellent performance of the proposed algorithm.
Bemerkungen zu Porphyrios und Bardaiṣan
Authors: Tanaseanu-Döbler Ilinca
Published: September 2015

The article analyses two fragments from the work of Bardaiṣan which the Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry preserves in his De Styge and De abstinentia. Focusing especially on the longer piece from De Styge, it explores both Bardaiṣan’s treatment of India and Porphyry’s reception of it as contributions to the philosophical and literary Greek-speaking discourse of the Imperial period and shows how both authors are deeply rooted in Greek paideia and its conventions
Die Anfänge des Christentums in Edessa
Authors: Tubach Jürgen
Published: September 2015

The first members of the Syriac speaking Church were not of pagan origin, but erstwhile Jews or sympathisers of the synagogue. Especially the category of the so called “god fearers” could easily change their religious community. They were not recognised as members of the synagogue, because they hesitated to join the covenant of Abraham in form of circumcision. When they became Christians, they kept the old religious vocabulary of the synagogue even in cases when terms typical for a Jewish community were totally obsolete. For this reason the religious vocabulary of the Church has kept several words often borrowed from Hebrew which were formerly in use in the Aramaic speaking synagogue
Cholinergic Modulation of Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in the Inferior Colliculus
Authors: Ayala Yaneri A. , Malmierca Manuel S.
Published: September 2015

Neural encoding of an ever-changing acoustic environment is a complex and demanding process that depends on modulation by neuroactive substances. Some neurons of the inferior colliculus (IC) exhibit “stimulus-specific adaptation” (SSA), i.e., a decrease in their response to a repetitive sound, but not to a rare one. Previous studies have demonstrated that acetylcholine (ACh) alters the frequency response areas of auditory neurons and therefore is important in the encoding of spectral information. Here, we address how microiontophoretic application of ACh modulates SSA in the IC of the anesthetized rat. We found that ACh decreased SSA in IC neurons by increasing the response to the repetitive tone. This effect was mainly mediated by muscarinic receptors. The strength of the cholinergic modulation depended on the baseline SSA level, exerting its greatest effect on neurons with intermediate SSA responses across IC subdivisions. Our data demonstrate that the increased availability of ACh exerts transient functional changes in partially adapting IC neurons, enhancing the sensory encoding of the ongoing stimulation. This effect potentially contributes to the propagation of ascending sensory-evoked afferent activity through the thalamus en route to the cortex.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeural encoding of an ever-changing acoustic environment is a complex and demanding task that may depend on the available levels of neuroactive substances. We explored how the cholinergic inputs affect the responses of neurons in the auditory midbrain that exhibit different degrees of stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA), i.e., a specific decrease in their response to a repeated sound that does not generalize to other, rare sounds. This work addresses the role of cholinergic synaptic inputs as well as the contribution of the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors on SSA. This is the first report on the role of neuromodulation on SSA, and the results contribute to our understanding of the cellular bases for processing low- and high-probability sounds.
A Computational Model of Implicit Memory Captures Dyslexics' Perceptual Deficits
Authors: Jaffe-Dax Sagi , Raviv Ofri , Jacoby Nori , Loewenstein Yonatan , Ahissar Merav
Published: September 2015

Dyslexics are diagnosed for their poor reading skills, yet they characteristically also suffer from poor verbal memory and often from poor auditory skills. To date, this combined profile has been accounted for in broad cognitive terms. Here we hypothesize that the perceptual deficits associated with dyslexia can be understood computationally as a deficit in integrating prior information with noisy observations. To test this hypothesis we analyzed the performance of human participants in an auditory discrimination task using a two-parameter computational model. One parameter captures the internal noise in representing the current event, and the other captures the impact of recently acquired prior information. Our findings show that dyslexics' perceptual deficit can be accounted for by inadequate adjustment of these components; namely, low weighting of their implicit memory of past trials relative to their internal noise. Underweighting the stimulus statistics decreased dyslexics' ability to compensate for noisy observations. ERP measurements (P2 component) while participants watched a silent movie indicated that dyslexics' perceptual deficiency may stem from poor automatic integration of stimulus statistics. This study provides the first description of a specific computational deficit associated with dyslexia.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study presents the first attempt to specify the mechanisms underlying dyslexics' perceptual difficulties computationally by applying a specific model, inspired by the Bayesian framework. This model dissociates between the contribution of sensory noise and that of the prior statistics in an auditory perceptual decision task. We show that dyslexics cannot compensate for their perceptual noise by incorporating prior information. By contrast, adequately reading controls' usage of previous information is often close to optimal. We used ERP measurements to assess the neuronal stage of this deficit. We found that unlike their peers, dyslexics' ERP responses are not sensitive to the relations between the current observation and the prior observation, indicating that they cannot establish a reliable prior.