bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flavonoid‐sensitized photolysis of chlorothalonil in water
Authors: Lv Pei , Min Siyu , Wang Yu , Zheng Xiaoyu , Wu Xiangwei , Li Qing X , Hua Rimao
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND

Chlorothalonil is a conventional chloroaromatic fungicide and is toxic to many aquatic species. This study was designed to investigate the effects of six flavonoids on the photolysis of chlorothalonil under sunlight and artificial light.

RESULTS

Flavonoids sensitized the photolysis of chlorothalonil under sunlight and artificial light by 6.7–18.3 and 2.4–7.5 times, respectively, in comparison with a flavonoid‐free control. Photosensitization effect of each of the six flavonoids was greater under sunlight irradiation than under high‐pressure mercury lamp irradiation. Cyanidin showed greater photosensitization effects than luteolin, galangin, quercetin, morin and kaempferol. Chlorothalonil underwent photo‐reductive dechlorination and no hydrolysis product was formed in the presence of flavonoids. Hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals were detected in the absence and presence of cyanidin, respectively, under light irradiation.

CONCLUSION

The photosensitization effect of flavonoids on chlorothalonil photolysis is apparently related to flavonoid structure and might be due to their hydrogen donation capacity. These results highlight benefit of using flavonoids to manage aquatic pollution and reduce aquatic toxicity, and have great relevance in predicting the degradation kinetics and biological impacts of chlorothalonil in surface water. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Growth and Field Emission of Single‐Crystalline Hafnium Carbide Nanowires
Authors: Chiu Ta-Wei , Tang Jie , Tang Shuai , Yuan Jinshi , Qin Lu-Chang
Published: April 2020

<100>‐oriented hafnium carbide (HfC) nanowires are synthesized on the graphite substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The dependence of temperature, HfCl4content, and flow rate of CH4gas on the morphology of nanowires is investigated herein. The results indicate that the HfC nanowire often kinks to another growth direction at a high HfCl4content or a low temperature due to the destabilization of the catalyst droplet induced by either a faster growth rate or slower thermal activation. Reduced nanowire density and length are observed at the sample synthesized at a lower CH4flow rate. Based on the experimental results, high‐crystallinity nanowires with high aspect ratios and high densities are prepared at a lower HfCl4content, higher temperature, and high CH4flow rate. The field‐emission properties of a single HfC nanowire are also characterized by assembling a single HfC nanowire emitter. An extremely high field enhancement factor of 5.57 × 106 m−1is obtained herein.
Impact of the Pacific Meridional Mode on landfalling tropical cyclone frequency in China
Authors: Gao Si , Zhu Langfeng , Zhang Wei , Shen Xinyong
Published: April 2020

This study identifies a significant positive correlation between the Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) index and frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) landfalling in China during peak TC season (June–November) of the period 1977–2018. This interannual association is independent of two types of El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Large‐scale circulation over the western North Pacific (WNP) modulated by PMM can affect TC genesis location/frequency and steering flow that directly determine TC landfalls in China. During the positive PMM phase, anomalous off‐equatorial heating over the eastern North Pacific can induce anomalous low‐level cyclonic circulation and upper‐level anticyclonic circulation over most of the main development region in the WNP, as a Gill‐type Rossby wave response. The resultant larger low‐level relative vorticity and weaker vertical wind shear are conducive to the formation of more TCs over the main development region. The anomalous easterly steering flow in the north flank of the anomalous low‐level cyclonic circulation is favourable for more TCs moving westward/northwestward and making landfall in China. The physical mechanism for the impact of PMM on large‐scale circulation over the WNP is verified by numerical experiments using the Community Atmospheric Model. The PMM index is demonstrated to be a crucial predictor for landfalling TC frequency in China in statistical seasonal prediction models.
Practical considerations for improved reliability and precision during determination of δ15N values in amino acids using a single combined oxidation–reduction reactor
Authors: Riekenberg Philip M. , van der Meer Marcel , Schouten Stefan
Published: April 2020

Rationale

There has been increased interest in the measurement of δ15N values in amino acids (AAs) to gain simultaneous insight into both trophic relationships and the composition of biogeochemical sources used by producers at the base of the food web. A new combustion reactor design in gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C‐irMS) equipment has brought to light variable outcomes in performance, highlighting the need for better information about best practices for new systems.

Methods

Precision for δ15N values in amino acids using the single combined oxidation–reduction reactor is improved across a sequence of analyses if the reactor is oxidized for a substantial period (2 h) and subsequently maintained throughout the sequence with 12–17 s seed oxidation before each run during GC/C‐irMS. A five‐point calibration curve using amino acids with a range of δ15N values from −2.4‰ to +61.5‰ was used in combination with a 13–15 amino acid mixture to consistently normalize measurements to internationally calibrated reference materials.

Results

Combining this oxidation method with normalization techniques using both internal and external standards provided a reliable throughput of ~25 samples per week. It allowed for a reproducible level of precision of <±0.5‰, n = 10 within a derivatized standard mixture across each sequence and an average sample precision of ±0.27‰ n = 3, which is lower than the analytical precision typically associated with δ15N values for amino acid analysis (<±1‰).

Conclusions

A few practical considerations regarding oxidation and conditioning of the combustion reactor allow for increased sequence capacity with the single combined oxidation–reduction reactor. These considerations combined with normalization techniques result in a higher throughput and reduced analytical error during the measurement of δ15N values in amino acids.
Site‐selective, reversible, pH‐induced N‐terminal maleylation and its application for proteomics research
Authors: Ma Jianfeng , Zheng Shuzhen , Wang Haidong , Li Chongjie , Ran Qianping
Published: April 2020

Rationale

Compared with traditional labelling reagents used in proteomics, maleic anhydride is milder and can be easily removed under certain conditions, thus simplifying chemical derivatization.

Methods

The proposed strategy combined a site‐specific chemical labelling reaction with mass spectrometry. Site‐selective, reversible N‐terminal maleylation was controlled by pH.

Results

Selective maleyl N‐terminal labelling was achieved with high efficiency under the optimized reaction conditions. The demaleylation conditions were also optimized. The sequence coverage of histone H4 increased from 77% to 95% after the maleyl labels were removed, and the number of maleylated peptides was five times that of the unlabelled peptides. We further verified the reversible and selective N‐terminal labelling properties of maleic anhydride through propionylation labelling at the peptide/protein level.

Conclusions

A new method for site‐selective maleylation of the N‐terminal amino groups of a peptide was explored. Through the optimization experiment, good efficiency was achieved for this labelling reaction. The reversibility of maleylation labelling was also explored and applied for the identification of post‐translational modifications of histones. Thus, site‐selective, reversible, pH‐induced N‐terminal labelling using maleic anhydride has greater potential for application in proteomics than any other labelling methods.
Optimization of measuring procedure of farmland soils using laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Xu Xuebin , Du Changwen , Ma Fei , Shen Yazhen , Zhang Yiqiang , Zhou Jianmin
Published: April 2020

Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging multi‐elemental analytical technique offering fast and simultaneous quantification of soil properties with minimal sample preparation and effective cost. Due to soil heterogeneity, spectral variation however limits the quantitative robustness. In this study, 348 soil samples were collected and prepared for acquisition of LIBS spectra. Influences of shot layer and number on LIBS quality were evaluated by spectral intensity and relative standard deviation (RSD). Effects of shot layer and number and five normalization procedures on LIBS ability to measure soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and total soluble salt content (TSC), were evaluated using partial least squares regression (PLSR). Increasing shot number reduced LIBS spectral variance, thereby improving the quantitative accuracy of selected soil properties. Deep shot layers (4th or 5th shot layers) reduced the intensities of soil spectra and thereby decreased the quantitative accuracy for TSC. However, deep shot layers improved the SOM and TN prediction performances. Among the normalization approaches, the method based on the correction of Si line (DS) showed superior performance for improving quantitation of SOM and TN. The arithmetic average method (AA) was best for TSC prediction. Optimization of shot layer, number and normalization procedures of LIBS spectra resulted in fair prediction of SOM (residual prediction deviation of validation set, RPDV = 1.608), good prediction of TN (RPDV = 1.836), and very good quantitative analysis of TSC (RPDV = 2.456). Therefore, our findings illustrate very good potential for improving the quantitative accuracy of the LIBS soil spectra.
Soil carbon and nitrogen fractions after 19 years of farming systems research in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina
Authors: Franzluebbers Alan J. , Reberg‐Horton S. Chris , Creamer Nancy G.
Published: April 2020

Long‐term agricultural experiments in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States are needed to understand biogeochemical processes and design better systems to overcome a changing climate and other perturbations. We determined a suite of soil organic C and N fractions after 19 yr of management from a diverse farming system project in Goldsboro, NC. Soil was collected at 0‐ to 6‐, 6‐ to 12‐, and 12‐ to 20‐cm depth increments from 14 treatments that were subsets of five overarching treatments of conventional cropping, integrated crop–livestock systems, organic cropping, plantation forestry, and old‐field successional land use. Surface residue C and N were greater with woody (i.e. plantation forestry and successional) than with cropping systems (7,491 and 2,896 kg C ha−1, respectively; 138 and 60 kg N ha−1, respectively). Soil‐test biological activity was greater with alternative cropping (i.e. integrated crop–livestock and organic systems) than conventional cropping (314 vs. 220 kg CO2–C ha−1 3 d−1, respectively). An integrated crop–livestock system with grazed pasture in long rotations with crops had greater net N mineralization than hayed forage in shorter rotations (111 vs. 92 kg N ha−1 24 d−1, respectively). Total organic C and particulate organic N concentrations were highly stratified with depth, but stocks were not different between conventional and no‐till cropping when summed to 20 cm. We conclude that alternative cropping systems with forage‐based rotations, limited tillage, and organic inputs can create long‐lasting improvements in soil organic C and N fractions than conventional agricultural and more naturalized systems.
STRATOS guidance document on measurement error and misclassification of variables in observational epidemiology: Part 1—Basic theory and simple methods of adjustment
Authors: Keogh Ruth H. , Shaw Pamela A. , Gustafson Paul , Carroll Raymond J. , Deffner Veronika , Dodd Kevin W. , Küchenhoff Helmut , Tooze Janet A. , Wallace Michael P. , Kipnis Victor , Freedman Laurence S.
Published: April 2020

Measurement error and misclassification of variables frequently occur in epidemiology and involve variables important to public health. Their presence can impact strongly on results of statistical analyses involving such variables. However, investigators commonly fail to pay attention to biases resulting from such mismeasurement. We provide, in two parts, an overview of the types of error that occur, their impacts on analytic results, and statistical methods to mitigate the biases that they cause. In this first part, we review different types of measurement error and misclassification, emphasizing the classical, linear, and Berkson models, and on the concepts of nondifferential and differential error. We describe the impacts of these types of error in covariates and in outcome variables on various analyses, including estimation and testing in regression models and estimating distributions. We outline types of ancillary studies required to provide information about such errors and discuss the implications of covariate measurement error for study design. Methods for ascertaining sample size requirements are outlined, both for ancillary studies designed to provide information about measurement error and for main studies where the exposure of interest is measured with error. We describe two of the simpler methods, regression calibration and simulation extrapolation (SIMEX), that adjust for bias in regression coefficients caused by measurement error in continuous covariates, and illustrate their use through examples drawn from the Observing Protein and Energy (OPEN) dietary validation study. Finally, we review software available for implementing these methods. The second part of the article deals with more advanced topics.
BAREB: A Bayesian repulsive biclustering model for periodontal data
Authors: Li Yuliang , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar , Xie Fangzheng , Xu Yanxun
Published: April 2020

Preventing periodontal diseases (PD) and maintaining the structure and function of teeth are important goals for personal oral care. To understand the heterogeneity in patients with diverse PD patterns, we develop a Bayesian repulsive biclustering method that can simultaneously cluster the PD patients and their tooth sites after taking the patient‐ and site‐level covariates into consideration. BAREB uses the determinantal point process prior to induce diversity among different biclusters to facilitate parsimony and interpretability. Since PD progression is hypothesized to be spatially referenced, BAREB factors in the spatial dependence among tooth sites. In addition, since PD is the leading cause for tooth loss, the missing data mechanism is nonignorable. Such nonrandom missingness is incorporated into BAREB. For the posterior inference, we design an efficient reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler. Simulation studies show that BAREB is able to accurately estimate the biclusters, and compares favorably to alternatives. For real world application, we apply BAREB to a dataset from a clinical PD study, and obtain desirable and interpretable results. A major contribution of this article is theRcppimplementation of our methodology, available in theRpackageBAREB.
Imbalanced randomization in clinical trials
Authors: Chandereng Thevaa , Wei Xiaodan , Chappell Rick
Published: April 2020

Randomization is a common technique used in clinical trials to eliminate potential bias and confounders in a patient population. Equal allocation to treatment groups is the standard due to its optimal efficiency in many cases. However, in certain scenarios, unequal allocation can improve efficiency. In superiority trials with more than two groups, the optimal randomization is not always a balanced randomization. In noninferiority (NI) trials, additive margin with equal variance is the only instance with balanced randomization. Optimal randomization for NI trials can be far from 1:1 and can greatly improve efficiency, a fact which is commonly overlooked. A tool for sample size calculation for NI trials with additive or multiplicative margin with normal, binomial, or Poisson distribution is available at http://www.statlab.wisc.edu/shiny/SSNI/.
Impact of Cesium/Rubidium Incorporation on the Photophysics of Multiple‐Cation Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Gao Yajun , Wang Kai , Wang Mingcong , Khan Jafar I. , Balawi Ahmed H. , Liu Wenzhu , De Wolf Stefaan , Laquai Frédéric
Published: April 2020

Incorporating cesium (Cs) or rubidium (Rb) cations into multiple‐cation lead mixed halide perovskites (FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3) increases their photovoltaic performance. Herein, the fundamental photophysics of perovskites are investigated by steady‐state and transient optical spectroscopy and the reasons for the performance increase are revealed. Cs/Rb‐cation incorporation slightly increases the bandgap, whereas exciton binding energies remain in the range of a few meV. Urbach energies are reduced, suggesting improved perovskite microstructure upon Cs/Rb incorporation. Carrier density‐induced broadening of the photo‐bleaching following the Burstein–Moss model is observed, and the effective carrier masses are determined to be a few tenths of the electron rest mass. From fits of the high‐energy tail of the perovskite's photo bleach to Boltzmann's distribution, subpicosecond hot‐carrier cooling is revealed, implying strong carrier–phonon coupling. Importantly, the charge carrier recombination dynamics indicate that Cs/Rb‐incorporation reduces both the first‐order (trap‐assisted) and the second‐order (radiative) recombination, which appears to be the main reason for the observed performance increase upon Cs/Rb‐cation incorporation. Overall, this work presents a detailed study of the photophysics of multiple‐cation mixed halide lead perovskites and develops a concise picture of the impact of cesium/rubidium incorporation on the photophysics and device performance.
Bayesian networks for cell differentiation process assessment
Authors: Di Serio Clelia , Scala Serena , Vicard Paola
Published: April 2020

The way cell differentiate from bone marrow to peripheral blood level plays a crucial role in understanding and treating rare diseases and more common tumours. The main goal of this paper is to introduce a flexible statistical framework able to describe the cell differentiation process and to reconstruct a dependence structure along different levels of differentiation. We use next generation sequencing data on haematological diseases (severe combined immunodeficiency) within a gene therapy framework. The proposed statistical approach is based on Bayesian networks (BNs) and aims at finding a probabilistic model to describe the most important features of cell differentiation, without requiring specific detailed assumptions concerning the interactions among genes or the confounding effects of experimental conditions. Bayesian networks enable analyses on gene therapy‐treated patients in a data‐driven fashion and allow for exploring all relationships among different blood cell types integrating biological information, subject‐matter knowledge, and probabilistic principles.
A simple method to improve principal components regression
Authors: Lang Wenjun , Zou Hui
Published: April 2020

Principal components regression (PCR) is a well‐known method to achieve dimension reduction and often improved prediction over the ordinary least squares. The conventional PCR retains the principal components with large variance and discards those with smaller variance. This operation can easily lead to poor prediction when the response variable is related to principal components with small variance. In this work, we propose a simple remedy named response‐guided principal components regression (RgPCR) that selects principal components for regression based on both the variance of principal components and the goodness of fit to the response. RgPCR is easy to implement without using any optimization and works naturally for both low dimensional and high dimensional data. We derive a Cp type statistic for selecting the tuning parameter in RgPCR. In our numerical experiments, RgPCR is shown to enjoy promising performance.
Lin28 reprograms inner ear glia to a neuronal fate
Authors: Kempfle Judith S. , Luu Ngoc-Nhi C. , Petrillo Marco , Al-Asad Reef , Zhang Andrea , Edge Albert S. B.
Published: April 2020

Sensorineural hearing loss is irreversible and can be caused by loss of auditory neurons. Regeneration of neural cells from endogenous cells may offer a future tool to restore the auditory circuit and to enhance the performance of implantable hearing devices. Neurons and glial cells in the peripheral nervous system are closely related and originate from a common progenitor. Prior work in our lab indicated that in the early postnatal mouse inner ear, proteolipid protein 1 (Plp1) expressing glial cells could act as progenitor cells for neurons in vitro. Here, we used a transgenic mouse model to transiently overexpress Lin28, a neural stem cell regulator, in Plp1-positive glial cells. Lin28 promoted proliferation and conversion of auditory glial cells into neurons in vitro. To study the effects of Lin28 on endogenous glial cells after loss of auditory neurons in vivo, we produced a model of auditory neuropathy by selectively damaging auditory neurons with ouabain. After neural damage was confirmed by the auditory brainstem response, we briefly upregulated the Lin28 in Plp1-expressing inner ear glial cells. One month later, we analyzed the cochlea for neural marker expression by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We found that transient Lin28 overexpression in Plp1-expressing glial cells induced expression of neural stem cell markers and subsequent conversion into neurons. This suggests the potential for inner ear glia to be converted into neurons as a regeneration therapy for neural replacement in auditory neuropathy.
Bone morphogenetic protein signaling regulates Id1-mediated neural stem cell quiescence in the adult zebrafish brain via a phylogenetically conserved enhancer module
Authors: Zhang Gaoqun , Ferg Marco , Lübke Luisa , Takamiya Masanari , Beil Tanja , Gourain Victor , Diotel Nicolas , Strähle Uwe , Rastegar Sepand
Published: April 2020

In the telencephalon of adult zebrafish, the inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (id1) gene is expressed in radial glial cells (RGCs), behaving as neural stem cells (NSCs), during constitutive and regenerative neurogenesis. Id1 controls the balance between resting and proliferating states of RGCs by promoting quiescence. Here, we identified a phylogenetically conserved cis-regulatory module (CRM) mediating the specific expression of id1 in RGCs. Systematic deletion mapping and mutation of conserved transcription factor binding sites in stable transgenic zebrafish lines reveal that this CRM operates via conserved smad1/5 and 4 binding motifs under both homeostatic and regenerative conditions. Transcriptome analysis of injured and uninjured telencephala as well as pharmacological inhibition experiments identify a crucial role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling for the function of the CRM. Our data highlight that BMP signals control id1 expression and thus NSC proliferation during constitutive and induced neurogenesis.
Evaluation of growth performance on family breeding of the Leizhou Black Duck: A preliminary study
Authors: Asiamah Collins , Xue Yuan , Lu Li‐li , Zou Kun , Zhao Zhihui , Su Ying
Published: April 2020

This study determined the growth performance, correlations of linear body dimensions, slaughter performance and the fitting model of two generations of Leizhou Black Ducks. Fifteen (15) male and 225 female parents forming generation 0 were selected from the Leizhou duck population. Fifteen (15) families were created in the ratio of 1 male:15 females. Eggs from all the families were collected and numbered according to the family. Generation 1 ducklings were selected and grouped into families in the same ratio. Body weights (BWs) and linear body dimensions were recorded every 2 weeks from weeks 0 to 16. Logistic, Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy models were employed to ascertain the growth model of both sexes of Leizhou Black Ducks. Except for weeks 0–2, generation 1 families had greater BWs than the generation 0 families (p < .05). Males from both generations had significantly higher (p < .01) BWs than females at 16 weeks old. Significant positive correlations were observed between BWs and measured body dimensions for both sexes except for between BW and pelvis width (PW) where negative correlations (p > .05) were observed for males at week 10 and females at 16 weeks old. There was a significant negative correlation (p < .01) between body length and PW in males at 10 weeks. The accuracy rate of Logistic, Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy models was at 0.972 and similar was obtained by all three models with Von Bertalanffy being the best model. Live weight of generation 1 before slaughter was significantly higher (p < .01) than generation 0, whereas no significant differences were seen in the other carcass traits. These findings provide insights into breeding Leizhou Black Duck to enhance growth performance and hybrid production.
Cosmological limits on the neutrino mass and lifetime
Authors: Chacko Zackaria , Dev Abhish , Du Peizhi , Poulin Vivian , Tsai Yuhsin
Published: April 2020

Abstract

At present, the strongest upper limit on ∑m

ν
, the sum of neutrino masses, is from cosmological measurements. However, this bound assumes that the neutrinos are stable on cosmological timescales, and is not valid if the neutrino lifetime is less than the age of the universe. In this paper, we explore the cosmological signals of theories in which the neutrinos decay into invisible dark radiation on timescales of order the age of the universe, and determine the bound on the sum of neutrino masses in this scenario. We focus on the case in which the neutrinos decay after becoming non-relativistic. We derive the Boltzmann equations that govern the cosmological evolution of density perturbations in the case of unstable neutrinos, and solve them numerically to determine the effects on the matter power spectrum and lensing of the cosmic microwave background. We find that the results admit a simple analytic understanding. We then use these results to perform a Monte Carlo analysis based on the current data to determine the limit on the sum of neutrino masses as a function of the neutrino lifetime. We show that in the case of decaying neutrinos, values of ∑m

ν
as large as 0.9 eV are still allowed by the data. Our results have important implications for laboratory experiments that have been designed to detect neutrino masses, such as KATRIN and KamLAND-ZEN.
On the extremal compatible linear connection of a Randers space
Authors: Vincze Csaba , Oláh Márk
Published: April 2020

A linear connection on a Finsler manifold is called compatible to the metric if its parallel transports preserve the Finslerian length of tangent vectors. Generalized Berwald manifolds are Finsler manifolds equipped with a compatible linear connection. Since the compatibility to the Finslerian metric does not imply the unicity of the linear connection in general, the first step of checking the existence of compatible linear connections on a Finsler manifold is to choose the best one to look for. A reasonable choice is introduced in Vincze (J Differ Geom Appl, 2019. arXiv:1909.03096) called the extremal compatible linear connection, which has torsion of minimal norm at each point. Randers metrics are special Finsler metrics that can be written as the sum of a Riemannian metric and a 1-form (they are “translates” of Riemannian metrics). In this paper, we investigate the compatibility equations for a linear connection to a Randers metric. Since a compatible linear connection is uniquely determined by its torsion, we transform the compatibility equations by taking the torsion components as variables. We determine when these equations have solutions, i.e. when the Randers space becomes a generalized Berwald space admitting a compatible linear connection. Describing all of them, we can select the extremal connection with the norm minimizing property. As a consequence, we obtain the characterization theorem in Vincze (Indag Math 26(2):363–379, 2014): a Randers space is a non-Riemannian generalized Berwald space if and only if the norm of the perturbating term with respect to the Riemannian part of the metric is a positive constant.
Symptomatische Hodenmetastase eines azinären Adenokarzinoms der Prostata
Authors: Kollitsch L. , Hamann C. , Knüpfer S. , Meyer D. , Kneissl P. , Jüttner E. , Osmonov D.
Published: April 2020

Wir berichten über den äußerst seltenen Fall einer symptomatischen testikulären Metastasierung durch ein azinäres Adenokarzinom der Prostata. Bislang wurden Hodenmetastasen von Prostatakarzinomen (PCa) meist nur zufällig im Rahmen von therapeutischen Orchiektomien oder Autopsien entdeckt. Insgesamt wurden in der Literatur nur wenige klinische und v. a. symptomatische Fälle beschrieben. Trotz des raren Auftretens von Hodenmetastasen sollte bei fortgeschrittenen PCa differentialdiagnostisch an die Möglichkeit einer solchen Metastasierung gedacht werden.
Fluid and metal sources in the Fäboliden hypozonal orogenic gold deposit, Sweden
Authors: Bark Glenn , Boyce Adrian J. , Fallick Anthony E. , Weihed Pär
Published: April 2020

To model the formation of orogenic gold deposits, in a global perspective, it is important to understand the ore-forming conditions not only for deposits hosted in greenschist facies rocks but also in amphibolite facies. The Paleoproterozoic Fäboliden deposit in northern Sweden belongs to the globally rare hypozonal group of orogenic gold deposits and, as such, constitutes a key addition to the understanding of amphibolite facies orogenic gold deposits. The Fäboliden deposit is characterized by auriferous arsenopyrite-rich quartz veins, hosted by amphibolite facies supracrustal rocks and controlled by a roughly N-striking shear zone. Gold is closely associated with arsenopyrite-löllingite and stibnite, and commonly found in fractures and as inclusions in the arsenopyrite-löllingite grains. The timing of mineralization is estimated from geothermometric data and field relations at c. 1.8 Ga. In order to constrain the origin of gold-bearing fluids in the Fäboliden deposit, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope studies were undertaken. δ18O from quartz in veins shows a narrow range of + 10.6 to + 13.1‰. δD from biotite ranges between − 120 and − 67‰, with most data between − 95 and − 67‰. δ34S in arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite ranges from − 0.9 and + 3.6‰ and from − 1.5 and + 1.9‰, respectively. These stable isotope data, interpreted in the context of the regional and local geology and the estimated timing of mineralization, suggest that the sulfur- and gold-bearing fluid was generated from deep-crustal sedimentary rocks during decompressional uplift, late in the orogenic evolution of the area. At the site of gold ore formation, an 18O-enriched magmatic fluid possibly interacted with the auriferous fluid, causing precipitation of Au and the formation of the Fäboliden hypozonal orogenic gold deposit.
BDS-3 differential code bias estimation with undifferenced uncombined model based on triple-frequency observation
Authors: Gu Shengfeng , Wang YinTong , Zhao Qile , Zheng Fu , Gong Xiaopeng
Published: April 2020

Since 2015, the new generation global BDS system, i.e., BDS-3, has started its development with five experimental satellites demonstration system and has announced its initial global service officially on December 27, 2018. Among the various characteristics to be analyzed for the new generation BDS satellites, the differential code bias (DCB) is of special attention since that it has a direct dependence on the new signals, i.e., B1C and B2a, and it is one of the most intricacy problems in the ionosphere sensing and positioning with multi-GNSS and multi-frequency observations. To take the full capability of the triple-frequency BDS signals, this paper proposed a new method for the DCB estimation in which the undifferenced uncombined observations are processed in PPP mode. In addition, with the intention to estimate all the unknowns, including the DCB, in a single filter, the DESIGN (deterministic plus stochastic ionosphere model for GNSS) method is applied for the ionospheric delay constrains in this method. In the formula derivation, special attention is given to the DCB and clock parameters due to different frequencies for B1I/B1C, etc. Then, the efficiency of the new method is assessed with observations of 23 iGMAS stations capable for BDS triple-frequency tracking and 21 IGS stations capable for GPS triple-frequency tracking during DOY 001 to 090, 2019. Moreover, the traditional DCB estimation method by employing the geometry-free (GF) combination with the ionospheric delay removed by global ionosphere map product is also performed for comparison purpose. The experimental results suggest that by using the undifferenced uncombined solution, rather than the GF combination, the BDS-2 DCB on B1IB2I and B1CB3I can be improved, especially for the MEO satellites. Regarding to the DLR products, the undifferenced uncombined DCB solution presents a RMS of 0.32 ns and 0.27 ns for B1IB2I and B1CB3I, respectively. Concerning the BDS-3 satellites DCB, it is GF combination that performs better by a factor of $$12.7\%$$12.7% and $$15.2\%$$15.2% for B1CB2a and B1CB3I, respectively. This is mainly due to the fact that the undifferenced uncombined DCB solution is sensitive to the limited precision of the BDS-3 orbit and clock. This conclusion is further confirmed by the improvement in the GPS DCB solution with the new method. Compared with the GF combination solution, the STD for daily repeatability improves from 0.088 to 0.061 ns and 0.119 to 0.090 ns for satellite on C1WC2W and C1WC5X, respectively, by using the undifferenced uncombined model.
MEK-Inhibitor-assoziierte Retinopathie unter Binimetinib-Therapie bei kutanem malignem Melanom
Authors: Groselli S. , Heinrich D. , Lohmann C. P. , Maier M.
Published: April 2020

Die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für Patienten mit metastasierendem Melanom (MM) wurden in den letzten Jahren mit der Zulassung von neuen Medikamenten dramatisch erweitert. Die MEK(mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinase-Kinasen)- und BRAF(Serin/Threonin-Kinase B-Raf kodierendes Gen)-Hemmer-Kombinationstherapie gehört aktuell zum Versorgungsstandard für das Stadium IIIC/IV des BRAF-mutierten Melanoms. MEKAR (MEK-Inhibitor-assoziierte Retinopathie) werden bei Patienten mit metastasierendem Melanom beobachtet, die mit einer solchen Kombinationstherapie behandelt werden bzw. wurden. Wir berichten über den Fall eines 72-jährigen Patienten, der eine solche Pathologie unter der Therapie mit Binimetinib in Kombination mit Nivolumab erlitt. Diese Kasuistik verdeutlicht die Wichtigkeit einer interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit bei der Behandlung von MM-Patienten.
Prävalenz kognitiver Beeinträchtigungen in der pflegerischen Akutversorgung – Analyse und Vergleich von Routinedaten
Authors: Mai Tobias , Flerchinger Christa
Published: April 2020

Hintergrund

Aufgrund des demografischen Wandels ist von einer zunehmenden Prävalenz stationärer Patienten mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen auszugehen. Für eine bestmögliche Versorgung gilt es, diese Patientengruppe mit einem routinemäßigen Verfahren frühzeitig zu erkennen.

Methode

Die aktuelle Studie untersuchte die Prävalenzrate von kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen bei stationären Patienten >65 Jahre, die mit dem Mini-Mental-Status-Test (MMST) während der pflegerischen Aufnahme untersucht wurden. Anhand der Screeningquote wurde die Bereitschaft von Pflegekräften, den MMST als Routineinstrument zu verwenden, überprüft. Die Quote wurde zudem mit der Anzahl der kodierten F‑Diagnosen der ICD-10-GM verglichen. Diese retrospektive Studie wurde vom Oktober 2018 bis März 2019 an einer Universitätsklinik durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Von 7311 stationären Patienten >65 Jahre wurden 11,7 % gescreent. Die Prävalenz kognitiver Beeinträchtigungen betrug 20,7 % und war höher als die Prävalenzrate von Demenz und Delir aufgrund medizinischer Diagnosen (p < 0,001). Mit 11,7 % ist die Bereitschaft des Pflegepersonals, den MMST zur Einschätzung kognitiver Beeinträchtigungen während der Patientenaufnahmen einzusetzen, gering.

Diskussion

Die höhere Prävalenz bestätigt die Notwendigkeit, Patienten mit kognitiven Störungen zu erkennen. Die geringe Bereitschaft, den MMST anzuwenden, legt jedoch nahe, dass zum einen ein kürzeres Instrument verwendet und zum anderen Pflegenden mehr Informationen zu kognitiv beeinträchtigten Patienten vermittelt werden sollten.
Subnational nutrient budgets to monitor environmental risks in EU agriculture: calculating phosphorus budgets for 243 EU28 regions using public data
Authors: Einarsson Rasmus , Pitulia Daniel , Cederberg Christel
Published: April 2020

This paper presents a method to estimate soil surface phosphorus (P) budgets for 243 subnational regions in EU28. This is about the maximum spatial resolution that can be achieved mainly using international datasets that are regularly updated. Similar subnational budgets could be established for nitrogen (N) with some additions to this method. Increasing the spatial resolution from national to subnational is one way to address the well-known issue that national nutrient budgets sometimes mask considerable heterogeneity, i.e., regional surpluses and deficits that are not seen in national averages. Our results indeed show how a rich structure of different P budgets emerges when moving from national to subnational level. Another approach is to exclude the most extensively managed areas from the budgets, to better represent the surplus in intensive agriculture areas. Here, we show that both approaches are useful and sometimes important as they can affect P surplus estimates by about 10 kg P ha− 1 y− 1 or more. The choice of spatial resolution is a trade-off between accuracy and precision. National budgets are the most accurate thanks to good data coverage, but they sometimes fail to identify considerable P surpluses and deficits at subnational level. Increasing the precision (spatial resolution) gradually reveals this heterogeneity but comes at the cost of growing data gaps, which we discuss in detail. These subnational P surpluses represent a middle ground which may prove useful as one indicator among others to monitor the development of environmental risks and resource problems over time.
Mathematics Specialists as the Hidden Players in Professional Development: Researchable Questions and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Hjalmarson Margret A. , Baker Courtney K.
Published: April 2020

This paper suggests implications for researchable questions about mathematics teacher development. We ask the following: what is necessary for research that includes mathematics specialists or other hidden school-based roles within a project beyond classroom teachers and students? Mathematics specialists (e.g. mathematics coaches, mathematics teacher leaders) support teacher learning and development using different models of school-based professional development. They can play a critical role in connecting research and practice. However, research in mathematics education has regularly neglected to examine their role in studies of professional development. We suggest there are two needs for creating and examining researchable questions about such hidden players in studies of professional development: (1) defining practices and hidden players involved in systematic school change and (2) identifying the unit of analysis and scaling up professional development. We summarize existing studies and present considerations for future research.
Atmospheric fallout impact on 210Po and 210Pb content in wild growing mushrooms
Authors: Szymańska Karolina , Strumińska-Parulska Dagmara
Published: April 2020

The atmospheric fallout impact on 210Po and 210Pb content in fruitbodies of wild growing mushrooms collected from different environments were investigated. The samples of morphologically different mushroom species, namely bay bolete (Imleria badia (Fr.) Vizzini), slippery jack (Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel), fairy ring mushroom (Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr.) and common earthball (Scleroderma citrinum Pers.) with their mycelium and soil substrate were collected. Their fruitbodies were separated into cap skin, cap flesh and stem. Also mycelium and soil substrate were collected. The results showed the highest 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations were found in Marasmius oreades cap skin: 3.20 ± 0.12 and 21.1 ± 0.5 Bq kg−1 ww, respectively, which constituted 31.2 and 78.7% of their content in the total fruitbody mass. In the case of open space wild growing mushrooms, their whole caps contain a significantly higher amount of 210Po and 210Pb when compared to the stem, and their content in the whole cap was determined mainly by concentrations in the cap skin.
Criminalization: In and Out
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: April 2020

In this paper I explore Antony Duff’s claim that there are categorical constraints on the scope of the criminal law that are set by its internal standards. I argue against his view that such constraints are categorical, and I suggest that his account of the nature of the criminal law is partial, and narrows the focus of our enquiry into the scope of the criminal law too much. However, I suggest that the project is an important contribution to our understanding of one central element of the criminal law.
Parental Illness and Young People’s Education
Authors: Bortes Cristian , Strandh Mattias , Nilsson Karina
Published: April 2020

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of parental health problems on the probability of youths leaving upper secondary education before completion in Sweden, and to investigate potential gender differences in these effects. Medical and social microdata from Swedish administrative registers were used. The study population consisted of individuals born between 1987 and 1990 (N = 398,748) who were still alive and residing in Sweden in 2010. We employed a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test study design. Logistic regression was used to analyse the relationships between indicators of parental illness and young people’s early school leaving in relation to health and sociodemographic confounders. Having had a mother or father with psychiatric, but not somatic, illness that necessitated hospitalisation after completing compulsory schooling was significantly associated with an increased probability of leaving upper secondary education. We found no significant gender-specific interaction effects. The existence of these effects in Sweden, a country with an extensive institutional welfare system, suggests that similar but more pronounced effects may exist in regions lacking such systems.
Correction to: Below‑zero storage of fish to suppress loss of freshness
Authors: Yoshioka Takeya , Konno Yoshiko , Konno Kunihiko
Published: April 2020

As long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
Correction to: Geographical variation in spawning histories of age-1 Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the North Pacific Ocean during June and July
Authors: Suyama Satoshi , Ozawa Hitomi , Shibata Yasutoki , Fuji Taiki , Nakagami Masayasu , Shimizu Akio
Published: April 2020

The article "Geographical variation in spawning histories of age 1 Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the North Pacific Ocean during June and July", written by Satoshi Suyama, Hitomi Ozawa, Yasutoki Shibata, Taiki Fuji, Masayasu Nakagami and Akio Shimizu was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal on 27 March 2019 without open access.
Correction to: Development of an efficient bioreactor system for delivering foreign proteins secreted from liver into eggs with a vitellogenin signal in medaka Oryzias latipes
Authors: Murakami Yu , Horibe Tomohisa , Kinoshita Masato
Published: April 2020

The article "Development of an efficient bioreactor system for delivering foreign proteins secreted from liver into eggs with a vitellogenin signal in medaka Oryzias latipes", written by Yu Murakami, Tomohisa Horibe and Masato Kinoshita was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal on 21 May 2019 without open access. After publication in volume [85], issue [4], page [677-685] with the author(s)' decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed on 31st March 2020 to The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Study of the material removal mechanism of glass-ceramics based on consecutive incremental loading in ductile-regime grinding
Authors: Lili Xue
Published: April 2020

Glass-ceramics have many excellent properties and are widely used in various fields. During the grinding process, the workpiece surface is typically subject to material removal by grit of incremental heights, which has rarely been the focus of research. As such, it is necessary to study the material removal mechanism of glass-ceramics under consecutive incremental loading, which more closely reflects the actual grinding process. In this paper, to analyze the plastic deformation and residual stress of lithium aluminosilicate (LAS) glass-ceramics, a finite element model is established based on the Drucker–Prager yield criterion for ductile regimes. A nano-scratch test was also conducted and the test results show that both the residual depth and residual stress increase with an increase in the number of increments, and that consecutive incremental loading promotes the plastic deformation of glass-ceramics and increases the residual stress of the material in the ductile-regime process. These findings provide guidance for achieving higher dimensional accuracy in the actual grinding of glass-ceramics parts.
Machine Learning for Asset Managers
Authors: López de Prado Marcos M.
Published: April 2020

Successful investment strategies are specific implementations of general theories. An investment strategy that lacks a theoretical justification is likely to be false. Hence, an asset manager should concentrate her efforts on developing a theory rather than on backtesting potential trading rules. The purpose of this Element is to introduce machine learning (ML) tools that can help asset managers discover economic and financial theories. ML is not a black box, and it does not necessarily overfit. ML tools complement rather than replace the classical statistical methods. Some of ML's strengths include (1) a focus on out-of-sample predictability over variance adjudication; (2) the use of computational methods to avoid relying on (potentially unrealistic) assumptions; (3) the ability to “learn” complex specifications, including nonlinear, hierarchical, and noncontinuous interaction effects in a high-dimensional space; and (4) the ability to disentangle the variable search from the specification search, robust to multicollinearity and other substitution effects.