bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of service quality at Mitra Utama shipping company
Authors: Darojat Hanif Afadil
Published: May 2023

This research takes the title "Analysis of Service Quality in Major Partners Expeditionary Service Companies". The purpose of this study was to determine the level of consumer expectations regarding the service quality of the Main Partner Expedition Service Company and the performance of service quality felt by consumers after receiving the services of the Main Partner Expedition Service Company. The population in this study were all consumers of the Main Partner Expedition Service Company. The samples taken in this study are some of the customers who represent all customers of the Main Partner Expedition Service Company. Data analysis in this study used the IPA method. The results of this study are that the majority of respondents rated their expectations or interests regarding the company's service quality in terms of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangible as satisfactory (mean 2.98, located between 2.50 to 3.24), most respondents assessing the performance of the company's service quality in terms of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangible is very important (mean 3.32 lies between 3.25 to 4.00) and the majority of respondents assess the performance and expectations of the company's service quality reviewed from the aspects of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangible, it has satisfied consumers because the conformity value is 111.41> 100%.
Influence of promotion and word of mouth on purchasing decisions (a case study of Toko Family Cilacap consumers)
Authors: Khasanah Umi Nur
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of word of mouth on purchasing decisions (case study at the Cilacap Family Shop). The number of samples in this study were 75 respondents using the incidental sampling method. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis methods. The results showed that there was a simultaneous influence on variables (promotion and word of mouth) on purchasing decisions, seen significant values below 0.05 and calculated F value (63.522) ˃ F table (3.12). The results of this study also show the value of t count on the promotion variable of (3.557), word of mouth amounting to (4.302) is greater than t table (1.993) so that it is stated that the purchase results are stated. In the determination test there is an effect of 62.8% of the independent variables (promotion and word of mouth) on the dependent variable (purchasing decisions). While as much as 37.2% are considered by other variables and are not included in this regression analysis, such as location, price, brand image, brand equity, product quality and others.
Report from the 2022 NIST Rapid Microbial Testing Methods (RMTM) Workshop
Authors: Servetas Stephanie , Lin Nancy , Chowdhury Nadratun , Jackson Scott , Kralj Jason , Lin-Gibson Sheng , Sanders Melody , Eskandari Tara
Published: May 2023

Safety and quality of advanced therapies, including cellular, gene, and tissue-engineered medical products, is paramount for success of these products. Sterility assurance testing confirming the absence of microbial contamination in advanced therapy products is critical to establishing safety before patient dosing. To date, culture-based compendial methods are employed as the gold standard for sterility testing of pharmaceutical products. However, for advanced therapy therapy products, the required cultivation period (e.g., 14 days or more) is incompatible with the short (e.g., 2 days) product shelf life and jeopardizes healthcare outcomes for critically ill patients who need these lifesaving therapies. Alternative rapid microbial testing methods are increasingly being evaluated to reduce test result turnaround time for advanced therapies, but are not yet widely adopted.NIST hosted a Rapid Microbial Testing Methods (RMTMs) Workshop on April 19, 2022 to address overarching themes relevant to the need to implement rapid microbial testing methods. The workshop's goals were to identify measurement challenges and hurdles to adopting RMTMs for advanced therapy products and to share and obtain feedback on future efforts of the RMTM Consortium. To this end, subject matter experts from relevant legal, regulatory, and scientific/technological spaces were invited to give presentations related to two broad themes: 1. Barriers and Potential Solutions to Adoption of RMTMs, and 2. Technologies and Tools for Rapid Microbial Detection. Invited speakers also participated in panel discussions that actively engaged audience members via live polling during facilitated and impromptu discussions. This virtual workshop collectively served as a venue for shared knowledge and learning on the state of the field for RMTMs and hurdles in their broad adoption, consequently benefiting a diverse group of stakeholders. Additionally, the workshop promoted greater awareness of the NIST RMTM Consortium and its activities. Summaries of the presentations, discussion, and poll results are presented within this report.
Iorgos Seferis visita Catalunya: notes dʹun viatge, un discurs... i una endevinalla
Authors: Almirall Sardà Jaume
Published: May 2023

Iorgos Seferis fou convidat a pronunciar el pregó de la Fira del Llibre dʹOcasió, a Barcelona, el 1964, un any després que li fos concedit el premi Nobel. El poeta anotà en el seu diari (inèdit fins 2019) observacions i reflexions a propòsit de la seva visita, una ocasió que el posà en contacte, durant uns quants dies, amb una cultura, la catalana, que el sorprengué i lʹencuriosí. Sʹanalitzen aquí aquestes anotacions, així com també el ressò dʹaquella visita en la premsa de lʹèpoca.
Nanos Valaoritis: un recorregut vital i poètic
Authors: Badell Giralt Helena
Published: May 2023

Nanos Valaoritis (1921-2019) és un dels poetes més trencadors i alhora més influents de la generació de postguerra a Grècia. En aquest article fem una aproximació a la seva figura i a la seva obra, a partir de records personals i de lectures successives, amb la intenció d'explicar com es configura la seva poètica, en diàleg amb el modernisme, el surrealisme, el moviment beat i la poesia del llenguatge.
Making memories last using the peripheral effect of direct current stimulation
Authors: Luckey Alison M , McLeod Lauren S , Huang Yuefeng , Mohan Anusha , Vanneste Sven
Published: May 2023

Most memories that are formed are forgotten, while others are retained longer and are subject to memory stabilization. We show that non-invasive transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the greater occipital nerve (NITESGON) using direct current during learning elicited a long-term memory effect. However, it did not trigger an immediate effect on learning. A neurobiological model of long-term memory proposes a mechanism by which memories that are initially unstable can be strengthened through subsequent novel experiences. In a series of studies, we demonstrate NITESGON’s capability to boost the retention of memories when applied shortly before, during, or shortly after the time of learning by enhancing memory consolidation via activation and communication in and between the locus coeruleus pathway and hippocampus by plausibly modulating dopaminergic input. These findings may have a significant impact for neurocognitive disorders that inhibit memory consolidation such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Axonal T3 uptake and transport can trigger thyroid hormone signaling in the brain
Authors: Salas-Lucia Federico , Fekete Csaba , Sinkó Richárd , Egri Péter , Rada Kristóf , Ruska Yvette , Gereben Balázs , Bianco Antonio C
Published: May 2023

The development of the brain, as well as mood and cognitive functions, are affected by thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. Neurons are the critical cellular target for TH action, with T3 regulating the expression of important neuronal gene sets. However, the steps involved in T3 signaling remain poorly known given that neurons express high levels of type 3 deiodinase (D3), which inactivates both T4 and T3. To investigate this mechanism, we used a compartmentalized microfluid device and identified a novel neuronal pathway of T3 transport and action that involves axonal T3 uptake into clathrin-dependent, endosomal/non-degradative lysosomes (NDLs). NDLs-containing T3 are retrogradely transported via microtubules, delivering T3 to the cell nucleus, and doubling the expression of a T3-responsive reporter gene. The NDLs also contain the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) and D3, which transport and inactivate T3, respectively. Notwithstanding, T3 gets away from degradation because D3’s active center is in the cytosol. Moreover, we used a unique mouse system to show that T3 implanted in specific brain areas can trigger selective signaling in distant locations, as far as the contralateral hemisphere. These findings provide a pathway for L-T3 to reach neurons and resolve the paradox of T3 signaling in the brain amid high D3 activity.
Coevolutionary dynamics via adaptive feedback in collective-risk social dilemma game
Authors: Liu Linjie , Chen Xiaojie , Szolnoki Attila
Published: May 2023

Human society and natural environment form a complex giant ecosystem, where human activities not only lead to the change in environmental states, but also react to them. By using collective-risk social dilemma game, some studies have already revealed that individual contributions and the risk of future losses are inextricably linked. These works, however, often use an idealistic assumption that the risk is constant and not affected by individual behaviors. Here, we develop a coevolutionary game approach that captures the coupled dynamics of cooperation and risk. In particular, the level of contributions in a population affects the state of risk, while the risk in turn influences individuals’ behavioral decision-making. Importantly, we explore two representative feedback forms describing the possible effect of strategy on risk, namely, linear and exponential feedbacks. We find that cooperation can be maintained in the population by keeping at a certain fraction or forming an evolutionary oscillation with risk, independently of the feedback type. However, such evolutionary outcome depends on the initial state. Taken together, a two-way coupling between collective actions and risk is essential to avoid the tragedy of the commons. More importantly, a critical starting portion of cooperators and risk level is what we really need for guiding the evolution toward a desired direction.
A randomized multiplex CRISPRi-Seq approach for the identification of critical combinations of genes
Authors: Ellis Nicole A , Myers Kevin S , Tung Jessica , Davidson Ward Anne , Johnston Kathryn , Bonnington Katherine E , Donohue Timothy J , Machner Matthias P
Published: May 2023

Identifying virulence-critical genes from pathogens is often limited by functional redundancy. To rapidly interrogate the contributions of combinations of genes to a biological outcome, we have developed a multiplex, randomized CRISPR interference sequencing (MuRCiS) approach. At its center is a new method for the randomized self-assembly of CRISPR arrays from synthetic oligonucleotide pairs. When paired with PacBio long-read sequencing, MuRCiS allowed for near-comprehensive interrogation of all pairwise combinations of a group of 44 Legionella pneumophila virulence genes encoding highly conserved transmembrane proteins for their role in pathogenesis. Both amoeba and human macrophages were challenged with L. pneumophila bearing the pooled CRISPR array libraries, leading to the identification of several new virulence-critical combinations of genes. lpg2888 and lpg3000 were particularly fascinating for their apparent redundant functions during L. pneumophila human macrophage infection, while lpg3000 alone was essential for L. pneumophila virulence in the amoeban host Acanthamoeba castellanii. Thus, MuRCiS provides a method for rapid genetic examination of even large groups of redundant genes, setting the stage for application of this technology to a variety of biological contexts and organisms.
Heterogeneous non-canonical nucleosomes predominate in yeast cells in situ
Authors: Tan Zhi Yang , Cai Shujun , Noble Alex J , Chen Jon K , Shi Jian , Gan Lu
Published: May 2023

Nuclear processes depend on the organization of chromatin, whose basic units are cylinder-shaped complexes called nucleosomes. A subset of mammalian nucleosomes in situ (inside cells) resembles the canonical structure determined in vitro 25 years ago. Nucleosome structure in situ is otherwise poorly understood. Using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and 3D classification analysis of budding yeast cells, here we find that canonical nucleosomes account for less than 10% of total nucleosomes expected in situ. In a strain in which H2A-GFP is the sole source of histone H2A, class averages that resemble canonical nucleosomes both with and without GFP densities are found ex vivo (in nuclear lysates), but not in situ. These data suggest that the budding yeast intranuclear environment favors multiple non-canonical nucleosome conformations. Using the structural observations here and the results of previous genomics and biochemical studies, we propose a model in which the average budding yeast nucleosome’s DNA is partially detached in situ.
Context-Dependent Modification of PFKFB3 in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Promotes Anaerobic Glycolysis and Ensures Stress Hematopoiesis
Authors: Watanuki Shintaro , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Sugiura Yuki , Yamamoto Masamichi , Karigane Daiki , Shiroshita Kohei , Sorimachi Yuriko , Koide Shuhei , Oshima Motohiko , Nishiyama Akira , Murakami Koichi , Haraguchi Miho , Tamaki Shinpei , Yamamoto Takehiro , Yabushita Tomohiro , Tanaka Yosuke , Honda Hiroaki , Okamoto Shinichiro , Goda Nobuhito , Tamura Tomohiko , Nakamura-Ishizu Ayako , Suematsu Makoto , Iwama Atsushi , Suda Toshio , Takubo Keiyo
Published: May 2023

Metabolic pathways are plastic and rapidly change in response to stress or perturbation. Current metabolic profiling techniques require lysis of many cells, complicating the tracking of metabolic changes over time after stress in rare cells such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, we aimed to identify the key metabolic enzymes that define metabolic differences between steady-state and stress conditions in HSCs and elucidate their regulatory mechanisms. Through quantitative
13
C metabolic flux analysis of glucose metabolism using high-sensitivity glucose tracing and mathematical modeling, we found that HSCs activate the glycolytic rate-limiting enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) during proliferation and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibition. Real-time measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in single HSCs demonstrated that proliferative stress or OXPHOS inhibition led to accelerated glycolysis via increased activity of PFKFB3, the enzyme regulating an allosteric PFK activator, within seconds to meet ATP requirements. Furthermore, varying stresses differentially activated PFKFB3 via PRMT1-dependent methylation during proliferative stress and via AMPK-dependent phosphorylation during OXPHOS inhibition. Overexpression of
Pfkfb3
induced HSC proliferation and promoted differentiated cell production, whereas inhibition or loss of
Pfkfb3
suppressed them. This study reveals the flexible and multilayered regulation of HSC metabolism to sustain hematopoiesis under stress and provides techniques to better understand the physiological metabolism of rare hematopoietic cells.Combined isotope tracing, mathematical modeling, and single cell ATP analysis enable high-resolution evaluation of blood cell metabolism.Under stress, HSCs quickly accelerate glycolysis to meet ATP demands and maintain hematopoiesis via context-dependent PFKFB3 activation.
Victory at Last
Authors: Sutherland Suzanne
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains that for Raimondo Montecuccoli, the maintenance of a large standing army under the direct command of the emperor was essential for fighting the Ottomans, who had the largest standing army in Europe at the time, more effectively. Every aspect of war, from battlefield tactics to provisions and logistics, transformed because of the need to keep large forces in near-continuous operation. During the first thirty years of his career, Montecuccoli had not given much thought to the Ottomans and Hungary. By the 1660s, however, his ideas about war developed in interaction with his experiences on the Hungarian frontier, where divisions and ambiguities in military authority often hampered effective action. The lessons of the Thirty Years' War remained important, but Montecuccoli's observations of the Ottoman army provided new insights and helped him reframe current military knowledge with a powerful new urgency. In his most significant and influential military treatise, On the War against the Turks in Hungary (completed in 1670), Montecuccoli argued that, for the Habsburg dynasty to survive, Leopold I must emulate the military organization and culture of the Habsburgs' most formidable enemy.
Global Brotherhood without Close Kin
Authors: Trémon Anne-Christine
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the tension between the global scale on which kinship with distant overseas relatives is located and the difficulty of maintaining ties when there is no longer a close kin relationship. It explains that the global scale is the scale on which the state liaises with the descendants of emigrants who are no longer Chinese nationals, based on a rhetoric of blood ties. It also highlights that the global scale of lineage kinship is based on a rhetoric of global brotherhood that confers prestige on the local inhabitants of the former lineage villages. Using observational material on emigrants' descendants' visits to the village and their encounter with overseas liaison workers, the chapter assesses the ambivalence that characterizes the Qiaolian with regard to its attitude to visiting overseas Chinese. It shows how despite the lineage leaders' rhetoric of global brotherhood, interactions between locals and visitors from overseas are limited by the latter's absence of local close kin.
Learning to Save the World
Authors: Brada Betsey Behr
Published: May 2023

This book provides an innovative analysis of how individuals inhabit, refuse, and reconfigure the contours of global health. In 2001, Botswana's government, faced with one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world, committed itself to sub-Saharan Africa's first free public HIV treatment program. US-based private foundations and medical schools offered support to demonstrate the feasibility of public HIV treatment in Africa. Given US interest and investment in global health, this support created opportunities for US physicians and medical trainees to interact with local practitioners, treat patients, and shape health policy in Botswana. Although global health has emerged as a powerful call to planetary moral action, the nature of this exhortation remains unclear. Is global health a new movement for social justice, or is it neocolonial, creating new dependencies under the banner of humanitarianism? This book shows that global health is a frontier, an imaginative framework that organizes the space, time, and ethics of encounter. It reveals how individuals and collectivities engaged in global health—visiting experts as well as local clinicians and patients—come to regard themselves and others in terms of this framework.
Ideologies and Intimacies of Imperialism
Authors: Eichner Carolyn J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the ideologies and intimacies of imperialism. It references the beliefs and works of Hubertine Auclert, who declared that Arab women raised the banner of emancipation well before European and American women. The notion of feminism and imperialism are both rooted in contestation for power in the late nineteenth century. France always comes short in terms of women's status and value under the law. The chapter looks into the difference between Olympe Audouar and Paule Mink's beliefs, citing that Audouard hoped to expose exploitations and gain readership while Mink aimed to incite anti-imperial uprising. It highlights the importance of understanding gender politics to recognize the presence, significance, and power of feminists during the imperial period.
Kolonist
Authors: Maskiell Nicole Saffold
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews how slaveholding remained a key component of regional connections between elites across the Northeast, during a time of imperial enmity. The chapter argues that it was a central ingredient to the survival of regional Anglo-Dutch elite networks after the fall of New Netherland. It then examines the relationships of New Netherland, Dutch Republic, and Dutch Empire and exposes a diverse world of people engaged in sometimes contradictory but ultimately intertwined efforts at connection. Enslaved human beings were crucial to how some of the region's most influential Dutch-descended families built their wealth, standing, and regional power. The chapter focuses on the relationships between enslaved people and the forced connections they shared with enslavers to highlight the personal circumstances at the heart of major historical moments during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It then looks at how the individual lives and family stories of enslaved Northeasterners are crucial to understanding how slaveholding and racial power underwrote the social, cultural, and political ties of regional elites, despite cultural disparities, warfare, and political divisions.
Family
Authors: Maskiell Nicole Saffold
Published: May 2023

This chapter recounts the family papers of the Livingstons, a clan that has inspired multiple works and theories about the emergence of elite society in New York. It highlights the everyday Dutch idioms preserved in the papers that connect the eighteenth-century world of enslaved people in the upper Hudson Valley to the seventeenth-century world conjured by elites, like Jeremias van Rennselaer. In recent years, exquisitely conceived work has exposed the interconnected lives of enslaver and enslaved in colonial New England and offered an intimate history of events from Salem to the Boston Massacre. Despite being a small portion of those who lived on Hudson Valley estates like Manor Livingston, the chapter argues that enslaved people's personal and familial struggles impacted regional and local histories. The ambitions and grievances of nonelite white residents of Manor Livingston were likewise bound up with the wider slave culture. The chapter focuses on the stories of those enslaved by the Livingstons to illustrate the human cost of an “expansive slaveholding Northeast,” to unpack the personal motives behind a culture of fear that united Northeastern elite enslavers in the wake of Queen Anne's War and the 1712 Slave Revolt, as well as to highlight the political, social, and personal ties of enslaved Early Americans.
Innovation-Centered Development
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at the evolution in thinking of Xi Jinping and his advisers on the relationship between development, innovation, and national security in the making of the twenty-first-century Chinese techno-security state. It chronicles Xi's limited exposure to national affairs, especially concerning innovation and national security, and discusses how he carefully studied, prepared his policy agenda, and forged his strategic vision. The chapter then pays attention to the making and implementation of the Innovation-Driven Development Strategy (IDDS), which is Xi's grand strategy for transforming China into a global innovation power. It emphasizes that the IDDS is the conceptual framework for an expansive staple of initiatives and plans that have been promulgated and implemented from 2016 to 2020. The chapter concludes by examining the approach under Xi of military-driven innovation, which complements what the IDDS outlines in the civilian arena.
The Promise and Peril of Military-Civil Fusion
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the pursuit of military–civil fusion (MCF) and the central role it plays in the building of the Chinese techno-security state. The chapter first chronicles how Xi Jinping inherited a meandering MCF development effort that was strategically incoherent, lacked high-level leadership support, and suffered from a flawed misalignment of interests and interactions between the civilian and defense sectors. To address these deficiencies, Xi has sought a far more ambitious, expansive, and top-down approach to MCF. The chapter surveys how the Xi regime is meeting this challenge of forging a tightly integrated military–civil strategic economy. It then follows the development vision and implementation strategy for MCF, and discusses how directly involved Xi is in this effort. It also examines how MCF integrates the civilian and military systems, especially in weapons and equipment research, development, and production. The chapter concludes by studying how is MCF being funded, and what is the best way to evaluate progress in MCF implementation.
Introduction
Authors: Bertrand Jacques , Pelletier Alexandre , Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyzes why progress toward a peace agreement in Myanmar remained elusive, despite all parties suffering from war fatigue and wanting civil war to end. For most of the last decade, the peace process in Myanmar remained neither resolved nor in a full state of warfare. The chapter describes the violent conflict that involved a handful of ethnic armed organizations against the state of Myanmar and others, including those that signed ceasefire agreements. The chapter shows that exploiting a stalled conflict can be a winning strategy, particularly for the state. While the peace process and the broader conflict appeared stalled in Myanmar, the state actually gained, reaching its goals better than ever before.
Fragmentation, Marginalization, and Subjugation
Authors: Bertrand Jacques , Pelletier Alexandre , Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews the Myanmar state's strategy to reify and recognize a large number of smaller ethnic identities, many of which historically recognized ones that have been given ethnic states. It argues that the pluralization of ethnic claims, far from reducing Bamar hegemony, actually helped to strengthen it. The 2008 constitution both locked in and layered new institutions of representation that, combined with greater freedom of expression, led to a surge of ethnic claims by smaller groups. The chapter examines the recognition of 135 ethnic nationalities and an attempt to use them as census categories, including the creation of ethnic affairs ministers. It talks about the formation of self-administered zones (SAZs/SAD) and the emergence of new ethnic political parties.
Conclusion
Authors: Bertrand Jacques , Pelletier Alexandre , Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews the argument that the state of Myanmar was winning by process on the eve of the 2021 coup, noting how the state manipulated the process of negotiation to its advantage and neutralized ethnic minority groups. It points out that stalled conflicts are not static outcomes between war and peace, but rather a waiting event for a disruptive moment to propel the civil war toward endpoints. It also implies that stalled conflict can be a dynamic equilibrium that warring parties strategically use to advance their goals, which was the case with the Myanmar state. The chapter highlights that the process of negotiation reflected a coherent strategy to weaken ethnic minority groups and retain Bamar-centric state control over Myanmar's future political structure. It considers the various points of engagement between ethnic minority groups in the state, from the continued civil war to the representation in existing state institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter explores why business elites survived and occasionally thrived amid chaos and uncertainty. It explains that businessmen were swept up in similar processes of war, economic nationalism, border changes, and political integration under the hegemony of Germany and France. Despite political ruptures and the weakness of ethnic nationalism, continuities in social hierarchies are best studied in regions with turbulent politics and violent nationalist clashes. The chapter considers why the economic ties born from the German and Austro-Hungarian empires endured despite defeat in the First World War and the disintegration of the two empires. It explains that political, social, and economic histories blend with a cultural history of businesses and their contexts that draw from either archives, newspapers, or fiction.
Costly Nationalism
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses how the rise of economic nationalism foreshadowed the breakdown of the liberal regime of property rights between 1914 and 1918 in Central Europe. It notes how the solid system of private property rights broke down in a matter of weeks in August 1914. Similar to the First World War, economic discrimination centered on contested territories like Alsace-Lorraine and Transylvania. The study of contested border regions concerning economic discrimination puts policies of economic discrimination that became widespread in most of Europe into relief. The chapter also cites that nationalists demanded the reorganization of economic hierarchies based on perceived national interest. It compares the situations of Alsace-Lorraine and Transylvania to how the German and Hungarian administrations responded differently to economic discrimination pressures.
The Enemy’s Money
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This chapter elaborates on the economic retaliation during the Great War. It details the gradual radicalization of state intervention into economic life. The First World War changed the relationship between the Central Powers' population and their governments, which suddenly received unprecedented prerogatives to intervene in civilian and economic life. The chapter notes the contribution of the First World War in undermining the security of private property in a capitalist world economy, which resulted in nationalist and antisemitic mobilization. Moreover, population engineering alienated ethnic minorities in contested territories. The chapter explains that the resistance to the German army's dictatorial measures led to the formation of a broad coalition of German and Alsatian industrialists in Alsace-Lorraine.
Epilogue
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights the importance of industrialists for regional, national, and even imperial economies in early twentieth-century Europe. It cites how family capitalism and the domination of key companies by old moneyed families persists even in recent times. Comparisons across the defunct Iron Curtain help move beyond sterile juxtapositions of “developed” Western Europe and “backward” Eastern Europe. Moreover, the comparison of Western and East-Central European business families showcased the rise of economic opportunities from circles of social outsiders, such as Jews and immigrants. The chapter also expounds on how the trajectories of industrialists paved a new history of modern Europe.
The Salvation of Israel
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This book investigates Christianity's eschatological Jew: the role and characteristics of the Jews at the end of days in the Christian imagination. It explores the depth of Christian ambivalence regarding these Jews, from Paul's Epistle to the Romans, through late antiquity and the Middle Ages, to the Puritans of the seventeenth century. The book contends that few aspects of a religion shed as much light on the character and the self-understanding of its adherents as its expectations for the end of time. Moreover, eschatological beliefs express and mold an outlook toward nonbelievers, situating them in an overall scheme of human history and conditioning interaction with them as that history unfolds. The book's close readings of biblical commentary, theological texts, and Christian iconography reveal the dual role of the Jews of the last days. For rejecting belief and salvation in Jesus Christ, they have been linked to the false messiah—the Antichrist, the agent of Satan and the exemplary embodiment of evil. Yet from its inception, Christianity has also hinged its hopes for the second coming on the enlightenment and repentance of the Jews; for then, as Paul prophesized, “all Israel will be saved.” In its vast historical scope, from the ancient Mediterranean world of early Christianity to seventeenth-century England and New England, the book offers a nuanced and insightful assessment of Christian attitudes toward Jews, rife with inconsistency and complexity, thus contributing significantly to our understanding of Jewish–Christian relations.
Honorius Augustodunensis, the Song of Songs, and Synagoga Conversa
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the eschatological Jew elaborated in the Song of Songs commentary of Honorius Augustodunensis. Beyond the traditional Pauline prediction, Honorius described the conversion of Israel as occurring before that of the plenitude of the Gentiles. Honorius also situates the Song of Songs within the entirety of Holy Scripture, which contains two testaments as the expression of the Holy Spirit. The chapter cites that Honorius' portrayal of the Shunamite bride and Synagoga conversa bears evaluation from numerous different perspectives. It also considers the tone of Honorius' reformulation of Israel's role at the end of days contrasting sharply with the increasingly harsh tenor of Christian Adversus Judaeos texts of the twelfth century.
Afterword
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the role of the Jews in Christian eschatology, which correlates to the depth of Christianity's attachment to its Jewish heritage. It elaborates on the three trajectories of selective history concerning Christianity's eschatological Jew. The subject of the Jews in Christian eschatological scenarios remains “untidy and uncertain, yet significant.” Moreover, Judaism fueled an identity crisis in early Christianity, before, during, and after the gradual process of separation between synagogue and church. The chapter also explains how Christian eschatology contributed directly to the history of antisemitism, especially on matters and qualification concerning presented in political contexts, media, and history.
The Sagoromo Middle Captain
Authors: D'Etcheverry Charo B.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the first anthology: The Sagoromo Middle Captain. It emphasizes that these short narratives continued to thrive in the early modern period, particularly in illustrated versions, making this work the version of the tale most familiar to later readers. The chapter shows a vivid, if loose, review of Asukai's story, which draw from or frequently allude to that subplot. This example from the cycle, as the chapter highlights, contains endearing common touches and captures the broader interest in family and faith seen in medieval literature at large. Like all of the anonymous writers involved with this cycle, the author or copyist does not appear to have cared for the tale's political thread. The chapter notes that the text here contains a short postscript that resembles the one found in some copies of the tale, praising the emotions experienced and inspired by the characters, albeit with a new emphasis on parents and children. The chapter then focuses on the more salient detail in the text: the recurring discussion of the boats on which some of the characters travel. It explores the practical concerns and material lives of the middle aristocracy and of the literate audience.
“ Sagoromo ’s Sleeves” and “ Sagoromo ’s Skirts”
Authors: D'Etcheverry Charo B.
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at the banquet songs “Sagoromo's Sleeves” and “Sagoromo's Skirts,” titles that create poetic series of words (engo) about garments. It examines how Myōkū wrote and scored both of the songs featured here, signaling his special interest in Sagoromo and his art's distinct concerns. While such works were performed by men and often treat religious or martial topics, the chapter underlines that these particular libretti shift among the perspectives of Sagoromo and his lovers, favoring the Second Princess and Asukai and reversing the narrative order of emphasis: “Sleeves” relies largely on material from the subplot concerning the former, while “Skirts” depends heavily on the lines tied to the latter. The chapter notes that the songs seem designed to merge in performance, further eliding the content and narrative relationship of the two arcs from the tale. The chapter underscores that these libretti and Myōkū's anthologies in general exhibit an associative flow familiar from renga and the other poetic influences foregrounded in his first preface. It examines how this flowing style creates a powerful sense of immediacy: not just because the shifting focal points compel close attention, but also because the shared experience of live performance presumably also generated a sense of community for singers and audience alike.
The Mystical Presence of Christ
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This book investigates the connections between exceptional experiences of Christ's presence and ordinary devotion to Christ in the late medieval West. Unsettling the notion that experiences of seeing Christ's figure or hearing Christ speak are simply exceptional events that happen at singular moments, the book reveals the entanglements between these experiences and those that occur through the imagery, language, and rituals of ordinary, everyday devotional culture. The book begins by reconsidering the “who” and the “how” of Christ's mystical presence. It argues that Christ's humanity and divinity were equally important preconditions for encounters, both exceptional and ordinary, which the author proposes as existing on a spectrum of experience that moves from presupposition to intuition and finally to perception. The author then examines various contexts of Christ manifestations—during prayer, meditation, and liturgy, for example—with attention to gender dynamics and the relationship between saintly individuals and their hagiographers. Through penetrating discussions of a diverse set of texts and figures across the long fourteenth century, the book shows that seemingly exceptional manifestations of Christ were also embedded in ordinary religious experience. The book rethinks the interplay between the exceptional and the ordinary in the workings of late medieval religion.
Presupposition, Intuition, and Perception
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This chapter turns from the Christ who is revealed to the recipients of that revelation. It underlines that those who are said to have heard and seen Christ are easily seen as altogether special cases, whether their experience is seen as supernatural or as delusional. The chapter looks at such reports in terms of a spectrum, a fluid transition running from presupposition of spiritual presence to intuition and then to perception of that presence. The chapter displays that the simple and straightforward version of the argument might be that intuition was what really occurred and that statements of perception were inflated boasts or hagiographic topoi. The chapter concludes by exploring both the differences and the connections between ordinary and exceptional religion. It highlights that presupposition of Christ's presence is ordinary, while perception of that presence is exceptional, but the broad and complex field of intuition cannot so easily be assigned to either category.
Person, Personality, and Gender
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This chapter proposes that when men talk about Christ's presence, they typically have in mind the encounter with a person but not a personality. The chapter mentions that most of the figures examined in the book are women, but some men also spoke about experiencing Christ's presence: Meister Eckhart, Henry Suso, Walter Hilton, and others. This distinction opens the book's main contribution to the exploration of mystical presence as a gendered phenomenon. The chapter emphasizes that the figures mentioned in the book lived within a religious culture that cultivated a sense of Christ's presence in terms specific to that culture, and the accounts of their experience owe a great deal to specific theological, devotional, and literary conventions. It aims to understand the role of gender in this setting, and investigates mainly this specific culture and these conventions.
Freedom on the Offensive
Authors: Schmidli William Michael
Published: May 2023

This book illuminates how the Reagan administration's embrace of democracy promotion was a defining development in US foreign relations in the late twentieth century. Reagan used democracy promotion to refashion the bipartisan Cold War consensus that had collapsed in the late 1960s amid opposition to the Vietnam War. Over the course of the 1980s, the initiative led to a greater institutionalization of human rights—narrowly defined to include political rights and civil liberties and to exclude social and economic rights—as a US foreign policy priority. Democracy promotion thus served to legitimize a distinctive form of US interventionism and to underpin the Reagan administration's aggressive Cold War foreign policies. This book makes a defining contribution to our understanding of human rights ideas and the projection of American power during the final decade of the Cold War. Using Reagan's undeclared war on Nicaragua as a case study in US interventionism, the book explores how democracy promotion emerged as the centerpiece of an increasingly robust US human rights agenda. Yet, this initiative also became intertwined with deeply undemocratic practices that misled the American people, violated US law, and contributed to immense human and material destruction. Pursued through civil society or low-cost military interventions and rooted in the neoliberal imperatives of US-led globalization, Reagan's democracy-promotion initiative had major implications for post-Cold War US foreign policy.
Russia and Eastern Europe
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses George Kennan's application of his foreign policy principles to relations with Russia and Eastern Europe. When Kennan returned to Moscow in 1944, Soviet–American relations had improved—far too much in his opinion; too many of his countrymen, including President Roosevelt, believed that the wartime era of good feelings could and should continue. Thanks to the Long Telegram and the Mr. X essay, he was able to convince his superiors to adopt a policy of containment of the Soviet Union, a policy that was vindicated when, in 1991, the communist regime collapsed; but not before the policy was subjected to withering criticism. With the end of the war and the Sovietization of Eastern Europe, American attitudes shifted rapidly and dramatically; wartime hope became postwar disillusionment. In two controversial lectures, Kennan urged the West to give up its unrealistic insistence that a unified Germany be free to join NATO; this, no Soviet government would countenance. In the years from 1957 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Kennan intensified his efforts to encourage realistic diplomatic negotiations with the Soviet authorities and to discourage military, especially nuclear, competition.
Lessons Not Learned
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers an account of the foreign policy establishment's rejection of almost all of George Kennan's advice from the Vietnam War on and of that rejection's often disastrous results. At the time of Kennan's death, America's foreign policy establishment consisted of two groups: neoconservatives and liberal internationalists (or interventionists). Neoconservatives regularly defend their claim by appealing to democratic peace theory, according to which democracies do not wage war against one another; global democracy would thus presumably result in eternal peace. The world, however, has never been made up exclusively of democracies and attempts to impose democracy on nondemocratic states often, as US history has shown, lead to war. In contrast to neoconservatives, liberal internationalists seek to align America's foreign policy with goals projected by international institutions such as the United Nations. Neither group has learned anything from Kennan. Both wish to harness American power in an effort to remake the world in the image of the United States. Both, that is, possess a crusader mentality. In almost every case, however, the target state has resisted the democratic crusaders; better to be ruled by one's own than by foreigners.
Harmonic Egalitarianism in Toba Palm Wine Stands and Studios
Authors: Byl Julia
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes “harmonic egalitarianism” in vocal performances at Toba palm wine stands and music studios. It focuses on the compositions of Viky Sianipar, a young Toba Batak producer, composer, and arranger. By moving beyond harmonic analyses, the chapter demonstrates the aesthetic continuities between traditional gondang music and Sianipar's modern music. It analyzes the ways in which Sianipar “skillfully merges Batak musical preferences and modern sound possibilities” in ways that have garnered him a large audience of pop Batak listeners. The chapter also examines Sianipar's aesthetic, his compositions, and their reception from afar. Through analyzing blogs and comments on music videos, the chapter outlines the ways in which Sianipar has struggled to reconcile tradisi (tradition) and moderen (modernity) in his own Batak world beat music and manage its critical reception. The chapter allows us to parse the difference between representing Toba Batak culture in mainstream Indonesia and representing the musical experiences of Toba Batak individuals.
From Texts to Invocation
Authors: Sumarsam
Published: May 2023

This chapter delves into the history of Islam in Indonesian performing arts. It considers the view of “Islam against the performing arts” that sometimes emerges in Indonesia (and globally). The vital connections between the arts and Islam go deep in Indonesia. The chapter seeks to broaden the scope of the author's inquiry regarding Java's long tradition of performing arts and its interface with the Islamization of the area. The chapter then shifts to look at the historical evidence of Islamic textual invocations in wayang golek performances from the North Coast of Java. It unravels a mysterious invocation used in both Javanese wayang golek and Balinese wayang kulit referring to the “hand, water, pen, and ink.” The chapter argues that this invocation, often associated with the Bhima Svarga tale, is an ancient veneration of writing traditions that came to the pasisir (precolonial coastal cultures) through Islamic maritime trade networks. The chapter explores how certain Muslim communities on the North Coast of Java maintain and even revitalize the existence of wayang golek as a marker of their local identity, as well as for celebrating social events and individual rites of passage.
Audible Knowledge
Authors: Miller Christopher J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter particularly focuses on a seemingly exceptional approach to composition pioneered at ASKI Surakarta in the 1970s that takes as its starting point the exploration of sound. It discusses music proper, and with music's own turn toward sound—especially, though not exclusively, within the realm of contemporary art music. In taking the “exploration of sound” as its “starting point,” the approach relates to the broader “sonic turn” in music, which, as the chapter highlights, anticipated and fed the rise of sound studies. The chapter triangulates between Indonesian sound exploration, sound studies, and the broader trend of sound as music, pointing out how prevailing understandings of the latter two fall short in explaining the rise of the former. The chapter explores the cultural basis of sound exploration specific to Indonesia, in distinctive practices of listening and sound making, prevailing conditions of hearing, and the status of the concept of noise, all of which raise questions as to what is fairly regarded as exceptional—a hallmark of the avant-garde—and what is actually commonplace.