bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Use, Abuse, and Nonmedical Use of
Opioids: A Ten-Year Perspective
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah
Published: March 2021

The treatment of chronic pain, therapeutic opioid use and abuse, and the nonmedical use of
prescription drugs have been topics of intense focus and debate. After the liberalization of laws
governing opioid prescribing for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain by state medical boards
in the late 1990s, and with the introduction of new pain management standards implemented
by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) in 2000, opioids,
in general, and the most potent forms of opioids including Schedule II drugs, in particular, have
dramatically increased.
Despite the escalating use and abuse of therapeutic opioids, nearly 15 to 20 years later the scientific
evidence for the effectiveness of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain remains unclear. Concerns
continue regarding efficacy; problematic physiologic effects such as hyperalgesia, hypogonadism
and sexual dysfunction; and adverse side effects – especially the potential for misuse and abuse –
and the increase in opioid-related deaths.
Americans, constituting only 4.6% of the world’s population, have been consuming 80% of the
global opioid supply, and 99% of the global hydrocodone supply, as well as two-thirds of the
world’s illegal drugs. Retail sales of commonly used opioid medications (including methadone,
oxycodone, fentanyl base, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, meperidine, and codeine)
have increased from a total of 50.7 million grams in 1997 to 126.5 million grams in 2007. This
is an overall increase of 149% with increases ranging from 222% for morphine, 280% for
hydrocodone, 319% for hydromorphone, 525% for fentanyl base, 866% for oxycodone, to
1,293% for methadone. Average sales of opioids per person have increased from 74 milligrams in
1997 to 369 milligrams in 2007, a 402% increase.
Surveys of nonprescription drug abuse, emergency department visits for prescription controlled
drugs, unintentional deaths due to prescription controlled substances, therapeutic use of opioids,
and opioid abuse have been steadily rising.
This manuscript provides an updated 10-year perspective on therapeutic use, abuse, and nonmedical use of opioids and their consequences.
Key words: Controlled prescription drug abuse, opioid abuse, opioid misuse, nonmedical use
of psychotherapeutic drugs, nonmedical use of opioids, National Survey on Drug Use and Health,
National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University
The Benefit of Therapeutic Medial Branch
Blocks after Cervical Operations
Authors: Klessinger Stephan
Published: March 2021

Background: Persistent neck pain is a common problem after surgery of the cervical spine.
No therapy recommendation exists for these patients.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine if a therapeutic medial branch
block is a rational treatment for patients with postoperative neck pain after cervical spine
operations.
Study Design: Retrospective practice audit.
Setting: Review of charts of all patients who underwent cervical spine operations for
degenerative reasons during a time period of 3 years.
Methods: Patients with persistent postsurgical pain were treated with therapeutic medial
branch blocks (local anesthetic and steroid). A positive treatment response was defined if at
least 80% reduction of pain could be achieved or if the patient was sufficiently satisfied with
the relief. All patients with a minimum follow up time of 6 month were included.
Results: Of the 312 operations performed, 128 were artificial disc operations, 125 were
stand alone cages, and 59 were fusions with cage and plate. Persistent neck pain occurred
in 33.3 % of the patients. There was no difference between the patients with neck pain and
the whole group of patients. More than half of the patients with neck pain—52.9%—were
treated successfully with therapeutic medial branch blocks. Since no further treatment was
necessary, the initial treatment was considered successful. Nearly a third—32.2%—of the
patients were initially treated successfully, but their pain recurred and further diagnostics
and treatments were necessary. In this group of patients, significantly more with double level
operations were found (P = 0.003). Patients not responding to the medial branch block were
14.9%.
Limitations: This audit is retrospective and observational, and therefore does not
represent a high level of evidence. However, to our knowledge, since this information has
not been previously reported and no recommendation for the treatment of post-operative
zygapophysial joint pain exists, it appears to be the best available research upon which to
recommend treatment and to plan higher quality studies.
Conclusions: For persistent postsurgical neck pain only limited therapy recommendations
exist. This study suggests treating these patients in a first instance with therapeutic medial
branch blocks. The success rate is 52.9 %.
Key words: Chronic neck pain, cervical zygapophysial pain, cervical facet joint pain, medial
branch blocks, therapeutical cervical facet joint nerve blocks, postsurgery syndrome, pain
therapy
Pain Physician
Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma of the
Cervical Spine: The Cause of Unusual Persistent
Neck Pain
Authors: Kaner Tuncay
Published: March 2021

Background: The most important symptom in patients with osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma
is a resistant localized neck pain and stiffness in the spine.
Objective: To evaluate and analyze 6 cases of osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the cervical
spine that were surgically treated over a 7-year period and to emphasize the unusual persistent
neck pain associated with osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the cervical spine.
Study Design: Retrospective study.
Methods: Six patients, 3 male and 3 female, with a mean age of 21 years (range 16-31) diagnosed
with osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma during 2003 to 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. The
preoperative neurological and clinical symptoms, neck pain duration, preoperative deformity,
location of lesion, radiological findings, surgical technique and clinical follow-up outcomes of
each patient were evaluated.
Results: The average follow-up duration was 40.5 months (range, 19 to 83 months). Three
patients had osteoid osteoma (2 female and one male), and 3 patients had osteoblastoma
(one female and 2 male). Two male patients had recurrent osteoblastoma. The locations of the
lesions were as follows: C7 (2 patients), C3 (one patient), C2 (one patient), C3-C4 (one patient)
and C5-C6 (one patient). The most common symptom was local neck pain in the region of the
tumor. Among all patients, only one patient, who had osteoblastoma, had neurological deficits
(right C5-C6 root symptoms). The other patients had no neurological deficits. All patients were
treated with surgical resection using microsurgery. Two patients underwent only tumor resection,
one patient underwent tumor resection and fusion, and the other 3 patients underwent tumor
resection, fusion and spinal instrumentation. No perioperative complications developed in any of
our patients. There was no tumor recurrence during the follow-up period.
Limitations: A retrospective study with 6 analyses of cases.
Conclusion: Surgical treatment of osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the spine has been
standardized. The most common symptom of osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the cervical
spine is local persistent neck pain in the region of the tumor. This symptom can be significant in
the diagnosis of these tumors.
Key words: neck pain, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, bone tumors, cervical spine
Brain Activity Associated with Chronic
Cancer Pain
Authors: Buvanendran Asokumar
Published: March 2021

Background: The number of neuroimaging studies that examine chronic pain are relatively
small, and it is clear that different chronic pain conditions activate diverse regions of the brain.
Objective: Cancer patients presenting for diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET)
imaging were asked to rate their spontaneous baseline pain score. Twenty patients with either
no pain (NRS = 0) or with moderate to severe pain (NRS ≥ 4) were invited to participate in this
study to determine the difference in brain activity in cancer patients with moderate to severe
chronic pain versus no pain.
Study Design: Prospective, non-randomized, observational report.
Setting: Academic medical center.
Methods: Patients had a 2-D PET scan with the radionuclide 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG)
at a dose of approximately 20 mCi. Each individual raw PET scan was coregistered and normalized
to standard stereotactic space. Differences in regional glucose metabolism were then statistically
compared between patients with moderate-to-severe pain and patients with no pain.
Results: The NRS pain score in the patients with moderate to severe pain (n = 11) was 4.5 [4.0-
6.0] (median[interquartile range]) versus 0.0 [0.0-0.0] (p < 0.001) in the group with no pain (n
= 9). Compared to patients with no pain, patients with moderate to severe pain had increased
glucose metabolism bilaterally in the prefrontal cortex, BA 9-11. Unilateral activation was found
in the right parietal precuneus cortex, BA 7. There were no areas of the brain in which there was
decreased activity due to moderate to severe pain.
Conclusions: Our results showing a preferential activation of the prefrontal cortex are consistent
with results from studies showing that affective pain perception and negative emotions play an
important part in the chronic pain experience.
Limitations: This was not a randomized clinical trial. Patient medication was not controlled.
Key words: chronic pain, cancer pain, positron emission tomography, brain imaging, prefrontal
cortex, affective pain, negative emotions
A Preliminary Report of a Randomized DoubleBlind, Active Controlled Trial of Fluoroscopic
Thoracic Interlaminar Epidural Injections in
Managing Chronic Thoracic Pain
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah
Published: March 2021

Background: The proportion of patients suffering from thoracic pain secondary to thoracic
disorders is relatively small compared to low back and neck pain. Furthermore, thoracic
interventions are not performed as often as in cervical and lumbar regions. In addition, there
is a paucity of literature regarding thoracic intervertebral discs and thoracic disc herniation as
causative structures of thoracic pain.
Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, active controlled trial.
Setting: A private practice, interventional pain management and specialty referral center in
the United States.
Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of thoracic interlaminar epidural injections in
providing effective pain relief in managing chronic mid and upper back pain secondary to disc
herniation or radiculitis and discogenic pain with local anesthetic alone or with steroids.
Methods: Inclusion criteria consisted of patients who either had disc herniation or radiculitis,
or patients with discogenic pain proven by controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks not to
be caused by facet joint pain. Patients were assigned to one of 2 groups. One group received
injections containing local anesthetic only; the other group, local anesthetic mixed with nonparticulate betamethasone. Randomization was performed by computer-generated random
allocations sequence by simple randomization.
Outcomes Assessment: Participant outcomes were measured at baseline, 3, 6, and 12
months post-treatment with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index 2.0
(ODI), employment status, and opioid intake. Decrease of ≥ 50% of NRS scores and Oswestry
scores were considered significant.
Results: A total of 40 participants are included in this preliminary report with 20 participants in
each group. Significant pain relief (≥ 50%) and reduction (by at least 50%) in ODI from baseline
was seen at 12 months in 80% of patients in Group I and 85% in Group II.
Limitations: This is a preliminary report and there was no placebo group.
Conclusion: Overall, 80% of participants in Group I (who received injections without steroids)
and 85% in Group II (who received injections with steroids) with thoracic pain secondary to disc
herniation or radiculitis and discogenic pain might benefit from thoracic interlaminar epidural
injections.
Key words: Chronic thoracic pain, chest wall pain, disc herniation, discogenic pain, radiculitis,
thoracic interlaminar epidural injections, epidural steroids, local anesthetic
Recensione di Pierre Schill, Réveiller l’archive d’une guerre coloniale. Photographies et écrits de Gaston Chérau, correspondant de guerre lors du conflit italo-turc pour la Libye (1911-1912), Grâne, Creaphis Éditions, 2018, ISBN 9782354281410
Authors: Di Barbora Monica
Published: March 2021

.
The expansion of the occurrence the source adverb In the Qur'an
Authors: Dulaimi Dr .  Omar ALI Mohammad
Published: March 2021

After the investigation and audit, the researcher found that (expansion) in the language differs from narrowness, in other words, it means idiomatically in the Koran that one expression could have more than one meaning and these meanings are all intended. With the causes and reasons, the recantation of the expression to expression is likely more than one analytical facet, and more than one meaning, and these analytical  facets and meanings are all intended, and this (expansion) to be in this research. The research includes an introduction about the expansion linguistically and idiomatically and includes also four phases which have discussed four verses: the first verse is about the word (abathen\ عبثا); whereas it could have two analytical facets. The second verse is in the word (sa’ya \ (سعيا; which could have three analytical facets. The third verse is about the word (nahle\ نحلة); whereas four analytical facets could be there. The fourth verse is about the word (meta’a\ متاع); which could have five analytical facets. Finally, the results of this research have been discussed in the conclusion.
The Pivotal Meaning and Its Relationship with Derivation Al Tahqiq fe AlQuran Al-Kareem. A Sample (Scrutinizing Words in Glorious Quran: A Sample)
Authors: Al-Timimy. Assist. Prof. Dr. Khamis Abdullah , Al-zaidi. Dr. Haider Shnawa Faisal
Published: March 2021

The Paper has tackled the pivotal meaning, its relationship with derivation, and its types. The paper starts with defining the pivotal meaning and the ways of its formation, then mentioning the difference between the pivotal meaning and central meaning with revealing the most significant points of view anciently and recently. The researcher has defined derivation mentioning the essential views that have said about it with providing on adequate exposure to Mustafawi's remarks concerning derivation and hid unique achievement in this field i.e. adding a new type of derivation which he calls "extractive derivation". The researcher has also tackled about the relationship of the pivotal meaning with types of derivation represented by: small, big, the biggest, and magnificent. Keeping in mind that derivation is a linguistic procedure which cannot be restricted in specific limits in addition to the fact that its relation with the pivotal meaning is divergent depending on the type of derivation.
The teaching of the Koran and its impact in shaping the mind of students
Authors: Marzooq Dr.shakir abd
Published: March 2021

This study is a contribution to highlight the huge potential of the Qur'an and teach it to form the mind of students, and this is no doubt evidenced by the huge number of geniuses and innovators throughout history who have had the Koran victuals cognitively, Vachtml this research on areas that could be derived from the Koran in shaping the mind of the students, the statement means the Koran to the development of scientific skills, thinking skills, creativity skills, and what are the means to fine tune the mind.
The development of inner speech in children with ages ( 6 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 12)years
Authors: Mahdi Dr.intisar hashim , Jafair Dr. Zahra musa
Published: March 2021

The present study aimed know the degree of internal speech with ages ( 6.7 , 9 and 11.12 years .And the significance of the statistical differences in the degree of internal speech depending on the variables of age, sex, and to achieve the goals of research, after reviewing the literature and previous studies have been prepared in the search tool according to the theory of Vygotsky and formed the search tool from a series of questions (14 ) Q & important task of the library and the task of the book and after each task asks the child a set of questions about thinking and internal speech has been provided some of the questions at the beginning of training on activities that can be performed by human activities that can not do and used the feedback with some of the questions , while questions about the internal speech was without feedback, the researchers extracted the psychometric properties of the instrument was extraction of validity and reliability has reached ( 80.0 ) , (88.0 ) on the sequence , results showed that the modern interior is composed at the age of 7 years. , and pointed out the results of analysis of variance duo to the presence of traces of life in the evolution of internal speech any that modern interior takes a path evolutionary . results indicated no differences in the internal speech variable according to sex and that the children's knowledge of internal speech evolve progress in age, the study came out a set of recommendations and proposals
Albert Camus' Idea of Rebellion In The Outsider
Authors: Rustam Aneed Thanwan
Published: March 2021

In novel The Outsider, Camus depicts the reality of the French colonialism in Algeria. The novel presents Camus' condemnation of Meursault's indifference to the brutality of the colonial society he belongs to. Meursault kills an Arab and he is judged not for this crime but because he doesn't behave according to the codes of his society during his mother's death. This shows that the Europeans  treat the 'others' as 'things' ,and for the European judges, the murder of an Arab is not different from breaking a stone or cutting a tree. Meurault is  a stranger in a strange world and the revelation he experiences at  the moment of facing this world splits him from the values of his society. He retreats into the world of sensations, he trusts only the things he can see and find meaning in, refusing the abstract values of his society which are devoid of meaning. This substantiates Camus's message  of art as a rebellion against the rigid system imposed on man  and his attempt to transcend the limits of his society  and create his own world of ideas in which he feels free to enjoy what he never experiences before, art as a transformation of human existence and an everlasting struggle for giving it meaning.
Effective ways for the Classroom Management
Authors: Tahir Mohammed Mizel
Published: March 2021

This study was conducted in order to determine the effective techniques of classroom management that can be used to minimize classroom misbehavior and maximize effective learning. Classroom management is probably the most difficult part of teaching .High school teachers in Iraq, like in all countries, face instances of misbehavior in the form of off-task behavior or more serious disruptions. When a teacher is forced to deal with constant disruptions or a teacher cannot control his or her classroom then learning is not taking place. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine what methods of classroom management are available for teachers. This study used different methods to gather information on the best ways of classroom management. There have been many studies that serve to support universal classroom methods of classroom management techniques. Throughout my humble experience as teacher in college of police I found many Iraqi universities professors and high school teachers are still sticking with traditional (outdated) ways and techniques of teaching English regardless of their learner's needs and motivations. Thus the teachers have to think with the central question being “what do these students need and how can I meet those needs.” The significance of this study is that Iraqi and Arab teachers (who use English language as a second language as a means of communication) who are having problems coping with misbehavior in their classroom can use the techniques recommended by this study in order to improve their classroom management. This study found that there are varieties of techniques taken from the classroom management theories that aid in improving classroom management.
Investigating Self-Assessment of Teaching Profession of Iraqi EFL Teachers
Authors: Krebt Dhea Mizhir
Published: March 2021

Self-assessment is a process of formative assessment during which teachers reflect on and evaluate the quality of their work, decide the degree to which they reflect explicitly stated goals or criteria, identify strengths and weaknesses in their work, and revise accordingly. The present study is an attempt to find out the SA of Iraqi English language teachers. The sample consists of 100 teachers in Baghdad. An inventory of many domains distributed to the teachers, they are, routines, expectations, language, time, opportunities, physical environment, and interactions. The results show that the EFL teachers practice four domains of SA they are: routines, physical environment, time, and language.
Vocabulary of foreign media discourse in the contemporary
Authors: Ismail Dr.  Methaq Mohammed
Published: March 2021

There is no doubt that language is a social phenomenon affected permanently and continuously with the changes and shifts in society, whether political, social, economic or even religious, in turn, affect the verbal discourse, which is the propaganda Arts Press Jaza of it, including the social phenomenon language where reflect the nature those for the most important internal features are usually integrated substance and one separated from society also stressed that the linguistic and educational psychological Swiss Ferdinand de Susser truth in his book (General Linguistics), saying that the language interact and evolve extrusive with the communities and the forces of productivity growth, which kills for the emergence of vocabulary words and expressions New from other languages ​​and cultures and this dynamic mutual influence. The rule of globalization in different countries of the world left a clear impact on the media discourse in various forms, including the use of vocabulary and special terminology of American ,тEnglish and adaptability in proportion to the recipient grammar what leads to enrich the language you vocabulary and terminology and new concepts in life in general and in the speech of foreign Media in particular.
Assimilation in Selected Texts of Holy Quran: A Phonological Study
Authors: Dishar Inst. Iqbal Sahib
Published: March 2021

Assimilation is a phonological, linguistic phenomenon. Assimilation  is a change may occur between words or within a word when one speech sound comes to resemble or become identical   with a neighboring sound. By heraldically swift speech, adjoining consonant sounds often influence one another to produce changes embedding modification in voicing, place of articulation, or in both voicing and place (Majeed& Mahmad, 1997 : 124). The main reason behind this change is the tendency of the speaker towards ease of articulation and/ or economy of effort. The study aims to contrast  assimilation in Classical Arabic and Standard English in order to identify the different and similar patterns in the two languages.
Plagiarism in Arabic Criticism Heritage
Authors: M. Himeidi Assist. Prof.Dr. Sundus
Published: March 2021

The phenomenon of plagiarism has been commonly dealt with in Arabic criticism heritage,and many traditional Arab critics have written a specific part in their books covering this phenomenon under the title of "literary thefts".  Literary thefts have been condemned in Arabic heritage as one poet takes some expressions or phrases from his predecessors, and such a tendency leads to the underestimation of the poet’s status. This phenomenon is called "citation" in Arabic rhetorics when the cited materials are extracted from the Glorious Qur'an or the Prophetic Traditions. This phenomenon has been given different names in Arabic heritage depending on the source of taken materials like sayings, poetry, etc.The phenomenon of plagiarism can be found in the poetic antithesis. Accordingly, plagiarism is the focus of this study. This study is organized around an introduction and three sections. Section one presents the concept of plagiarism from linguistic and terminological perspectivesa long with its history. Section two is limited to the different types of plagiarism in Arabic criticism heritage. Section three deals with the construction patterns of Arabic criticism heritage. Finally, conclusions are drawn out.
Humorous in poem of Al Baha Zohair
Authors: Fesanghari Assist. Prof. Dr. Hojjatollah
Published: March 2021

للفکاهة أثر عميق في النفوس، ومکانة بارزة يحتلها مبدعوها بسبب قدرتهم علی رؤية البشر والحياة والمواقف والأفکار من زوايا جديدة غير مألوفة ليس للجدّ فيها نصيب کبير. ففي عالم السخرية تتقلب صور الحياة، فإذا هي مسرح للعب ومنظر تمتزج فيه الفکاهة بالمأساة، والحزن بالسرور، والمضحک بالمبکي. بل تبدو الحياة کلها رواية مسلية ومشهداً عجيباً. ولم تکن مصر بمنأی عن السخرية والروح الفکاهية في العصرين الفاطمي والأيوبي. و نحن إذا ننتقل إلی الحروب الصليبية، يمکن لنا أن نقول إن الحروب کانت سبباً في ازدياد هذه الروح عند المصريين، فقد فجرت الطاقات الکامنة في نفوس المصريين عامة، وشعراء الفکاهة خاصة. تناول هذا البحث مضامين الفکاهة والسخرية في شعر البهاء زهير(1185- 1258م) بوصفه ظاهرة أدبية؛ وشعر البهاء زهير کما هو مرآة صادقة بما فيه من فيض الطبع والبعد عن التکلف، هو أيضاً مرآة لعصره من حيث اللغة والتعبير، والروح المصري تتجلّی في هذا الشاعر، وفي شعره نفحات مصرية في التعبير والذوق، وظهرت فيه السخرية، لتشتمل سخريته مسائل متعدّدة نستطيع من خلال قراءتها أن ندخل إلی تناقضات شتی عاشها مجتمعه، وأثّرت فيه.
Formula (Fuaaila) in the Qur'an Al-Kareem between probabilistic interpretable and rhetoric miraculous
Authors: Hameed Assist. Prof. Dr. Jenan Nadem , Al-Timimi Instructor Nahida Ghazi Alwan
Published: March 2021

The research started towards the establishment and construction to replace alongside their probabilistic interpretation hyperbolic and guidance may be intentional guidance. Based on linguistic miracle, which is to preserve the building verbal as it is in the Qur'an Al-Kareem without saying that adapter from another building and maintaining the unity of the installation, which includes a word without saying: It is fitting word to delete it or increase where else. It is then no justification for this quantum of multiple direct indication of the words of the Qur'an al-Kareem, which is the one book revealed the God is one and came down with one angel on the heart of the Prophet and one his words one uniform each leading one meaning indicating not a multiple suspicious interpretive faces. It is where sneaks it likely direction The permissible? Search has chosen to apply the idea of ​​nine major examples of the Qur'an came to build Fuaaila, colorful sayings linguists and interpreters in touch significance both at the level of a single word or general construction. Those examples are: (rest and tranquility) and the two sides interpretation and (and the rest hostage) and two three aspects of interpretive and (pure and insight) and the two had four faces and (way) and the five aspects. And Praise be to Allah, the God of the Worlds.
The impact of Linguistics In teaching Arabic language
Authors: Haial Dr. Ahmed Hussien
Published: March 2021

Almost linguistics and language approach differ from those defined by the global history of linguistic studies, Including Arabic linguistic studies, I decided that the language linguistics subject of scientific study material, In this lesson linguistic began nearly shoved another contributed to the breadth of the research department, Accordingly God widened cognitive extents in most universities in the world, and its impact in the overall Linguistics Humanities. The pedagogical and teaching aids frontrunner in this effect, and as the teaching language is situated in the heart of the pedagogical department. It was the linguistics major impact on the development of Arabic language teaching, both speakers in Arab universities and secondary schools, or for non-native speakers.
Identity and problematic affiliation in the Arab novel
Authors: Hadi Dr. Taghreed Abdul Khalek
Published: March 2021

The affiliation main point in the Arab novel value,  is  a variety of different  aspects and establishes a history of an entire people ,  they are the result of standard conditions, social and economic affected in Arab societies and pushed out towards the mixing or melt with other communities left on the impact of the problem in the national identity of the Arab individual .The research deal with the problem through the narrative texts raised the subject of discussion with the stand on homelands repellant models for their sons  because of the circumstances and the pressure, on the contrary homelands attracting entrants from last nationalities. The research concluded that the main reason to loss of the identity of belonging to the homelands is the lack of community awareness of the individual which promotes belonging to his land and its components.
Mohammed Almagout poetry in his collection ( Seyaf Alzehour) Textual reading in Purposefulness
Authors: Khidier Assist. Teacher Rafid Jeyad
Published: March 2021

Mohammed Almagout is  a fruitful   poetical character  of innovative ideas , violating the standard system in thinking and writing. He aims to create intellectual and epistemological alternatives , to reach the future, where the  targeted poetical  dreams rather than reality. He is with humanistic vision seeking glimpses of hope. His poetical approach is humanistic targeting new horizons  to provide  life with  purposefulness for the responder . The research problem: The research tackles the concept of ( purposefulness) as textual criteria , and basic condition in humanistic  communication process, between the poet, the creator of coherence and aim connected text  , and the responder , who intends to investigate the purposefulness. The research method and aim.The research follows textual approach, to explain the language of the poet in this collection, and to locate and investigate  the mechanism of the poet purposefulness, where that opens a gap to show the text, and multiple  readings. The purposefulness is of condensed   dimension  rather than significance  rational  , as in ordinary text.
Employ digital editing (non-consecutive) in enriching the filming of expression
Authors: Haidoo Dr. Najeeb Asleawa
Published: March 2021

Find boils down to is marked by (employing digital editing (non-consecutive) in enriching Filma expression), and the reflection of the digital montage to the enrichment of the movie film. And distributes research on five chapters, the first chapter dealt with the methodological framework of the research, which included the research problem and is as follows: What is the function of digital editing (non-consecutive) in enriching Filma expression? . And the importance of research.The objectives of the research. The second chapter, a theoretical framework and previous studies. And distributes the theoretical framework of the three sections, the first section contains digital technology. As well as film and digital technologies. The second topic dealt with digital editing devices (non-consecutive). And the third on the role of technology in some directorial processors. In the third chapter, which has been allocated to research procedures, which included the research methodology and the research community. The film is appointed:The Lord of the Rings Part III :The Return of the King. Directed by Peter Jackson, the production in 2003. Then the fourth quarter, Neshat sample analysis.The fifth chapter Vahtoy on the results, as well as the conclusions reached by the researcher. It must Research of this type that contains the sources supports the scientific research process.
The linguistic search among fundamentalists between inference and digression Mr. Al-Khoei discussed a model
Authors: Hashoush Assist. Prof. Dr. Hajar Douir
Published: March 2021

The relationship between science is one of the important issues that must be recognized by the researchers so as not to leave them and withdraw matters from science to other science without the benefit of scientific. Hence, the study dealt with one of the tenets of this relationship, the relationship between the science of speech and the doctrine of jurisprudence and the limits of the fundamentalist system model of one of the most prominent scholars of jurisprudence in the second half of the twentieth century, Mr. Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei. The research dealt with four words that were addressed in the science of assets: And the psychological and human actions and copies, which show from this system that in the sentence and in the detailed after the discursive research does not depend on the formation of rules in the science of jurisprudence, and therefore the researcher in the fundamentals of jurisprudence not to make them part of the system, In the science of speech has a link to some issues of jurisprudence.
The Libyan - Egyptian relation 1969-2005
Authors: Obaid Assist. prof. Dr. Muna Hussein
Published: March 2021

The research in the Egyptian - Libyan relation dates back to ancient history. The change of leaders and the political system  had affected  these relations ,so they had changed from being so close to unly  passing through tension and even conflict There is long borders between the two countries more than a thousand kilo-which made some kind of social relations ship between the people of the two countries . the relation between the two states had grew stronger ,after their in dependence especially when Libya tried to follow the steps of Egypt during Nasir era, but their relations deteriorated after Egypt's peace treaty with Israel , but it had flourished buck in the nineties. In spite of the improvement in the relation. between the two part after 2003.on the economic level , it had passed through tensions because of the mutual acquisitions of the two authorities,the Egyptian and the Libyan  because of  Libyan decision to abandon weapons of mass distraction, and the Libyan  close  relations with the muslim  brother hood in Egypt,the main opposition forcei-Egypt at that time.
Military expenditures in the Umayyad era (40-132 H / 660-749 AD)
Authors: Hamid Assist. prof. Dr. Wafa Adnan
Published: March 2021

The military expenses  in the Islamic Arabic state  has been considered an important indicator that reflects the significance of the military system. Our  current  study aims to these military expenses in  the era of Umayyad to specify  the level of change  in this institution from that level of Al-Rashidi era by bringing forth the changes  that have been happened , besides placing  terms  for those who enter into the volume  . This was prevailing over  in the previous ages  , but it was simple . It has been witnessed organizing  volumes . The Umayyad state followed   the rules placed by the caliphate " Omar Bin Al-Khatab" just like Sources of gifts from tributes and abscess and the surplus one  placed in  house of money; one should not take gift from  charity. The distribution of the gift has been the reason for  having  the tribes of  Levant ( Yemeni and Qaisi tribes)appear loyalty for Umayyad princes  in return they will be given financial rewards  and to be appointed in the jobs .IF the gift keeps on in Muharam Month (Islamic month) salaries to the soldiers will be paid  since he lateness was causing  problems  for Umayyad caliphates . The heritage of gift  remains applicable  until the end  of  the  Umayyad era , after it was applicable  in Al-Rashidi era; besides , the Umayyad has organized  and developed livings  and established  a special  office for that. The booties in the era of  Umayyad   have got divided based on  shares  with the preference of the knight  to the non-knight since the former  has exerted efforts  that will be explained in this current study.
Artificial Intelligence Algorithm with SVM Classification using Dermascopic Images for Melanoma Diagnosis
Authors: Balasubramaniam Vivekanadam
Published: March 2021

Of all suspicious pigmented skin lesions considered for analysis, a large portion is often benign. The pressure of pathology services and secondary care must be reduced throughout the patient trials using modern techniques for improving the melanoma diagnosis accuracy. Dermoscopic images obtained from digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras, smartphones and a lightweight USB camera are compared using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for determining the accuracy of melanoma identification. Datasets are obtained from thousand test samples undergoing plastic surgery. The diagnostic trial is masked, single arm and multicentered. The controlled and suspicious skin lesions as well as the suspicious pigmented skin lesion are captured on the aforementioned cameras while scheduling for biopsy. The possibility of melanoma is assessed using deep learning (DL) techniques on the pigmented skin lesions seen in the dermascopic images for identifying melanoma. For this purpose, we train a deterministic AI algorithm based on malignancy recognition by deep ensemble and inputs from clinicians. The histopathology diagnosis is used as a standard criterion for determining the specialist assessment, algorithmic specificity, sensitivity and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).
Arguing with Friends
Authors: Baude William , Doerfler Ryan
Published: March 2021

Judges sometimes disagree about the best way to resolve a case. But the conventional wisdom is that they should not be too swayed by such disagreement and should do their best to decide the case by their own lights. An emerging critique questions this view, arguing instead for widespread humility. In the face of disagreement, the argument goes, judges should generally concede ambiguity and uncertainty in almost all contested cases.

Both positions are wrong. Drawing on the philosophical concepts of “peer disagreement” and “epistemic peerhood,” we argue for a different approach: A judge ought to give significant weight to the views of others, but only when those others share the judge’s basic methodology or interpretive outlook—i.e., only when those others are methodological “friends.” Thus textualists should hesitate before disagreeing with other textualists, and pragmatists should hesitate before disagreeing with like-minded pragmatists. Disagreement between the two camps is, by contrast, “old news” and so provides neither camp additional reason for pause.

We also suggest that judges should give weight to the views of all of their methodological friends, not just judges. And we suggest, even more tentatively, that our proposal may explain and, to some extent, justify the seemingly ideological clusters of justices on the Supreme Court. The most productive disagreements, we think, are ones that come from arguing with friends.
Digital Market Perfection
Authors: Van Loo Rory
Published: March 2021

Google’s, Apple’s, and other companies’ automated assistants are increasingly serving as personal shoppers. These digital intermediaries will save us time by purchasing grocery items, transferring bank accounts, and subscribing to cable. The literature has only begun to hint at the paradigm shift needed to navigate the legal risks and rewards of this coming era of automated commerce. This Article begins to fill that gap by surveying legal battles related to contract exit, data access, and deception that will determine the extent to which automated assistants are able to help consumers to search and switch, potentially bringing tremendous societal benefits. Whereas observers have largely focused on protecting consumers and sellers from digital intermediaries’ market power, sellers like Amazon, Comcast, and Wells Fargo can also harm consumers by obstructing automated assistants. Advancing consumer welfare in the automated era requires not just consumer protection, but digital intermediary protection.

The Article also shows the unpredictable side of eliminating switching costs. If digital assistants become pervasive, they could gain the ability to rapidly direct millions of consumers to new purchases whenever a lower price or new innovation becomes available. Significantly accelerated consumer switching—what I call hyperswitching—does not inevitably harm society. But in the extreme it could make some large markets more volatile, raising unemployment costs or financial stability concerns as more firms fail. This new kind of disruption could pose challenges for commercial and banking regulators akin to those familiar to securities regulators, who deploy idiosyncratic tools such as a pause button for the stock market. Even if sellers prevent extreme hyperswitching, managers may strategically prepare for hyperswitching with economically costly behavior such as hoarding liquid assets or forming conglomerates to provide insurance against a sudden exodus of customers. The transaction-cost-focused literature has missed macro-level drawbacks.

The regulatory architecture reflects these scholarly gaps. One set of agencies regulates automated assistants for consumer protection and antitrust violations but does not go beyond those microeconomic inquiries. Nor do they prioritize strengthening digital intermediaries. Regulators with more macroeconomic missions lack jurisdiction over automated assistants. The intellectual framework and regulatory architecture should expand to encompass both the upsides and downsides of digital consumer sovereignty.
Abortion Talk
Authors: Huntington Clare
Published: March 2021

Review of Carol Sanger's About Abortion: Terminating Pregnancy in Twenty-First-Century America.
Return of the Campus Speech Wars
Authors: Healy Thomas
Published: March 2021

Review of Erwin Chemerinsky and Howard Gillman's Free Speech on Campus.
Research on the Reproduction of Traditional Handicrafts During the Epidemic Period from the Perspective of Anthropology -- Taking Dongchang Carving Gourd as an example
Authors: Jia Yingcui
Published: March 2021

As an excellent representative of traditional

handicrafts in West Shandong, Dongchang carving

gourd brings together economy and culture. It is not

only one of the important sources of rural social and

economic income under the background of traditional

farming, but also carries the essence of local culture.

In 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic suddenly emerged,

which seriously affected the foreign sales and cultural

activities of Liaocheng's traditional handicraft and

Dongchang carved gourd. Based on this, this paper,

from the perspective of anthropology, focuses on

the transformation of the local social structure

and cognitive mode during the epidemic period,

and on the theoretical basis of Bourdieu's tourism

reproduction theory, expounds the exploration and

practice of its reproduction. Finally, combining with

the current situation of the development demands

of traditional handicraft during the epidemic period,

the significance of its reproduction is discussed, so

that it can be continuously innovated, inherited and

developed as a folk handicraft.
Shifting from face to face to online teaching due to COVID-19 pandemic – personal assessment of American and Polish higher education teachers
Authors: Sołek-Borowska Celina , Buckles Brian
Published: March 2021

W wyniku pandemii COVID-19 wielu członków wydziału musiało gwałtownie przejść z nauczania bezpośredniego na nauczanie online. W ramach tego niektórzy instruktorzy radzili sobie dobrze, podczas gdy inni mieli trudności. Ta wywołana COVID-19 zmiana na nauczanie online stanowi wyraźną sytuację dotyczącą osiągnięć, ponieważ dla wielu członków wydziału po raz pierwszy było obowiązkowe, aby wszystkie kursy były prowadzone wyłącznie przez Internet, co okazało się wyzwaniem dla nauczycieli. Dlatego celem artykułu jest przedstawienie doświadczeń z pierwszej ręki nauczycieli akademickich w Polsce i USA reprezentujących Wojskową Akademię Techniczną i Akademię Obrony Narodowej w USA. Biorąc pod uwagę nagłą naturę przejścia z programu stacjonarnego do programu on-line, Eisenhower School w Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz Wydział Bezpieczeństwa, Logistyki i Zarządzania w Polsce napotkały wiele problemów zidentyfikowanych w literaturze, takich jak zrozumienie stylów uczenia się uczniów; stosowanie najlepszych podejść pedagogicznych; zarządzanie technologią i zagadnieniami technologicznymi; otrzymanie wystarczającego szkolenia technicznego; oraz wyzwania związane z przygotowaniem i zarządzaniem czasem podczas zajęć on-line (Islam, Beer, Slack 2015). Autorzy postulują, iż nauczanie on-line należy traktować jako uzupełnienie tradycyjnego nauczania, gdyż nic nie zastąpi bezpośredniego kontaktu nauczyciela i studenta.
PRINCIPAIS TÉCNICAS DE BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR PARA DETECÇÃO GENOTÍPICA DO PAPILOMA VÍRUS HUMANO (HPV): REVISÃO DA LITERATURA
Authors: Da Silva Arruda Felipe , Quirino da Silva Filho João Luiz , Da Costa Silva Neto Jacinto
Published: March 2021

Anualmente são detectados em média 500.000 novos casos de câncer de colo uterino em escala mundial, destes, 99% estão correlacionados ao papilomavírus humano (HPV) sendo de grande importância técnicas seguras de detecção do vírus. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi descrever técnicas de identificação genotípicas do HPV e compará-las, destacando suas vantagens e desvantagens, possibilitando aos pesquisadores a escolha da técnica mais apropriada para aplicação em pesquisas diversas. Metodologia: foram avaliadas 24 publicações em língua inglesa e portuguesa, publicadas no período de 2000 a 2014 disponíveis em bancos de dados da Scielo Brasil, Science Direct e Pubmed, além da internet livre. Foram selecionados artigos que apresentaram no título ou resumo os descritores genotyping of HPV mais no mínimo um descritor variável, entre eles human papillomavirus; PCR (polymerase Chain reaction) e suas variações: PCR em tempo real (qRT – PCR); PCR-RFLP (Restriction fragmente length polymorphism); Nested – PCR; captura híbrida e Microarranjos. Dentre as técnicas citadas neste artigo, todas possuem uma alta relevância na identificação genotípica do HPV, logo é de escolha do pesquisador qual técnica melhor se adequada às necessidades de cada pesquisa. Pode-se considerar a técnica de Nested – PCR como a mais vantajosa dentre todas as técnicas citadas para detecção do DNA viral, pelo fato de possuir maior sensibilidade em comparação com as demais técnicas descritas.
Computational Explorations and Interpretation of Bonding in Metallopharmaceutical for a Thorough Understanding at the Quantum Level
Authors: Kumar Rajiv
Published: March 2021

Metallopharmaceuticals are effective remedies and used to treat microbial infections. Generally, these drugs were derived from metal-organic frameworks and highly effective to cure many different types of microbial toxicities. In these metallopharmaceuticals, the moieties of the ligands governed novel medicinal properties. Computational explorations (simulations, modeling, and analysis) are the modern tools that explore the possibilities to design novel drugs, analyse the key and essential components required as per the theme of sustainable chemical engineering. To get information at the quantum level, there is an urgent need to explore the associated dynamics that existed in metallopharmaceuticals. These aforementioned strategies will assist to have sustainable chemical engineering models.