bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biology contents in curricula of compulsory education in Serbia, Finland and England
Authors: Djokic-Ostojic Ana , Miljanovic Tomka , Pribicevic Tijana , Parezanovic-Ristic Snezana , Topuzovic Marina
Published: October 2014

At this moment in time, which is marked by extremely negative human
influences on the environment, and when a sustainable development of nature
is needed, school has a significant role in developing students? knowledge,
skills and attitudes towards natural sciences. In European countries,
students gain biological knowledge during primary school either through
integrated or specific subjects. This paper contains the results of a
comparative analysis of the biological content in teaching programs and
curricula in three European countries - Serbia, Finland and England. In
Serbia, biological contents are included in two integrated subjects (The
World Around Us and Nature and Society) during the first cycle of compulsory
education, while during the second cycle they are included in a separate
subject - biology - and are linearly arranged. Throughout compulsory
education in Finland and England, biological contents are concentrically
arranged and are realized through the students? research work in their
surroundings in several school subjects.
Genus Belbogosoma Curcic and Makarov, 2008, with descriptions of new troglobitic species from east Serbia, Balkan peninsula (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Anthroleucosomatidae)
Authors: Antic D.Z. , Tomic V.T. , Curcic B.P.M. , Curcic S.B. , Stamenkovic S.P. , Lucic L.R. , Makarov S.E.
Published: October 2014

A second member of the genus Belbogosoma Curcic & Makarov, 2008, the
troglobitic B. stribogi n. sp., is described, illustrated and diagnosed. A
brief discussion of anthroleucosomatids from Serbia and a distribution map of
the genus are provided.
3-dimensional mesh implantations to prevent and to repair parastomal hernias-operative techniques
Authors: Jaánó Zoltáan , Nagy Attila
Published: October 2014

The objective of this article is to present the operative techniques used by
us for preventing and repairing parastomal hernias with specially designed
3-dimensional mesh implantations. We present the operative techniques using
two kinds of meshes: the SURGIMESH WN? Parastomal and SURGIMESH? XB
Parastomal (Aspide Medical). The operative techniques are presented in 4
sections: prevention of parastomal hernias by the time of Miles operations
and repair of parastomal hernias with these two kind of meshes. These
techniques are applicable for open procedures, but at each section we refer
to the laparoscopic approaches, too. Financial dislosure: The authors declare
no potential conflicts of interest. SURGIMESH WN? Parastomal and SURGIMESH?
XB Parastomal were provided free of charge by the manufacturer.
Technical options in treatment of pilonidal sinus and hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Balik Emre , Bugra Dursun
Published: October 2014

Treatment of PS is depends on the disease presentation. Abscess, chronic
sinus, complexity of sinus, chronic recurrent of pilonidal abscess affects
the treatment strategy. Each statement has different management option but
wide, meticulous shaving and hygiene always should be main part of the all of
the management options. In patients, presenting initially with simple midline
pits or sinus tracts without acute abscess shaving can be offered as the
initial treatment. During both primary and postoperative healing phase,
shaving should be continued on a weekly treatment. Patients with acute
pilonidal abscess require incision and drainage, ideally making the incision
lateral to the midline. Dressing change, baths and shaving should be
continued until the wound has healed. The majority of acute abscess treated
in this way do not occur. Many patients will present initially with chronic
pilonidal sinus. Location of the sinus will help to choice to management way.
In the case where all the disease sinuses and pits are located near and in
the midline, the conservative midline excision or unroofing with curettage
may be the first step treatment. However if the multiple draining sinuses
exist and they are located far away from the midline, the simple excision may
cause large wound defects. In these situations cleft lift procedures (Bascom)
or excision with a rhomboid flap recon- and scarring. Management of the wound
after total excision should be tailored to the individual patient. Although
the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma is rare but it is the most serious
complication of HS. The diagnosis and treatment of anal fistula and anorectal
infection is a cornerstone of any busy and dedicated colon and rectal
surgeons? practice. Pilonidal sinus (PS) is not strictly a disease of the
anus, because of its proximity to the anus and the occasional difficulty in
differentiation from anal fistula, these patients commonly referred to a
colon and a rectal surgeon for the treatment1. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)
which occurs more frequently in other areas of the body can be a diagnostic
problem when it has seen and suspected in perineal area1,2. Both PS and HS
may present as a prolonged and long-suffering course of treatment for the
patient and surgeon. This paper reviewed the treatment options of PS and HS
briefly.
Unusual sites and presentations of pilonidal sinus disease
Authors: Pravin Gupta , Shalini Gupta , Purushottam Heda
Published: October 2014

Pilonidal sinus usually develops in the sacrococcygeal area or other
hair-bearing areas. However, it can present at some other sites with varied
presentations and can mimic like other infective pathologies which are more
common in that area. It has also been described as an occupational hazard in
barbers, especially when presented interdigitally. Occupational pilonidal
sinuses tend to occur even in non-hair-bearing areas where there is no
presence of individual?s own hair. Pilonidal sinus occurs in many areas of
the body such as web of fingers, penis shaft, axilla, intermammary area,
groin, nose, neck following trauma during shaving, clitoris, sternum,
suprapubic area, occiput, prepuce, chin, periungual region, breast, face or
navel. Sporadic incidences of implantation of pilonidal sinus have been
reported. The disease is mostly observed in hairdressers, but it has also
been reported sporadically in other professions, as male sheep shearer, dog
groomer, slaughter men or milker of cows. Short customers? hairs that
penetrate the supple interdigital skin of the hands produce barber?s disease.
Though there are only a few reports about these peculiar sinuses in the
available literature, they should be suspected in any chronically
discharging, non-healing sinus or wound. A clinical suspicion of malignant
transformation or affection with tuberculosis in the endemic area should also
be kept in mind to avoid any delay in the treatment and the outcome of the
disease.
Earnings Management and Derivative Hedging with Fair Valuation: Evidence from the Effects of FAS 133
Authors: Choi Jongmoo Jay , Mao Connie X. , Upadhyay Arun D.
Published: October 2014

Barton (2001) and Pincus and Rajgopal (2002) show that earnings management through discretionary accruals and derivative hedging are partial substitutes in smoothing earnings before 1999. In this study, we investigate whether Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 133 regarding hedge accounting in 2000 has influenced the relative merit of the two earnings-smoothing methods. Based on a sample of S&P 500 nonfinancial firms during 1996–2006, we find that the substitution relation between derivative hedging and discretionary accrual is significantly attenuated after FAS 133 implementation. We also document a significant increase in earnings volatility associated with derivative hedging post-FAS 133. These results are robust to the use of various model and method specifications, as well as controlling for contemporaneous macroeconomic and regulatory shocks. Overall, our results suggest that a material change in an accounting rule regarding derivatives can influence the level and volatility of reported earnings, as well as the method of income smoothing.

JEL Classifications: G32; M41; M48
Loss of Cyp8b1 Improves Glucose Homeostasis by Increasing GLP-1
Authors: Kaur Achint , Patankar Jay V. , de Haan Willeke , Ruddle Piers , Wijesekara Nadeeja , Groen Albert K. , Verchere C. Bruce , Singaraja Roshni R. , Hayden Michael R.
Published: October 2014

Besides their role in facilitating lipid absorption, bile acids are increasingly being recognized as signaling molecules that activate cell-signaling receptors. Targeted disruption of the sterol 12α-hydroxylase gene (Cyp8b1) results in complete absence of cholic acid (CA) and its derivatives. Here we investigate the effect of Cyp8b1 deletion on glucose homeostasis. Absence of Cyp8b1 results in improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function, mediated by absence of CA in Cyp8b1−/− mice. In addition, we show that reduced intestinal fat absorption in the absence of biliary CA leads to increased free fatty acids reaching the ileal L cells. This correlates with increased secretion of the incretin hormone GLP-1. GLP-1, in turn, increases the biosynthesis and secretion of insulin from β-cells, leading to the improved glucose tolerance observed in the Cyp8b1−/− mice. Thus, our data elucidate the importance of Cyp8b1 inhibition on the regulation of glucose metabolism.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State: A Historic Review of the Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Pasquel Francisco J. , Umpierrez Guillermo E.
Published: October 2014

The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is the most serious acute hyperglycemic emergency in patients with type 2 diabetes. von Frerichs and Dreschfeld described the first cases of HHS in the 1880s in patients with an “unusual diabetic coma” characterized by severe hyperglycemia and glycosuria in the absence of Kussmaul breathing, with a fruity breath odor or positive acetone test in the urine. Current diagnostic HHS criteria include a plasma glucose level >600 mg/dL and increased effective plasma osmolality >320 mOsm/kg in the absence of ketoacidosis. The incidence of HHS is estimated to be <1% of hospital admissions of patients with diabetes. The reported mortality is between 10 and 20%, which is about 10 times higher than the mortality rate in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Despite the severity of this condition, no prospective, randomized studies have determined best treatment strategies in patients with HHS, and its management has largely been extrapolated from studies of patients with DKA. There are many unresolved questions that need to be addressed in prospective clinical trials regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of pediatric and adult patients with HHS.
The fault of trespass
Authors: Dorfman Avihay , Jacob Assaf
Published: October 2014

The conventional wisdom has it that a property owner assumes virtually no responsibility for guiding others in fulfilling their duties not to trespass on the former’s property. In other words, the entire risk of making an unauthorized use of the property in question rests upon the duty-holders. This view is best captured by the keep-off picture of property, according to which the content of the duty in question is that of excluding oneself from a thing that is not one’s own. In this article, we argue that this view is mistaken. We advance conceptual, normative, and doctrinal arguments to show that this account runs afoul of the actual workings of the tort in question. A more precise account of trespass to land will reveal that the tort gives rise to a hybrid regime of tort liability, one which combines considerations of fault along with those of strict liability. On the proposed account, therefore, an owner does assume some responsibility for guiding others in fulfilling the duty they owe the former.
Estimates of iceberg submarine melting from high-resolution digital elevation models: application to Sermilik Fjord, East Greenland
Authors: Enderlin E.M. , Hamilton G.S.
Published: October 2014

Observed increases in iceberg discharge from Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers over the past two decades have altered the freshwater flux from glacial fjords into surrounding ocean basins. Although variations in freshwater flux due to ice-sheet discharge change have been investigated on a broad scale, the distribution of the freshwater flux due to melting of calved glacier ice (i.e. icebergs) has not been examined. Logistical challenges to collecting in situ data in glacial fjords have so far prevented a detailed examination of freshwater fluxes arising from melting beneath the waterline (i.e. submarine melting). Here we demonstrate that submarine melting of icebergs can be quantified using repeat digital elevation models derived from very high-resolution stereo satellite images. Analysis of volume changes for icebergs in Sermilik Fjord, East Greenland, yield area-averaged submarine melt rates of ~0.39 m d–1. These rates are in relatively good agreement with simulated winter melt rates along the submerged portion of the Helheim Glacier terminus, providing independent validation of the applied technique. Further, the volume flux of fresh water from iceberg melting scales with surface and submerged iceberg areas, which suggests that iceberg meltwater may be an important freshwater component in fjords with high iceberg concentrations and/or expansive ice melange.
Processing KNN Queries in Grid-Based Sensor Networks
Authors: Huang Yuan-Ko
Published: October 2014

Recently, developing efficient processing techniques in spatio-temporal databases has been a much discussed topic. Many applications, such as mobile information systems, traffic control system, and geographical information systems, can benefit from efficient processing of spatio-temporal queries. In this paper, we focus on processing an important type of spatio-temporal queries, the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) queries. Different from the previous research, the locations of objects are located by the sensors which are deployed in a grid-based manner. As the positioning technique used is not the GPS technique, but the sensor network technique, this results in a greater uncertainty regarding object location. With the uncertain location information of objects, we try to develop an efficient algorithm to process the KNN queries. Moreover, we design a probability model to quantify the possibility of each object being the query result. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
Correction: Legros Arnaud, Guillaume Ludovic, Diny Mouad, Zaïdi Hamid and Lemort Vincent. Comparison and Impact of Waste Heat Recovery Technologies on Passenger Car Fuel Consumption in a Normalized Driving Cycle. Energies 2014, 7, 5273–5290
Authors: Legros Arnaud , Guillaume Ludovic , Diny Mouad , Zaïdi Hamid , Lemort Vincent
Published: October 2014

We have found the following error in the authors’ information in this article, which was recently published in Energies [1]. On page 5273, the names of the authors are incorrect; they should be changed from:[...]
Long-Term Soil Productivity in Christmas Tree Farms of Oregon and Washington: A Comparative Analysis between First- and Multi-Rotation Plantations
Authors: Hatten Jeff , Landgren Chal , Hart John
Published: October 2014

Christmas tree production removes organic matter and associated nutrients from a site and can change soil physical properties, reduce mycorrhizal populations, and result in pesticide over-use/accumulation. These impacts have been implicated in potential field productivity declines. Assessing Christmas tree productivity is complicated by genetics, management, and market forces. We approached the perceived or possible productivity decline by examining soil properties on 22 pairs of sites. Each pair was comprised of an early rotation and late rotation plot with 1 and 3 or more rotations of Christmas trees, respectively. All sites were located on commercial Christmas tree plantations from the major production areas in Washington and Oregon. Chemical properties assessed to 45cm included pH, total C and N, and extractable P, K, Ca, and Mg. Soil physical properties assessed included aggregate stability and soil resistance. In general, we found little impact on soil resources that would impact long term production of Christmas trees. These impacts may have been mitigated by farmers following extension service recommendations. Nitrogen, K, and Ca appeared to be primarily affected by harvesting, but replacement by fertilizer application was probably adequate.
Bridging the Divide: Literature, Dao and the Case for Subjective Access in the Thought of Su Shi
Authors: Virág Curie
Published: October 2014

In the 11th century in China, there was an unusual moment in which a number of philosophers, later associated with the Daoxue—or Neo-Confucian—school, confronted what they perceived as a long-standing sense of disjunction between inner, subjective reality and the structured patterns of the cosmos. One way they sought to overcome this disjunction was by positing new theories of the cosmos that focused on the underlying, shared reality behind the myriad differentiations of phenomena. A potential tension was born that affected how thinkers understood the relationship between wen 文 (writing, literature, culture) and Dao 道 (the cosmic process, the ultimate reality, the normative path). Some thinkers, like Zhou Dunyi 周敦頤 (1017–1073), believed that wen was simply a vehicle for carrying the Dao, and was thus, implicitly, dispensable. This idea was met with resistance from one of the leading intellectual figures of the time—the philosopher, poet and statesman Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037–1101). While some of Su’s contemporaries, in their attempts to demonstrate that the world was real, and that truth was knowable, downplayed the role of individual experience and perception, Su stressed the necessity of subjective, individual experience as giving access, and concrete expression, to Dao. Su’s philosophical project came in the form of defending the enterprise of wen—writing as a creative, individual endeavor—and asserting that the quest for unity with the Dao could only be realized through direct, personal engagement in wen and other forms of meaningful practice. Through his philosophy of wen, Su sought to show that the search for truth, meaning and order did not—and could not—be achieved by transcending subjective experience. Instead, it had to be carried out at the point of encounter between self and the world, in the realm of practice.
Potential Soil Contamination in Areas Where Ferronickel Slag Is Used for Reclamation Work
Authors: Kang Seong , Park Kyungho , Kim Daehyeon
Published: October 2014

This study aims to analyze contamination with the use of soil reclaimed with ferronickel slag (FNS). In order to investigate any contamination due to FNS disposal, soils were collected from three sites. The contamination analysis was done on these samples through a series of laboratory tests. Furthermore, laboratory tests simulating field conditions were performed in a soil chamber. In the lab test, three leaching agents, namely fresh water, acidic water and seawater, were used. The soil samples used were sand and silt with a relative density of 40% and a compaction ratio of 90%, respectively. The pH of the effluent discharged from the experimental soil chamber was also analyzed. After leaching, soil samples were subjected to analysis. The results showed that pH was higher in the silt than in the sand. The results of the laboratory tests exhibited that leaching of hazardous elements from FNS is limited, so that it can be used as a substitute for natural aggregate in the cement industry or construction applications.
Plant Leaf Chlorophyll Content Retrieval Based on a Field Imaging Spectroscopy System
Authors: Liu Bo , Yue Yue-Min , Li Ru , Shen Wen-Jing , Wang Ke-Lin
Published: October 2014

A field imaging spectrometer system (FISS; 380–870 nm and 344 bands) was designed for agriculture applications. In this study, FISS was used to gather spectral information from soybean leaves. The chlorophyll content was retrieved using a multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares (PLS) regression and support vector machine (SVM) regression. Our objective was to verify the performance of FISS in a quantitative spectral analysis through the estimation of chlorophyll content and to determine a proper quantitative spectral analysis method for processing FISS data. The results revealed that the derivative reflectance was a more sensitive indicator of chlorophyll content and could extract content information more efficiently than the spectral reflectance, which is more significant for FISS data compared to ASD (analytical spectral devices) data, reducing the corresponding RMSE (root mean squared error) by 3.3%–35.6%. Compared with the spectral features, the regression methods had smaller effects on the retrieval accuracy. A multivariate linear model could be the ideal model to retrieve chlorophyll information with a small number of significant wavelengths used. The smallest RMSE of the chlorophyll content retrieved using FISS data was 0.201 mg/g, a relative reduction of more than 30% compared with the RMSE based on a non-imaging ASD spectrometer, which represents a high estimation accuracy compared with the mean chlorophyll content of the sampled leaves (4.05 mg/g). Our study indicates that FISS could obtain both spectral and spatial detailed information of high quality. Its image-spectrum-in-one merit promotes the good performance of FISS in quantitative spectral analyses, and it can potentially be widely used in the agricultural sector.
Water Quality Changes during Rapid Urbanization in the Shenzhen River Catchment: An Integrated View of Socio-Economic and Infrastructure Development
Authors: Qin Hua-peng , Su Qiong , Khu Soon-Thiam , Tang Nv
Published: October 2014

Surface water quality deterioration is a serious problem in many rapidly urbanizing catchments in developing countries. There is currently a lack of studies that quantify water quality variation (deterioration or otherwise) due to both socio-economic and infrastructure development in a catchment. This paper investigates the causes of water quality changes over the rapid urbanization period of 1985–2009 in the Shenzhen River catchment, China and examines the changes in relation to infrastructure development and socio-economic policies. The results indicate that the water quality deteriorated rapidly during the earlier urbanization stages before gradually improving over recent years, and that rapid increases in domestic discharge were the major causes of water quality deterioration. Although construction of additional wastewater infrastructure can significantly improve water quality, it was unable to dispose all of the wastewater in the catchment. However, it was found that socio-economic measures can significantly improve water quality by decreasing pollutant load per gross regional production (GRP) or increasing labor productivity. Our findings suggest that sustainable development during urbanization is possible, provided that: (1) the wastewater infrastructure should be constructed timely and revitalized regularly in line with urbanization, and wastewater treatment facilities should be upgraded to improve their nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies; (2) administrative regulation policies, economic incentives and financial policies should be implemented to encourage industries to prevent or reduce the pollution at the source; (3) the environmental awareness and education level of local population should be increased; (4) planners from various sectors should consult each other and adapt an integrated planning approach for socio-economic and wastewater infrastructure development.
Aflatoxin B1 Degradation by a Pseudomonas Strain
Authors: Sangare Lancine , Zhao Yueju , Folly Yawa , Chang Jinghua , Li Jinhan , Selvaraj Jonathan , Xing Fuguo , Zhou Lu , Wang Yan , Liu Yang
Published: October 2014

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), one of the most potent naturally occurring mutagens and carcinogens, causes significant threats to the food industry and animal production. In this study, 25 bacteria isolates were collected from grain kernels and soils displaying AFB1 reduction activity. Based on its degradation effectiveness, isolate N17-1 was selected for further characterization and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa N17-1 could degrade AFB1, AFB2 and AFM1 by 82.8%, 46.8% and 31.9% after incubation in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium at 37 °C for 72 h, respectively. The culture supernatant of isolate N17-1 degraded AFB1 effectively, whereas the viable cells and intra cell extracts were far less effective. Factors influencing AFB1 degradation by the culture supernatant were investigated. Maximum degradation was observed at 55 °C. Ions Mn2+ and Cu2+ were activators for AFB1 degradation, however, ions Mg2+, Li+, Zn2+, Se2+, Fe3+ were strong inhibitors. Treatments with proteinase K and proteinase K plus SDS significantly reduced the degradation activity of the culture supernatant. No degradation products were observed based on preliminary LC-QTOF/MS analysis, indicating AFB1 was metabolized to degradation products with chemical properties different from that of AFB1. The results indicated that the degradation of AFB1 by P. aeruginosa N17-1 was enzymatic and could have a great potential in industrial applications. This is the first report indicating that the isolate of P. aeruginosa possesses the ability to degrade aflatoxin.
Interaction of KSHV with Host Cell Surface Receptors and Cell Entry
Authors: Veettil Mohanan , Bandyopadhyay Chirosree , Dutta Dipanjan , Chandran Bala
Published: October 2014

Virus entry is a complex process characterized by a sequence of events. Since the discovery of KSHV in 1994, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of KSHV entry into its in vitro target cells. KSHV entry is a complex multistep process involving viral envelope glycoproteins and several cell surface molecules that is utilized by KSHV for its attachment and entry. KSHV has a broad cell tropism and the attachment and receptor engagement on target cells have an important role in determining the cell type-specific mode of entry. KSHV utilizes heparan sulfate, integrins and EphrinA2 molecules as receptors which results in the activation of host cell pre-existing signal pathways that facilitate the subsequent cascade of events resulting in the rapid entry of virus particles, trafficking towards the nucleus followed by viral and host gene expression. KSHV enters human fibroblast cells by dynamin dependant clathrin mediated endocytosis and by dynamin independent macropinocytosis in dermal endothelial cells. Once internalized into endosomes, fusion of the viral envelope with the endosomal membranes in an acidification dependent manner results in the release of capsids which subsequently reaches the nuclear pore vicinity leading to the delivery of viral DNA into the nucleus. In this review, we discuss the principal mechanisms that enable KSHV to interact with the host cell surface receptors as well as the mechanisms that are required to modulate cell signaling machinery for a successful entry.
The Role of Alloresponsive Ly49+NK Cells in Rat Islet Allograft Failure in the Presence and Absence of Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Smelt Maaike J. , Faas Marijke M. , De Haan Bart J. , De Haan Aalzen , Vaage John T. , De Vos Paul
Published: October 2014

There are still many factors to discover to explain the low success rates of islet allografts. In this study, we demonstrate that specific subpopulations of alloreactive NK cells may be involved in the failure of islet allografts. By performing allotransplantation in rats ( n = 13), we observed peripheral expansion and infiltration of alloreactive Ly49i2+NK cells in the grafts. An effective strategy in rats to enhance the expansion of Ly49i2+NK cells is performing a rat cytomegalovirus infection ( n = 6). Cytomegalovirus infection was associated with an early expansion of the Ly49i2+NK cells and accelerated islet graft failure. The Ly49i2+NK cells are both alloreactive and involved in virus clearance. The expansion of this subpopulation could not be blocked by cyclosporin A immunosuppression. Also alloreactive KLRH1+NK cells infiltrated the grafts, but nonalloreactive NKR-P1B+cells were not observed in the islet allografts. Perforin staining of the infiltrating NK cells demonstrated the cytotoxic capacity of these cells. Our data suggest a role for this NK subpopulation in rat islet allograft destruction.
Electronic and electrochemical doping of graphene by surface adsorbates
Authors: Pinto Hugo , Markevich Alexander
Published: October 2014

Many potential applications of graphene require its precise and controllable doping with charge carriers. Being a two-dimensional material graphene is extremely sensitive to surface adsorbates, so its electronic properties can be effectively modified by deposition of different atoms and molecules. In this paper, we review two mechanisms of graphene doping by surface adsorbates, namely electronic and electrochemical doping. Although, electronic doping has been extensively studied and discussed in the literature, much less attention has been paid to electrochemical doping. This mechanism can, however, explain the doping of graphene by adsorbates for which no charge transfer is expected within the electronic doping model. In addition, electrochemical doping is in the origin of the hysteresis effects often observed in graphene-based field effect transistors when operating in the atmospheric environment.
Immobilier et cycle économique : ce que nous apprend la Grande Récession
Authors: Timbeau Xavier
Published: October 2014

L’immobilier joue un rôle majeur dans les cycles économiques par plusieurs canaux : le premier est celui de l’investissement résidentiel, le deuxième est celui d’un accélérateur financier, dans lequel la hausse des prix de l’immobilier accroît l’endettement des ménages dont il est le collatéral. Enfin le troisième canal est celui de l’effet richesse. À partir de données exploitant les comptes nationaux, les comptes de patrimoine et les données détaillées sur la consommation, nous explorons ces trois canaux pour les pays de l’OCDE. Nous mettons en évidence que le premier canal est très différencié selon les pays tandis que les effets de la hausse des prix les affectent tous. L’effet richesse est quant à lui bien présent dans les phases de bulles rationnelles. Classification JEL : E32, G21, R21.
Vers un monde de propriétaires ? Politique du logement et statuts d'occupation en France et à l'étranger
Authors: Vorms Bernard
Published: October 2014

Depuis les années 1970, la plupart des pays ont fait le choix de favoriser la propriété occupante. La crise financière mondiale conduit à s’interroger sur la pertinence de ces politiques publiques qui se sont traduites par une réduction de la place du locatif privé et par un recentrage progressif de la vocation du parc social vers les seuls exclus du marché du logement. Les pays où les ménages accédant à la propriété ont été les plus déstabilisés sont ceux qui associaient une forte proportion de propriétaires occupants, un niveau élevé et en croissance rapide de la dette hypothécaire, une organisation de l’offre de crédit qui protège l’établissement prêteur des conséquences des défaillances de ses emprunteurs et enfin un cadre légal peu protecteur des droits de l’emprunteur. C’est de la filière de crédit et des excès de la financiarisation qu’est née la crise et non de la propriété occupante. Il reste que les politiques trop exclusivement fondées sur l’encouragement à la propriété accélèrent la hausse des prix, creusent les inégalités de patrimoine et ne peuvent répondre aux caractéristiques des marchés les plus chers, particulièrement ceux des grandes villes, ni aux besoins de certaines catégories de population, les pauvres, les jeunes et les mobiles. Classification JEL : R21, R31, R38.
La construction et les marchés des logements neufs en France
Authors: Coloos Bernard
Published: October 2014

Personne ne remet en cause qu’il faille construire plus de logements. Le consensus sur les besoins se situe aujourd’hui à plus de 400 000 unités par an. La quantité n’est pas tout. La question de la localisation s’avère cruciale. Certes, aucune partie du territoire, compte tenu des besoins de renouvellement, ne peut être négligée, mais l’accent doit être clairement porté sur les zones les plus tendues, là même où le recul des réalisations est le plus marqué depuis 2000. Si la pénurie de foncier est dénoncée comme la cause majeure de ce déficit structurel de logements et de ses conséquences en termes de prix du bien, il faut souligner a contrario qu’elle n’apparaît pas comme un obstacle à la construction de bâtiments hors logement. En clair, les élus privilégient la construction non résidentielle au détriment du logement pour des raisons purement politiques. C’est sur ce point qu’il est nécessaire de faire changer les mentalités pour s’atteler véritablement à un début de résolution de la crise du logement, restée trop longtemps cantonnée dans le domaine du discours. Classification JEL : R30, R31, R32, R38.
La connaissance du patrimoine : un préalable indispensable à la compréhension des enjeux du logement social
Authors: Bouculat Bérénice
Published: October 2014

L’activité et la stratégie des organismes de logement social sont étroitement liées à l’âge, la qualité et la localisation de leur parc de logements. Une connaissance fine du patrimoine est donc un préalable indispensable à la compréhension des enjeux du secteur. Une photographie du parc social aujourd’hui met en lumière un âge moyen élevé, conséquence d’une production très dynamique pendant les Trente Glorieuses. Mais cette vision nationale doit être complétée par une analyse à une échelle géographique plus fine. Il apparaît alors que la répartition spatiale et les caractéristiques du patrimoine social ne sont pas uniformes sur le territoire : la construction du parc s’est faite par vagues, qui se sont concentrées sur des régions différentes, suivant les évolutions démographiques et économiques. Le patrimoine d’aujourd’hui est ainsi le reflet des localisations et des caractéristiques du bâti dominantes de chaque période. Les dynamiques de construction de logement social et de réhabilitation du parc social à l'œuvre aujourd’hui et nécessaires pour demain découlent ainsi en partie de l’état du patrimoine dans chaque territoire et de son adéquation aux mutations de la société. Classification JEL : R31, R 38.
Enjeux et débats des politiques du logement en France
Authors: Driant Jean-Claude
Published: October 2014

Souvent accusées d’avoir échoué à répondre à tous les besoins, les politiques du logement en France sont d’une grande complexité, sous l’effet conjugué de la diversité de leurs objectifs (économiques, sociaux et urbains) et de la multiplicité des acteurs en charge de leur conception et de leur mise en œuvre. Cet empilement de légitimités nationales et locales génère à la fois de multiples contradictions et une faible lisibilité des résultats obtenus. Il est toutefois possible d’identifier au moins quatre thèmes de débats nationaux sur les politiques du logement que l’on peut éclairer par quelques regards sur les situations et les politiques des pays de l’Union européenne. Peut-on, par exemple, discuter la pertinence de l’objectif maintes fois rappelé de construire 500 000 logements neufs par an en France ? Qu’attend-on d’une France de propriétaires et s’agit-il vraiment, dans notre pays, d’une priorité absolue ? Pourquoi et comment réguler les marchés du secteur locatif privé ? Le logement social devrait-il être réservé aux plus pauvres ? Classification JEL : R28, R38.
Le financement de l'habitat en France et la crise financière
Authors: Coffinet Jérôme , Montornès Jérémi
Published: October 2014

Cet article analyse les principales évolutions du financement de l’habitat en France au cours de la période 2003-2013. S’appuyant essentiellement sur des données produites à la Banque de France, il rappelle les principales caractéristiques du financement de l’habitat en France : production de crédit dynamique, taux d’intérêt historiquement bas, hétérogénéité géographique et diversité des ressources bancaires. Ensuite, l’article étudie la synchronisation du cycle du crédit à l’habitat et le cycle économique : les résultats obtenus suggèrent qu’à long terme, le crédit à l’habitat précède les évolutions de la croissance économique, mais que ce lien s’est légèrement distendu sur la fin de période. Enfin, l’analyse des évolutions récentes à partir des indicateurs du profil des emprunteurs ne fait pas apparaître de risques pour la stabilité financière en France. Classification JEL : E32, E44, G01, G21, R21.
Cytokine BAFF Released byHelicobacter pylori–Infected Macrophages Triggers the Th17 Response in Human Chronic Gastritis
Authors: Munari Fabio , Fassan Matteo , Capitani Nagaja , Codolo Gaia , Vila-Caballer Marian , Pizzi Marco , Rugge Massimo , Della Bella Chiara , Troilo Arianna , D’Elios Sofia , Baldari Cosima T. , D’Elios Mario M. , de Bernard Marina
Published: October 2014

BAFF is a crucial cytokine that affects the activity of both innate and adaptive immune cells. It promotes the expansion of Th17 cells in autoimmune disorders. With this study, we investigated the BAFF/Th17 responses in Helicobacter pylori–induced gastritis in humans. Our results show that the mucosa from Helicobacter+ patients with chronic gastritis is enriched in IL-17 and BAFF, whereas the two cytokines are weakly expressed in Helicobacter− patients with chronic gastritis; moreover, the expression of both BAFF and IL-17 decreases after bacteria eradication. We demonstrate that BAFF accumulates in macrophages in vivo and that it is produced by monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro, after Helicobacter stimulation. Application of BAFF on monocytes triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species that are crucial for the release of pro-Th17 cytokines, such as IL-23, IL-1β, and TGF-β. Moreover, BAFF directly promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells. In conclusion, our results support the notion that an axis BAFF/Th17 exists in chronic gastritis of Helicobacter+ patients and that its presence strictly depends on the bacterium. Moreover, we demonstrated that BAFF is able to drive Th17 responses both indirectly, by creating a pro-Th17 cytokine milieu through the involvement of innate immune cells, and directly, via the differentiation of T cells toward the specific profile. The results obtained in this study are of great interest for Helicobacter-related diseases and the development of novel therapeutic strategies based on the inhibition of the BAFF/IL-17 response.
CD8 T Cells Are Involved in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration through Facilitating MCP-1 Secretion and Gr1high Macrophage Infiltration
Authors: Zhang Jing , Xiao Zhicheng , Qu Chao , Cui Wei , Wang Xiaonan , Du Jie
Published: October 2014

Inflammatory microenvironments play a key role in skeletal muscle regeneration. The infiltration of CD8 T cells into injured muscle has been reported. However, the role of CD8 T cells during skeletal muscle regeneration remains unclear. In this study, we used cardiotoxin-induced mouse skeletal muscle injury/regeneration model to investigate the role of CD8 T cells. Muscle regeneration was impaired and matrix deposit was increased in CD8α-deficient mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice whose CD8 T cells were infiltrated into damaged muscle after cardiotoxin injection. Adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells to CD8α-deficient mice improved muscle regeneration and inhibited matrix remodeling. Compared with WT mice, CD8α deficiency limited the recruitment of Gr1high macrophages (MPs) into muscle, resulting in the reduction of satellite cell number. The expression of MCP-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), which regulates the migration of Gr1high MPs, was reduced in CD8α-deficient mice compared with WT mice. Coculture CD8 T cells with MPs promoted MCP-1 secretion. The i.m. injection of MCP-1 markedly promoted the recruitment of Gr1high MPs and improved muscle regeneration in CD8α-deficient mice. We conclude that CD8 T cells are involved in skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating the secretion of MCP-1 to recruit Gr1high MPs, which facilitate myoblast proliferation.
ABCG1 Is Required for Pulmonary B-1 B Cell and Natural Antibody Homeostasis
Authors: Baldan Angel , Gonen Ayelet , Choung Christina , Que Xuchu , Marquart Tyler J. , Hernandez Irene , Bjorkhem Ingemar , Ford David A. , Witztum Joseph L. , Tarling Elizabeth J.
Published: October 2014

Many metabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and obesity, have a chronic inflammatory component involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Mice lacking the ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) develop chronic inflammation in the lungs, which is associated with the lipid accumulation (cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and phospholipid) and cholesterol crystal deposition that are characteristic of atherosclerotic lesions and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. In this article, we demonstrate that specific lipids, likely oxidized phospholipids and/or sterols, elicit a lung-specific immune response in Abcg1−/− mice. Loss of ABCG1 results in increased levels of specific oxysterols, phosphatidylcholines, and oxidized phospholipids, including 1-palmitoyl-2-(5′-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, in the lungs. Further, we identify a niche-specific increase in natural Ab (NAb)-secreting B-1 B cells in response to this lipid accumulation that is paralleled by increased titers of IgM, IgA, and IgG against oxidation-specific epitopes, such as those on oxidized low-density lipoprotein and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein. Finally, we identify a cytokine/chemokine signature that is reflective of increased B cell activation, Ab secretion, and homing. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the accumulation of lipids in Abcg1−/− mice induces the specific expansion and localization of B-1 B cells, which secrete NAbs that may help to protect against the development of atherosclerosis. Indeed, despite chronic lipid accumulation and inflammation, hyperlipidemic mice lacking ABCG1 develop smaller atherosclerotic lesions compared with controls. These data also suggest that Abcg1−/− mice may represent a new model in which to study the protective functions of B-1 B cells/NAbs and suggest novel targets for pharmacologic intervention and treatment of disease.
AID-Initiated DNA Lesions Are Differentially Processed in Distinct B Cell Populations
Authors: Chen Zhangguo , Ranganath Sheila , Viboolsittiseri Sawanee S. , Eder Maxwell D. , Chen Xiaomi , Elos Mihret T. , Yuan Shunzhong , Hansen Erica , Wang Jing H.
Published: October 2014

Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates U:G mismatches, causing point mutations or DNA double-stranded breaks at Ig loci. How AID-initiated lesions are prevented from inducing genome-wide damage remains elusive. A differential DNA repair mechanism might protect certain non–Ig loci such as c-myc from AID attack. However, determinants regulating such protective mechanisms are largely unknown. To test whether target DNA sequences modulate protective mechanisms via altering the processing manner of AID-initiated lesions, we established a knock-in model by inserting an Sγ2b region, a bona fide AID target, into the first intron of c-myc. Unexpectedly, we found that the inserted S region did not mutate or enhance c-myc genomic instability, due to error-free repair of AID-initiated lesions, in Ag-stimulated germinal center B cells. In contrast, in vitro cytokine-activated B cells display a much higher level of c-myc genomic instability in an AID- and S region–dependent manner. Furthermore, we observe a comparable frequency of AID deamination events between the c-myc intronic sequence and inserted S region in different B cell populations, demonstrating a similar frequency of AID targeting. Thus, our study reveals a clear difference between germinal center and cytokine-activated B cells in their ability to develop genomic instability, attributable to a differential processing of AID-initiated lesions in distinct B cell populations. We propose that locus-specific regulatory mechanisms (e.g., transcription) appear to not only override the effects of S region sequence on AID targeting frequency but also influence the repair manner of AID-initiated lesions.
Creating Class I MHC–Null Pigs Using Guide RNA and the Cas9 Endonuclease
Authors: Reyes Luz M. , Estrada Jose L. , Wang Zheng Yu , Blosser Rachel J. , Smith Rashod F. , Sidner Richard A. , Paris Leela L. , Blankenship Ross L. , Ray Caitlin N. , Miner Aaron C. , Tector Matthew , Tector A. Joseph
Published: October 2014

Pigs are emerging as important large animal models for biomedical research, and they may represent a source of organs for xenotransplantation. The MHC is pivotal to the function of the immune system in health and disease, and it is particularly important in infection and transplant rejection. Pigs deficient in class I MHC could serve as important reagents to study viral immunity as well as allograft and xenograft rejection. In this study, we report the creation and characterization of class I MHC knockout pigs using the Cas9 nuclease and guide RNAs. Pig fetal fibroblasts were genetically engineered using Cas9 and guide RNAs, and class I MHC− cells were then used as nuclear donors for somatic cell nuclear transfer. We produced three piglets devoid of all cell surface class I proteins. Although these animals have reduced levels of CD4−CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, the pigs appear healthy and are developing normally. These pigs are a promising reagent for immunological research.
Changes in amino acids content of humic acids sequentially extracted from peat and sod–Podzolic soil
Authors: Vialykh E. A. , Ilarionov S. A. , Abdelrahman H. M. , Vialykh I. A.
Published: October 2014

Vialykh, E. A., Ilarionov, S. A., Abdelrahman, H. M. and Vialykh, I. A. 2014. Changes in amino acids content of humic acids sequentially extracted from peat and sod–Podzolic soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 575–583. Amino acids (AA) and peptides are thought to be part of humic acids (HA), but debate whether they are an integral part of the HA is still going. Humic acids sequentially extracted from peat and sod-podzolic soil were analyzed for their AA content, elemental composition and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Extracted HA were hydrolyzed in 6 M HCl for 16 h for AA release, which was detected by a capillary electrophoresis system. Alanine, arginine, sum of aspartic acid and asparagine, sum of cysteic acid and cysteine, sum of glutamic acid and glutamine, glycine, histidine, leucine and isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine were identified. The total content of hydrolyzable AA in sod-Podzol HA increased by 6.2–8.2% with increasing the extraction cycles while an inverse tendency was observed for AA released from peat HA. Moreover, individual AA expressed as percentages of total AA were constant values with coefficients of variation lower than 20% for the studied HA.
Examining Occupational Therapy Education Through Faculty Engagement in Curriculum Mapping and Pedagogical Reflection
Authors: MacNeil Cheryl , Hand Theresa
Published: October 2014

This article discusses a 1-yr evaluation study of a master of science in occupational therapy program to examine curriculum content and pedagogical practices as a way to gauge program preparedness to move to a clinical doctorate. Faculty members participated in a multitiered qualitative study that included curriculum mapping, semistructured individual interviewing, and iterative group analysis. Findings indicate that curriculum mapping and authentic dialogue helped the program formulate a more streamlined and integrated curriculum with increased faculty collaboration. Curriculum mapping and collaborative pedagogical reflection are valuable evaluation strategies for examining preparedness to offer a clinical doctorate, enhancing a self-study process, and providing information for ongoing formative curriculum review.