bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
47.4: Invited Paper: 3D Displays using Scanning Laser Projection
Authors: Schowengerdt Brian T. , Johnston Richard S. , Melville C. David , Seibel Eric J.
Published: October 2012

Scanning laser projection technology is enabling advances in a number of areas of 3D display development. We discuss various scanned laser display technologies developed in our laboratory: 1) Our 1 mm × 9 mm projector uses a vibrating singlemode optical fiber to produce scanned images, and enables compact 3D head‐mounted displays with the potential form factor of a pair of eyeglasses. 2) Arrays of scanning fiber projectors can enable massively‐multi‐view autostereoscopic displays with full head motion parallax and partial accommodation cues, and 3) Our 3D volumetric displays triaxially scan light beams to render a volume, placing different pixels at different optical viewing distances to enable accurate accommodation and vergence cues.
48.2: A Novel Current‐Mode Driving Technique for Real‐Time Image Compensation in AMOLED Displays
Authors: Yang Jun‐Hyeok , Jeon Jin‐Yong , Kim Hyun‐Sik , Park Sang‐Hui , Kim Jin‐Woo , Lee Jin‐Chul , Cho Gyu‐Hyeong
Published: October 2012

A new compensation method using current‐mode driving is introduced to solve image degradation in AMOLED displays. The proposed method can, in real time, compensate for degraded OLEDs without additional sensing lines. Moreover, there is no acceleration of OLED degradation because the method does not require an extra‐large compensation current. The conventional drawbacks associated with current‐mode driving, such as the driving speed and the channel‐to‐channel current variation, are solved with this novel technique.
51.1: Invited Paper: Optical Design of Enhanced Light Extraction Efficiency in Multi‐Stacked OLEDs Coupled with High Refractive‐Index Medium and Back‐Cavity Structure
Authors: Mikami Akiyoshi , Goto Takao
Published: October 2012

The light extraction of OLED has been successfully enhanced by employing high refractive index intermediate layer in the anode side and back‐cavity structure in the cathode side Back‐cavity structure consisting of semi‐transparent cathode, optical buffer layer and high reflection mirror was newly introduced to reduce surface plasmon loss in the metal cathode. The high index inter‐layer plays the role in the energy transfer from the waveguide mode to the substrate propagation mode by refractive matching between high refractive index ITO anode and the normal index glass substrate. From the results of detail optical calculation based on the multi‐scale analysis including near‐field optics, approximately 70∼80% of electromagnetic energy in the dipole emission was effectively converted to the glass and air modes by suppressing both surface plasmon and waveguide losses. The phosphorescent green light emitting device exhibits higher light extraction by a factor of 1.6∼1.7.
52.2: A Backplane Fabricated by Evaporation Printing for the Production of a Cost‐Competitive Electrophoretic e‐Paper Electronic Shelf Label Display
Authors: Harrigal Charles E. , Brajovic Vladimir , Little Whitten , Amundson Karl R. , Paolini Richard J. , Bishop Seth J. , De Witte Russell J.
Published: October 2012

An “evaporation printing” process for making active‐matrix backplanes has been used to manufacture electrophoretic display modules for electronic shelf labels (ESLs). Recent advances in the evaporation printing manufacturing process enables ESLs to be more competitive in the marketplace of signage and point‐of‐sale displays.
53.2: A Mobile Dual‐directional Auto‐stereoscopic Display using a New Doubled Electrode‐Layered LCL Lens on an OLED panel
Authors: Kao Yung‐Yuan , Lin Shang‐Chih , Chao Paul C.‐P.
Published: October 2012

A new doubled electrode‐layered liquid crystal lenticular lens (LC lens) with multi‐electrodes is proposed to realize an auto‐stereoscopic display for mobile devices of OLED panel. The analyses of crosstalk show the quality of 3D display in vertical and horizontal screen as 0% and 23%.
54.2: Novel Real‐time and Bi‐directional Color Simulator for Dichromacy and Trichromacy on Smartphones
Authors: Ohtsuka Sakuichi , Hira Shyoko , Kihara Ken , Ikegami Junko
Published: October 2012

We propose a real‐time color simulator employing (1) 90‐degree‐hue‐rotation method (supports red‐green opponent color perception for dichromacy) and (2) simple red‐green hue reduction method (enables red‐green color deficiency). Subjective test results suggest that the proposed simulator will greatly help mutual understanding of color perception.
55.4: Pixelized Backlight with Polarization Recycling for LCDs
Authors: Yang Chun‐Ruei , Yao Po‐Hung , Sher Chin‐Wei , Chen Cheng‐Huan , Huang Meng‐Chi , Wu Yen‐Pei , Fu Chien‐Chung
Published: October 2012

A color‐filterless backlight utilizing reflective and refractive element in the light guide plate for light extraction and color pixel separation has been integrated with polarization recycling scheme based on wire grid polarizer and quarter wave plate on reflector. All the functional elements modulate and direct light path in a predictable way and therefore can work together properly to improve the efficiency loss at color filter and down polarizer simultaneously.
56.2: Deposition of a‐InGaZnOx by Rotation Magnet Sputtering
Authors: Hiroe Akihiko , Goto Tetsuya , Sugawa Shigetoshi , Ohmi Tadahiro
Published: October 2012

We have developed a new magnetron sputtering equipment called Rotation Magnet Sputtering (RMS), and realized the target utilization rate of more than 60%. We applied this new system to the deposition of a‐InGaZnOx films. Comparison of the spatial distribution of the film characteristics between RMS and conventional magnetron sputtering revealed that film quality near erosion area is better than the rest presumably due to the heating from plasma. It was also revealed that this spatial distribution is smaller for RMS than conventional magnetron sputtering, which can be another merit of RMS.
61.1: Watt Level Compact Green Laser Module for Laser Display
Authors: Gan Yi , Lu Yang , Xu Qing‐yang , Xu Chang‐qing
Published: October 2012

A watt level compact green laser based on an integrated Nd:YVO4 and MgO:PPLN module (i.e. mGreen module) is presented for the first time. A linearly polarized 532 nm laser light of 1.02 Watt is obtained, which corresponds to an optical‐to‐optical conversion efficiency of 25.5%. The mGreen module can dramatically decrease the complexity and cost of the conventional green diode pumped solid state laser.
64.1: Invited Paper: Ultra‐High Resolution Mobile Displays
Authors: Takubo Yoneharu , Hisatake Yuzo , Lizuka Tetsuya , Kawamura Tetsuya
Published: October 2012

Recently, mobile displays especially for smartphones have been rapidly shifted toward higher resolution over 300 pixel/inch (ppi) with wider viewing angle, higher contrast ratio and slimmer border. From both viewpoints of human eye resolution limitation and current progress of communication infrastructure, displays with resolution of 500 ppi or more should be needed in the near future. We are now developing ultra‐high resolution displays, whose performance and fundamental technologies are described in this paper. Also future trend and challenges are addressed.
65.2: Effect of Viewing Region Satisfying Super Multi‐View Condition in Integral Imaging
Authors: Jung Jae‐Hyun , Hong Keehoon , Lee Byoungho
Published: October 2012

We analyze viewing region satisfying super multi‐view condition in integral imaging and evaluate the accommodation response when the observer is located inside and outside of the super multi‐view region in integral imaging. To reveal the relation between the super multi‐view condition and accommodation response of integral imaging, we perform the numerical analysis with super multi‐view condition in integral imaging and present the experimental results of accommodation response using autorefractometer.
65.4: The Eye Fatigue Measurement for 3D Display
Authors: Ke Ming‐Da , Chen Chien‐Yue , Lai Yueh‐Yi , Tsai Tsung‐Chin , Pong Bao‐Jen
Published: October 2012

According to the previous information, the stereoscopic images captured by video recorder firstly and modifying the video technology of display and these images may cause uncomfortable feeling of partial viewers. Regarding the research of eye fatigue, the variable of ambient is one of import issue. Whether the color saturation, contrast or own feeling, viewing film in the dark room is better than in the bright room. In this study, the visual fatigue is our main concern. The movie “Open Season” shows in both 2D and 3D images under various illuminations on various displays. We used questionnaires, binocular diopter, critical fusion frequency (CFF) and heart rate variability (HRV) as indexes of the visual fatigue. According to the result analysis of visual fatigue, the effect of questionnaire test was more significant than other indexes. When viewing three‐dimensional movie, is easily feel fatigue in subjectivity.
69.2: WITHDRAWN: 69.3: Invited Paper: Current Issues in Quantum Dot Phosphors for Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Hyunki , Kwon Byoung‐Hwa , Kim Youngsun , Jeon Duk Young
Published: October 2012

Currently, light‐emitting diodes with quantum dots (QDs) wavelength converter show excellent luminescence property (∼65 lm/W, CRI > 90), demonstrating them as one of ideal phosphor. Here, we will discuss historical archives on development of QD phosphors and current issues such as environmental hazard, interfacial problem between QDs and encapsulants, and their degradation.
71.2: “3D Looks More Real and is Funny” — Comparing the Children's and Adults' 3D‐related Experiences
Authors: Pölönen Monika , Aaltonen Viljakaisa
Published: October 2012

We compared 3D experiences between children and adults. A total of 73 participants watched the S3D version of “Alice in Wonderland” and answered several experience‐related questions. The results showed that there are some differences how adults and children evaluate 3D experiences. Even though both groups described the 3D experiences as funny, exciting, and impressive, children were clearly more enthusiastic and positive about 3D; 80% of children would choose 3D format over 2D in future, whereas only 26% of adults preferred 3D.
71.4: A Simulation Method of Time‐Sequential Stereoscopic Effect with Various LC Response Speed on Motion Pictures
Authors: Lin Chia‐Chiang , Ye ChengLiang , Hou Hung‐Lung , Lee Chia‐Yu , Xie RenLi , Chen Guangming , Yang Fujun
Published: October 2012

A method to evaluate the visual effect of time‐sequential 3D is established. The characteristic of the simulation is to apply different cross‐talk values on each grey level according to LC response speed. Moreover, we made an experiment to compare the stereoscopic effect and annoyance of motion pictures with several settings of LC speed. The experiment result shows that the condition of LC response time with 10% to 90% Ton 8ms and 90% to 10% Toff 5ms has similar performance to that of the extremely‐fast LC, and is acceptable to 90% of the 27 assessors.
73.3: Invited Paper: Four Point Bending of AMLCD Panel
Authors: Westbrook Jamie T. , Bayne John F. , Carley Stephen H. , Vepakomma K. Hemanth , Kim Jum S. , Gulati Suresh T.
Published: October 2012

The four‐point bend test is used extensively to measure the edge (and surface) strength of AMLCD displays both in panel form and single substrate. The subtleties of four‐point bend test for AMLCD panel applications and how one might use additional techniques, such as strain gage, finite element modeling and failure mode analysis, to better understand the data generated are investigated. This paper attempts to show the following: i) the standard four‐point bend equation (figure 1) is not applicable to thin AMLCD panels, ii) the edges and surface experience different stress, iii) stresses can be quantified by knowing break location and the appropriate strain level, and iv) failure mode analysis can support the strain analysis and provide valuable information to the experimenter.
P‐7: A New 3‐TFT Current Scaling Pixel Circuit for AMOLED Displays
Authors: Lin Chih‐Lung , Hung Chia‐Che , Chang Yi‐Ming , Tu Chun‐Da , Hsu Sheng‐Kai , Chen Yung‐Chih
Published: October 2012

A new current scaling pixel circuit using three low‐temperature polycrystalline‐silicon (LTPS) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) for Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes (AMOLEDs) is presented. The proposed circuit with simplified components can enhance the aperture ratio, accelerate the pixel programming time, as well as compensate for the variations of TFT threshold voltage.
P‐17: Performance Enhancement of Solution‐Processed Zn‐Sn‐O TFTs Using High‐Pressure Annealing
Authors: Lim Hyun Soo , Rim You Seung , Kim Dong Lim , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we investigated the effects of high‐pressure annealing (HPA) in solution‐processed zinc tin oxide (ZTO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs). The O2‐HPA‐treated ZTO TFTs showed higher electrical performances in aspect of an on‐current (Ion), saturation mobility (μsat) and bias stability. The O2‐HPA treatment could contribute to the elimination of defect states that originated from the oxygen vacancies in solution‐processed metal‐oxide films. The 350°C O2‐HPA‐treated ZTO TFT showed μsat, threshold voltage (Vth), subthreshold slope (S.S) and on/off ratio of 2.35 cm2/V·s, 4.36 V, 0.58 V/dec., and 1.16times107, respectively.
P‐21: High Performance Solution Processed IZTO TFT at the Maximum Process Temperature of 230°C
Authors: Avis Christophe , Kim Youn Goo , Jang Jin
Published: October 2012

We report a high performance solution processed oxide thin film transistor (TFT) produced at the maximum temperature of 230°C. Chloride derivate precursors were used for making Indium Zinc Tin Oxide (IZTO) as channel layer and Aluminum Oxide (AlOx) as gate insulator. The IZTO TFT exhibits field‐effect mobility of 6.8 cm2/Vs, threshold voltage of 0.74V and subthreshold swing of 103mV/dec. The TFT shows stable performance under negative bias and illumination stress (NBIS).
P‐25: 3‐D Surface Profilometry for Accurate Extraction of Depth Profile with LC Phase Modulator
Authors: Joo Kyung‐Il , Noh Hee Yeon , Park Chang‐sub , Park Min‐Kyu , Oh Seong‐Woo , Kim Hak‐Rin
Published: October 2012

We proposed a 3‐D surface profilometry with a liquid crystal (LC) phase modulator for accurate extraction of the position and depth profile. The LC phase modulator was designed to develop the dynamic fringe patterns to be operated with multi‐spatial frequencies, which were determined by changing the gap between micro‐pinholes. The amount of phase shift was controlled by changing the applied voltage. In addition, the fictitious pattern scanning method and geometrical parameters were used to reconstruct position and depth profile of an object. As a result, the depth profile of object could be computed accurately with profilometry. Also, 3‐D surface profilometry showed that integrated compact system could be constructed with the proposed scheme.
P‐142L: Late‐News Poster: Time of Flight Based 3D Image Sensing Using Holographically Projected Structured Illumination
Authors: Nguyen Krzysztof , Tyndall David , Walker Richard , Henderson Robert , Hossack William , Underwood Ian
Published: October 2012

A novel Time of Flight based 3D imaging system incorporates adaptive structured illumination using holographic projection via a phase‐modulating ferroelectric liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator. It demonstrates high optical signal to noise ratio and low optical cross‐talk.
P‐31: Theory and Application of Paired Comparison Methods in Display and Lighting Preference Study
Authors: Zhang Yuning , Wang Lili , Chen Yawen , Xia Jun , Li Xiaohua , Lei Wei
Published: October 2012

Paired comparison methodology is currently widely used in different fields, including display and lighting research. There are various approaches proposed for the calculation of z‐score and error‐bars. This paper summarizes and compares those approaches, on the respect of theory basis, calculation complexity, and performances. Especially it was proved in our study that generalized linear model, with proper observation distribution setting, provides the result derived from either traditional Thurstone Model or maximum likelihood estimation model.
P‐35: Individual Differences in the Use of Binocular and Monocular Depth Cues in 3D‐Graphic Environments
Authors: Fujisaki Hirotaka , Yamashita Haruto , Kihara Ken , Ohtsuka Sakuichi
Published: October 2012

We found that 30 % of non‐stereoanomalous observers, aged 19 to 25 years old, did not use disparity in making depth judgments in 3D‐graphic environments. However, several questionnaires indicate that the use of disparity can be learned unconsciously, suggesting that poor stereopsis can be improved by appropriate training procedures.
P‐41: A New Column Driver IC Employing a Quaternary Digital‐to‐Analog Conversion Method for Active‐Matrix Displays
Authors: Lee Woo‐Nyoung , Park Hyun‐Sang , Ryu Seong‐young , Kim Ki‐Joon
Published: October 2012

Abstract: We adopt a novel digital‐to‐analog conversion (DAC) architecture entitled “quarternary‐type DAC (Q‐DAC)” to column drivers for active‐matrix displays. To realize the Q‐DAC architecture, we newly design level‐shifters and decoders. Compared with conventional binary‐type DAC, our Q‐DAC is more area‐efficient and has smaller RC‐delay characteristics. Proposed circuit has been verified by sucessful fabrication of a 6‐bit column driver for active‐matrix liquid‐crystal displays (AMLCDs). The area of DAC block has been reduced up to 30%. The number of gross‐die per wafer has increased about 10% and the output delay has been reduced 200 ns to 100 ns
P‐42: Skew‐less Point‐to‐Point Mini‐LVDS (SPPmL) Interface for Large‐Scale TFT‐LCD Applications
Authors: Huang Wen‐Chiang , Chung Chun‐Fan , Yang Chih‐Hsiang , Ho Yu‐Hsi , Chang Rong‐Yuan
Published: October 2012

This paper presents an intra‐panel interface that adopts a skew‐less point‐to‐point mini‐LVDS (SPPmL) using 240 Hz of driving technology. A differential data signal with an embedded code was applied between the timing controller (TCON) and column driver ICs (DICs) to synchronize the clock and data. The synchronization core circuit was based on a delay cell that eliminates clock and data skew problems. Power consumption was effectively reduced using a delay cell circuit lower than using a phase‐locked loop (PLL) and a delay‐locked loop (DLL) circuit. The proposed SPPmL interface was verified on a 65‐in. full HD (1920times1080) TFT‐LCD panel to achieve the high data transfer rate required for high‐resolution LCD models. The measured results show that the maximum data rate is higher than 2.0 Gb/s.
P‐48: Development of Driver IC with Novel Driving Method for the Electrowetting Display
Authors: Jung Ho‐Yong , Choi Uk‐Chol , Park Su‐Hyeong , Hwang Hyun‐Sik , Park Cheol‐Woo , You Bong‐Hyun , Choi Jeung‐Hie
Published: October 2012

Recently, it has been reported that the electrowetting display (EWD) is an attractive technology for the reflective display. It is required to apply relatively high frequency and voltage for driving the electrowetting device(EWD) due to the characteristics of the EWD. Until now, it was impossible to optimize new algorithm for the EWD because a suitable driver IC for EWD was as yet undeveloped. In this paper, we developed driver IC with novel driving method to reduce the power consumption and temperature for EWD. We also estimated the effect of temperature for EWD driver IC according to driving conditions.
P‐138: Simulation‐Based Look‐Ahead Release Planning for Color Filter Fabs
Authors: Author) James C. Chen (Contact , Lee Szu‐Hsien , Chen Chien‐Yu , Anggono Nikita , Huang PoTsang B. , Chen Chih‐Cheng , Peng Tzu‐Wei , Huang Jung‐Tsai , Chu Chun‐Chia
Published: October 2012

This study develops look‐ahead release planning on the basis of AutoMod simulation model validates with real data and experimentally investigates the impact of throughput. The significant factors of the experimental results show that look‐ahead approach is effective in reducing idle time and improving throughput.
P‐85: A Novel Transflective Display Using Blue Phase Liquid Crystal
Authors: Zhong En‐Wei , Ni Shui‐Bin , Jian‐Tan  , Yue‐Song  , Zhu Ji‐Liang , Lu Jian‐Gang
Published: October 2012

A In Plane Switching (IPS) mode single‐cell‐gap transflective display using blue‐phase liquid crystal (BPLC) is proposed. The novel structure makes use of the space above the electrodes of the IPS structure which contributes little to the total transmittance due to weak horizontal electric field as reflective region and the space between the electrodes as transmissive region. The shape of the electrodes is optimized to balance the phase retardation between the transmissive region and reflective region. This transflective structure exhibits relatively high optical efficiency and well matched driving voltage of both transmittance and reflectance curves.
P‐95: Novel Rubbing Cloth Providing an Alignment Layer with Low Pretilt Angle and Large Azimuthal Anchoring Energy
Authors: Ishihara Shoichi , Hoshino Yoshiaki , Horikawa Ryota , Maeda Takashi , Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: October 2012

We studied the rubbing cloths with different pile length and cloth materials, and investigated their influences on the alignment property of the alignment layer. It has been found that rayon cloth which contains fine TiO2 particles provides an alignment layer with low pretilt angle and large azimuthal anchoring energy and is suitable for the rubbing process in the manufacturing of IPS or FFS mode LCDs.
P‐114: Transparent Conductive Network of Silver Nanowires as OLED Electrode
Authors: Pschenitzka Florian , Shen Yuxin
Published: October 2012

We fabricated bottom‐emitting small‐molecule devices with a transparent anode based on Cambrios' ClearOhm™ technology. This material is a silver nanowire suspension which forms a conductive network after being coated on the substrate.

We present the device characteristics of OLED devices with different emitting area. Large‐area devices have show significantly better device performance.
P‐119: Improved Structure of Out‐Coupling Film to Reduce the Angular Dependence of Chromaticity
Authors: Inoue Hiroyasu , Fujita Megumi , Harai Ken'ichi , Abe Hana , Hori Toshihiko , Kashiwagi Motofumi
Published: October 2012

We have evaluated surface structures for out‐coupling film for applying to the top surface of OLED lighting devices to reduce the angular dependence of chromaticity. By the combination of optimized structure and scattering layer, improved optical properties were obtained while maintaining low rainbow colored surface reflections and scratch durability.
P‐25: Improvement of Coupling Efficiency of OLED by Using Centered‐Hollow Micro‐lens Array Film together with V‐Grooves
Authors: Jiang Jeng‐Ren , Lee Pei‐Yu , Chen Yi‐Jiun , Lee Jiun‐Haw , Chiu Tien‐Lung , Lin Hoang Yan
Published: October 2012

The coupling efficiency of OLED can be increased by centered‐hollow micro‐lens array films with pixel‐partition. While the number of pixel‐partition increases, the total internal reflection of adjacent centered‐hollow arrangement occurs. We provide an additional coupling path through triangle grooves on the substrate. The results show that the luminance efficiency enhancement at normal direction is improved from 63% to 116%.
P‐127: Transient Electroluminescence of Phosphorescent OLEDs with Mixed Host System
Authors: Kim Hee‐Kyung , Lee Chang‐Hee
Published: October 2012

The transient EL profiles for a electrophosphorescent OLEDs with the solution‐processed and mixed‐host emissive layer featured prominent overshoot peaks depending on the host compositions. These overshoot peaks showed exceptionally high intensity ratio and duration time ratio over the steady‐state EL emission, reflecting the interfacial charge accumulation and the phosphorescent emission nature of devices. We propose that these intense overshoot phenomena can be utilized to increase the device efficiency and stability of OLEDs.
P‐128: Solution Processable Polymer OLED Lighting Panels with 25 lm/W Efficiency
Authors: Wilson Richard J. , Humphries Martin J. , Archer Robert A. , Mohamad David , Foxon Simon , Garcia Elena Hojas , King Simon , Kugler Thomas , Baker Colin , Conway Natasha , Burroughes Jeremy , Bidd Ilesh
Published: October 2012

Through understanding of the device and photo‐physics we have developed a fluorescent and phosphorescent hybrid materials set and device architecture for stable white Polymer OLED (P‐OLED) lighting devices yielding 25 lm/W efficiency. We show that this technology can be transferred to solution processed ITO‐free lighting panels realizing 32 lm/W efficiency with out‐coupling film.
P‐130: Digital Micro Hinge Button Projection Display Device
Authors: Mphepö Wallen , Tian Xu , Shu Wang Yi , Xin Wang , Hui Liang Yi
Published: October 2012

Mini projectors, micro‐ projectors and pico projectors have all introduced new areas of applications that were unfathomable before. However their performances have yet to match or surpass conventional projectors. In this paper we hereby present a radical improvement in the form of an infinite primary colors button projector based on our Digital Micro Hinge [DMH] Display technology research.
P‐156L: Late‐News Poster: Get in Contact ‐ Interaction with Smart TVs from Anywhere in the Living Room
Authors: Koeppe R.
Published: October 2012

In this article, a new concept is presented that allows for a Smart TV, digital whiteboard or All‐In‐One‐PC interface that extends the reach of the users touch ability to ranges above 5 meters away from the screen. A frame of photodetectors based on isiQiri's Q‐Foil technology around the screen can detect light from line lasers installed in the corners or along the sides of the frame. Objects breaking these light fans create shadows on the detectors. Using the data from the detectors, the exact position of multiple objects touching the screen can be detected and traced. Additional to this multitouch input, the photosensor frame can detect light coming from a laser or LED pointer equipped with a crossline optic. When the crossline pattern from the pointer is projected on the screen, the crossing points between the light lines and the photodetector stripes and thus the exact direction in which the pointer is aimed at can be determined. In this way, a frame of thin photodetector stripes can be used to create multiuser input on a large flatscreen monitor both by touch and a pointer from a distance.
In vivo spatially localized high resolution 1H MRS via intermolecular single‐quantum coherence of rat brain at 7 T
Authors: Cui Xiaohong , Bao Jianfeng , Huang Yuqing , Cai Shuhui , Chen Zhong
Published: October 2012

Purpose:

To compare the conventional localized point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) with localized 2D intermolecular single‐quantum coherence (iSQC) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and obtain in vivo MRS spectrum of rat brain using the latter technique.

Materials and Methods:

A brain phantom, an intact pig brain tissue, and mature Sprague–Dawley rat were studied by PRESS, Nano magic‐angle spinning spectroscopy, and iSQC MRS.

Results:

Using PRESS, high‐resolution MRS can be obtained from the brain phantom and pig brain tissue with a small voxel in a relatively homogeneous field. When a large voxel is selected, the field homogeneity is distinctly reduced. No useful information is obtained from the PRESS spectra. However, using the iSQC MRS, high‐resolution spectra can be obtained from the two samples with a relatively large voxel. In the same way, an iSQC MRS spectrum can be obtained from a relatively large voxel of in vivo rat brain with a comparable resolution to the PRESS spectrum with a small voxel.

Conclusion:

Compared to PRESS, the iSQC MRS may be more feasible and promising for detection of strongly structured tissues with relatively large voxels. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:359–364. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Competition between strain and confinement effects on the crystalline quality of InAs/GaAs (001) quantum dots probed by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Rezgui K. , Aloulou S. , Rihani J. , Oueslati M.
Published: October 2012

Self‐organized quantum dots (SOQDs) of InAs/GaAs (001) prepared at low growth temperatures have been carried out by Raman spectroscopy. The structural study performed on these samples using atomic force microscopy showed the presence of two families of quantum dots, and these results were confirmed by analysis of Raman spectra. The low temperature growth leads to smaller dots with nonuniform sizes. The disagreement between the lattice parameters violated the selection rules, and all Raman modes could be observed. SOQDs Raman spectrum shows contribution from the GaAs substrate, the wetting layer, InAs quantum dots and InGaAs alloys at InAs/GaAs interface. A spatial correlation model including the different vibration modes was used to adjust the experimental result. A good agreement of theoretical and experimental results was obtained. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution‐processed and low‐temperature metal oxide n‐channel thin‐film transistors and low‐voltage complementary circuitry on large‐area flexible polyimide foil
Authors: Rockelé Maarten , Pham Duy‐Vu , Steiger Jürgen , Botnaras Silviu , Weber Dennis , Vanfleteren Jan , Sterken Tom , Cuypers Dieter , Steudel Soeren , Myny Kris , Schols Sarah , van der Putten Bas , Genoe Jan , Heremans Paul
Published: October 2012

High‐performance solution‐based n‐type metal oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs), fabricated directly on polyimide foil at a post‐annealing temperature of only 250 °C, are realized and reported. Saturation mobilities exceeding 2 cm²/(Vs) and on‐to‐off current ratios up to 108 are achieved. The usage of these oxide n‐type TFTs as the pixel drive and select transistors in future flexible active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) displays is proposed. With these oxide n‐type TFTs, fast and low‐voltage n‐type only flexible circuitry is demonstrated. Furthermore, a complete 8‐bit radio‐frequency identification transponder chip on foil has been fabricated and measured, to prove that these oxide n‐type TFTs have reached already a high level of yield and reliability. The integration of the same solution‐based oxide n‐type TFTs with organic p‐type TFTs into hybrid complementary circuitry on polyimide foil is demonstrated. A comparison between both the n‐type only and complementary elementary circuitry shows the high potential of this hybrid complementary technology for future line‐drive circuitry embedded at the borders of flexible AMOLED displays.
GOVERNANCE AND POVERTY ERADICATION: APPLYING A GENDER AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Jones Nicola , Presler‐Marshall Elizabeth
Published: October 2012

Recently, there has been growing attention to the need to include girls (and boys) more prominently in poverty reduction and development agendas. How to do this effectively, however, remains an under‐researched subject, especially in debates around chronic poverty, that is, the experience of severe, multidimensional poverty for an extended period of time. Although the Chronic Poverty Research Centre has spotlighted the often overlooked social and nonincome dimensions of poverty traps, including social discrimination and limited citizenship, in general scholarship has paid relatively limited attention to the interplay between gender, poverty reduction and governance institutions. To address this lacuna, this article draws on recent research by the Chronic Poverty Research Centre and the Overseas Development Institute that highlights the key role context‐specific social institutions play in informing and determining the life opportunities and agency of girls and young women. To more effectively address the governance challenges involved in tackling such deprivations, the article discusses three key measures that can support the eradication of gendered experiences of poverty: the importance of involving local community leaders, working with men and boys to raise awareness about girls' and women's rights, and promoting collective action and voice among girls and young women. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GOVERNANCE IN THE INTERESTS OF THE MOST VULNERABLE
Authors: Howe Brendan M.
Published: October 2012

We expect those who govern to do so in the interests of the governed. From an international institutional perspective on governance, derived from major international donor frameworks (IMF, WB, EU), good governance refers to efficiency in the provision of services and economic competitiveness. Increasingly, good governance has also come to mean accountability in the provision of services and in the generation and distribution of the collective good. Although even then, there are concerns regarding the impact on the extreme poor, cultural relativity and path dependency, as aggregate measurements of success are used, top‐down exogenous values and primarily Western standards are imposed and political rights are prioritised over other, perhaps more immediate, entitlement rights. This article returns to a fundamental conceptualisation of governance, arguing that the ‘right’ approach to public administration is that which provides for the basic human needs of all to the greatest extent, but in particular, provides for those of the most vulnerable sections of society. Poverty is one of the greatest challenges to human security and basic human needs, in particular, as addressed in this article, when it is linked to insecurity due to the impact and legacy of conflict. Thus, the article examines conceptual and policy problems related to the provision of ‘safe havens’ for the vulnerable, regardless of their citizenship status. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of organoclays on the rheological and morphological properties of poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene)/poly(methyl methacrylate)/ clay nanocomposites
Authors: Nazari Tayebe , Garmabi Hamid
Published: October 2012

Using the rheological measurements, the effect of three types of organoclays on the morphology and nanoclay dispersion in the poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (ABS/PMMA) blends was investigated. For this purpose, polymers were melt blended with 2 and 4 wt% of organoclays in a twin‐screw extruder. Structural analysis of the blends and nanocomposites through the rheometery, theoretical approach, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the clay content and interaction level between clays and the polymers dominated the morphology. While the morphology of the blends varied by PMMA content, smaller PMMA domains were observed for blends containing clay particles. Better‐interacted and intercalated nanoclays were mainly located within the interface at lower content. While, at higher content, they tended to migrate into the dispersed phase. Theoretical calculations of interfacial tensions and wetting coefficients confirmed this kind of migration. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:1893–1902, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of incorporation sequence of silica nanoparticles on morphology, crystallization behavior, mechanical properties, and thermal resistance of melt blended thermoplastic natural rubber
Authors: Jarnthong Methakarn , Nakason Charoen , Lopattananon Natinee , Peng Zheng
Published: October 2012

Thermoplastic natural rubber nanocomposites based on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and polypropylene blends at a fixed blend ratio of 50/50 wt% reinforced with small amount (2.5 wt%) of nanosilica (SiO2) were prepared by melt‐mixing through three different incorporation sequences in an internal mixer. The effects of incorporation techniques on morphology, crystallization behavior, mechanical properties, dynamic, rheological characteristics, and thermal resistance of thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) nanocomposites were investigated. It was found that the dispersion of nanosilica in TPNRs was significantly dependent on the incorporation sequence. In the case where SiO2 was premixed in ENR before blending with polypropylene (PP), the final morphology showed the good dispersion of SiO2 in ENR phase, while the SiO2 particles were localized near the PP interface when SiO2 was premixed the in PP first. Whereas, when the three components were simultaneously mixed, the SiO2 particles were mainly dispersed in the PP phase. It was also found that the improvements of Young's modulus, tensile strength, damping behavior, and thermal stability of TPNR nanocomposites were more pronounced when the SiO2 particles localized in ENR phase. By contrast, the presence of SiO2 particles in PP domain either near the interface or inside the PP phase affected the reduction in crystallinity of PP phase and showed a negative effect on mechanical properties due to the poor interface interaction between PP and SiO2 particles. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:1911–1920, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Characteristics of large‐scale nanohole arrays for thin‐silicon photovoltaics
Authors: Chen Ting‐Gang , Yu Peichen , Chen Shih‐Wei , Chang Feng‐Yu , Huang Bo‐Yu , Cheng Yu‐Chih , Hsiao Jui‐Chung , Li Chi‐Kang , Wu Yuh‐Renn
Published: October 2012

Nanostructured crystalline silicon is promising for thin‐silicon photovoltaic devices because of reduced material usage and wafer quality constraint. This paper presents the optical and photovoltaic characteristics of silicon nanohole (SiNH) arrays fabricated using polystyrene nanosphere lithography and reactive‐ion etching (RIE) techniques for large‐area processes. A post‐RIE damage removal etching is subsequently introduced to mitigate the surface recombination issues and also suppress the surface reflection due to modifications in the nanohole sidewall profile, resulting in a 19% increase in the power conversion efficiency. We show that the damage removal etching treatment can effectively recover the carrier lifetime and dark current–voltage characteristics of SiNH solar cells to resemble the planar counterpart without RIE damages. Furthermore, the reflectance spectra exhibit broadband and omnidirectional anti‐reflective properties, where an AM1.5 G spectrum‐weighted reflectance achieves 4.7% for SiNH arrays. Finally, a three‐dimensional optical modeling has also been established to investigate the dimension and wafer thickness dependence of light absorption. We conclude that the SiNH arrays reveal great potential for efficient light harvesting in thin‐silicon photovoltaics with a 95% material reduction compared to a typical cell thickness of 200 µm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical properties of individual GaP nanowires doped by zinc
Authors: Novak Jozef , Šoltýs Ján , Eliáš Peter , Hasenöhrl Stanislav , Stoklas Roman , Dujavová Agata , Mikulics Martin
Published: October 2012

Gallium phosphide nanowires (NWs) doped by zinc were prepared on (111)B GaP substrates by low‐pressure metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy using 30 nm Au seed particles. The NWs were transferred onto SiO2/Si substrate. Single NWs were processed into two‐ and four‐probe back‐gated devices electrically contacted via low‐resistance ohmic contacts, formed by evaporation of Au + Zn alloy that was annealed at 400 °C. The device topology was defined using electron beam lithography (EBL) and lift‐off. The NW electrical properties were evaluated from I–V characteristics measured for various gate voltages. The measurement gave evidence that the NW were p‐type. The NW resistivity and hole concentration were between 0.254 and 0.325 Ωcm, and 0.9–1.5 × 1018 cm−3, respectively.
The switching effect in chalcogenides: Ioffe Institute investigations
Authors: Tsendin Konstantin
Published: October 2012

In the present paper one can find a short review of the main experimental results on the switching effect and its theoretical analysis, which have been elaborated in the Ioffe Institute, Russia, from 1963 until today.
Team Spirit
Authors: McDowell Janice
Published: October 2012

View From the Chalkboard essays share readers' reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
Bilateral Subtotal Thyroidectomy Versus Hemithyroidectomy Plus Subtotal Resection (Dunhill Procedure) for Benign Goiter: Long‐Term Results of a Prospective, Randomized Study
Authors: Rayes Nada , Steinmüller Thomas , Schröder Sabine , Klötzler Andre , Bertram Helga , Denecke Timm , Neuhaus Peter , Seehofer Daniel
Published: October 2012

Background

Two recent meta‐analyses of mostly retrospective studies have shown high recurrence rates following subtotal resection of bilateral multinodular goiter. Therefore, many endocrine centers have changed their operative procedures in favor of thyroidectomy. Consequently, the rate of complications, especially hypoparathyroidism, has increased. Hemithyroidectomy plus subtotal resection (Dunhill operation) overcomes some disadvantages of bilateral subtotal resection (BST). We performed a prospective, randomized trial to compare the Dunhill operation (DO) and BST for benign goiters.

Methods

Between October 1994 and March 1997, a total of 200 consecutive patients were randomized into two study groups. Primary outcome measure was the incidence of recurrent goiter. Secondary outcome measures were incidence of recurrent nerve palsy and hypoparathyroidism. In all patients, ultrasonography of the thyroid and measurement of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone were performed. Recurrent nerve function was analyzed by indirect laryngoscopy. Long term data (>10 years after surgery) were available in 70 DO patients and 65 BST patients. Mean follow‐up was 11.3 ± 4.2 years (10–12 years).

Results

No differences were seen in the operating times, transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism, or recurrent nerve palsy. In the long‐term, mean thyroid volumes were significantly lower in the DO group (3.5 ± 3.5 vs. 6.4 ± 6.5 ml, p = 0.01). One reoperation was required in the BST group because of recurrence versus none in the DO group. 68 of 70 (97 %) patients in group DO and 59 of 65 (91 %) in group BST had ongoing thyroid hormone therapy with no significant differences in mean dosages of l‐thyroxine.

Conclusions

The Dunhill operation and BST are safe procedures. In case of small remnants, clinically significant recurrence is a rare event especially after the Dunhill operation.
Major Perioperative Morbidity Does Not Affect Long‐Term Survival in Patients Undergoing Esophagectomy for Cancer of the Esophagus or Gastroesophageal Junction
Authors: Xia Brent T. , Rosato Ernest L. , Chojnacki Karen A. , Crawford Albert G. , Weksler Benny , Berger Adam C.
Published: October 2012

Introduction

The incidence of cancer of the esophagus/GE junction is dramatically increasing but continues to have a dismal prognosis. Esophagectomy provides the best opportunity for long‐term cure but is hampered by increased rates of perioperative morbidity. We reviewed our large institutional experience to evaluate the impact of postoperative complications on the long‐term survival of patients undergoing resection for curative intent.

Methods

We identified 237 patients who underwent esophagogastrectomy, with curative intent, for cancer between 1994 and 2008. Complications were graded using the previously published Clavien scale. Survival was calculated using Kaplan–Meier methodology and survival curves were compared using log‐rank tests. Multivariate analysis was performed with continuous and categorical variables as predictors of survival, and examined with logistic regression and odds ratio confidence intervals.

Results

There were 12 (5 %) perioperative deaths. The average age of all patients was 62 years, and the majority (82 %) was male. Complication grade did not significantly affect long‐term survival, although patients with grade IV (serious) complications did have a decreased survival (p = 0.15). Predictors of survival showed that the minimally invasive type esophagectomy (p = 0.0004) and pathologic stage (p = 0.0007) were determining factors. There was a significant difference in overall survival among patients who experienced pneumonia (p = 0.00016) and respiratory complications (p = 0.0004), but this was not significant on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

In this single‐institution series, we found that major perioperative morbidity did not have a negative impact on long‐term survival which is different than previous series. The impact of tumor characteristics at time of resection on long‐term survival is of most importance.
The Arctic Ocean—a Canadian perspective from IPY
Authors: Melling H. , Francois R. , Myers P. G. , Perrie W. , Rochon A. , Taylor R. L.
Published: October 2012

Canada’s IPY program funded seven marine projects spanning the North American Arctic. Work embraced oceanography, air-sea interactions, storm response, paleo-climate and trace-element chemistry. Notable findings are emerging. Conditions in the Beaufort were unusual in 2007, with very high air pressure bringing strong winds, rapid ice drift, thin winter ice, enhanced shelf-break upwelling and a maximum in freshwater retention in the Beaufort Gyre. A mapping of trace chemicals suggests that Arctic mid-depth circulation may also have reversed. Study of Canadian Arctic through-flow revealed a net annual seawater export of 44,000 cubic kilometres from the Arctic to Baffin Bay. Observations of sea ice, sustained through the IPY, affirmed that ice cover is the key attribute of Arctic seas, with wind as a potent agent in its variation. Surveys have shown that the anthropogenic decline in seawater alkalinity is aggravated in the Arctic by low temperature and low salinity resulting from ice melt. Careful experiments have revealed that Arctic phytoplankton growth is constrained by scarcity of dissolved iron where light levels are low. A manganese fingerprint in sediments has tracked changing sea level during the Ice Age. Sediment-core analysis has revealed the Arctic Oscillation as a dominant cause of long-period climate variations during the Holocene. One project has demonstrated how multi-tasked vessels can maintain a watch on Canada’s Arctic within a reliable affordable logistic framework, while a wave forecast model developed by another for the Beaufort is suitable for operational use.
Biological Behavior of Osteoblast-like Cells on Titania and Zirconia Films Deposited by Cathodic Arc Deposition
Authors: Zhang Shailin , Sun Junying , Xu Ying , Qian Shi , Wang Bing , Liu Fei , Liu Xuanyong
Published: October 2012

Cathodic arc deposition technique was used to deposit zirconia (ZrO2) films and titania (TiO2) films on titanium (Ti) disks respectively. The surface topography was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The element composition of the films was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The phase of films was identified by thin film X-ray diffraction. The biological behavior of osteoblast-like MG63 cells cultured on Ti, TiO2 and ZrO2 was investigated and the possible signaling molecules involved was studied by the gene expressions of integrin β1, extracellular related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and c-fos. The results indicated that both the TiO2 and ZrO2 films were amorphous. Scanning electron microscopy study showed that the adhesion of MG63 cells on TiO2 and ZrO2 films was significantly enhanced compared to Ti. The CCK8 assay indicated that the TiO2 and ZrO2 films promoted the proliferation of MG-63 cells. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity test and the production of type collagen I (COLI) by immunofluorescence showed that both the TiO2 and ZrO2 films can enhance ALP activity and COLI expression of MG-63 cells. In addition, the ALP activity on ZrO2 films was higher than on TiO2 films at day 4, which indicate ZrO2 films may lead to promotion of a more osteoblastic phenotype of MG-63 cells than TiO2 films. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that The gene expression of integrin β1, ERK1/2, and c-fos was higher on TiO2 and ZrO2 films than on Ti. The present work suggests that the amorphous ZrO2 films produced by cathodic arc deposition may be favorable for orthopedic implant applications and worth further study.