bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Main Propulsion Plant’s Mission Reliability in View of Performance Degradation
Authors: Shi Heng , Yu Shi Lin , Deng Jun
Published: November 2014

The reliability of watercraft depends to a large extent on the reliability of main propulsion plant. It should be distinguished on the base of mission variation charged by watercraft during study of main propulsion plant’s reliability. The mission reliability under rated and economical speed is studied via one main propulsion plant as subject in this paper, while the influence performance degradation of main propulsion plant on its mission reliability mostly studied. Relative curve between mission reliability and working time has been found. The results show that, reliability model in view of performance degradation has good expansibility, approach more to actual malfunction of main propulsion plant, as well as evaluates performance of main propulsion plant well and truly. The results could be guidance for user to establish maintenance schedule in order to improve the mission reliability of main propulsion plant.
Design of Walking Stepless Speed System for Caterpillar Feeding Combined Harvester
Authors: Lou Xi Yin
Published: November 2014

Hydro mechanical stepless speed system is a new conbination system of hydraulic transmission and mechanical transmission, which realizes the stepless speed change through the hydraulic transmission and the mechanical transmission to reduce the speed and torque, and to improve transmission efficiency; through optimizing design, The system can realize the differential steering, increase ground clearance. In this paper, the caterpillar feeding combined harvester is the object, the system is composed by the motor, a variable pump single stage planetary gear, hydraulic machinery stepless speed walking system is of wide speed range, simple structure.
New Plasma Surface Processing Technology and its Application
Authors: Cao Tian Dong , Chen Chang Zi
Published: November 2014

Plasma surface processing technology can improve the mechanical properties, the corrosion resistance and chemical properties of the parts; therefore it has been widely used in industrial field. Advanced plasma surface processing technology is also constantly innovation, high power pulsed magnetron sputtering technique has been studied and explored by many scholars in recent years, and also gradually began to be used in the industry . This paper mainly introduces the study of HiPIMS dynamic and application over the past ten years. The HiPIMS discharge mechanism research method and theory is summarized .And the influence of the preparation process parameters about voltage, pressure, pulse width and frequency to compound film performance is systematically described, a detection method for thin film by HiPIMS is also introduced. These will provide guidance for the preparation of reactive HiPIMS.
Vibration Characteristics and Damage of Turbine Generator Shaft Rubbing
Authors: Zhang Rong Pei
Published: November 2014

An abnormal journal vibration occurred when a 660MW turbo generator unit was in daily operation. It was identified that rubbing vibration had taken place based on the behavior of the journal vibration and the temperature change of lubricating oil. The rubbing was located inside the bearing box between the HIP rotor and the LP rotor. However, no elimination measures had been taken in time because the damage caused by rubbing was underestimated. Few months later a full inspection revealed that the LP rotor shaft had been worn out with a 70mm wide and 28mm deep groove, which greatly weakened the strength of the LP rotor. The analysis presented here may help in diagnosing and understanding rubbing-vibration-related problems in similar situations.
Measuring Principle of Dynamic Unbalance for Crankshaft
Authors: Chang Jun
Published: November 2014

measuring principle of dynamic unbalance and calibration process is the key point of the crankshaft production, which refers to the unbalance theory, mechanical design, sensors, and signal analysis. It is a complex and comprehensive technology. This paper mainly introduces the measuring principle of dynamic unbalance for crankshaft from theoretical side. Firstly, we will introduce the calculation theory of dynamic balancing; secondly, we will introduce the measuring system of crankshaft dynamic balancing, which includes support system and measuring system.Key words: dynamic balancing, influence coefficient method, support system, measuring system
Design and Debugging of PMSM Control Algorithm for Electric Drive Tracked Vehicle
Authors: Feng Xia , Tu Qun Zhang , Pan Ming , Zhang Xiao Chen , Zheng Wei Jie
Published: November 2014

The design and debugging of motor control algorithm for electric drive tracked vehicle as the research object, this paper proposed a graphical model programming method of the code directly generated based on vector control algorithm model of the permanent magnet synchronous motor created in Matlab/Simulink. After simulation analysis and verification, this paper using real time toolbox automatically generated the embedded C code and implemented a processor in the loop test. The test results show that the longest running time of the control algorithm was 7.1633μs, between code and algorithm model, had high functional equivalence .This programming method is simple and intuitive, easy debugging, stable operation, and provides an effective way for motor drive system software development of electric drive tracked vehicle.
Experimental Research of Scuffing of Friction Pair
Authors: Xu Jie Lin , Peng Zeng Xiong , Wang Nan , Xu Shan Lin
Published: November 2014

The scuffing of friction pair is a common phenomenon in conditions of high speed and pressure. It was researched on scuffing characteristics in this paper. By using UMT-3 friction and wear tester, the friction and wear characteristics of slipper pair material in hydraulic component were investigated, and the friction coeficient-speed curves in the different pressures were got, as well as the wear rate-speed curves. The worn surface morphology of pin specimen was photographed by SEM, and the formation mechanism of the worn surface was analyzed. The results suggested that: friction coefficient and wear rate would have a jump when the scuffing occurred, the friction and wear characteristics would be affected by the interaction of pressure (P) and speed (V) . The PV characteristic restricted the correlation between working pressure and speed.
Mechanical Properties Affection of Carbon Powder Added into Casting Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Li Rong , Liu Yong , Zhang Guang Ming
Published: November 2014

In order to study the impact of mechanical properties of aluminum alloy that is added into carbon powder, the aluminum alloy with carbon powder were melt and test bars were cast. The mechanical properties were tested by a tensile tester, the fracture morphology were observed by SEM and the morphology of material surface and composition were checked by SEM and EDAX. The results showed that: several slip platforms were observed during bar stretching and the longer slip platform is better elongation, so the ductile of alloy was improved obliviously after adding carbon powder. Microscopic studies showed that the aluminum alloy system has been infiltrated by the carbon powder and some stable compounds were formed in the alloy systems. Overall, Carbon is added can effectively promote the toughness of the aluminum alloy and improve the mechanical properties to some extent. Keywords: Carbon powder, Cast aluminum alloy, Slip platform, Toughness
Automated Mechanical Transmission Technology and Development Trend
Authors: Chen Qi , Zhao Yu Cai , Yin Jian Bo , Ma Yun Bo
Published: November 2014

Automated Mechanical Transmission achieves automatic shifting by applying electronic control technology in traditional dry clutch and Manual Transmission,not only having the advantages of automatic transmission, but also keeping the performance of the original manual transmission. This paper generally introduces the function and performance characteristics of Automated Mechanical Transmission, and elaborates its system structure, working principle and key technology. The key technology is divided into 4 parts, including Electronic Control System, Clutch Control, Shift Strategy and Design and Optimization of the Actuator. Combining with the related companies' research and development products, the performance of the Automated Mechanical Transmission is further analyzed. At the same time, according to the current research status in the world, putting forward the following research focus and development trend of Automated Mechanical Transmission.Keywords: Automated Mechanical Transmission; Key Technology; Development Trend
Research on Influencing Factors of Welding Residual Stress of Welded Pipes
Authors: Bai Lin Yue , Jiang Ke Bin , Gao Lei , Wang Jing Quan
Published: November 2014

Analyzing the pipeline sheet of X70 level, the work also establishes three-dimensional element model of pipeline welding with ANSYS (software of large general purpose with finite element analysis). After comparing different plans, changes of outer diameter and wall thickness are found influencing distributing laws of welding residual stress of welded pipes. Thus, the laws are concluded.
The Statistical Two-Scale Method for Predicting Viscoelastic Properties of Composites with Consistent Random Distribution of Particles
Authors: Zhang Yang , Nie Yu Feng , Wu Ya Tao
Published: November 2014

This study presents a statistical two-scale method to predict the viscoelastic properties of composite materials with consistent random distribution of particles. The explicit formulation for predicting the effective viscoelastic relaxation modulus is given. At first, the Laplace transformation is used to the linear viscoelastic problem, the effective generalized relaxation modulus in Laplace domain for composites is derived. Then, the effective relaxation modulus in time domain is obtained by the least-square and inverse Laplace transformation. At the end of this paper, some numerical examples are given to validate that the presented method is feasible and effective.
The Use of Quasi-Static Indentation Testing to Evaluate Low-Velocity Impact Resistance of Ex Situ Toughened Composite
Authors: Dong Hui Min , An Xue Feng , Yi Xiao Su , Su Zheng Tao
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the valuable impact damage parameters from quasi-static indentation testing to access the low-velocity impact behaviour of ex-situ toughened composites by comparing low-velocity impact and quasi-static test results (the same boundary conditions). In terms of the delamination damage threshold load and indentation depth, quasi-static tests predicted the impact damage resistance well. However, only very conservative estimates of maximum load due to the final fibre failure under higher energy level were achieved. This phenomenon is attributed to two factors. First, energy during quasi-static indentation event is completely transformed or absorbed by the laminate, where it is stored elastically in panel bending or absorbed by the creation of damage, without the energy in the form of vibration, heat, inelastic behaviour of the impactor or the supports. Second, strain rate effect may have a remarkable influence on the fibre failure but on undamaged and delaminated damage.
Flow Field Analysis on the Erosion Prone Parts of the Drilling Equipment
Authors: Wang Qing Lei , Dong Li Ping
Published: November 2014

The erosion and wear mechanism for drilling equipment is studied in this paper, which is for the problem of unstable performance of drilling system and short lifetime caused by the erosion of drilling equipment by drilling fluid. The flow field, surface pressure of the erosion prone parts and drilling fluid flow rate are calculated by the finite element method. The results demonstrate the parts eroded seriously by drilling fluid appear in where the curvature of the curve of the wall changes suddenly and where the rate of change in the stress field is greater, which provide a theoretical basis on design, optimize, repair of drilling equipment.
Study on Skid-Steering Drag Force Calculation and Model for Electric Ground Vehicle with Six In-Wheel Motors
Authors: Zhi Jin Ning , Xiang Chang Le , Ma Yue
Published: November 2014

The skid-steering vehicle is able to be steered by the speed difference of the inside and outside wheels created by controlling the torque distribution of all drive wheels. The three degree of freedom dynamic equations are established for electric ground vehicle with six in-wheeled motors, based on which the drag force calculation model is presented under steady skid-steering condition. Then the variation of resistance torque with the steer input and vehicle velocity is analyzed including its theoretic constraint limit. The steering resistance moment of the electric ground vehicle is compared with that of the tracked vehicle with the same vehicle parameters. In order to validate the calculation results, the virtual prototype model is created and the dynamic simulation is executed in ADAMS software. The results indicate that the resistance moment of electric ground vehicle is more than that of the tracked vehicle with same configurations and the computational model is correct.
Application Overview of Neural Network in Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Cai Ze Fan , Huang Dao Ping
Published: November 2014

This paper introduces the system structure of neural network in fault diagnosis, and summarizes some applications of neural network in fault diagnosis. The most commonly used neural network in fault diagnosis is BP network. The second is RBF network and the third is ART. For each neural network, the paper will discuss the neural network, and the introduce some applications. It also introduces the combination of neural networks and other techniques. In the last part, this paper points out the development trend of the neural network in fault diagnosis.
A Miniaturized Circularly Polarized Antenna Design for RFID Reader
Authors: Yu Yan Zhong , Wang Yun Yan , Chen Yan Ru
Published: November 2014

A miniaturized circularly polarized (CP) antenna for ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader is designed in the present paper. For the aim of miniaturizing antenna, the square radiating patch is opened by four T-shape slots. This can extend the route of surface current, as a result the operating frequency drops and the size reduces. In additional two diagonal corners of the radiation patch are truncated by a square to achieve CP operation. The designed antenna is calculated and optimized by HFSS. The optimized antenna exhibits satisfied performances, and is therefore suitable for UHF RFID reader applications. The designed antenna shows the advantages of small size, simple structure, and low cost.
Research of Algorithm and Localization of Robot Based on Image Registration Technology
Authors: Wang Jun , Ni Xiao Hua
Published: November 2014

In order to improve the localization capability of the robot, digital image matching which based on the frequency domain was adopted, the method could reduce the impact of environmental factors, and adopts the sub-pixel subdivision pixel matching technology through curve fitting, Experimental results show that this method can achieve accurate localization in manipulator assembly working .
Difference Evolution Algorithm for Batch Scheduling in Chemical Flow Shop
Authors: Tang Qi , Liu Peng , Tang Jian Xun
Published: November 2014

Batch production in chemical flow shop is conducted with batch as processing unit. It is characterized by multi-stage production flow, intermediate inventory limit as well as product switching time. This paper presents heuristic difference evolution algorithm which adopts 2-D codes to represent batch size constraint. The experimental results show that the model and algorithm put forward in this paper has good performance.
Model and Simulation of the Quality Control System
Authors: Liu Guo Cai , Pang Hong Xun , Xu Xin Feng
Published: November 2014

This paper analyses the quality study based on the whole life cycle actions of the product by transformation of the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and Project Progress by Fourier ,and designs the quality control system used by PID controller which simulated by Matlab software. Results show that the model is stable and accords with real situation, the outputs of quality control system and PID controller meet monotonically nondecreasing property and deviation convergents.
Research on the Sustainable Development and the Geological Heritage Protection of Taishan National Geopark
Authors: Sheng Ke
Published: November 2014

the Taishan geological park is located in the central province of our country Shandong. which between Ji'nan, Changqing,Feicheng and Tai'an, under the jurisdiction of Tai'an city. As a national geological park, Taishan is also one of the world geological parks, many of the geological relics have a very important scientific research value in the tip subject. In the economic development, city image building, historical and cultural heritage and other aspects, it also plays an indispensable role. Therefore, this paper will discussed the present situation of exploitation and utilization of Taishan geological park, to promote the protection of geological heritage management and sustainable development in Taishan.
Growth Processes of AC Powered Micro-Arc Oxidation Ceramic Film on Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Ma Jin
Published: November 2014

Micro-arc oxidation technique was studied on the surface of 2A12 aluminum alloy using AC power in this paper. The micro-arc oxidation process was divided into several periods to investigate the changes of thickness and surface morphology of oxide film that forms in different periods and record the voltage change between oxide film. The following conclusions have been found: The growth of oxide film can be divided into three stages, the first stage is the formation and disruptive discharge of amorphous oxide film, producing the ceramic oxide granules; the second stage is the formation of ceramic oxide film, the ceramic oxide granules turns into porous structure oxide film in this stage; the third stage is the growth of ceramic oxide film, the gas film forms in the oxide film’s porous structure is electric broken-down, leading higher energy discharged by micro-arc, which becomes a significant reason for promoting the growth of ceramic film.
Fabrication of Stable Superhydrophobic Surface with Low Adhesion on Aluminum Foil
Authors: Xia Yong Mei , Zhang You Fa , Yu Xin Quan , Chen Feng
Published: November 2014

Metal aluminum surface can be corroded easily in acid and alkaline environment. Inspired by the self-cleaning lotus leaf, the development of superhydrophobic metal surfaces to prevent metals from corroding is enjoying tremendous popularity amongst scientists and engineers. In this work, superhydrophobic surface was obtained on aluminum foils via a facile neutral sol solution immersion process and post-modification in ethanol solution of heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetradecyl trimethoxysilane (FAS-17) solution through a hydrothermal synthesis technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and water contact angle measurement are used to investigate the morphologies, microstructures, chemical compositions and wettability of the produced films on aluminum substrates. The results indicated that the superhydrophobic surface, configured of a rough labyrinth structure with convexity and notch, has robust hydrophobility, which had a static water contact angle of 165.6 ± 2.8° and a water roll-off angle of <1°, exhibited long-term durability and stability in air. The present research work provides a new strategy for the simple preparation superhydrophobic films on aluminum foil for practical industrial applications.
On the Characteristics and Corrosion Resistance of Anodic Alumina Films Prepared in Sulfuric Electrolyte with Different Additives
Authors: Yang Xian Fang , Wang Yi Li , Liang Tian Quan , Zhao Cui Hua
Published: November 2014

The characteristics including surface morphology, phase constitution, thickness and the corrosion resistance of the porously anodic films prepared in the sulfuric electrolyte with different additives at 35°C were investigated by SEM, EDS, XRD and electrochemical polarization method in this paper. The additives are organic acids, polyhydric alcohols and rare earth (REE) salts. A porous anodic film with about 20 nm holes in diameter can be obtained by additives into the sulfuric electrolyte. The main chemical compositions of the anodic films are Al, O elements, and a small amount of S. The film after boiling water sealing is composed of boehmite (Al2O3·H2O) and alumina (Al2O3) phases. The compactness and the thickness of the anodic films can be improved by the coupling effect of the additives, which increases the corrosion resistance of the film. The effect of additives on morphologies and corrosion resistance is discussed.
Urea Hardness Optimization in a Fluidized Bed Coating Equipment Using Taguchi Design Method
Authors: Hassan Luqman Hakim , Ku Shaari Ku Zilati , Man Zakaria
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the use of Taguchi Method in optimizing coating hardness in a tangential fluidized bed coater using modified biopolymer. During the coating process, granular ureas collide among themselves and the wall surface at high velocity. This led to excessive attrition and likely to break the granular ureas into smaller sizes. Hence, hardness is the critical properties during operations such as packaging and stacking. A series of coating experiments were carried out by using the L9 orthogonal array with 3 levels to determine the effect of inlet air temperature (40, 60 and 80OC), disc rotation speed (40, 60 and 80 rpm) and spraying rate (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 rpm) on hardness of coated granular urea. The optimized operating parameters in this work were 60OC for inlet air temperature, 60 rpm for disc rotation speed and 2 rpm for spraying rate. The results show that the spraying rate was the most significant factor affecting the hardness of the coated granular urea since the contribution was 69.2 %. No confirmations run for this work were necessary since the optimized operating parameters that were discovered was one of the experiments operating parameters.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes from Rich Premixed Propane/Air Flame
Authors: Mohd Syahir Mohd Said , Chong Cheng Tung
Published: November 2014

The present study focuses on the derivation of carbonaceous material from rich premixed propane/air mixture using a laminar flame burner. The presence of Nickel catalyst (Ni) and the effect of equivalence ratio on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were investigated. Samples were collected from the flame synthesized wire mesh and analyzed using a Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). FESEM imaging shows that the CNTs obtained were of the multi-walled type. The presence of nickel catalyst results in the production of CNTs and the rich equivalent ratio of φ = 2.2 produces the highest yield of CNT in terms of weight and coverage area on the wire mesh.
Removal of Reactive Dye from Artificial Textile Effluent by Corncob: An Agro Solid Waste
Authors: Mat Yashim Marshahida , Sheikh Abdullah Siti Rozaimah , Razali Noraini , Nizam Salleh Mohd Shahrul , Wan Osman Wan Hasnidah
Published: November 2014

Activated carbon prepared from agro waste corn cob has been chemically treated with phosphoric acid at three different impregnation ratio by weight 0.5:1, 1.5:1 and 2.5:1. The prepared activated carbon has been utilized as the adsorbent for the removal of reactive dye, Remazol red 3BS dye from aqueous solution. Adsorption studies were carried out at four different initial dye concentration, contact time and adsorbent dosage. Equilibrium condition was attained within less than 2 hours and highest removal efficiency, 47%, was recorded for highest impregnation ratio activated carbon for initial dye concentration of 10 ppm. Higher adsorption efficiency can be achieved when the adsorbent dosage is gradually increased. The equilibrium adsorption studies shows that activated carbon impregnated at 2.5:1 impregnation ratio was very effective in adsorbing reactive dye from artificial textile effluent.
Effect of Curing Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer without Sodium Silicate Solution
Authors: Abdul Rahim Rosniza Hanim , Azizli Khairun Azizi , Man Zakaria , Nuruddin Muhd Fadhil
Published: November 2014

Geopolymer is associated with the alkali activation of materials rich in Si and Al, and alkali activator such as sodium hydroxide is used for the dissolution of raw material with the addition of sodium silicate solution to increase the dissolution process. However, the trend of strength development of geopolymer using sodium hydroxide alone is not well established. This paper presents an evaluation on compressive strength of fly ash–based geopolymer by varying curing time with respect to different curing temperature using sodium hydroxide as the only activator. The samples were cured at room temperature and at an elevated temperature (60°C). Further analysis on the microstructure of geopolymer products cured at 60°C was carried out using Field Emission Scanning Microscopy (FESEM). It can be observed that the compressive strength increased as the curing time increased when cured at room temperature; whereas at elevated temperature, the strength increased up to a maximum 65.28 MPa at 14 days but gradually decreased at longer curing time. Better compressive strength can be obtained when the geopolymer was cured at an elevated temperature compared to curing at room temperature.
Synergistic Effect of Thiourea and Surfactants on Corrosion Inhibition of Stainless Steel-410 in Presence of Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Ullah Sami , Azmi Mohd Shariff , Nadeem Muhammad , Bustam Mohammad Azmi , Shahid Shaukat Ali , Murshid Ghulam , Naz Muhammad Yasin , Sagir Muhammad , Mushtaq Muhammad
Published: November 2014

The inhibition of corrosion of stainless steel (SS)-410 in sulfuric acid using thiourea and three different surfactants, cetyle trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and X-Triton was studied. Corrosion rates were determined by using corrosion coupons. The corrosion rate was found to be decreased with increase in inhibitor concentration. It was observed that the maximum corrosion inhibition occurred in the post micellar concentration of the surfactants. By optimizing the corrosion inhibition performance of different blends of surfactants and thiourea in 3 M H2SO4, the corrosion inhibition order was found as: Triton X-100 + thiourea > CTAB + thiourea > SDS + thiourea. The best results obtained by the addition of 200 ppm thiourea in 500 ppm of Triton X-100 in 3 M H2SO4 acid solution. This blend decreased the corrosion rate of SS-410 to 657.66 mpy.
Water Uptake Behavior of Lignin Modified Starch Film
Authors: Sarwono Ariyanti , Man Zakaria , Bustam Mohd Azmi , Azizli Khairun Azizi
Published: November 2014

A biodegradable urea crosslinked starch film was prepared. To improve the water resistance, the urea crosslinked starch system was reinforced with 5%, 10%, and 15% lignin. The prepared films were immersed in distilled water at three different temperatures, 25°C, 35°C and 45°C to study the behavior of water uptake. The addition of lignin effectively decreases water uptake as proven by lower water uptake equilibrium. Diffusion coefficient was calculated from the kinetic water uptake profile using the slope method of Fick’s second law for thin slab model. The calculated diffusion coefficient decreases as the lignin is increased. The diffusion coefficient is found to be dependent on the temperature. As more lignin is added to the system, higher activation energy is obtained due to the hydrophobicity of lignin.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Nanosilica Filled Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Zamani Nurhidayah R. , Jumahat Aidah , Bahsan Rosnadiah
Published: November 2014

In this study, Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) was used to study the effect of nanoparticles, which is nanosilica, on glass transition temperature (Tg) of epoxy polymer. A series of epoxy based nanosilica composite with 5-25 wt% nanosilica content was prepared using mechanical stirring method. The weight fractions of nanosilica in epoxy were 5 wt%, 13 wt% and 25 wt%. 30mm x 10mm x 3mm size specimens were tested using DMA machine from room temperature up to 180oC at 2°C/min heating rate. From the analysis of the results, dynamic modulus and glass transition temperature of pure polymer and nanosilica filled polymer were obtained. The glass transition of a polymer composite is a temperature-induced change in the matrix material from the glassy to the rubbery state during heating or cooling. Glass transition temperature Tg was determined using several method: storage modulus onset, loss modulus peak, and tan δ peak. The results showed that the presence of nanosilica reduced Tg of epoxy polymer.
Non-Parametric Modelling and Validation of Magnetorheological Damper for Lateral Suspension of Railway Vehicle Using Interpolated Sixth Order Polynomial
Authors: Harun Mohamad Hafiz , Ahmad Fauzi , Md Yunos Mohd Razali , Mat Yamin Ahmad Kamal
Published: November 2014

Passenger ride comfort is an important factor in railway vehicle services. However, passenger ride comfort is sometimes affected by the vibrations resulting from the track irregularities. It will be critical when the track is exposed to prolonged sun’s heat and lack of track maintenance. This means that the optimization of passive suspension parameters alone could not cope with these cases. Semi-active suspension system for railway vehicles has been developed as a way to solve these problems. The technology of semi-active suspension is widely used especially in the railway vehicle application. Magnetorheological (MR) damper is one of the applications of the concept of semi-active suspension. However, there are a variety of criteria for MR dampers based on usage. To meet the requirements of railway vehicle suspension system, a MR damper have been developed. The criteria for the MR damper are obtained experimentally. Then, the model for the MR damper is developed using Interpolated Sixth Order Polynomial and validated by experimental. The MR damper model has shown improvement, especially in the railway vehicle dynamics performance.
Fatigue Life Analysis of High Performance Motorcycle Disc Brake
Authors: Roni Sahroni Taufik , Yong Sze Yeau , Widodo W. Sapto , Baharudin Abu Bakar , Sivaraos Sivaraos , Md Ali Mohd Amran , Kasim Mohd Shahir
Published: November 2014

This paper presents fatigue life analysis of high performance motorcycle disc brake. The design parameter such as stress, deformation and safety factory that influences the disk brake on a high performance motorcycle were investigated. The simulation of static structural analysis of high performance motorcycle is successfully presented on 3 proposed materials by using ANSYS software. The static structural analysis is performed on the disc brake rotor with these candidate materials. From the analysis, Martensitic stainless steel, Wrought AISI 410 has the lowest value in Von-Mises stress which is 766.9MPa. Furthermore, it is less deformed which is 0.3429mm and has the factor of safety more than 1. Thus, this project proposes Martensitic Wrought AISI 410 stainless steel as the suitable material for disc brake rotor on HONDA GL1500 VALKYRIE motorcycle.
Influence of Surface Treatment on the Surface Energy of Tungsten Carbide Inserts
Authors: Abd Rahman Md Nizam , Dimin Mohd Fairuz , Izani M.Z. , Mazliah M.
Published: November 2014

The effect of substrate cleaning using ultrasonic cleaner on tungsten carbide was investigated. The surface energy of the substrate was measured using two liquids with dominant polar and dominant dispersion components which were distilled water (DI) and methylene iodide. Owens-Wendt method was carried out to calculate the surface energy of the substrate. The result showed that the cleaning process using solvent B (alkaline, DI, acid, DI, DI, alcohol) for 20 minutes without the wiping process led to the highest surface energy of 126.3399 dyne/cm with the polar component of 80.538 dyne/cm. Findings from this research suggested that type of solvent, cleaning time, and interactions among solvent type, cleaning time, and wiping process significantly influenced surface energy of the substrate.
Integral Pile-Backfill Soil Relationship in Stub-Type Integral Abutment Bridge
Authors: David Thevaneyan K. , Forth John P.
Published: November 2014

Temperature effects are significant to the sustainability of integral abutment bridges with the elimination of expansion joints. The thermally induced lateral movement of the structural components is opposed by the backfill soil supporting the components of integral abutment bridges. A 2D finite element analysis was performed on a typical integral abutment bridge using OASYS SAFE to investigate the complex interactions that exist between the pile supporting stub-type integral abutment and the backfill soil. The primary objective of this paper is to compare the effect of various soil types on the displacement of the piles when subjected to lateral loading and secondly to identify the significance of cyclic lateral load on the behaviour of the piles for various foundation soil types. The results suggest similar effect on the integral pile displacements for investigated soil types, especially for non-cyclic lateral loading.
A Simplified Life Cycle Analysis of an Automotive Parking Brake Lever Using Polymer Composites
Authors: Mansor Muhd Ridzuan , Salit Mohd Sapuan , Zainudin Edi Syams , Aziz Nuraini Abd , Ariff Arep , Alias Mohd Fuad
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a simplified life cycle analysis case study of a new developed automotive parking brake lever using polymer composites. Two composite materials were analysed for the component construction, namely glass fiber/polypropylene composites and hybrid kenaf/glass fiber/polypropylene composites. The rule of mixture and hybrid rule of mixture composite’s micromechanical models were utilized to determine the functional unit in the life cycle analysis. Later, the life cycle inventory data were defined for the production, use and end-of-life stages for the component. The Eco-indicator 99 method was selected for the overall LCA process. The final life cycle analysis results show that parking brake lever using the hybrid kenaf/glass fiber/polypropylene composites scores better environmental impact when compared to the similar component using glass fiber composites. This proved that the introduction of kenaf natural fiber, as the alternative reinforcement material in the polymer composites construction, is able to reduce the environmental impact throughout the product life cycle towards achieving better sustainable performance of the product.
Comparison between Sunflower Oil and Soybean Oil as Gear Lubricant
Authors: Ibrahim Asriana , Ishak Siti Sakinah Munirah , Kamaruddin Mohd Fadhren
Published: November 2014

Advanced research on vegetable oils as gear lubricants became a topic of interest in green technology where natural resources could be appliedin transportation and industry. The main objectives are to meet demand and monitor the impact of human involvement. Many researches have suggested that vegetable oil has the potential as an alternative lubricant for many engineering process although it has some disadvantages such as oxidative instability and poor properties at low temperature. The use of vegetable oils as a helical gear lubricant has not been studied before. This study is to experimentally analyse the performance of sunflower oil and soybean oil as gear lubricants. An oil test data was taken periodically from the gear test rig within 80 consecutive hours. The performance of sunflower and soybean oils were analysed based on lubricant properties such as kinematic viscosity and viscosity index. The experimental data was compared to the ideal performance of a synthetic gear lubricant. The findings show that sunflower oil has better lubricant properties compared to soybean oil. Sunflower oil shows appreciable high temperature properties as synthetic gear lubricant.
Harmonic Performance of Grid-Connected PV System under Various Penetration Levels
Authors: Ayub Munirah , Gan Chin Kim , Abdul Kadir Aida Fazliana
Published: November 2014

This paper studies the harmonic performance of grid-connected PV system under various penetration levels. The system under study was modelled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Current and voltage distortions were studied in terms of the percentage of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) under different PV penetration scenarios. The results showed that the Grid-Connected PV generates a different level of harmonics distortion depending on the PV penetration level that was injected to the grid.
Regenerative Energy Air Flow System for Cooling Tower
Authors: Najib A.M. , Mustafa M.A. , Jamaludin Z. , Zakaria Muhammad Zulfattah , Hashim A.R.
Published: November 2014

Energy conservation and improvement in production efficiency are two greater challenges to modern-day manufacturing industries. The rapid growth as seen and forecasted for manufacturing sector has resulted in greater demand for electrical power and energy. This has given rise to the needs for alternative energy to supplement the existing energy resources. This paper proposes a SVAWT named as a regenerative energy air flow system that utilizes exhaust air flow speeds of a cooling tower in a manufacturing plant. The prototype is capable of voltage generation from 24 volts or more depending upon the number of coils and the constant speed of the air flow. This paper proved the feasibility of electrical energy generation utilizing captured kinetic energy from the air flow of a cooling tower thus promoting innovation in green technology in the manufacturing sector.
Fabrication of Organic Dye Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Nair Gomesh , Ramli Syafinar , Irwanto Muhammad , Yusoff Mohd Irwan , Fitra Muhammad , Hashim Uda , Mariun Norman
Published: November 2014

Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource to help aid the national energy depletion crisis of fossil fuel and coal. One of the most potential renewable energy sources in Malaysia is hydropower followed by solar energy. This paper presents the fabrication of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) using organic dyes from dragon fruit and chlorophyll which is extracted from spinach. The fabrication of DSSC uses the Dr.blade method. Result shows that the efficiency by using dragon fruit as sensitizer at 40µm TiO2 Thickness is 6.45%, better than the usage of chlorophyll dye which is 4.23% at the same thickness. Result also shows that at 80µm by using the dyes from chlorophyll extract has higher solar cell efficiency compare to dragon fruit. This shows that both the chlorophyll extract and dragon fruit shows potential in the development of a feasible working organic dye.
Study of Enhanced Reactive Extraction Process Using Ultrasonication for Jatropha curcas Seed
Authors: Zahari M. Shahrir M. , Ismail Shahrul , Ibrahim Mohd Zamri , Lam Su Shiung , Mat R.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility and positive effects of ultrasonication toward Jatropha Curcas seed reactive extraction process. Ultrasonic-assisted oil extraction from Jatropha seed were compared with conventional stirring method of a shaker bath at varied conditions such as seed sizes (<1.0 – 4.0 mm), temperature (30 – 60°C) and time (1 – 60 min). The results revealed that a swift and complete Jatropha oil extraction can be achieved with the aid of ultrasound influenced mostly by temperature and reaction time differences. Transesterification conversion were confirmed with NMR revealing the presence of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) in the solution mixture. Enhanced effect by the ultrasonication were evidenced for a better and faster extraction whilst simultaneously converting Jatropha oil into biodiesel.
Estimating Daily Solar Radiation Using Hargreaves Model in Eastern Malaysia
Authors: Yusoff Mohd Irwan , Irwanto Muhamad , Ibrahim Safwati , Nair Gomesh , Hassan Syed Idris Syed , Fitra Muhamad
Published: November 2014

This paper presents the forecasting of solar radiation in Kelantan, Eastern Malaysia for the year of 2011 using Hargreaves model. This estimation is based on latitude and daily minimum and maximum temperature in Kelantan. The measured and estimated solar radiation data were compared for the year 2011 and analyzed using coefficient of residual mass (CRM), root mean squared error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and percentage error (e). The results showed that the value of CRM is 0.09, it indicates the tendency of the estimation model to under-estimate the measure solar radiation. Meanwhile, the value of RMSE is 8.21% and the value of R2 is 0.8661, closed to 1 indicates that about 86.61% of the total variation is explained in the data. For the e, the value is 7.98%, it indicates that the model estimation is good.
A Linear Programing Approach for Landfill Gas Utilization for Renewable Energy Production
Authors: Ahmed Saeed Isa , Johari Anwar , Hashim Haslenda , Mat Ramli , Lim Jeng Shiun , Alias Hajar , Ngadi Norzita , Asmadi Ali
Published: November 2014

Landfill gas (LFG) is a mixture of gases mainly CH4 and CO2 which are the most problematic of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) due primarily to their highest rate of accumulation in the environment. These two main GHGs are emitted from most landfills in developing countries. As a mitigation measure, the gases can be collected and utilized as renewable energy source. This research therefore aimed at planning the utilization of LFG for renewable energy production using linear programing approach executed in general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) and applied to Seelong landfill in Johor, Malaysia as the case study. GAMS (the optimizer) selects the most profitable LFG utilization technology from a number of options such as: gas engine, gas turbine and steam turbine for electricity or combined heat and power production; steam boiler for steam production; direct LFG distribution to residences/industries as substitutes to natural gas. The results from the optimizer gave a maximum profit of USD2.54 million per year. This included revenues from product sale and carbon credit. The results also revealed that GHG reduction of about 9,000 tons CO2eq were accomplished, and thus this is environmentally and economically beneficial environmentally (in terms of carbon credit). Furthermore, the optimization results revealed that steam turbine running on low grade LFG is the most feasible option in terms of profitability and environmental consideration. This approach can be applied to any sanitary landfill as a means of simultaneously curbing GHG emission and generating revenue.
The Study of Tool Wear Performance on Pocket Milling Strategy
Authors: Mohd Hadzley A.B. , Siti Sarah A. , Izamshah R. , Nurul Fatin M.R.
Published: November 2014

The increasing productivity demand in machining industry has lead for fast material removal machining technique of pocket milling using different tool path strategies. This project aims to study about the effect of different tool path strategies on tool wear when machining aluminium alloy 7076. Five milling strategies were evaluated outward helical, inward helical, back and forth, offset on part one-way and offset on part zigzag. CATIA V5R19 was used to setup milling path and the machining experiments were carried out on a HAAS’ 3 axis CNC milling machine. The machining was held under wet condition with 2500 rpm cutting speed, 800 mm/min feed rate, 2 mm radial depth of cut and 2 mm axial depth of cut. The results showed that the best tool path strategies are inward helical and offset on part one-way, while the worst tool path strategy is outward helical. Failure to evacuate chip during pocket milling is the main reason to cause rapid tool wear due to temperature rise and higher contact time and area of cutting tool with the chip. Results from this experiment help to guide the machinist to perform pocket milling effectively.
N-Hexane, Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Chloroform Solvents for Oil Recovery from Refinery Waste
Authors: Ahmed Reem , Sinnathambi Chandra Mohan , Eldmerdash Usama
Published: November 2014

Considerable amount of oily waste is generated from petroleum refinery in Malaysia. A typical refinery produces about 40 tons of sludge per month. Disposing via land filling (common method) is becoming less accepted and more expensive. As a result, refineries and other facilities have accumulated large volumes of this waste in makeshift landfills or other storage areas. For this reason solvent extraction method has been selected for oil recovery and to minimize the solid waste. Three solvents (chloroform, MEK, and n-hexane) and two extraction methods (sludge–solvent mixing method , and Soxhlet apparatus) were applied to recover the oil from the refinery sludge. Soxhlet extraction method has shown higher efficiency in extraction than sludge-solvent mixing method. Soxhlet extraction method using MEK solvent can recover about 48.3 % of oil, as compared to mixing method which accounts to only about 32.5 % of recovered oil. It has an added recovery of about 7.1 %, 15.8 % and 5.7 % for n-hexane, MEK and chloroform solvents respectively. FTIR results confirmed that MEK has the highest capability to extract hydrocarbon from refinery waste.
Spin Coating Deposition of c-Oriented Wurtzite Gallium Nitride Thin Film
Authors: Fong Chee Yong , Ng Sha Shiong , Yam Fong Kwong , Haslan Abu Hassan , Zainuriah Hassan
Published: November 2014

Spin coating growth and characterisations of c-oriented wurtzite structure gallium nitride (GaN) thin film on silicon (Si) substrate with (100) orientation was reported. The precursor solution consisted of a readily available gallium (III) nitrate hydrate powder, ethanol and diethanolamine as starting material, solvent and surfactant. All the structural and optical results showed that c-oriented wurtzite GaN thin film was deposited on Si (100) substrate. Compared with earlier reported work using sol-gel deposition, significant improvements in the structural quality of the GaN thin film were observed. The FWHM value of the thin film was approximately 2.60°. The framework described here is both an easy in setup and simple method as compared to other method such as MBE, MOCVD, and radio frequency sputtering to produce c-oriented wurtzite structure GaN thin film.
A Study of Microstructure Properties of AISI D2 Tool Steel in Partial Re-Melting Method
Authors: Mohammed M.N. , Omar M.Z. , Syarif J. , Sajuri Z. , Salleh Mohd Shukor , Alhawari K.S.
Published: November 2014

Due to the growing demand for cold-work tool steel in various industrial applications, it is crucial to improve the fabrication technique, because complex shapes involve an extensive and costly workshop effort. Hence, a one-step net-shaping process, such as the semi-solid forming, could offer great benefits. With the aim of finding a minimum process chain for the manufacturing of a high-quality production, the microstructural evolution of the ledeburitic AISI D2 tool steel in the semi-solid-state was studied experimentally via the Direct Partial Re-Melting Method (DPRM). Samples were heated in an argon atmosphere up to 1255°C, which corresponded to about 16% of liquid fraction, and held for 0 minute. The microstructural observation after DPRM showed that the equiaxed austenite grains are observable within a small liquid matrix. The microstructure also contains primary, non-dissolved carbides with a new, precipitated eutectic.