bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Vascular Calcification Correlate with Pulse Wave Velocity in Hemodialysis Patients?
Authors: Di Iorio Biagio , Cucciniello Emanuele , Aucella Filippo , Guastaferro Pasquale , di Gianni Angela , Chiuchiulo Luigi , Tedesco Vincenzo , Migliorati Mario , de Simone Walter , Zito Bruno , d'Avanzo Ernesto , Bortone Sara , Nargi Paola , Iannaccone Francesco S , Veniero Patrizia , Capuano Maria , Genualdo Raffaele , Lorenzo Magda , Santoro Domenico , Avella Ferdinando , Morrone Luigi , Martignetti Vinicio , Piscopo Carmine , Matarese Domenico , Vigilante Domenico , Aquino Assunta , Martino Rosa , Struzziero Giuseppe , Frallicciardi Alfonso , Tortoriello Raffaele
Published: November 2009

Vascular calcifications have been previously shown to be an independent predictor of mortality in dialysis patients and a similar association has been shown for arterial stiffness. Nonetheless, the relationship between vascular calcifications and pulse wave velocity (PWV) have so far been little explored. The goal of this study is to verify the correlation among vascular calcifications and rigidity of arterial wall in patients at dialysis start. Accordingly, we investigated the association between aortic PWV and coronary calcification measured by computed tomography (TC-score) in 105 adult incident hemodialysis patients. PWV resulted increased in patients with the higher TC-score values; indeed, at univariate analysis PWV directly correlated with age (p=0.016), presence of diabetes (p<0.0001), serum phosphorus (p=0.0066), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.046), LDL-cholesterol (p=0.043), TC-score (p<0.0001), and inversely correlated with systolic blood pressure (p=0.036). At multivariate analysis, age, diabetes, serum phosphorus, CRP, LDL-cholesterol and vascular calcifications were determinants of arterial stiffening. Using the table “two for two”, we showed 6 false negative patients (high TC-score and low PWV) and 12 false positive patients (low TC-score and high PWV). The sensibility was 76% and the specificity 85%; the accuracy was 83%, the predictor positive value was 61% and the predictor negative value was 92%. Overall, a strong association between TC-score and PWV was seen.
Inklusiwiteit as evangelie
Authors: Van Eck Ernest
Published: November 2009

Inclusivity as gospelIn antiquity, group identity was based on cultural ethnicity. Groups used their ethnicity to define and delineate themselves as unique. Ethnicity was determined by characteristics like family (kinship), name, language, homeland, myths of common ancestry, customs, shared historical memories, phenotypical features, and religion. The Jewish temple religion and law-abiding Jews in the early church (as depicted in Acts and the congregations of Paul) also used their ethnic identity as argument for justifying the exclusion of other groups/ethnic peoples from the Temple and the early church, respectively. Jesus, Acts and Paul, on the contrary, proclaimed that ethnicity meant nothing when it comes to being in God’s presence, being part of the early Christ-followers, or being part of any local (Pauline) congregation. For this reason, it can be concluded that the New Testament bears witness to an inclusive ecclesiology.
Convex Bodies of Minimal Volume, Surface Area and Mean Width with Respect to Thin Shells
Authors: Böröczky Károly , Böröczky Károly J. , Schütt Carsten , Wintsche Gergely
Published: November 2009

Given r > 1, we consider convex bodies in En which contain a fixed unit ball, and whose extreme points are of distance at least r from the centre of the unit ball, and we investigate how well these convex bodies approximate the unit ball in terms of volume, surface area and mean width. As r tends to one, we prove asymptotic formulae for the error of the approximation, and provide good estimates on the involved constants depending on the dimension.
Higher Order Tangents to Analytic Varieties along Curves. II
Authors: Braun Rüdiger W. , Meise Reinhold , Taylor B. A.
Published: November 2009

Let V be an analytic variety in some open set in ℂn. For a real analytic curve γ with γ(0) = 0 and d ≥ 1, define Vt = t−d(V − γ(t)). It was shown in a previous paper that the currents of integration over Vt converge to a limit current whose support Tγ,δV is an algebraic variety as t tends to zero. Here, it is shown that the canonical defining function of the limit current is the suitably normalized limit of the canonical defining functions of the Vt. As a corollary, it is shown that Tγ,δV is either inhomogeneous or coincides with Tγ,δV for all δ in some neighborhood of d. As another application it is shown that for surfaces only a finite number of curves lead to limit varieties that are interesting for the investigation of Phragmén-Lindelöf conditions. Corresponding results for limit varieties Tσ,δW of algebraic varieties W along real analytic curves tending to infinity are derived by a reduction to the local case.
Constructing Galois Representations with Very Large Image
Authors: Ramakrishna Ravi
Published: November 2009

Starting with a 2-dimensional mod p Galois representation, we construct a deformation to a power series ring in infinitely many variables over the p-adics. The image of this representation is full in the sense that it contains SL2 of this power series ring. Furthermore, all Zp specializations of this deformation are potentially semistable at p.
Periodicity in Rank 2 Graph Algebras
Authors: Davidson Kenneth R. , Yang Dilian
Published: November 2009

Kumjian and Pask introduced an aperiodicity condition for higher rank graphs. We present a detailed analysis of when this occurs in certain rank 2 graphs. When the algebra is aperiodic, we give another proof of the simplicity of C*(𝔽+θ). The periodic C*-algebras are characterized, and it is shown that C*(𝔽+θ) ≃ C(𝕋) ⊗ 𝒰 where 𝒰 is a simple C*-algebra.
Tail Bounds for the Stable Marriage of Poisson and Lebesgue
Authors: Hoffman Christopher , Holroyd Alexander E. , Peres Yuval
Published: November 2009

Let 𝚵 be a discrete set in ℝd. Call the elements of 𝚵 centers. The well-known Voronoi tessellation partitions ℝd into polyhedral regions (of varying volumes) by allocating each site of ℝd to the closest center. Here we study allocations of ℝd to 𝚵 in which each center attempts to claima region of equal volume α.

We focus on the case where 𝚵 arises from a Poisson process of unit intensity. In an earlier paper by the authors it was proved that there is a unique allocation which is stable in the sense of the Gale–Shapley marriage problem. We study the distance X from a typical site to its allocated center in the stable allocation.

The model exhibits a phase transition in the appetite α. In the critical case α = 1 we prove a power law upper bound on X in dimension d = 1. (Power law lower bounds were proved earlier for all d). In the non-critical cases α < 1 and α > 1 we prove exponential upper bounds on X.
Traces, Cross-Ratios and 2-Generator Subgroups of SU(2, 1)
Authors: Will Pierre
Published: November 2009

In this work, we investigate how to decompose a pair (A,B) of loxodromic isometries of the complex hyperbolic planeH2𝕔under the formA=I1I2andB=I3I2, where theIk's are involutions. The main result is a decomposability criterion, which is expressed in terms of traces of elements of the group ‹A,B›.
Psychopathy and Axis I psychiatric disorders among criminal offenders: relationships to impulsive and proactive aggression
Authors: Swogger Marc T. , Walsh Zach , Houston Rebecca J. , Cashman‐Brown Sarah , Conner Kenneth R.
Published: November 2009

Both psychopathology and aggression are heterogeneous constructs. Determining which forms of psychopathology relate to risk for different classes of aggressive behavior has implications for risk recognition and management. This study examined the relationships of impulsive aggression (IA) and proactive aggression (PA) to psychopathy and symptoms of several Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Axis I disorders in a sample of criminal offenders. Results replicated prior findings from community samples of a broad relationship between psychopathology and IA. PA was related only to psychopathy. An interaction was found whereby IA was associated with impulsive–antisocial traits of psychopathy only for individuals with moderate to high levels of generalized anxiety. Results indicate that assessing and treating several Axis I disorders in offenders may decrease risk for IA. Moreover, current findings raise the possibility that generalized anxiety is a key, modifiable component of the relationship between IA and impulsive–antisocial traits. Aggr. Behav. 36:45–53, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Performance Multifunctional TiO2 Nanowire Ultrafiltration Membrane with a Hierarchical Layer Structure for Water Treatment
Authors: Zhang Xiwang , Zhang Tong , Ng Jiawei , Sun Darren Delai
Published: November 2009

A novel, multifunctional TiO2 nanowire ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with a layered hierarchical structure is made via alkaline hydrothermal synthesis, followed by a filtration and hot‐press process. The TiO2 UF membrane has high surface porosity (21.3%) and pore size values around 20 nm. The membrane possesses multifunctional capabilities under UV irradiation, such as anti‐fouling, anti‐bacterial, concurrent separation, and photocatalytic oxidation. The unique properties of the membrane indicate its potential in applications for environmental purification.
The Intermediate Band Solar Cell: Progress Toward the Realization of an Attractive Concept
Authors: Luque Antonio , Martí Antonio
Published: November 2009

The intermediate band (IB) solar cell has been proposed to increase the current of solar cells while at the same time preserving the output voltage in order to produce an efficiency that ideally is above the limit established by Shockley and Queisser in 1961. The concept is described and the present realizations and acquired understanding are explained. Quantum dots are used to make the cells but the efficiencies that have been achieved so far are not yet satisfactory. Possible ways to overcome the issues involved are depicted. Alternatively, and against early predictions, IB alloys have been prepared and cells that undoubtedly display the IB behavior have been fabricated, although their efficiency is still low. Full development of this concept is not trivial but it is expected that once the development of IB solar cells is fully mastered, IB solar cells should be able to operate in tandem in concentrators with very high efficiencies or as thin cells at low cost with efficiencies above the present ones.
Transesterification for biodiesel production catalyzed by combined lipases: Optimization and kinetics
Authors: Liu Yun , Yan Yunjun , Hu Fang , Yao An'na , Wang Zhicheng , Wei Fuxiang
Published: November 2009

Preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil catalyzed by combined lipases in tert‐butanol medium was investigated. Several crucial parameters affecting biodiesel yield were optimized by response surface methodology, such as dosage of combined lipases of Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TLIM, weight ratio of Novozym 435 to Lipozyme TLIM, amount of tert‐butanol, reaction temperature, and molar ratio of oil to methanol. Under the optimized conditions, the highest biodiesel yield was up to 83.5% The proposed model on biodiesel yield had a satisfactory coefficient of R2 (= 94.02%), and was experimentally verified. The combined lipases exhibited high‐operational stability. After 30 cycles (300 h) successively, the activity of combined lipases maintained 85% of its original activity. A reaction kinetic model was proposed to describe the system and deduced to be a pseudo‐first‐order reaction, and the calculated activation energy was 51.71 kJ/mol. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Separation of fullerenes C60 and C70 using a crystallization‐based process
Authors: Kwok Kui S. , Chan Yik C. , Ng Ka M. , Wibowo Christianto
Published: November 2009

A crystallization‐based process that separates pure fullerenes C60 and C70 from their mixture using o‐xylene as the solvent has been developed. Isothermal solid–liquid equilibrium phase diagrams of the C60‐C70‐o‐xylene ternary system for a number of temperatures were first determined at 1 atm. Taking advantage of the shift in solvent‐free composition of the C60‐C70 double saturation point with temperature and based on the solid solution‐forming phase behavior between C60 and C70, the flowsheet of a general crystallization process was then synthesized. It involved the fractionation of a C60‐C70 fullerene mixture into C60‐rich and C70‐rich solid solutions using temperature‐swing crystallization, followed by purification of the solid solutions with multistage crystallization into pure C60 and C70 solids. To demonstrate process feasibility, bench‐scale batch experiments were performed using a commercially available fullerene mixture that was pretreated by adsorption to remove higher fullerenes. C60 and C70 solids of purity higher than 99 wt % were obtained. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Brief communication: Forelimb compliance in arboreal and terrestrial opossums
Authors: Schmitt Daniel , Gruss Laura T. , Lemelin Pierre
Published: November 2009

Primates display high forelimb compliance (increased elbow joint yield) compared to most other mammals. Forelimb compliance, which is especially marked among arboreal primates, moderates vertical oscillations of the body and peak vertical forces and may represent a basal adaptation of primates for locomotion on thin, flexible branches. However, Larney and Larson (Am J Phys Anthropol 125 [2004] 42–50) reported that marsupials have forelimb compliance comparable to or greater than that of most primates, but did not distinguish between arboreal and terrestrial marsupials. If forelimb compliance is functionally linked to locomotion on thin branches, then elbow yield should be highest in marsupials relying on arboreal substrates more often. To test this hypothesis, we compared forelimb compliance between two didelphid marsupials, Caluromys philander (an arboreal opossum relying heavily on thin branches) and Monodelphis domestica (an opossum that spends most of its time on the ground). Animals were videorecorded while walking on a runway or a horizontal 7‐mm pole. Caluromys showed higher elbow yield (greater changes in degrees of elbow flexion) on both substrates, similar to that reported for arboreal primates. Monodelphis was characterized by lower elbow yield that was intermediate between the values reported by Larney and Larson (Am J Phys Anthropol 125 [2004] 42–50) for more terrestrial primates and rodents. This finding adds evidence to a model suggesting a functional link between arboreality—particularly locomotion on thin, flexible branches—and forelimb compliance. These data add another convergent trait between arboreal primates, Caluromys, and other arboreal marsupials and support the argument that all primates evolved from a common ancestor that was a fine‐branch arborealist. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The harsh life on the 15th century Croatia‐Ottoman Empire military border: Analyzing and identifying the reasons for the massacre in Čepin
Authors: Šlaus Mario , Novak Mario , Vyroubal Vlasta , Bedić Željka
Published: November 2009

Excavation of the historic period cemetery in Čepin, Croatia revealed the presence of a large number of perimortem injuries distributed among males, females, and subadults. Archaeological and historical data suggest these individuals were victims of a raid carried out by Turkish akinji light cavalry in 1441. Comparisons with the frequencies of perimortem trauma in 12 other, temporally congruent skeletal series from the Balkans (n= 2,123 skeletons) support this assumption. The role of the akinji in the Ottoman army was twofold: to supply war captives, and to terrorize and disperse local populations before the advance of regular troops. This article tests the hypothesis that the purpose of the 1441 raid was the latter. To accomplish this, perimortem trauma in the series were analyzed by sex, age, location, and depth of the injury. A total of 82 perimortem injuries were recorded in 12 males, 7 females, and 3 subadults. The demographic profile of the victims suggests that young adults were specifically targeted in the attack. Significant sex differences are noted in the number, distribution, and pattern of perimortem trauma. Females exhibit significantly more perimortem injuries per individual, and per bone affected, than males. The morphology and pattern of perimortem trauma in females is suggestive of gratuitous violence. Cumulatively, analysis of the osteological data suggest that the objective of the 1441 akinji raid was to spread terror and panic in the Čepin area, either as revenge for recent military setbacks, or as part of a long‐term strategy intended to depopulate the area around Osijek. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular change in heights of indigenous adults from a Zapotec‐speaking community in Oaxaca, southern Mexico
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Peña Reyes Maria Eugenia , Little Bertis B.
Published: November 2009

Secular change in adult height of residents in a rural indigenous community in the Valley of Oaxaca was evaluated. Subjects were measured in 1971 (49 males, 26 females 19–70 years), 1978 (128 males, 124 females 19–82 years) and 2000 (155 males, 255 females 19–89 years). Heights were adjusted for estimated loss with age using two protocols; height at 21 years of age was also estimated. The effects of age and secular factors on measured and adjusted heights were evaluated through segmented linear regressions for three birth periods, <1930, 1930 through 1959 and ≥1960 which approximate significant periods in Mexican history. Secular increase in height occurred but estimated rates varied over time and between sexes. Males born before 1930 showed a secular increase in height but females did not. Adults of both sexes born 1930–1959 showed secular gains and estimated rates did not differ. The secular gain in height continued among those born 1960 and later and estimated rates were similar in both sexes. Estimated height at 21 years of age increased in males (not significant) but not in females born before 1930, showed little or no change in those born between 1930‐1959, and increased (not significant) in those born 1960 and later. Combining observations on adults with those for youth in the community indicated several phases of secular change in height that varied with years of birth. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Context‐based term frequency assessment for text classification
Authors: Liu Rey‐Long
Published: November 2009

Automatic text classification (TC) is essential for the management of information. To properly classify a document d, it is essential to identify the semantics of each term t in d, while the semantics heavily depend on context (neighboring terms) of t in d. Therefore, we present a technique CTFA (Context‐based Term Frequency Assessment) that improves text classifiers by considering term contexts in test documents. The results of the term context recognition are used to assess term frequencies of terms, and hence CTFA may easily work with various kinds of text classifiers that base their TC decisions on term frequencies, without needing to modify the classifiers. Moreover, CTFA is efficient, and neither huge memory nor domain‐specific knowledge is required. Empirical results show that CTFA successfully enhances performance of several kinds of text classifiers on different experimental data.
Current status of mucins in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer
Authors: Rachagani Satyanarayana , Torres Maria P. , Moniaux Nicolas , Batra Surinder K.
Published: November 2009

Mucins are the most abundant high molecular weight glycoproteins in mucus. Their nature and glycosylation content dictates the biochemical and biophysical properties of viscoelastic secretions, pointing out an important role in diverse biological functions, such as differentiation, cell adhesions, immune responses, and cell signaling. Mucins are expressed in tubular organs by specialized epithelial cells in the body. Their aberrant expression is well documented in a variety of inflammatory or malignant diseases. From a prognosis point of view, their expression and alterations in glycosylation are associated with the development and progression of malignant diseases. Therefore, mucins can be used as valuable markers to distinguish between normal and disease conditions. Indeed, this alteration in glycosylation patterns generates several epitopes in the oligosaccharide side chains that can be used as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. Furthermore, these characteristic tumor‐associated epitopes are extensively used as appropriate immunotargets of malignant epithelial cells. Therefore, in an effort to detect and treat cancer at the earliest stage possible, mucins are analyzed as potential markers of disease for diagnosis, progression, and for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we focused on the current status of the distribution of mucins in normal and pathologic conditions and their clinical use both in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics treatments.
Use of a low‐profile, compliant balloon for percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty
Authors: Yamen Eric , Daniels David V. , Van HoHai , Yeung Alan C. , Fearon William F.
Published: November 2009

Objectives: To determine the safety and immediate efficacy after balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) with a new, low‐profile balloon. Background: BAV has a continuing role in the management of high‐risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). BAV with traditional noncompliant balloons requires a large femoral arteriotomy and is associated with high rates of access site complications. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 20 consecutive patients undergoing BAV for severe AS. Retrograde transfemoral BAV was performed with a low‐profile, compliant valvuloplasty balloon. Before and after BAV, transaortic gradients were measured invasively and by echocardiography, and aortic valve area (AVA) calculated. Access site complications, functional class and survival were recorded. Results: Patients were 79 ± 12 years old and had an estimated mortality from open aortic valve replacement of (12.5 ± 9.6)%. By catheterization, mean aortic gradient fell from 44 ± 15 to 29 ± 10 mm Hg (P < 0.001) and AVA increased from 0.63 ± 0.22 to 0.89 ± 0.33 cm2 (P < 0.001). New York Heart Association functional class improved from 3.5 ± 0.7 to 2.7 ± 0.8. Procedural mortality was 0%. There were no vascular complications or significant worsening of aortic regurgitation. Conclusion: Transfemoral BAV using a low‐profile compliant balloon is feasible with acceptable immediate results and safety. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ionic Liquid‐Based Routes to Conversion or Reuse of Recycled Ammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Cordes David B. , Smiglak Marcin , Hines C. Corey , Bridges Nicholas J. , Dilip Meghna , Srinivasan Geetha , Metlen Andreas , Rogers Robin D.
Published: November 2009

New, potentially green, and efficient synthetic routes for the remediation and/or re‐use of perchlorate‐based energetic materials have been developed. Four simple organic imidazolium‐ and phosphonium‐based perchlorate salts/ionic liquids have been synthesized by simple, inexpensive, and nonhazardous methods, using ammonium perchlorate as the perchlorate source. By appropriate choice of the cation, perchlorate can be incorporated into an ionic liquid which serves as its own electrolyte for the electrochemical reduction of the perchlorate anion, allowing for the regeneration of the chloride‐based parent ionic liquid. The electrochemical degradation of the hazardous perchlorate ion and its conversion to harmless chloride during electrolysis was studied using IR and 35Cl NMR spectroscopies.
A Bifunctional Pd/MgO Solid Catalyst for the One‐Pot Selective N‐Monoalkylation of Amines with Alcohols
Authors: Corma Avelino , Ródenas Tania , Sabater María J.
Published: November 2009

It has been found that a bifunctional metal Pd/base (MgO) catalyst performs the selective monoalkylation of amines with alcohols. The reaction goes through a series of consecutive steps in a cascade mode that involves: 1) the abstraction of hydrogen from the alcohol that produces the metal hydride and the carbonyl compound; 2) condensation of the carbonyl with the amine to give an imine, and 3) hydrogenation of the imine with the surface hydrogen atoms from the metal hydride. Based on isotopic and spectroscopic studies and on the rate of each elementary step, a global reaction mechanism has been proposed. The controlling step of the process is the hydride transfer from the metal to the imine. By changing the crystallite size of the Pd, it is demonstrated that this is a structure‐sensitive reaction, whereas the competing processes that lead to subproducts are not. On these bases, a highly selective catalyst has been obtained with Pd crystallite size below 2.5 nm in diameter. The high efficiency of the catalytic system has allowed us to extend the process to the one‐pot synthesis of piperazines.
Stereoselective Control by Face‐to‐Face Versus Edge‐to‐Face Aromatic Interactions: The Case of C3‐TiIV Amino Trialkolate Sulfoxidation Catalysts
Authors: Santoni Gabriella , Mba Miriam , Bonchio Marcella , Nugent William A. , Zonta Cristiano , Licini Giulia
Published: November 2009

The stereoselective oxidation of differently functionalised benzyl phenyl sulfides has been examined by using enantiopure TiIV trialkanolamine complexes. These complexes efficiently catalyse the sulfoxidation with good stereoselectivities. The data highlight the contribution to the stereoselectivity of steric effects and non‐covalent π–π interactions between the aromatic rings of the TiIV complex and those pertaining to the substrates. Enantiomeric excesses have been correlated with the electrostatic potential surfaces (EPS) of the reacting sulfides. The overall study leads to a mechanistic interpretation that explains the stereoselectivity of the system and dissects the role of aromatic and steric interactions in the stereoselective process.
Metallocyclo‐ and Polyphosphazenes Containing Gold or Silver: Thermolytic Transformation into Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Jiménez Josefina , Laguna Antonio , Benouazzane Mohamed , Sanz Jose Antonio , Díaz Carlos , Valenzuela María Luisa , Jones Peter G.
Published: November 2009

A cyclotriphosphazene bearing two 4‐oxypyridine groups on the same phosphorus atom, gem‐[N3P3(O2C12H8)2(OC5H4N‐4)2] (I), and its analogous polymer [{NP(O2C12H8)}0.7{NP(OC5H4N‐4)2}0.3]n (II), have been used to prepare gold or silver, cyclic and polymeric, metallophosphazenes. The following complexes, gem‐[N3P3(O2C12H8)2(OC5H4N‐4{ML})2] (ML=Au(C6F5) (1) or Au(C6F5)3 (2)), [N3P3(O2C12H8)2(OC5H4N‐4{AuPPh3})2][NO3]2 (3), and [N3P3(O2C12H8)2(OC5H4N‐4{AgPPh2R})2][SO3CF3]2 (R=Ph (4) or Me (5)) have been obtained. Complexes 1 and 4 are excellent models for the preparation of the analogous polymers [{NP(O2C12H8)}0.7{NP(OC5H4N‐4{ML})2}0.3]n (ML=Au(C6F5) (P1), Ag(OSO2CF3)PPh3 (P2)). All complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, various spectroscopic methods, and mass spectrometry. The polymers were further investigated by thermochemical methods (thermogravimetric analysis) and differential scanning calorimetry. For compounds 1–5 and for the starting phosphazene I, a mixture of different stereoisomers may be expected. The stereochemistry in solution has been studied by variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy studies, which provided evidence for interconversion processes that involve changes in the chirality of a 2,2′‐dioxybiphenyl group. A single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of the gold complex 2 confirmed not only the proposed structure, but also S,S and R,R configurations at the two biphenoxy‐substituted phosphorus centers, in contrast to those observed for the precursor I. Pyrolysis of these new metallophosphazenes was also studied. Notably, pyrolysis of the gold derivatives gave macroporous metallic gold sponges without the requirement of either an external reducing agent or a porous support. These materials were all characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy.
Interactions between quercetin and Warfarin for albumin binding: A new eye on food/drug interference
Authors: Di Bari Lorenzo , Ripoli Silvia , Pradhan Sanghamitra , Salvadori Piero
Published: November 2009

The interaction between quercetin, a popular antioxidant flavonoid, and human serum albumin (HSA) is investigated and characterized by means of induced circular dichroism and saturation transfer difference NMR. These techiques demonstrate the reversible binding of quercetin to the carrier protein, which is responsible for its dissolution in aqueous medium. Competition experiments with two classical probes for HSA binding sites, namely Ibuprofen and Warfarin (a common anticoagulant coumarin), demonstrate that quercetin has a primary binding site located in the subdomain IIA, where coumarins are hosted. The affinity for this site is large and we found that quercetin may effectively displace warfarin from HSA. This may have relevant consequences in rationalizing the interferences of common dietary compounds and food supplements to anticoagulant treatments. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ein modifiziertes PAAG‐Verfahren zur sicherheitstechnischen Analyse einer chemischen Anlage
Authors: Marx M. , Kettritz A. , Neumeister M.
Published: November 2009

Das PAAG‐Verfahren zur Gefahrendetektion bei der Auslegung und Modifikation chemischer Anlagen ist seit Langem in der chemischen Industrie etabliert. Primäres Ziel solch einer Analyse ist, eine eventuelle Abweichung vom regulären Prozess aufzuzeigen und weiterführend die Entstehung dieser Gefahr zu verhindern. Die einfache Darstellung der Gegenmaßnahmen bringt erste Erkenntnisse. Zur besseren Umsetzung der Maßnahmen in der Anlage und zu ihrer besseren Organisation wurde eine Modifizierung der Spalte „Gegenmaßnahmen”︁ vorgenommen. Ziel dieser Herangehensweise ist eine detailliertere Betrachtung der Gegenmaßnahmen.
Oxidation von o‐Xylol zur Herstellung von Phthalsäureanhydrid: 2. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Flüssigphasenoxidation
Authors: Fiebig B. , Kuchling Th.
Published: November 2009

Aromatische Carbonsäuren sind wichtige Zwischenprodukte in der Polymerchemie und werden durch die Oxidation entsprechender alkylsubstituierter Aromaten hergestellt. Die industrielle Umsetzung der Oxidation erfolgt in Abhängigkeit vom eingesetzten aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoff auf unterschiedlichen Wegen. Der Beitrag berichtet über experimentelle Untersuchungen der homogen katalysierten Oxidation von o‐Xylol zu Phthalsäure und Phthalsäureanhydrid in der Flüssigphase als Alternative zur technisch etablierten Gasphasenoxidation. Mit einem optimierten Katalysatorsystem konnten Produktausbeuten von über 95 Mol‐% erreicht werden. Ausgehend von den experimentellen Ergebnissen wurde ein Reaktionsmechanismus postuliert, der alle nachwei sbaren Produkte umfasst sowie die kinetischen Parameter bestimmt. Dabei sind die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten von der Temperatur, der Katalysatorkonzentration und der Konzentration des aromatischen Eduktes abhängig. Das erstellte Modell ist im Temperaturbereich von 100 °C bis 130 °C und für geringe o‐Xylol‐Konzentrationen gültig und beschreibt die Verläufe für Umsatz und Produktausbeute sehr gut.
Modern systemic chemotherapy in surgically unresectable neoplasms of appendiceal origin
Authors: Shapiro Jamie F. , Chase Judy L. , Wolff Robert A. , Lambert Laura A. , Mansfield Paul F. , Overman Michael J. , Ohinata Aki , Liu Jun , Wang Xuemei , Eng Cathy
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

Appendiceal neoplasms include tumors ranging from benign‐appearing cells with widespread mucin deposits to aggressive poorly differentiated signet ring cell adenocarcinomas. Traditionally, these tumors are treated with cytoreductive surgery followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. For some patients, cytoreductive surgery is not an option, and minimal published data exist in the management and outcome of these patients. A retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the benefit of modern systemic chemotherapy in patients with disseminated appendiceal neoplasm who were not considered optimal candidates for cytoreductive surgery.

METHODS:

A retrospective review was conducted using The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center tumor registry between January 2000 and July 2005. Response was determined by radiographic response and/or overall clinical benefit.

RESULTS:

Of 186 patients diagnosed with appendiceal neoplasm, 54 (29%) patients considered to be suboptimal surgical candidates received ≥2 cycles of systemic chemotherapy. Thirty (55.6%) patients had a disease control rate noted as a complete response, partial response, or stable disease. After a median follow‐up of 24 months, the median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival were determined to be 7.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4‐11) and 56 months (95% CI, 36‐not applicable), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Systemic chemotherapy has a role in appendiceal neoplasm patients who are suboptimal candidates for cytoreductive surgery. The intermediate PFS indicates the challenges that exist for appendiceal neoplasm patients in this setting. Prospective randomized trials including systemic chemotherapy are needed to provide further insight into this malignancy, for which no standard exists. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
RIT‐DuPont supra‐threshold color‐tolerance individual color‐difference pair dataset
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Hou Bingxin
Published: November 2009

The RIT‐DuPont dataset has been used extensively for formula development and testing since its inception during the 1980's, for example, in the development of CIE94 and CIEDE2000. The dataset was published as 156 color‐tolerances, T50, along specific vector directions about 19 color centers. Probit analysis was used to transform judgments of 958 color‐difference pairs by 50 observers to these 156 tolerances. For most statistical significance testing, the number of samples determines the confidence limits. Thus, there was an interest in publishing the individual color‐difference pair visual and colorimetric data to improve the precision of significance testing. From these 958 pairs, 828 pairs had determinable visual differences. The others had either excessive visual uncertainty or had unanimous visual judgments such that visual differences were undefined. In addition, a method was devised to assign visual uncertainty to each of these pairs using the principles of maximum likelihood and the T50 values. Comparisons were made between the T50 and individual color‐difference pair data both including and omitting uncertainty weightings. The weighted dataset was found to be equivalent to the T50 tolerances. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010
Remote Sensitized Photoisomerization via Through‐Bond Triplet–Triplet Energy Transfer Mediated by a Salt Bridge in a Supramolecular Dyad
Authors: Han Lei , Wei Hengxing , Li Shayu , Chen Jinping , Zeng Yi , Li Ying‐Ying , Han Yongbin , Li Yi , Wang Shuangqing , Yang Guoqiang
Published: November 2009

A supramolecular dyad, BP‐(amidinium‐carboxylate)‐NBD is constructed, in which benzophenone (BP) and norbornadiene (NBD) are connected via an amidinium‐carboxylate salt bridge. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the assembled BP‐(amidinium‐carboxylate)‐NBD dyad are examined. The phosphorescence of the BP chromophore is efficiently quenched by the NBD group in BP‐(amidinium‐carboxylate)‐NBD via the salt bridge. Time‐resolved spectroscopy measurements indicate that the lifetime of the BP triplet state in BP‐(amidinium‐carboxylate)‐NBD is shortened due to the quenching by the NBD group. Selective excitation of the BP chromophore results in isomerization of the NBD group to quadricyclane (QC). All of these observations suggest that the triplet–triplet energy transfer occurs efficiently in the BP‐(amidinium‐carboxylate)‐NBD salt bridge system. The triplet–triplet energy transfer process proceeds with efficiencies of approximately 0.87, 0.98 and the rate constants 1.8×103 s−1, and 1.3×107 s−1 at 77 K and room temperature, respectively. The mechanism for the triplet–triplet energy transfer is proposed to proceed via a “through‐bond” electron exchange process, and the non‐covalent bonds amidinium‐carboxylate salt bridge can mediate the triplet–triplet energy transfer process effectively for photochemical conversion.
Biological Stimulation of the Human Skin Applying HealthPromoting Light and Plasma Sources
Authors: Awakowicz P. , Bibinov N. , Born M. , Busse B. , Gesche R. , Helmke A. , Kaemling A. , Kolb‐Bachofen V. , Kovacs R. , Kuehn S. , Liebmann J. , Mertens N. , Niemann U. , Oplaender C. , Porteanu H.‐E. , Scherer J. , Suschek C. , Vioel W. , Wandke D.
Published: November 2009

In the frame of BMBF project “BioLiP”, new physical treatment techniques aiming at medical treatment of the human skin have been developed. The acronym BioLiP stands for “Desinfektion, Entkeimung und biologische Stimulation der Haut durch gesundheitsfördernde Licht‐ und Plasmaquellen” (Disinfection, germ reduction and biological stimulation of the human skin by health promoting light and plasma sources). A source applying a low‐temperature dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBD) has been investigated on its effectiveness for skin disinfection and stimulation of biological material. Alternatively an atmospheric plasma source consisting of a microwave resonator combined with a solid state power oscillator has been examined. This concept which allows for a compact and efficient design avoiding external microwave power supply and matching units has been optimized with respect to nitrogen monoxide (NO) production in high yields. In both cases various application possibilities in the medical and biological domain are opened up. Light sources in the visible spectral range have been investigated with respect to the proliferation of human cell types. Intensive highly selective blue light sources based on LED technology can slow down proliferation rates without inducing toxic effects which offers new opportunities for treatments of so‐called hyperproliferative skin conditions (e.g. with psoriasis or in wound healing) using UV‐free light. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wendelstein 7‐X: An Alternative Route to a Fusion Reactor
Authors: Wolf R. C. , W7‐X Team
Published: November 2009

With the ITER tokamak magnetic confinement fusion is making the decisive step to realize a burning fusion plasma and prepare the basis for a demonstration power plant (DEMO). Despite the advantages of an intrinsically steady state magnetic field and better stability properties, the development of stellarators lags behind by about 1 1/2 device generations, because of the difficulties to realize the desired magnetic field configuration. The goal of the optimized stellarator Wendelstein 7‐X is to overcome the principal deficiencies of the stellarator concept and demonstrate its reactor capability, combining sufficiently good thermal and fast ion confinement with reactor relevant ß and collisionality under steady state conditions. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Integrative optimization by RBF network and particle swarm optimization
Authors: Kitayama Satoshi , Yasuda Keiichiro , Yamazaki Koetsu
Published: November 2009

This paper presents a method for the integrative optimization system. Recently, many methods for global optimization have been proposed. The objective of these methods is to find a global minimum of nonconvex function. However, large numbers of function evaluations are required, in general. We utilize the response surface method to approximate function space to reduce the function evaluations. The response surface method is constructed from sampling points. The RBF Network, which is one of the neural networks, is utilized to approximate the function space. Then Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied to the response surface. The proposed system consists of three parts: (Part 1) generation of the sampling points, (Part 2) construction of response surface by RBF Network, (Part 3) optimization by PSO. By iterating these three parts, it is expected that the approximate global minimum of nonconvex function can be obtained with a small number of function evaluations. Through numerical examples, the effectiveness and validity are examined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(12): 31–42, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10187
Highly reliable operation of red laser diodes for POF data links
Authors: Ohgoh Tsuyoshi , Mukai Atsushi , Mukaiyama Akihiro , Asano Hideki , Hayakawa Toshiro
Published: November 2009

Requirements for laser diodes used in plastic optical fiber (POF) data links include such features as stable operation for more than 100,000 h at 60 °C and 5 mW and transmission speed greater than 1 Gbps. By optimizing crystal growth conditions and device structures, we have successfully fabricated highly reliable laser diodes with 1.25‐Gbps transmission speed. The median lifetime for 5‐mW operation at 60 °C was estimated to be more than 800,000 h. These results indicate that 660‐nm‐band laser diodes are very promising light sources for POF data links. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(12): 13–19, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10194
Evaluation of the reduction in CO2 emissions by applying Micro‐Grid to home energy supply system
Authors: Yamamoto Takaya , Takano Tomihiro , Takuma Yoshiyuki , Inoue Makoto , Arao Gen
Published: November 2009

Dispersed generators such as wind power systems, photovoltaic systems, and cogeneration systems are expected to mitigate the environmental burden of energy consumption, and their installation has been promoted recently. Micro‐Grid is focused on as a method to solve some problems in a commercial electric power line when installing a large number of dispersed generators, and some demonstrative research on Micro‐Grid for large‐scale systems is being carried out now. Also, small cogeneration systems for houses, such as gas engines and fuel cells, are expected to improve CO2 emissions. However, if the power and heat demand of a family are relatively small or are unbalanced, the cogeneration system does not operate effectively. The authors have studied the application of Micro‐Grid for home energy supply, and have developed a control system to solve this problem. The system achieves a reduction of CO2 emissions and energy costs by sharing electric power and heat among some houses with cogeneration systems. This paper presents an outline of the newly developed system, and in particular describes the effect of the reduction in CO2 emissions compared with a conventional energy supply method, and the case in which dispersed generators are installed in some houses and operate independently. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(3): 19–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20879
Anti‐windup algorithm with priority to proportional control output of speed PI controller for precision servo system
Authors: Sazawa Masaki , Yamada Takahiro , Ohishi Kiyoshi , Katsura Seiichiro
Published: November 2009

A robust servo system is important for performance improvement of motion control systems in several industry applications. Generally, a high‐speed positioning servo system consists of robust control systems with integrator, such as PI controller. The industrial servo system always has the limitation for the capacity of the actuator and power amplifier.

An ordinary industrial position servo system often has to deal with the saturation of motor current and motor speed. It is difficult for the high‐speed positioning servo system to keep the robust position control against the saturation of motor current and motor speed. This is the case because an ordinary position servo system has a complicated control structure with many control loops. Hence, it sometimes has a large overshoot and an oscillated response due to the limitation of motor current and motor speed.

In order to overcome this problem, this paper proposes a new robust high‐speed positioning servo system considering the saturation of torque current and motor speed. The experimental results show that the proposed robust high‐speed positioning servo system has quick and stable position response for the saturation of motor current and motor speed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(3): 57–64, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20904
New structures of vector control systems for permanent magnet synchronous motors with core loss
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji
Published: November 2009

This paper investigates and proposes new system structures for vector control of permanent‐magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with core loss. The proposed vector control systems have the following versatile features. (a) The systems employ the structures allowing control of the stator current through control of the load current. (b) The systems employ unique “stator voltage feedback‐use” structures in order to accomplish simply the load current control. (c) The produced torque is directly related to the load current, and the precise torque control can be attained through the load current control. (d) The relation between produced torque and the load current is nonlinear for salient‐pole PMSMs similar to the case of no core loss, and a variety of the load current commands can be selected from viewpoints of minimum loss and/or wide speed range drives. The system structures add no constraint to the selection of the load current commands. (e) In addition to the torque control, the speed control can be allowed, where linearity between output of the speed controller and produced torque is kept. The validity of versatile features is verified through the numerical experiments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(3): 28–39, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20910
Activating NK‐cell receptors co‐stimulate CD4+CD28− T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Fasth Andreas E. R. , Björkström Niklas K. , Anthoni Minna , Malmberg Karl‐Johan , Malmström Vivianne
Published: November 2009

Effector T‐cell responses can be modulated by competing positive or negative signals transduced by NK‐cell receptors (NKR). In the CD4+ T‐cell population, the expression of NKR is primarily found in the CD4+CD28− T‐cell subset, also known as CD28null T cells. These T cells are frequently found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory disorders, suggesting that signaling through NKR may play a role in the autoimmune reaction. Here we aimed to dissect the phenotype and function of NKR‐expressing CD4+CD28− T cells in patients with RA. By analyzing a broad array of NKR on CD4+CD28− T cells we found a significant expression of the co‐activating receptors 2B4 (CD244), DNAM‐1 (CD226), and CRACC. Pair‐wise ligations of 2B4 with DNAM‐1 and/or NKG2D lead to increased effector functions of primary CD4+CD28− T cells to suboptimal levels of anti‐CD3 stimulation. Using multi‐parameter flow cytometry, we demonstrate that such co‐ligation led to an increased magnitude in overall responsiveness without changing qualitative aspects of the response. Altogether these results demonstrate a pattern of additive effects in NKR‐mediated functional modulation of CD4+CD28− T cells in RA. This may have consequences for the inflammatory responses imposed by these cells, thus influencing disease manifestations.