bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caves as Entrances to the World Beyond, from Where Fertility Is Derived. The Case of SW Slovenia
Jame kot vhod v onstranstvo, od koder izvira plodnost. Primer JZ Slovenije

Authors: Hrobat Virloget Katja
Published: June 2019

This paper addresses the question of the prevailing meaning of the caves on the basis of recently discovered folklore material and some archaeological discoveries from south-western Slovenia. Among the different meanings of caves in the local landscape, the author explores their function as the entrance to the world beyond, characterised by the unnatural passing of time. Obtaining new-borns from caves or keeping dead children in caves, frequently in connection with Baba or without her, rituals of fertility, and the sexual symbolism indicate that caves were perceived as places, from where fertility was derived.
Islands as Symbolic Centres of the Early Medieval Settlement Patterns in Middle Pomerania (Northern Poland)
Wyspy jako symboliczne centra wczesnośredniowiecznych mikroregionów osadniczych Pomorza środkowego

Authors: Kajkowski Kamil
Published: June 2019

Islands have played a significant role in the region of Pomerania. Isolated from the rest of the landscape, islands appealed to the human psyche in a highly distinct way. Because of their geographic isolation, they allowed their inhabitants to develop relations of a transcendental character. According to scholars of religion, when people searched for a place of settlement, they looked, above all, for a specific, unique area. In a symbolic sense, such an area was regarded as a pivot around which social life would revolve. Those parts of land that were surrounded by water were associated with the mythic Primeval Land: the first land emerging from the Primeval Ocean and perceived as the centre of the world, axis mundi. Empirical material obtained in the course of archaeological research allows one to impute and follow such dynamics in traditional communities. By analysing selected sites, this paper explores the complex worldviews of pagan Pomeranians from the early Middle Ages. Material evidence of sacred space organization and relics of ritual activities visible in archaeological sites suggests that isolated parts of land, in the form of islands, were a key component in the creation of the religious and mythical worldview of the pre-Christian inhabitants of early medieval Pomerania.
Žir i žirnye vremena: ob odnom simvole v «Slove o polku Igoreve»
Fat and Fat Times: About One Symbol in the Tale of Igor’s Campaign

Authors: Rakhno Kostyantyn
Published: June 2019

This article deals with one symbolic concept in the Tale of Igor’s Campaign – fat and gold. Fat, which Prince Igor let sink to the bottom of the Kayala, was not simply an abundance, and the fat times, scared away by the Maiden Wrong, were not just the rich ones. They are connected with the Iranian mythological beliefs. The Ossetians believed that the earth used to secrete a certain peculiar nutritious fat far in the past, but these blessed times came to the end because of some events and the activities of certain epic heroes. Such ideas are reflected in the Ossetic Nart epos and superstitions. Their traces are present in the Ruthenian chronicles. The falcon symbols of the poem also have Iranian roots and are connected with the notions of royal khvarenah among the Scythians and other Iranian peoples.
Mala gora pri Ribnici – mitološko izročilo v prostoru
Mala Gora (Little Mountain) by Ribnica – Cosmic Myth in Mythical Landscape

Authors: Češarek Domen
Published: June 2019

This article presents ethnographical research of mountain the Mala gora (Small Mountain) located in southern Slovenia in the vicinity of Ribnica, Dobrepolje, Velike Lašče and Kočevje. Local legends and myths are preserved about the mythical landscape of Mala gora, which can be connected with ideas such as the world axis, perceptions of connections with the underworld and the main Slavic myth. Author presents new findings related to Perun and Mokosh, which are preserved in local names as Makoše village, water spring Perin and various supernatural beings connected with these perceptions. Folk beliefs that are connected with this landscape can be also compared to pre-Slavic myths and beliefs of Mother Earth.
Far from the “Maddening” Crowd. A Comparative Study of Some Persian, English and German Variants of ATU 1450
Daleč od »Ob pamet spravljajoče množice«. Primerjalna študija nekaterih perzijskih, angleških in nemških variant pravljic tipa ATU 1450

Authors: Khazaie Davood
Published: June 2019

Tale types ATU 1450–1474 “Looking for a wife” are clear examples of silliness. This article considers ATU 1450 “Clever Elsie” as the main tale type and studies some folktales from three cultures: Persian “Divānegān” (“The Maddening Crowd”), English “The Three Sillies” and “Jack Hannaford” and German “Die kluge Else” (“Clever Elsie”) and “Die klugen Leute” (“Wise Folks”). The tales are studied in terms of the juxtaposition of wisdom/silliness and trickery/silliness as apparent in all versions. However, the Persian folktales, by virtue of their elaborate plot structure and literary devices such as paradox and various kinds of imagery provide a more philosophical portrait of wit/silliness dichotomy. Concepts of centre and periphery and power relations are also considered. References are also made to the techniques of decentration in some tales. Patriarchal authority can be detected in all versions. Furthermore, features of the carnivalesque-grotesque as enumerated by Davidson (2008) appear in different degrees in these tales.
Šibolet: Mehanizem jezikovnega razločevanja kot pripovedni motiv
Shibboleth: A Mechanism of Language Differentiation as a Narrative Folklore Motif

Authors: Kvartič Ambrož
Published: June 2019

In all of its manifestations, narrative folklore is one of the most important vehicles of articulation of collective identification, when said identification is based on a distinction between Us and Others. Furthermore, narrative folklore exhibits various motifs pointing to and stressing language differences between said social and cultural identity constructs. This is clearly visible when a special mechanism of language differentiation – the shibboleth – occurs. This is an element of and within language system, selected arbitrarily – it can be a word, a gesture, a phoneme – that becomes a discriminatory symbol of one‘s identity of Otherness. An individual who is unable to pronounce the chosen word is symbolically (and in narratives also literally) killed. This article presents examples of narrative folklore from Slovenia and other parts of the world, wherein the mechanism of shibboleth is employed.
Nekotorye voprosy izučenija slavjanskoj mifologii
Einige Fragen zur Erforschung der slawischen Mythologie

Authors: Toporov Vladimir N.
Published: June 2019

The article deals with the history and the contemporary situation of Slavic mythology studies. It also discusses the relationship between the pagan tradition and Christianity.
Interpretationes Slavicae: Some Early Mythological Glosses
Interpretationes Slavicae. Nekotorye rannie mifologičeskie glossy

Authors: Loma Aleksandar
Published: June 2019

The paper deals with three cases of a Slavic theonym standing as substitute for an ancient mythological name: Dajbog in NE Serbia for the Roman Aesculapius, originally perhaps for an autochthonous deity akin to Zalmoxis; Dažьbogъ (Old Russian form of the same name) in the Slavic translation of Malala’s chronicle for the Greek Helios and Veles in West-Serbian toponymy for Apollo.
Kresnik: An Attempt at a Mythological Reconstruction
Kresnik: poskus mitološke rekonstrukcije

Authors: Šmitek Zmago
Published: June 2019

The Slovene Kresnik tradition has numerous parallels in Indo-European mythologies. Research has established connections between the myth about a hero’s fight with a snake (dragon) and the vegetational cult of Jarilo/Zeleni Jurij. The Author establishes a hypothesis about Iranian influences (resemblance to figures of Yima/Yama and Mithra) and outlines a later transformation of Kresnik in the period of Christianization.
Južnoslavjanskaja narodnaja demonologija v balkanskom kontekste
Südslawische Volksdämonologie im balkanischen Aspekt

Authors: Plotnikova Anna
Published: June 2019

The author describes a complex of specific characteristics of South Slavic demonology which also appears in other Balkan notions about demons.
Duhi, vseljajuščiesja v čeloveka
Die Geister, die in Menschen eindringen

Authors: Vinogradova Ljudmila N.
Published: June 2019

The article deals with a folk tradition about an evil ghost, usually in the form of an insect, possessing a human. It is believed that these notions are linked with phrases like: “flies in one’s head”, “flies in one’s nose”, etc.
Nota su sl. *ubog- “demone domestico” e it. povero “defunto”
Ob primerjavi slov. *ubog- “hišni demon” in it. povero “rajni”

Authors: Dini Pietro U.
Published: June 2019

A parallelism has been observed between the particular meaning of povero “deceased” in some usages and the name of the Slavic ultramundane being *ubog- “domestic daemon” (ubog- “poor”).
Območje jugovzhodne neviodunske vpadnice v ljudskem izročilu
Area of the Southeast Roman Road to Neviodunum (Drnovo pri Krškem) in Oral Tradition

Authors: Rihter Jernej
Published: June 2019

This article deals with oral tradition which refers to the south-eastern periphery of the land that belongs to the village Drnovo pri Krškem (Roman Municipium Neviodunum). There are two important localities named Sap and Bore. Especially the latter locality is known as a place of numerous oral traditions which are connected with supernatural beings, and it is also known as a location of the “Roman gate”. With the introduction of material and intangible circumstances, we are trying to understand the formation of the tradition of “Roman gate”. It turns out that we need a broader review. We are attempting to highlight the location with information of the field partition and archaeology. Results show that the area of Sap-Bore represents the south-eastern border of land that belongs to village Drnovo and it also coincides with the southeast Roman necropolis of Neviodunum. A similar situation is repeated in other necropolises of Neviodunum. With mapping of points of supernatural experiences, the image of the mythical landscape of Drnovo is drawn. The extent of mythical landscape is limited with the archaeological remains of Neviodunum. In this regard, the area of Sap-Bore stands out as one of the liminal points of the mythical landscape of Drnovo. Accordingly, the meaning of the tradition of Roman gates and supernatural experiences at this location are more evident. In this way, shaped topographical unit as a mythical unit of inhabitants of Drnovo (the settlement of which sat right above the Roman ruins) the process of the appropriation of Roman history into the narration of their own origins was taking place.
»K nam so prišli Francozi in prinesli ‚drugačne čase‘«: Napoleonovi Francozi v slovenskih povedkah v kontekstu kolektivnega spomina in drugosti
“The French Came and Brought ‘a Different Time’”: Napoleon’s French Forces in Slovene Legends in the Context of the Collective Memory and Otherness

Authors: Mlakar Anja
Published: June 2019

This paper attempts to shed light on the image of Napoleon’s French forces that invaded and briefly conquered Slovene lands in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as depicted in Slovene folklore. In some legends, we can recognize an echo of the historical reality of the time of French invasions and their rule. These portray the hardships of this foreign occupation, the exploitation of the population by the French and their cruelty and conflicts with them, yet some show a more favourable relationship or even depict humorous accounts (especially in relation with linguistic misunderstandings) with the French, while some aspects of their rule are completely ignored by folklore. In some cases, the French are narrated into stories that explain certain features of the physical environment of the community, and in some legends they are depicted as coming from the world beyond and are attributed supernatural traits. In some folklore examples, the interchangeability of different historical invaders is attested. We can generalize that the French are seen as “the Others” in Slovene folklore and have, as such, acquired different roles in folklore to serve diverse needs of the community in the sense of strengthening its own identity, rationalizing its physical landscape, and taking part in the beliefs about the supernatural and the world beyond.
Pogrebni običaji Bošnjaka u Mahali kod Breze - običajne prakse i vjerski propisi
Burial Practices of Bosniaks in Mahala Near Breza. Traditional Practices and Religious Laws

Authors: Križanec-Beganović Danijela
Published: June 2019

Based on the material collected in 2002, the text explores burial practices of Bosniaks in Mahala. Its primary objective is to identify non-Islamic elements that are characteristic of the entire population of this area. The starting point of this study was the perception of informants that burial practices of Bosniaks are completely subordinate to religious regulations and recommendations, and exempt from any environmental influences. However, research confirmed the presence of several elements that are common to the entire population of the area under research, which indicates that the environment plays an extremely important role in the formation of cultural practices.
The Sun, the Moon, and the Orientation of Baltic Graves: A Mythological Approach to an Archaeological Problem
Solnce, luna i orientacija baltskih pogrebenij: mifologičeskij vzljad na arheologičeskuju problemu

Authors: Vaitkevičienė Daiva , Vaitkevičius Vykintas
Published: June 2019

This paper focuses on the predominating east-west orientation of Iron Age graves (5th century BC to the 13th century AD) and the reasons that could have caused the custom. Based on the data of Baltic mythology and their reflections in folklore, the authors argue that the mythological conception of grave orientation is closely related to the mythological path of the Sun and the image of souls leaving the world of the living. Given the astronomical opposition of the Sun and the Moon, the hypothesis is justified by the fact that, when the graves of men and of women in the Baltic burial grounds adhering to the east-west axis, were oriented in opposite directions, the burial customs could have been affected by the mythological images of the heavenly family: the Sun (wife) and the Moon (husband).
Shirts, Cloaks and Nudity: Data on the Symbolic Aspects of Clothing
Srajce, ogrinjala in golota: simbolični vidiki oblačil

Authors: Pócs Éva
Published: June 2019

This study discusses the beliefs and rites related to spinning, textiles, robes, and nudity that markedly outline some coherent symbolic systems within European belief systems. Their deep structure consists in the symbolic series of oppositions of nature-culture, raw-cooked, and life-death. In this binary universe, nature is characterized by the absence of cultural processes and products: ploughing, sowing, domesticating wild animals, the furnace, smithery, the iron, spinning and weaving, clothes, and Christian sacraments. The paper will discuss how the “raw” world of nature was tamed; how human beings, born as natural beings, were transformed into social beings, in the course of which the main role among the basic working processes of human culture is attributed to spinning and weaving.
The Ancient Greek Symbolism in the Religious Landscape. The Case of Delphi
Il simbolismo greco antico nel paesaggio religioso. Il caso di Delfi

Authors: Malea Andrea
Published: June 2019

This paper discusses the ancient Greek beliefs from a different perspective; I attempt to approach the old themes in an interdisciplinary way. I refer to the studies of French anthropology and on the ethnological studies of the conceptualization of the landscape through oral tradition. Some classical antiquity researchers have already done so. Such authors that relate to ancient Greece as a whole discuss the symbolism of sacrifices and snakes. Thus, the belief system of the community manifests in the landscape in its symbolic sense, and with this working guide, I managed to apply the abovementioned contemporary (modern) perspectives to the example of the ancient Greek Delphi.
Triglavska roža in Zlatorog med simboliko in stvarnostjo
Triglav Rose and Zlatorog in Their Symbolism and Reality

Authors: Dobravec Jurij
Published: June 2019

The Tale of Zlatorog speaks of a human-nature interrelationship, close to today’s environmentalism. It has been highly popular in Slovenia and abroad since collected in the Julian Alps and published in 1868. In the first part of this paper, we investigate the Triglav rose, particularly, which real plant species might be reflected in the story. In the second part, we compare the drama with real processes in ecosystems. As reflected in the narrative, humans did not only recognize creatures’ supporting roles: they comprehended the interconnectedness that sustains life and survival. While tales acted as the inspiration for ethical teaching, we assume that artists used the dynamics developed in the Tale of Zlatorog and alike for transferring the reverence for life and sustaining biocentric ethics.
Heritage Animals – Why Not? Anthropocentrism Notwithstanding
Baštinske životinje – zašto ne? Usprkos antropocentrizmu

Authors: Orlić Ivona , Marjanić Suzana
Published: June 2019

This article discusses the relationship of men towards Istrian cattle (boškarin) through the years. The authors question the problem of treating the animals as objects of natural-cultural heritage. The concepts of Nature and Culture remain anthropocentrically segregated, and this is also reflected in promoting the boškarin as a gastro-phenomenon, which was the dominant feature of the project Boškarin with Potatoes (2012–2014) by the City of Pula, developed as the collaboration with the French town of Villefranche-de-Rouergue, which became the partner city of Pula in 2008. The authors claim that one can only talk about heritage species (especially traditional or autochthonous livestock breeds), but not about heritage animals (the animals in the concept of heritage), and that the anthropology of animals, as defined for instance by socio-cultural anthropologist Barbara Noske, can be – or ought to be – a segment of ethnographic studies of the 21st century.
The Donkey in the Narrative Culture and Changing Sociohistorical Epistemology
Osel v pripovedni kulturi in spreminjajoči se družbenozgodovinski epistemologiji

Authors: Kropej Telban Monika
Published: June 2019

This article analyses folklore and narrative tradition about donkeys through the prism of ecological paradigm. It explores the impact of the changing philosophy, stereotypes, and peoples’ attitudes towards animals, the donkey in particular. Researched are also changing aspects in the donkey breeding and narrative culture which was for a long time oriented towards speciesism and anthropocentrism, and is now turning towards ecocentric philosophy, which is part of the newly emerging discipline of zoofolkloristics. This ontological shift is projected on the different perceptions of animals in folk literature, language, and everyday life.
Rethra – Lieps, am Südende des Tollensesees
Retra – Lieps na južni strani jezera Tollensesee

Authors: Schmidt Volker
Published: June 2019

Rethra was an early town center in the region of Redarians. On the basis of written and archaeological sources it is possible to locate this place between the Tollensesee lake and the Uecker river. Especially important is the southern side of the Tollensesee lake and the neighboring Lieps, where archaeologists were able to prove the existence of an early Slavic town whose importance had not been merely local. Discovered were the dwellings of noblemen, a burial ground, three settlements of servant quarters, and several cult localities. The author is of the opinion that all these represent the early town center of Rethra.
Organized Pagan Cult in Kievan Rus’. The Invention of Foreign Elite or Evolution of Local Tradition?
Organizirani poganski kult v kijevski državi. Iznajdba tuje elite ali razvoj krajevnega izročila?

Authors: Zaroff Roman
Published: June 2019

The article attempts to address a common notion in the English speaking world that the pre-Christian Slavic religion was basically animistic. And that personified and anthropomorphic Slavonic deities, known from medieval sources, were a foreign invention. In particular this article focuses on the pagan Kievan cult of the late 10th century as institutionalized by Vladimir the Great. As the Eastern Slavic religion did not evolve in a vacuum, the article analyses it within the broader Slavic and Indo-European context.
The Krakus’ and Wanda’s Burial Mounds of Cracow
Krakova in Vandina gomila pri Krakovu

Authors: Słupecki Leszek Paweł
Published: June 2019

The author presents the Krakus and the Wanda’s burial mounds in the vicinity of Cracow, Poland. He has established that the connection between the figures of the Cracow legend and both mounds is more than just a product of 15th century literature, but originates from a much earlier tradition. Archaeological excavations of the Krakus’ mound indicated that the mound originates from the 9th and the 10th century. According to the author, the pagan peoples living along the Visla river created these mounds in the very center of their state as a response to the advancing Christianity from neighboring Moravia.
Manifestazioni dell’aldilà attraverso le testimonianze dei resiani
Prikazovanje onstranstva skozi pričevanje Rezijanov

Authors: Dapit Roberto
Published: June 2019

Numerous testimonies demonstrate that belief in the afterlife is still strong in Resia. The research that is the basis for this study provides an analysis of material that is organized into various thematic sections. The analysis centers on the main motifs and the content of contemporary accounts. The rich material is written in the Resian dialect.
The Image of the Real World and the World Beyond in the Slovene Folk Tradition
Podoba sveta in onstranstva v slovenskem ljudskem izročilu

Authors: Šmitek Zmago
Published: June 2019

In the Slovene folk tradition descriptions of the “world axis” in the form of the world mountain and the cosmic tree were preserved. This vertical axis linked the spheres of the underworld, the earth and the sky, representing the communicational channel among them. The world of people, deities, demons and souls of the deceased was installed in such “coordinate system”. Christianity gave the vertical axis another meaning, while the concept of human “earthly world” preserved a large number of its old traits.
Mitična oseba Šent v slovenskem izročilu
The Mythical Being “Šent” in Slovene Folk Tradition

Authors: Mencej Mirjam
Published: June 2019

The authoress endeavours to discover whether Šent, the mythical person written about by Davorin Terstenjak, is but a product of Trstenjak’s imagination, or maby a record of genuine belief.
Eine Slawische une Baltische Erdgottheit
Slovanska in baltska boginja zemlje

Authors: Eckert Rainer
Published: June 2019

On the basis of tradition and extent sources the author reconstructs the characteristics and the development of an East Slavic and Baltic earth deity.
O kosmogoničeskoj osnove motiva “zmeja i devy” v svjazi s motivom “stranstvija v podzemnoe carstvo” (na materiale russkih skazok)
On the Cosmological Basis of the Myth about “The Dragon and the Maid” in Connection with the Motif of the Journey into the Underworld Empire. Based on Russian Fairytales

Authors: Yevzlin Mikhail
Published: June 2019

The article deals with the cosmogonic archetype of the motifs about the dragon and the maid, and the journey into the nether world.
Il gomitolo nel folklore: linee per una tipologia. Una fiaba russa e l’antico racconto di Teseo nel labirinto cretese
Klobčič v folklori: smernice za tipologijo. Ruska pravljica in antična pripoved o Tezeju v labirintu na Kreti

Authors: Borghini Alberto
Published: June 2019

The subject of the research is the ball of thread discussed mainly from its symbolic point of view, which links it with the dimension of the hellish, death/murder and witchchraft.
Ob odnom vozmožnom vostočnoslavjanskom “protorituale” (na materiale zagovornoj tradicii)
On the Possible East Slavic “Protoritual”. Based on the Tradition of Invocation

Authors: Gennadievič Šindin Sergej
Published: June 2019

On the basis of East Slavic invocations the author reconstructs Slavic mythology.
Kami in šintoistična kozmogonija
Kami and Shintoist Cosmogony

Authors: Milčinski Maja
Published: June 2019

The paper discusses the notion of kami, which reflects the basic Japanese way of considering nature, the land, deities and the people. The Japanese cosmogonic myths and the cosmic harmony of myriads of kami are presented as a contrast to the one absolute God in the monotheistic religions.
Kul’tavyja drevy v Belarusi
Die Kultbäume in Weissrußland

Authors: Dučyc Ljudmila
Published: June 2019

Trees represent a universal symbol in the mythological model of the world, a symbol that unites all spheres of the cosmos. Belorussians had a very extended tree cult, of which they tell legends even today. They were accustomed to offer gifts to the trees and to pray alongside them. They held oaks to be most sacred, particulary those that formed part of a sanctuary together with the spring and the cult s tone. These oaks have conserved their names through to the present: Old Oak, Three-edge Oak, Perun's Oak, Deweitis, Sacred Oak, etc. Pine and linden trees were also greatly favored. There also exist legends concerning pear trees, poplar trees, birch trees and willow trees.
Pastirji - čarovniki
Shepherds - Sorcerers

Authors: Mencej Mirjam
Published: June 2019

The article discusses the supernatural powers which - according to the beliefs of numerous peoples - certain shepherds possess. For this reason people made distinctions between those shepherds who possessed this knowledge and those who did not. According to the author, shepherds’ knowledge of magic referred primarily to their power over wild animals, particularly over wolves.
Transformations of the Lithuanian God Perkūnas
Transformationen litauischen Perkūnas

Authors: Laurinkienė Nijolė
Published: June 2019

In the article, later substitutions for the god Perkunas are analysed. Most frequently appear the names of the prophet Eliah (Alijošius) and St. George (Jurgis) as the Christian replacements diffused from the Lithuanian region, which borders on Belarus where converting to Christianity began earlier.
Joanna Hubbs’ Mother Russia: More than Review
“Mother Russia” Joanne Hubbs, več kot ocena

Authors: Zaroff Roman
Published: June 2019

On the example of a controversial book Mother Russia by American historian Joanna Hubbs, published in USA in 1993, the article attempts to explore studies in Slavonic religion worldwide. The author explores a number of selected serious mistakes made by Joanna Hubbs in her book and attributes them to a very poor knowledge of Slavonic religion and mythology in the West, and especially in English speaking countries. To address this problem, the article suggests that more articles should appear in SMS in English. Moreover it recognizes importance of SMS as vehicle to promote more research and better understanding of Slavonic religion and mythology worldwide.
Gab es bei den Südslawen Widerstand gegen die Christianisierung?
Ali je prišlo pri južnih Slovanih do uporov proti pokristjanjevanju?

Authors: Pleterski Andrej
Published: June 2019

There are different reasons for the fact that there had been no serious effort to withstand the Christianization of southern Slavs. One of them was the fact that in the period of their meeting both ideological systems were relatively compatible, and a division of interest was still possible. Both Christianity and paganism relatively quickly found a way to co-exist among southern Slavs, and have remained intertwined to this day.
Mitskite oponenti na ranosrednovekovite pojasni jazičinja
Mythical Opponents on Early Middle Ages Belt Tongues

Authors: Čausidis Nikos
Published: June 2019

The paper explores the iconography and symbolism of certain types of late Avarian belt tongues (7th - 8th centuries) which depict three figures (zoomorphic, zoo-anthropomorphic, or anthropomorphic), two of which are engaged in a combat. The author proceeds from a thesis that this scene depicts a symbolic struggle between two opposing gods, a representative of the celestial/luminous principle, and a representative of the htonic principle. The author cites arguments according to which this jewelry, and the scenes depicted on it, belonged to Pannonian Slavs or to other peoples which had participated in Slavic ethno-genesis.
Astral Symbolism on the Pre-Romanesque Relief in Keutschach (Hodiše)
Astralna simbolika predromanskega reliefa v Hodišah (Keutschach)

Authors: Šmitek Zmago
Published: June 2019

The author attempts to prove that the pre-Romanesque relief on the facade of the parish church of St George in Keutschach (Hodiše) in Austrian Carinthia is a depiction of the Orion constellation. He justifies his theory with historical and art-historical facts. The main emphasis is laid on the fact that traces of late Classical astral mythologisation and deification are also recognisable in the Slovenian folk tradition.
Moč besede, moč prednikov: zagovorni obrazci v Reziji in drugje
Potere della parola, potere degli antenati: formule di scongiuro a Resia e altrove

Authors: Dapit Roberto
Published: June 2019

Folk traditions about charms are still alive in Resia. This prompted the author to start thinking about the symbolic function of the conjurer and his or her close relationship with the past and with the after-world. The paper focuses not only on charms from Resia, but also from Venetian Slavia, Friuli and Croatia.
Eine Religionswissenschaftliche Studie über den Schlangenkult der Balten
Religiološka študija o kultu kač pri Baltih

Authors: Laurinkienė Nijolė
Published: June 2019

The article presents recent research of Yvonne Luven Der Kult der Hausschlange: eine Studie zur Religionsgeschichte der Letten und Litauer (2000).
The Origins of Sventovit of Rügen
Izvor Sventovita z Rügna

Authors: Zaroff Roman
Published: June 2019

The article investigates the origins of a Slavic deity, Sventovit of Rügen Island. Based on the previous research of the author, the notion that Sventovit was originally a Slavic war god or disguised Perun is dismissed. On some etymological ground and numerous conceptual similarities, the research concludes, that Polabian deities Sventovit of Rügen, Yarovit of Wolgast and Yarovit of Havelberg, evolved from the same common Slavonic god, which name included the root “yari”. On the functional level, the author postulates an agriculture, harvest, fertility and vital forces as the original domain of this primeval deity. Therefore, the war and other functions acquired by these later deities, as known from historical records, are a result of post-migration developments. Furthermore, the author postulates conceptually.
K interpretacii nekotoryh motivov russkih detskih igr v svete «osnovnogo» mifa (prjatku, žmurku, gorelku, salku-pjatnašku)
Interpretation of Certain Motifs in Russian Children’s Games within the »Basic« Myth (prjatki, žmurki, gorelki, salki-pjatnaški)

Authors: Toporov Vladimir N.
Published: June 2019

The paper focuses on archetypical and semantic interpretations of certain Slavic children’s games that may have originated from fragments of the so-called »basic myth« of the fight between the Thunder God and the htonic deity.
He Is a Dog, But I Am a Bigger Dog Than He Is
I toj pes, ama i jas ušte popes

Authors: Svetieva Aneta
Published: June 2019

The subject of this article is one specific ritual that has been practised in Macedonia during Orthodox New Year (Vasilica), when the village boys have violently beaten and expelled the village dogs. The goal of the investigation is to stress the social and the religious codes of the ritual related to the affirmation of the male principle, as well as the ambivalent relation of the humans towards the dog in general, that speaks in favour of the symbolic duality dog-wolf, which leads towards emphasised elements of the wolf cult in the New Year ritual cycle. In a certain sense the article is following the recent investigation of these phenomena done by Mirjam Mencej and others.
The Thirteenth Number: Then, There / Here and Now
Število trinajst: takrat, tam / tukaj in zdaj

Authors: Thompson Tok
Published: June 2019

The number thirteen has several strong connotations in a number of diverse cultures. What is surprising, and puzzling, are the similarities of associations (the moon, women’s magic, omens, etc). This paper attempts a cross-cultural view of the number thirteen, and arrives at a hypothetical explanation to account for the widespread occurences of the phenomena.Several cultures have been investigated, but the ones in which thirteen is an “ominous” number are revealed to use, or have used, lunar-solar calendars. My hypothesis is that the number thirteen’s connotations derive ulitmately from a natural, and naturally observable regularity-- the 12.41 lunations per solar year. Hence, cultures with a lunar-solar calendar are forced to reckon with an odd thirteenth month every year, and this month is, in this hypothesis, what has given the number thirteen its unique and widespread cultural properties.
Qualche nota sui sermoni e sugli ammaestramenti antico-russi contro il paganesimo e i loro possibili rapporti con la letteratura apocrifa e gli scritti antibogomili
Nekotorye zametki o drevnerusskih »Slovah i Poučenijah napravlennyh protiv jazyčestva« i ih vozmožnye vzaimootnošenija meždy apokrifičeskoj literaturoj i antibogomil’skimi pisanijami

Authors: Simi Simonetta
Published: June 2019

This article is based on the examination of ancient Russian documents, »slova i poučenija, napravlennye protiv jazyčestva«, and their relationships with the apocryphal, Bogomil and antibogomil literature.
Das erloschene Slawentum des Obermaingebietes und sein vorchristlicher Opferbrauch (trebo) im Spiegel eines mutmaßlich würzburgischen Synodalbeschlusses aus dem 10. Jahrhundert
Ugaslo slovanstvo ob gorenji Maini in njegovo predkrščansko žrtvovanje (trebo) v luči domnevno würzburškega sinodalnega sklepa iz 10. stoletja

Authors: Kahl Hans-Dietrich
Published: June 2019

The Old Slavic term trěba (sacrifice) has hardly survived Christianization. Presumably the oldest report about this ritual dates from 785 and appears as the Würzburg Synodal Resolution from the 10th century. The resolution speaks about the draconic measures against church heretics, all of whom were strangely of non-Frankish origin. Slavic and German imperial subjects are treated equally, and Slavs have their own judicial community. Their religion is syncretistic and the degree of their Christianization unclear. A strong resistance against the Church was evident. Trebo (sic), the ritual feast, was one of the forbidden returns to “paganism.” Analyzed are grammatical usages of the terms idolatria, idolothytum, and paganismus, and a new insight into the prehistory of the Bamberg diocese is given.
Structures in the Area of Lauterhofen in Bavaria
Strukture v prostoru Lauterhofna na Bavarskem

Authors: Pleterski Andrej , Belak Mateja
Published: June 2019

Lauterhofen lies northwest of Regensburg in Germany. A necropolis dating to the second half of the 7th and the first half of the 8th centuries is situated here. The area of the cemetery is organized such that the place of burial could symbolize the gender, age and social status of the deceased. The measuring system of the necropolis corresponds with religious and astronomical foundations and furthermore, it repeats itself in the topography of the mythical surrounding landscape.
Obredni kot in zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče na Brezju nad Zrečami
Ritual Angle and Early Medieval Necropolis in Brezje near Zreče

Authors: Kaiser Karmen
Published: June 2019

The contribution discusses a Late Roman and Early Medieval necropolis, situated in the village of Brezje near Zreče in northeastern Slovenia. We determined a triad of cult localities in the near vicinity and demonstrated that the necropolis is incorporated in the system of the so-called ritual angle. The main orientation of the burials, and at the same time one side of the triangle, is the winter solstice (≈ Christmas) sunrise. There are also two Bronze Age cemeteries situated within the system of the ritual angle.
The Folklore Archive of the Russian State University for the Humanities in Moscow
Folklorni arhiv Ruske državne univerze za humanistične vede v Moskvi

Authors: Moroz Andrei
Published: June 2019

The subject of the article is the field research of the folk tradition of the northern Russian area (the region of Kargopol, Archangelskaya oblast), led by the folklore and ethnolinguistic expedition of the Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH) since 1993 until now, and the expedition data archive. The expeditions are organized 1–3 times a year, the participants include professors, postgraduate and undergraduate students of the RSUH. Several groups take part in the expedition, each consisting of 10–15 people who investigate one village during 2–4 weeks. The expedition is aimed at collecting ethnographic, ethnolinguistic and folkloric data, which could give a researcher the opportunity to get as detailed as possible a description of a modern folk culture state in the region.The main method of the field research used during the expedition work is interviewing a considerable part of the village inhabitants – about 20-60% – using 27 questionnaires that concern different spheres of the traditional culture, the audio records are later deciphered, and deciphered texts make the card index.The computer version of the archive has been created in the Laboratory of Folklore since 1997. The multimedia database “Traditional culture of Northern Russia (Kargopol region)” contains written texts, audio records of some fragments of interviews and graphic data (photos, scanned manuscripts, containing incantations, prayers, songs, etc). The database includes now about 20% of all archive materials. The card index contains about 120000 cards, while the database – about 23000 cards.
Krkavški Kamen v ustnem izročilu in v sklopu obredne prostorske strukture
The Stone of Krkavče in Oral Tradition and in the Context of Ritual Landscape Structure

Authors: Puhar Jana , Pleterski Andrej
Published: June 2019

A stone with several images of mythological meaning stands near the Krkavče village above the Dragonja valley in the southeastern part of Slovenia. The authors relate the oral tradition concerning the stone and with its help, they divulge the sacral structure of four churches that form a symmetrical Latin cross with the stone situated at the intersection. A spatial cross, built according to the same program of construction, is also present in Prague and is reliably dated to the 12th century. The cross of Krkavče also certainly came into existence at the same time. This time thus represents the terminus ante quem for the discussed Stone.
Simbolika tvarne kulture – lonček z Brezij
The Symbolism of Material Culture: Example of a Small Pot from Brezje

Authors: Štular Benjamin
Published: June 2019

The author discusses in this contribution the symbolism of an Early Medieval pot from the Brezje above Zreče necropolis. The pot is exeptional due to the Greek cross impressed on the base. The impression correlates exactly with the cross-shaped brooch from Saint Lambert near Pristava. In one object, this small pot, the Slavic ritual – a small pot as an object of grave inventory - and the Vlach custom - a Christian symbol - are combined. Consequently, this is an example of the coalescence of the logic of real with the logic of abstract.
Narodnye obyčai v dni prazdnikov Presvjatoj Bogorodicy
Ljudske šege ob praznikih Matere Božje

Authors: Kaman Erzsébet
Published: June 2019

Folk Customs Accompanying the Celebrations of Mother Mary. The annual celebrations of Mother Mary’s holidays in Russia do not consist only of church prayers on the days of Mother Mary’s Birth, Presentation in the Temple, Announciation, Mary With Her Cloak as Protectress, Assumption, and of honouring her miraculous icons, but also of numerous rituals and customs.Much has been written about such celebrations by Russian ethnographers in 17th and 19th century. Researchers in the 20th century have been looking for the archaic basis of these celebrations, their nature and their linguistic connections. They tried to discover the structure of the folk culture and did not pay much attention to the nature of the celebrations practiced among the people. The author has found a new methodological approach for researching the characteristics of the celebration rituals in the works of V. Turner who tried to see man as a whole, not only as a rational being. In the works of S.S. Averincev the author detected specific emotions in the perception of holiness, as opposed to the »meek« and »terrifying« perception of holiness found in the Western civilization, or the »rational« one in the Byzantine world.
Funkcije povedk o nočnih srečanjih s čarovnicami in njihova vloga v konstrukciji prostora in časa
Tales about Nighttime Encounters with Witches, Their Function, and Their Role in the Construction of Space and Time

Authors: Mencej Mirjam
Published: June 2019

The authoress deals with the memorates of meeting night appearances of witches in the form of lights or of invisible witches, that can cause people to lose their way. The stories were recorded in the period 2000-2001 in the rural region of Slovenia, but they are only one part of a larger context of witchcraft beliefs there. This paper focuses on different and changing functions of these stories that can be realized from the data. The night witch can be taken as an excuse, pretext for losing one’s way due to drunkenness or a delay; it also seems that sometimes such stories are caused by sexual tensions; they can provide means of diminishing the reputation of a woman due to the neighbourhood tensions etc. Although the dramatis personae of night adventures are mostly men, it seems that women are typical »tradition bearers« of these accounts, which tenders many possible reasons as to why it is so. On the other hand these experiences don’t happen anywhere or anytime – in this way we can also understand them as indicators of liminal, safe and dangerous space and time for people living there.
Sveti prostor v prepletu mitološke ideologije in simbolike kraja
The Sacred Place: An Intertwining of Mythological Ideology and Spatial Symbolism

Authors: Kravanja Boštjan
Published: June 2019

The topic presented in this paper addresses the methodology of researching the sacred space and place. Since religious believes represent one of the most important anthropological fields, also the sacred places represent a heterogeneous theme, much reflected in the history of sciences.The article presents various historical, socio-cultural, political, symbolical, and scientific frames in which the concept of the sacred place has been formed and has been changing.
Maritime Skills and Astronomic Knowledge in the Viking Age Baltic Sea
Pomorske spretnosti in zvezdoslovno védenje v vikinškem času na Baltiku

Authors: Indruszewski George , Godal Jon
Published: June 2019

The issue of orientation at sea is discussed in relationship to archaeological, historical, linguistic information and new data obtained from experimental archaeology. The Viking Age sailors, regardless of their ethnic affiliation prowled the Baltic Sea with their ships, orienting themselves after celestial bodies such as the sun and the North Star. The vocabulary of most Slavic languages contains terms referring to time count and spatial orientation points in relationship to the position of the sun. The archaeological evidence, most specifically the discovery of an 11th century incised wooden disc, seems to reinforce the impression that astronomic orientation was used during and after the Viking Age Baltic Sea in the creation of mental, cognitive maps that served to orient sailors in a largely illiterate society.
Sjužetika vostočnoslavjanskih zagovorov v sopostavitel’nom aspekte (zagovory ot zolotnika i boleznej života)
Motivika vzhodnoslovanskih zagovorov v primerjalnem aspektu (zagovori za dvig maternice in telo)

Authors: Agapkina Tatjana A.
Published: June 2019

/Comparative Analysis of East Slavic Charms for the Uterus and the Body/By employing comparative analysis, the author investigates the basic motifs of approximately 180 Russian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian charms for the ascent of the uterus, their variations, terminology, and ritual context. The author traces the history of the main topics and motifs of these charms in Slavic folklore and in the written tradition, the connections with apocryphal prayers, many of which were translated from Greek originals and rooted in the ancient magical traditions.
Plurima mortis imago
Podoba mnohotvárnej smrti

Authors: Profantová Zuzana
Published: June 2019

/The image of multiple death/The author of this contribution presents the image of death in genres of the Slovak folklore. She focuses her attention on the signs of death in a traditional environment with special attention paid to the omens and signs of death in dreams. She is looking for analogies in folkloristic materials with C. Jung’s hypotheses about dreams and with M. Eliade`s theory of rituals. The image of death as a bride, which on a symbolic level means an initiation, is the dominant feature for the entire body of the material. The image of the white bride- death has an archetypal character.
Odgovor na kritiko datacije prostorskega križa s krkavškim Kamnom
Response to the Critique Regarding the Dating of the Spatial Cross from the Krkavče Stone

Authors: Pleterski Andrej
Published: June 2019

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Occupational Health and Safety Hazards in Agriculture
Authors: Mishra Debesh , Satapathy Suchismita
Published: June 2019

Within the agricultural sector, it becomes essential worldwide to analyze the magnitude of OHS problems. However, there is a lack of study in Odisha (India) to assess the prevailing situations. Hence, an attempt was made in this study to explore the issues related to OHS among the farmers of Odisha in India. There is a dual main contribution in this study. At first the occupational health and safety issues of farmers of Odisha in India were analyzed based on the literature review and the data collected by personal interaction and questionnaires. In the second part, the step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method was used to rank the different farming processes, as well as different risks involved in various farming activities.
Disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Websites of Portuguese Foundations
Authors: Robalo Rui , Patrocínio Wilson
Published: June 2019

This chapter aims to assess how the Portuguese foundations manage and disclosure on their websites information on corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study performs the assessment of the sampled foundations holding a website accessible to the broad public and being members of the Portuguese Foundation Centre. The evidence of this study impacts therefore the literature review on three ways. Firstly, it sheds light on the diversity of CSR policies undertaken by foundations, through the scale perspective and the CSR content categories. Secondly, it claims how distinct CSR information trends can be triggered by needs of legitimacy towards the stakeholders unlike other types of organizations. Lastly, the evidence provided by this study suggests that there in not a significant influence of the dimension factor of the foundations on the amount of CSR information they disclose, which contradicts evidence of previous studies.