bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Full UV resonance Raman analysis of temperature effects on the structural arrangement of DNA segments
Authors: Klener Jakub , Štěpánek Josef
Published: December 2020

Temperature dependence of vibrational spectra provides important information about the geometry and stability of nucleic acid segments. Even in cases of simple structural transitions between the folded and unfolded states, three types of spectral changes may occur – the actual structural transition, the influence of temperature change on the oligonucleotide in the folded state, and that in the unfolded state. In this work, the temperature dependences of UV resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) spectra excited at 244 and 257 nm were measured on two dodecadeoxynucleotides, duplex and hairpin. In both cases, the total base composition was the same, containing (in the folded state) a double‐strand section of guanine‐cytosine (GC) pairs and a central section of adenine‐thymine (AT) pairs forming a flexible part of the double helix in the duplex or the loop in the hairpin. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that UV RRS spectrum, unlike non‐resonance RS, can reliably distinguish between the three types of temperature changes. Spectral images of the changes confirmed the B‐form double helix of GC sections in both the duplex and hairpin and different base positions in AT base sections. Additionally, minimal stacking interactions between the bases in the loop and other types of interactions of adenine with the bases of the stem in the hairpin were shown, and the main effects of heating in the folded state on the GC sections manifested weakening of stacking interactions. The results demonstrate UV RRS potential for studies of non‐canonical nucleic acid structures, providing properly analyzed and executed measurements of temperature dependence.
Opportunities for open access: Insights from the Wiley Practitioner Survey
Authors: Roscoe Jonathan
Published: December 2020

Key points

There is less awareness of open‐access publishing amongst practitioners than amongst their academic colleagues.

The requirement for certification is a significant driver of professional society membership, particularly for those in clinical and veterinary medicine.

Flipping a society journal from a subscription model to fully open access may drive down satisfaction.

Professional society members state a desire for increased collaboration with academics and feel that societies have a role to play in this.

Satisfaction levels with society membership are generally low amongst early career members (ECMs), but there are some clear opportunities for targeted services to improve this.

Awareness of open access is reasonably high, and there are calls for greater transparency and improved data sharing, particularly from ECMs and engineers.
Politics matters: The power dynamics behind Chinese English‐language humanities and social science journals
Authors: Miao Weishan , Huang Ying
Published: December 2020

Chinese English‐language journals in science, technology, and medicine have received scholarly attention, but little is known about their counterparts in the humanities and social sciences. A full understanding of the internationalization of Chinese English‐language humanities and social sciences journals (CELHSSJs) is not possible without an exploration of the phenomenon's social, political, and economic roots. Based on interviews with 26 stakeholders, including journal editors, heads of academic institutes, personnel from related regulatory state administrations, and international publishers, this article explores the implications of the development of CELHSSJs. Rather than treating the realms of academia and politics as distinct, opposing factors, we examine the complicated situation in China. English‐language journals carry out the political mission of the government's ‘going out’ propaganda policy. For academics and universities, they are largely a means for competing for resources domestically and a venue for power negotiations with overseas publishing groups. Based on our investigation of the dynamics and contradictions involved in the development of CELHSSJs, we argue that the power dynamics and social contexts in which Chinese English‐language journals operate shape China's knowledge production and dissemination as much as the content of these journals does.
Zero dissipation limit to rarefaction wave with vacuum for the micropolar compressible flow with temperature‐dependent transport coefficients
Authors: Gong Guiqiong
Published: December 2020

In this article, we consider the zero dissipation limit of the micropolar equations with temperature‐dependent viscosity and heat‐conduction coefficient. If the given rarefaction wave to the corresponding conservation systems connects to vacuum at one side, we can construct a sequence of solutions to the micropolar equations which converge to the given rarefaction wave with vacuum as the transport coefficients tend to zero. And the uniform convergence rate can be obtained. The key point in our analysis is how to control the degeneracies of the density, the temperature, and the temperature‐dependent viscosities at the vacuum region in the zero dissipation limit process.
The gradient descent method from the perspective of fractional calculus
Authors: Hai Pham Viet , Rosenfeld Joel A.
Published: December 2020

Motivated by gradient methods in optimization theory, we give methods based on ψ‐fractional derivatives of order α in order to solve unconstrained optimization problems. The convergence of these methods is analyzed in detail. This paper also presents an Adams–Bashforth–Moulton (ABM) method for the estimation of solutions to equations involving ψ‐fractional derivatives. Numerical examples using the ABM method show that the fractional order α and weight ψ are tunable parameters, which can be helpful for improving the performance of gradient descent methods.
On the decay of solutions of a viscoelastic wave equation with variable sources
Authors: Messaoudi Salim A. , Al‐Gharabli Mohammad M. , Al‐Mahdi Adel M.
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we consider the following viscoelastic problem with variable exponent nonlinearities:

where m(.) and q(.) are two functions satisfying specific conditions. This type of problems appears in fluid dynamics, the electrorheological fluids (smart fluids), which show changing (often dramatically) in the viscosity when an electrical field is applied. The Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces with variable exponents are efficient tools to analyze such problems. In this work, we prove a global existence result using the well‐depth method and establish explicit and general decay results under a very general assumption on the relaxation function. Our results extend and generalize many results in the literature.
High Solids Hydroxy‐TEMPO Mediated Radical Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: González‐Blanco Roberto , Jiménez‐Reyes Nelson , Cunningham Michael F. , Saldívar‐Guerra Enrique
Published: December 2020

Stable polystyrene latexes having controlled molecular weight distribution (MWD) with solids contents up to 40 wt% are obtained using potassium persulfate as initiator with the nitroxides 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl (hydroxy‐TEMPO) and 4‐amino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl (amino‐TEMPO). Using different concentrations of styrene (St) in the nucleation step, it is possible to create colloidal dispersions with particle size ranging from ≈57 to ≈390 nm, conversions up to ≈96%, nitroxide efficiencies (NEff) up to ≈0.76, and number average molecular weight (Mn) ranging from ≈10 000 to ≈85 000 g mol−1. The effect of the monomer feed rate in the semibatch step is also studied. These polymerizations do not require a separate macroinitiator synthesis, since this is formed in situ during the heating ramp. A mathematical model is used to compare the mechanistic understanding of the system with the experimental results.
Anti‐calcitonin gene–related peptide monoclonal antibodies for neuropathic pain in patients with migraine headache
Authors: Kang Seung Ah , Govindarajan Raghav
Published: December 2020

Introduction

There is increasing evidence that calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) plays a role in the development of neuropathic pain, a common feature of peripheral neuropathy. Although clinical studies have shown that anti‐CGRP monoclonal antibodies are highly efficacious for migraine headache prophylaxis, their effects on nonheadache chronic pain conditions, including neuropathic pain, in humans are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of anti‐CGRP monoclonal antibodies for neuropathic pain in patients with coexisting chronic migraine.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted of 14 patients with chronic migraine and peripheral neuropathy. All patients were treated with anti‐CGRP monoclonal antibodies. We collected data on patient‐reported scores on the Neuropathy Pain Scale (NPS) and the frequency of migraine headache days (MHDs) per month. Data were collected 3 and 0 months before and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment with anti‐CGRP medications.

Results

With treatment of anti‐CGRP monoclonal antibodies, patients reported a 41.7% decrease in NPS scores from 89.3 at baseline to 52.1 at 12 months posttreatment (P < .05). In addition, there was a 33.3% decrease in MHDs per month from 19.8 at baseline to 13.2 at 12 months posttreatment (P < .05).

Discussion

Administration of anti‐CGRP medications significantly improved neuropathic pain in patients who also had chronic migraine. To confirm these promising outcomes, it would be worthwhile to conduct a blinded, randomized study with a larger population of patients.
Non‐polymeric thin wires by drawing materials near room temperature
Authors: Wei Yuwen , Lee Sangmin , Choe Minjae , Bhuyan Priyanuj , Kim Eunseon , Jeon Hongchan , Kang Gun , Nah Changwoon , Park Sungjune
Published: December 2020

Herein, non‐polymeric thin cross‐sectional wires were fabricated by injecting materials into elastomeric hollow fibers with subsequent drawing. Once materials were injected into hollow elastic fibers, cores were drawn as fibers elongated. Solidifying the core and removing polymeric shell could form free‐standing wires with thin cross‐sections. In this work, two different thin wires, metallic wires (gallium), and SiCN ceramic wires, were fabricated. Although mechanical and physical properties of these wires completely differed, fabrication approaches were identical by drawing materials near room temperature. Solidified wires enhanced mechanical properties of fibers. Thus, fibers could store elastic energy and preserve deformed complex shapes with the assist of solidified cores. Although the wires with thin cross sections are inherently brittle, the relatively low melting point of gallium (29.8°C) allows it to heal easily upon body heating.
Caring for US Children: Barriers to Effective Treatment in Children with the Disease of Obesity
Authors: Srivastava Gitanjali , Browne Nancy , Kyle Theodore K. , O’Hara Valerie , Browne Allen , Nelson Tamasyn , Puhl Rebecca
Published: December 2020

In 2020, impediments to pediatric obesity (PO) treatment remain pervasive, even though these barriers are clearly documented in medical literature. Providers must invest considerable resources to overcome these barriers to care. Notable barriers include gaps in medical education, misperceptions of the disease, weight bias and stigma, exclusion of coverage in health plans, and thus an unsustainable financial framework. Hence, this review offers an updated social‐ecological framework of accessibility to care, wherein each barrier to care or variable is interdependent on the other and each is critical to creating forward momentum. The sum of all these variables is instrumental to overall smooth function, configured as a wheel. To treat PO effectively, all variables must be adequately addressed by stakeholders throughout the health care system in order to holistically comprehend and appreciate undertakings to advance the burgeoning field of PO medicine.
Emotional Eating Predicts Weight Regain Among Black Women in the SisterTalk Intervention
Authors: Risica Patricia Markham , Nelson Tamara , Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Camacho Orona Kaitlyn , Bove Gerald , Odoms‐Young Angela M. , Gans Kim M.
Published: December 2020

Objective

This study aimed to assess effects of emotional eating and stress on weight change among Black women in a culturally tailored weight‐control program.

Methods

SisterTalk, a cable‐TV‐delivered weight‐control randomized trial, included 331 Black women (aged 18‐75 years; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) in Boston, Massachusetts. BMI and waist circumference (WC) were assessed at baseline and 3, 8, and 12 months post randomization. Frequency of “eating when depressed or sad” (EWD) and “eating to manage stress” (ETMS) (i.e., “emotional eating”) and perceived stress were also assessed. Lagged analyses of data for intervention participants (n = 258) assessed associations of BMI and WC outcomes at each follow‐up visit with EWD and ETMS frequency and stress measured at the most recent prior visit.

Results

At 3 months (immediately post intervention), BMI decreased for women in all EWD and ETMS categories but increased at later follow‐up for women reporting EWD and ETMS always/often. In addition, 8‐month EWD and ETMS predicted 12‐month BMI change (both P < 0.05). Higher perceived stress was associated with higher EWD and ETMS; however, stress was not associated with lagged BMI or WC at any time.

Conclusions

Addressing emotional eating and related triggers may improve weight maintenance in interventions with Black women.
Numerical‐experimental structural instability analysis of composite tubes considering manufacturing parameters and imperfections
Authors: Gerhardt Eduardo , Marczak Rogério J. , Amico Sandro C.
Published: December 2020

A numerical‐experimental approach to predict structural instability was developed to analyze thin composite tubes produced by filament winding subjected to external pressure. The divergence between mechanical properties characterized through standardized procedures and those of the manufactured component, influenced by imperfections and manufacturing peculiarities, was considered. A ring compression test and an inverse finite element analysis routine were used for material properties calibration. The routine was based on Tsai's master‐ply concept to deliver feasible constitutive properties values. Based on the numerical and experimental correlation, the implemented approach was considered effective and with good repeatability.
Using normal mode analysis on protein structural models. How far can we go on our predictions?
Authors: Cirauqui Diaz Nuria , Frezza Elisa , Martin Juliette
Published: December 2020

Normal mode analysis (NMA) is a fast and inexpensive approach that is largely used to gain insight into functional protein motions, and more recently to create conformations for further computational studies. However, when the protein structure is unknown, the use of computational models is necessary. Here, we analyze the capacity of NMA in internal coordinate space to predict protein motion, its intrinsic flexibility, and atomic displacements, using protein models instead of native structures, and the possibility to use it for model refinement. Our results show that NMA is quite insensitive to modeling errors, but that calculations are strictly reliable only for very accurate models. Our study also suggests that internal NMA is a more suitable tool for the improvement of structural models, and for integrating them with experimental data or in other computational techniques, such as protein docking or more refined molecular dynamics simulations.
Traditional herbal medicines to overcome stress, anxiety and improve mental health in outbreaks of human coronaviruses
Authors: Shahrajabian Mohamad H. , Sun Wenli , Soleymani Ali , Cheng Qi
Published: December 2020

Mental health condition is including depression and anxiety, and they may impact wellbeing, personal relationships and productivity of both genders. Herbal medicines have been used to treatment of anxiety and depression symptoms for centuries. SARS, MERS and COVID‐19 are related to coronavirus types. SARS (sever acute respiratory syndrome, China, 2002), MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome, Saudi Arabia, 2012), and SARS‐CoV‐2 (2019–2020) are the main coronavirus outbreaks. Both anxiety and depression are more serious to be considered and improved for all general public during fight with these diseases. In this mini‐review article, we have mentioned the key role some of the most important plants and herbs for treatment of stress and anxiety and improve mental health against SARS and SARS‐CoV‐2 on the basis of traditional Asian medicine, especially traditional Chinese and Persian medicine.
Puerarin inhibits the development of osteoarthritis through antiinflammatory and antimatrix‐degrading pathways in osteoarthritis‐induced rat model
Authors: Ma Tian‐wen , Wen Ya‐jing , Song Xiao‐peng , Hu Hai‐long , Li Yue , Bai Hui , Zhao Ming‐chao , Gao Li
Published: December 2020

Puerarin is an isoflavone isolated from the medicinal plant Pueraria lobata. The purpose of this study was to study the antiinflammatory and antimatrix‐degrading effects of puerarin in a rat osteoarthritis (OA) model and its protective effects on joints. The rat OA model was established by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) surgery. Rats (n = 40) were divided into nontreated OA, OA + celecoxib (2.86 mg/kg), OA + puerarin (50 and 100 mg/kg), and control groups. Two weeks after surgical induction, puerarin was administered by gavage daily for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, macroscopic observation and histopathological images showed that cartilage damage was reduced after puerarin and celecoxib treatment, the intensity of Safranin O staining was high, and the OARSI scores were significantly reduced compared to the OA group. Puerarin reduced the expression of MMP‐3, MMP‐13, ADAMTS‐5, and COX‐2 in the cartilage tissue of ACLT rats, inhibited the production of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α inflammatory factors, increased Type II collagen content, and altered the expression of serum OA cartilage degradation/bone turnover biomarkers (CTX‐I, CTX‐II, COMP, and PIINP). Based on these findings, we speculate that puerarin supplement to attain recovery from OA damage.
Theoretical Study on Aluminum Oxide Cluster Anions A12Ox− (x=2−5) with Rhombus Structure
Authors: Junxi Liang , Yu Duan , Fupeng Zhang , Jun Bai , Zhenhua Li , Yu Li , Qiong Su
Published: December 2020

The rhombus structure of small aluminum‐oxygen clusters anions, A12Ox− (x=2−5), were constructed using high‐accuracy quantum chemical calculations. Of the presented DFT‐D methods, M05‐2X, M06‐2X, and ωB97X‐D functionals are comparable to MP2 level to perform well for determination of the properties of the anionic clusters. The rhombus‐type Al2O2− cluster has a desired D2h cyclic structural view. The most favored Al2O3− isomer is evolved from the D2h cyclic Al2O2− structure generated by adding the third O atom to the Al atom. The Al2O4− with rhombus structure probably has two coexist low‐lying isomers, one symmetric D2h and the other C2v “twisted pair”, and stability of the former is in preference over that of the latter. The most probable Al2O5− structure would be made by replacing a terminal O atom of the symmetric D2h A12O4− with an O2 unit. Consequently, structures of the most stable anionic clusters possess a rhombus character. Moreover, our findings also suggest that the more oxygen atoms the anionic cluster has, the more stable the structure is, and the stronger the H2O effect is. Beyond that, for the identified cluster anion with same degree of oxidation the symmetric structure becomes more stable with respect to the asymmetric analog, however, the H2O effect on the asymmetric geometry turns out to be predominant, in comparison with the symmetric case.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C‐N Bond Formation: A Straightforward Alkoxymethylation Process for the Synthesis of the C1 and C3‐Dialkoxy Indoles
Authors: He Jiaming , Yu Yue , Guo Pengfeng , Liu Xiang , Zhu Baofu , Cao Hua
Published: December 2020

A novel approach for the synthesis of the C1 and C3‐dialkoxy indoles has been developed for using 2‐(phenylethynyl)aniline with formaldehyde and alcohols under the catalysis of acid and palladium acetate. This multicomponent reaction that provides a straightforward alkoxymethylation process to construct substituted indoles is expected to be an important method for the synthesis of indole derivatives.
Doping in Semiconductor Oxides‐Based Electron Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells Application
Authors: Zhu Lihua , Shang Xueni , Lei Kaixiang , Wu Cuncun , Zheng Shijian , Chen Cong , Song Hongwei
Published: December 2020

From the perspective of the device structure of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the electron transport layer is one of the essential components and plays a significant role in suppressing carrier recombination. Furthermore, its decisiveness is related to the quality of perovskite film, the rapid interface carrier extraction, and the bandgap alignment. However, the deficiency of the semiconductor oxides based electron transport materials, especially for most studied TiO2, is that their carrier mobility is one to three orders of magnitude lower than the most commonly used hole transport materials, leading to an imbalanced carrier flux and unpredicted hysteresis. Doping new ions are the most effective ways to improve electron mobility and tune the bandgap, while the fundamental mechanism of doping in the majority of cases are still lacking. Herein, the doping effect on semiconductor oxides is reviewed and emphasized by classifying the doping ions according to the critical factors of lattice optimization, a carrier transporting improvement, and interface modification. This review is the first systematic summary of the ion doping characteristics in oxide electron transport layers of PSCs. Finally, the implementation of doping ions in electron transport materials is briefly discussed for further enhancing the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.
The middle Smithian (Early Triassic) ammonoid Arctoceras blomstrandi: conch morphology and ornamentation in relation to stratigraphy
Authors: Hansen Bitten B. , Bucher Hugo , Schneebeli‐Hermann Elke , Hammer Øyvind
Published: December 2020

The ammonoid genus Arctoceras (Hyatt) occurs across all palaeolatitudes, and is a key genus for middle Smithian biostratigraphical correlations globally. In this study, intraspecific variations in conch morphology, ornamentation and allometry are examined in relation to stratigraphic position. Arctoceras is the most abundant ammonoid genus in the middle Smithian of Svalbard. Originally, seven Arctoceras species were described from Svalbard. Later, as the importance of intraspecific variation was recognized, six of the Arctoceras species from Svalbard were treated as junior synonyms of Arctoceras blomstrandi (Lindström). Yet, the variations in A. blomstrandi conch morphology remain poorly quantified and the dependence on stratigraphic position, unknown. We quantify the intraspecific variation in conch morphology, ornamentation and allometry in relation to stratigraphy of the Svalbard Arctoceras. The results support the assignment of all Arctoceras morphotypes from Svalbard to a single species A. blomstrandi. The new data allow for an updated species description and open the way for the use in biostratigraphy of the endmember morphology A. blomstrandi var. costatus. We document consistent changes in conch morphology and ornamentation in the studied stratigraphic interval, with a distinct shift towards more evolute and ornate conchs in the top of the interval. The trends in the strength of ornamentation are partly explained by covariation with conch morphology (Buckman's law). The most marked shift in the conch morphology and allometric development of A. blomstrandi coincides with the onset of the positive carbon isotope excursion at the end of the middle Smithian, but pre‐dates the mid–late Smithian cooling of the sea surface.
A mixed‐valence copper(I/II) coordination polymer directed with a bifunctional soft‐hard pyrazolate−carboxylate ligand
Authors: Menzel Saskia , Höfert Simon‐Patrick , Öztürk Secil , Schmitz Alexa , Janiak Christoph
Published: December 2020

A mixed‐valent, one‐dimensional Cu(I/II) coordination polymer with the formula [CuII{CuI3(Hmpba)(mpba)2}DMF] ⋅ ∼3DMF was obtained with the bifunctional ligand 4‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)benzoic acid (H2mpba) in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) via solvothermal reaction. The compound exhibits a trinuclear {CuI3(Hmpba)(mpba)2}2− metallo‐linker with the softer Cu(I) linearly‐coordinated by the softer pyrazolate nitrogen donor atom. This metallo‐linker connects the harder Cu(II) ions through its harder carboxylate groups into a chain structure. Two Cu(II) ions form a paddlewheel unit and are, thus, surrounded by four carboxylate groups. Cu(II) is five‐coordinated with a terminal DMF ligand. Parallel chains are connected into supramolecular layers through the common R22(8) hydrogen‐bond motif of the singly‐deprotonated carboxyl groups of the Hmpba ligand. These layers are further organized by Cu(I)−Cu(I) interactions into a 3D supramolecular array.
Tensor perturbations and thick branes in higher-dimensional f(R) gravity
Authors: Cui Zheng-Quan , Lin Zi-Chao , Wan Jun-Jie , Liu Yu-Xiao , Zhao Li
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We study brane worlds in an anisotropic higher-dimensional spacetime within the context of f(R) gravity. Firstly, we demonstrate that this spacetime with a concrete metric ansatz is stable against linear tensor perturbations under certain conditions. Moreover, the Kaluza-Klein modes of the graviton are analyzed. Secondly, we investigate thick brane solutions in six dimensions and their properties. We further exhibit two sets of solutions for thick branes. At last, the effective potential of the Kaluza-Klein modes of the graviton is discussed for the two solved f(R) models in higher dimensions.
Lattice $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super Yang-Mills at strong coupling
Authors: Catterall Simon , Giedt Joel , Toga Goksu Can
Published: December 2020

Abstract

In this paper we present results from numerical simulations of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super Yang-Mills for two color gauge theory over a wide range of ’t Hooft coupling 0 < λ ≤ 30 using a supersymmetric lattice action [1]. Numerical study of this lattice theory has been stymied until recently by both sign problems and the occurrence of lattice artifact phases at strong coupling. We have recently developed a new action that appears capable of solving both problems. The resulting action possesses just SU(2) rather than U(2) gauge symmetry. By explicit computations of the fermion Pfaffian we present evidence that the theory possesses no sign problem and exists in a single phase out to arbitrarily strong coupling. Furthermore, preliminary work shows that the logarithm of the supersymmetric Wilson loop varies as the square root of the ’t Hooft coupling λ for large λ in agreement with holographic predictions.
Stochastic Inverse Modeling and Parametric Uncertainty of Sediment Deposition Processes Across Geologic Time Scales
Authors: Patani S. E. , Porta G. M. , Caronni V. , Ruffo P. , Guadagnini A.
Published: December 2020

In this work an integrated methodological and operational framework for diagnosis and calibration of Stratigraphic Forward Models (SFMs) which are typically employed for the characterization of sedimentary basins is presented. Model diagnosis rests on local and global sensitivity analysis tools and leads to quantification of the relative importance of uncertain model parameters on modeling goals of interest. Model calibration is performed in a stochastic framework, leading to estimates of distributions of model parameters (and ensuing spatial distributions of model outputs) conditional on available information. Starting from a considerable number of uncertain model parameters, which is typically associated with SFMs of the kind analyzed, the approach leads to the identification of a reduced set of parameters which are most influential to drive stratigraphic modeling results. Probability distributions of these model parameters conditional on available data are then evaluated through stochastic inverse modeling. To alleviate computational efforts, this step is performed through a combination of a surrogate model constructed through the Polynomial Chaos Expansion approach and a machine learning algorithm for efficient search of the parameter space during model inversion. As a test bed for the workflow, focus is on a realistic synthetic three-dimensional scenario which is modeled through a widely used SFM that enables one to perform three-dimensional numerical simulations of the accumulation of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments across geologic time scales. These results constitute a robust basis upon which further deployment of the approach to industrial field settings can be designed.
The three logics of sustainability-oriented hybrid organisations: a multi-disciplinary review
Authors: Hestad Dina , Tàbara J. David , Thornton Thomas F.
Published: December 2020

Given current limitations of global and national governance arrangements in redirecting economic globalisation towards a climate-safe and sustainable world, it is crucial to understand how organisations that aim to tackle social and environmental problems using market mechanisms can contribute to fostering sustainability transformations. This review identified 60 different terms or concepts for hybrid organisations aiming to solve social and ecological problems through market related activities, reflecting a high degree of discontinuity and inconsistency in the literature. To assess the contribution to societal transformations of this array of innovative ventures, we introduce and operationalise Sustainability-Oriented Hybrid Organisations (SOHOs) as an umbrella concept to carry out a comprehensive review of 126 scientific articles that discuss them. Unlike traditional enterprises who apply one logic (commercial) and social and environmental enterprises who combine two logics (social–commercial or environmental–commercial), SOHOs unite commercial, social, and environmental logics, beliefs, and practices simultaneously—thereby adopting a higher level of organisational hybridity. SOHOs are oriented towards achieving net-positive sustainability and consider future generations and global socio-ecological systems which makes transforming enterprises towards SOHO models a potentially significant intervention point for promoting sustainability transformations. However, the narratives and actions of SOHOs can perpetuate rather than ameliorate the underlying causes and differential impacts of complex problems like climate change, unless the organisations adopt systemic, global, long-term, and socio-ecologically embedded strategies.
State-of-the art treatment of bony defects in anterior shoulder instability—the European perspective
Authors: Moroder Philipp
Published: December 2020

Depending on their size, all glenoid defects lead to a certain amount of loss of glenohumeral stability and therefore may represent a risk factor for the recurrence of instability after soft tissue stabilization procedures. The degree of loss of stability depends not only on the extent of the defect but also on differences in individual constitutional shape, which need to be analyzed in a three-dimensional context. Additionally, patient-specific factors such as age and activity level have a significant influence on the clinical effect of glenoid bone loss. Therefore, when treating a patient with glenoid bone loss, a bony glenoid reconstruction surgery in the form of a free bone graft transfer or Latarjet should be considered based on the extent of the defect, native glenoid shape, age, and activity level. Furthermore, in the presence of a relevant Hill–Sachs defect, the addition of a remplissage to a Bankart procedure should be considered or the use of a bony glenoid augmentation procedure instead.
Ethnic Discrimination in the Dutch Labor Market: Differences Between Ethnic Minority Groups and the Role of Personal Information About Job Applicants—Evidence from a Field Experiment
Authors: Thijssen Lex , Coenders Marcel , Lancee Bram
Published: December 2020

In this study, we present the results of a large-scale field experiment on ethnic discrimination in the Dutch labor market. We sent fictitious job applications (N = 4211) to vacancies for jobs in ten different occupations in the Netherlands. By examining 35 different ethnic minority groups, we detect considerable differences in discrimination rates, predominantly between Western and non-Western minorities. Furthermore, we find little systematic variation in discrimination patterns with regard to gender, regions, and occupations, pointing to the existence of an ethnic hierarchy that is widely shared among employers. Finally, we do not find empirical support for the hypothesis that adding personal information in job applications reduces discrimination.
The Educational Value of Analytic Philosophy
Authors: GATLEY JANE
Published: December 2020

In this article, I outline three critiques of analytic philosophy; that it is (1) irrelevant to individuals and society; (2) unconstructive; and (3) excessively technical. These critiques are linked to skepticism about the educational value of analytic philosophy. In response, I suggest that if analytic philosophy provides constructive guidance about prominent and pressing questions, then it holds potential educational value. I identify a body of prominent and pressing questions that are addressed by analytic philosophy as a discipline. Because analytic philosophy is often concerned with the analysis of ordinary concepts, there is at least some potential educational value to analytic philosophy insofar as it provides guidance about the meaning of ordinary concepts that ground ordinary questions. Taking P. F. Strawson's paradigmatically analytic account of philosophy, I show that analytic philosophy can directly address ordinary questions in a constructive manner. Analytic philosophy is neither (1) irrelevant, (2) unconstructive, nor (3) excessively technical.
Assessment of US Public School District Policies for Pandemic Preparedness and Implications for COVID-19 Response Activities
Authors: Kersten Cassandra A. , Chamberlain Allison T. , Jones Sherry Everett , Uzicanin Amra , Ahmed Faruque
Published: December 2020

Objectives:

To describe school district preparedness for school closures and other relevant strategies before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods:

A stratified random sample of 957 public school districts from the 50 US states and the District of Columbia were surveyed between October 2015 and August 2016. The response rates for the questionnaires were as follows: Healthy and Safe School Environment, Crisis Preparedness Module (60%; N = 572), Nutrition Services (63%; N = 599), and Health Services (64%; N = 613). Data were analyzed using descriptive and regression techniques.

Results:

Most school districts had procedures that would facilitate the implementation of school closures (88.7%). Fewer districts had plans for ensuring continuity of education (43.0%) or feeding students during closure (33.8%). The prevalence of continuity of education plans was lower in the Midwest than the Northeast (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51-0.90). Presence of plans for feeding students was higher in high-poverty than low-poverty districts (aPR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.01-1.99) and in large districts than small districts (aPR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.37-3.09).

Conclusions:

Understanding factors associated with having comprehensive emergency plans could help decision makers to target assistance during the current COVID-19 pandemic and for future planning purposes.
Cycles in Stone Mining and Copper Circulation in Europe 5500–2000bc: A View from Space
Authors: Schauer Peter , Shennan Stephen , Bevan Andrew , Colledge Sue , Edinborough Kevan , Kerig Tim , Parker Pearson Mike
Published: December 2020

The authors of this article consider the relationship in European prehistory between the procurement of high-quality stones (for axeheads, daggers, and other tools) on the one hand, and the early mining, crafting, and deposition of copper on the other. The data consist of radiocarbon dates for the exploitation of stone quarries, flint mines, and copper mines, and of information regarding the frequency through time of jade axeheads and copper artefacts. By adopting a broad perspective, spanning much of central-western Europe from 5500 to 2000bc, they identify a general pattern in which the circulation of the first copper artefacts was associated with a decline in specialized stone quarrying. The latter re-emerged in certain regions when copper use decreased, before declining more permanently in the Bell Beaker phase, once copper became more generally available. Regional variations reflect the degrees of connectivity among overlapping copper exchange networks. The patterns revealed are in keeping with previous understandings, refine them through quantification and demonstrate their cyclical nature, with additional reference to likely local demographic trajectories.
SOME NOTES ON THE ‘NEW APULEIUS’
Authors: Dorfbauer Lukas J.
Published: December 2020

In 2016 Justin Stover published an importanteditio princepsof a fragmentarily preserved text that was originally discovered by Raymond Klibansky in the first half of the twentieth century: a kind ofSummarium librorum Platoniswhich Klibansky took as a Latin translation of a lost Greek original, whereas Stover argues it was written by Apuleius, namely as the third book of hisDe Platone. The following notes deal primarily with details pertaining to the constitution of the text, but I will start with one remark on a detail of Stover's translation and close with a discussion concerning the alleged medieval reception of the so-called ‘New Apuleius’. Chapters, pages, Latin text, apparatus criticus entries, and translations are quoted according to Stover's edition; all bold highlights are mine, as are all translations from works other than the ‘New Apuleius’ if not indicated otherwise.
Impact of protein on the composition and metabolism of the human gut microbiota and health
Authors: Duncan Sylvia H. , Iyer Ajay , Russell Wendy R.
Published: December 2020

The composition and metabolic activity of the bacteria that inhabit the large intestine can have a major impact on health. Despite considerable inter-individual variation across bacterial species, the dominant phyla are generally highly conserved. There are several exogenous and gut environmental factors that play a role in modulating the composition and activities of colonic bacteria including diet with intakes of different macronutrients, including protein, accounting for approximately 20% of the microbial variation. Certain bacterial species tend to be considered as generalists and can metabolise a broad range of substrates, including both carbohydrate- and protein-derived substrates, whilst other species are specialists with a rather limited metabolic capacity. Metabolism of peptides and amino acids by gut bacteria can result in the formation of a wide range of metabolites several of which are considered deleterious to health including nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines and hydrogen sulphide as some of these products are genotoxic and have been linked to colonic disease. Beneficial metabolites however include SCFA and certain species can use amino acids to form butyrate which is the major energy source for colonocytes. The impact on health may however depend on the source of these products. In this review, we consider the impact of diet, particularly protein diets, on modulating the composition of the gut microbiota and likely health consequences and the potential impact of climate change and food security.
Characterisation of seed dormancy of 12 Chilean species of Nolana (Solanaceae) from the coastal Atacama Desert
Authors: Hepp Josefina , Gómez Miguel , León-Lobos Pedro , Montenegro Gloria , Vilalobos Luis , Contreras Samuel
Published: December 2020

The genus Nolana (Solanaceae) comprises numerous species endemic to the coastal Atacama Desert of Chile and Peru of high ornamental potential and conservation value. The environments in which these species have evolved and are present today correspond to particular conditions in the midst of a hyper-arid habitat, so the study of their germination requirements and characterisation of seed dormancy becomes important in terms of conservation but also for ecological and evolutionary purposes. Different treatments were performed on mericarps of 12 species of Nolana: control (intact seeds imbibed in distilled water), scarification in funicular plug and distilled water and scarification in funicular plug and addition of GA3 (500 ppm); their permeability to water was also tested. It was determined that the species did not present physical dormancy, as had been previously reported, but rather physiological dormancy (PD). Germination results after treatments were not homogeneous among all 12 species, indicating differences in their dormancy levels. Also, the important role of the endosperm in the prevention of germination for the studied Nolana species was highlighted. Regarding the relationship between the level of PD (expressed as the percentage of germination for the most successful treatment) and the latitudinal distribution of the species or their phylogenetic closeness, it was determined that, for the studied species, their proximity in terms of clades was more relevant than their latitudinal distribution.
Prehospital Transfusion of Red Blood Cells and Plasma by an Urban Ground-Based Critical Care Team
Authors: Michalsen Karoline Sætre , Rognås Leif , Vandborg Mads , Erikstrup Christian , Fenger-Eriksen Christian
Published: December 2020

Introduction:

Prehospital blood component therapy poses a possible treatment option among patients with severe bleeding. The aim of this paper was to characterize patients receiving prehospital blood component therapy by a paramedic-doctor-staffed, ground-based prehospital critical care (PHCC) service.

Methods:

Bleeding patients with a clinical need for prehospital blood transfusion were included prospectively. The following data were collected: indication for transfusion, mechanism of injury, vital parameters, units of red blood cells (RBCs)/plasma transfused, degree of shock, demographics, and mortality.

Results:

Twenty-one patients received blood products: 12 (57%) traumatic injuries and nine (43%) non-traumatic bleeds, with a median of 1.5 (range 1.0-2.0) units of RBCs and 1.0 (range 0.0-2.0) unit of plasma. The most frequent trigger to initiate transfusion was on-going excessive bleeding and hypotension. Improved systolic blood pressure (SBP) and milder degrees of shock were observed after transfusion. Mean time from initiation of transfusion to hospital arrival was 24 minutes. In-hospital, 11 patients (61%) received further transfusion and 13 (72%) had urgent surgery within 24 hours. Overall, 28-day mortality was 29% at 24-hours and 33% at 28-days.

Conclusion:

Prehospital blood component therapy is feasible in a ground-based prehospital service in a medium-sized Scandinavian city. Following transfusion, patient physiology and degree of shock were significantly improved.
The Jewish communities of Safed and Jerusalem during the fourteenth century
Authors: EHRLICH MICHAEL
Published: December 2020

In this article I suggest that, although many Jews perished during the wars between the Mamluks and the Franks during the thirteenth century's second half, and others migrated to different Jewish communities in the Middle East and Europe, some Jews migrated to Safed, Jerusalem, and perhaps to Gaza as well. A significant number of the Jews who lived in Safed and Jerusalem during the early decades of the fourteenth century were of a Western European origin but were not newcomers from Europe. I suggest that some of these were Jews who previously lived in Acre and Tyre and migrated to Safed and Jerusalem either shortly before the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem got its coup de grâce, or afterwards.
Habitability and the Evolution of Life Under Our Magnetic Shield
Authors: Lingam Manasvi
Published: December 2020

Earth’s global magnetic field likely dates back billions of years and is a barrier against cosmic radiation. What roles has it played in the planet’s biosphere?
A Field Guide to the Magnetic Solar System
Authors: den Hond Bas
Published: December 2020

Not all planets move the needle. But whatever planet you take a magnetic compass to, it’s sure to point out clues to secrets underfoot.
Tracking How Plastic Moves in the Coastal Ocean
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: December 2020

Researchers used a wave tank to study the movement of plastic particles experimentally and to understand the role of particle density in drift behavior.
Recycling and Burial of Biogenic Silica in an Open Margin Oxygen Minimum Zone
Authors: Dale A. W. , Paul K. M. , Clemens D. , Scholz F. , Schroller‐Lomnitz U. , Wallmann K. , Geilert S. , Hensen C. , Plass A. , Liebetrau V. , Grasse P. , Sommer S.
Published: December 2020

An extensive data set of biogenic silica (BSi) fluxes is presented for the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) at 11°S and 12°S. Each transect extends from the shelf to the upper slope (∼1,000 m) and dissects the permanently anoxic waters between ∼200 and 500 m water depth. BSi burial (2,100 mmol m−2 yr−1) and recycling fluxes (3,300 mmol m−2 yr−1) were highest on the shelf with mean preservation efficiencies (34% ± 15%) that exceed the global mean of 10%–20%. BSi preservation was highest on the inner shelf (up to 56%), decreasing to 7% and 12% under anoxic waters and below the OMZ, respectively. The data suggest that the main control on BSi preservation is the rate at which reactive BSi is transported away from undersaturated surface sediments by burial and bioturbation to the underlying saturated sediment layers where BSi dissolution is thermodynamically and/or kinetically inhibited. BSi burial across the entire Peruvian margin between 3°S to 15°S and down to 1,000 m water depth is estimated to be 0.1–0.2 Tmol yr−1; equivalent to 2%–7% of total burial on continental margins. Existing global data permit a simple relationship between BSi rain rate to the seafloor and the accumulation of unaltered BSi, giving the possibility to reconstruct rain rates and primary production from the sediment archive in addition to benthic Si turnover in global models.
Calcium channel blocker amlodipine besylate therapy is associated with reduced case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients with hypertension
Authors: Zhang Lei-Ke , Sun Yuan , Zeng Haolong , Wang Qingxing , Jiang Xiaming , Shang Wei-Juan , Wu Yan , Li Shufen , Zhang Yu-Lan , Hao Zhao-Nian , Chen Hongbo , Jin Runming , Liu Wei , Li Hao , Peng Ke , Xiao Gengfu
Published: December 2020

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now spread to >200 countries posing a global public health concern. Patients with comorbidity, such as hypertension suffer more severe infection with elevated mortality. The development of effective antiviral drugs is in urgent need to treat COVID-19 patients. Here, we report that calcium channel blockers (CCBs), a type of antihypertensive drug that is widely used in clinics, inhibited the post-entry replication events of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, while no in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect was observed for the two other major types of antihypertensive drugs, namely, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. CCB combined with chloroquine showed a significantly enhanced anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy. A retrospective clinical investigation on hospitalized COVID-19 patients with hypertension as the only comorbidity revealed that the CCB amlodipine besylate therapy was associated with a decreased case fatality rate. The results from this study suggest that CCB administration to COVID-19 patients with hypertension as the comorbidity might improve the disease outcome.