bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizational Individualism and Collectivism: Theoretical Development and an Empirical Test of a Measure
Authors: Robert Christopher , Wasti S. Arzu
Published: June 2011

An empirical test of the organizational individualism and collectivism constructs and measures was conducted using survey responses from 916 employees from 46 Turkish organizations. Analyses indicated that fit between individuals’ values and perceptions of the organizational culture predicted job attitudes, and that organizational individualism was related to the use of individualistic human resources practices at the organizational level. The utility of this approach for understanding the relationships between individuals, organizations, and societies is discussed.
Individualism, Collectivism, and Opportunism: A Cultural Perspective on Transaction Cost Economics
Authors: Chen Chao C. , Peng Mike W. , Saparito Patrick A.
Published: June 2011

Researchers criticize the transaction cost economics (TCE) paradigm for over-generalizing the assumption of opportunism as human nature. We suggest that opportunistic propensity is affected by cultural prior conditioning of individualism-collectivism (I-C). Specifically, we propose that individualists have a higher opportunistic propensity in intra-group transactions, and collectivists in inter-group transactions. Our cultural specification of opportunism helps TCE to more effectively accommodate some criticisms and more realistically deal with problems of economic organization in today’s global economy.
Executives’ Perceptions of Uncertainty Sources: A Numerical Taxonomy and Underlying Dimensions
Authors: Priem Richard L. , Love Leonard G. , Shaffer Margaret A.
Published: June 2011

Managing directors and executive vice presidents in Hong Kong were asked to identify all sources of uncertainty facing their firms. They later made similarity judgments by grouping similar uncertainty sources. We employed multidimensional scaling (MDS) to determine the underlying dimensions used by the executives when distinguishing among uncertainty sources. Cluster analysis then produced a taxonomy of uncertainty sources. This classification, based directly on executive perceptions, encompasses uncertainties that are both external and internal to the firm. We discuss the implications of our results.
High Performance Work Systems and Intermediate Indicators of Firm Performance Within the US Small Business Sector
Authors: Way Sean A.
Published: June 2011

Within this manuscript I present conceptual and empirical evidence that indicates that within the US small business sector high performance work systems (HPWS) are associated with outcomes that are key to the success of small US firms. I also present empirical evidence that indicates that within this sector of the US economy HPWS do not necessarily produce outcomes that exceed the labor costs associated with the use of these systems.
Formal Organizational Initiatives and Informal Workplace Practices: Links to Work-Family Conflict and Job-Related Outcomes
Authors: Anderson Stella E. , Coffey Betty S. , Byerly Robin T.
Published: June 2011

Many organizations have implemented a variety of initiatives to address work-family conflict issues. This study investigates the impact of formal and informal work-family practices on both work-to-family and family-to-work conflict (WFC, FWC) and a broad set of job-related outcomes. We utilized structural equation modeling to analyze data from the 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce (NSCW). Results showed that negative career consequences and lack of managerial support were significantly related to work-to-family conflict. These were significant predictors of conflict even when accounting for the effects of work schedule flexibility. Work-to-family conflict was linked to job dissatisfaction, turnover intentions and stress, while family-to-work conflict was linked to stress and absenteeism. There were no apparent differences between women and men in terms of the observed relationships.
A Model of Organizational Justice and Workplace Aggression
Authors: Jawahar I. M.
Published: June 2011

The proposed model posits that different forms and combinations of justice perceptions are likely to elicit different forms of aggression that also vary in terms of the target of aggression and the manner in which harm is delivered to the target. Eight possible combinations of justice perceptions are described and the forms of aggression each combination is most likely to elicit are proposed. Potential moderators of the proposed relationships are discussed. Implications of the model are described and future research directions are suggested.
The Interactive Effects of Extraversion and Conscientiousness on Performance
Authors: Witt L. A.
Published: June 2011

The abridged big five dimensional circumplex (AB5C; Hofstee, de Raad & Goldberg, 199 2; Johnson & Ostendorf, 199 3) integrates the Big Five model of phenotypic personality attributes and circumplex models of personality. The present study of one sample of job applicants and three samples of workers in jobs requiring interpersonal interaction considered two dimensions within the AB5C—extraversion and conscientiousness—and examined the relationships of their interaction with job interview performance and supervisor ratings of job performance. Results of moderated multiple regression analyses supported the hypothesis. Additional units of extraversion led to increments in performance among high-conscientious workers but to decrements in performance among low-conscientious workers.
Chief Executive Officers, Top Management Teams, and Boards of Directors: Congruent or Countervailing Forces?
Authors: Daily Catherine M. , Schwenk Charles
Published: June 2011

Conceptualization and research have addressed the homogeneity heterogeneity of top management teams and, independently, the effectiveness of alternative corporate governance structures. Those studies which do concurrently consider directors and management focus largely on the board’s monitoring of the CEO. The interdependencies which exist among chief executive others, top management teams, and boards of directors necessitate an integrative approach which simultaneously considers these groups of strategic leaders. In this paper, we provide a rationale whereby a firm might elect a CEO or board dominance structure as compared to more balanced governance structures. We suggest that the efficacy of such choices may depend on several attendant conditions including the portfolio exposure and globalization of the firm, its ownership patterns (e.g., five percent owners, institutional investors, positions held by other corporations), and resource dependence and information requirements.
Multiple Commitments Upon Repatriation: The Japanese Experience
Authors: Gregersen Hal B. , Black J. Stewart
Published: June 2011

Building on the domestic multiple commitment literature, recent international research found that upon repatriation, U.S. expatriates exhibited dual commitments to the parent corporation and local work unit. These results, however, may have been a function of specific cultural values of American managers and may not be generalizable to other samples. Thus, this study examines theoretically and empirically the degree to which Japanese expatriates returning home from international assignments exhibit single or dual commitments; it also analyzes the antecedents of such commitments upon repatriation. Initially, factor analysis indicated that in contrast to U.S. repatriates, Japanese repatriates in this study exhibited a single, global commitment to the organization. Next, multiple regression analysis found that a firm’s valuing international experience was the primary correlate of organizational commitment for Japanese repatriates. Finally, this study’s results raise important questions about the generalizability of multiple commitments and their potential antecedents across cultural boundaries.
Process, Content and Context: Synergistic Effects on Organizational Performance
Authors: Ketchen David J. , Thomas James B. , McDaniel Reuben R.
Published: June 2011

The traditional distinction between strategy process and strategy content has perhaps limited the ability of strategic management research to explain the determinants of organizational performance. In addition, empirical attention needs to be paid to the role of the context within which strategy is formed. This study examined the extent to which synergies between process, content, and context explained the peformance of a geographic segment of the hospital industry. Results showed that (a) both process and content were significantly related to performance; (b) including process/content interactions significantly enhanced explanation of performance; and (c) context is an important moderator of these relationships. Implications are drawn for both research and practice.
Transformational Leader Behaviors and Substitutes for Leadership as Determinants of Employee Satisfaction, Commitment, Trust, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
Authors: Podsakoff Philip M. , MacKenzie Scott B. , Bommer William H.
Published: June 2011

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of transformational leadership behaviors, within the context of Kerr and Jermier’s (1978) substitutes for leadership. Data were collected from 1539 employees across a wide variety of different industries, organizational settings, and job levels. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis procedures generally showed that few of the substitutes variables moderated the effects of the transformational leader behaviors on followers’ attitudes, role perceptions, and “in-role” and “citizenship” behaviors in a manner consistent with the predictions of Howell, Dorfman and Kerr (1986). However, the results did show that: (a) the transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership each had unique effects on follower criterion variables; (b) the total amount of variance accounted for by the substitutes for leadership and the transformational leader behaviors was substantially greater than that reported in prior leadership research; and (c) several of the transformational behaviors were significantly related to several of the substitutes for leadership variables. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the effects of transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership are then discussed.
Outcome Feedback Effects on Risk Propensity in an MCPLP Task
Authors: Taylor Lewis A. , Hall Phillip D. , Cosier Richard A. , Goodwin Vicki L.
Published: June 2011

In this experimental analysis, the effects of outcome feedback on risk propensity were assessed within the multiple-cue-probability-learning-paradigm (MCPLP). The individual decision maker in this task received outcome feedback on a decision-by-decision basis. It was hypothesized that information on his/her success or lack of success (outcome feedback) on each decision would influence the decision to risk (commit) resources. Hierarchical regression results revealed that after all other performance effects had been partialled out, current outcome feedback explained much of the commitment decision.
A Comparison of Loglinear Modeling and Logistic Regression in Management Research
Authors: Tansey Richard , White Michael , Long Rebecca G. , Smith Mark
Published: June 2011

There is little formal guidance in the applied statistical literature concerning the relationship between loglinear modeling and logistic regression. In order to more clearly delineate this relationship, this manuscript compares and contrasts loglinear modeling and logistic regression analysis and demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. In addition, a formal comparison of the statistical assumptions and numerical calculation problems for both of these techniques is provided.
Temporal Pacing in Task Forces: Group Development or Deadline Pressure?
Authors: Seers Anson , Woodruff Steve
Published: June 2011

Research on the punctuated equilibrium model of group development confounded group life span with member tusk completion. We report two studies that separate task pacing, from life span development. In one, 50 students simultaneously performed group and individual projects. In the second, student groups worked on two tasks sequentially. Results indicate that the temporal pattern postulated in the punctuated equilibrium model reflects task pacing under u deadline, rather than the process of group development.
Explaining the Assigned Goal-Incentive Interaction: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Personal Goals
Authors: Lee Thomas W. , Locke Edwin A. , Phan Soo H.
Published: June 2011

This study was designed to replicate conceptually and to explain the goal-level vs. incentive-type interaction reported by Mowen, Middlemist, and Luther (1981) based on goal setting and social cognitive theories. Mowen et al. found that subjects performed more poorly with hard goals than medium goals under a bonus pay system, the opposite of what was found for a piece-rate system. In the present study, an hourly pay condition was added. Mowen et al.‘s interaction was replicated using a two-trial design in which subjects could obtain feedback about their ability to attain the incentive bonuses between trials. The experimental effects were completely mediated by personal goals and self-efficacy. Goal commitment was related to performance, but did not mediate the experimental conditions. The implications for the design of incentive systems are discussed.
Adaptive Learning in Organizations: A System Dynamics-Based Exploration
Authors: Lomi Alessandro , Larsen Erik R. , Ginsberg Ari
Published: June 2011

This paper employs a system dynamics-based framework to examine the limitations of experiential learning as a guide for decision-making in organizations. This framework departs from the more traditional approach to modelling experiential learning processes in organizations by emphasizing the systematic interaction between decision-making agents and their environments, rather than the effects of varying degrees of noise on performance. We present the results of a series of computer simulations that examined the consequences of adaptive learning in organizations by concentrating explicitly on the link between individual decisions and the system-level consequences generated by the interaction of individual choices. The results show that experience is a poor basis for learning primarily because the understanding of structural relations between individual actions and their aggregate consequences is confounded by nonlinear dynamics, time delays, and misperception of feedback.
Resource and Risk Management in the Strategic Alliance Making Process
Authors: Das T. K. , Teng Bing-Sheng
Published: June 2011

Resource-based and risk-based views of strategic alliances have not been adequately reflected in the literature. This paper identifies four types of critical resources that the partners bring to an alliance: financial, technological, physical, and managerial resource. It also suggests two basic types of risk in strategic alliances: relational risk and performance risk. The alliance making process is examined in terms of the interactive effects of resource and risk on the orientations and objectives of the prospective alliance partners. Managerial implications are discussed and future research directions indicated in the form of propositions for empirical testing.
Multidimensionafity of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development
Authors: Liden Robert C. , Maslyn John M.
Published: June 2011

Whether Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) is a unidimensional or a multidimensional construct was assessed through the development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Item analysis involving 302 working students, followed by construct and criterion-related validation using 249 employees representing two organizations resulted in a multidimensional LMX scale. The results provided support for the affect, loyalty, and contribution dimensions identified by Dienesch and Liden (1986), as well as a fourth dimension, professional respect.
Group Size and Measures of Group-Level Properties: An Examination of Eta-Squared and ICC Values
Authors: Bliese Paul D. , Halverson Ronald R.
Published: June 2011

The eta-squared (η2) from a one-way random effects ANOVA is an index commonly used to estimate group-level properties of data in multilevel research. Under some circumstances, however, η2 values provide biased estimates of the group-level properties. Biased estimates occur because the magnitude of the 1.12 in a one-way rando m effects ANOVA is partially a function of group size. In this paper, the relationship between group size and η is described, and a simulation verifying the relationship between group size and 112 is conducted. The simulation demonstrates the conditions under which η does and does not provide a biased estimate of group-level properties. The paper concludes by (a) discussing corrections for η2, and (b) providing guidelines for calculating estimates of group-level properties in samples having unequal group sizes.
Examining the Market Orientation-Performance Relationship: A Context-Specific Study
Authors: Kumar Kamalesh , Subramanian Ram , Yauger Charles
Published: June 2011

This study developed a comprehensive measure of market orientation and examined the market orientation-performance relationship in the health care industry. A survey of 159 hospitals yielded a strong positive relationship between market orientation and various measures of organizational performance. Additionally, the study found that market turbulence, competitive hostility, and supplier power moderated the market orientation-performance relationship.
Taking Stock in Our Progress on Individualism-Collectivism: 100 Years of Solidarity and Community
Authors: Earley P. Christopher , Gibson Cristina B.
Published: June 2011

The tension existing between an inherent desire for companionship and personal identity forms the basis for one of the most highly researched cultural and personal dimensions in the field of management. This dichotomy, commonly called individualism-collectivism, is the focus of our review. Although much attention has been drawn toward this construct, its operationalization and measure have been problematic. In our review, we examine the theoretical and empirical bases for individualism and collectivism and its application in the field of organizational studies.
Workplace Violence and Workplace Aggression: Evidence Concerning Specific Forms, Potential Causes, and Preferred Targets
Authors: Neuman Joel H. , Baron Robert A.
Published: June 2011

Contrary to the impression generated by an increasing number of news reports in the past several years, the occurrence of workplace violencemextreme acts of aggression involving direct physical assault represents a relatively rare event in work settings. However, workplace aggression--efforts by individuals to harm others with whom they work or have worked---are much more prevalent and may prove extremely damaging to individuals and organizations. This paper presents empirical evidence on the varied forms of workplace aggression and their relative frequency of occurrence in work settings. We offer a theoretical framework for understanding this phenomenon---one based on contemporary theories of human aggression----and demonstrate how principles associated with this framework may be applied to the management and prevention of all forms of aggression in workplaces.
Something to Talk About: Romantic Relationships M Organizational Settings
Authors: Powell Gary N. , Foley Sharon
Published: June 2011

This article reviews the meager management and organizational behavior literature on romantic relationships in organizational settings. It demonstrates that workplace romance is a topic on which much theoretical and, more importantly, empirical research is needed. Workplace romances have important work-related implications for the two participants, coworkers, supervisors, and the organization as a whole. A research agenda and research propositions are offered to stimulate future scholarly interest in this area.
Dysfunctional Mentoring Relationships and Outcomes
Authors: Scandura Terri A.
Published: June 2011

A comprehensive review of the mentoring literature reveals that unpleasant aspects of mentoring relationships at work have been understudied. This persists, despite evidence that dysfunctions may be occurring in mentoring relationships. A typology of negative mentoring styles is presented. Next, a model of outcomes that may be associated with dysfunctional mentoring is developed to underscore the need to investigate the full range of mentorship in future work.
Employee Perceptions of the Fairness of Work Group Incentive Pay Plans
Authors: Dulebohn James H. , Martocchio Joseph J.
Published: June 2011

A field study investigated 368 employees’ perceptions of the fair-ness of work group incentive pay plans. In particular, we studied therelationships between six antecedent variables (understanding of thepay plan, satisfaction with base pay, organizational commitment, beliefsin the pay plan eflectiveness, plan payout amount, and group identijication) and outcome variables, including fairness judgments of both theprocesses associated with the pay plan as well as the earned payoutamounts. The setting for this study was a major nonunion production facility of a Fortune 500 company that is involved in chemical produc-tion. The findings indicate that understanding of the pay plan, belief inthe pay plan effectiveness, and organizational commitment were relatedto perceptions of procedural justice. Moreover, pay satisfaction, under-standing, belief in the pay plan effectiveness, and organizational commitment were associated with perceptions of distributive justice.Further, we found significant effects of two control variables— job classification on perceptions of procedural justice, and organization altenure on both perceptions of procedural and distributive justice.
Expert Systems, Knowledge Development and Utilization, and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based Model
Authors: Lado Augustine A. , Zhang Michael J.
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we propose a resource-based model to explain how expert systems generate sustained competitive advantage for a firm. Speciftcally, we analyze the extent to which expert systems (ESs) exhibit the attributes of value, rareness, imperfect imitability, and non substitutability associated with a rent-generating resource (e.g., Barney, 1991). Then, we discuss how expert systems yield sustainable competitive advantage through fostering organizational knowledge development and utilization. Finally, we examine the role of ESs in engenden’ng a reciprocal, mutually enhancing relationship with organizational competencies, leading to sustained competitive advantage. Propositions are ofleered to facilitate future research.
Product Market Heterogeneity, Resource Imitability and Sfrategic Group Formation
Authors: Mehra Ajay , Floyd Steven W.
Published: June 2011

This article blends the resource-based view of the firm with the industrial organization view of intraindustry heterogeneity to offer a theoretically grounded model of strategic group formation. The model provides an explanation for the inconsistent fkdings of empirical research on strategic groups and helps to situate future studies in this area.
Relationships between Bases of Power and Work Reactions: The Mediational Role of Procedural Justice
Authors: Mossholder Kevin W. , Bennett Nathan , Kemery Edward R. , Wesolowski Mark A.
Published: June 2011

Though research has addressed relationships between social power bases and several work-related variables, processes that may underlie such relationships have generally not been examined. The present study considered relationships between bases of social power and subordinates’ affective work reactions, hypothesizing that procedural justice would mediate such relationships. Two samples, one drawn from two service-oriented companies and one collected from a hospital, were used to test a mediational model reflecting this hypothesis. Using theoretically grounded measures of social power and procedural justice, support was found for full mediation effects in connection with subordinates’ affective work reactions. Implications regarding the development of social power bases are discussed.
Influences of Trait Negative Affect and Situational Similarity on Correlation and Convergence of Work Attitudes and Job Stress Perceptions Across Two Jobs
Authors: Schaubroeck John , Judge Timothy A. , Taylor Lewis A.
Published: June 2011

Job attitude and work stressor measures were obtained from members of a large militaty reserve unit. Respondents workedpart-time at the unit and full-time in a different occupation in a separate organization. Correlations of corresponding job attitudes and perceived stressors across the two jobs were signtjicant,. but not of high magnitude. For both job stressors and work attitudes, trait negative affectivity did not explain cross-job correlations. Tests of squared differences between attitudes and between job stressors also indicated no influence of trait affect. There was stronger convergence (squared difference) af intrinsic job satisfaction across jobs when diflerences in physical demands (physical, outdoor work versus sedentary, indoor work) were lower, suggesting that situational similarity affected convergence. Trait negative affect correlated more strongly with full-time job attitudes than with part-time job attitudes. We discuss implications for testing dispositional theories of attitudes and stress and practical attempts to improve job attitudes and reduce stress.
Systematic Data Loss in HRM Settings: A Monte Carlo Analysis
Authors: Switzer Fred S. , Roth Philip L. , Switzer Deborah M.
Published: June 2011

The accuracy of eight missing data techniques (MDTs) under conditions of systematically missing data was tested using a Monte Carlo analysis. Data were generated from a population correlation matrix, then deleted using several patterns that might be found in a human resource management (HRM) selection validation study. The results indicated that listwise and pairwise deletion were the most accurate methods, followed closely by imputation methods such as regression and hot-deck. Mean substitution was substantially inferior to the other methods tested. Future research that examines different missing data patterns is recommended.
Optimizing Primary Care Telephone Access and Patient Satisfaction
Authors: LaVela Sherri L. , Gering Jeffrey , Schectman Gordon , Weaver Frances M.
Published: June 2011

Telephone medicine is often preferred by patients to meet primary care needs and may be associated with high patient satisfaction. This article presents findings about incoming patient calls to primary care for medically based reasons during office hours and reports factors independently associated with telephone encounter satisfaction, considering patient characteristics, call reasons, and staff responsiveness, for a national cohort of primary care users. Interviews were conducted with patients from 18 nationwide primary care clinics during the fall of 2009. Calling for an urgent medical issue was associated with dissatisfaction. Odds of call satisfaction were greater when patients thought staff was friendly (10x), call answer was timely (5x), and needed medical information was provided (7x). These findings can be used for interventions to optimize telephone access and patient satisfaction which is beneficial because satisfactory telephone encounters reduce primary care use and satisfied patients are more likely to be engaged in their health care.
Neural responses to peer rejection in anxious adolescents
Authors: Lau Jennifer Y. F. , Guyer Amanda E. , Tone Erin B. , Jenness Jessica , Parrish Jessica M. , Pine Daniel S. , Nelson Eric E.
Published: June 2011

Peer rejection powerfully predicts adolescent anxiety. While cognitive differences influence anxious responses to social feedback, little is known about neural contributions. Twelve anxious and twelve age-, gender- and IQ-matched, psychiatrically healthy adolescents received “not interested” and “interested” feedback from unknown peers during a chat room task administered in a neuroimaging scanner. No group differences emerged in subjective ratings to peer feedback, but all participants reported more negative emotion at being rejected (than accepted) by peers to whom they had assigned high-desirability ratings. Further highlighting the salience of such feedback, all adolescents, independently of anxiety levels, manifested elevated responses in the amygdala-hippocampal complex bilaterally, during the anticipation of feedback. However, anxious adolescents differed from healthy adolescents in their patterns of persistent amygdala-hippocampal activation following rejection. These data carry interesting implications for using neuroimaging data to inform psychotherapeutic approaches to social anxiety.
Parenting style as a moderator of effects of political violence
Authors: Slone Michelle , Shechner Tomer , Farah Oula Khoury
Published: June 2011

This study examined cross-cultural differences in the moderating function of authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles for Jewish and Arab Israeli children exposed to political violence. Respondents were parents and children aged 10–11 from 94 families (42 Arab, 52 Jewish). Parents completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire and a demographic questionnaire, and children completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, Political Life Events Scale, and Negative Life Events Scale. Political violence exposure and parenting style influenced children’s psychological distress. Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting style moderated effects of political-violence exposure differently for Jewish and Arab children. These findings highlight the need to examine both mothers’ and fathers’ parenting style and ways in which parenting style effects are culturally dependent.
Impact of institutional care on attachment disorganization and insecurity of Ukrainian preschoolers
Authors: Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , Dobrova-Krol Natasha , van IJzendoorn Marinus
Published: June 2011

Institutional care has been shown to lead to insecure and disorganized attachments and indiscriminate friendliness. Some children, however, are surprisingly resilient to the adverse environment. Here the protective role of the long variant of the serotonin receptor gene (5HTT) is explored in a small hypothesis-generating study of 37 Ukrainian preschoolers reared in institutional settings or in their biological families. Attachment was observed with the Strange Situation Procedure, and indiscriminate social behavior was assessed in a semistructured interview with the caregiver. We found a moderating role of 5HTT for the association between adverse environment and attachment disorganization. Children with the ss or sl genotyope showed more attachment disorganization and less attachment security when they grew up in an institution compared to children who lived in a family, but children who were homozygous for the l allele appeared to be protected against the adverse institutional environment on attachment. We conclude that not all children may be equally vulnerable to extremely adverse rearing experiences.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis physiology and cognitive control of behavior in stress inoculated monkeys
Authors: Parker Karen J. , Buckmaster Christine L. , Lindley Steven E. , Schatzberg Alan F. , Lyons David M.
Published: June 2011

Monkeys exposed to stress inoculation protocols early in life subsequently exhibit diminished neurobiological responses to moderate psychological stressors and enhanced cognitive control of behavior during juvenile development compared to non-inoculated monkeys. The present experiments extended these findings and revealed that stress inoculated monkeys: (a) mount neurobiological responses equivalent to non-inoculated monkeys when the stressor is of sufficient intensity, and (b) continue to exhibit enhanced cognitive control as young adults compared to non-inoculated monkeys. These results suggest that stress inoculation protocols alter the appraisal of and response to moderate stressors as less threatening and permanently enhance cognitive control, at least through early adulthood. These data therefore support the notion that the stress inoculation phenotype reflects stress resilience rather than stress pathology.
The Effect of Compulsory Voting on Turnout Stratification Patterns: A Cross-national Analysis
Authors: Quintelier Ellen , Hooghe Marc , Marien Sofie
Published: June 2011

As voter turnout is steadily declining in western democracies, various authors have expressed concern about the stratification in electoral participation that this trend might entail. Some research suggests that specific categories of potential voters refrain from voting, leading to the electoral dominance of more privileged groups within the population. In this article, we investigate whether systems of compulsory voting are associated with more equal participation in elections. We study 36 countries that participated in the 2004 International Social Survey Programme. The analysis shows that compulsory voting is associated with higher turnout rates, but we do not observe any significant differences in electoral participation based on gender or educational level. However, we find a significant interaction effect between age and compulsory voting, suggesting that young age cohorts are unlikely to be affected by the dynamics of the civic duty argument that is inherent in systems of compulsory voting.
Pick your poison: economic crises, international monetary fund loans and leader survival
Authors: Williams Laron K
Published: June 2011

Loans from international organizations impose large costs on the receiving nation. The decisions to accept such loans and then whether or not to implement the prescribed reforms are made with high stakes in mind. Domestic leaders are most likely facing punishment for the current economic crisis, but what is their incentive to implement the arrangements if the costly reforms associated with the loans may reduce their ability to satisfy their supporters? To fully understand this relationship, I develop a theory that explains leader tenure in the post-reform period as a function of the rational decision to accept a loan. Leaders who expect to be secure in the adjustment period are more willing to accept the conditions that accompany loans rather than attempt to withstand the crisis on their own. With the use of a selection duration model, I examine the interplay between electoral incentives and institutional dynamics to show that leaders governing under different institutional arrangements are affected differently for involvement in IMF loans. Since leaders choose when to accept IMF loans based on their own expectations of post-reform tenure, democratic leaders are less likely to participate in loans. Authoritarian leaders, on the other hand, are more likely to participate in agreements because their hold on power in the post-reform period is stronger.
It’s All in the Name, or Is It? The Impact of Labeling on Health State Values
Authors: Rowen Donna , Brazier John , Tsuchiya Aki , Young Tracey , Ibbotson Rachel
Published: June 2011

Background. Many descriptions of health used in vignettes and condition-specific measures name the medical condition. This article assesses the impact of referring to the medical condition in the descriptions of health states valued by members of the general population. Methods. A valuation study was conducted using face-to-face interviews involving the time trade-off valuation technique. All respondents valued essentially the same health states, but for each respondent, the descriptions featured an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) label, a cancer label, or no label. Random effects generalized least squares regressions were used to estimate the impact of each label and experience of the condition on health state values. Data. A sample of 241 members of the UK general population each valued 8 states, generating 1910 observations (response rate = 39%, completion rate = 99% for all states). Results. The authors find no significant difference between health state values when the description contains no label or an IBS label. They find that the inclusion of a cancer label in health state descriptions affects health state values and that the impact is dependent on the severity of the state, with a significant reduction in values for more severe health states (up to −0.25 for the worst possible state) but no significant difference for mild states. Conclusions. A condition label can affect health state values, but this is dependent on the specific condition and severity. The authors recommend avoiding condition labels in health state descriptions (where possible) to ensure that values are not affected by prior knowledge or preconception of the condition that may distort the health state being valued.
A probabilistic framework for object search with 6-DOF pose estimation
Authors: Ma Jeremy , Chung Timothy H , Burdick Joel
Published: June 2011

This article presents a systematic approach to the problem of autonomous 3D object search in indoor environments, using a two-wheeled non-holonomic robot equipped with an actuated stereo-camera head and processing done on a single laptop. A probabilistic grid-based map encodes the likelihood of object existence in each cell and is updated after each sensing action. The updating schema incorporates characteristic parameters modeled after the robot’s sensing modalities and allows for sequential updating via Bayesian recursion methods. Two types of sensing modalities are used to update the map: a coarse search method (global search) based on a color histogram approach, and a more refined search method (local search) based on Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) feature matching. If the local search correctly locates the desired object, its 6-DOF pose is estimated using stereo applied to each SIFT feature (i.e. 3D SIFT feature), which is then fed as measurements into an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for sustained tracking. If the local search fails to locate the desired object in a particular cell, the cell is updated in the probability map and the next peak probability cell is identified and planned to using a separate grid-based costmap populated via obstacle detection from stereo, with planning done using an A* planner. Experimental results obtained from the use of this method on a mobile robot are presented to illustrate and validate the approach, confirming that the search strategy can be carried out with modest computation on a single laptop.
More than a Photo: Germans from Russia Remember Their Familial Relationships
Authors: Clark Jessica
Published: June 2011

Most narrators of the Dakota Memories Oral History Project (DMOHP), the children and grandchildren of ethnic German immigrants from Russia, reminisce a great deal about their family relationships—grandparent—grandchild relationships, parent—child relationships, and sibling—sibling relationships. They share memories of their grandmothers baking them delicious dough dishes, of their fathers making them labor endlessly in the fields, and of their siblings coaxing them into mischief. Through these relationships, Germans from Russia not only learned about their ethnic group’s identity, but they also reshaped it into a new identity, blending their past with their present. Within the context of family relationships, these German Russian descendants forged a new identity rooted in their ethnic heritage and history, but serviceable to new, American-born generations.
The Role of the Toronto Girls’ Home, 1863—1910
Authors: Neff Charlotte
Published: June 2011

It has been suggested that the role of Ontario children’s homes, who had for half a century been helping disadvantaged children, changed significantly and immediately under the Children’s Protection Act of 1893. However, the records of the girls admitted to Toronto Girls’ Home from 1863 to 1910 suggest that this was not the case, for this home at least. For most of their history, their core clientele was the children of poor respectable parents dealing with a crisis or who could not both work and care for their children. Thus, although prior to 1893 they did also care for a significant number of neglected children, and after 1893 fewer such children were admitted, the Home continued for more than 20 years to help families as they always had, providing a form of family support for which the child protection system was not designed.
Social Mobility and Reproduction Among Nineteenth-Century Colorado Silver Prospectors
Authors: Glover Susan M. , King Mary E.
Published: June 2011

Popular cultural convention holds that, for those with enough gumption, the American frontier was a land of unparalleled opportunity.1 However, careful research throws doubt on the universality of this convention.2 Thus, the authors explore factors that increase or decrease opportunities for upward mobility in frontier towns.3 The authors’ longitudinal study of late nineteenth century silver prospectors in Gothic, Colorado, demonstrates that while enthusiastic prospecting in Gothic did not lead to upward social mobility, it did provide enhanced reproductive opportunities.
Foot Clearance in Walking and Running in Individuals with Ankle Instability
Authors: Brown Cathleen
Published: June 2011

Background

Foot positioning before heel strike has been attributed to chronic ankle instability injury mechanics, and may play a role in developing and perpetuating chronic ankle instability.

Purpose

This study was undertaken to determine if a group of individuals with mechanical instability (MI) or a group with functional instability (FI) of the ankle joint demonstrate less foot-floor clearance and a more inverted and plantar flexed position of the foot during the terminal swing phase of the running and walking cycles when compared with a group of ankle sprain copers who had an injury but no residual instability.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Three-dimensional motion analysis was performed on 3 groups (n = 11 male athletes each) differentiated based on ankle injury history and ligamentous laxity during walking and running on a raised platform.

Results

The MI group (14.8° ± 12.0°) demonstrated greater maximum foot external rotation than the FI (3.2° ± 6.0°) and coper groups (2.9° ± 11.0°) ( P = .01; ηp2 = .25) during running and greater rotation than the coper group during walking (3.3° ± 6.1° vs -4.5° ± 4.1°; P = .03; ηp2 = .21). The FI group (6.1° ± 3.2°) had greater plantar flexion at minimum than the MI group (0.1° ± 3.5°) during walking ( P = .02; ηp2 = .25). Other group differences demonstrated large effect sizes, but not statistical significance, including unstable groups having lower minimum metatarsal height than copers during running.

Conclusion

Differences in foot and leg position during terminal swing were observed between MI and FI groups and copers. Greater plantar flexion and lower minimum metatarsal height may increase risk for inadvertent contact and thus episodes of instability.

Clinical Relevance

Rehabilitation programs may need to address terminal swing to improve mechanics and avoid potential episodes of giving way at the ankle.
Arthroscopic-Assisted Reduction and Percutaneous Cannulated Screw Fixation for Ideberg Type III Glenoid Fractures
Authors: Yang Hai-bo , Wang Dong , He Xi-jing
Published: June 2011

Background: Traditionally, open reduction and internal fixation is an acceptable choice for treating displaced glenoid articular fracture. Considering some major complications associated with open surgery, however, surgeons have explored a less invasive way to achieve fixation.

Purpose: This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the clinical results of arthroscopic-assisted reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw fixation for the treatment of Ideberg type III glenoid fractures.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Twenty-three consecutive patients with Ideberg type III glenoid fractures underwent arthroscopic-assisted reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw fixation. Eighteen patients (78.3%) were available for the final follow-up, at a mean of 37.6 months (range, 24-61 months). There were 12 men and 6 women, with an average age of 41.2 years (range, 22-62 years). Dominant sides were involved in 10 patients. The mean time from injury to surgery was 5.9 ± 2.7 days.

Results: The average ranges of motion of the affected shoulders at the final follow-up were 162.8° ± 8.3° in forward elevation, 67.2° ± 4.6° in external rotation at the side, and T8 ± 2 in internal rotation. The average visual analog scale pain score was 0.7 ± 0.9 (range, 0-3), the average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 96.0 ± 5.4 (range, 80-100), the average Constant-Murley score was 96.8 ± 2.9 (range, 90-100), and the average University of California, Los Angeles, score was 34.3 ± 0.9 (range, 33-35). No hardware failure or redisplacement of the fracture occurred, and all fractures healed without any major complication associated with the surgery.

Conclusion: Arthroscopic-assisted reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw fixation is a safe and effective method for the treatment of Ideberg type III glenoid fractures.
Immigration Control as a (False) Security Measure
Authors: Hammond John L.
Published: June 2011

US immigration policy as defined during the administration of George W. Bush was the result of a moral panic against two categories of immigrants: Latin Americans who cross the Mexican border clandestinely in search of work and Muslims and Arabs whom the administration defines as potential terrorists. The policy harms both groups and threatens national security. Antiterrorist measures are counterproductive because they create sympathy to terrorism in law-abiding Muslim and Arab immigrants; border control measures are counterproductive because, far from deterring illegal immigration, they encourage longer stays, family migration, and dispersion throughout the USA, and endanger the lives of those entering the country through inaccessible and dangerous border areas.
Getting a Grip on Drinking Behavior
Authors: Houben Katrijn , Wiers Reinout W. , Jansen Anita
Published: June 2011

Alcohol abuse disrupts core executive functions, including working memory (WM)—the ability to maintain and manipulate goal-relevant information. When executive functions like WM are weakened, drinking behavior gets out of control and is guided more strongly by automatic impulses. This study investigated whether training WM restores control over drinking behavior. Forty-eight problem drinkers performed WM training tasks or control tasks during 25 sessions over at least 25 days. Before and after training, we measured WM and drinking behavior. Training WM improved WM and reduced alcohol intake for more than 1 month after the training. Further, the indirect effect of training on alcohol use through improved WM was moderated by participants’ levels of automatic impulses: Increased WM reduced alcohol consumption in participants with relatively strong automatic preferences for alcohol. These findings are consistent with the theoretical framework and demonstrate that training WM may be an effective strategy to reduce alcohol use by increasing control over automatic impulses to drink alcohol.