bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The identification and behavioural management of the dentally anxious adult and child patient
Authors: Freeman Ruth
Published: November 2023

The General Dental Council’s document The First Five Years(GDC 2002) describes the management of dental anxiety within an interlinking rubric of behavioural sciences, pain and anxiety control. The document stresses the importance of patient-centred care, implying that it is the behavioural management of the patient which is the cornerstone of pain and anxiety control. The requirements for behavioural management of the dentally anxious adult and child patient are outlined in The First Five Years: and professionalism) Students should understand the importance of communication between practitioner and patient. This helps to develop attitudes of empathy and insight in the student and provides the opportunity for discussion of contemporary ethical issues. Students should also be encouraged to understand their own responses to work pressures and their management. There may be opportunities for integrated or complementary teaching with other basic sciences on topics such as pain, stress and anxiety and with clinical specialties on topics such as social class, poverty and the needs of children and the elderly.
Prosthodontics
Authors: Walmsley Damien , Drummond John
Published: November 2023

In 1968 over one third of the total adult population of the UK had no natural teeth, and only a small number of people of pensionable age had any teeth at all. The 1998 Adult Dental Health Survey(ADHS 1998) shows that a major change has occurred in the past thirty years – currently only 13 per cent of adults have no teeth and, even more impressively, over half those of pensionable age have some of their natural teeth. The ADHS 1998 also shows that older people now are much more concerned with preserving their natural teeth than was the case before. Over the last decade a growing proportion of dentate 65–74 year olds would consider having a tooth crowned; in addition, a growing proportion of those aged over 55 expect to keep some of their natural teeth for life. Predictions from the ADHS 98 indicate that the proportion of UK adults with no natural teeth will fall to 8 per cent in 2008 and 5 per cent in 2018. The proportion of adults of pensionable age with some natural teeth will increase dramatically over the next two decades: for example by 2018, 56 per cent of people aged 85 and over will have some natural teeth, compared with a figure of 19 per cent in 1998. These statistics by no means suggest that there will be little requirement for removable appliance therapy in the medium term future. Rather, we have moved from a situation where edentulous levels were of epidemic proportions to a less extreme situation. The demand for partial and complete dentures will, however, still be relatively high and patient’s expectations, in terms of function and aesthetics, will without doubt be greater. Regional variations in edentulous levels suggest too that there will be significant areas of the UK where denture wearing will remain common, particularly in the older age groups.
Assessment
Authors: Holsgrove Gareth , Mossey Peter , Davenport Elizabeth , Stirrups David
Published: November 2023

In setting out the requirements of assessment, both the General Dental Council in The First Five Years(2002) and the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) Benchmarking Statement for Dentistry (2002) independently produced their recommendations. Combining both sources enables consensus on the aims and objectives of assessments that should be adopted in dental schools. Assessment should enable students to demonstrate their understanding, level of attainment and to demonstrate a full range of clinical and other abilities. Methods of assessment should encourage integration of knowledge, understanding, clinical and communication skills and attitudes, and should encourage reflection and self-assessment.Assessment should be appropriately documented and should not only reflect student progression through the programme, but also lead to accurate, constructive feedback to students on their performance.
Teamwork
Authors: Davenport Elizabeth , Holsgrove Gareth , Mossey Peter , Stirrups David
Published: November 2023

The dental team has evolved over many years, in response to many influences such as the growing complexity in terms of techniques and technical aids and public demand. Legislation, four-handed dentistry, infection control, clinical governance, management of practices, and professionals complementary to dentistry have also influenced the demand and need for an effective and efficient dental team working together. Hence the need for undergraduate students to be fully conversant with the demands of leadership and team work. The General Dental Council has outlined its expectations (GDC 2002, paragraph 14). These are that ‘the dentist has a role as a team leader and is responsible for diagnosis, treatment planning and the quality control of the treatment provided’, and that ‘dental students and professionals complementary to dentistry should have the opportunity to learn and work together’. An important first step in understanding the weight the GDC gives to inter professional education in dentistry.
Reporting Analyses From Clinical Trials
Authors: Revicki Dennis A
Published: November 2023

The methods and findings of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes from clinical trials have been reported over the past 50 years. Well-designed and implemented studies, with relevant, psychometrically sound and sensitive measures and appropriate statistical analyses are important for understanding the effectiveness of health care interventions on patient functioning and well-being. Equally important are well written reports and articles that provide sufficient information so that readers understand the rationale for and objectives of the study, the research design and methods, HRQoL measures, and the results and interpretation of these results. Several authors have provided guidelines for preparing articles summarizing the methods and findings of HRQoL studies (Staquet et al. 1996; Fayers and Machin 2000).
Interpreting Qol In Individuals And Groups
Authors: ‘Boyle Ciaran A O , Höfer Stefan , Ring Lena
Published: November 2023

Despite the burgeoning use of quality of life (QoL) as an outcome in health care, there is still little agreement on the definition of the construct or on the most appropriate ways to measure it (Joyce et al. 2003). Most instruments that purport to measure QoL adopt an operational definition and many, measuring as they do symptoms and functioning, would be better described as health status measures. One problem is that what is measured is predetermined and therefore cannot represent the free choice of the individual. Also, implicit in measures of health-related quality of life is the assumption that a specific subset of domains, usually chosen by the investigator, accounts for most of the variance (Gill and Feinstein 1994).
The ethics of communication
Authors: Parker Michael
Published: November 2023

It is widely recognized that effective communication skills are essential to good medical practice and that communication skills training is a crucial aspect of the training of good doctors. This chapter points out that in addition to being effective, communication must also be ethical. It introduces doctors to core ethical concepts and to the main approaches in medical ethics and shows how these relate to communication in the consultation and to the nature of the doctor–patient relationship. The chapter aims to give doctors a framework for thinking about ethics in communication that will enable them to feel more confident in their consideration of the ethical aspects of their practice.
The doctor’s perspective
Authors: Macdonald Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

Doctors in consultation are normally reluctant to cause distress and hesitate to antagonize patients. They may well be fearful of their own inability to explain or to answer questions clearly and worried about making mistakes and getting things wrong. In specific clinical circumstances doctors need to prepare for very special aspects of difficult conversations. Issues emerging at the end of life concerning medical care and its modification, and many types of ‘bad news’ conversations are discussed. The effective communication of clinical risk and the disclosure of errors offer a particular challenge.
Maintaining a balance
Authors: Maguire Peter , Pitceathly Carolyn
Published: November 2023

Medicine is a worthwhile and personally rewarding profession providing doctors strive to avoid some pitfalls and maintain an appropriate balance between their professional and personal lives. This chapter examines the demands of medical practice, common pitfalls such as unrealistic expectations, needing to appear in control, lack of personal boundaries and poor choice of posts and suggests solutions to enable doctors to cope effectively. Practical tips for junior doctors are found in the appendix to this chapter.
Forensic Pharmacology
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D
Published: November 2023

Forensic Pharmacology offers a unique and comprehensible account of pharmacological methods and knowledge, and how to use them to solve problems in crimes from drunken driving to murder. It also deals with negligence in giving drugs, and adverse reactions to drugs. The text is enlivened by cases from the literature and from the authors’ experience. Appendices give detailed examples of pharmacological problems and their solutions; tables and equations for alcohol calculations; and data for medicines encountered in forensic work. Experts do not always understand what lawyers want of them, and lawyers fail to appreciate that experts in medicine and pharmacology may not be experts in the law. The section entitled ‘legal considerations’ was written by a barrister with wide experience of using expert evidence and explains clearly the legal principles. It also contains some helpful hints on how to deal with court procedure and adversarial lawyers.
Essentials of microbiology for dental students
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J
Published: November 2023

This book presents the science of microbiology in a clinical context that is relevant to the safe and effective practice of dental surgery. Microbiology is a rapidly moving discipline. Since the First Edition, a number of infectious diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and SARS have emerged as significant clinical problems. There have also been changes in the epidemiology of certain infections, for example sexually transmitted diseases. These issues are all covered in this new edition. The book has been updated throughout, and changes to antimicrobial drug prescribing regimens have been included. Major new chapters include those on fungi, human herpes viruses, infections of the central nervous system, and use of antimicrobial agents in dentistry. The chapters dealing with sterilisation, disinfection and infection control procedures in dentistry have been completely re-written, to reflect recent significant changes in decontamination protocols which have been stimulated by the problem of prion diseases. This book will serve as a core reference text for use throughout all years of the undergraduate dental curriculum, as a refresher course for postgraduate students, and as a continuing source of reference for dentists in clinical practice.
Diagnostic microbiology
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J
Published: November 2023

Accurate diagnosis of infections is essential if they are to be treated appropriately. The main aims of a diagnostic microbiology laboratory are to identify any causative organisms and to provide guidance on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing has already been discussed in Chapter 10. In the present chapter, the wide range of laboratory methods employed to diagnose infection will be summarized. Laboratory diagnosis of infections in the head and neck region poses particular problems, which will be described in the last section of the chapter. It is important for clinicians to recognize that the accuracy of a microbiological report can only be as good as the quality of the specimen on which it is based. Whilst laboratories are able to provide advice, appropriate specimen containers and request forms, it is the responsibility of the clinician to obtain the correct sample. If possible, the specimen should be collected before antimicrobial therapy is prescribed.
Infections of the central nervous system
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J
Published: November 2023

The central nervous system (CNS) and spinal cord form a distinct body compartment, which depends on migration of white blood cells to and from the blood circulation. The clinical signs and symptoms of infections depend on which area of the CNS is involved, but include altered levels of consciousness, headache, and signs of raised intracranial pressure such as papilloedema. With localized lesions such as abscesses, the signs will depend on the location of the lesion; for example frontal lesions may cause changes in personality. Because the brain is enclosed within rigid structures, a major feature of CNS infections is that inflammation and exudates lead to increased intracranial pressure, with sub-sequent reduction in cerebral blood flow and potentially catastrophic consequences.
Oral fungal infections
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J
Published: November 2023

Fungal infections in the oral and perioral regions occur either as primary localized lesions or as manifestations of systemic mycoses. By far the most common group of fungal infections that dental practitioners diagnose and treat are caused by Candida spp.. Some of the rarer mycoses with oral manifestations, such as histoplasmosis, are found almost exclusively in the USA, while others such as mucormycosis are found particularly in immuno-compromised individuals. Accordingly, this chapter will concentrate on candida infections, with brief notes about a selection of other less common fungal diseases.
Kinase inhibitors
Authors: Sleijfer Stefan , Nooter Kees , Verweij Jaap
Published: November 2023

Normal ceJl growth is a strictly regulated process with well-balanced activity between growth-stimulating and growth-inhibiting factors. In tumour cells, mechanisms of growth control are severely altered, shifting the balance towards uncontrolled proliferation. In addition, tumour cells are characterised by resistance against triggers for programmed cell death (apoptosis), growth into adjacent structures and the ability to form metastases. This abnormal situation develops through mutations in genes involved in pivotal cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion, and apoptosis.
Ethical Practice in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: McGrath Joanna Collicutt
Published: November 2023

Ethical Practice in Brain Injury Rehabilitation helps rehabilitation professionals deal effectively with the difficult ethical dilemmas that regularly face them in their daily clinical practice. The book takes a multi-professional perspective, focusing on issues facing therapists, doctors, nurses, and psychologists, and will also be helpful to relatives of people with acquired brain injury. It treats ethics as a special case of good professional practice and takes a practical psychological approach, looking at the thoughts, feelings, and actions that are involved in taking ethical decisions, carrying them out, and living with their consequences. The book tells the story of brain injury from the patients’ perspective, and argues that patient-centred practice that strives to uphold patient autonomy and support the reconstitution of personal identity is the basis of good rehabilitation. But it also acknowledges the difficulty in delivering patient-centred practice in a context of limited resources, diverse value systems, uncertain prognosis, and conflicting loyalties. The book contains many case histories, including a series of guided examples that will be useful for individual study or group work.
Infections
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila
Published: November 2023

Infections occur when a microorganism invades the body and causes disease. Despite immunization and the development of antimicrobial agents, infectious diseases still cause more illness worldwide than either cardio-vascular disease or cancer.

An organism capable of causing disease is a pathogen. The pathogenicity of an organism refers to the severity of disease it causes compared with other organisms. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is more pathogenic than a rhinovirus. Virulence, however, compares the severity of disease caused by different strains of the same microorganism. The attributes possessed by a particular strain of an organism that dictate its virulence are called virulence factors. As an example, the bacterium Escherichia coli O157 is more virulent than other strains of E. coli because it produces a toxin that can lead to haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
Breast disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila
Published: November 2023

The breast is essentially a large sweat gland which has become modified to produce milk instead of sweat. The organ consists of a complex network of glands and ducts embedded in connective tissue and padded with fat. Except for its deep surface, the breast is not a well defined organ; it has no capsule, and breast glands can often be found extending beyond its obvious boundaries.
Head and neck disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila
Published: November 2023

Head and neck disease traditionally covers diseases of the oral cavity, ears, nose, and throat (Fig. 19.1). Trivial conditions affecting these sites are a common cause of consultation to general practitioners and dentists. More complex problems involving these sites are the realm of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeons and maxillofacial surgeons.
Count nouns and mass nouns
Authors: Taylor John R
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter I largely overlooked the conceptual (and grammatical) differences between count and mass nouns. While the notions of instantiation, quantification, and grounding are applicable to all nominals, their morpho-syntactic realization may be affected by the status of a noun as count or mass.
Spain 1833–2002 People and State
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: November 2023

This book provides a cultural history of Spanish politics from the civil war of 1833 to the Spanish adoption of the Euro in 2002, a period dominated for the most part by violent military interventions in the political process, a succession of weak, unstable, but repressive governments, and the ever-present threat of rebellion from below, and culminating in the victory and repressive dictatorship of General Franco. Using a wide range of sources, both textual and material, Mary Vincent focuses on the question of how ordinary people came to identify themselves both as citizens and as Spaniards throughout this turbulent period. She argues that a weak state rather than a weak sense of nation was the key to Spain’s problematic development and that this is the key to explaining both the persistence of political violence and the strength of regional nationalism in modern Spain. But, as Vincent shows, from the 1970s, with modernization of the state and the introduction of democratic politics, all Spaniards – including Catalans and Basques – enthusiastically adopted an additional identity, that of Europeans. And, while questions over the territorial unity of the Spanish state have still not been wholly resolved, nevertheless the political choices facing Spaniards today are very similar to those of other western European nations – and Spanish singularity appears, at last, to be consigned to the past.
Precedent in English Law
Authors: Cross Rupert , Harris J W
Published: November 2023

The previous three editions of this book have established it as the most comprehensive account of precedent in English law for students, teachers and practitioners alike. The aim of the book is to present a basic guide to the current doctrine of precedent in England, set in the wider context of the jurisprudential problems which any treatment of the topic involves. Such problems include the nature of the ratio decidendi of a precedent and of its binding force, the significance of precedents alongside other sources of law, their role in legal reasoning, and the account which must be taken of them by any general theory of law. In examining these matters, the late Sir Rupert Cross expounded a fairly traditional practitioners' view, and this approach has been preserved in the fourth edition, although references are included to competing answers, taking into account developments in the literature since the third edition. Considerable re-writing has been undertaken to update case-law and take account of the possible implications for the doctrine of precedent of the impact of European community law, making it an indespensable work of reference for readers interested in the past history, present state and future developments of the English rules of precedent. Dr. J.W. Harris is a Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. The late Sir Rupert Cross was formerly Vinerian Professor of Law at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.
Social Security: the European Union Dimension
Authors: Hervey* Tmiara K
Published: November 2023

As was noted briefly in Chapter 2, there is no European Union-level ‘welfare super state’. Social security and social welfare remain largely within the competence of the governments of the Member States of the European Union (EU), and arc governed mainly by national rules and policies. however, social security and social welfare systems of the Member States of the EU no longer operate in isolation from the obligations in Community law of those Member States. Some EU-level legal norms have implications for the operation of such national social welfare systems. Thus in the EU, social security and welfare might be described as a field of ‘multi-level governance’,in which rules, principles,- and norms emanating from EU, national, and indeed sub-national levels interact to create the overall picture of law and policy.
Social Security and Disability
Authors: Wikeley Nick
Published: November 2023

Sickness and disability benefits constitute the second largest component of the social security budget, exceeded only by spending on pensions.Thus more is spent on sick and disabled peoplethan on any other group of people of working age, including unemployed people and families.Yet the system of benefits for sick and disabled people was described over twenty years ago as ‘a ragbag of provisions based on differing, sometimes conflicting and anachronistic principles’.This description remains equally valid today; as will be seen in this chapter, successive governments have resorted to a series of ad hoc changes to the benefits structure for disabled people.3
The Legal Nature of the Unit Trust
Authors: Sin Kam Fan
Published: November 2023

This is the first book to examine in depth the doctrinal character of the unit trust. The author begins by tracing the history of the unit trust as a sub-set of the trust and the company. He goes on to examine a whole range of related topics, including the contractual ingredient of the unit trust and its implications on doctrines of perpetuities, important case law such as the case of Saunder v Vautier, frustration, and remedies. This is followed by an analysis of the unit trust's relationships, obligations, and rights aspects -- including the associative, agency and fiduciary character of the relationships; the 'split of trusteeship' between the trustee and the manager (in the form of directory, veto, delegation, and advisory powers); and the nature of the unit trust. The relevant provisions of the Financial Services Act 1986 and its subsidiary legislation are also analysed. Clearly this book will be invaluable to all those who require a better understanding of the unit trust.
Unfair Competition Law
Authors: Sanders Anselm Kamperman
Published: November 2023

This work gives an overview of the current state of the law of unfair competition for the protection of the intellectual creations and industrial assets in the EU, the USA and other major Anglo-American jurisdictions. Despite the growing interest in this area of law in recent years, little attention has been given to the varying legal and economic paradigms that underlie and shape it. This need for a comparative, theoretical examination is heightened by the advent of the information age, coupled with the desire to integrate markets. These developments pose a challenge to the current regimes of intellectual property protection since these are increasingly becoming out of step with the paradigms that shaped the traditional patent, copyright and trademark regimes. In this work, the author explores the alternative to a protective regime based on unfair competition doctrines, and examines the themes of economic justification, shaping legal boundaries, finding a legal justification, practical application, and harmonization of national laws.
Railway Privatization
Authors: Dodgson John
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the difficulties involved in privatizing Britain’s railways by reviewing the alternative options that were available. Throughout the 1980s British Rail was low in government priorities for privatization. Eventually a White Paper on rail privatization was published in 19921, and the resulting Railways Act came into effect on 1 April 1994. A new public-sector company, Railtrack, took over the existing railway infrastructure, and was to charge for access to the network. All passenger services will eventually be franchised through the new Office of Passenger Rail Franchising, though the process is expected to take a number of years. BR’s freight business will be sold to the private sector. A Railway Regulator will ensure fair access to the network. British Rail will gradually disappear, even though a House of Lords amendment means it will be allowed to bid for passenger franchises in competition with the private sector.
Corporate Governance, Take-overs, and the Role of the Non-executive Director
Authors: Davis* Evan , Kay† John
Published: November 2023

Imagine a system of government in which there are annual elections, but these are almost never contested. Whenever they are, the incumbent government wins by an overwhelming majority. All the information about the state of the nation which the voters receive is controlled and distributed by the government and is glossy and self-congratulatory in tone. Changes in the senior leadership do take place, normally through an orderly process of retirement in which the incumbent leaders select and groom their successors. Occasionally there is more violent change. Sometimes this takes the form of an internal coup d’ètat. Or it may occur as a result of the intervention of the hostile government of another state. This is not a description of Eastern Europe before perestroika and glasnost. It is a description of the system by which public companies in Britain are controlled and governed.
Development Policy as Public Finance
Authors: Bell Clive
Published: November 2023

This is a graduate text on the use of public economics in formulating development policy. How to raise and spend revenues in order to promote development in practice involves second-best considerations, which the analysis of the role of international trade, liberalization, and other economic reforms must take into account. Particular emphasis is placed on social cost-benefit analysis as a means to discipline public expenditure decisions. Summaries and exercises are included.
The Nature Of the Firm
Authors: Coase R H
Published: November 2023

Economic theory has suffered in the past from a failure to state clearly its assumptions. Economists in building up a theory have often omitted to examine the foundations on which it was erected. This examination is, however, essential not only to prevent the misunderstanding and needless controversy which arise from a lack of knowledge of the assumptions on which a theory is based, but also because of the extreme importance for economics of good judgment in choosing between rival sets of assumptions. For instance, it is suggested that the use of the word ‘firm’ in economics may be different from the use of the term by the ‘plain man’. Since there is apparently a trend in economic theory towards starting analysis with the individual firm and not with the industry, it is all the more necessary not only that a clear definition of the word ‘firm’ should be given but that its difference from a firm in the ‘real world’, if it exists, should be made clear…
Routinisation, Re-engineering, and Socio-technical Design Changing Ideas on the Organisation of Work
Authors: Mumford Enid
Published: November 2023

There is a vast literature around on how to organise the work situation. Companies believe that they must rethink this to survive in a new global market or a much broader international market. This reorganisation is to cut costs, improve efficiency, become more competitive, and increase the share price. Most companies claim to be doing it.
A Theory of Information Systems Based on Improvisation
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U
Published: November 2023

Improvisation is situated performance where thinking and action occur simultaneously and on the spur of the moment. It is purposeful human behaviour which seems to be ruled at the same time by chance, intuition, competence, and outright design. In improvising features of a situation are ‘suddenly’ (from the Latin ‘improviso’) framed and combined by the actor, so that they become resources at hand for intervention. ‘During’ the suddenness the contours of the problematic situation, the problem-solving strategy, and the deployment of resources for implementation precipitate into a burst of action. Improvisation is intentional but looks extemporaneous (‘ex tempore’-outside the flow of time) and ‘without known causes or relationships’ (Webster, 1973).
Information Systems and Strategic Change A Critical Review of Business Process Re-engineering
Authors: Galliers Bob , Swan Jacky
Published: November 2023

BPR (Davenport and Short, 1990; Hammer, 1990) has become big business. The market for BPR services is estimated to be $51bn in 1995 (Davenport, 1996). Senior executives indicate that BPR is one of the most vital issues they face in the late 1990s (Galliers et al., 1994; Brancheau et al., 1996; Watson et al., 1997), and interest is still keen. This is despite the failures arising from its narrow, IT focus (Watts, 1993); despite the criticisms (Mumford, 1994, 1996; Land, 1996); and despite the warnings from one of its founders that the original concept was flawed (Davenport, 1996).
Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin’s q
Authors: Montgomery Cynthia A , Wernerfelt Birger
Published: November 2023

It is beyond dispute that multimarket firms play a dominant role in modern society. Despite this, economic analysis does not have a great deal to say about firm diversification, and the theory that does exist is largely untested.
The Nature of Leadership
Authors: Barnard Chester
Published: November 2023

Leadership has been the subject of an extraordinary amount of dogmatically stated nonsense. Some, it is true, has been enunciated by observers who have had no experience themselves in coordinating and directing the activities of others; but much of it has come from men of ample experience, often of established reputations as leaders. As to the latter, we may assume that they know how to do well what they do not know how to describe or explain. At any rate, I have found it difficult not to magnify superficial aspects and catchphrases of the subject to the status of fundamental propositions, generalized beyond all possibility of useful application, and fostering misunderstanding.
Leadership: An Alienating Social Myth?
Authors: Gemmill Gary , Oakley Judith
Published: November 2023

As a result of deeply ingrained cultural assumptions, approaches to the study of leadership usually start with the idea that leaders are unquestionably necessary for the functioning of an organization. Belief in hierarchy and the necessity of leaders represents an unrecognized ideology which takes its power chiefly from the fact that it is an undiscussable aspect of reality based upon epistemological and ontological beliefs outside conscious awareness (Anthony 1977; Gemmill 1986; Neumann 1989). Campbell (1977) is quite accurate in pointing out that discussion of the purposes and problems for which leadership concepts and data are to be used is notably absent from studies in the field. Why is a leader really necessary? What problems or issues in an organization indicate a real need for a leader? Exactly what underlying existential needs or problems the concept of a leader is meant to address has not been clearly articulated.
History
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

The term ‘borderline personality disorder’ was initially suggested in the 1930s by therapists as a means of identifying a group of clients who did not fit into the usual categorizations at the time. Back then, people-in-recovery were broadly categorized as either ‘neurotic’*, including what we now refer to as anxiety and depressive disorders, or ‘psychotic’*, including what we now refer to as bipolar disorder* and schizophrenia*. Therapists found that there was a group of clients who in many ways fitted into the ‘neurotic’ category except that they did not respond to the usual treatments at the time. The term ‘borderline’ referred to the belief at the time that this group of people were on the ‘border’ between neurotic and psychotic. While some people with BPD do have occasional psychotic or psychotic-like experiences, this definition of BPD being on the ‘border’ no longer applies; however, the term has become ingrained.
First contact with health professionals
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

In most cases a health professional such as your family doctor can refer you to a mental health professional or service. Finding out the required pathways to accessing mental health professionals and services can sometimes be tricky, so keep trying if you feel you need their help. Take a support person with you if you will find that helpful. Remember, clinicians are not mind readers and are not going to be able to guess your wishes. You will have to tell them. Do not be afraid to ask questions.
Therapy relationship
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

A good therapeutic relationship will be one of the keys to your recovery. Treat the relationship with basic respect and honesty, be assertive, keep to your agreements and your therapist’s limits. Ride impulsive urges to fire your therapist except in extraordinary circumstances. Trust will hopefully develop, and you will be on the road to your recovery.
Competence Certification and the Reform of Vocational Education: A Comparison of the UK, France, and Germany
Authors: Bessy Christian
Published: November 2023

Lifelong learning is one of the main objectives towards which European education and training policy has been orientated since the early 1980s. Among the different means used to reach this objective, the EU encourages the development of new systems of competence certification in order to change education and training systems according to the ‘principle of equivalence’ of the different routes to ‘qualification’ throughout a person’s life. This leads to a conception of a system of competence certification that is based on a single nomenclature of certification levels in which the certification is defined by common criteria (or results) and independently of particular training programme or methods.
HRM, ethical irrationality, and the limits of ethical action
Authors: Watson Tony J
Published: November 2023

‘I remember when I was a young personnel oﬃcer, a view that HR—the personnel function as it was then called—should be the conscience of the organization. I think I wrote an essay on this when I was studying for IPM [Institute of Personnel Management] grad[uate] membership. I wish I could find it for you. But then perhaps not! It might be embarrassing. I probably wrote to support the proposition. I was naïve in those early days, thinking that personnel was the “people” part of management and therefore had to take on the caring part of, you know, the management of the business.
Introduction: Direct Compositionality
Authors: Barker Chris , Jacobson Pauline
Published: November 2023

The papers collected in this volume grew out of a workshop “Direct Compositionality: A Workshop” sponsored by NSF Grant BCS-0236462 and held in June 2003 at Brown University. In addition to the eleven papers published here, the workshop featured three additional papers: by Daniel Büring, Alexis Dimitriadis, and Danny Fox. Moreover, all of the contributors here plus the three mentioned above served as discussants for one of the other workshop papers. The quality of the discussant comments, the contribution of this aspect of the conference to the workshop, and the influence of the discussant comments on the final papers was quite extraordinary, and thus we would like to acknowledge the contributions of all of the conference participants. Space unfortunately precluded the inclusion of the specific discussant comments, but each paper has been revised in light of these comments. We would therefore like to thank everyone who attended the workshop, as well as NSF for their support.
Court Festivals: Their Form and Purpose
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

London had excelled itself with the pageants for Katharine of Aragon’s entry: yet the series, despite its originality, unfortunately was developed no further. The subsequent major pageant series of the Early Tudor period-for the Emperor Charles V, for Anne Boleyn, for Edward VI, for Mary, for Philip and Mary, and for Elizabeth I-are, by comparison, disappointing in their lack of a complex theme and imagery, and in their diffuseness. They seem to have derived nothing from the example of 1501. At court, too, the marriage celebrations were sumptuous and original : but, unlike the pageant series, they proved prophetic of the future. And, as far as can be judged from the meagre evidence for the preceding years, both the tournament and the court disguisings show features which were entirely new in England.
1908 Table A And Form A
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

1908 Table A provides the default articles of association for a company limited by shares2 registered from 1 April 19093 to 31 October 1929 in England and Wales or Scotland,4 to 31 December 1932 in Northern Ireland5 or to 31 March 1964 in the Republic of Ireland.6 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in 1908 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 1 April 1909 to 31 October 1929 in England and Wales or Scotland, to 31 December 1932 in Northern Ireland or to 31 March 1964 in the Republic of Ireland.7 A model form of memorandum for a company limited by shares registered from 1 April 1909 to 31 October 1929 in England and Wales or Scotland,8 was set out in the Companies (Consolidation) Act 1908, sch 3, Form A.9 From 1 April 1909 to 31 October 1929, in England and Wales and Scotland,10 on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies (Consolidation) Act 1908, part 7 (ss 249–266), as a company limited by shares, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association, and 1908 Table A did not apply unless adopted by special resolution.11 From 1 April 1909 to 31 October 1929, in England and Wales and Scotland,12 the re-registration of a company under the Companies (Consolidation) Act 1908, s 57, as a company limited by shares, took place in the same manner and had the
1948 Table a, Part 1, and Table B
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

1948 Table A, Part 1, provides the default articles of association2 for: a company limited by shares, which was not a private company as defined in the Companies Act 1948, s 28, registered from 1 July 19483 to 21 December 1980 (during that period the default articles for a private company were provided by 1948 Table A, Part 2); any company limited by shares (public or private) registered from 22 December 19804 to 30 June 1985.5 1948 Table A, Part 1, was also, apart from arts 24 and 53, incorporated in 1948 Table A, Part 2. In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in 1948 Table A, Part 1, could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 1 July 1948 to 30 June 1985.6 A model form of memorandum for a company limited by shares registered from 1 July 1948 to 30 June 1985 was set out in the Companies Act 1948, sch 1, Table B,7 or, for a public company limited by shares registered from 22 December 1980 to 30 June 1985, in the Companies Act 1980, sch 1, part 1.8
1862 Form B
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

1862 Form B provides the model memorandum and articles of association for a company limited by guarantee without a share capital2 registered from 2 November 18623 to 31 March 1909.4 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in 1862 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 2 November 1862 to 30 September 1906, and all or any of the regulations contained in 1906 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 1 October 1906 to 31 March 1909.5 In the United Kingdom, a company limited by guarantee without a share capital must be a private company, because only a limited company with a share capital can be a public company.6 In the Republic of Ireland, a company limited by guarantee without a share capital must be a public company, because only a company with a share capital can be a private company.7 From 2 November 1862 to 31 March 1909, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act 1862, part 7 (ss 179–198), as a company limited by guarantee without a share capital, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,8 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with 1862 Form B or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.9
1985 Table C
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

The provisions of the Companies Act 2006 relating to registration of new companies come into force on 1 October 2009,5 but it is proposed that no companies will be registered under the 2006 Act until the following Monday, 5 October.6 Processing of applications for registration received before 1 October 2009 may continue on or after that day under the Companies Act 1985.7 A company which is registered on or after 1 October 2009 on an application received before that date is called a ‘transitional company’.8 1985 Table C will be the model memorandum and articles of association of a transitional company which is a company limited by guarantee without a share capital.9 It is expected that registration of transitional companies will be completed on or before 2 October 2009.10 All or any of the regulations contained in 1985 Table A can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 1 July 1985 to 2 October 2009.11
2003 RTM England
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

as from 30 September 2003.4 The memorandum and articles of an RTM company in relation to premises in England registered on or after 30 September 2003 must take the form, and include the provisions, set out in 2003 RTM England5 and are not required to be in accordance with 1985 Table C.6 Such a company may adopt provisions of 2003 RTM England for its memorandum or articles.7 Those provisions have effect for the company whether or not they are adopted by the company.8 Insofar as the memorandum and articles of an RTM company in relation to premises in England registered before 30 September 2003 do not include the provisions set out in 2003 RTM England, those provisions are treated as included in its memorandum and articles.9
Language Contact and Convergence in East Timor:The Case of Tetun Dili
Authors: Hajek John
Published: November 2023

Tetun Dili (TD), an Austronesian language, is East Timor’s main lingua franca and the Wrst language of Dili, the nation’s capital.1 It has been heavily influenced by Portuguese (and to a lesser degree in the past by Malay). There has been since 1999 a resurgence in contact with Portuguese. Yet much remains to be understood about TD, in particular its origins, the extent to which its grammar has been influenced by other local languages, and the extent to which it has in turn influenced them. Tetun Dili is sometimes referred to as a creole (e.g. Ethnologue 351), or a pidgin (e.g. Hage`ge 2002), and for many the assumption is that it first developed as a result of contact with Portuguese. Closer inspection does not support such a position. Contact with Portuguese, albeit substantial, seems to be relatively recent, some time after the rise of Tetum as a lingua franca. Instead, comparison of TD with more conservative varieties of Tetum, as well as with neighbouring languages, in particular Mambae, shows evidence of marked areal influence. To address the issue of the competing sources of contact and the differences in their patterns of impact on TD, the focus of this chapter is on the following
Semantics and Pragmatics of Grammatical Relations in the vaupe´s Linguistic Area
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

The vaupe´s Basin in north-west Amazonia (spanning adjacent areas of Brazil and Colombia) is a well-established linguistic area. Its major feature is an obligatory societal multilingualism which follows the principle of linguistic exogamy: ‘those who speak the same language with us are our brothers, and we do not marry our sisters.’ Marrying someone who belongs to the same language group is considered akin to incest and referred to as ‘this is what dogs do’.1 Language aYliation is inherited from one’s father, and is a badge ofidentity for each person.
Living and coping with essential tremor
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

Society makes very few allowances for individuals with shaking hands—hot and cold beverages are still served in delicate cups and saucers or glasses that are impossible to handle on formal occasions. Society does not recognize ET as a physical disability. As a consequence, shaking hands are often viewed with suspicion, as they are associated with alcoholism (delirium tremens), drug addiction, senility or simply ‘nervousness’ in the minds of those who are unaware of ET. In many cases, the suspicions are voiced—’Why are you so nervous?’ or ‘What are you nervous about?’ are fairly common questions. Of course this increases self-consciousness and makes the tremor worse. It would all be so much simpler and less awkward not to have to explain what ET is, and that sturdy mugs or glasses were available upon request without causing too much trouble or embarrassment.
Glossary
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

Accelerometer: a small piezo-electric device that is attached to the back of the patient’s hand with tape. It is commonly used to record tremor, and works by measuring the acceleration and deceleration movements of the patient’s hand caused by tremor in m/s/s.
Meaning—form correlations and adjective position in Spanish
Authors: Demonte Violeta
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the empirical generalization in (1), which raises puzzling questions about the putative correlation between meaning and syntax.(1) In Spanish, a language in which adjectives appear pre-and post nominally, there are systematic (although sometimes not easily describable) interpretive differences associated with the position of adjectives in the nominal domain.