bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Randomized, Multicenter, Phase II Study of Cetuximab With Docetaxel and Cisplatin as Induction Chemotherapy in Unresectable, Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Lee Keun-Wook , Koh Youngil , Kim Sung-Bae , Shin Sang-Won , Kang Jin-Hyoung , Wu Hong-Gyun , Sung Myung-Whun , Keam Bhumsuk , Kim Dong-Wan , Kim Tae Min , Kim Kwang Hyun , Kwon Tack-Kyun , Hah J. Hun , Kim In-Ah , Ahn Soon-Hyun , Yoon Dok Hyun , Lee Sang-Wook , Kim Sang Yoon , Nam Soon Yuhl , Jung Kwang-Yoon , Baek Seung-Kuk , Hong Sook Hee , Lee Se-Hoon , Heo Dae Seog
Published: August 2015

Author Summary

Lessons Learned

Addition of cetuximab may affect tolerability and, in turn, affect eventual outcomes. The incidence of prior human papillomavirus infection has emerged as an important variable that can confound trials enrolling patients with oropharyngeal cancer.

Background.

We investigated the efficacy of cetuximab when added to induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods.

Patients were randomized to receive three cycles of docetaxel and cisplatin (TP regimen) with or without cetuximab (TP plus cetuximab [CTP] vs. TP) as induction chemotherapy. Patients in the CTP arm received CCRT with cetuximab and cisplatin, whereas patients in the TP arm received cisplatin alone. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR) after induction chemotherapy.

Results.

Overall, 92 patients were enrolled. The ORRs for induction chemotherapy in the CTP and TP arms were not different (81% vs. 82%). Adding cetuximab lowered the completion rate of induction chemotherapy and CCRT and resulted in more frequent dose reductions of the induction chemotherapy, although this did not reach statistical significance. In the CTP and TP arms, respectively, the 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 70% and 56% (p = .359), and the overall survival (OS) rates were 88% and 74% (p = .313). When limited to patients who completed induction chemotherapy, 3-year PFS rates of 78% and 59% (p = .085) and OS rates of 94% and 73% (p = .045) were observed in the CTP and TP arms, respectively.

Conclusion.

Adding cetuximab to sequential treatment did not increase the treatment efficacy and resulted in greater toxicity. In the intent-to-treat population, neither PFS nor OS was improved by the addition of cetuximab to sequential treatment; however, a suggestion of improved survival outcomes was observed in patients completing cetuximab-containing induction chemotherapy.
The benefits of stabilisation geogrids in whole pavement construction
Authors: Cook Jonathan , Andrews Craig
Published: August 2015

Research into the behaviour and effect of including geogrids in the unbound layers of roadways has been carried out over the last 30 years. It has led to an understanding of how the performance benefits observed can be quantified and applied by engineers to reduce the unbound layer thickness, cut construction costs and increase traffic life. So far, highway applications of geogrids have tended to be limited to where problem soils have been encountered along the route. However, extensive research programmes into hexagonal structure geogrids have extended the application of geogrid benefits to the design and construction of the whole pavement, offering savings in the bound layers as well as unbound layers. This paper reports on trafficking trials carried out in the UK and USA at both small and full scale. Using project case studies, it describes how the inclusion of a geogrid in the granular layers of a whole pavement can reduce project costs while maintaining traffic life, increase project life to reduce maintenance and rehabilitation costs, and increase project value for clients.
Сharacteristic force preparedness boys 6—7 grades
Authors: Іващенко О. В. , Мушкета Р. , Худолій О. М. , Єрмаков С. С.
Published: August 2015

Purpose — to determine the model of development of power abilities in boys 6—7 grades.Material and methods. To achieve the objectives adopted the following methods: analysis of scientific literature, educational testing and treatment methods of mathematical statistics research results. In the study involved boys 6 and 7 classes 35 and 32 people respectively. .Research results. Analysis shows that statistically significant differences in the test results of boys 6 and 7 classes observed in tests 2 «long jump from their seats, see ‘and 5’ Squat, times» (p <0,001; p <0,01 respectively). The level of motor readiness boys 6—7 class determines the development of speed-strength abilities.Conclusions. Structural canonical discriminant function coefficients suggest that more attention is paid to speed-strength training, the more likely improve motor fitness of the boys 6—7 class. The canonical discriminant function can be used for estimation and forecasting the development of motor abilities in boys 6—7 grades.
Обмен знаниями между учителями средних школ: факторы, влияющие на его интенсивность
Authors: Andreeva Tatyana , Sergeeva Anastasiya , Golubeva Anastasiya , Pavlov Jaroslav
Published: August 2015

Андреева Татьяна Евгеньевна — кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры организационного поведения и управления персоналом Высшей школы менеджмента СПбГУ. Эл. адрес: andreeva@gsom.pu.ru Адрес: Высшая школа менеджмента СПбГУ — Россия, 199004, Санкт-Петербург, Волховский пер., 3.Сергеева Анастасия Вячеславовна — аспирант Высшей школы менеджмента СПбГУ. Эл. адрес: sergeevan2000@gmail.com Адрес: Высшая школа менеджмента СПбГУ — Россия, 199004, Санкт-Петербург, Волховский пер., 3.Голубева Анастасия Алексеевна — кандидат экономических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры государственного и муниципального управления Высшей школы менеджмента СПбГУ. Эл. адрес: golubeva@gsom.pu.ru Адрес: Высшая школа менеджмента СПбГУ — Россия, 199004, Санкт-Петербург, Волховский пер., 3.Павлов Ярослав Юрьевич — аспирант Высшей школы менеджмента СПбГУ. Эл. адрес: yaroslav.pavlov@gmail.com Адрес: Высшая школа менеджмента СПбГУ — Россия, 199004, Санкт-Петербург, Волховский пер., 3.На основе анкетирования учителей проанализированы факторы, влияющие на активность обмена знаниями между педагогами средних школ. Теоретическая модель, адаптированная в рамках исследования для организаций общественного сектора, таких как средние общеобразовательные школы, включает следующие факторы, объясняющие вовлеченность учителей в обмен знаниями с коллегами: внешнюю мотивацию (побуждение к деятельности, основанное на ожидаемых внешних выгодах), внутреннюю мотивацию (импульс, связанный с получением удовольствия от содержания деятельности и ее процесса), возможность (представленная в виде организационной культуры) и способность делиться знаниями.Установлено, что активность в обмене знаниями положительно зависит от внутренней мотивации индивида и организационной культуры, поддерживающей этот процесс. Внешняя мотивация непосредственно не влияет на интенсивность обмена знаниями, однако воздействует на нее через укрепление внутренней мотивации.Отсутствие статистически значимой взаимосвязи между стажем работы в профессии и активностью в обмене знаниями свидетельствует о том, что способность к обмену знаниями не развивается с увеличением опыта работы, а зависит от навыков саморефлексии и экстернализации собственных неявных знаний.Для директоров школ и других руководителей в сфере образования даны рекомендации по развитию внутренней мотивации педагогов к обмену знаниями, созданию поддерживающей организационной культуры и других факторов, стимулирующих обмен знаниями между учителями в школе.
Вузовская и академическая среда в России начала XX в.
Authors: Druzhilov Sergey
Published: August 2015

Дружилов Сергей Александрович — кандидат психологических наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник Научно-исследовательского института комплексных проблем гигиены и профессиональных заболеваний СО РАМН. Эл. адрес: druzhilov@mail.ru Адрес: Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем гигиены и профессиональных заболеваний СО РАМН — Россия, 654041, Кемеровская обл., г. Новокузнецк, ул. Кутузова, д. 23.Рассматривается состояние системы высшего образования в России к началу революции 1917 г. Показано, что за два десятилетия до Первой мировой войны стремительно ликвидировалось накопленное отставание в образовании: инициировалось создание новых университетов, открывались специализированные учебные заведения, система правительственных вузов стала дополняться сетью частныхВ условиях становления капитализма высшее образование в стране находилось на подъеме. Численность студентов выросла почти в десять раз, увеличилось количество преподавателей. Повышалась общественная ценность труда дипломированных специалистов. Система аттестации научных сотрудников была близка к западноевропейской (существовали две ученые степени — магистр и доктор), а требования к соискателям в России были значительно выше, чем за рубежом. Университетской интеллигенции как профессиональной группе принадлежала заметная роль в социально-экономической, общественно-политической и культурной жизни дореволюционной России. В отношениях с властью и обществом университетская корпорация отстаивала идеалы вузовской автономии, которая была ограничена бюрократическим порядком и тотальным контролем со стороны Министерства народного просвещения.С приходом советской власти поступательное развитие высшей школы в России остановилось: сложившаяся система высшего образования была разрушена, а слой вузовской интеллигенции как социальная и профессиональная группа, являющаяся носителем образовательной культуры и университетских традиций, был практически полностью уничтожен в период революционного террора и политических репрессий.
Образование в заложниках у власти (пер. с англ. Л. Трониной)
Authors: Ravitch Diane
Published: August 2015

Рэвич Дайан (Diane Ravitch) — историк образования, профессор-исследователь Штейнхардской школы культуры, образования и человеческого развития в Нью-Йоркском университете (США). Эл. адрес: gardendr@gmail.com Адрес: Штейнхардская школа культуры, образования и человеческого развития в Нью-Йоркском университете (США) — 627 Broadway, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10012.Анализируется принцип оценки эффективности педагогов на основе результатов тестов учащихся, вошедший в федеральную образовательную программу США «Гонка за первенство» и вызвавший противостояние мнений профсоюза учителей и административных структур.Основной критерий новой системы аттестация учителей — динамика роста академических показателей: предполагается, что уровень педагогической результативности отражается в ежегодном повышении результатов тестирования учеников.Новая система оценки качества работы учителей определяется как нецелесообразная. Аттестационная система не учитывает зависимость результатов тестов от социально-экономического положения и образовательного потенциала учащихся. Педагоги, обучающие детей с ограниченными возможностями, детей, не являющихся носителями английского языка, отстающих детей, скорее всего, не смогут показывать такого прироста академических показателей, как педагоги хорошо финансируемых школ, в которых учатся дети из обеспеченных семей. В результате в невыгодном положении оказываются педагоги, работающие с самым сложным контингентом учащихся, что может привести к отказу учителей от трудных детей, ставящих под угрозу их карьеру и репутацию. Кроме того, результаты тестов подвержены влиянию ошибки, обусловленной человеческим фактором, ошибки рандомизации и пр. При реализации новой аттестационной программы, направленной на получение количественных показателей успешности педагогов, игнорируется значение совокупности качеств, благодаря которым достигается высокий уровень профессионализма. Несоответствие аттестационных результатов и реальной компетентности учителей свидетельствует о том, что успехи в воспитании характера и здравомыслия невозможно измерить с помощью стандартизированных тестов.
Вступительный комментарий к статье Николаса Боумэна «Опыт взаимодействия с представителями иных этнокультурных групп в колледже и когнитивное развитие: метаанализ»
Authors: Djuzhakova Marina
Published: August 2015

Дюжакова Марина Вячеславовна — доктор педагогических наук, доцент Воронежского государственного педагогического университета. Эл. адрес: d.sveta@rambler.ru Адрес: Воронежский государственный педагогический университет — Россия, 394043, г. Воронеж, ул. Ленина, д. 86.Резюмируются основные характеристики проведенного Н. Боумэном метаанализа публикаций, посвященных связи межэтнических/межкультурных взаимодействий в колледже с познавательными достижениями студентов: критерии отбора публикаций для анализа, преимущества использования метода иерархического линейного моделирования, выдвинутые автором гипотезы, обсуждение возможных предикторов величины рассматриваемого эффекта, значение полученных результатов для образовательной практики.Обозначается обусловленность повышенного внимания к проблеме межэтнического/межкультурного взаимодействия в США сложной демографической ситуацией в стране, требующей в том числе обеспечения равных возможностей в получении образования для граждан Америки. При этом обращается внимание на актуальность идеи использования этнического и социокультурного многообразия как одного из факторов повышения познавательных достижений студентов и для отечественных вузов (вопреки устоявшемуся в российском обществе представлению о том, что увеличение в составе студентов представительства разных национальностей, в том числе тех, для кого русский язык не является родным, снижает качество образования).Отмечается, что исследовательский опыт Н. Боумэна и примененная им методология позволят подробнее изучить зависимость качества образования от опыта взаимодействий с представителями разных этносов и разных культур, который студенты имеют возможность получить в вузе. Подчеркивается, что применение количественного метаанализа, позволяющего получить комплексный результат нескольких исследований для изучения поставленной проблемы, может обогатить теорию и методологию исследования, а также дать богатый материал для образовательной практики.
Опыт взаимодействия с представителями иных этнокультурных групп в колледже и когнитивное развитие: метаанализ (пер. с англ. Г. Покатовича)
Authors: Bowman Nicholas
Published: August 2015

Боумэн Николас (Nicholas A. Bowman) — докторант Центра социальных проблем Университета Нотр-Дам (г. Саут-Бенд, Индиана, США). Эл. адрес: nbowman@nd.edu Адрес: Центр социальных проблем Университета Нотр-Дам, 164 Geddes Hall Notre Dame, IN 46556.С помощью количественного метаанализа опубликованных материалов исследуются взаимосвязь между ситуациями межэтнического/межкультурного взаимодействия и когнитивным развитием; а также степень зависимости ее интенсивности от характеристик исследования (рассматриваемых типов межэтнических/межкультурных взаимодействий, типов познавательных достижений и методология исследования).Результаты метаанализа показывают, что несколько типов межэтнических/межкультурных взаимодействий (межличностные контакты с представителями иной расы, а также с представителями той же расы, но другого социально-экономического слоя, другой культуры или другой религиозной конфессии; учебные курсы и семинары по этнокультурному многообразию) положительно связаны с когнитивным развитием студентов.Взаимодействие с представителями иной расы более сильно связано с познавательным развитием, чем взаимодействие с представителями собственной расы, что указывает на важность стимулирования расового многообразия в контингенте студентов для повышения их образовательных достижений. Этнокультурное многообразие положительно сказывается не только на познавательных склонностях, но и на базовых познавательных навыках, таких как критическое мышление и решение задач. Связь между межэтническими/межкультурными взаимодействиями и когнитивным развитием сохраняется независимо от того, каким образом измеряется результат и опубликовано ли соответствующее исследование в научном журнале. Несмотря на расхождение результатов отдельных исследований, в целом подтверждается благотворное влияние межэтнических/межкультурных взаимодействий в колледжах на когнитивное развитие студентов. Широкий выбор возможностей в университете для межэтнических/межкультурных взаимодействий пробуждает целенаправленное мышление, обеспечивая полноценное развитие студентов.Обозначены возможности практического применения выявленных закономерностей, определено значение полученных результатов для дальнейших исследований.
Movimentos de Contracultura em Belo Horizonte * Movements of counterculture in Belo Horizonte (one of Brazil’s States)
Authors: SANTIAGO CARLA FERRETI , PEREIRA DÉBORA DE VIVEIROS
Published: August 2015

Este artigo propõe a análise dos movimentos de contracultura em Belo Horizonte, entre os anos de 1968 e 1978, a partir de reportagens do jornal Diário da Tarde. A contracultura, movimento de proporções mundiais, surgida entre as décadas de 1950 e 1960, na Europa – notadamente França, Alemanha e Inglaterra – e nos Estados Unidos, foi difundida pelo mundo, especialmente após a “revolução cultural” de maio de 1968, em Paris. No Brasil, ficou conhecida principalmente através do movimento Tropicália, que englobava diversos âmbitos artísticos em um mesmo grupo. Em Belo Horizonte, especificamente, as análises dos periódicos possibilitaram a descoberta e subdivisão de movimentos contraculturais artísticos, “anti-artísticos” e aqueles considerados “ameaças” à sociedade.

Palavras-chave: Movimentos contraculturais – História Cultural – Diário da Tarde.

 

 

Abstract: This article proposes the analysis of the movements of counterculture in Belo Horizonte between 1968 and 1978, starting from the reports of the newspaper “Diário da Tarde”. The counterculture, movement of world proportions, started between 1950 and 1960, between Europe – in particular France, Germany and England – and the United States o America, was spread throughout the world, especially after the “cultural revolution” of May 1968, in Paris. In Brazil, it became known especially through the “Tropicália” movement, which encompassed several artistic fields in a same group. In Belo Horizonte, especially, the analyses from the periodicals enabled the discovery and subdivision of artistic counterculture movements, “anti-art” and those deemed “threats” to society.

 

Keywords: Counterculture Movements – Cultural History – Newspaper “Diário da Tarde”.

 

 
As Interferências Externas e a Manutenção da Ordem Pública no Haiti * External Interferences and Maintenance of Public Order in Haiti
Authors: MATIJASCIC VANESSA BRAGA
Published: August 2015

Este trabalho discutirá quais atores interferiram em assuntos internos do Estado haitiano ao longo da história, sobretudo, detendo-se a década de 1990. Analisaremos o perfil das forças militares e policiais que se constituíram no país, como elemento importante para compreender que, muitas vezes ao invés de proteger os cidadãos, as mesmas forças auxiliaram para que houvesse a opressão, instabilidade e insegurança para a maioria da população haitiana. Ao final, realizaremos o balanço das atividades internacionais promovidas pelas organizações internacionais na década de 1990.

Palavras-chave: Intervenções militares – Haiti – Segurança interna.

 

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fbfbf3; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" lang="EN-US">Abstract: This paper will discuss which characters interfered in internal affairs in Haiti over the history, especially in the 1990's. We will analyze the profile of the military and police forces which established in the country, as an important element to understand that, many times, instead of protecting citizens, the same forces helped to have oppression, instability and insecurity for most of Haitian population. Finally, we will hold the balance of the activities promoted by international organizations in the 1990's.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fbfbf3; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" lang="EN-US">Keywords: Military interventions – Haiti – Internal security.
Preescolar masculino con Síndrome Prader-Willi y tromboembolia pulmonar
Authors: Padrón-Martínez Miriam , Partida-Gaytán Armando , Ridaura-Sánz Cecilia
Published: August 2015

El síndrome de Prader-Willi es un trastorno genético raro, originalmente descrito en 1956 por
Prader, Labhart y Willi. Su prevalencia es variable pero se estima entre 1:10 000-25 000 nacidos vivos.1-3 La causa genética es la ausencia de la expresión de genes heredados del padre en la región cromosómica 15q11-q13, ya sea por deleción, disomía uniparental materna, defecto de impronta genética o translocación balanceada.2
Recomendaciones para una lactancia materna exitosa
Authors: Ortega-Ramírez María Elena
Published: August 2015

La lactancia materna es la única manera de proporcionar los nutrientes ideales para el adecuado crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños y las niñas. Es el único alimento que tiene una influencia biológica y emocional sobre la salud de la madre y su hijo. La lactancia materna protege a los lactantes de enfermedades gracias a sus propiedades antiinfecciosas, además de que es de más fácil digestión por la menor cantidad de caseína. No contiene betalactoglobulina, que es la proteína que más frecuentemente se asocia con alergia a proteína de leche de vaca. Por estas razones los médicos y trabajadores de la salud deben favorecer la práctica de la lactancia materna.

 
Onfalocele gigante. Presentación de un caso en sesión anatomopatológica y consideraciones generales
Authors: Ávila-Iglesias María del Carmen , Pasquel-García Pedro
Published: August 2015

Paciente masculino producto de la primera gestación de madre de 20 años, originaria de medio rural en Guerrero. Control prenatal irregular en un Centro de Salud. Se efectuó un ultrasonido con aparente alteración del cordón umbilical no especificada, sin recibir manejo ni referencia a tercer nivel. Obtenido por vía abdominal por sufrimiento fetal agudo en clínica rural, presentó llanto inmediato, pesó 2 800 g y se desconocen talla y Apgar al nacer. Un onfalocele gigante fue evidente desde el nacimiento y fue trasladado por sus propios familiares durante seis horas en malas condiciones, sin aporte enteral ni parenteral y con defecto abdominal sin cubrir. A su ingreso al Instituto Nacional de Pediatría se encontraba en estado de choque, por lo que se le intubó y se le pasaron 2 bolos de cristaloide a 10 mL/kg. Se describió un onfalocele gigante de 10 cm cubierto por gelatina de Wharton, con hígado, intestino delgado y estómago. Se practicó aseo con yodopovidona y se cubrió el defecto con gasa, sin posibilidad de colocar silo debido al gran tamaño del defecto y a la cavidad abdominal estrecha.

 
Actualidades de las características del hierro y su uso en pediatría
Authors: Tostado-Madrid Tania , Benítez-Ruiz Iván , Pinzón-Navarro Adriana , Bautista-Silva Miriam
Published: August 2015

Se revisan diversos aspectos del hierro: datos epidemiológicos y fisiológicos recientes, factores que regulan su absorción y que aumentan o reducen su biodisponibilidad; se evalúa el contenido y porcentaje de biodisponibilidad del hierro de diferentes alimentos y productos a través de tablas comparativas. Se destaca la importancia y la razón de un adecuado suplemento y la elección apropiada de fuentes alimentarias.

 
Effective faecal sludge management measures for on-site sanitation systems
Authors: Taweesan Achara , Koottatep Thammarat , Polprasert Chongrak
Published: August 2015

Most cities of developing countries in Asia and Africa still employ on-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks or cesspools to treat toilet wastewaters. The septic tank sludge or faecal sludge (FS) which is highly polluted needs to be periodically removed for further treatment and disposal/reuse. However, due to lack of capital, appropriate technologies and management policies, faecal sludge management (FSM) in several cities has been found to be unsatisfactory, causing environmental pollution and health problems. This study aimed to evaluate existing FSM practices, their strengths and weaknesses, and develop FSM indicators responsible for FSM practices which were: collection efficiency, treatment efficiency, benefit/cost ratio and social satisfaction. Based on data collected from 50 cities in Thailand, factors influencing the efficiency of the FSM indicators were identified and simulated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). An FSM effectiveness diagram was developed and tested with actual data of four cities in Asia having different FSM efficiencies. The findings identified the influencing factors affecting the FSM efficiencies of these tested cities and proposed effective measures for improving FSM practices. The effective FSM measures, as proposed, are recommended for implementation by various cities to minimize environmental pollution and protect public health.
Income, democracy, and public policy: the effects of improved sanitation on life expectancy
Authors: Selck Torsten J. , Deckarm Renke
Published: August 2015

We argue that prominent macro-quantitative studies in economics, medicine and public health, and political science fail to test for the effect of improved sanitation, on countries' average life expectancy scores. Our study adds sanitation to a basic model focusing on income and democracy as central explanatory factors. We use a cross-sectional design and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with the most recent data, i.e., 2012 or the latest available numbers, and work with the Economist Intelligence Unit 2012 democracy data. All other data are derived from the CIA World Factbook. Including sanitation in a cross-sectional model with recent country-level data and controlling for income and democracy increases the explained variance by as much as 11% points. This work identifies sanitation as a crucial variable omitted from existing work on life expectancy. Future studies should aim at the effects of additional public goods apart from sanitation and work with panel data.
Monitoring and evaluation of WASH in schools programs: lessons from implementing organizations
Authors: Deroo Leslie , Walter Elynn , Graham Jay
Published: August 2015

Increasing access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools improves health and performance among learners. School WASH programs are being scaled-up globally, however little is known about how they are monitored and evaluated. We studied 21 organizations implementing WASH in school programs to assess monitoring and evaluation (M&E) policies and practices. Five barriers emerged: (1) logistical challenges; (2) limited staff capacity; (3) limited funding; (4) inadequate management systems; and (5) socio-political barriers. The findings highlight the need to better integrate M&E into government systems that will endure post-implementation. Further, there is a need to expand the data collected and improve the quality of national monitoring systems. This will likely require additional human and financial resources that can then translate into better planning and budgeting with the end goal of providing a hygienic environment for children to learn and grow.
Household access to sanitation facilities in rural China
Authors: Li Xiaolong , Hu Qihang , Miao Yanqing , Chen Wenjing , Yuan Chunhui
Published: August 2015

Access to improved sanitation is a vital part of breaking the fecal-oral pathway and preventing diarrheal diseases. Because China is one of the largest developing countries, improving sanitation in rural China could greatly reduce the number of deaths that result from poor hygiene and sanitation worldwide each year. Therefore, our study on the situation of household access to sanitation facilities in rural China can be important for policy making on sanitation improvement. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 villages in three provinces in 2013. These three provinces were selected to represent the eastern, central, and western regions of China. A total of 790 respondents were interviewed. Most of the respondents (89.8%) reported having improved sanitation. Factors that influenced access to improved sanitation included the number of family members, annual per capita necessities expenditures, and subsidies for sanitation improvement. Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) also influenced sanitation improvement and healthy behaviors. Using the approaches of concentration index (CI) and concentration curve (CC), this study found that the equity of sanitation improvement in rural China was good (CI = 0.0292).
Passive evaporation of source-separated urine from dry toilets: prototype design and field testing using municipal water
Authors: Bethune David N. , Chu Angus , Ryan M. Cathryn
Published: August 2015

A prototype urine evaporation unit (UEU) that removes water from human urine produced from a urine-diverting dry toilet using passive solar evaporation was designed and field-tested at a meteorological station. Municipal water was evaporated on vertically stacked plastic cafeteria-style trays that create a large evaporation surface with a small land-area footprint. The trays were located inside a Plexiglas® enclosure exposed to UV light while passively heating the UEU like a solar oven. A metal black chimney also heated up in the sun, causing air to enter the UEU at the front of the UEU through a louvered vent, flow across each tray, and then exit at the back up through the chimney. The UEU was field-tested in a semi-arid temperate climate (Calgary, Canada) from 22 August to 5 November 2013. The average UEU evaporation rate was 3.2 L/day (0.66 mm), varying from 0.4 L/day (0.08 mm/day) on a cloudy day to 8.8 L/day (1.82 mm) on a sunny day. A multiple-regression analysis indicates that 63% of the UEU evaporation rate can be explained by changes in air temperature, wind speed and incoming solar radiation, thus allowing for predictions of the UEU's relative evaporation potential in other climates.
Effect of temperature and shear stress on the viability of Ascaris suum
Authors: Thomas J. E. , Podichetty J. T. , Shi Y. , Belcher D. , Dunlap R. , McNamara K. , Reichard M. V. , Smay J. , Johannes A. J. , Foutch G. L.
Published: August 2015

Ascaris eggs are commonly used as a bioindicator to test the success of waste treatment systems. The ability to inactivate this organism's eggs indicates probable destruction of a variety of pathogens. The intent of these experiments was to determine operational parameters for a conical-augur device to treat human solid waste in a time-efficient manner (seconds), without exogenous chemicals (e.g. lime, an alkalizing agent) or an external heat source. Literature reviews and independent viscometry experiments established a target temperature range and residence time within the device. The ability of applied shear force to inactivate Ascaris suum, directly or indirectly, was assessed using viscometry. Shear force alone, as friction, failed to inactivate A. suum eggs. However, shear force was used to generate sufficient heat in a human-fecal simulant to inactivate A. suum eggs under a variety of test conditions. Target operating conditions for the conical-augur device were 70 °C with a 6-s residence time; increasing the temperature allowed for reduced residence time to achieve A. suum inactivation.
Designing a high-throughput viscous heater to process feces: heater geometry
Authors: Podichetty Jagdeep T. , Foutch Gary L. , Johannes A. H. , Smay Jim , Islam Md. Waliul
Published: August 2015

Viscous heating technology can destroy disease-causing microorganisms with no additional heat input. A laboratory-scale unit was constructed and tested with a simulant, and viscous heating achieved temperatures as high as 190°C. This study discusses additional variables – length and spacing – that are important to process design and optimization. The viscosity (μ) was described as a function of shear rate (γ̇); μ = 140 Pa s for t = 0 s and μ = 32*(γ̇)−0.6 Pa s for t > 0 s. The advantages of viscous heating to sanitize fecal mass are presented. The results show temperature gradient is more sensitive to changes in gap spacing than reactor length. For high throughput, the viscous heater length must be increased to provide fluid sufficient residence time to achieve the desired effluent temperature.
Recycling of domestic wastewater treated by vertical-flow wetlands for watering of vegetables
Authors: Almuktar S. A. A. A. N. , Scholz M. , Al-Isawi R. H. K. , Sani A.
Published: August 2015

The aim was to assess if domestic wastewater treated by different vertical-flow wetlands can be successfully recycled to water commercially grown crops. The growth of both Sweet Pepper (California Wonder; cultivar of Capsicum annuum Linnaeus Grossum Group) and Chilli (De Cayenne; Capsicum annuum (Linnaeus) Longum Group 'De Cayenne') fed with different treated and untreated wastewater types were assessed. The overall growth development of Sweet Peppers was poor due to the high concentrations of nutrients and trace minerals. In contrast, chilies did reasonably well but the growth of foliage was excessive and the harvest was delayed. High yields were associated with tap water and an organic growth medium, and a wetland with a high aggregate size, leaving sufficient space for biomass. Low fruit numbers correlated well with inorganic growth media and irrigation water contaminated by hydrocarbons. Findings indicate that nutrient concentrations supplied to the Chillies by a combination of compost and treated waste water are usually too high to produce a good harvest. However, as the compost is depleted of nutrients after about 8 months, the harvest increased for pots that received pre-treated wastewater. Findings will lead to a better understanding of the effects of different wetland treatment processes.
Distillation of high concentrated salt solution by vacuum multi effect membrane distillation (VMEMD) of memsys
Authors: Wenzel M. , Büttner S. , Heinzl W. , Heinzl S.
Published: August 2015

Vacuum multi effect membrane distillation (VMEMD) is a thermal separation process with microporous hydrophobic membranes that is able to concentrate liquids with high salt concentrations close to saturation. This document describes the technology, test runs with high concentrated salt solution, observed phenomena and experiences gathered from the testing with VMEMD modules by memsys. Salt influences the distillation process in direction to lower distillate output due to boiling point elevation of the salt water. The process proofs reliability in a 365 days long-term testing with feed at conductivities between 130′000 μS/cm and 240′000 μS/cm (approximately 9.5–22wt% salt in solution) and distillate output with less than 10 μS/cm. The testing program delivers experience for the layout of modules with high recovery ratio.
Identifying novel wastewater treatment options through optimal technology integration
Authors: Solley D. , Hu S. , Hertle C. , Batstone D. , Karastergiou-Hogan T. , Rider Q. , Keller J.
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the outcomes of the first of four phases of a research project which aims to investigate the optimal integration of novel, yet largely already demonstrated technologies, in water recycling process train options. The research project has a particular focus on the minimisation of environmental and economic costs in the implementation and operation of the overall recycling process. In the Phase 1 desktop study, novel carbon and nitrogen removal technologies were selected through multi-criteria analysis and incorporated into two concept stage integrated treatment train options. The first treatment train option includes a main-stream anaerobic membrane bioreactor, followed by soluble methane stripping. Nitrogen removal is then achieved with a nitritation/Anammox moving bed biofilm reactor. The second alternative treatment train utilises a high rate/solids contact activated sludge system, with the separated excess biomass treated in a two-stage high-rate anaerobic sludge digester. The digested biosolids stream is treated separately to recover nutrients (as struvite) and to remove nitrogen with a nitritation/Anammox process. Further mainstream nitrogen removal is achieved with a nitrification/denitrification process in a sequencing batch reactor configuration. The two alternative treatment trains were compared to a typical existing treatment train for economics and environmental footprint under Australian conditions at two scales; 10 and 100 ML/d average flow. Engineering analysis included high-level concept design and sizing, estimates of performance, assessment of environmental footprint and whole-of-life cost estimates (including capital and operating expenses). The results of the study indicated that the new treatment trains have the potential to significantly decrease the economic costs of wastewater treatment by between 10 and 46% (based on Net Present Value estimates), and have a lower environmental impact. In Phases 2 and 3, lab-scale and pilot studies are currently underway to further evaluate the performance and confirm the design/operating parameters of the core processes.
Value-added bioplastics from services of wastewater treatment
Authors: Arcos-Hernández M. , Montaño-Herrera L. , Murugan Janarthanan O. , Quadri L. , Anterrieu S. , Hjort M. , Alexandersson T. , Karlsson A. , Karabegovic L. , Magnusson P. , Johansson P. , Bengtsson S. , Morgan-Sagastume F. , de Vegt O. , Laycock B. , Pratt S. , Halley P. , Lant P. , Werker A.
Published: August 2015

Pilot and prototyping scale investigations were undertaken in order to evaluate the technical feasibility of producing value-added biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)) as a by-product to essential services of wastewater treatment and environmental protection. A commonly asked question concerns PHA quality that may be expected from surplus biomass produced during biological treatment for water quality improvement. This paper summarizes the findings from a collection of investigations. Alongside the summarized technical efforts, attention has been paid to the social and economic networks. Such networks are needed in order to nurture circular economies that would drive value chains in renewable resource processing from contaminated water amelioration into renewable value-added bioplastic products and services. We find commercial promise in the polymer quality and in the process technical feasibility. The next challenge ahead does not reside so much any more in fundamental research and development of the technology but, rather, in social-economic steps that will be necessary to realize first demonstration scale polymer production activities. It is a material supply that will stimulate niche business opportunities that can grow and stimulate technology pull with benefit of real life material product market combinations.
Recycling of refinery effluents – two case studies in India
Authors: Lahnsteiner J. , Andrade P. , Mittal R.
Published: August 2015

In response to environmental stipulations and limited fresh water resources, the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Panipat and Essar Oil Ltd. Vadinar had to build water reclamation plants. The plants, which mainly treat refinery effluents, were commissioned in 2006 and 2012, respectively. Advanced multi-barrier systems (including Ultrafiltraion (UF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO)) were employed in order to meet the stringent quality requirements for the recycling of boiler make-up and good results with regard to all the requested standards have been achieved. The Panipat UF membranes have a lifetime of 6 years and rather than integrity, which remains quite good (fibre breakages <0.1‰/year), the main reason for replacement is relatively low permeability (50–60 L/m2*h*bar). The operating cost (including membrane replacement) has been calculated as 0.37 EUR/m3 of recycled boiler make-up.
The relativity of luxury - a luxury product from a perspective of Polish and foreign consumers
Authors: Dryl Wioleta
Published: August 2015

Luxury product is a very ambiguous concept. The most commonly cited in the literature barrier to the creation of a universal definition of luxury is the relativity of the concept. The relativity of luxury nature of the product takes the form of regional, temporal, economic, cultural, situational, and also due to the individual characteristics of the consumer. It should be therefore considered how to shape the product and which marketing tools should be used, to give and keep a luxury image of it. Analysis of the literature in the field of sciences such as management, sociology, psychology or marketing clearly indicates the growing interest in both the concept of luxury as well as luxury goods. It should be noted, however, that according to the results of research on the perception of luxury, consumers from different countries, cultures show different features of the product as important from the point of view of the luxury nature of the good. The aim of article is identification of differences in the perception of luxury between consumers from different countries, representing different cultures, as well as the specifics of managing a luxury product depending on the country of its origin.
Tourism habits and preferences – comparative analysis in selected European countries
Authors: Dębski Maciej
Published: August 2015

Tourism is an important sector of the economy, which is responsible for the development of many regions, which generates millions of jobs and allows to operate several businesses. However, it must be remembered that the motives of the trips are strongly differentiated, which translates into the existence of many types of tourism and diversification of tourism products. As a consequence, it becomes necessary to conduct permanent monitoring of attitudes, motives and consumers behaviors in order to adapt the offer to their preferences. In the article, the author, presenting the specificity of tourism shows the results of the study dedicated to selected tourist behaviors of Polish, Ukrainian and Austrian students. Even, if the limitations of the study will be accepted, it provides evidence for positive verification of the hypothesis that the significant differences between these groups exist.
Design and design thinking in building an innovative organizational culture
Authors: Starostka Justyna
Published: August 2015

For many companies innovations are crucial for achieving a competitive advantage. Many factors have been revealed to be determinants of company innovativeness. One is organizational culture which can support or diminish innovative attempts of employees. In recent years there is a growing interest in design and design thinking as methods of implementing innovations. Interdisciplinary, multicultural teams, fast prototyping, co-creation with users are only examples of specific methods that are being promoted by designers and design thinkers, that can significantly affect organisational culture. The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of design and design thinking on the organizational culture. In the first part literature findings are presented. The second part shows results of the exploratory research that has been conducted among designoriented companies from Sweden and Poland. This project was qualitative study aimed to compare managers’ attitudes towards design; to look into existing processes in companies connected with design and to explore the different roles that designers play in organizations.
The organizational culture in the fishing cooperative society of Sinaloa
Authors: Payares Flores Rocío del Carmen , Alvarado Borrego Aída
Published: August 2015

Organizational culture is a phenomenon that identifies members of the fishing cooperative “Peninsula Lucenilla” as part of the values, symbols, ideology, customs, language, among others. The importance of organizational culture identifies those who belong to a union, because they are hard-working, talkative, enthusiastic, responsible, and ethical people. Research aimed to analyze the organizational culture in the fishing cooperative of Sinaloa. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach; through a study case. Data collection was carried out from members of the cooperative, as well as a couple of interviews to the president. The main results of the study indicate that organizational culture in the fishing cooperative of Sinaloa is manifested in all of the activities that fishermen performed when the ban is lifted, how shrimp and other fishes are delivered. Based on that, we conclude that organizational culture identifies those who belong to an organization that represents the lifestyle of fishermen, for example; as in the case of a fishing cooperative.
Building diverse and inclusive organizational culture-best practices: A case study of Cisco Co.
Authors: Mazur Barbara
Published: August 2015

In management theory and business practice the dealing with a diverse workforce has played a leading role in recent years. In a globalizing economy companies recognized potential benefits of a multicultural workforce and tried to create more inclusive work environments. Unfortunately many of them have been disappointed with the results they achieved. The reason for this is that too little attention has been paid for the norms, values and behaviors involved. Given the fact that diversity is essentially about cultural norms and values, appropriate reflection work becomes a fundamental task to create a truly inclusive work environment where people coming out from diverse backgrounds feel respected and recognized. The paper focus on the challenge of building an inclusive diversity culture showing that a “culture of inclusion” has to be built on solid grounds. It shed light on the process of developing such a culture in CISCO corporation which serves as an example of a good practice in this respect.
Socio-organizational mechanisms of institutional exclusion – a challenge for multicultural organizations
Authors: Durniat Katarzyna
Published: August 2015

The article provides theoretical considerations supported by empirical results of own research on the socio-cultural determinants of mobbing/bullying at workplaces, carried out on samples of adults working in different organizations in Poland (2007/8: N = 465; 2010: N = 260). Referring to the selected elements of Berger and Luckman’s theory of social construction of reality (1966) as well as certain socio-organizational phenomena such as mobbing, organizational climate, and organizational culture, the author proposes a hypothesis that mobbing can be seen as a kind of socio-organizational sanction applied to culturally different and poorly-socialized employees. The results of own research show that mobbing behaviours are mostly experienced by non-conformist employees who do not support the objectives and organizational procedures and negatively evaluate various factors of organizational climate. Nevertheless, numerous research results [Durniat K., 2009, 2011, Grzesiuk L., 2008, Hoel H., Zapf D., Cooper CL, 2002, Høgh A., and Dofradottir EG, 2002, Einarsen S., Mikkelsen EG , 2003] clearly show that the incidence of mobbing entails a number of negative consequences for both individuals and entire organizations. The presented course of consideration is a voice in the scientific discussion which has a direct impact on practical management - about bullying/mobbing at work as a particular threat to multicultural organizations and a challenge for their managers.