bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability in carbon uptake and (re)cycling in Antarctic cryptoendolithic microbial ecosystems demonstrated through radiocarbon analysis of organic biomarkers
Authors: Brady A. L. , Goordial J. , Sun H. J. , Whyte L. G. , Slater G. F.
Published: October 2017

Cryptoendolithic lichens and cyanobacteria living in porous sandstone in the high‐elevation McMurdo Dry Valleys are purported to be among the slowest growing organisms on Earth with cycles of death and regrowth on the order of 103–104 years. Here, organic biomarker and radiocarbon analysis were used to better constrain ages and carbon sources of cryptoendoliths in University Valley (UV; 1,800 m.a.s.l) and neighboring Farnell Valley (FV; 1,700 m.a.s.l). Δ14C was measured for membrane component phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and glycolipid fatty acids, as well as for total organic carbon (TOC). PLFA concentrations indicated viable cells comprised a minor (<0.5%) component of TOC. TOC Δ14C values ranged from −272‰ to −185‰ equivalent to calibrated ages of 1,100–2,550 years old. These ages may be the result of fractional preservation of biogenic carbon and/or sudden large‐scale community death and extended period(s) of inactivity prior to slow recolonization and incorporation of 14C‐depleted fossil material. PLFA Δ14C values were generally more modern than the corresponding TOC and varied widely between sites; the FV PLFA Δ14C value (+40‰) was consistent with modern atmospheric CO2, while UV values ranged from −199‰ to −79‰ (calibrated ages of 1,665–610 years). The observed variability in PLFA Δ14C depletions is hypothesized to reflect variations in the extent of fixation of modern atmospheric CO2 and the preservation and recycling of older organic carbon by the community in various stages of sandstone recolonization. PLFA profiles and microbial community compositions as determined by molecular genetic characterizations and microscopy differed between the two valleys (e.g., predominance of biomarker 18:2 [>50%] in FV compared to UV), representing microbial communities that may reflect distinct stages of sandstone recolonization and/or environmental conditions. It is thus proposed that Dry Valley cryptoendolithic microbial communities are faster growing than previously estimated.
European AIDS Clinical Society Second Standard of Care Meeting, Brussels 16‐17 November 2016: a summary
Authors: De Wit S , Battegay M , D'Arminio Monforte A , Lundgren JD , Oprea C , Antinori A , Bhagani S , Fätkenheuer G , Friis‐Moller N , Furrer H , Mussini C ,   the European AIDS Clinical Society
Published: October 2017

The European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) organized a second meeting on Standard of Care in Europe on November 16‐17 th, 2016. The aims of the meeting were to discuss and propose actions on three topics, namely: Adherence to guidelines for treatment initiation, treatment monitoring and outcomes, Retention in care and HIV and tuberculosis co‐infection. Several actions need to be implemented in order to further improve quality of care and treatment of HIV in Europe. A common ground for standard of care, based on the EACS Guidelines should be established throughout Europe. EACS plans to interact with policy makers and other stakeholders to insure this common minimal level of standard of care, in particular for initiating of ART, accessibility of drugs and monitoring of ART with viral load. Progress should be made to monitor retention in care, prevent lost to follow and insure return to care. Improving integration of services and accessibility to care play a major role. Integration is also key for optimizing care of HIV‐tuberculosis co‐infection, as well as diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis in population at risk. The Standard of Care meeting organized every other year by EACS provides a unique opportunity to monitor progresses and pitfalls in HIV patient care throughout Europe. It is also a forum for advocacy towards policy makers and other stakeholders to constantly improve HIV patient global management, aiming to provide the same level of quality on the whole continent.
Ag/M‐seed/AZO/glass structures for low‐E glass: Effects of metal seeds
Authors: Akin Sonmez Nihan , Donmez Meltem , Comert Buse , Ozcelik Suleyman
Published: October 2017

In this work, continuous and conductive ultrathin Ag films with highly infrared reflective and highly visible transmittance were achieved using several metal seeds (Ti, Nb, Cr, Ni, Mo, Pt, Cu, and Ru), having ~1‐2 nm in thickness, deposited between Ag and dielectric AZO layers on glass substrate by magnetron sputtering with confocal target geometry. The optical properties in the visible and infrared ranges and conductivity of Ag/M‐seed/AZO/glass structures were compared in order to determine the influence of the seeds. It was observed that all M‐Seeds increased both visible transmittance and infrared reflectance. But also, it was shown that Nb and Ti seed layers which help on coalesced of Ag and AZO layers are more effective on the electro‐optical characteristics of the Ag thin films than the other seeds. Ag/Nb/AZO/glass and Ag/Ti/AZO/glass structures showed 2.81 and 2.84 sheet resistance and low surface roughness, respectively, which are the best film structures. In addition, these films have homogeneous and defect‐free surfaces that do not cause any electrical breakdown. Besides, Nb and Ti seeded structures have the low‐emissivity both 780‐2500 nm and long wavelength (λ  >  3 μm) spectral region as 0.0357 and 0.0361, respectively.
Lichen planus pigmentosus and its variants: review and update
Authors: Robles‐Méndez Juan Carlos , Rizo‐Frías Paulina , Herz‐Ruelas Maira Elizabeth , Pandya Amit G. , Ocampo Candiani Jorge
Published: October 2017

Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) is considered a rare variant of lichen planus (LP). It is characterized by acquired dark brown to gray macular pigmentation located on sun‐exposed areas of the face, neck, and flexures, commonly found in dark‐skinned patients. In patients with LPP, an inflammatory lichenoid response results in marked pigmentary incontinence. It has been associated with hepatitis C virus, sun exposure, and contactants such as mustard oil and nickel. LPP‐inversus affects fair and dark skin, predominantly involving flexural and intertriginous areas, while sun‐exposed areas are spared; friction is an associated trigger. LPP along Blaschko's lines has been associated with susceptibility to genetic mosaicisms. LPP can present concomitantly with other variants of LP such as frontal fibrosing alopecia, as well as endocrinopathies, and autoimmune diseases. Treatment is difficult and consists of avoidance of triggers and topical and systemic medications in order to stop the inflammatory reaction and reduce pigmentation, improving aesthetic appearance and quality of life.
Healthcare Reforms and the Creation of Ex‐/Included Categories of Patients — “Irregular Migrants” and the “Undesirable” in the French Healthcare System
Authors: Geeraert Jérémy
Published: October 2017

This article reconstructs the socio‐historical processes that have led to the formal inclusion and marginalization of “irregular migrants” in the French public health insurance system and the parallel legal production of exclusion of a share of this group. It interrogates the binary inclusion/exclusion in the field of healthcare linking it to the logic of sovereignty and governmentality in a stratified society. It shows how these processes have led to unequal health practices and increased obstacles to accessing health insurance and healthcare providers, and, consequently, has resulted in the exclusion of a share of this group from the regular healthcare system. These two levels of discrimination are illustrated using empirical research on departments in French public hospitals that have been designed to enable access to care for individuals without insurance (Permanence d'accès aux soins de santé,orPASS: health care access units).
Dielectric nonlinear behavior of (Ba0.95Ca0.05)(Ti0.83Zr0.17)O3‐based multi‐layer ceramic capacitor
Authors: Yoon Seok‐Hyun , Kim Mi‐Yang
Published: October 2017

The influence of temperature on the variation in dielectric nonlinearity and domain structures was investigated for the (Ba0.95Ca0.05)(Ti0.83Zr0.17)O3 (BCTZ)‐based multilayer ceramic capacitor that shows a diffuse phase transition. Whereas the dielectric constant (εr) vs temperature shows a broadened maximum peak at low ac driving field, such a peaked behavior disappears at high ac driving field due to an abrupt increase in dielectric constants at low temperatures. Such low temperature effect can be associated with an enhanced spontaneous polarization (PS) and a significant increase in irreversible domain wall contribution to polarization representing normal ferroelectric behavior based on the Preisach analysis. No ferroelectric domain contrasts were observed at room temperature through transmission electron microscopy. However, they appeared and became more and more distinct with the decrease in temperature, and the crystal structure also changed from cubic to rhombohedral with increased lattice constants. It demonstrates that the dramatic increase in the dielectric nonlinearity with decreasing temperatures originates from the corresponding changes in domain and crystal structure, where the polar‐micro‐regions of BCTZ at room temperature change to normal ferroelectric domains at low temperatures.
Autophagy promotes fibrosis and apoptosis in the peritoneum during long‐term peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Xing Changying , Zhang Li , Mao Huijuan , Chen Xuguan , Liang Mingxing , Wang Fang , Ren Haibin , Cui Hongqing , Jiang Aiqin , Wang Zibin , Zou Meijuan , Ji Yong
Published: October 2017

Long‐term peritoneal dialysis is accompanied by functional and histopathological alterations in the peritoneal membrane. In the long process of peritoneal dialysis, high‐glucose peritoneal dialysis solution (HGPDS) will aggravate the peritoneal fibrosis, leading to decreased effectiveness of peritoneal dialysis and ultrafiltration failure. In this study, we found that the coincidence of elevated TGF‐β1 expression, autophagy, apoptosis and fibrosis in peritoneal membrane from patients with peritoneal dialysis. The peritoneal membranes from patients were performed with immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells were treated with 1.5%, 2.5% and 4.25% HGPDS for 24 hrs; Human peritoneal mesothelial cells pre‐treated with TGF‐β1 (10 ng/ml) or transfected with siRNA Beclin1 were treated with 4.25% HGPDS or vehicle for 24 hrs. We further detected the production of TGF‐β1, activation of TGF‐β1/Smad2/3 signalling, induction of autophagy, EMT, fibrosis and apoptosis. We also explored whether autophagy inhibition by siRNA targeting Beclin 1 reduces EMT, fibrosis and apoptosis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. HGPDS increased TGF‐β1 production, activated TGF‐β1/Smad2/3 signalling and induced autophagy, fibrosis and apoptosis hallmarks in human peritoneal mesothelial cells; HGPDS‐induced Beclin 1‐dependent autophagy in human peritoneal mesothelial cells; Autophagy inhibition by siRNA Beclin 1 reduced EMT, fibrosis and apoptosis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Taken all together, these studies are expected to open a new avenue in the understanding of peritoneal fibrosis, which may guide us to explore the compounds targeting autophagy and achieve the therapeutic improvement of PD.
Inhibition of MD2‐dependent inflammation attenuates the progression of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Zhang Yali , Wu Beibei , Zhang Hailing , Ge Xiangting , Ying Shilong , Hu Mengwei , Li Weixin , Huang Yi , Wang Li , Chen Chao , Shan Xiaoou , Liang Guang
Published: October 2017

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can progress to the more serious non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammatory injury and fibrosis. The pathogenic basis of NAFLD progressing to NASH is currently unknown, but growing evidence suggests MD2 (myeloid differentiation factor 2), an accessory protein of TLR4, is an important signalling component contributing to this disease. We evaluated the effectiveness of the specific MD2 inhibitor, L6H21, in reducing inflammatory liver injury in a relevant high‐fat diet (HFD) mouse model of NASH and in the palmitic acid (PA)‐stimulated human liver cell line (HepG2). For study, genetic knockout (MD2−/−) mice were fed a HFD or control diet for 24 weeks, or wild‐type mice placed on a similar diet regimen and treated with L6H21 for the last 8 or 16 weeks. Results indicated that MD2 inhibition with L6H21 was as effective as MD2 knockout in preventing the HFD‐induced hepatic lipid accumulation, pro‐fibrotic changes and expression of pro‐inflammatory molecules. Direct challenge of HepG2 with PA (200 μM) increased MD2‐TLR4 complex formation and expression of pro‐inflammatory and pro‐fibrotic genes and L6H21 pre‐treatment prevented these PA‐induced responses. Interestingly, MD2 knockout or L6H21 increased expression of the anti‐inflammatory molecule, PPARγ, in liver tissue and the liver cell line. Our results provide further evidence for the critical role of MD2 in the development of NASH and conclude that MD2 could be a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD/NASH treatment. Moreover, the small molecule MD2 inhibitor, L6H21, was an effective and selective investigative agent for future mechanistic studies of MD2.
Examining bidirectional effects between the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) core symptom domains and anxiety in children with ASD
Authors: Duvekot Jorieke , van der Ende Jan , Verhulst Frank C. , Greaves‐Lord Kirstin
Published: October 2017

Background

Although a bidirectional relationship between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and anxiety symptoms is assumed, few studies have investigated this. Moreover, little is known about potential differential relationships of the two core symptom domains of ASD – social communication impairment and restricted, repetitive behavior – with anxiety over time.

Method

Participants were 130 children with an ASD (M age 6.7 years, 81.5% boys) of whom 79 participated in a follow‐up assessment 2 years later. We used cross‐lagged models to test whether social communication impairment and restricted, repetitive behavior at T0 predicted anxiety at T2 and vice versa.

Results

Crossed‐lagged models showed that anxiety symptoms predicted social communication impairment over time (β = .22, p = .008), but not vice versa (β = −.07, p = .49). There were no significant paths from anxiety symptoms to later restricted, repetitive behavior (β = .11, p = .34) or vice versa (β = −.11, p = .27).

Conclusions

Our results do not support a bidirectional relationship between the ASD core symptom domains and anxiety, but suggest that higher levels of anxiety symptoms increase the risk of more social communication impairment over time in children with ASD. This underlines the importance of treating anxiety symptoms to improve both social and emotional functioning.
Spatial patterns of fish standing biomass across Brazilian reefs
Authors: Morais R. A. , Ferreira C. E. L. , Floeter S. R.
Published: October 2017

A large fish‐count dataset from the Brazilian province was used to describe spatial patterns in standing biomass and test if total biomass, taxonomic and functional trophic structure vary across nested spatial scales. Taxonomic and functional structure varied more among localities and sites than among regions. Total biomass was generally higher at oceanic islands and remote or protected localities along the coast. Lower level carnivores comprised a large part of the biomass at almost all localities (mean of 44%), zooplanktivores never attained more than 14% and omnivores were more representative of subtropical reefs and oceanic islands (up to 66% of total biomass). Small and large herbivores and detritivores varied greatly in their contribution to total biomass, with no clear geographical patterns. Macrocarnivores comprised less than 12% of the biomass anywhere, except for two remote localities. Top predators, such as sharks and very large groupers, were rare and restricted to a few reefs, suggesting that their ecological function might have already been lost in many Brazilian reefs.
“Un Favorzote”: Gender and Reciprocity in the Andes
Authors: Wilhoit Mary Elena
Published: October 2017

En este estudio analizo trabajos recíprocos de mujeres en una comunidad rural en Ayacucho, Perú. Se ha estudiado prácticas formales de reciprocidad durante muchas décadas en los Andes, como fundamental para formación social allí, pero esa literatura se ha centrado en los arreglos convocados para la construcción y producción agrícola. Como consecuencia, la reciprocidad ha sido analizado como fenómeno masculino. Investigación etnográfica con mujeres demuestra que su ayuda mutua en crianza de hijos y otras tareas les permitía entrar a mercados laborales y aprovecharse de programas estatales que buscaban mejorar sus circunstancias, mientras les proveía entornos de apoyo mutuo que muchas habían carecido en el matrimonio. Comprensión de esta forma de reciprocidad es fundamental en Ayacucho, donde el número de madres solteras ha aumentado desde las décadas de guerra. Este estudio presenta un complemento fundamental para descripciones tradicionales de ayni, analizando practicas de mujeres para prosperar en condiciones difíciles. [Andes, clase, género, labor, Perú]
Revisiting the God/World Difference
Authors: Holmes Christopher R.J.
Published: October 2017

On what basis do we distinguish God from the world? I argue that the doctrine of creation, more specifically the analogical notion of causa, supplies a salutary foundation. My conversation partners are Karl Barth and Thomas Aquinas. I take up the former's five conditions for a right theological use of causa, demonstrating that despite his basic misreading of Thomas, both theologians share some basic convictions regarding God's independence. I argue, moreover, that Thomas provides a more theologically satisfying anchor for what distinguishes God from what is not God. I conclude by reflecting on the importance of experience in articulating the distinction.
Contribution of the β‐glucosidase BglC to the onset of the pathogenic lifestyle of Streptomyces scabies
Authors: Jourdan Samuel , Francis Isolde M. , Deflandre Benoit , Tenconi Elodie , Riley Jennifer , Planckaert Sören , Tocquin Pierre , Martinet Loïc , Devreese Bart , Loria Rosemary , Rigali Sébastien
Published: October 2017

Common scab disease on root and tuber plants is caused by Streptomyces scabies and related species which use the cellulose synthase inhibitor thaxtomin A as the main phytotoxin. Thaxtomin production is primarily triggered by the import of cello‐oligosaccharides. Once inside the cell, the fate of the cello‐oligosaccharides is dichotomized: (i) the fuelling of glycolysis with glucose for the saprophytic lifestyle through the action of β‐glucosidase(s) (BGs); and (ii) elicitation of the pathogenic lifestyle by the inhibition of CebR‐mediated transcriptional repression of thaxtomin biosynthetic genes. Here, we investigated the role of scab57721, encoding a putative BG (BglC), in the onset of the pathogenicity of S. scabies. Enzymatic assays showed that BglC was able to release glucose from cellobiose, cellotriose and all other cello‐oligosaccharides tested. Its inactivation resulted in a phenotype opposite to that expected, as reduced production of thaxtomin was monitored when the mutant was cultivated on medium containing cello‐oligosaccharides as unique carbon source. This unexpected phenotype could be attributed to the highly increased activity of alternative intracellular BGs, probably as a compensation for bglC inactivation, which then prevented cellobiose and cellotriose accumulation to reduce the activity of CebR. In contrast, when the bglC null mutant was cultivated on medium devoid of cello‐oligosaccharides, it instead constitutively produced thaxtomin. This observed hypervirulent phenotype does not fit with the proposed model of the cello‐oligosaccharide‐mediated induction of thaxtomin production, and suggests that the role of BglC in the route to the pathogenic lifestyle of S. scabies is more complex than currently presented.
Informal socialization in public organizations: Exploring the impact of informal socialization on enforcement behaviour of Dutch veterinary inspectors
Authors: Van Kleef Daphne , Steen Trui , Schott Carina
Published: October 2017

Organizations try to socialize employees' behaviour through formal practices such as training programmes and selection procedures. This article focuses on how times of informal socialization, outside the organization's direct sphere of influence, impact the behaviour of employees. The research is based on data from 67 semi‐structured interviews with Dutch veterinary inspectors in a cross‐sectional and a longitudinal panel. Their work is characterized by intensive and at times adverse contact with inspectees, yet limited interaction with their colleagues. The results show that informal socialization has an important impact on the organizational socialization of inspectors, and provides further insights into the dynamic interplay between formal socialization practices and informal socialization. In addition, the research provides empirical evidence for the role of emotional processes in organizational socialization.
A Puzzle Concerning Blame Transfer
Authors: Robichaud Philip , Wieland Jan Willem
Published: October 2017

Suppose that you are a doctor and that you prescribed a drug to a patient who died as a result. Suppose further that you could have known about the risks of this drug, and that you are blameworthy for your ignorance. Does the blameworthiness for your ignorance ‘transfer’ to blameworthiness for your ignorant action in this case? Many are inclined accept that such transfer can occur and that blameworthiness for ignorant conduct can be derivative or indirect in this way. In this paper, we motivate a new problem for transfer proponents. Extant accounts cannot satisfactorily distinguish between agents who are blameworthy for their ignorance and their resulting ignorant conduct and agents who are blameworthy for their ignorance but not for their resulting ignorant conduct. We defend a solution that we call the ‘concern constraint’ that clearly distinguishes these cases. Our solution is distinct from the much discussed foreseeability constraint (according to which blameworthiness transfers only when the ignorant action is foreseeable), and it is less restrictive than Holly Smith's quality of will condition (according to which blameworthiness never transfers). We argue that any account of derivative or indirect blameworthiness for ignorant action should take the concern constraint on board.
Oz Fest India: Why Masterchef Australia—Garnished with Comedians, Film, Contemporary Performance, and Music—Was the Best Recipe for Australian Public Diplomacy in India
Authors: Ben‐Tovim Kate
Published: October 2017

Following a tumultuous period in the Australia‐India bilateral relationship, the Australian Government undertook the largest cultural diplomacy initiative ever staged in India. Bold and ambitious, Oz Fest aimed to introduce contemporary Australia to contemporary India. Key to its success was the focus on contemporary culture and careful program curation that presented highest quality work with an eye to Indian tastes. Rather than rely on more traditional government‐to‐government partnerships, Oz Fest sought dynamic nongovernment players in the creative industry landscape to build partnerships that spoke directly to the target audience. Relationship building and artistic collaboration was prioritized to ensure the cultural conversation continued long after the big event was over. Then there was Australia?s public diplomacy secret weapon—Masterchef Australia. By sharing reflections from the perspective of the arts practitioner engaged to co‐curate and produce Oz Fest, this practitioner essay offers insights into creating effective cultural diplomacy for the twenty‐first century.
A Multilayered Approach to Public Diplomacy Evaluation: Pathways of Connection
Authors: Sevin Efe
Published: October 2017

This article presents a multilayered framework, called pathways of connection, as an approach to public diplomacy evaluation. It is well established both in the study and practice of public diplomacy that evaluation is a daunting task, mostly due to the complex and convoluted nature of the concept. To overcome such obstacles, the proposed framework first defines public diplomacy as a foreign policy tool. This definition is then used to state that the only success criterion for a public diplomacy project is its contribution to advancing national interests, regardless of the type of the project or the practitioner country. Second, three layers on which the outcomes of public diplomacy projects can be observed are described by incorporating mainstream international relations theories in the practice of public diplomacy. Third, pathways of connection are introduced to explain how the changes in target audiences contribute to the advancement of national interests.
On Ground as a Guide to Realism
Authors: Atiq Emad H.
Published: October 2017

According to Fine (among others), a nonbasic factual proposition must be grounded in facts involving those of its constituents that are both real and fundamental. But the principle is vulnerable to several dialectically significant counterexamples. It entails, for example, that a logical Platonist cannot accept that true disjunctions are grounded in the truth of their disjuncts; that a Platonist about mathematical objects cannot accept that sets are grounded in their members; and that a colour primitivist cannot accept that an object's being scarlet grounds its not being chartreuse. The Finean might try to defend these implications, but it generates further problems. Instead, the principle should be rejected. An important upshot is that the principle cannot be relied on to distinguish robust realism from anti‐realism about a propositional domain, for the principle obscures ways of taking features to be both real and fundamental.
Affinity proteomics reveals extensive phosphorylation of the Brassica chromosome axis protein ASY1 and a network of associated proteins at prophase I of meiosis
Authors: Osman Kim , Yang Jianhua , Roitinger Elisabeth , Lambing Christophe , Heckmann Stefan , Howell Elaine , Cuacos Maria , Imre Richard , Dürnberger Gerhard , Mechtler Karl , Armstrong Susan , Franklin F. Christopher H.
Published: October 2017

During meiosis, the formation of crossovers (COs) generates genetic variation and provides physical links that are essential for accurate chromosome segregation. COs occur in the context of a proteinaceous chromosome axis. The transcriptomes and proteomes of anthers and meiocytes comprise several thousand genes and proteins, but because of the level of complexity relatively few have been functionally characterized. Our understanding of the physical and functional interactions between meiotic proteins is also limited. Here we use affinity proteomics to analyse the proteins that are associated with the meiotic chromosome axis protein, ASY1, in Brassica oleracea anthers and meiocytes. We show that during prophase I ASY1 and its interacting partner, ASY3, are extensively phosphorylated, and we precisely assign phosphorylation sites. We identify 589 proteins that co‐immunoprecipitate with ASY1. These correspond to 492 Arabidopsis orthologues, over 90% of which form a coherent protein–protein interaction (PPI) network containing known and candidate meiotic proteins, including proteins more usually associated with other cellular processes such as DNA replication and proteolysis. Mutant analysis confirms that affinity proteomics is a viable strategy for revealing previously unknown meiotic proteins, and we show how the PPI network can be used to prioritise candidates for analysis. Finally, we identify another axis‐associated protein with a role in meiotic recombination. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD006042.
Quantity restrictions and price adjustment of Chinese Textile Exports to the US
Authors: Bernhofen Daniel , Upward Richard , Wang Zheng
Published: October 2017

The elimination of the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) in 2005 provides an unusual opportunity to examine the effects of a trade policy shock on export prices and firm behaviour. It was massive in scale, discrete in timing and exogenous to firms and consumers in the textile industry. Since the MFA quota removal did not affect all textile products at the same time, we are able to use a difference‐in‐difference approach to estimate the causal effects of the MFA. Using transaction‐level data from the Chinese Customs Trade Statistics over the period 2000–06, we find that the MFA removal reduced average export prices by about 25%. This fall was mainly caused by a combination of the entry of new low‐price exporters and new low‐price products, rather than a fall in prices of existing firm–product combinations. We also find that price reductions are twice as large for heterogeneous than for homogeneous products.
Oncolytic reovirus therapy: Pilot study in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumours
Authors: Hwang C. C. , Igase M. , Sakurai M. , Haraguchi T. , Tani K. , Itamoto K. , Shimokawa T. , Nakaichi M. , Nemoto Y. , Noguchi S. , Coffey M. , Okuda M. , Mizuno T.
Published: October 2017

Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel treatment involving replication‐competent virus in the elimination of cancer. We have previously reported the oncolytic effects of reovirus in various canine cancer cell lines. This study aims to establish the safety profile of reovirus in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumours and to determine a recommended dosing regimen. Nineteen dogs with various tumours, mostly of advanced stages, were treated with reovirus, ranging from 1.0 × 108 to 5.0 × 109 TCID50 given as intratumour injection (IT) or intravenous infusion (IV) daily for up to 5 consecutive days in 1 or multiple treatment cycles. Adverse events (AEs) were graded according to the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group‐ Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (VCOG‐CTCAE) v1.1 guidelines. Viral shedding, neutralizing anti‐reovirus antibody (NARA) production and immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of reovirus protein in the tumours were also assessed. AE was not observed in most dogs and events were limited to Grade I or II fever, vomiting, diarrhoea and inflammation of the injected tumour. No infectious virus was shed and all dogs had elevated NARA levels post‐treatment. Although IHC results were only available in 6 dogs, 4 were detected positive for reovirus protein. In conclusion, reovirus is well‐tolerated and can be given safely to tumour‐bearing dogs according to the dosing regimen used in this study without significant concerns of viral shedding. Reovirus is also potentially effective in various types of canine tumours.
Quantifying Blowing Ratio for Shaped Cooling Holes
Authors: Cerantola D. J. , Birk A. M.
Published: October 2017

Effusion cooling has been a popular technology integrated into the design of gas turbine combustor liners. A staggering amount of research was completed that quantified performance with respect to operating conditions and cooling hole geometric properties; however, most of these investigations did not address the influence of the manufacturing process on the hole shape. This study completed an adiabatic wall numerical analysis using the realizable k–ϵ turbulence model of a laser-drilled hole that had a nozzled profile with an area ratio of 0.24 and five additional cylindrical, nozzled, diffusing, and fileted holes that yielded the same hole mass flow rate at representative engine conditions. The traditional methods for quantifying blowing ratio yielded the same value for all holes that was not useful considering the substantial differences in film cooling performance. It was proposed to define hole mass flux based on the outlet y-cross-sectional area projected onto the inclination angle plane. This gave blowing ratios that correlated to better and worse cooling performance for the diffusing and nozzled holes, respectively. The diffusing hole delivered the best film cooling due to having the lowest effluent velocity and greatest amount of in-hole turbulent production, which coincided with the worst discharge coefficient.
Film Cooling Effectiveness Comparison on Full-Scale Turbine Vane Endwalls Using Pressure-Sensitive Paint Technique
Authors: Shiau Chao-Cheng , Chen Andrew F , Han Je-Chin , Azad Salam , Lee Ching-Pang
Published: October 2017

Turbine vane endwalls are highly susceptible to intensive heat load due to their large exposed area and complex flow field especially for the first stage of the vane. Therefore, a suitable film cooling design that properly distributes the given amount of coolant is critical to keep the vane endwall from failure at the same time to maintain a good balance between manufacturing cost, performance, and durability. This work is focused on film cooling effectiveness evaluation on full-scale heavy-duty turbine vane endwall and the performance comparison with different film cooling pattern designs in the literature. The area of interest (AOI) of this study is on the inner endwall (hub) of turbine vane. Tests were performed in a three-vane annular sector cascade under the mainstream Reynolds number 350,000; the related inlet Mach number is 0.09 and the freestream turbulence intensity is 12%. Two variables, coolant-to-mainstream mass flow ratios (MFR = 2–4%) and density ratios (DR = 1.0, 1.5), are investigated. The conduction-error free pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique is utilized to evaluate the local flow behavior as well as the film cooling performance. The presented results are expected to provide the gas turbine engine designer a direct comparison between two film-hole configurations on a full-scale vane endwall under the same amount of coolant usage.
Influence of Acoustic Blockage on Flutter Instability in a Transonic Nozzle
Authors: Rendu Quentin , Rozenberg Yannick , Aubert Stéphane , Ferrand Pascal
Published: October 2017

In order to predict oscillating loads on a structure, time-linearized methods are fast enough to be routinely used in design and optimization steps of a turbomachine stage. In this work, frequency-domain time-linearized Navier–Stokes computations are proposed to predict the unsteady separated flow generated by an oscillating bump in a transonic nozzle. The influence of regressive pressure waves on the aeroelastic stability is investigated. This case is representative of flutter of a compressor blade submitted to downstream stator potential effects. The influence of frequency is first investigated on a generic oscillating bump to identify the most unstable configuration. Introducing backward traveling pressure waves, it is then showed that aeroelastic stability of the system depends on the phase shift between the wave's source and the bump motion. Finally, feasibility of active control through backward traveling pressure waves is evaluated. The results show a high stabilizing effect even for low amplitude, opening new perspectives for the active control of choke flutter.
Vane Suction Surface Heat Transfer in Regions of Secondary Flows: The Influence of Turbulence Level, Reynolds Number, and the Endwall Boundary Condition
Authors: Varty Justin E. , Soma Loren W. , Ames Forrest E. , Acharya Sumanta
Published: October 2017

Secondary flows in vane passages sweep off the endwall and onto the suction surface at a location typically close to the throat. These endwall/vane junction flows often have an immediate impact on heat transfer in this region and also move any film cooling off the affected region of the vane. The present paper documents the impact of secondary flows on suction surface heat transfer acquired over a range of turbulence levels (0.7–17.4%) and a range of exit chord Reynolds numbers (500,000–2,000,000). Heat transfer data are acquired with both an unheated endwall boundary condition and a heated endwall boundary condition. The vane design includes an aft loaded suction surface and a large leading edge diameter. The unheated endwall boundary condition produces initially very high heat transfer levels due to the thin thermal boundary layer starting at the edge of heating. This unheated starting length effect quickly falls off with the thermal boundary layer growth as the secondary flow sweeps up onto the vane suction surface. The heat transfer visualization for the heated endwall condition shows no initial high heat transfer level near the edge of heating on the vane. The heat transfer level in the region affected by the secondary flows is largely uniform, except for a notable depression in the affected region. This heat transfer depression is believed due to an upwash region generated above the separation line of the passage vortex, likely in conjunction with the counter rotating suction leg of the horseshoe vortex. The extent and definition of the secondary flow-affected region on the suction surface are clearly evident at lower Reynolds numbers and lower turbulence levels when the suction surface flow is largely laminar. The heat transfer in the plateau region has a magnitude similar to a turbulent boundary layer. However, the location and extent of this secondary flow-affected region are less perceptible at higher turbulence levels where transitional or turbulent flow is present. Also, aggressive mixing at higher turbulence levels serves to smooth out discernable differences in the heat transfer due to the secondary flows.
Stability and Sensitivity Analysis of Hydrodynamic Instabilities in Industrial Swirled Injection Systems
Authors: Kaiser Thomas L. , Poinsot Thierry , Oberleithner Kilian
Published: October 2017

The hydrodynamic instability in an industrial, two-staged, counter-rotative, swirled injector of highly complex geometry is under investigation. Large eddy simulations (LES) show that the complicated and strongly nonparallel flow field in the injector is superimposed by a strong precessing vortex core (PVC). Mean flow fields of LES, validated by experimental particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, are used as input for both local and global linear stability analysis (LSA). It is shown that the origin of the instability is located at the exit plane of the primary injector. Mode shapes of both global and local LSA are compared to dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) based on LES snapshots, showing good agreement. The estimated frequencies for the instability are in good agreement with both the experiment and the simulation. Furthermore, the adjoint mode shapes retrieved by the global approach are used to find the best location for periodic forcing in order to control the PVC.
An Advanced Energy Efficient Rack Server Design With Distributed Battery Subsystem
Authors: Wang Chun , Sun Xiaoguang , Zhang Jun , Ahuja Nishi
Published: October 2017

Data centers concern not just energy usage, but also other important overall considerations such as the actual computational work, the energy efficiency and the performance of servers. The server, as one of the key ingredients of a data center, plays an increasingly crucial role in contributing to the overall energy use, especially in cases where the efficiency of the infrastructure has been optimized. Baidu has been exploring the sweet zone between power and performance in efficient rack server design and deployment for their self-built data center energy efficiency optimization from all the aspects. Recent deployment of rack server with distributed backup battery (Li-ion) subsystem (BBS) is one typical example to demonstrate their advanced rack server design for energy efficiency. Compared with lead acid battery based traditional UPS in data center, distributed BBS design in Baidu rack server has an advantage in lower power loss, data center power delivery and topology simplification, data center real estate saving, scalable deployment on demand without overprovision and so on, which overall contributes to a total cost ownership (TCO) reduction on both cap-ex (i.e., power infrastructure investment) and op-ex (i.e., electricity bill).

This paper introduces overall architecture and design of Baidu rack server with distributed BBS. Furthermore details energy efficiency design methodology of power peak draw trimming based on workload power characterization; Also the related lab data collection, experiments result, ongoing work and future plan are summarized in the end. This paper also recaps TCO saving points benefiting from distributed BBS design into rack server system.
Methods for Theoretical Assessment of Delamination Risks in Electronic Packaging
Authors: Hauck Torsten , Schmadlak Ilko , Lakhera Nishant , Shantaram Sandeep , Samet David , Rambhatla V. N. N. Trilochan , Sitaraman Suresh
Published: October 2017

Fracture mechanics is an essential field of study towards the improvement and development of electronic packages. In combination with modern simulation method such as finite element analysis (FEA), fracture mechanics is widely used and appreciated in the industry. Many different approaches have been developed to calculate the fracture parameters for interfaces or bulk material under given loads in order to compare them against previously measured failure criteria. While many publications are available that have described the different simulation approaches in detail or compare the different fracture test methods, there have been few comparisons of these simulation approaches with respect to their use in research and development of electronic packages.

The objective of this work is to compare different delamination modeling methodologies and their applications for electronic packaging. The work highlights the differences in theory behind each approach as well as the differences in their practical use to predict delamination or asses a fracture risk in electronic packages. The intention was to use commercially available FE-codes in conjunction with a well-defined set of adhesion strength tests. During this work, energy based fracture criteria were applied by means of the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT), the J-integral and the cohesive zone material model (CZM) methods. These methodologies are most commonly used but can differ significantly from each other as will be shown in this comparison. To demonstrate the use of these techniques, copper lead frame to epoxy mold compound (EMC) delamination was assessed, representing a very common packaging failure mode. Critical energy release rates were measured on multiple Copper-EMC test specimens under varying load phase angles. ANSYS was used to build mechanical simulation models of a selected device. Existing post processing procedures were applied to assess delamination risk based on above mentioned techniques. The simulation study considers realistic monotonic loading conditions and results will also be compared to existing failure analysis images for demonstration and validation purpose. As an outcome, the paper will include a ranking of the approaches as well as a summary of advantages and disadvantages, based method and accuracy. An outlook on future developments such as fatigue or aging phenomena will finish the work.
Knowledge Based Qualification Methodology to Evaluate Shock Induced Risks in BGA Components
Authors: Pei Min , Arakere Guru , Vujosevic Milena
Published: October 2017

This paper provides details of Knowledge Based Qualification (KBQ) methodology to calculate BGA component shock qualification requirements. The methodology is based on experimental, theoretical and computational approach used to generate a detailed knowledge of the use conditions and failure physics. Discussed are the steps taken to understand the end-user behavior and system design impact on dynamic load experienced by the component in the field. A special focus is placed on the understanding of the board deformation modes, their impact on BGA failures, and the physics-of-failure (PoF) metric that is not only accurate enough but also practical for everyday applications. Theoretical and computational modeling was used to perform the necessary “translations” from use condition to test conditions and from system level drop to test board component shock. These “translations” enabled by the PoF metric, directly lead to the determination of BGA shock qualification requirements.
Electro-Thermal Simulation of Interconnected Systems at Transient Operating Conditions
Authors: Hauck Torsten , Jha Vibhash , Janssen J. H. J.
Published: October 2017

The development of complex electronic modules requires very efficient simulation technique for faster design and optimization process. For smaller component level models, current state of the art FEM/CFD tools is sufficient if appropriate boundary conditions are used. But for larger system level models, this approach can be computationally expensive as the finite element model can lead to very large set of equations. Hence, there is a need for much efficient computational methods such as model order reduction (MOR). MOR was developed to study property of dynamical systems to reduce their complexity without changing input/output to the system.
Advanced Cooling of 3D ICs With Nanoparticle Packings
Authors: Yuksel Anil , Ho Paul S. , Murthy Jayathi
Published: October 2017

Thermal-aware techniques for 3D ICs have shown that high temperatures dramatically reduce the lifetime and the reliability of the 3D ICs with utilizing the third dimension. Hence, thermal management has been very crucial for the further improvement of the 3D IC architecture. There has been some thermal management strategies suggested at the micro/nano scale to alleviate the nonlocal heat dissipation; however, many solution methods such as liquid cooling have challenges and create many problems. In this paper, we propose nanoparticle based interfacial cooling to improve the thermal transport due to surface phonon polariton coupling and to reduce the thermal resistance between the interfaces. We demonstrate the efficiency of the heat dissipation from the proposed structure for 3D ICs.
High-Performance Microchannels Development Using Magnetic Stabilization
Authors: Newport Seth , Ormston Geoffrey , Benedict Michael , Momen Ayyoub Mehdizadeh
Published: October 2017

Creating a large surface area from a packed bed of particles is a necessary step for many packing, chemical, and heat transfer applications. However, the excessive pressure drop across the packed bed is not desirable in many of these applications. This problem can be addressed by using microchannels instead of the packed bed of particles, providing a high heat transfer rate at the acceptable pressure drop range. Microchannels offer a reduced amount of pressure drop due to their ability to introduce a low resistance flow passage while still providing the large surface area for heat and mass transfer. In this study, a magnetic stabilization process was developed to fabricate microchannels from the fine ferrite particles. The experimental hydrodynamic performance evaluation of such structures is described in this paper. This unique microchannel fabrication method can significantly improve thermal and hydrodynamic performance, while providing additional flexibility to control the porosity of the packed bed of particles.