bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pursuit of C–H Borylation Reactions with Non-Precious Heterobimetallic Catalysts: Hypothesis-Driven Variations on a Design Theme
Authors: Leon Noel J. , Yu Hsien-Cheng , Mazzacano Thomas J. , Mankad Neal P.
Published: November 2019

This article presents a retrospective account of our group’s heterobinuclear (NHC)Cu-[MCO] catalyst design concept (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene, [MCO] = metal carbonyl anion), the discovery of its application towards UV-light-induced dehydrogenative borylation of unactivated arenes, and the subsequent pursuit of thermal reaction conditions through structural modifications of the catalysts. The account highlights advantages of using a hypothesis-driven catalyst design approach that, while often fruitless with regard to the target transformation in this case, nonetheless vastly expanded the set of heterobinuclear catalysts available for other applications. In other words, curiosity-driven research conducted in a rational manner often provides valuable products with unanticipated applications, even if the primary objective is viewed to have failed.

1 Introduction to Heterobinuclear Catalysts for C–H Borylation

2 Pursuit of Thermal Borylation Conditions

3 Catalysts beyond Copper Carbenes

4 Conclusions
Myocardial Bridging : a study on the cadaveric hearts of the North Indian adult population
Authors: Mahajan Arpita , Patil Sachin , Vasudeva Neelam
Published: November 2019

Aims: Myocardial bridging is a common coronary anomaly characterized by the presence of a muscle bridge above an epicardial artery. It might be involved in development of several cardiovascular pathologies. The detailed anatomical study is required to help in diagnosing the myocardial bridging which has been dealt in the present study. Materials & Methods: The present study was carried out on thirty formalin-fixed adult hearts obtained after dissection of cadavers. The hearts were dissected to expose the coronary vessels. Presence of myocardial bridging was noted, photographed and recorded. Results: Myocardial bridges were found in 22 hearts, in at least one coronary artery or in one of its significant branches. Left coronary artery (LCA) was involved more than the right coronary artery (RCA). Left anterior descending artery showed maximum myocardial bridges which was most commonly seen in the middle third. Conclusion:The present study describes the morphological characteristics of the myocardial bridges in Indian cadavers which may serve as a reference for clinicians in conditions pertaining to heart.
A study on branching pattern of main portal vein
Authors: BR Chaitra , Deepak Seema , KR Dakshayani
Published: November 2019

Background: An intimate knowledge and awareness of branching patterns of main portal vein is necessary before hepatic surgeries. The presence of portal vein variants increases the risk of bile duct hilar anatomical variations also. This information may be of help for accurate radiological interpretation, to prevent complications like hemorrhage, difficult anastomosis in the recipient, ischemia in the graft and allograft failure at the time of liver transplantation. Hence the present study was conducted with the objective of observing the branching pattern of the main portal vein, to measure length of right portal vein and angle between right and left portal vein. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 84 liver specimens of human cadavers fixed with 5% formalin, collected from the Department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, MMC&RI, Mysore. The parameters were measured using image J software. Results: Bifurcation of main portal vein was seen in 75 liver specimens [89.3%]. Trifurcation of main portal vein was seen in 9 specimens [ 10.7%]. Mean angle between Right and left portal vein was 146.7°. Mean length of right portal vein was 2.27 cm. Conclusion: Knowledge of portal vein variations is critically significant in surgical resection and transplantation procedures. Resection of any portion of liver should be well planned and clear identification of sub segments of liver is necessary before surgery. Surgeons and radiologists must have a thorough understanding of variants in portal vein anatomy in order to prevent injury to portal vein and for successful radiological interventions.
Comparative study of dermatoglyphic patterns in identical twins
Authors: Anita R Gune , Satish Patki , Anand J Pote
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: Dermatoglyphics has been studied extensively in chromosomal disorders and also in various diseases. Identical twins cannot be distinguished based on DNA. It is claimed that identical twins can be distinguished based on their finger prints, retina, and thermogram and iris patterns. It will be really interesting to know whether the identical twins have same dermatoglyphic patterns or not. Materials and Methods: 24 pairs of identical twins were examined for quantitative and qualitative similarities of finger print patterns; patterns on the palm, ‘atd’angle, ‘a-b’ridge count and palmar creases. Finger prints were evaluated for loop, arch, whorl and the data was recorded. Paired sample correlation test was applied to analyse ‘a-b’ridge count and ‘atd’ angle. Results: We have found that on comparison of finger tip patterns there are differences of about 33.33%. ‘a-b’ridge count in cases studied showed mean range from 38.23 to 38.37 on right and left hands respectively. This indicates there is close similarity in the ‘a-b’ridge count of identical twins, ‘atd’ angle showed close similarity in mean ranging from 46.23 to 46.10 on right and left hand respectively. Conclusion: Finger tip patterns is superior parameter to differentiate Identical twins compared to ‘a-b’ridge count and ‘atd’ angle.
Branching pattern of tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel - a cadaveric study
Authors: Ramadoss Kalpana , Nanjundaiah Komala
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: Tibial nerve is the larger terminal branch of sciatic nerve, ends by dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves beneath the flexor retinaculum [Tarsal tunnel]. The level of bifurcation of the tibial nerve is differently quoted in text books and articles. The aim of the present study is to localize the level of bifurcation of tibial nerve. Materials and methods: 50 lower limbs from 25 cadavers available in the Department of anatomy, M.S. Ramaiah medical college and Bangalore medical college were used for the study. A reference line of 1 cm width ‘Medio Malleolar Calcaneal axis’ [MMC axis] made with OHP sheet was placed from tip of the medial malleolus of tibia to the medial tubercle of calcaneus and used as grid to classify the level of bifurcation of tibial nerve into 3 types. Type I, II, III represented the bifurcation proximal to, deep to and distal to this axis respectively. Results: Tibial nerve bifurcation was found to be type I in 92%, type II in 6%, type III in 2% of specimens. Most of the cases [32.6%] bifurcated between 5.1 to 10 mm proximal to MMC axis. The median distance of medial plantar nerve from medial malleolus was 21.28mm on left side and 20.735mm on right side. The mean of lateral plantar nerve from medial tubercle of calcaneus was 29.61mm on left side, and 28.6mm on right side. Conclusion: Detailed anatomical knowledge of tibial nerve prevents the damage to tibial nerve during various surgical procedures like fixation of fractures with external nailing of tarsal bones, medial displacement osteotomies and in tarsal tunnel surgeries.
Adrenal glands in normal and anomalous foetuses – a comparative study
Authors: C. Manju Madhavan
Published: November 2019

Background and aim: Foetal adrenal gland is an important factor which determines neonatal survival. Adrenal hypoplasia can result in respiratory distress and neonatal death. Due to many reasons, incidence of congenital anomalies is increasing but scientific advancement makes most of them correctable. So we found it important to assess the foetal adrenal glands in various congenital anomalies. Materials and methods: 72 human foetuses [stillborn and aborted] of 12-40 weeks of gestational age were autopsied to find out the presence of congenital anomalies, and their adrenal glands were collected for analysis. Autopsies were done in the Department of Pathology, Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. Morphological and histological examinations of the glands were done in The Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College Thiruvananthapuram. Out of 72 foetuses, 33 were normal and 39 were having various congenital anomalies. Statistical analysis of data was done using ANOVA table, graphs and bar diagrams. Result: Gross adrenal hypoplasia was noted in Cystic hygroma, Anencephaly and Erythroblastosis foetalis. Microscopically, miniature types of adrenal glands were found in Cystic hygroma and in Anencephaly. Morphological variations like disc shaped adrenal glands were noted in Omphalocoele and Renal agenesis. Adrenal hypoplasia was a constant feature in Cystic hygroma and became more evident with increasing gestational age. The observations were statistically significant. Conclusion: Adrenal hypoplasia is frequently associated with congenital anomalies especially cystic hygroma and may increase neonatal morbidity and mortality in such cases.
Two stage formation of median nerve in North-East Indian cadavers
Authors: Roy Rajat Dutta , Thakuria Santona , Bora Debabani , Das Tarini Kanta
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: The median nerve is formed by the union of the medial and lateral roots from the medial [C8, Tl] and lateral cords [C5, 6, 7] of brachial plexus respectively. The nerve is formed in the axilla embracing the axillary artery. Lateral root of median nerve is a terminal branch of lateral cord and medial root of median is a terminal branch of medial cord. Variations in the formation of the median nerve are common and have been reported by various authors. The aim of this study is to observe the variations in the formation of median nerve that would help in clinical evaluation. Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Jorhat Medical College, Jorhat. Fifteen embalmed and formalin fixed cadavers were studied for variation of the median nerve. The dissections were carried out according to the Cunningham’s Manual of practical Anatomy. In total 30 upper limb specimens were used for the study. Results: Out of 30 upper limbs, in three limbs [10%] there was duplication in the formation ofthe median nerve. Among the three, two specimens were of right side and one from the left side. Conclusion: We know that brachial plexus is located in axilla and axillary region is important not only from anatomical point of view but also from various clinical aspects as well. Awareness about the many variations of brachial plexus is important in understanding nerve blocks, diagnostic imaging, trauma and surgery.
Estimation of stature from head circumference in Gujarati adolescent population
Authors: Shah Ritesh K , Kanani Sanjay Kumar D , Patel Jitendra P , Nirvan Ashok B , Patel Bharat G
Published: November 2019

Background & aims: Establishing personal identity is one of prime objective in forensic investigation especially when the body is mutilated or certain body parts are missing. Height estimation is one of the main parameter in establishing the identity of the deceased and head circumference can be used to correctly estimate the height. Aim of current study was to establish anthropometric correlation of stature with head circumference in Gujarati adolescent population. Materials and Methods: 150 asymptomatic, apparently healthy, adolescent and adult medical students with age between 18 to 22 years belonging to various regions of Gujarat were selected. Head circumference and height of subjects were measured using a non-stretchable measuring tape in erect posture. Obtained data were analysed by regression analysis to derive regression equations for estimation of stature from head circumference. Results: We were able to calculate mean and SD of stature and head circumference, correlation coefficient and regression coefficient between head circumference and stature. We also derived the regression equations in order to estimate the stature from the head circumference. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that there is strong positive correlation between stature and head circumference. The regression equations obtained from the data can be used correctly to estimate the stature from the head circumference in Gujarati adolescent population.
Determination of gestational age by fetal kidney length during 28-36 weeks of pregnancy by ultrasonography
Authors: BN Shruthi , BS Vinay ,   Roopkala,   Praveen
Published: November 2019

Background: Accurate Gestational Age [GA] assessment is of great importance for sonologists and obstetricians in evaluations of fetal development and assessment of intrauterine growth. Aims: To establish a correlation between Fetal Kidney Length [FKL] with GA during 28-36weeks of pregnancy through ultrasonography and Comparing the accuracy of gestational age derived from mean FKL with other biometric parameters like bi-parietal diameter, head circumference, femur length and abdominal circumference and by the Last Menstrual Period [LMP]. Materials & methods: Sixty singleton uncomplicated pregnant women of different parity underwent standard ultrasound examination for foetal biometry like Bi-Parietal Diameter [BPD], Head Circumference [HC], Abdominal Circumference [AC], Femur Length [FL] and kidney length [bipolar] measurement in sagittal plane. The maximum kidney length was taken from upper pole to lower pole of any one foetal kidney in sagittal plane which was compared with GA obtained by LMP. The measurements obtained were statistically analysed by interclass correlation coefficient by using IBM- SPSS trial version 21.0 software. Results: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the GA estimated by clinical method [LMP] and FKL. The interclass correlation coefficient was 0.79 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.67 to 0.87 [p<0.001]. FKL could predict GA with an accuracy of± 2.19 wks [95% Cl 2.03 to 2.35 wks]. Conclusion: This proves that kidney length can be used as an additional parameter to confirm the GA and also essential in detection of intrauterine kidney development and in the evaluation of fetal growth.
A study of the gross anatomy of posterior communicating artery
Authors: Narayanan Sunitha
Published: November 2019

Background : The posterior communicating artery is the main collateral channel between internal carotid artery and verteberobasilar system. There are considerable variations in the posterior communicating artery which have both surgical and endovascular implications. Objectives: The present study aims to study the variations of posterior communicating artery such as hypoplasia and absence of the artery. The incidences of the three types of configurations of posterior communicating artery were also noted. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in 60 randomly selected brain specimens fixed in 10% formalin for 10 days in the department of Anatomy. The posterior communicating artery was carefully dissected and observed. Photographs were taken to document the observations. Results: The Posterior Communicating Artery was normal in 13 circles unilaterally [21.7%-Rt.l3%andLt.9.7%] and bilaterally in 30 circles [50%]. It was hypoplastic in 15% of circles unilaterally and in 10% of circles bilaterally. It was absent in 6.7% of circles unilaterally. Of the three configurations of posterior communicating artery, adult configuration was more common. The other two variant configurations, fetal and transitional were observed in 15% of cases unilaterally. Conclusions: An intact circle of Willis is essential for the stable and constant blood flow to the encephalon. Any changes in its morphology may condition the appearance and the severity of syndromes of vascular insufficiency in adults.
CT study of third and fourth ventricle size in South Indian subjects
Authors: Kumar S Arun , Kumari S Meena ,   Ravichandran D,   Rajeswari M
Published: November 2019

Background and aim: Assessment of normal dimension of cerebral ventricles is important for early detection of changes due to intrinsic and extrinsic pathology producing ventriculomegaly. Hence normal upper and lower limits of the cerebral ventricular system in various age groups and in both sexes are important for diagnosing it. Our aim is to establish a baseline reference value for the third and fourth ventricular width using Computed Tomogram [CT] for normal South Indian population. Materials and methods: 100 subjects aged between 5 to 90 years, comprising of 54 males and 46 females, with normal CT brain were analyzed. Subjects with intracranial and intraventricular pathology were excluded. Axial CT brain was obtained in Siemens Somatom scope multislice slice CT scanner. The widest diameter of the third and fourth ventricles on axial images using linear approach was measured. Student’s t test and one way analysis of variance was used. Results: Mean third ventricle size in male: 5.11 +/- 2.37 mm and in female: 4.35 +/- 2.08 mm. Mean fourth ventricle size in male: 13.40 +/- 1.66 mm and in female: 12.84 +/- 1.85 mm. Conclusion: The highest of the dimension in the third ventricle occurs in the highest age group of ≥60 years in both males and females. There was a steady rise in the third ventricle size across age groups until the seventh decade.
Tensor fasciae suralis : an accessory muscle in the posterior aspect of the lower extremity
Authors: Oommen Aswathy Maria , Girijakumari K , Ramnarayan Shobha
Published: November 2019

Variant muscles are a rarity and this is a case report of an accessory muscle which was seen in the back of thigh and popliteal fossa, on the left side, of a middle-aged male cadaver. This muscle measured 12.5cm in length and was attached to the hamstrings proximally, by two tendinous slips. The distal end merged with the deep fascia of the back of leg. The muscle was innervated by the tibial nerve. Referring to similar cases reported earlier, it is concluded that this is a rare, accessory muscle named tensor fasciae suralis.
Blended learning pedagogy for teaching and learning Anatomy
Authors: Ponraj Durairaj
Published: November 2019

Teaching and learning of human anatomy involves cadavers, bones, histology slides, plastinated body parts, anatomy models, visualizing pictures, drawing and memorizing many new Latin terminologies. It is very challenging for faculty members to teach and difficult to learn for any year one student doing medical or health science courses. This paper provides an insight into the use of a blended learning pedagogy using Computer Based Teaching [CBT] along with other tools to create e-Leaming materials for teaching and learning of human Anatomy with better learning outcomes. We focus on four CBTs developed in-house for blended learning by the biological sciences department, namely HistoBox, BoneBox, Heart & Coronary Artery Disease [CAD] and Neuro atlas for Anatomy and Physiology. The survey result on students learning using CBTs showed significant improvements in their learning behavior and assessment grades. The students preferred blended e-Leaming using HistoBox compared with traditional lecture and practical using microscopy, p<0.001. Our student survey revealed that 93% of the students agreed that the BoneBox CBT helped them to understand and learn the subj ects better than the traditional methods. About 88% of the students also agreed that the BoneBox used in blended learning helped them to improve in their practical test grades. 98% of the students rated the BoneBox CBT pedagogy as good and excellent approach for learning with interactive features. The case-scenarios and assessment quizzes used in the CBT improved the higher order critical thinking skills. One interesting finding of the survey showed that students preferred interactive quizzes and assessment tools than game based learning activity. The tools used in our blended learning are YouTube videos, e-books, mobile apps, kahoot, socrative, padiet and articulate storyline2. We use these tools for both synchronous and asynchronous learning activities. Most of the online learning materials are administered online using the “Blackboard” learning management system [LMS]. The department of biological science over time gradually moved away from the traditional 100% face-to-face classroom teaching to at least 30% of online blended learning methods using the CBTs and other e-Leaming materials. We compared the student module evaluation feedback and the students’ performance grade over the past 12 years and found that the use of blended e-Leaming has improved our student module delivery rating and student performance grades. Our module delivery ratings improved from 92.6% in 2004 to 96.4% in 2010 and finally to 99.85% in 2016 There is also a corresponding drop in student failure rates from 14.1% in 2004 to 8.5% in 2010 and finally to about 1.3% in 2016. We propose the use of blended learning pedagogy for teaching and learning Anatomy over traditional 100% face-to-face teaching to improve module delivery and students’ learning outcomes.
A Cytogenetic Study of Chromosomal Abnormalities in first trimester abortions in different maternal age groups
Authors: Kazi Shahin , Keche Harsha A. ,   Kotwaliwale
Published: November 2019

Background : Approximately 15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies end in spontaneous abortions. Chromosomal disorders are responsible for 50% of the spontaneous abortions. Most commonly it occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy. Aim : To study the cytogenetic analysis of chorion villous tissue in 50 cases of abortion in age groups of 19-40 years. Material and Methods : Cytogenetic analysis was performed by implementing standard protocol of planting, harvesting, banding and screening. The karyotypes were prepared and observed under microscope. Statistical analysis was done by calculating the percentage of abnormal abortions in relation to maternal age. Results : It was observed that maximum abortion took place between 25-34 years of maternal age. The rate of abortion with trisomy was maximum followed by polyploidy and monosomy. It was seen that rate of abortion with monosomy decreases with increase in maternal age. Contrary to this trisomy increased with increase in maternal age. Conclusion : Cytogenetic study revealed that the rate of trisomie abortions increased with the increase in maternal age.
Peer-assisted learning [PAL] as a teaching-learning tool in radioanatomy for first MBBS students
Authors: Kulkarni Saurabh Prakash , Kulkarni Pratima R. , Damke Sachin
Published: November 2019

Background : Cognitive development, motivation and confidence building among tomorrows practitioners forms basis of today's medical education. Learning through social interaction, discussing, clarifying doubts from peers can facilitate process of understanding and implementing knowledge and skills. Objectives: To introduce Peer-assisted learning [PAL] in radioanatomy and to assess efficacy and utility of Peer-assisted learning [PAL] in radio anatomy. To gather perception of students regarding PAL. Methods: Sensitization regarding PAL to students was given. Pre test Objective structured practical examination [OSPE] followed by PAL sessions where five peer tutors conducted session for rest of the batch describing all five selected radiographs. Post test OSPE was conducted for knowledge gain. Separate questionnaire evaluated peer tutors and peer students responses. Focused group discussion were conducted to collect feedback from students regarding PAL. Results: 72.5% of peer students agreed on appropriate time management by peer tutors, 68% agreed the explanation and elaboration was appropriate, 66% agreed that important facts were emphasized and 86% agreed the session was interesting. Post test results showed maximum knowledge gain was seen in identification of radiographs. Peer tutors felt their confidence level, time management understanding improved. Conclusion: Peer assisted learning session aroused interest in study and was more informative for students. Peer tutors acquired confidence and could explore their teaching skill.
The study of relation between the gestational age of human fetuses and the diaphyseal length of humerus using ultrasonography
Authors: Rao B R Chaithra , Sreepadma Sunkeswari ,   Kaighatgi R N
Published: November 2019

Background and Objectives: Ultrasonography is the most effective way to date pregnancy and to estimate the fetal weight in obstetric clinics. Currently, the diaphyseal length of humerus is used as a new parameter to estimate gestational age. The study evaluates the diaphyseal length of humerus as a parameter to estimate the gestational age of the fetus at the time of examination and to assess the growth pattern of humerus with advancing gestational age. Methods: The study was done on 152 antenatal women aged between 20 to 30 years of gestational ages from 15 to 40 weeks from the district of Dharwad, Karnataka, Subjects with maternal disease known to affect normal fetal growth wete excluded. The diaphyseal length of humerus was measured by radiologist in a standardized manner. The study describes the relationship of the diaphyseal length of humerus in centimeters, with the advancing gestational age in weeks. Results: It was observed that the diaphyseal length of humerus gradually increased from 15 weeks to 40 weeks of gestation and that the relationship is linear and direct. Normograms of diaphyseal lengths of humerus can be constructed by the formula derived by this study for this particular geographical area. Conclusion: The relationship between the diaphyseal length of humerus and the gestational age is linear and direct. The measurement of the diaphyseal lengths of humerus [in cm] can be an important additional parametet for estimating gestational age along with other parameters.
Sex differences and other correlations of Human Corpus Callosum: A review
Authors: Sharma D. K.
Published: November 2019

There is a wide spectrum in the field of sex differences and other correlation in human corpus callosum. More recent literatures have raised doubts as to whether the anatomic size of the corpus is actually different. The aim of this review article is to bring out the actual facts about gender distinction and various associations in human corpus callosum. Related literatures in the subject were reviewed through electronic database like PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar, Web of science and conclusion was derived comparing the similarities, dissimilarity and relationship of corpus callosum. A simple ratio of corpus callosum to whole brain size is not an appropriate way to analyse data and can create a false impression of dimorphism in the corpus callosum. Overall no sex difference could be found in the size of the corpus callosum, whether ornot explanation was taken oflarger male brain size. RecentMRI studies showed no difference in thickness of the corpus callosum when accounting for the size of the subject. The corpus callosum has been reported to be larger in musicians, left-handed persons whereas smaller in children with dyslexia. Hypogenesis, dysgenesis and agenesis of corpus callosum are rare congenital anomalies presented with feeding problems and delays in holding the head erect during sitting, standing & walking; and impairments in mental & physical development, hand-eye coordination and visual & auditory memory.
OEIS complex – a rare developmental anomaly
Authors: Lakshmi Gaddam Vijaya , Abraham Jacob , Mathew Deena Sara
Published: November 2019

OEIS complex is a rare congenital anomaly comprising of the following four components: Omphalocoele, Exstrophy of cloaca, Imperforate anus and Spinal defects. It fonns the extreme end of exstrophy-epispadias complex [BEC] of congenital defects. It is associated with anomalies of gastro-intestioaI, urinary and genital systems. External genitalia are bifid, if present. Etiology is not clear. It can be diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound on visualization of 'diaper type' of distribution of anomalies, along with malformations of the limbs. The condition causes severe psychosocial trauma to the parents and family members. In live births, surgical interventions in several stages, are perfonned by skilled expertise only at selected tertiary health care centers. Outcome is highly variable. Prenatal identification of the condition is necessary to give adequate counselling, and have proper planning of the delivery and postnatal management of the baby.
Study of vascular segments of the kidney by vascular injection method
Authors: Lucas A Martin , Fernandes Sanjay Joseph , Quadras Pranup Roshan , Benedicta R Roshni
Published: November 2019

Background & aims : Kidneys are the main excretory organs in our body. About one-fifth of the total cardiac output is supplied to the kidneys via renal arteries. This study focusses on renal artery branching pattern which is very useful for various surgical procedures. This study is done by taking a cast of vascular segments of kidney by injecting a silicone rubber into the renal arteries using RTV 116 silicone rubber. Materials and metbods : Kidney specimens from well embalmed cadavers were taken and a flowable silicone rubber is injected into the renal arteries via a cannula. Then the arteries were ligated and kept aside to solidify. Next step was to bring about degradation of the kidney tissue to leave behind the silicone rubber residue of the branching pattern by immersing the organ in KOH solution. Result: Branching pattern was observed and documented in all 20 specimens. Conclusion: Knowledge of the branching pattern of renal artery is instrumental in surgeries for it to be a success and more so in renal transplants. Thus, this study would help to provide a better picture of vascularization of the kidney along with its segmental pattern.
Coronary artery anomalies in North Indian population: a conventional coronary angiographic study
Authors: Diwan Yogesh , Diwan Deepa , Chauhan Randhir S. , Negi Prakash C.
Published: November 2019

Background: Anomalies of origin and course of one or both coronary arteries, with or without symptoms, are of special interest for anatomists, interventional cardiologists, and cardiac surgeons. Aims: To estimate the prevalence of coronary anomalies and their clinical aspects in North Indian population. Material and Methods: Study was done on patients undergoing coronary angiography for suspected coronary artery disease or for coronary intervention at a tertiary care centre in North India. Results: A total of 1130 patients [803 males, 327 females and mean age 57.37°10.60 years] were reviewed for coronary artery anomalies. Overall incidence of Coronary artery anomalies was 13 [1.15%] and was 1% in men and 1.53% in women. 38.46% of these patients were found to have ectopic origin of left circumflex [LCx] and in 23.08% of cases, ectopic origin of right coronary artery [RCA] was noted. Separate orifice for left anterior descending [LAD] and LCx in left coronary sinus [LCS] was observed in 0.27% cases, coronary artery fistula [CAF] in 0.09% cases and single coronary artery from LCS was found in 0.09% cases. Conclusions: The most common coronary anomalies were origin of LCx from RCA and presence of separate orifice for LAD and LCx in LCS. Dominance, gender and coronary artery disease [CAD] have no association with coronary anomalies.
High-Tech Diagnostic Methods and Enteroscopic Treatment of Children with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Authors: Kirakosyan Evgeniya , Lokhmatov Maxim
Published: November 2019

Introduction Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary hamartomatous polyposis with predominant localization in the jejunum and ileum and high risk of bowel perforation after traditional polypectomy. The modern enteroscopy is the only possible technique for visualizing and performing intraluminal endoscopic microsurgical manipulations in the deep sections of the small intestine. The study aims to develop an optimal method for the diagnosis and treatment of polyps in children with PJS.

Materials and Methods During 2015 to 2018 we conducted 30 comprehensive examinations of children with PJS in The Department of Endoscopic Research of the National Medical Research Center for Children's Health. We performed esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy with removal of polyps more than 7 mm, then video capsule endoscopy and, guided by this, therapeutic single-balloon enteroscopy. Our technique for removal of polyps is general in all parts: (1) creating a “resistant pillow”; (2) electroexcision of polyp; (3) clipping the removal site.

Results Successfully performed electroexcision of polyps, which were located in the deep parts of the small intestine at a distance of 30 segments (one segment is 10 cm), reached a diameter of 2.5 cm, had a long pedicle. The postoperative period was uneventful.

Conclusion We have developed an optimal method of diagnostic and therapeutic measures, the observance of which allows us to avoid delayed perforations of the small intestine in the area of polypectomy in the postoperative period in children with PJS. Thanks to this technique, modern enteroscopy is becoming the only possible alternative to bowel resection in children with PJS.
Drill and Fill Technique for the Treatment of Scaphoid Delayed Unions and Nonunions
Authors: Lee Dennis S. , Lee David T. , Uppuganti Sasidhar , Perrien Daniel S. , Pappas Nicholas D. , Reasoner Kaitlyn , Lee Donald H.
Published: November 2019

Background This article reviews the results of a surgical technique using three iterations of drilling, autologous cancellous bone grafting (filling), and use of an intraosseous compression screw for the treatment of nondisplaced or minimally displaced scaphoid delayed unions or nonunions.

Methods Part 1—Cadaveric study: Three cadaveric scaphoids underwent stained cancellous bone graft packing and headless cannulated compression screw placement using a single iteration of drilling and graft packing. Three additional scaphoids were allocated to the triple “drill and fill” group, and underwent three iterations of drilling and graft packing before screw insertion. Graft particle distribution on mid-sagittal sections was assessed under fluorescence microscopy. Comparison of normalized areas between the single and triple “drill and fill” groups was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.

Part 2—Clinical study: Twelve patients with minimally displaced scaphoid delayed unions and nonunions treated between April 2007 and December 2013 with the triple “drill and fill” technique were included. The average follow-up was 60.4 weeks. Two fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists independently reviewed images for fracture healing.

Results By the histomorphometric analysis, there was improved autograft distribution along the screw tract, particularly within the proximal pole, with three iterations of drilling and filling. Clinically, 11 of 12 delayed unions and nonunions had healed.

Conclusion Our results support the use of the “drill and fill” technique as an option for the treatment of select nondisplaced or minimally displaced scaphoid nonunions and delayed unions at the waist without avascular necrosis of the proximal pole.

Level of Evidence This is a Level IV study.
Light-controlled flexible tunable grating-based absorption spectroscopy for gas detection
Authors: Wang Fei , Jia Shuhai , Wang Yonglin , Tang Zhenhua , Dong Jun , Xu Shunjian
Published: November 2019

Based on absorption spectroscopy, a spectrum measurement method utilizing light-controlled tunable grating (LTG) is presented for detecting combustible and explosive gases. When the broadband light with gas spectral absorption information is incident on the LTG, the pitch of the LTG is changed continuously under the illumination of controlled driving light. By analyzing diffraction light from the LTG, the information of the absorption spectrum can be obtained, thereby achieving the detection of the target gas. Owing to the usage of optical drive grating, a wavelength scanning over a wide range can be realized without any involvement of electronic components. For practical application, our proposal measurement method was utilized for methane detection, and the corresponding results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Enhanced photoredox activity of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals by quantitative colloidal ligand exchange
Authors: Lu Haipeng , Zhu Xiaolin , Miller Collin , San Martin Jovan , Chen Xihan , Miller Elisa M. , Yan Yong , Beard Matthew C.
Published: November 2019

Quantitative colloidal ligand exchange on lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) has remained a challenge due to the dynamic passivation of amines and carboxylic acids and the instability of core lead-halide perovskite systems. Here, we present a facile colloidal ligand exchange process using cinnamate acid ligands to quantitatively displace native oleate ligands on CsPbBr3 NCs. The short cinnamate ligands lead to a 23-fold enhancement of the electron-donating ability of the CsPbBr3 NCs when benzoquinone is used as an electron acceptor. A significantly increased photoredox activity is also observed in a complete photocatalytic reaction: the α-alkylation of aldehydes. Our results provide a new strategy to tune the photoredox activity of halide perovskite NCs as well as the exploration of NC-ligand interactions.
Effect of meter-range electromagnetic irradiation on the current-voltage characteristics of wide superconducting films
Authors: Zolochevskii I. V. , Terekhov A. V. , Bezuglyi E. V. , Ischenko L. O. , Khristenko E. V.
Published: November 2019

We experimentally studied the effect of meter-range electromagnetic field (tens of MHz) on the current-voltage characteristic (I-V curve) of a wide superconducting film. The vortex resistivity region is shown to significantly extend under the effect of meter-range (MR) electromagnetic irradiation owing to rapid suppression of critical current with a slower change in the upper boundary of stability of the vortex state. We found that as the MR irradiation power increases, the I-V curve structure related to phase slip lines is smoothed out to eventually vanish. A model of the film I-V curve in the adiabatic regime is proposed that explains the effect of blurring of voltage steps and suppression of critical current.
Effect of long-range 1/r interaction on thermal and quantum depletion of a dipolar quasi-two-dimensional Bose gas
Authors: Tamaddonpur Moulud , Yavari Heshmatollah , Saeidi Zahra
Published: November 2019

The depletion of a quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) dipolar Bose condensed gas in the presence of both contact and long-range 1/r interactions is investigated in the framework of Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) approximation. When the characteristic wavelength of a mode is much larger than the trap size, the dipole-dipole (DD) interaction can be treated as a contact interaction and in the low momentum limit the long-range nature of the 1/r interaction has the dominant contribution and leads to the nonlinear (nonphononic) dispersion relation. We will show that quantum depletion is temperature independent and is determined by the contact, DD and longrange 1/r coupling constants (ɛdd = gd/g and C). The the quantum depletion is affected by long-range 1/r interaction and at large momentum limits the momentum dependence of quantum depletion unaffected by 1/r interaction.
The effect of high-temperature annealing on the temperature dependence of the pseudogap of YBa2Cu3O7–δ single crystals irradiated with high-energy electrons
Authors: Khadzhai G. Ya. , Vovk R. V. , Nazyrov Z. F.
Published: November 2019

The effect of high-temperature annealing on the basal-plane conductivity of HTSC YBa2Cu3O7–δ single crystals irradiated with high-energy electrons is investigated. It is found that the excess conductivity Δσ(Т) of YBa2Cu3O7–δ single crystals in a broad temperature range Tf<T<T∗ is described by an exponential temperature dependence. Moreover, the description of excess conductivity using the Δσ∼exp(Δab∗/T) relation can be interpreted in terms of the mean-field theory, where T∗ is presented as the average field temperature of the transition to the pseudogap (PG) state, and the temperature dependence of that pseudogap is adequately described in terms of the BCS-BEC crossover theory. The high-temperature annealing results in an unexpected phenomenon: the absolute value of the pseudogap is increased, and the excess conductivity is generally decreased with respect to the initial unirradiated sample.
Genetic diversity status and conservation priority of hatchery-produced offspring populations of Fenneropenaeus chinensis by microsatellite DNA
Authors: Song Na , Li Pengfei , Zhang Xiumei , Gao Tianxiang
Published: November 2019

The Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis is an important economic species in China. To evaluate the genetic diversity of hatchery-produced offspring of F. chinensis, 15 populations were collected from three provinces in China and analysed using nine microsatellite DNA loci. High values for expected and observed heterozygosity (He and Ho respectively), as well as for polymorphism information content (PIC), were obtained (He=0.845–0.905, Ho=0.507–0.766, PIC=0.834–0.891), and no loss of genetic variability was detected in F. chinensis in this study. The genetic differentiation among 15 populations was small, suggesting genetic homogeneity among hatchery-produced offspring. The results of the present study indicate that the most immediate and effective conservation priority for F. chinensis in Chinese coastal waters should be maintaining the current genetic diversity. Genetic monitoring should be performed to maintain an effective population size and avoid loss of genetic diversity.
Mechanisms of noncanonical binding dynamics in multivalent protein–protein interactions
Authors: Errington Wesley J. , Bruncsics Bence , Sarkar Casim A.
Published: November 2019

Significance

Multivalency can enhance molecular affinity and specificity by modulating binding kinetics through proximity-induced effective concentrations. The effective concentrations between multivalent protein ligands and receptors depend on their structures, but a mechanistic framework linking biophysical and biochemical properties has not been well established. Here, we present a mathematical model that, without parameter fitting, can predict observed multivalent binding kinetics by considering the full network of microstate binding configurations, with the dynamics of each microstate dictated by monomer kinetics and protein structure. The model provides molecular-level understanding of macroscopic, noncanonical binding kinetics; identifies rate-determining parameters and microstates; and elucidates mechanisms and design principles that relate the networked ensemble to the strength and duration of interaction, facilitating rational engineering of multivalent binding dynamics.
The physiological and perceptual responses of stand‐up paddle board exercise in a laboratory‐ and field‐setting
Authors: Willmott Ashley G. B. , Sayers Benjamin , Brickley Gary
Published: November 2019

This study quantified the physiological and perceptual responses of stand‐up paddle boarding (SUP) during a range of stroke rates in a laboratory‐ and field‐setting. Ten participants (eight male, two female; mean ± standard deviation [SD] age: 23 ± 3 years; body mass: 70.5 ± 9.1 kg; height: 170 ± 9 cm; body mass index [BMI]: 24.3 ± 1.5 kg m2) completed a SUP ⩒O2peak trial, and two SUP trials in both a laboratory‐ and field‐setting (5‐min at 10, 20 and 30 strokes min−1 per stage). Energy expenditure (EE), metabolic equivalents (METs), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout. In the laboratory‐setting, mean ± SD EE and METs increased (P < .001) linearly when SUP at 10 (3.3 ± 1.0 kcal min−1, 2.7 ± 0.5), 20 (5.5 ± 0.9 kcal min−1, 4.4 ± 0.7) and 30 strokes min−1 (7.6 ± 1.6 kcal min−1, 6.1 ± 1.2), respectively. During these efforts, mean ± SD percentage of maximal HR were 56 ± 5%, 69 ± 6% and 84 ± 8%, respectively. In the field‐setting, mean ± SD EE and METs also increased (P < .001) linearly when SUP at 10 (3.6 ± 0.9 kcal min−1, 2.7 ± 0.9), 20 (4.3 ± 1.8 kcal min−1, 3.5 ± 1.0) and 30 strokes min−1 (6.3 ± 2.1 kcal min−1, 4.6 ± 1.4). During the three conditions, mean ± SD percentage of maximal HR were 58 ± 8%, 65 ± 7% and 73 ± 9%. SUP at ≥20 strokes min−1 in the laboratory‐ and field‐setting meet the criteria for moderate‐intensity exercise (3.0–5.9 METs). These findings may now be included in the latest Compendium of Physical Activities guidelines and offer the potential to improve cardiorespiratory fitness if SUP is undertaken regularly by young, healthy adults.
Community-Based Environmental Management Through The Payments for Environmental Services Program in Cidanau Watershed, Banten Province, Indonesia
Authors: Sunaedi N. , Hadi S. P. , Bambang A. N.
Published: November 2019

Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are seen as an effort to preserve and used environmentally sustainable manner. The program is believed to bridge two different interests, such as the people who inhabit in the upstream watershed who are generally poor farmers with land holding less than one hectare with urban communities. The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of PES in Cidanau watershed. The field data were processed using descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that PES in Cidanau watershed started in 2003 and has entered phase two (the second 5 years), followed by 15 farmer groups to target land area of 520 hectares. The value of contracts signed through a memorandum of agreement with PT. KTI as a buyer to a group of farmer-members (sellers) through Communication Forum of Cidanau watershed (FKDC) as organizational managers is IDR 4 billion for 2019. For farmer groups of an initial contract for five years was paid IDR 1.2 million per hectare per year will increase to 1.75 million per hectare per year for five-years contract. The implementation of PES in Cidanau watershed relatively was well proved by increasing number of farmers who are interested in becoming participants of PES. The implications of PES program for environment are increased forest cover and maintained water discharge. In addition, teh program has increased income for farmers in upstream watershed.
Self-governing “Green Alley” implementation as the Solution to address environmental challenge of public housing in Depok City
Authors: Kristiyantoro B. , Simarmata H. A.
Published: November 2019

Conflict between increasing residential density and demand for comfortable life in a growing city is inevitable. This occurs not only in urban areas, but also at neighborhood level. These issues are increasingly aggravated by perception towards urban society characters, which are considered individualistic and ignorant to their residential environment. Collective efforts in resolving the issues are deemed as challenging. RW 16 in Baktijaya sub-district was selected as the research location because it is one of the first public housing projects, which was built around 1980 in the suburban areas of Jakarta. This research begins with two questions: “What is the history of landscape transformation in RW 16 of Baktijaya sub-district?” and “How did the community promote collective actions in addressing the greening problems in their settlement?” Primary data were collected by conducting transect walk and in-depth semi-structured interviews with several key informants. This study found several findings. First, based on historical transect, there has been a significant landscape transformation from 40% of Building Coverage Ratio (BCR) in 1980 to 90% to 100% BCR in 2017, which have reduced open green space in the public housing area. The second finding of this study represents a unique lesson. The citizens have created a new structure, with emphasize on spatial awareness and collective supports that have enabled them to become a community with a robust social capital, that can collectively respond to environmental issues. Collective efforts generate creativity in using space between buildings and streets and turning them into green corridor, which was refreshing the residential nuance. Various green competitions have allowed the community to express and channel their creative ideas. Collective efforts to convert aridity into green corridor in RW 16 of Baktijaya sub-district can be referred to as an interesting solution to resolve greening problems in urban area.