bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Baclofen reestablishes μ‐opioid receptor levels modified by morphine withdrawal syndrome in either sex
Authors: Diaz Silvina L. , Kemmling Alma K. , Bonavita Carla D. , Rubio Modesto C. , Balerio Graciela N.
Published: July 2004

We have previously shown that the GABAB agonist baclofen (BAC) prevents the expression of morphine (MOR) withdrawal syndrome in male as well as female mice. In addition, we have demonstrated that BAC reestablishes the dopamine levels modified by MOR withdrawal syndrome in male mice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the μ‐opioid receptor binding parameters in striatum and frontal cortex of male and female mice during MOR withdrawal and its prevention with BAC. Prepubertal Swiss‐Webster mice of either sex were rendered dependent by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of MOR (2 mg/kg) twice daily for 9 days. On the tenth day, dependent animals received naloxone (NAL) (6 mg/kg, i.p.) 60 min after the last dose of MOR and another pool of dependent mice received BAC (2 mg/kg, i.p.) previous to NAL injection. Thirty min after NAL or saline injection mice were sacrificed, brains were collected, and the striatum and frontal cortex were dissected in order to perform binding studies with [3H][DAMGO]. The density of μ‐opioid receptor increased significantly during MOR withdrawal in male and female striatum as well as in male cortex. In addition, in both brain areas the Bmax was higher in male than in female mice during MOR withdrawal. Finally, BAC pretreatment of MOR withdrawn mice reestablished the levels of μ‐opioid receptor by significantly decreasing the Bmax in either sex. In conclusion, although there were sex differences in the μ‐opioid receptor density during MOR withdrawal syndrome, BAC was able to reestablish the changes in binding parameters induced by the NAL‐precipitated withdrawal in female and male mice. Synapse 54:24–29, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solvent‐free low‐dimensional polymer electrolytes for lithium–polymer batteries
Authors: Zheng Yungui , Lui Janguo , Ungar Goran , Wright Peter V.
Published: July 2004

The development of solvent‐free low‐dimensional polymer electrolytes intended for use in solvent‐free lithium batteries operating at ambient or sub‐ambient temperatures is described. The synthetic routes to the amphiphilic polymers I having 5‐alkoxy‐3,4‐phenylene units connected with oligoethoxy segments via polyester–ether or pure polyether links (abbrev. CmOn, m = 12, 16, 18, n = 1–5) and to the copolymers CmO1–CmOn are described. The structures, thermal properties and SAXS long spacings of their complexes with lithium salts (type A) and with long chain n‐alkane or alkyl side chain intercalation (type B) are discussed. However, high ambient conductivities (10−4–10−3 S cm−1) are observed in type C systems when a second copolymer based on polytetramethylene oxide segments (II) is incorporated as a microphase between the lamellae of I and serving as an ion bridge or “glue”. DC polarization between Li electrodes also gives ambient conductivities ≥ca.10−3 S cm−1. In type D systems the I/II interface is stabilized by including a copolymer III, promoting high reproducibility in performance. Copolymers I of CmO1–CmO5 having CmO1 in excess give optimum conductivities with low temperature‐dependence. This, together with molecular modeling, suggests uncoupled ion mobilities by hopping between small aggregates in the interlamellar spaces. © 2004 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 4: 176–191; 2004: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20012
Electron transport in bipyridinium films
Authors: Raymo Françisco M. , Alvarado Robert J.
Published: July 2004

Bipyridinium dications are versatile building blocks for the assembly of functional materials. In particular, their reliable electrochemical response has encouraged the design of electroactive films. Diverse and elegant experimental strategies to coat metallic and semiconducting electrodes with bipyridinium compounds have, in fact, emerged over the past two decades. The resulting interfacial assemblies span from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness. They incorporate from a single molecular layer to large collections of entangled polymer chains. They transport electrons efficiently from the electrode surface to the film/solution interface and vice versa. Electron self‐exchange between and the physical diffusion of the bipyridinium building blocks conspire in defining the charge transport properties of these fascinating electroactive assemblies. Often, the matrix of electron‐deficient bipyridinium dications can be exploited to entrap electron‐rich analytes. Electrostatic interactions promote the supramolecular association of the guests with the surface‐confined host matrix. Furthermore, chromophoric sites can be coupled to the bipyridinium dications to produce photosensitive arrays capable of harvesting light and generating current. Thus, thorough investigations on the fundamental properties of these functional molecule‐based materials can lead to promising applications in electroanalysis and solar energy conversion, while contributing to advances in the basic understanding of electron transport in interfacial assemblies. © 2004 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 4: 204–218; 2004: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20013
Antianxiety and antidepressant‐like effects of AC‐5216, a novel mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor ligand
Authors: Kita Atsuko , Kohayakawa Hitoshi , Kinoshita Tomoko , Ochi Yoshiaki , Nakamichi Keiko , Kurumiya Satoshi , Furukawa Kiyoshi , Oka Makoto
Published: July 2004

We investigated the ability of N‐benzyl‐N‐ethyl‐2‐(7,8‐dihydro‐7‐methyl‐8‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐9H‐purin‐9‐yl)acetamide (AC‐5216), a novel mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor (MBR) ligand, to produce anti‐anxiety and antidepressant‐like effects in various animal models.

AC‐5216 showed high affinity for MBRs prepared from rat whole brain (Ki 0.297 nM), rat glioma cells (IC50 3.04 nM) and human glioma cells (IC50 2.73 nM), but only negligible affinity for the other main receptors including central benzodiazepine receptors.

AC‐5216 produced anti‐anxiety effects in the Vogel‐type conflict test in rats, and in the light/dark box and social interaction tests in mice at 0.1–3, 0.003–0.01 and 0.01–0.3 mg kg−1, p.o., respectively. These effects of AC‐5216 were antagonized by PK11195, an MBR antagonist. In the forced swimming test in rats, AC‐5216 (3–30 mg kg−1, p.o.) reduced the immobility time, and this effect was blocked by PK11195.

AC‐5216 had no myorelaxant effects, did not affect the memory or prolong hexobarbitone‐induced sleep in mice, even at doses as high as 1000 mg kg−1, p.o. Although it did slightly prolong the ethanol‐induced sleep time at 1000 mg kg−1, AC‐5216 (1–100 mg kg−1, p.o.) produced no distinct change in the rat electroencephalogram.

These results indicate that AC‐5216 produces anti‐anxiety and antidepressant‐like effects that are mediated by MBR, but does not cause the side effects normally associated with conventional benzodiazepines. Hence, AC‐5216 shows potential for the treatment of stress‐related disorders including anxiety and depression.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 1059–1072. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705681
Importance of ERK1/2 in upregulation of endothelin type B receptors in cerebral arteries
Authors: Henriksson Marie , Xu Cang‐Bao , Edvinsson Lars
Published: July 2004

This study examines the importance of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in upregulation of endothelin type B (ETB) receptors.

Rat middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) were incubated for 24 h with or without kinase inhibitors. Vessel segments were mounted in myographs and the contractile responses to endothelin‐1 (ET‐1; ETA and ETB receptor agonist) and sarafotoxin 6c (S6c; ETB receptor agonist) were studied. We used real‐time PCR to measure the receptor mRNA levels. An ELISA assay showed the activation of ERK1/2 kinases after 3 h. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of ETB receptors on the vessels.

After organ culture, S6c induced vasoconstriction. Incubation with the MEK/ERK inhibitors U0126 and SB386023 diminished the contractile response to S6c. The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB239063 did not affect the S6c‐induced contraction.

The ET‐1‐induced vasoconstriction was increased after incubation with SB386023 or SB239063, while unaffected by U0126.

The ETB receptor mRNA levels were diminished by SB386023 and U0126. The ETA receptor mRNA levels were unaffected.

The levels of activated ERK1/2 kinases were significantly higher after 3 h of organ culture as compared to fresh vessels.

The level of ETB receptor protein on the smooth muscle cells of the MCA, visualised by immunohistochemistry, was somewhat diminished by SB386023.

Our results show that the ERK1/2 MAPK is important in the upregulation of contractile ETB receptors in MCA after organ culture. Since there is a similar upregulation in models of focal ischaemia and subarachnoid haemorrhage, this may be an important pathophysiological event.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 1155–1161. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705803
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) antagonists: blockers of neuronal transmission in migraine
Authors: Brain Susan D
Published: July 2004

The neuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator that is contained in and released from sensory nerves. CGRP has been implicated in migraine, and the nonpeptide CGRP antagonist BIBN4096BS has been shown to be effective in clinical trials in migraine. To date, it has been largely assumed that the CGRP antagonist is effective due to its ability to block vasodilator activity. Goadsby and co‐workers present data that now suggest that CGRP antagonists may also block neuronal transmission in migraine.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 1053–1054. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705806
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) modulates nociceptive trigeminovascular transmission in the cat
Authors: Storer Robin James , Akerman Simon , Goadsby Peter J
Published: July 2004

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is released into the cranial circulation of humans during acute migraine. To determine whether CGRP is involved in neurotransmission in craniovascular nociceptive pathways, we microiontophoresed onto neurons in the trigeminocervical complex and intravenously administered the CGRP receptor antagonists α‐CGRP‐(8–37) and BIBN4096BS.

Cats were anaesthetised with α‐chloralose, and using halothane during surgical preparation. A craniotomy and C1/C2 laminectomy allowed access to the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and recording site. Recordings of activity in the trigeminocervical complex evoked by electrical stimulation of the SSS were made. Multibarrelled micropipettes incorporating a recording electrode were used for microiontophoresis of test substances.

Cells recorded received wide dynamic range (WDR) or nociceptive specific (NS) input from cutaneous receptive fields on the face or forepaws. Cell firing was increased to 25–30 Hz by microiontophoresis of L‐glutamate (n=43 cells).

Microiontophoresis of α‐CGRP excited seven of 17 tested neurons.

BIBN4096BS inhibited the majority of units (26 of 38 cells) activated by L‐glutamate, demonstrating a non‐presynaptic site of action for CGRP. α‐CGRP‐(8–37) inhibited a similar proportion of units (five of nine cells).

Intravenous BIBN4096BS resulted in a dose‐dependent inhibition of trigeminocervical SSS‐evoked activity (ED50 31 μg kg–1). The maximal effect observed within 30 min of administration.

The data suggest that there are non‐presynaptic CGRP receptors in the trigeminocervical complex that can be inhibited by CGRP receptor blockade and that a CGRP receptor antagonist would be effective in the acute treatment of migraine and cluster headache.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 1171–1181. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705807
Role of nuclear factor‐κB and heme oxygenase‐1 in the mechanism of action of an anti‐inflammatory chalcone derivative in RAW 264.7 cells
Authors: Alcaraz María José , Vicente Ana María , Araico Amparo , Dominguez José N , Terencio María Carmen , Ferrándiz María Luisa
Published: July 2004

The synthetic chalcone 3′,4′,5′,3,4,5‐hexamethoxy‐chalcone (CH) is an anti‐inflammatory compound able to reduce nitric oxide (NO) production by inhibition of inducible NO synthase protein synthesis. In this work, we have studied the mechanisms of action of this compound.

CH (10–30 μM) prevents the overproduction of NO in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (1 μg ml−1) due to the inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) activation.

We have shown that treatment of cells with CH results in diminished degradation of the NF‐κB–IκB complex leading to inhibition of NF‐κB translocation into the nucleus, DNA binding and transcriptional activity.

We also demonstrate the ability of this compound to activate NfE2‐related factor (Nrf2) and induce heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1).

Our results indicate that CH determines a rapid but nontoxic increase of intracellular oxidative species, which could be responsible for Nrf2 activation and HO‐1 induction by this chalcone derivative.

 This novel anti‐inflammatory agent simultaneously induces a cytoprotective response (HO‐1) and downregulates an inflammatory pathway (NF‐κB) with a mechanism of action different from antioxidant chalcones.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 1191–1199. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705821
Pharmacological prevention of cardiovascular aging – targeting the Maillard reaction
Authors: Aronson Doron
Published: July 2004

The development of myocardial and large vessel stiffness with aging underlies the development of diastolic heart failure and isolated systolic hypertension. Nonenzymatic reaction between glucose and proteins (Maillard reaction) leading to collagen crosslinking in the myocardium and arterial wall has been implicated in age‐related increase in cardiovascular stiffness. In the present issue, Chang et al. show that aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of protein crosslinking, retards age‐related decline in the elastic properties of the left ventricle and arteries. The significance of these findings is discussed in this commentary.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 1055–1058. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705832
Levetiracetam inhibits Na+‐dependent Cl−/HCO3− exchange of adult hippocampal CA3 neurons from guinea‐pigs
Authors: Leniger Tobias , Thöne Jan , Bonnet Udo , Hufnagel Andreas , Bingmann Dieter , Wiemann Martin
Published: July 2004

The novel anticonvulsant levetiracetam (LEV) was tested for effects on bioelectric activity and intracellular pH (pHi) regulation of hippocampal CA3 neurons from adult guinea‐pigs.

In 4‐aminopyridine‐treated slices, LEV (10–100 μM) reduced the frequency of action potentials and epileptiform bursts of CA3 neurons by 30–55%, while the shape of these potentials remained largely unchanged. Suppressive effects were reversed by an increase of pHi with trimethylamine (TMA).

Using BCECF‐AM‐loaded slices, we found that LEV (10–50 μM) reversibly lowered neuronal steady‐state pHi by 0.19±0.07 pH units in the presence of extracellular CO2/HCO3− buffer. In the nominal absence of extracellular CO2/HCO3− or in Na+‐free CO2/HCO3−‐buffered solution, LEV had no effect on steady‐state pHi.

Recovery of pHi subsequent to ammonium prepulses remained unchanged in the absence of CO2/HCO3− buffer, but was significantly reduced by LEV in the presence of CO2/HCO3− buffer. These findings show that LEV inhibits HCO3−‐dependent acid extrusion, but has no effect on Na+/H+ exchange.

LEV did not affect Na+‐independent Cl−/HCO3− exchange because intracellular alkalosis upon withdrawal of extracellular Cl− remained unchanged.

These data show that LEV at clinically relevant concentrations inhibits Na+‐dependent Cl−/HCO3− exchange, lowers neuronal pHi, and thereby may contribute to its anticonvulsive activity.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 1073–1080. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705836
Noncompetitive allosteric inhibitors of the inflammatory chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2: Prevention of reperfusion injury
Authors: Bertini Riccardo , Allegretti Marcello , Bizzarri Cinzia , Moriconi Alessio , Locati Massimo , Zampella Giuseppe , Cervellera Maria N. , Di Cioccio Vito , Cesta Maria C. , Galliera Emanuela , Martinez Fernando O. , Di Bitondo Rosa , Troiani Giulia , Sabbatini Vilma , D'Anniballe Gaetano , Anacardio Roberto , Cutrin Juan C. , Cavalieri Barbara , Mainiero Fabrizio , Strippoli Raffaele , Villa Pia , Di Girolamo Maria , Martin Franck , Gentile Marco , Santoni Angela , Corda Daniela , Poli Giuseppe , Mantovani Alberto , Ghezzi Pietro , Colotta Francesco
Published: July 2004

The chemokine CXC ligand 8 (CXCL8)/IL-8 and related agonists recruit and activate polymorphonuclear cells by binding the CXC chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1) and CXCR2. Here we characterize the unique mode of action of a small-molecule inhibitor (Repertaxin) of CXCR1 and CXCR2. Structural and biochemical data are consistent with a noncompetitive allosteric mode of interaction between CXCR1 and Repertaxin, which, by locking CXCR1 in an inactive conformation, prevents signaling. Repertaxin is an effective inhibitor of polymorphonuclear cell recruitmentin vivoand protects organs against reperfusion injury. Targeting the Repertaxin interaction site of CXCR1 represents a general strategy to modulate the activity of chemoattractant receptors.
Eshkol–Wachman movement notation in diagnosis: The early detection of Asperger's syndrome
Authors: Teitelbaum Osnat , Benton Tom , Shah Prithvi K. , Prince Andrea , Kelly Joseph L. , Teitelbaum Philip
Published: July 2004

The diagnostic criteria of Asperger's syndrome (AS), considered a part of the autistic spectrum disorder, are still unclear. A critical marker, which distinguishes AS from autism, is the presence of language. The ability of a child with AS to acquire and use language early results in the fact that AS usually is diagnosed much later than autism. Autism is not usually diagnosed until around the age of 3, whereas AS usually is not diagnosed until the child is 6 or 7 years of age. In the present article, using Eshkol–Wachman movement notation, we present evidence that abnormal movement patterns can be detected in AS in infancy. This finding suggests that AS can be diagnosed very early, independent of the presence of language. As shown earlier by us, almost all of the movement disturbances in autism can be interpreted as infantile reflexes “gone astray”; i.e., some reflexes are not inhibited at the appropriate age in development, whereas others fail to appear when they should. This phenomenon appears to apply to AS as well. Based on preliminary results, a simple test using one such reflex is proposed for the early detection of a subgroup of children with AS or autism.
Environmental mutagenesis during the end-Permian ecological crisis
Authors: Visscher Henk , Looy Cindy V. , Collinson Margaret E. , Brinkhuis Henk , van Konijnenburg-van Cittert Johanna H. A. , Kürschner Wolfram M. , Sephton Mark A.
Published: July 2004

During the end-Permian ecological crisis, terrestrial ecosystems experienced preferential dieback of woody vegetation. Across the world, surviving herbaceous lycopsids played a pioneering role in repopulating deforested terrain. We document that the microspores of these lycopsids were regularly released in unseparated tetrads indicative of failure to complete the normal process of spore development. Although involvement of mutation has long been hinted at or proposed in theory, this finding provides concrete evidence for chronic environmental mutagenesis at the time of global ecological crisis. Prolonged exposure to enhanced UV radiation could account satisfactorily for a worldwide increase in land plant mutation. At the end of the Permian, a period of raised UV stress may have been the consequence of severe disruption of the stratospheric ozone balance by excessive emission of hydrothermal organohalogens in the vast area of Siberian Traps volcanism.
A Ras-like GTPase Is Involved in Hyphal Growth Guidance in the Filamentous FungusAshbya gossypii
Authors: Bauer Yasmina , Knechtle Philipp , Wendland Jürgen , Helfer Hanspeter , Philippsen Peter
Published: July 2004

Characteristic features of morphogenesis in filamentous fungi are sustained polar growth at tips of hyphae and frequent initiation of novel growth sites (branches) along the extending hyphae. We have begun to study regulation of this process on the molecular level by using the model fungus Ashbya gossypii. We found that the A. gossypii Ras-like GTPase Rsr1p/Bud1p localizes to the tip region and that it is involved in apical polarization of the actin cytoskeleton, a determinant of growth direction. In the absence of RSR1/BUD1, hyphal growth was severely slowed down due to frequent phases of pausing of growth at the hyphal tip. During pausing events a hyphal tip marker, encoded by the polarisome component AgSPA2, disappeared from the tip as was shown by in vivo time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of green fluorescent protein-labeled AgSpa2p. Reoccurrence of AgSpa2p was required for the resumption of hyphal growth. In the Agrsr1/bud1Δ deletion mutant, resumption of growth occurred at the hyphal tip in a frequently uncoordinated manner to the previous axis of polarity. Additionally, hyphal filaments in the mutant developed aberrant branching sites by mislocalizing AgSpa2p thus distorting hyphal morphology. These results define AgRsr1p/Bud1p as a key regulator of hyphal growth guidance.
Induction of Vascular Smooth Muscle α-Actin Gene Transcription in Transforming Growth Factor β1-Activated Myofibroblasts Mediated by Dynamic Interplay between the Pur Repressor Proteins and Sp1/Smad Coactivators
Authors: Subramanian Sukanya V. , Polikandriotis John A. , Kelm Robert J. , David Jason J. , Orosz Charles G. , Strauch Arthur R.
Published: July 2004

The mouse vascular smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) gene enhancer is activated in fibroblasts by transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), a potent mediator of myofibroblast differentiation and wound healing. The SMA enhancer contains tandem sites for the Sp1 transcriptional activator protein and Purα and β repressor proteins. We have examined dynamic interplay between these divergent proteins to identify checkpoints for possible control of myofibroblast differentiation during chronic inflammatory disease. A novel element in the SMA enhancer named SPUR was responsible for both basal and TGFβ1-dependent transcriptional activation in fibroblasts and capable of binding Sp1 and Pur proteins. A novel Sp1:Pur:SPUR complex was dissociated when SMA enhancer activity was increased by TGFβ1 or Smad protein overexpression. Physical association of Pur proteins with Smad2/3 was observed as was binding of Smads to an upstream enhancer region that undergoes DNA duplex unwinding in TGFβ1-activated myofibroblasts. Purβ repression of the SMA enhancer could not be relieved by TGFβ1, whereas repression mediated by Purα was partially rescued by TGFβ1 or overexpression of Smad proteins. Interplay between Pur repressor isoforms and Sp1 and Smad coactivators may regulate SMA enhancer output in TGFβ1-activated myofibroblasts during episodes of wound repair and tissue remodeling.
Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Cavernous Sinus: Surgical Approaches
Authors: Alfieri Alessandra , Jho Hae-Dong
Published: July 2004

OBJECTIVE

After completion of an earlier endoscopic transsphenoidal anatomic study, we studied various endoscopic transsphenoidal approaches using cadaveric specimens to develop endoscopic endonasal surgical approaches to the cavernous sinus.

METHODS

Ten cavernous sinuses in five artery-injected adult cadaveric heads were studied with 0-, 30-, and 70-degree angled 4-mm rod-lens endoscopes. The extent of the surgical exposure, the skewed endoscopic anatomic view, and the maneuverability of surgical instruments through their relative operating spaces were studied after various endoscopic endonasal approaches via one nostril.

RESULTS

The paraseptal approach was used between the nasal septum and the middle turbinate and provided exposure at the anteromedial portion of the cavernous sinus. The contralateral paraseptal approach rendered a slightly more medial view at the cavernous sinus than did the ipsilateral approach. This approach offered limited surgical access to the lateral vertical compartment. The middle turbinectomy approach allowed surgical access to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, except for the superior orbital fissure and the orbital apex. The middle meatal approach, which was made between the middle turbinate and the lateral nasal wall, revealed the entire lateral vertical compartment of the cavernous sinus, including the orbital apex and the superior orbital fissure. However, its lateral tangential surgical trajectory and the absence of dedicated surgical tools limited the surgeon's surgical maneuverability. A combination of the middle turbinectomy and middle meatal approaches increased the operating space.

CONCLUSION

Various endoscopic endonasal surgical approaches to the cavernous sinus were studied using adult cadaveric head specimens.
Finite element analysis of coupled phenomena in magnetorheological fluid devices
Authors: Szeląg Wojciech
Published: July 2004

This paper deals with coupled electromagnetic, hydrodynamic and mechanical motion phenomena in magnetorheological fluid devices. The governing equations of these phenomena are presented. The numerical implementation of the mathematical model is based on the finite element method and a step‐by‐step algorithm. In order to include non‐linearity, the Newton‐Raphson process has been adopted. A prototype of an electromagnetic brake has been built at the Poznań University of Technology. The method has been successfully adapted to the analysis of this brake. The results of the analysis are presented.
Error bounds for the FEM numerical solution of non‐linear field problems
Authors: Ciric Ioan R. , Maghiar Theodor , Hantila Florea , Ifrim Costin
Published: July 2004

A bound for a norm of the difference between the computed and exact solution vectors for static, stationary or quasistationary non‐linear magnetic fields is derived by employing the polarization fixed point iterative method. At each iteration step, the linearized field is computed by using the finite element method. The error introduced in the iterative procedure is controlled by the number of iterations, while the error due to the chosen discretization mesh is evaluated on the basis of the hypercircle principle.
Application of Haar’s wavelets in the method of moments to solve electrostatic problems
Authors: Artur Belardi Aldo , Roberto Cardoso José , França Sartori Carlos Antonio
Published: July 2004

Presents the mathematical basis and some results, concerning the application of Haar's wavelets, as an expansion function, in the method of moments to solve electrostatic problems. Two applications regarding the evaluation of linear and surface charge densities were carried out: the first one on a finite straight wire, and the second one on a thin square plate. Some optimization techniques were used, whose main computational performance aspects are emphasized. Presents comparative results related to the use of Haar's wavelets and the conventional expansion functions.
Cogging torque calculation considering magnetic anisotropy for permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Yamaguchi Shinichi , Daikoku Akihiro , Takahashi Norio
Published: July 2004

This paper describes the cogging torque of the permanent magnet synchronous (PM) motors due to the magnetic anisotropy of motor core. The cogging torque due to the magnetic anisotropy is calculated by the finite element method using two kinds of modeling methods: one is the 2D magnetization property method, and the other is the conventional method. As a result, the PM motors with parallel laminated core show different cogging torque waveform from the PM motors with the rotational laminated core due to the influence of the magnetic anisotropy. The amplitudes of the cogging torque are different depending on the modeling methods in the region of high flux density.
Incorporation of a Jiles‐Atherton vector hysteresis model in 2D FE magnetic field computations
Authors: Gyselinck J. , Dular P. , Sadowski N. , Leite J. , Bastos J.P.A.
Published: July 2004

This paper deals with the incorporation of a vector hysteresis model in 2D finite‐element (FE) magnetic field calculations. A previously proposed vector extension of the well‐known scalar Jiles‐Atherton model is considered. The vectorised hysteresis model is shown to have the same advantages as the scalar one: a limited number of parameters (which have the same value in both models) and ease of implementation. The classical magnetic vector potential FE formulation is adopted. Particular attention is paid to the resolution of the nonlinear equations by means of the Newton‐Raphson method. It is shown that the application of the latter method naturally leads to the use of the differential reluctivity tensor, i.e. the derivative of the magnetic field vector with respect to the magnetic induction vector. This second rank tensor can be straightforwardly calculated for the considered hysteresis model. By way of example, the vector Jiles‐Atherton is applied to two simple 2D FE models exhibiting rotational flux. The excellent convergence of the Newton‐Raphson method is demonstrated.
Finite element modelling of stacked thin regions with non‐zero global currents
Authors: Dular P. , Gyselinck J. , Zeidan T. , Krähenbühl L.
Published: July 2004

Develops a method to take the eddy currents in stacked thin regions, in particular lamination stacks, into account with the finite element method using the 3D magnetic vector potential magnetodynamic formulation. It consists in converting the stacked laminations into continuums with which terms are associated for considering the eddy current loops produced by both parallel and perpendicular fluxes. Non‐zero global currents can be considered in the laminations, in particular for studying the effect of imperfect insulation between their ends. The method is based on an analytical expression of eddy currents and is adapted to a wide frequency range.
A “quasi‐genetic” algorithm for searching the dangerous areas generated by a grounding system
Authors: Sylos Labini Marcello , Covitti Arturo , Delvecchio Giuseppe , Neri Ferrante
Published: July 2004

Sets out a method for determining the dangerous areas on the soil surface. The touch voltages are calculated by a Maxwell's subareas program. The search for the areas in which the touch voltages are dangerous is performed by a suitably modified genetic algorithm. The fitness is redefined so that the genetic algorithm does not lead directly to the only optimum solution, but to a certain number of solutions having pre‐arranged “goodness” characteristics. The algorithm has been called “quasi‐genetic” algorithm and has been successfully applied to various grounding systems.
Power losses analysis in the windings of electromagnetic gear
Authors: Patecki Andrzej , Stępień Sławomir , Szymański Grzegorz
Published: July 2004

Presents 3D method for the computation of the winding current distribution and power losses of the electromagnetic gear. For a prescribed current obtained from measurement, the transient eddy current field is defined in terms of a magnetic vector potential and an electric scalar potential. From numerically obtained potentials the power losses are determined. The winding power losses calculation of an electromagnetic gear shows that a given course of the current generates skin effect and significantly changes the windings resistances. Also presents the designing method for reducing power losses.
Catastrophic Focal Epilepsy
Authors: Kuzniecky Ruben
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Focal epilepsy can present with a rapidly progressing course of intractable epilepsy in children. We present a typical example of such a patient with focal seizures due to a frontal lobe cortical lesion of developmental origin. MRI and SPECT revealed abnormalities in the right frontal lobe. Surgical resection resulted in excellent outcome.
Ambiguous Language in Wada Evaluations
Authors: Meador Kimford J.
Published: July 2004

Summary:  A case is presented with ambiguous cerebral language lateralization, as determined by the intracarotid amobarbital test. Reasons for ambiguous language findings for this test are discussed.
Ictal SPECT
Authors: Van Paesschen W.
Published: July 2004

Summary:  The localizing value of ictal single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) performed with cerebral blood flow agents in patients with epilepsy is based on cerebral metabolic and perfusion coupling. Ictal hyperperfusion is used to localize the epileptogenic zone noninvasively, and is particularly useful in magnetic resonance (MR)‐negative partial epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasias. Subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered with MRI (SISCOM) improves the localization of the area of hyperperfusion. Ictal SPECT should always be interpreted in the context of a full presurgical evaluation. Early ictal SPECT injections minimize the problem of seizure propagation and of nonlocalization due to an early switch from ictal hyperperfusion to postictal hypoperfusion during brief extratemporal seizures. The degree of thresholding of SISCOM images affects the sensitivity and specificity of ictal SPECT. Ictal hypoperfusion may reflect ictal inhibition or deactivation. Postictal and interictal SPECT studies are less useful to localize the ictal‐onset zone. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of groups of selected ictal–interictal difference images has the potential to demonstrate the evolution of cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar perfusion changes during a particular seizure type, to study seizure‐gating mechanisms, and to provide new insights into the pathophysiology of seizures.
Basic Science Behind the Catastrophic Epilepsies
Authors: Rho Jong M.
Published: July 2004

Summary: The major catastrophic epileptic syndromes of childhood include infantile spasms, Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, and the progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs). Although each of these syndromes manifests in an age‐specific manner and is defined by distinct electroclinical features, they are all refractory to medical therapy and are invariably associated with psychomotor deficits, and in the most severe cases, either epileptic encephalopathy or progressive neurodegeneration. While much has been written about the clinical features and natural history of the catastrophic epilepsies, very little is known about the underlying pathophysiology. Progress in our understanding and treatment of these conditions has been hampered by the lack of suitable animal models in which putative mechanisms and novel targets for intervention could be rigorously studied. Nevertheless, recent clinical and basic investigations have identified certain mechanisms that may be relevant to their pathogenesis. In this review, three major hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of infantile spasms are highlighted: the corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) hypothesis, the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) hypothesis, and the serotonin‐kynurenine hypothesis. One or more of these mechanisms may be relevant in part to later‐onset catastrophic epilepsies since infantile spasms can persist into later childhood and, like Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, well into adulthood. There is a profound need to develop more relevant animal models of the developmental encephalopathic epilepsies to truly develop better therapeutic strategies for these catastrophic disorders.
Pharmacologic Treatment of the Catastrophic Epilepsies
Authors: Conry Joan A.
Published: July 2004

Summary: Treatment of the catastrophic epilepsies [infantile spasms (IS), Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS), and progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME)] remains a challenge to clinicians. For IS, adrenocorticotropic hormone has traditionally been the drug of choice in the United States but may be associated with serious side effects in some patients. Vigabatrin has shown promise in treating IS patients, particularly those with tuberous sclerosis. However, the drug is associated with visual field loss and is not commercially available in the United States. Newer antiepilepsy drugs (AEDs), such as zonisamide, topiramate (TPM), and lamotrigine (LTG), may be useful in patients with IS. Although LTG, TPM, and felbamate are approved in the United States for the treatment of LGS, the overall effectiveness of therapy in patients with LGS is poor. For PME, valproate is a first‐line treatment. Zonisamide and levetiracetam also show promise. Supplementation with certain cofactors to correct deficiencies and increase mitochondrial function may be useful in some patients with PME, but response to such therapy is not well documented. Advances in our understanding of the etiologies, mechanisms, and genetics underlying the catastrophic epilepsies may facilitate more effective pharmacologic interventions.
Secularism as a Barrier to Integration? The French Dilemma
Authors: Freedman Jane
Published: July 2004

This article focuses on the secularism debate currently taking place in France by examining how this issue impacts the integration of immigrants, particularly Muslim immigrants. Secularism is one of the key values of French Republicanism, but one which has been challenged by the establishment of a settled population of Muslim immigrants in France. The issue has been particularly highlighted by the affaire des foulards (headscarf affair), an ongoing debate over the rights of Muslim girls to wear a headscarf to secular French schools. Discussions of the principle of secularism and of its application have been even more intense in recent months with the publication in December 2003 of a report by the Stasi Commission, a commission set up by President Chirac to investigate the application of the principle of secularism, and by the passage of legislation intended to outlaw the wearing of any “overt” religious insignia in French schools. This article examines these recent developments in the context of the long‐running debate over Muslim women's right to wear a headscarf in French schools. It argues that the current focus on secularism provides evidence of the return of assimilation as a primary objective of public policy (Brubaker, 2001) and the decreasing strength of the movement in favour of the droit à la différence (right to difference). Finally, the paper argues that this has provided important obstacles to the integration of certain groups of immigrants, particularly Muslim immigrants.
The Socio‐economic Integration of the Ethiopian Community in Israel
Authors: Offer Shira
Published: July 2004

Using data from the 1995 Israeli Census of Population, this study examines the demographic, human capital, and labour force characteristics of the Ethiopian community in Israel and its determinants of employment. The results provide strong evidence for the overall disadvantaged socio‐economic status of the Ethiopian community and reveal substantial gaps in educational and occupational attainment between Ethiopian Israelis and members of other ethnic groups in Israeli society. Ethiopian Israelis have substantially lower levels of education, lower employment rates, and are more likely to have low‐skilled occupations. However, multivariate analyses show that the determinants of employment of Ethiopian Israelis are relatively similar to those of other ethnic groups. Education and veteran status are found to be especially important factors associated with increased odds of employment. Although the rates of return from education are lower among Israelis of Ethiopian origin compared to other ethnic groups, this study suggests that education constitutes the major avenue for upward mobility in the Ethiopian community. Nevertheless, considering their current disadvantaged position, the question of whether Ethiopian immigrants will manage in the long run to climb up the socio‐economic ladder and significantly improve their status, or whether they run the risk of becoming a marginalized ethnic group in Israeli society, remains a major concern. Implications for the formation of a new cleavage in Israeli society and the emergence of a stratification system based on race are discussed.
Recent Trends of Emigration from China: 1982–2000
Authors: Liang Zai , Morooka Hideki
Published: July 2004

Using data from several Chinese censuses and surveys, we provide a new perspective for the study of international migration. Focusing on the trends of international migration from China and Fujian province between 1982 and 2000, several findings emerge. First, Fujian and Yunnan provinces became the leading immigrant‐sending provinces in China by 2000. Second, changes in socio‐economic selectivity among emigrants from Fujian province from 1990 to 1995 are also clearly revealed in our analysis. The shift from urbanites to rural peasants among the emigrant population is particularly noteworthy. Third, in the context of Fujian province, factors such as age, education, rural/urban status, and occupation (especially the service sector) are the most important predictors of emigration. The paper ends with a discussion of the prospects of assimilation of Fujianese immigrants in destination societies.
A continuum of risk? The management of health, physical and emotional risks by female sex workers
Authors: Sanders Teela
Published: July 2004

Abstract  This paper describes the findings from a 10‐month ethnographic study of the female sex industry in a large British city. I argue that sex workers construct a continuum of risk which prioritises certain types of dangers depending on the perceived consequences and the degree of control individuals consider they have over minimising the likelihood of a risk occurring. Although health‐related matters are a real concern to many women, because they generally have comprehensive strategies to manage health risks at work, this risk category is given a low priority compared with other risks. The risk of violence is considered a greater anxiety because of the prevalence of incidents in the sex work community. However, because of comprehensive screening and protection strategies to minimise violence, this type of harm is not given the same level of attention that emotional risks receive. By using a continuum of risk to understand how sex workers perceive occupational hazards in prostitution, further understanding can be gained about the nature of risk in prostitution, sex workers’ routines and the organisational features of the sex industry. In addition, the implications for health policy are discussed, suggesting that the emotional consequences of selling sex should be considered as much as the tangible, physical risks of prostitution.
Entangled identities and psychotropic substance use
Authors: Gibson Barry , Acquah Sam , Robinson Peter G.
Published: July 2004

Abstract  This paper reports the findings of a grounded theory study investigating drug users’ concerns and experiences of their oral health. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the findings relate to various strands of literature which focus on processes and discourses of recovery from problematic drug use (biographical reconstruction), the chronic illness literature (biographical disruption), public/private discourses and the myth of addiction. Data were collected from four focus groups containing a total of 25 participants, and 15 in‐depth interviews. Participants were recruited from drug detoxification programmes (27), recovery units following detoxification (9) and a drug rehabilitation unit (4). Data analysis revealed that the core concern of drug users’ was talking about the ‘entangled’ nature of their identity whilst they were on drugs. Such ‘entangled identities’ emerged through what appeared to be a gradual sedimentation process of drug‐using habits and routines that replaced those of the everyday self. Other concerns were distancing one's self from the drug using self (involving expressions of disgust) and recovery processes (disentangling). The paper discusses each of these core problems in the light of the literature on the recovery from drug use, the chronic illness literature and the myth of addiction. It concludes by briefly reflecting on problematic psychotropic substance use as another form of biographical disruption formed on the basis of a dialectic between private discourses of the entangled self and public discourses of addiction. It suggests that further work should be conducted in these areas.
The use of technology at home: what patient manuals say and sell vs. what patients face and fear
Authors: Lehoux Pascale , Saint‐Arnaud Jocelyne , Richard Lucie
Published: July 2004

Abstract  Over the past 15 years, the use of specialised medical equipment by patients at home has increased in most industrialised countries. Adopting a conceptual framework that brings together two research perspectives, i.e. the sociology of technology and the sociology of illness, this paper empirically examines why and how patients use health technology at home and in the broader social world. Our study compares and contrasts the use of four interventions: antibiotic intravenous therapy, parenteral nutrition, peritoneal dialysis and oxygen therapy. We conducted interviews with patients (n = 16) and caregivers (n = 6), and made direct observations of home visits by nurses (n = 16). The content and structure of patient manuals distributed by major manufacturers and hospitals were analysed (n = 26). The aim of our study was to determine how technology was supposed to be used versus how it was actually used. This study shows that patients are deeply ambivalent about the benefits and drawbacks of technology, and that these advantages and disadvantages are shaped by the various places in which the technology is used. While technology can be pivotal in making patients autonomous and able to participate in the social world, it also imposes heavy restrictions that are intimately interwoven with the nature of the particular disease and with the patient's personal life trajectory.
Survival of probiotic bifidobacteria in buffalo curd and their effect on sensory properties
Authors: Jayamanne Vijith S. , Adams Martin R.
Published: July 2004

The feasibility of incorporating Bifidobacterium longum NCTC11818 in buffalo curd to produce a probiotic product was investigated. Fermentation at tropical ambient temperature (29 ± 2 °C), two storage temperatures (29 ± 2 °C and 4 ± 2 °C), and in three packaging materials (clay pots, plastic cups, and glass bottles) was investigated. Bifidobacteria survived for 3 days above the required population level of 106 CFU g−1 in buffalo curd packed in clay pots at 29 ± 2 °C. They did not persist at acceptable levels over the 4‐day shelf life because of the combined effects of temperature, acidity, and redox potential. Chill storage slows post‐fermentation acidification and prolongs bifidobacterial viability while packaging materials, which present a greater barrier to oxygen, had a similar effect. The results indicated that bifidobacteria could be successfully incorporated into buffalo curd to give a product which has improved acceptability. Probiotic buffalo curd, when compared to uninoculated curd, had significantly higher (P < 0.05) sensory scores for properties such as taste and mouth‐feel resulting in a significantly higher (P < 0.001) overall acceptability.