bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Widebandgap Multi‐QuantumWell Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Oriato D. , Walker Alison B. , Wang W. N.
Published: September 2007

Charge transport has been simulated in a novel two quantum well InGaN/GaN light
emitting diode. Asymmetric tunnelling for holes and electrons has been used to enhance
the quantum efficiency of the diode. A self‐consistent solution of Poisson and
Schrödinger equations has been used to obtain the band profile, energy levels and
wave functions. Transport in the bulk nitride has been simulated by a drift diffusion
model. Lattice strain and the resulting piezoelectric field effects have been shown to
influence the device characteristics.
Measurement and Simulation of Boron Diffusivityin Strained Si1 –xGex Epitaxial Layers
Authors: Rajendran K. , Schoenmaker W.
Published: September 2007

Diffusion of boron in compressively strained Si1 –xGex alloy layers grown by rapid
pressure chemical vapor deposition has been studied as a function of the composition
for 0.0006 ≤ x ≤ 0.15 and annealing temperature. The comparison of the Si1 –xGex
samples to the Si samples after rapid thermal and furnace annealing revealed a retarded
B diffusion inside the strained Si1 –xGex layers. The influence of the Ge content on the
dopant diffusion was also measured and simulated, demonstrating that the diffusion of
B was found to decrease with the Ge alloy content and annealing temperature. A simple
empirical expression for the B retardation is presented and incorporated into a diffusion
model for dopants in heterostructures. Good agreement between the measured and
simulated diffusivity that includes the model for strain and chemical effects are obtained.
By comparing with experimental values, our extracted (by using experiment and
simulation) B diffusivity predicted a lower value (retardation).
Automatic FSM Synthesis for Low‐power Mixed Synchronous/Asynchronous Implementation
Authors: Oelmann Bengt , Tammemäe Kalle , Kruus Margus , O′Nils Mattias
Published: September 2007

Power consumption in a synchronous FSM (Finite‐State Machine) can be reduced by
partitioning it into a number of coupled sub‐FSMs where only the part that is involved
in a state transition is clocked. Automatic synthesis of a partitioned FSM includes a
partitioning algorithm and sub‐FSM synthesis to an implementation architecture. In
this paper, we first introduce an implementation architecture for partitioned FSMs that
uses gated‐clock technique for disabling idle parts of the circuits and asynchronous
controllers for communication between the sub‐FSMs. We then describe a new transformation
procedure for the sub‐FSM. The FSM synthesis flow has been automated in a
prototype tool that accepts an FSM specification. The tool generates synthesizable RT‐level
VHDL code with identical cycle‐to‐cycle input/output behavior in accordance
with the specification. An average power reduction of 45% has been obtained for a set
standard FSM benchmarks.
Efficient Silicon Device Simulation with the Local Iterative Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Jakumeit Jürgen , Mietzner Torsten , Ravaioli Umberto
Published: September 2007

The Local Iterative Monte Carlo technique (LIMO) is used for an effective simulation
of hot electron distributions in silicon MOSFETs. This new Monte Carlo approach
yields an efficient use of the computational resources due to a different iteration scheme.
In addition the necessary computation time can be further reduced by a reuse of the
computational expensive MC step simulation results in the iteration process. The later
possibility is investigated in detail in this work. Results for short channel MOSFETs
demonstrates that correct two‐dimensional hot electron distributions can be calculated
by LIMO within 1 hour on a standard work station.
Signal Strength Based Switching Activity Modeling and Estimation for DSP Applications
Authors: Chiou Lih-Yih , Muhammand Khurram , Roy Kaushik
Published: September 2007

We present an effective switching activity modeling and estimation technique for
components under resource sharing. The model uses word‐level signal statistics to
generate a single parameter, called signal strength. By using the signal strength, we can
construct power models for the both cases of sharing and non‐sharing of computing
resources. The model enables us to effectively estimate switching activity at higher level
of design abstraction. We have conducted several experiments using both synthetic and
real data to evaluate our method. We have compared competing architectures for their
relative power consumption for different components. The results show that average
difference between the proposed method and very accurate power simulation (as
opposed to switching estimation) using PowerMill is up to 12%.
Integrated Area‐power Optimal State Assignment
Authors: Tyagi Akhilesh
Published: September 2007

This paper presents a state assignment algorithm with the objective of lower energy
along with area comparable to the area‐targeting state assignments such as JEDI. The
underlying framework is MUSTANG′s complete weighted graph with weights representing
state affinity. The weight computation phase estimates the computation energy
of potential common cubes using steady state probabilities for transitions. The weight
computation phase also identifies a large set of potential state cliques, which are incorporated
into a recursive bipartitioning based state assignment procedure. Reuse of
cliques identified by the weight computation phase results in a faster and efficient state
assignment. The energy targeting weights result in ≈9% lower area and 18% lower
power than area targeting weights in JEDI over 29 MCNC Logic Synthesis '93 benchmarks.
The clique based state assignment performs almost as well as the annealing
based state assignment in JEDI, and takes only about half as much time.
3D Modelling of Fluctuation Effects in HighlyScaled VLSI Devices
Authors: Linton Thomas D. , Yu Shaofeng , Shaheed Reaz
Published: September 2007

Fluctuation effects are becoming important in advanced VLSI devices because of their
increasing impact on circuit performance and chip yields. Accurate modelling of these
effects generally requires full 3D simulation, which is used here to analyse four of the
primary such effects. Polysilicon line edge roughness causes excess device leakage, which
can be reduced at the cost of decreased performance. Phase‐shift mask defects can
reduce current drive and increase capacitance. Random dopant fluctuation, which
causes variation in threshold voltage, is evaluated for three technology generations and
it is shown that proper tip scaling can reduce these variations. Finally, a study of alpha
particle strikes evaluates the effectiveness of SOI in improving soft error reliability.
Non‐Equilibrium Hole Transport in Deep Sub‐MicronWell‐Tempered Si p‐MOSFETs
Authors: Watling J. R. , Zhao Y. P. , Asenov A. , Barker J. R.
Published: September 2007

As MOSFETs are scaled to deep submicron dimensions non‐equilibrium, near ballistic,
transport in p‐MOSFETs becomes important. Recent experimental data indicates that
as MOSFETs are scaled the performance gap between n and p‐channel shrinks. Nonequilibrium
transport effects and performance potentials of ‘Well Tempered’ Si p‐
MOSFETs with gate lengths of 50 and 25 nm are studied. Monte Carlo and calibrated
Drift Diffusion simulations of these devices provide a quantitative estimate of the
importance and the influence of non‐equilibrium transport on submicron device
performance. A possible explanation for the closing performance gap between n‐ and
p‐channel MOSFETs is offered.
Calculation of Transport Parametersof SiO2 Polymorphs
Authors: Gnani Elena , Reggiani Susanna , Colle Renato , Rudan Massimo
Published: September 2007

Silica polymorphs have been analyzed, that are similar to the amorphous phase of SiO2;
specifically, the α‐ and β‐quartz, and the α‐ and β‐cristobalite have been addressed. Two
different ab initio methods have been used to calculate the full‐band structure and the
electronic properties of the polymorphs. In particular, the Hartree‐Fock (HF) and
Density‐Functional Theory (DFT) approaches have been selected. A comparison of
the energy‐band branches and DOS shapes is reported, showing the similarities of
the electrical properties that characterize the polymorphs under study. Finally, some
relevant properties are compared for the analyzed set of polymorphs.
Monte Carlo Calculations of Amplification Spectrum for GaN THz Transit‐time Resonance Maser
Authors: Starikov E. , Shiktorov P. , Gruinskis V. , Reggiani L. , Varani L. , Vaissière J. C. , Zhao Jian H.
Published: September 2007

We report Monte Carlo calculations of the amplification spectrum of microwave
generation in bulk GaN and its dependence on applied electric fields, doping level,
lattice temperature, etc. The amplification is shown to occur in a wide frequency range
of 0.05 to 3 THz with an optimal generation efficiency of about 1 ∼ 2%.
Investigating Memory System Energy Behavior Using Software and Hardware Optimizations
Authors: Esakkimuthu G. , Kim H. S. , Kandemir M. , Vijaykrishnan N. , Irwin M. J.
Published: September 2007

Memory system usually consumes a significant amount of energy in many battery‐operated
devices. In this paper, we provide a quantitative comparison and evaluation of
the interaction of two hardware cache optimization mechanisms and three widely used
compiler optimization techniques used to reduce the memory system energy. Our
presentation is in two parts. First, we focus on a set of memory‐intensive benchmark
codes and investigate their memory system energy behavior due to data accesses under
hardware and compiler optimizations. Then, using four motion estimation codes, we
look at the influence of compiler optimizations on the memory system energy
considering the overall impact of instruction and data accesses.
Ultra‐small MOSFETs: The Importance of the FullCoulomb Interaction on Device Characteristics
Authors: Gross W. J. , Vasileska D. , Ferry D. K.
Published: September 2007

We discuss a full three‐dimensional model of an ultra‐small MOSFET, in which the
transport is treated by a coupled EMC and molecular dynamics (MD) procedure to
treat the Coulomb interaction in real space. The inclusion of the proper Coulomb
interaction affects both the energy and momentum relaxation processes, but also has a
dramatic effect on the characteristic curves of the device. We find that the short‐range
e–e and e–i terms, combined with discrete impurity effects, is also needed for accurate
measurement of the device threshold voltage.
Wigner Paths Method in Quantum Transportwith Dissipation
Authors: Bordone P. , Bertoni A. , Brunetti R. , Jacoboni C.
Published: September 2007

The concept of Wigner paths in phase space both provides a pictorial representation of
the quantum evolution of the system of interest and constitutes a useful tool for
numerical solutions of the quantum equation describing the time evolution of the
system. A Wigner path is defined as the path followed by a “simulative particle”
carrying a σ‐contribution of the Wigner function through the Wigner phase‐space, and
is formed by ballistic free flights separated by scattering processes (both scattering with
phonons and with an arbitrary potential profile can be included), as for the case of
semiclassical particles. Thus, the integral transport equation can be solved by a Monte
Carlo technique by means of simulative particles following classical trajectories, in
complete analogy to the “Weighted Monte Carlo” solution of the Boltzmann equation
in the integral form.
Quantum Transport Modeling of CurrentNoise in Quantum Devices
Authors: Miyoshi Tanroku , Miyamoto Tetsuo , Ogawa Matsuto
Published: September 2007

We have studied the dependence of noise characteristics on the dimension of electron
confinement of quantum devices at low temperature. By using the nonequilibrium
Green′s function method, we have found that in a double barrier resonant tunneling
diode the shot noise is suppressed only around the bias voltage of the resonant
tunneling and the noise suppression is more than half of the full shot noise in case of
symmetric structures with thin barriers. On the other hand, in the Coulomb staircase
characteristics of a quantum dot with equal barriers, the shot noise is suppressed on
an average about half of the full shot noise while further drops are observed at the
current‐step voltages.
Maximum Entropy Principle within A TotalEnergy Scheme for Hot‐carrier Transportin Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Trovato M. , Reggiani L.
Published: September 2007

By extending the maximum entropy principle within a scheme in total average energy
we obtain a closed system of hydrodynamic equations for a full nonparabolic band
model in which all the unknown constitutive functions are completely determined. The
theory is validated by comparing hydrodynamic calculations with Monte Carlo
simulations performed for bulk and submicron Si structures at 300 K. In the general
framework of the moment theory a systematic study of small‐signal response functions
is provided.
Density‐functional Based Tight‐bindingCalculations on Thiophene Polymorphism
Authors: Widany J. , Daminelli G. , Di Carlo A. , Lugli P.
Published: September 2007

Total energy calculations based on a density‐functional tight‐binding scheme have been
performed on polymorphic modifications of various thiophene crystals. The investigated
structures include sulphanyl‐substituted quater‐thiophene and methyl‐substituted
sexithiophene, in the monoclinic and triclinic modifications. Attention has been focused
on the intermolecular interaction between the molecular units. Despite the similarities in
the backbone geometries, the strength and nature of intermolecular interaction differs
largely in the various polymorphs. Sulphur atoms belonging to the thiophene rings are
strongly involved in the interaction. Sulphanyl substituents play an important role,
while methyl groups do not contribute. The strength of intermolecular interaction is not
a direct function of atom distance.
Yohimbine Attenuates Baroreflex-Mediated Bradycardia in Humans
Authors: Tank Jens , Heusser Karsten , Diedrich André , Brychta Robert J. , Luft Friedrich C. , Jordan Jens
Published: September 2007

α-2 Adrenoreceptor stimulation profoundly augments baroreflex-mediated bradycardia presumably through parasympathetic activation. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous α-2 adrenergic tone mediates a similar response. In 10 healthy men (age: 33±3 years; body mass index: 24±1.3 kg/m
2
), we determined baroreflex control of heart rate and sympathetic traffic after ingestion of the selective α-2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (20 mg) or placebo. Testing was conducted in a randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion. We measured heart rate, brachial and finger blood pressure, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity. Sympathetic and parasympathetic baroreflex curves were determined using incremental phenylephrine and nitroprusside infusions (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 μg/kg per minute). Plasma norepinephrine increased with yohimbine (50±38 ng/L;
P
<0.05) and was unchanged with placebo (2.2±7.6 ng/L). Blood pressure increased 13±4/8±1 mm Hg with yohimbine and 6±2/3±1 mm Hg with placebo (
P
<0.01). HR increased 5±1 bpm with yohimbine but did not change with placebo (
P
<0.01). Ninety minutes after drug ingestion, resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity was similar with yohimbine and with placebo. Baroreflex control of heart rate was decreased with yohimbine (6 ms/mm Hg versus 10 ms/mm Hg;
P
<0.01) and reset to higher blood pressure and heart rate values. In contrast, yohimbine did not alter the sympathetic baroreflex curve. Yohimbine selectively attenuates baroreflex heart rate control in normotensive young men possibly through parasympathetic mechanisms.
Governing Artistic Innovation: An Interface among Art, Science and Industry
Authors: Fourmentraux Jean-Paul
Published: September 2007

The author presents an analysis of the workings and tensions involved in the integration and articulation of academic research, artistic creation and industrial production. He makes use of the results of a study conducted among creator-researchers of a Canadian prototype for the organization of these relationships: the Montreal, Canada-based interuniversity consortium Hexagram.
Re-embedding the ethnic business agenda
Authors: Jones Trevor , Ram Monder
Published: September 2007

There has been a flurry of interest from academics and policy-makers alike in the growing phenomenon of ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Despite theoretical advances, there is a lingering tendency to isolate ethnic minority enterprise from the context in which it operates. This article argues for a re-embedding of ethnic minority owned firms in a broader, and longer established, tradition of small business ownership. A more `integrated' analysis is required for an adequate exposition of the different trajectories of ethnic minorities in self-employment, and also for the growing number of policy-makers engaged in supporting such businesses.
Cognitive-behavioural approaches and weight management: an overview
Authors: Lih-Mei Liao K.
Published: September 2007

The prevalence of obesity has been on the increase and, on the whole, improvements in patient education have not led to the desired outcome of weight maintenance - let alone weight loss. For some time therapeutic techniques derived from behavioural psychology, such as self-monitoring, stimulus control and goal setting, have been incorporated as adjuncts to the treatment of weight problems - intended to help obese people make positive changes to their eating and activity habits. In more recent decades, behaviour modification approaches have also incorporated strategies from cognitive therapy, which have involved the identification and modification of `dysfunctional' thinking patterns and consequent negative mood states; hence the term 'cognitive behaviour therapy' (CBT). There is increasing interest in adopting CBT approaches to achieve more modest and sustainable weight loss and improved psychological well-being. It is possible to train non-psychologists to use CBT strategies, though the level of training required for effective delivery has not yet been established. While CBT is not a panacea for problems of overweight it does offer additional treatment choice for some - and is compatible, as an adjunct, with other forms of obesity management.
Problems associated with the use of pit latrines in Blantyre, Republic of Malawi
Authors: Grimason A.M. , Davison K. , Tembo K.C. , Jabu G.C. , Jackson M.H.
Published: September 2007

A questionnaire and observational study was conducted to determine the problems associated with construction, design and hygiene methods used to maintain pit latrines in a high-density urban township in Malawi. The survey comprised 100 randomly selected households and the per son responsible for the latrine maintenance was interviewed. Eighty- seven percent of householders used traditional latrines, 67% with earth en and 20% with concrete (i.e. sanitation platform, also known as San- plats) floors. A variety of makeshift squat-hole covers (e.g. iron sheets, rocks, cardboard) are used by those who cannot afford San-plats to reduce fly and odour problems. Most squat-hole covers were fouled with faecal matter and some presented risk of invasive injury due to sharp edges. Five households used ventilated improved latrines whilst the remaining eight per cent made use of their neighbour's latrine. Own ership of property, poverty and theft in the area significantly influenced the type and structural condition of the latrine. Walls, ceilings and doors of the superstructure comprised a mixture of miscellaneous materials (i.e. cardboard, paper, cloth, brick) making the hygienic upkeep of the latrine difficult. Cloth doors were often used for hand drying. Geo graphical location, such as rocky terrain with inadequate soil consolida tion, and environmental conditions, such as heavy rains and floods, exacerbate structural defects. Coupled with the lack of attention afford ed to the disposal of young children's faeces, wash-water and pit sur charging, the potential exists for widespread contamination of the sur rounding environment and transmission of faecal-oral disease. More than half of the respondents stressed that they had not received any information regarding health education and hygienic maintenance of the latrine. As such, there is need for a hygiene education programme to promote awareness of appropriate sanitation and behavioural change. Cultural and religious factors were found not to influence latrine use.
The evolution of 'Close Care' as user-led care of the elderly in the UK
Authors: Habell Martin
Published: September 2007

The chronic ailments of old age such as stroke, coro nary heart disease, severe arthritis and loss of sight have traditionally found care only in a nursing home. Taking care to the family house or sheltered home has drawbacks because of inappropriate accommo dation. There is now an alternative that also reflects changing expectations on the part of the elderly.

'Close Care' offers a solution to the crises of carer shortages and ever increasing nursing costs. It also responds to the growing consumerist power of the elderly who seek more choice, more control and higher standards.

Habell's involvement in the early growth of pri vate purpose-designed nursing homes pointed to an emerging demand for accommodation which the residents identified as home and over which they exercised choice and control. The elderly were mov ing from passive subjects of assessment and care to become a market with consumer tastes and power.

Coining the phrase Close Care, the team encour aged Habell's architectural solutions to evolve into hybrid schemes, which broke new ground by seeking to provide as normal a home as possible while flexi bly accommodating all the disabilities of old age.

In effect Close Care offers an invisible or virtual nursing home where the elderly are motivated in self help by stimulating surroundings, control of their environment, choice of support and knowledge that they have their own home for life among friends and helpers.

Close Care offers a solution to the rising costs of nursing care, overcomes the alienation of institution al environments and offers a way of integrating alert but frail and even confused persons back into a nor mal community
The possible effects on health, comfort and safety of aircraft cabin environments
Authors: Brown Terry P. , Shuker Linda K. , Rushton Lesley , Warren Fiona , Stevens Jane
Published: September 2007

A consultation was undertaken to investigate the views and concerns of stakeholders in the aircraft industry about the possible harmful effects on personal health, comfort and safety of aircraft cabin environments.

Stakeholders were identified from a variety of sources including Government agencies, the Internet, House of Lords inquiry, and suggestions of intervie wees. They represented: aircraft crews, aircraft con structors and engineers, government departments and authorities, holiday/flight companies, insurance com panies, non-governmental organisations, occupational health physicians, passenger representatives, and inde pendent researchers and consultants. Eighty-seven were contacted of which 57 were interviewed over the telephone using a semi-structured questionnaire. Their concerns were transcribed into a standard format and analysed qualitatively. Key stakeholders, along with Government officials, were invited to a workshop to discuss and prioritise the issues raised during the inter views.

The main concerns expressed by the participants fell into five main areas: deep vein thrombosis, air qual ity, infection, cosmic radiation, and jet lag and work pat terns. In addition, a number of safety concerns were raised as well as comments on the provision of appro priate advice to passengers. It was generally felt that further research was required on each of these subjects, as well as an improvement in the quality; quantity and availability of information provided for passengers prior to boarding a flight.
125 years of public health in the USA
Authors: Moore S.R.
Published: September 2007

The past 125 years of public health in the United States are viewed from the perspective of the most significant public health areas of the 20th century as developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The long-term impacts and development of the areas include: immunizations, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, safer and healthier foods, fluoridation of drinking water, control of infectious diseases, decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke, recognition of tobacco as a health hazard, motor vehicle safety, and safer workplaces. The current and future of public health in the US is encapsulated in several developing areas, including: personal lifestyle modifications, politi calization of health, evolving knowledge base, knowl edge transfer and globalization.
Design to avoid infestation in the home
Authors: Savory J.G. , Lea R. Geraldine
Published: September 2007

VAILABLE INFORMATION on avoidance of the hazards introduced by infestations of dwel lings by birds, rodents, insects and by fungi, is briefly reviewed. More detailed consideration is given to the causes and prevention of the condensation which permits mould growths.
Nutrition and multi-ethnic groups
Authors: Qureshi B.A.
Published: September 2007

Growth and health depend on food. You are what you eat. Cultural eating habits are based on low cost and availability of a food in local market. Religious restric tions on a particular food are meant to prevent moral, psychological and physical harm. In English food; excessive use of chips may lead to obesity and heart disease. Low fibre with high fat may contribute to cancer colon. Bangladeshi rice eaters may develop 'post bulber duodenal ulcer'. Japanese raw fish diet may predispose to cancer of the stomach. Asian chapati diet may cause rickets and osteomalasia. Vegetarians may get iron deficiency anaemia. An Indian vegetable 'karela' in a curry may potentiate the action of chlorpropamide (diabenese) and lead to prolonged hypoglycemia result ing in fainting or coma. A Jamaican native dish of delicacy 'ACKEE' if cooked unripe can kill.

This paper deals with such clinical points for a busy doctor and practical tips for other health workers who care for multi-ethnic groups in the U.K.
Alcohol and Australian Industry
Authors: Gay John E.
Published: September 2007

LCOHOLISM is one of Australia's major health problems. Since most alcoholics are in the work- force the problem has considerable implications for industry. A successful approach to helping em ployees with drinking problems is the company prog ram which aims for rehabilitation through counselling and referral to specialist treatment agencies. One such scheme operates in the Australian National Railways, South Australia.

Every Australian company carries a small but signifi cant number of employees who suffer from serious personal problems. Most companies, quite naturally, don't want to get involved. Private lives should be left to themselves, most believe, even though personal problems rarely stop between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. Almost invariably they carry over into the working day and affect performance in the workplace.

Alcoholism is Australia's third most serious health problem behind cancer and heart disease1,2 . It is a problem which has serious implications for industry for industry since, contrary to popular conception, most alcoholics exist not on 'skid row' but in the work force. Only three out of ten men and four out of ten women undergoing treatment for alcoholism are unemployed and approximately 5 per cent are of pensionable age1. Even if those who present for treatment are a biased sample of the general population of alcoholics, the fact remains that a significant proportion of people suffer ing from alcoholism are in the work force.

Moreover, sufferers from alcoholism are typically afflicted with the maximum effect of the disease between ages 30 and 50, which is the stage of their working lives when they are likely to be most productive2. Estimates of the number of problem drinkers in any work force range from 3 per cent to 10 per cent 3. The alcoholic is most likely to be male, a bread-winner and is equally likely to be found in any occupation or industry3,4.

The alcoholic worker, in all but the last stages of alcoholism, is likely to go easily undetected when seeking employment4. Thus the problem of alcoholism in industry is not likely to be reduced but only recirculated by dismissal of alcoholic employees. Orga nisations thus have a vested interest in being able to do something for the employee with such problems. There are two problems of major importance: first, how to intervene tactfully and without invading privacy; second, how to respond to the very great complexity of modern social problems.

Apart from the human toll exacted by alcoholism, its cost to the community has reached alarming propor tions:

• Absenteeism among alcoholics is estimated to be between two and three times higher than average 2.

• The World Health Organisation estimates that 20 per cent of all industrial accidents are the result of alcoholism6.

• The cost in lost production in the U.S.A. was estimnated in 1981 at 10 billion dollars.

• In Australia the cost to the community as a whole has been estimated to be in excess of $1,000 million per annum1,2.

• In 1980/81 the cost to Australian industry was estimated at 790 million per annum6 .
Health Knowledge Among Teachers: Case Study of Teacher's Training College in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Oshodin O.G.
Published: September 2007

THE data on health knowledge items in areas of personal health, drug use, community health, environmental health, nutrition, family health, first aid and safety education were collected on a sample of 100 teachers in the teacher training college in Benin City, Nigeria. By means of frequency and percentages of responses to these items, results showed that the majority of the teachers (81%) had adequate knowledge in areas of environmental, community, and personal health; nutrition and first aid and safety while they were inadequate in areas of drug use and family health.
Pediculosis Humanus Capitis Among Primary School Children in lie-ife, Nigeria
Authors: Jinadu M.K.
Published: September 2007

THIS STUDY was undertaken to determine the prevalence of pediculosis and to identify factors involved in its spread among primary school children in Nigeria. The result shows a high prevalence (12.7%) of pediculosis among the primary school population. The incidence of parasitosis was signifi cantly higher among older children, children of artisans and lower among children of professional workers. 14.2% of the infested children suffered from impetigo, and compared with 1.8% of the non-infested, the elationship was highly significant. Overcrowding at home and in the school and poor standard of hygiene of the children were basically responsible for the high infestation.

"As with animal population, a high incidence of lousiness suggests that something is amiss with the health of the community" J. W. Maunder, 1982.
Stress Fractures: Revisited
Authors: Altman Morton I.
Published: September 2007

STRESS FRACTURES are the result of bone fatigue from the inability of a bone to accommodate at a rate fast enough to meet the demands placed upon it. They usually occur in bones that experience repeated and unaccustomed micro- trauma or stress. Treatment, after diagnosis, consists of rest from activity, immobilization by casting or strapping, adjunctive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and isometric exercise.
Occupational Noise — The Unavoidable Health Hazard
Authors: Gay John E.
Published: September 2007

threat to physical and psychological well-being, the sounds of our technology follow us through our working, leisure, and sleeping hours. Noise sources are multiplying rapidly. The industrial and technological development of urban society is producing an increasing number of devices with higher noise outputs. Noise is an insidious pollutant. Subjectively, one does not realise its deep psychological impact. Hearing loss is a prime example. Initial sensory damage occurs in sensitivity to the upper frequencies. Loss of awareness of these frequencies may not be noticeable to the victim until as much as 40 per cent of hearing is permanently lost. Within working en vironments, loss of hearing is possible the most common occupational hazard. Glorig suggests that approximately 6 million American workers suffer from impaired hearing due to continuous high intensity noise throughout their occupational lives. A recent study has shown that 9 per cent of all new hires have a compensable hearing loss.
Trends and Characteristics of Road Traffic Accidents in Nigeria
Authors: Ezenwa Afamdi O.
Published: September 2007

THE TRENDS AND characteristics of road traffic accidents in Nigeria were evaluated using data from the police records. The study showed that there has been increasing trends in the case fatality rates, injury and th rates per 100,000 population. There have also been easing trends in the severity of the accidents. During the last ten years (1974-1983) the number of accidents increased by 10.4%, injured cases increased by 43%, cases of deaths increased by 110.6%, total casualties increased by 57.1% and human population increased by 27.2%. The mortality pattern showed that for every five fatal accident victims one subsequent death occurred outside the accident scene. The majority of the accident victims in Nigeria are young adults of the age group 22 to 30 years and about 75% of the accident victims are males. Unsafe acts (reckless and dangerous driving, driving without licence, excess speed, alcoholism, faulty pedestrian attitude, etc.) constitute the major causes of RTAs in Nigeria. Other contributory factors include unsafe driving conditions such as road and vehicle defects. The observations from the present study indicate the need for a regular evaluation of accident trends in relation to a critical evaluation and innovation of accident counter measures in Nigeria.
Contraception among female students in the University of Benin
Authors: Chiwuzie Jasper C. , Dariah Gerald L.
Published: September 2007

QESTIONNAIRES WERE distributed amongst a randomly selected sample of 400 female under graduates of the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria with the aim of finding out their degree of aware ness of, attitude to, and use of contraceptives.

The mean age of the studied population was 19.6 years. 360 (90%) were single. 372 of them (93%) were aware of contraception, 192 (48%) had used one form of contracep tion or the other, and 104 (26%) had had one or more abortions at the time of the study. Of these 104, 62 (or 60.8% of them) had used no form of contraception prior to the pregnancy.

The most dreaded side effect of contraception among the population studied was infertility.
Attitudes of Adults to Sanitation Facilities in Ibadan
Authors: Omishakin Ademola
Published: September 2007

THE AVAILABILITY of sanitation facilities throughout the world is important to the improve ment of health. A study was done in selected areas of Ibadan City, Nigeria to determine the attitudes and use of sanitation facilities by the city's residents. The findings indicate that the general attitudes are not favourable to the use of sanitation facilities and there is a prevailing belief that the facilities should be provided and maintained by the Government.
Family influence on incidence of intestinal parasites among Nigerian children
Authors: Adekunle L.V. , Bammeke A.O. , Lucas A.O.
Published: September 2007

THE PREVALENCE of intestinal parasites among children of 512 families of 3 different social categories were studied. Degrees of correlations between intestinal parasites and some identified social categories were analysed and statistical evidences showed a strong association between the existence of intestinal parasites and a child's family conditions.
Infant immunisation: Do we need a media campaign?
Authors: Hastings Gerard B.
Published: September 2007

RESEARCH BY the Advertising Research Unit at the University of Strathclyde on behalf of the Scottish Health Education Group suggests that mass media campaigns have a valuable role to play in tackling the problem of low infant immunisation levels. However, if the media is to be used effectively, campaigns must be based on consumer perceptions and decision making in this area. This paper discusses how and why perceptions of the appropriate vaccines and diseases are important.
Arthropods as Pest and Disease Vectors and Tourism in Nigeria
Authors: Okaeme A.N.
Published: September 2007

RTHROPODS AS pests in the contamination of food, outdoor nuisance, health hazard, skin allergy and disease transmission is the subject of this paper with particular reference to tourism. Areas of touristic attraction in Nigeria and their outdoor insect nuisance are checklisted. The health risk potential of vector-borne, exotic diseases, and insect pestilence to which tourists are exposed are discussed with recommendations on the need for International Control measures.
Rheumatic Heart Disease in Schoolchildren in Westren District, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mohammend Abdulaziz Al-Sekait  , Abdulrhman Abdulaziz Al-Sweliem  , Tahir Mohammed
Published: September 2007

THE PREVALENCE of rheumatic heart disease was assessed among schoolchildren aged between 6-15 years in the Westren District. A sample size of 9,418 (10% of the target population) underwent cardiac evaluation. The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease was 24 per 10,000 schoolchildren (6-15 years). The prevalence was higher in rural areas and in females. This survey revealed that the carrier rate of beta-hemolytic streptococci was 34%.
Legionnaire's Disease Surveillance Programme
Authors: O'Neill Kenneth
Published: September 2007

IN AUSTRALIA, approximately 150 cases of Legionnaire's Disease are reported annually. Untreated, the mortality rate is estimated at 20%. Australia's largest Legionnaire's Disease epidemic broke out in Wollongong (New South Wales) back in 1987, where some 45 cases required hospitalization and 10 of these died.

Local Health Authorities have been advised to conduct initial surveys of their particular municipalities to locate all known water cooling towers and evapora tive condensers to establish maintenance standards on such units to overcome possible future outbreaks of this disease with significant mortality.
Maternal Formal Education and the Four-Child Policy in Nigeria
Authors: Opaneye A.A.
Published: September 2007

A CROSS-SECTIONAL survey was done in the puerperium of 320 mothers who delivered at Ogun State University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria over a period of three months. The patients were stratified according to their parities in relation to their levels of formal education. The results showed that those with the least formal education were the most parous (p<0.005) and had the highest perinatal deaths. The difference between perinatal deaths suffered by mothers with no formal education and those with post-secondary school education was statistically significant (p<0.05). No association was demonstrated between the level of formal education and the delivery of low birthweight infants. When compared with grandmultiparae (parity ≥5), primipara had more formal education (p<0.005).

Therefore, for a successful implementation of the four-child policy in Nigeria, a concerted effort must be made to encourage maternal formal education. This should be to at least secondary school level.
Body Image and Eating Behaviour in Interethnic Adolescent Girls
Authors: Walker A.R.P. , Walker B.F. , Locke M.M. , Cassim F.A. , Molefe O.
Published: September 2007

REPORTS of major dissatisfaction among adoles cent girls over body shape and their associated eating behaviour, prompted determining anthropometric and questionnaire studies on series of rural and urban black, Indian, and white girls aged 14-19 years. Variables were concern over weight, desired weight loss, also practices regarding binge eating, fastmg, vomiting and laxative use. Black girls have low weight-for-age, yet experience more obesity than white girls; yet weight reduction, although desired, is seldom seriously attempted. Indian girls have low weight-for- age, principally for genetic, not social class, reasons; they also, even some underweight, desired weight reduction. White girls are also dissatisfied, although less acutely than girls in the US. The current attitudes of South African adolescent girls, apart from extremes, are unlikely to seriously prejudice their health.
Comparison of United States and New Zealand Children's Body Mass Scores
Authors: Kelly Jane L. , Stanton Warren R. , Silva Phil A. , Jordan Thomas E.
Published: September 2007

BODY MASS Index (BMI) scores were calculated for two racially similar samples, one from New Zealand and the other from the United States, at ages 3, 5, 7 and 13 years. At ages 3, 7 and 13 years, the New Zealand subjects had higher BMI scores than their American peers. Chi-square analyses showed that a disproportionately large number of American subjects had scores in the bottom 20th percentile for their age and sex than expected at each of the four ages. Similarly, a disproportionately larger number of New Zealand subjects had BMI scores in the uppermost 20th percentile at ages 3 and 13 years. It is hypothesized that the difference in BMI scores for the two samples, which have previously been shown to have similar median heights and weights, reflects a difference in degree of body fat.
Pharmaceutical Services to the Mentally Ill
Authors: Branford D.
Published: September 2007

THIS PAPER provides an overview of the phar maceutical services to the mentally ill within the community, the District General Hospital, Psy chiatric Hospital, Regional Secure Unit, Special Hospi tal and Prison. With an overall picture of underfunding and underprovision a number of models of service are proposed for the future.
Secondary School Teachers' Viewpoint on Sex Education
Authors: Oladepo O. , Akintayo T.
Published: September 2007

The success of any sexuality education programme in the school is directly related to the expertise of teachers and their willingness to provide instructions. This study as sesses the knowledge of human sexuality education among 351 secondary school teachers in Ibadan, Nigeria, and their attitude towards inclusion of sex education in the schools' curriculum. Results revealed that none of the respondents was able to define sex education adequately and 34.8% could not identify content areas of sex education for inclusion in the schools' curriculum. Surprisingly, married female teachers and those aged 40 years and above were less favourably disposed to the introduction of sex education in schools.
Education and Young People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Probert C.S.J. , Mayberry Margaret , Mayberry J.F.
Published: September 2007

Children and their parents are often anxious that chronic disease may interfere with examination performance. The provision within schools for children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was investigated by a postal survey of headteachers of 98 schools with over 48,000 pupils in Leicestershire and Cardiff. Headteachers in Cardiff were more likely to have heard of ulcerative colitis (95 % ) than those in Leicestershire (70% ), (X2 =4. 5, p <0.05). They knew of 16 children with inflammatory bowel disease. The majority of heads provide easy access to lavatories during examinations and would tell the examining body of a child's medical problem. While most heads would like more information about inflammatory bowel disease, few have facilities to inform teachers about chronic illness in young people. Most think healthy young people should be provided with information about chronic diseases, which they would like provided by nurses.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects over 1200 children in the United Kingdom. Children and their parents are concerned that these conditions will interfere with schooling, taking examinations and their employment (Rees et al 1983, Wyke et al 1988). Provisions by schools for children with IBD were investigated.
Water for Thought! - Private Water Supplies and the Consumer Factor
Authors: Whitten B.J.E.
Published: September 2007

Individual supplies from non-mains water to private dwellings were studied in a local area of East Devon. Underground spring water piped from hilltop level to holding tanks, or gathered at ground level for household wells, was tested for bacterial contamination at its point of use. Purification methods if any, and their maintenance were observed.
Fish Mongers and Public Awareness on Fish-Food Hygiene in Nigeria
Authors: Okaeme A.N.
Published: September 2007

Sale of fish is a thriving business in Nigeria because of the high demand for fish. However, there is lack of public awareness on the need for fish hygiene by fish mongers and consumers. This paper discusses the issue of hygiene as it affects a fish shop environment, insects and pests of fish, preservation, handling, transportation, packaging, fish marketing and distribution. Suggestions on improving fish food hygiene and strategies for establishing fish guidelines and inspections are highlighted.
Health of The Nation: Way Forward in Sexual Health
Authors: Thin R.N.
Published: September 2007

Sexual health is a wide concept encompassing education, health promotion and disease prevention, diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted diseases, screening and counselling for HIV antibodies, management of HIV infected patients, family planning, termination ofpregnancy, psychosexual counselling, prevention ofcervical and lower genital tract cancers, and sexual abuse. Implementation ofThe Health of the Nation (1992) will include assessing the current situation, views, alliances and interventions, need for research and development and within alliances setting challenging but achievable targets. The Health of the Nation includes a target for gonorrhoea which is a surrogate for partner change, sexually transmitted diseases in general and HIV infection, and a target for conceptions among those under 16 years of age. These targets need to be adjusted locally and may be staged. All interventions to achieve these targets must be available. Implementation of The Health of the Nation to achieve the main objectives which are to reduce the incidence of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases as well as reducing the number ofunwanted pregnancies and provision of effective family planning services will be challenging but sexual health gain will be well worthwhile.
A Clinical-Epidemiological Study of Hypertension in Rural Population of Jawan Block, Distt, Aligarh (UP) India
Authors: Ashok Kumar Agarwal  , Yunus Mohammad , Khan Aziz , Ahmad Jamal
Published: September 2007

A cross-sectional study was carried out in rural areas of Jawan Block District Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India covering a total population of 3760 drawn from 11 villages. The total number of confirmed hypertensives was 59 with a prevalence rate of 15.7 per 1000 of the general rural population. The prevalence of hypertension gradually increased with increase in age. Males were more prone to develop hypertension as compared to females. Obesity, social class and occupation had a direct impact on hypertension.
Disability Abated: Audio-Cassettes for the Visually Impaired
Authors: Marsland David , Leoussi Athena S , Norcross Paul
Published: September 2007

The paper reports on aspects of a nation-wide interview study of a sample of 320 visually impaired people.

Visually impaired people are evidently keen to keep abreast of news and current affairs. They answer their needs in this respect to a modest extent through braille material, and on a large scale by means of television and especially radio. Audio- cassettes play a surprisingly important role, particularly record ings of newspapers and other periodicals. They are used regularly by a large majority of blind people.

Reactions to audio-cassettes are enormously positive. They appear to provide not only information, but also companion ship, purpose and meaning. The survey suggests that need and demand for a nation-wide audio-cassette service is substantial.