bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color structure from chromatic motion
Authors: D'Zmura M. , Iverson G.
Published: February 2023

Viewing the change in reflected lights caused by changing illumination provides abundant information concerning illuminant and surface color properties.1 A bilinear model describes, in simple viewing situations, how the quantum catches of a p-chromatic visual system are related to illuminant spectral power distributions and surface reflectance functions drawn from m- and n-dimensional linear models, respectively. Such models can be used to help recover illuminants and surface reflectances from quantum catch data when the visual system is presented v views of a set of s surfaces, where each view corresponds to a distinct illuminant. The choices of p,m,n,v, and s for which color structure can be recovered from chromatic motion follow from analysis of a set of conditions that a bilinear model must meet; single-view theory follows as a special case.
Spectral dependence of the Epson LCTV modulation characteristics
Authors: Thie Melissa W. , Jones Brian K. , Kirsch James C.
Published: February 2023

The modulation characteristics of the liquid crystal televisions found in the Epson Crystal Image video projector have been measured and reported for λ = 0.6328 μm. These characteristics include phase modulation and contrast ratio as a function of both bias voltage and input gray level. Many compact systems for which the LCTVs are candidate spatial light modulators, however, will utilize laser diodes operating in the near infrared. In addition, the phase modulation observed in LCTVs will tend to increase for shorter wavelengths. The purpose of the presentation is to compare the different modulation characteristics of the LCTV across a wide spectral range from blue to the near infrared. The results of these experiments will allow researchers to choose spectral bands in which the LCTV performs best and to evaluate the tradeoffs in operating these devices at other than optimum wavelengths.
Optically driven optically addressed spatial light modulator
Authors: Reardon Janine V. , Gregory Don A.
Published: February 2023

Most optically addressed spatial light modulators (OASLMs) have had the disadvantage of requiring some kind of electrical drive field, along with the optical read and write fields. The preliminary results of research into an optically driven optically addressed spatial light modulator (ODOASLM) employing a polymer as the photoreceptor indicate that the electrical drive field is not required. This device is driven as well as written and read with optical fields. Preliminary experimental results and a theoretical model of the ODOASLM will be discussed.
High energy 1-in. aperture Cr:LISAF laser
Authors: Yanovsky V. , Chai B. , Richardson M.
Published: February 2023

Cr-doped LISAF and LIC AF are promising new laser crystals, combining attractive laser properties such as long upper laser level lifetimes, broad emission spectra, and low thermal lensing. With the incorporation of powerful flash-lamp pumping, these materials can be configured into tunable high energy laser systems, if large crystals can be fabricated. Clear aperture crystals of only several millimeters have been reported until recently. We have now grown and made to lase 1-in. aperture crystals of more than 10 cm length. Single shot output energies of >30 J are reported. The dependence of output energy on pump energy will be presented.
Second harmonic generation in the presence of diffraction
Authors: Pliszka Pawel , Banerjee Partha P.
Published: February 2023

We analyze a three-dimensional problem of propagation of beams in a quadratically nonlinear medium. It is shown how the results of a one dimensional model are modified because of the initially Gaussian transverse profile of the fundamental and because of the presence of diffraction. The effect of anisotropy is also studied, and it is shown to result in both linear and nonlinear walk-off between the beams. The resulting coupled parabolic equations are studied numerically with the help of a parallel algorithm for the split-step beam propagation method. Optimum focussing conditions are discussed.
Lithographic alignment and overlay by projection moiré interferometry
Authors: Zaidi Saleen , Frauenglass A. , Brueck S. R. J.
Published: February 2023

As device structures advance into the extreme submicrometer regime, decreased alignment and overlay budgets, conservatively to 50 nm, will be required. The alignment scheme must demonstrate significantly better performance. Present alignment schemes are based on relatively large alignment marks’ or on coarse gratings.2 We report an alignment scheme based on projection moire interferometry with a resolution to better than 2 nm. The alignment scheme involves illuminating a grating on the wafer with two coherent laser sources from opposite directions arranged so that the diffraction orders are near normal to the wafer surface. Various alternative geometries have also been investigated. The interference between these two diffraction orders produces a projected moire interference pattern with a phase that contains the alignment information. This phase is periodic in the position of the wafer with a period of 1 /2 the Si grating. By monitoring the intensity of the central fringe, an alignment sensitivity of 2.5 nm for a 1 pm pitch grating and of 1 nm for a 340 nm pitch grating has been demon­strated with He-Ne laser illumination (633 nm). Similar sensitivities are observed in overlay measurement for superimposed gratings. A novel approach to spatial period doubling is demonstrated for double-exposed gratings offset by 1/2 the grating period.
Extended Jones matrix method for gyrotropic media
Authors: Gu Claire , Yeh Pochi
Published: February 2023

Birefringent networks play an important role in many advanced optical systems, such as birefringent filters, polarizers, and liquid crystal displays. Most of the applications require a wide field of view and a range of optical axis orientations. In order to design and characterize these devices, the transmission properties of light in birefringent networks must be understood. In this paper, we first review some previous works1 in this area and then derive an extended Jones matrix formulation and an equation of motion for the polarization states. These methods are valid for arbitrary incident angle and can be applied to all gyrotropic media including uniaxial and biaxial crystals and also materials that exhibit optical rotation and Faraday rotation. As an example, this method is employed to analyze a twisted nematic liquid crystal display. The results will be presented and discussed.
Quantum trajectory calculations in cavity QED
Authors: Tian L. , Carmichael H. J.
Published: February 2023

We use the quantum trajectory (stochastic wave function) approach to simulate the dynamics of a cavity QED system. The system consists of one atom interacting on resonance with one mode of a coherently driven optical cavity. We simulate a variety of different measurements on this system. The simulation of direct photoelectric detection produces trajectories that illustrate the collapse of the wave function in delayed photon coincidence measurements. It also allows us to calculate waiting-time distributions, pho­toelectron counting distributions, and the mean transmitted intensity as a function of the excitation frequency and field strength. A simulation with frequency filtering of the stochastic wave fuction gives results for optical spectra. From a simulation of homodyne detection we obtain trajectories showing the fluctuations in the quadrature phase amplitudes of the intracavity field and the atomic dipole. These simulations are used to calculate spectra of squeezing. We show that when the cavity is excited near one of the "vacuum" Rabi resonances, the composite atom-cavity system behaves like a two-state system. Under these conditions the optical spectrum shows Mollow sidebands caused by a dynamic Stark shift of the Jaynes-Cummings eigenstates. Thus, in this measurement we are observing the "dressing" of the (one-quantum) dressed states.
High resolution ir molecular beam spectroscopy of vander Waals complexes: HCN−BF3 and HCCCN−BF3
Authors: Kerstel E. R. Th. , Mentel Th. F. , Scoles G. , Yang X.
Published: February 2023

We have recorded the fundamental spectra of HCN−BF3 and HCCCN−BF3 in the region of the CH stretching vibration. For HCN−BF3 we also recorded the overtone spectrum. The spectra we observe, for both B isotopes, are those of a symmetric top with the symmetry axis coincident with the HCN(HCCCN)−B molecular axis. The HCCCN−BF3 spectrum is shifted by −2.70 cm1 with respect to the spectrum of free HCCCN. This red shift is similar in size to shifts measured for other HCCCN complexes. However, the shifts observed for HCN−BF3 are very different from those of other HCN complexes: the fundamental is red-shifted by only 0.1 cm-1 and the over tone is shifted by 0.66 cm-1 to the blue. This may be due to a long-range anharmonic vibrational interaction. We do not observe any localized perturbations, in contrast to the case of trifluoropropyne, in which both the ν1 and 2ν1 spectra show extensive couplings to background states. The width of the lines is attributed entirely to unresolved K structure, implying a vibrational predissociation lifetime larger than roughly 20 ns. At the same time this indicates a value of (ΔA−ΔB) for these systems, at least 10 times smaller than for trifluoropropyne.
Boundary conditions for phase-conjugate external cavity lasers
Authors: Liby Bruce , Statman David
Published: February 2023

Lasers coupled to phase conjugate external cavities are of interest because of the potential impact on laser phasing. The boundary conditions for a laser coupled to a bare phase-conjugate cavity and for two lasers coupled via a double phase conjugate mirror (DPCM) are derived. The analysis indicates that the phase shift on the beams returning from the external cavity is equal to 2nπ, where n is an integer, regardless of external cavity length. Data collected on the bare cavity supports this conclusion. The difference between reflection from a self-pumped photorefractive phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) and a four-wave mixing PCM are explained. The implications of this work for laser phasing are discussed.
Improved spatial and temporal performance of a phase conjugate resonator by using an intracavity fiber optic taper
Authors: Dunning G. J. , Klein M. B. , McCahon S. W. , Pepper D. M.
Published: February 2023

Optical processing devices based on a phase conjugate resonator have high spatial resolution, resulting from the large number of transverse modes that are allowed. However, these devices are also subject to spatial and temporal instabilities due to transverse mode competition at the phase conjugate mirror. We have recently demonstrated that an intracavity mode homogenizer such as a multimode fiber or light pipe can eliminate spatial and temporal instabilities. In this current work, we characterize a new class of mode homogenizers: tapered fiber optic bundles. One taper under investigation has an area ratio of 36:1 and is inserted as closely as possible between the BaTiO3 phase conjugate mirror and the conventional high reflecting mirror, with the large end adjacent to the conventional mirror. In the experiments with the intracavity taper, we find that the spatial and temporal stability are greatly improved and the overall transverse extent of the oscillating mode is increased. Applications of this architecture for optical data processing will be presented.
Terahertz electromagnetic pulse generation using 150-μJ, 800-nm femtosecond pulses
Authors: Benicewicz P. K. , Taylor A. J. , Roberts J. P. , Kurnit N. A. , Zhang X.-C. , Auston D. H.
Published: February 2023

Subpico-second pulses of terahertz electromagnetic radiation are generated by femtosecond optical pulses incident on a large-aperture biased photoconductor. The key advantage of a large-aperture biased photoconductor is the ability to generate high power pulses by increasing the size of the aperture of the photoconductor to accept very high optical energies and high applied bias voltages. This power scaling feature of large-aperture photoconductors has been studied by others using the 8-μJ, 620-nm optical pulses from an amplified CPM laser system. Applied bias fields up to 7 kV/cm were used on semiconductors having 0.5-4 mm electrode gap spacings. We present the results of the generation of terahertz electromagnetic pulses using the amplified 800-nm, 150-μJ, 200-fs optical output from a 5-Hz laser system incident on the biased surfaces of GaAs and InP wafers. Wider gap spacings and larger optical energies permit further investigation into the power scaling and saturation properties of the photoconductors. Our use of 1.5-eV rather than 2-eV photons permits a comparison of results as a function of photon energy.
A phenomenological model for predicting visual performance
Authors: Lakshminarayanan V. , Lang A. , Portney V.
Published: February 2023

We have developed a phenomenological model for prediction of the expected relative changes in measures of visual function based on in vitro measurements of the modulation transfer function and the human threshold retinal response. This algorithm can be used to predict the resultant changes in contrast sensitivity due to changes made to the human dioptric elements. This algorithm can also be used to study the through-focus capability with the potential for evaluating the expected changes with light intensity and object contrast. The results obtained from this model will be compared with the clinical data derived from Allergan's randomized AMO Array multifocal intraocular lens implant clinical study.
System considerations for two-photon 3-D memories
Authors: Hunter S. , Ford J. E. , Dvornikov A. , Fainman Y. , Esener S. , Rentzepis P.
Published: February 2023

We will present recent results in the development of two-photon 3-D memory systems. While much of our research is in materials, we are also investigating the areas of system design and engineering. The major areas emphasized are (1) memory addressing, (2) dynamic focusing throughout the material, and (3) channel cross talk minimization as they pertain to storage and retrieval of parallel channels of data in two-photon materials. Memory addressing methods utilizing (1) orthogonal beams and (2) pulse collision will be explained. We will discuss the trade-offs between these addressing schemes and the other design considerations in terms of the maximum volumetric density (MVD), parallelism, and access times. Specific components will be combined to create a broad range of possible memory systems. The highest storage density system has an MVD = 1 Tb/cm3 and is achievable in a system with a bandwidth of 100 Kbit/s. Another proposed system has the band width of 10 Tbit/s and is limited to an MVD = 0.5 Gbit/cm3.
3-D holographic memory disk
Authors: Li Hsin-Yu , Psaltis Demitri
Published: February 2023

We describe an angularly and spatially multiplexed holographic memory that is arranged in a disk format. The memory is constructed with a z-cut lithium niobate disk 1.5 in. in diameter and 5 mm thick. Holograms are stored in multiple locations, each location being roughly 2 mm by 2 mm. Up to 1,000 angular multiplexed holograms can be recorded at each location, and 20 locations can be recorded on the disk. Individual holograms recorded on the same location are accessed by changing the reference beam angle, and different locations on the disk are accessed by rotating the crystal. In our demonstration, we recorded 100 holograms per location and stored approximately 3 min of a movie on the crystal. The individual video frames were recorded as reflection type holograms. We discuss the advantages of this geometry in terms of diffraction efficiency and uniformity of diffraction efficiency with respect to disk rotation and change in reference beam angle. Other possible geometries will also be discussed.
High-density holographic storage based on nanometer-size arsenic clusters in GaAs
Authors: Nolte D. D. , Brubaker R. M. , Melloch M. R. , Woodall J. M. , Ralph S. J.
Published: February 2023

Nanometer-size arsenic clusters in a GaAs matrix have large capacities to trap photocarriers and to store charge. The material is prepared by low-temperature-growth (LTG) of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) GaAs. We demonstrate that the thin films can be used as a high-density optical storage medium. The material exhibits an unexpected large electro-optic effect at room temperature for photon energies close to the bandgap. This effect is attributed to quantum effects of the mesoscopic clusters. Charge storage and electro-optic properties combine to produce a low-laser-power high-density holographic storage medium. The ultra-fast lifetimes of the photogenerated carriers produce excellent spatial resolution during the writing of holographic space-charge gratings. Fringe spacings as small as 6000 Å can be supported in this material, yielding two-dimensional optical data density greater than 108 bits/cm2. The saturation intensity is 10 mW/cm2 with a device storage time of 2 ms. With additional processing, fringe spacings as small as 2000 Å should be possible, with storage times approaching minutes.
High sensitivity absorption spectroscopy for plasma etching diagnostics
Authors: Whittaker E. A. , Sun H. C.
Published: February 2023

Tunable lead salt diode lasers are potentially versatile sources for chemically selective analysis of low pressure reacting plasmas used for materials processing. We report here on the performance of an absorption spectrometer capable of detecting absorbances as small as a few parts in 10−7 with a detection bandwidth of several kilohertz. To achieve such a high performance, we have implemented a novel laser modulation scheme that allows us to selectively reject interference fringes induced by reaction chamber windows and other optical surfaces through which the probing beam must pass. The method also allows us to lock the laser to the resonance line of the species being probed and to measure its absorbance in real time. We present data taken from a SF6 based plasma used for polysilicon gate etching. The high dynamic range and wide detection bandwidth allow us to measure SF6 concentrations in real time as various etching reactor parameters are varied. Our initial data have demonstrated the potential for very sensitive etch end point detection, direct etch rate monitoring, and plasma chemistry analysis.
Dynamic range and impulse response measurements of pulsed lidar detectors using a fiber optic signal simulator
Authors: Allocca David , Billmers Richard I. , Contarino Vincent M. , DePersia Dina , Squicciarini Martin F.
Published: February 2023

Our group has constructed a fiber optic signal simulator to measure the dynamic range and impulse response of various pulsed lidar detectors. The test signal generated by the simulator was a pulse train of constant temporal spacing and exponentially decaying amplitude. By using this system dynamic ranges of 1010 were measured for an Advanced Photonix avalanche photo-diode. By utilizing p-i-n photo-diodes rise and fall times of 3 ns have been observed. The constant temporal spacing and exponentially decaying amplitude of the output pulses allows the dynamic range and impulse response of pulsed lidar detectors to be observed directly on an oscilloscope or digitalized for further processing.
Pulsed holography system for hypervelocity impact diagnostics
Authors: Hansche B. D. , Sweatt W. C. , Ang J. A. , Konrad C. H. , Hareland S. A. , Goscing S. , Hickman R.
Published: February 2023

We are using pulsed holography to record the debris cloud resulting from the impact of 4 km/s projectiles with plates; this is four times faster than any previous results. Our raison d'etre is 3-D hydrocode verification. We are actually recording holographic shadowgrams of these ~50 mm diameter debris clouds. The object that is holographically recorded is a translucent screen located behind the cloud. Our double-YAG laser with a 5-ns pulse freezes shadows of the debris caught between the screen and the film. During the laser pulse, the particles move about 20 µm, which causes a slight blurring. The laser and the timing system are operational, and we have recorded a 4.2 km/s event. We are now improving the wave-front quality of the reference and reconstruction beams, which will increase our resolution. We are also studying methods of reducing speckle in the image and what the shadows of 3-dimensional particles look like. Finally, we are reviewing automated particle identification and cataloging schemes.
Electrically switchable holographic Bragg gratings
Authors: Tondiglia V. P. , Sutherland R. L. , Natarajan L. V. , Butchko R.
Published: February 2023

Bragg gratings have been recorded holographically in photopolymers doped with nematic liquid crystals. Gratings are enhanced with liquid crystal doping, as evidenced by increased diffraction efficiency. Microscopy studies support the theory that microscopic phases of liquid crystals are formed during the curing process. In situ monitoring of diffraction efficiency during photocuring allows a study of the grating formation kinetics as a function of laser power. At 0.58 mW/cm2, 90% of maximum diffraction efficiency has been achieved in 2.2 s. Measurable diffraction occurs in 250 ms. Post-irradiation curing has also been observed. Diffraction efficiency at 633 nm of fully cured samples is as high as 60% for a Bragg angle of 57.5° (2700 lines/mm grating). The diffraction efficiency can be controlled by the application of ac voltages. The Bragg diffraction peak has been observed to completely vanish at approximately 300 V rms. This indicates an electro-optic control of the refractive index modulation formed by the microscopic liquid crystal phases.
Terahertz pulse bursts and codes from an optical rattler
Authors: MacFarlane Duncan L. , Narayan Vishwa
Published: February 2023

We describe a relatively simple way to produce pulse bursts with frequencies around a terahertz. The method here is an optical rattler, operated in an extreme regime.1 The concept of the optical rattler is several partially reflecting mirrors arranged in a delay line. These mirrors reposition part of the energy in a single pulse into the dark space behind the pulse. Mathematically, each reflectivity provides a degree of freedom and each output pulse amplitude provides a constraint. Consequently, pulse trains—discrete time signals—of any shape may be engineered, even those with abrupt gaps or zeros embedded in them. Our experimental work relies on precisely coated, thin glass substrates. A stack of these has been used to manipulate a 400 fs pulse from a hybridly mode-locked dye laser into pulse bursts and codes with a repetition rate of 600 GHz.
Electronic bound and quasi-bound states and lifetimes in semiconductor quantum heterostructures
Authors: Anemogiannis E. , Glytsis E.N. , Gaylord T.K.
Published: February 2023

Recent advances in crystal-growth techniques have allowed fabrication of quantum heterostructures and tailoring of their optical and electronic characteristics. Better understanding of the properties of these structures requires knowledge of their bound and quasi-bound electronic energy levels and their corresponding lifetimes. The purpose of this paper is to present a unified approach for the calculation of electronic states and lifetimes in quantum heterostructures with and without an applied electric field. The present approach is based on the argument principle method (APM) for calculating complex zeros of complex analytic functions. The single-mass time-independent Schrödinger equation is solved within the heterostructure by using the transfer matrix technique, and an eigenvalue equation of the form • (z) = 0 is derived. Then, by using integrations in the complex plane the number of zeros and their approximate values are determined. Finally, by using the Müller method, the exact complex eigenvalues (bound or quasi-bound states) are found. The lifetimes are evaluated from the imaginary part of the complex eigenenergies. Scattering can also be accounted for through application of imaginary potentials. The method can also be applied to virtual energy states. Several examples cases and comparisons with published results are presented.
Nonlinear absorption and wave mixing in InGaAs/GaAs strained layer MQWs at 1.06 µm wavelength
Authors: Zhao Yang , Shah Pankaj , Tang Qingfeng , Ralph Dawson L.
Published: February 2023

There are a number of advantages of using a multiple quantum well (MQW) for nonlinear optical devices at 1.06 µm wavelength.1 InGaAs/AlAs MQWs are good candidates for this wavelength. We fabricated these MQWs with different structures by using the MBE technique. The parameters of the samples were selected to have the exciton peak near 1.06 µm. One sample was grown on an InGaAs buffer layer to relieve the strain. Others were grown on GaAs substrate. After the processing of the samples, the linear absorption spectrum was measured with a commercial infrared spectrometer. The results showed the exciton peak at 1.06 µm. We performed the nonlinear absorption experiments by using different input intensities up to 10 kW/cm2. The saturation intensity of the samples was observed around 1000 W/cm2. The saturation is due to the band filling of the continuum states and exciton bleaching. We also performed four-wave mixing using these samples by detecting the diffracted beam. The signal showed strong dependence on the pump intensity.
Reduced absorption mechanisms in semiconductor quantum wells
Authors: Lee Dong S. , Malloy Kevin J.
Published: February 2023

Ultrahigh refractive indices without absorption1 and reduced absorption2 have been predicted and observed for atomic systems. We apply these considerations to semiconductor structures with complicated energy bands and strong phonon interactions. Bulk semiconductors offer limited flexibility, while quantum well structures offer the ability to tailor the dielectric response through control of the conduction subband states and the separation between heavy and light hole states. To observe high indices without absorption, Raman pumping from the ground conduction state should result in a coherent state at the bottom of heavy hole and light hole bands. The high index then exists between the first excited conduction subband and the range of separation between the holes. Since this scheme gives a large refractive index change, we can observe results by photo- or electro-reflectance. However, interactions between subbands and the strong phonon scattering may inhibit the coherent state. To observe reduced absorption without changes of refractive index, two conduction subbands should be coupled by a CO2 laser. Reduced absorption should be observable from the bottom of the hole state to the range between the two dressed states of the conduction subbands. This approach is simpler than coherent pumping, and modulated transmission offers the best chance for observation.
Peripheral color vision: a physiologist’s perspective
Authors: Kaplan Ehud , Benardete Ethan , Croner Lisa
Published: February 2023

Human color vision is subserved by the interaction of three classes of cones. Recent anatomical and physiological studies raised questions about the ways in which these receptors interact to form the receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells. We are studying the organization of these receptive fields in the retinae of anesthetized and paralyzed macaque monkeys at various retinal eccentricities, employing novel stimulation techniques that allow us to determine the amount and nature of contributions from the various cone classes to the center and surround of each receptive field. The results of these experiments will be discussed in the context of recent psychophysical measurements of human color vision.
Effect of rod signals on red-green color discrimination thresholds
Authors: Nagy Allen L. , Doyal Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2023

Red-green color discrimination thresholds were measured at 25° in the nasal retina during the cone plateau following a bleach and after 30 min of dark adaptation. Thresholds were obtained for four test colors ranging in appearance from green to red with five circular stimulus fields ranging in size from 1° to 16° in diameter. Thresholds for all test colors decreased with increases in field size both during the cone plateau and after dark adaptation. Thresholds obtained after dark adaptation were always higher than those obtained on the cone plateau. The increase in threshold was typically greatest for green and yellow test colors and least for orange and red. Results on the cone plateau were described well by the Boynton and Kambe equation for red-green thresholds. Dark-adapted thresholds could also be described by adding a term representing rod excitation to this equation.
Noise gratings in multiplexed photorefractive holograms
Authors: Gu Claire , Hong John , Yeh Pochi
Published: February 2023

Photorefractive materials are promising candidates for optical storage1 because of their unique capability to implement write/read volume holographic memories. Multiple holograms can be recorded in a photorefractive crystal sequentially by using an exposure schedule2 that equalizes the amplitudes. It is important to note that undesirable noise gratings are formed during the recording of multiple holograms. These noise gratings are induced by the diffracted beams from previously recorded holograms and the writing beams. The formation of additional noise gratings may be especially problematic in optical memory applications, where a large number of gratings are superimposed in a photorefractive crystal. In this paper, we consider the formation of photorefractive noise gratings and its effect on the signal-to-noise ratio. The results indicate that the noise gratings can be minimized by increasing the Bragg mismatch between the gratings.
Collapse and revival dynamics in a driven Jaynes-Cummings system
Authors: Alsing P. M. , Kovanis Vassilios , Cardimona D. A.
Published: February 2023

A single atom coupled to a quantized mode of an electromagnetic cavity, driven by an external coherent field, is described by the Hamiltonian H
djc
= ig(a†σ− − aσ+) + iε(a† − a), where (a†, a) and (σ+, σ) are the raising and lowering operators for the cavity mode and atom, respectively. This is the single atom version of the Hamiltonian used in the study of optical bistability. It describes the evolution of the atom-cavity system on time scales much smaller than the inverse spontaneous emission and cavity decay rates. For 2ε/g < 1, HDJC possesses a discrete set of interaction eigenstates1 with eigenvalues

E

n
±

=
±
g

n

[

1
−

(
2
ε
/
g
)

2

]

3
/
4

. These form a renormalized version of the usual Jaynes-Cummings eigenstates2, which correctly take into account the effect of the driving field to all orders of magnitude. We investigate the collapse and revival nature of the dynamical evolution of the single atom in a cavity, with and without dissipation and above and below the threshold 2ε/g = 1 of the driven Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian.
Experimental and calculated transition probabilities in the A-X system of OH
Authors: Luque Jorge , Steffens Kristen L. , Jeffries Jay B. , Crosley David R.
Published: February 2023

Measurements of relative vibrational band transition probabilities for emission from the v′ = 2 and v′ = 3 levels of the A2Σ+ state of OH have been measured using a low pressure flame as the source of the radicals. Observations have been made out to the 3,5 and 2,6 bands. Ratios of these transition probabilities, and those for v′ = 0 and v′ = 1 from previous measurements, have been fit to an electronic transition moment R
e
(r), by using RKR wavefunctions. The form of the moment is a linear function at short r, matching at larger with a polynomial expression of the same shape as in an ab initio calculation.1 The rotational dependence of the transition probability within each band is also calculated.
Short pulse erbium doped figure eight fiber laser
Authors: Duling Irl N.
Published: February 2023

The figure eight fiber laser (F8L) is a promising source of soliton pulses for scientific investigation and high speed communications applications. It has produced pulses as short as 0.29 ps at interpulse spacings as short as 7 ps. Basic understanding of the pulse forming mechanism is straightforward, but a quantitative analysis has yet to be developed. In this talk, the characteristics of the laser will be described, and with numerical analysis of the loop mirror switch, some operating points and design criteria can be determined. Emphasis will be placed on how the physical characteristics of the laser affect the performance.
Optimization of the alignability of planar-optical backplane interconnect packages
Authors: Ghosh A. K. , Beech R. S.
Published: February 2023

The popularity of using integrated planar-optic (IPO) packages as an optical backplane for board-to-board interconnection is growing because of their compactness, high bandwidth, flexibility, and efficiency. An efficient design strategy for such optical backplane interconnect packages is developed by maximizing the alignability of such packages. The alignability is a probability based measure of the ease with which an optical interconnect system can be aligned. An IPO package that is designed for the maximum alignability is most likely to achieve a high interconnect efficiency, robustness, and yield during manufacturing. The efficiency of power transfer and the alignability of IPO packages can be calculated as a function of the lateral and angular offsets in the input, the error in the spatial frequencies of the hologram, the distance between the boards, the thickness of the substrate, and the sizes of the holograms and the beam spot. From these calculations, guidelines on choosing these parameters are developed. The maximum alignability can be obtained by optimizing the reflection angle or the substrate thickness of the IPO package as a function of these parameters. A software package has been developed for performing such optimizations. The software can be fruitfully used for design and manufacturing of all types of IPO interconnect packages.
Depth and size perception in virtual reality systems
Authors: Rolland Jannick P. , Burbeck Christina A.
Published: February 2023

The creation of an effective virtual visual environment requires an understanding of human vision that exceeds current knowledge, and it raises questions whose importance goes far beyond this specific application. In creating a virtual visual space, we must first know how the perceptual effects of that space differ from those of a real environment. Second, we must determine which of those differences are most important to conveying the desired percept. We will describe the differences between the two systems and report results of our studies on the relative importance of some of these differences, focussing on the perception of size and depth. Finally, we will discuss the problems that are unique to see-through helmet-mounted displays where the interaction between the two environments vividly reveals any discrepancies between the two.
Quantitative comparison of semiclassical and quantum micromaser models
Authors: Narducci L.M. , Bonifacio R. , D’Angelo E.J.
Published: February 2023

Semiclassical and quantum models of the micromaser have been discussed in several recent publications.
What do photodetectors really detect?—derivation of photocurrent operators by using localized photon operators without rotating-wave approximation
Authors: Ho Seng-Tiong
Published: February 2023

The concepts of photons and photodetection are closely related and are very important in quantum optics.
X-ray microspectroscopy using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Rivers Mark L. , Sutton Stephen R. , Bajt Sasa
Published: February 2023

The synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microprobe at bending magnet beamline X-26A at the National Synchrotron Light Source has been used for a number of years for trace element microanalysis using collimated white radiation.
1.30-μm/1.55-μm and 1.48-μm/1.55-μm wavelength multiplexers/demultiplexers made by double-ion exchange in glass,
Authors: Honkanen Seppo , Najafi S. Iraj , Zhang Guangwen , Tervonen Ari
Published: February 2023

Wavelength multiplexers/demultiplexers for different wavelength spacings, that is for 1.30 μm/1.55 μm and 1.48 μm/1.55 μm, are fabricated in a single glass substrate by potassium and silver doubleion exchange process.
Beamlet laser: technology development for a national ICF ignition facility
Authors: Murray J. R. , Campbell J. H. , Frank D. N.
Published: February 2023

An inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) ignition facility will require an ultraviolet laser driver delivering an energy of 1-2 MJ in a carefully-shaped pulse with a length of 15-20 ns, but with the bulk of the energy in the last 3-5 ns.
Nonlinear growth of beam modulation in high-peak-power laser systems
Authors: Hunt John T. , Manes Kenneth R. , Renard Paul A.
Published: February 2023

For almost two decades unexplained optical damage has limited the performance of high power solid state laser systems.
Kinoform phase plates for focal plane irradiance control
Authors: Dixit S. N. , Lawson J. K , Thomas I. M. , Morgan A. , Rushford M. , Powell H. T. , Nugent K A.
Published: February 2023

Random phase plates (RPPs), widely used in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) systems worldwide for beam smoothing, produce Airy-pattern-like far-field profiles which contain 81 to 84% of the incident energy in their central maximum.
Short-pulse performance of the mercury KrF laser system
Authors: Czuchlewski S. J. , Hanson D. E. , Kurnit N. A. , Leland W. T. , McCown A. , McLeod J. , Rose E. A. , Thomas S. J. , Thompson D. , York G.
Published: February 2023

The Mercury KrF laser system is presently nearing comple­tion at Los Alamos as part of the national ICF program.
Text discrimination using a joint-transform correlator
Authors: Ting S. , Manettas D. , Fiddy M. A.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this paper is to report on the use of the Space Optics Research Labs Joint Transform Correlator (JTC), for the identification of small differences between two input functions, in this case text.
Collective effects on the phase of coherent light from semiconductors
Authors: Chemla Daniel
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
Contrast sensitivity for input distributions
Authors: Zaidi Qasim
Published: February 2023

Visual models generally assume that the state of adaptation is set by the average incident light. These models successfully predict the empirical result that an observer adapted to a steady spatially uniform light has greatest sensitivity to contrasts around the adaptation point, and contrast sensitivity declines progressively as the radiance or chromaticity of the test light differs from that of the adaptation level.
Femtosecond Spectroscopy of Energetic Solids
Authors: Fourkas John , Wefers Marc W. , Wang Weining , Nelson Keith A.
Published: February 2023

Femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy of chemical reactions in solids must be conducted on a single-shot or limited-shot basis since simple flowing of the sample as in liquids and gases to remove reaction products and replace reactants is not possible.
Ultrafast dynamics of semiconductor lasers and amplifiers
Authors: Agrawal Govind P. , Bowden Charles M.
Published: February 2023

The dynamic response of semiconductor lasers is generally modeled through a set of rate equations by assuming that the dipole relaxation time, governed by the intraband scattering time 'tin-100 fs, is short enough that the semiconductor medium responds almost instantaneously to the optical field.
Integrated 1.3 μm/1.55 pm wavelength multiplexer and 1/8 splitter made by ion exchange in glass
Authors: Zhang Guangwen , Honkancn Seppo , Xajafi S. Iraj , Tenonen Ari
Published: February 2023

We demonstrate the integration of a 1.3 μn/1.55 nm wavelength multiplexer and a 1/8 splitter in a single glass substrate. The device consists of a threeport nonsymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer for wavelength multiplexing and symmetrical Y-branches for achromatic splitting. It is fabricated by potassium and silver double-ion exchange in Corning 0211 glass using an aluminum mask.
Optical nonlinearities of glasses doped with large amounts of copper and silver metal particles
Authors: Uchida K. , Kaneko S. , Ohmi S. , Hata T. , Tanji H. , Asahara Y. , Ikushima A.J. , Tokizaki T. , Nakamura A.
Published: February 2023

Glasses doped with large amounts of copper and silver metal particles (~10 mol%) were prepared by melting and heat-treatment processes, and the third-order nonlinearities were studied with emphasis on particle-size dependence.
Improvements in laser-damage thresholds of KDP and KD*P crystals
Authors: Rainer F. , Atherton L. J. , De Yoreo J. J. , Thomas I. M.
Published: February 2023

High laser fluences, employed in large-scale lasers used for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), have required optical materials with improved damage thresholds.
Invariant recognition using a binary optics coordinate transforming device
Authors: Asselin Daniel , Arsenault Henri H.
Published: February 2023

It has long been known that a log-polar coordinate transformation can yield patterns that are invariant under changes of orientation and of scale.
Wavelength multiplexing holograms in Ce:Fe-doped LiNbO3 crystal fiber with a visible-light diode laser
Authors: Yu Francis T. S. , Yin Shizhuo , Zhao Feng , Zhou Hanying
Published: February 2023

In this paper, the angular and wavelength selectivity of photorefractive (PR) volume holograms were discussed based on the coupled wave theory.
Spectroscopic applications of far-infrared light generated at semiconductor surfaces,
Authors: Greene B. I.
Published: February 2023

Detection of sub-picosecond far-infrared (FIR) light pulses has historically been achieved with gated photoconductive antennae.
History and future of imaging with phase diversity
Authors: Gonsalves Robert
Published: February 2023

(Summary not available.)
Waveguide fabrication in glass
Authors: Nolan Daniel A.
Published: February 2023

Two important technologies for the fabrication of waveguides in glass are ion exchange and the flame hydrolysis or the chemical vapor deposition process.
Progress in theory and experiments on circular-grating surface-emitting lasers
Authors: Najafi S. Iraj , Wu Chun-Meng , Makino Toshihiko , Fallahi Mahmoud
Published: February 2023

Circular grating surface-emitting (CG-SE) laser is a novel structure which offers various potential applications.
Self-pumped phase conjugation in a Kerr medium—nematic liquid crystal
Authors: Liang Yu , Li Hong , Khoo I. C.
Published: February 2023

We have observed the self-pumped phase conjugation in a nematic liquid crystal using low power millisecond visible laser pulses.
Expanding the probe-acceptance-angle range for phase conjugation by Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing by using pump-frequency compensation
Authors: Ackerman John R. , Lebow Paul S.
Published: February 2023

The phase mismatch that drives energy transfer among the weak probe input, pump beams, and amplified phase conjugate output in high reflectivity Brillouin enhanced four wave mixing is determined by both spectral and spatial factors.
Development of a-wave response in the infant eye
Authors: Breton Michael E. , Schueller Albert W. , Quinn Graham E.
Published: February 2023

The leading edge of the electroretinogram a-wave provides information on adult rod photoreceptor function at the level of phototransduction biochemistry.1 A similar approach may be taken in the study of infant photoreceptor development. Postnatal development of the infant photocurrent component, as represented in the a-wave, will depend on maturation of photoreceptors in size, shape and transduction biochemistry. This study evaluates a-wave response to a brief (1.5 ms), white flash, full field stimulus over a large intensity range in 10 full term infants, aged 5 days to 13 months, in terms of a-wave kinetics with a model of the G-protein mediated phototransduction cascade1,2. Results are given in terms of amax, maximum a-wave amplitude at high intensity, and model parameters A, an “amplification constant” interpretable in terms of transduction biochemistry, and teff, a brief delay. In the youngest infants, araax and A were both reduced by a factor of about 4 compared to adult values, increasing rapidly over the first 100 days of life and more slowly thereafter. Photoreceptor shortening can account for the lower amax values, but it alone cannot account for lower values of A, which require altered amplification in one or more of the activation stages of transduction.
Rod a-wave as a measure of rod receptor activity: cone intrusion can influence estimated parameters
Authors: Hood Donald C. , Birch David G.
Published: February 2023

Models from single receptor physiology1,2 have been fitted to the leading edge of the a-wave of the human ERG.3-9 Although the biophysical motivation behind alternative models differs, their computational forms are very similar for short times after a flash.8,9 Here we focus on the problem of cone intrusion when fitting models to a-waves from normal subjects and patients with retinal diseases.
Temporal gain control in the retina
Authors: Burns Stephen A. , Wu Shuang , Eisner Ann E.
Published: February 2023

To study retinal gain control mechanisms we measured the relation between the amplitude of the flicker ERG and the modulation of the stimulus at different temporal frequencies. The stimuli were sinusoids or sums of sinusoids consisting of approximately equiluminant mixtures of 633 and 543 nm lights. Fundamental responses were extracted using a DFT. There are three main results.
Two-beam coupling modulation in diluted magnetic semiconductor by an external magnetic field
Authors: Rana R. S. , Chua K. , Oh Eunsoon , Nolte D. D. , Ramdas A. K.
Published: February 2023

We present for the first time to our knowledge experimental results and theory of magneto-photorefractive effects in a II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductor - Cd0.9Mn0.1Te.
Chemical environments of silver and sodium in ion-exchanged glass waveguides
Authors: Inman J.M. , Houde-Walter S.N. , Dent A.J. , Greaves G.N.
Published: February 2023

Silver-for-sodium exchange is a commercially important ion-exchange pair for glass waveguides.
Confocal scanning laser MACROscope
Authors: Dixon A. E. , Damaskinos Savvas , Beesley Keith
Published: February 2023

Because of their ability to perform optical image slicing, confocal scanning laser microscopes (cslm) have had wide acceptance in biomedical and materials science applications.
VCSEL technology in the business environment
Authors: Olbright Greg
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
11 fs pulse generation from a Ti:sapphire laser without using intracavity prisms
Authors: Spielmann Ch. , Stingl A. , Szipöcs R. , Krausz F.
Published: February 2023

The generation of highly stable optical pulses as short as 11 fs from a Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:S laser using specific dielectric mirrors as the source of broadband negative dispersion is demonstrated.
The optical interpretation of aerodynamic measurements
Authors: Kyrazis Demos T.
Published: February 2023

Aerodynamic measurements in a flow field give an indirect measure of index of refraction variations.
Remote sensing of tropospheric profiles from ground-based IR emission spectra
Authors: Thériault Jean-Marc , Moncef Jean-Luc , Anderson Gail P. , Chetwynd James H.
Published: February 2023

The Defence Research Establishment Valcartier (DREV) has recently acquired a surface-based Fourier interferometer primarily used to develop passive remote sensing techniques for the retrieval of atmospheric profiles.
IR spectroscopy of hydrogen bonds in aqueous stratified solutions of azines
Authors: Shipilov Konstantin F. , Gnedoy Sergey A.
Published: February 2023

In a series of our works an anomalous behavior of some optical, magnetic and acoustic properties of an aqueous solution of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (TMP) was observed around 40C i.e. far from the critical point of solution stratification (5.7 C).