bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Yield Diastereoselective Synthesis of Planar Chiral [2]‐ and [3]Rotaxanes Constructed from per‐Ethylated Pillar[5]arene and Pyridinium Derivatives
Authors: Ogoshi Tomoki , Yamafuji Daiki , Aoki Takamichi , Kitajima Keisuke , Yamagishi Tada‐aki , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Kawauchi Susumu
Published: April 2012

Planar chiral [2]‐ and [3]rotaxanes constructed from pillar[5]arenes as wheels and pyridinium derivatives as axles were obtained in high yield using click reactions. The process of rotaxane formation was diastereoselective; the obtained [2]rotaxane was a racemic mixture consisting of (pS, pS, pS, pS, pS) and (pR, pR, pR, pR, pR) forms of the per‐ethylated pillar[5]arene (C2) wheel, and other possible types of the [2]rotaxane did not form. Isolation of the enantiopure [2]rotaxanes with one axle through (pS, pS, pS, pS, pS)‐C2 or (pR, pR, pR, pR, pR)‐C2 wheels was accomplished. Furthermore, pillar[5]arene‐based [3]rotaxane was successfully synthesized by attachment of two pseudo [2]rotaxanes onto a bifunctional linker. [3]Rotaxane formed in a 1:2:1 mixture with one axle threaded through two (pS, pS, pS, pS, pS)‐C2, one (pS, pS, pS, pS, pS)‐C2 and one (pR, pR, pR, pR, pR)‐C2 (meso form), or two (pR, pR, pR, pR, pR)‐C2 wheels. The [3]rotaxane enantiomers and the meso form were successfully isolated using appropriate chiral HPLC column chromatography. The procedure developed in this study is the starting point for the creation of pillar[5]arene‐based interlocked molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Phase‐Transfer Catalytic α‐Alkylation of α‐tert‐Butoxycarbonyllactams: Construction of β‐Quaternary Chiral Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Systems.
Authors: Park Yohan , Lee Young Ju , Hong Suckchang , Kim Mi‐hyun , Lee Myungmo , Kim Taek‐Soo , Lee Jae Kyun , Jew Sang‐sup , Park Hyeung‐geun
Published: April 2012

The α‐alkylation of title lactams (I) and (IV) proceeds smoothly in the presence of a chiral phase‐transfer organocatalyst to afford the corresponding lactams containing an all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter (III) and (V), resp., in up to 98% optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver Compounds in Synthetic Chemistry. Part 6. Me3SiCF3/AgF/Cu — A New Reagents Combination for Selective Trifluoromethylation of Various Organic Halides by Trifluoromethylcopper, CuCF3.
Authors: Kremlev Mikhail M. , Mushta Aleksej I. , Tyrra Wieland , Yagupolskii Yurii L. , Naumann Dieter , Moeller Angela
Published: April 2012

Trifluoromethylcopper, generated in situ by an oxidative transmetalation route, exhibits excellent reactivity and selectivity in the substitution of halide bonded to aromatic or heterocyclic compounds for the trifluoromethyl group without the need of an additional catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Hetaryl‐2‐(tetrahydrofuran‐2‐ylidene)acetonitriles.
Authors: Khilya O. V. , Volovnenko T. A. , Turov A. V. , Zubatyuk R. I. , Shishkin O. V. , Volovenko Yu. M.
Published: April 2012

The intramolecular formation of title compounds (IV) and (VII) is studied and the product geometry is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and [1,2,4]Triazolo[5,1‐c]triazines.
Authors: Ulomskiy E. N. , Medvedeva N. R. , Shchepochkin A. V. , Eltsov O. S. , Rusinov V. L. , Chupakhin O. N. , Deeva E. G. , Kiselev O. I.
Published: April 2012

Triazolo‐fused uracil analogues (III), (V), and (VII) are synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Enaminones.
Authors: Koduri Naga Durgarao , Scott Halee , Hileman Bethany , Cox Justin D. , Coffin Michael , Glicksberg Lindsay , Hussaini Syed R.
Published: April 2012

Grubbs I catalyst efficiently promotes the condensation of various thioamides with α‐diazodicarbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Method for the Selective Formation of Dimethyl Acetals in the Presence of Hydroxylamine.
Authors: Mickelsen Ky J. , Tajc Chelsea M. , Greenwood Kevin R. , Browder Cindy C.
Published: April 2012

The target compounds can be prepared in the presence of either stoichiometric or catalytic amounts of hydroxylamine.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoredox‐Initiated α‐Alkylation of Imines Through a Three‐Component Radical/Cationic Reaction.
Authors: Courant Thibaut , Masson Geraldine
Published: April 2012

Key features of the approach are the wide substance scope, short reaction times, high atom‐economy (no side products) and good to excellent chemical yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Ether‐Tethered Ru(II)/TsDPEN Complexes: Synthesis and Applications to Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation.
Authors: Parekh Vimal , Ramsden James A. , Wills Martin
Published: April 2012

Ruthenium monomer complex RUM, formed in situ from dimer RUD in the presence of HCOOH/Et3N, exhibits excellent activity in the title reaction of acetophenone and analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Part 4. Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Imidazolium Salts with Abietane Moiety.
Authors: Glushkov V. A. , Arapov K. A. , Kotelev M. S. , Rudowsky K. S. , Suponitsky K. Yu. , Gorbunov A. A. , Maiorova O. A. , Slepukhin P. A.
Published: April 2012

The most active ligands for the reaction are shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Negishi‐Type Coupling of Aryl Iodides with Benzyl Chlorides.
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Feng , Schranck Johannes , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: April 2012

The optimized conditions are also successfully applied for the coupling of benzoyl chlorides and benzyl chlorides under CO‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 2‐Allyl‐3‐bromo‐1,4‐dimethoxynaphthalene: Key Intermediate as Building Block for Bioactive Pyranonaphthoquinones.
Authors: Limaye Rohan A. , Gaur Pinki , Paradkar Madhusudan V. , Natu Arun D.
Published: April 2012

The presented approach avoids the usage of highly lachrymatric 2‐bromonaphthoquinone.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 3a,6a‐Dihydrofuro[2,3‐b]furans and Polysubstituted Furans Involving Dearomatization of Furan Ring via Electrocyclic Ring‐Closure.
Authors: Yin Biaolin , Zeng Guohui , Cai Congbi , Ji Fanghua , Huang Li , Li Zhengrong , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: April 2012

Furobenzofuran and thienofuran analogues are also available.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphonic Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrazolidines.
Authors: Davis Lindsey O. , Daniel William F. M. , Tobey Suzanne L.
Published: April 2012

The phosphonic acid contains an impurity of 25% H3PO4, which acts as co‐catalyst, thus making the process suitable for pyrazole formation.
ChemInform Abstract: An eco‐Safe Approach to Benzopyranopyrimidines and 4H‐Chromenes in Ionic Liquid at Room Temperature.
Authors: Gupta Amit Kumar , Kumari Kumkum , Singh Neetu , Raghuvanshi Dushyant Singh , Singh Krishna Nand
Published: April 2012

If amines are used as the third component, 4‐amino‐benzopyranopyrimidines (IV) are isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Some Properties of 5‐Alkylamino‐2‐(phthalimidoalkyl)‐1,3‐oxazole‐4‐carbonitriles (VIII).
Authors: Chumachenko S. A. , Shablykin O. V. , Vasilenko A. N. , Brovarets V. S.
Published: April 2012

Hydrazinolysis of phthalimidoethyloxazole (VIIIc) affords the expected free amine (IX), whilst a recyclization product (X) is formed in the hydrazinolysis of phthalimidopropyl analogue (VIIIg).
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Approach Toward 3,4‐Dihydroisocoumarin Through the Bromocyclization of Styrene‐Type Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Chen Jie , Zhou Ling , Tan Chong Kiat , Yeung Ying‐Yeung
Published: April 2012

Treatment of styrene‐type carboxylic acids with NBS in the presence of (Ia) provides a facile, efficient, and enantioselective approach to 4‐bromo‐3,4‐dihydroisocoumarins.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted and Scandium Triflate Catalyzed Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen‐11‐ones.
Authors: Rao Madharam Sudershan , Chhikara Bhupender S. , Tiwari Rakesh , Shirazi Amir N. , Parang Keykavous , Kumar Anil
Published: April 2012

Products (IV) are prepared under green solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient Approach for the Synthesis of Novel Indenothiophene Derivatives.
Authors: Patil Shivaraj P. , Kazi Muddassar A. , Kanawade Shrikant B. , Nikam Prashant S. , Jachak Madhukar N. , Toche Raghunath B.
Published: April 2012

All products are isolated by simple work‐up and purified by recrystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Acetylperimidines with Sodium Nitrite in Polyphosphoric Acid.
Authors: Aksenov A. V. , Lyakhovnenko A. S. , Spicin A. N. , Aksenova I. V.
Published: April 2012

A method for the synthesis of 8‐hydroxy‐1,3,6‐triazapyrenes (II) is given and a possible reaction mechanism is proposed.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Pyrazine Derivatives. Part 70. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds Obtained by Pyrazinamidrazone Usage.
Authors: Foks Henryk , Balewski Lukasz , Gobis Katarzyna , Dabrowska‐Szponar Maria , Wisniewska Katarzyna
Published: April 2012

All pyrazinamidrazone derivatives are screened in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against S.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 7‐Amino‐3‐tert‐butyl‐8‐R‐1,4‐dihydropyrazolo[5,1‐c] [1,2,4]triazin‐4‐ones (III)
Authors: Mironovich L. M. , Kostina M. V.
Published: April 2012

via reaction of 4‐amino‐3‐methylsulfanyltriazinone (I) with CH‐acids (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Some UV Chromophore‐Containing Antimalarial Trioxanes Using Hydrogen Peroxide as Source of the Peroxy Bonds.
Authors: Li Yun , Wittlin Sergio , Wu Yikang
Published: April 2012

The readily accessible UV‐chromophore (II), containing an epoxide moiety, enables access to a range of trioxanes by perhydrolysis and ketalization.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzo[c]pyrimido[1,6‐a]azepine Scaffold from Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts: Intramolecular 6‐Arylation of Uracil Nucleus.
Authors: Lee Hyun Seung , Kim Ko Hoon , Kim Se Hee , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: April 2012

The synthesis of the biologically important target compounds is based on the Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular arylation of precursors (V) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Megouraphin Glucosides: Two Yellowish Pigments from the Aphid Megoura crassicauda.
Authors: Horikawa Mitsuyo , Kikuchi Daisuke , Imai Toshihito , Tanaka Masami , Kaku Hiroto , Nishii Takeshi , Inai Makoto , Takahashi Shigeru , Tsunoda Tetsuto
Published: April 2012

Aphid pigments may possess interesting biological activities, such as cytotoxicity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and H+/K+‐ATPase Inhibitory Activity of Bisabolangelone Reduction Derivatives.
Authors: Huang Nianyu , Chen Lei , Liao Zhaojiang , Fang Hubiao , Wang Junzhi , Zou Kun
Published: April 2012

Among a variety of reduction derivatives, the compounds (I) and (II) exhibit better inhibitory activity against H+/K+‐ATPase than omeprazole.
ChemInform Abstract: Pseudoferic Acids A‐C, Three New Triterpenoids from the Root Bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi.
Authors: Zhao Qin‐Shi , et al. et al.
Published: April 2012

Preliminary investigations of (I)‐(III) concerning cytotoxicity reveal no positive effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Dynamic Resolution Applied to the Synthesis of 2,6‐Disubstituted Piperidines: Preparation of (+)‐Lupetidine and (‐)‐Epidihydropinidine.
Authors: Beng Timothy K. , Gawley Robert E.
Published: April 2012

Short routes to natural products (+)‐lupetidine (V) and (‐)‐epidihydropinidine (X) are elaborated starting from N‐Boc‐piperidine (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted “One‐Pot” Synthesis of 4‐Nitrobenzylthioinosine Analogues Using Thiourea as a Sulfur Precursor.
Authors: Niu Hong‐Ying , Xia Chao , Qu Gui‐Rong , Wu Shan , Jiang Yi , Jin Xin , Guo Hai‐Ming
Published: April 2012

A rapid and operationally simple method for the synthesis of various C‐6 alkylthiosubstituted purine nucleosides is developed which acts under microwave irradiation and without any metal catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐symmetric Liquid Crystal Dimers Containing Azobenzene and 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Group: Synthesis and Mesomorphic Behavior.
Authors: Bai Binglian , Wang Haitao , Lin Xiaolong , Ran Xia , Zhao Chengxiao , Li Min
Published: April 2012

A series of title compounds of type (I) are prepared and their mesomorphic behavior is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: CP‐Violating Magnetic Moments of Atoms and Molecules
Authors: Derevianko Andrei , Kozlov M. G.
Published: April 2012

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano‐Metal Oxide: Potential Catalyst on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Chaturvedi Shalini , Dave Pragnesh N.
Published: April 2012

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Catalytic Amination of Alcohols
Authors: Baehn Sebastian , Imm Sebastian , Neubert Lorenz , Zhang Min , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: April 2012

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic Cage Structures as Lipophilic Scaffolds for Neuroactive Drugs
Authors: Joubert Jacques , Geldenhuys Werner J. , Van der Schyf Cornelis J. , Oliver Douglas W. , Kruger Hendrik Gert , Govender Thavendran , Malan Sarel F.
Published: April 2012

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Energy Input: Mechanochemical, Microwave and Ultrasound‐Assisted Organic Synthesis
Authors: Baig R. B. Nasir , Varma Rajender S.
Published: April 2012

Review: about 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Expanding the Organic Toolbox: A Guide to Integrating Biocatalysis in Synthesis
Authors: Clouthier Christopher M. , Pelletier Joelle N.
Published: April 2012

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Transformation of Lactone Starting from 16‐Membered Macrolides, Leucomycins, and Generation of Novel Azalides
Authors: Miura Tomoaki , Kanemoto Kenichi , Ajito Keiichi
Published: April 2012

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dendrimers as Bactericides
Authors: Castonguay Annie , Ladd Elizabeth , van de Ven Theo G. M. , Kakkar Ashok
Published: April 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Photoresponse Materials and Devices
Authors: Dong Huanli , Zhu Hongfei , Meng Qing , Gong Xiong , Hu Wenping
Published: April 2012

Review: 452 refs.
Electromagnetic Interference and Implanted Cardiac Devices: The Nonmedical Environment (Part I)
Authors: Misiri Juna , Kusumoto Fred , Goldschlager Nora
Published: April 2012

The number of patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), such as permanent pacemakers and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators, is dramatically rising due to an aging population and recent clinical trials showing benefits in mortality and morbidity. Coupled with this increase in the number of patients with CIEDs is the proliferation of technology that emits electromagnetic signals, which can potentially interfere with CIED function through electromagnetic interference (EMI). Despite continuous efforts of manufacturers to create “EMI‐proof” CIEDs, adverse events from EMI still occur. Physicians caring for patients with CIEDs should be aware of potential sources of EMI and appropriate management options. This 2‐part review aims to provide a contemporary overview of the current knowledge regarding risks attributable to EMI interactions from the most common nonmedical (Part I) and medical (Part II) sources. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 doi: 10.1002/clc.21998

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Pentacycloundecane‐diol‐Based HIV‐1 Protease Inhibitors: Biological Screening, 2D NMR, and Molecular Simulation Studies
Authors: Honarparvar Bahareh , Makatini Maya M. , Pawar Sachin A. , Petzold Katja , Soliman Mahmoud E. S. , Arvidsson Per I. , Sayed Yasien , Govender Thavendran , Maguire Glenn E. M. , Kruger Hendrik G.
Published: April 2012

Novel compounds incorporating a pentacycloundecane (PCU) diol moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as inhibitors of the wild‐type C‐South African (C‐SA) HIV‐1 protease. Seven compounds are reported herein, three of which displayed IC50 values in the 0.5–0.6 μM range. The cytotoxicity of PCU cage peptides toward human MT‐4 cells appears to be several orders of magnitude less toxic than the current antiviral medications ritonavir and lopinavir. NMR studies based on the observed through‐space 1H,1H distances/contacts in the EASY‐ROESY spectra of three of the considered PCU peptide inhibitors enabled us to describe their secondary solution structure. Conserved hydrogen bonding interactions were observed between the hydroxy group of the PCU diol inhibitors and the catalytic triad (Asp25, Ile26, Gly27) of HIV protease in docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The biological significance and possible mode of inhibition by PCU‐based HIV protease inhibitors discussed herein facilitates a deeper understanding of this family of inhibitors and their potential application to a vast number of alternative diseases related to proteases.
Evaluation of Bis‐Alkylamidoxime O‐Alkylsulfonates as Orally Available Antimalarials
Authors: Degardin Mélissa , Wein Sharon , Gouni Smitha , Tran Van Ba Christophe , Duckert Jean‐Frédéric , Durand Thierry , Escale Roger , Vial Henri , Vo‐Hoang Yen
Published: April 2012

The main threat to controlling malaria is the emerging multidrug resistance of Plasmodium sp. parasites. Bis‐alkylamidines were developed as a potential new chemotherapy that targets plasmodial phospholipid metabolism. Unfortunately, these compounds are not orally available. To solve this absorption issue, we investigated a prodrug strategy based on sulfonate derivatives of alkylamidoximes. A total of 25 sulfonates were synthesized as prodrug candidates of one bis‐N‐alkylamidine and of six N‐substituted bis‐C‐alkylamidines. Their antimalarial activities were evaluated in vitro against P. falciparum and in vivo against P. vinckei in mice to define structure–activity relationships. Small alkyl substituents on the sulfonate group of both C‐alkyl‐ and N‐alkylamidines led to the best oral antimalarial activities; alkylsulfonate derivatives are chemically transformed into the corresponding alkylamidines.
Development of an (S)‐1‐{2‐[Tris(4‐methoxyphenyl)methoxy]ethyl}piperidine‐3‐carboxylic acid [(S)‐SNAP‐5114] Carba Analogue Inhibitor for Murine γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Transporter Type 4
Authors: Pabel Jörg , Faust Mark , Prehn Cornelia , Wörlein Babette , Allmendinger Lars , Höfner Georg , Wanner Klaus T.
Published: April 2012

A series of GABA uptake inhibitors related to (S)‐1‐{2‐[tris(4‐methoxyphenyl)methoxy]ethyl}piperidine‐3‐carboxylic acid [(S)‐SNAP‐5114], the most potent mGAT4 inhibitor known so far, were synthesized and biologically evaluated for their inhibitory potency at the four GABA uptake transporters mGAT1–4 stably expressed in HEK‐293 cell lines. New analogues were developed with potencies that are similar to or slightly higher than those of current mGAT4 inhibitors, but with distinctly improved chemical stability. (S)‐Nipecotic acid derivatives possessing a 2‐[1‐(4‐methoxy‐2‐methylphenyl)‐1,1‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)methoxy]ethyl (DDPM‐859) or a 4,4,4‐tris(4‐methoxyphenyl)but‐2‐en‐1‐yl moiety (DDPM‐1457) were found to exhibit pIC50 values of 5.78 and 5.87, respectively. Thus, as mGAT4 inhibitors, these compounds compare well with (S)‐SNAP‐5114 (pIC50=5.71), but are far more stable than the latter. Moreover, DDPM‐859 displays a more favorable subtype selectivity for mGAT4 versus mGAT3 than does (S)‐SNAP‐5114.
Paramagnetic self‐assembled nanoparticles as supramolecular MRI contrast agents
Authors: Besenius Pol , Heynens Joeri L. M. , Straathof Roel , Nieuwenhuizen Marko M. L. , Bomans Paul H. H. , Terreno Enzo , Aime Silvio , Strijkers Gustav J. , Nicolay Klaas , Meijer E. W.
Published: April 2012

Nanometer‐sized materials offer a wide range of applications in biomedical technologies, particularly imaging and diagnostics. Current scaffolds in the nanometer range predominantly make use of inorganic particles, organic polymers or natural peptide‐based macromolecules. In contrast we hereby report a supramolecular approach for the preparation of self‐assembled dendritic‐like nanoparticles for applications as MRI contrast agents. This strategy combines the benefits from low molecular weight imaging agents with the ones of high molecular weight. Their in vitro properties are confirmed by in vivo measurements: post injection of well‐defined and meta‐stable nanoparticles allows for high‐resolution blood‐pool imaging, even at very low Gd(III) doses. These dynamic and modular imaging agents are an important addition to the young field of supramolecular medicine using well‐defined nanometer‐sized assemblies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Definitive radiotherapy for stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Milano Michael T. , Zhang Hong , Usuki Kenneth Y. , Singh Deepinder P. , Chen Yuhchyau
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND:

The current study characterizes the overall survival (OS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS) of patients with stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were treated with radiotherapy alone, and analyzes the variables potentially affecting survival outcomes.

METHODS:

A total of 8524 patients with stage I NSCLC (according to the sixth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual) who were diagnosed between 1988 and 2008 were retrospectively analyzed using the population‐based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Cox regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) from multivariate analyses.

RESULTS:

The 1‐year, 2‐year, and 5‐year OS rates were 62%, 37%, and 11%, respectively; the corresponding lung cancer CSS survival rates were 68%, 45%, and 20%, respectively. Approximately 77% of deaths were from lung cancer (5292 of 6891 total deaths). Cardiac (n = 477 deaths) and pulmonary (other than lung cancer deaths; n = 475 deaths) deaths accounted for 14% of deaths. From Cox proportional hazards analyses, male sex (HR, 1.2) and squamous cell carcinoma histology (HR, > 1.1) were found to be significantly (P < .0001) adverse prognostic factors for both OS and lung cancer CSS. A more recent calendar year of diagnosis was associated with significantly (P < .0001) improved OS (HR, 0.84 per decade) and lung cancer CSS. This trend was also significant (P < 0.0001) when restricting analyses to those patients with tumors measuring ≤ 5 cm (n = 5402 patients). T1 classification (vs T2 or T unknown) and smaller tumor size were found to be significantly (P < .0001) favorable factors.

CONCLUSIONS:

From a population‐based registry analysis of patients with stage I NSCLC, significant (albeit modest) improvements in survival in more recent years were appreciated, which likely reflect technologic advances in the diagnosis of, staging of, and radiotherapy for NSCLC. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Renewable Nitrogen‐Doped Hydrothermal Carbons Derived from Microalgae
Authors: Falco Camillo , Sevilla Marta , White Robin J. , Rothe Regina , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena
Published: April 2012

Nitrogen‐doped carbon materials are synthesized via an effective, sustainable, and green one‐step route based on the hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae with high nitrogen content (ca. 11 wt %). The addition of the monosaccharide glucose to the reaction mixture is found to be advantageous, enhancing the fixation of nitrogen in the synthesized carbons, resulting in materials possessing nitrogen content in excess of 7 wt %, and leading to promising reaction yields. Increasing the amount of glucose leads to a higher nitrogen retention in the carbons, which suggests co‐condensation of the microalgae and glucose‐derived degradation/hydrolysis products via Maillard‐type cascade reactions, yielding nitrogen‐containing aromatic heterocycles (e.g., pyrroles) as confirmed by several analytical techniques. Increasing the HTC processing temperature leads to a further aromatization of the chemical structure of the HTC carbon and the formation of increasingly more condensed nitrogen‐containing functional motifs (i.e., pyridinic and quaternary nitrogen).
An image cascaded two‐port model for single‐particle quantum propagation in crystals
Authors: Civalleri Pier Paolo , Gilli Marco , Bonnin Michele
Published: April 2012

Since the advent of semiconductors, Quantum Mechanics has entered the field of Engineering. Classical Circuit Theory, in its most advanced form, allows the construction of equivalent circuits for quantum processes. Such circuits, beyond providing an intuitive grasp of quantum phenomena, allow an integrated representation of nanodevices interacting with macroscopic environment. In the paper, an equivalent circuit for quantum propagation of particles in crystals is presented, and some properties of the latter are illustrated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An autonomous distributed control method based on tie‐set graph theory in future grid
Authors: Nakayama Kiyoshi , Shinomiya Norihiko , Watanabe Hitoshi
Published: April 2012

In future power grids where electricity flows bidirectionally, the essential problem is to maximize the total efficiency of distributed energy resources. In complicated and large‐scale systems such as modern power distribution networks, maximizing the efficiency of the entire system as a whole is extremely difficult. To solve the global optimization problem of such a complex network, this paper proposes an efficient distributed control method for future grid on the basis of tie‐set graph theory, where a tie‐set is a set of all the edges in a loop of a graph. On the basis of tie‐set graph theory, global optimization of an entire network can be realized as a result of local optimization in μ‐dimensional liner vector space, where μ is the nullity of the underlying graph of a power network. Although each tie‐set has its limited local information, an entire network is gradually optimized in an orderly manner because of the theoretical basis of a tie‐set graph. Simulation results of several thousand‐node networks demonstrate balanced allocation of dispersed energy resources and thus effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive actions of young infants in the task of reaching for objects
Authors: Rocha Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira , de Campos Ana Carolina , Silva Fernanda Pereira dos Santos , Tudella Eloisa
Published: April 2012

Although several studies have investigated how movement trajectory and arm/hand configuration are adjusted to environmental affordances, the influence of specific object properties on early adjustments has not been studied. In this study, we aimed to determine the combined effect of object size and rigidity on reaching movements in young infants. Sixteen typically developing infants were assessed at 4, 5, and 6 months of age. The infants were presented with four objects: two soft and two rigid, which were either small or large. The results indicate that with age reaching movements became straighter, the arm control during the final phase was improved, and the grasping success increased. Object size and rigidity collectively influenced the proximal adjustments, grasping, adjustment time, and the number of movement units. The results suggest that early in the infants are able to modify their movement strategies based on object affordances. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 275–282, 2013
Potential mechanisms explaining why hydrolyzed casein‐based diets outclass single amino acid‐based diets in the prevention of autoimmune diabetes in diabetes‐prone BB rats
Authors: Visser J. T. J. , Bos N. A. , Harthoorn L. F. , Stellaard F. , Beijer‐Liefers S. , Rozing J. , van Tol E. A. F.
Published: April 2012

Background

It remains controversial whether avoidance of dietary diabetogenic triggers, such as cow's milk proteins, can prevent type 1 diabetes in genetically susceptible individuals. Here, different extensive casein hydrolysates (HC) and single amino acid (AA) formulations were tested for their effect on mechanisms underlying autoimmune diabetes pathogenesis in diabetes‐prone BioBreeding rats. Intestinal integrity, gut microbiota composition and mucosal immune reactivity were studies to assess whether these formulations have differential effects in autoimmune diabetes prevention.

Methods

Diabetes‐prone BioBreeding rats received diets in which the protein fraction was exchanged for the different hydrolysates or AA compositions, starting from weaning until the end of the experiment (d150). Diabetes development was monitored, and faecal and ileal samples were collected. Gut microbiota composition and cytokine/tight junction mRNA expression were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cytokine levels of ileum explant cultures were measured by ELISA, and intestinal permeability was measured in vivo by lactulose‐mannitol assay.

Results

Both HC‐diet fed groups revealed remarkable reduction of diabetes incidence with the most pronounced effect in Nutramigen®‐fed animals. Interestingly, AA‐fed rats only showed delayed autoimmune diabetes development. Furthermore, both HC‐fed groups had improved intestinal barrier function when compared with control chow or AA‐fed animals. Interestingly, higher IL‐10 levels were measured in ileum tissue explants from Nutramigen®‐fed rats. Beneficial gut microbiota changes (increased Lactobacilli and reduced Bacteroides spp. levels) were found associated especially with HC‐diet interventions.

Conclusions

Casein hydrolysates were found superior to AA‐mix in autoimmune diabetes prevention. This suggests the presence of specific peptides that beneficially affect mechanisms that may play a critical role in autoimmune diabetes pathogenesis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guidepost neurons for the lateral olfactory tract: Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and innervation by glutamatergic olfactory bulb axons
Authors: Hirata Tatsumi , Kumada Tatsuro , Kawasaki Takahiko , Furukawa Tomonori , Aiba Atsu , Conquet François , Saga Yumiko , Fukuda Atsuo
Published: April 2012

The guidepost neurons for the lateral olfactory tract, which are called lot cells, are the earliest‐generated neurons in the neocortex. They migrate tangentially and ventrally further down this tract, and provide scaffolding for the olfactory bulb axons projecting into this pathway. The molecular profiles of the lot cells are largely uncharacterized. We found that lot cells specifically express metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype‐1 at a very early stage of development. This receptor is functionally competent and responds to a metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist with a transient increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration. When the glutamatergic olfactory bulb axons were electrically stimulated, lot cells responded to the stimulation with a calcium increase mainly via ionotropic glutamate receptors, suggesting potential neurotransmission between the axons and lot cells during early development. Together with the finding that lot cells themselves are glutamatergic excitatory neurons, our results provide another notable example of precocious interactions between the projecting axons and their intermediate targets. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2012
A quick one‐tube nested PCR‐protocol for EPO transgene detection
Authors: Moser Dirk A. , Neuberger Elmo W. I. , Simon Perikles
Published: April 2012

The practice of doping threatens fair competition in sports. With the very recent reports on successful gene therapies for several diseases, the likelihood for abuse of gene transfer techniques in elite sports is rapidly increasing. It is therefore very important to develop valid detection techniques for transgenic DNA (tDNA) with ultimate sensitivity and specificity. To date, three slightly different procedures have been reported to reliably detect tDNA with sufficiently high sensitivity. Two utilize a real‐time PCR‐based approach and one uses a primer‐internal, intron‐spanning PCR approach (spiPCR). The specificity and sensitivity of these techniques, however, is still a matter of debate.

Based on spiPCR, here we present a novel one‐tube nested PCR approach that minimizes the chances for cross‐contamination and shows increased sensitivity compared to non‐nested PCR techniques. To further reduce the occurrence of false‐positives based on cross‐contamination, a multi‐functional 19bp extended erythropoietin standard (EPO) was cloned which can be easily differentiated from transgenic EPO DNA (tEPO) and can be used as an internal or external positive control in PCR‐based applications.

We found that one‐tube nested PCR is superior in terms of sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional PCR, and shows similar sensitivity compared to real‐time based PCR assays. Although it did not reach sensitivity of spiPCR, the one‐tube nested PCR technique described here is less laborious, less expensive and much faster than spiPCR. This technique might therefore be useful as a pre‐screening tool for gene doping in the future. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Driving IL‐17+ γδ T‐cell migration in allergic reactions: A new “inflammatory” role for the “homeostatic” chemokine CCL25
Authors: Silva‐Santos Bruno
Published: April 2012

Chemokines are traditionally classified as homeostatic or inflammatory depending on whether they direct leukocyte migration in the absence or presence of inflammatory stimuli. CC chemokine ligand (CCL)25, a ligand for CC chemokine receptor (CCR)9, has mostly been characterized as a homeostatic chemokine that determines the migration pathway of T‐cell progenitors within the thymus, and the recruitment of various lymphocyte subsets to the intestinal mucosa. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Costa et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 1250–1260] describe a new inflammatory role for CCL25/CCR9 in controlling the migration of a subset of γδ Tcells committed to IL‐17 production (γδ17 cells) in a model of allergic pleurisy. Interestingly, the effect of CCL25 was selective for γδ17 cells, as it did not extend to other γδ or αβ T‐cell subsets, and resulted in a specific increase of IL‐17 (but not IL‐4 or IFN‐γ) levels in the allergic pleura. In this commentary, I discuss these results in the context of chemokine‐mediated recruitment of γδ Tcells to inflammatory sites, and the as yet unclear and controversial role of IL‐17 in allergic reactions.
Lipid characterization and antioxidant status of the seeds and meals of Camelina sativa and flax
Authors: Quezada Nathalie , Cherian Gita
Published: April 2012

Four different antioxidant activity assays including 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were performed on the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Camelina seeds (CS), flaxseeds (FS), Camelina meal low fat (CMLF, 9.9% fat), Camelina meal high fat (CMHF, 24.6% fat), and flaxseed meal (FSM, 2.7% fat). In addition, the fatty acid profile, and phenolic, tocopherol, flavonoid, and glucosinolate contents of CS, FS, CMLF, CMHF, and FSM were studied. The major fatty acid was α‐linolenic acid (C18:3 n‐3) which was 33.2, 29.4, 30.2, 60.1, and 39.3% in CS, CMLF, CMHF, FS, and FSM, respectively. The methanolic extract of CMLF showed the highest values of ABTS, DPPH and FRAP and the highest content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. The methanolic and ethylacetate extracts of CMHF showed the highest values for ORAC and α‐ and γ‐tocopherols. The ethylacetate extracts of seeds and meals of Camelina sativa and flax showed lower values for antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids than the methanolic extracts. In general, Camelina and FS meals showed higher antioxidant activities, and phenolic and flavonoid contents than their respective seeds.

Practical applications: Camelina sativa seeds (CS) and flaxseeds (FS) are rich sources of omega 3 oils. Their by‐products after oil extraction are an attractive source of proteins, lipids, fiber, and natural bioactive compounds such as antioxidants. These by‐products may be used to improve nutritional value and prevent lipid oxidation in feed or food systems.
A comparative study of fatty acid profiles in ruminant and non‐ruminant milk
Authors: Devle Hanne , Vetti Ingjerd , Naess‐Andresen Carl Fredrik , Rukke Elling‐Olav , Vegarud Gerd , Ekeberg Dag
Published: April 2012

This is a comprehensive study of fatty acid (FA) profiles in milk from bovine, caprine, ovine, asine, and equine species. Milks from these species are universally common as constituents in a variety of different food and dairy products. We have obtained structural information on FAs, and discussed their correlation to health effects. The extracted fat from all species were derivatized to FA methyl esters for analysis by GC‐MS. Large differences in the lipid content and FA composition between ruminants and non‐ruminants were observed. Ovine milk showed the highest lipid content of all the animals tested, both ruminants and non‐ruminants. Among the ruminants, bovine milk was richer in saturated FAs (69.7%) than ovine‐ and caprine milk (57.5 and 59.9%, respectively). Ovine milk contained the highest amounts of monounsaturated FAs (39.1%) and also odd‐ and branched‐chain FAs (5.5%). Milk from the monogastric animals, mares and donkeys, were highest in polyunsaturated FAs with a content of 19.3 and 14.2%, respectively. The assumed health negative trans FAs were analyzed to be highest in the ruminant milk (0.7–1.0%). Milk from these species contained also the highest amount of the health beneficial CLA (0.4–0.7%).

Practical applications: This is a comprehensive study of milk from five species analyzed under identical conditions. The different fatty acids and their derivatives are increasingly important components because of the contradictory reports on positive and negative effects on human health. New information on the composition of milk from different species is of great importance. The results may give valuable information to producers and nutritional advisors on the consumption of milk and milk products.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization and Its Application to the Synthesis of (±)‐Cinchonaminone
Authors: Ogawa Takao , Nakamura Tomonori , Araki Takuya , Yamamoto Koujirou , Shuto Satoshi , Arisawa Mitsuhiro
Published: April 2012

Ru‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of a 1,3‐diene and the alkene of an N‐dienyl‐2‐vinylaniline substrate proceeded smoothly, leading to a 3‐exomethylene‐2‐vinylindole derivative in good yield. This useful synthon was successfully applied to the total synthesis of (±)‐cinchonaminone.
The role of fire on soil mounds and surface roughness in the Mojave Desert
Authors: Soulard Christopher E. , Esque Todd C. , Bedford David R. , Bond Sandra
Published: April 2012

A fundamental question in arid land management centers on understanding the long‐term effects of fire on desert ecosystems. To assess the effects of fire on surface topography, soil roughness, and vegetation, we used terrestrial (ground‐based) LiDAR to quantify the differences between burned and unburned surfaces by creating a series of high‐resolution vegetation structure and bare‐earth surface models for six sample plots in the Grand Canyon‐Parashant National Monument, Arizona. We find that 11 years following prescribed burns, mound volumes, plant heights, and soil‐surface roughness were significantly lower on burned relative to unburned plots. Results also suggest a linkage between vegetation and soil mounds, either through accretion or erosion mechanisms such as wind and/or water erosion. The biogeomorphic implications of fire‐induced changes are significant. Reduced plant cover and altered soil surfaces from fire likely influence seed residence times, inhibit seed germination and plant establishment, and affect other ecohydrological processes. Published in 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Dynamic Dependence Between Liquidity and the S&P 500 Index Futures‐Cash Basis
Authors: Lien Donald , Lim Gerui , Yang Li , Zhou Chunyang
Published: April 2012

Roll, Schwartz, and Subrahmanyam (2007) investigate the linear relationship between stock market liquidity and index futures‐cash basis. We extend their work and examine nonlinear relationship between the two variables of interests, in particular, tail dependence. We find that the tail dependence is asymmetric and varies significantly over times. The lower tail dependence between changes in (il) liquidity measured by bid–ask spread of S&P 500 index and changes in absolute value of S&P 500 index futures‐cash basis is almost zero and the upper tail dependence is positive and significantly different from zero. The results suggest that an increase in liquidity is not always associated with a decrease in basis. However, a reduction in liquidity is significantly associated with an increase in basis. At the extreme situation, the link between changes in basis and changes in liquidity can break down. Arbitrage profits cannot be realized and hedging becomes less effective. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 33:327‐342, 2013
ON THE RECURRENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND WORKERS' COMPENSATION CLAIMS
Authors: Galizzi Monica
Published: April 2012

This paper represents the first study to estimate counts of individual occupational injuries and claims over long spells of working life (up to 13 years) in the USA. It explores data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979.

I found that 37% of all surveyed workers who had experienced one on‐the‐job accident reported at least one additional injury, but only 56% of all occupational injuries and illnesses resulted in workers' compensation claims. I estimated different count models to assess the effect of different individual worker and job characteristics on individual injury counts and workers' compensation claims counts.

Lower educational levels, less tenure, work in dangerous industries and unskilled occupations, and job demands are found to be important determinants of multiple on‐the‐job injuries. The most interesting results, however, refer to the role played by individuals' pre‐injury characteristics: early exposure to dangerous jobs is among the main determinants of higher counts of occupational injuries later in life. Early health limitations are also significant predictors of recurrent workers' compensation claims. These results provide new evidence about the important role played by both the health and the socioeconomic status of young people as determinants of their future occupational injuries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpha-fetoprotein has no prognostic role in small hepatocellular carcinoma identified during surveillance in compensated cirrhosis
Authors: Giannini Edoardo G. , Marenco Simona , Borgonovo Giacomo , Savarino Vincenzo , Farinati Fabio , Del Poggio Paolo , Rapaccini Gian Ludovico , Di Nolfo Maria Anna , Benvegnù Luisa , Zoli Marco , Borzio Franco , Caturelli Eugenio , Chiaramonte Maria , Trevisani Franco
Published: April 2012

Alpha-fetoprotein is a tumor marker that has been used for surveillance and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis. The prognostic capability of this marker in patients with HCC has not been clearly defined. In this study our aim was to evaluate the prognostic usefulness of serum alpha-fetoprotein in patients with well-compensated cirrhosis, optimal performance status, and small HCC identified during periodic surveillance ultrasound who were treated with curative intent. Among the 3,027 patients included in the Italian Liver Cancer study group database, we selected 205 Child-Pugh class A and Eastern Cooperative Group Performance Status 0 patients with cirrhosis with a single HCC ≤3 cm of diameter diagnosed during surveillance who were treated with curative intent (hepatic resection, liver transplantation, percutaneous ethanol injection, radiofrequency thermal ablation). Patients were subdivided according to alpha-fetoprotein serum levels (i.e., normal ≤20 ng/mL; mildly elevated 21-200 ng/mL; markedly elevated >200 ng/mL). Patient survival, as assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method, was not significantly different among the three alpha-fetoprotein classes (

P

= 0.493). The same result was obtained in the subgroup of patients with a single HCC ≤2 cm (

P

= 0.714). An alpha-fetoprotein serum level of 100 ng/mL identified by receiver operating characteristic curve had inadequate accuracy (area under the curve = 0.536, 95% confidence interval = 0.465-0.606) to discriminate between survivors and deceased patients.

Conclusion

: Alpha-fetoprotein serum levels have no prognostic meaning in well-compensated cirrhosis patients with single, small HCC treated with curative intent. (Hepatology 2012)
The vulnerability variation from government roles in disaster risk reduction plans for sediment disasters in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Tingyeh , Takara Kaoru , Yamashiki Yosuke
Published: April 2012

According to a concept discussed in a previous study, vulnerability consists both of the so‐called inner factor and the outer factor. Inner factor pertains to the community conditions in a hazardous area, whereas the outer factors are those outside of the community that affect the loss. In this study, we focused on how the effects outside the community affect disasters. The disaster risk reduction plans led by governments were considered to be an important factor and we intend to connect this idea with the concept of vulnerability in this paper. As a first step, we examined the disaster risk reduction plans in Taiwan, Japan, and the USA. Second, insufficiency in the Taiwanese disaster risk reduction plan was listed according to a comparison between disaster risk reduction plans, which were listed as whole disaster risk reduction plans through all stages: before the disaster occurs – mitigation resource, during the disaster – emergency response, and after the disaster – recovery. Then, the vulnerability assessment was carried out through the measurements provided from 1999 to 2009. The result shows that the resource for debris flow disaster prevention is increasing each year. Finally, some suggested improvements were made and conclusions were drawn on the basis of the results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct expression and activity of GSK‐3α and GSK‐3β in prostate cancer
Authors: Darrington R. Siobhan , Campa Victor M. , Walker Marjorie M. , Bengoa‐Vergniory Nora , Gorrono‐Etxebarria Irantzu , Uysal‐Onganer Pinar , Kawano Yoshiaki , Waxman Jonathan , Kypta Robert M.
Published: April 2012

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK‐3) is upregulated in many types of tumor, including prostate cancer. GSK‐3 inhibitors reduce prostate tumor cell growth; however, it is not clear if both isoforms, GSK‐3α and GSK‐3β, are involved. Here, we compared their expression in prostate tumors and used gene silencing to study their functions in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. Compared to normal prostate, GSK‐3α and GSK‐3β were upregulated in 25/79 and 24/79 cases of prostate cancer, respectively, with GSK‐3α elevated in low Gleason sum score tumors and GSK‐3β expressed in high Gleason tumors, and both isoforms correlating with high expression of the androgen receptor (AR). Gene silencing of GSK‐3α and, to a lesser extent, GSK‐3β reduced AR transcriptional activity. In addition, silencing of GSK‐3β, but not GSK‐3α, reduced Akt phosphorylation. Acute and chronic silencing of either isoform reduced 22Rv1 growth in colony formation assays; however, this did not correlate with effects on AR activity. The GSK‐3 inhibitor CHIR99021 reduced 22Rv1 colony formation by 50% in normal growth medium and by 15% in hormone‐depleted medium, suggesting that GSK‐3 is required both for hormone‐dependent and hormone‐independent proliferation. In addition, CHIR99021 enhanced growth inhibition by the AR antagonists bicalutamide and MDV3100. Finally, expression of GSK3A and GSK3B mRNAs correlated with a gene expression signature for androgen‐regulated genes. Our observations highlight the importance of the GSK‐3/AR signaling axis in prostate cancer and support the case for development of isoform‐specific GSK‐3 inhibitors and their use, in combination with AR antagonists, to treat patients with prostate cancer.