bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Opposing Effects of Reforestation and Afforestation on the Diurnal Temperature Cycle at the Surface and in the Lowest Atmospheric Model Level in the European Summer
Authors: Breil M. , Rechid D. , Davin E. L. , de Noblet-Ducoudré N. , Katragkou E. , Cardoso R. M. , Hoffmann P. , Jach L. L. , Soares P. M. M. , Sofiadis G. , Strada S. , Strandberg G. , Tölle M. H. , Warrach-Sagi K.
Published: August 2020

The biophysical effects of reforestation and afforestation (herein jointly called re/afforestation) on the diurnal temperature cycle in European summer are investigated by analyzing a regional climate model (RCM) ensemble, established within the Land Use and Climate Across Scales Flagship Pilot Study (LUCAS FPS). With this RCM ensemble, two idealized experiments are performed for Europe, one with a continent with maximized forest cover, and one in which all forests are turned into grassland. First, an in-depth analysis of one ensemble member (“CCLM-VEG3D”) is carried out, to reveal the complex process chain caused by such land use changes (LUCs). From these findings, the whole ensemble is analyzed and principal biophysical effects of re/afforestation are derived. Results show that the diurnal temperature range is reduced at the surface (top of the vegetation) with re/afforestation. Most RCMs simulate colder surface temperatures Tsurf during the day and warmer Tsurf during the night. Thus, for the first time, the principal temperature interrelations found in observation-based studies in the midlatitudes could be reproduced within a model intercomparison study. On the contrary, the diurnal temperature range in the lowest atmospheric model level (Tair) is increased with re/afforestation. This opposing temperature response is mainly caused by the higher surface roughness of forest, enhancing the turbulent heat exchange. Furthermore, these opposing temperature responses demonstrate that the use of the diagnostic 2-m temperature (weighted interpolation between Tsurf and Tair) has a limited potential to assess the effects of re/afforestation. Thus, studies about the biophysical impacts of LUCs should investigate the whole near-surface temperature profile.
Projected End-of-Century Changes in the South American Monsoon in the CESM Large Ensemble
Authors: Thome Sena Ana Claudia , Magnusdottir Gudrun
Published: August 2020

Projected changes in the South American monsoon system by the end of the twenty-first century are analyzed using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LENS). The wet season is shorter in LENS when compared to observations, with the mean onset occurring 19 days later and the mean retreat date 21 days earlier in the season. Despite a precipitation bias, the seasonality of rainfall over South America is reproduced in LENS, as well as the main circulation features associated with the development of the South American monsoon. Both the onset and retreat of the wet season over South America are delayed in the future compared to current climate by 3 and 7 days, respectively, with a slightly longer wet season. Central and southeastern Brazil are projected to get wetter as a result of moisture convergence from the strengthening of the South Atlantic low-level jet and a weaker South Atlantic subtropical high. The Amazon is projected to get drier by the end of the century, negatively affecting rain forest productivity. During the wet season, an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events is found over most of South America, and especially over northeastern and southern Brazil and La Plata. Meanwhile, during the dry season an increase in the maximum number of consecutive dry days is found over northeastern Brazil and the northern Amazon.
The Long-Term Trend of Upper-Air Temperature in China Derived from Microwave Sounding Data and Its Comparison with Radiosonde Observations
Authors: Guo Yanjun , Weng Fuzhong , Wang Guofu , Xu Wenhui
Published: August 2020

Currently, the satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU/AMSU) datasets developed from three organizations—Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), the University of Alabama at Huntsville (UAH), and the NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR)—are often used to monitor the global long-term trends of temperatures in the lower troposphere (TLT), midtroposphere (TMT), total troposphere (TTT), troposphere and stratosphere (TTS), and lower stratosphere (TLS). However, the trend in these temperatures over China has not been quantitatively assessed. In this study, the decadal variability and long-term trend of upper-air temperature during 1979–2018 from three MSU datasets are first evaluated over China and compared with the proxy MSU dataset simulated from homogenized surface and radiosonde profiles (EQU) at 113 stations in China. The regional mean MSU trends over China during 1979–2018 are 0.22–0.27 (TLT), 0.15–0.22 (TMT), 0.20–0.27 (TTT), 0.02–0.14 (TTS), and from −0.33 to −0.36 (TLS) K decade−1, whereas the EQU trends are 0.31 (TLT), 0.19 (TMT), 0.24 (TTT), 0.07 (TTS), and −0.26 (TLS) K decade−1. The trends from RSS generally show a better agreement with those from EQU. The trends from both MSU and EQU exhibit seasonal and regional difference with a larger warming in TLT in February and March, and stronger cooling in TLS from late winter to spring. The TLT and TMT over the Tibetan Plateau and northwestern China show larger warming trends. The variability from MSU and EQU agree well except TLT in Tibet and southern China. The major difference in regional mean temperatures over China between MSU and EQU is related primarily to the satellite instrument changes during 1979–98 and the radiosonde system changes in China in the 2000s.
Ocean Heat Storage in Response to Changing Ocean Circulation Processes
Authors: Dias Fabio Boeira , Fiedler R. , Marsland S. J. , Domingues C. M. , Clément L. , Rintoul S. R. , Mcdonagh E. L. , Mata M. M. , Savita A.
Published: August 2020

Ocean heat storage due to local addition of heat (“added”) and due to changes in heat transport (“redistributed”) were quantified in ocean-only 2xCO2 simulations. While added heat storage dominates globally, redistribution makes important regional contributions, especially in the tropics. Heat redistribution is dominated by circulation changes, summarized by the super-residual transport, with only minor effects from changes in vertical mixing. While previous studies emphasized the contribution of redistribution feedback at high latitudes, this study shows that redistribution of heat also accounts for 65% of heat storage at low latitudes and 25% in the midlatitude (35°–50°S) Southern Ocean. Tropical warming results from the interplay between increased stratification and equatorward heat transport by the subtropical gyres, which redistributes heat from the subtropics to lower latitudes. The Atlantic pattern is remarkably distinct from other basins, resulting in larger basin-average heat storage. Added heat storage is evenly distributed throughout midlatitude Southern Ocean and dominates the total storage. However, redistribution stores heat north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Atlantic and Indian sectors, having an important contribution to the peak of heat storage at 45°S. Southern Ocean redistribution results from intensified heat convergence in the subtropical front and reduced stratification in response to surface heat, freshwater, and momentum flux perturbations. These results highlight that the distribution of ocean heat storage reflects both passive uptake of heat and active redistribution of heat by changes in ocean circulation processes. The redistributed heat transport must therefore be better understood for accurate projection of changes in ocean heat uptake efficiency, ocean heat storage, and thermosteric sea level.
Tracking Moisture Sources of Precipitation over Central Asia: A Study Based on the Water-Source-Tagging Method
Authors: Jiang Jie , Zhou Tianjun , Wang Hailong , Qian Yun , Noone David , Man Wenmin
Published: August 2020

Central Asia is a semiarid to arid region that is sensitive to hydrological changes. We use the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), equipped with a water-tagging capability, to investigate the major moisture sources for climatological precipitation and its long-term trends over central Asia. Europe, the North Atlantic Ocean, and local evaporation, which explain 33.2% ± 1.5%, 23.0% ± 2.5%, and 19.4% ± 2.2% of the precipitation, respectively, are identified as the most dominant moisture sources for northern central Asia (NCA). For precipitation over southern central Asia (SCA), Europe, the North Atlantic, and local evaporation contribute 25.4% ± 2.7%, 18.0% ± 1.7%, and 14.7% ± 1.9%, respectively. In addition, the contributions of South Asia (8.6% ± 1.7%) and the Indian Ocean (9.5% ± 2.0%) are also substantial for SCA. Modulated by the seasonal meridional shift in the subtropical westerly jet, moisture originating from the low and midlatitudes is important in winter, spring, and autumn, whereas northern Europe contributes more to summer precipitation. We also explain the observed drying trends over southeastern central Asia in spring and over NCA in summer during 1956–2005. The drying trend over southeastern central Asia in spring is mainly due to the decrease in local evaporation and weakened moisture fluxes from the Arabian Peninsula and Arabian Sea associated with the warming of the western Pacific Ocean. The drying trend over NCA in summer can be attributed to a decrease in local evaporation and reduced moisture from northern Europe that is due to the southward shift of the subtropical westerly jet.
Evaluation of Radar Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPEs) as an Input of Hydrological Models for Hydrometeorological Applications
Authors: Wijayarathne Dayal , Boodoo Sudesh , Coulibaly Paulin , Sills David
Published: August 2020

Weather radar provides real-time, spatially distributed precipitation estimates, whereas traditional gauge data are restricted in space. The use of radar quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) as an input of hydrological models for hydrometeorological applications has increased with the development of weather radar worldwide. New dual-polarization technology and algorithms are showing improvements to radar QPEs. This study evaluates radar QPEs from C-band radar at King City, Canada (WKR), and NEXRAD S-band radar at Buffalo, New York (KBUF), to verify the reliability and accuracy for operational use in the Humber River (semiurban) and Don River (urban) watersheds in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada. Twenty rainfall events that occurred from 2011 to 2017 were determined from hourly gauge measurements and compared with nine radar QPEs. Rain rates were estimated with different algorithms using three dual-polarized reflectivity values: horizontal reflectivity Z, differential reflectivity ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP. The correlation coefficient, bias, detection, and root-mean-square error were calculated and averaged over all events for each gauge station to show the spatial distribution and in a similar pattern to represent the variation by the event. The quality of the results in terms of accuracy and reliability indicates that the radar QPEs from KBUF S-band and WKR C-band multiparameter rain rate estimators can be effectively used as precipitation forcing of hydrological models for hydrometeorological applications. The high spatiotemporal resolution, long-term data archive, and good percent detection of radar QPEs can facilitate hydrometeorological applications by providing a continuous time series for hydrological models.
Influence of the Ocean Mesoscale Eddy–Atmosphere Thermal Feedback on the Upper-Ocean Haline Stratification
Authors: Shan Xuan , Jing Zhao , Sun Bingrong , Chang Ping , Wu Lixin , Ma Xiaohui
Published: August 2020

The ocean mesoscale eddy–atmosphere (OME-A) interaction through the eddy-induced sea surface temperature anomaly can feedback on ocean dynamics in various ways (referred to as the OME-A thermal feedback). In this study, the influence of the OME-A thermal feedback on the upper-ocean haline structure is analyzed based on high-resolution coupled simulations. In the Oyashio Extension where pronounced surface temperature and salinity fronts are collocated, the haline stratification in the upper 200 m is significantly enhanced by the OME-A thermal feedback. This enhancement is mainly attributed to the weakening of the upward eddy salinity transport in response to the OME-A thermal feedback. The OME-A thermal feedback influences the vertical eddy salinity transport through its differed impacts on the mesoscale buoyancy and temperature anomaly variances. As temperature and salinity in the Oyashio Extension are strongly compensated for their effects on buoyancy, the dissipation of the mesoscale buoyancy anomaly variance b′2 by the OME-A thermal feedback is considerably weaker than that estimated from the mesoscale temperature anomaly alone, i.e., (gαT′)2, with g the gravity acceleration and α the thermal expansion coefficient. Correspondingly, the vertical eddy buoyancy transport (w′b′) is weakened by the OME-A thermal feedback to a lesser extent than its thermal component (gαw′T′). The different responses of w′b′ and gαw′T′ to the OME-A thermal feedback are reconciled by the reduced vertical eddy salinity transport.
Lagrangian Perspective on the Origins of Denmark Strait Overflow
Authors: Saberi Atousa , Haine Thomas W. N. , Gelderloos Renske , Femke de Jong M. , Furey Heather , Bower Amy
Published: August 2020

The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) is an important contributor to the lower limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Determining DSO formation and its pathways is not only important for local oceanography but also critical to estimating the state and variability of the AMOC. Despite prior attempts to understand the DSO sources, its upstream pathways and circulation remain uncertain due to short-term (3–5 days) variability. This makes it challenging to study the DSO from observations. Given this complexity, this study maps the upstream pathways and along-pathway changes in its water properties, using Lagrangian backtracking of the DSO sources in a realistic numerical ocean simulation. The Lagrangian pathways confirm that several branches contribute to the DSO from the north such as the East Greenland Current (EGC), the separated EGC (sEGC), and the North Icelandic Jet (NIJ). Moreover, the model results reveal additional pathways from south of Iceland, which supplied over 16% of the DSO annually and over 25% of the DSO during winter of 2008, when the NAO index was positive. The southern contribution is about 34% by the end of March. The southern pathways mark a more direct route from the near-surface subpolar North Atlantic to the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), and needs to be explored further, with in situ observations.
Three-Dimensional Structure and Interannual Variability of the Kuroshio Loop Current in the Northeastern South China Sea
Authors: Sun Zhongbin , Zhang Zhiwei , Qiu Bo , Zhang Xincheng , Zhou Chun , Huang Xiaodong , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei
Published: August 2020

Based on long-term mooring-array and satellite observations, three-dimensional structure and interannual variability of the Kuroshio Loop Current (KLC) in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) were investigated. The 3-yr moored data between 2014 and 2017 revealed that the KLC mainly occurred in winter and it exhibited significant interannual variability with moderate, weak, and strong strengths in the winters of 2014/15, 2015/16, and 2016/17, respectively. Spatially, the KLC structure was initially confined to the upper 500 m near the Luzon Strait, but it became more barotropic, with kinetic energy transferring from the baroclinic mode to the barotropic mode when it extended into the SCS interior. Through analyzing the historical altimeter data between 1993 and 2019, it is found that the KLC event in 2016/17 winter is the strongest one since 1993. Moored-data-based energetics analysis suggested that the growth of this KLC event was primarily fed by the strong wind work associated with the strengthened northeast monsoon in that La Niña–year winter. By examining all of the historical KLC events, it is found that the strength of KLC is significantly modulated by El Niño–Southern Oscillation, being stronger in La Niña and weaker in El Niño years. This interannual modulation could be explained by the strengthened (weakened) northeast monsoon associated with the anomalous atmospheric cyclone (anticyclone) in the western North Pacific during La Niña (El Niño) years, which inputs more (less) energy and negative vorticity southwest of Taiwan that is favorable (unfavorable) for the development of KLC.
Belief and Suggestion in the Recovery of Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Brenneis C. Brooks
Published: August 2020

The increasingly frequent clinical reports of the recovery of repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse have drawn both skepticism and support in the analytic community. Two contrasting paradigms are offered to account for the processes by which fully repressed memories are recovered. On the one hand, the analyst's belief that one can reconstruct early traumatic experience creates fertile ground for overt and covert suggestion, which, in conjunction with an anxious patient seeking affiliation, may lead to the production of false memories. On the other hand, the analyst's belief in the likelihood of repressed abuse and that it can be reconstructed may constitute a necessary precondition for the emergence of valid memories. With these beliefs providing an essential holding environment, the recovery of repressed memories of sexual trauma may be an instance of the retrieval of state-dependent memory. Although the preponderance of evidence favors the suggestion hypothesis, the evidence is not conclusive. Which paradigm the analyst adopts, however, carries enormous clinical implications.
Love in the Analytic Setting
Authors: Kernberg Otto F.
Published: August 2020

In the context of viewing the analytic setting as a “clinical laboratory” to study the nature of love relations, this paper starts by outlining the relationships of transference love, “normal” love, neurotic love, and oedipal love. After a description of the vicissitudes of transference love when patient and analyst are of the same sex and of opposite sex, developments of transference love regarding homosexual and heterosexual longings in neurotic and narcissistic pathology are considered.

Countertransference reactions in response to transference love are explored next, with emphasis on conditions under which erotic countertransference may become particularly intense. In describing the technical management of erotic countertransference, the analyst's ability to explore his own feelings and fantasies without constraint is stressed.

The usefulness of understanding the erotic countertransference in arriving at transference interpretations is illustrated by a clinical case of a female patient with a neurotic personality structure and predominantly masochistic conflicts.
Procedural and In-hospital Outcomes of Rotational Atherectomy in Retrograde Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention
Authors: Xu Rende , Song Xiaoyue , Chang Shufu , Qin Qing , Li Chenguang , Fu Mingqiang , Ren Daoyuan , Ge Lei , Qian Juying , Ma Jianying , Ge Junbo
Published: August 2020

Coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are characterized by a high incidence of severe plaque calcifications, which are associated with a high use of the retrograde approach and a low success rate of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the feasibility of rotational atherectomy (RA) in retrograde CTO-PCI remains unknown. The aim of the present study is to examine the safety and efficacy of RA in retrograde CTO-PCI. Consecutive patients (n = 129) who underwent RA during CTO-PCI were categorized into anterograde and retrograde groups according to the CTO crossing approach. The distributions of the baseline characteristics were similar in the 2 groups, but the lesion type was more complex ( P = .001), and the starting burr size was smaller ( P = .003) in the retrograde group than in the anterograde group. There was a trend of a higher incidence of procedural complications in the retrograde group than in the anterograde group ( P = .054). Technical and procedural success and in-hospital outcomes were not significantly different between the 2 groups. In conclusion, RA was feasible in retrograde CTO PCI, but some specific precautions are required before and during the procedure. In addition, further investigation of the long-term outcomes of RA in retrograde CTO PCI is necessary.
Novel Use of Vitamin B2 as a Fluorescent Tracer in Aerosol and Droplet Contamination Models in Otolaryngology
Authors: Sim Edward S. , Dharmarajan Harish , Boorgu Devi Sai Sri Kavya , Goyal Lindsey , Weinstock Michael , Whelan Rachel , Freiser Monika E. , Corcoran Timothy E. , Jabbour Noel , Wang Eric , Chi David H.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

During the COVID-19 era, a reliable method for tracing aerosols and droplets generated during otolaryngology procedures is needed to accurately assess contamination risk and to develop mitigation measures. Prior studies have not investigated the reliability of different fluorescent tracers for the purpose of studying aerosols and small droplets. Objectives include (1) comparing vitamin B2, fluorescein, and a commercial fluorescent green dye in terms of particle dispersion pattern, suspension into aerosols and small droplets, and fluorescence in aerosolized form and (2) determining the utility of vitamin B2 as a fluorescent tracer coating the aerodigestive tract mucosa in otolaryngology contamination models.

Methods:

Vitamin B2, fluorescein, and a commercial fluorescent dye were aerosolized using a nebulizer and passed through the nasal cavity from the trachea in a retrograde-intubated cadaveric head. In another scenario, vitamin B2 was irrigated to coat the nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal mucosa of a cadaveric head for assessment of aerosol and droplet generation from endonasal drilling. A cascade impactor was used to collect aerosols and small droplets ≤14.1 µm based on average aerodynamic diameter, and the collection chambers were visualized under UV light.

Results:

When vitamin B2 was nebulized, aerosols ≤5.4 µm were generated and the collected particles were fluorescent. When fluorescein and the commercial water tracer dye were nebulized, aerosols ≤8.61 µm and ≤2.08 µm respectively were generated, but the collected aerosols did not appear visibly fluorescent. Endonasal drilling in the nasopharynx coated with vitamin B2 irrigation yielded aerosols ≤3.30 µm that were fluorescent under UV light.

Conclusion:

Vitamin B2’s reliability as a fluorescent tracer when suspended in aerosols and small droplets ≤14.1 µm and known mucosal safety profile make it an ideal compound compared to fluorescein and commercial water-based fluorescent dyes for use as a safe fluorescent tracer in healthcare contamination models especially with human subjects.
Be You: A national education initiative to support the mental health of Australian children and young people
Authors: Hoare Erin , Thorp Andrew , Bartholomeusz-Raymond Nadine , McCoy Alicia , Butler Helen , Berk Michael
Published: August 2020

Early learning services and schools provide unique settings for mental health promotion and early intervention due to the potential for population-level dosage and reach in terms of reducing multiple risk factors and enabling protective factors among young people. Educators play a key role in supporting children and young people’s experiences of, and access to mental health promotion opportunities, and hold unparalleled opportunity in terms of creating mental health–promoting learning environments. In 2018, the Australian National Mental Health in Education Initiative, Be You, was launched. Be You is a multi-million-dollar Australian government–supported initiative, freely available to all 24,000 early learning services, primary and secondary schools throughout Australia. The potential for subsequent population reach is proposed to potentially exceed that of any mental health promotion initiative for children and young people previously observed in Australia. Be You aims to foster mentally healthy learning communities across Australia through building capacity among educators to embed mental health promotion strategies. The Initiative was developed based on a review and integration of previous national mental health promotion frameworks, with an overall alignment to existing state and territory education, social and emotional well-being frameworks, and the Australian Curriculum. In delivering facilitated support from specialised consultants to early learning services and schools participating in the initiative, Be You draws on professional learning principles designed to build capacity in educators and educational systems relating to mental health promotion. It uses an updated, multi-module online platform providing interactive, evidence-based resources. This paper presents the Be You framework, describes the evidence sources used to inform the underlying principles and objectives, discusses the specific components that form the initiative, details the professional learning modules and content, and discusses potential implications for population mental health and prevention efforts.
Psychometric Evidence of the Short Almost Perfect Scale (SAPS) in Brazil
Authors: Lins de Holanda Coelho Gabriel , Pereira Monteiro Renan , Vilar Roosevelt , H. P. Hanel Paul , Cunha Moizéis Heloísa Bárbara , Gouveia Valdiney Veloso
Published: August 2020

Perfectionism can be understood as a personality trait that establishes excessively high standards for the performance of individuals and ostensibly critical self-evaluations. It is associated with a range of variables, such as anxiety, suicidal tendencies, depression, and low satisfaction with life. The Short Almost Perfect Scale (SAPS) overcame some limitations of previous measures (e.g., ambiguity, nonnecessary factors). In the present research, we provide psychometric evidence of the adequacy of the SAPS in Brazil. The original two-factor structure was replicated. The items showed good discrimination, level of difficulty, and informativeness for the overall measure. The SAPS also presented acceptable reliability levels, full measurement invariance across participants’ gender, and partial invariance across countries (Brazil and the United States). Finally, perfectionism was meaningfully associated with personality traits and human values. In sum, our findings suggest that the SAPS is psychometrically adequate for further use in Brazil.
The Impact of Victimization, Mental Health Problems, and Disabilities on Juvenile Justice Processing: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Chappell Allison T. , Maggard Scott R.
Published: August 2020

Victimization, mental health problems, and disabilities are associated with an increased likelihood of delinquent behavior, and girls in the juvenile justice system report higher rates of past trauma and victimization, sexual abuse, and mental health issues than boys. However, the influence of these problems on juvenile justice processing remains understudied. This study investigated the impact of victimization, mental health problems, disabilities, and comorbidity on intake and adjudication decisions across gender. Data on 74,636 intake cases were obtained from the centralized database of the juvenile justice office in a mid-Atlantic state (FY 2011–2015). Findings suggest that mental health problems, victimization, and disabilities are associated with increased punitiveness at intake but few consistent gender differences emerged. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Effects of Gesture-Based Interaction on Driving Behavior: A Driving Simulator Study Using the Projection-Based Vehicle-in-the-Loop
Authors: Graichen Lisa , Graichen Matthias , Krems Josef F.
Published: August 2020

Objective

We observe the driving performance effects of gesture-based interaction (GBI) versus touch-based interaction (TBI) for in-vehicle information systems (IVISs).

Background

As a contributing factor to a number of traffic accidents, driver distraction is a significant problem for traffic safety. More specifically, visual distraction has a strong negative impact on driving performance and risk perception. Thus, the implementation of new interaction systems that use midair gestures to encourage glance-free interactions could reduce visual distraction among drivers.

Methods

In this experiment, participants drove a projection-based Vehicle-in-the-Loop. The projection-based technology combines a visual simulation with kinesthetic, vestibular, and auditory feedback from a car on a test track. While driving, participants used GBI or TBI to perform IVIS tasks. To investigate driving behavior related to critical driving situations and car-following maneuvers, vehicle data based upon longitudinal and lateral driving were collected.

Results

Participants reacted faster to critical driving situations when using GBI compared to TBI. For drivers using TBI, steering performance decreased and time headway to a preceding vehicle was higher.

Conclusion

Gestures provide a safe alternative to in-vehicle interactions. Moreover, GBI has fewer effects on driver distraction than TBI.

Application

Potential applications of this research include all in-vehicle interaction systems used by drivers.
Locational Choices: Modeling Consumer Preferences for Proximity to Others in Reserved Seating Venues
Authors: Blanchard Simon J. , Dyachenko Tatiana L. , Kettle Keri L.
Published: August 2020

This article proposes a measurement approach to determine how consumers prefer to locate themselves in proximity to others during consumption experiences, such as when they purchase reserved seating tickets to a performance. Applied to data from locational choice experiments that simulate reserved seating assortments, administered to more than 2,000 participants, this approach reveals the importance of modeling proximity to others when studying locational choices. It also emphasizes the degree to which consumers are heterogeneous in their preferences for proximity to both focal elements (e.g., stage, screen, aisles) and other consumers. Therefore, event operators should collect data beyond purchase ticket logs and also include consumers who did not purchase. Furthermore, this study illustrates how managers can use fitted, individual-level parameters and an optimization model to make more effective seat-level availability decisions. In addition to these recommendations for managers of reserved seating venues, this article offers novel contributions to research related to advance selling, spatial models, and personal space.
Searching for Meaning with Victor Frankl and Walker Percy
Authors: Schimmoeller Ethan M. , Rothhaar Timothy W.
Published: August 2020

Patients present to physicians searching for more than scientific names to call their maladies. They rather enter examination rooms with value-laden narratives of illness, suffering, hopes, and worries. One potentially helpful paradigm, inspired in part by existentialism, is to see patients on a search for meaning. This perspective is particularly important in the seemingly meaningless ruins of modernity. Here, we will summarize Victor Frankl’s account of logotherapy found in his much-circulated book Man’s Search for Meaning and assess the limitations imposed by his religious agnosticism. At best he can offer patients a finite, impersonal meaning this side of the grave. Following Kierkegaard’s depiction of the religious sphere of existence, American novelist Walker Percy will be shown to supplement logotherapy with a theological mooring. The spiritual crisis of the modern world is treatable only by Christian faith supplying ultimate meaning. Taken together, Frankl and Percy show how Catholic physicians can be guides in their patients’ personal searches for meaning. This paradigm may prove chiefly beneficial in goals of care conversations, encountering “aesthetic” patients living only for pleasure, and engaging patients amidst tragedy-ridden circumstances. Although only Christian faith will ultimately satisfy the search for meaning, we first of all need encouragement to take responsibility for seeking meaning, and confidence that even the most hopeless situation can become meaningful.

Victor Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning can enlighten clinical encounters for physicians to see patients on a search for meaning, particularly amidst suffering and tragedy in a post-modern world lacking transcendence. As shown in Walker Percy’s literature, however, ultimate meaning can only be found in Christian faith where the Word became flesh and continues to dwell among us.
A review of the management and safe handling of bodies in cases involving COVID-19
Authors: Rani Smitha
Published: August 2020

Wuhan Municipal Health Commission, China, reported a cluster of cases of ‘pneumonia of unknown aetiology’ in Wuhan, Hubei province in late 2019. The causative organism was eventually identified as a novel coronavirus. Subsequently, the disease spread to more provinces in China, then the rest of the world, and the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. The virus was named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease was termed COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease). Since then, an increasing number of people have succumbed to this infectious disease. High contagiousness and rapid spread of the disease has been a matter of concern, as it may overburden healthcare systems. Hence, it is vital to implement strict infection prevention and control measures to curb the spread of the disease. This article reviews the guidelines available for the handling of bodies of deceased persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, and for their safe disposal. It also provides a summary of recommendations for conducting autopsies in cases where COVID-19 is suspected.
Political meritocracy and the troubles of Western democracies
Authors: Ziliotti Elena
Published: August 2020

Confucian meritocratic rule has been recently advocated on the basis of the economic performance of Western democracies and the political ignorance of their average voters. These arguments are grounded in the analyses of real phenomena, but they are insufficient to establish the greater effectiveness of political meritocracy over democracy. This does not mean that the principle of political meritocracy (a principle of government that aims to strengthen the role of the competent and the morally good ones) is irrelevant to the solution of some of the troubles affecting contemporary democracies. On the contrary, such a principle could play a significant role in designing auxiliary institutional mechanisms to strengthen the quality of political leadership in a democracy.
“Real Men Stand for Our Nation”: Constructions of an American Nation and Anti-Kaepernick Memes
Authors: Dickerson Nik , Hodler Matt
Published: August 2020

On September 1, 2016, San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick kneeled for the playing of the national anthem arguing that he was “not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color,” noting that “this is bigger than football and it would be selfish . . . to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder.” Kaepernick received a tremendous amount of backlash for this action, and many White fans/media pundits accused him of disrespecting the flag and U.S. military. This act took place during the very contentious presidential election in the United States between eventual winner Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. During this election, the Trump campaign mobilized discourses of White nationalism, and even employed alt-right member Steve Bannon as Trump’s chief advisor for a period. The Trump campaign capitalized on a set of White backlash politics that had been growing since the 1990s, and the reactions to Kaepernick’s protest cannot be separated from this larger context. In this article, we critically read internet memes of Colin Kaepernick to gain insight into the relationship between race, gender, and the nation during the rise of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency.
Content Validity of Parental Stressor Scale: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PSS:PICU)
Authors: Alzawad Zainab , Lewis Frances M. , Li Min
Published: August 2020

Around 10% to 42% of parents suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder following child’s Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admission. What is needed is an understanding of factors associated with parental stress at the beginning of the PICU admission to guide strategies to prevent the development of stress-related morbidity. Only one measure exists to assess sources of PICU-related parental stress, the Parental Stressor Scale: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PSS:PICU). However, this scale has not been modified in over 30 years. The purpose of this study is to examine the content validity and descriptive statistics of the PSS:PICU, propose initial refinements of the scale based on interviews and quantitative analyses, and identify threats to validity in this measure using a convergent parallel mixed methods design. Three validity threats were identified: construct underrepresentation, construct-irrelevant variance, and item redundancy. Suggested scale refinements were to delete 17, revise 7, retain 15, and add 16 items for future testing.
Rational Design of Conformationally Flexible Drugs
Authors: Robson B. , Finn P.W.
Published: August 2020

Synopsis

The rational design of conformationally flexible drugs is briefly reviewed and conformational flexibility is identified as a major stumbling block in the application of QSAR-type methods. With a worked example for thyroid stimulating hormone releasing factor (TRH) and analogues, an approach with several new features is described which leads to quantitative structure-function relationships for the analogues studied so far. With the advantage of hindsight, it appears that with proper treatment good structure-activity relationships might be expected even in the usual case of a receptor of unknown structure, and the reasons for this are described.
In Vitro Techniques for the Detection of Chemicals Capable of Inducing Mitotic Chromosome Aneuploidy
Authors: Parry James M. , Danford Natalie , Parry Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2020

Summary

Three related assay systems have been developed for the detection and evaluation of chemicals capable of inducing mitotic chromosome aneuploidy. These assays, which involve the use of yeast and mammalian cell cultures, have been evaluated for their potential utility by the study of the aneugenic (aneuploidy-inducing) potential of a series of eight carcinogenic and two non-carcinogenic chemicals.

The results of this study indicate that the assay of the potential of chemicals for their ability to induce cellular lesions which may lead to changes in chromosome number provides a valuable complement to the available in vitro assay systems for genotoxicity in that they are capable of detecting carcinogens that give negative results in bacterial mutagenicity assays.
The Use of Computers to Simulate Animal Preparations in the Teaching of Practical Pharmacology
Authors: Hughes I.E.
Published: August 2020

Summary

The teaching objectives of practical pharmacology classes are defined as being: 1. illustration and exemplification of drug effects; 2. acquisition of general laboratory skills and manual dexterity; 3. acquisition of specific skills required in practical pharmacology, and 4. development of a flexible and self-reliant approach to practical work. The properties of a typical computer simulation of an animal preparation are described and the ability of simulations to help students attain the above teaching objectives is discussed. It is concluded that simulations can help students achieve some of these teaching objectives and could be used extensively instead of animals for some, but not all, groups of students. Lack of cost-effectiveness and the restricted availability of suitable computer programs are major reasons why simulations are not used widely in areas where they could help students attain appropriate teaching objectives.
The Effect of Practolol, In Vitro Generated Metabolites of Practolol and Chemical Analogues on the Rate of Growth of Human Skin Fibroblasts
Authors: Elliott Graham R. , Amos H.E. , Bridges James W.
Published: August 2020

The rate of growth of normal human skin fibroblasts was inhibited in a dose related, reversible, fashion by practolol (N-4-(2-hydroxy)-3 (1-methyl)-aminopropoxyphenylacetamine) (ID50 1.35 ± 0.14 x 10-3M), propranolol (1-(isopropylamino)-3(1-naphthyl-oxy)-2-propranolol) (ID50 0.145 ± 0.02 x 10-3M) and paracetamol (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide) (ID50 0.85 ± 0.2 x 10-3M). Skin fibroblasts isolated from a psoriasis patient were more sensitive towards practolol (ID50 0.48 ± 0.14 x 10-3M) and propranolol (ID50 0.032 ± 0.002 x 10-3M), but less sensitive towards paracetamol (ID50 1.3 ± 0.07 x 10-3M). In vitro generated metabolites of practolol, using normal or Arochlor 1254-pretreated hamster liver preparations, and structural analogues of practolol had no effect upon the growth of either cell type.
Effects of Antibiotics and Organic Solvents on the In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Other Chemicals
Authors: Clothier Richard , Robinson Thompson , Greengrass Sally , Heyes Vivien , Ratcliffe Julie , Horner Steven , Balls Michael
Published: August 2020

Since the methods used to maintain cells in vitro can profoundly influence their survival, stability and growth, their effects on responses to potentially toxic chemicals must also be considered. In addition, many xenobiotics are insoluble in aqueous media, and the organic solvents used in presenting them to the cells used in in vitro cytotoxicity tests could themselves be toxic and/or could modify the toxicities of test chemicals. Experiments on an antifungal agent, fungizone, and two aminoglycoside antibacterial agents, gentamicin and kanamycin, showed that BCL-D1 cells (a finite-lived cell line) were more sensitive than V79 cells (a continuous cell line), but increase in total protein during a 3-day culture period was not seriously inhibited when the antibiotics were present at the concentrations recommended for routine use in culture media. Experiments on five organic solvents indicated that DMSO had a significant effect on cell growth, but provided that comparisons were made with the relevant solvent controls, the toxicities of two xenobiotics (dinitrophenol and cycloheximide) were not significantly altered when they were dissolved in organic solvents before being added to V79 cell cultures.
An Alternative to Laboratory Animal Experimentation for Human Health Risk Assessment: Epidemiological Studies of Pet Animals
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , Domanski Linda M.
Published: August 2020

Alternative approaches to the use of laboratory animals for human health risk assessment have traditionally utilised in vitro techniques. We propose an expanded concept of an alternative to include epidemiological studies of pet animals with spontaneously occurring disease. Compared with humans, the use of pet animals has the advantage of a shorter latent period for development of most diseases and is less confounded by occupational exposures or self-selected personal exposures such as alcohol and tobacco consumption. In contrast to laboratory animal experiments, spontaneous tumours in pets reflect natural exposures to a wide variety of environmental carcinogens, which may be more sensitive for the evaluation of the effects of complex low level ambient exposures, such as air pollutants. Sources of data on pet populations and their diseases are described and examples of epidemiological studies in pet animals are presented. Unlike laboratory animal experiments which primarily benefit humans, research into the cause, prevention, and treatment of spontaneously occurring diseases in pet animals may benefit the individual animal and the species.
Toxicity of Chlorophenols to HeLa Cells as Measured in the MIT-24 System
Authors: Ekwall B. , Selling J. , Johnels D.
Published: August 2020

Nineteen isomeric chlorophenols were tested in the MIT-24 system for their toxicity to HeLa cells. Cytotoxicity varied between 0.37 and 900mg/L and generally increased in proportion to the number of chlorine substituents and the partition coefficient. In addition, ortho chlorination decreased toxicity, while meta chlorination had the opposite effect. A good correlation was found between HeLa cell toxicity and data on the bacterial toxicity of the substances, indicating similarity of mechanism of action. Acute lethal dosage in rats did not correlate well with the cytotoxicity data, in spite of a probably similar toxic effect. The reason for this is discussed.
Concomitant continuous pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia is associated with trigeminal nerve root atrophy
Authors: Di Stefano Giulia , De Stefano Gianfranco , Leone Caterina , Cruccu Giorgio , Tardioli Stefano , Cartocci Gaia , Fiorelli Marco , Truini Andrea , Caramia Francesca
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Trigeminal neuralgia is an exemplary neuropathic pain condition characterized by paroxysmal electric-shock-like pain. However, up to 50% of patients also experiences concomitant continuous pain. In this neuroimaging study, we aimed to identify the specific anatomical features of trigeminal nerve root in patients with concomitant continuous pain.

Methods

We enrolled 73 patients with a definitive diagnosis of classical and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and 40 healthy participants. The diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia was independently confirmed by two clinicians. Patients were grouped as patients with purely paroxysmal pain (45 patients) and patients also with concomitant continuous pain (28 patients). All participants underwent a structured clinical examination and a 3T MRI with sequences dedicated to the anatomical study of the trigeminal nerve root, including volumetric study. Images analysis was independently performed by two investigators, blinded to any clinical data.

Results

In most patients with concomitant continuous pain, this type of pain, described as burning, throbbing or aching, manifested at the disease onset. Demographic and clinical variables did not differ between the two groups of patients; the frequency of neurovascular compression and nerve dislocation were similar. Conversely, trigeminal nerve root atrophy was more severe in patients with concomitant continuous pain than in those with purely paroxysmal pain ( p = 0.006).

Conclusions

Our clinical and neuroimaging study found that in patients with trigeminal neuralgia, concomitant continuous pain was associated with trigeminal nerve root atrophy, therefore suggesting that this type of pain is likely related to axonal loss and abnormal activity in denervated trigeminal second-order neurons.
Brands Taking a Stand: Authentic Brand Activism or Woke Washing?
Authors: Vredenburg Jessica , Kapitan Sommer , Spry Amanda , Kemper Joya A.
Published: August 2020

In today’s marketplace, consumers want brands to take a stand on sociopolitical issues. When brands match activist messaging, purpose, and values with prosocial corporate practice, they engage in authentic brand activism, creating the most potential for social change and the largest gains in brand equity. In contrast, brands that detach their activist messaging from their purpose, values, and practice are enacting inauthentic brand activism through the practice of “woke washing,” potentially misleading consumers with their claims, damaging both their brand equity and potential for social change. First, the authors draw on theory to inform a typology of brand activism to determine how, and when, a brand engaging with a sociopolitical cause can be viewed as authentic. Second, a theory-driven framework identifies moderate, optimal incongruence between brand and cause as a boundary condition, showing how brand activists may strengthen outcomes in an increasingly crowded marketplace. Third, the authors explore important policy and practice implications for current and aspiring brand activists, from specific brand-level standards in marketing efforts to third-party certifications and public sector partnerships.