bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Microtomography for 3D Microstructure Characterization of Magnesium Matrix Composite Reinforced with Glassy Carbon Particles
Authors: Botor-Probierz Agnieszka , Olszówka-Myalska Anita , McDonald Sam A. , Withers Philip J.
Published: July 2011

The microstructure of novel AZ91 magnesium matrix composite reinforced with glassy carbon particles has been characterized in this study. The composite was produced by hot pressing a mixture of glassy carbon particles and metal powder. Beforehand, the particles were coated with SiO2 by a sol-gel method. Metris X-tek and Xradia MicroXCT laboratory X-ray tomography systems were used to obtain 3D microstructural information (particle-size distribution, volume fraction of particles, phase formation and defects in the form of clusters of particles and pores). These 3D features were validated by 2D scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods.
Assessment of Quality of Ti Alloys Melted in Induction Furnace with Ceramic Crucible
Authors: Szkliniarz Agnieszka , Szkliniarz Wojciech
Published: July 2011

In this work, the possibility of melting titanium alloys in vacuum induction furnaces in metal and ceramic crucibles and in ceramic crucibles with coatings deposited by the plasma-spray method or by hand using a brush was evaluated. The effect of the crucible material and the coating material on the chemical composition, microstructure and alloy properties was studied. The main criterion for evaluating the suitability of individual crucibles was the content of oxygen in the molten alloys and of impurities remaining as a result of the reaction of the liquid alloy with the crucible and coating material.
Ischemic Stroke in Infants and Children: Practical Management in Emergency
Authors: Ciccone Sara , Cappella Michela , Borgna-Pignatti Caterina
Published: July 2011

Stroke is a rare disease in children, with an estimated incidence 13/100000 and a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. Clinical presentation and risk factors, present in almost half of pediatric patients, are not the same as in adults. The diagnosis of stroke in children is often delayed because signs and symptoms can be subtle and nonspecific. History and clinical examination should exclude underlying diseases or predisposing factors. Neuroimaging is crucial in defining diagnosis. Other tests might be necessary, according to the clinical picture. We present here the most recent practical directions on how to diagnose and manage arterial stroke in children, according to different international guidelines on the subject.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and the Pathogenesis of Delirium: A Review of Current Evidence
Authors: Adamis Dimitrios , Meagher David
Published: July 2011

Delirium is a frequent complication in medically ill elderly patients that is associated with serious adverse outcomes including increased mortality. Delirium risk is linked to older age, dementia, and illness that involves activation of inflammatory responses. IGF-I is increasingly postulated as a key link between environmental influences on body metabolism with a range of neuronal activities and has been described as themaster regulatorof the connection between brain and bodily well-being. The relationships between IGF-I and ageing, cognitive impairment and inflammatory illness further support a possible role in delirium pathogenesis. Five studies of IGF-I in delirium were identified by a systematic review. These conflicting findings, with three of the five studies indicating an association between IGF-1 and delirium occurrence, may relate to the considerable methodological differences in these studies. The relevance of IGF-I and related factors to delirium pathogenesis can be clarified by future studies which account for these issues and other confounding factors. Such work can inform therapeutic trials of IGF-I and/or growth hormone administration.
The Uncomplemented Subspace K(X,Y)
Authors: Ghenciu Ioana
Published: July 2011

A vector measure result is used to study the complementation of the space K(X,Y) of compact operators in the spaces W(X,Y) of weakly compact operators, CC(X,Y) of completely continuous operators, and U(X,Y) of unconditionally converging operators. Results of Kalton and Emmanuele concerning the complementation of K(X,Y) in L(X,Y) and in W(X,Y) are generalized. The containment of c0 and ℓ∞ in spaces of operators is also studied.
Marcinkiewicz Commutators with Lipschitz Functions in Non-homogeneous Spaces
Authors: Zhou Jiang , Ma Bolin
Published: July 2011

Under the assumption that μ is a nondoubling measure, we study certain commutators generated by the Lipschitz function and the Marcinkiewicz integral whose kernel satisfies a Hörmander type condition. We establish the boundedness of these commutators on the Lebesgue spaces, Lipschitz spaces, and Hardy spaces. Our results are extensions of known theorems in the doubling case.
A nonlinear Poisson transform for Einstein metrics on product spaces
Authors: Biquard Olivier , Mazzeo Rafe
Published: July 2011

We consider the Einstein deformations of the reducible rank two symmetric spaces of noncompact type. If

M

is the product of any two real, complex, quaternionic or octonionic hyperbolic spaces, we prove that the family of nearby Einstein metrics is parametrized by certain new geometric structures on the Furstenberg boundary of

M

.
Does Higher Education Need Deschooling?
Authors: Butson Russell
Published: July 2011

This paper presents an attempt to overcome the contemporary obsession with ‘learning’ and proposes that current practices in higher education are aligned too closely with the educational theories and practices developed within pre-university compulsory education. The author takes the position that higher education is substantially different from compulsory education, arguing that HE is a ‘professional endeavour’ which prioritizes the development of attributes and skills that are essential for students to succeed in their future academic/professional and societal roles. It is further argued that current educational practices may well be ‘choking’ higher education in subtle but pervasive ways.
Commercialization of University Research for Technology-Based Economic Development
Authors: Ferguson W. Ker
Published: July 2011

This empirical study investigates the hypothesized relationship between US federally funded university research and development (R&D) and its resulting economic impact, as measured by the level of licensing revenue generated by US universities. The author also examines the key operating statistics of the top-ten licensing income-producing technology transfer offices in the USA to determine what may differentiate them from their counterparts in other institutions and whether there are identifiable traits within the data that could be incorporated into a best practice model for the rest of the industry. It is found that there is a small but statistically significant correlation between R&D spending and economic impact. However, university licence income is found to be more a function of the system-wide volume of R&D funding than individual technology transfer office behaviour.
Practical method for measuring printed colors on FWA‐treated paper
Authors: Imura Kenji
Published: July 2011

The virtual fluorescent standard (VFS) method is a new approximation method for the practical measurement of the colorimetric properties of an object treated with fluorescent whitening agent (FWA). The essential requirement of the VFS method is that the bi‐spectral characteristics of the VFS must be similar in curve shape to those of the object to be measured. In the case of an object printed on an FWA‐treated substrate, the bi‐spectral characteristics will vary depending on not only the substrate but also the printed ink films.

 In this study, two simplified VFS methods, one using the bi‐spectral characteristics of the substrate and the other using those of typical paper as the VFS instead of those similar to each object, were evaluated. The evaluation was performed using two instrument models for the VFS method with the different illuminations with five sets of 13 samples printed in different colors by five different printer/paper combinations.

 In this evaluation, the total spectral radiance factor of each sample was obtained by simulated measurement, that is, it was calculated based on the bi‐spectral radiance factor of the sample and the spectral power distributions of the light source of the instrument. The total spectral radiance factor of each sample under D50 obtained using both VFS models and CIE L*a*b* values derived therefrom were compared with those by the reference model with ideal D50 illumination.

 Although the samples are limited, the results shows that both simplified VFS methods remarkably reduce the errors due to fluorescence when compared to the conventional method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012
Palladium‐Catalysed Direct Monoarylation of Bithiophenyl Derivatives or Bis(thiophen‐2‐yl)methanone with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Si Larbi Karima , Djebbar Safia , Doucet Henri
Published: July 2011

Arylated bithiophenes, which are useful compounds due to their coordination and/or physical properties, can be easily prepared by palladium‐catalysed C–H bond activation of heteroaromatics followed by arylation using electron‐deficient aryl bromides. A variety of 5‐arylated 2,2′‐bithiophenyl derivatives have been prepared. Good yields were generally obtained by using the air‐stable [PdCl(dppb)(C3H5)] complex as catalyst. A range of functions on the aryl bromide, such as acetyl, formyl, ester, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, fluoro and hydroxyalkyl, are tolerated.
An Easy Route to Pure and Luminescent Eu‐Doped YVO4 Polycrystalline Films Based on Molecular or Hybrid Precursors
Authors: Deligne Nicolas , Lamme Julien , Devillers Michel
Published: July 2011

An easy “soft‐chemistry” method has been developed to prepare pure and luminescent Eu‐doped YVO4 films. The method is based on the spin‐coating of aqueous solutions of stoichiometrically well‐defined yttrium(III)– and/or dioxidovanadium(V)–edta complexes, sometimes in the presence of a cellulose derivative, namely (hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose. Films of the corresponding binary oxides, Y2O3 and V2O5, were also studied for comparative purposes. XRD, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the samples at different stages of their preparation. The spin‐coating rate as well as the presence of the cellulose derivative in the precursor solutions were found to influence greatly the homogeneity and morphology of the films. The preferential orientation of crystallites within some of the films was also evidenced.
Rating of Eating Disorder Severity Interview for Children: Psychometric Properties and Comparison with EDI‐2 Symptom Index
Authors: DeSocio Janiece E. , O'Toole Julie K. , He Hua , Crosby Ross , Koeller Paula , Baird Sarah A. , Lukach Megan
Published: July 2011

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the psychometrics of the Rating of Eating Disorder Severity Interview for Children (REDS‐C) and compare it with the Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 symptom index.

Methods

The psychometrics of the REDS‐C were analyzed utilizing data from 336 patients, of ages 8 to 18 years. Receiver operator curve analyses were performed to evaluate the ability of the REDS‐C and the Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 symptom index to discriminate severity of eating disorder symptoms in relationship to an objective standard, defined as hospitalisation for medical stabilisation beyond 1 week.

Results

Three factors were identified using 14 of the 16 original REDS‐C items. Resulting subscales demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity. The receiver operator curve results demonstrated the usefulness of the 14‐item version of the REDS‐C in predicting hospitalisation greater than 7 days as an indicator of symptom severity.

Discussion

The 14‐item REDS‐C is a reliable tool to assist clinicians in evaluating the severity of eating disorder symptoms in children and adolescents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Eating Disorders, Normative Eating Self‐Efficacy and Body Image Self‐Efficacy: Women in Recovery Homes
Authors: Czarlinski Jennifer A. , Aase Darrin M. , Jason Leonard A.
Published: July 2011

Although eating disorders (EDs) and ED symptoms are common among individuals in recovery for substance abuse (SA), long‐term SA treatment programmes rarely address these problems. The present study examined the prevalence of EDs among women residing in Oxford Houses—low‐cost, self‐governed recovery homes for SA. Further, among women both with and without an ED diagnosis, the association between duration of Oxford House residency and eating‐related self‐efficacy scores was examined as an indicator of potential treatment effects on ED symptoms. During a telephone assessment, participants were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV‐TR Axis I Disorders and the Eating Disorder Recovery Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire. Results indicated that 12 of the 31 women analysed met criteria for an ED (bulimia nervosa, 2; ED not otherwise specified, 10). Differential findings were evident for eating‐related self‐efficacy measures depending on ED diagnostic status and duration of residency. Potential interpretations, limitations and implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A 1D Roe decomposition of a system of equations governing wave height transformation
Authors: Dodd Nicholas , MacHardy Laura C.
Published: July 2011

A Roe‐type decomposition for a system of equations governing onshore/offshore wave transformation in coastal waters is derived. The equation set approximated pertains to coastal waters prior to wave breaking, and is based on depth‐averaging and time‐averaging of the Euler equations. The equations are those used in many commercial codes for simulation of wave height and wave‐averaged currents. This novel approach uses a combination of some standard Roe averages, together with physical reasoning and power series expansions to derive a Roe‐averaged Jacobian (with real, linearly independent eigenvectors) and ensures conservation, and thereby effects the decomposition. It is shown that the resulting derived Roe‐averaged quantities are accurate to a high degree, by comparing them with their analytical equivalents for a wide range of nondimensional water depths and slopes likely to be encountered in coastal problems. Numerical tests of time‐invariant wave height transformation and wave group propagation are undertaken; these indicate good performance of the scheme in practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A NOTE ON INFORMALITY IN THE LABOUR MARKET
Authors: Khamis Melanie
Published: July 2011

Informality in the labour market is far from clearly defined in the development literature. To understand the nature of informality in terms of the legalistic and the productivity view, this paper makes an empirical contribution to the debate.

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the informality dimensions in the Mexican labour market, employing a rich labour market data set.

A substantial overlap between the current social security coverage, contracts and individual's job history is found. Moreover, age, education, marital status and scores in the Raven's test, an ability measure, are significant determinants for the various forms of informality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simplified protocol for the automated production of succinimidyl 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate on an IBA Synthera module
Authors: Ackermann Uwe , Yeoh Shinn Dee , Sachinidis John I. , Poniger Stan S. , Scott Andrew M. , Tochon‐Danguy Henri J.
Published: July 2011

The important peptide labelling reagent succinimidyl 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) has been synthesised in 75–85% decay corrected radiochemical yield using the IBA Synthera platform (IBA Cyclotron Solutions, Louvain‐la‐neuve, Belgium) with the fluorodeoxyglucose‐integrated fluidic processor nucleophilic and only four reagent vials in a single reactor. (4‐ethoxycarbonylphenyl) trimethylammonium triflate was used as the labelling precursor and 1 M aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide for the hydrolysis of the intermediate ethyl 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate. N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐O‐(N‐succinimidyl)uronium tetrafluoroborate (TSTU) was then used to form [18F]SFB from 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate. By omitting the addition of acetic acid and introducing a combined hydrolysis/water removal step, the synthesis time was shortened to 58 minutes. After SepPak purification, the radiochemical purity of [18F]SFB was 95.8–98.2%. These simplifications might be of significance to users of other automated synthesis modules.
Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors and response to antiviral treatment in Thai patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 3a
Authors: Vejbaesya Sasijit , Nonnoi Yuwatida , Tanwandee Tawesak , Srinak Duangporn
Published: July 2011

Genetic factors of the host have been shown to influence the outcome of treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) regulate natural killer (NK) cell activity by interaction with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I. In this study, KIR gene polymorphisms and their HLA ligands were investigated in 110 Thai patients with chronic HCV genotype 3a. Seventy‐six patients were sustained virological responders and 34 patients were virological non‐responders. KIR typing and HLA‐C typing were performed using PCR‐SSP (polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primer). The frequency of HLA‐C1C2 was significantly higher in sustained responders than in non‐responders (P = 0.04). However, the frequencies of KIR2DL2/2DL3 genotype and KIR2DL2/2DL3‐HLA‐C1C1 genotype were significantly higher in non‐responders than in sustained responders (P = 0.02, 0.004, respectively). In summary, this study showed the association of KIR genes and ligands with the outcome of antiviral treatment in chronic hepatic C virus genotype 3a infection. J. Med. Virol. 83:1733–1737, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity enhancement for maximally resolved two‐dimensional NMR by nonuniform sampling
Authors: Rovnyak David , Sarcone Mark , Jiang Ze
Published: July 2011

Resolving NMR signals which are separated in frequency on the order of their line widths requires obtaining the time domain free induction decay for a maximum time tmax = πT2, where T2 is the transverse relaxation time of the given signals. Unfortunately, samples acquired beyond ∼1.26T2 contribute more noise than signal to the data; and samples in the range of about (0.75–1.26)× T2 have a negligible effect on the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Therefore, one must sacrifice SNR to reach evolution times of πT2. One can preserve resolution in a shorter total experimental time by selecting a reduced set of samples from the Nyquist grid according to an exponential probability density which is on the order of the T2 of the signals. This practice is widely termed nonuniform sampling (NUS). We derive analytic theory for the enhancement of the intrinsic SNR of NUS time domain data compared with uniformly sampled data when the total experimental times are equivalent. This theory is general for any tmax and exponential weighting and is further carefully validated with simulations. Enhancements of SNR in the time domain on the order of twofold are routinely available when tmax ∼ πT2 and are reflected in the subsequent maximum entropy reconstructed spectra. SNR enhancement by NUS is demonstrated to be helpful in enabling the acquisition of HMQC spectra of dilute bile salts in which high resolution in the indirect carbon dimension is required. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating a public affairs function in countries without a public affairs culture
Authors: Harsanyi Fruzsina M. , Schmidt Susan
Published: July 2011

As economies become more international and inter‐related, company executives must pursue corporate objectives in environments very different from their own and often in countries that do not have a public affairs culture. Public affairs, as practiced in developed democratic political and economic systems, presumes a political culture that is generally supportive of business participation in the policy‐making process. In these countries, public affairs tends to be programmatic and issue‐driven, and the rules of the game, which are transparent and predictable, are widely known to all participants. In countries without a public affairs culture, public affairs practitioners face major challenges in how to design and implement a public affairs function that enables them to monitor and manage the external environment that affects the business as well as to respond to internal corporate dynamics. This article offers practical guidance on how to build an effective public affairs function in countries that do not have a public affairs culture. Drawing on their experiences working with international companies in emerging markets, the authors provide a strategic approach to questions that must be asked and to the various tools of Public Affairs that should be deployed to be effective. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical advances in hemophilia management
Authors: Sharathkumar Anjali A. , Carcao Manuel
Published: July 2011

Hemophilia is an excellent example in medicine where clinical translation of basic science discoveries has transformed the gloomy outlook of the disease. This review provides an overview of clinical advances in hemophilia management with a specific focus on the molecular heterogeneity of the disease and progress in management of patients with inhibitors. Novel therapeutics and the emerging ethical issues in the field of hemophilia are also discussed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 910–920. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐quality pagination for publishing
Authors: Ciancarini Paolo , Iorio Angelo Di , Furini Luca , Vitali Fabio
Published: July 2011

The problem of line breaking consists of finding the best way to split paragraphs into lines. It has been cleverly addressed by the total‐fit algorithm exposed by Knuth and Plass in a well‐known paper. Similarly, page‐breaking algorithms break the content flow of a document into page units. Formatting languages—such as the World Wide Web Consortium standard Extensible Stylesheet Language Formatting Objects (XSL‐FO)—allow users to set which content should be kept in the same page and how many isolated lines are acceptable at the beginning/end of each page. The strategies most formatters adopt to meet these requirements, however, are not satisfactory for many publishing contexts as they very often generate unpleasant empty areas. In that case, typographers are required to manually craft the results in order to completely fill pages. This paper presents a page‐breaking algorithm that extends the original Knuth and Plass line‐breaking approach and produces high‐quality documents without unwanted empty areas. The basic idea consists of delaying the definitive choice of breaks in the line‐breaking process in order to provide a larger set of alternatives to the actual pagination step. The algorithm also allows users to decide the set of properties to be adjusted for pagination and their variation ranges. An application of the algorithm to XSL‐FO is also presented, with an extension of the language that allows users to drive the pagination process. The tool, named FOP+, is a customized version of the open‐source Apache Formatting Objects Processor formatter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ON B(5,k) GROUPS
Authors: LI YUANLIN , PAN XIAOYING
Published: July 2011

A group G is said to be a B(n,k) group if for any n-element subset A of G, ∣A2∣≤k. In this paper, characterizations of B(5,16) groups and B(5,17) groups are given.
Measurements Validating the Confocal Scanning Laser Holography Microscope
Authors: Jacquemin Peter B. , Herring Rodney A.
Published: July 2011

A confocal scanning laser holography (CSLH) microscope that uniquely combines the concepts of confocal microscopy with holography has been validated for making nonintrusive, full three-dimensional (3D) intensity and phase measurements of objects from a single viewpoint of observation without loss of object information. The phase measurements have been used to determine the 3D refractive indices of a point source heated silicone oil. The refractive indices are converted to 3D temperature measurements, which are useful for heat transfer studies. An important feature of CSLH is its nonintrusive 3D scanning method, which enables its application to the study of Marangoni convection in microgravity with minimal operational vibrations affecting the motion of fluid in the specimen.
Anwendung der Schematherapie in der Forensik
Authors: Klecha Dorothee , Bersier Katharina , Beckley Kerry , Bernstein David
Published: July 2011

Zusammenfassung.In der Population der Straftäter sind Persönlichkeitsstörungen relativ häufig zu finden. Dabei sind die Cluster-B-Persönlichkeitsstörungen, insbesondere wenn zusätzlich die Kriterien für eine Psychopathie erfüllt sind, mit einem erhöhten Rezidivrisiko verbunden. Evidenzbasierte psychotherapeutische Methoden zur Senkung dieses Risikos sind rar. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die forensische Adaptation der Schematherapie von Bernstein et al. (2007) sowie das schematherapeutische Gruppenmanual von Beckley und Gordon (2004 , 2010a ) dargestellt. Erste Studienergebnisse, die auf die Nützlichkeit der Methode hinweisen, werden diskutiert sowie Erfahrungen mit der Anwendung des Gruppenmanuals in einer Strafanstalt berichtet.
Überprüfung der ­Gütekriterien des ­Freiburger ­Screeningfragebogens zur Identifizierung von Risiko­patienten für die Entwicklung einer Posttrau­matischen Belastungs­störung an der Gruppe schwerverletzter ­Unfallpatienten
Authors: Schneider Alexandra , Lefering Rolf , Neugebauer Edmund
Published: July 2011

Zusammenfassung.Berechnung der Validität und Reliabilität des Freiburger Screeningfragebogens zur Identifizierung von Risikopatienten für die Entwicklung einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) nach einem Verkehrsunfall an einer Gruppe Schwerverletzter. Methode: Psychodiagnostische Untersuchung von 59 stationär unfallchirurgisch behandelten Patienten direkt nach einem Unfall u. a. mit dem Freiburger Screeningfragebogen. Ermittlung der Prävalenz für PTBS 6 Monate nach dem Unfall. Berechnung der prognostischen, divergenten und konvergenten Validität des Screeners. Ergebnisse: Bei einem Cut-Off-Wert von 3: beste Sensitivität (87 %) und höchste Spezifität (69 %), negativer Vorhersagewert 93 %, positiver Vorhersagewert 52 %. Trennschärfe : .51, Fragebogenschwierigkeit: .30, Interitemkorrelation: .31. Cronbach’s α : .82. Konvergente Validität: nicht zufriedenstellend. Schlussfolgerung: Es konnte nicht repliziert werden, dass dieser Fragebogen selektiv PTBS ermittelt.
Properties of Fuels from Wood Sources
Authors: Speight James G.
Published: July 2011

Wood is a very general term to describe a wide assortment of untreated resources that can be processed in addition to being used for energy production. Wood, the oldest fuel to be used by humans, can be used to produce a variety of products. For example, wood energy products include gaseous fuels, liquid fuels, and pellets as well as briquettes, which can meet fuel demands.

The properties of products from wood are dictated by the makeup of the wood. Furthermore, the physical and mechanical characteristics of wood that are controlled by specific anatomy, moisture content, and to a lesser extent, mineral matter content, and the amount of wood that is extractable by solvents. The properties are also influenced by wood's directional nature, which results in markedly different properties in the longitudinal, tangential, and radial directions or axes. Wood properties within a species vary greatly from tree to tree and within a single axis (Bergman et al., 2010).
Production of Fuels from Landfills
Authors: Singh Kamel , Sastry Musti K.S.
Published: July 2011

A landfill site is an area of land that has been specifically engineered to allow for the deposition of waste on to and into it. Municipal solid waste landfill sites are a large source of human-related methane emissions and, in some countries such as the United States, can account for up to 25 percent of these emissions. At the same time, methane emissions from landfills represent a lost opportunity to capture and use a significant energy resource.

Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites (where a producer of waste carries out their own waste disposal at the place of production) as well as sites used by many producers. Many landfills are also used for other waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling). A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with soil and rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such as for building houses.

This chapter presents a review of the different types of landfill and the means by which landfill gas is generated.
Nanotubes and Nanowires
Authors: Rao C N Ram , Govindaraj A ,   Royal Society of Chemistry,   Royal Society of Chemistry
Published: July 2011

Research and literature on nanomaterials has exploded in volume in recent years. Nanotubes (both of carbon and inorganic materials) can be made in a variety of ways, and they demonstrate a wide range of interesting properties. Many of these properties, such as high mechanical strength and interesting electronic properties relate directly to potential applications. Nanowires have been made from a vast array of inorganic materials and provide great scope for further research into their properties and possible applications. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the research areas of carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanotubes and nanowires including: synthesis; characterisation; properties; applications Nanotubes and Nanowires includes an extensive list of references and is ideal both for graduates needing an introduction to the field of nanomaterials as well as for professionals and researchers in academia and industry.
Strain response of high mobility germanium n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors on (001) substrates
Authors: Chen Y.-T. , Lan H.-S. , Hsu W. , Fu Y.-C. , Lin J.-Y. , Liu C. W.
Published: July 2011

Well-behaved Ge n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors on (001) substrates with dispersion-free, high on/off ratio, and high peak mobility are demonstrated. The interface trap density is effectively reduced down to 5 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 near midgap by GeO2 passivation using rapid thermal oxidation, resulting in high peak mobility of ∼1050 cm2/Vs. The fast roll-off of the mobility at high electric field is probably due to the large surface roughness scattering. By applying uniaxial 〈110〉 tensile strain (0.08%) on 〈110〉 channel direction, the best mobility enhancement (12%) can be achieved. The calculated strain responses with proper stress configurations are consistent with experimental results.
Carrier transport in indium-doped p-channel silicon-on-insulator transistors between 30 and 285 K
Authors: Khalafalla M. A. H. , Ono Y. , Noborisaka J. , Lansbergen G. P. , Fujiwara A.
Published: July 2011

Low-temperature carrier transport is investigated for indium-doped p-channel transistors and compared with that for boron-doped ones. It is shown that, with a doping concentration of 3 × 1017 cm−3, while hopping conduction via acceptor sites predominates in boron-doped transistors, indium-doped ones exhibit strong carrier localization at 30 K. For temperatures between 100 and 285 K, the transport in indium-doped transistors is dominated by thermally activated valence-band conduction, and its activation energy coincides with the indium ionization energy.
Raman tensor elements for wurtzitic GaN and their application to assess crystallographic orientation at film/substrate interfaces
Authors: Pezzotti Giuseppe , Sueoka Hiroyuki , Porporati Alessandro Alan , Manghnani Murli , Zhu Wenliang
Published: July 2011

This study is aimed at establishing a method of polarized/confocal Raman spectroscopy capable of quantitatively assessing crystallographic orientation in wurtzitic GaN with a micron-scale resolution. First, Raman selection rules are explicitly put forward from a theoretical viewpoint in their complete form; then, experimentally retrieved intensities of the Raman signal as a function of Euler angles are fitted to the obtained theoretical dependencies in order to quantify a set of Raman tensor elements using experiments on known crystallographic planes of a wurtzitic GaN single-crystal. According to the above two procedures, a spectroscopic algorithm, incorporating the use of Raman tensor elements and Euler angles in tandem, becomes available for estimating unknown crystallographic orientations. As an application of the developed method, a confocal Raman probe was used to non-destructively unfold the relative orientation of a wurtzitic GaN epilayer with respect to (0001)-oriented sapphire substrate. The microscopic distribution of tilt/twist angles in space for the GaN lattice could be measured in a bulk region of the sample with no cut or other sample manipulations being necessary. Polarized/confocal Raman spectroscopy provides a practical and convenient tool for characterizing on the micron scale the interfacial disorder that affects energy transport phenomena at GaN/substrate interfaces.
Bäcklund transformations for the elliptic Gaudin model and a Clebsch system
Authors: Zullo Federico
Published: July 2011

A two-parameters family of Bäcklund transformations for the classical elliptic Gaudin model is constructed. The maps are explicit, symplectic, preserve the same integrals as for the continuous flows, and are a time discretization of each of these flows. The transformations can map real variables into real variables, sending physical solutions of the equations of motion into physical solutions. The starting point of the analysis is the integrability structure of the model. It is shown how the analogue transformations for the rational and trigonometric Gaudin model are a limiting case of this one. An application to a particular case of the Clebsch system is given.
InGaAs/GaAs (110) quantum dot formation via step meandering
Authors: Díez-Merino Laura , Tejedor Paloma
Published: July 2011

InGaAs (110) semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) offer very promising prospects as a material base for a new generation of high-speed spintronic devices, such as single electron transistors for quantum computing. However, the spontaneous formation of InGaAs QDs is prevented by two-dimensional (2D) layer-by-layer growth on singular GaAs (110) substrates. In this work we have studied, by using atomic force microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), the growth of InGaAs/GaAs QDs on GaAs (110) stepped substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and the modification of the adatom incorporation kinetics to surface steps in the presence of chemisorbed atomic hydrogen. The as-grown QDs exhibit lateral dimensions below 100 nm and emission peaks in the 1.35–1.37 eV range. It has been found that a step meandering instability derived from the preferential attachment of In adatoms to [11−0]-step edges relative to [11−n]-type steps plays a key role in the destabilization of 2D growth that leads to 3D mound formation on both conventional and H-terminated vicinal substrates. In the latter case, the driving force for 3D growth via step meandering is enhanced by H-induced upward mass transport in addition to the lower energy cost associated with island formation on H-terminated substrates, which results in a high density array of InGaAs/GaAs dots selectively nucleated on the terrace apices with reduced lateral dimensions and improved PL efficiency relative to those of conventional MBE-grown samples.
Effect of prefeeding, sowing rate and sowing pattern on efficacy of aerial 1080 poisoning of small-mammal pests in New Zealand
Authors: Nugent Graham , Warburton Bruce , Thomson Caroline , Sweetapple Peter , Ruscoe Wendy A.
Published: July 2011

Context Aerial poisoning using sodium fluoroacetate (1080) is an important but controversial technique used for large-scale control of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and other pests in New Zealand. The technique reliably produces near total kills of possums and rats, provided that many tens of baits (and therefore many tens of individually lethal doses) are sown for each target animal present. Aim The aim of this study was to further refine aerial 1080 poisoning by determining the effect of prefeeding, sowing rate, and sowing pattern on effectiveness. Methods Eighteen experimental treatments comprising all possible combinations of three sowing rates (1, 2, and 5 kg/ha of bait), three frequencies of non-toxic prefeed (0, 1, and 2) and two sowing patterns (parallel and cross-hatched) were applied to each of two forested areas. Treatment effectiveness was assessed from changes in the rate of interference recorded on baited cards for three species: possum, ship rat (Rattus rattus) and mouse (Mus musculus). Key results Outcomes were highly variable, ranging from increases in pest activity to near total reductions. Possum reductions were highest where one or two prefeeds were used, and at the higher sowing rates (2 or 5 kg/ha), but with some interactions between these factors. For rats, two prefeeds resulted in the highest reductions but sowing rate had no effect. For mice, post-poisoning indices were often high, indicating low effectiveness. Conclusions Some treatments were highly effective so poor kills were unlikely to have resulted from pests not encountering bait, or the bait being unpalatable. Rather they appeared to reflect sub-lethal poisoning either as a result of low acceptance (as a result of a lack of familiarity and/or satiation) or bait fragmentation. We infer that for possum and rats prefeeding helps reduce this risk of sub-lethal poisoning not only by increasing familiarity, but also (in conjunction with high sowing rates) by increasing the bait encounter rate, particularly for possums. Implications There is scope to further reduce the amount of toxic bait sown and the cost of poisoning, without compromising efficacy, by fine-tuning the balance between prefeeding and sowing rate based on which species are being targeted and, for possums, reducing bait fragmentation.
Effect of stroke rate on performance and physiological demand of outrigger canoeing ergometry
Authors: Sealey Rebecca M. , Leicht Anthony S. , Ness Kevin
Published: July 2011

Outrigger canoeists adopt a variety of racing stroke rates without scientific basis. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self‐selected and imposed slow (Hawaiian) and fast (Tahitian) stroke rates on 1000‐m outrigger ergometer performance and physiological demand to determine which stroke rate was best for performance. Female outrigger canoeists (n=17) completed 1000‐m ergometer time trials using a self‐selected, Hawaiian (≤55 strokes · min−1) and Tahitian (≥65 strokes · min−1) stroke rate. Performance time and physiological demand were compared for the overall 1000 m and for each 250‐m split across trials. There was no significant difference in performance time between the Hawaiian (mean value 358 s, s=30) and Tahitian (mean value 357 s, s=28) trials with both trials significantly faster than the self‐selected trial (mean value 371 s, s=38) (P < 0.05). The Hawaiian trial resulted in significantly lower physiological demand than the Tahitian and self‐selected trials. When choosing their stroke rate, female outrigger canoeists perform sub‐optimally. The Hawaiian stroke rate resulted in the same performance time as the Tahitian stroke rate but with reduced physiological demand. Outrigger canoe coaches should employ a slower stroke rate of ≤ 55 strokes · min−1 to optimize 1000‐m performance and minimize physiological demand that may lead to fatigue across multiple races.
Injury prevention in camogie: Current trends in the use of protective equipment
Authors: Quinn Edel M. , Bradley Colin P.
Published: July 2011

Camogie is one of Ireland's national field sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of protective equipment by camogie players and to identify the most common injuries resulting from playing camogie. A questionnaire was distributed to 180 camogie players at randomly chosen clubs in two Irish counties to establish use of protective equipment over the preceding 12 months and what injuries resulted from playing camogie over the same period. Direct observation of players in action was undertaken looking at protective equipment use to confirm reliability of the self‐reported data. One hundred and thirty‐nine questionnaires were returned and 120 players directly observed. In total, 74.8% of players reported wearing a helmet every time and 84.9% that they never wear a handguard. Reasons for not wearing protective equipment include discomfort and the belief that it is unnecessary. Thirty‐seven percent of players reported injury; hand injuries were the most common (42.3% of all injuries). One in six players experienced a hand injury over the 12‐month period. Generating awareness of the prevalence of hand injuries and the lack of hand protection in camogie is required.
Effects of game location and final outcome on game‐related statistics in each zone of the pitch in professional football
Authors: Gómez Miguel A. , Gómez‐Lopez Maite , Lago Carlos , Sampaio Jaime
Published: July 2011

The aim of this large‐scale study of elite professional football teams was to identify the independent and interactive effects of game location and final outcome on football game‐related statistics according to the zone of the pitch in which they occurred. The sample consisted of 1900 games played over five seasons (from 2003–2004 to 2007–2008) of the Spanish Professional Football League. Factor analysis with principal components was applied to the game‐related statistics recorded from the games, which limited the analysis to four factors (Factor 1: Turnovers in zone 5.2 and Crosses in zone 4; Factor 2: Goals and shots in zone 5.1, Turnovers in zone 4, and Ball recover in zone 2; Factor 3: Goals and shots in zone 5.2; and Factor 4: Turnovers in zone 5.1). Zone 2 was between the defensive semi‐circle area and midfield circle, Zone 4 was between the midfield circle and offensive semi‐circle area, Zone 5.1 was the offensive goal area, and Zone 5.2 was the offensive small area). A mixed linear model was applied to identify the effects of game location and final outcome on the previously identified factors. Game location and final outcome main effects were identified for all factors, with home and winning teams having better values. The interaction Location×Outcome was only significant for Factor 4 (Turnovers in zone 5.1). When playing at home, teams had higher frequencies for all analysed variables, probably resulting from home advantage factors such as facility familiarity and/or crowd. Additionally, winning teams’ exhibited different and consistent profiles from drawing and losing teams, mainly discriminated by their ability to recover the ball in Zone 2 and to organize the offence using penetrative passes to Zones 5.2 and 5.1 to increase the number of shots and consequently goals. The trends identified may provide important information for modelling high‐level performances.
Pyrolysis of D-Glucose to Acrolein
Authors: Shen Chong , Ying Zhang Igor , Fu Gang , Xu Xin
Published: July 2011

Despite of its great importance, the detailed molecular mechanism for carbohydrate pyrolysis remains poorly understood. We perform a density functional study with a newly developed XYG3 functional on the processes for D-glucose pyrolysis to acrolein. The most feasible reaction pathway starts from an isomerization from D-glucose to D-fructose, which then undergoes a cyclic Grob fragmentation, followed by a concerted electrocyclic dehydration to yield acrolein. This mechanism can account for the known experimental results.
Ion-Pair Photodissociation of Trichloromonofluoromethane
Authors: Chen Liu-li , Tian Shan-xi , Xu Yun-feng , Chu Gen-bai , Liu Fu-yi , Shan Xiao-bin , Sheng Liu-si
Published: July 2011

Anionic fragments, F− and Cl− including two isotope species 35Cl− and 37Cl−, are observed in the photoexcitations of CFCl3. The ion-pair anion efficiency spectra of 35Cl− and 37Cl− are recorded in the photon energy range of 7.75–22.00 eV. The threshold of ion-pair dissociation CFCl3→CFCl2++Cl− is experimentally determined to be 7.94±0.04 eV. With the references of the high-resolution photoabsorption spectra reported in the literatures, we make tentative assignments of the electron valence-to-Rydberg transitions. Furthermore, the multibody ion-pair fragmentation processes to Cl− are discussed by comparison between the calculated thermochemical thresholds and the experimental efficiency spectrum.
Self-assembly of Asymmetric Dimer Particles in Supported Copolymer Bilayer
Authors: Qin Xiao-chun , Ren Chun-lai
Published: July 2011

Using self-consistent field and density functional theories, we investigate the self-assembly behavior of asymmetric dimer particles in a supported AB block copolymer bilayer. Asymmetric dimer particles are amphiphilic molecules composed by two different spheres. One prefers to A block of copolymers and the other likes B block when they are introduced into the copolymer bilayer. The two layer structure of the dimer particles is formed within the bilayer. Due to the presence of the substrate surface, the symmetry of the two leaflets of the bilayer is broken, which may lead to two different layer structures of dimer particles within each leaflet of the bilayer. With the increasing concentration of the asymmetric dimer particles, in-plane structure of the dimer particles undergoes sparse square, hexagonal, dense square, and cylindrical structures. In a further condensed packing, a bending cylindrical structure comes into being. Here we verify that the entropic effect of copolymers, the enthalpy of the system and the steric repulsion of the dimer particles are three important factors determing the self-assembly of dimer particles within the supported copolymer bilayer.
Preparation and Characterization of Storage and Emission Functional Material of Cs2O-doped 12CaO·7Al2O3
Authors: Ning Shen , Shen Jing , Li Xing-long , Li Quan-xin
Published: July 2011

We provides a novel approach to generate low-temperature atomic oxygen anions (O−) emission using the cesium oxide-doped 12CaO·7Al2O3 (Cs2O-doped C12A7). The maximal emission intensity of O− from the Cs2O-doped C12A7 at 700 °C and 800 V/cm reached about 0.54 μA/cm2, which was about two times as strong as that from the un-doped C12A7 (0.23 μA/cm2) under the same condition. The initiative temperature of the O− emission from the Cs2O-doped C12A7 was about 500 °C, which was also much lower than the initiative temperature from the un-doped C12A7 (570 °C) in the given field of 800 V/cm. High pure O− emission close to 100% could be obtained from the Cs2O-doped C12A7 under the lower temperature (<550°C). The emission features of the Cs2O-doped C12A7, including the emission distribution, temperature effect, and emission branching ratio have been investigated in detail and compared with the un-doped C12A7. The structure and storage characteristics of the resulting material were also investigated via X-ray diffraction and electron paramagnetic resonance. It was found that doping Cs2O to C12A7 will lower the initiative emission temperature and enhance the emission intensity.
Magnetic Properties of Zn1−xMnxO and Zn1−2xMnxLixO Nano Materials
Authors: Zou You-ming , Tong Wei , Qu Zhe
Published: July 2011

Zn1−xMnxO nanorods and Zn1−2xMnxLixO nano-particles were synthesized by solvothermal method at 160 °C. X-ray diffraction and Raman results showed that Mn ions were well incorporated into the ZnO matrix. No magnetic hysteresis were found in the magnetization curves. The hyperfine structures were observed in electron spin resonance spectra, indicating no ferromagnetic interaction between substituted Mn ions. The co-doping of Li can only change the morphology not the magnetic properties.