bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of elastic field of a short orthotropic composite column by using finite-difference technique
Authors: Deb Nath S K , Ahmed S Reaz
Published: December 2008

The elastic field of a short column of orthotropic composite material under a linearly varying distributed load is analysed using displacement potential formulation. The finite-difference technique is used to obtain the numerical solutions of different parameters of the elastic field. The differential equations associated with the boundary conditions and the governing equation are approximated by their corresponding finite-difference forms, which are then applied, respectively, to the boundaries and the interior nodal points of the discretized column. To demonstrate the elastic behaviour of the fibre reinforced composite column, the results of displacements and stresses at different sections are presented in a graphical form.
Biomaterial effects in articular cartilage tissue engineering using polyglycolic acid, a novel marine origin biomaterial, IGF-I, and TGF-β1
Authors: DiCarlo B B , Hu J C , Gross T , Vago R , Athanasiou K A
Published: December 2008

Bovine articular chondrocytes were seeded on either polyglycolic acid (PGA) non-woven mesh scaffolds or a biomatrix from the species Porites lutea (POR). These constructs were cultured for 6 weeks in the presence of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I (10 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml) or transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (5 ng/ml or 30 ng/ml) to determine the in-vitro articular cartilage regeneration capacity of each. Histology, deoxyribonucleic acid content, collagen I and II (immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) contents were measured at 0 weeks, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks to assess the characteristics of chondrogenesis. Both scaffolds supported the maintenance of the chondrocytic phenotype, as evidenced by the predominance of collagen II and the presence of rounded chondrocytes embedded in lacunae. Regardless of growth factor treatment, cells cultured on PGA scaffolds produced more collagen type II than those cultured on POR. Conversely, by 6 weeks, cells cultured on POR scaffolds produced more GAG than those cultured on PGA scaffolds, again regardless of the growth factor used. Across the two groups, 100 ng/ml of IGF-I had the greatest overall effect in GAG content. This work indicates that PGA and the POR scaffolds are both effective growth matrices for articular cartilage, with each scaffold exhibiting different yet desirable profiles of articular cartilage growth.
The use of complementary non-destructive evaluation methods to evaluate the integrity of the cement—bone interface
Authors: Leung S Y , New A M , Browne M
Published: December 2008

The integrity of the cement—bone interface is vital to the long-term stability of cemented hip arthroplasty. Most of the previous studies investigating the interface have been confined to the continuum level, neglecting the effects of microstructure. Microscopic damage at the interface may eventually lead to macroscopic loosening of the implant. However, as the strength of the interface depends on the interlock of the cement with bone and because the properties of cancellous bone depend on its microstructure, the study of the behaviour of the interface at the microstructural level may help to gain an understanding of the factors governing initiation of loosening. In this study, two complementary non-destructive methods, acoustic emission (AE) and computed tomography (CT), have been implemented to study the initiation and progression of damage of an analogue cement—bone interface sample under four-point bending. Early failure was detected, localized, and characterized using AE. CT images of the sample before and after loading were used to visualize damage in three dimensions. Damage initiated at the interface and was found to be related to stress-raising microstructural features in the cement. These were caused by irregularities in the geometry of the bone analogue and recesses and notches formed by the flow of cement.
Intelligent modelling of a batch reactor with partially unmeasurable states based upon a structure approaching hybrid neural networks
Authors: Cao L L , Li X G , Jiang P , Wang J
Published: December 2008

The success of model-based control of chemical processes is dependent on good process models. For processes that are poorly known, the generic modelling capability of neural networks offers an attractive alternative. However, for satisfactory performance, the conventional implementations of neural networks require large sets of offline data in addition to online measurement of key variables, such as concentrations. Meeting each of these requirements is often infeasible in chemical processes. By combining the structural information from a first-principles model and the virtual supervisor-artificial immune algorithm, a novel hybrid neural network, called a structure approaching hybrid neural networks (SAHNN), is proposed. The proposed approach solves the structural problem of neural models and requires a more manageable number of offline data and online key variables. The accurate prediction of online partially unmeasurable concentrations in a batch reactor demonstrated that SAHNN is a promising tool to model complicated batch processes and can be utilized as a vehicle for the control and optimization of other similar chemical reactors.
Simplified modelling and parameter identification of parallel robots with redundancies
Authors: Kroneis J , Müller P , Liu S
Published: December 2008

In this paper a new strategy for introducing simplified structures to describe parallel robots with redundant passive joints and links before deriving its equations of motions is presented. The strategy is demonstrated at the planar, full-parallel robot SpiderMill whose structure is simplified, retaining its kinematic and dynamic properties. For the obtained simplified model the kinematic and the dynamic equations are derived. To further improve the quality of the analytical model an appropriate strategy for parameter identification, including consideration of passive joint and actuator friction is presented. Through the whole modelling and verification process verified MSC.ADAMS and Solid Edge models of the demonstrator were used. The usefulness of the strategy is confirmed by experimental results.
Transient modal analysis of the non-linear dynamics of a turbocharger on floating ring bearings
Authors: Bonello P
Published: December 2008

Floating ring bearings (FRBs) used to support turbochargers are well known to be highly non-linear elements that introduce self-excitation. The prediction of such vibration is of utmost importance to turbocharger designers. This article presents an original computational method for the non-linear dynamic analysis of a turbocharger on FRBs, which is used in a novel study of the self-excited vibration of a realistic turbocharger model. The proposed method is designed to overcome restrictions of current rotordynamic software packages relating to structural and bearing modelling and computational implementation. The equations of motion are formulated in modal space and integrated for the response. The program uses the modal parameters of the generic linear part of the structure, which can be pre-computed by using standard finite-element software. The non-linear computation of the full assembly is itself efficiently implemented on standard mathematical software. Both fully floating and semi-floating rings are considered in the simulations, and the findings of the simulations indicate that the latter configuration may lead to significant reduction of self-excited vibration.
Influence of emulsifier content in cutting fluids on cutting forces, cutting temperatures, tool wear, and surface roughness
Authors: Srikant R R , Rao Nageswara D , Rao P N
Published: December 2008

Cutting fluids are widely used in metal cutting industries for centuries. To cater the needs of state-of-the-art machining processes, several fluid formulations are available in the present day market. Of such available fluids, water-soluble fluids are prominent. Although the need of cutting fluids is well stressed upon and is much explored, the role of different ingredients of the fluid on the machining parameters is not much investigated. The present work is an attempt to study the role of emulsifier on the effectiveness of the cutting fluid.
Use of darunavir and enfuvirtide in a pregnant woman
Authors: Sued O , Lattner J , Gun A , Patterson P , Abusamra L , Cesar C , Fink V , Krolewiecki A , Cahn P
Published: December 2008

A 41-year-old pregnant woman with multiple virological failures started darunavir, enfuvirtide, zidovudine and lamivudine at week 28 of pregnancy. During week 38, the patient had a viral load <400 copies/mL and a CD4 count of 180 cells/mm3 (13%). The child was found to be in good health, with negative HIV-polymerase chain reactions at birth, at two and at six months.
Improving strategies for syphilis control in China: selective testing of sexually transmitted disease patients – too little, too late?
Authors: Yin Y-P , Wong Spy , Liu M-S , Wei W-H , Yu Y-H , Gao X , Chen Q , Fu Z-Z , Cheng F , Chen X-S , Cohen M S
Published: December 2008

Syphilis testing guidelines in China are usually based on symptomatic criteria, overlooking risk assessment and ultimately opportunities for disease detection and control. We used data from 10,695 sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients in Guangxi, China, to assess the efficacy of a potential screening tool inquiring about behavioural and health risk factors in identifying the STD patients who should not be triaged for syphilis testing under current guidelines, but on the contrary receive such testing. Validity testing of the screening tool was performed and receiver-operating characteristic curves were plotted to determine an optimal total risk score cut-off for testing. About 40.9% of patients with positive toluidine red unheated serum test and Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test did not show hallmark signs of syphilis. The screening tool was more sensitive in detecting infection in non-triaged male versus female patients (highest sensitivity = 90% vs. 55%) and the cut-off score to warrant testing was lower in non-triaged female patients than in non-triaged male patients (cut-off = 1 vs. 2). Most of the cases were missed among female STD patients. In spite of selective testing based on behavioural and health indicators that improve case detection, cases were still missed. Our study supports universal testing for syphilis in the STD population.
Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in an HIV-infected patient living in a non-endemic area
Authors: Peppa D , Plumb I , Du Parcq J , Taylor S , Miller R F
Published: December 2008

A 36-year-old HIV-infected man presented with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms and weight loss. Biopsy of the duodenum and an intra-abdominal lymph node showed Histoplasma capsulatum. The diagnosis of histoplasmosis was delayed as the presentation was initially ascribed to intercurrent enteric pathogens and the patient's lifetime travel history was not obtained.
Botulinum toxin for urogenital conditions
Authors: Eccleston K J , Woolley P D
Published: December 2008

Botulinum neurotoxin has been shown to be effective when used in the management of lower urinary tract dysfunction, prostatic disorders and more recently vaginismus in women suffering with pelvic floor muscle tension. Here we provide an overview of the use and efficacy of botulinum toxin in these conditions.
Individual differences in cognitive control: The role of psychoticism and working memory in set‐shifting
Authors: Smillie Luke D. , Cooper Andrew J. , Tharp Ian J. , Pelling Emma L.
Published: December 2008

Set‐shifting refers to a process of cognitive control which is shown through flexible behavioural adaptation to changes in task parameters or demands, such as the switching of an explicit rule (extra‐dimensional rule shifting) or the reversal of a reinforcement‐contingency (reversal‐learning). Set‐shifting deficits are widely documented in specific neuropsychological disorders, but seldom investigated in relation to normally‐occurring individual differences. In a sample of healthy adults (N=78, 28% male), we demonstrate that Working Memory and trait Psychoticism have independent involvement in extra‐dimensional rule shifting as measured using an analogue of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Only Psychoticism, however, was involved in reversal‐learning, as assessed using a recent modification of the Iowa Gambling Task. Individual differences in extra‐dimensional rule shifting were explained in terms of rule abstraction speed, while individual differences in reversal‐learning were explained in terms of response perseveration. These results clarify component processes in different forms of set‐shifting, and highlight the role of individual differences, especially personality, in cognitive control.
Diabetic Patients Have an Increased Risk of Vertebral Fractures Independent of BMD or Diabetic Complications
Authors: Yamamoto Masahiro , Yamaguchi Toru , Yamauchi Mika , Kaji Hiroshi , Sugimoto Toshitsugu
Published: December 2008

Although patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased risk of hip fracture, risk of vertebral fracture (VF) and its association with BMD are still unclear. We examined Japanese T2DM patients (161 men >50 yr and 137 postmenopausal women) and non-DM controls (76 and 622, respectively) by lateral spine radiography and DXA at the lumbar spine (L), femoral neck (FN), and radius (R). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, and L-BMD showed that the presence of T2DM was an independent risk factor for prevalent VFs in women (OR = 1.86, p = 0.019) and men (OR = 4.73, p < 0.001). BMD at any site, however, was not significantly associated with the presence of prevalent VFs in T2DM patients, in contrast to the significant association in controls (at least p = 0.010). Comparison of T2DM patients with and without VFs showed no significant differences in BMD values, bone markers, or diabetes status. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the absolute L-, FN-, and R-BMD values for detecting prevalent VFs were higher in T2DM patients than controls, whereas their sensitivity and specificity were lower. T2DM patients may have an increased risk of VFs independent of BMD or diabetic complication status, suggesting that bone quality may define bone fragility in T2DM.
Sequential Treatment of Severe Postmenopausal Osteoporosis After Teriparatide: Final Results of the Randomized, Controlled European Study of Forsteo (EUROFORS)
Authors: Eastell Richard , Nickelsen Thomas , Marin Fernando , Barker Clare , Hadji Peyman , Farrerons Jordi , Audran Maurice , Boonen Steven , Brixen Kim , Gomes Jose Melo , Obermayer-Pietsch Barbara , Avramidis Avraam , Sigurdsson Gunnar , Glüer Claus C
Published: December 2008

It is unclear which treatment should be given after stopping teriparatide therapy for severe osteoporosis. In a prospective, randomized, controlled, 2-yr study, we compared BMD effects and clinical safety of three follow-up treatments (anabolic with teriparatide, antiresorptive with raloxifene, or no active treatment) after 1 yr of teriparatide. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and a recent fragility fracture received open-label teriparatide (20 μg/d) for 12 mo before they were randomized (3:1:1) to continue teriparatide (n = 305), switch to raloxifene 60 mg/d (n = 100), or receive no active treatment for the second year (n = 102). All patients received calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Changes in areal BMD from baseline to 24 mo were analyzed using mixed-model repeated measures. Daily teriparatide treatment for 2 yr significantly increased spine BMD by 10.7%. Patients receiving raloxifene in year 2 had no further change in spine BMD from year 1 (change from baseline, 7.9%), whereas patients receiving no active treatment had a BMD decrease of 2.5% in year 2 (change from baseline, +3.8%). At the total hip, BMD increases from baseline at 2 yr were 2.5% with teriparatide, 2.3% with raloxifene, and 0.5% with no active treatment; the respective changes at the femoral neck were 3.5%, 3.1%, and 1.3%. The study had insufficient power to assess antifracture efficacy. In conclusion, BMD increases progressively over 2 yr of teriparatide therapy in women with severe osteoporosis. After discontinuation of teriparatide, raloxifene maintains spine BMD and increases hip BMD.
A Simple Method for Estimating Poisson’s Ratio of Geosynthetics at Zero Strain
Authors: Shukla Sanjay Kumar , Sivakugan Nagaratnam , Mahto Sitaram
Published: December 2008

A theoretical expression for the Poisson’s ratio of geosynthetics as a function of axial normal strain may be very useful, particularly during the initial design stage of some geosynthetic-related projects. This technical note examines the suitability of such an expression suggested by Giroud 2004 (Geotext. Geomembr., Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 297–305) in detail, and suggests a simple approach to estimate the appropriate values of the Poisson’s ratio of the geosynthetics at zero strain (ν0), which are required for use of this expression. A chart is presented for this purpose, which can be used by knowing the experimental value of the Poisson’s ratio of a geosynthetic at any one nonzero strain. The suggested procedure and proposed chart can equally be applied for estimating ν0 of other similar materials. Based on the limited experimental results presented in this note, the Giroud’s expression is recommended for use with ν0=0.57 for the high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes and ν0=1.75 for the nonwoven geotextiles, assuming that these values will not differ significantly for other similar geosynthetics, because ν0 is dependent only on the nature of material.
A Cyclic Simple Shear Apparatus for Dry Granular Materials
Authors: Ansell P , Brown SF
Published: December 2008

The development of a simple shear apparatus for cyclic loading of dry granular material is described. Full details of the equipment are given together with information on its performance. The motivation for this work was provided by the need to determine the response of granular material in roads and railroads to the modes of cyclic loading imposed by moving traffic. The equipment is relatively simple and is operated by pneumatic rams. Stress conditions on the central third of a rectangular specimen are measured by load cells attached to the loading platens. The top platen is split into three parts to allow differential dilation of the specimen to occur when failure conditions are approached near the ends. Thus, uniform stress conditions are maintained over the central third. Both one directional and reversed shear tests can be performed at frequencies up to about 0.5 Hz on specimens 210 by 140 by 30 mm.
Cubical Triaxial Apparatus for Soil Testing
Authors: Lade PV
Published: December 2008

Three different principal stresses can be applied in fixed directions to a cubical specimen in this apparatus. The requirements and the construction and operation principles for the cubical triaxial apparatus are presented. The loading system and the deformation measurement principles are described, and procedures for preparing sand and clay specimens are presented. The advantages and limitations of the cubical triaxial apparatus are discussed. The apparatus is relatively inexpensive to build, and it fulfills all basic requirements for high quality soil testing in three dimensions.
Prediction of Potential Heave of Swelling Soil
Authors: Johnson LD , Snethen DR
Published: December 2008

Methods of characterizing swell behavior and predicting total potential heave of foundation soils were compared with field measurements for three test sections. The methods used included nine empirical procedures, three types of consolidometer tests, and a thermocouple psychrometric soil suction method. It was found that simple classification tests can provide reasonable estimates of field heaves. Predictions of potential heave using the consolidometer were sometimes low and may often represent minimal heaves when compared to field observations. Predictions based on the soil suction method provided reasonable upper limits for all test sites.
A Laboratory Method for Preparation of a Layered Soil System
Authors: Murthy MK , Nagaraj TS , Sridharan A
Published: December 2008

Most previous laboratory methods for preparation of soil specimens have been intended for homogeneous clays. Here, preparation of a layered soil with alternate layers of fine sand and kaolin is described; the method used closely simulates field conditions. Procedures for sedimentation of layers and techniques for taking vertical, horizontal, and inclined samples are presented. Test results for different samples were found to be reproducible.
Automated Data Acquisition, Transducers, and Dynamic Recording for the Geotechnical Testing Laboratory
Authors: Silver ML
Published: December 2008

Automated data acquisition systems combined with appropriate test transducers and dynamic recording equipment can provide the benefits of improved measurement of test values and better use of laboratory personnel in geotechnical testing laboratories. This paper suggests requirements for such data acquisition systems and discusses characteristics that should be designed into the systems to avoid operational difficulties. Tables are provided showing suggested transducer performance characteristics and data acquisition response characteristics.
A Data Acquisition System for Testing the Mechanical Properties of Ice
Authors: Lasca NP , Burns SD , Gajkowski WA
Published: December 2008

A testing system incorporating strain measuring, load application and monitoring, data acquisition and monitoring, and the capacity for an optional pulse-velocity subsystem was designed to determine the mechanical properties of ice. The testing system enables determination of the following test parameters and types of specimen behavior: axial stress and stress rate, axial and circumferential strain and strain rates, and optional P- and S-wave pulse velocities. These data allow the determination of a variety of static and dynamic ice properties.
Modern Electronics for Geotechnical Engineers
Authors: Moore CA
Published: December 2008

Operational amplifiers, perhaps the most useful of all integrated circuits, are discussed from the point of view of their abstract properties and from the point of view of their use in practical circuits. The circuits described find applications in many geotechnical engineering instrumentation problems.
Strength Testing of Compacted Shale
Authors: Abeyesekera RA , Lovell CW , Wood LE
Published: December 2008

Little has been written about the strength testing of compacted soft rocks such as siltstones, claystones, mudstones, and shales. The behavior of one such Indiana shale, the New Providence, was examined. While the testing procedures generally follow those developed for compacted soils, there is sufficient individuality to suggest that a detailed description would be of interest. The preparation, shearing, and definition of failure parameters for triaxial specimens of this Indiana shale are described. A stress ratio between the compaction pressure and the preshear consolidation pressure is a kind of overconsolidation ratio and is a key to the stress-strain observations. Both highly overconsolidated and essentially normally consolidated experimental values are included. The effective stress failure parameters defined by maximum deviator stress are relatively insensitive to all testing variables for this single compacted and soaked shale, and the authors believe this to be the most appropriate failure criterion for nondurable shales.
Estimation of Consolidation Properties of Clay from Field Observations
Authors: Pelletier JH , Olson RE , Rixner JJ
Published: December 2008

Analyses to obtain theoretical time-settlement curves for embankments typically make use of soil properties measured in the laboratory on small disturbed samples subject to strain rates and hydraulic gradients that are several orders of magnitude greater than those encountered in the field. Only analyses of well-documented case histories can demonstrate the validity of such extrapolations. Refined analyses based on detailed field observations of settlements and pore water pressures at various depths beneath the main I-295 highway embankment adjacent to the Fore River in Portland, Me., have demonstrated that: (1) the field e versus log gs curves are typically above the laboratory curves and have a sharper break at ¯σmax; (2) cv is higher in the field than in the laboratory; (3) at this site cr/cv ranged from 1 to 2; and (4) there was a generally good correlation between field properties and reconstructed laboratory properties. At this site the large differences between strain rates and hydraulic gradients in the laboratory and the field apparently did not introduce important errors.
Metal Versus Nonwoven Fiber Fabric Earth Reinforcement in Dry Sands: A Comparative Statistical Analysis of Model Tests
Authors: Tumay MT , Antonini M , Arman A
Published: December 2008

An experimental model study to compare the efficiency of metal and nonwoven fiber fabric reinforcement in mobilizing “sand-tie interaction” was developed. Model retaining walls were constructed in a sample box, sand was pluvially deposited at predetermined relative densities by a specially designed stationary depositor, and reinforcements were placed during deposition at varying levels and concentrations to meet the requirements of a statistical experimental setup. Two phases of tests were performed. Pull-out tests for measuring the lateral reaction on the face of the retaining wall, which consisted of three strain-gage instrumented aluminum plates, were conducted in the first phase. From the results obtained in these tests a comparative statistical analysis was made. During the second phase, the reinforcements in models of reinforced-soil retaining walls were overstressed to failure by surcharging of the backfill, and a comparison of the height of backfill at failure versus the length of the reinforcement was made. It was concluded that fiber fabric has advantages over the metal reinforcement used in the construction of Reinforced Earth® structures.
Consolidation Behavior of Peats
Authors: Dhowian AW , Edil TB
Published: December 2008

Four peat samples, covering a wide range of fiber contents, were subjected to one-dimensional consolidation tests. The development and dissipation of excess pore water pressure, effluent outflow, and permeability were also monitored during some of the consolidation tests. The other test variables included the application of back pressure, specimen thickness, and specimen orientation. Significant compression and effluent outflow take place after the dissipation of measurable excess pore water pressure, while permeability decreases drastically during consolidation. The rate of secondary compression, after a certain time, increases with the logarithm of time before gradually decreasing until it vanishes for very large times, resulting in a new stage termed “tertiary” compression. This behavior, along with the observations of peat microstructure, supports the presence of a two-level structure for peats, possibly consisting of macropores and micropores. The rate of compression of peats depends primarily on void ratio; peat type appears to be of secondary importance. Test results provide certain insights into the nature and the mechanisms of peat consolidation. The consolidation behavior of peats is quite distinct from that of other soils and requires special considerations in laboratory testing procedures and interpretation of results.
Modern Electronics for Geotechnical Engineers 5. Digital Logic Circuits
Authors: Moore CA
Published: December 2008

Basic principles of digital electronic circuits are described. Special data selector logic principles are introduced for more complex logic operations.
Chapter 9 Recycled Rubber
Authors: Baranwal KC
Published: December 2008

ACCORDING TO ASTM STANDARD CLASSIFICATION for Rubber Compounding Materials-Recycled Vulcanizate Particulate Rubber (ASTM D 5603-01): • Recycled rubber is defined as recyclable, vulcanized rubber that has been processed to give particulates or other forms of different shapes, sizes, and size distributions. • Parent Compound: original compound used in rubber product. • Vulcanizate: cured (vulcanized) rubber.
Chapter 1-Importance, Types, and Applications of Consumer Data Relationships
Authors: Muñoz AM
Published: December 2008

Consumer research is one of the key activities of consumer products companies. Through this type of testing, companies determine consumer acceptance, preference, and opinions on the products tested. This is, ultimately, the most important type of information companies use to make product decisions, such as the development and marketing of new products, the reformulation of existing products, the acceptance of alternate suppliers and processes, the establishment of quality control specifications, etc.
Chapter 3-Validity
Authors: Peryam DR , Muñoz AM
Published: December 2008

Validity is a Holy Grail, a supreme and basic virtue in the realm of data relationships, research, and measurement in general. It is sometimes equated with truth, thus becoming the ultimate good, which is probably overstated. But researchers should have the concept of validity ever present, at least operationally, even though the specific term is not always used. Being virtuous, we know what we should do and our behavior generally conforms. So let's try to muster the facts and suppositions.
Chapter 4-Statistical Techniques for Data Relationships
Authors: Jones RM
Published: December 2008

The reader should be aware that this chapter is not a textbook in statistics or data analysis. It does provide an overview of some of the more common techniques used in data analysis, especially for data relationships. If the sensory professional is not trained in statistics, the help of a statistician should be sought in applying and interpreting many of the methods. Regardless of the training or experience of the sensory professional, it may be of value to combine forces with a statistician to obtain the maximum possible information from any study of data relationships as defined for this publication.
Chapter 6-Relationship Between Consumer Responses and Analytical Measurements
Authors: Rothman L
Published: December 2008

A. To determine the relationships between analytical measurements and consumer responses for herb and cheese breadsticks. B. To predict consumer responses based on analytical measurements.
Chapter 8-Relationship Between Consumer and Employee Responses in Research Guidance Acceptance Tests
Authors: Daw ER
Published: December 2008

From a practical standpoint, it is often desirable for a consumer products company to be able to conduct preliminary acceptance testing with an in-house panel made up of company employees. While results from this type of panel should never be used as a basis for final consumer product decisions, they are useful in the early stages of the product development cycle to predict which formulations are most likely to be successful in further testing or to predict consumer responses to such issues as shelf life expiration based on acceptance. Before these panels can be used with confidence, however, it is necessary to establish an understanding of the true predictive nature of in-house panels when compared to actual consumer responses for the product category of interest.
A Manual for the Chemical Analysis of Metals
Authors: Dulski TR
Published: December 2008

Description

MNL 25 is a practical laboratory reference that summarizes useful solutions to a wide range of common analytical problems. In its extensive focus on hybrid chemical/instrumental approaches, the manual represents a new approach, containing information otherwise only available by consulting a long list of scattered references.

The organization of MNL 25 follows the analytical process:

Materials covers the physical essentials required to assemble and maintain a laboratory for the chemical analysis of metals.

Samples covers all aspects of the laboratory sample which are largely independent of the analysis.

Separations covers all chemical manipulations which lead to complete or partial isolation of the element of interest.

Measurement covers the quantifying technique which yields the final result .

Quality covers all aspects of quality assurance as they relate to metals analysis laboratories.

The Appendixes include common methods of separation and determination

A concise reference source for laboratory technicians, chemists, and lab managers who are faced with detection limit difficulties,spectroscopic line interferences, precision problems at high concentrations, or with an alloy that takes too long to dissolve. Emphasis on steels, nickel and cobalt based alloys; also copper, aluminum, titanium, lead, and precious metals.
The low-temperature structure of nopinone
Authors: Palin Luca , Brunelli Michela , Wright Jonathan P. , Pattison Philip , Fitch Andrew N.
Published: December 2008

6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-one, (1R)-(+)-nopinone, is a liquid at room temperature. It solidifies below 260 K to form an orientationally disordered body-centred cubic phase (a = 7.644 Å at 255 K), which transforms to an ordered structure below 240 K. The low-temperature structure has been solved from powder X-ray diffraction data, and is orthorhombic, space group P212121, Z′ = 1, Z = 4, with a = 17.6441(8) Å, b = 6.9682(3) Å, c = 6.5272(3) Å at 120 K.
Ab-initio structure determination from X-ray powder data and solid-state DFT study of monohydrate and anhydrous cyclohexanespiro-5′-hydantoin
Authors: Chattopadhyay Basab , Mukherjee Monika , Kantharaju  , Sureshbabu Vommina V. , Mukherjee Alok K.
Published: December 2008

The synthesis, thermal analysis, and crystal structures of cyclohexanespiro-5′-hydantoin monohydrate (I) and its anhydrous form (II) have been reported. The compounds (I) and (II) crystallize in space group Pna21 and P21/c, respectively. In the present work, redetermination of crystal structure of (I) and ab-initio structure analysis of (II) have been accomplished from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. The crystal structures of both compounds were solved following direct-space approach, and refined by the Rietveld method and solid-state DFT calculation. The results of two refinement procedures for structure determination from X-ray powder data have been compared. The effect of dehydration of (I) has been revealed in different crystal packing arrangements in (I) and (II). In (I), extensive intermolecular N–H · · · O, and O–H · · · O hydrogen bonds involving lattice water molecules generate a two-dimensional C(5)[R3
3(10)][R4
3(10)] supramolecular assembly, whereas in (II), a C2
2(9)[R2
2(8)] [R2
2(8)] framework is established via intermolecular N–H · · · O hydrogen bonds.
Diffraction analysis of elastic strains in micro and nanostructures
Authors: Thomas Olivier
Published: December 2008

Very high stresses arise in thin films and in nanosized structures (lines, dots) because of the constraint of the substrate to which they are attached. The mechanical behavior of these small structures can deviate significantly from scaling laws developed for bulk materials. Moreover, the origins and mag nitudes of these stresses are of great interest in technology as many fabrication and reliability problems are stress related. X-ray diffraction has at least three distinct advantages with respect to strain measurements: 1) it is very sensitive to atomic displacements; 2) it is non-destructive; 3) it can yield the six elements of the strain tensor. In objects with small dimensions stress gradients can arise from the proximity of surfaces or interfaces. The knowledge of strain distributions in such objects is necessary in order to understand their properties. The need to characterize displacement fields in nanostructures together with the advent of third generation synchrotron radiation sources has generated new and powerful methods (coherent diffraction, micro-diffraction, …). This paper reviews some of the recent and promising results in the field of strain measurements in small dimensions via X-ray diffraction.
Alfarabi's Book of Rhetoric: An Arabic-English Translation of Alfarabi's Commentary on Aristotle's Rhetoric
Authors: Ezzaher Lahcen E.
Published: December 2008

What follows is an Arabic-English translation of Alfarabi's short commentary on Aristotle's Rhetoric. This is the first English translation of a significant medieval Arabic text made available to English-speaking scholars in rhetoric, philosophy, and logic.
L'interprétation de l'ēthos aristotélicien par al-Fārābī
Authors: Woerther Frédérique
Published: December 2008

Il s'agit ici d'analyser la façon dont al-Fārābī (870–950) a interprété l'ēthos aristotélicien dans les Didascalia in Rethoricam Aristotelis ex glosa Alpharabii, introduction de son Grand Commentaire à la Rhétorique d'Aristote. Alors qu'Aristote organise ses moyens de persuasion en fonction du critère de technicité (pisteis entechnoi vs pisteis atechnoi), al-Fārābī choisit de les classer selon un critère formel puisqu'il distingue les moyens de persuasion syllogistiques des moyens de persuasion non syllogistiques. Pour être cernée au plus près, l'interprétation farabienne de l'ēthos aristotélicien nécessite la prise en compte des conditions dans lesquelles la transmission de la Rhétorique d'Aristote s'est opérée dans le monde oriental, ainsi que le contexte culturel, politico-religieux et philosophique propre à la composition des Didascalia.
Bernard Lamy's L'Art de Parler Addresses Religious Exigencies
Authors: Manolescu Beth Innocenti , Milford Mike
Published: December 2008

Bernard Lamy's view of rhetoric in L'Art de Parler may be explained as an attempt to address religious exigencies. Lamy advises about two religious roles: theologian and preacher. Theologians' attempts to overcome ignorance and preachers' attempts to overcome willful blindness and inattentiveness in congregations help to account for why Lamy views truth as a matter of certainty rather than probability, and argument as syllogistic rather than connected to style and audience beliefs. Since Lamy conceives of a traditional sense of rhetoric—copious eloquence—as a source of religious problems, he advocates a modernized view of rhetoric to address them.
Homokpusztagyepek természetvédelmi restaurációja a talaj-nitrogén immobilizációjával.
Authors: Szili-Kovács Tibor , Szabó Rebeka , Halassy Melinda , Török Katalin
Published: December 2008

Felhagyott homoki
szántók természetes regenerációjának felgyorsítása érdekében különböző
szénforrásokat alkalmaztunk a talaj-nitrogén mikrobiális immobilizációjának
elősegítésére. Azt vizsgáltuk, hogy a kezelések hatással vannak-e a talajok
mikrobiális biomasszájára és a talaj felvehető N-tartalmának alakulására. A
Kiskunsági Nemzeti Park te__
A talajok vízellátottságának hatása a gazdasági növények vízigényének alakulására
Authors: Varga-Haszonits Zoltán , Varga Zoltán , Lantos Zsuzsanna , Enzsölné Gerencsér Erzsébet , Milics Gábor
Published: December 2008

A növények életfeltételeit és termesztési lehetőségeit adott
helyen alapvetően befolyásolják a meteorológiai viszonyok. Ezek között kiemelt
jelentőséggel bírnak az egymással is sokrétű kölcsönhatásban álló energia- és
vízellátottsági viszonyok. E tanulmányban a nagyobb változékonyságot mutató
nedvességi viszonyok alakulásában megnyilvánuló törvényszerűségeket elemeztük a
Nyugat-magyarországi Egyetem mosonmagyaróvári Matematika, Fizika és Informatikai
Intézetének Meteorológiai Csoportja által létrehozott agroklimatológiai
adatbank 1951 és 2000 közötti napi meteorológiai adatai és az adott növény
tenyészidőszakára vonatkozó növényi adatok segítségével.Hazánkban a
növénytermesztés a termőterület több mint 80%-án természetes csapadékviszonyok
mellett történik. Az elmúlt 50 év adatai alapján végzett agroklimatológiai
elemzéssel azt vizsgáltuk, hogy ilyen körülmények között hogyan alakul a
növények vízigénye. A növényeknek a vízzel kapcsolatos igénye kétféle formában
jut kifejezésre, igényelnek egy statikai vízigénynek nevezhető
talajnedvesség-mennyiséget és egy dinamikai vízigényként definiálható,
párolgást kiszolgáló mennyiséget.A relatív talajnedvesség adatai lehetőséget
adnak arra, hogy az évet a talajnedvesség szempontjából különböző szakaszokra
osszuk. A legmagasabb talajnedvesség értékekkel a téli hónapok rendelkeznek.
Ekkor hull ugyan a legkevesebb csapadék hazánkban, azonban a párolgás olyan
kevés, hogy a csapadék szinte teljes egészében felhalmozódik a talajban. Ha a
csapadék fagyott talajra esik, vagy hó formájában hull, akkor a télvégi olvadás
során kerül a talajba, ezért február hónapban a legmagasabb a talaj
nedvességtartalma. A tavaszi hónapokban fokozatosan növekszik a lehullott csapadék
mennyisége egészen a júniusi csapadékmaximumig, azonban fokozottabb mértékben
nő a párolgás, ezért a talaj nedvességtartalma lassan csökken. Július,
augusztus és szeptember hónapokban a legalacsonyabb a talaj nedvességtartalma.
Ekkor a csapadék jelentős része nyári záporok formájában hull le, amelyet a
meleg miatt erőteljes párolgás követ, amelyben már a kifejlett levélfelülettel
rendelkező növényzet is jelentős részt vállal. Ezért ebben az időszakban a
legkevesebb a talajban a nedvesség. Október és november hónapokban a fokozatos
lehűlés által lecsökkentett párolgás miatt és a csapadék másod-maximuma
következtében ismét megkezdődik a talajban a nedvesség lassú
felhalmozódása.Hazánkban tehát a vegetációs időszakban a tavaszi hónapok
vízellátása látszik kedvezőnek, a július–szeptemberi időszak pedig
kedvezőtlennek a növényi életfolyamatok szempontjából.A területi különbségeket
elemezve azt találtuk, hogy míg az Alföld jelentős részén a kritikusnak
tekinthető 50% alá süllyed egy átlagos év legszárazabb időszakában a
talajnedvesség, addig a legnedvesebb nyugat-dunántúli térségben m__
Műtrágyázás hatása a tritikáléra karbonátos homoktalajon
Authors: Kádár Imre
Published: December 2008

Duna–Tisza közi karbonátos homoktalajon, az MTA TAKI
Őrbottyáni Kísérleti Telepén beállított NPK műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet 23.
évében, 1993-ban vizsgáltuk a műtrágyázás hatását a tritikále fejlődésére,
termésére és elemfelvételére. A termőhely talaja a főbb tápelemekben (N, P, K)
gyengén ellátott, a szántott réteg 1% k_
A tőszám és a N-trágyázás közötti kölcsönhatás vizsgálata amaránt (Amaranthus spp.) növénnyel
Authors: Kádár Imre
Published: December 2008

Az MTA TAKI Őrbottyáni Kísérleti Telepén, Duna–Tisza közi
karbonátos homoktalajon vizsgáltuk a N-trágyázás és a tőszám kölcsönhatását az
EDIT fajtájú mag-amaránt fejlődésére, termésére, szerveinek elemösszetételére
és elemfelvételére. A tőszám 57, ill. 246 ezer db/ha, a N-trágyázás 0, 100, 200
és 300 kg N/ha mennyiséget jele__
Városi szennyvíziszap-terhelés hatásának vizsgálata tenyészedény-kísérletben. II.
Authors: Kádár Imre , Morvai Balázs
Published: December 2008

Tenyészedény-kísérletünk 3. évében vizsgáltuk a városi
szennyvíziszap-terhelés hatását a tavaszi árpa ásványi összetételére, valamint
a kísérleti talajok (savanyú és karbonátos homok, ill. savanyú és karbonátos
kötött talaj) cc. HNO
3
+cc. H
2
O
2
feltárással
becsült összes és az NH
4
-acetát+EDTA-oldható Zn-, Cu-, Cr-, Cd- és
Hg- tartalmak változására. Talajonként 0; 7,5; 15, 30, 60 g/kg/3 év
iszapterhelést alkalmaztunk légszáraz tömegre számítva. A maximális 60 g/kg
terhelés szántóföldön 180 t/ha légszáraz anyag leszántását jelentené 6%-os
tömegarányt képviselve a szántott rétegben. Az 5 iszapadag × 4 talaj = 20
kezelés × 4 ismétlés = 80 db edényszámot tett ki évente. Az edények alul
lyuggatott 10 literes műanyagvödrök voltak. A tenyészedény-kísérletből
levonható főbb tanulságok:–Annak ellenére, hogy a maximális iszapterheléssel az
éves szinten kiadható, ill. engedélyezett Zn-, Cu-, Cr- és Cd-mennyiségeket
10–14-szeresen léptük túl három éven át, a tavaszi árpa átlagos szemtermése
közel 5-szörösére, a szalma termése 3,5-szeresére nőtt a kontrollhoz képest a
3. évében, depresszió nem jelentkezett korábbi vizsgálataink szerint (Kádár & Morvai,2007). Az iszap 6,1
pH-értékkel, 35% szervesanyag- és 4,6% Ca-tartalommal rendelkezett. Savanyú
talajokon nőtt a pH, karbonátos talajokon viszont mérséklődött a talajok
Scheibler-féle CaCO
3
%-ával együtt. A talajok kalciumban gazdagodtak,
míg karbonátban elszegényedtek. A maximálisan adott 2% szerves anyag a talajban
kimutatható volt, a szerves anyag nem bomlott el. A homoktalajokban a
szervesanyag-mennyiség pl. megnégyszereződött. A talajok összes-sótartalma 0,7
g/kg mennyiséggel emelkedett a maximális terheléssel. –Az iszappal adott cink,
réz, króm és kadmium közelítően 100%-a, a higany 80%-a megtalálható volt a 3.
év végén a talajban. A kísérlet 1. éve után ugyanitt a bevitt Zn-, Cu-, Cr- és
Cd-mennyiség csak kb. 60%-a volt kimutatható cc. HNO
3
+ cc. H
2
O
2
feltárással,
míg a Hg méréshatár alatt maradt. Az NH
4
-acetát+EDTA-oldható
frakcióban a kísérlet 1. évében a Zn, Cu és Cd 30–40%-át, a Cr kevesebb, mint
1%-át azonosítottuk. A 3. év után ezzel szemben a Zn, Cu és Cd 70–80%-át, a Cr
2–10%-át találtuk, míg a Hg továbbra is a kimutatási határ alatt maradt.–A
tavaszi árpa mellé_k
The shutdown point and the output volume limit (OVL) in the present situation of health care in Hungary
Authors: Gresz Miklós
Published: December 2008

Az egészségügy jelenlegi helyzetében a finanszírozás annyira bonyolulttá vált, hogy a gyógyító orvosnak nem elegendő a szakmáját ismernie, hanem tekintettel kell lennie a különböző jogszabályok, szabálykönyvek előírásaira is. Az orvosi munka ma már nem végezhető úgy, hogy a szakorvos csupán szakmája akár művészi gyakorlója. Hiába minden orvosi praktika, diagnosztikai képesség, intuíció, empátia (és még sok minden más), ha valaki nincs tisztában az elszámolás alapjaival, a legjobb szándékkal is akár csődbe viheti az intézményt. Ez az írás a finanszírozás egy kis szeletét, a teljesítményvolumen-korlátot (TVK) próbálja más aspektusból megközelíteni. Az általános közgazdasági és gazdálkodási alapelvek alapján egy elméletileg ideális kórház és adatainak tükrében kívánja bemutatni a teljesítményvolumen-korlát gyakorlati alkalmazásának nehézségeit. A tanulmány rávilágít, hogy a TVK meghatározásakor figyelembe kellene venni a kórház üzembezárási pontját, és ennek ismeretében lehetne a kórház működését nem ellehetetlenítő teljesítménykorlátot megállapítani.