bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seedling morphology in identification of some Indian species of Bauhinia L. (Caesalpiniaceae)
Authors: Das D. Ch. , Paria N. D.
Published: August 2010

Seedling morphology was studied in nine Indian species of Bauhinia L. Four seedling types were recognized on the basis of germination pattern: (a) crypto‐hypogeal; (b) semicrypto‐geal; (c) phanero‐epigeal and (d) phanero‐geal. The seedling types, foliar and storage cotyledons, forms and length of hypocotyl, presence or absence of cataphylls, phyllotaxy and depth of lobing of first two leaves provide essential characters for the identification of the investigated taxa of the genus.
Life strategies in the xerothermous vegetation complex of the Lower Unstrut Valley (Saxony‐Anhalt, Germany)
Authors: Frey W. , Hensen I. , Heinken Th.
Published: August 2010

The subjects of this study are the life strategies and life strategy species groups of plant communities in relation to changing habitat conditions along ecological gradients in the xerothermic vegetation complex of the Lower Unstrut Valley (Saxony‐Anhalt. Germany).

The nine plant communities studied (Galio‐Carpinetum, Geranio‐Dictamnetum, Adonido‐Brachypodietum, Festuco‐Stipetum, Trinio‐Caricetum. Poo‐Allietum. Teucrio‐Seslerietum, Teucrio‐Melicetum, Onopordetum) could be characterized by significant life strategies ranging from Perennial stayers with diaspore years to Fugitives and Annual shuttle species.

Life strategy species groups are of great synstrategic relevance for the respective plant community. They allow a functional and species‐related characterization of plant communities. Most of the plant communities are characterized by small numbered species groups which are thought to be the functional nucleus of the community and relevant to nature conservation and the biotope net discussion.

A correlation of life strategies, dispersal and reproduction ecology is given in a special chapter and diagram. It reveals a strong correlation of life strategies – as a system of co‐evolved adaptive traits – to habit at conditions resp. ecological gradients. For example: Annual shuttle species are adapted to open habitats (gaps); Fugitives are mostly restricted to disturbed habitats; Short‐lived shuttle species dominate on ruderal sites; Colonists on naturally disturbed sites; Cryptophytes in the summer‐shaded herb layer of the xerothermic forests; and the moderate and stable habitats are built up by Perennial stayers. Additionally, in the tree layer of the Galio‐Carpinetum, Perennial stayers are set apart of diaspore years. Exclusive long‐range dispersal only reaches a maximum in the tree layer of the Galio Carpinetum, short‐range dispersal dominates on stable, undisturbed, extreme habitats without broader human impact. The dominance of clonal reproduction in the herb layer of the Galio‐Carpineturn is extraordinary. This reproduction type is also relatively high in most of the xerothermic communities.
Incorporating traits in aquatic biomonitoring to enhance causal diagnosis and prediction
Authors: Culp Joseph M , Armanini David G , Dunbar Michael J , Orlofske Jessica M , Poff N LeRoy , Pollard Amina I , Yates Adam G , Hose Grant C
Published: August 2010

The linkage of trait responses to stressor gradients has potential to expand biomonitoring approaches beyond traditional taxonomically based assessments that identify ecological effect to provide a causal diagnosis. Traits-based information may have several advantages over taxonomically based methods. These include providing mechanistic linkages of biotic responses to environmental conditions, consistent descriptors or metrics across broad spatial scales, more seasonal stability compared with taxonomic measures, and seamless integration of traits-based analysis into assessment programs. A traits-based biomonitoring approach does not require a new biomonitoring framework, because contemporary biomonitoring programs gather the basic site-by-species composition matrices required to link community data to the traits database. Impediments to the adoption of traits-based biomonitoring relate to the availability, consistency, and applicability of existing trait data. For example, traits generalizations among taxa across biogeographical regions are rare, and no consensus exists relative to the required taxonomic resolution and methodology for traits assessment. Similarly, we must determine if traits form suites that are related to particular stressor effects, and whether significant variation of traits occurs among allopatric populations. Finally, to realize the potential of traits-based approaches in biomonitoring, a concerted effort to standardize terminology is required, along with the establishment of protocols to ease the sharing and merging of broad, geographical trait information. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:187–197. © 2010 SETAC
ADAM8 enhances osteoclast precursor fusion and osteoclast formation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ishizuka Hisako , García-Palacios Verónica , Lu Ganwei , Subler Mark A , Zhang Heju , Boykin Christina S , Choi Sun Jin , Zhao Liena , Patrene Kenneth , Galson Deborah L , Blair Harry C , Hadi Tamer M , Windle Jolene J , Kurihara Noriyoshi , Roodman G David
Published: August 2010

ADAM8 expression is increased in the interface tissue around a loosened hip prosthesis and in the pannus and synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but its potential role in these processes is unclear. ADAM8 stimulates osteoclast (OCL) formation, but the effects of overexpression or loss of expression of ADAM8 in vivo and the mechanisms responsible for the effects of ADAM8 on osteoclastogenesis are unknown. Therefore, to determine the effects of modulating ADAM expression, we generated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)–ADAM8 transgenic mice that overexpress ADAM8 in the OCL lineage and ADAM8 knockout (ADAM8 KO) mice. TRAP-ADAM8 mice developed osteopenia and had increased numbers of OCL precursors that formed hypermultinucleated OCLs with an increased bone-resorbing capacity per OCL. They also had an enhanced differentiation capacity, increased TRAF6 expression, and increased NF-κB, Erk, and Akt signaling compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. This increased bone-resorbing capacity per OCL was associated with increased levels of p-Pyk2 and p-Src activation. In contrast, ADAM8 KO mice did not display a bone phenotype in vivo, but unlike WT littermates, they did not increase RANKL production, OCL formation, or calvarial fibrosis in response to tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in vivo. Since loss of ADAM8 does not inhibit basal bone remodeling but only blocks the enhanced OCL formation in response to TNF-α, these results suggest that ADAM8 may be an attractive therapeutic target for preventing bone destruction associated with inflammatory disease. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Identification of the homeobox protein Prx1 (MHox, Prrx-1) as a regulator of osterix expression and mediator of tumor necrosis factor α action in osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Lu Xianghuai , Beck George R , Gilbert Linda C , Camalier Corinne E , Bateman Nicholas W , Hood Brian L , Conrads Thomas P , Kern Michael J , You Shaojin , Chen Hong , Nanes Mark S
Published: August 2010

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) promotes bone loss and inhibits bone formation. Osterix (Osx, SP7) is a transcription factor required for osteoblast (OB) differentiation because deletion results in a cartilaginous skeleton. We previously described a TNF suppressor element in the Osx promoter that was used to isolate nuclear proteins mediating TNF inhibition of OB differentiation. Nuclear extracts from TNF-treated pre-OBs were incubated with the TNF suppressor element for protein pull-down, and tryptic fragments were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed eight bound transcription factors. One protein, the paired related homeobox protein (Prx1), had been shown previously to have a critical role in limb bud formation and skeletal patterning. PCR revealed Prx1 expression in primary stromal cells (MSCs), C3H10T1/2 cells, and MC3T3 preosteoblasts. TNF stimulated a 14-fold increase in mRNA for Prx1, rapid cell accumulation in MC3T3 cells, and expression in periosteal and trabecular lining cells in vivo. Transient expression of Prx inhibited transcription of Osx and RUNX2. Expression of the Prx1b isoform or Prx2 decreased Osx and RUNX2 mRNA and OB differentiation in preosteoblasts. Silencing of Prx1 with siRNA abrogated TNF suppression of Osx mRNA and increased basal Osx expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift revealed Prx1b as the preferred isoform binding the Osx promoter. These results identify the homeobox protein Prx1 as an obligate mediator of TNF inhibition of Osx and differentiation of OB progenitors. Activation of Prx1 by TNF may contribute to reduced bone formation in inflammatory arthritis, menopause, and aging. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Force‐stepping integrators in Lagrangian mechanics
Authors: Gonzalez M. , Schmidt B. , Ortiz M.
Published: August 2010

We formulate an integration scheme for Lagrangian mechanics, referred to as the force‐stepping scheme, which is symplectic, energy conserving, time‐reversible, and convergent with automatic selection of the time‐step size. The scheme also conserves approximately all the momentum maps associated with the symmetries of the system. The exact conservation of momentum maps may additionally be achieved by recourse to the Lagrangian reduction. The force‐stepping scheme is obtained by replacing the potential energy by a piecewise affine approximation over a simplicial grid or regular triangulation. By taking triangulations of diminishing size, an approximating sequence of energies is generated. The trajectories of the resulting approximate Lagrangians can be characterized explicitly and consist of piecewise parabolic motion, or free fall. Selected numerical tests demonstrate the excellent long‐term behavior of force‐stepping, its automatic time‐step selection property, and the ease with which it deals with constraints, including contact problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creation of Novel Green and Sustainable Gemini‐Type Cationics Containing Carbonate Linkages
Authors: Banno Taisuke , Kawada Kazuo , Matsumura Shuichi
Published: August 2010

Novel gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages as biodegradable and chemically recyclable segments were designed and synthesized by a green process. The carbonate linkages were introduced into only the hydrophobic moiety or in both the hydrophobic and linker moieties of gemini‐type cationics. They showed higher surface activities, such as a low critical micelle concentration value, a surface tension lowering, and a high adsorption efficiency, when compared to the corresponding single‐type cationics. Also, the gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages in both the hydrophobic and the linker moieties showed stronger antimicrobial activities when compared to those only in the hydrophobic moiety. It was found that some gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages showed higher biodegradability compared to the conventional gemini‐type cationics. The biodegradability of the gemini‐type cationics decreased when a carbonate linkage was introduced into the hydrophobic moiety rather than the linker moiety. However, some gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages both in the hydrophobic and linker moieties showed ready biodegradability. The gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages in the hydrophobic moiety showed chemical recyclability by a lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3).
Prevalence and risk factors for feline obesity in a first opinion practice in Glasgow, Scotland
Authors: Courcier Emily A. , O'Higgins Rachel , Mellor Dominic J. , Yam Philippa S.
Published: August 2010

A cross-sectional questionnaire study of cat owners registered with a first opinion veterinary practice was undertaken in July 2008. The body condition score (BCS) of the cats was assessed by the interviewer using a validated five point scale. Owners also rated their cat's BCS using five word descriptions. In total, 118 questionnaires were collected. The prevalence of overweight or obese cats (BCS 4 or 5) was 39% (30.2–47.8%, n=61). Risk factors associated with overweight or obesity were frequency of feeding and neutered status. There was moderate agreement between owner and interviewer rating of BCS. Owner misperception was more likely when owners rated cats with BCS 1 (very thin) and 4 (overweight) and in longhaired cats. The study highlights the continuing need for owner education in feline nutrition and specifically the requirement for veterinarians to develop strategies to help owners correct their assessment of their cat's BCS.
Eustatic and tectonic controls on Quaternary Ras Leona marine terraces (Strait of Gibraltar, northern Morocco)
Authors: El Kadiri Khalil , de Galdeano Carlos Sanz , Pedrera Antonio , Chalouan Ahmed , Galindo-Zaldívar Jesús , Julià Ramón , Akil Mustafa , Hlila Rachid , Ahmamou Mfedal
Published: August 2010

Well-preserved Quaternary staircased marine terraces appear on Ras Leona limestone relief. This is a peculiar sector of the Betic-Rif Cordillera, lying in the four-way junction between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and Europe and Africa. The age and altitude correlation of the Ras Leona terraces with travertine-covered lateral equivalent terraces fashioned in the neighbouring Beni Younech area, and comparison with those along the Moroccan Atlantic coasts, would suggest that the Ras Leona terraces were mainly formed by eustatic factors. The importance of the eustasy is supported by further comparisons with Spanish and Moroccan Mediterranean terraces and with different marine terraces developed on passive-margin coasts around the world. A tectonic event occurred mainly during the period between the formation of the Maarifian and the Ouljian terraces (i.e., between 370 and 150 ka). The moderate Quaternary tectonic uplift deduced from the marine terraces and its comparison with uplifted marine terraces developed in active subduction setting disagrees with the model of an active eastwards subduction below the Gibraltar tectonic arc.
Edith Wharton
Authors: Singley Carol J.
Published: August 2010

Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit, first published in 1995, makes the case for Wharton as a novelist of morals rather than of manners; a novelist who sought answers to profound spiritual and metaphysical questions. Focusing on Wharton's treatment of Anglicanism, Calvinism, Transcendentalism, and Catholicism, Carol Singley analyzes the short stories and seven novels in the light of religious and philosophical developments in Wharton's life and fiction. Singley situates Wharton in the context of turn-of-the-century science, historicism, and aestheticism, reading her religious and philosophical outlook as an evolving response to the cultural crisis of belief. She invokes the dynamics of class and gender as central to Wharton's quest, describing how the author accepted and yet transformed both the classical and Christian traditions that she inherited. By locating Wharton in the library rather than the drawing room, Matters of Mind and Spirit gives this writer her literary and intellectual due, and offers fresh ways of interpreting her life and fiction.
Nutrition of Pond Fishes
Authors: Hepher Balfour
Published: August 2010

The science of aquaculture advanced considerably in the 1980s, its application being an important factor in the agricultural economies of many countries. This book reviews the subject of fish nutrition, one of the key aspects of aquacultural systems. The development of any aquaculture system is dependent on knowledge related to many disciplines, including physiology, biochemistry, genetics, animal nutrition and ecology. The late Dr Hepher adopted this multidisciplinary approach, presenting, for the first time, an integrated and comprehensive account of the whole subject, first published in 1988. The author pioneered many of the most important concepts of fish nutrition and this work represents the distillation of some thirty years of work by a most distinguished and renowned freshwater biologist. It is sure to become a reference work of fundamental importance for research workers in freshwater fisheries biology and aquacultural systems.
Plant-based strategies towards minimising ‘livestock's long shadow’
Authors: Kingston-Smith Alison H. , Edwards Joan E. , Huws Sharon A. , Kim Eun J. , Abberton Michael
Published: August 2010

Ruminant farming is an important component of the human food chain. Ruminants can use offtake from land unsuitable for cereal crop cultivation via interaction with the diverse microbial population in their rumens. The rumen is a continuous flow fermenter for the digestion of ligno-cellulose, with microbial protein and fermentation end-products incorporated by the animal directly or during post-ruminal digestion. However, ruminal fermentation is inefficient in capturing the nutrient resource presented, resulting in environmental pollution and generation of greenhouse gases. Methane is generated as a consequence of ruminal fermentation and poor retention of ingested forage nitrogen causes nitrogenous pollution of water and land and contributes to the generation of nitrous oxide. One possible cause is the imbalanced provision of dietary substrates to the rumen micro-organisms. Deamination of amino acids by ammonia-producing bacteria liberates ammonia which can be assimilated by the rumen bacteria and used for microbial protein synthesis. However, when carbohydrate is limiting, microbial growth is slow, meaning low demand for ammonia for microbial protein synthesis and excretion of the excess. Protein utilisation can therefore be improved by increasing the availability of readily fermentable sugars in forage or by making protein unavailable for proteolysis through complexing with plant secondary products. Alternatively, realisation that grazing cattle ingest living cells has led to the discovery that plant cells undergo endogenous, stress-mediated protein degradation due to the exposure to rumen conditions. This presents the opportunity to decrease the environmental impact of livestock farming by using decreased proteolysis as a selection tool for the development of improved pasture grass varieties.
Hodge-Frobenius equations and the Hodge–Bäcklund transformation
Authors: Marini Antonella , Otway Thomas H.
Published: August 2010

Linear and nonlinear Hodge-like systems for 1-forms are studied with an assumption equivalent to complete integrability substituted for the requirement of closure under exterior differentiation. The systems are placed in a variational context and properties of critical points are investigated. Certain standard choices of energy density are related by Bäcklund transformations which employ basic properties of the Hodge involution. These Hodge-Bäcklund transformations yield invariant forms of classical Bäcklund transformations that arise in diverse contexts. Some extensions to higher-degree forms are indicated.
Observations of Antarctic Polynya With Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Authors: Cassano John J. , Maslanik James A. , Zappa Christopher J. , Gordon Arnold L. , Cullather Richard I. , Knuth Shelley L.
Published: August 2010

Working in the polar environment is always challenging, particularly during the winter, when environmental conditions are harshest. With hurricane force winds, frigid temperatures, and the potential to alter the global thermohaline circulation, the Terra Nova Bay region of Antarctica in the western Ross Sea is an environment where acquiring observations of local atmospheric and oceanic interactions is critical and also extremely challenging.

An important feature of Terra Nova Bay is a recurring polynya—an area of nearly ice‐free water surrounded by sea ice and land. Strong katabatic winds (cold, negatively buoyant air that flows downslope under the influence of gravity) drain from the interior of the continent and blow over the open water of the polynya, resulting in large upward fluxes of heat and moisture. Sea ice production occurs as a result of the large transfer of heat from sea to air, with the newly formed sea ice blown offshore, effectively removing freshwater from the coastal ocean. The high‐salinity water created through this process becomes part of the global thermohaline circulation as Antarctic bottom water. Coastal polynyas, such as the one in Terra Nova Bay, are of interest to atmospheric scientists and oceanographers due to the intense air‐sea coupling and the impact of these fluxes on the state of the atmosphere and ocean.
Report on Climate Change E‐mails Exonerates Scientists
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2010

A new report commissioned by the University of East Anglia (UEA) has largely exonerated climate scientists from the university's Climatic Research Unit (CRU) who wrote a number of controversial e‐mail messages that were made public without authorization in November 2009. Critics have argued that the e‐mails indicate that scientists had tampered with scientific data— including data related to land station temperatures and temperature reconstructions from tree ring analysis—subverted the peer review process, misused the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) process, and withheld data from critics.

At a 7 July news conference to release the “Independent climate change e‐mails review,” report chair Muir Russell said, “Climate science is a matter of such global importance that the highest standards of honesty, rigor, and openness are needed in its conduct. On the specific allegations made against the behavior of CRU scientists, we find that their rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt.” He continued, “In addition, we do not find that their behavior has prejudiced the balance of advice given to policy makers. In particular, we did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments.” Russell is chair of the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland and formerly was principal and vice‐chancellor of the University of Glasgow, in Scotland.
NSF's Response to Gulf Oil Spill
Authors: Killeen Tim
Published: August 2010

Under its statutory authority, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is using its Rapid Response Research (RAPID) funding mechanism to support research on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. NSF issued a “dear colleague” letter on 27 May reminding the U.S. academic research community that RAPID awards are a special grant mechanism developed specifically by the foundation to respond to unanticipated events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, and other natural and man‐made disasters where a timely response is essential to achieving research results.

To date, NSF has received more than 90 unsolicited proposals for research and related activities from scientists and engineers at U.S. academic institutions wanting to launch or continue research in the Gulf of Mexico and along its shorelines related to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. On the basis of reviews from NSF program officer teams, the foundation has funded 46 awards so far in fiscal year 2010, totaling $4.6 million for research and $2.5 million for ship costs.
Studying Active Lakes of Costa Rica: 7th Workshop of the IAVCEI Commission of Volcanic Lakes; Costa Rica, 10–19 March 2010
Authors: Rouwet Dmitri , Ohba Takeshi
Published: August 2010

Volcanic lakes are surface manifestations of a volcano's deeper hydrothermal system. Insights into crater lake dynamics can be very useful in volcano monitoring programs (J. C. Varekamp and M. J. van Bergen (Eds.), Volcanic lakes and environmental impacts of volcanic fluids, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 178, 131–330, 2008). To bring together researchers with a variety of areas of expertise to study crater lake dynamics, the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) Commission of Volcanic Lakes (CVL) reunited in Costa Rica for its seventh workshop, almost 6 years after its last workshop, in Caviahue, Argentina.

The main goal of CVL7 was to expand the multidisciplinary efforts of the scientific community. Quoting J. C. Varekamp, former CVL leader, volcanic lake science is “a special field with intertwined aspects of disciplines such as volcanology, limnology, geochemistry and biology/toxicology.” Considering that during the past decade, volcanic lake research was mainly focused on characterizing geochemical processes, an additional aim of the CVL7 workshop was to give renewed attention to the hazards posed by Nyos‐type lakes, named for a lake in Cameroon that stores carbon dioxide in its bottom waters.
Advances and Applications for Geodesy: 2010 UNAVCO Science Workshop; Boulder, Colorado, 8–11 March 2010
Authors: Calais Eric , Schwartz Susan , Arrowsmith Ramon
Published: August 2010

Geodesy's reach has expanded rapidly in recent years as EarthScope and international data sets have grown and new disciplinary applications have emerged. To explore advances in geodesy and its applications in geoscience research and education, approximately 170 scientists (representing 11 countries: Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, France, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, and the United States), including 15 students, gathered at the 2010 UNAVCO Science Workshop in Colorado. UNAVCO is a nonprofit membership‐governed consortium that facilitates geoscience research and education using geodesy.

Plenary sessions integrated discovery with broad impact and viewed geodesy through three lenses: (1) pixel‐by‐pixel geodetic imaging where various remote sensing methodologies are revealing fine‐scale changes in the near‐surface environment and the geologic processes responsible for them; (2) epoch‐by‐epoch deformation time series measured in seconds to millennia, which are uncovering ephemeral processes associated with the earthquake cycle and glacial and groundwater flow; and (3) emerging observational powers from advancing geodetic technologies. A fourth plenary session dealt with geodesy and water, a new strategic focus on the hydrosphere, cryosphere, and changing climate. Keynotes included a historical perspective by Bernard Minster (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) on space geodesy and its applications to geophysics, and a summary talk by Susan Eriksson (UNAVCO) on the successes of Research Experience in Solid Earth Science for Students (RESESS) and its 5‐year follow‐on with opportunities to mentor the next generation of geoscientists through cultivation of diversity.
Molecular-beam epitaxy of AlInN: An effect of source flux and temperature on indium atom incorporation in alloys
Authors: Wang Z. Y. , Shi B. M. , Cai Y. , Wang N. , Xie M. H.
Published: August 2010

Growth of AlInN alloys by molecular-beam epitaxy is studied by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, where in-plane lattice constant and specular beam intensity oscillations are recorded for information of lattice misfit and growth rate as a function of source flux and temperature. An unexpected dependence of alloy growth rate on indium flux is observed, which reflects the specific incorporation kinetics of indium in the alloy.
Strain effects on the performance of zero-Schottky-barrier double-walled carbon nanotube transistors
Authors: Wahab Md. Abdul , Khosru Quazi D. M.
Published: August 2010

Schrodinger’s equation is solved using recursive Green’s function algorithm self-consistently with Poisson’s equation to study the transport physics of uniaxial and torsional strained double-walled (DW) carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) and to analyze their performance. The characteristics and performance of proposed DW CNTFET are compared with existing single-walled (SW) CNTFET. The strain has great impact on the I-V characteristics of both SW and DW CNT devices. Tensile and torsional strains improve greatly the off-state current and on/off current ratio of both devices. Compressive strain improves on-state current, but this improvement is comparatively small. The effect of strain on off-state current, on-state current, and on/off current ratio is higher in SW CNTFET. The inverse subthreshold slope of DW CNTFET is better than SW CNTFET. But the variation in inverse subthreshold slope with strain is smaller in DW CNTFET. Unlike SW CNTFET the on-state transconductance of DW CNTFET improves with tensile and torsional strains, and degrades with compressive strain. The on-state cut-off frequency of DW CNTFET also shows opposite behavior to SW CNTFET with strain following on-state transconductance. Concrete Physical description is provided to explain all above changes with strain.
The canonical coset decomposition of unitary matrices through Householder transformations
Authors: Cabrera Renan , Strohecker Traci , Rabitz Herschel
Published: August 2010

This paper reveals the relation between the canonical coset decomposition of unitary matrices and the corresponding decomposition via Householder reflections. These results can be used to parametrize unitary matrices via Householder reflections.
Modulating the electronic structures and optical absorption spectra of BeO nanotubes by uniaxial strain
Authors: He Jiangang , Wu Kechen , Sa Rongjian , Li Qiaohong , Wei Yongqin
Published: August 2010

The electronic structures, optical absorption spectra, and the modulation of uniaxial strain along tube axis to electronic structures and optical absorption spectra of BeO nanotubes have been studied using the density functional theory. The results show that the absorption spectrum of BeO nanotubes is anisotropic with respect to light polarization and is closely related to the chirality and diameter of tube. The uniaxial strain can effectively modulate the electronic structures and absorption spectra of BeO nanotubes, indicating the armchair BeO nanotubes can be used as the anisotropic device and sensor of photoelectron.
The life and times of the Information Society
Authors: Mansell Robin
Published: August 2010

The assessment of scholarly literature on the Information Society provided in this paper sets out and distinguishes between the analytical foundations of mainstream and critical contributions from a selection of disciplines and fields with a view to considering why there is so little reciprocal engagement among them, and whether there are new opportunities to promote a dialogue with those who hold the power to establish policies and investment practices with regard to information and communication technologies. Based on a review of hundreds of works, it is argued that a broader range of analytical frameworks needs to be considered if today's policies and strategies in this area are not to perpetuate inequality and injustice. In particular, we need to acknowledge that a plurality of visions of future information societies exists, embracing potentially conflicting values and priorities. More emphasis needs to be given to analytical approaches that privilege human well‐being and inclusivity.
Time Use in Forensic Psychiatry: A Naturalistic Inquiry into Two Forensic Patients in Australia
Authors: O’Connell Marita , Farnworth Louise , Hanson EmilyC.
Published: August 2010

This study presents the time use for two Australian forensic patients diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and in custody for violent offenses across two institutional environments. During the course of the study, both participants were moved from a prison environment to a newly built secure mental health unit, and data was collected for both sites. The study was conducted as a naturalistic inquiry. Data was collected using a 48-hour time diary, semi-structured interview, the Occupational Performance History Interview II, observation of the environment, a review of policies governing the two settings and a staff focus group with four health professionals. The prison environment was marked by social isolation, occupational imbalance, engagement in delusionally driven activities, and an overall sense of fear and danger. While these themes were not as prevalent at the new unit, the participants’ lives were still dominated by sleeping, passive leisure activities, and restricted access to normal activities of daily living. Other findings from this study suggests that understanding each forensic patient's individual occupational history and illness experience is essential to fully understanding their current time use, and its relationship to health promoting occupational engagement. Both the OPHI-II and the time diaries proved to be effective tools in gathering information to fully understand the person's lived experience.
What to do with Contradictory Data? Approaches to the Integration of Multiple Malingering Measures
Authors: Rosenfeld Barry , Green Debbie , Pivovarova Ekaterina , Dole Tia , Zapf Patricia
Published: August 2010

This study describes the potential problems and possible solutions to the integration of multiple malingering measures. Multivariate prediction models, using both discriminant function analyses and regression tree approaches, are compared. Study measures, including an abbreviated version of the SIRS (SIRS-A), the MMPI-2, the TOMM and the VIP Verbal subtest, were administered to 29 community members instructed to malinger and 87 psychiatric patients instructed to respond honestly. Predictive accuracy varied substantially across measures and the correlations between tests ranged from .19 to .79. Further, 48% of the psychiatric sample were misclassified as malingering by at least one test and 46% of the malingering sample were classified as honest by at least one test; “unanimous” findings occurred in only half of the cases. Multivariate models identified the SIRS-A as the strongest predictor of malingering, but the MMPI-2, TOMM, and VIP provided significant contributions to these models. The implications of these findings for the problem of multiple, contradictory indicators in general, and the specific problems associated with clinical assessments of malingering in particular, are discussed.
Risk Assessment for Future Violence in Individuals from an Ethnic Minority Group
Authors: Snowden Robert.J. , Gray NicolaS. , Taylor John
Published: August 2010

Across several countries (including the UK and U.S.) people of black (African-Caribbean) origin are overrepresented in secure psychiatric services. Risk assessment instruments for predicting violence are often used, but their accuracy is not known for ethnic minority patients. We therefore aimed: 1) to test the accuracy of two leading instruments (Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) and HCR20 Risk Management Scheme) in patients from a black ethnic minority, and (2) to compare the levels of risk as defined by these instruments. Risk assessments were completed using only file information available at the time of discharge. Offending behavior postdischarge was obtained from official records with each patient being followed for at least 2 years. Both VRAG and HCR-20 were significant predictors of future violence for black patients, and had similar accuracy as when used on white patients. Risk assessment scores were slightly lower for black patients, but there were no significant differences in reconviction rates for either violent or general offences post discharge. The results provide an evidence base for the use of HCR-20 and VRAG as an accurate risk assessment instruments for black ethnic minority patients in the UK.
Mg doping of InGaN layers grown by PA-MBE for the fabrication of Schottky barrier photodiodes
Authors: Pereiro J , Redondo-Cubero A , Fernandez-Garrido S , Rivera C , Navarro A , Muñoz E , Calleja E , Gago R
Published: August 2010

This work reports on the fabrication of Schottky barrier based Mg-doped (In,Ga)N layers for fluorescence applications. Mg acceptors are used in order to compensate surface and bulk donors that prevent the fabrication of Schottky contacts on unintentionally doped (In,Ga)N layers grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE). Rectifying properties of the contacts exhibited a major improvement when (In,Ga)N : Mg was used. The electrical and optical measurements of the layers showed a hole concentration of up to 3 × 1019 holes cm−3 with a Mg acceptor activation energy of ∼60 meV. Back-illuminated photodiodes fabricated on 800 nm thick Mg-doped In0.18Ga0.82N layers exhibited a band pass photo-response with a rejection ratio >102 between 420 and 470 nm and peak responsivities of 87 mA W−1 at ∼470 nm. The suitability of these photodiodes for fluorescence measurements was demonstrated.
Room temperature Er3+ 1.54 µm electroluminescence from Si-rich erbium silicate deposited by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Yin Y , Xu W J , Wei F , Ran G Z , Qin G G , Shi Y F , Yao Q G , Yao S D
Published: August 2010

Si-rich erbium silicate (SRES) films were deposited on p-type Si substrates by the magnetron sputtering technique and then annealed at 850 and 1000 °C in N2. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy indicate that erbium silicates and Si excess, both in the amorphous phase, coexist in the SRES films. Photoluminescence excitation measurement indicates the sensitization effect of Si excess by an energy transfer process in the SRES film. The current–voltage characteristics show apparent improvement of carrier injection and transport in the SRES device (indium tin oxide (ITO)/SRES/p-Si) due to the Si excess in the SRES film. Room temperature Er3+ 1.54 µm electroluminescence from the SRES device (ITO/SRES/p-Si) has been measured and studied by comparison with the erbium silicate device (ITO/erbium silicate/p-Si) and Er-doped Si-rich Si oxide (Er : SRO) device (ITO/Er : SRO/p-Si).
Preferred deposition of phospholipids onto ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) films via polarization patterning
Authors: Heredia A , Machado M , Bdikin I K , Gracio J , Yudin S , Fridkin V M , Delgadillo I , Kholkin A L
Published: August 2010

Ferroelectric polarization can be used to assemble various organic and inorganic species and to create nanostructures with controlled properties. In this work, we used poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE), ultrathin films deposited by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique as templates for the assembly of various phospholipids, which are the essential components of cell membranes. It was observed that 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine phospholipids (DHPC) form self-assembled structures (molecular domains) on bare P(VDF-TrFE) surfaces. These were revealed by the formation of homogeneous and stable rounded blobs with diameters in the range 0.5–3 µm. Further, ferroelectric polymer films were polarized by the application of various voltages via a conducting tip using a piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) setup and PFM images were obtained showing controlled polarization distribution. After this, the phospholipid molecules were deposited from the solution. Conventional atomic force microscopy experiments were then performed to assess the selectivity of the deposition process. It was observed that the deposition process is very sensitive to the concentration of the solution. The selective deposition was observed mainly at the polarization boundaries where the selectivity reached a maximum value of about 20–40%. In this way, the controlled assembly of organic molecules on the polymer surfaces could be achieved. In addition, the PFM tips could be functionalized by the phospholipids and switchable lines of the DHPC molecules on the P(VDF-TrFE) surface were then visualized by PFM.
High performance n-type (Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)3 for low temperature thermoelectric generator
Authors: Wang Shanyu , Xie Wenjie , Li Han , Tang Xinfeng
Published: August 2010

Starting with elemental chunks of bismuth, antimony, tellurium and selenium, densified bulk materials (Bi0.95Sb0.05)2(Te1−x
Se
x
)3 (x = 0.10, 0.13, 0.15 and 0.17) were prepared by melt spinning subsequently combined with a spark plasma sintering process. The prepared bulk materials display fine grain size and numerous layered structures with a size of 10–100 nm; moreover, details of the composition difference and phase difference cannot be observed. Measurements of electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity have been performed in the temperature range 300–500 K, and it is found that the thermoelectric properties are significantly affected by the content of selenium. All the prepared samples show higher ratios of electrical conductivity and total thermal conductivity compared with state-of-the-art commercial zone melted materials, mainly a large reduction in lattice thermal conductivity, which is more beneficial to the concept of ‘electron crystal phonon glass’. Subsequently, the resulting thermoelectric figure of merit ZT value reaches a maximum of 1.0 at 460 K for the n-type (Bi0.95Sb0.05)2(Te0.85Se0.15)3 bulk material. Compared with traditional zone melted materials, the peak ZTs move towards a higher temperature and this study demonstrates the possibility of preparing materials with high performance, which can be applied for low temperature power generation or multi-stage devices.
Training-induced plasticity in the visual cortex of adult rats following visual discrimination learning
Authors: Hager Audrey M. , Dringenberg Hans C.
Published: August 2010

Changes in synaptic efficacy, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), provide mechanisms for experience-induced plasticity and play a key role in learning processes. Some types of learning (e.g., motor learning, fear conditioning) result in LTP and/or LTD-like changes at synapses. Here, rats learned to discriminate two visual stimuli, P+ and P−, indicating the presence and absence, respectively, of a hidden escape platform in a Y-shaped water maze. Following task acquisition, trained rats showed larger amplitude of visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in V1 to both stimuli encountered during training relative to novel stimuli. Training also resulted in a facilitation of LTP induced by theta-burst stimulation (TBS) of thalamic afferents to V1 with no effect on depression induced by low-frequency stimulation (LFS). Visual VEP enhancement and increased LTP both required that visual stimuli carried some significance to the animal, as both effects were absent in control rats exposed to the same visual stimuli in the absence of pairing with platform location. Together, these experiments show that visual experience can result in a stimulus-selective response enhancement and an increase in the synaptic modification range of V1 synapses, providing a novel example of metaplasticity in circuits of the adult cortex.
Absence of nitrate reductase activity in San 9789 bleached leaves of barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare cv. Midas)
Authors: DEANE‐DRUMMOND C. E. , JOHNSON C. B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract San 9789 (norflurazone) blocks carotenoid synthesis which allows chlorophyll bleaching in the light, and has been used recently as a tool to study phytochrome responses without interference from photosynthetic pigments. By using this herbicide, we have found that nitrate reductase activity and light dependent nitrite reduction were lost simultaneously from achlorophyllous areas of barley leaves, with the green areas of the leaf tip still showing high activities. By contrast nitrate reductase is still present in the roots of herbicide treated plants. We suggest that intact chloroplasts are required for the presence of nitrate reductase in barley leaves.
Biosynthesis of ethylene: the effect of phosphate*
Authors: CHALUTZ EDO , MATTOO AUTAR K. , FUCHS YORAM
Published: August 2010

Abstract Biosynthesis of ethylene in tomato and avocado fruit slices, carrot root, pea seedling and tomato shoot segments, Penicillium expansum and Escherichia coli was found to be inhibited by inorganic phosphate. Compared with microbial systems, relatively high concentrations of phosphate in the incubating medium were necessary to bring about a significant inhibition of ethylene production in higher plants. The degree of inhibition in higher plants correlated with the increased internal cellular concentration of phosphate and not with that of the incubating medium. Phosphate concentrations inhibitory for ethylene biosynthesis did not affect the respiration of tomato fruit slices. The phosphate effect was reversible, confined to only the biological systems and was not due to a change in the ionic strength. The differential inhibitory effects of aminoethoxyvinylglycine on ethylene biosynthesis in tomato fruit slices of various stages of ripening, were markedly influenced by high phosphate concentrations. The data indicate a biological significance to the phosphate control of ethylene biosynthesis.
Nutrient inflows into apple roots. II. Nitrate uptake rates measured on intact roots of mature trees under field conditions
Authors: BHAT K. K. S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The rates of uptake of nitrate‐N per unit length; surface area and volume of root were measured in solution depletion experiments conducted in a root laboratory, using intact roots of two 4.5‐year‐old apple trees (Discovery/M.9 and Worcester Pearmain/M.9) at two different depths in the soil profile.

In Discovery/M.9, NO3− uptake rate per unit root was constant over the 20‐200 mmol m−3 range of solution concentration. In Worcester/M.9, the uptake rate per unit root over the 200‐150 mmol m−3 range (corresponding to a ‘lag’ phase) was lower than that over 150‐20 mmol m−3. The uptake rates after the lag phase at depths of 46 and 104 cm were ca. 1.3 and 5.0 times greater than those in Discovery/M.9 at the 46 and 110 cm depths, respectively. The concentration below which net uptake was zero was ca. 1 mmolm−3.

In Discovery/M.9, the uptake rate per unit root at the 46cm depth was about 2.8 times that at 110 cm whereas in Worcester/M.9, the uptake rates at 46cm depth were about 1.8 and 1.4 times lower than those at 104cm over the solution concentration ranges 200‐150 and 150‐20 mmol m−3, respectively.

Only small differences were observed in uptake rates per unit root between 1400‐1700 h, 2400‐0400 h, and 0700‐1100 h.

For successive 5°C‐increments in root temperature between 5 and 25° C, the nitrate uptake rate per unit root increased by 130, 10, 30 and 5%, respectively. A major change in the activation energy for nitrate uptake was observed at a transition temperature located between 5°and 10°C.
On Building the New Managerialist State
Authors: Ferlie Ewan
Published: August 2010

D. Saint‐Martin (2000). Building The New Managerialist State, Denis Saint‐Martin
Asking elaborate questions: Focus groups and the management of spontaneity
Authors: Puchta Claudia , Potter Jonathan
Published: August 2010

This paper analyzes question formats in a corpus of German market research focus groups. In particular, it identifies and studies the use of ‘elaborate questions’ (questions which include a range of reformulations and rewordings). The analysis highlights three functions of such questions in focus groups: (a) they are used to guide participants and head off trouble where the question type is ‘non‐mundane’; (b) they help secure participation by providing an array of alternative items to respond to; (c) they guide participants to produce a range of opinion relevant responses. More generally, they help manage a dilemma between the requirement that the talk should be both highly focused on predefined topics and issues, and at the same time spontaneous and conversational. The analysis provides a range of interactional evidence for the pragmatic role of these formats.