bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An experimental approach to the study of drugs in invertebrate systems. I. Mass feeding of Rhodnius prolixus Stål (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)
Authors: McGuire E. J. , Habowsky J. E. J. , Lumb G. , Iglesia F. A. de la
Published: August 2008

An artificial mass feeding technique was developed allowing as many as 60 Rhodnii to gorge completely during a 10-min period. No differences in molting rate and mortality index were found between the method described here and the rabbit feeding procedure. The method has the advantage in that diets to be used may be in the form of suspension including whole blood nutrient meals. Maintenance of large colonies was found feasible eliminating the rabbit host.
The fine structure of the haemocyte of the holothurian, Cucumaria miniata (Brandt)
Authors: Fontaine A. R. , Lambert Philip
Published: August 2008

The fine structure of the holothurian haemocyte is similar to that of the nucleated erythrocytes of lower vertebrates. Points of similarity include nuclear and nucleolar features, the distribution of haemoglobin, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and centrioles, and the presence of a marginal band of microtubules. Features apparently unique to this haemocyte are a canalicular system and an isolation membrane system. An interpretation of the functional relationships of the organelles is presented. Stages in the development and degradation of the haemocyte are also demonstrated. The morphological similarity of the holothurian haemocyte to lower vertebrate erythrocytes is attributed to functional analogy and parallel cellular adaptations, but not to homology.
Some interface phenomena in parasitic protozoa and platyhelminths
Authors: Smyth J. D.
Published: August 2008

The host–parasite interface is defined broadly as a region of intimate contact between host and parasite surfaces. The limitations of this definition are considered. The difficulties of studying the morphology, ultrastructure, and physiology of this region are discussed. Possible host–parasite interfaces appear to fall (theoretically) into one of the following categories: type 1: membrane-to-membrane; type 2A: cytoplasm-to-membrane; type 2B: membrane-to-cytoplasm; type 3: cytoplasm-to-cytoplasm. Phenomena associated with the interface region are various forms of membrane transport, pinocytosis, excretion, secretion, and membrane (= contact) digestion. The apparent role of the interface in differentiation in the protozoan Gregarina polymorpha and the cestode Echinococcus granulosus are discussed. The immunological significance of intimate contact between host and parasite and the various hypotheses to account for the (apparent) 'molecular mimicry' by the parasite, of host surface antigens, are briefly summarized.
Axon pathways of the intermediate neurosecretory cells in Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Burgess L.
Published: August 2008

The axons of the intermediate neurosecretory cells in the brain of Culex tarsalis Coquillett larvae cross over in the pars intercerebralis, pass ventrolaterally through the protocerebrum, and then pass through the circumoesophageal connectives and the ventral nerve chain as far as the eighth abdominal ganglion. These axons possess branches in the region of juncture of the proto- and deuto-cerebrum, and in the suboesophageal, thoracic, and eighth abdominal ganglia; no branches were visible in the tritocerebrum or abdominal ganglia 1 to 7. The branches appear to terminate within the ganglia, usually near the neuropile boundary. The large ventral neurosecretory axons described in larvae of Culiseta inornata (Williston) by L. Burgess in 1971 are probably the axons of the intermediate neurosecretory cells of that mosquito.
An inhalation chamber for administering volatile compounds to animals: performance using carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Clarke L. H. , Noble M. , Oloffs P. C. , Szeto S. Y.
Published: August 2008

An inhalation chamber for administering volatile compounds to laboratory animals is described. Its design is simple and its operation uncomplicated. It is an aluminum box with a heated vessel beneath the lid into which the volatile compound is injected. A fan nearby distributes the vapor and prevents layering. A freely removable lid allows rapid introduction and removal of animals. The hepatotoxic agent, carbon tetrachloride, becomes homogenously mixed with air within 2 min of its introduction. Gas samples can be removed for analyses through six sampling ports at various times, levels, and locations. The dose can be regulated with precision and the results are repeatable.
Hyperglycaemia induced by anaesthesia in the american cockroach, Periplaneta americana L.
Authors: Matthews J. R. , Downer R. G. H.
Published: August 2008

A hyperglycaemic response is elicited in adult males of the american cockroach, Periplaneta americana, within 60 min of anaesthetizing insects using nitrogen, chilling, or diethyl ether. Hyperglycaemia is also produced as a result of handling insects without anaesthesia. Insects which have been anaesthetized with carbon dioxide do not exhibit a marked change in haemolymph sugar concentration.
The contact sex pheromone of Pardosa lapidicina Emerton (Araneida: Lycosidae)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Hegdekar B. M.
Published: August 2008

Laboratory bioassays of male courtship behavior in Pardosa lapidicina indicate that the contact sex pheromone is associated with the silk dragline deposited on the substratum by mature females. The pheromone is quickly inactivated by water. It appears to represent a facultative sexual stimulus, and can be by-passed if the male first touches the female.
Sperm structure of Oxyrhyncha
Authors: Hinsch Gertrude W.
Published: August 2008

Testis and sperm of several members of the superfamily Oxyrhyncha were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde or a modified Karnovsky's (1965) paraformaldehyde–glutaraldehyde, postfixed in OsO4, embedded in Araldite, sectioned, and studied with the electron microscope. Brachyuran sperm have a globular acrosome which is surrounded by the nucleus from which several nuclear processes radiate. Between the acrosome and nucleus is the lamellar region, which may contain microtubules and mitochondria. The possibility of motility of the sperm and use as taxonomic aids is discussed.
Effets de l'exotoxine thermostable de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner sur la consommation d'oxygène par les embryons d'Acheta domesticus (L.)
Authors: Tremblay F. L. J. , Huot L. , Perron J.-M.
Published: August 2008

Acheta domesticus eggs were treated with the thermostable exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis to study its effects on embryogenesis. Metabolic studies on treated eggs have shown that, at high doses, the exotoxin kills the embryos between the katatrepsis and the beginning of the dorsal closure, whereas, at lower doses, organogenesis is delayed by 2 days.
Agonistic behavior of juvenile Stichaeus punctatus (Pisces: Stichaeidae)
Authors: Farwell Morley K. , Green John M.
Published: August 2008

A qualitative and quantitative description of the agonistic behavior of juvenile Stichaeus punctatus was undertaken with seven recognizable actions being observed. Dominant and subordinate fish differed in the frequency and duration of these actions and in coloration. The sequence of actions in agonistic bouts followed definite patterns and became less complex with increasing length of an encounter.
Variation in Phyllostomus discolor (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae)
Authors: Power Dennis M. , Tamsitt J. R.
Published: August 2008

Variation was assessed in the neotropical bat Phyllostomus discolor from a number of morphometric characters (length of one limb bone and eight cranial measurements). Sexual dimorphism is significant and is attributable to subtle differences in shape rather than to differences in size. Geographic variation among 13 samples of males and 8 samples of females indicated pronounced phenetic heterogeneity among populations within and west of the Andes Mountains, through Central America, and into southern Mexico. Populations east of the Andes Mountains are more homogeneous. Range disruption during the Pleistocene and past and present topographical hindrances to gene flow may be responsible in part for observed patterns of variation.
Laboratory investigation of secondary attraction in Gnathotrichus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Borden J. H. , Stokkink E.
Published: August 2008

Gnathotrichus sulcatus of both sexes responded by moving upwind in a laboratory bioassay to benzene extracts of guts from males boring in logs of western hemlock. It was concluded that the response was to an aggregating pheromone which forms the major constituent of the secondary attraction in this species. Although there was a primary attraction to host sawdust, boring dust produced by males elicited a greater response from both sexes. Male guts became attractive between 6 and 12 h after attack of a new host, and attraction persisted at least 8 days. Extracts of female guts were unattractive, either before or after attack, indicating that females do not produce an independently active pheromone. Guts from males which were paired with females were only marginally attractive after 48 h in host logs. An unexplained response occurred to a mixture of male and female gut extracts from paired beetles, but the response was much lower than to the gut extract from single males allowed to bore for 48 h. Wood surrounding up to 15-day-old galleries of single males was significantly more attractive than wood from fresh host logs.
Helminths of Sebastes alutus (Pisces: Teleostei) from the northeastern Pacific
Authors: Sekerak Aaron D. , Arai Hisao P.
Published: August 2008

Incidences and intensities of infection for 19 species of helminths recovered from Sebastes alutus are presented. Seven are regarded as new host records. Lecithophyllum anteroporum Margolis, 1958 is placed in synonymy with L. botryophorum (Olsson, 1868) Odhner, 1905.
Studies on the eyes of gars (Lepisosteidae) with special reference to the tapetum lucidum
Authors: Nicol J. A. C. , Arnott H. J.
Published: August 2008

Eyes of gars (Lepisosteus) possess a yellow tapetum lucidum which is located in processes of the pigment epithelium. A yellow reflecting pigment is involved, enclosed in tapetal spheres each about 240 nm in diameter. Retinomotor movements take place: in darkness (or dim light) the black retinal pigment retracts, exposing the tapetum, and the rods shorten; in the light the pigment migrates inwards, obscuring the tapetum, and the rods elongate. The tapetal pigment is soluble in water, dilute acid, and alkali, and insoluble in organic solvents; it is rendered insoluble (to water) by heavy metals; and it stains with reagents used to visualize phenolic compounds (ferric–ferricyanide; ammoniacal silver nitrate). A method of extracting the pigment is described, and the ultraviolet/visible spectrum shown. The refractive index is high (n23 1.59) and that, in conjunction with the size and arrangement of the tapetal spheres, is conducive to backscatter. A second noteworthy feature of the pigment epithelial cells is the presence of an extensive Golgi apparatus consisting of many dictyosomes interconnected by a complicated tubular system of smooth membranes. The tubules exhibit periodic swellings or vesiculations in which the tapetal spheres individually are formed. Comparisons are made with a similar Golgi complex in Styela, and with membrane-bound vesicles, derived from Golgi and concerned with formation of ommochrome granules, in Drosophila.
Histogenesis of the yolk sac in the chick
Authors: Juurlink Bernhard H. J. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

The histogenesis of the chick yolk sac was studied from incubation day 3 to posthatching day 8. During incubation the epithelial lining forms complex folds which penetrate into the yolk mass. Hemopoiesis is at a maximum between incubation days 11 and 13. The mesoderm is a thin layer during early incubation but thickens in the later stages to form a covering serosa, an intermediate connective tissue layer, and an inner vascularized layer which forms lymphatic tissue after hatching. Involution includes the processes of autolysis and phagocytosis. Protein assimilation, by pinocytosis and phagocytosis, reaches a peak at incubation day 13. Glycogen is present in peak amounts between incubation days 7 and 9. Endodermal alkaline phosphatase activity is localized in the apical cytoplasm between days 7 and 13 and in the basal cytoplasm during the latter incubation stages. Acid phosphatase activity increases throughout incubation to peak levels at day 2 posthatching. Maximum lipid absorption occurs during the latter incubation stages. Ribonucleic acid reveals only moderate staining throughout incubation. Electron microscopy shows that the endoderm is active in pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Lysosomes, rich in acid phosphatase, are numerous within the apical endoderm.
Meristic variation in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., in eastern Canadian waters
Authors: Garside E. T. , Hamor T.
Published: August 2008

Samples of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., collected from several areas of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and single sites from Iles de la Madeleine, Quebec, and eastern Lake Ontario, were analyzed for variation in numbers of anterior lateral plates and vertebrae. Counts of vertebrae varied from 28 to 35 and mean counts from 30.3 to 33.4, without being related to any obvious geographic gradients. Trunk and caudal segments of the vertebral column had about the same degree of variation. Counts of lateral plates exclusive of ossicles of the caudal keel ranged from 0 to 31 with a range of means from 1.6 to 24.7. Incomplete development of potential plate number and absence of caudal keels were observed in 1st-year individuals. These results are discussed in relation to information about this species complex from populations of Pacific North America and Europe.
Commensalism between a liparid fish, Careproctus sp., and the lithodid box crab, Lopholithodes foraminatus
Authors: Peden Alex E. , Corbett Cathryn A.
Published: August 2008

Fish eggs containing Careproctus embryos were found in the gill cavity of Lopholithodes foraminatus caught off British Columbia. Because the gills were collapsed and displaced, thus implying impaired respiration for the crab, we consider this fish–crab association to be commensal rather than symbiotic. The embryos are probably those of C. melanurus. Because of previous reports of other Careproctus sp. depositing eggs in king crabs (Paralithodes camtschatica), further investigations to indicate the host specificity of this liparid–lithodid relationship are needed.
Molecular aspects of chloride cell formation in Oncorhynchus. I. Isolation and characterization of ribosomes involved in protein synthesis
Authors: Conte Frank P. , Murray Edward
Published: August 2008

The present investigation has developed techniques for the reproducible isolation of polyribosomes from gill filaments of Oncorhynchus nerka, O. kisutch, O. tshawytscha, and Salmo gairdneri. A basic pattern of aggregated complexes was resolved in microsomal and deoxycholate-treated fractions that was consistent with the ultrastructural observations made by electron microscopy. The relative amino acid incorporating activity was assessed in vivo and the association with particular polyribosomal classes was made. Gill filaments undergoing active salt secretion have smaller polysomes involved in protein synthesis than non-secreting gill filaments. Increased protein synthesis appears correlated with development of chloride cells.
The fine structure of Leucocytozoon simondi. VI. Hepatic schizogony
Authors: Desser Sherwin S.
Published: August 2008

Most of the maturing schizonts in hepatic parenchymal cells consist of large electron-dense, multinucleate cytomeres. These are bounded by a trilaminar plasma membrane and lie within membrane-bounded vacuoles in the host cytoplasm. Extensive invagination and multiple cleavage of the cytomeres culminate in the production of uninucleate merozoitcs. Each merozoite is bounded by a single trilaminar plasmalemma and contains a large central nucleus, a mitochondrion, electron-dense paired rhoptries, and several smaller micronemes. Occasionally a second type of schizont has been observed, in which many small parasite inclusions are scattered in the hepatocyte cytoplasm. Clearly defined differences are apparent between comparable stages of development of Leucocytozoon and the more closely related Plasmodium and Haemoproteus. These differences include the location of the schizont in their host cells, the formation of merozoitcs, and the nature of the membranes that invest the merozoites. On the basis of these differences it is proposed that the inclusion of Leucocytozoon spp. into a separate family is warranted.
Parental behavior and some histological features of scales in Cichlasoma citrinellum (Pisces, Cichlidae)
Authors: Noakes David L. G.
Published: August 2008

Young Cichlasoma citrinellum contact parents preferentially, depending on sex and color of the parents. The number of epidermal mucus cells on adults' scales is positively correlated with the amount of contacting by the young. The epidermal thickness of these scales is negatively correlated with the amount of contacting. These correlations are discussed as possible cause–effect relationships with the contacting preferences of the young, and are compared to similar behavior in other cichlid fish species.
The effects of laying worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and their brood on the ovary development of other worker honeybees
Authors: Jay S. C. , Nelson E. V.
Published: August 2008

Ovary development of worker bees increased progressively in colonies receiving the following treatments: (a) with a queen and her brood, or without a queen but with laying worker bees and queen brood, or without a queen but with laying worker bees and their (drone) brood (in one of two experiments); (b) with a queen but without brood; (c) with laying worker bees but without brood; (d) without a queen, laying worker bees, or brood of any kind.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme in the normal and regenerating tail of the scincid lizard, Mabuya carinata
Authors: Shah R. V. , Ramachandran A. V.
Published: August 2008

The histochemical localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme was carried out in the normal and regenerating tail of the scincid lizard, Mabuya carinata. The two enzymes follow an identical and parallel pattern of distribution, with the activity of G6PDH being perceptibly higher than that of malic enzyme. In the normal tail, the enzymes were poorly localized except for G6PDH activity in the skin. An increase in activity of both G6PDH and malic enzyme was noticed during early phases of regeneration of the tail with the peak value being attained during the blastemic and differentiation phases. Possible involvement of G6PDH in the synthesis of lipids and nucleic acids and that of malic enzyme in reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH2) yield is discussed. With the completion of regeneration, the levels of both enzymes return to normal levels.
Seasonal variation in the plasma testosterone concentration of reindeer and caribou
Authors: Whitehead P. E. , McEwan E. H.
Published: August 2008

Plasma testosterone levels of reindeer increased from 1 ng/cm3 in August to 30–60 ng/cm3 in mid-September. By late October, when rutting activity had almost ceased, the testosterone concentration had declined to barely detectable levels. The seasonal pattern exhibited by caribou was similar except the peak levels associated with rutting occurred about 1 month later than reindeer. The seasonal changes in plasma testosterone levels of two hybrid calves were studied. Peak testosterone levels of 5 and 3.8 ng/cm3 were attained in late October.The influence of the endocrine glands on antler renewal and casting, and the rhythmic growth pattern exhibited by caribou and reindeer are discussed.
Oxygen consumption in Amphiuma tridactylum
Authors: Toews Daniel P.
Published: August 2008

Oxygen consumption for five Amphiuma tridactylum acclimated at 15C was 4.01 μl/g per hour and 70% of the oxygen was removed from the lungs during the first 20 min of the time submerged. The rate of consumption was of a cyclic nature.
Cryopreservation of echinoderm sperm
Authors: Dunn R. S. , McLachlan J.
Published: August 2008

A simple method for the cryopreservation of sea urchin, sand dollar, and starfish sperm is described. Using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the protective agent, sperm were stored up to 30 days at — 196 °C. These preparations all retained some motility after thawing. Some samples of thawed sea urchin sperm could achieve a level of egg fertilization equivalent to that achieved by fresh, unfrozen sperm, provided that large doses of the thawed sperm were used. Attempts to cryopreserve fucoid sperm by the same method were unsuccessful.
Acoustic responsiveness of Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a moth that shares hibernacula with some insectivorous bats
Authors: Roeder K. D. , Fenton M. B.
Published: August 2008

Adult Scoliopteryx libatrix L. overwinter in the entrance areas of caves and mines in Ontario, which also harbor hibernating bats. The tympanic organs of S. libatrix taken from hibernation and tested at room temperature were found to be sensitive to ultrasound between 20 and 40 kHz, which overlaps with the frequencies used by the bats with which it shares hibernacula. The sensitivity of the tympanic organ and the connector neurons in the protocerebrum is +5–10 decibels (dB) greater than those of other noctuid moths for which data are available. In spite of the auditory detection of ultrasonic pulses and transmission of the resultant stimuli to the protocerebrum, S. libatrix in stationary flight showed no avoidance response to a source of ultrasonic pulses. This behavior is markedly different from that of some other noctuid moths tested during their activity periods. The significance of the absence of a behavioral response in the moths is discussed in relation to the activity of bats around the caves and mines.
Studies on the antennal sensilla of selected blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Mercer K. Lynne , McIver Susan B.
Published: August 2008

The types, numbers, and distribution of the antennal sensilla of male and female Simulium rugglesi and S. baffinense, and female S. venustum and S. euryadminiculum have been determined. Seven sensillar types, including olfactory receptors, contact chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors, were distinguished on all specimens examined. The results are discussed with regard to the feeding habits of the various species.
Androgen concentrations in the peripheral plasma of laying hens
Authors: Peterson A. J. , Henneberry G. O. , Common R. H.
Published: August 2008

The concentrations of total androgen, determined by radioimmunoassay and expressed as testosterone equivalents, were measured in the peripheral plasma of laying hens. Total androgen attained peak values at from 8 to 2 h before ovulation. Peak values were not observed either on days when the terminal egg of a sequence was laid or when oviposition failed to occur during the experimental period.For 12 ovulatory cycles each observed on a different hen, the total androgen concentrations, in testosterone equivalents, ranged from 125 to 1100 pg/ml. For six birds in which ovulation did not accompany oviposition, the total androgen concentrations ranged from 150 to 900 pg/ml. For six birds, which were not in lay during the experimental period, the concentrations of total androgen ranged from 200 to 800 pg/ml.
Differential responsiveness of young ring-billed gulls and herring gulls to adult vocalizations of their own and other species
Authors: Evans Roger M.
Published: August 2008

Approach and vocal responses to adult mew calls of both species were measured in the laboratory for 40 parentally naive ring-billed and 15 herring gull chicks. A separate sample of 20 ring-billed gulls were tested with mew calls of their own species and those of the black-billed gull. Posthatch responsiveness of 14 herring gulls stimulated with herring gull mew calls during the pipped egg stage was also examinedApproach and vocal responses were positively correlated. For ring-billed gulls, both occurred most often to the call of their own species. Herring gulls also responded more to the ring-billed than to the herring gull calls. Embryonic stimulation of herring gulls enhanced posthatch responses to calls of both species, but did not reverse the preference for ring-billed gull mew calls.The greater responsiveness of young ring-billed gulls to calls of their own species is similar to results for several precocial species, but the preferential responsiveness of herring gulls for the call of another species provides an apprent exception. Some functional and developmental implications of these species differences are discussed.
Correlations between the concentrations of acid mucopolysaccharide and collagen in the tibia of the embryonic chick
Authors: Hall Brian K.
Published: August 2008

Correlations between the final concentrations of hexosamine-containing acid mucopolysaccharides and collagen within the tibia of the embryonic chick have been examined in untreated embryos and in embryos treated either singly or with combinations of thallium sulfate, vitamin C, cortisone acetate, or tetracycline hydrochloride. The wet weights of the tibiae ranged from 14 to 84 mg and the dry weights from 0.7 to 12.7 mg. Despite this wide variation a highly significant correlation (r = 0.996, P < 0.0001) was found to exist between concentrations of hexosamine (1 to 40 μmol) and of hydroxyproline (1 to 10 μmol). It was argued that the mechanisms which correlated the final concentrations of these matrix products operated after the molecules had been synthesized and exported to the extracellular matrix.
Sporogony of Leucocytozoon spp. in mammalophilic simuliids
Authors: Desser S. S. , Yang Y. J.
Published: August 2008

Sporogony of Leucocytozoon simondi was completed in Simulium venustum (a mammalophilic simuliid) hat was force-fed on infected ducklings.
A comparison of presumptive interrenal tissue in the opisthonephric kidney and dorsal vessel region of the larval sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.
Authors: Youson John H.
Published: August 2008

Larger accumulations of presumptive interrenal cells are found within the opisthonephric kidneys than in the accompanying dorsal vessel region of larval sea lamprey. A kidney – interrenal tissue relationship is therefore found in at least one representative of all groups of vertebrates. Preliminary studies indicate that this presumptive interrenal tissue in larval lampreys undergoes hyperplasia after stimulation with mammalian corticotrophin.
Description of Gymnophallus somateriae (Levinsen, 1881) from Macoma inconspicua and diving ducks from Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

In the same clam host, the metacercaria of Gymnophallus somateriae differs from those of Lacunovermis conspicuus and Meiogymnophallus multigemmulus in the body shape and spination; small, irregular vitellaria; and lyre-shaped excretory bladder. The adult from diving ducks differs from Levinsen's description in the shorter posterior range of the uterus and shorter length of the eggs. The fusiform body, sucker ratio, location of the ventral sucker in the posterior third of the body, and bipartite seminal vesicle with large distal portion and smaller proximal portion are characteristic of the species. G. somateriae of Odhner (1900, 1905) belongs to a new genus and new species because of the size and location of the genital pore and will be described in the next paper. G. gibberosus Loos-Frank, 1971 is closely related to G. somateriae but has a ventral sucker in the middle third of the body, a uterus only in the anterior half of the body, and a proximal seminal vesicle smaller in diameter than the ventral sucker.
Hematology, biochemistry, and physiology of environmentally stressed horses
Authors: Dieterich R. A. , Holleman D. F.
Published: August 2008

This study involved a group of horses that were snowbound during winter in the Alaska Mountain Range. The severe nutritional and environmental stresses offered a unique opportunity to study the effects of these stressors on the physiology of the horse. The horses were characterized for their basic hematologic, biochemical, and physical condition. Body water contents, body water kinetics, blood volumes, and plasma iron clearance rates were determined using radioisotope methods. These analyses were repeated after the horses were given liquid water, as opposed to snow, and once again after they were given liquid water and feed ad libitum. No significant differences in the measured physiological parameters were found between groups of horses on liquid water versus snow or limited feed versus ad libitum feed except that body water kinetics were directly related to feed intake. Physiological values obtained in this study were compared with literature values for non-stressed horses and no deviation from the normal ranges were found. The results may be interpreted as indicating a remarkable physical stamina for the horse.
Testosterone eliminates alarm substance in male fathead minnows
Authors: Smith R. J. F.
Published: August 2008

Male fathead minnows lose the cells which contain alarm substance at the onset of spring breeding season and regain them in the fall. This allows the males to clean a spawning site, by rubbing against it, without releasing alarm substance that would frighten away interested females.
Interrelationship amongst the avian orders Galliformes, Columbiformes, and Anseriformes as evinced by the fiber types in the pectoralis muscle
Authors: Kaiser Carlos E. , George J. C.
Published: August 2008

The three types of fiber red, white, and intermediate have been characterized from a study of the pectoralis muscle of some representative species of birds of the orders Galliformes, Columbiformes, and Anseriformes. The presence of all the three types was characteristic of the Galliformes except for the Japanese quail, which had only two types, red and white, the former predominating. All the columbiform and anseriform birds studied had similar fiber composition as the Japanese quail. It is postulated that these three orders of birds are closely related phylogenetically.The small red fibers which are known to be adapted for aerobic metabolism metabolizing fat as the main fuel for energy indulge in sustained flight activity whereas the large white fibers, which are adapted for anaerobic metabolism utilizing glycogen, are responsible for quick and short-term activity as in takeoff and in manoeuvring quick and sudden turns while in flight. In the heaviest birds such as the Canada geese, which have a heavy load to lift in the takeoff and also to keep afloat while in the air, were found to possess the largest white and red fibers.
The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. VII he duration of embryonic development in five species at various temperatures
Authors: Steele D. H. , Steele V. J.
Published: August 2008

The duration of embryonic development in Gammarus duebeni, obtusatus, setosus, lawrencianus, and oceanicus al various temperatures was found lo be related to the reproductive cycle. Slowest development at any temperature occurs in G. setosus which breeds in September and whose young hatch in the next spring. G. duebeni, obtusatus, and oceanicus mate in late autumn and their young are hatched in the next spring; they have a faster rale of development. G. lawrencianus has the fastest rate of development at any temperature; it breeds in January and the young hatch in the spring. The rate of development is correlated with the size of egg.
Changes in the cestode fauna of the black duck, Anas rubripes (Brewster)
Authors: McLaughlin J. Daniel , Burt Michael D. B.
Published: August 2008

The cestode fauna of black ducks, Anas rubripes, was examined during the spring, summer, and fall in New Brunswick and during the winter along the coast of Massachusetts. Sixteen cestode species were recovered from ducks in New Brunswick and 6 of these were also found in ducks examined in Massachusetts during the winter. Changes in the cestode fauna are discussed in relation to the development of ducklings throughout the summer and the migration of these birds to the wintering grounds. These changes are discussed also in relation to changes in diet.
Epidermal xanthophores in a salamander
Authors: Oliphant L. W.
Published: August 2008

Non-melanophore pigment cells are generally restricted to the dermis. In contrast, the xanthophores, forming the dorsal yellow stripe of the long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum, are located within the epidermis. They are underlain by dermal iridophores and melanophores. These epidermal xanthophores are compared with other epidermal pigment cells.
A new species of the genus Pentias Richardson (Isopoda, Valvifera) from the Sea of Japan
Authors: Rafi F.
Published: August 2008

Pentias arimotoi n. sp. is characterized by an elongated roof-shaped body, biunguiculate peropodal dactyli, an elongated single-segmented pleotelson, some pereonal somites, whose epimera are not visible dorsally, and an absence of plumose setae on the outer border of maxillipedal basipodite. This species is illustrated and compared with the previously described species Pentias hayi Richardson, 1904, and Pentias thompsoni Collinge, 1916.
Behavior and sound production by the northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile
Authors: Licht Lawrence E.
Published: August 2008

The northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile, is capable of sound production. The sound, best imitated by the word 'tic,' is very constant in character, and is made when the salamander is showing either aggressive or defensive behavior.
Ancyrocephalinae (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from Illinois fishes with the description of Actinocleidus crinicirrus sp. nov.
Authors: Kritsky D. C. , Leiby P. D.
Published: August 2008

Seventeen species of Monogenea are reported from Illinois fishes. These include Actinocleidus articularis (Mizelle, 1936) Mueller, 1937. A. crinicirrus sp. nov., Cleidodiscus bedardi Mizelle, 1936, Urocleidus acuminatus (Mizelle, 1936) Mizelle &Hughes, 1938 and U. distinctus (Mizelle, 1936) Mizelle &Hughes, 1938 from Lepomis megalotis (Raf.); A. fergusoni Mizelle, 1938, and U. ferox Mueller, 1934 from L. macroehirus Raf.; U. ammacryptus Harrises and Vickery, 1970 from Etheostoma nigrum Raf.; C. brachus Mueller, 1938 from Campostoma anomalum (Raf.); C. capax Mizelle, 1936, C. longus Mizelle, 1936, C. uniformis Micelle, 1936, and C. vancleavei Mizelle, 1936 from Pomoxis annularis Raf.; C. stentor Mueller, 1937 from Ambloplites rupestris (Raf.); and Pseudomurraytrema copulatum (Mueller, 1938) Bychowsky, 1957 and P. rogersi Chien, 1969 from Hypentelium nigricans (Lesueur). The finding of U. ammocryptus on E. nigrum and C. brachus on C. anomalum constitute new host records. These two species and C. stentor and P. rogersi are reported for the first time in Illinois. Urocleidus torquatus Mizelle and Cronin, 1943 is considered to be a synonym of U. distinctus. Actinocleidus crinicirrus sp. nov. is figured and described.
Changes in haemolymph proteins in the normal and allatectomized blowfly Phormia regina Meig. during the first reproductive cycle
Authors: Mjeni A. M. , Morrison P. E.
Published: August 2008

Total haemolymph protein concentration was determined during the first reproductive cycle of the anautogenous blowfly Phormia regina. A 14-fold increase in protein concentration occurred 2 days after meal supplemented a sugar–water diet. Haemolymph volume showed a concomitant increase with protein concentration. No such increase in protein concentration or haemolymph volume was found when flies were maintained on the sugar–water diet.The increase in protein concentration was due to a general increase in all protein fractions. However, the protein concentration in bands 3 and 4 decreased during the period of rapid egg development.Allatectomy raised both the protein concentration and the haemolymph volume of flies fed sugar–water. The addition of meat to the diet on the 4th day led to an increase in protein concentration, but the haemolymph volume showed no change. In contrast, sham-operated controls followed the pattern of the normal flies.Although blood protein concentration increased in allatectomized meat-fed flies, no eggs matured. All protein fractions other than 3 and 4 showed an increase.
Fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells of an Australian marsupial Setonix brachyurus
Authors: Braekevelt C. R.
Published: August 2008

The morphology of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells has been studied in the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), an Australian marsupial, by light and electron microscopy.The pigment epithelium is formed by a single layer of cuboidal cells which are separated from the choriocapillaris by multilayered Bruch's membrane. Each epithelial cell is rich in organelles and inclusions, including smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, phagosomes, and pigment granules. The outer border of the epithelial cells is highly infolded while the inner surface displays numerous processes which surround both rod and cone photoreceptor outer segments.Three photoreceptor types are seen, single rods, single cones, and twin cones. The rod photoreceptors outnumber the cones about 50 to 1 and are smaller and more electron-dense than the cones. The cones possess a large lipid droplet within their inner segments. Twin cones are seen only occasionally. They are formed by two cones lying in close apposition, with each member being morphologically quite similar to the other and to the single cone.Photoreceptor synapses in both rods and cones appear to be formed by superficial and invaginated contacts with bipolar and horizontal cells.
Mermithid and microsporidan parasitism of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the vicinity of Churchill Falls, Labrador
Authors: Ezenwa Afamdi O.
Published: August 2008

Neomesomermis flumenalis (Welch) infected 11.2% of 3144 blackfly larvae from five localities. Thelohania bracteata (Strickland) and Pleistophora simulii (Lutz &Splendor) and P. multispora (Strickland) parasitized 4.9% of the larval population. The mermithid infected the larvae of Prosimulium mixtum Sime &Davies and Simulium corbis Twinn, S. decorum Walker, and S. venustum Say. The larvae of the last three species were also infected with at least one of the species of Microsporida. Joint infections of T. bracteata and P. simulii occurred in S. venustum. Only 5 of 18 localities had infected blackfly populations. One nematode per host occurred most often, and emergence was from the host abdomen.
Emergence of Chironomidae (Diptera) from Char Lake, Resolute Northwest Territories
Authors: Welch Jr. Harold E.
Published: August 2008

Quantitative data, using [Formula: see text]-m2 submerged traps, were obtained on the six common chironomid genera in Char Lake, at latitude 74°56′ N. Emergence of each species was highly synchronized and in 1972 occurred partly or wholly beneath ice. Each species had different emergence distributions compared with depth, with only two species constituting virtually the entire emergence in the deep sediment zone below 15 m, Emergence per square meter was highest in the shallow areas and the bulk of emergence came from the upper third of the lake. Total emergence was 690 individuals m−2 lake surface in 1971, equal to 0.143 g m−3 year−1 or 0,798 kcal m−2 year−1; this is equal to 0.5% of the lake's total energy flow.
Ultrastructurally different hemocytes in a spider
Authors: Sherman R. G.
Published: August 2008

Hemocytes found, in association with the heart of the tarantula spider, Eurypelma marxi Simon, were examined with a transmission electron microscope. Three main ultrastructural types were described. These were designated as granular, oenocytoid, and plasmatocytoid on the basis of similarities to insect hemocytes. In addition, two presumed transitional hemocytes were found. One showed characteristics of both plasmatocytoids and granular hemocytes; the other possessed features common to both plasmato-cytoids and oenocytoids.
The effect of temperature and photoperiod on larval development in Odonata
Authors: Procter Dennis L. C.
Published: August 2008

Enallagma boreale (Selys), a summer species, and Leucorrhinia glacialis (Hagen) and Libellula quadrimaculata (Linné), both spring species, were reared at various temperatures and photoperiods.E. boreale developed fastest at all temperatures, supporting my hypothesis that summer species have higher thermal coefficients for growth than spring species, but refuting my hypothesis that spring species grow faster at low temperatures.Photoperiod affected the development rate of L. glacialis and L. quadrimaculata at low temperatures, but did not affect E. boreal at any temperature, supporting my hypothesis that spring species are most likely to use photoperiod in regulating development. The striking growth-rate responses of the spring species to photoperiod at low temperatures suggest photoperiod is important in regulating development in temperate regions.
The surface sculpturing of the integument of lepidopterous larvae and its adaptive significance
Authors: Byers J. R. , Hinks C. F.
Published: August 2008

The surface of the integument of 50 species of lepidopterous larvae from 11 families was examined with a scanning electron microscope. In nearly all species the surface is sculptured variously in discrete units. There is great diversity between species in the pattern of the sculpturing and in the configuration of the component units. The principal types of surface sculpturing, particularly if considered in terms of how they affect the reflection of light from the air–cuticle interface, can be correlated with the life habit of the larvae. A surface sculptured in large, relatively flat units that reflect light specularly is characteristic of burrowing and boring larvae. Some larvae with warning coloration also have surface sculpturing of this type. A surface sculptured into complexly shaped tubercles or closely spaced microtubercles that reflect light diffusely is featured by procryptic larvae which rely on protective resemblance. Such a surface is matt like the surface of most plants and probably has adaptive value in making the larvae less conspicuous.
The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of insular Newfoundland. I. Distribution and bionomics
Authors: Lewis David J. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

An extensive survey was made of the blackflies of insular Newfoundland. Collections from 212 streams contained three genera and 21 species of simuliids, viz., 3 species of Prosimulium, 2 species of Cnephia, and 16 species of Simulium. Simulium croxtoni, S. excisum, and S. gouldingi are new records for the island. Data on the bionomics and seasonal occurrence of the species are also presented.
Expression of autogeny in relation to larval population density of Sarcophaga bullata Parker (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Baxter J. A. , Mjeni A. M. , Morrison P. E.
Published: August 2008

The expression of autogeny in S. bullata was influenced by the larval rearing conditions. Low larval population densities resulted in large flies that were autogenous. On the other hand, high larval population densities produced small flies that were anautogenous, In anautogenous females the size and stage to which the follicles developed varied with the size of the fly. When reared on a sucrose–water diet, the females from an intermediate larval population density possessed larvae, mature eggs, degenerate follicles, or undeveloped follicles.
Heligmosomoides johnsoni sp. nov. (Nematoda: Heligmosomatidae) from the heather vole, Phenacomys intermedius Merriam
Authors: Rausch R. L. , Rausch V. R.
Published: August 2008

Heligmosomoides johnsoni sp. nov. is described from the cecum of the heather vole, Phenacomys intermedius Merriam, from the Olympic Mountains, Washington. The absence of longitudinal cuticular ridges dorsally separates H. johnsoni from species of Heligmosomoides other than H. hudsoni (Cameron, 1937), which occurs in varying lemmings, Dicrostonyx spp., and from which H. johnsoni is distinguished by its longer spicules, form of the dorsal ray, and other characters. Both Phenacomys and Dicrostonyx have a specialized cecum, with long villi around which the nematodes are found tightly coiled. The zoogeography of heligmosomid nematodes in Phenacomys is briefly discussed.
Adverse effects of 15 ppm of p,p′-DDT on three generations of Japanese quail
Authors: Carnio J. S. , McQueen D. J.
Published: August 2008

This study deals with the effects of administering 15 ppm of p,p′-DDT in the diet of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) over three generations. Four parameters were measured: (1) egg production, (2) egg fertility, (3) number of abnormal eggs produced, and (4) egg residue concentrations. A comparison of first- and third-generation data shows that egg production decreased slightly, fertility and percentage fertility decreased substantially, the production of abnormal eggs increased, and residue concentrations in the eggs increased. The study suggests that the duration of exposure may be as important as the concentration of DDT administered.
Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort, 1914) Price, 1929 in a porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) in eastern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Choquette L. P. E. , Broughton E. , Gibson G. G.
Published: August 2008

Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort, 1914) Price, 1929 was found in the portal system of a new host, the porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum (L.), from eastern Ontario. Histological examination of the conspicuously mottled liver revealed eggs of the parasite throughout the parenchyma. Many of the eggs had induced extensive granulomatous inflammatory reactions with necrosis of adjacent hepatic cells.
Seasonal activity of the toad Bufo americanus in southern Quebec as revealed by a sand-transect technique
Authors: FitzGerald G. J. , Bider J. R.
Published: August 2008

A sand-transect technique was used to study the temporospatial activity of unconfined toads during two summers. Most diel toad activity was compressed into a short period at dusk and shortly thereafter. The effects of rain, temperature, cloud cover, and change in barometric pressure on activity were investigated. Rain, temperature at dusk, and mean nocturnal temperature accounted for 36.2% of the variation in activity.
Orbiniella nuda new species (Orbiniidae) and nine new records of other sedentariate polychaetous annelids from Washington and British Columbia
Authors: Hobson Katharine D.
Published: August 2008

Orbiniella nuda, new species, is newly described from Washington. Naineris quadricuspida, Pygospio elegans, Pherusa negligens, Asclerocheilus beringianus, Euzonus williamsi, Barantolla americana, Decamastus gracilis, Mediomastus capensis, and Stygocapitella subterranea are newly recorded from Washington or from Washington and British Columbia. Most of these species have not previously been reported from the cold temperate northeastern Pacific Ocean. In addition, new descriptive information is provided for some species.
The question of dialects in the songs of white-throated sparrows
Authors: Lemon Robert E. , Harris Margaret
Published: August 2008

Four samples of songs from white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis, of coastal New Brunswick show considerable individuality in sequences of whistled syllable patterns. Sequentially, most of the information occurs in the second and third syllables which correlates with a shift of frequency in these positions. The shifts in relative pitch in the first and second positions relate to the repetition of the first class of syllable.The results indicate that dialects are not evident among these samples, although there are differences evident between them and other areas in North America. Playback experiments confirm the lack of local identity on the songs and reaffirm an earlier claim of individual identity. The large amount of sequential information and the correlation of certain variables in the songs suggest that identification of the species and individuals may result from all variables together.