bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing Mindfulness Using Construal Level Theory: A Two-Dimensional Model
Authors: Bigman-Peer Noa , Yovel Iftah
Published: August 2024

Construal Level Theory (CLT) is a well-established, comprehensive framework that provides an account of the relationship between construal level and psychological distance, and the effects they have on cognitive processing and a wide range of phenomena. In this article we present a conceptualization of mindfulness based on the theoretical foundations of CLT. In light of mindfulness definitions and current research, it is difficult to determine whether mindfulness entails low psychological distance and concrete, non-conceptual representations of experience, or high psychological distance and abstract representations. We argue that mindfulness uniquely combines both. The two-dimensional model we present posits that mindfulness is characterized by a simultaneous decreased psychological distance from external sensory experiences and increased psychological distance from internal mental experiences. We highlight the uniqueness of this quality of mindfulness, and demonstrate how the formulation presented here not only aligns well with but also integrates research on mindfulness as a state of consciousness as well as a personality disposition. We further argue that this combination underlies the beneficial effects of mindfulness and delineate how it enables individuals to leverage the advantages and mitigate the drawbacks associated with both high and low levels of construal and psychological distance. The proposed two-dimensional model resolves contradictions in the literature, aiming to deepen our understanding of mindfulness, its benefits, and core mechanisms.
Language Agents and Malevolent Design
Authors: Yum Inchul
Published: August 2024

Language agents are AI systems capable of understanding and responding to natural language, potentially facilitating the process of encoding human goals into AI systems. However, this paper argues that if language agents can achieve easy alignment, they also increase the risk of malevolent agents building harmful AI systems aligned with destructive intentions. The paper contends that if training AI becomes sufficiently easy or is perceived as such, it enables malicious actors, including rogue states, terrorists, and criminal organizations, to create powerful AI systems devoted to their nefarious aims. Given the strong incentives for such groups and the rapid progress in AI capabilities, this risk demands serious attention. In addition, the paper highlights considerations suggesting that the negative impacts of language agents may outweigh the positive ones, including the potential irreversibility of certain negative AI impacts. The overarching lesson is that various AI-related issues are intimately connected with each other, and we must recognize this interconnected nature when addressing those issues.
Expanding TBCE-related phenotype—novel variant causing rigid spine, eosinophilia, neutropenia, and nocturnal hypoxemia
Authors: Badura-Stronka Magdalena , Hirschfeld Adam Sebastian , Globa Evgenia , Winczewska-Wiktor Anna , Potulska-Chromik Anna , Kostera-Pruszczyk Anna , Wicher Dorota , Krawczyński Maciej Robert
Published: August 2024

We report three patients with the novel variant c.100 + 1G > A of the TBCE gene and describe the presented clinical phenotype in detail. We also systematically reviewed the literature for clinical similarities and dissimilarities among all known patients with pathogenic TBCE variants. The clinical phenotype observed in patients with pathogenic TBCE variants is broader than previously described. Homozygous carriers of the c.100 + 1G > A variant exhibit a markedly milder clinical course, with no deviations in the calcium-phosphate metabolism and central nervous system pathology in MRI studies. Additionally, two patients manifest highly specific symptoms such as a rigid spine, eosinophilia, neutropenia, and nocturnal hypoxemia. Furthermore, cryptorchidism was observed in male patients. The identification of the pathogenic c.100 + 1G > A variant has thus far been limited to patients of Central-Eastern European descent, suggesting a potential founder mutation in this population.
Identification of Microplane Coefficients to Reproduce the Behaviour of Ultrafine Blast-Furnace Slag Binder Grout Samples
Authors: Rodriguez-Mayorga Esperanza , Jiménez-Alonso Javier F. , Santiago-Espinal Jose A. , Ancio Fernando F. , Hortigon-Fuentes Beatriz
Published: August 2024

Ultra-fine blast-furnace slag binders have recently been introduced to repair masonry. The reduced particle diameter of these binders makes them especially suitable for use as grouts, since this characteristic enables these grouts to fill even the smallest voids. The current necessity and effectiveness of Finite Element Analysis in any process concerning construction, repair or reinforcement of building structures remains unquestionable. In this way, the calibration of Finite Element material models for their correct performance has become compulsory. Regarding quasi-brittle materials, such as mortar and grouts, the Microplane model is recommended to reproduce their behaviour. This paper is targeted towards obtaining Microplane model coefficients to exactly reproduce the behaviour of ultrafine blast-furnace slag grout samples. To this end, several compressive tests have been carried on in order to obtain the experimental stress–strain curves that define the behaviour of these samples. Furthermore, reverse engineering by means of an optimisation algorithm successfully attained the possible coefficients to reproduce this material with the Microplane model. The correctness of these coefficients has been verified with a new campaign composed of compressive tests, Double Punch tests, and flexural tests. These tests have been reproduced by Finite Element Analysis, thereby confirming the accuracy of the set of coefficients. Thus, two are the main conclusions obtained: (1) the framework for the modelling of ultra-fine blast-furnace slag grout elements based-on the Microplane model has been proposed, implemented and validated; and (2) a value for the coefficients of the abovementioned model has been proposed.
The $$*$$-Exponential as a Covering Map
Authors: Altavilla Amedeo , Mongodi Samuele
Published: August 2024

We employ tools from complex analysis to construct the $$*$$

∗

-logarithm of a quaternionic slice regular function. Our approach enables us to achieve three main objectives: we compute the monodromy associated with the $$*$$

∗

-exponential; we establish sufficient conditions for the $$*$$

∗

-product of two $$*$$

∗

-exponentials to also be a $$*$$

∗

-exponential; we calculate the slice derivative of the $$*$$

∗

-exponential of a regular function.
A Review of Software Solutions to Process Ground-based Point Clouds in Forest Applications
Authors: Murtiyoso Arnadi , Cabo Carlos , Singh Arunima , Obaya Dimas Pereira , Cherlet Wout , Stoddart Jaz , Fol Cyprien Raymi , Beloiu Schwenke Mirela , Rehush Nataliia , Stereńczak Krzysztof , Calders Kim , Griess Verena Christiane , Mokroš Martin
Published: August 2024

Purpose of Review

In recent years, the use of 3D point clouds in silviculture and forest ecology has seen a large increase in interest. With the development of novel 3D capture technologies, such as laser scanning, an increasing number of algorithms have been developed in parallel to process 3D point cloud data into more tangible results for forestry applications. From this variety of available algorithms, it can be challenging for users to decide which to apply to fulfil their goals best. Here, we present an extensive overview of point cloud acquisition and processing tools as well as their outputs for precision forestry. We then provide a comprehensive database of 24 algorithms for processing forest point clouds obtained using close-range techniques, specifically ground-based platforms.

Recent Findings

Of the 24 solutions identified, 20 are open-source, two are free software, and the remaining two are commercial products. The compiled database of solutions, along with the corresponding technical guides on installation and general use, is accessible on a web-based platform as part of the COST Action 3DForEcoTech. The database may serve the community as a single source of information to select a specific software/algorithm that works for their requirements.

We conclude that the development of various algorithms for processing point clouds offers powerful tools that can considerably impact forest inventories in the future, although we note the necessity of creating a standardisation paradigm.
Sustainability, Circularity, and Innovation in Wood-based Panel Manufacturing in the 2020s: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Garcia Rosilei , Calvez Ingrid , Koubaa Ahmed , Landry Véronic , Cloutier Alain
Published: August 2024

Purpose of review

This review explores the opportunities and challenges associated with using unconventional and underutilized wood sources, such as fast-growing species, logging residues, fire-damaged wood, and post-consumer wood, to manufacture wood-based composite panels (WBCPs), particularly particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and oriented strand board. This paper also discusses recent advancements in lightweight and multifunctional panels, with new features such as fire resistance, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic shielding, and antibacterial laminates.

Recent findings

Climate change, wildfires, and competition from the energy sector threaten current sources of fiber supply for WBCP manufacturing in some regions. Logging residues are abundant but underutilized in some areas, and the abundance of fire-damaged wood is expected to increase in the coming years due to climate change. These raw materials’ effects on panel properties and technological limitations are discussed. Recycled wood is increasingly used for non-structural panels, but challenges remain when it comes to recycling panels, particularly post-consumer MDF. Conventional and emerging materials used in lightweight and multifunctional panels are also presented. Natural substances like cellulose, nanocellulose, chitosan, lignin, protein, and phytic acid are promising alternatives to conventional fire retardants. Innovative products such as MDF that contains carbon-based conductive fibers and antimicrobial laminates that use green-synthesized metal compounds are also reported.

This review shows that the WBCP industry can improve its sustainability by optimizing and diversifying wood sources, better managing and recycling post-consumer panels, and using more environmentally friendly materials. The hazardous chemicals in adhesives, fire retardants, and coatings are the main obstacles to recycling panels and creating a more circular economy within the WBCP industry.
Proposal of a Compact Neuro-Fuzzy Adaptive Controller for Filling Regulation of Two Coupled Spherical Tanks
Authors: Espitia Helbert , Machón Iván , López Hilario
Published: August 2024

This paper displays the set up and simulation of a compact neuro-fuzzy adaptive scheme for the filling regulation of two coupled spherical tanks. The suggested scheme employs two compact neuro-fuzzy blocks: the first one to model the plant, and the second one for the controller implementation. In this scheme, the controller is trained employing the fuzzy model estimated with data of the system working in closed-loop. Thus, the controller optimization iteratively is performed when plant variations occur. The work also includes the deduction of the equations for training, showing the adaptive process employing neuro-fuzzy systems. Moreover, the training (optimization) process of the controller’s neuro-fuzzy system includes within the adjustment function the control action and the error signal. Various experimental cases are considered using statistical analysis to verify behaviors in the adaptive control system. In this order, the main contribution of this work consists of the adjustment (coupling) of two structures of compact neuro-fuzzy systems used for identification and control, as well as the deduction and adjustment of the training algorithms to implement the adaptive control system.
Assessment of the persisting effects of increased public funding for agriculture in Nigeria
Authors: Hatzenbuehler Patrick L. , Mavrotas George
Published: August 2024

Recent economywide forecast studies have identified government funding as essential for agricultural sector development and modernization in Nigeria. However, like many African countries, Nigeria has had challenges in meeting public agricultural expenditure pledges on a consistent basis. Despite volatility in public funding for agriculture from year to year, the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) of 2011–2015, an agricultural policy initiative led by the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, represented a distinct departure from previous agricultural policies because of its multifaceted approach that included both increased expenditures on agricultural programs and other reforms designed to enhance agricultural modernization. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is empirical evidence of persisting effects from implementation of the ATA and to characterize such types of effects. The empirical analysis included both trade and farm household data, and the results showed that imports of seeds (maize and vegetables) and herbicides/pesticides were higher and less variable in the ATA and post-ATA period than in the pre-ATA period. Additionally, higher percentages of farm households purchased fertilizer and seed and used herbicide in the post-ATA period than in the early ATA period.
How well do couples know their partners’ preferences? Experimental evidence from joint recreation
Authors: Boto-García David , Mariel Petr
Published: August 2024

There are many situations in which one partner must make decisions on behalf of the couple. In such cases, incomplete knowledge about the partner’s likes and desires might lead to suboptimal decisions. This paper investigates whether individuals hold accurate beliefs about their partners’ tastes. In particular, we look at gender differences in knowledge about one’s partner’s preferences in the context of joint recreation. We conduct a Discrete Choice Experiment on a sample of couples from northern Spain to elicit the individual’s own and their prediction of their partner’s preferences for travel characteristics. Using Latent Class Modelling (LCM) to allow for preference heterogeneity, we find that, in general terms, both partners hold pretty accurate beliefs about the other’s likes and dislikes when selecting a travel package. Nonetheless, males are found to know their female partner’s preferences slightly better.
Effects of Automation on Mexican Automotive Employment: 2013–2022
Authors: Márquez Stone Vladimir , Sandoval Cabrera Seyka Verónica
Published: August 2024

This article analyses the empirical relationship between the introduction of automation technology—industrial robots—and the employment and wages of workers in the Mexican automotive industry from 2013 to 2022. Drawing on contemporary debates surrounding automation and technological unemployment, we describe the Mexican labour market’s conditions in the context of trade openness, the technological capabilities of the Mexican automotive industry, and the implementation of industrial robots. We examine this relationship using a random effects panel data model across 14 Mexican states, constructed with values from the Monthly Survey of the Manufacturing Industry (EMIM), the Mexican Ministry of Economy (SE), and the International Federation of Robotics. Our results suggest that adopting industrial robots correlates positively with the employment and salaries of automobile sector workers in the study period. We discuss the implications of changes in jobs and wages in the Mexican automotive industry, highlighting the consequences of technological change.
Teaching Practice and Coping with Disruptive Behavior: An Analysis in Light of the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition
Authors: Ødegård Magnar , Duesund Liv
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we build on The Model of Skill Acquisition (The Skill Model), presented by H. L. Dreyfus and S. E. Dreyfus (1986) in their book “Mind over Machine”. We also build and expand on Benner, P. in (From novice to expert: Excellence and power in clinical nursing practice 2001), Duesund, L. in (Kropp, kunnskap og selvoppfatning. [Body knowledge and self-concept] 1995), Duesund, L., & Jespersen, E. in (Skill acquisition in ski instruction and the skill model’s application. Bulletin Sci Technol & Soc, 24(3):225–233, 2004), and Ødegård, M. in (A comparative stuy of disruptive behavior between schools in Norway and the United States, 2017) who apply the Skill Model to teaching practice. The model has been applied in many areas, like sports, engineering, moral judgment, nursing, medical practices, and professional development. In this article, we connect the model to narratives gathered in the research project “Teachers’ Skillful Coping with Disruptive Behavior in Norwegian and American Classrooms”. The interview data come from 40 Norwegian teachers working in lower and upper secondary schools and high schools. We apply the data anecdotally to display teachers’ development and utilization of their skills when coping with disruptions in class. Implications for teacher education and practice are discussed, particularly highlighting the movement from novice to expert.
Multiple Instance Pathology Image Diagnosis Model based on Channel Attention and Data Augmentation
Authors: Wan Tianjiang , Tian Jingmin , Wei Ping , Li Junli
Published: August 2024

The application of machine learning in the medical field has resulted in significant advancements in computer-aided pathological diagnosis. Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as a promising approach for pathological image classification, particularly in scenarios where local annotations are lacking. However, current MIL models often overlook the importance of feature weights in the channel dimension and struggle with imbalanced positive and negative data. To address these limitations, an integration of a channel attention (CA) module and an augmented data (AUG) mechanism into the MIL model is proposed, resulting in improved performance. The CA module dynamically assigns weights to example features in the channel dimension, enhancing or suppressing features adaptively. Additionally, the AUG mechanism effectively balances the distribution of positive and negative data, significantly reducing false negatives. Through ablation experiments, the contributions of the CA module and AUG mechanism in enhancing the overall model performance are analyzed. Experimental validations on the CAMELYON16/17 public pathological image datasets demonstrate that the proposed model and method outperform existing approaches, with particular emphasis on reducing false negatives.
Investigation of low-latitude nighttime geomagnetic pulsation events occurred under variable IMF and solar conditions
Authors: Takla Emad M. H. , Khashaba Ahmed Amin
Published: August 2024

Disturbances in the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and solar conditions can affect the geomagnetic field measurements. In the current study, the influence of IMF and solar fluctuations on the nighttime Pc3-5 and Pi2 pulsations at low latitudes is investigated. Geomagnetic data recorded by the Egyptian geomagnetic observatories are used to examine the occurrence of nighttime pulsation events in Egypt. The corresponding daytime data from the Honolulu (HON) INTERMAGNET observatory were used for comparison between nighttime and daytime pulsation activity aiming for a better understanding of their sources. Two pulsation activities occurred on 7 and 27 February 2014 under different IMF and solar conditions were examined. Results of data analysis indicate that geomagnetic field fluctuations (Pc3-5 and Pi2 pulsations) are affected by changes in the IMF and solar conditions. The occurrence of space weather events such as geomagnetic storms and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) can significantly affect the coherence and correlations between the pulsation wave-packets observed at nighttime and daytime suggesting different generation mechanisms for each pulsation event.
Distribution and Drivers of Organic Carbon Sedimentation Along the Continental Margins
Authors: Tegler Logan A. , Horner Tristan J. , Galy Valier , Bent Shavonna M. , Wang Yi , Kim Heather H. , Mete Öykü Z. , Nielsen Sune G.
Published: August 2024

Organic carbon (OC) sedimentation in marine sediments is the largest long‐term sink of atmospheric CO2 after silicate weathering. Understanding the mechanistic and quantitative aspects of OC delivery and preservation in marine sediments is critical for predicting the role of the oceans in modulating global climate. Yet, estimates of the global OC sedimentation in marginal settings span an order of magnitude, and the primary controls of OC preservation remain highly debated. Here, we provide the first global bottom‐up estimate of OC sedimentation along the margins using a synthesis of literature data. We quantify both terrestrial‐ and marine‐sourced OC fluxes and perform a statistical analysis to discern the key factors influencing their magnitude. We find that the margins host 23.2 ± 3.5 Tmol of OC sedimentation annually, with approximately 84% of marine origin. Accordingly, we calculate that only 2%–3% of OC exported from the euphotic zone escapes remineralization before sedimentation. Surprisingly, over half of all global OC sedimentation occurs below bottom waters with oxygen concentrations greater than 180 μM, while less than 4% occurs in settings with <50 μM oxygen. This challenges the prevailing paradigm that bottom‐water oxygen (BWO) is the primary control on OC preservation. Instead, our statistical analysis reveals that water depth is the most significant predictor of OC sedimentation, surpassing all other factors investigated, including BWO levels and sea‐surface chlorophyll concentrations. This finding suggests that the primary control on OC sedimentation is not production, but the ability of OC to resist remineralization during transit through the water column and while settling on the seafloor.
Nonlinear Inversion for a Multilayer Seismic S‐Wave Attenuation Model Using Radiative Transfer Theory
Authors: van Laaten Marcel , Wegler Ulrich
Published: August 2024

We numerically solve the acoustic radiative transfer equation for seismic S‐waves via Monte Carlo simulation. By assuming a von Kármán‐type random medium with anisotropic scattering, we are able to simulate a realistic medium and determine its attenuation properties. In this study, we present an improved method, called QEST, to determine the frequency‐dependent intrinsic and scattering attenuation by nonlinear envelope inversion for a 1‐D multilayer model. Additionally, the spectral source energy of earthquakes and the energy site amplification of stations are determined. The code was applied to real data from the northern and southern Leipzig‐Regensburg fault zone (LRZ), Germany, as well as fluid‐induced earthquakes at the Insheim geothermal reservoir, Germany. The attenuation was analyzed in several frequency bands between 4.2 and 33.9 Hz and between 6.0 and 67.9 Hz, respectively. The inversion results reveal that the crystalline crustal subsurface along the LRZ shows little to no depth dependence, but there are differences in attenuation between the north and south. At Insheim, the near‐surface sedimentary basin exhibits significantly greater absorption and scattering than the crystalline basement. The inversion also shows that isotropic scattering can be an oversimplification and thus underestimate attenuation.
Retreat of the Bay of Bengal Summer Monsoon
Authors: Li Qiuchi , Liu Lin , Duan Yongliang , Yang Guang , Yang Yang , Luo Yulan , Zeng Ai
Published: August 2024

The Bay of Bengal summer monsoon (BOBSM) is the most prominent branch of the Asian summer monsoon system, which exhibits complex interannual variability. While previous studies have focused on the onset conditions of the BOBSM, less attention has been paid to the retreat of the BOBSM. In this study, we propose an index to measure BOBSM retreat, based on the mean zonal wind field at 850 hPa during the summer‐to‐winter monsoon transitions. By analyzing the climatic characteristics and interannual variability of the BOBSM retreat using this index, we find that BOBSM retreat exhibits significant interannual variability, which is closely related to the occurrence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events. Statistically, when a positive IOD event takes place in the boreal autumn season, the retreat of the summer monsoon occurs earlier correspondingly. Conversely, the retreat is delayed when a negative IOD event occurs.
Insights Into Lunar Basaltic Volcanism From Mare Domes Superposed by Ring‐Moat Dome Structures (RMDSs) in Mare Tranquillitatis
Authors: Zhang Feng , Head James W. , Wilson Lionel , Meng Yibo , Wӧhler Christian , Guo Dijun , Niu Shengli , Bugiolacchi Roberto , Qiao Le , Dang Yanan , Liu Yang , Zou Yongliao
Published: August 2024

Mare domes (interpreted to be a type of shield volcano) represent one important endmember of a variety of volcanic edifices occurring across the volcanic plains on the Moon, whereas Ring‐Moat Dome Structures (RMDSs) are interpreted to reflect the thermodynamic behavior of plain‐forming mare flows during their emplacement and cooling. A comprehensive study of the direct association between mare domes and RMDSs can not only provide deep insights into their formation mechanisms but also yield key information on the nature of mantle sources. We characterized a total of 200 mare domes and more than 6,400 RMDSs within Mare Tranquillitatis using multiple sets of imagery and topography data. RMDS‐bearing domes (80 out of 200) are on average larger than those hosting no RMDSs (average diameter 10.2 vs. 5.5 km) and have lower height/diameter (H/D) ratios (0.01 vs. 0.02) and flank slopes (1.2° vs. 2°). We attribute the presence of RMDSs on some domes to be due to relatively higher effusion rates forming longer thinner flows, producing favorable conditions for the formation of RMDSs. The average diameter of the RMDSs on mare domes (226 m, n = 1,027) appears to be slightly smaller than those located in mare plains (256 m, n = 527). This may be due to slope effects and that the relatively thicker off‐dome part of flows undergoes a relatively higher degree inflation process, producing slightly larger RMDSs. We adapt the RMDS‐formation theoretical model to shallow subcrustal magma reservoir model to account for the Tranquillitatis dome‐RMDS associations.
The Surprising Factor Making the United States a Tornado Hot Spot
Authors: Pathak Sushmita
Published: August 2024

The roughness of terrain far upstream of where tornadoes occur can affect their formation. It could be what drives the contrast in tornado activity between North and South America.
Weakened Subtropical Westerlies and Their Deflection by the Tibetan Plateau Contribute to Drying Southeastern China in Early Spring
Authors: Zeng Zhuoyu , Yang Song , Wang Ziqian , Luo Haolin , Deng Kaiqiang
Published: August 2024

An obvious long‐term drying trend in recent early springs (February–March–April) is observed over southeastern China (SEC). Here, we attribute this drying to the weakened subtropical westerlies and deflected by the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Climatologically, the low‐level southwesterlies at the southeastern margin of the TP, a branch of the upstream subtropical westerly jet deflected by the TP terrain, bring water vapor to SEC and the southerlies move upward over SEC mainly through isentropic gliding mechanism, inducing persistent precipitation in early spring. However, the subtropical westerlies weakened significantly in recent decades due potentially to the decreased Eurasian snow cover. Consequently, an easterly trend appears along the southern margin of the TP with anomalous northeasterlies over SEC. These northeasterlies suppress both moisture supply and upward motions over SEC, and reduce regional early spring precipitation. Our results highlight the interaction between the TP terrain and the weakened subtropical westerlies that leads to the drying SEC.
A Two‐Stage Geodynamic Model for Post‐Collisional Potassic‐Ultrapotassic Magmatism in Southeast Tibet
Authors: Geng Xianlei , Tian Shihong , Xu Wei , Chen Lu , Lu Na , Liang Zhengwei , Hu Wenjie , Liu Jiawen
Published: August 2024

Post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic rocks can provide key clues to the change of the recycled material type and/or tectonic transition in subduction‐related zones. Despite continental materials widely recognized in their sources, it remains unclear whether such continental materials were contributed by former oceanic subduction or recent continental subduction. Here we address this issue by systematically investigating previously reported and our new chemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the post‐collisional K‐rich rocks in Southeast Tibet. Kink‐like compositional variations provide solid evidence for a primary control of fractional crystallization on the evolution of these K‐rich magmas. Their primary melts are demonstrated to have been produced by partial melting of phlogopite‐bearing peridotites in subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic signatures argue against involvement of the deeply subducted Indian continent but suggest a great contribution from sediments in oceanic slabs. A thinned (∼70–100 km) and hot (∼55–70 mW/m2) lithosphere is also unraveled beneath Southeast Tibet during the potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism. Together with geophysical data, here we suggest a two‐stage geodynamic model for post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism in Southeast Tibet: (a) Before the Indian‐Asia continental collision, phlogopite/K‐richterite‐bearing SCLM sources were formed through oceanic subduction‐related metasomatism; (b) After the Indian‐Asia continental collision, asthenosphere upwelling induced by post‐collisional tectonic extension or deep subduction of the Indian continental slab caused lithospheric thinning, partial melting of pre‐existing phlogopite/K‐richterite‐rich SCLM and thus K‐rich magmatism. This study provides new insights into the role of oceanic subduction and continental collision in post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism.
Activation of Dissolution‐Precipitation Creep Causes Weakening and Viscous Behavior in Experimentally Deformed Antigorite
Authors: Tulley C. J. , ten Thij L. , Niemeijer A. R. , Hamers M. F. , Fagereng Å.
Published: August 2024

Antigorite occurs at seismogenic depth along plate boundary shear zones, particularly in subduction and oceanic transform settings, and has been suggested to control a low‐strength bulk rheology. To constrain dominant deformation mechanisms, we perform hydrothermal ring‐shear experiments on antigorite and antigorite‐quartz mixtures at temperatures between 20 and 500°C at 150 MPa effective normal stress. Pure antigorite is strain hardening, with frictional coefficient (μ) > 0.5, and developed cataclastic microstructures. In contrast, antigorite‐quartz mixtures (10% quartz) are strain weakening with μ decreasing with temperature from 0.36 at 200°C to 0.22 at 500°C. Antigorite‐quartz mixtures developed foliation similar to natural serpentinite shear zones. Although antigorite‐quartz reactions may form mechanically weak talc, we only find small, localized amounts of talc in our deformed samples, and room temperature friction is higher than expected for talc. Instead, we propose that the observed weakening at temperatures ≥200°C primarily results from silica dissolution leading to a lowered pore‐fluid pH that increases antigorite solubility and dissolution rate and thus the rate of dissolution‐precipitation creep. We suggest that under our experimental conditions, efficient dissolution‐precipitation creep coupled to grain boundary sliding results in a mechanically weak frictional‐viscous rheology. Antigorite with this rheology is much weaker than antigorite deforming frictionally, and strength is sensitive to effective normal stress and strain rate. The activation of dissolution‐precipitation in antigorite may allow steady or transient creep at low driving stress where antigorite solubility and dissolution rate are high relative to strain rate, for example, in faults juxtaposing serpentinite with quartz‐bearing rocks.
Concurrent and longitudinal neurostructural correlates of irritability in children
Authors: Archer Camille , Jeong Hee Jung , Reimann Gabrielle E. , Durham E. Leighton , Moore Tyler M. , Wang Shuti , Ashar Devisi A. , Kaczkurkin Antonia N.
Published: August 2024

Irritability, or an increased proneness to frustration and anger, is common in youth; however, few studies have examined neurostructural correlates of irritability in children. The purpose of the current study was to examine concurrent and longitudinal associations between brain structure and irritability in a large sample of 9–10-year-old children. Participants included 10,647 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Developmentsm Study (ABCD Study®). We related a latent irritability factor to gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and surface area in 68 cortical regions and to gray matter volume in 19 subcortical regions using structural equation modeling. Multiple comparisons were adjusted for using the false discovery rate (FDR). After controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, scanner model, parent’s highest level of education, medication use, and total intracranial volume, irritability was associated with smaller volumes in primarily temporal and parietal regions at baseline. Longitudinal analyses showed that baseline gray matter volume did not predict irritability symptoms at the 3rd-year follow-up. No significant associations were found for cortical thickness or surface area. The current study demonstrates inverse associations between irritability and volume in regions implicated in emotional processing/social cognition, attention allocation, and movement/perception. We advance prior research by demonstrating that neurostructural differences associated with irritability are already apparent by age 9–10 years, extending this work to children and supporting theories positing socioemotional deficits as a key feature of irritability.
Chrdl1-mediated BMP4 inhibition disrupts the balance between retinal neurons and Müller Glia
Authors: Liu Dongmei , Pu Zeyuan , Li Baige , Tan Gao , Xie Ting , Shen Yin
Published: August 2024

Chordin-like 1 (CHRDL1) is a secreted protein that serves as an endogenous antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). In the developing retina, Bmp4 has been demonstrated to be essential for sustaining the proliferation of progenitor cells and facilitating the differentiation of glial cells. Despite these efforts, the precise effects of Bmp4 inhibition on the developing retina are yet to be fully understood. We sought to address this question by overexpressing Chrdl1 in the developing retina. In this study, we explored the impact of Bmp4 inhibition on the developing mouse retina by conditionally overexpressing the Bmp4 inhibitor Chrdl1. Initially, we characterized the expression patterns of Bmp4 and Chrdl1 in the developing mouse retina from E10.5 to P12.5. Additionally, we utilized various molecular markers to demonstrate that Bmp4 inhibition disrupts both neuronal and Müller glial differentiation in the developing mouse retina. Moreover, through the application of RNA-seq analysis, distinctively expressed retinal genes under the modulation of Bmp4 signaling were discerned, encompassing the upregulation of Id1/2/3/4 and Hes1/5, as well as the downregulation of Neurod1/2/4 and Bhlhe22/23. Lastly, electroretinogram (ERG) and optomotor response (OMR) assays were conducted to illustrate that Bmp4 inhibition impairs the functional connectivity of various cells in the retina and consequently affects visual function. Collectively, this study demonstrates that inhibiting Bmp4 promotes the differentiation of retinal neurons over Müller glia by activating the expression of genes associated with neuron specification. These findings offer molecular insights into the role of Bmp4 signaling in mammalian retinal development.
Experimental warming and drying increase older carbon contributions to soil respiration in lowland tropical forests
Authors: McFarlane Karis J. , Cusack Daniela F. , Dietterich Lee H. , Hedgpeth Alexandra L. , Finstad Kari M. , Nottingham Andrew T.
Published: August 2024

Tropical forests account for over 50% of the global terrestrial carbon sink, but climate change threatens to alter the carbon balance of these ecosystems. We show that warming and drying of tropical forest soils may increase soil carbon vulnerability, by increasing degradation of older carbon. In situ whole-profile heating by 4 °C and 50% throughfall exclusion each increased the average radiocarbon age of soil CO2 efflux by ~2–3 years, but the mechanisms underlying this shift differed. Warming accelerated decomposition of older carbon as increased CO2 emissions depleted newer carbon. Drying suppressed decomposition of newer carbon inputs and decreased soil CO2 emissions, thereby increasing contributions of older carbon to CO2 efflux. These findings imply that both warming and drying, by accelerating the loss of older soil carbon or reducing the incorporation of fresh carbon inputs, will exacerbate soil carbon losses and negatively impact carbon storage in tropical forests under climate change.
Synergistic activation by Glass and Pointed promotes neuronal identity in the Drosophila eye disc
Authors: Wang Hongsu , Bollepogu Raja Komal Kumar , Yeung Kelvin , Morrison Carolyn A. , Terrizzano Antonia , Khodadadi-Jamayran Alireza , Chen Phoenix , Jordan Ashley , Fritsch Cornelia , Sprecher Simon G. , Mardon Graeme , Treisman Jessica E.
Published: August 2024

The integration of extrinsic signaling with cell-intrinsic transcription factors can direct progenitor cells to differentiate into distinct cell fates. In the developing Drosophila eye, differentiation of photoreceptors R1–R7 requires EGFR signaling mediated by the transcription factor Pointed, and our single-cell RNA-Seq analysis shows that the same photoreceptors require the eye-specific transcription factor Glass. We find that ectopic expression of Glass and activation of EGFR signaling synergistically induce neuronal gene expression in the wing disc in a Pointed-dependent manner. Targeted DamID reveals that Glass and Pointed share many binding sites in the genome of developing photoreceptors. Comparison with transcriptomic data shows that Pointed and Glass induce photoreceptor differentiation through intermediate transcription factors, including the redundant homologs Scratch and Scrape, as well as directly activating neuronal effector genes. Our data reveal synergistic activation of a multi-layered transcriptional network as the mechanism by which EGFR signaling induces neuronal identity in Glass-expressing cells.
Amorphous (lysine)2PbI2 layer enhanced perovskite photovoltaics
Authors: Wen Yehui , Zhang Tianchi , Wang Xingtao , Liu Tiantian , Wang Yu , Zhang Rui , Kan Miao , Wan Li , Ning Weihua , Wang Yong , Yang Deren
Published: August 2024

Passivation materials play a crucial role in a wide range of high-efficiency, high-stability photovoltaic applications based on crystalline silicon and state-of-the-art perovskite materials. Currently, for perovskite photovoltaic, the mainstream passivation strategies routinely rely on crystalline materials. Herein, we have invented a new amorphous (lysine)2PbI2 layer-enhanced halide perovskite. By utilizing a solid phase reaction between PbI2 and lysine molecule, an amorphous (lysine)2PbI2 layer is formed at surface/grain boundaries in the perovskite films. The amorphous (lysine)2PbI2 with fewer dangling bonds can effectively neutralize surface/interface defects, achieving an impressive efficiency of 26.27% (certified 25.94%). Moreover, this amorphous layer not only reduces crystal lattice stress but also functions as a barrier against the decomposition of organic components, leading to suppressed de-structuring of perovskite and highly stable perovskite solar cells.
Automatic detection of CO2 rebreathing during BiPAP ventilation
Authors: Szkulmowski Zbigniew , Robert Dominique , Karłowska-Pik Joanna , Argaud Laurent
Published: August 2024

Carbon dioxide rebreathing (CO2 rebreathing) significantly influences respiratory drive and the work of breathing during BiPAP ventilation. We analyzed CO2 movement during BiPAP ventilation to find a method of real time detection of CO2 rebreathing without the need of CO2 concentration measurement sampled from the circuit (method expensive and not routinely used). Observational study during routine care in 15 bed university hospital ICU. At 18 patients who required BiPAP ventilation, intubated or during noninvasive ventilation, during weaning period airflow, pressure and CO2 concentration signals were registered on both sides of venting port and 17 respiratory parameters were measured or calculated for each of 4747 respiratory cycles analyzed. Based on CO2 movement (expiration–inspiration sequences) 3 types of cycle were identified, type I and II do not induce rebreathing but type III does. To test differences between the 3 types ANOVA, t-tests, and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) were used. Then a multilayer perceptron (MLP) network, a type of artificial neural network, using the above parameters (excluding CO2 concentration) was applied to automatically identify the three types of respiratory cycles. Of the 4747 respiratory cycles, 1849 were type I, 1545 type II, and 1353 type III. ANOVA and t-tests showed significant differences between the types of respiratory cycles. CDA confirmed a correct apportionment of 93.9% of the cycles; notably, of 97.9% of type III. MLP automatically classified the respiratory cycles into the three types with 98.8% accuracy. Three types of respiratory cycles could be distinguished based on CO2 movement during BiPAP ventilation. Artificial neural networks can be used to automatically detect respiratory cycle type III, the only inducing CO2 rebreathing.
Carbon paste based sensor for sensitive Cr(III) ion determination in different water samples and anti-diabetic supplement
Authors: Ali Aya E. , Mohamed Asmaa M. , Mohamed Gehad G.
Published: August 2024

A modified carbon paste sensor based on N,N′-(((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(pyridine-2-amine; BPA Schiff base as Cr(III) selective carrier was fabricated and studied in this work. The proposed sensor homogenization and mechanism of action was studied by infra-red (IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) tools. The sensor covered 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10–1 mol L−1 linear range and a detection limit of 7.22 × 10–8 mol L−1 for Cr(III) with 20.17 ± 0.13 mV decade−1 Nernstian slope. 5 s was the response time of the prepared sensor and it was reproducible and stable for 3 months. The working pH range was 3.3–6.0 and it also works well to determine Cr(III) ion in presence of water miscible solvents up to 12.5% content of the methanol and 17.5% of ethanol. The electrode’s selectivity was studied using separate and mixed solution methods for selectivity coefficients determination and the sensor showed good selectivity relative to a variety of metal ions (selectivity coefficients = 1.01 × 10−5–8.57 × 10−3). In addition, the practical analysis value of the sensor was demonstrated by measurement of Cr(III) quantitatively in mineral water, supplement and also as an indicator electrode in Cr(III) against EDTA potentiometric titration with good reproducibility (RSDs of 0.91–2.15%).
Structure and dimerization properties of the plant-specific copper chaperone CCH
Authors: Dluhosch Dominik , Kersten Lisa Sophie , Schott-Verdugo Stephan , Hoppen Claudia , Schwarten Melanie , Willbold Dieter , Gohlke Holger , Groth Georg
Published: August 2024

Copper chaperones of the ATX1 family are found in a wide range of organisms where these essential soluble carriers strictly control the transport of monovalent copper across the cytoplasm to various targets in diverse cellular compartments thereby preventing detrimental radical formation catalyzed by the free metal ion. Notably, the ATX1 family in plants contains two distinct forms of the cellular copper carrier. In addition to ATX1 having orthologs in other species, they also contain the copper chaperone CCH. The latter features an extra C-terminal extension whose function is still unknown. The secondary structure of this extension was predicted to be disordered in previous studies, although this has not been experimentally confirmed. Solution NMR studies on purified CCH presented in this study disclose that this region is intrinsically disordered regardless of the chaperone’s copper loading state. Further biophysical analyses of the purified metallochaperone provide evidence that the C-terminal extension stabilizes chaperone dimerization in the copper-free and copper-bound states. A variant of CCH lacking the C-terminal extension, termed CCHΔ, shows weaker dimerization but similar copper binding. Computational studies further corroborate the stabilizing role of the C-terminal extension in chaperone dimerization and identify key residues that are vital to maintaining dimer stability.
Quantitative and qualitative assessment of airborne microorganisms during gross anatomical class and the bacterial and fungal load on formalin-embalmed corpses
Authors: Keiler Jonas , Bast Antje , Reimer Jessy , Kipp Markus , Warnke Philipp
Published: August 2024

Mold growth on body donations remains an underreported yet serious issue in anatomical teaching. Bacterial and fungal growth pose health risks to lecturers and students, alongside with ethical and aesthetic concerns. However, limited information exists on the presence of bacteria and fungi on body donations and their underlying causes. To investigate the potential impact of airborne germs on body donation contamination, we conducted indoor air measurements before, during, and after our anatomical dissection course, with outdoor measurements serving as a control. Tissue samples from the dissected body donations were collected to assess the germ load, with qualitative and quantitative microbiological analyses. Air samples from the dissection hall contained no fungi, but various fungal species were identified in the adjacent stairways and outdoors which implies that fungal occurrence in the dissection hall air was independent of lecturers’ and students’ presence. Moreover, our results indicate that adequate ventilation filters can effectively reduce indoor fungal germs during courses, while the bacterial load in room air appears to increase, likely due to the presence of lecturers and students. Additionally, the tissue samples revealed no bacterial or fungal germs which implies that our ethanol-formalin-based embalming solution demonstrates an effective long-term antimicrobial preservation of corpses.