bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Based Selectivity in the Synthesis of Di(2‐aryl‐1H‐3‐indolyl) Sulfides and 1‐Aryl‐2‐[(2‐aryl‐1H‐3‐indolyl)sulfanyl]‐1‐ethanones.
Authors: Chitra Selvam , Paul Nidhin , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam , Manisankar Paramasivam
Published: May 2012

A protic solvent favors the formation of bisindoles from sulfides (I) and phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, whereas an aprotic solvent prefers the formation of the corresponding monoindole.The reaction of sulfide (I) with phenylhydrazine in both types of solvents affords only the bis‐ and monohydrazones, correspondingly.
ChemInform Abstract: Multistep One‐Pot Synthesis of Enantioenriched Polysubstituted Cyclopenta[b]indoles.
Authors: Xu Biao , Guo Zhi‐Lei , Jin Wan‐Yan , Wang Zhi‐Ping , Peng Yun‐Gui , Guo Qi‐Xiang
Published: May 2012

Consecutive chiral thiourea catalyzed α‐alkylation of an aldehyde with indolylmethanol derivatives, and two Broensted acid catalyzed Friedel—Crafts alkylation reactions with indoles at room temperature provide the title compounds in most cases as single diastereomers and with up to 99% enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Pyrazole Derivatives as Antimalarial Agents.
Authors: Bekhit Adnan A. , Hymete Ariaya , Asfaw Henok , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din A.
Published: May 2012

Title compounds are synthesized starting by Vilsmeier—Haack reaction of hydrazones (I).
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted Imidazolidin‐2‐ones from Fused‐Ring Aziridines.
Authors: Maciagiewicz Iwona M. , Fang Fang , Roberts Dennis A. , Zhou Shu , Hines Jennifer V. , Bergmeier Stephen C.
Published: May 2012

In continuation of an antibacterial discovery project, the ring‐opening/rearrangement reaction of bicyclic oxaziridines with primary amines and KOtBu is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aminooxazolines from Isonitriles and Iodine.
Authors: Yu Hui , Li Yu Zhe , Liu Qiong , Zhang Mei Shu , Sun Wen Liang
Published: May 2012

Imidoyl diiodides are formed in situ which are trapped by 2‐aminoethanol derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis and QSAR Study of Cytotoxic 2‐(4‐Oxo‐thiazolidin‐2‐ylidene)‐2‐cyano‐N‐arylacetamides.
Authors: George Riham F.
Published: May 2012

Thiazolidinone derivatives (V) are stereoselectively obtained as (Z)‐isomers via reaction of amides (III) with chloroacetyl chloride (IV) under basic condition.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Benzyl Azide to Two Highly Functionalized Alkynes.
Authors: Farooq Tahir , Haug Bengt Erik , Sydnes Leiv K. , Toernroos Karl W.
Published: May 2012

The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of benzylazide to alkynes (I) and (V), under CuI‐catalysis provides the expected 1,4‐disubstituted triazoles (III) and (VI), resp., as major products.
ChemInform Abstract: Flavone—Nitrogen Heterocycle Conjugate Formation by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions.
Authors: Sousa Regina M. S. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Silva Artur M. S. , Vaz Serra Vanda , Barros Ana I. R. N. A. , Faustino Maria A. F. , Neves Maria G. P. M. S. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S.
Published: May 2012

The reactions of glycine substrates such as (I) or (XVII) and formaldehyde with various dipolarophiles allows the construction of a variety of flavone—nitrogen heterocyclic products.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Synthesis of Isocoumarins and α‐Pyrones by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative C—H/O—H Bond Cleavages.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Pospech Jola , Graczyk Karolina , Rauch Karsten
Published: May 2012

Aryl‐substituted alkynes and electron‐rich carboxylic acids are preferentially converted.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Benzofurocoumarin Analogues and Their anti‐Proliferative Effect on Human Cancer Cell Lines.
Authors: Francisco Carla S. , Rodrigues Ligia R. , Cerqueira Nuno M. F. S. A. , Oliveira‐Campos Ana M. F. , Rodrigues Ligia M.
Published: May 2012

Five new tetracyclic benzofurocoumarin (benzopsoralen) analogues are synthesized and their inhibitory effects on the growth of three human tumor cell lines (breast adenocarcinoma, cervix adenocarcinoma, and bladder transitional cell carcinoma) are evaluated and discussed in terms of structure‐activity‐relationship.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroarylation of Azine N‐Oxides.
Authors: Gosselin Francis , Savage Scott J. , Blaquiere Nicole , Staben Steven T.
Published: May 2012

The process is highly efficient for the preparation of various heterobiaryl structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Green Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives in N‐Butyl Pyridinium Tetrafluoroborate.
Authors: Wu Xiao Yun
Published: May 2012

The presented dehydropyridine synthesis in N‐butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate provides high yields in short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Fused Indolines Through Non‐Carbonyl‐Stabilized Rhodium Carbenoid C—H Insertion of N‐Aziridinyl Imines.
Authors: Mahoney Stuart J. , Fillion Eric
Published: May 2012

The reaction proceeds best when catalyzed by Rh2((S)‐MEPY)4 but it delivers racemic products.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploiting the Divergent Reactivity of Isocyanoacetates: One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Functionalized Angular Furoquinolines.
Authors: Bouma Marinus J. , Masson Geraldine , Zhu Jieping
Published: May 2012

A three‐component reaction of α‐isocyanoacetates bearing an electron‐withdrawing substituent at α‐position (II) with o‐alkynylanilines (I) and aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes (III), (V) proceeds smoothly without the need for additive or catalyst to afford title furoquinolines (IV) and (VI) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of a Full‐Color‐Tunable Fluorescent Core Framework Through Direct C—H (Hetero)arylation of N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Liu Bo , Wang Zhi , Wu Ningjie , Li Mingliang , You Jingsong , Lan Jingbo
Published: May 2012

Indolizines, electron‐rich and electron‐deficient heteroarenes such as (VII), and fluorobenzene (IX) are efficiently arylated by various chlorobenzenes in the presence of an optimized catalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: Naphtho[2,1‐h]isoquinolines: A New Class of Partially Reduced Polycyclic Aromatic Nucleus.
Authors: Pratap Ramendra , Raghunandan Resmi , Maulik P. R. , Ram Vishnu Ji
Published: May 2012

The title compounds are obtained through base‐catalyzed ring transformation of nitriles (I) by a carbanion, generated in situ from piperidones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of Imino‐Protected Cyclic Guanidine Derivatives from Diamines.
Authors: Yuan Jian Hai , Yang Xiao Xiao , Lin Hao , Wang De Xin
Published: May 2012

A simple synthesis of 2‐iminoimidazolidines (III) is achieved by thermal reaction of bis‐protected isothiourea reagents (I) with aliphatic α,ω‐diamines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Strontium Chloride‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones in Protic Media.
Authors: Wang Min , Zhang Ting Ting , Liang Yan , Gao Jing Jing
Published: May 2012

Three‐component condensation of isatoic anhydride with aromatic aldehydes and ammonium salts or primary amines is achieved using strontium chloride as the catalyst to give dihydroquinazolinones (III) and (VI), resp., in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient One‐Pot Preparation of Novel Fused Chromeno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine and Pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Aly Hala M. , Kamal Mona M.
Published: May 2012

A variety of novel chromenopyrimidine, pyranopyrimidine, thiopyranopyrimidine and pyrimidine derivatives is synthesized from pyrimidinedione (I) and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Reaction of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Alcohols Derived from Acrylic Nitrile with 2‐Aminobenzimidazole in Ionic Liquid [BMIM]Cl/H2O.
Authors: Wang Yan , Liu Li , Wang Dong , Chen Yong‐Jun
Published: May 2012

An efficient one‐pot synthesis of the title compounds is possible without additional catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Indolo [1,2‐a]Quinoxalines via a Pd‐Catalyzed Regioselective C—H Olefination/Cyclization Sequence.
Authors: Wang Liang , Guo Wei , Zhang Xiao‐Xiao , Xia Xu‐Dong , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: May 2012

The olefination and cyclization sequence occurs with complete regioselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Selective Oxyamidation of Cyclic Enamides Using Nitrenes.
Authors: Gigant Nicolas , Dequirez Geoffroy , Retailleau Pascal , Gillaizeau Isabelle , Dauban Philippe
Published: May 2012

Intermolecular addition of nitrene, generated in situ from (II), to enecarbamates and enesulfonamides affords oxyamidated products with excellent yields and high levels of stereo‐ and complete regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 5,6‐Dihydro‐8H‐[1,2,4]thiadiazino[6,5,4‐de]phenanthridine 4,4‐Dioxide and 5,6‐Dihydro‐8H‐[1,2,4]‐thiadiazino[6,5,4‐ij]thieno[2,3‐c]quinoline 4,4‐Dioxide.
Authors: Battisti Umberto M. , Carrozzo Marina M. , Cannazza Giuseppe , Braghiroli Daniela , Parenti Carlo , Brasili Livio , Citti Cinzia , Troisi Luigino
Published: May 2012

The three‐step synthesis of the title compounds is based on formation of key intermediates (III) and (VIII) from substrate (I) and boronic acids via Suzuki coupling and imine formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Acidic Ionic Liquids as Efficient and Recyclable Catalysts for the Cyclotrimerization of Aldehydes.
Authors: Song Heyuan , Chen Jing , Xia Chungu , Li Zhen
Published: May 2012

Ionic liquids (I) are prepared and tested in the trimerization of isobutylaldehyde with similar efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Chemoselective and Enantioselective Hydrogenation of (1‐Chloro‐1‐alkenyl) Boronic Esters.
Authors: Gazic Smilovi Ivana , Casas‐Arce Eva , Roseblade Stephen J. , Nettekoven Ulrike , Zanotti‐Gerosa Antonio , Kovacevic Miroslav , Casar Zdenko
Published: May 2012

Under conditions optimized for each boronic ester (H2 pressure and amount of catalyst), the method gives predominantly chloro‐substituted products with enantioselectivities up to 94%, whereas dechlorinated by‐products are formed in minor amounts.
ChemInform Abstract: General and Practical One‐Pot Synthesis of Dihydrobenzosiloles from Styrenes.
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexey , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: May 2012

The reaction of α‐substituted styrenes (XV) proceeds with a Lewis acid catalyst in a semi one‐pot procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Selenium Dichloride with Methacrylic Acid.
Authors: Potapov V. A. , Amosova S. V. , Khabibulina A. G. , Larina L. I.
Published: May 2012

A highly chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselective reaction of selenium dichloride with methacrylic acid leads to the unexpected formation of previously unknown diselenide (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antihepatitis B Virus Activity of New Pyrimidine Peptide Nucleic Acid Analogues.
Authors: Al‐Harbi R. A. K. , Abdel‐Rahman A. A.‐H.
Published: May 2012

A series of novel peptide nucleic acid analogues (III) is synthesized and tested for activity against hepatitis B virus.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Glycosylation of Unprotected and Unactivated Carbohydrates under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Pfaffe Matthias , Mahrwald Rainer
Published: May 2012

Depending on the conditions used, chemo‐ and stereoselective formation of furanosides or pyranosides is possible.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of the Substrate Activity of C‐6 Substituted Purine Ribosides with E. coli Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase: Palladium Mediated Cross‐Coupling of Organozinc Halides with 6‐Chloropurine Nucleosides.
Authors: Hassan Abdalla E. A. , Abou‐Elkhair Reham A. I. , Riordan James M. , Allan Paula W. , Parker William B. , Khare Rashmi , Waud William R. , Montgomery John A. , Secrist John A. III
Published: May 2012

Pd(IV)‐Mediated cross‐coupling reactions of ribofuranosylpurine (I) with organozinc halides (II) and subsequent deprotection afford the C‐6 substituted purine ribosides (III) in satisfactory to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Cubic Form of Pb2‐xSnxS2 Stabilized Through Size Reduction to the Nanoscale.
Authors: Soriano Ronald B. , Malliakas Christos D. , Wu Jinsong , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: May 2012

Semiconducting Pb2‐xSnxS2 (0.40 < x < 1) nanocrystals are prepared by a modified hot injection colloidal route from mixtures of Pb(OAc)2, Sn(OAc)2, and a sulfur precursor (obtained by dissolving sulfur in 1‐octadecene at 100 °C for 2 h under N2 atmosphere) in the presence of octadecene, oleic acid, and oleylamine at 170—180 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Square Planar Coordinate Iron Oxides
Authors: Tassel Cedric , Kageyama Hiroshi
Published: May 2012

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Air Batteries: From Oxygen Reduction Electrochemistry to Cathode Catalysts
Authors: Cheng Fangyi , Chen Jun
Published: May 2012

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Runaway Caused Fire and Explosion of Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Wang Qingsong , Ping Ping , Zhao Xuejuan , Chu Guanquan , Sun Jinhua , Chen Chunhua
Published: May 2012

Review: 217 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Glycosylated 5‐Hydroxylsine, an Important Amino Acid Present in Collagen‐Like Proteins such as Adiponectin.
Authors: Herbert Katherine R. , Williams Geoffrey M. , Cooper Garth J. S. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: May 2012

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Applications of 2‐Ethylhexanoic Acid Derived Reagents
Authors: Raju Ravinder , Prasad Kapa
Published: May 2012

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Catalytic Approaches Towards the Enantioselective Halogenation of Alkenes
Authors: Hennecke Ulrich
Published: May 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides
Authors: Shirakawa Eiji , Hayashi Tamio
Published: May 2012

Review: [recent transition‐metal‐free coupling reactions of aryl halides with arenes, alkenes, or aryl Grignard reagents in view of SRN1 reaction; 21 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: The Knoevenagel Condensation in Water
Authors: Bigi Franca , Quarantelli Carla
Published: May 2012

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis by Metal‐Mediated Coupling Reactions
Authors: Negishi E. , Wang G.
Published: May 2012

Review: 350 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Dienes by Metal‐Mediated C—C Bond‐Forming Reactions of Alkynes, Diynes, and Enynes
Authors: Gandon V. , Thorimbert S. , Malacria M.
Published: May 2012

Review: 209 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vinylsilanes
Authors: Lim Diane S. W. , Anderson Edward A.
Published: May 2012

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chitinase Inhibitor Allosamidin and Its Analogues
Authors: Huang Gangliang
Published: May 2012

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Unconventional Reactions of Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane
Authors: Dilman A. D.
Published: May 2012

Review: 16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Roaming Radicals
Authors: Bowman Joel M. , Shepler Benjamin C.
Published: May 2012

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Alkenes via Metathesis
Authors: Paek Seung‐Mann
Published: May 2012

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic σ‐Bond Metathesis
Authors: Reznichenko Alexander L. , Hultzsch Kai C.
Published: May 2012

Review: 221 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Examples of Iminophosphorane‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Auffrant Audrey
Published: May 2012

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Catalysis of Proton Transfer and Decarboxylation Reactions
Authors: Richard John P.
Published: May 2012

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Superelectrophilic Chemistry in the Gas Phase
Authors: Roithova Jana
Published: May 2012

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbodicarbenes — Divalent Carbon(0) Compounds Exhibiting Carbon—Carbon Donor—Acceptor Bonds
Authors: Frenking Gernot , Tonner Ralf
Published: May 2012

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxyamide‐Based Ligands and Their Use in the Asymmetric Catalysis of Key Organic Transformations
Authors: Geoghegan Paul , O'Leary Patrick
Published: May 2012

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamics and Kinetics of CO2, CO, and H+ Binding to the Metal Center of CO2 Reduction Catalysts
Authors: Schneider Jacob , Jia Hongfei , Muckerman James T. , Fujita Etsuko
Published: May 2012

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancing Protein Backbone Binding — A Fruitful Concept for Combating Drug‐Resistant HIV.
Authors: Ghosh Arun K. , Anderson David D. , Weber Irene T. , Mitsuya Hiroaki
Published: May 2012

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Injectable and Biodegradable Hydrogels: Gelation, Biodegradation and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Li Yulin , Rodrigues Joao , Tomas Helena
Published: May 2012

Review: 326 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress in Adsorption‐Based CO2 Capture by Metal—Organic Frameworks
Authors: Liu Jian , Thallapally Praveen K. , McGrail B. Peter , Brown Daryl R. , Liu Jun
Published: May 2012

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the High Performance Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Shen Pei Kang
Published: May 2012

Review: 400 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Single Cell Analysis at the Nanoscale
Authors: Zheng Xin Ting , Li Chang Ming
Published: May 2012

Review: 73 refs.
Calibration and Limits of Camera‐Based Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: A Supported Lipid Bilayer Study
Authors: Bag Nirmalya , Sankaran Jagadish , Paul Alexandra , Kraut Rachel S. , Wohland Thorsten
Published: May 2012

Camera‐based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) approaches allow the measurement of thousands of contiguous points yielding excellent statistics and details of sample structure. Imaging total internal reflection FCS (ITIR‐FCS) provides these measurements on lipid membranes. Herein, we determine the influence of the point spread function (PSF) of the optical system, the laser power used, and the time resolution of the camera on the accuracy of diffusion coefficient and concentration measurements. We demonstrate that the PSF can be accurately determined by ITIR‐FCS and that the laser power and time resolution can be varied over a wide range with limited influence on the measurement of the diffusion coefficient whereas the concentration measurements are sensitive to changes in the measurement parameters. One advantage of ITIR‐FCS is that the measurement of the PSF has to be performed only once for a given optical setup, in contrast to confocal FCS in which calibrations have to be performed at least once per measurement day. Using optimized experimental conditions we provide diffusion coefficients for over ten different lipid membranes consisting of one, two and three constituents, measured in over 200000 individual correlation functions. Using software binning and thus the inherent advantage of ITIR‐FCS of providing multiple observation areas in a single measurement we test the FCS diffusion law and show how they can be complemented by the local information provided by the difference in cross‐correlation functions (ΔCCF). With the determination of the PSF by ITIR‐FCS and the optimization of measurement conditions ITIR‐FCS becomes a calibration‐free method. This allows us to provide measurements of absolute diffusion coefficients for bilayers with different compositions, which were stable over many different bilayer preparations over a time of at least one year, using a single PSF calibration.
Are Companies Planning their Organisational Changes for Corporate Sustainability? An Analysis of Three Case Studies on Resistance to Change and their Strategies to Overcome it
Authors: Lozano Rodrigo
Published: May 2012

Corporations and their leaders are increasingly recognising their role in making societies more sustainable. This has fostered the development of voluntary tools and initiatives (mainly based on ‘hard’ technocentric solutions) to help them address sustainability. However, discussions on ‘soft’ issues have been limited. This paper analyses the organisational change efforts for corporate sustainability (CS) of three case studies. It was found that CS drivers catalyse change from the unsustainable status quo (SQ) towards more sustainable activities. Barriers to change usually block these efforts; identifying them can help to apply appropriate strategies to overcome them, thus helping to better incorporate and institutionalise CS. This would bring the system to a more sustainability oriented state (MSOS). In time, the MSOS becomes the SQ novo, and the process starts again. Planning such organisational changes could help companies better overcome resistance to change and integrate their efforts for was sustainability more holistically, including technological and human changes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The Diversity of Techniques to Study Electrochemically Active Biofilms Highlights the Need for Standardization
Authors: Harnisch Falk , Rabaey Korneel
Published: May 2012

Microbial bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) employ whole microorganisms to catalyze electrode reactions. BESs allow electricity generation from wastewater, electricity‐driven (bio)production, biosensing, and bioremediation. Many of these processes are perceived as highly promising; however, to date the performance of particularly bioproduction processes is not yet at the level required for practical applications. Critical to enabling high catalytic activity are the electrochemically active microorganisms. Whether the biocatalyst comes as a planktonic cell, a surface monolayer of cells, or a fully developed biofilm, effective electron transfer and process performance need to be achieved. However, despite many different approaches and extensive research, many questions regarding the functioning of electroactive microorganisms remain open. This is certainly due to the complexity of bioelectrochemical processes, as they depend on microbial, electrochemical, physical‐chemical, and operational considerations. This versatility and complexity calls for a plethora of analytical tools required to study electrochemically active microorganisms, especially biofilms. Here, we present an overview of the parameters defining electroactive microbial biofilms (EABfs) and the analytical toolbox available to study them at different levels of resolution. As we will show, a broad diversity of techniques have been applied to this field; however, these have often led to conflicting information. Consequently, to alleviate this and further mature the field of BES research, a standardized framework appears essential.
TREE: Routing strategy with guarantee of QoS for industrial wireless sensor networks
Authors: Xue Liang , Guan Xinping , Liu Zhixin , Yang Bo
Published: May 2012

As considerable progress has been made in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), we can expect that sensor nodes will be applied in industrial applications. Most available techniques for WSNs can be transplanted to industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs). However, there are new requirements of quality of service (QoS), that is, real‐time routing, energy efficiency, and transmission reliability, which are three main performance indices of routing design for IWSNs. As one‐hop neighborhood information is often inadequate to data routing in IWSNs, it is difficult to use the conventional routing methods. In the paper, we propose the routing strategy by taking the real‐time routing performance, transmission reliability, and energy efficiency (TREE, triple R and double E) into considerations. For that, each sensor node should improve the capability of search range in the phase of data route discovery. Because of the increase of available information in the enlarged search range, sensor node can select more suitable relay node per hop. The real‐time data routes with lower energy cost and better transmission reliability will be used in our proposed routing guideline. By comparing with other routing methods through extensive experimental results, our distributed routing proposal can guarantee the diversified QoS requirements in industrial applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All‐Solid‐State Ion Selective and All‐Solid‐State Reference Electrodes
Authors: Michalska Agata
Published: May 2012

This paper is aiming to give a brief overview of recent research in the field of all‐solid‐state, internal solution free, ion‐selective electrodes and reference electrodes, employing conducting polymers or nano‐/microstructures as solid contacts beneath the polymeric, ion‐selective or reference membranes. The emphasis is on papers published in the last five years (after 2006). According to the papers published, poly(3‐octylthiophene) conducting polymer transducers offer highly reliable sensors for various applications, involving demanding analytical approaches and miniature sensors. On the other hand, the search for alternative materials continues: the sensors obtained by placing nano‐/microstructures (conducting polymers but also other materials, like, e.g., carbon nanotubes) underneath the receptor membrane are intensively tested. The recent years have also shown how useful the application of advanced instrumental methods is for the investigation of processes occurring within all‐solid‐state ion‐selective electrodes.
Finite volume methods for unidirectional dispersive wave models
Authors: Dutykh D. , Katsaounis Th. , Mitsotakis D.
Published: May 2012

We extend the framework of the finite volume method to dispersive unidirectional water wave propagation in one space dimension. In particular, we consider a KdV–BBM‐type equation. Explicit and implicit–explicit Runge–Kutta‐type methods are used for time discretizations. The fully discrete schemes are validated by direct comparisons to analytic solutions. Invariants' conservation properties are also studied. Main applications include important nonlinear phenomena such as dispersive shock wave formation, solitary waves, and their various interactions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four‐component synthesis of disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives from cinnamaldehyde, an aromatic carboxylic acid, a secondary amine, and N‐isocyaniminotriphenylphosphorane
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Kalhor Robabe , Rezaei Aram , Karimi Zahra
Published: May 2012

The iminium intermediate generated by the reaction between a secondary amine and cinnamaldehyde was reacted with N‐isocyanimino‐triphenylphosphorane in the presence of benzoic acid derivatives to form the corresponding iminophosphorane intermediate, whose intramolecular aza‐Wittig reaction led to disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives. The syntheses were completed under neutral conditions at room temperature to give excellent yields. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:315–321, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21013
Areal differentiation of snow accumulation and melt between peatland types in the James Bay Lowland
Authors: Whittington Peter , Ketcheson Scott , Price Jonathan , Richardson Murray , Di Febo Antonio
Published: May 2012

Snow accumulation and melt between various peatland types in the James Bay Lowlands is poorly understood despite being a significant source of fresh water to the saline James Bay. Many topographical factors that control snow accumulation and melt (e.g. slope, aspect) are not relevant in the James Bay Lowlands because of the extremely low relief. Thus, vegetation characteristics (e.g. winter leaf area index, tree density), which are strongly linked to peatland type, may dictate spatial patterns of snow accumulation and melt across the landscape. A 1.5‐km long transect that bisected five peatland types representative of the local area was used to determine average snow depth, density and water equivalence for each of the landscape units. The peatland types were classified, in part, because of the density of treed vegetation and were named open bog, open shrub fen, low‐density treed fen, medium density treed bog and high‐density treed fen. Those with medium or high‐density treed vegetation accumulated significantly more snow than those with low or open densities. Snow density, however, showed no correlation with landscape unit, and snowmelt proceeded at similar rates between all landscape units because of the relatively open canopy typical of this environment. A randomization test showed that the areally weighted basin average snow depth estimates varied by less than 10 cm as a result of the small but statistically significant differences in snow accumulation among landscape units. These differences are therefore relatively unimportant for accurately quantifying basin‐wide snow depth in this landscape. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in rainfall and temperature in the Peruvian Amazon–Andes basin over the last 40 years (1965–2007)
Authors: Lavado Casimiro Waldo Sven , Labat David , Ronchail Josyane , Espinoza Jhan Carlo , Guyot Jean Loup
Published: May 2012

The hydroclimatology of the Peruvian Amazon–Andes basin (PAB) which surface corresponding to 7% of the Amazon basin is still poorly documented. We propose here an extended and original analysis of the temporal evolution of monthly rainfall, mean temperature (Tmean), maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) time series over two PABs (Huallaga and Ucayali) over the last 40 years.

This analysis is based on a new and more complete database that includes 77 weather stations over the 1965–2007 period, and we focus our attention on both annual and seasonal meteorological time series. A positive significant trend in mean temperature of 0.09 °C per decade is detected over the region with similar values in the Andes and rainforest when considering average data. However, a high percentage of stations with significant Tmean positive trends are located over the Andes region. Finally, changes in the mean values occurred earlier in Tmax (during the 1970s) than in Tmin (during the 1980s).

In the PAB, there is neither trend nor mean change in rainfall during the 1965–2007 period. However, annual, summer and autumn rainfall in the southern Andes presents an important interannual variability that is associated with the sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic Ocean while there are limited relationships between rainfall and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. On the contrary, the interannual temperature variability is mainly related to ENSO events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐ and long‐term peripheral nerve regeneration using a poly‐lactic‐co‐glycolic‐acid scaffold containing nerve growth factor and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor releasing microspheres
Authors: de Boer Ralph , Borntraeger Andreas , Knight Andrew M. , Hébert‐Blouin Marie‐Noëlle , Spinner Robert J. , Malessy Martijn J. A. , Yaszemski Michael J. , Windebank Anthony J.
Published: May 2012

Addition of neural growth factors to bioengineered scaffolds may improve peripheral nerve regeneration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the short‐ and long term effect of microsphere delivered nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the 10 mm rat sciatic nerve gap. Eighty‐four rats were assigned to seven groups (n = 6) at two endpoints (6 and 16 weeks): saline, saline NGF, saline NGF‐microspheres, saline GDNF, saline GDNF‐microspheres, saline blank microspheres, and autologous nerve graft. Total fascicular area and total number of myelinated fibers at mid‐tube increased in all conduit groups between 6 and 16 weeks. Autologous, saline NGF‐microsphere and saline GDNF‐microsphere groups reached maximal histomorphometric values by 6 weeks (p < 0.05). Compound muscle action potentials returned after 6 weeks for the autologous graft and continued to increase to a level of 3.6 ± 1.9 mV at endpoint. No significant differences were found between study groups as measured by ankle angle. These experiments show an initial beneficial effect of incorporation of NGF‐ or GDNF‐microspheres in a PLGA 85/15 nerve conduit, since histomorphometric values reached their maximum by 6 weeks compared to control groups. These results do not yet extrapolate into improved electrophysiological or functional improvement. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Metabolic‐intermediate complex formation with cytochrome P450: Theoretical studies in elucidating the reaction pathway for the generation of reactive nitroso intermediate
Authors: Taxak Nikhil , Desai Prashant V. , Patel Bhargav , Mohutsky Michael , Klimkowski Valentine J. , Gombar Vijay , Bharatam Prasad V.
Published: May 2012

Mechanism‐based inhibition (MBI) of cytochrome P450 (CYP) can lead to drug–drug interactions and often to toxicity. Some aliphatic and aromatic amines can undergo biotransformation reactions to form reactive metabolites such as nitrosoalkanes, leading to MBI of CYPs. It has been proposed that the nitrosoalkanes coordinate with the heme iron, forming metabolic‐intermediate complex (MIC), resulting in the quasi‐irreversible inhibition of CYPs. Limited mechanistic details regarding the formation of reactive nitroso intermediate and its coordination with heme‐iron have been reported. A quantum chemical analysis was performed to elucidate potential reaction pathways for the generation of nitroso intermediate and the formation of MIC. Elucidation of the energy profile along the reaction path, identification of three‐dimensional structures of reactive intermediates and transition states, as well as charge and spin density analyses, were performed using the density functional B3LYP method. The study was performed using Cpd I [iron (IV‐oxo] heme porphine with SH− as the axial ligand) to represent the catalytic domain of CYP, simulating the biotransformation process. Three pathways: (i) N‐oxidation followed by proton shuttle, (ii) N‐oxidation followed by 1,2‐H shift, and (iii) H‐abstraction followed by rebound mechanism, were studied. It was observed that the proton shuttle pathway was more favorable over the whole reaction leading to reactive nitroso intermediate. This study revealed that the MIC formation from a primary amine is a favorable exothermic process, involving eight different steps and preferably takes place on the doublet spin surface of Cpd I. The rate‐determining step was identified to be the first N‐oxidation of primary amine. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi‐zinc‐expanded graphene patches: Tetraradical versus diradical character
Authors: Yang Hongfang , Song Qisheng , Song Xinyu , Bu Yuxiang
Published: May 2012

Three classes of multi‐Zn‐expanded graphene patches in different shapes are computationally designed through introducing a Zn chain into the corresponding middle benzenoid chain. Both density functional theory and complete active space self‐consistent field calculations predict that molecules of nnn‐quasi‐linear and nnn‐slightly bent series have the open‐shell broken‐symmetry (BS) singlet diradical ground states, whereas those of n(n+1)n species possess quintet tetraradical as their ground state and become open‐shell BS singlet tetraradicals when they are in a higher energy state. These results offer the first theoretical attempt to introduce multi‐Zn into the small graphene patches to form Zn‐expanded graphene patches, leading them to polyradical structures. This work provides an executable strategy to yield molecules which have stable polyradicaloid character and enhanced electronic properties of multi‐Zn‐expanded graphene patches. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An improved self‐assembly gold colloid film as surface‐enhanced Raman substrate for detection of trace‐level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution
Authors: Shi Xiaofeng , Ma Jun , Zheng Ronger , Wang Chunyan , Kronfeldt Heinz‐Detlef
Published: May 2012

To detect trace‐level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some investigations of an improved self‐assembly method are carried out using gold colloid films for the preparation of the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active substrate. Extinction spectra and scanning electron microscopy images reveal that controllable surface plasmonic metal substrates can be obtained by increasing the temperature of (3‐aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane solution up to 64.5 °C. The SERS‐active substrates have a high enhancement factor, and they can be both easily prepared and reproducible. With the use of these substrates, different concentrations of pyrene and anthracene in aqueous solutions were detected by SERS. A further enhancement can be supported by shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy. Raman signals of pyrene and anthracene adsorbed on gold colloid substrates up to limits of detection at 5 and 1 nmol/l, respectively, can be obtained. The quantitative analysis shows the possibility of in situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons while such gold colloid film serves as a SERS‐active substrate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Costing program implementation using systematic reviews: interventions for the prevention of adolescent depression
Authors: Shemilt Ian , Valentine Jeffrey C. , Pössel Patrick , Mugford Miranda , Wooldridge Don T.
Published: May 2012

Systematic reviews can provide up‐to‐date syntheses of reliable evidence on “what works” to help policymakers, practitioners, and people who use services make well‐informed decisions about social and behavioral interventions. However, systematic reviews of social and behavioral interventions do not typically include evidence on resource use and costs, critical dimensions for decision makers to consider when faced with limited resources and constrained budgets. This paper builds on existing recommendations for including evidence for resource use and costs in systematic reviews by illustrating the development and use of an instrument to code resource use and cost data from an existing systematic review on the effects of adolescent depression prevention programs and applying that instrument to 46 studies included in that review. We demonstrate that resource use and cost data are relatively sparsely reported for treatment conditions in reports of included studies and even more so for comparison conditions, although the reporting of the most important cost drivers is reasonably frequent for treatment conditions. To allow for better integration of resource use and cost data into systematic reviews, future studies that aim to inform decision making should report more detail about program resource use and costs required for implementation, perhaps using the template provided in this paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Credit constraints, clustering, and profitability among Chinese firms
Authors: Ruan Jianqing , Zhang Xiaobo
Published: May 2012

Chinese firms can partly circumvent their financial constraints by choosing divisible production technologies in the form of clusters.
Fostering Chinese firms through entrepreneurship, globalization, and international finance
Authors: McManus John , Ardley Dr Barry , Floyd David
Published: May 2012

The success of ventures that have pursued non‐traditional marketing approaches may be attributed to a range of forward‐thinking practices which, it is argued here, should be the starting and finishing points for Chinese companies.
Variability in the position of the retropharyngeal internal carotid artery
Authors: Gupta Ajay , Shah Akash D. , Zhang Zhigang , Phillips C. Douglas , Young Robert J.
Published: May 2012

The retropharyngeal internal carotid artery (ICA) is a well‐described arterial anomaly with important implications for patients undergoing pharyngeal approach surgical procedures. Existing clinical and imaging classification schemes for a retropharyngeal ICA take into account arterial distance to the pharyngeal mucosal wall. We describe a case of mobility of a retropharyngeal ICA between short‐interval imaging studies. The possibility of respiratory variability or other etiologies causing such changes in retropharyngeal carotid position have not been described previously. Our findings suggest that imaging findings from a single study alone may not be sufficient to confidently exclude this clinically significant arterial anomaly.
Neo‐liberalism, big business and the evolution of interest group activity in Latin America
Authors: Hogenboom Barbara , Fernández Jilberto Alex E.
Published: May 2012

In the 1980s and 1990s, the confluence of the third wave of democracy, neo‐liberal economic reforms and economic crises in Latin America, produced several significant consequences for the region's underdeveloped interest group systems. By using an international political economy approach, this article examines these developments and particularly how neo‐liberal policies affected the political fortunes of big business plus the broader political fall‐out from neo‐liberal policies. In essence, we make the argument that, for three reasons, the consequences of the confluence of these three developments for Latin America's emerging interest group system are mixed in terms of a more pluralist, open‐access system. First, the influence of big business persists and in many ways has been enhanced as the economically and politically privileged position of large private companies since the 1980s has given way to economic concentration, transnationalization and the rise of multilatinas (Latin American multinational companies, which primarily operate across the region). Second, political opportunities have been opened for a range of interests, many from the left, that likely would not otherwise have emerged so early in the region. Third, the election of leaders opposed to neo‐liberal policies may transform Latin America's political economy and aid in the democratization of its interest group system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycaemic control during enteral tube feeding in patients with diabetes who have had a stroke: a twice‐daily insulin regimen
Authors: Oyibo SO , Sagi SV , Home C
Published: May 2012

Uncontrolled hyperglycaemia has been a problem in patients with diabetes mellitus who have had a stroke and require enteral tube feeding in our hospital. There is a sustained glucose rise as opposed to the postprandial peaks of normal eating. In the absence of national guidelines, we tailored an insulin regimen for our inpatients. In this observational study we evaluated the effectiveness of this regimen for glycaemic control in these patients.

Inpatients with diabetes receiving enteral feeding were given insulin twice daily. The initial dose was calculated from estimated carbohydrate‐to‐insulin ratio, feed carbohydrate concentration, infusion rate and duration, and adjusted according to capillary glucose (target range: 6–12mmol/L).

Twenty‐four patients required enteral feeding; average age 72 years and weight 73.8kg. The median (range) feed carbohydrate concentration was 12.3(12.3–20.1)g/100ml; the final feed infusion rate 75(50–100)ml/hr; feed duration 20(10–24)hours/day; and carbohydrate‐to‐insulin ratio 10(6–10). Initial insulin doses ranged from 12–32units/day. Target capillary glucose range was achieved in 17 patients. Of the seven patients who did not achieve the target range, four pulled out their feeding tubes too early, one had hyperosmolar state, one died of aspiration pneumonia and one had a very complex feeding regimen. There were no hypoglycaemic events.

This study has confirmed that a simple twice‐daily insulin regimen for patients with diabetes mellitus who require enteral tube feeding is safe and effective for most patients. The importance of frequent blood glucose monitoring in these patients cannot be over‐emphasised. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Setting up an insulin safety group: a practical approach
Authors: Grant Paul , Mustafa Omar , Malik Rifat
Published: May 2012

Insulin related drug errors are a significant source of adverse incidents in the inpatient hospital setting. The answer to this issue is not more training or ‘trying harder’: it is to recognise that errors will occur and to work around this, by identifying the common sources of error and making changes to systems, introducing checklists and increasing awareness of the difficulty of getting insulin dosing right.

Such changes require clinical leadership and both junior and senior diabetologists should be at the forefront of getting involved and addressing the problem as a commitment to patient care. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Electroconductive polyblend fibers of polyamide‐6/polypropylene/polyaniline: Electrical, morphological, and mechanical characteristics
Authors: Soroudi Azadeh , Skrifvars Mikael
Published: May 2012

Melt spun drawn fibers were prepared using a ternary blend of PP/PA6/PANI‐complex (polypropylene/polyamide‐6/polyaniline‐complex). Their electrical and mechanical properties were compared to those of binary blend fibers of PP/PANI‐complex. The results of the morphological studies on 55:25:20 PP/PA6/PANI‐complex ternary fibers were found to be in accordance with the predicted morphology for the observed conductivity vs. fiber draw ratio. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the ternary blend illustrated at least a three‐phase morphology of a matrix/core‐shell dispersed phase style, with widely varying sizes of droplets. This resulted in a dispersed morphology that, in some parts of the blend, approached a bicontinuous/dispersed phase morphology due to coalescence of the small droplets. The matrix was PP and the core‐shell dispersed phase was PA6 and PANI‐complex, in which a part of the PANI‐complex had encapsulated the PA6 phase and the remaining was solved/dispersed in the PA6 core, as later confirmed by X‐ray mapping. When the ternary blend fibers were compared to the binary fibers, the formers were able to combine better conductivity (of an order of 10−3 S cm−1) with a greater tensile strength only at a draw ratio of 5. This indicated that the draw ratio is more critical for the ternary blend fibers, because both conductivity and tensile strength depended on the formation of fibrils from the core‐shell dispersed phase of the PA6/PANI‐complex. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Semicontinuous heterophase copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile
Authors: Pérez‐García M. G. , Torres E. V. , Ceja I. , Pérez‐Carrillo L. A. , López Raúl G. , López‐Serrano F. , Mendizábal E. , Puig J. E.
Published: May 2012

The synthesis of styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymers by semicontinuous heterophase polymerization is reported here. The effect of feed composition at a fixed addition rate of monomer mixture on kinetics, particle size, polymer content, and molar masses, was studied. This process permits the synthesis of nanolatexes containing narrow size‐distribution particles with number‐average diameter (Dn) of about 18 nm, polymer content as high as 23 wt %, and copolymer‐to‐surfactant weight ratios between 23 and 25, depending on monomer feeding rate, which are larger than those reported for microemulsion copolymerization of several comonomers. Copolymers with homogeneous composition similar to the feeding monomers composition were obtained thorough the reaction, which is difficult to achieve by batch polymerization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012