bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental setup for investigation of nanoclusters at cryogenic temperatures by electron spin resonance and optical spectroscopies
Authors: Mao S. , Meraki A. , McColgan P. T. , Shemelin V. , Khmelenko V. V. , Lee D. M.
Published: August 2014

We present the design and performance of an experimental setup for simultaneous electron spin resonance (ESR) and optical studies of nanoclusters with stabilized free radicals at cryogenic temperatures. A gas mixture of impurities and helium after passing through a RF discharge for dissociation of molecules is directed onto the surface of superfluid helium to form the nanoclusters of impurities. A specially designed ESR cavity operated in the TE011 mode allows optical access to the sample. The cavity is incorporated into a homemade insert which is placed inside a variable temperature insert of a Janis 4He cryostat. The temperature range for sample investigation is 1.25–300 K. A Bruker EPR 300E and Andor 500i optical spectrograph incorporated with a Newton EMCCD camera are used for ESR and optical registration, respectively. The current experimental system makes it possible to study the ESR and optical spectra of impurity-helium condensates simultaneously. The setup allows a broad range of research at low temperatures including optically detected magnetic resonance, studies of chemical processes of the active species produced by photolysis in solid matrices, and investigations of nanoclusters produced by laser ablation in superfluid helium.
Dependence of enhanced asymmetry-induced transport on collision frequency
Authors: Eggleston D. L.
Published: August 2014

A single-particle code with collisional effects is used to study how asymmetry-induced radial transport in a non-neutral plasma depends on collision frequency. For asymmetries of the form ϕ1(r) cos(kz) cos(ωt−lθ), two sources for the transport have been identified: resonant particles and axially trapped particles. The simulation shows that this latter type, which occurs near the radius where ω matches the azimuthal rotation frequency ωR, is usually dominant at low collision frequency ν but becomes negligible at higher ν. This behavior can be understood by noting that axially trapped particles have a lower trapping frequency than resonant particles. In the low ν (banana) regime, the radial oscillations have amplitude Δr ≈ vr/ωT, so axially trapped particles dominate, and the transport may even exceed the resonant particle plateau regime level. As ν increases, collisions start to interrupt the slower axially trapped particle oscillations, while the resonant particles are still in the banana regime, so the axially trapped particle contribution to the transport decreases. At the largest ν values, axially trapped particle transport is negligible and the observed diffusion coefficient matches that given by plateau regime resonant particle theory. Heuristic models based on these considerations give reasonable agreement with the observed scaling laws for the value of the collision frequency where axially trapped particle transport starts to decrease and for the enhancement of the diffusion coefficient produced by axially trapped particles.
Wake-induced bending of two-dimensional plasma crystals
Authors: Röcker T. B. , Ivlev A. V. , Zhdanov S. K. , Couëdel L. , Morfill G. E.
Published: August 2014

It is shown that the wake-mediated interactions between microparticles in a two-dimensional plasma crystal affect the shape of the monolayer, making it non-flat. The equilibrium shape is calculated for various distributions of the particle number density in the monolayer. For typical experimental conditions, the levitation height of particles in the center of the crystal can be noticeably smaller than at the periphery. It is suggested that the effect of wake-induced bending can be utilized in experiments, to deduce important characteristics of the interparticle interaction.
Voltage switching of a VO2 memory metasurface using ionic gel
Authors: Goldflam M. D. , Liu M. K. , Chapler B. C. , Stinson H. T. , Sternbach A. J. , McLeod A. S. , Zhang J. D. , Geng K. , Royal M. , Kim Bong-Jun , Averitt R. D. , Jokerst N. M. , Smith D. R. , Kim H-T. , Basov D. N.
Published: August 2014

We demonstrate an electrolyte-based voltage tunable vanadium dioxide (VO2) memory metasurface. Large spatial scale, low voltage, non-volatile switching of terahertz (THz) metasurface resonances is achieved through voltage application using an ionic gel to drive the insulator-to-metal transition in an underlying VO2 layer. Positive and negative voltage application can selectively tune the metasurface resonance into the “off” or “on” state by pushing the VO2 into a more conductive or insulating regime respectively. Compared to graphene based control devices, the relatively long saturation time of resonance modification in VO2 based devices suggests that this voltage-induced switching originates primarily from electrochemical effects related to oxygen migration across the electrolyte–VO2 interface.
Stable laser–plasma accelerators at low densities
Authors: Li Song , Hafz Nasr A. M. , Mirzaie Mohammad , Ge Xulei , Sokollik Thomas , Chen Min , Sheng Zhengming , Zhang Jie
Published: August 2014

We report stable laser wakefield acceleration using 17–50 TW laser pulses interacting with 4 mm-long helium gas jet. The initial laser spot size was relatively large (28 μm) and the plasma densities were 0.48–2.0 × 1019 cm−3. High-quality 100–MeV electron beams were generated at the plasma density of 7.5 × 1018 cm−3, at which the beam parameters (pointing angle, energy spectrum, charge, and divergence angle) were measured and stabilized. At higher densities, filamentation instability of the laser-plasma interaction was observed and it has led to multiple wakefield accelerated electron beams. The experimental results are supported by 2D particle-in-cell simulations. The achievement presented here is an important step toward the use of laser-driven accelerators in real applications.
Canada CHIMEs in on dark energy
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: August 2014

Teasing out signal from galactic noise is the biggest challenge in using diffuse neutral hydrogen to study the changing structure of the universe.
Hepatic mTORC1 controls locomotor activity, body temperature, and lipid metabolism through FGF21
Authors: Cornu Marion , Oppliger Wolfgang , Albert Verena , Robitaille Aaron M. , Trapani Francesca , Quagliata Luca , Fuhrer Tobias , Sauer Uwe , Terracciano Luigi , Hall Michael N.
Published: August 2014

Significance

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) controls cell growth and metabolism in response to nutrients, growth factors, and cellular energy. Aberrant mTORC1 signaling is implicated in human diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Our results reveal that ectopic mTORC1 activation in the liver controls the stress hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)–dependent manner via glutamine depletion, which in turn affects whole-body behavior and metabolism. mTORC1 signaling correlates with FGF21 expression in human liver tumors, suggesting that our findings in mice may have physiological relevance in glutamine-addicted human cancers. Thus, treatment with the anticancer drug rapamycin may have beneficial effects by blocking tumor growth and by preventing deregulation of whole-body physiology due to FGF21 expression.
Order and disorder control the functional rearrangement of influenza hemagglutinin
Authors: Lin Xingcheng , Eddy Nathanial R. , Noel Jeffrey K. , Whitford Paul C. , Wang Qinghua , Ma Jianpeng , Onuchic José N.
Published: August 2014

Significance

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA), a viral surface glycoprotein, undergoes a critical and large conformational rearrangement to promote fusion of the viral membrane with the host membrane. Unlike the variable receptor binding domain HA
1
, the coiled-coil domain HA
2
is highly conserved, making HA
2
a promising target for therapeutics. Furthermore, the structural similarity between influenza HA
2
and other viral fusion proteins, including that of HIV, makes HA
2
a valuable model system. We build a model using information from only the prefusion and postfusion configurations of HA
2
and use molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the structural ensembles found during the conformational transition. We find that local unfolding facilitates interaction of HA
2
with the host membrane and enables a quasi-stable asymmetric intermediate during the transition.
Identification and characterization of a mycobacterial NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase with superior reduction of diacetyl to (S)-acetoin
Authors: Takeda Minoru , Anamizu Shiori , Motomatsu Shigekazu , Chen Xue , Thapa Chhetri Rajan
Published: August 2014

An enzyme capable of reducing acetoin in the presence of NADH was purified from Mycobacterium sp. B-009, a non-clinical bacterial strain of soil origin. The enzyme is a homotetramer and can be classified as a medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase based on the molecular weight of the monomer. Identification of the structural gene revealed a limited distribution of homologous genes only among actinomycetes. In addition to its activity as a reductase specific for (S)-acetoin (EC 1.1.1.76), the enzyme showed both diacetyl reductase (EC 1.1.1.304) and NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) activities. (S)-Acetoin and diacetyl reductases belong to a group of short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductases but do not have superior abilities to dehydrogenate monoalcohols. Thus, the purified enzyme can be readily distinguished from other enzymes. We used the dual functionality of the enzyme to effectively reduce diacetyl to (S)-acetoin, coupled with the oxidation of 1-butanol.
The Individualised Patient‐Progress System: A decade of international collaborative networking
Authors: Sales Célia M. D. , Alves Paula C. G. , Evans Chris , Elliott Robert , On Behalf of Ipha Group
Published: August 2014

Background: The backstage of research projects is seldom presented to the general audience, in particular, how the research questions emerged, how the team interacted and how the methods and design were decided upon. Aim: In this paper we will recount the story behind an international practice‐based research network for personalising health assessment, the joint journey of researchers and therapists from three different countries in creating the Individualised Patient‐Progress System (IPPS). Results: We first describe how the idea of the IPPS emerged; then we show how IPPS is being piloted and integrated into clinical practice. Next, we present the views of therapists and researchers who have been part of this project. Conclusions: We discuss some lessons learned from this 14‐year collaborative research programme.
Plain X-rays
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 2.1 covers basic concepts of plain X-rays, radiology of the normal skull, radiology of the abnormal skull, radiology of the normal spine, and radiology of the abnormal spine.
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 4.3 covers sensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials (MEPs), electromyography, and the wake-up test.
Patient positioning and common approaches
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 4.4 covers basic concepts of patient positioning, the supine position, the park-bench (lateral oblique or three quarter prone) position, the prone position, and the sitting position.
Introduction to traumatic brain injury
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 5.1 offers an introduction to traumatic brain injury, including epidemiology, principles of management, and outcome.
Specific types of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 5.3 covers skull fractures, extra-axial collections, and intra-parenchymal injuries.
Abscess and empyema
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 7.3 covers brain abscess (BA), and intracranial subdural empyema (SDE).
Fungal infections
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 7.5 covers fungal infections, including Aspergillosis, Blastomycosis, Candidiasis, Coccidiomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Mucormycosis, and Histoplasmosis.
Opportunistic infections
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 7.8 covers the opportunistic infections AIDS, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, and progressive multifocal leuco-encephalopathy (PML).
Sellar tumours
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 8.10 covers sellar tumours, including pituitary adenomas (PAs), craniopharyngiomas (CPs), and rathke cleft cyst (RCC). It also covers the approach to the patient with a pituitary tumour.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage I: diagnosis
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 9.5 covers the diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage, including intracranial aneurysms (IAs), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), and non-aneurysmal SAH.
Posterior circulation aneurysms: anatomy and surgical techniques
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 9.10 covers the anatomy and surgical techniques of posterior circulation aneurysms.
Venous angiomas and capillary telangiectasias
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 9.13 covers venous angiomas and capillary telangiectasias, including developmental venous anomalies (DVAs), and capillary telangiectasia (CTL).
Extracranial vascular disease
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 9.15 covers extracranial vascular disease, including critical surgical anatomy of theextracranial vessels, dissections of ICA and VA, and atherosclerotic carotid disease (ACD).
Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 12.2 covers cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, including CSF function, production, composition, circulation, and dynamics.
Shunts and endoscopic third ventriculostomy
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 12.4 covers CSF shunts and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV).
Congenital abnormalities
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 13.1 covers congenital abnormalities, including abnormalities of cellular proliferation, heterotopias, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum (DCC), anterior midline defects, chiari malformations, Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM), and dysraphism.
Spinal deformity
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 16.2 covers spinal deformity, including congenital scoliosis (CS), adolescent scoliosis (AS), and adult scoliosis.
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 16.8 covers thoracic outlet syndrome, including clinical features and surgical treatment.
Thoracic disc disease
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 16.9 covers thoracic disc disease, including epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging, management, surgical anatomy, surgical technique of costotransversectomy, surgical technique of open thoracotomy, and surgical technique of endoscopic discectomy.
Nerve injuries of the lower extremity
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 17.3 covers nerve injuries of the lower extremity, including lumbosacral plexopathies and mononeuropathies.
Emergencies in Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Authors: Marks Daniel , Harbord Marcus
Published: August 2014

An easily accessible guide to diagnosing and managing critical situations, Emergencies in Gastroenterology and Hepatology aids doctors in dealing with acutely sick patients quickly and effectively. This resource provides practical advice on how to make difficult decisions in an emergency situation. Areas covered include life and death emergencies, as well as the broad problems faced by on-call Gastroenterologists and Hepatologists on a daily basis. The focus throughout is on immediate management, but it also refers to long-term follow up for certain problems.
Severe vomiting
Authors: Marks Daniel , Harbord Marcus
Published: August 2014

Pathophysiology

Clinical assessment

Differential diagnosis

Investigation

General management

Complications

Other gastrointestinal causes of vomiting

Vomiting in pregnancy

Nausea and vomiting in the cancer patient

Cyclical vomiting syndrome

Vomiting is a reflex behaviour coordinated by the vomiting centre in the medulla oblongata (see Fig. 4.1). It may be triggered by afferent inputs from chemo- or mechano-receptors in the upper GI tract, by activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (located in the area postrema, adjacent to the fourth ventricle) or by inputs from vestibular centres. The area postrema is rich in dopamine receptors, and the vestibular centres in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors; these are the targets of most anti-emetic medications....
Gastroenteritis
Authors: Marks Daniel , Harbord Marcus
Published: August 2014

Community-acquired gastroenteritis

Specific pathogens

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea

Travellers’ diarrhoea

Parasitic infections

Potential pitfalls

Acute diarrhoea and vomiting are most frequently infectious in origin. In immunocompetent individuals, illness is typically self-limiting, with no intervention required beyond oral rehydration. If symptoms persist beyond 14d, they are classified as persistent, and often non-infectious or parasitic. Diarrhoea may be generated through osmotic, secretory or inflammatory mechanisms, or by increased motility. Infectious agents can elicit disease through any of these by mucosal adherence and invasion, or enterotoxin production....
Complications of nutritional support
Authors: Marks Daniel , Harbord Marcus
Published: August 2014

Venous catheter-related problems

Other complications of parenteral nutrition

Problems with enteral tubes

Re-feeding syndrome

● Above all else, ‘if the gut works, use it’. Only consider IV feeding if patients are likely to be without enteral nutrition for 〉5d.

● Central venous catheter feeding (i.e. catheter tip in SVC, IVC, or right atrium) preferred to avoid thrombophlebitis from hyperosmolar feeds. Well-managed central catheters can be left ...
Complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension
Authors: Marks Daniel , Harbord Marcus
Published: August 2014

Causes and diagnosis of cirrhosis

Causes and diagnosis of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension

Ascites

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Hepatorenal syndrome

Variceal haemorrhage

Hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatopulmonary syndromes

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cirrhosis occurs following progressive hepatic fibrosis, with architectural distortion of the liver and nodule formation. It is a histological diagnosis. Late-stage cirrhosis is irreversible, at which point only liver transplantation is curative. Early-stage cirrhosis has been shown to improve following treatment and may be asymptomatic....
Hepatic trauma
Authors: Marks Daniel , Harbord Marcus
Published: August 2014

General principles of management

Mechanisms of injury

Initial resuscitation and assessment

Imaging

Definitive management

Complications

The liver is the most frequently injured organ following blunt trauma to the abdomen. Management initially follows Advanced Trauma and Life Support (ATLS) guidelines for emergency resuscitation and assessment; further intervention is then determined by the degree of haemodynamic instability....
Liver transplant patients
Authors: Marks Daniel , Harbord Marcus
Published: August 2014

Management of liver transplant patients with abnormal LFT

Early surgical complications

Rejection

Chronic biliary complications

Infections

Medical disorders

Secondary malignancy

Immunosuppressant medications

Disease recurrence and long-term prognosis

The management of chronic liver disease has been transformed by orthotopic and live-related liver transplantation. Early post-surgical outcomes are closely linked to preoperative performance status, quality of the donor organ, and surgical complexity. Advances in operative techniques and immunosuppressive therapies have improved survival to 90% at 1y, 70% at 5y, and 50% at 10y. The prevalence of long-term complications has correspondingly increased, many of which arise secondary to prolonged use of immunosuppressants....
Long-term effects of early pain and injury: animal models
Authors: Walker Suellen M.
Published: August 2014

Nociceptive pathways are functional following birth and acute responses to noxious stimuli have been documented from early development in both clinical and laboratory studies. The ability of noxious afferent input to alter the level of sensitivity of nociceptive pathways in the adult nervous system, with, for example the development of central sensitization, is well established (Woolf, 2011). However, the developing nervous system has additional susceptibilities to alterations in neural activity, and increases due to pain and injury in early life may produce effects not seen following the same input at older ages. As a result, early tissue injury may lead to persistent changes in somatosensory processing and altered sensitivity to future noxious stimuli. The impact of early pain and injury cannot be simply viewed as increasing or decreasing sensitivity as results vary depending on the type and severity of injury and the outcomes used for assessment. Laboratory studies allow evaluation of different forms of injury, potential confounding factors, underlying mechanisms, and potential for modulation by analgesia.
Central nociceptive pathways and descending modulation
Authors: Fitzgerald Maria
Published: August 2014

Infants and children respond to noxious stimulation from birth, but these responses arise from neural activity at different levels of the central nervous system. Nociceptive activity at the level of the spinal cord or brainstem can produce reflex movements, autonomic and metabolic responses that may parallel pain, but cannot be equated with true pain experience. The key to pain experience lies in neural activation of central regions of the brain responsible for sensory discrimination and emotional responses. Thus higher centres in the brain allow noxious events to be discriminated from innocuous ones and create a sense of unpleasantness and threat. Laboratory and clinical studies are building up a picture of the functional connections in regions of the brain concerned with sensory and emotional aspects of pain at different stages of infant and child development. There is also increasing understanding of the maturation of endogenous control systems generated by the brain, which are likely to determine a child’s ability to cope with pain. Furthermore, evidence is increasing that excess noxious stimulation in early life can alter the course of development of both central nociceptive pathways and descending modulation of pain.
Cognitive styles and processes in paediatric pain
Authors: Goubert Liesbet , Simons Laura E.
Published: August 2014

Chronic pain is prevalent in children and adolescents. The current chapter outlines an interpersonal perspective on child pain, demonstrating the central role of child and parent pain-related cognitions in the development and maintenance of chronic pain in childhood. Pain takes place within a social context: children’s expressions of pain (e.g. facial pain displays) are observed and decoded by others (parents), eliciting emotional and behavioural responses. Parents’ responses may impact child outcomes in two ways, directly by imposing activity limitations/encouraging activity engagement or indirectly through observational learning. Although personality and temperamental factors may predispose children and parents to perceive pain as more or less threatening to deal with, the model presented in this chapter focuses on proximal pain-related cognitive processes and associated behaviours that contribute to pain-related disability in children. Recent evidence suggests that perceptions of pain as highly threatening (i.e. catastrophizing) may lead to fearful reactions to pain, activity avoidant behaviours, and more disability. In parents, catastrophizing thoughts about child pain are associated with higher levels of child disability, with recent evidence implicating parent protective behaviours as a mediating mechanism.
The effects of sex and gender on child and adolescent pain
Authors: Moon Erin C. , Unruh Anita M.
Published: August 2014

As women enter adulthood, they are at an increased risk for a number of clinical pain conditions and show higher experimental pain sensitivity relative to men (e.g. Fillingim et al., 2009). The feminine gender role encourages the expression of pain in both children and adults whereas the masculine gender role encourages stoicism in response to pain (e.g. Robinson et al., 2001; Zeman and Garber, 1996). The earlier work of Unruh (1996), Berkeley (1992, 1997), and LeResche (1997), demonstrated that sex and gender shaped the experience of pain and a subsequent body of research has continued to articulate their influence.
Paediatric cancer pain
Authors: Hickman Jennifer , Varadarajan Jaya , Weisman Steven J.
Published: August 2014

Chapter 17 discusses paediatric cancer pain, and how each patient seems to follow a unique trajectory and, for the pain clinician, will present unique challenges that require agility and flexibility to design satisfactory pain treatment protocols. Using a systematic approach that encompasses the notion that pain in paediatric cancer is usually the result of multiple intersecting causes will usually provide satisfactory results for the patients and their watchdog families supervising their care. For the continually decreasing numbers of children who cannot survive their disease, our palliative care colleagues can continue multimodal pain management in conjunction with their pain management resources to ensure a dignified and comfortable end of life.
Pain in palliative care
Authors: Drake Ross , McCulloch Renée
Published: August 2014

Pain in palliative care for children is common and is often a result of different combinations of nociceptive (somatic and/or visceral) and neuropathic pain rather than being from a single aetiology. This pain is best addressed through a collaborative, interdisciplinary team employing a holistic approach to the child and their family. Medication, particularly opioids, has a central role in management but attempting to relieve pain without addressing the child’s non-physical concerns is likely to lead to frustration. The expectation should be for exemplary control of pain bearing in mind some of the syndromes faced can be complex and may require quite sophisticated techniques to be managed appropriately including the use of surgical and anaesthetic procedures.
Headaches
Authors: Hershey Andrew D.
Published: August 2014

Chapter 31 discusses recurrent headaches, especially when episodic, which are much more likely to represent primary headache disorders. Primary headaches are intrinsic to the nervous system and are the disease itself. Early recognition of the primary headaches in patients should result in improved response and outcome, minimizing the impact of the primary headaches and disability. Primary headaches can be grouped into migraine, tension-type headaches (TTHs), and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, and an additional grouping of rarer headaches without a secondary cause. The primary headache that has the greatest impact on a child’s quality of life and disability is migraine and subsequently is the most frequent primary headache brought to the attention of parents, primary care providers, and school nurses.
Common pain problems in the outpatient setting
Authors: Berberich F. Ralph , Schechter Neil L.
Published: August 2014

This chapter will review key concepts pertaining to paediatric pain relief in office settings. Included are general principles important to achieve pain reduction, pain attributed to normative developmental processes such as teething, colic, and ‘growing pains’, pain from infections such as otitis media and pharyngitis, and pain from minor procedures.
Cognitive-behavioural interventions
Authors: Logan Deirdre E. , Coakley Rachael M. , Barber Garcia Brittany N.
Published: August 2014

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is the most commonly researched and empirically supported psychological treatment for the management of paediatric pain. CBT is a brief, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment using a hands-on, practical problem-solving approach (Kendall, 2012). It is based on the concept that thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are causally interrelated. This chapter offers an overview of CBT and its application to pain management, describes specific cognitive-behavioural strategies commonly used for paediatric acute and chronic pain problems, presents the empirical evidence supporting these approaches, and highlights key considerations and emerging directions in the use of CBT and related treatments for paediatric pain.
Operant treatment
Authors: Slifer Keith J. , Amari Adrianna , Ward Cynthia Maynard
Published: August 2014

Operant conditioning interventions for clinical pain involve the modification of environmental and social stimuli that are (1) antecedents (discriminative stimuli or setting events) to maladaptive pain behaviour or (2) consequent stimuli that maintain the maladaptive pain behaviour through positive reinforcement (social attention or assistance from others) or negative reinforcement (escape or avoidance of uncomfortable, effortful activity, or of social, academic, or work responsibilities). While aspects of operant conditioning theory have been included in the design of interventions to manage acute paediatric medical procedure-related pain (see Slifer et al., 1995 , 2002 , 2011 ), this chapter will not include these studies but will focus on operant conditioning based interventions for illness-and injury-related chronic or recurrent pain.
New information and communication technologies for pain
Authors: Stinson Jennifer , Jibb Lindsay
Published: August 2014

The rapid growth in the amount and availability of information and communication technology (ICT) in the last decade means that several new tools have become available to monitor and manage chronic pain. These tools include the Internet (and associated social support networks), mobile phones, and telemedicine and they are being used to enable self-management by people suffering from persistent pain. The benefits of ICT-based pain therapies are many and include improved treatment accessibility and satisfaction, as well as potential decreases in therapy cost. ICT therapies for people in pain represent exciting treatment possibilities. Future, rigorous research into the design and effectiveness of these therapies will shed more light on how ICT might improve the quality of life for people with chronic pain.
Occupational therapy
Authors: Holsti Liisa , Backman Catherine L. , Engel Joyce M.
Published: August 2014

Occupational therapists specialize in how pain impacts the development and maintenance of the occupations (self-care, productivity, leisure) of the daily lives of infants and youth in pain. Occupational therapists, working with families and other members of the health care team, use both generic and specific theoretical frameworks and models to guide clinical practice. These models ensure that a client-centred approach is used. In the everyday settings of the child, and using evidence-based practice, occupational therapists facilitate the treatment goals of children and families by integrating specific strategies, such as feeding, positioning, energy conservation, and adaptive equipment.
Integrative Nursing and Symptom Management
Authors: Ringdahl Debbie
Published: August 2014

The principles of integrative nursing are reintroduced within the context of clinical decision making. Nursing interventions aimed at symptom relief support and facilitate whole person healing by using a range of approaches and evidence-based healing modalities. The integrative nurses assess mindbodyspirit while attending to physiologic systems and their interactions with the whole person. The focus on healing instead of curing shifts priorities and problem solving to include a wider range of treatment options. Increased use of integrative health modalities expands treatment options but also reminds nurses of the therapeutic value and healing potential of touch, comfort, and presence. Operationalizing integrative nursing principles requires “pragmatic idealism,” a task well suited to a profession invested in both the art and science of healing.
Integrative Nursing in Sweden
Authors: Jong Mats , Jong Miek C. , Falkenberg Torkel
Published: August 2014

In Sweden concepts of holistic care are well integrated in nursing curricula and health care legislation, but terms such as integrative nursing and integrative medicine is unfamiliar. A major challenge in Sweden is to inform and reform stakeholders in healthcare to acknowledge the benefits and value of evidence generated in (pragmatic-real world research) complex systems research since often integrative nursing methods are complex interventions where it is hard to rely on evidence of specific effects from individual elements of interventions. Experience based programs (on evidence informed integrative nursing practices) may be a key to create awareness among university staff, students, and future healthcare professionals of the qualities of integrative practices to promote and maintain health.
Stomach
Authors: Johnson C. Daniel
Published: August 2014

Cases are presented related to inflammatory and ulcerative diseases, masses and filling defects, narrowings, postoperative, and miscellaneous conditions of the stomach. Each case contains a relevant image or images, imaging findings, a differential diagnosis, the actual diagnosis, and a discussion. Supplementary materials provided with each chapter include differential diagnoses, anatomical illustrations, and a question and answer section.
Colon
Authors: Johnson C. Daniel
Published: August 2014

Cases are presented related to inflammatory and ulcerative diseases, masses and filling defects, obstruction and ileus, disorders of defecation, and miscellaneous conditions of the colon. Each case contains a relevant image or images, imaging findings, a differential diagnosis, the actual diagnosis, and a discussion. Supplementary materials provided with each chapter include differential diagnoses, anatomical illustrations, and a question and answer section.
Final Examination
Authors: Johnson C. Daniel
Published: August 2014

This chapter of examination-type questions has been added to help students prepare for written examinations. It can be used in combination with the questions and answers provided with each chapter to assess learning as readers progress through the book.
An implementation of Bayesian lensing shear measurement
Authors: Sheldon Erin S.
Published: August 2014

The Bayesian gravitational shear estimation algorithm developed by Bernstein & Armstrong can potentially be used to overcome multiplicative noise bias and recover shear using very low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) galaxy images. In that work, the authors confirmed that the method is nearly unbiased in a simplified demonstration, but no test was performed on images with realistic pixel noise. Here, I present a full implementation for fitting models to galaxy images, including the effects of a point spread function (PSF) and pixelization. I tested the implementation using simulated galaxy images modelled as Sérsic profiles with n = 1 (exponential) and n = 4 (De Vaucouleurs’), convolved with a PSF and a flat pixel response function. I used a round Gaussian model for the PSF to avoid potential PSF-fitting errors. I simulated galaxies with mean observed, post-PSF full width at half-maximum equal to approximately 1.2 times that of the PSF, with lognormal scatter. I also drew fluxes from a lognormal distribution. I produced independent simulations, each with pixel noise tuned to produce different mean S/N ranging from 10–1000. I applied a constant shear to all images. I fitted the simulated images to a model with the true Sérsic index to avoid modelling biases. I recovered the input shear with fractional error Δg/g < 2 × 10−3 in all cases. In these controlled conditions, and in the absence of other multiplicative errors, this implementation is sufficiently unbiased for current surveys and approaches the requirements for planned surveys.
Effects of genetic variations on microRNA: target interactions
Authors: Liu Chaochun , Rennie William A. , Carmack C. Steven , Kanoria Shaveta , Cheng Jijun , Lu Jun , Ding Ye
Published: August 2014

Genetic variations within microRNA (miRNA) binding sites can affect miRNA-mediated gene regulation, which may lead to phenotypes and diseases. We perform a transcriptome-scale analysis of genetic variants and miRNA:target interactions identified by CLASH. This analysis reveals that rare variants tend to reside in CDSs, whereas common variants tend to reside in the 3′ UTRs. miRNA binding sites are more likely to reside within those targets in the transcriptome with lower variant densities, especially target regions in which nucleotides have low mutation frequencies. Furthermore, an overwhelming majority of genetic variants within or near miRNA binding sites can alter not only the potential of miRNA:target hybridization but also the structural accessibility of the binding sites and flanking regions. These suggest an interpretation for certain associations between genetic variants and diseases, i.e. modulation of miRNA-mediated gene regulation by common or rare variants within or near miRNA binding sites, likely through target structure alterations. Our data will be valuable for discovering new associations among miRNAs, genetic variations and human diseases.
Negative feedback regulation of calcineurin-dependent Prz1 transcription factor by the CaMKK-CaMK1 axis in fission yeast
Authors: Cisneros-Barroso Eugenia , Yance-Chávez Tula , Kito Ayako , Sugiura Reiko , Gómez-Hierro Alba , Giménez-Zaragoza David , Aligue Rosa
Published: August 2014

Calcium signals trigger the translocation of the Prz1 transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The process is regulated by the calcium-activated phosphatase calcineurin, which activates Prz1 thereby maintaining active transcription during calcium signalling. When calcium signalling ceases, Prz1 is inactivated by phosphorylation and exported to the cytoplasm. In budding yeast and mammalian cells, different kinases have been reported to counter calcineurin activity and regulate nuclear export. Here, we show that the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase Cmk1 is first phosphorylated and activated by the newly identified kinase CaMKK2 homologue, Ckk2, in response to Ca2+. Then, active Cmk1 binds, phosphorylates and inactivates Prz1 transcription activity whilst at the same time cmk1 expression is enhanced by Prz1 in response to Ca2+. Furthermore, Cdc25 phosphatase is also phosphorylated by Cmk1, inducing cell cycle arrest in response to an increase in Ca2+. Moreover, cmk1 deletion shows a high tolerance to chronic exposure to Ca2+, due to the lack of cell cycle inhibition and elevated Prz1 activity. This work reveals that Cmk1 kinase activated by the newly identified Ckk2 counteracts calcineurin function by negatively regulating Prz1 activity which in turn is involved in activating cmk1 gene transcription. These results are the first insights into Cmk1 and Ckk2 function in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
The yeast prefoldin-like URI-orthologue Bud27 associates with the RSC nucleosome remodeler and modulates transcription
Authors: Mirón-García María Carmen , Garrido-Godino Ana Isabel , Martínez-Fernández Verónica , Fernández-Pevida Antonio , Cuevas-Bermúdez Abel , Martín-Expósito Manuel , Chávez Sebastián , de la Cruz Jesús , Navarro Francisco
Published: August 2014

Bud27, the yeast orthologue of human URI/RMP, is a member of the prefoldin-like family of ATP-independent molecular chaperones. It has recently been shown to mediate the assembly of the three RNA polymerases in an Rpb5-dependent manner. In this work, we present evidence of Bud27 modulating RNA pol II transcription elongation. We show that Bud27 associates with RNA pol II phosphorylated forms (CTD-Ser5P and CTD-Ser2P), and that its absence affects RNA pol II occupancy of transcribed genes. We also reveal that Bud27 associates in vivo with the Sth1 component of the chromatin remodeling complex RSC and mediates its association with RNA pol II. Our data suggest that Bud27, in addition of contributing to Rpb5 folding within the RNA polymerases, also participates in the correct assembly of other chromatin-associated protein complexes, such as RSC, thereby modulating their activity.
Chimeric bifunctional oligonucleotides as a novel tool to invade telomerase assembly
Authors: Azhibek Dulat , Zvereva Maria , Zatsepin Timofei , Rubtsova Maria , Dontsova Olga
Published: August 2014

Telomerase is a key participant in the telomere length maintaining system in eukaryotic cells. Telomerase RNA and protein reverse transcriptase subunits are essential for the appearance of active telomerase in vitro. Telomerase is active in many cancer types and is a potential target for anticancer drug development. Here we report a new approach for impairing telomerase function at the stage of human telomerase assembly. The approach is based on the application of chimeric bifunctional oligonucleotides that contain two oligonucleotide parts complementary to the functional domains of telomerase RNA connected with non-nucleotide linkers in different orientations (5′-3′, 5′-5′ or 3′-3′). Such chimeras inhibited telomerase in vitro in the nM range, but were effective in vivo in sub-nM concentrations, predominantly due to their effect on telomerase assembly and dimerization.
RNA recognition and self-association of CPEB4 is mediated by its tandem RRM domains
Authors: Schelhorn Constanze , Gordon James M.B. , Ruiz Lidia , Alguacil Javier , Pedroso Enrique , Macias Maria J.
Published: August 2014

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation is regulated by the interaction of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding proteins (CPEB) with cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) containing mRNAs. The CPEB family comprises four paralogs, CPEB1–4, each composed of a variable N-terminal region, two RNA recognition motif (RRM) and a C-terminal ZZ-domain. We have characterized the RRM domains of CPEB4 and their binding properties using a combination of biochemical, biophysical and NMR techniques. Isothermal titration calorimetry, NMR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments demonstrate that both the RRM domains are required for an optimal CPE interaction and the presence of either one or two adenosines in the two most commonly used consensus CPE motifs has little effect on the affinity of the interaction. Both the single RRM1 and the tandem RRM1–RRM2 have the ability to dimerize, although representing a minor population. Self-association does not affect the proteins’ ability to interact with RNA as demonstrated by ion mobility–mass spectrometry. Chemical shift effects measured by NMR of the apo forms of the RRM1–RRM2 samples indicate that the two domains are orientated toward each other. NMR titration experiments show that residues on the β-sheet surface on RRM1 and at the C-terminus of RRM2 are affected upon RNA binding. We propose a model of the CPEB4 RRM1–RRM2–CPE complex that illustrates the experimental data.
Structural Modifications of Gluten Proteins in Strong and Weak Wheat Dough During Mixing
Authors: Jazaeri Sahar , Bock Jayne E. , Bagagli Marcela P. , Iametti Stefania , Bonomi Francesco , Seetharaman Koushik
Published: August 2014

The network‐forming attributes of gluten have been investigated for decades, but no study has comprehensively addressed the differences in gluten network evolution between strong and weak wheat types (hard and soft wheat). This study monitored changes in SDS protein extractability, SDS‐accessible thiols, protein surface hydrophobicity, molecular weight distribution, and secondary structural features of proteins during mixing to bring out the molecular determinants of protein network formation in hard and soft wheat dough. Soft wheat flour and dough exhibited greater protein extractability and more accessible thiols than hard wheat flour and dough. The addition of the thiol‐blocking agent N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) resulted in similar results for protein extractability and accessible thiols in hard and soft wheat samples. Soft wheat dough had greater protein surface hydrophobicity than hard wheat and exhibited a larger decrease in surface hydrophobicity in the presence of NEM. Formation of high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) protein in soft wheat dough was primarily because of formation of disulfides among low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) proteins, as indicated by the absence of changes in protein distribution when NEM was present, whereas in hard wheat dough the LMW fraction formed disulfide interaction with the HMW fraction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated formation of β‐sheets in dough from either wheat type at peak mixing torque. Formation of β‐sheets in soft wheat dough appears to be driven by hydrophobic interactions, whereas disulfide linkages stabilize secondary structure elements in hard wheat dough.
Investigation of taxa of the family Pasteurellaceae isolated from Syrian and European hamsters and proposal of Mesocricetibacter intestinalis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Cricetibacter osteomyelitidis gen. nov., sp. nov.
Authors: Christensen H. , Nicklas W. , Bisgaard M.
Published: August 2014

Eleven strains from hamster of Bisgaard taxa 23 and 24, also referred to as Krause’s groups 2 and 1, respectively, were investigated by a polyphasic approach including data published previously. Strains showed small, regular and circular colonies with smooth and shiny appearance, typical of members of the family

Pasteurellaceae

. The strains formed two monophyletic groups based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison to other members of the family

Pasteurellaceae

. Partial rpoB sequencing as well as published data on DNA–DNA hybridization showed high genotypic relationships within both groups. Menaquinone 7 (MK7) was found in strains of both groups as well as an unknown ubiquinone with shorter chain length than previously reported for any other member of the family

Pasteurellaceae

. A new genus with one species, Mesocricetibacter intestinalis gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate members of taxon 24 of Bisgaard whereas members of taxon 23 of Bisgaard are proposed to represent Cricetibacter osteomyelitidis gen. nov., sp. nov. Major fatty acids of type strains of type species of both genera are C14 : 0, C14 : 0 3-OH/iso-C16 : 1 I, C16 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0. The two genera are clearly separated by phenotype from each other and from existing genera of the family

Pasteurellaceae

. The type strain of Mesocricetibacter intestinalis is HIM 933/7T ( = Kunstyr 246/85T = CCUG 28030T = DSM 28403T) while the type strain of Cricetibacter osteomyelitidis is HIM943/7T ( = Kunstyr 507/85T = CCUG 36451T = DSM 28404T).