bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring perceived barriers and enablers to fidelity of training and delivery of an intervention to reduce imaging for low back pain: a qualitative interview study protocol
Authors: To Daphne , De Carvalho Diana , Pike Andrea , Etchegary Holly , Patey Andrea , Toomey Elaine , Hall Amanda
Published: May 2021

Background: Diagnostic imaging has limited utility in the assessment and management of non-specific low back pain (LBP), but remains commonly used in clinical practice. Interventions have been designed to reduce non-indicated imaging for LBP; however, evidence of effectiveness has been variable. It is unclear whether intervention fidelity was adequately assessed in these interventions, which may have an impact on the interpretation of trial results. Within implementation research, intervention fidelity refers to the degree to which an intervention was delivered as intended and to the strategies used to monitor and enhance this process. Intervention fidelity covers five domains: design, training, delivery, receipt, and enactment.

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to explore perceived barriers and enablers to fidelity of training and delivery of a proposed theory-informed intervention aimed at reducing non-indicated imaging for LBP by general practitioners (GPs) and chiropractors in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with GPs and chiropractors in NL to explore their views on barriers and enablers towards enhancing and/or assessing fidelity of training and delivery. Interviews will be audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed with the Theoretical Domains Framework. Relevant domains related to perceived barriers and enablers will be identified by: the frequency of beliefs; the presence of conflicting beliefs; and the perceived strength of the impact a belief may have on the target behaviours.

Discussion: Results of this study will aid in the development of a fidelity protocol for an upcoming cluster randomised controlled trial of a theory-informed intervention aimed at reducing non-indicated imaging for LBP. Our results may help to ensure that the proposed intervention will be delivered with good fidelity and that fidelity can be appropriately assessed.
A pilot of the feasibility and usefulness of an aged obese model for use in stroke research
Authors: Learoyd Annastazia E. , Calmus Ryan , Cunningham Chelsea N. , England Tim J. , Farr Tracy D. , Fone Kevin C.F. , Kendall David A. , O’Sullivan Saoirse E. , Trueman Rebecca C.
Published: May 2021

Background: Animal models of stroke have been criticised as having poor predictive validity, lacking risk factors prevalent in an aging population. This pilot study examined the development of comorbidities in a combined aged and high-fat diet model, and then examined the feasibility of modelling stroke in such rats.

Methods: Twelve-month old male Wistar-Han rats (n=15) were fed a 60% fat diet for 8 months during which monthly serial blood samples were taken to assess the development of metabolic syndrome and pro-inflammatory markers. Following this, to pilot the suitability of these rats for undergoing surgical models of stroke, they underwent 30min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) alongside younger controls fed a standard diet (n=10). Survival, weight and functional outcome were monitored, and blood vessels and tissues collected for analysis.

Results: A high fat diet in aged rats led to substantial obesity. These rats did not develop type 2 diabetes or hypertension. There was thickening of the thoracic arterial wall and vacuole formation in the liver; but of the cytokines examined changes were not seen. MCAO surgery and behavioural assessment was possible in this model (with some caveats discussed in manuscript).

Conclusions: This study shows MCAO is possible in aged, obese rats. However, this model is not ideal for recapitulating the complex comorbidities commonly seen in stroke patients.
The consequences of adjustment, correction and selection in genome-wide association studies used for two-sample Mendelian randomization
Authors: Walker Venexia , Harrison Sean , Carter Alice , Gill Dipender , Tzoulaki Ioanna , Davies Neil
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) often adjust for covariates, correct for medication use, or select on medication users. If these summary statistics are used in two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses, estimates may be biased. We used simulations to investigate how GWAS adjustment, correction and selection affects these estimates and performed an analysis in UK Biobank to provide an empirical example.

Methods: We simulated six GWASs: no adjustment for a covariate, correction for medication use, or selection on medication users; adjustment only; selection only; correction only; both adjustment and selection; and both adjustment and correction. We then ran two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses using these GWASs to evaluate bias. We also performed equivalent GWASs using empirical data from 306,560 participants in UK Biobank with systolic blood pressure as the exposure and body mass index as the covariate and ran two-sample Mendelian randomization with coronary heart disease as the outcome.

Results: The simulation showed that estimates from GWASs with selection can produce biased two-sample Mendelian randomization estimates. Yet, we observed relatively little difference between empirical estimates of the effect of systolic blood pressure on coronary artery disease across the six scenarios.

Conclusions: Given the potential for bias from using GWASs with selection on Mendelian randomization estimates demonstrated in our simulation, careful consideration before using this approach is warranted. However, based on our empirical results, using adjusted, corrected or selected GWASs is unlikely to make a large difference to two-sample Mendelian randomization estimates in practice.
Bioelectrochemical System: An Eco-Friendly Approach to Generate Electricity-Utilizing Plants and Microorganisms
Authors: Dave Kruti , Darji Parth , Gandhi Fenie , Singh Saumya , Jadav Digvijaysinh
Published: May 2021

Owing to the fact of future energy demand, and the clampdown world is facing now, there is a crucial requirement for the sustainable energy sources which are cheap and environmentally friendly.As committed by a green alternative, for future enhancement of the planet, the fossil fuel abandonment is required, and instigation of renewable resources such as Microbial Fuel Cell [MFCs] and Plant Microbial Fuel Cell [PMFCs] should be implemented. MFC is a visionary technique, as it converts wastage into the energy, whereas, PMFC is a new-fangled technique devoid of any climatic conditions and it requires less investment. By scrutinizing this technique, Bacillus megaterium and sewage material are used in MFCs, whereas Azolla and Trigonellafoenumis used in PMFCs, which converts chemical energy into electrical energy with the help of electrons flowing from the anode to cathode via circuit. The individual setup of each MFCs and PMFCs are examined diurnally for voltage and current gain proceeded by connecting both [MFC and PMFC] in series with LED between, thus gaining the luminance in LED.The yield in voltage and current were measured for different fuel cells from Day 1 to Day 12 and Obtained notable difference in both voltage and current. Voltage Difference: MFC;0.041 to 1.733,BMFC;0.271 to 1.885, PMFC(Azolla); 0.00 to 0.35, PMFC(Fenugreek); 0.01 to 0.766 and Current difference: MFC; 0.001-1.133, BMFC; 0.001-1.133, PMFC(Azolla); 0.00 – 0.2, PMFC(Fenugreek); 0.00 – 0.512.The assurance in the aptness of this process, can be evaluated by its exertion in the society. As known its major application is production of electricity from the organic as well as inorganic waste in the environment, and by the plants. Majority of the industries have gone through this manner for the bioenergy and biosensors production and wastewater treatment.
Natural Gas in Kansas
Authors: Merriam Daniel F. , Goebel Edwin D.
Published: May 2021

Natural gas production in Kansas has totaled about 11.4 trillion cu ft since commercial discovery in 1873 in Allen County. The large Hugoton gas area in the southwestern part of the state accounts for most of the production. Kansas gas reserves are estimated to be about 17.4 trillion cu ft.

Permian rocks have yielded about 74 per cent of the cumulative production, Pennsylvanian rocks 15 per cent, and Mississippian rocks 9 per cent; the other 2 per cent is from lower Paleozoic rocks. A very minor quantity of gas has been produced from Cretaceous rocks in northwestern Kansas.

Cumulative gas production reported from the major structural features of the state is Hugoton embayment, 76 per cent; Cherokee basin, 8 per cent; Sedgwick basin, 8 per cent; Central Kansas uplift, less than 3 per cent; Pratt anticline, less than 2 per cent; and the Forest City basin, Nemaha anticline, and Salina basin each less than 1 per cent.

Helium, natural gas liquids, and carbon black are important byproducts from the natural gas. Transport of the gas is by more than 12,000 mi of pipeline. About half of the amount of the annual production is consumed within the state.
Black Warrior Basin, Northeast Mississippi and Northwest Alabama
Authors: Pike Stuart J.
Published: May 2021

The Black Warrior basin of northeast Mississippi and northwest Alabama is a triangular area of 35,000 sq mi of Paleozoic strata bounded on the north by the Nashville and Ozark domes, on the southeast by the folded Appalachians, and the southwest by the buried Ouachita mountains. The western two-thirds of the basin is buried beneath Mesozoic and Tertiary strata of the Gulf Coastal Plain and Mississippi embayment.

The first gas production in the basin was established in 1909. Since that time exploration has been sporadic, but in the early 1950's seven Upper Mississippian gas fields and a one-well Ordovician oil field were discovered in the exploration program which followed the development of the Muldon gas field.

During most of Paleozoic time, the basin was part of the stable continental interior and received more than 17,000 ft of sediment typical of that deposited in the shallow inland seas of the era. The center of the basin shifted in each Paleozoic period. In Early Pennsylvanian time, there was a great downwarping of the basin accompanied by an uplift of orogenic belts on the southeast and probably on the southwest; more than 10,000 ft of Pottsville sediment was deposited in the Black Warrior trough. After Pennsylvanian time, the basin was uplifted and received no Permian sediment. In early Mesozoic time, the province was downwarped on the southwest and was covered with the Mesozoic and Tertiary sediment of the Mississippi embayment.

The Paleozoic strata of the basin are complexly faulted, and most of the gas fields are on faulted structural features which were located by geophysical methods. All of the gas production is from Upper Mississippian Chester sandstone beds which have a marked lack of lateral persistence and extreme lateral and vertical variations in porosity and permeability.

The eight-well Muldon field is the largest gas field in the basin, It is on a horst-like fault block, and production is from the Sanders sandstone, of middle Chester age, at a depth of 5,500 ft. Total recoverable reserve of the Muldon field is estimated to be 70 billion cu ft of gas.

Most of the Paleozoic rocks of the basin have abundant oil and gas shows where there is porosity. There are several unconformities in the basin which offer the possibility of large-scale stratigraphic traps, and there are many undrilled structural anomalies. It seems probable that much more oil and gas will be found in the basin in the future.
Natural Gas Industry In The United States
Authors: Davis Ralph E.
Published: May 2021

Since 1945, the competitive position of natural gas in the fossil-fuel energy market has improved; the position of oil has improved less markedly; and the position of coal has deteriorated substantially. In 15 years the natural gas industry has grown to the nation's fifth largest. The natural gas industry, however, has serious problems. It is composed of varied groups with diverse interests—consumers, representatives of state and federal regulatory agencies, distributors, pipeline transmission companies, and producers. Conditions and problems are so different among groups, and even within groups that are widely separated geographically, that the natural gas industry cannot speak with unity, and its position is thus weakened.

In 1964, natural gas and accompanying liquids (wet gas) supplied 33.5 per cent, crude oil and net imported products 40.3 per cent, coal 22.5 per cent, and water and nuclear power 3.7 per cent of the primary energy consumed in the United States. Although the primary-energy requirements in the United States increased about 60 per cent from 1945 to 1964, use of natural gas (wet) increased more than fourfold. During the same period, use of coal declined by two-thirds.

This large increase in the use of natural gas has led to the erroneous belief that continued growth at this rate can be expected for a decade or more; if this were to be so, by 1975 more than 25 trillion cu ft of natural gas would be required to supply the same percentage of the primary-energy demand. This belief has no justification in fact. Any seeming overabundance of natural gas is an illusion brought 'about by local conditions of supply and demand. To meet such ephemeral demands, it is not feasible to build facilities for gas that cannot be found and produced. There are many estimates of total supply with the widest range, and that of the writer is one of the more conservative. Estimated future supplies exist “on paper,” but are by no means assured. They must be found and developed in the face of increasingly difficult and costly exploration and competition from other fuels, principally coal. If the producers of primary energy cannot work together, the consequences may be detrimental to all.
Proved and Probable Reserves, Production Rates, and Availability of Natural Gas
Authors: Davis Ralph E. , Milton Wege J. , Falconer R. M. , Gimblet Ernest , Simmons James , Arrington Louis , Hopkins W. B. , Webb J. B. , White R. J. , Knight G. L. , Beebe B. W.
Published: May 2021

The estimation of proved and probable natural gas reserves must be based firmly not only on detailed knowledge of the engineering factors involved, but, generally even more important, on a thorough knowledge of the geology and potential for additional natural gas discovery. Different areas and even different producing formations within a single area have decidedly different characteristics for natural gas production rates, availability, and recovery. The rate at which a discrete gas reserve can be depleted is very important to pipelines.

As the competition for gas reserves increases, more and more lines are financed on the basis of sound estimates of proved reserves available and judgment with regard to supplies which can be expected reasonably to be developed in the area to be served by the pipeline. A study of the Homeglen-Rimbey field illustrates this important principle. In areas where exploration and development are unusually costly, reserves otherwise would not be developed in a timely fashion.

Important as estimates of proved and probable reserves are, even more important in many cases are studies of the availability of gas reserves—the rate at which they can be produced. A mathematically calculated 20-yr supply of natural gas which actually may require several times that length of time to produce is insufficient in times of peak requirements. There are several methods by which to determine volumes of gas available at any one period from a well, reservoir, pool, field, or even a system. Most of them require use of large numbers of data, and too commonly not all of the necessary data are available. Calculations are long, involved, and arduous. The Davis-Meltzer curve, which is simply a study of the production rate of several depleted or nearly depleted fields where geologic and reservoir conditions are similar, is a simple, reasonable means of determining availability within the accuracy normally required and obviates the laborious calculations of other methods. If likes are compared with likes, the method is superior to any other, but sound judgment in its application is mandatory.
Gas Reserves in Western Canada
Authors: Leslie Gordon A.
Published: May 2021

Primary exploration for natural gas in the Western Canada sedimentary basin may become as important as primary exploration for oil in the future, if justified by the market demand for natural gas and national gas products in Canada and the United States. Of the three western provinces, Alberta is in the most advanced stage of exploration with a drilling density of one wildcat well for every 29 sq mi of area favorable for gas and oil discovery. British Columbia is second in importance and Saskatchewan has neither large reserves nor potential large undiscovered supply. The Yukon and Northwest Territories are essentially unexplored.

Current exploration trends indicate that in the future carbonate reservoirs of the Triassic, Permian-Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, and Devonian will become increasingly predominant as sources of natural gas in comparison to the gas-producing sandstone beds of the Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic.

Under favorable economic conditions, potential ultimate discovery of from 240 to 300 trillion cu ft of gas supply is anticipated in the Western Canada sedimentary basin, including the Yukon and Northwest Territories but exclusive of the Arctic Islands and the continental shelves.
Natural Gases of North America—A Summary
Authors: Beebe B. W. , Curtis Bruce F.
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this symposium is to assemble and critically examine the known facts regarding the origin, migration, accumulation, occurrence, exploration for, production of, and uses of natural gas and the many related factors which may affect them. The “geology” of natural gas is simply the geology of all petroleum, and the geology by which many mineral accumulations are controlled. The diverse substances constituting petroleum, both natural gas and crude oil, are formed and accumulate in the earth in regular patterns. The better the understanding of the conditions under which natural gas is found, the more effective will be the finding effort. This search is increasingly important because of the burgeoning requirements for natural gas.

The phenomenal growth of the requirements for and production of natural gas and liquids derived therefrom was the major postwar development in the domestic petroleum industry. Only a few years before, an operator who discovered natural gas in many parts of the country was a victim of a greater misfortune than one who drilled a dry hole. The discoverer of a gas well, not knowing much about the true relation between natural gas and oil, and assuming he had found a gas cap, commonly tried to “blow off” the gas so that oil could be produced. Hence, natural gas was wasted wantonly, not only in the circumstances described, but also, when produced with oil, by venting or flaring because of lack of market.
Economic Aspects of Uinta Basin Gas Development
Authors: Folsom L. W.
Published: May 2021

A large available and recoverable reserve of natural gas now has been proved by drilling in the Uinta basin of western Colorado and eastern Utah. Early in November 1961, Mountain Fuel Supply Company and Utah Natural Gas Company cooperatively completed construction of the 20-in, 104-mi, intrastate Uinta Basin gas pipeline. It will furnish a ready outlet for previously shut-in gas reserves and will make further concentrated exploration economically feasible. Natural gas reserves in the Uinta basin currently are estimated to be more than 1 trillion cu ft. Projected development and exploratory drilling should prove reserves equal to or even exceeding the most optimistic estimates given to date.

Most commercial gas production is from stratigraphic traps of the nonmarine Wasatch Formation. Minor production has been found in the Uinta Formation, the Mesaverde Group, the Dakota Formation, and the Morrison Formation. The intriguing possibility of additional commercial oil production from Tertiary and Cretaceous formations adds incentive for exploratory and development drilling.

Market-area projections indicate an initial average transmission of 100 million cu ft in 1966. More than 600,000 leased acres currently are committed to the Uinta Basin pipeline by ownership or by gas-purchase contracts providing for 16½ cents per thousand cubic feet at 15.025 psia pressure base. At this price and at higher prices anticipated in coming years, the gas from the Uinta basin can be marketed competitively.
Gas Resources of Eocene Producing Trend, Upper Gulf Coast of Texas
Authors: Hardin, JR. George C. , Kenley Clark W.
Published: May 2021

The Eocene producing trend of the Upper Gulf Coast of Texas is in a nearly 40-mi-wide band roughly paralleling the coastline. The downdip limit of production is approximately 50 mi inland. The most important gas and oil reservoirs are sandstone of the Wilcox and Yegua Formations, of Eocene age, although some gas and oil have been produced from thin sandstone beds in the Queen City, Sparta, and McElroy formations.

The first large Eocene gas discovery was the Katy field, in 1935. It still ranks first in gas reserves among the Eocene fields of the Upper Gulf Coast. Subsequently, large gas reserves were found in the Wilcox in several other areas, and by 1945 the Eocene had been established as a major source of gas. The Eocene producing trend now is probably more important for gas than for oil.

Porosity and permeability values of Wilcox sandstone are low in comparison to those of other producing sandstone of the Upper Gulf Coast. Approximately 80 per cent of the section is of nonmarine origin; downdip, interfingering marine and nonmarine sediments grade into a predominantly marine sequence composed primarily of marine shale. Sandstone bodies are lenticular regionally. Permeability and porosity decrease downdip. Known gas accumulations are much more common in the upper Wilcox, perhaps because few test wells have been drilled to the middle and lower parts of the
B. Economics of Natural Gas in Sacramento Valley, California
Authors: Reid Eugene F.
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this paper is to analyze factors affecting the profit from exploration for and development of natural gas reserves in the Sacramento Valley of California. The valley was established as a dry-gas producing province in 1935 with the discovery of the Tracy gas field southwest of Stockton. Productive fields now exist within the area extending from the Vernalis gas field near Modesto on the south to the Corning gas field near the city of Corning on the north, a distance of 165 airline miles. Dry gas has been produced from rocks of Pliocene, Miocene, Eocene, Paleocene, and Late Cretaceous ages. Cumulative production at the end of 1964 was approximately 3.5 trillion cu ft. Reserves were estimated to be approximately 3 trillion cu ft.

Manuscript received, July 17, 1961. Production and reserve figures revised to December 31, 1964.

Manager of exploration, Occidental Petroleum Corporation.
Measurement Systems Related to Petroleum in Western Canada
Authors: Beach Floyd K.
Published: May 2021

Although there are notable similarities between the measurement systems of Canada and the United States, some of the differences are important in the interpretation of geological data. Three systems of land survey result in sections of various sizes in petroleum areas of the prairie provinces, and locations in much of British Columbia are described by a grid system. Gas measurements developed in Alberta are in common use and the barrel of 35 Imperial gallons represents the same volume as the U. S. barrel of oil.
Wasatch Plateau Gas Fields, Utah
Authors: Walton Paul T.
Published: May 2021

The rugged, mountainous Wasatch Plateau yields gas in the Clear Creek, Flat Canyon, Joes Valley, and Ferron fields. The first discovery in the area was at Clear Creek in 1951. Present production is about 10 million cu ft of gas a day.

All the producing areas are on closed structural features, and the principal producing zone is the Upper Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale. The most important field is Clear Creek, located on a regional uplift that has been transected by major faults that have formed a graben. There is a large structural closure against the west or basinward side of the fault.

Tectonic activity during deposition of Ferron sandstone aided its development as a reservoir rock. The Ferron appears to have had two sources, one on the southwest and the other on the northwest. The sandstone derived from the northwest appears to have been more conducive to accumulation of gas.

Future discoveries appear to depend on testing of undrilled structural closures; stratigraphic analyses of the Ferron, Dakota, Star Point, and Emery sandstones for flank traps; and deep drilling of the known porous Paleozoic rocks, principally the Mississippian limestones.
Willow Springs Field, Gregg County, Texas
Authors: Loetterle G. J.
Published: May 2021

Willow Springs, primarily a gas field, is in southeastern Gregg County, Texas, partly in the city limits and partly west of Longview. The productive area is about 34,000 acres. The structure is a low-relief anticline in a structural trend paralleling the East Texas field on the east. Local lensing out of productive sandstones and minor local permeability barriers affect the structurally controlled accumulation. Production is from Cretaceous rocks—Rodessa, Pettet, and Travis Peak—with the most important producing zone being the Young Zone of the Rodessa. The estimated ultimate recovery from all producing zones is 681,500,000 Mcf of gas and 6,114,500 bbls of liquids, of which 550,596,000 Mcf and 5,135,000 bbls had been recovered as of January 1,1966.
Geologic Conditions Associated with Nitrogen Occurrences in Jurassic Oil and Gas Fields, Northeast Texas and Southwest Arkansas
Authors: Lokke Donald H. , Brent Millard D.
Published: May 2021

Oil and gas condensate from the Jurassic Smackover Formation in Eylau and Flower Acres fields in Bowie County, Texas, and in Texarkana field in Miller County, Arkansas, yield 60 per cent nitrogen. The producing rocks are associated with intrusive igneous rocks and hydrogen sulfide in the two Texas fields. The Texarkana field is in the same diabase petrographic province. Origin of the nitrogen gas is uncertain, but close association with oil and gas-condensate accumulation suggests a related origin.
North Louisiana
Authors: Meyerhoff A. A. , Forgotson, Sr. James M.
Published: May 2021

Although shallow gas production from the Upper Cretaceous began in North Louisiana before 1890, the first commercial exploitation began with the discovery of the Caddo field in 1905. The discovery of the Monroe field in 1916 made North Louisiana one of the major gas-producing areas of the world. As technology progressed and shallow reservoirs were depleted, deeper drilling found substantial reserves of gas in Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic formations.

Wasteful practices from the very beginning—blowouts, “wild” wells, cratering, fires, and formation damage—led to a series of progressive legislative acts and regulations. The concepts of common carriers, unitization, proration, and controlled well spacing were developed very early, beginning in 1906, and culminated in the general Act 157 of 1940, one of the most progressive, all-purpose conservation laws in the country and the world.
Geology and Natural Gas Occurrence, Western Williston Basin
Authors: Mccrae R. O. , Swenson R. E.
Published: May 2021

The western Williston basin has produced gas since a 1913 discovery at Cedar Creek anticline, but during the past decade nearly all the gas found has been in solution in oil. In a sedimentary rock section averaging 10,000 ft in thickness, about one-third of the material, in approximately the lower (or Paleozoic) half of the section, consists of carbonate and evaporites. The rest of the beds are principally sandstone and shale of shallow-marine deposition. All commercial gas in Paleozoic rocks is in solution in oil. Small gas reserves have been found in fractured siltstones of the Cretaceous Colorado Shale at Hardin, and in the Shannon Sandstone at Pumpkin Creek. Most of the gas in the western Williston basin is in nonassociated accumulations in and adjacent to the Cretaceous Judith River and Eagle Formations. The trapping is related partly to folding, but also is at the extreme seaward limits of sandstone tongues. Porosity of less than 10 per cent and low permeability values are characteristic of the reservoirs and fracturing is regarded as important in improving over-all permeability of the reservoirs. At Cedar Creek anticline 6 million cu ft a day of 90 per cent-nitrogen gas was treated in a Cambrian sandstone. Shallower beds contain some nitrogen both as free accumulations and associated with oil. Evidence suggests a basement-rock source for the nitrogen.
Subsurface Geology of North Gotebo Area, Kiowa and Washita Counties, Oklahoma
Authors: Takken Suzanne
Published: May 2021

The producing area is in Tps. 7 and 8 N., Rs. 16 and 17 W., in Kiowa and Washita Counties, Oklahoma. Several field names were given because of irregular development, but it is now convenient to use the name “North Gotebo” for the whole producing trend which is approximately 9 mi long by one-half mile wide.

Located regionally on the north flank of the subsurface expression of the Wichita Mountain complex, this area is characterized by thrust faulting, overturned folds, and upside-down producing sands.

The principal thrust fault, here called the “Gotebo fault,” dips southward at the rate of 5,000 ft/mi. The oldest rocks so far found in the overthrust block are Hunton, of Silurian-Devonian age, lying on Springer, of probable Mississippian age.

The entire area is overlain by Permian rocks, at the base of which is the Pontotoc conglomerate. The erosion prior to the deposition of this conglomerate has erased much of the record; therefore the maximum extent of the thrusting cannot be determined accurately. The present trace of the Gotebo thrust where it meets the unconformity is a convenient boundary to use between the Wichita Mountains and the Anadarko basin. The fault plane itself is the one common feature for the area because no single producing sandstone can be mapped continuously throughout the field.

North Gotebo is principally a gas field,but oil also is produced from Springersandsbeneath the thrust. Four sand zones are identifiable and in most wells they are upside-down because of overturned folding. Springer sands also are present, in normal attitude, in the overthrust block, but are not productive.

Inconsistent bottomhole pressures, and oil production structurally higher than gas in correlative sands, indicate discontinuous reservoirs. This may be the result of permeability barriers or minor faulting but in either case, the per-well gas reserves are therefore rather low and variable, ranging from 1 to 6 billion cu ft. Average porosity of the sands is 12 to 15 per cent and permeability is estimated to be 100 md because most of the wells flow naturally, without fracture treatment.

The rocks involved in the thrust faulting are primarily the Morrow-Springer-Chester section and are relatively incompetent. They lent themselves readily to overturned folding which ultimately resulted in thrust faulting. The thrusting is considered to have occurred originally at the end of

Morrow time and to have been rejuvenated in Late Pennsylvanian time.

The Gotebo thrust, or one like it, can be traced for several miles in either direction from the North Gotebo production. It is probable that similar geologic conditions are present adjacent to any mountain complex, particularly where beds are relatively incompetent.
Translating English WOMAN IS AN ANIMAL metaphors: Spanish native speakers’ associations with novel metaphors
Authors: Fernandes Kristina
Published: May 2021

Animal metaphors are prevalent across languages and convey a variety of, oftentimes negative, meanings – more so for women than men. In English, for example, both lion and lioness refer to a sexually active, dominant man or woman respectively, but while the former is endowed with positive connotations (courage, strength), the latter evokes negative associations (danger, voracity). There are some animal terms, however, that do not feature in animal metaphors in a certain language, posing the question as to which associations are evoked by those animal terms that are not part of conventional animal metaphors. This paper explores Spanish speakers’ interpretations of mappings of the woman is an animal metaphor that are documented to exist in English but not in Spanish. This was tested with two online questionnaires, one employing open questions and the other one Likert scales presenting possible traits (e. g. quarrelsome, kind, promiscuous), in which Spanish speakers had to judge the animal metaphors which were translated from English. The results show that the novel animal metaphors are mainly associated by Spanish native speakers with negative features, first and foremost with ugliness. Additionally, most of the animal terms convey different meanings in English and Spanish. For example, musaraña, the Spanish equivalent of shrew, is not associated with bad temper and quarrelling, but instead with ugliness and muddleheadedness. Furthermore, the findings reveal significant insecurities in the interpretation of the translated metaphors by the Spanish speakers. These results might be an indication for both the arbitrariness and the stableness of associations with different animal species, depending on the speakers’ culture. It also seems that novel animal metaphors mainly provide mental access to unattractiveness as it is a concrete physical feature and might therefore be more accessible than abstract personality traits such as kindness or quarrelsomeness.
Llengua oral i cultura en la diversitat lingüística de Llar d'infants
Authors: Hermoso Adoración , Francia Isabel , Pascual Rosa , Cañete Rosario , Roca Maria , Moradell Maria , Marçet Cristina
Published: May 2021

L’objectiu de la recerca va ser elaborar i experimentar una metodologia que facilités l’adquisició i l’expressió oral d’una nova llengua a grups d’infants de 8 mesos a 2-3 anys, amb diversitat lingüística. La metodologia és el resultat de la reflexió i consens entre tots els mestres que hi van participar. La selecció i adaptació de paraules, frases, expressions... i les il·lustracions de les imatges es basen en el consens dels mestres que, segons la seva experiència, podien facilitar l’adquisició de la llengua oral. Vam aplicar bàsicament aquests criteris: adequar-nos a la diversitat lingüística i la competència comunicativa dels infants; i tenir una actitud individual de responsabilitat lingüística. Significava dominar el relat i pronunciar correctament les paraules amb els trets fonètics distintius que les caracteritzaven. Així els infants podien entendre el significat de les paraules i gaudir utilitzant cada paraula nova. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que el mestre és el model de parla per als infants en l’etapa prelingüística, que els ha d’acompanyar i motivar en el procés d’aprenentatge i adquisició d’una llengua. En la recerca, vam comprovar que la narració d’una llegenda ofereix experiències narratives que motiven l’adquisició d’una nova llengua i la cultura d’un país.
Reflective fiber fault detection and characterization using long short-term memory
Authors: Abdelli Khouloud , Grießer Helmut , Ehrle Peter , Tropschug Carsten , Pachnicke Stephan
Published: May 2021

To reduce operation-and-maintenance expenses (OPEX) and to ensure optical network survivability, optical network operators need to detect and diagnose faults in a timely manner and with high accuracy. With the rapid advancement of telemetry technology and data analysis techniques, data-driven approaches leveraging telemetry data to tackle the fault diagnosis problem have been gaining popularity due to their quick implementation and deployment. In this paper, we propose a novel multitask learning model based on long short-term memory to detect, locate, and estimate the reflectance of fiber reflective faults (events) including the connectors and the mechanical splices by extracting insights from monitored data obtained by the optical time-domain reflectometry principle commonly used for troubleshooting of fiber optic cables or links. The experimental results prove that the proposed method (i) achieves a good detection capability and high localization accuracy within a short measurement time even for low SNR values and (ii) outperforms conventionally employed techniques.
Reliable and scalable Kafka-based framework for optical network telemetry
Authors: Sgambelluri Andrea , Pacini Alessandro , Paolucci Francesco , Castoldi Piero , Valcarenghi Luca
Published: May 2021

Telemetry data acquisition is becoming crucial for efficient detection and timely reaction in the case of network status changes, such as failures. Streaming telemetry data to many collectors might be hindered by scalability issues, causing delay in localization and detection procedures. Providing efficient mechanisms for managing the massive telemetry traffic coming from network devices can pave the way to novel procedures, speeding up failure detection and thus minimizing response time. This paper proposes a novel Kafka-based monitoring framework leveraging the telemetry service. The proposed framework exploits the built-in scalability and reliability of Kafka to go beyond traditional monitoring systems. The framework allows a continuous monitoring of optical system data and their distribution through simple compressed text messages to a large number of consumers. Moreover, the proposed framework keeps a limited history of the monitored data, easing, for example, root cause failure analysis. The implemented monitoring platform is experimentally validated, considering the disaggregated paradigm, in terms of functional assessment, scalability, resiliency, and end-to-end message latency. Obtained results show that the framework is highly scalable, supporting up to around 4000 messages per second (and potentially more) with low CPU load, and is capable of achieving an end-to-end (i.e., producer–consumer) latency of about 50 ms. Moreover, the considered architecture is capable of overcoming the failure of a monitoring framework core component without losing any message.
Amplitude-modulation-type multi-ring mask for two-photon excitation scanning microscopy
Authors: Matsumoto Naoya , Konno Alu , Inoue Takashi , Watanabe Koyo , Okazaki Shigetoshi
Published: May 2021

A smaller point spread function (PSF) is desirable for high-resolution image acquisition. In two-photon excitation microscopy, the focus size of the excitation light is directly related to the two-photon fluorescence PSF. To achieve a small PSF, we designed amplitude-modulation-type multi-ring pupil masks using two design methods. When the intensity distribution of the excitation light has a top-hat form, the volume of the PSF obtained with the first designed multi-ring mask is 1.46 times smaller than that obtained without the mask. Furthermore, the second multi-ring mask is less influenced by spherical aberration occurring during observation inside the sample. Our method, which is robust against spherical aberration, reduces the size of the PSF in the observation of fluorescent beads and biological samples.
Predictors for inpatient mortality during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Sammartino Daniel , Jafri Farrukh , Cook Brennan , La Lisa , Kim Hyemin , Cardasis John , Raff Joshua
Published: May 2021

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic overwhelmed healthcare systems, highlighting the need to better understand predictors of mortality and the impact of medical interventions.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study examined data from every patient who tested positive for COVID-19 and was admitted to White Plains Hospital between March 9, 2020, and June 3, 2020. We used binomial logistic regression to analyze data for all patients, and propensity score matching for those treated with hydroxychloroquine and convalescent plasma (CP). The primary outcome of interest was inpatient mortality.

Results

1,108 admitted patients with COVID-19 were available for analysis, of which 124 (11.2%) were excluded due to incomplete data. Of the 984 patients included, 225 (22.9%) died. Risk for death decreased for each day later a patient was admitted [OR 0.970, CI 0.955 to 0.985; p < 0.001]. Elevated initial C-reactive protein (CRP) value was associated with a higher risk for death at 96 hours [OR 1.007, 1.002 to 1.012; p = 0.006]. Hydroxychloroquine and CP administration were each associated with increased mortality [OR 3.4, CI 1.614 to 7.396; p = 0.002, OR 2.8560, CI 1.361 to 6.160; p = 0.006 respectively].

Conclusions

Elevated CRP carried significant odds of early death. Hydroxychloroquine and CP were each associated with higher risk for death, although CP was without titers and was administered at a median of five days from admission. Randomized or controlled studies will better describe the impact of CP. Mortality decreased as the pandemic progressed, suggesting that institutional capacity for dynamic evaluation of process and outcome measures may benefit COVID-19 survival.
Factor structure of intelligence and divergent thinking subtests: A registered report
Authors: Warne Russell T. , Golightly Sam , Black Makai
Published: May 2021

Psychologists have investigated creativity for 70 years, and it is now seen as being an important construct, both scientifically and because of its practical value to society. However, several fundamental unresolved problems persist, including a suitable definition of creativity and the ability of psychometric tests to measure divergent thinking—an important component of creativity—in a way that aligns with theory. It is this latter point that this registered report is designed to address. We propose to administer two divergent thinking tests (the verbal and figural versions of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking; TTCT) with an intelligence test (the International Cognitive Ability Resource test; ICAR). We will then subject the subscores from these tests to confirmatory factor analysis to test which of nine theoretically plausible models best fits the data. When this study is completed, we hope to better understand whether the degree to which the TTCT and ICAR measure distinct constructs. This study will be conducted in accordance with all open science practices, including pre-registration, open data and syntax, and open materials (with the exception of copyrighted and confidential test stimuli).
Self-reported medication adherence among patients with diabetes or hypertension, Médecins Sans Frontières Shatila refugee camp, Beirut, Lebanon: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Mohamad Mariam , Moussally Krystel , Lakis Chantal , El-Hajj Maya , Bahous Sola , Peruzzo Carla , Reid Anthony , Edwards Jeffrey K.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Low adherence to medications, specifically in patients with Diabetes (DM) and Hypertension (HTN), and more so in refugee settings, remains a major challenge to achieving optimum clinical control in these patients. We aimed at determining the self-reported medication adherence prevalence and its predictors and exploring reasons for low adherence among these patients.

Methods

A mixed-methods study was conducted at Médecins Sans Frontières non-communicable diseases primary care center in the Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon in October 2018. Data were collected using the validated Arabic version of the 8-items Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) concurrently followed by in-depth interviews to explore barriers to adherence in patients with DM and/or HTN. Predictors of adherence were separately assessed using logistic regression with SPSS© version 20. Manual thematic content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data.

Results

Of the 361 patients included completing the MMAS, 70% (n = 251) were moderately to highly adherent (MMAS-8 score = 6 to 8), while 30% (n = 110) were low-adherent (MMAS-8 score<6). Patients with DM-1 were the most likely to be moderately to highly adherent (85%; n = 29). Logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a lower HbA1C were 75% more likely to be moderately to highly adherent [(OR = 0.75 (95%CI 0.63–0.89), p-value 0.001]. Factors influencing self-reported moderate and high adherence were related to the burden of the disease and its treatment, specifically insulin, the self-perception of the disease outcomes and the level of patient’s knowledge about the disease and other factors like supportive family and healthcare team.

Conclusion

Adherence to DM and HTN was good, likely due to a patient-centered approach along with educational interventions. Future studies identifying additional factors and means addressing the barriers to adherence specific to the refugee population are needed to allow reaching optimal levels of adherence and design well-informed intervention programs.
Clinical and ultrasound characteristics of pediatric lateral neck masses
Authors: Rankovic Nemanja , Todorovic Jovana , Simic Radoje
Published: May 2021

Lateral neck masses (LNM) often present a diagnostic challenge in the practice of pediatric plastic surgeon. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical and ultrasound (US) characteristics of pediatric LNM in order to make mutual comparison between their entities and enable the most accurate preoperative diagnosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 pediatric patients treated by surgical excision or sclerotherapy in our institution in the period from July 2009 to June 2019. Lymphatic malformation was the most frequent congenital LNM (60.9%), while reactive or granulomatous lymphadenitis was the most frequent acquired LNM (47%). Congenital anomalies were significantly more often localized in the upper half of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle region, and had more often soft consistency than acquired ones. Congenital LNM had a 32.37 (3.44–304.63) times higher likelihood of incorrect (p = 0.002) and 5.86 (1.35–25.48) times higher likelihood of undetermined (p = 0.018) than correct US findings, respectively. Acquired LNM were significantly more often localized in the region behind the SCM muscle and more often had solid US appearance in comparison to the congenital ones. Association of the clinical and US findings is very important in determining the most accurate preoperative diagnosis without exposing the children to unnecessary utilizing ionizing radiation or anesthesia. Although they are mostly benign, extreme caution is necessary due to malignancies which were found in 16.4% of all our patients.
Gender and Violence in Spanish Culture: From Vulnerability to Accountability, María José Gámez Fuentes and Rebeca Maseda García (eds) (2018)
Authors: Barroso Antonio Terrón
Published: May 2021

Review of: Gender and Violence in Spanish Culture: From Vulnerability to Accountability, María José Gámez Fuentes and Rebeca Maseda García (eds) (2018)

New York: Peter Lang, 235 pp.,

ISBN 978-1-43313-998-7, h/bk, £70.30

ISBN 978-1-43313-998-4, PDF, £70.35

ISBN 978-1-43314-000-6, EPUB, £70.35
La acumulación de desventajas
Authors: Fiss Owen M.
Published: May 2021

Grupos históricamente marginalizados en una estructura de castas sufren desventajas en varias esferas sociales. Cualquier estrategia correctiva debe reconocer el carácter interdependiente de este sistema de desventaja y elaborar reglas que impidan que una desventaja sufrida en una esfera (tal la de educación) se transmita a otra (tal el empleo). En este ensayo se explica y defiende una de estas estrategias —la idea de la responsabilidad acumulativa— inspirándose en la experiencia estadounidense del movimiento de derechos cívicos.