bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF VERTICAL-BEAM IN-AIR PIXE TO SURFACE ANALYSIS OF PLANT ROOT EXPOSED TO ALUMINUM STRESS
Authors: YOKOTA SATOSHI , INOUE JUN-ICHI , MUROZONO KEISUKE , MATSUYAMA SIGEO , YAMAZAKI HIROMICHI , IWASAKI SIN , ISHII KEIZO , MAE TADAHIKO
Published: May 2007

Elemental composition of living cells and tissues reflects their physiological function and status. However, it has been difficult to know in-situ elemental distribution by conventional analytical methods. In-air PIXE seems suitable for surface analysis of living cells and tissues because any treatment (e.g. freeze drying, digestion) is not required before and during measurement. We applied Via (vertical-beam in-air) PIXE to surface analysis of plant roots exposed to aluminum ( Al ). Aluminum stress is a major factor that limits elongation of plant roots in acid soils. We previously reported decrease in atomic ratio of potassium to phosphorus (K/P ratio) of dried root-tip of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under Al stress using in-vacuum PIXE. In Via PIXE, 5 to 7-minute irradiation by 3 MeV proton beams of 200 pA was sufficient to obtain X-ray spectra without drying root samples. Decrease in K/P ratio in surface cells of root-tips was observed by short-term (6-8 h) exposure of root to Al . Via PIXE is recognized as a powerful tool for in-situ surface analysis of plant material.
GEOMETRICAL ABERRATIONS IN THE VON HAMOS AND THE PLANE BRAGG CRYSTAL SPECTROMETERS
Authors: Tadic T. , Mokuno Y. , Horino Y. , Jaksic M.
Published: May 2007

Numerical calculations of the effect of the finite dimensions and orientations of source and crystal are presented for plane and von Hamos Bragg crystal spectrometers for PIXE analysis, combined with a position sensitive (X-ray) detector. Analytical studies of all effects are provided. It is shown that some parameters can produce line shifts and asymmetries. A numerical model for an X-ray diffraction ray-tracing procedure for a crystal Bragg spectrometer is described.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN CETACEAN TEETH
Authors: MITANI YOKO , ARAI NOBUAKI , SAKAMOTO WATARU , YOSHIDA KOJI
Published: May 2007

PIXE was adopted for analysis of trace elements in teeth of two species of cetaceans, sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata). The analyses were performed along with the growth layer of the teeth, which is formed annually, suitable for age determination. Mn , Fe , Cu , Zn and Sr were detected in the teeth of sperm whale and pantropical spotted dolphin. Among these trace elements, gradual increase was observed for Zn/Ca ratio in the sperm whale's teeth.
COMPARISON ON TRACE ELEMENTS IN SQUID STATOLITHS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES' ORIGIN: AS AVAILABLE KEY FOR TAXONOMIC AND PHYLOGENETIC STUDY
Authors: IKEDA Y. , ARAI N. , SAKAMOTO W. , KIDOKORO H. , YATSU A. , NATEEWATHANA A. , YOSHIDA K.
Published: May 2007

Trace elements in squid statoliths were analyzed by PIXE for the following fourteen species in five families of different habitat origin: Ommastrephidae, Ommastrephes bartrami, Dosidicus gigas, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis; Gonatidae, Gonatopsis makko, G. borealis, Berryteuthis magister; Loliginidae, Loligo bleekeri, L. duvaucelii, L. chinensis, L. edulis and Sepioteuthis lessoniana; Sepiidae, Sepia aculeata and Sepiella inermis; Sepiolidae, Rossia pacifica, Manganese, iron, copper, zinc and strontium were detected from statoliths of all species examined. Among these trace elements, Sr is the highest in concentration. Variation of statoliths Sr concentration reflects taxonomic position and the habitat of specimens. In Ommastrephids and Gonatids, that have oceanic habitat, statoliths Sr concentration is relatively high whereas that of Loliginids and Sepiids, that have coastal habitat, is comparatively low. This fact supports our previous report on this subject. R. pacifica exceptionally shows high statoliths Sr concentration although this species inhabits in coastal water.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIO-MEDICAL SAMPLES OF VERY SMALL QUANTITIES BY THE STANDARD-FREE METHOD
Authors: SERA K. , FUTATSUGAWA S. , HATAKEYAMA S. , SAITOH Y. , MATSUDA K.
Published: May 2007

A standard-free method developed by ourselves has been applied to bio-medical samples of less than 1 mg or less than 1 μl, to which an ordinary internal standard method can not be accurately applied. As the result, correct values of potassium concentration in NIST-Bovine liver samples of nearly 0.5 mg were obtained. Furthermore, the standard-free method has been applied to small quantity of serum and whole-blood samples, and satisfactory results were obtained. For samples which easily peel off from a backing film, such as serum and whole blood, a carbon tape with an adhesive agent was also used as a backing film, and it is found that this method is also applicable. Moreover, the standard-free method was confirmed to be effective for a case where a specially designed x-ray absorber is used.
Application of a thin metallic film evaporated onto a sample surface as an internal Standard for determination of trace elements in biological samples by PIXE
Authors: Sakurai Shiro , Yukawa Masae
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze quantitatively trace elements in human organs without decomposing samples. A palladium thin layer was deposited onto a sample on carbon adhesive tape using a metal ion sputtering equipment. The Pd film was used as an internal standard to determine concentrations of trace elements in human liver. Bovine Liver was applied as the reference standard. Five elements Cu , Zn , Mn , Se and Fe were measured by this method. The values of Copper, Zinc and iron concentrations determined by PIXE using this method agree well with those by ICP-AES. It can he asserted that this method is quite useful in the study of non-destructive PIXE analysis.
POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF PIXE METHOD TO INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT
Authors: NAKAO KEITARO , SUZUKI YASUO , SATO RYOICHI , SAITO YASUSHI , TAMANOI ITSURO , MATSUMOTO SHINJI , JOSHIMA HISAMASA , IMAZEKI HITOSHI
Published: May 2007

We measured intestinal permeability of mice by PIXE method. A mixture of a rubidium chloride solution and a manganese chloride solution was administered orally into mice. The blood was sampled successively after the administration, and the element contents in the blood were measured by PIXE method. The Rb content in the plasma of Rb + Mn administered group reaches maximum 5 min after the administration and decreases subsequently. The value in the whole blood of Rb + Mn administered group increases slightly for first 30 min after the administration and remarkably from 3 hrs. This increase continues for 48 hrs. That in control group is very little. Rb is probably transferred into plasma from intestinal mucosa at first, and subsequently moves into blood cells. The Mn content in control group is little. The values in the whole blood and the plasma of Rb + Mn administered group reach maximum 5 min after the administration and then decrease, and turn to decline to control level at 24 hrs. Mn is probably transferred into blood from intestinal mucosa throughout, and washed out more rapidly than Rb .

The element contents of Rb and Mn in the plasma of Rb + Mn administered mice are found to increase to the peak level 5 min after the administration. Rb and Mn are useful as a tracer to study of intestinal disease with measurement by PIXE method. With this manner by PIXE method, intestinal permeability can be measured more briefly than existing methods. In order to assess intestinal permeability, we propose an indicator which is obtained by comparing the element amounts of Rb and/or Mn in blood sampled just after the administration.
Origin of Bromine in Ancient Sutras of the Otani Collection — PIXE Application to Preservation of Cultural Assets
Authors: KOHNO M. , YOSHIDA K. , MORITANI K. , NORIZAWA K. , NAITO M. , ENAMI K. , TAKADA J. , MATSUSHITA R.
Published: May 2007

Some small fragments of rag paper - made more than a thousand and a few hundred years ago, and excavated at Turfan, west of China by the Otani-expedition dispatched there during the late Meiji and the Taisho eras - were measured by PIXE. Bromine was highly Detected in all these ancient fragments and modern paper samples that had been placed together with these Turfan manuscripts. In other paper samples, bromine could not be detected ( H +, 4MeV, 50μC and H +, 2MeV, 100μC) and their average concentration was about 1.1ppm (S.D.=1.11ppm, N =15, 0.3~3.4ppm). The bromine contamination of ancient sutras is mainly caused by larvicide of methyl bromide, and the observation suggests that the ancient manuscripts might be spoiled gradually by agricultural chemicals for protecting them from vermin.
Characterization of Natural and Synthesized FeTiO3 Crystals With RBS/PIXE/XRD
Authors: Zhang R. Q. , Yamamoto S. , Dai Z. N. , Narumi K. , Miyashita A. , Aoki Y. , Naramoto H.
Published: May 2007

Natural FeTiO 3 (illuminate) and synthesized FeTiO 3, single crystals were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy combined with channeling technique and particle-induced x-ray emission (RBS-C and PIXE). The results obtained by the ion beam analysis were supplemented by the x-ray diffraction analysis to identify the crystallographic phase. Oriented single crystals of synthesized FeTiO 3 were grown under the pressure control of CO 2 and H 2 mixture gas using a single-crystal floating zone technique. The crystal quality of synthesized FeTiO 3 single crystals could be improved by the thermal treatment but the exact pressure control is needed to avoid the precipitation of Fe 2 O 3 even during the annealing procedure. Natural FeTiO 3 contains several kinds of impurities such as Mn , Mg , Na and Si . The synthesized samples contain Al , Si and Na which are around 100 ppm level as impurities. The PBS-C results of the natural sample imply that Mn impurities occupy the Fe sublattice in FeTiO 3 or in mixed phase between ilmenite and hematite.
POTENTIALITY OF PIXE TO MEASURE MULTILAYER FILM THICKNESS THROUGH COMPUTER SIMULATION
Authors: DAI Z. N. , Soares J. C. , Silva M. F.
Published: May 2007

In this paper a method concerning the measurement of film thickness using PIXE analysis through computer simulation is described. Because of continuously decreasing cross sections for X-ray production by irradiation with the decreasing energy of the incident beam, PIXE has some potentiality to measure film thickness through computer simulation. Ratio of intensities of X-rays of two different elements is sensitive to the changes of energy and geometrical parameters, therefore by changing ion beam energy or the geometrical parameters, we can determine the film thickness to a good accuracy. This method doesn't require any kind of absolute calibration of experimental parameters, as only the ratios of X-ray intensities are taken into consideration. Therefore the inaccuracy in the procedure is only of statistical origin. A titanium film on molybdenum substrate is used as an example of the method. Preliminary result on a very thin Cr/Nd/Fe multilayer film on silicon substrate is presented to show the advantages and possible use of the method. More complex samples, such as multilayer samples with several elements in each layer, can be dealt with the same means too.
TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF MINERAL WATER SAMPLES BY PIXE AND ICP-MS
Authors: Kennedy V. John , Augusthy A. , Varier K. M. , Magudapathy P. , Panchapakesan S. , Nair K. G. M.
Published: May 2007

Trace elements present in bottled mineral water have been studied by PIXE and ICP-MS. Samples from ten different brands of bottled mineral water were prepared by preconcentration techniques. Measurements were carried out using the 2 MeV proton beam obtained from 3 MV Tandem pelletron accelerator at the Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar. Our results are compared with Indian standard packaged natural mineral water specifications, World Health Organisation (WHO) and European guidelines for drinking water standards. Concentration of aluminium was found to be more in one of the brands. In general, our results are comparable to the above standards.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SILICON CONCENTRATION AND CREATININE CLEARANCE
Authors: MIURA Y. , NAKAI K. , ITOH C. , HORIKIRI J. , SERA K. , SATO M.
Published: May 2007

Silicon levels in dialysis patients are markedly increased. Using PIXE we determined the relationship between silicon concentration and creatinine clearance in 30 samples. Urine silicon concentration were significantly correlated to creatinine clearance (p<0.001). And also serum silicon concentration were significantly correlated to creatinine clearance (p<0.0001).
ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF FOUR TYPES OF HUMAN GALLSTONES BY PIXE ANALYSIS
Authors: SUHARA M. , MATSUDA K. , SERA K.
Published: May 2007

Elemental concentrations of human gallstones were determined by PIXE method. Gallstone samples analyzed in this report are classified into cholesterol gallstone (pure cholesterol stone and mixed stone) and pigment gallstone (black stone and calcium bilirubinate stone). The targets were prepared by paste spreading method previously reported, which enable us to determine also volatile elements, such as halogen atoms, Hg and so on, under acidic condition. Concentrations of 17 kinds of elements were determined and characteristic distributions are presented for each type of gallstone. Ca values are the highest among of them in all types of gallstones. Pigment gallstones contain significantly higher concentrations of 9 kinds of elements (Na, Mg, S, Cl, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) than cholesterol gallstones. Concentrations of S, Fe, and Zn in black stones are significantly higher than those in calcium bilirubinate stones. Almost all elements contained in the samples can be determined by PIXE method, and it is supposed that the elements or some of them affect formation of gallstones and their pigment. Some samples of the pigment gallstones include I, Hg, and Pb.
THE CELL EXIT OF APOPTOSIS FROM THE S-PHASE OF CELL CYCLE AND DIFFERENT CORRELATION BETWEEN MAGNESIUM AND ZINC COMPARED WITH THE OTHER KINDS OF CELLS
Authors: Harada Satoshi , Sera Koichiro , Ftatsugawa Shyouji , Tamakawa Yoshiharu
Published: May 2007

The abnormal cell exit of apoptosis from S-phase, correlation between apoptosis and Mg , and between its S-phase fraction and Zn were studied in inoculated Sarcoma-180 receiving 10 or 20 Gy of60Co gamma ray, IN VIVO, in BALB/c mice.

The apoptosis and S-phase fraction were detected by double immunostaining: 1) TUNEL that colors apoptosis brown; and 2) histone H3 mRNA probe that results in blue deposition to S-phase of cells. The concentrations of Mg and Zn were studied by PIXE.

The Mg strongly correlated with the frequency of apoptosis, but other kinds of cells did not. On the contrary, The S-phase fraction of apoptosis did not correlated with Zn , but S-phase of other kinds of cells did. This different correlation suggests the different metabolism between apoptosis and other kinds of cell.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND TRACE ELEMENTS PROFILES OF GASTRIC MUCOSA IN BENIGN GASTRIC DISEASE
Authors: TSUNODA S. , ITO M. , SAKURAI S. , YUKAWA M.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study is to clarity how trace elements in gastric mucosa, reflex bile acid and inflammation of gastric mucosa relate to environment of Helicobacter Pylori.

Subjects were 33 patients who had colonic endoscopic examination. 11 gastric ulcer and 14 duodenal ulcer patients were chosen as subjects of the study. The control group had 8 members who had no localized lesions. Trace elements were measured by PIXE analysis which use Pd as internal standard.

Cu and Zn , especially Zn , were found in large amount in gastric body and antrum. Zn value for the antrum was higher than that for the gastric body.

Especially, the values of Zn for antrum showed significant differences between grade I, II and grade III of inflammatory cell infiltration.

In gastric ulcer group, the value of Cu indicated high at gastric body and low at antrum. On the other hand, the values of Zn were low at both gastric body and antrum.

Particularly, development of atrophy in antrum requires less than one in gastric body; therefore, trace elements decreased in gastric ulcer group.
Analysis of Trace Elements in Shells of Short necked Clams in Different Salinity
Authors: KOSHIKAWA YOSHINORI , ARAI NOBUAKI , SAKAMOTO WATARU , YOSHIDA KOJI
Published: May 2007

Trace elements in shells of short necked clams were analyzed with PIXE. Two groups of the shells ware sampled from high salinity and low salinity. Strontium ( Sr ) and Iron ( Fe ) concentration ware significantly different between the two groups. Although water temperature and salinity may affect Sr concentration in the shells, the Sr concentration was higher in better growth clams.
MEASUREMENT OF INJECTED STRONTIUM IN THE STEM OF A JAPANESE CEDAR (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) USING PIXE
Authors: AOKI TORU , OKADA NAOKI , YOSHIDA KOJI , KOH SUSUMU , KAGAWA AKIRA , KATAYAMA YUKIO
Published: May 2007

Distribution profiles of Sr injected into the stem of a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) were determined using PIXE. The Sr injected into the middle of the sapwood of the cedar stem moved upwards easily along the grain. The movement of the Sr in a radial direction in the stem (assumed to be through the ray) was small and there was almost no tangential movement.
External-PIXE identification of material for popular music pipes during the late Meiji era, Japan
Authors: TOKIMITSU YOSHIE , MAEDA KUNIKO , MURAO SATOSHI , HENSELER EWALD
Published: May 2007

Two types of music pipes, Ginteki and Suifûkin, that were popular during the late Meiji period in Japan were semi-quantitatively analyzed by the external-PIXE at RIKEN. The aim of this study is to identify the material used for these pipes and to assist the description to make an instrumental catalogue. Our results show that most of the collected Ginteki, literally silver flute, is composed of two parts. One is the whistle head of Pb - Sb alloy with the Pb to Sb ratio between 5.9 and 6.4; and the other is the main body with six holes which is made of tinplate. All of the Ginteki in this study are nickel coated. The Suifûkin, on the contrary, is made of only tinplate and is not coated with nickel.
Continuous Background Originated From Neutrons By 65Cu(p,n)65Zn Under 4 MeV Protons — A problem on detecting trace elements in old copper alloys by PIXE
Authors: KOHNO Masuchika , YOSHIDA Koji , MORITANI Kimikazu , TAKAHASHI Osamu , ENAMI Kazuyuki , UCHIDA Toshihide , NISHIYAMA Fumitaka
Published: May 2007

EDS-PIXE is a very useful and easy method for detecting trace elements in ancient materials. However, relatively high continuous background is observed, when old copper alloys are measured under 4 MeV protons. The background makes the detection limits of trace metallic elements such as Au , Ag , As , Sn , Sb and Pb in these alloys worse. The cause of the high background was investigated using a Si ( Li ) detector, a pure- Ge detector and a 3 He neutron counter, and it was found that the continuous background level is correlated with the amount of neutron released from 65 Cu ( p , n )65 Zn reaction.
Distorted wave calculation of the positronium formation in positron-sodium and positron-potassium scattering
Authors: Choudhury K. B. , Bhattacharya M. , Deb N. C. , Singh N. R. , Singh M. B. , Mazumdar P. S.
Published: May 2007

Total cross sections for the positronium formation in the ground ( n =1) and excited ( n =2) states in e+ - Na and e+ - K scattering have been studied within the framework of a distorted wave approximation. The present results have been compared with other theoretical and experimental findings.
M-SHELL X-RAY TRANSITION RATES FOR HEAVY RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
Authors: SERA K. , ISHII K. , ORIHARA H.
Published: May 2007

Partial M-x-ray production cross sections, which have not been well investigated up to the present, were measured in detail for six heavy lanthanides; Dy , Ho , Er , Tm , Yb and Lu . As a result, it is found that intensities of Mα,β lines, which are dominant among all the M-x-rays, and (M1-N2, M1-N3, M2-N4) lines agree well with those predicted by theory. However, clear discrepancy is found for Mζ and Mγ x-rays. Although it was pointed out by a PIXE analysis with a high-resolution crystal spectrometer that special attention must be paid for an analysis of Mζ and Mγ lines, it is found from the present work that it is possible to perform quantitative analysis using Mα,β lines.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS IN THE CITY OF BUENOS AIRES
Authors: Ozafrán M. J. , Vázquez M. E. , Burlón A. , Buhle M. , Cardona M. A. , Debray M. E. , Hojman D. , Kesque J. M. , Kreiner A. J. , Levinton G. , Menendez J. J. , Naab F. , Stoliar P. , Davidson M. , Davidson J.
Published: May 2007

Lead pollution present in atmospheric aerosols in the city of Buenos Aires was measured in 1989, using Heavy Ion PIXE. Since then, environmental conditions have changed significantly. The usage of unleaded gasoline was introduced, and the utilisation of compressed natural gas as car fuel has increased. Recently, a new sampling campaign of atmospheric aerosols has started, partly in collaboration with the Greenpeace Foundation. The present studies reveal that lead pollution in Buenos Aires has significantly decreased since 1989. The concentrations of other elements are determined as well.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN SOME ROMANIAN REGIONS
Authors: Amemiya Susumu , Masuda Toshio , Popa-Simil Liviu , Muntele Claudiu , Voiculescu Dana , Racolta Petru Mihai
Published: May 2007

The work presents preliminary studies for the development of a Romanian national aerosol sampling network for the monitoring of air quality [1]. We made the sampling of aerosol particulate using mobile aerosol sampling pumps at a flow rate of about 41/min and 1 hour acquisition time at different locations in Romania. We used a stack filter unit using polycarbonate filters, PM-8 for coarse particles and PM-0.4 for fine particles.

The elemental analysis was performed using 2 MeV protons from the Van de Graaff accelerator located in Nagoya.

We try to give an interpretation of the results upon the geographical and economic particularities of these regions, to highlight the pollution contribution of each type of source and to identify it.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF Ca AND P IN THE DOWNER COW SYNDROME
Authors: DIMA Gabriel , MANEA Laur , POPESCU Ion V. , STIHI Claudia , BADICA Teodor , OLARIU Agata
Published: May 2007

The aim of this work is the microelemental analysis of blood serum samples collected from healthy and ill cows (downer cow syndrome (DCS)). Today the origin of DCS is uncertain. At the beginning of our work, we assume some connections among the diminution of some nutritive elements from food, the activity of some enzymes and the origin of DCS. The samples were collected from cows at some animal farms on the neighbourhood of Targoviste city. To obtain a microelemental monitoring of these samples, we used a nuclear analysis method PIXE (Particle Induced X-Rays Emission) and a spectrometric one ICP (Induced Coupled Plasma). For Ca and P content of the analysed samples, we used PIXE based on the internal standard method. The ICP analysis method was used for Mg content determination. The determinations of phosphatase alkaline enzyme of analysed blood serum samples were made by a spectrometric analysis using Bessey-Lowry method. In studying diseases a significant variation in Ca, P, Mg and enzyme contents was observed. Those changes correlate with age, season of alimentation and type of disease.
AN OPEN EXPERIMENT OF A SUBMILLI-PIXE CAMERA
Authors: Matsuyama S. , Ishii K. , Yamazaki H. , Iwasaki S. , Tokai Y. , Sugimoto A. , Endo H. , Ozawa T. , Orihara H.
Published: May 2007

We have annually held an open experiment of PIXE analysis since 1996 to get people's understanding on nuclear technology and radiation science. Up to the present, more than 270 participants joined and enjoyed the open experiments. This year, we demonstrated performance of a submilli-PIXE camera and had sixty-nine participants in the open experiment of PIXE. Elemental spatial distribution images gave deep impression to the participants. Half of the participants were high school students since the open experiment of PIXE was held during the period of open campus of Tohoku University. About ten percents of the participants were junior high school students. Our open experiment of PIXE was very effective to arouse public interest in radiation science and nuclear technology.
RADIATION DAMAGE OF PAPER SAMPLES IN IN-AIR PIXE ANALYSIS
Authors: Matsuyama S. , Endo H. , Ishii K. , Yamazaki H. , Tokai Y. , Sugimoto A. , Yamamoto K. , Satoh T. , Orihara H.
Published: May 2007

Degradation of paper caused by beam irradiation was investigated from a viewpoint of discoloration in PIXE analysis and its application to the paper samples of archaeology. Two types of paper (Japanese paper and fine quality paper) were tested in in-air PIXE analysis with 3 MeV protons. The degree of discoloration was quantitatively measured by the use of a calorimeter. The degree of discoloration was different for each tested paper and corresponded to the radiation dose of ions. It is resulted that even the in-air PIXE analysis should be carefully applied to archaeological treasures. Because discoloration of all tested paper decreased gradually at first but then increased after a few weeks. However, this phenomenon can be used to develop a technique of funny coloration.
NO DETERIORATION ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS WITH IN-AIR SUBMILLI-PIXE CAMERA
Authors: Matsuyama S. , Ishii K. , Yamazaki H. , Endoh H. , Gotoh K. , Satoh T. , Yamamoto K. , Sugimoto A. , Tokai Y. , Orihara H. , Yokota S. , Fujisawa A. , Sekine T. , Nara Y. , Chiba N. , Sutoh T.
Published: May 2007

Elemental images of rice leaves with lesion parts were taken with an in-air submilli-PIXE camera at Tohoku University. The rice leaves were analyzed in vivo and it resulted that the elements of Ca and Mn are accumulated in the lesion parts. It was confirmed by checking the intactness of cells that the living leaves were not seriously damaged. The surface of japan bowls (the Edo period), Japanese vessels (Shigaraki wares, the Edo period) and wooden tablets (the Meiji period) were directly surveyed by submilli-beams (3 MeV protons). Japanese vessels and wooden tablets were not discolored by the beam irradiation. Shigaraki vessels were discolored first, but their color disappeared after 10 days from the irradiation. It is concluded that such samples are not seriously deteriorated in in-air PIXE analysis.
MONTE CARLO CODE FOR STUDY OF THE RESPONSE FUNCTION OF Si(Li) DETECTORS FOR X-RAYS
Authors: TŐKÉSI KÁROLY , MUKOYAMA TAKESHI
Published: May 2007

For more detailed understanding of the line shape of X-ray peaks observed with Si ( Li ) detectors, a new Monte Carlo code was developed and tested in the range of incident X-ray energy less than 5 keV. In our simulation the individual elastic and inelastic processes in the solid and the charge collection probabilities in the different region of detectors are taken into account. The results of our model calculations are compared with experimental data. In general, good agreement is found between the experimental and calculated line shapes. This fact demonstrates the validity of the present model.
APPLICATION OF MICRO-PIXE CAMERA TO ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE CELL
Authors: SUGIMOTO A. , ISHII K. , MATSUYAMA S. , SATOH T. , GOTOH K. , YAMAZAKI H. , AKAMA C. , SATO M. , SAKAI T. , KAMIYA T. , OIKAWA M. , SAIDO M. , TANAKA R.
Published: May 2007

Since the cellular metabolism has not yet been fully elucidated, it is very useful to get the information of elemental distributions in a single cell. We applied a micro-PIXE camera to obtain a picture presented with density of an element in a cell. Our micro-PIXE camera is on the basis of PIXE analysis using micro ion beams with the spot size of less than 1 μ m and the samples can be analyzed in air, so the size and the state of samples are not limited. Here, we analyzed the spatial distributions of elements in a single cell of animal for a medical application. Bovine aortic endothelial cells(BAECs) were cultured in culture medium containing bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU) which is known to be used in the DNA synthesis. We could take the elemental maps of phosphorus, potassium and sulfur which present well a shape of cell and a position of nucleus in this cell. Moreover, we obtained the picture of Br , that is, BrdU. It was found that BrdU was locally concentrated in two or three regions in the nucleus.
HIGH RESOLUTION PIXE INSTRUMENTATION SURVEY, PART IV
Authors: TÖRÖK I. , TERASAWA M. , PETUKHOV V. P.
Published: May 2007

In this review (in continuations) X-ray crystal spectrometers working on ion beams and their applications are surveyed. The present fourth part continues to describe: (i) their use for elemental analysis; (ii) their use for obtaining the information about the chemical effects in the Particle Induced X-ray Emission spectra; (iii) their use in basic research for obtaining information applied in the above relations and their applications on acelerators. We update the data of formerly discussed systems according to the changes in the world.
Development of Gas Scintillation Proportional Counter
Authors: Shigeoka N. , Mutaguchi K. , Nakanishi Y. , Ito Y. , Mukoyama T. , Shimizu K. , Shoji T. , Omote K.
Published: May 2007

The properties of gas scintillation proportional counter are investigated for Mn K x-ray spectra. The pulse-height spectra are strongly affected by changing of the value of a potential V 2 in the acceleration region and analyzed by the Gaussian profile fitting method.
RECENT BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE OXFORD SCANNING PROTON MICROPROBE
Authors: GRIME GEOFFREY W. , PÅLSGÅRD EVA , GARMAN ELSPETH F. , UGARTE MARTA , POTTAGE DAVID , WYETH PAUL
Published: May 2007

The Oxford Scanning Proton Microprobe continues to be used in the field of trace element measurement in biological systems, exploiting the unique advantages of sensitive, quantitative trace element analysis using PIXE, high spatial resolution and the long penetrating power of MeV protons. This paper outlines a number of recent applications which highlight these advantages. These include: (a) Analysing the distribution of metals in the pupae of leaf-cutting ants to determine the storage sites and transport mechanism of metals used to harden the edges of the mandibles. (b) A study of the distribution of zinc in the retina of rats to determine the role of zinc in light and dark adaptation of the eye. (c) The analysis of crystals of proteins and other large organic molecules prepared for structure determination using x-ray diffraction. These often contain metal atoms, and the identity and concentration of the metal is an important diagnostic for determining the nature of the protein and the quality of the crystallisation. The crystals are normally small (~100μm) and so microPIXE is being used to characterise them. This technique has wide ranging applications, including qualitative and quantitative identification of metals in reaction centres, in active sites and in metal binding proteins, and of DNA or RNA bound to proteins.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING THE SURFACTANT PENETRATION IN HAIR FIBRES USING SCANNING ION BEAM ANALYSES
Authors: HOLLANDS R. , CLOUGH A. S. , MEREDITH P.
Published: May 2007

The penetration abilities of surfactants need to be known by companies manufacturing hair-care products. In this work three complementary techniques were used simultaneously - PIXE, NRA and RBS - to measure the penetration of a surfactant, which had been deuterated, into permed hair fibres. Using a scanning micro-beam of 2MeV3He ions 2-dimensional concentration maps were obtained which showed whether the surfactant penetrated the fibre or just stayed on the surface. This is the first report of the use of three simultaneous scattering techniques with a scanning micro-beam.
ALUMINUM ACCUMULATION IN HUMAN BRAIN TISSUES
Authors: ISHIHARA R. , EKTESSABI A. M. , HANAICHI T. , TAKEUCHI T. , FUJITA Y. , ISHIHARA Y. , OHTA T.
Published: May 2007

Normal cell functions of the brain are often impaired by an excess accumulation of metal ions. There have been increasing efforts in recent years to measure and quantify excessive accumulations of biological constituent elements (such as Fe , Zn , Cu , and Ca ), as well as the presence and distribution of contaminating elements (such as Al ) in the brain tissues. Since Al might be associated with cases of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and amiotrophic lateral screlosis (ALS), it is very important to measure and quantify Al levels using precise analytical techniques. The aim of this investigation is to measure the Al contents present in the temporal cortises for three cases. The specimens concerned were taken from unfixed autopsy brains, which have been preserved in a deep freezer at -80°C. A tandem type accelerator of 2 MeV energy was used to measure the concentrations of Al in these specimen tissues. In order to increase the sensitivity of the signals in the low energy region of the spectra, the absorber was removed. The results show that peak intensity depends on the site measured. In certain cases, however, an extremely high concentration of Al was observed in PIXE spectra, with an intensity higher than those of the other major elements present in the brain. Samples from the same subjects were also analyzed using EPMA-EDX. X-ray maps produced by EPMA-EDX showed the presence of extremely high concentrations of Al . The results yielded by PIXE analysis was in good qualitative agreement with those from EPMA-EDX.
TRACE ELEMENT ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PUTAMINOCAPSULAR HEMORRHAGES IN THE HUMAN BRAIN
Authors: HEBBRECHT GEERT , MAENHAUT WILLY , DE REUCK JACQUES
Published: May 2007

Two minor and six trace elements (i.e., K , Ca , Mn , Fe , Cu , Zn , Se and Rb ) and the wet-to-dry weight ratio were determined in five post-mortem human brains affected by a putaminocapsular hemorrhage. Most elements were "washed away" from the region of the bleeding. Iron, on the contrary, was accumulated, up to a level comparable with that in blood. The trace element alterations in the cortex, white matter and striatum adjacent to the bleeding were compared to those in the respective border areas of recent middle cerebral artery infarcts. The main difference in elemental alterations within the border areas of both hematomas and infarcts is the higher Fe accumulation in the former. The other elemental alterations in the border areas of bleedings are similar, but mostly smaller than those in infarcts. Also the edema formation in cortical and white matter border areas of the hematomas is less than for infarcts. The present findings suggest that in tissues adjacent to putaminocapsular hemorrhages changes occur, but of a milder nature than in border areas of the infarcts.
ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTS IN THE SOFT TISSUE COVERING TITANIUM PLATES AND SCREWS FOR INTERNAL BONE FIXATION BY THE PIXE METHOD
Authors: SUGIYAMA Y. , ISHIBASHI S. , SEKIYAMA S. , SERA K. , FUTATSUKAWA S.
Published: May 2007

We made a comparative study of the elements in the periosteum on titanium plates and screws for internal bone fixation, normal periosteum, and oral mucosa by the PIXE method. We studied 11 patients, 4 men and 7 women, with mandibular fracture or facial deformity. The implanted time length of the materials in the body was 5 to 16 months. The analyzed samples were 11 periostea on the materials, 11 normal periostea and 4 oral mucosae. The results were as follows. Twenty-four essential and 11 contaminated elements were detected in the periostea on the materials as well as in the normal periostea and the oral mucosae. In the mean values of titanium and aluminum, there were significantly higher values in the periostea on the materials than in the normal periostea. The mean concentration values of the other elements did not differ significantly between that in the periostea on the materials and that in the normal periostea. The concentration of titanium in the periostea on the materials was not correlated with sex, age of the patients, or the implanted time length. However, there was a significantly higher titanium concentration value in the periostea on the plates than on the screws. Our results could indicate that the existence of a titanium element in the periostea on the materials was caused by its dissolution from the materials.
TISSUE CONCENTRATION-TIME PROFILE OF SELENIUM AFTER SODIUM SELENITE ADMINISTRATION TO RATS
Authors: KANEKO MEGUMI , NATSUHORI MASAHIRO , ITO NOBUHIKO , SERA KOICHIRO , FUTATSUGAWA SHOJI
Published: May 2007

Selenium ( Se ) concentration-time profiles in plasma and organs including liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen and brain of rats (Jcl Wister, 9 wks old, n = 32) were investigated after a single intravenous (iv) / oral (po) administration of sodium selenite (dose is equivalent to 2 mg/kg b.w. of Se ), The Se concentration was determined by PIXE analysis. Among the investigated biological samples, Se concentration was the highest in the kidney or liver, followed by the heart, lung or spleen, then plasma, and the brain. Se concentrations in these organs were 0.5 to 5 times of plasma Se . The distribution profiles of Se in the organs were dependent on the route of administration. Furthermore, their profiles appeared almost parallel to the plasma Se -concentration in a logarithmic scale. Compared to the Se concentration-time profiles in plasma and organs by the route of administration, po group showed about 1/4-1/2 of the Se concentration in iv group except for kidney. Kidney kept relatively higher concentration of Se , which was similar in the both groups. This may explain our recently published data that urinary excretion was similar in the both groups. The relative oral bioavailability of plasma and each organ was calculated by the ratio of area under the concentration-time curve after oral administration (AUCpo) to AUCiv. Each organ appeared to have their own bioavailability (i.e., liver 39%, kidney 97%, heart 37%, lung 18%, spleen 10%, and brain 72%), where plasma was 46%. These results highly suggested that different Se distribution in organs by the different route of administration was due to the different metabolic profile.
NUCLEAR MICROPROBE AND RAMAN INVESTIGATION OF THE CHEMISTRY OF THE SHELL OF THE PACIFIC OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA GIGAS
Authors: MARKWITZ A. , GAULDIE R. W. , PITHIE J. , SHARMA S. K. , JAMIESON D. J.
Published: May 2007

High-resolution nuclear microscopy was used to study the layered structure in the shell of the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. In cross section, the layers appear as opaque white zones and clearer translucent zones. Raman spectroscopy indicates that the zones consist of alternating layers of the aragonite and calcite morphs of calcium carbonate, the mineral constituent of the shell. The chemistry of the shell varies from individual to individual but generally the predominant metal ion is Ca , with varying amounts of Si , Cl , Cr , Mn , Fe , Zn , Sb , Ni , Fe , As and Sr . Two dimensional maps of these major, minor and trace elements were measured in many shells with nuclear microscopy to identify the patterns of Zn and Sr deposition reflecting the calcite and aragonite layers. The significant difference in the patterns identified by ion beam analyses are possibly a result of isostructural exclusion of these metal ions between the different aragonite and calcite polymorphic forms of calcium carbonate.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FINE PARTICLE COMPONENTS IN MEXICO CITY
Authors: SAITOH K. , SERA K. , PERALES J. GOMEZ , GARCIA F. ANGELES , SUZUKI H.
Published: May 2007

Particulate matter (PM-3.9 and PM-15.8) samples were collected in the three zones at the Northeast, Southwest and Southeast suburbs of Mexico City, from July to August 1998, for one week for each sampling site. The concentrations of several elements in the PM-3.9 and PM-15.8 samples were determined by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). In the PM-3.9 samples, 21 elements were determined for each zone, and Na , Mg , Al , Si , S , K , Ca , Ti , Fe , Cu , Zn and Pb are found to be the major elemental components. On the other hand, 22 elements including P were determined on the PM-15.8 samples, and the dominant elements were the same as in the PM-3.9. Factor analysis is applied to the 28 variables (14 elements for each PM-3.9 and PM-15.8 groups) and for 21 samples (seven days for three zones) in order to identify possible sources of the particles. The result of factor analysis allows to identify five major sources, being soil the major contributor.
TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FLY ASH BY PIXE
Authors: VIJAYAN V. , BEHERA S. N.
Published: May 2007

Fly ash is a major component of solid material generated by the coal-fired thermal power plants. In India the total amount of fly ash produced per annum is around 100 million tonnes. Fly ash has a great potential for utilization in making industrial products such as cement, bricks as well as building materials, besides being used as a soil conditioner and a provider of micro nutrients in agriculture. However, given the large amount of fly ash that accumulate at thermal power plants, their possible reuse and dispersion and mobilization into the environment of the various elements depend on climate, soils, indigenous vegetation and agriculture practices. Fly ash use in agriculture improved various physico-chemical properties of soil, particularly the water holding capacity, porosity and available plant nutrients. However it is generally apprehended that the application of large quantity of fly ash in fields may affect the plant growth and soil texture. Hence there is a need to characterize trace elements of fly ash. The results of trace element analysis of fly ash and pond ash samples collected from major thermal power plants of India by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) have been discussed.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF CHINESE CHICKEN-BLOOD STONE
Authors: LIN E. K. , WANG C. W. , YU Y. C. , LIU T. Y. , CHENG H. S. , ZHU H. X. , YANG H. J.
Published: May 2007

This paper reports the chemical compositions of chicken-blood stone Ji Xue Shi measured by Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). The experimental result show that for the red portion of chicken-blood stone, the concentration of Hg is as high as 20 wt%, and the concentration of S can be above 10 wt%. For the non-red portion the main chemical compositions are Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2. The obtained chemical compositions are close to those of kaolinite for Balin chicken-blood stone, and of pyrophyllite for Changhua chicken-blood stone, respectively. So far many Changhua chicken-blood stones and Balin chicken-blood stones were found in China, the PIXE method can be used to explore the provenance of available chicken-blood stones.
ENRICHMENT OF COPPER IN ORE-FORMING FLUID OF COPPER-TUNGSTEN MINERALIZATION OF THE YAMAGUCHI SKARN DEPOSIT, IWATE, JAPAN
Authors: ISHIYAMA D. , OGATA T. , SATOH H. , MIZUTA T. , SERA K. , FUTATSUGAWA S.
Published: May 2007

Chemical composition of the fluids in the fluid inclusions of quartz from the pegmatite veins of the Yamaguchi W - Cu skarn deposit was measured by a combination of the crush-leach method in deionized water and chemical analysis using PIXE. Chemical composition of the fluids is characterized by a low molar ratio of Na/K and a high Cu concentration. The molar ratio of Cu /( Cu + Fe + Zn ) of the fluid inclusions is higher than that of massive sulfide deposits on the seafloor. The molar ratio of Cu /( Cu + Fe + Zn ) of the fluid inclusions is similar to the ratios of the vapor-rich fluid inclusions from the quartz-cassiterite veins hosted within the Mole Granite in New South Wales, Australia. The high Cu concentration in fluid inclusions of quartz associated with the pegmatite veins from the Yamaguchi deposit suggests that the fluid emanating from the Miyako granitic melt at the later stage of crystallization had a high Cu content.
X-RAY ANALYSIS OF PIGMENTS ON ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS
Authors: UDA M. , SASSA S. , YOSHIOKA T. , TANIGUCHI K. , NOMURA S. , YOSHIMURA S. , KONDO J. , NAKAMURA M. , ISKANDAR NASRY , ZAGHLOUL BAHAA
Published: May 2007

Ancient pigments were analyzed using PIXE and XRD methods in the laboratory, which were painted on ancient Egyptian monuments. On the other hand, those on monuments remaining with entire shape were investigated using the hand-held type of an XRF spectrometer and an X-ray diffractometer in the field. For the laboratory experiment, several wall fragments of the Malqata palace in ancient Egypt (18th Dynasty, ca. 1390 B.C.) were investigated. In the field experiment, the block of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty, ca. 1270 B.C.), the Wooden Coffin of Neb-sny (18th Dynasty, ca. 1400 B.C.), the Funerary Stele of Amenemhat (11th Dynasty, ca. 2000 B.C.), and the painted walls of the Tomb of Userhat (18th Dynasty, ca. 1400 B.C.) were investigated. From white and blue colored parts, huntite and Egyptian blue were found, respectively, which are a very rare mineral and an artificial pigment prepared only in ancient Egypt, respectively.
IDENTIFICATION OF URUSHI COATED FILMS TAKEN FROM ANCIENT BUDDHA IMAGES BY USING PIXE, FT-IR, AND ORGANIC ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
Authors: KAGEMORI N. , UMEMURA K. , YOSHIMURA T. , INOUE M. , KAWAI S. , YANO K. , SERA K. , FUTATSUGAWA S. , NAKAMURA Y.
Published: May 2007

Six types of samples including urushi, urushi tree and black coating films taken from ancient Buddha images were examined by analyses of PIXE, organic element and FT-IR to identify with urushi another material. Based on the results of three analytical experiments above mentioned, the coating materials aging over hundreds of years were identified with weathered urushi films mixed with other material. Further investigation may reveal the urushi coating techniques used in the past.
TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF TEETH FROM PRE-COLUMBIAN POPULATION GROUPS IN MÉXICO
Authors: SOLIS C. , OLIVER A. , ANDRADE E. , MACIAS R. , MANSILLA J. , CHÁVEZ-LOMELI M. E.
Published: May 2007

Human teeth from pre-Columbian and recent population groups have been analyzed by PIXE. Ancient teeth corresponding to children and adults were obtained from archaeological burials located in five geographic areas of Mexico. Inter-specific and inter-site differences in the trace element contents of enamel were compared in order to get some insight into differences in diet, environmental conditions, teeth health, disease state and post mortem alteration among the co-occurring populations. For permanent teeth from adults, small variations in trace element levels were found depending on the collection site or tooth health, but for deciduous teeth from children, the concentration of elements such as Mn , Fe and Sr varied considerably. In this work, the possible sources of variation are discussed.
THE ELEMENTAL STATUS OF ANCIENT HUMAN BONES FROM EDESHEIM/RHEINLAND–PFALZ DETERMINED BY PIXE
Authors: JÁNKUHN STEFFEN , VOGT JÜRGEN , BUTZ TILMAN
Published: May 2007

We report on ion beam investigations of 40 bone samples from the archaeological site Edesheim/Rheinland–Pfalz, Germany, a burial site of a Merowingian population (6–8th century AD).

The samples were prepared as pellets from the so–called WARD'S triangle. This region is an inner part of the femoral neck and one of the areas of high fracture risk in the case of osteoporosis. The experiments were carried out with an 1.5 MeV H+beam at the 2 MV VAN DE GRAAFF accelerator of the University of Leipzig. Simultaneously to the PIXE measurements, PBS and PIGE spectra were recorded.

We will present a correlation matrix for 11 selected elements detected by PIXE, which exhibits trends and dependences from which preliminary information on various diagenetic processes can be derived.
CONSTRUCTING THE HYPERDEFINABLE GROUP FROM THE GROUP CONFIGURATION
Authors: DE PIRO TRISTRAM , KIM BYUNGHAN , MILLAR JESSICA
Published: May 2007

Under [Formula: see text]-amalgamation, we obtain the canonical hyperdefinable group from the group configuration.
FUSION OVER A VECTOR SPACE
Authors: BAUDISCH ANDREAS , MARTIN-PIZARRO AMADOR , ZIEGLER MARTIN
Published: May 2007

Let T1 and T2 be two countable strongly minimal theories with the DMP whose common theory is the theory of vector spaces over a fixed finite field. We show that T1 ∪ T2 has a strongly minimal completion.