bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variable-temperature neutron diffraction studies of the short, strong hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure of pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid
Authors: Cowan John. A. , Howard Judith A. K. , McIntyre Garry, J. , Lo Samuel M.-F , Williams Ian D.
Published: November 2005

Pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid has been studied by single-crystal neutron diffraction at 15 and 296 K. Pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, in which the carboxylic acid protons have been replaced by deuterons, has also been studied at 15, 150 and 296 K. The protonated structure contains a short N...H...O hydrogen bond [N...O 2.523 (2) Å at 15 K]. Temperature-dependent proton migration occurs where the N—H distance in the hydrogen bond changes from 1.213 (4) Å at 15 K to 1.308 (6) Å at 300 K. In the deuterated structure the overall hydrogen-bond length increased [N...O 2.538 (3) Å at 15 K] and the magnitude of the migration increased so that the N—D distance changes from 1.151 (3) Å at 15 K to 1.457 (4) Å at 300 K.
Geometrical parameterization of the crystal chemistry of P63/m apatites: comparison with experimental data and ab initio results
Authors: Mercier Patrick H. J. , Le Page Yvon , Whitfield Pamela S. , Mitchell Lyndon D. , Davidson Isobel J. , White T. J.
Published: November 2005

Experimental structure refinements and ab initio simulation results for 18 published, fully ordered P63/m (A^{\rm I}_4)(A^{\rm II}_6)(BO4)6
X
2 apatite end-member compositions have been analyzed in terms of a geometric crystal-chemical model that allows the prediction of unit-cell parameters (a and c) and all atom coordinates. To an accuracy of ± 0.025 Å, the magnitude of c was reproduced from crystal-chemical parameters characterizing chains of …–A
II–O3–B–O3–A
II–... atoms, whereas that of a was determined from those describing (A
IO6)–(BO4) polyhedral arrangements. The c/a ratio could be predicted to ±0.2% using multi-variable functions based on geometric crystal-chemical model predictions, but could not be ascribed to the adjustment of a single crystal-chemical parameter. The correlations observed between algebraically independent crystal-chemical parameters representing the main observed polyhedral distortions reveal them as the minimum-energy solution to accommodate misfit components within this flexible structure type. For materials with given composition, good agreement (within ± 0.5–2.0%) of ab initio crystal-chemical parameters was observed with only those from single-crystal refinements with R ≤ 4.0%. Agreement with single-crystal work with R > 4.0% was not as good, while the scatter with those from Rietveld refinements was considerable. Accordingly, ab initio cell data, atomic coordinates and crystal-chemical parameters were reported here for the following compositions awaiting experimental work: (Zn,Hg)10(PO4)6(Cl,F)2, (Ca,Cd)10(VO4)6Cl2 and (Ca,Pb,Cd)10(CrO4)6Cl2.
The unusual phases of anhydrous and hydrated pinacol
Authors: Hao Xiang , Parkin Sean , Brock Carolyn Pratt
Published: November 2005

The structure of highly twinned pinacol (2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol) monohydrate, the existence of which has been known since 1922, has been determined, and the structures of anhydrous pinacol and its two other known hydrates have been reinvestigated. All the phases are unusual. The anhydrous phase [Jeffrey & Robbins (1978). Acta Cryst. B34, 3817–3820] is exceptional among molecular crystals in having molecules located on three different symmetry sites (1, \overline 1 and 2). A hexagonal form of pinacol originally described as a second polymorph [Dahlqvist & Sillanpää (2000). J. Mol. Struct.
524, 141–149] has been shown to be a solvate of uncertain composition that is very loosely packed. Pinacol hexahydrate, which was originally reported as tetragonal and highly disordered [Kim & Jeffrey (1970). J. Chem. Phys.
53, 3610–3615], appears to be described better as having an orthorhombic structure that is both disordered and twinned; the diffraction pattern at 90 K shows structured diffuse scattering that suggests short-range correlations of disordered molecules. The occurrence of this unusual set of structures is attributed to the combination of the hydrogen-bonding requirements of the pinacol molecule with its small size and limited conformational flexibility.
Structures of Na9[SO4]4
X·2H2O2, where X = Cl or Br, in which the halide anions orchestrate extended orientation sequences of H2O2 solvate molecules
Authors: Pritchard Robin Gavin , Begum Zubeda , Lau Yuf Fai , Austin Jonothan
Published: November 2005

Detailed structures of nonasodium tetrakis(sulfate) chloride diperhydrate, Na9[SO4]4Cl·2H2O2, and its novel bromide analogue are compared. Hydrogen peroxide could not be resolved in a previously reported Na9[SO4]4Cl·2H2O2 substructure [tetragonal, P4/mnc; Adams et al. (1978), J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. p. 288; Adams & Pritchard (1978), Acta Cryst. B34, 1428–1432]. However, on lowering the symmetry to P4/n, and using reflection data based on full unit-cells, the H2O2 solvate can be clearly seen. Although H2O2 molecules are not directly bonded to the halide anions, they exert considerable influence on the eight sodium cations that constitute each halide's coordination shell so that H2O2 ordering can be linked to halide dimensions.
A reinterpretation of the phase transitions in Na2CO3
Authors: Arakcheeva Alla , Chapuis Gervais
Published: November 2005

Based on the structural data of phases α (hexagonal; 756–972 K), β (monoclinic; 605–751 K), γ (incommensurate, monoclinic; 295 K) and δ (lock-in, monoclinic; 110 K) of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, we could draw a parallel between the phase transitions and the evolution of the second coordination sphere of the C atoms. The temperature-dependent structures observed in the β phase are reproduced in the incommensurate γ phase as a modulation wave, which relates to the content of the symmetrically equivalent {110} lattice planes in the α phase. By decreasing the temperature, the phase transitions are associated with a stepwise increase in the number of Na ions participating in the second coordination sphere of the C atoms. Over the full temperature range, this number increases from 3 to 7. The C—O distances and the mobility of the O atoms depends on the number of Na ions in the vicinity of the C atoms.
Gender differences in drinking: why do they still exist?
Authors: Holmila Marja , Raitasalo Kirsimarja
Published: November 2005

Aims  The paper discusses the kinds of reasoning that have been presented as possible mechanisms and reasons for gender differences in alcohol consumption.

Design and methods  An overview of the existing literature from different countries is presented.

Findings  The existing studies provide a picture of great cultural variance in patterns of alcohol use among men and women. The gender differences in drinking behaviour have been shown to be linked with many aspects of biological differences between men and women leading to women's greater vulnerability to alcohol, of women's and men's differing needs, reasons and motivations in relation to drinking, of gender‐specific roles in other areas of life and of ways in which societies regulate peoples’ behaviour, often giving women the role of warden or moderator of others’ drinking.

Conclusions  The gender differences in drinking behaviour continue to be considerable and are found in all cultures studied so far. Several studies have argued for reasons underlying these differences, but they still remain largely unexplained.
Multi‐level analysis of alcohol‐related injury among emergency department patients: a cross‐national study*
Authors: Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Ye Yu , Bond Jason , Rehm Jürgen , Poznyak Vladimir , Macdonald Scott , Stafström Martin , Hao Wei
Published: November 2005

Aim  The aim of this analysis was to examine the average rate and variation of alcohol‐related injury across emergency department (ED) studies, the effect of usual drinking on likelihood of alcohol‐related injury, whether cross‐study variation in rate of alcohol‐related injury can be explained by between‐study difference in usual consumption and whether social‐cultural contextual variables help explain cross‐study variations, after between‐study difference in usual consumption has been controlled.

Design  Data were merged from the Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP) and the WHO Collaborative Study on Alcohol and Injuries, together representing 28 studies in 16 countries, and include 8423 (drinking) injury patients who arrived in the ED within 6 hours after injury. Alcohol‐related injury was based, separately, on a positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and self‐reported drinking within 6 hours prior to injury. A multi‐level design and hierarchical generalized linear models were used for analysis in which patients were nested within studies.

Findings  Overall prevalence of alcohol‐related injury was 24% and 29% for positive BAC and self‐report, respectively. At the patient level, log‐transformed alcohol consumption in the last 12 months was a significant predictor of alcohol‐related injury. At the study level significant variation in rates of alcohol‐related injury was observed; studies with higher overall average consumption reported a higher rate of alcohol‐related injury. When volume was controlled, societies with higher detrimental drinking pattern and higher legal level for intoxication while driving were more likely to have an increased rate of alcohol‐related injury.

Conclusions  Alcohol‐related injury varies across EDs and countries. While it is associated with an individual's usual alcohol consumption, it is also affected by a number of societal drinking characteristics including the aggregate volume of consumption, overall drinking pattern and legislative policies to control drinking and related harms.
Addiction and its brain science
Authors: Spanagel Rainer , Heilig Markus
Published: November 2005

Aims  To illustrate how modern neurobiological approaches will help to identify the neurocircuits and genes involved in addictive behavior.

Background  The current disorder concept of addiction includes neurobiological foundations and neurobiological research assuming irreversible molecular and structural changes within the brain dopamine reinforcement system, constituting the ‘molecular and structural switch’ from controlled drug intake to compulsive drug abuse. However, those irreversible changes have not so far been identified and it is suggested that in addition to the mesolimbic dopamine system, other brain systems including the mesocortical and nigrostriatal pathways as well as their non‐dopaminergic feedback‐loops might be involved in addictive behavior.

Neurobiological approach  A three‐step neurobiological approach is described that allows in a first step via novel animal models and imaging techniques to identify the neuroanatomical sites mediating voluntary drug intake, reinstatement of drug‐seeking behavior, relapse, loss of control and drug intake despite negative consequences. In a subsequent step, forward genetic approaches including quantitative trait loci (QTL)‐analysis and gene expression profiling are helpful in identifying so‐called candidate genes. In a final step, conditional animal mutants and selective pharmacological tools are used to functionally validate candidate genes. Following this validation process, the transfer to the human situation has to be made and candidate genes have to be verified further in well‐phenotyped cohorts of addicted patients.

Conclusion  This three‐step neurobiological approach, that must involve an interdisciplinary team including experimental psychologists, geneticists, molecular biologists and finally clinical addiction researchers, will allow us to understand where and how the addicted brain goes awry.
A controlled trial of methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders
Authors: Carpentier Pieter J. , De Jong Cor A. J. , Dijkstra Boukje A. G. , Verbrugge Cor A. G. , Krabbe Paul F. M.
Published: November 2005

Aims  Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common among adult patients with substance use disorders. The benefits of treating ADHD in these patients are uncertain and the prescription of psychostimulants is disputed, because of the risk of abuse. This study examined the short‐term effectiveness of methylphenidate treatment for ADHD in adults with substance use disorders.

Design  Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multiple cross‐over (A‐B‐A‐B design) comparative trial of methylphenidate versus placebo.

Setting  In‐patient addiction treatment facility.

Participants  Twenty‐five patients with ADHD who were receiving in‐patient treatment for various substance use disorders.

Intervention  During the course of 8 weeks, each participant completed two phases of placebo and two phases of active medication treatment, in a fixed low‐dosage schedule (up to 0.6 mg/kg/day). Abstinence was maintained during the study.

Measurements  The outcome measure was ADHD symptomatology, as measured with the ADHD rating scale‐IV. The results were compared using MANOVA repeated measures.

Findings  Nineteen of the 25 patients completed the trial. A significant reduction in ADHD symptoms was observed in the first week in both conditions. The positive response to active treatment (nine patients; 36%) was not significantly higher than that to placebo (five patients; 20%).

Conclusions  In this small pilot study, the effect of low‐dose methylphenidate in adult ADHD patients with concomitant substance use disorders is limited. ADHD symptoms in adults were susceptible to a distinct short‐term placebo response.
Mixed messages on tobacco: comparative exposure to public health, tobacco company‐ and pharmaceutical company‐sponsored tobacco‐related television campaigns in the United States, 1999–2003
Authors: Wakefield Melanie , Szczypka Glen , Terry‐McElrath Yvonne , Emery Sherry , Flay Brian , Chaloupka Frank , Saffer Henry
Published: November 2005

Aims To describe and compare the extent of exposure among youth and adults to antitobacco advertising funded by tobacco control agencies, and to smoking‐related advertising from tobacco and pharmaceutical companies.

Design Archival records of television advertising exposures from Nielsen Media Research for the largest 75 media markets in the United States from 1999 to 2003.

Measurements Mean monthly advertising exposures for households with televisions and adolescents aged 12–17 years for: state tobacco control programs; the national American Legacy Foundation (Legacy) program; tobacco company advertising for youth smoking prevention, parent advertising and corporate image; pharmaceutical company advertising for nicotine replacement therapy and Zyban®; and other miscellaneous tobacco‐related advertising.

Findings Combined tobacco company youth/parent advertising exposures matched those for combined State/Legacy campaigns (4.56 advertisements/month versus 4.97 advertisements/month among households; 3.05 advertisements/month versus 3.38 advertisements/month among adolescents). Tobacco company corporate image advertising averaged 3.25 advertisements/month among households and 0.73 advertisements/month among adolescents. Tobacco company advertising exceeded public health‐sponsored advertising by a factor of 1.57–1, and among youth by 1.11–1. Pharmaceutical companies were the largest sponsor of tobacco‐related advertising for households (10.37 advertisements/month) and provided significant exposure among adolescents (2.61 advertisements/month).

Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate systematically that public health‐sponsored antitobacco campaigns in the United States are matched or exceeded by tobacco company advertising, as well as pharmaceutical cessation product advertising. Research is needed to determine whether such advertising may dilute or undermine the established benefits of tobacco control‐sponsored campaigns.
A gene for a dioxygenase‐like protein determines the production of the DF signal in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Authors: POPLAWSKY ALAN R. , WALTERS DANA M. , ROUVIERE PIERRE E. , CHUN WESLEY
Published: November 2005

The DF signal molecule regulates the production of both yellow pigments (xanthomonadins) and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. These two bacterial products are crucial to the epiphytic survival and pathogenicity of this pathogen on its plant hosts. Previous work suggested that DF is a butyrolactone, which the Streptomyces bacteria are known to utilize as signals. pigB is one of seven transcriptional units in the X. c. pv. campestris xanthomonadin gene cluster, and its inactivation results in the loss of DF signal, xanthomonadin and EPS production. Here, determination and analysis of the pigB DNA sequence reveals the presence of two open reading frames, the first (xanB1) encoding a putative reductase/halogenase, and the second (xanB2) showing the highest level of identity to Streptomyces genes encoding putative pteridine‐dependent dioxygenase‐like proteins. We show that xanB2 (but not xanB1) is needed for production of the DF signal, and that some Streptomyces strains produce functional analogues of DF. A role for xanB2 in the biosynthesis of DF is proposed.
Pyrichalasin H production and pathogenicity of Digitaria‐specific isolates of Pyricularia grisea
Authors: TSURUSHIMA TETSU , DON LE DINH , KAWASHIMA KENJI , MURAKAMI JIRO , NAKAYASHIKI HITOSHI , TOSA YUKIO , MAYAMA SHIGEYUKI
Published: November 2005

Culture filtrates from 72 isolates of Pyricularia, grouped into 13 rDNA types, were analysed via HPLC. Of these isolates, 31 (r9 DNA type) from crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), one (r9 DNA type) from pangolagrass (Digitaria smutsii) and six (r8 DNA type) from Digitaria horizontalis produced 20–280 µg pyrichalasin H per millilitre of culture. These same isolates were pathogenic on five Digitaria species. Interestingly, two isolates, KM‐1 and Br 29, which were originally isolated from Digitaria plants, did not produce pyrichalasin H, nor caused blast lesion on Digitaria plants. Because these two isolates were identified as Digitaria pathogens by PCR analysis using Digitaria‐specific primers, they are likely to be mutants lacking pyrichalasin H production. Isolates that belonged to the remaining 11 rDNA types did not produce pyrichalasin H and were avirulent to Digitaria plants. Therefore, the virulence of Pyricularia on Digitaria plants correlates with pyrichalasin H production. Pyrichalasin H was also present in spore germination fluid of a crabgrass isolate (IBDS 5‐1‐1), but not in that of isolates from rice, foxtail millet, finger millet, common millet and wheat. In addition, pyrichalasin H was detected in host leaves infected with IBDS 5‐1‐1, but not in leaves from other plants infected with compatible Pyricularia isolates. Pretreatment of leaf sheaths of crabgrass with 3 µg/mL pyrichalasin H led to the penetration and colonization by non‐host isolates. Overall, these results indicate that production of pyrichalasin H is responsible for the genus‐specific pathogenicity of Digitaria isolates.
Review article: putting immediate‐release proton‐pump inhibitors into clinical practice – improving nocturnal acid control and avoiding the possible complications of excessive acid exposure
Authors: KATZ P. O.
Published: November 2005

Nocturnal gastro‐oesphageal reflux is an under‐appreciated clinical challenge. This condition may cause symptoms such as nocturnal heartburn, or it may be asymptomatic. In addition, patients may experience sleep disturbances that can potentially lead to complications such as erosive oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus, and may be a risk factor for development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Delayed‐release proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs) have traditionally been effective in treating both daytime and night‐time reflux symptoms, but are limited in control of nocturnal acidity by their pharmacodynamic characteristics.

This narrative review addresses the prevalence, impact and pharmacologic approaches used to control nocturnal acidity. Methods to optimize nocturnal acid control include careful attention to dosing schedule, using higher doses of PPIs, adding an histamine H2‐receptor antagonist at bedtime to once or twice daily delayed‐release PPI, or using immediate‐relase omeprazole (Zegerid powder for oral suspension; Santarus, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).

This new formulation appears to provide sustained control of intragastric pH at steady state, and when dosed at bedtime, and may be effective in improving control of nocturnal pH and treating night‐time GERD.
A rapid real‐time PCR assay for determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1, 2 and 3a
Authors: Moghaddam A. , Reinton N. , Dalgard O.
Published: November 2005

Summary. The genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum of patients have been described as independent predictors of success of antiviral therapy. Therefore, different antiviral regimens have been proposed depending on the infecting HCV genotype. HCV strain is usually determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genome followed by sequencing or by line‐probe assays. We report a new one step real‐time PCR assay for genotyping of HCV strains that are prevalent in patients in Norway. HCV types 1, 2 and 3a were genotyped unambiguously in 37 patient serum samples with 100% correlation to genotyping by nucleotide sequence analysis and line‐probe assays. Genotyping could also be confirmed against an HCV genotype panel from the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control. This assay does not require manipulation of amplified PCR products, it involves very little hands on and analysis time. This assay can be used for rapid genotyping of HCV‐RNA in infected patients to aid physicians decide suitability of patients for treatment and subsequent length of treatment.
Coarse woody debris in Australian forest ecosystems: A review
Authors: WOLDENDORP GEMMA , KEENAN RODNEY J.
Published: November 2005

Abstract Coarse woody debris (CWD) is the standing and fallen dead wood in a forest and serves an important role in ecosystem functioning. There have been several studies that include estimates of CWD in Australian forests but little synthesis of these results. This paper presents findings from a literature review of CWD and fine litter quantities. Estimates of forest‐floor CWD, snags and litter from the literature are presented for woodland, rainforest, open forest and tall open forest, pine plantation and native hardwood plantation. Mean mass of forest floor CWD in Australian native forests ranged from 19 t ha−1in woodland to 134 t ha−1in tall open forest. These values were generally within the range of those observed for similar ecosystems in other parts of the world. Quantities in tall open forests were found to be considerably higher than those observed for hardwood forests in North America, and more similar to the amounts reported for coniferous forests with large sized trees on the west coast of the USA and Canada. Mean proportion of total above‐ground biomass as forest floor CWD was approximately 18% in open forests, 16% in tall open forests, 13% in rainforests, and 4% in eucalypt plantations. CWD can be high in exotic pine plantations when there are considerable quantities of residue from previous native forest stands. Mean snag biomass in Australian forests was generally lower than the US mean for snags in conifer forests and higher than hardwood forest. These results are of value for studies of carbon and nutrient stocks and dynamics, habitat values and fire hazards.
Floristic changes and regeneration patterns for a 12‐year period during the 3rd and 4th decades following selection logging in a subtropical rainforest
Authors: KARIUKI MAINA , KOOYMAN ROBERT M.
Published: November 2005

Abstract  Changes in regeneration patterns in a subtropical rainforest in north‐east New South Wales (Australia) are presented for a 12‐year period during the 3rd and 4th decades following repeated single‐tree selection logging. Changes were investigated using multivariate and univariate approaches. There were no significant differences in floristic assemblages within and between censuses. However, two contrasting trends of changes in plant groups were detected. In trees with a diameter at breast height (d.b.h.; that is, 1.3 m above the ground level) ≥ 10 cm, both the density and species richness increased in the shade‐tolerant group, while density increased and species richness decreased in the shade‐intolerant group. Among smaller sized regenerating species including trees (1.3 m in height < 10 cm d.b.h.), a general decrease in species richness was observed along with significant changes in stem densities where the number of stems in the shade‐tolerant species increased while that of both shade‐intolerant and vine species decreased. Excluding the vines and understorey species from the broader regenerating species, revealed a decrease in species richness in juvenile canopy tree, and a significant change in densities with the number of stems in the shade‐tolerant increasing while that of shade‐intolerant trees decreased. A comparison between the canopy trees ≥ 10 cm d.b.h. and the juvenile canopy trees group showed that these groups were tending towards similar floristic assemblages. These results suggest gradual replacement of shade‐intolerant by shade‐tolerant species as stands tend toward later stages of regeneration. This study shows that the inclusion of regenerating species in long‐term studies is both complementary to the larger plant component and more revealing of both trends and changes.
Linking plant functional traits with post‐fire sprouting vigour in woody species in central Argentina
Authors: GURVICH DIEGO E. , ENRICO LUCAS , CINGOLANI ANA M.
Published: November 2005

Abstract  Sprouting vigour is determined by the plant amount of reserves and intrinsic growth rate of plants. While the first factor has been well studied, the second is far less understood. Although a higher growth rate would imply a higher sprouting vigour, fast‐growing species may have less below‐ground reserves, and thus, a lower sprouting potential. The relative importance of both opposite effects was little explored in the literature. To analyse the influence of growth rate on sprouting vigour, one growth season after a fire we measured plant height of the old (pre‐fire) and new (post‐fire) tissue in 194 individuals of 14 woody species from a woodland in central Argentina. We calculated a mean value of pre‐ and post‐fire height for each species, and obtained from a database potential height at maturity, wood density (WD) and specific leaf area (SLA), as surrogates of intrinsic growth rate. We performed a forward stepwise multiple regression using WD and SLA, together with mean pre‐fire height or potential height as independent variables, and mean post‐fire height (as an indicator of resprout vigour) as the dependent variable. Interactions were also tested. Pre‐fire height, WD and their interaction term were the variables that best explained post‐fire height. We also analysed the relationship between pre‐ and post‐fire size for each species independently by fitting hyperbolic functions. Then we correlated both parameters of the functions to species characteristics (WD, SLA, potential height and mean pre‐fire height). Both parameters of the hyperbolic functions were significantly correlated only with WD, but not with the other species characteristics. All results together indicate that species with low WD (i.e. high potential growth rate) regrow more vigorously than species with high WD when pre‐fire individuals were tall. In contrast, when pre‐fire individuals were small, WD had no influence on sprout vigour. A trade‐off between allocation of biomass to underground reserves and shoot growth seems to be responsible for the patterns obtained. For small individuals, below‐ground reserves seem to play a more important role than inherent growth rate (here measured through WD) in determining the sprouting vigour, while for large individuals, growth rate seems more important than reserves.
Effects of long‐term fox baiting on species composition and abundance in an Australian lizard community
Authors: OLSSON MATS , WAPSTRA ERIK , SWAN GERRY , SNAITH ERN , CLARKE RON , MADSEN THOMAS
Published: November 2005

Abstract  We report on the effects of almost a decade of 1080‐fox baiting on a lizard community in a mosaic Australian habitat. Replicated comparisons of baited versus non‐baited control areas with near‐identical histories of bush fires, grazing and climate showed a higher density of red fox tracks (Canis vulpes) in the non‐baited areas. Furthermore, the fox‐baited areas showed a more than five times higher density of sand goannas (Varanus gouldii), a species that strongly overlaps the red fox in food niche breadth and is itself a direct target of fox predation, in particular its eggs and young. Exclusion of predators from a natural habitat led to significant increases in the density of small lizards, suggesting that predation can drive lizard population dynamics in this ecosystem. Replicated pitfall‐trapping in three habitats in the control areas (with high fox and low goanna density) versus the baited areas (with low fox and high goanna density) showed that fox baiting had positive effects on the density of diurnal scincid lizards in open grassland, whereas the control areas showed higher density of nocturnal gecko lizards. Our interpretation is that fox removal may result in a shift in the top predator towards the sand goanna. Historically, this indigenous, endemic species was the natural top predator. It has co‐evolved with its prey and that may have moulded it into a more efficient lizard predator per encounter than the introduced fox.
Atlantic bluefin tuna: population dynamics, ecology, fisheries and management
Authors: Fromentin Jean‐Marc , Powers Joseph E
Published: November 2005

Both old and new information on the biology and ecology of Atlantic bluefin tuna have confronted scientists with research challenges: research needs to be connected to current stock‐assessment and management issues. We review recent studies on habitat, migrations and population structure, stressing the importance of electronic tagging results in the modification of our perception of bluefin tuna population dynamics and behaviour. Additionally, we question, from both scientific and management perspectives, the usefulness of the classical stock concept and suggest other approaches, such as Clark's contingent and metapopulation theories. Current biological information confirms that a substantial amount of uncertainty still exists in the understanding of reproduction and growth. In particular, we focus on intriguing issues such as the difference in age‐at‐maturity between West Atlantic and Mediterranean bluefin tuna. Our description of Atlantic bluefin tuna fisheries places today's fishing patterns within the two millennium history of exploitation of this species: we discuss trap fisheries that existed between the 17th and the early 20th centuries; Atlantic fisheries during the 1950s and 1960s; and the consequences of the recent development of the sushi–sashimi market. Finally, we evaluate stock status and management issues since the early 1970s. While important uncertainties remain, when the fisheries history is confronted with evidence from biological and stock‐assessment studies, results indicate that Atlantic bluefin tuna has been undergoing heavy overfishing for a decade. We conclude that the current exploitation of bluefin tuna has many biological and economic traits that have led several fish stocks to extreme depletion in the past.
Amyloid precursor protein‐mediated free radicals and oxidative damage: Implications for the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Reddy P. Hemachandra
Published: November 2005

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a late‐onset dementia that is characterized by the loss of memory and an impairment of multiple cognitive functions. Advancements in molecular, cellular, and animal model studies have revealed that the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and other derivatives of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) are key factors in cellular changes in the AD brain, including the generation of free radicals, oxidative damage, and inflammation. Recent molecular, cellular, and gene expression studies have revealed that Aβ enters mitochondria, induces the generation of free radicals, and leads to oxidative damage in post‐mortem brain neurons from AD patients and in brain neurons from cell models and transgenic mouse models of AD. In the last three decades, tremendous progress has been made in mitochondrial research and has provided significant findings to link mitochondrial oxidative damage and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. Researchers in the AD field are beginning to recognize the possible involvement of a mutant APP and its derivatives in causing mitochondrial oxidative damage in AD. This article summarizes the latest research findings on the generation of free radicals in mitochondria and provides a possible model that links Aβ proteins, the generation of free radicals, and oxidative damage in AD development and progression.
Evaluations of Sexy Women In Low- and High-Status Jobs
Authors: Glick Peter , Larsen Sadie , Johnson Cathryn , Branstiter Heather
Published: November 2005

We hypothesized that women who dress in a sexy versus business-like manner evoke negative emotions and perceptions of lesser competence if employed in high- (but not low-) status jobs. Male and female undergraduates evaluated a videotaped female target whose physical attractiveness was held constant, but who was (a) dressed in sexy or businesslike attire and (b) allegedly either a manager or a receptionist. Participants exhibited more negative affect toward the sexily attired manager and rated her as less competent than the neutrally attired manager. This effect was fully mediated by emotional reactions. In contrast, the appearance manipulation had no effect on emotions toward or competence ratings of the receptionist. These findings suggest that a sexy self-presentation harms women in high-, but not low-, status jobs.
Attitudes Toward Traditional and Nontraditional Parents
Authors: Brescoll Victoria L. , Uhlmann Eric Luis
Published: November 2005

Three studies investigated attitudes toward traditional parents (stay-at-home mothers and employed fathers) and nontraditional parents (stay-at-home fathers and employed mothers) among adult men and women. Using a between-subjects design, Study 1 found that nontraditional parents were liked significantly less than traditional parents. Participants also believed that stay-at-home fathers were not regarded highly by others. Study 2 replicated these results using a within-subjects design, suggesting that participants felt little compunction about expressing negative attitudes toward nontraditional parents. Study 3 further found that employed mothers were less disliked when described as working out of financial necessity rather than for personal fulfillment. Both male and female participants reported negative evaluations of employed mothers and stay-at-home fathers, suggesting that prescriptive gender role stereotypes represent a consensual ideology shared by men and women.
An Unusual Presentation of Mastocytosis: Unilateral Swelling of the Vulva
Authors: Roy Joydip , Metry Denise W. , Hicks John , Morgan Alice J. , Heptulla Rubina A.
Published: November 2005

Abstract: Mastocytosis is a primary, abnormal accumulation of mast cells associated with a broad range of local and systemic symptoms. We report two female adolescents with episodic, unilateral, swelling of the labia majora that was discovered to be an unusual presentation of mastocytosis. Mastocytosis is frequently misdiagnosed because of its rarity and variable clinical presentation, which often mimics other conditions. In the appropriate setting, mastocytosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of labium majus swelling.
Persistent B‐cell Lymphopenia, Multiorgan Disease, and Erythema Multiforme Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection
Authors: Martire Baldassarre , Foti Caterina , Cassano Nicoletta , Buquicchio Rosalba , Del Vecchio Giovanni Carlo , De Mattia Domenico
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  We report a 6‐year‐old girl in whom Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection presenting with erythema multiforme, multiorgan, and hematologic dysfunctions induced a long‐standing, marked B‐cell lymphopenia. An increase of CD8+ lymphocytes was also detected. We suggest that a selective cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐dependent B cell lysis and the expansion of super‐antigen activated CD8+ T cells may account for the multiorgan and hematologic disturbances triggered by M. pneumoniae.
Activation of Neutrophil Granulocytes in an In Vitro Model of a Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Åsberg Ann Elisabeth , Videm Vibeke
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  Activated neutrophils play a central role in the pathogenesis of postoperative organ dysfunction after surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The researchers used an in vitro roller pump model to investigate the relative importance of the biomaterial, platelets, plasma proteins including activated complement, and flow mode on neutrophil activation as shown by the adhesion, degranulation, and increased the surface expression of CD11b. Neutrophil adhesion to the biomaterial increased with platelet addition, but not with plasma. Biomaterial contact activated neutrophils in a serum‐free buffer, but was significantly increased by activated complement. Platelets increased neutrophil degranulation in a serum‐free buffer but tended to reduce it in plasma. CD11b expression increased in both media. Complement activation was higher with neutrophils alone than with neutrophils and platelets combined. The roller pump reduced neutrophil adhesion and increased degranulation compared to passive rotation. Neutrophil interaction with platelets and complement were more important for activation than biomaterial contact and use of the roller pump. Improvement of biocompatibility is dependent on modifying complement activation and platelet interaction with neutrophils.
The Relation Between Vascular Access Flow and Different Types of Vascular Access With Systemic Hemodynamics in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Wijnen Edwin , Keuter Xavier H. , Planken Nils R. , Van Der Sande Frank M. , Tordoir Jan H. , Leunissen Karel M. , Kooman Jeroen P.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  Access flow (Qa) has an important effect on systemic hemodynamics in dialysis patients. A Qa : cardiac output (CO) ratio higher than 0.3 is considered a risk factor for high‐output cardiac failure. However, the effect of different types of vascular access in hemodialysis patients has not yet been studied. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between Qa and systemic hemodynamics and to compare systemic hemodynamics between patients with elbow/upperarm access with forearm access types. Qa, CO, cardiac index (CI), central blood volume (CBV), and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) were studied by the saline dilution technique in 58 hemodialysis patients (18 with elbow/upperarm access; 40 with forearm access types). This article found that Qa was significantly and positively related to CO and CI, and inversely related to PVR. CBV, Qa, and presence of cardiac failure were independent determinants of CI. Qa and the Qa : CO ratio were significantly higher, and PVR significantly lower, in patients with elbow/upperarm access compared to patients with forearm access types. When patients with cardiac failure were excluded, CO and CI were also significantly higher in patients with elbow/upperarm access types. Eleven percent of patients with elbow/upperarm fistula had a Qa : CO ratio above 0.3. In conclusion, Qa is strongly related to systemic hemodynamics in dialysis patients. In patients without cardiac failure, CO and CI are significantly higher in patients with elbow/upperarm access compared to patients with forearm access types. However, only a small percentage of patients with elbow/upperarm fistulae appeared to be in the risk zone for development of high‐output cardiac failure.
Pyruvate Improves Neutrophilic Nitric Oxide Generation in Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions
Authors: Wu Yi‐Tai , Wu Zhao‐Long , Jiang Xiao‐Feng , Li Su , Zhou Fang‐Qiang
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  To investigate the effects of pyruvate (Pyr)‐based peritoneal dialysis solutions (P‐PDS) on neutrophilic nitric oxide (NO) generation, we incubated human peripheral neutrophils in dL‐lactate (Lac, 40 mM)‐based PDS and equimolar P‐PDS, and Hanks’ balanced salt solution at various pH and high glucose (HG) levels, respectively. The production of NO in various test solutions was determined based on the Griess reaction. Acidic pH, high Lac, and HG induced an acute and substantial inhibition of neutrophilic NO, whereas Pyr in PDS significantly improved the NO generation in both acidic pH and physiological pH, and also in HG conditions. The Pyr protection may be associated with the improvement of glucose metabolic pathways in addition to its alkalization.
Inflammatory Markers and Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Sustained Hemodialysis Hypotension
Authors: Lee Chien‐Te , Hsu Chung‐Yao , Lam Kim‐Kwan , Lin Chung‐Ren , Chen Jin‐Bor
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  Hypotension is an important complication of hemodialysis. The pathogenesis of this complication remains unclear. The role of chronic inflammation in chronic dialysis‐associated hypotension has not been investigated. A total of 38 dialysis patients with chronic hypotension were identified. Their demographic and biochemical data, inflammatory markers (high sensitivity C‐reactive protein [hs‐CRP] and interleukin‐6 [IL‐6]), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), leptin, and adiponectin levels were measured and compared with those of another 87 nonhypotensive dialysis patients. No between‐group differences in their clinical features, underlying renal disease were found. Levels of serum albumin, leptin, adiponectin, and HGF were similar between the two groups. The serum albumin levels were inversely correlated with hs‐CRP and IL‐6. Adiponectin was negatively correlated with hs‐CRP and leptin. HGF showed a positive relation with hs‐CRP. No association was found between adiponectin and HGF. Therefore, chronic inflammation is prevalent in the dialysis population, and serum HGF level is associated with inflammation but not with chronic dialysis hypotension.
Use of Fast Fourier Transform Analysis of Atrial Electrograms for Rapid Characterization of Atrial Activation—Implications for Delineating Possible Mechanisms of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias
Authors: RYU KYUNGMOO , SAHADEVAN JAYAKUMAR , KHRESTIAN CELEEN M. , STAMBLER BRUCE S. , WALDO ALBERT L.
Published: November 2005

Introduction:Different analysis techniques have been developed to help understand and characterize the mechanisms responsible for atrial arrhythmias. We tested the hypothesis that Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of recorded atrial electrograms (AEGs) will rapidly and accurately identify regular and irregular patterns of atrial activation, and, thereby, may provide evidence suggestive of underlying mechanisms of atrial tachyarrhythmias.

Methods and Results:During induced atrial tachyarrhythmias in both the canine sterile pericarditis model and canine rapid ventricular pacing‐induced congestive heart failure model; 380–404 AEGs were recorded simultaneously from epicardial electrodes on both atria. From AEGs, atrial activation sequences were determined during atrial flutter (AFL), focal atrial tachycardia (AT), and atrial fibrillation (AF). Four‐second recording segments of each AEG were subjected to FFT analysis. Frequencies found during FFT analyses in all studies precisely corresponded to the cycle lengths of the AEGs. In AFL and AT, one dominant frequency peak was found throughout both atria. In AF due to multiple unstable reentry circuits, multiple and broad frequency peaks were found in both atria. In AF due to a stable rapid rhythm (driver) in the left atrium with fibrillatory conduction to the rest of the atria, one dominant frequency peak in areas with 1:1 conduction from the driver, and multiple and/or broad frequency peaks in areas with fibrillatory conduction produced by the driver were found. Computation time for all FFT analyses took <5 minutes.

Conclusion:FFT analysis accurately and rapidly identifies global atrial activation patterns during AFL, AT, and AF, thereby assisting in determining arrhythmia mechanisms.
Characterization of MgTiO3–CaTiO3‐Layered Microwave Dielectric Resonators with TE01δMode
Authors: Li Lei , Chen Xiang Ming , Fan Xie Cheng
Published: November 2005

MgTiO3and CaTiO3ceramics were stacked in different schemes as the key components of the microwave dielectric resonators, and the microwave dielectric characteristics were evaluated with TE01δresonant mode. With increasing thickness fraction of CaTiO3, the resonant frequency andQ×fvalue decreased, while the effective dielectric constant and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency increased. The microwave dielectric characteristics were also affected by the stacking scheme. These effects were analyzed by the finite‐element method, and the predicted characteristics agreed well with the experimental results. It was indicated that the temperature‐stable resonators with high‐Q×fvalues could be attained by changing the thickness fractions of CaTiO3, and the corresponding microwave dielectric characteristics could also be predicted by the finite‐element method.
Dielectric and Electrical Conductivity Properties of PMS–PZT Ceramics
Authors: Zhu Zhigang , Zheng Naizhan , Li Guorong , Yin Qingrui
Published: November 2005

The dielectric and electrical conductivity properties of xPb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3–(1−x)Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PMS–PZT) ceramics were studied. X‐ray diffraction indicated that all samples exhibit a single‐phase perovskite structure. Dielectric study revealed that the dielectric relaxor behavior was induced by co‐doping Mn2+ and Sb5+ into Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ceramics. Electrical conductivity measurements showed that the concentration of carriers are increased with the increase in PMS contents. After annealing in an oxygen atmosphere for 30 h, the direct current conductivity of PMSZ15 was much lower than that of the as‐sintered sample. The reason why this phenomenon occurs may be the reduction of oxygen‐vacancy concentration.
Time allocation ofOrius sauteriin attackingThrips palmion an eggplant leaf
Authors: Yano Eizi , Jiang Nanqing , Hemerik Lia , Mochizuki Masatoshi , Mitsunaga Takayuki , Shimoda Takeshi
Published: November 2005

Orius sauteri(Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) is a polyphagous predator used as a biological control agent of palm thrips,Thrips palmi(Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). We studiedO. sauteri'ssearching efficiency, time allocation on a leaf, leaving tendency, and attacking of prey. Approximately 78% of the encountered prey was eaten. Searching for prey was concentrated for 86% of the time on the lower leaf side, where palm thrips are usually found. Patch residence times on empty leaves were different from those on leaves withT. palmilarvae. Walking activity was not affected by the thrips density, and walking took place during 64% of the total search time. The leaving tendency ofO. sauteriwas affected by the time from patch entry and the presence or absence of palm thrips, but not by the thrips density. If prey were present, the leaving tendency decreased (multiplication factor 0.327), resulting in longer giving‐up times than when no prey was present. The fact that the leaving tendency increases when patch exploitation lasts longer suggests that not much time is wasted on patches where encounters with prey are scarce.