bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic and anatomical determinants of olfaction in dogs and wild canids
Authors: Mouton Alice , Bird Deborah , Li Gang , Craven Brent A. , Levine Jonathan M. , Morselli Marco , Pellegrini Matteo , Van Valkenburgh Blaire , Wayne Robert K. , Murphy William J.
Published: April 2024

Understanding the anatomical and genetic basis of complex phenotypic traits has long been a challenge for biological research. Domestic dogs offer a compelling model as they demonstrate more phenotypic variation than any other vertebrate species. Dogs have been intensely selected for specific traits and abilities, directly or indirectly, over the past 15,000 years since their initial domestication from the gray wolf. Because olfaction plays a central role in critical tasks, such as the detection of drugs, diseases, and explosives, as well as human rescue, we compared relative olfactory capacity across dog breeds and assessed changes to the canine olfactory system resulting from domestication. We conducted a cross-disciplinary survey of olfactory anatomy, olfactory receptor (OR) gene variation, and OR gene expression in domestic dogs. Through comparisons to their closest wild canid relatives, the gray wolf and coyote, we show that domestic dogs might have lost functional OR genes commensurate with a documented reduction in nasal morphology during domestication. Critically, within domestic dogs alone, we found no genetic or morphological profile shared among functional or genealogical breed groupings, such as scent hounds, that might indicate evidence of any human-directed selection for enhanced olfaction. Instead, our results suggest that superior scent detection dogs likely owe their success to advantageous behavioral traits and training rather than an “olfactory edge” provided by morphology or genes.
Subcellular, biochemical and biophysical alterations in two glial cell models of ARSACS
Authors: Murtinheira Fernanda , Boasinha Ana Sofia , Belo João , Macedo Luana , Farsetti Elisa , Robalo Tiago T. , Torres Vukosava M. , Pinto Francisco R. , Fernandes Adelaide , Nascimento Patricia , Rodrigues Mario S. , Herrera Federico
Published: April 2024

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a developmental and degenerative disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene that codifies for the sacsin chaperone. Sacsin was initially described as a neuronal protein but is found in various cell types, including astroglial, microglial, kidney, and skin cell lines. We and others have shown that virtually all cell and animal models of ARSACS show disruption of intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton and organelle distribution. This article extends previous observations from our lab on the C6 astroglial-like model and describes the development and characterization of a new human microglial cell model based on HMC3 cells. HMC3 cells knocked out for sacsin show similar alterations to C6 astroglial-like cells: aberrant distribution of IF network and organelles, downregulation of developmental transcription factors STAT3 and Smad1, and alterations in autophagy machinery and markers of intracellular stress, resulting in morphological changes. Our results extend previous observations suggesting a possible role for glial cells in ARSACS and provide new tools to understand the glial-specific mechanisms involved in this pathology.
Differential Cross-Protective Immunity is Elicited by Infection with Contemporary Influenza B Lineage Viruses
Authors: Page Caroline , Shepard Justin D. , Ray Sean D. , Akinpelu Jasmine Y. , Geiger Ginger , Tompkins Stephen M.
Published: April 2024

Influenza B virus (FLUBV) significantly contributes to the influenza disease burden and has complicated vaccine development and efficacy, yet remains understudied compared to its counterpart, influenza A virus (FLUAV). Since its isolation in 1940, FLUBV has diverged into two antigenically distinct lineages: Victoria (B/Vic) and Yamagata (B/Yam). Recent human studies and epidemiological modeling reveal differences in immunity elicited by each FLUBV lineage, contributing to higher reinfection rates following B/Yam infection. To investigate disparities in FLUBV lineage cross-protection and immunity, we examined the effects of lineage-specific prior immunity on FLUBV reinfection dynamics. Mice were infected with representative B/Vic and B/Yam viruses from evolutionary distinct clades and subsequently reinfected with heterolineal viruses (i.e., B/Vic → B/Yam and B/Yam → B/Vic) to assess the extent of protection elicited between the lineages. Using this validated challenge model, we explored potential mechanisms underlying the asymmetric reinfection dynamics observed between the lineages. Our findings align with human observations, indicating that contemporary B/Vic viruses confer cross-protection against contemporary B/Yam infections, whereas contemporary B/Yam viruses do not provide the same degree of protection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that serum antibodies elicited by hemagglutinin vaccination cannot account for the observed heterolineal protection. Rather, antibodies targeting the viral neuraminidase (NA) may play a significant role in eliciting cross-protection to subsequent FLUBV infection. Our findings define asymmetric cross-protection resulting from contemporary FLUBV infection and suggest NA as a potential significant contributor to heterolineal FLUBV protection. This asymmetric immunity may also help explain the proposed extinction of B/Yam viruses since the COVID-19 pandemic.

Importance

Influenza B viruses (FLUBV) consist of two divergently evolving lineages, Victoria (B/Vic) and Yamagata (B/Yam). Contemporary isolates from these lineages exhibit increased endemic activity and higher evolutionary rates while utilizing distinct mechanisms for evolutionary success. This is exemplified by novel seasonal infection dynamics with Influenza A viruses, differences in cross-protection elicited between the FLUBV lineages, and the potential extinction of B/Yam following the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore FLUBV infection dynamics utilizing contemporary viruses to define the asymmetric immunity elicited between the lineages. Contemporary Yamagata viruses are unable to confer the same breadth of protection as Victoria viruses. This may help explain the higher reinfection rates for Yamagata viruses and suggest a potential contributor to the extinction of this lineage.
Co-existence of plasmid-mediatedblaNDM-1andblaNDM-5inEscherichia colisequence type 167 and ST101 and their discrimination through restriction digestion
Authors: Bhattacharjee Amrita , Basak Priyanka , Mitra Shravani , Sarkar Jagannath , Dutta Shanta , Basu Sulagna
Published: April 2024

The concurrent presence of multiple New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (blaNDM) variants within an isolate often goes undetected without the use of next-generation sequencing. This study detects and characterizes dualblaNDM-variants inEscherichia colithrough Sanger and whole-genome sequencing. Additionally, a rapid identification method utilizing restriction digestion was designed for detecting variants carrying M154L mutation. Antibiotic susceptibility, minimal inhibitory concentration for meropenem and ertapenem, PCR and Sanger sequencing ofblaNDMalong with genome sequencing using Ilumina and Nanopore technology were conducted. Transmissibility and replicon types ofblaNDM-harbouring plasmids were evaluated. Restriction digestion using restriction enzyme, BtsCI was developed to distinguish betweenblaNDM-1and variants possessing M154L mutations. Two isolates belonging to phylogroups A; ST167 and B1; ST101 and resistant to meropenem and ertapenem (≥16mg/L) were recovered from the blood of a neonate and the rectal swab of a pregnant woman respectively.blaNDMwas detected by PCR, and Sanger sequences ofblaNDMshowed two peaks at 262 (G & T) and 460 (A & C) nucleotide positions indicative of more than oneblaNDMvariant. Hybrid assembly confirmed co-existence ofblaNDM-1andblaNDM-5in each isolate.blaNDM-1was located on IncY (ST167) and IncHI1A/HI1B (ST101), whileblaNDM-5was on a IncFIA/FII (ST167) and IncC (ST101) plasmids. Digestion with BtsC1 could discriminateblaNDM-1andblaNDM-5. Co-existence of multipleblaNDMS,blaNDM-1andblaNDM-5in epidemic clones ofE. coliis concerning. Restriction digestion method and Sanger sequencing can facilitate quick identification of dualblaNDMvariants in single isolate.

Importance

The global dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes is a serious concern. One such gene,blaNDM, has spread all across the globe via plasmids.blaNDMconfers resistance against all β-lactam antibiotics except monobactams. Most of the earlier literature reported presence of singleblaNDMvariants. However, this study reports the prevalence of dualblaNDMvariants (blaNDM-1andblaNDM-5) located on two separate plasmids identified in two distinctE. coliepidemic clones ST167 and ST101; isolated from a septicaemic neonate and a pregnant mother respectively.blaNDM-5differs fromblaNDM-1due to presence of two point mutations i.e., V88L and M154L. This study detected dualblaNDM-variants through Sanger sequences and further validated through hybrid-genome assembly. Detection of multipleblaNDM-variants in a single isolate remains difficult until genome sequencing or southern blotting are carried out. Hence, a simple restriction digestion method was devised for rapid screening of dualblaNDM-variants containing M154L mutation.
The Proximal Centriole-Like Structure Anchors the Centriole to the Sperm Nucleus
Authors: Buglak Danielle B. , Holmes Kathleen H.M. , Galletta Brian J. , Rusan Nasser M.
Published: April 2024

Proper connection between the sperm head and tail is critical for sperm motility and fertilization. The link between the head and tail is mediated by the Head-Tail Coupling Apparatus (HTCA), which secures the axoneme (tail) to the nucleus (head). However, the molecular architecture of the HTCA is not well understood. Here, we useDrosophilato create a high-resolution map of proteins and structures at the HTCA throughout spermiogenesis. Using structured illumination microscopy, we demonstrate that key HTCA proteins Spag4 and Yuri form a ‘Centriole Cap’ that surrounds the centriole (or Basal Body) as it is inserted, or embedded into the surface of the nucleus. As development progresses, the centriole is laterally displaces to the side of the nucleus, during which time the HTCA expands under the nucleus, forming what we term the ‘Nuclear Shelf.’ We next show that the proximal centriole-like (PCL) structure is positioned under the Nuclear Shelf and functions as a critical stabilizer of the centriole-nuclear attachment. Together, our data indicate that the HTCA is complex, multi-point attachment site that simultaneously engages the PCL, the centriole, and the nucleus to ensure proper head-tail connection during late-stage spermiogenesis.
Synthetic G protein-coupled receptors for programmable sensing and control of cell behavior
Authors: Kalogriopoulos Nicholas A. , Tei Reika , Yan Yuqi , Ravalin Matthew , Li Yulong , Ting Alice
Published: April 2024

Synthetic receptors that mediate antigen-dependent cell responses are transforming therapeutics, drug discovery, and basic research. However, established technologies such as chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can only detect immobilized antigens, have limited output scope, and lack built-in drug control. Here, we engineer synthetic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) capable of driving a wide range of native or nonnative cellular processes in response to user-defined antigen. We achieve modular antigen gating by engineering and fusing a conditional auto-inhibitory domain onto GPCR scaffolds. Antigen binding to a fused nanobody relieves auto-inhibition and enables receptor activation by drug, thus generating Programmable Antigen-gated G protein-coupled Engineered Receptors (PAGERs). We create PAGERs responsive to more than a dozen biologically and therapeutically important soluble and cell surface antigens, in a single step, from corresponding nanobody binders. Different PAGER scaffolds permit antigen binding to drive transgene expression, real-time fluorescence, or endogenous G protein activation, enabling control of cytosolic Ca2+, lipid signaling, cAMP, and neuronal activity. Due to its modular design and generalizability, we expect PAGER to have broad utility in discovery and translational science.
Bacteriophage Φ21’s receptor-binding protein evolves new functions through destabilizing mutations that generate non-genetic phenotypic heterogeneity
Authors: Gerbino Krista R. , Borin Joshua M. , Ardell Sarah M. , Lee Justin J. , Corbett Kevin D. , Meyer Justin R.
Published: April 2024

How viruses evolve to expand their host range is a major question with implications for predicting the next pandemic. Gain-of-function experiments have revealed that host-range expansions can occur through relatively few mutations in viral receptor-binding proteins, and the search for molecular mechanisms that explain such expansions are underway. Previous research on expansions of receptor use in bacteriophage λ has shown that mutations that destabilize λ’s receptor-binding protein cause the receptor-binding protein to fold into new conformations that can utilize novel receptors but have weakened thermostability. These observations led us to hypothesize that other viruses may take similar paths to expand their host range. Here, we find support for our hypothesis by studying another virus, bacteriophage 21 (Φ21), which evolves to use two new host receptors within two weeks of laboratory evolution. By measuring the thermodynamic stability of Φ21 and its descendants, we show that, as Φ21 evolves to use new receptors and expands its host range, it becomes less stable and produces viral particles that are genetically identical but vary in their thermostabilities. Next, we show that this non-genetic heterogeneity between particles is directly associated with receptor use innovation, as phage particles with more derived receptor use capabilities are more unstable and decay faster. Lastly, by manipulating the expression of protein chaperones during Φ21 infection, we demonstrate that heterogeneity in thermostability and receptor use breadth of phage particles is directly related to the folding of phage proteins into different conformers. Altogether, our results provide support for the hypothesis that viruses can evolve new receptor-use tropisms through mutations that destabilize the receptor-binding protein and produce multiple protein conformers.
Phased nanopore assembly with Shasta and modular graph phasing with GFAse
Authors: Lorig-Roach Ryan , Meredith Melissa , Monlong Jean , Jain Miten , Olsen Hugh , McNulty Brandy , Porubsky David , Montague Tessa , Lucas Julian , Condon Chris , Eizenga Jordan M. , Juul Sissel , McKenzie Sean , Simmonds Sara E. , Park Jimin , Asri Mobin , Koren Sergey , Eichler Evan , Axel Richard , Martin Bruce , Carnevali Paolo , Miga Karen , Paten Benedict
Published: April 2024

Reference-free genome phasing is vital for understanding allele inheritance and the impact of single-molecule DNA variation on phenotypes. To achieve thorough phasing across homozygous or repetitive regions of the genome, long-read sequencing technologies are often used to perform phased de novo assembly. As a step toward reducing the cost and complexity of this type of analysis, we describe new methods for accurately phasing Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequence data with the Shasta genome assembler and a modular tool for extending phasing to the chromosome scale called GFAse. We test using new variants of ONT PromethION sequencing, including those using proximity ligation, and show that newer, higher accuracy ONT reads substantially improve assembly quality.
Quantum dynamics of a fully blockaded Rydberg atom ensemble
Authors: Wild Dominik S. , Drăgoi Sabina , McElhanney Corbin , Wurtz Jonathan , Wang Sheng-Tao
Published: April 2024

Classical simulation of quantum systems plays an important role in the study of many-body phenomena and in the benchmarking and verification of quantum technologies. Exact simulation is often limited to small systems because the dimension of the Hilbert space increases exponentially with the size of the system. For systems that possess a high degree of symmetry, however, classical simulation can reach much larger sizes. Here we consider an ensemble of strongly interacting atoms with permutation symmetry, enabling the computation of certain collective observables for hundreds of atoms at arbitrarily long evolution times. The system is realized by an ensemble of three-level atoms, where one of the levels corresponds to a highly excited Rydberg state. In the limit of all-to-all Rydberg blockade, the Hamiltonian is invariant under permutation of the atoms. Using techniques from representation theory, we construct a block-diagonal form of the Hamiltonian, where the size of the largest block increases only linearly with the system size. We apply this formalism to derive efficient pulse sequences to prepare arbitrary permutation-invariant quantum states. Moreover, we study the quantum dynamics following a quench, uncovering a parameter regime in which the system thermalizes slowly and exhibits pronounced revivals. Our results create opportunities for the experimental and theoretical study of large interacting and nonintegrable quantum systems.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Plasmon dispersion in bilayer cuprate superconductors
Authors: Bejas M. , Zimmermann V. , Betto D. , Boyko T. D. , Green R. J. , Loew T. , Brookes N. B. , Cristiani G. , Logvenov G. , Minola M. , Keimer B. , Yamase H. , Greco A. , Hepting M.
Published: April 2024

The essential building blocks of cuprate superconductors are two-dimensional CuO2 sheets interspersed with charge reservoir layers. In bilayer cuprates, two closely spaced CuO2 sheets are separated by a larger distance from the subsequent pair in the next unit cell. In contrast to single-layer cuprates, prior theoretical work on bilayer systems has predicted two distinct acoustic plasmon bands for a given out-of-plane momentum transfer. Here we report random phase approximation (RPA) calculations for bilayer systems which corroborate the existence of two distinct plasmon bands. We find that the intensity of the lower-energy band is negligibly small in most parts of the Brillouin zone, whereas the higher-energy band carries significant spectral weight. We also present resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments at the O K-edge on the bilayer cuprate Y0.85Ca0.15Ba2Cu3O7 (Ca-YBCO), which show only one dispersive plasmon branch, in agreement with the RPA calculations. In addition, the RPA results indicate that the dispersion of the higher-energy plasmon band in Ca-YBCO is not strictly acoustic but exhibits a substantial energy gap of approximately 250 meV at the two-dimensional Brillouin zone center.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Testing effective field theory with the most general neutron decay correlations
Authors: Seng Chien-Yeah
Published: April 2024

Built on the seminal works by Jackson-Treiman-Wyld and Ebel-Feldman, we derive the most general free neutron differential decay rate where all massive particles (neutron, proton, and electron) are polarized. This introduces 33 new correlations in addition to the 18 existing ones, which overconstrain the coupling constants in the low-energy effective field theory of charged weak interactions, and thus provides stringent tests of the validity of the theory framework itself. We classify the correlation coefficients in terms of their Standard Model limit and discrete symmetries, and study their expansion with respect to the new physics coupling strengths, supplemented by the experiment-independent O(α) virtual electromagnetic radiative corrections.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
About the magnitude of the
γ*N→N(1520)
transverse amplitudes near
Q2=0
Authors: Ramalho G.
Published: April 2024

The γ*N→N(1520) transition has a property that differs from the other low-lying nucleon resonance amplitudes: the magnitude of the transverse helicity amplitudes. The transition helicity amplitudes are defined in terms of square-transfer momentum q2, or Q2=−q2. Near the photon point (Q2=0) there is a significant difference in the magnitude of the transverse amplitudes: A3/2 is very large and A1/2 is very small. This atypical behavior contrasts with the relation between the amplitudes at the pseudothreshold [the limit where the nucleon and the

N

(

1520

)

are both at rest and Q2<0], where A3/2=A1/2/3, and also in the large-Q2 region, where theory and data suggest that A3/2 is suppressed relative to A1/2. In the present work, we look for the source of the suppression of the A1/2 amplitude at Q2=0. The result is easy to understand in first approximation, when we look into the relation between the transverse amplitudes and the elementary form factors, defined by a gauge-invariant parametrization of the γ*N→N(1520) transition current, near Q2=0. There is a partial cancellation between contributions of two elementary form factors near Q2=0. We conclude, however, that the correlation between the two elementary form factors at Q2=0 is not sufficient to explain the transverse amplitude data below Q2=1  GeV2. The description of the dependence of the transverse amplitudes on Q2 requires the determination of the scale of variation of the elementary form factors in the range Q2=0…0.5  GeV2, a region with almost nonexistent data. We conclude at the end that the low-Q2 data for the transverse amplitudes can be well described when we relate the scale of variation of the elementary form factors with the nucleon dipole form factor.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Longer-lived mediators from charged mesons and photons at neutrino experiments
Authors: Dutta Bhaskar , Karthikeyan Aparajitha , Kim Doojin
Published: April 2024

Since many of the dark-sector particles interact with Standard Model (SM) particles in multiple ways, they can appear in experimental facilities where SM particles appear in abundance. In this study, we explore a particular class of longer-lived mediators that are dominantly produced from photons and charged mesons that arise in proton-beam fixed-target-type neutrino experiments. This class of mediators encompasses light scalars that appear in theories like extended Higgs sectors, muon(electro)philic scalars, etc. We evaluate the sensitivities of these mediators at beam-based neutrino experiments such as the finished ArgoNeuT, ongoing MicroBooNE, SBND, ICARUS, and the upcoming DUNE experiment. We find that muonphilic scalars are more enhanced while produced from three-body decay of charged mesons. The above-mentioned experiments can probe unexplored regions of parameter space that can explain the current discrepancy in the anomalous magnetic moment of muons. We further find that Compton-like scattering of photons is the largest source of electrophilic scalars. By utilizing this, the DUNE Near Detector can explore new regions in the sensitivity space of electrophilic scalars. We also show that Bethe-Heitler scattering processes can be used to probe flavor-specific lepton final states even for the mediator masses below twice the lepton mass.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Correlating neutrino magnetic moment and scalar triplet dark matter to enlighten XENONnT bounds in a type II radiative seesaw model
Authors: Singirala Shivaramakrishna , Singha Dinesh Kumar , Mohanta Rukmani
Published: April 2024

We investigate neutrino magnetic moment, triplet scalar dark matter in a type II radiative seesaw scenario. With three vectorlike fermion doublets and two scalar triplets, we provide a loop level setup for the electromagnetic vertex of neutrinos. All the scalar multiplet components constitute the total dark matter abundance of the Universe and also their scattering cross section with detector lie below the experimental upper limit. Using the consistent parameter space in dark matter domain, we obtain light neutrino mass in sub-eV scale and also magnetic moment in the desired range. We further derive the constraints on neutrino transition magnetic moments, consistent with the XENONnT limit.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Coupled-channel description of charmed heavy hadronic molecules within the meson-exchange model and its implication
Authors: Qiu Lin , Gong Chang , Zhao Qiang
Published: April 2024

Motivated by the first observation of the double-charm tetraquark Tcc+(3875) by the LHCb Collaboration, we investigate the nature of Tcc+ as an isoscalar DD* hadronic molecule in a meson-exchange potential model incorporated by the coupled-channel effects and three-body unitarity. The D0D0π+ invariant mass spectrum can be well-described and the Tcc+ pole structure can be precisely extracted. Under the hypothesis that the interactions between the heavy flavor hadrons can be saturated by the light meson-exchange potentials, the near-threshold dynamics of Tcc+ can shed light on the binding of its heavy-quark spin symmetry (HQSS) partner D*D* (I=0) and on the nature of other heavy hadronic molecule candidates such as X(3872) and Zc(3900) in the charmed-anticharmed systems. The latter states can be related to Tcc+ in the meson-exchange potential model with limited assumptions based on the SU(3) flavor symmetry relations. The combined analysis, on the one hand, indicates the HQSS breaking effects among those HQSS partners, and on the other hand, highlights the role played by the short and long-distance dynamics for the near threshold D(*)D(*) and D(*)D¯(*)+c.c. systems.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Relevance of quantum corrections to the matter stress-energy tensor in eternally expanding universes
Authors: Akhmedov E. T. , Anokhin A. V. , Kazarnovskii K. A.
Published: April 2024

We study a toy model of continuous infinite expansion of space-time with the flat start. We use as the gravitational background a conformally flat metric with an exponentially growing factor in conformal time. We aim to clarify some properties of quantum fields in such a gravitational background. In particular, we calculate one-loop corrections to the Keldysh propagator to verify the fact of secular growth of the occupation number and anomalous quantum average in the massless scalar field theory with self-interactions. We perform the calculation in arbitrary dimensions with the use of the Schwinger-Keldysh technique. We get a secular growth that is not of a kinetic type. We provide some results for the case of generic interaction λb!ϕb.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Role of interactions in nonequilibrium transformations
Authors: Rose Maria , Manikandan Sreekanth K.
Published: April 2024

For arbitrary nonequilibrium transformations in complex systems, we show that the distance between the current state and a target state can be decomposed into two terms: one corresponding to an estimate of the distance, and another corresponding to interactions, quantified using the relative mutual information between the variables. This decomposition is a special case of a more general decomposition involving successive orders of correlation or interactions among the degrees of freedom of the system. To illustrate its practical significance, we study the thermal relaxation of two interacting, optically trapped colloidal particles, where increasing pairwise interaction strength is shown to prolong the longevity of the time-dependent nonequilibrium state. Additionally, we study a system with both pairwise and triplet interactions, where our approach identifies their distinct contributions to the transformation. In more general setups where it is possible to control the strength of different orders of interactions, our findings provide a way to disentangle their effects and identify interactions that facilitate the transformation.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Unification of Decoupling Limits in String and M Theory
Authors: Blair Chris D. A. , Lahnsteiner Johannes , Obers Niels A. J. , Yan Ziqi
Published: April 2024

We study and extend the duality web unifying different decoupling limits of type II superstring theories and M theory. We systematically build connections to different corners, such as matrix theories, nonrelativistic string and M theory, tensionless (and ambitwistor) string theory, Carrollian string theory, and spin matrix limits of AdS/CFT. We discuss target space, world sheet, and worldvolume aspects of these limits in arbitrary curved backgrounds.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Anomalous Dimensions from the
N=4
Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Hexagon
Authors: Eden Burkhard , Gottwald Maximilian , le Plat Dennis , Scherdin Tobias
Published: April 2024

We consider the correlator ⟨LKK˜⟩ of the Lagrange operator of N=4 super Yang-Mills theory and two conjugate two-excitation operators in an su(2) sector. We recover the planar one-loop anomalous dimension of the renormalized operators from this hexagon computation.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Novel Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor from
A=3
Mirror Nuclei
Authors: Santiesteban S. N. , Li S. , Abrams D. , Alsalmi S. , Androic D. , Aniol K. , Arrington J. , Averett T. , Ayerbe Gayoso C. , Bane J. , Barcus S. , Barrow J. , Beck A. , Bellini V. , Bhatt H. , Bhetuwal D. , Biswas D. , Camsonne A. , Castellanos J. , Chen J. , Chen J-P. , Chrisman D. , Christy M. E. , Clarke C. , Covrig S. , Cruz-Torres R. , Day D. , Dutta D. , Fuchey E. , Gal C. , Garibaldi F. , Gautam T. N. , Gogami T. , Gomez J. , Guèye P. , Hague T. J. , Hansen J. O. , Hauenstein F. , Henry W. , Higinbotham D. W. , Holt R. J. , Hyde C. , Itabashi K. , Kaneta M. , Karki A. , Katramatou A. T. , Keppel C. E. , King P. M. , Kurbany L. , Kutz T. , Lashley-Colthirst N. , Li W. B. , Liu H. , Liyanage N. , Long E. , Lovato A. , Mammei J. , Markowitz P. , McClellan R. E. , Meddi F. , Meekins D. , Michaels R. , Mihovilovič M. , Moyer A. , Nagao S. , Nguyen D. , Nycz M. , Olson M. , Ou L. , Owen V. , Palatchi C. , Pandey B. , Papadopoulou A. , Park S. , Petkovic T. , Premathilake S. , Punjabi V. , Ransome R. D. , Reimer P. E. , Reinhold J. , Riordan S. , Rocco N. , Rodriguez V. M. , Schmidt A. , Schmookler B. , Segarra E. P. , Shahinyan A. , Širca S. , Slifer K. , Solvignon P. , Su T. , Suleiman R. , Tang L. , Tian Y. , Tireman W. , Tortorici F. , Toyama Y. , Uehara K. , Urciuoli G. M. , Votaw D. , Williamson J. , Wojtsekhowski B. , Wood S. , Ye Z. H. , Zhang J. , Zheng X. ,   Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration
Published: April 2024

The electromagnetic form factors of the proton and neutron encode information on the spatial structure of their charge and magnetization distributions. While measurements of the proton are relatively straightforward, the lack of a free neutron target makes measurements of the neutron’s electromagnetic structure more challenging and more sensitive to experimental or model-dependent uncertainties. Various experiments have attempted to extract the neutron form factors from scattering from the neutron in deuterium, with different techniques providing different, and sometimes large, systematic uncertainties. We present results from a novel measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor using quasielastic scattering from the mirror nuclei H3 and He3, where the nuclear effects are larger than for deuterium but expected to largely cancel in the cross-section ratios. We extracted values of the neutron magnetic form factor for low-to-modest momentum transfer, 0.6<Q2<2.9  GeV2, where existing measurements give inconsistent results. The precision and Q2 range of these data allow for a better understanding of the current world’s data and suggest a path toward further improvement of our overall understanding of the neutron’s magnetic form factor.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Explosive Cooperation in Social Dilemmas on Higher-Order Networks
Authors: Civilini Andrea , Sadekar Onkar , Battiston Federico , Gómez-Gardeñes Jesús , Latora Vito
Published: April 2024

Understanding how cooperative behaviors can emerge from competitive interactions is an open problem in biology and social sciences. While interactions are usually modeled as pairwise networks, the units of many real-world systems can also interact in groups of three or more. Here, we introduce a general framework to extend pairwise games to higher-order networks. By studying social dilemmas on hypergraphs with a tunable structure, we find an explosive transition to cooperation triggered by a critical number of higher-order games. The associated bistable regime implies that an initial critical mass of cooperators is also required for the emergence of prosocial behavior. Our results show that higher-order interactions provide a novel explanation for the survival of cooperation.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Explicit-time Floquet topological superconductivity in a microwave/infrared frequency AC voltage-driven Josephson junction
Authors: Wang Donghao , Ding Zixuan , Li Mengyao , Tao Yongchun , Fu Hao
Published: April 2024

Anomalous Floquet topological superconductivity with chirality can be achieved by applying a dc-bias voltage across the Josephson junction with a sandwiched magnetic topological insulator (TI), in which the intrinsic Josephson phase provides a time-dependent periodic driving [R.-X. Zhang and S. Das Sarma, ]. In this work, we remove the bias voltage and connect the magnetic TI to an external AC voltage source to modulate the chemical potential, thus bringing about an explicit-time Floquet periodic driving. In the context of the driving, the system is similarly found to convert into a two-dimensional anomalous Floquet topological superconductor with chirality. By tuning the AC voltage source's frequency, we obtain a rich variety of novel Floquet topological superconducting phases with chirality. Particularly, by manipulating such static parameters as Zeeman field and superconducting pairing potential, a series of topological superconducting phase transitions are also exhibited, accompanied by exotic Floquet topological superconducting phases with chirality.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Constraining work fluctuations of non-Hermitian dynamics across the exceptional point of a superconducting qubit
Authors: Erdamar Serra , Abbasi Maryam , Ha Byung , Chen Weijian , Muldoon Jacob , Joglekar Yogesh , Murch Kater W.
Published: April 2024

Thermodynamics constrains changes to the energy of a system, both deliberate and random, via its first and second laws. When the system is not in equilibrium, fluctuation theorems such as the Jarzynski equality further restrict the distributions of deliberate work done. Such fluctuation theorems have been experimentally verified in small, nonequilibrium quantum systems undergoing unitary or decohering dynamics. Yet, their validity in systems governed by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian has long been contentious due to the false premise of the Hamiltonian's dual and equivalent roles in dynamics and energetics. Here we show that work fluctuations in a non-Hermitian qubit obey the Jarzynski equality even if its Hamiltonian has complex or purely imaginary eigenvalues. With postselection on a dissipative superconducting circuit undergoing a cyclic parameter sweep, we experimentally quantify the work distribution using projective energy measurements and show that the fate of the Jarzynski equality is determined by the parity-time symmetry of, and the energetics that result from, the corresponding non-Hermitian, Floquet Hamiltonian. By distinguishing the energetics from non-Hermitian dynamics, our results provide the recipe for investigating the nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics of such open systems.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
DiSTNet2D: Leveraging Long-Range Temporal Information for Efficient Segmentation and Tracking
Authors: Ollion Jean , Maliet Martin , Giuglaris Caroline , Vacher Élise , Deforet Maxime
Published: April 2024

Extracting long tracks and lineages from videomicroscopy requires an extremely low error rate, which is challenging on complex data sets of dense or deforming cells. Leveraging temporal context is key to overcoming this challenge. We propose DiSTNet2D, a new deep neural network architecture for two-dimensional (2D) cell segmentation and tracking that leverages both mid- and long-term temporal information. DiSTNet2D considers seven frames at the input and uses a postprocessing procedure that exploits information from the entire video to correct segmentation errors. DiSTNet2D outperforms two recent methods on two experimental data sets, one containing densely packed bacterial cells and the other containing eukaryotic cells. It is integrated into an ImageJ-based graphical user interface for 2D data visualization, curation, and training. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of DiSTNet2D on correlating the size and shape of cells with their transport properties over large statistics, for both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Quantum Random Access Memory Architectures Using 3D Superconducting Cavities
Authors: Weiss D.K. , Puri Shruti , Girvin S.M.
Published: April 2024

Quantum random access memory (QRAM) is a common architecture resource for algorithms with many proposed applications, including quantum chemistry, windowed quantum arithmetic, unstructured search, machine learning, and quantum cryptography. Here, we propose two bucket-brigade QRAM architectures based on high-coherence superconducting resonators, which differ in their realizations of the conditional-routing operations. In the first, we directly construct cavity-controlled controlled-SWAP (CSWAP) operations, while in the second, we utilize the properties of giant-unidirectional emitters (GUEs). For both architectures, we analyze single- and dual-rail implementations of a bosonic qubit. In the single-rail encoding, we can detect first-order ancilla errors, while the dual-rail encoding additionally allows for the detection of photon losses. For parameter regimes of interest, the postselected infidelity of a QRAM query in a dual-rail architecture is nearly an order of magnitude below that of a corresponding query in a single-rail architecture. These findings suggest that dual-rail encodings are particularly attractive as architectures for QRAM devices in the era before fault tolerance.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Exploring perspectives on living through the COVID-19 pandemic for people experiencing homelessness and dealing with mental ill-health and/or substance use: qualitative study
Authors: Adams Emma Audrey , Hunter Desmond , Kennedy Joanne , Jablonski Tony , Parker Jeff , Tasker Fiona , Widnall Emily , O'Donnell Amy Jane , Kaner Eileen , Ramsay Sheena E.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This study aims to explore the experiences of living through the COVID-19 pandemic for people who faced homelessness and dealt with mental health and/or substance use challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

This qualitative study was comprised of 26 1:1 interviews (16 men and 10 women), conducted between February and May 2021 with people who experienced homelessness in North East England during the COVID-19 pandemic. An inductive reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken, with input from individuals with lived experience who were involved throughout the study.

Findings

Four themes were developed. The first theme, lack of support and exacerbation of mental health and substance use difficulties, highlighted how the lack of in-person support and increased isolation and loneliness led to relapses or new challenges for many people’s mental health and substance use. The second theme, uncertainty and fear during the pandemic, explored how the “surreal” experience of the pandemic led to many people feeling uncertain about the future and when things would return to normal. The third theme, isolation and impacts on social networks, discussed how isolation and changes to relationships also played a role in mental health and substance use. Finally, opportunity for reflection and self-improvement for mental health and substance use, explored how some people used the isolated time to re-evaluate their recovery journey and focus on self-improvement.

Practical implications

The experiences shared within this study have important implications for planning the future delivery and commissioning of health and social care services for people facing homelessness, such as sharing information accessibly through clear, consistent and simple language.

Originality/value

As one of the few papers to involve people with lived experience as part of the research, the findings reflect the unique narratives of this population with a focus on improving services.
Potential errors during final inspection and certification process of an aircraft component
Authors: Abbas Jibran , Khare Ashish
Published: April 2024

Purpose

According to regulations, aircraft must be in an airworthy condition before they can be operated. To ensure airworthiness, they must be maintained by an approved component maintenance organisation. This study is aimed to identify potential errors that may arise during the final inspection and certification process of aircraft components, categorise them, determine their consequences and quantify the associated risks. Any removed aircraft components must be sent to an approved aircraft component maintenance organisation for further maintenance and issuance of European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Form 1. Thereafter, a final inspection and certification process must be conducted by certifying staff to receive an EASA Form 1. This process is crucial because any errors during this stage can result in the installation of unsafe components in an aircraft.

Design/methodology/approach

The Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) method was used to identify potential errors. This method involved a review of the procedures of three maintenance organisations, individual interviews with ten subject matter experts and a consensus group of 14 certifying staff from different maintenance organisations to achieve the desired results.

Findings

In this study, 39 potential errors were identified during the final inspection and certification process. Furthermore, analysis revealed that 48.7% of these issues were attributed to checking errors, making it the most common type of error observed.

Originality/value

This study pinpoints the potential errors in the final inspection and certification of aircraft components. It offers maintenance organisations a roadmap to assess procedures, implement preventive measures and reduce the likelihood of these errors.
Examining the effects of fear of missing out on sustainable food consumption: a social identity perspective
Authors: Singh Suruchi , Banerjee Shubhomoy
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This study employs the Social Identity Theory to examine the differential effects of personal and social dimensions of fear of missing out (FOMO) on sustainable food consumption (SFC) practices.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey-based empirical study was conducted with 395 respondents. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling and Hayes process Macro in SPSS.

Findings

SFC was found to be positively influenced by personal FOMO. Contrary to expectations, social FOMO had a negative correlation with SFC. Social influence and social identity were shown to be positively correlated, whilst the social influence-SFC relationship was favourable. This approach was aided by social identity.

Research limitations/implications

The study supports personal FOMO as an SFC-influencing factor. It evaluates the differential effects of FOMO’s personal and social dimensions on SFC. It also demonstrates that social FOMO negatively affects SFC, contrary to expectations.

Practical implications

The study advises sustainable food firms to reduce personal FOMO via advertising and messaging.

Originality/value

This research is amongst the first to segregate the differential effects of social and personal FOMO regarding SFC behaviour. Research has examined FOMO as a higher-order construct involving social and personal aspects. Second, FOMO is often associated with negative behaviours including social media addiction and substance abuse. This FOMO-related research analyses a desired behaviour.
Decreasing employability with age? The role of automation risk, lifelong learning and occupational mobility
Authors: Goštautaitė Bernadeta , Šerelytė Miglė
Published: April 2024

Purpose

As aging populations lead to longer working lives and increasing automation threatens job security, maintaining lifelong employability is becoming a fundamental challenge for many individuals. The purpose of this study is to examine how lifelong employability can be maintained.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the theoretical perspectives of both movement capital and selection, optimization and compensation (SOC) theories, we used large-scale survey data (N = 2,256) from three European countries to investigate strategies for preserving employability among aging workers. Specifically, we explored the perceived risk of automation, lifelong learner characteristics and self-efficacy for occupational mobility as boundary conditions that may shape the negative relationship between age and employability.

Findings

We found a negative relationship between age and employability, which was more pronounced when the perceived risk of automation was higher. Furthermore, lifelong learner characteristics and self-efficacy for occupational mobility mitigated the negative relationship, so that age was not related to employability if people possessed lifelong learner characteristics and were ready for a career change.

Originality/value

Our study implies the importance of investing in enhancing lifelong learner characteristics and self-efficacy for occupational mobility for older employees.
The role of attachment to K-celebrity from a destination marketing perspective
Authors: Kim MiRan , Lee Heijin , Kim Soyeon , Choi Laee
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Although there is a growing body of literature on how celebrity involvement impacts the effectiveness of destination marketing, the underlying mechanisms of that relationship are still underexplored. Based on the affect transfer and meaning transfer theories, this study aims to examine the impact of celebrity attachment on customer delight toward K-culture and K-culture attachment, affective and cognitive images of Korea, and the intention to visit Korea.

Design/methodology/approach

Online survey data were collected from 2,614 US residents, representing various demographic characteristics. For the data analysis, the partial least squares-structural equation modeling was conducted to evaluate the structural model and test the hypotheses.

Findings

The results showed that celebrity attachment is positively related to customer delight toward K-culture and K-culture attachment, which, in turn, positively influences affective and cognitive images of Korea. Additionally, K-culture attachment positively influences cognitive and affective images of Korea, which are positively related to the intention to visit Korea.

Research limitations/implications

By using the affect transfer theory and meaning transfer theory, this study provides valuable insights into how consumer’s attachment to celebrities has spillover effects on the decision-making process. This study also adds a new concept, customer delight connected to cultural experience, in the context of destination marketing.

Practical implications

By understanding the importance and influence of people’s intimacy with media characters, practitioners can apply parasocial relationship theory, affect transfer theory and meaning transfer theory to their marketing strategies.

Originality/value

As one of the few empirical studies that examines the impact of celebrity attachment on consumers’ perceptions and behaviors, this study can make significant contributions to the destination marketing literature.