bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in feed intake, diet digestibility and diet composition by lactating and non‐lactating goats browsing in a semi‐arid rangeland of Argentina
Authors: Egea Ángela V. , Bakker María L. , Allegretti Liliana I. , Paez Sebastián A. , Grilli Diego J. , Guevara Juan C. , Villalba Juan J.
Published: October 2018

We determined the seasonal nutrient and secondary compound intake, in vivo diet digestibility (DD) and diet species composition of goats in different physiological states in a desert rangeland of Argentina. During the wet and the dry seasons, 24 mature female Creole goats (six non‐lactating, non‐pregnant and six lactating in each season) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Diet botanical composition, DD and dry‐matter intake (DMI) were estimated by the combined use of visual observation, microhistological analyses of faecal samples and n‐alkane technique. Browse species dominated the goats’ diets (>80%) in both seasons and physiological states, with a twofold increase in the proportion of forbs during the wet season (p < 0.10). Lactating goats showed greater DMI than non‐lactating animals, and they also displayed greater intakes of some tanniferous (Mimosa ephedroides) and high‐protein (Atriplex lampa) shrubs (p < 0.10). Lactating and non‐lactating goats selected diets with adequate crude protein (CP) and fibre content but insufficient energy, although lactating goats tended to increase energy and tannin content in their diets (p < 0.20). Physiological state did not influence DD, but digestibility was greater (p < 0.10) in the wet season, attributed to the greater protein content and lower tannin content of the diet. These results have important implications for managerial interventions on traditional goat production systems in the study area aiming at enhancing goat nutrition and welfare, as well as the sustainability of rangeland resources in the region.
“Historical (f)actors: Environments and histories in modern North Africa”
Authors: Cutler Brock
Published: October 2018

Despite the rise in environmental thinking and environmental questions throughout the humanities—what some people call the “environmental turn”—environmental history has remained marginal to the field of North African history. This article explores the field of environmental history of North Africa in order to think through some potential ways to address this lacuna. The article does this by first providing a brief overview of the field of environmental history, with an emphasis on North Africa. It then turns to the broader trends in this area and highlights some recent scholarship before suggesting an alternative approach that might be useful to North Africanists and other scholars.
CRTC1–MAML2 fusion in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Bean Gregory R , Krings Gregor , Otis Christopher N , Solomon David A , García Joaquín J , van Zante Annemieke , Camelo‐Piragua Sandra , van Ziffle Jessica , Chen Yunn‐Yi
Published: October 2018

Aims

Mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MEC) are the most common malignant neoplasms of salivary glands, but are uncommon in other sites. Salivary gland MEC are most frequently associated with CRTC1–MAML2 translocations. Exceedingly rare MEC of the breast demonstrate a basal‐like and often triple (oestrogen and progesterone receptor, HER2)‐negative immunophenotype, with a single case previously reported to show MAML2 rearrangement, although the fusion partner was not known. Comprehensive genomic studies of breast MEC are lacking. In this study, we analysed the immunophenotype and molecular landscape of two breast MEC to elucidate the pathogenesis of these rare tumours.

Methods and results

Two breast MEC were subjected to capture‐based next‐generation DNA sequencing of 479 cancer‐related genes. The presence of the CRTC1–MAML2 fusion transcript was interrogated by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the immunoprofiles of breast MEC were compared to salivary gland MEC. Both breast MEC harboured CRTC1–MAML2 fusions. In contrast to most triple‐negative breast carcinomas of no special type, the mutational burden of MEC was very low, with one case demonstrating only an inactivating SETD2 mutation, and the other harbouring no somatic variants in genes on the panel. No copy number alterations were identified. The immunoprofiles of breast and salivary gland MEC were overlapping, but not identical.

Conclusions

The findings highlight MEC as a breast cancer subtype more closely related to its salivary gland counterpart than to basal‐like/triple‐negative breast cancers of no special type.
Correlation between pre‐treatment serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels and genotypes in a large population of Chinese people with advanced lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liu Jie , Zhao Yan‐Qiu , Han Xiao , Hu Xiu‐Feng , Wu Hong‐Bo , Chen Li‐Juan , Song Yong‐Ping
Published: October 2018

Background

A positive correlation between serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations has been reported in lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Aim

To investigate retrospectively whether serum CEA levels are also associated with genotypes in a large population of advanced lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods

A large cohort of 701 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma was studied retrospectively.

Results

EGFR mutations were found in 47.5% (333/701) of advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients, being identified at high frequencies in never‐smokers, females, and in patients with abnormal pre‐treatment serum CEA levels (53.1% vs 37.5%, P < 0.001). In contrast, anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangements were found in 7.8% (55/701) of patients, being identified at high frequencies in younger patients, and in patients with normal CEA levels (11.5% vs 5.8%, P = 0.012). Serum CEA levels were divided into four groups: <5, 5–19, 20–99 and ≥100 ng/mL. The rate of EGFR mutations significantly increased as the serum CEA levels increased (37.5%, 49.5%, 53.9% and 57.7%, respectively, P < 0.001). Anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangements showed the opposite result (11.5%, 7.1%, 5.7% and 4.1%, respectively, P = 0.044). A multivariate analysis revealed that higher pre‐treatment serum CEA levels were independently associated with EGFR mutations (95% CI: 1.291–2.487, P < 0.001), but normal serum CEA levels were independently associated with anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangements (95% CI: 0.275–0.842, P = 0.010).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that a significant association exists between the serum CEA levels and genotypes in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.
Evaluation of psychometric properties of instruments measuring nursing‐sensitive outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Barrientos‐Trigo S. , Gil‐García E. , Romero‐Sánchez J.M. , Badanta‐Romero B. , Porcel‐Gálvez A.M.
Published: October 2018

Aim

To evaluate the psychometric properties of instruments measuring Nursing‐sensitive Outcomes in acute care hospitals.

Introduction

Nursing‐sensitive outcomes have been shown to play an active role in the quality of care and cost‐effectiveness of health systems. Tools for assessing nursing‐sensitive outcomes are necessary to evaluate the nurses’ contributions to the health of patients.

Methods

Psychometric systematic review. The SCOPUS, PubMed, CINAHL, PsychoINFO, EMBASE, Science Direct and Web of Science databases were used. Searches were performed between March and May 2018. A search with screened titles and abstracts, assessment of methodological quality using the COSMIN checklist and risk of bias assessment using QUADAS‐2 were carried out.

Results

Twenty‐nine studies validated 26 different instruments. The methodological quality, measured with the COSMIN checklist, showed that the studies which assessed fewer psychometric properties had poorer quality. The majority of studies had high quality, and optimally assessed the risk of bias evaluated with QUADAS‐2.

Discussion

Concerning the focus of the scales, some of them focused on the patients while others focused on the nursing staff. The scales found assessed aspects such as nursing‐care quality, complexity and personalization.

Conclusion

The majority of studies had a high methodological strength and a thorough validation process. The Nurse Caring Behaviours Scale, the MISSCARE Survey, the Patient Advocacy Engagement Scale and the INICIARE scale were the tools which best combined structure, methodological quality and risk of bias.

Implications for nursing and health policy

The instruments with the best psychometric properties should be implemented in acute care settings to improve the quality of care, assess the effectiveness of nursing interventions, reduce health expenditure and reduce the occurrence of adverse events.
Do unions protect older employees' pay?
Authors: White Michael
Published: October 2018

There was a substantial fall in older British employees' wages and earnings, relative to younger employees, over the 1990s and 2000s. This shift in the lifetime fortunes of employees was possibly stimulated by pressures of increased competition, and intensified technological and organisational change, along with the high cost to employers of elder employment. A panel analysis for the period 1990–2006 shows that older (age 45‐plus) employees in non‐union jobs fared much worse, in terms of relative pay, than did those in unionised jobs. Unions were partially successful in maintaining the relative pay of older employees, compared with younger employees, and this applied to both older female and older male employees.
Working more in order to preserve jobs? Works councils in the Swiss mechanical and electrical engineering industry and the ‘Swiss franc shock’ in 2015
Authors: Ziltener Patrick , Gabathuler Heinz
Published: October 2018

The Collective Agreement in the Swiss metalworking industry contains a derogation clause widely applied after the appreciation of the Swiss currency in 2015. Management and works council can conclude agreements on a temporary extension of standard working time. This may be a bargaining chip for employees, if works councils are aware about and make use of their negotiating power.
Organizational governance of activation policy: Transparency as an organizational ideal in a Swedish welfare agency
Authors: Hollertz Katarina , Jacobsson Kerstin , Seing Ida
Published: October 2018

The Swedish Social Insurance Agency (Försäkringskassan– SSIA) and its frontline staff have a key role in the implementation of activation policy. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted at local offices, this article investigates how the transparency ideal, as an integral part of the organizational governance of the activation policy, is negotiated and enacted in the everyday life of a welfare bureaucracy. The analysis shows the central role that the transparency ideal plays in the alignment of frontline staff with the normative regime of the agency. While the transparency ideal is central to the internal organizational life of the SSIA, the analysis shows how transparency is much less salient in relation to clients and other relations with the outside world.
Does individualized employment support deliver what is promised? Findings from three European cities
Authors: Rice Deborah , Fuertes Vanesa , Monticelli Lara
Published: October 2018

Since the inception of the European Employment Strategy in 1997, individualized employment support has been a key priority of the European Union and its Member States. Nevertheless, empirical research on the delivery of individualized services for the unemployed is still underdeveloped. In this article, we explore how local employment agencies in three European cities tailor counselling and services to jobseekers’ individual needs. We find that limited service budgets and underdeveloped organizational interfaces with social service providers tend to constrain the substantive individualization of services in practice, which works in the disfavour of vulnerable jobseekers. Individualized counselling is more widespread, at least for selected target groups. However, organizational capacities for offering individualized problem assessment and advice vary considerably across “worlds of individualization” in Europe.
Late‐onset extensive haematoma mimicking cellulitis
Authors: Baek Yoo S. , Song Jin Y. , Jeong Kyung M. , Jeon Jiehyun
Published: October 2018

Cellulitis is a microbial infection of the deep dermis and the subcutaneous tissue. Several non‐infectious disorders, such as contact dermatitis, insect bites, stasis dermatitis, and lipodermatosclerosis, masquerade as infectious cellulitis. There are no specific criteria for the diagnosis of cellulitis; thus, it is challenging to correctly diagnose true cellulitis. For previously assumed cellulitis cases that were refractory to conventional antimicrobial treatment, thoroughly investigating the circumstances of symptom initiation, recording the medical history, and performing an attentive physical examination of the patient is critical for distinguishing true cellulitis from conditions that mimic cellulitis. The inquiry should be personalised according to the patient's age and the prescribed medication. Furthermore, imaging studies, including ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, should be considered on certain occasions to non‐invasively aid the differential diagnosis.
Improved utilization of waist‐to‐height ratio in cardiometabolic risk counselling in children: Application of DMAIC strategy
Authors: Gupta Nidhi , Lteif Aida , Creo Ana , Iqbal Anoop Mohamed , Pittock Siobhan , Tebben Peter J. , Hansen Janet , Heyrman Mary , Spee Rebecca , Scanlan‐Hanson Lori , Kumar Seema
Published: October 2018

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Waist circumference (WC) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) are superior surrogate markers of central obesity than body mass index. However, WC is not measured routinely in paediatric clinics. The objective of this study was to implement measurement of WC during routine assessment of children in an ambulatory outpatient clinic setting and subsequent dissemination of cardiometabolic risk counselling in children with central obesity (defined as WHtR ≥0.5).

Method

Prospective cohort of patients aged 6 to 20 years. Study period was divided into three phases: baseline (3 months), process improvement (2 months), and implementation (6 months). Define‐Measure‐Analyse‐Improve‐Control (DMAIC) strategy was applied. Measurement of WC was implemented as a component of the physical examination in patients. Outcome measures were (1) improvement in frequency of WC measurement and (2) utilization of WHtR in cardiometabolic risk counselling.

Results

Waist circumference was not measured in any patient during baseline phase (n = 551). During process improvement phase, of the total 347 patients, WC was measured in 35% vs target of 30%. In the implementation phase, WC was measured in 37% patients (365 out of 964). Of these 365 patients, 175 (48%) had elevated WHtR, and 73% of them (n = 128) were counselled about their increased cardiometabolic risk.

Conclusions

Application of an evidence‐based DMAIC protocol led to significant improvement in assessment for central obesity in an ambulatory clinic practice and appropriate counselling regarding cardiometabolic risk reduction in children and adolescents with central obesity over an 8‐month period. Meticulous planning and execution, frequent reinforcement, and integrating feedback from the involved multi‐disciplinary team were important factors in successful implementation of this quality improvement project.
Color assessment of freeze‐dried mushrooms using Photoshop and optimization with genetic algorithm
Authors: Tarafdar Ayon , Shahi Navin Chandra , Singh Anupama
Published: October 2018

An image analysis and optimization technique exploiting Photoshop software coupled with genetic algorithm (GA) for a food processing application has been explored. Color characteristics (L*, a*, b*, change in color, hue, and chroma) for freeze‐dried mushrooms were determined. Mathematical models for predicting color characteristics of dried mushrooms with change in processing conditions were obtained using second order polynomials. Freeze‐drying (FD) conditions were optimized by an evolutionary algorithm. Results indicated that the temperature of primary and secondary drying cycles during FD have a significant impact on color. The search for optimum process conditions manifesting minimum color variation in the dried product as compared with fresh mushroom samples was done. Optimized response for color change and chroma were obtained as 4.58 and 9.78, respectively, after a 10 h drying cycle. The models developed can be used to determine the drying time for desired product color and processing conditions of FD.

Practical applications

Consumer preference for color is often a concern for food processing industries. Color detection of food materials in bulk needs to be performed rapidly and at low costs, which cannot be easily achieved using sophisticated color detection devices. The use of image acquisition system coupled with imaging software and modeling and optimization tools could provide a simple solution for the identification of superior food products based on image analysis.
Effects of chitosan edible coatings enriched with sumac on the quality and the shelf life of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) fillets
Authors: Fadıloğlu Eylem Ezgi , Emir Çoban Özlem
Published: October 2018

Effects of chitosan coating combined with sumac on the quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets stored in refrigerated condition (4°C) for 12 days were evaluated. The treatments in this study were—T1, control; T2, chitosan: 2% w/v; T3, chitosan: 2% w/v and sumac: 1% w/v; and T4, chitosan: 2% w/v and sumac: 2% w/v. The shelf life of the samples were determined periodically using physicochemical (pH, peroxide value [PV], thiobarbituric acid [TBA], and total volatile basic nitrogen [TVB‐N]), microbiological (total viable counts [TVCs] and psychrotrophic bacteria), and sensory analyzes. During the storage period, T3 and T4 groups showed lower pH, PV, TBA, and TVB‐N values than T1 and T2 groups. The sensory results are in line with chemical and microbiological results. Treatment with 2% chitosan + 1% sumac and 2% chitosan + 2% sumac increased the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets by 6 days as compared to the control samples.

Practical applications

To avoid the adverse effects of chemical preservatives and to answer natural and reliable product demands of the consumers, plant extracts and edible coatings are applied to increase the shelf life and to prevent the spoilage of fresh fish. The results of this study reported the efficacy of chitosan edible coating combined with sumac as a new natural preservative for improving the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets. The findings revealed that sumac extract combined with chitosan coating can be an alternative method to extend the shelf life, to preserve the quality and safety of fish, as a result of their good antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.
Clinical and histopathological features of immunoglobulin G4‐associated autoimmune hepatitis in children
Authors: Aydemir Yusuf , Akcoren Zuhal , Demir Hulya , Saltik Temizel Inci Nur , Ozen Hasan , Yuce Aysel
Published: October 2018

Background and Aim

We aimed to examine the frequency and the characteristics of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)‐associated autoimmune hepatitis among pediatric patients with autoimmune hepatitis.

Methods

Immunostaining for IgG and IgG4 was performed in liver biopsies of 40 pediatric patients with autoimmune hepatitis. The patients with more than 10 IgG4‐positive plasma cells/high‐power field were defined as IgG4‐associated autoimmune hepatitis. Clinic, laboratory, and histopathological results were compared between groups.

Results

Among the 40 pediatric patients, 34 patients were type 1 and 6 patients were type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Six patients (15%), four of the type 1 and two of the type 2 autoimmune hepatitis patients, were diagnosed with IgG4‐associated autoimmune hepatitis. Clinical, laboratory, and histopathological data were initially similar in both forms. There was a positive correlation between IgG4‐positive plasma cell count and degree of portal (r: 0.406, P: 0.009) and lobular inflammation (r: 0.37, P: 0.019), grade of interface hepatitis (r: 0.33, P: 0.03), and fibrosis (r: 0.318, P: 0.046). Time required for normalization of liver transaminases and serum IgG level was significantly shorter in IgG4‐associated autoimmune hepatitis (3.3 ± 0.5 vs 6.6 ± 3.5 for alanine aminotransferase, 3.7 ± 0.8 vs 6.7 ± 1.2 for aspartate aminotransferase, 4.3 ± 1.2 vs 7.1 ± 2.7 for gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase, and 7.2 ± 3.1 vs 12.8 ± 4.5 for IgG).

Conclusions

Immunoglobulin G4‐associated autoimmune hepatitis can be found in pediatric age group and also in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis patients. As steroid response may be better in IgG4‐associated autoimmune hepatitis, biopsy specimens should be evaluated for this entity at diagnosis.
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid attenuates colitis‐associated colon cancer by inhibiting nuclear factor kappaB signaling
Authors: Kim Young Hoon , Kim Jee Hyun , Kim Byeong Gwan , Lee Kook Lae , Kim Ji Won , Koh Seong‐Joon
Published: October 2018

Background and Aim

Inflammatory bowel diseases is associated with an increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer. However, the mechanism of immune signaling pathways linked to colitis‐associated cancer (CAC) has not been fully elucidated. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) exhibits anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of TUDCA in the pathogenesis of CAC.

Methods

Colitis‐associated cancer was induced in mice using azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate administration, and TUDCA's effect on tumor development was evaluated. HCT 116 and COLO 205 were treated with TUDCA or vehicle and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Expression of interleukin (IL)‐8 was determined by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and IκBα phosphorylation and degradation was evaluated by immunoblot assay. The DNA‐binding activity of NF‐κB was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cell viability assay and real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction of bcl‐xL, MCL1, c‐FLIP‐L, and VEGF were performed.

Results

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid significantly attenuated the development of CAC in mice. Exposure to TUDCA resulted in extensive epithelial apoptosis and reduced levels of phospho‐IκB kinase in the colon. In HCT 116 cells stimulated with TNF‐α, TUDCA significantly inhibited IL‐8 and IL‐1α expression and suppressed TNF‐α‐induced IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and DNA‐binding activity of NF‐κB. Furthermore, in both HCT 116 and COLO 205 cells, TUDCA reduced cell viability and downregulated the expression of bcl‐xL, MCL1, c‐FLIP‐L, and VEGF.

Conclusion

These results demonstrated that TUDCA suppresses NF‐κB signaling and ameliorates colitis‐associated tumorigenesis, suggesting that TUDCA could be a potential treatment for CAC.
Efficacy of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with fatty fish in ameliorating inflammation in paediatric asthma: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Papamichael M. M. , Katsardis Ch. , Lambert K. , Tsoukalas D. , Koutsilieris M. , Erbas B. , Itsiopoulos C.
Published: October 2018

Background

Childhood asthma is the most common respiratory disorder worldwide, being associated with increased morbidity and a decreased quality of life. Omega‐3 fatty acids have anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulating properties; however, their efficacy in asthma is controversial. The present study aimed to examine the efficacy of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with a high omega‐3 ‘fatty’ fish intake in Greek asthmatic children.

Methods

A single‐centred, 6‐month, parallel randomised controlled trial compared the consumption of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with two meals of 150 g of cooked fatty fish weekly (intervention) with the usual diet (control) with respect to pulmonary function in children (aged 5–12 years) with mild asthma. Pulmonary function was assessed using spirometry and bronchial inflammation by fractional exhaled nitric oxide analysis.

Results

Sixty‐four children (52% male, 48% female) successfully completed the trial. Fatty fish intake increased in the intervention group from 17 g day−1 at baseline to 46 g day−1 at 6 months (P < 0.001). In the unadjusted analysis, the effect of the intervention was of borderline significance (P = 0.06, β = −11.93; 95% confidence interval = −24.32 to 0.46). However, after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and regular physical activity, a significant effect was observed (P = 0.04, β = −14.15 ppb; 95% confidence interval = −27.39 to −0.91). No difference was observed for spirometry, asthma control and quality of life scores.

Conclusions

A Mediterranean diet supplemented with two fatty fish meals per week might be a potential strategy for reducing airway inflammation in childhood asthma. Future robust clinical trials are warranted to replicate and corroborate these findings.
Towards a better understanding of AQP4′s role in astrocytic process extension
Authors: Tham Daniel Kai Long , Moukhles Hakima
Published: October 2018

At the blood–brain–barrier (BBB), blood vessels are surrounded by the endfoot structures formed by astroglial cells. The latter are themselves part of a larger syncytial network of astrocytes connected to each other via a complex web of processes. The water‐permeable channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) is expressed at high concentrations at these endfeet, held in place by the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC), a collection of proteins that act as a bridge linking AQP4 to the laminin‐containing basal lamina found in between the blood vessels and the astrocytic endfeet. Although AQP4, supported by the DGC, has well‐established roles in facilitating certain neurological processes, and in mediating the removal of excess water from the brain in certain disease states, relatively few studies have looked at the importance of these components in the regulation of the extension of the processes that are so characteristic of astrocytes. In this Editorial Highlight, we discuss an article by Sato et al., published in this issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry, which attempts to address this question.

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Morphometric, anatomic and radiographic study of the scapula in the white‐footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus): report of scapular cartilage and one variation in cranial (superior) transverse scapular ligament
Authors: Vélez‐García Juan Fernando , Monroy‐Cendales María José , Castañeda‐Herrera Fabian Enrique
Published: October 2018

The white‐footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus) is an endangered endemic primate of Colombia, mainly due to the deforestation of its habitat and illegal trade, which generates a high incidence of these animals in wildlife care centres. Musculoskeletal system disorders in S. leucopus are one of the most common diseases and therefore the aim of this study was to contribute to the morphologic studies with a morphometric, anatomic and radiographic description of the scapula in this species to provide a basis for medical interventions, surgical approaches, radiologic diagnoses and comparative functions of this bone. Gross dissections of each scapular region were made in eight specimens without a diagnosis of osteomuscular disease. These specimens died from natural cases in the wildlife care centres of the Corporación Autónoma Regional de Caldas (CORPORCALDAS); after necropsy their carcasses were fixed with 10% formaldehyde, 5% mineral oil and 1% phenic acid in these centres over the course of at least 1 week. X‐rays of the scapula were taken in the small animal clinic of the Universidad del Tolima, and morphometric data of the scapulae were obtained with a digital calliper. The scapula of the white‐footed tamarin was a flat triangular bone with a deep scapular notch in its cranial margin, where there was a cranial transverse scapular ligament that was absent in two specimens. The coracoid process was highly developed, medially covering the humeral joint. The dorsal margin was covered by the scapular cartilage, which was highly developed in the caudal angle. In the dorsal fourth of the caudal margin, there was a surface from which the m. teres major originated. The lateral surface had a scapular spine with a long hamatus process of the acromion until the lateral part of the humeral joint. The infraspinatus fossa was wider than the supraspinous fossa. On the costal surface, the subscapular fossa was formed by three subscapular lines and one subscapular ridge, the latter helping to form the surface for the m. teres major. In the two radiographic views, caudocranial to the scapula and dorsoventral to the thorax, the scapular spine, acromion, coracoid process, scapular incisura, supraglenoid tubercle, caudal margin, subscapular ridge, and the joints with the clavicle and the humerus could be observed. The scapula of the white‐footed tamarin presented bony reliefs that share characteristics with other primates but also with domestic mammals due to its quadrupedal locomotion, which allowed us to correlate its morphologic adaptation with its quadrupedal arboreal displacement.
Siegfried Kracauer's Differentiating Approach to Friendship
Authors: Blatterer Harry
Published: October 2018

Siegfried Kracauer's essays Über die Freundschaft (‘On Friendship’) and Gedanken über Freundschaft (‘Thoughts on Friendship’) exemplify a conceptually differentiating approach to friendship. This article aims at highlighting the explanatory yield of such an approach in contrast to a prevalent conflation of personal relationship types in research today. Kracauer's work is a call from the past to take seriously the semantic nuances of friendship in the present in order to better reflect lived experience in a sociologically plausible manner. I begin by identifying the practice of semantic conflation and its methodological problems. A brief description of the publication background of the friendship essays and their embeddedness in Kracauer's anxiety about the modern subject precedes a selective exposition. To conclude, I offer a summary reflection on the contemporary significance of Kracauer's approach with reference to social media friends and political friendship.
The effect of orthodontic separator and short‐term fixed orthodontic appliance on inflammatory mediators and somatosensory function
Authors: Sampaio Fernanda A. , Sampaio Claudine R. A. , Cunha Carolina O. , Costa Yuri M. , Alencar Phillipe N. B. , Bonjardim Leonardo R. , Garib Daniela , Garlet Gustavo P. , Eliav Eli , Conti Paulo C. R.
Published: October 2018

Background

Although inflammation can alter cytokines release and nerve function, it is not yet fully established if orthodontic‐induced inflammation can cause significant extraoral trigeminal somatosensory alterations and release of inflammatory chemical mediators.

Objective

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of orthodontic separator and short‐term fixed orthodontic appliance on the extraoral trigeminal somatosensory function and concentrations of cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).

Methods

Twenty‐two female patients were evaluated as follow: baseline, 24 hour‐after elastomeric separator (‐aES), 24 hour‐ and 1 month‐after bonding brackets (‐aBB) at both arches. The outcome variables were as follows: self‐reported pain (Visual Analog Scale), QSTs (current perception threshold‐CPT, cold detection threshold‐CDT, warm detection threshold‐WDT, mechanical detection threshold‐MDT, mechanical suprathreshold‐MST and wind‐up ratio‐WUR. All QSTs were performed at infra‐orbital and mental nerve entry zone at patient`s dominant side. In addition, GCF samples in order to assess cytokines profile (IL‐1β,IL‐8,IL‐6 and TNF‐α) were collected. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc analyses were performed (a = 5%).

Results

Patients reported higher pain intensity 24 hour‐aBB compared to baseline and 24 hour‐aES (P < 0.050). Patients were less sensitive to pin‐prick pain (MST) at 24 hour‐aBB and 1 month‐aBB compared to baseline (P < 0.006). Significant increases in IL‐6 levels were observed 24 hour‐aBB (P < 0.001). Multiple comparison analysis showed significant increase in IL‐1β levels (P < 0.001) and TNF‐α (P < 0.001) 1 month‐aBB compared to baseline.

Conclusion

Elastomeric separators only induced mild pain and were not able to significantly increase proinflammatory cytokines level in the GCF. In addition, orthodontic fixed appliance may induce only minor somatosensory changes at extraoral trigeminal locations.
Job protection, housing market regulation, and the youth
Authors: Bonleu Antoine , Decreuse Bruno , van Ypersele Tanguy
Published: October 2018

Young Europeans experience high unemployment rates, job instability, and late emancipation. Meanwhile, they do not support reforms weakening protection on long‐term contracts. In this paper, we suggest a possible rationale for such reform distaste. When the rental market is strongly regulated, landlords screen applicants with regard to their ability to pay the rent. Protecting regular jobs offers a second‐best technology to sort workers, thereby increasing the rental market size. We provide a model where nonemployed workers demand protected jobs despite unemployment and the share of short‐term jobs increases, whereas the individual risk of dismissal is unaffected. Our theory can be extended to alternative risks and markets involving correlated risks and commitment under imperfect information.
In vitro evaluation of essential oils for potential antibacterial effects against Xylella fastidiosa
Authors: Santiago Mariana Brentini , Moraes Thaís da Silva , Massuco Jaqueline Estétele , Silva Larissa Oliveira , Lucarini Rodrigo , da Silva Danielle Fernandes , Vieira Tatiana Manzini , Crotti Antônio Eduardo Miller , Martins Carlos Henrique Gomes
Published: October 2018

The main pathogen underlying citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), a citrus fruit disease, is Xylella fastidiosa, a Gram‐negative s‐shaped bacterium that blocks water and nutrient circulation. Discovering new pesticides to combat CVC have become a challenge. Research into essential oils (EOs) is crucial because these substances can be potentially useful in pest control. This study aims to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), to investigate biofilm inhibition capacities through MBIC50 analysis, and to evaluate synergistic effects with streptomycin of 17 EOs against X. fastidiosa. This study also analyses the chemical profiles of the EOs that provided the best antibacterial activity results. The MIC values of the EOs ranged from 125 to 1,000 µg/ml. Analysis of the MICB50 values of the sandalwood and patchouli EOs revealed biofilm inhibitory activity. No synergistic effects were evident for streptomycin combined with the sandalwood or patchouli EOs: ΣFIC was 1.25 and 1.5, respectively, which denoted indifference. We detected α‐gurjunene (27.6%), patchouli alcohol (21.6%), α‐bulsene (17.3%) and α‐patchoulene (6.3%) as the major patchouli EO constituents. On the basis of our results, the sandalwood and patchouli EOs present antibacterial action and are promising natural sources for the development of new pesticides against X. fastidiosa.
Clinical noninvasive markers for antiviral therapy decision in chronic hepatitis B with alanine aminotransferase less than two times upper limit of normal
Authors: Wu Zhao , Dong Xiaoqin , Wang Guiqiang , Zhao Hong ,   China HepB‐Related Fibrosis Assessment Research Group
Published: October 2018

Liver biopsy is the reference method for antiviral therapy decision‐making in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) when alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is less than two times of upper limit of normal (<2ULN). Our aim was to explore noninvasive markers for antiviral therapy decision in CHB with ALT <2ULN. A total of 452 treatment‐naïve CHB patients with ALT < 2ULN who had undergone liver biopsy were analysed in this prospective multi‐centre study. If liver biopsy showed moderate or severe inflammation (histology activity index ≥ 5) or significant fibrosis (Ishak fibrosis score ≥ 3), antiviral treatment was recommended. We analysed data using univariate and multivariate analyses and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). Two hundred and sixty‐nine (59.5%) of 452 cases with ALT < 2ULN had moderate, severe or significant inflammation. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.03), anti‐hepatitis B virus core antibody (anti‐HBc) (P = 0.003) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) (P = 0.000) were independent variables for antiviral therapy decision‐making, with area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of 0.718, 0.703 and 0.819, respectively. Our novel AAF index, which combined AST, anti‐HBc and LSM, showed better performance with AUROC of 0.876, 0.877 and 0.876 in estimation, validation and total set. Finally, 247 (54.6%) of 452 patients could avoid liver biopsy based on AAF index. Furthermore, performances of 23 noninvasive models were unsatisfactory for antiviral therapy decision with AUROC < 0.800, which were inferior to AAF index. In conclusion, AST, anti‐HBc and LSM were related to antiviral therapy decision‐making among CHB patients with ALT < 2ULN. Thus, the novel AAF index was a more reliable noninvasive model for antiviral therapy decision‐making.
Evaluation and comparison of thirty noninvasive models for diagnosing liver fibrosis in chinese hepatitis B patients
Authors: Dong Xiao‐Qin , Wu Zhao , Zhao Hong , Wang Gui‐Qiang ,   China HepB‐Related Fibrosis Assessment Research Group
Published: October 2018

The limitations of liver biopsy have led to the development of indirect noninvasive models for liver fibrosis assessment. We aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of 30 noninvasive models to predict fibrosis stage in treatment‐naïve and treated chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. A total of 576 Chinese treatment‐naïve CHB patients and 236 treated CHB patients who had undergone percutaneous liver biopsy were included in the analysis. Histological grading and staging was assessed by the Ishak scoring system. The diagnostic accuracies of 30 noninvasive models were assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs). In treatment‐naïve CHB patients, the AUROCs of the 30 noninvasive models for discriminating significant fibrosis (SF) were less than 0.800, and only the AUROC of the PP score for diagnosing advanced fibrosis (AF) was more than 0.800, while the AUROCs of FIB‐4, FibroQ, HB‐F, Lok index, PHP score and PP score for predicting cirrhosis were greater than 0.800. In treated CHB patients, only the AUROCs of APRI, GUCI, King's score and Wang I for identifying cirrhosis were more than 0.800. The Spearman correlation analysis identified that only the changes in FCI and Virahep‐C model values were weakly correlated with changes in Ishak fibrosis scores before and after treatment (r = 0.206, p = 0.008; r = 0.187, p = 0.016, respectively). In conclusion, in Chinese CHB patients, the 30 existing noninvasive models were not suitable for assessing each stage of fibrosis except cirrhosis before and after antiviral therapy, especially in gauging progression and regression of liver fibrosis following therapy.
Safety and efficacy of combined sofosbuvir/daclatasvir treatment of children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C Genotype 4
Authors: Abdel Ghaffar Tawhida Y. , El Naghi Suzan , Abdel Gawad Manal , Helmy Sarah , Abdel Ghaffar Aisha , Yousef Medhat , Moafy Mohamad
Published: October 2018

Direct‐acting antivirals have become available for treating chronic HCV (hepatitis C virus) infection in adults and, recently, in children at least 12 years old. Our aim was to investigate the safety and efficacy of combined sofosbuvir (SOF)/daclatasvir (DCV) for HCV Genotype 4 in children aged 8 to 18 years or weighing 17 kg or more. A total of 40 chronic HCV‐infected, treatment‐naïve children with well compensated livers were recruited from two sites. Patients received combined therapy of SOF (400 mg/d for patients weighing greater than 45 kg; 200 mg/d for patients weighing 17 to 45 kg) and DCV (60 mg/d for patients weighing greater than 45 kg; 30 mg/d for patients weighing 17 to 45 kg) for 12 weeks. They were followed up regularly by clinical examination and laboratory tests during treatment (weekly in the first month then monthly to the end of treatment), every 3 months for 6 months post‐treatment, and at 48 weeks post‐treatment. In our cohort, which included 45% of children below the age of 12 years (72.5% genotype 4 and 27.5% mixed genotype 4 and 1), end of treatment response (ETR) was 97.5%. Sustained virologic response for weeks 12 and 24 post‐treatment (SVR12 and SVR24) were 97.5% and 95%, respectively, on an intention to treat basis, and 100% and 100% for those who completed the study protocol. Observed side effects were mild and none required drug cessation. Combined SOF/DCV was found to be effective and safe for treating HCV Genotype 4‐infected children, 8 years of age and above.
Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir‐based direct‐acting antiviral regimens for hepatitis C virus genotype 6 in Southwest China: Real‐world experience of a retrospective study
Authors: Wu Dong‐Bo , Jiang Wei , Wang Yong‐Hong , Chen Bin , Wang Meng‐Lan , Tao Ya‐Chao , Chen En‐Qiang , Tang Hong
Published: October 2018

Optional treatments for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) 6 infection have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir (SOF)‐based direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for HCV GT6. We performed a retrospective study at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University in Southwest China from January 2016 to May 2017. Our study screened 130 treatment‐naïve patients with chronic HCV GT6 and without liver cirrhosis. A total of 60 HCV GT6 patients were ultimately enrolled. All patients received SOF‐based DAAs therapy, including SOF 400 mg plus daclatasvir (DCV) 60 mg daily or SOF 400 mg plus velpatasvir (VEL) 100 mg daily for 12 weeks. The sustained virological response 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12) was 100% (60/60) in treatment‐naïve patients with HCV GT6, including 100% (37/37) of patients receiving SOF plus DCV therapy and 100% (23/23) of patients receiving SOF plus VEL therapy. Measurements of liver stiffness were significantly decreased in patients at week 12 (P = 0.014) and week 24 (P < 0.001) of DAAs treatment compared to baseline values. The serum biomarker aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis‐4 score were also significantly reduced at week 12 and week 24 compared to before treatment (both P < 0.001). SOF‐based therapy was well‐tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, SOF plus DCV and SOF plus VEL were safe and achieved a high SVR12 rate for treatment‐naïve patients with HCV GT6 without liver cirrhosis.
Knowledge, Expertise, and Committee Power in the Contemporary Congress
Authors: Curry James M.
Published: October 2018

Scholars, practitioners, and observers typically portray committee influence as rooted in traditional congressional processes and practices, which are thought to provide committees with powerful opportunities to block and shape legislative proposals. The erosion of regular order processes suggests these traditional processes cannot underlie committee power in the contemporary Congress. Drawing on a mixed‐methods approach of interviews with congressional staff and an original data set of every amendment offered on the floor of the House of Representatives from 2005 to 2008, I find that absent these traditional process norms, committees in the contemporary Congress can rely on their specialized knowledge and expertise to influence the behavior of their colleagues and shape the legislation that passes.
A God of Vengeance and of Reward? Voters and Accountability
Authors: Griffin John D. , Newman Brian , Nickerson David W.
Published: October 2018

Theories of democratic politics prize congruence between citizens’ preferences and their elected representatives’ actions in office. Elections are a critical means for achieving such policy congruence, providing voters the opportunity to chasten representatives who are out of step with constituent preferences and to reward the faithful. Do voters act this way? Recent studies based on observational data find they do, but these data are somewhat limited. We employ a survey experiment to estimate the extent to which information about policy congruence affects voters’ evaluations of representatives. We informed some subjects how often their member of Congress’s voting decisions match their own stated preferences on the same policies. We find that information about congruence enhances accountability by affecting constituent evaluations of representatives and may also affect citizens’ propensity to participate in upcoming elections.
Implications of population connectivity studies for the design of marine protected areas in the deep sea: An example of a demosponge from the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone
Authors: Taboada Sergi , Riesgo Ana , Wiklund Helena , Paterson Gordon L. J. , Koutsouveli Vasiliki , Santodomingo Nadiezhda , Dale Andrew C. , Smith Craig R. , Jones Daniel O. B. , Dahlgren Thomas G. , Glover Adrian G.
Published: October 2018

The abyssal demosponge Plenaster craigi inhabits the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the northeast Pacific, a region with abundant seafloor polymetallic nodules with potential mining interest. Since P. craigi is a very abundant encrusting sponge on nodules, understanding its genetic diversity and connectivity could provide important insights into extinction risks and design of marine protected areas. Our main aim was to assess the effectiveness of the Area of Particular Environmental Interest 6 (APEI‐6) as a potential genetic reservoir for three adjacent mining exploration contract areas (UK‐1A, UK‐1B and OMS‐1A). As in many other sponges, COI showed extremely low variability even for samples ~900 km apart. Conversely, the 168 individuals of P. craigi, genotyped for 11 microsatellite markers, provided strong genetic structure at large geographical scales not explained by isolation by distance (IBD). Interestingly, we detected molecular affinities between samples from APEI‐6 and UK‐1A, despite being separated ~800 km. Although our migration analysis inferred very little progeny dispersal of individuals between areas, the major differentiation of OMS‐1A from the other areas might be explained by the occurrence of predominantly northeasterly transport predicted by the HYCOM hydrodynamic model. Our study suggests that although APEI‐6 does serve a conservation role, with species connectivity to the exploration areas, it is on its own inadequate as a propagule source for P. craigi for the entire eastern portion of the CCZ. Our new data suggest that an APEI located to the east and/or the south of the UK‐1, OMS‐1, BGR, TOML and NORI areas would be highly valuable.