bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical factors shaped species diversity and composition of Salix in eastern Asia
Authors: Wang Qinggang , Su Xiangyan , Shrestha Nawal , Liu Yunpeng , Wang Siyang , Xu Xiaoting , Wang Zhiheng
Published: February 2017

Ambient energy, niche conservatism, historical climate stability and habitat heterogeneity hypothesis have been proposed to explain the broad-scale species diversity patterns and species compositions, while their relative importance have been controversial. Here, we assessed the relative contributions of contemporary climate, historical climate changes and habitat heterogeneity in shaping Salix species diversity and species composition in whole eastern Asia as well as mountains and lowlands using linear regressions and distance-based redundancy analyses, respectively. Salix diversity was negatively related with mean annual temperature. Habitat heterogeneity was more important than contemporary climate in shaping Salix diversity patterns, and their relative contributions were different in mountains and lowlands. In contrast, the species composition was strongly influenced by contemporary climate and historical climate change than habitat heterogeneity, and their relative contributions were nearly the same both in mountains and lowlands. Our findings supported niche conservatism and habitat heterogeneity hypotheses, but did not support ambient energy and historical climate stability hypotheses. The diversity pattern and species composition of Salix could not be well-explained by any single hypothesis tested, suggesting that other factors such as disturbance history and diversification rate may be also important in shaping the diversity pattern and composition of Salix species.
Distribution bias analysis of germline and somatic single-nucleotide variations that impact protein functional site and neighboring amino acids
Authors: Pan Yang , Yan Cheng , Hu Yu , Fan Yu , Pan Qing , Wan Quan , Torcivia-Rodriguez John , Mazumder Raja
Published: February 2017

Single nucleotide variations (SNVs) can result in loss or gain of protein functional sites. We analyzed the effects of SNVs on enzyme active sites, ligand binding sites, and various types of post translational modification (PTM) sites. We found that, for most types of protein functional sites, the SNV pattern differs between germline and somatic mutations as well as between synonymous and non-synonymous mutations. From a total of 51,138 protein functional site affecting SNVs (pfsSNVs), a pan-cancer analysis revealed 142 somatic pfsSNVs in five or more cancer types. By leveraging patient information for somatic pfsSNVs, we identified 17 loss of functional site SNVs and 60 gain of functional site SNVs which are significantly enriched in patients with specific cancer types. Of the key pfsSNVs identified in our analysis above, we highlight 132 key pfsSNVs within 17 genes that are found in well-established cancer associated gene lists. For illustrating how key pfsSNVs can be prioritized further, we provide a use case where we performed survival analysis showing that a loss of phosphorylation site pfsSNV at position 105 in MEF2A is significantly associated with decreased pancreatic cancer patient survival rate. These 132 pfsSNVs can be used in developing genetic testing pipelines.
Multistable states in a system of coupled phase oscillators with inertia
Authors: Yuan Di , Lin Fang , Wang Limei , Liu Danyang , Yang Junzhong , Xiao Yi
Published: February 2017

We investigate the generalized Kuramoto model of globally coupled oscillators with inertia, in which oscillators with positive coupling strength are conformists and oscillators with negative coupling strength are contrarians. We consider the correlation between the coupling strengths of oscillators and the distributions of natural frequencies. Two different types of correlations are studied. It is shown that the model supports multistable synchronized states such as different types of travelling wave states, π state and another type of nonstationary state: an oscillating π state. The phase distribution oscillates in a confined region and the phase difference between conformists and contrarians oscillates around π periodically in the oscillating π state. The different types of travelling wave state may be characterized by the speed of travelling wave and the effective frequencies of oscillators. Finally, the bifurcation diagrams of the model in the parameter space are presented.
Association between cytokine response, the LRINEC score and outcome in patients with necrotising soft tissue infection: a multicentre, prospective study
Authors: Hansen Marco Bo , Rasmussen Lars Simon , Svensson Mattias , Chakrakodi Bhavya , Bruun Trond , Madsen Martin Bruun , Perner Anders , Garred Peter , Hyldegaard Ole , Norrby-Teglund Anna ,   INFECT study group, Nekludov Michael , Arnell Per , Rosén Anders , Oscarsson Nicklas , Karlsson Ylva , Oppegaard Oddvar , Skrede Steinar , Itzek Andreas , Wahl Anna Mygind , Hedetoft Morten , Bærnthsen Nina Falcon , Müller Rasmus , Nedrebø Torbjørn
Published: February 2017

Early assessment of necrotising soft tissue infection (NSTI) is challenging. Analysis of inflammatory markers could provide important information about disease severity and guide decision making. For this purpose, we investigated the association between cytokine levels and the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotising Fasciitis (LRINEC)-score, disease severity and mortality in NSTI patients. In 159 patients, plasma was analysed for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α upon admission. The severity of NSTI was assessed by SAPS, SOFA score, septic shock, microbial aetiology, renal replacement therapy and amputation. We found no significant difference in cytokine levels according to a LRINEC- score above or below 6 (IL-1β: 3.0 vs. 1.3; IL-6: 607 vs. 289; IL-10: 38.4 vs. 38.8; TNF-α: 15.1 vs. 7.8 pg/mL, P > 0.05). Patients with β-haemolytic streptococcal infection had higher level of particularly IL-6. There was no difference in mortality between patients with a LRINEC-score above or below 6. In the adjusted analysis assessing 30-day mortality, the association was strongest for IL-1β (OR 3.86 [95% CI, 1.43-10.40], P = 0.008) and IL-10 (4.80 [1.67-13.78], P = 0.004). In conclusion, we found no significant association between the LRINEC-score and cytokine levels on admission. IL-6 was consistently associated with disease severity, whereas IL-1β had the strongest association with 30-day mortality.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhance the rate of litter decomposition while inhibiting soil microbial community development
Authors: Gui Heng , Hyde Kevin , Xu Jianchu , Mortimer Peter
Published: February 2017

Although there is a growing amount of evidence that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) influence the decomposition process, the extent of their involvement remains unclear. Therefore, given this knowledge gap, our aim was to test how AMF influence the soil decomposer communities. Dual compartment microcosms, where AMF (Glomus mosseae) were either allowed access (AM+) to or excluded (AM−) from forest soil compartments containing litterbags (leaf litter from Calophyllum polyanthum) were used. The experiment ran for six months, with destructive harvests at 0, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days. For each harvest we measured AMF colonization, soil nutrients, litter mass loss, and microbial biomass (using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA)). AMF significantly enhanced litter decomposition in the first 5 months, whilst delaying the development of total microbial biomass (represented by total PLFA) from T150 to T180. A significant decline in soil available N was observed through the course of the experiment for both treatments. This study shows that AMF have the capacity to interact with soil microbial communities and inhibit the development of fungal and bacterial groups in the soil at the later stage of the litter decomposition (180 days), whilst enhancing the rates of decomposition.
Switchable Multiple Spin States in the Kondo description of Doped Molecular Magnets
Authors: Ray Rajyavardhan , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: February 2017

We show that introducing electrons in magnetic clusters and molecular magnets lead to rich phase diagrams with a variety of low-spin and high-spin states allowing for multiple switchability. The analysis is carried out for a quantum spin-fermion model using the exact diagonalization, and the cluster mean-field approach. The model is relevant for a number of molecular magnets with triangular motifs consisting of transition metal ions such as Cr, Cu and V. Re-entrant spin-state behavior and chirality on-off transitions exist over a wide parameter regime. A subtle competition among geometrical frustration effects, electron itinerancy, and Kondo coupling at the molecular level is highlighted. Our results demonstrate that electron doping provides a viable mean to tame the magnetic properties of molecular magnets towards potential technological applications.
Chelate ring stacking interactions in the supramolecular assemblies of Zn(ii)and Cd(ii) coordination compounds: a combined experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Afkhami Farhad Akbari , Khandar Ali Akbar , Mahmoudi Ghodrat , Maniukiewicz Waldemar , Gurbanov Atash V. , Zubkov Fedor I. , Şahin Onur , Yesilel Okan Zafer , Frontera Antonio
Published: February 2017

We report seven Zn(ii)/Cd(ii) complexes with picolinoyl/isonicotinoyl hydrazone based ligands exhibiting relevant chelate–π interactions.
Characterization of the temperature and humidity-dependent phase diagram of amorphous nanoscale organic aerosols
Authors: Rothfuss Nicholas E. , Petters Markus D.
Published: February 2017

The amorphous phase state diagram for sucrose aerosol is obtained from a mix of measurements and model calculations.
Self-assembled amphiphilic mixed α/β-tetrapeptoid nanostructures as promising drug delivery vehicles
Authors: Goel Rahul , Sharma Ashwani Kumar , Gupta Alka
Published: February 2017

Tetrapeptoid nanostructures have been prepared and their potential used for delivering hydrophobic drug molecules.
A multi-responsive luminescent sensor for organic small-molecule pollutants and metal ions based on a 4d–4f metal–organic framework
Authors: Ma Huili , Wang Lu , Chen Jinghuo , Zhang Xuejing , Wang Liang , Xu Na , Yang Guangming , Cheng Peng
Published: February 2017

A multi-responsive luminescent sensor for organic small-molecule pollutants and metal ions based on a metal–organic framework is reported.
A world avoided: impacts of changes in anthropogenic emissions on the burden and effects of air pollutants in Europe and North America
Authors: Archibald A. T. , Folberth G. , Wade D. C. , Scott D.
Published: February 2017

Emissions from anthropogenic activity are known to have deleterious impacts on human and ecosystem health and as such a significant amount of time, effort and money has been spent developing legislation to minimise their effects. Here we use a state of the art coupled chemistry-climate model HadGEM2-ES, with extended tropospheric chemistry, to assess the impacts that changes in emissions from anthropogenic activity have had on the burden and impacts of air pollutants over the last three decades. We use HadGEM2-ES to assess an alternative trajectory in air pollutant emissions to that which we have seen, with a regional focus on the contiguous United States and areas of Western Europe. This alternative trajectory can be considered to reflect a world avoided. In this world avoided, the significant levels of air pollution legislation imposed over the last three decades are simulated to not have come into effect in the contiguous United States and Western Europe. Rather a business as usual emission scenario is followed from 1970 to the present day. By combining the results of simulations of the world avoided with a base case present day atmosphere our model runs demonstrate that as a result of air pollution legislation, over 500 000 early mortalities a year have been mitigated owing to extensive reduction in sulfate aerosol and up to 8000 early mortalities a year have been mitigated as a result of improvements in ozone and nitrogen dioxide pollution. These results highlight the important role of legislation in reducing air pollution related mortality in these areas of the globe and highlight a compelling case for developing regions to follow.
Correction: Intermolecular interactions boost aggregation induced emission in carbazole Schiff base derivatives
Authors: Gan Xiaoping , Liu Guangjin , Chu Mingjie , Xi Wengang , Ren Zili , Zhang Xiuli , Tian Yupeng , Zhou Hongping
Published: February 2017

Correction for ‘Intermolecular interactions boost aggregation induced emission in carbazole Schiff base derivatives’ by Xiaoping Gan, et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2017, 15, 256–264.
Correction: Wheel-shaped copper containing polyoxotungstate as an efficient catalyst in the three-component synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Jalilian Fariba , Yadollahi Bahram , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Rudbari Hadi Amiri
Published: February 2017

Correction for ‘Wheel-shaped copper containing polyoxotungstate as an efficient catalyst in the three-component synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles’ by F. Jalilian et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 13609–13613.
Stability analysis for a class of switched systems under perturbations with applications to consensus
Authors: Wang Bo , Tian Yu‐Ping
Published: February 2017

This study investigates the stability problem for a class of discrete‐time switched systems with stochastic or non‐stochastic perturbations. Under the condition that the system matrix is weakly periodic and Hurwitz constrained, we firstly give stability analysis of the system with bounded or (exponentially) convergent perturbations. Then, for the system with perturbations containing stochastic noises, which are subject to a martingale‐difference assumption, we give mean square (m.s.) and almost sure (a.s.) convergence results. Both multiplicative noises and additive noises are discussed in this paper. As applications of the stability result, we give m.s. and a.s. consensus conditions for both multi‐agent systems (MASs) with relative‐state‐dependent noises and MASs with additive noises under the weakly periodic switching topology together with a Hurwitz constraint. Compared to the existing consensus results, we do not require the digraphs be balanced and the edge weights be non‐negative. We also give a more general form of the statistic properties of the final consensus point compared with the balanced switching topology case. Some examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the stability results and the consensus results.
Umgang mit Medien: Nur nicht mauern!
Authors: Gaede Kirsten
Published: February 2017

Der Spiegel hat im Januar ausführlich über Asklepios und die Notfallversorgung berichtet, die ARD-Sendung „Plusminus“ über einen angeblichen Hygiene-Skandal in deutschen Krankenhäusern. Die Klinikbranche rückt immer mehr ins Zentrum des öffentlichen Interesses. Das sei kein Grund zum Fürchten, meint Klinikmarketing-Experte Mathias Brandstädter.
Vernetzung: Spicken bei Amazon und Airbnb
Authors: König Romy
Published: February 2017

Auf dem Kongress „Gesundheitsnetzwerker 2017“ am 29. und 30. März in Berlin diskutieren Experten unter anderem über Vernetzung im Gesundheitswesen. Mit in der Runde sitzt Markus Horneber, Vorstandschef von Agaplesion – ein Querdenker, wie kma im Gespräch mit ihm herausfand.
MVZ-Betreiber aufgepasst!
Authors: Häser Isabel
Published: February 2017

Das Bundessozialgericht hat der bisherigen Spruchpraxis der Zulassungsgremien bei der Nachbesetzung von Arztstellen einen Riegel vorgeschoben.
Hygiene: Verbandwechsel, Braunüle legen – von Piloten lernen
Authors: Hohnstein Aileen
Published: February 2017

Händehygiene spielt eine Schlüsselrolle beim Schutz der Patienten vor nosokomialen Infektionen. Standardarbeitsprozesse (SOP) mit klaren Anleitungen können helfen, sie penibel einzuhalten. Die Klinik St. Nikolaus-Stiftshospital Andernach hat an einer Pilotstudie zu SOP teilgenommen und verbucht jetzt erste Erfolge.
Forderungsreichweite: Gut kodiert ist halb gewonnen
Authors: Rößing Sabine
Published: February 2017

Deutschlands Krankenhäuser warten zu lange auf ihr Geld. Besonders lange warten diejenigen, die es sich am wenigsten leisten können: Kliniken mit dünner Kapitaldecke und engen Finanzierungsspielräumen. Die Ursachen sind meist hausgemacht. Wer das Thema energisch angeht, stellt fest, dass sich so nicht nur die eigene Bonität verbessert.
Medzintechnik: Geräte clever auslasten senkt Kosten
Authors: Mögel Matthias
Published: February 2017

Einige medizinische Geräte werden in Kliniken häufig nur ein- oder zweimal am Tag benutzt, den Rest des Tages schlummern sie unausgelastet vor sich hin. Die fehlende und unorganisierte Nutzung teurer Medizintechnik kostet viel Geld. Ein kluges Auslastungs- und Gerätekonzept senkt die Kosten und erleichtert die Investitionsplanung.
Branche in Zahlen
Authors: Mewis Dirk
Published: February 2017

Dieser Artikel ist nur als PDF-Dokument verfügbar.
Alarmpläne: Brand im Krankenhaus – sind Sie vorbereitet?
Authors: Sauer Frank , Scholtes Katja
Published: February 2017

Die Krankenhausalarmplanung wird in Deutschland noch immer stiefmütterlich behandelt. Oft sind Einsatzpläne nur unzureichend aufgestellt und Mitarbeiter nicht ausreichend oder gar nicht geschult. Dabei sollte jedes Krankenhaus durch ein Notfallmanagement auf Schadensereignisse vorbereitet sein – auch, weil sich straf- und zivilrechtliche Fragen daraus ergeben können.
Hygienisches Trinkwasser: Dafür haben Sie Geld zu haben
Authors: Thalmayr Maria
Published: February 2017

Dass unter Umständen das nötige Kleingeld fehlte, um die sehr komplexen Vorgaben für eine hygienische Trinkwasserversorgung einzuhalten, interessiert im Ernstfall niemanden. Juristen kennen darauf nur eine Antwort: „Dafür haben Sie Geld zu haben“.
Konstantin Gontschariuk: Auch eine Frage der Mentalität
Authors: Sickinger Nina
Published: February 2017

AUSLÄNDISCHE MITARBEITER BERICHTEN AUS DEUTSCHEN KLINIKEN Konstantin Gontschariuk (33) verließ mit seiner Familie Kasachstan, um in Deutschland als Assistenzarzt in der Neurologie einer bayerischen Klinik tätig zu sein. Alles läuft prächtig hier für ihn – nur an seinem Deutsch muss und will er noch arbeiten: „Jeden Tag kommt ein neues Wort hinzu“, stellt er fest.
How I Do It: The Role of Flexible Hand-held 2μ-Thulium Laser Fiber in Microsurgical Removal of Acoustic Neuromas
Authors: Cacciotti Guglielmo , Roperto Raffaele , Tonelli Maria , Carpineta Ettore , Mastronardi Luciano
Published: February 2017

Aims We performed a retrospective nonrandomized study to analyze the results of microsurgery of acoustic neuromas (AN) using 2μ-thulium flexible hand-held laser fiber (Revolix jr).

Methods From September 2010 to September 2015, 89 patients suffering from AN have been operated on with microsurgical technique via retrosigmoid approach. In 37 cases, tumor resection was performed with the assistance of 2μ-thulium flexible hand-held laser fiber (L-group). Eight cases operated on with the assistance of CO2 hand-held flexible laser fiber were excluded from this study. A total of 44 patients, operated on without laser assistance during the same period, were used as comparison group (C-group) (matched pair technique). Facial nerve function was assessed with the House–Brackmann (HB) scale preoperatively, and 1 week and 6 months postoperatively.

Results Overall time from incision to skin suture changed in relation to size of tumor (165–575 minutes) and was not affected by the use of laser. In 7 out of 81 cases, a preoperative facial nerve palsy HB2 and in 1 case, HB4 (permanent) were observed. In the remaining 80 cases, at 6-month follow-up, facial nerve preservation rate (HB1) was 92.5%. Hearing preservation rate (AAO-HNS A/B classes) was 68.2% (26 out of 36). Adopting a 0 to 3 scale, the mean surgeon satisfaction rate of usefulness of laser fiber was 2.7.

Conclusion The use of 2μ-thulium hand-held flexible laser fiber in AN microsurgery seems to be safe and subjectively facilitates tumor resection especially in “difficult” conditions (e.g., highly vascularized and hard tumors). In this limited retrospective trial, the good functional outcome following conventional microsurgery had not further improved, nor the surgical time reduced by laser. Focusing its use on “difficult” (large and vascularized) cases may lead to different results in future.
Electro-optic modulation of a laser at microwave frequencies for interferometric purposes
Authors: Specht Paul E. , Jilek Brook A.
Published: February 2017

A multi-point microwave interferometer (MPMI) concept was previously proposed by the authors for spatially-resolved, non-invasive tracking of a shock, reaction, or detonation front in energetic media [P. Specht et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1793, 160010 (2017).]. The advantage of the MPMI concept over current microwave interferometry techniques is its detection of Doppler shifted microwave signals through electro-optic (EO) modulation of a laser. Since EO modulation preserves spatial variations in the Doppler shift, collecting the EO modulated laser light into a fiber array for recording with an optical heterodyne interferometer yields spatially-resolved velocity information. This work demonstrates the underlying physical principle of the MPMI diagnostic: the monitoring of a microwave signal with nanosecond temporal resolution using an optical heterodyne interferometer. For this purpose, the MPMI concept was simplified to a single-point construction using two tunable 1550 nm lasers and a 35.2 GHz microwave source. A (110) ZnTe crystal imparted the microwave frequency onto a laser, which was combined with a reference laser for determination of the microwave frequency in an optical heterodyne interferometer. A single, characteristic frequency associated with the microwave source was identified in all experiments, providing a means to monitor a microwave signal on nanosecond time scales. Lastly, areas for improving the frequency resolution of this technique are discussed, focusing on increasing the phase-modulated signal strength.
O–X mode conversion in a non-symmetric torus at electron cyclotron frequencies
Authors: Weitzner Harold
Published: February 2017

Previous work on this topic, [Weitzner, Phys. Plasmas 11, 866 (2004)], applicable in a system with toroidal symmetry, is extended to the case of a non-symmetric background equilibrium state. Maxwell's equations with the cold plasma dielectric tensor are used to represent the plasma-electromagnetic wave interaction. Away from the mode conversion region, geometrical optics adequately characterizes the wave propagation. A new, simpler derivation of the wave equations in the mode conversion region is given. Aside from one very special case in which a general plasma equilibrium behaves like a stratified medium, the previous results apply and highly effective mode conversion is found. The matching of the mode conversion solution to the geometrical optics solution, not previously examined, is discussed. A relatively weak condition on the perpendicular wave number near the resonance layer is found. Provided that the perpendicular wave number is small, it tends to zero at the mode conversion layer and the solutions match effectively.
A multi-channel capacitive probe for electrostatic fluctuation measurement in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch
Authors: Tan Mingsheng , Stone Douglas R. , Triana Joseph C. , Almagri Abdulgader F. , Fiksel Gennady , Ding Weixing , Sarff John S. , McCollam Karsten J. , Li Hong , Liu Wandong
Published: February 2017

A 40-channel capacitive probe has been developed to measure the electrostatic fluctuations associated with the tearing modes deep into Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed field pinch plasma. The capacitive probe measures the ac component of the plasma potential via the voltage induced on stainless steel electrodes capacitively coupled with the plasma through a thin annular layer of boron nitride (BN) dielectric (also serves as the particle shield). When bombarded by the plasma electrons, BN provides a sufficiently large secondary electron emission for the induced voltage to be very close to the plasma potential. The probe consists of four stalks each with ten cylindrical capacitors that are radially separated by 1.5 cm. The four stalks are arranged on a 1.3 cm square grid so that at each radial position, there are four electrodes forming a square grid. Every two adjacent radial sets of four electrodes form a cube. The fluctuating electric field can be calculated by the gradient of the plasma potential fluctuations at the eight corners of the cube. The probe can be inserted up to 15 cm (r/a = 0.7) into the plasma. The capacitive probe has a frequency bandwidth from 13 Hz to 100 kHz, amplifier-circuit limit, sufficient for studying the tearing modes (5-30 kHz) in the MST reversed-field pinch.
A theoretical analysis to current exponent variation regularity and electromigration-induced failure
Authors: Wang Yuexing , Yao Yao
Published: February 2017

The electric current exponent, typically with j−n form, is a key parameter to predict electromigration-induced failure lifetime. It is experimentally observed that the current exponent depends on different damage mechanisms. In the current research, the physical mechanisms including void initiation, void growth, and joule heating effect are all taken into account to investigate the current exponent variation regularity. Furthermore, a physically based model to predict the mean time to failure is developed and the traditional Black's equation is improved with clear physical meaning. It is found that the solution to the resulting void initiation and growth equation yields a current exponent of 2 and 1, respectively. On the other hand, joule heating plays an important role in failure time prediction and will induce the current exponent n > 2 based on the traditional semi-empirical model. The predictions are in agreement with the experimental results.
Low-loss NiZnCo ferrite processed at low sintering temperature with matching permeability and permittivity for miniaturization of VHF-UHF antennas
Authors: Zheng Zongliang , Feng Quanyuan , Xiang Qianyin , Di Zhixiong , Harris Vincent G.
Published: February 2017

Spinel ferrites of a nominal composition of Ni0.5Zn0.3Co0.2Fe2O4 (NiZnCo) with various B2O3–Bi2O3–SiO2–ZnO (BBSZ) glass additions were successfully synthesized at a relatively low temperature of 930 °C for their potential applications as magneto-dielectric antenna substrate materials. Measurements of magnetic and dielectric properties show that, with an increasing content of BBSZ from 0 to 2 wt. %, the permeability μ′ at low frequencies was increased from ∼4.7 to ∼8.9, whereas the permittivity ε′ was improved from ∼5.9 to ∼12.5. These tunable permeability and permittivity were proved to be closely related to the grain size and density, based on the magnetic circuit model and effective medium theory. Importantly, the sample with 0.5 wt. % addition demonstrated the optimal magneto-dielectric performance with nearly equivalent values of μ′ and ε′, which yields a large miniaturization factor of ∼6.5 and the normalized impedance of ∼1 over the frequency range of 10 MHz–1 GHz. Moreover, this sample exhibits low loss characteristics over a wide frequency range, where the dielectric loss tan δε is in the order of 10−3 and the magnetic loss tan δμ is less than 0.15. These properties make the ferrite material a promising candidate for miniaturized antennas with good impedance matched to free space and open a great potential for low-temperature co-fired ceramic applications toward the practical fabrication and high integration of the antennas.
Probing current-induced magnetic fields in Au|YIG heterostructures with low-energy muon spin spectroscopy
Authors: Aqeel A. , Vera-Marun I. J. , Salman Z. , Prokscha T. , Suter A. , van Wees B. J. , Palstra T. T. M.
Published: February 2017

We investigated the depth dependence of current-induced magnetic fields in a bilayer of a normal metal (Au) and a ferrimagnetic insulator (Yttrium Iron Garnet—YIG) by using low energy muon spin spectroscopy (LE-μSR). This allows us to explore how these fields vary from the Au surface down to the buried Au|YIG interface, which is relevant to study physics like the spin-Hall effect. We observed a maximum shift of 0.4 G in the internal field of muons at the surface of Au film which is in close agreement with the value expected for Oersted fields. As muons are implanted closer to the Au|YIG interface, the shift is strongly suppressed, which we attribute to the dipolar fields present at the Au|YIG interface. Combining our measurements with modeling, we show that dipolar fields caused by the finite roughness of the Au|YIG interface consistently explain our observations. Our results, therefore, gauge the limits on the spatial resolution and the sensitivity of LE-μSR to the roughness of the buried magnetic interfaces, a prerequisite for future studies addressing current induced fields caused by the spin-accumulations due to the spin-Hall effect.
Cohomology of Heisenberg Lie superalgebras
Authors: Bai Wei , Liu Wende
Published: February 2017

Suppose the ground field to be algebraically closed and of characteristic different from 2 and 3. All Heisenberg Lie superalgebras consist of two super-versions of the Heisenberg Lie algebras, 𝔥2m,n and 𝔟𝔞n with m a non-negative integer and n a positive integer. The space of a “classical” Heisenberg Lie superalgebra 𝔥2m,n is the direct sum of a superspace with a non-degenerate anti-supersymmetric even bilinear form and a one-dimensional space of values of this form constituting the even center. The other super-analog of the Heisenberg Lie algebra, 𝔟𝔞n, is constructed by means of a non-degenerate anti-supersymmetric odd bilinear form with values in the one-dimensional odd center. In this paper, we study the cohomology of 𝔥2m,n and 𝔟𝔞n with coefficients in the trivial module by using the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequences relative to a suitable ideal. In the characteristic zero case, for any Heisenberg Lie superalgebra, we determine completely the Betti numbers and associative superalgebra structures for their cohomology. In the characteristic p > 3 case, we determine the associative superalgebra structure for the divided power cohomology of 𝔟𝔞n and we also make an attempt to determine the divided power cohomology of 𝔥2m,n by computing it in a low-dimensional case.
Photo-Hall-effect study of excitation and recombination in Fe-doped GaN
Authors: Look David C. , Leach Jacob H. , Metzger Robert
Published: February 2017

The photo-Hall-effect was applied to the study of electron dynamics in semi-insulating Fe-doped GaN. High-powered light-emitting diodes of wavelengths λ = 940, 536, 449, 402, and 365 nm were used to excite steady-state free-electron volume concentrations Δn = 105–108 cm−3, depending on λ and intensity I0. Electron lifetime τ was determined from the energy E dependence of the excited sheet electron concentration Δns through the relationship Δns = I0τA(E), where the absorbance A(E) is a known function of sample thickness d and absorption coefficient α, and the energy dependence of α is taken from a theory of deep-center photoionization. The major sample impurities were Fe, Si, and C, with [Fe] ≫ [Si] and [C]. Fitted lifetimes τ ranged from 15 to 170 ps, depending on [Fe]. It was found that Δns ∝ I0 for [Si] > [C] and ∝ I01/2 for [Si] < [C]; the latter dependence arises possibly from self-compensation of neutral C impurities by N-vacancy donors. For [Si] > [C], some of the neutral Fe3+ is converted to Fe2+ with ground state Fe2+(5E) and excited state Fe2+(5T2); a fit of n vs. temperature T over the range of 290–325 K in the dark establishes E5E with respect to the conduction band: ECB – E5E = 0.564 eV − β5ET, where β5E = 3.6 × 10−4 eV/K. At room temperature, 294 K, ECB – E5E = 0.46 eV and ECB – E5T2 = 0.07 eV.
Directional solidification of Al–8 wt. %Fe alloy under high magnetic field gradient
Authors: Wu Mingxu , Liu Tie , Dong Meng , Sun Jinmei , Dong Shulin , Wang Qiang
Published: February 2017

We investigated applying a magnetic field (up to 6 T) during directional solidification of a hypereutectic Al–8 wt. %Fe alloy, finding that it dramatically affected the final microstructure. A eutectic area appeared at the top of the samples, and as the magnetic flux density increased, the eutectic area clearly enlarged. In addition, the Al3Fe phase was twisted and fractured, and some phases aggregated and distributed randomly in the samples. We also investigated the volume fraction distribution of the Al3Fe phase, revealing that applying the magnetic field during solidification caused dramatic disorder in the solute and phase distributions. The magnetic force induced by the interaction between the magnetic field gradient and the magnetic materials appeared to be the main reason not only for the occurrence and enlargement of the eutectic area but also for the movement of Fe-enriched zones during directional solidification. Otherwise, the deformation and fracture of the Al3Fe phase, the morphological instability in the interface between the eutectic area and the Al3Fe phase, and the random distribution of the aggregated Al3Fe phase appeared to come from the thermoelectric magnetic force/thermoelectric magnetic convection under the magnetic field.
Enhanced electrocaloric effect near polymorphic phase boundary in lead-free potassium sodium niobate ceramics
Authors: Wang Xiangjian , Wu Jiagang , Dkhil Brahim , Xu Baixiang , Wang Xiaopeng , Dong Guohua , Yang Guang , Lou Xiaojie
Published: February 2017

The electrocaloric (EC) effect in lead-free (1-x)(K0.48Na0.52)(Nb0.95Sb0.05)O3-xBi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5ZrO3 ceramics was investigated using an indirect thermodynamic method. Large EC temperature changes were obtained in the vicinity of a polymorphic phase boundary at 40 kV/cm, e.g., 0.32 K at 359 K for x = 0.03, 0.51 K at 350 K for x = 0.04, and 0.48 K at 300 K for x = 0.05, respectively. These values are larger than the previous results at inter-ferroelectric phase transition and, more interestingly, are found to be comparable to those usually explored at the Curie temperature. The operational temperature window is broad near the polymorphic phase boundary due to the diffuseness of the phase transition. The enhanced electrocaloric effect is attributed to the formation of nanodomains near the polymorphic phase boundary, which reduces domain wall energy and facilitates the polarization rotation. The construction of a polymorphic phase boundary and the arrangement of coexisting phases at the nanoscale may open a promising route to explore EC materials.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Co2MnGa and its anomalous Hall effect
Authors: Ludbrook B. M. , Ruck B. J. , Granville S.
Published: February 2017

We report perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the ferromagnetic Heusler alloy Co2MnGa in a MgO/Co2MnGa/Pd trilayer stack for Co2MnGa thicknesses up to 3.5 nm. There is a thickness- and temperature-dependent spin reorientation transition from perpendicular to in-plane magnetic anisotropy, which we study through the anomalous Hall effect. From the temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall effect, we observe the expected scaling of ρxyAHE with ρxx, suggesting that the intrinsic and side-jump mechanisms are largely responsible for the anomalous Hall effect in this material.
Low escape-rate genome safeguards with minimal molecular perturbation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Agmon Neta , Tang Zuojian , Yang Kun , Sutter Ben , Ikushima Shigehito , Cai Yizhi , Caravelli Katrina , Martin James A. , Sun Xiaoji , Choi Woo Jin , Zhang Allen , Stracquadanio Giovanni , Hao Haiping , Tu Benjamin P. , Fenyo David , Bader Joel S. , Boeke Jef D.
Published: February 2017

Significance

As the use of synthetic biology grows, there is an increasing need to ensure biocontainment both to protect engineered proprietary strains and to mitigate potential inadvertent or advertent release to the environment. Here, we screen for the best-performing construct for essential gene-dependent transcriptional safeguards (SGs) in yeast. We have engineered strains that have near-WT fitness and a low escape rate, and grow in the presence of a nanomolar concentration of essential supplement. We also improved our “safeguard” construct by promoter engineering, as well as by analyzing a series of potential “decoy molecules” that could be used to mask the existence of critical chemical ligands required to grow the SG strain.
State of the Scholarship in Classics on Ancient Roman Rhetoric
Authors: Kennerly Michele , Lamp Kathleen S.
Published: February 2017

Limiting ourselves to scholarly books published in English from 2009–2016, we survey classics scholarship about rhetoric in ancient Rome from the late republic through the early empire. We seek traditional threads and growing trends across those works that advance our understanding of rhetoric’s practical, theoretical, and material manifestations during that time of tumult and transition. We begin broadly, using companion books to delineate three structural pillars in the scholarship: rhetoric as a formal cultural system, the republic as subject to ruptures and reinventions, and Cicero as a foremost statesman of the late republic. Then we move into scholarship that draws upon nontraditional rhetorical objects, such as art, and that moves into increasingly vibrant areas of interest in rhetoric, such as the senses. Overall, we find that classicists writing about ancient Roman rhetorical culture share with their counterparts in rhetoric an urge to test old verities and to add historical depth to larger scholarly turns within the humanities.
Democratization, post-industrialization, and East Asian welfare capitalism: the politics of welfare state reform in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Authors: Fleckenstein Timo , Lee Soohyun Christine
Published: February 2017

This review article provides an overview of the scholarship on the establishment and reform of East Asian welfare capitalism. The developmental welfare state theory and the related productivist welfare regime approach have dominated the study of welfare states in the region. This essay, however, shows that a growing body of research challenges the dominant literature. We identify two key driving factors of welfare reform in East Asia, namely democratization and post-industrialization; and discuss how these two drivers have undermined the political and functional underpinnings of the post-war equilibrium of the East Asian welfare/production regime. Its unfolding transformation and the new politics of social policy in the region challenge the notion of “East Asian exceptionalism”, and we suggest that recent welfare reforms call for a better integration of the region into the literature of advanced political economies to allow for cross-fertilization between Eastern and Western literatures.
Phyx: phylogenetic tools for unix
Authors: Brown Joseph W , Walker Joseph F , Smith Stephen A
Published: February 2017

The ease with which phylogenomic data can be generated has drastically escalated the computational burden for even routine phylogenetic investigations. To address this, we present phyx: a collection of programs written in C ++ to explore, manipulate, analyze and simulate phylogenetic objects (alignments, trees and MCMC logs). Modelled after Unix/GNU/Linux command line tools, individual programs perform a single task and operate on standard I/O streams that can be piped to quickly and easily form complex analytical pipelines. Because of the stream-centric paradigm, memory requirements are minimized (often only a single tree or sequence in memory at any instance), and hence phyx is capable of efficiently processing very large datasets.

Availability and Implementation

phyx runs on POSIX-compliant operating systems. Source code, installation instructions, documentation and example files are freely available under the GNU General Public License at https://github.com/FePhyFoFum/phyx

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Morphometric analysis of Passiflora leaves: the relationship between landmarks of the vasculature and elliptical Fourier descriptors of the blade
Authors: Chitwood Daniel H. , Otoni Wagner C.
Published: February 2017

Background: Leaf shape among Passiflora species is spectacularly diverse. Underlying this diversity in leaf shape are profound changes in the patterning of the primary vasculature and laminar outgrowth. Each of these aspects of leaf morphology—vasculature and blade—provides different insights into leaf patterning.

Results: Here, we morphometrically analyze >3300 leaves from 40 different Passiflora species collected sequentially across the vine. Each leaf is measured in two different ways: using 1) 15 homologous Procrustes-adjusted landmarks of the vasculature, sinuses, and lobes; and 2) Elliptical Fourier Descriptors (EFDs), which quantify the outline of the leaf. The ability of landmarks, EFDs, and both datasets together are compared to determine their relative ability to predict species and node position within the vine. Pairwise correlation of x and y landmark coordinates and EFD harmonic coefficients reveals close associations between traits and insights into the relationship between vasculature and blade patterning.

Conclusions: Landmarks, more reflective of the vasculature, and EFDs, more reflective of the blade contour, describe both similar and distinct features of leaf morphology. Landmarks and EFDs vary in ability to predict species identity and node position in the vine and exhibit a correlational structure (both within landmark or EFD traits and between the two data types) revealing constraints between vascular and blade patterning underlying natural variation in leaf morphology among Passiflora species.
Locating Indian Constitutionalism
Authors: Choudhry Sujit , Khosla Madhav , Bhanu Mehta Pratap
Published: February 2017

This chapter explores the historical commitment to the idea of constitutionalism and how the framers understood India’s constitutional project. It begins with an overview of the concept of ‘constitutional morality’ as it relates to the Indian Constitution, along with the cosmopolitan character of Indian constitutionalism. It then considers some of the tensions that have characterised constitutional law in India, with particular emphasis on some of the sources of these tensions, for instance the debate between centralisation and decentralisation. It also discusses the major axes around which the normative and institutional imagination of the Indian Constitution is articulated and concludes by analysing the character of constitutional development in India and paying attention to the forces that have shaped its evolution.
The Indian Founding
Authors: Lerner Hanna
Published: February 2017

This chapter examines the making of the Indian Constitution from a comparative perspective, with particular emphasis on some of the significant and innovative aspects of the drafting process. After discussing constitution drafting in the post-colonial/post-World War II period, it considers the debate in the Indian Constituent Assembly over what it means to be an Indian and how the Constitution should facilitate political unity in the face of immense cultural, religious, and national diversity. It then explores some of the innovative constitutional strategies developed by the Indian framers to reconcile the deep disagreements among the Indian public regarding the religious, national, and linguistic identity of the State with the principles of democracy. These strategies include constitutional incrementalism, the deferral of controversial decisions, ambiguity, and non-justiciability.
Constitutional Identity
Authors: Jacobsohn Gary Jeffrey
Published: February 2017

This chapter examines the concept of constitutional identity as it applies to the Indian Constitution. It first considers the problem of constitutional identity, with particular emphasis on the preservative function of the constitution. It then explains how the constitution acquires an identity that emerges dialogically and represents a combination of political aspirations and commitments reflective of a nation’s past. It also explores the static and dynamic perspectives on identity with regard to the transformational agenda of Indian constitutionalism, along with the underlying politics of constitutional identity and the judiciary’s articulation of the meaning of constitutional identity. The chapter concludes by reviewing two highly controversial cases that have important implications for India’s constitutional identity.
Elections
Authors: Sondhi Aditya
Published: February 2017

This chapter examines India’s constitutional framework and its mechanisms that govern and control the electoral process, especially those that go beyond the domain of election law and raise a host of constitutional issues. Before discussing these mechanisms, their operation, and the extent to which they are justifiable, the chapter provides an overview of the right to vote and how it is treated in the Indian Constitution as a fundamental right. It then considers the Election Commission and its duties and functions, and proceeds by outlining the three levels by which elections are regulated in India: the first relates to the preparation of the electoral roll; the second stage to the electoral process; and the third to the outcome and verdict. Finally, it looks at potential challenges to free and fair elections, such as those posed by the problem of campaign finance.
Legislature
Authors: Madhavan M. R.
Published: February 2017

This chapter discusses the composition of Parliament and the State legislatures in India. It examines the qualifications and disqualifications applicable for membership to the legislative branch of government. India is a federal state, with a parliamentary form of government comprised of legislatures at the Union and State levels. The Indian Parliament consists of two Houses: the Rajya Sabha (the Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (the House of the People). The Rajya Sabha is an indirectly elected House whose members represent various States and Union Territories, whereas members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected from territorial constituencies. This chapter first considers some of the issues relating to the composition of the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha before explaining the qualifications and disqualifications of members of both Houses. In doing so, it provides an account of Articles 79 to 104 (Parliament) and Articles 168 to 193 (State legislatures) of the Indian Constitution.
Tribunals
Authors: Thiruvengadam Arun
Published: February 2017

This chapter examines the constitutional status of tribunals in India and how the law and policy on tribunals have evolved since 1950. It presents a brief historical background on the evolution of tribunals in India, starting from the origin of tribunals and debates among law reform bodies from 1950 to 1975 to the Swaran Singh Committee report recommending the creation of tribunals to combat delays in the Indian legal system. It then reviews constitutional litigation over tribunals during the period 1985–2014, focusing on the Sampath Kumar and other cases after it, along with the National Company Law Tribunals. It also considers the debate over the ‘tribunalisation’ of the Indian legal system and the constitutional arguments that have been raised to challenge the validity of particular tribunals. Finally, it looks at recent criticism of the growth of tribunals by practicing lawyers and argues that calls for their abolition are impractical.