bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sociology of Sport in Spain
Authors: Puig Nuria
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the present-day situation of the Sociology of Sport in Spain. In the first place, it analyzes how sport progressed from being a social concern to an object for sociological study. The second part of the article deals with the institutional framework in which the teaching of and research into the Sociology of Sport take place, considered to be a crucial dynamic factor in the emergence of the discipline. The final section deals with the themes, authors, theories and methods predominant today.
Football and the Politics of Carnival: An Ethnographic Study of Scottish Fans in Sweden
Authors: Giulianotti Richard
Published: March 2007

At football's 1992 European Championship Finals in Sweden, the 5,000 Scottish fans ('The Tartan Army') attending, won the UEFA 'Fair Play' award for their friendly and sporting conduct. The award appears to be the culmination of a major 'change' in the international identity of the Scottish supporter over the last two decades. However, as this paper seeks to demonstrate, the nature of Scottish support's behaviour and cultural identity is the subject of strong contestation among the Scottish football and policing authorities, the media and the supporters themselves. In the first part of the paper, the socio-historical and logistical background to the tournament is outlined. Key issues her relate to whether the fans accept the 'official' position that their behaviour and outlook has changed significantly, and what significance may be ascribed to 'anti-hooligan' legislation. The conflict may partly be explained by the auhorities' and fans' differing definitions of the supporters' social 'carnival' at matchs, and whether this is considered to be ritualised (safe) or excessive (potentially disorderly). The second half of the paper chronicles, through participant observation and interview research, the social performances and discourses of the Scottish supporters during the Swedish tournament. Internal divisios are noted, relating to region, domestic club affiliation, age, and social class/wealth; these are gradually overcome through collectivisation, around shared attitudes of sociable drinking, anti-Englishness, masculine identity and gregarious fandom. Also highlighted is the symbolic battle for control over the representation of the fans' identity and behaviour, between media, fans and the authorities. The paper concludes by noting that this conflict has continued beyond the tournament, through the authorities' recolonising of the fans' victorious identity, and the media's challenge to their sportsmanship in defeat.
Structure and Preferences of Fundamental Values of Young Athletes Do they differ from Non-Athletes and from young People with Alternative Leisure Activities?
Authors: Mielke Rosemarie , Bahlke Steffen
Published: March 2007

The influence of sport on ethical values of young people is analyzed in two empirical studies. The systematic variation of sport intensity level revealed some differences which could be further interpreted by studying the effects of being engaged in different leisure activities. The results contradict the assumption of social experiences in sport being different with respect to values from those in other kinds of leisure activities. The studies undermine the belief of sport being a builder of character.
"A Besieged Tribe"?: Nostalgia, White Cultural Identity and the Role of Rugby in a changing South Africa
Authors: Nauright John
Published: March 2007

South African society has been in a state of tremendous changes in recent years. These changes have been seen by many whites as a threat to their society and "way of life". South African rugby success through its national team, the Springboks, has been one of the most potent sites for the demonstration of white power and cultural identity. This paper explores actions of white rugby fans on South Africa's return to international rugby against their arch-rivals the New Zealand All Blacks in 1992 in the context of white cultural retreat into nostalgic representations of the past in resisting cultural assimilation within a black dominated new South Africa.

For that moment inside the concrete bowl, it seemed like a besieged tribe had gathered to take strength in their numbers and to send, from the protected citadel, a message of defiance to their perceived persecutors.

Shaun Johnson, Star, 17 August 1992.

Let us, as loyal South Africans, rise in mass and shout loudly and clearly: We love our country, its flag and our national anthem, "Die Stem".

We will not be forced by the ANC and its Communist associates into losing our identity. Mrs. M. Severin, Boksburg, Letter to Citizen, 20 August 1992.
The Fining of Vinnie Jones
Authors: King Anthony
Published: March 2007

This article is a hermeneutic analysis of the symbolic deployment of a player, Vinnie Jones, at a certain moment in football culture. It examines the meanings which various groups involved in football called up in the creation of and response to the video, 'Soccer's Hard Men'. The piece situates these meanings within postmodern English culture which is defined by reference to Jameson's (1991) and Martin's (1985) discussions of this term. The article attempts to connect the meanings which 'Vinnie' embodies for various groups with the politics of those groups. The piece suggests that the video deploys certain 'postmodern' and contradictory meanings in order to ensure its sales and goes onto examine the politics of the FA's interpretation of 'Vinnie' as a symbol. The article tries to sketch the linkage between this interpretation and the FA's notion of the Premier League and the FA's attempt to legitimate this notion.
A Macrohistoric Trend Toward World Government
Authors: Marano Louis A.
Published: March 2007

From the days of the Mesopotamian Empire to the present, Julian Steward's cyclical empires have tended to grow larger, millennium by millennium. Here the areas of twenty-eight large Old World empires are measured. The results suggest that, if the trend continues, a peace ful world order is probable within three thousand years: 2,600 years later than Naroll's prediction.
Migration, External Warfare, and Matrilocal Residence
Authors: Divale William Tulio
Published: March 2007

It is suggested that matrilocal (uxorilocal) residence is an adaptive re sponse to the disequilibrium that occurs when a virilocal or patrilocal soci ety migrates into an alrcady inhabited region. The sudden immigration will result in external warfare between the migrating and indigenous so cieties. Most of the world's societics (approximately 70 percent) practice patrilocal residence and are characterized by the presence of fraternal interest groups, which have been shown to be conducive to the frequent feuding and internal warfare that also characterizes these societies. In the face of severe external warfare, the chances of successful adaptation would be increased if these societies could cease their feuding and internal war and instead concentrate all their resources against the other society. Matrilocal residence accomplishes this, because the dishersal of males from their natal villages upon marriage results in the breakup of fraternol interest groups. This theory was tested on a probability sample of forty-three so cieties, using rigorous Narollian techniques and several statistical methods. Test results show that, in contrast to patrilocal societies, matrilocal societies tend to have recently migrated and to practice only external warfare. Com monly held rival theories of matrilocality concerning environment and female predominance in subsistence were also tested and failed to pro duce significant correlations.
Charismatic Heads of State: The Social Context
Authors: Cell Charles P.
Published: March 2007

Weber's concept of charisma is elaborated and refined with reference to thirty-four heads of state who have held office during this century. These leaders have been systematically compared and ranked with reference to their level of charisma. Situational variables are presented, with a view to explaining the presence of charisma. The important variables, conceptu ally and statistically, are isolated. Taken together, they account for over half of the observed variance in charisma.
Technology on the Northwest Coast: An Analysis of Overall Similarities
Authors: Donald Leland , Mertton Jacquelyn
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a description and interpretation of the similarities of the precontact technologies (represented by 172 technological variables) of twenty-eight Indian groups on the Northwest Coast of North America. It is shown that relative proximity will "account for" much of the overall pattern of technological similarities as revealed by a Smallest Space Analysis of the matrix of similarity coefficients of the twenty-eight groups. Environ mental characteristics seem to account for most of the deviations from similarities based on proximity. The relations among the groups for seven subcategories of technology are also briefly examined.
The Standardized Diffusion Test
Authors: Zucker Harold Gene
Published: March 2007

An accurate and flexible method for measuring cultural diffusion is presented. When the diffusion of pairs of traits is measured, the method constitutes a solution to Galton's problem. Application of the method to data on the association of patrilocal residence with patrilineal descent indicates that the association is based on diffusion rather than function.
Galton's Problem and HRAFLIB
Authors: Naroll Raoul
Published: March 2007

Two aspects of Galton's problem are considered here—the tendency for cultural diffusion to inflate coefficients of correlation and also its tendency to inflate the number of independent cases for significance tests. Spatial autocorrelation is seen as a generally useful tool for measuring and control ling the influence of diffusion. The Strauss-Orans cluster reduction method reduces spatial autocorrelation in 2 x 2 matrices. In special cases, cluster reduction may eliminate Galton's problem entirely by eliminating spatial autocorrelation of key variables. Wirsing's second order partials reduce in flated correlation coefficients. The Orcutt-James correction reduces inflated sample sizes. Where none of these approaches is useful, Zucker's cluster difference test may be helpful. HRAF plans to apply these methods to its HRAFLIB computer program library.
Murdock-White Interdependence Alignment of Ethnographic Atlas Culture Clusters
Authors: Loftin Colin , Hill Robert H. , Naroll Raoul , Margolis Enid
Published: March 2007

The Murdock-White sampling alignment, prepared for their Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, is the procedure of choice for solving Galton's problem, in place of any of Naroll's alignments. In order to use the Mur dock-White alignment for societies other than the 186 in their sample, it is necessary to take advantage of the Loftin-Hill concordance, which cov ers the 862 societies of the 1967 Ethnographic Atlas. However, Loftin and Hill's original concordance is ambiguous with respect to the placement of 32 societies, including such well-known ones as the Rwala, the Sanussi, the French, the Hupa, the Yurok, and the Karok. Loftin and Hill also did not classify the Tzeltal or any of the dozens of Overseas European soci eties. This paper claims to resolve these difficulties and thus to make the full 1967 Ethnographic Atlas list available for the Murdock-White align ment procedure. A revised concordance is presented as an appendix.
The Growth of Hologeistic Studies : 1889-1975
Authors: Schaefer James M. , Levinson David
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the growth of hologeistic, cross-cultural studies since 1889. The rapid rate of recent hologeistic research is demonstrated graphically. The productivity of hologeistic work is quantitatively re viewed, and the development of an invisible college or network of re searchers is outlined. Factors such as data banking, methodology theory, and money are examined as stimuli for the recent growth in this field. Speculations about theory testing and the future are made.
Women in the HRAF Files: A Consideration of Ethnographer Bias
Authors: Martin M. Marlene
Published: March 2007

The presence of male bias in ethnographic reporting and in the selec tion of sources which go into the HRAF Files is investigated here. Female ethnographers are represented in a greater proportion in the HRAF Files than they are in the anthropological literature as a whole; and males and females cover essentially the same topics in general ethnographies. The latter result could be interpreted to mean either the presence or the absence of male bias and points to a need for further research.
Hey, You Can't Do That: A Response To Divale And Harris's 'Population, Warfare And The Male Supremacist Complex'
Authors: Fjellman Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the methodology employed by Divale and Harris (1976) in their paper, "Population, Warfare and the Male Supremacist Complex". It argues that their sampling and statistical pro cedures are incorrect, and that their hypotheses cannot be tested on the data as presented.
Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Personality Organization Among Mexican and American Elementary School Children
Authors: Rohner Ronald P. , Roll Samuel , Rohner Evelyn C.
Published: March 2007

We administered the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) and the Personality Assessment Questionnaire ( PAQ) to 175 elementary school children in Monterrey, Mexico. We compared the results of the same tests given to 220 elementary school children in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The Monterrey children perceive their parents as more rejecting and report themselves more negaticely in terms of certam per sonality dispositions than do the Washington, D.C. children. The results of these comparisons conform both with expectations derived from the literature on Mexican family and personality organization and with those derived from parental acceptance-rejection theory. We obtained significant social class differences only within the Mexican sample: middle class Mon terrey school children perceive their parents as more rejecting and report their own behavior in more negative terms than do working class children. We discuss these results in terms of middle class versus working class family structure.
Search and Research in Ethnology: Continuous Comparative Analysis1
Authors: Maxwellt Eleanor Krassen , Maxwell Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents continuous comparative analysis as a research method suitable for examining data cross-culturally. We describe com paring as a universal cognitive process, basic to all sociological and an thropological endeavors. We present the comparative process in cross- cultural research and suggest that differences in anthropological research strategies appear for two reasons: First, some researchers are prepared to test hypotheses across cultures, while others believe that such tests are premature and are satisfied at this stage to develop plausible theories of human nature. To test hypotheses, researchers must concern themselves with the comparability of their population units. To generate hypotheses, investigators question each other about the comparability of their analytic units. Second, research goals require varying balance between stages of induction and deduction and vary in how long the process of alternating between induction and deduction may be maintained. Continuous com parative analysis is a suitable method for cross-cultural research because it enables us to continue the comparative process basic to our discipline throughout the research task.
An Application of the Outline of Cultural Materials to Film Information
Authors: Muschio Glen
Published: March 2007

I describe here a coding and retrieval system to integrate film informa tion with printed social science material. The system is based on the Outline of Cultural Materials (OCM) (Murdock et al. 1971), a topical classification scheme. I use the Human Relations Area Files and its Automated Biblio graphic System (HABS) format as the means of integration. To get a film ready for OCM coding, the video tape is divided into sections containing both visual and aural information; then HRAF File slips are prepared on the basis of the video tape divisions; an OCM video index describes each video tape section. The result, a HABS film profile, provides information about the structure of the film, funding institution, names and backgrounds of the film makers. Appendix A explains experimental modification with the OCM; Appendix B contains an OCM video tape index of the film "Kenya Boran"; Appendix C presents a HABS film profile for "Kenya Boran."
A Note about Temporal Foci in the HRAF Probability Sample Files
Authors: Swanson Eleanor C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this note is to identify files in the HRAF sixty culture Probability Sample A that provide ethnographic information on more than one time period for a single cultural unit. The materials are meant to be a guide for research on problems requiring diachronic data.
Cross-Cultural Comparison and the Problem of Associating Warfare, Sex Ratio and Polygyny
Authors: Liebow Edward
Published: March 2007

In this paper I reconsider the evidence for saying that polygyny has historically been a response to imbalanced sex ratios often brought about by warfare. I suggest refinements and revisions to categories and variables for cross-cultural comparisons involving both demo graphic and social organizational concerns. And I identify problems with coding of census data, and explore the problems associated with the use of dichotomous marriage form variables. An accurate characterization of a society's marriage arrangements must account for both the incidence and intensity of polygyny, as well as its pres ence or absence. Characterizing the involvement of females in poly gynous marriages provides important insight into both historical and contemporary social demographic processes.
Bride Wealth, an Alternate View
Authors: Szklut Jay
Published: March 2007

In this paper I view the amount of bride wealth paid as a distinct part of a larger bride wealth institution, and present an economic explanation for the variation in amount paid among the pastoralists of East Africa. Citing the importance of labor and nomadic movements to the size of pastoral cattle herds, the amount of bride wealth paid is seen as a function of these constraints. Statistical analysis of the data on bride wealth and nomadic pattern yields a nearly perfect cor relation supporting this view.
Why There Are So Few Women Warriors
Authors: Adams David B.
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural iiiethodologj, suggests that it,ot?ieti are excluded frorn warfare not so iiiiich because of sex differences in aggressioeness or strength, but instead because of a contradiction arising from i?7arital residency systeliis that arose, in turn, as a function of warfare. Under conditions of internal warfare (war against neighboring communities sharing the same language) many stateless cultures may have adopted patrilocal exogamous marital residency (the bride comes from a dif ferent community and comes to live with the family of the husband). Under these conditions the wife is faced with contradictory loyalties during warfare, because her husband may go to war against her brothers and father. It appears that women have been excluded historically from warfare in order to resolve this contradiction and protect the security of the warrior husbands. This explanation is supported by other findings that women do fight as warriors in certain cultures in which warfare or marital residency rules are structured in such a way that the contradiction does not arise.
Ecology, Social Structure, and Blood Feud1
Authors: Fleising Usher , Goldenberg Sheldon
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural research has indicated a correlation between social structural indicators of close-knit networks and feud. It has been argued by other investigators that such a relationship is spurious and that ecological variables account for the covariation. This spuriousness hypothesis is tested, employing ecological measures from the Ethno graphic Atlas and two foraging indicators derived from theoretical ecology. A conditional model is found to account for the relationship between ecology, feud, and social structure.
Naroll's Analysis of Alcohol Problems
Authors: Barry Herbert
Published: March 2007

Raoul Naroll, in his book The Moral Order, emphasized the need for strong social affiliations. Weak social affiliations, which he called weak moralnets, result in alcohol problems and various other types of moral disorders. The author proposes to extend Naroll's explanation by describing a weak moralnet as a component of an intense conflict between an exaggerated desire for self-sufficiency and a frustrated desire for dependency. The intense conflict induces an addictive craving for alcohol because intoxication satisfies both conflicting desires. Strong moralnets prevent and alleviate alcohol problems by counteracting an exaggerated desire for self-sufficiency. A weaker desire for self-sufficiency enables the person to satisfy the desire for dependency.
Church-State Relations and the Association of Religiosity With Values: A Study of Catholics in Six Countries
Authors: Roccas Sonia , Schwartz Shalom H.
Published: March 2007

Past research has shown that individual religiosity relates posi tively to valuing conformity, security, tradition, and benevolence toward close others, and negatively to valuing stimulation, self- direction, universalism, power, and achievement. These findings replicated in four different religions in five countries where church- state relations were cordial. The authors postulate that opposition between church and state modifies the associations of values with religiosity because it influences the social and psychological func tions of religiosity in society. Data from samples in six Roman Catholic countries (N = 2,274) confirmed the following hypotheses: In countries with oppositional relations between church and state during the years that preceded data gathering (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary), religiosity correlates less positively with valu ing conformity and security, more negatively with valuing power and achievement, and more positively with valuing universalism than in countries with cordial separation of church and state (Italy, Spain, Portugal).
Intergenerational Patterns in Beliefs About Women's Roles Among Adolescents and Their Parents in the Czech Republic
Authors: Shebloski Barbara , Gibbons Judith L.
Published: March 2007

Sixty-nine dyads consisting of an adolescent (age 15 or 16) and his or her parent living in the Polish-speaking region of the Czech Republic completed the adolescent or short version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Galambos, Petersen, Richards, & Gitelson, 1985; Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973). The attitudes of parents and their adolescent children were significantly correlated, and the younger generation expressed less traditional attitudes than did their parents. In addition, mothers and adolescent girls held more egalitarian (less traditional) beliefs than did their male counterparts. These results suggest that attitudes toward women's roles may be becoming less traditional in the Czech Republic as in other parts of the world and that even in a rapidly changing society, parents and their adolescent children share beliefs about appropriate gender roles.
AMPA Receptors: Players in Calcium-Mediated Neuronal Injury?
Authors: Gaspary Heidi L.
Published: March 2007

AMPA receptors mediate a majority of fast, excitatory neurotransmissions in the CNS. AMPA receptors are multimeric proteins composed of one or more of four subunits, termed GluR1-4. Structure-function studies using recombinant AMPA receptor subunits have demonstrated the importance of an arginine residue at the Q/R site within the second transmembrane domain of the GluR2 subunit in conferring the selectivity of the receptor for monovalent cations. Native AMPA receptors in the adult, mammalian CNS are multimeric proteins that are largely calcium-impermeable because of the presence of the dominant GluR2 subunit. Populations of cells in both the developing and adult brain, however, express AMPA receptors that lack the GluR2 subunit and thus are cal cium-permeable. The function of these calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CPARs) is unknown. Such cells may, however, be selectively vulnerable to excitotoxic injury. After severe global cerebral ischemia in rats, GluR2 expression is selectively downregulated in the vulnerable CA1 region of the hippocampus before the onset of ischemic cell death. Thus AMPA receptor activation may contribute to the excessive accumulation of intra cellular calcium that is thought to mediate irreversible cell injury. This article reviews the molecular basis of CPARs and discusses their possible role in mediating excitotoxic injury. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:149-153, 1998
REVIEW ■ : Molecular Basis of Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes: Mutations in the Acetylcholine Receptor
Authors: Engel Andrew G. , Ohno Kinji , Wang Hai-Long , Milone Margherita , Sine Steven M.
Published: March 2007

The congenital myasthenic syndromes include end-plate (EP) acetylcholinesterase deficiency, presynaptic abnormalities affecting the evoked release or size of transmitter quanta, and acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (AChR) channelopathies stemming from a kinetic abnormality and/or deficiency of AChR. A kinetic abnor mality predicts, and AChR deficiency may predict, one or more mutations in an AChR subunit gene. These clues have led to the identification of 53 mutations in different subunits of AChR in 55 kinships of the congenital myasthenic syndromes. The mutations either increase or decrease the response to ACh, produce AChR deficiency, or both. In the slow-channel syndromes, prolonged opening episodes of AChR cause cationic overloading of the EP and an EP myopathy; the mutations occur in different subunits and different domains of the subunits and have dominant positive effects. The M1 and M2 mutations slow channel closure, increase apparent affinity for ACh, and variably enhance desensitization, and the extracellular αG153S enhances affinity for ACh, promoting reopening of the diliganded receptor. In the low-affinity fast-channel syndrome, εP121L reduces affinity for ACh and reopening of the diliganded receptor, resulting in a de creased response to ACh and shorter burst durations. Severe EP AChR deficiency results from heterozy gous or homozygous mutations that terminate translation prematurely; these are concentrated in the ε subunit, probably because substitution of the fetal γ for the adult ε subunit can rescue the phenotype from fatal null mutations in ε. Variable AChR deficiency and variable functional abnormalities stem from hetero allelic nonsense and missense mutations in AChR subunit genes. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:185-194, 1998
Review : Otx and Emx Homeobox Genes in Brain Development
Authors: Boncinelli Edoardo
Published: March 2007

A number of gene families have recently been identified that play a role in the control of the development of the central nervous system of vertebrates. Many of these genes are homeobox genes. The most well- known and best-studied among them are the Hox genes. Collectively, these control regionalization and cell identity in the developing hindbrain and spinal cord. Other homeobox gene families, including the Otx and Emx genes, control brain development. In particular, Otx2 seems to play a crucial role in the early estab lishment of the rostral brain; Otx1 and Otx2 cooperate to define the posterior boundary of midbrain; and Emx1 and Emx2 play a major role in the developing cerebral cortex. Some of these results may be relevant for the deeper understanding of congenital brain defects and multifactorial brain disorders. NEURO SCIENTIST 5:164-172, 1999
Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Psychiatry
Authors: Sanacora Gerard , Rothman Douglas , Krystal John H.
Published: March 2007

The inaccessibility of the human brain to biochemical studies has historically challenged the ability of in vestigators to elucidate the pathophysiology of psychiatric syndromes. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) now provides a noninvasive means of assessing neurochemistry in vivo. Since the first application of the technique to the study of the human brain, many new advances have been made. This new technology broadens the applications of the MRS. The major principles of the technique and compounds currently available for study are discussed in this article. A brief review of current and future applications of the technology to the field of psychiatry are discussed. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:192-196, 1999
Simulation of Structure Control and Controller Design Within a Finite Element Code
Authors: Zehn M.W. , Enzmann M.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates some aspects of control by using large-order finite element models and low-order controllers for suppression of vibration (active damping), in terms of both controller simulation and design. It is fundamental for understanding interaction in an actively controlled structure to have an accurate model. The basis structure as well as active elements can be modeled with appropriate elements within a finite element (FE) code. It leads to rather complex FE models in particular if 3-D modeling is applied. Optimal sensor and actuator location and collocation are not topics of the current paper. However complex the FE model might be, it always lacks in reality. Moreover, model reduction techniques are necessary to make a controller design feasible. To close the gap between the FE model and reality, experimental modal identification is used to correct the FE model with an updating procedure before putting to use the controller design and simulation. To integrate controller design methods and the simulation of control action into an FE package, appropriate interfaces between structure and controller have to be designed. From the control system designer's point of view, the definition of these interfaces must absolutely take into consideration the nature of the plant and the possible control design methods. The control of mechanical structures will in most cases be a multiple input—multiple output (MIMO) problem. To do all that preliminary work before testing and final tuning on real structure within the FE system is a challenging undertaking, but it can reduce the number of experiments necessary for final design of the controller. And, on the other hand, influences on the controller of change in the structure can be examined. The paper concludes with four examples of different complexity to illustrate methods and tools that can be very helpful in design and testing of structural controllers.
Analysis and Design of Delayed Resonator in Discrete Domain
Authors: Olgac Nejat , Elmali Hakan
Published: March 2007

The delayed resonator (DR) is a new active vibration absorption technique that uses time-delayed partial state feedback to generate ideal resonance on a passive vibration absorber. It has many attractive features such as real-time tunability, ease of implementation, and total suppression of vibration for tonal frequency disturbances. The DR controller has been developed in continuous domain until now. In this paper, discrete domain analysis is presented. Simulation results indicate an expected dependency of stability on the sampling period for this active control strategy. A major advantage of discrete domain analysis is the reduction of characteristic roots from infinite to finite numbers and consequent simplicity in the analysis and design of the controller. It is shown that discrete domain control design for DR yields better vibration suppression considering the sampled control structure in implementations.
Support Hyperplane Method for Response Set of a Class of Vibration System With Uncertain Excitations
Authors: He Cai-Ying , Zhang Jing-Hui
Published: March 2007

A support hyperplane method is presented to find the response set defined for a linear time-invariant vibration system with the excitations modeled by some convex sets. The method is based on analytical results characterizing the solutions to a class of optimization problems that determine support hyperplanes of the response set. The problem of deriving the convex responses of a multiple-degree-of-freedom vibration system is changed into finding a response set. The analytical expressions are obtained for some typical convex models, and a comparison of the results is given.
A Taylor Series Approach for Nonlinear H∞Control Applications
Authors: Voulgaris Petros G. , Xin Chen
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the application of a Taylor series approximation scheme for the solution of Hamilton-Jacobi equations that are related to nonlinear H∞ control problems. The scheme is realized entirely in Matlab software and is evaluated on an inverted pendulum control problem as well as on the longitudinal control of a tail-less aircraft. The results indicate that this method has a high potential as a design tool for nonlinear systems and flight control.
Self-Synchronization of Transient Rotations in Multiple Shaft Systems
Authors: Dimentberg M. , Cobb E. , Mensching J.
Published: March 2007

Self-synchronization of shafts is a well-known nonlinear phenomenon, whereby two (or more) un balanced shafts on a common movable structure may rotate synchronously due to interaction via structural vibrations only, even in the absence of any direct kinematic coupling. The phenomenon had been studied extensively by asymptotic methods to predict possible (multiple) steady-state rotational motions and to eval uate their stability—mostly with application to the design of vibrators with a reduced number of driving motors. Certain cases of undesirable shaft self-synchronization in engineering had also been studied, but only steady-state motions were analyzed. This paper presents results of numerical simulation for transient self- synchronization of rotating shafts, one potential application being gas turbine engines with multiple shafts. While the shafts' design rotation speeds are usually different, they may "cross over" in transient motions— such as during coastdown of one of the shafts in an emergency situation (e.g., due to loss of a blade). But even if a stable steady-state synchronous rotation is possible at this rotation speed, it may not necessarily be implemented. Depending on their relative acceleration (or deceleration) rate, the shafts may either become captured (tangled) in a steady-state synchronous rotation or pass it. The case of two shafts on a rigid trans lating foundation with relatively soft suspension springs is considered, with one of these shafts rotating with a constant speed as governed by a given torque-speed characteristic of the motor and the other one coasting down from the higher original speed. A parametric study is made for the passage/capture threshold for this pair of shafts.
Experimental Study on an Impact Vibration Absorber
Authors: Ekwaro-Osire S. , Desen I.C.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the effects of mass ratio, clearance, and excitation amplitude on system dynamics and impact vibration absorber (IVA) effectiveness. The experimental studies were carried out for both free and forced vibrations. For free vibrations, the effects of system parameters on the rate of decay of vibrations were shown. Constant frequency and frequency sweep experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of the system under forced vibration. Optimum system parameters were extracted, for which the vibration absorption and absorber efficiency is greatest. It was also shown that phase plots and coherence, between the forcing function and the primary system response, offered an insight in the effectiveness of the IVA.
Dynamics and Control of Ship-Mounted Cranes
Authors: Chin Char-Ming , Nayfeh Ali H. , Mook Dean T.
Published: March 2007

When deep water ports are not accessible, cargo is transferred from/to larger ships to/from smaller ships offshore. A typical arrangement is to place three ships side by side. In the middle is a ship with cranes. Along one side of the crane ship is the large container ship, and along the other side is the small ship or lighter, which shuttles back and forth between the ships and shore. The sea state is a very important factor in this operation. The sea-excited motion of the crane ship can excite large pendulations of the containers while they are suspended by the cables of the cranes. The large motions can be due to either large excitation amplitudes or small excitation amplitudes near resonant conditions. In this study, the cable-suspended load is modeled as an elastic spherical pendulum. The method of multiple scales is used to derive four nonlinear ordinary- differential equations that describe the amplitudes and phases of the excited modes. These equations are used to investigate instabilities and provide information for controlling the pendulations. The results show that a parametric excitation at twice the natural frequency leads to a sudden jump in the response as the cable is unreeled. Introducing a harmonic change in the cable length at the same frequency as the excitation can suppress this dynamic instability and result in a smooth response. The analytical results are verified by numerical simulations of the original full nonlinear equations.
Resonant Capture in a System of Two Coupled Homoclinic Oscillators
Authors: Rand R.H. , Quinn D.D.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigate the dynamics of a system of two coupled oscillators, each of which has a separatrix loop in its uncoupled phase portrait. The effect of the coupling, which is of the diffusive viscous type, is to enhance the region Cε of phase space, which consists of all motions that do not escape to infinity. The authors offer numerically obtained descriptions of the region C ε, as well as some analytical investigations into its location and nature.
Nonlinear Parametric Identification Using Chaotic Data
Authors: Van de Wouw N. , Verbeek G. , Van Campen D.H.
Published: March 2007

The subject of this paper is the development of a nonlinear parametric identification method using chaotic data. In former research, the main problem in using chaotic data in parameter estimation appeared to be the numerical computation of the chaotic trajectories. This computational problem is due to the highly unstable character of the chaotic orbits. The method proposed in this paper is based on assumed physical models and has two important components. First, the chaotic time series is characterized by a "skeleton" of unstable periodic orbits. Second, these unstable periodic orbits are used as the input information for a nonlinear parametric identification method using periodic data. As a consequence, problems concerning the numerical computation of chaotic trajectories are avoided. The identifiability of the system is optimized by using the structure of the phase space instead of a single physical trajectory in the estimation process. Furthermore, before starting the estimation process, a huge data reduction has been accomplished by extracting the unstable periodic orbits from the long chaotic time series. The method is validated by application to a parametrically excited pendulum, which is an experimental nonlinear dynamical system in which transient chaos occurs.
Control of Maglev Suspension Systems
Authors: Cai Y. , Chen S.S.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates alternate designs for control of maglev vehicle suspension systems. Active and semiactive control-law designs are introduced into primary and secondary suspensions of maglev vehi cles. A one-dimensional vehicle with two degrees of freedom, simulating the German Transrapid Magiev System, is used. The transient and frequency responses of suspension systems and power spectral densities of vehicle accelerations are calculated to evaluate different control designs. The results show that both active and semiactive control designs improve vehicle response and provide acceptable ride comfort for maglev systems.
Automobile Passenger Comfort Assured Through LQG/LQR Active Suspension
Authors: Taghirad Hamid D. , Esmailzadeh E.
Published: March 2007

An analytical investigation of a half-car model including passenger dynamics, subjected to random road disturbances is performed, and the advantage of active over conventional passive suspension systems are examined. Two different performance indices for optimal controller design are proposed. The performance index is a quantification of both ride comfort and road handling. Due to practical limitations, all the states required for the state-feedback controller are not measurable, and thus must be estimated with an observer. Stochastic inputs are applied to simulate realistic road surface conditions, and statistical comparisons between passive system and the two controllers, with and without state estimator, are carried out to gain a clearer insight into the performance of the controllers.The simulation results demonstrate that an optimal observer- based controller, when including passenger acceleration in the performance index, retains both excellent ride comfort and road handling characteristics.
Dynamics Experiment and Analysis of a Hard Disk Drive
Authors: Zeng Q.H. , Bogy D.B.
Published: March 2007

The dynamics of a commercially available hard disk drive were investigated using both experimen tal and numerical techniques. The drive has a storage capacity of 1 GB with two 3 1/2-inch disks. First, each individual component—disk, suspension assembly, actuator arm, and arm coupled with the assembly—was briefly studied. Then, modalexperiments were performed on the drive in both states of the disks, station ary or rotating. A finite element (FE) model for studying the dynamics of the drive was created. The model consists of one disk, two actuator arms, and two suspension assemblies. Good correlation between the exper iment and FE analysis was achieved. It was shown that the drive exhibits very complicated modal properties and that the actuator arm significantly affects the dynamics of the drive, especially as regards track following of the sliders.
Expressions of Men Who Batter: Implications for Nursing
Authors: Rynerson Barbara C. , Fishel Anne H.
Published: March 2007

Violence against women will not stop untilgreaterprevention and treatment opportu nities are provided the perpetrators of violence. The nursing literature about working with men who batter is nearly nonexistent, and yet nurses in community and psycbiat ric settings are frequently confronted witb family violence and therefore are in oppor tune positions to intervene in a manner that is sensitive to both the perpetrator and the partner. Because nurses work in a variety of settings including schools and indus try, they also can promote awareness of the potential for domestic violence. This clini cal article presents an account of a group treatment program for court-referred men who batter. The program consisted of 12, 2-hour weekly sessions, with new members beginning every 6 weeks. There were two group facilitators, a woman (registered nurse) and a man. Furthermore this articlia discusses what the men in this program said about their "violent" experiences and what the nurse inferred as themes and identi fied as the men's needs and strategies for change throughout phases of the group process. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1998]. 4, 41-47)
Postdischarge Social Contact: A Potential Area for Boundary Violation
Authors: Gallop Ruth
Published: March 2007

There has been an increasing body of literature on the topic of sexual exploitation of clients by health care professionals, including nurses. Less has been written about other forms of potential boundary violations such as postdischarge social contact. With the use of a case study, this article will consider the potential risks for boundary violation that can occur with postdischarge social contact. As background to the case study, a brief review will consider the response of professional associations to sexual exploita tion and the meaning of professional role and professional boundaries.
Spousal Interactions in Alzheimer's Disease and Stroke Caregiving: Relationship to Care Recipients' Functional Abilities and Physical and Emotional Health
Authors: Wright Lore K. , Hickey Joanne V. , Buckwalter Kathleen C. , Kelechi Teresa , Hendrix Shirley A.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests that the quantity and quality of interactions between caregivers and care recipients have an impact on health outcomes of ill per sons. Building on the work of Bowlby (1988) and Wright, Hickey, Buckwalter, and Clipp (1995), spousal interactions are conceptualized as adult attachment; it is argued that this attachment provides protective functions for ill spouses.

OBJECTIVES: Our objectives in this study were to examine spousal interactions along two diver gent illness trajectories, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke, and to relate time 1 spousal interactions to care recipients' time 2 functional abilities and physical and emotional health. STUDY DESIGN: This longitudinal pilot study compared 42 couples (84 spouses) equally divided between early phase AD, 12 weeks after stroke, and healthy controls. Baseline (time 1) data and 6-month follow-up data (time 2) were collected in home interviews. Measures included spousal interactions and illness characteristics of persons with AD and recipients of care after a stroke.

RESULTS: AD couples reported lower quantity and quality of interactions compared with stroke couples. Spousal interactions were positively correlated to physical and emo tional health in AD care recipients and to functional abilities in stroke care recipients. Only AD care recipients' interactions were related to depression.

CONCLUSIONS: Spousal interactions along the AD trajectory represented the protective function of attachment; along the stroke trajectory, reciprocal adult exchanges contin ued. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1998]. 4, 169-181)
Health Care and the Silent Language of Vietnamese Immigrant Consumers
Authors: Houston H. Rika
Published: March 2007

Cultural contexting has long been an established part of the business communica tion vocabulary. Each cultural group possesses a deeply embedded "silent lan guage" that requires attention and provides communication challenges. In the busi ness of health care, this silent language can create tremendous challenges for the physician/patient communication process, especially when the physician and patient come from starkly different cultural backgrounds, an increasingly common scenario. Through focus groups with recent Vietnamese immigrants, we identified three salient factors in this silent language: cultural health beliefs, time orientation, and the expected role of family members in the practice of health care. Business communication instructors need to incorporate these factors as they prepare administrators and practitioners to communicate well as health care professionals.
Enhancing Collaborative Learning: Discussion Boards and Chat Rooms as Project Communication Tools
Authors: Eastman Jacqueline K. , Swift Cathy Owens
Published: March 2007

Group projects are integral to the business curriculum and can be useful in devel oping students' skills and abilities as managers. However, fuculty encounter sev eral problerns with group projects, including assessing students' efforts, aiding good communication and coordination among members, and making sure the project is a truly collaborative effort. Technology may aid in addressing these problems; elec tronic discussion boards and chat rooms, for example, can help faculty and stu dents enhance collaboration and increase the accountability of group members.