bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethics and the Capitalist‐Liberal Organisation: Implications for a Social Economy in the United States
Authors: Evans James W.
Published: January 2008

Over the last several years, reports of scandals and questionable business and political behaviour have appeared in American society with seemingly increasing frequency. They range from athletic and military recruiting misdeeds to public officials and private businessmen accepting bribes and payoffs. These wrongdoings are not limited to working adults, as students have been involved in such misbehaviour as cheating in examinations and falsifying school records. Crimes of all types among youth and adults, especially violent crimes, are on the increase. Suicide, drug addiction, and alcoholism are rising. If there were measures for impoliteness and rudeness, it is possible that these, too, would show an increase. In public places there seems to be less regard for other people and their property, as indicated by the shoving and crowding in ticket lines, and by the trash and garbage left behind at movie theatres, concerts, sporting events, parks, beaches, and public places generally. To many observers, the United States has become a nation of self‐centred, disposable consumers who are always seeking to take advantage of the other person. Whether it is the corporation or the governmental agency, the big business executive, the small businessperson, the student, the athlete, the athletic and military recruiting officers, the hourly worker, the doctor, the lawyer, the politician, the government bureaucrat, the fan, the theatre‐goer, or the local gardener—all are trying to outdo their competitors in the contest for personal success and survival. And it appears that the contestants are transgressing the rules of the game in increasing numbers. What society defines as ethical behaviour is far less than that.
Welfare as Work's Handmaiden
Authors: Macarov D.
Published: January 2008

Writing in 1883, Karl Marx's son‐in‐law, Paul Lafargue, proclaimed for the working class “the right to be lazy”. Although he was not against labour as a concept, but only opposed the monotonous, unpleasant, exploitative work to which labourers were being subjected, this fine distinction was washed out by the triumph of the Revolution, as was any recognition of a right to live without working. The constitution of the Soviet Union, that bastion of anti‐religiosity, quotes the words of the New Testament exactly: “He who does not work shall not eat”. Emphasis on work as a national duty, a civic virtue, and an ennobling experience for the individual is an article of faith in communist states. In this respect, at least, there is very little difference between communist and capitalist societies. Throughout the modern industrialised West there is an almost‐overwhelming emphasis on the importance and desirability of work. Thus, both the religous and the non‐religious, communists and capitalists, agree on work as a societal value of the highest order.
A Century of Human Capital Development by On‐the‐Job Training
Authors: Bolino Paul
Published: January 2008

Economists have known for some time that increases in the amounts of capital and labour cannot explain all of the growth of output (Kendrick, 1961, 1976). Schultz showed the potential importance of human resource development in explaining this residual when he made estimates of investments in education for the period 1900 to 1957. He stated that educational capital was clearly an important element in production and that it had risen at a much faster rate than reproducible non‐human wealth (Schultz, 1960, 1962).
Some Remarks on Accounting
Authors: Kosiol Erich E.
Published: January 2008

Bookkeeping systems can be conceived as real ascertainment models which determine income as well‐defined magnitude computed according to fixed rules of booking (recording) transactions. Therefore, it seems useful to consider accounting systems for income determination in general.
Education and Economic Synthesis
Authors: Teploff Alexandra
Published: January 2008

Education, according to a vague but often accepted generalisation, is the only hope of a nation. Whether it is or not, the many branches of human endeavour which constitute modern education have generally not succeeded in stabilising man's psychological perspective in a volatile world. Be it politics, economics, or religion, disorder is the rule of the day and educators are hard pressed to offer explanation except in a highly fragmented way. Yet, it is educators who are largely charged with the intellectual development of the individual and the nation. We can ask: What is the source of the problem and how can it be met?
The Long‐Wave Cycles and Re‐industrialisation
Authors: Baqir Ghalib M.
Published: January 2008

The “re‐industrialisation” of America is the dominant topic today. It has come about because the United States economy did not live up to its expectations during the decade of the 1970s. As to what has caused such low economic performance, many speculations have been advanced, such as big government, high taxes, monetary maladjustments, the energy shortages, the high prices of energy, etc. However, one group of economists have attributed the dismal economic performance during the 1970s to the phenomenon of the “long‐wave cycles”. This cycle is also called the Kondratieff cycle, and occurs at intervals of forty to sixty years in a socio‐economic system resembling that of capitalism. According to the proponents of this theory since the last part of the eighteenth century, industrial capitalism has exhibited long waves of cyclical fluctuation in income, employment and prices. These economists believe that the “long‐wave cycles” are what have underlined recent United States economic ills.
The Economics of Decision Making in the Social Services
Authors: Lee Kenneth
Published: January 2008

One of the universal by‐products of sustained economic growth in western societies, over the last thirty years or so, has been greater public expenditure in the area of such social services as health, housing, education, social security, and social work, although that expenditure has often been shown to be unequal or inequitable in its distribution. This overall growth in the “welfare” role of the state is common to all western industrialised countries, despite their very different histories and political complexions. Specifically, the state has become a dominant, or at any rate a major financier or provider, of a number of these social services, so that it is claimed the average inhabitant of an industrialised country is now “more healthy, better educated, better housed and better off financially in 1980 than he was in 1950”.
Leon Walras: The Pure Scientist versus the Social Reformer
Authors: Rugina Anghel N.
Published: January 2008

As in the case of Karl Marx where the scientist (thinker in equilibrium terms) must be separated from the revolutionary (man of action, thinker in disequilibrium terms), this article, using the same equilibrium versus disequilibrium approach, advances the thesis that there are also two Walrases — the pure scientist (theoretician) and the social reformer (a man of action). There is sufficient evidence to accept the hypothesis of two Walrases and this in turn helps to explain a number of ideas which otherwise appear as contradictions.
Regulation of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) by Host Developing Countries (HDCs)
Authors: Dias Karunaratne Neil
Published: January 2008

Since the Second World War the Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have emerged as powerful engines of growth and development in the world economy. Much controversy surrounds the issues of TNCs' benign and malign effects on the development aspirations of host developing countries (HDCs). The TNCs exert immense economic power over HDCs by virtue of their proprietary control over a package of ingredients much sought after by HDCs. This TNC package comprises capital, technology, managerial talent, marketing networks, information and know‐how. The TNCs carefully safeguard their ownership of this package by patents, licences, trade‐marks and a variety of other legal devices. The ownership of the package enables TNCs to extract monopoly rents from HDCs.
Aspects of Economic and Social Policies in Integrated Economies
Authors: Malliaris A.G.
Published: January 2008

The creation and growth of economic integration as an area of economics is the result primarily of practical rather than academic interest. Although economic nationalism and antagonism still prevail as the basic form of world economic order, economic history presents us with specific examples and ambitious plans of economic co‐operation and integration. The example of the US is often cited as a classic case study in economic integration. Viner presented a detailed list of conventions, decrees, etc., concerning customs unions. The French Declaration of May 9, 1950, which led to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community, manifested for the first time the willingness of a government to overcome old antagonisms and to adopt a programme for European integration. The Treaty of Rome and the establishment of the European Economic Community is another example of the trend towards economic integration among industrialised countries of the West, while COMECON is the primary integration attempt by various centrally planned economies of the Soviet bloc. With respect to less developed countries, the world has experienced a number of ambitious schemes such as the Latin America Free Trade Association, the Central American Common Market, the East African Community, the West African Association, the South African Customs Union, the Arab Common Market, the Southeast Asia Economic Treaty, the Andean Common Market, the Carribean Community and others.
Reforming the International Monetary System
Authors: McLeod A.N.
Published: January 2008

The functioning of the international monetary system as institutionalised under the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund after World War II began to deteriorate after 1957. By that date many European countries had sufficiently recovered or improved their competitive positions in world markets to enable them to replenish their external reserves and make their currencies convertible. Up to that point their acquisitions of gold and US dollars must be viewed as a healthy redistribution of international reserves, But thereafter dollar surpluses replaced the alleged dollar shortages of earlier years on international markets. Recurring runs on the dollar appeared, vying with the periodic runs on sterling as threats to the stability of the system.
About the Doctrine of “Solidarism” in Social Economics
Authors: Rugina Anghel N.
Published: January 2008

The origin of “social solidarism” as a doctrine seems to be in France. Pierre Leroux (1797–1871) is credited with being the first who attached an ethical significance to the otherwise juridical expression of solidarism. Charles Gide, who himself belonged to the French solidarist movement, in his book (co‐authored with C. Rist), Histoire des Doctrines Economiques (1909), described the solidarist school as being influenced by the works of Leon Bourgeois, Pierre J. Proudhon, Charles Secretan and others.
International Commodity Agreements
Authors: Kirthisingha P.N.
Published: January 2008

Since the adoption in 1976 of the Integrated Programme for Commodities, only four international commodity agreements have been concluded, of which only one, the International Natural Rubber Agreement (1979), was new. The others are the International Sugar Agreement (1978), the International Cocoa Agreement (1980) and the International Tin Agreement (1981). In view of the broad political support for international commodity agreements, the progress towards concluding such agreements is slow. Moreover, in some of them universality is lacking. Several countries which account for a substantial proportion of world production and consumption of, and trade in, the commodity subject to an international agreement, have not ratified or acceded to the relevant agreements. The duration of the negotiations has been exceedingly long in comparison with experience on negotiations of the previous agreements. This outcome, several years after the adoption of the Integrated Programme for Commodities, is disappointing and unexpected, especially since the basic purpose of that Programme and the setting up of the Common Fund in accordance with it was “to act as a catalyst for international commodity agreements”. The purpose of this article is to examine the reasons for this outcome.
Toward an Ecological Economics
Authors: Stanfield J.R.
Published: January 2008

Conventional economic analysis is inadequate to the challenges posed by ecological economics. It is not denied that conventional economics contains much that is necessary and important to ecology. The contention here is only that conventional, economic analysis cannot foot the whole bill and must therefore be supplemented with an economics of a different scope and method. The concern is, in short, the adjustment at the margin of the allocation of the human capital resources of the economics profession.
Health Education as a Demand Concept
Authors: Cohen David R.
Published: January 2008

During times of budgetary restraint, the opportunity costs of health care expenditure are highlighted. As a result, policies on the prevention of ill‐health, which may have always been desirable for their own sake, are increasingly being viewed as alternatives to expenditures on curative care. Within a fixed budget, such alternatives share a common objective to maximise the overall return, measured in terms of reduced morbidity and mortality, to the expenditure. Health education is advocated as a major instrument of prevention policy. Since the link between increased knowledge, changed attitudes and altered behaviour is unproved, this article considers only those health education programmes which aim at specific behavioural changes. These programmes alone yield a return which can be com‐pared with those from expenditures in curative care.
The Politics of Redistribution in a Democracy
Authors: Andic Fuat M. , Andic Suphan
Published: January 2008

Income and wealth inequality is a constant concern in our society. It becomes more acute at certain times than at others. The Great Depression raised the concern; so did the political circumstances in the 1960s when attention was focused on the state of the poor and of racial groups who were failing to participate in the national affluence.
Social Economy and Community
Authors: McCain Roger A.
Published: January 2008

My interest in social economics was very much stimulated by Dr. George F. Rohrlich, in our years as colleagues at Temple University. More than once, our conversations on this and related topics have been interrupted by my comment (not, I must confess, without mischievious intent) that I really had no clear idea what social economics was. Not to be diverted by my grouchiness, George responded that, after all, the limits of social economics are yet to be discovered. Indeed they are, of course, and any living science or humane study is sure to have somewhat indefinite boundaries. To define is to delimit, and whatever may be defined without the least ambiguity or vagueness must surely be dead.
Was Macht den Markt Sozial?
Authors: von Pius M. Prutscher Kurzfassung
Published: January 2008

Im XIX.Jahrhundert sah man im Markt nicht nur den besten Motor des Wirtschaftens, sondern überforderte den Markt zugleich, indem man ihm die Kompaß‐Funktion anvertraute, sozusagen ein alleinseligmachendes kybernetisches Steuerungsgerät in ihm sah. Die sozialen und wirtschaftspolitischen Steuerungsmaßnahmen des XX. Jahrhunderts schränkten allzuoft die Antriebskräfte des Marktes soweit ein, daß sie entweder unfähig wurden, ihre Arbeit zu tun, oder in einer unheilvollen Verquickung mit den Lenkungsmaßnahmen die Nachteile beider Systeme kombinierten.
Strategies of Change in Paternalistic Socialism: The Case of China
Authors: Mandle J.R.
Published: January 2008

The origins of the Chinese Cultural Revolution are to be found in the means used to restore growth in the Chinese economy in the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward. Between 1962 and 1965, according to Maurice Meisner, “while the policies of Liu Shao‐ch'i brought economic recovery and renewed growth, the social and ideological results were less salutary. There was a social price to be paid for economic progress and the price was the emergence of new forms of inequality.” For Mao Tse‐tung and his followers this was “the road back to capitalism”(l). It was the desire to reverse this tendency which gave rise to the upheavals of the late 1960s.
Monetarism, Economic Reform and Socio‐Economic Consequences: Argentina, 1976–1982
Authors: Mann Arthur J. , Sanchez Carlos E.
Published: January 2008

The several decades following the conclusion of World War II evidenced the generalised application of activist economic policies oriented toward the stimulation and manipulation of aggregate demand. In Western Europe and in much of the Western hemisphere these policies proved quite successful in raising living standards and generating economic growth. Nevertheless, for the past decade or so these long‐tried policy prescriptions have not appeared to work very well, and “stagflation” accompanied by low productivity growth has set in. As a consequence, there has occurred a return to a more “classical” set of economic postulates and policy prescriptions. Such policies have been adopted not only in the more developed parts of the western world (e.g., United States, Great Britain) but also in its lesser developed areas. Nowhere has this application been more in evidence than in the Southern Cone countries of Latin America — Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay.
The Large Pattern of Industrial Conflict — A Comparative Study of 18 Countries, 1919–79
Authors: Paldam Martin , Pedersen Peder J.
Published: January 2008

Only around 0.01 per cent of all working‐days are lost due to industrial conflict in the average western economy. Nevertheless, conflicts are highly visible phenomena and it was one of the first areas most statistical agencies started covering. Therefore, long conflict series exist for most developed Western economies. These series are of a poor quality compared to most series analysed by economists, but they have, nevertheless, a lot to tell. In a number of papers we have tried to cover different parts of the story — in the present article we shall concentrate on the large shifts (often 5–10 times) in the conflict levels over time and the remarkable differences (often 10–20 times) in conflict levels between countries, even when we look only at developed Western economies.
Marx and Logic as Social Function
Authors: Gibson Roland
Published: January 2008

“In so far as stray thoughts, giants, and brownies, lies and errors are really existing, though only in the imaginations of men, to that extent they are true. All errors and lies are true errors and true lies, hence are not so far removed from truth that one should belong to heaven and the other to eternal damnation.” (Dietzgen: The Positive Outcome of Philosophy).
Routes into Segmented Youth Labour Markets
Authors: Lee Gloria , Wrench John
Published: January 2008

For researchers concerned with the field of youth labour markets the experience in recent years has been one of working on shifting sands. Whilst there has been in the last few years a considerable decline in demand for labour generally, in the case of young people seeking work, the fall off is even more marked, as illustrated in Table I.
Dual Labour Market Theory and the Organisation of Local Labour Markets
Authors: Ashton D.N. , Maguire M.J.
Published: January 2008

In recent years a considerable amount of work has been done in Britain and America utilising dual labour market theory. In America, the ideas of Doeringer and Piore have been taken up by radical economists such as Edwards and Bluestone, while in Britain a group of Cambridge economists have also been seeking to develop the theory. These studies have all retained the basic duality incorporated in the theory by Doeringer and Piore. Moreover, the work of Barron and Norris, Bosanquet and Doeringer and Blackburn and Mann has provided some qualified empirical support to the notion of two separate labour markets.
Job Creation Schemes in Europe: A Review
Authors: Bekemans Léonce
Published: January 2008

The causes of unemployment have been continuously debated ever since the mid‐1970s. Most commentators now recognise both cyclical and structural causes of unemployment. Moreover, discussion is no longer confined to economic issues but includes also changing social values.
Responses to Redundancy: Labour‐Market Experience, Domestic Organisation and Male Social Networks
Authors: Morris Lydia D.
Published: January 2008

Port Talbot is a settlement of roughly 47,000 inhabitants, situated on the coast of South Wales, between Cardiff and Swansea. It is a town which prospered and grew with the expansion of the local plant of the British Steel Corporation in the 1950s, and until de‐manning began in the late 1960s the vast majority of its male inhabitants were steelworkers. In the summer of 1980 BSC, Port Talbot, saw an already depleted workforce reduced by a further 7,000 (from 12,000 to 5,000). This article presents some of the conclusions to be drawn from an in‐depth study of the labour‐market experience and domestic circumstances of 40 redundant steelworkers and their families.
Some Reflections on the Seminar
Authors: Carlisle John
Published: January 2008

In order to understand the phenomenon of marriage it is necessary to view it as a developing social relationship between two human beings which is subject to forces from without (societal) and forces from within (psychological). We can examine these forces later; but, for the time being, it is fundamental to any study of this kind to be clear as to what the basic conceptual approaches are.
The Influence of Confucianism and Buddhism on Life‐Innovators in the Japanese Socio‐Economic Order
Authors: Nato Takatsugu
Published: January 2008

The Japanese spirit, as an integration of gods indigenous to Japan (“Shinto”), Confucianism and Buddhism, seems to have formed today's economy and society in Japan, for good or bad, just as modern societies in Europe and America were once created by the spirit of Puritanism.
Mormonism and the Socio‐Economic Order
Authors: Davies J. Kenneth
Published: January 2008

Mormonism as used in this article is defined as that theological system characteristic of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints (Mormons) as distinguished from several other religious bodies with similar names and/or with some historical and theological roots common to that body. Headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the United States, there are in excess of five million members with organised congregations (wards and branches) in 89 countries, mostly in the Americas, western Europe, the Pacific Basin (except for Communist China and Vietnam), Australia and South Africa.
A Christian Approach to Social Economics
Authors: Kent Calvin A.
Published: January 2008

In a very real sense, the title of this article is overwhelming. The volume of writing both scholarly and otherwise on this subject would deter anyone who seriously sought to assimilate it all. Despite the repeated Biblical appeal for unity among the Church members, there is perhaps no issue which more deeply divides the Christian Church today than economic policies which are advocated as being consistent with the teachings of both the New and the Old Testament.
The Treatment of Poverty in the Talmud
Authors: Shapiro Aharon
Published: January 2008

What Is The Talmud? The Talmud is a vast body of Jewish religious scholarship spanning almost eight centuries from about 300 BCE to about 500 CE. Composed by scholars living mainly in Palestine and Babylon it is essentially a codification of Jewish religious law, yet its discussions include observations on almost every aspect of human conduct.
New and Old Foundations of Economic Analysis
Authors: Rugina Anghel N.
Published: January 2008

The first Principia Mathematica (1686) by Sir Isaac Newton with reference to natural philosophy and his system of the world has largely contributed to the first revolution in scientific thinking in modern times. It has created the conceptual basis of modern science in the classical tradition by providing the tools of analysis and the technique of reasoning in terms of stability—from—within or, as we would say today, the model of stable equilibrium conditions.
The Social Economics of Gaudium et Spes (The Constitution on the Church in the Modern World) of the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Skok Charles D.
Published: January 2008

Catholic theologians and ethicists date the modern entrance of the Church into the area of social justice and social economics by the publication of Pope Leo XIII's landmark encyclical, Rerum Novarum, 15 May, 1891. He began the letter with these words:
Mormonism and the American Industrial State
Authors: Pottenger John R.
Published: January 2008

We would learn that theological cerebration that is not conscious of its social base cannot be critical of it and therefore becomes a captive of unconscious social determinants.
The Instauration of the New Man of Marxism: A Critique
Authors: O'Brien John C.
Published: January 2008

Beyond the purview of religious teachings, I find the Marxian conception of the New Man the most intriguing one in the whole secular world. Is it chimerical to hope for the coming of this New Man, I ask myself? Is Marx the vaunt‐courier of this ideal really naive and the New Man nothing other than the last straw he could grasp, considering his philippics against capitalism and his traduction of Christianity? Was the New Man his only hope? The votaries of the free enterprise system have rejected him out of hand. Are the beaux esprits of Marxian doctrine no less naive than Karl Marx himself, clinging as they do to this fantastic belief? I would like here today briefly to review the Marxian concept of the instauration, the founding, the advent of the New Man, to examine its possibilities. Most of the authorities to whom I shall here have recourse are sons of France, forbidding me therefore from denying the French connection.
Neo‐Classical Economics: Relevance, Irrelevance and Rugina's Methodology
Authors: Tisdell Clem
Published: January 2008

Today much of economic theory, particularly microeconomic theory, rests on neo‐classical foundations. Through a consideration of neo‐classical concepts, one can reassess current economic thought. This may support the view that relevant advances in economic thought have taken place or (in the light of Professor Anghel Rugina's research and observations) may result in doubt about the basis and direction of current economic thought, especially in macroeconomics. However, Rugina's contribution goes further for he asks us to consider matters from a different perspective to that of both classical and modern economics and create a Third Revolution in economic thought.
Rugina's Contribution to Social Economics
Authors: Karsten Siegfried G.
Published: January 2008

Anghel Rugina's major contribution to social economics is that he keeps the paradigm of a social market economy evolving by promoting thought‐provoking dialogues. In that role, he is functioning as part of the spiral of the Helgelian dialectical process, where the interaction of thesis and antithesis leads to a new synthesis, by utilising his methodology of the orientation table and his new research programme. In Rugina's words: “I attempted to complete as far as possible the work of Walter Eucken (the Freiburg School) and that of Leon Walras (the Lausanne School)”. Rugina claims that he has discovered a new general paradigm which has the potential of replacing all other paradigms by unifying them in his “new research programme”.
Some Implications of a Pragmatist Conception of the Aims of Economic Enquiry
Authors: Dwyer Larry
Published: January 2008

In recent years, in keeping with the new emphasis on science as a human activity, a process of inquiry, philosophers of science have begun to pay more attention to the criteria for choosing between competing hypotheses or theories. There is now a widespread tendency to treat the standard criteria of theory appraisal, such as a theory's accuracy, consistency, scope, simplicity, fruitfulness, elegance, etc., not as rules which dictate choice but as values, maxims, norms which influence scientific decision making (Kuhn, 1977). In opposition to those seeking an algorithm of theory choice it is now recognised that there are, inevitably, certain subjective elements in scientific theory appraisal. The standard criteria, while providing the shared basis for choice, not only are imprecise in their meaning and application but, when deployed together, often conflict with one another as, for example, when one theory is more accurate but less simple than another. Thus two scientists fully committed to the same set of standards may, if they interpret these standards differently, or if they attach different weights to different desiderata, reach different conclusions as to the merits of competing theoretical constructs.
Ethics and Economics: An Exploration of Christian Beliefs in Economic Relationships
Authors: Kent Calvin A.
Published: January 2008

This article is a review of an issue of Interchange containing six papers presented by members of the Sydney Christian Economists Group (SCEG). The SCEG describes itself as, “a fellowship of evangelical Christians concerned with understanding economic matters in the light of biblical theology and ethics.” The SCEG views its approach as “non‐technical, but at the same time soundly professional”. According to its convener, Kim Hawtrey, the Sydney group has been mainly composed of bank economists and postgraduate students. This is reflected in the applied nature of the progamme. These papers were all presented at a conference that the SCEG sponsored entitled “Ethics and Economics: An Exploration of Christian Belief in Economic Relationships”, conducted in March 1985.
Economists on the Relation Between Political Economy and Christian Theology: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Waterman A.M.C.
Published: January 2008

By “political economy” I mean both the method of thought and the body of knowledge which refer to human economising behaviour. The body of knowledge includes both theory — theorems, laws, empirical generalisations, etc., and “facts” — history, description of institution, statistical data, etc. By “Christian theology” I mean both the method of thought and the body of knowledge which refer to the human religious understanding of Jesus of Nazareth. “Religious” here implies awareness of, or belief in, God. The body of knowledge may include pre‐Christian religion (such as that reported in the Old Testament), and the results of independent inquiry (such as natural theology) in so far as these are interpreted by, or “refracted” through what theologians call the “Christ event”.
Thorstein Veblen and Piero Sraffa: A New Level of Economic Theory
Authors: Griffin Robert A.
Published: January 2008

Economic theories are integrally related to the social and historical processes from which they emerge. They evolve from, reflect, and seek to communicate explanations of the on‐going phenomena in which they participate. While, therefore, economic theories are mostly the product of the socio‐economic matrices in which they are conceived, the most influential political economists in history have also reflected the most advanced principles of science in their work. This they have done as their common calling to build a science of economic activity that would prove adequate to serving the most basic needs of people throughout the world and to meeting the growing requirements of public policy making. It is in these senses that the economic theories of Thorstein Veblen and Piero Sraffa have revealed the poverty and sterility of marginal utility speculations, while their combined innovations offer a hopeful prospect for continuing the classical heritage of production and social surplus theory which preceded the century‐long dominance of the demand‐and‐supply approach in political economy.
The Third Revolution in Economic Thinking: Social Economy in a New Perspective
Authors: Eusepi Giuseppe
Published: January 2008

Why do we need a third revolution in economics? As a starting point it must be noticed that every school has its own methodology and ideology. Its characteristic is to deal with one single problem which, right or wrong, is considered fundamental. Sometimes the importance of a school lies in the problem raised rather than in the answers given to such a problem.
Twentieth Century Greek Economists and the Quantity Theory of Money
Authors: Karayiannis Anastasios D.
Published: January 2008

The revival of the quantity theory of money which was advanced by M. Friedman and the Chicago School in the 1960s led me to an investigation of the contributions of Greek economists during the twentieth century, to this indisputably long‐lived theory.
Substitution Between Offence Categories in the Supply of Property Crime: Some New Evidence
Authors: Cameron Samuel
Published: January 2008

Economists have, in the last 20 years, made many contributions to the study of the deterrent effect of sanctions on criminals — these are surveyed in Brief & Fienberg (1980), Blumstein & Cohen (1978), Tullock (1974), Palmer (1977) and Taylor (1978). A considerable amount of the empirical work has dealt with crime supply functions for specific types of crime. Surprisingly little attention has been given to the switching of criminals between crimes in response to differentials in deterrence. Only three empirical studies of this phenomenon have appeared: Heineke (1978), Holtmann & Yap (1978), Hakim et al. (1984). All of these use cross‐section US data for property crimes. Their findings are thus somewhat tentative given that they may not hold up in other national contexts. This paper seeks to remedy this gap by studying substitution behaviour for burglary, robbery and theft using 1981 data for the police force areas of England and Wales. We compare our results with those of American researchers and also examine the impact of substitution on the broad conclusions of the conventional non‐substitution model.
Moral Debate on the Arms Race and its Economic Implications
Authors: Rizzo Robert F.
Published: January 2008

The relation between moral judgements, policy decisions and economic implications is a challenging subject for analysis, especially when the isues are the arms race and war‐fighting capabilities. How to translate moral judgements into policy decisions with their economic consequences is a complex and troublesome question because of the enormous stakes for national and worldwide survival. The problem confronting us is clearly illustrated by the US Catholic bishops' pastoral letter, The Challenge of Peace, May 1983, which addressed the moral dimension of the nuclear arms race and warfare without coming to grips adequately with the issues of policy decisions and economy which their moral conclusions raised. Their later pastoral letter, Economic Justice for All: Catholic Social Teaching and the US Economy, November 1986, compounded their failure by omitting to confront directly the economic implications of translating their moral conclusions into practical policies. The economic side of the arms race is a concern which must be recognised and addressed if policy decisions are to be made effective. The harshest critics of The Challenge of Peace have noted this failure realistically to confront policy decisions in terms of geopolitical, strategic and economic consequences.
Philosophical Presuppositions of Marx's Labour Theory of Value
Authors: Jeannot Thomas M.
Published: January 2008

Reflecting on “The Rehabilitation of Karl Marx” as a theoretical economist 100 years after his death, Robert Paul Wolff, on the way to writing Understanding Marx, noted that Marx had written, “at a conservative estimate, five thousand pages of theoretical material”. Therefore, in order to understand Marx's theoretical achievement, which Wolff compares with Darwin, Freud and Einstein (p. 714), “The simplest sort of common sense demands that we estimate Marx's place in the intellectual history of our civilization on the basis of this mass of economic theory” (p. 713). In addition to the three volumes of Capital, the three volumes of the Theories of Surplus Value, the Grundrisse, and the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, however, “Marx also wrote, as a young man, a handful of exuberant, obscure, derivative, romantic reflections on the human condition…The same sort of common sense dictates that we not construe these youthful speculations as the final utterances of the true Marx” (p. 713). With these assertions, Wolff is reviving an old issue, for the benefit of a “modern mathematical reinterpretation of Marx” (pp. 715–16), that some had thought was laid to rest by the widespread availability of the Grundrisse.
Fundamentals for a Theory of Policy Instruments
Authors: Bressers Hans , Klok Pieter‐Jan
Published: January 2008

Scientific theories on the effects of various policy instruments are often formulated without accounting for the circumstances under which these instruments are applied. Also the implementation process is often neglected. Economic theory formulation often concentrates solely on the influence of the instrument‐as‐intended on the cost‐benefit relationship of various behavioural alternatives. Theories based on the joint influence of possible combinations of circumstances rather than the isolated influences of individual circumstances tend to become tremendously complex. Consequently, attempts to formulate such theories are few. Nevertheless, precisely that combined perspective offers invaluable insights when it comes to making choices concerning practical policy issues. This holds true regardless of whether the choice is part of a,more or less rational and conscious decision‐making process or, alternatively, involves a more personal and intuitive decision which is later to be tabled as the subject of political or administrative debate. This article deals with some fundamentals which provided the groundwork for formulating a scientific theory on the effects of policy instruments by the authors. The complexity of the matter will be reduced without affecting either the number or the diversity of circumstances that can be discussed simultaneously. In addition, attention will be focused on the role and influence of the implementation process which acts as an intermediary between the “paper” policy instruments and the actual policy measures.
New Instruments for Environmental Policy: A Perspective
Authors: Huppes Gjalt
Published: January 2008

In the post‐war years of fast economic growth extensive government regulations to curb growing environmental problems were developed in most Western countries. This regulative activity was directed primarily at larger fixed industrial installations with locally identifiable environmental effects. Since then, however, smaller and mobile sources, which are more difficult to regulate effectively, have increased their share in pollution. Now the scale of environmental problems has also changed from being mainly a local one to being a regional, a national, an international and even a global one. Examples of this are the diffusion of durable toxic substances, eutrophication, acid rain, depletion of the higher ozone layers, and the rising temperature of the atmosphere. Moreover, perceived social costs of environmental policy and other types of regulation have risen, inspiring a worldwide movement towards deregulation and privatisation. So there is ample reason to reconsider the instruments of environmental policy used so far and to look for ways to amend environmental effectiveness and social costs. In section I some of the directions which the search for improved instruments might take are identified and in the subsequent sections certain financial, social and product‐oriented instruments are analysed in more detail.
Ecologically Sustainable Economic Development: Key Issues for Strategic Environmental Management
Authors: Nijkamp Peter , Soeteman Frits
Published: January 2008

The issue of a balanced development of our earth has been an intriguing research and policy question for several decades. The environmental problems emerging in the 1960s and 1970s have made us aware of antagonistic forces in the evolution of our socio‐economic and environmental system. The dramatic changes — demographic, economic, social and technological — in the post‐war period were not only purely quantitative in nature, but meant also a qualitative change in the structure of this system.
The Nature of Contemporary Soviet Commodity Production
Authors: Raiklin Ernest , Gillette Charles C.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this second part of this special issue is to contribute to a better understanding of the nature of Soviet society. It is not possible to analyse such a society in all its complexities within the space of one study. There are, however, some economic relations which determine society's major features. We believe that commodity‐production relations in the Soviet Union are of this type.
The Soviet Union in Transition (The Question is Open to Discussion)
Authors: Raiklin Ernest
Published: January 2008

The fate of a country like the Soviet Union concerns not only its leaders and its population. Whatever happens to the Soviet system, the directions which that nation follows will affect the whole world. Therefore, an understanding of the Soviet regime, its limitations and potentials, and the options available to that country, would give the rest of the world the intellectual weapon necessary to meet challenges presented by Soviet development. The stakes may be very high; if the full productive capacity of the Soviet Union were developed, the Japanese economic miracle and the serious problems it has created for the United States might fade into relative insignificance.
Singaporean Market Socialism: Some Implications for Development Theory
Authors: Gayle Dennis John
Published: January 2008

In 1969, the annual per capita income of Singapore was $650. By 1981, Singapore's gross national product per capita was $5,240. Such productivity placed this small developing state among the very wealthiest non‐OPEC developing countries of the world, with an unequalled 1960–82 average annual growth rate of 7.4 per cent. During the decade to 1982, real per capita GNP grew by an average of 9.2 per cent each year. In 1982, gross domestic product amounted to $14 billion. In 1983, Singaporean real GNP grew by 7.2 per cent, a performance matched only by Hong Kong and Taiwan. Unemployment was held to a level of 2.3 per cent and inflation to an even more modest 1.1 per cent. Singapore also achieved the highest national savings rate in the world, at 42 per cent of GDP. These trends produced a 1985 GNP per capita of $7,420, larger than those of Italy, Ireland, Spain, Greece, Portugal and New Zealand; and not much less than those of either Belgium or Britain (World Bank, 1987, p. 203). If the nation's GDP contracted by 1.9 per cent in 1985, it resumed expansion thereafter, at an inflation‐adjusted rate of 1.8 per cent in 1986, and 8.6 per cent in 1987 (Wall Street Journal, 1988, p. 12).
Perestroika, Economics and Morality
Authors: Armour Leslie
Published: January 2008

Mikhail Gorbachev's “restructuring” of the Soviet economy has, in his words, created “turmoil”. It has also led to protests on moral grounds. This restructuring attempts to decentralise decision making, introduce effective cost accounting, expand consumer choice, and relate production to anticipated demand. Fundamentally, it is aimed at involving more people in the choices which the economy demands and attempting to increase efficiency. But though the reforms involve ideas championed by supporters of liberal economies in which choices are made through the ordinary workings of the marketplace, the moral complaints are not primarily the commonest Marxist ones about capitalism — that the system creates large concentrations of corporate power which inhibit or distort individual decision making and action, or the conversion of the individual into a debased kind of property through the sale of his labour. And, though Gorbachev clearly plans to increase production of consumer goods, the contemporary objection that capitalism tends to press all available resources into service in an uncontrolled way, destroys the present environment and puts in question the human future, does not seem to be the centre of the debate.
Marxism: A Bourgeois Critique
Authors: Machan Tibor R.
Published: January 2008

Here Marx's philosophy is dissected from the angle of bourgeois capitalism which he, Marx, sought to overcome. His social, political and economic ideas are criticised. Although it is noted that Marx wanted to ameliorate human suffering, the result turned out to be Utopian, contrary to his own intentions. Contrary to Marx, it is individualism that makes the best sense and capitalism that holds out the best hope for coping with most of the problems he sought to solve. Marx's philosophy is alluring but flawed at a very basic level, namely, where it denies the individuality of each person and treats humanity as “an organic body”. Capitalism, while by no means out to guarantee a perfect society, is the best setting for the realisation of the diverse but often equally noble human goals of its membership.
The British Employment Service and Submissions to Registered Vacancies
Authors: Beaumont P.B.
Published: January 2008

The manpower policy “revolution” of the 1960s involved attempts to move the public employment services of most industrialised countries away from their traditional exchange or brokerage function of trying to match individual job applicants with available job openings registered by employers. Conversely a great deal more attention was given to the provision of various manpower policy measures designed to alter the labour market characteristics of the “hard core” unemployed in order to increase their immediate and longer‐term employment prospects.
Managing The Internal Audit Department
Authors: Madden Gavin K.
Published: January 2008

Managing auditors and the audit process is a difficult job. In this article one approach is described highlighting some of the key issues faced. We will welcome responses to Gavin Madden's view of the managerial audit.
Control Assessments
Authors: Allan Glenn E.J.
Published: January 2008

This article examines practical methods of control assessment and provides a number of specific case applications which highlight key issues for auditors and managers.
Auditing the Board's Effectiveness
Authors: Tricker R.I.
Published: January 2008

In the boardroom it is performance, not conformance, that counts. Yet a rigorous analysis and review of board activities is rarely undertaken in any company, never in most. The changing basis and realities of corporate power since the introduction of the concept of the joint stock company are identified and some of the contemporary problems are indicated. A case is argued for an audit of board strategy, structure, style and performance. Proposals are made for the conduct of such an audit and its essential elements.
Staff Assessment and Evaluation at J.C. Penney
Authors: Brown Charles L.
Published: January 2008

For many managers the process of conducting a performance appraisal is an uncomfortable experience, one which is often put off to the last minute and then rushed through, simply to get it over with. As a result, not much is gained by the process and very often the employee leaves feeling frustrated. In this article, the author shares his thoughts and experiences on how an appraisal can be a positive experience — one that can challenge associates to accomplish goals and maximise their productivity.