bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Spontaneous Retinal Arterial Pulsations in Acute Central Retinal Vein Occlusions
Authors: Arej Nicolas , Vasseur Vivien , Jabbour Elyse , Manassero Anthony , Giraud Céline , Bruneau Sébastien , Le Mer Yannick , Mauget-Faÿsse Martine
Published: June 2020

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a common retinal disease. Recent works mentioned spontaneous retinal arterial pulsations (SRAPs) as a feature of some CRVOs. This is a retrospective study on patients presenting with CRVO who were followed up for at least 6 months. The objective was to identify SRAP in the acute phase of the disease and determine their relationship with patients’ characteristics and visual prognosis. A 10-second infrared film centered on the optic disc was recorded within a month of the onset of symptoms, and SRAPs were detected in two-thirds of the cases. Patients with SRAP were significantly younger than those without SRAP. Mean central macular thickness was significantly higher in the absence of SRAP, which was translated into a more severe macular edema; however, this difference faded with time. BCVA tended to be higher in the presence of SRAP at the 6-month follow-up when adjusted to baseline. This study demonstrates that SRAPs are a frequent finding, easily detected by infrared fundus video recording, and associated with a younger age and lesser macular edema.
Physicochemical Characterization of Grewia ferruginea Hochst. ex A. Rich Mucilage for Potential Use as a Pharmaceutical Excipient
Authors: Haile Tsadkan Gebremeskel , Sibhat Gereziher Gebremedhin , Molla Fantahun
Published: June 2020

Gum and mucilages from natural sources are in recent times increasingly investigated for pharmaceutical applications. Different studies have shown that the gum and mucilage fraction of various species of the genus Grewia were found to be effective viscosity enhancers, stabilizers, disintegrants, suspending agents, gelling agents, bioadhesives, film coating agents, and binders. However, no study has been conducted on the potential use of Grewia ferruginea mucilage (GFM) as a pharmaceutical excipient. Therefore, this study was aimed at characterizing the Grewia ferruginea bark mucilage for its potential use as a pharmaceutical excipient. The mucilage was extracted from the Grewia ferruginea inner stem bark through aqueous extraction, precipitated with 96% ethanol, dried, and powdered. The powdered mucilage was characterized for different physicochemical properties such as powder property, loss on drying, solubility and swelling index, ash value, pH, viscosity, moisture sorption property, microbial load, and acute oral toxicity. According to the results, the percentage yield of the final dried and powdered GFM was found to be 11.96% (w/w). The density and density‐related properties of the mucilage showed good powder flow property. The GFM exhibited pseudoplastic flow behavior. Moisture sorption property of GFM revealed its hygroscopic nature, and its solubility and swelling property was increased with temperature. The pH of GFM was near neutral. Microbial load of the mucilage was within the pharmacopoeial limit, and the oral acute toxicity test revealed that the mucilage is safe up to 2000 mg/kg. From the investigations of this study, it can be concluded that Grewia ferruginea bark mucilage has the potential to be utilized as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations.
The Attenuating Effect of the Intraovarian Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 on Age-Related Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Chicken Follicular Cells
Authors: Yao Jinwei , Ma Yanfen , Lin Xin , Zhou Shuo , Mi Yuling , Zhang Caiqiao
Published: June 2020

In the poultry, only less than 5% primordial follicles in the ovary can develop into the prehierarchical follicles (PHFs) leading to progressive development, ovulation, and egg formation. This low rate of recruitment indicates a huge potential for improvement of the laying performance. A great reduction in egg production is caused by aging with extensive follicular atresia. In this study, age-related changes in the laying performance and ovarian status were compared between the peak-lay (D280) and aged (D580) chickens. Subsequently, a cross coculture of PHFs and granulosa cells (GCs) from D280 or D580 hens was adopted to reveal the mechanism of declined follicle development. Results showed that persistent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in GCs of the aged hens was accompanied with intensified apoptosis. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) secreted by GCs of PHFs in D280 hens was capable of relieving ER stress and improving follicular dominance for selection in D580 hens. During this action, BMP4 reduced free calreticulin (CALR, an ER marker) content and attenuated cell apoptosis in PHFs of D580 hens via the PERK-CHOP-BCL2/caspase3 or CALR-Ca2+-BCL2-caspase12 pathway. Furthermore, BMP4 prevented follicular atresia by promoting production of steroid hormones to improve survival of GCs in PHFs from the aged hens. In conclusion, intensified ER stress and apoptosis occurred in GCs of PHFs in aged chickens, while BMP4 secreted by GCs was capable of improving follicular viability by alleviating ER stress to promote follicular development.
The Incremental Prognostic Value of Baseline 18F‐FDG PET/CT Imaging in Angioimmunoblastic T‐Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Wang Hui , Yu Wenjing , Wu Tao , Xue Yangyang , Zhang Dan , Xu Huiqin
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose. Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare subtype of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma with rapid disease progression and poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine the incremental prognostic value of baseline 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F‐FDG PET/CT) in addition to clinical prognostic factors. Methods. From January 2010 to October 2019, a total of 23 patients who pathologically confirmed to have AITL were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent whole‐body 18F‐FDG PET/CT scan before chemotherapy. The 18F‐FDG PET/CT features, clinical data, laboratory indicators, Ki67 labeling index, and survival status were collected and analyzed. Results. The median follow‐up was 22 months. The expected 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year survival rate was 72.2%, 49.6%, and 42.5%, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) was 23 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.459~37.541). AITL is prone to extranodal infiltration, in addition to nodal infiltration (6 patients had nodal infiltration alone, and 17 patients had both nodal and extranodal infiltration). The SUVmax of nodal lesions were higher than that for the extranodal lesions (10.43 ± 4.45, 6.64 ± 3.51, F = 2.78, t = 4.39, P < 0.01). On multivariate survival analysis, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) and SUVmax of extranodal lesions were independent predictors of OS. Conclusion. Baseline 18F‐FDG PET/CT results and SUVmax of extranodal lesions showed an incremental prognostic value in addition to clinical prognostic factors.
Driving Simulator Validity of Driving Behavior in Work Zones
Authors: Zhang Yanning , Guo Zhongyin , Sun Zhi
Published: June 2020

Driving simulation is an efficient, safe, and data-collection-friendly method to examine driving behavior in a controlled environment. However, the validity of a driving simulator is inconsistent when the type of the driving simulator or the driving scenario is different. The purpose of this research is to verify driving simulator validity in driving behavior research in work zones. A field experiment and a corresponding simulation experiment were conducted to collect behavioral data. Indicators such as speed, car-following distance, and reaction delay time were chosen to examine the absolute and relative validity of the driving simulator. In particular, a survival analysis method was proposed in this research to examine the validity of reaction delay time. The result indicates the following: (1) most indicators are valid in driving behavior research in the work zone. For example, spot speed, car-following distance, headway, and reaction delay time show absolute validity. (2) Standard deviation of the car-following distance shows relative validity. Consistent with previous researches, some driving behaviors appear to be more aggressive in the simulation environment.
Acute Caffeine Mouth Rinse Does Not Change the Hydration Status following a 10 km Run in Recreationally Trained Runners
Authors: Gonzalez Adam M. , Guimarães Victoria , Figueiredo Nayra , Queiroz Marcela , Gentil Paulo , Mota João F. , Pimentel Gustavo D.
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims. Caffeine mouth rinsing has emerged as an alternative to oral caffeine consumption for improving performance without provoking lower gastrointestinal distress. However, it remains unclear if hydration status and sweat rate are negatively affected by caffeine mouth rinsing. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of 10 seconds of caffeine mouth rinsing (1.2% anhydrous caffeine solution) on hydration status and sweat rate following a 10 km run trial. Methods. Ten recreationally trained runners (30.1 ± 6.4 y) volunteered to participate in this double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, and crossover research study. Participants completed two 10 km run trials separated by approximately one week. Immediately prior to running, participants completed a 10‐second mouth rinse protocol with either 300 mg of caffeine or microcrystalline cellulose (placebo) diluted in 25 mL of water. The effects of caffeine mouth rinsing on hydration status and sweat rate were assessed following a 10 km run trial. Results. Sweat rate (placebo: 15.34 ± 9.71 vs. caffeine: 11.91 ± 6.98 mL · min−1; p = 0.39), dehydration (placebo: 1.20 ± 0.57 vs. caffeine: 1.49 ± 0.29%; p = 0.15), and hydration (placebo: 15.32 ± 9.71 vs. caffeine: 11.89 ± 6.99 mL · min−1; p = 0.37) measures were not significantly different between trials. Conclusion. Caffeine mouth rinse does not appear to alter the hydration status or sweat rate following a 10 km run.
Prevention of Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis by Shenling Baizhu Powder: Involvement of Adiponectin-Induced Inhibition of Hepatic SREBP-1c
Authors: Tang Kairui , Deng Yuanjun , Zheng Chuiyang , Nie Huan , Pan Maoxing , Chen Runsen , Xie Jiqian , Yang Qinhe , Zhang Yupei
Published: June 2020

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease worldwide, and its incidence is increasing annually, but there is currently no specific drug for treating NAFLD. Shenling Baizhu powder (SL) is a safe herbal compound commonly used in clinical practice. Our previous research has shown that SL has the effect of preventing NAFLD, but its specific mechanism has not been determined. In this study, the potential mechanism of SL on NAFLD was explored by in vivo experiments. Methods. Wistar rats fed a choline-deficient amino acid-defined diet (CDAA) were treated with SL for 8 weeks. Then, serum samples were collected to obtain biochemical indicators; adipose tissue and liver samples were collected for pathological detection; a moorFLPI-2 blood flow imager was used to measure liver microcirculation blood flow, and a rat cytokine array was used to screen potential target proteins. The expression of liver adiponectin/SREBP-1c pathway-related proteins was determined by Western blotting. Results. SL effectively reduced the liver wet weight, as well as the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in the liver, and ameliorated liver injury in CDAA-fed rats. Pathological examinations showed that SL markedly reduced liver lipid droplets and improved liver lipid accumulation. In addition, the detection of liver blood flow showed that SL increased liver microcirculation in CDAA-fed rats. Through the cytokine array, a differentially expressed cytokine, namely, adiponectin, was screened in the liver. Western blotting assays showed that SL increased the expression of adiponectin and phosphoacetyl-CoA Carboxylase (p-ACC) in the liver and decreased the expression of steroid regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Conclusion. These results suggest that SL can increase the levels of adiponectin in the liver and serum and can inhibit the expression of SREBP-1c, thereby regulating systemic lipid metabolism and reducing liver lipid accumulation.
Dauerhafte Remissionen unter Venetoclax-Monotherapie bei sekundärer AML (mit Refraktärität gegenüber hypomethylierenden Wirkstoffen und hoher BCL-2- und/oder BIM-Expression)
Authors: Huemer Florian , Melchardt Thomas , Jansko Bettina , Wahida Adam , Jilg Stefanie , Jost Philipp , Klieser Eckhard , Steiger Katja , Magnes Theresa , Pleyer Lisa , Greil-Ressler Sigrun , Rass Christof , Greil Richard , Egle Alexander
Published: June 2020

Die akute myeloische Leukämie (AML) ist eine Erkrankung, die vor allem ältere Menschen betrifft, und die Überlebenschancen nach Versagen von hypomethylierenden Wirkstoffen (hypomethylating agents, HMAs) sind nach wie vor gering. Der BCL-2-Inhibitor Venetoclax hat sich bei AML sowohl als Monotherapie als auch in Kombination mit einer Chemotherapie oder HMAs als wirksam erwiesen. In der vorliegenden Fallserie wurden Patienten mit sekundärer AML (sAML), die für eine intensive Chemotherapie nicht geeignet und refraktär gegenüber HMAs waren, im Rahmen eines Härtefallprogramms in unserem tertiären Krebszentrum in Salzburg mit Venetoclax behandelt. Zwischen April 2017 und September 2018 erhielten sieben Patienten mit sAML eine Behandlung mit Venetoclax. Zwei der sieben Patienten erreichten eine komplette Remission nach Einleitung der Venetoclax-Therapie mit einem progressionsfreien Überleben (progression-free survival, PFS) von 505 Tagen und 352 Tagen, und bei einem weiteren Patienten waren innerhalb von neun Tagen nach Therapiebeginn mit Venetoclax die Blasten vollständig aus dem peripheren Blut verschwunden. Bei den Patienten, die auf Venetoclax ansprachen, wurde eine primäre, gegenüber der vorherigen HMA-Therapie refraktäre Erkrankung nachgewiesen, zwei Patienten wiesen IDH1/IDH2-Mutationen auf und ein Patient hatte eine vorausgegangene myeloproliferative Neoplasie. Bei den Venetoclax-Respondern fand sich eine hohe BCL-2- und/oder BIM-Expression in Myeloblasten, und das Ansprechen war signifikant mit dem Gesamtüberleben assoziiert (Responder: 364 Tage gegenüber Non-Respondern: 24 Tage, p = 0,018). Die Venetoclax-Monotherapie ist sicher und in der Lage, bei älteren Patienten mit sekundärer AML nach Therapieversagen von HMAs ein dauerhaftes Ansprechen zu induzieren.
Combined Healthy Lifestyle Is Inversely Associated with Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders among Iranian Adults
Authors: Saneei Parvane , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Keshteli Ammar Hassanzadeh , Roohafza Hamid Reza , Afshar Hamid , Feizi Awat , Adibi Peyman
Published: June 2020

Objective: Although lifestyle-related factors have separately been examined in relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), there is no epidemiological data on the combined association of lifestyle factors with these conditions. We aimed to examine how combinations of several lifestyle factors were associated with functional dyspepsia (FD), its symptoms, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a large group of Iranian adults. Design, Setting, and Subjects: In a cross-sectional study on 3,363 Iranian adults, we calculated the “healthy lifestyle score” for each participant by summing up the binary score given for 5 lifestyle factors, including dietary habits, dietary intakes, psychological distress, smoking, and physical activity. A dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire, General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire, and other pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the components of healthy lifestyle score. To assess FGIDs, a validated Persian version of ROME III questionnaire was used. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that individuals with the highest score of healthy lifestyle had 79 and 74% lower odds of FD (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05–0.92) and GERD (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.09–0.69), respectively, compared with those with the lowest score. They were also less likely to have early satiation (OR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.11–0.73), postprandial fullness (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.09–0.50), and epigastric pain (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.21–0.92). In addition to the combined healthy lifestyle score, low levels of psychological distress, a healthy diet, healthy dietary habits, and nonsmoking were separately and protectively associated with FGIDs. Conclusion: We found that adherence to a healthy lifestyle was associated with lower odds of GERD, FD, and its symptoms in this group of Iranian adults, in a dose-response manner. Individual lifestyle-related factors were also associated with these conditions.
Formação de Circuitos Turísticos
Authors: Tavares Jean Max
Published: June 2020

Regiões com valor histórico e patrimonial reconhecido, tais como Ouro Preto e Mariana, em Minas Gerais (Brasil), Fátima e Lisboa (Portugal) e Atenas (Grécia), dentre outras, tem sérias restrições para desenvolvimento do setor indutrial, o que pode ocasionar reduução na oferta de empregos não associados ao turismo e até mesmo emigração de sua população mais jovem. Além disso, em muitas destas regiões, os atrativos turísticos estão espacialmente dispersos, fazendo com que uma localidade específica, não tenha condições, sozinha, de desenvolver a atividade turística. Diante disso, uma das alternativas seria a criação de um circuito turístico englobando diversos municípios localizados próximos uns dos outros, de forma que o turista entenda a região como um “único” destino turístico. Portanto, este artigo teve como objetivo fazer uma comparação entre os circuitos turísticos de Minas Gerais e o circuito turístico Aldeias Históricas de Portugal, no que se refere à forma de organização, à escolha do nome e da marca, às condições de acesso e acerca da tipologia do turismo. Para alcançar esse objetivo, foi feita uma a pesquisa bibliográfica a partir do levantamento de referências teóricas existentes e uma pesquisa de campo, durante oito meses, nas principais cidades de Portugal. Observou-se que ambos os circuitos possuem muitas semelhanças no que se refere às variáveis supracitadas, mesmo guardadas as devidas proporções.
Local‐Area Walkability and Socioeconomic Disparities of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Japan
Authors: Koohsari Mohammad Javad , Nakaya Tomoki , Hanibuchi Tomoya , Shibata Ai , Ishii Kaori , Sugiyama Takemi , Owen Neville , Oka Koichiro
Published: June 2020

Background

There are spatial disparities in cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) mortality related to area‐level socioeconomic status (
SES
) disadvantage, but little is known about the spatial distribution of
CVD
mortality according to built environment factors. We examined joint associations of neighborhood walkability attributes and
SES
with
CVD
mortality rates through linkage of Japanese national data sets.

Methods and Results

National data were used from the 1824 municipalities (of the 1880 potentially eligible municipalities) across Japan. The outcome was mortality from
CVD
for a 5‐year period (2008–2012) for each municipality. A national index of neighborhood deprivation was used as an indicator of municipality‐level
SES
. A national walkability index (based on population density, road density, and access to commercial areas) was calculated. Compared with higher
SES
municipalities, relative rates for
CVD
mortality were significantly higher in medium
SES
municipalities (relative rate, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.07) and in lower
SES
municipalities (relative rate, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07–1.12). There were walkability‐related gradients in
CVD
mortality within the high and medium
SES
areas, in which lower walkability was associated with higher rates of mortality; however, walkability‐related
CVD
mortality gradients were not apparent in lower
SES
municipalities.

Conclusions

CVD
mortality rates varied not only by area‐level
SES
but also by walkability. Those living in areas of lower walkability were at higher risk of
CVD
mortality, even if the areas have a higher
SES
. Our findings provide a novel element of the evidence base needed to inform better allocation of services and resources for
CVD
prevention.
Molecular reappraisal of relationships between Photinia, Stranvaesia and Heteromeles (Rosaceae, Maleae)

Authors: GUO WEI , FAN QIANG , ZHANG XIAN-ZHI , LIAO WEN-BO , WANG LONG-YUAN , WU WEI , POTTER DANIEL
Published: June 2020

Photinia, Stranvaesia and Heteromeles are considered to be related genera belonging to the tribe Maleae of Rosaceae. Stranvaesia comprises five species distributed in eastern Asia while Photinia consists of about 30 species found in eastern Asia and Mexico. Heteromeles is a monotypic genus distributed in northwestern Mexico and southwestern US. Distinctions between these three genera rely on morphological features of leaves, flowers, and fruits, but some character states that are supposed to be diagnostic of Stranvaesia also occur in species of Photinia. In order to clarify the taxonomic delimitations of the three genera, sequences from one nuclear gene (PepC) and three intergenic chloroplast DNA regions (trnS-trnG, psbA-trnH and trnL-trnH) were used to estimate the phylogeny of Photinia, Stranvaesia and Heteromeles. All Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses supported the conclusion that the evergreen species Stranvaesia davidiana should be merged into Photinia, and another two deciduous species S. amphidoxa and S. tomentosa should be transferred to the genus Pourthiaea. Additionally, one Photinia species P. bodinieri should be transferred into Stranvaesia. Finally, it is suggested that Heteromeles arbutifolia should be merged into Photinia. Taxonomic treatments have been made to those species mentioned above, three new combinations have been proposed and six lectotypes have been designated here.
Taxonomic notes on the jalaurida-subgroup of the genus Lethe (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
Authors: DAS GAURAB NANDI , LANG SONG-YUN , SINGH NAVNEET , CHANDRA KAILASH
Published: June 2020

In this paper, Lethe (Zophoessa) jalaurida (de Nicéville, 1881) and its relatives, viz. the jalaurida-subgroup (sura-group), are studied. A new species, L. giancbi Lang & Das sp. nov. which was identified as L. elwesi (Moore, 1892) by Lang & Bozano (2015) and Lang (2017), is described from SE Tibet, China. Lethe elwesi houjiangae Lang & Bozano, 2015 and L. jalaurida gelduba Fruhstorfer, 1911 are raised to specific status, viz. L. houjiangae stat. nov. and L. gelduba stat. nov. respectively. Lethe jalaurida plistia Fruhstorfer, 1911 is considered as an unnecessary replacement name of L. jalaurida gelduba. Lethe jalaurida nuolaensis Huang, 2001 is found to be a subspecies of L. gelduba stat. nov., viz. L. gelduba nuolaensis stat. nov.
New species and records of Geodromicus Redtenbacher, 1857 from China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Anthophagini)
Authors: CHENG ZHI-FEI , SHAVRIN ALEXEY V. , PENG ZHONG
Published: June 2020

New diagnostic, taxonomic and faunistic data for 17 species of the genus Geodromicus Redtenbacher, 1857 from China are provided. Five species are (re-) described and illustrated: G. magnus Shavrin sp. n. (Shaanxi), G. namucuoicus Cheng & Peng, sp. n., G. subquadratus Cheng, Shavrin & Peng sp. n. (Xizang Autonomous Region), G. paramerus Shavrin, 2000, and G. shii Cheng & Peng sp. n. (Neimenggu and Ningxia autonomous regions, Shanxi). Geodromicus frigidus Smetana, 1968 is recorded from North Korea, G. hammondi (Watanabe, 1990) and G. paramerus from China for the first time. To date, 22 species of Geodromicus are reliably known from China. A key to the species known from China and distribution maps for all species are provided.
Integrative taxonomy of the Changeable Hawk-Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus complex (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in India
Authors: GJERSHAUG J. O. , DISERUD O. H. , KLEVEN O. , RASMUSSEN P. C. , ESPMARK Y.
Published: June 2020

The Changeable Hawk-Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus complex is represented by two taxa in mainland India: N. c. cirrhatus in the northern plains and peninsula and N. c. limnaeetus in the Himalayan foothills. Traditionally these taxa have been regarded as subspecies of one species, but recently they have been proposed to be different species. Here, we use an integrative taxonomic approach based on considerations of plumage, biometrics, genetics and vocalizations. Several plumage characters are significantly different between the two taxa, but crest length was the only one of 56 characters that was diagnostically different, with no overlap. About 30% of the birds had intermediate crest lengths, suggesting that they are hybrids or backcrosses, as also supported by the microsatellite results. PCAs of adult plumage show many intermediate individuals, irrespective of whether these birds were collected near a putative contact zone. There is restricted gene flow between the two taxa, presumably as a result of their largely allopatric distributions. On current knowledge, reproductive isolation appears to be weak at best, and we therefore recommend continuing to regard limnaeetus and cirrhatus as conspecific.
Larvae of Abachrysa eureka (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini): descriptions and a discussion of the evolution of myrmecophily in Chrysopidae
Authors: TAUBER CATHERINE A. , KILPATRICK SHELBY KERRIN , OSWALD JOHN D.
Published: June 2020

Here we describe the first and third instars and the egg of the New World chrysopid Abachrysa eureka (Banks). Like other members of the tribe Belonopterygini, this species is myrmecophilic. Comparisons of Abachrysa larval and egg characteristics with those reported from four other belonopterygine genera indicate that Abachrysa more closely resembles the Old World Calochrysa and Italochrysa than the New World Vieira and Nacarina. The three genera Abachrysa, Calochrysa and Italochrysa all have large eggs, accelerated embryonic development, and an elaborate set of morphological modifications for larval debris carrying, an important defense against ant attack. This pattern of shared features is consistent with the phylogenies recovered in recent molecular studies that place the New World genera Vieira and Nacarina basal to Abachrysa and the Old World genera. Our assessment of current morphological information in relation to the molecular studies indicates the following sequence: (i) The form of belonopterygine myrmecophily that is currently expressed in the basal lineages (Nacarina and perhaps Vieira) originated in the New World and does not involve elaborate larval modifications for debris carrying. (ii) Myrmecophily that is based on a correlated set of developmental and morphological traits subserving debris carrying evolved in the New World when Abachrysa diverged. (iii) Subsequently, the debris-carrying clade of Belonopterygini underwent a significant radiation in the Old World, but not in the New World.
4. Understandings of the Natural World from a Generational Perspective
Authors: Wright Hazel R.
Published: June 2020

Lastly, ‘Understandings of the Natural World from a Generational Perspective’ (Ch4) collects the views of members from four generations of the same family in order to ascertain their knowledge of nature (meaning, here, plants and animals) and the ways in which this was acquired. Hazel Wright is interested in examining the extent to which residual learning stems from family practices, schooling or from other everyday experiences. She later compares her findings with ‘grand narratives’ around nature, reflecting on how such discourses become embedded within society
13. A Danish Prisoner Narrative
Authors: Mathiassen Charlotte
Published: June 2020

In ‘A Danish Prisoner Narrative: The Tension from a Multifaceted Identity During Re-Entry to Society’ (Ch13), Charlotte Mathiassen carries out narrative research with a male offender moving from prison via a halfway house to independent living, after serving a sentence for murder. This is a nuanced narrative that focuses on much more than the offence, and the reader becomes aware that the man at the centre of the study has to deal with multiple and complex issues. On the one hand, he must face the social stigma of imprisonment and his dependence on social workers due to the disruption of home, work and family patterns that otherwise might have provided support; on the other, he has also to work around the problems stemming from an underlying mental health condition. Even small decisions, like whether or not to enrol on an educational course, represent a challenge.
18. The Needs of Low-Literate Migrants When Learning the English Language
Authors: Mascarenhas Monica
Published: June 2020

Monica Mascarenhas’s chapter, ‘The Needs of Low-Literate Migrants When Learning the English Language’ (Ch18), offers an insider account of research into the lives of migrants attending a college English course, to see if such teaching could be made to better suit the needs of learners as the present system is ineffective, although utilitarian. She collects the life stories of a number of migrants and realizes that if teachers were able to focus on the individual there would be much greater opportunity to enable language learning. Importantly, she finds that those with limited prior literacy, lack the necessary grasp of concepts, contexts and literate thinking necessary to be able to learn English, rendering the classes ineffective and highlighting the need for change.
25. Diversifying Discourses of Progression to UK Higher Education Through Narrative Approaches
Authors: Mazzoli Smith Laura
Published: June 2020

In ‘Diversifying Discourses of Progression to UK Higher Education Through Narrative Approaches’ (Ch25), Laura Mazzoli Smith reflects how her teenage reading of Iris Murdoch’s novels made her aware that it was possible to challenge social expectations rather than conform to them. This enabled Laura to create an agentive personal counter-narrative to overcome family tradition, go to university, and follow an academic career. Seeing herself as an early example of ‘wider participation’ and the Murdoch novels as what Raymond Williams terms ‘resources of hope’ she considers how, by creating and disseminating a diversity of stories that capture individual’s learning journeys, we could encourage a broader range of students to apply to university and democratize the system.
26. Using Journaling and Autoethnography to Create Counter-Narratives of School Exclusion in Britain
Authors: Woodley Helen
Published: June 2020

In the chapter, ‘Using Journaling and Autoethnography to Create Counter-Narratives of School Exclusion in Britain’ (Ch26), Helen Woodley describes how she initially sought to give excluded pupils a voice, in the hope that she could put their views to policy-makers and, consequently, convince them to make appropriate adjustments to decisions that affect such pupils. As part of the process, Helen was also exploring ways to collect data without disrupting class activities. This led to her choosing to write field notes, then to more reflective writing and eventually to journaling. Initially this was a way of recording, reflecting and analysing in narrative form but it became a means of self-discovery. Her chapter offers insights into the way this method can be adopted by others
28. Discourses, Cultural narratives, and Genre in Biographical Narratives
Authors: Horsdal Marianne
Published: June 2020

‘Discourses, Cultural Narratives, and Genre in Biographical Narratives: A Personal Overview’ (Ch28) offers a fitting coda to the chapters in this book. Marianne Horsdal shares insights developed over a long career in narrative research and explains her own choice of cultural narratives as an alternative framework to discourses.
Feature-Based Jet Variability in the Upper Troposphere
Authors: Spensberger Clemens , Spengler Thomas
Published: June 2020

Jets in the upper troposphere constitute a cornerstone of both synoptic meteorology and climate dynamics, providing a direct link between weather and midlatitude climate variability. Conventionally, jet variability is often inferred indirectly through the variability of geopotential or sea level pressure. As recent findings pointed to physical discrepancies of this interpretation for the Southern Hemisphere, this study presents a global overview of jet variability based on automated jet detections in the upper troposphere. Consistent with previous studies, most ocean basins are dominated by variability patterns comprising either a latitudinal shift of the jet or a so-called pulsing, a broadening/narrowing of the jet distribution without a change in the mean position. Whereas previous studies generally associate a mode of storm track variability with either shifting or pulsing, jet-based variability patterns frequently represent a transition from shifting to pulsing, or vice versa, across the respective ocean basin. In the Northern Hemisphere, jet variability is consistent with geopotential variability, confirming earlier analyses. In the Southern Hemisphere, however, the variability of geopotential and jets often indicates different modes of variability. Notable exceptions are the consistent dominant modes of jet and geopotential variability in the South Pacific and, to a lesser extent, the south Indian Ocean during winter, as well as the dominant modes in the South Atlantic and south Indian Ocean during summer. Finally, tropical variability is shown to modulate the jet distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, which is in line with previous results. The response in the Southern Hemispheric, however, is shown to be markedly different.
Apparatus for High-Precision Angle-Resolved Reflection Spectroscopy in the Mid-Infrared Region
Authors: Kuroda Takashi , Chalimah Siti , Yao Yuanzhao , Ikeda Naoki , Sugimoto Yoshimasa , Sakoda Kazuaki
Published: June 2020

Fourier transform (FT) spectroscopy is a versatile technique for studying the infrared (IR) optical response of solid-, liquid-, and gas-phase samples. In standard Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers, a light beam passing through a Michelson interferometer is focused onto a sample with condenser optics. This design enables us to examine relatively small samples, but the large solid angle of the focused infrared beam makes it difficult to analyze angle-dependent characteristics. Here, we design and construct a high-precision angle-resolved reflection setup compatible with a commercial FT-IR spectrometer. Our setup converts the focused beam into an achromatically collimated beam with an angle dispersion as high as 0.25°. The setup also permits us to scan the incident angle over ∼8° across zero (normal incidence). The beam diameter can be reduced to ∼1 mm, which is limited by the sensitivity of an HgCdTe detector. The small-footprint apparatus is easily installed in an FT-IR sample compartment. As a demonstration of the capability of our reflection setup, we measure the angle-dependent mid-infrared reflectance of two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs and determine the in-plane dispersion relation in the vicinity of the Γ point in momentum space. We observe the formation of photonic Dirac cones, i.e., linear dispersions with an accidental degeneracy at Γ, in an ideally designed sample. Our apparatus is useful for characterizing various systems that have a strong in-plane anisotropy, including photonic crystal waveguides, plasmonic metasurfaces, and molecular crystalline films.
Evaluation of a school-based tobacco control intervention in India
Authors: Lakshmi Josyula K , Shrivastav Radhika , Saluja Kiran , Arora Monika
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To understand tobacco use patterns and the context, implementation and reception of a 2-year school-based behavioural intervention to promote awareness and support for tobacco control policies.

Design:

Qualitative exploration of participating students’, parents’ and teachers’ perspectives, experiences and observations related to tobacco use and the school-based intervention, as well as suggestions for the more effective prevention of tobacco use.

Setting:

1,440 schools (720 intervention, 720 control) in two districts of Andhra Pradesh and five districts of Gujarat, India, participated in the study.

Method:

Forty-six focus group discussions were conducted with 94 teachers, 105 parents and 138 students in the intervention schools.

Results:

Evaluation findings signal the influence of the social, economic and cultural context on the initiation and perpetuation of tobacco use. Positive health beliefs, the economic importance of tobacco and cultural practices related to tobacco use were at variance with mounting evidence on the adverse outcomes of tobacco use. Health behaviour change related to tobacco use was observed in participating students, teachers and their families. However, the wider community was not as much influenced. Analysis of the intervention revealed various inputs and gaps in the implementation of the intervention associated with low impact on tobacco use in the community.

Conclusion:

School-based interventions can effect significant perceived health behaviour change among students and families. Health promotion interventions need to acknowledge, harness and address cultural norms, economic pressures and policy implementation with respect to the initiation and perpetuation of tobacco use health behaviours.
Persistent Disparities in Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake: Knowledge and Sociodemographic Determinants of Papanicolaou and Human Papillomavirus Testing Among Women in the United States
Authors: Johnson Nicole L. , Head Katharine J. , Scott Susanna Foxworthy , Zimet Gregory D.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Cervical cancer is the second-most common type of cancer among women aged 15-44, and racial, ethnic, and economic disparities exist in survival rates despite widely available screening tests and early treatment options. The objective of this study was to describe the association among knowledge, sociodemographic characteristics, and cervical cancer screening, with the goal of developing interventions to prevent cervical cancer in populations at risk of the disease.

Methods

In 2017, we conducted a nationwide survey of women in the United States aged ≥18 who had ever received a Papanicolaou (Pap) test (N = 630). We conducted t tests and one-way analysis of variance to determine sociodemographic differences (age, education, race, ethnicity, income, type of health insurance) in knowledge about cervical cancer screening (Pap test and human papillomavirus [HPV] test). We used logistic regressions to define significant determinants of cervical cancer screening behaviors in the previous 5 years.

Results

Of 629 respondents, 407 (64.7%) had an annual household income <$30 000, and 322 of 536 (60.1%) respondents had government-provided health insurance. Of 630 women who had ever had a Pap test, 425 (67.5%) had an HPV test. Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women were more likely than Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women (odds ratio [OR] = 2.49; 95% CI, 1.12-4.54; P = .02) and women with government-provided health insurance (OR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.08-3.37; P = .03) were more likely than women with private health insurance to have received a Pap test in the previous 5 years. Knowledge of HPV was a significant predictor of having received an HPV test in the previous 5 years (OR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.22-1.54; P < .001).

Conclusion

Disparities in cervical cancer screening among sociodemographic groups of women suggest the need for targeted interventions to improve knowledge about Pap and HPV tests.
Numerical and experimental study of variable speed automobile engine cooling water pump
Authors: Li Wei , Ji Leilei , Ma Lingling , Yang Yongfei , Zhou Ling , Agarwal Ramesh K
Published: June 2020

To investigate the performance of engine cooling water pump in automobile with variable rotating speed, experimental tests and numerical simulation are carried out on an engine cooling water pump under the rotating speed of 2650, 2960, 3700, and 4300 r/min. The hydraulic performance under 3700 r/min rotating speed and the cavitation performance under 340 L/min flow rate are tested and analyzed. The predicted results agree well with the experimental results, indicating that the simulation has high accuracy. The results show that the head of engine cooling water pump increases gradually and the best-effective region moves toward high flow rate condition with the increase in rotating speed. The augment of rotating speed would deteriorate the internal flow fields and causes more energy losses, which is due to the increase in tip leakage flow and enhancement of rotor–stator interaction effects. And, the rotor–stator interaction effect is sensitive to the temperature under various rotating speeds. Furthermore, the required net positive suction head increases with the increase in rotational speed and anti-cavitation performance is weakened during cavitation conditions.
Comparison of prior exposure tensile damage and fracture of two-dimensional C/SiC and SiC/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites
Authors: Li Longbiao
Published: June 2020

In this paper, a micromechanical constitutive model for prior exposure tensile damage and fracture of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites is developed considering the multiple damage mechanisms of matrix multicracking, interface debonding and oxidation, and fiber fracture. The relationships between prior exposure temperature, duration time, interface debonding fraction, broken fiber fraction, tensile strength, and fracture strain of C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites are established. The experimental prior exposure tensile damage evolution and final fracture of two-dimensional (2D) C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites are predicted for different temperatures and duration times. The comparison analysis of prior exposure composite tensile strength, fracture strain, interface debonding fraction, and broken fiber fraction between 2D C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites is investigated. The effects of constituent properties and temperature on prior exposure tensile damage and fracture of 2D C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites are discussed. For 2D C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites under prior exposure at 1300℃, the fracture strain decreased with fiber volume, interface shear stress, and prior exposure temperature, and increased with fiber characteristic strength; the tensile strength increased with fiber volume and fiber characteristic strength, and decreased with prior exposure temperature; the interface debonding fraction decreased with fiber volume, and increased with prior exposure temperature; and the fiber broken fraction decreased with fiber volume and fiber characteristic strength, and increased with prior exposure temperature.
Institutionalizing Evidence-Informed Priority Setting for Universal Health Coverage: Lessons From Indonesia
Authors: Sharma Manushi , Teerawattananon Yot , Luz Alia , Li Ryan , Rattanavipapong Waranya , Dabak Saudamini
Published: June 2020

Planning and administering Universal Health Coverage (UHC) policies involve complex and critical decisions, especially in resource-scarce and densely populated settings such as Indonesia. Increasing investments alone do not ensure success and sustainability of UHC, and defining priorities is imperative. In 2013, Indonesia formally embarked on its journey of institutionalizing priority setting with technical assistance from the International Decision Support Initiative (iDSI), which is a global network of organizations in pursuit of evidence-based priority setting. This article provides a perspective for countries in pursuit of institutionalization of evidence-informed policy setting systems and sheds light on the factors conducive to the development of health technology assessment (HTA). It explores the main actors and the context of priority setting in Indonesia and articulates strategies and key outcomes and impact using the theory of change (ToC).
Data driven leakage diagnosis for oil pipelines: An integrated approach of factor analysis and deep neural network classifier
Authors: Zadkarami Morteza , Safavi Ali Akbar , Taheri Mohammad , Salimi Fabienne Fariba
Published: June 2020

This paper proposes a novel data-based leakage diagnosis method for big datasets, which identifies the leak occurrence, its size, and its location. Different statistical features are used to express the changes in flow and pressure signals at different leakage scenarios. To improve the performances of the leakage diagnosis approach, factor analysis (FA) is employed for dimension reduction purposes. The optimal features of both pressure and flow signals are then fed as input vectors to a deep neural network (DNN) classifier. The proposed leakage diagnosis method has been applied to the first 20 km of the Golkhari-Binak oil pipeline, located in Iran. The leakage isolation accuracy has been compared with some related works. Simulation results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms others with the average correct classification rate (CCR) of about 98%.
Analyst Coverage and Audit Fees: International Evidence
Authors: Lim Youngdeok , Monroe Gary S.
Published: June 2020

Using 41,648 firm-year observations from 30 countries during the period 2000–2011, we investigate the relation between analyst coverage and audit fees. We also examine whether the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and shareholder protection at the country level interacts with analyst coverage to affect audit fees. We find that auditors charge firms higher fees when the firms have greater analyst coverage. This supports our argument pertaining to analyst pressure. The positive impact of analyst coverage on audit fees is weaker for firms that adopt IFRS and in countries where there is high shareholder protection. This study enhances an understanding of the effect of analyst coverage on audit fees in relation to IFRS adoption and shareholder protection levels in an international setting.
Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Snoring and Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Burgos‐Sanchez Christian , Jones Nolan N. , Avillion Michael , Gibson Steven J. , Patel Jagatkumar A. , Neighbors John , Zaghi Soroush , Camacho Macario
Published: June 2020

Objective

To systematically review the international literature for studies evaluating the effect of alcohol consumption on the occurrence and severity of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea and to use the available data to perform a meta‐analysis.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL/EBASCO, and Scopus.

Review Methods

The protocol was registered in PROSPERO in March 2018. Following PRISMA guidelines, 2 independent researchers conducted a search from their inception through July 2018. Polysomnography (PSG) data were collected for sleep stages, apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), respiratory disturbance index, and/or lowest oxygen saturation (LSAT). Data concerning the frequency and severity of snoring intensity and sleep architecture were also collected. Only studies with PSG data were evaluated, with exclusion of studies with home sleep testing data. A multivariate regression and pooled analysis with forest plot was performed.

Results

A total of 1266 manuscripts were screened, and 13 manuscripts with 279 patients met inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis of AHI for control versus alcohol consumption revealed a mean difference (MD) of 3.98 events per hour (95% CI, 3.27 to 4.68; P <. 001). Pooled analysis of LSAT for control versus alcohol consumption revealed an MD of −2.72% (95% CI, −3.69 to −1.76; Z score, 5.53; P <. 00001).

Conclusion

Alcohol consumption is associated with worsening severity of snoring, altered sleep architecture, AHI, as well as lowest oxygen saturation among patients susceptible to snoring and obstructive sleep apnea.