bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The UNCRC and Social Workers' Relationships with Young Children
Authors: Winter Karen
Published: November 2011

In the UK, The Munro Review of Child Protection (2010, 2011a, 2011b) has recently highlighted that among the failings in safeguarding children known to social services is the lack of meaningful relationships between social workers and children. In her final report, Munro (2011b) has made recommendations for a more child‐centred system anchored on two themes – the child's journey and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). This article illustrates by way of practical examples how the UNCRC, together with the detailed advice and guidance contained in the UNCRC general comments numbers 5, 7 and 12, provides the best framework for developing effective social work relationships with, and safeguarding, young children. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘In her final report, Munro has made recommendations for a more child‐centred system’
Role of age, post‐training consolidation, and conjunctive associations in the ontogeny of the context preexposure facilitation effect
Authors: Jablonski Sarah A. , Schiffino Felipe L. , Stanton Mark E.
Published: November 2011

The context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE) is a variant of contextual fear conditioning in which context learning and context‐shock associations occur on separate occasions. The CPFE with an immediate shock emerges between Postnatal Day (PND) 17 and 24 in the rat and depends on hippocampal NMDA‐receptor function in PND 24 rats (Schiffino et al. [2011] Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 95(2):190–198). This study investigated this ontogenetic effect further and reports three findings: First, the CPFE is absent on PND 19 but emerges modestly in rats given exposure on PND 21. Second, the absence of the CPFE on PND 17 does not reflect inability to consolidate the context‐shock association established on the training day. Lastly, the CPFE on PND 24 requires exposure to the combined features of the context. These results are the first to show that the early development of contextual fear conditioning depends on conjunctive representations and that processes underlying the CPFE begin to emerge around PND 21 in the rat. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 714–722, 2012.
Cyclopentadienyl‐, Indenyl‐ and Fluorenyl‐Functionalized N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Royo Beatriz , Peris Eduardo
Published: December 2011

This microreview focuses on the preparation of metal complexes with N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands linked to cyclopentadienyl (and related indenyl and fluorenyl) rings. Since the description of the first Ti and V complexes in 2006, the field has grown to afford a large number of new complexes, in which the metals range from early to late transition metals. The ligands that are now available not only include a wide set of cyclopentadienyl‐, indenyl‐ and fluorenyl‐NHCs with a variety of tethers, but may even present chirality. Several catalytic applications of the new complexes are described, including borrowing hydrogen processes (transfer hydrogenation, β‐alkylation of secondary alcohols, alkylation of amines with primary alcohols), hydrosilylation of aldehydes, epoxidation and hydroformylation of olefins, among others.
[Co(μ‐ox)(Hpmtz)] – A New CoII Zig‐Zag Chain Complex with the In Situ Generated Oxalate Bridging and Hpmtz Chelating Ligands (Hpmtz = 5‐pyrimidyltetrazole) Exhibiting Spin‐Canted Antiferromagnetism
Authors: Rodríguez‐Diéguez A. , Seco José Manuel , Colacio E.
Published: November 2011

The compound [Co(μ‐ox)(Hpmtz)] (Hpmtz = 5‐pyrimidyltetrazole, ox = oxalate) has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by reacting CoCl2·6H2O with 2‐cyanopyrimidine and sodium azide. Both ox and Hpmtz ligands were generated in situ during the hydrothermal reaction. The structure of [Co(µ‐ox)(Hpmtz)] consists of oxalate‐bridged CoII zig‐zag chains bearing Hpmtz chelating ligands. These chains form layers in the ab plane via π···π stacking interactions involving the pmtz ligands belonging to neighbouring chains. Layers stack along the c axis with an ABAB sequence and are glued by cooperative C9–H···O4 interactions leading to a 3D structure. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that this compound shows spin‐canted antiferromagnetism (weak ferromagnetism) with TC = 6.5 K.
Synthesis and Organocatalytic Applications of Imidazol(in)ium‐2‐thiocarboxylates (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 35/2011)
Authors: Hans Morgan , Wouters Johan , Demonceau Albert , Delaude Lionel
Published: November 2011

The cover picture shows a cartoon rendition of 1,3‐dicyclohexylimidazolium 2‐thiocarboxylate as a shrimp with small, flexible claws and an unsymmetrical cap. Also depicted are the carboxylate and dithiocarboxylate adducts of other N‐heterocyclic “crabenes” bearing bulky mesityl or 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl substituents on their nitrogen atoms. NHC·COS zwitterions form a new class of betaines whose properties, including thermal stabilities determined by thermogravimetric analysis, are intermediate between those exhibited by the corresponding NHC·CO2 and NHC·CS2 inner salts. Details of their synthesis, properties, and organocatalytic applications are discussed in the article by L. Delaude et al. on p. 7083 ff. The graphical skills of Dr. François Nicks are acknowledged for this bestiary of chemical crustaceans.

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Recent novel MEKC applications to analyze free amino acids in different biomatrices: 2009–2010
Authors: Viglio Simona , Fumagalli Marco , Ferrari Fabio , Bardoni Anna , Salvini Roberta , Giuliano Serena , Iadarola Paolo
Published: December 2011

This report intends to provide an updated overview of the most important methodological developments of MEKC in the field of qualitative/quantitative analysis of free amino acids in different matrices. A good number of articles published in the years 2009–2010 addresses the main applications of such procedures together with their advantages and/or drawbacks. The usefulness of chiral CE selective methods for the separation ofD‐amino acids in biological and food samples and the use of microchips, as well as other foreseen trends in different areas, are also discussed.
Inflated type I error rates when using aggregation methods to analyze rare variants in the 1000 Genomes Project exon sequencing data in unrelated individuals: summary results from Group 7 at Genetic Analysis Workshop 17
Authors: Tintle Nathan , Aschard Hugues , Hu Inchi , Nock Nora , Wang Haitian , Pugh Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

As part of Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 (GAW17), our group considered the application of novel and standard approaches to the analysis of genotype‐phenotype association in next‐generation sequencing data. Our group identified a major issue in the analysis of the GAW17 next‐generation sequencing data: type I error and false‐positive report probability rates higher than those expected based on empirical type I error levels (as high as 90%). Two main causes emerged: population stratification and long‐range correlation (gametic phase disequilibrium) between rare variants. Population stratification was expected because of the diverse sample. Correlation between rare variants was attributable to both random causes (e.g., nearly 10,000 of 25,000 markers were private variants, and the sample size was small [n = 697]) and nonrandom causes (more correlation was observed than was expected by random chance). Principal components analysis was used to control for population structure and helped to minimize type I errors, but this was at the expense of identifying fewer causal variants. A novel multiple regression approach showed promise to handle correlation between markers. Further work is needed, first, to identify best practices for the control of type I errors in the analysis of sequencing data and then to explore and compare the many promising new aggregating approaches for identifying markers associated with disease phenotypes. Genet. Epidemiol. 35:S56–S60, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel bayesian graphical model for genome‐wide multi‐SNP association mapping
Authors: Zhang Yu
Published: December 2011

Most disease association mapping algorithms are based on hypothesis testing procedures that test one variant at a time. Those methods lose power when the disease mutations are jointly tagged by multiple variants, or when gene‐gene interaction exist. Nearby variants are also correlated, for which procedures ignoring the dependence between variants will inevitably produce redundant results. With a large number of variants genotyped in current genome‐wide disease association studies, simultaneous multivariant association mapping algorithms are strongly desired. We present a novel Bayesian method for automatic detection of multivariant joint association in genome‐wide case‐control studies. Our method has improved power and specificity over existing tools. We fit a joint probabilistic model to the entire data and identify disease variants simultaneously. The method dynamically accounts for the strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between variants. As a result, only the primary disease variants will be identified, with all secondary associations due to LD effects filtered out. Our method better pinpoints the disease variants with improved resolution. The method is also computationally efficient for genome‐wide studies. When applied to a real data set of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) containing 401,473 variants in 4,720 individuals, our method detected all previously reported IBD loci in the same data, and recovered two missed loci. We further detected two novel interchromosome interactions. The first is between STAT3 and PARD6G, and the second is between DLG5 and an intergenic region at 5p14. We further validated the two interactions in an independent study.
Age‐Related Physiological Responses to Working in Deep Cold
Authors: Kluth Karsten , Penzkofer Mario , Strasser Helmut
Published: December 2011

Professional order‐picking in deep cold‐storage depots (i.e., storing, picking, and dispatching of frozen groceries) requires employees to remain working at temperatures of approximately −24°C for a whole workday. Actually, a well‐regulated organization of working times and breaks has not been established, and no competent knowledge exists as to whether an additional age‐differentiated organization is necessary. To assess the physiological effects while working in deep cold, 30 male subjects (Ss) were classified into two age groups (20‐ to 35‐year‐olds and 40‐ to 65‐year‐olds). In whole workday tests, possible age‐dependent effects on the strain were measured to guarantee the preservation of the subjects' ability to work in the long run. For the objectification of the physiological strain, heart rate and skin surface temperature were registered continuously, and blood pressure and body core temperature were measured and recorded discretely during cold exposures of 80, 100, and 120 min, separated by 20‐min warming‐up breaks. Systematic differences of blood pressure could not be found. The heart rate values indicated a high physiological strain for both younger and older Ss, with work‐related increases above the resting level of 30 bpm and more. Due to increases over time, endurance level sometimes was exceeded. Age‐related differences in skin temperature could not be recorded, but the ability to generate heat deteriorated with advancing age, which is shown by more substantial decreases of body core temperature in the group of 40‐ to 65‐year‐olds taken at the tympanum. Regarding physiological strain brought about by maximum heart rate decreasing with age and declined heat generation, correspondingly adapted workday break regimes have to be provided for older employees to ensure their ability to work in the long run. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DESIGN METHODS OF PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION NETWORKS
Authors: González‐Cebollada César , Macarulla Bibiana
Published: November 2011

This paper offers a comparison between the main methods of designing a pressurized irrigation network. The methods are applied to two networks: a small example network and a real irrigation network (located in Fonz, Huesca province, Spain). After presenting and defining the design problem, the theoretical foundations of the main existing design methods are reviewed. These methods are: maximum velocity, recommended velocity, Mougnie velocity, constant hydraulic slope, Lagrange multipliers, linear programming, Labye's method, genetic algorithms and recursive design. Implementation of each is explained.

The Example and Fonz networks are then presented with detailed information in figures and tables. The design methods were applied to both networks and results are shown with bar graphs. Final costs were very different depending on the method used. Methods without economic considerations in their formulations (functional methods) were more expensive than advanced methods with internal economic targets. In this comparison, the Lagrange multipliers method and recursive design method were less expensive solutions in both networks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of severe hypertriglyceridemia in the hospital: A review
Authors: Schaefer Eric W. , Leung Alicia , Kravarusic Jelena , Stone Neil J.
Published: November 2011

For hospitalists, hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is more than cardiovascular risk. Severe HTG occurs when serum triglycerides rise above 1000 mg/dL, and it carries a risk of abdominal pain and pancreatitis. The etiology of severe HTG is usually a combination of genetic and secondary factors. A detailed history with attention to family history, medications, and alcohol consumption can often lead to the cause. Physical examination findings may stretch across multiple organ systems. Patients with severe HTG should be admitted to the hospital for aggressive medical therapy if they develop symptoms such as abdominal pain or pancreatitis. Asymptomatic patients with severe HTG who have significant short‐term risk for developing symptoms require urgent consultation that may lead to a brief hospitalization to address exacerbating factors. Treatment of severe HTG includes a combination of pharmacologic agents and a restriction on dietary triglyceride intake. If oral medications fail to adequately lower triglyceride levels, intravenous insulin and in rare cases therapeutic plasma exchange may be required. To prevent recurrent severe HTG, the patient should be counseled about adherence to long‐term medications and lifestyle changes. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Basal ganglia hyperintensity on T1‐weighted MRI in rendu–osler–weber disease
Authors: Oikonomou Anastasia , Chatzistefanou Alexandros , Zezos Petros , Mintzopoulou Paraskevi , Vadikolias Konstantinos , Prassopoulos Panos
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible central nervous system (CNS) involvement in Rendu–Osler–Weber (ROW) disease in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three patients with symptomatic ROW disease underwent brain MRI. Brain MRI depicted in all three of them increased signal intensity on T1‐weighted images involving the globus pallidus and cerebral crura bilaterally. Laboratory studies of the two men showed iron deficiency anemia, while all three of them had normal liver function tests and increased manganese blood concentration. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy revealed a gastric and a cecal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the first one, while pulmonary and hepatic computed tomography (CT) angiography did not detect any intrahepatic shunts. Liver ultrasound in the second one revealed dilatation of intrahepatic artery branches consistent with intrahepatic shunts, while it was normal in the third patient. Chest radiographs were normal in all three patients. Pallidal T1 hyperintensity on T1‐weighted imaging may be a biomarker of manganese overload in ROW disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;426‐430. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A deflectable guiding catheter for real‐time MRI‐guided interventions
Authors: Bell Jamie A. , Saikus Christina E. , Ratnayaka Kanishka , Wu Vincent , Sonmez Merdim , Faranesh Anthony Z. , Colyer Jessica H. , Lederman Robert J. , Kocaturk Ozgur
Published: December 2011

Purpose:

To design a deflectable guiding catheter that omits long metallic components yet preserves mechanical properties to facilitate therapeutic interventional MRI procedures.

Materials and Methods:

The catheter shaft incorporated Kevlar braiding. A 180° deflection was attained with a 5‐cm nitinol slotted tube, a nitinol spring, and a Kevlar pull string. We tested three designs: passive, passive incorporating an inductively coupled coil, and active receiver. We characterized mechanical properties, MRI properties, RF induced heating, and in vivo performance in swine.

Results:

Torque and tip deflection force were satisfactory. Representative procedures included hepatic and azygos vein access, laser cardiac septostomy, and atrial septal defect crossing. Visualization was best in the active configuration, delineating profile and tip orientation. The passive configuration could be used in tandem with an active guidewire to overcome its limited conspicuity. There was no RF‐induced heating in all configurations under expected use conditions in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion:

Kevlar and short nitinol component substitutions preserved mechanical properties. The active design offered the best visibility and usability but reintroduced metal conductors. We describe versatile deflectable guiding catheters with a 0.057” lumen for interventional MRI catheterization. Implementations are feasible using active, inductive, and passive visualization strategies to suit application requirements. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:908–915. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetic and theoretical investigations of the S + NO2 reaction
Authors: Thompson Kristopher M. , Gao Yide , Marshall Paul
Published: November 2011

Ground state atomic sulfur was generated by 193‐nm laser photolysis of CS2 precursor in Ar bath gas, in the presence of a large excess of NO2 under pseudo‐first‐order conditions. Decays of S(3PJ) were monitored over 292–656 K and pressures of 14–535 mbar. No pressure dependence was observed, and the second‐order constants are summarized as k(T) = 1.9 × 10−11 exp(+4.1 kJ mol−1)/RT cm3 molecule−1 s−1, with a 95% confidence interval of ±7%. The potential energy surfaces for SNO2 and S(NO2)2 were explored using QCISD/6‐311G(d,p) theory for geometries and frequencies, followed by single‐point calculations based on coupled‐cluster theory and extrapolation of results with cc‐pV(T+d)Z and cc‐pV(Q+d)Z basis sets to the complete basis set limit. Corrections were made for scalar relativistic effects and core–valence correlation. A mechanism involving initial barrierless addition of S to the N atom in NO2, followed by fast dissociation to SO + NO, is consistent with the observed lack of pressure dependence and a Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus estimate of the dissociation rate of SNO2 compared to collisional stabilization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 90–99, 2012
A quantitative kinetic analysis of CO elimination from phenoxy radicals
Authors: Carstensen Hans‐Heinrich , Dean Anthony M.
Published: November 2011

Phenoxy radicals are expected to play an important role in the thermal decomposition of lignin. At high enough temperatures, the dissociation to cyclopentadienyl radicals plus carbon monoxide dominates over bimolecular channels. While earlier experimental and theoretical studies agree on the mechanism, the experimental data suggest a substantially lower overall barrier than that found in theoretical studies. To address this discrepancy, we performed electronic structure calculations at the CBS‐QB3 level of theory and at a modified version of it to construct the relevant portion of the C6H5O potential energy surface (PES). The new results are in good agreement with previous studies. We then used the molecular information to calculate thermodynamic properties of the reactants and activated complexes, the high‐pressure rate constants, and the pressure dependence. Three different methods were employed for the last step: the quantum version of the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel/modified strong collision theory approach by Dean (J Phys Chem 1985, 89, 4600–4608), the stochastic treatment by Barker (Int J Chem Kinet 2001, 33, 232–245) using the MultiWell package, and the master equation program Unimol by Gilbert and coworkers. Theory of Unimolecular and Recombination Reactions. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. All methods predict the experimentally determined phenoxy decomposition rate constant to be in the falloff region. This explains the almost 10 kcal mol−1 difference between reported activation energies and calculated barriers. Both the Lin and Lin (J Phys Chem 1986, 90, 425–431) and Frank et al. (Proc Combust Inst 1994, 25, 833–840) data can be reproduced within the assumed uncertainty limits without any adjustments of the PES. We also report on falloff behavior in the CO elimination from methyl‐, hydroxy‐, and methoxy‐substituted phenoxy radicals in the para position and compare it to that of the unsubstituted phenoxy radical. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 75–89, 2012
Molecular size dependent falloff rate constants for the recombination reactions of alkyl radicals with O2 and implications for simplified kinetics of alkylperoxy radicals
Authors: Miyoshi Akira
Published: November 2011

The recombination reactions of prototypical alkyl radicals (R) with O2, R + O2 → RO2, have been investigated theoretically by using the variational transition state theory and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory/master equation calculations based on the CASPT2(7,5)/aug‐cc‐pVDZ//B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) potential energy curves and B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) geometries and vibrational frequencies. The calculated high‐pressure limiting rate constants well reproduced the experimental room temperature rate constants for ethyl, i‐propyl, n‐butyl, s‐butyl, and t‐butyl radicals and were nearly the same for the same class of alkyl radicals, namely for primary (ethyl and n‐butyl) and for secondary (i‐propyl and s‐butyl) radicals. Hypothetical falloff calculations ignoring the subsequent dissociation/isomerization reactions of RO2 indicated that the low‐pressure limiting (LPL) rate constants increase monotonically and systematically with the size of the molecule and are almost identical for the same‐sized C4 alkyl radicals, n‐butyl, s‐butyl, and t‐butyl. With the extended calculations for 1‐hexyl (C6H13) and 2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl (C8H17)+ O2 based on the B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) calculations and estimated potential energy curves, class‐specific molecular size dependent falloff rate expression was proposed. The analysis of the unexpected behavior of the LPL rate constants for large alkyl radicals at high temperatures suggested the collapse of the assumption of the steady‐state dissociation or the Lindemann–Hinshelwood type of the mechanism. The analysis of the dissociation/recombination steady state suggested near‐Boltzmann distribution of RO2 in partial equilibrium with R + O2, which implies the possible simplification of the kinetic modeling by using the high‐pressure limiting rate constants for the subsequent reactions of RO2. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 59–74, 2012
Localization by nonlinear phase preparation and k‐space trajectory design
Authors: Witschey Walter R.T. , Cocosco Chris A. , Gallichan Daniel , Schultz Gerrit , Weber Hans , Welz Anna , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim
Published: November 2011

A technique is described to localize MR signals from a target volume using nonlinear pulsed magnetic fields and spatial encoding trajectories designed using local k‐space theory. The concept of local k‐space is outlined theoretically, and this principle is applied to simulated phantom and cardiac MRI data in the presence of surface and quadrupolar gradient coil phase modulation. Phantom and in vivo human brain images are obtained using a custom, high‐performance quadrupolar gradient coil integrated with a whole‐body 3‐T MRI system to demonstrate target localization using three‐dimensional T‐weighted spoiled gradient echo, two‐dimensional segmented, multiple gradient encoded spin echo, and three‐dimensional balanced steady‐state free precession acquisitions. This method may provide a practical alternative to selective radiofrequency excitation at ultra‐high‐field, particularly for steady‐state applications where repetition time (TR) must be minimized and when the amount of energy deposited in human tissues is prohibitive. There are several limitations to the approach including the spatial variation in resolution, high frequency aliasing artifacts, and spatial variation in echo times and contrast. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On improving the speed and reliability of T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging (TRUST) MRI
Authors: Xu Feng , Uh Jinsoo , Liu Peiying , Lu Hanzhang
Published: December 2011

A T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging technique was recently developed to estimate cerebral blood oxygenation, providing potentials for noninvasive assessment of the brain's oxygen consumption. A limitation of the current sequence is the need for long repetition time, as shorter repetition time causes an over‐estimation in blood R2. This study proposes a postsaturation T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging by placing a nonselective 90° pulse after the signal acquisition to reset magnetization in the whole brain. This scheme was found to eliminate estimation bias at a slight cost of precision. To improve the precision, echo time of the sequence was optimized and it was found that a modest echo time shortening of 3.4 ms can reduce the estimation error by 49%. We recommend the use of postsaturation T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging sequence with a repetition time of 3000 ms and a echo time of 3.6 ms, which allows the determination of global venous oxygenation with scan duration of 1 min 12 s and an estimation precision of ±1% (in units of oxygen saturation percentage). Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One virus, one lesion—individual components of CIN lesions contain a specific HPV type
Authors: Quint Wim , Jenkins David , Molijn Anco , Struijk Linda , van de Sandt Miekel , Doorbar John , Mols Johann , Van Hoof Christine , Hardt Karin , Struyf Frank , Colau Brigitte
Published: December 2011

In 20–40% of cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and in 4–8% of cervical carcinoma tissue specimens, multiple HPV genotypes have been detected. Whole tissue section (WTS) PCR does not determine how the individual types relate causally to complex and multiple CIN. Our objective was to determine whether laser capture micro‐dissection (LCM) with HPV PCR genotyping (LCM‐PCR) could accurately recover type‐specific HPV DNA from epithelial cells in individual areas of CIN and normal epithelium, and whether one or more viruses are present in one lesion. For that, histologically selected samples of CIN and normal epithelium were isolated by LCM and analysed by the SPF10 PCR/LiPA25 (version 1) HPV genotyping system for 25 HPV genotypes. HPV genotypes detected in 756 areas of CIN (grade 1, 2 or 3) by LCM‐PCR were compared with results obtained by WTS‐PCR in 60 cases (74 biopsies). We showed that when a single HPV type is detected by WTS‐PCR, that type was almost always (94%; 29/31) recovered by LCM‐PCR from CIN. When multiple HPV types were present by WTS‐PCR, their distribution within histological sections could be mapped by LCM‐PCR. Association of a single HPV type with a discrete area of CIN was found for 93% (372/399) of LCM fragments analysed by PCR. We found colliding CIN lesions associated with separate HPV types and only 62% (61/99) of HPV types detected by WTS‐PCR were found in CIN by LCM‐PCR. Therefore, the LCM‐PCR technique was found very accurate for high‐resolution HPV genotyping and for assigning an individual HPV type to an area of CIN. At LCM level, in cervical biopsy sections with multiple HPV infections, the relation between HPV types and CIN lesions is often complex. Almost every HPV type found in CIN by LCM‐PCR is associated with a biological separate independent CIN lesion—one virus, one lesion. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in metabolic effects of twice daily versus multiple daily insulin injections in children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Abid N , Porter L , Day E , Krone N , Högler W , Kirk J , Shaw N , Barrett T
Published: November 2011

We aimed to compare children started on twice daily injections (BD) versus multiple daily injections (MDI) from diagnosis, using HbA1c and weight gain as outcome measures.

In our unit, newly diagnosed children were started on BD insulin until 2005 when we changed to MDI. Those on BD were offered a change‐over to MDI. We collected data on HbA1c and body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) between 2003 and 2009 at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and those who changed from BD to MDI and after 12 months.

Eighty‐eight (45 female) children were started on BD insulin (group 1), 29 (10 female) were started on MDI (group 2), and 36 (20 female) children were started on BD and then changed to MDI (group 3). The mean HbA1c at baseline and 12 months was: group 1 – 11.4%, 9.1% (p<0.001); group 2 – 11.5%, 7.9% (p<0.001); and group 3 – 8.9%, 9.2% (p=NS). The mean improvement at 12 months in HbA1c was better in group 2 compared to group 1 (3.6% vs 2.3% [p<0.001]). Mean BMI SDSs at baseline and 12 months were: group 1 – 0.41, 0.90 (p<0.001); group 2 – 0.28, 0.56 (p=0.04); and group 3 – 0.8, 0.8 (p=NS). The difference in BMI SDS at 12 months between group 1 and group 2 (0.34) was not statistically significant.

It was concluded that MDI from diagnosis results in better glycaemic control and a trend towards less weight gain at 12 months than BD. Children who start on BD and then switch to MDI after 12 months do not show the same benefit. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons.
Arnold Bloom's legacy today: the art of medicine in an evidence‐based world
Authors: Shaw K
Published: November 2011

The 13th Arnold Bloom Lecture was delivered by Professor Ken Shaw at the Diabetes UK Annual Professional Conference, London ExCeL Centre, 30 March 2011

Ken Shaw was Senior Registrar to Arnold Bloom at the Whittington Hospital, London, 1973–1974

The name of Arnold Bloom is recorded on the Diabetes UK Roll of Honour which aims to acknowledge people who have played an exceptional role in the history of diabetes
Recommendations on the statistical analysis of the Comet assay
Authors: Bright Jonathan , Aylott Mike , Bate Simon , Geys Helena , Jarvis Philip , Saul Jim , Vonk Richardus
Published: December 2011

In 2010, the Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (PSI) Toxicology Special Interest Group met to discuss the design and analysis of the Comet assay. The Comet assay is one potential component of the package of safety studies required by regulatory bodies. As these studies usually involve a three‐way nested experimental design and as the distribution of the measured response is usually either lognormal or lognormal plus a point mass at zero, the analysis is not straightforward. This has led to many different types of analysis being proposed in the literature, with several different methods applied within the pharmaceutical industry itself. This article summarises the PSI Toxicology Group's discussions and recommendations around these issues. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating advection/transport schemes using interrelated tracers, scatter plots and numerical mixing diagnostics
Authors: Lauritzen P. H. , Thuburn J.
Published: December 2011

Atmospheric tracers are often observed to be functionally related, and these relations can be physically or chemically significant. It is therefore highly desirable that the transport schemes used in chemistry and chemistry‐climate models should not disrupt such functional relations in unphysical ways through numerical mixing or, indeed, unmixing. Here, diagnostics are proposed that quantify numerical mixing by a transport scheme for a single tracer, two tracers that are nonlinearly related, and three (or more) tracers that add up to a constant. For the two‐tracer test, the question of how physically reasonable the numerical mixing is can be addressed by using scatter/correlation plots. Truncation errors will, in general, result in scatter points deviating from the preexisting functional curve and thereby introduce numerical mixing between the tracers. The proposed diagnostics quantify the mixing in terms of the normalized distances between the pre‐existing functional curve and scatter points, and divide it into three categories: real mixing and two types of spurious numerical unmixing. For the three‐tracer test, we quantify, in terms of standard error norms, how nearly a transport scheme can preserve the sum by transporting the individual tracers.

The mixing diagnostics do not require the knowledge of the analytical solution to the transport problem for the individual tracers. However, using an idealized flow field and spatial distributions facilitates the use of the mixing diagnostics in transport scheme development. Hence we propose to exercise the new mixing diagnostics using an idealized but highly deformational analytical flow field. Example results using the CSLAM (Conservative Semi‐LAgrangian Multi‐tracer) scheme are presented. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A Novel and Highly Efficient Photocatalyst Based on P25–Graphdiyne Nanocomposite
Authors: Wang Shuo , Yi Luoxin , Halpert Jonathan E. , Lai Xiaoyong , Liu Yuanyuan , Cao Hongbin , Yu Ranbo , Wang Dan , Li Yuliang
Published: November 2011

Titania nanoparticles (P25) are successfully chemically bonded with graphdiyne (GD) nanosheets by a facile hydrothermal treatment, to form a novel nanocomposite photocatalyst. The as‐prepared P25–GD nanocomposite exhibits higher photocatalytic activity for degrading methylene blue under UV irradiation than not only P25 and P25–carbon nanotube composite but also the current well‐known P25–graphene composite photocatalysts. Moreover, P25–GD also shows considerable visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic activity, since the formation of chemical bonds between P25 and GD effectively decreases the bandgap of P25 and extends its absorbable light range. The photocatalytic activity of P25–GD can be adjusted by changing the content of GD in composites and the optimized value is about 0.6 wt%. Such a nanocomposite photocatalyst might find potential application in a wide range of fields including air purification and waste water treatment.
Sciatic nerve repair by acellular nerve xenografts implanted with BMSCs in rats xenograft combined with BMSCs
Authors: Jia Hua , Wang Ying , Tong Xiao‐Jie , Liu Gui‐Bo , Li Qi , Zhang Li‐Xin , Sun Xiao‐Hong
Published: December 2011

Acellular nerves possess the structural and biochemical features similar to those of naive endoneurial tubes, and have been proved bioactive for allogeneil graft in nerve tissue engineering. However, the source of allogenic donators is restricted in clinical treatment. To explore sufficient substitutes for acellular nerve allografts (ANA), we investigated the effectiveness of acellular nerve xenografts (ANX) combined with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on repairing peripheral nerve injuries. The acellular nerves derived from Sprague‐Dawley rats and New Zealand rabbits were prepared, respectively, and BMSCs were implanted into the nerve scaffolds and cultured in vitro. All the grafts were employed to bridge 1 cm rat sciatic nerve gaps. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10 per group): ANA group, ANX group, BMSCs‐laden ANA group, BMSCs‐laden ANX group, and autologous nerve graft group. At 8 weeks post‐transplantation, electrophysiological study was performed and the regenerated nerves were assayed morphologically. Besides, growth‐promoting factors in the regenerated tissues following the BMSCs integration were detected. The results indicated that compared with the acellular nerve control groups, nerve regeneration and functional rehabilitation for the xenogenic nervetransplantation integrated with BMSCs were advanced significantly, and the rehabilitation efficacy was comparable with that of the autografting. The expression of neurotrophic factors in the regenerated nerves, together with that of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the spinal cord and muscles were elevated largely. In conclusion, ANX implanted with BMSCs could replace allografts to promote nerve regeneration effectively, which offers a reliable approach for repairing peripheral nerve defects. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HSD10 disease: clinical consequences of mutations in the HSD17B10 gene
Authors: Zschocke Johannes
Published: November 2011

The HSD17B10 gene is located on chromosome Xp11.2 and codes for a multifunctional protein called 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (HSD10). This protein catalyzes the 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxybutyryl‐CoA dehydrogenation (MHBD) reaction in isoleucine metabolism and is an essential component of mitochondrial RNase P required for the processing of mtDNA transcripts. HSD10 is required for normal mitochondrial maintenance, and complete loss of HSD10 is incompatible with life. Mutations in the HSD17B10 gene have been reported in 19 families. The classical infantile form of what is best named HSD10 disease is characterized by a period of more or less normal development in the first 6‐18 months of life. Some patients showed transient metabolic derangement in the neonatal period, with good clinical recovery but often persistent lactate elevation. Usually from age 6‐18 months affected boys show a progressive neurodegenerative disease course in conjunction with retinopathy and cardiomyopathy leading to death at age 2‐4 years or later. A more severe presentation in the neonatal period with little neurological development, severe progressive cardiomyopathy, and early death, is denoted neonatal form. Juvenile and atypical/asymptomatic forms of HSD10 disease have been recognized. Heterozygous females often show non‐progressive developmental delay and intellectual disability but may also be clinically normal. The pathogenesis is poorly understood but is unrelated to MHBD function. Diagnosis is based on typical abnormalities in urinary organic acid analysis and molecular studies. The same de novo mutation p.R130C was found in over half of patient families; it is associated with the infantile disease form. There is no effective treatment.
Selective local texture features based face recognition with single sample per class
Authors: Jaya Priya K. , Rajesh R. S.
Published: November 2011

Local appearance-based methods have been successfully applied to face recognition and achieved state-of-the-art performance. In this paper we propose a local selective feature extraction approach based on Gabor filters and the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) approach to face recognition. A Gabor filter extracts the textural features from the face image and generates the binary face template using those features. The binary face template acts like a mask to extract the local texture information of the face image using a Local Binary Pattern technique. This selective local texture feature approach uses the histogram-based matching for face recognition. This method reduces the computation time considerably. This method also reduces the number of Local Binary Patterns into half compared to the existing LBP method. This proposed approach reduces the computation time for the FERET dataset by 45%. Experiments on well-known face databases such as FERET, Yale, Indian Faces and ORL show that this approach obtains consistent and promising results in the scenario of one training sample per person with significant facial variation.
The effect of exercise on IL‐6‐induced cachexia in the ApcMin/+ mouse
Authors: Puppa Melissa J. , White James P. , Velázquez Kandy T. , Baltgalvis Kristen A. , Sato Shuichi , Baynes John W. , Carson James A.
Published: November 2011

Background

Cachexia involves unintentional body weight loss including diminished muscle and adipose tissue mass and is associated with an underlying disease. Systemic overexpression of IL‐6 accelerates cachexia in the ApcMin/+ mouse, but does not induce wasting in control C57BL/6 mice. With many chronic diseases, chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction can be improved with moderate exercise. A direct effect of regular moderate exercise on the prevention of IL‐6‐induced cachexia in the ApcMin/+ mouse has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exercise on the development of cachexia in the ApcMin/+ mouse.

Methods

Mice were randomly assigned to moderate treadmill exercise (18 m/min, 1 h, 6 days/week, 5% grade) or cage control (CC) groups from 6 to 14 weeks of age. At 12 weeks of age, mice were electroporated with either IL‐6‐containing or control plasmid into the quadriceps muscle. Mice were killed after 2 weeks of systemic IL‐6 overexpression or control treatment.

Results

IL‐6 overexpression induced an 8% loss in body weight in CC mice, which was significantly attenuated by exercise. IL‐6 overexpression in CC mice increased fasting insulin and triglyceride levels, which were normalized by exercise, and associated with increased oxidative capacity, an induction of AKT signaling, and a repression of AMPK signaling in muscle. These exercise‐induced changes occurred despite elevated inflammatory signaling in skeletal muscle.

Conclusion

We conclude that moderate‐intensity exercise can attenuate IL‐6‐dependent cachexia in ApcMin/+ mice, independent of changes in IL‐6 concentration and muscle inflammatory signaling. The exercise effect was associated with improved insulin sensitivity and improved energy status in the muscle.
Implementing the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist: A Model for Future Perioperative Initiatives
Authors: Styer Kristin Alt , Ashley Stanley W. , Schmidt Ilona , Zive Elaine M. , Eappen Sunil
Published: December 2011

In the fall of 2008, perioperative leaders at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, conducted a two‐week trial of the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist in the main OR. The checklist was incorporated by using a Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act cycle. In 2009, we began a 14‐week rollout of the surgical safety checklist to all our ORs. Critical factors that led to the success of this implementation included gaining executive leadership endorsement; recruiting volunteers from each discipline to lead the project; using quality methodologies to ensure a thoughtful, organizing implementation; providing frequent feedback and data; and confirming standardized use of the checklist by creating a policy.
Aisled Houses in the Halifax Area
Authors: Atkinson Frank , McDowall R. W.
Published: November 2011

The houses with which this paper is concerned belong to the small segment of the eastern slopes of the Pennines known as the ‘Ancient Parish of Halifax’. It is not known when the ‘Ancient Parish’ was formed but the first recorded vicar of Halifax was inducted in 1274 and in that same year the Wakefield Manor Courts ceased to meet in Sowerby Town and made Halifax their centre.

The Ancient Parish covers ten miles of the valley of the river Calder and its tributaries, Halifax itself lying on the Hebble. The area is bleak; it lies, all except the extreme eastern part, on Millstone Grit and rises from a height of some 200 feet above sea level in the valley to an altitude of 1,400 feet. The old settlements mostly lie on the sloping hillsides at an average height of 700 feet.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Wormald Francis
Published: November 2011

At the end of this first full year of my office as your President I wish to thank every Fellow of the Society for the kindness and support that they have shown me and naturally above all I must thank my fellow officers whose patience and counsel have been unbounded. 1967 is an important year for the Society, for in it we celebrate our two hundred and fiftieth anniversary. The Council has considered what should be done to mark this occasion and it has been decided that this will take the form of an Anniversary Party to beheld from 5.30 to 8.30 p.m. on Thursday, the 12th of October. There will be some guests, but Fellows will be asked to subscribe towards their own entertainment. Two hundred and fifty years is half five hundred years, yet I still feel that the Old Lady of Burlington House is quite young for her age. Long may she remain so, and it is right and proper to salute the young as well as the not so young who make up our membership and to beg them to keep her ever in her pristine freshness and enterprise.
Medieval Roofs with Base-Crucks and Short Principals
Authors: Alcock N. W. , Barley M. W.
Published: November 2011

This paper examines, from two points of view, a collection of some ninety buildings with base-cruck trusses, and a further group of related buildings, particularly those whose roof trusses incorporate short principals. Examination of the social status of the buildings shows that they belonged to a remarkably homogeneous section of feudal society, and their distribution can be explained largely in terms of the social connections of a class, with some further influence of local schools of carpentry. The typological development of base-crucks and short principals is traced from their twelfth- or thirteenth-century origins to a fifteenth-century devolution into various local sub-types.
Later Bronze Age Activity in the Somerset Levels
Authors: Coles John M.
Published: November 2011

The evidence of human activity in the Somerset Levels in the first millennium B.C. consists of wooden trackways laid across areas of developing raised bog, and joining small settlements on the higher, drier lands of the Poldens and the Wedmore ridge. The excavation of one of these tracks, of the sixth century B.C., is described. Stray finds of weapons and tools continue to be made by peat-cutters and by archaeologists; the most recent of these finds are a hazelwood peg or truncheon, and a sycamore tent peg, of the fourth or third century B.C. The relationship of the trackways and other finds to the marshside villages at Meare remains to be established.
An Anglo-Saxon Bookbinding at Fulda (Codex Bonifatianus I)
Authors: Wilson David M.
Published: November 2011

This paper is intended to examine in detail certain problems concerning the binding of the Victor Codex (MS. Bonifatianus I)in the Landesbibliothek at Fulda (pl. xxxv). It is hoped to show that the metal mounts of the binding are of Northumbrian manufacture; that, in all probability, the leather binding was executed at the same time and in the same area, and that the binding is of late-seventh or eighth-century date.
The Pedite Gladius
Authors: Hazell P. J.
Published: November 2011

In conjunction with a survey of Roman sword finds, an attempt is made to classify the varying types and dimensions of blades into categories indicative of their function within the Imperial Army. In particular, a category is defined as being that most likely to represent examples of the standard gladius as issued to the legionary infantryman.
A Contribution to the Study of Glastonbury Ware from South-Western Britain
Authors: Peacock D. P. S.
Published: November 2011

A petrological study of the rock inclusions present in Early Iron Age Glastonbury ware suggests that the raw materials for pottery making were not usually obtained on or near the find-sites, but from specific localities throughout south-western England. Since each of the petrological groups has its own range of typological traits there is reason to believe that the completed pots, rather than the materials, were transported, suggesting the activity of specialist potters working from production centres. The relevance of the new evidence to the origin of the decorative styles and the cultural interpretation of the pottery is briefly discussed.