bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological characterization and distribution of antennal sensilla of Diaphania angustalis Snellen (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Jing , Chen Dong‐Yu , Chao Xue‐Ting , Dong Zi‐Shu , Huang Zong‐You , Zheng Xia‐Lin , Lu Wen
Published: July 2019

Diaphania angustalis Snellen (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the main defoliator of Alstonia schalaris. In this article, observation of external morphological and ultrastructure structure of adult antennae of D. angustalis was carried out using the scanning and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that both male and female antennae were filiform and could be divided into scape, pedicel, and flagellum. There are eight types and two subtypes of antennal sensilla, namely, sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica (I & II), sensilla coeloconica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla squamiformia, capitate peg, and Böhm bristles. Most sensilla are concentrated in venter and the sides of antennae. Analyses on morphological and quantitative differences of antennal sensilla between male and female adults. The size of SCo is significantly different between male and female. In terms of quantity, only SSt and CP have no significant differences between male and female. By comparing the existing antennal sensilla of Crambidae, it is found that STr, SCh, SCo, and SAu are common sensilla. These results can contribute to further research on the function of sensilla of D. angustalis relating to its behavior.

A detailed description is provided of the antennal sensilla in Diaphania angustalis.

Diaphania angustalis has the rare sensilla of capitate peg in Crambidae.

No sexual dimorphism of sensillum types is found in the species.

The number and distribution of sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla auricillica sensillum are different.
Microscopic techniques used for the identification of medicinal plants: A case study of Senna
Authors: Shaheen Shabnum , Jaffer Mehwish , Khalid Sana , Khan Muhammad Asaf , Hussain Khadim , Butt Muhammad Moeen , Rauf Siddiqui Abdul , Ashfaq Muhammad , Ahmad Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad , Khan Farah
Published: July 2019

Background

The use of quality control tool for adulteration of Senna (Cassia aungustifolia) a pharmaceutically very important. They were used for multiple health disorders such as constipation, indigestion, epilepsy, asthma, piles, migraine, and heart problems. Two different species of same family or same genus used commercially in Indo‐Pak using the same medicine name Senna. One named as Senna (C. aungustifolia) and its adulterant named as Sickle Senna (Cassia obtusifolia).

Methodology

These two plants were analyzed using classical microscopic techniques light microscopy and the modern chemotaxonomic traits scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence studies and phytochemical studies.

Results

The C. aungustifolia L. had found to be a perennial herb with trilobed pollen, diacytic, paracytic, and anisocytic stomata having smooth walled epidermal cells, whereas the C. obtusifolia stands out as a perennial shrub with spheroidal and circular pollen and paracytic type of stomata having irregular shaped epidermal cells. The powdered drug of C. aungustifolia is dark grayish green, whereas the powdered drug of C. obtusifolia is light green in color. Investigation and other techniques used in this project provided the basis for the authentication of this species.
Tritiodefluorination of alkyl C–F groups
Authors: Brož Břetislav , Marek Aleš
Published: July 2019

A straightforward methodology of fluorine substitution by tritium/deuterium is reported. The described method is selective towards the F─C (sp3) group and leaves both the aromatic F─C (sp2) and F2─C (sp3) moieties unaffected. Alkylfluorides, readily synthesized from appropriate alcohols by treatment with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) reagent in an overall yield up to 76%, undergoes activation with the boron‐based Lewis acid B(C6F5)3, and stoichiometric in situ reduction with a tritide/deuteride reagent—the [TMP2(3)H][2(3)HB(C6F5)3] system of frustrated Lewis pair. This methodology provides an isolated yield of up to 93% of regio‐specifically labeled small organic compounds with superior 2H‐enrichment of over 95%. The specific activity of prepared 1‐(2‐[3H]‐ethyl)naphthalene was determined at 29.0 Ci/mmol. The site selectivity of the Lewis acid/ [TMP2(3)H][2(3)HB(C6F5)3] approach is orthogonal to currently used methods and allows for isotopic labeling of complementary positions in molecules. Reported labeling methodology proceeds well at ultra‐mild reaction conditions (220 mbar of T2), allowing very low consumption of the radioactive source (4.2 Ci/156 GBq), and producing limited amount of radioactive waste.
Prevalence of Fabry disease in male dialysis patients: Argentinean screening study
Authors: Frabasil Joaquín , Durand Consuelo , Sokn Silvia , Gaggioli Daniela , Carozza Patricia , Carabajal Ricardo , Politei Juan , Schenone Andrea B.
Published: July 2019

Background

Fabry disease (FD) is an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by enzyme Alpha‐Galactosidase A (α‐Gal‐A) deficiency, due mutations in GLA gene. Progressive glycolipid accumulation leads to damage in kidney and other organs. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Fabry disease in Argentinean male patients undergoing dialysis.

Methods

A prospective screening study was carried out measuring the α‐Gal‐A activity in dried blood spot (DBS) samples of male patients undergoing dialysis from Argentina. Those patients in which DBS α‐Gal‐A level was low (<4.0 μmol/hr/L), underwent GLA genetic testing for diagnosis confirmation.

Results

Nine thousand six hundred and four dialysis male patients from 264 centers distributed over 20 of the 23 provinces of Argentina were investigated. Twenty‐four patients showed a decreased or absent α‐Gal‐A activity in DBS and although genetic analysis found a variant in the GLA gene in every one of these patients, we could confirm FD diagnosis in 22 cases.

Conclusion

The prevalence rate of FD found in Argentinean male dialysis patients was 0.23%. Classic phenotype was observed in 73% of patients, whereas the remaining 27% presented as late‐onset variant. This was the largest study carried out in dialysis patients from a same country at a worldwide level and the first study performed in Argentina.
Coffee mucilage impact on young coffee seedlings and soil microorganisms
Authors: Castaño Martha Isabel León , Jannoura Ramia , Joergensen Rainer Georg
Published: July 2019

A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out to assess the effects of fermented coffee mucilage applied as mulch together with maize leaves on the growth of young coffee plants of two different varieties and on soil microbial biomass indices. The coffee variety Catuai required 32% more water per g plant biomass than the variety Yellow Caturra, but had a 49% lower leaf area, 34% less shoot and 46% less root biomass. Maize and mucilage amendments did not affect leaf area, shoot and root yield, or the N concentration in shoot and root dry matter. The amendments always reduced the water use efficiency values, but this reduction was only significant in the maize+mucilage‐14 (= 14 g mucilage pot−1) treatment. Soil pH significantly increased from 4.30 in the control to 4.63 in the maize+mucilage‐14 treatment. Microbial biomass C increased by 18.5 µg g−1 soil, microbial biomass N by 3.1 µg g−1 soil, and ergosterol by 0.21 µg g−1 soil per g mucilage added pot−1. The presence of mucilage significantly reduced the microbial biomass‐C/N ratio from a mean of 13.4 in the control and maize treatments to 9.3, without addition rate and coffee variety effects. The application of non‐composted mucilage is recommended in areas where drought leads to economic losses and in coffee plantations on low fertility soils like Oxisols, where Al toxicity is a major constraint.
Investigating release kinetics of phenolics from defatted wheat germ incorporated chewing gums
Authors: Özdoğan Ayşe , Gunes Recep , Palabiyik Ibrahim
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Wheat germ (WG) is a valuable by‐product of the commercial milling industry and is used as a functional ingredient in various foods. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to utilize defatted wheat germ (DWG) (1%, 3%, 5%, 10%) in chewing gum formulation, which is a different food matrix besides the conventional structures, and investigate the release kinetics of phenolics from DWG incorporated chewing gums with a new centrifugation method.

RESULTS

According to the results, it was observed that DWG was a good source of total phenolics (2254.15 mg GAE kg−1). Based on the results obtained from texture profile and sensory analyses, DWG addition did not cause any reverse effect on the chewing gum texture. Centrifugation method was used to indirectly simulate the physical effects of the chewing process. In particular, after 5 min of chewing and centrifugation, phenolic release levels were 59.07% and 59.41%, respectively. The model used in the previous studies showed a better correlation than Korsmeyer–Peppas model for ABTS (2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid), CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity), and DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) assay results.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that phenolics release from gum base polymer matrix might be dominated by erosion of matrix due to chewing action. Similar phenolic release kinetics were obtained by centrifugation and chewing methods. Therefore, centrifuge equipment can be used to simulate the chewing forces acting on the gum when optimization is performed. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Curved OLED microdisplays
Authors: Maindron Tony , Chambion Bertrand , Provost Marion , Vandeneynde Aurélie , Peray Patrick , Zussy Marc , Dechamp Jérôme , Rossat Cyrille , Gonnin Stéphanie
Published: July 2019

Technical background for CMOS substrate thinning of CEA‐LETI (historically developed for through silicon via technology as well as for more recent activity to provide curved image sensors, for IR as well as for visible spectra) has been applied to realize curved OLED‐based microdisplays. It will be shown that test OLEDs made onto silicon wafers as well as 873 × 500 WVGA, 0.38″ diagonal, and an innovative 1920 × 1200 WUXGA, 1″diagonal, CMOS‐based microdisplays can be curved at R = 45 mm radius of curvature (1D) with no negative impact onto the circuit electrical characteristics. This feature can allow significant innovation on the system and application because it can help to redesign simpler and lighter optical engine systems, in the same manner as for curved image sensors. These results can be obtained owing to the integration of a new protective hard coat layer that has been used in conjunction with a robust thin‐film encapsulation to protect OLEDs from mechanical ingress (from process steps and handling) and oxidizing gas of the atmosphere, respectively. Results have been produced within the framework of the EU‐funded, H2020 project, called Large cost‐effective OLED MIcroDisplays (LOMID and their applications).
Evaluating radioisotope‐based approaches to measure anaerobic methane oxidation rates in lacustrine sediments
Authors: Su Guangyi , Niemann Helge , Steinle Lea , Zopfi Jakob , Lehmann Moritz F.
Published: July 2019

The microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is the dominant sink for methane in anoxic sediments. AOM rate measurements are essential for assessing the efficacy of the benthic methane filter to mitigate the evasion of this potent greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. Incubation techniques with trace amounts of radiolabeled substrate (typically 14CH4) represent the most sensitive approach for methane oxidation rate measurements. Yet, radiotracer application can be performed in different ways, rendering the comparability of AOM rate measurements in field and laboratory investigations problematic. We compared four different 14CH4‐based short‐term incubation approaches to quantify methane turnover rates in lake sediments. Three of the applied methods yielded similar and reliable downcore rate profiles. They provided clear evidence for AOM with maximum rates of 15 nmol cm−3 d−1 at ~ 17 cm sediment depth. Using the short‐term slurry incubation (SL) method, however, we were unable to detect the AOM activity maximum that we observed with the other approaches. We hypothesize that changes in the microbial structure and disruption of physical interactions due to mixing of sediments negatively affected the activity of AOM communities and longer incubation times are necessary to enhance the sensitivity of this approach. Minor variabilities in rate measurement that we found in the non‐SL incubations may be related to small‐scale sediment heterogeneity, differential partial methane loss during sample handling, and/or an uneven application of the radiotracer. Whole‐core incubations interfere the least with the in situ conditions, but the ultimate choice of the AOM rate measurement method will depend on the individual sampling requirements.
Lurasidone‐Induced Tardive Syndrome
Authors: Tripathi Richa , Reich Stephen G. , Scorr Laura , Guardiani Elizabeth , Factor Stewart A.
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Tardive syndrome (TS) is an often irreversible movement disorder caused by dopamine receptor‐blocking agents (DRBAs). Although TS are well recognized to occur with typical antipsychotics, less well appreciated is that atypical antipsychotics also carry a risk of TS.

Methods

Case series.

Results

We describe 4 patients who developed tardive dystonia, tardive akathisia, and drug‐induced parkinsonism with the use of the atypical antipsychotic, lurasidone, which was U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved in 2013 for use in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Conclusion

Movement disorders are reported as a rare side effect of lurasidone, and, as such, prescribers may perceive a false sense of security regarding this potential complication. Our cases indicate that this relatively new atypical antipsychotic may cause irreversible disabling TS as well as parkinsonism. Caution must be taken when prescribing lurasidone.
A novel mutation in the matrix metallopeptidase 2 coding gene associated with intrafamilial variability of multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis, and arthropathy
Authors: Kröger Liisa , Löppönen Tuija , Ala‐Kokko Leena , Kröger Heikki , Jauhonen Hanna‐Mari , Lehti Kaisa , Jääskeläinen Jarmo
Published: July 2019

Background

MONA, which stands for a spectrum of Multicentric Osteolysis, subcutaneous Nodulosis, and Athropathia, is an ultra rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) gene. To date only 44 individuals, carrying 22 different mutations have been reported. Here we report on two brothers with identical homozygous MMP2 gene mutations, but with clearly different phenotypes.

Methods

Genomic DNA was isolated from the affected brothers and the parents. An iliac crest bone biopsy was taken from the younger patient (index case). The level of matrix metallopeptidase 2 enzyme (MMP2) in serum and synovial fluid of the younger patient was analyzed using gelatin zymography.

Results

The DNA analysis revealed a homozygous c.1188C>A transversion on exon 8 of the gene. The affected brothers had the same homozygous variant and the parents were heterozygous to this variant. This variant has been reported as a compound heterozygous mutation on one individual resulting in scleroderma like skin thickening. Bone histomorphometry indicated increased trabecular bone remodeling and turnover. The zymography revealed that the level of MMP2 was completely nonmeasurable in the serum and only a minor gelatinolytic protein band of about similar molecular weight as MMP2 was found in the synovial fluid.

Conclusions

Both the age at the onset and the phenotypic severity of the syndrome in these two brothers were different despite identical genotypes. The younger patients had corneal opacities leading to deteriorating visual acuity. For the first time in this disease, opacities were successfully treated with corneal transplantations.
A novel de novo CASZ1 heterozygous frameshift variant causes dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy
Authors: Guo Jun , Li Zheng , Hao Chanjuan , Guo Ruolan , Hu Xuyun , Qian Suyun , Zeng Jiansheng , Gao Hengmiao , Li Wei
Published: July 2019

Background

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cardiomyopathy with a common presentation of heart failure. It has been reported that CASZ1 loss‐of‐function mutation contributes to familial DCM and congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD). To date, only two pathogenic variants in CASZ1 have been previously reported worldwide.

Methods

To identify the causative variant in an 11‐month‐old Chinese boy with DCM and left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC), trio‐whole‐exome sequencing was performed followed by mutational analysis and Sanger sequencing.

Results

An unreported de novo heterozygous frameshift variant (c.2443_2459delGTGGGCACCCCCAGCCT, p.Val815Profs*14) in CASZ1 was idenitified in the proband. The frameshift mutation in CASZ1 not only led to DCM but also presented an LVNC phenotype.

Conclusion

We have identified a novel CASZ1 variant in a patient with combined DCM and LVNC for the first time, thus broadening the phenotypic spectrum of CASZ1 variants. Furthermore, this study emphasized the usefulness of whole‐exome sequencing for genetic diagnosis of cardiomyopathy.
Evidence of the diffusion time dependence of intravoxel incoherent motion in the brain
Authors: Wu Dan , Zhang Jiangyang
Published: July 2019

Purpose

To investigate the diffusion time (TD) dependence of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) signals in the brain.

Methods

A 3‐compartment IVIM model was proposed to characterize 2 types of microcirculatory flows in addition to tissue water in the brain: flows that cross multiple vascular segments (pseudo‐diffusive) and flows that stay in 1 segment (ballistic) within TD. The model was first evaluated using simulated flow signals. Experimentally, flow‐compensated (FC) pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) and oscillating‐gradient spin‐echo (OGSE) sequences were tested using a flow phantom and then used to examine IVIM signals in the mouse brain with TDranging from ~2.5 ms to 40 ms on an 11.7T scanner.

Results

By fitting the model to simulated flow signals, we demonstrated the TDdependency of the estimated fraction of pseudo‐diffusive flow and the pseudo‐diffusion coefficient (D*), which were dictated by the characteristic timescale of microcirculatory flow (τ). Flow phantom experiments validated that the OGSE and FC‐PGSE sequences were not susceptible to the change in flow velocity. In vivo mouse brain data showed that both the estimated fraction of pseudo‐diffusive flow and D* increased significantly as TDincreased.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that IVIM signals measured in the brain are TD‐dependent, potentially because more microcirculatory flows approach the pseudo‐diffusive limit as TDincreases with respect to τ. Measuring the TDdependency of IVIM signals may provide additional information on microvascular flows in the brain.
Validation of the triple timed up‐and‐go test in Lambert‐Eaton myasthenia
Authors: Raja Shruti M. , Sanders Donald B. , Juel Vern C. , Harati Yadollah , Smith A. Gordon , Pascuzzi Robert , Richman David P. , Wu Angie , Aleš Kathy L. , Jacobus Laura R. , Jacobus David P. , Guptill Jeffrey T. ,   on behalf of the DAPPER Study Team
Published: July 2019

Introduction

There are no validated, practical, and quantitative measures of disease severity in Lambert‐Eaton myasthenia (LEM).

Methods

Data from the Effectiveness of 3,4‐Diaminopyridine in Lambert‐Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (DAPPER) trial were analyzed to assess triple timed up‐and‐go (3TUG) reproducibility and relationships between 3TUG times and other measures of LEM severity.

Results

The coverage probability technique showed ≥0.90 probability for an acceptable 3TUG difference of ≤0.2, indicating that it is reproducible in LEM patients. The correlation between 3TUG times and lower extremity function scores was significant in subjects who continued and in those who were withdrawn from 3,4‐diaminopyridine free base. Worsening patient‐reported Weakness Self‐Assessment Scale and Investigator Assessment of Treatment Effect scores corresponded with prolongation of 3TUG times.

Discussion

The 3TUG is reproducible, demonstrates construct validity for assessment of lower extremity function in LEM patients, and correlates with changes in patient and physician assessments. These findings, along with prior reliability studies, indicate 3TUG is a valid measure of disease severity in LEM.
Individualized Human Milk Fortification to Improve the Growth of Hospitalized Preterm Infants
Authors: Quan Meiying , Wang Danhua , Gou Lijuan , Sun Zhixing , Ma Jingran , Zhang Lejia , Wang Chen , Schibler Kurt , Li Zhenghong
Published: July 2019

Background

Human milk (HM) is the first choice for preterm infants, but exclusive HM feeding is inadequate for the growth of very preterm infants. The hypothesis of this trial is that infants fed according to an individualized fortification regimen will have higher protein intake and improved weight gain velocity (WGV).

Methods

A prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted. Infants <34 weeks of gestational age were enrolled when enteral feeding volume reached 60 mL/kg/d and were randomly allocated to the individualized fortification (IF) group or the standard fortification group. The IF group was fed using a regimen that featured modifying HM fortifier and supplemental protein powder based on the protein concentration in HM, current body weight of infants, and blood urea nitrogen (fortification level was set as L−1, L0, L1, L2, L3; the amount of HM fortifier and protein powder were determined accordingly).

Results

Between September 2012 and August 2016, 51 preterm infants completed the study. In the IF group, 62.5% (15/24) of preterm infants were fed with HM fortified to level 1, 29.2% (7/24) to level 2, and 12.5% (3/24) to level 3. The WGV of the third week in the IF group was greater than the standard group (20.8 ± 7.9 vs 14.9 ± 4.5 g/kg/d, P = 0.022).

Conclusion

About two‐thirds of preterm infants needed to adjust the HM fortification to a higher level. The WGV of infants in the IF group was better than that of the standard group in the third week of this study.
Relationship of Consistency in Timing of Exercise Performance and Exercise Levels Among Successful Weight Loss Maintainers
Authors: Schumacher Leah M. , Thomas J. Graham , Raynor Hollie A. , Rhodes Ryan E. , O’Leary Kevin C. , Wing Rena R. , Bond Dale S.
Published: July 2019

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate whether consistency in time of day that moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) is performed relates to MVPA levels among successful weight loss maintainers in the National Weight Control Registry.

Methods

Participants (n = 375) reporting MVPA on ≥ 2 d/wk completed measures of temporal consistency in physical activity (PA) (> 50% of MVPA sessions per week occurring during the same time window: early/late morning, afternoon, or evening), PA levels, PA automaticity, and consistency in cues underlying PA habit formation (e.g., location).

Results

Most (68.0%) participants reported temporally consistent MVPA. These individuals reported higher MVPA frequency (4.8 ± 1.6 vs. 4.4 ± 1.5 d/wk; P = 0.007) and duration (median [IQR]: 350.0 [200.0‐510.0] vs. 285.0 [140.0‐460.0] min/wk; P = 0.03), and they were more likely to achieve the national MVPA guideline (≥ 150 min/wk) than temporally inconsistent exercisers (86.3% vs. 74.2%, P = 0.004). Among temporally consistent exercisers, 47.8% were early‐morning exercisers; MVPA levels did not differ by time of day of routine MVPA performance (P > 0.05). Greater automaticity and consistency in several cues were related to greater MVPA among all participants.

Conclusions

Most participants reported consistent timing of MVPA. Temporal consistency was associated with greater MVPA, regardless of the specific time of day of routine MVPA performance. Consistency in exercise timing and other cues might help explain characteristic high PA levels among successful maintainers.
Depressive symptoms during the first month of chemotherapy and survival in patients with hematological malignancies: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Hasegawa Takaaki , Okuyama Toru , Uchida Megumi , Aiki Sayo , Imai Fuminobu , Nishioka Masahiro , Suzuki Nana , Iida Shinsuke , Komatsu Hirokazu , Kusumoto Shigeru , Ri Masaki , Osaga Satoshi , Akechi Tatsuo
Published: July 2019

Objective

The objective of the study is to investigate depressive symptoms before and after the initiation of chemotherapy and their impact on overall survival (OS) among patients with hematological malignancies.

Methods

We performed a prospective analysis of consecutive patients with newly diagnosed malignant lymphoma or multiple myeloma enrolled between September 2010 and March 2016. We evaluated depression symptoms at two time points: before starting chemotherapy (T1) and 1 month later (T2), using PHQ‐9 and known prognostic factors. We allocated participants with depressive symptoms at T1 and/or T2 to a depression group that was subdivided as follows: new depressive symptoms at T2, (“new‐onset”), remission of depressive symptoms at T2 (“remission”), and persistent depressive symptoms from T1 to T2 (“persistent”). The main outcome, OS, was evaluated using Kaplan‐Meier methods and multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling.

Results

Of the 294 eligible participants, we analyzed 255 patients, including 83 with depression. There were 19 participants in the new‐onset, 38 in the remission, and 26 in the persistent depression group. The OS of participants with depression was significantly shorter than that of those without depression (adjusted hazard ratio [AjHR] 2.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43‐4.12; P < .001). Using the never‐depressive symptoms group as a reference group, AjHRs were as follows: new‐onset, 1.91 (95% CI, 0.77‐4.75; 0.166); remission, 2.98 (95% CI, 1.55‐5.74; 0.001), and persistent, 2.17 (95%CI, 1.01‐4.68; 0.047).

Conclusions

Among patients with mature lymphoid malignancy, the group with depression at baseline had a poorer survival, both in the group that remained depressive and the group that recovered from depressive symptoms.
Room‐Temperature Ni Interaction with Deformation‐Induced Defects in Si: A DLTS Study
Authors: Soltanovich Oleg A. , Orlov Valery I. , Yarykin Nikolai , Yakimov Eugene B.
Published: July 2019

The deep‐level (DL) spectrum of plastically deformed n‐type Si and its modification due to interaction with the mobile Ni species are investigated by the deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) technique. The used geometry of plastic deformation makes it possible to separate the DL centers associated with the dislocations themselves or with dislocation traces, the quasi‐2D defects left by moving dislocations. It is shown that the chemomechanical polishing at room temperature in a Ni‐contaminated slurry results in the appearance of additional DL centers; the principal part of the novel centers forms due to nickel interaction with the dislocation trails. The DLTS signatures of the nickel‐related defects in our plastically deformed samples are similar to those for the nickel‐silicide precipitates.
Comparison of littoral and deep water sampling methods for assessing macroinvertebrate assemblages along the longitudinal profile of a very large river (the Danube River, Europe)
Authors: Szekeres József , Borza Péter , Csányi Béla , Graf Wolfram , Huber Thomas , Leitner Patrick , Milosević Djuradj , Paunović Momír , Pavelescu Claudia , Erős Tibor
Published: July 2019

We comparatively examined the role of littoral and deep water sampling methods in assessing macroinvertebrate assemblages and in characterizing longitudinal changes in assemblage structure along >2,500‐km–long course of the Danube River, Europe. The effectiveness of detecting taxa corresponded well with an inshore–offshore gradient in sampling (i.e., distance from shore). Nevertheless, each method (i.e., littoral multihabitat sampling, kick and sweep sampling, and deep water dredging) contributed to some degree to overall taxa richness and species composition. Sampling in different depth zones characterized different assemblages, and consequently, inshore–offshore position was at least as important determinant of assemblage structure as longitudinal position of sampling sites in the river. Although we found significant congruency in the spatial variability of assemblages among the sampling methods, the relationships were only moderate. Our study on the large Danube River confirms studies from smaller rivers in other geographic regions that littoral monitoring provides higher taxa richness and more responsive changes to longitudinal gradients than deep water samples. Nevertheless, it also shows that sampling in different depth zones provides supplementary information on assemblage structure. Understanding changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages related to differences in sampling method is crucial to improve the bioassessment and environmental management of large rivers.
Mapping Sustainable Development Goals: A network analysis framework
Authors: Dalampira Evropi‐Sofia , Nastis Stefanos A.
Published: July 2019

The sustainable development goals proposed by the United Nations in 2015 presented a new graphic depicting the s17 goals in a table‐like format. This overlaps with the original Venn diagram of sustainable development developed after 1987. The two graphics are used independently, often raising the question of how they are linked. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the Sustainable Development Goals graphic can be simplified as a concept and framework using the Venn diagram of sustainable development. We employ expert elicitation using a networking analysis framework to provide answers. The resulting diagrams provide an important step towards combining the two graphics into one.
Strain‐Stabilized Ceramic‐Sulfide Electrolytes
Authors: Fitzhugh William , Wu Fan , Ye Luhan , Su Haoqing , Li Xin
Published: July 2019

Ceramic‐sulfide solid electrolytes are a promising material system for enabling solid‐state batteries. However, one challenge that remains is the discrepancy in the reported electrochemical stability. Recent work has suggested that it may be due to the sensitivity of ceramic sulfides to mechanically induced stability. Small changes in ceramic‐sulfide microstructure, for example, have been shown to cause substantial differences in the electrochemical stability. In this work, a rigorous theoretical framework is constructed to enable the simulation of such mechanically induced stability for a generalized constraint mechanism. It is shown that the susceptibility for voltage widening in ceramic sulfides can be significantly influenced by the choice of different decay morphology models. This results in a less intrusive microstructure requirement for improved stability, which stems from the tendency of sulfides to decay via inclusions rather than homogeneously. This predicted decay morphology is experimentally confirmed. Li10GeP2S12 is stabilized by a thin amorphous shell, which prior models predict is too thin for stabilization. The generality of this framework is discussed in light of stabilization methods beyond microstructure, such as on the battery cell level. The relation of our picture to the observed lithium metal formation in ceramic sulfides is also discussed.
Recent Progress on Surface Reconstruction of Earth‐Abundant Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation
Authors: Li Yaoyao , Du Xinchuan , Huang Jianwen , Wu Chunyang , Sun Yinghui , Zou Guifu , Yang Chengtao , Xiong Jie
Published: July 2019

As one important electrode reaction in electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical cells for renewable energy circulation, oxygen catalysis has attracted considerable research in developing efficient and cost‐effective catalysts. Due to the inevitable formation of oxygenic intermediates on surface sites during the complex reaction steps, the surface structure dynamically evolves toward reaction‐preferred active species. To date, transition metal compounds, here defined as TM‐Xides, where “X” refers to typical nonmetal elements from group IIIA to VIA, including hydroxide as well, are reported as high‐performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. However, more studies observe at least exterior oxidation or amorphization of materials. Thus, whether the TM‐Xides can be defined as OER catalysts deserves further discussion. This Review pays attention to recent progress on the surface reconstruction of TM‐Xide OER electrocatalysts with an emphasis on the identification of the true active species for OER, and aims at disseminating the real contributors of OER performance, especially under long‐duration electrocatalysis.
Characterization of eco‐friendly steel fiber‐reinforced concrete containing waste coconut shell as coarse aggregates and fly ash as partial cement replacement
Authors: Prakash Ramaiah , Thenmozhi Rajagopal , Raman Sudharshan N. , Subramanian Chidambaram
Published: July 2019

This study investigates the effect of steel fiber addition into eco‐concrete made with fly ash, an industrial by product, as partial cement replacement material, and coconut shell, an agricultural waste, as coarse aggregates, on the mechanical properties. Two different mixes were developed, one with coconut shell only as coarse aggregates, and the other with both conventional aggregates and coconut shell as coarse aggregates. The cement content was replaced with class F fly ash at 10% by weight. Steel fibers of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0% by volume of concrete were used. The properties investigated were slump, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity (MOE). The findings indicated that the addition of steel fibers resulted in a reduced slump and slightly increased density in the fresh concrete mixes. Meanwhile, enhancements of up to 39% compressive strength and 17% MOE were also obtained. A substantial improvement in split tensile strength and flexural strength were also observed. Steel fiber addition also significantly reduced the brittleness of concrete containing coconut shell. The outcomes of the experiment revealed that steel fiber addition yielded a positive result on the mechanical properties of coconut shell concrete.
Chronic equine hepacivirus infection in an adult gelding with severe hepatopathy
Authors: Tegtmeyer Birthe , Echelmeyer Julia , Pfankuche Vanessa M. , Puff Christina , Todt Daniel , Fischer Nicole , Durham Andy , Feige Karsten , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Steinmann Eike , Cavalleri Jessika‐M. V.
Published: July 2019

Background: Equine hepacivirus (EqHV) in equids represents the closest homologue to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infecting humans. A majority ofHCVinfected patients develop a chronic course of infection leading to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure. However, in horses mostly transient mild subclinical infections are reported for EqHVto date. Objectives: EqHVcan be involved in chronic liver diseases of horses. Methods: Biochemical parameters in serum samples were measured. Viral load was determined usingqPCR. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of serum was performed. Liver tissue was stained with haematoxylin and eosin and analysed for viralRNAwith fluorescentin situ‐hybridization. Results: The horse showed symptoms of severe hepatopathy and was chronically infected with EqHV. ViralRNAwas detectable in the liver during disease. To rule out other infectious agentsNGSwas performed and showed the highest abundance for EqHV. The identified virus sequence was similar to other circulating equine hepaciviruses. Conclusions: EqHVcan be associated with liver disease in horses. Whether it causes the disease or contributes in a multifactorial manner needs further investigation.
Macronutrient composition of longitudinal milk samples from captive aardvarks (Orycteropus afer)
Authors: Wenker Elizabeth S. , Himschoot Elizabeth A. , Henry Barbara , Toddes Barbara , Power Michael L.
Published: July 2019

Hand‐rearing and assisted‐rearing aardvarks in captivity has become commonplace and has led to success in breeding the species. However, the macronutrient content of aardvark milk past 1 month of age is unknown. A better understanding of aardvark milk composition would enhance captive management efforts. Here, we assayed milk samples from two captive individuals from 2 to 114 days postpartum (N = 21) for dry matter, fat, crude protein, total sugar, ash (total minerals), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and gross energy. The body weight of one calf was measured from birth to weaning. Milk macronutrient composition was compared to that of other Afrotherian species and Xenarthra species with similar diets. Average protein, fat, and sugar concentrations of aardvark milk across lactation were 12.3%, 13.6%, and 2.5%, respectively. Ash averaged 1.9%, with Ca (0.50%) and P (0.35%) accounting for about 45% of total minerals. All measured nutrients increased over lactation except sugar, which decreased. Aardvark milk is high in energy (2.12 kcal/g) mostly derived from fat and protein and little energy from sugar. Calf growth was linear (r2 = 0.995) with a mean gain of 159 g/day, achieving almost 30% of adult weight at weaning. Within Afrotheria, aardvark milk is higher in fat and protein and lower in sugar than elephant milk and more closely resembles the milk of its fellow insectivore, the elephant shrew. Aardvark milk is also similar in composition to milk of insectivorous Xenarthra species (nine‐banded armadillo and giant anteater). Aardvark milk composition is consistent with the species’ high‐protein diet, fast growth, and nursing pattern.
Studies on the SJ vacuum in de Sitter spacetime
Authors: Surya Sumati , X Nomaan , Yazdi Yasaman K.
Published: July 2019

Abstract

In this work we study the Sorkin-Johnston (SJ) vacuum in de Sitter spacetime for free scalar field theory. For the massless theory we find that the SJ vacuum can neither be obtained from the O(4) Fock vacuum of Allen and Folacci nor from the non-Fock de Sitter invariant vacuum of Kirsten and Garriga. Using a causal set discretisation of a slab of 2d and 4d de Sitter spacetime, we find the causal set SJ vacuum for a range of masses m ≥ 0 of the free scalar field. While our simulations are limited to a finite volume slab of global de Sitter spacetime, they show good convergence as the volume is increased. We find that the 4d causal set SJ vacuum shows a significant departure from the continuum Mottola-Allen α-vacua. Moreover, the causal set SJ vacuum is well-defined for both the minimally coupled massless m = 0 and the conformally coupled massless m = m

c
cases. This is at odds with earlier work on the continuum de Sitter SJ vacuum where it was argued that the continuum SJ vacuum is ill-defined for these masses. Our results hint at an important tension between the discrete and continuum behaviour of the SJ vacuum in de Sitter and suggest that the former cannot in general be identified with the Mottola-Allen α-vacua even for m > 0.
Validation of the Aldosteronoma Resolution Score Within Current Clinical Practice
Authors: Vorselaars Wessel M. C. M. , van Beek Dirk‐Jan , Postma Emily L. , Spiering Wilko , Borel Rinkes Inne H. M. , Valk Gerlof D. , Vriens Menno R. ,   International CONNsortium Study Group, Zarnegar Rasa , Fahey Thomas J. , Drake Frederick T. , Duh Quan Y. , Talutis Stephanie D. , McAneny David B. , McManus Catherine , Lee James A. , Grant Scott B. , Grogan Raymon H. , Romero Arenas Minerva A. , Perrier Nancy D. , Peipert Benjamin J. , Mongelli Michael N. , Castelino Tanya , Mitmaker Elliot J. , Parente David N. , Pasternak Jesse D. , Sidhu Stan B. , Sywak Mark , D'Amato Gerardo , Raffaelli Marco , Schuermans Valerie , Bouvy Nicole D. , Eker Hasan H. , Bonjer H. Jaap , Engelsman Els J. M. Anton F. , van Dijkum Nieveen , Metman Madelon J. H. , Kruijff Schelto
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Complete resolution of hypertension after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism is far from a certainty. This stresses the importance of adequate preoperative patient counseling. The aldosteronoma resolution score (ARS) is a simple and easy to use prediction model only including four variables: ≤ 2 antihypertensive medications, body mass index ≤ 25 kg/m2, duration of hypertension ≤ 6 years and female sex. However, because the model was developed and validated within the USA over a decade ago, the applicability in modern practice and outside of the USA is questionable. Therefore, we aimed to validate the ARS in current clinical practice within an international cohort.

Materials and method

Patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy, between 2010 and 2016, in 16 medical centers from the USA, Europe (EU), Canada (CA) and Australia (AU) were included. Resolution of hypertension was defined as normotension without antihypertensive medications.

Results

In total, 514 patients underwent adrenalectomy and 435 (85%) patients were eligible. Resolution of hypertension was achieved in 27% patients within the total cohort and in 22%, 30%, 40% and 38% of patients within USA, EU, CA and AU, respectively (p = 0.015). The area under the curve (AUC) for the complete cohort was 0.751. Geographic validation displayed a AUC within the USA, EU, CA and AU of 0.782, 0.681, 0.811 and 0.667, respectively.

Discussion

The ARS is an easy to use prediction model with a moderate to good predictive performance within current clinical practice. The model showed the highest predictive performance within North America but potentially has less predictive performance in EU and AU.
When and Where Birth Spacing Matters for Child Survival: An International Comparison Using the DHS
Authors: Molitoris Joseph , Barclay Kieron , Kolk Martin
Published: July 2019

A large body of research has found an association between short birth intervals and the risk of infant mortality in developing countries, but recent work on other perinatal outcomes from highly developed countries has called these claims into question, arguing that previous studies have failed to adequately control for unobserved heterogeneity. Our study addresses this issue by estimating within-family models on a sample of 4.5 million births from 77 countries at various levels of development. We show that after unobserved maternal heterogeneity is controlled for, intervals shorter than 36 months substantially increase the probability of infant death. However, the importance of birth intervals as a determinant of infant mortality varies inversely with maternal education and the strength of the relationship varies regionally. Finally, we demonstrate that the mortality-reducing effects of longer birth intervals are strong at low levels of development but decline steadily toward zero at higher levels of development. These findings offer a clear way to reconcile previous research showing that birth intervals are important for perinatal outcomes in low-income countries but are much less consequential in high-income settings.
Additional deliberation reduces pessimism: evidence from the double-response method
Authors: Gawryluk Katarzyna , Krawczyk Michal
Published: July 2019

We conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate the impact of deliberation time on behavior under risk and uncertainty. Towards this end we ask our participant to make quick, intuitive evaluations of a number of lotteries and report resulting certainty equivalents. Yet, we invite them to modify these initial decisions, whenever they find, after (additional) deliberation, that they do not precisely represent their preference. Both certainty equivalents are incentivized (a double-response method). The choice of evaluated lotteries allows us to semi-parametrically estimate the value function and the probability weighting function within the paradigm of the cumulative prospect theory. The main finding is that deliberation raises the probability weighting function (reduces pessimism), especially in the case of lotteries involving unknown probabilities.
Spontaneous neonatal renal vein thrombosis, a known pathology without clear management guidelines
Authors: Kayemba-Kay's S.
Published: July 2019

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) was first described in 1837 by Rayer. Although tremendous progress has been achieved in the comprehension of its pathophysiology, its management remains controversial over 20 decades later. Therapeutic modalities vary from supportive measures alone to the utilization of thrombolytic agents whose protocols are derived from adult medicine. This review aims to show how difficult the treatment of RVT still is, especially with regard to the prognosis. The majority of affected neonates end with various renal complications (renal atrophy, dysfunction, hypertension, etc.).

Like others, we suggest that simple unilateral RVT be managed conservatively, while thrombolytic agents may be attempted in unilateral RVT with extension to VCI and in bilateral RVT. Further studies are needed to reach appropriate consensual guidelines.
Evaluation of poisoning cases admitted to pediatric emergency department
Authors: Gamze Gokalp
Published: July 2019

Background

Every year, more than one million children lose their lives due to preventable accidents. Poisoning is the most common among these accidents.

Objective

In this study, we investigated the demographic and clinical characteristics of poisoning cases referred to the pediatric emergency department.

Methods

The cases (0–18 years old) related to complaints of intoxication in the pediatric emergency department between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017, were examined retrospectively.

Results

The study included 453 patients, with 202 (46.4%) female and 233 (53.6%) male patients. The mean age of the patients was 51.12 months. The most frequent poisoning agents were 211 (46.6%) household cleaning products and 172 (38%) drugs. When the mechanism of poisoning was examined, it was determined that 377 (83.2%) cases were accidental and 47 (10.4%) cases were suicide attempts. It was observed that 286 (45.8%) items were not in original packaging and 95% of those in original packaging were not locked.

Conclusion

To avoid childhood poisoning that may have widespread and serious consequences, the poisonous products should be sold with locked covers and kept in places where children cannot reach them.
God and Human Freedom
Authors: Vicens Leigh C. , Kittle Simon
Published: July 2019

This Element considers the relationship between the traditional view of God as all-powerful, all-knowing and wholly good on the one hand, and the idea of human free will on the other. It focuses on the potential threats to human free will arising from two divine attributes: God's exhaustive foreknowledge and God's providential control of creation.