bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BINOCULAR FUNCTION AS AN INDICATOR FOR THE SUCCESS OF AND NEED FOR UNILATERAL CONTACT LENSES
Authors: DREYER V.
Published: May 2009

Ninety‐five patients were referred for fitting with unilateral contact lenses. One half of the patients had non‐traumatic aphakia, a quarter of them had traumatic aphakia, and the rest had anisometropia or reduced vision for other reasons. Wearing a trial lens, all patients were examined at the major amblyoscope, prior to prescription.

In prescribing a unilateral contact lens, the aim is to re‐establish a useful binocular vision. Pre‐existence of certain qualities of binocularity is thus considered to be a prerequisite for success. In consequence of this, about 30% of the patients were rejected primarily, mainly because of strabismus. This rather high frequency exceeds the general incidence of squint and points to the fact that the fusional range, even in adults, may disorganize when one eye has been deprived of useful vision. To prove this hypothesis, a contact lens was tried in a number of patients even though their binocular state was doubtful. Follow‐up studies demonstrated that simultaneous perception near zero degree, a fusional range around 20 pd. and stereopsis were found to have an ever increasing rate through the groups of unsuccessful to successful cases. Thus, an orthoptic study must not be underestimated as an indicator for the success of. unilateral contact lens prescription.
FOVEAL SPECTRAL THRESHOLD IN TOBACCO AMBLYOPIA
Authors: BHARGAVA S. K. , PHILLIPS C. I.
Published: May 2009

The foveal thresholds for red, green, and blue colours of twelve patients with tobacco amblyopia and twelve age‐matched normal controls were measured with the Tübinger perimeter. The difference in foveal thresholds between the patients and controls was highly significant for red (t = 17.35, P < 0.001), just significant at 5% level for green (t = 2.31) and was not significant for blue (t = 2.07, P > 0.05). The difference in thresholds between patients and controls for red was significantly greater than that for green and blue. The difference in threshold between patients and controls for green did not differ significantly from that for blue. Thus in tobacco amblyopia the foveal sensitivity to red was far more reduced than for the green or blue.
THE EXUDATIVE LESIONS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE HARD EXUDATE
Authors: YANKO L. , UNGAR H. , MICHAELSON I. C.
Published: May 2009

Histochemical techniques were used to study the hard exudates of diabetic retinopathy. Digested flat retinal preparations were examined for correlation between the frequency of these exudates and the degree of retinal capillary changes. The hard exudates in the retinae appear to be composed of a mixture of glycoproteins, lipoproteins and phospholipids with an admixture of neutral fats. Study of flat preparations showed that there was a correlation between the density of the exudates and the degree of capillary changes. There is no histological confirmation in the few circinate areas examined that the capillary lesion is predominantly in the central area of the circinate.
QUANTITATION OF ALPHA CRYSTALLIN IN HUMAN AQUEOUS HUMOR BY RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
Authors: SANDBERG HANS OTTO , FØLLING IVAR , CLOSS OTTO
Published: May 2009

A method for quantitation of alpha crystallin in individual samples of human aqueous humor by radioimmunoassay is described. The concentration of alpha crystallin in aqueous humor from 48 eyes with cataract and three eyes with clear lenses was at or below 0.006 μg/ml. Two samples from eyes with heterochromic cataract contained 0.011 and 0.012 μg/ml, respectively. Alpha crystallin is probably not among those lens proteins described earlier in normal human aqueous humor.
EARLY EFFECTS OF EPINEPHRINE AND PILOCARPINE ON THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND THE EPISCLERAL VENOUS PRESSURE IN THE NORMAL HUMAN EYE
Authors: WILKE KENNERTH
Published: May 2009

Topical instillation of one drop of epinephrine 1% and pilocarpine 2% in normal human eyes were found to give a transient increase of the intraocular pressure (IOP) and the episcleral venous pressure (Prv) of about 2 to 5.5 mmHg. The maxima were reached in 5 to 10 minutes after instillation. During the rising phase the change of the Prvpreceded that of the IOP.
ASTIGMATISM OF THE LENS BY ASYMMETRIC CONTRACTION OF THE CILIARY MUSCLE
Authors: HALLDÉN ULF , HENRICSSON MARIANNE
Published: May 2009

A solution of pilocarpine was applied with a cotton wool pledget to the surface of the bulbar conjunctiva. This resulted in astigmatism by asymmetric contraction of the ciliary muscle. This seems to confirm that the ciliary muscle belongs to the multiple unit class of smooth muscles.
THE EFFECT OF A SINGLE DOSE OF PILOCARPINE ON THE FACILITY OF AQUEOUS OUTFLOW AS ESTIMATED BY USE OF A CONSTANT PRESSURE TECHNIQUE
Authors: THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

The effect of pilocarpine on the facility of aqueous outflow in normal human eyes was investigated up to 4 hours after the instillation of a 4% solution. The intraocular pressure, the size of the pupil, and the change in refractive state were also recorded. The present results indicate that the maximum increase in the facility of outflow occurs a half to one hour after the instillation of the drug, which coincides with that of the change in refractive state.
BENIGN MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID 1. Secretion of mucus and tears
Authors: KRISTENSEN E. BJØRN , NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) is differentiated from other bullous diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. The affection is further described clinically, histologically and immunologically.

Twenty‐nine eyes affected with BMMP were subjected to quantitative measurements of the tear secretion by the tear dilution test and of the conjunctival mucus secretion by measuring the vital‐stained mucous thread. Both secretions were found to be significantly reduced in about two‐thirds of the eyes (18 and 19 eyes, respectively). A normal tear secretion and a normal mucus secretion were combined in no more than four eyes.

Secondary rudimentary or absent Marx' line was noticed in nine eyes with reduced tear secretion. Epithelial cell degeneration of the tarsal conjunctiva, demonstrated by vital staining with rose bengal (14 eyes) or iodonitrotetrazolium (15 eyes) was presumably secondary to reduced secretion of both tears and mucus. Leucoplakia of the tarsal conjunctiva was seen in 13 eyes, all with a reduced production of mucus.

Ordinary slit lamp examination showed eight corneae to be affected (maculae, blood‐vessel invasion, dermatoid conjunctival invasion). However, examinations comprising wetting‐time, Schweitzer's polygonal pattern and vital staining yielded one or more abnormal tests in all the eyes, suggesting that the cornea or at least the precorneal film is pathological in all cases of BMMP.
AN IDEAL TEST OBJECT FOR THE TANGENT SCREEN
Authors: FRISÉN LARS
Published: May 2009

Light‐emitting diodes make appropriate test objects for the tangent screen because of their adjustability, longevity, and well‐defined stimulus properties. A prototype wand is described that provides seven luminance levels differing by a factor of 0.315, and a uniform distribution of light within a solid angle of 40 degrees.
EFFECT OF SOFT LENSES ON CORNEAL SENSITIVITY
Authors: MILLODOT MICHEL
Published: May 2009

Corneal sensitivity was measured prior to inserting hydrophilic lenses for 8 hours, just after removal, and again 15 min and 1 hour later. It was found that the sensitivity was not significantly different immediately after 8 hours of wear as compared to its initial value in the morning. However, after the lens had been removed for 1 hour, corneal sensitivity had diminished to a significant level indicating that soft lenses affected the sensitivity. This is understandable because corneal sensitivity normally increases throughout the day. It is felt that the reduction of corneal sensitivity induced by soft lenses may be due to some corneal oedema which might develop because the lenses hinder the evaporation of tears.
A FAMILY WITH VITELLIFORM MACULAR DYSTROPHY Best's Disease
Authors: BRINK JAN KAARE
Published: May 2009

In a family of 84 members macular lesions were observed in 16 out of 75 examined individuals. The typical egg yolk lesion was seen in three cases while the remaining bore evidence of the polymorphous nature of the disease. Electro‐oculography (EOG) was performed on 11 affected individuals. EOG showed pathological changes in 10 of these. In one case the changes were localized to an eye which ophthalmoscopy had shown to be normal. EOG was performed on a further nine members of the family in whom ophthalmoscopy was normal. The values were subnormal in four of these. The significance of EOG in cases of macular degeneration is accentuated. Fluorescein angiography in colour was performed on two individuals. Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) had previously been diagnosed in members of one branch of this family. A possible connection between Best's and Wilson's diseases is advocated in the discussion.
EFFECTS OF A FALL IN THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE LEVEL ON THE PERIPAPILLARY FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAM IN CHRONIC OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: LAATIKAINEN LEILA , MÄNTYLÄ PEKKA
Published: May 2009

The effects of a long‐term fall in intraocular pressure on the fluorescein angiographic findings of the disc and the peripapillary area were studied in 50 eyes with chronic open‐angle glaucoma by comparing angiograms taken before and 1 to 6 months after a glaucoma operation. After a remarkable fall (20 mmHg or more) in the intraocular pressure level, obvious narrowing was seen in the main retinal vessels. Filling defects of the peripapillary choroid or disc fluorescence were not clearly influenced by a decreased intraocular pressure level, thus indicating the presence of permanent anatomic changes in the peripapillary choroidal vasculature. Fluorescein angiography with the technique used cannot, therefore, be regarded as a suitable method for evaluating the safe pressure level in individual eyes.
PERMEABILITY OF HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN THE RABBIT CORNEAL EPITHELIUM
Authors: TØNJUM ASBJØRN M.
Published: May 2009

Horseradish peroxidase has been used in the cornea as a histochemical tracer for both light and electron microscopy. When the rabbit corneae, as little damaged as possible, were mounted between two lucite chambers containing a nutrient solution, and exposed to this enzyme on the epithelial side, no peroxidase reaction products were detected below the epithelial surface. When the endothelial side had been exposed for one hour or more, the enzyme had moved across the endothelium, the Descemet's membrane, the stroma, and up between the epithelial cells to thezonulae occludentesbetween the cells of the most superficial layer, adjacent to the tear film.
THE INTRAVITREAL USE OF CARBENICILLIN (GEOPEN) FOR TREATMENT OF PSEUDOMONAS ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Authors: SCHENK ALAN G. , PEYMAN GHOLAM A. , PAQUE JUDITH T.
Published: May 2009

We found that intravitreally injected carbenicillin (Geopen®) in a dose of 7.0 mg or lower is nontoxic to all intraocular structures. A 3.0 mg dose produces levels bactericidal for many strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa up to 24 hours. Experimentally induced Pseudomonas endophthalmitis was successfully treated 10 hours after inoculation by a single intravitreal injection of 5.0 mg of carbenicillin. Eyes treated intravitreally at 24 hours and the eyes of rabbits treated intramuscularly with carbenicillin all progressed to phthisis bulbi. The success of intravitreal treatment is inversely related to the time lapse between inoculation and therapy.
PREVENTION OF VITREOUS LOSS IN CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: YANKO L.
Published: May 2009

Cataract extraction was performed in the supine, head‐up (anti‐Trendelenburg) posture in 220 patients without vitreous loss. The rationale for this surgical‐posture approach as a useful additional technique in preventing vitreous loss is discussed. Other clinically accepted methods for the prevention of this complication in cataract surgery are summarized.
STIMULUS DURATION AND THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM
Authors: WACHTMEISTER LILLEMOR
Published: May 2009

The effect of duration of stimulus light on the threshold of oscillatory and the slow (a‐ and b‐wave) potentials of the human ERG were assessed on light adaptation to light stimuli.

On weak light adaptation induced by stimuli given at 2 min intervals there was a temporal summation of the oscillatory potentials over a range of at least 2 log units (4 msec‐400msec). The threshold of the a‐wave and b‐wave was dependent on duration up to a critical duration of about 40 msec.

On strong light adaptation by repetitive light stimulation with 15 sec intervals the oscillations were determined by intensity alone over a range of 2 log units. The a‐wave revealed a similar behaviour, whereas the b‐wave integrated stimuli in the temporal domain up to about 10 msec.

Of main importance; the results provide evidence which is suggestive of temporal integration and discrimination being independently governed by the neurons (probably at the inner plexiform layer), which generate the oscillatory potentials.
OPTICAL PACHYMETRY OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER A methodological study of errors of measurement using Haag Streit 900 instruments
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

In connection with a population study of the anterior chamber depth (ACD), measured optically with Haag Streit 900 instruments, a field study of the method was performed.

The random error of measurement was estimated in two ways: a) on the basis of the triple readings of the measuring procedure: s.d. = 0.020 mm and b) by re‐examinations after a few weeks in a random sample of 52 persons: 0.037 mm, i.e. a significantly larger value. Corresponding results for corneal thickness were obtained (0.007 and 0.013 mm).

A highly significant side difference — with larger left eye values — was found in ACD (mean difference: 0.020 mm) and in corneal thickness (0.019 mm), in 900 pairs of eyes.

The correction values due to radius of corneal curvature were found to be negligible.

Against a background of large interpersonal variations of ACD the methodological problems seem to be small. ACD is a precise anatomical measure with this method.
ULTRA‐VIOLET RADIATION AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF CORNEAL DEGENERATIVE CHANGES UNDER CERTAIN PHYSIOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
Authors: RODGER F. C. , CUTHILL J. A. , FYDELOR P. J. , LENHAM A. P.
Published: May 2009

Various geophysical factors have been blamed as the cause of a rare blinding disease found in the Red Sea littora. A small expedition of the Scientific Exploration Society backed by The Royal Military College of Science in England, whose laboratories were utilised, visited the Dahlak group of islands. There it was discovered that in some areas human eyes are subjected to relatively high short ultra‐violet radiation (SUVR) doses. This was true not only for total integrated ultra‐violet radiation but also in the case of that proportion reflected from white coral sand especially when contaminated with salt. The day‐long activities of the inhabitants, whose living depends on diving and fishing, in islands without shade, as well as the weather conditions, contribute to a complexity of circumstantial evidence strongly supporting the view that the condition known as climatic keratopathy arises from the cumulative effect on the exposed part of cornea, especially in the range discovered there — 290 to 310 nm. Laboratory work was carried out on samples of topsoil on the islands and in the mainland of Eritrea. Ultra‐violet sensors and detectors were used under different circumstances to augment the information. This paper amplifies the clinical paper on Dahlak blindness published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology.
BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE NORMAL CONJUNCTIVA I. TOPOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Authors: FAHMY J. A. , MØLLER S. , BENTZON M. WEIS
Published: May 2009

The bacterial flora of 100 normal conjunctivas was studied. Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria were the most common microorganisms recovered, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, gram‐negative bacilli and streptococci. The topographical distribution of S. albus and corynebacteria on 12 different anatomical regions of the conjunctiva was examined, and showed that both bacteria occurred less frequently on the bulbar regions. No differences between the upper and lower parts, nor between the outer and inner regions could be found. A culture obtained from the lower fornical and tarsal conjunctiva revealed about 93% of S. albus and corynebacteria actually harbouring on the conjunctiva.

The instillation of anaesthetic eye drops (0.2% benoxinate hydrochloride) immediately before obtaining cultures was seen to alter the preexisting bacterial distribution on the conjunctiva to preponderance in its lower parts, presumably by a “washing out” effect.
THE c‐WAVE OF THE HUMAN D.C. REGISTERED ERG. II. CYCLIC VARIATIONS OF THE c‐WAVE AMPLITUDE
Authors: SKOOG KLAS‐OLAV , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G.
Published: May 2009

The c‐wave of the human ERG was studied with a new d.c. technique. The c‐wave amplitude showed cyclic variations with a frequency of about 2/hour when repeatedly recorded. The average amplitude difference between the peak and the trough of the first oscillation was about 150 μV. With a stimulus frequency of 2/min the changes resembled damped oscillations. After 1 hour they were quite small. With a stimulus frequency of 0.5/min the oscillations were not clearly damped within 1 hour. There was also evidence of a much slower change upon which the 2/hour oscillations seemed to be superimposed. These findings will be of importance if a clinical routine procedure for registrations of the c‐wave is to be developed.
PSEUDOEXFOLIATION OF THE LENS CAPSULE AND DEPTH OF ANTERIOR CHAMBER IN NORTHERN ICELAND
Authors: FORSIUS H. , SVEINSSON K. , ALS E. , LUUKKA H.
Published: May 2009

A study on the occurrence of pseudoexfoliatio lentis was performed on an Icelandic population consisting of 634 persons of all age groups. The frequency was high, 3.16% at 40–49 years, 4.29% at 50–59 years, 13.56%, at 60–69 years and 43% at the age of more than 70 years. In addition, two persons less than 40 years of age had pseudoexfoliatio lentis.

Depth of the anterior chamber did not significantly deviate from the Scandinavian comparison material.
THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Authors: GJÖTTERBERG MAGNUS
Published: May 2009

The electroretinogram in 36 diabetics with different stages of retinopathy was studied. A double‐flash technique enabling the registration of responses during scotopic, mesopic and photopic conditions was used. The a‐ and b‐waves and the oscillatory potentials were assessed. A tendency to hypernormal amplitudes of the b‐wave was noticed, especially in the cases with background retinopathy. Some cases with background retinopathy exhibited hypernormal oscillatory potentials but the only cases with constantly altered oscillatory potentials were those with a proliferative retinopathy; in this group the amplitudes of the oscillatory potentials were always subnormal. Alterations in the blood flow are suggested as the explanation of the results obtained.
THE PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION SYNDROME. A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

The distribution of pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) material as well as the finer details of its surface has been studied by scanning electron microscopy on the surfaces facing the posterior chamber. The specimens were fixed in glutaraldehyde and OsO4 and dried by the critical point method, after careful dissection of the anterior hyaloid surface. Granules and plaques of PE material were found to attach to the iris, to the ridges of the ciliary processes, to the zonules, and along radial stripes on the anterior hyaloid surface, one for each zonule touching this surface. It seems as if the PE material is located mainly on sites of contact between two surfaces.

In high magnification it is found that the surface of the PE material is formed by an irregular meshwork of fibrils, the diameter of which is about 550–700 Å. The fibrils are characteristically coiled, partly into regular spirals. The hypothesis is put forward that these fibrils are formed by a condensation of mucopolysaccharides forming the ground substance of the PE material.
CONTACT PROBE FOR CORNEAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: HØRVEN I. , LARSEN C. T.
Published: May 2009

A thermistor probe for corneal temperature measurements is presented. The temperature‐sensing cartridge is similar in shape to an electronic tonometer, and the procedure of corneal temperature registration is performed just as easily and in a similar manner as for tonography.
CORNEAL TEMPERATURE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Authors: HØRVEN IVAR
Published: May 2009

A direct, thermo‐electrical method of corneal temperature recording is presented. The corneal temperature averaged 33.7°C in normal subjects, with no side difference and no difference between the sexes. The various parameters which may influence the corneal temperature are discussed. The technique was applied to groups of patients suffering from either polymyalgia rheumatica, central retinal artery embolism or temporal arteritis. In the latter group of patients a marked drop in corneal temperature was demonstrated in the affected, or most affected, eye. Corneal temperature measurements are therefore presented as an easy and effective diagnostic approach in temporal arteritis.
ACUTE TRANSIENT OPHTHALMOMALACIA IN GIANT‐CELL ARTERITIS
Authors: VERDICH MORTEN , NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

Transient bilateral corneal oedema due to ocular hypotension is reported in giant‐cell arteritis. The greatly impaired visual acuity gradually returned to normal on steroid medication. A visual field defect remained in the left eye. The diagnosis of giant‐cell arteritis was confirmed by arterial biopsy. The disease involved the pericranial arteries as well as the ophthalmic artery on both sides, probably also the long ciliary arteries, which might explain the ophthalmomalacia. Apparently, only six cases are on record.
ORBITAL TUMOURS IN INFANCY
Authors: ELDRUP‐JØRGENSEN P. , FLEDELIUS HANS
Published: May 2009

A Danish nation‐wide 20‐year series of orbital tumours in infancy is reported, making up a total of 80 histopathologically verified cases. Secondary tumours were not included except for a few cases where the initial manifestation of the disease was an orbital mass, suggesting a primary tumour of the orbit.

A scant half of the series were benign choristomas. Otherwise there was a considerable share of more serious diseases, often threatening vision and/or life; thus ten embryonal sarcomas and nine optic nerve gliomas were found. The malignancies made up a total of 17 cases.

Because of the many medical specialities necessary for prompt diagnosis and efficient therapy, a centralization of the more serious orbital cases is felt mandatory. Considering the rather low overall frequency of orbital tumours, a centralization will not constitute a load numerically; an estimate for Denmark (population 5 million) is about five infantile cases a year.
TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC HYPHAEMA
Authors: BENGTSSON ELISABETH , EHINGER BERNDT
Published: May 2009

A series of 131 successive hospitalized cases of traumatic hyphaema after blunt injury of the eye were treated with complete bed‐rest for 6 days and double eye‐patching but without any topical medication. Seven patients (5.3%) had a secondary bleeding. The visual acuities of 115 patients were tested, and 105 regained their normal vision, i.e. 1.0 or over. These results are no better than those reported in series treated with moderate bed‐rest for 3–4 days combined with topical administration of corticosteroids and mydriatics. The results indicate that our present treatment may be unnecessarily severe.
THE SUSPENSORY APPARATUS OF THE LENS. THE SURFACE OF THE CILIARY BODY
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

Normal anterior segments from five human eyes were prepared for scanning electron microscopy by fixation in glutaraldehyde and OsO4, careful dissection, drying and coating. The lens equatorial region, the zonules and the ciliary body were examined from behind and front. The zonules were found to insert at circular lines immediately in front of and behind the equator of the lens, and some directly on to the equator. In the ciliary body they inserted along the ridges of the processes. Their insertions by ramification are studied in detail. No zonules were found to insert into or pass through the ciliary valleys, nor did they insert on pars plana or ora serrata. Short zonule‐like strands connected the posterior end of the processes with pars plana, and a mat consisting of confluent zonule‐like fibers, running in a meridional direction, covered the surface of pars plana. The zonules inserting behind the lens equator seemed to adhere to the anterior face of the vitreous, but they did not merge into it.
RETINOCHOROIDAL VASCULAR ANASTOMOSIS IN TOXOPLASMIC CHORIORETINITIS
Authors: SAARI M. , MIETTINEN R. , NIEMINEN H. , RÄISÄNEN S.
Published: May 2009

A clinical study of a case of toxoplasmic chorioretinitis was made with colour photographs and fluorescein angiography of the fundus during two recurrences. The patient had toxoplasmic chorioretinal scars in both eyes. A retinochoroidal vascular shunt was demonstrated in the perimacular scar of the left eye showing a recurrent satelite lesion adjacent to the macula at the age of 20 and a second recurrence 5 years and 3 months later. To prevent a possible new recurrence from destroying the macular area, a laser coagulation barrier was made between the chorioretinal lesion and the macula.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH OPTIC NEURITIS
Authors: NIKOSKELAINEN E. , IRJALA K. , SALMI T. T.
Published: May 2009

Cerebrospinal fluid specimens (CSF) from 59 patients with optic neuritis and from 59 age‐matched neurological control patients were studied. The patients with optic neuritis showed significantly higher CSF IgG concentrations and a higher frequency of abnormal CSF electrophoresis as compared with the control specimens. Elevated relative IgG values (expressed as percentage of CSF total protein concentration) were noticed in 42%, abnormal electrophoresis in 41%, pleocytosis in 26% and increased total protein concentrations in 29% of CSF specimens from patients with optic neuritis. Thirty patients with an unknown cause of optic neuritis and without any neurological symptoms other than optic neuritis, showed increased relative IgG in 40%, abnormal electrophoresis in 31%, pleocytosis in 33% and increased total protein concentration in 27% of CSF specimens. A reduced serum/CSF albumin ratio was noticed in high frequency in patients with optic neuritis indicating possible blood brain barrier damage. There were, however, 13 patients with optic neuritis and two from the control group with normal serum/CSF albumin ratio but reduced serum/CSF IgG ratio. This finding supports the presumption that part of CSF IgG is produced within the central nervous system (CNS).
MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF THE CHOROID AS RELATED TO COEXISTENT BENIGN NEVUS
Authors: ARNESEN KRISTEN , NORNES MAY
Published: May 2009

Ninety‐five cases of malignant choroidal melanoma collected during a 15‐year period have been studied with special emphasis on histological type, coexistence of benign nevus, and prognosis. Elements of benign nevus were found in 78% of the cases. The data tend to support the hypothesis that most cases of malignant choroidal melanoma have their origin in a preexisting benign nevus, and that the tumours undergo a gradual change from a differentiated to a less differentiated type.
CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS LOCALIZED IN THE EYE
Authors: JENSEN O. A.
Published: May 2009

Calcium oxalate crystals, identified morphologically, chemically and histochemically, were found in the eyes of two patients, one with congenital buphthalmia and one with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The deposits had not been observed clinically or by macroscopic examination during sectioning of the eyeballs. Generalized oxalosis could be ruled out as a source of the oxalates. The crystals were localized in the detached, degenerated retina, subretinally and in the retinal pigment epithelium. Previously, deposition in the last‐named layer has been reported only once and only in a case of generalized oxalosis. The literature is reviewed, and suggestions concerning the formation of localized oxalate crystals are advanced. It is concluded that the pigment epithelium is probably involved in the production, perhaps through a changed metabolism.
SYMPTOMS, SIGNS AND EARLY COURSE OF OPTIC NEURITIS
Authors: NIKOSKELAINEN EEVA
Published: May 2009

The study was an analysis of the early course of optic neuritis based on the case histories of 185 patients, 57% of whom were females and 43% males. More than half of the patients suffered from multiple sclerosis. In 28% of the patients the etiology remained unknown.

The most common initial symptom was acute decrease in visual acuity, but in 25% the onset was subacute or slow. Pain occurred in 62% and preceded decrease in visual acuity in 16% of the cases.

The initial attack was unilateral in 70% and bilateral in 30% of the patients. On admission, in 64% of the involved eyes, visual acuity was poor and in 73% the defect in the visual field involved the central field. The optic disc was normal in 46%, blurred and/or hyperaemic in 20%, oedematous in 23% and in 11% there was temporal or total pallor already on admission. The last finding was common in patients with bilateral optic neuritis with a slow onset.

Six months after admission visual acuity was good or excellent in 56% and the visual field was normal in 45% of the involved eyes.
ANTERIOR CHAMBER DEPTH AND PRIMARY ANGLE‐CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

The genetics of primary angle‐closure glaucoma (a.c.g.) was studied:

a) through the prevalence in sibs and children of a.c.g. probands, and

b) through the family distribution of the closely correlated axial anterior chamber depth (ACD). The material emerged from an epidemiologic study in Greenland Eskimos.

a) Compared with the general population, the observed prevalence of a.c.g. was increased in sibs of a.c.g. probands and the estimated, future prevalence was found to be the same in sibs and children. Age influence prevented a proper Mendelian analysis, but no simple monogenic inheritance seems probable.

b) The biometric study showed a relatively shallow chamber in sibs, children, nephews, nieces and grandchildren of a.c.g. probands. Regression analyses revealed a corresponding pattern, also in control families of probands with shallow chambers and in general population families. A heritability of 70% was found, indicating that about two thirds of the age and sex independent variation in ACD seems to be genetic.
BACTERIAL FLORA IN RELATION TO CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: FAHMY J. A. , MØLLER S. , BENTZON M. WEIS
Published: May 2009

The peroperative flora of 499 patients undergoing cataract extraction was studied with local bacterial cultures taken at the beginning and end of surgery and compared with the preoperative flora examined previously (Fahmy et al. 1975 b) on admission the day prior to surgery.

The local application of a single dose of oxytetracycline — polymyxin B, approximately 18 hours before surgery, significantly reduced the incidence of bacteria at the time of surgery. However, 92% of the conjunctivas examined immediately before operation proved to harbour one or more kinds of microorganisms. Futhermore, 61% of the wound sites were found to be contaminated with bacteria at the conclusion of surgery. The reasons are discussed.

The origin of Staphylococcus aureus isolated peroperatively from the conjunctiva and wound site was studied. The great majority of strains could be traced to the patient's own conjunctiva preoperatively. In a few cases S. aureus was traced to the patient's own nose, skin of face or to the surgeon's nose. The air of the wards and operating theatre as well as the hands and gloves of surgeons and assistant nurses apparently did not play any role as a source of S. aureus infection.
THE NONCONTACT TONOMETER
Authors: SØRENSEN PER NELLEMANN
Published: May 2009

The measurement of intraocular pressure with a noncontact tonometer was correlated to a Goldmann tonometer in 20 normal persons, 20 glaucomatous patients, and 8 patients suffering from corneal diseases.

In normal persons the error in measurement for the noncontact tonometer was related to their skill in fixation, and in eye patients to height of pressure and corneal state.

Acceptable correlation was found between noncontact tonometry and Goldmann applanation tonometry when the cornea was normal and the pressure below 35 mmHg (Goldmann), otherwise noncontact tonometry was only a guide, and in the presence of corneal disease, unreliable. Good fixation reduced the method error. The standard deviation was 1.09 mmHg at poor fixation and 0.60 mmHg at good fixation.

Repeated measurements on the same eye with noncontact tonometry did not alter the intraocular tension.
THE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE IN APPLANATION PRESSURE TO INTRAVENOUS ACETAZOLAMIDE IN PRIMARY GLAUCOMAS AND GLAUCOMA SUSPECTS
Authors: NISSEN OLE I.
Published: May 2009

The decays in the applanation pressures of both eyes, after a reduction of the aqueous secretion by means of intravenous acetazolamide, are studied with respect to shape and steepness by comparison with reference curves calculated from different values of the facility of aqueous outflow. The pressure decays in three out of four eyes with narrow‐angle glaucoma exhibited ‘breaks’ possibly resulting from a stepwise reopening of the chamber angle during the decompression. Twenty patients with intraocular hypertension and open angles could be divided into two groups according to the facility of aqueous outflow (in μl mmHg−1 min−1), estimated from approximately matching reference curves: Nine patients with facilities above 0.15 had normal visual fields and nearly indentical pressure curves of the two eyes. Out of 11 patients with facilities below 0.15, seven patients had glaucomatous visual field defects and excavated optic discs. The pressure curves of eye pairs in this low facility group showed asymmetry, and breaks were seen in approximately half of the curves. These might be caused by changes in the outflow facility due to a decompression of collapsed outflow channels. However, the morphological basis for such an interpretation is not as well founded as in the case of narrow‐angle glaucoma.
NORMAL VALUES IN CLINICAL ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY
Authors: KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

For the evaluation of normal EOG potential and time parameters a case series (142 eyes) is presented. An EOG technique aiming at the largest possible amplitude between the dark trough and the light peak is described. It is shown that the light‐induced response following a 20 min period of adaptation to a very low degree of illumination (about 1/10 lx, allowing a rough orientation on the displayed trace) does not differ from that produced after 20 min of total darkness. Also, the independence of the pupillary area for the light‐induced response is demonstrated, which means that the light stimulus employed (2500–4000 lx) is supramaximal. Furthermore, the good quality of the gaze fixation in the actual test situation with respect to the recording of equidistant saccades is proven. A DC amplification of the signal is used, which secures independency of inter‐ and intra‐individual differences in the saccadic velocity and makes possible accurate measurements of deflections disfigured by correcting movements. The following EOG parameters are recorded: A base value after 10 min of preadaptation with the light stimulus, the dark trough and the light peak potentials. Also the periods between the beginning of the dark adaptation and the dark trough and between the dark trough and the light peak are noted. The frequency distribution and the general level of the various parameters are discussed in the light of comparable figures of previous publications.
EFFECT OF HARD CONTACT LENSES ON CORNEAL SENSITIVITY AND THICKNESS
Authors: MILLODOT MICHEL
Published: May 2009

Corneal sensitivity and central corneal thickness were measured on 11 subjects before and after 8 hours of hard contact lens wear. Both factors were monitored for 30 min after removal. It was found that hard contact lenses affect both corneal sensitivity and thickness, significantly. After 8 hours the reduction of sensitivity was found to be, on average, 94% in the centre and 116% in the periphery, and the average increase in thickness was 6.9%. Thirty minutes after removal corneal sensitivity had recovered 82% and 100% in the centre and periphery, respectively, and corneal thickness had decreased by 6.3%. A high correlation was found between central and peripheral corneal sensitivity. This investigation shows that corneal sensitivity measurements offer an alternative method of assessing corneal integrity which is simple and precise.
BIOMETRIC CORRELATIONS OF CORNEAL THICKNESS
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , HANSEN FINN KRUSE , AASVED HENRY
Published: May 2009

Central corneal thickness, depth of anterior chamber, thickness of lens, length of vitreous, axial length, applanation (Goldmann) and indentation (Schiøtz) tension and rigidity (Friedenwald) were determined in three groups of patients; (1) 16 patients with glaucoma simplex, (2) 25 patients with ocular hypertension, and (3) 26 patients with fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (so‐called pseudoexfoliation of the lens). Average data and computed correlations between the parameters are given in tabular form. Corneal thickness was normal in glaucoma simplex, but significantly increased in ocular hypertension. Corneal thickness was positively correlated to applanation tension but not to indentation tension, nor to any other of the studied parameters. It is suggested that corneal thickness can be considered as a biometric parameter which yields new information about the eye not covered by the conventional parameters.
TUMOURS OF THE EYE AND ITS ADNEXA
Authors: ANDERSEN S. RY
Published: May 2009

A survey from the Eye Pathology Institute and the Ophthalmological Tumour Centre, Copenhagen, of the present position of diagnosis and treatment of some of the more important tumours and tumour‐like lesions of the eye and its adnexa.
PROGNOSIS OF PRIMARY RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENTS
Authors: KAUFMAN PAUL L.
Published: May 2009

Multiple linear regression‐analysis of variance was used to define relationships between final visual acuity and several parameters in 31 patients with reattached primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Older patient age, preoperative macular detachment, clinically visible macular lesions, greater detachment duration and extent, and higher subretinal fluid butyrylcholinesterase activity were all inversely related to final acuity. The relationship of each parameter to final acuity, in conjunction with and apart from all the other parameters, was defined. Collectively the parameters accounted for 85% of the variation about the mean of the clinically observed finally acuities. The parameters could be weighted to give a generally, reasonably accurate prediction of final acuity at the time of surgery. The findings are consistent with a pathophysiological sequence involving alterations in the choroidal circulation and the blood‐ocular barrier of the posterior segment.
EFFECTS OF DENERVATIONS ON THE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE‐CONTAINING AND FLUORESCENT NERVES OF THE RAT IRIS
Authors: HUHTALA ANTERO , TERVO TIMO , HUIKURI KAUKO T. , PALKAMA ARTO
Published: May 2009

The thiocholine method for the demonstration of AChE‐containing fibres and the formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence technique for the visualization of adrenergic fibres were employed to study the innervation of the albino rat iris. The following denervations were performed in order to verify the origins of different nerve types: (1) extirpation of the ciliary ganglion, (2) extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion, (3) stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and (4) all possible combinations of the above‐mentioned procedures.

The denervations disclosed three main types of AChE‐containing nerves in the iris: (1) nerve fibres degenerating after ciliary ganglionectomy, (2) thick nerve bundles in the dilator region disappearing after trigeminal neurotomy, and (3) fibres remaining intact after any type of denervation. Cervical sympathectomy had no effect on AChE‐positive fibres.

Under electron microscope AChE activity could be seen in the axolemma both in unmyelinated and in myelinated fibres.

All fluorescent fibres vanished after ipsilateral cervical sympathectomy. Most of these fibres also disappeared after trigeminal neurotomy and the remaining fibres degenerated after subsequent ciliary ganglionectomy. On the basis of the present findings, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Most AChE‐containing fibres of the rat iris originate in the ciliary ganglion. (2) The majority of the myelinated sensory fibres of the rat iris also contain AChE. (3) There is no AChE in the adrenergic fibres of the rat iris. (4) All adrenergic fibres of the rat iris originate in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion, and (5) these fibres enter the iris along with both the long and short ciliary nerves.
MELANOTROPIC DRUGS AND RETINAL FUNCTIONS
Authors: CALISSENDORFF BERIT
Published: May 2009

The acute effects of chlorpromazine, promethazine and rifampicin on the a‐, b‐ and c‐waves of the conventional electroretinogram (ERG) were studied in sheep. Iv administration of chlorpromazine and promethazine resulted in a b‐wave amplitude decrease and an initial c‐wave amplitude decrease, followed by cyclic amplitude changes resembling damped oscillations. Iv injections of rifampicin, however, resulted in cyclic changes of the c‐wave amplitude without initial concomitant b‐wave changes. The results of the present study indicate that rifampicin has a selective influence on the pigment epithelial cells, while chlorpromazine and promethazine seem to have more generalized retinal effects on both the neuro‐retina and the pigment epithelial cells.
A PORTABLE HEMIANOPSIA TESTER
Authors: BYNKE H. , HEIJL A.
Published: May 2009

A pocket‐size static perimeter provided with four test lights, one for each quadrant of the visual field, has been constructed and applied to 190 visual fields in 97 patients. The main advantage of the instrument is its ability to disclose hemianopic defects in bedridden and certain sick patients unable to co‐operate with other methods, including the confrontation test. This was performed in 12 fields in 7 patients.
LENS THICKNESS AND ANGLE‐CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Authors: CLEMMESEN VIGGO , LUNTZ MAURICE H.
Published: May 2009

A group of Negro patients without ocular disease (“normal” group), a group of Negroes with angle closure glaucoma and a normal Danish population are compared in terms of anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous body length and axial length of the globe. It is noted that the normal black population has a significantly thinner lens than the black population with angle closure glaucoma and the normal Danish population. The latter two groups have a lens thickness which is similar. This finding is discussed in relation to the lower incidence of acute closure attacks in the black population. Attacks of angle closure in this population are generally of the chronic type.
DEMONSTRATION OF THE HEMIOPIC BORDER IN THE NORMAL PERSON
Authors: EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

The hemiopic border is the vertical line in the visual field separating the two halves which represent each cerebral hemisphere. This border, which becomes clinically manifest in the hemiopias, may be demonstrated in the normal person either (1) by covering an eye with the palm of the hand while facing the sun with the eyes closed, or (2) by fixing a near point and observing the background while the two eyes are dissociated by red and green glasses, or (3) by two‐object perimetry, in which an inhibition may be observed along the vertical meridian through the fixation point.
TRAUMATIC HYPHAEMA TREATED WITH THE ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC DRUG TRANEXAMIC ACID
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

During the year 1975 (Jan. 1st‐Dec. 31st) 72 patients, consecutively admitted to the eye department of Århus Kommunehospital with traumatic hyphaema, were treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. Secondary haemorrhage occurred in one case. This incidence of secondary haemorrhage (1.4%) seems to be the lowest on record.

A group of patients from the period 1965–1968, treated identically with the exception of the tranexamic acid, were selected for comparison. This group of 135 patients included 9 cases (6.7%) with a secondary haemorrhage. The difference between these two groups is statistically significant (P < 0.05).
CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS IN NEWBORNS AND CHILDREN
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , SØRENSEN TORBEN , BRAMSEN THORKILD , POULSEN ERIK HOLK
Published: May 2009

Central corneal thickness was measured optically in premature and full‐term babies, and in children. The thickness was found to decrease from the values found in premature and full‐term babies to those found in small children aged between 2–4 years. The thickness of the adult cornea is reached at the age of about 3 years.

These findings are discussed with respect to the possible role of corneal thickness as a biometric parameter, to intraocular pressure measurement, and to corneal thickness steady state regulation.
SCLERAL BUCKLING WITH BIOPLAST® FIBRIN IN RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: DE GRÓSZ ISTVÁN , VEREB KATALIN , KERÉNYI GÉZA
Published: May 2009

The study includes a series of 38 patients with retinal detachment of different aetiology. Scleral reduction combined with the intrascleral implantation of absorbable Bioplast® fibrin scleral buckling rods was performed and reattachment achieved in 31 cases. The implant material is biocompatible and is eliminated from the eye in the course of a few weeks.
EFFECT OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED HYDROCORTISONE ON THE OCULAR TENSION IN PRIMARY OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA SUBJECTS
Authors: KIMURA RYOZO , MAEKAWA NOBUO
Published: May 2009

We studied the possible influence on the pattern of diurnal ocular tension curve by peroral hydrocortisone in 16 eyes of 16 subjects with primary open‐angle glaucoma. The baseline diurnal curve was determined by Schiøtz tonometry six times daily starting at 10 a. m. and repeated every four hours. The baseline curve showed a significant rise in the daytime with a fall during the night. On another day, 20 mg hydrocortisone was given perorally at 5 p. m., for a repeat 24‐h measurement period. A significant rise in ocular tension over the baseline resulted in the following night‐time tonometric readings, i. e. at 10 p. m. (P < 0.01) and 2 a. m. (P <0.001). The results seem to strongly indicate that plasma corticosteroid levels dictate the pattern of diurnal variation of ocular tension.