bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) fermentation process to obtain anchovies
Authors: Oetterer Marília , Perujo Sérgio Daniel , Gallo Cláudio Rosa , Arruda Lia Ferraz de , Borghesi Ricardo , Cruz Ana Maria Paschoal da
Published: April 2005

Anchovies are traditional fish preserves, prepared from fermented fish of the engraulidae family, mainly in European countries. In Brazil, sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis) are an alternative fish for preparing these types of preserves, provided that the preservation process results in a high quality product. In this research, sardines were prepared for preservation and physicochemical, microbiological and sensory analyses were carried out during the preservation process. Whole or eviscerated sardines, with or without condiments/preservatives and with 20% of salt (w/w) were used. Sardines were analyzed fresh, and at 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days along the preservation process. The use of whole sardines, with or without condiments/preservatives, presented best results, with increased non-proteic nitrogen in the dry matter, higher levels of total volatile bases and higher contents of lactic acid and sodium chloride. The higher acidity observed in the whole sardine treatments resulted in better control of halophylic mesophilic microorganisms, which were kept under 1.4 x 10³ CFU g-1 in both treatments. Total coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus reached 21 and 3.0 x 10² CFU g-1, respectively. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp were not present in the fresh sardines or in any of the four treatments, indicating that the concentration of salt used was appropriate to maintain the product under adequate microbiological control. Both whole or eviscerated sardines under the conditions of this experiment were appropriate in terms of the microbiological safety of the preserves. Treatments using whole fish, either with or without condiments/preservatives, also presented better sensorial properties such as color, flavor, taste and texture, as compared to the eviscerated fish treatments. Whole sardines produced good quality, anchovy-type preserves, which can be used for consumption and marketing purposes.
Stock indexing and Potato virus Y elimination from potato plants cultivated in vitro
Authors: Nascimento Luciana Cordeiro , Pio-Ribeiro Gilvan , Willadino Lilia , Andrade Genira Pereira
Published: April 2005

Potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) have shown degeneration or run out caused by viruses after several cycles of propagation using seed tubers from commercial fields. This work reports the occurrence of single and mixed infections of four potato viruses in Paraíba-Brazil and presents a method for Potato virus Y (PVY) elimination, by using thermo-and chemotherapies. Plants of potato cv. Baraka were tested by direct antigen coating ELISA. Antisera against PVY, Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus S (PVS), and Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) were used. Materials with positive reaction to PVY were treated for virus elimination. Single node cuttings (1.0 cm length) were excised and inoculated in Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 of kinetin, 0.001 mg L-1 of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.1 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid (GA3). The thermotherapy at approximately 37ºC, during 30 and 40 days, resulted in 20.0 and 37.5% PVY elimination, respectively. Chemotherapy was undertaken with Ribavirin (RBV), 5-Azacytidine (AZA), and 3-Deazauridine (DZD). The RBV showed the highest rate of virus eradication, with 55.5% virus-free plants. Simultaneous thermo and chemotherapy had higher efficiency for the elimination of PVY, reaching rates of healthy plants of 83.3% with RBV, 70.0% with AZA, and 50.0% with DZD.
Organic matter fractions and soil fertility under the influence of liming, vermicompost and cattle manure
Authors: Yagi Renato , Ferreira Manoel Evaristo , Cruz Mara Cristina Pessôa da , Barbosa José Carlos
Published: April 2005

This work evaluates effects of cattle manure vermicompost in association with liming on soil fertility indexes. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions, in pots containing samples of a Typic Hapludox, medium-textured soil. Five levels of vermicompost (equivalent to 0, 28, 42, 56, and 70 t ha-1, dry weight) and five liming levels (to raise base saturation to 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60%) were combined in a factorial scheme and samples were incubated for 180 days. Samples of the same soil received the equivalent to 70 t ha-1 of the cattle manure used to produce the vermicompost, and the same lime rates. Cattle manure was better than vermicompost to supply K and Mg. Small differences in P supply were observed between the manures. The vermicompost increased the levels of Ca, pH, organic matter (OM) and CEC more than the manure. C-humic acids decreased and C-humin increased with vermicompost application. With liming, C-humic acids decreased, but the total content of OM was not affected.
Spatial variability of soil phosphorus of a low productivity Brachiaria brizantha pasture
Authors: Corazza Edemar Joaquim , Brossard Michel , MuraokaI Takashi , Coelho Filho Maurício Antonio
Published: April 2005

Studies on soil phosphorus (P) of low productivity cultivated pastures in Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) areas and surveys on other possible problems related to P are scarce. The spatial variability of soil phosphorus content of a Rhodic Ferralsol was studied in a low productivity pasture of Brachiaria brizantha (BB) grown for 10 years, without fertilizer application, in an experimental area at Planaltina (GO), Brazil. Soil samplings were performed on a regular grid of 10 by 10 meters, with 98 sampling points before (between tussocks and under tussocks) and after the establishment of the experiment (after fertilizing). On the same grid, forage plants were collected and separated into fractions for N and P content analyses. Soil available phosphate was determined by the resin method (Pr) and complemented by the 32P isotopic exchange kinetics analysis. Descriptive statistical and geostatistical analyses were utilized to describe the spatial variability. The Pr content on soil samples under tussocks presented mean and median values 45% larger than in soil samples taken between tussocks. The higher variation is probably related to the greater concentration of BB roots, soil organic matter content and soil P recycled through the plants tussocks. The spatial variability of Pr in this soil was high especially after fertilizer application. This variable did not present spatial dependence for the regular 10 m sampling. The generated knowledge on P variability of soils under low productivity cultivated pastures revealed problems related to the sampling methodology traditionally utilized and to P application.
Oviposition and predation of Pentilia egena mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in response to temperature
Authors: Guerreiro Julio César , Busoli Antonio Carlos , Berti Filho Evoneo
Published: April 2005

The species Pentilia egena Mulsant is an important predator of armored scales that occur in citrus orchards in Brazil. To intensify this biological control, knowing bioecological aspects in necessary for the improvement of massal insect rearing. This research investigated the influence of temperature (19ºC, 24ºC and 29ºC) on the number of eggs laid by P. egena and the number of Aspidiotus nerii Bouché scales preyed by this coccinellid. The highest number of eggs laid and of scales preyed, 5.1 ± 0.59 and 11.3 ± 0.19, respectively, occurred at 29ºC. However, egg viability (52.86%) was reduced at this temperature, and was lower than those at 19ºC and 24ºC (78.10% and 74.07%, respectively). Temperature did not affect the ladybeetle oviposition behavior as the eggs were laid under the scale of preyed A. nerii.
Performance of Holstein cows fed sugarcane or corn silages of different grain textures
Authors: Corrêa Clóvis Eduardo Sidnei , Pereira Marcos Neves , Oliveira Simone Gisele de , Ramos Marcelo Hentz
Published: April 2005

Corn cultivated in Brazil is predominantly of hard texture, and more propense to decreased starch digestibility under late harvesting situations than dent hybrids. This work tested the utilization of dent corn as a way of extending the ensilage period without reducing animal performance, and evaluated the potential of sugarcane as a forage for high-producing dairy cows. Nine lactating Holstein cows were allocated to three 3 ' 3 latin squares and were fed 200 g of forage neutral detergent fiber per kg of dry matter as either hard texture corn ensiled at the half milk line stage of maturity, soft texture corn ensiled at the black layer stage, or sugarcane. There were no detectable differences between corn hybrids with regard to milk yield (34.2 vs 34.6 kg d-1) and composition, dry matter intake (23.0 vs 23.2 kg d-1) and total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients. Sugarcane decreased feed intake (21.5 kg d-1) and milk yield (31.9 kg d-1). Organic matter digestibility, chewing activity and rumen pH did not differ among treatments. Sugarcane seems to be a viable option to feed groups of Holstein cows during lactation stages in which nutrient demand is not at a maximum. The performance of dairy cows fed dent corn ensiled at the black layer stage of maturity was similar to the performance of cows fed flint corn ensiled at the half milk line stage.
Copper, nickel and zinc phytoavailability in an oxisol amended with sewage sludge and liming
Authors: Martins Adão Luiz Castanheiro , Bataglia Ondino Cleante , Camargo Otávio Antonio de
Published: April 2005

Contents of heavy metal on agricultural soils have been raised by land applications of sewage sludge and may constitute a hazard to plants, animals and humans. A field experiment was carried out from 1983 to 1987, to evaluate the long-term effect of sewage sludge application, with and without liming, on heavy metal accumulation and availability in a Rhodic Hapludox soil grown with maize (HMD 7974 hybrid). Trials were set up in a completely randomized blocks design with four replications. Each block was split in two bands, one with and another without liming. The sludge was applied in each band at rates: 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 Mg ha-1 (dry basis) in a single application; and 40, 60 and 80 Mg ha-1 split in two, three and four equal yearly applications, respectively. The soil was sampled for chemical analysis each year after harvest. Soil samples were analysed for Cu, Ni and Zn in extracts obtained with DTPA and Mehlich-3 solutions, and in extracts obtained by digestion with nitric-perchloric acid (total metal contents), using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer. In general, Zn, Cu and Ni concentrations in DTPA and Mehlich-3 extracts increased linearly with sludge application. Total Cu and Zn concentrations increased when sludge was applied, whereas total Ni concentrations were not affected. Both extractants were suitable to evaluate Cu and Zn availability to corn in the soil treated with sewage sludge. Liming reduced the DTPA extractability of Zn. DTPA-extractable Cu concentrations were not significantly affected by liming. Mehlich-3-extractable Cu and Zn concentrations increased with liming. Only DTPA extractant indicated reduction of Ni concentrations in the soil after liming.
Biofertilzers with natural phosphate, sulphur and Acidithiobacillus in a siol with low available-P
Authors: Stamford Newton Pereira , Santos Patrícia Ribeiro dos , Moura Adriana Muniz Mendes Freire de , Santos Carolina Etiene de Rosália e Silva , Freitas Ana Dolores Santiago de
Published: April 2005

The production of mineral fertilizers is a expensive process, since it requires high energy consumption, and cannot be produced by small farmers. Laboratory assays were conducted to produce P-biofertilizers from natural phosphate (B5, B10, B15, B20), applying sulphur at different rates (5; 10; 15 and 20%) inoculated with Acidithiobacillus (S*) and testing increasing periods of incubation. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the biofertilizers in a soil with low available P (Typic Fragiudult) from the "Zona da Mata" of Pernambuco State, grown with yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) in two consecutive harvests. The treatments were: Natural Phosphate (NP); biofertilizers produced in laboratory (B5, B10, B15, B20) with sulphur and Acidithiobacillus (NP+S*); natural phosphate with sulphur (20%) without Acidithiobacillus (NP+S); triple super phosphate (TSP) and a control without phosphorus. Plants were inoculated with a mixture of rhizobia strains (NFB 747 and NFB 748) or did not receive rhizobia inoculation. In bioassays pH and available P in the biofertilizers were analyzed. In the greenhouse experiment shoot dry matter, total N and total P in shoots, soil pH and available P were determined. Higher rates of available P were obtained in biofertilizers with sulphur and Acidithiobacillus (NP+S*) and in triple super phosphate (TSP), and biofertilizers with sulphur and Acidithiobacillus (FN+S*) and triple super phosphate (TSP) increased plant parameters. Native rhizobia were as effective as the strains applied in inoculation. After the two harvests soil presented lower pH values and higher rates of available P when the biofertilizers B15 and B20 with sulphur and Acidithiobacillus were applied.
Macronutrient accumulation and partioning in fertigated sweet pepper plants
Authors: Marcussi Francisco Fernando Noronha , Villas Bôas Roberto Lyra , Godoy Leandro José Grava de , Goto Rumy
Published: April 2005

Information on nutrient demand during each growth stage is essential for efficient application of nutrients. A pot experiment was carried out with a Typic Hapludox under greenhouse conditions in Botucatu, SP, Brazil, aiming was to determine nutrient uptake and partition of sweet pepper plants, cultivar Elisa in randomized block design with four replications. The fertigation was simulated through 2-L PET bottles (neck down with a tube and a flow regulator at the end, simulating a drip irrigation system). Four plants per replication were collected at eight growth stages (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 days after the seedling transplant - DAT). The period of largest extraction of nutrients for the plant occurred from 120 to 140 DAT, which coincides with the highest accumulation of dry phytomass. The highest Mg and Ca accumulation occurred in the leaves, while N, K, S and P were mostly accumulated in the fruits. Only 8 to 13% of the total amount of the accumulated macronutrientes at 140 DAT were absorbed up to the 60th DAT. Between the 61st and 100th DAT, K was the most absorbed macronutrient (60% of the macronutrients accumulated during the whole cycle). P, Ca and S were the most absorbed nutrients at the end of the cycle. Considering rates (g per plant), the most absorbed macronutrients were: N (6.6) > K (6.4) > Ca (2.6) > Mg (1.3) > S (1.1) > P (0.7).
Nitrogen fertilization of fall panicum cultivars (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.): biochemical and agronomical aspects
Authors: Soratto Rogério Peres , Lima Eduardo do Valle , Silva Tiago Roque Benetoli da , Boaro Carmen Sílvia Fernandes , Cataneo Ana Catarina
Published: April 2005

Information on improved fall panicum cultivars and agronomical pratices is scarce because of the relatively small importance of this crop in Brazil. The present study aimed to evaluate levels of nitrogen sidedressing on plant development and biochemical characteristics of two fall panicum cultivars. The experiment was set up under plastic tunnel conditions in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, with plants growing inside asbestos-cement boxes. The experimental design was a randomized block setup and treatments consisted of six levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 mg L-1) applied at the onset of tillering on two fall panicum cultivars (AL Mogi and AL Tibagi). The application of increasing levels of nitrogen to fall panicum plants increased chlorophyll content, total amino acids, plant dry matter nitrogen content, plant height, tillering and grain yield, and decreased plant dry matter sugar content. The cultivars had similar performances in relation to the evaluated variables, as a response to nitrogen sidedressing.
Seasonal fluctuations of bacterial population and microbial activity in soils cultivated with eucalyptus and pinus
Authors: Rigobelo Everlon Cid , Nahas Ely
Published: April 2005

The accumulation and decomposition of litter in soils under forests depend on climatic and biotic conditions. This work evaluated the effect of monthly rainfall and temperature on total bacteria, and on the dehydrogenase and respiration microbial activities. The effects of organic matter, total organic C and soil moisture were also evaluated. Performed from April, 1999 to March, 2000 in an Eucalyptus-cultivated and Pinus-cultivated Oxisol (Typic Haplustox), the study showed that climate and the soil variables affect the total number of bacteria and the microbial activities. The highest air temperatures and rainfall intensities were found during the Summer and, consequently, all the studied variables were maximal during this period. Minimal values varied from Autumn to Winter or, for some parameters, up to Spring. A positive correlation proved the influence of the organic matter, organic C and soil moisture on the total bacteria and on the respiratory and dehydrogenase activities. Litter content was also higher in the Summer as compared to the Winter, but it correlated only with the total bacteria (r = 0.52***). However, the correlation between the litter content and organic matter (r = 0.64***) and soil moisture (r = 0.49**) suggest that the soil organic matter may have influenced microbial activity. All variables found in the Eucalyptus soil were higher than that of Pinus soil, probably favored by the best soil fertility and higher pH value.
Computational system for geostatistical analysis
Authors: Vendrusculo Laurimar Gonçalves , Magalhães Paulo Sérgio Graziano , Vieira Sidney Rosa , Carvalho José Ruy Porto de
Published: April 2005

Geostatistics identifies the spatial structure of variables representing several phenomena and its use is becoming more intense in agricultural activities. This paper describes a computer program, based on Windows Interfaces (Borland Delphi), which performs spatial analyses of datasets through geostatistic tools: Classical statistical calculations, average, cross- and directional semivariograms, simple kriging estimates and jackknifing calculations. A published dataset of soil Carbon and Nitrogen was used to validate the system. The system was useful for the geostatistical analysis process, for the manipulation of the computational routines in a MS-DOS environment. The Windows development approach allowed the user to model the semivariogram graphically with a major degree of interaction, functionality rarely available in similar programs. Given its characteristic of quick prototypation and simplicity when incorporating correlated routines, the Delphi environment presents the main advantage of permitting the evolution of this system.
Orthogonal contrasts: definitions and concepts
Authors: Nogueira Maria Cristina Stolf
Published: April 2005

The single degree of freedom of orthogonal contrasts is a useful technique for the analysis of experimental data and helpful in obtaining estimates of main, nested and interaction effects, for mean comparisons between groups of data and in obtaining specific residuals. Furthermore, the application of orthogonal contrasts is an alternative way of doing statistical analysis on data from non-conventional experiments, whithout a definite structure. To justify its application, an extensive review is made on the definitions and concepts involving contrasts.
Rootstocks for 'Tahiti' lime
Authors: Stenzel Neusa Maria Colauto , Neves Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro
Published: April 2005

The 'Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) is an important commercial citrus cultivar in Brazil. 'Rangpur' lime has being used as its main rootstock, but it is susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora, reducing tree longevity. An experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with three trees per plot of each rootstock and four replicates, and run for 12 years, aiming to compare the performance of 'IAC-5 Tahiti' lime, budded on 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osb.); 'C-13' citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'African' rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.); 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.); trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.) and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.). Eleven years after the establishment of the orchard, trees with the greatest canopy development were budded on 'C-13' citrange and 'African' rough lemon, and both differed significantly from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Sunki' and 'Cleopatra' mandarins, which presented the smallest canopy development. Trees budded on 'Rangpur' lime and 'C-13' citrange had the highest cumulative yields, and were different from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins. There was no rootstock effect on mean fruit weight and on the total soluble solid/acid ratio in the juice. The 'Rangpur' lime and the 'Cleopatra' mandarin rootstocks reduced longevity of plants.
Reproductive biology in species of Bidens L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Grombone-Guaratini Maria Tereza , Solferini Vera Nisaka , Semir João
Published: April 2005

Studies about reproductive biology of weed species can have implications on the establishment of controlling practices that minimize the effects of these weed populations on agricultural fields. The pollination biology of Bidens alba (L.) DC., B. pilosa L., and Bidens subalternans DC., was studied at different sites and climatic seasons. Bidens pilosa and B. subalternans are widely distributed in agricultural areas, in disturbed habitats, and along road sides. Bidens alba occur only along the coast. The three species are self-compatible and non agamospermous. The composition of the pollinator community changes during the year and between sites. Hymenopterans and lepidopterans are the most frequent visitors to Bidens species in both areas studied. Although the species are self-compatible, the presence of pollinators may affect the levels of inbreeding. The attraction of insects by Bidens species may be benefical to agricultural crop and may also have important implications for conservation biology.
Nickel adsorption by soils in relation to pH, organic matter, and iron oxides
Authors: Mellis Estêvão Vicari , Cruz Mara Cristina Pessôa da , Casagrande José Carlos
Published: April 2005

There is little information on nickel adsorption by Brazilian soils. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of pH, organic matter, and iron oxides on nickel adsorption by three soils: a clayey Anionic "Rhodic" Acrudox, a sandy clay loam Anionic "Xanthic" Acrudox, and a clayey Rhodic Hapludalf. Soil samples were collected from the 0-0.2 m layer and treated to eliminate organic matter and iron oxides. The nickel adsorption was evaluated in the original samples and in those treated to remove organic matter and to remove both, organic matter and iron oxides, using 2 g soil + 20 mL of 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 solution containing 5 mg L-1 Ni, pH varying from 3.5 to 7.5. The nickel adsorption decreased with the elimination of organic matter. For the samples without organic matter and iron oxides, adsorption decreased only in the Anionic "Rhodic" Acrudox. The pH was the main factor involved in nickel adsorption variation, and for soil samples without organic matter and iron oxides, the maximum adsorption occurred at higher pH values.
Depression by inbreeding after four sucessive self-pollination squash generations
Authors: Cardoso Antonio Ismael Inácio
Published: April 2005

The strategy for breeding F1 hybrid squash is to develop parental lines through self-pollination. However, it increases plant mean homozygosis, which is not the natural genetic state of a cross-pollinated species, and can cause "inbreeding depression". The objective of this work was to evaluate this depression with sucessive generations of self-pollination (without selection) in Cucurbita moschata, cv. Piramoita. Populations were obtained from lines with one to four generations of self-pollination (obtained by the SSD method), from the original cv. Piramoita (population S0). Randomized blocks were used with five treatments (different generations of self-pollination - S0 to S4), six replicates and five plants per plot. Regression analysis was made by the Wright inbreeding coefficient (F) to measure the homozygosis level effect on vigor loss. There was a linear reduction of mean weight and fruit length, seed production (number and weight) per fruit with the increase of the homozygosis level; however inbreeding did not affect seed quality (weight of 100 seeds and germination).
Mixture of formic and propionic acid as additives in broiler feeds
Authors: Vale Marcos Martinez do , Menten José Fernando Machado , Morais Sônia Cristina Daróz de , Brainer Mônica Maria de Almeida
Published: April 2005

The presence of Salmonella species in feeds and ingredients is an important source of salmonella contamination for animals. Organic acid mixtures have shown to be an effective alternative to eliminate salmonellas in feeds and chickens. In the present study, the performance of male broiler chickens receiving levels (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0%) of a mixture of organic acids (OAs) (70% formic acid and 30% propionic acid) in the diet was evaluated from the age one to 42 days, in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replications of 40 birds each. Diets were based on corn, soybean meal and soybean oil. Body weight, weight gain and feed intake from the age one to 21 days were affected by the treatments; 2% OAs in the diet reduced body weight and weight gain. Feed intake increased with concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5% and was reduced with 2% of OAs. From the age one to 42 days, only feed intake was affected, showing a quadratic effect, increasing at the levels of 0.25 and 0.5% and decreasing at 2% of OAs. The mixture of OAs at doses which are effective for the control of salmonella did not affect chicken performance, and the inclusion of 1% OAs in the diet resulted in a performance similar to that of untreated birds.
Aggressiveness and physiological specialization of Septoria tritici Rob. isolates
Authors: Gieco Jorge Omar , Dubcovsky Jorge , Camargo Luis Eduardo Aranha
Published: April 2005

Pathogenicity tests verifying the behavior of Septoria tritici isolates should be considered as a priority in the selection of resistant wheat materials to this pathogen, since the aggressiveness of each isolate can vary significantly, causing problems in the evaluation and selection of resistant genotypes. The objective of this work was to determine whether physiologic specialization exists among Argentinean and American Septoria tritici isolates, through the analysis of their pathogenicity on cultivars and lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiments were carried out in Castelar-Argentina and in Davis-USA. In Castelar, a split plot design (n = 4) was used. The cultivars or lines were randomized in the plots and the isolates in the subplots. Each subplot consisted of three plants belonging to a cultivar or line. In Davis, a strip split plot design (n = 6) was used. A pot containing three plants of each cultivar or line constituted the experimental plots. In both sites, the inoculation was made at the flag leaf phenological stage through foliar aspersion of a conidial suspension adjusted to 10(6)-10(8) conidia mL-1. Evaluations were made by recording the leaf area covered with pycnidia (LACP) at the flag leaf stage with the use of rating scales. Differences (P < 0.0001) in LACP were detected among cultivars or lines. Isolate effects and the interaction cultivar × isolate were significant (P < 0.0001). Variations in aggressiveness and virulence were found among the isolates, indicating the presence of horizontal and vertical resistance in the host cultivars.
Interaction between resistance to Septoria tritici and phenological stages in wheat
Authors: Gieco Jorge Omar , Dubcovsky Jorge , Camargo Luis Eduardo Aranha
Published: April 2005

Studies dedicated to understanding the behavior of pathogens in relation to their hosts are the starting point for any breeding program aimed to develop resistant cultivars. The objective of this study was to analyze the resistance to Septoria tritici Rob in 77 F11 progenies of wheat derived from the three-way cross Tadinia ´ (Yecora rojo ´ UC554) in the phenological stages of seedling, tillering, and flag leaf/flowering. Three field experiments were conducted where plants were artificially inoculated at one of the above mentioned phenological stages by spraying with a suspension of conidia. A randomized block design with four replications was used in each experiment. Disease evaluations were made by measuring the foliar area covered with chlorotic and necrotic lesions in the seedling and tillering stages and the leaf area covered with pycnidia in the flag leaf/flowering stage, using disease rating scales. Differences (P < 0.0001) were detected among progenies for Damaged Leaf Area (DLA) in all phenological stages. Joint analysis of variance for DLA indicated interaction between progeny and phenological stage (P < 0.0001) for all binary combinations analyzed (seedling-tillering, seedling-flag leaf and tillering-flag leaf) as it also did for the triple combination involving the three phenological stages. It is necessary to evaluate resistance in more than one phenological stage to guarantee the correct selection of resistant genotypes.
Sugarcane maturity estimation through edaphic-climatic parameters
Authors: Scarpari Maximiliano Salles , Beauclair Edgar Gomes Ferreira de
Published: April 2005

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) grows under different weather conditions directly affecting crop maturation. Raw material quality predicting models are important tools in sugarcane crop management; the goal of these models is to provide productivity estimates during harvesting, increasing the efficiency of strategical and administrative decisions. The objective of this work was developing a model to predict Total Recoverable Sugars (TRS) during harvesting, using data related to production factors such as soil water storage and negative degree-days. The database of a sugar mill for the crop seasons 1999/2000, 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 was analyzed, and statistical models were tested to estimate raw material. The maturity model for a one-year old sugarcane proved to be significant, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.7049*. No differences were detected between measured and estimated data in the simulation (P < 0.05).
Leaf nutrient contents of rangpur lime rootstock as afected by N, P, K, Ca and S fertilization
Authors: Ruschel Jonas , Carmello Quirino Augusto de Camargo , Bernardi Alberto Carlos de Campos , Carvalho Sérgio Alves de , Mattos Jr. Dirceu
Published: April 2005

Analysis of leaf nutrient contents can demonstrate plant nutritional status, identify symptoms of deficiency and toxicity, and evaluate the need to adjust fertilization programs. This research determined N:P:K:Ca:S rates for optimal nutrition of Rangpur lime - RL (Citrus limonia Osb.) rootstock, in an experiment arranged in a fractional factorial design of the (¹/25) 5(4) type, with 25 treatments distributed within five blocks. Seedlings of RL were transplanted into 3.8-dm³ containers filled with commercial growing media, when plant height = 10 cm, in a nursery. Treatments consisted of the following nutrient rates (g per plant): N = 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5 and 5; K = 0.4, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5 and 5; P = 0.35, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0; and Ca = 3.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0. Phosphorus and Ca were applied to the compost before transplant of seedlings, while N and K were applied later and total amounts were split into 20 weekly applications via fertigation. Nutrient sources were triple super phosphate, gypsum, NH4NO3 and KCl. Leaf nutrient concentrations of five-mo-old plants were high or in excess for N, P, K and S. Calcium and Mg concentrations were low. Greater dry mass of plants were observed at nutrient rates of N = 3.5, P = 2.7, K = 2.0, and Ca = 6.5 g per plant.
Soil macrofauna in cover crops of figs grown under organic management
Authors: Merlim Analy de Oliveira , Guerra José Guilherme Marinho , Junqueira Rodrigo Modesto , Aquino Adriana Maria de
Published: April 2005

Soil fauna plays an important role in organic management through their effects on soil organic decomposition, nutrient mineralization, and amelioration of the soil's physical properties. This work evaluates the density and diversity of the soil macrofauna under types of cover plants in areas cultivated with Ficus carica L. under organic management. The soil macrofauna was collected in 0.25 × 0.25 m areas, down to a soil depth of 0.3 m, and at the surface layer. The treatments consisted of bahiagrass living mulch (Paspalum notatum), siratro living mulch (Macroptilium atropurpureum), and bahiagrass mulch. The highest macrofauna density and the lowest diversity were observed in bahiagrass, of which 80% were represented by ants, thus characterizing the soil under this cover crop as showing the lowest functional diversity and quality.
Mathematical models in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Tedeschi Luís Orlindo , Fox Danny Gene , Sainz Roberto Daniel , Barioni Luís Gustavo , Medeiros Sérgio Raposo de , Boin Celso
Published: April 2005

Mathematical models can be used to improve performance, reduce cost of production, and reduce nutrient excretion by accounting for more of the variation in predicting requirements and feed utilization in each unique production situation. Mathematical models can be classified into five or more categories based on their nature and behavior. Determining the appropriate level of aggregation of equations is a major problem in formulating models. The most critical step is to describe the purpose of the model and then to determine the appropriate mix of empirical and mechanistic representations of physiological functions, given development and evaluation dataset availability, inputs typically available and the benefits versus the risks of use associated with increased sensitivity. We discussed five major feeding systems used around the world. They share common concepts of energy and nutrient requirement and supply by feeds, but differ in structure and application of the concepts. Animal models are used for a variety of purposes, including the simple description of observations, prediction of responses to management, and explanation of biological mechanisms. Depending upon the objectives, a number of different approaches may be used, including classical algebraic equations, predictive empirical relationships, and dynamic, mechanistic models. The latter offer the best opportunity to make full use of the growing body of knowledge regarding animal biology. Continuing development of these types of models and computer technology and software for their implementation holds great promise for improvements in the effectiveness with which fundamental knowledge of animal function can be applied to improve animal agriculture and reduce its impact on the environment.
Physical properties of soils under intensive agricultural management
Authors: Soares Jorge Luís Nascimento , Espindola Carlos Roberto , Pereira Walcylene Lacerda Matos
Published: April 2005

Pedologic alterations after long-term sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) cropping cycles under traditional soil management systems were studied on a farm in Bariri, SP, Brazil. A toposequence was established to evaluate the effects of the soil position in the relief in changing soil physical attributes. Morphological field descriptions and laboratory analyses were carried out on vertical profiles of the upper, middle and lower thirds of a Typic Haplorthox slope. Soil bulk density and macroporosity changed along the toposequence reflecting on soil hydrodynamics, especially in the lower slope parts. At sites with high clay levels, empty spaces were filled forming block shaped structures together with the micro-aggregate structure. The intensive cultivation induced the greatest soil structure alterations, even at the deepest layers. The study pointed out the importance of performing detailed morphological observations in vertical profiles, due to the great variation on pedological attributes over short distances. Compacted soil sections were observed side-by-side with desaggregated mottles in the same soil profile. This fact evidenced that both vertical (in each profile) and horizontal gradients (along a toposequence) need to be considered in studies of time sequence variation of pedological parameters.
Random and systematic spatial variability of 137Cs inventories at reference sites in South-Central Brazil
Authors: Correchel Vladia , Bacchi Osny Oliveira Santos , Reichardt Klaus , De Maria Isabella Clerici
Published: April 2005

The precision of the 137Cs fallout redistribution technique for the evaluation of soil erosion rates is strongly dependent on the quality of an average inventory taken at a representative reference site. The knowledge of the sources and of the degree of variation of the 137Cs fallout spatial distribution plays an important role on its use. Four reference sites were selected in the South-Central region of Brazil which were characterized in terms of soil chemical, physical and mineralogical aspects as well as the spatial variability of 137Cs inventories. Some important differences in the patterns of 137Cs depth distribution in the soil profiles of the different sites were found. They are probably associated to chemical, physical, mineralogical and biological differences of the soils but many questions still remain open for future investigation, mainly those regarding the adsorption and dynamics of the 137Cs ions in soil profiles under tropical conditions. The random spatial variability (inside each reference site) was higher than the systematic spatial variability (between reference sites) but their causes were not clearly identified as possible consequences of chemical, physical, mineralogical variability, and/or precipitation.
Pedagogia cultural, gênero e sexualidade
Authors: SABAT RUTH
Published: April 2005

A publicidade é um dos artefatos que estão inseridos em um conjunto de instâncias culturais e como tal funciona como mecanismo de representação, ao mesmo tempo em que opera como constituidora de identidades. Muito mais do que seduzir o/a consumidor/a ou induzi-lo/a a obter determinado produto, a publicidade comporta um tipo de pedagogia e de currículo culturais. Estes, entre outras coisas, produzem valores e saberes; regulam condutas e modos de ser; re-produzem identidades e representações; constituem certas relações de poder e ensinam modos de ser mulher e de ser homem, formas de feminilidade e de masculinidade.
Artefatos de gênero na arte do barro: masculinidades e femininidades
Authors: MATOS SÔNIA MISSAGIA DE
Published: April 2005

Este é um estudo sobre gênero na produção artística de peças de cerâmica em algumas comunidades de artesãos do Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, onde tradicionalmente apenas as mulheres chamadas "paneleiras" praticavam esse ofício, que era transmitido de mãe para filha. Naquela região, assim que a arte do barro se tornou uma fonte alternativa de renda, vários homens decidiram entrar para o ofício. A entrada de homens na arte do barro provocou reconfigurações nas relações de gênero. Um ponto muito importante a ser observado aqui é que apesar de tradicionalmente transmitida por mulheres e pela ação feminina, a arte do barro tem incorporado valores de masculinidade: ao se aproximarem de um ofício tradicionalmente feminino, os homens passaram a retirar dele recursos simbólicos de representação de masculinidade.
Potencialidades e limites da política de cotas no Brasil
Authors: ARAÚJO CLARA
Published: April 2005

A partir de um balanço sobre as eleições de 1996, 1998 e 2000, o artigo analisa o impacto das cotas sobre os resultados eleitorais, concluindo pela pequena eficácia dessa iniciativa sobre o acesso das mulheres ao legislativo brasileiro. Procura, então, identificar alguns fatores explicativos para esse processo, vinculados ao contexto e ao sistema político e eleitoral. Ao mesmo tempo, tece considerações críticas sobre as avaliações que procuram explicar tais resultados a partir da "resistência partidária masculina", concebida de modo genérico. Por fim, discute a importância de uma análise multicausal para a compreensão da participação política das mulheres.
Interseccionalidade em uma era de globalização: As implicações da Conferência Mundial contra o Racismo para práticas feministas transnacionais
Authors: BLACKWELL MAYLEI , NABER NADINE
Published: April 2005

Este relatório analisa a interseccionalidade como uma abordagem feminista com significante impacto nos discursos e debates durante o Fórum de ONGs e a Conferência Mundial Contra o Racismo, em Durban, África do Sul. O termo 'interseccionalidade' se refere às articulações entre a discriminação de gênero, a homofobia, o racismo e a exploração de classe. Falando do lugar de enunciação de mulheres de cor feministas situadas nos territórios geográficos dos Estados Unidos, as autoras enfatizam algumas questões-chave e tendências dos movimentos sociais que foram ignoradas pela mídia estadunidense. Alternativamente, o relatório examina como a introdução das 'intolerâncias correlatas' na agenda da Conferência permitiu discussões mais amplas sobre os efeitos da globalização no agravamento do racismo e sobre as múltiplas opressões com relação à orientação sexual e aos direitos sexuais. As autoras argumentam que uma insistência na significância do gênero e da raça, bem como da classe, no contexto do capitalismo neo-liberal, coloca novas e importantes coordenadas nos mapas do feminismo transnacional e do crescente movimento anti-globalização.
Chega de saudade, a realidade é que...
Authors: OLIVEIRA GUACIRA CESAR DE , SANT'ANNA WÂNIA
Published: April 2005

Este artigo retoma o tema da diversidade no movimento de mulheres, a partir de uma reflexão sobre o envolvimento da Articulação de Mulheres Brasileiras (AMB) na III Conferência Mundial contra o Racismo. As condições que determinaram essa atuação são buscadas nos confrontos e negociações que marcaram as trajetórias da organização política das mulheres e do pensamento feminista no Brasil. Para as autoras, o debate sobre as condições específicas da subordinação, proposto pelas mulheres negras, abriu espaço para outras abordagens sobre o papel das mulheres nos sistemas de produção e reprodução, assim como sobre o caráter patriarcal e escravocrata da sociedade brasileira. Contudo, tais abordagens só passaram a ser incorporadas à prática do movimento feminista ao longo da preparação das Conferências de Beijing e Bejing+5. Nesse sentido, a participação da AMB em Durban sinalizaria o avanço no reconhecimento da identidade das mulheres negras, na afirmação da diversidade e na construção de uma agenda política que coloca no centro a intersecção das discriminações de gênero e raça.
Formação profissional de obstetrizes e enfermeiras obstétricas: velhos problemas ou novas possibilidades?
Authors: Riesco Maria Luiza Gonzalez , Tsunechiro Maria Alice
Published: April 2005

Refere-se às transformações na formação profissional de parteiras, obstetrizes e enfermeiras obstétricas no Brasil, desde a criação dos cursos de parteiras vinculados às escolas médicas, no século XIX, até as mais recentes experiências, mediante cursos de especialização em enfermagem obstétrica. Discute os modelos de formação dos profissionais que existem em outros países, considerando tanto o ensino independente da obstetrícia como a modalidade vinculada aos cursos de enfermagem. Apresenta proposta de um curso de obstetrícia para ser oferecido por escolas de enfermagem.
Bibliografia comentada sobre a assistência ao parto no Brasil (1972-2002)
Authors: Mott Maria Lucia
Published: April 2005

A organização desta bibliografia teve por objetivos: 1) divulgar trabalhos sobre a assistência ao parto no Brasil, produzidos em diferentes áreas de conhecimento (história, antropologia, enfermagem, medicina, assistência social, psicologia e sociologia); 2) colocar em contacto pesquisadores que trabalham o tema; 3) dar espaço para assuntos, abordagens e autores não contemplados no dossiê. Foram referenciados e resumidos 77 trabalhos (artigos, dissertações, teses, relatórios, cartilha), produzidos por cerca de 50 autores, publicados ou realizados entre 1972 e 2002.
Tinta e sangue: o diário de Frida Kahlo e os 'quadros' de Clarice Lispector
Authors: Vianna Lucia Helena
Published: April 2005

O texto¹ explora as relações interdiscursivas entre as criações do mundo privado e aquelas destinadas ao olhar público, questionando como realizações à margem da chamada Obra (conjunto das produções reconhecidas publicamente) contribuem para a construção da imagem identitária de seus artífices, no caso, duas excepcionais mulheres da cultura latino-americana da modernidade: Frida Kahlo e Clarice Lispector.
O grotesco como estratégia de afirmação da produção pictórica feminina
Authors: Crippa Giulia
Published: April 2005

Uma proposta de leitura de gênero da produção artística feminina durante a fase do Modernismo através de elementos comuns entre artistas como Tarsila do Amaral, Frida Kahlo, Tamara de Lempicka e Georgia O'Keeffe, apesar da dimensão individual de cada uma, a partir da categoria de grotesco em sua definição estética. O grotesco, em sua expressão histórica e de gênero, aparenta ser um aspecto da linguagem comum utilizada pelas mulheres, em uma definição de estratégia voltada para um reconhecimento perante a crítica e o mercado. Se, de um lado, a tradição visual e decorativa remete a um 'feminino idealizado', potencialmente esperado, por outro, o grotesco, como meio de quebrar a realidade que se pretende racional e coerente, associado historicamente aos movimentos anticlássicos, fornece uma abertura para uma expressão sexuada e anticonformista das artistas.
Desafios de um projeto cultural feminista: a editora LetrasLivres
Authors: Paranhos Fabiana
Published: April 2005

A união entre o terceiro setor e a pesquisa acadêmica foi o ponto de partida para o estabelecimento da LetrasLivres, editora criada pela organização não-governamental ANIS: Instituto de Bioética, Direitos Humanos e Gênero para servir de mecanismo de divulgação das pesquisas em ética e bioética feminista da instituição. O artigo relata a fase de criação da editora, o processo editorial de suas publicações, assim como as dificuldades enfrentadas na divulgação e comercialização dentro do mercado editorial brasileiro. Os aspectos positivos como o pioneirismo e a ousadia do projeto cultural LetrasLivres também são abordados. Mecanismos alternativos eficazes de divulgação e distribuição são detalhados com o objetivo de levar o leitor a conhecer todas as características da editora, principalmente seu diferencial em ser a única editora especializada em bioética e bioética feminista da América Latina.
Publicar é uma ação política
Authors: Melo Jacira
Published: April 2005

É preciso analisar a produção de publicações feministas como uma ação política direta, e não apenas como mais um instrumento de divulgação do trabalho desenvolvido pelas organizações. Essas publicações contribuem para o aprimoramento e a renovação dos discursos políticos sobre a condição da mulher. As organizações feministas precisam compreender que, em termos operacionais e práticos, o que é referência para as editoras comerciais também pode fazer parte das referências para o trabalho editorial do movimento feminista. Hoje há um maior acúmulo de experiências e um menor volume de recursos. Essa situação exige novas estratégias.