bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The advantage of foreignness in innovation
Authors: Un C. Annique
Published: March 2011

I argue that subsidiaries of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) enjoy an advantage of foreignness in innovation, that is, they are more innovative than domestic firms. To explain this, I present the subsidy and the incentive arguments. The subsidy argument proposes that subsidiaries are subsidized in their innovation effort by the MNE, which results in subsidiaries having more innovations than domestic firms, because they belong to a foreign MNE. The incentive argument posits that subsidiaries are subject to two sets of unique and converging pressures, one at the MNE level in the corporate factor market and another at the host country level in the consumer market. These pressures drive subsidiaries to become more successful at transforming their research and development investments into innovations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microcontact Printing: Arrays of Silicon Micro/Nanostructures Formed in Suspended Configurations for Deterministic Assembly Using Flat and Roller‐Type Stamps (Small 4/2011)
Authors: Yang Yumi , Hwang Youngkyu , Cho Hyun A , Song Jung‐Hoon , Park Seong‐Ju , Rogers John A. , Ko Heung Cho
Published: March 2011

The ability to create and manipulate large arrays of inorganic semiconductor micro/nanostructures for integration on unconventional substrates provides new possibilities in device engineering. Here, simple methods are described for the preparation of structures of single crystalline silicon in suspended and tethered configurations that facilitate their deterministic assembly using transfer‐printing techniques. Diverse shapes (e.g., straight or curved edges), thicknesses (between 55 nm and 3 μm), and sizes (areas of 4000 μm2 to 117 mm2) of structures in varied layouts (regular or irregular arrays, with dense or sparse coverages) can be achieved, using either flat or cylindrical roller‐type stamps. To demonstrate the technique, printing with 100% yield onto curved, rigid supports of glass and ceramics and onto thin sheets of plastic is shown. The fabrication of a printed array of silicon p+–i–n+ junction photodiodes on plastic is representative of device‐printing capabilities.
Magnetic Nanocomposites: Magnetic Nanocomposites with Mesoporous Structures: Synthesis and Applications (Small 4/2011)
Authors: Liu Jian , Qiao Shi Zhang , Hu Qiu Hong , (Max) Lu Gao Qing
Published: March 2011

Magnetic nanocomposites with well‐defined mesoporous structures, shapes, and tailored properties are of immense scientific and technological interest. This review article is devoted to the progress in the synthesis and applications of magnetic mesoporous materials. The first part briefly reviews various general methods developed for producing magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). The second presents and categorizes the synthesis of magnetic nanocomposites with mesoporous structures. These nanocomposites are broadly categorized into four types: monodisperse magnetic nanocrystals embedded in mesoporous nanospheres, microspheres encapsulating magnetic cores into perpendicularly aligned mesoporous shells, ordered mesoporous materials loaded with magnetic NPs inside the porous channels or cages, and rattle‐type magnetic nanocomposites. The third section reviews the potential applications of the magnetic nanocomposites with mesoporous structures in the areas of heath care, catalysis, and environmental separation. The final section offers a summary and future perspectives on the state‐of‐the art in this area.
Monozygotic twins discordant for trisomy 18
Authors: Reuss A. , Gerlach H. , Bedow W. , Landt S. , Kuhn U. , Stein A. , Reschke M. , Albrecht B. , Westrich V. , Trawicki W. , Eiben B.
Published: March 2011

We report on the pre‐ and postnatal cytogenetic, molecular genetic and clinical findings in monochorionic‐diamniotic twins discordant for trisomy 18. Structural anomalies were identified in one of the twins on prenatal ultrasound examination at 20 weeks' gestation and sampling of amniotic fluid from both sacs was performed for karyotyping. This revealed trisomy 18 in the twin with abnormalities and a normal karyotype in the other twin. Elective Cesarean section was performed at 31 + 5 weeks and the aneuploid twin died shortly after delivery. The surviving twin showed low‐grade mosaicism for trisomy 18 on postnatal analysis but has shown normal development. For prenatal diagnosis in monochorionic‐diamniotic twin pregnancy the sampling of both amniotic sacs is recommended, especially if one twin has structural anomalies on ultrasound scan. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of metal deposit distribution in ants (Crematogaster scutellaris) at the Florence external scanning microbeam
Authors: Gramigni E. , Calusi S. , Chelazzi G. , Del Greco F. , Delfino G. , Gelli N. , Giuntini L. , Massi M. , Santini G.
Published: March 2011

Metals are one of the major classes of environmental contaminants and raise concerns for their adverse effects on ecosystems. Ants are good candidates as bioindicators for metal contamination assessment; previous studies indeed showed that ants are able to selectively accumulate some metals within their tissues. Available works provide only whole‐body burdens of these contaminants, with scarce information on the fine‐scale localisation in tissues and organs, although this information is important to better understand the behaviour of metals in living organisms and to clarify their effects in ecosystems. At the Florence external scanning microbeam, we are carrying on a Particle Induced X‐ray Emission (PIXE) study on a common ant species sampled from sites with different environmental metal availabilities. Measurements were carried out on resin‐embedded, self‐standing sections for a direct localisation of metal deposits and an easy determination of their content. The combined use of the PIXE and the external scanning microbeam made it possible to map element distributions with good spatial resolution and sensitivity, restricting quantitative analyses to the metal accumulation regions. To determine in which tissues/organs metals concentrated, we compared PIXE maps with histological images on sections contiguous to the analysed slices. Measurements in the external set‐up allowed us to avoid sample damaging. Differences in metal concentrations in ants from different sites resulted from quantitative PIXE analyses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiative auger emission satellites observed by microcalorimeter‐based energy‐dispersive high‐resolution PIXE
Authors: Reis M. A. , Chaves P. C. , Taborda A.
Published: March 2011

Particle‐induced X‐ray emission is a well‐known technique able to provide information on absolute amounts of chemical elements present in samples, even if in very small amounts. Solid state as well as chemical effects are known to exist, and affect results, but are assumed to be second‐order small effects and until recently only experimentally accessible to high‐resolution Wavelegth Dispersive Spectrometer (WDS) systems. Microcalorimeter‐based high‐resolution energy‐dispersive X‐ray detector systems, which became commercially available recently, may radically change this situation. High‐resolution spectra obtained from point scan irradiations of an agate sample are presented in this work. In addition to a clear separation of the Si‐Kα and the Si‐Kβ groups, secondary order radiative auger emission satellites are observed. Finally, details of the spectrum structure are discussed and the presence of intrinsic plasmon satellites proposed to be a strong possibility to explain these details. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbeam analysis of individual particles in indoor working environment
Authors: Matsuyama S. , Catella G. , Ishii K. , Terakawa A. , Kikuchi Y. , Kawamura Y. , Ohkura S. , Fujikawa M. , Hamada N. , Fujiki K. , Hatori Y. , Ito Y. , Yamazaki H. , Hashimoto Y. , Žitnik M. , Pelicon P. , Grlj N.
Published: March 2011

In machine workshops and laboratories, specific materials and chemicals are processed and toxic aerosols may be released into air. For protection of the health of employees working in that environment, it is therefore important to gather knowledge about aerosol composition related to specific working activity and to monitor the aerosol concentration levels. An extensive study of this kind was performed in the machine workshop of Jožef Stefan Institute using a combination of time‐, particle size‐ and location‐resolved sampling. The majority of samples were analyzed by particle induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDX) techniques and the main results have been described in a separate paper. Here, we concentrate on presenting the results of individual particle analysis of an aerosol emission that is related to a short, unexpected episode related to the restoration of old furniture. Although the activity was identified by a strong correlation of elemental concentrations in a series of samples taken with a 2‐h time resolution, the single microparticle analysis of the cascade impactor samples taken over the longer time period offered an additional insight into the corresponding aerosol composition. The analysis of the aerosol size‐selected samples revealed strong pair correlations among concentration levels of Ba, Zn, S, Pb and Cl in a number of individual microparticles. The result is explained by the emission of Ba‐ and Pb‐rich aerosol particles in course of removal of the old white paint layers. The former particles appear to originate from white pigment called lithopone, which is a mixture of BaSO4 and ZnS, and the latter group seems to be related to Pattinson's white lead PbCl·OH. Although the individual particle analysis by itself is in principle capable of assigning the emission source, in this case, it was used as an excellent tool to enhance the quality of source characterization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inguinal Hernia Repair in Patients with Cirrhosis is not Associated with Increased Risk of Complications and Recurrence
Authors: Oh Heung‐Kwon , Kim Hansuk , Ryoo Seungbum , Choe Eun Kyung , Park Kyu Joo
Published: March 2011

Background

Although inguinal hernia in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) is not uncommon, literature comparing operative complications and long‐term recurrence rate after inguinal hernia repair in LC patients and non‐LC patients is limited.

Methods

A total of 780 eligible patients including 129 (16.5%) patients with LC underwent inguinal hernia repair with the standard McVay procedure by a single surgeon over a 10‐year period. Patients were prospectively registered and clinical data were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

In the LC group, 45 patients were of Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh (CTP) class A (34.9%), 66 were class B (51.1%), and 18 were class C (14.0%). Eighty‐one patients with LC (62.8%) had ascites at the time of operation. Postoperative complications occurred in 14 LC patients (10.9%). Complication rate was unrelated to CTP class (A:B:C = 11.1%:9.1%:16.7%; P = 0.69) and was not higher than among non‐LC patients (6.8%; P = 0.11). Two LC patients (1.6%) of CTP class C died postoperatively from hepatic failure. In LC group patients, median follow‐up was 22.9 months and recurrence developed in three (2.3%). Cumulative recurrence rates were not significantly different between the LC and non‐LC patient groups (P = 0.87). The cumulative rate of contralateral side hernia development was also similar between the two groups (P = 0.63).

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the incidence of postoperative complications and long‐term recurrence after inguinal hernia repair in LC patients does not differ from that in non‐LC patients. Elective repair of symptomatic inguinal hernia in patients with cirrhosis should be advocated.
Systematic Review of Barriers to Surgical Care in Low‐Income and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Grimes Caris E. , Bowman Kendra G. , Dodgion Christopher M. , Lavy Christopher B. D.
Published: March 2011

Background

There is increasing evidence that lack of facilities, equipment, and expertise in district hospitals across many low‐ and middle‐income countries constitutes a major barrier to accessing surgical care. However, what is less clear, is the extent to which people perceive barriers when trying to access surgical care.

Methods

PubMed and EMBASE were searched using key words (“access” and “surgery,” “barrier” and “surgery,” “barrier” and “access”), MeSH headings (“health services availability,” “developing countries,” “rural population”), and the subject heading “health care access.” Articles were included if they were qualitative and applied to illnesses where the treatment is primarily surgical.

Results

Key barriers included difficulty accessing surgical services due to distance, poor roads, and lack of suitable transport; lack of local resources and expertise; direct and indirect costs related to surgical care; and fear of undergoing surgery and anesthesia.

Conclusions

The significance of cultural, financial, and structural barriers pertinent to surgery and their role in wider health care issues are discussed. Immediate action to improve financial and geographic accessibility along with investment in district hospitals is likely to make a significant impact on overcoming access and barrier issues. Further research is needed to identify issues that need to be addressed to close the gap between the care needed and that provided.
Extreme musculo-skeletal ultrasound: training of non-physicians in the Arctic Circle
Authors: O’Connell Kathleen , Bouffard Antonio J. , Vollman Andrew , Mercado-Young Rosario , Sargsyan Ashot E. , Rubinfeld Ilan , Dulchavsky Scott A.
Published: March 2011

Objective

The purpose of this study was to compare if non-physician, inexperienced ultrasound subjects can take quality diagnostic images after watching a brief educational video and using reference cue cards (autonomous group) versus taking ultrasound images with expert guidance using a satellite connection.

Methods

Six non-medical, inexperienced ultrasound subjects from a rural area (Arctic Circle) obtained ultrasound images of target anatomic regions using a portable ultrasound device after receiving expert-guided training or autonomous training (educational video and cue cards). Real-time expert guidance was provided using an audiovisual tele-ultrasound connection with direct ultrasound video compression which was relayed to a remote expert via a secure satellite connection. The resultant images from all studies were blindly reviewed by imaging experts for determination of diagnostic adequacy.

Results

All of the examinations were completed in <15 min. The blinded expert identified 85.1% of autonomously acquired images and 86.2% of the images obtained by expert guidance to be of diagnostic quality; there was no statistical difference between the two groups (P = 0.6653).

Conclusion

Non-physician, inexperienced subjects can quickly educate themselves to retrieve diagnostic quality ultrasound images whether they are being expert-guided or trained autonomously.
Viscous effects on the oscillations of two equal and deformable bubbles under a step change in pressure
Authors: CHATZIDAI N. , DIMAKOPOULOS Y. , TSAMOPOULOS J.
Published: March 2011

According to linear theory and assuming the liquids to be inviscid and the bubbles to remain spherical, bubbles set in oscillation attract or repel each other with a force that is proportional to the product of their amplitude of volume pulsations and inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart. This force is attractive, if the forcing frequency lies outside the range of eigenfrequencies for volume oscillation of the two bubbles. Here we study the nonlinear interaction of two deformable bubbles set in oscillation in water by a step change in the ambient pressure, by solving the Navier–Stokes equations numerically. As in typical experiments, the bubble radii are in the range 1–1000 μm. We find that the smaller bubbles (~5 μm) deform only slightly, especially when they are close to each other initially. Increasing the bubble size decreases the capillary force and increases bubble acceleration towards each other, leading to oblate or spherical cap or even globally deformed shapes. These deformations may develop primarily in the rear side of the bubbles because of a combination of their translation and harmonic or subharmonic resonance between the breathing mode and the surface harmonics. Bubble deformation is also promoted when they are further apart or when the disturbance amplitude decreases. The attractive force depends on the Ohnesorge number and the ambient pressure to capillary forces ratio, linearly on the radius of each bubble and inversely on the square of their separation. Additional damping either because of liquid compressibility or heat transfer in the bubble is also examined.
Two-layer shallow-water dam-break solutions for non-Boussinesq gravity currents in a wide range of fractional depth
Authors: UNGARISH MARIUS
Published: March 2011

We consider the dam-break initial stage of propagation of a gravity current released from a lock of length x0 and height h0 into an ambient fluid in a channel of height H*. The system contains heavy and light fluids, of densities ρH and ρL, respectively. When the Reynolds number is large, the resulting flow is governed by the parameters R = ρL/ρH and H = H*/h0. We focus attention on non-Boussinesq effects, when the parameter R is not close to 1; in this case significant differences appear between the ‘light’ (top surface) current and the ‘heavy’ (bottom) current. We use a shallow-water two-layer formulations. We show that ‘exact’ solutions of the thickness and speed of the current and ambient can be obtained by the method of characteristics. However, this requires a careful matching with the conditions at the front (ambient) and the back (reservoir). We show that a jump, instead of a rarefaction wave, propagates into the reservoir when H < Hcrit(R), and solutions for these jumps are presented and discussed. The theory is applied to the full-depth lock-exchange H = 1 problem, and the results are compared with previous hydraulic models. The application of the theory is also illustrated for more general cases H > 1, including comparisons with the one-layer model results of Ungarish (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 579, 2007, p. 373).

Overall, the shallow-water two-layer theory yields consistent, self-contained, and physically acceptable analytical solutions for the dam-break problem over the full physical range of the R and H parameters, for both light-into-heavy and heavy-into-light gravity currents. The solution can be closed without adjustable constants or predetermined properties of the flow field. The thickness solution is formally valid until the jump, or rarefaction wave, hits the backwall; the speed of propagation prediction is valid until this reflected wave hits the nose, i.e. until the end of the slumping stage. This theory is a significant extension of the Boussinesq problem (recovered by the present solution for R = 1), which elucidates the non-Boussinesq effects during the first stage of propagation of lock-released gravity currents.
Building the Nation, Serving the Frontier: Mobilizing and Reconstructing China's Borderlands during the War of Resistance (1937–1945)
Authors: RODRIGUEZ ANDRES
Published: March 2011

The wartime period between 1937 and 1945 provided an exceptional opportunity for the Guomindang state to experiment with a wide array of schemes that sought to further its nation-state project in the borderland regions of China. Under the rubric of ‘frontier reconstruction’ (bianjiang jianshe) it devised a series of plans that encompassed both the economic and cultural transformations of these regions. This paper discusses a particular scheme devised by Chinese anthropologist, Li Anzhai (1900–1985), during his stay at the Tibetan Buddhist monastery of Labrang where he sought to transform borderland societies into a modern Chinese citizenry. A key aspect to his strategy was the mobilization of youth where trained cadres and students performed what became known as ‘frontier service’ (bianjiang fuwu) establishing a dialogue with the community's own particular demands by means of building schools, hospitals and agricultural projects. This paper argues that the notion of ‘frontier service’ and the ‘cultural reconstruction’ project propounded by Li not only sought to modernize and unify China around a distinct multicultural identity, it was also an important mobilizing force amongst sectors of wartime youth which arguably introduced young Han Chinese to a region which they had hitherto only imagined in the pre-war period.
Remember History, Not Hatred: Collective Remembrance of China's War of Resistance to Japan
Authors: REILLY JAMES
Published: March 2011

Chinese leaders have repeatedly insisted upon the contemporary relevance of the ‘War of Resistance to Japan’ (1937–1945). However, the content of the official history of the war and the lessons drawn from it have changed dramatically from 1949 through 2010. This paper begins by reviewing theories of collective remembrance and then covers four historical periods: China's ‘benevolent amnesia’ on Japan's wartime atrocities before 1982; China's patriotic education campaign from the mid-1980s; the rise of history activism in China in the late 1990s; and the post-2005 reversal in official rhetoric on Japan and the wartime past. It concludes that, while the party-state retains an impressive capacity to shape the narratives of critical periods of modern Chinese history, Chinese leaders are likely to find themselves increasingly constrained by domestic forces and by external events beyond their control.
From rivalry to partnership? Critical reflections on Anglo-French cooperation in Africa
Authors: CUMMING GORDON D. , CHAFER TONY
Published: March 2011

At the December 1998 Saint-Malo summit, Britain and France promised to set aside past rivalries and work together on African issues. While brief indications were given as to possible areas of bilateral and ‘bi-multi’ cooperation, the terms and scope of this ‘partnership’ were not spelt out. Was this to involve only sporadic collaboration? Or was it to be an institutionalised partnership, such as the Franco-German tandem, or perhaps a more intuitive alliance, such as the Anglo-American ‘special relationship’? These questions are central to this article, which begins by showing how Anglo-French relations in Africa were largely marked by rivalry from the colonial era to the early post-Cold War period. Drawing upon extensive interviews, it demonstrates how, over the last decade or so, closer linkages have developed between the UK and French administrations and how there has been a greater degree of cooperation in response to the key challenges of Africa. It then uses a neo-classical realist framework to explain the readiness or reluctance of Britain and France to collaborate on Africa. It concludes by suggesting that, while there has been progress in ‘deconflictualising’ African policies, cooperation has been, and is likely to remain, limited.
Current oil (dis)order: players, scenarios, and mechanisms
Authors: PALAZUELOS ENRIQUE
Published: March 2011

This article has been constructed under the premise that International Political Economy provides the appropriate analytical tools for understanding the characteristics and performance of oil in economic and political relations. The article argues the need to articulate three levels of analysis (major players, scenarios, and exchange mechanisms) in order to understand the economic and political relations that underpin oil exchange during last decades. The central conclusion is that the current oil system is characterised by a set of asymmetric, unstable, and ungovernable relations, whose consequences are unpredictable but not necessarily traumatic.
Psychosocial issues in Engaging Older People with Physical Activity Interventions for the Prevention of Falls
Authors: Nyman Samuel R.
Published: March 2011

Dans cet article on présente une vue d’ensemble des facteurs psychosociaux ayant une influence sur la participation des personnes âgées aux interventions concernant l’activité physique et visant la prévention des chutes. On souligne l’importance des facteurs psychosociaux puisque les interventions seront rendues inutiles si elles ne réussissent pas à attirer la participation active des personnes âgées. La théorie du comportement planifié sert de cadre pour un examen de la façon dont les connaissances (un préalable), les attitudes, les normes subjectives (le contexte social) et la perception du contrôle comportemental (la confiance) encouragent ou entravent l’intention d’entre-prendre des activités pour la prévention des chutes. Cette étude est accompagnée de documents qui indiquent la manière dont la perception de soi influence l’intention. On termine par une discussion des recommendations recommendations du réseau européen Prevention of Falls Network Europe concernant l’implication des personnes âgées dans la prévention des chutes.
Generalised lymphangiomatosis in an 8-year-old girl who presented with cardiomegaly
Authors: Öztunç Funda , Koca Bülent , Adaletli İbrahim
Published: March 2011

Generalised lymphangiomatosis is a rare disease that is characterized by widespread bony and soft tissue involvement of lymphangioma. Radiological evaluation is crucial because the site and extent of the lymphangioma are important prognostic factors. The computed tomography, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance images showed sharply defined, non-enhanced cystic lesions involving the mediastinum, bones, spleen, lung, and lower neck. We report here a case that was referred to us for investigation of marked cardiomegaly.
Three-Dimensional Microscopic Elemental Analysis Using an Automated High-Precision Serial Sectioning System
Authors: Fujisaki Kazuhiro , Yokota Hideo , Furushiro Naomichi , Komatani Shintaro , Ohzawa Sumito , Sato Yoshimichi , Matsunaga Daisuke , Himeno Ryutaro , Higuchi Toshiro , Makinouchi Akitake
Published: March 2011

The elemental composition and microscopic-level shape of inclusions inside industrial materials are considered important factors in fracture analytical studies. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) microscopic elemental analysis system based on a serial sectioning technique was developed to observe the internal structure of such materials. This 3D elemental mapping system included an X-ray fluorescence analyzer and a high-precision milling machine. Control signals for the X-ray observation process were automatically sent from a data I/O system synchronized with the precision positioning on the milling machine. Composite specimens were used to confirm the resolution and the accuracy of 3D models generated from this system. Each of the two specimens was composed of three metal wires of 0.5 mm diameter braided into a single twisted wire that was placed inside a metal pipe; the pipe was then filled with either epoxy resin or Sn. The milling machine was used to create a mirror-finish cross-sectional surface on these specimens, and elemental analyses were performed. The twisted wire structure was clearly observed in the resulting 3D models. This system enables automated investigation of the 3D internal structure of materials as well as the identification of their elemental components.
Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances
Authors: Zhadobov Maxim , Chahat Nacer , Sauleau Ronan , Le Quement Catherine , Le Drean Yves
Published: March 2011

The biocompatibility of millimeter-wave devices and systems is an important issue due to the wide number of emerging body-centric wireless applications at millimeter waves. This review article provides the state of knowledge in this field and mainly focuses on recent results and advances related to the different aspects of millimeter-wave interactions with the human body. Electromagnetic, thermal, and biological aspects are considered and analyzed for exposures in the 30-100 GHz range with a particular emphasis on the 60-GHz band. Recently introduced dosimetric techniques and specific instrumentation for bioelectromagnetic laboratory studies are also presented. Finally, future trends are discussed.
Medikamentöse Therapie der akuten Nierenkolik - es gibt mehr als Schwemmen und Buscopan®...
Authors: Hess
Published: March 2011

Die Nierenkolik entsteht bei festsitzendem Ureterstein durch eine Hyperperistaltik des Ureters. Der Uretertonus wird u.a. durch alpha-Rezeptoren (Kontraktion), beta-Rezeptoren (Relaxation) und Prostaglandine (PG F2alpha: Kontraktion, PG E1/E2: Relaxation) moduliert. In der Notfalltherapie der Nierenkolik sind nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika (NSAR) sehr effektiv (cave Kontraindikationen!). Gleiches gilt für Metamizol, während Buscopan® in Studien Placebo nicht überlegen ist. Bei stärksten nicht nachlassenden Schmerzen kommen Opioide zum Einsatz. alpha-Blocker und Kalziumantagonisten erweitern den distalen Ureter und erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Abgangs distaler Konkremente um bis zu 65%. Die traditionelle Überhydrierung («Schwemmtherapie») bei Patienten mit Nierenkolik bringt keine Vorteile, sondern ist mit dem Risiko einer Nierenbeckenkelchruptur mit Urinextravasation und Infektgefahr assoziiert. Bei Steinen mit Durchmesser ab 7 mm soll rasch urologisch interveniert werden.
Analytical theory relating the depth of the sulfate‐methane transition to gas hydrate distribution and saturation
Authors: Bhatnagar Gaurav , Chatterjee Sayantan , Chapman Walter G. , Dugan Brandon , Dickens Gerald R. , Hirasaki George J.
Published: March 2011

We develop a theory that relates gas hydrate saturation in marine sediments to the depth of the sulfate‐methane transition (SMT) zone below the seafloor using steady state, analytical expressions. These expressions are valid for systems in which all methane transported into the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) comes from deeper external sources (i.e., advective systems). This advective constraint causes anaerobic oxidation of methane to be the only sulfate sink, allowing us to link SMT depth to net methane flux. We also develop analytical expressions that define the gas hydrate saturation profile based on SMT depth and site‐specific parameters such as sedimentation rate, methane solubility, and porosity. We evaluate our analytical model at four drill sites along the Cascadia Margin where methane sources from depth dominate. With our model, we calculate average gas hydrate saturations across GHSZ and the top occurrence of gas hydrate at these sites as 0.4% and 120 mbsf (Site 889), 1.9% and 70 mbsf (Site U1325), 4.7% and 40 mbsf (Site U1326), and 0% (Site U1329), mbsf being meters below seafloor. These values compare favorably with average saturations and top occurrences computed from resistivity log and chloride data. The analytical expressions thus provide a fast and convenient method to calculate gas hydrate saturation and first‐order occurrence at a given geologic setting where vertically upward advection dominates the methane flux.
A wavelet approach to adjoint state sensitivity computation for steady state differential equations
Authors: Awotunde Abeeb A. , Horne Roland N.
Published: March 2011

The computation of the sensitivity matrix is the most time‐consuming part of any parameter estimation algorithm that requires sensitivity coefficients. An efficient wavelet approach to adjoint sensitivity analysis is proposed to reduce the computational cost of obtaining sensitivity coefficients. The method exploits a wavelet reduction of the data space to reduce the size of the linear system encountered in steady state adjoint equations. In this regard, wavelet transform is used as a data compression tool. Numerical examples applied to spatial data are used to verify and show the effectiveness of the method.
Uncertainty in thermal time series analysis estimates of streambed water flux
Authors: Shanafield Margaret , Hatch Christine , Pohll Greg
Published: March 2011

Streambed seepage can be predicted using an analytical solution to the one‐dimensional heat transport equation to take advantage of the relationship between streambed thermal properties, seepage flux, and the amplitude ratio and phase shift associated with streambed temperature signals. This paper explores the accuracy of streambed‐seepage velocity estimates from this method when uncertainty in input parameters exists. Uncertainty in sensor spacing, thermal diffusivity, and the accuracy of temperature sensors were examined both individually and in combination using Monte Carlo analysis. The analytical solution correctly reproduced known thermal front velocities above 1.25 m d−1, using both the amplitude‐ratio and phase‐shift methods, despite introduced uncertainty in any of the variables. Noise in temperature measurements (because of sensor accuracy) caused erroneous prediction of velocity for gaining stream conditions using both the amplitude ratio and phase shift. Uncertainty in the thermal diffusivity and sensor spacing resulted in incorrect velocity, primarily under gaining conditions, when using the amplitude ratio and near‐zero velocity using the phase shift. For a sensor accuracy of 0.15°C, we present combinations of parameters for which the resulting signal amplitude is sufficiently large for use with the Stallman equation.
A field assessment of high‐resolution aquifer characterization based on hydraulic travel time and hydraulic attenuation tomography
Authors: Brauchler R. , Hu R. , Dietrich P. , Sauter M.
Published: March 2011

In this study the potential of an inversion approach based on hydraulic travel time and hydraulic attenuation tomography was assessed. Both hydraulic travel time and hydraulic attenuation tomography are based on the transformation of the transient groundwater flow equation into the eikonal equation using an asymptotic approach. The eikonal equation allows the calculation of pressure propagation and attenuation along trajectories, which is computationally efficient. The attenuation and travel time‐based inversion approaches are naturally complementary: hydraulic travel times are determined by the hydraulic diffusivity, a combination of hydraulic conductivity and specific storage, whereas the attenuation is determined solely by specific storage. The potential of our hydraulic tomographical approach was investigated at a well‐characterized sand and gravel aquifer located in the Leine River valley near Göttingen, Germany. The database for the hydraulic inversion consists of 392 cross‐well slug interference tests performed between five wells, in which the positions of the sources (injection ports) and the receivers (observation ports), isolated with double packer systems, were varied between tests. The results have shown that the combination of hydraulic travel time and hydraulic attenuation tomography allows the reconstruction of the diffusivity and storage distribution in two and three dimensions with a resolution and accuracy superior to that possible with type curve analysis.
Vigor as a Positive Affect at Work: Conceptualizing Vigor, Its Relations with Related Constructs, and Its Antecedents and Consequences
Authors: Shirom Arie
Published: March 2011

Vigor refers to individuals' feelings that they possess physical strength, emotional energy, and cognitive liveliness, and represents a moderate-intensity affect experienced at work. Though it has been assessed in past research as a mood state, vigor has hardly been the focus of any integrative theoretical treatise. I first provide a description of vigor's conceptual framework and also of past attempts to conceptualize and measure it. Then, a summary of vigor's relations with other attitudinal constructs to which it is related is provided. Next, based on the Conservation of Resources theory, I outline possible antecedents of vigor. Using the Broaden-and-Build theory, the next section depicts proposed consequences of vigor. The two theoretical perspectives are combined to construct a theoretical model describing vigor, its antecedents and consequences. I then suggest several open research questions concerning the study of vigor at work.
A Dynamic Process Model of Forgiveness: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Ho Man Yee , Fung Helene H.
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this paper is to discuss cultural similarities and differences in the processes of forgiveness. Forgiveness is a complex construct without a consensual definition. Generally speaking, forgiveness is the process that involves a change in cognitions, emotions, motivations, and behaviors regarding the transgressor ( R. D. Enright & R. P. Fitzgibbons, 2000 ). Scientific interest in forgiveness has rapidly increased in the recent years, but whether the conceptualizations and underling mechanisms of forgiveness are similar across cultures still remain unclear. A dynamic process model of forgiveness is proposed in this paper, which includes the sociocultural, cognitive, emotional, motivational, and behavioral aspects of forgiveness processes. Particular processes that are likely to differ across Eastern–Western cultures are identified.
Cryostructuration as a tool for preparing highly porous polymer materials
Authors: Kirsebom Harald , Mattiasson Bo
Published: March 2011

This mini-review highlights some of the recent progress of using cryostructuration for the production of porous materials.
An Exploratory Study of the Impacts of Upgrading Packaged Software: A Stakeholder Perspective
Authors: Khoo Huoy Min , Robey Daniel , Rao Srinivasan Venkoba
Published: March 2011

Once an organization has adopted packaged software, upgrades to newer versions are inevitable. Anecdotal reports suggest that software upgrades are extremely costly and may not bring actual benefit to stakeholders in the organization. Because software upgrades recur periodically, it is important to understand the impacts of software upgrades on organizational stakeholders. In this study, we examine the impact of packaged software upgrades from the perspectives of IS staff and IS users. A dual case study was conducted to understand the impacts of an SAP upgrade and a Windows upgrade. Our study shows that there are two essential costs in each upgrade, the cost of implementation and the costs of users’ learning. Moreover, not all users experience positive impacts from software upgrade. Users’ experience of beneficial impact is contingent upon users’ explicit adoption of useful new features and improvement in features that users use.
The Taste of LIME: Competitive Dynamics and Strategies in the Telecommunications Industry
Authors: Golding Paul , Tennant Vanesa
Published: March 2011

Cable and Wireless, Jamaica (C&WJ) operated in Jamaica under an exclusive license that made it a virtual monopoly. In 1999, the Government of Jamaica decided to renegotiate the license and liberalize the telecommunications industry. Early in the liberalization process, new companies entered the market and C&WJ struggled to cope with the new, competitive dynamics of the market. Although dominant in the landline market, C&WJ found it difficult to compete in the cellular market, lagging behind relatively new entrant Digicel. The recent entry of América Móvil, operating under the brand name Claro, into the market has intensified the competition and is threatening the relegation of C&WJ into third place. In response, C&WJ in 2008 embarked on a new, high-risk transformation strategy that included corporate rebranding and a change of its name to LIME (Landline, Internet, Mobile and Entertainment). This case chronicles the problems faced by LIME in adjusting to a telecommunications industry paradigm.
The UK national identity card
Authors: Beynon-Davies Paul
Published: March 2011

During the period 2002–2010 the UK government of the time attempted to relate the rights and entitlements of citizenship with a standard identifier for all British citizens and its representation in a national identity smartcard. The scheme to introduce this identity token for all UK citizens was finally abandoned in December 2010. This teaching case describes the history of this endeavour as promoted by the UK government and its agencies. It also describes the reaction to these plans on the part of numerous other stakeholder groups within the UK. This is a rich case for examining a number of critical, contemporary issues of relevance to Information Systems theory and practice that are occurring worldwide. On the one hand, the attempt to introduce such an identity token brought into focus the critical role that identity and its management plays as supporting infrastructure in areas such as e-Government and e-Business. On the other, the introduction of a national identifier and associated token raised major challenges to data protection, data privacy and public trust in the information governance of this nation state. Indeed, such difficulties constituted a major part of the rationale for the abandonment of the project.
Bayesian estimation of the internal structure of proteins from single-molecule measurements
Authors: Miyazaki Makito , Harada Takahiro
Published: March 2011

In single-molecule protein experiments, the observable variables are restricted within a small fraction of the entire degrees of freedom. Therefore, to investigate the physical nature of proteins in detail, we always need to estimate the hidden internal structure referring only to the accessible degrees of freedom. We formulate this problem on the basis of Bayesian inference, which can be applied to various complex systems. In the ideal case, we find that in general the framework actually works. Although careful numerical studies confirm that our method outperforms the conventional method by up to two orders of magnitude, we find a striking phenomenon: a loss-of-precision transition occurs abruptly when the design of the observation system is inappropriate. The basic features of the proposed method are illustrated using a simple but nontrivial model.
Wide-band-gap InAlAs solar cell for an alternative multijunction approach
Authors: Leite Marina S. , Woo Robyn L. , Hong William D. , Law Daniel C. , Atwater Harry A.
Published: March 2011

We have fabricated an In0.52Al0.48As solar cell lattice-matched to InP with efficiency higher than 14% and maximum external quantum efficiency equal to 81%. High quality, dislocation-free InxAl1−xAs alloyed layers were used to fabricate the single junction solar cell. Photoluminescence of InxAl1−xAs showed good material quality and lifetime of over 200 ps. A high band gap In0.35Al0.65As window was used to increase light absorption within the p-n absorber layer and improve cell efficiency, despite strain. The InAlAs top cell reported here is a key building block for an InP-based three junction high efficiency solar cell consisting of InAlAs/InGaAsP/InGaAs lattice-matched to the substrate.
Return to equilibrium for an anharmonic oscillator coupled to a heat bath
Authors: Könenberg Martin
Published: March 2011

We study a C*-dynamical system describing a particle coupled to an infinitely extended heat bath at positive temperature. For small coupling constant we prove return to equilibrium exponentially fast in time. The novelty in this context is to model the particle by a harmonic or anharmonic oscillator, respectively. The proof is based on explicit formulas for the time evolution of Weyl operators in the harmonic oscillator case. In the anharmonic oscillator case, a Dyson's expansion for the dynamics is essential. Moreover, we show in the harmonic oscillator case that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\bf R$\end{document}R is the absolute continuous spectrum of the Standard Liouvillean and that zero is a unique eigenvalue.
Double hysteresis loop induced by defect dipoles in ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.8Ti0.2)O3 thin films
Authors: Pu Yunti , Zhu Jiliang , Zhu Xiaohong , Luo Yuansheng , Wang Mingsong , Li Xuhai , Liu Jing , Zhu Jianguo , Xiao Dingquan
Published: March 2011

Pb(Zr0.8Ti0.2)O3 (PZT80/20) thin films were deposited on the Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. Mainly perovskite crystalline phase with highly (202)-preferred orientation, determined by x-ray diffraction, was formed in the lead zirconate titanate (PZT)(80/20) thin films. Polarization measurements of the unannealed and aged films showed a clear double hysteresis loop. However, the double hysteresis loop phenomenon was greatly suppressed in the PZT thin films annealed under pure oxygen, and thus they exhibited larger remnant polarization (Pr = 6.3 μC/cm2). The related mechanism for the appearance of constricted and double hysteresis loops was investigated to be associated with the realignment and disassociation of defect dipoles via oxygen octahedral rotations or oxygen vacancy diffusion. The butterfly-shaped C-V characteristic curve with a valley gave further evidence for double hysteresis loop characteristic in the unannealed and aged PZT thin films.
Experimental evidence of homonuclear bonds in amorphous GaN
Authors: Ishimaru Manabu , Zhang Yanwen , Wang Xuemei , Chu Wei-Kan , Weber William J.
Published: March 2011

Although GaN is an important semiconductor material, its amorphous structures are not well understood. Currently, theoretical atomistic structural models which contradict each other, are proposed for the chemical short-range order of amorphous GaN: one characterizes amorphous GaN networks as highly chemically ordered, consisting of heteronuclear Ga-N atomic bonds; and the other predicts the existence of a large number of homonuclear bonds within the first coordination shell. In the present study, we examine amorphous structures of GaN via radial distribution functions obtained by electron diffraction techniques. The experimental results demonstrate that amorphous GaN networks consist of heterononuclear Ga-N bonds, as well as homonuclear Ga-Ga and N-N bonds.
Flow dynamics of a tethered elastic capsule
Authors: Berry J. D. , Carberry J. , Thompson M. C.
Published: March 2011

A two-dimensional model of a tethered capsule is used to elucidate the effects of capsule aspect ratio and capsule internal viscosity on capsule dynamics. Over the parameter space examined, the capsule initially elongates out into the flow and then slowly pivots toward the wall as the capsule relaxes to a steady-state shape. The region of the capsule membrane that would come into contact with the wall corresponds with a region of elevated traction-force magnitude. The effect of viscosity is found to be negligible at low shear rates, but at high shear rates, an increase in internal viscosity leads to an increase in the maximum capsule deformation and maximum force on the tether. At low shear rates, capsules with higher aspect ratios experience less force and deformation. Conversely, at high shear rates, capsules with higher aspect ratios experience greater force and deformation.