bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twenty-Four–Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Their Associations With Blood Pressure Among Adults in China
Authors: Li Yuan , Zhang Puhong , Wu Jing , Ma Jixiang , Xu Jianwei , Zhang Xiaochang , Luo Rong , Liu Min , Sun Yuewen , Li Xian , Tan Monique , He Feng J. , MacGregor Graham A. , Li Xinhua
Published: September 2020

This study aimed to assess current level of sodium and potassium intake and their associations with blood pressure (BP) using the 24-hour urinary data in a large sample of China. Data from participants aged 18 to 75 years were collected as the baseline survey of Action on Salt China in 2018. Of 5454 adults, 5353 completed 24-hour urine collection. The average sodium, potassium excretion, and sodium-to-potassium molar ratio were 4318.1±1814.1 mg/d (equivalent to 11.0±4.6 g/d of salt), 1573.7±627.1 mg/d, and 5.0±2.1, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding factors and correcting for regression dilution, each 1000-mg increase in sodium excretion was associated with increased systolic BP (1.32 mm Hg [95% CI, 0.92–1.81]) and diastolic BP (0.34 mm Hg [95% CI, 0.09–0.60]). Each 1000-mg increase in potassium excretion was inversely associated with systolic BP (−3.19 mm Hg [95% CI, −4.38 to −2.20]) and diastolic BP (−1.56 mm Hg [95% CI, −2.29 to −0.90]). Each unit increase in sodium-to-potassium molar ratio was associated with an increase of systolic BP by 1.21 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.91–1.60) and diastolic BP by 0.44 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.24–0.64). The relationships between sodium and BP mostly increase with the rise of BP quantiles. Potassium shows the opposite trend. The current sodium intake in Chinese adults remains high and potassium intake is low. Sodium and sodium-to-potassium ratio were positively associated with BP, whereas potassium was inversely associated with BP.

Registration—

URL:
https://tinyurl.com/vdr8rpr
; Unique identifier: ChiCTR1800017553. URL:
https://tinyurl.com/w8c7x3w
; Unique identifier: ChiCTR1800016804. URL:
https://tinyurl.com/s3ajldw
; Unique identifier: ChiCTR1800018119.
Clinical and Proteomic Correlates of Plasma ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) in Human Heart Failure
Authors: Chirinos Julio A. , Cohen Jordana B. , Zhao Lei , Hanff Thomas , Sweitzer Nancy , Fang James , Corrales-Medina Vicente , Ammar Ron , Morley Michael , Zamani Payman , Bhattacharya Priyanka , Brandimarto Jeff , Jia Yi , Basso Michael D. , Wang Zhaoqing , Ebert Christina , Ramirez-Valle Francisco , Schafer Peter H. , Seiffert Dietmar , Gordon David A. , Cappola Thomas
Published: September 2020

ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Yet, little is known about the clinical and biologic correlates of circulating ACE2 levels in humans. We assessed the clinical and proteomic correlates of plasma (soluble) ACE2 protein levels in human heart failure. We measured plasma ACE2 using a modified aptamer assay among PHFS (Penn Heart Failure Study) participants (n=2248). We performed an association study of ACE2 against ≈5000 other plasma proteins measured with the SomaScan platform. Plasma ACE2 was not associated with ACE inhibitor and angiotensin-receptor blocker use. Plasma ACE2 was associated with older age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, worse New York Heart Association class, a history of coronary artery bypass surgery, and higher pro-BNP (pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) levels. Plasma ACE2 exhibited associations with 1011 other plasma proteins. In pathway overrepresentation analyses, top canonical pathways associated with plasma ACE2 included clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling, actin cytoskeleton signaling, mechanisms of viral exit from host cells, EIF2 (eukaryotic initiation factor 2) signaling, and the protein ubiquitination pathway. In conclusion, in humans with heart failure, plasma ACE2 is associated with various clinical factors known to be associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including older age, male sex, and diabetes mellitus, but is not associated with ACE inhibitor and angiotensin-receptor blocker use. Plasma ACE2 protein levels are prominently associated with multiple cellular pathways involved in cellular endocytosis, exocytosis, and intracellular protein trafficking. Whether these have a causal relationship with ACE2 or are relevant to novel coronavirus-2 infection remains to be assessed in future studies.
Walking Volume and Speed Are Inversely Associated With Incidence of Treated Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Miller Connor R. , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Manson JoAnn E. , Haring Bernhard , Hovey Kathleen M. , Laddu Deepika , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Wild Robert A. , Bea Jennifer W. , Tinker Lesley F. , Martin Lisa W. , Nguyen Patricia K. , Garcia Lorena , Andrews Christopher A. , Eaton Charles B. , Stefanick Marcia L. , LaMonte Michael J. ,   WHI Investigators*
Published: September 2020

Few studies have evaluated hypertension incidence in relation to walking, which is a common physical activity among adults. We examined the association between walking and hypertension incidence in 83 435 postmenopausal women who at baseline were aged 50 to 79 years, without known hypertension, heart failure, coronary heart disease, or stroke, and reported the ability to walk at least one block without assistance. Walking volume (metabolic equivalent hours per week) and speed (miles per hour) were assessed by questionnaire. Incident physician-diagnosed hypertension treated with medication was ascertained through annual questionnaires. During a mean 11-year follow-up, 38 230 hypertension cases were identified. After adjustment for covariates including nonwalking activities, a significant inverse association with hypertension was observed across categories of baseline walking volume (0 [referent], >0–3.5, 3.6–7.5, and >7.5 metabolic equivalent hours per week), hazard ratio: 1.00 (referent), 0.98, 0.95, 0.89; trend
P
<0.001. Faster walking speeds (<2, 2–3, 3–4, and >4 miles per hour) also were associated with lower hypertension risk, hazard ratio: 1.00 (referent), 1.07, 0.95, 0.86, 0.79; trend
P
<0.001. Further adjustment for walking duration (h/wk) had little impact on the association for walking speed (hazard ratio: 1.00 [referent], 1.08, 0.96, 0.86, 0.77; trend
P
<0.001). Significant inverse associations for walking volume and speed persisted after additional control for baseline blood pressure. Results for time-varying walking were comparable to those for baseline exposures. This study showed that walking at guideline-recommended volumes (>7.5 metabolic equivalent hours per week) and at faster speeds (≥2 miles per hour) is associated with lower hypertension risk in postmenopausal women. Walking should be encouraged as part of hypertension prevention in older adults.
Time‐Varying Depressive Symptoms and Cardiovascular and All‐Cause Mortality: Does the Risk Vary by Age or Sex?
Authors: Bryant Kelsey B. , Jannat‐Khah Deanna P. , Cornelius Talea , Khodneva Yulia , Richman Joshua , Fleck Elaine M. , Torres‐Deas Lucille M. , Safford Monika M. , Moise Nathalie
Published: September 2020

Background

Depressive symptoms are associated with mortality. Data regarding moderation of this effect by age and sex are inconsistent, however. We aimed to identify whether age and sex modify the association between depressive symptoms and all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

Methods and Results

The REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study is a prospective cohort of Black and White individuals recruited between 2003 and 2007. Associations between time‐varying depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale score ≥4 versus <4) and all‐cause and CVD mortality were measured using Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for demographic and clinical risk factors. All results were stratified by age or sex and by self‐reported health status. Of 29 491 participants, 3253 (11%) had baseline elevated depressive symptoms. Mean age was 65 (9.4) years, with 55.1% of participants female, 41.1% Black, and 46.4% had excellent/very good health. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline, on average 4.9 (SD, 1.5), then 2.1 (SD, 0.4) years later. Neither age nor sex moderated the association between elevated time‐varying depressive symptoms and all‐cause or CVD mortality (all‐cause: age 45–64 years adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.38; 95% CI, 1.18–1.61 versus age ≥65 years aHR,1.36; 95% CI, 1.23–1.50;
P
=0.05; CVD: age 45–64 years aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.90–1.53 versus age ≥65 years aHR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06–1.50;
P
=0.54; all‐cause: males aHR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.29–1.64 versus female aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.19–1.50;
P
=0.35; CVD: male aHR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08–1.62 versus female aHR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.00–1.47;
P
=0.64). Similar results were observed when stratified by self‐reported health status.

Conclusions

Depressive symptoms confer mortality risk regardless of age and sex, including individuals who report excellent/very good health.
Sex Differences in Modifiable Risk Factors and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Manfrini Olivia , Yoon Jinsung , van der Schaar Mihaela , Kedev Sasko , Vavlukis Marija , Stankovic Goran , Scarpone Marialuisa , Miličić Davor , Vasiljevic Zorana , Badimon Lina , Cenko Edina , Bugiardini Raffaele
Published: September 2020

Background

It is still unknown whether traditional risk factors may have a sex‐specific impact on coronary artery disease (CAD) burden.

Methods and Results

We identified 14 793 patients who underwent coronary angiography for acute coronary syndromes in the ISACS‐TC (International Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Transitional Countries;
Clini​calTr​ials.gov
, NCT01218776) registry from 2010 to 2019. The main outcome measure was the association between traditional risk factors and severity of CAD and its relationship with 30‐day mortality. Relative risk (RR) ratios and 95% CIs were calculated from the ratio of the absolute risks of women versus men using inverse probability of weighting. Estimates were compared by test of interaction on the log scale. Severity of CAD was categorized as obstructive (≥50% stenosis) versus nonobstructive CAD. The RR ratio for obstructive CAD in women versus men among people without diabetes mellitus was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.41–0.60) and among those with diabetes mellitus was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.62–1.29), with an interaction by diabetes mellitus status of
P
=0.002. Exposure to smoking shifted the RR ratios from 0.50 (95% CI, 0.41–0.61) in nonsmokers to 0.75 (95% CI, 0.54–1.03) in current smokers, with an interaction by smoking status of
P
=0.018. There were no significant sex‐related interactions with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Women with obstructive CAD had higher 30‐day mortality rates than men (RR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.48–2.07). No sex differences in mortality were observed in patients with nonobstructive CAD.

Conclusions

Obstructive CAD in women signifies a higher risk for mortality compared with men. Current smoking and diabetes mellitus disproportionally increase the risk of obstructive CAD in women. Achieving the goal of improving cardiovascular health in women still requires intensive efforts toward further implementation of lifestyle and treatment interventions.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01218776.
HOW MUCH UNEMPLOYMENT IS STRUCTURAL IN TURKEY? AN UNOBSERVED COMPONENTS APPROACH
Authors: BARİ Bilgin , ŞIKLAR İlyas
Published: September 2020

This study aims to determine the course of structural unemployment by decomposing trend and cyclical components of 1987-2019 actual unemployment in Turkey. This decomposition will be carried out in the context of time-varying NAIRU (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment). It is accepted that structural unemployment is the unemployment that is consistent with the performance of the economy at the potential output level and, therefore, can be proxied by the time-varying NAIRU. The developments in Turkish labor markets during the investigation period emphasize that the importance of structural factors besides the cyclical ones. Therefore, it is crucial to examine how much of the increase in the unemployment rate is structural in the Turkish economy. Structural unemployment rate figures obtained through the state-space model estimated by using reduced form accelerationist Phillips curve indicate the presence of high and increasing structural unemployment problems in Turkey, specifically during the last years. Alternative models like Beveridge curve and Hodrick – Prescott filtering also produce results confirming this determination and reveal that the unemployment gap is almost closing in the country.
The Role of Frontoparietal Cortex across the Functional Stages of Visual Search
Authors: Remington Roger W. , Vromen Joyce M. G. , Becker Stefanie I. , Baumann Oliver , Mattingley Jason B.
Published: September 2020

Areas in frontoparietal cortex have been shown to be active in a range of cognitive tasks and have been proposed to play a key role in goal-driven activities (Dosenbach, N. U. F., Fair, D. A., Miezin, F. M., Cohen, A. L., Wenger, K. K., Dosenbach, R. A. T., et al. Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 104, 11073–11078, 2007; Duncan, J. The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: Mental programs for intelligent behavior. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 172–179, 2010). Here, we examine the role this frontoparietal system plays in visual search. Visual search, like many complex tasks, consists of a sequence of operations: target selection, stimulus–response (SR) mapping, and response execution. We independently manipulated the difficulty of target selection and SR mapping in a novel visual search task that involved identical stimulus displays. Enhanced activity was observed in areas of frontal and parietal cortex during both difficult target selection and SR mapping. In addition, anterior insula and ACC showed preferential representation of SR-stage information, whereas the medial frontal gyrus, precuneus, and inferior parietal sulcus showed preferential representation of target selection-stage information. A connectivity analysis revealed dissociable neural circuits underlying visual search. We hypothesize that these circuits regulate distinct mental operations associated with the allocation of spatial attention, stimulus decisions, shifts of task set from selection to SR mapping, and SR mapping. Taken together, the results show frontoparietal involvement in all stages of visual search and a specialization with respect to cognitive operations.
Rapid and Accumulated Modulation of Action-Effects on Action
Authors: Cao Liyu , Kunde Wilfried , Haendel Barbara
Published: September 2020

Auditory feedback to a keypress is used in many devices to facilitate the motor output. The timing of auditory feedback is known to have an impact on the motor output, yet it is not known if a keypress action can be modulated on-line by an auditory feedback or how quick an auditory feedback can influence an ongoing keypress. Furthermore, it is not clear if the prediction of auditory feedback already changes the early phase of a keypress action independent of sensory feedback, which would suggest that such prediction changes the motor plan. In the current study, participants pressed a touch-sensitive device with auditory feedback in a self-paced manner. The auditory feedback was given either after a short (60 msec) or long (160 msec) delay, and the delay was either predictable or not. Our results showed that the keypress peak force was modulated by the amount of auditory feedback delay even when the delay was unpredictable, thus demonstrating an on-line modulation effect. The latency of the on-line modulation was suggested to be as low as 70 msec, indicating a very fast sensory to motor mapping circuit in the brain. When the auditory feedback delay was predictable, a change in the very early phase of keypress motor output was found, suggesting that the prediction of sensory feedback is crucial to motor control. Therefore, even a simple keypress action contains rich motor dynamics, which depend on expected as well as on-line perceived sensory feedback.
Characterization of fever and sickness behavior regulated by cytokines during infection
Authors: Li Weiran , Luo Shuanghong , Wan Chaomin
Published: September 2020

In response to invasion of pathogens, hosts present fever and a series of behavioural changes including reduced grooming, reduction of foraging, decreased locomotion, withdrawing from social activities and reproductive process, which are collectively termed sickness behaviour. Fever as well as sickness behaviour are adaptive and benefit the host to reduce pathology caused by infections and opportunity costs for time away from foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. Antipathogenic fever and sickness behaviour are mediated proximately by cytokines including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammation cytokines trigger these sickness responses, while anti-inflammatory cytokines constrain these responses and prevent damage to host from exaggerated responses. The present study reviews the characterization of fever and sickness behaviour regulated by cytokines during infection.
Ontogenetic and morphological studies on Tetranychus canadensis (Acari:
Tetranychidae)
Authors: LIU MAN , YI TIAN-CI , GULBRONSON CONNOR , BAUCHAN GARY R. , OCHOA RONALD
Published: September 2020

Tetranychus canadensis (McGregor) is redescribed based on type specimens and American non-type specimens. The ontogenetic development of leg chaetotaxy is provided, which is the typical additional pattern for Tetranychus. The variation of pregenital striae and shape of aedeagi are discussed.  Low temperature scanning electron microscopic photos show the supracoxal setae on palpfemur (ep) and leg coxae I (el) are eupathidia; lateral and ventral lips bear modified leaf-like adoral setae (or2 and or3) and the dorsal lips bearing a pair of spine-like dorsal adoral setae (or1); dorsal seta on tibia I (db) is a trichobothrium with a cup-shaped base and broken striae on the inner integument. Confocal scanning shows a thin, long ejaculatory duct and a thicker duct connecting the aedeagus to a cup-shaped seminal vesicle; the aedeagus is hollow where the ejaculatory duct passes through.
Life stages and phylogenetic position of the wool carder bee mite Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae)
Authors: FAN QING-HAI , LI DONGMEI , GEORGE SHERLY
Published: September 2020

In mites of the family Acaridae, usually two developmental stages, adult (males, females) and deutonymphal stage (=hypopus) are used for diagnostic descriptions. Because these taxonomically important stages live in different habitats (i.e. deutonymphs are phoretic on a hymenopteran host, while adults live inside the nest of the host), one of these can be missing or they cannot be confidently corelated with each other. Sennertionyx manicati (Acari: Acaridae) was only known from hypopus. Herein, we describe all post-embryonic stages of S. manicati based on material obtained from a nest of Anthidium manicatum in Auckland, New Zealand, and provide a key to all life stages of this species. We also conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the 18S gene and the D2/D3 region of 28S genes from field-collected specimens and GenBank data. The molecular analysis indicated the New Zealand specimen shared the identical 18S and 99.5% identity of the D2D3 region of 28S sequences with S. manicati from Italy, and clustered together in the phylogenetic trees.
Characteristics and Possible Sources of the Intraseasonal South Asian Jet Wave Train in Boreal Winter
Authors: Huang Sijie , Li Xiuzhen , Wen Zhiping
Published: September 2020

The characteristics and possible energy sources of the South Asian jet wave train in winter are analyzed, with the intraseasonal signal emphasized. The wave train is equivalently barotropic and strongest in the upper troposphere, with its daily evolution dominated by the intraseasonal (10–30 day) time scale. Along the wave train, the propagation of disturbances from the North Atlantic to the western North Pacific takes around 8 days, which is much faster than the eastward migration of activity centers. The energy sources of the intraseasonal wave train are complicated and can be separated into three categories depending on the role of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). When NAO− precedes the wave train, it is northwest–southeast oriented. The energy is rooted in the lower troposphere over the high-latitude North Atlantic, and excites the Rossby wave source (RWS) over the western Mediterranean Sea via vortex stretching by abnormal divergence. When NAO+ precedes the wave train, it is southwest–northeast oriented. The energy rooted in the northeastern activity center excites RWS over the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Additionally, disturbances from the western North Atlantic and southwestern activity center of NAO+ excite the RWS over the western Mediterranean Sea. Hence, both NAO− and NAO+ can excite the same wave train, but with different orientation and via different paths. Without the NAO, the wave train can also be stimulated by enhanced disturbances over the midlatitude central North Atlantic. The signal lies mainly in the middle-upper troposphere, which might be related to atmospheric internal dynamic processes, such as kinetic energy conversion from synoptic disturbances.
Spatial Variability in Seasonal Snowpack Trends across the Rio Grande Headwaters (1984–2017)
Authors: Sexstone Graham A. , Penn Colin A. , Liston Glen E. , Gleason Kelly E. , Moeser C. David , Clow David W.
Published: September 2020

This study evaluated the spatial variability of trends in simulated snowpack properties across the Rio Grande headwaters of Colorado using the SnowModel snow evolution modeling system. SnowModel simulations were performed using a grid resolution of 100 m and 3-hourly time step over a 34-yr period (1984–2017). Atmospheric forcing was provided by phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System, and the simulations accounted for temporal changes in forest canopy from bark beetle and wildfire disturbances. Annual summary values of simulated snowpack properties [snow metrics; e.g., peak snow water equivalent (SWE), snowmelt rate and timing, and snow sublimation] were used to compute trends across the domain. Trends in simulated snow metrics varied depending on elevation, aspect, and land cover. Statistically significant trends did not occur evenly within the basin, and some areas were more sensitive than others. In addition, there were distinct trend differences between the different snow metrics. Upward trends in mean winter air temperature were 0.3°C decade−1, and downward trends in winter precipitation were −52 mm decade−1. Middle elevation zones, coincident with the greatest volumetric snow water storage, exhibited the greatest sensitivity to changes in peak SWE and snowmelt rate. Across the Rio Grande headwaters, snowmelt rates decreased by 20% decade−1, peak SWE decreased by 14% decade−1, and total snowmelt quantity decreased by 13% decade−1. These snow trends are in general agreement with widespread snow declines that have been reported for this region. This study further quantifies these snow declines and provides trend information for additional snow variables across a greater spatial coverage at finer spatial resolution.
Wind Ramp Events Validation in NWP Forecast Models during the Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2) Using the Ramp Tool and Metric (RT&M)
Authors: Djalalova Irina V. , Bianco Laura , Akish Elena , Wilczak James M. , Olson Joseph B. , Kenyon Jaymes S. , Berg Larry K. , Choukulkar Aditya , Coulter Richard , Fernando Harinda J. S. , Grimit Eric , Krishnamurthy Raghavendra , Lundquist Julie K. , Muradyan Paytsar , Turner David D. , Wharton Sonia
Published: September 2020

The second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2) is a multiagency field campaign held in the Columbia Gorge area (October 2015–March 2017). The main goal of the project is to understand and improve the forecast skill of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models in complex terrain, particularly beneficial for the wind energy industry. This region is well known for its excellent wind resource. One of the biggest challenges for wind power production is the accurate forecasting of wind ramp events (large changes of generated power over short periods of time). Poor forecasting of the ramps requires large and sudden adjustments in conventional power generation, ultimately increasing the costs of power. A Ramp Tool and Metric (RT&M) was developed during the first WFIP experiment, held in the U.S. Great Plains (September 2011–August 2012). The RT&M was designed to explicitly measure the skill of NWP models at forecasting wind ramp events. Here we apply the RT&M to 80-m (turbine hub-height) wind speeds measured by 19 sodars and three lidars, and to forecasts from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR), 3-km, and from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Nest (HRRRNEST), 750-m horizontal grid spacing, models. The diurnal and seasonal distribution of ramp events are analyzed, finding a noticeable diurnal variability for spring and summer but less for fall and especially winter. Also, winter has fewer ramps compared to the other seasons. The model skill at forecasting ramp events, including the impact of the modification to the model physical parameterizations, was finally investigated.
The Effects of Consistency among Simultaneous Forecasts on Weather-Related Decisions
Authors: Su Chen , Burgeno Jessica N. , Joslyn Susan
Published: September 2020

People access weather forecasts from multiple sources [mobile telephone applications (“apps”), newspapers, and television] that are not always in agreement for a particular weather event. The experiment reported here investigated the effects of inconsistency among forecasts on user trust, weather-related decisions, and confidence in user decisions. In a computerized task, participants made school-closure decisions on the basis of snow forecasts from different sources and answered a series of questions about each forecast. Inconsistency among simultaneous forecasts did not significantly reduce trust, although inaccuracy did. Moreover, inconsistency may convey useful information to decision-makers. Not only do participants appear to incorporate the information provided by all forecasts into their own estimates of the outcome, but our results also suggest that inconsistency gives rise to the impression of greater uncertainty, which leads to more cautious decisions. The implications for decisions in a variety of domains are discussed.
The State of Emergency and Exception in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia: The ‘License to Kill’ the Rule of Law?
Authors: Tamburini Francesco
Published: September 2020

This paper shows how the constitutional provisions related to the state of emergency and exception, although they are contained within democratic traditions, were set to operate in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia as a mechanism of basic control and maintenance of liberal autocracies. The state of emergency model was used for the survival of regimes in times of instability and social unrest, leading in some cases to the suspension of human rights for many years. Nevertheless, these provisions were modified or lifted when the regime had to show a more convincing stake to the democratic process in 2011.
Individual and Cultural Differences in Predispositions to Feel Positive and Negative Aspects of Awe
Authors: Nakayama Masataka , Nozaki Yuki , Taylor Pamela M. , Keltner Dacher , Uchida Yukiko
Published: September 2020

Psychological research on awe has largely focused on its positive dimensions, both in terms of the experiential state of awe and individual trait-based predispositions to awe experience. Little is known, however, about awe’s negative-valence dimensions, such as individual tendencies to experience awe as threatening. To gain a broader understanding of awe, the current study investigates individual predispositions to feel negative aspects of awe (i.e., threat) and positive aspects of awe (e.g., beauty) and examines how these two tendencies are interrelated. Additionally, this study uses both Japanese and US samples to explore whether predispositions to feel awe vary across cultures. Two studies (total N = 1245) suggests that in both Japanese and US samples, predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects of awe were separable. However, there were cultural differences: North Americans were more predisposed to feel positive aspects than Japanese, and the predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects were positively correlated for Japanese, but not North Americans. This contributes to a better understanding of how the valence of awe may be influenced by culturally-mediated patterns of affect.
Forced Disappearance as a Collective Cultural Trauma in the Ayotzinapa Movement
Authors: Gravante Tommaso
Published: September 2020

The disappearance of 43 students of the teachers’ training college at Ayotzinapa in 2014 has inspired a broad social movement. Ethnographic work and interviews conducted at several of the demonstrations to show solidarity with the parents of the students reveal that their forced disappearance has been framed by participants as a collective cultural trauma. The politicization of this trauma has led to a change in the relationship between citizens and public institutions and produced a new social narrative.

La desaparición de 43 estudiantes de la escuela de formación de profesores en Ayotzinapa en 2014 inspiró un amplio movimiento social. Trabajo etnográfico y entrevistas realizadas durante varias de las manifestaciones para mostrar solidaridad con los padres de los estudiantes revelan que su desaparición forzada ha sido enmarcada por los participantes como un trauma cultural colectivo. La politización de este trauma ha llevado a un cambio en la relación entre los ciudadanos y las instituciones públicas y ha producido una nueva narrativa social.
Middle Ear Implant in a Patient With Fibrous Dysplasia: An Alternative for Hearing Restoration
Authors: Al-shawi Yazeed , Alsughayer Luluh , Alradhi Athair , Alzhrani Farid
Published: September 2020

We propose middle ear implants (MEI) as alternative hearing restoration option for patients with fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone (FDTB). A 60-year-old man presented with unilateral right-sided conductive hearing loss (CHL) and FDTB. The Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB) MEI was implanted in the right ear. Preoperatively, the right side had a pure tone average (PTA) threshold of 67 dB, speech reception threshold (SRT) = 75 dB HL, and speech discrimination score (SDS) = 54% at 80 dB HL presentation level. Postoperative aided PTA threshold of the right ear was 28 db, aided SRT = 30 db, and SDS = 96% at 65dB HL. After excluding cholesteatoma, VSB provides an alternative hearing restoration technique for adults with FDTB and CHL due to stenosis of the external auditory canal and/or ossicular crowding.
Comparison of Modeled-to-Monitored PM2.5 Exposure Concentrations Resulting from Transportation Emissions in a Near-Road Community
Authors: Chavez Mayra , Li Wen-Whai
Published: September 2020

Residents living in near-road communities are exposed to traffic-related air pollutants, which can adversely affect their health. Near-road communities are expected to observe significant spatial and temporal variations in pollutant concentrations. Determining these variations in the surrounding areas can help raise awareness among government agencies of these underserved communities living near highways. This study conducted traffic and air quality measurements along with emission and dispersion modeling of the exposure to transportation emissions of a near-road urban community adjacent to the US 54 highway (US 54), with annual average daily traffic (AADT) of 107,237. The objectives of this study were (i) to develop spatial and temporal patterns of pollutant concentration variation and (ii) to apportion the differences in exposure concentrations to background concentrations and those that are contributed from major highways. It was observed that: (a) particulate matter (PM2.5) in near-road communities is dominated by the regional background concentrations which account for more than 85% of the pollution; and (b) only near-road receptors are affected by the traffic-related air pollutant emissions from major highways while spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5 concentrations in near-road communities are less influenced by local traffic, subsiding rapidly to negligible concentrations at 300 m from the road. Modeled PM2.5 concentrations were compared with monitored data. For better air quality impact assessments, higher quality data such as time-specific traffic volume and fleet information as well as site-specific meteorological data could help yield more accurate concentration predictions. Modeled-to-monitored comparison shows that air quality in near-road communities is dominated by regional background concentrations.
Spatial Access by Public Transport and Likelihood of Healthcare Consultations at Hospitals
Authors: Cui Boer , Boisjoly Geneviève , Wasfi Rania , Orpana Heather , Manaugh Kevin , Buliung Ron , Kestens Yan , El-Geneidy Ahmed
Published: September 2020

As healthcare is a right in Canada, analyzing the distribution of spatial access to medical consultations, which are crucial for the prevention, diagnosis, and early treatment of illnesses, is fundamental to understanding health equity. Spatial accessibility can influence whether individuals can reasonably reach the services they seek. However, as an indicator of potential access, it does not guarantee realized access because of predisposing and need factors. This study examines the relationship between spatial accessibility to hospitals and the likelihood of consulting with a healthcare professional at a hospital in eight Canadian metropolitan regions while controlling for individual characteristics through multilevel regression modeling. Spatial accessibility was computed using the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method. Self-reported consultations and socio-demographic characteristics were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey. We found that the likelihood of consultations differed between genders (female OR: 1.133, CI: 1.023–1.255; compared with male) and followed a positive household income gradient (high-income OR: 1.236, CI: 1.094–1.397; middle-income OR: 1.039, CI: 0.922–1.172; compared with low-income), but is not influenced by age. Living in areas with higher spatial accessibility was positively linked to consultations (OR: 1.014, CI: 1.000–1.028), even after controlling for perceived health (OR: 0.540, CI: 0.471–0.621), chronic conditions (OR: 1.738, CI: 1.587–1.904), and having a regular doctor (OR: 1.313, CI: 1.187–1.452). Policies that may improve spatial accessibility to healthcare services through increasing supply, managing demand, and enhancing level of public transport service should be considered to improve individuals’ ability to consult healthcare professionals, potentially leading to better health outcomes.
Remnants of Communism and Present-Day Inequality
Authors: Jami Waleed A. , Kemmelmeier Markus
Published: September 2020

Communism substantially shaped the values and beliefs of those who grew up under its regime. We argue that, after the Soviet Union’s collapse and the rapid transition to democracy and capitalism, many older people in post-communist countries continued to abide by an “ethos of equality” that was part of their socialization. These individuals continue to believe that it is the government’s responsibility to establish social equality; hence, they should evaluate social and political institutions based on the level of inequality that exists in their country. Using the 2016 European Quality of Life Survey, we examined to what extent levels of social inequality moderated the effects of age on social views and personal outcomes in post-communist and non-communist societies. We found that, especially in highly unequal post-communist societies, older individuals were less satisfied with democracy and trusted societal institutions less than their younger counterparts, whereas this was much less likely to be the case in post-communist countries with low inequality. There was no link between age and social views in non-communist societies, regardless of levels of inequality. Other than suggested by some scholars, inequality did not have any implications for evaluations of one’s personal life. The discussion focuses on the implications of our findings and their contributions to current research on social inequality and on the legacy of communism.
Use of intravitreal rituximab and methotrexate in vitreoretinal lymphoma
Authors: Rahhal-Ortuño Miriam , Udaondo-Mirete Patricia , Fernández-Santodomingo Alex Samir , Díaz-Llopis Manuel
Published: September 2020

A 64-year-old Caucasian woman was referred to our hospital after referring vision loss; she had been previously diagnosed with systemic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Retinal and optic nerve involvement were found in her right eye, and iris and vitreous involvement were found in her left eye. Vitreoretinal lymphomas (VRL) are rare in medical literature, hence there is a lack of standardised studies regarding therapeutic options in these patients. In our patient, we decided to add intravitreal injections of rituximab and methotrexate to systemic chemotherapy, and to perform pars plana vitrectomy.
Unintentional puncture of thyroid cyst during insertion of dialysis catheter
Authors: Gołębiowski Tomasz , Konieczny Andrzej , Letachowicz Krzysztof , Krajewska Magdalena , Kusztal Mariusz
Published: September 2020

Central venous catheter (CVC) for hemodialysis are frequently implanted to the internal jugular vein. Thyroid cysts are commonly shown in ultrasound examination and their recognition should not pose a problem. Herby we present an uncommon case of the thyroid cyst unintended puncture, during an attempt of CVC insertion. No further clinical consequences were observed. For all practitioners, involved in interventional nephrology, such complication may be of the utmost importance.
Sociological observations of the educational system: A systems-theoretical perspective
Authors: Kurtz Thomas
Published: September 2020

This article presents introductory considerations on a sociological outside description of the educational system. After this particular form of a sociological perspective has been determined, which, unlike pedagogical research, does not necessarily depend on the fact that its observations in the educational system can be connected, this distanced form of observation is shown by three examples: the question of the form of the educational system and its boundaries, the significance of the system for the inequality structure of modern society, and finally the form of uncertain action in educational processes.
External sources promoting resilience in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic literature review
Authors: Scheffers Femke , Moonen Xavier , van Vugt Eveline
Published: September 2020

Background:

Persons with an intellectual disability are at increased risk of experiencing adversities. The current study aims at providing an overview of the research on how resilience in adults with intellectual disabilities, in the face of adversity, is supported by sources in their social network.

Method:

A literature review was conducted in the databases Psycinfo and Web of Science. To evaluate the quality of the included studies, the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used.

Results:

The themes: “ positive emotions,” “ network acceptance,” “ sense of coherence” and “ network support,” were identified as sources of resilience in the social network of the adults with intellectual disabilities.

Conclusion:

The current review showed that research addressing sources of resilience among persons with intellectual disabilities is scarce. In this first overview, four sources of resilience in the social network of people with intellectual disabilities were identified that interact and possibly strengthen each other.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms part one: Epidemiology, presentation and preoperative considerations
Authors: Hellawell Holly N , Mostafa Ahmed M H A M , Kyriacou Harry , Sumal Anoop S , Boyle Jonathan R
Published: September 2020

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is an irreversible dilatation of the abdominal aorta. The majority of abdominal aortic aneurysms are asymptomatic and identified incidentally while investigating a separate pathology. Others are detected by national screening programmes and some present due to a growth or rupture. Symptomatic or ruptured aneurysms require urgent or emergency repair in patients fit for surgery. Perioperative practitioners should therefore be aware of how patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms present and are investigated, so that they can implement timely management. Guidelines have been recently updated to reflect this. This literature review discusses these recommendations and explores the evidence upon which they are based. The aim of this article is to highlight the important preoperative principles that need to be considered in cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Continuous Glucose Monitors and Automated Insulin Dosing Systems in the Hospital Consensus Guideline
Authors: Galindo Rodolfo J. , Umpierrez Guillermo E. , Rushakoff Robert J. , Basu Ananda , Lohnes Suzanne , Nichols James H. , Spanakis Elias K. , Espinoza Juan , Palermo Nadine E. , Awadjie Dessa Garnett , Bak Leigh , Buckingham Bruce , Cook Curtiss B. , Freckmann Guido , Heinemann Lutz , Hovorka Roman , Mathioudakis Nestoras , Newman Tonya , O’Neal David N. , Rickert Michaela , Sacks David B. , Seley Jane Jeffrie , Wallia Amisha , Shang Trisha , Zhang Jennifer Y. , Han Julia , Klonoff David C.
Published: September 2020

This article is the work product of the Continuous Glucose Monitor and Automated Insulin Dosing Systems in the Hospital Consensus Guideline Panel, which was organized by Diabetes Technology Society and met virtually on April 23, 2020. The guideline panel consisted of 24 international experts in the use of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and automated insulin dosing (AID) systems representing adult endocrinology, pediatric endocrinology, obstetrics and gynecology, advanced practice nursing, diabetes care and education, clinical chemistry, bioengineering, and product liability law. The panelists reviewed the medical literature pertaining to five topics: (1) continuation of home CGMs after hospitalization, (2) initiation of CGMs in the hospital, (3) continuation of AID systems in the hospital, (4) logistics and hands-on care of hospitalized patients using CGMs and AID systems, and (5) data management of CGMs and AID systems in the hospital. The panelists then developed three types of recommendations for each topic, including clinical practice (to use the technology optimally), research (to improve the safety and effectiveness of the technology), and hospital policies (to build an environment for facilitating use of these devices) for each of the five topics. The panelists voted on 78 proposed recommendations. Based on the panel vote, 77 recommendations were classified as either strong or mild. One recommendation failed to reach consensus. Additional research is needed on CGMs and AID systems in the hospital setting regarding device accuracy, practices for deployment, data management, and achievable outcomes. This guideline is intended to support these technologies for the management of hospitalized patients with diabetes.
Envisioning radical food geographies: shared learning and praxis through the Food Justice Scholar-Activist/Activist-Scholar Community of Practice
Authors: Reynolds Kristin , Block Daniel R. , Hammelman Colleen , Jones Brittany D. , Gilbert Jessica L. , Herrera Henry
Published: September 2020

Food justice scholarship and activism have coevolved and at times been intertwined over past decades. In some instances, there are clear distinctions between “scholarly” and “activist” activities. However, individuals, groups, and actions often take on characteristics of both, producing knowledge at multiple sociopolitical scales. Recognizing and building upon these dynamics is important for strengthening food justice work. This is especially salient in an era in which academia, including geography, seeks more public engagement, yet has a complicated history of appropriating and/or dismissing experience-based knowledge, exacerbating uneven power-knowledge dynamics. These topics are of direct relevance to geography and intersect with radical geography traditions through engagement in social and political action and putting socio-spatial justice theory into practice. Since 2014, a small-but-growing group of individuals interested in the intersections between scholarship, activism, and geography have cultivated a Food Justice Scholar-Activist/Activist-Scholar Community of Practice (FJSAAS). This article examines the evolution and praxes of FJSAAS focusing on power-knowledge and radical geographies. Based on an analysis of FJSAAS records and recollections of participants since its founding, we discuss challenges encountered, the broader relevance for similarly positioned communities of practice, and offer recommendations for those engaging in food justice scholarship, activism, and/or radical geography. We conclude that radical geographies, concepts of radical food geographies, and scholar-activist/activist-scholar praxis are mutually reinforcing in recognizing experience-based knowledge as part of envisioning and putting into place a more just food system.
Relationship of left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral to treatment strategy in submassive and massive pulmonary embolism
Authors: Antoine David , Chuich Taylor , Mylvaganam Ruben , Malaisrie Chris , Freed Benjamin , Cuttica Michael , Schimmel Daniel
Published: September 2020

Pulmonary embolism is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. It is important to understand direct comparisons of current interventions to differentiate favorable outcomes and complications. The objective of this study was to compare ultrasound‐accelerated thrombolysis versus systemic thrombolysis versus anticoagulation alone and their effect on left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral. This was a retrospective cohort study of subjects ≥18 years of age with a diagnosis of submassive or massive pulmonary embolism. The primary outcome was the percent change in left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral between pre‐ and post‐treatment echocardiograms. Ultrasound‐accelerated thrombolysis compared to anticoagulation had a greater improvement in left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral, measured by percent change. No significant change was noted between the ultrasound‐accelerated thrombolysis and systemic thrombolysis nor systemic thrombolysis and anticoagulation groups. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure only showed a significant reduction in the ultrasound‐accelerated thrombolysis versus anticoagulation group. The percent change of right ventricular to left ventricular ratios was improved when systemic thrombolysis was compared to both ultrasound‐accelerated thrombolysis and anticoagulation. In this retrospective study of submassive or massive pulmonary embolisms, left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral demonstrated greater improvement in patients treated with ultrasound‐accelerated thrombolysis as compared to anticoagulation alone, a finding not seen with systemic thrombolysis. While this improvement in left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral parallels the trend seen in mortality outcomes across the three groups, it only correlates with changes seen in pulmonary artery systolic pressure, not in other markers of echocardiographic right ventricular dysfunction (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and right ventricular to left ventricular ratios). Changes in left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral, rather than echocardiographic markers of right ventricular dysfunction, may be considered a more useful prognostic marker of both dysfunction and improvement after reperfusion therapy.