bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Private Provision of Missing Public Goods
Authors: Khanna Tarun , Gupta Budhaditya
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the long-standing puzzle of the optimal role and impact of private business in public life based on evidence from a healthcare entrepreneur in India. To realize its goal of delivering affordable, high-quality care to the indigent population in India, Narayana Health (NH) had to address a number of voids created by the absence of supporting market institutions. This was done with entrepreneurial aplomb, sometimes even catalysing governmental action, by becoming a trusted intermediary to providers of all sorts of factor inputs who would otherwise not make their services available. This partial private provision of public infrastructure by NH illustrates how social investments by resource-constrained entrepreneurs in emerging markets can yield both private and public benefits.
From ‘Pharmacy’ to ‘Laboratory’
Authors: Chatterjee Chirantan , Mahendiran Shreekanth
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores how the Indian pharmaceutical industry, will respond to this shift in market opportunity and technological paradigm in the global biopharmaceutical industry. It examines whether firms in the industry will be able to cater to the global demand for biologics-based drugs and/or its generic version, biosimilars. It uses quantitative analyses of scientific and innovation capabilities of domestic firms from India and also conducts an econometric analysis of India’s market-based demand for biological products, arguing that these would provide early markers for the industry’s future exporting capabilities. It conducts managerial interviews of Indian firms to better understand the nuances in the industry conditions. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the troika around regulation, science, and business that will critically impact competitive advantage of firms in the industry just as it has historically impacted the evolution of the global biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry.
India as a Hub of Innovations for the Millions (I4M)
Authors: Mahajan Vijay
Published: April 2018

This chapter deals with Indian ‘innovations for the millions’ (I4M)—new products, processes, and institutional arrangements—that sustainably improve the quality of life of those at the base of the pyramid. Taking ten examples which originated from the private, public, NGO and cooperative sectors, the chapter suggests that these innovations are a response of the ‘elite of calling’ to the Indian paradox – high growth in a large economy, co-existing with a very large number at the base of the pyramid. The chapter argues that a more supportive ecosystem needs to be built to foster I4M, including reforms in regulation and taxation, and attracting bright young people. If that happens Indian I4M can serve billions at the base of the pyramid around the world.
Development-Induced Dispossession, Displacement, and Embedded Power Relations
Authors: Suhail Peer Ghulam Nabi
Published: April 2018

This chapter critically examines the class dynamics of land control and the influence of the elites and absentee landlords who take decisions on behalf of the subsistent peasantry. Yet another layer of control over land, the inter-dependence of the poor on the elites and vice-versa, has been analysed in detail. Simultaneously, the chapter also illustrates the peasant narrative about subordination, subalternity, and powerlessness. It mainly elucidates the peasant’s interpretations of loss caused by dispossession and displacement. It also discusses the viewpoints of the state, the corporate, and the political parties on the concept of the micro picture of who gets what and how. The chapter argues that HEP construction in Gurez has caused destruction of ecology and has adversely impacted the common property resources. Therefore, land-grabbing leads to a phenomenon where land is needed while labour is not.
Power, Politics, and Struggles over Land
Authors: Suhail Peer Ghulam Nabi
Published: April 2018

The sixth chapter of the book presents a historical account of peasants’ resistance to the land-grabs in Kashmir. It describes how people fought the lonely battle to stop land-grabbing, whereby neither the media nor the local administration or the civil society supported them. With resistance against land-grabbing not yielding any positive results, peasants made the transition from resistance against land-grabs to struggle for compensation. Besides discussing about the peasants’ resistance, the chapter also describes the external dimension of resistance to KHEP, whereby the resistance comes from media and civil society groups in Kashmir, based on the ecological and compensational resistance, and not against the dispossession and displacement of the peasantry.
Introduction to the Persian Manuscript
Authors: Beg Mirza Sangin
Published: April 2018

There are four dimensions to the introductory note of Mirza Sangin Beg’s Sair-ul Manazil. He begins the work with Islamic imagery that seemed to be de rigueur in Persian and Urdu texts, wherein he waxes eloquent about the creator and His creation. The creation also includes Prophet Muhammad, his family, and companions. The author intersperses the imagery with relevant verses from the Quran. He informs the reader that he inspected buildings and copied the inscriptions very diligently and had these overseen by a Persian gentleman at the court who had great mastery on the subject. He put together this work in the time of the Mughal Badshah Akbar II, and called it Sair-ul Manazil. Mirza Sangin Beg indulges in applaudable praise of the British, who are compared with some of the greatest exemplars of the world across cultures. In the last segment he acclaims and extols his benefactor, William Fraser, for his patronage of the work and the suitable recompense he received. The sophistry involved here is that in another version of the manuscript the patron is replaced with Charles Theophilus Metcalfe. In two other renditions both the British gentlemen, officers of the English East India Company controlling Delhi, are accommodated seamlessly as patrons.
This Is an Abridged Account of Delhi Which Is an Old City and One of the Chosen Ones amongst the Cities
Authors: Beg Mirza Sangin
Published: April 2018

The second part of the translation has three segments. The first is dedicated to the history of Delhi from the time of the Mahabharat to the periods of Anangpal Tomar to the Mughal Emperor Humayun as also Sher Shah, the Afghan ruler. In the second and third segments Mirza Sangin Beg adroitly navigates between twin centres of power in the city. He writes about Qila Mubarak, or the Red Fort, and gives an account of the several buildings inside it and the cost of construction of the same. He ambles into the precincts and mentions the buildings constructed by Shahjahan and other rulers, associating them with some specific inmates of the fort and the functions performed within them. When the author takes a walk in the city of Shahjahanabad, he writes of numerous residents, habitations of rich, poor, and ordinary people, their mansions and localities, general and specialized bazars, the in different skills practised areas, places of worship and revelry, processions exemplifying popular culture and local traditions, and institutions that had a resonance in other cultures. The Berlin manuscript gives generous details of the officials of the English East India Company, both native and foreign, their professions, and work spaces. Mirza Sangin Beg addresses the issue of qaum most unselfconsciously and amorphously.
The Life of Law in Modern India
Authors: Nair Janaki
Published: April 2018

The increasing attraction of non-state legal institutions as courts of appeal for a quick and summary justice bears scrutiny. How have sectarian religious institutions, which formerly patrolled the boundaries of caste and gender, been adapted in the present to exert an influence far beyond the specific circle of adherents to offer the possibility of justice to a wide range of groups and causes? The matha court at Sirigere, Karnataka, is a far cry from its late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century predecessor, both in its performance of the law, and in its ambitious reach. The chapter explores how successfully it has responded to the desire for law deploying the moral authority of the Swamiji in resolving a range of disputes, and to communities and castes on issues and problems which exceed the confines of the sectarian.
Speaking in Multiple Registers
Authors: Pant Rashmi
Published: April 2018

The framework of legal pluralism has conventionally posed customary norms against official Hindu law and prioritizes inheritance law as the only systemic mode for the transmission of family property. It has led to a scholarly neglect of the practices of gift and contract, which the author sees as alternative modes of sharing/devolving property to kin with weak inheritance rights. The chapter traces how, below the judicial radar, compensation for caregiving through gift and contract constituted a common ground of argument and negotiation among peasant litigants of the Garhwal Himalayas in the early twentieth century. It recovers ideas of normative justice through litigants’ speech, which never found their way into the corpus juris of either Hindu Law or custom.
Petition Town
Authors: Balachandran Aparna
Published: April 2018

Legal historians have described early modern empires as characterized by legal pluralism and, indeed, the ubiquitous invocation of custom in these petitions appears to reiterate that this was the case in the south Indian colonial port city of Madras. However, the investment in the rhetoric of custom by the state and its subjects was increasingly linked to a regime of paper and property where written evidence and the precedent were prioritized not merely in the colonial courts but also in indigenous forums of arbitration. Thus the permeation of these evidentiary norms in both colonial and “traditional” legal arenas was a phenomenon that can help interrogate the idea of pluralism as an appropriate scholarly lens in defining the legal terrain in places like Madras.
Power, Petitions, and the ‘Povo’ in Early English Bombay
Authors: Stern Philip J.
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the role petitioning and civil society played in early English attempts to establish political authority at Bombay. The so-called ‘transfer’ of Portuguese authority, first to the English Crown and subsequently to the English East India Company, was hardly immediate, and required varied efforts by English officials to establish power and legitimacy over the places, populace, and littoral they claimed to govern. Drawing on European and Mughal traditions, individuals and groups used petitions as a means to negotiate their own place in this new regime, while in turn the act of hearing, granting, and adjudicating petitions helped to slowly establish English authority over Bombay. Thus, what seems superficially to be a supremely local act—petitioning—reveals the fuzzy boundaries among ‘internal’ and ‘external’ sources of sovereignty, regional and geo-politics, and state authority, civil society, and the ‘public’ in the early modern colonial world.
Public Finance and Personal Law in Late Colonial India
Authors: Newbigin Eleanor
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers the ways in which the fiscal demands of representative government, and specifically the development of a direct, personal income tax, impacted legal subjecthood during India’s transition to Independence. It shows how early twentieth-century understandings of economic value and public finance were embedded into Indian society and legal system through discussions about personal law. This had particular consequences for Hindu personal law, which, under pressure from a centrally administered income tax regime, was re-imagined as a singular, homogeneous all-Indian legal system in ways that rendered the Hindu joint family synonymous with the representative and fiscal structures of the Indian state.
Syntactic Details
Authors: Breckenridge Wylie
Published: April 2018

In Chapter 2 the author proposed that by ‘grey’ in ‘The patch looks grey to you’ we mean two things—the property of being grey, and a certain way of looking (which are distinct things). In this chapter the author addresses the concern that this is not possible—that it is not possible to mean two distinct things by ‘grey’ with the one use. The author does two things: (a) attempts to make it more plausible that it is indeed possible; and (b) offers an alternative fallback account of how we use ‘grey’, one that does not rely upon an ability to mean two distinct things by it (the alternative account posits the existence of aphonic material in the sentence).
Other ‘Look’ Sentences
Authors: Breckenridge Wylie
Published: April 2018

In Chapters 2–7 the author focused on one particular ‘look’ sentence that we might use to say that you have a visual experience of the patch with character c1—‘The patch looks grey to you’. He has argued that by this sentence we mean that you have a visual experience of the patch that is occurring in a certain way, w. There are many other ‘look’ sentences that we might use to say that you have a visual experience of the patch with character c1. In this chapter, a representative sample of such sentences is considered, and a theory offered as to how, in each case, we use the sentence to mean the same thing—that you have a visual experience of the patch that is occurring in way w.
Explaining Phenomena
Authors: Breckenridge Wylie
Published: April 2018

There are various phenomena to do with visual experiences and their characters that a theory of visual experience ought to allow for and, even better, be able to explain. In Chapter 10 the author considered one of these phenomena, in the form of the many property problem. In Chapter 11 the author considers various other such phenomena, and the extent to which the theory that has been developed in the book can allow for and explain them. He draws frequently upon the particular way in which we have been understanding the nature of ways of looking in the previous chapters.
The Romance languages and the Romance verb
Authors: Maiden Martin
Published: April 2018

In the first part of the chapter the Romance languages are defined, and the (largely negative) significance of the distinction between a language and a dialect for the morphological data is discussed. The sources for the data on verb morphology are reviewed, and some criteria for assessing the validity of these data are examined. Finally, a comparative–historical structural sketch of the morphology of the Latin and Romance verb is given.
The Latin third stem and its survival in Romance
Authors: Maiden Martin
Published: April 2018

The implications of Aronoff’s classic example of a morphome—the Latin third stem—for the history of the Romance languages are considered; the third stem is shown to persist in Romance in the form of the past participle (also, in Romanian, in the supine) and to display truly ‘morphomic’ properties in diachrony. Some criticisms of the morphomic status of the third stem in Latin are reviewed. The significance of apparent counterexamples in Portuguese and elsewhere is considered. The diachronic data disclose a probably crucial distinction between derivational and inflexional domains in the definition of morphomic patterns. Such patterns reveal themselves as robust only within inflexional morphology, and it is suggested that perfect lexical identity between alternating word forms is crucial to the existence and persistence of morphomic patterns.
The western Romance future and conditional
Authors: Maiden Martin
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers the well-known phonologically conditioned phenomenon of distinctive root identity between the synthetic future and conditional forms in western Romance languages, asking whether there are grounds to consider the resultant pattern morphomic. We find (e.g. in Italian) cases where an apparent semantic underpinning of such identity fails, but also, surprisingly (following work by Esher), Occitan cases in which the identity sometimes fails despite retention of the assumed common semantic motivation, apparently as a consequence of sporadic sound changes that compromise that identity. The chapter reflects on the legitimacy of invoking possible (but possibly anachronistic) semantic motivations to account for alternation patterns and emphasizes the need for caution in assuming an extramorphological conditioning of alternation merely because such conditioning seems possible.
State Failure, Social Disaster, and Refugee Politics During the Great War
Authors: Balkelis Tomas
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on the transformative effect that the outbreak of the Great War and German occupation had on the civilians in Lithuania. It traces the early war experience of local Catholic and Lutheran Lithuanian peasants and Jews. The focus here is on their emotional responses to war and everyday strategies of survival in the context of various German occupation policies. The experiences of locally mobilized conscripts are also discussed to track down their personal transformations from civilians into soldiers, as well as the massive displacement of war refugees and the emergence of refugee relief networks. The chapter argues that the German policy to introduce ethnic markers among the multi-ethnic population of Lithuania as a means of more efficient colonial control led to its nationalization and the increase of social and ethnic tensions.
Breaking from Isolation
Authors: Balkelis Tomas
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on the transformation of the relationship between the Lithuanian national intelligentsia and population as a result of the Great War and the Russian February revolution. For the elite the war became a mobilizing moment that shattered their narrowly based party politics and unleashed a wave of mass activism. The war and revolution created a space for the emergence of new political visions and identities. The chapter discusses population mobilization as a result of two major developments brought about by war: civilians’ experience of occupation in the Ober Ost and population displacement in Russia proper. The first was shaped by the shifting German war aims and their efforts to integrate the Baltic region as a political entity dominated by Germany. The second brought nationally minded refugee relief politics that precipitated mass mobilization during the early post-war years.
New War, New Mobilizations
Authors: Balkelis Tomas
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on the new military conflict that erupted in Lithuania as a result of the German withdrawal and the advance of the Red Army in late 1918. A typical feature of this conflict was the emergence of various paramilitary formations. Yet, in a matter of a few months these paramilitary troops were able to develop into regular armies. As they acquired more efficient command structures, manpower, and armaments, the volunteers, which made them up initially, soon were replaced with conscripts. The Great War veterans, POWs, and refugees played an especially significant role in this new war as their demobilization from imperial Russian and German armies and repatriation were followed by their almost simultaneous remobilization into these various paramilitary formations.
‘Cleare as Is the Summers Sunne’?
Authors: Simpson Andrew RC
Published: April 2018

In sixteenth-century Europe, laws of royal succession were frequently presented as virtually inviolable. Attempts to alter them or interpret them in novel ways provoked fierce legal debate. For example, Scottish lawyers questioned an apparent attempt to exclude Mary, Queen of Scots from the English royal succession. In so doing, these lawyers made reference to eclectic sources of legal authority, including Roman law and canon law, but also English law and the positive laws of other nations. Arguably, they regarded all of those sources as potential repositories of legal learning. They also seemed to indicate that that intrinsic learning gave the laws a rather general force in helping to resolve disputes in many different jurisdictions. Here it is argued that this is not to be explained in terms of a nascent ius inter gentes, but rather with reference to the fundamental assumptions these lawyers held concerning the nature of legal authority.
Humanism, the Bible, and Erasmus’s Moral World Order
Authors: Tubau Xavier
Published: April 2018

This chapter sets Erasmus’s ideas on morality and the responsibility of rulers with regard to war in their historical context, showing their coherence and consistency with the rest of his philosophy. First, there is an analysis of Erasmus’s criticisms of the moral and legal justifications of war at the time, which were based on the just war theory elaborated by canon lawyers. This is followed by an examination of his ideas about the moral order in which the ruler should be educated and political power be exercised, with the role of arbitration as the way to resolve conflicts between rulers. As these two closely related questions are developed, the chapter shows that the moral formation of rulers, grounded in Christ’s message and the virtue politics of fifteenth-century Italian humanism, is the keystone of the moral world order that Erasmus proposes for his contemporaries.
Cardinal Richelieu between Vattel and Machiavelli
Authors: Carty Anthony
Published: April 2018

The view that no form of international law existed in seventeenth-century France, and that this time was a part of ‘prehistory’, and thus irrelevant for international legal thought today is challenged. In addition, the traditional claim of Richelieu to be an admirer of Machiavelli and his Ragion di Stato doctrine to the detriment of the aim of concluding treaties and keeping them (as sacred), is refuted by careful historical research. In Richelieu’s thinking, there is a role for law to play but it is law as justice, law in the classical natural law tradition. Those who rule are subject to the rule of law as justice, the rule of God, or the rule of reason. In Richelieu’s world, kings and ministers are rational instruments of the practical implementation of God’s will on earth.
Aquatopia
Authors: Goodrich Peter
Published: April 2018

Jurisdiction over the water has always been a somewhat chimerical and fluid legal topic. For the Romans it was the exemplum of what is held by all in common, a public good and so by connotation a sacred thing. Arguing against the standard interpretation of common law imperialism based on superficial readings of Mare clausum, this chapter argues that in a fully humanistic vein Selden in the main supported the idea of holding the oceans and seas in common. Selden puts much textual energy and inventiveness into protecting the ports and the shores of islands such as Britain, but, as to the ocean itself, he cites the story of King Canute and argues that God alone owns those aquatopic spaces.
Chinese Intellectuals’ Discourse of International Law in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Tao Tian
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on the history of the period from the 1860s to the fall of the empire in 1911–12. The chapter details through minute analysis of books, journals, and the press, the extent to which the wider Chinese community distanced itself from any belief that Confucian values could be matched by Western international law that could have a simple ethical foundation. All that counted in international relations was military power, and the industrial strength which grounded it. Confucian ideals of world order, above all Kang Youwei’s, were too idealist. The other great intellectual of the turn of the century, Liang Qichao, believed that international law was a product of power.
Introduction
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: April 2018

This Introduction to the book does three things. First, it introduces the concept of trust and develops a definition of trust as the ‘expectation of no harm in contexts where betrayal is always a possibility’. Next, it identities two conceptions of trust that guide the book, ‘calculative trust’ and ‘trust as suspension’, which provide very different explanations for how actors form expectations that another will be trustworthy. It then shows how trust as suspension opens up a new theory of accurate signal interpretation and demonstrates how this theory is superior to costly signalling-based theories of accurate signal interpretation. The final section of the Introduction sets out the rationale for the case studies and the key assumptions.
India–Pakistan, 1998–1999
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: April 2018

This chapter charts the development of a relationship of bonded trust between the Indian leader, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and his Pakistani counterpart, Nawaz Sharif, in the aftermath of India and Pakistan’s nuclear tests in May 1998. It shows how, through the bonding process that took place between them, fear and suspicion gave way to trust. In keeping with the theoretical claims of this book, the chapter shows how this process of trust emergence was critically dependent on a process of face-to-face interaction. A key feature of this chapter is the claim that, having taken the first steps of trust through their face-to-face diplomacy, crucially the Lahore summit meeting in February 1999, the Pakistani leader betrayed the Indian leader by launching a military intervention into Indian-controlled Kashmir at Kargil. The chapter argues that there was a betrayal of trust on the part of Sharif, but offers some mitigating reasons for this.
Association Between Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Severe Maternal Morbidity
Authors: Lisonkova Sarka , Muraca Giulia M. , Potts Jayson , Liauw Jessica , Chan Wee-Shian , Skoll Amanda , Lim Kenneth I.
Published: April 2018

(Abstracted from JAMA 2017;318(18):1777–1786)

Several studies have shown that overweight and obesity are associated with adverse neonatal outcomes including preterm birth, severe congenital anomalies, and infant death. While some studies show an association between maternal obesity and pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, thromboembolism, and cesarean delivery, less is known about the association between body mass index (BMI) and life-threatening maternal morbidity.
Neuropsychological and Behavioral Outcomes after Exposure of Young Children to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia
Authors: Warner David O. , Zaccariello Michael J. , Katusic Slavica K. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Hanson Andrew C. , Schulte Phillip J. , Buenvenida Shonie L. , Gleich Stephen J. , Wilder Robert T. , Sprung Juraj , Hu Danqing , Voigt Robert G. , Paule Merle G. , Chelonis John J. , Flick Randall P.
Published: April 2018

Background

Few studies of how exposure of children to anesthesia may affect neurodevelopment employ comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. This study tested the hypothesis that exposure to multiple, but not single, procedures requiring anesthesia before age 3 yr is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Methods

Unexposed, singly exposed, and multiply exposed children born in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1994 to 2007 were sampled using a propensity-guided approach and underwent neuropsychological testing at ages 8 to 12 or 15 to 20 yr. The primary outcome was the Full-Scale intelligence quotient standard score of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Secondary outcomes included individual domains from a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and parent reports.

Results

In total, 997 children completed testing (411, 380, and 206 unexposed, singly exposed, and multiply exposed, respectively). The primary outcome of intelligence quotient did not differ significantly according to exposure status; multiply exposed and singly exposed children scoring 1.3 points (95% CI, −3.8 to 1.2; P = 0.32) and 0.5 points (95% CI, −2.8 to 1.9; P = 0.70) lower than unexposed children, respectively. For secondary outcomes, processing speed and fine motor abilities were decreased in multiply but not singly exposed children; other domains did not differ. The parents of multiply exposed children reported increased problems related to executive function, behavior, and reading.

Conclusions

Anesthesia exposure before age 3 yr was not associated with deficits in the primary outcome of general intelligence. Although secondary outcomes must be interpreted cautiously, they suggest the hypothesis that multiple, but not single, exposures are associated with a pattern of changes in specific neuropsychological domains that is associated with behavioral and learning difficulties.
Incidence, Indications, and Outcomes of Eyes Needing Early Flap Lifting After LASIK
Authors: Mimouni Michael , Vainer Igor , Assad Negme , Nemet Achia , Sela Tzahi , Munzer Gur , Kaiserman Igor
Published: April 2018

Purpose:

To analyze the incidence, indications, and outcomes associated with early flap relifting after uncomplicated laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).

Methods:

All LASIK cases from a single surgical center between 2007 and 2015 were reviewed. Early postoperative flap lift cases (<15 d after surgery) were identified.

Results:

Overall, 25,712 eyes were included, of which 366 (1.42%) underwent early postoperative flap lifting. There was a significant reduction in early postoperative flap lifting rates from 2006 (2.46%) to 2015 (0.92%) (P = 0.001). Reasons for early flap lifting included striae (n = 301, 1.17%), diffuse lamellar keratitis (n = 62, 0.24%), flap dislocation (n = 20, 0.08%), epithelial ingrowth (n = 18, 0.07%), and interface debris (n = 15, 0.06%). There was a significant difference in rates and outcomes of flap relifting among high-volume surgeons (P < 0.001). The flap lift group had a significantly lower final safety index (0.95 ± 0.16 vs. 1.01 ± 0.15, P < 0.001), efficacy index (0.85 ± 0.26 vs. 0.94 ± 0.26, P < 0.001), and a higher distance from target refraction (0.39 ± 0.61 vs. 0.21 ± 0.46 D). In unilateral cases, the study eye had a lower safety index (P < 0.001), efficacy index (P < 0.001), and greater distance from target refraction (P = 0.003) compared with the fellow eye. After intervention, 81.1% of cases achieved full resolution, 10.1% achieved partial resolution, 4.1% required additional flap relifting, and 4.7% were nonresolved by the end of follow-up.

Conclusions:

The main indication for early flap relifting after LASIK was striae, and most cases achieved full resolution. Although refractive and visual outcomes are lower in this group, they are, nevertheless, satisfactory.
Association of Activities of Daily Living With Load During Step Ascent Motion in Nursing Home–Residing Elderly Individuals
Authors: Masaki Mitsuhiro , Ikezoe Tome , Kamiya Midori , Araki Kojiro , Isono Ryo , Kato Takehiro , Kusano Ken , Tanaka Masayo , Sato Syunsuke , Hirono Tetsuya , Kita Kiyoshi , Tsuboyama Tadao , Ichihashi Noriaki
Published: April 2018

Objective

This study aimed to examine the association of independence in activities of daily living with the loads during step ascent motion and other motor functions in 32 nursing home–residing elderly individuals.

Design

Independence in activities of daily living was assessed by using the Functional Independence Measure. The loads at the upper (i.e., pulling up) and lower (i.e., pushing up) levels during the step ascent task was measured on a step ascent platform. Hip extensor, knee extensor, plantar flexor muscle, and quadriceps setting strengths; lower extremity agility using the stepping test; and hip and knee joint pain severities were measured. One-legged stance and functional reach distance for balance and maximal walking speed, timed up-and-go time, five-chair-stand time, and step ascent time were also measured to assess mobility.

Results

Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the load at pushing up during step ascent motion and timed up-and-go time were significant and independent determinants of Functional Independence Measure score. Functional Independence Measure score decreased with decreased load at pushing up and increased timed up-and-go time.

Conclusions

The study results suggest that depending on task specificity, both one step up task's push-up peak load during step ascent motion and timed up-and-go can partially explain activities of daily living's Functional Independence Measure score in nursing home–residing elderly individuals. Lower extremity muscle strength, agility, pain, or balance measures did not add to the prediction.
The epidemiology of emergency department thoracotomy in a statewide trauma system: Does center volume matter?
Authors: Dumas Ryan P. , Seamon Mark J. , Smith Brian P. , Yang Wei , Cannon Jeremy W. , Schwab C. William , Reilly Patrick M. , Holena Daniel N.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

The relationship between high volume and improved outcomes has been described for a host of elective high-impact, low-frequency procedures, but there are little data to support such a relationship in high-impact low-frequency procedures in trauma. Using emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) as a model, we hypothesized that patients presenting to centers with higher institutional volumes of EDT would have improved survival referent to those presenting to lower volume institutions.

METHODS

We queried the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study registry from 2007 to 2015 for all EDTs performed at Level I and II centers identified by ICD-9 procedure codes and a location stamp indicating the emergency department. We examined patient-level risk factors for survival in univariate regression and multivariable regression models. Centers were divided into tertiles of mean annual EDT volume, and the association between mean annual EDT volume and patient survival was examined using logistic regression after controlling for patient factors.

RESULTS

1,399 EDTs were performed at 28 centers. Overall survival was 6.8%. After controlling for patient age, mechanism of injury, signs of life, and injury severity, patients presenting to centers in the highest tertile of volume had significantly higher odds of survival compared with patients presenting to centers in the lowest tertile of volume (OR 4.56, 95% CI 1.43–14.50).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients presenting to centers with higher mean annual volume of EDTs have improved survival compared with those presenting to institutions with lower mean annual EDT volume. Efforts to understand the etiology of this finding may lead to interventions to improve outcomes at lower-volume centers.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic/Epidemiological, level III; Therapeutic, level IV.
More Than Just Wait Time? Regional Differences in Liver Transplant Outcomes for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Hogen Rachel , Lo Mary , DiNorcia Joseph , Ji Lingyun , Genyk Yuri , Sher Linda , Dhanireddy Kiran
Published: April 2018

Background.

Regional allocation of deceased donor livers has led to variable wait times for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients on the liver transplant list. The purpose of our study was to evaluate how regional differences in wait time affect outcomes for HCC patients.

Methods.

A retrospective, observational study was performed using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database from February 27, 2002, to September 25, 2015. The cumulative incidences of transplant and waitlist death as well as intention-to-treat and posttransplant survival were evaluated for patients 18 years or older listed for deceased donor liver transplantation with stage II HCC exception points in each United Network for Organ Sharing region. A multivariable analysis of predictive factors for posttransplant survival was performed.

Results.

Cumulative incidence of transplant decreased and cumulative incidence of waitlist death increased as regional wait time increased. Intention-to-treat survival decreased with increased regional wait time with long wait time regions 1, 5, and 9 having significantly lower intention-to-treat survival compared with many of the shorter wait time regions (P < 0.05). Wait time did not predict posttransplant survival. Significant predictive factors of posttransplant survival included alpha-fetoprotein, size of the largest tumor, number of tumors, age of the recipient, laboratory model for end-stage liver disease, donor risk index, period of transplantation, and region (P < 0.05).

Conclusions.

Wait time inequality affects waitlist mortality and intention-to-treat survival but does not affect posttransplant survival. Posttransplant survival is predicted by tumor biology, graft quality, recipient age, underlying liver function, and region. Regional environments of HCC care seem to drive posttransplant survival.
The alkyl side chain of PACA nanoparticles dictates the impact on cellular stress responses and the mode of particle-induced cell death
Authors: Szwed Marzena , Sønstevold Tonje , Øverbye Anders , Engedal Nikolai , Grallert Beata , Mørch Ýrr A , Iversen Tore-Geir , Skotland Tore , Sandvig Kirsten , Torgersen Maria L
Published: April 2018

For optimal exploitation of nanoparticles (NPs) in biomedicine, and to predict nanotoxicity, detailed knowledge on the cellular responses to cell-bound or internalized NPs is imperative. The outcome of NP-cell interaction is dictated by the type and magnitude of the NP insult and the cellular response. Here, we have systematically studied the impact of minor differences in NP composition on cellular stress responses and viability by using highly similar poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) (PACA) particles. Surprisingly, PACA particles differing only in their alkyl side chains; butyl (PBCA), ethylbutyl (PEBCA), or octyl (POCA), respectively, induced different stress responses and modes of cell death in human cell lines. POCA particles induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. In contrast, PBCA and PEBCA particles induced lipid peroxidation by depletion of the main cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH), in a manner depending on the levels of the GSH precursor cystine, and transcription of the cystine transporter SLC7A11 regulated by ATF4 and Nrf2. Intriguingly, these particles activated the recently discovered cell death mechanism ferroptosis, which constitutes a promising alternative for targeting multidrug-resistant cancer stem-like cells. Of the two, PBCA was the strongest inducer. In summary, our findings highlight the cellular sensitivity to nanoparticle composition and have important implications for the choice of PACA monomer in therapeutical settings.
Real Time de novo Deposition of Centromeric Histone-associated Proteins Using the Auxin Inducible Degradation system
Authors: Hoffmann Sebastian , Fachinetti Daniele
Published: April 2018

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Summary/Abstract

Measuring protein dynamics is essential to uncover protein function and to understand the formation of large protein complexes such as centromeres. Recently, genome engineering in human cells has improved our ability to study the function of endogenous proteins. By combining genome editing techniques with the Auxin Inducible Degradation (AID) system, we created a versatile tool to study protein dynamics. This system allows us to analyze both protein function and dynamics by enabling rapid protein depletion and re-expression in the same experimental set-up. Here, we focus on the dynamics of the centromeric histone-associated protein CENP-C, responsible for the formation of the kinetochore complex. Following rapid removal and re-activation of a fluorescent version of CENP-C by auxin treatment and removal, we could follow CENP-C de novo deposition at centromeric regions during different stages of the cell cycle. In conclusion, the auxin degradation system is a powerful tool to assess and quantify protein dynamics in real time.
Ethyl 2-(3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetate
Authors: Abad Nadeem , Sebhaoui Jihad , El Bakri Youness , Ramli Youssef , Essassi El Mokhtar , Mague Joel T.
Published: April 2018

In the title compound, C12H14N2O3, the conformation of the ester substituent is partially determined by an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. The crystal packing consists of layers parallel to (-112) held together by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The CH/NH portion of the heterocyclic ring is disordered over two sites in a 0.930 (5):0.070 (5) ratio with the disorder also extending to the O atom involved in the intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond.
Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions: an international cross-border study
Authors: Fernandes Cristina , Ferreira João J. , Raposo Mário , Sanchez José , Hernandez–Sanchez Brizeida
Published: April 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to study the effects of cross-border psychological determinants among students of two Iberian universities (Portugal and Spain) on entrepreneurial intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on previous literature, the studies do not include any model that simultaneously uses self-efficacy, risk-taking propensity and proactive personality as psychological determinants of entrepreneurial intentions. Here, the authors try to fill this gap by developing an integrative psychological model about the formation of entrepreneurial intentions, including all these variables as the main preceding factors to entrepreneurial initiative and their influence on intentions for self-employment. Taking a sample of 293 university students from both countries, the authors empirically test regression models to analyse hold influence over the preference expressed in terms of becoming an entrepreneur.

Findings

The results show differences between two countries regarding to entrepreneurial intentions. In terms of the motivations present for launching a business, the higher they are the greater the preference over the option to work for third parties.

Originality/value

In addition, and in terms of the variable perceived ease of launching a company, the higher this rises, the lower the level of preference for working for third party entities. Furthermore, the greater the level of perception in terms of the social value of entrepreneurship, the greater the preference for becoming an entrepreneur.
Disentangling supply chain management competencies and their impact on performance
Authors: Flöthmann Christoph , Hoberg Kai , Gammelgaard Britta
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding of supply chain management (SCM) competencies by splitting them into individual and organizational components and measuring their impact on SCM performance.

Design/methodology/approach

Hypothesized relationships are tested using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping mediation analysis based on a multi-national survey with 273 managers while drawing on the theory of knowledge management and literature streams of individual competencies in the fields of SCM and human resource management (HRM), respectively.

Findings

The analysis reveals that individual SCM competencies and organizational SCM knowledge positively influence SCM performance to a similar magnitude. Moreover, organizational learning enhances individual competencies and organizational knowledge significantly and equally while corporate training programs fall surprisingly short of expectations. The disentanglement of SCM competencies renders HRM’s contribution to SCM visible by revealing the impact of HRM and learning practices on competencies, knowledge, and performance.

Research limitations/implications

To validate the findings, future research could apply different research methods such as case studies and focus on more countries to reduce potential methodological and regional biases.

Practical implications

The results suggest that corporate training programs need further development. Organizational learning’s strong direct and indirect effects have two main implications: first, it should serve as motivation for organizations to constantly improve their learning capabilities. Second, these only tap its true potential for enhancing SCM performance if they first elevate individual competencies and organizational knowledge.

Originality/value

This is the first paper to distinguish between individual competencies and organizational knowledge on finely nuanced levels. While the organizational knowledge level effect on performance has been studied before, this paper extends this effect to also hold true for the individual level.
Evolution of market concentration and competition in the microfinance industry of Bangladesh
Authors: Mia Md Aslam
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to measure and track the evolution of market concentration and competition in the microfinance industry in Bangladesh by employing both the structural and non-structural measurement techniques.

Design/methodology/approach

By using a unique panel data set generated from the microcredit regulatory authority (MRA) annual reports, the sample includes 169 microfinance institutions (MFIs) and covers the period 2009-2014. The authors employed the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and concentration ratio (CR) (largest 3, 8 and 20 MFIs) as structural measurement techniques and the Lerner index as a non-structural measurement technique. In addition, four different market indicators are used as representatives of deposit and credit markets to better explain the evolution of market concentration.

Findings

The results of HHI indicate that the sector is moderately concentrated and currently transitioning to an unconcentrated market. However, based on CR, the industry is still dominated by a few large MFIs. The Lerner index (non-structural approach) also confirmed that the level of competition is relatively high and likely to follow an inverted U-shape during the study period.

Practical implications

The findings of this study will enhance our understanding of the market structure in the Bangladesh’s microfinance industry so as to inform important policy prescriptions. The results also provide impetus to the relatively young MRA to nurture competition in the market; simultaneously, the findings prompt management of the MFIs to cope with a competitive market environment.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first of its kind that includes a large data sample of microfinance market for a single country by employing both structural and non-structural measurement approaches.