bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil properties affecting toxicity of zinc to soil microbial properties in laboratory-spiked and field-contaminated soils
Authors: Smolders Erik , Buekers Jurgen , Oliver Ian , McLaughlin Mike J.
Published: November 2004

The effects of soil properties and zinc (Zn) availability on the toxicity of Zn to soil microbial processes are poorly understood. Three soil microbial processes—potential nitrification rate (PNR), substrate (glucose)-induced respiration (SIR), and a maize residue respiration (MRR)—were measured in 15 European topsoils (pH 3.0–7.5; total Zn 7–191 mg/kg) that were freshly spiked with ZnCl2. The Zn toxicity thresholds of 20 to 50% effective concentrations (EC20s and EC50s) based on total concentrations of Zn in soil varied between 5- and 26-fold among soils, depending on the assay. The Zn toxicity thresholds based on Zn concentrations in soil solution varied at least 10-fold more than corresponding total metal thresholds. Soil pH had no significant effect on soil total Zn toxicity thresholds, whereas significant positive correlations were found between these thresholds and background Zn for the PNR and SIR test (r = 0.74 and 0.71, respectively; log-log correlations). No such trend was found for the MRR test. Soil solution-based thresholds showed highly significant negative correlations with soil pH for all assays that might be explained by competition of H+ for binding sites, as demonstrated for aquatic species. The microbial assays were also applied to soils collected under galvanized pylons (three sites) where concentrations of total Zn were up to 2,100 to 3,700 mg Zn/kg. Correlations between concentrations of total Zn and microbial responses were insignificant at all sites even though spiking reference samples to equivalent concentrations reduced microbial activities up to more than 10-fold. Differences in response between spiked and field soils are partly but not completely attributed to the large differences in concentrations of Zn in soil solution. We conclude that soil pH has no significant effect on Zn toxicity to soil microbial processes in laboratory-spiked soils, and we suggest that community tolerance takes place at both background and elevated Zn concentrations in soil.
Responses of periphyton and invertebrates to a tetradecyl-pentadecyl sulfate mixture in stream mesocosms
Authors: Belanger Scott E. , Lee David M. , Bowling John W. , LeBlanc Ellen M.
Published: November 2004

Alkyl sulfates (AS) are anionic surfactants widely used in household and personal cleansing applications. Aquatic toxicity of AS under laboratory conditions indicated effects at relatively low concentrations (50–230 μg/L) for some sensitive species. A comprehensive stream mesocosm study of an AS mixture composed of tetra- (C14) and pentadecyl (C15) chain lengths was conducted to better understand effects on microbial and macroinvertebrate populations and communities. A 56-d exposure of AS was performed at concentrations ranging from 57 to 419 μg/L (analytically confirmed exposures) and was accompanied by detailed investigations of periphyton community function (autotrophy, heterotrophy, and metabolism of test chemical), periphyton structure (algal population and community dynamics based on taxonomic identity), and invertebrate structure (benthic abundance, drift, and insect emergence patterns based on taxonomic identity). A no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) of 222 μg/L was concluded for several individual algal and invertebrate species based on univariate statistical analyses. An apparent energetic subsidy from C14–15AS at the highest concentrations of 222 to 419 μg/L was observed and tied to changes in microbial community processing of AS when added at these high concentrations. A multivariate analysis based on principal response curves (PRC) indicated that communities in streams exposed to 222 to 419 μg/L were significantly different from the controls leading to an overall (multivariate and univariate) conclusion that 106 μg/L was the ecosystem NOEC. Exposure to AS in the environment has been demonstrated to be in the range of 5 to 21 μg/L in 100% wastewater treatment plant effluent. Potential environmental effects are at least 5 to 20 times above worst-case environmental exposures; therefore, C14–15AS does not pose a risk to the aquatic environment due to normal use patterns.
Degradation of metolachlor in bare and vegetated soils and in simulated water-sediment systems
Authors: Mersie Wondi , McNamee Clyde , Seybold Cathy , Wu Jigang , Tierney Dennis
Published: November 2004

A study was conducted to determine the half-life (t1/2), degradation rate, and metabolites of metolachlor in a water-sediment system and in soil with and without switchgrass. Metolachlor degradation in a laboratory was determined in sediment from Bojac sandy loam soil incubated at 24°C. The study also was conducted in a greenhouse on tilted beds filled with Bojac soil and planted with switchgrass. In both experiments, samples were collected at days 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 112 and analyzed for metolachlor and its major metabolites. The water-sediment oxidation-reduction potential took 28 d to reach −371 mV and the pH increased from 5.6 to 6.5 by the last sampling day (day 112). The average soil temperature of the tilted beds with or without switchgrass during the study was 21°C and the soil moisture content was 23% by volume. The t1/2 of metolachlor was 34 d in sediment and 8 d in the water phase. The t1/2 of metolachlor in soil from the switchgrass filter strip (6 d) was not different from that in soil without grass (9.6 d). The metolachlor metabolites ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid (OA) were detected in the water-sediment system and in soil from tilted beds. In both sediment and soil from tilted beds, the two metabolites peaked by day 56 of incubation and declined after that, indicating transformation to other products. In the water-sediment system, greater quantities of OA and ESA were detected in sediment than in the aqueous phase. The production of OA and ESA in the water-sediment system occurred in the first 28 d, when the system was at an aerobic redox state. Metolachlor can degrade in sediment and the relatively high soil temperature and moisture level accelerated its breakdown in beds with and without switchgrass. Under warm and moist soil conditions, the presence of switchgrass has no effect on the degradation of metolachlor.
A survey of metals in tissues of farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon
Authors: Foran Jeffery A. , Hites Ronald A. , Carpenter David O. , Hamilton M. Coreen , Mathews-Amos Amy , Schwager Steven J.
Published: November 2004

Contamination of fish tissues with organic and inorganic contaminants has been a pervasive environmental and public health problem. The present study reports the concentrations of nine metals in tissues of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and two species of wild-caught salmon (chum [Oncorhynchus keta] and coho [O. kisutch]) analyzed as part of a global survey of contaminants in these fish. Of the nine metals, organic arsenic was significantly higher in farmed than in wild salmon, whereas cobalt, copper, and cadmium were significantly higher in wild salmon. None of the contaminants exceeded federal standards or guidance levels.
Commissioning and initial validation of Eclipse eMC algorithm for the electron FLASH research extension (FLEX) system for pre‐clinical studies
Authors: Oh Kyuhak , Gallagher Kyle J. , Yan Ying , Zhou Sumin
Published: February 2024

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of commissioning the 16 MeV electron FLASH Extension (FLEX) in the commercial treatment planning system (TPS) for biomedical research with cell and mouse models, and in silico treatment planning studies.

Methods

To commission the FLEX system with the electron Monte Carlo (eMC) algorithm in the commercial TPS, radiochromic film was used to measure the vendor‐recommended beam data. Once the beam model was generated for the eMC algorithm, supplemental measurements were collected for validation purposes and compared against the TPS‐calculated results. Additionally, the newly commissioned 16 MeV FLASH beam was compared to the corresponding 16 MeV conventional electron beam.

Results

The eMC algorithm effectively modeled the FLEX system. The eMC‐calculated PDDs and profiles for the 16 MeV electron FLASH beam agreed with measured values within 1%, on average, for 6 × 6 cm2 and 10 × 10 cm2 applicators. Flatness and symmetry deviated by less than 1%, while FWHM and penumbra agreed within 1 mm for both eMC‐calculated and measured profiles. Additionally, the small field (i.e., 2‐cm diameter cutout) that was measured for validation purposes agreed with TPS‐calculated results within 1%, on average, for both the PDD and profiles. The FLASH and conventional dose rate 16 MeV electron beam were in agreement in regard to energy, but the profiles for larger field sizes began to deviate (>10 × 10 cm2) due to the forward‐peaked nature of the FLASH beam. For cell irradiation experiments, the measured and eMC‐calculated in‐plane and cross‐plane absolute dose profiles agreed within 1%, on average.

Conclusions

The FLEX system was successfully commissioned in the commercial TPS using the eMC algorithm, which accurately modeled the forward‐peaked nature of the FLASH beam. A commissioned TPS for FLASH will be useful for pre‐clinical cell and animal studies, as well as in silico FLASH treatment planning studies for future clinical implementation.
Pitfalls of usingvideo‐EEGfor a trial endpoint in children aged <4 years with focal seizures
Authors: Bozorg Ali , Beller Cynthia , Jensen Lori , Arzimanoglou Alexis , Chiron Catherine , Dlugos Dennis , Gaitanis John , Wheless James W. , McClung Carrie
Published: February 2024

Objective

Double‐blind, randomized, and placebo‐controlled trial SP0967 (NCT02477839/2013‐000717‐20) did not demonstrate superior efficacy of lacosamide versus placebo in patients aged ≥1 month to <4 years with uncontrolled focal seizures, per ≤72 h video‐electroencephalogram (video‐EEG)‐based primary endpoints (reduction in average daily frequency of focal seizures at end‐of‐maintenance [EOM] versus end‐of‐baseline [EOB], patients with ≥50% response). This was unexpected because randomized controlled trial SP0969 (NCT01921205) showed efficacy of lacosamide in patients aged ≥4 to <17 years with uncontrolled focal seizures. SP0969's primary endpoint was based on seizure diary instead of video‐EEG, an issue with the latter being inter‐reader variability. We evaluated inter‐reader agreement in video‐EEG interpretation in SP0967, which to our knowledge, are the first such data for very young children with focal seizures from a placebo‐controlled trial.

Methods

Local investigator and central reader agreement in video‐EEG interpretation was analyzed post hoc.

Results

Analysis included 105 EOB and 98 EOM video‐EEGs. Local investigators and central reader showed poor agreement based on ≥2 focal seizures at EOB (Kappa = 0.01), and fair agreement based on ≥2 focal seizures at EOM (Kappa = 0.23). Local investigator and central reader seizure count interpretations varied substantially, particularly for focal seizures, but also primary generalized and unclassified epileptic seizures, at both timepoints.

Interpretation

High inter‐reader variability and low inter‐reader reliability of the interpretation of seizure types and counts prevent confident conclusion regarding the lack of efficacy of lacosamide in this population. We recommend studies in very young children do not employ video‐EEGs exclusively for accurate study inclusion or as an efficacy measure.
Fully CMOS‐Based p‐Bits with a Bistable Resistor for Probabilistic Computing
Authors: Kim Jaehyun , Han Joon‐Kyu , Maeng Ho‐Young , Han Janguk , Jeon Jeong Woo , Jang Yoon Ho , Woo Kyung Seok , Choi Yang‐Kyu , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: February 2024

Probabilistic computing can solve complex combinatorial optimization problems more efficiently than conventional deterministic computing. A probabilistic bit (p‐bit) with an n‐p‐n bistable resistor (biristor) is demonstrated for probabilistic computing. It is fabricated on an 8‐inch wafer with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) compatible technologies. Its stochastic behavior of threshold switching, which is based on the phenomenon of a single transistor latch, provides output with a Boltzmann distribution. The p‐bit is composed of a biristor, a serial resistor, and a comparator. The output probability of the biristor‐based p‐bits shows a sigmoidal relationship with the input voltage, showing typical p‐bit characteristics. Invertible Boolean logic operations with p‐bits are demonstrated, and weighted maximum Boolean satisfiability problems are solved with high energy efficiency and accuracy. The biristor‐based p‐bits with perfect CMOS compatibility show sufficient device stability, demonstrating the possibility of large‐scale integration with a p‐bit array for complex optimization solvers.
Interface Engineering for Enhancing Air‐Stable Spin‐Charge Interaction in Molecular Spin‐Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Hu Shunhua , Qin Yang , Lu Shuhang , Guo Lidan , Gu Xianrong , Yang Tingting , Zhang Rui , Meng Ke , Zhang Cheng , Wu Meng , Sun Xiangnan
Published: February 2024

Molecular semiconductors (MSCs) are known as ideal candidates for constructing room‐temperature spin‐charge interactive devices due to their long spin lifetimes and abundant photoelectric properties. These devices can achieve novel and valuable functionalities such as room‐temperature supply units of fully spin‐polarized current. Unfortunately, their performances (sub‐0.1 nA) remain unsatisfactory due to limited charge and spin injection efficiency, which can hardly be improved despite great efforts thus far. Herein, from the theoretical side, an interfacial tunnel layer with precisely‐controlled barrier in spintronic devices may simultaneously enhance spin and charge injection. Accordingly, a solution‐processed small molecule with smooth morphology and amorphous structure is introduced to form a uniform and well‐controllable barrier in molecular spin‐photovoltaic devices. By modulating the thickness to effectively control the barrier, both spin and charge injection efficiency increase by > 150%. Thus, the spin‐charge interactive functionalities as supply units of fully spin‐polarized current have also been significantly improved than the current record at room temperature, the output fully spin‐polarized current (>2 nA) is 1200%‐larger, and the output power increases by > 50 times. Moreover, the interface‐modified spintronic devices exhibit excellent stability even after 70 days of exposure to air, which is essential for practical applications in the future.
A Triple‐Responsive Polymeric Prodrug Nanoplatform with Extracellular ROS Consumption and Intracellular H2O2 Self‐Generation for Imaging‐Guided Tumor Chemo‐Ferroptosis‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Yongjuan , Cao Yongjian , Ma Kunru , Ma Rong , Zhang Mengzhe , Guo Yichen , Song Haiwei , Sun Nannan , Zhang Zhenzhong , Yang Weijing
Published: February 2024

High reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in tumor microenvironment (TME) impair both immunogenic cell death (ICD) efficacy and T cell activity. Furthermore, tumor escapes immunosurveillance via programmed death‐1/programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) signal, and the insufficient intracellular hydrogen peroxide weakens ferroptosis efficacy. To tackle the above issues, a glutathione (GSH)/ROS/pH triple‐responsive prodrug nanomedicine that encapsulates Fe2O3 nanoparticle via electrostatic interaction is constructed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided multi‐mode theranostics with chemotherapy/ferroptosis/immunotherapy. The diselenide bond consumes ROS in TME to increase T cells and ICD efficacy, the cleavage of which facilitates PD‐L1 antagonist D peptide release to block immune checkpoint. After intracellular internalization, Fe2O3 nanoparticle is released in the acidic endosome for MRI simultaneously with lipid peroxides generation for tumor ferroptosis. Doxorubicin is cleaved from polymers in the condition of high intracellular GSH level accompanied by tumor ICD, which simultaneously potentiates ferroptosis by NADPH oxidase mediated H2O2 self‐generation. In vivo results indicate that the nanoplatform strengthens tumor ICD, induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes proliferation, inhibits 4T1 tumor regression and metastasis, and prolongs survival median. In all, a new strategy is proposed in strengthening ICD and T cells activity cascade with ferroptosis as well as immune checkpoint blockade for effective tumor immunotherapy.
Coexistence of Quantum‐Spin‐Hall and Quantum‐Hall‐Topological‐Insulating States in Graphene/hBN on SrTiO3 Substrate
Authors: Obata Reiji , Kosugi Mioko , Kikkawa Takashi , Kuroyama Kazuyuki , Yokouchi Tomoyuki , Shiomi Yuki , Maruyama Shigeo , Hirakawa Kazuhiko , Saitoh Eiji , Haruyama Junji
Published: February 2024

SrTiO3 (STO) substrate, a perovskite oxide material known for its high dielectric constant (ɛ), facilitates the observation of various (high‐temperature) quantum phenomena. A quantum Hall topological insulating (QHTI) state, comprising two copies of QH states with antiparallel two ferromagnetic edge‐spin overlap protected by the U(1) axial rotation symmetry of spin polarization, has recently been achieved in low magnetic field (B) even as high as ≈100 K in a monolayer graphene/thin hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) spacer placed on an STO substrate, thanks to the high ɛ of STO. Despite the use of the heavy STO substrate, however, proximity‐induced quantum spin Hall (QSH) states in 2D TI phases, featuring a topologically protected helical edge spin phase within time‐reversal‐symmetry, is not confirmed. Here, with the use of a monolayer hBN spacer, it is revealed the coexistence of QSH (at B = 0T) and QHTI (at B ≠ 0) states in the same single graphene sample placed on an STO, with a crossover regime between the two at low B. It is also classified that the different symmetries of the two nontrivial helical edge spin phases in the two states lead to different interaction with electron‐puddle quantum dots, caused by a local surface pocket of the STO, in the crossover regime, resulting in a spin dephasing only for the QHTI state. The results obtained using STO substrates open the doors to investigations of novel QH spin states with different symmetries and their correlations with quantum phenomena. This exploration holds value for potential applications in spintronic devices.
A Spiking Artificial Vision Architecture Based on Fully Emulating the Human Vision
Authors: Wu Yi , Deng Wenjie , Li Kexin , Wang Xiaoting , Liu Bo , Li Jingzhen , Chen Zhijie , Zhang Yongzhe
Published: February 2024

Intelligent vision necessitates the deployment of detectors that are always‐on and low‐power, mirroring the continuous and uninterrupted responsiveness characteristic of human vision. Nonetheless, contemporary artificial vision systems attain this goal by the continuous processing of massive image frames and executing intricate algorithms, thereby expending substantial computational power and energy. In contrast, biological data processing, based on event‐triggered spiking, has higher efficiency and lower energy consumption. Here, this work proposes an artificial vision architecture consisting of spiking photodetectors and artificial synapses, closely mirroring the intricacies of the human visual system. Distinct from previously reported techniques, the photodetector is self‐powered and event‐triggered, outputting light‐modulated spiking signals directly, thereby fulfilling the imperative for always‐on with low‐power consumption. With the spiking signals processing through the integrated synapse units, recognition of graphics, gestures, and human action has been implemented, illustrating the potent image processing capabilities inherent within this architecture. The results prove the 90% accuracy rate in human action recognition within a mere five epochs utilizing a rudimentary artificial neural network. This novel architecture, grounded in spiking photodetectors, offers a viable alternative to the extant models of always‐on low‐power artificial vision system.
Multifunctional Ultrathin Recycled PET‐Based Membrane for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, Antibacterial and Thermal Management
Authors: Jiang Zhuomin , Piao Shuqing , Park Taewook , Li Shengjun , Kim Yonghwan , Lee Eunji , Bae Chaewon , Lee Yejin , Im Hyung‐Jun , Oh Jungsuek , Piao Yuanzhe , Lee Kangwon
Published: February 2024

With the advent of 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT), there is a high demand for lightweight and flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding membranes with multifunctional capabilities. However, the rapid advancement of technology has led to environmental deterioration, emphasizing the significance of eco‐friendly and sustainable materials for EMI shielding. In this study, a novel environment‐friendly EMI shielding membrane with electric thermotherapy function and antibacterial properties is developed. The membrane substrate utilizes recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) and is sequentially coated with synthesized FeCo@C nanoparticles (NPs) and silver nanowires (Ag NWs). The membrane is then dip‐coated with PDMS to modify the surface superhydrophobicity. Experimental results affirm that the developed environment‐friendly EMI shielding membrane possesses exceptional shielding efficiency (68 dB) and can be effectively utilized for safe and low‐voltage thermotherapy (137 °C by 2 V) while exhibiting antibacterial properties.
Programmable Delivery of Fluoxetine via Wearable Bioelectronics for Wound Healing In Vivo
Authors: Li Houpu , Yang Hsin‐ya , Asefifeyzabadi Narges , Baniya Prabhat , Lopez Andrea Medina , Gallegos Anthony , Zhu Kan , Nguyen Tiffany , Hernandez Cristian , Zlobina Ksenia , Recendez Cynthia , Hsieh Hao‐Chieh , Tebyani Maryam , Carrión Héctor , Selberg John , Luo Le , Alhamo Moyasar A. , Barbee Alexie , Orozco Jonathan , Hsieh Cathleen , Soulika Athena M. , Levin Michael , Norouzi Narges , Gomez Marcella , Zhao Min , Teodorescu Mircea , Isseroff Roslyn Rivkah , Rolandi Marco
Published: February 2024

The ability to deliver drugs with precise dosages at specific time points can significantly improve disease treatment while reducing side effects. Drug encapsulation for gradual delivery has opened the doors for a superior treatment regimen. To expand on this ability, programming bioelectronic devices to deliver small molecules enables ad‐hoc personalized therapeutic profiles that are more complex than gradual release. Here, a wearable bioelectronic device with an integrated electrophoretic ion pump that affords on‐demand drug delivery with precise dose control is introduced. Delivery of fluoxetine to wounds in mice result in a 27.2% decrease in the macrophage ratio (M1/M2) and a 39.9% increase in re‐epithelialization, indicating a shorter inflammatory phase and faster overall healing. Programmable drug delivery using wearable bioelectronics in wounds introduces a broadly applicable strategy for the long‐term delivery of a prescribed treatment regimen with minimal external intervention.
2D MXene Interface Engineered Bismuth Telluride Thermoelectric Module with Improved Efficiency for Waste Heat Recovery
Authors: Theja Vaskuri C. S. , Karthikeyan Vaithinathan , Assi Dani S. , Huang Hongli , Kannan Venkatramanan , Chen Yue , Shek Chan‐Hung , Roy Vellaisamy A. L.
Published: February 2024

Graphene analog MXenes are the best options for interface engineering traditional thermoelectric materials. For the first time, a composite‐engineered TEG device composed of heavily doped bismuth and antimony telluride with incorporated Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanoflakes is developed. Incorporated MXenes improved the electrical conductivity by carrier injection and reduces thermal conductivity by interfacial phonon scattering in both composites. The fabricated composite TEG device resulted in a maximum power of 1.14 mW and a power density of 6.1 mWcm−2. The fabricated composite TEG also demonstrates strong power generation stability and durability. Added MXenes improve the mechanical stability by employing a dispersion‐strengthening mechanism. Conclusively, the developed composite‐engineered TEG device is a facile and efficiency‐improving option for next‐generation bismuth telluride‐based commercial TEG devices.
Unraveling UV Degradation Pathways in Inverted Organic Solar Cells Incorporating A‐DA'D‐A Type Non‐Fullerene Acceptors
Authors: Xiao Jingyang , Li Ning , Yin Qingwu , Min Yonggang , Yip Hin‐Lap
Published: February 2024

Operational stability is the main obstacle to the industrial applications of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this study, different degradation mechanisms under continuous simulated solar radiation are demonstrated for high‐performance non‐fullerene OSCs based on commonly used electron transport materials, i.e., ZnO and SnO2. The ZnO‐induced decomposition pathways of A‐DA'D‐A type non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) under UV illumination are unraveled for the first time and related to N‐dealkylation of pyrrole from the core moiety. In the case of SnO2, poor photo‐stability is primarily ascribed to a high density of trap states, which can be diminished by surface modification to achieve better device stability that is comparable with the stability under LED illumination without UV components. With a thorough understanding of the degradation pathways, this study provides valuable guidelines for designing high‐performance and stable non‐fullerene OSCs.
Microwave‐assisted Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed C8‐Regioselective C−H Alkenylation and Arylation of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroquinolines with Alkenyl and Aryl Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Zhao Haoqiang , Zeng Qi , Yang Ji , Huang Xinran , Li Xiaohan , Lei Haimin , Xu Lijin , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: February 2024

Rh(I)‐catalyzed C8‐selective C−H alkenylation and arylation of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines with alkenyl and aryl carboxylic acids under microwave assistance have been realized. Using [Rh(CO)2(acac)] as the catalyst and Piv2O as the acid activator, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines undergo C8‐selective decarbonylative C−H alkenylation with a wide range of alkenyl and aryl carboxylic acids, affording the C8‐alkenylated or arylated 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines. This method enables the synthesis of C8‐alkenylated 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines that would otherwise be difficult to access by means of conventional C−H alkenylation protocols. Moreover, this catalytic system also works well in C8‐selective decarbonylative C−H arylation of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines with aryl carboxylic acids. The catalytic activity strongly depends on the choice of the N‐directing group, with the readily installable and removable N‐(2‐pyrimidyl) group being optimal. The catalytic pathway is elucidated by mechanistic experiments.
Early economic evaluation of the digital gait analysis system for fall prevention–Preliminary analysis of the GaitSmart system
Authors: Zanghelini Fernando , Xydopoulos Georgios , Fordham Richard , Rodgers Geraldine , Khanal Saval
Published: February 2024

Objective

To develop an early economics evaluation (EEE) to assess the cost‐effectiveness of the GS in reducing the RoF and FoF.

Methods

A cost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) with a return on investment (RoI) estimation was performed. CEA used the most relevant parameters, such as increased gait speed and decreased FoF, to estimate the reduction in the RoF, the impact on health care resources used and financial implications for the National Health System in the United Kingdom. Outcomes were measured as incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio per quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) gained based on the reduction of the RoF and FoF. Uncertainties around the main parameters used were evaluated by probabilistic sensitivity analysis.

Results

The CEA results showed that the GS is a dominant strategy over the standard of care to improve the movements of older persons who have suffered a fall or are afraid of falling (incremental QALYs based on FoF = 0.77 and QALYs based on RoF = 1.07, cost of FoF = ‐£4479.57 and cost of RoF = ‐£2901.79). By implementing the GS, the ROI results suggest that every pound invested in the GS could result in cost savings of £1.85/patient based on the RoF reduction and £11.16/patient based on the FoF reduction. The probability of being cost saving based on the number of iterations were 79.4 percent (based on FoF) and 100 percent (based on RoF).

Conclusion

The EEE supports the main hypothesis that the GS is an effective intervention to avoid falls and is potentially cost saving.
Cold sintering of perovskite‐based mixed conducting membrane for oxygen separation
Authors: Zhou Wanglin , Fan Zheng , Jiang Hanjun , Wu Zhentao , Liu Zhengkun , Zhang Guangru , Jin Wanqin
Published: February 2024

Cold sintering has attracted significant attention as its remarkably rapid densification process at low sintering temperatures leads to considerable energy savings. However, the sintering behaviors of cold‐sintered perovskite ceramics remain poorly understood and lack precise control over material microstructure. Here, we fabricated dense SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (SCF) ceramic oxygen permeation membranes by cold sintering. Adding an appropriate ratio of sub‐micron SCF particles can better bridge the sintering interspaces between micron particles, generate amorphous phase through “dissolution‐precipitation,” and aid in the initial densification. The average relative density of SCF membranes undergoes a significant increase to 95.9% after cold sintering and post‐annealing at 900°C, which is much lower than the temperature required for conventional high‐temperature solid‐state sintering (>1200°C). The oxygen permeation flux of the prepared SCF perovskite membrane reaches 2.8 mL min−1 cm−2, which proves that this method has the potential to be an excellent sintering technique for dense perovskite ceramic membranes.
Bidirectional Obstacle Avoidance Enhancement‐Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient: A Novel Algorithm for Mobile‐Robot Path Planning in Unknown Dynamic Environments
Authors: Xue Junxiao , Zhang Shiwen , Lu Yafei , Yan Xiaoran , Zheng Yuanxun
Published: February 2024

Real‐time path planning in unknown dynamic environments is a significant challenge for mobile robots. Many researchers have attempted to solve this problem by introducing deep reinforcement learning, which trains agents through interaction with their environments. A method called BOAE‐DDPG, which combines the novel bidirectional obstacle avoidance enhancement (BOAE) mechanism with the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm, is proposed to enhance the learning ability of obstacle avoidance. Inspired by the analysis of the reaction advantage in dynamic psychology, the BOAE mechanism focuses on obstacle‐avoidance reactions from the state and action. The cross‐attention mechanism is incorporated to enhance the attention to valuable obstacle‐avoidance information. Meanwhile, the obstacle‐avoidance behavioral advantage is separately estimated using the modified dueling network. Based on the learning goals of the mobile robot, new assistive reward factors are incorporated into the reward function to promote learning and convergence. The proposed method is validated through several experiments conducted using the simulation platform Gazebo. The results show that the proposed method is suitable for path planning tasks in unknown environments and has an excellent obstacle‐avoidance learning capability.
Metal‐Free Substituent‐Controlled Direct Synthesis of Unprecedented Iminotetrazoles via One‐pot Ugi‐Azide Reaction
Authors: Khanam Ariza , Tiwari Ashwani , Lal Mohan , Dubey Shashiprabha , Kant Ruchir , Kumar Mandal Pintu
Published: February 2024

Easy operation, readily accessible starting materials, and direct synthesis of iminotetrazoles via metal‐free aerobic oxidation were achieved in one‐pot Ugi‐azide multicomponent reactions. A study of the reactivity of 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (Salicylaldehyde) as single reactant replacement (SSR) in classical Ugi reaction has been carried out showing an outcome that differs by simply varying the ortho‐substituents of the benzaldehyde moiety. In doing so, various substituted imino tetrazole products could be obtained directly in one step by simple execution without oxidation step in good yields. Characterization of these new iminotetrazole products was confirmed by X‐ray analysis.
Positive behaviour support under the National Disability Insurance Scheme in Australia: Barriers, enablers and support needs from the perspective of practitioners
Authors: Fisher Alinka , Louise Kymberly , Reschke Katrina , Kremer Peter , Kelly Glenn
Published: February 2024

This paper examines the experiences of behaviour support practitioners providing positive behaviour support (PBS) under the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), including perceived barriers and enablers of practice, and ongoing support needs. It reports on data provided by NDIS PBS practitioners (n = 392) in a cross‐sectional mixed methods survey employed to examine the characteristics and experiences of behaviour support practitioners working across Australia. Qualitative data from open‐ended questions were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The key barriers to practice included “the current service systems,” “engaging and collaborating with stakeholders” and “limited PBS expertise across the sector.” Enablers of good practice related to “organisation systems and practice supports/tools,” “practice supervision” and “quality training and professional development opportunities.” Ongoing support needs identified included the need for “further PBS training,” “improved service systems” and “access to clinical supports and practice guidance.” Findings suggest that whilst some practitioners report positive experiences, a large majority experience significant barriers to their PBS practice. They describe potential supports to overcome these barriers, which emphasise the need for further PBS training, clinical supervision/oversight and more efficient service systems. Findings have implications for PBS practice, policy and research in Australia.
Diboraperylene Diborinic Acid Self‐Assembly on Ag(111)—Kagome Flat Band Localized States Imaged by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
Authors: Pan Wun‐Chang , Mützel Carina , Haldar Soumyajyoti , Hohmann Hendrik , Heinze Stefan , Farrell Jeffrey M. , Thomale Ronny , Bode Matthias , Würthner Frank , Qi Jing
Published: February 2024

Replacement of sp2‐hybridized carbon in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by boron affords electron‐deficient π‐scaffolds due to the vacant pz‐orbital of three‐coordinate boron with the potential for pronounced electronic interactions with electron‐rich metal surfaces. Using a diboraperylene diborinic acid derivative as precursor and a controlled on‐surface non‐covalent synthesis approach, we report on a self‐assembled chiral supramolecular kagome network on an Ag(111) surface stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions at low temperature. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) reveal a flat band at ca. 0.33 eV above the Fermi level which is localized at the molecule center, in good agreement with tight‐binding model calculations of flat bands characteristic for kagome lattices.
Elektrophile Aktivierung von S−Si‐Reagenzien mit Silyliumionen für deren regio‐ und diastereoselektive Addition an C−C‐Mehrfachbindungen
Authors: Zuo Honghua , Irran Elisabeth , Klare Hendrik F. T. , Oestreich Martin
Published: February 2024

Es wird eine regioselektive silyliumionvermittelte Thiosilylierung von internen C−C‐Dreifachbindungen mit Kontrolle der Doppelbindungsgeometrie beschrieben. Im Zuge dieser Zweikomponentenreaktion eines Alkins und eines Thiosilans werden sowohl eine C(sp2)−S‐ als auch eine C(sp2)−Si‐Bindung mit einer trans‐Beziehung gebildet. Die hierdurch entstandene orthogonal funktionalisierte C−C‐Doppelbindung lässt sich chemoselektiv defunktionalisieren oder unter Erhalt der Alkenkonfiguration in Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen weiter umsetzen. Die Reaktionsvorschrift ist ebenfalls auf die regio‐ und diastereoselektive Thiosilylierung von terminalen Allenen anwendbar, was zu allylischen Thioethern, die eine Vinylsilaneinheit enthalten, führt. Diese Reaktionen beinhalten die elektrophile Aktivierung des S−Si‐Reagenzes, ein silyliertes Thiophenol und sogar Alkylthiolderivat, durch eine in situ erzeugte Carbokationzwischenstufe. Der Katalysecyclus wird durch ein bissilyliertes Aryl‐ oder Alkylsulfoniumion als ein Shuttle für das kationische Siliciumelektrophil aufrechterhalten. Dessen unabhängige Darstellung und strukturelle Charakterisierung durch Röntgenbeugung werden ebenfalls berichtet.
Data‐Driven Controlled Synthesis of Oriented Quasi‐Spherical CsPbBr3 Perovskite Materials
Authors: Liu Shaohui , Chen Zijian , Liu Yingming , Wu Lingjun , Wang Boyuan , Wang Zixuan , Wu Bobin , Zhang Xinyu , Zhang Jie , Chen Mengyun , Huang Hao , Ye Junzhi , Chu Paul K. , Yu Xue‐Feng , Polavarapu Lakshminarayana , Hoye Robert L. Z. , Gao Feng , Zhao Haitao
Published: February 2024

Controlled synthesis of lead‐halide perovskite crystals is challenging yet attractive because of the pivotal role played by the crystal structure and growth conditions in regulating their properties. This study introduces data‐driven strategies for the controlled synthesis of oriented quasi‐spherical CsPbBr3, alongside an investigation into the synthesis mechanism. High‐throughput rapid characterization of absorption spectra and color under ultraviolet illumination was conducted using 23 possible ligands for the synthesis of CsPbBr3 crystals. The links between the absorption spectra slope (difference in the absorbance at 400 nm and 450 nm divided by a wavelength interval of 50 nm) and crystal size were determined through statistical analysis of more than 100 related publications. Big data analysis and machine learning were employed to investigate a total of 688 absorption spectra and 652 color values, revealing correlations between synthesis parameters and properties. Ex situ characterization confirmed successful synthesis of oriented quasi‐spherical CsPbBr3 perovskites using polyvinylpyrrolidone and Acacia. Density functional theory calculations highlighted strong adsorption of Acacia on the (110) facet of CsPbBr3. Optical properties of the oriented quasi‐spherical perovskites prepared with these data‐driven strategies were significantly improved. This study demonstrates that data‐driven controlled synthesis facilitates morphology‐controlled perovskites with excellent optical properties.
Dialdehyde polyethylene glycol cross‐linked poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes with enhanced CO2/N2 separation performance
Authors: Chen Piao , Huang Jiamin , Dong Yuming , Zhu Yongfa , Dong Liangliang , Zhang Chunfang , Bai Yunxiang
Published: February 2024

The development of carbon dioxide (CO2) separation technology is crucial for mitigating global climate change and promoting sustainable development. In this study, we successfully synthesized an array of cross‐linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes, xALD‐PEG‐ALD‐c‐PVA, with enhanced CO2/N2 separation performance by employing dialdehyde polyethylene glycol (ALD‐PEG‐ALD) as a cross‐linker. The formation of the cross‐linked network structure not only inhibits the crystallization of PVA but also disrupts hydrogen bonding and thus increases fractional free volume of PVA chains. Under the synergistic effect of these multiple factors, the cross‐linked PVA membranes exhibit a significantly improved CO2 permeability. Moreover, they maintain high CO2/N2 selectivity, attributing to the CO2‐philic characteristic of ethylene oxide groups in the cross‐linked structure. At the ALD‐PEG‐ALD content of 1.6 mmol g−1, the xALD‐PEG‐ALD‐c‐PVA membrane demonstrates a CO2 permeability of 41.4 barrer and a CO2/N2 selectivity of 57.4 at 2 bar and 25°C. Furthermore, compared with the pristine PVA membrane, xALD‐PEG‐ALD‐c‐PVA membranes manifest superior mechanical properties and outstanding separation performance for a CO2/N2 (15/85, vol%) gas mixture. The excellent combination of permeability and selectivity makes xALD‐PEG‐ALD‐c‐PVA membranes highly promising for various CO2 separation applications.
Minimum norm partial eigenstructure assignment approach for vibration system with time delay
Authors: Yu Peizhao , Xin Haoming , Zhao Fuheng
Published: February 2024

In this paper, the minimum norm partial eigenstructure assignment problems (PESAPs) in vibration system with time delay is studied via acceleration‐velocity‐displacement active control. A new explicit solution is given for solving PESAPs using orthogonality relations of symmetric vibration system. A new constructive technique is presented to solve the PESAPs in vibration system with time delay by singular value decomposition method. An optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the minimum norm PESAPs by a quasi‐Newton optimization method. The proposed algorithm works without using the knowledge of receptance matrices and without solving the Sylvester equation. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the results of two numerical examples.
Fatigue and long duration of infection are associated with worsen motor and non‐motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease following Omicron COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Xian Wenbiao , Lin Lishan , Wu Wanling , Su Fengjuan , Pei Zhong
Published: February 2024

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) may influence the clinical course and symptoms of chronic neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which can persist even after recovery from the infection. This longitudinal study aimed at exploring the impact of the COVID‐19 on motor and non‐motor symptoms and the related risk factors for exacerbation of PD symptoms.

Methods

One hundred and two PD patients underwent a first assessment between September 2022 and November 2022 (T0) before Omicron COVID‐19 pandemic. They were then contacted again and asked to complete the second assessment between December 2022 and February 2023 (T1) following Omicron infection. Movement Disorders Society Unified PD Rating Scale Part III, Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and quality of life were investigated.

Results

Ninety‐five PD patients (93.1%) with COVID‐19 for the first time were mild cases. However, 55 patients (55.9%) experienced worsening motor symptoms of PD after recovering from the infectious symptoms. Preinfection FSS score (odds ratios [OR] 2.062, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.081–3.933, p = .028) and duration of infection (OR 1.232, 95% CI 1.024–1.481, p = .027) were independent risk factors for the worsening of motor symptoms. PD patients with post‐COVID‐19 fatigue were more likely to experience worsened non‐motor symptoms, resulting in an impaired quality of life.

Conclusion

This study confirms the impact of the Omicron COVID‐19 pandemic on the motor and non‐motor symptoms of PD, suggesting that management of related factors, including fatigue and duration of infection, may be beneficial in preventing or dealing with the exacerbation of PD symptoms after infection.
Gene copy number, gene configuration and LC/HC mRNA ratio impact on antibody productivity and product quality in targeted integration CHO cell lines
Authors: Lee Zion , Wan Jun , Shen Amy , Barnard Gavin
Published: February 2024

The augmentation of transgene copy numbers is a prevalent approach presumed to enhance transcriptional activity and product yield. CHO cell lines engineered via targeted integration (TI) offer an advantageous platform for investigating the interplay between gene copy number, mRNA abundance, product yield, and product quality. Our investigation revealed that incrementally elevating the gene copy numbers of both IgG heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) concurrently resulted in the attainment of plateaus in mRNA levels and product titers, notably occurring beyond four to five gene copies integrated at the same TI site. Furthermore, maintaining a fixed gene copy number while varying the position of genes within the vector influenced the LC/HC mRNA ratio, which subsequently exerted a substantial impact on product titer. Moreover, manipulation of the LC/HC gene ratio through the introduction of surplus LC gene copies led to heightened LC mRNA expression and a reduction in the levels of high molecular weight species. It is noteworthy that the effects of excess LC on product titer were dependent on the specific molecule under consideration. The strategic utilization of PCR tags enabled precise quantification of transcription from each expression slot within the vector, facilitating the identification of highly expressive and less expressive slots. Collectively, these findings significantly enhance our understanding of stable antibody production in TI CHO cell lines.
Investigating the Promising Anticancer Activity of Cetuximab and Fenbendazole Combination as Dual CBS and VEGFR‐2 Inhibitors and Endowed with Apoptotic Potential
Authors: Eid Norhan M. , Al‐Karmalawy Ahmed A. , Eldebss Taha M. A. , Elhakim Heba K. A.
Published: February 2024

In this work, the cytotoxicity of monoclonal antibody (Cetuximab, Ce) and Fenbendazole (Fen), as well as their combination therapy were tested with the MTT assay. On the other side, Ce, Fen, and a combination between them were subjected to a colchicine–tubulin binding test, which was conducted and compared to Colchicine as a reference standard. Besides, Ce, Fen, and the combination of them were tested against the VEGFR‐2 target receptor, compared to Sorafenib as the standard medication. Moreover, the qRT‐PCR technique was used to investigate the levels of apoptotic genes (p53 and Bax) and anti‐apoptotic gene (Bcl‐2) as well. Also, the effect of Ce, Fen, and the combination of them on the level of ROS was studied. Furthermore, the cell cycle analysis and Annexin V apoptosis assay were carried out for Ce, Fen, and a combination of them. In addition, the molecular docking studies were used to describe the molecular levels of interactions for both (Fen and colchicine) or (Fen and sorafenib) within the binding pockets of the colchicine binding site (CBS) and vascular endothelial growth factor‐2 receptor (VEGFR‐2), respectively.
Pd‐Doped In2O3 for CO2 Electroreduction to Ethanol through CO Binding Regulation
Authors: Liu Zhihui , Liu Hai , Li Minglu , Meng Yichen , Wang Xiao , Yan Tianxiang , Fan Qun , Lou Shi Nee , Cui Wenquan , Zhang Sheng
Published: February 2024

Renewable energy driven electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR) to alcohols provides an effective pathway for achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable development. However, it is challenging to convert CO2 into ethanol due to the sluggish C−C coupling and complex 12 electron/proton transferred process, which has been achieved mainly on Cu catalysts but with poor selectivity. Herein, In2O3 catalysts were doped with small amount of Pd and exhibited high activity for CO2RR to ethanol with a high Faradaic efficiency (50.7 %) at low overpotential. The introduction of Pd promotes the transformation of reaction products from formic acid to ethanol by modulating the binding strength of *CO intermediates. The in‐situ ATR‐SEIRAS and DFT calculations proved that the formation of Pd−O−In could modulate the binding strength of *CO and enhanced its coverage, thus facilitating C−C coupling step towards ethanol. This study may provide a new strategy to the generation of high value‐added products from CO2 over Non‐Cu‐based catalysts.
Layered Transition Metal Sulfides for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Öztürk Ozan , Gür Emre
Published: February 2024

Supercapacitor (SC) devices holds an important position between traditional capacitors and ion batteries in terms of energy density and power density values. In particular, SC′s greater power density values than Li‐ion batteries make them useful for some specific applications, such as storing energy in hybrid cars while the car slows down. Increasing energy density values is one of the key challenges for the SC community. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), are one of the new developing important material systems to have this potential, compared to their counterparts’ transition metal oxides and conductive polymers. This review is about giving insight into the electrochemical performances of two‐dimensional (2D) layered transition metal sulfides (TMS) such as MoS2, WS2, TaS2, NbS2, VS2, TiS2 and ZrS2 materials. On the other hand, the methods mostly used in synthesizing these materials are presented.