bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blockage correction with a free surface
Authors: Bai Kwang June
Published: April 2006

A simple analysis shows that with a disturbance present the potential jump in a steady flow in a canal is expressed in terms of (1) the effective volume (displaced volume and added mass/density of fluid) and (2) the depth Froude number for either a submerged body or a body with thin waterplane area. For a ship moving in a canal, the expression for potential jump contains a contribution from the line integral term along the intersection between the ship hull and the free surface. When a pressure distribution is given on the free surface, the potential jump can be expressed explicitly in terms of the depth Froude number and the total pressure force, regardless of the shape of the pressure distribution. From the present relations, the added mass of a ship in steady motion in a canal is computed from the potential jump computed previously by the author for various Froude numbers. This added mass plays an essential role in the equation of motioninitiallywhen a sudden external force is applied to a steady moving ship. The present analysis is complimentary to that of Newman (1976) and the extension of that to the three-dimensional case. As practical applications of the potential jump, which has had a limited interest, we proposed approximate formulas for speed correction and sinkage of a ship in a towing tank experiment. Also proposed is an approximate formula for the speed correction in a wind tunnel experiment. The present approximate formula is compared with ‘exact’ numerical results obtained by the localized finite element method for both towing tank and wind tunnel experiments. The present speed correction formula is also compared with existing approximate formulas for a wind tunnel experiment. The present formulas compare favourably with the exact numerical results.
The trajectories of particles in steep, symmetric gravity waves
Authors: Longuet-Higgins M. S.
Published: April 2006

To gain insight into the orbital motion in waves on the point of breaking, we first study the trajectories of particles in some ideal irrotational flows, including Stokes’ 120° corner-flow, the motion in an almost-highest wave, in periodic deep-water waves of maximum height, and in steep, solitary waves.

In Stokes’ corner-flow the particles move as though under the action of a constant force directed away from the crest. The orbits are expressible in terms of an elliptic integral. The trajectory has a loop or not according as q [sqcup ] c where q is the particle speed at the summit of each trajectory, in a reference frame moving with speed c. When q = c, the trajectory has a cusp. For particles near the free surface there is a sharp vertical gradient of the horizontal displacement.

The trajectories of particles in almost-highest waves are generally similar to those in the Stokes corner-flow, except that the sharp drift gradient at the free surface is now absent.

In deep-water irrotational waves of maximum steepness, it is shown that the surface particles advance at a mean speed U equal to 0·274c, where c is the phase-speed. In solitary waves of maximum amplitude, a particle at the surface advances a total distance 4·23 times the depth h during the passage of each wave. The initial angle α which the trajectory makes with the horizontal is close to 60°.

The orbits of subsurface particles are calculated using the ‘hexagon’ approximation for deep-water waves. Near the free surface the drift has the appearance of a thin forwards jet, arising mainly from the flow near the wave crest. The vertical gradient is so sharp, however, that at a mean depth of only 0.01L below the surface (where L is the wavelength) the forwards drift is reduced to less than half its surface value. Under the action of viscosity and turbulence, this sharp gradient will be modified. Nevertheless the orbital motion may contribute appreciably to the observed ‘winddrift current’.

Implications for the drift motions of buoys and other floating bodies are also discussed.
Experimental study of wall shear rates in the entry region of a curved tube
Authors: Choi U. S. , Talbot L. , Cornet I.
Published: April 2006

Local wall shear rates in steady flow in the entry region of a curved tube have been measured by the electrochemical limiting current method. A semi-circular rigid tube of circular cross-section with radius ratio 1/7 has been employed for a range of Dean number between 139 and 2868. The circumferential and axial distributions of the wall shear rates have been measured at 20° circumferential increments at five different sections of the entry region.
A resonance mechanism in plane Couette flow
Authors: Gustavsson L. HÅKan , Hultgren Lennart S.
Published: April 2006

The temporal evolution of small three-dimensional disturbances on viscous flows between parallel walls is studied. The initial-value problem is formally solved by using Fourier–Laplace transform techniques. The streamwise velocity component is obtained as the solution of a forced problem. As a consequence of the three-dimensionality, a resonant response is possible, leading to algebraic growth for small times. It occurs when the eigenvalues of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation coincide with the eigenvalues of the homogeneous operator for the streamwise velocity component. The resonance has been investigated numerically for plane Couette flow. The phase speed of the resonant waves equals the average mean velocity. The wavenumber combination that leads to the largest amplitude corresponds to structures highly elongated in the streamwise direction. The maximum amplitude, and the time to reach this maximum, scale with the Reynolds number. The aspect ratio of the most rapidly growing wave increases with the Reynolds number, with its spanwise wavelength approaching a constant value of about 3 channel heights.
On the Mach reflexion of a solitary wave
Authors: Melville W. K.
Published: April 2006

Miles’ (1977b) model of the Mach reflexion of a solitary wave by a vertical wall is tested by laboratory experiments. The model over-predicts the measured run-up at the wall, and no evidence of the predicted maximum was found. The measurements provide support for the predicted critical angle of incidence at which Mach reflexion is replaced by regular reflexion. It is shown that mass and energy conservation determine the length of the reflected wave in Miles’ model and that this is not consistent with momentum conservation in the neighbourhood of the end point of the reflected wave. It is suggested that the discrepancy between the measurements and the model may result from this failure of the model.
Small-scale magnetic fields in turbulence: Saffman's approximation revisited
Authors: Baierlein Ralph
Published: April 2006

The subject is the small-scale structure of a magnetic field in a turbulent conducting fluid, ‘small scale’ meaning lengths much smaller than the characteristic dissipative length of the turbulence. Philip Saffman developed an approximation to describe this structure and its evolution in time. Its usefulness invites a closer examination of the approximation itself and an attempt to place sharper limits on the numerical parameters that appear in the approximate correlation functions, topics to which the present paper is addressed.

A Lagrangian approach is taken, wherein one makes a Fourier decomposition of the magnetic field in a neighbourhood that follows a fluid element. If one construes the viscous-convective range narrowly, by ignoring magnetic dissipation entirely, then results for a magnetic field in two dimensions are consistent with Saffman's approximation, but in three dimensions no steady state could be found. Thus, in three dimensions, turbulent amplification seems to be more effective than Saffman's approximation implies. The cause seems to be a matter of geometry, not of correlation times or relative time scales.

Strictly-outward spectral transfer is a characteristic of Saffman's approximation, and this may be an accurate description only when dissipation suppresses the contributions from inwardly directed spectral transfer. In the spectral region where dominance passes from convection to dissipation, one can generate expressions for the parameters that arise in Saffman's approximation. Their numerical evaluation by computer simulation may enable one to sharpen the limits that Saffman had already set for those parameters.
The rate of magnetic field penetration through a Bénard convection layer
Authors: Drobyshevski E. M. , Kolesnikova E. N. , Yuferev V. S.
Published: April 2006

Non-stationary MHD interaction of a horizontal magnetic field with a three-dimensional cellular convection is studied by means of computational methods and methods of mean field electrodynamics.

For a given magnetic field drop across the convective layer, the rate of magnetic flux penetration through this layer is characterized by two integral coefficients: the first one describing the topological pumping effect arises from the antisymmetric part of the α-effect, while the second coefficient accounts for the enhancement of the effective diffusion due to the convective motions. In the magnetic-Reynolds-number range studied (−5 [les ] Rm [les ] 5) these coefficients are found to be, correspondingly, odd and even functions of Rm only. The net magnetic flux escape rate into vacuum decreases at Rm > 2·2 when compared with a case of a layer without cellular motions. Here the topological pumping prevails not only over the convective enhancement of diffusion but begins to suppress even the background diffusion action.

Thus, the asymmetry in the transport properties of cellular motion is again demonstrated, and their difference from those of random turbulence is identified.
Asymmetric creeping motion of an open torus
Authors: Goren Simon L. , O'Neill Michael E.
Published: April 2006

This paper presents exact solutions using toroidal co-ordinates to the equations of creeping fluid motion with the no-slip boundary conditions for a toroidal particle translating in a direction normal to the axis of symmetry or rotating about an axis normal to the axis of symmetry through an otherwise infinite expanse of quiescent fluid. The associated resisting force and resisting torque are computed for toroids of various geometrical ratios b/a, b being the smallest radius of the open hole and (b + 2a) being the radius to the outermost rim of the torus. These results are compared with approximate calculations based on slender-body theory and on the theory for interacting beads. The exact and approximate calculations become asymptotically equal as b/a becomes very large, but departures from the exact calculations are apparent for b/a less than 10−100 depending on the mode of motion and the method of approximation and the approximations are unreliable for b/a less than 2·0.
Full-coverage film cooling. Part 1. Three-dimensional measurements of turbulence structure
Authors: Yavuzkurt S. , Moffat R. J. , Kays W. M.
Published: April 2006

Hydrodynamic measurements were made with a triaxial hot wire in the full-coverage region and the recovery region following an array of injection holes inclined downstream, at 30° to the surface. The data were taken under isothermal conditions at ambient temperature and pressure for two blowing ratios: M = 0·9 and M = 0·4. (The ratio M = ρjetUjet/ρ∞U∞, where U is the mean velocity and ρ is the density. Subscripts jet and ∞ stand for injectant and free stream, respectively.) Profiles of the three mean-velocity components and the six Reynolds stresses were obtained at several spanwise positions at each of five locations down the test plate.

In the full-coverage region, high levels of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) were found for low blowing and low TKE levels for high blowing. This observation is especially significant when coupled with the fact that the heat transfer coefficient is high for high blowing, and low for low blowing. This apparent paradox can be resolved by the hypothesis that entrainment of the mainstream fluid must be more important than turbulent mixing in determining the heat transfer behaviour at high blowing ratios (close to unity).

In the recovery region, the flow can be described in terms of a two-layer model: an outer boundary layer and a two-dimensional inner boundary layer. The inner layer governs the heat transfer.
Full-coverage film cooling. Part 2. Prediction of the recovery-region hydrodynamics
Authors: Yavuzkurt S. , Moffat R. J. , Kays W. M.
Published: April 2006

Hydrodynamic data are reported in the companion paper (Yavuzkurt, Moffat & Kays 1980) for a full-coverage film-cooling situation, both for the blown and the recovery regions. Values of the mean velocity, the turbulent shear stress, and the turbulence kinetic energy were measured at various locations, both within the blown region and in the recovery region. The present paper is concerned with an analysis of the recovery region only. Examination of the data suggested that the recovery-region hydrodynamics could be modelled by considering that a new boundary layer began to grow immediately after the cessation of blowing. Distributions of the Prandtl mixing length were calculated from the data using the measured values of mean velocity and turbulent shear stresses. The mixing-length distributions were consistent with the notion of a dual boundary-layer structure in the recovery region. The measured distributions of mixing length were described by using a piecewise continuous but heuristic fit, consistent with the concept of two quasi-independent layers suggested by the general appearance of the data. This distribution of mixing length, together with a set of otherwise normal constants for a two-dimensional boundary layer, successfully predicted all of the observed features of the flow. The program used in these predictions contains a one-equation model of turbulence, using turbulence kinetic energy with an algebraic mixing length. The program is a two-dimensional, finite-difference program capable of predicting the mean velocity and turbulence kinetic energy profiles based upon initial values, boundary conditions, and a closure condition.
Vortex pairing in a circular jet under controlled excitation. Part 2. Coherent structure dynamics
Authors: Hussain A. K. M. F. , Zaman K. B. M. Q.
Published: April 2006

The coherent structure dynamics in the near field of a circular jet has been experimentally explored by inducing ‘stable’ vortex pairing through controlled excitation (see Zaman & Hussain 1980) and applying phase-averaging techniques. Hot-wire measurements were made in a 7·62 cm air jet with laminar exit boundary layer at the Reynolds number ReD = 3·2 × 104, excited at the Strouhal number StD = 0·85. At a particular phase during the pairing process, spatial distributions of the phase-average longitudinal and lateral velocity perturbations (〈u)〉, 〈v〉), vorticity, streamlines, the coherent and background Reynolds stresses and turbulence intensities have been educed. These data have been obtained for four different locations occupied by the vortices at the same phase (preceding, during, and following the pairing event), in the region 0 < x/D < 5. Spatial distributions of these measures at four successive phases during the pairing process are also educed in an attempt to further understand the vortex-pairing dynamics. The flow physics is discussed on the basis of measurements over the physical extent of the vortical structures, phase-locked to specific phases of the pairing event and thus do not involve use of the Taylor hypothesis.

The computed pseudostream functions at particular phases are compared with the corresponding streamlines drawn by the method of isoclines. Transition of the vortices is examined on the basis of vorticity diffusion, the superimposed random fluctuation field intensities and Reynolds stress and phase-locked circumferential correlation measurements. The peak vorticity drops rapidly owing to transition and interaction of the vortices during pairing but, farther downstream, the decay can be attributed to destruction of the coherent vorticity by the background turbulence Reynolds stress, especially at the locations of the latter's ‘saddle points’. Controlled excitation enhances the initial circumferential coherence of the vortical structures, but is ineffective in delaying turbulent breakdown near the end of the potential core; the breakdown appears to occur through evolution of the circumferential lobe structures. The coherent structure Reynolds stress is found to be much larger than the background turbulence Reynolds stress for 0 < x/D [lsim ] 3, but these two are comparable near the end of the jet potential core. The zone average of the coherent structure Reynolds stress over the cross-section of the merging vortex pair is much larger than that over a single vortical structure either before or after the completion of pairing. During the pairing process, such average correlations are found to be the largest at an early phase of the process while entrainment, turbulent breakdown as well as rapid diffusion of vorticity occur at a later phase. The regions of alternate positive and negative coherent Reynolds stresses associated with the structures and their interactions help explain ‘negative production’.
The numerical simulation of the steady movement of a fluid meniscus in a capillary tube
Authors: Lowndes James
Published: April 2006

The steady movement of a fluid meniscus in a circular capillary tube is analysed by means of finite-element numerical simulation for a range of values of contact angles and contact-line velocities with minute slippage of the fluid on the tube wall, thus relaxing the conventional no-slip boundary condition. The resulting flow field does not produce unbounded forces at contact line, contrary to that with the no-slip condition. The unknown meniscus shape is determined by an iterative scheme in which the imbalance in the normal-stress boundary condition is the basis for improving the shape. Comparison of the numerical results found here and the experimental results of a number of investigators suggests the possibility that the contact angle does not vary with contact-line velocity.
Deformation of a bubble or drop in a uniform flow
Authors: Vanden-Broeck Jean-Marc , Keller Joseph B.
Published: April 2006

Steady potential flow around a two-dimensional bubble with surface tension, either free or attached to a wall, is considered. The results also apply to a liquid drop. The flow and the bubble shape are determined as functions of the contact angle β and the dimensionless pressure ratio γ = (pb − ps)/½ρU2. Here pb is the pressure in the bubble, ps = p∞ + ½ρU2 is the stagnation pressure, p∞ is the pressure at infinity, ρ is the fluid density and U is the velocity at infinity. The surface tension σ determines the dimensions of the bubble, which are proportional to 2σ/ρU2. As γ tends to ∞, the bubble surface tends to a circle or circular arc, and as γ decreases the bubble elongates in the direction normal to the flow. When γ reaches a certain value γ0(β), opposite sides of the bubble touch each other. The problem is formulated as an integrodifferential equation for the bubble surface. This equation is discretized and solved numerically by Newton's method. Bubble profiles, the bubble area, the surface energy and the kinetic energy are presented for various values of β and γ. In addition a perturbation solution is given for γ large when the bubble is nearly a circular arc, and a slender-body approximation is presented for β ∼ ½π and γ ∼ γ0(β), when the bubble is slender.
Wallner lines revisited
Authors: Rabinovitch A. , Frid V. , Bahat D.
Published: April 2006

Wallner lines, named after the scientist who explained them, constitute a unique “postmortem” tool for evaluating crack velocity in brittle materials. These lines are delicate tracks observed on fractured surfaces of brittle materials induced by the interaction of the crack front and transverse acoustic waves generated either naturally by discontinuities such as reflections at sample edges or artificially by a transducer. Here we offer a simple accurate method to analyze Wallner lines. This method is based on first principles and yields in addition to crack velocity, also the velocity in which the information about crack initiation moved up to the Wallner line origin. In addition it brings forth the points of origin of the fracture and the Wallner line.
Effect of a mid-temperature thermal annealing on the enhancement of boron diffusion during rapid thermal annealing
Authors: Lévêque P. , Mathiot D. , Christensen J. S. , Svensson B. G. , Larsen A. Nylandsted
Published: April 2006

Silicon samples containing a sequence of boron spikes grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been used in this work. Point defects were introduced near the surface by means of room temperature silicon implantation. The ion profile was confined between the surface and the first boron spike. The presence of self-interstitials enhances the boron diffusion in ion-implanted and subsequently annealed samples. Two kinds of thermal annealing were used for this study on implanted samples: a mid-temperature annealing (700°C, 20min) and a rapid thermal annealing (950°C, 20s). The aim of the present study was to investigate if a mid-temperature annealing could significantly reduce boron diffusion during a subsequent rapid thermal annealing. It is shown in this work that the slight reduction in interstitial excess concentration during the mid-temperature annealing is not sufficient to substantially influence the boron diffusion during a subsequent rapid thermal annealing. It appears, therefore, that this original idea, already presented in another work, is of limited interest from a technological point of view.
Schottky barrier characteristics of Pt contacts to n-type InGaN
Authors: Jang Ja-Soon , Kim Donghwan , Seong Tae-Yeon
Published: April 2006

Schottky barrier behaviors of Pt contacts to n-InGaN have been investigated by means of current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) methods. It is found that the Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) determined by thermionic emission (TE) and thermionic field emission (TFE) modes using the I-V data are quite different from each other. However, the SBHs obtained by the TFE mode are fairly similar to theoretically calculated values, which are in good agreement with the results obtained by the C-V method. It is also shown that the SBHs and the ideality factors calculated by the TE and TFE modes decrease with increasing annealing temperature. The different SBHs obtained by the TE and TFE modes, the annealing temperature dependence of the SBHs, and the ideality factors are described and discussed in terms of the presence of different types of native point defects near the InGaN surface.
Enhancement of the diffusion of oxygen and boron in silicon crystals under irradiation of infrared laser light
Authors: Liu Lijun , Tanahashi Katsutoshi , Yamada-Kaneta Hiroshi , Kangawa Y. , Kakimoto Koichi
Published: April 2006

Numerical and experimental analyses revealed the enhancement of diffusion of oxygen and boron by laser irradiation. We studied the effect of laser irradiation on the enhancement of diffusion of boron and oxygen including both isotopes of O16 and O18. The study clarified that the diffusion of the impurities was enhanced by laser irradiation by about 2.5–8 times more than that in the case without laser irradiation in the temperature range from 990to1200°C. We confirmed from temperature measurements of the samples that such enhancement was not based on temperature increase caused by laser irradiation but was based on the effect of irradiation of the laser. The effect of frequency of the laser on the diffusion was observed by changing the wavelength of the laser.
Finite element modeling of the heating of cracks during sonic infrared imaging
Authors: Han Xiaoyan , Sarwar Islam Md. , Newaz G. , Favro L. D. , Thomas R. L.
Published: April 2006

We describe a finite element model that calculates the energy dissipation to be expected in a crack during sonic infrared (SIR) imaging. These calculations confirm the experimental result that the presence of acoustic chaos enhances the heating and thereby enhances the probability of crack detection using SIR. Although thermoplastic contributions are allowed in the calculation, under the assumed conditions of sonic excitation, which mimic those of typical SIR experiments, the heating appears to be dominated by frictional effects.
Ionization, ion distribution, and ion focusing in laser plasmas from atomic and diatomic targets
Authors: Srivastava S. N. , Rohr K. , Sinha B. K.
Published: April 2006

Charge-resolved measurements of the total number of particles from plasmas produced from planar, monoatomic targets of copper and tungsten as well as the binary targets of copper and tungsten are reported, using a 125mJ, 5ns, Nd:YAG laser, at a laser intensity of about 1010W∕cm2. The measurements show a severe quenching of the ionization states in the case of the diatomic targets. These measurements and their variations with ionization state support the theoretical investigations of plasma motion under the influence of the viscous force in case of plasmas consisting of light and heavy particles. Gaussian width measurements of the angular particle distribution showed a focusing effect towards the target normal, the width decreasing as the ion mass and ionization state increased. From the analysis of the theoretical results on self-similarity expansion it is concluded that the ion acceleration due to the built-in electrostatic potential is not significant.
LE CARNET MONDAIN VERS 1890: UN ASPECT DE LA SOCIABILITÉ MÉDIATIQUE
Authors: Pinson Guillaume
Published: April 2006

A partir d'un échantillon de deux journaux quotidiens (
Le Gaulois
et
Le Figaro
) et de quatre magazines (
L'Écho mondain
,
Le Grand Monde
,
La Gazette mondaine
et
La Revue mondaine des salons
), cet article analyse la poétique du carnet mondain des années 1890, au moment où la France entre dans l'ère médiatique. Il vise à dégager les trois éléments principaux — événementialité, société, temporalité — qui permettent au journal de constituer une
sociabilité médiatique
, c'est-à-dire la représentation d'une communauté relativement homogène et de ses rituels mondains. Le carnet est donc un exemple probant de la façon dont le journal crée du lien social et le représente, quoique cette représentation soit très codifiée et stéréotypée. Dans un second temps, l'article fait valoir que la ‘spectacularisation’ de la mondanité a des effets dans d'autres secteurs du discours social, notamment la littérature. Une analyse sociocritique montre que, de Maupassant à Proust, certains romans réinscrivent la sociabilité médiatique dans leurs textes, exploitant et approfondissant le riche horizon de références du journal. Cet article suggère en conclusion que journal et roman construisent ainsi des fictions où la communauté peut s'imaginer et se représenter.
Small-Fiber Neuropathy Associated with Capecitabine (Xeloda)-induced Hand-foot Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Stubblefield Michael D. , Custodio Christian M. , Kaufmann Petra , Dickler Maura N.
Published: April 2006

Hand-foot syndrome commonly results from treatment with capecitabine and is associated with pain, dysesthesias, paresthesias, and temperature intolerance. The cause of these symptoms in hand-foot syndrome has not been determined. We present the clinical, electrophysiologic, and biopsy data from a patient with capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome as supporting evidence implicating small-fiber neuropathy as the cause of these neuropathic symptoms. A patient with stage 4 breast cancer who develops capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome is referred for clinical and electrophysiologic testing. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density is assessed. Clinical evaluation demonstrates markedly decreased pain and temperature sensation with preserved strength, proprioception, and light touch. Standard electrodiagnostic testing is normal. The assessment of epidermal nerve fiber density demonstrates marked small-fiber loss both proximally and distally. In conclusion, small-fiber neuropathy is a likely cause of the neuropathic symptoms encountered in capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome. Similar clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic assessments are needed to confirm this finding in larger populations.
Epidemiology of open‐ and closed‐globe trauma presenting to Cairns Base Hospital, Queensland
Authors: Smith Andrew RE , O'Hagan Stephen B , Gole Glen A
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Purpose:  To review the epidemiology of serious ocular trauma presenting to Cairns Base Hospital, from the far north Queensland health districts.

Methods:  A retrospective study of cases from January 1995 to November 2002 inclusive. Cases were analysed with respect to demographics, cause and nature of injury, method of transport and time to and type of ophthalmic treatment, and visual outcomes.

Results:  There were 226 cases identified, including 71 open‐globe and 155 closed‐globe injuries. The annual rate of injury was 3.7 per 100 000 for open‐globe and 11.8 per 100 000 in total. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population from the far north Queensland districts showed a disproportionate incidence, with 38% of the total number of injuries, despite representing only 12.3% of the population. Assault in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population resulted in 69.6% of injuries in men and 75.8% of injuries in women. Of all assaults 76.2% were alcohol‐related. The majority (71.5%) of injuries in the Caucasian population were due to accidental blunt and sharp trauma. In total, 77.4% of injuries occurred in men, with an average age of 31 years. Of all open and closed injuries in the study, a final visual acuity of 6/12 or better was achieved in 47.8% of eyes and a final visual acuity of 6/60 or less occurred in 17.7% of patients, 20.8% patients were lost to follow up. In total, 14.1% of open injuries required enucleation/evisceration.

Conclusions:  The incidence of ocular trauma in far north Queensland is equal to other Australian populations. However, there is a disproportionately high incidence in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. Alcohol‐related assault is a significant cause of visual loss in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. Closed‐globe injuries are more common than open globe; however, the latter have poorer visual prognosis. Initial visual acuity of all injuries correlated with final visual acuity.
Comparative cytopathology of Crinivirus infections in different plant hosts
Authors: MEDINA VICENTE , RODRIGO GEMA , TIAN TONGYAN , JUAREZ MIGUEL , DOLJA VALERIAN V , ANGELES ACHON M , FALK BRYCE W
Published: April 2006

We used transmission electron microscopy to compare the cytopathology induced in plants by five criniviruses (genus Crinivirus; Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV), Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Beet pseudo‐yellows virus (BPYV) (Hartono et al., 2003)). We also compared the patterns of infection for plants and mesophyll protoplasts infected by LIYV and Beet yellows virus (BYV), type members of genera Crinivirus and Closterovirus, respectively. The main cytopathological effects induced in plants by criniviruses were common in young leaves and included alterations of the chloroplasts and the presence of BYV‐type inclusion bodies in companion cells. Virus‐like particles were present in sieve tubes and vascular parenchyma cells as scattered particles, or in companion cells as large masses forming cross‐banded inclusions. Depending on the virus and the plant, it was possible to find virions or virus‐like particles out of the phloem cells, but only in cells of the bundle sheath. Virion‐like particles were never found outside of the vascular tissue. Accumulation of electron‐dense material at the plasmalemma was common for criniviruses, but only LIYV infections produced characteristic conical electron‐dense plasmalemma deposits (PDs). The LIYV‐induced PDs have a crystalline‐like structure and were found at the internal side of plasmalemma.
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN THE COLLECTIVE MOTION OF SELF-PROPELLED INDIVIDUALS
Authors: BAGLIETTO GABRIEL , ALBANO EZEQUIEL V.
Published: April 2006

A model for the displacement of self-driven organisms is studied by means of extensive computer simulations. Local interactions influenced by noisy communications among organisms, leads to the onset of collective motion at low noise levels. When the noise is increased the system undergoes first-order transitions into disordered states of motion. We have also studied the relaxation process between these states. By fitting the time dependence of the order parameter when the system is annealed from a state below coexistence to another above it, we conclude that the relaxation can be well described by means of a stretched exponential. In this way the characteristic relaxation times are obtained.
ON THE HAMILTONIAN FORMULATION OF THE EINSTEIN–HILBERT ACTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Authors: KIRIUSHCHEVA N. , KUZMIN S. V.
Published: April 2006

It is shown that if general covariance is to be preserved (i.e. a coordinate system is not fixed) the well-known triviality of the Einstein field equations in two dimensions is not a sufficient condition for the Einstein–Hilbert action to be a total divergence. Consequently, a Hamiltonian formulation is possible without any modification of the two-dimensional Einstein–Hilbert action. We find the resulting constraints and the corresponding gauge transformations of the metric tensor.
Urine protein markers distinguish stone-forming from non-stone-forming relatives of calcium stone formers
Authors: Bergsland Kristin J. , Kelly Jennifer K. , Coe Brian J. , Coe Fredric L.
Published: April 2006

We have investigated urine protein inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization to determine whether variations in these proteins are associated with kidney stone disease and whether protein measurements improve the identification of stone formers compared with conventional risk factors (RF). Using Western blotting, we studied variations in the electrophoretic mobility patterns and relative abundances of crystallization-inhibitory proteins in urine from 50 stone-forming (SF) and 50 non-stone-forming (NS) first-degree relatives of calcium SF patients, matched by gender and age. Standard urine chemistry stone risk measurements were also made. Multivariate discriminant analysis was used to test the association of these proteins with nephrolithiasis. Differences in form and abundance of several urine proteins including inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (ITI), prothrombin fragment 1 (PF1), CD59, and calgranulin B (calB) were found to be associated with stone formation. By multivariate discriminant analysis, measurements of forms of PF1, ITI, and calB in men and ITI and CD59 in women, classified 84% of men and 76% of women correctly by stone status. In contrast, standard urine chemistry RF identified only 70% of men correctly and failed to distinguish female SF from NS. Thus a small subset of protein measurements distinguished SF from NS far better than conventional RF in a population of relatives of calcium SF, illustrating the significant association of these proteins with stone disease. Variations in these proteins may serve as markers of stone disease activity or vulnerability to recurrence and may provide new insights into mechanisms of stone formation.
The Importance of Being There: Perspectives of Social Support by Adolescents with Cancer
Authors: Woodgate Roberta Lynn
Published: April 2006

Adolescents with cancer are confronted with many challenges. The extent to which they are able to deal with such challenges appears to be partly contingent on a positive strong social support system. In this article, the author describes findings specific to the sources of social support that 15 adolescents with cancer found to be most important in getting them through the cancer experience. Data were collected as part of a longitudinal qualitative interpretive study and involved individual interviews, focus group interviews, and participant observation as the main sources of data. The relationships that adolescents maintained with their nuclear families, health care team members, and special friends were the 3 main supportive relationships in the adolescents'lives. The act of others “being there” was seen by the adolescents as the key element of a supportive relationship and involved 6 main behaviors. Although the 3 key supportive relationships were essential in helping adolescents get through cancer, these relationships were at times a source of stress for adolescents.
Lack of patients? – a hypothesis for understanding discrepancies between hospital resources and productivity
Authors: Bratlid Dag
Published: April 2006

Background

Despite a substantial increase in hospital resources, increased hospital admissions and out-patient visits, long waiting lists have been a significant problem in Norwegian health care. A detailed analysis of the development in resource allocation and productivity at St. Olavs University Hospital in central Norway was therefore undertaken.

Methods

Resource allocation and patient volume was analysed during the period 1995 to 2001. Data were analysed both for emergency and elective admissions as well as outpatient visits specified into new referrals and follow-up consultations.

Results

Full time employee equivalents for doctors and nurses increased by 36.6% and 25.9%, respectively, and all employees by 28.1%. However, admitted patients, outpatient consultations and surgical procedures only increased by 10%, 15% and 8.3%, respectively. Thus, the productivity for each hospital employee, defined as operations pr. surgeon, outpatient consultations pr. doctor etc. was significantly reduced. A striking finding was that although the number of outpatient consultations increased, the number of new referrals actually went down and the whole increase in activity at the outpatient clinics could be explained by a substantial increase in follow-up consultations. This trend was more evident in the surgical departments, where some departments actually showed a reduction in total outpatient consultations.

Conclusion

In view of the slow increase in hospital activity in spite of a significant increase in resources, it can be speculated that patient volume might be a limiting factor for hospital activity. The health market (patient population) might not be big enough in relation to the investments in increased production capacity (equipment and manpower).
Dieting practices, weight perceptions, and body composition: A comparison of normal weight, overweight, and obese college females
Authors: Malinauskas Brenda M , Raedeke Thomas D , Aeby Victor G , Smith Jean L , Dallas Matthew B
Published: April 2006

Background

Of concern to health educators is the suggestion that college females practice diet and health behaviors that contradict the 2005 dietary guidelines for Americans. In this regard, there remain gaps in the research related to dieting among college females. Namely, do normal weight individuals diet differently from those who are overweight or obese, and are there dieting practices used by females that can be adapted to promote a healthy body weight? Since it is well recognized that females diet, this study seeks to determine the dieting practices used among normal, overweight, and obese college females (do they diet differently) and identify dieting practices that could be pursued to help these females more appropriately achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.

Methods

A total of 185 female college students aged 18 to 24 years participated in this study. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and skinfold thickness were measured to assess body composition. Surveys included a dieting practices questionnaire and a 30-day physical activity recall. Participants were classified according to body mass index (BMI) as normal weight (n = 113), overweight (n = 35), or obese (n = 21). Data were analyzed using JMP IN® software. Descriptive statistics included means, standard deviations, and frequency. Subsequent data analysis involved Pearson X
2 and one-way analysis of variance with comparison for all pairs that were significantly different using Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference test.

Results

Outcomes of this study indicate the majority of participants (83%) used dieting for weight loss and believed they would be 2% to 6% greater than current weight if they did not diet; normal weight, overweight, and obese groups perceived attractive weight to be 94%, 85%, and 74%, respectively, of current weight; 80% of participants reported using physical activity to control weight, although only 19% exercised at a level that would promote weight loss; only two of 15 dieting behaviors assessed differed in terms of prevalence of use among groups, which were consciously eating less than you want (44% normal weight, 57% overweight, 81% obese) and using artificial sweeteners (31% normal weight and overweight, 5% obese); and the most prevalent explicit maladaptive weight loss behavior was smoking cigarettes (used by 9% of participants) and most unhealthy was skipping breakfast (32%).

Conclusion

Collectively, results indicate female college students, regardless of weight status, would benefit from open discussions with health educators regarding healthy and effective dieting practices to achieve/maintain a healthy body weight. The results are subject to replication among high school, middle-aged, and older females.
DNA Hydrolysis by Cerium(IV) Does Not Involve either Molecular Oxygen or Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Komiyama Makoto , Shiiba Tetsuro , Kodama Teruyuki , Takeda Naoya , Sumaoka Jun , Yashiro Morio
Published: April 2006

DNA hydrolysis by Ce(IV) effectively proceeds both in the presence and in the absence of molecular oxygen. Addition of hydrogen peroxide induces undesired oxidative side-reactions and suppresses the hydrolysis. Participation of molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in the phosphodiester hydrolysis is ruled out, supporting the intramolecular attack by the Ce(IV)-bound hydroxide ion.
CIDEP Study of Photooxidation Reaction of Carbazole by Maleic Anhydride
Authors: Honma Hidekazu , Murai Hisao , Kuwata Keiji
Published: April 2006

Photooxidation reaction of carbazole by maleic anhydride was studied by a time-resolved ESR method. Emissively spin polarized maleic anhydride anion radical and neutral carbazole N-center radical were detected. According to the CIDEP data, it is concluded that the reaction takes place through the excited triplet state of carbazole and fast deprotonation takes place from carbazole cation. This reaction is different from those of the other N-substituted carbazoles.
Decomposition of t-Butanol in Water by γ-Irradiation Combined with Ozone; Cupric Ion Effect
Authors: Lee Myun Joo , Arai Hidehiko , Miyata Teijiro
Published: April 2006

When t-butanol in aqueous system was decomposed by simultaneous application of γ-rays and ozone treatment, the addition of the cupric ion (Cu2+) drastically improved the efficiency of the removal of organic substances from water. The major reason for the remarkable decrement of total organic substances is the positive catalytic effect of Cu2+ on the oxidation of carboxylic acids.
Occurrence of Self-assembled Monolayer J-aggregate of Pseudoisocyanine on Ag (111) Surface
Authors: Kawasaki Mitsuo , Ishii Hironori
Published: April 2006

By bathing a smooth and highly [111]-oriented Ag film in a monomeric solution of pseudoisocyanine (1,1′-diethyl-2,2′-cyanine) bromide, we have found a uniform monolayer adsorption of self-assembled two-dimensional J-aggregate. A specific interaction of bromide ions with the Ag (111) surface seemed to be the major driving force for the dye adsorption. The system allows combined conventional spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy studies of adsorbed J-aggregates of cyanine dyes.
Rapid Adsorption and Desorption of Fluoride on Zirconium(IV) Complex with Hydrophilic Chelating Polymer
Authors: Yuchi Akio , Terao Hirohito , Niwa Tomoko , Wada Hiroko
Published: April 2006

Zirconium(IV) was fixed on a hydrophilic polymer having iminodiacetate groups, developed for affinity chromatography, in a stoichiometric amount. Fluoride ion was rapidly adsorbed on this polymer-complex in acidic media, and the adsorbed fluoride was quantitatively desorbed in basic media. The complex can be repeatedly used after regeneration with an acid.
The Use of α-Trimethylsilyl-α,β-Unsaturated Ketones as 1-Acylethenyl Anion Synthon
Authors: Matsumoto Kozo , Oshima Koichiro , Utimoto Kiitiro
Published: April 2006

Treatment of α-trimethylsilyl-α,β-unsaturated ketones with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in the presence of aldehydes provided α-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-α,β-unsaturated ketones in good yields. The reaction proceeded via allenolate. The new method was successfully applied to a synthesis of α-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-α,β-unsaturated esters from α-trimethylsilyl-α,β-unsaturated esters.
Fluorescence Enhancement of Aluminum(III) 8-Quinolinolate in the Presence of 3,5-Dichlorophenol
Authors: Katsuta Shoichi
Published: April 2006

The addition of 3,5-dichlorophenol to carbon tetrachloride solution of tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) was found to cause considerable enhancement of fluorescence and to suppress the decomposition of the chelate by UV-light irradiation. The fluorescence enhancement was attributed to the association of the metal chelate with the phenol through hydrogen bonding.
Preparation of Size-controlled Ruthenium Metal Particles on Carbon from Hydrido-carbonyl Cluster Complex
Authors: Nakabayashi Mamiko , Yamashita Masaru , Saito Yasukazu
Published: April 2006

Monodispersed ultrafine particles of metallic ruthenium (1.3 and 2.1 nm in average diameters) were prepared by heating and stirring the mixed powders of hydrido-carbonyl cluster H4Ru4(CO)12 and microporous carbon at 433 K under H2 flow. It was revealed that high dehydrogenation activities for 2-propanol were obtained over large ruthenium metal particles rather than small ones prepared with this dry method.
Vapor Phase Extraction and Mutual Separation of Rare Earths from Monazite Using Chemical Vapor Transport Mediated by Vapor Complexes
Authors: Murase Kuniaki , Machida Ken-ichi , Adachi Gin-ya
Published: April 2006

Rare earths chlorides (RCl3), produced by direct chlorination of monazite concentrate or chlorine free crude oxides, were extracted via vapor complexes with KCl. The complexes, RKCl4(g), decomposed along a given temperature gradient, and RCl3 was selectively deposited in a temperature region 850–990 °C. Other elements such as Th, U, and P in the monazite were concentrated at the lower temperature fractions. Coexistence of vapor complex(es) in a RCl3-POCl3 system was suggested from the difference between the yields of RCl3 for the concentrate and the crude oxides.
Further Studies on the Dependence of the Barriers for Gear Slippage on the Joint Group in Bis(9-triptycyl)X Type Molecules. Bis(9-triptycyl)phosphine, the Missing Link in the Series along the Third Row of the Periodic Table
Authors: Kawada Yuzo , Kimura Yutaka , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Ishikawa Joji , Sakai Hiromi , Oguri Makoto , Koga Gen
Published: April 2006

Bis(9-triptycyl)phosphines have been prepared. The two tortional degrees of freedom about the bonds from the bridgehead carbons to the phosphorus correlate in such a strength as to make it just possible to separate phase isomers under ambient conditions. The barrier for the loss of correlation has been accurately determined through the kinetics of the interconversion of the meso and dl isomer of bis(2-chloro-9-triptycyl)phosphine. (ΔH‡ = 24.0 ± 0.1 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = −4.2 ± 0.2 e.u.)
Remarkably High Regioselectivity in the Reaction of Carboxybenzaldehydes with a Crowned Thiazolium Ion in the Presence of Alkali Metal in Chloroform-Acetonitrile
Authors: Takaki Akiko , Takano Masanori , Ohshima Shunji , Nabeshima Tatsuya , Yano Yumihiko
Published: April 2006

The rate of the reaction of o-carboxybenzaldehyde with a crowned thiazolium ion was found to be remarkably accelerated by addition of Na+ (180-fold) in chloroform-acetonitrile (9 : 1 v/v) containing a base, whereas no rate-acceleration was observed for m- and p-carboxybenzaldehydes under the same conditions.