bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Metacognition in Learning via Serious Games
Authors: Hacker Douglas J.
Published: August 2016

This chapter focuses on three recommendations from the National Research Council (2011) for conducting research that may increase the impact of serious games on student achievement. At the core of these recommendations is an emphasis on the role of metacognition in learning. The first recommendation examines the player's self-awareness as a learner and how a sense of agency can be nurtured by serious games to promote self-regulated learning. The second examines the mediating processes within the individual that influence learning with games. This section describes embodied cognition, which examines the interactions among body, mind, and game environment that can lead to learning. The third examines the problem of transfer of learning. This section offers suggestions on how transfer from gaming contexts to academic contexts can be facilitated. The chapter concludes with an examination of whether research in response to these recommendations can positively impact learning via the serious game.
Designing BioSim
Authors: Thompson Naomi , Peppler Kylie , Danish Joshua
Published: August 2016

In this chapter, we discuss the design decisions made when creating the game mechanics and rules for BioSim, a pair of game-like participatory simulations centered around honeybees and army ants to help young children (ages kindergarten through third grade) explore complex systems concepts. We outline four important design principles that helped us align the games and simulations to the systems thinking concepts that we wanted the students to learn: (1) Choose a specific and productive focal topic; (2) Build on game mechanics typically found in children's play; (3) Purposefully constrain children's play to help them notice certain system elements; and (4) Align guiding theories to game rules, and vice versa. We then highlight how these guiding principles can be leveraged to allow young children to engage with complex systems concepts in robust ways, and consider our next steps and goals for research as we continue to iterate and build on these games.
Game Design as a Complex Problem Solving Process
Authors: Akcaoglu Mete , Gutierrez Antonio P. , Hodges Charles B. , Sonnleitner Philipp
Published: August 2016

Problem solving is one of the most essential skills for individuals to be successful at their daily lives and careers. When problems become complex, solving them involves identifying relationships among a multitude of interrelated variables, to achieve multiple different possible solutions. Teaching Complex Problem Solving (CPS) skills in formal education contexts is challenging. In this research, we examined if through an innovative game-design course middle school students improved in their CPS skills. Our results showed that students showed significant improvements in their CPS skills, especially in terms of system exploration, t(10) = 2.787, p = .019; system knowledge, t(10) = 2.437, p = .35; system application, t(10) = 2.472, p = .033. In addition, there was a statistically significant change in students' interest for CPS after attending the GDL program, t(6) = 3.890, p = .008. We discuss implications regarding use of game-design tasks as contexts to teach CPS skills in formal and informal educational contexts.
Augmented Reality in Informal Learning Settings
Authors: Poitras Eric G. , Harley Jason M. , Compeau Timothy , Kee Kevin , Lajoie Susanne P.
Published: August 2016

Cultural heritage sites and museums are faced with an important challenge – how best to balance the needs of engaging visitors in meaningful and entertaining experiences, while at the same time exploiting the affordances of exhibits for instructional purposes. In this chapter, we examine the use of augmented reality in the context of informal learning environments, and how this type of technology can be used as a means to enhance learning about history. The research case studies are reviewed in terms of the use of historical locations, experience mechanics, narrative/plot, and role-playing (the later two representing game-based elements) in the design guidelines of instructional activities and applications (Dunleavy & Dede, 2014). In doing so, we critique the theoretical, methodological, and instructional underpinnings of studies that evaluate augmented reality applications and draw several recommendations for future research in this field.
Factors That Explain Adolescent and Young Adult Mobile Game Play, Part 2
Authors: DaCosta Boaventura , Seok Soonhwa
Published: August 2016

The second of two chapters, a study is presented that quantitatively examined the adolescent and young adult casual video game player from the perspective of age and gender. A total of 1,950 South Korean students self-reported their game play on mobile phones by answering a 92-item questionnaire designed to capture data on technology ownership; preference for game genre and titles; where and how often games were played; what factors influence the selection of games to play, what game features were the most desirable, the rationale behind playing games, and psychophysical changes experienced as a result of playing; as well as, spending habits with regard to game purchases. The findings supported many of the age and gender suppositions made about the casual player. For example, females played mobile games as much as males, and play time was limited to 30 minute increments almost equally among age groups and gender. New discoveries were also found to include positive benefits stemming from mobile games, such as improved mood and feelings of well-being along with better mental attention and focus.
Impact of Buddhism on Sri Lanka
Authors: Pathak Sudha Jha
Published: August 2016

This paper is a historical study of the mutual exchanges in the religious and cultural traditions, in the context of Buddhism between India and Sri Lanka. As a powerful medium of trans-acculturation, Buddhism enriched several countries especially of South and South-East Asia. Though Asoka used Buddhism as a unifying instrument of royal power, he was considered as the ruler par excellence who ruled as per dhamma and righteousness ensuring peace and harmony in the kingdom. He was emulated by several rulers in the Buddhist world including Sri Lanka. Royal patronage of the Buddhist Sangha in Sri Lanka was reciprocated by support for the institution of kingship. Kingship played an important role in the political unification of the country, whereas Buddhism provided the ground for ideological consolidation. The Indian impact is clearly visible in all aspects of Sri Lankan life and identity-religion (Buddhism), art architecture, literature, language. However the culture and civilization which developed in the island nation had its own distinctive variant despite retaining the Indian flavour.
Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself?
Authors: Preet Sirjjan
Published: August 2016

In a continent as vast and as densely populated as Asia, regional cooperation and friendship is rooted in the people. People-to-people ties determine the extent of economic and social progress in the region. The chapter focuses on attitudes, opinions and expectations of Asian community so as to monitor the state of mutual understanding and trust among countries in Asia. It is an attempt to acquire realistic understanding of the nature and determinants of public attitudes and opinions in the Asian region. Besides studying the impressions/views of Asians about each other, the chapter also intends to investigate the reasons behind these impressions and provide recommendations based on the observations.
A Cloud Intrusion Detection Based on Classification of Activities and Mobile Agent
Authors: El Moussaid Nadya , Toumanari Ahmed
Published: August 2016

Cloud computing becomes the technology trend that attracts more and more both of the different forms of companies and attackers, for the reason that cloud computing provides a sharing pool of configured computing resources, such as servers, networks, applications, storage, and services, to end users. Therefore, securing sensitive data of companies from threats and attacks performed by internal or external attackers is a necessary requirement and exigency. For that purpose, in this paper presents an intrusion detection system that is based on mobile agent to collect and analysis gathered data from several virtual machines, in order to benefit from the advantages of mobile agents. The authors of this chapter propose to use C4.5 algorithm which is one of tree decision algorithms that classify data into normal and malicious one. The main purpose of our solution is creating a model of normal and abnormal behaviour.
Machine Vision Optical Scanners for Landslide Monitoring
Authors: Castillo Javier Rivera , Rivas-Lopez Moises , Flores-Fuentes Wendy , Sergiyenko Oleg , Rodríguez-Quiñonez Julio Cesar , Hernandez-Balbuena Daniel
Published: August 2016

An application of landslide monitoring using optical scanner as vision system is presented. The method involves finding the position of non-coherent light sources located at strategic points susceptible to landslides. The position of the light source is monitored by measuring its coordinates using a scanner based on a 45° sloping surface cylindrical mirror. This chapter also provides a background about the concept of landslides and technologies for monitoring. finally, the results of experiments of position light source monitoring in laboratory environment using the proposed method are presented.
Conducting Sentiment Analysis and Post-Sentiment Data Exploration through Automated Means
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: August 2016

One new feature in NVivo 11 Plus, a qualitative and mixed methods research suite, is its sentiment analysis tool; this enables the autocoding of unlabeled and unstructured text corpora against a built-in sentiment dictionary. The software labels selected texts into four categories: (1) very negative, (2) moderately negative, (3) moderately positive, and (4) very positive. After the initial coding for sentiment, there are many ways to augment that initial coding, including theme and subtheme extraction, word frequency counts, text searches, sociogram mapping, geolocational mapping, data visualizations, and others. This chapter provides a light overview of how the sentiment analysis feature in NVivo 11 Plus works, proposes some insights about the proper unit of analysis for sentiment analyses (sentence, paragraph, or cell) based on text dataset features, and identifies ways to further explore the textual data post-sentiment analysis—to create coherence and insight.
Co-Designing Wearable Technology Together with Visually Impaired Children
Authors: Caltenco Héctor , Magnusson Charlotte , Rydeman Bitte , Finocchietti Sara , Cappagli Giulia , Cocchi Elena , Ben Porquis Lope , Baud-Bovy Gabriel , Gori Monica
Published: August 2016

This paper presents the process and results of a set of studies within the ABBI EU project, with the general aim to co-design wearable technology (an audio bracelet) together with visually impaired children, starting at a young age. The authors discuss user preferences related to sounds and tactile materials and present the results of a focus group with very young visually-impaired children under the age of 5, together with their parents. They find that multisensory feedback (visual, tactile/haptic, auditory) is useful and that preferences vary - also the drastic and potentially unpleasant sounds and materials may have a role. Further studies investigate the possibilities of using the ABBI wearable technology for social contexts and games. In a series of game workshops children with and without visual impairments created games with wearable technology employing very simple interactivity. The authors report the created games, and note that even with this simple interactivity it is possible to create fun, inclusive and rich socially co-located games.
Conventional and Unconventional Lifesaving Therapies in an Adolescent With Amlodipine Ingestion
Authors: Reuter-Rice Karin E. , Peterson Bradley M.
Published: August 2016

Amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, is commonly prescribed for the treatment of hypertension. Ingestion of an overdose leads to severe hypotension; if the hypotension is not treated, death may be imminent. Conventional and unconventional interventions were used to treat an adolescent who ingested a life-threatening dose of amlodipine. Severe hypotension resistant to conventional treatment with intralipids and hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia therapy led to the use of plasmapheresis and a pneumatic antishock garment as lifesaving measures. Plasmapheresis has been described in only one other case of severe amlodipine overdose, and the use of a pneumatic antishock garment has never been described in the management of a calcium channel blocker overdose. Because short-term use of a pneumatic antishock garment has associated risks, the critical care nurse’s anticipation of side effects and promotion of safe use of the garment were instrumental in the patient’s care and outcome. (Critical Care Nurse. 2016; 36[4]:64–69)
Particulate-Phase Mercury Emissions during Biomass Burning and Impact on Resulting Deposition: a Modelling Assessment
Authors: De Simone Francesco , Cinnirella Sergio , Gencarelli Christian N. , Carbone Francesco , Hedgecock Ian M. , Pirrone Nicola
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Mercury (Hg) emissions from Biomass Burning (BB) are an important source of atmospheric Hg and is a major factor driving the inter-annual variation of Hg concentrations in the troposphere. Little is known about the fraction of Hg bound to particulate matter (HgP) released from BB, and the factors controlling this fraction are also uncertain. In light of the aims of the Minamata Convention to reduce intentional Hg use and emissions from anthropogenic activities, the relative importance of Hg emissions from BB will have an increasing impact on Hg deposition fluxes. Hg speciation is one of the most important factors determining the redistribution of Hg in the atmosphere and the geographical distribution of Hg deposition. Using the latest version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFEDv4.1s) and the global Hg chemistry transport model, ECHMERIT, the impact of Hg speciation in BB emissions, and the factors which influence speciation, on Hg deposition have been investigated for the year 2013. The role of other uncertainties related to physical and chemical atmospheric processes involving Hg, and the influence of model parametrisations were also investigated, since their interactions with Hg speciation are complex. The quantity and geographical distribution of HgP emitted from BB has a limited impact on a global scale, although the inclusion of increasing fractions HgP does limit Hg0g availability to the global atmospheric pool. This reduces Hg deposition from BB to the world's oceans from 71 % to 62 %. The impact locally is however significant, northern boreal and tropical forests where fires are frequent and uncontrolled leads to notable Hg inputs to local ecosystems. Under water-stressed conditions in tropical forests and warming temperatures in northern forests this effect may be exacerbated in the future.
Detection of formaldehyde emissions from an industrial zone in the
Yangtze-River-Delta region of China using a proton transfer reaction
ion-drift chemical ionization mass spectrometer
Authors: Ma Yan , Diao Yiwei , Zhang Bingjie , Wang Weiwei , Ren Xinrong , Yang Dongsen , Wang Ming , Shi Xiaowen , Zheng Jun
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A proton transfer reaction ion-drift chemical ionization mass spectrometer (PTR-ID-CIMS) equipped with a hydronium (H3+O) ion source was developed and deployed near an industrial zone in the Yangtze-River-Delta (YRD) region of China in spring 2015 to investigate industry-related emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Air pollutants including formaldehyde (HCHO), aromatics, along with other trace gases (O3 and CO) were simultaneously measured. Humidity effects on the sensitivity of the PTR-ID-CIMS for HCHO detection were investigated and quantified. The performances of the PTR-ID-CIMS were also validated by inter-comparing with off-line HCHO measurement technique using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNPH) cartridges and the results showed fairly good agreement (slope = 0.81, R2 = 0.80). The PTR-ID-CIMS detection limit of HCHO (10-min average) was determined to be 1.7 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) based on three times the standard deviations of the background signals. During the field study, observed HCHO concentration ranged between 1.8 and 12.8 ppbv with a campaign average of 4.1 ± 1.6 ppbv, which was comparable with previous HCHO observations in other similar locations of China. However, HCHO diurnal profiles showed little feature of secondary formation. In addition, time series of both HCHO and aromatic VOCs indicated strong influence from local emissions. Using a multiple linear regression fit model, on average the observed HCHO can be respectively attributed to secondary formation (13.8 %), background level (27.0 %), and industry-related emissions, i.e., combustion sources (43.2 %) and chemical productions (16.0 %). Moreover, within the plumes the industry-related emissions can account for up to 69.2 % of the observed HCHO. This work has provided direct evidence of strong primary emissions of HCHO from industry-related activities. These primary HCHO sources can potentially have strong impact on local and regional air pollution formation in this area of China. Given the fact that the YRD is the largest economic zone in China and is dense with petrochemical industries, primary industrial HCHO emissions should be strictly monitored and regulated.
Contrasting transit times of water from peatlands and eucalypt forests in the Australian Alps determined by tritium: implications for vulnerability and the source of water in upland catchments
Authors: Cartwright I. , Morgenstern U.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Peatlands are a distinctive and important component of many upland regions that commonly contain distinctive flora and fauna that are different from adjacent forests and grasslands. Peatlands also represent a significant long-term store of organic carbon. While their environmental importance has long since been recognised, water transit times within peatlands are not well understood. This study uses 3H to estimate the mean transit times of water from peatlands and from adjacent gullies that contain eucalypt forests in the Victorian Alps (Australia). 3H activities of the peatland water range from 2.7 to 3.3 TU, which overlap the measured (2.9 to 3.0 TU) and expected (2.8 to 3.2 TU) average 3H activities of rainfall in this region. Even accounting for seasonal recharge by rainfall with higher 3H activities, the mean transit times of the peat waters are
HIGH-TEMPERATURE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS FROM RUBBER–PLASTIC BLENDS: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW
Authors: Banerjee Shib Shankar , Bhowmick Anil K.
Published: August 2016

This article reviews different types of high-temperature thermoplastic elastomers and thermoplastic vulcanizates from rubber-plastic blends. Preparation, structure, and properties of these materials are discussed briefly. Strategies to further improve the high-temperature performance of these materials are presented herein. A synopsis of the applications of these high-performance materials in the automotive industry is reported, pointing out the gaps to motivate potential research in this field.
CEO Cash Compensation and Firm Performance: An Empirical Study from Emerging Markets
Authors: Osei-Bonsu Nana , Lutta Joseph George M.
Published: August 2016

The primary objective of this study is to examine whether the CEO's cash compensation is influenced by the firm’s performance or whether the inverse relationship exists, where the CEO's bonus rather has a positive effect on company performance. The study includes an examination of firms listed on six emerging countries financial markets, and includes separate statistical tests on firms of different sizes and different industry sector. The findings of the study demonstrate that there is no relationship between CEO cash compensation and performance among the firms included in this study. Notwithstanding, some other incentive variables have been found as important performance boosters among companies in certain sectors. This study has been able to establish that some theories of incentive contracts hold true among firms of certain sizes as well as among firms from certain industries.
Emerging strategies for treatment of systemic sclerosis
Authors: Khanna Dinesh , Distler Jörg H.W. , Sandner Peter , Distler Oliver
Published: August 2016

Systemic sclerosis is a heterogeneous condition characterized by microvascular damage, dysregulation of the immune system, and progressive fibrosis affecting skin and internal organs. Currently, there are no approved disease-modifying therapies, and management mostly involves treatment of organ-specific complications. In recent years, major advances have greatly improved our understanding of the disease process, especially the molecular mechanisms by which fibrosis becomes self-sustaining. We discuss selected aspects of these mechanisms with a focus on those relevant to ongoing efforts to develop disease-modifying therapies. We also discuss advances in identification of patient subtypes, and selected examples of potential disease-modifying therapies in clinical development.
Reflections on Hoyland's In God's Path
Authors: Scheiner Jens
Published: August 2016

Robert Hoyland's erudite new narrative of the so-called “Islamic conquests” uses a vast amount of primary and secondary sources to address key questions about how the early Muslims took control of Byzantine and Sasanian territory. By doing so, he broadens the scope of the earlier published “conquest narratives,” aptly contextualizes early history of Islam into the late antique landscape, and hence does not present a one-sided image of the events. However, the author claims that it was not religious zeal that motivated the fighters, but the doctrines of emigration (hijra) and fighting (jihād). This interpretation belies the monograph's title, which is a reference to and translation of the qurʾānic term fī sabīl Allāh that is usually used in connection with fighting (jihād) and represents an important Islamic theologumenon.
The Power of the Grieving Mind: Female Lament in Statius’sThebaid
Authors: Voigt Astrid
Published: August 2016

Statius makes moral agency a pervasive feature of female lamentation in the Thebaid. This contrasts starkly with the preceding epic tradition. Taking a strong stance against the ethical discourse on the emotion of grief reflected in this tradition, Statius reasserts the social value of the emotion of grief and its ritual performance. The madness which makes women’s laments ambivalent is a catalyst enabling them to transgress the limits which would normally restrict their agency. This agency is developed in a vacuum of male values. Making the battle for lamentation the subject of his poem, Statius proposes to us a utopian female alternative to the male dominated epic genre.
Modelling the Effect of Post-mortem Contact on the Spread of Ebola with Quarantine As an Intervention
Authors: Oduro Francis T. , Baafi Joseph , Apaaboah George
Published: August 2016

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal disease in humans and other non-human primates caused by infection with any of the four identified Ebola virus species of the family Filoviridae. This paper develops the SEIR and the SEIHDR epidemic models that investigate the effects of the ante-mortem contact and post-mortem contact on the spread of the disease. The reproduction number of the models are determined. The equilibria and conditions for the existence of the equilibria are also determined. The models are solved numerically and the numerical simulations implemented to elucidate various scenarios. The results of the models are then compared to WHO data of confirmed cases for the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Liberia. It is observed that the SEIHDR model agrees better with the data than the SEIR model. Moreover, a new model, the SEIQDR model (a modification of the SEIHDR Model) is formulated which incorporates quarantine as an intervention. Again, this SEIQDR model is compared to the WHO data of confirmed cases for the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Liberia. The results of the SEIQDR model is found to agree better than those of the other models especially in respect of the latter stages  of the disease outbreak. Finally, the effect of vaccination on both the SEIHDR and the SEIQDR models is investigated. Different rates of vaccination using numerical simulations in order to predict the effect of vaccination on the infected individuals over time is also discussed. The SEIQDR model with vaccination indicates a lower threshold which should not be less than 25\% as compared to the SEIHDR model for which vaccination should not be less than 65\%. It is observed that vaccination as an additional strategy helps to control the disease more effectively.
The Rights of Minorities in International Law
Authors: Mihandoost Fatemeh , Babajanian Bahman
Published: August 2016

Today human right is of great importance. The existence of different minorities such as lingual, ethnic, racial, and religious minorities with different tendencies derived from different civilizations and cultures has brought about social and cultural varieties and differences in each country and also the emergence of this variety has resulted in the development of variety in a specific culture and ceremony in different countries. On the other hand, each country as a member of international society has to observe norms and principles accepted by international society. In other words, although preparation of constitution of each country depends on exclusive qualification of the country’s people and government, it does not mean they are free in each law because international legitimacy of each country’s government and constitution depends on observation of the accepted principles and the governing rules in international law. The subject of minorities was first introduced in Vienna Congress and today different minorities live in different countries. In international documents and treaties, a precise definition of minority has not been provided. The present article seeks to interpret minority rights according to international law and investigate minority rights in international law by using international documents.
An Analysis of the Role of Human Dignity in the Iranian Citizens Rights Charter
Authors: Piraman Fatemeh , Ahmadi Seyed Mohammad Sadegh , Raei Masoud
Published: August 2016

In today's societies, in which the variety of social communications are increasingly expanded, citizenship rights in relation to all citizens equally and without discrimination depends on a comprehensive charter. This charter should specifically predict citizenship rights. The citizenship Bill of Rights will only be successful in achieving its goals in case it is principally based on the human dignity. The Iranian legal system in 1392 experienced the development of the "Citizens Rights Charter". This charter, with its fundamental drawbacks, will not have a desirable impact on the Iranian legal system.
Apparently, human dignity enjoys a proper position in the introduction and the general rules of the Iranian Citizens Rights Charter. However, the charter's understanding of the concept of citizen and government has compromised this condition. On the one hand, considering the citizen as anonymous with the national, and granting citizenship right to the state on the other hand have compromised the the position of human dignity in the charter.
With respect to the instances of civil rights, human dignity does not enjoy an appropriate position too. The lack of distinction between instances of human rights and mere citizenship rights, non-implementation of instances in a comprehensive framework and the over-emphasis on counting the instances by the law, has undermined human dignity in the citizen rights context.
Features of Oppression and Wastage Resulting in Liability in the Law and Jurisprudence
Authors: Bakhtiyari Reza , Amini Alireza
Published: August 2016

The subject of oppression and wastage and liability arising from it, involve a significant part of the relationship between human beings with each other and the relationship between natural and legal persons. This has long been the most important issues and has been subjected to human, and in Islamic jurisprudence considered as the cause and contraption of liability; such a way that sometimes acceptance actions (oppression) and sometimes deprivation actions (wastage) caused harm to others. In law and religion, the rule of acceptance and denial actions has been explicitly stated. However, there are some cases as well which no special rule has been stated for them but in majority cases, omission or doing an action to stave off the losses from other is necessary. So it is necessary the aspects related to this topic to be explained properly. Hence, this question arises, what are the features of oppression and wastage led to liability in jurisprudence and consequently the rights derived from it?

Although in the case law according to the rule of Estimate (asking for something on loan), the liability of the authorized person in possession of the property has been removed despite the oppression and wastage the trustee is considered traitors and bondsman. In fulfillment of oppression and wastage and the liability resulted from that insight and intention of authorized person has no interfered and effect and oppression and wastage are the bases of liability and civil responsibility. Of achievements of this study which has been done descriptive-analytic is introduction and explanation of proper criteria for identifying oppression and wastage in cases where in the law and the jurisprudence have not been mentioned.
The Effective Mistake in Iran Fiqh and Jurisprudence
Authors: Khalijian Fariba , Naeemi Sayyed Morteza
Published: August 2016

The effect of mistakes on contract depends on certain conditions of which the most salient one is the fundamentality of mistakes. Magistrates must refer to contract parties' intentionsto identify the domain of the fundamental mistakes and their effects on the contract. Is the domain of the effective mistakes limited to the subject and important characteristics of the contract parties? Or can we find a unity of measurements among the characteristics of mistakes causing nullification, which incorporate all or at least most of the proofs of mistakes causing nullification? Why do in some cases, mistakes result in nullification and in others the cancel right and in some other ones no effects in contracts? The civil law, in articles 200 and 201, limits the domain of mistakes to "the contract itself" and "the important feature of contract parties". If we consider the base of the mistake effectsitsfundamentality, the mistake domain includes any mistakes in all basic elements of contracts which are the main reasons for making the contracts and mutual consent. Its condition is that the description of fundamentality is clearly or implicitly mentionedin the contract. Also the extent of effect of mistakes in contracts, depends on the importance of mistaken element in the opinions of contract parties. Some of the elements of the contract are related to mutual consent and mistakes in them result in problems in intention and nullifying the contract. Some other elements are not related to mutual consent and they are not in the domain of intention of the contract. If mistakes in them comes to the domain of mutual consent, naturally it leads to the authority of cancelling the contract.
Consequences, Necessities and Advantages of Iran’ Accession to the Statute of International Criminal Court
Authors: Asgarkhany Abu Mohammad , Goldouzian Iraj , Dorraj Behzad
Published: August 2016

The existing conflicts between approval of Rome Statute by Islamic Consultative Assembly along with joining the International Criminal Court and national interests and some of Islamic laws and regulations, has always been a controversial issue among scholars of law community of Iran because of the establishment of International Criminal Court and signed the Rome Statute by Islamic Republic of Iran. Many believe that accession to the International Criminal Court and its approval by parliament is inconsistent with national interests and sovereignty and also would bring negative consequences to the country. Contrary to this view, it is believed that provisions of the Rome Statute are not inconsistent with Islamic and domestic regulations and this accession can bring positive outcomes and international interests to Iran. In this way, national power and sovereignty of country would be reinforced at international level. The present study has investigated positive consequences and advantages of Iran’s accession to the Rome Statute.
Rent and Rent-seeking in Iran
Authors: Akbarabadi Esmaiel Gorgin , Tavana Ali Najafi
Published: August 2016

Financial abuse of power and making decisions that would guarantee the achievement of personal goals have attracted the attention of many Iranian intellectuals in recent years. Evidently, these problems indicate a kind of corruption which is in turn caused by discrimination. A clear example of discrimination in the economic literature is rent seeking; a sinister phenomenon through which windfall wealth is gained. Nowadays, in Iran, the negative meaning of rent usually comes to mind. Unfortunately, it must be stated that political, administrative and financial corruption as well as different types of rent seeking especially economic and political rent have turned into one of the most important problems in the society. Presence of entire governments and politics of rentierism ihas intensifiednsified those problems. Rent seeking, weakens the motivation to work and be productive and causes productive powers to go astray and do wrong. In a society of rent-seekers, sources of wealth, education and power become exclusive and discrimination and corruption, bribery, and consideration of family relationships rather than the rules, unlawful appointments and dismissals, etc. spread all over the society.
An Analysis of the Post-War Community Relations between Buddhists and Muslims in Sri Lanka: A Muslim’s Perspective
Authors: Long Ahmad Sunawari , Ismail Khaidzir Hj. , Salleh Kamarudin , Kumin Saadiah , Omar Halizah , Razick Ahamed Sarjoon
Published: August 2016

Sri Lanka is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious country comprising four of the world’s major religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Christianity. Buddhists are the predominant ethnic group, constituting 70.19% of the total population, while Muslims make up the second largest minority in the country. There are many records in the history to prove well the cordial relationship between Buddhists and Muslims in Sri Lanka. However, in the past couple of years, particularly during the aftermath of the civil war, tension may be observed in the relationship between these two religious groups. This is due to a campaign undertaken by a several Buddhist nationalist groups whose intensions are to create a division among these respective societies. These groups have been carrying protests against Muslim social, cultural and religious aspects, including issuing Halal certification, slaughtering of cattle, conducting prayer services, etc. Moreover, they have disseminated misinterpretations about Muslims and Islam with derogatory speeches among the Buddhist public, for the purpose of accomplishing above division. Given the above backdrop, this paper attempts to determine the post-war relationship between Muslims and Buddhists in the country, including major interrupting factors, through analyzing Muslims’ point of views. According to the results, there is no remarkable fluctuation in the relationships between Muslims and Buddhists, and Muslims have posited that there are several social, cultural and religious practices them that act as significant barriers to maintaining a better community relationship with Buddhists, such as slaughtering of cattle for meals. Therefore, almost all of the Muslims have been demanding proper guidelines regarding the slaughtering of cattle, the Niqabs (face cover of Muslim women), and other factors related to interrupting a better interaction with the Buddhists for better cordiality, within the context of Sri Lanka.
Studying Innovation Model Using Structural Equation Modeling and Artificial Neural Network in the Educational System with an Emphasis on Islamic Humanities
Authors: Sorayaei Ali , Valiollahpur Morteza
Published: August 2016

The Holy Quran is a book of the god and creative of the universe and training all beings including humans, express human life needs for grow, progress and evolve. Idea with Islamic thought and attitude is vital in Islamic societies today. Necessary, researches especially in the humanities with creativity and innovation. Educational system is case study in this research. Researcher, study factors affecting on development of innovative with Islamic thought in universities. Data collect tool a questionnaire consisting of 37 questions. Statistical population form city of Babol higher education institutions. The sample size is a total of 419. The model has been confirmed in both classical statistics and artificial intelligence. The Fisher test for equality of structural equation modeling correlation coefficient and artificial neural network indicates the network model greater power. Conclusion, model can be explained in all aspects the sacred system Islamic Republic of Iran with Islamic thought.
Jordanian Evidence of the Relationship between Agency Cost and Corporate Governance
Authors: Ramadan Imad Zeyad
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to shed light on the role of corporate governance tools in mitigating the agency problem in the Jordanian industrial companies, through studying the effect of the internal corporate governance tools; the ownership structure, the board of directors and capital structure on the asset turnover rate as an inverse indicator to the agency costs.The study concluded that the ownership structure in particular the firms ownership and ownership focus, the characteristics of the board of directors in terms of the number of members and members’ independence, separation of the positions of chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the company, in addition to bank loans as an indicator of capital structure constitutes tools for effective corporate governance in the Jordanian industrial companies.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Aurora-a Battery on Children
Authors: Aghababaei Sara , Malekpour Mokhtar , Kajbaf Bagher , Abedi Ahmad
Published: August 2016

The aim of this research is confirmatory factor analysis of Aurora-a Battery on Iranian children. Aurora-a Battery is a cognitive assessment according to Robert J. Sternberg’s theory of Successful Intelligence. 400 children 9-12 years old were selected through multi-steps sampling method and were tested with Aurora-a test. These children were from geographically diverse schools in Isfahan city, Iran. The factor analysis of data was performed through Amos software. Fit indices show that data fit with model. Moreover, the correlation between test total score and the analytical, creative and practical intelligences were 0.91, 0.94 and 0.84, respectively. Alpha for Aurora’s total score was equal to 0.92 as well. Aurora-a test can be an appropriate and valid instrument for identification gifted children aged 9-12 according to Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence. This test allows many children to be identified as gifted which in turn provides the opportunity of further development of their potential.
Studying the Effective Factors on Quality of Human Sources Training Plans (Case study: Employees of Iran's Saderat Bank- Tehran's West Superintendence)
Authors: Avanaki Mina Jamshidi , Najafifar Kolsoom
Published: August 2016

<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The purpose of this paper is to study the effective factors on quality of human sources training plans. Current research in terms of purpose is applicable and in terms of nature, it is descriptive and correlation kind and in terms of method, it is a survey research. The statistical population includes all employees who work in Saderat Bank of Tehran's west superintendence that the total number was 200 persons. The sample size was selected 131 persons according to Cochran's formula and the sampling method was simple random. In order to collect the data, the researcher-made questionnaire with 37 items in the form of 5-degree Likert spectrum from too high to too low was used. The face and content validity of questionnaire was confirmed by some of the experts and knowledgeable persons. Since Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the variables of curriculums (0.875), training environment (0.942), work environment (0.759), personality characteristics of trainees (0.901), quality of in-service training plans (0.867) was obtained higher than 0.7, therefore the reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test and two-variable linear Regression with spss software were used. The results indicated the variables of curriculums with β coefficient of 0.068 percent, training environment with β coefficient of 0.379 percent, work environment with β coefficient of 0.762 percent and personality characteristics of trainees with β coefficient of 0.241 percent have the power of predicting the dependent variable changes of in-service training plans quality. The adjusted explanation coefficient was 0.980 that indicated 4 independent variables of the research have been able to predict 98 percent of dependent variable changes.
School-Based Policies in Iran
Authors: Nami Shamsi
Published: August 2016

This paper aimed at examining school-based policies in Iran. School-based approach has been dominated educational systems of developed countries over the past four decades. Delegation of authority to lower levels, particularly to schools for decision making, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation is central to this approach. Efforts have been made to formulate, plan, and implement school-based policies and programs in Iran over a decade. This paper attempts to delve into the quality and quantity of these efforts by verifying and analyzing assertions and implications of Iran's 3rd, 4th, and 5th Development Plans, Theoretical foundations of fundamental Transition in Formal public Education in Islamic Republic of Iran (2011) and laws and regulations approved by Iran's Supreme Council of Education. The results indicated that although the above - mentioned documents and plans focused on the need for reforming structures and organizations,  using non-governmental power and private capital,  reducing government's tenure, encouraging stakeholders' participation, and favoring school independence, the quality and quantity powers assigned were incompatible with school- based assumptions. Delegation of authority was mainly centered around the decision making on how focused plans should be implemented. While many cooperative organizations have been established in schools through these policies and laws, these efforts are not based upon a comprehensive evaluation on which they can be judged. However, limited amount of evaluation has been carried out, but according to the experts' experiences and ideas, the intended goals has not been fully achieved.
Ranking the Obstacles of the Establishment of Integrated Urban Management in Tehran Municipality Using MCDM Technique
Authors: Salari Mohammad , Ahmadabadi Majid Nili
Published: August 2016

Tehran municipality is a nongovernmental organization to which many responsibilities have been added during the years; but the structure and the processes which are predominant in Tehran municipalities and the municipality of other cities is the same basic structure to which some more complicated processes have been appended. Integrated urban management is a solution which has been adopted in many developed countries to solve the problems of municipalities and has decreases the interference of municipality responsibilities with other governmental organizations. It is such a long time that Tehran municipality has started studying the establishment of integrated urban management and published different papers on this field. Anyway, there are some obstacles in the establishment of integrated urban management and it cannot be realized without fully knowing them and programming on their elimination. The present paper first recognizes the obstacles of establishment of integrated urban management and then ranks them through using MCDM techniques. 19 factors have been recognized as the obstacles of the establishment of integrated urban management and then ranked in three different categories titled legal obstacles, environmental obstacles and executive obstacles. The data have been collected using TOPSIS technique and a ranking of above mentioned factors was finally presented.
The Relationship of Servant Leadership with Trust and Organizational Efficacy
Authors: Nastiezaie Naser , Bameri Mosayeb , Dadkan Nemat Allah Rahimi
Published: August 2016

The present study aimed to examine the relationship of servant leadership with trust and organizational efficacy. This descriptive study followed a correlational design. Using stratified random sampling method, 225 employees of Zahedan Department of Education were studied through applying three questionnaires on servant leadership, organizational trust, and organizational efficacy. To analyze the obtained data, Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were used via SPSS v.21. According to the results, the correlation coefficients between servant leadership and components of service, humility, trust, and agape love and organizational trust were respectively 0.758, 0.646, 0.664, 0.698, and 0.686 (P<0.01). Moreover, the results of multiple regression analysis revealed that agape love with a beta-value (β) of 0.332, service with a beta-value of 0.247, and humility with a beta-value of 0.227 had the highest power to predict organizational trust. Additionally, the correlation coefficients between servant leadership and components of service, humility, trust, and agape love and organizational efficacy were respectively 0.66, 0.533, 0.518, 0.68, and 0.625 (P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that trust with a beta-value (β) of 0.684 and service with a beta-value of 0.147 had the highest power to predict organizational efficacy. Therefore, it can be concluded that the more and the better managers of the Department of Education apply the servant leadership style, such that they demonstrate more service, humility, and agape love in their behaviors, actions, and leadership style, the more trust they gain, and the levels of organizational trust and organizational efficacy correspondingly increase.
The Convergence of Human and Citizenship Rights in the Globalization Era
Authors: Biparva Amir , Zamani Sayed Qasem
Published: August 2016

Human and citizenship rights, the former refers to the individual for being a human and the latter to citizens of statesfor being members of a political community, have their own historical, social and political foundations. Therefore, any analysis about their relations should bring historical, social and legal foundations into consideration. While the content of citizenship rights can be analyzed in the context of human rights and in fact they origin from them, their relationship should be characterized based on their substantive and procedural aspects. One cannot claim the overlapping or inconsistency of these two rights just by conducting a shallow analysis. Particularly in the era of globalization and expansion of international communication, these rights have been the centerpiece of all global issues. Thus, paying attention to the relationships between these rights in both national and international levels is very important.