bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prideaux’s Circle
Authors: Maddicott John
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses Prideaux’s relations with his family, his College colleagues, and his allies in the church, that is, his circle. It sets out the background to, and evidence for, his two marriages, to Anne Goodwin, daughter of the dean of Christ Church, and to Mary Reynell, member of a Devon gentry family, and the children which the first marriage produced, noting the extent to which the children became the focus of literary attention. Stress is laid on Prideaux’s strong family affections, which also extended to his natal family in Devon. The chapter then outlines the careers of those colleagues to whom he was closest and enlarges on the qualities as tutors, college officers, and scholars which commended them to Prideaux: men such as Nathanael Carpenter and Henry Tozer. Lastly, his relations with a number of leading Calvinist churchmen, including Daniel Featley and James Ussher, are analysed. The degree to which they shared common opinions and interests, largely in opposition to the growing strength of Arminianism within the church, is a central theme.
Child Labour and the Youth Employment Challenge
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2022

Chapter 7 focuses on children and youth, a critical topic given the young age structures in many low-income countries. Widespread child employment can dampen future economic growth through its negative impact on child development and depress current growth by reducing unskilled wages and discouraging the adoption of skill-intensive technologies. Rising incomes are associated with a greater demand for children’s education and leisure and with improvements in the family’s ability to buffer economic shocks without child labour. All of these factors lead to declines in the economic activity of children when income levels are on the rise. The chapter also discusses the challenges to youth employment in LICs. While the large cohort of youth entering Africa’s labour force is better educated than previous cohorts, jobs remain elusive in the formal wage sector, given the limited success in African economies in structural transformation from low productivity agriculture to higher productivity non‐agricultural sectors.
Intonation in Bach’s Sei Solo
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

This lesson is divided into two sections: Training the Ear and Training the Left Hand. Intonation is controlled by the ear and must be constantly monitored through active listening. The awareness necessary for good intonation needs nurturing, the ear trained daily to be ever more discerning. Intonation analysis is a method of exploring the relationship between one note and another with the aim of expanding perception: Bar 1 of the E Major Loure is analyzed in detail to illustrate this method of working.
There are 6 exercises for practicing mental alertness in matters of intonation: playing slow notes quickly, focusing on some notes by missing out others, and applying rhythms to a passage. In the solo repertoire, we should not dogmatically apply ‘learned’ meantone systems but seek to develop our own taste regarding temperament and intonation, based on experiment and growing awareness. Physical barriers to good intonation are listed and exercises recommended for overcoming them.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

Bach rounds off his Libro Primo with the most joyful of all the works in the most jubilant of keys, that of E major: this lesson is devoted to the opening movement, the Preludio. Bach was later to use the material in two cantatas: those arrangements give us a clear picture of the affect Bach had in mind here. Detailed observations on musical and technical issues form the bulk of the lesson, with clear tips on solving the technical problems of specific difficult passages. We are encouraged to view the single line as polyphonic, a special exercise providing technical tips on highlighting this aspect of the movement.
Introduction
Authors: Perkins Franklin
Published: January 2022

The introduction begins by briefly setting the historical context for early Chinese philosophy, which arose from conditions of great turmoil and suffering and the breakdown of traditional forms of authority. It also situates Confucianism and Mengzi in a broader philosophical context, particularly in relation to Mozi and Zhuangzi. It then introduces the theme of the book, which is the way that Mengzi’s philosophy reconciles dedication to changing the world (activism) with a spiritual element of harmonizing with nature. The chapter also discusses the tension between the need for peace of mind and a belief that, in an unjust world, good people should be upset. The last part of the introduction briefly explains the author’s approach to the original texts.
Emotions and Enjoying Life
Authors: Perkins Franklin
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes problems that arise with Mengzi’s reliance on emotions. It begins with two problems that are raised across different traditions: that emotions erode our self-control and that they bring us suffering. Mengzi advocates cultivating and extending emotions, so the rest of the chapter explains his approach and how he addresses these problems. That includes a critical discussion of viewing emotions in terms of action and passion. The chapter has an extensive discussion of the tension between worrying about the state of the world and needing to have some peace of mind and enjoyment of life. Mengzi and other Confucians address this tension by cultivating a taste for the enjoyment of simple things and activities that are constructive for community. This chapter also discusses the ways in which Mengzi uses appeals to fate in order to accept some kinds of suffering with equanimity.
Cultivating Feelings
Authors: Perkins Franklin
Published: January 2022

This chapter turns to the specific methods Mengzi (and other Confucians) advocate for self-cultivation. The core of Mengzi’s account is that emotions arise from immediate stimulation, leading to an imperative to put oneself in the right situations. That basis in direct experience is extended and complicated by imagination and attention. Mengzi frequently points out the way in which certain situations will evoke feelings of compassion, shame, or aversion in us, while other situations will not, even if they are equally bad. That leads to his idea of extension, which is a central theme of this chapter. Extension includes the method of empathic reciprocity, shu, not wanting to impose on others what we do not want imposed on ourselves, something resembling the Golden Rule. The chapter concludes with a discussion of our dependence on other people and the sharing of responsibility.
Weighing the Tribal Factor in Yemen’s Informal Politics
Authors: Schmitz Charles
Published: January 2022

The Yemeni state is weak. To govern, the central government contends with a myriad of competing local and regional powers in a style of government that has been called the politics of patronage, the politics of chaos, the politics of permanent crisis, and dancing on the head of snakes. This chapter argues that if we understand formal politics to be the institutions of government and the public political processes of modern states (political parties and elections), and informal politics to be relationships of power outside those formal institutions, then governance in Yemen is mostly informal. To the consternation of development agencies and modernist state builders, the Yemeni regimes govern Yemen through what might be called an informal policy of managed chaos playing factions against one another, just as the Qajar regime did in the nineteenth century. A centralized but diffuse patronage network pulls all factions towards the personal rule of the president—the state, the economy, political parties, militant groups, influential personalities, and tribes are all elements of the patronage system. Ironically, the Yemeni state promotes informal power rather than formal power. The Yemeni state prefers to be the grand arbiter between many different centers of power in Yemen, pulling and manipulating the myriad factions of Yemeni and tribal society through a centralized but diffuse patronage system. Rather than oppose the sovereignty of the tribe, the central state encourages it, preferring to rule over a myriad of divided small entities than to govern citizens directly.
Dissecting the Spatial Relevance of the Dῑ‎wāniyya in Kuwait
Authors: Chay Clemens
Published: January 2022

An integral part of Kuwaiti culture, dīwāniyyas have been frequently mentioned in scholarly work as spaces for politicking. In its most basic form, the dīwāniyyas a reception room where men sit together regularly to discuss issues relevant to them. From Kuwait’s pre-oil landscape catering to a bustling port town, to today’s suburbanized residential areas, the dīwāniyya continues to find its place in the urban landscape despite the demise of other built environments. This study explains how the dīwāniyya’s spatial relevance is attributed to its “publicness,” and its quality enabling face-to-face communication that technology has failed to provide. Departing from an understanding of public space, this chapter will show how the dīwāniyya straddles the public-private divide. The space’s malleability has ensured its persistence; its capacity for socialization has led to its use by different societal groups, including foreign diplomats. Crucially, this chapter aims to show how an informal and indigenous mode of grassroots diplomacy provides for an expression of public sentiment.
Perilous Adventures
Authors: Haeri Shahla
Published: January 2022

From the early days of the establishment of the Islamic Republic, educated urban Iranian women have been actively engaged with the state and civil society in all spheres and domains, despite the many legal and political hurdles thrown in their paths by the state’s medieval gender policies. Their activism was not initiated by the drastic sociopolitical and structural changes of 1979, however. Women engaged with civil society well before the establishment of the Islamic Republic, though not so widely. One might wonder how Iranian women, be they from religious or secular backgrounds, have been able to transcend political and legal restrictions to emerge as a pressure group that is difficult to silence or ignore. How have women succeeded in demanding, and partially achieving, political authority and representation in governmental and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)? How have the relations between state and society, and between women and the Islamic Republic, evolved since its establishment in 1979? Focusing specifically on urban educated Iranian women, this chapter demonstrates the ways in which they actively and persistently engage with and participate in civil society—both individually and collectively.
Post-2013 Egypt
Authors: Hamzawy Amr
Published: January 2022

As part of restricting public space and cracking down on civil society and opposition political parties, Egypt’s new authoritarian regime has tried to manage social activism through repression, undemocratic legal frameworks, and aggressive judicial tools. It has intensified its efforts to intimidate professional associations, student groups, and labor activists, and has also expanded its targets to include young human rights advocates and citizens who have publicly stood against police brutality. Egypt’s ruling generals may not be embattled yet, but, with the crackdown on civil society and the decline of party politics, these activist groups currently offer the greatest hope for changing the tide. This study examines the four main anti-authoritarian platforms that have shaped social activism in Egypt since 2013: 1) single-cause initiatives that are opposing human rights abuses and advocating for the rights and freedoms of the victims;2) professional associations that are defending freedoms of expression and association;3) student groups that are challenging the systematic interference of the security services in their affairs and the permanent presence of security forces on campuses; and 4) the labor movement that is galvanized by deteriorating economic and social conditions and by the government’s repression of labor activists. In addition, this chapter highlights how spontaneous eruptions of popular anger in response to human rights abuses have become politically significant.
Introduction
Authors: Idler Annette , Vergara Juan Carlos Garzón
Published: January 2022

This introduction situates the book in the contemporary debates on drug policy. It explains how, at a moment when global order is in flux and global security at risk, critically analyzing the War on Drugs provides key insights into other global governance realms. The chapter discusses how the book challenges simplistic and often biased accounts by asking how the War on Drugs has affected vulnerable regions across the world and what the ramifications have been for the International Drug Control Regime (IDCR). It presents the book’s threefold overarching argument. First, analyzing and mitigating the harmful impacts of the IDCR’s interpretation in the form of the War on Drugs holistically requires people-centered rather than state-centric approaches. Second, the impacts of interpreting the IDCR in the form of the War on Drugs are ‘glocal,’ that is, they manifest themselves across the local and the global levels and thus cannot be addressed with state level forms of militarization alone. Third, there are notable asymmetries among governments with regard to their vulnerabilities and capacities to respond to the challenge of the illicit production, trade, and use of drugs that do not necessarily coincide with the world’s so-called North–South divide. The positions of governments of vulnerable regions both shape and have been shaped by the IDCR. The chapter concludes with an overview of the subsequent chapters.
Drug Use and Crime in the Context of the War on Drugs
Authors: Trajtenberg Nicolas , Ribera Olga Sánchez de , Musto Clara
Published: January 2022

Chapter 11 addresses the prohibitionist argument that has historically dominated the International Drug Control Regime discourse, and falls under the broader ‘securitization’ agenda. Analyzing studies that deal with the link between narcotics and crime, the chapter evaluates whether existing empirical evidence in Latin America backs up prohibitionist fears of rising crime through the illicit use of drugs. The chapter shows that the association between the two does not necessarily imply a causal relation where illicit drug use leads to crime, particularly when studies lack adequate research design and thus do not have an adequate control of relevant confounders. Furthermore, the chapter highlights a tendency to use cross-sectional studies with non-representative samples of individuals within criminal justice populations with higher rates of drug prevalence in existing studies, thereby exaggerating the proportion of crime caused by the illicit use of drugs.
Introduction
Authors: Doherty David , Dowling Conor M. , Miller Michael G.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 1 introduces the themes of the book, drawing attention to the fact that most political leaders get their start locally. The chapter establishes the central role local party organizations can play in converting citizens into candidates. Additionally, the chapter presents an overview of the content of subsequent chapters of the book.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Doherty David , Dowling Conor M. , Miller Michael G.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 6 sets up the findings presented in Part II, which focuses on the attributes local party chairs view as likely to enhance a candidate’s electoral prospects. The chapter describes the experimental design included in the national survey of chairs. The experiment presented chairs with a series of pairs of hypothetical candidates and asked them which candidate they thought would fare better in a primary election in their area. This chapter describes the candidate characteristics varied in the experiment, as well as the approach used to analyze the data. The chapter also describes an essentially identical experiment fielded on a national survey of the public that asked respondents which candidate they personally preferred. This provides an avenue for comparing how various candidate attributes affect chairs’ viability assessments to their effects on the voters’ willingness to support a candidate.
Introduction
Authors: Mulloy Garren
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this book is to provide insight into the various defenders of Japan after 1945, and attempt to answer some of the most common fundamental questions related to Japanese defence. Most prominent among these defenders are the existentially controversial Japan Self-Defense Forces (...
Cold War Defenders of Japan
Authors: Mulloy Garren
Published: January 2022

From the foundation of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in 1954, they gradually became the primary defenders of Japan’s external security, together with her US guarantor. This chapter examines the foundation of the three Forces, and the development of each in turn, from their origins, culture, and ethos, through growth and technical development, to how their respective and combined Cold War security roles changed. It also highlights their uneven capabilities and US engagement throughout the period, with naval cooperation prominently to the fore through the Maritime Self-Defense Force. While the Air Self-Defense Force gained technical prowess, it also demonstrated notable and embarrassing capability flaws, while the Ground Self-Defense Force struggled for public acceptance despite being the largest Force and the primary disaster relief provider, partly due to lingering imperial-era associations. Despite developing into sophisticated armed forces they struggled to shed the existential dilemma of being established seemingly in breach of Article 9 of the constitution and thereby struggled to gain social acceptance and legitimacy.
The Responsibilities of Politics in its Relations with Strategy
Authors: Martynov Evgeny Ivanovich
Published: January 2022

Contemporary Russian strategists consider Lieutenant General Evgeny Ivanovich Martynov (1864–1937) as a distinguished Russian Imperial and Soviet military theoretician. His military career included active participation in the 1904–5 Russo-Japanese War, World War I and the Russian Civil War, as well as educational and research positions on the General Staff of the Red Army until his retirement in 1928. During his career (before and after the 1917 Revolution), he authored numerous works on military history and strategy. This chapter is based on the translation of selected chapters from one of his most fundamental works - Obyazannosti politiki po otnosheniyu k strategii [The Responsibilities of Politics in Its Relations with Strategy]. In this text, Martynov outlines his views on the relation between politics and strategy in general, and on the nature of civil-military relations in particular. Despite been written more than hundred and twenty years ago, his views offer an important insight into the foundations of Russia’s contemporary civil-military relations.
The Foundations of Strategy
Authors: Mikhnevich Nikolai Petrovich
Published: January 2022

General of the Infantry Nikolai Petrovich Mikhnevich (1849– 1927), similar to Evgeny Martynov, continued to influence Soviet thinking after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. However, while Martynov’s work, presented in the previous chapter, focused on civil-military relations; Mikhnevich saw to improve the conceptualization and implementation of military science. This chapter is based on the translation of selected chapters from his Osnovy strategii [The Foundations of Strategy], which is considered in contemporary Russia as one of the classics of the Russian military school. In this work Mikhnevich explores ideas on how wars should be planned and how these plans should be executed in the most effective way.
Engineering Poetry
Authors: Reitz-Joosse Bettina
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with depictions of the process of construction in Statius’s panegyric Silvae. Statius attempts to enhance the impact of certain building projects by representing the process of their construction, while simultaneously conveying a particular poetics of construction uniquely suited to his Silvae. In the prefaces to individual books, Statius creates an image of the Silvae as composed at great speed and heavily improvised. In his poetic descriptions of construction, his emphasis on the fast execution of construction and the noise attendant on it serve to justify the aesthetics of the Silvae, composed at speed and communicating large panegyric sentiments. The poetics which Statius creates through descriptions of construction is (humorously) anti-Callimachean: fast composition and ‘thundering’ are not condemned, but are essential to the Silvae.
How to Build a Warbot
Authors: Payne Kenneth
Published: January 2022

Intelligence and autonomy are related, but not identical. The history of AI is closely bound up with defence and warfare. Codebreaking and fire control were two key tasks. Computers formed the architecture for AI research, and symbolic logic became the dominant approach. The military funded much research in the United States, but results were patchy. AI winters occurred when a disappointed government cut funding.
Introduction
Authors: Shankar Shobana
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how the entanglements of Africans and Indians, among the largest global diasporas, have embedded the race-caste crucible the world over. Although most African-Indian histories have focused on the Indian Ocean and economic relations, India and Indians found themselves in a new ideological realm in the Black Atlantic where Africans and the African diaspora constructed Pan-African and Afrocentric movements to fight racism and develop race consciousness. Decolonization and self-determination forced open questions about African-Indian differences and inequality, defined by caste, religion, sex, and skin color that were issues simmering beneath the rhetoric of Afro-Indian solidarity. This racial reckoning played out from South Africa and India west to the United States, Ghana, Nigeria, and Francophone Senegal.
A cultural economy between the Black Atlantic and Indian Ocean
Authors: Shankar Shobana
Published: January 2022

This chapter traces the growth of a West African-Indian cultural economy from the early 1900s, challenging the geographical and ideological limits of Gilroy’s Black Atlantic and Indian Ocean frameworks. A multidirectional flow of texts, images, and people produced African-Indian exchanges seen to possess power and danger. New cultural expressions included Mami Wata worship and novel Islamic movements such as the Indian Ahmadiyya missionary movement, a heterodox Muslim sect that adopted Pan-Islamic and Pan-African politics. Through a critical race consciousness emerging between America, West Africa, and India, Blackness was redefined not only in opposition to whiteness but affirmatively as a critical humanism. Rather than non-racialism, Afro-Indian racial ideology highlighted their common human origins, ancient migrations, mixed-racial identity, and millennialism.
Third World science
Authors: Shankar Shobana
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that African-Indian collaboration in scientific research and its application in development projects intensified cultural competition and nationalism. It features the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, founded by Pakistani Nobel laureate Dr. Abdus Salam in 1964. Salam belonged to the Ahmadiyya sect and had family connections to Ghana and Nigeria. He helped scientists facing religious persecution in Pakistan leave South Asia. Such cultural conflicts were hidden aspects of South Asian professional migration to postcolonial Africa. Yet Salam’s devotion to promoting Islamic and Third World collaboration did not fit neatly with aims of African scientists seeking to foster Pan-African knowledge. Conflicts over cultural autonomy and African self-reliance led Black scientists from Africa and the diaspora to establish the Edward Bouchet Institute, named for the first African-American scientist to receive a doctorate in physics.
Introduction and Early History
Authors: Rodgers Helen , Cavendish Stephen
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers how Granada’s past has long been rewritten according to different trends in how history is perceived. The chapter begins in 1754 when amateur archaeologist Juan de Flores faked, buried and then excavated Roman artefacts in Granada to try to prove a Roman history for the city. Flores’s fraud was just one event in a long line in which people have tried to provide their own story for the origins of this last Islamic capital of western Europe. The chapter continues with details about what was on the site of today’s Granada before the Berbers turned it into a major city in the eleventh century, including providing details about a Roman city called Iliberri, that did, in fact, exist on the site of modern day Granada, and was believed to be the location of the early Christian Synod of Elvira.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Joanna
Published: January 2022

The subject of the book is laid out and a detailed background history provided. It sets up the difficult and dramatic circumstances which produced a flight from Somalia from the late 1980s and the challenging environment for refugees arriving in the London who were seen as black, Muslim and coming from a warlord-dominated and collapsed state. The introduction covers the reasons for London being a chosen destination by setting out in depth the history of British Somaliland and the contributions of Somalis to imperial and global history since the late nineteenth century. It explores a colonial legacy with regard to how Britain saw Somalis, and also considers how Somalis viewed the British. The book’s main arguments, outline and methodology are included.
Elite, Educated and Excluded Resilience Through Loss
Authors: Lewis Joanna
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the experiences of career women. A significant number of refugee women had their careers not just interrupted but destroyed by war and fleeing to Britain. It explores British Somaliland’s only secondary school for girls in Burao and school girl resistance to colonial rule. It follows the story of the new opportunities for women after independence especially those who worked in education and health. It chronicles their equally dramatic and upsetting experiences in London as refuges and how they helped mobilise social and cultural capita and networks, some functioning in effect a women’s wing of the Somali National Movement
African Debt Crises of the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Smith Gregory
Published: January 2022

In the 1980s and 1990s, most African countries experienced a severe debt crisis that led to a pause in economic reform and contributed to a decline in living standards. During the debt crisis, many African countries either experienced stagnation or a reversal of the gains in living standards made in the 1960s and 1970s. The debt crisis also meant that other non-debt forms of capital did not flow. With the unsustainable debts came a weaker investment climate, a lack of available trade credit, and a reduction in foreign direct investment. Sizeable debt relief eventually provided in the 2000s ended the crisis, but only after two decades of economic pain. A key question is why sufficient debt relief, on a largely official debt stock, took so long to materialize, especially as the cost of not providing it was understood at the time and well communicated.
Debt Scars From the Pandemic
Authors: Smith Gregory
Published: January 2022

A coronavirus pandemic meant Africa suffered its first recession since the early 1990s and one of its deepest on record. These economic pressures, on top of the tragedy of illness and death, meant the pandemic would have massive socioeconomic consequences. It also left deep debt scars. In light of this reality, requests were made by African presidents and government ministers for a debt service suspension and support was provided by some official creditors. For most countries without market access, the decision to accept a temporary debt service suspension initiative (DSSI) was an easy one to make. For countries with sizeable commercial debt or market access, the decision to accept the DSSI was more complicated, mainly because the G20 term sheet hinted that private creditors would need to provide comparable treatment, which meant that any benefits of suspension needed to be weighed against concerns market access would be lost, alongside other trade-offs.
Ways of Avoiding Debt Crises
Authors: Smith Gregory
Published: January 2022

Given the build-up of debt risks in most African countries, keeping calm and carrying on with the borrowing style of 2010 to 2020 is not an option. Debt risks need to be reduced by borrowing more prudently and by increasing the amount of debt a country can safely carry. Borrowing decisions need to be more carefully thought through. Efforts are also needed to: plug capital leaks, invest smarter, fix revenue problems, and build resilience to future shocks. Debt management reforms are also needed for African countries’ to manage more complex debt operations and debt risks. Even then emergency financial support might be needed to avoid debt crises.
Revolutionary Imagination and the Ecology of Human Rights
Authors: van Klinken Adriaan , Chitando Ezra
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on church leader and theologian, Jean-Blaise Kenmogne, and his theological intervention in the politics of homosexuality in Cameroon. It begins by outlining how homosexuality has become deeply politicized in the country, and the role of the powerful Catholic Church and other religious bodies in this. It then examines how Kenmogne, as a prominent intellectual, came out publicly in support of the human rights of sexual minorities. The chapter offers a detailed analysis of a lengthy interview that Kenmogne did about homosexuality, human rights and the church in Cameroon, which in 2012 was published in book form. It then links his progressive stance on this topic to Kenmogne’s broader thinking, which is informed by a theology of reconstruction and a humanistic ecology that seeks to ‘revolutionize’ the imagination of what it means to be African and human.
Affirming Human Diversity and Embodiment in the Face of HIV
Authors: van Klinken Adriaan , Chitando Ezra
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the work of leading African feminist biblical scholar and theologian, Musa W. Dube from Botswana. It reconstructs and examines how Dube, from her activist-scholarly work on issues of gender and HIV/AIDS, has also come to advocate a progressive approach to questions of sexual diversity. The chapter locates Dube’s approach in her broader theological project that is informed by eco-feminist and liberation theologies, and that seeks to read the Bible in a quest for life and justice. It particularly identifies the biblical concept of the ‘Body of Christ’ and the indigenous African notion of ubuntu as cornerstones of Dube’s prophetic call to embrace and affirm human embodiment, both physically and communally, in the context of stigma, discrimination and injustice.
Building a Progressive Pan-African Christian Movement
Authors: van Klinken Adriaan , Chitando Ezra
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the work of The Fellowship of Affirming Ministries (TFAM), an African American organization that in recent years has become active in Africa. Rooted in the traditions of black Pentecostalism and black liberation theology, TFAM was founded in the year 2000 to promote the ‘gospel of radical inclusivity’. The chapter offers an overview of TFAM’s history and its recent engagement with the African continent. It reconstructs how the organization and its local partners are promoting a pan-African, progressive, LGBTI-affirming and justice-oriented form of Pentecostal Christianity that seeks to combat the influence of American conservative, mostly white, evangelicals in Africa. It also offers an account of LGBTI-affirming congregation established with the support of TFAM, the Cosmopolitan Affirming Community in Nairobi, Kenya. Doing so, the chapter discusses TFAM’s work as a charismatic alternative to secular forms of LGBTI activism.
Infinite Possibilities in a Nigerian Lesbian Love Story
Authors: van Klinken Adriaan , Chitando Ezra
Published: January 2022

Referring to the role of African literary writers as social critics, this chapter focuses on literary texts that enable a reimagination of Christianity and sexual diversity in contemporary Africa. As a case in point, it discusses the novel Under the Udala Trees by the Nigerian writer Chinelo Okparanta (2015). Set in the aftermath of the Biafra war (1967-70), the novel tells the love story between two young women. The chapter explores how Christianity is a central theme in the novel, in a twofold way. First, the novel narrates the ambivalent experiences of the protagonist with the church as a space of rejection and ‘deliverance’ as well as of refuge and comfort. Second, the novel shows how the Bible has become a battleground in the debate about homosexuality, used to condemn same-sex love, while foregrounding alternative, liberating biblical interpretations.
The Component Parts
Authors: Roque Paula Cristina
Published: January 2022

Chapter 1 introduces the component parts of Angola’s political and social system. It provides a short and brief history of the ruling party and the Presidency in order to contextualize the usurpation of power described in the following chapters. The opposition and organized civil society are also introduced as elements that competed, collaborated or were deeply conditioned by the securitized system and the political and economic strategies of hegemonic control. This chapter provides the necessary background to the political components that upheld the many strategies of post-war governance in Angola and were pillared on an array of security interventions and forces.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Katherine
Published: January 2022

The introduction presents the main research questions, specifically, why did the political leadership in Saudi Arabia decide not to engage with Iraq in the years following the 2003 invasion, and what effect did this Saudi decision have on Iraq? To answer these questions, the introduction establishes an analytical framework based on the International Relations literature pertaining to misperception and self-fulfilling prophecies. This framework presents the tools necessary to understand how Saudi Arabia, by taking a decision based on misperception about Iran and the Iraqi Shia, could end up producing a self-fulfilling prophecy whereby a Shia-led Iraq would find itself in an Iranian orbit. The introduction also addresses the process by which foreign policy decisions are made in Saudi Arabia. Many scholars posit that Saudi foreign policy decisions have traditionally been taken through the consensus of the senior members of the Saudi royal family. By contrast, this book demonstrates that King Abdullah personally dominated the decision not to engage with Iraq.
Interrogating the Inter-Linkage Between Ethiopian Migration Policies and Irregular Migration
Authors: Nigusie Alemu Asfaw
Published: January 2022

The chapter analyses the evolution of Ethiopia’s migration-related legal instruments and their contexts and assumptions on the one hand and how human traffickers and employment agencies devise creative methods to circumvent and bypass the existing laws on the other hand. It argues that despite the enactment of various polices and proclamations to limit it, the practice of irregular migration has been increasing, not declining. It also argues that absence of legal overseas employment opportunities (2014-2018) from the Ethiopian side has exacerbated irregular migration and its associated ordeal of individuals at the hands of smugglers and traffickers.
Theorizing CXO Roles
Authors: Alvarez José Luis , Svejenova Silviya
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the theorizing of CXOs, focusing on roles as resources and professional role identities, as well as discussing how labelling and the politics of meaning shape executive roles. We then review organizational scholarship on the ‘classic’ C-suite roles (i.e. CEO and CFO) that have sustained their centrality in the top management team and current theorization of the panoply of new CXO roles. Subsequently, we unravel the ‘fast fashion industry’ involved in theorizing executive roles, legitimating and diffusing them, as well as shaping ideas about their executive expertise, identity, and style. We conclude the chapter by suggesting how this labelling of and collective meaning making in relation to an ever-expanding range of CXO roles could be indicative of a changing model of organizational control.
Executive Power in Transformation
Authors: Alvarez José Luis , Svejenova Silviya
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter reviews the main manifestations of CXO clusters, evaluates the efficacy of different theoretical explanations, identifies contributions of this work to those theories, and reflects on the appeal and success of the CXO label. It also summarizes why the CXO phenomenon appeared and became so widespread and intense; what its essential nature is; where CXOs operate, both in and between organizations; how they operate and which distinct behaviours they exhibit; as well as who CXOs are, from an executive identity perspective. The chapter argues that studying the spread of CXO roles promotes a better understanding of the role of the CEO, the quintessential chief officer, and thereby, the essence of what it means to be a senior executive. the main insights, The book concludes by proposing the ideal type of contemporary executive in complex organizations.
Intimate Memoirs
Authors: Hayes Patrick
Published: January 2022

The memoir boom of the 1980s and 90s has been linked to the emergence of what Lauren Berlant named ‘intimate public spheres’, and it has been both celebrated and criticized for its elevation of the sentimental and the emotive. But what exactly is intimacy, and what kinds of writing best sustain it? Exploring a wide range of memoirists, including James Frey, Augusten Burroughs, Sylvia Fraser, Alice Sebold, Katherine Harrison, Mary Karr, Frank Conroy, Dave Eggars and Lauren Slater this chapter examines the ways in which the intimacy of memoir writing became increasingly compromised—even as it became increasingly popular—by the culture of ‘emotional capitalism’ (as sociologist Eva Illouz has named it) nascent in this period. More considered and authoritative forms of memoir-writing, exemplified here by Maggie Nelson and Edward St Aubyn, started to position themselves explicitly in rejection of the cold intimacies of popular memoir.
A Fable on Debt and Debt Management
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

Kalecki told a fable about how a forged banknote may circulate in an impoverished community paying off debts. The fable reveals the necessity for liquidity in a financial system conceived as a group of mutually-indebted agents, who can maintain payments on their debts as long as they have enough liquidity, or can sell debt claims to each other, or a banking system exists which can create credit to buy debt claims, or a central bank exists to buy in debt claims. This means that income from actual production and exchange of ‘real’ goods and services is unnecessary to maintain debt payments.
Industrial without Financial Circulation?
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

The theory of the monetary circuit, as represented in the work of Augusto Graziani, appears as a ‘natural’ complement to the monetary theory of Kalecki because both share a focus on the circulation of money rather than monetary aggregates. However, the ‘circuitist’ theory differs in assuming that capitalists have no money and therefore need ‘initial finance’. Graziani has credit used as means of payment, with the credit of workers as claims on indebted capitalists. ‘Neo-Kaleckian’ financialization theory has capitalists’ credit as claims on indebted workers. Both exaggerate the importance of inter-class debt, at the expense of the intra-class debt whose circulation among capitalists is the foundation of Kalecki’s monetary macroeconomics.
The Transfer Theory of Government Debt
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

Keynes was impressed by Kalecki’s proposal for financing full employment by means of long-term government debt serviced by a capital levy or taxes on profits. This transfer theory of debt presents liquidity rather than income as a precondition for debt payment. This way of analysing debt had been put forward in 1917 by Hartley Withers. Regarding debt as a transfer problem highlights the logical flaw in current thinking along lines of ‘Ricardian Equivalence’, confusing ‘inside’ or domestic debt with ‘outside’ debt. The transfer approach to debt also highlights the need for central open market operations to ensure the financial circulation of money.
Central Bank Open Market Operations
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

Following the financial crisis, central banks were forced to resume responsibility for the liquidity of the financial system. This meant a revival of open market operations. But for all their success in renewing liquidity in banking and capital markets, these ‘extraordinary measures’ of central banks have failed to revive economies. The chapter examines the way in which central banks manage the liquidity of financial markets through their open market operations. These go back to the origins of central banking, when interest rate policy was restricted by usury laws, and became prominent in the inter-war years with the need to maintain the liquidity of debt markets. Monetarism focused open market operations on the control of monetary aggregates. The subsequent focus on interest rate policy led to the neglect of open market operations until the 2008 crisis.
Kalecki Vindicated
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

Monetary policy has traditionally been used to control variables in the real economy of production and exchange. However, attempts to do so have merely made monetary policy more responsive to the current phase of the business cycle, from which phase its future evolution is inferred, rather than improving control over the economy. Such monetary policy activism tends to make monetary policy endogenous to the business cycle. Policy activism tends to be discounted by the markets, or hedged with interest rate derivatives or holding company structures. This does not mean that monetary policy is ineffective, but that the scope of its effectiveness is limited to the financial system, where monetary policy can influence debt structures and the liquidity of those structures.
Fluids
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki
Published: January 2022

The problems in this chapter cover hydrostatics, nonviscous and viscous flow, surface gravity waves, bubbles, melting, the distribution of the Earth’s atmospheric temperature, and other topics. The presentation takes into account the fact that many, if not most, students of physics in the United States will not have had a course on fluids in their undergraduate curriculum, so the presentation draws on analogies with electricity and magnetism. Many results will be found amusing and surprising even by practicing physicists.
Gravitation, Astrophysics, and Cosmology
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki
Published: January 2022

The chapter on gravitation, astrophysics, and cosmology discusses some of the topics frequently appearing in the news (dark matter, gravitational clock shifts, etc.) from a most elementary perspective. The readers will discover that they can deduce, from simple arguments, that the universe has a finite extent and why it is widely believed that we cannot understand the motion of the astronomical objects solely by assuming that the mass of the universe is all “conventional.”
Electromagnetism
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki
Published: January 2022

The chapter on electromagnetism touches upon topics in static and dynamic electricity and magnetism, including forces resulting from the electromagnetic-field pressure, Poynting vector, magnetic shielding, Ohmic loss, extension of the Maxwell’s equations to include magnetic monopoles, and discusses why refrigerator magnets are periodically poled.
Chinese writing
Authors: Arcodia Giorgio Francesco , Basciano Bianca
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with the topic of writing in China, including both Chinese writing proper and some Chinese-derived writing systems for non-Sinitic languages. It discusses some basic questions concerning Chinese writing, namely, the nature of the Chinese script and its relationship with language, the classification of Chinese characters, their number and use. It then proposes a sketch of the history of Chinese writing from its earliest attestations, also discussing the phonographic writing systems developed for Sinitic languages. The last part of this chapter is devoted to the writing systems for Chinese dialects, with a focus on Cantonese and Taiwanese, and to the Chinese-derived writing systems for Vietnamese (the Chữ Nôm script) and Zhuang (the Sawndip script).
The Ethnic Foundations of Electoral Politics in Kenya
Authors: Horowitz Jeremy
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes the role of ethnicity in Kenya’s presidential elections using data on individual preferences and group-level voting patterns since the return to multiparty competition in 1992. It shows that ethnicity is important to individual voters for the information it conveys about patronage allocations and communal representation. It demonstrates that the widespread preference for coethnic candidates leads voters to line up en masse in support of coethnic candidates or the coalition that best incorporates prominent coethnic leaders, and to switch partisan allegiances as elite alliances shift. The chapter also shows that ethnic bloc voting is never uniform and that it tends to be lower on average for ethnic groups that do not have a coethnic leader in the race.
Ethnicity and the Swing Vote
Authors: Horowitz Jeremy
Published: January 2022

What makes some voters “up-for-grabs” during elections in Africa’s emerging democracies? The answer offered in this chapter emphasizes the importance of ethnic identities, and examines how one factor—whether groups have a coethnic in the race—shapes core and swing. Drawing on survey data, including two national panel studies, the analysis shows that in Kenya voters without a coethnic in the race have weaker initial preferences at the start of campaigns and are more likely to change their voting intentions during the campaign period than those with a coethnic among the major-party contenders.