bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Model Architecture Against Adversarial Example's Effectivity
Authors: Karnala Vihan , Campbell Marianne
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the impact of model architecture on the efficacy of adversarial examples against machine learning systems implemented in self-driving applications. Prior research shows how to create and train against adversarial examples in many use cases; however, there is no definite understanding of how a machine learning model’s architecture affects the efficacy of adversarial examples. Data was collected through an experimental setting involving end-to-end self-driving models trained through behavioral cloning. Three model types were tested based on popular frameworks for machine learning algorithms dealing with images. Results showed a statistically significant difference in the impact of adversarial examples between these models. This means that certain model types and architectures are more susceptible to attacks. Therefore, the conclusion can be made that model architecture does impact the efficacy of adversarial examples; however, this is potentially limited to closed-loop, end-to-end systems in which algorithms make the entire decision. Future research should investigate what specific structure within models causes increased susceptibility to adversarial attacks.
Feature Correlation with Student Education Performance
Authors: Gupta Ritvik , Gueneau Claire
Published: August 2021

The 21st century has seen the advent of the internet as well as the spread of increasingly powerful computer technologies. One of these new technologies is Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. These computer models assist in pattern recognition, task performance as well as prediction. One place where this technology can be used is Educational Data Mining. This study used these ML technologies on the Student Performance Dataset to see what features are correlated with high student academic performance. This study also utilized Feature Engineering to derive features that represent the interactions of different features from the original dataset in order to conduct further analysis.This study found that multiple different features such as parent relationship status, travel time between home and school, among others, had a positive correlation with student academic performance. Features such as past failures and increasing frequency of hanging out with friends after school was correlated with negative student academic performance. However, results with the ML models as well as Feature Engineering were inconclusive due to the results not having a high enough accuracy to merit analysis.
Moral Rights Laws and Income Disparity Between Artists in High and Low GDP States
Authors: Avanesov Victoria , Hodgson Robert
Published: August 2021

The United States' laissez-faire approach to moral rights legislation has left many academics questioning the impact that these laws have on artists' welfare. In using artists' income as one component of measuring overall well-being, states with additional statewide moral rights legislation have been shown to contribute to more significant artist losses, in contrast to states with only federal legislation. At the same time, moral rights laws have been shown to have no impact on artists' choice of residency, leaving some artists possibly disadvantaged regarding their choice of residency. Utilizing a difference in differences framework, this paper explores the impact of moral rights legislation on artists' weekly incomes between moral rights states of varying outputs of GDP. Although results suggested that artists would lose approximately $0.18 per one billion dollar increase in GDP at the statewide level, after conducting an additional t-test, these findings were shown to have no statistical significance. Several limitations, most prominently a lack of data availability in the pre-law values required for the difference in differences framework, may have contributed to these findings. These indeterminate results leave the question of whether some artists remain economically disadvantaged as a result of moral rights legislation uncertain.
Occupational Therapy’s Role in Addressing the Psychological and Social Impact of COVID-19
Authors: Lannigan Elizabeth Griffin , Tyminski Quinn
Published: August 2021

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, health care practitioners’ primary focus has been on its physical consequences. Yet, the emotional strain of the pandemic exposed the mental health needs of survivors and society as a result of forced changes in occupational choices, habits, and roles. These forced changes caused a collective confusion, fear, loss, and grief. This column focuses on occupational therapy’s critical contributions to supporting society’s mental health and wellness. Occupational therapy has a unique opportunity to provide interventions to address population-wide mental health and wellness, targeted prevention of mental health concerns for people at risk, and intensive intervention for people with COVID-19–induced mental health diagnoses.
Um mundo de riscos e desafios: conquistar a sustentabilidade, reinventar a democracia, e eliminar a nova exclusão social
Authors: Pazello Elizabeth Dalana
Published: August 2021

Esse documento se configura como uma resenha da obra "Um mundo de riscos e desafios: conquistar a sustentabilidade, reinventar a democracia, e eliminar a nova exclusão social" do autor sociólogo Elimar Pinheiro do Nascimento, publicada em 2020 pela Fundação Astrojildo Pereira (FAP).
Entrevista sobre el buen y bien vivir con Alberto Acosta
Authors: Ríos Jaime Rodolfo Burga , De la Torre Patrícia
Published: August 2021

Entrevista realizada pelos sociólogos Jaime Ríos3 (Peru) e Patrícia de la Torre4 (Equador) com Alberto Acosta, um dos ideólogos da “Revolução Cidadã” do Equador e autor dos livros La maldición de la abundância e O Bem Viver (Ed. Elefante). A entrevista foi realizada por meio eletrônico em dezembro de 2020.
REPRODUTIBILIDADE DE RESPOSTAS NA VALIDAÇÃO DE UM PROTOCOLO DO NÍVEL DE CONHECIMENTO TÁTICO DECLARATIVO NO HANDEBOL
Authors: Leão Iberê Caldas Souza , Viana Marcelo Tavares , Sougey Everton Botelho
Published: August 2021

Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi reproduzir as mesmas respostas de um grupo de atletas de alto nível (peritos) do handebol Brasileiro, na busca da validade de conteúdo de um protocolo do nível de conhecimento tático declarativo (CTD). Método: Por meio de um estudo do tipo explicativo, inferencial, transversal, do tipo caso controle, com amostras por  conveniência, foram avaliadas 32 (trinta e duas) atletas da categoria adulta. Utilizou-se um teste (conjunto de cenas de vídeo) que mede o nível de CTD para respectiva reprodutibilidade. Foi empregado o teste t pareado (p≤0,05) e os dados foram gerados pelo pacote estatístico do SPSS for Windows 17.0, de 2010. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (protocolo No 94.896 de 14/08/2012), sendo realizado em dezembro de 2015. Resultados: Foi obtida uma boa reprodutibilidade entre as respostas das atletas analisadas no tempo 1 (3,81±1,36) e no tempo 2 (3,22±1,13) com um p≤0,09. Discussão: Neste sentido, identifica-se que o teste e fidedigno para o que se propõe (analise do nível de CTD/percepção e tomada de decisão). Conclusão: A partir da análise realizada nesse estudo, foi obtida uma boa reprodutibilidade das respostas de um grupo de atletas do alto nível do handebol Brasileiro, naobtenção da validação de conteúdo de um protocolo do nível de conhecimento tático declarativo nessa modalidade.
ASPECTOS METODOLÓGICOS DO AQUECIMENTO PARA O JOGO DE FUTEBOL: UM ESTUDO DE REVISÃO
Authors: Julião Alexandre César , E Silva Saulo Santana Holanda , Rodrigues Filho Edil De Albuquerque , Leão Iberê Caldas Souza
Published: August 2021

Objetivo: Objetivou-se analisar formas de aquecimento para o treino ou jogo de futebol, fornecendo subsídios metodológicos para futuras discussões. Método: Foram pesquisados livros da língua portuguesa, espanhola einglesa, como também artigos e periódicos utilizando as bases de dados do Google acadêmico, Scielo, periódicos Capes, Pubmed, sobre o tema proposto. Resultados e discussão: Os resultados nos mostram que além de ser trabalhada a parte fisiológica, no aquecimento para o futebol devem ser enfatizadas ações que irão ocorrer na partida, estimulando boas decisões e que estas representem as situações que ocorrerão no jogo; tudo isso aliado à questão metodológica. Conclusão: Concluímos que nas diversas formas de aquecimento para a prática do futebol, os aspectos cognitivos junto com os métodos ativos (JDC, IEU, situacional) devem ser enfatizados por parte dos profissionais dessa modalidade, visto que os mesmos reproduzem ações técnicas e táticas contextualizadas com o jogo formal preparando melhor o atleta.
El Salvador debe optar por la vida y la paz ahora
Authors: Superior Consejo
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 46, No. 513-514, 1991: 633-642.
Abril
Authors: Editor El
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 46, No. 513-514, 1991: 755-760.
Relectura cristiana del quinto centenario
Authors: Sobrino Jon
Published: August 2021

Sólo la honradez ante el pasado y su verdad nos hará libres y nos capacitará para construir un futuro justo. Aquí se abordan algunos puntos importantes para iluminar la pregunta de si y qué podemos celebrar y, sobre todo, para hacer hoy las cosas de manera distinta. En concreto, el autor analiza cómo se vio entonces la empresa conquistadora desde la fe y cómo se ve desde hoy la empresa evangelizadora de entonces.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 47, No. 528, 1992: 855-866.
Rigoberta Menchu, Premio Nobel de la Paz
Authors: P. J. H.
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 47, No. 528, 1992: 889-893.
Junio
Authors: Editor El
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 47, No. 528, 1992: 915-918.
Qué piensa la UCA de la educación superior
Authors: "José Simeón Cañas" Universidad Centroaméricana
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 48, No. 540, 1993: 923-940.
Los "escuadrones de la muerte"
Authors: Editor El
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 48, No. 540, 1993: 941-949.
Dos programas económicos para 1994
Authors: Ibisate Francisco J.
Published: August 2021

Síntesis de las grandes líneas de pensamiento económico de los partidos políticos, partiendo de que un buen plan económico nacional debe estar inspirado en el contexto social concreto del país al cual también debe dar respuesta, según su objetivo fundamental: el desarrollo económico y el crecimiento con equidad.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 48, No. 540, 1993: 983-1002.
Pronunciamiento en la conmemoración del quinto aniversario de los mártires de la UCA. Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas". El Salvador necesita realismo y esperanza
Authors: Editor El
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 49, No. 553-554, 1994: 1177-1183.
Releyendo la plataforma económica
Authors: L. F. J.
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 50, No. 555-556, 1995: 87-92.
Marzo
Authors: Editor El
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 51, No. 569, 1996: 255-259.
El Salvador en 1995
Authors: González Luis Armando , Romano Luis Ernesto , Sermeño Ángel Alfredo , Vargas Henry Marcel
Published: August 2021

Evaluación de la situación económica, socio-laboral y política de El Salvador en 1995. La tesis del artículo es que, en 1995, en el país emergió una tensión difícil de resolver entre política y mercado, esto es, entre las exigencias de la política democrática y las exigencias de la lógica neoliberal. Asimismo, se afirma que en el centro de esa tensión se haya situada la sociedad civil, cada vez más afectada en sus condiciones de vida por el empuje del mercado y cada vez más "desprotegida" políticamente por la subordinación estatal a los intereses empresariales.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 51, No. 569, 1996: 157-178.
Enfoque de un plan alternativo de desarrollo para El Salvador
Authors: White Alastair
Published: August 2021

Ponencia leída en el Departamento de Economía de la Universidad de El Salvador, reelaborada posteriormente. Ante los fracasos de los modelos desarrollista y neoliberal, el autor propone una alternativa, fundamentada en la relación del capital intensivo y la población económicamente activa. Se trata de superar el subdesarrollo, modernizar la economía y dar empleo a toda la población. Si el capital estuviera distribuido más equitativamente por trabajador, habría una producción total mayor y más justicia social.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 51, No. 569, 1996: 205-213.
Las relaciones entre el neoliberalismo y la democracia
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 51, No. 569, 1996: 250-254.
Enero-febrero
Authors: Editor El
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 627-628, 2001: 137-146.
Terremoto del 13 de enero del 2001
Authors: Editor El
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 627-628, 2001: 149-155.
The El Niño: A Meteorological Risk Factor for Vector-borne Diseases
Authors:   Stanton College Preparatory School, Patel Avi
Published: August 2021

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been ravaging numerous coastal and inland communities with excessive flooding and drought conditions, causing immense economic loss, and the incidence of many neglected tropical diseases. Affecting over 60 million people directly, El Niño remains one of the greatest enigmas to human health, and combined with the ever-escalating global climate crisis, El Niño events are only projected to increase in magnitude in the coming years (WHO, 2016).
The Socio-Psychological Problems of Infertility
Authors:   The Pennington School, Zhu Yiwei
Published: August 2021

Infertility, defined as a couple’s inability to naturally conceive after 12 months of unprotected sex, is a complex problem that extends beyond its biological definition (Jing et al., 2020). Infertile women not only shoulder the burden of an invasive and expensive physical treatment (IVF costs $12,400 per cycle in the USA) but also pressure from spouses, family members, and many other social commentaries, expanding infertility to a social problem (Sternke & Abrahamson, 2015).
Caracterización de los usos de las poblaciones de palmas en las localidades de Angostura y Tutunendo, Chocó y sus efectos sobre la estructura de sus comunidades naturales
Authors: Ramírez-Moreno Giovanni
Published: August 2021

La extracción que a menudo se realiza en tierras sin posesión reconocida, donde muchos individuos explotan el mismo producto al mismo tiempo, sumado a la falta de herramientas de cosecha y métodos adecuados que permitan utilizar las palmas sin talarlas, son sus principales amenazas en el Chocó. Estos motivos impulsaron al estudio de las comunidades de palmas de Angostura y Tutunendo, Chocó, de donde se derivó la caracterización de usos y posibles efectos provocados por los mismos, mediante la utilización de herramientas que combinaron información etnobotánica (in situ y ex situ), con levantamien- tos y análisis de estructura de las comunidades de palmas. De las 33 especies registradas, 28 reportan uso por los habitantes de la comunidad. Se identifi- caron siete categorías, siendo la más frecuente la artesanal (18 especies), seguida de construcción (17), elaboración de utensilios y herramientas (11), alimentación humana (10), medicinal y/o veterinaria (5), cultural (4) y venenosas con un solo reporte de uso. Los órganos más usados fueron tallo en 21 especies, hojas en 14 y frutos en seis. Datos estructurales permiten inferir efectos de uso de órganos en la estructura poblacional de las palmas, como se observas en Welfia regia, cuya estructura poblacional presenta más juveniles (50%) y adultos (26%) que plántulas (24%), situación que se puede relacionar con la categoría de uso (construcción) y el órgano utilizado (tallos y hojas).
Nuevos datos sobre la biología y distribución de la especie (Dyscinetus dubius) en Colombia, descripción de larva y pupa y clave para la identificación de las larvas del tercer estadio de las especies conocidas para el género Dyscinetus
Authors: Neita Moreno Jhon Cesar , Yepes Francisco
Published: August 2021

Se presentan nuevos datos sobre la biología y distribución de la especie Dyscinetus dubius (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) en Colombia y una clave para la identificación de las larvas del tercer estadio de las especies conocidas para el género Dyscinetus. Se describen la larva del tercer estadio y la pupa de esta especie.
Populaarimusiikkitoiminnassa koettu sukupuolittunut epäasiallisuus
Authors: Pääkkölä Anna-Elena , Käpylä Tiina , Peltola Henna-Riikka
Published: August 2021

Vuonna 2016 alkunsa saanut #MeToo-liike kiinnitti huomiota sukupuolitettuun vallankäyttöön ja seksuaaliseen häirintään historiallisella tavalla. Kyselytutkimukseen perustuva artikkeli valottaa tilannetta populaarimusiikin toimijoiden osalta ja selvittää, millaisia kokemuksia kyselyyn vastanneilla oli sukupuolitetusta epäasiallisuudesta. Tutkimus toteutettiin vuonna 2020, ja siihen vastasi 150 populaarimusiikin parissa toimivaa henkilöä.
Härskit hälyt
Authors: Hartikainen Jarkko
Published: August 2021

Oli ympäristömme kuinka härski, villi tai ennakoimaton tahansa, haluamme suojella taidenautintoamme turmelukselta. Arvokkaana kuultavaa perinnettä, esimerkiksi mestaritaiteilijoiden välittämää ’hiljaista tietoa’, ei sovi häiritä asiaan liittymättömällä hälyllä. Kirjoituksessaan säveltäjä Jarkko Hartikainen kertoo sekä aiheuttaneensa skandaalin sävellyksellään että kokeneensa ällötystä kollegansa kantaesityksessä ja pohtii näitä reaktioita, jotka paljastavat kiinnostavasti kavahtajan omat ennakkoehdot taiteelliselle onnistumiselle.
On Warm and Moist Air Intrusions into Winter Arctic
Authors: You Cheng , Tjernström Michael , Devasthale Abhay
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In this study, warm and moist air intrusions (WaMAI) over the Arctic Ocean sectors of Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas in recent 40 winters (from 1979 to 2018) are identified from ERA5 reanalysis using both Eulerian and Lagrangian views. The analysis shows that WaMAIs, fuelled by Arctic blockings, causes a relative surface warming and hence a sea ice reduction by exerting positive anomalies of net thermal irradiances and turbulent fluxes to the surface. Over Arctic Ocean sectors with land-locked sea ice in winter, such as Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, total surface energy budget is dominated by net thermal irradiance. From a Lagrangian perspective, total water path (TWP) increases linearly with the downstream distance from the sea ice edge over the completely ice-covered sectors, inducing almost linearly increasing net thermal irradiance and total surface energy-budget. However, over the Barents Sea, with an open ocean to the south, total net surface energy-budget is dominated by the surface turbulent flux. With the energy in the warm-and-moist air continuously transported to the surface, net surface turbulent flux gradually decreases with distance, especially within the first 2 degrees north of the ice edge, inducing a decreasing but still positive total surface energy budget. The boundary-layer energy-budget patterns over the Barents Sea can be categorized into three classes: radiation-dominated, turbulence-dominated and turbulence-dominated with cold dome, comprising about 52 %, 40 % and 8 % of all WaMAIs, respectively. Statistically, turbulence-dominated cases with or without cold dome occur along with one order of magnitude larger large-scale subsidence than the radiation-dominated cases. For the turbulence-dominated category, larger turbulent fluxes are exerted to the surface, probably because of stronger wind shear. In radiation-dominated WaMAIs, stratocumulus develops more strongly and triggers intensive cloud-top radiative cooling and related buoyant mixing that extends from cloud top to the surface, inducing a thicker well-mixed layer under the cloud. With the existence of cold dome, fewer liquid water clouds were formed and less or even negative turbulent fluxes could reach the surface.
Introducing the MISR level 2 near real-time aerosol product
Authors: Witek Marcin L. , Garay Michael J. , Diner David J. , Bull Michael A. , Seidel Felix C. , Nastan Abigail M. , Hansen Earl G.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols are an important element of Earth's climate system and
have significant impacts on the environment and on human health. Global
aerosol modeling has been increasingly used for operational forecasting and
as support for decision making. For example, aerosol analyses and forecasts
are routinely used to provide air quality information and alerts in both
civilian and military applications. The growing demand for operational
aerosol forecasting calls for additional observational data that can be
assimilated into models to improve model accuracy and predictive skill.
These factors have motivated the development, testing, and release of a new
near real-time (NRT) level 2 (L2) aerosol product from the Multi-angle
Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument on NASA's Terra platform. The
NRT product capitalizes on the unique attributes of the MISR aerosol
retrieval approach and product contents, such as reliable aerosol optical
depth as well as aerosol microphysical information. Several modifications
are described that allow for rapid product generation within a 3 h
window following acquisition of the satellite observations. Implications for
the product quality and consistency are discussed and compared to the current
operational L2 MISR aerosol product. Several ways of implementing additional
use-specific retrieval screenings are also highlighted.
An adaptive echo attenuation correction method for airborne Ka-band precipitation cloud radar based on melting layer
Authors: Zuo Dongfei , Ding Deping , Chen Yichen , Yang Ling , Zhao Delong , Huang Mengyu , Tian Ping , Xiao Wei , Zhou Wei , Du Yuanmou , Liu Dantong
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In this study, an airborne Ka-band Precipitation Cloud Radar (KPR) is used to carry out a cloud observation experiment.By analyzing the attenuation of the snow echo, it is found that during the snowfall, due to the low liquid water content, the KPR attenuation is small on the detection path, and after preliminary comparative analysis, the maximum attenuation correction value is 0.5 dBZ. According to the echo attenuation analysis of mixed precipitation, the melting layer is found to be the key factor affecting the attenuation correction. This study hereby proposes an adaptive echo attenuation correction method based on the melting layer (AEC), and uses the ground-based S-band radar to extract the echo on the aircraft trajectory to verify the correction results. The results show that the echo attenuation correction value above the melting layer is related to the flight position. The aircraft above the melting layer is dominated by ice particles, with small attenuation correction value, the maximum correction amount of 0.13 dBZ; when the aircraft is at and just below the melting layer, a water film is prone to be on the antenna, which leads to serious attenuation of the KPR detection path, with the attenuation correction value 1~2 dBZ. For the precipitation echo below the melting layer, due to the abundant rain and water vapor content, the KPR attenuation is significant with maximum correction value of about 5 dBZ. Compared with the S-band radar, before attenuation correction, the total mean relative error is 15 %, and the correlation coefficient is 0.82; after correction, the total mean relative error is 6 %, and the correlation coefficient is 0.90, indicating the significant improvement of the KPR data quality.
Carbon balance of a Finnish bog: temporal variability and limiting factors based on 6 years of eddy-covariance data
Authors: Alekseychik Pavel , Korrensalo Aino , Mammarella Ivan , Launiainen Samuli , Tuittila Eeva-Stiina , Korpela Ilkka , Vesala Timo
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Pristine boreal mires are known as substantial sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2) and net emitters of methane (CH4). Bogs constitute
a major fraction of pristine boreal mires. However, the bog CO2 and CH4 balances are poorly known, having been largely estimated
based on discrete and short-term measurements by manual chambers and seldom using the eddy-covariance (EC) technique. Eddy-covariance (EC) measurements of CO2 and CH4 exchange were conducted in the Siikaneva mire complex in southern Finland in
2011–2016. The site is a patterned bog having a moss–sedge–shrub vegetation typical of southern Eurasian taiga, with several ponds near the EC
tower. The study presents a complete series of CO2 and CH4 EC flux (FCH4) measurements and identifies the
environmental factors controlling the ecosystem–atmosphere CO2 and CH4 exchange. A 6-year average growing season
(May–September) cumulative CO2 exchange of −61 ± 24 g C m−2 was observed, which partitions into mean total
respiration (Re) of 167 ± 33 (interannual range 146–197) g C m−2 and mean gross primary production (GPP) of 228 ± 46
(interannual range 193–257) g C m−2, while the corresponding FCH4 amounts to 7.1 ± 0.7 (interannual range
6.4–8.4) g C m−2. The contribution of October–December CO2 and CH4 fluxes to the cumulative sums was not
negligible based on the measurements during one winter. GPP, Re and FCH4 increased with temperature. GPP and FCH4 did not show any significant decline even after a
substantial water table drawdown in 2011. Instead, GPP, Re and FCH4 were limited in the cool, cloudy and wet growing season of
2012. May–September cumulative net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of 2013–2016 averaged at about −73 g C m−2, in contrast with the hot and
dry year 2011 and the wet and cool year 2012. Suboptimal weather likely reduced the net sink by about 25 g C m−2 in 2011 due to
elevated Re, and by about 40 g C m−2 in 2012 due to limited GPP. The cumulative growing season sums of GPP and CH4 emission
showed a strong positive relationship. The EC source area was found to be comprised of eight distinct surface types. However, footprint analyses revealed that contributions of different
surface types varied only within 10 %–20 % with respect to wind direction and stability conditions. Consequently, no clear link between
CO2 and CH4 fluxes and the EC footprint composition was found despite the apparent variation in fluxes with wind direction.
Climate and topography: the two essential ingredients in predicting wetland permanence
Authors: Daniel Jody , Rooney Rebecca , Robinson Derek
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) are forecast to retract in their ranges due to climate change and potholes that typically contain ponded water year-round, which support a larger proportion of biological communities, are most sensitive to climate change. In addition to climate, land use activities and terrain also influence ponded water amounts in PPR wetlands. However, terrain is not typically included in models forecasting the impacts of climate change on PPR wetlands. Using a combination of variables representing climate, land cover and land use, and terrain, we predicted wetland permanence class in the southern Boreal, Parkland and Grassland of the Alberta PPR. We show that while climate is the strongest predictor of wetland permanence class in each Natural Region, topography was nearly as important in the Parkland and Southern Boreal.
Dissolved organic carbon vertical movement and carbon accumulation in West Siberian peatlands
Authors: Zarov Evgeny A. , Lapshina Elena D. , Kuhlmann Iris , Schulze Ernst-Detlef
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Dissolved organic carbon is an additional path of carbon cycle but there is a lack of information about its distribution in peatland and rates of downward movement. We dated seven peat cores (separately the dissolved (DOC) and particulate (POC) organic carbon) from Mukhrino peatland (typical zonal oligotrophic bog) in western Siberia to assess the date distribution between those two peat fractions. Our results revealed that the DOC is younger than POC for the surface peatland layers (0–150 cm) and older for the deeper layers. The date differences increases with depth and reaches 2000–3000 years at the bottom layer (430–530 cm). In our hypothesis this date discrepancy caused by more young DOC moving to the deeper and older peat layers. The estimated average value of DOC downward movement was 0.047 ± 0.019 cm yr−1. Th oldest dates found at the lake bottom and ancient riverbed were 10 053 and 10 989 cal yr BP correspondingly. For the whole period of peatland functioning the average peat accumulation rate was estimated as 0.067 ± 0.018 cm yr−1 (0.013–0.332 cm yr−1), the carbon accumulation rate was estimated as 38.56 ± 12.21 g С m−2 yr−1 (28.46–57.91 g С m−2 yr−1).
Marine carbon cycle response to a warmer Southern Ocean: the case of the Last Interglacial
Authors: Choudhury Dipayan , Menviel Laurie , Meissner Katrin J. , Yeung Nicholas K. H. , Chamberlain Matthew , Ziehn Tilo
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Recent studies investigating future warming scenarios have shown that the ocean carbon sink will weaken over the coming century due to ocean warming and changes in oceanic circulation. However, significant uncertainties remain regarding the magnitude of the oceanic carbon cycle response to warming. Here, we investigate the Southern Ocean’s (SO, south of 40° S) carbon cycle response to warmer conditions, as simulated under Last Interglacial boundary conditions (LIG, 129–115 thousand years ago, ka). We find a ∼150 % increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) outgassing over the SO at the LIG compared to pre-industrial (PI), due to a 0.5 °C increase in SO sea surface temperatures. This is partly compensated by an equatorward shift of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies and weaker Antarctic Bottom Water formation, which lead to an increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the deep ocean at the LIG compared to PI. These deep ocean DIC changes arise from increased deep and bottom water residence times, and higher remineralization rates due to higher temperatures. While our LIG simulation features a large reduction in SO sea-ice compared to PI, we find that changes in sea ice extent exert a minor control on the marine carbon cycle. Our results thus suggest that the projected poleward intensification of the SH westerlies, coupled with warmer conditions at the surface of the SO would weaken the SO carbon uptake over the coming century.
GOBLIN: A land-balance model to identify national agriculture and land use pathways to climate neutrality via backcasting
Authors: Duffy Colm , Prudhomme Remi , Duffy Brian , Gibbons James , O'Donoghue Cathal , Ryan Mary , Styles David
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The Paris Agreement commits 197 countries to achieve climate stabilisation at a global average surface temperature less than 2 °C above pre-industrial times, using nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to demonstrate progress vis-à-vis this goal. Numerous industrialised economies have targets to achieve territorial climate neutrality by 2050, primarily in the form of “net zero” greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, particular uncertainty remains over the role of countries’ agriculture, forestry and land use (AFOLU) sectors for numerous reasons, inter alia: the need to balance mitigation of difficult-to-abate agricultural emissions against food security; agriculture emissions of methane do not need to be reduced to zero to achieve climate stabilisation; land use should be a large net sink globally to offset residual emissions. These issues are represented at a coarse level in integrated assessment models (IAMS) that indicate the role of AFOLU in global pathways towards climate stabilisation. However, there is an urgent need to determine appropriate AFOLU management strategies at national level within NDCs. Here, we present a new model designed to evaluate detailed AFOLU scenarios at national scale, using the example of Ireland where 34 % of national GHG emissions originate from AFOLU. GOBLIN (General Overview for a Back-casting approach of Livestock Intensification) is designed to run randomised scenarios of agricultural activities and land use combinations in 2050 within biophysical constraints (e.g. available land area, livestock productivities, fertiliser-driven grass yields and forest growth rates). Based on AFOLU emission factors used for national GHG inventory reporting, GOBLIN then calculates annual GHG emissions out to 2050 for each scenario. The long-term dynamics of forestry are represented up to 2120, so that scenarios can also be evaluated against the Paris Agreement commitment to achieve a balance between emissions and removals over the second half of this century. We outline the rationale and methodology behind the development of this biophysical model intended to provide robust evidence on the biophysical linkages across food production, GHG emissions and carbon sinks at national level. We then demonstrate how GOBLIN can be applied to evaluate different scenarios in relation to a few possible simple definitions of “climate neutrality”, discussing opportunities and limitations.
From emission scenarios to spatially resolved projections with a chain of computationally efficient emulators: MAGICC (v7.5.1) – MESMER (v0.8.1) coupling
Authors: Beusch Lea , Nicholls Zebedee , Gudmundsson Lukas , Hauser Mathias , Meinshausen Malte , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Producing targeted climate information at the local scale, including major sources of climate change projection uncertainty for diverse emissions scenarios, is essential to support climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. Here, we present the first chain of computationally efficient Earth System Model (ESM) emulators allowing to rapidly translate greenhouse gas emission pathways into spatially resolved annual-mean temperature anomaly field time series, accounting for both forced climate response and natural variability uncertainty at the local scale. By combining the global-mean, emissions-driven emulator MAGICC with the spatially resolved emulator MESMER, ESM-specific as well as constrained probabilistic emulated ensembles can be derived. This emulation chain can hence build on and extend large multi-ESM ensembles such as the ones produced within the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The main extensions are threefold. (i) A more thorough sampling of the forced climate response and the natural variability uncertainty is possible with millions of emulated realizations being readily created. (ii) The same uncertainty space can be sampled for any emission pathway, which is not the case in CMIP6, where some of the most societally relevant strong mitigation scenarios have been run by only a small number of ESMs. (iii) Other lines of evidence to constrain future projections, including observational constraints, can be introduced, which helps to refine projected future ranges beyond the multi-ESM ensemble's estimates. In addition to presenting results from the coupled MAGICC-MESMER emulator chain, we carry out an extensive validation of MESMER, which is trained on and applied to multiple emission pathways for the first time in this study. The newly developed MAGICC-MESMER coupled emulator will allow unprecedented assessments of the implications of manifold emissions pathways at regional scale.
The limits to large scale supply augmentation: Exploring the crossroads of conflicting urban water system development pathways
Authors: Godinez Madrigal Jonatan , Van Cauwenbergh Nora , Hoogesteger Jaime , Claure Gutierrez Pamela , van der Zaag Pieter
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Managers of urban water systems constantly make decisions to guarantee water services by overcoming problems related to supply-demand imbalances. A preferred strategy has been supply augmentation through hydraulic infrastructure development. However, despite considerable investments, many systems seem to be trapped in lackluster development pathways making some problems seem like an enduring, almost stubborn, characteristic of the systems: over-exploitation and pollution of water sources, distribution networks overwhelmed by leakages and non-revenue water, and unequal water insecurity. Because of these strategies and persistent problems, water conflicts have emerged, whereby social actors oppose these strategies and propose alternative technologies and strategies. This can create development pathways crossroads of the urban water system. To study this development pathway crossroads, we selected the Zapotillo conflict in Mexico where a large supply augmentation project for two cities experiencing water shortages is at stake. The paper concludes that urban water systems that are engaged in a trajectory characterized by supply-side strategies may experience a temporal relief but neglect equally pressing issues that stymie the human right to water in the medium and long run. However, there is not a straightforward, self-evident development pathway to choose from, only a range of multiple alternatives with multiple trade-offs that need to be thoroughly discussed and negotiated between the stakeholders. We argue that this development pathway crossroads can cross-fertilize technical disciplines such as socio-hydrology, and social disciplines based on hydrosocial studies, which both ambition to make their knowledge actionable and relevant.
The efficacy of suppressive antibiotic treatment in patients managed non-operatively for periprosthetic joint infection and a draining sinus
Authors: Lensen Karel-Jan Dag François , Escudero-Sanchez Rosa , Cobo Javier , Trebše Rihard , Gubavu Camelia , Tedeschi Sara , Lomas Jose M. , Arvieux Cedric , Rodriguez-Pardo Dolors , Fantoni Massimo , Pais Maria Jose Garcia , Jover Francisco , Salles Mauro José Costa , Sancho Ignacio , Sampedro Marta Fernandez , Soriano Alex , Wouthuyzen-Bakker Marjan ,   ESCMID Study Group of Implant Associated Infections (ESGIAI)
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Objectives: Patients with prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) not suitable for curative surgery may benefit from suppressive antibiotic therapy (SAT). However, the usefulness of SAT in cases with a draining sinus has never been investigated. Methods: A multicentre, retrospective observational cohort study was performed in which patients with a PJI and a sinus tract were eligible for inclusion if managed conservatively and if sufficient follow-up data were available (i.e. at least 2 years). SAT was defined as a period of > 6 months of oral antibiotic therapy. Results: SAT was initiated in 63 of
72 (87.5 %) included patients. Implant retention during follow-up was the
same in patients receiving SAT vs. no SAT (79.4 % vs. 88.9 %;
p=0.68). In total, 27 % of patients using SAT experienced side effects. In addition, the occurrence of prosthetic loosening in initially fixed implants, the need for surgical debridement, or the occurrence of bacteremia during follow-up could not be fully prevented with the use of SAT, which still occurred in 42 %, 6.3 %, and 3.2 % of cases, respectively. However, the
sinus tract tended to close more often (42 % vs. 13 %; p=0.14), and a
higher resolution of pain was observed (35 % vs. 14 %; p=0.22) in
patients receiving SAT. Conclusions: SAT is not able to fully prevent complications in patients with a draining sinus. However, it may be beneficial in a subset of patients, particularly in those with pain or the hindrance of a draining sinus. A future prospective study, including a higher number of patients not receiving SAT, is needed.
3D reflection seismic imaging of the iron-oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area (Sweden) using a focusing pre-stack depth migration approach
Authors: Hloušek Felix , Malinowski Michal , Bräunig Lena , Buske Stefan , Malehmir Alireza , Markovic Magdalena , Sito Lukasz , Marsden Paul , Bäckström Emma
Published: August 2021

Abstract. We present the pre-stack depth imaging results for a case study of 3D reflection seismic exploration at the Blötberget iron-oxide mining site belonging to the Bergslagen mineral district in central Sweden. The goal of this case study is to directly image the ore-bearing units and to map its possible extension down to greater depths than known from existing boreholes. Therefore, we applied a tailored pre-processing workflow as well as two different seismic imaging approaches, Kirchhoff pre-stack depth migration and Fresnel Volume Migration (FVM). Both imaging techniques deliver a well resolved 3D image of the deposit and its host rock, where the FVM image yields a significantly better image quality compared to the KPSDM image. We were able to unravel distinct reflection horizons, which are linked to known mineralisation and provide insights on lateral and depth extent of the deposits beyond their known extension from borehole data. A comparison of the known mineralization and the image show a good agreement of the position and the shape of the imaged reflectors caused by the mineralization. Furthermore, the images show a reflector, which is interpreted to be a fault intersecting the mineralisation and which can be linked to the surface geology. The depth imaging results can serve as the basis for further investigations, drillings and follow-up mine planning at the Blötberget mining site.
Multiscale variations in Arctic sea ice motion and links to atmospheric and oceanic conditions
Authors: Fu Dongyang , Liu Bei , Qi Yali , Yu Guo , Huang Haoen , Qu Lilian
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Arctic sea ice drift motion affects the global material balance, energy exchange and climate change and seriously affects the navigational safety of ships along certain channels. Due to the Arctic's special geographical location and harsh natural conditions, observations and broad understanding of the Arctic sea ice motion are very limited. In this study, sea ice motion data released by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) were used to analyze the climatological, spatial and temporal characteristics of the Arctic sea ice drift from 1979 to 2018 and to understand the multiscale variation characteristics of the three major Arctic sea ice drift patterns. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis method was used to extract the three main sea ice drift patterns, which are the anticyclonic sea ice drift circulation pattern on the scale of the Arctic basin, the average sea ice transport pattern from the Arctic Ocean to the Fram Strait, and the transport pattern moving ice between the Kara Sea (KS) and the northern coast of Alaska. By using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method, each temporal coefficient series extracted by the EOF method was decomposed into multiple timescale sequences. We found that the three major drift patterns have four significant interannual variation periods of approximately 1, 2, 4 and 8 years. Furthermore, the second pattern has a significant interdecadal variation characteristic with a period of approximately 19 years, while the other two patterns have no significant interdecadal variation characteristics. Combined with the atmospheric and oceanic geophysical variables, the results of the correlation analysis show that the first EOF sea ice drift pattern is mainly related to atmospheric environmental factors, the second pattern is related to the joint action of atmospheric and oceanic factors, and the third pattern is mainly related to oceanic factors. Our study suggests that the ocean environment also has a strong correlation with sea ice movement. Especially for some sea ice transport patterns, the correlation even exceeds atmospheric forcing.
Metadados para preservação digital de dados abertos: um estudo de identificação
Authors: Silva Victória de Abreu e , Silva Márcio Bezerra da
Published: August 2021

Objetivo. Pesquisa que objetiva identificar padrões de metadados úteis à preservação e disponibilização digital de dados abertos conforme a literatura vigente.Método. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa exploratória, na identificação de padrões de metadados, e bibliográfica, para o embasamento literário necessário sobre representação descritiva da informação, preservação digital e metadados, com fins de tratar, conservar e disponibilizar digitalmente os dados abertos, a partir da abordagem qualitativa de coleta de dados.Resultados. Resulta, com base na pesquisa literária, no elenco de ambientes como sites governamentais, Institutos de pesquisa, repositórios digitais, catálogos eletrônicos e bibliotecas digitais que adotam padrões de metadados utilizáveis à preservação e disponibilização de dados abertos, sendo, especificamente, os esquemas: Dublin Core, utilizado em ambientes como o Portal Brasileiro de Dados Abertos; Preservation Metadata Implementation Strategies, presente em reposítórios como o Carolina Digital Repository; Metadata Object Description Schema, adotado por sistemas como o Copac: UK and Irish Research Library Catalogue; e Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard, acedido para gerir objetos digitais em bibliotecas e repositórios como a Biblioteca Nacional Digital de Portugal.Conclusões. Concluiu-se que o único padrão de metadados pensado especificamente na preservação digital, e que se considerada como o recomendado para a salvaguarda digital e disponibilização de dados abertos, é o Preservation Metadata Implementation, a partir de campos como rights, agents e events, enquanto que os demais esquemas identificados, mesmo sendo criados para outros fins, também possibilitam a preservação de dados, como é o caso do Dublin Core, no uso dos elementos source, relation, coverage e rigths, do Metadata Object Description Schema, ao adotar os atributos location e recordInfo, e do Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard, na adoção dos componentes structural link section e behavior section.
Outlines of a Global Power-Field (GPF) Theory (Part 1)
Authors: Awass Omer
Published: August 2021

This essay takes modern world-system theory and maps it into a political-economic field of power. This re-modeling of the theory better illustrates the diffuseness and the spatiality of the operations of global forces; thus, helping us have a greater appreciation of the durability and scope of Western economic and political hegemony across the world. Our exposition also tracks the structural transformation undergone by the Global Power-Field (GPF) throughout its history showing the evolving character of its dominance. Moreover, this field paradigm does not restrict its considerations to matters of political economy but also centralizes factors of politics and international relations that play a fundamental a role in driving historical dynamics. The workings of this emerging model are then illustrated by a historical case study from the Middle East: The nineteenth and early twentieth century Ottoman Empire.