bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Pollen and Syrup Exposure Routes in Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Microcolonies: Implications for Pesticide Risk Assessment
Authors: Weitekamp Chelsea A , Koethe Robert W , Lehmann David M
Published: March 2022

Bumble bees are important pollinators for both native plants and managed agricultural systems. Accumulating evidence has shown that pesticides, including neonicotinoids, can have a range of adverse effects on bumble bee health. Most laboratory studies that assess the effects of chronic neonicotinoid exposure on bumble bees use syrup as the delivery vehicle, rather than pollen. However, in the field, it is likely that bumble bees are exposed to neonicotinoids in both nectar (syrup) and pollen. To examine the potential for different effects based on the vehicle, we compared two studies of chronic exposure to the neonicotinoid acetamiprid in Bombus impatiens microcolonies. We examined correlations between microcolony endpoints and identified associations between the timing of colony pollen and syrup consumption and drone production. Furthermore, in line with previous results, we found that average drone weight was affected at a range of doses only when microcolonies were exposed to acetamiprid via pollen. In general, our analyses point to the importance of the treatment vehicle and suggest that critical effects on developing brood could be missed when neonicotinoid exposure occurs only through syrup.
Mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence of mutators during experimental evolution
Authors: Amicone Massimo , Borges Vítor , Alves Maria João , Isidro Joana , Zé-Zé Líbia , Duarte Sílvia , Vieira Luís , Guiomar Raquel , Gomes João Paulo , Gordo Isabel
Published: March 2022

Background and objectives

To understand how organisms evolve, it is fundamental to study how mutations emerge and establish. Here, we estimated the rate of mutation accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and investigated the repeatability of its evolution when facing a new cell type but no immune or drug pressures.

Methodology

We performed experimental evolution with two strains of SARS-CoV-2, one carrying the originally described spike protein (CoV-2-D) and another carrying the D614G mutation that has spread worldwide (CoV-2-G). After 15 passages in Vero cells and whole genome sequencing, we characterized the spectrum and rate of the emerging mutations and looked for evidences of selection across the genomes of both strains.

Results

From the frequencies of the mutations accumulated, and excluding the genes with signals of selection, we estimate a spontaneous mutation rate of 1.3 × 10−6 ± 0.2 × 10−6 per-base per-infection cycle (mean across both lineages of SARS-CoV-2 ± 2SEM). We further show that mutation accumulation is larger in the CoV-2-D lineage and heterogeneous along the genome, consistent with the action of positive selection on the spike protein, which accumulated five times more mutations than the corresponding genomic average. We also observe the emergence of mutators in the CoV-2-G background, likely linked to mutations in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and/or in the error-correcting exonuclease protein.

Conclusions and implications

These results provide valuable information on how spontaneous mutations emerge in SARS-CoV-2 and on how selection can shape its genome toward adaptation to new environments.

Lay Summary: Each time a virus replicates inside a cell, errors (mutations) occur. Here, via laboratory propagation in cells originally isolated from the kidney epithelium of African green monkeys, we estimated the rate at which the SARS-CoV-2 virus mutates—an important parameter for understanding how it can evolve within and across humans. We also confirm the potential of its Spike protein to adapt to a new environment and report the emergence of mutators—viral populations where mutations occur at a significantly faster rate.
SARS-CoV-2 infection markedly increases long-term cardiovascular risk
Authors: Liuzzo Giovanna , Volpe Massimo
Published: March 2022

Comment on ‘Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19’ which was published in Nat Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3.
Validation of a multipolar pulsed-field ablation catheter for endpoint assessment in pulmonary vein isolation procedures
Authors: Kueffer Thomas , Baldinger Samuel H , Servatius Helge , Madaffari Antonio , Seiler Jens , Mühl Aline , Franzeck Florian , Thalmann Gregor , Asatryan Babken , Haeberlin Andreas , Noti Fabian , Tanner Hildegard , Roten Laurent , Reichlin Tobias
Published: March 2022

Aims

To validate the performance of a multipolar pulsed-field ablation (PFA) catheter compared to a standard pentaspline 3D-mapping catheter for endpoint assessment of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). PFA for PVI using single-shot devices combines the benefits of high procedural efficacy and safety. A newly available multipolar PFA catheter allows real-time recording of pulmonary vein (PV) signals during PVI.

Methods and results

Patients undergoing first PVI using PFA with the standard ablation protocol (eight applications per PV) were studied. Entrance and exit block (10 V/2 ms) were assessed using the PFA catheter. Subsequently, a high-density 3D electroanatomical bipolar voltage map (3D-EAM) was constructed using a standard pentaspline 3D-mapping catheter. Additional PFA applications were delivered only after confirmation of residual PV connection by 3D-EAM. In 56 patients, 213 PVs were targeted for ablation. Acute PVI was achieved in 100% of PVs: in 199/213 (93%) PVs with the standard ablation protocol alone and in the remaining 14 PVs after additional PFA applications. The accuracy of PV assessment with the PFA catheter after the standard ablation protocol was 91% (194/213 veins). In 5/213 (2.3%) PVs, the PFA catheter incorrectly indicated PV-isolation. In 14/213 (6.6%), the PFA catheter incorrectly indicated residual PV-conduction due to high-output pace-capture. Lowering the output to 5 V/1 ms reduced this observation to 0.9% (2/213) and increased the overall accuracy to 97% (206/213).

Conclusion

A novel multipolar PFA catheter allows reliable endpoint assessment for PVI. Due to its design, far-field sensing and high-output pace-capture can occur. Lowering the pacing output increases the accuracy from 91 to 97%.
Cultivation of ammonia-oxidising archaea on solid medium
Authors: Klein Timothy , Poghosyan Lianna , Barclay J Elaine , Murrell J Colin , Hutchings Matthew I , Lehtovirta-Morley Laura E
Published: March 2022

Ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) are environmentally important microorganisms involved in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen. Routine cultivation of AOA is exclusively performed in liquid cultures and reports on their growth on solid medium are scarce. The ability to grow AOA on solid medium would be beneficial for not only the purification of enrichment cultures but also for developing genetic tools. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable method for growing individual colonies from AOA cultures on solid medium. Three phylogenetically distinct AOA strains were tested: ‘Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus franklandus C13’, Nitrososphaera viennensis EN76 and ‘Candidatus Nitrosotalea sinensis Nd2’. Of the gelling agents tested, agar and Bacto-agar severely inhibited growth of all three strains. In contrast, both ‘Ca. N. franklandus C13’ and N. viennensis EN76 tolerated Phytagel™ while the acidophilic ‘Ca. N. sinensis Nd2’ was completely inhibited. Based on these observations, we developed a Liquid-Solid (LS) method that involves immobilising cells in Phytagel™ and overlaying with liquid medium. This approach resulted in the development of visible distinct colonies from ‘Ca. N. franklandus C13’ and N. viennensis EN76 cultures and lays the groundwork for the genetic manipulation of this group of microorganisms.
Glutathione S-transferase: a candidate gene for berry color in muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia)
Authors: Varanasi Aruna , Worthington Margaret , Nelson Lacy , Brown Autumn , Chizk Thomas Mason , Threlfall Renee , Howard Luke , Conner Patrick , Figueroa-Balderas Rosa , Massonnet Mélanie , Cantu Dario , Clark John R
Published: March 2022

Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) are a specialty crop cultivated in the southern United States. Muscadines (2n = 40) belong to the Muscadinia subgenus of Vitis, while other cultivated grape species belong to the subgenus Euvitis (2n = 38). The muscadine berry color locus was mapped to a 0.8 Mbp region syntenic with chromosome 4 of Vitis vinifera. In this study, we identified glutathione S-transferase4 as a likely candidate gene for anthocyanin transport within the berry color locus. PCR and Kompetitive allele-specific PCR genotyping identified a single intragenic SNP (C/T) marker corresponding to a proline to leucine mutation within the muscadine glutathione S-transferase4 (VrGST4) that differentiated black (CC and CT) from bronze (TT) muscadines in 126 breeding selections, 76 cultivars, and 359 progeny from 3 mapping populations. Anthocyanin profiling on a subset of the progeny indicated a dominant VrGST4 action. VrGST4 was expressed in skins of both black and bronze muscadines at similar levels. While nonsynonymous polymorphisms between black and bronze muscadines were discovered in VrGSTF12, another Type I GST-coding gene in the muscadine color locus, this gene was ruled out as a possible candidate for berry color because RNA sequencing indicated it is not expressed in berry skins at véraison from black or bronze genotypes. These results suggest that the bronze phenotype in muscadines is regulated by a mechanism distinct from the MybA gene cluster responsible for berry color variation in Vitis vinifera.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1974
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hull Larry A. , Travis James W. , Mowery P. D.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 York Imperial. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with acaricides. Experi-mental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Spray dates for the test acaricides were: July 1, July 9 (4 lb NC 13292 25W dropped), and August 13. Effectiveness of the test acaricides on the European red mite was assessed by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80/treatment. Counts of the European red mite are presented as the average number of mites per leaf. Counts of the twospotted spider mite, A.fallacis and Z.mali are presented as the number of mites per 100 leaves to make differences between treatments more apparent. Average temperatures were: May 59.16° F, June 65.62° F, July 72.87° F, August 72.24° F and September 63.23° F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 3.31, June 5.05, July 1.56, August 2.73, and September 4.88. General sprays involving captan, Polyram, Guthion and Sevin were applied as 6X concentrates with an airblast sprayer to the whole experimental block at ca. two-week intervals.
Sod,

P

.

Unipuncta

Control; West Lafayette, Indiana, 1975
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

A series of 21 insecticidal treatments were applied to a blue grass lawn at the Federated Church in West Lafayette on June 9 and 10. At that time adult moths were flying and egg deposition had begun. Plots were 7 ft x 14 ft and the experiment was replicated five times. At the time of application there was a slight breeze from the North. Sprays were applied with boom mounted on bicycle wheel type frame. The sprays were applied at 30 psi. Pressure supplied by a CO2 cylinder. Granules were applied with 7 ft wide John Deere granular applicator. A one inch rainfall occurred 48 hours after the first application. Counts of the number larvae per plot were made on 1/2 of each plot on July 3, August 15 and September 6. A mixture of “Diagnostic Aid” was applied with a sprinkling can and the number of larvae that emerged from the plots were counted.
Turf,

C

.

Trisectus

Control, W. Lafayette, Indiana, 1975
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

A series of 21 insecticidal treatments were applied to a blue grass lawn at the Federated Church in West Lafayette on June 9 and 10. At that time adult moths were flying and egg deposition had begun. Plots were 7 ft x 14 ft and the experiment was replicated five times. At the time of application there was a slight breeze from the North. Sprays were applied with boom mounted on bicycle wheel type frame. The sprays were applied at 30 psi. Pressure supplied by a CO2 cylinder. Granules were applied with 7 ft wide John Deere granular applicator. A one inch rainfall occurred 48 hours after the first application. Counts of the number larvae per plot were made on 1/2 of each plot on July 3, August 15 and September 6. A mixture of “Diagnostic Aid” was applied with a sprinkling can and the number of larvae that emerged from the plots were counted.
Scots Pine,

P

.

Cembrae

Control, Washington, 1973
Authors: Lee R.
Published: March 2022

Infested trees in a commercial Christmas tree plantation near Oak Harbor, Washington, were so badly damaged that the grower had cut and burned several hundred. Treatments were applied at bud break Apr 23, when new shoots were 3-20 cm long May 14, or at both times. Four single-tree replicates of each treatment were arranged in randomized complete block design. Each tree was 4-5 ft (1.2-1.5m) tall and heavily infested. Applications were full coverage sprays at 2 rates via hand pumped compressed air sprayer. Effectiveness was determined on May 29 by counting the number of live adelgids per cm on 3 current-year twigs per replicate.
Mouse-

Cuterebra

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebrafontinella. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally (mg/kg basis) with candidate insecticides formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks (to prevent grooming) and are dipped (body only) into 100-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg and 1%. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae (usually in inguinal region). Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent kill data. Details of the test have been presented by Gingrich, R. E., etal., 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(3): 742-5, and Drummond, R. O., and R. E. Gingrich, 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(4): 1211-2.
House Fly,

Musca

Domestica

L.: Insect Growth Regulator, Dimilin, 1976
Authors: Wright James E. , Smalley H. E.
Published: March 2022

Dimilin was incorporated in the feed at levels of 0, 2.5, 25, and 250 ppm based on dry weight and fed ad libitum to growing baby chickens from 0 to 56 days. The manure was removed weekly and 3 samples (200 grams each) were placed on top of vermiculite within quart paper containers, and 100 house fly eggs were placed in each sample. After 25 days, the number of adults that emerged was counted to determine the efficacy of Dimilin.
Little House Fly,

Fannia

Canicularis

(L.); Insect Growth Regulators, 1976
Authors: Harris R. L. , Wright J. E. , Schwarz M.
Published: March 2022

The chemicals were incorporated within the larval diet (35 parts bagasse, 8 parts whole wheat flour, 8 parts fish meal, 4 parts urea, and 1 part sodium bicarbonate) at levels of 100, 10 and 1 ppm based on dry weight. The chemicals were dissovled in 1 ml acetone and added to the 75 ml of water before the liquid was mixed into 25 g of dry matter in a 250-ml beaker. Each beaker of medium was seeded with 50 eggs, covered with muslin, and held at 27°C. Adults were allowed to emerge in the beakers, and the number was then recorded. The data are based on 1 replication.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1975
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hall Larry A. , Travis James W. , Mowery Paul D.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 Red Delicious, buth spur-type trees. Experimental sprays were applied with a spray gun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. Spray dates for test acaricides were: June 3 for all treatments except S-15126, the 3 dosages of which were applied on June 10; the second spray of all treatments was applied on July 10. General purpose sprays of 0.75 lb captan 80W, 0.25 lb Guthion 50W, and 0.5 lb Sevin 50W/100 gallons dilute were applied at ca. intervals of two weeks throughout the summer. Average temperatures were: May 61.08° F, June 68.98° F, July 72.97° F, August 73.89° F and September 61.13° F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.05, June 7.60, July 3.12, August 2.01 and September 13.84. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite, twospotted spider mite and A.fallacis was evaluated by making several counts of mites on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment.
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley, 1975
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticides were evaluated for control of several pest species in an eleven-year-old planting on semidwarf rootstocks. Eight tree plots containing from five to seven different apple cultivars were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Treatments were applied by handgun at 450 psi on May 9 (pink), May 22 and 23 (petal fall), June 10, and 23, July 8, and 22, and August 11. Fungicides were applied by airblast sprayer over the entire block for disease control and included Difolatan 4F,5 qt/100 gal on April 17, and Captan 80W 10 oz/100 gal on May 23 and June 9. The Mcintosh and Cortland cultivars were thinned with 10 ppm NAA on June 3. Temperatures during the season were above normal for the month of May, re suiting in a very short bloom period. Rainfall was above normal for the months of July (9.83 inches) and September (6.68 inches). Early leafroller injury resulted from redbanded leafroller, obliquebanded leafroller, and fruittree leafroller larval feeding. Late leafroller injury resulted from variegated leafroller and second generation redbanded leafroller larval feeding. Internal lepidopterous feeders included two broods of oriental fruit moth and codling moth, and a late season brood of lesser appleworm.
Cranberry

A.

Vaccinii

and

R.

Naevana

Control, 1975
Authors: Thieleke James , Koval C. F.
Published: March 2022

Small plots (5 ft x 10 ft) were marked off along the edge of a five-year-old planting in western Wood county, Wisconsin. The area was heavily infested with fruitworm and fireworm in previous seasons. Foliar spray treatments were applied on July 3, 1975, several days after the planting had reached peak bloom and repeated on July 10, 17, 24 and August 1. Products tested were diluted on the basis of 300 gallons of water per acre and applied with a one gallon knapsack sprayer. On August 12, 1975, the number of fruitworm damaged berries was counted in each plot. On the same date the plots were rated for fireworm damage. In each of the 3 plots per treatment 3 readings were made to determine the percentage of uprights damaged per square foot. Damage ratings (0-5) were assigned to express the effectiveness of each treatment. A rating of 0 indicates no foliar feeding while a rating of 5 signifies extensive fireworm damage. Pest populations were sufficient to cause economic injury in the untreated plots.
Control Foliar form Grape Phylloxera in Ohio, 1975
Authors: Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticides were evaluated for control of grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 3 Clinton vines with eight feet spacing in rows and nine feet separating rows, with 4 replications in randomized blocks. Insecticides were sprayed on the foliage at the rate of 2 gal per treatment (90 gal per acre) using a Hudson 6209, 2 gal. Favorite sprayer at 40 psi with the exception of Temik which was applied to soil in granular form. Temik granules were applied 1.5 feet on each side of the vineyard row. The granules were distributed uniformly in the bottom of a 1.5 inch furrow along the sides of each replicate and covered with soil as soon as applied. Soil was moist at time of application. All insecticides were applied on June 18, 1975 when grapes were the size of BB’s. A second application was made with all compounds except PP 557 and Temik on June 30, 1975 when berries were ca. 9 mm in diameter. In sampling, 10 shoots were chosen at random from the center of each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls was recorded on the 10 apical leaves of each of these shoots. Two fungicide applications were made to entire experimental area: (1) May 22, 1975; 8 oz of Captan 50W plus 4 oz Benlate 50WP per 50 gal water: and (2) June 23, 1975; 1.5 lb Captan 50W plus 8 oz Benlate 50WP per 50 gal water.
Control of Cabbage Looper Larvae On Cabbage, 1975
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Treat T. L.
Published: March 2022

All insecticides were applied at 4.2 kg/cm2 (air pressure) and 380 l/ha through D2-13 “TEEJET” hollowcone nozzles mounted 28 cm apart on a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-420 tractor travelling at 4.4 km/hr. The boom height was adjusted to provide maximum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew. There were 3 replications of each treatment. Treatments were applied to 1.5 x 5.2 m, 4-row beds (30 cm interplant and 56 cm interrow spacing). The spring, summer, and fall crops planted on April 11, May 7, and July 2, respectively, were rill irrigated every 10 to 14 days. Temperatures ranged from 5 to 30, 10 to 40, and 5 to 30°C during the test periods. The afternoon prior to each treatment, 4 heads in two 1.2 x 1.5 m sites at the ends of each bed were stocked with 2nd to 5th stage larvae from the laboratory culture to ensure populations of uniform size and stage. The percentage control obtained at the harvests on June 30, Aug 1, and Sep 12 was determined by removing the heads infested at each site and examining them leaf by leaf.
Fall Armyworm Control on Young Sweet Corn, 1975
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide tests were conducted at Homestead for control of Spodopterafrugiperda. Corn for Test 1 was planted in mid February. Plots consisted of two rows 3 ft apart, 40 ft long. Materials were applied to the whorl March 6 at the rate of 50 gal of water per acre with a 2 gal hand-held sprayer operating at 30 to 40 psi. Insect counts were made 1, 4, and 7 days post-treatment. Numbers of small (less than 0.5 inch) and large (0.5 inch or longer) fall armyworm larvae per plant were determined on each sampling date by sacrificing 10 plants, selected at random, from each plot. Corn for Test 2 was planted in mid April and plots consisted of one row, 30 ft long. Materials were applied to the whorl April 29 as described for Test 1. Insect counts were made 1, 3, and 7 days posttreatmenf. Numbers of S. frugiperda larvae per plant were determined as described for Test 1. Data were analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range statistic.
Potato Insect Control with Alternate Row Treatments of Soil Applied Systemic Insecticide, 1975
Authors: Wildung David K. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Thimet 15G was applied as in-furrow, split-band treatments at 2 lb a.i./acre to ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes planted May 19 to 21, at Grand Rapids, Minn. The experiment compared the following: all rows treated, alternate rows treated, and untreated potatoes in 0.9 acre plots with 3 repli-cations. The soil type is a sandy loam with low organic matter. Eptam was applied preplant and Lorox at emergence for weed control. Dithane M-45 fungicide was applied at potato emergence and again 10 days later. Duter fungicide was applied 7 times beginning in mid-July. No insecticidal sprays were used. Insects were counted on 50 randomly selected, mid-plant leaves/plot. In the alternate row plots 25 leaves were selected from treated rows and 25 leaves selected from untreated rows. Plots were sampled at 2 week intervals, June 30 to September 5. Counts were made of nymphs of the potato leafhopper and apterae of the green peach aphid and of the potato aphid. The plots were harvested September 26 to 29. Yields were taken from 4,100 ft2 subplots within each main plot.
Control of Alfalfa Looper Larvae on Spring and Fall Spinach, 1974
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Treat T. L.
Published: March 2022

All treatments were applied at 4.2 kg/cm2 (air pressure) and 389 L/ha through D2-13 “TEEJET” hollowcone nozzles mounted 28 cm apart on a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-420 tractor traveling at 4.4 km/hr. The boom height was adjusted to provide maximum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew. Each of the 4 replications of each treatment was applied to a 1.5 x 6 m, 4-row bed (35 cm interrow spacing). The insecticides were evaluated as maintenance treatments (repeated applications to control eggs and small larvae) and/or as clean-up treatments ( a single application to control large larvae, 48 hr prior to harvest). The afternoon prior to each treatment, two, 1.2 x 1.5 m sites at the ends of each bed were stocked with eggs or 2nd to 5th stage larvae from the laboratory culture to ensure populations of uniform size and stage. The spring crop was planted on March 25 and was sprinkler irrigated (2.5 cm/hr) weekly until just before the 3rd of 4 applications. Usually, the crop was irrigated 2 to 3 days prior to a given application. Temperatures ranged from 1 to 13 to 15 to 33°C during the spring test and from 11 to 28 to 4 to 22°C during the fall test. The fall crop was planted on August 1 and was sprinkler irrigated in the same way as the spring. The percentage control obtained on June 10 (spring test) and September 30 (fall test) was determined by cutting and examining the foliage and the soil beneath at each site.
Fruitworm Control on Tomatoes
Authors: Kouskolekas Costas A.
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes ‘Homestead 24’ were planted on May 2. Each plot was 1/100 A and included 10 tomato hills. There were three replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. During early growth, the plants were dusted with Sevin (1.0 lb/A) on May 13, and sprayed with parathion (0.5 lb/A) on May 20 to prevent flea beetle and aphid damage. Applications of test insecticides were made on June 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30. Materials were applied using hand sprayers and plants were sprayed to runoff. The fungicide Bravo (1.0 lb/A) and Biofilm spreader-sticker (6 fl oz/A) were added to each spray mix. Tomatoes were harvested first on July 10 and the number of tomatoes damaged by the fruitworm determined. The plants received an additional spray on July 10, after the first harvest. A second harvest and determination of damage were made on July 22.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Larvae of the Corn Rootworm in Nebraska, 1975
Authors: Reed H. E. , Chambers A. Y , Lentz G. L. , Mayo Z. B. , Peters L. L. , Campbell J. B. , Hagen A. F. , Witkowski J. F.
Published: March 2022

Planting time applications of registered corn rootworm soil insecticides or insecticides nearing registration were applied to corn plots at Mean (May 2), Clay Center (May 6), North Platte (May 8), Scottsbluff (May 7) and Concord (May 14), Nebraska. The Mead experiment was conducted under dryland conditions while all other locations were under irrigation. All insecticides were applied over the row in seven inch bands (incorporated by a press wheel) at 1.2 oz Al/1000 linear ft of row. All tests were arranged in randomized complete block designs with four replications. One row (50 ft long, 30 inch spacing) was used for each treatment. From each 50 ft treatment, one-half of the row was used for root damage evaluations. To determine yield 20 ft of row was hand-harvested and converted to bu of no 2 corn/acre. Root damage was determined by digging 5 plants from each row and using a 1-6 damage rating scale. Statistical analyses were conducted for each location and all locations combined.
Control of the European Corn Borer by Aerial Application of Larvin and Epn, 1984
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , North R. C.
Published: March 2022

One commercial field, located near Avon, NY, was divided into 3 sections. A Grumman Air Cat, delivering 3 gal/acre, was used to apply a single application (8 Aug) of each treatment to the corn when it was in the early green tassel stage. Control of the ECB was assessed by removing a whole leaf from the middle height of 10 plants/plot, exising a 4-inch square from the middle of the leaf, and allowing 3 neonatal larvae to feed on the section for 72 h at 70°F. Samples were taken from the field at 1, 3, and 7 days posttreatment.
Efficacy and Yield Evaluations of Resmethrin Treatments on Eggplant, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Eggplant was transplanted 16 Jim on black plastic in a loam soil field in Giles Co, VA. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Each replicate consisted of three 15-ft rows with 10 plants per row (1.5-ft plant spacing). Row placement was 5 ft with 3-ft alleys between replicates. Treatments were applied on the following dates: 19, 25 Jun, 3, 10, 18, 24 Jul, 9, 15, 20, and 31 Aug. A compressed air sprayer was used for placement of the insecticide over each treated row of plants. One Teejet 8003 fan-type nozzle, delivering 20 gal/acre at 30 psi, was used 19 Jun-24 Jul. The remainder of the treatments received a finished spray volume of 50 gal/acre at 30 psi, employing 1 Teejet 8004 fan-type nozzle. Mancozeb 80 WP at 2 lb/acre was applied separately from the insecticide treatments on each application date for disease control.
Alsystin Cage Study in the Colorado Potato Beetle, 1983
Authors: Chmiel Stephen M. , Wollam John D.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 27 Apr in sandy loam soil at the Mobay Research Farm, Howe, IN. One-row plots measuring 3 X 8 ft were covered with 4-ft high A-frame screened cages and 4 pair of mated adult Colorado potato beetles (CPB) were placed in each cage on 2 Jun. Each treatment was replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. All sprays were applied with a hand held CO2 pressurized sprayer with a hollow cone tip at 40 psi and 360 gpa. Alsystin 4F was applied at 500 g (AI)/ha on 3 spray schedules. Schedule A (5-8 day schedule) received sprays on 2, 9, 17, 22, 29 Jun, 6, 12, and 18 Jul; Schedule B (5-15 day schedule), 2, 17, 22 Jun, 6, and 18 Jul; Schedule C (14-20 day schedule), 2, 22 Jun, and 6 Jul. Data included counts of egg masses and larvae/cage, egg viability determination, defoliation estimates, and adult emergence counts.
Foliar Potato Insecticide Trial, 1983
Authors: Chmiel Stephen M. , Wolk Jim O. , Wollam John D.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 27 Apr at the Mobay Research Farm, Howe, IN. Plots measured 6 ft (2 rows) x 25 ft with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted boom sprayer (3 hollow-cone nozzles/row) at 26 psi and 50 gpa on 17 Jun, 11 Jul, and 19 Jul. Efficacy data on Colorado potato beetle (CPB) included larval and adult counts, and defoliation ratings which reflected larval feeding (30 Jun) and additional feeding due to adult emergence on 15 Jul. Green peach aphid (GPA) and potato leafhopper (PLH) control was evaluated by counting the total number of insects on 10 leaves/plot.
Control of Potato Insects with Foliar Insecticides, Greeley, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 15 May at the Northern Colorado Research Center in Greeley, Colorado. Plot size was single-row, 25-ft in length separated by border rows and randomized in a complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied 17 Jul and 1 Aug using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 108 gal/acre. Evaluations of potato psyllid and GPA were made on 4 dates by sampling 20 leaves/plot. Colorado potato beetle larvae were evaluated 1 Aug by counting all larvae on the plants within a plot.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1984
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 12 Apr ’84, in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 20 ft long, 5 ft wide and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments were applied on 13, 21, 29 Jim and 6 Jul. Plant percent defoliation was recorded on 26 Jun, 5 and 9 Jul. Number of Colorado potato beetle CPB larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 22 Jun. Number of stems/10 hills damaged by European corn borers (ECB) were recorded on 16 Jul. Yields (cwt/A) were recorded on 31 Jul. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Potato Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Morrow E. A. , Grafius E. , Pax R.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 9 May ’84 at the M.S.U. Montcalm Potato Research Farm. Plots were 3 rows wide (34-inch spacing) by 40 feet, with 2 untreated rows between adjacent plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks per treatment. Treatments were applied at planting, as a sidedress with fertilizer at hilling (30 May), or as weekly foliar treatments from 21 Jun to 16 Aug. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with a cluster of nozzles over each of the 3 rows. One nozzle was pointed directly over the top, with the other 2 directed at the sides of the plants. Weekly insect counts (13 Jun-21 Aug) were made from 2 randomly selected plants in the center row of each plot. Colorado potato beetle damage ratings were made weekly 3 Jul-21 Aug also on 2 plants per plot. Damage ratings were: 0, .5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, with 0 denoting no feeding injury, 1 indicating whole leaflets eaten (ca. 10-25% defoliation), 2 denoting general feeding on the entire plant with whole leaves eaten (ca. 50% defoliaton), and 3 indicating complete defoliation (only stems left). On 21 Aug, the plots were rated for overall potato leafhopper damage. Potato leafhopper damage was rated as: 0, .5, 1, 1.5, 2, with 0 denoting no browning of foliage, 1 denoting general browning on plants and 2 indicating heavy necrosis of leaves and premature death ol many of the plants in the plot. Yields were taken from the center row of each plot on 12 Sep. Analysis of variance was done on individual sample dates (randomized complete block design). To obtain seasonal means the data were analyzed as a factorial experiment with dates, treatments and blocks as factors with the plant as subsamples. The CPB weekly damage ratings were evaluated through a non parametric analysis of variance test (Kruskal-Wallis). A Mann-Whitney U test was made for all treatments comparing them to the Temik 3 lb (AI)/acre standard.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1984
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The foliar and systemic experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each and were conducted at Presque Isle, Maine on land that was in clover in 1983. The planting dates were 22 May, 1984 for the systemic experiment and 23 May, for the foliar experiment. In each experiment the 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.4-m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats after planting. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy Katahdin seed pieces ca. 75 g each were planted with a tractor pulled assisted feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 8 foliar applications of Diathane M-45 (1681 g/ha weeks of 9 and 16 Jul, 2242 g/ha weeks of 23, 30 Jul, 6, 13, 20 and 27 Aug). Soil applications of insecticides were made with a modified Gandy applicator just prior to planting or as a sidedressing after emergence. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the raw data using log10(x + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 15.52, 13.74 and 7.26 cm. The average temp for each of the same 3 months was 15.6, 20.0 and 19.7°C.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1984
Authors: Hurley Voss Robert , Hollingsworth Craig , Ferro David N.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 5 May in Sunderland, MA. However, during the first week of Jun ca. 9 inches of rain fell in a 2-day period, destroying the crop. Superior’ potatoes were replanted on 28 Jun. The soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of ca. 5.6. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Each plot consisted of two 30-ft rows, 3 ft apart. A fallow area of 6 ft separated each plot. Treatments were applied with a 3-gal stainless steel CO2-pressurized sprayer at 40-psi with a delivery rate of 60 gal per acre. Applications were made on 31 Jul, 7, 14 and 20 Aug. Furadan 15G 3.0 and Temilc 15G 2.0 were applied at ground break on 19 Jul. Defoliation was evaluated 16 Aug, rating plots from 1 (0-15% defoliation) to 5 (85-100%).
Foliar Sprays to Control Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) on Tomato, 1984
Authors: Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

‘Roma’ tomato seedlings were transplanted to the field on 6 Jim in Sunderland, MA. Heavy rains, ca. 9 inches in 2 days, reduced the CPB population to low levels and by the time the population recovered the tomato plants had become tolerant to CPB and were no longer an acceptable host. ‘Marglobe’ seedlings were transplanted to the field 11 Sep. The soil type was a sandy loam. Fertilizer (1100 lb 10 N: 10P: lOK/acre) was broadcast and incorporated prior to planting. Treatment plots were 1 row with 15 plants per row and 2 ft between plants. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied on 13 Sep with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at 40 psi and 60 gal/acre. The mean number of adult CPB in the pre-spray count per 15 plants was 31.5 (s.d. = 7.8). The number of live adults on 15 plants and dead adults with a 12 inch radius of the base of the plant were recorded for each plot on 14 Sep.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on No-Till Transplanted Tomatoes, 1984
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Tomato seedlings were planted no-till in 25-ft rows on 17 May ’84 with a 2-row Holland transplanter equipped with a chisel in front of each planter shoe. Plots consisted of a single treatment row buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. Transplanting was made in overwintered rye. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 5, 12, 19 and 26 Jun. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/10 ft of row and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 20 Aug from a 10-ft section of row.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Pydrin in Conventional Till and No-Till Transplanted Tomatoes, 1984
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Tomato seedlings were planted both no-till and conventional till in 25-ft rows on 17 May ’84 with a 2-row Holland transplanter. The planter was equipped with a chisel in front of each planter shoe for no-till treatments. Plots consisted of 3 rows with the center row being the record row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. No-till transplanting was made in overwintered rye. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 5, 12, 19, 26 Jun and 3 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/10 ft of row and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 20 Aug.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1983
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 23 Sep, 18 inches apart on 2.5-ft wide by 8-inch high beds of Myakka fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 28 Sep, 6, 14, 20, 27 Oct, 3, 10, 17, 23 Nov, 2 and 9 Dec with a 2.5-gal hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 80-140 gal/acre (gal increased as the plants grew). On 17 and 18 Nov, the no. of large leafmines (ca. 0.5 inch or longer) were counted on the terminal 3 leaflets of the 4th fully expanded leaf from the tops of 10 branches per plot. The no. of undamaged fruit and the no. of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae or true bugs were totaled over harvests taken on 29 Nov and 14 Dec.
Tomato Fruitworm Control, 1983
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M.
Published: March 2022

‘Castle X1606’ tomatoes were planted 2 Jim near Benson, NC. Plots consisted of single rows, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Black plastic was used as a mulch in all pots. Terraclor 75W was applied in all plots for disease control. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a hollow-cone nozzle delivering 50 gal/ acre at 60 psi. Treatments were applied 5, 12 and 19 Aug. Fruit was harvested and evaluated for tomato fruitworm damage 26 Aug.
Apple, Dilute Test of Acaricides, 1984
Authors: Hull L. A. , Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of Delicious, both spur types. Experimental sprays were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. Spray dates were as follows: 2 May (DPX-Y5893 treatments only), 8, 19 Jun (all treatments except DPX-Y5893), 3 Jul (DPX-Y5893 treatments only), 25 Jul (all treatments except DPX-Y5893), 14 Aug (all treatments except DPX-Y5893 and Plictran plus NC-21314). General sprays of fungicides (Cyprex, Benlate, Polyram, Captan, Zineb, Bravo, Rubigan, Manzate, Bayleton, Dithane), insecticides (Lorsban, Phosphamidon, Guthion, Sevin, Pydrin, Systox), and calcium chloride were made at ca. 1 to 2-week intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gpa. Average temperatures were: May 58.5° F, Jun 70.3° F, Jul 71.3° F, and Aug 72.6° F. Rainfall in inches totaled: May 4.51, Jun 4.42, Jul 5.86, and Aug 7.33. Effectiveness of materials on mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves per treatment. Mite population pressure was severe throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were: 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe). The ratings are in numerical order and are as follows: 35, 37, 41, 35, 37, 38, 47, 37, 38, 41, 37 and 35.
Sprinkler Irrigation Insecticide Injection for Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control on Alfalfa, 1984
Authors: Sandvol Larry E. , Pavek Diane
Published: March 2022

A 5 year-old stand of alfalfa in declo silt loam soil at the University of Idaho, Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID was used. At treatment time, plants were 24 inches high with 30% showing weevil damage. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. The plots were 80-ft diameter circles (0.1 acre). Three inch hook-and-latch pipe with 6.13-inch nozzles were used. Treatments were applied with a MAZZEIR injector for 30 min. Water was applied at the rate of 0.2 inch/h with a 7 hp pump. Insect populations from each plot were sampled 1 day before and 1, 3, 7 days after treatment by taking 5 (180°) sweeps with a 15 inch diam net.
Field Corn, Wireworm Larvae Control, 1984
Authors: Gray M. E. , Lawson E. C. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design for these trials was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied as single-row treatments, 50 ft long. Corn was replanted at Cedar Rapids, IA (30 May, 30-inch row spacing) in a sod field where stand reduction was severe enough to require replanting. Corn was planted at Ottumwa, IA (31 May, 30-inch row spacing) in a field that had a history of seed damage caused by wireworms. Granular and liquid soil insecticides were placed in the furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of, or behind, the closing wheels. A 2-inch band was also applied ahead of the closing wheels for 2 treatments. Four seed treatments were also examined. Laboratory-calibrated Noble metering units, mounted on a 2-row John Deere model 7100 planter, were used to apply the compounds. Treatments were evaluated at Ottumwa, IA (14 Jun) by digging two, 1-m trenches 10 cm deep in each treatment row in every plot. Seeds were rated on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: 1, seed undamaged; 2, seed damaged, but plant established; 3, seed damaged and plant showing some signs of stress; and 4, seed damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. Percent damaged seeds and seedlings were also used to compare treatments along with stand counts. The check rows were evaluated at Cedar Rapids, IA (18 Jun) and revealed very minor seed damage, therefore only stand counts were taken.
First Generation European Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trials, Wamego, Ks, 1984
Authors: Higgins Randall A. , Gibb Timothy J.
Published: March 2022

Fifty-six plots of dryland corn, each 4 rows wide by 40 ft (30-inch spacing), were established. The 14 treatments (granules and sprays) were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design on 25 Jun. Granular products were applied as a 9-inch over the row band with electrically-driven Noble applicators (modified by Almaco, Nevada, IA) which were mounted on a manually propelled, high-clearance, bicycle-wheeled applicator. Sprays were applied in water (20 gpa at 40 psi). Three spray nozzles (hollow-cone, no. 6X, Spraying Systems Co) were used per row. One nozzle sprayed from above the row and the other 2 were located on 2-inch 45 degree angled drops so that the spray was directed toward the whorl from each side of the row. Treatments were applied when live larvae were present in the whorls but before the larvae had begun to enter the stalk. On 9 Jul the stalks of 20 plants per plot, selected from the 2 middle rows, were split from soil level to the top of the plant and evidence of infestation by first generation European corn borers recorded on a plant-by-plant basis. Tunnels (no. per 20 plants) and borers per borer-infested stalk were recorded.