bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Abuse of Authority in the Agency Law: Including Organ Agency and Legal Representative
Authors:   Korean Civil Law Association, Lee Dongjin
Published: January 2025

The doctrine of the abuse of authority in the Korean agency law has been developed by the court cases and the legal literature without legislative ground in the Korean Civil Code. Not surprisingly, proposals to introduce a paragraph for the abuse of authority in the Code have been made during the recent discussion for the revision of the Code. Meanwhile, a good faith third party protection in the abuse of legal representative’s authority and the so-called restriction of the organ agent’s authority shed new light on the issue. In this article, a more comprehensive review on the doctrine has been provided, encompassing not only the agent in the Code but also the general authority of commercial agent or organ agent and the legal representative, and not only German and Japanese law but also French, Austrian, Swiss, and American law. The conclusion is as follows: The doctrine of the abuse of authority should not be limited to the agent’s violation of duty to loyalty. It should be extended to all the violation of the restriction or obligation in the internal relationship between the agent and the principal. The counter-party should have been aware of the agent’s abuse or at least he or she should have been grossly negligent in not noticing it. The voidness for the abuse is not opposable against a good faith third party.
A Study on the Requirements for State Compensation Liability – Focusing on the Criterion of “Loss of Objective Justifiability” –
Authors:   Korean Civil Law Association, Park Sirl A
Published: January 2025

This paper examines the “loss of objective justifiability” criterion, as presented in legal precedents, which has emerged as a core requirement for state compensation liability in South Korea. It explores the background of its introduction and the subsequent issues arising from its application. This criterion serves as a standard for determining public officials' illegality and negligence under Article 2 of the State Compensation Act. Legal precedents from the Supreme Court reveal a tendency to use this criterion to limit the scope of state liability for damages. Specifically, even when the illegality of an administrative disposition is established, courts determine state liability by assessing whether the disposition amounts to a “loss of objective justifiability.” However, the scope and wording of this criterion have undergone continuous changes since its introduction, drawing strong criticism from academia and practitioners. Critics point to the lack of a clear systemic position for this criterion and its conflation of illegality and negligence, which undermines coherence and consistency in victim remedies. Particularly problematic is the discrepancy between the determination of illegality in administrative appeals and the criteria for recognizing state compensation liability, potentially leading to inconsistent protection for victims.
Moreover, the Supreme Court's reliance on this criterion as a standard for assessing both illegality and negligence, without providing a clear definition, leaves its application largely to judicial discretion, raising concerns about legal predictability and stability. Historically, the criterion has been used primarily to restrict state liability, which critics argue weakens the protection of victims' rights. This paper highlights the influence of private law principles, particularly those underpinning employer liability, on the current state of compensation liability, while advocating for a shift toward a framework of public law-based self-responsibility. It contends that state compensation liability cannot simply be treated as an extension of private law tort liability but requires reinterpretation through the lens of public accountability and social solidarity.
Despite this need, legal precedents continue to operate within the confines of private law reasoning, revealing limitations in achieving a balance between public and private interests. This paper critiques the use of the “loss of objective justifiability” criterion as a tool to limit state liability and underscores the necessity for clear legal standards and systematic approaches. It calls for a reevaluation of the fundamental principles of state compensation liability and proposes legislative and judicial reforms to enhance victim protection. In particular, the paper emphasizes the need to clearly distinguish between the standards for assessing illegality and negligence while aligning state accountability with broader public interests.
Contractual Protection for Digitally Marginalized Groups, Including the Elderly
Authors:   Korean Civil Law Association, Yoon Taeyoung , Ryu Juhyun
Published: January 2025

Intelligent services offer many positive functions, such as the creation of new knowledge and the provision of new opportunities, and are an indispensable aspect of the intelligent information society. However, the digital divide exacerbates issues of information inequality and marginalization for groups such as the elderly, people with disabilities, and digital illiterates. For instance, in South Korea, the smartphone ownership rate among the elderly (91.0%) is not significantly different from that of the general population (96.1%). However, when it comes to digital competency—such as the ability to use digital devices properly—the elderly exhibit much lower proficiency, with their digital skills reaching only 55% of the general population's level.
Korea is getting through transition to an intelligent information society alongside serious aging issues, and it is crucial to establish an environment that ensures substantial contractual autonomy for individuals who are vulnerable in terms of judgment, information-gathering abilities, and the use of digital devices. Therefore, the Korean government has recognized this issue and has focused on providing education to digitally marginalized groups, while also seeking to enhance accessibility through legal and institutional means, such as revising the “Basic Act on Intelligence Information.” However, many of these remain as corporate efforts or are regulated as optional provisions, while shortsightedly responding to immediate problems such as deploying staff when installing kiosks.
In contrast, international organizations like the UN and the EU have developed concrete guidelines to protect digitally vulnerable groups. These guidelines go beyond temporarily mandating support personnel for kiosks during the transition period, by offering specific standards and examples of actions which manufacturers, distributors, and other stakeholders should take to enhance accessibility for vulnerable groups.
This article first analyzes the needs of digitally marginalized groups, based on our own survey results, to understand how they want their accessibility to be ensured, and examines whether South Korea's legal system aligns with these needs and identifies any issues. Furthermore, the “EU Accessibility Directive” and “ISO 22458” are analyzed to explore the principles behind their international institutionalization, and implications for Korean legislation are proposed.
Palliative Psychiatry: Current Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: A. O. Yakubu, , M. G. Effiong, Effiong, , F. O. Adeyemi,
Published: January 2025

Palliative psychiatry is an emerging field focused on improving the quality of life for individuals with severe, chronic, and treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions. It emphasizes holistic, person-centered care that respects patients' dignity and addresses their physical, emotional, social, and existential needs. Unlike traditional psychiatric care, which prioritizes symptom reduction, palliative psychiatry acknowledges that some conditions may not respond to conventional treatments. Despite its potential, the field faces significant challenges, including limited research, inconsistent definitions, and a lack of standardized guidelines. Additionally, ethical issues, societal stigma, and insufficient training in psychiatric programs hinder its implementation. This article discusses current challenges and provides recommendations for developing guidelines and classification systems and integrating palliative psychiatry into clinical practice, ultimately improving care for individuals with severe mental illness.
The Significance of Serum CA-125 in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and its Association with their Hormonal Status
Authors: Khadoor Salwa , Ibrahim Rama , Redwan Faisal
Published: January 2025

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Due to the diagnostic uncertainty of some cases and the unclear pathophysiology of the syndrome, this study aimed to assess the significance of Cancer Antigen 125(CA-125) in the diagnosis and prediction of hormonal disorders of PCOS patients. Method and Results: A total of 100 women (70 PCOS patients and 30 healthy females) were enrolled in our case-control prospective study. Both groups were of similar age (mean age 23.97 vs 24.40 years, P=0.2), while body mass index (BMI) was significantly elevated in the PCOS group compared to controls (25.72 vs 20.95kg/m2, P=0.0001). Hirsutism was estimated using the modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) scoring system. A significantly elevated hirsutism score was recorded in the PCOS group compared to controls (11.72 vs 4.50, P=0.0001). Biochemical tests including CA-125 and pituitary/gonadal hormones [luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and total testosterone] were all measured on serum samples. A statistically significant increase in LH levels (9.26 vs 3.89mIU/ml, P=0.0001), LH/FSH ratio (1.88 vs 0.67, P=0.0001) and total testosterone levels (88.93 vs 33.15ng/dl, P=0.0001) was observed in PCOS compared to controls. No significant difference was found in the FSH levels between the two groups (P=0.06). Interestingly, the CA-125 level was significantly higher in PCOS patients than in controls (17.90 vs 7.78 U/L, P=0,0001). CA-125 was positively correlated with LH and LH/FSH ratio, and negatively with FSH. The receiver operation characteristic curve was performed to determine a diagnostic cut-off value of CA-125 for PCOS. A CA-125 value of 11.45 U/L showed high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (96.7% and 87.1%, respectively) for PCOS. Conclusion: Data from this study suggest that CA-125 could be used as an additional diagnostic biomarker for PCOS.
The macroscopic, microscopic and histochemical analyses of aerial parts of Achillea salicifolia growing in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Z.M. Asadullaeva , M. Yu. Ishmuratova , G.A. Atazhanova , M.K. Smagulov
Published: January 2025

Today, the medicinal raw materials play an important role in the pharmaceutical manufacturing, which have not been researched and analyzed before. This paper describes the macroscopic, microscopic and histochemical analyses of Achillea salicifolia of Asteraceae family. The raw materials were collected in the flowering phase in August, 2023 in the vicinity of Kernay settlement, the Karaganda region, the Republic of Kazakhstan. This plant attracts interest by its chemical composition and pharmacological properties. Terpenoids are the main chemical components of the essential oil. Achillea salicifolia has not been studied before. Data of the Achillea L. genus are described only for Achillea millefolium in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan (II Vol.). Thus, the aim of our research is to identify the diagnostic features of raw materials at the macro- and microscopic, histochemical levels of the aerial organs (stems, leaves, flowers) of Achillea salicifolia. The macroscopic analysis determined the main morphological features. The microscopic analysis provided the anatomical structure to define the characteristic diagnostic features. We established the presence and localization of the biologically active substances using the histochemical study. The study revealed the main distinguishing features of Achillea salicifolia from the rest of the species. The results can be used for authentication, identification and standardization of the aerial part of Achillea salicifolia. The data can be a basis to develop a drafting of regulatory document for the medicinal plant raw materials.
Pharmacognostical Standardization, Phytochemical Evaluation and Contaminants Determination of Ustukhuddūs (Lavandula stoechas Linn) –A Potent Unani Drug
Authors: Fathima A Farhath , Shamsi Shariq , Irfhan N Mohammed , Ahmed N Zaheer , Raiza Jaculin , S Mageswari , Anwar Noman
Published: January 2025

Ustukhuddūs (Lavandula stoechas Linn) is a widely acknowledged drug and has long been used in Unani Medicine for the mitigation of varied ailing conditions. The standardization and quality control parameters of the species are poorly understood, despite its enormous therapeutic values. The current study aims to produce a thorough report on the standardization parameters and quality control analysis of the aerial part of L. stoechas Linn. Standard methods were employed to determine the pharmacognostic, physico-chemical parameters, and preliminary phytochemical screening of the drug. A solvent system containing Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (7.6: 2.4: 0.01 v/v) was utilized for qualitative HPTLC analysis to assure the presence of various active components. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for heavy metal analysis, and microbial limit was determined following standard guidelines. The pharmacognostic and phytochemical analysis of aerial part of L. stoechas showed several diagnostic features in the species. The moisture content was found to be very low in the test drug and the total ash value of the drug was recorded to be approximately 4 – 5 times higher than the values of water soluble and acid insoluble ash. The aqueous extract showed higher extractive value when compared with organic extracts. The pH of the test drug was found to be slightly acidic. Phytochemically alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, quinones, coumarins, proteins, and carbohydrates were identified in the drug. The HPTLC chromatogram of chloroform extract showed a greater number of spots in absorbance mode, whereas in fluorescence mode, ethanol extract showed more number of spots. The contaminants determination revealed the presence of potentially toxic metals and microbial load within permissible limits. The comprehensive pharmacognostic profile of L. stoechas Linn reported in this study may complement the available information and may prove valuable for accurately identifying and authenticating the species for future research.
The Isolation, Characterization, and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria from Pineapple Peel (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr)
Authors: Andayani Regina , Fajriati Fadhila , Hanifa Dini , Rustini Rustini
Published: January 2025

Endophytic bacteria are microorganisms found in a plant and have a variety of activities. Endophytic bacteria can produce almost the same compounds as their host plants. Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) is one of the plants that has many benefits. Pineapple peel contains bioactive compounds that can be used as antioxidants, immunomodulators, and antibacterials. This study aims to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from pineapple peels, determine the time required for endophytic bacteria isolated from pineapple peels to grow optimally, and identify bacterial species that have the most optimal growth. Isolation and purification of endophytic bacteria were carried out to obtain pure isolates. Optical Density (OD) measurements were used to determine the growth time of the bacteria and molecular testing was carried out to identify the species of endophytic bacteria found in pineapple peels. Based on the isolation that has been done, four pure isolates of endophytic bacteria from pineapple peel were coded as N1, N2, N3, and N4. The four isolates obtained were then observed macroscopically for their characteristics. Furthermore, Optical Density (OD) measurements were carried out and the best growth was obtained in isolated N4 in the 36th hour. Isolate N4 was then identified molecularly with steps of isolation, DNA amplification, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. Based on the identification results, N4 is Enterobacter hormaechei bacterial species.
Synthesis and Assessment of Acrylamide-graft-mesquite gum polymer (Aam-g-MG) for its Biodegradability in E. coli and Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: N. Chandakavathe Baburao , Kulkarni Ravindra
Published: January 2025

Aim of the present investigation was to develop a novel, non-toxic and biodegradable copolymer of acrylamide-graft-mesquite gum polymer (Aam-g-MGP) by graft copolymerisation technique using cerric ammonium nitrate as free radical initiator under microwave conditions. The mesquite raw gum was purified and and grafted with acrylamide using ceric ammonium nitrate as a free radical initiator. The variation in reaction parameters affected the percent grafting (%G) and grafting efficiency (%GE) of the copolymer samples. The grafting was confirmed by FT-IR and elemental analysis, FT-IR spectral studies and elemental analysis data supported the grafting process. Subsequently synthesised graft copolymer was subjected for viscosity, water retention, swelling index and hydration capacity evaluation. Modified polymer was also tested for biodegradability on E. coli, and toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. The developed copolymer demonstrated considerably increase in viscosity, water retention capacity, swelling index, and hydration capacity as compared to ungrafted mesquite gum polymer. The grafted copolymer Aam-g-MGP was proved biodegradable and non-toxic in nature. Based on the results swelling index and water retention capacity developed copolymer can be used in the development of extended release pharmaceutical formulations.
The Impact of Community E-Commerce on Customer Purchase Intentions: An Analysis Based On S-O-R Model
Authors: S Madhivanan
Published: January 2025

This study examines the impact of community based digital platform on customer buying decisions through the Stimulus Organism Response (S-O-R) model. The S-O-R model provides a comprehensive frame work of examining whether external stimuli (S) affecting the internal mental state (O), which ultimately affects purchase intentions (R) in various ways. Including surveys and in-depth interviews. Our study research into the ecommerce community shows that positive social interactions and high-quality content significantly increase trust and perceived value. Thus, study found the factors increasing customers purchasing intentions.
SUSTAINABLE PRECISION AGRICULTURE: INTEGRATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND IOT FOR OPTIMIZED GREEN FARMING PRACTICES
Authors: Shashank Dattatray Kulkarni
Published: January 2025

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. It is evolved in due course of time. The purpose of this study is to assess how well internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies can improve precision farming methods and encourage resource sustainability. The goal of the project is to determine the obstacles farmers have when implementing these innovations and to examine the economic and environmental effects of incorporating these technologies into farming, with an emphasis on yield enhancement and resource conservation. Method: To investigate the connection between AI, IoT, and sustainable farming results, data were collected from a sample of 225 farmers via trials and sensor readings using a quantitative descriptive research technique. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and regression analysis were among the statistical techniques used to evaluate how AI and IoT affected productivity and environmentally friendly agricultural methods. Result: The results reveal a strong positive correlation, with the regression model indicating that IoT and AI play a substantial role in sustainable agriculture and higher production, accounting for around 55.2% of the variation in results. The model's effectiveness is further supported by the ANOVA findings, which show that smart farming, AI, and IoT have a major influence on green agricultural practices (p < 0.001). It is found that AI and IoT have a great deal of contribution towards sustainable agriculture by increasing sustainability and production. However, it is significant to address certain challenges for wider acceptance and scalability across many agricultural groups.
Factors Affecting Sustainable Consumption in the Era of Consumerism: An Empirical Study in the Context of Circular Economy
Authors: Mohammed Abulkhair
Published: January 2025

Sustainable consumption is one of the best ways to address global environmental challenges in an era dominated by consumerism. The circular economy model emphasizes reducing waste, maximizing resource use, and promoting environmentally friendly production and consumption patterns. At the same time, consumers play an equally important role in this change by making responsible choices that prioritize durability, repairability, and recyclability. But despite growing awareness, challenges such as the intention-behaviour gap and infrastructural barriers still exist, limiting the widespread adoption of sustainable practices. Bridging these gaps requires collaborative efforts across sectors and a cultural shift toward mindful consumption. This paper explores the importance of consumer behaviour, business strategies, and policy interventions in promoting sustainable consumption within the circular economy framework. Greater awareness and encouragement of responsible actions can help society transition towards a more sustainable future, ensuring both environmental preservation and economic resilience. A sample of 209 consumers were surveyed to know the factors that affects sustainable consumption in the era of consumerism and found that Consumer Environmental Awareness, Economic factors, Corporate Practices and Policy Implementation are the factors that affects the sustainable consumption.
Recycling of Photovoltaic Modules – A Strategy for Silicon and Metal Contact Recovery
Authors: Dasilva-Villanueva Nerea , Caballero Luis Jaime , Fuertes Marrón David , Rodríguez Araceli , Díez Eduardo , Muñoz Sánchez Jesús Ángel , Braña Alejandro F. , Plaza Canga-Argüelles José Luis , Cánovas Enrique , Del Cañizo Carlos
Published: January 2025

As the installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) systems continues to grow, also does the necessity to address the accumulating waste from decommissioned PV modules.  Millions of modules will need to be retired in the next few decades, and this poses a challenge that requires the development of cost-effective and efficient recycling strategies, with a focus on essential components such as solar cells, which are known for their significant environmental impact and energy budget. This study explores strategies to recover metal from front and rear contacts, as well as the potentiality of silicon substrate recrystallization. Alkaline-organic solutions allow for complete metal detachment with small-to-minimal silicon loss, and recrystallization of recovered substrates provides promising results in obtaining wafers suitable for the newly established industry requirements. Al-BSF solar cells fabricated from recycled materials exhibit improved performance, proving the feasibility of reclaiming precious metals and silicon substrates from PV modules. These encouraging first results represent an important step towards cycling PV systems within a circular economy framework, thereby minimizing waste and maximizing resource utilization.
Pushing Heterojunction Technology Further: Novel Metallization Processes and Architectures
Authors: Frasson Nicola , Galiazzo Marco
Published: January 2025

This work provides an overview on the different approaches to make Silicon Hetero-Junction cell (SHJ) production more scalable by investigating alternative metallization processes which can potentially be competitive with the standard Ag-based processes (Ag micro-size). With this purpose, this research aims at introducing the idea of widely using Ag-coated Cu formulations and/or low-Ag deposit solutions involving Ag nanoparticles-based formulations and reactive Ag (also referred as particle free) inks for both rear and front cell depositions on a single (finger and busbars) screen-printing process.
ASSESSMENT OF ERODED AGRICULTURAL LAND IN IZGAR, CARAS SEVERIN COUNTY
Authors: Mazăre Mazăre , Duma Copcea Anișoara , Mazăre Veaceslav , Țiței Victor
Published: January 2025

Soil erosion represents an urgent, acute and extremely threatening problem, not only for agriculture, but also for the entire national economy, but also for the state of landscapes and the environment in which man lives. Consequently, not only the agronomic and economic effects of soil erosion will be further analyzed, but also the ecological effects, which have been neglected until now. In essence, we can point out that soil erosion makes the soil water regime more unfavorable, generally affecting water runoff conditions and the hydrological situation of the area; a particular phenomenon called erosional drought is manifested. In order to effectively and rationally implement measures to protect the soil against erosion, it is essential to know its causes, both natural and anthropogenic, the laws of its manifestation and development, its geographical extent, and its classification by type and degree. It is necessary to emphasize, in all its complexity, the immense, multilateral and, in many cases, irreversible damage that land erosion causes to the nation. Without awareness of this reality, the owners or beneficiaries of agricultural land will not fully perceive their responsibility for the condition of soils and their defense against erosion.
Linguistic Conditional Patterns and Their Use in Teaching Arabic to Non-Native Speakers “A model applied to Korean students”
Authors:   The Institute of Middle East, Nagwa Khalaf Khodiri Nagwa Khalaf Khodiri
Published: January 2025

This research aims to clarify the methods of teaching the subjunctive style to non-Arabic speakers, as this study relied on the idea of patterns.
The conditional mood in Arabic is distinguished by a peculiarity different from other languages. Each conditional tool has a specificity and apattern that distinguishes it from others. There is a special tool for doubt( إن ), others are specific to a certain possibility( إذا ), and a third is related to impossibility( لو ). Also, conditionals can be followed by a past verb and the meaning is in the future, for example, “ إذا ”.
This study also clarified the meaning of conditional tools and how to use them and presented methods for teaching them to non-Arabic speaking students in a gradual manner based on the students’ level in Arabic. It is not useful to talk about the difficulty of grammar without providingsolutions to simplify this difficulty.
Measuring Collocational Strength in Persian ‘Noun + Adjective’ Fixed Expressions and Its Pedagogical Applications
Authors:   The Institute of Middle East, Choi Woonho , Kwak Saera
Published: January 2025

This research seeks to evaluate the collocational strength of fixed expressions in Persian, specifically those formed by combining nouns and adjectives, while also exploring potential educational applications. The study utilizes the Bijankhan corpus to conduct a 2-gram analysis, examining the frequency and concentration of noun-adjective pairings. To assess the concentration of these combinations, the researchers employed market concentration ratios (CR) and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). The findings reveal a significant number of fixed expressions where certain noun-adjective combinations occur with notably higher frequency than expected. Furthermore, through an Observed/Expected (O/E) ratio analysis, the study identified fixed expressions with combinations that appeared much more frequently than anticipated. These expressions are proposed for inclusion in Persian language teaching materials. The researchers anticipate that the results of this study will contribute to alleviating the learning burden on students of Persian and improving overall learning efficiency.
PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PERSEDIAAN MATERIAL BERBASIS WEB PADA PT. Z
Authors: Ardhani Erza Sativa , Yunanik Yunanik
Published: January 2025

PT. Z merupakan perusahaan di bidang industri hulu minyak dan gas yang menghadapi tantangan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen di era perkembangan teknologi yang semakin modern. Sistem pencatatan persediaan material pada PT. Z masih dilakukan dengan bantuan Microsoft Excel sehingga masih terdapat ketidaksesuaian dalam pencatatan data dan tidak dapat mengelola persediaan secara real-time. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan sistem informasi persediaan material berbasis web yang akan meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi manajemen persediaan. Dengan perancangan sistem informasi maka akan mempermudah pengawasan stok material yang tersedia di gudang material, pendataan material, melakukan permintaan. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan perancangan sistem informasi menggunakan metode SDLC model waterfall. Pemilihan metode pada penelitian ini dikarenakan perancangan dapat dilakukan dengan lebih mudah dan akurat karena tahapan metode yang runtut dan bertahap. Tahapan yang harus dilakukan dalam melakukan perancangan sistem informasi yaitu meliputi analisis kebutuhan sistem, desain sistem, coding dan implementasi, serta pengujian sistem. Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa sistem informasi berbasis web untuk mempermudah memanajemen persediaan material. Pengujian sistem pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan black box testing yang menunjukkan hasil bahwa sistem informasi yang dirancang sudah sesuai dengan perencanaan awal dan fungsi berjalan sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan.
UPAYA PENINGKATAN FUEL EFFICIENCY REBOILER HEATER 203-H-005 MELALUI PENGOPTIMALAN AIR TO FUEL RATIO (AFR) DI UNIT PLATFORMING PT. XYZ
Authors: Ardiansyah Ahmad Yoga , Sriana Tun
Published: January 2025

Unit Platforming di PT. X merupakan salah satu unit yang berfungsi untuk mengolah sweet naphta dari Unit Naphta Hydrotreating menjadi produk reformat yang memiliki angka oktan tinggi. Dalam unit tersebut, Reboiler Heater 203-H-005 memiliki peran penting untuk meningkatkan suhu dari produk bawah kolom Debutanizer 203-C-001 sebelum di masukkan kembali ke kolom. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menguapkan fraksi ringan yang terikut ke produk reformat. Hasil evaluasi Reboiler Heater 203-H-005 selama bulan Juli 2024 menunjukkan bahwa nilai fuel efficiency berkisar antara 78-87% yang mana masih dibawah dari data desainnya yang sebesar 90,4%. Setelah dilakukan upaya peningkatan fuel efficiency dengan metode trial and error nilai AFR actual yang ditingkatkan hingga 4,95% dari penggunaan semula. Dari hasil optimasi ini, nilai fuel efficiency meningkat menjadi 91,22% dan flue gas yang dilepaskan ke atmosfer berkurang dari 16.052,87 lb/jam menjadi 15.295,85 lb/jam, serta pemakaian fuel gas sebagai bahan bakar berkurang menjadi 420,75 kg/jam. Dengan Upaya peningkatan fuel efficiency ini juga memberikan dampak terhadap profit yang didapat Perusahaan meningkat sebesar 4,7% atau Rp 14.548.289.787,97/tahun.
OPTIMASI KONDISI OPERASI KOLOM DEMETANIZER UNTUK MENCAPAI KUALITAS PRODUK PT.X MENGGUNAKAN ASPEN HYSYS
Authors: Muhammad Emir Mirza Fahreza  , Aditya Dharmawan
Published: January 2025

Indonesia masih memiliki potensi cadangan gas yang masih cukup besar walaupun setiap saatnya mengalami penurunan. Akan tetapi pemerintah dan seluruh instansi terkait selalu berusaha untuk mencari cadangan gas baru untuk melancarkan operasional kilang-kilang gas yang ada di Indonesia. Dengan demikian kilang-kilang gas dapat menambah ekspor dan menambah devisa keuangan di Indonesia. Untuk bisa mengekspor dan bersaing dengan negara-negara lainnya maka perlu ada upaya-upaya untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan kualitas produk tersebut. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) adalah gas alam yang melalui pemrosesan untuk menghilangkan impurities dan hidrokarbon berat lalu terkondensasi menjadi liquid pada tekanan atmosfer serta pendinginan sekitar 160°C. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut maka diperlukan kolom pemisahan atau distilasi yang bisa dikenal dengan demethanizer dengan kondisi operasi yang optimal. Optimaliasi kolom demethanizer ini berdasarkan studi literatur dan simulasi menggunakan software Aspen Hysys V.11. Kolom demethanizer yang optimal terdapat pada skema dua dengan reflux rate sebesar 20.000 kg/h, suhu reboiler 107,23°C menghasilkan purity 97,38% dan top Flowrate 366.193,08 kg/h serta duty reboiler dan condensor yang lebih ringan dengan nilai masing-masing 605,527 kW dan -4356,55 kW.
PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI METANOL DALAM NEGERI DARI GAS ALAM DENGAN TEKNOLOGI STEAM REFORMING
Authors: Naufal Yudha Utama  , Agus Setiyono  , Zami Furqon
Published: January 2025

Metanol merupakan sumber daya penting dalam industri kimia dan energi. Meningkatnya permintaan metanol, khususnya di Indonesia, meningkatkan pentingnya pembangunan pabrik metanol lokal. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan desain awal pabrik metanol berkapasitas 240.000 ton per tahun di Batam. Proses produksi metanol menggunakan gas alam sebagai bahan baku melalui teknologi steam reforming yang efisien dan ramah lingkungan. Prosesnya meliputi reformasi uap, transfer air dan gas, sintesis metanol, dan pemurnian metanol. Perencanaan rancancangan dilaksanakan melalui Pertimbangan dari aspek teknologi dan fiskal. Evaluasi fiskal menunjukkan keuntugan dengan hasil investasi (IRR) setinggi 22% per tahun, Untuk Pay out time dapat mencapai 4,8 tahun dengan nilai sekarang bersih (NPV) seharga 711 Juta USD. Oleh karena itu, pabrik sintesa metanol ini layak dari aspek teknologi dan fiskal. Selain itu, penggunaan dari sumber daya gas alam yang menjadi bahan baku dapat mendukung pertumbuhan industri yang lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan industri berbasis batu bara, dan sesuai Roadmap 4.0 industri kimia Indonesia.
EVALUASI SISA UMUR DAN ANALISIS KINERJA OPERASIONAL PADA TANGKI T-125 DIKILANG PPSDM MIGAS CEPU
Authors: Assiddiqi Yudha , Suharyadi Hafid
Published: January 2025

Tangki timbun adalah tempat yang digunakan untuk menyimpan produk minyak sebelum didistribusikan kepada konsumen. Tangki timbun yang berukuran besar dan digunakan untuk tekanan rendah. Didalam suatu refinery memiliki desain yang beraneka ragam berdasarkan fungsinya atau jenis fluida yang ditampungnya. Dalam jurnal ini, tangki penyimpan solar memiliki kapasitas 98 kl telah dirancang dengan meninjau karasteristik fluida dan informasi geoteknik dan meteorologi pada lokasi tangki ini dibangun yaitu diPPSDM Migas Cepu. Parameter tangki ditentukan menggunakan persamaan desain dasar. Perhitungan rinci juga dilakukan untuk memastikan stabilitas tangki menggunakan prosedur standar dari API 653. Tangki dengan kapasitas 98 kl ini memiliki tinggi 3,730 meter dan diameter 5,992 meter ini memiliki tekanan hidrostatis dengan massa jenis solar 28,660 Pa pada course 1, 22,973 Pa pada course 2 dan 10,353 Pa pada course 3. Adapun tebal minimum yang di dapat pada course 1 0,3247 mm, course 2 0,2540 mm dan course 3 0,0885 mm. Laju korosi pada setiap course juga didapatkan pada course 1 sebesar 0,13 mm pertahun, course 2 sebesar 0,11 mm pertahun dan course 3 sebesar 0,13 mm. Sisa umur tangki ini pada setiap course juga didapatkan hasil yaitu untuk course 1 adalah 8,15 tahun, course 2 adalah 11,45 tahun dan course 3 adalah 5,84 tahun.
EVALUASI UNJUK KERJA MESIN DIESEL CUMMINS KTA50 G3 SEBAGAI PENGGERAK GENERATOR DI PPSDM MIGAS CEPU
Authors: Masrizah Risa , Hafid Suharyadi
Published: January 2025

Mesin diesel Cummins KTA50 G3 merupakan salah satu jenis mesin diesel yang ada di PPSDM Migas Cepu yang berfungsi sebagai penggerak generator. Dilihat dari waktu pengoperasiannya, maka kinerja dari mesin diesel dapat mengalami penurunan dari waktu ke waktu, karena mesin diesel ini beroperasi terus menerus maka kehandalan performanya perlu dijaga. Untuk menjaga performa dari mesin diesel ini agar selalu dalam kondisi baik, maka perlu dilakukan perawatan dan memantau kondisinya setiap saat untuk mengetahui kinerjanya. Untuk memantau kondisi dari mesin diesel tersebut perlu dilakukan evaluasi unjuk kerja dengan mengambil data operasi dan data design, kemudian melakukan perhitungan sehingga diperoleh data kinerja mesin diesel tersebut. Dengan perhitungan unjuk kerja mesin diesel dan data saat beroperasi, diperoleh efisiensi thermal sebesar 32,37 % hal ini mengidentifikasikan Mesin Diesel Cummins KTA50 G3 masih dalam keadaan baik bila dibandingkan dengan efisiensi thermal design yang seharusnya berkisar 30-41%. Serta jika dilihat dari pemakaian bahan bakar spesifik 330 liter/jam dengan jumlah pemakaian bahan bakar sekarang adalah 179 liter/jam menunjukan bahwa mesin diesel ini cukup irit. Namun perlu untuk selalu mengingat jam operasi mesin agar tidak melewati jam operasional yang seharusnya.
OPTIMALISASI PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN PERTAMAX PADA FUEL TERMINAL X MENGGUNAKAN METODE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY
Authors: M. Arief  , Tri Warcono Adi
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini berfokus pada optimalisasi pengendalian persediaan Pertamax pada Fuel Terminal menggunakan metode Economic Order Quantity (EOQ). Fuel Terminal bertanggung jawab dalam pemenuhan permintaan Pertamax yang seringkali mengalami lonjakan permintaan selama periode tertentu seperti mudik lebaran dan hari-hari besar lainnya. Peningkatan aktivitas ini dapat menyebabkan kekurangan stok Pertamax yang berdampak negatif pada operasional dan keandalan pelayanan SPBU. Dengan menggunakan data penjualan aktual dan komponen biaya persediaan dari periode Januari 2023 hingga Desember 2023, penelitian ini mengaplikasikan metode EOQ untuk menghitung jumlah pesanan yang optimal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan metode EOQ mampu mengurangi biaya persediaan hingga 12.244.158.352 dengan persentase 65%-73% dibandingkan dengan metode sebelumnya. Selain itu, metode ini juga membantu dalam merencanakan jumlah pemesanan dan titik pemesanan ulang (Re-Order Point) untuk memastikan ketersediaan stok yang cukup dan efisien. Setelah menerapkan metode EOQ untuk mengurangi biaya persediaan, kami meramalkan penjualan pertamax selama periode 2024 dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Minitab 19. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2024, biaya persediaan dengan metode EOQ mencapai Rp 4.944.909.570 dengan frekuensi pemesanan sebanyak 24 kali, dan perusahaan harus menyiapkan safety stock sebesar 206.887 liter untuk menghindari kekurangan stok.
EVALUASI KINERJA DAN EFISIENSI FURNACE STABILIZER DENGAN METODE DIRECT DAN INDIRECT PADA PLATFORMER STABILIZER SECTION
Authors: Guridno Yusup , Annasit  , Andi Muhammad Danial
Published: January 2025

Furnace merupakan peralatan untuk memanaskan fluida melalui pembakaran bahan bakar secara langsung. Didalam proses pengolahan minyak bumi untuk menjadi produk bahan bakar jadi, fraksi minyak bumi yang akan diproses pada suhu yang tinggi dipanaskan terlebih dahulu di furnace. Bahan bakar yang berbentuk minyak, gas maupun padat dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Panas yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan bakar di furnace kemungkinan ada yang terbuang dan hilang. Panas yang dihasilkan selama pembakaran digunakan untuk memanaskan fluida yang melewati tube hingga mencapai temperatur operasinya. Hal ini diperlukan karena fluida harus dipanaskan dahulu sebelum proses selanjutnya untuk memenuhi permintaan temperatur operasinya. Untuk mengetahui kinerja atau efisiensi dari furnace sendiri harus dilakukan evaluasi secara berkala untuk memastikan pemanasan berlangsung dengan baik dan efisien. Evaluasi kinerja furnace mengacu dengan standar perhitungan ASME PTC-4 dengan metode direct dan indirect. Furnace stabilizer berperan sebagai reboiler untuk pemanasan hasil bottom produk dari kolom stabilizer. Berdasarkan kondisi operasi aktual, didapat hasil perhitungan efisiensi furnace stabilizer dengan metode direct dan indirect berturut-turut yaitu 75,663% dan 70,373%. Secara keseluruhan seuai batasan efisiensi desain kinerja dari furnace menunjukkan kinerja yang bagus dan dari efisiensi yang dihasilkan juga menunjukkan bahwasannya pembakaran yang terjadi dan energi yang dihasilkan sudah maksimal.
EVALUASI EFISIENSI KOMPRESOR CP-9600 DI UNIT PEMROSESAN GAS PADA CENTRAL PROCESSING AREA SUKOWATI
Authors: Putra Zalsa Tri Warjuna , Setiyono Agus
Published: January 2025

Kompresor torak adalah salah satu alat mekanik yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan tekanan atau memampatkan suatu fluida dan yang sering berupa gas. Prinsip kompresor torak adalah bergerak bolak balik dari sebuah torak di dalam silinder dan saat torak bergerak maju, volume ruang di dalam silinder mengecil, sehingga tekanan gas di dalamnya meningkat. Kompresor yang digunakan pada area processing adalah sour gas compressor. Perhitungan evaluasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui efisiensi dari kinerja kompresor CP-9600 untuk mengetahui seberapa efisiensi alat tersebut. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi adalah studi literatur, pengumpulan data, pengolahan data, perhitungan, dan analisa data. Parameter-parameter yang sangat penting untuk mengevaluasi adalah data desain dan data operasi alat kompresor CP-9600. Perhitungan evaluasi dilakukan dan diapatkan efisiensi volumetrik pada kompresor sebesar 83,24% dari data operasinya yaitu 78,65%. Gas recovery kompresor mempunyai kapasitas yang dievaluasi sebesar 3.237,75 cfm lebih tinggi dari kapasitas yang sedang beroperasi dan daya yang digunakan kompresor untuk memompa energi berupa sour gas yang dibutuhkan untuk proses selanjutnya sebesar 487,89 HP.
EVALUASI KINERJA POMPA SENTRIFUGAL FEED CRUDE OIL P.100/04 DI KILANG PPSDM MIGAS CEPU
Authors: Paramita Nindya , Ayende Ayende
Published: January 2025

Unit kilang di PPSDM Migas merupakan unit pengolahan minyak bumi yang mengolah crude oil lokal dari PT. Pertamina EP Asset4 Field Cepu. Untuk mengalirkan crude oil dari tangki penyimpanan crude oil menuju ke heat exchanger dibutuhkan pompa feed. Pompa P.100/04 merupakan pompa sentrifugal feed crude oil yang sudah beroperasi lebih dari 12 tahun. Pada pembahasan ini, akan difokuskan untuk evaluasi kinerja pompa sentrifugal feed crude oil P.100/04 setelah belasan tahun beroperasi. P.100/04 merupakan pompa manufaktur Allweiler tipe CNH-B 40-315 dengan kapasitas spesifikasi 25 m3/jam, head 130 m, dan efisiensi 24%. Kini beroperasi dengan kapasitas 9,17 m3/jam, hasil dari evaluasi kinerja pompa yaitu pompa mengalami penurunan efisiensi sebesar 19,26% menjadi 4,24% dikarenakan kapasitas operasi yang jauh lebih rendah. Hal tersebut terjadi karena demand produk kilang PPSDM yang menurun sehingga kilang PPSDM Migas Cepu beroperasi dengan kapasitas 200-250 m3/hari. Dengan kondisi tersebut untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pompa, maka direkomendasikan penggantian pompa dengan kapasitas spesifikasi yang lebih rendah supaya pengoperasian berada di titik BEP (Best Efficiency Point) yaitu kondisi operasi kerja pompa paling optimum sehingga efisiensinya tinggi.
EVALUASI SISA UMUR DAN TEGANGAN DINDING PADA HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATOR D-0101 DI CENTRAL PROCESSING PLANT GUNDIH
Authors: Santoso Rizki Dwi , Suharyadi Hafid
Published: January 2025

Central Processing Plant Gundih dalam mengolah Gas didukung dengan 8 sumur produksi. Aliran fluida dari 8 sumur ini kemudian dikumpulkan di manifold untuk kemudian disalurkan ke Gas Separation Unit (GSU) untuk dilakukan proses pemisahan. High Pressure Separator D-010 dalam Gas Separation Unit (GSU) menempati peran yang krusial, sehingga perlu dijaga keandalannya. Dalam melihat kondisi aktual, proses inspeksi dilakukan dengan mengukur ketebalan untuk menentukan besarnya laju korosi (corrosion rate) dan sisa umur (remaining life) pada sisi shell dan head sesuai dengan API 581 dan ASME VIII Div I. Disisi lain juga dilakukan kalkulasi untuk melihat besarnya nilai stress in shell pada sisi circumferential joint dan longitudinal joint. Hasil kalkulasi berdasarkan data inspeksi menunjukkan laju korosi untuk sisi shell sebesar 0,21 mm/years dan pada sisi head sebesar 0,47 mm/years. Hasil kalkulasi menunjukkan umur sisa untuk sisi shell 48,9 years dan head 28,2 years. Hasil menunjukkan tegangan pada shell disisi circumferential joint 3149,06 psi dan di sisi longitudinal joint 6298,11 psi.
EVALUASI KETEBALAN SHELL PADA TANGKI TIMBUN T-115 DI PPSDM MIGAS CEPU
Authors: Afaratu Richart A V Q
Published: January 2025

Tangki Timbun merupakan salah satu peralatan yang digunakan untuk menimbun atau menyimpan minyak mentah, produk antara dan produk jadi baik berupa bahan bakar minyak (BBM). Pada industri migas terdapat banyak alat yang dibuat secara khusus untuk mengolah atau menampung minyak mentah dan minyak hasil produksi. Salah satu contoh yang diambil untuk penelitian ini yaitu Tangki T-115 yang digunakan untuk menampung produk PERTASOL CA yang siap untuk didistribusikan. Tangki ini memiliki kapasitas sebesar 67.705 Liter dengan diameter 5,874 meter serta tinggi dari tangki ini 2,750 meter. Dalam pengoperasian jangka panjang pastinya performa dari tangki timbun yang digunakan akan menurun yang disebabkan oleh corrosion rate (laju korosi) sehingga dapat memperpendek umur remaining life dari tangki yang digunakan. Dan berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari Tangki T-115 ini didapat minimum thickness dari course 1 sebesar 0,422 mm dan course 2 sebesar 0,0081 mm, kemudian corrosion rate dari course 1 didapat 0,041 mm dan course 2 sebesar 0,075 mm, serta remining life dari course 1 yaitu 80,68 tahun dan course 2 yaitu 34,56 tahun. Untuk menunjang kelancaran operasi dari Tangki T-115 ini maka diperlukan pemeliharaan secara rutin sehingga dapat menghambat laju korosi dari tangki tersebut. Pemeliharaan yang biasanya digunakan yaitu coating dan memasang cathodic protection.
EVALUASI SISA UMUR DAN MAKSIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE PADA LOW PRESSURE STEAM DRUM DI PT. X
Authors: Santoso Rizki Dwi , Ayende Ayende , Ganevo Himawan
Published: January 2025

Low Pressure Steam Drum (LP Steam Drum) pada PT. X, bertugas dalam memisahkan fluida yang telah bercampur dengan memanfaatkan perbedaan densitas fluida. Disisi lain, memiliki tugas dalam menampung dan memisahkan uap dari air sebelum uap disalurkan ke turbin uap dan air disalurkan pada pipa yang akan berinteraksi dengan temperatur tinggi gas buang. Setelah beroperasi selama 10 tahun LP Steam Drum dirawat dengan ketat. Masa inspeksi yang diberlakukan 2 tahun sekali mendorong LP Steam Drum dalam kondisi dan efisiensi terbaiknya. 2024 merupakan periode LP Steam Drum untuk di inspeksi, dengan menggunakan metode pengukuran ketebalan untuk melihat ketebalan aktual dan laju korosi pada masa operasi. Hasil dari evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi atau laju pengikisan bertahap pada peralatan berada di angka 0,104 mm/years pada sisi shell dan 0,082 mm/years pada sisi head, disisi lain untuk sisa umurnya berada pada angka 130 tahun. Perbandingan tebal aktual dengan tebal minimum dan perbandingan pressure operasi dengan maksimum pressure bekerja menunjukkan hasil pada kategori aman.
EVALUASI KINERJA HOT-COLD GLYCOL EXCHANGER PADA DEHYDRATION UNIT DI CENTRAL PROCESSING PLANT
Authors: Miftahuddin Achmad , Persada Asa Aditya
Published: January 2025

Central Processing Plant (CPP) mengolah gas bumi yang melalui berbagai proses untuk menghasilkan gas yang siap distribusi. Salah satu unit penting adalah Dehydration Unit (DHU) yang berfungsi menghilangkan air dari gas untuk mencegah korosi dan gangguan distribusi. Dalam unit ini, Heat Exchanger memegang peran penting dalam proses dehidrasi dengan memanfaatkan glycol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja heat exchanger berdasarkan efisiensi termal, menggunakan metode fouling factor (Rd) dan Pressure Drop. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa nilai fouling factor (Rd) pada E-0504 A sebesar 0,0023 hr ft² °F/Btu, melebihi batas yang diizinkan sebesar 0,0015 hr ft² °F/Btu. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pembersihan alat diperlukan untuk menjaga performa optimal. Selain itu, nilai Pressure Drop pada annulus adalah 0,000145 psi dan pada pipa sebesar 6,77 psi, masih di bawah batas maksimal 10 psi, namun mendekati batas pada bagian pipa. Perlu dilakukan pembersihan untuk menjaga kinerja optimal dan memastikan perpindahan panas berlangsung efisien