bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USO DOS DADOS DO CENSO AGROPECUÁRIO NO ESTUDO DOS EFEITOS DA EXPANSÃO CANAVIEIRA SOBRE A ESTRUTURA AGRÁRIA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, BRASIL
Authors: Baccarin José
Published: June 2021

Objetivou-se estudar como a expansão do complexo sucroalcooleiro e da lavoura canavieira impactou indicadores de estrutura agrária do estado de São Paulo, no uso e concentração da posse da terra, condição do produtor e legal das terras, nível e tipos de ocupação agropecuária e produtividade do trabalho. Para a análise, apresentou-se uma metodologia baseada em dados do Censo Agropecuário do IBGE. Supõe-se que a expansão do complexo sucroalcooleiro provoca efeitos concentradores na posse da terra, acompanhados de aumento do assalariamento e da produtividade do trabalho. Entre 1996 e 2006, datas dos dois últimos Censos, observou-se crescimento da participação de estabelecimentos agropecuários muito grandes na área agrícola e das terras tomadas em arrendamento ou parceria. Os estabelecimentos de grande porte apresentaram produtividade de trabalho e porcentual de assalariados muito maior que os pequenos. Entende-se que, em grande parte, estes fatos estão relacionados com a expansão da lavoura canavieira em São Paulo.
CAMINHOS PARA APRIMORAR A AÇÃO EDUCATIVA, APONTADOS POR ARTIGOS PUBLICADOS PELA MÍDIA
Authors: Nicolau Marieta Lúcia Machado
Published: June 2021

O texto aborda o conteúdo de artigos e entrevistas publicados no jornal O Estado de São Paulo, visando questões educacionais, bem como, encontrar soluções aos problemas vivenciados na educação. Mereceu destaque: a formação de professores, o exame international PISA, a educação de qualidade, o investimento precoce na criança, a importância dos primeiros anos de vida da criança, o papel da literatura nesse contexto e as boas memórias da infância em torno de palavras.
Intercambio desigual y renta petrolera: una aproximación teórica necesaria
Authors: Nava Pablo Carrizalez , Sauer Ildo Luis
Published: June 2021

No presente trabalho é realizado um tratamento histórico, descritivo e teórico das categorias ‘intercambio desigual’ e ‘renda da terra’, ambas atribuídas à tradição marxista, sendo a primeira, também, uma das principais leis do capitalismo dependente latino-americano, segundo Marini (1973). Isso nos permitiu identificar que o intercambio desigual, como processo de desvio dos preços de mercado produto das diferentes composições orgânicas entre distintos capitais, não se aplica ao processo de formação dos preços comerciais do petróleo, devido à inclusão de uma valorização monetária pela propriedade privada: a renda absoluta. A história da apropriação dessa renda é uma parte fundamental da história contemporânea dos Estados latino-americanos produtores de petróleo.
Diálogos entre Ruy Mauro Marini e Sergio Ferro: entre a construção civil e a superexploração
Authors: Massa Andrei Chikhani
Published: June 2021

O presente texto apresenta dois intelectuais marxistas brasileiros ainda pouco (re)conhecidos em nosso país, Ruy Mauro Marini e Sergio Ferro. O primeiro é sociólogo e um dos principais nomes da Teoria Marxista da Dependência (TMD), e o outro arquiteto responsável por elaborar a mais radical crítica ao papel do desenho do arquiteto na exploração dos trabalhadores nos canteiros de obras. Os dois desenvolveram suas teorias, principalmente, ao longo dos anos 1960/70 no interior da esquerda e realizaram – cada um em sua área – uma crítica radical ao status quo. Partimos da hipótese de que os escritos de ambos contem diversas aproximações e podem ser complementares. A construção civil, analisada por Sergio, seria uma espécie de laboratório, como se o setor concentrasse as características típicas da dependência.
Apresentação
Authors: Pereira Lilian Prado , Maldonado Fábio de Oliveira , Antuniassi Maria Helena Rocha
Published: June 2021

Sem resumo.
passagem do todo ao tudo: nação e globalização
Authors: Arnaut Danilo
Published: June 2021

O propósito deste artigo é compor uma reflexão histórico-cultural a respeito das relações entre o nacional e o global enquanto emblemas da sociabilidade em uma situação de globalização. Com base na ideia de que tais relações podem ser captadas historicamente por meio da esfera da Política, o argumento desenvolve-se em três etapas fundamentais. Primeiro, há uma abordagem sintética e interessada de certas viradas semânticas por meio das quais o termo “nação” se ressignifi cou historicamente, culminando na emergência dos Estados nacionais no século XIX – em especial a partir do Risorgimento na Itália. Em seguida, recupera-se parte do longo debate a respeito das relações político-culturais entre memórias e esquecimentos compartilhados, na formação e consolidação de Estados nacionais. Uma terceira etapa é dedicada a mutações nas esferas pública e privada dentro dessa perspectiva. Com base nisso, por fim, é possível avançar e observar a relevância de transformações da Política no mundo contemporâneo para a inteligência de processos de globalização.
Imigração e Escolaridade em dois bairros da cidade de São Paulo (2015-2019)
Authors: Watson Carmen Soledad Aurazo de
Published: June 2021

Nesse trabalho aprofunda-se temas relativos à escolaridade de populações de imigrantes, que ocupam dois bairros centrais da cidade de São Paulo. No trabalho original se observou importante ocupação desses fluxos no bairro bem como de estudantes estrangeiros nas escolas da região. O objetivo desse trabalho é identificar as mudanças ocorridas desde 2015, ano da pesquisa, até 2019, no contexto de aumento de imigrantes e refugiados que chegaram na cidade recentemente. Se estudam os contingentes de população imigrante, inserção e origem, aspectos da demanda escolar pelos imigrantes e dos níveis de aproveitamento no ensino no contexto escolar local. Se usam informações secundárias e questionários abertos aplicados a professores e vice-diretores, para constatar a percepção que tem da situação particular do contingente estrangeiro na escola, de um lado, e às mães dos estudantes, a percepção que as famílias têm da escola e escolaridade dos filhos, de outro.  Os resultados mostram a dinamicidade dos processos sociais, contra o apontado na pesquisa anterior, se observou leve aumento dos estrangeiros na região e diminuição em um dos bairros; o baixo desempenho escolar dos estrangeiros confirma os desafios no processo de escolaridade desses segmentos para professores e gestores; e, as condições da educação da população escolar boliviana e peruana, em particular, pode estar sendo afetada pela situação de vulnerabilidade geral das famílias.
Migrações do século xxi: novas perspectivas
Authors: Rodrigues Leda Maria de Oliveira
Published: June 2021

O tema deste artigo tem sua origem em estudos realizados sobre a imigração atual para o Brasil.  Partindo de algumas entrevistas com imigrantes atuais, oriundos da América do Sul, África, Ásia, Caribe, Oriente Médio e de outras localidades, observamos que a imigração atual não se trata mais de uma imigração laboral, simplesmente. Assim, considerando nossos dados e estudos priorizamos alguns autores que discutem outras possíveis formas de analisar e explicar a imigração hoje. Se a imigração não tem mais como razão fundamental o trabalho, o que então levaria os agentes a migrarem? Se outrora o trabalho foi uma das causas principais da imigração e hoje não mais, quais outros aspectos sociais poderiam ocasionar as imigrações contemporâneas, e como podemos, atualmente, analisar a imigração que por si só já é um elemento fundamental para a compreensão das sociedades que passaram e passam por esse processo. Partimos do trabalho de Castles (2010) que analisa a ideia de que a imigração não pode ser vista apenas como um problema sociológico; desenvolve a ideia de que esse é um fenômeno que envolve aspectos sociais, econômicos, políticos e, atualmente, problemas geopolíticos e fronteiriços. Não que esses dois últimos aspectos não fossem características de outros momentos migratórios, mas atualmente, com o avanço de um “novo imperialismo” (Harvey, 2008) impôs-se a ideologia de que não se trata de imperialismo e, sim, de um mundo globalizado no qual, teoricamente, as fronteiras não devem existir, ao menos no que diz respeito ao capital financeiro e às diversas formas de “acumulação” do capital. Mas as fronteiras continuam a existir para a “imigração não desejada” (Sayad; Bourdieu, 1998) e aí se impõem as preocupações geopolíticas. Segundo Castles (2010), na busca de uma teoria que pudesse vir a responder as razões das imigrações, aponta a insuficiência de uma só área de estudo para esse fenômeno. Afirma ser preciso considerar a pesquisa sobre imigração como um fenômeno social mais abrangente. Deve-se considerar a interdisciplinaridade para se ter uma visão da totalidade do fenômeno respondendo, por que o agente social migra dentro desse contexto atual? Certamente não são as mesmas razões que impulsionaram as migrações dos séculos passados e, se as razões mudaram, temos que responder por quê? E quais são as novas motivações. Isso implica ter em consideração as ideias de neoliberalismo do século XXI e de globalização (Harvey, 2008) nas quais o mundo se insere na atualidade. Seriam as próprias transformações sociais que estimulam e mantêm os movimentos migratórios atualmente? O artigo busca apontar algumas das transformações sociais e suas supostas relações com a imigração para o Brasil.
Imigração: identidade e território numa concepção de pós-modernidade
Authors: Cunha Marinaldo de Almeida , Rodrigues Leda Maria de Oliveira
Published: June 2021

De modo geral, podia-se dizer que estudar imigração consistia em lidar com a imersão de uma determinada cultura numa outra, configurando uma situação com muitos desafios, tanto para o imigrante quanto para a comunidade receptora. No entanto, a atual configuração da sociedade mostra que essa concepção está mudada, pois tendo em vista um mundo no qual as identidades estão particularizadas, atravessadas pelas informações globais, e onde as distâncias estão cada vez menores, a identificação com a cultura nacional e, principalmente com o território, não está mais tão marcada nos indivíduos como nos séculos passados, inclusive naqueles que fazem parte dos fluxos migratórios. Neste prisma, a identidade não está mais determinada nos indivíduos como uma entidade rígida que representa um conjunto homogêneo de pessoas; atualmente, está marcada pela transitoriedade, isto é, pela instabilidade da rápida evolução que os meios de comunicação e mídias sociais imprimem à sociedade atual, na qual tudo está mais evidente, mais rápido, mais intenso e, sobretudo, individualizado. Analisando o caso de um refugiado sírio, este artigo estimula a reflexão sobre a identidade do migrante como uma ruptura do sentimento nacional e territorial, tornando-se individualizado em suas experiências individuais, inserida numa perspectiva de pós-modernidade.
ALTERIDADES INDÍGENAS E INTERCULTURALIDADE NO ENSINO SUPERIOR BRASILEIRO: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A ANÁLISE DA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DA LEI 12.711/2012
Authors: Freitas Ana Elisa de Castro , Harder Eduardo
Published: June 2021

No presente artigo busca-se contribuir para as reflexões dedicadas ao processo de exame e debate sobre a primeira década de vigência da Lei Federal n. 12.711/2012, a denominada Lei de Cotas. Focaliza-se a trajetória das políticas afirmativas de ingresso e permanência de jovens indígenas estabelecidas no decurso da democratização do ensino superior brasileiro, seus impasses administrativos e suas potencialidades. Compreende-se que tais políticas inauguram um novo campo de produção de saberes e conhecimentos, cujos contornos epistemológicos se definem e aperfeiçoam na possibilidade efetiva de avanço nos mecanismos políticos e pedagógicos promotores de interculturalidade. Considera-se o desafio de estabelecer um horizonte sistêmico capaz de promover uma articulação entre a educação escolar indígena e a educação superior, expressa em deliberações societárias dos povos indígenas. Por fim, num contexto de crise ambiental, econômica e política, com reflexos na erosão dos direitos sociais, teme-se pelo esvaziamento precoce das ações afirmativas preconizadas na Lei de Cotas, comprometendo não apenas o seguimento da formação da juventude indígena brasileira, mas a agenda democrática do bem comum.
MEMÓRIAS D´ALÉM MAR: ANÁLISE DE NARRATIVAS DE IMIGRANTES PORTUGUESES NO BRASIL
Authors: Henriques Rosali Maria Nunes
Published: June 2021

O Brasil foi o principal destino dos portugueses até os anos 60 do século XX. Milhares de portugueses cruzaram o Atlântico em busca de melhores condições de vida. Muitos desses portugueses migraram para o Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Nosso objetivo neste texto é analisar as narrativas de alguns desses emigrantes sobre o processo migratório. Com base em vinte e cinco entrevistas de histórias de vida de imigrantes portugueses gravadas pelo Museu da Pessoa e disponíveis no site www.museudapessoa.net iremos fazer um cruzamento entre os temas comuns as narrativas e analisar o processo de integração desses portugueses ao Brasil.
EDUCAÇÃO PÚBLICA E POLÍTICA LIBERAL NO SISTEMA DE ENSINO DO BRASIL CONTEMPORÂNEO
Authors: Martins Racquel Valério , Cordeiro Lúcia Edriana de Sousa , Xerez Antonia Solange Pinheiro
Published: June 2021

Este artigo objetiva uma aproximação ao debate acerca da estruturação da escola pública no Brasil por meio de revisão bibliográfica que privilegia o viés histórico-político. A fundamentação teórica contempla a pedagogia histórico-critica e Saviani se constitui como a referência mais utilizada na primeira parte deste trabalho. A composição da escola pública é apresentada em sua relação intrínseca com o Estado moderno com base em um viés político-econômico compreendido como expressão da ordem social vigente na qual se potencializam capital e trabalho. O artigo é organizado com a intenção de torná-lo instrumento de diálogo com profissionais da educação que atuam na educação básica. Para tanto, procuramos apresentar e esclarecer, de modo pontual e sistemático, algumas reflexões que consideramos importantes para a compreensão da sociedade, do Estado e da escola que temos, de forma que possamos vislumbrar uma sociedade em que a escola pública possa servir aos interesses das camadas populares.
Espaços de misericórdia em São Paulo: ancestralidade
Authors: Moraes Maria Candelária V. , Colucci Sandra Regina
Published: June 2021

Este artigo trata de práticas de caridade associada à questão do abandono de crianças, e neste sentido das intervenções nas relações entre mães e filhos, principalmente aquelas promovidas pelas Santas Casas de Misericórdia. A Santa Casa de São Paulo, de acordo com seus princípios de misericórdia, instalou em 1825 uma Roda para Enjeitados, que aos poucos passou a ser identificada como espaço de infantes perigosos, e não mais como de infantes em perigo. O Estado passaria a ter a tutela dessas crianças considerando que elas estariam “sob o efeito da ausência dos pais”.
Inteligência artificial: sua natureza e futuro
Authors: Pereira Lilian Prado
Published: June 2021

BODEN, Margaret. AI: Its nature and future. London: Oxford University Press, 2016. 208p.                                                                                                    

Margaret Boden é docente da Universidade de Sussex, no Reino Unido. Possui formação em medicina, filosofia e psicologia, áreas que integra se dedicando a pesquisas em Inteligência artificial e Ciência cognitiva. Nesta resenha apresentamos seu livro “AI: It´s nature and future”, de 2016, onde a autora revisa os desafios da Inteligência Artificial desde seu início, passando pelos seus principais conceitos até chegar às questões que o possível desenvolvimento de uma superinteligência artificial traria no futuro. A autora apresenta as principais questões que rodeiam o tema não deixando de levar em conta a materialidade do mundo em que vivemos e a forma como essa materialidade pode se entrelaçar ao virtual.
Pensar as relações entre educação e trabalho: a experiência de Lucie Tanguy
Authors: Venco Selma
Published: June 2021

Lucie Tanguy é diretora de pesquisa honorária no CNRS . Suas pesquisas sobre o ensino profissional são imprescindíveis nesse e entre outros campos, pois ela soube articular a sociologia do trabalho e a sociologia da educação. Por essa razão, esse espaço lhe foi conferido nesse número da Revista Images du travail/travail des images, à medida que suas obras a respeito do ensino profissional na França (PUF, 1991) até Enseigner l’esprit d’entreprise à l’école (La Dispute, 2016), assim como numerosos artigos, fizeram história e abriram caminhos abandonados e/ou pouco explorados pela análise sociológica. Mas Lucie Tanguy não se restringiu a uma só especialidade: ela soube também explorar os territórios contíguos, como atestado no livro Les instituts du travail: la formation syndicale à l’université de 1955 à nos jours (PUR, 2006) ou ainda La sociologie du travail en France. Enquête sur le travail des sociologues (1950-1990) (La Découverte, 2011). Convidá-la a retornar a seu trabalho por ocasião dessa entrevista foi, portanto, uma ocasião de compreender como o espírito científico e crítico que nela habita e a impulsiona foram reunidos em suas abordagens de pesquisa.
Plasma Protein Profile of Incident Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Stroke, and Heart Failure in 2 Cohorts
Authors: Lind Lars , Ärnlöv Johan , Sundström Johan
Published: June 2021

Background

The aim is to study common etiological pathways for 3 major cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as reflected in multiple proteins.

Methods and Results

Eighty‐four proteins were measured using the proximity extension technique in 870 participants in the PIVUS (Prospective Investigation of Uppsala Seniors Study) cohort on 3 occasions (age 70, 75, and 80 years). The sample was followed for incident myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or heart failure. The same proteins were measured in an independent validation sample, the ULSAM (Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men) cohort in 595 participants at age 77. During a follow‐up of up to 15 years in PIVUS and 9 years in ULSAM, 222 and 167 individuals experienced a CVD. Examining associations with the 3 outcomes separately in a meta‐analysis of the 2 cohorts, 6 proteins were related to incident myocardial infarction, 25 to heart failure, and 8 proteins to ischemic stroke following adjustment for traditional risk factors. Growth differentiation factor 15 and tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand receptor 2 were related to all 3 CVDs. Including estimated glomerular filtration rate in the models attenuated some of these relationships. Fifteen proteins were related to a composite of all 3 CVDs using a discovery/validation approach when adjusting for traditional risk factors. A selection of 7 proteins by lasso in PIVUS improved discrimination of incident CVD by 7.3% compared with traditional risk factors in ULSAM.

Conclusions

We discovered and validated associations of multiple proteins with incident CVD. Only a few proteins were associated with all 3 diseases: myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and heart failure.
Treated HIV Infection and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Rural Uganda: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Siedner Mark J. , Bibangambah Prossy , Kim June‐Ho , Lankowski Alexander , Chang Jonathan L. , Yang Isabelle T. , Kwon Douglas S. , North Crystal M. , Triant Virginia A. , Longenecker Christopher , Ghoshhajra Brian , Peck Robert N. , Sentongo Ruth N. , Gilbert Rebecca , Kakuhikire Bernard , Boum Yap , Haberer Jessica E. , Martin Jeffrey N. , Tracy Russell , Hunt Peter W. , Bangsberg David R. , Tsai Alexander C. , Hemphill Linda C. , Okello Samson
Published: June 2021

Background

Although ≈70% of the world's population of people living with HIV reside in sub‐Saharan Africa, there are minimal prospective data on the contributions of HIV infection to atherosclerosis in the region.

Methods and Results

We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy >40 years of age in rural Uganda, along with population‐based comparators not infected with HIV. We collected data on cardiovascular disease risk factors and carotid ultrasound measurements annually. We fitted linear mixed effects models, adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors, to estimate the association between HIV serostatus and progression of carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). We enrolled 155 people living with HIV and 154 individuals not infected with HIV and collected cIMT images at 1045 visits during a median of 4 annual visits per participant (interquartile range 3–4, range 1–5). Age (median 50.9 years) and sex (49% female) were similar by HIV serostatus. At enrollment, there was no difference in mean cIMT by HIV serostatus (0.665 versus 0.680 mm,
P
=0.15). In multivariable models, increasing age, blood pressure, and non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with greater cIMT (
P
<0.05), however change in cIMT per year was also no different by HIV serostatus (0.004 mm/year for HIV negative [95% CI, 0.001–0.007 mm], 0.006 mm/year for people living with HIV [95% CI, 0.003–0.008 mm], HIV×time interaction
P
=0.25).

Conclusions

In rural Uganda, treated HIV infection was not associated with faster cIMT progression. These results do not support classification of treated HIV infection as a risk factor for subclinical atherosclerosis progression in rural sub‐Saharan Africa.

Registration

URL:
https://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02445079.
The Challenge of Religious Governance in the Modern Nation-State
Authors: Awass Omer
Published: June 2021

This article explores the tensions of Islamic governance in contemporary Iran by examining the convergence of Islamic law with modern practices of governance. One key contention with contemporary statehood this political project is trying to reconcile is how to re-embed religious norms in the secularized political sphere. I assert that the political and legal practices for re-embedding these norms indicate an epistemic shift in the modes of legitimation within Muslim political and legal tradition possibly leading to the formation of a new Islamic political orthodoxy. This exploration is based on information from ethnographic interviews conducted with the former President of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1989–1997), the late Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and former Minister of Radio and Television (1981–1994) and the current member of the Expediency Council, Muhammad Rafsanjani. The article bases its argument by analyzing two variant forms of political practice. First, scrutinizing the fatwas of Ayatollah Khomeini that played a crucial role in influencing policy in the first decade of the Islamic Republic. Second, examining the adjudications of a conciliar governmental body (Majma-e Tashkhis-e Maslahat) formed a decade after the revolution to resolve the tensions associated with the implementation of Islamic law in this modern nation-state.
Housing, crises and crime
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: June 2021

A disappointment of responses to the Covid-19 crisis is that governments have not invested massively in public housing. Global crises are opportunities for macro resets of policy settings that might deliver lower crime and better justice. Justice Reinvestment is important, but far from enough, as investment beyond the levels of capital sunk into criminal justice is required to establish a just society. Neoliberal policies have produced steep declines in public and social housing stock. This matters because many rehabilitation programmes only work when clients have secure housing. Getting housing policies right is also fundamental because we know the combined effect on crime of being truly disadvantaged, and living in a deeply disadvantaged neighbourhood, is not additive, but multiplicative. A Treaty with First Nations Australians is unlikely to return the stolen land on which white mansions stand. Are there other options for Treaty negotiations? Excellence and generosity in social housing policies might open some paths to partial healing for genocide and ecocide.
Learning organizations and animal care programs in the absence of appropriate national legislation
Authors: Martínez-Muñoz Lazara
Published: June 2021

The absence, in many nations, of appropriate and corresponding legislation for the protection of experimental animals as well as continual management education programs, significantly affects the inclusion and recognition of experimental results, worldwide. For more than a decade, researchers from Latin American countries have unsuccessfully struggled to get proper legislation. Until today, not many effective results have been seen. After reviewing previous literature and carefully analyzing the available methodologies and practical examples, this paper aims at redesigning the actions and strategies of the members of the research facilities to implement an effective laboratory animal care and use program, and permit the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC) accreditation, independent of national legislative network .This paper also suggests a domestic working method for the teamwork to assume international harmonized legislation, through the application of the Five Disciplines stated by Senge, as methodological process linked with laboratory animal science as scientific background.
Beyond Trigger Warnings: A Survivor-Centered Approach to Teaching on Sexual Violence and Avoiding Institutional Betrayal
Authors: Bedera Nicole
Published: June 2021

As sociology instructors increasingly include materials on sexual violence in their courses, both instructors and students express anxieties over how best to handle such sensitive conversations. This article critically examines the conventional advice to offer a trigger warning, which can interfere with student education (e.g., requiring survivors to miss out on a lesson) and does not adequately prepare instructors for the difficulties that may arise during discussions of sexual violence (e.g., managing victim-blaming comments). Using institutional betrayal as an alternative frame, this article builds a trauma-informed and survivor-centered pedagogy that offers specific examples and strategies of how to teach to survivors instead of around them.
Pump position and thrombosis in ventricular assist devices: Correlation of radiographs and CT data
Authors: Aigner Philipp , Schlöglhofer Thomas , Plunger Lea Carmen , Beitzke Dietrich , Wielandner Alice , Schima Heinrich , Zimpfer Daniel , Moscato Francesco
Published: June 2021

Malpositioning of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) is a risk factor for thrombosis, but its identification from clinical imaging remains challenging. X-rays and CT scans were analyzed and parameters identified that correlated to pump thrombosis. Retrospective imaging data of patients ( n = 115) with HeartmateII (HMII) or HVAD were analyzed in two groups (pump-thrombosis PT, n = 15 vs matched control group NT, n = 15) using routine X-rays and CT scans. In CT, directional deviations of the inflow cannula in three-chamber and two-chamber view (α and β angles) were identified. In HVAD PT frontal radiographs showed reduced pump body area and smaller minor axis (PT 41.3 ± 4.8 mm vs NT 34.9 ± 6.0 mm, p = 0.026), and in the lateral radiographs the visibility of the inflow cannula served as a predictive parameter for PT. In HMII patients, no parameters were associated with PT. The angle α differed significantly (NT −1.2 ± 7.5°, PT −22.0 ± 4.7°, p = 0.006) in HVAD patients. Further, correlations of x-ray parameters with CT angles α and β showed that radiographs can be used to identify malpositioned pumps. Well-aligned inflow cannula positions are essential. HVAD patients with a posterior rotation of the inflow cannula have a higher risk of pump thrombosis. This risk can reliably be identified from routine radiographs.
The Power to be Ethical: Controlling Moral Assemblages in Border Militias
Authors: Parsons John R.
Published: June 2021

Every year, hundreds of U.S. citizens patrol the Mexican border dressed in camouflage and armed with pistols and assault rifles. Unsanctioned by the government, these militias aim to stop the movement of narcotics into the United States. Recent interest in the anthropology of ethics has focused on how individuals cultivate themselves toward a notion of the ethical. In contrast, within the militias, ethical self-cultivation was absent. I argue the volunteers derived the power to be ethical from the control of the dominant moral assemblage and the construction of an immoral “Other” which provided them the power to define a moral landscape that limited the potential for ethical conflicts. In the article, I discuss two instances Border Watch and its volunteers dismissed disruptions to their moral certainty and confirmed to themselves that their actions were not only the “right” thing to do, but the only ethical response available.
Laser acupuncture versus oral glucose administration for pain prevention in term neonates: an observer-blinded non-inferiority randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Stadler Jasmin , Avian Alexander , Pichler Gerhard , Posch Katrin , Urlesberger Berndt , Raith Wolfgang
Published: June 2021

Background:

Neonates undergoing intensive care are routinely submitted to minor painful procedures such as heel lances. Pharmacological treatment is limited in neonatal care and not recommended for minor painful interventions. Hence, non-pharmacological acute pain management is an important subject. Acupuncture could be a new strategy for neonatal pain prevention. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether laser acupuncture is non-inferior to oral sweet solutions in pain prevention.

Methods:

In total, 96 healthy term neonates were randomly assigned to receive either laser acupuncture with 10 mW at LI4 bilaterally (AG, acupuncture group) or 30% oral glucose solution (GG, glucose group) before heel lance for metabolic screening. The primary outcome was the difference in premature infant pain profile (PIPP) score between groups in a non-inferiority concept. Secondary outcomes were changes in heart rate and crying time.

Results:

Median (interquartile range) PIPP scores were comparable in the AG and GG (12 (10–14) vs 12 (9–14), p = 0.981). Nevertheless, the 95% confidence interval (CI) of location shift exceeded the predefined margin for non-inferiority of 1 (95% CI: –1.000006 to 1.000059). Heart rate was found to be significantly lower after intervention (p = 0.048) and after heel lance (p = 0.015) in the AG versus GG. There was no difference in crying time between groups (p = 0.890).

Conclusion:

Laser acupuncture was not shown to be non-inferior to an oral glucose solution, possibly due to the higher than expected variability in PIPP scores within the studied groups. Future neonatal laser acupuncture studies for pain prevention with higher sample sizes are therefore warranted.
Dosing Considerations for Combination Antistaphylococcal β-Lactam and Glyco/lipopeptide Salvage Therapy for Resistant Gram-Positive Infections: A Systematic Review
Authors: Reinert Justin P. , Brown Matthew , Ofori Reginald
Published: June 2021

Objective:

The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate dosing regimens of combination salvage regimens used as part of infectious disease pharmacotherapy.

Data Sources:

A systematic review was conducted on PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, ProQuest Central, and CINAHL through March 2021 using the following terminology: “combination” OR “Seesaw” OR “see-saw” OR “salvage” AND “infection” OR “resistant infection” OR “Gram-positive” AND “beta-lactam” OR “cephalosporin” OR “carbapenem” OR “monobactam” OR “glycopeptide” OR “lipopeptide.”

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 pieces of literature were ultimately included in this review.

Data Synthesis:

Vancomycin in combination with another agent was most commonly prescribed as initial or empirical therapy. The most common combination salvage therapy regimen consisted of daptomycin in doses up to 12 mg/kg IV every 24 hours with ceftaroline 200 to 600 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours. Although the duration of combination salvage therapy varied drastically, blood culture clearance was typically observed within 24 hours.

Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice:

Antimicrobial-resistant Gram-positive organisms have posed an emergent threat to antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. Utilizing either a glycopeptide or lipopeptide antibiotic in combination with an antistaphylococcal β-lactam antibiotic has demonstrated efficacy in treating resistant bacteria. This work describes the heterogeneity of dosing regimens and seeks to define an optimal dose, duration, and combination of antibiotics.

Conclusions:

Combination salvage therapy has demonstrated efficacy and safety in treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections. It appears the combination of daptomycin and ceftaroline can clear resistant infections expeditiously.
Minority Participation of the Senior Management of Private U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Gaumer Gary , Coulam Robert , Desilets Rose
Published: June 2021

This article examines minority participation in hospital senior management and how participation varies across areas in response to demographic and other market influences. We use data from Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, United States from 2008 to 2014 reported by private hospitals in the United States, grouped into 381 metropolitan areas. Analysis shows minority participation is sensitive to some local market factors including total population, share of minorities in the population, relative number of minorities with bachelor’s degrees in the population, and the concentration of local hospital markets. But, unlike markets for other hospital jobs (professionals, middle managers, and other jobs), changes in these factors create only small changes in minority participation for senior managers. Our results demonstrate that minority participation in senior management is not going to improve very much from future increases in minority populations and from educational parity. Public policies and deliberate organizational strategies will be required to make substantial improvements in diversity of senior management.
Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure
Authors: Vernon Naomi , Myers Jamie
Published: June 2021

The challenges faced in sanitation and hygiene programmes are numerous and complex. Failures are inevitable. From our experience of working on rapid action learning and research in this sector we have found that when mistakes are shared they are usually those which were uncontrollable and unanticipated i.e. somebody else’s fault. In this perspectives piece we propose a typology of failure alongside criteria for research and learning processes that prioritises timeliness, relevance and actionability. We argue that these can be used together to identify and reflect on failures (and successes) quickly. We provide some practical suggestion for different stakeholders to support a shift towards a more open and reflexive sector, where all types of failures can be shared broadly.
Field testing two innovative lighting interventions to influence waiting behaviours and movements on stairways in train stations
Authors: Ryan B , Hallewell M , Hughes N , Coad N , Eliseu J , Lira M , Grant A , Parrott N , Thompson K
Published: June 2021

Features of lighting that can influence people’s behaviours have been identified in an earlier study, along with six scenarios where these could be applied to solve problems with movements through railway stations. The current paper describes the development and testing of novel lighting interventions for three of these scenarios, with two new products controlled by the Internet of Things technology integrated with operational railway systems. The first uses projected light to indicate preferred platform waiting locations. The second uses chasing light-emitting diode lighting along a staircase to encourage bi-directional movements. The field study has been carried out in real-world operational railway settings. An evaluation has been based on a theory-based approach to consider whether the lighting functions as intended and whether people react in anticipated ways. The study found that the lighting interventions have been successfully implemented, and there are indications of favourable responses from passengers, though these have been small effects. The approach to evaluation also assists with diagnosis of weaknesses in the initial concepts and determination of the situational factors that can compete with the behaviour influencing effect of the lighting. This enables refinement and further product development. Practical challenges in implementing trials in this type of operational setting have been identified.
Intra-cluster correlations from the CLustered OUtcome Dataset bank to inform the design of longitudinal cluster trials
Authors: Korevaar Elizabeth , Kasza Jessica , Taljaard Monica , Hemming Karla , Haines Terry , Turner Elizabeth L , Thompson Jennifer A , Hughes James P , Forbes Andrew B
Published: June 2021

Background:

Sample size calculations for longitudinal cluster randomised trials, such as crossover and stepped-wedge trials, require estimates of the assumed correlation structure. This includes both within-period intra-cluster correlations, which importantly differ from conventional intra-cluster correlations by their dependence on period, and also cluster autocorrelation coefficients to model correlation decay. There are limited resources to inform these estimates. In this article, we provide a repository of correlation estimates from a bank of real-world clustered datasets. These are provided under several assumed correlation structures, namely exchangeable, block-exchangeable and discrete-time decay correlation structures.

Methods:

Longitudinal studies with clustered outcomes were collected to form the CLustered OUtcome Dataset bank. Forty-four available continuous outcomes from 29 datasets were obtained and analysed using each correlation structure. Patterns of within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficient and cluster autocorrelation coefficients were explored by study characteristics.

Results:

The median within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficient for the discrete-time decay model was 0.05 (interquartile range: 0.02–0.09) with a median cluster autocorrelation of 0.73 (interquartile range: 0.19–0.91). The within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficients were similar for the exchangeable, block-exchangeable and discrete-time decay correlation structures. Within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficients and cluster autocorrelations were found to vary with the number of participants per cluster-period, the period-length, type of cluster (primary care, secondary care, community or school) and country income status (high-income country or low- and middle-income country). The within-period intra-cluster correlation coefficients tended to decrease with increasing period-length and slightly decrease with increasing cluster-period sizes, while the cluster autocorrelations tended to move closer to 1 with increasing cluster-period size. Using the CLustered OUtcome Dataset bank, an RShiny app has been developed for determining plausible values of correlation coefficients for use in sample size calculations.

Discussion:

This study provides a repository of intra-cluster correlations and cluster autocorrelations for longitudinal cluster trials. This can help inform sample size calculations for future longitudinal cluster randomised trials.
Trajectories of verbal fluency and executive functions in multilingual and monolingual children and adults: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Filippi Roberto , Ceccolini Andrea , Bright Peter
Published: June 2021

The development of verbal fluency is associated with the maturation of executive function skills, such as the ability to inhibit irrelevant information, shift between tasks, and hold information in working memory. Some evidence suggests that multilinguistic upbringing may underpin disadvantages in verbal fluency and lexical retrieval, but can also afford executive function advantages beyond the language system including possible beneficial effects in older age. This study examined the relationship between verbal fluency and executive function in 324 individuals across the lifespan by assessing the developmental trajectories of English monolingual and multilingual children aged 7–15 years ( N = 154) and adults from 18 to 80 years old ( N = 170). The childhood data indicated patterns of improvement in verbal fluency and executive function skills as a function of age. Multilingual and monolingual children had comparable developmental trajectories in all linguistic and non-linguistic measures used in the study with the exception of planning, for which monolingual children showed a steeper improvement over the studied age range relative to multilingual children. For adults, monolinguals and multilingual participants had comparable performance on all measures with the exception of nonverbal inhibitory control and response times on the Tower of London task: monolinguals showed a steeper decline associated with age. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that verbal fluency was associated with working memory and fluid intelligence in monolingual participants but not in multilinguals. These findings raise the possibility that early acquisition of an additional language may impact on the development of the functional architecture serving high-level human cognition.
A prolegomenon to a critical race theoretical Marxism
Authors: Walton Sean
Published: June 2021

The critical race theory concept of ‘White supremacy’ continues to be a major locus of disagreement between Critical Race Theorists and Marxists regarding both how it operates as a general descriptor of racial power dynamics in the Western world and for its explanatory power in accounting for the multiple forms in which racism manifests. Criticisms of the concept of ‘White supremacy’ from Marxists often point to racisms that exist beyond the Black/White binary, or racism directed at minoritised White groups as counterexamples to explanations of racism that appeal to ‘White supremacy’. Marxists also often point to alternative theoretical constructs such as ‘institutional racism’ and ‘racialisation’ as better descriptions for, and explanations of, racism and the mechanisms that serve in its creation and perpetuation. However, examples of racisms that exist outside of a Black/White binary, or which appeal to the existence of racism directed at people identified as White, do not discredit ‘White supremacy’ as a descriptor or explanation of racism and can easily be accommodated within a framework for understanding racism that is consistent with both critical race theory and Marxism. Moreover, constructs such as ‘racialisation’ and ‘institutional racism’ do not have the theoretical utility of ‘White supremacy’ as characterised within critical race theory .
CD36 deficiency ameliorates drug-induced acute liver injury in mice
Authors: Zhang Chen , Shi Xiao , Su Zhongping , Hu Chao , Mu Xianmin , Pan Jinshun , Li Mengjing , Teng Fengmeng , Ling Tao , Zhao Ting , Xu Che , Ji Guozhong , You Qiang
Published: June 2021

Background

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes hepatotoxicity and even acute liver failure. Recent studies indicate that sterile inflammation and innate immune cells may play important roles in damage-induced hepatocytes regeneration and liver repair. The scavenger receptor CD36 has its crucial functions in sterile inflammation. However, the roles of CD36 in APAP induced acute liver injury remain unclear and warrant further investigation.

Methods

WT C57BL/6 J and CD36−/− mice were intraperitoneally injected with APAP (300 mg/kg) after fasting for 16 h. Liver injury was evaluated by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and liver tissue hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Liver inflammatory factor expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein adducts forming from the metabolite of APAP and the metabolism enzyme cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) levels were measured by Western blot. Liver infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils were characterized by flow cytometry. RNA sequencing and Western blot were used to evaluate the effect of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) molecule high mobility group B1 (HMGB1) on WT and CD36−/− macrophages. Moreover, PP2, a Src kinase inhibitor, blocking CD36 signaling, was applied in APAP model.

Results

The expression of CD36 was increased in the liver of mice after APAP treatment. Compared with WT mice, APAP treated CD36−/− mice show less liver injury. There was no significant difference in APAP protein adducts and CYP2E1 expression between these two strains. However, reduced pro-inflammatory factor mRNA expression and serum IL-1β level were observed in APAP treated CD36−/− mice as well as infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils. Moreover, CD36 deficiency impaired the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) caused by APAP. Interestingly, the lack of CD36 reduced the activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (Erk) and v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (Akt) induced by HMGB1. RNA transcription sequencing data indicated that HMGB1 has a different effect on WT and CD36−/− macrophages. Furthermore, treatment with PP2 attenuated APAP induced mouse liver injury.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated that CD36 deficiency ameliorated APAP-induced acute liver injury and inflammatory responses by decreasing JNK activation. CD36 might serve as a new target to reduce acute liver injury.
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure and association with sex hormone concentrations: results from the NHANES 2015–2016
Authors: Xie Xin , Weng Xueqiong , Liu Shan , Chen Jingmin , Guo Xinrong , Gao Xinyu , Fei Qiaoyuan , Hao Guang , Jing Chunxia , Feng Liping
Published: June 2021

Background

There is increasing global concern regarding the health impacts of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are emerging environmental endocrine disruptors. Results from previous epidemiological studies on the associations between PFAS exposure and sex hormone levels are inconsistent.

Objective

We examined the associations between serum PFAS compounds (PFDeA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS) and sex hormones, including total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), estradiol (E), and serum hormone binding globulin (SHBG).

Results

After adjusting for potential confounders, PFDeA, PFOS, and PFHxS exposures were significantly associated with increased serum testosterone concentrations in males. PFDeA, PFOA, and PFOS exposures were positively correlated with FT levels in 20–49-year-old women, while PFOS exposure was negatively associated with TT levels in 12–19-year-old girls. PFAS exposure was negatively associated with estradiol levels including: PFDeA in all females, PFHxS, PFNA, PFOS, and PFOA in 12–19-year-old girls, PFNA in women above 50 years, and PFOA in 12–19-year-old boys, while PFDeA and PFOS exposures were positively associated with estradiol levels in these boys. n-PFOS exposure was positively associated with SHBG levels in men older than 20 and in all females.

Conclusions

Using a large cohort of males and females aged from 12 to 80, we found that PFAS exposure appears to disrupt sex hormones in a sex-, age-, and compound-specific manner. Future work is warranted to clarify the causality and mechanisms involved.