bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kontribusi Gerakan Nurcu dalam Kebangkitan Islam di Turki
Authors: Khamami Akhmad Rizqon
Published: September 2016

This paper discusses the contributions of Nurcu movement in strengthening Islam in contemporary Turkey. In consonance with the rising of Turkey as a strong country in political and economical sphere on global level, this country is said to be a symbol of Islamic renaisance of the Muslim world. The four consecutive victories of Erdoğan’s party in Turkey general election is seen as a solely factor for the Islamic renaisance of Turkey. But this writer argues that there is yet another Islamic movement which worked on Islamic da’wah far before AKP grabbed the power. Nurcu is that of this very Islamic movement. It has a large number of members ranged from businessmen, intellectuals, students, and housewives. The businessmen of Nurcu are known as “Anatolian Tigers” who contribute in developing economy of Turkey since Turgut Özal opening up liberal economy and integrating its economy into greater lap of the world economy in 1980s. This development of the Turkey economy walks hand in hand with spirit of Islamic way of life within Turkish people. This writer assumes that the movement has paved the way for AKP’s victories; and is currently for Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to receive the tittle of newly-found Islamic hero of the contemporary Islam in the Indonesian political Islamists’ view.
Tasawuf Hamka dan Rekonstruksi Spiritualitas Manusia Modern
Authors: Sutoyo Sutoyo
Published: September 2016

The construction of Hamka’s sufistic thought is significant for the world today, not only to reform Islamic thought but also to reconstruct modern spirituality. Modern society is now trapped by rational model and pattern of thought, discarding inner or spiritual dimension, thus resulting in a materialistic and hedonistic lifestyle. As a result, there emerges value crisis of humanity marked by the crisis of spirituality. Hamka’s sufistic thought as a form of human spiritual reconstruction is relevant to be deeply studied. This article aims to prove that spirituality constitutes human potential which is impossible to vanish in whatever situation, although human being has has arrived at the peak of rationality. Hamka’s sufistic thought is active, dynamic and progressive, emphasizing the necessity of one’s engagement in society more actively than in old sufism. Moreover, sufism has to become agent of social change from all types of life decadence. For Hamka, spirituaity is an infinite idea inherent in the totality of humanity. To deny it means to negate the selfhood of human being. Therefore, sufism is the best way to present the transcendent, because it becomes a necessity for human at the time of sorrow.
Memutus Mata Rantai Radikalisme dan Terorisme Berbasis Studi Etnopedagogi di PTNU dalam Membentuk Keberagamaan Inklusif dan Pluralis
Authors: Mukhibat Mukhibat
Published: September 2016

Education, including Islamic education, is one the fundamental instruments for nation and character building. The heterogeneity and plurality of social interactions, horizontally and vertically, need inclusive, tolerant and multicultural educational instruments. The term ethnopedagogy constitutes appropriate and relevant instrument to be developed in education as social and cultural reconstruction. In the context of Nahdlatul Ulama university or higher educational instutution (PTNU), the study of ethnopedagogy needs to be considered as a part of curriculum reform to produce the generation with inclusive, humanist and pluralist religiosity. This process will establish a perspective rooted in the variety of local epistemological framework in order to avoid streams that decrease national identity. The importance of respecting religious identity and different local cultures becomes the keyword of learning processes which correspond to students’ experiences related to their life. Accordingly, the lecturers of PTNU should explore more contextual processes in learning so that the articulation of Islamic teachings as the content of learning for guiding students’ life will not be out of context. The study of ethnopedagogy in turn will be able to cope with radicalism and terrorism and to face against formalism of some Islamic educational institutions that teach the puritanism of the Middle East.
Landasan Fondasional Integrasi Keilmuan di UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang dan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Authors: Zainiyati Husniyatus Salamah
Published: September 2016

This article deals with the foundational base for integration of sciences trough interdisciplinary Islamic studies, with particular reference to UIN Malang and Surabaya. There are eleven IAINs/STAINs which have been transformed into UIN, each university has their own concept of developing Islamic knowledge. UIN Malang has the concept of pohon ilmu (the tree of sciences) and UIN Surabaya has the concept of integrated twin towers with three pillars. Although different in developing the concept, the two universities share the same perspective of perceiving the relation between general and religious sciences. The integration of science does not refer to the classification of its subject, but rather to the object of knowledge so that religious values can be transformed into different disciplines. It is hoped that in the long term UIN—with the foundation of the Qur’ân and H}adîth—can motivate the emergence of new sciences as blessing for the universe, or at least give new alternatives for the existing sciences, such as Islamic economics. The integration of sciences also needs to be articulated in learning models which are developed while emphasizing harmony between the intellectual tradition of higher education and local tradition of pesantrens.
Pemikiran Abdulkarim Soroush tentang Persoalan Otoritas Kebenaran Agama
Authors: Badarussyamsi Badarussyamsi
Published: September 2016

This article discusses the thought of Abdulkarim Soroush on the relation between the truth claim of religious understanding and the emergence of religious authoritarianism. Truth claim can raise the tyranny of religion when there is an attempt at the ideologization of a religious understanding to political and power sphere. Some questions to be answered here include: why does religious truth claim emerge, and how does Soroush deconstruct religious truth claim? Why does Soroush reject the paradigm of religious ideologization, and how does he promote the democratization of the relation between religion and politics? This article reveals that religious truth claim emerge due to the absence of consciousness to distinguish between religious understanding which is temporal and profan and the very religion which is eternal and sacred.  Attempts at ideologizing religion represent the lack of consciousness to distinguish between religion and politics, as this lack can degrade the divine value of religion to its worldly and human character. The ideologization of religion can result in tyranny in the name of religion, and accordingly give the monopoly of power to a certain religious understanding while rejecting others.
Management großer Würfe in der Ferkelerzeugung
Authors: Wähner Martin , Kecman Jelena
Published: September 2016

Die Anzahl lebend geborener Ferkel je Wurf zeigte in den zurückliegenden Jahren einen fortwährenden Anstieg. Nicht selten werden Ferkelzahlen je Wurf von 15, ja bis 20 registriert. Mit diesen steigenden Fruchtbarkeitsleistungen erhöhen sich einerseits die Anforderungen an die Sauen, die eine hohe Anzahl an gesunden und vitalen Ferkeln bis zum Absetzen verlustarm aufziehen sollen und andererseits an das Management im Abferkelbereich. Um die Ferkelverluste zu minimieren, eine hohe Wachstumsleistung der Tiere in großen Würfen zu erzielen und die laktierenden Sauen bis zum Absetzen der Ferkel in einem guten Gesundheits- und Konditionszustand zu behalten, erfordert es den Einsatz von unterschiedlichen und ausgefeilten Managementmaßnahmen in der Säugeperiode.
Bandscheibenveränderungen des Hundes in der bildgebenden Diagnostik
Authors: Harder Lisa K.
Published: September 2016

Degenerative Bandscheibenveränderungen führen häufig zum Bandscheibenvorfall. Eine bildgebende Untersuchung ist zur Diagnosestellung unerlässlich. Als bildgebende Modalitäten kommen das Röntgen, die Computertomographie und die Magnetresonanztomographie infrage. Der Artikel liefert zunächst einen Überblick über die Physiologie und Pathologie der kaninen Bandscheibe auf makroskopischer und biochemischer Ebene. Anschließend werden physikalische Grundlagen sowie die Darstellung der Bandscheibendegeneration und des Bandscheibenvorfalls bei den verschiedenen bildgebenden Verfahren beschrieben.
Nano-level constitutive model for expansive clays
Authors: Ahmed H. R. , Abduljauwad S. N.
Published: September 2016

Expansive clayey soils, which are prevalent across the surface sediments of the earth, are considered problematic for the structures and infrastructure founded in them. These soils are also challenging for environmental engineers involved in the design and construction of municipal and nuclear waste liners, petroleum engineers dealing with shale oil and gas, and agricultural scientists. Because their overall behaviour is controlled by molecular-level processes and interactions, a behaviour model encompassing the contributions from these interactions is required to predict the behaviour of these soils. This interaction becomes increasingly complex for natural expansive clays where a complex composition of clay and non-clay minerals exists. Unfortunately, none of the existing constitutive models pertaining to expansive clays comprehensively incorporates all the factors contributing to volume change behaviour of naturally occurring expansive soils. This study led to the development of a nano-level constitutive model for natural expansive clays through a three-phase study consisting of macro-level swell potential testing on laboratory control and natural field samples, micro-investigation of the pre- and post-swell specimens, and molecular level modelling through molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo techniques. This swell potential behaviour model incorporates all the major contributing factors such as moisture content, density, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations and interaction of clay minerals with non-clay minerals. The developed models have been successfully validated through close prediction of the swell potential behaviour of the laboratory control samples and natural field samples.
Endogenous Debt Maturity and Rollover Risk
Authors: Brancati Emanuele , Macchiavelli Marco
Published: September 2016

We challenge the common view that short-term debt, by having to be rolled over continuously, is a risk factor that exposes banks to higher default risk. First, we show that the average effect of expiring obligations on default risk is insignificant; it is only when a bank has limited access to new funds that maturing debt has a detrimental impact on default risk. Next, we show that both limited access to new funds and shorter maturities are causally determined by deteriorating market expectations about the bank&#x27;s future profitability. In other words, short-term debt is not a cause of fragility but the result of creditors losing faith in the long-run prospects of the bank, hence forcing it to shorten its debt maturity. Finally, we build a model that endogenizes the debt maturity structure and predicts that worse market expectations lead to a maturity shortening.
Reserve Balances, the Federal Funds Market and Arbitrage in the New Regulatory Framework
Authors: Banegas Ayelen , Tase Manjola
Published: September 2016

We study developments in reserve balances and the federal funds market in the context of two banking regulatory changes: the widening of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) assessment base and the introduction of the Basel III leverage ratio. Using a novel data set that includes FDIC fees and balance sheet data for depository institutions, we find that, as most foreign banks were not subject to the FDIC fee, they absorbed increasing amounts of reserve balances. Furthermore, foreign banks experienced positive and improving conditions for arbitraging between borrowing reserve balances in the federal funds market and earning interest on excess reserves by holding those reserves at the Federal Reserve Banks, contributing to an increase in federal funds borrowing by foreign banks relative to domestic banks. However, the implementation of the Basel III leverage ratio was associated with temporary declines in foreign bank federal funds borrowing at reporting dates.
Sistemas de intermediación laboral en una región agroexportadora del noroeste mexicano
Authors: Zlolniski Christian
Published: September 2016

Desde la década de 1990 se observa un resurgimiento de contratistas y otras formas de intermediación laboral en el sector agroexportador de América Latina. Esquemas de intermediación facilitan la flexibilidad laboral, reducen costos de mano de obra y contribuyen a aumentar la productividad mediante el uso de diversas prácticas de control laboral. Este artículo analiza el crecimiento de distintos tipos de contratistas en el Valle de San Quintín, uno de los principales enclaves hortícolas en el norte de México. Se describe un sistema multidimensional de intermediación con diversidad de contratistas locales, empresas de trabajo temporal, y contratación de trabajadores temporales para Estados Unidos. Mientras el sector agroexportador implementa sofisticadas tecnologías de producción y control para certificar la seguridad y calidad de sus productos, asistimos a la informalización de formas de intermediación laboral que ocultan las formas de empleo de los trabajadores que las producen.
Is There Life in Classrooms? Review of the Russian Edition of Philip W. Jackson’s “Life in Classrooms”
Authors: Lyubzhin Alexey
Published: September 2016

The Voprosy obrazovaniya Library has issued another edition of Philip W. Jackson’s book Life in Classrooms, first published in 1968. The book analyzes the fundamental phenomena of the educational process: learning environment, assessment, incentives, student attention and engagement management, teacher’s authority manifestation, formal and informal curricula, and teacher performance. However, the book pays too little attention to the curriculum content — a “blind spot” typical of most American school analysts. elementary school, learning environment, assessment, informal curriculum, students’ attitude towards schooling, engagement.
Phenomena and Cultural Practices: Formal and Informal Education from the Perspective of the Sociocultural Approach
Authors: Tsirulnikov Anatoliy
Published: September 2016

The key features of sociocultural modernization of education (SCME) and its distinction from technocratic modernization are examined here. The tools and the main principles of sociocultural education development techniques are disclosed. The experience and results of introducing SCME in the Northern economic region are described. We also provide an insight into the sociocultural projects implemented in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, where education is considered to be a tool for solving sociocultural problems of local communities and advancing regional development. Finally, we evaluate the risks of bringing sociocultural modernization to an education system, the prospects and opportunities of promoting SCME in Russia. sociocultural approach to education development, sociocultural modernization of education, sociocultural strategies, sociocultural education projects.
ENGLISH WRITING SKILL ANALYSIS OF FIRST YEAR INDONESIAN TERTIARY STUDENTS IN A UNIVERSITY IN BANDUNG
Authors: Yuliana Dian , Imperiani Ernie D.A. , Kurniawan Eri
Published: September 2016

Abstract This article reports a study on English writing skill of Indonesian tertiary students. The purpose of the study is to examine students’ initial ability in writing English compositions.  The subjects of the study are 22 university students in their first year at English Language and Literature study program at one university in Bandung. The data are taken from students’ descriptive essays written in the classroom. The texts are then analyzed based on writing rubrics developed by Lane and Lange (1999) to see the recurrent global and local errors, supported by analytic writing rubrics proposed by Jacobs et al. (1981) to see the students’ writing ability in general. The results of the study show that the recurrent errors made in twenty-two English descriptive essays are singular/plural nouns for local errors and sentence structure for global errors. In terms of analytic view, errors in language use are the most frequent errors made by the students. The findings provide useful information for constructing teaching materials for English writing in this study program.Keywords: writing skill, descriptive text, composition scoring technique, analytic scoring technique, global and local errors. Abstrak Artikel ini melaporkan hasil kajian mengenai keterampilan menulis bahasa Inggris mahasiswa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memotret kemampuan awal menulis mahasiswa dalam bahasa Inggris. Adapun subjek penelitian adalah 22 orang mahasiswa tingkat I di Program Studi Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris, di sebuah universitas di Bandung  yang dipilih untuk mengetahui kemampuan awal mereka. Data diperoleh melalui karangan deskriptif yang ditulis di kelas.Teks dianalisis dengan menggunakan rubrik penilaian yang dikembangkan oleh Lane and Lange (1999) untuk tataran global dan lokal (global and local errors); dan rubrik penilaian analitik yang dikembangkan oleh Jacobs (1981) untuk melihat keterampilan menulis mahasiswa secara umum. Analisis data menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan yang paling banyak dilakukan mahasiswa pada tataran lokal terkait pemarka nomina tunggal dan jamak (singular/plural nouns), sedangkan pada tataran global, kesalahan pada struktur kalimat (sentence structure) merupakan kesalahan yang paling sering dilakukan oleh mahasiswa. Dari sisi analitik, kesalahan pada penggunaan bahasa merupakan kesalahan yang paling sering ditemukan dalam kebanyakan tulisan mahasiswa.Hasil temuan ini diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan bagi penyusunan bahan ajar matakuliah menulis di lingkungan program studi. Kata kunci: keterampilan menulis, teks deskriptif, teknik penilaian tulisan, teknik penilaian analitik, kesalahan global dan local.
ANALYZING AUDIENCE AWARENESS IN ACADEMIC WRITING AMONG UNDERGRADUATES
Authors: Rahmat Noor Hanim
Published: September 2016

Abstract The teaching of writing has undergone many stages over the years—from product approach, to process approach, and then to cognitive approach. Recently, the approaches to the teaching of writing have shifted to social orientation. Researchers are encouraged to write for specific audiences. We undergo through three basic writing stages: (a) planning, (b) translating and (c)evaluating. Generally all writers will undergo these three processes, but what differentiates one writer form the other is the way they behave in each process. Nevertheless, better writers write with the audience in mind and are more careful with their writing process. As such, audience awareness is a characteristic of skilled writers and some writers write with the audience, while some do not. This study explores the writing process and audience awareness of undergraduates who have undergone a semester of a course in research writing. Using a questionnaire as the instrument, the quantitative data reveal interesting implications towards the teaching of academic writing in higher institutions. Keywords: writers, writing process, audience awareness, research writing, undergraduates AbstrakPengajaran penulisan telah melalui banyak tahap selama beberapa tahun ini. Ia bermula dengan cara pengajaran secara produk, kemudian cara proses dan selepas itu secara kognitif. Kebelakangan ini, pengajaran penulisan telah berpaksikan orientasi sosial. Penulis disaran agar menulis dengan memikirkan pembaca yang berlainan. Lazimnya, penulis akan melalui tiga peringkat yang asas iaitu (a) perancangan, (b) penterjemahan, dan (c) penilaian. Secaranya, semua penulis akan melalui ketiga-tiga proses ini, yang berbeza Cuma cara setiap apa yang setiap penulis buat dalam setiap peringkat. Walau bagaimanapun, penulis yang lebih baik akan menulis dengan mengambil apa pembaca fikir dan akan lebih berhati-hati dalam proses penulisan. Kesedaran pembaca merupakan satu karekistik penulis yang mahir.Kajian ini mengkaji proses penulisan dan kesedaran pembaca di kalangan pelajar universiti. Pelajar-pelajar dalam kajian ini telah melalui satu semester kursus dalam penilisan kajian. Kajian ini menggunakan sola selidik sebagai instrument. Data kuantitatif ini akan menunjukkan penemuan yang menarik dalam pengajaran penulisan akademik di peringkat pengajian tinggi.Kata kunci: penulis, proses penulisan, kesedaran pembaca, penulisan kajian, pelajar university
ECG Triggering in Ultra-High Field Cardiovascular MRI
Authors: Stäb Daniel , Roessler Juergen , O'Brien Kieran , Hamilton-Craig Christian , Barth Markus
Published: September 2016

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-high field (B0 ≥ 7 T) potentially provides improved resolution and new opportunities for tissue characterization. Although an accurate synchronization of the acquisition to the cardiac cycle is essential, electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering at ultra-high field can be significantly impacted by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect. Blood flow within a static magnetic field induces a voltage, which superimposes the ECG and often affects the recognition of the R-wave. The MHD effect scales with B0 and is particularly pronounced at ultra-high field creating triggering-related image artifacts. Here, we investigated the performance of a conventional 3-lead ECG trigger device and a state-of-the-art trigger algorithm for cardiac ECG synchronization at 7 T. We show that by appropriate subject preparation and by including a learning phase for the R-wave detection outside of the magnetic field, reliable ECG triggering is feasible in healthy subjects at 7 T without additional equipment. Ultra-high field cardiac imaging was performed with the ECG signal and the trigger events recorded in 8 healthy subjects. Despite severe ECG signal distortions, synchronized imaging was successfully performed. Recorded ECG signals, vectorcardiograms, and large consistency in trigger event spacing indicate high accuracy for R-wave detection.
Young people's transitions in London and temporal orientations of agency
Authors: Kitagawa Kaori , Encinas Mabel
Published: September 2016

This article presents findings from the Changing Youth Labour Markets and Schools to Work Transitions in Modern Britain projects undertaken between 2009 and 2010. The projects examined young people's experiences and perceptions about study, work, and the future while going through transitions.
The target group was young people on vocational courses at further education colleges in London aged between 18 and 24. This group is an under-researched cohort, who is neither NEET nor following 'tidy' pathways. We apply the conceptual framework of temporal orientations of agency, originally
proposed by Emirbayer and Mische (1998). We discuss the interplay between young people's agency and the contexts in which they live.
So many worlds, so much to do: Identifying barriers to engagement with continued professional development for teachers in the further education and training sector
Authors: Broad Janet Hamilton
Published: September 2016

Between 2008 and 2012, teachers in the further education (FE) sector were required by legislation to engage with 30 hours (pro rata) of continued professional development (CPD), and this is reflective of the ways in which, historically, policy interest in FE teachers' professional development
has waxed and waned. Situated within this historical context, this paper, drawing on a study carried out between 2009 and 2010, presents teachers' perceptions of the ways in which they are restricted from engaging with CPD. Through the application of actor-network theory concepts of multiple
worlds and realities, three competing and disjunctured 'reality networks' are identified: a) policy reality network; b) organization reality network; and c) teacher/CPD reality network. Structural arrangements and ongoing funding contractions for the sector, alongside teachers' working arrangements,
are examined so as to identify whether these create barriers for teachers. It was found that the most significant barrier to engagement with beneficial and meaningful CPD is the result of teachers operating in impoverished and limited teacher/CPD networks. These impoverished networks do not
offer teachers the opportunity to forge links with similar subject-specialist teachers, leaving them to develop subject and occupational expertise in isolation.
Critical geragogy: A framework for facilitating older learners in community music
Authors: Creech Andrea , Hallam Susan
Published: September 2016

The principal aim of this paper is to address the question of whether and how professional practice within an informal teaching and learning context (music) may be understood through a critical-geragogy lens. Secondly, we consider whether critical geragogy has relevance to and potential
applications for enhancing practice among facilitators of older learners in community contexts. Geragogy refers to the management of teaching and learning for older adults and has become a well-known term applied to teaching and learning in later life. Critical geragogy retains the focus on
older adults, but challenges the beliefs, practices, and structures related to ageing, supports older learners in overcoming alienation and developing a sense of powerful agency, and offers resources for purposeful collective action. In this paper we analyse the narratives of 13 facilitators
of musical activities for older people, interpreting their reflections on practice within a critical-geragogy framework. The interviews, focusing on good practice in facilitating older learners, were carried out as part of the second phase of the Music for Life Project, funded by the UK Research
Councils. A thematic analysis was undertaken, using a framework that was structured around person-centred, fellow-centred, and matter-centred goals. The interviews revealed that musical groups provided informal learning contexts where facilitators aspired to empower their participants through
developing a positive interpersonal climate, valuing participation, using the participants' prior experiences as a resource, and guiding their groups towards creative expression as well as progression.
Socio-economic inequalities in English schooling under the Coalition Government 2010–15
Authors: Lupton Ruth , Thomson Stephanie
Published: September 2016

The reduction of socio-economic inequalities in school outcomes was a major priority of the Coalition Government in England from 2010–15. In this paper we examine the Coalition's policies and spending, including an analysis of the distributional effect of its pupil premium policy.
We also look at trends in outcomes up to 2014. We find that although the pupil premium had a modest overall effect of distributing more money to schools with poorer intakes, this was nested within a wider set of policies which have disadvantaged low income families and children, and that there
is evidence of socio-economic gaps widening on some indicators.
The new statutory requirements in careers guidance in England and the implications for careers provision under the Coalition Government
Authors: Chadderton Charlotte
Published: September 2016

The Education Act 2011 passed responsibility for careers guidance in England from local authorities to schools, providing no extra funding or staff training. This paper reports on a project conducted in two schools in East London, which aimed to enhance careers work in response to the
new requirements. It argues that whilst schools can enhance their careers programme, the new arrangements have left them with requirements they do not have the funding, expertise, or networks to fulfil. This move by the Coalition Government is contributing to a process of deterioration of
careers provision in England, involving the undermining of the careers profession and the diminishing of professionalism in careers provision.
Education in Thailand: When economic growth is no longer enough
Authors: Michel Sandrine
Published: September 2016

After fifty years of almost continuous economic growth in Thailand, it is now possible to reevaluate the developmental process of the education system. Until now, the structural indicators of education development that have been mainly used are the level and pace of the increases in
public expenditure on education, the effect of increasing enrolment on social mobility, and the private and public distribution of investment in education. The impact of these factors undeniably offers a better understanding of the quantitative advances in education. However, the dynamics
of the education system nowadays encounter structural limits related to both the integration of what is now widespread education within the social structures and Thailand's contribution to globalization. As a result, the contribution of education to the growth regime is increasingly questioned.
The aim of this paper is to use a historical approach to explore this evolution. Theoretical and historical perspectives are combined within a quantitative history methodology, drawing on new time-series.
College higher education in England 1944–66 and 1997–2010
Authors: Parry Gareth
Published: September 2016

As a contribution to the history of higher education in English further education colleges, two policy episodes are sketched and compared. Both periods saw attempts to expand courses of higher education outside the universities. In the first, ahead of policies to concentrate non-university
higher education in the strongest institutions, efforts were made after 1944 to recognize a hierarchy of colleges, with separate tiers associated with different volumes and types of advanced further education. In the second, soon after unification of the higher education sector at the beginning
of the 1990s, all colleges in the further education sector were encouraged to offer higher-level programmes and qualifications, with a reluctance or refusal on the part of central government to plan, coordinate, or configure this provision. The two episodes highlight very different assumptions
about what types of institutions should be involved in what kinds of higher education. They are a reminder too of how short is the policy memory on higher education within modern-day governments and their agencies.
Higher education: Public good or private commodity?
Authors: Williams Gareth
Published: September 2016

Authors who claim that higher education is a public service are often concerned about equity: they are making a normative case that like all education it should be available for everybody. Others stress the external economies: a society with large numbers of highly educated people is
more efficient economically and better in many other ways. Finally there is the argument that 'knowledge' is a 'non-rivalrous' commodity; once something is known it is in principle available to all at very low cost and should be organized so that it is. Opponents argue that higher education
needs resources, so someone must pay for it and it is more equitable for the costs to be borne by those who benefit most from it. Knowledge may intrinsically be free once it has been discovered, but the acquisition or creation of new knowledge is very expensive and those who acquire or create
it need to be reimbursed. It is also argued that competition between independent creators and purveyors of knowledge is inherently more effective in the expansion of knowledge than monopolies of any kind, public or private. This article claims that the arguments on both sides are essentially
about finance and concludes that neither public monopoly nor unrestricted market competition are by themselves ways providing the best higher education for all.
CONTAMINACIÓN POR METALES PESADOS: IMPLICACIONES EN SALUD, AMBIENTE Y SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA
Authors: Reyes Yulieth C. , Vergara Inés , Torres Omar E. , Díaz Mercedes , González Edgar E.
Published: September 2016

La contaminación por metales pesados y metaloides en recursos hídricos, suelos y aire plantea una de las más severas problemáticas que comprometen la seguridad alimentaria y salud pública a nivel global y local. En esta revisión, se aborda el problema específico de contaminación por mercurio (Hg), Arsénico (As), Cadmio (Cd) y Plomo (Pb) en ambiente y alimentos. Se presenta una descripción sobre las fuentes de contaminación y exposición en seres vivos así como la incorporación y retención en alimentos y productos de consumo humano. Se abordan casos de estudio y resultados obtenidos en algunos países del mundo incluido Colombia.
Las transferencias públicas y su efecto distributivo. La experiencia de los países del Cono Sur en el decenio de los 2000
Authors: Alejo Javier , Bérgolo Marcelo , Carbajal Fedora
Published: September 2016

En el decenio de los 2000 la desigualdad del ingreso en la América Latina se redujo. Este artículo aplica una variante de la metodología de descomposición no paramétrica propuesta por Barros et al (2006, 2007) para evaluar la importancia de las fuentes de ingreso de los hogares, en particular la aportación de las transferencias públicas, en los cambios en la desigualdad de ingresos en los años 2000 en los países del Cono Sur: Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Uruguay. Los resultados sugieren que los ingresos no laborales tuvieron una contribución significativa en los cambios en la desigualdad y que este efecto fue explicado principalmente por la consecuencia igualadora que tuvieron las fuentes públicas en los cuatro países analizados. La dinámica de los cambios en esta fuente de ingreso y su efecto en la desigualdad estuvo fuertemente asociada con la instrumentación o expansión de programas de transferencia no contributivos en el pasado decenio
Employment as Social Determinant of Mental Health: Does This Public Health Concept Help to Tackle Unemployment Problems in People with Schizophrenia?
Authors: Zhang Guofu , Tsui Man C.M. , Li Da
Published: September 2016

Employment is one of the important social determinants of mental health and hence social integration. This concept is however not duly recognized and so is its application. It is reasonable to infer this as a partial attribute of the unemployment issues in the rehabilitants with schizophrenia. Public health professionals should collaborate with rehabilitation professionals to advocate in the open job markets the crucial roles of employment as a social determinant in facilitating social integration of people with schizophrenia. Further efforts have to be made to analyze the problems of unemployment in the population of those with schizophrenia with reference to its social determinant nature and other associated issues, and then incorporate it into the agenda for public mental health system.
Assessing the Attitudes and Clinical Practices of Ohio Dentists Treating Patients with Dental Anxiety
Authors: Williams Kristin A. , Lambaria Sarah , Askounes Sara
Published: September 2016

Dental anxiety (DA) negatively affects patients’ oral and overall health. This study explored attitudes and clinical practices of licensed Ohio general dentists who treat patients with DA. Methods: An anonymous self-administered mail survey was sent to 500 general dentists licensed and practicing in Ohio. Responses to 21 pre-coded questions were analyzed. Frequencies were examined; cross-tabs, Chi-Square, and Fischer’s Exact Test were calculated for statements according to dentists’ gender. Alpha was set at p = 0.05. Results: Nearly all respondents treated anxious patients; males were more likely to find it challenging than females. Dentists were most familiar with distraction, although half found nitrous oxide to be an effective tool. Female dentists were more likely than males to be familiar with anxiolytics and find them effective. Conclusion: Overall, Ohio general dentists are most familiar with using distraction and nitrous oxide during appointments for anxious patients. Gender differences exist in attitudes towards anxiolytic use for patients with DA. Practice Implications: By identifying techniques that are comfortable for patient and practitioner, oral health disparities associated with DA may be reduced.
Tall Fescue Roadside Right‐of‐Way Mowing Reduction from Imazapic
Authors: Jeffries Matthew D. , Gannon Travis W. , Yelverton Fred H.
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas

Imazapic provided 100% tall fescue seedhead suppression through 56 d after treatment.

Imazapic reduced tall fescue mowing requirements by two cycles across 23‐ and 30‐cm intervention heights.

Imazapic application to tall fescue mown at 30‐cm intervention height required one mowing event through 70 d after treatment.

Tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire] is commonly established along roadside rights‐of‐way in adapted zones due to its tolerance of drought, heat, and wear; however, its upright growth habit coupled with seedhead production can impair motorist vision. Field research was conducted in 2013 and 2014 to quantify tall fescue mowing requirements following imazapic {(±)‐2‐[4,5‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)‐5‐oxo‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl]‐5‐methyl‐3‐pyridinecarboxylic acid}, an herbicide commonly used for plant growth regulation, application (53 g a.i. ha−1) alone, as well as tank‐mixed with clopyralid (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐pyridinecarboxylic acid) + triclopyr {[(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid} (158 + 473 g a.i. ha−1). Plots were mown at a 23‐ or 30‐cm foliage intervention height following treatment. Nontreated‐mown and nontreated‐nonmown controls were included for comparisons. Evaluated herbicide treatments caused 0 to 20% tall fescue injury, which recovered following mowing. Additionally, imazapic provided 100% tall fescue seedhead suppression through 56 days after treatment (DAT). Imazapic reduced tall fescue mowing requirements at both intervention heights through 70 DAT. Two mowing cycles were reduced across intervention heights in 2013, while three and two cycles were reduced at 23 and 30 cm heights, respectively, in 2014. Lastly, imazapic + clopyralid + triclopyr application increased tall fescue cover 84 DAT. This information will allow vegetation managers to more efficiently allocate resources to maintain clear motorist sightlines on tall fescue roadside rights‐of‐way.
Identification of QTLs Associated with Improved Resistance to Ascochyta Blight in an Interspecific Pea Recombinant Inbred Line Population
Authors: Jha Ambuj Bhushan , Tar'an Bunyamin , Stonehouse Robert , Warkentin Thomas D.
Published: September 2016

Ascochyta blight of pea (Pisum sp.), caused by Peyronellaea pinodes, often results in serious yield losses. Some accessions of Pisum fulvum Sibth. & Sm. previously showed high levels of resistance and could be used as sources of new resistance genes. The objectives of this study were to develop a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based linkage map and identify genomic regions associated with Ascochyta blight resistance. A population (PR‐19) consisting of 144 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from a cross between P651 (P. fulvum) and Alfetta (Pisum sativum L.) was used. These RILs were evaluated for Ascochyta blight resistance under field conditions in Saskatchewan, as well as under greenhouse conditions. The RILs were genotyped using an Illumina GoldenGate array panel of 1536 SNPs. A wide range of variation was observed in Ascochyta blight scores and other agronomic traits. Disease scores were positively correlated (P < 0.001) with lodging and were negatively correlated (P < 0.001) with days to flower, plant height, days to maturity, and grain yield. A total of 733 SNP markers were assigned to six linkage groups covering 682.1 cM of the pea genome. Nine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for Ascochyta blight resistance, which individually explained 7.5 to 28% of the total phenotypic variation. In addition, five QTLs each were identified for plant height, days to maturity, and grain yield, four QTLs for days to flower, and two QTLs for lodging. The QTL abIII‐1 was consistent across locations and years, whereas abI‐IV‐2 was significant at both locations in 2014. These QTLs can be utilized for development of molecular markers associated with Ascochyta blight resistance.
Irrigation Scheduling Using Predawn Leaf Water Potential Improves Water Productivity in Drip‐Irrigated Cotton
Authors: Chastain Daryl R. , Snider John L. , Collins Guy D. , Perry Calvin D. , Whitaker Jared , Byrd Seth A. , Oosterhuis Derrick M. , Porter Wesley M.
Published: September 2016

To address the effectiveness of predawn leaf water potential in plant‐based irrigation scheduling, Gossypium hirsutum L. plants were grown under fully irrigated and dryland conditions and under three predawn water potential (ΨPD) thresholds (−0.5, −0.7, and −0.9 MPa). Measurements included ΨPD, plant height, mainstem node number, lint yield, water productivity, and continuous crop canopy temperature. We found that ΨPD produced similar yields to current practices, while decreasing overall water use from 7 to 31%, depending on rainfall levels and the treatment utilized. When considered across both years of the study (2013 and 2014), using a −0.5‐MPa ΨPD irrigation threshold consistently resulted in less irrigation applied than the checkbook method and maximum water productivity and lint yield. Using a well‐watered baseline developed in 2013 for canopy temperature versus vapor pressure deficit, we calculated a crop water stress index (CWSI) that exhibited a very strong, nonlinear relationship with season average ΨPD values between approximately −0.4 and −0.7 MPa (r2 = 0.81). A strong, nonlinear relationship was also seen between CWSI and lint yield (r2 = 0.81). Predawn water potential appears to be an effective means of determining the need for irrigation in cotton, and in the current study, yield and water productivity were maximized at a season‐long average ΨPD threshold of −0.5 MPa. Furthermore, when calibrated using ΨPD–based irrigation triggers, canopy‐temperature derived CWSI appears to be a promising tool for future automated plant‐based irrigation scheduling in the southeastern United States.
Soil Properties under Nitrogen‐ vs. Phosphorus‐Based Manure and Compost Management of Corn
Authors: Sadeghpour Amir , Ketterings Quirine M. , Vermeylen Francoise , Godwin Gregory S. , Czymmek Karl J.
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas

Annual application of manure to corn at P‐removal based rates will reduce P buildup over time.

Lowering manure and compost rates over time will impact SOM.

Tillage‐based incorporation of manure at lower rates will aid in N conservation but impact SOM buildup.

Concerns about P enrichment of soil, streams, and lakes, NH3 emissions from surface‐applied manure, and increasing N fertilizer costs have resulted in greater adoption of manure incorporation at rates that approximate P removal. A 5‐yr field study was conducted comparing the influence of annual spring applications of N‐ vs. P‐removal‐based compost (74 and 46 Mg ha−1 wet basis, respectively), liquid dairy manure (196 and 68 kL ha−1, respectively), and sidedress N fertilizer (0 and 112 kg ha−1) on soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), respiration, NO3–N, and soil test P (STP) and K (STK) in a corn (Zea mays L.) silage cropping system on a calcareous central New York soil. Manure was incorporated with tillage in the P‐removal‐based system. After 5 yr, soil pH (0–20 cm) remained unchanged compared with its initial level in 2001 regardless of the application rate or source. In P‐based manure and inorganic N plots, SOM declined with time but increased by 4 g kg−1 with N‐based compost. Solvita CO2 respiration increased only for N‐based compost (41 g mg−1), which was greater than for P‐based manure (32 g mg−1) in April 2005. After 5 yr, topsoil (0–20 cm) STP and STK were greatest with N‐based compost and manure. These results show the benefits of compost application for SOM accumulation and respiration, the benefits of P‐based applications for management of STP and STK, and the negative impact on SOM because of tillage incorporation of manure at P‐based rates. Manure injection rather than tillage‐based incorporation might counteract this negative impact.
Construction of Minirhizotron Facilities for Investigating Root Zone Processes
Authors: Cai Gaochao , Vanderborght Jan , Klotzsche Anja , van der Kruk Jan , Neumann Joschka , Hermes Normen , Vereecken Harry
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas

Horizontal straight holes for rhizotube installation were bored by a homemade system.

Dynamics of root growth and soil moisture could be described by rhizotron facilities.

Soil moisture could be monitored by TDR and GPR approaches in rhizotron facilities.

Minimally invasive monitoring of root development and soil states (soil moisture, temperature) in undisturbed soils during a crop growing cycle is a challenging task. Minirhizotron (MR) tubes offer the possibility to view root development in situ with time. Two MR facilities were constructed in two different soils, stony vs. silty, to monitor root growth, root zone processes, and their dependence on soil water availability. To obtain a representative image of the root distribution, 7‐m‐long tubes were installed horizontally at 10‐, 20‐, 40‐, 60‐, 80‐, and 120‐cm depths. A homemade system was developed to install MR tubes in the silty soil in horizontally drilled straight holes. For the stony soil, the soil rhizotubes were installed in an excavated and subsequently backfilled pit. In both facilities, three subplots were established with different water treatments: rain sheltered, rainfed, and irrigated. To monitor soil moisture, water potential, and soil temperature, time domain reflectometer probes, tensiometers, and matrix water potential sensors were installed. Soil water content profiles in space and time were obtained between two MR tubes using cross‐hole ground‐penetrating radar along the tubes at different depths. Results from the first growing season of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after installation demonstrate that differences in root development, soil water, and temperature dynamics can be observed among the different soil types and water treatments. When combined with additional measurements of crop development and transpiration, these data provide key information that is essential to validate and parameterize root development and water uptake models in soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer models.
Critical Zone Research and Observatories: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Guo Li , Lin Henry
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas

Major findings in CZ science have been achieved in the past several years, especially from CZOs.

“Deep” science—deep time, deep depth, and deep coupling—is used to synthesize recent CZ studies.

Major opportunities include developing a global CZO network and a library of CZ models and databases.

The Critical Zone (CZ) is the thin layer of the Earth's terrestrial surface and near‐surface environment that ranges from the top of the vegetation canopy to the bottom of the weathering zone and plays fundamental roles in sustaining life and humanity. The past few years have seen a number of Critical Zone Observatories (CZOs) being developed following the first CZOs established in the United States in 2007. This update summarizes major research findings in CZ science achieved in the past 5 yr or so (2011–2016), especially those obtained from recognized CZOs. A conceptual framework of “deep” science—deep time, deep depth, and deep coupling—is used to synthesize recent CZ studies across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. This “deep” science concept emphasizes the integration of Earth surface processes that underlies the contributions of CZ science to terrestrial environmental research. We identify some main knowledge gaps and major opportunities to advance the frontiers of CZ science. We advocate that the CZ scientific community work toward a global network of CZOs to link sites, people, ideas, data, models, and tools. We hope that this update can stimulate continuous scientific advancement and practical applications of CZ science worldwide.