bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSOCIATION OF RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR WITH BODY MASS INDEX IN HABITANTS OF SUBURBAN KATHMANDU DISTRICT
Authors: Singh Neeti , Sherpa Ang Tshering , Pandey Srijana , Pradhan Amita
Published: May 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus is increasing in alarming number world­wide. The main predisposing factor being daily lifestyle which leads to obesity and other complications. Early diagnosis and life style modifica­tion among high risk group can decrease the burden of disease. This study was done to find out the random blood sugar level and assess the relationships between body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR) and random blood sugar among the study population.

Methods: A cross sectional study was done using retrospective data collected at the health camp conducted during month of October 2018. The study area was Nagarjun and Chandragiri municipalities of Kath­mandu district. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The chi square test was used to assess relation between BMI,WHR and Random blood sugar.

Results: The number of participants in this study was 274. Majority of the participants, (92.7%) had random blood sugar level 200mg/dl or less. Those having RBS of more than 200mg/dl were 7.3%. Among all participants, 16.06% were obese. Further the obese participants showed high waist hip ratio in 81.8% and 9.1% of them had moderate or low waist hip ratio. Further, 46 participants showed diabetic blood sugar level and were either overweight (39.13%) or obese (28.26%).

Conclusions: This study concluded that those who had diabetic blood sugar level or high waist hip ratio had increases BMI. So such screening and preventive programme should be further expanded and even at clinical level. Additionally, patients must be counseled the reason for measuring BMI and RBS and its application for their health promotion.
GIANT STAGHORN COMMON BILE DUCT CALCULUS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Bhattarai Suraj , Bhattarai Abhisekh , Kumar Tamrakar Kishor
Published: May 2022

A bile duct stone is defined as large if it is more than 15mm in size and giant when it is 5cm or more. Giant staghorn calculi are usually uncommon but can be found in oriental cholangio-hepatitis and usually pigment stones. Bile infection appears to be the initial event leading to stone formation. The primary bile duct stones form within the bile ducts and usually of brown pigment type while secondary bile duct stones arise from gall bladder or intra or extra hepatic ducts. There are very few published reports which describe a giant staghorn calculus in the common bile duct (CBD). The purpose of this case report is to report a new rare case of giant staghorn CBD calculus and discuss the diagnostic and surgical approach because staghorn calculi are very rare in the biliary tract.
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM AND MLADINA’S CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Thakur Sanjeev Kumar , Yadav Baleshwar , Bedajit Raj Kumar , Anwar Afaque
Published: May 2022

Background: Nasal Septal deviation is a frequently found entity in ENT OPD. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical presentations of deviated nasal septum, classify them according to the Mladina’s system and find out the relation of trauma with the type of septal deviation.

Methods: One hundred fifty cases of septal deviation were classified ac­cording to Mladina’s classification, after thorough interview, nasal exami­nation and nasal endoscopy. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21, after tabulation. Chi-square test was applied as the test of significance.

Results: Out of 150 cases of septal deviation, Male 82 (54.6%) outnum­bered the female patients 68 (45.3%). Most of these patients were of sec­ond and third decade (20-40 years age group). The most common pre­senting complaint was that of nasal obstruction 121(80.6%), headache68 (45.3%) and nasal discharge52(34.6%). 78(52%) of patients revealed his­tory of trauma. Type II 32 (21.3%) and Type V 31 (20.6%) were the com­monest followed by Type III 24(16%).

Conclusions: Nasal septal deviation is a common presentation in ENT OPD. Mladina’s classification found Type II and Type V to be quite common. Na­sal obstruction, headache and rhinorrhea are frequent associated com­plaints. Nasal endoscopy is very important for the diagnosis, especially of posterior deflections.
NURSES’ KNOWLEDGE ON POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: Sharma Kalpana , Adhikari Sabina
Published: May 2022

Background: Nurses are most vulnerable group for having Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection from blood and body fluids. These infections are prevent­able if the nurses have proper knowledge regarding Post Exposure Prophy­laxis (PEP) for hepatitis B virus infections and utilize the PEP services. This study aimed to find out the nurses’ knowledge on PEP for HBV infection.

Methods: A descriptive survey design was carried out among 116 random­ly selected nurses working in different wards of tertiary care hospital. Data was collected from July 8th 2018 to 21st July 2018 using pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the variables and chi-square test was applied to explore the association between variables.

Results: Results of the study revealed that only 22.4% nurses had good, 21.6% had average, and 56.0% had poor knowledge on PEP for HBV. Majority (68.1%) of the nurses knew about the testing of HBsAg serum antigen after exposure. However, few nurses had knowledge on risk per­centage of getting infection (29.3%), contact person for risk assessment (33.6%), constituents of PEP (29.9%), and PEP treatment for unvaccinat­ed/incompletely vaccinated nurse in case of positive (38.8%) and negative (34.5%) sources. Moreover, working unit (p=0.037) and working experi­ence (p=0.027) were the significant variables associated with the level of knowledge on PEP.

Conclusions: More than half of nurses’ have poor knowledge on PEP for hepatitis B virus. Hence, there is need of regular in-service education and training for nurses on PEP for HBV to enhance their knowledge and to pre­vent potential infections.
STATUS OF GERIATRIC PATIENTS WITH ABDOMINAL PAIN PRESENTED TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Authors: Lamsal Daya Ram , Bhandari Jeetendra
Published: May 2022

Background: As the development of better health facilities with advanced tools for diagnosis and management our country is not away from global trend. Nepal’s life expectancy at birth is increasing at its pace, it has in­creased in about 30 years in last 4 decades. Among the various problem presenting to ED abdominal pain is one of the common complain elderly patients are greater risk of missing life-threatening causes during evalua­tion and investigation. The aim of the study was to identify the frequency, cause and outcome of patient presenting in Emergency department with abdominal pain.

Methods: It is a retrospective study conducted in tertiary care center at Chitwan, Nepal during the period from 01/09/2017 to 30/08/2018. Elec­tronic data entered by medical officer were retrieved and analyzed. Statis­tical analysis of the record was done using SPSS 16 software.

Results: Elderly population who presented with chief complaints of ab­dominal pain was 1160 (21.79%). Among the patient presented with ab­dominal pain 605(52.2%) were male and 555(47.8%) were female. Mean age of patients was 71.72±8.50 years. Most common system involved was gastrointestinal and biliary problem 730(62.93%). Most common diagno­sis was Urinary tract infection 269 (23.2%) among them, 487(41.98%) re­quired hospital admission.

Conclusions: Abdominal pain is one of the common presentations of el­derly to emergency department. Disorders of Gastrointestinal and biliary system were among leading causes of emergency visit. Emergency phy­sician should be tactful to identify life threatening conditions and emer­gency management.
AWARENESS OF ORAL CANCER AND POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT ORAL DISORDER AMONG FINAL YEAR MEDICAL AND DENTAL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF CHITWAN MEDICAL COLLEGE, NEPAL
Authors: Subedi Sushil , Shrestha Bijayata
Published: May 2022

Background: Oral Cancer (OCA) is a common malignancy in South East Asia and the burden of the disease is increasing. OCA is usually preceded by Potentially Malignant Oral Disorder (PMOD). The early detection of these diseases may limit the high mortality and morbidity. The objectives of this study were to assess the awareness of burden, associated risk fac­tors, early detection and prognosis of OCA and OPMD among final year medical and dental students..

Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among final year Medical and Dental undergraduate students of Chitwan Medical College, Nepal in April 2017 using a pre tested self-administered questionnaires. All the final year students present at their respective classes (Dental= 50 and Medical=75 students) responded to the questionnaires after giving informed consent. Data entered in SPPS 20 software was analyzed using Pearson Chi Square test and Fisher exact test.

Results: Dental students had better awareness concerning PMOD. Yet, the dental students did not differ significantly from their medical coun­terpart in most of the responses related to OCA. Surprisingly, more Dental students had misconception that OCA is not preventable and early detec­tion is difficult. Few of both groups were confident in having sufficient knowledge in OCA prevention and detection. Only 18.6% of Medical stu­dents had examined PMOD and few students of both groups had exam­ined OCA.

Conclusions: This study revealed the deficient aspect in the knowledge concerning OCA and OPMD among Medical and Dental students indicat­ing the need to emphasize on these aspects of medical education.
COMPLIANCE OF SURGICAL HAND SCRUB IN OPERATION THEATRE OF TEACHING HOSPITAL, CHITWAN
Authors: Paudel Anisha , Bista Bishnu
Published: May 2022

Background: Surgical hand scrub is an important practice that forms the base in the prevention and control of surgical site infection. The objective of the study was to evaluate the compliance of surgical hand scrub among surgical team in Operation Theatre of Teaching Hospital, Chitwan.

Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data collection instrument (a checklist) was developed based on national and interna­tional standards of surgical hand scrub. Data was collected by observation of surgical team who were scrubbing in the Operation Theatre, Chitwan Medical College before proceeding to surgical procedures.

Results: A compliance with the standards for surgical scrub prerequisites (70%), scrub process (81.53%), time of scrub (27%) and overall compli­ance (75.95%) observed. The total score of compliance with the standard was only 13%. The main issues found in the study were not correctly wore surgical cap and mask (44.9%), using of timer/wall clock before starting scrubbing (91.3%), improper follow the continue rotational action down opposing arms working to the elbow for one minute (53.6%) and repeat­ed blotted dry of skin area once it done (30.4%)

Conclusions: The results showed there was gap in the surgical hand scrub of the studied hospital and the compliance with the standard can be im­proved by simple surgical hand scrub intervention, periodical observation audit and feedback.
TRAINING WORKSHOP ON PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT: FEEDBACK OF THE PARTICIPANTS FACULTY
Authors: Piryani Rano Mal , Piryani Suneel
Published: May 2022

Background: Performance-based assessment (PBA) concentrate on “Does” level of Miller’s Triangle Model of assessment and assess the ability of health­care professionals to practice safely in different situations and context. It is essential to train faculty members how to conduct PBA.

Methods: One-day training workshop on PBA was organized at Liaquat Uni­versity of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan in November 08, 2017 with objective “participants learn to apply PBA tools in practice”. There were two sessions of training; session one covered basics, levels and tools of assessment and blueprinting for assessment and session two PBA and its tools. Tutorial, brainstorming and activity based small group work were methods utilized for the training. Feedback of the participants was taken on semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS.

Results: Twenty-two participants selected from basic, clinical, and dental sci­ences and nursing faculty. The participants rated workshop on scale of 1-10 (1=poor, 10=excellent) for usefulness of training (8.64 ± 1.62), content of training (8.27 ± 1.52), relevance of training & content (8.59 ± 1.40), facilitation of training (8.77 ± 1.34) and overall (8.77 ± 1.38). After training participants were very confident in developing blueprint for assessment (3.91±0.61), using mini-CEX (3.64±0.58), and confident using DOPS (3.63±0.73), MSF (3.55±0.74) and Portfolio (3.68±0.84). More than one third of the partici­pants recommended to arrange more training workshop on different aspects of medical education.

Conclusions: It was observed from feedback that participants realize the im­portance of PBA training and stress to have trainings for various aspects of health profession education.
NEPALESE NATIONAL FORMULARY (NNF) 2018
Authors: Shankar Pathiyil Ravi , Piryani Rano Mal , Piryani Suneel
Published: May 2022

N/A
ASCARIS INFECTION, A RARE CAUSE OF NECROTIZING PANCREATITIS IN A CHILD
Authors: Yadav Aditya Prakash , Karki Rishi Kumar , Rai Binod Kumar
Published: May 2022

Necrotizing pancreatitis is a very rare in children and is associated with high morbidity & mortality rates. We report a case of 5yr old boy who presented with upper abdominal pain, vomiting and non-passage of stool for 1day. After resuscitation and investigating the child, a provisional diagnosis of biliary ascariasis (BA) with acute pancreatitis was made. The child developed peritonitis after 2 days of admission and exploratory laparotomy was planned. An intraoperative diagnosis of necrotizing pancreatitis was made and the child was successfully managed.
PSYCHIATRIC CASENESS IN THE PERSON EXPOSED TO CIVIL WAR IN NEPAL
Authors: Jai Bahadur Khattri  , Subedi Anil , Tirkey Shweta , Goit Bharat Kumar , Thakur Rabindra Kumar
Published: May 2022

Background: Civil war carries an enormous impact on psychological health of the population, but poorly understood. The objective of this study was to study the relationship between war expo­sure and psychiatric caseness.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jaimuni municipality of Baglung district of Nepal in 220 participants. The participants scoring more than or equal to 3 in the General Health Questionnaire-12 was labelled as “psychiatric caseness”. The participants were then interviewed regarding their civil war exposure.

Results: The prevalence of psychiatric caseness was 47.7% in the war exposed samples. War ex­posed samples were found to be suffering from psychiatric caseness (47.7%) more often than non-exposed samples (28.4%) and there was a statistical significance between exposure to war and psychiatric caseness (p=0.005).

Conclusions: There is a relationship between psychiatric caseness and war exposure in a statistical significant way. Future mental health policy of Nepal should address the mental health problems of war exposed population.
HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER STORAGE INTERVENTION TO ASSESS ITS IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY AT MAE LA TEMPORARY SHELTER
Authors: Shwe Valerie Daw Tin , Somrongthong Ratana , Chapman Robert Sedgwick
Published: May 2022

Background: Diarrhoea cases make up nearly two-thirds of total clinic visits at Mae La temporary shelter, Thailand, 40% being under five diarrhoeal cases. The use of a safe storage container for drinking water may prevent contamination and reduce diarrhoeal disease morbidity in camp residents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of safe drinking water storage containers and diarrhoeal diseases in under 5 children at the Mae La temporary shelter.

Methods: A randomized controlled trail was conducted in 400 households with at least one child under 5 years old over a period of four months. Intervention households received safe containers, while control households did not. Households were visited twice weekly during the three-month follow-up. Recent occurrence of diarrhoea in children under five was ascertained and residual chlorine levels in drinking water were measured. The results were analyzed by chi-square tests and survival analyses.

Results: Overall, the study found a 75% reduction of under five diarrhoea in the intervention group and 3.5-times less risk than control group subjects. Key factors associated with under five diarrhoea were: study group participation, no formal education of household primary caregivers; main sources of acquired drinking water; awareness regarding tap water chlorination; length of time living in camp

Conclusion: In conclusion, intervention group participants were found to experience a reduction in diarrhoea morbidity when compared to their control group counterparts. E. coli contamination of drinking water was very common, suggesting little or no protection from chlorination.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FOREIGN BODIES AT A TERTIARY HOSPITAL OF WESTERN NEPAL
Authors: Chaudhary Shatdal , Khatri Prabin , Shrestha Suresh
Published: May 2022

Background: Foreign body ingestions are some of the most challenging clinical scenarios faced by gastrointestinal endoscopists. The commonly ingested foreign bodies are coins, toys, and batteries in children whereas bone or meat boluses are common in adults. The present study was carried out to study the clinical profile of patients presenting with foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract and effectiveness of endoscopy as a therapeutic tool in its management.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the endoscopy unit of Uni­versal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal from Jan 2015 to Dec 2018. All pa­tients who underwent endoscopy with suspicion of ingestion of foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract were enrolled in this study. Foreign body was removed with appropri­ate endoscopic tools.

Results: Sixty-four patients were enrolled in the present study with mean age of 34.78±21.84 years. There were 42.19% (n=27) males with female preponderance (57.37%, n=37). Retrosternal discomfort with dysphagia was the most common presentations seen in 68.75% (n=44) patients. The most common site for foreign body impaction was lower oesophagus (53.13%). Three most common foreign bodies encountered were meat bone, meat balls and coins respectively. Endoscopic management was successful in 59 (92.19%) patients.

Conclusions: Foreign body ingestion is commonly seen in children and young adults with fe­male predominance. Most common upper gastrointestinal foreign bodies are related to food bolus impaction with animal bone or meat. Therapeutic endoscopy is a safe and effective method for removing foreign body from upper gastrointestinal tract.
SERUM URIC ACID IN PATIENTS WITH ABNORMAL THYROID FUNCTIONS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Bhattarai Kushal , Manandhar Nilu
Published: May 2022

Background: Hyperuricemia, a pathologic consequence of over-production or under-excre­tion of uric acid, is a common biochemical picture in thyroid dysfunctions. This study was designed to determine the serum uric acid levels and the prevalence rates of hyperuricemia in thyroid dysfunctions.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Chitwan in which Serum uric acid concentrations of male and female participants, 30 years or older with the diagnosis of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism were estimated. Hyperuricemia was defined as uric acid levels >6.8mg/dL (males) and >6.0 mg/dL (females). Descriptive statistics using frequency with percentage and inferential statistics using para­metric and non-parametric tests were used.

Results: In the total 249 participants, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 30.5% (32.9% in hyperthyroid and 26.1% in hypothyroid patients). Similarly, the mean serum uric acid levels in these patients was 5.46 ± 1.88mg/dL (5.60 ± 1.71 in hyperthyroid and 5.20 ± 2.13mg/dL in hypothyroid patients). Hyperuricemia was present in 32.6% of the female and 27.6% of the male patients. Likewise, the rate was 28.1% in 30–40 years old, 30.0% in 40–50 years old, 30.9% in 50–60 years old, and 32.8% in >=60 years old participants. There was no significant association between hyperuricemia and age or gender in overall participants and in partici­pants of either of the two groups of thyroid dysfunctions (p>0.05).

Conclusions: The reported prevalence of hyperuricemia in thyroid dysfunctions justifies the need of further studies to understand the causal relationship between thyroid status and serum uric acid.
ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF INTRAHEPATIC BILIARY DUCT IN CADAVERIC LIVER
Authors: Khatiwada Sushma , Adhikari Budhi Nath , Shrestha Iju
Published: May 2022

Background: Hepatobiliary system has many variations. Use of cadavers, intraoperative data and various imaging modalities are the commonly employed techniques for determining the anatomy of intrahepatic bile ducts. The vivid picture of hepatobiliary system is a must for hepatobiliary surgery and identification of frequency distribution of typical and atypical pattern and different types of atypical pattern are vital. This study aimed to uncover its frequency distribution and also to recognize the variations therein.

Methods: An observational study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital from July 2013 to June 2014 by taking 50 complete human cadaveric livers without evidence of injuries or previous operations. Livers were dissected, duct traced, colored, photographed and the findings were entered in a proforma.

Results: Out of 50 dissected livers, 32 showed typical pattern (Type A, 64%) whereas 18 liver showed atypical pattern of confluence (36%). The type B pattern was seen in 6 (12%) and type C was seen in 8 of them (16%). Of these 8 cases, subtype C1 was observed in 6 livers (12%) and subtype C2 was found in 2 livers (4%). Type D was seen in 3 livers (6%). and all of them were of the subtype D1. There were no cases of subtype D2 and of type E. Type F was observed in a single case (2%).

Conclusions: An accurate knowledge of the anatomical variations of the intrahepatic biliary tree is important for a successful hepatobiliay surgery.
LUNG ULTRASOUND SCORE BEFORE AND AFTER EXTUBATION FOR PREDICTING WEANING OUTCOME
Authors: Yadav Manoj Kumar , Pal Anusmriti , Pant Chiranjibi , Shrestha Bishow
Published: May 2022

Background: Lung ultrasound (LUS) is an emerging, essential, safe and easily repeatable bed­side tool being used for the management of critically ill patients in ICUs. Weaning off the ventilator and decide to extubate require right decision and appropriate timing to avoid ex­tubation failure. The study aimed to perform LUS in planned extubation patients who passed SBT, for the assessment of lungs, before and after extubation.

Methods: A single-centre, observational study at medical ICU of a tertiary level hospital in Nepal was conducted on invasive mechanically ventilated patients. LUS was performed be­fore extubation on those who were planned to extubate and repeat scan done after 24 hours of extubation. LUS scores were calculated at both times. p-value 0.05 was considered statisti­cally significant.

Results: Twenty-eight patients were included after passing spontaneous breathing trial (SBT), one patient had extubation failure. Mean LUS score before and after extubation came to be 16.15 ± 7.00 and 13.15 ± 4.59 respectively with high degree of correlation (Pearson’s r = 0.896, P <0.001). The mean difference in LUS scores before and after extubation was signifi­cant (Mean difference: 3.00 ± 3.54, t = 4.402, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Lung ultrasound is very useful additive tool in predicting extubation failure eas­ily and timely. Its use after extubation also helps in early prediction of post-extubation failure by assessing aeration changes and other lung pathology.
RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF MENTAL FORAMEN IN CHITWAN POPULATION
Authors: Thakur Smriti Narayan , Mishra Meena Kumari , Pandey Basuraj , Singh Harendra , Mishra Shrijhana
Published: May 2022

Background: Knowledge about the type & position of mental foramen is very much important landmark for dentists to perform any surgical procedure in the vicinity of mental foramen. The pur­pose of this study was to determine the most frequently occurring type & position of the mental foramen in Chitwan population using digital Panoramic Radiograph.

Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 500 (250 Male& 250 Female) digital panoramic radiograph which were collected from the department of Oral Medicine & Radi­ology. The type & position of Mental Foramen was analysed with Dicom viewer. The data obtained was statistically analyzed by with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS Version 20.

Result: The most common type of mental foramen was Type 3 (diffuse with a distinct border of the foramen) & the test showed significant difference by gender. The most common position of mental foramen was position 4 (in line with second premolar) followed by position 3 (Between the first & second premolar) with no significant difference with gender with p-value <0.05.

Conclusions: This study shows that the most frequent appearance of mental foramen lies in the line of second premolar. So this finding is used as a guide line in Chitwan population to perform various type of dental surgical procedure safely in mental foramen region but the accurate radio­graphic identification of mental foramen is paramount.
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION AMONG ADULTS IN CENTRAL PART OF NEPAL
Authors: Sedhain Arun , Sapkota Abja , Shrestha Bidhan
Published: May 2022

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is characterized by pathological invasion of the urinary tract by microorganisms. Majorities of organisms causing UTI are gram negative bacteria, most common of which is E. coli. Urine culture and sensitivity test is used to isolate the organism and to identify the susceptible drug of choice for appropriate treatment. This hospital-based study was carried out to analyze the spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms causing UTI.

Methods: A retrospective study was done to analyze the results of urine culture and sensitivity test done at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital over a period of two and half years. Standard guideline and protocol were used to collect the urine sample and to perform the test. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0.

Result: Out of 12, 925 urine samples submitted for culture and sensitivity test during the study period, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 3, 173 (24.54%) samples, which was significantly higher among females (28%) than the males (17%). The most common organism isolated on the culture was E. coli (68.5%) followed by Klebsiella (18.4%). Sensitivity of the uropathogens was seen highest with colistin (79.2%) followed by teicoplanin (64.58%), Aztreonam (63.25%) and Ni­trofurantoin (61.16%). Most common antibiotics that showed resistance to the microorganisms in this study were Ampicillin (60.93%), Cotrimoxazole (53.72%), Cefixime (40.57%) and Levofloxacin (32.93%).

Conclusions: This study has found a usual pattern of UTI with higher prevalence among females and E. coli being the most common organism. Nitrofurantoin has been found to have a good sus­ceptibility for the treatment of UTI.
OCCLUSAL CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDING SPACING AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Pradhan Megha , Dhital Shweta , Dahal Sirjana , Joshi Ujjwal , Sherchan Prabesh , Pokhrel Prafen
Published: May 2022

Background: Understanding the association between morphological aspects in the primary dentition and its transition to the permanent dentition provides the possibility of predicting the final permanent occlusion. Study on the occlusal characteristics in deciduous dentition in Nepalese population is limited. This study was aimed to assess the occlusal characteristics and spacing in primary dentition in preschool children.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 432 preschool children around Kathmandu valley after getting permission from Institutional Review Committee of Kath­mandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Each child fulfilling the inclusion criteria was enrolled on the study only after their assent and their parent’s consent. The primary molar relation, canine relation, overjet, overbite was assessed using Foster and Hamilton criteria with the teeth in centric occlusion. Primate and physiological spaces were assessed. Data was collected and analysis was done in SPSS version 16.

Results: Among the participants, (51.9%) were male and (48.1%) female. Primate spaces was seen to be absent on157 (36.3%) children. Physiological space was seen among 190 (44%) children. Flush terminal plane molar relationship was more prevalent among 294 (68%) chil­dren. Class I canine relationship was found in 257(59.5%) children. Ideal overjet was seen in 333 (77.1%) children and ideal overbite was seen among 337(78%) children.

Conclusions: Favorable characteristics traits were seen in the studied population yet longi­tudinal studies are recommended to predict the possible outcome in permanent dentition.
Igniting Learner's Behavior and Language Development Through Cartoon Movies: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Paron Gijet C
Published: May 2022

Children at the current days were more exposed to different cartoon movies. This study aimed to uncover the different experiences and observations of parents in their children who were exposed to cartoon movies. It employed a phenomenological design which structures the consciousness of experiences of the informants. Results revealed that the learners exhibited the abilities to ask excessive questions, articulated words clearly, increased language awareness, and imitated and mimicked conversation. Pedagogical implications are incorporated which strengthen language acquisition among the children.
Teaching of Reading In the Midst of Uncertainties: The Narratives of Elementary Laboratory School Teachers
Authors: Adil Zoraida M
Published: May 2022

Teaching of reaching brought a monumental implication to teaching and learning. This qualitative-narrative research aimed to determine the narratives of Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology Elementary Laboratory School. Results showed that teachers were challenged by unresponsive learners, lack of parental support, and lack of reading materials. Meanwhile, they provided their learners with remedial reading activities. They advised that teachers must be passionate and compassionate in handling learners to enhance their reading skills.
Using Blockchain to Track Government Fund Distribution
Authors: Mangla Aarav
Published: May 2022

All along, a blockchain is a making synopsis of records, called blocks, related utilizing cryptography. Each block contains a hash of the past transaction, a timestamp, and transaction information. By plan, a blockchain is invulnerable to alteration of the data. In this, we propose a design to follow holds appointed to the public authority as they cross via the general power operation at per step. This framework utilizes blockchain improvement to remain mindful of straightforwardness and security at each development as the assets push forward. This design permits a bare essential record with all connected clients in the chain to exchange information on a piece of restricted data. The framework utilizes encryption to secure unexpected information including hash values to keep a square of exchanges a chain way that is given and checked by each center point expected to assert the conversation and save the information in an immediate plan inside the public power. The design ponders a full-check, secure and exact asset task, and overall arranging framework to assist with shaping an ethical government system.
A Review on Productivity Improvement in Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Adbaile Achal
Published: May 2022

Productivity is a matter of some debate since it is directly related to the GDP growth of a specific company or manufacturing firm. Productivity is the lifeblood of any industrial company's profitability. The product that is not produced in sufficient quantities results in lower-income because there is simply less to sell. Prices may need to be raised if production levels are low in order to earn the necessary profitability for survival. However, if buyers can find a lower price elsewhere, this move is likely to drive them away. Productivity is one of the most important markers of success in the manufacturing industry. In truth, most factories' primary goal is to produce enough items to grow and meet customer satisfaction. In this review, we have discussed various factors which influence the productivity of the workplace. Furthermore, methodologies adopted by several authors, previously in the sector of enhancing the productivity of a particular machine or a workplace, have been discussed. This review is focused on the assessment of different projects executed in order to improve the productivity of a particular machine like VMC or CNC or a workplace for a manufacturing company. Key Words- Productivity, VMC, CNC, Production, Customer Satisfaction.
Design of Customized Pnuematic Wheel
Authors: Singh Ashish Kumar
Published: May 2022

The modern wheel of a car is defined as a circular section intended to rotate the axle bear. To meet market demand, original equipment manufacturers use the latest technology to design and manufacture wheels. Advanced technology that assists in the production of wheel rims is computer aided design (CAD) software and software analysis. In this paper we have used CAD and analytics software to the best of their ability. Wheel modeling was done using SOLIDWORKS and was submitted to ANSYS for analysis work. The ANSYS system is used to reproduce various strengths, component weight tracking and to validate and review results. The solution mode in the ANSYS system calculates bending times, pressures, and shifts in their relationships without manual intervention, reducing the relative time and scientific calculation strategy by the person. The dry analysis work of the ANSYS was performed by considering the Polyamide Imide material with different geometry (suggestions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and their related functionality have been observed respectively. In this outcome paper Proposition 6 met the requirement and suggested prototyping. Keywords: ANSYS, SOLIDWORKS, Stress Analysis,
Virtual Auction featured with AI Chat System & Payment Provision (VACP)
Authors: Railkar Prof. Poonam
Published: May 2022

The design and the implementation of an effective virtual auction service providing a platform for clients and vendors is presented in this paper. It uses a very efficient way of purchasing and selling any products through a virtual auction system. Virtual auctions reach buyers and sellers worldwide. Virtual auctions provide the reach to find the right buyer for every item. By using this system any person or an organization such as a government, or business institution can be more modular and organized in their buying and selling. Features like an AI chat system, Payment provision make this system more attractive and efficient. The system has been designed in such a manner that the users of the system will get all the necessary information, and it is capable of providing an easy, effective and reliable way of purchasing and selling via a virtual auction system which will change the usual scenario of auctions which happens in the real world. Key Words: machine learning, e-commerce, web application, payment gateway, assistive technology, virtual auction.
Universal milestone: the Global Impact Investing Network’s approach to assessing social impact
Authors: Avramenko E.
Published: May 2022

Management representatives and investors often ask: “Is there a unified, tested and widely spread methodology for assessing the social and economic impact of non-profit projects?” The question is legitimate, because each project has a broad, multifactor and not infrequently unique impact. How to fit all this diversity into a standard evaluation framework? And is it possible, by expressing the results of several projects in monetary terms, to obtain indicators that are comparable with each other? Turns out it is — with the help of a systematic methodology created by the Global Impact Investing Network.
How am I improving the world right now? Am I improving myself? — the two criteria of impact in your career. Interview with Alena Vladimirskaya
Authors: Vyatkina Yu.
Published: May 2022

Social impact is one of the top career trends in 2022. If you know how to apply the impact in your career, it increases your value on the labor market and makes you happier. What are the impact criteria in your career, why should HRs disclose salaries in job postings for “white collars”, and where to search for a job with an impact? Alena Vladimirskaya, one of Russia’s most inﬂuential experts on recruitment and headhunting, talks about these issues in an interview with Yulia Vyatkina.
Flexitarians, pandemic and plant-based products: how healthy lifestyle changes the FMCG retail market
Authors: Vyatkina Yu.
Published: May 2022

Numerous studies in the market for conscious consumption in food service and retail show that an increasing number of people in Russia opt for a diet that is mostly plant-based with rare inclusions of animal-source foods. These people are called flexitarians. Modernday food service and retail industries provide flexitarians with a rather wide variety of goods and special offers. Meanwhile, experts claim that the analysis of these growing markets demonstrates the efficiency of social impact and requires new ways to measure it in complex systems with a plethora of simultaneous factors and trends.
EFFECT OF COATING OF SYNTHETIC NPK FERTILIZER WITH PLANT GROWTH PROMOTIN BACTERIA (PGPB) ON GROWTH, YIELD OF RICE UNDER ALUM STRESS
Authors: Chau Mai Hai , Dung Ngo Minh
Published: May 2022

Microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil play a key role in maintaining the soil fertility, which is a key for successful crop production to meet the increasing global food demand. The aims of this study were to boost growth attributes, yield and nutrient uptake of rice by different treatment combination of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and NPK fertilizer doses. The experiment was set up as one - way factorial design (Randomized Complete Block Design), including 4 different treatments with 4 replications spreading over two seasons: winter season 2018 to 2019. The current study was done on rice cultivar (Dai Thom 8) at Long An province, a product was formulated by coating NPK with three bacterial strains of PGPB (Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria) compared the control fertilizer to improve rice productivity under a alum environment. The effects of three PGPB strains (MC/LH 2/1, SP2/LH 2/1 and ED/LH 2/1) on vegetative growth, yield of rice were tabulated. Results showed that the treatment with ASS-MC/LH2/1 produced the highest significant values of plant height, effective tiller and number of panicles per hill. The highest yield was obtained from ASS-MC/LH2/1 treatment (6.14 ton/ha), followed by ASS-SP2/LH2/1 (5.82 ton/ha). The ASS-ED/LH2/1 and control treatments recorded the lowest yield.
IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL HANDICRAFT ON SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY IN SON DONG VILLAGE, VIETNAM
Authors: Dung Bui Xuan , Quynh Kieu Thuy , Ngoc Trieu Bao , Anh Do Thi Ngoc
Published: May 2022

This study aims to analyze spatial and temporal changes of surface and groundwater quality from March to December 2019, in Son Dong commune, Hoai Duc district, Hanoi. A number of physicochemical parameters were sampled for analysis to give quantitative assessments, and spatial distribution as well as temporal variation were performed. Surface water samples were collected along the commune canal route at different depths (20 and 30 cm) and groundwater samples were taken from drill-wells. From March to December 2019, 10 groundwater samples and 5 surface water samples were collected. 7 surface water parameters including: Fe, NH4+, Mn, NO2-, Cu, TSS and pH, 8 groundwater parameters including: Fe, NH4+, Mn, NO2-, Cu, pH, TDS, and hardness were analyzed. Based on analyzed water quality findings, both surface and groundwater in Son Dong are heavily polluted compared to the standard of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The indicators of pH, TSS, TDS and NO2-, were almost unchanged and lower than the permitted value. Water quality in the study area is contaminated with heavy metals. The analysis results of NH4+, Cu, Fe parameters are higher than the permitted standards QCVN 08: 2015/TNMT for surface water and 09: 2015/TNMT for groundwater. The groundwater quality index (GWQI) was calculated based on the analyzed criteria is higher than 200, which means it is not suitable for drinking. The most polluted areas are in the south and northwest of Son Dong commune. Therefore, in the face of poor water quality, it is necessary to have some suitable solutions to improve water quality in the study area.
HOW FARMERS ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY IN KY SON COMMUNE, KY ANH DISTRICT, HA TINH PROVINCE
Authors: Thoai Trinh Quang
Published: May 2022

Agriculture has become an extremely vulnerable industry to the impacts of climate variability and change. Thus, strengthening adaptation capacity to climate change in agriculture is a societal priority in most of countries in the world, especially in the developing countries where a large number of people depended on agricultural production. The results of the study show that climate change signals have been really clear in Ky Son commune through increasing extreme weather events, especially drought and hot spell. Farmers in Ky Son commune have revealed a lot of risks caused by climate change for their agricultural production. Farmers in the commune have considered adaptive strategies to climate change in agricultural production, of which weather forecasts update and changing crop varieties are the most popular adaptive strategies. The study indicated 7 factors that have significant effects on farmers’ decision in adaptation to climate change in agricultural production in the Ky Son commune, of which attendance in the training courses is the factor that have highest effect level. The study proposed the policies to improve farmers’ adaptive capacity to climate change in agricultural production in Ky Son commune including: (1) Broadening training courses on climate change; (2) Continuing the preferential credit; (3) Promoting large-scale production patterns; and (4) Downscaling and Localizing weather forecast information.
Impact of Supportive Information-Based Guidelines in Gaining the Recommended Gestational Weight among Low-risk Women: A Quasi-Experiment
Authors: Ghani Rania Mahmoud Abdel , Khalaf Atika
Published: May 2022

Better adherence to dietary guidelines during pregnancy is supposed to result in healthier perinatal outcomes. We aimed to examine the impact of supportive information-based guidelines in gaining the recommended gestational weight among low-risk pregnant women in Egypt. The main objectives were to; 1) modify pregnant women's lifestyle behavior to achieve optimal weight gain in pregnancy, 2) add evidence to the utilization of the ACOG & WHO dietary pregnancy guidelines in the antenatal care, and 3) establish clear antenatal routine care strategy for gaining an optimal gestational weight among low-risk pregnant women. The analysis included 60 first trimester primiparous pregnant women with normal pre-pregnancy weight with a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2. The total sample was divided into the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received an educational session; the content mainly included supportive information based on WHO dietary pregnancy guidelines and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, followed by text messages twice a week during the second and third trimesters antenatal follow-up of gestational weight. At the same time, women in the control group received standard outpatient antenatal follow-up. This study’s findings shed light on gained gestational weight in the second and third trimesters, with observable differences between both groups related to the second-trimester weight gain. Our study adds to the existing body of knowledge and fills an important gap by investigating the implementation of international guidelines in Egypt's maternal health care practice. In addition, we innovatively used a simple and cost-effective method, namely supportive information, to enhance weight gain management during pregnancy. Further studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of adopting the guidelines as a part of antenatal follow-up.
Spare Theory for the Detection of Brain Tumor using Multimodal Medical Image Fusion
Authors: Shabu S. L. Jany , Jayakumar C. , Arulselvi G. , Poornima D. , Refonaa J. , Dhamodaran S.
Published: May 2022

The fusion of multimodal images is a trending research area, especially in the field of medical image processing. The purpose of image fusion is to classify medical images efficiently. The objective of the research work is to do the fusion of multimodal medical images for doing medical image classification. In this research, a new algorithm is proposed for the detection of brain tumors based on three main steps namely, fusion, segmentation, and classification. A sparse theory-based vector selection (STVS) algorithm is proposed for image fusion. In this algorithm, the multimodal images are first converted into patches. These patches are further vectorized. The vectorized patches are employed in the creation of dictionaries. The generated dictionaries along with the vectorized patches are used for the creation of sparse matrices. From the sparse matrices, a selection vector is formed using which the fused image is generated. The segmentation of the fused image is done using Intuitionistic fuzzy set-based k-means (IFSKM) clustering and the Otsu thresholding technique. The clusters of the IFSKM are generated based on the Intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) scheme. Finally, classification is performed based on a DCNN architecture. The proposed system is validated using the brain images from the Harvard Medical School. Quantitative analysis reveals that the proposed scheme achieves the best performance in terms of fusion, segmentation, and classification. The proposed STVS scheme attained high values of entropy, standard deviation, PSNR in dB, mean square error (MSE), structural similarity index (SSIM), and homogeneity with the values of 7.33, 55.25, 42.85, 0.098, 64.31, and 53.52 respectively.