bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O CONSENTIMENTO LIVRE E ESCLARECIDO: DO CÓDIGO DE NUREMBERG ÀS NORMAS BRASILEIRAS VIGENTES
Authors: Jadoski Rafael , Mostardeiro Sofia Rech , Exterkoetter Júlia D´Avila , Grisard Nelson , Hoeller Alexandre Ademar
Published: July 2018

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a evolução do conceito de consentimento livre e esclarecido através da história, desde a necessidade da criação do código de Nurembergue, passando pela declaração de Genebra, declaração de Helsinque e suas atualizações, até a atual legislação brasileira que incorporou estas diretrizes. O trabalho traz os principais artigos e parágrafos destes códigos, fazendo referência a especificidade necessária na forma de escrever e descrever a obrigatoriedade e a extensão do conceito de consentimento do paciente, para que não fiquem dúvidas na interpretação do direito que deve ser assegurado ao ser humano, no que diz respeito a sua autonomia, segurança e tratamento. Assim, ressaltamos a necessidade de levarmos a termo o princípio hipocrático de primum non nocere (em primeiro lugar, não fazer o mal), um eterno paradigma ético e moral enfrentado cotidianamente durante o ato médico.
HYDROPHOBIC IMPREGNATION OF GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITE BY ETHOXYSILANES
Authors: Mašek Zdeněk , Diblikova Linda
Published: July 2018

A geopolymer composite was impregnated by incorporating the hydrophobic alkyl group on the outer surface and in the inner structure of the geopolymer. Ethoxysilanes 1H,1H,2H,2H perfluoroctyltriethoxysilane and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane were used as the source of hydrophobic groups. Three types of solutions based on the ethoxysilanes were prepared according to adapted procedures. The modification of the geopolymer composites was done by their immersion into the hydrophobic solutions followed by drying at a laboratory or elevated temperature. The effectivity of the procedure was evaluated by measuring the water contact angle on the surface of the modified composite and by measuring the water uptake and stiffness of the composite. The results confirmed that the silanes hydrolyzed in sol containing SiO2 nanoparticles have a higher hydrophobization effect than solutions of simply hydrolyzed silanes. The resulting impregnation procedure led to the change of the geopolymer composite surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic.
PRIMARY PEAK RATIO CORRELATION TO THE MEASUREMENT ACCURACY OF PIV METHOD
Authors: Novotny Jan , Machovska Ilona
Published: July 2018

An estimation of a measurement accuracy at each measured point is crucial regarding the applicability of results of the measurements. The aim of this work is to determine the correlation between individual metrics and the measurement accuracy by using corrected metrics of the correlation plane. This work is based on defining a corrected metric using known metrics corrected by the displacement measured in the last iteration, the number of the particles and the velocity gradient inside the interrogation area. The resulting tests are performed using conventional synthetic tests. The discovered dependencies between individual corrected metrics are subsequently approximated in order to determine the measurement accuracy. And, finally, the most suitable variant for the determination of the accuracy of the measurement by the particle image velocimetry method is specified.
Development of V-Shaped Compression Socks on Conventional Socks Knitting Machine
Authors: Siddique Hafiz Faisal , Mazari Adnan Ahmed , Havelka Antonin , Mansoor Tariq , Ali Azam , Azeem Musaddaq
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to develop V-shape compression socks that should exert graduated lateral compression around the leg. For the development of socks, three types of yarns: main yarn (MY), plaiting yarn (PY) and inlaid yarn (IY) were used. Each yarn contained spandex yarn as the core. Machine adjustments were optimized to achieve the special V-shaped compression socks according to size of the wooden leg. Eighteen socks samples were developed and quantified for pressure exertion at ankle and calf portions using the MST MKIV, Salzmann pressure measuring device. Consequently, only two socks samples were accepted, which had the pressure exertion values of 21 mmHg and 23 mmHg with graduation percentage of 73% and 80%, respectively.
The Analysis of Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Yarns Used for Manufacturing Hernia Meshes
Authors: Draczynski Z. , Chmielewska M. , Bogun M. , Sujka W.
Published: July 2018

The article presents a comparative analysis of the yarns used for manufacturing hernia meshes. For the analysis, two different linear masses, 46 dtex and 72 dtex, of transparent and dyed yarns were used; the dye used in the yarns was adequate for their intended use. The DSC tests showed the influence of thermal treatment on the change of thermal properties of the yarns. At the same time, it was proved that the aforementioned treatment had a bearing on the changes of crystallinity degree. All types of yarns were also subjected to physicochemical tests required for all the materials used for the production of hernia meshes.
Mechanical behavior of composite materials for marine applications – an experimental and computational approach
Authors: Kathavate V.S. , Amudha K. , Adithya L. , Pandurangan A. , Ramesh N.R. , Gopakumar K.
Published: July 2018

The maturity of sophisticated numerical tools for predicting damage in composite materials has become a priority research area in aero- and underwater structures. This paper proposes a modeling approach to endeavor achieving high fidelity of mechanical behavior of composite materials subjected to high pressure applications. The strategy begins with numerical methods to design an alternative material for high pressure applications and to build a ladder with experimental observations when these composites are deployed for 600 bar pressure which take into account the relevant deformation, effective estimation of mechanical properties and failure mechanisms at different length scales. Coupon-shaped specimens with different hardener-epoxy ratios were manufactured to investigate the uniaxial tensile performance and the morphological studies were carried out in order to have a picture regarding the delamination and debonding behavior of the aforementioned composites. The further scope of this work involves a review of some notable micromechanic models and to establish the state-of-art together with insights for future development. Analytical models based on the mechanics of materials (MOM) approach and Mori-Tanaka (M-T) methods are shown to estimate the elastic response of composite materials. An attempt has been made to validate these finite-element predictions with experimental observations in order to secure the capability of a numerical framework. The outcome of our study also assures that these composites can be used in advanced structural applications under different conditions.
Transcendental Phenomenology and Unobservable Entities
Authors: Berghofer Philipp
Published: July 2018

Can phenomenologists allow for the existence of unobservable entities such as atoms, electrons, and quarks? Can we justifiably believe in the existence of entities that are in principle unobservable? This paper addresses the relationship between Husserlian transcendental phenomenology and scientific realism. More precisely, the focus is on the question of whether there are basic epistemological principles phenomenologists are committed to that have anti-realist consequences with respect to unobservable entities. This question is relevant since Husserl’s basic epistemological principles, such as the “principle of all principles,” seem to suggest that epistemic justification is limited to what can be originally given in the sense that if an object cannot be given in an originary presentive intuition, then one cannot be justified in believing that this object exists. It is the main aim of this paper to show (i) that interpretative reasons exist for not reading Husserl in such a way and (ii) that systematic reasons exist as to why phenomenologists should not subscribe to this criterion. I shall put forward a different criterion of justification that satisfies the spirit of Husserlian transcendental phenomenology and allows for justifiably believing in the existence of unobservable scientific entities.
Objectively Assessed Physical Activity in the Oldest Old Persons With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Strauch Stefanie , Hagströmer Maria , Bäck Maria
Published: July 2018

Background and Purpose:

Accelerometer threshold values to detect physical activity intensity in the oldest old persons with coronary artery disease (CAD) are lacking as well as knowledge about their free-living physical activity behavior. The purpose of this study was 2-fold. (1) To assess the sensitivity and specificity of 3 existing intensity threshold values for ActiGraph accelerometers for the oldest old persons with CAD. (2) To assess free-living physical activity, applying the threshold values with the highest sensitivity and specificity for assessing at least moderate intensity, among these persons.

Methods:

In a cross-sectional design, a total of 24 persons with CAD, mean age 87.5 (3.7) years, participated in the study at a university hospital in Sweden. To assess the sensitivity and specificity of the existing threshold values, the participants walked at different speeds wearing the accelerometer at a pace corresponding to individualized perceived exertion at light, moderate, and high intensity according to the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale. For the free-living physical activity assessment, the persons wore the accelerometer for 7 consecutive days. The percentage agreement for light-, moderate-, and high-intensity threshold values, as well as receiver operating characteristic curves, was used to identify the sensitivity and specificity of the existing threshold values for moderate intensity.

Results and Discussion:

The threshold values for at least moderate intensity at 1041 counts per minute according to Copeland had the highest sensitivity (0.739) and specificity (0.609) to identify at least moderate intensity for the ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer. In a free-living setting, the oldest old persons with CAD spent 11 of 13.5 (81%) waking hours in a sedentary position and, of the 2.5 hours of being active, 19 minutes (2%) were at least at moderate intensity. Nine of 24 persons (38%) reached 20 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity 3 days a week, according to guidelines for exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation.

Conclusions:

The existing threshold values according to Copeland had the highest sensitivity and specificity to identify at least moderate intensity and are valid for use in the oldest old persons with CAD. Using accelerometry as an objective measurement for physical activity can help further improve our understanding of free-living physical activity behavior and to assess relationships between free-living physical activity and health outcomes among the oldest old persons with CAD.
Acute Hormone Responses Subsequent to Agonist-Antagonist Paired Set vs. Traditional Straight Set Resistance Training
Authors: Miranda Humberto , de Souza João Antônio A.A. , Scudese Estevão , Paz Gabriel A. , Salerno Verônica P. , Vigário Patrícia dos Santos , Willardson Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2018

Miranda, H, de Souza, JAAA, Scudese, E, Paz, GA, Salerno, VP, Vigário, PdS, and Willardson, JM. Acute hormone responses subsequent to agonist-antagonist paired set vs. traditional straight set resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1591–1599, 2020—The purpose of this study was to compare acute hormone responses and rating of perceived exertion (OMNI-Res) subsequent to the agonist-antagonist paired set (PS) vs. the traditional straight set (TS) resistance training method. Twelve recreationally trained men (25.7 ± 4.7 years, 173 ± 6.3 cm and 71.5 ± 6.6 kg) participated in the current study. After 10 repetition maximum (RM) load determination, each subject performed the following 2 experimental sessions in random order: TS session—3 sets of 10 repetitions at 85% of 10RM for the machine seated row and barbell bench press with 2-minute rest intervals between sets; and PS—3 sets of 10 repetitions with 85% of 10RM alternating machine seated row and barbell bench press for the total of 6 PSs with 2-minute rest intervals between sets. Total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), cortisol, TT/cortisol ratio, growth hormone (GH), and blood lactate concentrations were measured before workout and immediately after workout and 15 and 30 minutes after workout. The OMNI-RES was recorded at the end of each set for both exercises within each session. Under the TS session, TT significantly increased immediately post-workout vs. the pre-workout time point. For the PS session, TT significantly decreased at 30-minute post-workout vs. the immediate post-workout time point, whereas, FT significantly increased immediately post-workout and 15-minute post-workout vs. the pre-workout time point. For the TS session, GH significantly increased immediately post-workout, and at the 15- and 30-minute post-workout time points vs. the pre-workout time point, respectively. For the PS session, GH was significantly increased immediately post-workout vs. the pre-workout time point. Blood lactate significantly increased at all post-workout time points vs. the pre-workout time point under both sessions. The cortisol and TT/cortisol ratio showed no differences between sessions. In conclusion, from an acute standpoint, the TS approach showed a tendency to cause greater disruption in hormone levels, despite the lack of significant differences vs. the PS approach at all time points. However, both strategies may promote similar acute hormone responses.
Efficacy of Hot Yoga as a Heat Stress Technique for Enhancing Plasma Volume and Cardiovascular Performance in Elite Female Field Hockey Players
Authors: Perrotta Andrew S. , White Matthew D. , Koehle Michael S. , Taunton Jack E. , Warburton Darren E.R.
Published: July 2018

Perrotta, AS, White, MD, Koehle, MS, Taunton, JE, and Warburton, DER. Efficacy of hot yoga as a heat stress technique for enhancing plasma volume and cardiovascular performance in elite female field hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2878–2887, 2018—This investigation examined the efficacy of hot yoga as an alternative heat stress technique for enhancing plasma volume percentage (PV%) and cardiovascular performance. Ten international caliber female field hockey players completed six 60-minute hot yoga sessions using permissive dehydration over 6 days, followed by a 6-day national team camp. Changes in PV% were examined throughout the intervention and postintervention period. A graded maximal exercise test was performed in a thermoneutral environment (23.2 ± 1.0° C) 24 hours before and 24 hours after intervention. Six days of hot yoga initiated a moderate state of hypovolemia (PV% = −3.5%, 90% confidence limit [CL] [−6.9 to −0.13]), trivial improvements in maximal aerobic power (V̇o
2max) (effect size [ES] = 0.06, 90% CL [−0.16 to 0.28]), and run time to exhaustion (ES = 0.11, 90% CL [−0.07 to 0.29]). Small meaningful improvements were observed in running speed (km·h−1) at ventilatory threshold (VT1) (ES = 0.34, 90% CL [−0.08 to 0.76]), VT2 (ES = 0.53, 90% CL [−0.05 to 1.1]), along with adaptations in the respiratory exchange ratio during high-intensity exercise (ES = –0.25, 90% CL [–0.62 to 0.12]). A large plasma volume expansion transpired 72 hours after intervention (PV% = 5.0%, 90% CL [1.3–8.7]) that contracted to a small expansion after 6 days (PV% = 1.6%, 90% CL [−1.0 to 4.2]). This investigation provides practitioners an alternative heat stress technique conducive for team sport, involving minimal exercise stress that can preserve maximal cardiovascular performance over periodized rest weeks within the yearly training plan. Furthermore, improvements in submaximal performance and a delayed hypervolemic response may provide a performance-enhancing effect when entering a 6-day competition period.
Potentiating Response to Drop-Jump Protocols on Sprint Acceleration: Drop-Jump Volume and Intrarepetition Recovery Duration
Authors: Byrne Paul J. , Moody Jeremy A. , Cooper Stephen-Mark , Callanan Danielle , Kinsella Sharon
Published: July 2018

Byrne, PJ, Moody, JA, Cooper, SM, Callanan, D, and Kinsella, S. Potentiating response to drop-jump protocols on sprint acceleration: drop-jump volume and intrarepetition recovery duration. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 717–727, 2020—The purpose of this study was to investigate the postactivation potentiation response first to bounce drop jump (BDJ) volume; second, BDJ intrarepetition recovery duration and recovery duration between BDJs and 20-meter (including 5- and 10-m split times) sprint performance. The study was undertaken in 2 parts, the first part compared different volumes of BDJs and the second part compared different BDJ intrarepetition recovery periods. The effect of recovery periods between the BDJs and the subsequent 20-m sprints was examined in both parts 1 and 2 (15 seconds, 4, 8, and 12 minutes). Fourteen (mean ± SD: age = 20.83 ± 1.26 years; height = 1.77 ± 0.04 m; and mass = 74.89 ± 6.07 kg) (part 1) and 15 (mean ± SD: age = 20.64 ± 1.00 years; height = 1.78 ± 0.06 m; and mass = 75.67 ± 6.28 kg) (part 2) male collegiate and club hurling players volunteered to participate. A randomized cross-over design was used to compare BDJ volumes (1, 2, and 3 sets of 3 repetitions) and BDJ intrarepetition recovery time (15 vs. 60 seconds) after a warm-up followed by 2 baseline 20-m sprints. The results in part 1 reported a significant improvement in 5- and 10-m sprint time for 1 set of 3 BDJs between baseline and 4 minutes (5 m: −2.34%, p = 0.04, effect size [ES] = −0.043; 10 m: −1.42%, p = 0.03, ES = −0.35), and baseline and 12 minutes (5 m: −3.33%, p = 0.03, ES = −0.57; 10 m: −2.13%, p = 0.01, ES = −0.52). Part 2 reported a significant improvement in 5-m sprint time between baseline and 15 seconds (5 m: −3.38%, p = 0.01, ES = −0.83; 10 m: −2.07%, p = 0.02, ES = −0.58) after the BDJs. The findings support the use of 1 set of 3 BDJs using a 15-second intrarepetition recovery period to maximize 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprint performance after 15 seconds of recovery after the final BDJ in hurling players. The acute response to this BDJ protocol proves to be time efficient and effective in acutely improving sprint acceleration.
Validity of Wearable Electromyographical Compression Shorts to Predict Lactate Threshold During Incremental Exercise in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Snarr Ronald L. , Tolusso Danilo V. , Hallmark Ashleigh V. , Esco Michael R.
Published: July 2018

Snarr, RL, Tolusso, DV, Hallmark, AV, and Esco, MR. Validity of wearable electromyographical compression shorts to predict lactate threshold during incremental exercise in healthy subjects. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 702–708, 2021—Determination of lactate threshold (LT) is an important variable in improving cardiovascular endurance and performance. Unfortunately, monitoring LT during exercise uses a costly, invasive blood analysis. Recently, electromyography (EMG) has been deemed a potential method of monitoring exercise intensity and may provide a noninvasive technique to monitor lactate during exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if wearable surface EMG technology, acquired from specialized compression shorts, could estimate the LT work rate during incremental cycling. Thirteen men (n = 9) and women (n = 4) completed a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Blood lactate was measured every minute, whereas EMG was recorded throughout at the site of the vastus lateralis. Lactate and EMG thresholds were calculated using the Dmax method and compared using a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Results demonstrated no significant differences between lactate and EMG thresholds in regards to work output (p = 0.83), percent maximal heart rate (p = 0.13; Cohen's d = 0.43), or percent peak oxygen consumption (p = 0.64; Cohen's d = 0.09). This confirms that both lactate and EMG exhibit similar properties (i.e., increasing exponential values) during incremental exercise. A possible mechanism includes the rise in blood lactate concentration, which increases motor unit recruitment in an attempt to maintain proper cadence and force output during incremental exercise. Thus, a coincidental, exponential increase in EMG amplitude may occur. Therefore, wearable EMG compression gear may provide a viable field tool for monitoring training intensity and predicting LT work rates.
Comparison of Isolated Lumbar Extension Strength in Competitive and Noncompetitive Powerlifters, and Recreationally Trained Men
Authors: Androulakis-Korakakis Patroklos , Gentil Paulo , Fisher James P. , Steele James
Published: July 2018

Androulakis-Korakakis, P, Gentil, P, Fisher, JP, and Steele, J. Comparison of isolated lumbar extension strength in competitive and noncompetitive powerlifters, and recreationally trained men. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 652–658, 2021—Low-back strength has been shown to significantly impact performance in a plethora of sports. Aside from its effect on sport performance, low-back strength is strongly associated with low-back pain. A sport that heavily involves the lower-back musculature is powerlifting. This study looked to compare isolated lumbar extension (ILEX) strength in competitive and noncompetitive powerlifters, and recreationally trained men. Thirteen competitive powerlifters (CPL group; 31.9 ± 7.6 years; 173.4 ± 5.5 cm; 91.75 ± 18.7 kg), 10 noncompetitive powerlifters (NCPL group; 24 ± 3.5 years; 179 ± 4.8 cm; 92.39 ± 15.73 kg), and 36 recreationally trained men (RECT group; 24.9 ± 6.5 years; 178.5 ± 5.2 cm; 81.6 ± 10.0 kg) were tested for ILEX. Isolated lumbar extension strength was measured at every 12° throughout subject's full range of motion (ROM) and expressed as the following: “strength index (SI)” calculated as the area under a torque curve from multiple angle testing, average torque produced across each joint angle (AVG), and maximum torque produced at a single angle (MAX). Deadlift and squat strength were measured using 1 repetition maximum for the competitive and noncompetitive powerlifters. The following powerlifting characteristics were recorded for the competitive and noncompetitive powerlifters: primary deadlift stance, primary squat bar position, use of belt, use of performance-enhancing drugs, and use of exercises to target the lower-back musculature. Significant between-group effects were found for subject characteristics (age, stature, body mass, and ROM). However, analysis of covariance with subject characteristics as covariates found no significant between-group effects for SI (p = 0.824), AVG (p = 0.757), or MAX (p = 0.572). In conclusion, this study suggests that powerlifting training likely has little impact on conditioning of the lumbar extensors.
Superior Training-Specific Adaptations With an 8-Week Yoak Push-up Training Program
Authors: Lima Camila , Li Yimeng , Low Jonathan L. , Herat Nehara , Behm David G.
Published: July 2018

Lima, C, Li, Y, Low, JL, Herat, N, and Behm, DG. Superior training-specific adaptations with an 8-week yoak push-up training program. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2409–2418, 2018—There are few progressive metastability training programs in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in strength, endurance, muscle activation, and neuromuscular efficiency after an 8-week progressive, push-up training program under stable and unstable conditions. Nineteen male and female recreationally trained participants performed twice per week, an 8-week push-up training program, using either a relatively unstable suspension system (Yoak) or under stable conditions. Participants were tested in 2 separate sessions before and after training for chest press maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) forces, and unstable and stable push-up endurance. Participants were tested during all testing measures for anterior deltoid, biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), and serratus anterior (SA) electromyography (EMG) activity. The training progression consisted of altering the suspension configurations, push-up height, and increasing the number of sets (1–3 sets). The stable group performed 153.3 and 33.8% less repetitions than the Yoak group when performing push-ups on the Yoak device or stable floor, respectively (p = 0.03). Training-induced MVIC forces were 9.2% (p = 0.03) greater for the Yoak vs. the stable group. Regarding neuromuscular efficiency, the Yoak group decreased (30.4%; p = 0.01) and stable group increased (97.8%; p = 0.02) antagonist BB EMG activity from pre- to post-training. Both groups decreased the TB fatigue index from pre- to post-training. Nevertheless, Yoak group demonstrated 12.5% (p = 0.09) and 8.9% (p = 0.02) lower fatigue indexes with TB and SA, respectively, than the stable group. These findings suggest that Yoak training demonstrates superior improvements over stable training for push-up endurance, neuromuscular efficiency, MVIC, and fatigue index.
Dissolution and Leaching of Fly Ash in Nitric Acid Using Automated Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Kim Taehwan , Moradian Masoud , Ley M. Tyler
Published: July 2018

This article studies the physical and chemical changes in two Class F fly ashes exposed to 3 % HNO3 solution for 15 min. Automated scanning electron microscopy was used to simultaneously determine the physical and chemical properties of thousands of individual particles before and after being exposed to the solution.

Exposure for 15 min in the HNO3 solution resulted in the selective dissolution of particles containing over 30 % CaO content but did not cause significant physical or chemical changes in other particles for both fly ashes. In addition, the leaching of sulfur was observed from all particles. Two possible mechanisms are discussed. This work reveals that fly ash particle dissolution is not homogenous and is dependent on the chemical consistency of the particle. This work provides new insights into fly ash dissolution in aqueous solutions and characterization.
Ammonium-Free Carbonate-Producing Bacteria as an Ecofriendly Soil Biostabilizer
Authors: Keykha Hamed A. , Mohamadzadeh Hadi , Asadi Afshin , Kawasaki Satoru
Published: July 2018

In the current study, a novel ecofriendly soil biostabilizer was produced based on microbial-induced calcite precipitation. An aqueous solution of carbonate ions was produced by utilizing Sporoscarcina pasteurii bacteria under laboratory conditions. Natural zeolite was then utilized to remove the ammonium ions from the aqueous solution in order to prevent any harm from the ammonium ions to the soil environment, including vegetation and groundwater resources. It was observed that injection of calcium chloride followed by ammonium-free carbonate-producing bacteria increased the unconfined compressive strength of the soil. The scanning electron microscope image and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectra clearly showed that calcite crystals are precipitated at the soil pore, thus providing high soil strength. The calcium carbonate measurement exhibited homogeneous distribution of calcite along the length of the soil specimen.
Expediente e Sumário Vol 18, n. 1
Authors: Axt Gunter
Published: July 2018

Vol 18, n. 1
Pipeline problem: Factors influencing the underrepresentation of women in top leadership positions in sports organisation
Authors: Aman Mirian Pabatao
Published: July 2018

National Sports Associations, National and International Sports Federations and even International Olympic Committee continue to struggle meeting the 20% representation quota of women in executive boards. Although women’s representation as athletes, coaches and officials increased in national and international sports competitions but not in leadership particularly in top positions. In sports leadership, empirical research showed statistical figures that women have gained access in leadership pipeline however, they still lack in representing the executive boards. This study is a part of a larger phenomenological investigation which purpose was to identify factors that may influence the persistent underrepresentation of women in top leadership position. From a purposive maximum variation sampling of seven participants, top women leaders in Malaysia national sports organisations were interviewed about their career path and experiences on how and why women top leaders continue to lag behind with their male counterparts. Results suggest self-limiting behaviors, work-life conflict and interpersonal relationships among other women contributed to the underrepresentation of women in top positions. Factors attributed to social perception of gender and leadership roles incongruence also limited women leaders’ access in organisations which subsequently contributed to pipeline problem. Moreover, participants offered suggestions in overcoming the challenges and personal strategies in advancing opportunities and career development.
GENETICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Approaches to molecular genetic diagnosis in the management of differences/disorders of sex development (DSD): position paper of EU COST Action BM 1303 ‘DSDnet’
Authors: Audí L , Ahmed S F , Krone N , Cools M , McElreavey K , Holterhus P M , Greenfield A , Bashamboo A , Hiort O , Wudy S A , McGowan R , _ _
Published: July 2018

The differential diagnosis of differences or disorders of sex development (DSD) belongs to the most complex fields in medicine. It requires a multidisciplinary team conducting a synoptic and complementary approach consisting of thorough clinical, hormonal and genetic workups. This position paper of EU COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action BM1303 ‘DSDnet’ was written by leading experts in the field and focuses on current best practice in genetic diagnosis in DSD patients. Ascertainment of the karyotpye defines one of the three major diagnostic DSD subclasses and is therefore the mandatory initial step. Subsequently, further analyses comprise molecular studies of monogenic DSD causes or analysis of copy number variations (CNV) or both. Panels of candidate genes provide rapid and reliable results. Whole exome and genome sequencing (WES and WGS) represent valuable methodological developments that are currently in the transition from basic science to clinical routine service in the field of DSD. However, in addition to covering known DSD candidate genes, WES and WGS help to identify novel genetic causes for DSD. Diagnostic interpretation must be performed with utmost caution and needs careful scientific validation in each DSD case.
Should 45,X/46,XY boys with no or mild anomaly of external genitalia be investigated and followed up?
Authors: Dumeige Laurence , Chatelais Livie , Bouvattier Claire , De Kerdanet Marc , Hyon Capucine , Esteva Blandine , Samara-Boustani Dinane , Zenaty Delphine , Nicolino Marc , Baron Sabine , Metz-Blond Chantal , Naud-Saudreau Catherine , Dupuis Clémentine , Léger Juliane , Siffroi Jean-Pierre , Donadille Bruno , Christin-Maitre Sophie , Carel Jean-Claude , Coutant Regis , Martinerie Laetitia
Published: July 2018

Objective

Few studies of patients with a 45,X/46,XY mosaicism have considered those with normal male phenotype. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of 45,X/46,XY boys born with normal or minor abnormalities of external genitalia, notably in terms of growth and pubertal development.

Methods

Retrospective longitudinal study of 40 patients followed between 1982 and 2017 in France.

Results

Twenty patients had a prenatal diagnosis, whereas 20 patients had a postnatal diagnosis, mainly for short stature. Most patients had stunted growth, with abnormal growth spurt during puberty and a mean adult height of 158 ± 7.6 cm, i.e. −2.3 DS with correction for target height. Seventy percent of patients presented Turner-like syndrome features including cardiac (6/23 patients investigated) and renal malformations (3/19 patients investigated). Twenty-two patients had minor abnormalities of external genitalia. One patient developed a testicular embryonic carcinoma, suggesting evidence of partial gonadal dysgenesis. Moreover, puberty occurred spontaneously in 93% of patients but 71% (n = 5) of those evaluated at the end of puberty presented signs of declined Sertoli cell function (low inhibin B levels and increased FSH levels).

Conclusion

This study emphasizes the need to identify and follow-up 45,X/46,XY patients born with normal male phenotype until adulthood, as they present similar prognosis than those born with severe genital anomalies. Currently, most patients are diagnosed in adulthood with azoospermia, consistent with our observations of decreased testicular function at the end of puberty. Early management of these patients may lead to fertility preservation strategies.
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: identifying presence by left atrial function
Authors: Worley Emily , Rana Bushra , Williams Lynne , Robinson Shaun
Published: July 2018

Objective:The left atrium (LA) is exposed to left ventricular pressure during diastole. Applying the 2016 American Society of Echocardiography left ventricular diastolic function (LVDF) guidelines, this study aims to investigate whether left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF) and left atrial active emptying fraction (LAAEF) are markers of diastolic dysfunction (LVDD).

Methods: Retrospective cohort of consecutive patients (n = 124) who underwent transthoracic echocardiography were studied. Doppler peak velocities of passive (MV E) and active filling (MV A) were measured and ratio E/A calculated. Tissue Doppler imaging parameters of peak early (e′) of the septal and lateral mitral annulus were measured, and average E/e′ ratio (E/e′) was calculated. Tricuspid regurgitation velocity, left atrial maximum volume, left atrial minimum volume and LA volume pre-contraction were measured, allowing calculation of LAEF and LAAEF. Subjects were assigned LVDF categories.

Results: Binomial logistic regression model (X
2(2) = 48.924, P < 0.01) determined that LAEF and LAAEF predicted diastolic dysfunction with sensitivity 85.5% and specificity 78%. ROC curves determined good diagnostic accuracy for LAEF and LAAEF to predict LVDD, AUC 0.826 and 0.861 respectively. Logistic regression model (X
2(2) = 39.525, P < 0.01) predicted those patients with E/e′ ≥14 using LAEF and LAAEF with sensitivity 51.6% and specificity 92.4%. Moderate correlations were found between E/e′ and log derivatives of LAEF and LAAEF.

Conclusions: A decline in LAAEF and LAEF is associated with worsening LVDD.
Sobre la necesidad de incluir la pedagogía crítica de corte latinoamericano en el sistema educativo público de Costa Rica
Authors: Solís Vargas Yors Guillermo
Published: July 2018

El siguiente ensayo trata sobre la necesidad de incluir la pedagogía crítica, de corte latinoamericano, como uno de los fundamentos principales en el sistema educativo público de Costa Rica. Para el autor, la enseñanza en este país ha estado dominada por modelos de origen europeo que, aunque bien pueden ser acertados a la hora de implementarlos en este contexto, carecen de los planteamientos críticos, éticos, estéticos y políticos que puede brindar un enfoque pedagógico propiamente latinoamericano.
Un canal en YouTube como herramienta de apoyo a un curso de física en educación a distancia
Authors: Arguedas Matarrita Carlos , Herrera Molina Eric
Published: July 2018

En este artículo se presenta el estudio que permitió la realización de un canal en YouTube para el apoyo del curso Física I para la Enseñanza de las Ciencias Naturales en la Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica. Se indagó el potencial uso educativo de esta herramienta en estudiantes de la carrera Enseñanza de las Ciencias Naturales. A partir de los resultados se diseñó un canal con video-tutoriales para apoyar dicho curso. YouTube fue elegido por las ventajas de usabilidad, accesibilidad y ubicuidad que ofrece, cuestiones esenciales en educación a distancia. Hasta el momento se puede considerar que el canal ha cumplido con la finalidad para la cual se diseñó, ya que tiene un gran número de visualizaciones.
El aprendizaje basado en la investigación (ABI) como un factor para el fortalecimiento de los programas educativos de la Universidad Quintana Roo en Playa del Carmen, México
Authors: Figueroa de la Fuente Mariana , Reyes Coronado David , Fiorentini Cañedo Natalia
Published: July 2018

El presente trabajo analiza las características del aprendizaje basado en investigación (ABI), con el objetivo de abordar cómo la articulación de la docencia con la investigación puede ser un factor para el fortalecimiento de los programas educativos en educación superior, concretamente en la Universidad de Quintana Roo, Unidad Académica Playa del Carmen (UAPC). Para ello, con un enfoque mixto de investigación se efectuó la revisión de documentos significativos y bibliografía especializada como técnicas cualitativas iniciales. El análisis de esta fase contribuyó al diseño de un cuestionario estructurado para llevar a cabo una encuesta en la parte cuantitativa, que permitió conocer la disposición y los obstáculos para implementar el ABI. Entre los principales hallazgos destacan el interés del profesorado por fortalecer sus capacidades investigativas, capacitarse en conocimientos teóricos sobre el ABI e incluir al alumnado en las investigaciones, para poder con todo ello hacer frente a la necesidad de formar profesionistas con creatividad; con capacidad de analizar, pensar críticamente, escribir y expresarse con eficacia; resolver problemas complejos, y sintetizar, entre otros retos de la realidad educativa del siglo XXI.
Anexo A - Dinámica temporal y espacial de una comunidad de aves en un gradiente altitudinal de la Cordillera Volcánica Central de Costa Rica, vertiente Caribe
Authors: Loaiza Gómez Camilo
Published: July 2018

Especies de aves detectadas por TEAM en el transecto Volcán Barva, Cordillera Volcánica Central, Costa Rica, período 2004-2009.*Documento principal: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v39n2.60647
Material suplementario Artículo 67632. Anexo 1 y 2 - Diversidad estacional de arañas en una reserva natural del Espinal en Corrientes, Argentina
Authors: Nadal María Florencia , Achitte-Schmutzler Helga Cecilia , Zanone Ivo , Gonzalez Pamela Yanina , Avalos Gilberto
Published: July 2018

Anexo 1. Familias y especies/morfoespecies de arañas recolectadas en bosques y pastizales de la Reserva Natural Privada Paraje Tres Cerros, Corrientes, Argentina. Anexo 2. Composición, riqueza y abundancia de los gremios de arañas en bosques y pastizales de la Reserva Natural Privada Paraje Tres Cerros, Corrientes, Argentina.*Documento principal: https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v40n1.67362
Impacto del Programa Comedores Comunitarios SINHAMBRE sobre la desnutrición en Chiapas rural mediante el enfoque de Seguridad Alimentaria
Authors: P. Garza Natalie , Salvatierra-Izaba Benito , Zamora Lomelí Carla Beatriz , Torres Dosal Arturo , Mejía Modesto Alfonso
Published: July 2018

Introducción: La prevalencia de desnutrición en menores de 5 años en el contexto rural indígena se encuentra entre las más alarmantes, al mismo tiempo que sus poblaciones se ven afectadas por el hambre y la pobreza; esta problemática ha sido abordara a través de programas sociales como el Programa de Comedor Comunitario (PCC) de la Cruzada Nacional contra el Hambre (CNCH). Objetivo: analizar el impacto del PCC sobre la desnutrición de niñez en edad escolar en un ejido rural indígena de la zona alta cafetalera de Tapachula, Chiapas, México, tras dos años de su instrumentación, se analizó bajo el enfoque de seguridad alimentaria. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de casos explicativo en el que se evaluó el estado de nutrición de 31 menores de cinco años en 2014 y posteriormente en 2016. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y encuestas a la jefa o el jefe de hogar para la obtención de información sociodemográfica de los hogares. Se analizaron los resultados de ambas intervenciones (2014 y 2016) considerándose relevantes los ingresos, programas sociales presentes en el ejido y gastos en el interior de los hogares. Resultados: Se identificó que, para el 2016, hubo un impacto positivo marginalmente significativo en el indicador de talla para la edad (t=1.83, p=0.077) y un impacto negativo en los indicadores de peso para la talla (t=-4.03, p<0.001) y peso para la edad (t=-3.584, p=0.001). Conclusión: Los niños y las niñas se encuentran en un estado de desnutrición relacionada a una fase de enfermedades o a hábitos alimentarios inadecuados. El PCC no mostró suficiente evidencia de su impacto tras dos años de su implementación.
De La hojarasca a El otoño del patriarca: Tras la esencia del poder
Authors: Herrera Montero Bernal
Published: July 2018

Para todo aquel que ha seguido, siquiera a grosso modo, la evolución literaria de Gabriel García Márquez, la tan esperada lectura de El otoño del patriarca (en adelante El otoño) constituyó una sorpresa, en muchos casos acompañada de desencanto. Hubo la impresión general de que su autor abandonaba un terreno y un estilo en que se encontraba perfectamente acomodado para emprender una nueva búsqueda literaria, que en la mayor ía de los casos desilusionó a sus lectores.
Reflexiones acerca de la polémica sobre nacionalismo literario
Authors: Quesada Soto Alváro
Published: July 2018

A pesar de ligeras discrepancias en algunos detalles, todos los historiadores de nuestra literatura coinciden en señalar cómo, entre los años 1890 y 1900, surgen una serie de fenómenos culturales y literarios, que nos permiten considerar esta década como aquella en la que las esporádicas manifestaciones literarias anteriores cristalizan y maduran, para producir lo que podríamos llamar el inicio de una literatura consciente de sí misma.
Las oraciones completivas en el criollo de Limón: Análisis sintáctico de un idiolecto
Authors: Masís Morales Oscar , Mora Lobo Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

El trabajo que se ofrece a continuación es el producto de una investigación efectuada acerca de las oraciones completivas del criollo de Limón (CLA), según la actuación de un hablante nativo.
Actualidad de la crítica política en Los caballeros de Aristófanes
Authors: Conejo Aróstegui María E.
Published: July 2018

La vigencia del pensamiento clásico antiguo en nuestro mundo contemporáneo es muy viva y fácilmente apreciable. Dentro de esta literatura, existe un género que sorprende por la extraordinaria actualidad que representa su contenido para el lector moderno, y por la claridad de su intención. Esta es la comedia antigua.
Un análisis retórico de La raza cósmica de Vasconcelos
Authors: Montanaro Meza Oscar
Published: July 2018

En la elaboración del presente estudio se ha considerado, fundamentalmente, el "Prólogo" como objeto de análisis y como punto de apoyo las "Notas de viaje". En estas "Notas" el lector es enfrentado con las descripciones del paisaje, de las  costumbres propias de cada país visitado, con la narración de anécdotas, con los comentarios sobre la vida social y poi ítica y con la s íntesis o a veces, transcripción, de interesantes discursos.
Escisión fonológica de /.J/ en el español de Costa Rica
Authors: Sánchez Corrales Víctor
Published: July 2018

El español en Costa Rica tiene, por lo menos, dos variantes dialectales bien diferenciadas: el español guanacasteco y el español del Valle Central y las zonas a las que se ha expandido, especialmente en virtud del movimiento migratorio de este siglo. El presente estudio se refiere a la segunda variante dialectal.
Mundo, vida y poesía o autolectura para explicarme
Authors: Azofeifa Isaac Felipe
Published: July 2018

No voy a hacer trabajo crítico sobre mi poesía. Esto no lo ha hecho nunca con fortuna ningún escritor sobre su propia escritura. Sólo voy a presentar mi obra. A explicar algunas de las intenciones, los propósitos, y algo también sobre las circunstancias en que la obra surgió, y mucho sobre cómo la he trabajado, sobre el oficio que he puesto en ella. Nada más. El escritor es ni más ni menos que una conciencia de habla. como dicen los lingüistas, un "nombrador", como llamó Neruda a los poetas americanos en su discurso de recepción del Premio Nobel. Antes se vio en la palabra literaria un trabajo de decoración; hoy se ve en ella, por razón de la naturaleza simbólica del lenguaje, un signo y una verdad. La obra literaria ya no es un simple hecho estético, sino algo más: un hecho antropológico. Al considerarse simbólica, de hecho se le otorga una pluralidad de sentidos. Si yo expreso algo sobre el sentido que le concedo a mi obra, esto no le da valor alguno, sólo tiende a darle una ubicación para entenderla. Si la obra es buena, sugerirá significaciones diferentes a los críticos, a los lectores, ahora mismo y al través de las épocas; si es poesía malograda, no tendrá sentido para nadie. Una buena obra poética es aquella que hace soñar. Se sueña cuando uno siente que, guiado por el texto, retoma contacto con un más allá del texto, como si el lenguaje primero de la obra desarrollara en uno otras palabras y le enseñara a hablar una segunda lengua.
Algunos elementos lexicales no latinos en el idioma español
Authors: Quirós Manuel Antonio
Published: July 2018

El español, como cualquier otra lengua, ha recibido en todas las épocas de su historia "préstamos lexicales" procedentes de otros idiomas romances o no romances, y en lo que respecta a los aportes del inglés en nuestros días no existe excepción alguna.En este trabajo de carácter histórico-lingüístico sólo trataré una mínima parte sobre el "elemento lexical no latino en el idioma español", dado en todas las esferas del mismo, sobre todo en la léxico-semántica.
Una gramática generativa-transformacional del cabécar
Authors: Bourland David H.
Published: July 2018

Este trabajo presenta una gramática generativa-transformacional del cabécar, con dos tipos de restricciones. En primer lugar, considera solo el corpus de oraciones en cabécar contenido en los Apéndices A y B. Por lo tanto, este trabajo no incluye otras oraciones que los hablantes nativos del cabécar pueden usar normalmente, pero que no aparecen en estos apéndices. En segundo lugar, este enfoque enfatiza las reglas de estructura fraseal y el componente léxico de la lengua específica y las reglas transformacionales necesarias para producir las oraciones de los apéndices A y B. Tomados juntos, estos tres componentes generarán también una gran cantidad de oraciones en cabécar que no están explícitamente presentadas en los apéndices, pero de acuerdo con la estructura síntáctica de las oraciones en los apéndices. Algunas reglas, incluidas en las reglas de transformación sin identificación específica, en realidad consisten en reglas morfofonémicas. Aparte de estas pocas, básicamente necesarias reglas morfofonémicas, este estudio no incluye una explicación completa de los componentes morfofonémicos o fonológico s del cabécar. Estos problemas están fuera del alcance de este estudio.
Sempronia en La conjuración de Catilina
Authors: Vindas Ch. Francisco
Published: July 2018

Entre los retratos que Salustio nos presenta en sus obras, merece un lugar destacado el que nos ofrece en el capítulo XXV DE CONIURATIONE CATILINAE por el encanti particular de Sempronia, el cual nace del contraste de características:belleza, inteligencia, cultura, lujuria, criminalidad, perversión. A través de las tintas claro-oscuras del historiador latino emerge un típico cuadro de inmortalidad femenina que nos hace recordar a otras mujeres de la alta sociedad, cuyos rasgos viven en la poesía inmortal de Catulo: naturalmente se piensa de inmediato en Clodia.