bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The microbiology of chronic middle ear effusions in children
Authors: Healy Gerald B. , Teele David W.
Published: July 2007

Serous otitis media is the most common cause of hearing loss in childhood. Traditionally, this entity has been felt to be a sterile process.

This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of infected middle ear fluid in patients with asymptomatic middle ear effusions.

The external auditory canal, nasopharynx and middle ear fluids of 57 patients undergoing myringotomy were cultured. Of 57 patients, 26 had positive cultures; 67% of patients less than 36 months of age had positive cultures, with a bacterial flora closely resembling that of acute otitis media.

Further investigation is required to determine the significance of such infection together with the optimum therapy for chronic effusions of the middle ear in young children.
Treatment of severe tinnitus with biofeedback training
Authors: House John W.
Published: July 2007

Tinnitus has long been a problem which has plagued patients with otologic problems. We have been using biofeedback as a method of treatment for patients with severe debilitating type tinnitus. Most of the patients had sensori‐neural type hearing impairment while a few had conductive hearing loss and normal hearing. The patients were given 10&12 one hour sessions of biofeedback training. They have been followed from 6 to 12 months after this initial training period. Over half of the patients participating in the study report an improvement in their condition. A few of the patients were dramatically improved while none are worse. Biofeedback has been shown to be an excellent method of treatment for patients with severe tinnitus.
Symposium on hearing loss ‐ The otolaryngologist's responsibility.: Medical management of hearing loss.
Authors: Meyerhoff William L.
Published: July 2007

Millions of Americans suffer hearing loss resulting in immense social and economic consequences. Hearing loss is merely a symptom or sign and the evaluation and management of afflicted individuals requires a thorough knowledge of etiologic factors and understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Hearing loss is either conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. It may be congenital or delayed in onset, genetic or nongenetic, and progressive or stable. Specific diagnosis should be sought in all cases with the objective being reversal of the hearing loss. Often definitive therapy is lacking yet prevention of progression, when possible; recognition of associated disorders, when present; compensation for disability, when applicable; epidemiologic study; genetic and psycho‐social counseling; and habilitation and rehabilitation may still be initiated. A vigorous approach to the patient with hearing loss should be championed by the otolaryngologist.
Symposium on hearing loss ‐ The otolaryngologist's responsibility.: Habilitation and rehabilitation of patients with sensorineural hearing losses.
Authors: Carney Arlene Earley
Published: July 2007

A philosophy of the (re)habilitation of patients with sensorineural hearing losses from a communication point of view is presented. Pediatric and adult populations are discussed separately. Topics of consideration for pediatric patients include the appropriate use of amplification, team management of the hearing handicap, educational placement and the importance of parent counseling. The discussion of the management of adult patients reviews some problems in hearing aid fitting, patient counseling and appropriate case follow‐up. The guiding principle behind these (re)‐habilitation processes is the integration of the hearing‐impaired patient into a hearing world.
57Co‐Bleomycin imaging study of tumors of the head and neck.
Authors: Sawas‐Dimopoulou Christine , Pantazopoulos Panos , Dokianakis George , Apostolopoulos Nicolas , Papafrangou Constantine
Published: July 2007

57Co‐Bleomycin (57Co‐BLM) was used to visualize malignancies of the head and neck because it does not present the disadvantages of many other radiopharmaceuticals. In a series of 21 patients with 9 control subjects and 12 cases of tumors. 57Co‐BLM showed a high and rapid uptake in primary site and metastases of malignant tumors of various histologic types, but not in benign tumors such as angiofibromas. Compared to 67Ga‐citrate. 57Co‐BLM has many advantages for tumor imaging in the areas of nose, pharynx and larynx: No background activity due to the concentration of 57Co‐BLM in normal structures of the head and neck has ever been observed, as opposed to what happens with 67Ga‐citrate. Furthermore, the blood clearance of 57Co‐BLM is much more rapid than that of 67Ga‐citrate, so that an early study may be performed in a 6‐24 hr. interval instead of 48–72 hr. with 67Ga‐citrate. 57Co‐BLM scintigraphy is an easy, non‐invasive and sensible diagnostic technique in determining the extent of malignant tumors in ORL patients.
Community Policing: Broken Windows, Community Building, and Satisfaction with the Police
Authors: Lombardo Robert , Lough Todd
Published: July 2007

The concept of community policing dominates the law enforcement profession today. One would be hard pressed to find an advertisement for a police chief's position that does not require a thorough understanding of this method of policing. Like the Kansas City preventive patrol experiment and the Rand report on the criminal investigation process, the call for community policing has led to dramatic changes in the way that police carry out their responsibilities. In spite of its popularity, there have been a number of challenges to community policing from social scientists who are particularly concerned about the ‘broken windows' model of policing. These challenges have not been received well by the law enforcement community, which argues that sociologists are wedded to the idea that crime is caused by the structural features of capitalist society, including economic injustice, racism, and poverty. The purpose of this article is to bridge the gap between these two positions. Yes, there is a place for community policing, and, yes, social problems do contribute to crime. The article starts by reviewing the development of community policing in the United States. An analysis of the theoretical constructs that support community policing then follows. Finally, we argue that there is sound theoretical evidence to support community policing, particularly those programmes that improve citizen satisfaction with the manner in which police carry out their responsibilities.
Bat species and conservation issues in the castle Grad na Goričkem (NE Slovenia)
Authors: Presetnik Primož
Published: July 2007

The castle Grad na Goričkem lies on the western hills surrounding the Pannonian basin. Its cellars provide a unique underground habitat, which is rare in the surrounding region. The cellars were found to shelter highly lithophilic speciesMiniopterus schreibersii,Rhinolophus hipposideros,Myotis myotisand occasionally at least four additional bat species. Approximately one hundred individuals ofMiniopterus schreibersiiuse the cellars from spring to autumn. During winterRhinolophus hipposiderosis the most abundant bat species.Myotis myotisuses the castle mostly as autumnal mating quarters. The most serious threat to these bats, besides vandalism, is an imminent collapse of the castle wing above the cellars with the highest concentration of bats. Some conservation measures are already being implemented. The crucial element of the conservation of the bats, with special emphasis onMiniopterus schreibersii, is the correct renovation of the castle's cellars.
The effect of oxygenation on the biological behaviour of tumours
Authors: Tóth József
Published: July 2007

A rosszindulatú daganatokban gyakran ún. hypoxiás, csökkent oxigéntartalmú területek vannak (az oxigéntenzió < 7 Hgmm). A preklinikai, valamint klinikai vizsgálatok igazolták, hogy a hypoxia fokozza a tumorok progresszióját, agresszivitását. Szövettenyészeteken tanulmányozva az oxigén hatását, bebizonyosodott, hogy az oxigenizáció in vitro önmagában is gátolja az ép szövetek, a benignus és malignus tumorok sejtjeinek növekedését. Az onkoterápia szempontjából rendkívül fontos megállapítás, hogy ha egy daganatban az oxigén parciális nyomása kevesebb, mint 2,5 Hgmm, a sugárérzékenység lecsökken (intrinszik radiorezisztencia). Hypoxiás tumorokban számos kemoterápiás gyógyszer is hatástalan (kemorezisztencia). Oxigén hiányában vagy hypoxiás szövetekben a fotodinámiás kezelés is eredménytelennek bizonyult. Mindezen kísérleti és klinikai tapasztalatok alapján már évtizedek óta egyes intézetekben kiegészítő kezelésként, de egymagában is próbálkoznak a daganatos betegek oxigenizációjával. A leggyakoribb kezelési forma az oxigéngáz belélegeztetése (hiperbarikus oxigénterápia), vagy az oxigénnel telített víz alkalmazása fürdő vagy ivókúra formájában. A ma már nemzetközi kooperációban is végzett vizsgálatok egyértelműen igazolják az oxigénbevitel jótékony terápiás, radio- és kemoszenzitizáló hatását. Az általánosan alkalmazott eritropoietin-kezelés is bizonyítja az oxigenizáció jelentőségét a tumorterápiában. Időszerűnek látszik Magyarországon szakintézetekben nagy beteganyagon kivizsgálni az oxigenizáció tumorgátló, radio- és kemoszenzitizáló hatását.
Analysis of the Hungarian participation in the 6th European Union Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration in the thematic priority area covering life sciences
Authors: Pörzse Gábor , Temesi Alfréda
Published: July 2007

Az Európai Unió 2002-ben indította útjára 6. Kutatási, Technológiafejlesztési és Demonstrációs Keretprogramját, amelyben Magyarország kezdetben társult tagként, majd 2004-től tagállamként vett részt. A keretprogram pályázatain nyertes kutatószervezetek – önrész biztosítása mellett – jelentős közösségi támogatásban részesülnek, miközben a részt vevő országok nemzeti költségvetése meghatározott összeggel járul hozzá az együttműködés kiadásainak fedezéséhez. Mindemiatt indokolt megvizsgálni a hazai részvétel eredményességét. A jelen cikk szerzői – a rendelkezésre álló adatok kigyűjtése, feldolgozása és elemzése révén – értékelik a magyar kutatószervezetek pályázási aktivitását, sikerességét a 6. keretprogram élettudományokkal foglalkozó tematikus prioritási területén. Az eredményesség megítélésénél nemcsak az elnyert támogatások összegét veszik figyelembe, hanem a magyar K+F szervezetek részvételét a nemzetközi kutatási együttműködési hálózatokban. Az elemzés kiterjed a benyújtott, illetve támogatott pályaművek több szempontú – évenkénti, pályázati felhívásonkénti, tématerületenkénti stb. – vizsgálatára azon projektek esetében, amelyek megvalósításában magyar partnerek is közreműködtek. Bemutatja az alkalmazott költségelszámolási módszereket, a hagyományos és új projekttípusokat; elemzi a koordinátorok tevékenységét, és ismerteti a kis- és középvállalkozások, valamint a nők részvételével kapcsolatos uniós elvárások teljesülését. Nem titkolt célja a cikknek olyan következtetések levonása, amelyek felhasználhatók a 2007–2013 közötti időszakra kiterjedő 7. keretprogramban.
The role of vinpocetine in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases based on human studies
Authors: Bagoly Edit , Fehér Gergely , Szapáry László
Published: July 2007

Az agyérbetegségek jelentőségét jelzi, hogy a cardiovascularis és tumoros betegségek után a stroke jelenti a harmadik leggyakoribb halálokot világszerte. Mivel stroke során az érintett agyállomány irreverzíbilisen károsodik, az infarktust övező épen maradt, de általában hipoperfundált agyterületek működésének serkentésével lehet a betegek állapotán javítani. Az agyi véráramlás növelése révén várható javulás a stroke-on még át nem esett, de krónikus agyi hipoperfúzióban szenvedő betegek tüneteiben is.
Célkitűzés, módszer:
Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy áttekintse a vinpocetin akut és krónikus agyérbetegségekben történő alkalmazásának eddig publikált humán vizsgálati eredményeit, és összefoglaló képet adjon a gyógyszer főbb indikációs területeiről, az ott mutatott hatékonyságról.
Eredmények:
A vinpocetin akut ischaemiás stroke-ban történő alkalmazását vizsgáló tanulmányok száma csekély, eredményeik pedig ellentmondásosak. Krónikus agyérbetegek esetében mind az egyszeri, mind a hosszú távú vinpocetinkezelést követően PET-, SPECT-, TCD- és NIRS-vizsgálatokkal a laesio körüli ép agyterületek perfúziónövekedése, fokozott glükóz- és O
2
-felhasználása igazolódott, és jelentős javulás volt észlelhető a vér reológiai paramétereiben is. A klinikai hatékonyságot értékelő nemzetközi tanulmányok metaanalízise alapján a gyógyszer per os alkalmazásával szignifikáns javulás jelentkezik a kognitív teljesítményben és a napi aktivitásban.
Következtetések:
A fenti vizsgálatok eredményei alapján kimondható, hogy a vinpocetin sokrétű farmakológiai hatása révén kedvezően befolyásolja az agy ép területeinek perfúzióját és metabolizmusát, a vér áramlási viszonyait, javítva ezzel a krónikus agyérbetegek életminőségét.
The level of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin according to the age and sex in Hungary
Authors: Szabó György , Környei László , Keller Éva , Lengyel Gabriella , Fehér János
Published: July 2007

A rendszeres alkoholfogyasztás mennyiségének a megítélése a beteg anamnézisfelvételekor a beteg elmondása alapján rögzíthető adat. Sok esetben azonban a betegek az alkoholfogyasztás mértékét érdemlegesen nem közlik orvosukkal, bizonyos esetekben egyszerűen eltitkolják. Ilyenkor a szénhidrátszegény transzferrin (CDT) mennyiségének meghatározása segíthet.Célkitűzés:A szénhidrátszegény transzferrin szintjének meghatározása egészséges populációban.Módszerek:A szerzők vizsgálataikat egy magyarországi település (Enese) lakosainak körében végezték. 409 beteg (átlagéletkor: 49,7 év) adatait dolgoztuk fel. Közülük 204 volt férfi (átlagéletkor: 49,3 év) és 205 nő (átlagéletkor: 50,3 év). A vizsgált egyéneket két csoportra osztottuk: 1. alkoholos italt nem vagy csak kismértékben (napi 40 g alatt) fogyasztók; illetve 2. napi 40–60 g-nak megfelelő, úgynevezett társasági ivók csoportjára. A szénhidrátszegény transzferrin mennyiségét immunturbidimetriás módszerrel, Roche/Hitachi Modular P 912 automata készülékkel (Roche, USA) mérték.Eredmények:A CDT értéke alkoholos italt nem vagy csak kis mennyiségben fogyasztók esetében a kor előrehaladtával fokozatosan nő. 45–65 éves korban szignifikánsan magasabb, mint a 25 év alattiak értéke. Nők esetén a fiatalabb, 45 év alatti korosztályban jelentősen nagyobb értéket találtak, mint férfiaknál. A társasági ivóknál (napi 40–60 g-nak megfelelő alkoholos italfogyasztás esetén) az értékek minden esetben magasabbak voltak, mint az alkoholt nem fogyasztók esetén, a 45–65 éves korcsoportban pedig szignifikánsan nagyobb szintet találtak, mint a fiatalabb korosztályban. Közöttük a férfiak esetén volt jelentősen magasabb az érték a nőkhöz viszonyítva.Következtetés:A CDT-szint a korral mérsékelten emelkedik, a társasági alkoholfogyasztás is növeli az értéket.
A Novel Culture Technique for Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using Porous Membranes
Authors: Kim Sinae , Ahn Seong Eun , Lee Jae Ho , Lim Do-Seon , Kim Kwang-Soo , Chung Hyung-Min , Lee Soo-Hong
Published: July 2007

We have developed a novel culture technique for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) using a porous membrane with feeder cells. The feeder cells were seeded and attached to the bottom of a porous membrane and, subsequently, hESCs were cultured on the top of the membrane. This porous membrane technique (PMT) allowed hESCs to be successfully cultured and to be effectively and efficiently separated from the feeder cell layer without enzyme treatment. hESCs being cultured by PMT were observed to interact with feeder cells through pores of membrane, where the interaction was dependent on the pore size of the membrane used. It was also revealed that the number of attached hESC colonies depended on the concentration of feeder cells on the bottom of the membrane. On the other hand, hESC colonies did not attach to porous membrane, as feeder cells were in the presence of culture dish, not the porous membrane. The hESCs cultured on porous membranes not only exhibited expression of several undifferentiated markers and a normal karyotype, but they also formed teratomas consisting of three germ layers in in vivo study. Compared with the mechanical isolation technique conventionally used, PMT significantly decreased mouse vimentin gene expression in cultured hESCs. Thus, a PMT for hESC culture would be a useful tool to exclude enzyme treatment and to reduce contamination from feeder cells simultaneously.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Quantifying Landscape Ruggedness for Animal Habitat Analysis: A Case Study Using Bighorn Sheep in the Mojave Desert
Authors: SAPPINGTON J. MARK , LONGSHORE KATHLEEN M. , THOMPSON DANIEL B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Terrain ruggedness is often an important variable in wildlife habitat models. Most methods used to quantify ruggedness are indices derived from measures of slope and, as a result, are strongly correlated with slope. Using a Geographic Information System, we developed a vector ruggedness measure (VRM) of terrain based on a geomorphological method for measuring vector dispersion that is less correlated with slope. We examined the relationship of VRM to slope and to 2 commonly used indices of ruggedness in 3 physiographically different mountain ranges within the Mojave Desert of the southwestern United States. We used VRM, slope, distance to water, and springtime bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) adult female locations to model sheep habitat in the 3 ranges. Using logistic regression, we determined that the importance of ruggedness in habitat selection remained consistent across mountain ranges, whereas the relative importance of slope varied according to the characteristic physiography of each range. Our results indicate that the VRM quantifies local variation in terrain more independently of slope than other methods tested, and that VRM and slope distinguish 2 different components of bighorn sheep habitat.
Correlation Between Nest and Duckling Survival of Mallards Breeding in Saskatchewan
Authors: PEARSE AARON T. , LESTER VANCE G.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Few studies have estimated reproductive and survival parameters of breeding ducks simultaneously, although such efforts can reveal relationships among vital rates. We estimated survival of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) nests and duckling on 8 study sites in south‐central Saskatchewan during spring and summer 2000 and 2001. We observed a strong positive correlation between these parameters (r= 0.914) and through analysis of residual values found 14% of the relationship was explained by a predator‐removal treatment, 26% by year effects, 44% by spatial variation, and 16% unexplained. Potential mechanisms include similar environmental factors influencing both parameters (e.g., predators) and positive density dependence. Information regarding covariation among vital rates is important in construction and interpretation of population growth models describing population dynamics of mallards and other upland‐nesting ducks.
Genetic Analysis of Standardized Collections of Cackling and Canada Goose Harvests
Authors: SHOREY RAINY I. , SCRIBNER KIM T. , PRINCE HAROLD H. , KRAVCHENKO ALEXANDRA N. , LUUKKONEN DAVID R. , PADDING PAUL I.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Many states have established special harvest seasons and hunting zones to target overabundant populations of temperate‐nesting Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and protect less abundant northern‐nesting populations of Canada geese and cackling geese (B. hutchinsii). To meet management needs for spatially and temporally explicit harvest estimates, we utilized established methods of genetic stock identification and standardized harvest sample collections to estimate proportional contributions of cackling (B. h. hutchinsii) and Canada geese (B. c. maximaandB. c. interior) to 5 consecutive annual harvests (1998‐2002) in Michigan, USA. Harvest samples (n= 2,272) were analyzed for several seasons at statewide, regional, and local spatial scales. We expanded upon previous studies that used genetic methods to monitor cackling goose and Canada goose harvests by analyzing harvests within regional and local goose management areas. Likelihood ratio tests were also employed to compare harvest composition among spatial and temporal sampling groups. Tests revealed that proportions of giant and interior Canada geese within local harvests varied significantly during the fall in different hunt zones of Michigan and during different time periods. Adaptive management of temperate‐nesting and northern‐nesting geese would benefit from accurate estimates of harvest composition, as provided by genetic‐based methods. Quantification of changes in harvest composition as a function of variation in season opening date and duration, and bag limits can provide valuable insight into goose migratory behavior and population dynamics. Harvest composition estimates may be used to predict impacts of management prescriptions on mortality rates of specific breeding populations.
Home Range and Population Density of Fishers in Eastern Ontario
Authors: KOEN ERIN L. , BOWMAN JEFF , FINDLAY C. SCOTT , ZHENG LIGANG
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Fishers (Martes pennanti) were almost extirpated in Ontario, Canada, south of the French and Mattawa rivers by the 1940s but have recolonized much of their former range over the past several decades. We assessed the effect of the current harvest quota on a fisher population in eastern Ontario by estimating home range size and population density from a sample of radiocollared animals. Mean (± SD) adult home ranges (based on annual 95% min. convex polygons) were consistently smaller than those reported in the literature (M: 11 ± 4.4 km2; F: 2.1 ± 0.8 km2), with up to 71% overlap of adjacent intrasexual home ranges. This yielded an estimated adult fisher population density of 32.7/100 km2of suitable habitat, as defined by the habitat composition within observed home ranges. We further estimated that between 2003 and 2005, trappers harvested 17.8‐42.3% of the pretrapping population. These results suggest that although current fisher population density is high in our study area compared to reported densities in other areas, harvest rate is also high and an increase in quota is unwarranted.
Collective Action and Social Capital of Wildlife Management Associations
Authors: WAGNER MATTHEW W. , KREUTER URS P. , KAISER RONALD A. , WILKINS R. NEAL
Published: July 2007

Abstract:In areas with dense landownership patterns, management of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) depends upon collective decision making of landowners and hunters. To resolve conflicts associated with this commons dilemma, wildlife management associations (WMAs) have become a popular mechanism for coordinating wildlife management decisions in private land states, especially in Texas, USA. Social capital, represented by metrics such as trust, reciprocity, and community involvement, has been identified as an important determinant of the success of collaborative institutional arrangements. To determine the influence of social capital on the effectiveness of WMAs, we address 2 research questions: 1) do WMAs exhibit elements of social capital, and 2) what landowner characteristics affect elements of social capital within WMAs? We used a mail survey questionnaire to determine the effect of various factors on the activities and management practices in 4 WMAs in 2 regions in Texas: the Lower Post Oak Savannah (LPOS) and the Central Post Oak Savannah (CPOS). The LPOS landowners were members of larger associations, had generally acquired their land more recently, held more frequent meetings, and tended to have longer association membership than CPOS landowners, yet they exhibited lower social capital. The CPOS landowners owned significantly larger properties, and were predominantly absentee wealthy males that considered relaxation and hunting more important land uses than property ownership for a place to live. The smaller group size of the CPOS associations may be the most important factor in building and maintaining social capital. Intra‐association trust, a primary measure of social capital, was positively influenced by the longevity of property ownership, the number of association meetings, the percentage of males in the association, and other factors. Conversely, negative influences on trust included absentee ownership and the proportion of woodland habitat present in each WMA. We suggest that deer are a common‐pool resource whose populations are dependent upon collective action by stakeholders. Social capital building within landowner associations could facilitate the sustainable harvest of quality deer and possibly lead to cooperative management of other common‐pool natural resources.
Denning Chronology and Design of Effective Bear Management Units
Authors: INMAN ROBERT M. , COSTELLO CECILY M. , JONES DONALD E. , INMAN KRISTINE H. , THOMPSON BRUCE C. , QUIGLEY HOWARD B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Reports on the effectiveness of using late fall hunting seasons to reduce the proportion of female black bears (Ursus americanus) in the harvest are limited, and the geographic scale over which the technique functions as intended has not been examined. During 1992‐2000, we radio‐equipped black bears in New Mexico, USA, obtained estimates of 175 den entry and 137 den emergence dates, and used New Mexico Department of Game and Fish harvest data (1985‐2000) to test for differences in proportion of females in the harvest relative to denning chronology. Bears in northern New Mexico entered dens earlier and emerged later than bears in southern New Mexico (P ≤ 0.001). In northern New Mexico bears displayed the typical pattern of earlier entry and later emergence by reproductive females, proportion of females in the harvest varied over time as expected, and late fall seasons were effective (P < 0.10). In contrast, denning chronology did not differ by sexin southern New Mexico, proportion of females in the harvest did not change over time, and late fall seasons were not effective (P ≤ 0.18). Manipulation of hunting season dates to influence female mortality can be an effective tool, however our study provides an example of an area where denning chronology did not differ by sex and late seasons were not effective. We also observed regional differences in timing of entrance and emergence, which suggest that scale of application may be key. In management jurisdictions that encompass ecologically distinct areas, cover a wide range of latitudes, or are mountainous, successful use of the technique may depend on knowledge of denning chronology at multiple locations and appropriate designation of hunting unit boundaries, season dates, and data analysis units.
Road‐Based Surveys for Estimating Wild Turkey Density in the Texas Rolling Plains
Authors: BUTLER MATTHEW J. , BALLARD WARREN B. , WALLACE MARK C. , DEMASO STEPHEN J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Line‐transect‐based distance sampling has been used to estimate density of several wild bird species including wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). We used inflatable turkey decoys during autumn (Aug‐Nov) and winter (Dec‐Mar) 2003‐2005 at study sites in the Texas Rolling Plains, USA, to simulate Rio Grande wild turkey (M. g. intermedia) flocks. We evaluated detectability of flocks using logistic regression models. Our modeling effort suggested that distance to a flock and flock size played important roles in flock detectability. We also conducted surveys from roads for wild turkeys during November 2004‐January 2006. The detection probability of decoy flocks was similar to wild turkey flocks during winter (decoy flock, 69.3 ± 6.2% [x̄ ± 95% CI]; wild turkey flock, 62.2 ± 18.3%) and autumn (decoy flock, 44.1 ± 5.1%; wild turkey flock, 44.7 ± 25.6%), which suggested that using decoys was appropriate for evaluating detectability of wild turkey flocks from roads. We conducted computer simulations to evaluate the performance of line‐transect‐based distance sampling and examined the power to detect trends in population change. Simulations suggested that population density may be underestimated by 12% during inter and 29% during autumn. Such bias occurred because of incomplete detectability of flocks near roads. Winter surveys tended to have less bias, lower relative variability, and greater power than did autumn surveys. During winter surveys, power was sufficient (≥0.80) to detect a 10‐25% change in population density in 8‐12 years using ≥100 16‐km transects or ≥80 32‐km transects. We concluded line‐transect‐based distance sampling from roads is an efficient, effective, and inexpensive technique for monitoring Rio Grande wild turkey populations across large scales.
Burrowing Owl Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area
Authors: SMALLWOOD K. SHAWN , THELANDER CARL G. , MORRISON MICHAEL L. , RUGGE LOURDES M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:We estimated wind turbines in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA), California, USA, kill >100 burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) annually, or about the same number likely nesting in the APWRA. Turbine‐caused mortality was up to 12 times greater in areas of rodent control, where flights close to the rotor plane were disproportionately more common and fatalities twice as frequent as expected. Mortality was highest during January through March. Burrowing owls flew within 50 m of turbines about 10 times longer than expected, and they flew close to wind turbines disproportionately longer within the sparsest turbine fields, by turbines on tubular towers, at the edges of gaps in the turbine row, in canyons, and at lower elevations. They perched, flew close to operating turbine blades, and collided disproportionately more often at turbines with the most cattle dung within 20 m, with the highest densities of ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) burrow systems within 15 m, and with burrowing owl burrows located within 90 m of turbines. A model of relative collision threat predicted 29% of the 4,074 turbines in our sample to be more dangerous, and these killed 71% of the burrowing owls in our sample. This model can help select the most dangerous turbines for shutdown or relocation. All turbines in the APWRA could be shut down and blades locked during winter, when 35% of the burrowing owls were killed but only 14% of the annual electricity was generated. Terminating rodent control and installing flight diverters at the ends of turbine rows might also reduce burrowing owl mortality, as might replacing turbines with new‐generation turbines mounted on taller towers.
Electric Fencing as a Measure to Reduce Moose‐Vehicle Collisions
Authors: LEBLOND MATHIEU , DUSSAULT CHRISTIAN , OUELLET JEAN‐PIERRE , POULIN MARIUS , COURTOIS RÉHAUME , FORTIN JACQUES
Published: July 2007

Abstract: We tested the effectiveness of electric fences to reduce moose (Alces alces)‐vehicle collisions in 2 fenced sectors (5 km and 10 km) using weekly track surveys and Global Positioning System telemetry. Number of moose tracks along highways decreased by approximately 80% following fence installation. Only 30% (16/53) of moose tracks observed on the road side of the fence were left by moose that crossed an operational fence; moose mostly entered the fenced corridor through openings (e.g., secondary roads) or at fence extremities. Electric fences also prevented 78% (7/9) of collared moose from crossing the highway in fenced sectors. Fences were less effective during occasional power failures. We suggest that circuit breakers should be used to prevent power failures and that there should be no opening along the fence line unless anti‐ungulate structures are used.
The Effects of Seasonal Flooding on Seed Availability for Spring Migrating Waterfowl
Authors: GREER ANDREW K. , DUGGER BRUCE D. , GRABER DAVE A. , PETRIE MARK J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: We hypothesized the seed biomass available to migrating waterfowl would be higher in spring‐ versus fall‐flooded wetlands. To test this hypothesis we conducted an experiment using 5 pairs of wetland impoundments in northern Missouri, USA (2000‐2002). We strategically assigned one impoundment of each pair to either a fall or spring treatment group. We estimated seed biomass in fall and in spring by clipping seed heads and collecting soil cores at 20 random locations within each impoundment. We placed exclosures near each fall sample site in spring‐flooded impoundments to estimate seed loss from granivorous birds and rodents. Despite similar biomass in fall between treatments (P = 0.64), overwinter seed loss was greater in fall‐flooded (79%; 1,324 ± 195 kg/ha) than in spring‐flooded (31%; 653 6 130 kg/ha) impoundments (P = 0.009). Considering barnyard grass or millet (Echinochloa spp.) only, seed loss was higher in fall‐flooded than in spring‐flooded impoundments (P = 0.05). Spring biomass estimates were similar inside versus outside exclosures (P = 0.63) indicating loss to granivorous birds and rodents was limited. Our results suggest that fall flooding reduces seed availability for spring migrating waterfowl. We recommend spring flooding be used in areas where impoundment water levels can be manipulated to increase seed availability for spring migrating waterfowl.
Displacement of Mountain Caribou From Winter Habitat by Snowmobiles
Authors: SEIP DALE. R. , JOHNSON CHRIS J. , WATTS GLEN S.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Mountain caribou are an ecotype of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) that live in subalpine forests in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, extending into northern Idaho and Washington, USA. These caribou are listed as Threatened in Canada, Endangered in the United States, and are the subject of recovery planning efforts in both countries. Many areas of mountain caribou winter habitat experience intensive use by recreational snowmobilers. During 4 surveys, we recorded caribou on all 4 census blocks with little or no snowmobile activity (x̄ density = 0.41 caribou/km2), but during 3 of 4 years, we observed no caribou on the census block with intensive snowmobile activity. The year we observed caribou on the snowmobile block, most were using areas inaccessible to snowmobiles. We used a Resource Selection Function (RSF) based on radiotelemetry data for the area to compare habitat quality among the different census blocks. The absence of caribou from the intensive snowmobile area during most years could not be explained by differences in habitat quality. The RSF predicted that the intensive snowmobile area could support 53‐96 caribou (95% CI). We conclude that intensive snowmobiling has displaced caribou from an area of suitable habitat. We recommend that snowmobile activity be restricted from all or most high‐quality mountain caribou habitat as part of the recovery planning process.
Evaluation of Harmonic Direction‐Finding Systems for Detecting Locomotor Activity
Authors: BOYARSKI VALERIE L. , RODDA GORDON H. , SAVIDGE JULIE A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: We conducted a physical simulation experiment to test the efficacy of harmonic direction finding for remotely detecting locomotor activity in animals. The ability to remotely detect movement helps to avoid disturbing natural movement behavior. Remote detection implies that the observer can sense only a change in signal bearing. In our simulated movements, small changes in bearing (<5.7°) were routinely undetectable. Detectability improved progressively with the size of the simulated animal movement. The average (±SD) of reflector tag movements correctly detected for 5 observers was 93.9 ± 12.8% when the tag was moved ≥11.5°; most observers correctly detected tag movements ≥20.1°. Given our data, one can assess whether the technique will be effective for detecting movements at an observation distance appropriate for the study organism. We recommend that both habitat and behavior of the organism be taken into consideration when contemplating use of this technique for detecting locomotion.
Caffeine Formulation for Avian Repellency
Authors: WERNER SCOTT J. , CUMMINGS JOHN L. , TUPPER SHELAGH K. , HURLEY JEROME C. , STAHL RANDAL S. , PRIMUS THOMAS M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Nonlethal management alternatives are needed to reduce avian depredation of agricultural crops. Caffeine has promise as an effective, economical, and environmentally safe avian repellent, yet formulation improvements are needed for field applications. We included sodium benzoate in subsequent formulations to enhance the solubility of caffeine. Red‐winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) discriminated between untreated rice and rice treated with 250 ppm or 10,000 ppm caffeine and sodium benzoate in captivity. We observed a positive concentration‐response relationship among birds offered rice treated with 250 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 2,500 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 10,000 ppm, or 20,000 ppm caffeine and sodium benzoate. Relative to the pretreatment of the concentration‐response test, repellency was >85% for rice treated with our 2,500‐ to 20,000‐ppm treatments. We conducted seed germination experiments and associated residue analyses to evaluate the potential phytotoxicity of various caffeine formulations under controlled environmental conditions. The optimized formulation enhanced the solubility of tank mixtures and ameliorated the negative impacts of seed treatments to germination. Our caffeine formulation provides an applicable, nonlethal alternative for managing blackbird impacts to agricultural production.
Does Removing Coyotes for Livestock Protection Benefit Free‐Ranging Ungulates?
Authors: HARRINGTON JUSTIN L. , CONOVER MICHAEL R.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: We studied the effects of coyote (Canis latrans) control for livestock protection on native ungulates during 2003 and 2004 on 7 sites in Utah and Colorado, USA, totaling over 1,900 km2. We found no relationships between coyote control variables and offspring/female deer ratios. However, control effort (no. of hr spent aerial gunning for coyotes) and success (no. of coyotes taken) were positively correlated with numbers of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) observed per kilometer of transect. Our results suggest that coyote control for livestock protection may increase densities of mule deer and pronghorn in areas where it is conducted.
Hunter and Nonhunter Beliefs about Chronic Wasting Disease in Wisconsin
Authors: STAFFORD NICOLE T. , NEEDHAM MARK D. , VASKE JERRY J. , PETCHENIK JORDAN
Published: July 2007

Abstract: We examined beliefs of landowners who hunt and do not hunt regarding chronic wasting disease (CWD) and its management. We mailed surveys to a random sample of 973 Wisconsin, USA, landowners living in the CWD southwest disease eradication zone. Of 613 respondents, 360 (59%) were hunters and 253 (41%) were not hunters. We created multiple item indices to measure respondent beliefs about effects of CWD and its management. Hunters and nonhunters differed on 5 of 6 belief indices. Both groups were, on average, relatively neutral in their trust of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources but landowners who did not hunt reported slightly higher trust. Both groups were neutral or slightly agreed that CWD should be managed and they were concerned about deer (Odocoileus spp.) health and the safety of eating venison. Landowners who did not hunt were more likely than those who hunted to agree with these issues but effect sizes indicated these differences were minimal. Landowners who hunted were more concerned than nonhunters about effects of CWD on deer hunting. Cluster analyses indicated most nonhunting landowners were neutral or not concerned about CWD and its management, whereas most hunting landowners were concerned. Our results suggest that managers should use communication campaigns to increase awareness and mitigate concerns about CWD, increase trust and input related to the disease, and inform publics about CWD management strategies.
Identification of Organic Compounds in Fictile Unguentaria from Two Sicilian Necropolis of Greek Age (5th Century, b.C.) by GC‐MS Analysis
Authors: Agozzino Pasquale , Avellone Giuseppe , Donato Ines D. , Filizzola Felice
Published: July 2007

A study to obtain more knowledge on funeral set in Greek age, (5th Century, b.C.) was carried out on thirteen ancient unguentaria, small vessels used as containers of balms or ointments, founded in two different Sicilian necropolis: Adranon and Hymera. Every find was subjected to three extractions by increasing polarity solvents. All crude extracts, unsaponifiables and methyl esters of saponifiable fraction were analysed by GC‐MS. Analysis showed difference between two groups of finds: the unguentaria from Adranon show abundant traces of lipids used in balm making, while those from Hymera resulted empty and buried for ritual purpose. Even if in the two towns, flourished in the same period, adopted probably different funerary uses.
Identification of a Bioactive Impurity in a Commercial Sample of 6‐Methyl‐2‐p‐Tolylaminobenzo[d][1,3]Oxazin‐4‐One (URB754)
Authors: Tarzia Giorgio , Antonietti Francesca , Duranti Andrea , Tontini Andrea , Mor Marco , Rivara Silvia , Traldi Pietro , Astarita Giuseppe , King Alvin , Clapper Jason R. , Piomelli Daniele
Published: July 2007

The compound URB754 was recently identified as a potent inhibitor of the endocannabinoid‐deactivating enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) by screening of a commercial chemical library. Based on HPLC/MS, NMR and EI/MS analyses, the present paper shows that the MGL‐inhibitory activity attributed to URB754 is in fact due to a chemical impurity present in the commercial sample, identified as bis(methylthio)mercurane. Although this organomercurial compound is highly potent at inhibiting MGL (IC50 = 11.9±1.1 nM), its biological use is prohibited by its toxicity and target promiscuity.
A QSPR Study on the GC Retention Times of a Series of Fatty, Dicarboxylic and Amino Acids by MLR and ANN
Authors: Rouhollahi Ahmad , Shafieyan Hooshang , Ghasemi Jahan Bakhsh
Published: July 2007

Quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) analysis has been carried out to a series of fatty, amino and dicarboxylic acids to model their GC retention times. A genetic partial least square method (GAPLS) was applied as a variable selection tool. Modeling of retention times of these compounds as a function of the theoretically derived descriptors was established by multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN). The neural network employed here is a connected back‐propagation system with a 3‐4‐1 architecture. Three topological indices for these compounds, namely, mean information index on atomic composition (AAC), average connectivity index chi‐0 (X0A) and total information index of atomic composition (IAC) taken as inputs for the regression models. The results indicate that the GA is a very effective variable selection approach for QSPR analysis. The comparison of the two regression methods used showed that ANN has better prediction ability than MLR. The statistical figure of merits of the two models showed the successful modeling of the retention times with molecular descriptors.
Ataxia‐telangiectasia: Mild neurological presentation despite null ATM mutation and severe cellular phenotype
Authors: Alterman Neora , Fattal‐Valevski Aviva , Moyal Lilach , Crawford Thomas O. , Lederman Howard M. , Ziv Yael , Shiloh Yosef
Published: July 2007

Ataxia‐telangiectasia (A‐T) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, immunodeficiency, susceptibility to cancer, genomic instability, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation. A‐T is caused by mutations that eliminate or inactivate the nuclear protein kinase ATM, the chief activator of the cellular response to double strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. Mild A‐T is usually caused by ATM mutations that leave residual amounts of active ATM. We studied two siblings with mild A‐T, as defined by clinical examination and a quantitative A‐T neurological index. Surprisingly, no ATM was detected in the patients' cells, and sequence analysis revealed that they were homozygous for a truncating ATM mutation (5653delA) that is expected to lead to the classical, severe neurological presentation. Moreover, the cellular phenotype of these patients was indistinguishable from that of classical A‐T: all the tested parameters of the DSB response were severely defective as in typical A‐T. This analysis shows that the severity of the neurological component of A‐T is determined not only by ATM mutations but also by other influences yet to be found. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hochreaktive Zwischenverbindungen aus Cokondensationsreaktionen von Eisen‐, Cobalt‐ und Nickeldämpfen mit Arenen
Authors: Zenneck Ulrich
Published: July 2007

1969 berichtete Timms erstmals über präparative Cokondensationsreaktionen von Metalldämpfen mit organischen und anorganischen Substraten. Diese Arbeitstechnik breitete sich anschließend in kurzer Zeit aus, doch ist es in den letzten Jahren etwas ruhiger um die Methode geworden. Setzt man Metallatomreaktionen nicht primär zur Herstellung neuer Produkte ein, sondern zur Gewinnung hochreaktiver Zwischenverbindungen, so ergibt sich ein Ansatzpunkt für eine neue Synthesestrategie. Unser Ziel sind Reaktionsfolgen, die aufbauend auf einer möglichst effektiven Cokondensationsreaktion schrittweise und selektiv zu neuen Substanzklassen führen. Diese Vorgehensweise wird am Beispiel der Cokondensationsprodukte von Arenen mit Eisen‐, Cobalt‐ und Nickeldämpfen vorgestellt. Die dabei erhaltenen Zwischenverbindungen, die im Temperaturbereich von – 70 bis – 50°C zerfallen, lassen sich zu vielen Produktklassen umsetzen. Sie reichen von Clustern über π‐Komplexe sowie Käfigverbindungen mit Phosphor und Bor als Gerüstatomen zu rein organischen Cycloadditionsprodukten.
O‐Atom‐Insertion in Si‐H‐Bindungen mit Hilfe von Dioxiranen: Eine stereospezifische und direkte Umwandlung von Silanen in Silanole
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Mello Rossella , Curci Ruggero
Published: July 2007

Ausgesprochen bequem ist die Synthese von Silanolen 2 aus den korrespondierenden Silanen 1, wenn man diese mit Dimethyl‐ oder Methyl(trifluormethyl)dioxiran umsetzt (1–18 min Reaktionszeit, quantitative Ausbeute an hochreinem, enantiomerenreinem Produkt nach Abziehen des Lösungsmittels). Die experimentellen Daten sind mit einem Oxen‐Mechanismus in Einklang (R1 − R3 = Alkyl, Aryl).

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Korrelationen zwischen Magnetismus und Struktur in zweikernigen CuIIFeIII‐Komplexen mit EPR‐Signalen von ganzzahligem Spin
Authors: Holman Theodore R. , Andersen Kevin A. , Anderson Oren P. , Hendrich Michael P. , Juarez‐Garcia Carlos , Münck Eckard , Que Lawrence
Published: July 2007

Antiferromagnetisch bzw. ferromagnetisch gekoppelt sind das FeIII‐ und das CuII‐Atom in den unten schematisch dargestellten Komplexen 1 und 2. Dieser Unterschied in der Kopplungswechselwirkung kann am bestem mit der Orientierung des für den Magnetismus zuständigen Orbitals am CuII relativ zum verbrückenden Phenolat‐O‐Atom in Einklang gebracht werden. L = 2,6‐bis‐[(bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)amino)methyl)]‐4‐methylphenol.

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