bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cool C4 Photosynthesis: Pyruvate Pi Dikinase Expression and Activity Corresponds to the Exceptional Cold Tolerance of Carbon Assimilation inMiscanthus×giganteus
Authors: Wang Dafu , Portis Archie R. , Moose Stephen P. , Long Stephen P.
Published: June 2008

The bioenergy feedstock grass Miscanthus × giganteus is exceptional among C4 species for its high productivity in cold climates. It can maintain photosynthetically active leaves at temperatures 6°C below the minimum for maize (Zea mays), which allows it a longer growing season in cool climates. Understanding the basis for this difference between these two closely related plants may be critical in adapting maize to colder weather. When M. × giganteus and maize grown at 25°C were transferred to 14°C, light-saturated CO2 assimilation and quantum yield of photosystem II declined by 30% and 40%, respectively, in the first 48 h in these two species. The decline continued in maize but arrested and then recovered partially in M. × giganteus. Within 24 h of the temperature transition, the pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) protein content per leaf area transiently declined in M. × giganteus but then steadily increased, such that after 7 d the enzyme content was significantly higher than in leaves growing in 25°C. By contrast it declined throughout the chilling period in maize leaves. Rubisco levels remained constant in M. × giganteus but declined in maize. Consistent with increased PPDK protein content, the extractable PPDK activity per unit leaf area (V  max  ,ppdk) in cold-grown M. × giganteus leaves was higher than in warm-grown leaves, while V  max,ppdk was lower in cold-grown than in warm-grown maize. The rate of light activation of PPDK was also slower in cold-grown maize than M. × giganteus. The energy of activation (E  a) of extracted PPDK was lower in cold-grown than warm-grown M. × giganteus but not in maize. The specific activities and E  a of purified recombinant PPDK from M. × giganteus and maize cloned into Escherichia coli were similar. The increase in PPDK protein in the M. × giganteus leaves corresponded to an increase in PPDK mRNA level. These results indicate that of the two enzymes known to limit C4 photosynthesis, increase of PPDK, not Rubisco content, corresponds to the recovery and maintenance of photosynthetic capacity. Functionally, increased enzyme concentration is shown to increase stability of M. × giganteus PPDK at low temperature. The results suggest that increases in either PPDK RNA transcription and/or the stability of this RNA are important for the increase in PPDK protein content and activity in M. × giganteus under chilling conditions relative to maize.
Characterization of Single and Double Inactivation Strains Reveals New Physiological Roles for Group 2 σ Factors in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Pollari Maija , Gunnelius Liisa , Tuominen Ilona , Ruotsalainen Virpi , Tyystjärvi Esa , Salminen Tiina , Tyystjärvi Taina
Published: June 2008

Cyanobacteria are eubacteria that perform oxygenic photosynthesis like plants. The initiation of transcription, mediated by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, is the main determinant of gene regulation in eubacteria. The σ factor of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme is responsible for the recognition of a promoter sequence. In the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the primary σ factor, SigA, is essential for cell viability. The SigB, SigC, SigD, and SigE factors show significant sequence similarity with the SigA factor but are nonessential. In this study, we have used homology modeling to construct a three-dimensional model of Synechocystis RNA polymerase holoenzyme and all group 1 and 2 σ factors. According to the models, the overall three-dimensional structures of group 1 and 2 σ factors are similar, the SigB and SigD factors being the most similar ones. In addition, we have constructed a complete set of group 2 σ factor double inactivation strains, ΔsigBC, ΔsigBD, ΔsigBE, ΔsigCD, ΔsigCE, and ΔsigDE. All double mutants grow well under standard conditions, but differences are observed in stress conditions. The transition from lag phase to exponential growth is slow in the ΔsigBD strain, and all strains lacking the SigD factor were found to be sensitive to bright light. Furthermore, all group 2 σ factors were found to be involved in acclimation to salt- or sorbitol-induced osmotic stresses.
ArabidopsisPEROXIN11c-e, FISSION1b, and DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN3A Cooperate in Cell Cycle–Associated Replication of Peroxisomes
Authors: Lingard Matthew J. , Gidda Satinder K. , Bingham Scott , Rothstein Steven J. , Mullen Robert T. , Trelease Richard N.
Published: June 2008

Although participation of PEROXIN11 (PEX11), FISSION1 (FISl), and DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN (DRP) has been well established during induced peroxisome proliferation in response to external stimuli, their roles in cell cycle–associated constitutive replication/duplication have not been fully explored. Herein, bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells revealed homooligomerization of all five PEX11 isoforms (PEX11a-e) and heterooligomerizations of all five PEX11 isoforms with FIS1b, but not FIS1a nor DRP3A. Intracellular protein targeting experiments demonstrated that FIS1b, but not FIS1a nor DRP3A, targeted to peroxisomes only when coexpressed with PEX11d or PEX11e. Simultaneous silencing of PEX11c-e or individual silencing of DRP3A, but not FIS1a nor FIS1b, resulted in ∼40% reductions in peroxisome number. During G2 in synchronized cell cultures, peroxisomes sequentially enlarged, elongated, and then doubled in number, which correlated with peaks in PEX11, FIS1, and DRP3A expression. Overall, these data support a model for the replication of preexisting peroxisomes wherein PEX11c, PEX11d, and PEX11e act cooperatively during G2 to promote peroxisome elongation and recruitment of FIS1b to the peroxisome membrane, where DRP3A stimulates fission of elongated peroxisomes into daughter peroxisomes, which are then distributed between daughter cells.
Light-Induced Phosphorylation and Degradation of the Negative Regulator PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR1 fromArabidopsisDepend upon Its Direct Physical Interactions with Photoactivated Phytochromes
Authors: Shen Hui , Zhu Ling , Castillon Alicia , Majee Manoj , Downie Bruce , Huq Enamul
Published: June 2008

The phytochrome (phy) family of photoreceptors regulates changes in gene expression in response to red/far-red light signals in part by physically interacting with constitutively nucleus-localized phy-interacting basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (PIFs). Here, we show that PIF1, the member with the highest affinity for phys, is strongly sensitive to the quality and quantity of light. phyA plays a dominant role in regulating the degradation of PIF1 following initial light exposure, while phyB and phyD and possibly other phys also influence PIF1 degradation after prolonged illumination. PIF1 is rapidly phosphorylated and ubiquitinated under red and far-red light before being degraded with a half-life of ∼1 to 2 min under red light. Although PIF1 interacts with phyB through a conserved active phyB binding motif, it interacts with phyA through a novel active phyA binding motif. phy interaction is necessary but not sufficient for the light-induced phosphorylation and degradation of PIF1. Domain-mapping studies reveal that the phy interaction, light-induced degradation, and transcriptional activation domains are located at the N-terminal 150–amino acid region of PIF1. Unlike PIF3, PIF1 does not interact with the two halves of either phyA or phyB separately. Moreover, overexpression of a light-stable truncated form of PIF1 causes constitutively photomorphogenic phenotypes in the dark. Taken together, these data suggest that removal of the negative regulators (e.g., PIFs) by light-induced proteolytic degradation might be sufficient to promote photomorphogenesis.
Study on lubricant quality and its effect on engine component performance
Authors: Beşergil Bilsen , Sabih Özer M. , Eskici Mustafa , Atik Enver
Published: June 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to determine the usage time of the test lubricant N0, prepared from base oils of Aliaga Plant, Izmir, in gasoline and diesel‐engines, and the investigations of high‐temperature oxidation, engine‐protective properties, and property changes of the lubricant in performance time.

Design/methodology/approach

Physical and chemical properties of the lubricating oil were initially established, and the oil was then subjected to Petter W‐1 gasoline and Petter AV‐1 diesel test engines. Dismantling of the engine parts was followed by the examination of pistons, piston rings and bearings, and analysis of the lubricant was also undertaken. The engine performance test results and the quality control of the lubricating oil assessments were evaluated according to the International Engine Lubricant Specifications.

Findings

The lubricating oil, under sluggish experimental conditions, appears to meet a 40‐hour test in gasoline engines and a 120‐hour test in diesel engines with the specifications. This means that under usual working conditions the lubricants keep the engine protective properties in 7,000 km distance for gasoline run‐vehicles, and in 5,000 km distance for diesel run‐vehicles, after which change of the oil is required.

Originality/value

The paper provides information of value to those involved with lubrication and engine performance.
Comparative study of friction behaviour of alumina and zirconia ceramics against steel under water lubricated conditions
Authors: Paulo Davim J. , Santos Edgar , Pereira Catarina , Ferreira J.M.F.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The paper aims to study the friction behaviour of alumina and zirconia against steel DIN‐Ck45K under water lubricated conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

The tests were performed with a contact stress of 3.5 MPa and a constant sliding velocity of 0.5 m/s for 5.35 km of sliding distance, using a pin‐on‐disk tribometer.

Findings

The friction coefficient and the energy dissipated in the contact were considered in this comparative study. The zirconia ceramic present less friction coefficient and contact temperature than alumina ceramic. The zirconia present about 70 per cent of the energy dissipated against when compared with the alumina. Abrasive scars of the surface ploughing were observed on every wear track for two pairs in contact.

Research limitations/implications

This research used only one test condition.

Originality/value

The paper describes the tribological conditions used and a new methodology based on the energy dissipated in the contact is proposed.
Tribological performance of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives as lubricating oil additives
Authors: Wu Hua , Zeng X.Q. , Ren T.H.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The paper's aim is to study tribological performances of two 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives which are ashless and lacking in phosphorous as lubricating oil additives in HVIW H150 base oils.

Design/methodology/approach

The two 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives were synthesized; their tribological performances were evaluated with a four‐ball machine, and the worn surface was analyzed with a X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Findings

The two compounds possess good anti‐wear properties and excellent load‐carrying capacity. According to the XPS results, the additive reacted with counter‐face metal and generated a sulphur‐containing inorganic film consisting of FeS, FeS2 and FeSO4, and a complex N‐containing resin polymer film.

Research limitations/implications

Their antioxidant properties are not estimated, and their anti‐wear action mechanism need to be further explored.

Practical implications

Two useful ashless AW lubricating oil additives were synthesized, and may be has potential as gas engine lubricating oil additives.

Originality/value

This paper provides a study of some N, S‐containing heterocyclic compounds as lubricating oil additives.
Tribological behavior of dual and triple particle size SiC reinforced Al‐MMCs: a comparative study
Authors: Maleque Abdul , Karim Rezaul
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The aim is to study the tribological behavior of dual particle size (DPS) and triple particle size (TPS) SiC reinforced aluminum alloy‐based metal matrix composites – MMCs (Al/SiCp MMC).

Design/methodology/approach

Al‐MMCs with DPS and TPS of SiC were prepared using 20 wt% SiC and developed using stir‐casting process. The TPS composite consist of three different sizes of SiC and DPS composite consist of two different sizes of SiC. The tribological test was carried out using a pin‐on‐disc type tribo‐test machine under dry sliding condition.

Findings

The TPS composite exhibited better wear resistance properties compared to DPS composite. It is anticipated that when a composite is integrated with small, intermediate and large SiC particle sizes (which is known as TPS) within the same composite could be an effective method of optimizing the wear resistance properties of the developed material.

Practical implications

This study provides a way to enhance the tribological behavior of automotive tribo‐components such as brake rotor, piston, cylinder, etc.

Originality/value

This investigation compares the tribological behavior of DPS and TPS SiC reinforced aluminum MMCs.
Friction and wear behaviours of some industrial polyamides against different polymer counterparts under dry conditions
Authors: Unal H. , Findik F.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The present study aims to find out the best polymer/polymer pair in electrical insulating applications. Moreover, the effects of different polymer counterpart and applied load on the friction and wear behaviour of PA 46 + 30%GFR and unfilled PA 66 thermoplastic polymers are to be studied.

Design/methodology/approach

Friction and wear tests vs PA 46 + 30%GFR and PPS + 30%GFR polymer composites were carried out on a pin‐on‐disc arrangement and at a dry sliding conditions. Tribological tests were performed at room temperature under 20, 40 and 60 N loads and at 0.5 m/s sliding speed.

Findings

The results showed that, the coefficient of friction decreases with the increasing of load (up to 40 N) for PA 46 + 30%GFR composite and polyamide (PA) 66 polymer used in this study. However, above 40 N applied load the coefficient of friction increases. The specific wear rate for PA 46 + 30%GFR and PA 66 against PPS + 30%GFR polymer composite counterpart are about in the order of 10−13 m2/N while the specific wear rate for PA 46 + 30%GFR and PA 66 against PA 46 + 30%GFR polymer composite counterpart are in the order of 10−14 m2/N. For PA 46 + 30%GFR composite and unfilled PA 66 polymers tested the specific wear rate values increased with the increment of load. The highest specific wear rate is for unfilled PA 66 against PPS + 30%GFR with a value of 2.81 × 10−13 m2/N followed by PA 66 against PA 46 + 30%GFR with a value of 2.26 × 10−13 m2/N. The lowest wear rate is PA 46 + 30%GFR polymer composite against PA 46 + 30%GFR polymer composite counterpart with a value of 3.19 × 10−14 m2/N. The average specific wear rates for unfilled PA 66 against PA 46 + 30%GFR is 80 times higher than PA 46 + 30%GFR wear rate while specific wear rates for unfilled PA 66 against PPS + 30%GFR is 100 times higher than that of PA 46 + 30%GFR wear rate. From point view of tribological performance, PA 46 + 30%GFR is a more suitable engineering thermoplastic composite materials for electrical contact breaker applications.

Research limitations/implications

In the present work, tribological tests were performed only at room temperature under three different loads and a sliding speed. This is the limitation of the work.

Practical implications

This work is easily used for industrial polyamides to check their tribological behaviours.

Originality/value

This is an original and experimental study and it will be useful both for academicians and for industrial sides.
Reliability analysis of engine oil using “polygraph approach”
Authors: Sharma B. , Gandhi O.P.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The lubricating oil is a non‐renewable source of energy and its useful life is limited due to deterioration during its usage. It is desirable to maximize its use to conserve this scarce resource. At present, continuation or change of the engine oil is decided, based on the manufacturer's recommendation and experience. The suggested engine oil change period is conservative and results in non‐efficient usage of engine oil. This practice needs refinement to include all possible properties/attributes of engine oil and use of appropriate procedure to assess its realistic performance. The paper aims to analyze the procedure.

Design/methodology/approach

Oil reliability polygraph is used to analyze the engine oil performance during operation. Reliability analysis of the engine oil is carried out by comparing the area of oil reliability polygraph at a given operation time with the area for the fresh engine oil. The suggested procedure is illustrated by means of an example.

Findings

Physical and chemical properties responsible for performance degradation of the engine oil are considered as engine oil reliability attributes. The value of these attributes from time to time, obtained by analyzing samples drawn from the system, is analyzed through oil reliability polygraph. In this approach, the engine oil reliability attributes at a given operation time are represented in terms of reliability value to obtain the “oil reliability polygraph”.

Originality/value

The suggested procedure will be helpful for maintenance personnel in taking planned maintenance action.
Employability enhancement of business graduates in China
Authors: Zhiwen Guo , van der Heijden Beatrice I.J.M.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to provide an assessment of business educational reform requirements in China, in the light of current employability needs.

Design/methodology/approach

After introducing the problem the paper discusses labour market demands for business graduates. The paper continues with a thorough conceptualisation of the concept of employability and current notions on career development, and concludes with proposals for reforming the business education curriculum.

Findings

Employability enhancement should be an integrated activity that is undertaken in close collaboration between different parties, and to eliminate recruitment bottlenecks, policies that affect both graduates' suitability and labour requirements are needed.

Practical implications

The paper is a useful source of information and advice for educators, employers, and business education students planning to invest in their future employability. The paper is meant to evoke discussion and to stimulate curriculum reform efforts.

Originality/value

This paper focuses on current labour market demands and offers insights for educational institutions engaged in optimizing curricula.
Working to live
Authors: Holmes Valerie
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate why students work during their degree programme, what influences their choice of employment and to examine students' perception of their ability to balance work and study.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was completed by 42 first‐ and second‐year students from a single degree programme at the end of Semester 2.

Findings

Within this group 83 per cent of students worked at some point during term‐time of their degree programme. In total 58 per cent of those students who worked did so to either cover or contribute to basic costs of living. While the majority of students felt they could balance work and study, half of all students questioned felt that working could have a negative impact on their degree classification.

Research limitations/implications

This is a small study, limited to students from one degree programme. This study did not focus on the positive aspects offered to students by employment.

Practical implications

Students can no longer be considered as full‐time students, but rather as having dual roles, that of students and employees.

Originality/value

This study examines specifically the primary reason why students choose to, or have to, work during their university degree programme and adds to current knowledge of students' perception of the effect working has on their academic performance.
Keeping it local
Authors: Johnson Larry Alan , Helms Marilyn M.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the inclusion of team case analyses and presentations in undergraduate finance courses that usually focus on analyzing provided financial statement data.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper the authors argue the early use of a local company case can illustrate key course concepts while offering students or participants in an academic or vocational training program a preview of the pedagogical techniques of case analysis. It is also argued that the use of a local company case can be extended to other business courses to improve students' interest and understanding. A survey of student perceptions was conducted at the end of the semester.

Findings

Overall, students preferred working on a local company case rather than a textbook case. Most felt the local company case helped them understand the theories and concepts of financial statement analysis from the course and prepared them for future case analysis. The student respondents also perceive a better understanding of the strategic issues facing the industry and of the use of, and interpretation of, financial ratios after completing the case. While the exploratory analysis did indicate student preferences for use of a local company case, further study and analysis is needed to move beyond perceptions of satisfaction to determine the actual improvement in learning of the key course concepts

Research limitations/implications

Future research should study the benefit of using a local company case throughout the business degree and study how it allows students to apply principles learned early in their curriculum to strategic analysis and decision making in capstone courses. Research could determine if students will build upon their previous knowledge of the company and business concepts in much the same way as business managers gain business and industry knowledge as they advance through their career. In addition, the benefit of using a local company continuation case through the upper division courses in the business curriculum should be investigated.

Originality/value

This article highlights the steps involved in preparing a local company case for classroom use and presents an analysis of student perceptions of satisfaction with a case‐enriched course and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the case. The article also discusses ways to create a similar local company case for other business disciplines.
Experiential learning in entrepreneurship education
Authors: Dhliwayo Shepherd
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a prospective entrepreneurship training model based on experiential learning which will enable the “production” of small business owners or entrepreneurs which is not being achieved by the current methods.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper. It analyses the current approaches in use, identifying inherent weaknesses and the gaps that need to be filled. Through literature reviews and case cites it provides a model that integrates experiential learning into entrepreneurship education.

Findings

The paper shows that appropriate experiential training can truly be integrated into entrepreneurship education in South Africa as in disciplines such as engineering or nursing.

Research limitation/implications

The model needs to be test implemented to find its efficacy. Just like any model, it may need refinement.

Originality/value

The prospective model is an attempt to produce entrepreneurs and small business owners. This is critical in South Africa where entrepreneurs/business start‐ups are in critical shortage. No known study on work integrated learning (WIL) in entrepreneurship in higher education has been conducted in South Africa or such a model presented.
Employee perceptions of organizational change: impact of hierarchical level
Authors: Jones Liz , Watson Bernadette , Hobman Elizabeth , Bordia Prashant , Gallois Cindy , Callan Victor J.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of organizational level on employees' perceptions and reactions to a complex organizational change involving proposed work force redesign, downsizing and a physical move to a new hospital.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants included executives, supervisory and non‐supervisory staff in a major tertiary hospital. Recorded in‐depth interviews were conducted with 61 employees about the positive and negative aspects of the change.

Findings

A total of 12 themes were identified from content coding, including emotional responses and attitudes toward the change, issues about the management of the change process and about change outcomes. Supervisory and non‐supervisory staff referred more to conflict and divisions, and expressed more negative attitudes toward the change, than did executives. Executives and supervisory staff focused more on planning challenges and potential outcomes of the change than did non‐supervisory staff. Finally, compared to other staff, executives focused more on participation in the change process and communication about the change process.

Research limitations/implications

This study examines the organizational change at only one time point in one organization. Perceptions of the change may change over time, and other identities like professional identity may influence perceptions.

Practical implications

These findings suggest that change agents should consider the needs of different organizational groups in order to achieve effective and successful organizational change.

Originality/value

This study clearly shows the impact of organizational level, identifying similarities and differences in perceptions of change across level.
Attributional theory of leadership: a model of functional attributions and behaviors
Authors: Lakshman C.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a positive and functional attributional model of leadership, using both leadership perceptions and leadership effectiveness as criteria. Drawing from cognitive complexity theory, and attributional complexity theory, this article identifies attributional accuracy of managers as the fundamental component of the functional model developed here. The model of leadership developed here focuses on such key leadership constructs as leader information processing using complex schemata, leader attributions and their accuracy, leader behaviors that follow their attributions, mediating variables such as subordinate self‐efficacy, satisfaction, and motivation, and outcome variables such as leadership perceptions and subordinate performance. These variables are linked in a process model.

Design/methodology/approach

The article depends on a critical review of the literature to build a theoretical model consistent with theory building guidelines.

Findings

Accurate attributions and the avoidance of attributional biases are identified as key factors determining effectiveness and leadership perceptions. Leader interactive behaviors, feedback latency, and the development of strategies for improving performance are identified as key consequences of attributional accuracy.

Practical implications

This article has implications for the ways in which managers are selected and trained to provide leadership in organizations.

Orginality/value

The theory developed here breaks new ground in the investigation of the positive and functional attributional processes of leaders leading to organizational or unit effectiveness. This research contributes to knowledge by pointing to the functional role of accurate attributions and the delineation of the processes through which such attributions can lead to enhancing subordinate motivation and hence leadership effectiveness.
Profiling the Chinese manager: exploring dimensions that relate to leadership
Authors: Selvarajah Christopher , Meyer Denny
Published: June 2008

Purpose

This paper explores the leadership profile of managers in China and in so doing identifies demographics factors that shape perceptions of what makes an excellent Chinese leader.

Design/methodology/approach

Summated scales for the importance of Excellent Leader (EL), Personal Qualities (PQ), Managerial Behaviour (MB), Organisational Demands (OD) and Environmental Influences (EI) were developed using most of the items categorised by Selvarajah et al. and several other items rated highly in this study. A structural model was constructed to explain the relationship in excellence in leadership.

Findings

The structural model confirmed that managerial behaviour was the most important construct determining leadership in China and that even with the changes in the political and social systems in the last 60 years, the Chinese belief in Confucianism is highly valued.

Practical implications

China is undergoing dramatic changes and understanding China within a changing cultural context is important to international participants entering the country.

Originality/value

This paper contextualises leadership within societal‐cultural change
What can we learn from senior leader narratives? The strutting and fretting of becoming a leader
Authors: Turner Jane , Mavin Sharon
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore subjective life histories and leadership journeys of senior leaders, drawing upon elements of an authentic leadership framework (life trigger events, values and emotions). The paper surfaces partial life histories and the often unheard of individual experiences of becoming a leader, offering stories to others as a media for learning and extending authentic leadership theory.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws upon a qualitative empirical study engaging 22 UK senior leaders in semi‐structured interviews, involving a life‐history approach to generate subjective narratives of how individuals establish and sustain leadership.

Findings

The empirical data highlights that elements of authentic leadership theory resonate in practice. Senior leaders' life histories and in particular negative trigger events are significant to their approach as leaders. The values of honesty and integrity were important to the leaders, with some able to sustain their values uncompromisingly. The leaders openly expressed emotion and vulnerability when re‐telling their stories, but whether they do so as leaders in relationships with others, requires further research. Authentic leadership theory may be over simplified in terms of emotion and vulnerability in practice.

Practical implications

Elements of authentic leadership offer alternative understandings of experiences of leaders. The life history approach enables important insights into leaders' subjective realities and should be integral to leadership development approaches.

Originality/value

The paper offers empirical data from UK senior leaders, highlighting the unheard of strutting and fretting of leadership and contributing empirical research to authentic leadership theory.
Scholarly journal ranking(s) in marketing: single‐ or multi‐item measures?
Authors: Svensson Göran
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The topic of scholarly journals is important to the marketing discipline and the worldwide research communities, due to the way the journals are categorized and judged in available and compiled journal rankings. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the underlying measures of journal rankings in scholarly journals in marketing.

Design/methodology/approach

It is limited to the scholarly journals and journal rankings of the marketing discipline.

Findings

Journal rankings of scholarly journals in marketing are mainly based upon single‐item measures based upon either citations or perceptions, without any estimates of validity, reliability or generality.

Research limitations/implications

There is a need to move away from the predominantly “single‐item measure syndrome” that characterizes most of the available and compiled journal rankings in marketing.

Practical implications

Broader approaches should be implemented and applied in journal rankings based upon “multi‐item measures”.

Originality/value

Re‐assessment of the activity of ranking journals is long overdue if the ranking lists themselves do not consider a minimum of scientific rigor and soundness as required in other areas of scholarly endeavours. The marketing discipline may be at risk of entering a vicious and irreversible circle of decline and decomposition.
The rise of emerging market multinationals and the impact on marketing
Authors: Fan Ying
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the rise of emerging market multinationals (EMMs), with a special focus on its impact on marketing.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is an invited opinion piece with implicit permission to “think aloud”.

Findings

Emerging market countries not only have millions of newly affluent consumers, but they are also the home of a new generation of multinational companies. The rise of EMMs challenges the extant thinking in strategy and marketing, and creates both threats and opportunities for western firms. With unique character and behaviour, EMMs are different from both developed countries multinationals and Japanese and Korean firms. It is imperative to study EMMs in order to win the new competition.

Research limitations/implications

The topic is currently under‐researched, but has the potential to enrich and further develop the marketing subject.

Originality/value

Hopefully, the paper draws more attention to the rise of EMMs and encourages more research on the topic.
Understanding and profitably managing customer loyalty
Authors: Gee Robert , Coates Graham , Nicholson Mike
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to draw together the salient issues surrounding customer loyalty and customer relationship management (CRM) into a single coherent discussion. Various schools of academic thought are examined. The paper concludes with practical implications for managers.

Design/methodology/approach

The literature surrounding customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, effective CRM and managing loyalty in a profitable manner are all reviewed. The paper allows managers to consider a wide range of material in the context of their business.

Findings

The need for businesses to retain customers is an important issue in today's global marketplace. To retain customers, a business must forge loyal and long‐term relationships with profitable customers. Reasons why customers leave a company are discussed, and preventative strategies are considered. Loyalty schemes are considered and their relative merits examined.

Practical implications

A key implication of this paper is the need to focus attention on managing customer loyalty in a profitable manner. Certain theories hold the view that generating customer loyalty will automatically drive profits. This paper suggests that this is probably not the case. Given this, the paper calls for data analysis and database segmentation to be considered as an integral part of profitably managing customer loyalty.

Originality/value

The paper provides both a broad and in‐depth discussion of all the salient issues surrounding customer loyalty. By drawing together these issues into a single discussion, the paper offers a unique perspective that is not available in the current literature. Holistically considering all of the practical elements of customer loyalty allows academic researchers and marketing managers to compare and contrast different theories and principles.
Anticipating a regrettable purchase
Authors: Sevdalis Nick , Kokkinaki Flora , Harvey Nigel
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of consumers' erroneous affective self‐forecasts, and discuss the implications of such forecasts for consumer purchasing behaviour and marketing planning.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the literature on inaction inertia – the lowering of the likelihood that a bargain will be taken once a better bargain has been missed – is reviewed. Second, the literature on affective self‐forecasting is reviewed. Finally, the implications that the authors synthesis of the behavioural evidence carries for marketing are discussed.

Findings

The inaction inertia literature implicates the regret that consumers associate with purchasing a discounted item once they have missed a much larger discount on it as a major contributing factor to consumers' unwillingness to purchase the item on the second occasion. The literature on affective self‐prediction suggests that regret (and other emotions) is systematically mispredicted.

Research limitations/implications

The likely effect of erroneously anticipated regret in inaction inertia situations is depressed purchasing behaviour. The paper argues that because affective anticipations are typically erroneous, their impact on consumer decision‐making processes cannot be deemed rational. It is proposed that marketing should intervene to either increase the accuracy of such anticipations, or to lead consumers to discount them.

Practical implications

Price promotions can have negative side effects, such as those observed in inaction inertia circumstances. To some extent, these are driven by consumers anticipated regret (and possibly other relevant emotions). Marketing techniques can counteract the disproportionate impact of such emotions.

Originality/value

The paper offers a synthesis of behavioural evidence on inaction inertia and affective self‐forecasting – two quite separate literatures that have yet to be brought together in the present context. In addition, the paper outlines implications for marketing and suggests possible strategies to moderate the discussed effects.
e‐CRM in SMEs: an exploratory study in Northern Ireland
Authors: Harrigan Paul , Ramsey Elaine , Ibbotson Patrick
Published: June 2008

Purpose

Relationship marketing principles have seldom been applied to the small‐ and medium‐sized enterprise (SME). The purpose of this paper is to develop what is a striking link by investigating the role of internet technologies in the customer relationship management of SMEs based in Northern Ireland (NI).

Design/methodology/approach

This study took an exploratory outlook and a quantitative approach to data collection was adopted. A self‐completion questionnaire was distributed by post to a sample of 300 SMEs in NI. A response rate of 18.6 per cent was obtained.

Findings

The findings of this study illustrate that SMEs are implementing fundamental electronic customer relationship management (e‐CRM) practices and reaping the benefits from internationalisation. Challenges are few, but centre on a preference for face‐to‐face relationships and a lack of government support.

Research limitations/implications

It is hoped that this exploratory research has laid the foundation for further examination of e‐CRM in the SME context. Future studies should be able to replicate the process in other countries and on a larger scale. The potential also exists for in‐depth qualitative research.

Practical implications

The paper concludes that e‐CRM may have to move on to a more strategic and integrated level if SMEs in NI are to compete, both locally and globally.

Originality/value

This exploratory research has shed some light on the marginalised subject of e‐CRM in SMEs. For SMEs operating in a peripheral economy such as NI the benefits to be gained from e‐CRM are lucrative.
The impact of the current expansion of the European Union on international marketing strategies on Norwegian multinational farmed salmon producers
Authors: Melewar T.C. , Mui Helene , Gupta Suraksha , Knight Joseann
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of the recent European Union (EU) expansion on the international marketing strategies of Fjord Seafood, a Norwegian farmed salmon producer.

Design/methodology/approach

The Norwegian salmon industry provides an interesting case study because it reflects the complexities of a dynamic international environment. Not only must the industry grapple with the threats and opportunities brought on by the expansion, but also it must confront the potential repercussions of, an at times troubled relationship with EU authorities.

Findings

The findings as a consequence of the study are based on the changes in the market place, provide a theoretically driven analysis of said changes, and suggest viable marketing strategies to accommodate the dynamism and complexity of the newly enlarged EU. As for the future, convergence of the market may make increased standardisation possible. However, food is very much culture dependent, so it is uncertain to what extent standardisation can and will occur.

Originality/value

The paper makes a two‐pronged contribution to the literature on international marketing. The paper commences with a discussion of the macro‐environmental factors which now confront Fjord Seafood. Building on existing theories, the discussion moves on to consider which marketing strategy and marketing mix options would be viable in a newly enlarged EU. Finally, the paper concludes with an integrated synopsis and several reasoned suggestions for future market growth.
How export marketing research affects company export performance
Authors: Haluk Köksal Mehmet
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to help exporting companies to increase the performance of their exporting activities through collecting sound export information and using it effectively. Specifically, the research objective is to determine the effects of the export information sources, information types, export research methods and the way the export information is used within the company on the measures of export company performance, namely export sales, export growth and export profitability.

Design/methodology/approach

The study focuses on the above objectives and aims at enlightening them by testing some hypotheses. A structured questionnaire was sent to 350 Turkish exporting companies through the mail, and 102 responses were received.

Findings

The research determined that companies collect export information from different sources and use it for various purposes in their decision making. The research also clearly indicated that the differences in export information sources and information types employed, and information usage in decision making, have different effects on their export performance, mainly measured in terms of sales, market share and profitability.

Originality/value

Although some of the studies in the literature have focused specifically, and in a piecemeal fashion, on the determination, acquisition and utilization of export information into export information systems, there is a lack of studies integrating all the elements into export marketing information systems and investigating the effects of companies' export marketing information systems on company performance. The paper tries to bring all the elements of the export information system in a model and tests the effects of the export information elements on export performance. It is hoped that, the findings will help managers and policy makers.
Cost‐oriented failure mode and effects analysis
Authors: von Ahsen Anette
Published: June 2008

Purpose

Conventional Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) may lead to wrong decisions in terms of a company's financial objectives. Thus, the aim of this paper is to develop an improved approach to prioritizing failures within the procedure of the FMEA.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the current “risk priority number” (RPN) being used within the FMEA is developed. Second, a case study is conducted in cooperation with an automotive supplier in order to test the applicability and benefits of the new approach.

Findings

By implementing the cost‐oriented FMEA, quality management can be improved. In order to decide on improvement actions, costs arising from faults detected by the customer, costs of faults detected within the boundaries of the company and costs associated with false positive inspection results should be included in the evaluation of potential failures. This case study confirms the benefits of the new approach.

Research limitations/implications

In order to implement this modified FMEA, a precondition is to estimate failure costs precisely and comprehensively. This precondition could constitute a serious obstacle, because quality costs are often difficult to quantify. In addition, future research should focus on the potential to include interdependencies among various failure modes and effects.

Practical implications

The proposed approach enables managers and designers to prevent expensive faults and hence facilitates decisions, which make better use of resources in optimising products and processes.

Originality/value

The paper provides a new approach to FMEA and thus contributes to the development of cost‐oriented quality management.
Empirical validity of Baldrige criteria: New Zealand evidence
Authors: Jayamaha Nihal P. , Grigg Nigel P. , Mann Robin S.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to empirically assess the validity of Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence (CPE) for New Zealand organisations and to identify methodological gaps.

Design/methodology/approach

By means of data collected from a sample of 91 New Zealand organisations, through a self‐assessment instrument (as a proxy for the CPE) a structural equation model was studied using the partial least squares method. The measurement validity of the CPE as well as the implied causal relationships in the CPE framework was tested. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to gain additional insights.

Findings

The measurement validity of the CPE was established; of the 13 implied causal relationships in the CPE framework, 11 were statistically significant, which compared favourably with past studies. The results endorse some salient features of quality management: reliance on measurement, analysis, and knowledge management; the involvement of people; and the role of leadership in setting direction.

Research limitations/implications

As the study was based on a small sample, this model needs to be tested with other data sets. The study revealed the need to meta‐analyse past measurement and structural models as well as measurement instruments.

Practical implications

The study endorsed the reliability and validity of a well designed, well administered, self‐assessment instrument.

Originality/value

As the first New Zealand CPE validity study, the paper introduces the partial least squares method and shows some of its relevant versatile features, introducing some measurement perspectives not conceptualised before in CPE validation studies.
Exploring the antecedents of quality commitment among employees: an empirical study
Authors: Demirbag Mehmet , Sahadev Sunil
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the major factors that impact the quality commitment of employees in organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses a cross‐sectional design and the propositions are validated through two sample surveys conducted in two separate organizations in Turkey.

Findings

The study presents four independent variables as the major factors affecting quality commitment of employees, viz. the leadership commitment towards quality; the quality orientation of the organization; team effectiveness and effectiveness of quality‐related communication. The four hypotheses are found to be valid.

Originality/value

The paper attempts to contribute towards the literature on quality commitment of employees. So far, studies on quality commitment have been quite limited and hence this effectively fills a gap in the literature. Examination of data collected from a government ministry and a manufacturing company reveals some significant findings, which contributes to quality management literature.