bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite-type semiconductor: poly[(2-azaniumylethyl)trimethylphosphanium [tetra-μ-bromido-plumbate(II)]]
Authors: Cheng Ling , Cao Yingjie
Published: February 2019

Recently, with the prevalence of `perovskite fever', organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OHPs) have attracted intense attention due to their remarkable structural variability and highly tunable properties. In particular, the optical and electrical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid lead halides are typical of the OHP family. Besides, although three-dimensional hybrid perovskites, such as [CH3NH3]PbX
3 (X = Cl, Br or I), have been reported, the development of new organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductors is still an area in urgent need of exploration. Here, an organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite is reported, namely poly[(2-azaniumylethyl)trimethylphosphanium [tetra-μ-bromido-plumbate(II)]], {(C5H16NP)[PbBr4]}
n
, in which an organic cation is embedded in inorganic two-dimensional (2D) mesh layers to produce a sandwich structure. This unique sandwich 2D hybrid perovskite material shows an indirect band gap of ∼2.700 eV. The properties of this compound as a semiconductor are demonstrated by a series of optical characterizations and indicate potential applications for optical devices.
Phason-flips refinement of and multiple-scattering correction for thed-AlCuRh quasicrystal
Authors: Buganski Ireneusz , Strzalka Radoslaw , Wolny Janusz
Published: February 2019

The origin of the characteristic bias observed in a logarithmic plot of the calculated and measured intensities of diffraction peaks for quasicrystals has not yet been established. Structure refinement requires the inclusion of weak reflections; however, no structural model can properly describe their intensities. For this reason, detailed information about the atomic structure is not available. In this article, a possible cause for the characteristic bias, namely the lattice phason flip, is investigated. The derivation of the structure factor for a tiling with inherent phason flips is given and is tested for the AlCuRh decagonal quasicrystal. Although an improvement of the model is reported, the bias remains. A simple correction term involving a redistribution of the intensities of the peaks was tested, and successfully removed the bias from the diffraction data. This new correction is purely empirical and only mimics the effect of multiple scattering. A comprehensive study of multiple scattering requires detailed knowledge of the diffraction experiment geometry.
On-line orbit planning and guidance for advanced upper stage
Authors: Zhang Liang , Wei Changzhu , Diao Yin , Cui Naigang
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the problem of on-line orbit planning and guidance for an advanced upper stage.

Design/methodology/approach

The double impulse optimal transfer orbit is planned by the Lambert algorithm and the improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) method, which can reduce the total velocity increment of the transfer orbit. More specially, a simplified formula is developed to obtain the working time of the main engine for two phases of flight based on the theorem of impulse. Subsequently, the true anomalies of the start position and the end position for both two phases are planned by the Newton iterative algorithm and the Kepler equation. Finally, the first phase of flight is guided by a novel iterative guidance (NIG) law based on the true anomaly update with respect to the geometrical relationship. Also, a completely analytical powered explicit guidance (APEG) law is presented to realize orbital injection for the second phase of flight.

Findings

Simulations including Monte Carlo and three typical orbit transfer missions are carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Originality/value

A novel on-line orbit planning algorithm is developed based on the Lambert problem, IPSO optimization method and Newton iterative algorithm. The NIG and APEG are presented to realize the designed transfer orbit for the first and second phases of flight. Both two guidance laws achieve higher orbit injection accuracies than traditional guidance laws.
Implementing gender quotas in academia: a practice lens
Authors: Voorspoels Jolien , Bleijenbergh Inge
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the practices utilized by university actors when implementing gender quotas, and study how these practices affect gender equality in academic decision-making bodies.

Design/methodology/approach

The study applies a practice theory lens to the case study of a Belgian university implementing a gender quota by performing 26 semi-structured interviews with actors, and collecting and analyzing relevant organizational documents.

Findings

This study shows that university actors implement gender quotas through three practices: gender-specific calls, scouting and “playing around”. Identifying this variation in practices helps to understand both actors’ sense-making of compliance with gender quotas and women’s decision-making power in academic bodies.

Research limitations/implications

This study explores how practices interact with the organization’s broader context and its power dynamics. In future studies, adding ethnographic observations would strengthen the practice approach.

Practical implications

The study indicates that implementing gender quotas can foster women’s representation in decision-making, but that a strictly procedural sense-making of gender quotas could also undermine this. Universities should continue implementing gender quotas, further analyze their implementation practices and comprehensively adapt their organizational policies and practices to comply with gender equality goals substantively.

Originality/value

Through a practice theory approach, this paper offers original insight into how actors comply with gender quotas. Uncovering the implementation process in particular, the paper reveals how gender quotas could foster gender equality in academic decision-making.
Work-readiness integrated competence model
Authors: Prikshat Verma , Kumar Sanjeev , Nankervis Alan
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise graduate work-readiness (GWR) and to develop a scale to measure it.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology entailed the compilation of a literature review and the conduct of qualitative interviews and a focus group to generate items. This study used the “resource-based view” approach to conceptualise a multi-dimensional–“work-readiness integrated competence model (WRICM)”–consisting of four main factors (namely, intellectual, personality, meta-skill and job-specific resources), with a further ten sub-dimensions. Further, a series of tests were performed to assess its reliability and validity.

Findings

A final 53-item WRICM scale covering four dimensions and ten sub-dimensions of GWR was developed based on the perceptions of 362 HR professionals and managers from seven Asia-Pacific countries. The ten sub-dimensions covering 53 work-readiness skills reflect the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the work-readiness of graduates. The scale was found to be psychometrically sound for measuring GWR.

Research limitations/implications

Though the WRICM model is based on the inputs of different stakeholders of GWR (employers, educators, policy makers and graduates), the development of the WRICM scale is based on the perspectives of industry/employers only.

Practical implications

The WRICM model has implications for education, industry, professional associations, policy makers and for graduates. These stakeholders can adapt this scale in assessing the work-readiness of graduates in different streams of education.

Originality/value

The authors believe that the WRICM model is the first multi-dimensional construct that is based on a sound theory and from the inputs from graduate work-readiness stakeholders from seven Asia-Pacific countries.
Decentralization of Indonesia social health insurance
Authors: Bintang Sanusi , Mujibussalim Mujibussalim , Fikri Fikri
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explain the need for the implementation of decentralization of Indonesia social health insurance (INA-Medicare), with particular emphasis for Aceh Province. First, it discusses the inconsistency of Act on National Social Security System (ANSSS) to the 1945 Constitution, because certain rules in ANSSS are contrary to the 1945 Constitution. This weakens the practice of broader regional autonomy, lessens the importance of public service quality in health care and ignores specific cultural and religious values of the regional people. Then, it explains provisions on central and regional government authority in the 1945 Constitution, Act on Regional Autonomy and Act on Governing of Aceh. Later, it explores current law and practice of INA-Medicare under the national social security system and the centralized administering body. Finally, it provides reasons for decentralization of INA-Medicare, as the solution.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses doctrinal legal research. It relies on both primary and secondary legal authorities. In additions, it also uses sociolegal research by relying on non-legal materials, including empirical data from books, journals and newspapers. Analysis of legal authorities is by legal reasoning process, whereas analysis of non-legal materials is by qualitative approach.

Findings

This study argues that the decentralization of INA-Medicare is more suitable for Aceh Province because of several reasons, including implementing broader regional autonomy, improving public service quality in health care and implementing the principle of sharia social health insurance.

Originality/value

The study is original because it focuses on a specific regional area of Aceh Province, Indonesia. It concentrates on specific legal issues and provides unique reasons for argumentation. Therefore, it provides important specific information for journal readers.
Comparative analysis between management team and teachers on the impact of ISO 9001 standards in educational centres
Authors: Rodríguez-Mantilla Jesús Miguel , Fernández-Cruz Francisco José , Fernández-Díaz Mª José
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse and compare the impact of implementation of ISO 9001:2008 Standards perceived by Management Teams and Teachers in schools in four autonomous communities in Spain.

Design/methodology/approach

To assess this impact, the authors used an evaluation instrument made up of 93 items assessing seven major dimensions, whose reliability has been excellent for the full scale (Cronbach’sα= 0.987) and dimensions (α> 0.93). The authors conducted descriptive and differential analyses (ANOVA andt-test for independent samples) of the assessments by professional position (managers and teachers) and other variables (size and type of school, years of implantation, etc.). A factorial analysis of variance was conducted to analyse the interaction effect between these variables in each of the evaluated dimensions.

Findings

The most significant results show a high impact on the dimension management, medium on communication, learning process and external relations and low impact on climate, support and recognition and satisfaction. Likewise, the authors found that members of the Management Teams valued the impact that ISO 9001:2008 Standards have had on all dimensions at a higher level, except for external relations, where no significant differences between Teachers and Management Team members were found.

Practical implications

The study makes it possible to conclude that in general terms, the members of the Management Team of the schools perceive a higher impact of the implementation of ISO 9001:2008 Standards than teacher do in the different dimensions evaluated.

Originality/value

The specialised literature shows the lack of studies related to the impact that the implementation of quality management systems has on organisations. Specifically, this study provides conclusions to the scientific and professional community with objective evidence of the impact ISO 9001:2008 implementation has had on schools, through an indirect system of perceptions of the education community of the changes, which according to them had taken place as a result of implementation. Thus, this study contributes to the development of a new body of knowledge by evaluating this impact.
Establishing transdisciplinary minor programme as a way to embed sustainable development into higher education system
Authors: Jia Qian , Wang Ying , Fengting Li
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study of the establishment and development of a minor program in Sustainable Development in Tongji University, China, and how it contributes to embedding sustainable development into higher education system as an alternative platform for researchers and students to involve in a transdisciplinary teaching and learning process.

Design/methodology/approach

This case reviews the institutional setting and the different studying models and requirements for postgraduates and undergraduates. Postgraduate students have to take four core courses, select one module with four themed courses (4 + 4 fixed) and complete a transdisciplinary essay, and undergraduates can choose any three courses in all modules apart from the four core courses (4 + 3 open), with a transdisciplinary group project.

Findings

The development of the minor program reveals the popularity and decline of different modules, because of the popularity of the schools and institutes behind them, the university legacy and the media influence. The program design spurs transdisciplinary thinking on sustainable development but brings about challenges including time conflict with students’ major study. In conclusion, this program explores alternative education practices in embedding sustainable development in education system, contributing to and reflect on Education for Sustainable Development and the education reform in China.

Originality/value

The case presents a unique way of implementing Education for Sustainable Development in higher education system, in which minor education stands between formal and informal curriculum to tackle the barriers in undertaking sustainable development initiatives in curricula, through nurturing the culture and providing organizational support.
Antecedents and consequences of flow state in e-commerce
Authors: Lee Yun Jung , Ha Sejin , Johnson Zachary
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Flow is an optimal cognitive state that enhances consumer satisfaction. This paper aims to examine the effects of website features (product- and service-related cues) on consumers’ flow experiences and how flow affects satisfaction with e-commerce.

Design/methodology/approach

Responses were collected from 556 respondents who had recently made purchases online. Factor analysis identified a measure of flow applicable within e-commerce. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test hypothesized relationships between product- and service-oriented cues on flow and the influence of flow on satisfaction.

Findings

Flow experiences were favorably (unfavorably) influenced by product (service)-related cues. Of the five flow dimensions identified, three (enjoyment, goal clarity and feedback) positively affected, one (telepresence) negatively affected and one did not affect satisfaction.

Research limitations/implications

Prior research recognized the importance of flow, but its role in e-commerce was unclear, as prior e-commerce flow measures were incongruous and traditional retail findings apply inconsistently online. By empirically establishing a counterintuitive link between controllable Web features and flow and demonstrating how the dimension of flow independently affect satisfaction, the understanding of flow is advanced.

Practical implications

Understanding the influence of controllable marketing factors on flow can help e-commerce managers enhance consumers’ flow experiences and satisfaction.

Originality/value

Product-related cues enhanced while service-related cues degraded flow perceptions, with the later effect running contrary to traditional retail findings. The authors assert that this negative relationship is based on consumers’ use of service-related cues online, which are needed when consumers fail to find information – representing flow disruption.
The gig economy in the UK: a regional perspective
Authors: Johnes Geraint
Published: February 2019

Purpose

A quarterly series of gig economy activity in the regions of the UK is constructed. Patterns of regional linkages are identified and the implications of spatial patterns for policymakers, businesses, workers and institutions are highlighted.

Design/methodology/approach

The Labour Force Survey data on main job self-employment in key gig economy sectors are used to construct the series. These are then analysed using vector autoregression techniques to identify patterns in the data and provide provisional forecasts.

Findings

The incidence of gig economy activity is greatest in the London region, characterised by high population density and a concentration of service sectors in which gig economy work, particularly of a highly skilled nature, takes place. Growth of gig economy activity in other regions has been more modest. In London, the percentage of workers in the gig economy is expected to rise to around 6.5 per cent over the next few years, while in other regions, the percentage is expected to settle at between 3 and 4.5 per cent.

Originality/value

These are the first regional estimates to be provided of the extent of gig economy activity. This is important in the context of discussions about the future of work, not least because regional disparities imply the need for policies addressing insecurity to have a spatial dimension.
Does work and family imbalance impact the satisfaction of police force employees? A “net or a web” model
Authors: Ahmad Rashid , Islam Talat
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of work–family conflict (WFC) and family–work conflict (FWC) on the level of job satisfaction for the police force employees, considering organizational and community embeddedness as the two moderators.

Design/methodology/approach

A convenience-based sample of 345 employees working in the capital city police force was collected using a questionnaire-based survey.

Findings

A negative association was found between WFC and the employees’ job satisfaction, and both organizational and community embeddedness were found to moderate these associations.

Research limitations/implications

The study suggests policymakers to develop HR strategies to mitigate work and family imbalances in order to enhance job satisfaction among the police force employees.

Practical implications

Practically, this study contributes by suggesting flexible working hours and reducing the workload of the police force.

Originality/value

This study highlights the importance of the effects of community and organizational embeddedness on the associations between inter-role conflicts and job satisfaction among police force employees. The study adds to the limited literature on the constructs of WFC and FWC to elucidate the moderating role of embeddedness.
Emotional self-efficacy and psychological health of police officers
Authors: Emeriau-Farges Clémence Violette , Deschênes Andrée-Ann , Dussault Marc
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The evaluation of emotional management in police environments has impacts on their health and on their interventions (Monier, 2014; Van Hoorebeke, 2003). There are significant costs related to occupational diseases in the police force: absenteeism, turnover, deterioration of the work climate (Al Ali et al., 2012). Considering that policing involves a high level of emotional control and management (Monier, 2014; Al Ali et al., 2012; Dar, 2011) and that no study has yet examined the relationship between police officers’ emotional competencies and their psychological health at work (PHW), the purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship and influence of emotional self-efficacy (ESE) on PHW in policing.

Design/methodology/approach

PHW results from psychological distress at work (PDW) (irritability, anxiety, disengagement) and psychological well-being at work (PWBW) (social harmony, serenity and commitment at work) (Gilbertet al., 2011). ESE is defined as the individual’s belief in his or her own emotional skills and effectiveness in producing desired results (Bandura, 1997), conceptualized through seven emotional skills: the use of emotions; the perception of one’s own emotions and that of others; the understanding of one’s emotions and that of others; and the management of one’s emotions and that of others (Deschênes et al., 2016). A correlational estimate was used with a sample of 990 employed police officers, 26 percent of whom were under 34 years of age and 74 percent over 35. The ESE scales (a=0.97) of Deschênes et al. (2018) and Gilbertet al.(2011) on PWBW (a=0.91) and PDW (a=0.94) are used to measure the concepts under study.

Findings

The results of the regression analyses confirm links between police officers’ emotional skills and PHW. The results show that self-efficacy in managing emotions, self-efficacy in managing emotions that others feel, self-efficacy in using emotions and self-efficacy in understanding emotions partially explain PWBW (R2=0.30,p<0.001). On the other hand, self-efficacy in perceiving the emotions that others feel, self-efficacy in using emotions and self-efficacy in managing emotions partially explain PDW (R2=0.30,p<0.001).

Originality/value

This study provided an understanding of the correlation between police officers’ feelings of ESE and their PHW, particularly with PWBW. Beyond the innovation and theoretical contribution of such a study on the police environment, the results reveal the scope of the consideration of emotional skills in this profession.
Diverse anaerobic methane‐ and multi‐carbon alkane‐metabolizing archaea coexist and show activity in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediment
Authors: Wang Yinzhao , Feng Xiaoyuan , Natarajan Vengadesh Perumal , Xiao Xiang , Wang Fengping
Published: February 2019

Anaerobic oxidation of methane greatly contributes to global carbon cycling, yet the anaerobic oxidation of non‐methane alkanes by archaea was only recently detected in lab enrichments. The distribution and activity of these archaea in natural environments are not yet reported and understood. Here, a combination of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches was utilized to understand the ecological roles and metabolic potentials of methyl‐coenzyme M reductase (MCR)‐based alkane oxidizing (MAO) archaea in Guaymas Basin sediments. Diverse MAO archaea, including multi‐carbon alkane oxidizer Ca. Syntrophoarchaeum spp., anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea ANME‐1 and ANME‐2c as well as sulfate‐reducing bacteria HotSeep‐1 and Seep‐SRB2 that potentially involved in MAO processes, coexisted and showed activity in Guaymas Basin sediments. High‐quality genomic bins of Ca. Syntrophoarchaeum spp., ANME‐1 and ANME‐2c were retrieved. They all contain and expressed mcr genes and genes in Wood–Ljungdahl pathway for the complete oxidation from alkane to CO2 in local environment, while Ca. Syntrophoarchaeum spp. also possess beta‐oxidation genes for multi‐carbon alkane degradation. A global survey of potential multi‐carbon alkane metabolism archaea shows that they are usually present in organic rich environments but are not limit to hydrothermal or marine ecosystems. Our study provided new insights into ecological and metabolic potentials of MAO archaea in natural environments.
Sudden Death Due to Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Duan Yijie , Luan Hanghang , Yang Yi , Li Wenhe , Zhang Lin , Liu Qian , Zhou Yiwu
Published: February 2019

Primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is a rare type of stroke defined as bleeding within the ventricles of the brain without any associated parenchymal hemorrhage. Here, we reported two cases of sudden death due to PIVH. One of the patients was found dead under a highway bridge without witnesses, and the other patient was hospitalized with hemorrhage in the ventricular system, as revealed by a head computed tomography scan. In these two patients, autopsy and macroscopic examination only showed hemorrhages in the ventricular system without any traumatic brain injury or other intraparenchymal hemorrhage. The sources of bleeding for both patients were ultimately confirmed as ruptured brain arteriovenous malformations located in the subventricular zone. We reported these cases to broaden our understanding of sudden death associated with PIVH, especially when caused by brain arteriovenous malformation. We also summarized the essential details of the diagnoses and available technical methods for PIVH cases.
Stimulation of Smithella‐dominating propionate oxidation in a sediment enrichment by magnetite and carbon nanotubes
Authors: Xia Xingxuan , Zhang Jianchao , Song Tianze , Lu Yahai
Published: February 2019

Recent studies have shown that application of conductive materials including magnetite and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can promote the methanogenic decomposition of short‐chain fatty acids and even more complex organic matter in anaerobic digesters and natural habitats. The linkage to microbial identity and the mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the effects of nanoscale magnetite (nanoFe3O4) and multiwalled CNTs on the syntrophic oxidation of propionate in an enrichment obtained from lake sediment. The microbial populations were composed mainly of Smithella, Syntrophomonas, Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina and Methanoregula. In addition to acetate, butyrate was transiently accumulated indicating that propionate was oxidized by Smithella via the dismutation pathway and part of the leaked butyrate was oxidized by Syntrophomonas. Propionate oxidation and CH4 production were significantly accelerated in the presence of nanoFe3O4 and CNTs. While propionate oxidation was suppressed upon H2 application and suspended completely upon formate application in the control, this suppressive effect was substantially compromised in the presence of nanoFe3O4 and CNTs. The tests on hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis of a pure culture methanogen and of the enrichment culture without propionate showed negative effect by both materials. The positive effect of nanoFe3O4 disappeared when it was insulated by surface‐coating with silica. Observations made with fluorescence in situ hybridization and scanning electron microscope indicated the extensive formation of microbial cell‐conductive material mixture aggregates. Our results suggest that direct interspecies electron transfer is likely activated by the conductive materials and operates in concert with H2/formate‐dependent electron transfer for syntrophic propionate oxidation in the sediment enrichment.
The role of 6‐acetylmorphine in heroin‐induced reward and locomotor sensitization in mice
Authors: Kvello Anne Marte Sjursen , Andersen Jannike Mørch , Boix Fernando , Mørland Jørg , Bogen Inger Lise
Published: February 2019

We have previously demonstrated that heroin's first metabolite, 6‐acetylmorphine (6‐AM), is an important mediator of heroin's acute effects. However, the significance of 6‐AM to the rewarding properties of heroin still remains unknown. The present study therefore aimed to examine the contribution of 6‐AM to heroin‐induced reward and locomotor sensitization. Mice were tested for conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by equimolar doses of heroin or 6‐AM (1.25‐5 μmol/kg). Psychomotor activity was recorded during the CPP conditioning sessions for assessment of drug‐induced locomotor sensitization. The contribution of 6‐AM to heroin reward and locomotor sensitization was further examined by pretreating mice with a 6‐AM specific antibody (anti–6‐AM mAb) 24 hours prior to the CPP procedure. Both heroin and 6‐AM induced CPP in mice, but heroin generated twice as high CPP scores compared with 6‐AM. Locomotor sensitization was expressed after repeated exposure to 2.5 and 5 μmol/kg heroin or 6‐AM, but not after 1.25 μmol/kg, and we found no correlation between the expression of CPP and the magnitude of locomotor sensitization for either opioid. Pretreatment with anti–6‐AM mAb suppressed both heroin‐induced and 6‐AM–induced CPP and locomotor sensitization. These findings provide evidence that 6‐AM is essential for the rewarding and sensitizing properties of heroin; however, heroin caused stronger reward compared with 6‐AM. This may be explained by the higher lipophilicity of heroin, providing more efficient drug transfer to the brain, ensuring rapid increase in the brain 6‐AM concentration.
Effects of the presence of others on prosocial behavior: Perceived face as mediator
Authors: Li Yalin , Zhao Min
Published: February 2019

Previous studies have shown that the prosocial behavior of individuals may be promoted or inhibited by the presence of others. This study hypothesizes that prosocial behavior relates to the relationships among present individuals, beyond their number. This study examines whether there is a significant difference in an individual's prosocial behavior in the presence of different types of others (strangers or friends) and whether this effect is mediated by the perception of face. Two studies that used different methods of data collection were conducted. It was found that the presence of friends promotes prosocial behavior more than does the presence of strangers. In addition, perceived face plays a mediating role between the presence of different types of people and prosocial behavior.
Legal and ethical implications of defining an optimum means of achieving unconsciousness in assisted dying
Authors: Sinmyee S. , Pandit V. J. , Pascual J. M. , Dahan A. , Heidegger T. , Kreienbühl G. , Lubarsky D. A. , Pandit J. J.
Published: February 2019

A decision by a society to sanction assisted dying in any form should logically go hand‐in‐hand with defining the acceptable method(s). Assisted dying is legal in several countries and we have reviewed the methods commonly used, contrasting these with an analysis of capital punishment in the USA. We expected that, since a common humane aim is to achieve unconsciousness at the point of death, which then occurs rapidly without pain or distress, there might be a single technique being used. However, the considerable heterogeneity in methods suggests that an optimum method of achieving unconsciousness remains undefined. In voluntary assisted dying (in some US states and European countries), the common method to induce unconsciousness appears to be self‐administered barbiturate ingestion, with death resulting slowly from asphyxia due to cardiorespiratory depression. Physician‐administered injections (a combination of general anaesthetic and neuromuscular blockade) are an option in Dutch guidelines. Hypoxic methods involving helium rebreathing have also been reported. The method of capital punishment (USA) resembles the Dutch injection technique, but specific drugs, doses and monitoring employed vary. However, for all these forms of assisted dying, there appears to be a relatively high incidence of vomiting (up to 10%), prolongation of death (up to 7 days), and re‐awakening from coma (up to 4%), constituting failure of unconsciousness. This raises a concern that some deaths may be inhumane, and we have used lessons from the most recent studies of accidental awareness during anaesthesia to describe an optimal means that could better achieve unconsciousness. We found that the very act of defining an ‘optimum’ itself has important implications for ethics and the law.
Epistemology, Moral Philosophy and Optimism: A Comparative Analysis Between Managers and their Subordinates
Authors: Rawwas Mohammed Y.A. , Hammoud Hadi Abdul‐Rahman , Iyer Karthik N.S.
Published: February 2019

The process of making ethical judgments is much more complex than studying only personal moral philosophy variables (idealism and relativism). The renewed interest in epistemic values (virtue and vice epistemology) in contemporary philosophy has shown significant relevance to understanding ethical behavior and such values may be better predictors than studying only idealism and relativism. The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine employees’ personal moral philosophies, optimism, epistemic values, and various organizational unethical practices as compared to their managers. We used Rawwas’ items of epistemology in this study. The sample consisted of 262 managers and employees. The results revealed that managers were more sensitive to organizational unethical practices, scored less on epistemic vices, less on absolutism, and more on exceptionalism than employees were. However, there was no difference between managers and employees related to moderate and minor unethical organizational practices, situationism, subjectivism, optimism, and epistemic virtues. We provided discussion of the results and implications.
The Role of Motor Competences in Predicting Working Memory Maintenance and Preparatory Processing
Authors: Ludyga Sebastian , Mücke Manuel , Kamijo Keita , Andrä Christian , Pühse Uwe , Gerber Markus , Herrmann Christian
Published: February 2019

The purpose of the study was the examination of the longitudinal association between motor competences and changes in preparatory processing during a task requiring working memory maintenance. At baseline, 52 Caucasian children aged 10–12 years completed the MOBAK‐5 test battery and a Sternberg task, whereas the cue‐P300 and the initial contingent negative variation (iCNV) were recorded via electroencephalography. After 9 months, the Sternberg task was administered again to assess changes in these neurophysiological indices and behavioral performance. Path analyses revealed that motor competences predicted the change in cue‐P300 and iCNV from baseline to follow‐up. The present findings indicate that the cognitive control strategy during a task demanding working memory maintenance changes as a function of children's baseline motor competences.
A new preventive intervention for children of substance‐abusing parents: Results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bröning Sonja , Sack Peter‐Michael , Haevelmann Andrea , Wartberg Lutz , Moesgen Diana , Klein Michael , Thomasius Rainer
Published: February 2019

Children of substance‐abusing parents (COS) are at risk for developing psychosocial problems. We evaluated the effectiveness of the manualized, 9‐session psycho‐educational preventive intervention “TRAMPOLINE” (PE) for 8–12‐year‐old COS compared with a non‐educational “fun and play” group (NE) of equal length delivered by social workers in 27 German counselling centres. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare PE (n = 130) and NE (n = 88) outcomes at baseline, post intervention, and 6‐month follow‐up. Primary outcomes were related to stress and coping; secondary were also examined. Analyses were conducted using baseline‐adjusted repeated measures linear mixed models. Five outcomes revealed improvements both in PE and NE, four of which were more pronounced in PE, and one more pronounced in NE. Small but significant group differences in favour of PE were found in “social isolation” and “addiction‐related knowledge.” Children from both groups reported reduced mental distress, reduced avoidance in coping with family stress, improved self‐perceived autonomy, and a better parent–child relationship. No changes were observed in self‐efficacy, physical stress symptoms, and in other health‐related quality of life aspects. TRAMPOLINE can instill positive changes in COS by reducing mental distress and social isolation.
THE FEDERAL RESERVE'S DUAL MANDATE AND THE INFLATION‐UNEMPLOYMENT TRADEOFF
Authors: Kaya Ayse , Golub Stephen , Kuperberg Mark , Lin Feng
Published: February 2019

Using Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) transcripts from 1960 to 2010, this paper examines the evolution of the Committee's approach to the inflation‐unemployment tradeoff. We find: (1) FOMC discussions have increasingly emphasized inflation relative to unemployment and (2) this shift occurred during the Volcker era and has continued even as inflation itself declined, with the result that the emphasis on inflation has become entrenched and disconnected from actual inflation. Finally, we create an expanded Taylor Rule that includes these FOMC discussions and find that the increased emphasis on inflation is positively correlated with the federal funds rate. (JEL E5, E4, E6)
Permanent pacemaker implantation after pediatric heart transplantation: Risk factors, indications, and outcomes
Authors: Mahmood Adil , Andrews Rachel , Fenton Matthew , Morrison Alanna , Mangat Jasveer , Davies Ben , Burch Michael , Simmonds Jacob
Published: February 2019

Background

Permanent pacemaker (PPM) placement in adults following orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) has been well documented. However, studies concerning the need for PPM implantation in pediatric heart transplant recipients are less common.

Methods

Institutional transplant and pacing databases as well as patient medical records were reviewed for all pediatric patients undergoing OHT (n = 314; all with bicaval connection) at our institution between January 2000 and March 2018.

Results

A total of 16 patients (5.1%) were implanted with a pacemaker after transplantation. Donor age was the only significant risk factor for post‐transplant PPM implantation, with a median age of 28.5 years (7.0‐49.0) in the pacing group vs 15.5 years (0.4‐56.0) in the non‐pacing group (P = 0.009). Indication for pacemaker insertion was more often complete heart block (CHB) (12/16, 75%) than sinus node dysfunction (SND) (4/16, 25%). There was no significant difference in mortality between recipients who received a PPM and those who did not (log‐rank test; P = 0.345).

Conclusions

Increasing donor age is associated with increased PPM placement following pediatric heart transplantation. Interestingly, a high proportion of CHB patients recovered sinus rhythm, and long‐term outcomes for paced patients are similar to other heart transplant recipients.
Vertebral evolution and ontogenetic allometry: The developmental basis of extreme body shape divergence in microcephalic sea snakes
Authors: Sherratt Emma , Coutts Felicity J. , Rasmussen Arne R. , Sanders Kate L.
Published: February 2019

Snakes exhibit a diverse array of body shapes despite their characteristically simplified morphology. The most extreme shape changes along the precloacal axis are seen in fully aquatic sea snakes (Hydrophiinae): “microcephalic” sea snakes have tiny heads and dramatically reduced forebody girths that can be less than a third of the hindbody girth. This morphology has evolved repeatedly in sea snakes that specialize in hunting eels in burrows, but its developmental basis has not previously been examined. Here, we infer the developmental mechanisms underlying body shape changes in sea snakes by examining evolutionary patterns of changes in vertebral number and postnatal ontogenetic growth. Our results show that microcephalic species develop their characteristic shape via changes in both the embryonic and postnatal stages. Ontogenetic changes cause the hindbodies of microcephalic species to reach greater sizes relative to their forebodies in adulthood, suggesting heterochronic shifts that may be linked to homeotic effects (axial regionalization). However, microcephalic species also have greater numbers of vertebrae, especially in their forebodies, indicating that somitogenetic effects also contribute to evolutionary changes in body shape. Our findings highlight sea snakes as an excellent system for studying the development of segment number and regional identity in the snake precloacal axial skeleton.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide in the testis of the quailCoturnix coturnix: Expression, localization, and phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Prisco Marina , Rosati Luigi , Agnese Marisa , Aceto Serena , Andreuccetti Piero , Valiante Salvatore
Published: February 2019

To evaluate the involvement of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP)/receptors system in the control of testis activity, we have investigated the expression and localization of PACAP and the distribution of its receptors in the testis of mature samples of quailCoturnix coturnix, and we have performed a phylogenetic analysis of PACAP in birds. Using histological, molecular, and bioinformatics tools, we demonstrated that (a)PACAPmessenger RNA shows a high sequence identity with that reported in other birds studied so far and in other vertebrates. Furthermore, we showed that purifying selection acts on PACAP; (b) the PACAP peptide is present only in Leydig cells, whereas its receptors are localized within both Leydig and germ cells; (c) the synthesis of PACAP does not take place in seminiferous tubules. The role of PACAP in the control of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in birds is discussed. Finally, we talk about the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between PACAP in birds and in other vertebrates.
Genome‐wide DNA‐methylation profiles in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on titanium surfaces
Authors: Lyu Mingyue , Zheng Yunfei , Jia Lingfei , Zheng Yan , Liu Yanping , Lin Ye , Di Ping
Published: February 2019

The characteristics of titanium (Ti) have been shown to influence dental implant fixation. Treatment of surfaces using the sandblasted, large‐grit, acid‐etched (SLA) method is widely used to provide effective osseointegration. However, the DNA methylation‐associated mechanism by which SLA surface treatment affects osseointegration of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) remains elusive. Genome‐wide methylation profiling of hBMSCs on SLA‐treated and machined smooth Ti was performed using Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip at day 7 of osteogenic induction. In total, 2,846 CpG sites were differentially methylated in the SLA group compared with the machined group. Of these sites, 1,651 (covering 1,066 genes) were significantly hypermethylated and 1,195 (covering 775 genes) were significantly hypomethylated. Thirty significant enrichment pathways were observed, with Wnt signaling being the most significant. mRNA expression was identified by microarray and combined with DNA‐methylation profiles. Thirty‐seven genes displayed negative association between mRNA expression and DNA‐methylation level, with the osteogenesis‐related genes insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and carboxypeptidase X, M14 Family Member 2 (CPXM2) showing significant up‐regulation and down‐regulation, respectively. In summary, our results demonstrate differences between SLA‐treated and machined surfaces in their effects on genome‐wide DNA methylation and enrichment of osteogenic pathways in hBMSCs. We provide novel insights into genes and pathways affected by SLA treatment in hBMSCs at the molecular level.
Response to antiseizure medications in neonates with acute symptomatic seizures
Authors: Glass Hannah C. , Soul Janet S. , Chu Catherine J. , Massey Shavonne L. , Wusthoff Courtney J. , Chang Taeun , Cilio Maria Roberta , Bonifacio Sonia L. , Abend Nicholas S. , Thomas Cameron , Lemmon Monica , McCulloch Charles E. , Shellhaas Renée A. ,   the Neonatal Seizure Registry study group
Published: February 2019

In a prospective cohort of 534 neonates with acute symptomatic seizures, 66% had incomplete response to the initial loading dose of antiseizure medication (ASM). Treatment response did not differ by gestational age, sex, medication, or dose. The risk of incomplete response was highest for seizures due to intracranial hemorrhage and lowest for hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy, although the difference was not significant after adjusting for high seizure burden and therapeutic hypothermia treatment. Future trial design may test ASMs in neonates with all acute symptomatic seizure etiologies and could target neonates with seizures refractory to an initial ASM.
A population analysis of the DGAT1 inhibitor GSK3008356 and its effect on endogenous and meal‐induced triglyceride turnover in healthy subjects
Authors: Okour Malek , Brigandi Richard A. , Tenero David
Published: February 2019

Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disease in which fatty infiltration is accompanied by liver inflammation. GSK3008356 is under development as a selective inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), a key enzyme involved in the formation of triglyceride (TG). Decreased DGAT1 activity can reduce circulating TG and liver TG, and therefore could potentially prevent or treat NASH. The aim of the current study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model that characterizes the PK disposition of GSK3008356 and its relation to the changes in blood TG. Drug concentrations were measured in 104 healthy adults receiving various single (SD) and repeat doses (RD) in a first time in human (FiH) study. A 30% fat meal was given at hour 2 postdose, and blood postprandial TG concentrations were measured at various time points. The population PKPD model consists of several parts including a PK model, drug effect model, meal effect model, and a turnover model. The pharmacokinetic data were described using a 3‐compartment model. Drug effect was described by an inhibitory sigmoidal Emax model. Since TG levels change with the introduction of a meal, a bi‐exponential meal effect model was utilized. The total change in TG was fitted using a turnover model with drug and meal effects on the TG production rate. The current analysis presents a PKPD modeling strategy of time‐varying TG data coming from both endogenous and exogenous sources. In general, the presented model could be utilized in the model‐based drug development of drugs that influence TG levels in blood.
The structural features of Acetobacterium woodii F‐ATP synthase reveal the importance of the unique subunit γ‐loop in Na+ translocation and ATP synthesis
Authors: Bogdanović Nebojša , Trifunović Dragan , Sielaff Hendrik , Westphal Lars , Bhushan Shashi , Müller Volker , Grüber Gerhard
Published: February 2019

The Na+translocating F1FO ATP synthase from Acetobacterium woodii shows a subunit stoichiometry of α3:β3:γ:δ:ε:a:b2:(c2/3)9:c1 and reveals an evolutionary path between synthases and pumps involving adaptations in the rotor c‐ring, which is composed of F‐ and vacuolar‐type c subunits in a stoichiometry of 9 : 1. This hybrid turbine couples rotation with Na+ translocation in the FO part and rotation of the central stalk subunits γ‐ε to drive ATP synthesis in the catalytic α3:β3 headpiece. Here, we isolated a highly pure recombinant A. woodii F‐ATP synthase and present the first projected structure of this hybrid engine as determined by negative‐stain electron microscopy and single‐particle analysis. The uniqueness of the A. woodii F‐ATP synthase is also reflected by an extra 17 amino acid residues loop (195TSGKVKITEETKEEKSK211) in subunit γ. Deleting the loop‐encoding DNA sequence (γΔ195–211) and purifying the recombinant F‐ATP synthase γΔ195–211 mutant provided a platform to study its effect in enzyme stability and activity. The recombinant F‐ATP synthase γΔ195–211 mutant revealed the same subunit composition as the wild‐type enzyme and a minor reduction in ATP hydrolysis. When reconstituted into proteoliposomes ATP synthesis and Na+ transport were diminished, demonstrating the importance of the γ195–211 loop in both enzymatic processes. Based on a structural model, a coupling mechanism for this enzyme is proposed, highlighting the role of the γ‐loop. Finally, the γ195–211 loop of A. woodii is discussed in comparison with the extra γ‐loops of mycobacterial and chloroplasts F‐ATP synthases described to be involved in species‐specific regulatory mechanisms.