bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hatch traits of artificially incubated ostrich eggs as affected by setting position, angle of rotation and season
Authors: Brand Z. , Cloete S.W.P. , Brown C.R.
Published: April 2021

High levels of hatching failure in artificially incubated ostrich eggs cause considerable loss of income for the industry. In the 2015 - 2016 breeding seasons, between 846 and 1 549 egg records were used to determine the effect of various setting positions during artificial incubation. Fresh eggs were placed in trolleys in the setter that were turned automatically hourly through 60 degrees or 90 degrees. The additional treatments as factorial design included eggs set horizontally for five weeks in the setter; in horizontal position for three weeks and vertically for two weeks; and vertically for five weeks. These treatments were repeated over two production years to represent the seasons, namely winter (June to August), spring (September to November), and summer (December). Late embryonic mortalities improved significantly in eggs that were set to turn through 90 degrees (0.16 ± 0.02) compared with those set to turn through 60 degrees (0.28 ± 0.02), regardless of season and setting position. The preferred way of setting ostrich eggs would therefore be vertically in a trolley that turns hourly through 90 degrees with the air cell upwards to utilize incubator space optimally.Keywords: chick weight, embryonic mortalities, ostrich, pipping time, moisture loss
Effects of heat stress on the hepatic transcriptome of yellow-feathered chickens
Authors: Zhang Q. , Lu Y.Q. , Cao Z.W. , Yang Y.Z.
Published: April 2021

Heat stress is one of the main environmental factors that hamper the efficiency of poultry production. Heat stress is known to be less harmful to yellow-feathered chickens (YFC) than to commercial broilers, especially in its effect on the relative weight of organs. The transcriptome was used to examine the gene expression profile of the livers of YFC that were exposed to heat stress. Mean liver weight (HW) and the hepatic weight index (HWI) of birds in the heat stress group did not differ significantly from those of the control group. A total of 596 genes were differentially expressed in the liver in response to heat stress. The enrichment results of differentially expressed genes (DEG) showed that many of these genes were related to the Fanconi anaemia pathway and that the cell cycle pathway was modulated. Thus, it can be concluded that these genes might be involved in improving the stability of the YFC liver genome and controlling the physiological response to heat stress.

Keywords:, heat stress, liver, transcriptome, yellow-feathered chickens
Effect of various salt concentrations on the ruminal parameters of goats
Authors: Costa E.C.B. , Araújo G.G.L. , Oliveira J.S. , Santos E.M. , Perazzo A.F. , Pereira G.A. , Santos F.N.S. , Zanine A.M.
Published: April 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the growth and in vitro fermentation of cellulolytic, glycolytic, and amylolytic microorganisms from the rumen of a goat. Six concentrations of each salt were tested separately, namely 0 mg/dL, 100 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL, 400 mg/dL, 800 mg/dL, and 1600 mg/dL in the culture medium. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in a 6 x 3 factorial arrangement of salt concentration and substrate (starch, cellulose, and glucose) with three replications of each treatment combination. Concentrations of microbial protein, ammonia (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) were measured. A quadratic effect of CaCl2 concentration on the production of microbial protein was observed in the cellulose medium. The effect of MgCl2 on NH3-N production in the cellulose medium decreased linearly. Propionate concentration decreased linearly with increasing levels of NaCl and MgCl2 in the media containing starch. There was a decreasing linear effect of MgCl2 on the concentration of butyrate in the media containing glucose. In conclusion, concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 up to 1,600 mg/dL did not affect the microbial activity of starch, cellulose, and glucose-fermenting organisms. However, the microbial activity of starch-fermenting microbes was inhibited at salt concentrations above 800 mg/dL. Thus, brackish water could be used by goats in semiarid regions, but its use should be managed carefully so that it does not have a negative impact on rumen microbial populations.Keywords: cellulose, glucose, saline water, starch, ruminants
Reusing intravaginal progesterone releasing devices for oestrous synchoronization in ewes
Authors: Rodríguez-Sánchez Y.I. , Sánchez-Torres M.T. , Cordero-Mora J.L. , Figueroa-Velasco J.L. , Cortés-Zorrilla J. , Martínez-Aispuro J.A. , Cardenas-León M.
Published: April 2021

In this study, the second use of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device or controlled intravaginal drug release device (CIDR) was evaluated. After a first use of 11 days, the CIDR was again used for either nine or 12 days with 200 or 300 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) being injected on its removal. Sixty-four ewes were randomly distributed to four treatments (n=16/group): CIDR9+eCG200, CIDR9+eCG300, CIDR12+eCG200, and CIDR12+eCG300. The eCG was administered intramuscularly on withdrawal of the device. Thus, the experiment was a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Oestrus presentation did not differ between treatments (P =0.29). However, with the dose of 200 IU of eCG, oestrus presentation tended to increase (P =0.08). The onset and duration of oestrus, percentage of gestation, and return to oestrus did not differ between treatments (P >0.05). Progesterone concentration in serum was greater (P < 0.05) in ewes treated with CIDR12+eCG300. Prolificacy was greatest (1.44) with the CIDR12+eCG300 treatment and was different (P = 0.001) from the treatments CIDR9+eCG200 (1.21) and CIDR9+eCG300 (1.20), but not from the CIDR12+eCG200 treated ewes (1.31). The CIDR12+eCG300 treatement produced the highest percentage of twin births (45.8%) (P =0.001). Leaving the device in place for 12 days increased (P =0.001) the incidence of twin births. Use of the CIDR for a second time synchronized oestrus in ewes successfully with better fertility being obtained when the device was left in place for 12 days, and 300 IU of eCG was injected on its removal.

Key words: gonadotropin, progesterone device, synchronization
Premium lamb production of South African sheep breed types under feedlot conditions
Authors: Van der Merwe D.A. , Brand T.S. , Hoffman L.C.
Published: April 2021

An increasing number of producers opt to finish their lambs in on-farm feedlots. Therefore, detailed production information is required to implement precision finishing of lambs of different genotypes. Precision finishing monitors growth, feed intake and efficiency to optimize management. In this study, feedlot production characteristics of Dohne Merino, Dormer, Dorper, Meatmaster, Merino, Namaqua Afrikaner, and South African Mutton Merino (SAMM) lambs were evaluated. The lambs were reared in a feedlot and fed a diet with 10.41 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg feed and 19.06% crude protein. Feed intake and body weight were recorded weekly from an initial weight of 30 kg until they had the subcutaneous fat cover needed to produce an A2 carcass. Subcutaneous fat was measured on the Longissimus lumborum muscle with an ultrasound scanner. Dorper, Meatmaster and Namaqua Afrikaner had the shortest rearing periods in the feedlot, and were market ready at a lower live weight (P <0.05). As a result, these lambs consumed less feed in the feedlot. Namaqua Afrikaner and Merino lambs were least efficient: 7.08 and 5.63 kg feed/kg gain, respectively. Dohne Merino, Dormer, Dorper, and Meatmaster rams and Dorper ewes were more efficient; approximately 3.58 kg feed/kg gain. Dohne Merino and Dormer rams had the highest growth rates: approximately 465 g/day. The end weights described in this study could be used as an indication for producers of the ideal slaughter weights for breeds of different maturity types.Keywords: average daily gain, fat deposition, feed efficiency, rearing period
Effect of age of Japanese quail on physical and biochemical characteristics of eggs
Authors: Nowaczewski S. , Szablewski T. , Cegielska-Radziejewska R. , Stuper-Szablewska K. , Rudzińska M. , Tomczyk Ł. , Szulc K. , Kaczmarek S. , Perz K. , Hejdysz M.
Published: April 2021

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of age of birds on egg quality in Japanese quail. The eggs were randomly selected from among all eggs laid on the same day when the birds were 15, 23 and 31 weeks old. At each time point, 90 fresh eggs were evaluated for their physical and biochemical characteristics. Egg weights were similar over time. At 23 and 31 weeks, the eggs had less shell than at 15 weeks. Crude fat and ash contents of the eggs increased with the age of the birds. Crude protein was also highest in eggs of the oldest quail. At 31 weeks old, the eggs were lowest in pH of yolk and white. Quail that were 23 and 31 weeks old laid eggs with significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents. The lowest cholesterol content was in egg yolks from 23-week-old quail. The oldest birds had the highest contents of sodium, potassium, zinc, selenium, copper, and manganese. The content and activity of lysozyme decreased with ageing of the birds. From the consumers’ point of view, eggs from older birds appeared to be the most valuable. At the same time, as the quail ages, the antibacterial properties of eggs deteriorate, which may indicate a shorter shelf life.
Influence of selection for egg production on egg quality traits in Japanese quail
Authors: El-Attrouny Mahmoud M. , Iraqi Mahmoud M.
Published: April 2021

The current study investigated the influence of selection for increased egg production on external and internal egg quality traits over five generations in Japanese quail. A total of 4325 fresh eggs from 1326 females were collected each week during the egg-laying period to estimate heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations, and correlated response of external and internal egg quality traits to selection for egg number (EN). The direct response to selection indicated an increase of 7.7 ± 0.27 eggs produced during the 90 days following production of the first egg. The correlated responses to selection indicated that selection for higher EN can be expected to increase EW and increase egg quality. Estimates of heritability ranged from 0. 11 to 0.35 for external egg quality traits and from 0.08 to 0.32 for internal egg quality traits. Estimates of the genetic correlations of EN with external and internal traits were positive, ranging from 0.09 to 0.25 and from 0.02 to 0.27, respectively. These estimates indicated few if any genetic antagonisms that would adversely affect selection response. However, eggshell thickness would not be expected to change as a result of selection for EN. Thus, the external and internal quality of Japanese quail eggs could be improved by selection for high egg production.
Internal quality of commercial eggs stored under conditions that simulate storage from laying to consumption
Authors: Souza R.A. , Mello J.L.M. , Ferrari F.B. , Giampietro-Ganeco A. , Souza P.A. , Borba H. , Pizzolante C.C.
Published: April 2021

This study evaluated the effects on the internal quality of eggs of various storage environments through which eggs may pass between being laid and being consumed. Commercial eggs (N = 648) from Dekalb White hens were used. Treatments consisted of T1: 28 days at 4 °C; T2: 28 days at 20 °C; T3: 7 days at room temperature (27 °C ± 2 °C) (humidity 55%) and 21 days at 4 °C; T4: 7 days at room temperature and 21 days at 20 °C; T5: 14 days at room temperature and 14 days at 4 °C; T6: 14 days at room temperature and 14 days at 20 °C; T7: 21 days at room temperature and 7 days at 4 °C; T8: 21 days at room temperature and 7 days at 20 °C; and T9: 28 days at room temperature. The characteristics that were evaluated consisted of Haugh unit (HU), yolk index (YI), colour (L*, a* and b*), albumen pH, yolk pH and lipid oxidation. Eggs stored 28 days were darker (L*), and had greater yolk pH and lipid oxidation than fresh eggs. Eggs stored under T1 and T3 conditions had greater HU and YI than eggs stored in the other environments. The albumin pH of eggs stored at room temperature (T9) was highest of the treatments. Yellowness was increased in eggs stored under T4, T6, T8, and T9 conditions. Eggs should be stored under refrigeration as this promotes maintenance of internal quality and mitigates negative effects of previous storage conditions.
Linkages between catchment characteristics and river water chemistry at the locality scale in the Ikpoba River, Southern Nigeria
Authors: Edokpa D.A. , Obieroma J.O.
Published: April 2021

This study explored the linkages between catchment characteristics (topography, land cover, soil and geology), average water chemistry (pH, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, orthophosphate, iron, zinc and lead) and rainfall in the Ikpoba River catchment, southern Nigeria, using statistical and locality-based GIS analyses. The results show that sites with high rainfall and percentage cover of arable and sand-gravel-clay lithologies were characterized by high acidity. There were strong links between average nutrient (𝑃𝑂43−-P, 𝑁𝐻4+-N and 𝑁𝑂3−-N) concentrations and diffuse agricultural sources in the catchment. Rainfall was strongly related to 𝑆𝑂42−, 𝑃𝑂43−-P and 𝑁𝐻4+-N suggesting that atmospheric deposition may influence their riverine concentrations. Results also suggest that decomposition of organic matter from forest stands was a significant driver of nutrient concentrations. Although metals (Fe2+ and Zn2+) were positively related to bedrock geology of sand-gravel-clay, there was no clear link between Pb2+ and the catchment characteristics investigated. Wetlands was found to be attenuating river water chemistry especially 𝑆𝑂42−, 𝑃𝑂43−-P and 𝑁𝐻4+-N concentrations. To underpin current environmental protection strategies, there is need to integrate a GIS-based analysis approach with monitoring data to fully identify the variability patterns in river water chemistry dynamics at local and multiple scales of water resource management in Nigeria.

Key words: river catchment, water quality, metals, nutrients, GIS.
Seasonal changes in the abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates & physico-chemical condition of Moussa Stream Bida, Nigeria
Authors: Mohammed Y.M. , Arimoro F.O. , Ayanwale A.V. , Adama B.S. , Keke U.N. , Auta Y.I. , Umar B.I.
Published: April 2021

Seasonal changes in the abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical condition of Moussa Stream, Bida Nigeria, were studied monthly from January to August 2017. Macroinvertebrates were sampled using modified kick sampling techniques. Three different sampling stations were selected along the course of the Stream. The results from the stream showed that water temperature (24.9-27.50C), Depth  (14.7-45.8cm), Flow velocity (0.14-0.23m/s), Biochemical oxygen demand (2.0-7.0mg/L), pH (6.33-8.6), Conductivity (20-63μ/cm), Alkalinity  (8-30mg/L), Turbidity (61-285NTU), Nitrate (0.87-3.85mg/L) and Phosphate (0.31-1.01mg/L) were within the maximum permissible limit (WHO, SON) except Dissolved oxygen (3.1-10mg/L). Most of the parameters investigated with the exception of depth and flow velocity showed no significant difference (p>0.05) among all the sampling stations. Temperature, depth and flow velocity showed no significant differences with season. pH, DO, BOD5, Turbidity, Conductivity, Alkalinity, Nitrate, and Phosphate were significantly higher during wet season. A total of 471 individuals from 30 species and 20 families of invertebrates were recorded. The overall macroinvertebrates recorded from station 1, 2 and 3 were 166(35.24%), 149(31.63%) and 156(33.12%). Overall, there was significant difference (P<0.05) in number of individuals among the sampling stations. The abundance according to the Orders revealed that Coleopterans, Odonata and Hemipterans were the most common groups encountered. Ephemeroptera Diptera, Mollusca and Oligochaeta were sparingly found in all stations. The percentage and total number of individuals of macroinvertebrates recorded during the study period shows 67.09% (316 individuals) in dry season and the remaining 32.90% (155 individuals) were recorded in rainy season. CCA result correlated positively between species abundances and measured environmental variables. Low density of pollution sensitive macro invertebrates groups and the deteriorating water quality were implications of pollution stress caused by anthropogenic activities.

Key words: seasonal changes, macroinvertebrates, stream, Bida.
Estimation of gillnet selectivity of Coptodon zillii in Asejire Lake, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ajagbe S.O. , Odulate D.O. , Idowu A.A. , Ajagbe R.O. , Ariwoola O.S. , Abdulazeez F.I. , Ojubolamo M.T. , Olomola A.O. , Oyekan O.O. , Ganiyu O.A.
Published: April 2021

Gillnet selectivity of Coptodon zillii was estimated in this study to determine the appropriate mesh size for the exploitation of the fish in Asejire dam. Holt’s indirect method of estimation was used to estimate gillnet selectivity of C. zillii in Asejire dam. Three mesh sizes 50.8mm, 63.5mm and 76.2mm were used for the estimation. The result shows that these mesh sizes caught C. zillii that were significantly different in sizes and abundant (P < 0.05). The 63.5 mm mesh size of gillnet was the most efficient; it caught 150 C. zillii with length range of 13 – 22 cm. Also, 50.8 mm mesh size caught137 C. zillii with length range of 11 – 18 cm. Likewise, 76.2 mm mesh size caught 57 C. zillii with length range 16 – 24 cm. The optimum length of 50.8 mm mesh size was 14.78 cm, 63.5 mm was 18.48 cm and 76.2 mm was 22.17 cm. Mesh size of 63.5mm is recommended as the appropriate mesh size for the exploitation of C. zillii in Asejire dam for the sustainability of the fish. This is done to prevent both recruitment and growth overfishing of C. zillii in Asejire dam.

Key words: optimum length; exploitation; selection; sexual maturity; recruitment overfishing, growth overfishing
Spatio-temporal variation level of heavy metals in surface water and sediment in Tagwai Lake, Minna, Nigeria
Authors: Chukwuemeka V.I. , Jimoh E.A. , Olajide K.O. , Auta Y.I. , Auta H.S. , Erhabor O.F.
Published: April 2021

The high contamination of aquatic systems with toxic heavy metals is of major concern since the elements are not biodegradable. Heavy metals often get into the water through runoff from farmlands and dumping of effluents from industries into the water bodies. The toxicity of these heavy metals can cause harmful and even lethal effects on the human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the level of Pb, Cu, Mn, and Fe in both surface water and sediment of Tagwai Lake. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry investigation was carried out on the collected and digested water and sediment samples to determine the extent of these heavy metals contamination in the water. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals ranked in the following order: Pb>Mn>Cu>Fe with higher concentration in sediment compared to the water. The correspondence of the mean concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment of the Tagwai Lake with the WHO standard suggests that the mean concentration of Pb, Cu, and Fe lies within the standard range while Mn exceeds the standard range in both the water and sediments. We therefore advocate regular surveillance as a tool for monitoring impacts of anthropogenic activities in the lake to ensure safety of the general populace who depend on it for their livelihood.

Keywords: spatio-temporal, heavy metals, sediments, Tagwai Lake
Acute toxicity of Jatropha curcas (barbados nut) latex extracts to Oreochromis niloticus juveniles
Authors: Usman M , Umaru J.A , Kigbu A.A
Published: April 2021

The effects of the latex extract of Jatropha curcas on mortality rate, opercular ventilation rate and some behavioural responses of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles were investigated under laboratory conditions over a 96 hours exposure period. Juveniles of Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas) were exposed in plastic aquaria to 0.00mg.l-1 (control), 10mg.l-1, 15mg.l-1, 20mg.l-1, 25mg.l-1 and 30mg.l-1. Their opercular beats per minute, tail fin beats per minute, mortality and probit kill were determined. Symptoms of toxicosis observed include agitated swimming, loss of equilibrium, air gulping, periods of quiescence and death. Within 24 hours the opercular ventilation beats and tail fin beats of the exposed fish were significantly higher than in control fish (p<0.05). At 72 hours and 96 hours the opercular and tailfin beats in the control fish were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the exposed fish. The 96 hours LC50 was determined as 5.23 ml/l. Include significance of this study to conclude abstract.

Key words: acute toxicity, Jatropha curcas latex extract, Oreochromis niloticus, haematological parameters.
Water renewal in static systems: Impacts on productivity and survival in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)
Authors: Opute P.A , Odion G.F
Published: April 2021

The impact of water renewal in a static system on the growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings was investigated under six different treatments, namely: T1 (daily water renewal), T3 (three days water renewal), T5 (five days water renewal), T7 (seven days water renewal), T9 (nine days water renewal) and T14 (fourteen days water renewal). Results showed that growth performance and survival was significantly (P< 0.05) affected by the water renewal frequencies. After six weeks, weight gain, daily weight gain, specific growth rate, final body weight, was significantly higher in T5 (P< 0.001). Likewise, survival in T5 was significantly higher compared to other groups (P< 0.001). For all evaluated parameters, T14 had the least performance. Slow response to feeding, slow movement and hanging on the water surface was observed in T9 and T14. Daily water renewal tank had significantly (p < 0.05) higher dissolved oxygen (04.52 mg L-1) while electrical conductivity (800.00 μScm-1) was significantly higher in T14 (P< 0.001). From the result, the growth and survival of the catfish fingerlings in T5 are superior to other renewal regimes. Therefore, for optimum growth and productivity of African catfish fingerlings reared in a static system, it is recommended that water renewal be performed every five days.

Key words: Clarias gariepinus, water renewal, weight gain, water quality, behaviour, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate
Pojedynki dźwiękiem pisane. Pietro Antonio Locatelli versus Jean-Marie Leclair
Authors: Chamczyk Ewa
Published: April 2021

Duels of the Sound: Pietro Antonio Locatelli Versus Jean-Marie Leclair The tradition of musical duels harkens back to the days of the ancient Greece. One of the earliest examples of a musical rivalry is the myth of Marsyas and Apollo, which ends tragically for the satyr. Without doubt, the battles of the ancients served as an inspiration for the next generations of musicians. In each era, they took a different form, tailored to the prevailing norms and customs. In the 16th century the singing competitions of the Meistersingers became extremely popular, and along with the development of instrumental music in 17th century, duels, in which the main subject-matter of the dispute was the superiority of one of the performers in terms of interpretation and fluidity in playing a given instrument, gained increased importance. A real boom of musical duels did not came along until 18th century, in which public concerts bloomed and along with it, the demand for virtuoso instrumentalists increased. During that era, musical duels were not only confrontations between specific musicians or their patrons, but also contributed to the exchange of experiences between the artists and the spread of musical news and the works themselves. Additionally, the battles symbolised a confrontation of musical styles, in particular the Italian and French styles. Jean-Marie Leclair, known as the French Corelli, is considered by many researches as the founder of the French violin school. Pietro Antonio Locatelli, an heir to the legacy of Arcangelo Corelli is justifiably considered the Paganini of the 18th century. Their music has shared roots in the tradition of the Italian violin school, yet it differs both in terms of its formality as well as expressiveness. At first glance the French music of J.M. Leclair bears the imprint of standards of the violin concerts of Antonio Vivaldi, whereas the typically Italian works of P.A. Locatelli significantly transcend the norms accepted at that time in terms of requirements imposed on violinists. We know that the first confrontation of the violinists took place on 22 December 1728 at the manor in Kassel. However, some speculate that it was not the only meeting of the musicians. The preserved information suggest that both of them stirred strong emotions among the audiences with their playing. The profiles of the aforementioned composers, despite their immense importance on the development of violin music, still remain underrated. This article outlines the short story of musical duels and sheds light on violin concerts in the first half of the 18th century. Additionally, the author made an attempt of a comparative analysis of selected violin concerts, i.e. Locatelli’s Violin Concerto in G major, Op. 3, No. 9 and Violin Concerto in A minor Op. 7, No. 5 by Jean-Marie Leclair’s from a similar artistic period of both composers and close in terms of the time of their creation to their famous duel.
Investigation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in patients diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Bağlı İhsan , Küçük Mert
Published: April 2021

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 (PAI-1) known as a potent inhibitor of fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compare with health controls.

Methods: Forty women with PCOS diagnosed using 2003 revised Rotterdam criteria and 40 healthy women who attended to Adnan Menderes University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology between July-October 2013 were recruited to this prospective study. We noted all participant’s demographic features, calculated body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR), and measured blood pressures. We performed modified Ferriman-Gallwey Score (mFGS) and calculated Luteinizing hormone (LH)/Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of participants. PAI-1 levels were measured by using the Human PAI-1 Elisa test. We used the student T test and Mann-Whitney U test as statistical methods. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: We found PAI-1 levels, fasting insulin levels, HOMA-IR index, BMI significantly higher in the PCOS group compared with the control group. Mean age of the participants was found lower in the PCOS group. Between the groups we found no statistically significant differences in terms of the LH/FSH ratio, fasting glucose, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone levels.
Effect of chronological age and sex on tenderness and juiciness of beef from cattle raised in Puerto Rico
Authors: Domenech Katherine , Rivera Aixa , Casas Américo , Pagán Melvin , Cianzio Danilo , Pérez Fernando
Published: April 2021

Effects of chronological age (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 permanent Incisors [PI]) and sex were evaluated on meat quality of the Longissimus lumborum muscle using 130 beef-type animals. Hot carcass weight (HCW), intramuscular fat (IF), pH, tenderness (WBS), color (L*, a*, and b*), water holding capacity and sensory properties (tenderness, juiciness, and general acceptance) were evaluated. Females had lower HCW (178 vs. 252 kg; P<0.0001), greater IF (6.48 vs. 3.87%; P<0.0001), and higher pH (5.74 vs. 5.59; P=0.0179). As age increased, IF decreased in males, while the opposite occurred in females (P=0.0153). Younger animals had lighter, redder, and yellower meat (greater L*, a* and b*, respectively; P<0.05). Higher pH resulted in lower L*, a* and b* values (P<0.05) and a lower proportion of water liberated evident by a negative correlation of -0.57 (P<0.0001). Females had more tender meat (8.06 vs. 9.08 kg; P<0.05). An interaction between sex and age (P=0.0011) resulted from females with 6 and 8 PI and males with 8 PI having lower WBS. Although unexpected, these results could have been influenced by greater pH and IF within these age categories. The sensory panel found no differences in any of the attributes tested (P>0.05). To better understand how age and sex affect meat quality, pH variations must be addressed.
Effect of sex and animal type on tenderness and juiciness of beef from cattle with eight permanent incisors in Puerto Rico
Authors: Domenech Katherine , Rivera Aixa , Casas Américo , Pagán Melvin , Cianzio Danilo , Pérez Fernando
Published: April 2021

The effects of sex (female or intact male) and animal type (beef, BT; or dairy, DT) on meat quality attributes of the Longissimus lumborum muscle were evaluated in 89 commercially sourced bovines in Puerto Rico, all having eight permanent incisors (>53 months of age). Mean meat pH was greater (P<0.0001) for BT than for DT (5.75 vs. 5.40), with males of BT and DT having the highest and lowest values, respectively (5.99 vs. 5.32), resulting in a sex x type interaction (P=0.0003). Regarding color parameters, female BT and male DT had lower L* values (darker meat), constituting another sex x type interaction (P<0.0001). Males showed greater a* and b* values than females (more red and yellow colored meat; P<0.05). Females surpassed males (P<0.0001) in intramuscular fat content (9.13 vs. 3.06%) and DT showed a non-significant advantage over BT (8.90 vs. 5.87%). Higher pH was associated with greater water retention (P<0.0001). Warner-Bratzler Shear (WBS) and tenderness scores assigned by untrained sensory panelists indicated non-significant tendencies in favor of females (WBS: 6.13 vs. 7.20 kg), and in favor of BT over DT within males (WBS: 6.69 vs. 7.71 kg). The sensory panel assigned higher juiciness scores to beef from males than females (4.85 vs. 4.16 on a scale from 1 to 8; P=0.0074).
Nitrogen levels and age at harvest and their effects on the nutritive value and fermentative characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Prieto-Prieto Ricardo , Valencia Elide , Tirado-Corbalá Rebecca
Published: April 2021

The experiment consisted of two dates of planting [in September (D1) and February (D2)] of maize (Zea mays L.) DKC 67-60, to evaluate the effect of four N fertilization levels (0, 56, 112 and 185 kg/ha) and three ages at harvest [70, 77 and 84 days after planting (DAP)] on dry matter yield (DMY) of the leaves, stem, ear and of the entire plant; and as indicators of nutritive value [crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)] of harvested material prior to ensiling. In both plantings, the levels of N affected (P<0.05) DMY of leaves, stems, ears and entire plant, exhibiting both a linear and a quadratic response, and suggesting that the optimum N application rate is between 112 and 185 kg/ha. Age at harvest date affected (P<0.05) DMY of stems, ears and entire plant, but not that of the leaves. Greater DMY was observed at 84 DAP for all components. The CP concentration was greater in the forage of the first planting (D1). Increasing N application rates increased CP, but had no effect on NDF concentration. Age at harvest had no effect on CP, but progressively increased NDF. Both pH and organic acid concentrations in the silages were similar with the four N levels; all of the silages showed good fermentation characteristics.
Exploring students' perceptions and opinions about an institutional hierarchy of healthcare professionals and its impact on their inter- professional learning outcomes
Authors: Rabani Raiharn , Key Michelle , Morrissey Hana , Ball Patrick
Published: April 2021

Context: Institutional hierarchy is a phenomenon associated with clinical tribalism. Inter-professional learning is thought to improve a healthcare team's collaboration and communication.
Aim: The aim was to evaluate student understanding of institutional hierarchy and perceptions and opinions on their participation in inter-professional learning.
Method: Using a questionnaire, this study gathered the opinions of fourth year pharmacy students who had completed two inter-professional learning sessions. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted.
Results: Students (87.7%, n=50) were aware of the institutional hierarchy concept, listing the order as doctors, pharmacists, nurses then allied health. 61.4% (n=35) were willing to participate in inter-professional learning sessions. Students (70.1%, n=40) agreed that inter-professional learning sessions have added benefit to patient-centred care, and to understanding different healthcare roles in depth (82.5%, n=47) but failed in diminution of the hierarchical ideology.
Conclusions: Inter-professional learning sessions did not change students' opinions about posiGoning of doctors as the top of the healthcare institutional hierarchy.
Effectiveness and Safety of Physical Therapy Intervention in Adult Dermatomyositis: A Case Report and Review
Authors:   Department of Physiotherapy, KJ Somaiya College of Physiotherapy, Mumbai, India, Isha Akulwar-Tajane
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND The evidence for positive effects of exercise is insufficient in dermatomyositis. This article aims to outline the effects of physical exercise with regard to structure (Disease activity, inflammation, metabolic milieu and muscle structure) as well as clinical outcome in terms of impairment, activity limitation, participation restriction according to the ICF; and QOL in an adult patient with dermatomyositis. CASE DESCRIPTION A 47-years old female diagnosed with definite DM since last 10 months was referred by a Rheumatologist for physical therapy intervention. INTERVENTION 12 weeks (Three days a week) of Physiotherapy (Moderate intensity, individualized, closely monitored) along with a structured home exercise program (Low intensity, 5 days - 6 days a week). OUTCOME MEASURES Assessment of muscular pain, muscle strength, endurance, balance, functional evaluation, and QOL along with serological investigations. RESULTS Effectiveness Patient continued to show meaningful and clinically significant improvement on standardized outcome measures: 1. A major clinical response (total improvement score of 77) on IMAC S core set measures. 2. Improvement across all domains of ICF viz. muscle strength; endurance; movement coordination; balance; aerobic endurance; confidence and performance in activities of daily living; participation in social activities. 3. Probable disease-modifying effect: Progressively tapering dose of prescribed corticosteroids medication and improvement in disease-specific biochemical markers. 4. Patient reported measures: Reduction in muscular pain, shortness of breath & fatigue; and improvement in Healthrelated QOL. SAFETY (As evident clinically and from the investigations): 1. No adverse reaction to exercises or physical activity. 2. Remained in remission - stable disease activity. CONCLUSION Moderate intensity of physiotherapy intervention along with home exercise program is effective and safe in improving functional outcomes for dermatomyositis in a stable disease activity state. This case report enhances our understanding of the effects of physical exercise and may improve treatment and outcome in patients with dermatomyositis.
Impact of blanching and packaging materials on postharvest quality and storability of fresh spinach
Authors: Siddique Waseem , Hasan Mahmood Ul , Shah Muhammad Suliman , Ali Muhammad Moaaz , Hayat Faisal , Mehmood Asaad
Published: April 2021

Spinach is a widely consumed leafy green vegetable, but it exhibits short storage life due to quick loss in moisture contents during postharvest period. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of blanching treatment and different types of packaging on spinach quality under cold storage conditions. Fresh spinach after treatment [T0 = control, T1 = blanching, T2 = modified atmosphere packaging (MAP-1, Xtend®), T3 = MAP-2 (Bio-fresh®) and T4 = perforated polyethylene (PE)] application was stored at 4±1 °C and 90±5 % RH for 20 days. Samples were analyzed at the time of harvest (0 day) and then after 3 days interval during storage. MAP treatments performed well and had a positive effect on spinach by maintaining its freshness and quality. Decay, ion leakage and weight loss were observed lower in spinach packed in MAP-1(Xtend®) followed by MAP-2 (Bio-Fresh®) and perforated PE packaging. MA packaging maintained higher ascorbic acid content, chlorophyll, and total antioxidants of spinach during storage. Nevertheless, spinach packed in perforated PE also displayed better results in maintaining quality as compared to control and blanched samples. The maximum weight loss, poor quality, minimum ascorbic acid content with lower consumer acceptability was recorded in control samples. Overall, MAP-1(Xtend®) could be used as a promising technology to maintain the quality of spinach up to 20 days of cold storage.
Motivational and Value-Based Orientation of Pre-Conscription Youth toward Military Service
Authors: Kovtunenko Lyudmila V. , Paramonov Egor V.
Published: April 2021

Due to the collapse of the Soviet system of military professional orientation it has become necessary to review the work with pre-conscription youth oriented toward military service; the work, includes, among other things, expanding a network of cadet educational organizations. The main goals in forming the military-professional orientation of pre-conscription youth are achieved by providing resources for the educational process, service and extracurricular activities. Motivational and value-based attitude toward military service is developed throughout the entire educational period; this contributes to the formation of cadets’ readiness to become career military officers and choose military service as a priority type of professional activity. Having analyzed psychological and pedagogical literature, we came to the conclusion that the system of military orientation of pre-conscription youth currently implemented in cadet corps, will contribute to the effective development of young people’s orientation toward military service.

Key words: military service, motivational and value-based orientation, pre-conscription youth, cadets, cadet corps.
Initiation, Desistence, and Recovery: A Qualitative Examination of Self-Injury from a Life-Course Perspective
Authors: Wojciechowski Thomas
Published: April 2021

Self-injury is typically defined as the intentional harm caused to one’s own body. This phenomenon has historically been studied mainly from a psychological perspective and has focused less on social forces related to engagement in this behavior. While research on self-injury has examined etiology extensively, there has yet to be an examination of how changes in exposure to risk and protective factors may lead to changes in self-injury habits. This research uses qualitative interview data from 16 former and current self-injurers to examine self-injury from a life-course criminological perspective (Cullen, Agnew, & Wilcox, 2014). These data allowed for identification of concepts associated with social learning theory, general strain theory, social control theory, and social support theory as important risk and protective factors associated with self-injury. Further, this identification allowed for an examination of how the application and withdrawal of these risk and protective factors led to changes in self-injury habits. Future research should seek to generalize these results and further clarify the impact of risk and protective factors across the life-course.
Exploring Identity: What We Do as Qualitative Researchers
Authors: Roger Kerstin , Bone Tracey , Heinonen Tuula , Schwartz Karen , Slater Joyce , Thakrar Sulaye
Published: April 2021

Although there has been much discussion about distinctions between quantitative and qualitative research, our purpose here is not to revive those conversations, but instead to attempt to explore and articulate our identities as researchers who practice in the qualitative tradition. Using autoethnography as our methodology, we as six researchers from various social science disciplines and at various career stages engaged in focused introspection by responding individually to two questions: who am I as a qualitative researcher; and how did I come to that understanding? This reflection led to discussions of those elements and experiences that have shaped the way we see ourselves in the context of our research. The question of “identity” evolved into a discussion about “what we do.” During our data analysis, six themes emerged, representing our group’s responses: (a) building epistemology, (b) making/doing good research, (c) as an art or craft, (d) why does qualitative research need legitimating? (e) qualitative research as a social bridge, and (f) stewards of people’s lived experience. We conclude by reflecting on the value of building a community of practice among qualitative researchers.
Data Saturation: The Mysterious Step In Grounded Theory Method
Authors: Aldiabat Khaldoun , Le Navenec Carole-Lynne
Published: April 2021

The aim of this paper is to provide a discussion that is broad in both depth and breadth, about the concept of data saturation in Grounded Theory. It is expected that this knowledge will provide a helpful resource for (a) the novice researcher using a Grounded Theory approach, or for (b) graduate students currently enrolled in a qualitative research course, and for (c) instructors who teach or supervise qualitative research projects. The following topics are discussed in this paper: (1) definition of data saturation in Grounded Theory (GT); (2) factors pertaining to data saturation; (3) factors that hinder data saturation; (4) the relationship between theoretical sampling and data saturation; (5) the relationship between constant comparative and data saturation; and (6) illustrative examples of strategies used during data collection to maximize the components of rigor that Yonge and Stewin (1988) described as Credibility, Transferability or Fittingness, Dependability or Auditability, and Confirmability.
Putting the Patient Back in Patient Care: Health Decision-Making from the Patient’s Perspective
Authors: Garris Bill , Weber Amy
Published: April 2021

This research explored health decision-making processes among people recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Our analysis suggested that diagnosis with type 2 was followed by a period of intense emotional and cognitive disequilibrium. Subsequently, the informants were observed to proceed to health decision-making which was affected by three separate and interrelated factors: knowledge, self-efficacy, and purpose. Knowledge included cognitive or factual components and emotional elements. Knowledge influenced the degree of upset or disequilibrium the patient experienced, and affected a second category, agency: the informants’ confidence in their ability to enact lifestyle changes. The third factor, purpose, summarized the personal and deeply held reasons people gave as they made decisions concerning their health, eating and exercising. We propose this model, grounded in informant stories, as a heuristic, to guide further inquiry. From these stories, the patient is seen as more active and the interrelated influences of knowledge, agency, and purpose, synergistically interact to explain changes in health behaviors.
Prioritising Doctoral Students’ Wellbeing In Qualitative Research
Authors: Velardo Stefania , Elliott Sam
Published: April 2021

As novice researchers, doctoral students undertaking qualitative research become well-versed in strategies that should be adopted to minimise risk to participants. But what happens when a researcher is confronted with the complex, emotional account of a participant? Despite the consistent emphasis on participant safety, many doctoral students are not explicitly prompted to consider how they will negotiate their own emotional wellbeing throughout the research process. This is particularly important when conducting qualitative research with vulnerable populations. In these situations, sensitive and difficult topics are often discussed, with numerous risks to participants and researchers alike. However, concern for researcher wellbeing is seemingly ignored or addressed in an ad-hoc manner across all levels of the research process. This oversight is reinforced by ethics applications that require a compelling response surrounding potential burdens to participants, without prompting any explicit consideration of those individuals actually undertaking the research. While previous research acknowledges multiple vulnerabilities of doctoral students, with respect to generic anxiety and exhaustion, we suggest that researcher wellbeing might be further compromised due to the nature of the study. In this paper, we argue that current research training processes and university support structures are generally not sufficiently robust to protect novice researchers and participants and call for advances in research and practices to this end.
A Clean, Green New Zealand? An In-Depth Look at the Personal Experiences of Animal Rights Activists
Authors: Feigin Svetlana , Owens Richard Glynn , Goodyear-Smith Felicity
Published: April 2021

This study explored personal experiences of animal rights and environmental activists in New Zealand. The stories of participants provided insight into the challenges activists face in a country where the economy is heavily dependent on animal agriculture. A qualitative methodology was utilised and several major themes emerged: (1) emotional and psychological experiences, (2) group membership, (3) characteristics of activism and liberation, (4) the law and its agents, and (5) challenge to society. Participants of the study represent a group of individuals engaged in acts of altruistic offending triggered by exposure to the suffering of non-human animals. Their moral philosophy and conscience overrode all considerations for legal repercussions, and through their activism they not only challenged the status quo, but also called upon non-activist members of society to make meaningful contributions to the world around them.
Connection, Involvement, and Modeling: Co-Constructing a Story of Resilience Despite Early Parental Loss
Authors: Silcox Erin
Published: April 2021

The use of oral history and narrative inquiry to investigate factors of resilience in the face of parental death is absent from the literature. Also, researchers have not linked factors that support resilience against trauma and that lead to positive change in residential treatment with the role of educators. In this study, my father-in-law, Norman, and I answered the research question: What factors in Norman’s adolescent life supported his resilience in the face of an early parental loss? I analyzed Norman’s oral history using narrative analysis methods. Findings include factors that led to Norman’s resilience including his connection to a robust community, his family’s sheltering him after his father’s death, involvement in extracurricular activities, and identification with successful role models. I discuss similar findings in the literature on resilience and my observations of a residential treatment setting. Implications for educators in residential treatment and general education settings include connecting trauma-affected students with positive school communities, creating easily accessible opportunities for quality extracurricular involvement, and helping students identify and analyze the trajectories of academic role models.