bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tratti del parlato nelle e-mail d'affari in lingua italiana scambiate tra partner italiani e sloveni
Authors: Lenassi Nives
Published: August 2016

Sullo sfondo delle constatazioni di vari studiosi relative alle caratteristiche dialogiche e orali nelle e-mail di natura prevalentemente privata, questa volta l’autrice ha condotto un’indagine in merito alla presenza dei tratti del parlato nella comunicazione elettronica d’affari. È stato constatato che quest’ultima, nonostante sia fortemente istituzionalizzata e perciò assai più restia all’irruzione dell’oralità nei testi, mostra pure un certo numero di tratti indubbiamente appartenenti alla comunicazione parlata. Così a livello diamesico, accanto ai messaggi formalmente assai strutturati, se ne trovano altri meno formali, fino a quelli che sembrano mimare una conversazione telefonica. A livello grafico, la punteggiatura enfatica (punti di sospensione, punti esclamativi e punti interrogativi) sembra essere usata in sostituzione della modulazione della voce (con una specifica funzione comunicativa). A livello lessicale e a livello sintattico, l’uso di alcuni verbi generici (dire e sentire) e di certe congiunzioni polifunzionali usate come segnali discorsivi (e e ma) tipici della comunicazione spontanea, allontana i messaggi dalla tradizionale formalità dell’interazione scritta. Al parlato ricordano, inoltre, anche il fenomeno sintattico della dislocazione a sinistra nonché alcune interiezioni. A livello testuale, infine, tradiscono un legame con il parlato determinate formule di apertura e di chiusura riscontrabili regolarmente in diversi punti di una conversazione faccia a faccia o in una conversazione telefonica.
Die Dankesrede bei der Preisverleihung
Authors: Pletikos Olof Elenmari , Poropat Darrer Jagoda
Published: August 2016

Festliche Preisverleihungen sind Gelegenheiten, bei denen von den Preisträgern eine kurze Rede erwartet wird. Obwohl die Dankesrede eine kleinere Randgattung innerhalb des epideiktischen Genres ist, steht sie im Mittelpunkt des Ereignisses. Rhetorikhandbücher geben zahlreiche Ratschläge, wie eine gute Festrede vorbereitet werden soll, um zu unterhalten, zu bewegen und zu belehren. Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es festzustellen, welche Eigenschaften der Dankesrede die Zuhörer als erwünscht oder unerwünscht wahrnehmen und welche Charakteristika am meisten zur Qualität festlicher Dankesreden beitragen. Das Korpus der gesprochenen Texte bilden 30 Dankesreden anlässlich kroatischer Preisverleihungen in den Bereichen Schauspiel, Sport, Musik, Fernsehen, Literatur und Wirtschaft. Die Audio-Aufnahmen der Dankesreden wurden einer Gruppe von Hörern zur Bewertung in folgenden Kategorien vorgelegt: interessant, geistreich, hoher Sprachstil, feierlich, emotiv, persönlich, originell, bescheiden, vorbereitet und spontan. Zusätzlich wurde zu jeder Rede die offene Frage gestellt, was dem Zuhörer an der Rede gefallen oder nicht gefallen habe. Die Resultate der Perzeptionsanalye lassen erkennen, dass die Interessantheit einer Rede mit der Eigenschaft des Geistreichen, des Originellen, des Emotionalen und des Persönlichen in Verbindung gebracht wird und die Eigenschaft des Festlichen im Wesentlichen nur mit dem hohen Sprachstil und der Vorbereitetheit des Textes korreliert. Einige Eigenschaften können sowohl erwünscht als auch unerwünscht sein, z. B. Dialekt, Persönliches und Kürze.Die besten Dankesreden haben Eigenschaften, die im Grunde schwer miteinander zu verbinden sind: Einerseits soll der Text vorbereitet sein (hoher Stil, Wortwahl, Figuren, Originalität der Geschichte, Humor), andererseits wird bei der Ausführung Spontaneität (Aufrichtigkeit, Emotionalität, Persönlichkeit) erwartet.
Pragmatic functions of Christian expressions in spoken discourse
Authors: Verdonik Darinka , Kačič Zdravko
Published: August 2016

Different kinds of pragmatic expressions in spoken discourse, like discourse markers, interjections, topic orientation markers, pragmatic deictics, general extenders, etc., have attracted the attentions of researchers over recent decades. However, expressions that have their origins within religions have not as yet been studied from the pragmatic perspective, even though in everyday conversation they are used in non-religious contexts and content-free manners more often than within religious context. The presented study is based on the GOS, Slovenian reference speech corpus, and covers the more common Christian expressions used in the corpus data. These are: bog “God”, bože “God”, marija “Mary”, madona “Madonna”, jezus “Jesus”, hudič “Devil”, vrag “Devil”. This study tries to highlight those contexts they are used in, and the pragmatic functions they perform.
Les spécificités du discours indirect dans l'échange oral spontané en slovène
Authors: Smolej Mojca
Published: August 2016

Contrairement à ce que l'on peut constater dans d'autres langues (notamment en français), le discours indirect en slovène est caractérisé par la possibilité laissée à l'énonciateur de faire l'ellipse du verbe d'énonciation pour lui préférer un verbe exprimant son opinion ou son état d'esprit. Or, si on aboutit dans la langue écrite standard à une ellipse partielle (par exemple, le verbe d'énonciation est remplacé par un verbe d'opinion dans la phrase introductive du discours indirect), en revanche on peut souvent remarquer dans les énoncés tirés de la langue parlée spontanée une ellipse totale (la phrase introductive ne comporte aucun verbe d'énonciation, d'opinion ou d'état d'esprit). Dans bien des cas, les phrases introductives n'indiquent que l'auteur de l'acte discursif initial et le destinataire de ce dernier (singulièrement mentionné le plus souvent à l'aide de l'accusatif). En dehors de l'ellipse complète du verbe dans les phrases introductives, on distingue également d'autres types de transmission du discours indirect absentes des autres formes écrites ou orales de la langue. Parmi les types de discours indirect les plus fréquents, mentionnons le cas où seule la citation est fournie, introduite par un signal discursif accompagné du lexème "da" ("que"), tandis que la phrase principale ou introductive reste non réalisée. En tant que structures caractéristiques du discours parlé spontané, les formes de discours indirect mentionnées précédemment présentent un intérêt non seulement pour les grammairiens étudiant la syntaxe structurale, mais aussi, plus généralement, du point de vue discursif et métatextuel.
Devetdeset let Dušana Čopa
Authors: Torkar Silvo
Published: August 2016

Romanist, germanist in imenoslovec dr. Dušan čop je lani praznoval visok življenjski jubilej. Rojen je bil v Spodnjih Gorjah pri Bledu 14. 9. 1921. Diplomiral je l. 1948 iz an- gleškega jezika in romanistike na Filozofski fakulteti v Ljubljani, kjer je od 1960 do 1986 predaval specialno metodiko pouka germanskih in romanskih jezikov. Pred tem je od 1945 do 1957 na gimnaziji Jesenice poučeval angleški, francoski in latinski jezik, od 1957 do 1971 pa na treh ljubljanskih gimnazijah angleški, francoski in nemški jezik.Svoje raziskovalne moči je namenil slovenskemu imenoslovju. Predmet njegovega znanstvenega zanimanja so gorska, vodna, krajevna, ledinska in hišna imena, pa tudi priimki slovenskega alpskega območja na Gorenjskem in Koroškem. V svojem znan- stvenem delu je aktivno uporabljal metodo terenskega dialektološkega dela ob opira- nju na stare pisane vire in načela primerjalnega jezikoslovja. Leta 1983 je dokončal doktorsko disertacijo Imenoslovje zgornjesavskih dolin, ki jo je uspešno zagovarjal maja 1985 na Filozofski fakulteti v Ljubljani pri akad. Francetu Bezlaju.
Les traits d'oralité dans deux manuels de français langue étrangère
Authors: Lah Meta
Published: August 2016

Dans l'enseignement des langues étangères, la composante orale a longtemps été peu représentée; elle n'est devenue un objectif à part entière qu'avec l'avènement de l'approche communicative dans les années 70 du 20ème siècle. Selon l'approche actionnelle, telle qu'elle est définie dans le Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues, un des objectifs principaux est de préparer l'apprenant  le plus possible aux situations réelles de la vie courante. L'interaction orale joue sans doute un rôle très important dans ces situations ; que peut-on donc faire pour que nos apprenants ne soient pas traités en France comme « parlant comme Balzac?»L'article se propose de passer en revue plusieurs manuels de FLE récents, édités par différentes maisons d'édition. Le manuel est l'outil de base de chaque enseignant et pour certains le seul outil qu'ils utilisent en classe. Pour cette raison, la langue représentée dans les manuels est d'une grande importance.  Nous allons analyser les documents audiovisuels proposés aux apprenants  du point de vue linguistique et culturel et essayer d'évaluer la pertinence de la langue telle qu'elle est representée dans ces documents.
Speech fluency: a result of oral language proficiency?
Authors: Požgaj Hadži Vesna , Horga Damir , Balazic Bulc Tatjana
Published: August 2016

The aim of this paper is to answer the question of the influence of language proficiency on speech fluency in relation to speakers’ other cognitive abilities by comparing the speech of research participants who speak Slovenian as L1 and Croatian as LF. By using the method of acoustic and corpus analysis, the values of speech rate, articulation rate, mean length of runs and the length and frequency of certain pauses are presented.
An investigation on the origin of regional spring time ozone episodes in the Western Mediterranean and Central Europe
Authors: Kalabokas Pavlos , Hjorth Jens , Foret Gilles , Dufour Gaëlle , Eremenko Maxim , Siour Guillaume , Cuesta Juan , Beekmann Matthias
Published: August 2016

Abstract. For the identification of regional spring time ozone episodes, rural EMEP ozone measurements from countries surrounding the Western Mediterranean (Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Malta) have been examined with emphasis on periods of high ozone concentrations, according to the daily variation of the afternoon (12:00–18:00) ozone values. For two selected high ozone episodes in April and May 2008, composite NCEP/NCAR reanalysis maps of various meteorological parameters and/or their anomalies (geopotential height, specific humidity, vertical wind velocity omega, vector wind speed and temperature) at various tropospheric pressure levels have been examined together with the corresponding satellite IASI ozone measurements (at 3 and 10 km), CHIMERE simulations, vertical ozone soundings and HYSPLIT back trajectories. The results show that high ozone values are detected in several countries simultaneously over several days. Also, the examined spring ozone episodes over the Western Mediterranean and in Central Europe are linked to synoptic meteorological conditions very similar to those recently observed in summertime ozone episodes over the Eastern Mediterranean (Kalabokas et al., ACP, 2013; Doche et al., ACP, 2014; Kalabokas et al., TellusB, 2015), where the transport of tropospheric ozone-rich air masses through atmospheric subsidence influences significantly the boundary layer and surface ozone concentrations. In particular, the geographic areas with observed tropospheric subsidence seem to be the transition regions between high pressure and low pressure systems. Over these areas, strong gradients of geopotential height and temperature are observed, together with high positive omega vertical wind velocity (downward transport) and low specific humidity (dry conditions), at all examined pressure levels below the altitude of 500 hPa pressure level. During the surface ozone episodes IASI satellite measurements show extended areas of high ozone in the lower and upper troposphere over the low pressure system areas, adjacent to the anticyclones, which influence significantly the boundary layer and surface ozone concentrations within the anticyclones by subsidence and advection in addition to the photochemically produced ozone there, resulting in exceedances of the 60 ppb standard.
Derivation of the Reduced Reaction Mechanisms of Ozone Depletion Events in Polar Spring by Using Concentration Sensitivity Analysis and Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Cao Le , Wang Chenggang , Mao Mao , Grosshans Holger , Cao Nianwen
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The ozone depletion events (ODEs) in the spring of Arctic have been investigated since the 1980s. It is found that the depletion of ozone is highly associated with an auto-catalytic reaction cycle in which the bromine containing compounds are mostly involved. Moreover, bromide stored in various substrates in the Arctic such as the underlying surface covered by ice and snow can be also activated by the absorbed HOBr. Subsequently this leads to an explosive increase of the bromine amount in the troposphere, which is the so-called "bromine explosion mechanism". In the present study, a reaction scheme representing the chemistry of ozone depletion and halogen release is processed with two different mechanism reduction approaches, namely the concentration sensitivity analysis and the principal component analysis. In the concentration sensitivity analysis, the interdependence of the mixing ratios of ozone and principal bromine species on the rate of each reaction in the mechanism of ODEs is identified. Furthermore, the most influential reactions in different time periods of ODEs are also revealed. By removing 11 reactions with the maximum absolute values of sensitivities lower than 10 %, a reduced reaction mechanism of ODEs is derived. The onsets of each time period of ODEs in simulations using the original reaction mechanism and the reduced reaction mechanism are identical while the maximum deviation of the mixing ratio of principal bromine species between different mechanisms is found less than 1 %. By performing the principal component analysis on an array of the sensitivity matrices, the dependence of a particular species concentration on a combination of the reaction rates in the mechanism is revealed. Redundant reactions are indicated by principal components corresponding to small eigenvalues and insignificant elements in principal components with large eigenvalues. Through this investigation, aside from the 11 reactions which have been identified as unimportant in the concentration sensitivity analysis, additionally nine reactions were identified to contribute only little to the total response of the system. Thus, they can be eliminated from the original reaction scheme. The results computed by applying the reduced reaction mechanism derived after the principal component analysis agree well with those by using the original reaction scheme. The maximum deviation of the mixing ratio of principal bromine species is found less than 10 %, which is guaranteed by the selection criterion adopted in the simplification process. Moreover, it is shown in the principal component analysis that O(1D) in the mechanism of ODEs is in quasi-steady state, which enables a following simplification of the reduced reaction mechanism obtained in the present study.
Sensitivity of the Variability of Mineral Aerosol Simulations to Meteorological Forcing Datasets
Authors: Smith Molly B. , Mahowald Natalie M. , Albani Samuel , Perry Aaron , Losno Remi , Qu Zihan , Marticorena Beatrice , Ridley David A. , Heald Colette L.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Interannual variability in desert dust is widely observed and simulated, yet the sensitivity of these desert dust simulations to a particular meteorological dataset, as well as a particular model construction, is not well known. Here we use version 4 of the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM4) with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) to simulate dust forced by three different reanalysis meteorological datasets for the period 1990–2005. We then contrast the results of these simulations with dust simulated using online winds dynamically generated from sea surface temperatures, as well as with simulations conducted using other modeling frameworks but the same meteorological forcings, in order to determine the sensitivity of climate model output to the specific reanalysis dataset used. For the seven cases considered in our study, the different model configurations are able to simulate the annual mean of the global dust cycle, seasonality and interannual variability approximately equally well at the limited observational sites available. Overall, aerosol dust source strength has remained fairly constant during the time period from 1990 to 2005, although there is strong seasonal and some interannual variability simulated in the models and seen in the observations over this time period. The models predict similar seasonal variability and timing as one another, and obtain the best comparison to observations at the seasonal scale. Interannual variability comparisons to observations, as well as comparisons between models, suggest that interannual variability in dust is still difficult to simulate accurately, with averaged correlation coefficients of 0.1 to 0.6. Because of the large variability, at least one year of observations at most sites are needed to correctly observe the mean, but in some regions, particularly the remote oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, where interannual variability appears to be larger, 2–3 years of data are needed.
Comparisons of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) XCO2 measurements with TCCON
Authors: Wunch Debra , Wennberg Paul O. , Osterman Gregory , Fisher Brendan , Naylor Bret , Roehl Coleen M. , O'Dell Christopher , Mandrake Lukas , Viatte Camille , Griffith David W. , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Velazco Voltaire A. , Notholt Justus , Warneke Thorsten , Petri Christof , De Maziere Martine , Sha Mahesh K. , Sussmann Ralf , Rettinger Markus , Pollard David , Robinson John , Morino Isamu , Uchino Osamu , Hase Frank , Blumenstock Thomas , Kiel Matthaeus , Feist Dietrich G. , Arnold Sabrina G. , Strong Kimberly , Mendonca Joseph , Kivi Rigel , Heikkinen Pauli , Iraci Laura , Podolske James , Hillyard Patrick W. , Kawakami Shuji , Dubey Manvendra K. , Parker Harrison A. , Sepulveda Eliezer , Rodriguez Omaira E. G. , Te Yao , Jeseck Pascal , Gunson Michael R. , Crisp David , Eldering Annmarie
Published: August 2016

Abstract. NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) has been measuring carbon dioxide column-averaged dry air mole fractions, XCO2, in the Earth’s atmosphere for almost two years. In this paper, we describe the comparisons between the OCO-2 version 7Br retrievals and XCO2 estimates from OCO-2's primary ground-based validation network: the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The OCO-2 XCO2 retrievals, after bias correction, agree well globally with the TCCON for nadir, glint, and target observations, with median differences less than 0.5 ppm and RMS differences typically below 1.5 ppm. Target observations over TCCON stations correlate best with the TCCON data (R2 = 0.83) on a global scale. At local scales, the target comparisons reveal residual biases likely related to surface properties and aerosol scattering. It is thus crucial to continue measurement comparisons with TCCON to monitor and evaluate the OCO-2 XCO2 data quality throughout its mission.
The influence of tillage on N2O fluxes from an intensively managed
grazed grassland in Scotland
Authors: Cowan Nicholas J. , Levy Peter E. , Famulari Daniela , Anderson Margaret , Drewer Julia , Carozzi Marco , Reay David S. , Skiba Ute M.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Intensively managed grass production in high-rainfall temperate climate zones is a globally important source of N2O. Many of these grasslands are occasionally tilled to rejuvenate the sward, and this can lead to increased N2O emissions. This was investigated by comparing N2O fluxes from two adjacent intensively managed grazed grasslands in Scotland, one of which was tilled. A combination of eddy covariance, high-resolution dynamic chamber and static chamber methods was used. N2O emissions from the tilled field increased significantly for several days immediately after ploughing and remained elevated for approximately 2 months after the tillage event contributing to an estimated increase in N2O fluxes of 0.85 ± 0.11 kg N2O-N ha−1. However, any influence on N2O emissions after this period appears to be minimal. The cumulative N2O emissions associated with the tillage event and a fertiliser application of 70 kg N ammonia nitrate from one field were not significantly different from the adjacent untilled field, in which two fertiliser applications of 70 kg N ammonia nitrate occurred during the same period. Total cumulative fluxes calculated for the tilled and untilled fields over the entire 175-day measurement period were 2.14 ± 0.18 and 1.65 ± 1.02 kg N2O-N ha−1, respectively.
Coccolithophore responses to environmental variability in the South China
Sea: species composition and calcite content
Authors: Jin Xiaobo , Liu Chuanlian , Poulton Alex J. , Dai Minhan , Guo Xianghui
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Coccolithophore contributions to the global marine carbon cycle are regulated by the calcite content of their scales (coccoliths) and the relative cellular levels of photosynthesis and calcification rates. All three of these factors vary between coccolithophore species and with response to the growth environment. Here, water samples were collected in the northern basin of the South China Sea (SCS) during summer 2014 in order to examine how environmental variability influenced species composition and cellular levels of calcite content. Average coccolithophore abundance and their calcite concentration in the water column were 11.82 cells mL−1 and 1508.3 pg C mL−1, respectively, during the cruise. Water samples can be divided into three floral groups according to their distinct coccolithophore communities. The vertical structure of the coccolithophore community in the water column was controlled by the trophic conditions, which were regulated by mesoscale eddies across the SCS basin. The evaluation of coccolithophore-based calcite in the surface ocean also showed that three key species in the SCS (Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Florisphaera profunda) and other larger, numerically rare species made almost equal contributions to total coccolith-based calcite in the water column. For Emiliania huxleyi biometry measurements, coccolith size positively correlated with nutrients (nitrate, phosphate), and it is suggested that coccolith length is influenced by light and nutrients through the regulation of growth rates. Larger-sized coccoliths were also linked statistically to low pH and calcite saturation states; however, it is not a simple cause and effect relationship, as carbonate chemistry was strongly co-correlated with the other key environmental factors (nutrients, light).
A network-based detection scheme of the jet stream core
Authors: Molnos Sonja , Mamdouh Tarek , Petri Stefan , Nocke Thomas , Weinkauf Tino , Coumou Dim
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The polar and subtropical jet streams are strong upper-level winds with a crucial influence on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. In particular, the polar jet is located between cold Arctic air to the North and warmer sub-tropical air to the South. Strongly meandering states therefore often lead to extreme surface weather. So far algorithms to detect jets' core around the hemisphere, including strong North-South undulations, are lacking. We develop a network-based scheme using Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm to detect the polar and subtropical jet stream core. This algorithm considers not only the commonly used wind strength for core detection but also takes wind direction and climatological latitudinal position into account. Furthermore, it distinguishes between polar and subtropical jet, and between separate and merged jet states. The detection scheme is optimized using simulated annealing and compared against an algorithm developed by Rikus (2015). After the successful optimization process we apply our scheme to climatology data and analyse seasonal data sets. We present probabilistic, regionally distinct positions for both jets for all seasons. This shows that winter is characterized by two well separated jets at mean longitudes of 20° S and 140° N. In contrast, summer normally has a single merged jet over the western Hemisphere and both merged and separated jet states possible in the eastern Hemisphere. With this algorithm it is possible to investigate the position of the jets' cores around the hemisphere and is therefore well suitable for analyses of jet stream patterns in observations or models.
Mass spectrometry of planetary exospheres at high relative
velocity: direct comparison of open- and closed source
measurements
Authors: Meyer Stefan , Tulej Marek , Wurz Peter
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The exploration of habitable worlds inside icy moons around the gas giants in the Solar System is of major interest in upcoming planetary missions. Exactly this theme is addressed by the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission of ESA, which will characterise Ganymede, Europa and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats. We developed a prototype of the Neutral gas and Ion Mass spectrometer (NIM) of the Particle Environment Package (PEP) for the JUICE mission intended for composition measurements of neutral gas and thermal plasma. NIM/PEP will be used to measure the chemical composition of the exospheres of the icy Jovian moons. Besides direct ion measurement, the NIM instrument is able to measure the inflowing neutral gas in two different modes: in neutral mode the gas enters directly the ion source (open source) and in thermal mode where the gas gets thermally accommodated to the wall temperature by several collisions inside an equilibrium sphere, called antechamber, before entering the ion-source (closed source). We performed measurements with the prototype NIM using a neutral gas beam of 1 up to 4.5 km s−1 velocity in the neutral and thermal mode. The current trajectory of JUICE foresees a flyby velocity of 4 km s−1 at Europa, other flybys are in the range of 1 up to 7 km s−1 and orbital velocity in Ganymede orbits is around 2 km s−1. Different species are used for the gas beam, such as noble gases Ne, Ar, Kr as well as molecules like H2, methane, ethane, propane and more complex ones. The NIM prototype was successfully tested under realistic JUICE mission conditions. In addition, we find that the antechamber (closed source) behaves as expected with predictable density enhancement over the specified mass range and within the JUICE mission phase velocities. Furthermore, with the open source and the closed source we measure almost the same composition for noble gases, as well as for molecules, indicating no additional fragmentation of the species recorded with the antechamber for the investigated parameter range.
Temporal and spatial changes of rainfall and streamflow in the Upper
Tekeze–Atbara River Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Gebremicael Tesfay Gebretsadkan , Mohamed Yasir Abbas , van der Zaag Pieter , Hagos Eyasu Yazew
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The Upper Tekeze–Atbara river basin–part of the Nile basin, is characterized by high temporal and spatial variability of rainfall and streamflow. In spite of its importance for sustainable water use and food security, the changing patterns of streamflow and its association with climate change is not well understood in the basin. This study aims at improving the understanding of the linkages between rainfall and streamflow trends and identifying the drivers of streamflow variabilities in the basin. Trend and change point detections of rainfall and streamflow were analysed using Mann–Kendall and Pettitt tests, respectively, using data records for 21 rainfall and 9 streamflow stations. The nature of changes and linkages between rainfall and streamflow were carefully examined for monthly, seasonal, annual flows as well as Indicators of Hydrological Alterations (IHA). The trend and change point analyses found that 20 of the tested 21 rainfall stations did not show statistically significant changes. In contrast, trend analyses on the streamflow showed a significant increasing/decreasing patterns. A decreasing trend in the dry (October to February), short (March to May), main rainy seasons (June to September) and annual totals is dominant in 6 out of the 9 stations. Only one out of nine gauging stations experienced increasing flow significantly in the dry and short rainy seasons. This increasing trend is attributed to the construction of Tekeze hydropower dam above the station in 2009. Overall, streamflow trends and change point timings were found to be inconsistent among the stations. Changes in streamflow without significant change in rainfall suggests other factors than rainfall to drive the change. Weak linkages between rainfall and streamflow trends indicate that the observed changes in streamflow regimes could be due to changes in catchment characteristics of the basin. Further studies are needed to verify and quantify the hydrological changes shown in statistical tests by identifying the physical mechanisms behind those changes. The findings from this study are useful as a pre-requisite for studying the effects of catchment management dynamics on the hydrological variabilities in the basin.
Land surface albedo and vegetation feedbacks enhanced the Millennium drought in south-east Australia
Authors: Evans Jason P. , Meng Xianhong , McCabe Matthew  F.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. In this study we have examined the ability of a regional climate model (RCM) to simulate the extended drought that occurred throughout the period 2002 through 2007 in southeast Australia. In particular, the ability to reproduce the two drought peaks in 2002 and 2006 was investigated. Overall the RCM was found to reproduce both the temporal and the spatial structure of the drought related precipitation anomalies quite well, despite using climatological seasonal surface characteristics such as vegetation fraction and albedo. This result concurs with previous studies that found that about two thirds of the precipitation decline can be attributed to ENSO. Simulation experiments that allowed the vegetation fraction and albedo to vary as observed illustrated that the intensity of the drought was underestimated by about 10% when using climatological surface characteristics. These results suggest that in terms of drought development, capturing the feedbacks related to vegetation and albedo changes may be as important as capturing the soil moisture-precipitation feedback. In order to improve our modelling of multi-year droughts the challenge is to capture all these related surface changes simultaneously, and provide a comprehensive description of land surface-precipitation feedback during the droughts development.
Evaluation of the search and rescue LEEWAY model in the Tyrrhenian Sea: a new point of view
Authors: Di Maio Antonia , Martin Mathew V. , Sorgente Roberto
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The trajectories' prediction of floating objects above the sea surface represents an important task in search and rescue (SAR) operations. In this paper we show how it is possible to estimate the most probable search area by means of a stochastic model, schematizing the shape of the object appropriately and evaluating the forces acting on it. The LEEWAY model,a Monte Carlo-based ensemble trajectory model, has been used; here, both statistical law to calculate the leeway and an almost deterministic law inspired by the boundary layer theory have been considered. The model is nested within the subregional hydrodynamic model TSCRM (Tyrrhenian Sicily Channel Regional Model) developed in the framework of PON-TESSA (Programma Operativo Nazionale; National Operative Program – TEchnology for the Situational Sea Awareness) project. The main objective of the work is to validate a new approach of leeway calculation that relies on a real person in water (PIW) event, which occurred in the Tyrrhenian Sea in July 2013. The results show that by assimilating a human body to a cylinder and estimating both the transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer and the drag coefficients, it can be possible to solve a force balance equation, which allows the search area to be estimated with good approximation. This new point of view leads to the possibility of also testing the same approach for other different categories of targets, so as to overcome the limitations associated with the calculation of the leeway in the future by means of standard statistical law.
Evaluation of single-band snow patch mapping using high resolution
microwave remote sensing: an application to the Maritime Antarctic
Authors: Mora Carla , Jímenez Juan Javier , Pina Pedro , Catalão João , Vieira Gonçalo
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Snow patch distribution and snow melt patterns during the summer are important controls for terrestrial ecosystems, permafrost and active layer, as well as for infrastructure access and management in the Maritime Antarctic. The mountainous terrain of the Maritime Antarctic and relatively small extent of the ice-free areas generate complex mosaics of numerous small snow-patches, ranging from tens to hundreds of meters in extension. These can only be accurately mapped using high resolution remote sensing sensors. However, the extremely high number of days with cloud cover limits the application of optical sensors from satellites, which have provided only sporadic snapshots in the Maritime Antarctic, limiting its use for monitoring purposes. In this paper we evaluate the application of Radar scenes from TerraSAR-X obtained in High Resolution SpotLight mode for mapping snow patches at a test area in Fildes Peninsula (King George Island, South Shetlands). Field analysis of the snow conditions, such as snow patch mapping and characterization of snow stratigraphy was conducted at the time of image acquisition in 12 and 13 January 2012. Snow was wet in all studied snow patches, with coarse-grain and rounded crystals showing advanced melting. Ice-layers were frequent in the snow pack. Two TerraSAR-X scenes in HH and VV polarization modes were analysed, with the former showing the best results in discrimination between wet-snow, lake water and bare soil. However, significant overlap in the backscattering signal was found. Average wet snow backscattering was −18.0 dB in HH mode, with water showing −21.1 dB and bare soil showing −11.9 dB. Single band pixel-based and object-oriented image classification methods were used to assess the classification potential of TerraSAR-X SpotLight imagery. The best results were obtained with an object-oriented approach using a watershed-based segmentation with a SVM classifier, with an overall accuracy of 92 % and Kappa of 0.88. The main limitation was the west to northwest facing snow patches, which showed significant error an issue probably related to artefacts from the geometry of satellite imagery acquisition. The results show that TerraSAR-X in spotlight mode provides extremely high quality imagery for mapping wet snow and snow melt in the Maritime Antarctic. The classification procedure that we propose is a simple method and can easily be implemented in operational mode if a good digital elevation model is available.
The Hate Exclusion: Moral Tax Equity for Damages Received on Account of Race, Sex, or Sexual Orientation Discrimination
Authors: Dexter Bobby L.
Published: August 2016

Scholars on both sides of the reparations literature divide commonly contemplate some form of federal monetary outlay. At the same time, given both the absence of such an outlay and the dire prognosis that such largesse is forthcoming, tax scholars rarely contribute to traditional reparations literature. With this Article, Professor Dexter introduces the notion that reparations take the form of narrowly-tailored federal tax expenditures. Such an approach, he argues, presents fertile ground for the resolution of longstanding differences in the reparations debate. In addition to highlighting the various political and administrative merits of a tax expenditure approach to reparations, he argues that allowing the exclusion of damages received on account of specific forms of discrimination — even if suffered at the hands of a private actor — would offer immediate and precisely-targeted reparational relief not only to those suffering the modern day impact of slavery and race discrimination under federal imprimatur but also to those impacted by the United States’ well-documented history of hostility with respect to women and sexual minorities. Readily acknowledging that considerable progress has been made (often via the firm and necessarily-persistent hand of federal mandate), Professor Dexter presents current day-to-day events (including the conduct of certain law enforcement personnel and specific public officials openly hostile to marriage equality) as evidence of a lingering yet defiant, federally-sculpted, federally-nourished national psyche. The narrow tailoring of relief and the moral force of the unclean hands theory of exclusion, he reasons, neutralizes arguments advanced in traditional reparations literature regarding excessive act, wrongdoer, and victim attenuation.
Póscolonialismo na Antiguidade: Druidas nos Discursos Coloniais Romanos
Authors: De Paiva Bondioli Nelson
Published: August 2016

O presente artigo propõe, em primeiro lugar, uma discussão teórica que aborde a legitimidade do emprego do termo póscolonial para um período histórico pré-descobrimento da América, tido como o marco zero do colonialismo. Nesse sentido, apresenta-se o argumento de que é crucial romper com a produção atual sobre o tema, demonstrando que no período da Antiguidade, em especial do Império Romano, existe não apenas a viabilidade, mas a necessidade de se trabalhar com essa teoria. Dessa forma, apresenta-se uma abordagem póscolonial aos problemas ligados à leitura e interpretação de determinados aspectos da relação entre Romanos e os povos Celtas da Gália, especificamente no que diz respeito ao sacerdócio Celta. Essa relação é marcada por posições ambivalentes dos autores clássicos que simultaneamente elogiam e condenam os druidas, sendo esses objetos de desejo e de desprezo. O objetivo desse estudo é entender essa contradição nas imagens dos druidas e sua relação com contexto maior das práticas coloniais Romanas.
Combates alencarianos pela descolonização literária e cultural brasileira
Authors: Rezende Borges Valdeci
Published: August 2016

Busca-se abordar neste artigo, a prática intelectual do escritor romântico brasileiro José de Alencar, atendo-se à sua proposta, e à defesa desta, de construção de uma escrita literária como instrumento político para firmar a independência política e forjar a descolonização cultural brasileira ante a ex-metrópole, Portugal. Foca-se no campo das ideias, do exercício intelectual e das lutas de representações, no qual Alencar inseria-se nas décadas de 1850, 60 e 70, combatendo em defesa de sua prática literária, bem como de alguns escritores brasileiros a ela afeitos, em geral, em diálogo com a recepção crítica acerca desta produção por seus pares, aliados ou opositores, os últimos atrelados à perspectiva lusitana. Perscruta-se ainda sobre o lugar ocupado e desempenhado pela língua portuguesa e um estilo próprios nesse fazer. Assim volta-se a esse campo de embates ao redor de uma produção literária calcada em linguagem e estilo brasileiros e escrita em língua portuguesa abrasileirada por seus falantes do lado de cá do Atlântico, como estratégia de luta pela descolonização literária e cultural brasileira.
O Canto dos Escravos: heranças centro-africanas na música contemporânea do Brasil
Authors: Magno Azevedo Amailtom
Published: August 2016

O objetivo desse artigo é analisar a dimensão histórica e estética do disco “O Canto dos Escravos”. Gravado pelos sambistas Geraldo Filme, Clementina de Jesus e Doca, em 1982, esse disco reposicionou o canto dos escravos mineiros do século XVIII na cena musical contemporânea. Esses cantos são denominados pela historiografia de vissungo; uma forma de cantiga de trabalho herdada dos negros bengelas. Na gravação do disco, os sambistas selecionaram quatorze vissungos. E o resultado, na visão deste autor, sugere a elaboração de uma estética musical ancorada nos valores e signos centro-africanos.
Os sentidos da descolonização: uma análise a partir de Moçambique
Authors: Meneses Maria Paula
Published: August 2016

Este artigo procura, a partir de uma análise multidisciplinar, problematizar os sentidos da descolonização a partir do estudo da produção de conhecimento em Moçambique, à luz das epistemologias do Sul, conceito avançado por Boaventura de Sousa Santos. O texto problematiza a dimensão epistémica do colonialismo moderno, mostrando como a imagem predominante do continente africano, parte do Sul global, é ainda reflexo de representações forjadas no centro de um saber de matriz eurocêntrica, que reforçam a permanência das perspetivas do Norte sobre o Sul. Como o artigo discute, descolonizar o conhecimento passa por uma revisão crítica de conceitos centrais, como o são o espaço e o tempo, hegemonicamente definidos pela racionalidade moderna – estrutura de saber que legitima a expansão do projeto civilizacional moderno ocidental no mundo. No campo ontológico, a descolonização passa pela renegociação das definições do ser e dos seus sentidos, aliando a democratização à descolonização. Este desafio epistémico contesta o privilégio epistémico do Norte global, abrindo o mundo a outros saberes, narrativas e lutas, contadas a múltiplas vozes.
Avaliação da Eficiência de Um Sistema de Tratamento por Wetland Construído Aplicado ao Efluente de um Frigorífico de Suínos
Authors: Santos Bruna Souza dos , Costa Poliana Ferreira da , Eyng Eduardo , Câmara Carla Daniela
Published: August 2016

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos com um sistema de tratamento por wetland construído, aplicado ao efluente de um frigorífico de suínos. Implantou-se um módulo experimental preenchido com uma camada de solo, seguido de pedra brita e areia como material filtrante e na camada superior foi plantado a macrófita Juncus effusus. O sistema foi adaptado com um controlador de nível que junto a um sistema de recalque promovia a recirculação do efluente. Este experimento foi desenvolvido utilizando-se um tempo de retenção hidráulica de 96 horas, sendo que amostras foram coletadas a cada 24 horas para posteriores análises físico-químicas. Os resultados obtidos foram promissores, sendo obtido 98,4% de remoção da DQO – Demanda Química de Oxigênio após 96 horas de tratamento. Além disso, também houve uma diminuição da condutividade elétrica do efluente, possivelmente, devido ao consumo de nutriente pelas plantas.
Determinação de metais, umidade, cinzas e pH do tabaco de cigarros consumidos no Brasil
Authors: Silva Cleber Pinto da , Voigt Carmen Lucia , De Almeida Thiago E. , Zittel Rosimara , De Oliveira Stremel Tatiana R. , Domingues Cinthia E. , Campos Sandro Xavier de
Published: August 2016

Neste trabalho foi realizado a determinação por espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama dos metais Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cr, Co, Cd e caracterizações através de técnicas gravimétricas (umidade e teor de cinzas) e eletroquímica (pH) nas duas marcas de cigarros mais consumidas legalmente no Brasil. Os resultados de recuperação dos analitos foram entre 91,5 a 111,4 % com desvio padrão relativo entre 1,24 a 4,53 %. Os testes realizados nas marcas dos cigarros mostraram média do teor umidade 13,0%, cinzas 14,1% e pH 5,0. A ordem de maior concentração dos metais foi Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Co > Cr > Cd, os resultados apontam, que as marcas de cigarros analisadas possuem concentrações de Cd superior a quarenta e quatro vezes o encontrado em cigarros legalizados nos Estados Unidos, vinte vezes mais Pb que o encontrado em cigarros na Polônia.
Uma Abordagem Heurística para o Algoritmo PTS na Redução da PAPR em Sistemas OFDM
Authors: Tavares Caio Henrique Azolini , Abrão Taufik
Published: August 2016

Este trabalho analisa a redução da relação entre a potência de pico e potência média (PAPR) em sistemas com multiplexagem por divisão de frequência ortogonal (OFDM) sob a perspectiva da otimização heurística aplicada à topologia de transmissão por sequência parcial, visando a redução de sua complexidade computacional. Uma elevada PAPR em sinais OFDM acarreta em redução da eficiência energética dos amplificadores de alta potência (HPA) presentes no transmissor que, para evitar distorção no sinal amplificado, devem ter seu ponto de operação deslocado reduzindo a potência do sinal de entrada por um nível denominado input back-off (IBO). A técnica de transmissão por sequência parcial(PTS) para redução dos níveis de PAPR foi analisada e avaliada por meio de otimização heurística denominada enxame de partículas (PSO); os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos com o algoritmo PTS convencional (C-PTS) em termos da relação entre complexidade computacional e redução da PAPR obtida. Os resultados numéricos de simulação mostraram que ao utilizar o algoritmo PSOPTS é possível atingir resultados quase-ótimos em aproximadamente um quarto do tempo utilizado pelo C-PTS, tornando o primeiro mais adequado para utilização comercial, que usualmente envolvem sistemas robustos com um elevado número de subportadoras, o que necessariamente implica em uma alta PAPR.
Uma alternativa para avaliar discordância entre duas medidas via modelo de regressão linear simples sem intercepto
Authors: Borba Maria Clara Vieira , Nakano Eduardo Yoshio
Published: August 2016

Este artigo propõe um método estatístico para avaliar a discordância entre duas medidas quantitativas, quando as mesmas seguem uma distribuição normal. Este método consiste em realizar um teste de hipóteses no coeficiente de um modelo de regressão simples sem intercepto. Para ilustrar esse método e comparar com outros métodos que são erroneamente utilizados (tais como o teste t-pareado ou correlação de Pearson), foram utilizados dados artificiais da literatura e dados simulados. Cabe ressaltar que, enquanto os Coeficientes de Concordância de Kendall e o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse medem a concordância entre duas medidas quantitativas, este novo método é uma alternativa para situações cujo interesse é comprovar que duas medidas são discordantes. Este trabalho também apresenta a implementação computacional do método no software livre R. Por último, foi mostrado que o método proposto cumpriu o seu papel, mesmo quando os outros procedimentos (erroneamente utilizados)falharam.
Comments on Per Wästberg’s Presentation Speech for the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature
Authors: Liu Weiqin , Yu Chengfa
Published: August 2016

In Per Wästberg’s presentation speech for the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature, some information should deserve the attention of the Chinese academic circle. There is some truth in his compliments of Mo Yan, such as “he is a poet”, “he is a wonderful portrayer of nature”, “he knows everything and describes everything especially about a forgotten peasant world”, “in his work, world literature speaks with a voice that drowns out most contemporaries”. Wästberg also offers his interpretation and review of some of Mo Yan’s works. However, the speech inevitably shows Westerners’ misunderstanding of Mo Yan and his works and their ideological prejudice against China and the Chinese society.