bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Positioning and detection of rigid pavement cracks using GNSS data and image processing
Authors: Nasrallah Ahmed A. , Abdelfatah Mohamed A. , Attia Mohamed I. E. , El-Fiky Gamal S.
Published: February 2024

Modern pavement management systems depend mainly on pavement condition assessment to plan rehabilitation strategies. Manual inspection is performed by trained inspectors to assess pavement damages conventionally. This can be cost-intensive, time-consuming, and a source of risk for inspectors. An image-based inspection using a smartphone is adopted to overcome such problems. This paper proposes an automatic crack detection and mapping program for rigid pavement, which can automate the visual inspection process. The program uses Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data recorded by smartphones and various image processing techniques to detect crack lengths and areas in images. The performance of the program was evaluated by a field study. A crack quantification process was performed to compare the manually measured values and crack lengths obtained from the program. The results show that the program can detect other types of distress, such as pop-outs and punch-outs. This method can achieve satisfactory performance compared to the effort and costs spent.
A rapidly converging domain decomposition algorithm for a time delayed parabolic problem with mixed type boundary conditions exhibiting boundary layers
Authors: Aakansha  , Kumar Sunil , Ramos Higinio
Published: February 2024

A rapidly converging domain decomposition algorithm is introduced for a time delayed parabolic problem with mixed type boundary conditions exhibiting boundary layers. Firstly, a space-time decomposition of the original problem is considered. Subsequently, an iterative process is proposed, wherein the exchange of information to neighboring subdomains is accomplished through the utilization of piecewise-linear interpolation. It is shown that the algorithm provides uniformly convergent numerical approximations to the solution. Our analysis utilizes some novel auxiliary problems, barrier functions, and a new maximum principle result. More importantly, we showed that only one iteration is needed for small values of the perturbation parameter. Some numerical results supporting the theory and demonstrating the effectiveness of the algorithm are presented.
Investigation of Scalograms with a Deep Feature Fusion Approach for Detection of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Cantürk İsmail , Günay Osman
Published: February 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological condition that millions of people worldwide suffer from. Early symptoms include a slight sense of weakness and a propensity for involuntary tremulous motion in body limbs, particularly in the arms, hands, and head. PD is diagnosed based on motor symptoms. Additionally, scholars have proposed various remote monitoring tests that offer benefits such as early diagnosis, ease of application, and cost-effectiveness. PD patients often exhibit voice disorders. Speech signals of the patients can be used for early diagnosis of the disease. This study proposed an artificial intelligence–based approach for PD diagnosis using speech signals. Scalogram images, generated through the Continuous Wavelet Transform of the speech signals, were employed in deep learning techniques to detect PD. The scalograms were tested with various deep learning techniques. In the first part of the experiment, AlexNet, GoogleNet, ResNet50, and a majority voting-based hybrid system were used as classifiers. Secondly, a deep feature fusion method based on DenseNet and NasNet was investigated. Several evaluation metrics were employed to assess the performance. The deep feature fusion system achieved an accuracy of 0.95 and an F1 score with stratified 10-fold cross-validation, improving accuracy by 38% over the ablation study. The key contributions of this study include the investigation of scalogram images with a comprehensive analysis of deep learning models and deep feature fusion for PD detection.
Aczel-Alsina power bonferroni aggregation operators for picture fuzzy information and decision analysis
Authors: Ma Lijun , Jabeen Khalida , Karamti Walid , Ullah Kifayat , Khan Qaisar , Garg Harish , Yin Shi
Published: February 2024

Picture fuzzy set (PFS) is an expedient mathematical approach for interpreting imprecise and nebulous information, and the power Bonferroni mean (PBM) operator is a crucial generalization of the power average (PA) operator, and the Bonferroni mean (BM) operator. Based on the Aczel-Alsina (AA), operational principles of PFS, we expand the PBM operator to integrate PFVs and develop a few AOs, namely PF Aczel-Alsina PBM (PFAAPBM) operator, weighted PF Aczel-Alsina PBM (WPFAAPBM) operator, PF Aczel-Alsina PGBM (PFAAPGBM) operator, and weighted geometric PF Aczel-Alsina PBM (WGPFAAPBM) operators respectively. These newly suggested PF Aczel-Alsina PBM operators can detect the connections between the membership, abstinence, and non-membership functions, which also maintain the important characteristics of the PBM operator. After that, we analyze a few enticing characteristics along with the particular applications of the suggested operators. Based on our suggested technique, we built an illustrated numerical example for the selection of competent research scientists to cope with MADM issues under the framework of PFVs. Finally, we contrast a few of our suggested methodologies with other prevailing methods to determine the feasibility and legitimacy of our suggested strategies.
Optimal insurance with counterparty and additive background risk
Authors: Chen Yanhong
Published: February 2024

In this paper, we explore how to design the optimal insurance contracts when the insured faces insurable, counterparty, and additive background risk simultaneously. The target is to minimize the mean-variance of the insured’s loss. By utilizing the calculus of variations, an implicit characterization of the optimal ceded loss function is given. An explicit structure of the optimal ceded loss function is also provided by making full use of its implicit characterization. We further derive a much simpler solution when these three kinds of risk have some special dependence structures. Finally, we give a numerical example to illustrate our results.
Algorithmic attention rents: A theory of digital platform market power
Authors: O’Reilly Tim , Strauss Ilan , Mazzucato Mariana
Published: February 2024

We outline a theory of algorithmic attention rents in digital aggregator platforms. We explore the way that as platforms grow, they become increasingly capable of extracting rents from a variety of actors in their ecosystems—users, suppliers, and advertisers—through their algorithmic control over user attention. We focus our analysis on advertising business models, in which attention harvested from users is monetized by reselling the attention to suppliers or other advertisers, though we believe the theory has relevance to other online business models as well. We argue that regulations should mandate the disclosure of the operating metrics that platforms use to allocate user attention and shape the “free” side of their marketplace, as well as details on how that attention is monetized.
Participatory Democracy and the British Utopian Tradition: Leonard Woolf's Co-operative Commonwealth in Historical Perspective
Authors: Koppen Randi
Published: February 2024

This article examines an understudied chapter in the history of British socialist thought: the consumer-based socialism theorized by the Fabian and Labour Party advisor Leonard Woolf between 1913 and 1920. Exemplifying what used to be referred to in negative terms as “interwar idealism,” Woolf is now widely considered one of the chief architects of imperial and foreign policy for the British Labour Party between 1914 and 1945. Throughout this period, he was also a patient and committed advocate for a cooperative model of participatory, rank-and-file democracy founded on the organization and practices of the Co-operative Movement, whose socialist, transformative aspirations Woolf found most fully realized in the Women's Co-operative Guild under the leadership of Margaret Llewelyn Davies. Woolf's interest in radical democratic templates places him in a line of British utopian thought that looks to small-scale models of popular self-government as test cases for overall social transformation—ranging from Robert Owen's communes, through William Morris's medieval craft guilds, to the guild socialism advocated by G. D. H. Cole and R. H. Tawney. At the same time, in identifying the consumer rather than the producer as the means and ends of social change, Woolf's proposals for a socialist commonwealth emerge as an alternative to most socialist thought, a rarely examined case in a British politics of consumption which, as Matthew Hilton has shown, has traditionally offered itself as a “middle” or “third way” solution to a party political system dominated by the interests of capitalists and workers.
The association between dietary patterns and disease severity in patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Amini Mohammad Reza , Khademi Zeinab , Salavatizadeh Marieh , Rasaei Niloufar , Ebrahimi-Daryani Nasser , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Hekmatdoost Azita
Published: February 2024

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the colon and rectum. One of the most modifiable environmental factors affecting UC severity is the patient’s dietary pattern. Although the role of dietary patterns on UC aetiology has been investigated previously, its relationship with disease severity has not yet been elucidated. This study examined the association between UC patients’ dietary patterns and disease severity. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 340 UC patients. Using an FFQ, food patterns were assessed. Twenty-five food categories were categorised based on the similarity of the nutrient composition of the food using the factor analysis method. A simple clinical colitis activity index was used to determine disease severity. Three dietary patterns were identified based on the factor analysis: healthy, unhealthy and Western dietary pattern. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, patients who were in the highest tertile of healthy dietary pattern compared with the lowest tertile were 92 % less likely to have severe UC (OR: 0·08; 95 % CI: 0·03, 0·22). Also, those in the highest tertile of the Western dietary pattern were 3·86 times more likely to have severe UC than those in the lowest tertile (OR: 3·86; 95 % CI: 1·86, 8·00). Even after controlling for confounding variables, unhealthy dietary pattern did not increase the risk of severe UC. Our data indicate the beneficial role of healthy dietary pattern in amelioration of disease severity in UC patients. To confirm this association, more studies are needed, especially prospective cohort studies.
Description of Acromoldavicus xerophilus n. sp. (Nematoda, Rhabditida, Elaphonematidae) from the southern Iberian Peninsula, including a key to species of the genus
Authors: Robles M.-C. , Abolafia J.
Published: February 2024

A new species of the genus Acromoldavicus is described from coastal sand dunes and sandy soil in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Acromoldavicus xerophilus n. sp. is characterized by its 557–700 μm body length, cuticle tessellated, lip region with three pairs of expanded lips bearing a large labial expansion, primary axils bearing guard processes with two different morphology, secondary axils lacking guard processes, stoma short and tubular with prostegostom bearing prominent rhabdia directed towards the stoma lumen, female reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic, post-vulval sac 0.6–0.9 times body diameter, rectum very large, female tail short with biacute terminus and males unknown. The description, light micrographs, scanning electron microscope images, illustrations, and molecular analyses are provided. Molecular analyses (based on 18S and 28S rDNA) revealed its relationship with some species of the genera Cephalobus (18S tree), Nothacrobeles, Paracrobeles, and Spinocephalus (28S tree). Keys to species identification of this genus are also included.
Hydrodynamic and kinetic representation of the microscopic classic dynamics at the transition on the macroscopic scale
Authors: Andreev Pavel A.
Published: February 2024

An open problem of the derivation of the relativistic Vlasov equation for systems of charged particles moving with velocities up to the speed of light and creating the electromagnetic field in accordance with the full set of the Maxwell equations is considered. Moreover, the method of derivation is illustrated on the non-relativistic kinetic model. Independent derivation of the relativistic hydrodynamics is also demonstrated. The key role of these derivations of the hydrodynamic and kinetic equations includes the explicit operator of averaging on the physically infinitesimal volume suggested by L.S. Kuzmenkov.
The interaction between early life complications and a polygenic risk score for schizophrenia is associated with brain activity during emotion processing in healthy participants
Authors: Toro Veronica Debora , Antonucci Linda A. , Quarto Tiziana , Passiatore Roberta , Fazio Leonardo , Ursini Gianluca , Chen Qiang , Masellis Rita , Torretta Silvia , Sportelli Leonardo , Kikidis Gianluca Christos , Massari Francesco , D'Ambrosio Enrico , Rampino Antonio , Pergola Giulio , Weinberger Daniel R. , Bertolino Alessandro , Blasi Giuseppe
Published: February 2024

Background

Previous evidence suggests that early life complications (ELCs) interact with polygenic risk for schizophrenia (SCZ) in increasing risk for the disease. However, no studies have investigated this interaction on neurobiological phenotypes. Among those, anomalous emotion-related brain activity has been reported in SCZ, even if evidence of its link with SCZ-related genetic risk is not solid. Indeed, it is possible this relationship is influenced by non-genetic risk factors. Thus, this study investigated the interaction between SCZ-related polygenic risk and ELCs on emotion-related brain activity.

Methods

169 healthy participants (HP) in a discovery and 113 HP in a replication sample underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during emotion processing, were categorized for history of ELCs and genome-wide genotyped. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were computed using SCZ-associated variants considering the most recent genome-wide association study. Furthermore, 75 patients with SCZ also underwent fMRI during emotion processing to verify consistency of their brain activity patterns with those associated with risk factors for SCZ in HP.

Results

Results in the discovery and replication samples indicated no effect of PRSs, but an interaction between PRS and ELCs in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), where the greater the activity, the greater PRS only in presence of ELCs. Moreover, SCZ had greater VLPFC response than HP.

Conclusions

These results suggest that emotion-related VLPFC response lies in the path from genetic and non-genetic risk factors to the clinical presentation of SCZ, and may implicate an updated concept of intermediate phenotype considering early non-genetic factors of risk for SCZ.
Assessing autonomic activity and prognostic risk factors comparing multisystem inflammatory syndrome and isolated viral myocarditis/myopericarditis
Authors: Duman Derya , Karpuz Derya , Taşdelen Bahar , Kuyucu Necdet
Published: February 2024

Introduction and aim:

In pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome and isolated viral myocarditis/myopericarditis, autonomic nervous system function can be evaluated by a non-invasive method called heart rate variability. This study aims to evaluate heart rate variability in these two groups by comparing them with each other. This is the first study assessing these values in these two groups of patients.

Method:

Patients who are diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and isolated viral myocarditis/myopericarditis at a university hospital from September 2021 to February 2023 are screened by electrocardiography, echocardiography, and 24-hour Holter monitoring. A healthy control group, compatible in age and gender with the patient groups, was selected from healthy subjects that applied to the hospital for palpitation, murmur, and/or chest pain. Heart rate variability parameters and related laboratory markers were analyzed and compared among the three groups.

Results:

There were 30 patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, 43 patients with isolated viral myocarditis/myopericarditis, and 109 participants in the healthy control group. Statistically significant differences were found in most of the heart rate variability parameters: standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (SDNN), the mean of the 5- minute RR interval standard deviations (SDNNİ), the standard deviation of 5-minute R wave to R wave(RR) interval means (SDANN), the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD), and the percentage of the beats with a consecutive RR interval difference of more than 50 ms (pNN50%), very low frequency, high frequency, low frequency, triangular index, and low frequency/high-frequency ratio. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children patients had impaired and declined heart rate variability values compared to the other two groups. In patients with myocarditis/myopericarditis, we couldn’t find a significant difference in these parameters with the control group.

Conclusion:

Heart rate variability can be used as an important non-invasive autonomic function parameter in determining prognosis and treatment plans, especially in patients diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. This impairment of autonomic activity could be more prominent in patients with decreased left ventricular systolic functions.
Household food insecurity and physical activity behaviour in Ecuadorian children and adolescents: findings from the Ecuador 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-2018)
Authors: Chakraborty Rishika , Armijos Rodrigo X , Weigel M Margaret
Published: February 2024

Objective:

Ecuador has a high prevalence of household food insecurity (HFI) and is undergoing nutritional and epidemiologic transition. Evidence from high-income countries has reported negative or null associations between HFI and physical activity (PA) in children. It remains uncertain whether the same is true of those from low- and middle-income countries like Ecuador whose environmental and socio-demographic characteristics are distinct from those of high-income countries. We aimed to investigate the association of HFI with PA, sedentary behaviour (SB) and anthropometric indicators in children.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis of data from the nationally representative 2018 Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey. Data were collected on HFI, PA, SB, socio-demographic characteristics and measured height and weight. Unadjusted and adjusted linear, log-binomial and multinomial logistic regression analyses assessed the relationship of HFI with PA, SB, stunting and BMI-for-age.

Setting:

Ecuador.

Participants:

23 621 children aged 5–17 years.

Results:

Marginal and moderate-severe HFI was prevalent in 24 % and 20 % of the households, respectively. HFI was not associated with PA, SB, stunting nor underweight. Moderate-severe HFI was associated with a lower odds of overweight and obesity. However, adjustment for household assets attenuated this finding for overweight (adjusted OR:0·90, 95 % CI: 0·77, 1·05) and obesity (adjusted OR: 0·88, 95 % CI: 0·71, 1·08).

Conclusion:

HFI is a burden in Ecuadorian households, but is not associated with PA, SB nor anthropometric indicators in children aged 5–17 years. However, a concerning prevalence of insufficient PA was reported, emphasising the critical need for evidence-based interventions aimed at promoting PA and reducing SB.
The caffeine dilemma: unraveling the intricate relationship between caffeine use disorder, caffeine withdrawal symptoms and mental well-being in adults
Authors: Bodur Mahmut , Kaya Seda , Ilhan-Esgin Merve , Çakiroğlu Funda Pınar , Özçelik Ayşe Özfer
Published: February 2024

Objective:

This study aimed to explore the relationship between caffeine use disorder (CUD), caffeine withdrawal symptoms and the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress (DASS) in adults.

Design:

The study utilised a cross-sectional design to assess the relationships between CUD, caffeine withdrawal symptoms and DASS.

Setting:

Participants’ CUD was evaluated through the Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire (CUDQ), while the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) measured DASS levels. Caffeine withdrawal symptoms and total caffeine intake were calculated based on self-reported consumption of caffeine-rich products.

Participants:

The study involved 618 participants with an average age of 27·8 (sd 7·8) years.

Results:

Participants consumed an average of 461·21 (sd 11·09) mg/d of caffeine, showing a positive correlation between CUD and total caffeine intake. The risk of CUD increased alongside levels of DASS. Individuals with caffeine withdrawal symptoms had higher CUDQ and DASS scores. A multiple linear regression model revealed significant associations between total caffeine intake (P < 0·001) and DASS-21 score (P < 0·001) with CUDQ score.

Conclusions:

The study concluded that caffeine, while recognised for its potential health benefits, also exhibits properties that may lead to addiction. The development of caffeine use disorder and cessation of caffeine intake can increase DASS levels in adults, indicating the need for awareness and appropriate interventions in public health nutrition.
Exploring the prospective acceptability of a healthy food incentive program from the perspective of people with type 2 diabetes and experiences of household food insecurity in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Tariq Saania , Olstad Dana Lee , Beall Reed F , Spackman Eldon , Lipscombe Lorraine , Dunn Sharlette , Lashewicz Bonnie M , Elliott Meghan J , Campbell David JT
Published: February 2024

Objective:

FoodRx is a 12-month healthy food prescription incentive program for people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and experiences of household food insecurity. In this study, we aimed to explore potential users’ prospective acceptability (acceptability prior to program use) of the design and delivery of the FoodRx incentive and identify factors influencing prospective acceptability.

Design:

We used a qualitative descriptive approach and purposive sampling to recruit individuals who were interested or uninterested in using the FoodRx incentive. Semi-structured interviews were guided by the theoretical framework of acceptability, and corresponding interview transcripts were analysed using differential qualitative analysis guided by the socioecological model.

Setting:

Individuals living in Alberta, Canada.

Participants:

In total, fifteen adults with T2DM and experiences of household food insecurity.

Results:

People who were interested in using the FoodRx incentive (n 10) perceived it to be more acceptable than those who were uninterested (n 5). We identified four themes that captured factors that influenced users’ prospective acceptability: (i) participants’ confidence, views and beliefs of FoodRx design and delivery and its future use (intrapersonal), (ii) the shopping routines and roles of individuals in participants’ social networks (interpersonal), (iii) access to and experience with food retail outlets (community), and (iv) income and food access support to cope with the cost of living (policy).

Conclusion:

Future healthy food prescription programs should consider how factors at all levels of the socioecological model influence program acceptability and use these data to inform program design and delivery.
Is ChatGPT Any Good at Legal Research – and Should We be Wary or Supportive of it?
Authors: Bennett Greg
Published: February 2024

We have all heard horror stories of ChatGPT making information professionals redundant and taking over the world, but just how proficient is it at good old legal research? Greg Bennett, a law librarian at BPP, invested in the premium version of the package to put it to the test.
Descriptive anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the tetrapod Eoherpeton watsoni Panchen, 1975 from the Carboniferous of Scotland
Authors: PORRO Laura B. , MARTIN-SILVERSTONE Elizabeth , RAYFIELD Emily J.
Published: February 2024

The early tetrapod Eoherpeton watsoni is known from the mid- to late Carboniferous (late Viséan to Namurian, approximately 346–313 Ma) of Scotland. The holotype is made up of a nearly complete but crushed skull with postcranial fragments. The skull anatomy of Eoherpeton was first described over 40 years ago; however, many details are obscured due to deformation of the specimen, including internal bone surfaces, the palatal bones and dentition, and suture morphology. Most phylogenetic analyses place Eoherpeton as an embolomere/reptilomorph on the lineage leading to amniotes, making it a key taxon for understanding anatomical changes during the fish-tetrapod transition. In this paper, we scanned the holotype using micro-computed tomography and digitally prepared the specimen. Based on these data, we present a revised description of the skull, including sutural morphology, that supplements and amends previous descriptions. New anatomical findings include the presence of a previously unknown tooth-bearing vomer, additional information on the shape of the basipterygoid processes and jaw joint, the ability to visualise the full extent of the pterygoid, and confirmation of the arrangement of the coronoid series. We also note the size of the pterygoid flange, which is larger than previously described for Eoherpeton. The pterygoid flange is widely considered to be characteristic of amniotes and serves as the origin of the medial pterygoideus muscle. The differentiation of the adductor muscles and appearance of medial pterygoideus are thought to have permitted a static pressure bite in amniotes, potentially resulting in greater bite forces and increased dietary range. Thus, the presence and extent of the pterygoid flange in Eoherpeton suggests this feature (and associated changes in feeding mechanism) may have evolved earlier than previously thought. Finally, the skull was digitally repaired and retrodeformed to create a new, hypothetical three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of Eoherpeton.
Feasibility of Passive Sounding of Uranian Moons Using Uranian Kilometric Radiation
Authors: Romero‐Wolf A. , Steinbrügge G. , Castillo‐Rogez J. , Cochrane C. J. , Nordheim T. A. , Mitchell K. L. , Wolfenbarger N. S. , Schroeder D. M. , Peters S.
Published: February 2024

We present a feasibility study for passive sounding of Uranian icy moons using Uranian Kilometric Radio (UKR) emissions in the 100–900 kHz band. We provide a summary description of the observation geometry, the UKR characteristics, and estimate the sensitivity for an instrument analogous to the Cassini Radio Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) but with a modified receiver digitizer and signal processing chain. We show that the concept has the potential to directly and unambiguously detect cold oceans within Uranian satellites and provide strong constraints on the interior structure in the presence of warm or no oceans. As part of a geophysical payload, the concept could therefore have a key role in the detection of oceans within the Uranian satellites. The main limitation of the concept is coherence losses attributed to the extended source size of the UKR and dependence on the illumination geometry. These factors represent constraints on the tour design of a future Uranus mission in terms of flyby altitudes and encounter timing.
Deep Learning for Daily 2‐m Temperature Downscaling
Authors: Ding Shuyan , Zhi Xiefei , Lyu Yang , Ji Yan , Guo Weijun
Published: February 2024

This study proposes a novel method, which is a U‐shaped convolutional neural network that combines non‐local attention mechanisms, Res2net residual modules, and terrain information (UNR‐Net). The original U‐Net method and the linear regression (LR) method are conducted as benchmarks. Generally, the UNR‐Net has demonstrated promise in performing a 10× downscaling for daily 2‐m temperature over North China with lead times of 1–7 days and shows superiority to the U‐Net and LR methods. To be specific, U‐Net and UNR‐Net demonstrate higher Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient values compared to LR by 0.052 and 0.077, respectively. The corresponding improvements in pattern correlation coefficient are 0.013 and 0.016, while the root mean square error values are higher by 0.22 and 0.338, respectively. Additionally, the structural similarity index metric is higher by 0.033 and lower by 0.015. Furthermore, regions with significant errors are primarily distributed in complex terrain areas such as the Taihang Mountains, where UNR‐Net exhibits noticeable improvements. In addition, the 12 components‐based error decomposition method is proposed to analyze the error source of different models. Generally, the smallest errors are observed during the summer season and the sequence error component is proven to be the main source error of 2‐m temperature forecasts. Furthermore, UNR‐Net consistently demonstrates the lowest errors among all 12 error components. Therefore, combining the numerical weather prediction model and deep learning method is very promising in downscaling temperature forecasts and can be applied to routine forecasting of other atmospheric variables in the future.
Satellite Multi‐Angle Observations of Wildfire Smoke Plumes During the CalFiDE Field Campaign: Aerosol Plume Heights, Particle Property Evolution, and Aging Timescales
Authors: Noyes K. T. Junghenn , Kahn R. A.
Published: February 2024

Wildfire‐related aircraft field campaigns frequently offer opportunities to validate remote‐sensing retrievals of aerosol properties and other quantities derived from satellite‐borne‐instrument observations. Satellite instruments often provide regional context‐imagery for more sparsely sampled aircraft and surface‐based measurements. However, aerosol amount, particle type, aerosol plume height and the associated wind vector products retrieved from the NASA Earth Observing System's Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument have matured sufficiently that these quantities can also contribute substantially to a campaign data set, in regional context. This is especially useful when such measurements are not acquired at all from the suborbital platforms. During NOAA's California Fire Dynamics Experiment (CalFiDE), aircraft operations were coordinated with MISR overpasses on two occasions: for the Rum Creek fire on 30 August 2022, and for the Mosquito fire on 08 September. MISR‐retrieved aerosol properties show distinctly different patterns of black and brown smoke particle distributions and inferred plume evolution in the two cases. This paper presents the satellite‐retrieved results that complement the field observations, demonstrating what such measurements can offer, and contributing material for detailed fire dynamics and chemistry studies when combined with the CalFiDE suborbital observations and models in continuing studies.
Impact of Nitrate and Iron Ions on Uptake Coefficients and Condensed Phase Products From the Reaction of Gaseous NO2 With HULIS Proxies
Authors: Li Pan , Mekic Majda , Wang Yiqun , He Bowen , Deng Huifan , Xu Jinli , Pang Hongwei , Jiang Bin , Tang Mingjin , Wang Xinming , Al‐Abadleh Hind A. , Gligorovski Sasho
Published: February 2024

Humic‐like substances (HULIS) are a ubiquitous reactive component of atmospheric aerosol. They participate in the formation of secondary organic aerosols via chemical reactions with atmospheric oxidants. Here, we assess the influence of transition metal ions (namely ferric iron, Fe(III)), and nitrate ions () on the heterogeneous reaction of gaseous NO2 with an aqueous film containing gallic acid (GA) or tannic acid (TA) as proxies for HULIS. Using a vertical wetted wall flow tube technique, the uptake coefficients of gaseous NO2 on GA and TA increased nonlinearly with increasing [Fe(III)], in dark and under light irradiation. However, the combined effect of both ions, Fe(III) and , led to a substantial decrease in NO2 uptake in the dark and under simulated near‐UV sunlight irradiation (300 < λ < 400 nm). The lifetime of GA in dilute aqueous phase, which corresponds to cloud water, due to reaction with NO2 would be 6 hr during both nighttime and daytime. However, the lifetime of GA in aerosol particles which contain both ions, that is, Fe(III) and , would increase to 27 hr during nighttime and 11 days and 6 hr due to light‐induced reaction with NO2. Also, we observed, using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, the formation of nitrocatechols compounds (e.g., methyl‐nitrocatechol), which contribute to brown carbon. Compounds with reduced functional groups such as amines were also observed in the presence of iron and nitrate ions in the dark and under irradiation, indicating that Fe(III) and , can influence the kinetics and product distribution in deliquescent aerosol particles.
Investigating Thermal Contrasts Between Jupiter's Belts, Zones, and Polar Vortices With VLT/VISIR
Authors: Bardet Deborah , Donnelly Padraig T. , Fletcher Leigh N. , Antuñano Arrate , Roman Michael T. , Sinclair James A. , Orton Glenn S. , Tao Chihiro , Rogers John H. , Melin Henrik , Harkett Jake
Published: February 2024

Using images at multiple mid‐infrared wavelengths, acquired in 2018 May using the Very Large Telescope Imager and Spectrometer (VISIR) instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT), we study Jupiter's pole‐to‐pole thermal, chemical and aerosol structure in the troposphere and stratosphere. We confirm that the pattern of cool and cloudy anticyclonic zones and warm cloud‐free cyclonic belts persists throughout the mid‐latitudes, up to the polar boundaries, and evidence a strong correlation with the vertical maximum windshear and the locations of Jupiter's zonal jets. At high latitudes, VISIR images reveal a large region of mid‐infrared cooling poleward ∼64°N and ∼67°S extending from the upper troposphere to the stratosphere, co‐located with the reflective aerosols observed by JunoCam, and suggesting that aerosols play a key role in the radiative cooling at the poles. Comparison of zonal‐mean thermal properties and high‐resolution visible imaging from Juno allows us to study the variability of atmospheric properties as a function of altitude and jet boundaries, particularly in the cold southern polar vortex. However, the southern stratospheric polar vortex is partly masked by a warm mid‐infrared signature of the aurora. Co‐located with the southern main auroral oval, this warming results from the auroral precipitation and/or joule heating which heat the atmosphere and thus cause a significant stratospheric emission. This high emission results from a large enhancement of both ethane and acetylene in the polar region, reinforcing the evidence of enhanced ion‐related chemistry in Jupiter's auroral regions.
An Examination of Geomagnetic Induction in Submarine Cables
Authors: Boteler David H. , Chakraborty Shibaji , Shi Xueling , Hartinger Michael D. , Wang Xuan
Published: February 2024

Submarine cables have experienced problems during extreme geomagnetic disturbances because of geomagnetically induced voltages adding or subtracting from the power feed to the repeaters. This is still a concern for modern fiber‐optic cables because they contain a copper conductor to carry power to the repeaters. This paper provides a new examination of geomagnetic induction in submarine cables and makes calculations of the voltages experienced by the TAT‐8 trans‐Atlantic submarine cable during the March 1989 magnetic storm. It is shown that the cable itself experiences an induced electromotive force (emf) and that induction in the ocean also leads to changes of potential of the land at each end of the cable. The process for calculating the electric fields induced in the sea and in the cable from knowledge of the seawater depth and conductivity and subsea conductivity is explained. The cable route is divided into 9 sections and the seafloor electric field is calculated for each section. These are combined to give the total induced emf in the cable. In addition, induction in the seawater and leakage of induced currents through the underlying resistive layers are modeled using a transmission line model of the ocean and underlying layers to determine the change in Earth potentials at the cable ends. The induced emf in the cable and the end potentials are then combined to give the total voltage change experienced by the cable power feed equipment. This gives results very close to those recorded on the TAT‐8 cable in March 1989.
The 2022 Starlink Geomagnetic Storms: Global Thermospheric Response to a High‐Latitude Ionospheric Driver
Authors: Billett D. D. , Sartipzadeh K. , Ivarsen M. F. , Iorfida E. , Doornbos E. , Kalafatoglu Eyiguler E. C. , Pandey K. , McWilliams K. A.
Published: February 2024

In this study, we present ionospheric observations of field‐aligned currents from AMPERE and the ESA Swarm A satellite, in conjunction with high‐resolution thermospheric density measurements from accelerometers on board Swarm C and GRACE‐FO, for the third and 4 February 2022 geomagnetic storms that led to the loss of 38 Starlink internet satellites. We study the global storm time response of the thermospheric density enhancements, including their decay and latitudinal distribution. We find that the thermospheric density enhances globally in response to high‐latitude energy input from the magnetosphere‐solar wind system and takes at least a full day to recover to pre‐storm density levels. We also find that the greatest density perturbations occur at polar latitudes consistent with the magnetosphere‐ionosphere dayside cusp, and that there appeared to be a saturation of the thermospheric density during the geomagnetic storm on the fourth. Our results highlight the critical importance of high‐latitude ionospheric observations when diagnosing potentially hazardous conditions for low‐Earth‐orbit satellites.
Comparative Assessment of Two Global Sensitivity Approaches Considering Model and Parameter Uncertainty
Authors: Dai Heng , Liu Yujiao , Guadagnini Alberto , Yuan Songhu , Yang Jing , Ye Ming
Published: February 2024

Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) is key to assisting appraisal of the behavior of hydrological systems through model diagnosis considering multiple sources of uncertainty. Uncertainty sources typically comprise incomplete knowledge in (a) conceptual and mathematical formulation of models and (b) parameters embedded in the models. In this context, there is the need for detailed investigations aimed at a robust quantification of the importance of model and parameter uncertainties in a rigorous multi‐model context. This study aims at evaluating and comparing two modern multi‐model GSA methodologies. These are the first GSA approaches embedding both model and parameter uncertainty sources and encompass the variance‐based framework based on Sobol indices (as derived by Dai & Ye, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.034) and the moment‐based approach upon which the formulation of the multi‐model AMA indices (as derived by Dell'Oca et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr025754) is based. We provide an assessment of various aspects of sensitivity upon considering a joint analysis of these two approaches in a multi‐model context. Our work relies on well‐established scenarios that comprise (a) a synthetic setting related to reactive transport across a groundwater system and (b) an experimentally‐based study considering heavy metal sorption onto a soil. Our study documents that the joint use of these GSA approaches can provide different while complementary information to assess mutual consistency of approaches and to enrich the information content provided by GSA under model and parameter uncertainty. While being related to groundwater settings, our results can be considered as reference for future GSA studies coping with model and parameter uncertainty.
Olivine May Have Given Life a Jump Start
Authors: Cutts Elise
Published: February 2024

A mineral common throughout the solar system nudges a reaction that produces sugar molecules from formaldehyde.
The deubiquitinase USP40 preserves endothelial integrity by targeting the heat shock protein HSP90β
Authors: Miao Jiaxing , Li Lian , Shaheen Nargis , Wei Jianxin , Jacko Anastasia M. , Sundd Prithu , Taleb Sarah J. , Mallampalli Rama K. , Zhao Yutong , Zhao Jing
Published: February 2024

Endothelial cell (EC) barrier disruption and inflammation are the pathological hallmarks of vascular disorders and acute infectious diseases and related conditions, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and sepsis. Ubiquitination plays a critical role in regulating the stability, intracellular trafficking, and enzymatic activity of proteins and is reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). The role of DUBs in endothelial biology is largely unknown. In this study, we report that USP40, a poorly characterized DUB, prevents EC barrier disruption through reductions in the activation of RhoA and phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) and cofilin. Furthermore, USP40 reduces EC inflammation through the attenuation of NF-ĸB activation, ICAM1 expression, and leukocyte-EC adhesion. We further show that USP40 activity and expression are reduced in response to endotoxin challenge. Global depletion of USP40 and EC-targeted USP40 depletion in mice exacerbated experimental lung injury, whereas lentiviral gene transfer of USP40 protected against endotoxin-induced lung injury. Using an unbiased approach, we discovered that the protective effect of USP40 occurs through the targeting of heat shock protein 90β (HSP90β) for its deubiquitination and inactivation. Together, these data reveal a critical protective role of USP40 in vascular injury, identifying a unique mechanistic pathway that profoundly impacts endothelial function via DUBs.
GPRC5D as a novel target for the treatment of multiple myeloma: a narrative review
Authors: Rodriguez-Otero Paula , van de Donk Niels W. C. J. , Pillarisetti Kodandaram , Cornax Ingrid , Vishwamitra Deeksha , Gray Kathleen , Hilder Brandi , Tolbert Jaszianne , Renaud Thomas , Masterson Tara , Heuck Christoph , Kane Colleen , Verona Raluca , Moreau Philippe , Bahlis Nizar , Chari Ajai
Published: February 2024

Multiple myeloma is a genetically complex and heterogenous malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 60%. Despite advances in therapy, patients experience cycles of remission and relapse, with each successive line of therapy associated with poorer outcomes; therefore, therapies with different mechanisms of action against new myeloma antigens are needed. G protein–coupled receptor class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) has emerged as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple myeloma. We review the biology and target validation of GPRC5D, and clinical data from early phase trials of GPRC5D-targeting bispecific antibodies, talquetamab and forimtamig, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies, MCARH109, OriCAR-017, and BMS-986393. In addition to adverse events (AEs) associated with T-cell–redirection therapies irrespective of target, a consistent pattern of dermatologic and oral AEs has been reported across several trials of GPRC5D-targeting bispecific antibodies, as well as rare cerebellar events with CAR-T therapy. Additional studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of skin- and oral-related toxicities. We review the strategies that have been used to manage these GPRC5D-related toxicities. Preliminary efficacy data showed overall response rates for GPRC5D-targeting T-cell–redirecting therapies were ≥64%; most responders achieved a very good partial response or better. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics showed that these therapies led to cytokine release and T-cell activation. In conclusion, results from early phase trials of GPRC5D-targeting T-cell–redirecting agents have shown promising efficacy and manageable safety profiles, including lower infection rates compared with B-cell maturation antigen- and Fc receptor-like protein 5-targeting bispecific antibodies. Further clinical trials, including those investigating GPRC5D-targeting T-cell–redirecting agents in combination with other anti-myeloma therapies and with different treatment modalities, may help to elucidate the future optimal treatment regimen and sequence for patients with multiple myeloma and improve survival outcomes.
Single Cell Map of Human Azoospermia Testis Caused by Cyclophosphamide Chemotherapy
Authors: Cao Jian , Zhao Xueheng , Qin Zailong , Lv Shanshan , Du Lin , Liu Zhizhong , Fan Liqing , Bo Hao
Published: February 2024

Chemotherapeutic drugs will affect the process of spermatogenesis. However, most current studies on the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on spermatogenesis are based on mouse models, with a shortage of human body evidence. In addition, the mechanism of chemotherapeutic drugs causing spermatogenesis disorder is not clear. Therefore, we have collected the testicular tissues of an inguinal-lipoma patient whose testes were resected after chemotherapy and a patient who had normal spermatogenesis disorder and underwent single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-Seq). After quality control, we obtained a total of 27,957 high-quality cells, including 18,612 normal cells and 9,345 drug-treated cells, which were all used in analyzing the mechanism of chemotherapeutic drugs causing spermatogenesis disorder. This study has provided data resources and references for exploring the mechanism of chemotherapeutic drugs causing spermatogenesis disorder with the insight of protecting the spermatogenic abilities of male tumor patients receiving chemotherapy.
Chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of eel goby (Odontamblyopus rebecca)
Authors: Lü Zhenming , Yu Ziwei , Luo Wenkai , Liu Tianwei , Wang Yuzheng , Liu Yantang , Liu Jing , Liu Bingjian , Gong Li , Liu Liqin , Li Yongxin
Published: February 2024

The eel gobies fascinate researchers with many important features, including its unique body structure, benthic lifestyle, and degenerated eyes. However, genome assembly and exploration of the unique genomic composition of the eel gobies are still in their infancy. This has severely limited research progress on gobies. In this study, multi-platform sequencing data were generated and used to assemble and annotate the genome of O. rebecca at the chromosome-level. The assembled genome size of O. rebecca is 918.57 Mbp, which is similar to the estimated genome size (903.03 Mbp) using 17-mer. The scaffold N50 is 41.67 Mbp, and 23 chromosomes were assembled using Hi-C technology with a mounting rate of 99.96%. Genome annotation indicates that 53.29% of the genome is repetitive sequences, and 22,999 protein-coding genes are predicted, of which 21,855 have functional annotations. The chromosome-level genome of O. rebecca will not only provide important genomic resources for comparative genomic studies of gobies, but also expand our knowledge of the genetic origin of their unique features fascinating researchers for decades.