bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of male oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, in overlapping sex pheromone plumes in a wind tunnel
Authors: Valeur P. G. , Löfstedt C.
Published: March 2011

The behaviour of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) males was studied in overlapping sex pheromone plumes in a wind tunnel. The ultimate aim of the study was to assess the effect of different treatments on male behaviour and consider the observed changes within the context of the suggested mechanisms underlying mating disruption. Two baits were placed either in series or parallel using both synthetic pheromone blends and female extracts. One bait, the reference containing (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate/(E)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate/(Z)‐8‐dodecenol in a ratio of 100/6/10 was kept constant at a dose of 100 μg of the main component, giving a composition and a release rate close to that of a female. The dose of the other bait varied between 0.1 and 100 times the concentration of the reference and was a mixture of one, two or three pheromone components. Males clearly discriminated between different blends and doses in the overlapping plumes, for regardless if the lures were presented in series or in parallel they followed the complete plume. Complete suppression of the response to the reference was only achieved with 300 μg of the optimal three‐component blend on the other lure. When tested singly, a bait consisting of Z8–12:OAc/E8–12:OAc/Z8–12:O Hin a 100/0.2/0.4 ratio, attracted a high proportion of the males when placed 75 cm upwind of the male release site, but no males from 150 cm. Our data suggest that complete pheromone blends should be more effective than any incomplete blends in mating disruption formulations for G. molesta.
La prise d'informations visuelles chez la coccinelle Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Lambin M. , Ferran A. , Maugan K.
Published: March 2011

Les capacités visuelles de la coccinelle H. axyridis, espèce utilisée en lutte biologique, ont été étudiées l'aide de formes géométriques différentes et de leurres qui miment un puceron. Les larves et les adultes de cette coccinelle semblent présenter une vision à ‘distance’ (perception de formes géométriques) et une vision de ‘proximité’ (perception de leurres comparables à des proies). Cette vision qui est plus développée chez les adultes, permet à cette coccinelle de changer l'orientation de ses déplacements soit pour entrer en contact avec ces cibles artificielles soit pour passer à proximité. Toutefois, ces performances ont été mises en évidence dans des conditions particulières, les cibles et les leurres présentant un fort contraste par rapport à l'environnement.

Perception of visual information in the ladybird Harmonia axyridis Pallas

The sensorial relationships of predators to plant and prey are seldom taken into account in biological control programmes. However, methods of conditioning, attracting and/or settling predator populations may result from a knowledge of their visual and/or olfactive sensorial capacities. The study of the visual capacities of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Col., Coccinellidae), a species used in France for aphid control, was undertaken to this aim with artificial targets and dummies. Larvae and adults of this coccinellid seemed to present ‘a long distance’ vision (perception of geometric shapes) and ‘a short distance’ vision (perception of aphid‐like dummies). This vision, which is more accurate in adults, allows this coccinellid to change the orientation of its movement in order either to contact the targets (or the dummies), or to walk close to them. Under field conditions, these visual capacities may participate in the localisation of tall objects such as plants. After plant exploration, which is controlled by internal factors (tropism) and external ones either physical (leaf vein and edge) or chemical (plant secretion due to aphid infestation, olfactive trails, honeydew or pheromones), visual capacities may also participate in prey perception.
Competition between Gyranusoidea tebygi and Anagyrus mangicola, parasitoids of the mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens: interspecific host discrimination and larval competition
Authors: Bokonon‐Ganta A. H. , VAN Alphen J. J. M. , Neuenschwander P.
Published: March 2011

The competition between Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes and Anagyrus mangicola Noyes (both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), exotic parasitoids of the mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) was studied in the laboratory. No significant differences were found in the way each parasitoid species examined, attacked, stung, and oviposited into hosts, unparasitized, or previously parasitized by the other species. This suggests that neither species discriminates against each other. The total number of parasitoids of either species emerging did not significantly differ between competition experiments. When A. mangicola was the first parasitoid to attack a host, it had no significant advantage over G. tebygi. However, when A. mangicola followed G. tebygi by either 4 or 24 h, it clearly won. Overall A. mangicola won the competition in 70.9% of all cases. The level of the competition, either at the egg or larval stage, and factors responsible for the elimination of older larvae by younger ones could not be assessed in these experiments. The coexistence of the two parasitoids as complementary for the biological control of the mango mealybug is discussed.
The effect of egg load on superparasitism by the snowberry fly
Authors: VAN Randen E. J. , Roitberg B. D.
Published: March 2011

In studies conducted with fruits of the host plant, Symphoricarpus albus (L.), we examine the influence of egg load on the oviposition behaviour of Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae). By altering the availability of exogenous protein, three classes of females with progressively increasing egg loads were produced, while keeping confounding factors such as age, experience, and mating status constant. Flies from all three classes were randomly presented with either a pheromone marked fruit, or with an unmarked fruit. Results indicate that increased egg load led to a greater propensity to accept, or superparasitize, the pheromone marked fruit. Upon dissection it was revealed that females which superparasitized had a mean egg load of 19.5 eggs (n = 22), while females which rejected marked fruit had a mean egg load of 13.5 eggs (n = 26). These results are consistent with the theory of adaptive superparasitism.
Bi‐ and trivoltine complex life cycles in a Kanto (Japan) population of a wild bruchid Kytorhinus sharpianus
Authors: Ishihara Michihiro , Shimada Masakazu
Published: March 2011

The partial trivoltinism and overwintering of Kytorhinus sharpianus Bridwell (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) was studied in the Kanto district, Japan. The later in the summer eggs were laid by the first‐generation adults, the higher was the incidence of larval diapause in the second generation. The incidence of diapause also fluctuated between years, influencing the abundance of third‐generation larvae. A relatively large proportion of third‐generation larvae did not attain the diapause stage by the beginning of winter. The diapause development of larvae in diapause was completed by mid‐January. Immature larvae of the third generation also overwintered and emerged as adults in the spring.
Effects of GNA and other mannose binding lectins on development and fecundity of the peach‐potato aphid Myzus persicae
Authors: Sauvion Nicolas , Rahbé Yvan , Peumans Willy J. , VAN Damme Els J. M. , Gatehouse John A. , Gatehouse Angharad M. R.
Published: March 2011

Three mannose‐binding lectins were assayed in artificial diets for their toxic and growth‐inhibitory effects on nymphal development of the peach‐potato aphid Myzus persicae. The snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) lectin GNA was the most toxic, with an induced nymphal mortality of 42% at 1500 μg ml−1 (30 μM) and an IC50 (50% growth inhibition) of 630 μg ml−1 (13 μM). The daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) lectin NPA and a garlic (Allium sativum) lectin ASA induced no significant mortality in the range 10–1500 μg ml−1, but did result in growth inhibition of 59% (NPA) and 26% (ASA) at 1500 μg ml−1 (40 μM for NPA, 63 μM for ASA). All three lectins were responsible for a slight but significant growth stimulation when ingested at 10 μg ml−1, reaching + 26%, + 18% and + 11% over the control values for the garlic lectin, the daffodil lectin and the snowdrop lectin, respectively. GNA, as well as the glucose/mannose binding lectin Concanavalin A, were also provided at sublethal doses throughout the life cycle of the aphids, and effects on adult performance were monitored. Adult survival was not significantly altered, but both lectins adversely affected total fecundity and the dynamics of reproduction, resulting in significant reduction in calculated rm's (population intrinsic rate of natural increase) on lectin‐containing diets. These effects are discussed in relation to the use of transgenic plants expressing these toxic lectins for potential control of aphid populations.
Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resistance to the peach‐potato aphid Myzus persicae
Authors: Gatehouse Angharad M. R. , Down Rachel E. , Powell Kevin S. , Sauvion Nicolas , Rahbé Yvan , Newell Christine A. , Merryweather Andrew , Hamilton William D. O. , Gatehouse John A.
Published: March 2011

Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Desireé were transformed with the genes encoding the proteins bean chitinase (BCH), snowdrop lectin (GNA) and wheat α‐amylase inhibitor (WAI) under the control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. Transgenic plants with detectable levels of foreign RNA were then selected for further characterisation with respect to protein expression levels by immunodot blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies raised against the respective protein. With the exception of WAI, plants expressing high levels of RNA, expressed correspondingly high levels of the foreign protein (1.5–2.0% of the total soluble protein). Although high levels of WAI mRNA were detected in some of the transformants, the protein could not be detected. On the bases of expression levels, two lines, designated PWG6#85 (transformed with the double construct WAI/GNA) and PBG6#47 (transformed with the double construct BCH/GNA), were selected for testing in aphid trials for enhanced levels of resistance.

Both transgenic lines had a marked and significant effect on fecundity. The number of nymphs produced per female per day peaked at 4.1 and 4.2 for lines PBG6#47 and PWG6#85 respectively, compared to a value of 5.4 on control plants. Total nymphal production was also significantly lower on either of the transgenic lines compared to control plants (P<0.001) with the differences between the lines being only just significant (P=0.058). On line PBG6#47 there was a delay in nymphal production of 1.6 days, representing a delay of 1 5%, and on line PWG6#85 this was 3.2 days, representing a delay of ca. 30%. The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) were also significantly lower on both of the transgenic lines in comparison to that on control plants (P<0.001), however the differences between the lines were not significant. The potential of using such genes as part of an over all strategy for the control of aphid populations is discussed.
Feeding behaviour, sensory physiology and nutrient feedback: a unifying model
Authors: Simpson S. J. , Raubenheimer D.
Published: March 2011

The design features of gustatory systems are considered in relation to the need for insect herbivores (or indeed any animal) to regulate their nutrient intake. The gustatory system (defined to include both peripheral and central components) should ideally be designed to reflect: (a) the average nutritional requirements of the insect during its various developmental stages; (b) the ‘predictably unpredictable’ variation in nutrient supply‐demand which occurs about that average; and (c) the distribution and composition of foods available in the environment. A mathematical model is presented which makes detailed predictions regarding behavioural and electrophysiological responses to foods or simple solutions varying in nutrient content.
Pattern and process in the evolution of insect‐plant associations:Yponomeutaas an example
Authors: Menken Steph B. J.
Published: March 2011

Phylogenetic studies are increasing our understanding of the evolution of associations between phytophagous insects and their host plants. Sequential evolution, i.e. the shift of insect herbivores onto pre‐existing plant species, appears to be much more common than coevolution, where reciprocal selection between interacting insects and plants is thought to induce chemical diversification and resistance in plants and food specialization in insects.

Extreme host specificity is common in phytophagous insects and future studies are likely to reveal even more specialization. Hypotheses that assume that food specialists have selective advantages over generalists do not seem to provide a general explanation for the ubiquity of specialist insect herbivores. Specialists are probably committed to remain so, because they have little evolutionary opportunity to reverse the process due to genetically determined constraints on the evolution of their physiology or nervous system. The same constraints might result in phylogenetic conservatism, i.e. the frequent association of related insect herbivores with related plants. Current phylogenetic evidence, however, indicates that there is no intrinsic direction to the evolution of specialization.

Historical aspects of insect‐host plant associations will be illustrated with the small ermine moth genusYponomeuta.Small ermine moths show an ancestral host association with the family Celastraceae. The genus seems to be committed to specialization per se rather than to a particular group of plants. Whatever host shift they have made in their evolutionary past (onto Rosaceae, Crassulaceae, and Salicaceae), they remain monophagous. The oligophagousY padellusis the only exception. This species might comprise a mosaic of genetically divergent host‐associated populations.
Reproductive biology of viviparous and oviparous species of the leaf beetle genusOreina
Authors: Dobler S. , Rowell‐Rahier M.
Published: March 2011

In five species of the genusOreinaChevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) we compared the size of offspring, the fecundity of the females, the timing of offspring production and female investment over the season. Two of the species,O. elongataandO. luctuosa, laid eggs, whileO. cacaliae, O. gloriosaandO. variabilisgave birth to larvae. Offspring size corrected for female size was similar in the two oviparous species and in the viviparousO. cacaliae.In the two other viviparous species the larvae were two to three times bigger in relation to the female. The greater size of the offspring was not traded off for lower fecundity in these latter two species, yet the production of bigger larvae was associated with a longer laying period and thereby a spreading of reproductive investment over the season. The prediction of life history theory that higher investment in individual offspring should be traded off for lower fecundity could not be confirmed. The investigation of egg and larval development showed that in one of the oviparous species,O. luctuosa, the length of the egg stage was more variable. This corroborates the view that in this species the eggs can be retained for varying times before being laid. Greater size at birth does not necessarily lead to shortened developmental times: the larval periods ofO. cacaliae, O. elongata, O. gloriosaandO. variabiliswere all comparable although the larvae of the first two species were relatively smaller when laid; only the small larvae ofO. luctuosaneeded significantly longer for their development. For all growth parameters examined the differences between species were larger than the differences between populations. A comparison of larval growth of the oligophagous speciesO. cacaliaeon three plant genera showed that larval growth rate is influenced by the food plant. However, the plant on which the larvae grew worst is apparently not chosen for oviposition in the field. A comparison with a phylogeny of the species based on allozymes suggests that species with similar reproductive parameters are closely related, yet that viviparity evolved independently inO. cacaliaeon one hand andO. variabilisandO. gloriosaon the other.
Influence of environmental conditions and parasitoid quality on field performance of Trichogramma minutum
Authors: Bourchier R. S. , Smith S. M.
Published: March 2011

The effects of weather conditions and two parasitoid quality attributes, realized fecundity and host acceptance, were assessed on the field efficacy of mass‐released Trichogramma minutum. Temperature was the most important single variable, explaining up to 75% of the variation in field parasitism. There were significant positive relationships between both the sum of the maximum temperatures and the number of degree‐hours above a 15 °C threshold, accumulated in the three days following the release, and parasitism in the field. There was a significant negative relationship between the mean relative humidity and the odds of parasitism in the field. Quality parameters based on parasitoid biology were not effective for predicting field efficacy if poor weather conditions persisted after a release. If weather conditions were ‘good’ (i.e. accumulated maximum temperatures above 62 °C, in the 3 days following the release), then parameters such as release rate and fecundity in the lab were useful predictors of field performance. There was no relationship between host acceptance measured in the lab and field parasitism. Given the importance of field temperatures for field performance, selection for cold tolerance of T. minutum would be desirable.
Non‐reciprocal cross‐incompatibility in Trichogramma deion
Authors: Stouthamer Richard , Luck Robert F. , Pinto John D. , Platner Gary R. , Stephens Beth
Published: March 2011

In non‐reciprocal cross‐incompatibility (NRCI), the crossing of a female of a strain A with a male of a strain B results in hybrid offspring, whereas the reciprocal cross produces few or no hybrids. Only females are of hybrid origin in Hymenoptera because they arise from fertilized eggs; males arise from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. Crosses between many strains of Trichogramma deion showed some degree of NRCI. Crosses between a T. deion culture collected in Seven Pines, California (SVP) with one from Marysville, California (MRY) showed an extreme form of NRCI in which practically no female offspring was produced when MRY females were crossed with SVP males. The reciprocal cross produced a close to normal proportion of female and male offspring. Detailed studied of this cross indicated that 1) the female offspring produced in the compatible interstrain cross were not the result of parthenogenesis but were true hybrids, 2) the incompatible interstrain cross did not produce female offspring because fertilized eggs died during development, 3) the death of these eggs could not be prevented by either antibiotic or temperature treatment, 4) cytoplasmically inherited factors causing NRCI could be discounted because backcrossed females with the genome of MRY and the cytoplasm of SVP, exhibit the NRCI relationship characteristic of their genome. Therefore the NRCI between these strains appears to be caused by a modification coded for by the nuclear genes of MRY that results in incompatibility when SVP sperm fertilizes MRY eggs. In addition the level of incompatibility in crosses between the SVP females and MRY males is temperature sensitive, the higher the rearing temperature the lower the level of compatibility.
Citrus limonoid effects on Colorado potato beetle larval survival and development
Authors: Murray Kathleen D. , Groden Eleanor , Drummond Francis A. , Alford A. Randall , Storch Richard H. , Bentley Michael D.
Published: March 2011

The effects of citrus limonoids, applied topically to potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. ‘Katahdin’) foliage, on Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Chrysomelidae) larval development, growth, and survival were quantified in laboratory assays and a small‐plot field test. In laboratory assays, survival, development rate, and body weight decreased with increasing limonoid concentration, however these measures of larval response did not significantly differ among varying periods of limonoid exposure (three, six, or nine days). Significant limonoid application concentration and frequency effects on survival, development rate, and defoliation were observed in the field test. These results indicate the potential utility of lethal and non‐lethal effects of citrus limonoids for management of the Colorado potato beetle.
Biological activities of extracts from traditionally used Nigerian plants against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis
Authors: Ewete F. K. , Arnason J. T. , Larson J. , Philogène B. J. R.
Published: March 2011

Preliminary investigations with ethanolic (EtOH) extracts from five Nigerian plants show that extracts of Piper guineense Schum and Thonn (Piperaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Dennettia tripetala G. Baker (Annonaceae) and Aframomum melegueta (Rosch) K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) in artificial diets significantly reduced larval growth of European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, at a concentration of 1000 ppm (0.1%). An extract of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) was ineffective. When the extracts were subsequently incorporated into artificial diets at 300 ppm and offered to neaonates, larval mortality increased in the order A. melegueta (13%), D. tripetala (13%), P. guineense (27%), and C. odorata (48%). Larval and adult emergence periods increased with increasing concentration of P. guineense, C. odorata and D. tripetala indicating a toxic response. Nutritional indices for habituated third instar larvae with the two most promising plant extracts, P. guineense and C. odorata, showed that the efficiencies of conversion of digested food (ECD) was significantly reduced at 300 ppm suggesting a postdigestive toxicity of the extracts. P. guineense and C. odorata extracts show the best potential for development as botanical insecticides.
Approximate digestibility of fibre for a graminivorous caterpillar
Authors: Hochuli Dieter F. , Roberts Fiona M.
Published: March 2011

Final instarPersectania ewingii(Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were fed seedlingTriticum aestivumL. for 2 days to determine the approximate digestibility of the cell wall and cell content fractions. Cell wall content was estimated using a micro‐analytical neutral detergent fibre technique. Approximate digestibilities of neutral detergent fibre, neutral detergent solubles and dry matter were calculated for individuals and pooled samples.P. ewingiilarvae digested a small but significant proportion of the fibre ingested (13–21%), higher than that previously reported for herbivorous insects. The micro‐analytical and previously used macro‐analytical techniques produced similar estimates of digestibility although both techniques have inherent shortcomings, the latter requiring the pooling of samplex and the former limiting the number of replicates during chemical analysis. Differences in the amount of larval frass collected during the feeding trial (corrected for consumption) explained much of the variation in digestibility values, while there were no effects of larval mass, overall consumption and total frass produced on digestibility estimates. These results confirm that plant cell contents are the major source of nutrients to larval Lepidoptera although there is some chemical disruption of the plant cell wall.
The functional response of Uscana lariophaga under different egg distributions of its host Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: van Alebeek Frans A. N. , Bezemer T. M. , van Huis A. , van Lenteren J. C.
Published: March 2011

The functional response of the egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga Steffan (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was tested under three different host distributions (even, clumped and random) within clusters of Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) eggs. A Holling Type II functional response was found for all three distributions. Over low host densities, less than 50% of the host clusters was parasitized. At low host densities, U. lariophaga females parasitized significantly fewer eggs in random egg clusters with many beans than in clusters with fewer beans and an even or clumped egg distribution. At higher egg densities, plateau levels of maximum number of hosts parasitized were the same for all three egg distributions. Uscana lariophaga appears to be adapted to search for even or clustered egg distributions, as can be found in the field and under storage conditions.
ENDOGLIN/CD105 is expressed in KIT positive cells in the gut and in gastrointestinal stromal tumours
Authors: Gromova Petra , Rubin Brian P. , Thys An , Cullus Pierre , Erneux Christophe , Vanderwinden Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2011

ENDOGLIN/CD105 (ENG) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and an auxiliary unit of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β); receptor, expressed predominantly in vascular endothelium. Noteworthy, Eng mRNA expression has been reported also in Kit+ interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the mouse intestine. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are thought to derive from ICC. Here we have investigated Eng expression in the KitK641E mouse GIST model, in human GIST and in the Ba/F3 cell model. In wild type (WT) mouse antrum, Eng immunoreactivity (‐ir) was detected in CD34+/CD31+ endothelium and in Kit+ ICC. In KitK641E mice, hyperplasia of Kit+ cells made Eng‐ir even more evident. Quantitative PCR confirmed the increased expression of Eng transcript in KitK641E mice. On human GIST TMA, 26/49 cases stained positive for ENG. Strong ENG staining was associated with malignant and high‐risk tumours. ENG negative cases were predominantly of the epithelioid type or harboured PDGFRA mutation. In vitro, Eng mRNA was up‐regulated in Ba/F3 cell lines stably expressing various oncogenic Kit mutations (K641E, del559, del814). This effect appeared to be independent of Kit activation, as neither the stimulation of WT Kit by its ligand SCF, nor the inhibition of Kit autophosphorylation by imatinib mesylate in oncogenic mutants, altered Eng expression. Elevated Eng expression in Kit oncogenic mutants appeared rather to be indirectly mediated by DNA hypomethylation, because treatment with the demethylating agent 5‐Aza/dC increased Eng mRNA expression in KitWT cells. ENG expression in ICC and in GIST deserves further consideration as ENG is emerging as a potential target for cancer therapy.
The diameter of anodic TiO2 nanotubes affects bone formation and correlates with the bone morphogenetic protein‐2 expression in vivo
Authors: von Wilmowsky Cornelius , Bauer Sebastian , Roedl Stefanie , Neukam Friedrich Wilhelm , Schmuki Patrik , Schlegel Karl Andreas
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Recently, it has been demonstrated that the nanoscale environment is a critical factor for cellular behaviour. It has been shown that the diameter of TiO2 nanotube layers controls the cellular behaviour of cells involved in the bone‐forming process in vitro. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the diameter of TiO2 nanotubes on peri‐implant bone formation and the expression of bone matrix proteins in vivo.

Materials and methods: Ninety experimental implants with a nanotube diameter ranging from 15 up to 100 nm were placed in the frontal skulls of six domestic pigs, whereas untreated implants served as controls. The bone–implant contact (BIC) as well as the expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2, collagen type‐I and osteocalcin were histomorphometrically and immunohistochemically analysed after 30 days.

Results: Evaluating the BIC, a significant higher value, could be found for the 50, 70 and 100 nm groups compared with the controls, whereas a correlation with the BMP‐2 expression was present. The BMP‐2 expression within the 50, 70 and 100 nm groups was statistically different compared with the control group. Significant difference was found for the osteocalcin expression in the 70 nm group. No statistical difference was found evaluating collagen type‐I. SEM evaluation of the specimen surfaces revealed that the nanotube coatings do resist shearing forces evoked by implant insertion.

Conclusion: The nanotube diameter can be designed to support cellular functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vivo, including differentiation and protein expression and therefore offer a powerful tool for the controlled formation of peri‐implant bone around medical implant devices.

To cite this article: von Wilmowsky C, Bauer S, Roedl S, Neukam FW, Schmuki P, Schlegel KA. The diameter of anodic TiO2 nanotubes affects bone formation and correlates with the bone morphogenetic protein‐2 expression in vivo. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 359–366. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02139.x
Bending moments of zirconia and titanium abutments with internal and external implant–abutment connections after aging and chewing simulation
Authors: Truninger Thomas C. , Stawarczyk Bogna , Leutert Christian R. , Sailer Thomas R. , Hämmerle Christoph H.F. , Sailer Irena
Published: March 2011

Objectives: To test the fracture load of zirconia abutments with different types of implant–abutment connections after chewing simulation and to compare their bending moments to internally connected identical titanium abutments.

Materials and methods: Forty‐eight identical customized zirconia abutments with different implant–abutment connections were fabricated for four different test groups: one‐piece internal implant–abutment connection (BL; Straumann Bonelevel), two‐piece internal implant–abutment connection (RS; Nobel Biocare Replace Select), external implant–abutment connection (B; Brånemark MK III), two‐piece internal implant–abutment connection (SP; Straumann Standard Plus). Twelve titanium abutments with one‐piece internal implant–abutment connection (T; Straumann Bonelevel) served as control group. After aging by means of thermocycling (5–50°C, 120 s) and chewing simulation (1,200,000 cycles, 49 N load, 1.67 Hz), static load was applied at a 30° angle to the palatal surface until failure. Bending moments were calculated for comparison of the groups. Data were analyzed descriptively and by performing the Kruskal–Wallis test with Bonferroni correction.

Results: The mean bending moments of the abutments were 714.1 ± 184.9 N cm (T), 331.7 ± 57.8 N cm (BL), 429.7 ± 62.8 N cm (RS), 285.8 ± 64.4 N cm (B) and 379.9 ± 59.1 N cm (SP). The bending moments of control group T were significantly higher than those of all other groups. The values of group RS were significantly higher than those of group B but within the value range of groups SP and BL.

Conclusion: The bending moments of the different tested types of zirconia abutments vary with different implant–abutment connections after chewing simulation. The use of a secondary metallic component might have a beneficial influence on the stability of zirconia abutments.

To cite this article: Truninger TC, Stawarczyk B, Leutert CR, Sailer TR, Hämmerle CHF, Sailer I. Bending moments of zirconia and titanium abutments with internal and external implant–abutment connections after aging and chewing simulation. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 12–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02141.x
Flapless, CBCT‐guided osteotome sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant installation. I: radiographic examination and surgical technique. A prospective 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Fornell Jan , Johansson Lars‐Åke , Bolin Anders , Isaksson Sten , Sennerby Lars
Published: March 2011

Background: Survival rates of implants placed in transalveolar sinus floor augmentation sites are comparable with those placed in non‐augmented sites. Flapless implant surgery can minimize postoperative morbidity, alveolar bone resorption and crestal bone loss. The use of cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) provides 3D presentations with reduced dose exposure.

Objectives: To evaluate a flapless, CBCT‐guided transalveolar sinus floor elevation technique with simultaneous implant installation.

Material and methods: Fourteen consecutive patients in need of maxillary sinus floor augmentation were enrolled in this study. Preoperative CBCT with a titanium screwpost as an indicator at the intended implant position was used to visually guide the flapless surgical procedure. Twenty one implants all with a length of 10 mm and a diameter of 4.1 and 4.8 mm were inserted and followed clinically and with CBCT for 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Intraoral radiographs were taken for comparison. All patients were provided with permanent prosthetic constructions 8–12 weeks after implant surgery.

Results: Ten (47.6%) implants were inserted in residual bone of 2.6–4.9 mm and 11 (52.3%) implants were inserted in residual bone of 5–8.9 mm. No implants were lost after surgery and follow‐up. There was no marginal bone loss during the follow‐up verified by CBCT. The implants penetrated on average 4.4 mm (SD 2.1 mm) into the sinus cavity and the mean bone gain was 3 mm (SD 2.1 mm).

Conclusion: Flapless transalveolar sinus lift procedures visually guided by preoperative CBCT can successfully be used to enable placement, successful healing and loading of one to three implants in residual bone height of 2.6–8.9 mm. There was no marginal bone loss during the 3–12 months follow‐up.

To cite this article: Fornell J, Johansson L‐Å, Bolin A, Isaksson S, Sennerby L. Flapless, CBCT‐guided osteotome sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant installation. I: radiographic examination and surgical technique. A prospective 1‐year follow‐up. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 28–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02151.x
Platform switching and matrix metalloproteinase‐8 levels in peri‐implant sulcular fluid
Authors: Canullo Luigi , Iannello Giuliano , Netuschil Lutz , Jepsen Søren
Published: March 2011

Objectives: The concept of platform switching has been introduced to implant therapy, however long‐term data are sparse. The aim of this study was to biochemically investigate the inflammatory response mediated by MMP‐8 to platform switching after 3 years of loading, in order to understand the long‐term effect of implant/abutment mismatching on peri‐implant health.

Methods: A total of 70 implants had been inserted in the posterior maxilla in 26 patients and were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment regimens (implant diameter 3.8 [control group], 4.3 [Test group 1, T1], 4.8 [Test group 2, T2] and 5.5 mm [Test group 3, T3]). All implants were restored using a 3.8 mm abutment. In the test groups, this restoration resulted in a mismatching of 0.25–0.85 mm of implant–abutment diameters.

Results: Thirty‐six months after prosthetic rehabilitation, peri‐implant sulcular fluid samples were taken from two aspects of all implants and from periodontally healthy adjacent teeth. Samples were processed in a conventional ELISA using monoclonal antibodies recognizing the active entity of MMP‐8. In the test groups, MMP‐8 mean values were 2.76 ng for T1 (SD: 2.91), 3.30 ng for T2 (SD: 1.94) and 3.18 ng for T3 (SD: 2.46). For the control group, MMP‐8 mean value was 3.6 ng (SD: 2.23), whereas 3.38 ng (SD: 2.2) was recorded at the adjacent teeth. There were no statistically significant differences in MMP‐8 values between the groups (P=0.113, Kruskal–Wallis).

Conclusions: The presence of an implant/abutment mismatching specific for this prosthetic concept is compatible with long‐term peri‐implant health as demonstrated by analysis of a sensitive biomarker of the peri‐implant inflammatory response.
The effect of calcium ion concentration on the bone response to oxidized titanium implants
Authors: Kang Byung‐Soo , Sul Young‐Taeg , Johansson Carina B. , Oh Se‐Jung , Lee Hyun‐Ju , Albrektsson Tomas
Published: March 2011

Aim: To investigate the effect of calcium concentration on the bone tissue response to Ca‐incorporated titanium implants

Materials and methods: Two titanium surfaces containing 4.2% and 6.6% calcium were prepared using the micro‐arc oxidation process. The implants were inserted in the tibia of nine New Zealand White rabbits. After 6 weeks of healing, the bone response to the implants was quantitatively compared by biomechanical and histomorphometrical measurements.

Results: Ca 4.2% and Ca 6.6% containing implants revealed no distinctive differences in their qualitative surface chemistry; chemical bonding state of Ca in titanium oxide was mainly calcium titanates. No significant differences were observed between two implants in peak removal torque and shear strength comparisons (P>0.05). Histomorphometrical analyses presented no significant differences in bone–metal contact, bone area and newly formed bone measurements between two implants (P>0.05).

Conclusions: From biomechanical and histomorphometrical measurements, the two calcium concentrations in this study did not differ significantly with respect to their influence on the bone tissue response. This similar bone response in rabbit tibiae may be explained by the similarity of the qualitative Ca chemistry in titanium surfaces.
Self‐reported gingivitis and bleeding gums among adolescents in Helsinki
Authors: Kailio Pekka , Nordblad Anne , Croucher Ray , Ainamo Jukka
Published: March 2011

Abstract— The purpose of this descriptive cross‐sectional community based investigation was to analyze the relationship between professionally measured and perceived gingival health in a sample of 1217 adolescents (age 14.0±0.7 yr). The responses to two questionnaire items relating to self‐reporting of “gingivitis” (“inflammation of gums” in Finnish) and “bleeding from gums” are reported along with Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), percentage of bleeding sites (BOP%) and modified Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) scores. It was found that current or past “gingivitis” was less often reported than “bleeding from gums” by this sample and that responses to both items exhibited low levels of agreement with the clinical measures. The results suggest that the self‐reporting of gingival health may be useful in monitoring the gingival health of populations but does not have sufficient validity for screening individuals for gingivitis as defined by dental professionals. Furthermore, it is suggested that the term “bleeding from gums” rather than “gingivitis” should be used during clinical or group oral health promotion.
Dental caries experience and defects of dental enamel among 12‐year‐old children in north London, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Dublin
Authors: Downer Martin C. , Blinkhorn Anthony S. , Holt Ruth D. , Wight Christine , Attwood Derek
Published: March 2011

Abstract— A multi‐center study of canes experience and defects of dental enamel was conducted among 12‐yr‐old children in north London, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Dublin. None of the cities had water fluoridation except Dublin, which was included in the national program introduced in the Republic of Ireland in 1964. A random sample of children was drawn from state schools in each location and identical methods of clinical examination were used throughout under the same stadardized conditions. All examiners were trained and calibrated with a reference examiner and achieved high levels of inter‐ and intra‐examiner consistency. Mean DMFT values for the 4 cities were 1.27 (London), 1.39 (Edinburgh), 2.70 (Glasgow) and 1.48 (Dublin) (P<0.001). Proportions of subjects free from caries in the same order were, 50, 47, 24 and 43% (P<0.001), and child prevalence of diffuse opacities, 28, 29, 7 and 17% (P<0.001), respectively. The relatively low caries levels recorded in London and Edinburgh (lower than Dublin) were considered to be related most probably to fluoride effects other than water fluoridation.
Reasons for extraction of permanent teeth in Japan
Authors: Morita Manabu , Kimura Toshihide , Kanegae Masaru , Ishikawa Akira , Watanabe Tatsuo
Published: March 2011

Abstract— Eight hundred forty‐nine Japanese dentists were asked to record the reason for every tooth extraction of permanent teeth during 1 week in each of four seasons. The reasons were assigned to six groups: dental caries, periodontal disease, eruption problems, trauma, orthodontics and other reasons. Thirty‐eight to 40% of the dentists returned the forms in each season, relating to a total of 11 175 extracted teeth. Overall, caries was the most frequent reason for tooth extraction (55.4%), followed by periodontal disease (38.0%). The females lost more teeth due to caries than did the males. In the ≥ 16 age groups, caries was the main reason for tooth extraction. However, periodontal disease became principal only in the males aged 46–65 yr. Anterior teeth, especially in the mandible, represented the highest percentage of periodontal extractions. A considerable difference in the major reason for maxillary tooth loss was observed between both sexes. Maxillary premolars and molars in the males were extracted for periodontal disease as much as for caries, whereas canes was the predominant reason for loss of all maxillary teeth in the females.
Effectiveness of a personalised referral letter following orthodontic screening
Authors: Burden Donald J. , Mitropoulos Cynthia M.
Published: March 2011

Abstract— No data exist on the usefulness of orthodontic screening in guiding those children who need orthodontic treatment towards professional advice. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a personalised referral letter following an orthodontic screening programme employing an objective measure of treatment need, the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Out of a total sample of 924 children aged 11–12 yr, 201 were in need of orthodontic treatment and no orthodontic treatment was planned. From this subsample test and control groups matched for sex, socio‐economic background, dental disease and aesthetic impairment were created. Following screening, the parents of the test group only were sent a specific orthodontic referral letter. The dental practitioners of the children in the test and control groups were contacted during a follow‐up investigation carried out 8 months later, this revealed that significantly more children entered orthodontic treatment pathways from the test group. This study demonstrated that a screening programme, using IOTN as a screening test, and a referral procedure which provided parents with specific information were successful in guiding over one third of children with a need for orthodontic treatment towards orthodontic advice.
In vivo Monitoring of epidermal absorption of hazardous substances by confocal Raman micro‐spectroscopy
Authors: Broding Horst Christoph , van der Pol André , de Sterke Johanna , Monsé Christian , Fartasch Manigé , Brüning Thomas
Published: March 2011

Background: Presently, percutaneous absorption of potentially hazardous chemicals in humans can only be assessed in animal experiments, in vitro, or predicted mathematically. Our aim was to demonstrate the proof‐of‐principle of a novel quantitative in vivo assay for percutaneous absorption: confocal Raman micro‐spectroscopy (CRS). The advantages and limitations of CRS for health risk assessments are discussed.

Patients and Methods: 2‐butoxyethanol, toluene, and pyrene were applied in pure form, diluted in water, or in ethanol on the skin of three healthy volunteers. CRS measurements were done following application for 15 min and 3 hours. The concentrations of the three substances as a function of distance to the skin surface were calculated and further analyzed with regard to mass transport into the stratum corneum (μg/cm2) and the flux through the stratum corneum (μg/cm2h). The results were compared with the available data from literature.

Results: Considering the preliminary nature of these data, good accordance with data from the literature was observed. In addition, we observed that 2‐butoxyethanol penetrates markedly faster when dissolved in water as compared to ethanol. This observation is also in agreement with previous results.

Conclusions: CRS has the potential to provide fast, accurate and reliable results for advanced studies of in vivo percutaneous absorption kinetics of hazardous substances in human skin. This will require further research with other substances and under differing conditions.
Characterization of a thiamin diphosphate‐dependent phenylpyruvate decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kneen Malea M. , Stan Razvan , Yep Alejandra , Tyler Ryan P. , Saehuan Choedchai , McLeish Michael J.
Published: March 2011

The product of the ARO10 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was initially identified as a thiamine diphosphate‐dependent phenylpyruvate decarboxylase with a broad substrate specificity. It was suggested that the enzyme could be responsible for the catabolism of aromatic and branched‐chain amino acids, as well as methionine. In the present study, we report the overexpression of the ARO10 gene product in Escherichia coli and the first detailed in vitro characterization of this enzyme. The enzyme is shown to be an efficient aromatic 2‐keto acid decarboxylase, consistent with it playing a major in vivo role in phenylalanine, tryptophan and possibly also tyrosine catabolism. However, its substrate spectrum suggests that it is unlikely to play any significant role in the catabolism of the branched‐chain amino acids or of methionine. A homology model was used to identify residues likely to be involved in substrate specificity. Site‐directed mutagenesis on those residues confirmed previous studies indicating that mutation of single residues is unlikely to produce the immediate conversion of an aromatic into an aliphatic 2‐keto acid decarboxylase. In addition, the enzyme was compared with the phenylpyruvate decarboxylase from Azospirillum brasilense and the indolepyruvate decarboxylase from Enterobacter cloacae. We show that the properties of the two phenylpyruvate decarboxylases are similar in some respects yet quite different in others, and that the properties of both are distinct from those of the indolepyruvate decarboxylase. Finally, we demonstrate that it is unlikely that replacement of a glutamic acid by leucine leads to discrimination between phenylpyruvate and indolepyruvate, although, in this case, it did lead to unexpected allosteric activation.
Update on monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer
Authors: DAVIS Ian D
Published: March 2011

The use of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer has generated increasing interest in recent years as more antibodies become available and demonstrate clinical utility. This article reviews the available evidence for the use of three monoclonal antibodies: one – ipilimumab – pending approval in Australia, and two – panitumubab and cetuximab – that has been recently approved. Ipilimubab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that targets cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐4 to increase the activation of T cells, while panitumumab and cetuximab both target the epidermal growth factor. The clinical effectiveness of these treatments has been demonstrated, and careful biological studies have shown factors that predict for both response and resistance. This review outlines some of these factors.