bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ship emissions and the use of current air cleaning technology: contributions to air pollution and acidification in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Claremar Björn , Haglund Karin , Rutgersson Anna
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The shipping sector is a significant contributor to emissions of air pollutants in marine and coastal regions. In order to achieve sustainable shipping, primarily through new regulations and techniques, greater knowledge of dispersion and deposition of air pollutants is required. Regional model calculations of the dispersion and concentration of sulfur, nitrogen, and particulate matter, as well as deposition of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen from the international maritime sector in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, have been made for the years 2011 to 2013. The contribution from shipping is highest along shipping lanes and near large ports for concentration and dry deposition. Sulfur is the most important pollutant coupled to shipping. The contribution of both SO2 concentration and dry deposition of sulfur represented up to 80 % of the total in some regions. WHO guidelines for annual concentrations were not trespassed for any analysed pollutant, other than PM2.5 in the Netherlands, Belgium, and central Poland. However, due to the resolution of the numerical model, 50 km  ×  50 km, there may be higher concentrations locally close to intense shipping lanes. Wet deposition is more spread and less sensitive to model resolution. The contribution of wet deposition of sulfur and nitrogen from shipping was up to 30 % of the total wet deposition. Comparison of simulated to measured concentration at two coastal stations close to shipping lanes showed some underestimations and missed maximums, probably due to resolution of the model and underestimated ship emissions. A change in regulation for maximum sulfur content in maritime fuel, in 2015 from 1 to 0.1 %, decreases the atmospheric sulfur concentration and deposition significantly. However, due to costs related to refining, the cleaning of exhausts through scrubbers has become a possible economic solution. Open-loop scrubbers meet the air quality criteria but their consequences for the marine environment are largely unknown. The resulting potential of future acidification in the Baltic Sea, both from atmospheric deposition and from scrubber water along the shipping lanes, based on different assumptions about sulfur content in fuel, scrubber usage, and increased shipping density has been assessed. The increase in deposition for different shipping and scrubber scenarios differs for the basins in the Baltic Sea, with highest potential of acidification in the southern basins with high traffic. The proportion of ocean-acidifying sulfur from ships increases when taking scrubber water into account and the major reason for increasing acidifying nitrogen from ships is increasing ship traffic. Also, with the implementation of emission control for nitrogen, the effect of scrubbers on acidification is evident. This study also generates a database of shipping and scrubber scenarios for atmospheric deposition and scrubber exhaust from the period 2011 to 2050.
Land of the Free: Prison Reform Following the War on Drugs
Authors: Tingley Megan
Published: October 2017

ince its beginnings in 1971, the war on drugs has been largely unsuccessful in reducing drug use. Instead, it has had many unintended consequences, one of which is a huge increase in the federal prison population over the past 40 years. Despite making up only five percent of the world population, the U.S. is home to 25 percent of its prisoners. Since the 1970s, the prison population in the U.S. has skyrocketed due to the implementation of War on Drugs policies. The main reason for the failure of the War on Drugs can be attributed in part to mandatory minimum sentencing laws. Implemented as a part of the Anti- Drug Abuse Act of 1986, these one-size-fits-all policies require a certain punishment based on the amount and type of drug in possession without allowing for flexibility based on context.
Three’s Company: How the US and China’s Complementary Competition is Improving African Health
Authors: Polineni Sai
Published: October 2017

President Obama's and President Xi Jinping's visits to Tanzania — and the associated jubliation and fanfare accompanying them — seem to validate much of what has been written in the past few years of the supposed competition between the United States and China for influence and resources in Africa, with many authors proclaiming that the U.S. was losing this competition. Aside from propagating the idea that Africa is some sort of homogenous collection of people, ideas, and cultures, many of these authors view the role of Africa as primarily an economic battleground in which the U.S and China must battle to determine control while ignoring the fact that the differing strengths and focuses of the American and Chinese economies do not lend themselves to any sort of outright competition in Africa.
The Story Behind Bankruptcy: When Business Gets Personal
Authors: Kesteren Jennifer Van , Adriaanse Jan , Rest Jean-Pierre Van der
Published: October 2017

The number of bankruptcies in a specific period, and levels of debt, are well documented but little is known about the consequences of bankruptcies beyond the numbers. In this study, Dutch entrepreneurs who went through debt rescheduling after personal bankruptcy, were interviewed in order to gain an understanding of the private, personal and social implications of bankruptcy. Recently, systematic investigations of the implications of bankruptcy have been published. However, research has not yet taken the phenomenological experience of the bankrupt entrepreneur into account. Insights into these experiences are of critical importance for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the bankruptcy process, and for engaging in a meaningful reform of bankruptcy law. During the interviews in this study, the entrepreneurs reflected on the early days of their business venture, the moment of first detecting the prospect of business failure, their personal experiences during business failure, and the aftermath of bankruptcy and debt rescheduling. The findings indicate that a bankruptcy experience can be compared to losing a loved one: a psychological process similar to mourning. The findings show that a lack of empathy, respect and transparency by formal institutional representatives such as judges, trustees and administrators is seen by the entrepreneurs as ‘emotional punishment’, and can be considered as a major source of their grief. Because of this grief, the bankruptcy and debt rescheduling experience can be extremely stressful causing severe psychological and physical distress. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Superannuation and Bankruptcy: Is there a Mid-Life Crisis Looming?
Authors: Dickfos Jennifer , Brown Catherine , Bettles Jason
Published: October 2017

Research suggests that Australian bankrupts are increasingly older, have professional backgrounds and generally enjoy higher levels of income than has previously been the case. Significantly, available data also indicates that the numbers of persons entering into bankruptcy hold greater levels of real property, and associated mortgage debt, than in previous decades. Given these trends, the importance of protecting superannuation funds becomes paramount to a bankrupt. However, this paper argues that there is a need to balance the protected asset status of superannuation funds with other objectives, such as achieving a fair distribution of the bankrupt’s assets among creditors. This paper examines the extent to which this balance is achieved, particularly in the context of self-managed superannuation funds.
Barwick, Bankruptcy and the Human Dimension
Authors: Greenwood The Hon Justice Andrew
Published: October 2017

The overall theme of this conference is ‘A Fresh Look at “Fresh Start”: the Human Dimension to Bankruptcy.’ The Queensland University of Technology prides itself, rightly, on being a University for the real world. The topics, the subject of this conference, engage that notion in a very direct and contemporary way. However, let me give you an old illustration of a contemporary problem. 

 

*Please note that this is an invited contribution and hence not peer reviewed.
Medical Assistance in Dying: Lessons for Australia from Canada
Authors: Downie Jocelyn , Downie Jocelyn
Published: October 2017

Canada has recently witnessed dramatic changes in end of life law and policy. Most notably, we have moved from a prohibitive to a permissive regime with respect to medical assistance in dying (MAiD). As a number of Australian states are actively engaged in debates about whether to decriminalise MAiD, it is worth reviewing the Canadian experience and drawing out any lessons that might usefully inform the current processes in Australia.

 

*Please note that this is an invited contribution and hence not peer reviewed.
Padres diagnosticados de cáncer: malestar emocional y recursos para comunicarse con sus hijos meno
Authors: Fuentes Sònia , Blasco Tomás
Published: October 2017

Objetivo: Conocer los recursos que poseen los padres afectados por cáncer al comunicar la enfermedad a sus hijos menores y su relación con el malestar emocional de estos pacientes. Método: Se evaluó el estilo de comunicación familiar mediante una subescala del FAD (Mc Master Family Assessment Device). Se elaboró un cuestionario específico para evaluar los recursos de los pacientes, donde cada ítem era valorado con una escala de 0 a 10 (siendo 0 nada en absoluto y 10, la máxima puntuación posible). También se utilizó una escala numérica de valoración del malestar emocional, en forma de un solo ítem (0-10). El conjunto de pruebas se aplicó a 60 pacientes de edades comprendidas entre los 34 y los 60 años todos ellos padres afectados de cáncer con hijos menores a su cargo. Resultados: Los recursos que parecen poseer en mayor medida los padres evaluados son los recursos relacionados con la gestión de la vida doméstica (media = 8,3), seguidos de los que hacen referencia a delegar a terceras personas los cuidados de sus hijos durante momentos difíciles. Al analizar con más profundidad estos dos recursos, detectamos que más del 80% de los padres de la muestra poseen el recurso relacionado con la gestión de la vida doméstica. Por el contrario, el recurso de como informar sobre la situación de enfermedad a los niños, lo tiene poco más de la mitad de los pacientes evaluados (55%). Los datos indican que existe una relación inversa entre la disponibilidad de este recurso y el nivel de malestar emocional, ya que los pacientes que consideran tener recursos para hablar de la enfermedad a sus hijos, presentan un menor malestar emocional. Conclusiones: Los padres recién diagnosticados de cáncer que plantean comunicar la situación de enfermedad a sus hijos menores, poseen más recursos para gestionar la vida doméstica y delegar el cuidado de sus hijos cuando lo precisan a terceras personas, que para informar sobre la enfermedad y sostener emocionalmente a sus hijos. Así mismo, el no disponer de recursos para comunicar el diagnóstico a los hijos se asocia con una mayor presencia de malestar emocional.
Ansiedad, depresión, percepción y sentimientos de mujeres con cáncer indicadas para cirugía de exenteración pélvica
Authors: Haas Sílvia Abduch , Centenaro Levandowski Daniela , Kalil Antônio Nocchi
Published: October 2017

Objetivo: el presente estudio evalúa señales de depresión y ansiedad en mujeres con cáncer indicadas para cirugía de exenteración pélvica (EP), e identifica sus percepciones y sentimientos ante la EP. Método: Participaron en el estudio seis mujeres (37 a 64 años) que recibían tratamiento oncológico en un hospital del sur de Brasil. Las pacientes rellenaron una ficha de datos sociodemográficos y respondieron a la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS). También fueron realizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados: En general, los resultados revelan reacciones emocionales a la indicación de EP para las participantes. Se verificó la presencia de ansiedad y depresión (50% y 66,7%, respectivamente) en el periodo preoperatorio. A partir del análisis de las entrevistas fue posible identificar dudas y temores sobre el resultado de la cirugía, así como sobre las expectativas de cura del cáncer. También aparecieron sentimientos de miedo, preocupación y ansiedad ante las ostomías. Conclusión: Estudios longitudinales pueden ampliar la comprensión del impacto de la EP, considerando también el periodo postoperatorio. Se subraya la necesidad de un seguimiento psicológico preoperatorio para mujeres indicadas para este procedimiento altamente especializado e invasivo.
Validación del Inventario Breve de Síntomas (BSI-18) en mujeres mexicanas diagnosticadas con cáncer de mamaValidación del Inventario Breve de Síntomas (BSI-18) en mujeres mexicanas diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama
Authors: Miaja Ávila Melina , De la Rubia José Moral
Published: October 2017

El distrés es una experiencia emocional desagradable que puede afectar al afrontamiento y curso de una enfermedad oncológica. El Inventario Breve de Síntomas (BSI-18) es usado frecuentemente en pacientes oncológicos para medir distrés. No obstante, su estructura factorial no está bien establecida, y sus propiedades métricas no han sido estudiadas con muestras mexicanas. La presente investigación tiene como objetivos estudiar la distribución, discriminabilidad y homogeneidad de los ítems del BSI-18, estimar la consistencia interna del BSI-18, determinar su estructura factorial y calcular la validez convergente, discriminante y consistencia interna de sus factores. Se recolectó una muestra intencional de 203 mujeres con cáncer de mama en tratamiento oncológico. Todas ellas eran adultas tratadas en la ciudad de Monterrey, México. Todos los ítems del BSI-18 resultaron discriminativos y consistentes. Sus distribuciones mostraron mayor concentración en valores bajos. La consistencia interna de la escala fue alta (α de Cronbach=0,888). El modelo de un factor general de distrés con tres factores jerarquizados (depresión, síntomas simpáticos de ansiedad y síntomas vasovagales de ansiedad) mostró las mejores propiedades de bondad de ajuste. También sus factores tuvieron las mejores propiedades de validez convergente y consistencia interna. Además, este modelo permitió superar los problemas de validez discriminante entre los factores. Se concluye que, en la población estudiada de mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer, se pueden retener todos los ítems del BSI-18, y la escala resultó consistente y válida desde un modelo jerarquizado de tres factores.
La ampliación del paradigma realista en la RDA: la aceptación de formas de lo fantástico en torno al debate sobre la literatura de E.T.A. Hoffmann
Authors: Florencia Sannders
Published: October 2017

Teniendo en cuenta el aferramiento a poéticas realistas que se exigía desde la doctrina del partido, surge el interrogante sobre el grado de aceptación de formas de lo fantástico en la Literaturgesellschaft de la RDA. Planteada esta problemática, la tesis fundamental de este trabajo consiste en postular que a partir de finales de los años 60 y principios de los 70 se amplía el rígido paradigma realista imperante, consecuencia de la revisión de la teoría del reflejo, para, de esta manera, aceptar más formas modernas de lo fantástico, anteriormente rechazadas, en las que se comienza a reconocer su contenido de verdad histórica.
Literatura y multilingüismo: análisis de la lengua vivida (erlebte Sprache)
Authors: Ruiz-Sánchez Ana
Published: October 2017

La poética intercultural es una línea de investigación que responde a la pregunta de cómo se comporta la lengua literaria en aquellos autores que en el momento de la creación no solo tienen una lengua a su disposición, sino dos o más, qué recursos poéticos priorizan y si dichos usos implican una redefinición de conceptos literarios tradicionales. En publicaciones anteriores se han explicitado algunos de los procedimientos relativos a las llamadas lengua de escritura y la lengua latente. En el presente artículo nos centramos en el uso específico de una tercera lengua en obras literarias interculturales con configuración multilingüe. En concreto ejemplificaremos a través del estudio de Le mort qu´il faut (Viviré con su nombre, morirá con el mío; Der Tote mit meinem Namen) de Jorge Semprún la función otorgada al alemán concentracionario como uso característico de la presencia de una lengua vivida (erlebte Sprache).
“Yo soy el límite”. Identidad y disfunción del lenguaje en Amras, de Thomas Bernhard
Authors: Aznar Pérez Mario
Published: October 2017

Este artículo plantea un estudio crítico de la novela Amras (1964), del escritor austríaco Thomas Bernhard, en relación con dos ejes fundamentales de la creación y el pensamiento contemporáneos: el problema de la identidad y el problema del lenguaje. Desde una perspectiva trágica y original, esta novela plantea al lector el diálogo posible –o imposible– entre los mecanismos de configuración del sujeto contemporáneo y el lenguaje verbal como facultad característicamente humana de comunicación y expresión. Es así como a partir de una sólida base teórica hemos realizado el análisis concreto de los distintos niveles textuales de Amras, buscando destacar la importancia que esta obra asume en relación con la estética contemporánea.
El episodio español en la novela Grunewaldsee de Hans-Ulrich Treichel
Authors: Bies Andrea
Published: October 2017

El artículo aborda la imagen de España a través de la novela Grunewaldsee (2010), obra de un conocido autor alemán contemporáneo. El análisis muestra que, en Grunewaldsee, España aparece representada a través de observaciones cotidianas y personajes exagerados más que por descripciones topográficas. Del contraste entre los correspondientes estereotipos extraliterarios alemanes y españoles se deriva una relación caricaturesca. Finalmente, y partiendo de los motivos de la novela de Treichel, se identifica tendencias en la imagen de España en la literatura alemana contemporánea.
‘Extreme im Inneren’. Emoción y memoria como marco identitario en Das Ungeheuer de Terézia Mora
Authors: Bescansa Carme
Published: October 2017

El artículo aborda el papel de las emociones y la memoria en su correlación para conformar y desarrollar narrativas de identidad en la novela Das Ungeheuer de Terézia Mora. A partir de las aportaciones actuales del emotional turn y de los estudios sobre la memoria, se analizarán las implicaciones que emoción y memoria en interacción tienen para la identidad de las figuras y para el propio argumento.
THA conversion rate comparing decompression alone, with autologous bone graft or stem cells in osteonecrosis
Authors: Nally Francisco J. , Zanotti Gerardo , Buttaro Martín A. , Dilernia Fernando D. , Mansilla Ignacio G. , Comba Fernando M. , Piccaluga Francisco
Published: October 2017

Introduction:

Core decompression (CD) with or without the addition of autologous bone graft (CDBG) is currently the most widely accepted treatment for hip osteonecrosis in stages of pre-collapse. The use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (CDSC) is emerging as a promising biological alternative. We sought to determine the total hip arthroplasty (THA) conversion rate for patients treated with CD, CDBG or CDSC.

Material and methods:

Between 1996 and 2012, 97 cases were evaluated in 72 patients: 47 CD cases, 34 CDGB cases and 16 CDSC cases. The mean age was 39 (20-63) years, 25 bilateral, 19 female and 53 male, 14 Ficat 1 and 83 Ficat 2. Bilateral cases with asymmetric stage and equal treatment were excluded.

Results:

Conversion rate to THA was 44% for the CD group (21/47) at an average of 77 (24-324) months; 50% for the CDBG group (17/34) at an average of 34 (24-240) months and 50% for the CDSC group (8/16) at an average of 48 (24-72) months (p = 0.619). Log Rank test for survivorship analysis was not significant (p = 0.2011). Immunodeficiency or corticosteroid treatment history was associated with 16/47 of the CD group, 7/34 in the CDBG group and 1/16 in the CDSC group. Trauma was associated with 2/47 of the CD group, 5/34 of the CDBG group and none of the CDSC group. Hazard ratio considering risk factors was not significant (p = 0.252).

Conclusions:

In these series of cases including patients with pre-collapse osteonecrosis, we observed non-significant results regarding rate of conversion to THA with CD, CDBG or CDSC at an average of 5.5 years.
“Eyes a man could drown in”: Phallic Myth and Femininity in John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman
Authors: Mandal Mahitosh
Published: October 2017

This paper is a psychoanalytic study of “gender myths” as presented in John Fowles's famous novel The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969). It begins by describing Fowles's interest in Freudian psychoanalysis and his use of psychoanalytic ideas in constructing fictional characters. The paper subsequently explains how the concept of “postmodern indeterminacy” as found in Fowles's text needs to be read in connection with the “enigma” as embodied by Sarah Woodruff, the female protagonist. An attempt is then made to make sense of the “enigma of femininity,” a critical concern among the psychoanalysts. Elaborating on Lacanian developments and critique of Freudian ideas, this paper uses the psychoanalytic notions related to the truth of the feminine, fictionality of the masculine, jouissance, and sexual non-rapport to offer an analysis of the enigma of Sarah Woodruff, the failures of Charles Smithson the male protagonist, and the inconclusiveness of Fowles's narrative. The discussion highlights the link between feminism and Lacanian psychoanalysis on the question of construction of gender identities.
Where Diaspora Meets Disillusionment: Panther Politics in Castro's Cuba
Authors: Dunbar Jessie Lafrance
Published: October 2017

The Black Panther Party was ideologically drawn to “post-revolutionary” Cuba, but when multiple Party members were extended asylum by Fidel Castro, they noted that the propaganda did not match the promise. Socialism had not, as Castro argued, eradicated racism. Had a mutual exchange of education and respect occurred, Castro may have been able to sidestep the campaign of negative press launched against his regime by black nationalist leaders and taken up by the American media. The Panthers may have been able to separate Castro's promises from a long standing tradition of propaganda, and avoided some of their subsequent disillusionment with one of the Panther Party's most esteemed role models.
Financial Fictions: Contrapuntal Models of Debt in Vonnegut, Dickens, and Scorsese
Authors: Nevin Justin
Published: October 2017

In previous editions of ILS, David Bartine forwarded dissonant counterpoint as a creative means to rethink stagnated modes and problems. This article reads theoretical works by Judith Butler, Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Rancière, and David Graeber against three literary examples—God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, Mean Streets, and David Copperfield—that seem to forward contrapuntal models of debt as potential theoretical responses to the U.S.'s debt of exception. Because it does not have to be repaid under the same conditions as do other debts, I argue that this debt of exception can be leveraged all the more effectively against Jacques Rancière's conception of demos. As such, social ontologies of debt in these literary examples become momentary if ultimately limited or negative potentialities against the incursion of a debt of exception into nomos.
Biopoetics and Hermeneutics: The Postal Metaphor inIl Postino
Authors: Randall David S.
Published: October 2017

This article is a reading of a novel and film that promotes the primacy of language in human affairs. An interdisciplinary approach combines Heideggerian hermeneutics with Darwinian literary criticism. From a Heideggerian perspective, one's existence is essentially the hermeneutic activity of interpretation, since one's being (Dasein) primordially entails a situated, questioning, self-interpretation. The questioning of what it means to be is an integral aspect of a projective hermeneutics. The critic's intense and passionate questioning of one's temporal facticity forms the basis of a practical form of criticism. Darwinian literary criticism also presupposes what it means to be human is to share a universal, evolved human nature that includes an “instinctive tendency to acquire an art,” or language. Practically speaking, an innovative fusion of Darwinian literary criticism, or biopoetics, with Heideggerian hermeneutics is appropriate because both perspectives acknowledge a primordial understanding as the basis for all interpretation. Further, from both perspectives, the question is not simply whether narrative structures inform and influence human experience, but the degree to which narratives are specifically designed to transmit information and knowledge about the precarious human condition.
Partial Evidence: An Enquiry Concerning a Possible Affinity Between Literary Moral Cognitivism and Moral Pluralism
Authors: Shum Peter
Published: October 2017

This paper begins by affirming the view that if there is a debate to be had over whether literature can convey moral knowledge, then efforts by proponents to substantiate this claim will already be necessarily conditioned by an understanding of what morality consists in, independently of literature. This observation brings to light a certain danger for the debate, namely that if participants fail to explicitly specify the ethical theory that they rely on, then the debate can seem nebulous. This raises a new question: is there an account of morality, independent of literature, which is most conducive to literary moral cognitivism, that is, which optimises literary moral cognitivism's chances of succeeding philosophically? This paper both formulates and investigates this hypothesis with reference to moral pluralism, the view that there is an irreducible plurality of foundational moral principles. It concludes that such an affinity exists, but with an important caveat: the affinity is stronger at the level of moral suggestion than the level of moral justification. This has implications for the strength of the version of literary moral cognitivism that it is ultimately plausible to endorse from a moral pluralist point of view.
The Great War through Women's Eyes
Authors: Moravec Michelle , Bolton Elizabeth , Hawkins Kyah , Heggan Sabrina , Rao Jeel , Smalley Hope
Published: October 2017

How did women serving in World War I frame their encounters with mortality? While the sacrificial mother and the homefront sweetheart are familiar figures from the Great War, tens of thousands of American women who served overseas are left out of gendered depictions of sacrifice and loss. Although these valiant women willingly faced the dangers war brought, how they understood these experiences after the fact is less clear. An underutilized source, their wartime scrapbooks, provides insight into their responses. This article, the results of an honors undergraduate student project at Rosemont College, focuses on visual narratives of wartime nurses, two with Pennsylvania connections and one from New York, as examples of women's efforts to record histories of a war from which they are too often excluded.
The World War I Graphics Collection at the Library Company of Philadelphia
Authors: August Linda
Published: October 2017

The Library Company of Philadelphia's World War I Graphics Collection is explored.
No Correlation between KRAS Status and Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Survival
Authors: Ogata Misato , Satake Hironaga , Ogata Takatsugu , Imai Yukihiro , Hatachi Yukimasa , Yasui Hisateru
Published: October 2017

Erlotinib plus gemcitabine is one of the standard chemotherapies for unresectable pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer has the highest frequency of KRAS gene mutations among human cancers, and some studies suggest that KRAS status might be a predictive biomarker for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor treatment. However, the reliability of this biomarker has not been confirmed. Here, we evaluated the impact of KRAS mutations in pancreatic cancer patients treated with first line gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. 23 patients treated with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy whose KRAS status could be examined from primary or metastatic lesions were enrolled. KRAS mutations were analyzed by sequencing codons 12 and 13. We retrospectively evaluated the correlation between KRAS status, and prognosis and treatment efficacy. Patient characteristics were as follows: median age 68 years, male/female=6/17, PS 0/1=9/14, TNM stage III/IV=1/22, and gemcitabine alone/erlotinib plus gemcitabine=13/10. Among the 23 patients, KRAS codon 12 was mutated in 15, one of whom also had mutation on codon 13. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of all patients were 4.3 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1 to 5.4) and 8.1 months (95% CI: 5.9 to 10.0; events in 96%), respectively. KRAS status showed no association with PFS (p=0.310), OS (p=0.934), or the efficacy of treatment with (p=0.833) or without erlotinib (p=0.478). Thus, in this study, there was no correlation between KRAS status and the efficacy of first line chemotherapy with gemcitabine with or without erlotinib. Identification of a rationale for personalized medicine in pancreatic cancer will require further exploratory prospective studies.
Will a Collectivistic Culture protect your Intellectual Property? Effect of Individualism on Intellectual Property Protection
Authors: Zengrui Tian , Buitrago Guillermo Andres , Odilova Shoirahon
Published: October 2017

This study is intended to explore the effect of individualism on intellectual property rights protection. Using data from 92 countries, we found out that individualism index has positive and significant effect on IPR protection. More specifically, a 10-point increase in individualism index is associated with 0.4-point increase in IPR index. Moreover, individualism alone seems to explain nearly 45% of cross-national variation in IPR index. The mentioned significant effect remains robust even after considering the role of economic development, democracy, ethnic diversity, economic freedom and legal heritage.
The Role of the Skewed Distributions in the Framework of Extreme Value Theory (EVT)
Authors: Muela Sonia Benito , López-Martín Carmen , Navarro Mª Ángeles
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we analyze the role of the heavy tail and skewed distribution in market risk estimation (Value at Risk (VaR)). In particular, we are interested in knowing if in the framework of the conditional extreme value theory, the estimation of the volatility model below heavy tail and skewed distribution contributes to improve the VaR estimation respect to these obtained from a symmetric distribution. The study has been carried out for six individual assets belonging to the digital sector: ADP, Amazon, Cerner, Apple, Microsoft and Telefonica. The analysis period runs from January 1st, 2008 to the end of December 2013. Although the evidence found is a little bit weak, the results obtained seem to indicate that the heavy tail and skewed distribution outperforms the symmetric distribution both in terms of accuracy VaR estimations as in terms of firm’s loss function. Furthermore, the market risk capital requirements fixed on the base of the VaR estimations are also lowest below a skewed distribution.
Unit Roots in Time Series with Changepoints
Authors: Herranz Ed , Gentle James , Wang George
Published: October 2017

Many financial time series are nonstationary and are modeled as ARIMA processes; they are integrated processes (I(n)) which can be made stationary (I(0)) via differencing n times. I(1) processes have a unit root in the autoregressive polynomial. Using OLS with unit root processes often leads to spurious results; a cointegration analysis should be used instead. Unit root tests (URT) decrease spurious cointegration. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) URT fails to reject a false null hypothesis of a unit root under the presence of structural changes in intercept and/or linear trend. The Zivot and Andrews (ZA) (1992) URT was designed for unknown breaks, but not under the null hypothesis. Lee and Strazicich (2003) argued the ZA URT was biased towards stationarity with breaks and proposed a new URT with breaks in the null. When an ARMA(p,q) process with trend and/or drift that is to be tested for unit roots and has changepoints in trend and/or intercept two approaches that can be taken: One approach is to use a unit root test that is robust to changepoints. In this paper we consider two of these URT's, the Lee-Strazicich URT and the Hybrid Bai-Perron ZA URT(Herranz, 2016.)  The other approach we consider is to remove the deterministic components with changepoints using the Bai-Perron breakpoint detection method (1998, 2003), and then use a standard unit root test such as ADF in each segment. This approach does not assume that the entire time series being tested is all I(1) or I(0), as is the case with standard unit root tests. Performances of the tests were compared under various scenarios involving changepoints via simulation studies.  Another type of model for breaks, the Self-Exciting-Threshold-Autoregressive (SETAR) model is also discussed.
Circus and zoo animal welfare in Sweden: an epidemiological analysis of data from regulatory inspections by the official competent authorities
Authors: Hitchens PL , Hultgren J , Frössling J , Emanuelson U , Keeling LJ
Published: October 2017

Good animal welfare is crucial for the success of circuses and zoos. Epidemiological studies of animal welfare that investigate associations between animal-based measures (ABMs) and resource- and management-based measures are needed. However, due to the relatively low numbers of animals within each species kept at individual facilities, such investigations can be difficult to carry out. In this paper, we report the analysis of a multi-facility epidemiological study using data from all regulatory inspections of circus and zoo animals in Sweden for 2010 to 2014. Information from 42 inspections of 38 circuses, and 318 inspections of 179 zoos was analysed. For ABMs assessed during routine inspections of circuses (n = 14) and zoos (n = 61), 9.1 and 14.3% did not comply with requirements for general care of hooves/claws and coat, 10.0 and 8.6% for body condition, and 0 and 1.7% for animal cleanliness, respectively. In addition, the zoo checklist assessed whether animals were kept in appropriate groups, finding non-compliance in 17.0% of inspections. The most frequent non-compliant resource- and management-based measures at routine inspections of circuses were for space (41.7%) and exercise requirements (38.5%). For zoos, 29.4% did not comply with space followed by 28.8% for enrichment requirements. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, zoos that had inadequate or unsafe housing and space design, inadequate bedding, or failed to meet nutritional requirements, were more likely to be non-compliant with at least one ABM. The checklists should be improved to better assess welfare status by including more ABMs; benchmarking of risks and trends over time is also recommended.
Are consumers wilfully ignorant about animal welfare?
Authors: Bell E , Norwood F Bailey , Lusk JL
Published: October 2017

Wilful ignorance is a documented human behaviour whereby people deliberately avoid information. Although much work has documented consumer attitudes toward farm animal welfare, few studies have questioned whether people even want to know how farm animals are raised. Using an internet survey of 1,000 subjects from the US state of Oklahoma, it is shown that around one-third admit to being wilfully ignorant regarding pork production. One-third also chose to look at a blank screen rather than a picture of how pregnant hogs are housed. Avoidance of guilt is shown to be a motivator for this behaviour.
EFEKTI PROGRAMA KONDICIONE PRIPREME NA MORFOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE KADETKINJA
Authors: Cicović Borislav , Strajnić Branislav
Published: October 2017

Istraživanje je izvršeno sa ciljem da se utvrde efekti programa kondicione pripreme namorfološke karakteristike kadetkinja usmerenih na sport. Uzorak su činile 104 kadetkinjeuzrasta 15-16 godina usmerene na sport od kojih je 50 ispitanica činilo eksperimentalnugrupu i trenirale rukomet a 54 ispitanica su činile kontrolnu grupu i trenirale odbojku ikošarku. Izračunavanjem osnovnih deskriptivnih parametara i primenom metoda ANOVA,MANOVA, MANCOVA i ANCOVA, dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da postoji statističkiznačajan efekat kod obima nadlaktice, obima grudnog koša, obima potkolenice, naboratrbuha, nabora natkolenice i nabora potkolenice, osim kod težine tela.
RELACIJE MORFOLOŠKIH KARAKTERISTIKA I MOTORIČKIH SPOSOBNOSTI KOD UČENIKA
Authors: Jokić Rados , Crnogorac Ognjen
Published: October 2017

U ovom istraživanju učestvovali su učenici dvije osnovne škole: Osnovna škola sa Pala i Osnovnaškola sa Istočne Ilidže.Uzorak ispitanika činili su učenici dvije osnovne škole. Osnovna škola ,,Srbija" Pale sa ispitanicimamuškog pola: učenici VI 1 (10) i VII 2 (13), a drugu grupu ispitanika činili su učenici VI 4 (9) i VII 1(6) – osnovne škole ,,Petar Petrović.Njegoš" Istočna Ilidža.Hronološka dob učenika i učenica VI1 i VI4 razreda iznosila je 13 godina + - 6 mjeseci, dok učenici iučenice VII2 i VII1 razreda pomenutih Osnovnih škola imali su 14 godina +- 6 mjeseci.Uzorak varijabli odnosio se na: morfološke karakteristike i motoričke sposobnosti. Morfološkekarakteristike činili su: visina tijela (AVIS), težina tijela (AMAS), obim nadkoljenice desni (ONKD),obim podkoljenice desni (OPKD), obim nadkoljenice lijevi (ONKL), obim podkoljenice lijevi (OPKL).Motoričke sposobnosti su: skok u dalj iz mjesta i troskok iz mjesta kao kriterijumske.Veoma visok nivo značajnosti na rezultate u skoku u dakj u troskoku iz mjetsa imali su učenici VII 2razreda Osnovna škola ,,Srbija" Pale, sa sa 81%, dok varijabli obim nadkoljenice i potkoljenice desnenoge sa skokom u dalj i troskokom iz mjesta imali su značajnost sa 43% kod učenika VII 1 razredaosnovne škole ,, Petar Petrović Njegoš" Istočna Ilidža.Može se zaključiti da relacijski odnos morfoloških karakteristika sa motoričkim sposobnostima iakozasnovan na manem brojem ispitanika daje potvrdu da morfološke strukture imaju relacijski odnos samotoričkim sposobnostima pojedinim sportskim disciplinama.
СОМАТОТИП АКТИВНИХ И ПАСИВНИХ СТУДЕНАТА
Authors: Mилетић Maриja , Станковић Јурица
Published: October 2017

Циљ рада је утврдити разлике у соматотипу активних и пасивних студената. Методје сачињавало прикупљање релевантне литературе у периоду од 2000. до 2010. године,табеларни приказ и даље анализирање. Закључак је да соматотипови активних ипасивних студената показују одступања, у односу на пол, године, врсту иинтензитет физичке активности, начин живота, генетску предиспозицију.Препоруке би се односиле на повећање физичких активности код студенатаангажовањем у фитнес клубовима или на местима која пружају одговарајуће условеза вежбање. Најчешћи слободани избор физичких активности код студената требаоби бити трчање, пливање, тенис и кардио-васкуларни фитнес.
PROMENE U FUNKCIONALNIM KARAKTERISTIKAMA KADETKINJA RUKOMETAŠICA POD UTICAJEM KONDICIONOG PROGRAMA TRENINGA
Authors: Strajnić Branislav , Cicović Borislav
Published: October 2017

Ovo istraživanje je rađeno sa ciljem da se utvrde promene funkcionalnih karakteristikarukometašica uzrasta 15-16 godina pod uticajem eksperimentalnog programa kondicione pripreme.Uzorak su činile 50 ispitanica koje su imale redovno fizičko vaspitanje u školi kao i 3 treninganedeljno kondicijskog programa u rukometnim klubovima. Izračunavanjem osnovnih statističkihparametara i interkorelacije primenjenih varijabli, primenom kanoničke diskriminativne analize,dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika u rezultatima testova funkcionalnihsposobnosti ispitanica na finalnom merenju u odnosu na inicijalno, u sva tri testa.
Influences of physicochemical stresses on injury and inactivation behaviour of Listeria innocua
Authors: A. Miller Fatima , Ramos Barbara , M. Gil Maria , R. S. Brandao Teresa , Teixeira Paula , L. M. Silva Cristina
Published: October 2017

Many minimally processed foods depend on a combination of inhibitory factors to reduce the hazard of foodborne illness. Therefore, inactivation of Listeria innocua was studied according to a 24 factorial experiment designed to draw conclusions about temperature (52.5 °C and 65.0 °C), pH (4.5 and 7.5), water activity (aw=0.95 and 0.99) and solute type (NaCl and glycerol) effects. Three different recovery media were used to assess injured cells. Survival data were fitted with a Gompertz-based model and kinetic parameters (shoulder, maximum inactivation rate – kmax, and tail) were estimated. Results showed that shoulder was affected by temperature, pH and combined effects; kmax was influenced by all factors and their combinations; and tail was affected by aw, temperature and aw/pH combination. Results demonstrated the potential occurrence of microbial cross-protection survival techniques between the various stresses, e.g. heat and osmolarity. Indeed, this work clearly established that, to avoid hazards, Listeria inactivation must be evaluated with a maximum of environmental factors that undergo alterations. Only thus, appropriate food preservation treatments can be developed and consequently, the safety of food products can be assured.
The interaction effect of mixing starter cultures on homemade natural yogurt’s pH and viscosity
Authors: A. Dahlan Hadi , A. Sani Norrakiah
Published: October 2017

Dairy yogurts are common food products consumed by people all over the world. Due to the simple process, many people have made their own natural yogurt at home. The fermentation due to the starter culture causes the textural properties of dairy yogurt. However, the literature is surprisingly scarce on the topic of starter culture interactions in the development of textural properties of dairy yogurt. This study investigated the interaction effect of three common starter cultures, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophiles, on the viscosity of homemade yogurt. Using Design Expert software, a 10-run mixture model experiment was designed to examine the textural properties developed by single or multiple inoculation of these starter cultures. All yogurt formulations reached the isoelectric point of milk and had pHs in the range 3.97 to 4.32. Yogurt formulations with L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus resulted in viscosities which were similar to commercial yogurt viscosity (1.77 Pa·s), while L. bulgaricus resulted in yogurt with a lower viscosity. Based on the mixture model, L. acidophilus had most influence on the yogurt viscosity, followed by S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus. In conclusion, L. acidophilus can be used as a single starter culture or combined with other starter cultures to develop high viscosity homemade yogurt. A Combination of S. thermophilus and L. acidphilus can also be used to develop high viscosity yogurts. However, L. bulgaricus should not be inoculated alone or become a dominant ratio in multiple starter culture inoculation as it will decrease the overall homemade yogurt viscosity.
Cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of red sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. Llanerón) extracts: In vitro study
Authors: Raybaudi-Massilia Rosa , I. Suarez Alırica , Arvelo Francisco , Zambrano Alexandra , Sojo Felipe , I. Calderon-Gabaldon Marıa , Mosqueda-Melgar Jonathan
Published: October 2017

Alcoholic and aqueous extracts were obtained from red sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by different methodologies to evaluate their cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Alcoholic extracts (MFP, MSd, SFP, SDP, SSd) from fresh red sweet pepper (FP) and dry pulp (DP) and seed (Sd) were obtained by maceration (M) and Soxhlet (S) equipment using methanol as extraction solvent; whereas aqueous extracts (LFP, LSd) were obtained by decoction followed by lyophilization (L). Human tumoral cell lines from breast (MCF-7 and SKBr3), prostate (PC3) and cervix (HeLa), and fibroblasts (as control) were used to determine the cytotoxic properties by the MTT assay. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were determined by DPPH and disc diffusion method, respectively. The extracts SDP and SFP showed the higher cytotoxic activity. The SDP extract had a significant (P < 0.05) in-vitro effect on HeLa (1.9 ± 1.4 µg/mL) and PC3 (< 1 µg/mL) cells with a moderated impact on fibroblasts (26.1 ± 1.2 µg/mL); whereas, SFP had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on MCF-7 cell line (2.1 ± 1.2 µg/mL) with a moderated impact on fibroblasts (25.9 ± 1.0 µg/mL). The higher antioxidant activity was found for MFP (80.3 ± 0.2%) and SFP extracts (75.5 ± 0.5%). Mild antimicrobial activity was only observed for alcoholic extracts. The results showed the potential of red sweet pepper (C. annuum L.) as a source of antioxidant and cytotoxic compounds, and suggest the need of further studies to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds that impart those properties. 
Non-synaptic signaling from cerebellar climbing fibers modulates Golgi cell activity
Authors: Nietz Angela K , Vaden Jada H , Coddington Luke T , Overstreet-Wadiche Linda , Wadiche Jacques I
Published: October 2017

Golgi cells are the principal inhibitory neurons at the input stage of the cerebellum, providing feedforward and feedback inhibition through mossy fiber and parallel fiber synapses. In vivo studies have shown that Golgi cell activity is regulated by climbing fiber stimulation, yet there is little functional or anatomical evidence for synapses between climbing fibers and Golgi cells. Here, we show that glutamate released from climbing fibers activates ionotropic and metabotropic receptors on Golgi cells through spillover-mediated transmission. The interplay of excitatory and inhibitory conductances provides flexible control over Golgi cell spiking, allowing either excitation or a biphasic sequence of excitation and inhibition following single climbing fiber stimulation. Together with prior studies of spillover transmission to molecular layer interneurons, these results reveal that climbing fibers exert control over inhibition at both the input and output layers of the cerebellar cortex.
A Tale of Two Autonomies
Authors: Rønningstad Chris
Published: October 2017

Despite comprehensive theoretical discussions on the nuances of autonomy, research tends to treat autonomy as a unidimensional concept. In contrast, this study of Norwegian welfare professionals presents empirical support for the multidimensional nature of autonomy, drawing on cross-sectional survey data from three datasets spanning six years. The findings show significant differences between welfare professionals’ experiences of professional and personal autonomy. An analysis of the relationship between professionals’ experience of performance demands and these two types of autonomy challenges the notion that increasing performance demands limits professional autonomy.