bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FURTHER TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ω-FLUORO COMPOUNDS
Authors: Walker I. G. , Parker J. M.
Published: October 2017

The toxicity to mice of the 5-fluoroamyl halides and six 1-fluoroalkanes (C6–C11) is reported. Unlike the other odd-numbered ω-fluoroalkyl halides the 5-membered compounds are quite toxic. In the 1-fluoroalkane series as in other ω-fluoro series the even-numbered compounds are the more toxic. The 5-fluoroamyl halides and 9-fluorononyl chloride, injected into mice in doses of three to four times the LD50, induce an increase in the citrate content of the kidneys between 20 and 90 minutes after injection. For the even-numbered ω-fluoro compounds, a pronounced accumulation has already developed by 20 minutes. Both the even and odd-numbered 1-fluoroalkanes cause an increase in the citrate content of the kidneys of mice injected with them. However, the former compounds promote a more rapid elevation of the citrate content. Other representative odd-numbered ω-fluoro compounds were tested for their ability to cause citrate accumulation at a time greater than 20 minutes. The lack of effect of these compounds on kidney citrate at this later time suggested that among the odd-numbered ω-fluoro compounds the ability to promote such a citrate accumulation is peculiar to the ω-fluoroalkyl halides and the 1-fluoroalkanes.
EFFECTS OF METABOLIC INHIBITORS ON POTASSIUM-STIMULATED GLUCOSE ABSORPTION BY ISOLATED SURVIVING GUINEA PIG INTESTINE
Authors: Riklis E. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

2,4-Dinitrophenol, at low concentrations, inhibits potassium-stimulated active transport of glucose by the isolated surviving guinea pig intestine to a greater extent than the unstimulated glucose transport. The potassium stimulation is abolished in the presence of 0.04 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol. Potassium stimulation of the active transport of glucose and galactose in the isolated guinea pig intestine is inhibited by phlorizin at low concentrations (0.01 mM) which have little or no effect on the unstimulated sugar transport. The presence of phlorizin has little or no effect on active fructose absorption, as shown by the combined transport of fructose and glucose derived from the fructose. In the presence of 15.6 meq./liter K+phlorizin exerts a small depression of the active transport of fructose. Potassium stimulation of the active transport of glucose in the isolated guinea pig intestine is inhibited by the narcotic luminal at low concentrations (2 mM). Luminal (10 mM) abolishes the potassium stimulation. Sodium malonate, at the concentration 2 mM, which exerts no inhibition of active glucose transport in isolated surviving guinea pig intestine, brings about over 40% inhibition of glucose transport when this is stimulated by potassium ions. Choline, at 0.5 mM, suppresses potassium stimulation of the active glucose transport in the isolated surviving guinea pig intestine. It is suggested that an enzymatic mechanism exists, associated with intestinal membranes, that controls sugar transport and that phosphorylations, either directly or indirectly, are connected with it.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14COMPOUNDS: VII. UTILIZATION OF PYRUVATE-2-C14
Authors: Bilinski E. , McConnell W. B.
Published: October 2017

Approximately half of the carbon-14 injected into the stems of wheat plants in the form of pyruvate-2-C14remained in the plant at maturity, 30 days later. Almost 90% of this had accumulated in the kernel. Appreciable activity was found in the major components, protein, starch, ether-soluble material, and a residue termed bran. The amino acids of the gluten protein differed markedly from one another in specific activity. Glutamic acid and the related amino acids, arginine and proline, were most active, their specific activity decreasing in that order. Fifty-two per cent of the carbon-14 in glutamic acid was in carbon-5, while carbon-1 contained 21%. Seventy per cent of the radioactivity of aspartic acid was divided almost equally between the terminal carboxyl groups. The results are similar to those previously observed using acetate-1-C14as tracer, and it is concluded that administered pyruvate-2-C14undergoes extensive decarboxylation to form acetate-1-C14. The most active carbon in alanine from the pyruvate-2-C14was carbon-1. This observation is not in accord with the theory that alanine is formed directly from pyruvate by transamination.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOSVITIN FROM HEN EGG YOLK
Authors: Joubert F. J. , Cook W. H.
Published: October 2017

Phosvitin was precipitated from egg yolk solution in 0.4 M magnesium sulphate by adding an equal volume of water. Purification was accomplished by repeatedly precipitating and dialyzing at pH 4.0 to remove lipovitellin. Phosvitin so prepared was free of lipid, contained 9.6% phosphorus, and had a molecular weight of 3.0 × 104at pH 4.0 and a frictional ratio that indicates an elongated molecule. It is a polyelectrolyte with properties that are dependent on both the concentration of the solute and the composition of the solvent. In buffer solutions containing low concentrations (0.01 to 0.05 M) of magnesium sulphate, it forms complexes having a particle weight of 14 × 105and with calcium salts a particle weight of 7.5 × 105.
STUDIES ON DEGENERATION OF MYELIN SHEATHS OF NERVES CAUSED BY LONG-ACTING LOCAL ANAESTHETICS INJECTED SUBCUTANEOUSLY INTO GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Maykut Madelaine O.
Published: October 2017

An investigation was undertaken to study the neurological changes induced by preparations of long-acting local anaesthetics and their components on cutaneous nerves, following a subcutaneous injection into the backs of guinea pigs. Some of the materials tested caused generalized inflammatory reactions in the skin and subcutaneous tissue but little specific injury to the nerves; others caused greater degrees of nerve injury, with little inflammatory reaction. In other words, the nerve injury was not due simply to inflammation. Two kinds of nerve injury are apparent: (a) edema, and (b) destruction with Wallerian degeneration, with or without edema. The rate of nerve regeneration appears to determine the duration of anaesthesia, only a few fibers being necessary for the return of sensation. The materials which tend to approach the ideal long-acting local anaesthetic are procaine amide, procaine–nembutal combination product, procaine base, and cyclaine.
THE EFFECTS OF ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS ON THE RESPIRATION OF RAT BRAIN CORTEX SLICES AND RAT BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Beer C. T. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

A study has been made of the effects of a series of aliphatic alcohols (ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol) on the respiration of rat brain cortex slices in the presence or absence of 0.1 M KCl. The respiration of rat brain cortex slices incubated in presence of 0.1 M KCl is found to be much more sensitive to the alcohols than that of the tissue incubated in absence of the added potassium ions. The inhibitory effects of the alcohols increase markedly as the length of the carbon chain increases and with increase of their concentrations. The stimulation of brain cortex respiration by addition of 0.1 M KCl is diminished or abolished by concentrations of the alcohols that have little effect on the unstimulated respiration. n-Pentanol is far more effective than ethanol in effecting an inhibition of potassium-stimulated brain cortex respiration. The inhibitive effects of the alcohols at low concentration on potassium-stimulated brain cortex respiration are not due to a gradual denaturation of tissue proteins. The data point to a rapid establishment of equilibria between the alcohols and components influencing brain respiratory systems. Brain mitochondrial respiration is relatively insensitive to concentrations of alcohols that considerably depress potassium-stimulated respiration of rat brain cortex slices. It is suggested that the alcohols exercise their inhibitory effects on brain cortex respiration at the brain cell membranes.
CORRELATED STUDIES OF STEROID FORMATION IN VITRO, ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS, AND CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ADRENAL GLANDS OF RATS GIVEN HISTAMINE
Authors: Schönbaum E. , Casselman W. G. Bruce
Published: October 2017

In the adrenal glands of rats given histamine, there are significant correlations between the increase in steroid formation in vitro, and the depletion of ascorbic acid or cytological changes in Z. fasciculata and Z. reticularis indicative of stimulation.
EFFECT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASES ON ACETYLCHOLINI LEVELS IN INSECTS
Authors: Smallman B. N. , Fisher R. W.
Published: October 2017

In accordance with the hypothesis for the lethal action of organophosphate insecticides, the ACh content of the nervous tissue of poisoned insects was shown to increase, and the rate of increase to depend on the degree and duration of ChE inhibition. Lethal doses of parathion, malathion, and TEPP caused increases in the ACh content of housefly heads up to 260% above normal; increased levels of ACh were also found in the thoracic nerve cord of roaches and the brains of mice after treatment with TEPP. Sublethal doses of TEPP resulted in transitory depression of ChE activity coinciding with a limited elevation of ACh levels followed by a return to normal; lethal doses resulted in prolonged inactivation of ChE and a corresponding steady increase of ACh to 90% above the normal level. Subsequent partial recovery of ChE activity, observed with lethal doses of TEPP and malathion, coincided with a fall in ACh values to below normal. At death, a portion of the ACh normally bound to tissue components is released and hydrolyzed by ChE. In contrast to the other compounds, DFP reduced the ACh levels in the heads of treated flies. The loss from the heads was associated with an equivalent gain by the rest of the body of DFP-treated flies. The ACh content of whole flies therefore remained constant (at 20% above normal) after treatment with DFP suggesting that this compound, unlike the others examined, interferes with the synthesis of ACh.
RIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY OF FISH MUSCLE EXTRACTS
Authors: Tomlinson Neil
Published: October 2017

A ribonuclease was partially purified from muscle of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). The preparation degraded yeast and lingcod ribonucleic acid. Four 3′-mononucleotides were identified as digestion products. The enzyme was readily destroyed by heat and acid (10 minutes at 58 °C, pH 2.5), and was inhibited strongly by Zn++, Cu++, monoiodoacetate, formaldehyde, and NaF. Its pH optimum was 6.5. Ribonuclease activity was also demonstrated in muscle extracts from spring salmon, lemon sole, dogfish, sculpin, herring, and swordfish. The muscle extracts of all fish examined possessed phosphodiesterase activity. The ribonuclease in lingcod extract could be separated from two phosphodiesterases also present by zone electrophoresis.
INFLUENCE OF THIAMINE AND TRYPTOPHAN UPON THE TRYPTOPHAN PEROXIDASE–OXIDASE ACTIVITY OF RAT LIVER
Authors: Townsend Edith E. , Sourkes T. L.
Published: October 2017

The possible role of thiamine in the oxidation of tryptophan by tryptophan peroxidase–oxidase (TPO) of liver was studied by several approaches. (1) In acute experiments parenterally administered thiamine did not cause an adaptive increase in the enzyme content of rat liver, as can be induced by similar injection of tryptophan. (2) Thiamine pyrophosphate, added to liver extracts which had been partially inactivated with respect to TPO by aging for one-half hour at 37 °C. or by prolonged dialysis, did not reactivate the enzyme oxidizing tryptophan. (3) In multifactorial dietary experiments in which thiamine, tryptophan, or both were omitted from the diet only tryptophan deficiency resulted in a decrease of the liver TPO activity. There was no effect of thiamine, either in the presence or absence of tryptophan. The D- and L-isomers of tryptophan were equally effective in promoting TPO activity. These results do not support the findings of other authors who imply a role for thiamine in the oxidation of tryptophan by TPO.
CHEMICAL THERMOGENESIS IN THE FUNCTIONALLY EVISCERATED COLD-ACCLIMATED RAT
Authors: Depocas Florent
Published: October 2017

The effect of functional evisceration (ligation of rectal colon, superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries, and portal vein) on the rise in oxygen consumption by rats which have been acclimated at 30° and at 6 °C. and then anesthetized or curarized and exposed to 6 °C. has been examined. At 30 °C., the O2 consumption of anesthetized cold-acclimated rats was higher than that of anesthetized warm-acclimated rats, but after functional evisceration there was no significant difference between the lower levels of O2 consumption obtained in the two groups. In anesthetized warm-acclimated rats the increase in O2 consumption in the cold after evisceration was smaller than that seen after sham-operation but both increases were suppressed by injection of tubocurarine. Anesthetized cold-acclimated rats, whether eviscerated or sham-operated, gave essentially the same increase in O2 consumption when exposed to 6 °C. and injection of tubocurarine did not lower the O2 consumption to the levels observed before the cold-induced rise took place. In cold-acclimated curarized rats, functional evisceration before exposure to cold did not always prevent increases in O2 consumption but the average increase was not significant in the group. Also, functional evisceration after increase in O2 consumption had taken place in cold-acclimated curarized rats exposed to 6 °C. did not immediately lower the O2 consumption to the level observed after evisceration at 30 °C. It is concluded that the presence of the abdominal viscera is not essential for the manifestation of chemical thermogenesis in the cold-acclimated white rat.
PURINE SYNTHESIS IN SUSPENSIONS OF MUCOSA FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE RAT
Authors: Paterson A. R. P. , Zbarsky S. H.
Published: October 2017

Suspensions of the epithelial lining of the small intestine of the rat have been shown to be suitable for in vitro studies of the de novo pathway of purine biosynthesis. The mucosal suspensions incorporate radioactive precursors such as formate and glycine into the purines of the soluble nucleotides and the nucleic acids. The relative renewal rates of purines from glycine and formate indicate that the latter is incorporated principally by synthesis as opposed to exchange reactions. The acid-soluble adenine compounds showed the highest renewal rates in this system.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: II. CHOLESTEROL, FAT, PROTEIN, AND WATER IN THE FLESH OF STANDARD FISH
Authors: Idler D. R. , Bitners I.
Published: October 2017

The absolute changes in free and esterified cholesterol, fat, protein, and water are discussed for the flesh of standard male and female salmon during the spawning migration. The data were obtained for 12 groups of male and 12 groups of female sockeye representing 216 fish. Fish were caught at three locations: below the entrance to the river, 250 miles up the river, and at the spawning grounds, which were 715 miles from the first sampling station.
DISUSE ATROPHY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN THE RAT, AGGRAVATED BY CORTISOL AND VARIOUS STRESS CONDITIONS
Authors: Bajusz Eörs
Published: October 2017

Slight atrophy of the triceps surae muscle of the rat was produced by immobilization of one hind limb in a plaster of Paris cast. The development of disuse atrophy was significantly aggravated when the immobilized animal was exposed to stressors and/or treated with cortisol. These results indicate that immobilization of one limb, which did not produce any visible local damage through compression, can act as a "conditioning" factor which selectively sensitizes the muscular tissue to the catabolic effect of endogenous and exogenous corticoids. It is probable that the conditioning is due to a circulatory disturbance caused by the immobilization, but this assumption has not been definitely proved. These experiments also indicate that the type of immobilization used here can act as a "neurogenic" stressor agent, and by thus producing general catabolism predisposes the muscular tissue for the development of a greater degree of atrophy.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: IV. THE NON-PROTEIN NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF THE MUSCLE
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: October 2017

The non-protein nitrogenous constituents of muscle of migrating sockeye salmon were investigated. These constituents were found to be the same in both male and female fish and were present in approximately the same amounts in both sexes. The histidine content of the muscle in all fish decreased to one fifth of the original value during the early stages of the migratory journey and remained at the low level thereafter. Some of the other constituents changed to a smaller extent, usually increasing in the later stages of the migration. This was especially noticeable in female fish. However, the increase in the concentration of these constituents in the muscle was due to a decrease in the amount of muscle in the fish rather than to an increase in the amounts of the compounds themselves.
THE PRESENCE OF A MITOSIS INHIBITOR IN THE SERUM AND LIVER OF ADULT RATS
Authors: Stich H. F. , Florian M. L.
Published: October 2017

The influence of serum and tissue homogenates on the mitotic rate of regenerating liver was tested. The following fractions were injected into Sprague–Dawley rats 24 hours after partial hepatectomy: (a) serum from normal 290–340 g. rats; (b) serum from rats 24 or 72 hours following partial hepatectomy; (c) liver homogenates from normal 290–340 g. rats; (d) regenerating liver homogenates (24 hours after partial hepatectomy); and, as controls, (e) brain homogenates representing non-mitotic tissues; (f) testes homogenates representing mitotically active tissues. Serum and liver from adult animals inhibit the onset of mitosis. Serum and regenerating liver from partially hepatectomized rats, as well as heterologous tissue, show no retarding effect.The results suggest the presence of an organ-specific inhibitor of mitosis in the serum and liver of adult animals.
THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A PERMANENT STRAIN OF ALTERED UTERINE FIBROBLASTS (U12-705)
Authors: Swim H. E. , Parker R. F.
Published: October 2017

A permanent line of altered human fibroblasts, strain U12-705, was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a defined medium supplemented with 2.5% (v/v) dialyzed chick embryo extract and 5% dialyzed horse serum. In the absence of any of the essential amino acids the cells not only fail to proliferate but undergo degenerative changes which increased with time. The omission of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, and proline either separately or collectively does not alter the rate of growth or result in changes in the appearance of the cells. Cysteine and glutathione are equally as effective as cystine in promoting the growth of U12-705. None of the D-enantiomorphs of the essential amino acids will effectively replace the corresponding L-isomer. Single D-amino acids are not inhibitory when added to the medium in 5 times the concentration of the L-amino acid. The minimum concentrations of essential amino acids which permit optimal proliferation under the conditions employed range from 0.005 to 0.5 mM. Essential amino acids with the exception of glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, and valine are toxic for U12-705 when employed at a concentration of 5 mM. Toxic manifestations vary with the amino acid and range from cytologic changes in the cells without a significant decrease in the growth rate to complete inhibition of growth and extensive cellular degeneration.
THE BRACHIAL TO DIGITAL BLOOD PRESSURE GRADIENT IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: Gaskell P. , Krisman A. M.
Published: October 2017

The brachial and digital blood pressures were estimated by auscultatory techniques in 10 patients with essential hypertension and in a group of 6 subjects with normal blood pressure who were in a state of regulated peripheral vasoconstriction and again when they were in a state of regulated vasodilatation. The brachial to digital systolic and diastolic pressure gradients in both control subjects and hypertensive patients were greater when the individuals were heated than when they were cooled. The brachial to digital diastolic pressure gradient in the hypertensive patients was not significantly different from that in the subjects with normal blood pressure. However, the systolic pressure gradient was greater in the hypertensive patients than in the control group both when the individuals were heated and when they were cooled.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A LIPOPROTEIN FROM THE FLOATING FRACTION OF EGG YOLK
Authors: Turner K. J. , Cook W. H.
Published: October 2017

Ether extraction removes 80% of the floating fraction of egg yolk from its solution in 2.5% sodium chloride. On removal of the ether and dialysis against specific solvents two thirds of the remaining lipoprotein (40% lipid) precipitates, leaving a soluble fraction containing 50% lipid. The soluble and insoluble portions probably represent different levels of degradation rather than different lipoproteins since both materials are apparently derived by ether extraction from a natural entity of much higher lipid content. The soluble fraction is heterogeneous and has mean molecular weights of M w = 5.4 × 105by light-scattering methods, and M n = 3.4 × 105by osmotic pressure. A "light" fraction obtained by centrifuging and representing 38% of the soluble material had M w = 3.4 to 3.5 × 105. Heterogeneity in lipid content appears to be responsible for the low molecular weight (M w = 2.4 × 105) obtained by sedimentation.
N-TERMINAL AMINO ACIDS OF THE PROTEINS OF THE FLOATING FRACTION OF EGG YOLK
Authors: Smith David B. , Turner K. J.
Published: October 2017

Lysine is the major N-terminal amino acid of both the soluble and insoluble fractions of the floating lipoprotein of hen's egg yolk, which suggests a common primary structure. Several minor components are also present in both fractions.
EFFECT OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSTHISTAMINIC GASTRIC ULCERS IN DOGS
Authors: Kowalewski K. , Lyon R. K. , Edwards G. E. , Shnitka T. K.
Published: October 2017

Prolonged treatment of dogs with histamine resulted in acute and chronic ulceration in Heidenhain gastric pouches in all animals under investigation. Only 16% of dogs given histamine and pitressin developed chronic mucosal lesions in pouches. Gastric acidity and secretion were high and of comparable magnitude in both groups of dogs.These findings suggest that the vascular component of the gastric response to histamine is more important than the secretory component in the etiology of histamine ulcers.Detailed gross and microscopical study of mucosal lesions was performed.
ACTION OF ANTIHISTAMINES AND TRANQUILIZERS ON THE CONVERSION OF FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN
Authors: Kátó László , Gözsy Béla
Published: October 2017

Antihistamines and tranquilizers with antihistaminic effect interfere in vitro with the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin in the presence of thrombin. Clot opacity measurements of such systems show that the presence of moderate amounts of these reagents permits the formation of polymers, which exhibit low opacity at the time of clotting and are characterized as "fine clot". The reagent, which prolonged clotting time, also produced gels of high rigidity and slight tendency to syneresis. Evidence is presented to show that the compounds act upon fibrinogen rather than on thrombin and that the effects are reversible. The effects are assumed to be the results of interference with van der Waals' forces.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE: XV. ADENYLATE KINASE OF THE ERYTHROCYTE
Authors: Kashket Shelby , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

Adenylate kinase has been found in the membrane and the cytoplasm of rabbit and human erythrocytes. ADP, when added to a suspension of washed erythrocytes, causes an increase in the rate of glucose utilization by the cells. The ADP evidently can enter the cell membrane where it is converted by the adenylate kinase to equimolar quantities of ATP and AMP. The ATP can pass either into the interior of the cell or into the external medium. Added ATP or AMP apparently cannot pass through the erythrocyte membrane. The role of adenylate kinase in these reactions, and its location within the erythrocyte membrane, are discussed.
THYROTROPHIC HORMONE ACTIVITY IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS EXPOSED TO COLD AND RECEIVING ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: DesMarais André
Published: October 2017

Hypophysectomized rats were treated for 5 days with 0.05 unit of thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) daily, with or without administration of 150 mg of ascorbate per day, and either exposed to cold (14 °C) or kept at room temperature (24 °C). No effect of exposure to cold or ascorbate treatment could be observed on the thyroid–TSH relationship. Any effect of ascorbate treatment in these animals appears to be mediated through the circulating thyroid hormones.
ACETATE AND OCTANOATE UTILIZATION BY LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE OF CASTRATED AND GONADAL HORMONE-TREATED RATS
Authors: Perry W. F. , Bowen Helen F.
Published: October 2017

The incorporation of C14-labelled acetate into fatty acids and cholesterol was studied in vitro in castrated and gonadal hormone-treated male and female rats. Measurements were also made on the incorporation of C14-labelled octanoic acid into acetoacetic acid by liver tissue and the incorporation of acetate and octanoate into CO2.Castration in the male, but not in the female, was followed by an increased incorporation of acetate into both liver and adipose tissue fatty acids and into liver cholesterol.Testosterone treatment led to a decreased incorporation into fatty acids by liver tissue in the male, whereas estradiol treatment of the female led to an increase in the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids by both liver and adipose tissue. Acetate incorporation into cholesterol was unaltered by hormone treatment in both sexes. The incorporation of octanoic acid into acetoacetic acid by liver tissue was decreased in the estradiol-treated female rat but was unaltered in the testosterone-treated male rat or by castration in either sex.
THE FORMATION OF GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES FROM C14-LABELLED PRECURSORS IN RAT BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Pritchard E. T.
Published: October 2017

The relative incorporation of a number of C14-labelled precursors into the phosphatides of surviving rat brain and liver slices was examined. In addition, the distribution of radioactivity within the individual phosphoglycerides was determined for each precursor. Acetate was the only precursor that contributed considerable radioactivity to the fatty acid portion of the phosphatide molecule. The other precursors donated their radioactivity to the non-fatty acid portion of the glycerophosphatide molecule, both in brain and liver tissue. In brain it was found that ethanolamine was the most effective precursor, followed by serine, choline, glycerol, acetate, and glycine. In liver the order was acetate, glycerol, serine, choline, and glycine. Aerobic conditions and an adequate carbohydrate metabolism were essential for optimum incorporation of the precursors into the phosphatides of brain slices.
A SPECTROMETRIC STUDY OF THE REACTIONS OF KETOSTEROIDS IN SULPHURIC ACID
Authors: Goldberg Hilda F. , Linford J. H.
Published: October 2017

The reactions of C3 ketosteroids in concentrated sulphuric acid and in fuming sulphuric acid have been studied by following the development of their absorption spectra. The results are attributed to protonation of the C3 keto oxygen in 98%–100% acid, and to removal of the C3 keto oxygen in fuming acid. These reactions proceed at a higher rate at 100 °C than at room temperature, but the reaction is the same.It is suggested that in the presence of conjugated protonated ketone, double bonds take part in addition reactions to form the hydrogen sulphates. In the absence of conjugated ketone, or when the acid is diluted to prevent the occurrence of protonation, double bonds react with protonated molecules of acid solvent, or of diluent, or of added reactive compounds, to form carbonium ions.
STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: VI. THE INFLUENCE OF ADENOSINE AND INOSINE ON THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE
Authors: Rubinstein David , Kashket Shelby , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

Inosine is as effective as adenosine in maintaining the organic phosphate esters in the erythrocytes during storage in the citrate–dextrose preservative medium. Adenosine undergoes deamination in the presence of erythrocytes with liberation of ammonia. The ammonia tends to counteract the increase in the hydrogen ion concentration caused by the glycolytic production of lactic acid. By maintaining the hydrogen ion concentration within the range favorable to the activity of hexokinase, adenosine tends to maintain the utilization of glucose in the preserved red cells. Inosine, on the contrary, does not resist the increase in hydrogen ion concentration of the cells during storage, hence the utilization of glucose rapidly becomes impaired and supplanted by the utilization of ribose derived from the nucleoside. The utilization of ribose remains practically unaffected by the increase in hydrogen ion concentration to pH 6.1. Ammonium ions stimulate the utilization of glucose by erythrocytes but in degree not sufficient to account for the full effect of adenosine.
NOTE ON A RAPID TRANSLOCATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ASSIMILATED C14 OUT OF THE PRIMARY LEAF OF THE YOUNG SOYBEAN PLANT
Authors: Nelson C. D. , Perkins Harold J. , Gorham Paul R.
Published: October 2017

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OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND BLOOD FLOW IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND OF THE DOG
Authors: Terroux K. Godwin , Sekelj P. , Burgen A. S. V.
Published: October 2017

The blood flow and oxygen consumption of the submaxillary glands of seven dogs were measured while the glands were at rest and during secretory activity. Serial samples of blood were delivered directly from blood vessels to the cell of a cuvette oximeter, so that during the course of an experiment changes in haemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation of the blood issuing from the submaxillary vein could be followed. A. flowmeter connected with the salivary duct, and recording on a Sanborn Polyviso, gave a continuous record of the rate of saliva flow. The resting blood flow was 0.26 ± 0.11 ml/g min and the resting oxygen consumption, 27 ± 6 μl/g min. During activity there was an approximately linear relationship between the rate of saliva flow and the the extra oxygen consumption. There was poor correlation between oxygen consumption and blood flow. Atropine had little or no effect on resting glands, but depressed both the rate of saliva flow and the extra oxygen consumption associated with it, in doses which had no effect on the vasodilator response to stimulation.
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: VII. THE ROLE OFp-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVIC ACID
Authors: Brown Stewart A. , Wright D. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

L-Phenylalanine-C14and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid-3-C14were administered to wheat, buckwheat, and salvia (Salvia splendens Sello), and after 24 hours the "lignin aldehydes" (p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, and syringaldehyde) were isolated following alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of the plant fraction insoluble in ethanol–benzene and water. Although all species converted phenylalanine readily to lignin, only wheat could form the syringyl and guaiacyl parts of lignin efficiently from p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde recovered from all species was heavily labelled after feeding both compounds. The L-tyrosine from acid hydrolysis and the p-hydroxybenzaldehyde from nitrobenzene oxidation, isolated from buckwheat activated by feeding p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid-3-C14, had the same molar specific activity, and it is considered probable that most if not all of the p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in all these species was derived from protein tyrosine in the extracted residue. When p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid-3-C14was metabolized by wheat all the aldehydes were labelled, but none possessed measurable radioactivity when this compound was administered to buckwheat. Consequently, neither p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic nor p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid is a general intermediate in lignification, and differences noted here and in previous papers between grasses and non-grasses probably result from the unique ability of grasses to convert p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid to p-hydroxycinnamic acid. This idea is supported by the ability of wheat to form p-hydroxycinnamic and ferulic acids readily from both phenylalanine and tyrosine, whereas only phenylalanine is a good precursor of these acids in salvia. A scheme is presented showing the metabolic interconversions of phenylpropanoid acids and related compounds leading to lignin.
MECHANISMS OF THE RENAL RESPONSE TO PLASMA VOLUME EXPANSION
Authors: Atkins E. L. , Pearce J. W.
Published: October 2017

Expansion of the plasma volume by infusions either of plasma or iso-oncotic albumin solution resulted almost uniformly in diuresis and natriuresis in anaesthetized dogs. Although the clearance of para-aminohippurate (RPF) usually increased, changes in clearance of creatinine (GFR) were neither large nor consistent in direction, indicating that the renal response depended on altered tubular reabsorption. The usual temporal dissociation between the peak values for water and sodium output during the response was interpreted as evidence of operation of two effector mechanisms. Reasons are given for believing that the renal response was not due to a direct action of the infusate, but rather to activation of a reflex mechanism by expansion of vascular volume. Bilateral cervical vagotomy did not prevent either the diuresis or the natriuresis, again implying that receptors additional to those in the cardiac atria must contribute to the sensory limb of the reflex. The average magnitude of diuretic and natriuretic responses after cervical vagotomy was, however, less than a quarter of that before the denervation, supporting the contention that the vagi do contribute to the renal response to expansion of the plasma volume when plasma is infused. The diuresis and the natriuresis still occurred during infusion in adrenalectomized animals, indicating that inhibition of aldosterone secretion is not the only effector mechanism leading to a natriuretic response to expansion of vascular volume.
THE EFFECT OF DAMAGE TO VARIOUS PARTS OF THE RENAL TUBULE ON THE EXCRETION OF PHOSPHATE BY THE DOG'S KIDNEY
Authors: Nicholson T. F. , Shepherd G. W.
Published: October 2017

The first third of the proximal tubules of the left kidney in dogs was damaged by the injection of 2.5 mg% potassium dichromate, the last two thirds by the injection of 0.5% sodium tartrate, and the distal tubules by the retrograde injection up the ureter of 0.05% mercuric chloride. Damage to the first third of the proximal tubule resulted in marked increase in phosphate excretion. Damage to the last two thirds of the proximal tubule had no significant effect on the output of phosphate. When the distal tubule was damaged the excretion of phosphate was greatly reduced. The results indicate that phosphate is reabsorbed in the first third of the proximal tubule and actively excreted by the distal tubule.
EFFECTS OF CONTRACTILE STIMULI ON EXCHANGES OF ELECTROLYTES BETWEEN UTERINE TISSUES AND A SALINE–BICARBONATE MEDIUM
Authors: Daniel Edwin E. , Daniel Betty N.
Published: October 2017

(1) Evidence has been presented suggesting that progesterone pretreatment in vivo increases the rate of leakage of potassium from rabbit uterine segments into a saline–bicarbonate medium.(2) Various types of evidence indicate that in uterine tissues, the loss of potassium from cells into potassium-free solutions is increased during the contractile actions of drugs. There was no clear-cut concomitant increase in tissue sodium concentrations. The results tend to confirm previous findings indicating that increases in potassium (but not in sodium) permeability are associated with contraction of smooth muscle.(3) Epinephrine effects on potassium loss occurred only in uteri which contracted in response to epinephrine. Norepinephrine, but not iproterenol, had a similar effect. Dibenamine, alone, decreased potassium loss and partly blocked the effects of epinephrine. Direct measurement of glycogen content suggested that these findings were not related to a glycogenolytic action of the epinephrine. Rather, the effect of epinephrine to increase potassium loss seemed to be closely related to its contractile action. In long-term experiments, both epinephrine and calcium slowed the rate of K loss and of water and sodium gain. This effect also was absent in uterine tissues which were not contracted by epinephrine.
A PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE PURIFICATION OF SHIKIMIC ACID-U-C14 OBTAINED FROM CULTURE FILTRATES OF A MUTANT OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Perkins Harold J. , Aronoff S.
Published: October 2017

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SOME EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE MODE OF BINDING OF HISTAMINE
Authors: McIlreath Jr. Fred J.
Published: October 2017

The release of histamine from dog liver particles and isolated perfused cat paws was induced by various histamine liberators in both isotonic and hypertonic solutions of sucrose and mannitol. When any of several base-type histamine liberators were employed, significantly less histamine was discharged from the preparations in 1.2 M solutions than in isotonic solutions (0.32 M). No significant differences were found when surface-active compounds were used as liberators.
PREPARATION AND ASSAY OFD-ERYTHROSE 4-PHOSPHATE
Authors: Baxter J. N. , Perlin A. S. , Simpson F. J.
Published: October 2017

The oxidation of D-glucose 6-phosphate by lead tetraacetate in cold acetic–propionic acid produces D-erythrose 4-phosphate contaminated with a small proportion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The product is a suitable substrate for certain enzymic studies, as illustrated by its use in the assay of transaldolase and transketolase. D-Erythritol 4-phosphate may readily be obtained in high yield by reducing the crude oxidation mixture with sodium borohydride. Oxidation of D-fructose 6-phosphate with 1 mole of lead tetraacetate gives chiefly D-erythrose 4-phosphate, whereas oxidation with 2 moles produces mainly D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The stability of D-erythrose 4-phosphate under a variety of conditions was also examined.
ÉTUDE DE LA RÉACTION DE L'ADRÉNALINE AVEC L'ÉTHYLÈNEDIAMINE
Authors: Nadeau Guy , Joly Louis-Philippe
Published: October 2017

The influence of pH, reagent composition, time, temperature, light, and various ions, on the reaction of fluorescence between adrenaline and ethylenediamine, has been investigated. The necessity of a preliminary oxidation to adrenochrome is confirmed. Optimum pH of reaction is situated at 10.4 ± 0.1, while extraction with isobutanol is best performed at pH 10.1 ± 0.1. A satisfactory reagent is one that contains 114.5 millimoles of ethylenediamine base per 100 ml of reacting mixture and sufficient hydrochloric acid to bring the pH to 10.3 ± 0.1. Temperature and length of reaction may be conveniently set at 50 °C and 20 to 30 minutes. Increasing the temperature significantly lowers the yield of fluorescent material; performing the reaction at room temperature increases the yield, but lengthens the procedure. Exposure to diffuse and ultraviolet light also affects the yield of fluorescence. All these factors (temperature, light, as well as excess of oxygen) appear to exert their influence in the first stages of the reaction, since the fluorescent material, once formed, is relatively stable. The beneficial effect of various ions, including Cu++, Al+++, and MoO4−−, is discussed in relation to complex formation. Efficiency of extraction with aliphatic alcohols has also been investigated; true yield from C14-adrenaline is estimated. In the light of recent findings on the structure of adrenochrome, new pathways for the reaction are suggested.
THE POOL SIZE, TURNOVER RATE, AND OXIDATION RATE OF BODY GLUCOSE IN ANESTHETIZED WARM- AND COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS EXPOSED TO A WARM ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Depocas Florent
Published: October 2017

The size and space of the body glucose pool along with its turnover and oxidation rates have been measured in anesthetized 30° and 6 °C acclimated rats by a method involving continuous intravenous injection of small amounts of D-glucose uniformly labelled with C14and attainment of relatively constant specific activities of plasma glucose and respiratory CO2. Values of glucose pool space in warm-acclimated rats (essentially normal animals) were in accord with those found in the dog by a similar method. Results obtained on warm-acclimated rats indicated that previous published values of turnover and oxidation rates of glucose for normal rats were high by a factor of approximately 2 to 4. There was, however, close agreement between the values of turnover time of body glucose pool measured by the continuous infusion procedure and those obtained by others with the single intravenous or intraperitoneal injection procedure. In cold-acclimated rats, average absolute values of glucose pool size were significantly smaller than in warm-acclimated rats but the difference was lost when results were related to body weight. Small, non-significant differences in values of glucose pool size per 100 g body weight and in plasma glucose concentration combined to give a significantly larger glucose space in cold-than in warm-acclimated rats. Glucose turnover and oxidation rates, the ratio between these two quantities, and the proportion of respiratory CO2derived from glucose oxidation were not significantly different in the two groups of rats, thus indicating that cold acclimation is not associated with major alterations in glucose metabolism at least when studied on fully fed anesthetized animals at 30 °C.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Burgen A. S. V.
Published: October 2017

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HISTAMINE RELEASE BY HOMOLOGOUS PLASMA IN THE DOG
Authors: Bliss J. Q. , Walker J. D.
Published: October 2017

Dogs were injected intracutaneously with their own plasma and with plasma from other dogs. The injected skin in each case was excised and incubated in Tyrode's medium. More free histamine was found in the media containing skin injected with homologous plasma than in the media containing skin injected with autologous plasma. When considered with earlier observations, this result justifies the conclusion that, in the dog, homologous plasma releases histamine on initial injection. Similar experiments with the histamine liberator compound 48/80 showed the method to be extremely sensitive in detecting histamine release.
STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON CLINICAL DEXTRANS: PART 1. METHYLATION AND PERIODATE OXIDATION STUDIES
Authors: Jones J. K. N. , Wilkie K. C. B.
Published: October 2017

Determinations have been made of the structures of four clinical dextrans, i.e. partially depolymerized dextrans which, in solution, are used as blood-volume expanders. By methylation studies, the major fractions of the dextrans have been shown to consist of chains of α 1 → 6 linked glucopyranose residues about 1 in every 9.5 – 11 of which also have branch points at C3. Two of the dextrans are probably also branched to a minor extent on C4. Periodate oxidation studies are reported on the clinical dextrans and on fractions obtained by ultrafiltration.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONAL AND THERMAL ACCLIMATION IN WHITE RATS: I. METABOLIC AND INSULATIVE CHANGES
Authors: Héroux O. , Depocas F. , Hart J. S.
Published: October 2017

Physiological adjustments to cold temperature have been compared in white rats exposed either to the outdoor fluctuating environmental conditions or to the indoor constant temperature conditions. While the metabolic adjustments such as increased peak metabolism and decreased shivering were similar in outdoor and indoor rats exposed to cold, the adjustments in insulation and thermoneutral metabolic rates were quite different. The pelage insulation increased in the rats kept outside during the winter but remained unchanged in the rats kept in a constant temperature room maintained at 6 °C. The resting metabolic rate measured at 30 °C increased in the 6 °C acclimated rats but not in the winter-exposed animals. Over the temperature range +30 °C to −15 °C, while the indoor cold-acclimated rats had a higher metabolic rate than their controls acclimated to 30 °C, the winter rats had a lower metabolism than their summer controls.
THE INHIBITION OF BLOOD CLOTTING BY PHOSPHATE ESTERS OF VITAMINS K AND E
Authors: Lowenthal J. , Fisher L. M.
Published: October 2017

Vitamin K1phosphate was incubated with thromboplastin and the mixture used for the determination of the one-stage prothrombin time of human plasma. No change in thromboplastic activity was observed. The thrombin times of an artificial clotting system composed of a 1% fibrinogen solution were prolonged following incubation with vitamin K1phosphate. The inhibitory activity of vitamin K1phosphate, alpha-tocopherol phosphate, and menadiol sodium diphosphate on the one-stage prothrombin and the clotting times of rat and human plasmas was followed. Vitamin K1phosphate and alpha-tocopherol phosphate showed greatest activity while Synkavite showed only slight activity. At low concentrations of the phosphate derivatives the inhibition was found to be a linear function of the log of the prothrombin and clotting time. It is suggested that the phosphorylated derivatives inhibit the clotting process by interfering with the polymerization of fibrin.
POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE SAP OF THE SUGAR MAPLE (ACER SACCHARUM)
Authors: Adams G. A. , Bishop C. T. , McDonald I. J.
Published: October 2017

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STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: IX. RADIOACTIVITY OF WHEAT FOLLOWING INJECTION OF FORMATE-C14AND GLYCINE-1-C14WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SERINE LABELLING
Authors: McConnell W. B. , Bilinski E.
Published: October 2017

Formate-C14and glycine-1-C14were injected into the stems of wheat plants 71 days after seeding and the distribution of carbon-14 in the plants 102 days after seeding (full maturity) was studied. Large losses of formate carbon from the plant were observed. The most active kernel component isolated after formate-C14injection was protein, the methyl carbon of the methionine and carbon-3 of serine being especially radioactive. The gluten protein of wheat kernels labelled with glycine-1-C14was also comparatively radioactive, more than one half of the carbon-14 occurring in the carboxyl carbons of glycine and serine. The results suggest that the radioactive serine was formed largely by way of the condensation of formate, or a "one carbon fragment," with carbon-2 of glycine.
ARGININE UPTAKE AND ARGINASE ACTIVITY IN EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA CELLS
Authors: Johnstone R. M.
Published: October 2017

Anaerobic glycolysis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed to amino acids leads to an increased uptake of a number of the amino acids to levels comparable with those obtained under aerobic conditions. The arginine uptake in the cell is not increased by glucose. Anaerobically the arginase activity is inhibited when glucose is present. The inhibition appears to be the result of an increased retention in the cell of the ornithine produced by arginase activity.
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF AGE ON ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL ACTH CONCENTRATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Fortier Claude
Published: October 2017

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