bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing free morphological data for Polish
Authors: Radziszewski Adam , Maziarz Marek
Published: November 2015

Developing free morphological data for PolishA limiting factor in construction of Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems is often the availability of morphological resources. This indeed happens for Polish: the freely available corpus with manual morpho-syntactic annotation (part of the IPI PAN Corpus) is not coupled with any free morphological analyser. There exists a very large morphological dictionary of Polish available under a free licence – Morfologik. Unfortunately, its tagset differs significantly from the tagset of the corpus and, what is more, its morphological description lacks desired rigour. We amend this situation by performing a massive conversion of the dictionary into the tagset compliant with the corpus. The conversion results in a free dictionary containing entries for almost 3.5 million different word forms. In this article we report on our methodology, discuss some morphological and syntactic issues related to both tagsets and present the characteristics of the resulting dictionary.
On the issue of systemic conceptography of the Holy Bible
Authors: Shyrokov Volodymyr , Shevchenko Larysa
Published: November 2015

On the issue of systemic conceptography of the Holy BibleThe systemic cognitive and linguistic principles of the conceptographic text interpretation are stated. The concept of nonrandom text is introduced. The operational principles of the non-random text conceptography are analyzed and systematized. The theoretical approaches are illustrated on the New Testament text English.
How to analyze contextuality of metatextual language units? Notes on the relation: TRS – particle semantics
Authors: Kisiel Anna
Published: November 2015

How to analyze contextuality of metatextual language units? Notes on the relation: TRS – particle semanticsThe presented article is devoted to further (after Kisiel 2010) discussion about contextuality of metatextual language units, especially particles. Having selected contextual particles as an example, the author shows how specific structuralisation of TRS is strictly connected with particle meaning. The observation leads to the conclusion that examination of TRS cannot be avoided when analysing particles. Untangling particles meaning has to be based on describing the TRS they work on. Such a procedure has been only recently applied to Polish lexicography.
The conceptual images of erotic relations in Spanish. Analysis of some linguistic aspects of The Turkish passion by Antonio Gala
Authors: Popek-Bernat Katarzyna
Published: November 2015

The conceptual images of erotic relations in Spanish. Analysis of some linguistic aspects of The Turkish passion by Antonio GalaIn this paper we try to systematize the contemporary Spanish expressions related to the erotic relations. The corpus is based on the novel by Antonio Gala The Turkish Passion (orig. La pasión turca) which, thanks to its plot with higly erotic content, constitutes an important source of linguistic material for our investigation. The analysis we propose reflects the methodology developed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their studies concerning the cognitive theory of metaphor. According to them, every concept consists of a source and a target domain and while expressing one idea we refer to another. Our analysis focuses on the reconstruction of the conceptual domains by means of which the Spanish writer describes the erotic relations. Although the book does not include all the erotic vocabulary and expressions which exist in contemporary Spanish, it enables us to observe some regularities in the use of metaphors in Spanish and reveal some sociocultural phenomena encoded in the linguistic material.
System semantics of explanatory dictionaries
Authors: Shyrokov Volodymyr
Published: November 2015

System semantics of explanatory dictionariesSome semantic properties of the language to be followed from the structure of lexicographical systems of big explanatory dictionaries are considered. The hyperchains and hypercycles are determined as the definite kind of automorphisms of the lexicographical system of explanatory dictionary. Some semantic consequencies following from the principles of lexicographic closure and lexicographic completeness are investigated using the hyperchains and hypercycles formalism. The connection between the hypercyle properties of the lexicographical system semantics and Goedel’s incompleteness theorem is discussed.
The MJO as a Dispersive, Convectively Coupled Moisture Wave: Theory and Observations
Authors: Adames Ángel F. , Kim Daehyun
Published: November 2015

A linear wave theory for the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), previously developed by Sobel and Maloney, is extended upon in this study. In this treatment, column moisture is the only prognostic variable and the horizontal wind is diagnosed as the forced Kelvin and Rossby wave responses to an equatorial heat source/sink. Unlike the original framework, the meridional and vertical structure of the basic equations is treated explicitly, and values of several key model parameters are adjusted, based on observations. A dispersion relation is derived that adequately describes the MJO’s signal in the wavenumber–frequency spectrum and defines the MJO as a dispersive equatorial moist wave with a westward group velocity. On the basis of linear regression analysis of satellite and reanalysis data, it is estimated that the MJO’s group velocity is ~40% as large as its phase speed. This dispersion is the result of the anomalous winds in the wave modulating the mean distribution of moisture such that the moisture anomaly propagates eastward while wave energy propagates westward. The moist wave grows through feedbacks involving moisture, clouds, and radiation and is damped by the advection of moisture associated with the Rossby wave. Additionally, a zonal wavenumber dependence is found in cloud–radiation feedbacks that cause growth to be strongest at planetary scales. These results suggest that this wavenumber dependence arises from the nonlocal nature of cloud–radiation feedbacks; that is, anomalous convection spreads upper-level clouds and reduces radiative cooling over an extensive area surrounding the anomalous precipitation.
North Atlantic Barotropic Vorticity Balances in Numerical Models
Authors: Schoonover Joseph , Dewar William , Wienders Nicolas , Gula Jonathan , McWilliams James C. , Molemaker M. Jeroen , Bates Susan C. , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Yeager Stephen
Published: November 2015

Numerical simulations are conducted across model platforms and resolutions with a focus on the North Atlantic. Barotropic vorticity diagnostics confirm that the subtropical gyre is characterized by an inviscid balance primarily between the applied wind stress curl and bottom pressure torque. In an area-integrated budget over the Gulf Stream, the northward return flow is balanced by bottom pressure torque. These integrated budgets are shown to be consistent across model platforms and resolution, suggesting that these balances are robust. Two of the simulations, at 100- and 10-km resolutions, produce a more northerly separating Gulf Stream but obtain the correct integrated vorticity balances. In these simulations, viscous torque is nonnegligible on smaller scales, indicating that the separation is linked to the details of the local dynamics. These results are shown to be consistent with a scale analysis argument that suggests that the biharmonic viscous torque in particular is upsetting the inviscid balance in simulations with a more northerly separation. In addition to providing evidence for locally controlled inviscid separation, these results provide motivation to revisit the formulation of subgrid-scale parameterizations in general circulation models.
Quantitative Measures of Swallowing Deficits in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ellerston Julia K. , Heller Amanda C. , Houtz Daniel R. , Kendall Katherine A.
Published: November 2015

Objective:

Dysphagia and associated aspiration pneumonia are commonly reported sequelae of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Previous studies of swallowing in patients with PD have described prolonged pharyngeal transit time, delayed onset of pharyngeal transit, cricopharyngeal (CP) achalasia, reduced pharyngeal constriction, and slowed hyolaryngeal elevation. These studies were completed using inconsistent evaluation methodology, reliance on qualitative analysis, and a lack of a large control group, resulting in concerns regarding diagnostic precision. The purpose of this study was to investigate swallowing function in patients with PD using a norm-referenced, quantitative approach.

Methods:

This retrospective study includes 34 patients with a diagnosis of PD referred to a multidisciplinary voice and swallowing clinic. Modified barium swallow studies were performed using quantitative measures of pharyngeal transit time, hyoid displacement, CP sphincter opening, area of the pharynx at maximal constriction, and timing of laryngeal vestibule closure relative to bolus arrival at the CP sphincter.

Results:

Reduced pharyngeal constriction was found in 30.4%, and a delay in airway closure relative to arrival of the bolus at the CP sphincter was the most common abnormality, present in 62% of patients. Previously reported findings of prolonged pharyngeal transit, poor hyoid elevation, and CP achalasia were not identified as prominent features.
Reconstruction of the Audiogram Using Brain Stem Responses and High-Pass Noise Masking
Authors: Don Manuel , Eggermont Jos J. , Brackmann Derald E.
Published: November 2015

Contributions to the brain stem electrical responses (BSER) presumably initiated from specific frequency regions of the cochlea with center frequencies similar to the major audiometric frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz) are derived by the application of a high-pass noise masking technique utilizing click stimuli. In normal hearing subjects, these derived narrow-band responses from the midfrequency regions (4, 2, and 1 kHz) can be recognized at click levels as low as 10 dB HL. For the frequency regions around 8 kHz and 0.5 kHz, these derived responses can be discerned at click levels of 30 dB HL and higher. When one uses the lowest click level at which these derived responses can be obtained from a given frequency region, the differences between a patient with a hearing loss and a normal hearing subject correlate well with the amount of hearing loss (air conduction) recorded by conventional pure tone audiometry. Use of the high-pass noise masking technique to reconstruct the audiogram may be of great potential value in assessing young children and other individuals who cannot or will not respond to conventional audiometry.
Influences of Hearing Impairment on Early Language Development
Authors: Naremore Rita C.
Published: November 2015

It is difficult to determine exactly the effects of chronic otitis media on early language development, in part because we do not know whether hearing loss resulting from otitis media is intermittent or constant, and in part because it is difficult to assess the precise language ability of very young children. This paper focuses on those aspects of language development which one might expect hearing impairment to affect, and presents several hypotheses about the possible effects of mild-to-moderate hearing loss on the earliest stages of language development.
Introduction: Crime, Law and Criminology in China
Authors: Broadhurst Roderic , Liu Jianhong
Published: November 2015

Over the past two and a half decades, China has experienced a profound social transition from a state socialist command economy to a market economy. These fundamental changes have altered every aspect of Chinese society. The economic reform has achieved remarkable success. From 1990 to 2002, China's GDP increased by an average of 9% per annum, making it the sixth largest economy in the world by 2002, with a GDP of $USI.23 trillion (China Statistical Bureau, 2003). The accelerated economic development has transformed China into one of the world's leading economies. It has become the fastest growing economy in the world and the fifth largest exporting nation, and an engine of growth for the entire Pacific Rim. The opening up of ‘Red’ China to the world has led to enormous and fundamental changes in the social and economic life of all Chinese people, especially in urban areas and coastal regions.
Physician Perspectives on Obesity Screening in Hospitalized Children
Authors: Lee Diana S. , Gross Elissa , Rinke Michael L.
Published: November 2015

Nearly one-third of the children in the United States are obese or overweight and face associated physical and mental health issues.1,2 Parents often misperceive and underreport their child’s weight status.3-5 This misperception is a major barrier to increasing healthy lifestyle choices, such as limiting screen time, increasing physical activity, improving diet, and participating in prevention programs.6-8 Increasing parental awareness of children’s weight status is an important initial step in addressing the obesity epidemic.
The Readability of Segmented and Conventional Numerals
Authors: Plath D. W.
Published: November 2015

The objective of this research was to compare the readability of slanted and vertically segmented numerals with the readability of the numeral design recommended in most human engineering guides. The specific variable investigated was the accuracy with which the numbers could be read at three exposure times. Results indicated that the readability of the slanted segmented numerals was no better than that of the vertical segmented numerals. Both forms of segmented displays were significantly inferior to the conventional numerals in readability. It was concluded that segmented displays, as presently designed, should not be used where accuracy is critical and exposure time is severely limited.
Validity of Expert Judgments of Performance Time
Authors: Burger William J. , Knowles William B. , Wulfeck Joseph W.
Published: November 2015

An apparatus and a method for validating estimates of performance time and reliability against empirical measures of human performance time and reliability are described. Measures of performance time were obtained on five tasks and were correlated with estimates of performance times obtained from eight judges in a previous study. Median observed and estimated performance times were highly correlated (r = .98, p<.01). Estimates of maximum performance time corresponded to the 95th to 100th percentiles of the observed distribution of performance time, but estimates of minimum performance time were high and scattered over the lower percentiles. The significant validity coefficient suggests the feasibility of using estimates of performance time, at least for some simple tasks, in system-analytic models when empirical data are lacking and are too expensive to obtain.
Transfer Assessment Using a Between-Subjects Central-Composite Design
Authors: Williges Robert C. , Baron Marvin L.
Published: November 2015

Transfer of training from a pursuit rotor to an epicycloid pursuit rotor was assessed by means of a response surface methodology (RSM) central-composite design. Number of training trials, time between training trials, and tracking speed of the training task were combined in a three-factor, RSM central-composite design. Multiple-regression prediction equations relating these three independent variables to trials to criterion on the epicycloid pursuit rotor were calculated for both an unreplicated and replicated RSM design. A representative first-order response surface was plotted for the replicated design. The results are discussed in terms of necessary RSM central-composite design modifications and the overall applicability of using RSM in transfer of training research.
Decrements in Tracking and Visual Performance during Vibration
Authors: Collins Allan M.
Published: November 2015

This literature review specifies the decrements in human performance on tracking and visual acuity tasks during vibration in terms of frequency, acceleration, and direction of vibration. For z-axis (vertical) vibration, which has been studied most extensively, it has been possible to develop tentative equal-decrement curves in terms of frequency and acceleration. For x-axis (longitudinal) and y-axis (lateral) vibration, there are not enough data to do so. The effects of other variables are discussed briefly, and an hypothesis is offered for translating experimental results into predictions of performance decrements for workers in vibration environments.
Attitudes toward Person-Person Communications Media
Authors: Champness Brian G.
Published: November 2015

Several recent experiments in fields such as bargaining, opinion change, and problem solving have employed the medium of communication as an independent variable. The present study was designed to investigate attitudes toward three media: face-to-face, loudspeaking audio, and closed-circuit television.

Thirty-six pairs of managerial civil servants engaged in three 6-min. discussions, one via each medium, in a completely controlled design. After each discussion, subjects completed a 24-scale, semantic differential, media-attitude questionnaire.

There were significant effects of the media upon 20 of the 24 scales. The scale scores were factor analyzed using both orthogonal and oblique rotation of five factors. There were significant effects of the media upon scores from three of the factors (Aestheticism, Evaluation, and Privacy). The differences found have implications both for previous explanations of the effects of media on laboratory task performance, and for the real-life use of person-person communications systems.
Detection of Changes in Automobile Steering Sensitivity
Authors: Sweatman Peter , Joubert Peter N.
Published: November 2015

Twelve drivers detected changes in vehicle steering sensitivity in free maneuvering of limited duration. The changes were produced by diverse means, and drivers' discrimination of changes was determined as just noticeable differences in yaw rate sensitivity. These measures were not significantly different for changes being made in steering ratio, stability factor, and vehicle speed. This result supports the hypothesis that drivers detect changes in yaw rate sensitivity when attempting to discriminate changes in steering sensitivity. Drivers readily detected changes in yaw rate sensitivity, the overall average just noticeable difference being relatively small. It is suggested that yaw rate sensitivity is an input/output quantity of fundamental importance.
An Exploratory Study of Computer Program Debugging
Authors: Gould John D. , Drongowski Paul
Published: November 2015

This experiment represents a new approach to the study of the psychology of programming, and demonstrates the feasibility of studying an isolated part of the programming process in the laboratory. Thirty experienced FORTRAN programmers debugged 12 one-page FORTRAN listings, each of which was syntactically correct but contained one non-syntactic error (bug). Three classes of bugs (Array bugs, Iteration bugs, and bugs in Assignment Statements) in each of four different programs were debugged. The programmers were divided into five groups, based upon the information, or debugging “aids”, given them. Key results were that debug times were short (median = 6 min.). The aids groups did not debug faster than the control group; programmers adopted their debugging strategies based upon the information available to them. The results suggest that programmers often identify the intended state of a program before they find the bug. Assignment bugs were more difficult to find than Array and Iteration bugs, probably because the latter could be detected from a high-level understanding of the programming language itself. Debugging was at least twice as efficient the second time programmers debugged a program (though with a different bug in it). A simple hierarchical description of debugging was suggested, and some possible “principles” of debugging were identified.
Image Quality and Face Recognition on a Television Display
Authors: Snyder Harry L.
Published: November 2015

Subjects were asked to match faces presented singly on a television display with one of 35 faces presented on a photographic display. The probability of correct recognition and the time required to recognize the single face were related to the quality of the television image. Image quality was varied by changing the square-wave response of the television system and the video signal-to-noise voltage ratio. A derived unitary metric of image quality, the square-wave modulation transfer function area, MTFASQ, was shown to correlate highly with both measures of observer performance. The utility of this metric for systems design is discussed.
Risk Factors in Sport
Authors: Hayes Don
Published: November 2015

The reporting of sports injuries has been generally inconsistent with modern epidemiological principles. Because of the approach to recording the incidence, nature, and severity of sports injuries, it is very difficult to assess statistically the risk factors of individual activities. Without this knowledge, one cannot isolate the many variables, both overt and covert, which contribute to injurious situations. Recommended practices are included within the paper.
Steering Reversals as a Measure of Driver Performance and Steering Task Difficulty
Authors: McLean John R. , Hoffmann Errol R.
Published: November 2015

A review is made of past work in which steering reversal rates were used as a measure of driver performance. The data from two previously reported experiments carried out in a controlled situation, are used to compare steering reversal rates with other performance measures. It is shown that, while steering reversal rates correlate with other measures of control frequency, they do not necessarily correlate with measures of absolute steering performance. This result is consistent with the view that frequency characteristics provide a measure of steering task difficulty rather than steering performance. It is shown that, when considering steering task difficulty, care must be taken to differentiate between the difficulty imposed by the task constraints and the factors which affect the driver's ability to maintain a level of performance commensurate with those constraints.
Measures of Attention as Predictors of Flight Performance
Authors: North Robert A. , Gopher Daniel
Published: November 2015

A new technique for measuring individual differences in basic attention capabilities and the validity of these differences in predicting success in flight training were investigated. The testing system included a digit-processing, reaction-time task and a one-dimensional compensatory tracking task. Comparisons were made between separate and concurrent performances of thesetasks, with both equal and shifting task priorities. Adaptive techniques were employed to obtain maximum performance levels for each subject in the single-task condition and to maintain dual-task difficulty within subjects. Consistent individual differences in basic attention capabilities were observed and several dimensions of attention capabilities are suggested. A preliminary validation study compared scores for flight instructors and student pilots. In addition, the student sample was dichotomized based on performance in training. There were reliable differences for both groups on dual-task performance efficiency.
A Motor Vehicle Accident Causal System: The Human Element
Authors: Fell James C.
Published: November 2015

A motor vehicle accident causal system, from a human factors viewpoint, is presented. The system, or model, is based upon a cause and effect relationship: the“effect”being the primary failure or behavior which led directly to the collision situation; the“cause”being the reasons for the failure or behavior. Effects are described as information-processing failures of four types: (1) perception, (2) comprehension, (3) decision, and (4) action failures. The reasons for these information processing failures are categorized as (1) physical or physiological failures, (2) driver conditons or states, (3) experience or exposure factors, (4) conflicting behaviors or preoccupation, and (5) risk-taking behaviors. A causal reporting system for utilization by accident research groups is discussed in terms of primary or principal causes, severity–increasing factors, and relevant conditions. Two recent studies which used similar causal systems are described and findings from them are presented. A discussion of the possible benefits of such a system as results emerge is related to driver education and training techniques.
Human Performance Requirements for an Innovative Transit Bus Operation
Authors: Bauer Herbert J.
Published: November 2015

Human performance requirements for an innovative transit bus operation system utilizing exclusive bus lanes in a downtown are described. Requirements for transit company personnel and bus patrons are discussed. Performance levels achieved during a test and demonstration of the system in downtown Rochester, New York are analyzed. Transit company personnel performed at an average level of 94% compliance with their particular requirements; bus patrons at an average level of 87 percent. Overall compliance level (transit personnel plus patrons) was 74 percent. The system was found to be feasible; it was successfully integrated into regular transit operations. It provided a reserve capacity potential 26% above the then-scheduled flow. Computer simulation using Rochester, New York parameters as inputs suggest that, with certain operational changes, potential capacity could be increased 59% over flows scheduled at the time of the experiment.
Estimating the Amount of Eye Movement Data Required for Panel Design and Instrument Placement
Authors: Seeberger John J. , Wierwille Walter W.
Published: November 2015

A procedure is presented for estimating the amount of eye movement data required to obtain a specified statistical accuracy with a given degree of confidence. It is applicable when eye movement statistics are to be used in panel redesign and instrument placement. Application of the procedure involves taking a short length of data and dividing it into segments. Subsequently, Stein's double sampling plan is employed to determine the required number of segments to meet accuracy specifications. The assumptions associated with the procedure are examined for a specific eye movement experiment and are found to be valid. Application of the theory produces overall results having the anticipated degree of accuracy. The procedure should be applicable to a variety of human factors design problems.
Evaluation Methodologies for Traffic Safety Programs
Authors: Ellingstad Vernon S. , Westra Daniel P.
Published: November 2015

Determination of the impact of Traffic Safety Programs (TSPs) on motor vehicle crash rates forces the evaluator to utilize N of 1 quasi-experimental designs. A variety of procedures which take into account the serial dependency frequently observed in such data is described, and their application to assessment of change in crash time series is illustrated.
Traffic Conflicts—A Development in Accident Research
Authors: Older S. John , Spicer Brian R.
Published: November 2015

Accident reports have been the main source of information in road safety research, and they provide the usual base for criteria used in countermeasure evaluation. Certain difficulties in using accident data arise from the time periods required for the collection of sufficient numbers of incidents and from the restricted details available for specific incidents. To overcome these difficulties studies have been made to test the feasibility of directly observing situations where road users are in conflict and evasive actions, successful or unsuccessful, become necessary. These conflict studies show that for a range of rural and urban intersections, conflicts occur frequently, are readily observable, and correlate well with the known long-term accident data. The recurring situations leading to conflicts have been detailed and give information on multiple vehicle involvement, queue position, vehicle paths, and blocking maneuvers. The use of this conflict study technique by traffic and highway engineers and road safety research workers is discussed.
Program Design to Define Ride Quality Requirements of Surface Transportation Vehicles
Authors: Havron M. Dean , Westin Robert A.
Published: November 2015

A plan was developed for evaluation of the relationship between ride and ride quality of vehicles currently used in public transportation systems and new prototypes. The components of ride as the physical environment and ride quality as passenger response were defined and articulated. Three settings were recommended for conduct of research: a simulator, rides by captive passengers, and rides by revenue passengers. A procedure was described for the implementation of experimental studies. Key features involved accumulations of a growing data bank describing ride-ride quality relationships and forecasting results of future experiments from the data bank. An experiment was conducted in the NASA Langley simulator to examine the relationships between ride vibrations derived from actual railway track signatures and ride quality as rated by subjects. When the design was replicated, comfort ratings by subjects were highly reliable. Subjects could discriminate between stimulus amplitudes for continuous rough track and diamond crossings; they could not discriminate amplitude variations well for roll. These data fail to show that subjects can discriminate well between the different types of vibration that define ride.
Inspection of Sheet Materials—Test of Model Predictions
Authors: Spitz Gabriel , Drury Colin G.
Published: November 2015

The two-stage model of inspection performance suggested in a previous paper was tested in laboratory conditions. Four subjects participated in an experiment to estimate the visual search and decision making components of an inspection task using light circular targets of low contrast on a dark empty field. Predicted and measured performance on the inspection task were compared. It was found that the prediction of independence of component tasks and additivity was upheld. In predicting speed/accuracy trade-off, the model's performance was better for the high contrast conditions than for the more difficult low contrast conditions.
Collision Avoidance Response Stereotypes in Pilots and Nonpilots
Authors: Beringer Dennis B.
Published: November 2015

A two-part study was conducted to investigate the effects of target variables upon pilot and nonpilot collision avoidance responses to simulated approaches which were head-on or nearly so. Part I investigated the effect of bearing and found that nonpilots preferred to turn left in a head-on approach. Although pilots generally turned right under the same conditions, 25% exhibited the nonpilot left-turn response. The nonpilot response bias seemed related to the type of control used for aircraft pilotage. Part II examined the effects of bearing and collision index (a geometric construct representing an index for optimal response selection) upon the responses of 24 pilots. Two subgroups were identified, one apparently attending primarily to bearing while the other attended to aspect. Only one subject appeared to use the optimal collision-index construct for response selection.
Speed and Load Stress as Determinants of Performance in a Time Sharing Task
Authors: Goldstein Irwin L. , Dorfman Peter W.
Published: November 2015

The effects of speed and load stress were investigated in a task where operators responded to moving visual stimuli that entered critical zones in each of three visual displays. As expected, increases in either speed or load stress resulted in significantly poorer performance. More importantly, the effects of speed stress were made apparent by a speed by load stress interaction. At the lowest level of load stress where the operator was only required to attend to one display, increases in speed stress did not have any apparent effect. However, as load stress increased to two displays and especially to three displays, increases in speed stress had a significant negative impact on performance. Data concerning the timing of these responses further supported this analysis. It appears that future generalizations about the effects of speed stress must consider the level of load stress present in the task.
Field Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Heat-Transfer Studies
Authors: Brooks R. G. , Probert S. D. , Maxwell J.
Published: November 2015

The use of interferometry for heat transfer studies enables a complete field of view to be quantitatively examined at one time without disturbing the temperature distribution being measured. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer described has an elliptical field, with a 15cm minor axis and is capable of accommodating test chambers 102cm in length using the full field of view. The sensitivity of the instrument for various air pressures and temperature distributions within the test cell has been evaluated.

The use of the instrument for identifying isotherms in the neighbourhood of a heated slab supported on skid bars is described. A Moiré technique which eliminates the effects of imperfections in the interferometer plates has also been used.
An Automatic Optimiser for Air Flow Direction Measurement
Authors: Porter A. M. , Neely P. L. , Bond A. D.
Published: November 2015

A self-adaptive instrument servomechanism has been devised to enable airflow direction to be automatically determined when using a hot wire anemometer for flow measurements. In the anemometer, used for measuring air velocity and turbulence, a fine wire acts as the sensing element. The wire is maintained at constant temperature by an automatically balancing bridge circuit, the voltage across which is a measure of the rate at which the flow is cooling the wire. When the probe from such an instrument is rotated through 360° in an air stream the voltage/angle characteristic is as shown in Fig. 1; with the wire axis along the flow direction the bridge voltage is a well-defined minimum while a less definite maximum voltage is obtained with the wire normal to the flow. Location of the successive minima or maxima is achieved by a hill-climbing method.

The device has been developed for taking measurements in two dimensional flow within the rotors of certain fans where difficulties of access preclude the use of any probe having a large head.
In-Line Control and Optimisation on Solvent Extraction Processes
Authors: Mills A. L.
Published: November 2015

The performance of a solvent extraction plant both with respect to throughput and product purity can be improved by operating the plant in such a manner as to leave no chemically uncombined solvent in the process.

The feedstocks of most solvent extraction plants are of a fairly constant composition for relatively long periods of time, thus optimisation of flowsheets and operating conditions can be carried out off line and simple conventional controllers can be used for plant control.
Safety Assessment—A Method for Determining the Performance of Alarm and Shutdown Systems for Chemical Plants
Authors: Hensley G.
Published: November 2015

Safeguards, for costly and hazardous chemical plants, are often provided by means of alarm or automatic shutdown systems. The adequacy of this protection—which is a measure of the capability of the newly installed system in shutting down the plant on the occurrence of a hazardous condition, and its effectiveness over the long term (its reliability)—may be judged by an independent safety assessment. Both qualitative and quantitative aspects of safety analysis are involved in an assessment, the quantitative approach being of particular use where there is a need to compare the anticipated reliability of the proposed system with a numerically specified, reliability requirement.

Some of the techniques used in the assessment procedure are discussed in the paper and, by way of example, the performance of a typical shutdown system is assessed and its adequacy judged against a hypothetical plant fault condition.
On-Line Computer Control of a Cement Kiln
Authors: Aune Arthur B.
Published: November 2015

The installation and operation of a GEC 90-2 digital computer for the automatic control of a 1500 ton per day Humboldt kiln, including a Fuller double grate combination cooler with two grates, is described. An appreciation of fuel savings is given.
Equipment for Quantitative Assessment of Control System Performance Using Pseudo-Random Binary Signals
Authors: Beck M. S. , Dadachanji F. M.
Published: November 2015

The reasons for requiring an accurate prediction of control system performance under actual operating conditions are discussed. It is shown that a measure of the integral square error in response to a stationary time series disturbance meets most requirements.

The analytical approach to calculating integral square error is described and a specific example is given.

Apparatus for generating the disturbance signal and measuring the integral square error is described. It is suitable for use with systems having a dominant time constant between one second and several hours. Experimental results for a pressure control system are compared with the theoretically predicted results.

The disturbance generator can also be used for generating pseudo-random binary sequences.
Towards Better Understanding of Consistency Measurements
Authors: Balls B. W.
Published: November 2015

Improved consistency control depends upon a better understanding of fluid flow theory insofar as it affects consistency measurement. Classical theories, including the boundary layer theory are examined, also principles of rheology for relevance to paper stock flow in general and the behaviour of stock when flowing past a stationary plate or rod obstruction. The performance of the Foxboro model 19C consistency transmitter is explained in the light of this theoretical background.
An Instrument for the Continuous Measurement of Low Fibre Concentration Based on the Use of Polarized Light
Authors: Meyn F. W. , Landmark P. , Aagedal A.
Published: November 2015

Cellulose fibres are as many other natural occurring compounds optical active, and thus able to rotate polarized light.
A Parallel Logic Computer Configuration for the Estimation of the Parameters of an Exponential Time Function
Authors: Gray J. O.
Published: November 2015

A parallel logic computer configuration has been devised for the on-line estimation of the parameters of a first order exponential time function. Experimental results are given and the effect of signal noise considered.
A Decoder in Watts Reflected Decimal Code for a Hilger and Watts FD8 Digitizer and FD100 Coding Disc
Authors: Jones D. W. , Pearson J. E.
Published: November 2015

Diode matrices are given for an inexpensive decoder to deal with an output in Watts reflected code from a Hilger and Watts digitizer in an analogue-to-digital converter. One application is to the output of a broad-line nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer.
Sound Ways to Measure Temperature: Acoustical Techniques
Authors: Lynnworth L. C.
Published: November 2015

Science, technology, and industry are demanding temperature measurements that are faster, wider ranging, more accurate, more rugged, and cheaper than conventional capabilities. Acoustical instrumentation has a good chance of meeting these requirements in many critical applications. Here's a review of techniques that are either available or under investigation.
Tensioned-Wire Length Measuring Instrument
Authors: Sydenham P. H.
Published: November 2015

Length measurement using tensioned-wires has been investigated showing that sensitivities of 1 part in 1010 are realistic with stabilities of 1 part in 108 for at least 100 hr periods when detecting small changes of a large nominal length. Wires may also be used to measure continuous lengths from millimetres to decametres with about 4 parts per million repeatability. The existing static theory has been extended to cover dynamic performance and the effect of tensioning-head friction and inertia. Temperature, creep and mechanical hysteretic errors are discussed. A number of specific instruments are described for making a wide variety of dimensional measurements.
Moisture Measuring Systems Critically Reviewed
Authors: von Tolkacz Martin
Published: November 2015

Until recently, mainly two methods to determine the moisture content of running fibre webs were recognised and in practical use: the measurement of the conductivity of the web and the measurement of the dielectric constant or dielectric losses.

For some time paper makers have been able to choose between these and a third method, the so-called infrared system. This is an attempt to compare the measuring characteristics of these three methods and to consider carefully the costs and the results obtained.

Let us list first of all the requirements a continuous moisture meter has to meet on a paper-making machine. In addition, the function of the three types of gauges will be briefly explained.
Weighing Vehicles in Motion
Authors: Ferguson A. C.
Published: November 2015

In recent years, a great deal of effort has been applied to the development of methods for weighing objects in motion. In this paper, sources of error associated with dynamic weighing are outlined and various approaches to the problem are described with estimated results.

A particularly effective dynamic weighing technique is described in detail and an example of its application is illustrated.
Transfer Functions from Sampled Impulse Responses
Authors: Zaman M. , Griffin A. W. J.
Published: November 2015

A mathematical formulation is developed for obtaining the frequency responses from known sampled impulse responses of linear dynamical systems. This is done by assuming a straight line approximation from one sampled point to the next and performing the usual Fourier Transformation for this interval. This is repeated for all sampled points and the results are summed together. In practice sampled impulse responses can be obtained using correlation techniques. The frequency responses as obtained above are then processed by a generalised method, developed by the authors, to determine the transfer functions. The unique feature of this method is that the transfer functions can be obtained from the frequency responses without any idea about the actual order of the system and its poles and zeroes. However, the actual principle employed, that of complex curve fitting, is already a well established technique.

Finally, many examples are presented which show the validity of the methods where impulse responses are exact and also corrupted by errors. The treatment is restricted to systems which have a finite dc gain.

The numerical calculations are processed on an ICT 1905 computer.
Cross-Correlation Techniques Applied to Pulsating Flow Measurement
Authors: Abeysekera S. A. , Beck M. S.
Published: November 2015

A new method for measuring pulsating flow has been devised in which the mean flow velocity is derived from the transit time of temperature fluctuations between two points in a pipe. The transit time is determined from the cross-correlation of the temperatures at these points. The method has been tested with water and linear calibrations have been obtained in the laminar (Re. < 2000) and turbulent (Re. > 3000) regions, however it is non-linear in the transitional region (2000 < Re. < 3000). Tests with steady flow and pulsating flow with pulsation frequencies between 1 Hz and 5 Hz give very similar calibrations. In the worst case, on/off pulsations at 5 Hz, the deviation from the steady flow reading is only 8 per cent. The process transducers are robust thermocouples. The cross-correlation function can be computed by an on-line digital computer, alternatively one of the commercially available cross-correlators can be used.
A Review of the Work of J. L. Hodgson on the Measurement of Pulsating Flow
Authors: Zanker K. J.
Published: November 2015

Both the published and unpublished work of Hodgson on the measurement of pulsating flow rates by means of pressure differential devices is dealt with. Such situations are governed by the Hodgson number H0 = (CF/q) (L/p). The derivations, significance and practical application of the Hodgson number are discussed.

Also considered briefly are other types of flow meters developed by Hodgson that were less affected by pulsating flows.
Instrumenting for Computer Control
Authors: Henry R. A.
Published: November 2015

An instrument engineer outlines some of the answers to problems encountered in the design, specification, installation, startup, and maintenance of an instrumentation system for a computer-controlled potash ore plant. Putting the emphasis on the computer/instrument interface, most of this user's statements are general and applicable to any ddc installation.
A Comparative Assessment of Electronic and Pneumatic Controllers When Controlling Fast Processes Subject to Rapid Load Disturbance
Authors: Beck M. S. , Dadachanji F. M.
Published: November 2015

Experimental and analytical methods have been developed for measuring the performance, in an integral-square-error sense, of process control systems subject to random load disturbances. Results are given for the relative performance of pneumatic and electronic controllers when controlling a fast process (process time constant 1.3 s) subject to rapid load disturbances. It is shown that the performance of both types of controller is essentially the same when short lengths of pneumatic transmission line are used, but the performance of the pneumatic controller considerably deteriorates when longer transmission lines are used. The analytical method of performance assessment can give accurate information on controllability at the process design stage, provided that the process is linear about its operating point and that the transfer function is known.
Radioisotope Techniques for Measurement and Control of Industrial Pollution
Authors: Cameron J. F.
Published: November 2015

Radioisotope techniques used for measurement and control of industrial pollution include radioisotope instruments and tracers, activation analysis, and radiation treatment of waste water and processing of chemicals. Radioisotope instruments monitor and control potential sources of pollution such as sulphur in hydrocarbons or ash in coal and papers, measure the concentration of pollutants in air and water, and assist in the control of sewage treatment plants.

Activation analysis provides a sensitive, specific and versatile method for elemental analyses of pollutants in air, water, plants and animals, while radioisotope tracer techniques permit the study of the movement of liquid effluents and atmospheric pollutants, and trace the origins of oil spillages. Radiation treatment of waste water is feasible but uneconomic at present, and radiation processing can produce chemicals useful in combating pollution.
Use of a Vacuum Regulator for Controlling Temperature in a Liquid Helium Cryostat
Authors: Aubrey J E
Published: November 2015

A new method of controlling the temperature of a liquid helium cryostat in the range 12 to 4°2 K, is described, based upon the use of a vacuum regulator.
Liquid Flow Measurement by Cross-Correlation of Temperature Fluctuations
Authors: Abesekera S A , Beck M S
Published: November 2015

The applicability of the temperature cross-correlation method to the measurement of liquid flow under steady and pulsating flow conditions is investigated and some further results to those published earlier are presented. The method is proved to be an accurate and reliable method of flow measurement in laminar flow of highly viscous liquids and turbulent flow of liquids under steady and pulsating flow conditions. In laminar flow, the measurement is dependent on the velocity profiles and hence sensitive to any disturbances which may distort the velocity profiles. In pulsating flow, the measurement is dependent on a parameter called the ‘Frequency parameter’ (KR). Only if KR <1 can the flow meter, calibrated for steady flow measurement, meter pulsating flow accurately. This condition is easily satisfied by highly viscous liquids. The measurement technique provides a linear output and an accuracy better than 3% can be achieved.