bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Special delivery by “armored” CAR-T
Authors: Jay Steven M.
Published: September 2018

The integration of immune checkpoint blockade with CAR-T cell therapy improves antitumor efficacy with potential for reduced side effects.
Blame It on the Metabolite: 3,5-Dichloroaniline Rather than the Parent Compound Is Responsible for the Decreasing Diversity and Function of Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Vasileiadis S. , Puglisi E. , Papadopoulou E. S. , Pertile G. , Suciu N. , Pappolla R. A. , Tourna M. , Karas P. A. , Papadimitriou F. , Kasiotakis A. , Ipsilanti N. , Ferrarini A. , Sułowicz S. , Fornasier F. , Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U. , Nicol G. W. , Trevisan M. , Karpouzas D. G.
Published: September 2018

Pesticide toxicity on soil microorganisms is an emerging issue in pesticide risk assessment, dictated by the pivotal role of soil microorganisms in ecosystem services. However, the focus has traditionally been on parent compounds, while transformation products (TPs) are largely overlooked. We tested the hypothesis that TPs can be major contributors to the soil microbial toxicity of pesticides using iprodione and its main TP, 3,5-dichloroaniline, as model compounds. We demonstrated, by measuring functional and structural endpoints, that 3,5-dichloroaniline and not iprodione was associated with adverse effects on soil microorganisms, with nitrification being mostly affected. Pioneering
in vitro
assays with relevant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea verified the greater toxicity of 3,5-dichloroaniline. Our findings are expected to advance environmental risk assessment, highlighting the potential of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms as indicators of the soil microbial toxicity of pesticides and stressing the need to consider the contribution of TPs to pesticide soil microbial toxicity.
Ultrasensitive Response of Developing Myxococcus xanthus to the Addition of Nutrient Medium Correlates with the Level of MrpC
Authors: Hoang Y , Kroos Lee
Published: September 2018

Many signaling and gene regulatory networks convert graded stimuli into all-or-none switch-like responses. Such ultrasensitivity can produce bistability in cell populations, leading to different cell fates and enhancing survival. We discovered an ultrasensitive response of
M. xanthus
to nutrient medium addition during development. A small change in nutrient medium concentration caused a profound change in the developmental process. The level of the transcription factor MrpC correlated with multicellular mound formation and differentiation into spores. A threshold level of MrpC is proposed to be necessary to initiate mound formation and create a positive feedback loop that may explain the ultrasensitive response. Understanding how this biological switch operates will provide a paradigm for the broadly important topic of cellular behavior in microbial communities.
Analysis of Pilin Antigenic Variation in Neisseria meningitidis by Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Xu Jing , Seifert H Steven
Published: September 2018

Antigenic variation is a strategy used by many pathogens to escape host immune surveillance and establish persistent infections. This study successfully applies next-generation sequencing to study pilin antigenic variation in the human pathogen
Neisseria meningitidis
. This assay provides an affordable and efficient solution for quantifying antigenic variation frequency in mutant strains and for defining the recombination products of the process. We determined that there is a nonuniformity of silent donor copies used during meningococcus antigenic variation, and by the analysis of selected mutants deficient for specific recombination pathways, we show for the first time that the processes are conserved between
N. meningitidis
and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
.
Functional Conservation of P48/45 Proteins in the Transmission Stages ofPlasmodium vivax(Human Malaria Parasite) andP. berghei(Murine Malaria Parasite)
Authors: Cao Yi , Hart Robert J. , Bansal Geetha P. , Kumar Nirbhay
Published: September 2018

Malaria transmission depends upon successful sexual differentiation and maturation of parasites in the vertebrate host and further development in the mosquito midgut. Stage-specific proteins in the sexual stages have been shown to play a critical role in development and successful transmission through the anopheline mosquito vector. Studies presented in the current manuscript evaluated functional conservation of one such protein, P48/45, in two diverse species (P. bergheiandP. vivax). Replacement of endogenouspbs48/45inP. bergheiwithpvs48/45(P. vivaxhomologue) did not affect the viability of the parasites, and the transgenic parasites expressing Pvs48/45 remained transmission competent. These studies establish not only the functional conservation of P48/45 inP. bergheiandP. vivaxbut also offer an opportunity to develop anin vivotest model for Pvs48/45-basedP. vivaxtransmission-blocking vaccines, currently under development.
Relative importance of informational items in participant information leaflets for trials: a Q-methodology approach
Authors: Innes Karen , Cotton Seonaidh , Campbell Marion K , Elliott Jim , Gillies Katie
Published: September 2018

Objectives

To identify which information items potential participants and research nurses rank as the most important, and the reasons for this, when considering participation in a randomised controlled trial.

Design

Q-methodology approach alongside a think-aloud process. Using a vignette outlining a hypothetical trial, participants were asked to rank statements about informational items usually included in a participant information leaflet (PIL) on a Q-grid, while undertaking a real-time think-aloud process to elicit the underpinning decision processes. Analysis of quantitative data was conducted using descriptive statistics and qualitative data was coded using content analysis.

Participants

20 participants (10 potential trial participants and 10 research nurses).

Setting

UK-based participants.

Results

Ten research nurses and 10 potential trial participants provided data for the study. Both stakeholder groups ranked similar statements in their top three most important statements, with ‘What are the possible disadvantages and risks of taking part?’ featuring in both. However, considerable variability existed between the groups with regard to their ranking of statements of least importance. Participants identified that sufficient information to make a decision was secured using around 14 items. Participants also identified other items of importance not routinely included in PILs.

Conclusions

This study has provided a unique insight into how and why different trial stakeholder groups rank informational items currently contained within PILs. These results have implications for those developing future PILs and those who develop guidance on their content; PILs should focus most on the information items that potential trial participants want and need to make an informed choice about trial participation.
Culprit vessel: impact on short-term and long-term prognosis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Entezarjou Artin , Mohammad Moman Aladdin , Andell Pontus , Koul Sasha
Published: September 2018

Background

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) occurs as a result of rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries. Limited data exist regarding the impact of culprit coronary vessel on hard clinical event rates. This study investigated the impact of culprit vessel on outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of STEMI.

Methods

A total of 29 832 previously cardiac healthy patients who underwent primary PCI between 2003 and 2014 were prospectively included from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry and the Registry of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive care Admissions. Patients were stratified into three groups based on culprit vessel (right coronary artery (RCA), left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex artery (LCx)). The primary outcome was 1-year mortality. The secondary outcomes included 30-day and 5-year mortality, as well as heart failure, stroke, bleeding and myocardial reinfarction at 30 days, 1 year and 5 years. Univariable and multivariable analyses were done using Cox regression models.

Results

One-year analyses revealed that LAD infarctions had the highest increased risk of death, heart failure and stroke compared with RCA infarctions, which had the lowest risk. Sensitivity analyses revealed that reduced left ventricular ejection fraction on discharge partially explained this increased relative risk in mortality. Furthermore, landmark analyses revealed that culprit vessel had no significant influence on 1-year mortality if a patient survived 30 days after myocardial infarction. Subgroup analyses revealed female sex and multivessel disease (MVD) as significant high-risk groups with respect to 1-year mortality.

Conclusions

LAD and LCx infarctions had a relatively higher adjusted mortality rate compared with RCA infarctions, with LAD infarctions in particular being associated with an increased risk of heart failure, stroke and death. Culprit vessel had limited influence on mortality after 1 month. High-risk patient groups include LAD infarctions in women or with concomitant MVD.
Microbial communities associated with barley growing in an oil sands reclamation area in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Kovalski Mitter Eduardo , de Freitas Renato , Germida James J.
Published: September 2018

Microbial communities that colonize the plant rhizosphere and the root interior can ameliorate plant stress and promote growth. These plant–microbe associations are being investigated to assist in reclamation soils in northern Alberta. This study assessed the diversity of bacterial species associated with barley plants growing at different cover managements and slope positions in an oil sands reclamation area. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis of the microbial communities indicated that both cover type and slope, in addition to soil total and organic carbon, NH4+, and organic matter, were significant determinants of microbial community composition. However, analysis of denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) banding patterns revealed that while most bulk and rhizosphere soils differentiated by cover management, no clustering was observed in endophytes. In addition, techniques to assess culture-dependent endophytic bacteria revealed a dominance of the class Gammaproteobacteria, in which Enterobacteriaceae (44%), Xanthomonaceae (30%), and Pseudomonaceae (26%) were the most abundant families in this class. Several endophytic isolates also matched those from DGGE profiles. The results of this study suggest that plants growing on oil sands reclamation covers host a wide range of bacterial endophytes, which should be assessed as to their potential to assist plant establishment and growth at such sites.
Draft genome sequence, disease-resistance genes, and phenotype of aPaenibacillus terraestrain (NK3-4) with the potential to control plant diseases
Authors: Yu Wen Qing , Zheng Gui Ping , Qiu De Wen , Yan Feng Chao , Liu Wen Zhi , Liu Wan Xue
Published: September 2018

Paenibacillus terrae NK3-4 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that may be useful for controlling plant diseases. We conducted a genomic analysis and identified the genes mediating antimicrobial functions. Additionally, an extracellular antifungal protein component was isolated and identified. The draft genome sequence was assembled into 54 contigs, with 5 458 568 bp and a G+C content of 47%. Moreover, 4 690 015 bp encoded 5090 proteins, 7 rRNAs, and 54 tRNAs. Forty-four genes involved in antimicrobial functions were detected. They mainly encode 19 non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs); one polyketide synthase/NRPSs hybrid enzyme; four Zn-dependent metalloproteases; three antilisterial bacteriocin subtilosin biosynthesis proteins (AlbA); four serine proteases; five pectate lyases; three beta-glucanases; and four 1,4-beta-xylanases. These include four novel NRPSs that have not been found in any species of Paenibacillus. Furthermore, five proteins exhibiting antifungal activity were identified from the antifungal extracellular protein component based on MS/MS and the strain NK3-4 predicted protein library. On the basis of these features, we propose that strain NK3-4 represents a promising biocontrol agent for protecting plant from diseases. The draft genome sequence described herein may provide the genetic basis for the characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying the biocontrol functions. It may also facilitate the development of rational strategies for improving the strain.
Exceptional set for sums of unlike powers of primes
Authors: Liu Y.
Published: September 2018

Let [Formula: see text] denote the number of representations of an even integer [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] as the sum of two squares, one cube and three fourth powers of primes, and by [Formula: see text] we denote the number of even integers [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] such that the expected asymptotic formula for [Formula: see text] fails to hold. In this paper, it is proved that [Formula: see text] for any [Formula: see text].
Divisibility results on Franel numbers and related polynomials
Authors: Wang Chen , Sun Zhi-Wei
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we establish some new divisibility results involving the Franel numbers [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and the polynomials [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. For example, we show that for any positive integer [Formula: see text] we have [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and for any prime [Formula: see text] we have [Formula: see text]
Convection in Lakes
Authors: Bouffard Damien , Wüest Alfred
Published: September 2018

Lakes and other confined water bodies are not exposed to tides, and their wind forcing is usually much weaker compared to ocean basins and estuaries. Hence, convective processes are often the dominant drivers for shaping mixing and stratification structures in inland waters. Due to the diverse environments of lakes—defined by local morphological, geochemical, and meteorological conditions, among others—a fascinating variety of convective processes can develop with remarkably unique signatures. Whereas the classical cooling-induced and shear-induced convections are well-known phenomena due to their dominant roles in ocean basins, other convective processes are specific to lakes and often overlooked, for example, sidearm, under-ice, and double-diffusive convection or thermobaric instability and bioconvection. Additionally, the peculiar properties of the density function at low salinities/temperatures leave distinctive traces. In this review, we present these various processes and connect observations with theories and model results.
Recent Developments in Understanding Barrier Mechanisms in the Developing Brain: Drugs and Drug Transporters in Pregnancy, Susceptibility or Protection in the Fetal Brain?
Authors: Saunders Norman R. , Dziegielewska Katarzyna M. , Møllgård Kjeld , Habgood Mark D.
Published: September 2018

Efflux mechanisms situated in various brain barrier interfaces control drug entry into the adult brain; this review considers the effectiveness of these protective mechanisms in the embryo, fetus, and newborn brain. The longstanding belief that the blood-brain barrier is absent or immature in the fetus and newborn has led to many misleading statements with potential clinical implications. The immature brain is undoubtedly more vulnerable to damage by drugs and toxins; as is reviewed here, some developmentally regulated normal brain barrier mechanisms probably contribute to this vulnerability. We propose that the functional status of brain barrier efflux mechanisms should be investigated at different stages of brain development to provide a rational basis for the use of drugs in pregnancy and in newborns, especially in those prematurely born, where protection usually provided by the placenta is no longer present.
Prevalence of Sero-Molecular Markers of Hepatitis C and B Viruses among Patients with β-Thalassemia Major in Northern West Bank, Palestine
Authors: Dumaidi Kamal , Al-Jawabreh Amer , Samarah Fekri , Rabayaa Maha
Published: September 2018

Background. HCV and HBV present a great challenge in the management of β-thalassemia patients. Objective. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of both HBV and HCV in multitransfused-dependent β-thalassemia patients in northern West Bank, Palestine, using sero-molecular markers. Methods. Serum sample from 139 multitransfused β-thalassemia patients were tested for HBV and HCV markers including HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, HBV-DNA, and anti-HCV and HCV-RNA. Demographic data and selected clinical parameters were collected by means of a questionnaire and from the patients’ medical files. Results and Conclusion. The mean (±SD) age of patients was 18.1 years (±10.6). The overall prevalence of the HCV was 10% (14/139), which is 50 times higher than the normal Palestinian population (0.2%). Of which, 3 were positive for anti-HCV alone, 7 positives for HCV-RNA alone, and 4 positives for both anti-HCV and PCR-RNA. On the other hand, low prevalence of HBV was detected at a level of 0.7% (1/139). Only one patient had HCV-HBV coinfection. Twenty-five patients (19%) were positive for anti-HBc, while 99 (71%) were immune with the anti-HBs level above 10 IU/mL. Anti-HBc was insignificantly high (P=0.07) in HCV-positive cases. In conclusion, the prevalence of HCV among β-thalassemia patients is considered high compared to normal population. Determination of HCV prevalence should be based on the detection of both HCV-RNA and anti-HCV. On the contrary, HBV showed a low prevalence. A follow-up schedule and administration of booster dose of HBV vaccine is strongly recommended for β-thalassemia patients whose anti-HBs level <10 IU/ml.
3D Culture of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) Could Improve Bone Regeneration in 3D-Printed Porous Ti6Al4V Scaffolds
Authors: Yu Lingjia , Wu Yuanhao , Liu Jieying , Li Bo , Ma Bupeng , Li Yaqian , Huang Zhenfei , He Yu , Wang Hai , Wu Zhihong , Qiu Guixing
Published: September 2018

Mandibular bone defect reconstruction is an urgent challenge due to the requirements for daily eating and facial aesthetics. Three-dimensional- (3D-) printed titanium (Ti) scaffolds could provide patient-specific implants for bone defects. Appropriate load-bearing properties are also required during bone reconstruction, which makes them potential candidates for mandibular bone defect reconstruction implants. However, in clinical practice, the insufficient osteogenesis of the scaffolds needs to be further improved. In this study, we first encapsulated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into Matrigel. Subsequently, the BMSC-containing Matrigels were infiltrated into porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds. The Matrigels in the scaffolds provided a 3D culture environment for the BMSCs, which was important for osteoblast differentiation and new bone formation. Our results showed that rats with a full thickness of critical mandibular defects treated with Matrigel-infiltrated Ti6Al4V scaffolds exhibited better new bone formation than rats with local BMSC injection or Matrigel-treated defects. Our data suggest that Matrigel is able to create a more favorable 3D microenvironment for BMSCs, and Matrigel containing infiltrated BMSCs may be a promising method for enhancing the bone formation properties of 3D-printed Ti6Al4V scaffolds. We suggest that this approach provides an opportunity to further improve the efficiency of stem cell therapy for the treatment of mandibular bone defects.
Image Decomposition Algorithm for Dual-Energy Computed Tomography via Fully Convolutional Network
Authors: Xu Yifu , Yan Bin , Zhang Jingfang , Chen Jian , Zeng Lei , Wang Linyuang
Published: September 2018

Background. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has been widely used due to improved substances identification from additional spectral information. The quality of material-specific image produced by DECT attaches great importance to the elaborated design of the basis material decomposition method. Objective. The aim of this work is to develop and validate a data-driven algorithm for the image-based decomposition problem. Methods. A deep neural net, consisting of a fully convolutional net (FCN) and a fully connected net, is proposed to solve the material decomposition problem. The former net extracts the feature representation of input reconstructed images, and the latter net calculates the decomposed basic material coefficients from the joint feature vector. The whole model was trained and tested using a modified clinical dataset. Results. The proposed FCN delivers image with about 60% smaller bias and 70% lower standard deviation than the competing algorithms, suggesting its better material separation capability. Moreover, FCN still yields excellent performance in case of photon noise. Conclusions. Our deep cascaded network features high decomposition accuracies and noise robust property. The experimental results have shown the strong function fitting ability of the deep neural network. Deep learning paradigm could be a promising way to solve the nonlinear problem in DECT.
Analysis Method for Reinforcing Circular Openings in Isotropic Homogeneous Plate‐Like Structures Subjected to Blast Loading
Authors: Mendes Sebastian , Cao Liling
Published: September 2018

An analysis method is formulated to predict the peak bending stress concentrations around a small circular opening in an idealized isotropic homogeneous, linear elastic‐perfectly plastic plate‐like structure subjected to uniform blast loading. The method allows for the determination of corresponding concentrated bending moments adjacent to the opening for the design of reinforcement that can prevent the formation of localized plasticity around the opening during a blast event. The rapid formation and growth of localized plasticity around the opening can lead to a drastic reduction of the plate‐like structure’s local and global stability, which could result in catastrophic failure of the structure and destruction of the entity it is protecting. A set of elemental formulas is derived considering one‐way and two‐way rectangular plate‐like structures containing a single small circular opening located where flexure predominates. The derived formulas are applicable for elastic global response to blast loading. Abaqus was employed to conduct numerical verification of the derived formulas considering various design parameters including material properties, plate dimensions, position of opening, and explosive charge size. The formulas demonstrate a good correlation with FEA albeit with a conservative inclination. The derived formulas are intended to be used in tandem with dynamic SDOF analysis of a blast load‐structure system for ease of design. Overall, the proposed method has the potential to be applicable for many typical conditions that may be encountered during design.
Microstructure and Thermal Conductivity of Sintered Reaction‐Bonded Silicon Nitride: The Particle Size Effects of MgO Additive
Authors: Go Shin-Il , Li Yinsheng , Ko Jae-Woong , Kim Ha-Neul , Kwon Se-Hun , Kim Hai-Doo , Park Young-Jo
Published: September 2018

The particle size effect of MgO as a sintering additive on the thermal conductivity of sintered reaction‐bonded silicon nitride (SRBSN) was investigated. It was revealed that the size of MgO is critical for thermal conductivity with regard to the microstructural evolution process. That is, the abnormal grain growth promoted by an inhomogeneous liquid‐phase distribution led to higher thermal conductivity when coarser MgO was added, whereas a relatively homogeneous liquid‐phase distribution induced moderate grain growth and lower thermal conductivity when finer MgO was added.
Boundedly Spaced Subsequences and Weak Dynamics
Authors: Kubrusly C. S. , Vieira P. C. M.
Published: September 2018

Weak supercyclicity is related to weak stability, which leads to the question that asks whether every weakly supercyclic power bounded operator is weakly stable. This is approached here by investigating weak l-sequential supercyclicity for Hilbert-space contractions through Nagy–Foliaş–Langer decomposition, thus reducing the problem to the quest of conditions for a weakly l-sequentially supercyclic unitary operator to be weakly stable, and this is done in light of boundedly spaced subsequences.
Cobalt Chloride Enhances the Anti-Inflammatory Potency of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells through the ERK-HIF-1α-MicroRNA-146a-Mediated Signaling Pathway
Authors: Kwak Jihye , Choi Soo Jin , Oh Wonil , Yang Yoon Sun , Jeon Hong Bae , Jeon Eun Su
Published: September 2018

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), including human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs), which have high proliferation capacity and immunomodulatory properties, are considered to be a good candidate for cell-based therapies. hMSCs show enhanced therapeutic effects via paracrine secretion or cell-to-cell contact that modulates inflammatory or immune reactions. Here, treatment with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) was more effective than naïve hUCB-MSCs in suppressing inflammatory responses in a coculture system with phytohemagglutinin- (PHA-) activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Furthermore, the effect of CoCl2 is exerted by promoting the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., PGE2) and inhibiting that of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IFN-γ). Treatment of hUCB-MSCs with CoCl2 leads to increased expression of microRNA- (miR-) 146a, which was reported to modulate anti-inflammatory responses. Hypoxia-inducible factor- (HIF-) 1α silencing and ERK inhibition abolished CoCl2-induced miR-146a expression, suggesting that ERK and HIF-1α signals are required for CoCl2-induced miR-146a expression in hUCB-MSCs. These data suggest that treatment with CoCl2 enhances the immunosuppressive capacity of hUCB-MSCs through the ERK-HIF-1α-miR-146a-mediated signaling pathway. Furthermore, pretreatment of transplanted MSCs with CoCl2 can suppress lung inflammation more than naïve MSCs can in a mouse model of asthma. These findings suggest that CoCl2 may improve the therapeutic effects of hUCB-MSCs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Micro-CT Analysis of Y-TZP Copings Made by Different CAD/CAM Systems: Marginal and Internal Fit
Authors: Saab Rafaella Caramori , Cunha Leonardo Fernandes da , Gonzaga Carla Castiglia , Mushashe Amanda Mahammad , Correr Gisele Maria
Published: September 2018

Purpose. The aim of the study was to measure the marginal and internal adaptation (MIA) of zirconia copings, made of 4 ceramic systems for CAD/CAM, using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) technology. Material and Methods. Two identical stainless steel models were used, representing a preparation for full ceramic crown on a lower molar. The master models were then scanned for the production of copings from specific yttrium oxide partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal ceramic blocks of each system (n=10): Cerec/inCoris Zi, Sirona; Cercon/Cercon base, Dentsply; Ceramill/Ceramill Zi, Amann Girrbach; and Lava/Lava Frame Zirconia, 3M ESPE. MIA was evaluated measuring 4 points as follows: marginal gap (MG), axial wall gap (AW), axio-occlusal angle gap (AO), and central occlusal area gap (CO). The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results. The ceramic system Lava showed greater internal desadaptation (80.75 ± 22.69 µm) while CEREC presented the lowest values (49.92 ± 11.77 µm). There were significant differences between the measurement points evaluated. CO demonstrated the greater values (77.03 ± 22.61 µm). All marginal and internal adaptation values were considered clinically acceptable. Conclusion. It was concluded that there was an influence of the type of ceramic system in marginal and internal adaptation of copings in zirconia.
Experimental Study of the Debris Flow Slurry Impact and Distribution
Authors: Zhao Haixin , Yao Lingkan , You Yong , Wang Baoliang , Zhang Cong
Published: September 2018

In this study, we present a new method to calculate debris flow slurry impact and its distribution, which are critical issues for designing countermeasures against debris flows. There is no unified formula at present, and we usually design preventive engineering according to the uniform distribution of the maximum impact force. For conducting a laboratory flume experiment, we arrange sensors at different positions on a dam and analyze the differences on debris flow slurry impact against various densities, channel slopes, and dam front angles. Results show that the force of debris flow on the dam distributes unevenly, and that the impact force is large in the middle and decreases gradually to the both sides. We systematically analyze the influence factors for the calculation of the maximum impact force in the middle point and give the quantitative law of decay from the middle to the sides. We propose a method to calculate the distribution of the debris flow impact force on the whole section and provide a case to illustrate this method.
Repetitive Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Induces Quantified Changes in Resting Cerebral Perfusion Measured from Arterial Spin Labeling
Authors: Sherwood Matthew S. , Madaris Aaron T. , Mullenger Casserly R. , McKinley R. Andy
Published: September 2018

The use of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) as a method to augment neural activity has increased in popularity in the last decade and a half. The specific application of TES to the left prefrontal cortex has been shown to produce broad cognitive effects; however, the neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. In this work, we evaluated the effect of repetitive TES on cerebral perfusion. Stimulation was applied to the left prefrontal cortex on three consecutive days, and resting cerebral perfusion was quantified before and after stimulation using arterial spin labeling. Perfusion was found to decrease significantly more in a matched sham stimulation group than in a group receiving active stimulation across many areas of the brain. These changes were found to originate in the locus coeruleus and were broadly distributed in the neocortex. The changes in the neocortex may be a direct result of the stimulation or an indirect result via the changes in the noradrenergic system produced from the altered activity of the locus coeruleus. These findings indicate that anodal left prefrontal stimulation alters the activity of the locus coeruleus, and this altered activity may excite the noradrenergic system producing the broad behavioral effects that have been reported.
Age-Dependent Loss of Mitochondrial Function in Epithelial Tissue Can Be Reversed by Coenzyme Q10
Authors: Schniertshauer Daniel , Gebhard Daniel , Bergemann Jörg
Published: September 2018

The process of aging is characterized by the increase of age-associated disorders as well as severe diseases. Due to their role in the oxidative phosphorylation and thus the production of ATP which is crucial for many cellular processes, one reason for this could be found in the mitochondria. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species damaged mitochondrial DNA and proteins can induce mitochondrial dysfunction within the electron transport chain. According to the “mitochondrial theory of aging,” understanding the impact of harmful external influences on mitochondrial function is therefore essential for a better view on aging in general, but the measurement of mitochondrial respiration in skin cells from cell cultures cannot completely reflect the real situation in skin. Here, we describe a new method to measure the mitochondrial respiratory parameters in epithelial tissue derived from human skin biopsies using a XF24 extracellular flux analyzer to evaluate the effect of coenzyme Q10. We observed a decrease in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production with donor age corresponding to the “mitochondrial theory of aging.” For the first time ex vivo in human epidermis, we could show also a regeneration of mitochondrial respiratory parameters if the reduced form of coenzyme Q10, ubiquinol, was administered. In conclusion, an age-related decrease in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production was confirmed. Likewise, an increase in the respiratory parameters by the addition of coenzyme Q10 could also be shown. The fact that there is a significant effect of administered coenzyme Q10 on the respiratory parameters leads to the assumption that this is mainly caused by an increase in the electron transport chain. This method offers the possibility of testing age-dependent effects of various substances and their influence on the mitochondrial respiration parameters in human epithelial tissue.
Optimizing Livers for Transplantation Using Machine Perfusion versus Cold Storage in Large Animal Studies and Human Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jiang Xinan , Feng Lei , Pan Mingxin , Gao Yi
Published: September 2018

Background. Liver allograft preservation frequently involves static cold storage (CS) and machine perfusion (MP). With its increasing popularity, we investigated whether MP was superior to CS in terms of beneficial outcomes. Methods. Human studies and large animal studies that optimized livers for transplantation using MP versus CS were assessed (PubMed/Medline/EMBASE). Meta-analyses were conducted for comparisons. Study quality was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale and SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool. Results. Nineteen studies were included. Among the large animal studies, lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase (SMD -3.16, 95% CI -5.14 to -1.18), alanine transferase (SMD -2.46, 95% CI -4.03 to -0.90), and hyaluronic acid (SMD -2.48, 95% CI -4.21 to -0.74) were observed in SNMP-preserved compared to CS-preserved livers. NMP-preserved livers showing lower level of hyaluronic acid (SMD -3.97, 95% CI -5.46 to -2.47) compared to CS-preserved livers. Biliary complications (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.73) and early graft dysfunction (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.92) also significantly reduced with HMP preservation in human studies. No evidence of publication bias was found. Conclusions. MP preservation could improve short-term outcomes after transplantation compared to CS preservation. Additional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to develop clinical applications of MP preservation.
Pilot Trial of the Reboot Online Program: An Internet-Delivered, Multidisciplinary Pain Management Program for Chronic Pain
Authors: Schultz Regina , Smith Jessica , Newby Jill M. , Gardner Tania , Shiner Christine T. , Andrews Gavin , Faux Steven G.
Published: September 2018

Objectives. Chronic pain causes significant disability and psychological distress, but barriers often prevent people with pain from engaging in traditional face-to-face pain management programs. Accessible, feasible, and effective alternative treatment options are needed. Methods. A prospective, feasibility pilot study was conducted to trial a novel, multidisciplinary online pain management program: the “Reboot Online” program. Twenty participants experiencing pain of at least three months duration were recruited. All participants were enrolled in the “Reboot Online” program, consisting of eight online lessons completed over 16 weeks. Lessons incorporated multidisciplinary input from medical pain specialists, physiotherapists, and psychologists. Participants were assessed at pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up using a suite of outcome measures examining pain, disability, catastrophising, self-efficacy, mood, and psychological distress. Results. 13 participants completed the program (65% adherence). Following treatment, the participants had significantly improved scores on measures of pain-related disability, self-efficacy, catastrophising thoughts, acceptance of pain, symptoms of depression, and general psychological distress. These findings were retained at three months posttreatment. Participants also reported high levels of acceptability and satisfaction with the program. Discussion. This study provides pilot evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of an online, multidisciplinary pain program: “Reboot Online.” Future investigations will focus on conducting a randomised controlled trial of this innovative and promising treatment for chronic pain. This trial is registered with ACTRN12615000660583.
Understanding the Usage Patterns of Bicycle-Sharing Systems to Predict Users’ Demand: A Case Study in Wenzhou, China
Authors: Xu Xiaomei , Ye Zhirui , Li Jin , Xu Mingtao
Published: September 2018

Bicycle-sharing systems (BSSs) have become a prominent feature of the transportation network in many cities. Along with the boom of BSSs, cities face the challenge of bicycle unavailability and dock shortages. It is essential to conduct rebalancing operations, the success of which largely depend on users’ demand prediction. The objective of this study is to develop users’ demand prediction models based on the rental data, which will serve rebalancing operations. First, methods to collect and process the relevant data are presented. Bicycle usage patterns are then examined from both trip-based aspect and station-based aspect to provide some guidance for users’ demand prediction. After that, the methodology combining cluster analysis, a back-propagation neural network (BPNN), and comparative analysis is proposed to predict users’ demand. Cluster analysis is used to identify different service types of stations, the BPNN method is utilized to establish the demand prediction models for different service types of stations, and comparative analysis is employed to determine if the accuracy of the prediction models is improved by making a distinction among stations and working/nonworking days. Finally, a case study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. Results indicate that making a distinction among stations and working/nonworking days when predicting users’ demand can improve the accuracy of prediction models.
Early Introduction of Egg and the Development of Egg Allergy in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Al-Saud Bandar , Sigurdardóttir Sigurveig T.
Published: September 2018

Background: The timing of the introduction of egg to an infant’s diet is of current interest, as new evidence raises questions regarding the benefit of delaying egg introduction. The objective of this study was to systematically review the existing literature regarding the effect of the early introduction of egg on the development of egg allergy. Methods: Literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL, and trial protocols were searched in Meta Register and OpenGREY. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing early (between 3 and 6 months of age) egg introduction to no early introduction were included. The primary outcome was the development of egg allergy. Results: Of the 416 articles identified and screened, 6 RCTs met the eligibility criteria for data extraction. Allergic outcomes were evaluated in a total of 3,032 participants. A low to moderate level of evidence showed a benefit of the early introduction of egg (relative risk, RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.44–0.82, p = 0.002, mild heterogeneity, I2 = 23%). The absolute risk reduction for a population with an incidence of egg allergy of 9.3% was 37 fewer cases (95% CI 17–52) per 1,000 people. Consumption of < 4,000 mg/week of egg protein had a greater preventive effect than a higher dose. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis showed an association between the early introduction of egg and a lower risk of egg allergy. Furthermore, the nature and dose of egg protein exposure may play a role. These findings should be addressed in the context of primary studies.
R Open Source Programming Code for Calculation of the Kidney Donor Profile Index and Kidney Donor Risk Index
Authors: Bikbov Boris
Published: September 2018

Background: The Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) and Kidney Donor Risk Index (KDRI) were developed by the United States Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN). They may influence the clinical decision whether to accept or discard a donor kidney, but still there are debates about KDPI/KDRI applicability and its consequences. To further evaluate these indexes in different populations, more data should be analyzed, and a universally applicable program code would facilitate it. Currently, KDPI/KDRI calculation could be readily done only on the OPTN website that is convenient for a single donor, but not suitable for processing data sets with many records. Summary: A universally applicable program algorithm in widely used R language for calculating KDPI and KDRI was developed according to donor factors and coefficients described in the OPTN guide. Key Messages: The open R code permits to calculate KDPI/KDRI either for a single donor or for an unlimited number of records in large data sets. The presented software code would save substantial time to research groups all over the world and help to clarify the KDPI/KDRI role in global settings.
OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA IN AGROECOSYSTEMS OF UKRAINE
Authors: Butsenko L. M. , Pasichnyk L. A.
Published: September 2018

Background. Recently, the number of diseases caused by opportunistic bacteria has been increasing all over the world. Opportunistic microorganisms are characterized by ubiquitous proliferation, flexibility in adaptation to the conditions of the environment, lack of specific relationship with the macroorganism. Phytopathogenic bacteria are also able to infect both plants and animals.Objective. The purpose of the research was to detect the Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria in various ecological niches and establish their virulence.Methods. Classical microbiological, biochemical, serological methods were used in the research. The identification of bacteria was carried out according to their phenotypic properties.Results. It has been established that opportunistic bacteria species P. agglomerans and P. fluorescens are present in wheat agrophytocenoses. The bacteria isolated from the agrophytocenoses are virulent for wheat, rye and weed plants. Antibodies to opportunistic bacteria, which are spread in agrophytocenoses of cereals crops, have been found in the blood of healthy rabbits.Conclusions. Thus, we have established that virulent strains of opportunistic bacteria P. agglomerans and P. fluorescens are spread in agrophytocenoses of cereals. The presence of antibodies to these bacteria in the blood of healthy rabbits proves that opportunistic bacteria from plant material get into animals and humans. Knowledge of biology and the spread of opportunistic pathogens in agrophytocenoses is necessary for prevention of infections that these bacteria cause in humans.
MIXED GERM CELL TERATOMATOUS TUMOUR OF TESTIS IN ADULTS: DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES FOR A HISTOPATHOLOGIST (case report)
Authors: Aden D. , Shadan M. , Khan I. D. , Alam F. , Naim M. , Mohiyadheen R. , Naim E.
Published: September 2018

Background. Testicular tumours account for approximately 1-2 % of the total cancer cases in the male population globally and show higher incidence in the younger male age group of up to 15 years. The majority (~98 %) of testicular tumours are observed to be of the germ-cell origin which can either be of seminomatous type or non-seminomatous type. The non-seminomatous germ cell neoplasm may be pure or of mixed subtype. Objective was to emphasize the rare case of mixed germ cell teratomatous tumour of testis in adult man.Methods.  A mixed germ cell teratomatous tumour of testis comprising of yolk sac tumour and embryonal carcinoma in an adult Indian male is reported in the research.Results. A 45 year-old Indian male presented with enlargement of right testis which was found to be an encapsulated right testicular tumour on exploratory surgery which was followed by radical orchiectomy. Serum AFP and β-hCG levels were elevated to 380 ng/ml and 590 mg/ml respectively. Histopathology revealed a mixed germ cell teratomatous tumour of testis comprising of yolk sac tumour and embryonal carcinoma.Conclusions. In adults teratomas occur usually as a component of mixed germ cell tumours. However in the present case teratomatous embryoid yolk sac germ cell tumour of testis was observed in an Indian adult male. The prognosis of embryoid germ cell tumours of testis is generally poor. The possibility of this condition should always be considered in all cases that present with a testicular lump.
CONVENTIONAL MINIMUM IN COPYRIGHT PROTECTION (THE BERNE CONVENTION)
Authors: Barg J.
Published: September 2018

Background. Intellectual property rights are present in our everyday lives to a huge extent. Law of intellectual property is generally governed by national law, with general principles set out in international treaties. Copyrights strictly protect only the expression of ideas, not the underlying ideas, procedures, methods of operation, or mathematical concepts themselves. Berne Convention was first signed in 1886 and to this day is one of the most important international treaties concerning copyrights and moral rights.Objective. This paper aims to shortly explain the basic rights and privileges provided to the authors by the Berne Convention in its present version, i.e. Paris Act of July 24, 1971, amended on September 28, 1979.Results. Berne Convention provides a „conventional minimum”, meaning that all members must provide at least the rights granted by the Berne Convention to the authors. However, each member can grant more rights to the authors. In article 7 Berne Convention regulates the term of protection of copyrights, which is the life of the author and fifty years after her death. Moral rights, provided in Article 6bis, were added in 1928 and grant the author a right to claim authorship of the work and the right of respect. Article 10 of the Berne Convention provides “certain free uses of works”.Conclusions. The freedoms granted include possibilities of making quotations and of using the work of someone else to illustrate for teaching purposes. However, in both cases, an indication of the source of the work is required.
CYTOKINES PROFILE IN EXPERIMENTAL CONTACT ALLERGIC DERMATITIS AND USE OF NANOENCAPSULATED PREPARATIONS
Authors: Khudan-Tsilo I. I. , Shevchuk O. O. , Korda M. M.
Published: September 2018

Background. Inflammation, oxidative and nitro-oxidative stress are the essentials of the pathogenesis of contact allergic dermatitis as well as cytokines imbalance.Objective. The concentration of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10 in blood serum of rats with nickel-induced contact allergic dermatitis was evaluated to determine whether it correlated with the use of free and nanoencapsulated preparations of betamethasone, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and potent highly selective inhibitor of iNOS (1400W).Methods. To induce contact dermatitis (CD), 5 % nickel sulfate was used for 12 days. Experiments were performed on white inbred male rats, 180–220 g of body mass. All rats were divided into 10 groups (n=10). Group I – the control one; II – the animals with CD; III – the rats with CD treated with empty polymeric chitosan nanoparticles; groups IV–VI – the rats with CD treated with free SOD, 1400W and betamethasone; groups VII-IX – the rats administered with nanoencapsulated SOD, 1400W and betamethasone; X – CD + nano-composition of all agents.Results. The statistically higher serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and decrease of IL-4 and IL-10 in experimental contact dermatitis is proved in comparison with the healthy rats. Mono-treatment with betamethasone, SOD and 1400W is efficient, but the use of nanoparticles loaded with these preparations surpasses its effects. The use of the combination of all nanoencapsulated medicines is the most effective.Conclusions. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, and inhibitors of oxidative and nitro-oxidative stress is a promising method for treatment of allergic contact dermatitis and can be recommended for further research and use in clinics.