bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Product Lifecycle Management as Data Repository for Manufacturing Problem Solving
Authors: Camarillo Alvaro , Ríos José , Althoff Klaus-Dieter
Published: August 2018

Fault diagnosis presents a considerable difficulty to human operators in supervisory control of manufacturing systems. Implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in existing manufacturing facilities implies an investment, since it requires upgrading them with sensors, connectivity capabilities, and IoT software platforms. Aligned with the technological vision of Industry 4.0 and based on currently existing information databases in the industry, this work proposes a lower-investment alternative solution for fault diagnosis and problem solving. This paper presents the details of the information and communication models of an application prototype oriented to production. It aims at assisting shop-floor actors during a Manufacturing Problem Solving (MPS) process. It captures and shares knowledge, taking existing Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) documents as an initial source of information related to potential manufacturing problems. It uses a Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system as source of manufacturing context information related to the problems under investigation and integrates Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) technology to provide information about similar manufacturing problems.
Annealing Behaviour of Pt and PtNi Nanowires for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Mardle Peter , Du Shangfeng
Published: August 2018

PtNi alloy and hybrid structures have shown impressive catalytic activities toward the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, such promise does not often translate into improved electrode performances in PEMFC devices. In this contribution, a Ni impregnation and subsequent annealing method, translatable to vertically aligned nanowire gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs), is shown in thin-film rotating disk electrode measurements (TFRDE) to enhance the ORR mass activity of Pt nanowires (NWs) supported on carbon (Pt NWs/C) by around 1.78 times. Physical characterisation results indicate that this improvement can be attributed to a combination of Ni alloying of the nanowires with retention of the morphology, while demonstrating that Ni can also help improve the thermal stability of Pt NWs. These catalysts are then tested in single PEMFCs. Lower power performances are achieved for PtNi NWs/C than Pt NWs/C. A further investigation confirms the different surface behaviour between Pt NWs and PtNi NWs when in contact with electrolyte ionomer in the electrodes in PEMFC operation. Indications are that this interaction exacerbates reactant mass transport limitations not seen with TFRDE measurements.
Some Considerations about the Use of Contact and Confocal Microscopy Methods in Surface Texture Measurement
Authors: Caja García Jesús , Sanz Lobera Alfredo , Maresca Piera , Fernández Pareja Teresa , Wang Chen
Published: August 2018

Surface metrology employs various measurement techniques, among which there has been an increase of noteworthy research into non-contact optical and contact stylus methods. However, some deeper considerations about their differentiation and compatibility are still lacking and necessary. This work compares the measurement characteristics of the confocal microscope with the portable stylus profilometer instrumentation, from a metrological point of view (measurement precision and accuracy, and complexity of algorithms for data processing) and an operational view (measuring ranges, measurement speed, environmental and operational requirements, and cost). Mathematical models and algorithms for roughness parameters calculation and their associated uncertainties evaluation are developed and validated. The experimental results demonstrate that the stylus profilometer presents the most reliable measurement with the highest measurement speed and the least complex algorithms, while the image confocal method takes advantage of higher vertical and horizontal resolution when compared with the employed stylus profilometer.
Anti-Photoaging Effects of Low Molecular-Weight Fucoidan on Ultraviolet B-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Kim Young-In , Oh Won-Seok , Song Phil Hyun , Yun Sungho , Kwon Young-Sam , Lee Young Joon , Ku Sae-Kwang , Song Chang-Hyun , Oh Tae-Ho
Published: August 2018

Ultraviolet (UV) B exposure induces DNA damage and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes skin photoaging through signaling pathways of inflammation and modulation of extracellular matrix remodeling proteins, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). As low molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) has potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, we examined the protective effects of LMF against UVB-induced photoaging. A UVB-irradiated mouse model was topically treated with myricetin or LMF at 2.0, 1.0 and 0.2 mg/cm2 (LMF2.0, LMF1.0 and LMF0.2, respectively) once a day for 15 weeks. Wrinkle formation, inflammation, oxidative stress, MMP expression, and apoptosis in the treated regions were compared with those in a distilled water-treated photoaging model (UVB control). LMF treatments, particularly LMF2.0 and LMF1.0, significantly inhibited the wrinkle formation, skin edema, and neutrophil recruitment into the photo-damaged lesions, compared with those in the UVB control. While LMF decreased interleukin (IL)-1β release, it increased IL-10. The LMF treatment inhibited the oxidative stresses (malondialdehyde and superoxide anion) and enhanced endogenous antioxidants (glutathione). Additionally, LMF reduced the mRNA expression of MMP-1, 9, and 13. The histopathological analyses revealed the anti-photoaging effects of LMF exerted via its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and MMP-9-inhibiting effects. These suggest that LMF can be used as a skin-protective remedy for photoaging.
Alkaline Phosphatase Immobilization on New Chitosan Membranes with Mg2+ for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Tihan Gratiela Teodora , Zgarian Roxana Gabriela , Berteanu Elena , Ionita Daniela , Totea Georgeta , Iordachel Catalin , Tatia Rodica , Prodana Mariana , Demetrescu Ioana
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we present the fabrication and characterization of new chitosan-based membranes while using a new biotechnology for immobilizing alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This technology involved metal ions incorporation to develop new biopolymeric supports. The chemical structure and morphological characteristics of proposed membranes were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM). The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) evidenced the metal ion release in time. Moreover, the effect of Mg2+ on the enzymatic activity and the antibacterial investigations while using Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, hemolysis, and biocompatibility behavior were studied. Immobilizing ALP into the chitosan membranes composition followed by the incorporation of Mg2+ led to polymeric supports with enhanced cellular viability when comparing to chitosan-based membranes without Mg2+. The results obtained evidenced promising performance in biomedical applications for the new biopolymeric supports that are based on chitosan, ALP, and metal ions.
Polyamine Biosynthetic Pathway as a Drug Target for Osteosarcoma Therapy
Authors: Weicht Rebecca R. , Schultz Chad R. , Geerts Dirk , Uhl Katie L. , Bachmann André S.
Published: August 2018

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in children. Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous cations involved in many cell processes including tumor development, invasion and metastasis. In other pediatric cancer models, inhibition of the PA biosynthesis pathway with ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) results in decreased cell proliferation and differentiation. In OS, the PA pathway has not been evaluated. DFMO is an attractive, orally administered drug, is well tolerated, can be given for prolonged periods, and is already used in pediatric patients. Three OS cell lines were used to study the cellular effects of PA inhibition with DFMO: MG-63, U-2 OS and Saos-2. Effects on proliferation were analyzed by cell count, flow cytometry-based cell cycle analysis and RealTime-Glo™ MT Cell Viability assays. Intracellular PA levels were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Western blot analysis was used to evaluate cell differentiation. DFMO exposure resulted in significantly decreased cell proliferation in all cell lines. After treatment, intracellular spermidine levels were drastically decreased. Cell cycle arrest at G2/M was observed in U-2 OS and Saos-2. Cell differentiation was most prominent in MG-63 and U-2 OS as determined by increases in the terminal differentiation markers osteopontin and collagen 1a1. Cell proliferation continued to be suppressed for several days after removal of DFMO. Based on our findings, DFMO is a promising new adjunct to current osteosarcoma therapy in patients at high risk of relapse, such as those with poor necrosis at resection or those with metastatic or recurrent osteosarcoma. It is a well-tolerated oral drug that is currently in phase II clinical trials in pediatric neuroblastoma patients as a maintenance therapy. The same type of regimen may also improve outcomes in osteosarcoma patients in whom there have been essentially no medical advances in the last 30 years.
Chemical Crosslinking of 6FDA-ODA and 6FDA-ODA:DABA for Improved CO2/CH4 Separation
Authors: Ahmad Mohd Zamidi , Pelletier Henri , Martin-Gil Violeta , Castro-Muñoz Roberto , Fila Vlastimil
Published: August 2018

Chemical grafting or crosslinking of polyimide chains are known to be feasible approaches to increase polymer gas-pair selectivity and specific gas permeance. Different co-polyimides; 6FDA-ODA and 6FDA-ODA:DABA were synthesized using a two-step condensation method. Six different cross-linkers were used: (i) m-xylylene diamine; (ii) n-ethylamine; and (iii) n-butylamine, by reacting with 6FDA-ODA’s imide groups in a solid state crosslinking; while (iv) ethylene glycol monosalicylate (EGmSal); (v) ethylene glycol anhydrous (EGAn); and (vi) thermally labile iron (III) acetylacetonate (FeAc), by reacting with DABA carboxyl groups in 6FDA-ODA:DABA. The gas separation performances were evaluated by feeding an equimolar CO2 and CH4 binary mixture, at a constant feed pressure of 5 bar, at 25 °C. Fractional free volume (FFV) was calculated using Bondi’s contribution method by considering the membrane solid density property, measured by pycnometer. Other characterization techniques: thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed accordingly. Depending on the type of amine, the CO2/CH4 selectivity of 6FDA-ODA increased between 25 to 100% at the expense of CO2 permeance. We observed the similar trend for 6FDA-ODA:DABA EGmSal-crosslinked with 143% selectivity enhancement. FeAc-crosslinked membranes showed an increment in both selectivity and CO2 permeability by 126% and 29% respectively. Interestingly, FeAc acted as both cross-linker which reduces chain mobility; consequently improving the selectivity and as micro-pore former; thus increases the gas permeability. The separation stability was further evaluated using 25–75% CO2 in the feed with CH4 as the remaining, between 2 and 8 bar at 25 °C. We also observed no CO2-induced plasticization to the measured pressure with high CO2 content (max. 75%).
Fluorosilicone as an Omnimold for Microreplication
Authors: Zhang Teng , Yue Xiaokui , Sameoto Dan
Published: August 2018

Soft lithography and replica molding have been an integral part of polymer basic microfabrication for over 20 years. The use of silicone rubber materials as either molds or directly molded parts are well described in the literature and have provided researchers with an easily accessible technique to reproduce complex micro and nanostructures with minimal costs and technical challenges. Yet, for many applications, the use of standard silicones may not necessarily be the best choice, either as a mold material or as a replicated surface. For those instances where a mold is required that is high temperature tolerant, flexible, durable and capable of being used as a mold for multiple materials including silicone rubber, the most commonly used silicone rubber, Sylgard-184, has substantial deficiencies. In this work, we introduce a new material, Fluorosilicone that has not been described in the microfabrication field in detail and determine it is capable of reproducing micro structures via soft lithography techniques and being used as a mold for thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, including silicone rubbers. Material compatibility, appropriate processing conditions for quality replicas and demonstration of extremely fast production of silicone microstructures are reported.
Influence of Season and Diet on Fiber Digestion and Bacterial Community Structure in the Rumen of Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus)
Authors: Ungerfeld Emilio , Leigh Mary , Forster Robert , Barboza Perry
Published: August 2018

We studied the relationship between fiber digestion and the composition of the bacterial community in the rumen of muskoxen at the start and the end of the annual window of plant growth from spring to fall. Eight ruminally cannulated castrated males were fed brome hay or triticale straw (69.6% vs. 84.6% neutral detergent fiber, respectively) that were similar in fiber content to the sedges consumed by wild muskoxen (64.5 to 71.7% neutral detergent fiber). Muskoxen digested fiber from both forages faster and to a greater extent when straw rather than hay was consumed. Fiber digestion was therefore inducible by diet 4 in each season. We used 16S rRNA sequences from ruminal contents to study how season and diet affected the bacterial community and how the latter related to fiber digestion. We found that Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes accounted for 90% of the sequences at the level of Phylum, which is typical for the mammal gut microbiome. Using partial least square regressions, it was found that between 48% and 72% of the variation in fiber digestion was associated with 36–43 genera of bacteria. The main fibrolytic bacteria typical of domestic ruminants were generally not among the most important bacteria associated with fiber digestion in muskoxen. This reveals that muskoxen rely upon on a large suite of bacterial genera that are largely distinct from those used by other ruminants to digest the cell walls of plants that vary widely in both abundance and nutritional quality through the year.
Geology and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements Deposits and Occurrences in Finland
Authors: Al-Ani Thair , Molnár Ferenc , Lintinen Panu , Leinonen Seppo
Published: August 2018

Rare earth elements (REE) have critical importance in the manufacturing of many electronic products in the high-tech and green-tech industries. Currently, mining and processing of REE is strongly concentrated in China. A substantial growth in global exploration for REE deposits has taken place in the recent years and has resulted in considerable advances in defining new resources. This study provides an overview of the mineralogical and petrological peculiarities of the most important REE prospects and metallogeny of REE in Finland. There is a particularly good potential for future discoveries of carbonatite hosted REE deposits in the Paleozoic Sokli carbonatite complex, as well as in the Paleoproterozoic Korsnäs and Kortejärvi Laivajoki areas. This review also provides information about the highest known REE concentration in the alkaline intrusions of Finland in the Tana Belt and other alkaline rock hosted occurrences (e.g., Otanmäki and Katajakangas). Significant REE enrichments in hydrothermal alteration zones are also known in the Kuusamo Belt (Uuniniemi and Honkilehto), and occurrences of REE-rich mineralisation are also present in granite pegmatite bodies and greisens in central and southern Finland (Kovela monazite granite and the Rapakivi Granite batholith at Vyborg, respectively). REE minerals in all of the localities listed above were identified and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobes (EMPs). In localities of northern and central Finland, both primary rock forming and epigenetic-hydrothermal REE minerals were found, namely phosphates (monazite-Ce, xenotime-Y), fluorcarbonates (bastnäsite-Ce, synchysite), and hydrated carbonates (ancylite-Ce), hydrated aluminium silicates (allanite-Ce, Fe-allanite, cerite, chevkinite), oxides (fergusonite, euxenite) and U-Pb rich minerals. The chondrite normalized REE concentrations, the La/Nd ratios and the REE vs. major element contents in several types of REE bearing minerals from prospects in Finland can be used to identify and define variable REE fractionation processes (carbonatites), as well as to discriminate deposits of different origins.
A High-Efficiency Approach for the Synthesis of N235-Impregnated Resins and the Application in Enhanced Adsorption and Separation of Vanadium(V)
Authors: Chen Bo , Bao Shenxu , Zhang Yimin , Zheng Ruwei
Published: August 2018

Trialkylamine (N235)-tributyl phosphate (TBP) impregnated resins (N-TIRs) were prepared, so as to evaluate the effects of the addition of TBP on the preparation and adsorption performance of N235-impregnated resins (NIRs). The results show that TBP can obviously increase the impregnation ratio and shorten the impregnation equilibrium time of the N-TIRs when compared to that of the NIRs (57.73% versus 36.95% and 5 min versus 240 min). It is confirmed that TBP can interact with N235 during the impregnation process, which shorten the adsorption equilibrium time and increases the adsorption capacity of the N-TIRs for V(V) when compared to that of the NIRs (6 h versus 10 h and 50.95 mg·g−1 versus 46.73 mg·g−1). The kinetics fitting results demonstrate that the adsorption of V(V) onto N-TIRs and NIRs all conform to pseudo-second order kinetic model and chemical reaction is the rate-limiting step of the whole adsorption process. In the meanwhile, the reaction constant (Ks) implies that the chemical reaction rate of V(V) with the impregnated extractants in N-TIRs is faster than that in NIRs. The N-TIRs present higher stability and selectivity than NIRs. This study manifests that the addition of a secondary reagent may be a potential and novel technique on the preparation of SIRs and the enhancement of adsorption and separation for ions.
Adsorption Structure and Mechanism of Styryl Phosphoric Acid at the Rutile–Water Interface
Authors: Xiao Wei , Jiao Fen , Zhao Hongbo , Qin Wenqing , Qiu Guanzhou , Wang Jun
Published: August 2018

The microstructure and mechanism of styryl phosphoric acid (SPA) adsorbed at the rutile–water interface were investigated through zeta potential measurement, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results of the zeta potential measurement illustrate that SPA is mainly electrostatically adsorbed on the rutile surface, and the adsorption process and result can be well fitted by the Stern-Grahame equation. The adsorption is severely affected by pH due to different species of SPA occurring in different pH solutions. The compound of P–O–Ti, with a structure of bidentate binuclear or bidentate mononuclear complexes, is formed after SPA is adsorbed on the rutile surface. SPA can be adsorbed on the rutile surface through the coordination of self-polymerization and bidentate mononuclear, which greatly increases the hydrophobicity of the rutile surface. Based on the above analysis and discussion, we proposed the adsorption model of SPA at the rutile–water interface, which was conducive to the modification and synthesis of a highly efficient flotation collector of the primary rutile ore.
Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for DNA Detection: A Review
Authors: Wu Xin , Mu Fengwen , Wang Yinghui , Zhao Haiyan
Published: August 2018

DNA detection with high sensitivity and specificity has tremendous potential as molecular diagnostic agents. Graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials, such as graphene nanopore, graphene nanoribbon, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide, graphene-nanoparticle composites, were demonstrated to have unique properties, which have attracted increasing interest towards the application of DNA detection with improved performance. This article comprehensively reviews the most recent trends in DNA detection based on graphene and graphene-related nanomaterials. Based on the current understanding, this review attempts to identify the future directions in which the field is likely to thrive, and stimulate more significant research in this subject.
Biopesticide Activity from Drimanic Compounds to Control Tomato Pathogens
Authors: Montenegro Iván , Madrid Alejandro , Cuellar Mauricio , Seeger Michael , Alfaro Juan Felipe , Besoain Ximena , Martínez Juan Pablo , Ramirez Ingrid , Olguín Yusser , Valenzuela Miryam
Published: August 2018

Tomato crops can be affected by several infectious diseases produced by bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. Four phytopathogens are of special concern because of the major economic losses they generate worldwide in tomato production; Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, causative agents behind two highly destructive diseases, bacterial canker and bacterial speck, respectively; fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici that causes Fusarium Wilt, which strongly affects tomato crops; and finally, Phytophthora spp., which affect both potato and tomato crops. Polygodial (1), drimenol (2), isonordrimenone (3), and nordrimenone (4) were studied against these four phytopathogenic microorganisms. Among them, compound 1, obtained from Drimys winteri Forst, and synthetic compound 4 are shown here to have potent activity. Most promisingly, the results showed that compounds 1 and 4 affect Clavibacter michiganensis growth at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively, and high antimycotic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora spp. with MIC of 64 µg/mL. The results of the present study suggest novel treatment alternatives with drimane compounds against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens.
Synthesis and Coordination Behavior of a Flexible Bis(phosphinoferrocene) Ligand
Authors: Schulz Jiří , Leitner Zdeněk , Císařová Ivana , Štěpnička Petr
Published: August 2018

A symmetrical flexible bis(phosphinoferrocene) derivative, viz. bis[1′-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]methane (1), was prepared and studied as a ligand in Pd(II) and Au(I) complexes. The reactions of 1 with [PdCl2(cod)] (cod = cycloocta-1,5-diene) and [Pd(μ-Cl)(LNC)]2 (LNC = [2-(dimethylamino-κN)methyl]phenyl-κC1) produced bis(phosphine) complex trans-[PdCl2(1-κ2P,P′)] (4), wherein the ligand spans trans positions in the square-planar coordination sphere of Pd(II) and the tetranuclear, P,P-bridged complex [(μ(P,P′)-1){PdCl(LNC)}2] (5), respectively. In reactions with the Au(I) precursors [AuCl(tht)] and [Au(tht)2][SbF6] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene), ligand 1 gave rise to tetranuclear Au2Fe2 complex [(μ(P,P′)-1)(AuCl)2] (6) and to symmetrical macrocyclic tetramer [Au4(μ(P,P′)-1)4][SbF6]4 (7). All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. In addition, the structures of compound 1, its synthetic precursor bis[1′-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]methanone (3), and all aforementioned Pd(II) and Au(I) complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (some in solvated form).
Valorization of Olive Pomace-Based Nutraceuticals as Antioxidants in Chemical, Food, and Biological Models
Authors: Vitali Čepo Dubravka , Radić Kristina , Jurmanović Sanja , Jug Mario , Grdić Rajković Marija , Pedisić Sandra , Moslavac Tihomir , Albahari Petra
Published: August 2018

Waste remaining after the production of olive oil (olive pomace) is known to contain significant amounts of phenolic compounds that exert different types of biological activities, primarily acting as antioxidants. In this work, a sustainable approach that combines ultrasound-assisted extraction with food-grade solvents and encapsulation with different types of cyclodextrins was used to prepare olive pomace-based polyphenol rich extracts that were tested as antioxidants in various chemical, food, and biological model systems. Encapsulation with cyclodextrins had a significant positive impact on the chemical composition of obtained extracts and it positively affected their antioxidant activity. Observed effects can be explained by an increased content of polyphenols in the formulations, specific physical properties of encapsulated compounds improving their antioxidant activity in complex food/physiological environment, and enhanced interaction with natural substrates. Depending on the applied model, the tested samples showed significant antioxidant protection in the concentration range 0.1–3%. Among the investigated cyclodextrins, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin encapsulated extracts showed particularly good antioxidant activity and were especially potent in oil-in-water emulsion systems (1242 mg/g and 1422 mg/g of Trolox equivalents, respectively), showing significantly higher antioxidant activity than Trolox (reference antioxidant). In other models, they provided antioxidant protection comparable to commonly used synthetic antioxidants at concentration levels of 2–3%.
Antihyperalgesic Activity of Atomoxetine on Diabetes-Induced Neuropathic Pain: Contribution of Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic Systems
Authors: Barbaros Mustafa Burak , Can Özgür Devrim , Üçel Umut İrfan , Turan Yücel Nazlı , Demir Özkay Ümide
Published: August 2018

Atomoxetine is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor drug. Based on the knowledge that agents increasing monoamine levels in the central nervous system have therapeutic potential for neuropathic pain, it is planned to investigate the possible efficacy of atomoxetine on diabetes-induced hyperalgesia, in this study. Randall-Selitto (mechanical noxious stimuli) and Hargreaves (thermal noxious stimuli) tests were used to evaluate nociceptive perception of rats. Obtained data indicated that streptozotocin-induced diabetes causes significant decreases in the paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency values of the animals, respectively. However, atomoxetine administered at 3 mg/kg/day for 7 and 14 days improved these diabetes-induced hyperalgesia responses. Furthermore, antihyperalgesic activity was antagonized with α-methyl-para-tyrosine methyl ester, phentolamine, propranolol, and sulpiride pre-treatments. The same effect was not reversed, however, by SCH 23390. These findings demonstrated, for the first time, that atomoxetine possesses significant antihyperalgesic activity on diabetes-induced neuropathic pain and this effect seems to be mediated by α- and β-adrenergic and D2/D3 dopaminergic receptors. Results of this present study seem to offer a new indication for an old drug; atomoxetine, but these preclinical data should first be confirmed with further well-designed clinical trials.
Preparation and Characterization of Antioxidative and UV-Protective Larch Bark Tannin/PVA Composite Membranes
Authors: Zhai Yingxiang , Wang Jiangtao , Wang Hao , Song Tao , Hu Weitong , Li Shujun
Published: August 2018

In order to prepare functional materials for antioxidant and ultraviolet (UV)-protective green food packaging, condensed tannin, previously extracted from larch bark, was mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and then the mixture was used to cast composite membranes. An antioxidative assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)—a free radical scavenger—and starch–potassium iodide oxidation–discoloration analyses showed that the composite membranes have good antioxidative activities. The low UV transmission and protective effect of the composite films on vitamin E indicated the UV protection ability of the composite membranes. Both larch bark tannin and PVA are rich in hydroxyl groups; scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated their compatibility. Also, the mechanical and crystallization properties of the composite membranes did not significantly decrease with the addition of larch bark tannin.
The Fuzziness of the Molecular World and Its Perspectives
Authors: Gentili Pier Luigi
Published: August 2018

Scientists want to comprehend and control complex systems. Their success depends on the ability to face also the challenges of the corresponding computational complexity. A promising research line is artificial intelligence (AI). In AI, fuzzy logic plays a significant role because it is a suitable model of the human capability to compute with words, which is relevant when we make decisions in complex situations. The concept of fuzzy set pervades the natural information systems (NISs), such as living cells, the immune and the nervous systems. This paper describes the fuzziness of the NISs, in particular of the human nervous system. Moreover, it traces three pathways to process fuzzy logic by molecules and their assemblies. The fuzziness of the molecular world is useful for the development of the chemical artificial intelligence (CAI). CAI will help to face the challenges that regard both the natural and the computational complexity.
Natural Cyclic Peptides as an Attractive Modality for Therapeutics: A Mini Review
Authors: Abdalla Muna Ali , McGaw Lyndy J.
Published: August 2018

Peptides are important biomolecules which facilitate the understanding of complex biological processes, which in turn could be serendipitous biological targets for future drugs. They are classified as a unique therapeutic niche and will play an important role as fascinating agents in the pharmaceutical landscape. Until now, more than 40 cyclic peptide drugs are currently in the market, and approximately one new cyclopeptide drug enters the market annually on average. Interestingly, the majority of clinically approved cyclic peptides are derived from natural sources, such as peptide antibiotics and human peptide hormones. In this report, the importance of cyclic peptides is discussed, and their role in drug discovery as interesting therapeutic biomolecules will be highlighted. Recently isolated naturally occurring cyclic peptides from microorganisms, sponges, and other sources with a wide range of pharmacological properties are reviewed herein.
Morphological, Release and Antibacterial Performances of Amoxicillin-Loaded Cellulose Aerogels
Authors: Ye Shan , He Shu , Su Chen , Jiang Lei , Wen Yanyi , Zhu Zhongjie , Shao Wei
Published: August 2018

Cellulose has been widely used in the biomedical field. In this study, novel cellulose aerogels were firstly prepared in a NaOH-based solvent system by a facile casting method. Then amoxicillin was successfully loaded into cellulose aerogels with different loadings. The morphology and structure of the cellulose aerogels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The drug release and antibacterial activities were also evaluated. The drug release results showed that cellulose aerogels have controlled amoxicillin release performance. In vitro antibacterial assay demonstrated that the cellulose aerogels exhibited excellent antibacterial activity with the amoxicillin dose-dependent activity. Therefore, the developed cellulose aerogels display controlled release behavior and efficient antibacterial performance, thus confirming their potential for biomedical applications.
Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia
Authors: Stępnicki Piotr , Kondej Magda , Kaczor Agnieszka A.
Published: August 2018

Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental illness which involves three groups of symptoms, i.e., positive, negative and cognitive, and has major public health implications. According to various sources, it affects up to 1% of the population. The pathomechanism of schizophrenia is not fully understood and current antipsychotics are characterized by severe limitations. Firstly, these treatments are efficient for about half of patients only. Secondly, they ameliorate mainly positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations and thought disorders which are the core of the disease) but negative (e.g., flat affect and social withdrawal) and cognitive (e.g., learning and attention disorders) symptoms remain untreated. Thirdly, they involve severe neurological and metabolic side effects and may lead to sexual dysfunction or agranulocytosis (clozapine). It is generally agreed that the interactions of antipsychotics with various neurotransmitter receptors are responsible for their effects to treat schizophrenia symptoms. In particular, several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), mainly dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline receptors, are traditional molecular targets for antipsychotics. Comprehensive research on GPCRs resulted in the exploration of novel important signaling mechanisms of GPCRs which are crucial for drug discovery: intentionally non-selective multi-target compounds, allosteric modulators, functionally selective compounds and receptor oligomerization. In this review, we cover current hypotheses of schizophrenia, involving different neurotransmitter systems, discuss available treatments and present novel concepts in schizophrenia and its treatment, involving mainly novel mechanisms of GPCRs signaling.
Optical Study and Experimental Realization of Nanostructured Back Reflectors with Reduced Parasitic Losses for Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells
Authors: Li Zeyu , E Rusli , Lu Chenjin , Prakoso Ari Bimo , Foldyna Martin , Khoury Rasha , Bulkin Pavel , Wang Junkang , Chen Wanghua , Johnson Erik , Cabarrocas Pere i Roca
Published: August 2018

We study light trapping and parasitic losses in hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film solar cells fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on nanostructured back reflectors. The back reflectors are patterned using polystyrene assisted lithography. By using O2 plasma etching of the polystyrene spheres, we managed to fabricate hexagonal nanostructured back reflectors. With the help of rigorous modeling, we study the parasitic losses in different back reflectors, non-active layers, and last but not least the light enhancement effect in the silicon absorber layer. Moreover, simulation results have been checked against experimental data. We have demonstrated hexagonal nanostructured amorphous silicon thin film solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 7.7% and around 34.7% enhancement of the short-circuit current density, compared with planar amorphous silicon thin film solar cells.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ligustrum Ovalifolium Fruits and Their Cytotoxic Effects
Authors: Moldovan Bianca , Sincari Vladislav , Perde-Schrepler Maria , David Luminita
Published: August 2018

The present study reports for the first time the efficacy of bioactive compounds from Ligustrum ovalifolium L. fruit extract as reducing and capping agents of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), developing a green, zero energetic, cost effective and simple synthesis method of AgNPs. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming that nanoparticles were crystalline in nature, spherical in shape, with an average size of 7 nm. The FTIR spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the AgNPs were capped and stabilized by bioactive molecules from the fruit extract. The cytotoxicity of the biosynthesized AgNPs was in vitro evaluated against ovarian carcinoma cells and there were found to be effective at low concentration levels.
Ultrafast Synthesis of Urchin-Like Rutile TiO2 by Single-Step Microwave-Assisted Method
Authors: Xiang Liqin , Liu Yuchi , Liu Yang , Zheng Chen , Zhao Xiaopeng
Published: August 2018

The preparations of crystal titanium dioxide (TiO2) are often time-consuming multistep processes involving high temperature. Rapid and efficient methods to obtain TiO2 with anatase or rutile phase are desirable. In this paper, we describe an ultrafast single-step method to obtain urchin-like rutile TiO2 particles via microwave irradiation. In the procedure, TiCl4 aqueous solution was used as a reactant and toluene was used as a solvent. It takes only a few minutes without any further heat treatment. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of temperature, irradiation time and the ratio of precursor to solvent on the morphology and crystal structure were studied. The results show urchin-like rutile TiO2 with high stability is formed after only 5 min microwave irradiation at 135 °C.
New Insights into the Role of Weak Electron–Phonon Coupling in Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films
Authors: Gandhi Ashish C. , Yeoh Wei-Shan , Wu Ming-An , Liao Ching-Hao , Chiu Dai-Yao , Yeh Wei-Li , Huang Yue-Lin
Published: August 2018

High-quality crystalline nanostructured ZnO thin films were grown on sapphire substrates by reactive sputtering. As-grown and post-annealed films (in air) with various grain sizes (2 to 29 nm) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman scattering. The electron–phonon coupling (EPC) strength, deduced from the ratio of the second- to the first-order Raman scattering intensity, diminished by reducing the ZnO grain size, which mainly relates to the Fröhlich interactions. Our finding suggests that in the spatially quantum-confined system the low polar nature leads to weak EPC. The outcome of this study is important for the development of nanoscale high-performance optoelectronic devices.
Increased Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor 10.5 h after Intake of Whole Grain Rye-Based Products in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Sandberg Jonna C. , Björck Inger M. E. , Nilsson Anne C.
Published: August 2018

It has previously been shown in short-term interventions that kernel-based whole grain (WG) rye products have beneficial effects on test markers related to obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D increases the risk of several severe health issues, including declined cognitive functions. The protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is suggested to be a potential biomarker for neuronal integrity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on plasma BDNF concentrations, 10.5 h after the intake of WG rye. Healthy young adults were provided late evening meals consisting of WG rye kernel-based bread (RKB) or a white wheat flour-based bread (reference product (WWB)), in a randomized cross-over design. The BDNF concentrations were investigated at fasting in the morning 10.5 h after single evening meals with RKB and WWB, and also after three consecutive evening meals with RKB and WWB, respectively. No difference was observed in the BDNF concentrations depending on the priming setting (p > 0.05). The RKB evening meals increased the BDNF concentrations by 27% at fasting (p = 0.001), compared to WWB. The increase of BDNF after the RKB indicate that, in addition to anti-diabetic properties, the dietary fiber in WG rye may support neuronal integrity.
Moderate Effect of Flavonoids on Vascular and Renal Function in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Paredes María D. , Romecín Paola , Atucha Noemí M. , O’Valle Francisco , Castillo Julián , Ortiz María Clara , García-Estañ Joaquín
Published: August 2018

Many studies have shown that flavonoids are effective as antihypertensive drugs in arterial hypertension. In the present work, we have analyzed the effects of some flavonoid extracts in the spontaneous hypertensive rat model (SHR). An important feature of this study is that we have used a low dose, far from those that are usually applied in human therapy or experimental animals, a dose that responded to the criterion of a potential future commercial use in human subjects. Treatments were carried out for 6 and 12 weeks in two groups of SHR rats, which received apigenin, lemon extract, grapefruit + bitter orange (GBO) extracts, and cocoa extract. Captopril was used as a positive control in the SHR group treated for 6 weeks (SHR6) and Diosmin was used as the industry reference in the SHR group treated for 12 weeks (SHR12). Captopril and GBO extracts lowered the high arterial pressure of the SHR6 animals, but none of the extracts were effective in the SHR12 group. Apigenin, lemon extract (LE), GBO, and captopril also improved aortic vascular relaxation and increased plasma and urinary excretion of nitrites, but only in the SHR6 group. Kidney and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also significantly reduced by GBO in the SHR6 rats. Apigenin also improved vascular relaxation in the SHR12 group and all the flavonoids studied reduced urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) excretion and proteinuria. Vascular abnormalities, such as lumen/wall ratio in heart arteries and thoracic aorta, were moderately improved by these treatments in the SHR6 group. In conclusion, the flavonoid-rich extracts included in this study, especially apigenin, LE and GBO improved vascular vasodilatory function of young adult SHRs but only the GBO-treated rats benefited from a reduction in blood pressure. These extracts may be used as functional food ingredients with a moderate therapeutic benefit, especially in the early phases of arterial hypertension.
Nutrition of Preterm Infants and Raw Breast Milk-Acquired Cytomegalovirus Infection: French National Audit of Clinical Practices and Diagnostic Approach
Authors: Lopes Anne-Aurelie , Champion Valerie , Mitanchez Delphine
Published: August 2018

Raw breast milk is the optimal nutrition for infants, but it is also the primary cause of acquired cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Thus, many countries have chosen to contraindicate to feed raw breast milk preterm infants from CMV-positive mothers before a corrected age of 32 weeks or under a weight of 1500 g. French national recommendations have not been updated since 2005. An audit of the French practices regarding the nutrition with raw breast milk in preterm infants was carried out using a questionnaire sent to all neonatal care units. Diagnosed postnatal milk-acquired CMV infections have been analysed using hospitalisation reports. Seventy-five percent of the neonatal units responded: 24% complied with the French recommendations, 20% contraindicated raw breast milk to all infants before 32 weeks regardless of the mothers’ CMV-status, whereas 25% fed all preterm infants unconditionally with raw breast milk. Thirty-five cases of infants with milk-acquired CMV infections have been reported. The diagnosis was undeniable for five patients. In France, a high heterogeneity marks medical practices concerning the use of raw breast milk and the diagnostic approach for breast milk-acquired CMV infection is often incomplete. In this context, updated national recommendations and monitored CMV infections are urgently needed.
Autoantibodies in the Extraintestinal Manifestations of Celiac Disease
Authors: Yu Xuechen B. , Uhde Melanie , Green Peter H. , Alaedini Armin
Published: August 2018

Increased antibody reactivity towards self-antigens is often indicative of a disruption of homeostatic immune pathways in the body. In celiac disease, an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten from wheat and related cereals in genetically predisposed individuals, autoantibody reactivity to transglutaminase 2 is reflective of the pathogenic role of the enzyme in driving the associated inflammatory immune response. Autoantibody reactivity to transglutaminase 2 closely corresponds with the gluten intake and clinical presentation in affected patients, serving as a highly useful biomarker in the diagnosis of celiac disease. In addition to gastrointestinal symptoms, celiac disease is associated with a number of extraintestinal manifestations, including those affecting skin, bones, and the nervous system. Investigations of these manifestations in celiac disease have identified a number of associated immune abnormalities, including B cell reactivity towards various autoantigens, such as transglutaminase 3, transglutaminase 6, synapsin I, gangliosides, and collagen. Clinical relevance, pathogenic potential, mechanism of development, and diagnostic and prognostic value of the various identified autoantibody reactivities continue to be subjects of investigation and will be reviewed here.
Human Milk Adiponectin and Leptin and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation
Authors: Gridneva Zoya , Kugananthan Sambavi , Rea Alethea , Lai Ching Tat , Ward Leigh C. , Murray Kevin , Hartmann Peter E. , Geddes Donna T.
Published: August 2018

Human milk (HM) adipokines may influence infant feeding patterns, appetite regulation, and body composition (BC). The associations between concentrations/calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM adipokines in the first 12 months postpartum and maternal/term infant BC, and infant breastfeeding parameters were investigated. BC of breastfeeding dyads (n = 20) was measured at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months postpartum with ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). 24-h milk intake and feeding frequency were measured along with whole milk adiponectin and skim and whole milk leptin (SML and WML) and CDI were calculated. Statistical analysis used linear regression/mixed effects models; results were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Adipokine concentrations did not associate with infant BC. Higher CDI of adiponectin were associated with lower infant fat-free mass (FFM; p = 0.005) and FFM index (FFMI; p = 0.009) and higher fat mass (FM; p < 0.001), FM index (FMI; p < 0.001), and %FM (p < 0.001). Higher CDI of SML were associated with higher infant FM (p < 0.001), FMI (p < 0.001), and %FM (p = 0.002). At 12 months, higher CDI of WML were associated with larger increases in infant adiposity (2–12 month: FM, p = 0.0006; %FM, p = 0.0004); higher CDI of SML were associated with a larger decrease in FFMI (5–12 months: p = 0.0004). Intakes of HM adipokines differentially influence development of infant BC in the first year of life, which is a critical window of infant programming and may potentially influence risk of later disease via modulation of BC.
Synthesis and Properties of Silk Fibroin/Konjac Glucomannan Blend Beads
Authors: França Carla , Nascimento Vicente , Hernandez-Montelongo Jacobo , Machado Daisy , Lancellotti Marcelo , Beppu Marisa
Published: August 2018

Silk fibroin (SF) and konjac glucomannan (KGM) are promising materials in the biomedical field due to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and low immune response. Beads of these natural polymers are interesting scaffolds for biomedical applications, but their fabrication is a challenge due to their low stability and the necessary adaptation of their chemical and mechanical properties to be successfully applied. In that sense, this study aimed to synthesize a blend of silk fibroin and konjac glucomannan (SF/KGM) in the form of porous beads obtained through dripping into liquid nitrogen, with a post-treatment using ethanol. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds promoted the integration of SF and KGM. Treated beads showed higher porous size, crystallinity, and stability than untreated beads. Characterization analyses by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XDR) evidenced that ethanol treatment allows a conformational transition from silk I to silk II in SF and an increase in the KGM deacetylation. Those chemical changes significantly enhanced the mechanical resistance of SF/KGM beads in comparison to pure SF and KGM beads. Moreover, samples showed cytocompatibility with HaCaT and BALB/c 3T3 cells.