bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lateral cervical bronchogenic cyst: An unusual cause of a lump in the neck
Authors: Hadi Usamah M. , Jammal Hashem N. , Hamdan Abdel Latif M. , Saad Ali M. , Zaatari Ghazi S.
Published: August 2002

Background

Congenital cysts of the neck in children are not uncommon. Most of these are thyroglossal, branchial cleft, or less commonly, thymic cysts. Bronchial cysts rarely are initially seen as a neck mass.

Methods

Use of an illustrative case of a bronchogenic cyst initially seen as an upper lateral neck mass.

Conclusions

We emphasize that although ectopic bronchogenic cysts are rare lesions of the head and neck, especially in the upper lateral neck, they should be included in the differential diagnosis in the evaluation of congenital neck cysts. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 590–593, 2001.
Rats with lesions of the hippocampus are impaired on the delayed nonmatching‐to‐sample task†
Authors: Clark Robert E. , West Alisha N. , Zola Stuart M. , Squire Larry R.
Published: August 2002

Rats with ibotenic acid lesions of the hippocampus (H‐IBO) were trained on the trial‐unique delayed nonmatching‐to‐sample task (DNMS) using a short delay of 4 s. The H‐IBO group learned the nonmatching rule as quickly as control animals. However, performance was impaired on the DNMS task when the delay between the sample and choice phase was increased to 1 or 2 min. The use of 4‐s delay (probe) trials indicated that the H‐IBO animals retained the nonmatching‐to‐sample rule throughout testing. In a second experiment, using the same groups of rats, extended training at the 1‐min delay did not ameliorate the deficit produced by H‐IBO lesions. The finding of impaired recognition memory in rats after hippocampal lesions is consistent with findings from humans and monkeys. Several methodological issues are considered that have complicated the interpretation of earlier studies of recognition memory in rats following hippocampal lesions. The capacity for recognition memory in humans, monkeys, and rodents is discussed as a straightforward example of hippocampus‐dependent (declarative) memory. Hippocampus 2001;11:176–186. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three classes of pyramidal neurons in layer V of rat perirhinal cortex
Authors: Moyer James R. , McNay Ewan C. , Brown Thomas H.
Published: August 2002

Whole‐cell recordings from 140 pyramidal neurons in layer V of rat perirhinal cortex (PR) revealed three distinct firing patterns: regular spiking (RS, 76%), burst spiking (BS, 9%), and late spiking (LS, 14%). LS neurons have not previously been reported in layer V of any cortical region. LS cells in layer V of PR exhibited delays of up to 12 s from onset of a depolarizing current step to spike threshold, followed by sustained firing. In contrast, pyramidal cells in layer V of other cortical regions contain only RS and BS cells. Within PR, the percentage of LS neurons in layer V differs markedly from what we previously observed in layers II/III (50% LS) and VI (90% LS). Morphologically, BS neurons in layer V of PR had thick primary apical dendrites that terminated in a tuft within layer I, whereas RS and LS cells had relatively thin primary apicals that terminated either diffusely or in a layer I tuft. At holding potentials near rest, PR neurons exhibited small (∼15 pA), inward, spontaneous postsynaptic currents (PSCs) that were indistinguishable among the three cell types. Currents evoked by minimal stimulation of layer I were about 2.8 times larger than the spontaneous PSCs. Evoked currents had unusually long onset latencies with little variation in latency, consistent with monosynaptic responses evoked by stimulation of unmyelinated fibers. The prevalence of LS cells in combination with the long‐latency monosynaptically evoked PSCs suggested that PR is not a region of rapid throughput. This is consistent with anatomical data suggesting that PR is a higher‐level association cortex. These data further advance an emerging picture of PR as a cortical region with a unique distribution of cell types different from other cortical regions. Hippocampus 2002;12:218–234. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in managerial behaviour between head nurses and medical directors in intensive care units in Europe
Authors: Pepermans Roland , Mentens Cindy , Goedee Maarten , Jegers Marc , van Roy Kristof
Published: August 2002

We attempt to determine whether differences appear between the managerial behaviour of European intensive care head nurses on the one side and medical directors on the other. In order to come up with a managerial job and competency analysis of ICU managers, observations and interviews were performed. Additionally, focus groups consisting of ICU experts were organized. The results are discussed according to managerial behaviour taxonomies and existing competency models. There seems to be some differentiation between the two managerial positions studied. Head nurses are more involved in planning/coordinating and motivating/reinforcing activities, whereas medical directors are more involved in socializing/politicking, decision making/problem solving, interaction with others and disciplining. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New funding arrangements in the Italian National Health Service
Authors: Jommi Claudio , Cantù Elena , Anessi‐Pessina Eugenio
Published: August 2002

In the 1990s, the Italian National Health Service (INHS) experienced a major reform introducing regionalization, quasi‐markets and managerialism. The combination of quasi‐markets and regionalization has produced an interesting scenario: 21 Regional Governments designing their own organizational and funding models to achieve the desired combination of equity, efficiency, freedom of choice and cost containment. This paper reports the results of a research project carried out in 1998–99 to identify such models, verify their actual states of implementation and analyse the resulting incentives for individual health‐care organizations. Overall, most Regions have designed their models according to the ‘LHU‐centred’ template, under which most public hospitals remain under Local Health Unit (LHU) control, LHUs are funded by their Regions on a capitation basis and each LHU is expected to reimburse other LHUs, Independent INHS Hospitals (IHs) and accredited private providers for services supplied to its residents. Reimbursements are activity‐based according to Regional fee schedules. The major exception is Lombardy, Italy's largest and wealthiest Region, which has formally opted for the ‘purchaser–provider split’ template, with LHUs acting mostly as purchasers while IHs and accredited private professionals and organizations act as providers. In practice, however, many Regions still show significant features of the traditional cost‐reimbursement system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Change Bookshelf
Authors: Lake Dale G.
Published: August 2002

This article provides in‐depth reviews of books focused on change at the individual,
group, and organization levels. It identifies the critical dimensions necessary to
change at each of these three levels and then selects the books that provide the best understanding of change
for each level. Whether the reader wishes to understand underlying theories of change or wishes to find
practical guides to essential steps in the change process, the needed resources are reviewed in this article.
For the HR manager, who more often than not, is responsible for guiding those who would change, this set of
eleven books constitutes a must bookshelf. Finally, other key references in the area of change are annotated if
the reader wishes to enlarge his/her bookshelf. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Peer Appraisals: Differentiation of Individual Performance on Group Tasks
Authors: Drexler John A. , Beehr Terry A. , Stetz Thomas A.
Published: August 2002

The use of peer appraisals has been widely acclaimed, but how useful are they really? Student groups made
non‐anonymous ratings of peer performance on two group tasks, and the ratings contributed to the
students' course grades. Groups differentiated very little among peers in their performance ratings.
Individuals in non‐differentiating groups reported more positive distributive and procedural justice,
satisfaction, and turnover intent than did individuals in differentiating groups. In differentiating groups, no
differences in attitudes were found between individuals who were differentially rewarded or penalized for their
performance. Implications for peer appraisal practice and future research are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
Forced air cooling for CPU modules with high heat dissipation
Authors: Kondo Yoshihiro , Matsushima Hitoshi
Published: August 2002

We describe forced air cooling, based on two new concepts, for CPU modules with high heat dissipation. The first concept is a slit jet flow system, and the second is an impingement duct flow system. These systems are designed for electronic equipment with multiple circuit boards (CPU modules), on which the CPUs have high heat dissipation and the SRAMs have low heat dissipation, loaded in three dimensions and in parallel. The slit jet flow system is very simple compared with the impingement jet flow system, which has a complicated comb‐style impingement jet. The slit jet system includes an air duct with slit orifices and an axial fan upstream from the circuit boards. The impingement duct system consists of an air duct and a heat sink with a fan, which is attached to the CPU. This system also has slit orifices and an axial fan upstream or downstream from the circuit boards. For electronic equipment with each of these flow systems installed, the increases in external thermal resistance for the CPU and SRAMs were measured after stopping one of the cooling fans or the CPU's micro cooling fan. The results showed that the slit jet and impingement duct flow systems provide good cooling performance and redundancy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(3): 226–236, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10031
Heat transfer characteristics in a two‐dimensional channel with an oscillating wall
Authors: Nakamura Masahide , Sugawara Masahiro , Kozuka Masahiro
Published: August 2002

Numerical calculations have been carried out for the laminar heat transfer in a two‐dimensional channel bounded by a fixed wall and an oscillating wall. In this calculation, the moving boundary problem was transformed into a fixed boundary problem using the coordinate transformation method, and the fully implicit finite difference method was used to solve the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. The calculated results are summarized as follows: (i) The wall oscillation has an effect of enhancing the heat transfer and an effect of increasing the additional pressure loss. (ii) An optimum Strouhal number for the enhancement of heat transfer exists, and this optimum value is strongly affected by the amplitude of wall oscillation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(4): 280–292, 2001
Transient characteristics of thermal contact conductance between isotropic rough surfaces of metals
Authors: Takahashi Ichiro , Fujiwara Sou
Published: August 2002

Transient measurements of thermal contact conductance are made on the interface between isotropic rough surfaces of metals in air. We present an analytical solution for temperature distribution of the one‐dimensional symmetric system with the condition of time‐dependent temperatures at two points in each body, and thereby interface temperature drops and heat fluxes can be obtained without the condition of heat‐flux continuity at the interface. Contacting surfaces of rod samples (Naval brass, JISċSK5 carbon tool steel, and JISċSUS 304 stainless steel) of 25‐mm diameter are uniformly polished using an emery 320 paper. Transient characteristics of both temperatures and heat fluxes at the interface are experimentally determined using the analytical solution. It is revealed through the transient experiment that the thermal contact conductances are not constant at the early stage, but rapidly increase from zero and that the discontinuity of interface heat‐flux is observed by about 20 percent for all metal pairs. For the contact between dissimilar metals, the dependence of thermal contact conductance on the direction of heat flow is not distinguishable. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(4): 341–356, 2001
Steam absorption into films of lithium bromide solution falling over horizontal pipes arranged in a vertical column
Authors: Kiyota Masanori , Morioka Itsuki , Asahara Kohzoh
Published: August 2002

Absorber of a water/LiBr absorption chiller is made up of horizontal tube banks, and its improvement is needed to get higher COP. To clarify the absorption process in these tube banks, a single row of horizontal pipe column is studied experimentally and analytically. The analytical model proposed in a previous paper is further changed to a conservative form according to the method of Shyy. It is confirmed that the mass balance of water is kept exactly by the present procedure. As for total absorption rate for the pipe column, the agreement between experiment and numerical calculations is fairly good except for the cases of 8 to 10 pipes at a lower flow rate. The roughed pipes with different knurls on their surface were also tested experimentally and it was found that a knurl height of 0.5 mm was the most effective in absorption enhancement. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(6): 451–462, 2001
CFD simulation for turbulent mixing with the stochastic approach
Authors: Kawanabe Hiroshi , Shioji Masahiro , Ikegami Makoto
Published: August 2002

A computational fluid‐dynamic simulation for a turbulent nonuniform combustion is established using a stochastic approach. At each point in a turbulent flow field, the variations of species mass fraction and temperature are statistically described by the joint‐probability density function (pdf), and the velocity variation is expressed using the conventional k–ϵ turbulent model. The transport equation of this joint pdf of mass fraction and temperature is calculated by a finite‐difference method in convection and turbulent diffusion and by the Curl collision‐redispersion model in molecular mixing. This method is applied to simulate the process of scalar dispersion in a uniform isotropic turbulent flow. The results show that the profile of an averaged scalar is quite similar to those calculated using conventional transport equations. Furthermore, a reasonable degree of reproduction is achieved for the pdfs of the scalar at each point in the flow field. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(6): 503–511, 2001
Influence of fan setting height on the cooling performance of a plate‐fin‐type heat sink with microprocessor
Authors: Kawamura Keizou , Nakajima Tadakatsu , Matsushima Hitoshi
Published: August 2002

The cooling performance of a plate‐fin‐type heat sink equipped with a cooling fan was investigated experimentally. The heat sink was 80 mm long, 43 mm wide, and 24 mm in height (including the 4‐mm‐thick base). The cooling fan was 40 × 40 × 15 mm and was set to direct the air flow vertically in the downstream half of the heat sink. We focused on the influence of the height (which varied from 5 to 20 mm) that the fan was set at, on the heat transfer coefficient of the heat sink. The maximum value of the heat transfer coefficient was achieved at a setting height of 5 mm. At this height, the volumetric heat transfer coefficient was 1.8 times as high as that in a parallel flow under the same fan power. This result indicates that the cooling performance of heat sinks with a cooling fan can be improved by using this kind of compact structure. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(6): 512–520, 2001
In vitro metabolism of mirtazapine enantiomers by human cytochrome P450 enzymes
Authors: Dodd Seetal , Boulton David W. , Burrows Graham D. , De Vane C. Lindsay , Norman Trevor R.
Published: August 2002

The metabolism of mirtazapine enantiomers was investigated in vitro using human lymphoblast microsomes transfected with human cDNA to overexpress either CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 and assayed for mirtazapine enantiomers using a validated chiral method of high‐performance liquid chromatography. (+)‐Mirtazapine was extensively metabolised by CYP2D6 (Km = 9.3 ± 3.3 μmol/l, Vmax = 40.9 ± 7.9 μmol/h/mg, intrinsic clearance = 4.41 l/h/mg). CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 showed low metabolic activity towards (+)‐mirtazapine and (−)‐mirtazapine respectively. Neither CYP2C9 nor CYP2C19 appeared to be involved in the metabolism of the enantiomers of mirtazapine. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The altitudinal distribution of snow algae on an Alaska glacier (Gulkana Glacier in the Alaska Range)
Authors: Takeuchi Nozomu
Published: August 2002

The altitudinal distribution of a snow algal community was investigated on an Alaska glacier (Gulkana Glacier in the Alaska Range) from 1270 to 1770 m a.s.l.. Seven species of snow and ice algae (Chlorophyta and cyanobacteria) were observed on the glacier surface. These species wereChlamydomonas nivalis,Mesotaenium berggrenii,Ancylonema nordenskioldii,Cylindrocystis brébissonii,Raphidonemasp., and two Oscillatoriaceae cyanobacteria. The altitudinal distribution of snow algae was different among the species:Cd. nivaliswas distributed on the middle to upper area,M. berggrenii;A. nordenskioldii, and one Oscillatoriaceae cyanobacterium on the middle to lower area;Raphidonemasp. on the middle area; andCyl. brébissoniiand one Oscillatoriaceae cyanobacterium on the lower area. The total cell concentration and the cell volume biomass of the snow algae ranged from 4·4 × 103to 9·9 × 105cells ml−1and from 33 to 2211 µl m−2respectively. The cell volume biomass changed with altitude; the biomass increased with altitude below 1600 m a.s.l., and decreased above 1600 m a.s.l. The community structure showed thatA. nordenskioldiidominated on the lower part of the glacier, and thatCd. nivalisdominated on the upper part. The species diversity was relatively high at the lowest and middle sites. The pH was 4·7 to 5·3 for snow and 4·9 to 5·7 for ice on the glacier. The altitudinal distribution of snow algae is discussed in terms of the physical and chemical condition of the glacier surface, and is compared with that on a Himalayan glacier. A larger biomass in the snow area on the Alaska glacier than that of the Himalayan glacier is likely due to less frequent snow cover in summer in Alaska. Small amounts of filamentous cyanobacteria on the Alaska glacier may allow washouts of unicellular green algae by running melt water and may cause a different pattern of altitudinal distribution of algal biomass on the ice area from the Himalayan glacier. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The potential role of freshwater luminescence measurements in exploring runoff pathways in upland catchments
Authors: Newson M. , Baker A. , Mounsey S.
Published: August 2002

The forested Coalburn catchment (1·5 km2) in northern England experiences episodic stream acidification. To plan for sustainable management of the plantation forest cycle, an understanding is required of the flow pathways and hydrochemical routing signatures of the organic and mineral soils that make up the source areas for runoff. A tentative mixing model, based on simple water chemistry exists for the major (terrestrial) sources and buffers of acidification; it is being expanded and consolidated by a detailed approach to the organic components of runoff, via sampling and analysis of the luminescence of surface waters at the catchment outlet and in two distinctive feeder streams. Luminescence measurements are presented that permit a simple apportionment of source areas. However, the technique also appears to have potential for identifying differential flow sourcing between the acrotelm and catotelm of intact peat deposits and for clarifying the influence of forest root systems in altering the organic chemistry of infiltrating waters. Applications may include the monitoring and prediction of coloured water events for the water supply industry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of drought on hydrology and sulphate dynamics in a temperate swamp
Authors: Warren F. J. , Waddington J. M. , Bourbonniere R. A. , Day S. M.
Published: August 2002

Temperate wetlands are generally net retainers of sulphate (SO4−2). However, recent research indicates that some wetlands may export SO4−2 during drought conditions. In temperate wetlands, the susceptibility to drought will depend on wetland–stream and groundwater–surface water interactions. Here we present results of summer SO4−2 dynamics in a confined and unconfined stream within a temperate swamp.

At the confined transect, the water table levels dropped greatly (−55 cm) and groundwater flow patterns reversed in response to summer drought. Although high porewater SO4−2 concentrations (36·4 mg l−1) were measured, no downstream export of SO4−2 was observed. A SO4−2 mass balance analysis on this stream reach indicated near zero retention. At the unconfined transect, water flowed from the stream to the wetland throughout most of the summer, maintaining relatively high water table levels (−25 cm). Sulphate porewater concentrations were significantly lower (9·2 mg l−1) than in the confined transect. Downstream discharge decreased to zero within this reach during extreme drought conditions, resulting in 100% SO4−2 retention for a three‐week period. Upon rewetting stream SO4−2 levels increased to 161·7 mg l−1 resulting in a large net export of SO4−2. This study demonstrates that while water table position was an important control on SO4−2 dynamics within the wetland, the degree of hydrologic connectivity between the wetland and the stream was the main control on episodic SO4−2 release following summer drought. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact on Sahelian runoff of stochastic and elevation‐induced spatial distributions of soil parameters
Authors: Séguis Luc , Cappelaere Bernard , Peugeot Christophe , Vieux Baxter
Published: August 2002

Topography controls surface flows, and thereby exerts a significant action on soil formation. At the hillslope scale, infiltrability of the surface horizon varies gradually along the slope. In semi‐arid zones, and especially in the Sahel, runoff is Hortonian and depends mainly on the hydraulic properties of the soil surface horizon (saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks and hydraulic roughness of the soil surface n). Using the fully distributed hydrologic model r.water.fea as an experimentation tool, this paper investigates the effects of various spatial distributions of Ks (deterministic, stochastic or a combination of both, all with an invariant global mean) and related n (taken as fully correlated to Ks) on the outflow of a small catchment representative of Sahelian conditions. In addition to a uniform distribution used as reference, deterministic distributions here consist of linear variations of Ks with elevation. A stochastic component is then added by drawing from a log‐normal distribution with different variation coefficients Cv. Both hypothetical and real rainstorm events are tested.

All Ks distributions studied produce hydrographs that are very close to the uniform Ks case when rainfall is long and intense. For most other rain events, runoff increases with Ks variability. Whatever the rainfall event and Cv, outflow is greater when the less infiltrative surfaces are located downhill. The ratio of deterministic to purely stochastic variation is a good indication of the relative importance of the two Ks variation sources for catchment runoff. Given the high local‐scale (stochastic) soil variability typically encountered, only strong catchment‐scale contrasts really deserve to be included in the Ks distribution for runoff modelling of all but insignificant events. Spatial Ks representation can be further simplified down to a uniform distribution, when only a seasonal water yield is the required result. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer insolvency in Australia
Authors: Duns John , Mason Rosalind
Published: August 2002

This paper seeks to identify and assess the features of Australian bankruptcy regulation as they apply to consumer insolvency. Although Australian bankruptcy law makes no explicit recognition of ‘consumer bankruptcy’ as a regulatory target in itself, the Australian legislation nevertheless has a number of features that impact on what would generally be seen to be consumer bankrupts. After providing an outline of the legislative framework within which consumer bankruptcy operates, the paper examines the consumer insolvency aspects of this legislation, together with an assessment of proposed reforms. Some brief comparisons of the ‘consumer’ features of Australian regulation with that of the more fully developed consumer provisions of the Canadian and the United States bankruptcy legislation, are made in order to highlight the Australian position.

The Australian Act has historically drawn heavily on English bankruptcy legislation but inevitably Australia has to some extent developed along its own path. Notable is the reasonably vigorous approach to discharge from bankruptcy. The proposed reforms to the Bankruptcy Act, which have followed a detailed consultative process, are largely directed to consumer debtors. Some of these reforms are directed against a perceived debtor abuse of the bankruptcy system. Other reforms, such as increasing the availability of debt agreements, are more generous to insolvent debtors. On the whole the reforms appear to be based more on political than empirical grounds.
Prediction of chemotherapeutic response by collagen gel droplet embedded culture‐drug sensitivity test in human breast cancers
Authors: Takamura Yuuki , Kobayashi Hisayuki , Taguchi Tetsuya , Motomura Kazuyoshi , Inaji Hideo , Noguchi Shinzaburo
Published: August 2002

Collagen gel droplet embedded culture‐drug sensitivity test (CD‐DST) is the newly developed in vitro chemosensitivity test that has several advantages over the conventional ones. The aim of the present study is to examine the clinical usefulness of this test in the prediction of response to chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Seventy patients with primary (n = 45) or locally recurrent (n = 25) breast cancers were recruited, and each patient underwent tumor biopsy before chemotherapy. The biopsy specimens were used for CD‐DST and immunohistological examination of 6 biological markers (P‐gp, erbB2, p53, BCL2, MIB1 and ER‐α). As chemotherapy, cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 plus epirubicin 60 mg/m2 q3w (CE, n = 28) or docetaxel 60 mg/m2 q3w (DOC, n = 42) was given. Interpretable results using the CD‐DST assay were obtained from 84.3% (59/70) of tumor specimens studied. Of the 18 tumors diagnosed as CE sensitive by CD‐DST, 15 (83.3%) exhibited a response to CE therapy and none of the 5 tumors diagnosed as CE resistant by CD‐DST exhibited a response to CE therapy. Of the 14 tumors diagnosed as DOC sensitive by CD‐DST, 13 (92.9%) exhibited a response to DOC therapy and only one of the 22 tumors diagnosed as DOC resistant by CD‐DST exhibited a response to DOC therapy. P‐gp expression was found to exhibit a significant (p < 0.05) association with the resistance to CE therapy but not to DOC therapy. Diagnostic accuracy (72.7%) achieved by P‐gp was lower than that (87.0%) achieved by CD‐DST in CE therapy. Expressions of other biological markers (erbB2, p53, BCL2, MIB1 and ER‐α) were not significantly associated with response to CE or DOC therapy. These results demonstrate that CD‐DST can predict the response to CE and DOC therapy with a high accuracy in breast cancer patients and seems to be superior to the conventional predictors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers by allele‐specific gene expression (AGE) analysis
Authors: Montagna Marco , Agata Simona , De Nicolo Arcangela , Menin Chiara , Sordi Gianni , Chieco‐Bianchi Luigi , D'Andrea Emma
Published: August 2002

Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes confer a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. As such, their identification is essential to reduce the risk of disease in healthy carriers, as well as in carriers who have already developed the disease because they are at increased risk for a second malignancy; moreover, noncarriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutated families can be spared anxiety and unnecessary medical interventions. A number of problems, including large gene size, complex mutational spectra and genetic heterogeneity of the disease, however, make genetic testing labor intensive and often inconclusive. We devised a new mutation detection strategy called AGE (allele‐specific gene expression) analysis that relies on the detection of a “functional effect” of the mutation at the RNA level known as “nonsense‐mediated RNA decay,” thus avoiding several of the problems of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing. In particular, (i) AGE analysis discriminates among the predisposing genes and identifies mutation carriers with a single RT‐PCR reaction; (ii) it relies on the effect of truncating mutations, which represent the large majority of cases and thus identifies mutation carriers regardless of the specific genomic alteration; and (iii) it is specific for cis‐regulatory mutations that are missed at present by most of the methods. As AGE analysis has the potential to identify most of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, it can be used as a preliminary screening method, thereby accelerating and increasing the sensitivity of the genetic testing process. Notably, other hereditary diseases whose genetic analysis is hampered by similar problems could benefit from this kind of approach. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inactivation of p16/CDKN2 and p15/MTS2 is associated with prognosis and response to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer
Authors: Kudoh Kazuya , Ichikawa Yoshihito , Yoshida Sadao , Hirai Misako , Kikuchi Yoshihiro , Nagata Ichiro , Miwa Masanao , Uchida Kazuhiko
Published: August 2002

To define the involvement of p16/CDKN2 and p15/MTS2 tumor‐suppressor genes for response to chemotherapy in primary epithelial ovarian cancer, we analyzed alterations of the gene in 45 patients who were treated with primary cytoreductive surgery followed by 6 courses of cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin)‐based combination chemotherapy. Homozygous deletion of p16/CDKN2 and p15/MTS2 genes was found in 8 (18%) and 15 (33%) cases, respectively. Response to the chemotherapy was confirmed by finding at second surgery after the chemotherapy in 26 patients, resulting in 17 responders and 9 nonresponders. The abundance of gene deletion in nonresponders (56%) was significantly higher (p = 0.0463) when compared to that in responders (18%). Moreover, the deletion of genes was a significant poor prognostic factor (p = 0.0441) in advanced ovarian cancer. These results suggest that deletion of p16/CDKN2 and/or p15/MTS2 is a potential indicator for poor chemotherapy response and adverse prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transforming growth factor‐β and Ras regulate the VEGF/VEGF‐receptor system during tumor angiogenesis
Authors: Breier Georg , Blum Sabine , Peli Janos , Groot Marcel , Wild Carola , Risau Werner , Reichmann Ernst
Published: August 2002

The formation of new microvasculature by capillary sprouting, or angiogenesis, is a prerequisite for solid tumor growth. The genetic alterations required to activate the angiogenic program in tumor angiogenesis are still only vaguely known, but dominantly acting oncoproteins may have a much greater impact than previously realized. Here we have studied the consequences of oncogenic transformation on tumor angiogenesis in a mouse mammary carcinoma model. We provide evidence that the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and of the VEGF receptor‐2 (Flk‐1), a signaling system centrally involved in tumor angiogenesis, occurs efficiently in tumors formed by Ras‐transformed mammary epithelial cells and that both TGF‐β1 and hypoxia are potent inducers of VEGF expression in these cells. VEGF induction in the tumor periphery is mainly triggered by TGF‐β1, whereas VEGF expression in perinecrotic areas is regulated by both hypoxia and TGF‐β1. As the Ras‐transformed tumor cells convert into migrating, fibroblastoid cells that start to produce TGF‐β during tumor progression, the TGF‐β effect on VEGF expression becomes propagated throughout the tumor tissue. Thus, in progressed tumors, areas of TGF‐β1 activation and hypoxia may overlap and hence cooperate to induce VEGF expression and angiogenesis. Nevertheless, the overexpression of VEGF in non‐Ras‐transformed mouse mammary epithelial cells was not sufficient to promote vascularization in vivo. Based on these findings, we conclude that amongst the multiple mutations that render a normal cell tumorigenic, oncogenic Ras is a major player that in conjunction with the tumor's micro‐environment sets the stage for tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aberrant methylation and histone deacetylation of cyclooxygenase 2 in gastric cancer
Authors: Kikuchi Takefumi , Itoh Fumio , Toyota Minoru , Suzuki Hiromu , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Fujita Masahiro , Hosokawa Masao , Imai Kohzoh
Published: August 2002

Cyclooxygenase 2 plays a critical role in the development of gastrointestinal cancers in both human and animal models. About 80% of the gastric cancer showed a high level of expression of cyclooxygenase 2, but a subset of cases do not express without unknown reason. Aberrant methylation of CpG island of COX‐2 was examined by using a series of gastric cancer cell lines and primary gastric cancers. Two out of 8 cell lines (25%) and 11 out of 93 (12%) primary cancers showed aberrant methylation of the 5′ region of COX‐2. Methylation of COX‐2 was closely associated with loss of expression and treatment of methylation inhibitor, 5‐deoxy‐2′‐azacytidine restored the expression of COX‐2. A combined treatment of 5‐deoxy‐2′‐azacytidine and a histone deacetylese inhibitor, trichostatin A, restored re‐expression of the gene synergistically and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that histone of methylated COX‐2 promoter is deacetylated, indicating the role of cytosine methylation and histone deacetylation in the silencing of the gene. These results indicate that a subset of gastric cancer with COX‐2 methylation evolves through the pathway that is independent of COX‐2 expression and that COX‐2 inhibitor may not be useful to induce apoptosis in these cases. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A reexamination of corporate risks under shadow costs of incomplete information
Authors: Bellalah Mondher
Published: August 2002

The valuation of the firm and its assets has been done for a long time in the classic context of complete information. Several empirical tests of the main valuation methods reveal a divergence between theoretical prices and observed prices. These deviations might be explained by the standard assumptions of complete information. It is possible to introduce information uncertainty as done by Merton and by Bellalah in the reexamination of corporate risks in the presence of information costs. The concept of risk is useful in modelling the value of the firm and its business risk and in the definition of the required rates of return and the cost of capital of corporations. However, the main well‐known results ignore information uncertainty as defined by Merton. Using the main results from the study of Modigliani and Miller and the implications of Merton's model, we give expressions for the cost of capital and the value of the firm's equity and debt in the presence of information costs. We reexamine the relationships between interrelated risks in the same context. We introduce information costs in the computation of the cost of capital and in the pricing of equity in an option framework. When there are no information costs, the main relationships reduce to the classic results in the literature. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Helsinki Arrangement: its impact on the provision of tied aid
Authors: Lammersen F. , Owen A.D.
Published: August 2002

The use of ‘tied’ loans with concessionary interest rates as an incentive for developing countries to procure capital goods from industrialized countries has been an on‐going subject of dispute amongst the latter in regard to their trade distorting impact. A major initiative by the OECD in 1992 was designed to minimize this problem, by prohibiting the use of such loans for projects that were deemed to be commercially viable. This paper assesses the impact of the change in ‘rules’ on the disbursement of concessionary loans and discusses issues that remain unresolved. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efffects of migration and work on marriage of female garment workers in Bangladesh
Authors: Naved Ruchira T. , Newby Margaret , Amin Sajeda
Published: August 2002

This paper examines the effects of migration and entry into garment work on marriage for young women in Bangladesh. The data comes from a study of female garment workers and their non‐working peers conducted in
1996–97 in Bangladesh. In a country where women traditionally do not work in formal employment, and enter arranged marriages soon after puberty, the rapidly expanding garment industry offers scope for social change. The industry employs mainly young women migrating from rural areas. Previous research in Bangladesh and other countries suggests that female migrants maintain financial ties with their families in rural areas for reasons of economic and emotional security. This paper shows that many workers contribute financially to their natal families in order to maintain social networks and maximise security in marriage. Concerns regarding security lead workers to express traditional aspirations for marriage. However, weak social networks and changes in living arrangements and household structure associated with migration often dictate that migrants adopt non‐traditional and less secure marriage arrangements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Links between childbearing age and observed maternal behaviors with 14‐month‐olds in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project
Authors: Berlin Lisa J. , Brady‐Smith Christy , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: August 2002

Teenage parents are commonly characterized as poor, minority, single mothers with low levels of education and problematic parenting behaviors. The role of teenage childbearing per se in mothers' parenting behaviors, however, is not well understood. This study addressed links between maternal childbearing age and parenting behaviors among 1,702 low‐income mothers participating in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. The sample includes White (n = 704), Black (n = 595), and Latina (n = 403) mothers. One third of the sample were teenage childbearers (younger than 19 years at the birth of the target child). When the children were 14 months old, mothers and children were videotaped in their home during a 10‐min free play assessment. This study examined four key parenting behaviors coded from this assessment: supportiveness, detachment, intrusiveness, and negative regard/hostility. Findings indicate that teenage childbearers were significantly less supportive, more detached, more intrusive, and more negative/hostile with their infants than older childbearers. Associations held above and beyond the effects of race/ethnicity, education, family type, family income, and child sex and age for supportiveness, detachment, and intrusiveness (but not negative regard/hostility). These findings provide the most definitive evidence to date of differences between teenage and older mothers' parenting behaviors, above and beyond demographic co‐factors. Within‐group analyses revealed different patterns of association in the three racial/ethnic groups. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Antecedents of mirror self‐recognition of toddlers: Emotional availability, birth order, and gender
Authors: Harel Judith , Eshel Yohanan , Ganor Osnat , Scher Anat
Published: August 2002

The present study employed a longitudinal design for examining the role of emotional availability of child–mother dyads, birth order of children, and their gender as determinants of mirror self‐recognition of toddlers. It was hypothesized that toddlers who maintained more optimal emotional availability with mother at the age of 12 months would tend to identify themselves more readily at the age of 20 months. We assumed further that first‐born children and females would identify themselves more readily than males and younger siblings. A sample of 54 nonrisk children and their mothers was investigated. Path analysis model showed that emotional availability partly predicted self‐recognition: responsive toddlers identified themselves more often than less responsive peers. No significant effects were found for the other scales of emotional availability. A nonlinear birth order effect was observed, with second‐born children being less likely to show mirror self‐recognition than first‐borns or third‐borns. Child gender was not significantly associated with self‐recognition at the age of 20 months. The data showed further that birth order was significantly linked with components of emotional availability. No significant correlations were found between emotional availability scores and child gender. Results were discussed in light of the different components of emotional availability, and the psychological correlates of ordinal position in the family. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Concrete canal lining cracking in low to medium plastic soils
Authors: Rahimi H. , Barootkoob SH.
Published: August 2002

Failure of concrete irrigation canal linings in the form of cracking, rupture, uplifting and opening of joints, causes loss of water and money in many countries. Following the appearance of extensive cracking of concrete linings in one of the Shoeybieh sugar cane industry farms in the Khoozestan province of Iran, extensive research work was conducted to identify the main causes. In this paper, the final results of the research are presented.

The testing program consisted of laboratory as well as field tests, including identification, chemical and mechanical tests of soil samples taken from the borrow pits and canal embankments. Dispersivity tests were performed using pin‐hole and chemical methods. Swelling tests were conducted using the ASTM standard and ISSMFE method. The field test includes measurement of deformations of the concrete lining and embankment of an actual lined canal resulting from the filling of the canal with water. The canal was 60 m in length. The deformations were recorded by surveying the elevations of steel bars driven to different depths under the canal lining and at different points in the canal and its embankment sections.

The results of laboratory tests showed the soil to have low to medium plasticity with a classification of CL‐ML, having less than 1% soluble content, and being nondispersive. Swelling tests conducted by the ASTM and ISSMFE methods showed completely different results. The ISSMFE method resulted in a high free swell potential, while the ASTM method indicated a low to medium potential. The results of full‐scale field tests were all in favor of the ISSMFE method. The greatest difference between the results of the two methods was found to be due to the different compaction methods used during construction of the canal, as well as the moisture content of the soil sample being prepared for the swell tests.

The flocculent structure and lower compaction water content of soil samples in the ISSMFE method resulted in much higher free swell. The similarity between compaction methods used in the field and the static effort used in the ISSMFE method, as well as very low soil water content of the canal embankments during lining operations, were found to be the main reasons for swelling of the soil and the eventual cracking of the concrete linings. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Income distribution and income dynamics in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dutta Jayasri , Sefton J. A. , WEALE M. R.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we propose a model of income dynamics which takes account of mobility both within and between jobs. The model is a hybrid of the mover‐stayer model of income dynamics and a geometric random walk. In any period, individuals face a discrete probability of ‘moving’, in which case their income is a random drawn from a stationary recurrent distribution. Otherwise, they ‘stay’ and incomes follow a geometric random walk. The model is estimated on income transition data for the United Kingdom from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and provides a good explanation of observed non‐linearities in income dynamics. The steady‐state distribution of the model provides a good fit for the observed, cross‐sectional distribution of earnings. We also evaluate the impact of tertiary education on income transitions and on the long‐run distribution of incomes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro hepatotoxicity of alachlor and its by‐products
Authors: El‐Sakka Sahar , Salem Ezz El‐Din M. , Abdel‐Rahman Mohamed S.
Published: August 2002

During water treatment, potentially hazardous chemical by‐products may be formed. Alachlor (2‐chloro‐N‐(2, 6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl) acetamide) is a widely used pre‐emergence herbicide. The present study investigated the toxicity of alachlor and its disinfection by‐products on freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were harvested by a collagenase perfusion technique and were exposed to different concentrations of alachlor and its by‐products for up to 2 h. Cell viability, the leakage of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) and glutathione (GSH) depletion were determined throughout the incubation period. The cell viability of the hepatocytes exposed to 100 µg ml−1 alachlor was decreased by 20% compared with the control after 60 min of incubation. At the same concentration of alachlor the leakage of ALT and AST was increased by 56% and 45%, respectively. Cell viability of the hepatocytes was decreased upon exposure to 2‐chloro‐N‐(3‐chloro‐2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl) acetamide (CCDMA) and 2‐chloro‐N‐(3‐chloro‐2,6‐diethylphenyl) acetamide (CCDA)—the by‐products of alachlor and chlorine—after 60 min of exposure. At 100 µg ml−1 CCDMA the AST leakage was increased significantly (73%) after 30 min of incubation. The reaction mixture of alachlor (100 µg ml−1) and chlorine dioxide (1 ppm) caused significant increases in cell loss and ALT and AST levels by 22%, 40% and 34%, respectively, as early as 15 min incubation. Alachlor (100 and 200 µg ml−1) caused significant decreases in GSH contents (62%) in isolated hepatocytes. The reaction mixture of alachlor and chlorine dioxide led to significant glutathione depletion (44%) after 60 min of incubation. The by‐products of alachlor and chlorine—CCDMA and CCDA—depleted GSH almost completely (93%). This investigation suggested that the by‐products formed from the reaction of alachlor and chlorine decreased GSH and increased the leakage of liver enzymes, especially AST. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.