bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Bcl-2 and Bax homologs from Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and their function in the degeneration of tick salivary glands
Authors: Hu Shanming , Wang Yanan , Xu Zhengmao , Zhou Yongzhi , Cao Jie , Zhang Houshuang , Zhou Jinlin
Published: August 2021

Background

The salivary glands of female ticks degenerate rapidly by apoptosis and autophagy after feeding. Bcl-2 family proteins play an important role in the apoptosis pathways, but the functions of these proteins in ticks are unclear. We studied Bcl-2 and Bax homologs from Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and determined their functions in the degeneration of the salivary glands.

Methods

Two molecules containing conserved BH (Bcl-2 family homology) domains were identified and named RhBcl-2 and RhBax. After protein purification and mouse immunization, specific polyclonal antibodies (PcAb) were created in response to the recombinant proteins. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot were used to detect the presence of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in ticks. TUNEL assays were used to determine the level of apoptosis in the salivary glands of female ticks at different feeding times after gene silencing. Co-transfection and GST pull-down assays were used to identify interactions between RhBcl-2 and RhBax.

Results

The RT-qPCR assay revealed that RhBax gene transcription increased significantly during feeding at all tick developmental stages (engorged larvae, nymphs, and adult females). Transcriptional levels of RhBcl-2 and RhBax increased more significantly in the female salivary glands than in other tissues post engorgement. RhBcl-2 silencing significantly inhibited tick feeding. In contrast, RhBax interference had no effect on tick feeding. TUNEL staining showed that apoptosis levels were significantly reduced after interference with RhBcl-2 expression. Co-transfection and GST pull-down assays showed that RhBcl-2 and RhBax could interact but not combine in the absence of the BH3 domain.

Conclusions

This study identified the roles of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in tick salivary gland degeneration and finds that the BH3 domain is a key factor in their interactions.

Graphical Abstract
Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infection in a patient with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and gastrostomy tube: a case report
Authors: Chen Luxi , Olojo Temitayo , Alhafez Bader Aldeen
Published: August 2021

Background

Infections with nontyphoidal Salmonella most commonly cause a self-limited gastroenteritis in humans and are the leading source of foodborne illness. In the USA, the incidence of culture-confirmed invasive Salmonella is extremely rare. Here, we present a unique case of enteric nontyphoidal Salmonella enteritidis infection that progressed to an invasive bacteremia in a patient with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and gastrostomy feeding tube.

Case presentation

A 58-year-old Caucasian woman with a past medical history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with revision and recent gastrostomy feeding tube insertion was admitted with fever and diarrhea. During her inpatient stay, two sets of blood cultures grew Salmonella enteritidis and she was promptly treated with intravenous antibiotics. Her hospital course was also complicated by acute kidney injury. The patient recovered after treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin and supportive treatment.

Conclusion

We present an unusual case of nontyphoidal Salmonella enteritidis bacteremia complicated by acute kidney injury in a middle-aged woman with a previous history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and gastrostomy feeding tube insertion. Further investigation is needed to identify whether gastric surgeries or procedures are independent risk factors for invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis.
Men’s sheds as community-based health promotion for men aged 50 plus: protocol for a mixed-methods systematic review
Authors: Albrecht Birte Marie , Foettinger Linda , Bammann Karin
Published: August 2021

Background

Men are less likely to participate in health promotion. One approach to reach men is the concept of men’s sheds. This community-based health promotion concept brings older men together to engage in joint activities. Prior research revealed various health-related effects of men’s sheds, such as benefits for well-being and mental health. To strengthen the current evidence base of men’s sheds, a mixed-methods systematic review analysing the association between participation and self-rated health, subjective well-being, and social isolation will be conducted. Moreover, information on how to successfully implement men’s sheds will be gathered.

Methods

This mixed-methods systematic review will follow the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). The databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and OpenGrey and the websites of men’s sheds associations will be searched for publications. Additionally, a hand search in the reference lists of the included publications will be conducted. Qualitative and quantitative studies published in English, German, or French will be considered for inclusion. The quality of the selected studies will be assessed using the JBI critical appraisal checklists. Following the convergent integrated approach, quantitative data will be transformed into textual descriptions, and subsequently combined with data from qualitative studies as well as from the qualitative components of mixed-methods studies in a simultaneous data synthesis.

Discussion

The results of this systematic review will lead to a comprehensive understanding of the current evidence base regarding the effectiveness of men’s sheds. Furthermore, they will provide useful implications for the implementation of men’s sheds.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42020219390
Self-harm prevalence and associated factors among street children in Mashhad, North East of Iran
Authors: Jarahi Lida , Dadgarmoghaddam Maliheh , Naderi Atiyeh , Ghalibaf AmirAli Moodi
Published: August 2021

Background

Self-harm is intentional harmful behavior in the context of emotional distress. Street children are boys and girls under eighteen who are forced to work or live on the streets. These children are exposed to violent situations and high-risk behaviors like self-harm. This study investigated the prevalence of self-harm in street children in Mashhad, the second Metropolis of Iran.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 98 children were assessed with a 22-item of self-harm Inventory (SHI) questionnaire. A trained social worker interviewed the participants who were referred to Mashhad Welfare Office, February-July 2020.

Results

The mean age of participants was 13.8 (2.3) years old, and 71.4 % of them were male. Of street children 59.2 % have had self-harming behavior, among them 8.6 % had one self-harming behavior, and others have more than one. The self-harmed people who had physical injuries, more frequent injuries were hitting (26.5 %), self-starvation (23.5 %), cutting (21.4 %), respectively. In comparison, common psychological injuries were God-distancing (29.6 %) and self-defeating thoughts (19.4 %). The most important risk factors were having a mental disorder (OR = 6.3, P = 0.002), losing parents (OR = 4.4, P = 0.01), self-harming or suicide history in relatives (OR = 3.2, P = 0.001, OR = 4.3, P = 0.03 respectively), low-educated parents (OR = 4.2, P = 002, OR = 2.8, P = 0.02 for father and mother respectively), and age-increasing (OR = 1.5, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

The prevalence of self-harming in street children is significantly high. Some of these children are in more high-risk conditions that face them to suffer from self-harming at a younger age. Family factors are more important in predicting self-harming and community health decision-makers should provide educational interventions and psychological support for these children and their families.
Specific inhibition of Streptococcus bovis by endolysin LyJH307 supplementation shifts the rumen microbiota and metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism
Authors: Kim Hanbeen , Park Tansol , Kwon Inhyuk , Seo Jakyeom
Published: August 2021

Background

Endolysins, the bacteriophage-originated peptidoglycan hydrolases, are a promising replacement for antibiotics due to immediate lytic activity and no antibiotic resistance. The objectives of this study were to investigate the lytic activity of endolysin LyJH307 against S. bovis and to explore changes in rumen fermentation and microbiota in an in vitro system. Two treatments were used: 1) control, corn grain without LyJH307; and 2) LyJH307, corn grain with LyJH307 (4 U/mL). An in vitro fermentation experiment was performed using mixture of rumen fluid collected from two cannulated Holstein steers (450 ± 30 kg) and artificial saliva buffer mixed as 1:3 ratio for 12 h incubation time. In vitro dry matter digestibility, pH, volatile fatty acids, and lactate concentration were estimated at 12 h, and the gas production was measured at 6, 9, and 12 h. The rumen bacterial community was analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing.

Results

LyJH307 supplementation at 6 h incubation markedly decreased the absolute abundance of S. bovis (approximately 70% compared to control, P = 0.0289) and increased ruminal pH (P = 0.0335) at the 12 h incubation. The acetate proportion (P = 0.0362) was significantly increased after LyJH307 addition, whereas propionate (P = 0.0379) was decreased. LyJH307 supplementation increased D-lactate (P = 0.0340) without any change in L-lactate concentration (P > 0.10). There were no significant differences in Shannon’s index, Simpson’s index, Chao1 estimates, and evenness (P > 0.10). Based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrices, the LyJH307 affected the overall shift in microbiota (P = 0.097). LyJH307 supplementation induced an increase of 11 genera containing Lachnoclostridium, WCHB1–41, unclassified genus Selenomonadaceae, Paraprevotella, vadinBE97, Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, Lactobacillus, Anaerorhabdus furcosa group, Victivallaceae, Desulfuromonadaceae, and Sediminispirochaeta. The predicted functional features represented by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were changed by LyJH307 toward a decrease of carbohydrate metabolism.

Conclusions

LyJH307 caused a reduction of S. bovis and an increase of pH with shifts in minor microbiota and its metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism. This study provides the first insight into the availability of endolysin as a specific modulator for rumen and shows the possibility of endolysin degradation by rumen microbiota.
Three-dimensional controlled-source electromagnetic forward modeling by edge-based finite element with a divergence correction
Authors: Tang Wenwu , Li Yaoguo , Liu Jianxin , Deng Juzhi
Published: August 2021

We have developed an edge-based finite-element (FE) modeling algorithm with a divergence correction for calculating the controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) responses of a 3D conductivity earth model. We solve a curl-curl equation to directly calculate the secondary electric field to eliminate the source singularity. The choice of the edge-based FE method enables us to properly handle the discontinuity of the normal component of electric fields across conductivity boundaries. Although we can solve the resulting complex-symmetric linear system of equations efficiently by a quasiminimal residual (QMR) method preconditioned with an incomplete Cholesky decomposition for the high-frequency band, the iterative solution process encounters a common problem in the field formulation and does not converge within a practically feasible number of iterations for low frequencies. To overcome this difficulty and to accelerate the iterative solution process in general, we combine a divergence correction technique with the secondary field solution using the QMR solver. We have found that applying the divergence correction intermittently during the iterative solution process ensures the calculation of sufficiently accurate electric and magnetic fields and can significantly speed up the solution process by more than an order of magnitude. We have tested the efficiency and accuracy of our algorithm with 1D and 3D models, and we have found that the divergence correction technique is able to guide the electric field to satisfy the boundary conditions across conductivity interfaces. Although there is a computational overhead required for applying the divergence correction, that cost is significantly offset by the substantial gains in the solution accuracy and speed-up. The work makes the field-based curl-curl formulation using edge elements an efficient and practical method for CSEM simulations.
Uncertainty analysis of 3D potential-field deterministic inversion using mixed Lp norms
Authors: Wei Xiaolong , Sun Jiajia
Published: August 2021

The nonuniqueness problem in geophysical inversion, especially potential-field inversion, is widely recognized. It is argued that uncertainty analysis of a recovered model should be as important as finding an optimal model. However, quantifying uncertainty still remains challenging, especially for 3D inversions in both deterministic and Bayesian frameworks. Our objective is to develop an efficient method to empirically quantify the uncertainty of the physical property models recovered from 3D potential-field inversion. We work in a deterministic framework in which an objective function consisting of a data misfit term and a regularization term is minimized. We perform inversions using a mixed [Formula: see text]-norm formulation in which various combinations of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) norms can be implemented on different components of the regularization term. Specifically, we randomly sample the [Formula: see text]-norm values in multiple times, and generate a large and diverse sequence of physical property models that all reproduce the observed geophysical data equally well. This suite of models offers practical insights into the uncertainty of the recovered model features. We quantify the uncertainty through calculation of standard deviations and interquartile range, as well as visualizations in box plots and histograms. The numerical results for a realistic synthetic density model created based on a ring-shaped igneous intrusive body quantitatively illustrate uncertainty reduction due to different amounts of prior information imposed on inversions. We also apply the method to a field data set over the Decorah area in northeastern Iowa. We adopt an acceptance-rejection strategy to generate 31 equivalent models based on which the uncertainties of the inverted models as well as the volume and mass estimates are quantified.
Finite-element modeling of time-domain controlled-source electromagnetic survey with weighted Laguerre polynomials
Authors: Sun Qingtao , Zhang Runren , Hu Yunyun
Published: August 2021

To facilitate the modeling of time-domain controlled-source electromagnetic surveys, we have developed an efficient finite-element method with weighted Laguerre polynomials, which indicates a much lower computational complexity than conventional time integration methods. Our method allows sampling the field at arbitrary time steps, and its accuracy is determined by the number of polynomials, instead of the time sampling interval. An analysis is performed regarding the optimization of the polynomial number to be used and the criterion of selecting the time scale factor. We conduct two numerical tests in marine and land survey environments to demonstrate the superiority of our method over the existing backward Euler time integration method. Our method is expected to facilitate the modeling of transient electromagnetic surveys in the geophysical regime.
Feasibility study of fracture interpretation using multicomponent seismic data: SEAM Phase II Barrett model
Authors: Liu Youfang , Simmons James
Published: August 2021

Several P-wave azimuthal anisotropy studies have been conducted for the SEG Advanced Modeling Program Phase II Barrett model data. However, these analyses provide fracture property estimation that is inconsistent with the actual model properties. Therefore, we perform a feasibility study to understand the influence of the overburden and reservoir properties, and processing and inversion steps, which together determine the success of the fracture interpretation from seismic data. The 1D model properties (orthorhombic for overburden and reservoir) are first extracted from the actual Barrett model properties at two locations. Anisotropic prestack reflectivity modeling exposes the true orthorhombic response of the 1D medium in the form of common-offset and common-azimuth gathers. The true anisotropic response is obscured in the Barrett data (generated by finite-element modeling) due to the mild lateral velocity variations and orthorhombic anisotropy in the overburden. We then expose the reservoir anisotropic response using an isotropic overburden in the reflectivity modeling. This indicates that the P-wave velocity variation with azimuth (VVAZ) responses generated by the reservoir itself are weak, which leads to an unstable VVAZ inversion to estimate the interval normal moveout (NMO) velocity anisotropy. The reservoir thickness (125 m or 65 ms of two-way traveltime) or NMO velocity anisotropy (6%–7%) needs to be at least doubled to obtain a stable VVAZ inversion. Anisotropic geometric-spreading correction improves the amplitude variation with azimuth inversion results when reflectivity modeling models the orthorhombic overburden. The converted wave (C-wave) has a stronger VVAZ response compared to that of the P-wave. We suggest that the C-wave data could be useful to constrain fracture interpretation in the Barrett model. We conclude that the results of previous studies are due to the combination of the residual influence of overburden after processing and imaging and the weak anisotropy responses from the reservoir.
The atypical RNA-binding protein Taf15 regulates dorsoanterior neural development through diverse mechanisms in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: DeJong Caitlin S. , Dichmann Darwin S. , Exner Cameron R. T. , Xu Yuxiao , Harland Richard M.
Published: August 2021

The FET family of atypical RNA-binding proteins includes Fused in sarcoma (FUS), Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) and the TATA-binding protein-associate factor 15 (TAF15). FET proteins are highly conserved, suggesting specialized requirements for each protein. Fus regulates splicing of transcripts required for mesoderm differentiation and cell adhesion in Xenopus, but the roles of Ews and Taf15 remain unknown. Here, we analyze the roles of maternally deposited and zygotically transcribed Taf15, which is essential for the correct development of dorsoanterior neural tissues. By measuring changes in exon usage and transcript abundance from Taf15-depleted embryos, we found that Taf15 may regulate dorsoanterior neural development through fgfr4 and ventx2.1. Taf15 uses distinct mechanisms to downregulate Fgfr4 expression, namely retention of a single intron within fgfr4 when maternal and zygotic Taf15 is depleted, and reduction in the total fgfr4 transcript when zygotic Taf15 alone is depleted. The two mechanisms of gene regulation (post-transcriptional versus transcriptional) suggest that Taf15-mediated gene regulation is target and co-factor dependent, contingent on the milieu of factors that are present at different stages of development.
The body cannot be cheated: sexual practices and modern contraceptive use among street-involved young people in two South West States in Nigeria
Authors: Obiyan Mary O. , Olaleye Atinuke O. , Ijadunola Macellina Y. , Folayan Morenike O.
Published: August 2021

Background: Young people aged 10-24 years constitute about one-third of the total population of Nigeria. Street-involved young people (SIYP) face a double burden of living condition instability and lack of adequate parental monitoring. This leaves them vulnerable to poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH) choices and behaviour. Risky sexual behaviour with poor access to SRH information and interventions increases their vulnerability to adverse SRH outcomes. This study explored the use of modern contraceptives and sexual practices among male and female SIYP (10-24 years) in Nigeria.

Methods: This qualitative study used an exploratory research design to guide the development of the focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interview (IDI) guides. Participants were asked questions on background information, lived experiences and SRH practices. The FGDs were stratified by sex and age. Both FGD discussions and IDI interviews were recoded; transcripts were transcribed and translated from local dialect into English language. Content analysis was conducted thematically with the aid of NVivo.

Results: In total, 17 IDIs and 11 FGDs were conducted among SIYP aged 10-24 years. The total number of respondents interviewed was 109. There is high awareness of modern contraceptives among SIYP; the commonly known method was condom with a few also aware of emergency contraceptives pills. However, participants reported low use of modern contraceptives. The common reasons alluded for not using condoms were reduced sexual pleasure, cost and associated myths. The five themes that emerged under sexual practices of SIYP included early age at first sexual encounter, multiple sex partners, transactional sex, same-sex relationships, and transactional sex.

Conclusions: There is low utilization of contraceptives by SIYP against the background of their high-risk sexual practices. SIYP would benefit from free contraceptive education, social safety nets and interventions to dissuade them from transactional sex and other unhealthy sexual practices.
Case Report: Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease: A case of supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
Authors: Sarfraz Shiza , Rafique Hamza , Ali Hassam , Hassan Syed Zawahir
Published: August 2021

Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a rare cause of cervical lymphadenopathy. Patients usually present with localized lymphadenopathy, fever and fatigue. Because of the poorly understood etiology, it can be mistaken for an infectious disease or even malignance. Here we discuss a case of KFD that initially presented with left sided cervical lymphadenopathy that later progressed to left supraclavicular lymph nodes. Due to its characteristic overlap with other disorders like tuberculous lymphadenitis and lymphoma, KFD remains an arduous diagnosis for physicians. Therefore, one should be made aware of symptoms that can lead to misdiagnosis in patients.
The association of socio-demographic and environmental factors on childhood diarrhea in Cambodia
Authors: Pisey Vong , Banchonhattakit Pannee , Laohasiriwong Wongsa
Published: August 2021

Background:Diarrhea is still the leading cause of childhood death worldwide, as well as a major cause for concern in developing countries. This study was conducted to investigate the factors related to childhood diarrhea in Cambodia.

Methods:A cross-sectional study of the secondary data from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014 was conducted using the combined dataset of household data and children’s data. A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the determinant factors of childhood diarrhea.

Results:The surveys included 2,828 children, aged 12 to 35 months. The prevalence of diarrhea in the last 2 weeks was 16.44% (95% CI: 14.72%-18.31%). Factors with statistically significant associations with childhood diarrhea in Cambodia were: maternal unemployment, compared with being in employment (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.14-1.78); the child being male (AOR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.02-1.53); the presence of unimproved toilet facilities (AOR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.05-1.31) compared with improved toilet facilities; and unhygienic disposal of children’s stools (AOR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.06-1.64) compared with hygienic disposal of children’s stools when controlling for other covariates. Both maternal age (one year older; AOR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.78– 0.93) and child age (one month older; AOR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.78-0.94) had significant negative associations with the occurrence of childhood diarrhea.

Conclusion:Childhood diarrhea remains a public health concern in Cambodia. The probability of diarrhea occurring is shown to be increased by maternal unemployment, the sex of the child being male, lack of provision of improved toilet facilities, and the unhygienic disposal of children’s stools; whereas increasing maternal age and child’s age were associated with a reduced chance of diarrhea occurring. On the basis of these results, we recommend provision of programs focusing on reducing diarrhea through the construction of improved toilet facilities and the promotion of behavior to improve hygiene, specifically targeting younger mothers.
Trap of weights: The reuse of weights in the floating catchment area (FCA) methods to measuring accessibility
Authors: Zhang Lina
Published: August 2021

Background: Geographic weights are vital in the floating catchment area (FCA) method of accessibility measurements due to their simulation of spatial barriers in various ways. When modelling population demand, geographical weights with different distance decay coefficients can reflect diverse distance tolerances in facility utilization and could lead to erratic accessibility results. Quantifying accessibility as the sum of weighted supply-demand ratios can alleviate the distance decay coefficient's influence and generate stable geographic patterns. However, the effects of weighted ratios on different FCA models and resources have not been investigated.

Methods: To identify impacts of weighted ratios on various FCA variants, this study contrasted the accessibility calculated from the sum of ratios (access) and the sum of weighted ratios (access ratios) within three prevalent FCA models: enhanced two-step FCA (E2SFCA), modified two-step FCA (M2SFCA), and three-step FCA (3SFCA). In addition, the accessibilities of various resources evaluate the stability of the weighted ratios' effect. This study therefore examined the accessibilities to primary schools, job opportunities, and major hospitals in Shanghai. Shanghai is a case study that provides lessons on using big data to measure accessibility in metropolitan areas.

Results: Geographic weights can not only mitigate the impact of the distance decay coefficients, but can also eliminate model features,  which reduces the performance of the M2SFCA's supply decay and the 3SFCA's population demand adjustment in accessibility results. Moreover, weighted ratios tend to overestimate accessibility in marginal communities that lie within fewer catchments, regardless of the resource type. This tendency can lead to an epistemological trap that creates an inaccurate and counter-intuitive perception of resource distribution in a given area.

Conclusions: The results identify a gap between the methodological logic and the empirical perception in accessibility measurements. This study concludes that the use of geographic weights needs to be cautious and epistemologically consistent.
Simple statistical insights into the COVID-19 data of Saudi Arabia: figures prior to vaccination campaign
Authors: El-Masry Omar S.
Published: August 2021

Background: COVID-19, the disease caused by the newly emerging coronavirus, SARS-COV2, is still a major health burden worldwide as it continues to spread rapidly in many countries after being contained for a while. The aim of the study was to analyze the official current disease estimates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to anticipate future risks and needs.

Methods: Publicly available COVID-19 data published by the Saudi Ministry of Health were analyzed to extract statistical estimates of the disease. These include monthly case fatality rates, death rates/1000, comparison of death figures and regression analysis.

Results: The number of confirmed, recovered and deaths surged in the middle of the outbreak (June and July). The case fatality rates reported later in September-November were the highest despite the decline in the number of confirmed cases. The death rates/1000 were higher during the middle of the outbreak, where the highest numbers of deaths were recorded. The number of recovered cases was the highest as well during this time. Regression analysis showed that the number of deaths was related to that of confirmed cases, especially during the peak time. On the other hand, the number of recovered cases was related to that of confirmed cases at the beginning of the outbreak.

Conclusion: Statistical estimates of COVID-19 fatalities provide simple figures to understand the disease progression pattern and the health care management success in disease containment. However, the absolute numbers should never be disregarded to reflect on the real situation.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in urine in overactive bladder patients: a meta-analysis
Authors: Utomo Edwin , . Farhat , Barus Melvin Nova Gunawanto , Tala Mohd. Rhiza Z.
Published: August 2021

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a combination of symptoms including urgency, frequency, and nocturia, with or without urinary incontinence. Overactive bladder has a high prevalence especially in those of an older age and women, with diagnosis depending on the patient’s symptoms. This study aims to assess brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HSCRP) in urine as biomarkers in OAB.

Methods: Studies were searched from Pubmed, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar. All studies assessing BDNF, NGF, and HSCRP in urine in OAB patients were included. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were then calculated.

Results: A total of 85 studies were included with a total of 11,483 subjects (6,885 OAB patients and 4,598 controls). Based on data analysis results, urinary NGF/Creatinine (NGF/Cr) and NGF level in OAB patients were significantly higher than control (SMD = 1.00, 95%CI = 0.80-1.20, P<0.00001; and SMD = 1.11, 95%CI = 0.79-1.43, P<0.00001). NGF/Cr level was found higher in OAB with incontinence (OAB wet) compared with OAB without incontinence (OAB dry) (SMD = 0.41, 95%CI = 0.23-0.60, P<0.0001), and decreased after treatment (SMD = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.49-1.03, P<0.00001). Urinary BDNF/Cr level was significantly higher in OAB patients compared with controls (SMD = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.14-2.79, P<0.00001), and also decreased significantly after treatment (SMD = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.42-1.08, P<0.00001). The level of HSCRP was significantly higher in OAB patients when compared with controls (SMD = 0.38, 95%CI = 0.12-0.64, P<0.004).

Conclusions: The level of BDNF/Cr, NGF/Cr, NGF, and HSCRP in urine were found higher in OAB compared with controls, which means they may be used as a biomarkers for OAB.
IMPROVEMENT OF FORMATION OF INTERNAL MANAGEMENT REPORTING ON RECLAMATION WORKS
Authors: Zakirova Alsu , Klychova Guzaliya , Ullah Rahim , Dyatlova Angelina
Published: August 2021

In modern conditions, the objective necessity for the functioning of agro-industrial complex enterprises is the maintenance of management accounting and the formation of internal management reporting. The latter contains information that is used by the organization’s management to make informed operational and strategic management decisions. However, when developing the format for internal reporting, problems arise with determining the set of indicators necessary to assess the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. The purpose of the research is to substantiate theoretical provisions and develop practical recommendations for improving the formation of internal reporting on reclamation work. The use of the approach proposed in the work makes it possible to create a system of accounting and analytical information for solving organizational, economic and production problems arising in the process of functioning of agricultural enterprises. Within the framework of the study, the following internal management reports were proposed: “Main directions and estimated volume of capital investments in reclamation work”, “Sources of financing for reclamation work”, “Assessment of the economic efficiency of reclamation work” and “Indicators characterizing the production and technological process of reclamation work”. The use of the proposed forms makes it possible to preliminarily assess the need for financing, the volume of the proposed reclamation work and production on the reclaimed land; compare the actual level of indicators with the planned, assess the degree of implementation of the plan and characterize the measures to achieve the set goals; to assess the commercial efficiency of reclamation investment projects from the point of view of an agricultural producer as the only participant in the project, and also to characterize the production technological process for the implementation of reclamation works
INFLUENCE OF CHEMICALS ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AGROCENOSIS OF SPRING BARLEY WITH PERENNIAL GRASSES
Authors: Fesenko Mariya , Shpanev Aleksandr
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the research was to study the effect of mineral fertilizers and plant protection system on the vegetation index NDVI and its seasonal dynamics in agrocenoses of spring barley with overseeding of perennial grasses in the North-West of Russia. The data obtained indicate that against the background of the deficiency of the main elements of mineral nutrition in the second half of the growing season of spring barley, a significant phytomass of perennial grasses is formed in the crop, which account for 36.7%. This leads to a smaller decrease in the NDVI index (by 0.06) than in the fertilized variants (0.20). The value of NDVI index reflects not only the state of cultivated plants and weed infestation of crops, but also the level of development of crops, growing under vegetation. The influence of mineral nutrition developed during the period of maximum values of the index, which were recorded 6-8 weeks from the sowing date and 26-30 weeks from the beginning of the year. Under the influence of average doses of fertilizers, the NDVI index increased by 0.09...0.2 (on average 0.13), under the influence of high doses – by 0.13...0.26 (on average 0.18). The influence of plant protection system was expressed by a decrease in the phytomass of weeds (by 49.4...68.9%), at the same time the mass of spring barley and perennial grasses increased (by 1.7...18.5% and by 11.7...43.5% respectively). Carrying out the whole complex of protective measures led to a decrease in the NDVI index values by 0.01...0.06, depending on the phytosanitary situation in the agrocenosis. The most reliable forecast of the yield of spring barley can be implemented in the period from 5 to 7 weeks from the beginning of the emergence of barley shoots, especially against the background of the use of plant protection products that eliminate the influence of harmful organisms on the formation of the crop and the optical properties of crops
THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE OPERATING CONDITIONS OF THE TURBOCHARGER ON ITS PERFORMANCE
Authors: Galimov Aynur , Galiev Ilgiz , Ziganshin Bulat , Khusainov Rail , Muhametshin Al'bert
Published: August 2021

The operability of the bearing assembly, which ensures the operation of the turbocharger at different speeds of its rotor, determines the reliability of the turbocharger as a whole. In this regard, the condition of the turbocharger bearing assembly determines the performance of the entire turbocharger. The purpose of the research is to justify the parameter that determines the performance of the turbocharger and a comparative assessment of changes in the state of turbochargers with a standard lubrication system and when using individual bearing assembly lubrication systems. The main factors affecting the state of the turbocharger bearing assembly, and hence the length of the rotor rotation by inertia after the engine stops, are considered to be: the increase in the clearance in the bearing assembly, the speed of rotation of the turbocharger rotor before the engine stops, and the time of pressure drop in the bearing assembly to zero after the engine stops. To obtain dependences describing the effect of the gap in the turbocharger bearing, the time of pressure drop in its lubrication system after the engine stops, and the change in the duration of rotation of the turbocharger rotor by inertia in dynamics, we conducted experimental studies. The experiment involved vehicles with a standard lubrication system and with an individual lubrication system for the turbocharger bearing assembly. The data was sample along the main diagonal of the matrix of experimental indicators. The dependences of the effect of the gap and the time of pressure drop in the bearing assembly on the duration of rotation of the rotor of the turbocharger by inertia after stopping the engine, at the speed of rotation of the rotor before stopping the engine 10000, 25000 and 40000 min-1 are obtained. A comparative analysis of this indicator is given for turbochargers with a standard and individual lubrication system of the bearing assembly, which shows that the duration of rotation of the rotor by inertia increases from 45 s (standard lubrication mode) to 90 s (with an individual lubrication system). This gives us reason to believe that the wear rate of the bearing will decrease by half during operation
Distribuição Livre Ideal da formiga-leão (Insecta, Neuroptera)
Authors: Leite Vitor Gabriel de Oliveira , Lima Tatiane do Nascimento
Published: August 2021

As larvas de formiga-leão Myrmeleon brasiliensis são insetos que constroem armadilhas em solo seco e arenoso para a captura de suas presas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar como os instares larvais de M. brasiliensis distribuem-se dentro de um modelo de Distribuição Livre Ideal. Neste trabalho foi observado que M. brasiliensis ao serem expostas à uma situação que simula um micro-habitat com manchas que recebem alimento e manchas que não recebem alimento, as larvas de todos os instares ocuparam todo o espaço, independente da maior ou menor oferta de alimento. A ocorrência de canibalismo e construção de uma armadilha afastada das larvas vizinhas foram os fatores que guiaram a distribuição das larvas M. brasiliensis.
Subserous Type of Eosinophilic Colitis: A Rare Disease
Authors: Amado Carolina , Silva Leal Mariana , Silva Neto Pedro , Ferreira Gisela
Published: August 2021

Eosinophilic colitis is a rare heterogeneous inflammatory disorder. The pathogenesis is not well understood even though it seems to be multifactorial, with hypersensitivity as a major contributor. The clinical presentation depends on the eosinophilic infiltration of different sections within the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnosis is based on the presence of peripheral eosinophilia and histopathological evidence of colon wall eosinophilic infiltration. The authors present the case of a woman with a predominantly subserous pattern of eosinophilic colitis potentially triggered by intake of an Ulmus rubra-rich product.
Formation of spiraling infrared emission patterns by controlled interaction of optical filaments
Authors: Järvinen Samu T. , Walter Dominik , Bürsing Helge
Published: August 2021

We analyzed the formation of mid-infrared conical emission patterns possessing spiral and half-ring shaped wavelength contours from a beam of a few optical filaments. The complex patterns were generated and modified experimentally by adaptive wavefront shaping of the femtosecond laser pulse. Mutual interactions between co-propagating filaments can induce curvature in their paths, and the spiral and half-ring emissions were shown to be a direct consequence of this angular deflection. Based on our experimental and computational results, the spirals form in the far-field due to self-interference of conical emission from a helically moving filament. The presented findings will advance the tailoring of spatial conical emission patterns potentially beneficial for spectroscopic applications and terahertz generation.
Overcoming EDFA slow transient effect in a Golay-coded BOTDA sensor by a distributed depletion mapping method
Authors: Liu Can , Yan Lianshan , Zhou Yin , He Haijun , Pan Wei , Luo Bin
Published: August 2021

The erbium-doped-fiber-amplifier (EDFA), generally served as a pre-amplifier, could effectively raise the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensor. However, it also induces a distortion in the Brillouin gain spectrum and Brillouin frequency shift measurement errors due to the slow transient effect (STE) in the coded-BOTDA. We propose a distributed depletion mapping (DDM) method to overcome such an effect. A continuous light wave with a particular wavelength is injected to map the STE-induced depletion to compensate for the distortion. The proposed scheme is experimentally demonstrated along a 120-km sensing fiber with 2-m spatial resolution. Experimental results show that the conventional tail-alignment (TA) method cannot compensate for the STE over the whole fiber link, while the proposed DDM method compensates for over 7.69-MHz measurement errors.
Ultra-compact, broadband adiabatic passage optical couplers in thin-film lithium niobate on insulator waveguides
Authors: Lin Yi-Xin , Younesi Mohammadreza , Chung Hung-Pin , Chiu Hua-Kung , Geiss Reinhard , Tseng Quan-Hsiang , Setzpfandt Frank , Pertsch Thomas , Chen Yen-Hung
Published: August 2021

We report the first demonstration of broadband adiabatic directional couplers in thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) waveguides. A three LN-waveguide configuration with each waveguide having a ridge cross section of less than 1 square micron, built atop a layer of SiO2 based on a 500-µm-thick Si substrate, has been designed and constructed to optically emulate a three-state stimulated Raman adiabatic passage system, with which a unique counterintuitive adiabatic light transfer phenomenon in a high coupling efficiency of >97% (corresponding to a >15 dB splitting ratio) spanning telecom S, C, and L bands for both TE and TM polarization modes has been observed for a 2-mm long coupler length. An even broader operating bandwidth of >800 nm of the device can be found from the simulation fitting of the experimental data. The footprint of the realized LNOI adiabatic coupler has been reduced by >99% compared to its bulk counterparts. Such an ultra-compact, broadband LNOI adiabatic coupler can be further used to implement or integrate with various photonic elements, a potential building block for realizing large-scale integrated photonic (quantum) circuits in LN.
Taxonomy of the major rhizomorphic species of the “Melanopus group” within Polyporaceae in Yasuní National Park, Ecuador
Authors: Toapanta-Alban Cristina E. , Ordoñez María E. , Barnes Charles W. , Blanchette Robert A.
Published: August 2021

Yasuní National Park in Ecuador is one of the most biodiverse places on earth. The fungi in this tropical rainforest are also diverse but have received little research attention. This research paper focuses on an important group of fungi in the family Polyporaceae and examines the generaPolyporus,Atroporus, andNeodictyopusthat form aerial melanized cord-like structures called rhizomorphs. Phylogenetic analyses, macro and micromorphological descriptions of basidiomata and rhizomorphs, as well as cultural characterization were completed to better understand these ecologically important fungi. Here we describe four new species:Atroporus yasuniensis,Atroporus tagaeri,Neodictyopus sylvaticus, andPolyporus taromenane, and a new varietyPolyporus leprieuriivar.yasuniensis. The information presented in this study adds important new knowledge about the unusual rhizomorph producing fungi found in Yasuní National Park, Ecuador and other tropical rainforests.
Petrological and geochemical characterisation of the sarsen stones at Stonehenge
Authors: Nash David J. , Ciborowski T. Jake R. , Darvill Timothy , Parker Pearson Mike , Ullyott J. Stewart , Damaschke Magret , Evans Jane A. , Goderis Steven , Greaney Susan , Huggett Jennifer M. , Ixer Robert A. , Pirrie Duncan , Power Matthew R. , Salge Tobias , Wilkinson Neil
Published: August 2021

Little is known of the properties of the sarsen stones (or silcretes) that comprise the main architecture of Stonehenge. The only studies of rock struck from the monument date from the 19th century, while 20th century investigations have focussed on excavated debris without demonstrating a link to specific megaliths. Here, we present the first comprehensive analysis of sarsen samples taken directly from a Stonehenge megalith (Stone 58, in the centrally placed trilithon horseshoe). We apply state-of-the-art petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical techniques to two cores drilled from the stone during conservation work in 1958. Petrographic analyses demonstrate that Stone 58 is a highly indurated, grain-supported, structureless and texturally mature groundwater silcrete, comprising fine-to-medium grained quartz sand cemented by optically-continuous syntaxial quartz overgrowths. In addition to detrital quartz, trace quantities of silica-rich rock fragments, Fe-oxides/hydroxides and other minerals are present. Cathodoluminescence analyses show that the quartz cement developed as an initial <10 μm thick zone of non-luminescing quartz followed by ~16 separate quartz cement growth zones. Late-stage Fe-oxides/hydroxides and Ti-oxides line and/or infill some pores. Automated mineralogical analyses indicate that the sarsen preserves 7.2 to 9.2 area % porosity as a moderately-connected intergranular network. Geochemical data show that the sarsen is chemically pure, comprising 99.7 wt. % SiO2. The major and trace element chemistry is highly consistent within the stone, with the only magnitude variations being observed in Fe content. Non-quartz accessory minerals within the silcrete host sediments impart a trace element signature distinct from standard sedimentary and other crustal materials. 143Nd/144Nd isotope analyses suggest that these host sediments were likely derived from eroded Mesozoic rocks, and that these Mesozoic rocks incorporated much older Mesoproterozoic material. The chemistry of Stone 58 has been identified recently as representative of 50 of the 52 remaining sarsens at Stonehenge. These results are therefore representative of the main stone type used to build what is arguably the most important Late Neolithic monument in Europe.