bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desmosterolosis—phenotypic and molecular characterization of a third case and review of the literature
Authors: Schaaf Christian P. , Koster Janet , Katsonis Panagiotis , Kratz Lisa , Shchelochkov Oleg A. , Scaglia Fernando , Kelley Richard I. , Lichtarge Olivier , Waterham Hans R. , Shinawi Marwan
Published: June 2011

Desmosterolosis, a rare disorder of cholesterol biosynthesis, is caused by mutations in DHCR24, the gene encoding the enzyme 24‐dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24). To date, desmosterolosis has been described in only two patients. Here we report on a third patient with desmosterolosis who presented after delivery with relative macrocephaly, mild arthrogryposis, and dysmorphic facial features. Brain MRI revealed hydrocephalus, thickening of the tectum and massa intermedia, mildly effaced gyral pattern, underopercularization, and a thin corpus callosum. The diagnosis of desmosterolosis was established by detection of significant elevation of plasma desmosterol levels and reduced enzyme activity of DHCR24 upon expression of the patient's DHCR24 cDNA in yeast. The patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for c.281G>A (p.R94H) and c.1438G>A (p.E480K) mutations. Structural and evolutionary analyses showed that residue R94 resides at the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) binding site and is strictly conserved throughout evolution, while residue E480 is less conserved, but the charge shift substitution is accompanied by drastic changes in the local protein environment of that residue. We compare the phenotype of our patient with previously reported cases. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delineation of a less than 200 kb minimal deleted region for cardiac malformations on chromosome 7p22
Authors: Richards Elliott G. , Zaveri Hitisha P. , Wolf Varina L. , Kang Sung‐Hae Lee , Scott Daryl A.
Published: June 2011

Cardiac malformations are commonly seen in individuals with terminal and interstitial deletions involving chromosome band 7p22. Although these malformations represent a significant cause of morbidity, the dosage‐sensitive gene(s) that underlie these defects have yet to be identified. In this report, we describe a 16‐month‐old male with tetralogy of Fallot, bilateral second branchial arch remnants, and mild dysmorphic features. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed a less than 400 kb interstitial deletion on chromosome 7p22. The deletion was confirmed by real‐time quantitative PCR and FISH analyses and was not detected in samples obtained from the child's parents. Molecular data from this de novo deletion, in combination with data from other isolated 7p deletions in the literature, can be used to define a less than 200 kb minimal deleted region for cardiac malformations on 7p22. This minimal deleted region spans all, or portions, of the coding regions of four known genes—MAD1L1, FTSJ2, NUDT1, and SNX8—and may include upstream regulatory elements of EIF3B. It is likely that one or more of these five genes, alone or in combination, plays an important, yet previously uncharacterized, role in cardiac development. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associated anomalies among infants with oral clefts at birth and during a 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Rittler Monica , Cosentino Viviana , López‐Camelo Jorge S. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Wehby George , Castilla Eduardo E.
Published: June 2011

Reports of birth defects rates may focus on defects observed in the newborn period or include defects diagnosed at older ages. However, little information is available on the rates of additional anomalies detected after birth or on the ages at which such anomalies are diagnosed. The aims of this work were to describe the initial diagnoses of oral clefts, isolated or associated with other defects, in newborn infants ascertained in hospitals of the ECLAMC network, and diagnostic changes that occurred due to detection of additional defects during a 1‐year follow‐up period. Seven hundred ten liveborn infants with cleft lip only (CLO), cleft lip with cleft palate (CLP), or cleft palate (CP) were ascertained between 2003 and 2005. Prevalence estimates of isolated and associated (ASO) clefts, diagnoses in infants with associated clefts, and the percentage of isolated clefts that were reclassified as associated were established. Birth prevalence estimates (per 1,000) were as follows: Total: 1.7; CLP: 0.94 (ASO = 23.5%); CP: 0.46 (ASO = 42.3%); CLO: 0.28 (ASO = 7.6%). Initial diagnoses in infants with associated clefts included 38 infants with chromosomal abnormalities, 33 with non‐chromosomal syndromes, 16 with malformation sequences, and 98 with multiple anomalies of unknown etiology. Seven percent of newborns initially classified as isolated were later reclassified as associated. Ten infants without associated defects or clinically suspected syndromes were diagnosed as syndromic only through laboratory findings or family history, illustrating the difference between the terms associated versus isolated, which refers to presence or absence of associated anomalies, and syndromic versus non‐syndromic, which refers to etiology. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microdeletion 20p12.3 involving BMP2 contributes to syndromic forms of cleft palate
Authors: Sahoo Trilochan , Theisen Aaron , Sanchez‐Lara Pedro A. , Marble Michael , Schweitzer Daniela N. , Torchia Beth S. , Lamb Allen N. , Bejjani Bassem A. , Shaffer Lisa G. , Lacassie Yves
Published: June 2011

Orofacial clefts of the lip and/or palate comprise one of the most common craniofacial birth defects in humans. Though a majority of cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) occurs as isolated congenital anomalies, there exist a large number of Mendelian disorders in which orofacial clefting is part of the clinical phenotype. Here we report on two individuals and one multi‐generational family with microdeletions at 20p12.3 that include the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) gene. In two propositi the deletion was almost identical at ∼600 kb in size, and BMP2 was the only gene deleted; the third case had a ∼5.5‐Mb deletion (20p13p12.2) that encompassed at least 20 genes including BMP2. Clinical features were significant for cleft palate and facial dysmorphism in all three patients, including Pierre‐Robin sequence in two. Microdeletion 20p13p12 involving BMP2 is rare and has been implicated in Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome with neurocognitive deficits and with Alagille syndrome when the deletion includes the neighboring JAG1 gene in addition to BMP2. Despite a significant role for the BMPs in orofacial development, heterozygous loss of BMP2 has not been previously reported in patients with syndromic clefting defects. Because BMP2 was the sole deleted gene in Patients 1 and 2 and one of the genes deleted in Patient 3, all of whom had clinical features in common, we suggest that haploinsufficiency for BMP2 is a crucial event that predisposes to cleft palate and additional anomalies. Lack of significant phenotypic components in family members of Patient 1 suggests variable expressivity for the phenotype. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative study of maleated polypropylene as a coupling agent for recycled low‐density polyethylene/wood flour composites
Authors: Rodríguez‐Llamazares Saddys , Zuñiga Alejandro , Castaño Johanna , Radovic Ljubisa R.
Published: June 2011

The effects of the type of coupling agent and virgin polypropylene (PP) content on the mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of recycled low‐density polyethylene/wood flour (WF) composites were investigated. The fractured surfaces of these recycled wood/plastic composites (rWPCs) were examined to gain insight into the distribution and dispersion of WF within the polymer matrix. The results indicate that the use of 100% recycled polymer led to inferior mechanical properties and to a greater degree of moisture absorption and swelling when compared to recycled polymer–virgin PP wood/plastic composites. This could have been related to the poor melt strength and inferior processability of the recycled polymer. The extent of improvement of the mechanical properties depended not only on the virgin PP content in the matrix but also on the presence of maleic anhydride (MA) modified PP as the coupling agent. Higher concentrations of MA group were beneficial; this improvement was attributed to increased chemical bonding (ester linkages) between hydroxyl moieties in WF and anhydride moieties in the coupling agent. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Structure and physical–mechanical properties of interpolymeric complexes based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose
Authors: Inagamov Sabitjan Ya. , Mukhamedov Gafur I.
Published: June 2011

The structure and physical–mechanical properties of films of interpolymeric complexes (IPCs) based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na‐CMC) with urea–formaldehyde oligomers (UFOs) of different structure are studied in this article. It is shown that films of IPC have higher rate of deformative–strength properties and elasticity, minimal rate of solutions' viscosity with equimolar proportion of components of Na‐CMC and UFO. The excess of Na‐CMC or UFO causes the decrease of strength and elasticity which in turn is connected with decreasing of intermolecular links frequency. The decreasing of IPC elasticity with excess of Na‐CMC or UFO is connected with creation of heterogenic structures, which can be seen in electronic microscope images. As a result, there were obtained films of IPC with various concentrations of triazinon cycle, which have a globular structure with different values of diameters (from 200 to 500 é), mechanical strength (80–140 MPa), modulus of elasticity (from 3 × 103 to 3.8 × 103 MPa), and the viscosity of solutions with a value in the range from 0.16 to 0.20 Pa s. Changing the structure of the interacting components gives the possibility to control substantially structure and properties of IPC based on Na‐CMC and UFO. Regulation of physical–mechanical properties of the IPC films provides numerous opportunities for their applications as soil conditioners in agriculture and as a base for semisolid medicinal forms in pharmacy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Comparative study of copolymerization and terpolymerization of ethylene/propylene/diene monomers using metallocene catalyst
Authors: Mortazavi M. , Arabi H. , Ahmadjo S. , Nekoomanesh M. , Zohuri G. H.
Published: June 2011

(Ind)2ZrCl2 catalyst was synthesized and used for copolymerization of ethylene and propylene (EPR) and terpolymerization of ethylene propylene and 5‐ethyldiene‐2‐norbornene (ENB). Methylaluminoxane (MAO) was used as cocatalyst. The activity of the catalyst was higher in copolymerization of ethylene and propylene (EPR) rather than in terpolymerization of ethylene, propylene and diene monomers. The effects of [Al] : [Zr] molar ratio, polymerization temperature, pressure ratio of ethylene/propylene and the ENB concentration on the terpolymerization behavior were studied. The highest productivity of the catalyst was obtained at 60°C, [Al] : [Zr] molar ratios of 750 : 1 and 500 : 1 for copolymerization and terpolymerization, respectively. Increasing the molar ratio of [Al] : [Zr] up to 500 : 1 increased the ethylene and ENB contents of the terpolymers, while beyond this ratio the productivity of the catalyst dropped, leading to lower ethylene and ENB contents. Terpolymerization was carried out batchwise at temperatures from 40 to 70°C. Rate time profiles of the polymerization were a decay type for both copolymerization and terpolymerization. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the obtained terpolymers were between −64 and −52°C. Glass transition temperatures of both copolymers and terpolymers were decreased with increased ethylene content of the polymers. Dynamic mechanical and rheological properties of the obtained polymers were studied. A compounded EPDM showed good thermal stability with time. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The imprinting induce‐fit model of specific rebinding of macromolecularly imprinted polymer microspheres
Authors: Ying Xiaoguang , Cheng Guoxiang , Li Xiao
Published: June 2011

The rebinding behavior of protein‐imprinted hydrogel is different from classical small molecularly imprinted polymer especially in protein aggregating state and interaction changeability between protein and imprinted sites. BSA‐imprinted calcium alginate‐hydroxy ethyl cellulose microspheres were prepared, and the rebinding behavior was studied. An “imprinting induce‐fit model” was proposed to describe the rebinding property of protein‐imprinted hydrogel. Three kinds of different interacting forms between protein and imprinted hydrogel were discovered by Scatchard analysis. Slogistic fit analysis of rebinding rate coefficient was carried out, and the imprinted hydrogel was found capable of promoting rebinding through induce‐fit behavior. Higher imprinting efficiency was found in microsphere samples with lower crosslinking density. Rebinding regression equation was established, and the rebinding quantity was computable with parameters including BSA aggregate concentration [Pn], dissociating rate (k1), and single molecule rebinding rate (k2). The experimental and calculated rebinding concentration were compared, and errors between −9.43% and 5.59% were found. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122:1847–1856, 2011
Epoxy resin modified with in situ generated metal oxides by means of sol–gel process
Authors: Bondioli Federica , Darecchio Maria Elena , Luyt Adrian S. , Messori Massimo
Published: June 2011

Organic–inorganic hybrids were prepared with silica, zirconia, or titania in situ generated within epoxy resins based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and Jeffamine® by means of the aqueous sol–gel process. The morphology of the prepared hybrids varied from a particulate dispersed phase to a co‐continuous morphology. Silica and zirconia filled epoxies were characterized by a significant increase in thermal stability, attributable to the high thermal stability of silica and zirconia phases. On the contrary, the introduction of titania induced a strong decrease in thermal stability of the epoxy/titania hybrids compared with the pure epoxy resin, attributable to metal‐catalyzed oxidative decomposition mechanism in the polymer/titania composite. Hybrids were much more transparent than unfilled epoxy. The transmittance of silica‐ and titania‐based hybrids showed a slight decrease by increasing the content of filler, while the transparency of zirconia‐based hybrids was very high and almost constant independently by the nominal content of filler. The presence of in situ generated fillers significantly enhanced the scratch resistance of the epoxy resin as indicated by the marked increase of critical load for all the hybrids. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Thermodynamical study of poly(n‐hexyl methacrylate) with some solvents by inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Yazici Ozlem , Sakar Dolunay , Cankurtaran Ozlem , Karaman Ferdane
Published: June 2011

The retention volume diagrams of ethyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert‐butyl acetate, benzene, n‐hexane, n‐heptane, n‐octane, acetone, chloroform, and acetonitrile on the poly(n‐hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) were plotted at temperature ranges from 333 to 393 K by inverse gas chromatography technique. Some polymer‐solvent thermodynamic interaction parameters, such as weight fraction activity coefficient, Ω, Flory‐Huggins, χ, hard‐core, χ, and some exchange parameters such as effective energy, Xeff, enthalpy, X12, and entropy, Q12, were determined for studied solvents at infinite dilution of PHMA at temperatures mentioned above. Then the partial molar heat,
$\Delta \overline H_1^s$, and free energy,
$\Delta \overline G_1^s$, of sorption as well as the partial molar heat,
$\Delta \overline H_1^\infty$, and free energy,
$\Delta \overline G_1^\infty$, of mixing at infinite dilution were determined. In addition, the solubility parameter of PHMA, δ2, was determined as 8.8 (cal/cm3)1/2 at room temperature by extrapolation of the values of solubility parameters from studied temperatures to 298 K. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and thermal properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polybenzoxazine nanocomposites
Authors: Huang Jieh‐Ming , Tsai Ming‐Feng , Yang Shung‐Jim , Chiu Wei‐Ming
Published: June 2011

In this study, we prepared nanocomposites comprising multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and polybenzoxazine (PBZ). The MWCNTs were purified through microwave digestion to remove most of the amorphous carbon and metal impurities. After purification, MWCNTs were treated with H2SO4/HNO3 (3 : 1) to introduce hydroxyl and carboxyl groups onto their surfaces. Raman spectroscopy revealed the percentage of nanotube content improved after prolonged microwave treatment, as evidenced by the decrease in the ratio of the D (1328 cm−1) and G (1583 cm−1) bands. For the untreated MWCNTs, the ID/IG ratio was 0.56. After microwave treatment for 40 min, the value decreased to 0.29, indicating that the percentage of nanotube content improved. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMAs) revealed that the storage moduli and the Tgs of the MWCNTs/PBZ nanocomposites were higher than that of the pristine PBZ. This is due to the nanometer‐scale MWCNTs restricting the motion of the macromolecular chains in the nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image revealed that the MWCNTs were well dispersed within the PBZ matrix on the nanoscale when the MWCNT content was less than 2.0 phr. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanocomposites decreased on increasing the MWCNTs content. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Melt memory effects on recrystallization of polyamide 6 revealed by depolarized light scattering and small‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Kawabata Jun , Matsuba Go , Nishida Koji , Inoue Rintaro , Kanaya Toshiji
Published: June 2011

Melt memory effects on recrystallization of polyamide 6 were studied in a length scale from nm to μm using small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and depolarized light scattering (DPLS). The memory effects on recrystallization rate were discussed in terms of the incubation period before nucleation and the half time of the crystallization, which were measures of the nucleation rate and the growth rate, respectively. Both rates are almost independent of the annealing temperature of the melt in the remelting process for the short term annealing below ∼ 3 min while they are slowed as the annealing temperature increases for the long term annealing, showing that the relaxation of melt memory takes very long even above the equilibrium melting temperature T. Extrapolating the incubation period to infinite annealing, time we found that it was very hard to attain the fully relaxed state in polyamide 6 even above the equilibrium melting temperature. This must be due to the strong hydrogen bonding in polyamide 6. We also discuss the memory effects on the final structure after recrystallization based on the SAXS and DPLS profiles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Amplitude–frequency characteristics of polymer electro‐magnetic dynamic tri‐screw extrusion
Authors: Guangsheng Zeng , Taijun Jiang , Jinping Qu , Yuejun Liu
Published: June 2011

The mechanism of plastic forming and processing in electromagnetic dynamic tri‐screw extruder is very sophisticated and the investigation of amplitude–frequency characteristic acts as the foundation of equipment design and the optimization of polymer processing parameters. A mathematical and analytical model of plastic forming in such extruder was developed and the results were nondimensional‐normalized. To validate the mathematical solutions experiments based on LDPE were carried out and the experimental vibration amplitude and vibration frequency curve was obtained. Three conclusions can be drawn herein: (1) the experimental results hold a good agreement with the calculations, and thus the feasibility of the proposed model is validated; (2) the possibility of resonance closely relates to polymer melt viscosity, rotating speed, and geometry parameters of the screw; (3) resonance of the tri‐screw extruder is seldom observed under normal conditions and there exists an inverse correlationship between vibration frequency and amplitude. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122:1778–1784, 2011
From biofuel to bioproduct: is bioethanol a suitable fermentation feedstock for synthesis of bulk chemicals?
Authors: Weusthuis Ruud A. , Aarts Jac M.M.J.G. , Sanders Johan P.M.
Published: June 2011

The first pilot‐scale factories for the production of bioethanol from lignocellulose have been installed, indicating that we are on the brink of overcoming most hurdles for an economically feasible process. When bioethanol is competitive as biofuel with fuels originating from petrochemical resources, it will also become interesting to use lignocellulose as a feedstock for the fermentative synthesis of bulk chemicals. Lignocellulose hydrolysates, however, are highly complex and viscous media, posing challenges to oxygen transfer, product formation at low sugar concentration, product recovery, etc. Bioethanol is an exceptional product in this respect because it can be produced anaerobically, at low sugar concentrations, and can be easily removed from the broth by distillation. For products that do not have these benefits, another approach may be interesting, in which lignocellulose is first converted to bioethanol, which in turn serves as a substrate for a second conversion into the desired product, similar to the traditional production of acetic acid in vinegar. In this perspective, we compare these one‐stage and two‐stage conversions with respect to overall yield and productivity of the fermentation process and the differences that occur in product removal. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Presentation of the microscopic vascular architecture of the radial head using a sequential plastination technique
Authors: Koslowsky T.C. , Schliwa S. , Koebke J.
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the peri‐ and intraosseous vascular architecture of the radial head and vascular interaction with surgical implants. Seventeen fresh human cadaveric elbows were sequentially plastinated beginning with arterial injection, followed by block and slice plastination of the whole elbow. With this technique, we obtained completely transparent cadaveric slices in which the peri‐ and intraosseous vascular architecture could be studied in its neutral position. In six of these elbows, radial head osteosynthesis was imitated with miniplates or fine threaded K‐wires. Vascularization of the radial head occurred via branches of the radial recurrent artery on the ventral, lateral, and dorsal sides of the radial head and a branch of the ulnar artery—ramus periostalis ulnaris—medially and dorsomedially. Both arteries create a pericervical arterial ring around the radial neck. A branch of the interosseous artery—R. interosseous recurrence—supports the ventral and dorsal sides of the radial neck and the final branches of the nutrient artery support intraosseous vascularization. Vascular structures were damaged more severely by plates than by screws. The peri‐ and intraosseous vascularization of the radial head and the interaction between vascularization and the implants was shown. Plate fixation of radial head fractures leads to a higher level of implant‐related destruction of the periosseous vascularization than screw fixation. Besides devascularization of the radial head due to the injury leading to a certain risk of fracture nonunion, additional implant‐related injuries to the blood supply might increase the chance of radial head fracture non‐union. Clin. Anat. 24:721–732, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the lateral nasal wall: The secondary and accessory middle turbinates
Authors: El‐Shazly A.E. , Poirrier Anne‐Lise , Cabay J. , Lefebvre P.P.
Published: June 2011

The aim of the current anatomical and clinical study was to audit our cases of patients who presented with secondary and/or accessory middle turbinates during a two‐year period. We investigated the incidence and the clinical impact of these variations. Twenty‐eight patients, 19 males and 9 females with a mean age of 41.5 years, representing different ethnic origins, were diagnosed with double middle turbinates based on endoscopic examination. Of those, 92.8% had a main symptom of refractory frontal headache. A secondary nasal symptom was sensation of blocked nose. Patients who underwent endoscopic surgery (n = 13) for reduction of the extra turbinate, reported significant symptom scores improvement (P < 0.0001) of frontal headache and blocked nose, from means of 9.07 ± 0.26 and 8.57 ± 1.39 to 1 ± 0.31, and 1.42 ± 0.35, respectively. Our results indicate that double middle turbinates may be encountered in rhinology practice (2%). Clinically they may present with refractory headache and blocked nose. Endoscopic surgical approach seems to be an effective way of improving the symptoms. Clin. Anat. 25:340–346, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Triptolide Directly Inhibits dCTP Pyrophosphatase
Authors: Corson Timothy W. , Cavga Hüseyin , Aberle Nicholas , Crews Craig M.
Published: June 2011

Triptolide is a potent natural product, with documented antiproliferative, immunosuppressive, anti‐inflammatory, antifertility, and antipolycystic kidney disease effects. Despite a wealth of knowledge about the biology of this compound, direct intracellular target proteins have remained elusive. We synthesized a biotinylated photoaffinity derivative of triptolide, and used it to identify dCTP pyrophosphatase 1 (DCTPP1) as a triptolide‐interacting protein. Free triptolide interacts directly with recombinant DCTPP1, and inhibits the enzymatic activity of this protein. Triptolide is thus the first dCTP pyrophosphatase inhibitor identified, and DCTPP1 is a biophysically validated target of triptolide.
Revisiting the Mechanism of the Triosephosphate Isomerase Reaction: The Role of the Fully Conserved Glutamic Acid 97 Residue
Authors: Samanta Moumita , Murthy M. R. N. , Balaram Hemalatha , Balaram Padmanabhan
Published: June 2011

An analysis of 503 available triosephosphate isomerase sequences revealed nine fully conserved residues. Of these, four residues—K12, H95, E97 and E165—are capable of proton transfer and are all arrayed around the dihydroxyacetone phosphate substrate in the three‐dimensional structure. Specific roles have been assigned to the residues K12, H95 and E165, but the nature of the involvement of E97 has not been established. Kinetic and structural characterization is reported for the E97Q and E97D mutants of Plasmodium falciparum triosephosphate isomerase (Pf TIM). A 4000‐fold reduction in kcat is observed for E97Q, whereas the E97D mutant shows a 100‐fold reduction. The control mutant, E165A, which lacks the key catalytic base, shows an approximately 9000‐fold drop in activity. The integrity of the overall fold and stability of the dimeric structure have been demonstrated by biophysical studies. Crystal structures of E97Q and E97D mutants have been determined at 2.0 Å resolution. In the case of the isosteric replacement of glutamic acid by glutamine in the E97Q mutant a large conformational change for the critical K12 side chain is observed, corresponding to a trans‐to‐gauche transition about the CγCδ (χ3) bond. In the E97D mutant, the K12 side chain maintains the wild‐type orientation, but the hydrogen bond between K12 and D97 is lost. The results are interpreted as a direct role for E97 in the catalytic proton transfer cycle. The proposed mechanism eliminates the need to invoke the formation of the energetically unfavourable imidazolate anion at H95, a key feature of the classical mechanism.
AuaA, a Membrane‐Bound Farnesyltransferase from Stigmatella aurantiaca, Catalyzes the Prenylation of 2‐Methyl‐4‐hydroxyquinoline in the Biosynthesis of Aurachins
Authors: Stec Edyta , Pistorius Dominik , Müller Rolf , Li Shu‐Ming
Published: June 2011

Aurachins are quinoline alkaloids isolated from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca. They are substituted with an isoprenoid side chain and act as potent inhibitors in the electron transport chain. A biosynthetic gene cluster that contains at least five genes (auaA–auaE) has been identified for aurachin biosynthesis. In this study, auaA, the gene encoding a putative prenyltransferase of 326 amino acids, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemical investigations showed that AuaA catalyzes the prenylation of 2‐methyl‐4‐hydroxyquinoline in the presence of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), thereby resulting in the formation of aurachin D. The hydroxyl group at position C4 of the quinoline ring is essential for an acceptance by AuaA; this was concluded by testing 18 quinoline derivatives or analogues with AuaA and FPP. 1H NMR and HR‐EI‐MS analyses of six isolated enzyme products revealed the presence of a farnesyl moiety at position C3 of the quinoline ring. KM values of 43 and 270 μM were determined for FPP and 2‐methyl‐4‐hydroxyquinoline, respectively. Like other known membrane‐bound prenyltransferases, the reaction catalyzed by AuaA is dependent on the presence of metal ions such as Mg2+, Mn2+ and Co2+, although no typical (N/D)DXXD binding motif was found in the sequence.
Peripheral Substitution of a Near‐IR‐Absorbing Soluble Phthalocyanine Using “Click” Chemistry
Authors: Mayukh Mayank , Lu Chin‐Wei , Hernandez Edgardo , McGrath Dominic V.
Published: June 2011

A series of near‐IR‐absorbing soluble phthalocyanines (Pcs) with eight alkyne moieties as side chains of the chromophore have been synthesized. One of these Pcs has been used as a scaffold for functional group modification using alkyne–azide click chemistry with various azides. This led to a small library of Pcs with photo and thermal crosslinkable, dendritic, and hydrophilic moieties starting from a single Pc molecule. A patterned thin film was fabricated by photocrosslinking one of these Pc derivatives.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐(2′S,3′R)‐Zoapatanol Exploiting the B‐Alkyl Suzuki Reaction and the Nucleophilic Potential of the Sulfinyl Group
Authors: Raghavan Sadagopan , Sudheer Babu Vaddela
Published: June 2011

A stereoselective synthesis of the diterpenoid oxepane (+)‐zoapatanol is described. The key steps include a B‐alkyl Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction for the stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes, creation of the two stereogenic centers on the oxepane ring by heterofunctionalization of an alkene through substrate control exploiting the nucleophilic potential of an intramolecular sulfinyl group, and transformation of a β‐hydroxy sulfoxide into a terminal alkene.
MRI‐Guided Neutron Capture Therapy by Use of a Dual Gadolinium/Boron Agent Targeted at Tumour Cells through Upregulated Low‐Density Lipoprotein Transporters
Authors: Geninatti‐Crich Simonetta , Alberti Diego , Szabo Ibolya , Deagostino Annamaria , Toppino Antonio , Barge Alessandro , Ballarini Francesca , Bortolussi Silva , Bruschi Piero , Protti Nicoletta , Stella Sabrina , Altieri Saverio , Venturello Paolo , Aime Silvio
Published: June 2011

The upregulation of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) transporters in tumour cells has been exploited to deliver a sufficient amount of gadolinium/boron/ligand (Gd/B/L) probes for neutron capture therapy, a binary chemio‐radiotherapy for cancer treatment. The Gd/B/L probe consists of a carborane unit (ten B atoms) bearing an aliphatic chain on one side (to bind LDL particles), and a GdIII/1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane monoamide complex on the other (for detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)). Up to 190 Gd/B/L probes were loaded per LDL particle. The uptake from tumour cells was initially assessed on cell cultures of human hepatoma (HepG2), murine melanoma (B16), and human glioblastoma (U87). The MRI assessment of the amount of Gd/B/L taken up by tumour cells was validated by inductively coupled plasma‐mass‐spectrometric measurements of the Gd and B content. Measurements were undertaken in vivo on mice bearing tumours in which B16 tumour cells were inoculated at the base of the neck. From the acquisition of magnetic resonance images, it was established that after 4–6 hours from the administration of the Gd/B/L–LDL particles (0.1 and 1 mmol kg−1 of Gd and 10B, respectively) the amount of boron taken up in the tumour region is above the threshold required for successful NCT treatment. After neutron irradiation, tumour growth was followed for 20 days by MRI. The group of treated mice showed markedly lower tumour growth with respect to the control group.
Microenvironment Engineering in ortho‐ and para‐Dendronized Metalloporphyrin–Fullerene Conjugates Involving a trans‐2‐Bisaddition Pattern
Authors: Ruppert Michaela , Bauer Walter , Hirsch Andreas
Published: June 2011

A new series of dendronized metalloporphyrin–fullerene conjugates as photosynthetic reaction center mimics was developed in a highly regioselective fashion through tether‐controlled synthesis. The microenvironment around the porphyrin core is dependent on the spatial substitution pattern and the nature and generation number of the dendrons, which was proven by cyclic voltammetry.
Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Enals and Enones Catalysed by Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Benohoud Meryem , Tuokko Sakari , Pihko Petri M.
Published: June 2011

A highly versatile and efficient hydrosilylation method by palladium nanoparticle catalysis allows the direct and chemoselective synthesis of 1) enolsilanes of high isomeric purity, 2) saturated aldehydes or ketones, or 3) the corresponding saturated acetals from α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes or ketones. The choice of the product is determined by simply switching the solvent from THF to mixtures of THF/water or THF/alcohol.
ChemInform Abstract: Properties of the GdTX (T: Mn, Fe, Ni, Pd, X: Al, In) and GdFe6Al6 Intermetallics.
Authors: Oboz M. , Talik E.
Published: June 2011

The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the title compounds for possible applications in magnetic refrigeration are investigated by magnetization measurements in the temperature range 2—400 K at magnetic fields of 0—7 T.
ChemInform Abstract: Halide Coordination of Perhalocyclohexasilane Si6X12 (X: Cl or Br).
Authors: Dai Xuliang , Choi Seok‐Bong , Braun Christopher W. , Vaidya Pooja , Kilina Svetlana , Ugrinov Angel , Schulz Douglas L. , Boudjouk Philip
Published: June 2011

Single crystal XRD results are reported for (I) (monoclinic, space group C2/c), (IIc) (monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4), and (IVb, c) (triclinic, P$\bar 1$, Z = 1).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Sandwich‐Type Polyoxometalate Compound with Visible‐Light Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Activity.
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Lin Qipu , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun
Published: June 2011

Large orange‐red crystals of K11H [Sn4(SiW9O34)2] ·25H2O are synthesized by slow evaporation of an aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 1,6‐Diynes: Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted 3‐Pyrroline Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Di‐Han , Yao Liang‐Feng , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: June 2011

The pyrrolidine derivatives can be converted into the corresponding pyrrole as is shown for (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐ and Regioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Hydroxylation.
Authors: Gaertner Martin , Mader Steffen , Seehafer Kai , Helmchen Guenter
Published: June 2011

Branched allylic alcohols are prepared highly selectively using potassium bicarbonate as nucleophile and novel air‐ and water‐stable Ir‐catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Sulfamates.
Authors: Ramgren Stephen D. , Silberstein Amanda L. , Yang Yang , Garg Neil K.
Published: June 2011

The reactions allow different substitution patterns on the arene moiety and the amine substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Olefination Using an Oxidizing Directing Group: Mild, Efficient, and Versatile.
Authors: Rakshit Souvik , Grohmann Christoph , Besset Tatiana , Glorius Frank
Published: June 2011

Either olefinated benzamides or tetrahydroisoquinolones are formed from the reaction of benzamides and alkenes, depending on the N‐substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequencing Cross‐Metathesis and Non‐Metathesis Reactions to Rapidly Access Building Blocks for Synthesis.
Authors: Sirasani Gopal , Paul Tapas , Andrade Rodrigo B.
Published: June 2011

The cross‐metathesis reactions between various olefins can be sequenced with a series of non‐metathesis reactions, such as the Wittig and Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons olefination to access stereodefined dienoates, the hydride‐mediated reduction to give trans‐allylic alcohols, the Evans aldol reaction to prepare diastereomerically pure syn‐propionate aldols and the Brown allyl‐ and Roush crotylboration to yield enantioenriched homoallylic alcohols (to be continued).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Batch and Continuous Flow Production of Highly Enantioenriched Cyclohexane Derivatives with Polymer‐Supported Diarylprolinol Silyl Ethers.
Authors: Alza Esther , Sayalero Sonia , Cambeiro Xacobe C. , Martin‐Rapun Rafael , Miranda Pedro O. , Pericas Miquel A.
Published: June 2011

The known prolinol ether (Ia) and the new derivative (Ib) are tested in the enantioselective domino Michael—Knoevenagel reaction of aldehyde (II) with diester (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Superelectrophilic Iodination of Deactivated Arenes with Triiodoisocyanuric Acid.
Authors: da Ribeiro Rodrigo S. , Esteves Pierre M. , Mottos Marcio C. S.
Published: June 2011

An efficient and regioselective formation of iodoarenes (II), (IV), (VI), and (VIII) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)—NHC Complexes Containing Benzimidazole Ligand as a Catalyst for C—N Bond Formation.
Authors: Dogan Oeznur , Demir Serpil , Oezdemir Ismail , Cetinkaya Bekir
Published: June 2011

The title palladium—NHC complexes efficiently catalyze the N‐arylation of primary anilines to give triarylamines in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed N‐Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols.
Authors: Zhang Yan , Qi Xiujuan , Cui Xinjiang , Shi Feng , Deng Youquan
Published: June 2011

Pd‐Fe2O3 efficiently catalyzes the reaction with alcohols in the absence of base and organic ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Citric Acid Catalyzed Beckmann Rearrangement, under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Thopate Shankar Ramchandra , Kote Satosh Rajaram , Rohokale Sandeep Vasantrao , Thorat Nitin Madhukar
Published: June 2011

The protocol provides short reaction times, an easy work‐up along with mostly high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Nitration of Phenolic Compounds Using Some Nitrates and Oxalic Acid under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Ji Li , Qian Chao , Liu Mei‐xin , Chen Xin‐zhi
Published: June 2011

Small amounts of water enhance the performance of the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of Vinyl Iodides for the Highly Enantioselective Addition to Aldehydes.
Authors: DeBerardinis Albert M. , Turlington Mark , Pu Lin
Published: June 2011

Vinylzinc reagents, generated in situ, undergo enantioselective addition to aldehydes to yield allylic alcohols in the presence of chiral catalyst ABN.
ChemInform Abstract: The Coupling of Arylboronic Acids with Nitroarenes Catalyzed by Rhodium.
Authors: Zheng Xingwang , Ding Jinchang , Chen Jiuxi , Gao Wenxiao , Liu Miaochang , Wu Huayue
Published: June 2011

The reaction tolerates a wide range of electron‐donating and withdrawing groups in both reaction partners.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Tosylates and Mesylates Catalyzed by Stable, Cost‐Effective [1,3‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane]nickel(II) Chloride [Ni(dppp)Cl2] with only 1 mol% Loading.
Authors: Gao Han , Li You , Zhou Yi‐Guo , Han Fu‐She , Lin Ying‐Jie
Published: June 2011

A highly effective, inexpensive catalyst for the Suzuki—Miyaura cross coupling, namely NiCl2(dppp), is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: The Polyethylene Glycol—Sodium Dodecylsulfate—PdCl2—Water Supramolecular Catalytic System for the Suzuki Reaction.
Authors: Ibragimova Alsu I. , Vagapova Guzalia I. , Gainanova Gulnara A. , Syakaev Victor V. , Zakharov Valery M. , Rizvanov Ildar Kh. , Zakharova Lucia Ya. , Latypov Shamil K. , Konovalov Alexander I.
Published: June 2011

The catalytic system can be reused with only a small loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: H3PW12O40‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Arenes and Diveratrylmethanes: Convenient Routes to Triarylmethanes and to Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 9,10‐Diaryl‐2,3,6,7‐tetramethoxyanthracenes.
Authors: Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Mohammadiannejad‐Abbasabadi Kazem , Khavasi Hamid R.
Published: June 2011

An efficient and green method for the solventless synthesis of triarylmethanes and difurylarylmethanes under thermal and microwave irradiation conditions in the presence of the reusable catalyst H3PW12O40 is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Chemoselective Methods for the Synthesis of Some Isobenzofuran and Spiro[isobenzofuran‐1,2′‐pyrrole] Derivatives.
Authors: Mohammadizadeh Mohammad R. , Firoozi Neda , Aradeh R.
Published: June 2011

The title compounds are obtained via oxidative cleavage of vicinal dihydroxyindenopyrrolones with lead tetraacetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Allylic C—H Activation for the Addition to Conjugated Dienes.
Authors: Li Qian , Yu Zhi‐Xiang
Published: June 2011

The optimized conditions afford the cyclized products with moderate to good enantioselectivity in a highly diastereoselective manner (d.e < 90%).
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential One‐Pot Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Azide—Alkyne Cycloaddition from Primary Alkyl Halides and Sodium Azide.
Authors: Johansson Johan R. , Lincoln Per , Norden Bengt , Kann Nina
Published: June 2011

It allows a simple and practical access to various 1,2,3‐triazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6,8‐Diarylimino‐7H‐pyrano[3,2‐c:5,6‐c′]dicoumarins; Chemoselective Hydrolysis of the Ether‐ and Imino‐Functions.
Authors: Maiti Sourav , Panja Suman Kalyan , Bandyopadhyay Chandrakanta
Published: June 2011

If compound (II) is treated with glacial acetic acid under reflux conditions the original starting material (I) is regenerated.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of 1‐Benzyldihydroisoquinolines or 1‐Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines with Dioxygen to 1‐Benzoylisoquinolines.
Authors: Gan Haifeng , Lu Yunyu , Huang Yue , Ni Lijun , Xu Jinyi , Yao Hequan , Wu Xiaoming
Published: June 2011

A mild process is developed with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant to furnish 1‐benzoylquinolines as synthons of natural products and pharmaceuticals.
ChemInform Abstract: Fused Phenanthridines: Domino Cyclization of 1,6‐Diynes with Bromo(iso)quinoline.
Authors: Hu Yimin , Sun Yongjie , Hu Jiping , Zhu Tao , Yu Tao , Zhao Quansheng
Published: June 2011

A practical and efficient domino method for the synthesis of fused phenanthridines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Multistep Synthesis of 3‐Aminoindolizine Derivatives.
Authors: Li Lianhai , Chua Waepril Kimberly S.
Published: June 2011

Various 2‐carbonyl substituted pyridines react with nitriles (II) in the presence of Hantzsch ester as a mild hydride transfer reagent and pyridinium acetate as the catalyst to give the medicinally important target structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Hypoxia‐Selective Cytotoxicity of New 3‐Amino‐1,2,4‐benzotriazine‐1,4‐dioxide Derivatives.
Authors: Xia Qing , Zhang Ling , Zhang Jun , Sheng Rong , Yang Bo , He Qiaojun , Hu Yongzhou
Published: June 2011

Compounds (V b), (V d) and (V e) exhibit the same or higher cytotoxic activities against K562 and SMMC‐7721 cell lines compared to tirapazamine.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano Fe3O4 as Magnetically Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates in Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Krishna A. Siva , Ganesh A. V. , Kumar G. G. K. S. Narayana
Published: June 2011

Three component condensation of aldehydes or ketones with amines and diethylphosphite in high yields and short reaction times affords the biologically important target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Cipadonoid B from Synthetic Azedaralide.
Authors: Faber Jonathan M. , Williams Craig M.
Published: June 2011

A ketal Claisen rearrangement is utilized to build up the tetranortriterpene cipadonoid B (III) from azedaralide (II) in a one‐pot cascade reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐2′‐deoxycytidine Phosphoramidite Using a 2′‐Deoxyuridine to 2′‐Deoxycytidine Conversion Without Temporary Protecting Groups.
Authors: Hansen Anders S. , Thalhammer Armin , El‐Sagheer Afaf H. , Brown Tom , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: June 2011

An improved strategy for the synthesis of protected 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2′‐deoxycytidine phosphoramidite (XI), useful for site‐specific incorporation into oligonucleotides, is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Modern Aspects of the Chemistry of Complex Boron and Aluminum Hydrides
Authors: Zhizhin K. Yu. , Mal'tseva N. N. , Bykov A. Yu. , Kuznetsov N. T.
Published: June 2011

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Derivatives of Closo‐Decaborate Anion [B10H10]2‐ with Exo‐polyhedral Substituents
Authors: Zhizhin K. Yu. , Zhdanov A. P. , Kuznetsov N. T.
Published: June 2011

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Hybrid Organic—Siliceous Catalysts for the Selective Conversion of Glycerol
Authors: Jerome Francois , Barrault Joel
Published: June 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis by Palladium Pincer Complexes
Authors: Selander Nicklas , Szabo Kalman J.
Published: June 2011

Review: 221 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Complex‐Induced Proximity Effect in Organolithium Chemistry and Its Importance in the Lithiation of Tertiary Amines
Authors: Gessner Viktoria H.
Published: June 2011

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur‐ and Selenium‐Containing Ferrocenyl Ligands
Authors: Carretero Juan C. , Adrio Javier , Rivero Marta Rodriguez
Published: June 2011

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bidentate 1,2‐Ferrocenyl Diphosphine Ligands
Authors: Blaser Hans‐Ulrich , Lotz Matthias
Published: June 2011

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Zirconacycle‐Mediated Synthesis of Carbocycles
Authors: Chen Chao , Xi Chan Juan
Published: June 2011

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Routes to the GPIIb/IIIa Antagonist Lotrafiban, SB 214857
Authors: Wells Andy
Published: June 2011

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Enantioselective α‐Heterofunctionalization of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Smith Alexander M. R. , Hii King Kuok
Published: June 2011

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylations Through C—H Bond Cleavages
Authors: Ackermann L. , Vicente R.
Published: June 2011

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis in the Key of Catellani: Norbornene‐Mediated ortho‐C—H Functionalization
Authors: Martins Andrew , Mariampillai Brian , Lautens Mark
Published: June 2011

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ergot Alkaloids: Structure Diversity, Biosynthetic Gene Clusters and Functional Proof of Biosynthetic Genes.
Authors: Wallwey Christiane , Li Shu‐Ming
Published: June 2011

Review: 148 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biosynthesis of Vitamin B2: A Unique Way to Assemble a Xylene Ring
Authors: Fischer Markus , Bacher Adelbert
Published: June 2011

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In vivo Incorporation of Multiple Noncanonical Amino Acids into Proteins
Authors: Hoesl Michael G. , Budisa Nediljko
Published: June 2011

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biofuel Cells Based on the Immobilization of Photosynthetically Active Bioentities
Authors: Meunier Christophe F. , Yang Xiao‐Yu , Rooke Joanna C. , Su Bao‐Lian
Published: June 2011

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: X Polarizabilities and Hyperpolarizabilities
Authors: Champagne Benoit
Published: June 2011

Review: 147 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Emerging Subject for Chiral Separation Science: Cluster Boron Compounds
Authors: Horakova Hana , Gruener Bohumir , Vespalec Radim
Published: June 2011

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhanced Extraction from Solid Foods and Biosuspensions by Pulsed Electrical Energy
Authors: Vorobiev Eugene , Lebovka Nikolai
Published: June 2011

Review: 100 refs.