bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Full-Order Flux Observer and Its Discretization for Induction Motor Control
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Jie , Yang Yihao , Liu Shuai , Huang Jingtao
Published: February 2025

Accurate flux observation is crucial for the high-performance control of induction motors (IMs). Implementing a full-order flux observer algorithm in digital controllers requires discretizing the continuous-domain full-order flux observer. However, the errors introduced by discretization increase with rising rotor speed. In the field-weakening region, inappropriate discretization methods can lead to significant flux estimation errors, severely affecting the performance of model predictive control-based induction motors and potentially causing system instability. To enhance the convergence speed and stability of the observer and reduce discretization errors in the field-weakening region, this paper designs a feedback gain matrix suitable for high-speed field-weakening regions and conducts a study and summary of commonly used discretization methods. Discrete full-order flux observer models based on the forward Euler method, improved Euler method, and third-order Runge–Kutta method are designed. The discretization error, stability, and model complexity of the observers using these three discretization methods in the field-weakening region are analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate that the improved Euler method can achieve high discretization accuracy with relatively low computational complexity, making it a suitable discretization approach for full-order flux observers.
Experimental Validation of a Novel CO2 Refrigeration System for Cold Storage: Achieving Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emission Reductions
Authors: Wang Yi-Zhou , Fan Yu-Wei , Li Xiao-Long , Yang Jian-Guo , Zhang Xin-Rong
Published: February 2025

To address the high energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with cold storage operations, a novel refrigeration system is proposed, which utilizes the natural refrigerant CO2 and integrates an innovative control strategy. Experimental validations were conducted in Changsha (a subtropical monsoon climate) and Changchun (a continental monsoon climate), which are two regions representing typical climatic zones in China, to assess the system’s energy-saving potential, temperature stability, and environmental impacts with the total equivalent warming impact and life cycle carbon performance methods. For Changchun, the total equivalent warming impact reached 78.3 kg CO2e/kg, reflecting reductions of 99.5% in direct emissions and 58.6% in indirect emissions compared with R410A systems, as mentioned in the reference. The life cycle carbon performance was reduced by 85.1% and 72.2% compared with the two experiment cases, with indirect emissions from energy consumption comprising the largest share. The system maintained exceptional temperature stability, with vertical-layer variations remaining under 1 °C. These findings demonstrate this system’s adaptability to achieve energy and emission reductions across diverse climates, providing a sustainable framework for future cold storage design aligned with global carbon neutrality goals.
Strategies of a Wind–Solar–Storage System in Jiangxi Province Using the LEAP–NEMO Framework for Achieving Carbon Peaking Goals
Authors: Xiao Yao , Yang Caixia , Chen Tao , Lei Mingze , Wattana Supannika , Wattana Buncha
Published: February 2025

Jiangxi Province relies heavily on thermal power and energy imports but is rich in natural resources, particularly lithium. This study explores strategies for advancing wind–solar–storage systems to help Jiangxi transition to a low-carbon energy structure. Using LEAP and NEMO models, four scenarios are examined: the reference (REF) scenario, new energy storage policy scenario (NPS), high wind–solar power capacity scenario (HWSS), and comprehensive optimization scenario (COS). Key findings show that the COS and HWSS offer significant advantages over the REF scenario and NPS in terms of energy storage efficiency, carbon emission reduction, and cost savings. By 2035, under the COS, wind and solar power share rises to 48%, reducing coal use by 5.9 million tons and electricity imports by 40.0 TWh compared to the REF scenario. Battery storage utilization increases by 1499.8 GWh, nearly four times that of the REF scenario. This scenario also cuts CO2 emissions by 16.8% and lowers cumulative social costs by 5.19 billion USD, delivering optimal economic efficiency. The study also identifies challenges such as high investment costs, underdeveloped business models, and low resource utilization, and recommends setting higher targets, implementing flexible solutions, promoting market reforms, and increasing R&D efforts, among other measures.
Spatial Distribution of Soil Nutrients in the Red Beds of Southern China and Their Responses to Different Land Use Types
Authors: Yan Ping , Zhou Ping , Lei Sha , Tan Zhaowei , Chen Hui , Huang Junxiang
Published: February 2025

This study aims to understand the spatial variability of soil nutrients in red-bed regions and identify the environmental factors driving their distribution. We analyzed the spatial distribution and key drivers of pH, soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and their available forms across forestland, cropland, grassland, and bare land in Nanxiong Basin, South China, using principal component analysis, semivariogram analysis, and ordinary Kriging interpolation. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen exhibited moderate variability (CV = 28.64% and 29.81%) driven by topography and vegetation. Available nitrogen showed low variability (CV = 17.91%), reflecting regulation by large-scale ecological processes. In contrast, available phosphorus demonstrated the highest variability (CV = 37.14%), shaped by localized fertilization and erosion. Unique interactions between topography and hydrology were governed by nutrient patterns in grasslands, while anthropogenic homogenization dominated croplands. Semivariogram analysis revealed strong spatial dependency for phosphorus, reflecting natural regulation, while weak dependency for potassium highlighted human-induced randomness. This study also identified capillary water capacity as a key driver in grassland nutrient cycling, adding to our knowledge of soil–water–plant interactions. Together, these findings provide a scientific basis for integrating precision agriculture and ecosystem-based strategies to enhance soil fertility and resilience in red-bed regions under diverse land use conditions.
User-Generated Content and Its Impact on Purchase Intent for Tourism Products: A Comparative Analysis of Millennials and Centennials on TikTok
Authors: Ramos Eva Correia , Ramos Célia M. Q.
Published: February 2025

In an increasingly technological society, online social networks are essential to support consumer purchasing decisions, primarily through User Generated Content (UGC). In this research, we look at the influence of UGC on purchase intent applied to the tourism product on the TikTok social network. In this sense, a survey was applied to TikTok users aged between 18 and 42 to compare their behaviour with that of the two generations: Millennials and Centennials. The results indicate a relationship of influence between credibility and the usefulness of information and between usefulness and social influence on the intention to buy tourism products and services. In addition, a comparison was made between the results of the sample of individuals belonging to the Millennial Generation and the sample of individuals belonging to the Centennial Generation, with the main discrepancy in the results being the relationship between the need for information and the usefulness of information. These insights pave the way for further research aimed at establishing more robust conclusions in this area.
Flammability of Plant-Based Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation: Insights from Wheat Straw, Corn Stalk, and Water Reed
Authors: Andzs Martins , Tupciauskas Ramunas , Berzins Andris , Pavlovics Gunars , Rizikovs Janis , Milbreta Ulla , Andze Laura
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the fire resistance capabilities of newly developed loose-fill thermal insulation materials crafted from annual plants such as wheat straw, corn stalk, and water reed. Three processing methodologies were employed: mechanical crushing (raw, size ≤ 20 mm), chemi-mechanical pulping (CMP) using 4% sodium hydroxide, and steam explosion (SE). An admixture of boric acid (8%) and tetraborate (7%) was added to all treated materials to enhance fire retardancy. The fire reaction characteristics of the insulation materials were assessed using a cone calorimeter measuring the key parameters like time to ignition, total heat release, heat release rate, and total smoke production. The findings indicate that nearly all tested insulation samples, apart from the raw and SE water reed, demonstrated fire resistance comparable to commercial cellulose insulation, surpassing the fire performance of various synthetic foams and composite materials. Furthermore, the single-flame source fire tests indicated that the developed insulation materials achieved a fire classification E, except for the SE water reed sample. Thus, the fire performance results approve the suitability of developed plant-based insulation materials for competing materials in building constructions.
Relationship Between Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery and Soil Temperature in the Mediterranean Forest
Authors: Calderisi Giulia , Salaris Enrico , Cogoni Donatella , Rossetti Ivo , Murtas Filippo , Fenu Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

In Mediterranean regions, fires are a key ecological factor, altering soil properties, biodiversity, and landscape dynamics. Post-fire recovery varies based on vegetation type, fire severity, and climate conditions. However, the specific relationship between post-fire vegetation recovery and soil temperature regimes remains poorly investigated. This study investigates this relationship in an area severely affected by a megafire. Three plots (unburned, low-severity fire, and high-severity fire) were monitored for species richness, vegetation cover and height, and soil temperature, with data from 2021 to 2024 analyzed. Vegetation surveys revealed that fire severity influenced species richness and vegetation cover and height. Particularly, burned areas showed a higher proliferation of pioneer and herbaceous species three years post-fire. Moreover, after the same period, burned areas showed consistently higher soil temperatures than the unburned ones, reflecting altered microclimatic conditions. This could be because the presence of more pioneer and herbaceous species is insufficient to mitigate the air temperatures. Our results show the impact of fires on soil and vegetation, highlighting the critical role of vegetation in modeling soil temperature. However, long-term monitoring is necessary to assess the real effect of vegetation type on soil temperature.
Characterization and Differential Expression of Sex Genes in Adults of Tropical Gar (Atractosteus tropicus)
Authors: Méndez-Marin Otilio , Jiménez-Badillo María de Lourdes , Álvarez-Villagomez Carina Shianya , Martínez-Burguete Talhia , Rodriguez-Estrada Uriel , Asencio-Alcudia Gloria Gertrudys , Pérez-Jiménez Graciela María , Galindo-Cortés Gabriela , Arenas-Fuentes Virgilio Eugenio , Martínez-García Rafael , Jiménez-Martínez Luis Daniel , Alvarez-González Carlos Alfonso
Published: February 2025

The tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) is a primitive freshwater fish of significant commercial importance in southeastern Mexico. However, its population is in danger due to habitat loss and overexploitation. Cultivation emerges as a viable reproductive management strategy; yet further studies are crucial to understanding molecular markers guiding reproductive management, differentiation, and sexual maturation in this species. We analyzed the expression of five sex-related genes (foxl2, sox9, cyp17a1, dmrt1, and cyp19a1) in the brain, liver, and gonads of adult A. tropicus (four females and five males). Methodologically, we collected samples and conducted RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and gene expression analysis using qPCR. The gonadal histology provided morphological context that reveals that the differential expression of genes establishes differences between sexes. The sexual phenotype of females is observed with the high expression of dmrt1, while in males, there is a reduction in the expression of dmrt1 and high levels of sox9, foxl2, and cyp17a1. Our findings establish dmrt1 and cyp19a1 as potential sex biomarkers and provide a molecular basis for developing sexing protocols in A. tropicus.
Impact of Temperature Manipulations on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Selected Genes of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio koi)
Authors: Amuneke Kennedy Emeka , Elshafey Ahmed E. , Liu Yuanhao , Gao Jianzhong , Amankwah Justice Frimpong , Wen Bin , Chen Zaizhong
Published: February 2025

Aquatic organisms face substantial challenges from climate change, particularly due to rising water temperatures, which significantly impact their growth and survival. This investigation utilized 960 Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) (Initial Body Weight, 0.304 ± 0.005 g). After a 10-day acclimatization period, the fish were distributed equally across 12 glass aquaria (80 × 40 × 45 cm), with three replicates per treatment. This study encompassed two phases. The first phase (10–60 Days Post-Hatching, dph) involved four temperature regimes: T1 (26 °C), T2 (28 °C), T3 (30 °C), and T4 (26/30 °C daily fluctuation). The second phase (60–120 dph) maintained all groups at 30 °C. Initially, T1 exhibited the best growth performance, indicated by the highest Final Body Weight, Weight Gain, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), and Thermal Growth Coefficient (TGC), along with the highest survival rate. Gene expression analysis revealed that HSP70, HSP90, SOD, BCL-2, and FASN were upregulated in T3 and T4, indicative of stress, while MYOD was highest in T1. During the second phase, T4 displayed superior growth and a healthier body composition with elevated moisture and protein, and reduced fat content compared to T1 and T2. HSP70, HSP90, and BCL-2 expression increased significantly in T1, suggesting thermal stress, whereas MYOD levels rose across all treatments, peaking in T4, which correlated with its growth. Further, there were strong relationships among growth parameters, gene expression, and body composition, with T4 exhibiting the highest essential and non-essential amino acids and a unique fatty acid profile. Overall, the results suggest that manipulated temperature significantly influences Koi carp’s characteristics, making it more adaptable to future environmental stress.
Optimization and Comprehensive Characterization of the Microencapsulation Process for Taro Essence
Authors: Song Yongxin , Gu Yipeng , Ren Aiqing , Li Xiaochun , Wu Shujie , Gong Yuwen , Luo Yanghe
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the microencapsulation process of natural taro essence and characterized its physicochemical properties. The effects of core-to-wall ratio, T-20/β-CD mass ratio, and ultrasonic time on encapsulation efficiency were systematically investigated. Optimal conditions, identified through orthogonal experiments, included a core-to-wall ratio of 1:10, a T-20/β-CD mass ratio of 1.6:1, and an ultrasonic time of 40 min, resulting in an encapsulation efficiency of 56.10%. The characterization of the microcapsules revealed satisfactory physical properties, including low moisture content, suitable solubility, appropriate bulk density, and good flowability. Particle size distribution analysis showed consistency, and zeta potential measurements indicated stability against agglomeration. Thermal analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, and FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed successful encapsulation through significant interactions between taro essence and β-CD. SEM imaging revealed a heterogeneous morphology, while XRD patterns validated the formation of stable inclusion complexes. An analysis of volatile components indicated the effective encapsulation of key alkanes, with PCA and heatmap clustering analyses confirming the stability of these components during storage. In conclusion, the optimized microencapsulation process significantly enhances the encapsulation efficiency, stability, and thermal properties of natural taro essence microcapsules.
Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Characterization of Protein Hydrolysates Obtained from Pumpkin Seeds Using Conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Authors: Pacheco Ana Flávia Coelho , Pacheco Flaviana Coelho , Cunha Jeferson Silva , Nalon Gabriela Aparecida , Gusmão Jhonathan Valente Ferreira , Santos Fábio Ribeiro dos , Andressa Irene , Paiva Paulo Henrique Costa , Tribst Alline Artigiani Lima , Leite Junior Bruno Ricardo de Castro
Published: February 2025

Pumpkin seed proteins (PSPs) are a promising resource for obtaining bioactive peptides but their low solubility hinders enzymatic hydrolysis, reducing yield and bioactivity. In addition, enzymatic processes require specific conditions and long processing times; improving the efficiency of this process is essential to expand its industrial applications. In this context, using a high-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound (US) has proven to be an effective strategy for optimizing the hydrolysis of plant protein. This study evaluated the US-assisted (38 W/L, 40 kHz) and conventional hydrolysis of pumpkin seed proteins (PSPs) for 180 min at 25 °C, 40 °C, and at the optimum temperature condition for each enzyme studied (60 °C for Brauzyn®, 55 °C for Flavourzyme®, and 50 °C for Neutrase®), as well as the impact of this process on the macrostructural and functional characteristics of the hydrolysates obtained. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) was significantly higher in US-assisted reactions, reaching increases of up to 57.7% with Neutrase® at 40 °C. The US also positively influenced the protein solubility of the hydrolysates, especially at pH levels close to the isoelectric point, with improvements of up to 100%, compared to the hydrolysates obtained from the conventional reaction. The antioxidant activity was also enhanced by the US, compared to the conventional reaction, emphasizing the hydrolysates obtained through the action of Flavourzyme®, which showed increases of 52.4% and 42.6% in the scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals, respectively. The analysis of the mean particle size revealed significant reductions with the US (<26.2%). Consequently, the polydispersity index (PDI) demonstrated greater uniformity in the particles obtained from the US-assisted reactions (reductions of up to 20.3%). UV-Vis spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence also indicated possible alterations in the tertiary structure of the peptides obtained, mainly in US-assisted reactions. Therefore, US-assisted PSP hydrolysis resulted in better enzymatic performance and produced protein hydrolysates with bioactive potential for food applications.
Role-Playing as a Didactic Strategy for Teaching Intangible Heritage: An Intervention with Trainee Teachers
Authors: Guillén-Peñafiel Rebeca , Hernández-Carretero Ana María , Sánchez-Martín José Manuel
Published: February 2025

Heritage education has been marked over the years using expository methodologies, as well as by a heritage education that hardly considers intangible assets. In the face of these limitations, there are continuous calls for a transformation of heritage education, which requires significant changes in teacher training. This transformation requires the incorporation of active methodologies that increase student participation, stimulate their interest and facilitate the understanding of heritage from an integrative perspective. In this context, the results of a didactic intervention that implements a role-playing strategy with teachers in training are presented. The objective is to validate the potential of this didactic strategy in heritage education. Specifically, the activity addresses the current social problems related to the loss of traditional crafts, as a representative part of intangible heritage. For this purpose, five situations were selected for the students to represent after a group research process: old Mesta cattle breeders, cork extractors, charcoal burners, the problem of large landowners and the possibilities of rural tourism for the knowledge of intangible heritage. Eighty-seven interviews were conducted to learn about their perception of the methodology. The results show that role-playing is an effective strategy for learning about heritage. It proved to be a motivating and effective strategy for understanding complex historical issues, as well as for developing the capacity for reflection and critical thinking.
Characterization of Stone Tesserae from “Praedia Iuliae Felicis” Mosaics (Pompeii—Italy)
Authors: De Francesco Anna Maria , Guido Adriano , Cipriani Mara , Maruca Giuseppe , Musella Marianna , Sabbatucci Paola , Alesse Ludovica , Amoretti Valeria , Zuchtriegel Gabriel , Barca Donatella
Published: February 2025

This work illustrates the results of an archaeometric investigation performed on 29 stone tesserae collected from 2021 to 2024 during the restoration campaigns of three mosaic floors at Praedia Iuliae Felicis in Pompeii (Campania, Italy). The tesserae were studied through a micro-analytical approach using Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer with Wavelength-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EPMA-WDS). The aim of the study was to determine the petro-chemical features of the mosaic tesserae and to obtain information about the provenance of the raw materials. The research highlights the use of different types of stone, such as volcanic and sedimentary, of probable local provenance. A single marble tessera was also recognized. In addition, the archaeometric study allowed a better knowledge of the executive technique and contributed to orienting the technical choices of the restoration. Indeed, a complementary study of conservation state of the three mosaic floors was conducted with the aim of better defining strategies for conservation and restoration, paying attention to the compatibility and to the interaction of the restoration products with the characteristics of the raw materials.
Outcrossing Levels and Fruit Quality in Single-Cultivar Blocks of a Multi-Cultivar Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Orchard
Authors: Trueman Stephen J. , Nichols Joel
Published: February 2025

Intraspecific diversity is often introduced in orchards to promote cross-pollination, which is essential for self-incompatible crops and beneficial for many self-compatible crops. In lychee, orchards are often planted with multiple cultivars to increase the availability of male flowers, enhancing pollen transfer to female flowers. Typically, this diversity is arranged in single-cultivar blocks, requiring pollinators to transport cross-pollen across rows to reach trees in the middle of each block. We aimed to determine the levels of outcrossing at the edge and in the middle of blocks of Fay Zee Siu, Kaimana, Kwai Mai Pink, Sah Keng, Souey Tung and Wai Chee in a multi-cultivar lychee orchard. We also aimed to determine whether outcrossed fruit have different mass, skin colour and flavour attributes from selfed fruit. All cultivars produced a mixture of outcrossed and selfed fruit. Fay Zee Siu and Kaimana fruit were predominantly outcrossed, Kwai Mai Pink produced slightly more selfed than outcrossed fruit, and Souey Tung displayed high selfing. Outcrossing levels did not differ significantly between the edge and middle rows of these four cultivars. In contrast, Sah Keng and Wai Chee produced more outcrossed fruit in their edge row but more selfed fruit in their middle row. These two cultivars were at the orchard periphery, with another cultivar planted on only one side. Pollinators transported cross-pollen 56–60 m into the middle of blocks when different cultivars were planted on both sides, but this distance decreased to 42–56 m into the blocks when another cultivar was planted on only one side. Cross-pollination had few effects on fruit mass or quality, although pollination by Souey Tung sometimes increased fruit mass or Brix. These findings suggest that interplanting different cultivars of lychee can make effective use of its mixed-mating system, providing additional pollen sources in the orchard, supporting fruitlet retention, and sustaining tree productivity, without contributing greatly to quality variation in each cultivar.
Disease Conditions and Health Information Needs Among People Who Inject Drugs: Engendering Research to Policy and Interventions Initiatives
Authors: Njoku Chris Chukwunyere , Ani Judith Ifunanya , Katende-Kyenda Lucky Norah
Published: February 2025

Background: Injecting drug use is a global public health challenge with multifaceted consequences, not only for people who inject drugs (PWIDs) but also for society at large. Their vulnerability necessitates a deeper exploration of their health information needs, aiming to leverage evidence-based research to shape effective interventions for their well-being. Method: This study employed a qualitative method to gain insights into disease conditions and health information needs of PWIDs. Through purposive and snowball sampling, 71 in-depth interviews were conducted and thematically analyzed. Results: This study included 43 males and 28 females, predominantly aged 26–35 (59.2%), who had low socioeconomic status. The most reported disease conditions varied and included malaria, infections, and diabetes. Findings revealed a complex understanding of their disease conditions and management practices. Participants emphasized a critical need for access to reliable and comprehensive health information, while also highlighting the significant barriers they face in obtaining this information. Additionally, their preference for receiving health information in video formats, written articles, and through outreach programs underscored their desire for knowledge to make informed decisions. As co-creators and stakeholders in their health, participants expressed a clear demand for sustainable and free healthcare, mosquito nets, and regular outreach programs. Conclusions: While drug use presents a significant public health issue, effective interventions for PWIDs require a multifaceted approach that begins with understanding their perspectives and actively involving them as co-creators of their health solutions. Abandoning this population contradicts the Sustainable Development Goals’ mandate to ensure no one is left behind. Thus, all stakeholders must prioritize inclusive and participatory approaches to address the complex health information needs of PWIDs.
Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Habitat Quality in Hubei Province over the Past Three Decades
Authors: Miao Jie , Xia Huiqiong , Li Fu , Yang Jialin
Published: February 2025

A region’s ability to maintain biodiversity and the health of its ecosystems depends heavily on the quality of its habitat. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model was utilized in this investigation, in conjunction with the Geographic Detector (Geodetector) model and Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis techniques, to systematically analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and underlying driving mechanisms of habitat quality in Hubei Province from 1990 to 2020. The findings indicate that over the period of thirty years, there has been a significant decline in the habitat quality index in the eastern part of Hubei Province, while the western region has maintained a relatively high level. Additionally, habitat quality in several areas declined continuously over the 30-year period. The results of spatial autocorrelation showed that the habitat quality in the western part of Hubei Province from 1990 to 2020 was mainly characterized by High-High Clusters, while the eastern parts of the province mostly showed Low-Low Clusters. According to the findings of the Geographic Detector research, the degree of influence of each driver on habitat quality varies significantly over time, with the Construction Land Index being the main factor influencing habitat quality in Hubei Province. Moreover, the interaction between factors exerted a stronger influence on habitat quality compared to individual factors. This research result has deepened the understanding of the changing law of habitat quality in Hubei Province and has laid a solid foundation for scientists to develop targeted ecological protection strategies in the future. The results of the study have provided a reference for habitat quality assessment in other regions, especially in the process of analyzing the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of habitat quality in different regions and under different ecosystem types, which has provided more reference for ecological protection.
Climate Change Maps for the Atlas of Switzerland
Authors: Gaia Luca , Neumann Andreas , Hurni Lorenz
Published: February 2025

Climate change has global consequences, and Switzerland is no exception. The communication of climate change poses various challenges, and maps are often part of this process. This work presents three maps illustrating the impacts of climate change, developed for the Atlas of Switzerland (AoS), an interactive digital national atlas. The aim is to make climate change impacts understandable and visible. Three different indicators of climate change were visualized: the rise of the zero degree line, the evolution of glacial lakes, and changes in the flowering dates of plants. Various approaches were employed that leverage the strengths of the AoS, including temporal navigation, interactivity, 3D data visualizations, and map combinations. The feasibility of these visualizations are demonstrated through the presented maps and analysis of key considerations for their creation. We believe these map types should be included in national atlases and can contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 13: “Climate Action”. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness and user understandability of the proposed maps.
Insight into crRNA Processing in Streptococcus mutans P42S and Application of SmutCas9 in Genome Editing
Authors: Mosterd Cas , Moineau Sylvain
Published: February 2025

CRISPR-Cas is an adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that provides resistance against invading nucleic acids. Elements of this natural system have been harnessed to develop several genome editing tools, including CRISPR-Cas9. This technology relies on the ability of the nuclease Cas9 to cut DNA at specific locations directed by a guide RNA. In addition, the nuclease activity of Cas9 requires the presence of a short nucleotide motif (5′-NGG-3′ for Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes) called PAM, flanking the targeted region. As the reliance on this PAM is typically strict, diverse Cas9 variants recognising different PAM motifs have been studied to target a broader range of genomic sites. In this study, we assessed the potential of Cas9 from Streptococcus mutans strain P42S (SmutCas9) in gene editing. SmutCas9 recognises the rarely targeted 5′-NAA-3′ and 5′-NGAA-3′ PAMs. To test its efficacy, two genes of the virulent lactococcal phage p2 were edited, thereby demonstrating the potential of SmutCas9 for gene editing purposes, particularly in AT-rich genomes. Sequencing of total RNA also revealed the RNA components of this system, allowing further molecular characterisation of the type II-A CRISPR-Cas system of S. mutans.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Vaccine Development: Lessons, Challenges, and Future Innovations
Authors: Santamarina-Fernández Rebeca , Fuentes-Valverde Víctor , Silva-Rodríguez Alis , García Patricia , Moscoso Miriam , Bou Germán
Published: February 2025

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with a multidrug-resistant profile that has become a critical threat to global public health. It is one of the main causes of severe nosocomial infections, including ventilator-associated pneumonia, chronic infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, and bloodstream infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Development of vaccines against P. aeruginosa is a major challenge owing to the high capacity of this bacterium to form biofilms, its wide arsenal of virulence factors (including secretion systems, lipopolysaccharides, and outer membrane proteins), and its ability to evade the host immune system. This review provides a comprehensive historical overview of vaccine development efforts targeting this pathogen, ranging from early attempts in the 1970s to recent advancements, including vaccines based on novel proteins and emerging technologies such as nanoparticles and synthetic conjugates. Despite numerous promising preclinical developments, very few candidates have progressed to clinical trials, and none have achieved final approval. This panorama highlights the significant scientific efforts undertaken and the inherent complexity of successfully developing an effective vaccine against P. aeruginosa.
Therapeutic Perspectives of Aminoflavonoids—A Review
Authors: Stompor-Gorący Monika , Bajek-Bil Agata , Potocka Natalia , Zawlik Izabela
Published: February 2025

Natural compounds containing nitrogen are a source of many biologically active molecules used as drugs. Due to their multidirectional effects, they represent effective therapeutic compounds in many medical areas. Flavonoids, as well as their bioprecursors, chalcones, that occur in plants possess a number of medicinal benefits. Their synthetic amino derivatives constitute a large group of compounds that exhibit pharmacological activity. Due to the increasing level of drug resistance among patients, new therapeutic agents and options are urgently needed. Therefore, aminoflavonoids may be a promising source of new drugs. In this review, the biological activities of flavonoids, including chalcones, with complexes containing a nitrogen atom and the aminoflavones Ru and Pt are summarized. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the synthesis and pharmacological activity of aminoflavonoids and to show how synthetic modifications of these compounds can influence their biological activities. It covers the most recent reports on obtaining aminoflavones, aminochalcones, and their derivatives, along with information about their anticancer, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Super-Charged Natural Killer Cells: A Promising Immunotherapeutic Strategy for Oral Cancer
Authors: Kaur Kawaljit , Jewett Anahid
Published: February 2025

NK cells have traditionally been classified as effectors of innate immunity, even though they also exhibit some features of adaptive immunity such as memory. NK cells contribute to the lysis and growth inhibition of cancer, mediating direct cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and regulating the functions of other immune cells, respectively. NK cells regulate the function of other immune cells via the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Currently, NK cell therapeutics in oral cancer have been less efficient due to several limitations, as follows: (a) lower percentages of NK cells in peripheral blood immune cells; (b) limited survival and decreased function of NK cells, especially in the tumor microenvironment; and (c) a lack of tools or methodologies to expand and activate NK cells to the levels that are required for the effective targeting of oral cancer. To overcome these limitations, we established and demonstrated a novel technology for activating and expanding highly functional NK cells coined as supercharged NK (sNK) cells. This review summarizes the characteristics of sNK cells and highlights their superior anti-cancer activity when compared to primary activated NK cells.
Developmental and Evolutionary Heart Adaptations Through Structure–Function Relationships
Authors: Phillips Makena , Nimmo Marina , Rugonyi Sandra
Published: February 2025

While the heart works as an efficient pump, it also has a high level of adaptivity by changing its structure to maintain function during healthy and diseased states. In this Review, we present examples of structure–function relationships across species and throughout embryonic development in mammals and birds. We also summarize current research on avian models aiming at understanding how biophysical and biological mechanisms closely interact during heart formation. We conclude by underscoring similarities between cardiac adaptations and structural changes over developmental and evolutionary time scales and how understanding the mechanisms behind these adaptations can help prevent or alleviate the effects of cardiac malformations and contribute to cardiac regeneration efforts.
Not All SAVR Are Created Equal: All the Approaches Available for Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Cabrucci Francesco , Sicouri Serge , Baudo Massimo , Magouliotis Dimitrios E. , Yamashita Yoshiyuki , Bacchi Beatrice , Petrone Dario , Wasef Beman , Dokollari Aleksander , Bonacchi Massimo , Ramlawi Basel
Published: February 2025

Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (SAVR) is still one of the pillars of cardiac surgery practice, and its role is evolving into a more complex operation. The competition with structural valve therapies and the urgent demand for less invasive solutions have unleashed surgeons’ creativity in adapting to these new challenges. All the possible ways to surgically replace the aortic valve are analyzed in this review. Surgical techniques, advantages and disadvantages, and key differences are listed, helping surgeons navigate the available options. Sternotomy SAVR is the benchmark, but that is becoming obsolete and, in some cases, no longer performed for teaching purposes. Mini sternotomy is the easiest way to achieve minimal invasiveness in all anatomic situations, while right anterior thoracotomy is an elegant solution mastered by fewer surgeons. Endoscopic and robotic-assisted techniques are shaping the future of SAVR, yet they still lack wide adoption. The choice of approach is mainly dictated by the anatomic features of the patient and the surgeon’s skills. A flow diagram to overcome the learning curve and advance toward more complex surgery is provided here. Mastering as many techniques as possible is paramount when offering a patient-tailored approach and performing a safe and less invasive operation.
Antibiotic-Loaded Calcium Sulphate Beads for Treatment of Acute Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Results Based on Risk Stratification
Authors: McPherson Edward J. , Chowdhry Madhav , Dipane Matthew V. , Marahrens Benedikt , Pena Diego Dela , Stavrakis Alexandra I.
Published: February 2025

Background: A post-operative or late acute periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) requires a protocol of aggressive joint Debridement, modular implant Exchange, Component Retention, and post-operative Antimicrobial therapy (DECRA). Recently, the novel addition of intra-articular Antimicrobial Loaded Calcium Sulphate (AL-CaSO4) beads during DECRA has been utilized to improve microbial eradication. This study reviews a consecutive series of DECRA TKA procedures with AL-CaSO4 beads with a standardized antimicrobial regimen. We hypothesize AL-CaSO4 beads will not improve infection-free implant survival in compromised hosts and limbs. Methods: This consecutive series included DECRA procedures for acute post-operative or late hematogenous PJI-TKA (primary and revision) detected within 4 weeks. One gram of vancomycin powder and 240 mg of liquid tobramycin were added to 10 cc of CaSO4 powder to create 3.0 and 4.8 mm beads delivered into the joint at closure. All patients were risk stratified according to McPherson Staging and followed for a minimum of 1 year. Results: Forty-two patients were studied. The infection-free success rate of DECRA with AL-CaSO4 was 62% (26/42) at 1 year. Average bead volume per case was 18.6 cc (range = 10–40 cc). McPherson Host stage and Limb Score were found to be significantly correlated with the success of the DECRA (p < 0.05). The success rate was highest in A-hosts (87.5%), declining to 50% in B-hosts, and 25% in C-hosts. Similarly, the success rate was highest for patients with Limb score 1 (100%), declining to 58.6% with Limb score 2, and 20% with Limb score 3. Importantly, a previous episode of infection in the affected joint was associated with significantly increased failure (p = 0.000025). Conclusions: This study reports an overall higher infection-free success rate of DECRA using AL-CaSO4 beads compared to the current literature. Antibiotic beads provide an advantage in selected groups that include A or B hosts and Limb scores of 1 or 2. In C-hosts, where the immune system is weak, or Limb score 3, where the wound is compromised and leaks, antibiotic beads do not improve success. Importantly, DECRAs should not be considered curative with a prior history of joint infection. In these difficult circumstances, one should consider an exchange protocol.
Paradigm Shift in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management: Precision Medicine, Artificial Intelligence, and Emerging Therapies
Authors: Caballero Mateos Antonio M. , Cañadas de la Fuente Guillermo A. , Gros Beatriz
Published: February 2025

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management stands at the cusp of a transformative era, with recent breakthroughs heralding a paradigm shift in treatment strategies. Traditionally, IBD therapeutics revolved around immunosuppressants, but the landscape has evolved significantly. Recent approvals of etrasimod, upadacitinib, mirikizumab, and risankizumab have introduced novel mechanisms of action, offering renewed hope for IBD patients. These medications represent a departure from the status quo, breaking years of therapeutic stagnation. Precision medicine, involving Artificial Intelligence, is a pivotal aspect of this evolution, tailoring treatments based on genetic profiles, disease characteristics, and individual responses. This approach optimizes treatment efficacy, and paves the way for personalized care. Yet, the rising cost of IBD therapies, notably biologics, poses challenges, impacting healthcare budgets and patient access. Ongoing research strives to assess cost-effectiveness, guiding policy decisions to ensure equitable access to advanced treatments. Looking ahead, the future of IBD management holds great promise. Emerging therapies, precision medicine, and ongoing research into novel targets promise to reshape the IBD treatment landscape. As these advances continue to unfold, IBD patients can anticipate a brighter future, one marked by more effective, personalized, and accessible treatments.
Stochastic Free Vibration Behavior of Multi-Layered Helicoidal Laminated Composite Shells Under Thermal Conditions
Authors: Garg Aman , Li Li , Belarbi Mohamed-Ouejdi , Zheng Weiguang , Raman Roshan
Published: February 2025

The present work aims to quantify the influence of uncertainties in the ply orientation of multi-layered bio-inspired helicoidal laminated composite conical, hemispherical, and toroidal shells under thermal conditions. Any change in the ply orientation affects the free vibration behavior of the laminates. The present investigation focuses on the different levels of uncertainties in the ply orientation on the free vibration behavior of the shell. Moreover, the study also focuses on the sensitivity of the uncertainties in ply orientations on the free vibration behavior of the shells, which is also quantified. To quantify the stochastic free vibration behavior of the shells, the Gaussian process regression (GPR) machine learning algorithm-based surrogate model is developed to predict the frequencies of the shells. The surrogate is created in the framework of higher-order shear deformation theory. The uncertainties in the ply orientations are introduced using bootstrapping. The present results are compared with the stochastic frequencies obtained using Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) to determine the model’s accuracy. The study highlights the influence of the temperature, type of shell, and end conditions on the stochastic free vibration behavior of bio-inspired laminated shells.
Polymer-Based Scaffolds as an Implantable Material in Regenerative Dentistry: A Review
Authors: Lesko Lubos , Jungova Petra , Culenova Martina , Thurzo Andrej , Danisovic Lubos
Published: February 2025

Polymer-based scaffolds have emerged as transformative materials in regenerative dentistry, enabling the restoration and replacement of dental tissues through tissue engineering approaches. These scaffolds, derived from natural and synthetic polymers, mimic the extracellular matrix to promote cellular attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Natural polymers such as collagen, chitosan, and alginate offer biocompatibility and bioactivity, while synthetic alternatives like polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) provide tunable mechanical properties and degradation rates. Recent advancements highlight the integration of bioactive molecules and nanotechnology to enhance the regenerative potential of these materials. Furthermore, developing hybrid scaffolds combining natural and synthetic polymers addresses biocompatibility and mechanical strength challenges, paving the way for patient-specific treatments. Innovations in 3D bioprinting and stimuli-responsive biomaterials are expected to refine scaffold design further, improving therapeutic precision and clinical outcomes. This review underscores the critical role of polymer-based scaffolds in advancing regenerative dentistry, focusing on their applications, advantages, and limitations.
Diagnostic Tools Before Thyroidectomy: A Surgical Perspective
Authors: Mureşan Flaviu , Fabian Ovidiu Vasile , Pătruţ Emilia Maria , Orăşan Olga Hilda , Valea Ana , Popescu Radu Bogdan
Published: February 2025

Before performing a thyroidectomy, a range of diagnostic studies is typically conducted to evaluate thyroid function and structure. Ultrasound and elastography are employed to assess the gland’s morphology and to identify nodular goiters that may necessitate fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or surgical intervention. Cervical adenopathies in patients suspected of thyroid malignancy are also evaluated via ultrasound. FNAC is the most effective diagnostic tool for suspicious thyroid nodules. Computed tomography (CT) is invaluable in assessing the relationship between large goiters and surrounding structures or identifying deep lymph node metastases in thyroid carcinomas. This article discusses the essential preoperative investigations required for thyroidectomy and their impact on surgical decision-making.