bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Energy Optimal Control to Energy Management of Hybrid Vehicle
Authors: Uchida Hiroshi , Fukushima Naota , Hagiwara Ichiro
Published: November 2023

Energy optimal control theory (EOC) is applied to the energy flow control of a hybrid electric vehicle. Since the differential equation is solved analytically, the control law can be easily implemented in real time. Because the objective function is described in power form that permits negative value, not only the energy consumption is minimized but also the energy regeneration by the motor is maximized. In the simulation for the 10-mode driving, it is shown that the fuel cost of EOC is 15% lower than the rule based control (RBC).
THE KEYS OF FUTURE HYBRID IN MD/HD COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: THE APPROACH FOR THE NEXT GENERATION HYBRID ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Tsuchiya Takayuki , Sasaki Masakazu
Published: November 2023

Recently even for medium or heavy duty commercial vehicles (MD/HD CVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) or electric vehicles (EVs) have been launching in the world. In the current status, parallel type of HEV shows the most practicality in market. In that case, the optimal engine adaptation and the highly efficient brake energy recovery are the keys for efficient HEV. The EV application for MD/HD CVs is also the possible solution in the near future if some issues are cleared. Therefore it is hard to decide the most possible case for future CVs only from the existing point of view. The conceptual new name of “XEV” will be suitable to express those possible cases generically. The improvement of energy storage system (ESS) will have been the most prioritized issue for “XEV” for a while.
Feasible Study for the Availability of Electric Vehicles for the Stable Operation in Power System Network
Authors: Ishida Takaharu
Published: November 2023

Electric vehicle will come into wide use in worldwide with the arrival of the Low-carbon society in the next twenty years. And total capacity of the battery on the electric vehicle in the power system network amounts for several Giga Watts, which corresponds to the capacity of several nuclear power plants. It is difficult for power system operator to forecast of the amount of the charging power because there is much uncertainty of using power on electric vehicles compared to the electric facility like air conditioner and so on. In order to operate the power system network stable, it is necessary for power system operator to control charging power of electric vehicle independently as controllable facilities.

We propose a “Smart Charging” concept based on the index for the security monitoring of power system network which makes power system operation more efficiently and makes electric vehicle owners more conveniently. A load dispatch system, like distribution energy management systems or community energy management systems can take care of the voltage control considering the charging schedule of the electric vehicle's owner in advance and the result of power system state estimation or load flow calculation.

In this paper, based on the hypothesis of spreading electric vehicle in a power system, a evaluation of charging that the electric vehicles starts simultaneously in the evening, a system structure of smart charging on electric vehicle based on voltage stability evaluation of power system, which distributes the charging power with more stable, and the test results of the smart power with the IEEJ standard data are explained.
Control of an IPMSM with Low Resolution Position Sensor
Authors: Miyata Hitoshi , Yamaike Chinao , Kurata Toshifumi , Gonda Eikou
Published: November 2023

Many studies on Electric Vehicle (EV), recently, are actively proceeded as one of the solutions of environmental problem. We are aiming at constructing vector control system for an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) that is employed a small EV for our test bed. In the vector control, since fundamental equations of IPMSM in stationary coordinate are transformed into rotational coordinate, IPMSM that is one of the AC motor is considered DC motor and various calculations are simplified. In order to apply the vector control, high resolution rotor position sensor is indispensable to detect precise information on rotor position and speed. However, position sensor of our IPMSM can detect 60[deg] at a minimum. Therefore in this study we examined a driving method of IPMSM by using information from low resolution position sensor combining with speed observer. Moreover, we have analyzed control system considering output voltage error that is a property of inverter. As a result our new method has improved speed response of the vector control system of the IPMSM.
High Power Density Technologies on EV Bidirectional DC/DC Converters: Downsizing Effect using Close-Coupled Inductors
Authors: Hirakawa Mitsuaki , Nagano Masao , Hashino Satoshi , Shimizu Toshihisa
Published: November 2023

The development of Li-ion battery performance in next ten years will encourage improving a power density of Electric Vehicles (EVs). A higher voltage system with a boost voltage converter is favorable for the EV system if the converter has large power in small size. For increasing the converter power density, interleaved topologies using close-coupled inductors are shown to be superior. The inductor set of 3-phase type is proved to be smaller in size and lose less power in comparison to that of 2-phase type for high powered EV system having a 200∼400 volt battery. The prototype 3- phase converter using IGBT with 15 kHz switching frequency achieved a power density of 21.4 kW/liter at 120 kW output on a boost ratio of 1.38 with 98.0% efficiency, which also achieved more than 97% efficiency in a frequent usage zone.
Low-cost FC Stack Concept with Increased Power Density and Simplified Configuration: Utilizing an Advanced MEA with Integrated Molded Frame
Authors: Abe Mitsutaka , Oku Takanori , Numao Yasuhiro , Takaichi Satoshi , Yanagisawa Masanari
Published: November 2023

In 2006, Nissan began limited leasing of the X-TRAIL FCV equipped with their in-house developed Fuel Cell (FC) stack. Since then, the FC stack has been improved in durability, cold start-up capability, cost and size with the aim of promoting full-scale commercialization of FCVs. However, reduction of cost and size has remained a significant challenge because limited mass transport through the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) has made it difficult to increase the rated current density of the FC. Furthermore, it has been difficult to reduce the variety of FC stack components due to the complex stack configuration. In this study, improvements have been achieved mainly by adopting an advanced MEA to overcome these difficulties. First, the adoption of a new MEA and separators has improved mass transport through the MEA for increased rated current density. Second, an integrated molded frame (IMF) has been adopted as the MEA support. One advantage of the IMF is its simplified structure and production process, reducing the MEA cost. Another advantage of the IMF is that its flexibility for forming structural shapes which has been utilized to build insulating side walls (ISWs) around the FC stack. Third, the FC stack structure has been simplified by elimination of a FC stack enclosure and adoption of a single-row configuration which have been enabled by ISWs. As a result, the power density of the new FC stack has been increased to 2.5 kW/L, which is 30% higher than that of the previous 2008 model. It is estimated that the mass production cost of the new FC stack can be halved to nearly meet the target of the DOE Hydrogen Program. With further improvements such as higher current density and lower catalyst loading, FCVs will be compact and affordable enough for ordinary consumers at the full-scale commercial stage.
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT IN DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL BY USING A NOVEL POROUS FLOW FIELD MADE OF SINTERED METAL POWDER
Authors: Shudo Toshio , Naganuma Shinji
Published: November 2023

It is important to reduce the diffusion polarization for achieving higher performance in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The previous research has shown the performance improvement by applying a metal foam type porous stainless steel made by a metal-plating method to the separator flow field of a DMFC. This porous flow field enabled DMFC to operate with higher power output than conventional straight groove type separator especially at higher current densities. Diffusion polarization was especially reduced by the porous flow field. This current paper experimentally analyzes the effect of a new type porous flow field that is made of a sintered spherical metal powder. The results show that the sintered metal powder flow field exhibits higher effect in performance improvement of DMFC than the metal foam type porous flow field used in the previous research. The power density with the sintered metal powder porous flow field can be three times higher than that with a straight groove type flow field having the same flow field volume and depth.
Simulation and Optimization Analysis of Small Vehicle Deceleration to Reduce Occupant Injury at Frontal Collision
Authors: Fujimura Takanobu
Published: November 2023

Due to environmental problems, number of small vehicles with fuel efficiency increases. Since the small vehicles have small deformation space, it is difficult for them to achieve good crashworthiness at a frontal impact accident. Small deformation space usually yields high vehicle deceleration to absorb kinetic energy of the vehicle. The high vehicle deceleration may produce high occupant deceleration and lead to high occupant injury value.

For example, North America, Japan and Europe specify head and chest injury value at vehicle's frontal collision. Those injury values tend to be improved if vehicle deceleration decreases. Deceleration of small vehicle with a little deformation space must be adjusted in order to prevent increase of the occupant injury value.

A vehicle deceleration is expressed by 9, 18 or 36 discrete variables. A vehicle, an occupant and restraint systems such as seat belts are modeled by masses and a spring to simulate a frontal collision. With differential equations and an optimization method, the minimum value of the maximum occupant deceleration is searched when the initial vehicle velocity is 35km/h. The optimization method used is the conjugate direction method.

Following results are obtained.

1
Although it was high probability to be a local optimum, optimized values of vehicle and occupant decelerations were acquired. The occupant decelerations varied from 198.8 to 263.3m/s2 depending on initial values. The graph shapes were smoother than previous study. The optimized vehicle decelerations were initially high deceleration, then minus deceleration namely acceleration at mid-term, finally high deceleration.

2
Difference method was revealed as effective to calculate gradients of F (sensitivity). The optimizations were successfully executed with the gradients of F.

3
It was revealed to be effective to use sensitivity to know which part of vehicle deceleration should be modified when a way to improve a vehicle deceleration was discussed. One of examples showed an occupant deceleration reduced more than one third.
Reduction in Costs and Environment Impact of the Composite Plating Solution
Authors: Hirose N. , Takahashi Y. , Kambe S.
Published: November 2023

Our company adopts a cylinder-bore which is composite plated for weight saving and high output characteristics of the motorcycle engines. The composite-plated-cylinder has good wear resistance in an efficient performance while there are some problems to control the composite plating solution since this solution contains particles which make filtration and electrolysis difficult. Therefore we need to renew the solution within the stated periods, which brings about high cost and environment impact. Thus we developed a recycle and reuse system by the used composite-plating-solution. This method will cut costs by 50% approximately and reduce environment impact by reducing waste of plating solution.
Effects of Intake Pressure and Air-Fuel Ratio on Controlled Hot Surface Ignition Operating with Natural Gas
Authors: Scholl Fino , Neher Denis , Kettner Maurice , Bachiller Andrés Melgar , Klaissle Markus
Published: November 2023

In an effort to reduce both maintenance costs and NOx emissions of small cogeneration engines operated with natural gas, an alternative ignition system that allows stable operation at very lean homogeneous air-fuel mixtures has been developed. Combustion is induced by an electrically heated ceramic glow plug, whose temperature is controlled by an ECU. Adjusting hot surface temperature allows shifting the inflammation timing of the mixture and, therefore, the phasing of combustion in the engine cycle.

The main aim of this work was to determine the effect of intake pressure and air-fuel ratio on the parameters of hot surface ignition (HSI) and understand which are the factors limiting stable HSI operation in terms of cycle-by-cycle variations. Furthermore, in order to explain abnormal combustion phenomena occurring at high surface temperatures, the process of mixture inflammation and combustion was examined through a combination of numerical simulation using the ECFM-3z combustion model and engine trials employing optical probes to record combustion radiation.

The experiments showed that the energy consumption required to heat the surface and initiate combustion can be decreased substantially when raising intake pressure and/or advancing combustion phasing. On the other hand, when leaning the mixture or retarding combustion, the energy demand increases. It was found that the temperature control of the hot surface is most stable when heat released from combustion is relatively low and produces low combustion temperatures. When this is not the case, e.g. at lower air-fuel ratios or advanced combustion phasings, cyclic variability in heat release rate and phasing have a strong impact on surface temperature and it becomes more difficult for the HSI controller to keep hot surface temperature constant. As a result, the timing of mixture inflammation fluctuates considerably, leading to high cyclic dispersion in CA50, IMEP and pmax.
Development of a Supercharged Engine for Motorcycle with a Centrifugal Supercharger
Authors: Watanabe Hiroyuki , Ichi Satoaki , Saito Masahito , Arima Kazuki , Ishibashi Yasushi
Published: November 2023

1
In the development of motorcycle engines, a strong feeling of power, an element of being fun to ride has continued strong demand. However, demand to meet environmental performance, a conflicting element, has increased dramatically in recent years and a breakthrough technology that achieves both environmental performance and a feeling of power is in demand.

Here, the newly developed engine has greatly enhanced feeling of power while clearing stringent environmental restrictions through use of a centrifugal type supercharger.

However, there were several problems that had to be resolved with regards to application of a supercharger to a motorcycle engine.

In applying a supercharger to a motorcycle, a major problem is the best way to keep the engine size from increasing in size. The engine, which is the heaviest parts on a motorcycle greatly affects motorcycle maneuverability so it must be compact and the mass concentrated.

Another one of the problems was suppression of knocking to the extent possible. An intercooler for cooling intake air is generally used as a countermeasure for knocking in supercharged engines. However, increase in size and weight of the motorcycle through use of an intercooler was cause for a significant loss in the fun to ride aspect and thus was difficult to permit. For this model, by increasing the supercharging efficiency of the supercharger and matching it to the engine characteristics suppression of intake air temperature and thus knocking was achieved. In addition, a layout that maximizes efficiency of the supercharger and that is beneficial to operability of the motorcycle was sought out.

This report describes various technologies used to resolve problems that arise when applying a centrifugal supercharger to a motorcycle engine.
Study on Flame Behavior Control by the Electric Field
Authors: Yanagisawa Shota , Iijima Akira , Shoji Hideo , Yoshida Koji , Osaka Jun , Matsui Yoshihiko , Kondo Wakichi
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study is to elucidate flame propagation behavior of homogeneous propane-air mixture under application of non-uniform electric field. A needle-shaped electrode was attached to the ceiling and a plate electrode was set at bottom of combustion chamber, so that the electric field was applied in the direction of the chamber's vertical axis. A homogeneous propane-air mixture was supplied at equivalence ratio of 1.0 and was ignited by leaser induced breakdown under atmospheric pressure and room temperature. It was found that the flame front and plate electrode were repelled each other and a thin air layer was formed between the flame and plate electrode when a relatively low positive DC non-uniform electric field was applied to the needle-shaped electrode. It might be thought that the induced current was generated in the flame front, so that the flame front and plate electrode repelled each other. However, when a high DC voltage which generated corona wind was applied, the flame front was deformed and the thin air layer was not formed. In case of a negative DC non-uniform electric field, the electrical breakdown was occurred through the flame. When the flame front approached the plate electrode and a positive single pulse high voltage was applied to the needle-shaped electrode (input voltage was 8 kV and pulse width was 2 ms), a thin air layer was effectively formed and the maximum combustion pressure was higher than that of conventional combustion due to reduction of heat loss by the thin air layer.
Optimizing the Opening Period and the Timing of Intake and Exhaust Valves to Improve Engine Performance in a Supermilage Vehicle
Authors: Goto Kenta , Noda Shinji , Nakashima Kohei , Murakami Yoshio
Published: November 2023

To improve engine torque and specific fuel consumption in a supermilage vehicle, we experimentally adjusted the valve lift and opening period in rocker arms, testing various follower configurations and adjust screws. Using the follower configuration in a commercially-available rocker arm, we compared 4 different levels of valve lift and opening period in the intake, and 4 different levels in the exhaust, making 16 combinations. Then, utilizing 5 kinds of modified follower configurations of the rocker arms in the intake, and 3 in the exhaust, we also compared 24 combinations (including the commercially-available follower configurations). We tested our experimental supermilage engine under full-load at 2000 to 4500rpm, simulating powering a supermilage vehicle. Results indicated that (1) with a commercially-available follower configuration of the rocker arm, specific fuel consumption decreased when setting both the open timing in the intake valve, and the close timing in the exhaust valve, at or near the top dead center (TDC), while decreasing overlap period of intake and exhaust valves. (2) With the modified follower configurations of the rocker arms, engine torque increased while specific fuel consumption decreased, when setting both the open timing in the intake valve and the close timing in the exhaust valve at or near the TDC, and the close timing in the intake valve at or near the bottom dead center (BDC), and the open timing in the exhaust valve at or near BDC, or the early opening timing in the exhaust valve.
Online Engine Speed Based Adaptation of Combustion Phasing and Air-Fuel Ratio: Evaluation of Feature Quality
Authors: Heikes Henning , Gadkari Geetesh , Steinbrecher Christian , Linder Christian , Fischer Wolfgang , Fischer Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

In the Indian two-wheeler market, legislation and customers demand for a reduction of emissions and an increase of fuel efficiency. For two-wheelers with engine management systems, a cost-efficient approach for this trend exploits that the periodical fluctuation of the engine speed of single cylinder engines contains useful information about its operating conditions. The present article focuses on the quality of the estimation of combustion phasing and air-fuel ratio of a 125cc single cylinder motorcycle engine, obtained from the evaluation of these fluctuations.

The robustness of an oxygen sensor-less port fuel injection system can be increased by using the estimated air-fuel ratio to adapt the parameters of the fuel injection algorithm. The investigations have been carried out only on one bike so far, and have indicated the following accuracies: with the implemented resource optimized algorithm the combustion phasing can be estimated up to ±5°ca accurate with a good reproducibility even after long term operation on a chassis dynamometer. The observed influence of engine temperature was insignificant. The air-fuel ratio feature showed an accuracy of about ±3% in a wide operating range for lambda values smaller than 1.05.

Furthermore it is shown that reaching Indian emission legislation Bharat Stage 4 with a PFI system relying only on feed forward control of the air-fuel ratio is possible.
Fuelling a Two-Wheeler Engine by Ultrasonic Atomization
Authors: Balasubramanian N. , Keerthi Ganesh , Anand T.N.C.
Published: November 2023

This paper presents work performed to improve an engine's fuel economy by introducing ultrasonic atomization as the method of fuelling. An ultrasonic atomizer was added to the air intake path of a four stroke spark-ignited two-wheeler engine, replacing the conventional carburetor.

Test results indicate that the engine BSFC reduced by around 20% due to lower pumping losses and lean operation facilitated by better fuel atomization. Less throttling also reduced the pressure difference between the air filter and combustion chamber, especially at lower speeds and low loads. This reduced exhaust gas dilution into the intake manifold and hence a rich mixture was not required for stable operation even at idling conditions. HC emissions are seen to be high and will need to be addressed, but NO emissions reduced significantly.
Innovative Approach and Tools to Design Future Two-Wheeler Powertrain
Authors: Milosavljevic Misa , Degeilh Philippe , Venturi Stephane , Le Berr Fabrice , Laabidi Samy , Zito Gianluca , Magand Sebastien , Raymond Francois
Published: November 2023

As congestion increases and commute times lengthen with the growing urbanization, many customers will look for effective mobility solutions. Two-wheeler are one of the solutions to deal with these issues, in particular if equipped with electrified powertrains for minimized local noise and air pollutant emissions.

Scooters powertrain technology is predominantly based on Spark Ignition Engine (ICE) associated with a Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT) and a Centrifugal Clutch. Nevertheless, even though CVT gives satisfaction in simplicity, fun to drive, cost effectiveness and vehicle dynamics, its efficiency is an undeniable drawback. Indeed, a conventional CVT is wasting more than 50% of ICE effective power in customer driving conditions. Consequently, those vehicles have high fuel consumption relative to their size, and are equipped with overpowered and heavy internal combustion engines, allowing a large area for further improvements.

Therefore, IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) has developed a physically based simulation tools for scooters powertrain analysis, design and control. ICE model is based on an analytical calculation for indicated efficiency and frictions. CVT and centrifugal clutch are modeled using existing LMS Amesim components and a specifically developed physical transfer function. The final model is in a good agreement with real figures, such as fuel consumption and dynamics behavior of each system. Therefore, these methods and tools have proven to be relevant and time effective to study the impact of powertrain innovations on those two-wheeler performances.

By using these methodological apparatus, IFPEN evaluates the benefit of powertrain evolution such as innovative transmission or hybridization. Taking into account ICE operation limits, and comparable fun to drive behavior with respect to scooters equipped with a CVT, IFPEN estimates a huge impact of a modification of the transmission on fuel consumption (reduction of around 1L/100km on WMTC), proving the benefit of a new concept proposed by IFPEN (not described in this paper). Moreover, the simulator also evaluates the electrification benefits, particularly in urban conditions.

Finally, the modeling approach through detailed simulation platform and an energy optimization tool developed in this paper aims at helping the design of an innovative concept providing equivalent drivability with a better fuel consumption, both on certification cycle and in real use conditions, taking into account the next powertrain evolutions for sustainable and energy effective individual mobility.
Experimental and Numerical Study of HCCI Combustion using Cooled EGR
Authors: Matsuishi Munehiro , Higuchi Yuya , Abe Yasuhide , Ishizawa Yuma , Iijima Akira , Shoji Hideo , Misawa Kazuhito , Kojima Hiraku , Nakama Kenjiro
Published: November 2023

Unresolved issues of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion include an extremely rapid pressure rise on the high load side and resultant knocking. Studies conducted to date have examined ways of expanding the region of stable HCCI combustion on the high load side such as by applying supercharging or recirculating exhaust gas (EGR). However, the effect of applying EGR gas to supercharged HCCI combustion and the mechanisms involved are not fully understood.

In this study, the effect of EGR gas components on HCCI combustion was investigated by conducting experiments in which external EGR gas was applied to supercharged HCCI combustion and also experiments in which nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were individually injected into the intake air pipe to simulate EGR gas components. In addition, HCCI combustion reactions were analyzed by conducting chemical kinetic simulations under the same conditions as those of the experiments.

The results revealed that the injection of either N2 or CO2 has the effect of retarding and moderating HCCI combustion. It was observed that CO2, which is a three-atom molecule, has an especially strong effect on moderating HCCI combustion compared with the result seen for N2.
A Study of Streamer-Discharge-Assisted Autoignition Combustion using an Optically Accessible Engine
Authors: Yamada Masanori , Sahara Junki , Shimada Takashi , Yoshida Yuki , Rin Chibin , Iijima Akira , Asai Tomohiko , Tanabe Mitsuaki , Shoji Hideo
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to control the ignition timing of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines because they lack a physical means of igniting the mixture. Another issue of HCCI engines is their narrow operating range owing to the occurrence of misfiring at low loads and abnormal combustion at high loads. As a possible solution to these issues, this study focused on the generation of a streamer discharge using nonequilibrium plasma as a means of assisting HCCI combustion. A two-stroke engine that allowed visualization of the entire bore area was used in this study. A primary reference fuel blend (50 RON) was used as the test fuel. The streamer discharge was continuously generated in the end-gas region during a 360 deg. interval from the scavenging stroke to the exhaust stroke using a spark plug from which the ground electrode had been removed. Experiments were conducted in which the applied voltage of the streamer discharge was varied to investigate its effect on combustion. The results showed that the application of the streamer discharge to an HCCI engine has the effect of advancing the ignition timing and moderating the rapid rate of combustion. It was also observed that these characteristics can be varied depending on the applied voltage of the streamer discharge.
Development of Three-Way Catalytic Converter Diagnostic Strategy
Authors: Syu Yong Fu , Wu Jia Siou , Syu Jhih Si , Chen Bo-Chiuan , Wu Yuh-Yih
Published: November 2023

In this paper, the off-line analysis method is applied to develop three-way catalytic converter (TWC) diagnostic strategy including oxygen sensor (O2 sensor) diagnostic strategy with common narrow band oxygen sensor (EGO sensor) in Matlab/Simulink software. Moreover, Mototron ECU (Engine Control Unit) is used for monitoring catalyst deterioration. However, aged catalyst is difficult to possess so the different catalytic conversion efficiency (CCE) is simulated by using exhaust by-pass valve. The CEC (China Engine Corporation) 1L V2, four stroke, water-cooled engine is selected as target engine to conduct engine dynamometer test. After making sure O2 sensor operates normally, the catalyst diagnostic strategy test is executed. The experimental result shows that the catalyst deterioration accurately can be detected when the failure phenomenon takes place. In order to make sure the robustness of proposed diagnostic strategy, the common diagnostic strategy, switching times and amplitude ratio, is established to compare accuracy of proposed strategy. Shown as result, when the CCE is closed to 50%, the proposed strategy can reduce possible misjudgment.
An Experimental Investigation of Butanol-Gasoline Blend Fuel with Different Fuel Injection Pressure
Authors: Hsu Yung-Hsiang , Lin Huang-Min , Chung Chia-Hong , Wu Yuh-Yih
Published: November 2023

Butanol is deemed as the potential alternative fuel for future development, and the previous researches show poor injection spray atomization when high butanol concentration blended fuel applying on stock small scooter engines.

In this research, a platform is built to observe the spray atomization phenomena with 2.5kg/cm2 (2.452bar) 、 3.5kg/cm2(3.433bar) injection pressures and various n-butanol volume percent concentration blended fuels, B60, B80 and B100. After that, engine experiments are undergone with above conditions under wide open throttle (WOT) with stoichiometric air fuel ratio (AFR) at 4000rpm. The experiment results are analyzed and discussed from different aspects eventually.

Injection spray observation shows that worse spray atomization appears accompanied with higher concentration blended fuel. But when the injection pressure increases, higher shear force acting on the injection spray improves the breakup of fuel and enhances the effect of fuel spray atomization.

The engine experimental results fuel spray with B80 and B100 blended fuel under 2.5 kg/cm2 result in poor performance due to much higher viscosity. But after rising up the injection pressure brings huge improvements performance. Also, the engine runs more steadily with smaller coefficient of variation (COV) of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) whenever better spray atomization can be realized by increased injection pressures. In addition, because of faster combustion speed introduced by fully mixed air fuel mixture, shorter period of mass fraction burned (MFB) and higher heat release rate (HRR), which represent better engine performance.
A Shock Absorber Design with Position Sensitive Damper and its Performance Evaluation
Authors: Kokane Girish , Ahamed Nizar , Kharul Ravindra
Published: November 2023

Ride comfort and handling present conflicting requirements on damping properties of a suspension system. While ride comfort demands a softer damping, a higher damping force makes the ride handling better. Conventional dampers, being solely velocity dependent, are always a compromise between these two requirements. A damper can be made position sensitive, in addition to its velocity dependence, in order to obtain the best of both the worlds. A position-sensitive damper can have a softer damping force for low amplitude road excitations, as observed on highways and a higher damping force for higher amplitude road excitations, as observed in off-road conditions. Thus such a damper can be optimized not only for a good comfort, but for a good handling performance also. General designs for a position sensitive damper involve a bypass arrangement around the piston. This paper discusses an alternate arrangement for achieving position sensitive damping and its benefits. Prototypes of the same have been made and tested on a servo-hydraulic damper performance testing machine. Extensive analysis has been done to validate the position dependency. Further the prototypes have been tested on a vehicle. The findings are concluded in terms of an objective comparison between position sensitive damper and conventional damper.
Development of an Integrated Approach for Suspension Performance Evaluation
Authors: Kothe Kishor , Ahamed Nizar , Kokane Girish , Kharul Ravindra
Published: November 2023

Vehicle suspension systems are designed keeping in mind the requirement for vehicle articulations and load transfer between chassis & tires. Another factor which is given due importance is the avoidance of extremities with end cushions. As such extremities result in generation of impact loads which could eventually lead to failure of end cushions and the vehicle chassis. Number of occurrences of these extremities is an indication of how good a vehicle suspension design is. This paper presents a methodology developed that converts a shock absorber to a potential sensor, that not only measures the travel and velocity, but also the different kind of loads generated at different events. It includes instrumentation, data acquisition and its analysis for evaluating the performance of the shock absorber and also to provide additional insights into its design. Based on these measurements, a virtual simulation model is built, validated and used for subsequent sensitivity study to optimize the damper design.
Influence of Combustion Chamber Wall Temperature on Combustion in an HCCI Engine Using an Alternative Fuel
Authors: Shima Takahiro , Takamura Yuki , Suzuki Hirotaka , Mochizuki Keisuke , Iijima Akira , Yoshida Koji , Shoji Hideo
Published: November 2023

Internal combustion engines today are required to achieve even higher efficiency and cleaner exhaust emissions. Currently, research interest is focused on premixed compression ignition (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, HCCI) combustion. However, HCCI engines have no physical means of initiating ignition such as a spark plug or the fuel injection timing and quantity. Therefore, it is difficult to control the ignition timing. In addition, combustion occurs simultaneously at multiple sites in the combustion chamber. As a result, combustion takes place extremely rapidly especially in the high load region. That makes it difficult for the engine to operate stably at high loads. This study focused on the fuel composition as a possible means to solve these problems. The effect of using fuel blends on the HCCI operating region and combustion characteristics was investigated using a single-cylinder test engine.
Effect of Ignition Timing on Small SI Engine Torque at WOT Condition with Syngas from Wood Biomass Gasifier
Authors: Enomoto Hiroshi , Teraoka Kazuyuki , Hieda Noboru , Sasao Masahiro , Odani Yusuke
Published: November 2023

Recently, alternative power generation that does not use the oil has attracted attention. There is a power generation using a biomass in one of them. However, biomass power plants is fewer in Japan. Below are two reasons why biomass power plants is few. Firstly, biomass resources are widely and thinly. So, biomass resources is a high transportation cost. Secondly, Efficiency of small biomass plant is low. Therefore, we're working with high-efficiency small biomass gasifier to the development of the power generation method. First, we generated the gas biomass by pyrolysis. Next, SI-ICE has examined whether it can be operated continuously when produced gas was thrown into the SI-ICE. In addition, when the produced gas was charged, changing the ignition timing was examined whether affect much to SI-ICE. The results of the experiment, continued operation of the SI-ICE was possible. Ignition timing was advanced, so that SI-ICE was increased efficiency and power. However, minimum advance for best torque is not found was impossible. Also, to discuss combustion in cylinder was impossible. Combustion in the cylinder is not stabilized. Because of composition and flow of produced gas was not stable.
Effect of Xylene Ratio on the Secondary Atomization with UV Laser
Authors: Enomoto Hiroshi , Iwafune Naoki , Morii Masaya , Honda Ryo , Hieda Noboru , Teraoka Yoshikazu
Published: November 2023

In our study, phenomena is observed that 30µm droplet become breakup by UV laser irradiation. This phenomena change by composition of droplet. Then we focused on difference of absorbance, hexadecane and o-xylene are used as fuel. The former do not absorb UV enough and the latter do absorb UV enough. And authors examined the relation mixing ratio and breakup phenomena using blended fuel which consist of hexadecane and o-xylene. With regard to the UV laser we used, wavelength is 266nm, flash of time is 10nsec and laser intensity is 15mJ. CCD camera, strobe light with 180nsec flash time and lens of ten magnification were used for observation. As a result, we obtained the following; 1) A state of breakup phenomena depend on concentration of o-xylene. 2) The absorbance is not related with a state of breakup phenomena.
A Study on the Practical Application of Cellulosic Liquefaction Fuel for Diesel Engine
Authors: Yamazawa Masayuki , Iijima Akira , Shoji Hideo , Yoshida Koji
Published: November 2023

In recent years, it has been expected the conversion of wasted biomass to industry available energy. In this study, 80 wt.% of wood and 20 wt.% of polypropylene were liquefied by the mineral oil used as solvent. The liquefied material was distilled, and distillation fraction of temperature from 493 to 573 K was recognized as light oil fraction CLF (Cellulose Liquefaction Fuel) and that from 378 to 493 K was recognized as naphtha fraction CLF. CLFs were blended with light oil and, in engine performance test, mixing ratio of light oil fraction CLF was 5 wt.%, and in vehicle running test, weight mixing ratios were 5 or 10 wt.%. In engine performance test, indicator diagrams and rate of heat releases of light oil fraction CLF 5 wt.% mixed light oil were almost equivalent to those of light oil in all load conditions, and engine performance and exhaust gas emissions were also almost equivalent to light oil. Therefore, the light oil fraction CLF 5 wt.% mixed light oil had almost no influence on combustion and engine performance. In vehicle running test, fuel economy of light oil fraction CLF 5 wt.% mixed light oil was almost equal to that of light oil, however THC and CO concentrations of CLF mixed fuel were worsen and were increased as engine revolution increased. The acceleration performance of light oil and naphtha fraction CLFs 5wt.% mixed light oil were almost the same as light oil. Therefore, light oil fraction CLF 5 wt.% mixed light oil can be practically used as alternative fuel.
Study of Optimization of Reciprocating Parts for General-Purpose Engine with Aluminum-Alloy Connecting Rods
Authors: Okubo Masami , Suzuki Masato
Published: November 2023

The connecting rods employed in most of general-purpose engines with a power from 1.5 kW to 10 kW are manufactured from aluminum alloy in order to increase productivity and reduce weight, and therefore display lower material strength than steel connecting rods. In terms of operating conditions, general-purpose engines are frequently operated under high load while being held at a comparatively low engine speed, necessitating strength and durability in relation to combustion pressure. Realizing a balance between the rigidity of each part is an important factor in reconciling the achievement of weight reduction in the reciprocating parts while also keeping strength. The research discussed in this paper developed a structure optimization system to examine shape parameters for reciprocating parts targeting 4 kW class engines, and studied shapes that would balance the reduction of weight with the keeping of strength. These realizes design shapes of 4 kW class engines in which the stress generated on each part is equivalent to or lower than the stress generated on the mass-production shape, while reducing the mass of reciprocating parts by approximately 6% (compared to the initial shape). Investigation using reciprocating shapes of general-purpose engines with different power showed that shapes of reciprocating parts with the smallest weight had the same dimension pattern as discussed above irrespective of the cylinder bore size.
Development of High Performance Motorcycle Wheel using Numerical Shape Optimization
Authors: Tokunaga Hisato , Ichikawa Kazuhiro , Kawasaki Takumi , Kogirima Masato , Sakurada Eiji , Yamamoto Tomo
Published: November 2023

High performance motorcycles require dynamic performance that encompasses superior handling, wherein the wheels are one of the key components that determine the dynamic performance of the motorcycle. In this paper, we will clarify the dynamic parameters for the wheels that have an impact on the handling while also constructing a design technique in which numerical shape optimization is applied.
Thermodynamic Limits of Efficiency Enhancement of Small Displacement Single-Cylinder Engines
Authors: Trattner Alexander , Kupelwieser Florian , Pertl Patrick , Winkler Franz , Schmidt Stephan , Kirchberger Roland
Published: November 2023

Millions of small displacement single-cylinder engines are used for the propulsion of scooters, motorcycles, small boats and others. These SI-engines represent the basis of an affordable mobility in many countries, but at the same time their efficiency is quite low. Today, the limited fossil fuel resources and the anthropogenic climate require a sustainable development of combustion engines, the reduction of fuel consumption being an important factor. A variety of different strategies (turbo-charging, cylinder deactivation, direct injection, etc.) are investigated here to increase the efficiency of multi-cylinder engines. In the case of small displacement single-cylinder engines, other strategies are required because of their special design and the high pressure on costs.

In the context of this paper different layout parameters which have an influence on the working process are investigated, with the aim of increasing the efficiency of small displacement single-cylinder engines. This includes parameters such as compression ratio, lambda, external EGR and others. The thermodynamic losses from ideal engine efficiency to effective efficiency are presented and the calculations are supported by experimental data. Both two-stroke and four-stroke engines are investigated and the subject is limited to single-cylinder engines with a displacement of up to 150 cm3. Furthermore, achievable efficiencies by means of air-cooling and water-cooling are presented. The focus is put on representative operation points at PL (part load) and WOT of typical motorcycle applications in Asia. The calculations are mainly of theoretical importance, but the possibilities of transferring the outcome into real applications are also discussed. Finally, the paper concludes with an evaluation of appropriate strategies to reduce fuel consumption.
Impact of Alcohol-Gasoline Fuel Blends in Long-Tailed Boat Application
Authors: Tumaiam Kittichart , Kujirapan Kraiwut , Charoenphonphanich Chinda , Nuthong Chaiwat , Phatrapornnant Teera , Yamakita Masaki
Published: November 2023

Nowadays, human realize to the environment pollution cause from old engine and use the engine misapply. These engines will cause the problem such as air pollution and cannot use the engine to work at the maximum efficiency and fuel consumption. The new of control technologies can solve problems from misuse engine by an electronic control unit work with many sensors. Optimization of electronic control unit (ECU) makes an engine to work in maximum efficiency and decrease the environment pollution. In this research, Port-fuel injection spark ignition engine (PFI Engine) fuelled with gasoline is use as the boat engine. To use car engine as boat engine, the control system has to be modify and tune up for proper condition. For the method, the parameters that used to control and optimization are the boat's running condition to tune up injection timing, injection duration, ignition timing, and also the engine special function. And this paper aim to investigate and improve performance, efficiency and emission of misapply engine. After that we plan to do research on each part of the system that makes the engine run with alternative energy such as gasohol (E10 to E85) to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas and environment pollution.
Development of Data Logger for Motorcycles
Authors: Matsuo Masashi , Morioka Takeshi , Watanabe Hitoshi
Published: November 2023

The data loggers that are used on motorcycles are intended to measure the running data during races and when driving on closed courses [1]. These data loggers are small in size, lightweight, and optimized for mounting on motorcycles so that they do not affect the vehicle dynamics. Consequently, almost all of these data loggers are not equipped with the amplifiers and filters necessary for taking measurements from strain sensors. Most of the data loggers that have amplifiers and filters built into them are large in size and cannot be used on a motorcycle while it is being driven because of their poor durability, poor water resistance, and poor dust resistance. However, it is necessary to carry out strain and acceleration measurements when developing a new motorcycle body so that the body strength and motion characteristics can be understood [2][3]. Furthermore, the ability to increase the number of measurement channels and acquire position information is also being demanded to improve the efficiency of development and deepen our understanding of the phenomena that occur during driving.

Consequently, a new data logger was developed for use during the development of new motorcycle bodies. In the data logger that was developed, both amplifiers and filters are built in and it is able to measure the information coming from each of the various sensors. The number of channels was also increased by synchronizing multiple data loggers. In addition, the durability, water resistance, and dust resistance of the data logger were all improved by injecting resin inside the data logger case. As a result, the most suitable data logger for use during the development of new motorcycle bodies was developed.
Development of a Motorcycle Frame with Low Stiffness in the Side Direction for Racing
Authors: Kawata Koichiro
Published: November 2023

In motorcycle race represented by MotoGP, the motorcycle bank angle in turning state reaches approximately 60 degrees. In such a large bank angle, it is important that response of the motorcycle for the road surface displacement input is relaxed by designing the frame with low stiffness in the side direction to secure the speed on cornering.

On the other hand, strong frame stiffness of longitudinal direction is required with a proper frame displacement to resist large force by the rapid deceleration.

As seen above, regarding stiffness of longitudinal and side direction of the frame of motorcycle, one should be high, and the other should be low.

However, in general, the ratio estimated by stiffness of side direction per that of longitudinal direction is approximately constant with existing frame. This means that if the frame stiffness of side direction is lowered, that of the longitudinal would also be lowered accordingly.

Thus, it is difficult to design the frame of which stiffness of longitudinal direction is strengthened while that of side direction is kept lowered.

An object of this study is the development of the frame with different longitudinal and side stiffness ratio unlike the current longitudinal and side stiffness ratio.

The frame developed from this study is adopted in our MotoGP machine and contributes to secure high speed on cornering.