bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XLVI. STRUCTURE OF THE CELLULOSE SYNTHESIZED BY THE ACTION OF ACETOBACTER XYLINUS ON FRUCTOSE AND GLYCEROL
Authors: Barsha J. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The membranes synthesized by the action of Acetobacter xylinus on fructose and on glycerol have been shown (after suitable purification) by the recognized methods of methylation, acetylation, acetolysis and hydrolysis to be chemically identical with cotton cellulose. These conclusions are confirmed by the results of X-ray analysis.The X-ray investigation by W. A. Sisson and G. L. Clark indicates the identity of the cellulose membranes formed from glucose, fructose, glycerol, sucrose, galactose and mannitol by the action of Acetobacter xylinus and thus lends support to the view that the same polysaccharide is synthesized by the organism whenever cell-wall formation (growth) occurs and that this polysaccharide is chemically identical with cotton cellulose.
THE SOUND FIELD OF MEMBRANES AND DIAPHRAGMS: II. THE POWER EMITTED BY CIRCULAR MEMBRANES
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

Accurate formulas are presented showing the power radiated by a stretched circular membrane vibrating with small amplitudes and an arbitrary number of nodal circles or diameters. When the nodes are circular, the sound emitted is expressed as a sum of the products of simple functions of ka, J0(2ka), J1(2ka) by the definite integral of y2s/(κ2a2/k2a2 − 1 + y2)2 taken between the limits zero and unity. For values of ka = 2πa/λ between zero and two, where the radius a is taken as 10 cm., the membrane vibrating in its fundamental mode emits between three and four times as much power as the piston having the same maximum velocity at its centre. The first and second overtones have about the same strength as the corresponding fundamental frequencies, so the power radiated increases less rapidly with frequency than when nodes are absent.
THE SORPTION OF VAPORS BY ALUMINA: II. BENZENE
Authors: Munro L. A. , Johnson F. M. G.
Published: April 2011

The sorption of benzene vapor by alumina gel has been measured over a range of temperature and concentration. It has been found that divergent sorption values obtained with gels differing in residual water approach a constant value when expressed per gram of active alumina. Straight lines are obtained when the logarithm of x/m is plotted against the logarithm of the vapor pressure. Patrick's equation is approximated for lower relative pressures. Comparison of the results obtained with benzene with those previously obtained with water fails to show that hydration or "chemical" forces play any part in the sorption of water by alumina. The gel holds a larger volume of liquid benzene at low partial pressures.
VARIABLE PERSONAL EQUATION OF BISECTION IN PRIMARY TRIANGULATION
Authors: Rannie J. L. , Dennis W. M.
Published: April 2011

The investigation demonstrates that errors of appreciable magnitude may occur in the measurement of angles of primary triangulation by certain observers, owing to variable personal equation of bisection. A simple method of eliminating these errors is described.
GRAVITATIONAL AND MAGNETOMETRIC SURVEYS OF THE ONAKAWANA LIGNITE AND GRAND RAPIDS SIDERITE DEPOSITS
Authors: Miller A. H.
Published: April 2011

A traverse about three miles in length was made with a torsion balance over the lignite deposit at Onakawana in northern Ontario, where it has been outlined by extensive drilling over an area of a few square miles. The drilling shows that it is overlain with 50 to 100 ft. of boulder clay and is imbedded in Cretaceous clay of considerably greater density than the coal. The traverse crossed the seam in three places. At each crossing a definite lowering in the value of gravity was observed. The boundary of the deposit was shown along two parts of the traverse by the large and definite effect on the gradient of gravity. Owing to the fact that as a rule the stations were as far as 100 metres apart and that the drill holes were usually 1000 ft. or more from one another, uncertainty exists at some stations regarding the respective gravitational effects of variations of the coal seam, on the one hand, and possible irregularities in the boulder clay, on the other. The results indicate that the torsion balance may be of use in outlining such deposits as the Onakawana lignite. A better estimate of the value of the instrument could be made if it had been possible to make a more definite test of the effect of irregularities in the boulder clay.Numerous magnetometer readings over and in the vicinity of the coal seam showed so little variation that there appears to be little hope that this instrument would be of use in prospecting for the coal, at least in so far as the immediate boundaries are concerned.A preliminary survey of the Grand Rapids siderite deposit on the Mattagami river was made with vertical and horizontal magnetometers. The iron occurs in limestone which, except at the river, is buried beneath 50 ft. or more of drift. The anomaly produced by the iron does not apparently exceed 100 γ and is complicated by a larger and more regional anomaly which makes definite interpretation of the results difficult. A more detailed survey might be productive of useful results. Magnetometric traverses were made along the rivers from Grand Rapids to James Bay and from Williams Island in the Abitibi to its mouth. A similar magnetic anomaly to that at Grand Rapids was observed at Williams Island. There is quite a marked magnetic anomaly at Moose Factory.
STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF THE BURSATE NEMATODES OF HORSES AND SHEEP: I. THE EFFECT OF URINE ON THE EGGS AND LARVAE IN THE FECES
Authors: Parnell Ivan W.
Published: April 2011

The addition of urine, even when diluted with 25% of water, to both horse and sheep feces, proves to be lethal to the eggs and larvae of all the bursate nematodes in as short a time as 24 hr. Higher dilutions kill a large proportion of eggs and larvae in the same time, and the use of this agent is suggested as being of probable practical value in the control of these parasites.
A BIOMETRIC STUDY OF THE CULMS OF CEREALS AND GRASSES
Authors: Prat Henri
Published: April 2011

Many attempts have been made to use absolute biometric values as accessory specific characters in cereals and grasses. The present note is an attempt to express by plain graphs not only the absolute average lengths but also the relations of length between the internodes of the culm.In some cases, the graphic representation leads to a simple mathematical formula; in others this is not possible, but the shape of the graph gives interesting information on the role played by the young inflorescence during the growth of the culm. Sterile or, on the contrary, hypersexual culms have the history of their youth inscribed in their adult structure.The observations in the present paper will be connected with a larger study of the conditions of growth and mode of differentiation of the plant tissues. Relations with the peculiar structure of the epidermis of the culm are discussed.
The Thermal Decomposition of Gaseous Methyl Iodide
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , McDonald R. D.
Published: April 2011

not available
An Easy Method of Removing Adhering Rubber Tubing and Stoppers from Laboratory Glassware
Authors: Skazin L.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE DECOMPOSITION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL OVER SOME POLY-COMPONENT CATALYSTS
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Morris H. E.
Published: April 2011

Numerous experiments have been carried out on the decomposition of alcohol, alcohol and water, and alcohol and carbon dioxide mixtures over poly-component catalysts at temperatures up to 500 °C. Quantitative data on the gaseous and the liquid products were obtained. The properties of the poly-component catalysts, as evidenced by the simple primary and secondary reactions, have been shown to be qualitatively those of the single components.Methane can be produced in one or more of several secondary reactions, namely, the decomposition of acetaldehyde, the hydrogenation of carbon oxides and the decomposition of ethylene. Ethane can be produced in one or both of two reactions consisting of auto-oxidation and reduction of the alcohol, or the secondary hydrogenation of ethylene, confirming previous work. Carbon dioxide, in most cases, is formed as a result of the water-gas reaction and the decomposition of carbon monoxide. In other cases its origin is obscure. The results of certain experiments in which carbon dioxide and hydrogen were the major constituents of the off-gas cannot be explained in the same way. Reactions involving ketene decomposition and polymerization, and hydration of alcohol, have been suggested as possible explanations.
IS RORIDULA A CARNIVOROUS PLANT?
Authors: Lloyd Francis E.
Published: April 2011

The genus Roridula has two species, the leaves of both of which are armed with numerous glands secreting a "balsam"-like exudate, whereby many insects are captured, simulating in this the behavior of Drosera, Drosophyllum and Byblis. But as Marloth held, these plants are not carnivorous.Living "commensally" on both species are at least five different insects, three crab-spiders and two capsids (true bugs). All these can move about freely on the Roridula plants without danger of capture; they gain their livelihood by sucking the juices of freshly captured insects.The structure of the glands of these plants and the nature of their secretion are described.The immunity of the insects above mentioned from capture is attributed to the character of the surface of the resinous secretion, to the spiny surface of the insects, which prevents the presentation of extensive surfaces for adhesion and to the ability of the insects to negotiate their environment. The argument is not held to be conclusive but suggestive; and the matter is worthy of further study.
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC SULPHUR DIOXIDE ON COTTON TEXTILES
Authors: Morgan O. M. , Kenalty B. J.
Published: April 2011

The effect of drying, in air containing one and two parts of sulphur dioxide per million, cotton fabric wetted with solutions such as those which it would encounter in power laundry rinse waters has been investigated. Factors such as sulphur dioxide concentration, humidity, temperature and light have been examined and kept under all possible control. The sulphur dioxide has been found to have little or no effect in producing deterioration of the fabric.
CHIASMA FREQUENCY IN SPECIES AND SPECIES HYBRIDS OF AVENA
Authors: Spier Jane D.
Published: April 2011

(i) Chiasma frequency at metaphase has been studied in the following species and species hybrids: A. strigosa Schreb.; A. brevis Roth; A. Wiestii Steud.; A. barbata Pott; A. abyssinica Hochst. (2 strains); A. sterilis L. (2 strains); A. sativa L. var. Radnorshire Sprig; a triploid hybrid, A. barbata × A. strigosa; a pentaploid hybrid, A. abyssinica "naine" × A. sterilis maxima; and a hexaploid hybrid, A. sterilis (white) × A. sativa var. Radnorshire Sprig.(ii) The various factors that may affect chiasma frequency are discussed and it is concluded that there may be some parallelism between closeness of relationship and similarity in chiasma formation, as genetical control is one factor affecting the process. The results are examined in the light of this conclusion.(iii) The homogeneity of species in respect to proportion of bivalents with zero, one, two, three, or four chiasmata is tested by means of χ2. The test indicates no significant difference between the closely related diploid species, A. brevis and A. strigosa, but both differ significantly from the less closely related A. Wiestii. The differences between the tetraploid species are of questionable significance, those between the hexaploids, insignificant. It is suggested that the lack of significant differences among these last-mentioned forms may be due to a multiplication, in the polyploid, of genes favoring high chiasma frequency. In this way a maximum effect might be brought about, and inter-specific differences with respect to this character would consequently be lacking.(iv) High chiasma frequency in the hybrid might be regarded as strong evidence of homology, and consequently of relationship between parental forms. The triploid hybrid, A. barbata × A. strigosa shows a high chiasma frequency at metaphase, a condition consistent with the close relationship of the parental forms. The pentaploid hybrid, as might be expected, has a low chiasma frequency. The chiasma frequency of the hexaploid hybrid, A. sterilis × A. sativa var. Radnorshire Sprig does not differ significantly from that of its low-frequency parent, A. sterilis. Cytological observations in this hybrid, therefore, reveal only a slight degree of non-homology between parental chromosomes. It is noted that there are certain characters of A. sativa var. Radnorshire Sprig that suggest affinity with A. byzantina, a species commonly associated with A. sterilis in relationship schemes.
THE IODIMETRIC ESTIMATION OF ACETONE
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , Horwood J. F.
Published: April 2011

The iodimetric estimation of acetone is directly related to two factors: (1) the enolization of acetone by alkali, and (2) the relative velocities of (1) and the reaction between alkali and iodine. The experiments necessary to emphasize these factors indicate the great rapidity of these two reactions at 25 °C.
ISOLATION OF S AND R TYPES BY CATAPHORESIS
Authors: Reed G. B. , Gardiner B. G.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that by taking advantage of the differences in cataphoretic velocities it is possible to separate S and R types of certain acid-fast species of bacteria.
HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF CALCIUM HYDROSILICATES
Authors: Vigfusson V. A. , Bates G. N. , Thorvaldson T.
Published: April 2011

A crystalline substance which appears in steam-cured Portland cement mortar has been shown to be a calcium hydrosilicate and has been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis from mixtures of silica sand with lime, dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate, silica gel and lime (after preliminary steam treatment and ignition) and by the action of saturated lime water on quartz crystals or fused silica plates. The crystals appear not to be acted on by solutions of sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate or alkali hydroxides, but they are slowly decomposed by solutions of magnesium sulphate and alkali carbonates and rapidly by dilute acids and ammonium salts. The crystals were obtained free from amorphous matter by growing them on quartz or silica plates in saturated lime water. When the compound was prepared in this way, the lime-silica-water ratio was found to be 2:1:1, the formula being therefore 2CaO∙SiO2∙H2O or H2Ca2SiO5. This product usually appears as thin lath-like prisms showing parallel extinction, positive elongation and moderate birefringence. The crystals are optically positive with a fairly large optic angle. 2V = 68°. The indices of refraction are αNa = 1.614 ±.002, βNa = 1.620 ±.002, γNa = 1.633 ±.002. The optical plane is parallel to the macropinacoid (100) and the acute bisectrix Z is parallel to the direction of elongation which is taken as the crystallographic axis C. The optical properties and X-ray pattern are distinctive and entirely different from those of hillebrandite or foshagite, which have the same composition.Another crystalline calcium hydrosilicate was obtained by hydrothermal synthesis from excess lime and silica gel. This appeared as very small needle-like prisms, observable only when magnified about 200 times. The crystals show parallel extinction, positive elongation and very low birefringence with an index of refraction of 1.597 ±.003. Analysis of this product, extracted with a glycerol-water mixture to remove excess lime, gave a lime-silica ratio of 2 to 1 with an uncertain amount of water of at least one mole. The X-ray pattern is distinctive and shows only slight similarity to the hillebrandite pattern.
THE ESTIMATED NUMBER OF NEMAS IN THE SOILS OF MANITOBA
Authors: Marchant E. H. J.
Published: April 2011

Samples of soil, taken from 29 different sections of the arable portions of Manitoba, have been analyzed. Twelve species of eight genera of nematodes have been identified. No species of the genus Heterodera were found.An endeavor has been made, first, to determine the approximate degree of infestation, and second, to correlate such factors as hydrogen ion concentration, moisture equivalent, and organic matter content with the nema counts.The nematode population is somewhat higher in the soils of Manitoba than in those of many parts of the United States, but considerably lower than in those of North China.The number of species seems to be limited.The degree of infestation appears to be negatively affected by either hydrogen ion concentration or moisture equivalent, but is decidedly influenced by organic matter content.
Two Methods of Use when Dealing with Embedded Tissues
Authors: Stanley John
Published: April 2011

not available
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FRACTIONS OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS: IV. RESIDUES FROM WHOLE FILTRATE AND AFTER REMOVAL OF ALCOHOLIC PRECIPITATE
Authors: Gwatkin Ronald
Published: April 2011

Residue obtained by evaporation of a filtered suspension of Brucella abortus after removal of the alcoholic precipitate, and residue from whole filtrate, were less toxic for guinea pigs than the alcoholic precipitate. Residue of the supernatant liquid had less complement binding power than the precipitate and produced only a weak skin reaction in infected guinea pigs. Residue of whole filtrate, prepared from five-day cultures, was as active as the precipitate as a complement binding antigen, but material prepared from two- and three-day growth was weaker. Injections of these substances failed to protect guinea pigs against infection by eye with Brucella abortus.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FRACTIONS OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS: V. ALCOHOLIC PRECIPITATES PREPARED FROM A DISSOCIATED STRAIN OF BR. ABORTUS AND FROM E. COLI AND B. SUBTILIS
Authors: Gwatkin Ronald
Published: April 2011

An alcoholic precipitate from an R strain of Brucella abortus resembled the organism from which it was obtained. Toxicity was low, it produced only a slight reaction in the skin of an infected guinea pig and it had no antigenic power in the complement fixation test. An alcoholic precipitate of E. coli was more toxic than any obtained from Br. abortus. The effects of intraperitoneal injections of colon precipitate were modified by anti-colon serum. Intraperitoneal injection of an alcoholic precipitate of B. subtilis produced no change in guinea pigs other than a slight fall in temperature.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF FASCIOLOIDES MAGNA (BASSI, 1875), THE LARGE LIVER FLUKE OF RUMINANTS, IN CANADA: WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIONOMICS OF THE LARVAL STAGES AND THE INTERMEDIATE HOSTS, PATHOLOGY OF FASCIOLOIDIASIS MAGNA, AND CONTROL MEASURES
Authors: Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

The life history of Fascioloides magna in Canada has been elucidated, the intermediate hosts being two fresh-water gastropods, Fossaria parva (Lea) and Stagnicola palustris nuttalliana (Lea). The morphology and bionomics of the egg and larval stages are described, particular attention being given to the nonparasitic stages. The ecology of the gastropod hosts in Canada is briefly described.A histopathological study of the lesion in definitive hosts reveals that this parasite in large Bovidae causes a severe tissue reaction. The lesion in these animals is generally in the form of a closed fibrous cyst from which eggs are unable to pass, and thus the life cycle cannot be completed. In Cervidae, the cavity in the liver is connected directly with the bile duct system, and there is a free egress of ova. From these facts it is inferred that this parasitic disease can only occur in the presence of Cervidae.Laboratory animals have been artificially infested with maritae, thus extending the host records of the trematode.A brief historical review, a summary of the present knowledge of distribution and definitive hosts affected, and a description of the control measures, are included.
THE DIFFERENTIAL BLOOD CHANGES IN ASCARIASIS IN FOXES
Authors: Kennedy Arnold H. , Law Ronald G.
Published: April 2011

Definite and characteristic changes occurred in the proportions of basophiles, neutrophiles and lymphocyte cells in the blood of foxes which had received Ascaris eggs. The numbers of red blood cells and the amounts of haemoglobin remained within normal limits but the proportion of basophiles rose as high as 69.5% of the total leucocyte count. This increase is apparently associated with the number of eggs given; the largest dose producing the highest proportions. The proportions of neutrophiles and leucocytes tended to fluctuate in opposite directions. An increase in the total numbers of white blood cells appears to be influenced by an increase in the proportion of basophiles.
THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BRACHYURA: I. XANTHIDAE, PINNOTHERIDAE (IN PART) AND GRAPSIDAE
Authors: Hart Josephine F. L.
Published: April 2011

The larval stages of four species of crabs inhabiting British Columbia are described from series obtained by hatching eggs in the laboratory. In the development of Lophopanopeus bellus (Stimpson) there are found to be four zoeal stages, of Pinnotheres taylori Rathbun two, and of Hemigrapsus nudus (Dana) and H. oregonensis (Dana) five. There is only one megalopal stage in each of the species.
CYTOLOGY OF THE BLOOD OF NORMAL MINK AND RACCOON: I. MORPHOLOGY OF MINK'S BLOOD
Authors: Kennedy Arnold H.
Published: April 2011

The morphology and number of blood cells occurring in normal mink and raccoon have been determined in order to establish normal standards for various periods during the life of these animals. These standards are desirable for comparative purposes when determining the extent of pathological blood changes which may take place during the course of nutritional or parasitic diseases.Normoblasts and poikilocytes were observed in mink's blood. Reticulocytes were also common. Forms of lymphocytes ranging from 6.5 by 6.0 μ to 11.3 by 9.5 μ are found. The monocytes range in size from 11.0 by 9.5 μ to 15.5 by 13.0 μ. In the neutrophile, band-formed nuclei are common, comprising from two to eight per cent of the total number. Their sizes range from 11.5 by 11.0 μ to 16.0 by 12.0 μ. Numerous, well denned, reddish-brown granules are found in the cytoplasm of the eosinophile. In the eosinophile also, the lobes of the nuclei are less lobulated and closer together than in the neutrophile. The eosinophile may range in size from 11.5 by 10.0 μ to 16.0 by 15.0 μ. The cytoplasm of the basophile contains from 22 to 65 large prominent granules, which stain dark blue to purple. Granules which are almost indiscernible are also present in the cytoplasm. The basophile ranges in size from 11.5 by 11.0 μ to 14.0 by 12.0 μ. Large masses of platelets ranging in size from 1.5 by 1.0 μ to 2.5 by 2.0 μ are often observed in smears from mink's blood.
OSCILLATIONS IN THE MAGNETO-IGNITION SYSTEM AND THEIR ELIMINATION
Authors: Smith Wilbert B.
Published: April 2011

A theoretical analysis of the magneto-ignition system operated in air shows that there are 10 possible oscillations, but an oscillographic analysis shows that in the range tested there are only two actually present, one of frequency about 3500 cycles per second and the other about 180 × 103 cycles per second; the latter is responsible for most of the radio interference. Series resistances, "suppressors", were found to reduce the interference and, when combined with good shielding, very nearly eliminated it, but when large values of series resistance were used the brilliancy of the spark was greatly reduced. This was overcome by increasing the electrostatic capacity of the spark plug by a special design, so that, when the plug was used with a 50,000 ohm suppressor and adequate shielding, there was negligible interference with only a slight reduction in the brilliancy of the spark in air.
THE RESIN OF WHEAT STRAW
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

A study of the resin extracted from wheat straw by methanol-benzene (50–50 by volume) has shown that about one-quarter of it (or 1.5% of the straw) consists of a mixture comprising an oil, free fatty acids, a wax and a small quantity of an essential oil. On saponification, the oil yields sitosterol and a mixture of fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linolic and lignoceric acids were identified), while the wax yields ceryl alcohol, sitosterol, palmitic and cerotic acids.The remainder of the resin (4.7% of the straw) consists mostly of lignin, but contains in addition small quantities of phytosterolin, sterol ester, i-inositol and potassium nitrate.
THE HETEROTHALLISM OF PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS BERK., A SCLEROTIUM-PRODUCING AGARIC
Authors: Brodie Harold J.
Published: April 2011

Panaeolus subbalteatus, an uncommon coprophilous agaric, has been grown in single-spore culture on malt-extract agar.The fungus is heterothallic, exhibiting four sexual groups and a remarkable regularity in its pairing reactions.Both haplophytes and diplophytes produce sclerotia of a striking greenish-blue color. These sclerotia are capable of producing mycelium, even after they have been dried for some weeks, but do not give rise to fruit bodies.The haplophyte is distinguishable macroscopically as well as microscopically from the diplophyte.The mycelia do not exhibit the phenomenon of mutual aversion or barrage.
VISCOSITY EFFECTS IN A CHANNEL OF SMALL EXPONENTIAL DIVERGENCE
Authors: Patterson G. N.
Published: April 2011

An experimental investigation of a flow form, deduced by Blasius from theoretical considerations, was carried out with air as the medium. A photographic method of measuring velocity distributions was adopted, and a diverging channel was designed from considerations based on the theoretical treatment and on requirements arising out of the experimental method. At a Reynolds number of 35, curves of velocity distribution were measured at various positions along the channel, and comparisons were then made with the corresponding theoretical curves. Good agreement was found over the region of the channel to which the theoretical results could be applied. A study of the experimental curves in that part of the channel to which the theoretical results could not be applied quantitatively showed further that the general flow characteristics described by Blasius are to be found in this region.
STUDIES OF WOOD: I. THE CELL WALL
Authors: Gibbs R. Darnley
Published: April 2011

A brief review of literature relating to the nature of the cell wall is presented. The difficulty of separating lignin from cellulose is stressed, and attempts to effect separation by the use of mild solvents are described. The torus, pit membrane and border of bordered pits are more resistant to solution than the rest of the wall. The possibility of enzymatic analysis of the wall is noted.
THE ELECTRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE QUARTZ PIEZOELECTRIC OSCILLATOR
Authors: Speight James W.
Published: April 2011

The electro-acoustic properties of a piezoelectric oscillator in the form of a quartz–steel sandwich have been studied. The oscillator is assumed to be perfectly efficient and to be emitting divergent waves into the medium in which it is immersed. The arrangement of quartz to steel is investigated with a view to obtaining the best operating conditions of the oscillator. When the radius of the oscillator is infinite, the results reduce to those obtained when plane waves are emitted into the outside medium.
STARCH CONTENT OF SOME SAMPLES OF CANADIAN WHEAT
Authors: Hopkins Clarence Yardley , Graham Ronald P.
Published: April 2011

Average samples of seven grades of western Canadian wheat (1933 crop) were analyzed for starch by a polarimetric method. The mean starch content was 51.46%, on a basis of 13.5% moisture. The variation among the grades was small. Protein content varied inversely with starch, but the sum of the two decreased from the higher to the lower grades. The relation of starch content to flour yield is discussed.
THE HYDROGENATION OF ALBERTA COALS: I. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS ON SUSPENSION MEDIA AND CATALYSTS WITH THREE COALS
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Saddington A. W.
Published: April 2011

The action of five suspension media and various catalysts in the hydrogenation of coal has been investigated. It has been shown that the Alberta coals used may be hydrogenated successfully. The properties of the medium have been found to be a controlling factor in the process. The effectiveness of the different media varied with the ease with which they could be hydrogenated and dehydrogenated. Tetrahydronaphthalene was found to be much superior to other media, and showed a greater effect than could be attributed to any of the catalysts used. Experiments showed that this compound was effective because of its action as a hydrogen carrier. Of the catalysts used, molybdic oxide and a mixture of iron and chromium oxides were most effective. The details of the reactions are discussed briefly.
THE SPECTRUM OF TREBLY IONIZED CERIUM
Authors: Lang R. J.
Published: April 2011

The spectrum of cerium has been photographed from λ3600 to λ500 Å by means of a two-meter grating of 30,000 lines per inch mounted in a vacuum spectrograph, using the vacuum spark and the spark in nitrogen as sources. An analysis of the spectrum of Ce IV results in the location of the 6S − 6P, 6P − 6D, 6P − 7S, 5D − 6P, 6P − 8S and possibly the 6P − 7D multiplets. The ionization potential is approximately 33.3 volts.
OSCILLATIONS IN THE SPARK FROM INDUCTION OR IGNITION COILS AND THEIR SUPPRESSION
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

In the low-voltage stage of the spark, the current depends on the solution of a cubic equation, and has therefore in general one strong aperiodic and two alternating components. When the ratios α1 = R1/L1 of the primary and α2 = R2/L2 of the secondary are kept small compared with the natural angular frequency ω1 of the primary, damped electrical oscillations of frequency [Formula: see text] are set up in the windings, even when the voltage at the spark gap is constant. With larger values of α2 and if necessary higher coupling factors, κ, the frequency of the oscillations decreases and near the point at which (α1 + α2)2/3(1 − κ2)ω12 becomes smaller than unity, the discharge becomes aperiodic, or under certain conditions, intermittent. Rapid changes of short duration cause the wires leading from the spark to the coil and portions of the coil to oscillate, the leads acting as antennas rather than as circuit elements with uniform distribution of the current. In the aperiodic stage the current behaves as if it were independent of the primary.
STUDIES ON EXPLOSIVE ANTIMONY: III. THE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

Explosive antimony is not as diamagnetic as the ordinary polycrystalline metal. The magnetic susceptibilities are respectively −0.38 × 10−6 and −0.88 × 10−6. The explosive or amorphous form should therefore be regarded as a true glass of the supercooled liquid. The fact that it is less "metallic" than the molten metal cannot be the result of the metallic binding of the liquid or crystalline state changing to homopolar binding in the amorphous state.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XIII. THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF GLYCOL LIGNIN
Authors: Gray K. R. , King E. G. , Brauns Fritz , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Lignin was extracted from spruce wood meal with ethylene glycol containing (a) 0.05% and (b) 0.2% hydrogen chloride. On purification the two glycol lignins were found to contain 16.9% OCH3 and 62.8% C., and 16.5% OCH3 and 64.7% C. respectively. The aqueous glycol mother liquor was found to contain a soluble lignin-carbohydrate compound. The glycol lignin could be separated into a chloroform-insoluble and a chloroform-soluble fraction, each having the same chemical composition and yielding the same methylated products. From the glycol lignin, purified by means of dioxane-ether, acetylated and methylated derivatives were prepared, as were also trityl derivatives of glycol lignin and premethylated glycol lignin.The introduction of three trityl groups indicates the presence of three primary alcohol groups in the original lignin. Glycol lignin can be both partially and completely demethylated by use of hydriodic acid. The effect of the glycol radical on the methoxyl value in the Zeisel determination was studied and an equation derived for the correction of the methoxyl value. The bearing of the results on the formula proposed previously (1) for methanol lignin is discussed.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XVIII. LIGNIN SULPHONIC ACID—A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON ITS ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE
Authors: King E. G. , Brauns Fritz , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Several methods for the isolation of a pure lignin sulphonic acid have been studied. A satisfactory method, employing dialysis in the presence of an excess of sulphurous acid, followed by precipitation with quinoline and subsequent decomposition with sodium hydroxide, has been developed. The free acid is unstable, becoming insoluble on standing or when heated above 50 °C., particularly in the presence of mineral acids. Treatment with pyridine and acetic anhydride also yields an insoluble material. The salts of lignin sulphonic acid are stable towards heat and methylation reagents at room temperature, and therefore are more suitable for investigations on its structure. The methyl and benzyl esters have been prepared but in low yield only,—a result, presumably, of the well-known abnormally reactive character of esters of sulphonic acids. The permutoid character of its salts makes it difficult to prepare the neutral salts in a pure state. The pure sodium salt, however, was prepared by the use of electrometric titration to indicate the neutral point. The salts (Na, Tl, Ag) are soluble in alcohol containing a trace of water, but are precipitated by inorganic salts such as sodium or thallium acetate. The acid on methylation with methyl alcohol-hydrogen chloride yields a product which is soluble in organic solvents and in water, and which contains an additional methoxyl group. Methylation of the free acid with diazomethane gives a water-insoluble product (OCH3, 18.4%), while a similar methylation of the sodium salt yields a water-soluble product (OCH3, 19.4%, ash-free basis). The acid therefore contains at least one free phenolic or enolic hydroxyl group. It can be methylated at room temperature with dimethyl sulphate and sodium hydroxide (5% excess) to a maximum methoxyl content of 27.7% (ash-free basis), no structural change, other than the loss of some loosely bound sulphurous acid, apparently taking place. The analytical data provide additional support for the empirical formula for lignin proposed by Brauns and Hibbert.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XIX. ALKALI LIGNIN
Authors: Marshall H. Borden , Brauns Fritz , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Alkali lignin was prepared by the method of Mehta (6). It was separated into two fractions, termed Alkali Lignin A, insoluble in dioxane-ether, and Alkali Lignin B, soluble in dioxane-ether. Both compounds were acetylated, partially methylated with diazomethane and fully methylated using dimethyl sulphate and sodium hydroxide. Treatment of both alkali lignins with phenol, using hydrogen chloride as catalyst, yielded phenol condensation products. Phenol Alkali Lignin A was acetylated, partially methylated with diazomethane and completely methylated with dimethyl sulphate and sodium hydroxide. It was found that one mole of Alkali Lignin A reacted with two moles of phenol. Alkali Lignin B yielded two phenol derivatives, an ether-insoluble and an ether-soluble product, which differ in the number of attached phenol groups. p-Bromphenol and o-bromphenol were also shown to react with Alkali Lignin A giving lignin derivatives having identical methoxyl and bromine content. On treatment of Alkali Lignin A with anhydrous methyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride a product with a higher methoxyl content was obtained, indicating the presence of hydroxyl groups capable of methylation with this reagent. From the analytical data of the different compounds some theoretical conclusions are drawn, and empirical formulas derived.
THE SORPTION OF DIMETHYL ETHER ON ALUMINA
Authors: Edwards J. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The sorption of dimethyl ether on alumina has been investigated at pressures from 0.5 to 52 atm., the critical pressure, over the temperature range 25–135 °C. The results are comparable to those for the propylene–alumina system. No discontinuity in the sorption accompanies the transition of sorbate from vapor to gas at the critical temperature; this differs from the previous results for the liquid-to-gas change. The initial stages of the sorption involve the formation of a monomolecular layer followed, with increasing pressure, by a multimolecular layer of increasing depth. It is unlikely that condensation to liquid occurs in the pores except at high relative pressures. The increase in critical temperature of such a liquid must be exceedingly great to account for the continuous form of the isobars up to 135 °C.
RECHERCHES SUR LA MATIÈRE AROMATIQUE DES PRODUITS DE L'ÉRABLE À SUCRE
Authors: Risi J. , Labrie A.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE ACTION OF THE TWO AMYLASES OF BARLEY
Authors: Hanes Charles S.
Published: April 2011

Experiments described in this paper confirm the view that β-malt amylase selectively hydrolyzes one portion of the starch substance; this fraction (approximately 60% of the starch substance) is transformed into maltose and there remains a residual non-reducing fraction (erythrogranulose) which retains the property of iodine coloration. With regard to α-malt amylase, several lines of evidence indicate that this enzyme does not exert a selective action upon the erythrogranulose fraction, as is suggested in a current theory of starch constitution, but that it induces the breakdown of both fractions. In this case the reducing products do not consist exclusively of maltose.
THE SOLUBILITY OF LIME IN WATER
Authors: Larocque G. L. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The solubility of lime has been determined with a high degree of accuracy over the temperature range 0 to 30 °C. by a conductivity method. The degree of dissociation of lime over this temperature range and over the concentration range 0 to 1.164 gm. of calcium oxide per litre has been calculated.
HYDROGENATIONS IN A TETRALIN MEDIUM: IV. DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION OF GRAIN SCREENINGS
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Edwards J.
Published: April 2011

The destructive hydrogenation of grain screenings in a tetralin medium has been investigated. With an excess of tetralin, at least 3 to 1 by weight, more than 50% of the screenings can be reduced to oils and about 15% to solid residue. Catalysts are effective by virtue of the fact that they greatly increase the rate of reaction, and also increase the production of hydrocarbon gases at the expense of carbon dioxide.
STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: I. A NEW PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON BLACK BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROCARBON GASES
Authors: Pidgeon L. M.
Published: April 2011

A method is described whereby carbon black is produced from hydrocarbon gases such as methane or propane-butane by thermal decomposition of these gases in a heated tube. The essential feature of the process is the use of a porous refractory tube through which a certain amount of inert gas is allowed to pass. By this means the reacting gas is unable to touch the walls of the system, and deposition of carbon thereon is prevented. Yields as high as 60% of the carbon in the gas, corresponding to 65 lb. per thousand cubic feet, have been obtained from a 70–30 propane-butane mixture, and 19 lb. from methane. The carbon black produced by this process is similar to the "soft" blacks in that it has a high density, low sorptive power, it accelerates the cure in a rubber stock and gives similar resistance to aging and abrasion. It imparts greater stiffness to a rubber stock, however, and in many ways occupies a position between the channel and the "soft" blacks.
THE OCCURRENCE IN NATURE OF MUTUAL AVERSION BETWEEN MYCELIA OF HYMENOMYCETOUS FUNGI
Authors: Brodie Harold J.
Published: April 2011

A specimen of Corticium calceum Fr. discovered in the herbarium of the University of Toronto is clearly an example of the barrage phenomenon in nature. Two mycelia differing both in color and texture grew toward one another on the wood substratum and between them there developed a clearly defined gap or barrage. The gap is plainly not the work of insects and judging from several characters is a true barrage developed under natural conditions. Careful search among fungi which form flat expanses of mycelium (such as the Thelephoraceae) may show that the barrage effect occurs commonly in nature.
STUDIES ON BROWNING ROOT ROT OF CEREALS: III. PHOSPHORUS-NITROGEN RELATIONS OF INFESTED FIELDS IV. EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER AMENDMENTS V. PRELIMINARY PLANT ANALYSES
Authors: Vanterpool T. C.
Published: April 2011

These papers deal with the elucidation of the factors which predispose wheat seedlings following summerfallow to Pythium root rot in certain parts of Saskatchewan. The chemical soil analyses on 66 sample pairs reveal that available phosphorus in the soil is lower and nitrate nitrogen higher in browning patches than in normal patches. Greenhouse experiments and field observations show that phosphate amendments at the time of seeding, and farmyard manuring, permit the development of normal plants in browning soil; cereal straw applications inhibit the disease to some extent, while inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers usually have no effect or occasionally may prove detrimental. Preliminary plant analyses indicate that the total phosphorus in diseased plants is lower than in healthy ones, and that there is relatively more water-soluble nitrogen and relatively less protein nitrogen in diseased than in healthy plants.The soil and crop-culture factors, especially the practice of bare summer-fallowing, which may influence the available phosphorus-nitrate nitrogen ratio in the soil, are discussed in relation to disease incidence. It appears that any crop practice which tends to increase the available phosphorus-nitrate ratio in the soil inhibits the disease, and conversely. This is used as a basis for control recommendations.Attention is drawn to the striking similarity of the factors affecting the severity of Pythium root rot of wheat and Pythium root rot of sugar cane in Hawaii.It is considered that an improper balance of available phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen in the soil leads to an unbalanced metabolism of the wheat seedlings at a critical stage in their development, thereby predisposing them to fungal attack. The effect of the unbalanced nutrients on the parasitic vigor of the pathogen still requires elucidation.
A MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PODSOL SOIL PROFILES: III. BACTERIA FOUND IN SEPARATE HORIZONS
Authors: Gray P. H. H.
Published: April 2011

An investigation has been made to determine the presence of bacteria concerned in certain important biochemical reactions in the separate horizons of five heavily leached (podsol) soils of Quebec. Cellulose decomposing bacteria were represented by a species of Micrococcus, and by Cytophaga hutchinsoni. Organisms of the group Mycobacteriaceae were found in mediums devised to isolate bacteria able to decompose phenol and naphthalene. Of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria the aerobic organism Azotobacter was absent, but the anaerobic organism, Bacillus amylobacter, was present in all of the horizons. The decomposition of urea was due to Gram-negative spore-forming rods whose systematic position has not been determined.
GENERAL PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DELAYED GERMINATION IN AVENA FATUA
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

A series of general preliminary studies was made on the physiology of delayed germination in Avena fatua, the results of which may be summarized as follows: (1) Great variations were found in the after-ripening periods of a number of A. fatua selections. (2) Evidence was obtained which strongly indicated that delayed germination is determined by a condition of the seed coat which develops after fertilization. (3) Results from tests of entire panicles indicated a correlation between germinability and the position of the seed in the panicle. (4) The after-ripening period of secondary grains was shown to be much longer than that of primary grains. (5) The placing of incompletely after-ripened grains under germinative conditions induced secondary dormancy. (6) Exposure to light appeared slightly to stimulate germination in seeds which were in the early stages of after-ripening, but appeared to have a harmful effect upon seeds which were more or less completely after-ripened. (7) Low dry-storage temperatures retarded the after-ripening process. Storage in a frozen condition at freezing temperatures resulted in increased germination. Seeds moistened and subjected to outdoor conditions failed to germinate. (8) Dormancy was more or less completely overcome by breaking the seed coat over the embryo, or by soaking seeds in potassium nitrate solutions. The exposure of seeds under germinative conditions to an atmosphere having an increased oxygen concentration definitely stimulated germination. Treatments with pure oxygen, ether, and sodium thiocyanate had more or less indifferent effects upon germination, while ethylene chlorhydrin and dichlorethylene were definitely injurious.It is inferred from the combined results that delayed germination is due to post-fertilization changes, related either to tissue absorption or development, which occur in the seed coats of A. fatua but not in readily germinable species, and which result in a restriction of the oxygen supply to the embryo. It is believed that the after-ripening process may consist, essentially, of a series of changes in the tissues of the seed coat which result in an increased permeability to oxygen.
THE BREEDING OF DISEASE-RESISTANT SMOOTH-AWNED VARIETIES OF BARLEY
Authors: Johnston W. H. , Aamodt O. S.
Published: April 2011

Barbing of awn, carliness of heading, height of plant and disease reaction were investigated in reciprocal crosses between Glabron and Trebi. Barbing of awn was also studied in reciprocal crosses between Velvet and Trebi. Rough-, intermediate- and smooth-awned plants were obtained in the ratio of 12:3:1 in the F2. F3 studies confirmed the F2 findings that two factors, explained on the basis of epistasis, governed barbing of awns.The inheritance of the characters, earliness of heading and height of plant could best be explained by assuming polymeric factors. Both these characters were greatly influenced by the environment.In the genetic studies of stripe reaction Trebi proved highly resistant, and Glabron moderately resistant, while the progeny of the cross between them generally resembled the Trebi parent. No evidence of transgressive reaction for greater resistance was shown. The results indicate that the method of floral inoculation used was not altogether satisfactory.A small positive correlation was found between percentage stripe infection and mean height of plant, whereas no significant correlation was disclosed between stripe reaction and either mean number of days from emergence to heading or barbing of awns. A high degree of association was found between mean height of plant and mean number of days from emergence to heading.The status of the loose smut disease of barley in relation to the breeding of new resistant smooth-awned varieties is discussed.
THE WHITE APPLE LEAFHOPPER (TYPHLOCYBA POMARIA McA.)
Authors: Armstrong Thomas
Published: April 2011

Typhlocyba pomaria McA., the white apple leafhopper, a pest of apple in Canada and the United States, has two generations a year in the Vineland district of Ontario. The insect spends the winter in the egg stage, the newly hatched nymphs make their appearance in May, and adults are present on the trees in June and July. Summer eggs are deposited chiefly in the midribs of the foliage, and take from 20 to 64 days to hatch. The second generation of adults matures in August and September. Detailed information on all phases of the life history is presented, including the type of feeding and nature of the injury produced on apple foliage. The associated species of leafhoppers which cause injury to apple are listed.