bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De codificatie van rechtsbeginselen in het gemoderniseerde Wetboek van Strafvordering
Authors: Das A.
Published: February 2018

De codificatie van rechtsbeginselen in het gemoderniseerde Wetboek van Strafvordering

In het conceptvoorstel voor de Boeken 1 en 2 van het gemoderniseerde Wetboek van Strafvordering wordt voorgesteld verschillende rechtsbeginselen te codificeren. In deze bijdrage wordt dit voorstel kritisch doorgelicht, op basis waarvan verschillende discussiepunten worden aangedragen. Ten aanzien van de rechtsbeginselen in Boek 1 blijken er fundamentele bezwaren te bestaan, die de vraag rechtvaardigen of overwogen moet worden het voorstel op dit punt niet door te zetten. Ten aanzien van de rechtsbeginselen in Boek 2 oogt het voorstel zowel naar inhoud als plaats in het wetboek enigszins willekeurig. Een meer systematische en beter zichtbare doordenking van het voorstel zou hier verandering in kunnen brengen.
Lung Cancer Screening: National Consensus Is an Important Step toward Implementation
Authors: Pedersen Jesper
Published: February 2018

Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer related death in the world [...]
Concentration of 8-Isoprostanes in the Exhaled Breath Condensate as a Marker of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Pękala-Wojciechowska Anna , Poznański Michał , Szyszow Kamil , Antczak Adam
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is an insulin deficiency-based chronic disease. It leads to the development of hyperglycaemia, which plays a key role in the initiation and progression of tissue damage in patients with diabetes. This mostly results from oxidative stress, whose increased severity is observed in this group of patients. Increased levels of 8-isoprostanes are seen in many inflammatory diseases, including asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis. These diseases demonstrated the usefulness of the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) for extracting material for markers of oxidative stress, including 8-isoprostanes. The purpose of this study was to assess the severity of oxidative stress measured with 8-isoprostane concentrations in the exhaled breath condensate in healthy subjects and in patients with type 1 diabetes with and without vascular complications. Material and methods: 33 patients assigned to the control group, type 1 diabetes without complications group and type 1 diabetes group with advanced complications were included in the study. Retinopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy have been reported as a criterion distinguishing between complicated and uncomplicated diabetes. EBC was obtained for each subject. 8-isoprostane concentrations were determined in serum and EBC by ELISA. Results and conclusions: Mean (± SD) blood levels of 8-isoprostane in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus without complications and those with type 1 diabetes with advanced complications were significantly higher compared to the control group (178.17 [135.73] vs. 183.34 [200.41] vs. 47.13 [25.20] pg/ml; p < 0.05). The mean (± SD) concentration of 8-isoprostane in EBC was lower in diabetic patients with type 1 diabetes with advanced complications than in patients with type 1 diabetes without advanced complications and in the control group (8.32 [4.60] vs. 19.13 [22.35] vs. 28.17 [35.11] pg/ml; p < 0.05). Measurement of 8-isoprostanes in the EBC in patients with type 1 diabetes does not appear to be a good diagnostic tool for monitoring the activity of oxidative stress in these patients.
The Role of Surgical Resection in Unicentric Castleman’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mitsos Sofoklis , Stamatopoulos Alexandros , Patrini Davide , George Robert , Lawrence David , Panagiotopoulos Nikolaos
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Castleman’s disease is a rare benign lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology. The disease occurs in two clinical forms with different prognoses, treatments and symptoms: a unicentric form (UCD), which is solitary, localized, and a multicentric form characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy and systemic symptoms. This article aims to review the current literature to consolidate the evidence surrounding the curative potential of surgical treatment to the unicentric type. Material and methods: A systematic review of English-language literature was performed and databases (Medline, Pubmed, the Cochrane Database and grey literature) were searched to identify articles pertaining to the treatment of unicentric form of Castleman’s disease. Each article was critiqued by two authors using a structured appraisal tool, and stratified according to the level of evidence. Results: After application of inclusion criteria, 14 studies were included. There were no prospective randomized control studies identified. One meta-analysis including 278 patients with UCD reported that resective surgery is safe and should be considered the gold standard for treatment. Seven retrospective studies enhance this standpoint. Radiotherapy (RT) has been used in six studies with controversial results. Conclusions: We conclude that surgical resection appears to be the most effective treatment for Unicentric Castleman’s Disease of the thoracic cavity. Radiotherapy can also achieve clinical response and cure in selected patients.
Consensus Statement on a Screening Programme for the Detection of Early Lung Cancer in Poland
Authors: Rzyman Witold , Didkowska Joanna , Dziedzic Robert , Grodzki Tomasz , Orłowski Tadeusz , Szurowska Edyta , Langfort Renata , Biernat Wojciech , Kowalski Dariusz , Dyszkiewicz Wojciech , Jędrzejczyk Tadeusz , Zdrojewski Tomasz , Nawrocki Sergiusz , Jassem Ewa , Adamek Mariusz
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Lung cancer is the most common cancer in Poland and worldwide, and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Compared to the present day, the annual number of new cases of lung cancer will have increased by approximately 50%, by 2030. The overall ratio of mortality to incidence totals 0.87 and is among the highest. The five-year survival rate in Poland has recently achieved 13.4%. In 2015, lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) was introduced to routine clinical practice in the United States following the publication of the largest randomised study, The National Lung Screening Trial. The implementation of screening programmes in Poland and the rest of Europe also seems unavoidable. Due to the differences, both in the socioeconomic considerations and healthcare funding, compared to that in the United States, the current approach comes down to the awaited results of the European randomised study, NELSON. Material and methods: During the meeting of an expert panel at the “Torakoneptunalia 2016” conference in Jastarnia, Poland, a decision was made to summarise and publish the current data on LDCT lung cancer screening in the form of recommendations, or a position statement. The document was prepared by a team composed of a radiologist, thoracic surgeons, pulmonologists, clinical oncologists, epidemiologists, internists, health prevention specialists and pathologists. It reflects the current body of knowledge about lung cancer, its diagnosis and treatment, and provides recommendations on early detection of lung cancer using LDCT. The recommendations address the screening procedure, the requirements for the teams conducting the screening, and the requirements for radiologists, pathologists and surgeons involved in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. Results: While awaiting the results of the NELSON study on lung cancer screening methodology, the multidisciplinary group of experts presents their position, laying grounds for the development of an action plan for early detection of lung cancer in the upcoming future in Poland. Conclusions: Primary and secondary prophylaxis are the principal ways to reduce lung cancer mortality. While smoking cessation is a task of utmost importance, it must be accompanied by an effective screening programme if the outcome of the disease is to be improved.
Avaliação dos resultados obtidos nos grupos de controle do tabagismo realizados numa unidade de saúde de Curitiba-PR
Authors: Wittkowski Lucileyne , Dias Cynthia Ramos Soares
Published: February 2018

Introdução: O tabagismo é fator de risco para diversas doenças, sendo responsável por seis óbitos a cada segundo. No Brasil, sua prevalência é de 14,7%. A terapia cognitivo comportamental é alicerce principal para esta abordagem. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados obtidos nos grupos do programa nacional de controle do tabagismo (PNCT) desenvolvidos numa unidade municipal de saúde (UMS) de Curitiba – Paraná (PR), com ênfase na avaliação da taxa de cessação da dependência nicotínica e análise do perfil clínico epidemiológico dos pacientes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, observacional e retrospectivo. Foram analisados dados da população participantes dos grupos do PNCT através das fichas da avaliação inicial e das planilhas de consolidação de informações do Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Foram realizados 8 grupos, totalizando 160 tabagistas. 68% eram do sexo feminino, 38% eram casados e 32,5% tinham ensino fundamental incompleto. A média de idade foi de 47,2 anos e de início do tabagismo, de 15 anos. A porcentagem de cessação do uso do tabaco variou de 12,5 até 72,7 ao final do primeiro mês. A taxa de desistência do tratamento chegou a 62,5% nos grupos. Conclusão: Os Grupos do Programa de Controle ao Tabagismo apresentam resultados a curto prazo, porém alto índice de abandono do tratamento. Houve baixa adesão à manutenção da abstinêcia no decorrer do tempo. Maiores esforços devem ser destinados visando uma abstinência duradoura.
Organ Markets and Disrespectful Demands
Authors: Rippon Simon ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2018

There is a libertarian argument for live donor organ markets, according to which live donor organ markets would be permitted if we simply refrained from imposing any substantive and controversial moral assumptions on people who reasonably disagree about morality and justice. I argue that, to the contrary, this endorsement of live donor organ markets depends upon the libertarians’ adoption of a substantive and deeply controversial conception of strong, extensive property rights. This is shown by the fact that these rights would prevent states intervening in cases of preventable and intuitively impermissible wronging of others that can arise when free individuals engage in voluntary offers and exchanges. I outline two forms of such wronging: discrimination and disrespectful demands. I argue that although these types of acts are morally impermissible, the policy question of whether and how they should be regulated by states is non-trivial. I then argue that there is good reason to think that organ markets would rely on disrespectful demands. This may help explain the widespread moral repugnance people feel toward organ trading. It also provides a , though not decisive, case for states to prohibit such markets.
On Coercive Offers
Authors: Canca Cansu ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2018

A prominent argument against a market in kidneys is the Argument from Coercion (AfC). AfC claims that a market would violate the autonomy of typical suppliers by presenting them with coercive offers. Engaging with Cherry’s response to AfC, this paper argues that while a consistent AfC could be constructed, it would still fail to justify a prohibition of a market. AfC, as fully formulated, only holds if we assume that the state is obligated to provide for the basic needs of its citizens. Once such a state functions ideally, a market ceases to involve coercion, thus making a prohibition redundant. In fact, such a state’s obligation to care for its citizens supports a market in kidneys. On the other hand, if the state is dysfunctional, then while a market could involve coercive offers, a prohibition would not restore, and would present a further constraint on, individual autonomy.
Funding community controlled open infrastructure for scholarly communication: The 2.5% commitment initiative
Authors: Lewis David W. , Goetsch Lori , Graves Diane , Roy Mike
Published: February 2018

In August 2017, a short paper, “The 2.5% Commitment,” was distributed on several email lists.1 The paper proposed that every academic library should commit to invest 2.5% of its total budget to support the common infrastructure needed to create the open scholarly commons. Somewhat to our surprise, the paper and the ideas it contained have generated widespread discussions and interest.
Normas de publicación
Authors: Sánchez González Dolores del Mar
Published: February 2018

Se inlcuyen nuestras normas editoriales
Código de Ceremonial y Protocolo
Authors: Allott Cristina
Published: February 2018

Reseña del Código de Ceremonial y Protocolo, editado por la Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado y cuya selección y ordenación son obra del académico Dr. D. Fernando García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, con la colaboración de la Dra. Dña. Dolores del Mar Sánchez González, del Teniente Coronel D. Carlos Medina Ávila, experto en ceremonial militar, y del capitán D. Antonio Prieto Barrio.
El protocolo y el ceremonial como disciplina académica: análisis de los estudios universitarios oficiales en España
Authors: Portugal Bueno Mª del Carmen , Becerra Muñoz Elena , Victoria Mas Juan Salvador
Published: February 2018

Resulta indiscutible el interés que la disciplina del Protocolo, el Ceremonial y el Evento tiene en los países más antiguos de Europa; en éstos tradicionalmente el protocolo ha servido para organizar la vida de instituciones y personalidades. La disciplina en cuestión ha sido tratada en el ámbito práctico desde antaño pero no ha sido hasta tiempos más recientes -en las últimas dos décadas-que se ha regulado de forma oficial como materia universitaria –concretamente de Grado aunque el interés por adquirir conocimientos y destrezas en este ámbito lleva cada año a alumnos de las ciencias sociales a iniciar una búsqueda también de posgrados en torno a la disciplina. Y es que ya no sólo hablamos del ámbito más oficial como campo de aplicación, la empresa acoge también las rutinas del ceremonial y las adapta a sus eventos privados.El objetivo principal del artículo que se presenta es el análisis del panorama actual de estudios de la disciplina como grado universitario. La metodología plantea un recorrido por la oferta formativa ofrecida por distintas instituciones públicas y privadas y presenta los contenidos, autores y asignaturas que existen, actualmente, en el ámbito español. El contenido analizado ofrece una visión comparada de los grados que constituyen el universo de nuestro objeto de estudio. The interest of the discipline of the Protocol, the Ceremonial and the Event is undeniable among the oldest countries in Europe in which protocol has served traditionally to organize the lives of institutions and personalities. The discipline in question has been treated in practical terms for a long time, but it has not been until recently – the last two decades – that the matter has been regulated as university subject – concretely considered as a degree, although the interest of acquiring knowledge and skills in the field is leading social science students every year towards the beginning of a search for postgraduate courses related to the discipline too. We are not only talking about the most official scope as a field of application; the enterprise also embraces the routines of the ceremonial adapting them to its private events.The main target of the present article is the analysis of the current panorama of studies of the discipline as a university degree. The methodology proposes a course through the formative offer provided by the different institutions, public and private, and presents the contents, authors and subjects currently existing in the Spanish context. The analyzed content offers a comparative view of the degrees that constitute the universe of our study’s subject.
La Recopilación de 1641 de las Constituciones, Estatutos y Costumbres guardadas en la Pitancería de la Santa Iglesia de Cuenca
Authors: Fernández Carrasco Eulogio
Published: February 2018

En el año 1637 el obispo de Cuenca, Enrique Pimentel, creyendo que era necesario se imprimiesen y se juntasen en un libro, las reglas, ceremonias y costumbres loables que se habían usado y usaban en el Coro, Cabildo y Procesiones de la santa Iglesia en Cuenca ordena que una vez estén recopiladas y una vez impresas, se dieran a todos los Prebendados y Beneficiados del Cabildo de Cuenca para su observancia y debido cumplimiento bajo la pena determinada en ellas en caso de incumplimiento a tenor de lo contenido en el libro de autos capitulares guardados en los archivos de la Iglesia de Cuenca. En 1638, el citado obispo, lo firma el 10 de marzo de 1638, dando fe de ello el Notario-Secretario Alonso López de Soria.______________________________In 1637, the bishop of Cuenca, Enrique Pimentel, believed that it was necessary to print and put together in a book, the laudable rules, ceremonies and customs that had been used and used in the Choir, Cabildo and Processions of the Holy Church in Cuenca orders that once they are compiled and once printed, all the Prebendados and Beneficiados of the Cabildo de Cuenca will be given for their compliance and due compliance under the penalty determined in them in case of default according to what is contained in the car book Capitulares kept in the archives of the Church of Cuenca. In 1638, the aforementioned bishop signed it on March 10, 1638, and the Notary-Secretary Alonso López de Soria testified.
El ceremonial en la ciudad más antigua de América: Caral
Authors: Prado Salazar Ana Cecilia
Published: February 2018

Caral es el primer Estado andino que logró establecer, a través de la religión, la disciplina laboral y social en toda una población que, de manera voluntaria, sirvió a una clase señorial. El Estado de Caral surge en el año 2900  a.C. y asienta su estructura de gobierno a lo largo de 60 hectáreas en el Valle de Supe, ubicado al norte de la ciudad de Lima, capital del Perú, por alrededor de 1000 años. Su tipo de estructura de poder permitió el desarrollo de tecnologías muy avanzadas y equilibradas para su tiempo.Los Caral eran un pueblo profundamente religioso, su relación se basaba en la paz y el trabajo. Después de la jornada laboral, el pueblo asistía a rituales diversos donde la música y la danza alrededor del fuego sagrado en templos y centros ceremoniales construidos en los edificios públicos eran el componente básico de cohesión social.Los Caral eran un pueblo pacífico; no utilizaron las armas para ejercer control y poder sobre los subordinados. Las clases sociales estaban delimitadas, así, los rituales eran comunes para la clase social trabajadora, pero existían también espacios privilegiados de acceso restringido para una élite. Caral is the first civilization in America declared by the UNESCO, arose in 2900 BC located to the north of the city of Lima and developed over 60 hectares in the Supe Valley and became in the civilization with big influence in the population at he north and central region of actual Peru. They improved a political and administrative system through religion and labour they did not used army and weapons to exercise control and power over subordinates.The Carals were deeply religious people, their relationship was based on peace and work. After a working day, they used to attend various rituals in which music and dance around the fire at sacred temples and ceremonial centers constructed in public buildings were the basic component of social cohesion. The social classes were divided, the ritual were common for worker class and privilege space for an elite. Its kind of power structure allowed the development of balanced and very advanced technology for its time.The Carals is called state because they stablished a political and ideologic system that influence others populations and overpassed the time, for it is called the Mother City. Their government model made possible the successful and pacific civilization through religion and labour.
RESEÑA de Manual de comunicación escrita en ceremonial y protocolo
Authors: Sánchez González Dolores del Mar
Published: February 2018

Reseña de la obra de Olga Casal Maceiras
Protocolo y Relaciones Institucionales
Authors: Sánchez González Dolores del Mar
Published: February 2018

Protocolo y relaciones institucionales van de la mano en la mayoría de las instituciones públicas. En un mismo departamento se realizan ambas funciones. Pero hay que tener en cuenta que son campos paralelos pero que conviene diferenciar para evitar que en la organización de actos o eventos desviemos la atención de los auténticos públicos a los que los mismos van dirigidos.__________________________________Protocol and institutional relations go hand in hand in most public institutions. Both functions are performed in the same department. But we must bear in mind that they are parallel fields but that it is necessary to differentiate to avoid that in the organization of events or events we divert the attention of the authentic public to whom they are directed.
Plantilla artículos
Authors: Sánchez González Dolores del Mar
Published: February 2018

Plantilla artículos
Pythagoras Meets Paper Folding
Authors: Wares Arsalan
Published: February 2018

One of the most well-known theorems in mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem and its proof are a standard part of the school mathematics curriculum. The theorem is named for Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician and philosopher, born around 570 BCE. More than 400 proofs of the theorem exist, and this number continues to grow (Maor 2007). A future American president, James Garfield, generated an original proof five years before being elected; another proof is credited to twelve-year-old Einstein.
Parking Lot Design Contest
Authors: Jung Hyunyi , Ji-Yeong I
Published: February 2018

You are asked to participate in a contest to design a parking lot in the downtown area of your city. The space is limited, and the civic design department wants to maximize the number of cars that can be safely parked in the space. The required conditions are specified below.
A STUDY ON THE LAW OF OVERLYING STRATA MIGRATION AND SEPARATION SPACE EVOLUTION UNDER HARD AND THICK STRATA IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINING BY SIMILAR SIMULATION
Authors: WU QUANSEN , JIANG LISHUAI , WU QUANLIN , XUE YANCHAO , GONG BIN
Published: February 2018

The breaking of hard and thick key layers can easily cause dynamic disasters, such as rock burst and mine seismicity, and seriously threaten safe mining. To analyze the characteristics of overburden breakage and law of evolution of separation cracks under mining of hard and thick rock stratum, and to further reveal the process of the occurrence of dynamic disaster, the fracture characteristics of overlying strata during mining were analyzed via similar simulation in this study. The characteristics of surface movement and deformation before and after the breaking of hard and thick strata were then discussed based on the law of overlying rock displacement. Finally, the development law of separation fissure in hard and thick rock stratum was revealed. Results show that the key stages of overlying strata movement during mining are immediate main roof breaking; main roof cycle breaking; and hard and thick rock breaking. The hard and thick strata, which are the key strata, bear the weight of the overlying strata with small subsidence before breakage. Development of the separated stratum stops at the bottom of the hard and thick strata and maintains an unclosed state for a long time, providing the formation space for the accumulation of gas and water in the separated bed. When the hard and thick rock is broken, the subsidence of the overlying strata increases dramatically, and the separated stratum is closed rapidly, inducing gas outburst, water inrush, dramatic surface subsidence, and other disasters in the working face easily. The outcomes of this study are significant to the safe mining of working face under similar geological conditions.
A quantitative approach to determine the taxonomic identity and ontogeny of the pycnodontiform fish Pycnodus (Neopterygii, Actinopterygii) from the Eocene of Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy
Authors: Cawley John Joseph , Marrama Giuseppe , Carnevale Giorgio , Kriwet Jürgen
Published: February 2018

Background. The pycnodontiform fish Pycnodus is one of the representatives of the highly diverse actinopterygian fish fauna from the early Eocene Bolca Lagerstätte, representing one of the youngest and thus last occurrences of the extinct neopterygian clade Pycnodontiformes. This genus has historically been used as a wastebasket taxon in regards to poorly known pycnodontiform fossils and authors have argued over the specific status of the Bolca Lagerstätte Pycnodus in terms of how many species are contained within the genus with some arguing for multiple species and others suggesting lumping all Bolca specimens together into one species.

Methods. Here, we use a quantitative approach performing biometric and geometric morphometric analyses on 39 specimens of Pycnodus in order to determine if the morphological variability within the sample might be related to inter- or intraspecific variation.

Results. The analyses revealed that the variations of body shape, morphometric and meristic characters are continuous and cannot be used to distinguish different morphotypes. On the contrary, our results show a remarkable link between shape and size, related to ontogeny.

Discussion. Differences in body shape of small (juvenile) and large (adult) individuals is probably related to different microhabitats occupation on the Bolca reef with juveniles sheltering within crevices on the reef and adults being more powerful swimmers that swim above the coral. There is no evidence of nocturnal feeding in this pycnodont as previously hypothesized. Taxonomically, we suggest that the Bolca Pycnodus should be referred to strictly as Pycnodus apodus as this was the name given to the holotype. Additionally, an overview of species assigned to Pycnodus is given.
Tomosyn guides SNARE complex formation in coordination with Munc18 and Munc13
Authors: Li Yun , Wang Shen , Li Tianzhi , Zhu Le , Ma Cong
Published: February 2018

As a SNARE binding protein, tomosyn has been reported to negatively regulate synaptic exocytosis via arresting syntaxin‐1 and SNAP‐25 into a nonfusogenic product that precludes synaptobrevin‐2 entry, raising the question how the assembly of the SNARE complex is achieved. Here, we have investigated new functions of tomosyn in SNARE complex formation and SNARE‐mediated vesicle fusion. Assisted by NSF/α‐SNAP, syntaxin‐1 escapes tomosyn arrest and assembles into the Munc18‐1/syntaxin‐1 complex. Munc13‐1 then catalyzes the transit of syntaxin‐1 from the Munc18‐1/syntaxin‐1 complex to the SNARE complex in a manner specific to synaptobrevin‐2 but resistant to tomosyn. Our data suggest that tomosyn ensures SNARE assembly in a way amenable to tight regulation by Munc18‐1 and Munc13‐1.
C
omas,
J
uan
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Serrano
Published: February 2018

Juan Comas (1900–79) was a Mexican anthropologist of Spanish birth, renowned for his work on the biological anthropology of Mexico, his foundational contributions to the development of Mexican anthropology, and his promotion of the study and welfare of the indigenous peoples of Latin America.
Piltdown
Authors: Smith Fred H.
Published: February 2018

The Piltdown forgery is likely the most well‐known hoax in the history of science. The scientific unveiling of the Piltdown skull in 1912 set in motion a series of events that impacted the study of human evolution for 40 years. Classified as “
Eoanthropus dawsoni
” and hailed as “The First Englishman,” Piltdown was supported by many scholars but questioned by many others. Accumulating scientific information ultimately led to the exposure of the forgery and the end of the Piltdown question in 1953. Though often cited as a criticism of the efficacy of human evolutionary studies, Piltdown actually serves as an excellent example of the self‐correcting nature and methodological approach of science.
Racial hierarchy (history, classification of modern humans)
Authors: Marks Jonathan
Published: February 2018

The study of human diversity is a central topic of biological anthropology, and has always been suffused with social and political ideologies. While these ideologies can never be eliminated, modern science aims to have more subtle and benign prejudices. The idea of human races emerged as a classification system in the intellectual and political context of seventeenth‐century Europe.
African Diplomacy
Authors: Spies Yolanda K.
Published: February 2018

Diplomacy has its ancient roots firmly in Africa, the cradle of humanity. Yet the idea of “African diplomacy” is surprisingly new, because most African states are very young compared to those in the rest of the world. The legacy of colonialism, combined with the damage caused by Cold War proxy wars, has infused the continent's diplomacy with a collective memory of subjugation and marginalization. An historical context is therefore essential to understand the themes that guide Africa's contemporary diplomacy. Among these are a preoccupation with pan‐African unity, insistence on sovereign equity in the global arena, and the pursuit of elusive security and development for the continent. The diplomatic style in which these goals are pursued is predominantly multilateral and collective, marked by a unique activist‐like approach and emphasis on solidarity among incumbent leaders.
Byzantine Diplomacy
Authors: Drocourt Nicolas
Published: February 2018

From the seventh to the fifteenth century, Byzantine diplomacy played a major role in the government of the Byzantine Empire. This diplomacy was informed by a political ideology that considered the emperor as God's lieutenant on Earth and the empire's neighbors as inferior barbarians. Yet in practice, Byzantine diplomacy was far different and largely adapted to its various neighbors, who in some cases were stronger than the Byzantines. The roles of the main actors involved, from emperors to ambassadors and interpreters, are first examined here. Second, this entry addresses the importance granted to display in the tangible exercise of diplomacy, notably in Constantinople. Finally, different elements of the geopolitical context are analyzed, showing how Byzantine diplomacy succeeded in prolonging the life of the medieval East Roman Empire for almost a millennium, until the final fall of 1453.
Arab–Israeli Conflict
Authors: Siniver Asaf
Published: February 2018

One of the most protracted and intractable disputes of our time, defined along the competing political, religious, territorial, and national claims of two communities over one land. The modern roots of the Arab–Israeli conflict date back to the nineteenth century, following the first waves of Jewish immigration to the land of Palestine, an area which at the time was part of the Ottoman Empire. There are broadly two competing narratives concerning the historical and religious connections to the land: a Jewish–Zionist–Israeli narrative, and a Palestinian–Arab narrative. Questions over “who was there first,” who is the victim and who is the aggressor, and ultimately whose land it is, have been contested ever since by “Old” versus “New” historians, political elites, diasporas, casual observers of the conflict, and of course the communities themselves.
Ultrafast Coherent Absorption in Diamond Metamaterials
Authors: Karvounis Artemios , Nalla Venkatram , MacDonald Kevin F. , Zheludev Nikolay I.
Published: February 2018

Diamond is introduced as a material platform for visible/near‐infrared photonic metamaterials, with a nanostructured polycrystalline diamond metasurface only 170 nm thick providing an experimental demonstration of coherent light‐by‐light modulation at few‐optical‐cycle (6 fs) pulse durations. “Coherent control” of absorption in planar (subwavelength‐thickness) materials has emerged recently as a mechanism for high‐contrast all‐optical gating, with a speed of response that is limited only by the spectral width of the absorption line. It is shown here that a free‐standing diamond membrane structured by focused ion beam milling can provide strong, spectrally near‐flat absorption over a visible to near‐infrared wavelength range that is wide enough (wider than is characteristically achievable in plasmonic metal metasurfaces) to facilitate coherent modulation of ultrashort optical pulses comprising only a few oscillations of electromagnetic field.
Acid hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in oat β‐glucan and development of a structured kinetic model
Authors: Nguyen Hoang S. H. , Heinonen Jari , Sainio Tuomo
Published: February 2018

Homogeneous acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of oat β‐glucan, which contains β‐(1,4) and β‐(1,3) glycosidic bonds in a nonrandom order, was studied at 353 K using HCl and H2SO4. A new structured kinetic model was developed that takes into account the difference in the reactivity of β‐(1,4) and β‐(1,3) glycosidic bonds as well as their positions in the polysaccharide chain. To minimize the correlation of adjustable parameters in the new model, the reactivities of these bonds were studied independently (T = 313…363 K; cH+ = 0.1…2 mol/L) using cellobiose and laminaribiose. The difference in kinetic parameters (e.g., T = 338 K: kβ‐(1,4) = 0.693 × 10−3 L/mol/min, kβ‐(1,3) = 1.027 × 10−3 L/mol/min) was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001), which emphasizes the need for the structured model for oat β‐glucan hydrolysis. The simulation of β‐glucan hydrolysis with the new model was in good agreement with the experimental data and shows improvement over existing nonstructured models. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2570–2580, 2018
Alouatta pigra males ignore A. palliata loud calls: A case of failed rival recognition?
Authors: Kitchen Dawn M. , Cortés‐Ortiz Liliana , Dias Pedro A. D. , Canales‐Espinosa Domingo , Bergman Thore J.
Published: February 2018

Objectives

When closely related species overlap geographically, selection may favor species‐specific mate recognition traits to avoid hybridization costs. Conversely, the need to recognize potential same‐sex rivals may select for lower specificity, creating the possibility that selection in one domain constrains evolution in the other. Despite a wealth of data on mate recognition, studies addressing rival recognition between hybridizing species are limited to a few bird species. Using naïve populations, we examine the extent to which failed rival recognition might have affected hybridization patterns when two species of howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra and A. palliata) first met after diverging in allopatry.

Methods

We simulated first contact between naïve subjects using playback experiments in allopatric populations of the two purebred species. Using linear mixed models, we compared their look, move, and vocal responses to conspecific and heterospecific loud calls.

Results

Although not different in overall response strength to playbacks, the two species differed in reaction to heterospecific callers. Male A. pigra ignored calls from male A. palliata, but the reverse was not true.

Discussion

Despite striking differences in vocalizations, A. palliata respond equally to calls from both species whereas A. pigra respond only to conspecifics. This apparent failure of A. pigra males to recognize interspecific rivals might have biased hybridization (F1 hybrids = male A. palliata x female A. pigra), a pattern previously hypothesized based on genetic analysis of hybrids. Given that A. pigra males could be losing reproductive opportunities to heterospecific males, our findings add to growing evidence of potential costs for overly specific species recognition.
Direct Synthesis of Nano‐Ferrierite along the 10‐Ring‐Channel Direction Boosts Their Catalytic Behavior
Authors: Margarit Vicente J. , Díaz‐Rey M. Rocío , Navarro M. Teresa , Martínez Cristina , Corma Avelino
Published: February 2018

Ferrierite zeolites with nanosized crystals and external surface areas higher than 250 m2 g−1 have been prepared at relatively low synthesis temperature (120 °C) by means of the collaborative effect of two organic structure directing agents (OSDA). In this way, hierarchical porosity is achieved without the use of post‐synthesis treatments that usually involve leaching of T atoms and solid loss. Adjusting the synthesis conditions it is possible to decrease the crystallite size in the directions of the 8‐ and 10‐ring channels, [010] and [001] respectively, reducing their average pore length to 10–30 nm and increasing the number of pores accessible. The small crystal size of the nano‐ferrierites results in an improved accessibility of reactants to the catalytic active centers and enhanced product diffusion, leading to higher conversion and selectivity with lower deactivation rates for the oligomerization of 1‐pentene into longer‐chain olefins.
Parawasserstoff‐basierte Hyperpolarisierung für die Biomedizin
Authors: Hövener Jan‐Bernd , Pravdivtsev Andrey N. , Kidd Bryce , Bowers C. Russell , Glöggler Stefan , Kovtunov Kirill V. , Plaumann Markus , Katz‐Brull Rachel , Buckenmaier Kai , Jerschow Alexej , Reineri Francesca , Theis Thomas , Shchepin Roman V. , Wagner Shawn , Bhattacharya Pratip , Zacharias Niki M. , Chekmenev Eduard Y.
Published: February 2018

Die Magnetresonanz (MR) von Kernspins ist einer der nützlichsten physikalischen Effekte für die humane Bildgebung, ebenso wie für die Aufklärung von molekularen Strukturen und die chemische Analyse. Das volle Potential der MR kann jedoch kaum genutzt werden, da nur ein geringer Bruchteil aller Kernspins polarisiert, sprich in einem äußeren magnetischen Feld ausgerichtet werden. Hyperpolarisierungsmethoden versuchen, die Polarisierung und damit das MR‐Signal auf anderem Wege zu erhöhen. Eine einzigartige Quelle reiner Spinordnung ist das langlebige, verschränkte Kernspin‐Singulett‐Isomer des Wasserstoffmoleküls, genannt Parawasserstoff (pH2). Mithilfe dieser “Spinordnung auf Abruf” kann das MR‐Signal um mehrere Größenordnungen verstärkt werden, wenn pH2 in Kontakt mit einem anderen Molekül gebracht wird. In Bezug auf eine biomedizinische Anwendung von pH2‐hyperpolarisierten Kontrastmitteln haben in den letzten zehn Jahren beeindruckende Fortschritte stattgefunden. Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, diese Entwicklungen in den Bereichen der Spinphysik, Katalyse, Instrumentierung, Kontrastmittel und Anwendungen gebündelt und verständlich darzustellen.
Synthese und Anwendung von kompartimentierten molekularen Polymerbürsten
Authors: Pelras Théophile , Mahon Clare S. , Müllner Markus
Published: February 2018

Die Polymerwissenschaften haben in kürzester Zeit die Entwicklung hochpräziser Architekturen von synthetischen Makromolekülen mit hoher Komplexität ermöglicht. Zusätzlich zu den Vorzügen von Polymeren, was die Kontrolle über ihre Zusammensetzung und Einheitlichkeit betrifft, erhöht der Einbau von Kompartimentierungen in polymere Strukturen deren Funktionalität über die der einzelnen Bausteine hinaus. Hierdurch ergibt sich ein immenses Potenzial für die Herstellung von maßgeschneiderten Nanomaterialien. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden Routen zur Synthese von komplexen Molekularbürsten mit wohldefinierten chemischen Kompartimenten diskutiert. Dabei soll auch das Potenzial dieser Bürsten für die Entwicklung fortgeschrittener Materialien und für Anwendungen zur Nanofabrikation optischer und anderer Funktionsmaterialien hervorgehoben werden.
Universal Scaling of Intrinsic Resistivity in Two‐Dimensional Metallic Borophene
Authors: Zhang Jin , Zhang Jia , Zhou Liujiang , Cheng Cai , Lian Chao , Liu Jian , Tretiak Sergei , Lischner Johannes , Giustino Feliciano , Meng Sheng
Published: February 2018

Two‐dimensional boron sheets (borophenes) have been successfully synthesized in experiments and are expected to exhibit intriguing transport properties. A comprehensive first‐principles study is reported of the intrinsic electrical resistivity of emerging borophene structures. The resistivity is highly dependent on different polymorphs and electron densities of borophene. Interestingly, a universal behavior of the intrinsic resistivity is well‐described using the Bloch–Grüneisen model. In contrast to graphene and conventional metals, the intrinsic resistivity of borophenes can be easily tuned by adjusting carrier densities, while the Bloch–Grüneisen temperature is nearly fixed at 100 K. This work suggests that monolayer boron can serve as intriguing platform for realizing tunable two‐dimensional electronic devices.
Spectroscopy of Ethylenedione and Ethynediolide: A Reinvestigation
Authors: Lunny Katharine G. , Benitez Yanice , Albeck Yishai , Strasser Daniel , Stanton John F. , Continetti Robert E.
Published: February 2018

In an effort to characterize the electronic states of ethylenedione, OCCO, photoelectron‐photofragment coincidence (PPC) spectroscopy was applied to measure anions at m/z 56 and 57 using a pulsed discharge of glyoxal vapor and N2O. PPC measurements at a photon energy of 3.20 eV yield photoelectron spectra in coincidence with either neutral photofragments or stable neutral products. The measurements showed that primarily stable neutral products were formed, with photoelectron spectra consistent with the oxyallyl diradical, C3H4O, and acetone enolate radical, C3H5O. The spectra were also found to have features nearly identical to those reported for OCCO and HOCCO by Sanov and co‐workers. The stability of the neutral products, as well as an examination of spectra reported for the oxyallyl anion and acetone enolate show that the previous assignments of OCCO and HOCCO are in error, and are instead attributed here to the oxyallyl diradical, C3H4O, and the acetone enolate radical, C3H5O.
Purification‐Free, Target‐Selective Immobilization of a Protein from Cell Lysates
Authors: Cha Jaehyun , Kwon Inchan
Published: February 2018

Protein immobilization has been widely used for laboratory experiments and industrial processes. Preparation of a recombinant protein for immobilization usually requires laborious and expensive purification steps. Here, a novel purification‐free, target‐selective immobilization technique of a protein from cell lysates is reported. Purification steps are skipped by immobilizing a target protein containing a clickable non‐natural amino acid (p‐azidophenylalanine) in cell lysates onto alkyne‐functionalized solid supports via bioorthogonal azide‐alkyne cycloaddition. In order to achieve a target protein‐selective immobilization, p‐azidophenylalanine was introduced into an exogenous target protein, but not into endogenous non‐target proteins using host cells with amber codon‐free genomic DNAs. Immobilization of superfolder fluorescent protein (sfGFP) from cell lysates is as efficient as that of the purified sfGFP. Using two fluorescent proteins (sfGFP and mCherry), the authors also demonstrated that the target proteins are immobilized with a minimal immobilization of non‐target proteins (target‐selective immobilization).
A microbial–enzymatic strategy for producing chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Zhou Zhengxiong , Li Qing , Huang Hao , Wang Hao , Wang Yang , Du Guocheng , Chen Jian , Kang Zhen
Published: February 2018

Chondroitin sulfate has been widely used in both medical and clinical applications. Commercial chondroitin sulfate has been mainly acquired from animal tissue extraction. Here we report a new two‐step biological strategy for producing chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate C. First, the chondroitin biosynthesis pathway in a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain using sucrose as carbon source was systematically optimized and the titer of chondroitin was significantly enhanced to 7.15 g/L. Then, specific sulfation transformation systems were successfully constructed and optimized by combining the purified aryl sulfotransferase IV (ASST IV), chondroitin 4‐sulfotransferase (C4ST) and chondroitin 6‐sulfotransferase (C6ST). Chondroitin sulfate A and C were enzymatically transformed from chondroitin at conversion rates of 98% and 96%, respectively. The present biological strategy has great potential to be scaled up for biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate A and C from cheap carbon sources.
Higher than reported adolescent and young adult clinical trial enrollment during the “Golden Age” of melanoma clinical trials
Authors: Sreeraman Kumar Radhika , Thapa Ram , Kim Youngchul , Khushalani Nikhil I. , Sondak Vernon K. , Reed Damon R.
Published: February 2018

Clinical trial enrollments in adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cancer have historically been lower than those in pediatric and older adult populations. We sought to examine therapeutic trial enrollment rates at our cancer center. We performed a retrospective evaluation of AYA patients treated before and after the first checkpoint inhibitor trial opened at our cancer center in 2007. We examined gender, stage at presentation and insurance status in terms of trial enrollment. We compared the trial participation rate of AYA patients with that of older adults. In this adult facility, 12.7% (1,831) of total patients were between age 15 and 39. Overall therapeutic clinical trial rate was 17.6% which increased to 19.8% since 2007. Both nodal disease or metastatic disease at presentation was associated with increasing odds of trial enrollment (OR = 5.36 and P < 0.001 for nodal disease and OR = 7.96 and P < 0.001 for metastatic disease). There was a nonstatistically significant trend toward improved 3‐year overall survival in the AYA patients with advanced presentation that enrolled on clinical trials compared with those not enrolled on trials since 2007. AYA clinical trial enrollment at a comprehensive care center melanoma program was higher than reported in the literature overall for AYA patients. This 1,831 patient cohort may provide a foundation for more detailed investigation toward quantifying the effects of clinical trial enrollment in terms of age‐specific benefits and toxicities for AYA patients with malignancies that have their peak incidence in older adults.
Sodium Chloride Crystal‐Induced SERS Platform for Controlled Highly Sensitive Detection of Illicit Drugs
Authors: Yu Borong , Li Pan , Zhou Binbin , Tang Xianghu , Li Shaofei , Yang Liangbao
Published: February 2018

A sodium chloride crystal‐driven spontaneous ′hot spot′ structure was demonstrated as a SERS‐active platform, to get reproducible SERS signals, and eliminate the need for mapping large areas, in comparison with solution phase testing. During the process of solvent evaporation, the crystals produced induced silver aggregates to assemble around themselves. The micro‐scale crystals can also act as a template to obtain an optical position, such that the assembled hot area is conveniently located during SERS measurements. More importantly, the chloride ions added in colloids can also replace the citrate and on the surface of the silver sol, and further decrease the background interference. High quality SERS spectra from heroin, methamphetamine (MAMP), and cocaine have been obtained on the crystal‐driven hot spot structure with high sensitivity and credible reproducibility. This approach can not only bring the nanoparticles to form plasmonic hot spots in a controlled way, and thus provide high sensitivity, but also potentially be explored as an active substrate for label‐free detection of other illicit drugs or additives.
Heat and Mass Transfer Properties of Zeolite Coatings: Comparison of Reactive‐ and Spray‐Coated Systems
Authors: Chanda Rajesh , Wang Lisha , Schwieger Wilhelm
Published: February 2018

Coated materials are widely used in the process industry. For the generation of adsorption heat exchangers for heat pumps, coated systems offer compactness, robustness as well as high performance. The heat and mass transfer properties into and through functional coating layers play a prominent role in the overall performance of the whole coated systems. In this contribution, laser flash analysis and sorption measurement methods are applied to compare the heat and mass transfer properties of the common spray coating and reactive coating. The experimental results indicate that the reactive coating technique leads to layers with better heat transfer properties and in contrast to lower mass transfer.