bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in population mental health before and after the 2008 recession: a repeat cross-sectional analysis of the 1991–2010 Health Surveys of England
Authors: Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , Niedzwiedz Claire L , Popham Frank
Published: October 2012

Objective

To assess short-term differences in population mental health before and after the 2008 recession and explore how and why these changes differ by gender, age and socio-economic position.

Design

Repeat cross-sectional analysis of survey data.

Setting

England.

Participants

Representative samples of the working age (25–64 years) general population participating in the Health Survey for England between 1991 and 2010 inclusive.

Main outcome measures

Prevalence of poor mental health (caseness) as measured by the general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ).

Results

Age–sex standardised prevalence of GHQ caseness increased from 13.7% (95% CI 12.9% to 14.5%) in 2008 to 16.4% (95% CI 14.9% to 17.9%) in 2009 and 15.5% (95% CI 14.4% to 16.7%) in 2010. Women had a consistently greater prevalence since 1991 until the current recession. However, compared to 2008, men experienced an increase in age-adjusted caseness of 5.1% (95% CI 2.6% to 7.6%, p<0.001) in 2009 and 3% (95% CI 1.2% to 4.9%, p=0.001) in 2010, while no statistically significant changes were seen in women. Adjustment for differences in employment status and education level did not account for the observed increase in men nor did they explain the differential gender patterning. Over the last decade, socio-economic inequalities showed a tendency to increase but no clear evidence for an increase in inequalities associated with the recession was found. Similarly, no evidence was found for a differential effect between age groups.

Conclusions

Population mental health in men has deteriorated within 2 years of the onset of the current recession. These changes, and their patterning by gender, could not be accounted for by differences in employment status. Further work is needed to monitor recessionary impacts on health inequalities in response to ongoing labour market and social policy changes.
Are patients discharged with care? A qualitative study of perceptions and experiences of patients, family members and care providers
Authors: Hesselink Gijs , Flink Maria , Olsson Mariann , Barach Paul , Dudzik-Urbaniak Ewa , Orrego Carola , Toccafondi Giulio , Kalkman Cor , Johnson Julie K , Schoonhoven Lisette , Vernooij-Dassen Myrra , Wollersheim Hub ,   on behalf of the European HANDOVER Research Collaborative
Published: November 2012

Background

Advocates for quality and safety have called for healthcare that is patient-centred and decision-making that involves patients.

Objective

The aim of the paper is to explore the barriers and facilitators to patient-centred care in the hospital discharge process.

Methods

A qualitative study using purposive sampling of 192 individual interviews and 26 focus group interviews was conducted in five European Union countries with patients and/or family members, hospital physicians and nurses, and community general practitioners and nurses. A modified Grounded Theory approach was used to analyse the data.

Results

The barriers and facilitators were classified into 15 categories from which four themes emerged: (1) healthcare providers do not sufficiently prioritise discharge consultations with patients and family members due to time restraints and competing care obligations; (2) discharge communication varied from instructing patients and family members to shared decision-making; (3) patients often feel unprepared for discharge, and postdischarge care is not tailored to individual patient needs and preferences; and (4) pressure on available hospital beds and community resources affect the discharge process.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that involvement of patients and families in the preparations for discharge is determined by the extent to which care providers are willing and able to accommodate patients’ and families’ capabilities, needs and preferences. Future interventions should be directed at healthcare providers’ attitudes and their organisation's leadership, with a focus on improving communication among care providers, patients and families,andbetween hospital and community care providers.
Perceived causes of prescribing errors by junior doctors in hospital inpatients: a study from the PROTECT programme
Authors: Ross Sarah , Ryan Cristín , Duncan Eilidh M , Francis Jillian J , Johnston Marie , Ker Jean S , Lee Amanda Jane , MacLeod Mary Joan , Maxwell Simon , McKay Gerard , McLay James , Webb David J , Bond Christine
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Prescribing errors are a major cause of patient safety incidents. Understanding the underlying factors is essential in developing interventions to address this problem. This study aimed to investigate the perceived causes of prescribing errors among foundation (junior) doctors in Scotland.

Methods

In eight Scottish hospitals, data on prescribing errors were collected by ward pharmacists over a 14-month period. Foundation doctors responsible for making a prescribing error were interviewed about the perceived causes. Interview transcripts were analysed using content analysis and categorised into themes previously identified under Reason's Model of Accident Causation and Human Error.

Results

40 prescribers were interviewed about 100 specific errors. Multiple perceived causes for all types of error were identified and were categorised into five categories of error-producing conditions, (environment, team, individual, task and patient factors). Work environment was identified as an important aspect by all doctors, especially workload and time pressures. Team factors included multiple individuals and teams involved with a patient, poor communication, poor medicines reconciliation and documentation and following incorrect instructions from other members of the team. A further team factor was the assumption that another member of the team would identify any errors made. The most frequently noted individual factors were lack of personal knowledge and experience. The main task factor identified was poor availability of drug information at admission and the most frequently stated patient factor was complexity.

Conclusions

This study has emphasised the complex nature of prescribing errors, and the wide range of error-producing conditions within hospitals including the work environment, team, task, individual and patient. Further work is now needed to develop and assess interventions that address these possible causes in order to reduce prescribing error rates.
Structure, organisation and clinical outcomes in cancer patients of hospital support teams in Spain
Authors: Tuca-Rodriguez Albert , Gómez-Batiste Xavier , Espinosa-Rojas Jose , Martínez-Muñoz Marisa , Codorniu Nuria , Porta-Sales Josep
Published: October 2012

Objectives

To describe the structure, characteristics of patients and basic clinical outcomes in cancer patients receiving care from palliative care hospital support teams (HSTs) in Spain.

Method

A multi-centre observational two phase study. Phase I: A descriptive survey of all HSTs in Spain. Phase II: A quasi-experimental prospective cohort study to describe the clinical outcomes, symptom severity and survival.

Results

60 HSTs in Spain met the inclusion criteria. All HSTs were multidisciplinary with wide experience (mean 6.8 years). HSTs coverage was 21.5% of all cancer deaths in Spain. A total number of 364 advanced cancer patients were included in the cohort study; 76% were classified as moderate or high complexity. Overall, 64% were male subjects and the most frequent primary cancer site was lung (26%). Half of the patients had no detailed information about cancer staging and only 19% knew their short-term prognosis. The mean length of intervention was 6.5 days (mean three visits per patient). Outcomes were: 34% deaths during the admission process; 38% were discharged home; and 28% were transferred to another medium-term-stay specialist unit. The main symptoms were pain (68%), dyspnoea (43%), vomiting (24%), anorexia (72%), asthenia (78%), insomnia (50%), anxiety (45%) and depression (35%). After the HSTs intervention, the symptom severity was significantly reduced (p<0.001) for all symptoms, except for weakness and anorexia. The mean survival from inclusion was 111 days.

Conclusions

Palliative intervention of HSTs is characterised by being adjusted to patient needs and short duration. Their care was focused on the preterminal phase of cancer patients of moderate–high complexity.
The impact of adult major trauma centre status on paediatric trauma activity
Authors: Hannon Edward , Potter Stuart , Jaiganesh Thiagarajan , Muhktar Zahid , Okoye Bruce
Published: October 2012

Objectives

The London Trauma Network was launched in April 2010 in order to centralise trauma care in the capital city. The consultation and resourcing of the four new major trauma centres (MTC) was adult focused. The objective of this study was to assess the impact that adult MTC status has on paediatric trauma workload.

Methods

A retrospective review of paediatric major trauma calls was performed between 1 April 2009 to 31 January 2010, before MTC status, and the same time period in 2010/11 when St George's Healthcare Trust was a designated adult MTC. The following variables were assessed; number of trauma calls, admissions to hospital, radiological services usage, inpatient stay, mechanism of injury and injury severity score (ISS)—calculated from abbreviated injury score.

Results

There was a 200% increase in trauma calls between the two time periods and a 191% increase in admission to hospital. The usage of radiology increased 221% for CT and 161% for plain radiology. Mean inpatient stay decreased by 0.2 days. Mechanisms of injury were similar. Despite becoming a MTC the relative volume of major injuries (ISS>15) decreased between the two time periods by 1% with a relative increase in minor trauma (ISS<5) from 63% to 72%. These results may suggest at present paediatric trauma patients are being over triaged.

Conclusions

Major adult trauma centre status has a significant effect on paediatric trauma workload and hence resources. When reconfiguration of trauma services are being considered it is essential to take into account the impact on paediatric services alongside those of the adult population.
Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency in a multicultural inflammatory bowel disease cohort
Authors: Chatu Sukhdev , Chhaya Vivek , Holmes Rosamund , Neild Penny , Kang Jin-Yong , Pollok Richard C , Poullis Andrew
Published: October 2012

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a multicultural inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort and determine predictors of deficiency including ethnicity.

Design

Patients with IBD were recruited into a dedicated database over a 6-month period and evaluated retrospectively.

Setting

Department of Gastroenterology, St George's University Hospital, London, UK.

Outcomes measured

Clinical data including demographics, ethnic group, disease phenotype by the Montreal classification, vitamin D level and season tested were recorded from clinical and electronic medical records. Vitamin D levels were classified as normal (≥50 nmol/l) and deficient (<50 nmol/l).

Results

168 patients had a vitamin D level measured subsequent to diagnosis. There was no significant difference in the median vitamin D level between patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (39 nmol/l (IQR 23–56) vs 28 nmol/l (IQR 17–51), p=0.35). Overall the median vitamin D level was significantly lower in non-Caucasians (Asian and Black) versus Caucasians (28 nmol/l (IQR 17–41) vs 41 nmol/l (IQR 25–63), p<0.0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed IBD related surgery (OR 2.9) and ethnicity (OR 6.0 non-Caucasian vs Caucasian) in CD and ethnicity (OR 5.0 non-Caucasian vs Caucasian) in UC were independently associated with vitamin D deficiency.

Conclusions

Vitamin D deficiency is common in IBD patients; therefore, we suggest monitoring of vitamin D levels and correction with supplements especially in non-Caucasians and those with a history of IBD related surgery.
Prostate needle biopsy processing: a survey of laboratory practice across Europe
Authors: Varma Murali , Berney Daniel M , Algaba Ferran , Camparo Philippe , Compérat Eva , Griffiths David F R , Kristiansen Glen , Lopez-Beltran Antonio , Montironi Rodolfo , Egevad Lars
Published: October 2012

Aim

To determine the degree of variation in the handling of prostate needle biopsies (PBNx) in laboratories across Europe.

Methods

A web based survey was emailed to members of the European Network of Uropathology and the British Association of Urological Pathologists.

Results

Responses were received from 241 laboratories in 15 countries. PNBx were generally taken by urologists (93.8%) or radiologists (23.7%) but in 8.7% were also taken by non-medical personnel such as radiographers, nurses or biomedical assistants. Of the responding laboratories, 40.8% received cores in separate containers, 42.3% processed one core/block, 54.2% examined three levels/block, 49.4% examined one H&E section/level and 56.1% retained spare sections for potential immunohistochemistry. Of the laboratories, 40.9% retained unstained spares for over a year while 36.2% discarded spares within 1 month of reporting. Only two (0.8%) respondents routinely performed immunohistochemistry on all PNBx. There were differences in laboratory practice between the UK and the rest of Europe (RE). Procurement of PNBx by non-medical personnel was more common in the UK. RE laboratories more commonly received each core in a separate container, processed one core/block, examined fewer levels/block and examined more H&E sections/level. RE laboratories also retained spares for potential immunohistochemistry less often and for shorter periods. Use of p63 as the sole basal cell marker was more common in RE.

Conclusions

There are marked differences in procurement, handling and processing of PNBx in laboratories across Europe. This data can help the development of best practice guidelines.
Peroxiredoxins and their expression in ependymomas
Authors: Haapasalo Toomas , Nordfors Kristiina , Järvelä Sally , Kok Eloise , Sallinen Pauli , Kinnula Vuokko L , Haapasalo Hannu Kalervo , Soini Ylermi
Published: October 2012

Aims

Peroxiredoxins I–VI (Prxs) have recently been shown to have a role in the tumorigenesis of astrocytic brain tumours. In some tumour types they are associated with Nrf2 (transcription factor NF-E2-related factor), a sensor of oxidative stress, and DJ-1 (also known as PARK7), a protein known to stabilise Nrf2.

Methods

We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of Prxs I–VI, Nrf2 and DJ-1 in a total of 76 ependymomas and their relationship with clinicopathological features of these tumours.

Results

There was a significant expression of all Prxs except Prx IV in the ependymomas. Strong nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of Nrf2 could be detected in these tumours. Prx I expression was significantly associated with cytoplasmic and nuclear Nrf2 expression. Prx I expression was also associated with tumour site, with cerebellar ependymomas having a lower expression of Prx I than other tumours. DJ-1 did not associate with Prxs but nuclear DJ-1 had an inverse association with nuclear Nrf2. Cytoplasmic DJ-1 associated with worse survival in ependymoma patients.

Conclusions

This study indicates that oxidative mechanisms as reflected by Nrf2 expression are highly activated in ependymomas. Prxs, especially Prx I, were associated with Nrf2 expression, suggesting a role for Nrf2 in Prx I synthesis in ependymomas. While DJ-1 did not associate with any of the Prxs, its expression was associated with worsened patient survival and could have a role as a prognostic marker in ependymomas.
Improved alignment of reticulocyte counts between Sysmex XT-2000i instruments
Authors: Ashenden Michael , Sharpe Ken , Habel James , Vicentin Anthony , Schischka Steven
Published: October 2012

Background

Reticulocytes are the most sensitive index available to authorities who seek to sanction athletes for blood doping based on deviations beyond individual reference ranges. Because such data comprise longitudinal results that are generated by different laboratories, the comparability of reticulocyte counts from different instruments is of crucial importance.

Aims

To enhance between-instrument comparability of reticulocyte counts reported by the Sysmex XT-2000i automated haematology analyser.

Methods

We optimised recalibration of instruments towards assigned values of control material (e-CHECK) in tandem with fresh blood verification.

Results

In terms of reticulocyte counts reported as a percentage of all cells in a fresh blood sample, it was possible to recalibrate all three test instruments so that the mean of 10 samples was within 0.1% of the comparative instrument's mean value.

Conclusions

This approach provides a straightforward means of reducing between-instrument differences in reticulocyte counts generated by the Sysmex XT-2000i.
Cancer stem cells markers CD44, CD24 and ALDH1 in breast cancer special histological types
Authors: Beça Francisco Ferro de , Caetano Pedro , Gerhard Renê , Alvarenga Cesar Augusto , Gomes Madalena , Paredes Joana , Schmitt Fernando
Published: October 2012

Aims

CD44, CD24 and ALDH1 are the most consistently used biomarkers to identify and characterise the breast cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. However, most studies performed until now analysed samples of invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDC-NST). Therefore, prevalence and clinical significance of these CSC markers in breast carcinomas of special histological types (SHT) is largely unknown. For that reason, this study aims to determine the distribution of the breast CD44, CD24 and ALDH1 CSC markers among a series of invasive breast carcinomas of SHT, in comparison with a series of IDC-NST.

Methods

117 invasive SHT breast carcinomas were analysed for the expression of CD44, CD24 and ALDH1, by immuhohistochemistry. The distribution of these CSC markers was evaluated among the distinct histological special types, and the results were compared with a series of 466 IDC-NST.

Results

The expression prevalence of the breast CSC markers differed between special types and IDC-NST. Medullary, papillary and tubular carcinomas were enriched in the CSC phenotype CD44+/CD24−/low(80.0%, 100.0% and 100.0%, respectively, vs 45.3% in IDC-NST). Considering the ALDH1 cytoplasmic tumour expression, only medullary and metaplastic carcinomas displayed significant increase in CD44+/CD24-/low/ALDH1+CSC phenotype frequency (36.4% and 28.6%, respectively, vs 4.8% in IDC-NST).

Conclusions

The expression distribution of breast CSC markers is largely dependent on histological type. Interestingly, within the distinct SHT, medullary and metaplastic carcinomas are the two types highly associated with high-grade carcinomas, basal-like and claudin-low molecular subtypes, and to the CSC phenotype CD44+/CD24−/low/ALDH1+.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its selected determinants among urban adult women in South Delhi, India
Authors: Sinha Smita , Misra Puneet , Kant Shashi , Krishnan Anand , Nongkynrih Baridalyne , Vikram Naval K
Published: October 2012

Aims

Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Asian Indians, particularly women, have been reported to be at higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its selected known determinants among adult Asian Indian women of lower socioeconomic status.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study over a period of 1 year from January 2008 to December 2008 in South Delhi, which included 300 women (>20 years) recruited through multistage systematic random sampling. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were taken. Biochemical tests were performed on blood samples collected after overnight fasting. Metabolic syndrome was defined using updated National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel-III (NCEP/ATP-III) guidelines with modified waist circumference for Indians and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria.

Results

The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 29.6% (95% CI 23.8 to 36.0) and 20.4% (95% CI 15.3 to 26.1) using NCEP/ATP-III and IDF criteria, respectively. The risk of metabolic syndrome increased with age and calorie intake. Most (203 (90%)) of the study participants were involved in physical activity with a low metabolic equivalent (MET) score but one-fifth (19.5%) had a calorie intake recommended for women involved in vigorous activity.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among women of lower socioeconomic status is a cause of concern, and calls for an effective public health response.
New insights into an old disease: advanced imaging in the diagnosis and management of gout
Authors: McQueen Fiona Marion , Reeves Quentin , Dalbeth Nicola
Published: October 2012

Advanced imaging modalities including MRI, ultrasound (US), CT and dual energy CT have important applications in gout. While conventional radiography (X-ray) remains the most widely used form of imaging in the clinical setting and is helpful in revealing erosions in chronic gout, these new imaging tools can reveal joint damage and tophi at a much earlier stage. As all are multiplanar techniques, they can define the position and dimensions of tophi, with startling clarity, as well as the size and extent of bone erosions. US and MRI also reveal the severity of inflammation within and adjacent to the joint and can capture information about the composite, vascular nature of many tophaceous deposits. These features can be used as imaging outcome measures, to monitor responses to anti-inflammatory and urate lowering therapies. The new possibility that gout could be diagnosed using imaging, without aspirating the joint, is on the horizon. This review discusses the clinical and research applications of advanced imaging in gout with particular focus on diagnosis and monitoring of joint inflammation and damage.
Knowledge, skills and attitudes of doctors towards assessing cognition in older patients in the emergency department
Authors: Kennelly Sean P , Morley Deirdre , Coughlan Tara , Collins Ronan , Rochford Martin , O'Neill Desmond
Published: October 2012

Purpose of the study

Although cognitive impairment and delirium are highly prevalent in older patients who present to the emergency department, multiple studies have highlighted inadequate detection by doctors. This study investigated potential reasons underlying this.

Study Design

A 14-item self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all medical, surgical and emergency department physicians involved in the care of older patients in the emergency department of an urban university teaching hospital between January and March 2012.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 76/97 (78%) of eligible respondents. Respondents reported screening an average of one in four older patients that they reviewed. Almost one-third (22/76, 29%) felt they lacked the relevant expertise to perform cognitive screening: those with training in geriatrics were less likely to cite lack of expertise as a factor. While the majority felt screening for cognition in the emergency department-setting was important (59/76, 78%), several limiting factors were identified: lack of a screening tool; lack of privacy; too much noise; and time constraints. There was no consensus on who should perform screening.

Conclusions

Doctors reviewing patients in the emergency department-setting reported several important factors limiting their ability to screen older patients for cognitive impairment. Respondents to this questionnaire did not feel the emergency department environment was conducive towards the assessment of cognition in older patients. Clarification of each discipline's responsibility in the detection, assessment and management of delirium and/or dementia, and the implementation of emergency department cognitive screening instruments more suited to this setting would likely improve detection and management.
Specificity of a coproantigen ELISA test for fasciolosis: lack of cross‐reactivity with Paramphistomum cervi and Taenia hydatigena
Authors: Kajugu P‐E. , Hanna R. E. B. , Edgar H. W. , Forster F. I. , Malone F. E. , Brennan G. P. , Fairweather I.
Published: October 2012

A commercial coproantigen ELISA test for fasciolosis, based on the use of MM3 monoclonal antibody for antigen capture, was investigated for possible cross‐reactivity with Paramphistomum cervi, a trematode that commonly infects cattle and sheep grazing in fluke‐infested pasture in Ireland. Histological sections of adult and immature Fasciola hepatica and P cervi were incubated with MM3 monoclonal antibody, and its binding to tissue‐localised coproantigen was subsequently visualised by immunocytochemistry. In a related study, the soluble antigenic fractions derived from homogenates of P cervi adults and Taenia hydatigena metacestodes were tested for cross‐reactivity with MM3 monoclonal antibody in an antigen‐capture ELISA, using known F hepatica ‐positive and F hepatica ‐negative ovine faecal samples as natural controls. It was found that, while intense immunocytochemical labelling was located over the gastrodermis and gut contents of adult and immature F hepatica, sections of adult and immature P cervi were unlabelled. In the ELISA tests, the soluble fractions of F hepatica reacted strongly with MM3 monoclonal antibody, but those of P cervi and T hydatigena gave negative results. These findings support the specificity of the coproantigen ELISA test for fasciolosis in areas where paramphistomosis and cysticercosis are liable to occur singly or as coinfections with F hepatica.
No effect of sperm interactions or egg homogenate on sperm velocity in the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis(Bivalvia: Mytilidae)
Authors: Stewart Donald T. , Jha Mamta , Breton Sophie , Hoeh W. Randolph , Blier Pierre U.
Published: October 2012

We investigated the possible effects of sperm interactions and homogenized eggs on sperm velocity in blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis L., 1758) using computer-assisted sperm analysis. To test whether sperm competition results in an increase in sperm velocity, using seven pairs of males, we compared the mean curvilinear and average path velocities of sperm from two males measured separately with the corresponding values from a mixture of sperm from the same two males. To test whether the presence of eggs results in an increase in sperm velocity, we compared curvilinear and average path velocities from 11 individual males with the corresponding measures from the same 11 sperm samples mixed with aliquots of homogenized eggs. Neither experimental treatment resulted in an increase in sperm velocity. We interpret these results as consistent with the hypothesis that mussel sperm have been selected to immediately begin swimming at an optimal initial velocity that is adaptive for the particular environment in which they are located. Critical factors affecting the evolution of sperm velocity for broadcast spawning, external fertilizers such as M. edulis likely include population density and intraspecific spawning synchronicity. As has been suggested by others, the importance of sperm limitation (i.e., having much less than 100% of eggs being fertilized in the wild) may be as important an evolutionary driving force in broadcast spawning invertebrates as sperm competition is in internally or directly fertilized species.
Effects of invasive American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) on the reproductive behaviour of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) sympatric species pairs
Authors: Velema G.J. , Rosenfeld J.S. , Taylor E.B.
Published: October 2012

Environmental change, including that caused directly or indirectly by invasive species, presents a major threat to the persistence of native freshwater biodiversity. The invasive American signal crayfish ( Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852)) has recently been implicated in the collapse of a pair of threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758) species in Enos Lake, British Columbia, through introgressive hybridization; yet there are few data describing potential interactions between crayfish and these recently evolved stickleback species. We conducted a behavioural study, using an intact sympatric G. aculeatus species pair from a nearby lake, to examine if and how interactions with P. leniusculus may influence the breeding behaviour of sticklebacks. We found that the reproductive behaviour of limnetic males was disrupted to a greater degree than that of benthic males, suggesting that crayfish may disproportionately impact limnetic male reproductive success and may have contributed to biased hybridization between the Enos Lake species pair. Our study illustrates how newly differentiated taxa may be especially susceptible to environmental perturbations, particularly those caused by invasive species.
ON NEURON MEMBRANE POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR VOLTAGE AND TIME DEPENDENT CURRENT MODULATION
Authors: SALIG J. B. , CARPIO-BERNIDO M. V. , BERNIDO C. C. , BORNALES J. B.
Published: October 2012

Tracking variations of neuronal membrane potential in response to multiple synaptic inputs remains an important open field of investigation since information about neural network behavior and higher brain functions can be inferred from such studies. Much experimental work has been done, with recent advances in multi-electrode recordings and imaging technology giving exciting results. However, experiments have also raised questions of compatibility with available theoretical models. Here we show how methods of modern infinite dimensional analysis allow closed form expressions for important quantities rich in information such as the conditional probability density (cpd). In particular, we use a Feynman integral approach where fluctuations in the dynamical variable are parametrized with Hida white noise variables. The stochastic process described then gives variations in time of the relative membrane potential defined as the difference between the neuron membrane and firing threshold potentials. We obtain the cpd for several forms of current modulation coefficients reflecting the flow of synaptic currents, and which are analogous to drift coefficients in the configuration space Fokker-Planck equation. In particular, we consider cases of voltage and time dependence for current modulation for periodic and non-periodic oscillatory current modulation described by sinusoidal and Bessel functions.
ON A FRACTIONAL STOCHASTIC PATH INTEGRAL APPROACH IN MODELLING INTERNEURONAL CONNECTIVITY
Authors: BERNIDO CHRISTOPHER C. , CARPIO-BERNIDO M. VICTORIA
Published: October 2012

A fractional stochastic path integral approach is presented as a natural framework for treating the random distribution of possible communication chains in the synaptic transmission of signals between initiator and distant target receptor neurons. Fractional Brownian motion parametrization is invoked to account for strong correlations between segments of a neuronal communication chain. We then obtain the probability density function (pdf) for the location of the target receptor neuron in terms of the Hurst index that classifies the dynamics into short-memory or long-memory domains. This pdf obtained by the path integral approach is a fundamental solution of the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation.
BONE ADAPTATION AND REGENERATION – NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: KLEIN-NULEND JENNEKE , BACABAC ROMMEL GAUD
Published: October 2012

Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly renewed and adapts to its local loading environment. Mechanical loading results in adaptive changes in bone size and shape that strengthen bone structure. The mechanisms for adaptation involve a multistep process called mechanotransduction, which is the ability of resident bone cells to perceive and translate mechanical energy into a cascade of structural and biochemical changes within the cells. The transduction of a mechanical signal to a biochemical response involves pathways within the cell membrane and cytoskeleton of the osteocytes, the professional mechansensor cells of bone. During the last decade the role of mechanosensitive osteocytes in bone metabolism and turnover, and the lacuno-canalicular porosity as the structure that mediates mechanosensing, is likely to reveal a new paradigm for understanding the bone formation response to mechanical loading, and the bone resorption response to disuse. Strain-derived fluid flow of interstitial fluid through the lacuno-canalicular porosity seems to mechanically activate the osteocytes, as well as ensures transport of cell signaling molecules, nutrients and waste products. Cell-cell signaling from the osteocyte sensor cells to the effector cells (osteoblasts or osteoclasts), and the effector cell response – either bone formation or resorption, allow an explanation of local bone gain and loss as well as remodeling in response to fatigue damage as processes supervised by mechanosensitive osteocytes.

The osteogenic activity of cultured bone cells has been quantitatively correlated with varying stress stimulations highlighting the importance of the rate of loading. Theoretically a possible mechanism for the stress response by osteocytes is due to strain amplification at the pericellular matrix. Single cell studies on molecular responses of osteocytes provide insight on local architectural alignment in bone during remodeling. Alignment seems to occur as a result of the osteocytes sensing different canalicular flow patterns around cutting cone and reversal zone during loading, thus determining the bone's structure. Disturbances in architecture and permeability of the 3D porous network will affect transduction of mechanical loads to the mechanosensors.

Uncovering the cellular and mechanical basis of the osteocyte's response to loading represents a significant challenge to our understanding of cellular mechanotransduction and bone remodeling. In view of the importance of mechanical stress for maintaining bone strength, mechanical stimuli have great potential for providing a therapeutic approach for bone (re)generation.
COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO ENHANCE NANOSAFETY AND ADVANCE NANOMEDICINE
Authors: MENDOZA EDUARDO R.
Published: October 2012

With the increasing use of nanoparticles in food processing, filtration/purification and consumer products, as well as the huge potential of their use in nanomedicine, a quantitative understanding of the effects of nanoparticle uptake and transport is needed. We provide examples of novel methods for modeling complex bio-nano interactions which are based on stochastic process algebras. Since model construction presumes sufficient availability of experimental data, recent developments in "nanoinformatics", an emerging discipline analogous to bioinfomatics, in building an accessible information infrastructure are subsequently discussed. Both computational areas offer opportunities for Filipinos to engage in collaborative, cutting edge research in this impactful field.
TRANSFER MATRIX METHOD IN NANOPHOTONICS
Authors: BALILI RYAN B.
Published: October 2012

Being able to manipulate light and confine it to small length scales have a multitude of applications in modern technology. Predicting the behavior of nanophotonic devices and the realization of new ones will greatly benefit from insights offered by analytical calculations and numerical modeling. In this paper, we elucidate the fundamental electromagnetic responses of materials and introduce a versatile technique, called transfer matrix method, in modeling the behavior of nanoscale heterostructures. Its application in novel photonic devices such as semiconductor microcavities and surface plasmon resonance sensors will be demonstrated.
The Fascadale Fault: A tectonic link between the Cenozoic volcanic centres of Rum and Ardnamurchan, Scotland, revealed by multibeam survey
Authors: Smith Kevin
Published: November 2012

Synopsis

Current geological maps of the Ardnamurchan Central Complex show the Fascadale Fault as a short (1.2 km) NW-trending tectonic junction between a sliver of the superstructure of the former Cenozoic volcano and the western margin of its outermost quartz-gabbroic intrusion. To the south, the mapped fault appears to die out in an area of coalescing basic igneous intrusions, whereas to the north, it is buried by alluvium before passing offshore into Fascadale Bay. Detailed bathymetric data obtained from a marine multibeam echo-sounder survey north of the Ardnamurchan peninsula reveal that the onshore fault is in structural continuity with a similarly-trending linear bathymetric feature, which extends almost to the island of Rum. Sea-bed geological structures offset by this major lineament suggest that the segment of the Fascadale Fault mapped onshore marks the southern end of a Cenozoic dextral strike-slip fault (>22 km long), which extends between Ardnamurchan and Rum. Based on these observations, a tectonic model is outlined that suggests that the sites of volcanic centres in the British part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province are controlled by the interaction of NW-trending structures, like the Fascadale Fault, with NNE-trending (Caledonoid) structures in a Cenozoic strike-slip regime.
Advances in carbonate exploration and reservoir analysis
Authors: Garland J. , Neilson J. , Laubach S. E. , Whidden K. J.
Published: October 2012

The development of innovative techniques and concepts, and the emergence of new plays in carbonate rocks are creating a resurgence of oil and gas discoveries worldwide. The maturity of a basin and the application of exploration concepts have a fundamental influence on exploration strategies. Exploration success often occurs in underexplored basins by applying existing established geological concepts. This approach is commonly undertaken when new basins ‘open up’ owing to previous political upheavals. The strategy of using new techniques in a proven mature area is particularly appropriate when dealing with unconventional resources (heavy oil, bitumen, stranded gas), while the application of new play concepts (such as lacustrine carbonates) to new areas (i.e. ultra-deep South Atlantic basins) epitomizes frontier exploration.

Many low-matrix-porosity hydrocarbon reservoirs are productive because permeability is controlled by fractures and faults. Understanding basic fracture properties is critical in reducing geological risk and therefore reducing well costs and increasing well recovery. The advent of resource plays in carbonate rocks, and the long-standing recognition of naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs means that new fracture and fault analysis and prediction techniques and concepts are essential.

A key area of progress has been integration of stratigraphic, structural, geomechanical and diagenetic analysis to populate reservoir models accurately. Dramatic increases in computing and digital imaging capabilities are being harnessed to improve spatial analysis and spatial statistics in reservoirs and ultimately improve 3D geocellular models.
Petrology of the İspendere (Malatya) ophiolite from the Southeast Anatolia: implications for the Late Mesozoic evolution of the southern Neotethyan Ocean
Authors: Parlak Osman , Karaoğlan Fatih , Rizaoğlu Tamer , Nurlu Nusret , Bağci Utku , Höck Volker , Önal Ayten Öztüfekçi , Kürüm Sevcan , Topak Yusuf
Published: November 2012

The İspendere ophiolite forms part of the Tauride active continental margin assemblage in SE Anatolia. The ophiolite exhibits an intact oceanic lithosphere section and is intruded by Late Cretaceous calc-alkaline granites. The ophiolite comprises mantle tectonites, ultramafic to mafic cumulates, isotropic gabbros, isolated diabase dykes, a sheeted dyke complex, plagiogranite and volcanic rocks. The volcanics and the sheeted dyke complex exhibit (1) similar rare earth element patterns, with flat to light rare earth element depletion (La–Yb)
N
=0.71–1.14 and 0.65–1.22, (2) negative Nb anomalies and (3) flat-lying high field strength element trends. These features differ from a typical Normal--Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt fractionation trend and could have resulted from
c.
15% partial melting of a previously depleted mantle source. The whole-rock chemistry and the mineral chemistry of the ultramafic to mafic cumulates [high Ca plagioclases (An
89–81
), magnesian olivines (Fo
88–81
) and clinopyroxenes (Mg#
90–83
)] show that the primary magma of the plutonic suite is compositionally similar to modern island arc tholeiites. The available evidence suggests that the İspendere ophiolite formed at a northerly supra-subduction zone spreading centre of the Southern Neotethys, between the Taurides and the Bitlis–Pütürge metamorphic units, during the Late Cretaceous. Comparison with the adjacent Göksun, Kömürhan and Guleman ophiolites suggests that the İspendere ophiolite represents part of a single regional-scale sheet of oceanic lithosphere that was accreted to the base of Tauride active continental margin where it was cut by arc-type magmatic rocks.
Multiactor Governance and the Environment
Authors: Newell Peter , Pattberg Philipp , Schroeder Heike
Published: October 2012

This review critically assesses a large and growing literature on multiactor environmental governance. The first section provides an historical and conceptual background to the observed increase in such arrangements. The second section describes the diversity of governance arrangements and the related actor constellations to address environmental issues, and the third section offers some explanations for the origins, form, and effectiveness of multiactor governance arrangements. The conclusion reflects on some of the key challenges in advancing and deepening research in this area and suggests some fruitful avenues for future work.
Hypersensitivity of lung vagal C fibers induced by acute intermittent hypoxia in rats: role of reactive oxygen species and TRPA1
Authors: Shen Mei-Ya , Luo Ya-Ling , Yang Chung-Huan , Ruan Ting , Lai Ching Jung
Published: October 2012

Obstructive sleep apnea, manifested by intermittent hypoxia and excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in airways, is associated with hyperreactive airway diseases, but the mechanism remains unclear. Sensitization of lung vagal C fibers (LVCFs) contributes to the airway hypersensitivity. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the sensitization of LVCFs with acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH), by 10 episodes of exposure to 30 s of hypoxic air (0%, 5%, or 10% O2) followed by 30 s of room air in anesthetized, open-chest, and artificially ventilated rats. Reflex apneic response to intravenous capsaicin (an LVCF stimulant), as measured by phrenic nerve activity, was concentration dependently augmented by AIH. Similarly, reflex apneic response to intravenous α,β-methylene-ATP (another LVCF stimulant) was augmented by AIH (0% O2). The reflex apnea evoked by these two stimulants was abolished by bilateral vagotomy, which suggests the involvement of lung vagal afferents. The AIH-augmented apneic response to these two stimulants was prevented by pretreatment with dimethylthiourea (a hydroxyl radical scavenger), N-acetyl-l-cysteine (an antioxidant) and HC-030031 [a transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) receptor antagonist]. Consistently, electrophysiological study revealed the afferent responses of LVCFs to capsaicin or α,β-methylene-ATP were augmented by AIH, and this sensitization of LVCFs was prevented by dimethylthiourea, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, and HC-030031. In contrast, AIH did not alter the afferent response of LVCFs to mechanical stimulation by lung hyperinflation. We concluded that AIH sensitizes LVCFs in rats, thus resulting in exaggerated airway reflexogenic responses to chemical stimulants, possibly by ROS action and activation of TRPA1 receptors.
Microvascular filtration is increased in the forearms of patients with breast cancer–related lymphedema
Authors: Jensen Mads Radmer , Simonsen Lene , Karlsmark Tonny , Bülow Jens
Published: November 2012

Breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL) is a frequent and debilitating complication of breast cancer treatment. The pathophysiology is complex and remains poorly understood; however, data suggest that changes in the peripheral circulation may contribute to edema formation. In 13 volunteers with unilateral BCRL, the following aspects of upper extremity peripheral circulation were examined: muscle relative microvascular volume; capillary filtration coefficient; central and local sympathetic vascular reflexes; skin blood flow; and forearm blood flow. These were studied via real-time, contrast-enhanced ultrasound; venous occlusion strain-gauge plethysmography; lower-body negative pressure; noninvasive blood pressure measurements; and skin 99mTc-pertechnetate clearance technique. Measurements were performed bilaterally and simultaneously in the forearms, enabling use of the nonedematous forearm as a control. Capillary filtration coefficients were additionally measured in healthy, age-matched controls. The capillary filtration coefficient was 7.98 ± 2.52 μl·100 ml−1·mmHg−1·min−1 (mean ± SD) in edematous forearms and 6.09 ± 1.83 μl·100ml·−1·mmHg−1·min−1 in nonedematous forearms in the patient group ( P < 0.001). The capillary filtration coefficient was 3.32 ± 1.17 μl·100ml−1·mmHg−1·min−1 in the forearms of healthy controls; significantly less than the both the edematous and nonedematous forearms of the patient group ( P < 0.001). No significant differences were found in muscle relative microvascular volume, forearm blood flow, skin blood flow, or central or local sympathetic vascular reflexes. Forearm microvascular filtration is increased in patients with BCRL, and more so in the edematous arm. The vascular sympathetic control mechanisms seem to be preserved. We propose that the increased capillary permeability may be due to low-grade inflammation promoted by reduced clearance of inflammatory mediators.
Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Patients Undergoing Total Joint Replacement Surgery
Authors: Simpson Melissa , Sanfelippo Michael J. , Onitilo Adedayo A. , Burmester James K. , Hocking William , Yale Steven H. , Mazza Joseph J.
Published: October 2012

Background. Patients undergoing joint replacement remain at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to other types of surgery, regardless of thromboprophylactic regimen. The pathophysiologic processes rendering this group of patients at risk for VTE are multifactorial. Procedure-specific and patient-specific exposures play a role in the postoperative development of VTE, including the development of anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL).
Methods. We measured three aPL (anti-cardiolipin, anti-β2 glycoprotein, and lupus anticoagulant) in 123 subjects undergoing total knee or hip arthroplasty to describe the presence of these antibodies preoperatively and to describe the rate of postoperative seroconversion among those people who were negative preoperatively. Postoperative antibodies were measured at day 7, 14, and 21. Results. The prevalence of aPL antibodies in the preoperative period was 44%, positive subjects were more likely to be smokers (P=0.05) and were less likely to have undergone a previous arthroplasty procedure (P=0.002). Subjects seroconverted in a 21 day postoperative period at a rate of 79%. Conclusions. These pilot data suggest that the prevalence of aPL in this population both preoperatively and postoperatively is higher than previously expected. Further studies are needed to describe aPL in a larger population and to establish their clinical significance in populations undergoing joint replacement surgeries.