bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome profiling of primary murine monocytes, lung macrophages and lung dendritic cells reveals a distinct expression of genes involved in cell trafficking
Authors: Zasłona Zbigniew , Wilhelm Jochen , Cakarova Lidija , Marsh Leigh M , Seeger Werner , Lohmeyer Jürgen , von Wulffen Werner
Published: January 2009

Background

Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMo) originate from the bone marrow, circulate in the blood and emigrate into various organs where they differentiate into tissue resident cellular phenotypes of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including macrophages (Mϕ) and dendritic cells (DC). Like in other organs, this emigration and differentiation process is essential to replenish the mononuclear phagocyte pool in the lung under both inflammatory and non-inflammatory steady-state conditions. While many studies have addressed inflammation-driven monocyte trafficking to the lung, the emigration and pulmonary differentiation of PBMo under non-inflammatory conditions is much less understood.

Methods

In order to assess the transcriptional profile of circulating and lung resident mononuclear phagocyte phenotypes, PBMo, lung Mϕ and lung DC from naïve mice were flow-sorted to high purity, and their gene expression was compared by DNA microarrays on a genome-wide scale. Differential regulation of selected genes was validated by quantitative PCR and on protein level by flow cytometry.

Results

Differentially-expressed genes related to cell traffic were selected and grouped into the clusters (i) matrix metallopeptidases, (ii) chemokines/chemokine receptors, and (iii) integrins. Expression profiles of clustered genes were further assessed at the mRNA and protein levels in subsets of circulating PBMo (GR1- vs GR1+) and lung resident macrophages (alveolar vs interstitial Mϕ). Our data identify differentially activated genetic programs in circulating monocytes and their lung descendents. Lung DC activate an extremely diverse set of gene families but largely preserve a mobile cell profile with high expression levels of integrin and chemokine/chemokine receptors. In contrast, interstitial and even more pronounced alveolar Mϕ, stepwise downregulate gene expression of these traffic relevant communication molecules, but strongly upregulate a distinct set of matrix metallopetidases potentially involved in tissue invasion and remodeling.

Conclusion

Our data provide new insight in the changes of the genetic profiles of PBMo and their lung descendents, namely DC and Mϕ under non-inflammatory, steady-state conditions. These findings will help to better understand the complex relations within the mononuclear phagocyte pool of the lung.
Application of microbiological assay to determine pharmaceutical equivalence of generic intravenous antibiotics
Authors: Zuluaga Andres F , Agudelo Maria , Rodriguez Carlos A , Vesga Omar
Published: January 2009

Background

Demonstration of equivalent amounts of the same active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) between generic and innovator products (pharmaceutical equivalence) is a basic requirement of regulatory agencies for intravenous generic drugs prior to clinical use, and constitutes the pivotal point to assume therapeutic equivalence. Physicochemical methods are preferred instead of biological assays to determine concentration of drugs in biological fluids, but it does not permit direct quantification of potency. Here, we report a microbiological assay using large plates designed to determine potency and concentration of pharmaceutical-grade antibiotics for injection and a statistical method to assess the in vitro equivalence of generic products with respect to the innovator.

Methods

The assay is based on the concentration-dependent variation of the inhibitory effect of antibiotics on reference bacteria (B. subtilis ATCC 6633, S. aureus ATCC 6538p and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228) in a seeded agar (Difco™ Antibiotic Media), producing a concentration-response linear relationship with two parameters: y-intercept (concentration) and slope (potency). We compared the parameters of 22 generic products (amikacin 4, gentamicin 15, and vancomycin 3 products) against the innovator and the reference powder by Overall Test for Coincidence of the Regression Lines (Graphpad Prism 5.0).

Results

The validation method yielded excellent results for linearity (r2 ≥ 0.98), precision (intra-assay variation ≤ 11%; inter-assay variation ≤ 10%), accuracy, and specificity tests according to international pharmacopoeial requirements. Except for one generic of vancomycin that had 25% more API (P
y-intercept
= 0.001), the pharmaceutical equivalence was demonstrated in 21 generics with undistinguishable slopes and intercepts (P > 0.66). Potency estimates were 99.8 to 100.5, 99.7 to 100.2 and 98.5 to 99.9% for generic products of amikacin, gentamicin and vancomycin, respectively.

Conclusion

The proposed method allows rapid, cost-saving, precise, and accurate determination of pharmaceutical equivalence of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage-form, and may be used as a technique for testing generic antibiotics prior to their approval for human use.
Swedish traveller with Plasmodium knowlesi malaria after visiting Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Bronner Ulf , Divis Paul CS , Färnert Anna , Singh Balbir
Published: January 2009

Plasmodium knowlesi is typically found in nature in macaques and has recently been recognized as the fifth species of Plasmodium causing malaria in human populations in south-east Asia. A case of knowlesi malaria is described in a Swedish man, who became ill after returning from a short visit to Malaysian Borneo in October 2006. His P. knowlesi infection was not detected using a rapid diagnostic test for malaria, but was confirmed by PCR and molecular characterization. He responded rapidly to treatment with mefloquine. Evaluation of rapid diagnostic kits with further samples from knowlesi malaria patients are necessary, since early identification and appropriate anti-malarial treatment of suspected cases are essential due to the rapid growth and potentially life-threatening nature of P. knowlesi. Physicians should be aware that knowlesi infection is an important differential diagnosis in febrile travellers, with a recent travel history to forested areas in south-east Asia, including short-term travellers who tested negative with rapid diagnostic tests.
Distorted Reflection
Authors: Briggs Rachael
Published: January 2009

Diachronic Dutch book arguments seem to support both conditionalization and Bas van Fraassen's Reflection principle. But the Reflection principle is vulnerable to numerous counterexamples. This essay addresses two questions: first, under what circumstances should an agent obey Reflection, and second, should the counterexamples to Reflection make us doubt the Dutch book for conditionalization?

In response to the first question, this essay formulates a new “Qualified Reflection” principle, which states that an agent should obey Reflection only if he or she is certain that he or she will conditionalize on veridical evidence in the future. Qualified Reflection follows from the probability calculus together with a few idealizing assumptions. The essay then formulates a “Distorted Reflection” principle that approximates Reflection even in cases where the agent is not quite certain that he or she will conditionalize on veridical evidence.

In response to the second question, the essay argues that contrary to a common misconception, not all Dutch books dramatize incoherence—some dramatize a less blameworthy sort of epistemic frailty that the essay calls “self-doubt.” The distinction between Dutch books that dramatize incoherence and those that dramatize self-doubt cross-cuts the distinction between synchronic and diachronic Dutch books. The essay explains why the Dutch book for conditionalization reveals true incoherence, whereas the Dutch book for Reflection reveals only self-doubt.
Revisiting the cellular mechanisms of strong luminal alkalinization in the anterior midgut of larval mosquitoes
Authors: Onken Horst , Moffett David F.
Published: January 2009

Here we critically review two recent hypotheses about the mechanism of strong alkalinization by the anterior midgut of mosquito larvae and our tests of these hypotheses. We present experimental evidence against the major components of transport models proposed in these hypotheses. Measurements of the transapical and transbasal proton electrochemical gradients provide an indication of driving forces faced by and generated by the transport mechanisms of the tissue. These measurements confirmed that basal V-ATPase energizes alkalinization. Serotonin stimulates the V-ATPase, as indicated by the ensuing increase in proton-motive force across the basal membrane. Moreover, the neurohormone resulted in a surprisingly large increase in the intracellular pH. The results of inhibitor studies indicate that, contrary to previous proposals, carbonic anhydrase is apparently not involved in supplying acid–base equivalents to the respective transporters. Furthermore, any apical processes proposed to be involved in alkali secretion or acid absorption must be Cl– independent and insensitive to DIDS,amiloride, Zn2+ and ouabain. These results argue against the involvement of putative apical Cl–/HCO –3 exchangers, apical H+ channels,apical cation/proton exchangers and the importance of the apical Na+/K+ pump. The studies analyzed here thus provide both a limitation and direction for further studies of the mechanism of strong alkalinization in this system.
Metabolic rate controls respiratory pattern in insects
Authors: Contreras H. L. , Bradley T. J.
Published: January 2009

The majority of scientific papers on the subject of respiratory patterns in insects have dealt with the discontinuous gas-exchange cycle (DGC). The DGC is characterized by the release of bursts of CO2 from the insect,followed by extended periods of spiracular closure. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the evolutionary origin and physiological function of this unusual respiratory pattern. We expand upon one of these (the oxidative damage hypothesis) to explain not only the occurrence of the DGC but also the mechanistic basis for the transition to two other well-characterized respiratory patterns: the cyclic pattern and the continuous pattern. We propose that the specific pattern employed by the insect at any given time is a function of the amount of oxygen contained in the insect at the time of spiracular closure and the aerobic metabolic rate of the insect. Examples of each type of pattern are shown using the insect Rhodnius prolixus. In addition, contrary to the expectations deriving from the hygric hypothesis, it is demonstrated that the DGC does not cease in Rhodnius in humid air.
NHEVNAT: an H+ V-ATPase electrically coupled to a Na+:nutrient amino acid transporter (NAT) forms an Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)
Authors: Harvey William R. , Boudko Dmitri Y. , Rheault Mark R. , Okech Bernard A.
Published: January 2009

Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and other metabolic pathways of living organisms generate potentially toxic acids within all cells. One ubiquitous mechanism for ridding cells of the acids is to expel H+ in exchange for extracellular Na+, mediated by electroneutral transporters called Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) that are driven by Na+ concentration gradients. The exchange must be important because the human genome contains 10 NHEs along with two Na+/H+antiporters (NHAs). By contrast, the genomes of two principal disease vector mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, contain only three NHEs along with the two NHAs. This shortfall may be explained by the presence of seven nutrient amino acid transporters (NATs) in the mosquito genomes. NATs transport Na+ stoichiometrically linked to an amino acid into the cells by a process called symport or co-transport. Three of the mosquito NATs and two caterpillar NATs have previously been investigated after heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and were found to be voltage driven (electrophoretic). Moreover, the NATs are present in the same membrane as the H+ V-ATPase, which generates membrane potentials as high as 120 mV. We review evidence that the H+V-ATPase moves H+ out of the cells and the resulting membrane potential (Vm) drives Na+ linked to an amino acid into the cells via a NAT. The H+ efflux by the V-ATPase and Na+ influx by the NAT comprise the same ion exchange as that mediated by an NHE; so the V and NAT working together constitute an NHE that we call NHEVNAT. As the H+ V-ATPase is widely distributed in mosquito epithelial cells and there are seven NATs in the mosquito genomes, there are potentially seven NHEVNATs that could replace the missing NHEs. We review published evidence in support of this hypothesis and speculate about broader functions of NHEVNATs.
Workforce Modernisation in the Police Service
Authors: Loveday Barry
Published: January 2009

This article considers the application and potential impact of workforce modernisation in England and Wales. It highlights some problems surrounding current police hierarchies and specialisation particularly in relation to the decline in visible policing. It suggests that bureaucratic growth within police forces can be matched to a decline in effective command and control of police services. Lengthened chains of command and narrower spans of control have, within larger police forces, diluted the supervisory capacity and effectiveness of police managers. It is argued that this feature reinforces the need for smaller, more manageable units of policing. The article thereafter highlights a central theme identified within HMIC's 2004 Thematic Report on Modernising the Police Service. This is the creation of a career pathway for all police personnel and, long term, the ability to move between warranted and non-warranted police posts. It recognises the positive position taken by ACPO in relation to modernisation. It also draws on data collected from one workforce modernisation pilot site, Bexley Operational Command Unit (OCU), particularly in relation to the successful use of police staff ‘Investigative Support Officers' in processing low-level cases. Evidence from the Bexley site indicates that workforce modernisation strategy provides the opportunity to improve both overall police effectiveness and the relationship between police and community.
The Role of Emotions and Transformational Leadership on Police Culture: An Autoethnographic Account
Authors: Murphy Steven A.
Published: January 2009

This paper explores the potential of leaders whose vision can capture the minds and hearts of followers on the culture of a large metropolitan police organisation. The paper is based upon an autoethnographic account, and is infused with the author's own emotional reactions to being immersed in the business of metropolitan policing, with all of its associated challenges and opportunities. Police officers were found to connect emotionally with transformational leaders. Transformational leaders were found to be able to challenge dominant paradigms until such leaders invoked the emotions of fear and insecurity in upper management.
Drug Profiling in Louisiana: Ten Years Later
Authors: Bowling Terri L. , Ruiz Jim , Staub Megan
Published: January 2009

Racial profiling continues to be a hotbed of controversy for both law enforcement officers and citizens, particularly in Louisiana. Based on a study conducted by Ruiz and Woessner (2006) regarding the prevalence of racial and demographic profiling along Louisiana's I-10 corridor, these authors propose to compare Ruiz and Woessner's original results with Troop I arrest statistics over the last 10 years. The predicted outcome suggests that there will be no significant differences in arrest data covering the past 10 years, along the I-10 corridor in Louisiana, when compared with data analysed by Ruiz and Woessner.
Early Intervention to Reduce Complaints: An Australian Victoria Police Initiative
Authors: Macintyre Stuart , Prenzler Tim , Chapman Jackie
Published: January 2009

’Complaints profiling’, ‘early warning’ or ‘early intervention’ systems are currently seen as vital mechanisms for reducing police misconduct and improving police–community relations. This paper reports on the introduction of an early intervention system for police in the State of Victoria, Australia. The findings support the contention that such systems have a demonstrable utility in reducing complaints. A sample of 44 individuals profiled showed that interventions resulted in a 71.07 per cent reduction in complaints, from an expected 121 down to 35 over a two-year period. Additionally, the study showed that the financial cost-benefit effects were very positive, with reduced complaints resulting in an estimated saving of AU$3.2 million over the two years. A study of a sample of nine locations showed a 58.6 per cent reduction in complaints, from a projected number of 60.6 down to 25 over a one-year period, with an estimated saving of AU$1.4 million. The paper also describes the types of interventions used and a number of issues that arise from complaints profiling.
Self-Knowledge and Self-Understanding
Authors: Cavell Marcia
Published: January 2009

The author contrasts the third-person or objective view of the self with the first-person view, and proposes that self-discovery often requires a dialogue between the first-person and third-person viewpoints. She reviews Descartes’ articulation of the ocular model and discusses related contributions and comments by Hume, Moore, and Wittgenstein. Knowledge of one’s own feelings is also addressed, with reference to the work of S. Cavell, Moran, Altieri, and Sartre. Literary illustrations are presented from two novels, by Austen and Flaubert, and Freud’s formulation of the concept of the ego is discussed in the light of these themes.
Bodies, Selves
Authors: Velleman J. David
Published: January 2009

Participants in online “virtual worlds” such as Second Life create alternative selves compounded of real minds and fictional bodies; as these alternative selves, they perform fictional actions. This process can be compared to the psychoanalytic transference, in which the analysand and analyst perform fictional actions as alternative selves. In arguing for these claims, the author develops a theory of human agency as a process of “animating one’s body.” He draws on the work of computer scientists who design “believable agents,” which in turn draws on the experience of cinematic animators. The paper concludes that the fictional actions of the transference are instances of real agency.
Knowledge and Belief: Psychoanalytic Evidence in Support of a Radical Epistemic View
Authors: Brakel Linda A. W.
Published: January 2009

Psychoanalytic data are used to support a radical view in philosophy—that knowledge, not belief, is the central epistemologic entity, with knowledge prior to and necessary for belief, not vice versa. The psychoanalytic data come from two very different sources: clinical material and experimental research on unconscious (subliminal) processes, both demonstrating evidence for unconscious knowledge without belief. The article, a thoroughly interdisciplinary endeavor, also supplies examples of other types of knowledge (conscious and unconscious) without belief, lending further and convergent evidential weight in favor of the knowledge-first position.
The Hidden Image: A Defense of Unconscious Imagining and Its Importance
Authors: Church Jennifer
Published: January 2009

The attribution of unconscious imagining can seem objectionable for a variety of reasons: because unconscious images suggest inner representations where there are only conditioned habits, because images by their very nature must be conscious, or because the relevant images should be viewed as societal rather than individual. This paper responds to these objections by attending to the details of some specific cases, and it uses these cases as the basis for a more general account of what unconscious imagining involves. By clarifying the relation between unconscious imagining and unconscious believing, on the one hand, and between unconscious imagining and conscious imagining, on the other, it is possible to see how unconscious imagining plays an important and distinctive role in guiding our actions and our perceptions.
Knowing Beliefs, Seeking Causes
Authors: Lawlor Krista
Published: January 2009

Knowing what one believes sometimes takes effort: it sometimes involves seeking to know one’s beliefs as causes. And when one gains self-knowledge of one’s belief this way—that is, through causal self-interpretation —one engages in a characteristically human kind of psychological liberation. By investigating the nature of causal self-interpretation, the author discovers some surprising features of this liberty. In doing so, she counters a trend in recent philosophical theories: that of discounting the value of self-knowledge in projects of human liberation.
The Last Page
Authors: Mills Nicolaus
Published: January 2009

The publication in the October 6, 2008, New Yorker of a selection of the more than fifty thousand Norman Mailer letters that have been archived reminds us of what a vacuum he left when he died in November 2007 at the age of eighty-four. As Philip Roth and Christopher Hitchens remind us, we have no shortage of literary bad boys these days. But Mailer was a special kind of bad boy—generous, self-mocking, and always on the lookout for the joyous in a situation.
The Specter of Russian Nationalism
Authors: Khachaturian Rafael
Published: January 2009

When he was named acting president of Russia on December 31, 1999, Vladimir Putin inherited a country still reeling from the Soviet Union's breakup: economic woes caused by the rapid privatization of state assets and the August 1998 financial crisis, ethnic unrest and war in Chechnya, and Russia's demotion from superpower status. Over the next seven years, the Putin government introduced a series of national reforms aimed at making Russia once again a major player on the world stage. Dmitry Medvedev's election as the new president means that his term will be a continuation of the policies set in place by his predecessor and mentor, who stays on as prime minister and seems literally prime—"first in rank, authority, or significance," as the Oxford English Dictionary says.
The Death of "Shorty"
Authors: Katz Michael B.
Published: January 2009

At 1:27 a.m. on the morning of August 4, 2005, Herbert Manes stabbed Robert Monroe—known as "Shorty"—to death on the 1400 block of West Oakland Street in North Philadelphia. No newspaper reported the incident. Arrested and charged with homicide, Manes spent the next ten months incarcerated until his trial, which ended on June 8, 2006. After deliberating less than ninety minutes, the jury concluded that he had acted in self-defense and found him not guilty on all charges. I served as juror number 3.
Turkey's Constitutional Zigzags
Authors: Benhabib Seyla
Published: January 2009

Turkey is unique among contemporary Muslim societies. Modern Turkey emerged as a nation-state after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924 and has been a republic since 1923. Discarding the theological trappings of the Ottoman state, where the sultan was also the caliph, Turkey opted for the privatization of the Muslim faith, along the lines of liberalism and republican secularism ( laiklik ). The revolutionary ideology of the founders of the modern Turkish republic, Kemalism, was also a dirigiste ideology, granting the state a great deal of control over religious affairs and, for that matter, over the economy and civil society. Religion became a matter of private faith, and the state removed the theological vocabulary from its own proceedings, all the while acknowledging that Islam was the official religion of this society. The Turkish model of laïcité is unique in that the state continues to direct religious affairs: the thousands of Muslim clerics who serve in mosques are educated in state-sponsored institutions of higher learning. In the last three decades, however, this peculiar Turkish model has become destabilized, and the sociological firewalls that the Turkish republic tried to erect between state and religion have turned out not to be as thick as the Kemalist revolutionaries imagined.
The Other George: Lichtheim on Imperialism
Authors: Cohen Mitchell
Published: January 2009

George Lichtheim is missing. You may not have noticed, especially if you don't peruse political journals from the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s (or didn't read them back then). You may have noticed if the history of the left matters to you. If you don't know his work and the future of the left is of concern to you, you should miss him too.
Editor's Page
Authors: Cohen Mitchell
Published: January 2009

Another America spoke up this past fall. Barack Obama's victory over the Reagan Revolution's latest surrogates opens new possibilities. It is a moment for hope, but not for messianic expectations. "Lead us into the Promised Land," someone cried out a century ago at a rally for Eugene V. Debs, Socialist candidate for president. He replied that he wouldn't if he could because then "someone else could lead you out." We need robust reform today. It won't be easy. The United States is in difficult straits after a quarter-century of Ayn Rand fictions taken for reality. Obama won thanks to a fresh coalition of liberals and the famously fluid "center." Spurred on by the financial crisis, it overcame racism. That is something to savor. The new administration must now hold its coalition together, extract us from Bush's mess, and tug toward a more attractive America.
Latin America: Captive to Commodities
Authors: Colburn Forrest D.
Published: January 2009

The countries of Latin America remain highly susceptible to international political and economic trends. Since 2002, the region has prospered: growth has been close to 6 percent per year—the highest since the 1970s, and far above the lackluster, long-run average of 3 percent. This growth spurt is traced in large part to a bonanza: high international prices for commodities. But credit must also be given to governors who have pursued sober macroeconomic policies. To date the region has navigated the shoals of the concomitant weakening of its most important trading partner—the United States—and the mess in the international credit market. Still, the boom from robust commodities prices, in everything from oil to copper to soybeans, raises unsettling questions.
Yes, Ms. President?
Authors: Walzer Judith B.
Published: January 2009

Last year, during the battle for the Democratic Party nomination, the rivals tried to keep both race and gender out of the campaign. After the conventions, with the entrance of Republican vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin into the mix, the conversation was bound to change. At this writing in early fall, we couldn't know how American voters would feel about an African American president, but we had a little more information about their response to a woman candidate for the executive branch. Palin touched a chord across the country. She's a "hockey Mom," a pit bull with lipstick, a "regular gal," and a woman with a family scene familiar to many Americans. A lot of voters identified with her: her political brashness and success, her right-wing views, and her domestic story. But how do Americans feel about a woman in the top job? Barack Obama's contest with Hillary Clinton was a battle for the presidential nomination in one party, and the more liberal one at that. And even in that party there was plenty of anti-feminism during the primary contest. Maybe Americans can only make an exception for a female candidate who stands on the reactionary edge of our politics. But we still may not know what America thinks about a woman as president.
The Economic Collapse
Authors: Levinson Mark
Published: January 2009

In the fall of 2008, a little more than a year after the Bank for International Settlements (a Switzerland-based organization that fosters cooperation between central banks) warned that "years of loose monetary policy have fuelled a giant credit bubble, leaving us vulnerable to another 1930s slump," the combustive concoction of free market fundamentalism, corporate-dominated globalization, stagnant wages, growing inequality, greed, excessive leverage, and financial innovations such as securitization finally exploded.
Naked Strong Evaluation
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: January 2009

Religious faith today is one option among others. Many people—call them secularists—live without any transcendent source of value. Some, but not all, are militant atheists. A millennium ago, this would have been unimaginable. Everyone believed in God and oriented their lives in reference to that belief. Charles Taylor's A Secular Age offers an invaluable map of how the modern religious-secular divide came into being. He concludes that modern Western secularism has its roots in Christian theology and that secularism and Christianity reveal a common ancestry in their shared commitment to human rights—a commitment that does not follow from atheism as such.
Beyond Party Politics: The New President and the Growth of Executive Power
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: January 2009

Even a president intent on redemocratizing our state will find it to be hard work. The growing power of the executive is a deeper problem than the combination of national security threats and abuses of power can explain. It is a process that began in the 1980s and goes beyond party politics—it is part of the structural evolution of the liberal state. The big question is how a president intent on redemocratizing our state will use today's greater power of the executive.
Unheralded Battle: Capitalism, the Left, Social Democracy, and Democratic Socialism
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: January 2009

The current financial and economic crisis has once again placed the dangers of capitalism at the forefront of our collective consciousness. The left, which until relatively recently had seemed adrift across much of the Western world, lacking in coherent and convincing responses to globalization and neoliberalism, appears once again poised for a comeback, as citizens yearn for stability and security in difficult times. That the left's fortunes should ebb and flow with capitalism's is nothing new. Indeed, capitalism is both the reason for and the bane of the modern left; the left's origins and fate have always been inextricably intertwined with capitalism's. There is much, therefore, that the left can learn from its past about how to approach the problems of the present.
The Ambivalence Artist
Authors: Marcus David
Published: January 2009

J.M. Coetzee made an early career out of ambivalence. Restrained and impersonal, he mined the caverns of despair from the safe distance of allegory and literary appropriation. Life and Times of Michael K , his 1983 Booker Prize winner, tracked the itinerant life of a slow-witted gardener in the sparse prose of Kafka. Foe, a work of revisionist and feminist genius, challenged the rugged masculinity of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe by inhabiting the voice of an imagined female companion. Master of Petersburg occupied not only the melancholic timbre of a Dostoevsky novel—it was, after all, about the great master—but also the stilted Victorian English of a Constance Garnett translation.
China: A Threat to or Threatened by Democracy?
Authors: Friedman Edward
Published: January 2009

How can one know whether China will or will not democratize? In general, as Karl Popper showed in The Poverty of Historicism , political futures in even the middle distance are unknowable because of the inherently uncertain and contingent dynamics of politics. Therefore, an analyst should focus on the multiple factors that make different futures more or less likely.
What Is "The Good Society"?
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: January 2009

Preliminary Dialogue: The co-editor of Dissent argues with a philosophical friend to determine the truth (or a truth) of the matter. MW : The definite article is wrong. How could there be one good society, given the immense variety of human cultures?
The "Told You So" Moment
Authors: Tucker Todd
Published: January 2009

This October, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank meetings came to Washington, and, as they do every year, an impassioned bunch of activists mounted protests, decrying the neoliberal agenda that has deregulated markets, pitted worker against worker, and devastated local communities and the environment. The difference this time around was that, in the wake of the most significant financial meltdown of our times, the bankers were echoing the protestors' calls for re-regulation.
Terrorism and the Constitution: Looking at the German Case
Authors: Poscher Ralf
Published: January 2009

The U.S. Supreme Court reacted slowly to the constitutional questions raised by post–September 11, 2001, antiterror strategies. Many questions of constitutional law are still unanswered. There have been no rulings on the "special treatment" of detainees in the fight against terrorism. The court did not take the Masri case—of a German citizen abducted by the CIA and tortured in Afghanistan—or, so far, any other rendition case. There have been no decisions on wiretapping issues or other surveillance questions. When the Court issued its latest ruling on the Guantánamo detainees, in favor of habeas corpus rights, it revealed a deep internal cleavage. In one of the minority opinions, the justices supporting the ruling were accused of contributing to the killing of Americans. The ferocity of the conflict within the Court reveals a strong anxiety about the effects constitutional rights could have on the effectiveness of antiterror measures. On this view, the best way for constitutional courts to deal with anti-terror measures is to look the other way.
Hybrid Unionism: Dead End or Fertile Future?
Authors: Benson Herman
Published: January 2009

Some years ago, when it became obvious that the labor movement was in trouble, when membership figures were dropping, academics came up with novel ideas to provide some measure of protection for unorganized workers. Only one suggestion was rooted in unionism as we know it. That was the idea first advanced by Clyde Summers, popularized by Alan Hyde and others, and most recently revived at book length by Charles Morris in The Blue Eagle at Work .
The Philippines
Authors: Karnow Stanley
Published: January 2009

However much their methods differed, the British, Dutch, and French intended to cling to their colonies forever. But, from its start in 1898, the United States meant to limit its control of the Philippines—and, to that degree, the American-Filipino experience was unusual in the annals of imperialism.
India
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev
Published: January 2009

Scholarly writing explains British withdrawal from India in terms of a crisis of the colonial state precipitated by Britain's expansive involvement in the Second World War and the sustained anticolonial struggle of Indians led by leaders such as Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. This is not a complete explanation, but at least it nudges us in the right direction.
Korea
Authors: Smoler Fred
Published: January 2009

Any close analogy between "getting out" of Korea and American withdrawal from Vietnam, French withdrawal from Algeria, or British withdrawal from India necessarily fails, because in the sense implied by those cases, the United States has not gotten out of Korea.
Algeria
Authors: Shepard Todd
Published: January 2009

In March 1962, in the eighth year of the Algerian War, the French government signed off on the Evian Accords, which established a ceasefire as well as a process that led to the July 5 proclamation in Algiers of independence—one hundred and thirty-two years to the day after the Ottoman ruler of that city had surrendered to French invaders. Few people were surprised—the only surprising thing was that ending the French occupation took so long. The end was, after all, inevitable, or so it can seem in retrospect. But the war was long, and its violence was shocking to contemporaries both in its forms—the French Armed Forces' systematic use of torture on suspected nationalists and the embrace of terrorism by the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)—and its effects: the dead numbered some 17,000 French soldiers, about 3,500 French civilians, and (according to current estimates) between 250,000 and 578,000 Algerians, the vast majority of whom were noncombatants.
Vietnam
Authors: FitzGerald Frances
Published: January 2009

In the wake of the Tet offensive, on March 31, 1968, President Lyndon Johnson announced a partial halt to the bombing of North Vietnam, initiated peace talks with Hanoi, and declared he would not run for a second term. In that election year, Richard Nixon called for "peace with honor" and defeated Vice President Hubert Humphrey, who could not attack Johnson for waging what had become a hugely unpopular war. Many Americans assumed that peace would come in short order. But, though the peace talks had begun, fighting in Vietnam continued for another seven years. In those years, Nixon gradually withdrew American troops from Vietnam but expanded the war to Cambodia and Laos, and with extensive bombing campaigns wreaked more destruction on the Indochinese than had been visited upon them in all the preceding years of war. More than twenty thousand American troops died, and upheavals in the United States tore the country apart, creating divisions that remain with us today.
The American Colonies
Authors: Weintraub Stanley
Published: January 2009

How does one recognize the looming inevitable? In the 1760s, the British, having defeated the French in America and
expanded George III’s overseas empire, saw only profit and prestige ahead. A New England cleric, the Reverend
Samuel Cooper, told his congregation that the colonists were indebted “not only for their present Security and
Happiness, but, perhaps for their very Being, to the paternal Care of the Monarch.” The legitimacy of royal rule was
little questioned. In that future seedbed of sedition, Boston, Thomas Foxcroft declared, “Above all, we owe our
humble Thanks to his Majesty and with loyal Hearts full of joyous Gratitude, we bless the King, for his Paternal
Goodness in sending such effectual Aids to his American Subjects. . . when we needed the Royal Protection.”
Ces voix au fil de soi(e): le détour du poétique
Authors: Lionnet Françoise
Published: January 2009

Entre sa thèse de doctorat et le livre qui en est sorti, Ces voix qui m’assiègent , Djebar esquisse un espace où politique et esthétique ne s’annulent pas. Son dernier roman le confirme : voix, corps et mouvement constituent un nœud poétique qui permet une confrontation avec la mort.
“Silence on Silk,” or Writing in Flight
Authors: Djebar Assia
Published: January 2009

In the epilogue to her most recent book, Nulle part dans la maison de mon père , published in English translation here for the first time, Assia Djebar reflects upon the stakes of her latest autobiographical narrative and upon her constant movement between silence and confession. (Translated by Farida Abu-Haidar).
Introjection and Incorporation in Assia Djebar’s La Femme sans sépulture
Authors: Donadey Anne
Published: January 2009

The psychoanalytic framework of incorporation and introjection is used to account for some of the most uncanny aspects of La Femme sans sépulture . This article explores different ways in which the narrative constantly hovers between incorporation and introjection.
Woman, Postcoloniality, Otherness: Djebar’s Discourses of Histoire and Algérianité
Authors: Murdoch H. Adlai
Published: January 2009

Collective identity and belonging represent key ways in which traditional patterns of Arabization and Islamization are questioned in Djebar’s work. Her broad vision of past and present creates an enabling framework that allows for the inscription of the postcolonial female Algerian subject through a critical re-visioning of positionality and place.
La Querelle des discours: Techniques formelles de la réécriture de l’histoire dans L’Amour, la fantasia
Authors: Thiel Veronika
Published: January 2009

Dans le roman L’Amour, la fantasia , le projet d’inscrire la perspective occultée de la population algérienne colonisée dans le discours historiographique se réalise à travers une véritable réécriture de textes historiques. Le présent article propose d’étudier certaines techniques narratives et formelles de ce travail de réécriture.
Introduction
Authors: Donadey Anne
Published: January 2009

Assia Djebar nous ouvre des horizons littéraires toujours nouveaux, revenant à des questions centrales – le rôle des femmes, la violence du colonialisme et de la postindépendance, et la nécessité et difficulté de l’écriture. Son roman L’Amour, la fantasia fonctionne comme un texte charnière pour la compréhension de toute l’œuvre.
Itineraries of Desire and the Excesses of Home: Assia Djebar’s Cohabitation with “la langue adverse”
Authors: Siassi Guilan
Published: January 2009

This article considers Djebar’s L’Amour, la fantasia as a springboard for an inquiry into the eros of autobiographical writing and the libidinal economy of home. The author argues that the politics of this work must be understood in light of Djebar’s narrative reconfiguration of home as a structure of desire.
Une visite dans l’atelier itinérant d’Assia Djebar
Authors: Chikhi Beïda
Published: January 2009

Au delà des préoccupations éthiques, historiques, et politiques perceptibles à l’abord de ses livres, c’est dans son atelier d’écriture qu’Assia Djebar veut nous introduire, quelle que soit l’œuvre qui en elle s’écrit. Dans cet atelier itinérant entre plusieurs continents et plusieurs villes l’intransigeance et la vigueur conditionnent l’aboutissement artistique.
La Réédition de Femmes d’Alger dans leur appartement
Authors: Bourget Carine
Published: January 2009

Une analyse de la nouvelle ajoutée et des changements apportés au paratexte dans la réédition de Femmes d’Alger dans leur appartement montre que la disparition de la servante renforce les limites de Djebar, déjà perceptibles dans son analyse des tableaux de Picasso et de Delacroix dans la postface.
Écrire de main morte ou l’art de la césure chez Assia Djebar
Authors: Calle-Gruber Mireille
Published: January 2009

L’Amour, la fantasia relu à la lumière de vingt-cinq ans d’écriture marque la césure poétique et éthique de l’œuvre d’Assia Djebar: un point de séparation et de réparation d’où les phrases n’auront cessé de couler et de faire signe dans la langue hospitalisée.
Psychoanalysis and Anamnesis in the National Allegory of Nawal El Saadawi and Assia Djebar
Authors: Faulkner Rita A.
Published: January 2009

This essay explores Nawal El Saadawi’s and Assia Djebar’s use of the psychoanalytical concept of anamnesis, especially as regards the writing of their stories and those of other women in relation to the story of the nation and its culture.
Femme d’écriture française: la francographie djebarienne
Authors: Walker Muriel
Published: January 2009

L’œuvre d’Assia Djebar est écrite dans une francographie bien à elle, une langue unique et inouïe, une langue littéraire basée sur des dialogues oraux (surtout en arabe dialectal oral) avec d’autres femmes et qui se met en mouvement à travers l’expérience d’aphasie amoureuse en français.
Feminist Disability Studies Pedagogy
Authors: Knoll Kristina R.
Published: January 2009

Feminist disability studies pedagogy encourages instructors to strive for "universally designed" (UD) objects and instruction, while tempering that with feminist analyses of intersectionality. Because each individual has varying experiences of privilege and oppression, in terms of disability, race, class, gender, sexuality, nationality, religion, etc., "one size does (not) fit all" all of the time—which counters the pretense of UD. A pedagogical goal should be to discover who is excluded from particular social and physical privileges, expanding and creating access within the classroom. Those employing universal design strategies must incorporate tools to account for cultural barriers in addition to those listed above, including disabilities and impairments that have yet to be considered in particular arenas of access and accommodation. This article outlines a few of these potential barriers and suggests techniques for creating a more welcoming and accessible environment in one's classroom and department.
The Old Woman and the Rug: The Wonder and Pain of Teaching (and Learning) Chemistry
Authors: Middlecamp Catherine Hurt
Published: January 2009

Learning can be both exhilarating and painful, as is pointed out in the Sufi tale from which this essay takes its title. In our college classrooms, we (and our students) are spared neither of these emotions when we engage in the learning process. This personal essay reflects on the author's experiences teaching two different chemistry courses that have wider societal issues at their core. The first, Chemistry in Context, is a large lecture course. The second is a small course taught at the intersection of indigenous people and nuclear chemistry. This essay weaves together stories from these two courses. The resulting tapestry can reveal to us something about the nature of who we are and what we do in the classroom, perhaps with a bit of wonder and pain.
Full-Contact Pedagogy: Lecturing with Questions and Student-Centered Assignments as Methods for Inciting Self-Reflexivity for Faculty and Students
Authors: Crawley Sara L. , Curry Heather , Dumois-Sands Julie , Tanner Chelsea , Wyker Cyrana
Published: January 2009

A central tenet of feminist pedagogies is to engage students in dialogue, rather than a teacher-centered lecturing method that is commonly used in college classrooms (Chow et al. 2003, Friere 1970, hooks 1994). This possibility is complicated by faculty's charge to impart a particular body of discipline-specific knowledge for each class taught. How can faculty impart this knowledge in such a way as to incite dialogue rather than perpetuate monologue? How shall faculty attempt to get students interested in a subject (and maintain their own excitement for the material) when we have no idea where each student's personal connection with the material lies? In this article, I outline two student-centered pedagogical methods—lecturing with questions and student-centered assignments—in which the goal is to incite students and faculty to full engagement and to think reflexively throughout the classroom experience.
Fostering Preservice Teacher Identity in Science through a Student-Selected Project
Authors: Wink Donald J . , Ellefson Julie , Nishimura Marlynne , Perry Dana , Wenzel Stacy , Choe Jeong-Hye Hwang
Published: January 2009

This article addresses the problem of authentic student engagement in the science classroom by incorporating a semester long research and writing assignment that enables students to investigate scientific topics related to strong personal, career, or health interests. Students practice self-reflexivity by journaling about their experiences in the course and with the assignment as the course unfolds. The article presents student voices from the journals to inform their discussion of their own reflections about the problems and promises of this assignment and demonstrates that teacher self-reflexivity requires acknowledging both successes and failures. This article helps us understand how reflexivity can be used to improve student engagement in general education courses, particularly those in which some students feel marginalized.