bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of ABS on Coliform Movement Through Water‐Saturated Sandy Soils
Authors: Robeck G. G. , Bryant A. R. , Woodward R. L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a pilot‐scale study on the influence of 1‐10 ppm alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) on the underground travel of biologic forms such as the coliform organism. The tests were confined to continuous‐ flow, water‐saturated columns 6 in. in diameter and containing 10 ft of sand. The principal findings over an 18‐month test period were: ABS at 1‐10 ppm did not have a significant influence on the movement of coliform organisms through homogeneous sands that were saturated with water; coliform organisms traveled much more slowly than salt or ABS, they did not penetrate much beyond 6 ft. in 417 days when the water was moving 0.4 ft/day; doubling the rate of water movement to 0.8 ft/day merely reduced the coliform arrival time at 4 ft from 114 days to 82 days; doubling the effective size of the sand from 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm did not alter the arrival time of coliform organisms through 2 ft. of sand; and, no change in radioactive ABS35 concentration resulted from the presence and action of coliform organisms and a few other biological forms.
Automated Water Supply Control System in Albuquerque
Authors: Webster Walter A. , Burns James F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the principles of feedback control and telemetry in achieving operational economy and system efficiency. Albuquerque, New Mexico, is presented as an example of one of the first cities to automate its water supply system completely with feedback control, telemetry, and remote alarms. Principles of operation, Albuquerque's water supply, control system emergency override, telemetry and control transmissions, and alarms are discussed.
Lime Acid Reaction for Water Stabilization
Authors: Lawson Stanley P. , Snyders Richard
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study that uses basic chemical facts to find a practical soft water treatment method. This method is suitable for the treatment of soft water only, with hardness in the range of approximately 0‐20 ppm. The water is treated with CaCO3 in the form of lime dust. It is acidified with a cheap mineral acid, such as sulfuric, and stabilized with Ca(OH)2. The chemicals are added on a precalculated or empirical basis.
Controlled Induced‐Recharge Tests at Kalamazoo, Mich.
Authors: Deutsch Morris
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the results of a controlled field testing program, which indicated that definite hydraulic and other advantages may be gained from induced recharging as practiced at Kalamazoo, Michigan. Results include the following: water levels and artesian pressures can be maintained at high stages, the results are lower pumping lifts and substantial reductions in the amount of power used for pumping; the high water levels permit increased rates of withdrawal during periods of peak demand; encroachment of poor quality water from other aquifers is minimized; the surface water induced into the aquifer is filtered naturally through great thicknesses of earth materials; natural underground storage is used to conserve and protect water, which otherwise would flow largely to waste; and, significant supplemental benefits, including flood control, have been derived. The tests demonstrated that it is possible to manipulate the regimen of a complex hydrologic system for definite hydraulic benefits with predictable results. Furthermore with current methods, quantitative evaluations may be made of the effects of induced recharge. The results of the tests, therefore, are applicable in other areas of similar hydrogeologic environments.
Selection of a Consulting Engineer
Authors: Dyer Garvin H.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing the functions of a consulting engineer, along with training and ethical principles that are essential to satisfactory client‐engineer relationships. The article provides detailed steps to follow when selecting a consulting engineer, and discusses the computation of engineering charges for consulting and design engineering services based on several different methods, including: a percentage of construction cost; on a lump sum or fixed fee; on a per‐diem rate; on payroll costs plus a percentage charge; or, on a retainer fee.
Meter Replacement Programs Joint Discussion
Authors: Vollmer Milton H. , Lee James H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the need for a meter replacement program. Before 1956, meters were replaced only when they failed to register, leaked, or were otherwise defective. Replacement in this manner was without method or goal. Early in 1956, the U.S. Department of Sanitary Engineering sponsored a meter rotation program to achieve increased revenue, preventive maintenance, and a stabilized work load. The article discusses the first phase of the program in which all municipally owned domestic meters that had been in service more than 10 years would be scheduled for rotation. The average labor cost of meter removal and resetting is discussed, along with procedures for meter repair, and non‐municipally owned meters. The article is followed with a discussion by James H. Lee of the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission's program of routine meter replacement and maintenance, including program costs and value.
Planning Utility Expansion in Sacramento, Calif.
Authors: Jones Ray W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses Sacramento's problems with planning for water needs. The article states that the most important consideration in planning a major expansion of a water system is to allow time for completion of the project. The article discusses Sacramento's experience with allowing for sufficient time for making a comprehensive study of the existing system, developing a master plan of improvements, and financing and construction. The various phases should be carefully worked out and executed, making use of consulting firms and competent construction engineers. By planning ahead and planning carefully, the growth, health, and prosperity of the community will not be jeopardized by an inadequate water supply.
Determination of Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate in Water
Authors: Hill W. H. , Shapiro M. A. , Kobayashi Y.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of a procedure for the determination of alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), which is based on methylene blue but is perhaps more dependable than the Standard Method. The study found that a mixture of strong chromic acid and sulfuric acid would not measurably attack ABS if the operating temperature was kept below about 45°C and the time of treatment was not extended beyond about 30 min. It appeared reasonable that other organic materials would be oxidized by the chrome sulfuric acid, perhaps after hydrolysis of organic sulfates, phosphates, and the like in the strongly acid medium, and that volatile interfering inorganic anions such as chloride and nitrate could be eliminated by boiling. Other investigations indicated that chloride also might be vaporized in the process as chromyl chloride. Excess chromic acid was reduced to trivalent chromium salt and the resultant mixture subjected to the methylene blue method.
Determination of Hydrogen Chloride in Liquid Chlorine
Authors: De Vries Thomas , Savariar C. P.
Published: February 2018

This study determines the amount of hydrogen chloride in liquid chlorine, based on the procedure of Barham and Thomson, who determined hydrogen chloride in the presence of chlorine by absorbing it in hydrochloric acid solution. The study also discusses a method in which chromyl chloride (Cr02C12) is formed, and in the last step of the procedure chromate ion is determined colorimetrically with diphenyl carbazide. That method was found to be not only troublesome, but it also gave low results. The easily volatilized substances chlorine and hypochlorous acid can be removed by boiling, and the amount of hydrogen chloride absorbed from the gas stream can then be determined by titration, with a small correction to be determined from a blank.
Application of Electronic Equipment in a Medium‐Size Utility
Authors: Peasley Gerald W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the conversion in 1957 to electronic tabulating equipment for the billing process of the Dominguez Water Corporation of California.
Practical Water Rate Determination
Authors: Patterson William L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the three essential elements of a comprehensive rate study: a study of revenue requirements; an allocation of costs to various classes of service; and, the design of the rate schedules.
Techniques for Formalization of Maintenance Procedures
Authors: Norris Dan P.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing the organization of maintenance procedures at a water treatment plant into four categories: operation; routine maintenance; preventive maintenance; and, corrective maintenance. Maintaining an adequate maintenance record system by using an edge‐punched card file system is recommended.
Aquifer Exploration in Canada by Geophysical Methods
Authors: Hobson George D. , Wyder Jack E. , Brandon Lionel V.
Published: February 2018

Several field tests were carried out during 1961 by members of the Geological Survey of Canada to develop and compare geophysical methods for the mapping of aquifers. The methods compared here – seismic, surface resistivity, and electrologging – were selected because they are in common use by consulting engineering firms. This article discusses the application of seismic methods in the glacial and Paleozoic rocks of eastern Canada, of resistivity methods in one prairie location in glacial drift, and of one electrologging program in glacial material and Cretaceous rocks in Alberta, Canada. A comparison is then made of these three methods which were used to outline a part of the preglacial Missouri valley near Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Radiologic Monitoring of Ground Water at the Hanford Project
Authors: Brown Donald J. , Raymond John R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses some of the monitoring methods and groundwater flow concepts that workers at the Hanford project in southeastern Washington developed to study the behavior of wastes discharged to ground. A brief description of the radiochemical techniques they used in analyzing groundwater samples and the methods they used to evaluate the analytical results are also presented.
Ground Water Contamination in Indiana
Authors: Jordan Donald G.
Published: February 2018

Groundwater quality changes that indicate contamination have been observed in several places in Indiana. Most of the contamination is local, but regardless of type, extent, and severity, its cause can generally be traced to the action of man. This article points out types of contamination of groundwater in the state and describes, where possible, the cause and effect of specific types. The article discusses bacterial contamination, saline water, sulfate, chromate, and phenol.
Application of Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate Method to Determination of Arsenic
Authors: Ballinger D. G. , Lishka R. J. , Gales M. E.
Published: February 2018

This study has found that the silver diethyldithiocarbamate method for arsenic is superior to the heteropoly blue method in time of analysis and ease of manipulation, and is superior to both the Gutzeit and the heteropoly blue methods in precision and accuracy. The procedure is applicable to the measurement of arsenic in the range of public health interest in raw river waters, finished water, and domestic sewage and is unaffected by wide variations in mineral and organic content of the sample.
Robot Monitor System for the Ohio Valley
Authors: Cleary Edward J.
Published: February 2018

This article deals with continuous monitoring as a diagnostic technique to promote better understanding of the effect of pollution on water quality. The Ohio Valley serves as an example of the complexities of water quality management. Quality conditions in this river system reflect the activities of millions of people and thousands of industries, as well as the influence of storage dams, navigation structures, and a host of natural variations. The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) began a manually operated river quality monitoring program in 1951, which grew into the ORSANCO robot monitoring system as described in this article. A program for electronic processing of data obtained from the robot monitoring system is also described.
Protection of Open Reservoirs Against Birds
Authors: Emigh Frank D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development by the water division of the city of Tacoma, Washington, of a simplified means of controlling birds on open reservoirs. The daily and seasonal habits of the various birds in the area were studied, but the biggest offender was found to be the sea gull, and all protection devices utilized have been designed to discourage this bird. Although a number of protection methods were studied, only three of these methods, the shotgun, stretched wires, and water spray, are at present being used in Tacoma, with the water spray method being the most effective. Major design considerations for the water spray are provided in the article.
Economic Analysis of Projects for Secondary Sources of Water Supply
Authors: Rose John L.
Published: February 2018

This article deals with factors entering into the economic analysis of projects for secondary water supplies, and into the techniques for making such analyses. These factors are: the capacity factor of the proposed improvement, including the firming effect on the primary source of supply; the conjectural nature of the demand projections; and, the susceptibility of alternative plans to staged construction. Two general aspects of economic studies are considered: the choice of the formula to be used for deciding between the design alternatives; and, the rate of interest to be used to place events occurring at different times on a common basis.
Relationship Between Water Quality and Deaths From Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Muss David L.
Published: February 2018

By regression analysis of 1949‐51 data with average hardness varying from 17 to 299: ppm, this study has established the statistical significance of the relationship between water hardness and the death rate of white males aged 45‐64 to be greater than 99.9 per cent. It therefore appears, both on a national as well as on a local scale, that the presence of calcium or magnesium, or other substances normally present or absent when calcium or magnesium is present, are responsible for substantial reductions in the death rates from cardiovascular disease.
Free Available Chlorine Residuals for Small Nonpublic Water Supplies
Authors: Baumann E. Robert , Ludwig Daniel D.
Published: February 2018

For many years, municipal water treatment facilities have been producing potable water using coliform organisms as an index of water disinfection. In individual water supplies, where constant supervision is unavailable and where the physical and biological character of the raw water fluctuates rapidly, a more stringent standard of disinfection is needed. Superchlorination is recommended to provide a factor of safety for these fluctuations and to reduce the necessary chlorine contact time. This study recommends the use of Coxsackie virus as a criterion of chlorine resistivity in the disinfection of individual water supplies.
Studies on Actinomycetes and Their Odors
Authors: Romano Antonio H. , Safferman Robert S.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a study on the characterization of the odoriferous materials produced by actinomycetes, and evaluates the effectiveness of various treatment procedures. Pure cultures of S. griseoluteus 1M 3718, a typical odor‐producing actinomycete, were grown in liquid medium and their metabolites fractionated to recover concentrates of the odoriferous materials produced. The resulting concentrates showed high odor intensities with threshold numbers in the billions. Odors typical of those observed under pure culture conditions were also demonstrated in soil samples which had been supplemented with spore suspensions of S. griseoluteus 1M 3718. Percolation of water through the samples showed that considerable quantities of the odoriferous materials were readily washed from the soils. Such observations substantiate the assumption of earlier investigators, that odor‐producing agents of an earthy nature could be carried into potable water supplies from surrounding environments.
Radioisotope Uses in the Treatment and Distribution of Water Supplies
Authors: Feely Herbert W. , Walton Alan , Barnett Charles R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of radioisotopes in water supply and wastewater treatment applications such as disinfection, leak detection in water mains, measuring flow rates, and recording the density of sludge flowing through pipes in a treatment plant.
The Place of Multipurpose Reservoirs in Water Supply Planning
Authors: Haywood Robert W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Water Supply Act of 1958 that made possible the inclusion of storage in multipurpose reservoirs, planned or constructed by the Corps of Engineers or the Bureau of Reclamation, for anticipated municipal and industrial water demands. Pitfalls in the planning of multipurpose reservoirs are discussed, along with the importance of the consideration of the scope of the project.
Decontamination of Radioactive Aqueous Effluent by the Calcium‐Ferric Phosphate Process
Authors: Frost Colin R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses simultaneous precipitation of calcium and ferric phosphates in the waste as one of the processes considered for use in decontaminating low level radioactive aqueous waste in a Dorr sludge blanket clarifier at Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia. Pilot plant decontamination experiments were conducted to determine first the effect of lower concentrations of the precipitating ions, PO43‐ (40 ppm), Ca+ + (30 ppm), and Fe3+ (20 ppm) at lower pH values on radioactive water removal. Second, batch precipitation experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of dosing ions necessary for complete precipitation at a final pH of 9.5.
Taste and Odor of ABS in Water
Authors: Cohen Jesse M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study to provide taste and odor thresholds for pure ABS. A review of the literature on taste and odor of detergents studies is provided. The experimental material for this study consisted of a sample of reference ABS obtained from the Soap and Detergent Association. The stated ABS content was 63.2 per cent. Solutions of purified ABS in distilled water were used. Solutions with ABS concentrations up to 1,000 mg/l had virtually no odor; however, much lower concentrations were detected by taste. Purified ABS at a concentration of 60 mg/l in water was detected in taste tests by 50 per cent of a panel of judges; the lowest detectable concentration, 16 mg/l, was detected by only 5 per cent of the panel. The ABS concentration in finished water rarely exceeded a few tenths of a milligram per liter purified ABS, corrected for moisture content, in taste‐ and odor‐free distilled water.
Nitrogen Content of Ground Water in Southern California
Authors: Navone Remo , Harmon Judson A. , Voyles Charles F.
Published: February 2018

This article reports on a combined laboratory and field investigation of the nitrogen content of over 700 potable‐water sources in Southern California. The ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and organic nitrogen content of these supplies is presented.
Determination of 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid in Surface Waters
Authors: Aly Osman M. , Faust Samuel D.
Published: February 2018

In this study, the colorimetric and ultraviolet methods were adapted and were modified for the quantitative determination of 2, 4‐D in surface waters. Principal interferences were found to be the naturally occurring colored compounds and 2, 4‐dichlorophenol, which is present as an impurity in most commercial formulations of 2, 4‐D. These interferences were separated by the partition chromatographic procedure of Gordon and Beroza. Ester of 2, 4‐D are hydrolyzed to the free acid by potassium hydroxide in diethylene glycol.
Reuse of Ohio River Water
Authors: Cleary Edward J. , Horton Robert K. , Boes Robert J.
Published: February 2018

This article reports the results of an investigation on the fact that the total flow of the Ohio River has been reused from four to as many as sixteen or seventeen times when the river passes Cincinnati. The data was based on an evaluation of water use and stream flow by the U.S. Geological Survey and supplemented with inventory records from the member states of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia). Study conclusions indicated that: water withdrawn for municipal and industrial process use in the Ohio River drainage district (upstream from the confluence of the Ohio with the Cumberland and the Tennessee) totals 1.47 bgd; cooling water service for industrial and power plant installation totals 25.875 bgd; under drought flow conditions, less than one‐sixth of the stream flow in the Ohio River consists of water previously withdrawn for municipal or industrial process use, which is treated to reduce contamination prior to its return to the river; and, total municipal and industrial withdrawals would have to increase by 500 per cent before the point would be reached at which additional withdrawals would consist of once‐used water.
Normalization of Revenues to Reflect Weather Conditions
Authors: Wolff William R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a method for normalizing revenues for residential consumption. The premise of this method is that the total annual consumption of residential customers may be subdivided into the “weather load” and the “base load.” The annual base load is the consumption of the average residential customer minus his additional consumption caused by weather conditions. The weather load is the excess consumption during summer months due to a combination of hot weather and dry periods. Therefore, the total annual load, or annual consumption by residential customers, is the weather load plus the base load.
Use of Fish in the Detection of Contaminants in Water Supplies
Authors: Henderson Croswell , Pickering Quentin H.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses a simple, inexpensive, and easy‐to‐operate fish monitoring system for detecting the contamination of a water supply. Fish are killed by many chemicals in concentrations far below those that seriously affect humans. Live fish can be used in a continuous monitoring system for rapidly detecting many of these toxicants. After initial detection, the physiologic reactions of the fish and the relationship between the reaction time and the concentration may be helpful in identifying the type and concentration of the toxicant.
Iron and Manganese Removal by Split‐Flow Treatment
Authors: Owens Lloyd V.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a split‐flow process used by a treatment plant in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, to remove iron and manganese from the water. By the proper selection of new wells, and by the maintenance of a reasonable balance between the volumes supplied by the two water sources, this process can be utilized for many years.
Ion Exchange in Water Treatment
Authors: Alsentzer Harry A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses ion exchange in municipal water treatment, hardness reduction and the removal of iron and manganese. In particular, this paper discusses the cation resin operating on the sodium cycle in the softening process, and in the iron and manganese removal process. A brief overview is presented of a case history of iron removal by ion exchange on the sodium cycle at an industrial plant in Camden, New Jersey.
Continuously Regenerated Greensand for Iron and Manganese Removal
Authors: Alling Sereno F.
Published: February 2018

Hackettstown, New Jersey, has a population of 6,000 persons. Periodically, the town's usual water supply proved inadequate, and it was felt that a new emergency well, 153 ft deep, would solve any problem of water shortage. Unfortunately, the well supply contained 13 ppm iron and 1.5 ppm manganese. The well water could not be introduced into the town's water system unless the high iron‐manganese content was reduced. In 1961, after making extensive field tests with a pilot plant, it was decided to install a pressure‐type system in which processed greensand would be regenerated continuously with potassium permanganate. The proposed filter plant was to have a normal flow of 500 gpm and a maximum flow of 700 gpm. Both the effluent and the CR (continuously regenerated) greensand filter plant were approved by the New Jersey department of health. The results are well below the maximum tolerances of USPHS and the proposed amended standards of the New Jersey state board of health.
Characteristics of Colored Surface Waters
Authors: Black A. P. , Christman Russell F.
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this investigation were to study various physical and chemical properties of organic color in water, and to determine the degree of uniformity with which these properties occur in colored waters by analyzing samples from a variety of sources. The color in these waters is due to light scattering and fluorescence rather than molecular absorption of light energy. The pH value of the waters was found to affect both the particle size and number of particles in a given suspension. This effect was proposed as an explanation for the variation of color value with pH. The fluorescence spectra of these colored waters were recorded and revealed in all waters a maximum energy of emission at 490 Mμ, with the combined excitation wavelengths of 365,404, and 436 Mμ. The particle size of the organic matter in each water was estimated at constant pH by dialysis and membrane filtration and was found to be generally less than 10 Mμ. The coagulation behaviors of these waters with aluminum sulfate were compared, and it was observed that the pH zone of optimum color removal was accompanied by a zone of minimum zeta potential and, typically, of charge reversal, of the coagulated color particles.
Upflow Filter
Authors: Smit Pieter
Published: February 2018

This article comments on the section presentation titled “Progress in Technology of Water Filtration,” by J. T. Ling, presented at the 45th annual meeting of the North Central Section in Minneapolis, Minn., Sep. 13, 1961, and the article, “Water Supply and Treatment in Three European Countries,” June 1962 JOURNAL, p. 650, by Daniel A. Okun. The comments refer to innovations in filtration practice in the Netherlands and in Russia, and specifically on the use of the centered‐outlet filter.
International Significance of Water Purification
Authors: Eliassen Rolf
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the international significance of water purification, which offers an unparalleled opportunity to the members of AWWA to provide service to deserving colleagues in the water supply profession, and, at the same time, to further the cause of public health in the developing nations of the world.
Advances in Water Treatment
Authors: Erdei Joseph F.
Published: February 2018

In recognition of the need for better technical understanding of the highly complex challenges encountered in treatment of water supplies, this article presents an overview of information and experiences on the varied subjects, including much unpublished hitherto. Topics covered include: increase in pollution; analysis techniques; treatment processes; polyelectrolytes; coagulation; jar tests; zeta potential; pathogenic organisms; algae; trace elements; pesticides; radioisotopes; and, taste and odor.
Effect of Filtration Rate Changes on Quality
Authors: Cleasby John L. , Williamson Marvin M. , Baumann E. Robert
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this study on the qualitative and quantitative effects of rate changes made during a filter run were to determine: the relation between magnitude of the rate disturbance and resulting change in effluent quality; the relation between the duration of the disturbance and resulting change in effluent quality; and, whether gradual or sudden rate increases have greater effect on effluent quality. The investigation was conducted using three types of influent suspensions and two filtering facilities. The pilot plant consisted of a mixing and aeration tank, a pump which pumped to a constant‐head tank, and three plexiglass tube sand filters, 6 in. ID, with flowmeter and photoelectric turbidimeter attached to each filter. Twelve experimental runs were made with the three pilot plant filters, resulting in 36 separate filter tests. Hydrous ferric oxide floc suspension was filtered in twelve filter tests. The results of each pilot plant run were evaluated to determine the maximum iron concentration passed by the filter following the rate change disturbance. Several conclusions were drawn from an analysis of the collected data, and the article provides a discussion of these conclusions, and their relationship to the stated objectives.
Significance of Detergents and Commercial Fertilizers in Water Resources
Authors: Meier E. Bruce
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing the accidental pollution of ground and surface waters with commercial fertilizers, which is of considerable concern to health authorities mostly because of the high application rates of nitrate‐nitrogen to the soils. The presence of ABS (alkyl benzene sulfonate, a widely used surfactant or sudsing factor in synthetic detergents) in the water supply is discussed, particularly the foaming in tap water.
Water Resources Control Legislation in Great Britain
Authors: Scott Geoffrey T. G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an effort in Great Britain to insure, not only that river and underground waters are used in the best possible interests of the community, but also that the waters in the rivers are maintained sufficiently uncontaminated to enable the natural river regime to exist for the benefit of all, including fishermen, and the general public for whom these rivers have such high amenity value. At the same time, these measures will insure that water withdrawn to meet the proper needs of the community will be of such a condition that it can be readily treated by normal methods for domestic consumption.
Legal Aspects of Expanding Municipal Systems
Authors: Sawtelle Robert
Published: February 2018

Two issues of the greatest legal consequence to all water utilities, and specifically to the Waterworks Board of Trustees of the City of San Antonio, Texas, are discussed in this article. The first is the problem of main extension policy. In the past, the courts required that all utilities, whether privately owned or municipally owned, make their services available at the cost to the utility within the area of the utility's operation. The legal test was not whether a particular service was profitable to the utility, but whether or not the utility was earning a proper return on its investment. The article discusses several early cases that concerned disputes between a single customer and a water utility over the obligation of the utility to furnish service to a single customer. The second legal problem discussed in the article involves the expansion of a water system and protecting its perimeter. In water districts set up by state law, the city was required, upon the annexation of outlying suburban districts, to take over the water system, including the system's assets and liabilities. The problem of encirclement was thus created, forming a virtual ring shutting off the growth of the municipal system.
Extended and Long‐Range Weather Forecasting
Authors: O'Connor James F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses extended and long‐range weather forecasting. The article begins by briefly explaining how weather conditions are the result of atmospheric motions of various types and their interactions with one another. These motions are ultimately produced and maintained by the unequal heating of the earth by the sun. The spin of the earth about its axis transforms these motions into curved wind systems. The migrations of these curved wind systems around the earth produce frequent changes in weather. Thus, the earth's spin is responsible for short‐period weather changes, whereas the earth's orbital rotation around the sun produces the longer‐period changes.
Water Resources of the Missouri Basin
Authors: Seedlock Robert F.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the Missouri Basin development, beginning with the Flood Control Act of 1944, and including dam construction, reservoir construction, navigation and recreation, and the Agricultural Levee Program.
Water Rights Litigation and Utility Liability
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses legal cases related to water rights litigation and utility liability. Specific cases are briefly discussed on water rights in Colorado, California watersheds, Texas water rights, annexation and merger, California water rights taxation cases, water contracts, liability for negligence, sovereign immunity, urban development, damages, and liability for surface flows.
Use of Submerged Filters
Authors: Hartung Herbert O. , Tuepker Jonathan L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of a submerged filter at the St. Louis County Water Company's South County Plant. Treatment basin down time required for submerged filter backwashing coincides with the off‐peak operation hours at night. Because the filter beds are not readily accessible during normal backwashing, sufficient prefiltration water treatment should be provided. The amount of floc retained, as measured by initial filter head loss, is the same following each wash, and probably is beneficial in that it prevents floc penetration of the sandbed. Filter beds are skimmed semi‐annually as a preventive maintenance procedure. Backwashing the submerged filter does not cause floc destruction. Filtering to waste after backwashing and before returning the filter to service has not been necessary. Surface washing of the filter would probably cause destruction of the floc washed out of the filter and would thus interfere with this floc settling in the purification basin. Wash water requirements for filter backwashing are in excess of the requirements for conventional filter washing; however, all of the wash water is reclaimed in the purification basin. The submerged filter, serving as the treatment basin takeoff system, has improved treatment basin velocities and sedimentation, and has resulted in a very substantial savings in plant construction costs.
Direct Determination of Organic Constituents of Natural Waters by Flame Ionization Gas Chromatography
Authors: Weiss Charles M. , Johnson J. Donald , Kwon Byung
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a series of studies on University Lake, a 500‐milgal impoundment supplying water to the town of Chapel Hill, which demonstrate that the development and production of certain taste‐ and odor‐causing constituents at specific lake levels are associated with various stages of the seasonal chemical and biologic cycles. The strength and localization of the various taste‐ and odor‐causing fractions made it possible to identify the fractions qualitatively by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. In conjunction with the routine sampling program, which follows the seasonal changes in biologic and chemical parameters, water samples for gas chromatography were pumped from twelve depths at 2‐ft intervals except for the first and last 4‐ft sections. Small glass‐stoppered bottles were filled completely and refrigerated at 2°‐4°C until used. The chromatographing was carried out within 24 hrs. and no later than 48 hrs. after collection.
General Considerations Favoring a Positive Safety Program in Water Utilities
Authors: LaDue Wendell R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the importance of safety and an organized safety program to the water utility industry.
Safety Effort of US Water Industry Within the Framework of the Nationwide Effort
Authors: Williford Howard K.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing the nationwide accident toll and attitudes about accidents. Accidents and accident prevention programs within the water supply industry are discussed, along with the importance of safety programs in the water industry.
Work Area Protection on Highways
Authors: Adrian George W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the provision by water utilities of adequate protection of work areas, particularly when construction operations are conducted on the public highways. Five phases of work area protection are discussed that include: setting up a protected area; protecting employees at work; protecting pedestrians and vehicles during work; providing nighttime protection; and, removing protective devices upon completion of the job.
Safety as a Consideration in Water Utility Design and Operation
Authors: Erickson Claud R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses design considerations for a well‐integrated, safely operated water treatment plant. Building design, equipment design, pumping stations, electrical equipment, and the role of the safety advisor are discussed.
Water Utility Protection Against Fire
Authors: Carl Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses water utility fire safety, including building construction, plant location, installation of electrical equipment, internal combustion engines, engine fuels, intrabuilding protection, protection of control centers and administrative buildings, shops and storage buildings, installation of heating equipment, and fire extinguishing equipment. A list of fire protection literature is provided, along with the need for a fire protection program.
Seventh‐Year Review of the Safety Program for the First‐Level Supervisor
Authors: Rener Alexander C.
Published: February 2018

This article reviews the seven points of the original safety program developed in 1955 for the first‐level supervisor in the water distribution division of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The seven points include: weekly safety meetings; five district safety meetings a year; job instruction for new employees; discussing an accident; committee review of accidents; crew accident records; and, safety awards. Results of the program are discussed.
Inauguration of a Utility Safety Program in the Southwest
Authors: Polenske Richard E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of a utility safety program by the Arizona Water Company including: an accident report form; a safety program based on the National Safety Council and on AWWA's Manual M3, Safety Practices for Water Utilities; weekly safety meetings based on material in the safety program manual; display of safety posters and materials on bulletin boards; posting danger signs and safety tools such as fire extinguishers at the proper locations; color‐coding, location of electrical switches and fencing; personal safety equipment such as helmets, safety goggles, and first aid training; and, outfitting company trucks with safety equipment and signage.
Use of Acid‐Treated Sodium Silicate in Coagulation
Authors: Baylis John R. , Mrva Andrew E.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by presenting experimental work on the use of acid‐treated sodium silicate in coagulation. It was found that, in a series of tests on coagulation in an experimental filtration plant, acid‐treated sodium silicate used with aluminum sulfate hastened the rate of coagulation and the rate of settling in settling basins. The use of silicate decreased the amount of aluminum sulfate required and strengthened the coagulation to the extent that there was no danger of coagulated materials passing the filter beds. The article discusses the use of acid‐treated sodium silicate for aiding coagulation with aluminum sulfate for a period of a few weeks to about 3 months each year at the South District Filtration Plant, Chicago, Illinois.
Water Supply Economics in the Potomac River Basin
Authors: Davis Robert K.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a proposal released in February of 1963 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for a $500 million system of water storage projects in the Potomac River Basin. Topics discussed include: the impact of alternative pricing policies on the nature and solution of the anticipated water supply problems and the resulting implications for economic efficiency; questions concerning the best regional plan for outdoor recreation that stem from the plan's major investment in recreation facilities; the cost of meeting water quality standards related to low flow augmentation; the inadequate state of technical resources to deal with water quality issues and water resources planning; and, uncertainty about how modifying the current standard might affect the costs and benefits of quality improvement programs.
Planned Ground Water Exploration
Authors: Linck Charles J.
Published: February 2018

This article outlines a program for the development of an adequate source of groundwater. The process of exploring for groundwater is divided into two main segments. The first is the preliminary planning which includes coverage of the many factors that must be evaluated before an orderly exploration program can be initiated; the second involves forming the exploration concept and carrying out the field work.
Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide With Potassium Permanganate
Authors: Willey B. F. , Jennings Harry , Muroski Frank
Published: February 2018

This study investigated the reactions that occur when hydrogen sulfide‐bearing waters are treated with potassium permanganate, with or without the additional presence of iron manganese.
Modern Systems of Information Storage and Retrieval
Authors: Leider Arnold
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of microfilm to create, distribute, store, and retrieve the masses of recorded information generated in businesses and government. The concept of microfilming is presently the most dynamic segment of the graphic‐reproduction industry. The advantages of microfilm are discussed, along with dry‐process reproduction, and several new information storage and retrieval systems that use automatic filing and retrieval of microfilm images stacked in capsules or multiple images contained on larger sheets, which are themselves contained in cartridges or modules.
Preventive Maintenance Program at Dallas
Authors: Morris Richard E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the preventive‐maintenance procedures at the Dallas City Water Works, Dallas, Texas, that were developed from the system used at the sewage treatment plant.
Anion Resin Characteristics and Forecasting of Optimum Replacement Interval
Authors: Griffin J. H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study of ion‐exchange resins at Du Pont's Savannah River plant – anion resins, in particular, because of their shorter lives and high unit costs. Efforts to improve the deionization process included: in‐service evaluation of various resin types; study of several rejuvenation processes; and, analysis of the resins and the water distribution systems within the units to determine reasons for loss of capacity.
Diazotization Method for Nitrate and Nitrite
Authors: Fishman Marvin J. , Skougstad Marvin W. , Scarbro George F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a procedure to provide a reliable, accurate method for the determination of nitrate in water. The method is based on the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by hydrazine in hot alkaline solution, subsequent diazotization of the nitrite so formed, and reaction of the diazo compound with 1‐naphthylethylenediamine to form an intensely colored red dye. Of particular importance is the freedom from interference characteristic of the method.
Photochemistry of Long‐Chain Fatty Alcohols for Evaporation Control
Authors: Golden Anthony , Ungefug Gary , Hoffman Clark , Baker G. L. , Anacker E. W.
Published: February 2018

Monomolecular films of long‐chain fatty alcohols are capable of reducing water evaporation significantly. Before such films can be used routinely in water conservation, a number of gaps in the knowledge must be closed. One of these concerns the ultimate fate of the alcohol in the monomolecular film. Routes by which alcohols are able to leave the monolayer include bacterial attrition, dissolution into the substrate, and decomposition into volatile or soluble products under the influence of solar radiation. This article presents the initial results of an investigation into one aspect of the latter route. Brief tests in the Bureau of Reclamation's laboratories suggested that a chemical reaction takes place either in hexadecanol or between hexadecanol and asphalt in the presence of solar radiation. Although detailed knowledge of the effects of solar radiation on monomolecular films of alcohols on water is a primary goal of the authors' work, investigation was actually confined to the influence of ultraviolet‐rich radiation on molten alcohols saturated with oxygen. It is assumed that many of the products formed in the bulk alcohol are similar to, if not identical with, those formed in the film. The procedures being developed to identify the products in the former system should therefore apply to the characterization of products originating in the latter.
Hydraulic and Particle Size Characteristics of Some Diatomite Filter Aids
Authors: Dillingham James H. , Baumann E. Robert
Published: February 2018

This study presents data pertaining to the hydraulic and particle size characteristics of commercial grades of diatomite used as filter aids. To achieve this, the specific study objectives were to: evaluate the reproducibility and relative simplicity of two ASTM methods for determining the grain size of soils when those methods are used to determine the particle size distribution of diatomite filter aids; determine the particle size distribution of different lots of commercial grades of diatomite filter aids; determine K3 values of different grades and of different lots of the same grade of diatomite (K3 is a constant for a given grade of diatomite at 20°C and is inversely proportional to its coefficient of permeability); and, determine whether a relationship exists between the K3 value and particle size distribution. The determination of the permeability of diatomite filter aids in this study was confined to the evaluation of K3 coefficients in the recently developed diatomite filtration equation. The ASTM Method for Grain Size Analysis of Soils‐Designation D422‐39 (Method 1) and ASTM Tentative Method for Grain Size Analysis of Soils ‐Designation D422‐61T (Method 2) were used in this study for determining particle size distribution.
Effects of Nuclear Explosions on Watersheds
Authors: Craft T. F.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a study on the effects of nuclear detonations, accidental or intentional, which could bring about vast changes in the characteristics and functioning of any nearby watershed. Of primary importance in determining the blast damage sustained by the watershed are the nature and density of the vegetative cover, the topography of the region, the size of the weapon, the height of the burst, and the distance from ground zero. Topics discussed include: degrees of damage; explosion characteristics; meteorologic conditions; firestorm; types of forest fires; aftermaths; damage studies; determination of erosion; problems of regrowth; and, economic loss.
Methods of Personnel Recruitment and Selection
Authors: McLeod Robert J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses methods of recruiting and selecting new employees. Topics covered include: manpower planning; promotional material; campus interviews; group recruiting; summer employees; experienced personnel; selection program; evaluation of applicants; interviewing process; and, the final selection.