bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color Transition Properties of Water Dispersible Polydiacetylene Particles Conjugated with the Thermosensitive Polymer
Authors: Harano Izumi , Okano Chigusa , Takayama Yuriko , Nasuno Eri , Iimura Ken-ichi , Kato Norihiro
Published: February 2017

An assembly of diacetylene molecules is necessary to progress a topochemical reaction as UV-irradiated polymerization. In this study, we attempt to regularly assemble 10, 12- pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) by freezing the solution, followed by lyophilization. Dried PCDA assembly was easily dispersed in aqueous solution by sonication. Irradiation of UV light can promote polymerization reaction of PCDA judging from a color change of the solution into blue. A color transition of the polyPCDA-dispersed solution from blue to red was observed at approximately 56°C due to distortion of its π-conjugated system. A color transition temperature could be controlled by hybridization with thermosensitive hydroxypropyl cellulose, of which lower critical solution temperature appears around 38-39°C. By synchronizing to coli-globule transition of HPC in aqueous media, blue-red transition response of water-dispersed polyPCDA could be induced by changing conformation of surrounded polymer.
Thermal Elastic Constitutive Equation of Orthotropic Materials
Authors: Li Chen , Wang Hai Ren , Miao Yan An , Zhao Li
Published: February 2017

In the finite deformation range, the numbers of orthotropic 2n order elastic constants are studied on the basis of tensor function and of its representation theorem. On the basis of elastic constant research, the elastic orthotropic constitutive equation is derived by using the tensor method. Based on orthotropic elastic constitutive equations an in-depth study on the constitutive theory of orthotropic nonlinear thermal elasticity is carried out, and by considering the deformation produced by the coupling of temperature and load, nonlinear orthotropic thermoelastic constitutive equation is further derived with representation of the tensor invariant and scalar invariant. The constitutive equations could be used very convenient to the application in reality.
From Noyon to Geneva
Authors: Dreyer W.A.
Published: February 2017

This article contains a brief biography of John Calvin. It serves as an introduction to the publication of the Conventus Reformatus on the occasion of celebrating Calvin’s birth 500 years ago. The article follows Calvin’s life, from his birth in Noyon until his death in Geneva. The focus is on persons and events which had a substantial influence on Calvin. Calvin’s theology is discussed in other contributions in this publication.
Philosophical and theological influences in John Calvin’s thought: reviewing some research results
Authors: Van der Walt B.J.
Published: February 2017

A profound thinker like Calvin basically has to answer the following two questions: What “is” and what “ought” to be? The first question deals with what reality looks like, its ontological structure or one’s type of thought. The second question con- cerns one’s view of the norms valid for created reality, the direction which one’s life takes or the spiritual trend of one’s thinking.  In a previous article in the same issue of this journal, Calvin’s answer to the second question was already investigated. Among all the spiritual trends of his time, his main motive was to be obedient to God, his Word and his will. We now turn to the answer to the first question: What types of philosophies and theologies emerged within these various spiritual trends which could have influenced Calvin’s thinking?   The investigation develops through the following steps. Firstly, the question is posed whether Calvin really succeeded in the direction of his thinking, viz. to be a radical-biblical reformational thinker. This question is divided into three sub-questions: was Calvin influenced by extra-biblical ideas? If so, to what extent? How did he employ pre-Christian insights? The second and main section tries to answer these difficult questions by reviewing seven most prominent philosophical and theological types of thinking. The third section indicates the contribution of a Christian philosophical analysis of his worldview. The con-cluding section draws the last lines of Calvin’s “intellectual portrait”.
Urban settlements' vulnerability to flood risks in African cities: A conceptual framework
Authors: Salami Rafiu O. , Von Meding Jason K. , Giggins Helen
Published: February 2017

In the recent past, the frequency and gravity of large-scale flood disasters have increased globally, resulting in casualties, destruction of property and huge economic loss. The destructive flood disaster devastating Louisiana, USA, is a recent example. Despite the availability of advanced technological capabilities for dealing with floods in developed nations, flood disasters continue to become more rampant and disastrous. Developing countries in Africa such as Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan have recently experienced severe flooding, leaving a considerable number of human casualties and thousands displaced. In African cities, most vulnerable urban residents usually have lesser capacity and fewer resources to recover from the shocks of disaster as a result of the failure of governments to build human security for poor African residents. Many scholars have acknowledged the lack of appropriate vulnerability assessment frameworks and policies, questioning the efficiency and effectiveness of the tested models in Africa. The ability to accurately identify, measure and evaluate the various vulnerabilities of affected people and communities is a right step towards reducing disaster risk. This article aimed at developing a framework for assessing urban settlements’ vulnerability to flood risks in Africa. The framework is currently being tested to assess various dimensions of vulnerability drivers in three urban communities in Ibadan metropolis, the third largest city in Nigeria, focusing more on flood risk perceptions and behaviour of the risk bearers. It uses participatory and mixed method approaches to socially construct vulnerability of populations at risk. This model emanates from the evaluation of considerable relevant literature and an array of vulnerability assessment frameworks. It integrates some approaches that are applicable to African cities in a bid to create a versatile tool to assess, identify and mitigate the effects of flood disaster risk and reduce urban poor’s vulnerability to natural and human-induced hazards.
Detection of BRAF mutation in the cytocentrifugation supernatant fluid from fine-needle aspiration of thyroid lesions may enhance the diagnostic yield
Authors: Brown Ashley E. , Lim Khin Sandar , Corpus George , Hustek Martha T. , Tran Tien Anh N. , Chang Chung-Che
Published: February 2017

Objective:

BRAF mutations using cellular DNA from fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens are commonly used to support the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The goal of this study was to preliminarily evaluate the diagnostic utility of detecting BRAF mutations in the routinely discarded FNA specimen supernatant fluid.

Materials and Methods:

Seventy-eight FNAs of thyroid lesions were evaluated for BRAF mutations using both cellular and supernatant DNA. BRAF mutation data were correlated with cytology and surgical pathology.

Results:

Of the 78 samples evaluated, 68 (87%) had amplifiable DNA in the supernatant with 2 (3%) positive for BRAF mutations. These two samples showed no mutations in the cellular counterpart. Among the 11 samples showing morphologic findings (FNA/surgical pathology) suspicious/diagnostic of PTC, 6 (55%) samples (one supernatant and five cellulars) were positive for BRAF mutations. This suggests that testing supernatant DNA in FNA specimens may increase the diagnostic yield by 1/11 (9%) in this setting.

Conclusions:

The vast majority of routinely discarded FNA supernatants contain amplifiable DNA. In addition, profiling the mutations of BRAF and other genes using supernatant DNA may provide valuable diagnostic information to assist the diagnosis of PTC in patients with clinical/morphologic findings suspicious for malignancies and cellular DNA showing no mutations.
Intelligent tutoring Module for a 3Dgame-based science e-learning platform
Authors: Liu Donfeng , Barba-Guamán Luis , Valdiviezo-Díaz Priscila , Riofrio Guido
Published: February 2017

The three-dimensional (3D) game-based intelligent science tutoring system (GIST) is an e- learningplatform for science. The individual complexity of 3D games and conventional intelligent tutoring systems (ITS)results in extra complexities in system design and development of GIST. It is significant to develop practicalGIST, not just to seek the powerful ones. The main contribution of this paper is the lightweight modelling of theintelligent tutoring module based on the brief-desire-intention (BDI) framework. The tutoring module, which isimplemented by integration of the BDI framework into a game actor, can be able to suggest to each studentspecific learning tasks based on his/her learning histories. As a study case, algebra-based physics are intentionallychosen as the learning contents in this 3D game-based learning system, since the most of existing 3D game-basedlearning systems only focused on the qualitative understanding of physical concepts. Our proposed modelling isonly based on the BDI reasoning mechanism, so it can be easily extended to obtain practical GIST by usingstandard game engines.
Biomechanical Assessment of Stabilization of Simulated Type II Odontoid Fracture with Case Study
Authors: Daniel Roy T. , Hussain Mir M. , Klocke Noelle , Yandamuri Soumya S. , Bobinski Lukas , Duff John M. , Bucklen Brandon S.
Published: February 2017

Study Design

Researchers created a proper type II dens fracture (DF) and quantified a novel current posterior fixation technique with spacers at C1–C2. A clinical case study supplements this biomechanical analysis.

Purpose

Researchers explored their hypothesis that spacers combined with posterior instrumentation (PI) reduce range of motion significantly, possibly leading to better fusion outcomes.

Overview of Literature

Literature shows that the atlantoaxial joint is unique in allowing segmental rotary motion, enabling head turning. With no intervertebral discs at these joints, multiple ligaments bind the axis to the skull base and to the atlas; an intact odontoid (dens) enhances stability. The most common traumatic injury at these strong ligaments is a type II odontoid fracture.

Methods

Each of seven specimens (C0–C3) was tested on a custom-built six-degrees-of-freedom spine simulator with constructs of intact state, type II DF, C1–C2 PI, PI with joint capsulotomy (PIJC), PI with spacers (PIS) at C1–C2, and spacers alone (SA). A bending moment of 2.0 Nm (1.5°/sec) was applied in flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR). One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed.

Results

DF increased motion to 320%, 429%, and 120% versus intact (FE, LB, and AR, respectively). PI significantly reduced motion to 41%, 21%, and 8%. PIJC showed negligible changes from PI. PIS reduced motion to 16%, 14%, and 3%. SA decreased motion to 64%, 24%, and 54%. Reduced motion facilitated solid fusion in an 89-year-old female patient within 1 year.

Conclusions

Type II odontoid fractures can lead to acute or chronic instability. Current fixation techniques use C1–C2 PI or an anterior dens screw. Addition of spacers alongside PI led to increased biomechanical rigidity over intact motion and may offer an alternative to established surgical fixation techniques.
A Survey on Low Back Pain Risk Factors in Steel Industry Workers in 2015
Authors: Rafeemanesh Ehsan , Omidi Kashani Farzad , Parvaneh Reza , Ahmadi Fatemeh
Published: February 2017

Study Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and its association with individual factors and current job status among steel industry workers in Mashhad, Iran.

Overview of Literature

Several studies have been conducted on LBP and its related risk factors, some of which emphasized oc-cupational factors as the main etiology of LBP. Meanwhile, individual risk factors have been emphasized in other studies. Despite several published articles, there are still many unresolved, basic issues about developing LBP.

Methods

For this study, 358 male workers were selected by a random sampling method and divided into two groups: production workers (n=201) and administrative personnel (n=157). Data were collected using modified Nordic questionnaire and physical examination. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the correlation between individual factors and current job status with LBP.

Results

Despite the young age of participants and their short employment duration, the overall prevalence of LBP was high (32.4%) in this industry. The prevalence of non-specific LBP in production workers and administrative personnel was 26.8% and 21.0%, respectively. Disk herniation was observed in 10.4% of production workers and 6.3% of administrative personnel. Age, employment duration, body mass index and smoking status were similar in the two groups. There was no significant relationship between LBP and current job status; however, a significant relationship was found between prevalence of LBP with age, duration of employment, and leisure time physical activity (p<0.05).

Conclusions

We have not found any relationship between LBP and current occupational status suggesting that the effects of general health-related factors such as weight, age, leisure time physical activity, and duration of employment are more important than occupational factors in developing LBP.
Radiation Exposure to the Hand of a Spinal Interventionalist during Fluoroscopically Guided Procedures
Authors: Yamashita Kazuta , Ikuma Hisanori , Tokashiki Takuya , Maehara Takashi , Nagamachi Akihiro , Takata Yoichiro , Sakai Toshinori , Higashino Kosaku , Sairyo Koichi
Published: February 2017

Study Design

Prospective study.

Purpose

During fluoroscopically guided spinal procedure, the hands of spinal surgeons are placed close to the field of radiation and may be exposed to ionizing radiation. This study directly measured the radiation exposure to the hand of a spinal interventionalist during fluoroscopically guided procedures.

Overview of Literature

Fluoroscopically guided spinal procedures have been reported to be a cause for concern due to the radiation exposure to which their operators are exposed.

Methods

This prospective study evaluated the radiation exposure of the hand of one spinal interventionalist during 52 consecutive fluoroscopic spinal procedures over a 3-month period. The interventionalist wore three real-time dosimeters secured to the right forearm, under the lead apron over the chest, and outside the lead apron over the chest. Additionally, one radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeter was placed under the lead apron over the left chest and one ring radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeter was worn on the right thumb. The duration of exposure and radiation dose were measured for each procedure.

Results

The average radiation exposure dose per procedure was 14.9 µSv, 125.6 µSv, and 200.1 µSv, inside the lead apron over the chest, outside the lead apron over the chest, and on the right forearm, respectively. Over the 3-month period, the protected radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeter over the left chest recorded less than the minimum reportable dose, whereas the radiophotoluminescence glass ring dosimeter recorded 368 mSv for the thumb.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that the cumulative radiation dose measured at the dominant hand may exceed the annual dose limit specified by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Spinal interventionalists should take special care to limit the duration of fluoroscopy and radiation exposure.
Attaining whole-ecosystem warming using air and deep-soil heating methods with an elevated CO2 atmosphere
Authors: Hanson Paul J. , Riggs Jeffery S. , Nettles W. Robert , Phillips Jana R. , Krassovski Misha B. , Hook Leslie A. , Gu Lianhong , Richardson Andrew D. , Aubrecht Donald M. , Ricciuto Daniel M. , Warren Jeffrey M. , Barbier Charlotte
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This paper describes the operational methods to achieve and measure both deep-soil heating (0–3 m) and whole-ecosystem warming (WEW) appropriate to the scale of tall-stature, high-carbon, boreal forest peatlands. The methods were developed to allow scientists to provide a plausible set of ecosystem-warming scenarios within which immediate and longer-term (1 decade) responses of organisms (microbes to trees) and ecosystem functions (carbon, water and nutrient cycles) could be measured. Elevated CO2 was also incorporated to test how temperature responses may be modified by atmospheric CO2 effects on carbon cycle processes. The WEW approach was successful in sustaining a wide range of aboveground and belowground temperature treatments (+0, +2.25, +4.5, +6.75 and +9 °C) in large 115 m2 open-topped enclosures with elevated CO2 treatments (+0 to +500 ppm). Air warming across the entire 10 enclosure study required  ∼  90 % of the total energy for WEW ranging from 64 283 mega Joules (MJ) d−1 during the warm season to 80 102 MJ d−1 during cold months. Soil warming across the study required only 1.3 to 1.9 % of the energy used ranging from 954 to 1782 MJ d−1 of energy in the warm and cold seasons, respectively. The residual energy was consumed by measurement and communication systems. Sustained temperature and elevated CO2 treatments were only constrained by occasional high external winds. This paper contrasts the in situ WEW method with closely related field-warming approaches using both aboveground (air or infrared heating) and belowground-warming methods. It also includes a full discussion of confounding factors that need to be considered carefully in the interpretation of experimental results. The WEW method combining aboveground and deep-soil heating approaches enables observations of future temperature conditions not available in the current observational record, and therefore provides a plausible glimpse of future environmental conditions.
Global high resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation
Authors: Laruelle Goulven G. , Landschützer Peter , Gruber Nicolas , Tison Jean-Louis , Delille Bruno , Regnier Pierre
Published: February 2017

Abstract. In spite of the recent strong increase in the number of measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface ocean (pCO2), the air-sea CO2 balance of the continental shelf seas remains poorly quantified. This is a consequence of these regions remaining strongly under-sampled both in time and space, and of surface pCO2 exhibiting much higher temporal and spatial variability in these regions compared to the open ocean. Here, we use a modified version of a two-step artificial neural network method (SOM-FFN, Landschützer et al., 2013) to interpolate the pCO2 data along the continental margins with a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees and with monthly resolution from 1998 until 2014. The most important modifications compared to the original SOM-FFN method are (i) the much higher spatial resolution, and (ii) the inclusion of sea-ice as a predictor of pCO2. The validity of our interpolation, both in space and time, is assessed by comparing the SOM-FFN outputs with pCO2 measurements extracted from the SOCATv3.0 and LDVEO2014 datasets. The new coastal pCO2 product confirms a previously suggested general meridional trend of the annual mean pCO2 in all the continental shelves with high values in the tropics and dropping to values beneath those of the atmosphere at higher latitudes. But significant differences in the seasonality across the ocean basins exist. The shelves of the western and northern Pacific, as well as the shelves in the temperate North Atlantic display particularly pronounced seasonal variations in pCO2, while the shelves in the southeastern Atlantic and in the South Pacific reveal a much smaller seasonality. Overall, the seasonality in shelf pCO2 cannot solely be explained by temperature-induced changes in solubility, but are also the result of seasonal changes in circulation, mixing, and biological productivity. Finally, thanks to this product having been extended to cover open ocean areas as well, it can be readily merged with existing global open ocean products to produce a true global perspective of the spatial and temporal variability of surface ocean pCO2.
AUTOMATIC TREE DATA REMOVAL METHOD FOR TOPOGRAPHY
MEASUREMENT RESULT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER
Authors: Yokoyama H. , Chikatsu H.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Recently, laser scanning has been receiving greater attention as a useful tool for real-time 3D data acquisition, and various applications such as city modelling, DTM generation and 3D modelling of cultural heritage sites have been proposed. And, former digital data processing were demanded in the past digital archive techniques for cultural heritage sites. However, robust filtering method for distinguishing on- and off-terrain points by terrestrial laser scanner still have many issues. In the past investigation, former digital data processing using air-bone laser scanner were reported. Though, efficient tree removal methods from terrain points for the cultural heritage are not considered. In this paper, authors describe a new robust filtering method for cultural heritage using terrestrial laser scanner with "the echo digital processing technology" as latest data processing techniques of terrestrial laser scanner.
Elasto-kinematics design of an innovative composite material suspension system
Authors: Xu Shuang , Ferraris Alessandro , Airale Andrea Giancarlo , Carello Massimiliana
Published: February 2017

Abstract. In this paper, a lightweight suspension system for small urban personal transportation vehicle is presented. A CFRP (Carbon fiber reinforce polymer) beam spring has been used to efficiently integrate the functions of suspension control arm and anti-roll bar. Composites materials were chosen to tailor the required behavior of the beam spring and to reduce the weight. Furthermore, larger space for engine compartment has been provided thanks to the compact arrangement of beam suspension components. This suspension could be installed on electric/hybrid vehicles and conventional automobiles.
Anticipatory Imagination in Aging: Revolt and Resignation in Modern Day France
Authors: Drouillard Jill
Published: February 2017

“Rien n’arrive ni comme on l’espère, ni comme on le craint. Nothing really happens as we hope it will, nor as we fear it will.”1 Améry appropriates this quote of Proust to highlight how our imaginative powers can never approach its reality during an extreme event. This failure of what he coins our anticipatory imagination is depicted in his phenomenological account of torture, an event whose extremity is later compared to another embodied experience: that of aging. Equating torture with aging may seem shocking to some, and Améry was critiqued for suggesting such a parallel, particularly since he narrates a lived experience with the latter at the mere age of fifty-five. He revisits this critique in the preface to the fourth edition of On Aging: Revolt and Resignation where he states: "Today as much as yesterday I think that society has to undertake everything to relieve old and aging persons of their unpleasant destiny. And at the same time I stick to my position that all high- minded and reverential efforts in this direction, though indeed capable of being somewhat soothing- are still not capable of changing anything fundamental about the tragic hardship of aging." - Jean Améry, On Aging [Améry’s emphasis]The “today” of society that Améry referenced was 1977. But what about today? Is Améry correct in projecting that despite our best efforts nothing fundamental can change the quite unbearable experience of aging? Are attempts to aid the aging complicit in a “vile dupery” that ends in “metaphorically empty” phrases such as “rest in peace”?3 I would like to pose these questions in the wake of a heated debate in France regarding the legality of assisted suicide for aging persons (Améry took his own life and sees suicide as an acceptable form of revolt and resignation, the only authentic choices left to the aging). Thus, this paper seeks to not only dissect his account of aging (and the failure of anticipatory imagination in futural projections of it) but to ask whether his philosophy could be read alongside current French thinkers to better assess comment mourir dans la dignité.
Force Inside Identity: Self and Other in Améry’s “On the Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew”
Authors: Achtenberg Deborah
Published: February 2017

In a statement too strong even to summarize his own views, Jean-Paul Sartre famously declares in “Existentialism is a Humanism” that “man is nothing other than what he makes of himself.” It is bad faith, according to him, to attribute what I am to my family, culture, condition, etc., because through awareness of what I am and have been, I can determine whether what I am will continue into the future. Human being, as a result, is nothing but what he or she has chosen or decided. In “On the Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew,” Jean Améry rejects that view.He explicitly rejects the idea that “I am what I am for myself and in myself, and nothing else.” In doing so, he is one of a group of Jewish thinkers, including Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida, who reject Sartre’s ideas about Jewish identity and identity more generally, ideas expressed particularly in Reflections on the Jewish Question but amplified by views expressed in “Existentialism is a Humanism” and Being and Nothingness.Those in the group go out of their way to express their gratitude to Sartre for writing on “the Jewish question” after the war--Sartre who wrote because he saw no mention of the 77,000 Jews in France who were deported and murdered by the Nazis.
Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis after Inadvertent Intraocular Perforation with Gentamycin Injection
Authors: Querques Lea , Miserocchi Elisabetta , Modorati Giulio , Querques Giuseppe , Bandello Francesco
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To report a case of hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV) secondary to intraocular toxicity due to inadvertent intraocular injection of gentamycin.

Methods

A 21-year-old woman was referred to our department because of severe ocular pain and sudden visual loss in her left eye after she received a subconjunctival gentamycin injection for chronic infectious keratitis.

Results

At presentation, best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and counting fingers in the left eye. Fundus examination showed diffuse intraretinal and perivascular hemorrhages, vascular cuffing, white-centered hemorrhages, and diffuse retinal edema. Fluorescein angiography confirmed occlusive retinal vasculitis with capillary nonperfusion and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography revealed ischemic macular edema. The clinical diagnosis was compatible with HORV secondary to retinal toxicity due to high dose of intraocular gentamycin.

Conclusions

We report a case of HORV secondary to inadvertent subconjunctival gentamycin injection. Ocular perforation and high dose of intravitreal gentamycin administration should be considered as a potential cause of HORV following subconjunctival injection.
Persistent Subretinal Fluid Mimicking Central Serous Retinopathy after Scleral Buckling Surgery: Possible Vortex Vein Compression Role
Authors: Giuffrè Chiara , Carnevali Adriano , Codenotti Marco , Corbelli Eleonora , De Vitis Luigi A. , Querques Lea , Bandello Francesco , Querques Giuseppe
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To describe the case of a woman who developed persistent subretinal fluid in the macular region after the placement of encircling band for retinal detachment surgery, possibly due to vortex vein compression.

Methods

Case report.

Results

A 66-year-old woman diagnosed with central serous retinopathy presented with poor vision and metamorphopsia in the left eye (LE). Her visual acuity had deteriorated to 20/100 in LE after retinal detachment surgery with scleral buckling 8 months before. Multimodal imaging including fundus autofluorescence and fluorescein angiography disclosed a gravitational hyperfluorescent area involving the macular region that appeared to originate from the superotemporal quadrant in correspondence with the buckling. This area corresponded to a serous retinal detachment on structural spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Interestingly, on indocyanine green angiography, the encircling band of the scleral buckling appeared located at the emergence of the superotemporal vortex vein. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with gravitational serous retinal detachment secondary to vortex vein compression. Successful rapid visual recovery and decrease of retinal fluid on SD-OCT was achieved with prompt surgery of scleral buckling removal, confirming the diagnosis.

Conclusions

Choroidal veins can be obliterated during retinal detachment surgery, especially when retinal breaks are posterior to the equator. Indocyanine green angiography is the gold standard to study choroidal circulation and in our case allowed us to visualize the compression of the superotemporal vortex vein at the site of scleral buckling.
Snapping Hip Syndrome: Systematic Review of Surgical Treatment
Authors: Potalivo Gabriele , Bugiantella Walter
Published: February 2017

The snapping hip (SH) syndrome is characterised by an audible snapping, often accompanied by pain, which usually occurs with the flexion and extension of the hip during exercise or ordinary daily activities.

The causes of SH can be classified as external, internal and intraarticular. The prevalence of asymptomatic SH in the population is unknown and the incidence of symptomatic cases is not well-defined. The painless snapping in the hip is common in the general population; the symptomatic SH with debilitating pain and weakness is often seen in those who take part in activities such as ballet and running hurdles.

The clinician's goal is to determine the cause and treat patients who have symptomatic SH so that they may return to their activities or to athletic peak performance.

Most patients with SH can be treated conservatively. However, surgery may be indicated if the condition becomes chronically symptomatic. Arthroscopy may prove useful in the treatment of intraarticular lesions that are causing discomfort. Various techniques have been described with different grades of success. The aim is to achieve the least invasive procedure with the lowest potential complications that corrects the painful snapping, according to the patient's characteristics.

The purpose of this systematic review is to clarify the results of the surgical treatment of SH, after the failure of the conservative treatment.
Effect of Different Intermediary Bases on Microleakage of a Restorative Material in Class II Box Cavities of Primary Teeth
Authors: Abdelmegid Faika Y. , Salama Fouad S. , Al-Mutairi Waleed M. , Al-Mutairi Saud K. , Baghazal Sultan O.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess and compare the effect of different intermediary bases on microleakage between tooth and a nanocomposite interface in Class II box cavities in primary teeth.

Methods

Standard Class II box cavities were prepared in 52 primary molars and randomly divided into 9 groups according to the intermediary base used (Multicore Flow, Fuji II LC, SDR, Smart Dentin Replacement, and Biodentine). All specimens were subjected to thermocycling and prepared for microleakage testing and evaluation.

Results

There was significant difference in the mean ranks of microleakage between the 9 groups, which was observed in the gingival side (p<0.0001) and the occlusal side (p<0.0001). The mean ranks microleakage was significantly higher with experimental SDR, experimental Multicore Flow, and positive control materials when compared with the other 6 groups. The microleakage mean ranks were statistically significantly lower in experimental Fuji II LC, experimental Biodentine, and all negative control groups when compared with the other 3 groups.

Conclusions

Microleakage is affected by the application of intermediate material. Experimental Biodentine and Fuji II LC showed the lowest microleakage while experimental SDR and experimental Multicore Flow showed the highest microleakage.
Two nouns in partitives: evidence from Japanese
Authors: Sauerland Uli , Yatsushiro Kazuko
Published: February 2017

We consider the proposal that partitives always contain two positions for nouns which may be filled by silent material from the perspective of Japanese. We argue that it provides a novel account for cases of quantificational expressions that are frequently marked with genitive case in Japanese. Genitive case attached to nouns marks possession or partitivity, but on quantifiers it has been previously regarded as purely morphological. We show that genitive case on quantifiers can be analyzed as regular genitive case, and identify two distinct structures based on the two noun partitive structure. Specifically, we claim that the genitive suffix can be stranded by NP ellipsis, but when it can attach to a preceeding quantifier the structure remains grammatical. Our analysis therefore supports an analysis of partitives assuming two noun positions where ellipsis can target one or both of those two nouns.This article is part of Special Collection: Partitives
Is ‘Greening’ the Key to Sustain in Global Market for Bangladeshi Readymade Garments Industry?
Authors: Binte Rab Naharin , Hoque Rehnuma
Published: February 2017

RMG (Readymade Garments) industry is life-blood for the economy of Bangladesh since she contributes around 82% in the export revenue and 14% in GDP. In the backdrop of ‘Savar Building Collapse’ in 2013, the second most horrifying industrial disaster of all time, the country image of Bangladesh has suffered. As a consequence of which GSP facility was withdrawn. The industry now faces a new set of challenges to sustain in the global market. Vietnam exceeded Bangladesh in apparel export to US, just last year in 2015. Another threat has been developed when Vietnam signed TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership) in February, 2016 which would leverage Vietnamese export to US market. There is pressure from US to make RMG in Bangladesh safe and sustainable. Safety pushes the cost equation up but lack of which pulls the image of the country down.  Bangladesh RMG enjoys the greatest cost advantage of all the nations due to the lowest wage paid to the workers. With a standing of $25 billion export revenue in RMG, now Bangladesh projects to reach $50 billion in 2021. This paper would look critically into the role of greening in sustainability of the industry, in particular, reaching the 2021 target. The authors would approach critical analysis through exploratory study of academic literature and newspapers.
Corporate Governance: International Context and Trends from 2005 to 2015
Authors: Jaimes-Valdez Miguel Angel , Jacobo-Hernandez Carlos A. , Ochoa-Jimenez Sergio
Published: February 2017

Corporate governance is a topic that in recent years has been related to fraud and economic crises, which could be reasons for pessimism; however, this study views it as an opportunity to improve the organizational environment. Therefore, this exploratory study is conducted with the purpose of identifying the context in which corporate governance occurs and potential international trends. The review of the literature indicates that corporate governance codes based on the model of insider information are gradually being replaced by American and British models, which are characterized by democracy, transparency, and accountability. Similarly, there is emphasis on the importance of bringing organizations and interest groups closer together and building consensus to develop activities that are in the common interest and that provide benefits to all. Finally, further studies are recommended to improve national and international standards concerning corporate governance with the aim of balancing the interests of organizations and their stakeholders.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1
Authors: Dou Paige
Published: February 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2017
Micros, pequenas e médias empresas: atores importantes no espaço regional do Mercosul?
Authors: Haffner Jacqueline A. , Dos Santos Leandro Teixeira , Menezes Nadia B.
Published: February 2017

A temática desse artigo é o papel de Micro, Pequenas e Médias Empresas (MPME) em países membros do Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL). Objetiva-se responder à questão: As MPME constituem atores relevantes na consolidação do espaço regional conformado pelas economias mercosulinas? A hipótese é que sim. Após destacadas as diferentes conceituações desses atores e enfatizadas as suas relevâncias enquanto promotores do crescimento econômico e do desenvolvimento social em cada Estadoparte - a partir de revisão da literatura e da análise de dados - encontram-se evidências que permitem confirmar a hipótese.
Neodesenvolvimentismo e conflitos sociais: o caso da Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte
Authors: Corrêa Sérgio Roberto Moraes
Published: February 2017

O texto trata da temática do neodesenvolvimentismo no Brasil na atualidade, com foco na particularidade amazônica à luz dos conflitos sociais. Para isso, toma como objeto de estudo as lutas de resistência do Movimento Xingu Vivo Para Sempre frente à Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte. Esse texto é parte da tese de doutorado realizada no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais da UFCG. Nessa pesquisa, foi possível identificar que Belo Monte é a expressão, por meio do PAC, da expansão da fronteira hidrelétrica como movimento de territorialização da dinâmica de acumulação do capital sobre a Amazônia sob forte influência do Estado, em parceria com grandes grupos privados. Esse padrão de desenvolvimento é marcado, contudo, por fortes contradições e conflitos, sendo as lutas e resistências de movimentos sociais reveladoras de outras dinâmicas sociais, que, nos termos de Boaventura Santos, ajudam a revelar outras representações e experiências da Amazônia e do Brasil.
Aportes conceituais de referência ao planejamento metropolitano no Brasil contemporâneo
Authors: Hauser Ghissia , Campos Heleniza , Souza Diogo Onofre
Published: February 2017

A reestruturação das cidades do final do século XX é marcada por determinantes interurbanos e intraurbanos. A dinâmica das redes técnicas tende a substituir a estática dos lugares construídos, condicionando mentalidades e comportamentos urbanos; a interação dos indivíduos passa a ser reduzida e deslocalizada; o pertencimento a comunidades de interesses diversos não se funda mais nem sobre a proximidade nem sobre a densidade demográfica local. Nesse cenário, ocorre a aprovação do Estatuto da Metrópole, em janeiro de 2015, colocando as Regiões Metropolitanas (RMs) e Aglomerações Urbanas (AUs) brasileiras em lugar de destaque na agenda das ações sobre o urbano, exigindo uma maior compreensão sobre as novas lógicas de ocupação do território e suas relações com as atividades econômicas e sociais marcadas por redes e fluxos de alcances variados. A realidade metropolitana contemporânea nos conduz à necessidade de rever o conceito de região, bem como de pensar as novas centralidades urbanas.
Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing for Human Leukocyte Antigen Typing in a Clinical Laboratory: Metrics of Relevance and Considerations for Its Successful Implementation
Authors: Gandhi Manish J. , Ferriola Deborah , Huang Yanping , Duke Jamie L. , Monos Dimitri
Published: February 2017

Context.—

Numerous feasibility studies to type human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) by next-generation sequencing (NGS) have led to the development of vendor-supported kits for HLA typing by NGS. Some clinical laboratories have introduced HLA-NGS, and many are investigating the introduction. Standards from accrediting agencies form the regulatory framework for introducing this test into clinical laboratories.

Objectives.—

To provide an assessment of metrics and considerations relevant to the successful implementation of clinical HLA-NGS typing, and to provide as a reference a validated HLA-NGS protocol used clinically since December 2013 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

Data Sources.—

The HLA-NGS has been performed on 2532 samples. The initial 1046 and all homozygous samples were also typed by an alternate method. The HLA-NGS demonstrated 99.7% concordance with the alternate method. Ambiguous results were most common at the DPB1 locus because of a lack of phasing between exons 2 and 3 or the unsequenced exon 1 (533 of 2954 alleles; 18.04%) and the DRB1 locus because of not sequencing exon 1 (75 of 3972 alleles; 1.89%). No ambiguities were detected among the other loci. Except for 2 false homozygous samples, all homozygous samples (1891) demonstrated concordance with the alternate method. The article is organized to address the critical elements in the preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic phases of introducing this assay into the clinical laboratory.

Conclusions.—

The results demonstrate that HLA typing by NGS is a highly accurate, reproducible, efficient method that provides more-complete sequencing information for the length of the HLA gene and can be the single methodology for HLA typing in clinical immunogenetics laboratories.
Reflecting on the Impacts of Market Reform in the UK Water Sector
Authors: Gedman Ken , Hodson Stephen
Published: February 2017

Opening up the UK water and sewage market to competition aims to provide economic and customer benefits.
Evaluating Water Utilities: The Texas Water Conservation Scorecard
Authors: Kramer Ken , Walker Jennifer , Redmond Ruthie
Published: February 2017

A report scoring texas utilities on their water conservation efforts sets a precedent for gauging conservation progress in other states.
Transparency and Accountability
Authors: Mercer Kenneth L.
Published: February 2017

As the public's appetite for previously unavailable information grows, utilities and their regulators need to respond accordingly. With increasing transparency there will be a commensurate increase in accountability, and the water industry must continuously reinforce a culture in which all members understand their responsibility for protecting the public's health and safety. All members of the water community need a voice in this area, but especially those on the front lines: namely, water and wastewater system operators.
Translating medical texts into a foreign language: some methodological considerations
Authors: Plested A. Maria Cecilia , Quiroz. H. Gabriel Angel , Muñoz Carlos Arturo , Giraldo John Jairo
Published: February 2017

Many authors, scholars, and theorists have theoretically denied the possibility of translating into a foreign language (Newmark, 1998, 1995; Van Deth, 1989; Vásquez-Ayora, 1977 among others), because of the interference caused by the translator’s mother tongue as well as the lack of competence, especially in writing, and level of intuition when going into the foreign language. Authors confront and argue the different points of view. Arguments in favor of translating into a foreign language should also be considered (Wilss, 1982; Wotjak, 1981; Harris, 1990; Nord, 1992; Cao, 1996; Beeby, 1996; Quiroz and Muñoz, 1996; Zapata et al. 1998). Likewise, it is shown that methods, methodologies, and techniques may be used both ways. It is concluded that the correct establishment of text analysis features as well as linguistic characteristics in both languages make it possible to translate medical texts into English as a for-eign language.
Medical texts made simple - dream or reality?
Authors: Askehave Inger , Zethsen Karen Korning
Published: February 2017

This article is concerned with some of the problems medical companies have in trying to produce user-friendly medical texts. Research has shown that consumer information within the medical field is often difficult to understand for the non-specialist. There are several reasons for this. One is the frequent use of special language features in texts concerned with consumer information. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of special language and suggests ways in which specialist words and expressions may be downgraded and simplified in order to accommodate the intended non-specialist target group.
Groupoid algebras as Cuntz-Pimsner algebras
Authors: Rennie Adam , Robertson David , Sims Aidan
Published: February 2017

We show that if $G$ is a second countable locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoid carrying a suitable cocycle $c\colon G\to\mathbb{Z}$, then the reduced $C^*$-algebra of $G$ can be realised naturally as the Cuntz-Pimsner algebra of a correspondence over the reduced $C^*$-algebra of the kernel $G_0$ of $c$. If the full and reduced $C^*$-algebras of $G_0$ coincide, we deduce that the full and reduced $C^*$-algebras of $G$ coincide. We obtain a six-term exact sequence describing the $K$-theory of $C^*_r(G)$ in terms of that of $C^*_r(G_0)$.
Extensions of Euclidean operator radius inequalities
Authors: Moslehian Mohammad Sal , Sattari Mostafa , Shebrawi Khalid
Published: February 2017

To extend the Euclidean operator radius, we define $w_p$ for an $n$-tuple of operators $(T_1,\dots,T_n)$ in $\mathbb{B}(\mathscr{H})$ by $w_p(T_1,\dots,T_n):= \sup_{\lVert x \rVert =1} (\sum_{i=1}^{n}\lvert \langle T_i x, x \rangle \rvert^p)^{1/p}$ for $p\geq1$. We generalize some inequalities including the Euclidean operator radius of two operators to those involving $w_p$. Further we obtain some lower and upper bounds for $w_p$. Our main result states that if $f$ and $g$ are non-negative continuous functions on $[0,\infty) $ satisfying $f(t) g(t) =t$ for all $t\in [ 0,\infty) $, then \begin{equation*} w_{p}^{rp}( A_{1}^*T_{1}B_{1}, \dots ,A_{n}^*T_{n}B_{n}) \leq \frac{n^{r-1}}{2} \Bigl\lVert \sum_{i=1}^n [ B_{i}^*f^{2}( \lvert T_{i}\rvert ) B_{i}] ^{rp} + [ A_{i}^*g^{2}( \lvert T_{i}^* \rvert ) A_{i}]^{rp} \Bigr\rVert, \end{equation*} for all $p\geq 1$, $r\geq 1$ and operators in $\mathbb{B}(\mathscr{H})$.
A Modified Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour Model to Analyze User Intention towards Distance-Based Electronic Toll Collection Services
Authors: Tao Chi-Chung , Fan Chieh-Chih
Published: February 2017

This study proposes a modified decomposed theory of planned behaviour model (DTPB) that integrates satisfaction and trust into the original DTPB model to explore what kind of factors affect the user intention towards distance-based electronic toll collection (ETC) services. The proposed model is empirically tested by using data collected from a questionnaire survey with a computer assisted telephone interview system. Empirical analysis is carried out in three stages that combine confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling (SEM), and Bayesian network: (1) examination of reliability and validity of the measurement model; (2) analysis of structural model; (3) prediction of the probability of user intention change based on rigorous framework of SEM. The results confirm that the satisfaction and trust have positive effects on the behaviour intention, also validating that five constructs have indirect effects on the behaviour intention through attitude and perceived behaviour control. Compatibility is the most important influence factor, followed by perceived usefulness, facilitating conditions, self-efficacy, and perceived ease of use. The findings of this study identify potential improvements for ETC operator, such as contributing to the society to enhance the company image and trust of enterprise with charity activities, and simultaneously upgrading the information platform of website, software, and Apps.