bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Richard 0. Boyer: “The Hot Bach” (1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Boyer deftly captures the group spirit of Ellington’s musicians on the road, showing their extraordinary resilience in the face of monotony, physical discomfort, and racial dis crimination. He highlights the important supporting roles played by Ellington’s road manager Jack Boyd, his valet Richard Bowden Jones (“Jonesy”), and especially his writing partner Billy Strayhorn. Boyer’s expert touch with description and dialogue brings to life scenes rarely observed by outsiders, such as activities before and after a typical dance job, and_,, the collective working-out of a new piece in the middle of the night.
An Ellington Solo Piano Transcription in Down Beat (1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

During his current theater tour, Duke is featuring a concerto type arrange ment on the standard Frankie and Johnny (fig. 1). The accompanying style example, one of his solo choruses, contains the melodic-harmonic treatment that is characteristic of Ellington’s composition and arrangements. It reflects Duke’s ability to think of his orchestra as a single instrument with multiple colorings and extensive harmonic possibilities. For example: the basic har mony, played by the left hand, is simple and, with the exception of abundant chromatics, quite conventional; the treble harmony, generally speaking, gives unusual coloring by the addition of sevenths, ninths, and elevenths. The intro duction establishes the key and the mood without the commonly used principal theme and authentic cadence. The first six measures of the chorus retain much of the original melody but with a new harmonization. variation. The following two measures are completely divorced from the original composition and form a progression into the improvised ending. The ending is formulated from the material used in the introduction. Here is a little masterpiece of good form and modern harmony.
“Why Duke Ellington Avoided Music Schools” (1945)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

It was around 4 p.m. when we reached Duke Ellington’s apartment on St. Nicholas Ave. the other day. The building he lives in has an old, ornate, rather dilapidated facade. The halls are narrow and dark, with tile floors.
George Avakian: Ellington at Newport (1956)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Overshadowing everything else, including the introduction of a new work written expressly for this recording at Newport, Duke Ellington’s performance of Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue in the last set of the 1956 Festival turned into one of the most extraordinary moments in the history of this annual event. Within an hour, reporters and critics were buzzing about it. By next morn ing, it was generally conceded to have been one of the most exciting perfor mances any of them had ever heard.
Andre Hodeir: “Why Did Ellington ‘Remake’ His Masterpiece?” (1958)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Duke Ellington holds a privileged position in the history of jazz. He was its first composer in the strict sense of the term, and for a long time he was its only composer. Fats Waller was not a composer, he merely wrote tunes. Ernie Wilkins is an arranger who works with other people’s ideas.A composer is a musician who makes full use of a capacity which neither the tune writer nor, with very few exceptions, the arranger possesses, a capacity which might be defined as that of endowing jazz with an additional dimension. This dimen sion, which gives a work new depth and greater possibilities for development, is form. Jazz history may be summed up as follows: Armstrong created jazz, Ellington created form in jazz; Parker and Davis re-created jazz, while Monk is trying to re-create form in jazz.
Irving Townsend: “When Duke Records” (1960)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

I, like most people who listen to records, was brought up on stories of how Duke Ellington makes a record, and the more incredible the latest episode was, the more I came to believe that Duke and his band usually arrive at a recording studio totally unprepared. The miraculous process of writing an arrangement in front of the band, playing it four bars at a time, and recording it in the last few minutes of the session is the sort of tale any jazz lover likes to believe, and I, and probably you, did.
Ellington: “Where is Jazz Going?” (1962)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Where is jazz going? Questions of this kind are never easy to answer, and in this case it might be easier to answer another question, namely: where is jazz coming from? Because one of the most important distinctions between the musical scenes of yesterday and today is that the average young musician nowadays comes equipped with conservatory experience, with a background of educational equipment that is way out ahead of the training most of the musicians had not too many years ago.
Eddie Lambert: “Duke Ellington-1963” (1963)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The presence of Duke Ellington and his musicians was enough to warm up even a January so cold as that just experienced, and as one drove, walked, stumbled and cursed through snow, ice, fog and slush to attend the various concerts, one could, for once, feel assured that it would all be very worthwhile. The sound of this Ellington band is now a memory, to be stored along with those of the 1958 orchestra. On that tour, as we all know, many writers were highly critical of Duke’s policy and the band was adjudged disappointing in the context of the programmes presented. This year the critics did an about face and in considering the Ellington band sans ballad medley decided that now the Duke was really presenting his music in undiluted form. Four years ago I was frankly bowled over, for the sound of the band was so much more glorious than even the finest records suggested and despite the medley and the drum solo found their concerts to be the finest I had ever experienced in the jazz field. One does not always agree with Ellington’s programming, but before going on to criticise what Duke did place before our ears in 1963 we should remember that this music comes from a road band leading the unsettled exis tence of all touring orchestras. Whatever criticisms one may make of Ellington the fact remains that his concerts still have more “meat,” more musical sub stance than those of any other figure in jazz.
A. J. Bishop: “‘Reminiscing in Tempo’: A Landmark in Jazz Composition” (1964)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Reminiscing in Tempo was written twenty-eight years ago, in 1935, and recorded in the same year. At the time, it was strongly criticised. This criticism, viewed in retrospect, was not surprising. Not only was the piece the most ambitious jazz composition, in terms of length, attempted up till that time, but it contained, as we shall see, some unconventional ideas. Unfortunately, the complete work has not been available in Britain for many years. Conse quently many enthusiasts, particularly younger ones, have not been able to hear it. It is certainly time it was re-issued.
Nat Hentoff: “This Cat Needs No Pulitzer Prize” (1965)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

For Edward Kennedy (Duke) Ellington, recent months have been character istically busy and mobile. With his orchestra, he has been constantly in motion-playing one-nighters, making climactic appearances at the major jazz festivals, and recording. Ellington the composer, moreover, has been repre sented this past summer in a premiere of a new suite, “The Golden Broom and the Golden Apple,” with the New York Philharmonic at Lincoln Center. As composer-pianist, he has been selected along with Birgit Nilsson, Pilar Lorengar and Guiomar Novaes, to be part of the new subscription series called Great Performers at Philharmonic Hall. Mr. Ellington’s date in this first recital series to be undertaken by Lincoln Center itself is Dec. 12 at 3 p.m.
Ellington: “The Most Essential Instrument” (1965)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

I am delighted you have recently had the opportunity to hear Willie The Lion. He has been such a very strong influence on anybody who ever listened to him. Seriously, I mean that! Art Tatum was influenced by Willie The Lion, and anyone who can influence Art Tatum has to be really something, for Tatum was the greatest. And I know that is right, because Oscar Peterson says so; and so too, for that matter, does Billy Strayhorn.
Martin Williams: “Form Beyond Form” (1970; revised 1983, 1993)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Main Stem was recorded in 1942 and therefore comes from a great period for Duke Ellington as a composer, orchestrator, and leader of a large jazz ensem ble. I am not sure that it is one of the masterpieces of that period, but it is at least excellent. On the face of it, Main Stem may seem casual enough: a blues in a relatively fast tempo. It opens with a theme played by the orchestra, followed by a succession of one-chorus solos by sidemen, and a final return to the theme. It is a big band blues, then, apparently like many another casually conceived and executed big band blues of the time.
Reactions of a Newcomer: Al Sears Interviewed by George T. Simon (1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

One of them was tenor saxophonist Al Sears (1910-1990), who joined Ellington in May of 1944, filling the chair vacated by Ben Webster the previous year. (Skippy Williams had held the post briefly in between.) Discussing the experience with journalist George T. Simon, Sears conveyed both the excitement and frustration of learning Ellington’s repertory on the job. His comments illuminate the way pieces were edited and revised during performance and describe the informal apprenticeship system in which the band’s veterans helped out newcomers. At the time of Sears’s interview, the Ellington orchestra was appearing at the Hurricane Club, at Broadway and 51st Street.
Inez M. Cavanaugh: Three Interviews (1945)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

At this point Rex veered: “Let me tell you about the eating contest between Benny Carter, Coleman Hawkins and Jimmy Harrison and me! Hawk had three steaks, two orders of ham and eggs, a platter of fried potatoes and two slices of pie. We were neck and neck until we got to the pie. Benny had one piece and nosed Jimmy and me out, but when Hawk ordered the second slice Benny folded up!
Sonny Greer Interviewed by Whitney Balliett (1974)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Sonny Greer is an elegant pipestem, with a narrow, handsome face and flat black hair. His eyes are lustrous, and his fingers are long and spidery. He was with Duke Ellington for almost thirty years, and sat godlike above and behind “I feel good, and I can still play. Lazy people retire. As long as you feel active, be active. Retired people lie under a tree and play checkers, and first thing you know they’re gone. Last time I saw Duke in the hospital, he said, ‘I want you to go out and play again, Nasty.’ He called me that because I had always defended him against all comers through the years. I guess the Man isn’t ready for me yet. The only regret I have is that my parents and my sisters never saw me play with the Duke Ellington band. My brother Eddie did, but somehow they didn’t, and I’m still sorry about that.”
Gary Giddins on Paul Gonsalves (1985)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Duke Ellington wrote of Paul Gonsalves that his refusal to make demands on himself evinced the purity of mind worthy of a good priest. “His punch line, of course, is ‘Jack Daniels,’” Ellington continued, “but that is just a kind of fa ade.”The image of Father Gonsalves must have amused his many friends, but none could have failed to understand what Ellington was getting at. The key tenor saxophonist of the Ellington orchestra for 24 years went Jesus one better. He could walk on sour mash, an ability that may have been either a consequence or a cause of his remarkable diffidence. Gonsalves, known to colleagues as Mex and to Ellington’s audiences as the Hero of the Newport Jazz Festival (or Strolling Violins-he was known to hop off the stand to serenade a member of the audience) abjured power in any guise, including self-promotion. That he had a reputation at all was entirely due to his lavish talent and the existence of a few people who could appreciate same. To them, the name Gonsalves was almost synonymous with underrated: not even his conquest of Newport in 1956-when he galvanized the audience with a 27- chorus blues solo that put Ellington on the cover of Time and his orchestra back on top after five years of neglect-secured him much individual attention. I don’t think he cared in the least; he and the people close to him knew who he was and besides, to sit in the Ellington band was all he ever wanted from life.
Progress and Protest
Authors: Anderson Karen
Published: November 2023

In The Years Since 1940, African American women have experienced important changes in their work, family, and community roles. An accelerated urban migration, economic changes, the development of the welfare state, and a changed political and legal context have dramatically altered the conditions of their lives. Nothing, however, was more important for the transformation of African American status in the United States than the dismantling of the plantation economy in the South. Although that system had been eroding for decades, economic changes initiated during World War II provided the impetus for its destruction, ending its stranglehold on black workers and black lives.

The birth of the “New South” required a significant and often troubling revision of social relations. The caste politics and overt racism that had long characterized the south became a liability for a region seeking industrial capital. As Jessie Daniel Ames noted in 1939:

We have managed to reduce lynchings not because we’ve grown more law abiding or respectable but because lynchings become such bad advertising. The South is going after big industry at the moment, and a lawless, lynchmob population isn’t going to attract very much outside capital.
Linco n and the Strategy of Unconditional Surrender
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: November 2023

It is ironic that one of the most oft-quoted passages from Lincoln’s writings is the concluding paragraph of his second inaugural address. “With malice toward none,” said Lincoln, “with charity for all,” let us “bind up the nation’s wounds” and strive to “achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace.” These words have helped shape Lincoln’s image as a man of compassion and mercy who desired a magnanimous peace.
Structures of Patriarchy
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

The Subordination of Yorkist and early Tudor aristocratic women to their male kin rested on an interlocking series of economic, legal, and political institutions, the most fundamental of which were the common law, with its doctrine of coverture; a primogenital inheritance system reinforced by male entail; and a system of arranged marriages based on the dowry and jointure. Their contemporaries justified these institutions by appealing to divine and natural laws that decreed women’s inferiority and subjection. Together these material and ideological constructs created a regime in which the exclusion of aristocratic women from formal political power and office appeared to be completely natural and was virtually unquestioned.
The Arrangement of Marriage
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

Aristocratic women’s first marriages played a crucial part in determining the character and quality of their entire adult lives. On a personal level, their happiness and emotional well-being rested in large measure on their relationships with their husbands and their success in performing their duties as wives. On the material level, their position within the aristocracy, their standard of living, and their access to patronage and the court depended almost entirely on their spouses’ rank, wealth, and political power. Their reliance on their parents or other kin for the resources to marry well in these terms reinforced their status as dependents without economic resources of their own.
Beyond the Household: Family and Friends, Patronage and Power
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

Aristocratic women spent most of their lives in castles or manors that belonged to their marital families, promoting the interests of their husbands, children, and grandchildren. The minority of wives without children concentrated on their siblings, particularly their sisters, and their siblings’ children. On the surface, their lives appeared to be spatially confined and narrow in scope, but in reality their interests and connections extended far beyond the walls of their homes and their immediate lineal descendants. In fact, aristocratic wives depended on their natal kin and their networks for the material resources and political influence necessary to perform their duties as wives, mothers, and widows.
Introduction
Authors: Grossmann Atina
Published: November 2023

Conducted just at the midpoint of the Weimar Republic’s brief turbulent existence, the 1925 German census served to confirm the widespread contemporary perception of a nation in the grip of rapid demographic and social trans formation. Most dramatically, the “new” women of the “new” German Republic were, it seemed, becoming less motherly, both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Le Sueur’s The Girl, “Our Fathers,” “Annunciation,” and “Corn Village”
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

“I’ve never heard anything about how a woman feels who is going to have a child,” observes the pregnant narrator of Meridel Le Sueur’s “Annunciation” (130), a story Le Sueur wrote in the form of notes scrawled intermittently on scraps of paper for her first, unborn child. When a Scribner’s editor rejected the story, suggesting to Le Sueur that she write more like Hemingway, she quipped: “But fishin’, fightin’, and fuckin’ were not my major experiences” (interview). Like Le Sueur’s retort, the reportage discussed in Chapter 3 counters writing of the dominant culture. Other Le Sueur texts, however, subvert not only writing of the dominant culture but elements of the ‘30s leftist subculture as well. This chapter addresses some of Le Sueur’s most subversive writing-the novel The Girl and three short stories, “Our Fathers,” “Annunciation,” and “Corn Village.” The Girl is a heterodox reply to Mike Gold’s brawny “new Communist man”; to a male-dominated literary/political Left; and to the good-housekeeping, comradely Communist wife.
Tillie Olsen: Biographical Sketch and ‘Thirties’ Publications
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

This chapter has three sections. The first sketches Tillie Olsen’s biography. The second places Olsen in the context of the ‘30s Communist Party, extending the background provided by Chapters 1 and 2. The third discusses her publications from the ‘30s, which all appeared in I 934, when she was only 21. (Because it later became part of Yonnondio, “The Iron Throat,” published as a short story in 1934, is discussed in Chapter 5.) Olsen’s 1934 publications-”! Want You Women Up North to Know,” “There Is a Lesson,” “Thousand-Dollar Vagrant,” and “The Strike” -to an extent resemble Le Sueur’s reportage. Whereas the content is culturally and politically agitational, the discursive model has been borrowed from dominant modes of representation, although Olsen does modify those modes more than Le Sueur. These texts foreground the message rather than the production of meaning, although these two categories are less distinct than orthodox ‘30s Marxists believed. Frankly tendentious, Olsen’s early ‘30s texts are marked by closure-that is, a restricting of meaning potentially available from the text. Like “Women on the Breadlines” and “I Was Marching,” Olsen’s writing during this period was intended to spark political resistance once the reader “experienced” the reported conditions or event. At the same time, however, its didacticism, like that of Le Sueur’s more tendentious writing, actually limits involvement by undercutting the reader’s role as an active producer of meaning.
Contraction and Dissolution of the Female Dominion: Federal Child Welfare Policy, 1924-1935
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2023

In 1930, President Herbert Hoover convened a White House Conference on Child Health and Protection. Despite the chief executive’ s long experience in producing such events, he lost control of this one, which built toward an intensely dramatic showdown between women in the child welfare dominion and men in medicine. “Not since the days of the suffrage fight have so many trained, able women been so full of wrath about anything;’ reported one national newspaper, “as specialists in child welfare, health, education, medicine and social work became at the recommendation to transfer the [Children’ s] bureau’ s child health work to the U.S. Public Health Service:’
Conclusion
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

During the course of the nineteenth century, citizen activists on the European continent launched repeated campaigns to discredit the fatalistic assumption that international peace could never be more than a tense vacuum, the interludes between wars. In place, they proposed a positive definition that construed peace as the normal routine of international relations protected by juridical and political institutions. By waging war on war, peace activists ineluctably, often unwillingly, challenged royal, ministerial, and diplomatic control of international processes. They introduced the voices of a wider public, initially drawn from the progressive sectors of the pays legal, into the political discourse of the nineteenth century. Peace became the focus of movements sustained by self-selected, interested volunteers in private, unofficial societies who developed the habits of speaking unpopular truths to power.
Reshaping Human Nature: Virtue with Moral Strangers and Responsibility without Moral Content
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

We find ourselves alone. We are left without ultimate purpose or orientation. We have retreated to our own devices. Deaf to grace, we are left to guide ourselves. For a while Sisyphus may defiantly face the rock. For some, “the struggle itself toward the heights is enough to fill a man’s heart. [Some may] imagine Sisyphus happy” rather than in hell. In rebellion there can be a perverse but profound joy. But whatever the matter may be for gods, unlike Sisyphus, we do not roll the rock forever. Our choices are in the face of death and with those with whom we share no ultimate convictions. Contemporary thought is marked by a growing distance from ultimate orientation and purpose. Blind to final purposes, we tum to ourselves for meaning. As moral strangers, within the fabric of secular morality, we confront godlike choices with impoverished human vision, and without ultimate guideposts.
Terror and Wonder: Workers and Machines
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

The mechanized factory system was a new way of earning a living for workers in antebellum New England. But what made these factories different from other work places such as the farm or the artisan’s shop? The presence of power-driven machinery was certainly one of the most distinctive features of the new work sites. Consequently, these machines were the subject of much discussion among the first factory workers. As with so many other facets of the factory system, the workers’ perceptions of the machines were dynamic and multifaceted.
The Quest for the Middle Ground: Workers and Factory Buildings
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

There was cause for celebration at the Lowell Manufacturing Company in the spring of 1848. The firm had recently completed a new carpet mill capable of containing 250 Bigelow power looms. But before the machinery arrived, the management decided to put on one of the biggest public demonstrations in the history of Lowell, Massachusetts. Some 5,000 operatives, overseers, and townspeople filled the new mill. They were serenaded by two bands and feasted on corned beef, cold ham, bread, cheese, pies, tarts, apples, oranges, and raisins. One hundred sets of dancers took over the mill floor for an evening of entertainment.
The Distant Beloved Genteel Romance Before the Civil War
Authors: Pinson Jon W
Published: November 2023

“The wine of Love is music,” the nineteenth-century British poet James Thomson avers in The Vine, “And the feast of Love is song … ,” a sentiment that seems commonplace when viewed in the context of twentieth-century popular songs that devote themselves overwhelmingly to matters of courtship. Thomson’s conviction applies less clearly to the American practice of his own time, when song was the feast of humor, of economic ambition, of nostalgia, of racial fear, and of mourning, among many other things. Yet it seems appropriate to begin reflection on nineteenth-century American popular song by seeing how composers and lyricists conceived the activity surrounding one of our most elemental and persistent concerns. And if we allow for earlier lyrics’ wider attention to matters beyond initial attraction and passion, then songs about romance can reasonably form the backdrop against which we understand the whole field. Because in a real sense, compositions about all other topics, even in this period, play against the musical style and poetic content found in songs of love and courtship.
The Social Faith Popular Views of Technology
Authors: Pinson Jon W
Published: November 2023

On some very few occasions a popular song captures a cultural nexus where the values of a period reveal themselves to us in a combination of elements that forms an interleaved commentary. Perhaps the most striking instance from the nineteenth century appeared in Jesse L. Hutchinson’s “Get Off the Track” (1844),1 a song of such fervent abolitionist sentiments that it sometimes provoked theater riots during the family singers’ performances:
Out of Many, One? Western European Ethnicity
Authors: Pinson Jon W
Published: November 2023

One of the most acute issues facing Americans throughout their history has been the conduct of a multi-ethnic society, which has always entailed an act of balancing contradictory impulses to satisfy competing interests. In the United States after World War II “the myth of the melting pot”1 has gradually yielded to “the new particularism,” a move that constitutes nothing more than a repositioning between two, very old extremes:
The Division Problem
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

Our language divides up reality in a certain way, though we can apparently describe an indefinite number of other ways this might be done. This fact may not in itself be seen as generating a philosophical problem, for it may merely suggest the need for an empirical explanation, in terms of psychology or sociology, of why our division practices are as they are. A philosophical problem is generated, however, by certain normative intuitions which we seem to have about these practices. Intuitively, it seems that there are good reasons why we ought to have essentially the division practices we do have; it seems that it would be in some sense incorrect or irrational for us to employ a language that divides reality in some way significantly different from our ordinary way. The philosophical problem is to explain what these normative intuitions amount to, and to determine whether they can be properly defended. What, if anything, makes our division practices more correct or rational than various alternative practices we seem able to describe? This is what I am calling the division problem.
Reality’s Joints I: Properties
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

The idea that there are in some sense “natural joints” in the world goes back to Plato.1 What this idea seems to suggest is aptly expressed by David Lewis as follows: Among all the countless things and classes that there are, most are miscellaneous, gerrymandered, ill demarcated. Only an elite minority are carved at the joints, so that their boundaries are established by objective sameness and difference in nature.2
Reality’s Joints II: Things
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter I considered the classificatory implications of the claim that language ought to divide reality at the joints. Although no satisfactory defense of the claim was presented, it may yet seem plausible. In the present chapter, I want to consider the implications of the claim for the individuative case.
The Order of Understanding
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I want to consider various claims to the general effect that the strange languages cannot possibly function in ways that ordinary languages function. The notion of possibility in these claims is to be understood in the sense of metaphysical posibility. The most fundamental claim of this sort is the following:
Ontology and the Division Problem
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the single most important insight required to understand the nature of the division problem is that there is no obvious way in which ontology can solve the problem. One must constantly struggle against the temptation to deny this. One is tempted to say, for example: “It’s obvious why Contacti is an unthinkably crazy language. It’s simply because there are no such things as cdogs, ctables, and so on.” But the assumption that there are no such things does not explain in any obvious way why it would be unreasonable or impossible to speak a language containing sentences with the specified truth-conditions of Contacti. A corresponding remark applies to the ontological claim that there is no such universal as being circular. This claim does not in any obvious way condemn the circular language. These are points that were already made in chapter I and elaborated in various ways in subsequent chapters.
Dimensions of Law in the Service of Order
Authors: Stanley Robert
Published: November 2023

The first explanation of the origins of the federal income tax, of its relationship to the polity and to the reform movements of this century, was undertaken years ago by scholars who were committed to a vision of social justice. They saw in the income tax evidence of the gradual improvement of society and of the importance of economic benefits for all. The progressives not only perceived great winds of change in their own time but contributed to them with an activist scholarship. Locating the income tax within a phalanx of democratizing legislation, they celebrated the passing of an old order, plutocratic and blind to its civic responsibilities. The scales of justice in modern society seemed to be balancing, and the future beckoning.
The Jacobean Consolidation
Authors: Solt Leo F
Published: November 2023

In the last few years of Elizabeth’s reign, Catholics, Puritans, and Anglicans alike had a long time to speculate about the religious changes which James VI of Scotland might make when he ascended the throne of England. And changes, it seemed, would certainly take place, because all Henry VIIl’s offspring had made some changes immediately upon their respective assumptions of power in church and state. Somewhat hopeful were the Catholics who, even though James had not adopted the Catholic faith of his mother, Mary Stuart, thought that his ecumenical views would be a vast improvement over the persecution of Elizabeth’s reign.
Institutional Origins
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

The search for female moral authority flowered in the 1870s and 1880s, but its roots are back in the early-nineteenth-century benevolent activities of Protestant churches. As the farming towns of the Northeast recast themselves into commercial cities, the forces of economic transition and religious revivalism combined to create a crucible for middle-class Victorian culture. Seeking economic advancement, men turned their energies away from self sufficient farming and toward the accumulation of capital to establish commercial enterprises. While businessmen were preccupied with creating a commercial economy, clergymen joined forces with moralists to produce a proliferation of Sunday school, tract, and Bible societies.
The Ideology of Female Moral Authority, 1874–1900
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

“The purpose of our organization,” wrote Winifred Spaulding in 1892, “is to educate the girls to that sturdy independence of spirit that can say no-[to educate them] to that lofty ideal of purity and virtue that shall lead them to reject vice, in however alluring a form it may present itself.” Spaulding, the Colorado superintendent of the Young Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, elaborated in a lengthy article linking the lofty ideal she mentioned with the concept of the Christian home. “It takes a woman to make a home,” she told her readers, “and I believe and every true woman believes, that the making of a Christian home is the highest sphere of woman.”
Home Mission Women, Race, and Culture: The Case of “Native Helpers”
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

On a visit to the East Coast, Tien Fu Wu, an assistant at the Chinese Mission Home in San Francisco, took time to check in on a former resident, Ah Ho, who was married and living in Boston. As Wu reported to Mission Home matron Donaldina Cameron, she found Ah Ho “thin and frail and well worn out with her nest of babies.” Wu informed Cameron that Ah Ho “wept and told me her family troubles, and I tried to comfort her the best way I could.” Maddie, another Mission Home resident who accompanied Wu, was also distressed by Ah Ho’s condition. Maddie lamented that “it is dreadful how our dear [friend] is hemmed in on all sides . she isn’t free even in her own home.”.
Sex Differences in Spatial Abilities: Evolutionary Theory and Data
Authors: Silverman Irwin , Eals Marion
Published: November 2023

Cognitive sex differences have remained a prominent topic in psychology for several decades, and one of the most consistent findings has been superior performance for males on tests of spatial abilities. Earlier attempts to account for this difference dealt mainly with socialization practices (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974), but the generality of the phenomenon across populations and situations led to a shift in emphasis to genetic determinants. Relationships have been found for both sexes between spatial performance and hormonal variables, measured or manipulated directly or inferred from correlates such as pubertal status, physical characteristics, menstrual cycle phase, and atypical androgen levels associated with medical disorders. Additionally, similar spatial sex differences have been found in infrahuman species.
Attendant-Borne Transmission (Or How Are Doctors and Nurses like Mosquitoes, Machetes, and Moving Water?)
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

In hospitals and other institutions where some individuals physically attend to others in need of care, another kind of cultural vector occurs. While tending to patients, attendants may inadvertently carry pathogens from patient to patient without becoming infected themselves. They may do this by direct contact or indirectly through their use of hospital equipment. As with transmission by water and mosquitoes, attendant-borne transmission should favor the more rapidly replicating and hence more virulent pathogens.
War and Virulence
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

It has become all too apparent that ruthless people will use scientific knowledge for ruthless purposes. Unfortunately, although most major scientific discoveries enrich human life, they also have the potential for degrading it. The insights developed in this book are no exception. I trust that collectively we shall prohibit the use of this knowledge for purposes of human destruction and suffering. Although this outlook would have been naive for much of this century when the various powers of the world were creating microbial weaponry using organisms like the anthrax bacterium (Doyle & Lee 1986), it is now more realistic. For one thing we now realize that microbes make poor weapons. They may be transmitted into human populations where their users do not want them to go. They act slowly and can mutate to infect those immunized against them, such as soldiers entering a contested area that has been contaminated by their own side. Also, to be useful as weapons, microbes often need to be resistant to environmental destruction, especially if they are released by explosions. But this resistance can make contested areas uninhabitable for generations. Gruinard is a testament to that. In the summer of 1942, this small island off the northwest coast of Scotland was evacuated, except for about 30 sheep, which were tethered for an experiment. A small bomb containing anthrax spores was detonated nearby (Harris & Paxman 1982).
Prince William Sound
Authors: Vancouver George
Published: November 2023

George Vancouver (1758-1798) entered the British navy at thirteen as a common seaman on board Captain Cook’s Resolution on Cook’s second voyage. In 1780

Vancouver was promoted to lieutenant and in 1790 he was made a full commander. His 1790-1795 expedition explored regions of the North Pacific first reconnoitered by Cook. Vancouver successfully sailed around and mapped the sizeable island off the coast of British Columbia that is now named for him. He also conducted important surveys of the Canadian coast south to Puget Sound.
The Bering Straits
Authors: Chamisso Adelbert Von
Published: November 2023

Adelbert Von Chamisso was the chief naturalist on Otto Von Kotzebue’s 1815-1818 “Voyage of Discovery” that explored the south and north Pacific. Von Chamisso reveals himself here to be as meticulous an observer as Georg Steller. He notes, for example, that as they sailed northward aboard the Rurick, terrestrial fauna and flora diminished as marine life increased (“the sea becomes more and more peopled”). The secret of human survival on the coasts of the circumpolar north is that, paradoxically, the seas offer a rich bounty of food resources that can sustain not only isolated settlements but also an entire widespread culture.
Notes on the Copper River
Authors: Wrangell Ferdinand Petrovich
Published: November 2023

Baron Ferdinand Petrovich von Wrangell (1796-1870) was one of the most important figures of Russian America. A German born in Estonia, he entered the Russian navy at an early age and sailed as a midshipman, lieutenant, and commander from Siberia to America. In 1828 he arrived in New Archan gel (known today as Sitka) as an officer of the Russian-American Company, and almost immediately changed the way the business was operated in several respects, including the cessation of over hunting furbearers and the modernization of relations with Alaskan natives. Later in life he traveled widely, returned to Russia, and was a founder of the Russian Geographic Society. In 1856Wrangell was promoted to admiral and he remained a trusted governmental aide whose advice was sought even after he retired in 1864.
The Rapids of the Yukon
Authors: Dall William Henry
Published: November 2023

William Henry Dall (1845-1927) grew up in Boston and attended Harvard but never graduated. In 1866 he ac companied the historic Western Union Telegraphy Company expedition to Alaska, which sought to find an overland route for a transcontinental telegraph line to Europe. This objective proved impossible to achieve, but Dall later produced an important book as a result of his adventures in the north, Alaska and Its Resources (Lee and Shepard, 1870). From 1871-1884 Dall served in the U.
The Dominant Primordial Beast
Authors: London Jack
Published: November 2023

Jack London (1876-1916) arrived in the far north in 1897, eagerly sought his fortunes along with thousands of other prospectors, and then returned to his home town of San Francisco less than one year later, financially ruined and suffering from scurvy. In 1900 his collection of short stories The Son of Wolf (Houghton Mifflin) was published. The book met with immediate success, and several other volumes quickly followed, including his best selling masterpiece The Call of the Wild (Houghton Mifflin, 1903).
The Barren Grounds Grizzly Bear
Authors: Stefansson Vilhjalmur
Published: November 2023

Vilhjalmur Stefansson (1879-1962) and Rudolph M. Anderson led one of the earliest expeditions into the high Arctic, studying the anthropology and biology of the northern Mackenzie and southern Franklin districts of the Canadian Northwest Territories from 1908 through 1912. Stefansson and Ander son returned and explored the western Canadian Arctic, including Herschel Island, from 1913 through 1918. Stefansson also actively explored the northern and western coasts of Alaska.
The North Fork of the Koyukuk
Authors: Marshall Robert
Published: November 2023

There is no figure more important to the history of conservation in the twentieth century than Robert Mar shall (1901-1939). Born to a wealthy New York family (his attorney father helped found Adirondack State Park), Marshall was educated at Syracuse, Harvard, and Johns Hopkins, where he received a Ph.D. in plant pathology. “As a boy,” Marshall once wrote, “I spent many hours in the heart of New York City, dreaming of Lewis and Clark and their glorious exploration into an unbroken wilderness. Occasionally, my reveries ended in a terrible depression, and I would imagine that I had been born a century too late for genuine excitement.”
On Building a Raft
Authors: Cooper David J
Published: November 2023

Colorado, Boulder, undertook a solitary trek of nearly 300 miles through the Brooks Range, some of the most rugged and remote mountains in Alaska. Beginning at the Eskimo village of Anaktuvuk Pass, Cooper hiked 120 miles with a 100-pound backpack to the Arrigetch Peaks, where he built a log raft from spruce trees (he had never rafted before in his life) and floated 160 miles down the Alatna River to the Athabascan village of Allaket. Certainly one of the great solo wilderness feats of all time, Cooper’s perilous journey ranks with some of the folk epics of the American West.
Lake Dwarves and Giant Rat
Authors: Harry Anna Nelson
Published: November 2023

Like so many vanished peoples of this world, the Eyaks, historically residing along the Gulf of Alaska coast between Yakutat and Cordova, are no more. Anna Nelson Harry (1906-1982), the author of this story, was one of the last Eyak, a tribe that apparently never exceeded five hundred in number. Scholar Michael Kraus has written of these two stories that “One can not help comparing this pair of stories with another pair of stories, justly among the most famous, in Gulliver’s Travels, published in 1726, by Irishman Jonathan Swift, specifically of course Gulliver’s Voyage to Lilliput and Voyage to Brobdingnag.
Gather at the River
Authors: Abbey Edward
Published: November 2023

Edward Abbey (1927-19B9) authored eighteen books of fiction and non-fiction, and was one of the most influential environmental writers of his time. Although he considered himself chiefly a novelist-his second novel The Brave Cowboy was made into the critically acclaimed film Lonely Are the Brave with actor Kirk Douglas-it is perhaps for his wilderness classic Desert Solitaire and his nature and political essays that he will be remembered. Abbey adopted as his twin maxims “Question Authority” and “Growth is the enemy of progress” and steadfastly resisted the loss of civilization to the forces of development. When Edward Abbey died in March 19B9, his body was, according to his instructions, taken into a desert wilderness outside Tucson, Arizona, where it was buried under a pile of rocks known only to a few close friends. There is already a movement to establish a desert wilderness area in his name.
Interchangeability of Punishments in Principle
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

The concept of interchangeability raises serious jurisprudential concerns. In advance and independently of specific cases, can equivalences be set out between different types of punishments so as to satisfy multiple legitimate ends of sentencing policy-including social utility and moral justification? Are there “exchange rates” between punishments that can be expressed or encapsulated in a system of comprehensive sentencing standards? Can a sentencing system fairly and justly impose a prison sentence on one offender and a community-based sentence on his in-all-respects like-situated brother?
The Political Economy of Implementation
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

The impediments that confront reforms of the criminal justice system are daunting; they are especially challenging for innovative intermediate punishments. Constitutiona.l, legal, political, organizational, bureaucratic, ideological, and financial complexities stand in the way.
Introduction
Authors: Lindemann Mary
Published: November 2023

The importance of business in Hamburg and the variety of things connected with it are so great that one could profitably spend an entire year here and learn something new each day. There are few European seaports which Hamburg’s ships do not enter, and there is no seafaring people in this part of the world which does not traffic with Hamburg. Its superb location has made the city the emporium of all Germany…. The Elbe and the canals ... are almost blanketed over with ships. The assembly on the Stock Exchange is one of the largest [in Europe] and the place teems with negotiants. In a word, one finds here a perpetual motion of all nations and peoples caught up in the business of money-making.
Politics and Poverty
Authors: Lindemann Mary
Published: November 2023

By the middle of the eighteenth century, poor relief in Hamburg was approaching a crisis. Until then the patchwork of institutions inherited from the preceding three centuries had fulfilled satisfactorily (if not altogether flawlessly) the heterogeneous tasks of social welfare assigned to them. The parish distributed alms, bread, and clothing to the poor at the door of the chruch. The Zuchthaus provided shelter to the destitute, indiscriminately crowding children, adults, delinquents, and drunkards together within its vast halls. The Pesthof served as a Hotel-Dieu, domiciling the invalid, the insane, and the aged alike.
The General Poor Relief, 1788–1799: Triumphs and Enthusiasms
Authors: Lindemann Mary
Published: November 2023

The 1790s were the most exciting and the most disquieting years in Hamburg’s history. If for some it was bliss to be alive, for others the decade brought with it an economic activity that opened doors to stunning successes and equally outstanding failures. Explosive political circumstances threatened to engulf the city and draw it into a European-wide conflagration. While the city prospered as never before, that prosperity was clouded by hovering specters of impending doom. While the economy undoubtedly thrived, it grew in a fevered and undirected manner that encouraged hasty investments and reckless speculation.
The Symphony
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

From the agile beauty of Mozart's `Jupiter' and the fierce power of Beethoven's Fifth to the celebration of heroism in Shostakovich's `Leningrad,' the symphony has long held a prime place in the Western musical pantheon. Now, in The Symphony, renowned teacher and critic Michael Steinberg offers music lovers a monumental guide to this most celebrated of musical forms, with perceptive commentaries on some 118 works by 36 major composers. Tracing the ways in which composers have dealt with the extraordinary musical challenges that have engaged them throughout the centuries, Steinberg takes us through the revolutions of expression, sound, and form that have shaped the symphony's remarkable history.