bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fifteen Years of Critical Race Theory in Social Work Education
Authors: Aldana Adriana , Nakaoka Susan Lares , Vazquez Nicole , Ortiz Larry
Published: October 2023

Critical race theory (CRT) has gained traction in social work over the past decade. Its tenets expose color-evasive rhetoric embedded in social work education, moving beyond a “multicultural” education approach by delving into the barriers of institutional racism and other systems of oppression. This chapter illustrates how social work education can address racism by applying critical race pedagogy (CRP), offering lessons learned from the authors’ experiences teaching and running a Master of Social Work (MSW) program rooted in CRT. Since its founding in 2006, the California State University at Dominguez Hills (CSUDH) MSW program has explicitly and intentionally integrated CRP throughout its curriculum. A campus born out of the 1960s Watts rebellion, with 89% Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) students, CSUDH remains an auspicious location for CRP. CRP is an innovative approach that not only enhances social work content but also provides a “how to” for integrating CRT into all aspects of competency-based education.
Examining the Antiracism Contributions of Black Male Social Work Educators Across Generations
Authors: Schiele Jerome H. , Kirven Joshua , Joe Sean , Teasley Martell L. , Sales Brian
Published: October 2023

Grounded in America’s original sin of slavery, anti-Black racism has caused African Americans to disproportionately endure the racial harm, hardships, and humiliation associated with White supremacy. Many have sought to combat and resist anti-Black racism, including African American social work educators. Although Black male social work educators made significant contributions to the contestation of anti-Black racism, the social work literature has not sufficiently acknowledged the professional leadership, service, and scholarship of Black male social work educators in combating anti-Black racism in social work and beyond. This chapter identifies Black male social work educators—past and present—who have significantly contributed to the contestation of racism. Recommendations for contemporary antiracist practice are provided by examining the shared anti-Black racism activities of Black male social work educators. Acknowledging and documenting the antiracism contributions of Black male social work educators can assist social work in its efforts to contest racism.
Envisioning Antiracist Social Work Organizational Change
Authors: Martinez Colleen Daly , Williams Jeena
Published: October 2023

Social work organizations must become antiracist in order to move away from historically White supremacist practices. There is a dearth of academic literature about antiracist organizational change in social work agencies. To fill this void, grey literature enables us to learn from leaders in the work, through their lived experience and wisdom. This chapter amplifies the previously marginalized body of work on antiracist organizational change to develop an integrated framework for social service leaders in redesigning their organizations. Processes identified include establishing organizational readiness and commitment, prioritizing communication, engaging in ongoing learning, conducting an organizational assessment, developing inclusive and equitable goals, facilitating meaningful change on multiple levels, centering interpersonal relationships, preparing for conflict, shifting institutional leadership and power, adopting equitable human resources practices, ensuring accountability, and committing to a lifelong process.
Imagining the End of Racism Through Ending White Supremacy
Authors: Teasley Martell L.
Published: October 2023

Forging new ground in the development of an antiracist society makes ending the romanticized notion of Whiteness a long-term goal with many changes needed in our personal lives and society. This chapter identifies some necessary elements needed to eliminate White supremacy, specifically within social work education and practice. The chapter contends that any road to ending racism must be paved by a critical examination of methods and practices to end White privilege and White supremacy thinking and practices. A host of related social welfare topics and social issues are discussed. The challenge of teaching and learning on the centrality of racism and antiracism within social work education is examined from micro, mezzo, and macro perspectives. The chapter concludes that the Grand Challenge to eliminate racism cannot flourish within the profession until it first engages in internal introspection and professional reform, as a demonstration project for the greater society to emulate.
Remote Combat Exposure and Moral Injury from Drone Operations
Authors: Atkins Elliot , Seamone Evan R.
Published: October 2023

After decades of sustained combat operations, public officials and military leaders have promoted the value of preserving the lives of troops by implementing armed Unmanned Ariel Vehicles (UAVs) in supporting combat operations. Despite a decrease in physical injury and death to ground troops, drone warfare is not without U.S. casualties. Rather, psychologists have begun to realize that this different form of warfare uniquely traumatizes the members of the UAV crews who may be piloting or supporting these craft from the confines of a building or trailer only miles from their homes. This form of combat opens up new avenues for moral injury. Although the full extent of this remote trauma has yet to be thoroughly examined, preliminary studies have revealed the potential for devastating consequences.
Awakening: An Introduction
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: October 2023

The introduction provides an argument for the book’s integrative approach. It summarizes the book’s evidence from film, literature, new religions, politics, social media, and other sources in order to develop a fuller understanding not only of the recent and contemporary significances of neo-gnosticism and gnosis, and discusses how neo-gnosticism fits within and reflects larger religious history, context, and current in all of the Americas, and, necessarily, global context as well. It discusses the author’s inductive approach as well as the subject of political religion. Other topics include political gnosis and antignosticism, with exemplary references to the film They Live and to the perspective of a contemporary lightworker.
The Neo-Gnosticism of Samael Aun Weor
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: October 2023

Victor Manuel Gómez Rodríguez (Samael Aun Weor, 1917–1977) was an influential occultist influential in the founding of multiple global neo-gnostic sects widely dispersed in Latin America. He participated in the Fraternitas Rosicruciana Antiqua, a Latin American Rosicrucian group founded by the German Arnoldo Krumm-Heller and influenced by Paschal Beverly Randolph, who taught a form of sexual magic in a Rosicrucian context. During Weor’s relationship with Arnolda Garro Mora, whose spiritual name was “Litelantes,” he was able to practice what he termed the great mystery, which is to say, at its center, sexual relations without ejaculation. Some of his work is framed in a context of demon-inspired challenges by “dark Tantrists” and various new religious sectarian efforts to claim Tibetan Buddhist origins or elements and Latin American neo-gnostic sects. The works of Samael Aun Weor can be explored from the perspective of new religions, sexual abstinence, ejaculation avoidance, cosmological gnosis, neo-gnosticism and occultism, Rosicrucianism, and Theosophical Society.
The Enigmatic Dr. Musès
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: October 2023

Charles Musès (1919–2000) was born in New Jersey and had a relatively impoverished childhood. He went on to study mathematics and chemistry, thereafter doing graduate work at Columbia University, where he received a PhD for his doctoral dissertation on the mysticism of Dionysius Andreas Freher (1649–1728). He published a wide range of books, including in the area of consciousness. From 1968 to 1973, he edited The Journal for the Study of Consciousness. Selected articles from this journal were later published in the book Consciousness and Reality (1972), coedited by Arthur M. Young, one of whose achievements was inventing the Bell helicopter. Then, he published a series of books and audio files on what he termed The Lion Path, which entailed unique elements related to time windows and harmonics. Elements from Gnosticism play a role in his thought and writings.
American Archontic Neo-Gnosticism
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: October 2023

Contemporary archontic neo-gnosticism is discussed based on the publications of John Lamb Lash. Lash’s work includes themes of Marcionitic Gnosticism, featuring ideas of archons and a deluded demiurge. Lash has an extensive online presence, and is involved in multiple projects including the Kalika War Party. Contemporary author David Icke is also influential online and visible in American social media, and the ideas in his work invoke shape-shifting reptilianism related to critiques of centralized power in technology, government, and academia. Discussed in the context of contemporary conspirituality theory is also the antignostic work of Eric Voegelin. Gab, a social media platform, hosts neo-gnostic memes on the right.
Deciding how to decide
Authors: Adlington Robert
Published: October 2023

This introductory chapter establishes the key premises of the book. A differentiation is drawn between music’s capacity to serve democracy in various ways, and its potential to model democracy itself. In modelling democracy, musicians are faced with choices about which aspects of their music-making they wish to democratise, and what idea of democracy will shape their endeavours. Such choices alert us to a truism of democratic theory: that democracy is a heterogeneous concept, any one definition of which will reflect a certain positionality or set of interests. Familiar readings of orchestral performance and jazz are assessed to show the difficulty of regarding either as straightforwardly democratic or undemocratic. From these observations a core goal of the book is established: to temper the idealisations of democracy found in discourse around music, and to focus instead upon the different ways in which music contributes to contestation over democracy’s meaning and emancipatory potential.
Empowering others
Authors: Adlington Robert
Published: October 2023

Audience participation has been a significant field of experiment within twentieth and twenty-first-century art music. A survey of the various approaches taken by composers demonstrates the difficulty of distinguishing cleanly between liberatory and subjugatory effects, a point that has been extensively rehearsed by critics of participatory theatre, including Jacques Rancière in his widely read essay ‘The emancipated spectator’. This chapter argues that the inevitable involvement of the interests of the organiser is not in itself reason to discount the empowering potential of a participatory opportunity: agency is always the outcome of ‘patiency’, or being acted upon. Ideas from the field of community organising are used to elaborate upon ways in which musical attempts to involve an audience may afford productive new distributions of power. In conclusion, a study of Luc Ferrari’s Société V (1967–69) demonstrates the intimate entanglement of composers’ instincts to liberate and to dominate.
To Make Democracy Consistent
Authors: Butler Leslie
Published: October 2023

This chapter traces how, in the 1840s and 1850s, the anomalous position of women in American democracy provoked a bold movement for change. Building on earlier political, legal, and religious efforts ventured in print, organized women’s rights activists emerged and met in conventions throughout the 1850s. The 1848 meeting at Seneca Falls called for the circulation of texts, highly attuned to the importance of published opinion. By the end of decade, discussion of women’s rights had spread across the culture. A pithy and potent phrase summed up the campaign: America must become a “consistent democracy” by ending slavery, modifying the common-law disabilities of free married women, and enabling all adults to participate in the educative process of democratic governance.
A Queer Sexuality Education
Authors: Rudoe Naomi
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines queer theoretical ideas in relation to English school policy and practice in relationships and sex education. It first analyzes the policy context for teaching about sexuality, with the statutory Relationships and Sex Education guidance of 2019 replacing previous guidance dating from 2000. It then uses queer theoretical, sociological, and psychological work to explore and unsettle the notion of childhood innocence and examines uncertainties around knowledge being “age appropriate.” It goes on to discuss the broad shift from a sole focus on antihomophobic education to an approach that seeks to challenge heteronormativity in schools. Finally, it offers up the potential of a queer sexuality education as one that embraces diversity, recognizes uncertainty and complexity, and enables wider possibilities for children.
Norm-Critical Pedagogy as Femo- and Homonationalism
Authors: Reimers Eva
Published: October 2023

This chapter presents the emergence of norm-critique and norm-critical pedagogy in the Nordic countries. Like queer theory, the interest of norm-critique is to deconstruct and subvert taken-for-granted and naturalized conceptions and practices. As an expansion of queer theory, it opens up opportunities for intersectional investigations of all norms possible. The chapter presents Nordic studies informed by norm-critique. It recounts the development and normalization of norm-critical pedagogy as a tool to work against bullying and discrimination. Here, the concepts of femo- and homonationalism are used to explore effects of this legitimation of norm-critique in relation to nationalism and possibilities for recognition of different subject positions. By “queering” norm-critique research and pedagogic strategies, the chapter argues for the necessity of an awareness of how exposure and subversion of norms produces new normalities with dire effects for those who thus are made abject others.
Queer Love and Education
Authors: Rodriguez Nelson M. , Pinar William F.
Published: October 2023

This chapter takes up recent work generated within the North American academic context on the concept of queer love and situates this work within a set of discussions on sexuality studies and curriculum studies. The general goal of the chapter is to contribute to ongoing knowledge production on the topic of queer love through a set of reflections on its meanings and practices within education. Knowledge production across two narratives is presented: In the first, Halberstam’s notion of queer failure is used to argue that queer love can be formulated as a productive example of queer failure; in this way, the concept of queer love offers ways of teaching and learning about “subjugated knowledges,” or what Halberstam referred to as “low theory,” which can highlight and potentially disrupt how love and desire are oriented and configured temporally in heteronormative ways. The second narrative critically engages with Halperin’s formulation of queer love, that is, with the repetitions of normative thought it potentially induces, by locating a set of reflections in relation to different moments in time related to (queer) knowledge production, queer history, as well as to queer biography. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the generative possibilities of the concept of queer love.
Quaestor, tribune, and guardian of Italy
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses the circumstances of Antony’s marriage to his first cousin, Antonia, then turns to Antony’s military service in Gaul under Julius Caesar, including his rise to become Caesar’s quaestor. Topics include: Antony’s protracted canvass for the quaestorship, during which time Clodius Pulcher was murdered by Annius Milo and urban violence led to Pompey’s elevation as sole consul; the politics of Milo’s trial, at which Antony spoke for the prosecution; Antony’s campaign for the office of tribune of plebs and his election as augur; the events leading to the outbreak of civil war between Caesar and Pompey, including their competing claims over dignitas and libertas; Antony’s pivotal role as a tribune defending Caesar’s claims in the senate; Antony’s actions during Caesar’s invasion of Italy while serving anomalously as tribune and legate; Antony’s tenure, after Caesar departed for Spain, as tribunus plebis pro praetore responsible for Italy’s security; Antony’s management of public affairs during this period; his conspicuous affair with the courtesan Cytheris.
Caesar’s master of the horse
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

Antony’s role in the campaign against Pompey, including his part in the battle of Pharsalus, is reviewed. Close attention is given to his appointment as magister equituum and the unusual circumstances under which he governed Rome and Italy. Further topics include: Caesar’s conduct of the Alexandrian War and his liaison with Cleopatra, which extended his absence from Italy and reposed greater responsibility on Antony’s administration; confiscation of the properties of Caesar’s enemies; the debt and credit crisis afflicting Rome and Italy; the tribunate of Cornelius Dolabella and his reforms aimed at correcting the debt crisis; the political clash between Antony and Dolabella; Antony’s response to the mutiny of Caesar’s veterans in central Italy; Dolabella’s alleged adultery with Antonia; Antony’s divorce of Antonia and his marriage to Fulvia; Antony’s extensive debts and his exertions in restructuring his finances; the possibility (here rejected) that Antony fell out of favour with Caesar; Antony’s appointment as consul-designate for 44.
Athens to Alexandria
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews the details of Antony’s reorganization of Rome’s eastern empire and his extraction of taxes and tribute in order to compensate the veterans in Italy. Topics include: Antony’s reception in Athens, including honours underlining his descent from Heracles; Antony’s sacred honours in eastern cities, with an emphasis on Ephesus and its invocation of Antony as Dionysus; the role of divine honours and ceremonies as expressions of power and esteem in Hellenistic-style politics and diplomacy; Antony’s financial exactions in the east and the role of the publicani in furnishing immediate funds for Italy; the new political arrangements imposed by Antony on the cities and principalities of the eastern Mediterranean; Antony’s alleged affair with Glaphyra; Antony’s philhellenism; Antony’s involvement in the politics of Judea, including his support of Herod; Antony’s interview with Cleopatra at Tarsus; Antony’s invasion of Palmyra; Antony’s winter in Alexandria with Cleopatra.
Ending
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews events in the aftermath of Antony’s death. Topics include: Octavian’s capture of Alexandria; Octavian’s negotiations with Cleopatra; Cleopatra’s suicide; Octavian’s execution of Caesarion and Antyllus; Octavian’s personal domination of Egypt; the acceptance of Antony’s surviving children into Octavia’s household; the importance of Antony’s descendants, including Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, in the imperial household; Antony’s reputation in imperial Rome; speculations regarding Antony’s designs for Rome; Antony’s legacy.
Farm Workers in Mexico
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: October 2023

Who works on Mexican farms? This question is difficult to answer due to incomplete data and an agricultural system that includes both modern farms that export most of what they produce and subsistence farms that barely feed farm families. Up 25,000 Mexican farms employ about 750,000 workers to produce fruits and vegetables that are exported mostly to the United States. These export farms resemble modern farms in Canada and the United States, with college-educated and English-speaking managers who are attuned to food safety requirements in foreign markets. Export farms hire local residents with little education as well as internal migrants, many of whom are from Mexico’s poorer southern states. As periods of employment lengthen in export agriculture, more southern Mexicans are settling near their places of employment in northern Mexico.
Introduction to the Strategic Skills Framework
Authors: Fraser Michael R. , Castrucci Brian C.
Published: October 2023

This chapter introduces the strategic skills framework and the book. Strategic skills are implemented for the successful leadership and management of public health agencies, which combine the academic, strategic, political, and on-the-ground experiential knowledge. While many of the skills are not unique to public health, they are critical to the sustainability of governmental public health organizations at all levels. The book defines nine strategic skills, and the book’s contributors, key leaders from public health practice and academia, provide greater detail on each of the skills and why they are essential for public health practice. Ensuring the adoption of strategic skills and the training necessary to support their development throughout the public health workforce will require a collective effort across the entire training enterprise and governmental public health workforce.
What PH WINS Tells Us about the Interests, Needs, and Satisfaction of the Public Health Workforce
Authors: Sellers Katie , Robins Moriah , Bogaert Kyle
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS), and what it tells us about the governmental public health workforce, training needs, morale, emerging concepts and priorities, and general workforce data. The first and only nationally representative survey of individual workers in state and local governmental public health agencies, PH WINS provides an unprecedented, vital window into the workforce’s concerns. It aims to help agencies understand strengths, gaps, and opportunities to improve; to inform and guide future workforce research and development, such as recruitment and retention; to identify demographic trends and their workforce implications; to meet the evolving needs of the public, and more. To be effective leaders and managers, public health professionals need to discover what drives their staff, to identify employees’ needs and strengths, and to make those factors align with, or contribute to, the agency’s vision by fostering and developing a positive organizational climate.
Leading with a Health Equity Lens
Authors: Mullen Jewel
Published: October 2023

Despite their intent and commitment to advance health equity, there are still barriers that leaders must overcome before they can be leaders who drive health equity. This chapter examines the barriers and biases that exist in leaders that are then absorbed throughout an organization. The barriers begin with personal factors that inform the health equity perspective. The chapter provides a framework for advancing health equity and what steps leaders must take to implement it. The chapter also describes the challenges leaders must be prepared to face as they make decisions informed by an equity lens. It also outlines how society benefits when action is taken to advance health equity and to promote diversity and inclusion as well as cultural competency beyond the organization.
Managing and Leading in a Public Health 3.0 Era
Authors: Fraser Michael R.
Published: October 2023

This chapter describes how leadership and management are often discussed as two entirely separate roles. Traditionally, leadership is defined as the role that provides strategy, vision, alignment of organizational direction, resources to advance organizational strategy, and inspiring others to move an organization’s strategy forward. Management is task-oriented, is operational, and is focused on near-term outcome or administrative work in an organization. This chapter differentiates leadership from management. It explores their common definitions and applies this understanding to show how in the realm of public health, managers need to develop leadership skills to adapt to the rapidly changing environment and unique challenges. The roles and skills involved with “managing” and “leading” must be combined to create both managers and leaders capable of addressing the multitude of complex issues facing public health.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

The introduction opens with three thought experiments illustrating problems in food ethics. An overview of philosophical approaches is presented. Brief overviews of subsequent chapters complete the introduction. Chapters 1 and 2 discuss the relationship between philosophical inquiry and other ways to understand food ethics. Chapters 2 through 5 discuss specific topics in food ethics, including food aid, local food, food labeling policy, and pollution. The remaining chapters discuss more general and theoretical question, beginning with the theoretical foundations of sustainability then moving on to consider a pragmatist understanding of agrarianism and the relationship between food ethics and the philosophy of race.
Food Ethics Arrives (or Does It?)
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

A food movement reflecting a more critical look at food production, as well as injustices and harmful outcomes from its processing and marketing, took shape in the first decade of the 21st century. It grew in part from the average person’s disconnection from the food system, but also from cultural and aesthetic developments that led people to take a closer look at their food. The upshot was an ethos that encourages consumers to use their buying power to harness market forces, incentivizing ethically motivated change in the food system. But the food movement has not encouraged a more critical examination into attitudes and assumed truths about the production of food. In contrast, a form of ethics emphasizing inquiry requires one to hold activist goals in abeyance, at least temporarily, in order to surface unexamined assumptions about food as well as its production and consumption.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

Presidents are often dismissed as mere rhetoricians with little real influence on the nation’s economy, especially during the Gilded Age. This book contradicts such descriptions. In doing so, it also delivers valuable insights into leadership in the 21st century. In fact, the Gilded Age is important to us today precisely because its presidents seem so powerless. This book shows that, even in this unlikely period, presidents did affect national economic performance and that their success came from surprising sources. They could not control the economy directly, but decisive leadership could shape the environment in which the economy thrived or languished. Thus, this book also makes a larger argument about presidential leadership. It is an examination not of economic governance alone but of leadership quality overall. Its point is that we can learn a lot about the evolution of the modern presidency and the exercise of presidential power from the Gilded Age.
Prelude
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

What sort of economy, and political system, did US presidents inherit at the start of the Gilded Age? Technological change and globalization were the primary driving forces throughout the period. Over the years, they generated battles over tariffs, monopolies, labor, immigration, industrialization, and inequality, which dominated American politics and created pivotal moments for its presidents. But as the US economy headed into the Gilded Age, it was developments left over from the Civil War (1861–1865) that challenged Americans and their leaders most. This chapter describes the human destruction and economic costs of the war. It also explains the myriad federal policy responses and the transformation of American life that resulted, including changes in the presidency itself.
Ulysses S. Grant, First Term
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

The American economy under Ulysses S. Grant was unusually volatile. Amid years of rapid growth, there occurred two financial panics followed by two severe recessions. Together, they devastated Reconstruction in the South and severely damaged the Republican Party. Most historians either fault Grant or dismiss him as having been powerless or irrelevant. However, considerable evidence suggests otherwise. This chapter shows that Grant’s presidency was almost entirely dedicated to settling issues left unresolved from the Civil War. In many ways, it had been his war, and he sought to finish it on terms that he understood. These terms included the readmission of rebel states into the Union, the expansion of civil rights and liberties to African Americans, and the settlement of wartime disagreements with the United Kingdom. For the presidency, Grant sought a reversion to prewar traditions of a more restrained, less public-facing chief executive. On the economic side, his main goal was the reduction of wartime debt, and hence taxes, and the return of the US greenback to parity with gold. Few doubted that the United States could pay its debts. But a firestorm had erupted over how it would pay, and therefore whether it would repay its debts in full. Grant insisted on full repayment. In doing so, he dedicated the country to a strict deflationary monetary policy that may have handicapped the economy and contributed to the financial crises and recessions. But these were deliberate policy choices, not accidents committed by a disinterested, incompetent, inexperienced political amateur.
Rutherford B. Hayes and the Great Economic Boom, 1877–1881
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

Rutherford B. Hayes inherited a political-economic disaster from his predecessor. The long-promised return to the gold standard remained unfulfilled, while a new threat to this promise had arisen: silver. Out west, intermittent warfare had erupted with Native Americans, frightening settlers and investors alike. The House remained in Democratic hands, while Republicans maintained only a slight majority in the Senate. Few expected Hayes to lead. He was a political nonentity, with no political machine of his own nor anywhere near the national gravitas of General Grant. Hayes had been chosen to win an election, not to govern. The Republican Party was already splintering underneath him. Yet the economy under President Rutherford B. Hayes was extraordinary according to almost every measure available. All told, during and soon after the Hayes administration, the United States enjoyed one of the strongest, most balanced periods of economic performance in its entire history.
Interlude: Into the 1890s
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

The breathtaking pace of globalization, industrialization, and urbanization only quickened going into the 1890s, taking the US economy and the presidency to new heights of power. This time, however, manufacturing surpassed the railroads as the driving force. And the growing management and financial demands of modern manufacturing changed the very conduct of American business. Cities became the centers of both mass production and mass consumption. Technological advances in transportation, communication, automation, and electricity created new possibilities for politics and economics, while continuing to knit the country into a national market, bringing competition, threats, and opportunities where previously there had been none. As national issues compounded, political power slipped from local control. Political machines gradually gave way to national party organizations, with the president and his men at the top. These final years of the Gilded Age would therefore see a desperate struggle between two very different conceptions of the presidency and government, from the rudimentary prototype of a national party boss leading an explicitly interventionist government (Harrison), back to a more traditional small-government, small-presidency conservatism (Cleveland), and then leaping forward to a masterful national politician at the head of a full-fledged developmental state with global ambitions (McKinley).
Benjamin Harrison, Patriot and Partisan
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

Benjamin Harrison was, by most measures, supremely equipped to deliver a booming economy. He was college educated and, for his time, exceedingly well-versed in political economy. He was also a devoted public servant, with decades of leadership experience and considerable background in public policy and legislative affairs. In fact, Harrison was one of the most competent administrators ever to enter the White House. He mastered every major aspect of domestic and foreign policy, even running several federal departments himself. In politics, he was a formidable campaigner and a paragon of decency in an indecent era. He was also a keen strategist who understood issue framing, campaigning, and political messaging. He was reportedly an amazing public speaker. And, unlike most executives of the Gilded Age, he had a positive vision for the presidency, the federal government, and what both could do for the American economy. Working with Harrison, Congress passed more major legislation than it had in twenty years. However, instead of prosperity, Harrison created the conditions for a devastating financial crisis and a deep recession. For Harrison had few consistent policy preferences; rather, he tended to support whatever policies were necessary to unify the Republican Party or to reward Union army veterans. The result was a haphazard mixture of fiscal, trade, and monetary policies that spiked deficits and scared investors. Conditions then gradually snowballed into a financial panic and the Great Depression of 1893–1897 that commenced soon after he left office.
Grover Cleveland Returns
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

In his second administration, Grover Cleveland presided over one of the greatest economic disasters in US history. It began with an 1893 financial crisis that shook markets for months. Then came an economic downturn so deep and prolonged that, prior to the 1930s, Americans referred to it as the “Great Depression.” Cleveland had ample warning that the crisis was brewing and good ideas about how to stop it, but his insistence on conservative governance and a passive presidency idled him for months while the economy toppled over. Only after a domestic currency famine, followed by a crash in international silver markets, did Cleveland finally step in. He drove Congress to shift the United States back to the gold standard. But he then fumbled badly in his leadership on tariff reform, leaving the US financial system bleeding specie. Thus the depression continued. Cleveland’s refusal to lead, or to compromise on his strict constitutionalism, seemed to doom the economy as well as his presidency. He generally lost the support of the American people, who found him cold, detached, and unreliable, and he never tried to win them back. When the economy swooned again during late 1895, he turned to Wall Street for loans to keep the US Treasury afloat. This further alienated Americans, even in his own Democratic Party. The Cleveland debacle was so severe that it ended the era of small-government liberalism that had dominated the American presidency and the federal government for much of the country’s first century.
Top-Down Influences on Perception and Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Mental imagery can be, and often is, triggered and modified in a top-down manner by higher-level mental processes. The same goes for perception. And mental imagery is often the mediator in these top-down influences on perception. Various debates about top-down influences on perception are distinguished, but in the most important and most empirically tractable ones, mental imagery plays a key role.
Temporal Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Temporal mental imagery is an important form of mental imagery, where the perceptual representation either comes well before or well after the sensory input. Perceptual expectations count as temporal mental imagery. And temporal mental imagery can help us to explain the temporal thickness of perception, the phenomenon often referred to as the “specious present” of perception.
Sensory Substitution and Echolocation
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Sensory substitution is a complicated technique that helps blind people gain real-time information about the layout of the scene in front of them. Echolocation is an equally complicated technique of emitting sounds to map the terrain of one’s surroundings. Both count as forms of mental imagery (as does Braille reading and cane use) and they highlight the importance of mental imagery as a crucial mental process in the navigation of blind people.
Language
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Mental imagery is often contrasted with language—and imagistic cognition is contrasted with linguistic cognition. But new empirical results show that language processing itself very much relies on, and is intertwined with, the manipulation of mental imagery. Some implications of this are traced both for specific psychological phenomena (like the Stroop effect) and for the methodology of understanding the human mind.
Desire
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Desires represent their goal state: what the desire aims to accomplish. The question is: how do they represent this goal state? This chapter argues that desires represent their goal state by means of mental imagery. This claim has some important consequences for the ways we should think about the content of desires.
Clinical Applications of Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Mental imagery has been used very efficiently in psychiatric research for the treatment of patients with a wide variety of mental health problems. Understanding the various ways in which mental imagery can be triggered may help us to develop even more efficient ways of psychiatric interventions.
The Action for Damages
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses the action for damages against the Union, which seeks to have the Union held non-contractually liable to make good damage caused by its institutions or by its servants in the performance of their duties. It considers the role of this action in the system of judicial protection and its relationship to other actions brought before the Union Courts, such as the action for annulment, along with the principle of State liability. It also evaluates the basic elements of this action, such as the jurisdiction of the Union Courts, the main substantive requirements relating to unlawfulness (i.e. a sufficiently serious breach of a rule of Union law which is intended to confer rights on individuals), damage, and causation which must be satisfied, and certain additional requirements generally bearing on its admissibility, such as compliance with the limitation period.
Jurisdiction of the Union Courts to Give Judgment pursuant to an Arbitration Clause or a Special Agreement
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers the jurisdiction of the Union Courts to give judgment under an arbitration clause or a special agreement. It discusses the extent of such jurisdiction and the relationship to other types of proceedings set down in the Treaties.
Introduction
Authors: Ahnert Ruth , Ahnert Sebastian E.
Published: October 2023

This introductory chapter places the preparation of the data for this book within the long history of the State Papers archive, shifting attention from the scholarly users of these papers to the caretakers who have expended labour on organising them and making them navigable at different stages in their afterlife. These include the clerks and secretaries working in the office of the Principal Secretary, the early modern keepers of the State Papers, the archivists and editors that ‘calendared’ the papers beginning in the Victorian period, and the workers who in recent years turned these calendar entries into metadata fields that could be queried for the online resource State Papers Online (SPO). The final stage of caretaking described is the authors’ own process of transforming the XML data from SPO into network data, a major feat of data curation. The contention of this chapter is that early modern filing processes, editing, metadata entry, and data cleaning are all acts of curation which are part of a continuous history. Each process also enacts a radical remix of the archive’s contents that not only transforms the way the letters can be found and accessed, but also the very system of knowledge within which they are framed.
Dogs That Didn’t Bark
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria
Published: October 2023

This chapter identifies and discusses seven persistent or recurring distinctive features of the UK’s fiscal constitution over the period covered by the book. Those features are: a limitedly codified parliamentary process for allocating expenditure; a ‘strong/weak’ profile of committee oversight in parliament, with heavy emphasis on ex post control of public spending but little on ex ante control; a large gap between amounts spent and revenue raised by lower levels of elected government, with long-lasting formula-funding arrangements for allocations to subnational governments; periodic spending reviews extending across the whole public sector; a top-down, fixed-envelope approach to allocating ‘controllable’ spending to department; pre-parliamentary review of departmental spending bids by the department responsible for levying taxes; and review and control of spending at the centre largely organized on the ‘porthole principle’, with official review teams mirroring spending departments, together with an overall central coordinating unit.
Publicizing science
Authors: Korenjak Martin
Published: October 2023

Part II ends with a chapter discussing four kinds of texts which were used to publicize natural science among the learned in general. The genres either presented scientific content in an easy, enjoyable form or extolled scientists, scientific achievements, and science as an activity. Following the lead of ancient poets such as Lucretius, didactic epics explained topics from all scientific disciplines in a poetic language familiar to an educated readership. Panegyrical poems were routinely prefixed to scientific works as a means of promoting them, while exceptional figures such as Brahe or Newton were also praised as heroes of science in self-contained publications. In the realm of prose, biographies of scientists came in various long and short forms such as self-contained books, obituaries, and authors’ biographies introducing collected works. Orations celebrating the natural sciences and men of science enhanced numerous academic festivities; there were also some subgenres, such as funeral speeches, which addressed a broader, non-academic audience.
Philosophizing the Indefensible
Authors: Nili Shmuel
Published: October 2023

This book asks what distinctive contributions political philosophers might make when reflecting on obvious moral failures in public policy. The book argues that political philosophers can and should craft “strategic” arguments for public policy reforms, showing how morally urgent reforms can be grounded, for the sake of discussion, even in problematic premises associated with their opponents. The book develops the general contours of this approach, and then applies strategic theorizing to a set of diverse of policy issues. These range from the abortion debate and financial regulation in the United States, through controversies surrounding the participation of Arab parties in Israel’s political process, to global issues, such as commercial ties with oil-rich dictatorships, and the bearing of such ties on global climate change.
Who’s the Republic’s Enemy?
Authors: Nili Shmuel
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides the first extended illustration of strategic theorizing. This illustration focuses on Israeli politics, and, more specifically, on the indefensible boycott of Israel’s anti-Zionist political parties by certain Jewish hawks in the Israeli parliament (Knesset). This boycott is discussed in the context of recurrent efforts by Binyamin Netanyahu, Israel’s longest-serving prime minister, to secure immunity from criminal prosecution for multiple corruption charges. Netanyahu’s persistence has united politicians of the Israeli left, right, and center in an effort to end his increasingly authoritarian rule. Yet the anti-Netanyahu alliance has been fatally hamstrung by the fact that some of its key hawkish members have refused to rely on anti-Zionist votes in parliament to actually form an anti-Netanyahu government. This hawkish refusal, in turn, combined with Netanyahu’s obstinacy, has been a key cause of Israel’s unprecedented political crisis. Two strategic arguments are offered in response to this hawkish obstinacy. First, even if (arguendo) one adopts the hawks’ views regarding the supposed dangers of anti-Zionist sway in the Israeli parliament, their own repeated warnings regarding the dangers of Netanyahu’s continued rule must take precedence. Second, contrary to the hawks’ rhetoric, their professed commitment to the equal “civic” rights of Palestinian-Israelis does not align with their boycott of the main parties through which Palestinian-Israelis act in the country’s politics.
Too Big to Fail and Too Big to Jail?
Authors: Nili Shmuel
Published: October 2023

This chapter begins by arguing that spiraling inequality continuously cements the ability of the economically powerful—particularly, of global corporations—to shape core premises underlying policy debates. The remainder of the book accordingly seeks to justify important policy reforms going against corporate interests, even while using, arguendo, corporate-friendly premises. The chapter’s latter part advances this effort by examining the American legal system’s lenience with regard to severe wrongdoing by major banks, constructing the most plausible justification that might be offered for this lenience. This justification appeals to fears of drastic negative consequences following criminal prosecution of major banks, while also appealing to the constraints of criminal law and the complexity of large corporations to shield individual executives from criminal sanctions. The chapter suggests that the best way of combining these two appeals is to argue that it is much worse for public authorities themselves to infringe upon the constraints of criminal law when prosecuting individual executives, than it is for public authorities to allow major banks as private actors to seriously wrong other private actors in their pursuit of profits. However, the myriad forms of significant public support currently accorded to the major banks blur this private/public distinction. Accordingly, the largest banks have to relinquish such support as a necessary condition for justifying the legal system’s current lenience towards them and their executives.