bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Active and passive Q-switching operation of 1 μm Yb:YSP laser with an optical chopper/AOM and MoWS2 nanosheets
Authors: Yin Xiaoqin , Fan Shuzhen , Zhang Xingyu , Wu Guangda , Yu Fapeng
Published: October 2022

In this paper, the laser diode (LD)-pumped all-solid-state Yb:YSr3 (PO4)3 (Yb:YSP) lasers with active and passive Q-switching operation were demonstrated for the first time. At the pump power of 5.5 W, the average output power was 369 mW and the single pulse energy was 184.5 μJ at 2 kHz in the active Q-switching operation with an optical chopper. For the acousto-optic modulator Q-switched laser, a 118 ns pulse duration and 2881 W pulse peak power at 0.5 kHz were obtained. Furthermore, MoWS2 nanosheets were implemented to the passively Q-switched Yb:YSP laser, generating stable pulses with duration of 1.45 μs at the repetition frequency of 55 kHz and verifying the optical response potential of MoWS2. The good laser beam quality of

M
x
2

= 1.14 and

M
y
2

= 1.12 were achieved as well.
Coherent destruction of tunnelling in a symmetrical double well driven by a series of time dependent δ functions
Authors: Seal Dipayan , Chaudhury Pinaki , Ghosh Subhasree
Published: October 2022

It is analytically and numerically shown that the coherent tunnelling between the individual wells of a symmetrical double well potential can be totally suppressed when it is driven by a periodic series of δ function in time, depending on the time period and strength of the δ function. We have applied time dependent perturbation theory to have an understanding over the process. In absence of any kind of perturbation, the average position of the particle makes a sinusoidal oscillation between two wells. With the application of a periodic δ function, the amplitude and the frequency of the oscillation both get modified. In this article we have explored how the frequency and strength of the applied perturbation controls the quantum dynamics of tunnelling and finally, how these parameters drive the system towards a complete stand still situation, which is described as coherent destruction of tunnelling.
Effect of ZnO on Structural, Physical and Optical Properties of Heavy Metal Oxides Doped Tellurite Glasses
Authors: Kumbhakar R.P. , Ansari Ghizal F. , Dhiman S. K. , Khan Afroj A.
Published: October 2022

A conventional technique has been used to prepare Heavy Metal Oxides (HMO) doped ternary tellurite glasses. The batch composition of samples were as (90-y)%TeO2-10%WO3-x%ZnO, (y=5%,10%,15%, and 20%). ZnO alter the optical and physical properties of the glasses are investigated. The thermal characteristics of the produced samples are studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and their structural conformation is determined using XRD. The existence of structural units is shown by Raman spectroscopy. Other parameters of glass samples have been calculated, including density, molar volume, polaron radius, and intermolecular distance. The absorption spectra of samples were measured in the spectrum range of 350nm to 1000nm, and the refractive index, direct and indirect optical energy band gaps, and Urbach’s energy were determined.
Superconducting Properties of Ta Substituted (Tl1-xTax)(BaSr)CaCu2O7
Authors: Ilhamsyah A. B. P. , Abd-Shukor R. , Yazid Hafizal , Humaidi Syahrul , Jannah A. N.
Published: October 2022

In this research, the effects of Ta substitution on the Tl-based superconducting materials have been investigated. The standard method of solid-state reaction was applied to prepare the (Tl1-xTax)(BaSr)CaCu2O7 superconductors of high temperature with x = 0, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6. For all samples, temperature dependence measurements versus the electrical resistance demonstrated metallic normal state behavior. The X-ray diffraction measurement indicated coexistence of mixed phase with Tl-1212 as the major phase and Ta2O5 as an impurity for all substitution samples. A fraction with the highest volume of the Tl-1212 phase in Ta substitution samples is in x = 0.4 (67%), 30% comes from Ta2O5 and the other 3 % belongs to the Tl-1201. All samples with Ta substitution (x ≥ 0.4) showed decreased in Tc onset
, Tc zero
and Tp
. The discussion on the effects of Ta2O5 in the Tl(BaSr)CaCu2O7 superconductors are also provided.
Effect of next to next-nearest-neighbor (NNNN) hopping interaction in mixed valence systems and study of the thermodynamic properties
Authors: Ghosh Piyali , Ghosh Nanda Kumar
Published: October 2022

The extended Falicov-Kimball model containing the next to next-nearest-neighbor hopping interaction (NNNN) is investigated using the exact diagonalization calculations in two dimensions. The f-electron density nf
with the energy of f-level Ef
is investigated using the allowable exact solutions. The temperature dependency of thermodynamical parameters such as specific heat(C) and entropy (S) are also studied here. The significant observations are (i) a discontinuous valence transition (insulator-to-metal) at a certain energy of f-level (Ec
) which varies with the value of NNNN interaction term (t
3), (ii) disorderedness of the system with the increasing value of t
3, (iii) the structures of single and double peaks in the specific heat versus temperature graphs varying with t
3 and E respectively.
Preparation and Study the Structural Properties for Compound Tl0.9Hg0.1Sr2Ca2Cu3O8+δ Using the Modified Scherer Equation
Authors: Nsaif Firas Kadhim , Mohammed Jaafar Sadeq , Mohammed Intehaa Ahmed , Jasim Kareem Ali
Published: October 2022

In this paper, the compound Tl0.9Hg0.1Sr2Ca2Cu3O8+δ was produced using solid status reaction procedure. The crystal construction of specimen was studied using x-ray deviation device. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study of the crystalline nature confirmed that the sample of compound has a lattice structure from a mixture for different phases, it is has a tetragonal structure. The crystal size was calculated and investigated from the traditional Debye-Scherer method and the modified method for it. It is note the approximate values of crystal size and crystallinity in percentage between the modified Scherer method and the traditional Debye-Scherer method change depending on the peaks intensity of XRD diagram. Furthermore, the sample was taken into account to determine the physical and microstructure factors such as crystal strain.
Synthesis and characterization of thermally treated Co1-xFe2+xO4 (x = 0.0 –0.8) spinel nano ferrite
Authors: Parmar C , Verma R , Modak S S , Mazaleyrat F , Kane S N
Published: October 2022

We report the effect of surplus-Fe-content, and thermal annealing on the properties of sol gel auto-combustion synthesized Co1–xFe2+xO4 (x = 0.0–0.8) spinel ferrites. X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) are used to monitor the effect of excess Fe-content, and thermal annealing dependence of properties, and correlation among them. XRD validates presence of spinel nanoferrite (31.54 – 44.89 nm) phase, minor presence of α-Fe2O3 phase was also detected. Results reveal that variation of Fe-content leads to: i) variation of lattice-parameter, re-distribution of Fe3+. Co2+ ions on A, B-site, ii) alteration of inversion degree, disorder, iii) modification of saturation magnetization due to spin disorder at surface, iv) variation of coercivity, and related grain size imply that studied ferrites are in single-multi domain overlap regions, while squareness-ratio indicates variation of inter-grain interaction, isotropic behaviour of multi-domain particles; iv) fine-tuning of bandgap (1.35 – 1.5 eV) via changes in cationic-distribution and lattice-parameter, v) variation of Debye temperature, suggests modification of lattice vibrations. Current work implies strong correlation between bandgap magnetic, structural properties.
Recent development in electron transport layers for efficient tin-based perovskite solar cells
Authors: Rani R , Monga K , Chaudhary S
Published: October 2022

Hybrid organic-inorganic tin (Sn)-based perovskite materials became a promising choice as an alternative to lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their outstanding optical and electrical properties. But, so far, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of only 13% has been achieved for Sn-based PSCs. To achieve highly efficient and stable PSCs, not only the properties of the active layer but the charge selective contacts (electron and hole transport layers) should be selected wisely. The interfaces between the perovskite active layer and charge transport layers play an important role in achieving the better performance of PSCs. In the present review, the spotlight is on the recent developments made on the optimization of electron transport layers (ETLs) for the efficient Sn-based hybrid organic-inorganic PSCs. Further, we comprehensively discuss the significance and the impact of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of electron transport material on the charge transport, which additionally affects the photovoltaic performance of the device. In summary, with continuous research on the Sn-based hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite materials as an absorbing layer, conventional ETLs (metal oxides) cannot be used. Thus, the optimum candidate for befitted ETLs must be explored and investigated in detail for efficient PSCs.
A Review on Barrier Properties of Nanocellulose and Polylactic acid Composites
Authors: Parvathy S U , Hema S , Sajith Malavika , Sulthan Rashid , Sreelekshmi C , Sambhudevan Sreedha , Shankar Balakrishnan
Published: October 2022

Bio-based polymers, which are environmentally benign and contribute to a range of applications, are in great demand right now. The relevance of nanocellulose polylactic acid polymers, their benefits, production processes, and the wide variety of applications given by their barrier property are highlighted in this paper. Cellulose can be defined as the final product obtained as a result of biosynthesis of plants, animals, or bacteria, and nanocellulose refers to cellulosic take-outs or materials with definite nanoscale structural dimensions. Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a thermoplastic polyester, which has the ability to replace petrochemical based polymers. Poly (lactic acid), often known as polylactide (PLA), is a thermoplastic polyester that can replace petrochemical-based polymers
Telescopic handlers: applications, challenges and scope
Authors: Verma Ayush
Published: October 2022

Telescopic Handlers, also known as Telehandlers or teleporters or boom lifts are small human-operated machines extensively used by the agricultural, construction and landscaping industries. Different types of attachments are being used with these telehandlers which make them extremely versatile, safe, swift and costumer friendly. They prove out to be very efficient when used with various attachments designed as per the market requirements. Common attachments include forks, lifting jibs, man-basket or work platforms, buckets etc which are attached to the telescopic boom of the telehandlers as per use. However, these attachments should be chosen with utmost care keeping in mind that it does not pose any threat on the operation safety. While, these telehandlers have numerous advantages and applications, they also have certain limitations which slightly restricts their use in some cases. The present work is a review on telescopic handlers, their applications, limitations and future scope of research on their improvement to expand the domain of the usage.
Modelling of Surface Roughness effect on the Dry Turning of Duplex Stainless Steels
Authors: Deshpande Naresh , Vasudevan Hari
Published: October 2022

Surface integrity features such as roughness, induced by machining Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) components, is an important factor affecting their functional performance. This work used a multi-regression modelling method to state the relationship between turning parameters & roughness average for standard DSS components. Four process parameters, viz. cutting speed, rate of feed, cutting depth & radius of tool nose curvature were varied between three levels each and their effect on roughness average was noted. Experiments were performed using Definitive Screening Design (DSD). The surface roughness parameter was measured using Taylor Hobson branded Talysurf-5 profilometer. A Step Wise regression approach with forward selection of terms and alpha value of 0.25 resulted in a quadratic model with R square value of 99.61%. Validation experiment with new specimens yielded prediction accuracy of 88%. For minimization of roughness, cutting speed should be set at 100 m/min, feed rate should be set at 0.1 mm/rev, cutting depth should be set at 1.5 mm and nose radius should be set at 0.8 mm. These settings yielded minimum value of roughness average as 0.0845 microns.
Optimization and S-N life cycle analysis of helical gear with nickel alloy MP35N
Authors: Modi Amit D , Gawande K R
Published: October 2022

Gears are most critical components in mechanical power transmission systems. Helical gear is used to transmit power or torque at high speed, heavy loads with smooth and silent operation. It involves many variables including specific materials with consideration of force/stress analysis and its mechanical properties. The optimal design and its lead curve is the primary objective of the present work. The bending and surface strength of the gear tooth is considered to be the main contributors to gear failure. Thus, stress analysis on gear is vital to reduce the failures for optimal design. Analytical design for helical gear has been done with five different sets of parameters and then 3D modelling and FEM carried out with 30 cases and optimization was carried out to derive the best selection so that the fillet stress can be reduced and the life can be improved. The optimum lead curve is determined by the design of the experiment, transmission error calculation and response surface method. The results obtained in analytical design and FEM have been validated and it has been observed that by means of life it’s clear that Nickel alloy MP35N is more valuable and better material for manufacturing helical gear.
A Review on Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks by Transesterification
Authors: Veluru Sridevi , Hamzah Husam Talib , Tukaram Bai M , Poiba Venkata Rao , Mahdi Husam Salah
Published: October 2022

Since fossil fuel emissions will continue indefinitely, we must find a suitable and long-term alternative, owing to the fact that it is biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly, biodiesel an excellent substitute for diesel engines. EASAC classifies the evolution of biodiesel into four generations. Biodiesel feedstocks and their advantages and disadvantages for different generations of the fuel are thoroughly analysed in this article. An in-depth investigation is provided in this article, of the benefits and drawbacks of various feedstocks used in the manufacturing process of different generations of biodiesel.

In terms of the production of biodiesel, transesterification is the best method because it produces high-yield biodiesel with comparable properties to diesel, making it an ideal choice. As far as economics are concerned, this process is also viable. It is possible to meet the energy requirements of the future by blending different oil feedstocks. The system used and the cost of feedstock have the most significant impact on the cost of biodiesel production. Characteristics of biodiesel such as the oxidation stability, cold flow and cetane number, viscosity, and density, are some of the most important characteristics of biodiesel. Biodiesel’s performance in diesel engines was also discussed in this paper, and it was suggested that biodiesel is safer for the environment than Petro-diesel. Unlike Petro-diesel, it degrades four times faster and has with a higher flash point, making storage and handling easier. It’s also nontoxic and causes less irritation to the skin than soap and water. The paper also looked at the production of biodiesel using feedstocks from the first through the fourth generation.
Experimental study and analysis on single slope single basin solar still with zeolite crystals as storage materials
Authors: Senthil Kumar K. , Manirathnam A.S. , Anish L. , Ajay A. , Jaseem Ahmed S. , Kaleeswaran B.
Published: October 2022

We humans find solutions for every problem around us. Taking an environmental problem for water scarcity we have come up with a traditional idea but a bit modified. We have used solar distillation as the basic concept and developed a single slope single basin solar still (SSSBSS) where we have used a storage material that is rarely used for this process and have carried out the research work in it. The experimental study is carried for a single slope single basin solar still (SSSBSS) under two cases (i) SSSBSS (ii) SSSBSS with zeolite crystals as storage materials. The still was made of galvanized iron (GI) and the sides were insulated with polystyrene. It has a basin area of 1 m2. Bore water of Coimbatore which is a bit salty was taken as the feed water. The test was carried out at Kuniyamuthur, Coimbatore during 10th, 11th, 12th of February 2021. Even though it was winter, the output was average. By the comparison using zeolite crystals, the efficiency was doubled compared to the first case.
Optomechanical design and analysis of lens assembly for space application
Authors: Shah M V , Patel A V
Published: October 2022

This study illustrates how commercial off-the-shelf optics may be employed in space exploration cameras. The most frequent loads on optical systems are self-weight, which is caused by gravitational orientations, vibration, and temperature ranges, which is caused by exposure to quickly changing temperatures ranging from extremely cold to very hot and during launch. This study describes the modulation transfer function (MTF) performance of the selected lens assembly, followed by a top-down method to disassemble the optical parts of the commercial lens housing. The lens enclosure was designed and modelled by retaining the interelement lengths determined from physical measurement. The performance of the lens barrel and optical elements have also been validated in ANSYS using a quasi-static loading and thermoelastic condition. As a post-performance assessment owing to stress and vibrations during satellite launch, a tilt-separation simulation was conducted. As a result of this research, it has been demonstrated that optomechanical design of commercial lens assembly is feasible for use in space application camera systems.
Machining of high temperature heat resistant super alloys- a concise review on cooling aspects
Authors: Panigrahi Ramai Ranjan , Kumar Ramanuj , Sahoo Ashok Kumar , Panda Amlana
Published: October 2022

Analyzing and comprehending cutting process mechanisms is a crucial step in creating a cost-effective, long-lasting, and safe machining process.In modern manufacturing, it is very challenging to achieve a high surface finish product with high dimensional accuracy. To reduce the high production cost as well as for the sustainable manufacturing selection of both cutting tool materials and cutting environments is necessary. Nowadays high-temperature alloys are in very demand in industries like power generation, gas turbines, and chemical processing. Superalloys are recognised as a significant problem in a high-temperature work environment with the sophisticated material technology in space and aviation industries. At the time of machining of these superalloys, a high amount of heat developed at the cutting area which affects the microstructure of the work specimen and also the cutting inserts. To minimize that excess heat, researchers and manufacturing industries are adopting different cooling lubrication techniques. When the lubricant penetrated the cutting region, the temperature is reduced since cooling effect. Several studies focus on the optimization of individual performance features in the machining processes and in recent past, Super-alloys and cutting materials like ceramic, carbide, and hybrid tools are gaining popularity. Since the application of the superalloy in various sectors is ever- increasing, therefore it is necessary to evaluate a machining behavior during the experimental investigation. In this contemporary review, the effects of various cooling and lubrication strategy on machining outputs will be discussed considering the sustainable and greenway of manufacturing.
Corrosion Inhibition in Magnesium by using Green Inhibitor
Authors: Jebaraj D. Jones Joseph , Jesudoss Hynes N. Rajesh , Basanth Navin K
Published: October 2022

Though magnesium has attractive properties in many transport applications, its use is limited because of the issue of corrosion. Corrosion rate increases under influence of pressure due to stresses acting over the metal surface. To avoid this stress induced corrosion, there is a need of an inhibitor to inhibit the corrosion. In the present work, a natural inhibitor is used as the inhibitor for preventing corrosion. The plant extract consist of active materials of plant material which has the antioxidant properties. The corrosion property of magnesium alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution is analyzed. As per the study, the Moringa Oleifera leaf extract is chosen as green inhibitor. The effective inhibition of plant extract is analyzed in electrochemical workstation with varying concentration of extract.
Selection of aircraft materials and aircraft air conditioning technologies: A review
Authors: Durgam Shankar , Deshmukh Sweety Rajesh , Selmokar Preetam
Published: October 2022

This article reviews the demands of innovative material and the best refrigeration cycle to dissipate heat in airplane cabin. The suitable materials of excellent mechanical properties are used for aircraft applications that makes the aircraft to live longer, stay safe, reliable, and durable. Airplane is a special type of aircraft. The helicopter, and hot air balloon are aircrafts, but airplane is special type of aircraft which is weighing its body and it can be controlled and powered. Refrigeration in airplane, does not so far involve the use of any techniques which have not already established and used in other fields but of prime importance for comfort of occupants. The analysis for aircraft materials is briefly described with its significance. The material production is going to be innovated in various countries across the globe and among all the countries Russia is on top level for better using materials for aircraft production. The material used for aircraft production must be light, and efficient. It should not be affected by any impurities. This paper also gives the merits and demerits of such material and their sustainability. The motive of this review is to describe, briefly properties of materials for aircraft, and air conditioning technologies that best suited system for aircraft to dissipate heat.
Modeling and simulation of SI engine muffler for prediction of backpressure by optimizing porosity and muffler diameter
Authors: Durgam Shankar , Thanekar Snehal , Hajare Sayali , Bartakke Saharsha , Shet Chaitra
Published: October 2022

Air Pollution produced from automobiles has become one of the most critical problems of environmental concern and likely to increase as vehicle population is assumed to grow approximately by 1300 million by the year 2030. In India, automobiles will have to meet the BS-VI emission standards to reduce vehicular pollution that impacts on environment and human health. These norms impose various restrictions on emissions of exhaust gases like NOx, HCs, particulate matter. Many recent exhaust control devices are being developed to meet the required needs. Therefore, the present study aims to reduce CO2 emissions generated in SI engine automobiles using activated carbon/calcite in a muffler. The backpressure parameter of the muffler affects the efficiency of an internal combustion engine. The porosity and diameter of the inner tube of the muffler has a prominent effect on backpressure. Therefore, the muffler with 48, and 60 holes, respectively and 1mm and 2mm diameter, respectively on a perforated tube have been investigated. The result shows that the concentration of CO2 and back pressure is greatly reduced by increasing porosity and diameter, respectively of the tube. Thus, an environmentally friendly and efficient muffler is modeled and simulated.
Study of Distribution of Magnetic Field Strength in Magnetorheological Elastomers using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Keshav Manjeet , Sujatha C
Published: October 2022

Magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) find a large number of applications in vibration control. For effective working of MRE, proper design of a magnetic circuit is needed so that it can draw the maximum amount of magnetic field through MRE region and at the same time satisfy all geometric constraints for the related application. With the availability of B-H curve data for MRE, finite element (FE) modelling of the full magnetic circuit is possible. FE modelling presents a good perspective on the distribution of the magnetic field inside the circuit. However, FE results cannot be obtained frequently for different geometries of the circuit. In the present study, the feedforward neural network (FNN) is used to predict the magnetic flux density in the MRE region of magnetic circuit setup. Training data for the FNN is generated from the results of the FE model where a log file has been coded keeping geometric parameters as variables and magnetic flux density as output. The FNN model is trained to have minimum mean square error. The FNN is further used for the optimization of dimensions of the magnetic circuit to have maximum magnetic field in the MRE region for the given geometric constraint.
Design of Hydraulic Biomass Briquette Machine
Authors: Kinkhabwala Hetav , Bhojawala V M , Desai Saumil , Patel D V
Published: October 2022

In many of our developing countries, we face many problems regarding agro-waste. If the wastes are not managed then there will be increased in the quantity of waste. In order to manage these wastes, solutions are required and one of the solution is discussed here. The present study discusses about the hydraulic briquette line which is used to make briquettes. This hydraulic briquette line basically consists of three equipment’s a shredder machine, a screw conveyor and a hydraulic briquette machine. Because of good characteristics of sugar-cane bagasse such as low ash content compared to coal, lignin cells are present which acts as a binder, etc., it has been used for making briquettes. Bagasse having long tissues, it is first cut into small parts with the help of shredding machine. These cut bagasse is conveyed to the hydraulic briquette machine with the help of screw conveyor. This conveyed bagasse is compressed in hydraulic briquette machine with the help of hydraulic cylinders. This paper discusses the detailed design of all three equipment i.e. a hydraulic briquette machine, a screw conveyor and a shredding machine.
Review on Li-Ion Based Battery Chemistry: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Daya A , Paul Sathiyan S
Published: October 2022

Level of demand of Li-ion battery (LIB) applications are arising, including Electric Drive Vehicles and Energy Storage devices, cell design and performance requirements are continually changing, that poses unique difficulties to existing battery manufacturers. In response, there is an inevitable requirement of high-power density and energy in the function of LIB. In this review we have discussed about the alternate battery technologies which can potentially replace the existing LIB technology. Li battery’s electrical performances, their challenges the world will face in the near future as well as the upcoming battery technologies like graphene batteries, redox flow batteries which have the potential to compete in the current market have been discussed in this paper.
Composite blades for lower extremity amputees
Authors: Srinivasan Viswanath , Govarthan Praveen Kumar , Om Prakash S , Munirathinam Dhanalakshmi
Published: October 2022

The running blades used by the amputees are an advanced type of prosthesis or prosthetic limb that are used as a replacement for a natural leg. The Principle behind the running blades is that it stores kinetic energy from the user’s footsteps as potential energy, like a spring, allowing the user to run and leap. The major prevailing deficiencies of existing prosthesis are excess weight, lack of Indian manufacturers, high cost quoted by foreign manufacturers, lack of awareness of this technology among the local population. The major purpose of the project is to design and develop an affordable composite blade with unique design, which enables normal walking and running easier for the amputees. The methodology of the project includes selection of suitable composite from glass, carbon and hybrid fibers for blade fabrication through material testing, to evaluate the design using finite element analysis (FEA), to fabricate the actual blades and to analyze the walking pattern of the user’s through gait analysis. Gait analysis results show that with blades the participant is able to follow normal gait pattern of initial contact, mid-stance and toe-off as the blade supports normal knee and ankle biomechanics.
Design of Digital Meters for Industries using Data Acquisition System
Authors: Mary J S Nancy , Raj A P Abishek , Rexy A Inba , Bharathy S Sathya
Published: October 2022

Energy Monitoring is one of the most important routine that is carried out in every industry as a key process of Energy Management. The prime reason for energy metering is to ensure that the processes are done efficiently. Through energy monitoring, the energy consumption on a particular period is easily obtained thus helping to find the energy usage in a day and taking steps to improve energy efficiency. The energy consumption in a particular period of time is obtained using a digital meter. The meters in today’s industries are digital meters and support serial communication. The energy meters present in the plant are connected to the server and are made to transfer their data directly to the server. This eliminates the man-hours wastage of every employee who performs this energy monitoring. The Man hours for a medium sized plant with 75 Digital meters spread across the plant was reduced to 2 hours/day.
Confiner Based Video Captioning Model
Authors: Vaishnavi J , Narmatha V
Published: October 2022

Video captioning is the interesting task of encoding features and decoding the encoded features into natural language. Video captioning task is the perfect blend of computer vision and Natural language processing techniques. Video captioning process is a tentative mission since it must consider temporal features along with spatial features in order to generate appropriate captions. This task has the default framework as encoder-decoder. Ensuring the optimality of the generated caption for the particular video is the most important and essential thing which is not considered by most of the existing works. In order to ensure the optimality of captions for videos, our proposed work introduces confiner to the default framework. Confiner is planned to diminish the semantic gap among the generated caption and videos. Confiner is designed in our model with both LSTM and GRU separately as two different models. The actual work of the confiner is to inspect the visuals of the generated caption with the actual video. The proposed model has experimented with three different benchmark datasets as MSVD, MSR-VTT, and M-VAD. The performances of the models are measured by BLEU, METEOR, CIDEr evaluation metrics.
Smart helmet to start the motorbike and to prevent accidents
Authors: Mathavan J Joy , Wijesekara V K D , Satheeskanth N , Wanasinghe W M U J , Maathushan M , Wijenayake V V
Published: October 2022

Most of the motorbike riders meet a fatal end due to severe head injuries during accidents. Usually in Asian countries, riders are reluctant to wear helmets while riding motorbikes due to carelessness and negligence. This research aims at reducing the accidents that may occur due to such carelessness and at the same time, immediately report the accident to the emergency contact numbers. This research work is aimed at making the necessary conditions essential to start the motorbike. The rider needs to wear the helmet, should be free from consumption of alcohol and should take off the side stand before igniting the vehicle; failure of any one of this condition would not ignite the engine. The proposed system detects the accident occurrence as well. SMS will be sent to the emergency numbers through the GSM module. The prototype works on start mode, running mode and accident mode with different functionalities in each mode. The rider needs to clear the start on mode to ignite the engine and a smart system will continuously monitor the bike and rider in the running mode. In case of unexpected interruptions during running mode, the proposed system enters into accident mode and enables GSM to report the accident to the pre-registered phone number.
A review on electrical transport properties of thin film Schottky diode
Authors: Dhruv S D , Dhruv D K
Published: October 2022

The article outlines an inclusive list of thin film Schottky diodes (TFSD) references. The review audits the fabrication and characterization of the TF metal-semiconductor (MS) diode, a TFSD. The work functions of metal (ϕ
m) and semiconducting material (ϕs
) determines whether the established MS contact is ohmic or rectifying. Current-voltage (I – V) and capacitance-voltage (C – V) characterizations are essential electrical transport measures of TFSDs. The I – V and C – V outcomes are conferred, and archetypal results are parroted. The TFSD device is emblematic of a heterojunction diode (HJD). The rectification ratio (RR), saturation current (I0), ideality factor (n), Schottky barrier height (ϕB), and carrier concentration may all be calculated using I – V and C – V data. Thermionic emission (TE) and/or space charge limited conduction mechanisms (SCLC) may conduct electricity in TFSDs. Anderson’s model can theoretically be used to construct a TFSD energy band diagram.
An overview of load frequency control for grid using various control techniques
Authors: Vinitha JC , Rani P Usha
Published: October 2022

Nowadays Electrical power generation using renewable energy systems brings more novel ideas to satisfy the power demand worldwide. Microgrid is one of the ideas that ensures stability and reliability of the power system. Due to seasonal or climatic effect, the power generated by the renewable energy sources has issue in providing a constant power output and hence produces the power imbalance between the source to load. Furthermore, the system frequency cannot be kept constant in all cases. In this case, an electric vehicle (EV) can serve as a power generation source to support the power grid and meet the Load Frequency Control requirement (LFC). Due to their fast-regulating characteristics, electric vehicles provide frequency regulation services. Electric vehicles are used in both primary and secondary frequency management in power systems to quickly suppress frequency oscillations caused by changes in load. The control centre gathers and updates real-time Electric Vehicle data, such as information regarding state of charge and the state of each Electric Vehicle, in order to decide on load frequency regulation dispatch to Electric Vehicles. This paper compares and consolidate the performance of Load frequency control through Conventional plants and Renewable energy systems. The graphical abstract of power system grid is shown in Figure.1
Electricity Consumption Forecasting System Using Deep Learning
Authors: Sujatha R. , Sukumar Gowtham , Rajesh V. , Kumar R. Sathish , David Judeson
Published: October 2022

Energy modeling in Smart Buildings (SB) and planning and operating the generation of power based on the information extracted are key components of the Smart Grid’s (SG’s) energy management system. In the world, buildings use a significant amount of energy that contributes to energy efficiency programs. Additionally, excessive utilization power generation appliance also including air conditioners and heater, breathing, and climate control (HVAC) units, improper microclimate control, and inappropriate start-up and ordering of power equipment waste a lot of heat pumps. The utility can mitigate energy generation costs when it anticipates electrical loads and schedules generation resources in accordance with the demand. To estimate electricity usage at varying tiers of utility grid systems, a range of techniques have already been used. The goal of this study will be to create a hybrid deep learning model can predict resource utilization in infrastructures. Model building and data cleaning are the two stages of the proposed framework. Data cleaning involves pre-processing techniques and adding additional lag values to raw data. This hybrid deep learning (DL) approach is made up of a series of completely connected layered and linear Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) sections layered over bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) components and is based also on collected information. You could incorporate the dependence structure of electricity usage on regressors and increase computation efficiency, training time, as well as computational complexity by using the results obtained.
IoT based guided fire fighting vehicle
Authors: Raafeek A R M , Satheeskanth N , Mathavan J Joy , Kunaraj A
Published: October 2022

Fire accidents are occurring frequently nowadays in domestic and industrial environments with unpredictable climatic changes and human negligence. The proposed prototype is designed to detect such fire accidents and to extinguish the fire by remote operation of the user, and thereby reducing the risk of fire fighters involved. The movement of the vehicle is dictated by the combination of sensor-based inputs and user guidance. When the fire is detected by the fire detection sensor, the signal is immediately passed to the controller. GSM modules will be activated alerting the user about the fire accident. Once the alert is received, the user can guide the vehicle to the required location with the help of Blynk software & in-built camera module to extinguish the fire. The servo motor connected with the firefighting hose can control the direction and volume of water to be sprayed. The controls of the servo motors are with the user. The proposed firefighting vehicle is designed to function using Internet of Things (IoT), thereby enabling the user to control the fire from anywhere.
Modelling Approach to Develop a Multimodal Transportation Network
Authors: Aravinthan K. , Deepak D. , Chethan  , Borudregowda
Published: October 2022

Multimodal transportation (MMT) refers to a system that utilizes various means of transportation to transfer people & goods from one place to another. Transit operations are measured as the maximum number of passengers that can be carried past a fixed route, in a given period. Investing in and using multiple modes of transportation does not only bring efficiencies but also goes a long way to reduce time & delay, as well as the overall cost of transportation. This paper presents the efficient mode of transportation system at selected routes in the Bengaluru city, the route stretch selected is 12.2 km in length and it has 8 major intersections. The type of pavement surface consists of both bituminous and Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C). The complete study stretch is a 2-way 4-lane road. This study provides walkability-index, traffic volume studies in terms of passenger car unit (PCU), time and delay study, and Cost & time analysis. Four modes of transportation are used in this study to find the effective multimodal-transportation system namely, 2-wheeler, 4-wheeler, para-transit [15], and buses/metro. The outcome of this paper is to arrive at the shortest distance for reducing delay & time, and cost-effective travel using multi-mode transport. While focusing on the present condition of the para-transit transport facilities. The time, delay & cost during MMT and to provide a safe, cost-effective & convenient way to travel or transport. The result shows the reduction in time, cost & delay of transportation by using the MMT model. This MMT system could be adopted as an efficient mode of transportation on this route. Similar rural-urban junction routes around the world could use this approach for effective transit by making a modal study.
A Review on Relative Linear and Nonlinear Strains Performances of Laminated Composite Shell Roofs
Authors: Saxena Arpita , Bakshi Kaustav
Published: October 2022

This paper comprehensively reviews research articles on linear and nonlinear performances of laminated shells. The study on composite surfaces gained popularity since the last decade. The composite shell problems for complex forms are difficult to solve analytically. Hence, the numerical solutions became popular. The invent of fast computers popularized the numerical approaches further among practicing engineers. Thin shell surfaces are widely popular to cover long unsupported spans in civil engineering; however, these are vulnerable to instability especially under transverse overloading. The stiffened surfaces addressed such problems. The detailed review on bare and stiffened surfaces highlights gaps in literature which can help the researchers to find out scopes of future research problems.
Theoretical modelling of a deformation based concave square ring-square disc (SR-SD) silver structure for pressure sensing
Authors: Simitha S , Francis Shinto M , Jacob Jesly , Thomas Vibin Ipe
Published: October 2022

A compact nanosensor that explores the tie-in between stress-induced deformation and optical resonance characteristics is theoretically proposed for pressure sensing. The structure modeling, electromagnetic (EM) wave simulation, and performance evaluations were carried out using the 2D finite element method (FEM). The proposed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based metal-insulator-metal (MIM) model responds to the pressure induced on the top-facing side of an Ag concave square ring-square disc arrangement (Concave SR-SD) in terms of a structural curve-in into the insulator cavity. These deformations alter the electromagnetic field distributions and plasmonic resonance conditions, shifting the absorption cross-section profiles towards higher wavelengths. The shift in the resonant wavelength (Δλ) for specific measured deformations (d) exhibited by the normal SR-SD hinds at the application level perspective of the designed system in pressure sensing via its optomechanical correlation. Further, multiple parameters like insulator cavity width (W
I
) and structure wise modifications in the outer ring structure are investigated for performance optimization, and subline sensitivity values (maximum) of 24.496 nm/MPa and 40.46 nm/MPa are observed from normal and concave SR-SD systems respectively. The suggested nano pressure sensor of suitable sensitivity and broad sensing range promises strong applicability in biomedicine, health monitoring, nanomechanics, chip-based devices, and nanoelectronics.
Photoluminescence study of reddish orange emitting Eu3+ activated LaPO4 Nanoparticles via hydrothermal method
Authors: Chandran Aswathy R , Jacob Linju Ann , Paul Issac , Jose Gijo
Published: October 2022

Lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4) belongs to the family of rare earth phosphates characterized as a fluorescence material. Europium ion is known for its orange –red fluorescence. In order to include orange –red fluorescence for pure white light generation we are doping LaPO4 with Eu3+. The crystalline planes are identified from the XRD pattern show that the particles have monoclinic structure with pure LaPO4. The addition of sodium ions to the LaPO4: Eu3+ sample it is found that the luminescence property gets increased. It is also found that reversal of the emission spectrum intensity takes place for the sodium doped sample which indicates that Eu3+ ions are located in a highly symmetric environment.
Photonic band gap analysis of 1D TiO2/SiO2 photonic crystals using plane wave method for thin film solar cell applications
Authors: Dubey Raghvendra Sarvjeet , Someswararao M.V. , Saravanan Sigamani
Published: October 2022

The properties of photonic crystals that allow or inhibit the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in between photonic band gap (PBG) regimes have proved to be significant. In this work, we investigated the PBG analysis of one-dimensional TiO2/SiO2 photonic crystal using plane wave method (PWM). The PBG width depends of on the various optical parameters such as lattice constant (Λ), center wavelength (λc), thickness of the layers (d), dielectric constant (ε) and refractive indices (n). Among various parameters, the center wavelength (300-1100nm), the thickness of TiO2 (28-103 nm) and SiO2 (51-189 nm) layers were optimized for the tuned bandgap. The obtained results revealed that the PBG shifting towards the lower frequency region and reducing the size due to the increment of center wavelength and thicknesses. This result is useful for the understanding the way of photon propagation within artificial structure and it could be possible for the better back reflector in thin film solar cells.
Structural and optical characteristics of nanoparticles of zinc oxide based ternary compounds generated by simple sol-gel technique.
Authors: Kumar T Mohan , Sagar D Karuna
Published: October 2022

A simple sol-gel process was employed to synthesize Zn1-xCdxO (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) nanoparticles. The powders have a Hexagonal Wurtzite phase, according to X-ray diffraction investigations. The findings of Rietveld refinement fitting revealed a considerable shift in the lattice parameters of Zn1-xCdxO compounds with increasing cadmium content. The average crystallite size of undoped ZnO, Zn0.98Cd0.02O, Zn0.96Cd0.04O, and Zn0.94Cd0.06O compounds was determined using Scherrer formula to be 41.58 nm, 38.05 nm, 37.92 nm, and 39.52 nm, respectively. SEM micrographs exhibit needle-like features in cadmium doped ZnO compounds, but not in undoped ZnO compounds. These micrographs also reveal that the nanostructures have a random size distribution and become more agglomerated as the cadmium concentration rises. The optical band gap, as determined by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, decreased from 3.22 to 3.15 eV as cadmium content increased. The photoluminescence spectrum recorded at room temperature by 310 nm excitation wavelength. PL spectra exhibited three different emission bands around 410 nm, 460 nm and 510 nm. The broadness of strong green emission peak was observed to increase with cadmium concentration. All the luminescence peaks are explained as due to various defects like zinc vacancy, oxygen vacancy, zinc interstitial and their complexes.
Photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency of Co doped ZnO nanostructure
Authors: George Nithya S , Jose Lolly M , Aravind Arun
Published: October 2022

The influence of transition metal doping on the dye degradation efficiency of ZnO nanostructures are investigated by pristine and 3% Co doped ZnO nanostructures (Co: ZnO) grown by simple hydrothermal method. Phase purity and crystal structure of synthesized samples are revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the spectra confirms the phase pure material with hexagonal wurtzite structure. The crystalline size is found to decrease with Co doping. Optical characterization was done by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. Optical study confirms that the band gap energy of the samples during doping with Co decreases as compared to pure ZnO. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples under sunlight over the Crystal Violet (CV)dye was investigated for pure and doped samples. The result showed that the pure ZnO samples act as an efficient material for photocatalysis as compared to 3% Co doped sample.