bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vorbereitende versuche zur Anwendung von tetrazoliumchlorid bei Schnellbestimmung der Keimfähigkeit von timothee
Authors: Ritvanen Tyyne
Published: July 2018

Es wurde die Anwendung von 2,3, 5-Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid bei der Bestimmung der Keimfähigkeit von Timothee untersucht. Auf Grund der angestellten Versuche wurde als Quelltemperatur 10—12° C und als Quellzeit 18—24 St sowie als Färbtemperatur 18—20° C und als -zeit 19—24 St gewählt. Indem nach dieser Methode mit dem Keimverfahren vergleichende Versuche ausgeführt wurden, ergab sich für 90 ungetrocknete Timotheeproben als Korrelationskoeffizient r = 0.98 ± 0.006. Bei Versuchen mit einer Färbtemperatur von 45° C wurde festgestellt, dass die Embryonen sich schon in 5 St deutlich färben. Die Benutzung dieser Temperatur erfordert aber weitere Untersuchungen, wie auch die Wirkung von Schadpilzen auf die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse.
Influence of temperature upon the mobilization of nitrogen in peat
Authors: Kaila Armi , Köylijärvi Jaakko , Kivinen Erkki
Published: July 2018

The preliminary experiments the results of which are recorded in the present paper, have been carried out in order to obtain some information on the microbiological and chemical mobilization of peat nitrogen at various temperatures. In the incubation experiment at 5°, 20°, 35°, 50°, and 65CC the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen increased with a rising temperature except in the limed series where a minimum was found at 20°. The maximum of nitrate-nitrogen lay at 20 in both the series. The amount of nitrite-nitrogen was almost negligible in all the samples. The mineral nitrogen in the samples incubated at 50° and 65° represented 10—20 % of the total nitrogen. Thus, the organic nitrogen in peat soils can be mobilized to a marked extent, if the conditions are favourable. Accumulation of mineral nitrogen could be stated also at the lower temperatures where the reutilization of released nitrogen in the synthesis of new microbial substance is always more intensive than in the range of thermophilic organisms. Even at 5° a release of nitrogen was noticable. In these experiments liming did not show any beneficial effect upon the accumulation of mineral nitrogen, on the contrary, the values for total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were lower in the limed series. The nitrate formation was generally somewhat higher in the limed samples than in the corresponding unlimed ones. It was supposed that the considerable increase in the ammonia content of the samples incubated at 50° and 65° was partly due to purely chemical transformations, since the mere heating of moist samples at 75° for two hours brought about a marked accumulation of ammonia nitrogen. The treatment with dry heat was less effective except when the temperature was raised to 200° in which case a carbonization of the peat took place. The losses of organic matter and of total nitrogen due to the heating were almost negligible at the temperatures below 150°. At 150° and at 200°, respectively, about one tenth and one third of the organic matter was burnt up, and the losses of total nitrogen corresponded to approximately one half of the decrease in dry matter. On the basis of the results reported above valid conclusions ought not to be drawn, since the material is too scarce. However, these experiments indicate that reasons for further research exist.
The effect of aneuploidy upon the progeny of an autotetraploid Ribes nigrum
Authors: Vaarama Antero
Published: July 2018

Morphological and developmental characteristics of a total of 139 even tetraploid (2n = 32), hypo- (2n = 31), and hypertetraploid (2n = 33, 34) Ribes nigrum plants derived from colchicine-induced autotetraploid parents have been under observation from the seedling stage to full maturity. The records made have been treated statistically by comparing different chromosome classes with each other, the purpose being to reveal the possible phenotypic effects of aneuploidy upon the species. It was found that a stringent elimination of hypotetraploid zygotes took place when the progeny studied developed. The effect of aneuploidy was to be seen only in some developmental characteristics in hypertetraploid chromosome classes. The effect was very slight in the 4 x + 1 types but more pronounced in the 4 x + 2 group. The effect was observed as a tendency to a lower growth rate during the active growth period of the plants. Furthermore, a tendency to a retardation of the beginning of flowering was observed, as well as an increased proportion of exceptional, long and short, growth periods in hypertetraploid populations. The vigour of monoploid 4 x + 1 types was fully maintained, and even an increase in growth rate as compared with that of even tetraploids was observed.
Vehnän kvaliteettijalostuksesta ja sen tuloksista Suomessa
Authors: Pesola Vilho A. , Veijola Teemu
Published: July 2018

Yhteenvetona edellä esitetystä voidaan mainita seuraavaa: Syysvehnästä on maassamme käytettävissä, kotimaisen kasvinjalostustyön tuloksena, lajikkeita (Varma, Olympia, Vakka), jotka leivontaominaisuuksiltaan (Olympia, Vakka) ja jauhatusominaisuuksiltaan (Varma, Vakka) täyttävät varsin tai erittäin korkeat vaatimukset. Syysvehnän aikainen tuleentuminen on omiaan varmistamaan sadon laadun hyvyyden, lakoutuneisuus ja loppukesän sateisuus saattaa sitä vaarantaa. Varmalla ja Olympialla on tiettyjä viljelybiologisia heikkouksia, jotka rajoittavat niiden viljelyä; Vakkaan kiinnitetään toiveita. Syysvehnän jalostustyössä vaativat vehnän jauhatusominaisuudet osakseen ilmeisesti entistä suurempaa huomiota. Kevätvehnästä on käytettävissä olevalla lajikevalikoimalla sen laatutaso pidettävissä tyydyttävällä korkeudella. Kotimaisessa jalostustyössä on varsin edullisesti onnistuttu yhdistämään sovelias aikaisuus ja hyvät leivontaominaisuudet (B tai lähes A luokka). Ruotsalaisilla jalosteilla on, niiden monien edullisten viljelyominaisuuksien ohessa suhteellinen myöhäisyys haittana, nimenomaan kvaliteettituotantoa ajatellen. Kevätvehnän viljelyssä meillä on kiinnitettävä erityistä huomiota lajikkeitten aikaisuuteen, ja kullekin viljelyalueelle on koetettava saada aikaisuuden puolesta soveliaat lajikkeet. Vehnän lajiketilanne on meillä nykyisin sellainen, että sääsuhteiltaan normaalisina ja normaalista edullisempina kesinä voimme itse tuottaa laadultaan tyydyttävän vehnäviljan. Sääsuhteiltaan epäedulliset kesät (koleus, sateisuus, hallaisuus ym.) vaikuttavat erityisesti kevätvehnän kvaliteettiin. Tästä syystä ja syysvehnän suhteellisen runsaan satoisuuden vuoksi olisi erityisesti syysvehnän viljelyä lisättävä. Vehnälajikkeittemme suhteellisen korkea kvaliteettitaso on tärkeätä ottaa huomioon pyrittäessä vehnäntuotannossa omavaraisuutta kohti ja järjestettäessä vehnäviljan tuontia ulkomailta. Vehnän hyvällä kvaliteetilla on huomattava kansantaloudellinen merkitys.
Some observations on the occurrence of azotobacter in Finnish soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

In the present paper some observations upon the occurence of Azotobacter chroococcum in Finnish soils are reported. Without enrichment Azotobacter could be cultivated on the agar plates only from 5 soils out of the 72 samples tested. The enrichment procedure markedly increased the number of soils that gave positive results in the test. Azotobacter could not be found in soils with a pH value lower than 5.8. On the basis of the results it is concluded that Azotobacter probably is present in a large amount of our less acid soils, although generally, in very low numbers. The phosphorus status of the soil exerted some influence upon the development of inoculated Azotobacter in soil plaques. In soil tests the phosphorus requirement of Azotobacter appeared to be markedly higher than that of the crop plants, in general. It was supposed that in some cases this fact could be explained not only on the basis of the phosphorus need of the bacteria but on the basis of the high sensitivity of the organism to the effects of soil aluminium and iron prevented by phosphates. The cultivation of Azotobacter indicum from the soils failed, but Clostridium species could be found in all the samples tested. The increase in the nitrogen content of the mannitol solution cultures during incubation was highest when the soil contained Azotobacter chroococcum. But also in several cultures of soils from which no Azotobacter could be found by the agar plate method, a considerable increase in nitrogen was observed. This was connected with the formation of a thick membrane of fungi and bacteria on the surface of the liquid. The possibility of nitrogen fixation by the associations of soil microorganisms is discussed.
A formula for calculating the effects of feeding on the iodine number of milk fat
Authors: Saarinen Pellervo , Lönnfors Marita
Published: July 2018

Based on the data collected from two feeding trials conducted with Ay-cows fed with linseeds as a principal source of unsaturated fatty acids in the ration, the following formula was computed showing the effect of the diet on the iodine number (I.N.) of the milk fat in these experiments:
I.N. = 6.7 + 38.5 * (U.F.A. consumed, g/day + 200 x Sc.fuu + 2xL.W.)/(M.F. secreted, g/day + 60 x Sc. fuo + 3 x L.W.)
where unsaturated fatty acids (U.F.A.) in feed are expressed as an oleic acid equivalent, M.F. = milk fat (g./day), Sc. fuu=Scandinavian feed units underfed, Sc. fuo= Sc. feed units overfed, and L.W. = live weight in kilograms.
Torajyvän viljelykokeista Viikin koetilalla ja eräillä kasvinviljelyskoeasemilla Suomessa
Authors: Ruokola Anna-Liisa
Published: July 2018

Tutkituista kasvualustoista soveltui Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.:n kuromien kasvattamiseen Kirchhhoffin (12) suosittelema ravintoagari kaikkein parhaiten. Myös erilaiset viljanjyväalustat olivat käyttökelpoisia. Saastutusaikakokeen tulokset osoittivat, että sopivin saastutusaika on silloin kun 35—85 % rukiin tähkistä on vapautunut lehtitupesta; eräässä koesarjassa saatiin runsas torajyväsato, kun 10—85 % tähkistä oli näkyvissä. Torajyväsienen kehityksen kulkuun, sen Sphacelia-asteen ja sklerootioiden muodostumisen alkamiseen, ei saastutuksen ajankohdalla näyttänyt olleen vaikutusta, edellytettynä, että saastutus tapahtui ajalla 9. 6.—2. 8. Viikin koetilan kokeissa vuosina 1952—1955 saadut rukiin torajyväsadot (tähkistä poimitut) olivat 83—258 kg/ha; v. 1952, jolloin saastutusajan sää oli kostea, sadon määrä muodostui suurimmaksi. Torajyvän maahan varisemista tapahtui huomattavassa määrin vaikka, suurin osa sklerootioista korjattiin n. viikkoa ennen rukiin tuleentumista. Keskimääräinen varisemistappio oli vuosina 1952—1955 41.4 %, äärimmäistapauksessa lähes 80 %. Pohjois-Savon, Pohjois-Pohjanmaan ja Perä-Pohjolan kasvinviljelyskoeasemilla jäivät torajyväsadot Viikin koetilan vastaavia satoja keskimäärin vähän alhaisemmiksi, kuitenkin myös lähellä napapiiriä, Apukan koeasemalla, saatiin torajyvästä tuleentunut sato. Ulkomaisista torajyväkannoista osoittautuivat saksalainen D1 ja portugalilainen P2 satoisammiksi ja viljelyvarmemmiksi kuin D1:stä polveutuva D2 portugalilainen P3. Pekkarukiissa viljellyn D1 -torajyväkannan sklerootiosato muodostui Oivarukiin vastaavaa satoa suuremmaksi. Tämä johtui ratkaisevasti siitä, että sklerootiot kehittyivät suuremmiksi Pekka- kuin Oivarukiin tähkissä. Petkus-kevätrukiissa torajyväsato oli varsin suuri, joten näyttää aiheelliselta tutkia erityisesti kevätrukiin soveltuvuutta torajyväsienisaastutuksiin Suomen olosuhteissa. Saksalaisten D1- (D3-) ja D4- sekä kaikkien tutkittujen portugalialisten tora-jyväkantojen kokonaisalkaloidipitoisuus muodostui Suomessa yhtä suureksi kuin Saksassa. Vain vesiliukoisten alkaloidien määrä näytti Suomessa jääneen suhteellisen pieneksi.
Distribution of extractable calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in various depths of some virgin peat soils
Authors: Kaila Armi , Kivekäs Jaakko
Published: July 2018

It has been attempted in the present paper to study the distribution of plant available calcium, magnesium, and potassium in various depths of 25 virgin peat lands. The amounts of these cations extractable by 1 N ammonium chloride are supposed to give a rough estimation on the available content of the nutrients. Also the quantities of extracted sodium are reported. It has been found that the percentic content of these cations in the surface vegetation are higher than in the peat. Particularly marked is the accumulation of potassium in living plants and, although in a less degree, in the surface layers of peat. The variation in the distribution of the extractable amounts of the cations in various depths of the peat lands is considerable. A significant correlation exists between the depth and the magnesium content, and a negative correlation between the depth and the amount of extractable potassium. So far as the amount of cations extracted by 1 N ammonium chloride represents nutrients available for plants, calcium and magnesium are not generally minimum factors in peat soils, whereas in most soils the sources of potassium probably will be depleted by the first crops.
On the determination of soil pH
Authors: Ryti Ritva
Published: July 2018

In the present paper the routine determination of soil pH in the laboratory was studied using a material of 15 soil samples of various kind and in addition, two larger soil groups, consisting of 80 and 406 samples respectively. In comparing the pH values determined in water and in 0.01 M CaCl2 suspensions, the latter proved to be almost independent of the soil/liquid ratio between 1: 2.5 and 1: 10, that markedly affected the pHH2O values. The change with time from the pH values measured after the first hour showed less variation in CaCl2 suspensions than in water suspensions; the constancy observed in pHCaCl2 values indicating that a relatively short equilibration period of 1—2 hours would be sufficient. To sum up these results, the use of 0.01 M CaCl2 would mean easy and accurate measurements well suited to mass pH determinations. A linear relationship and a highly significant positive correlation was found between pHH2O and pHCaCl2 values in a material of 406 soil samples. The difference between the two values, which largely depends on the soils’ own salt content, ranged from 0 to 1.1 pH units, with the mean difference of 0.49. Therefore, the suggested use of a constant correction factor to bring the pHCaCl2 values to the level of the pH measured in water, is not recommendable. The main advantage of using 0.01 M CaCl2 would be the concealing of differences in salt content of a soil. The use of pHCaCl2 values would also offer new ways for getting more information about a soil’s exchange capacities, as it provides the center point for TERÄSVUORI’s (13) soil curve.
The effect of various treatments of culture medium upon the growth of certain fungal antagonists
Authors: Erviö Leila-Riitta
Published: July 2018

The addition of potassium chloride and potassium sulphate at a rate of 200 g/m2 to the culture medium had no effect on the growth of Sclerotinia trifoliorum, Acrostalagmus roseus I and II, Coniothyrium minitans, Gliocladium sp., Mucor hiemalis, M. spinosus, Sporotrichum carnis and Trichothecium roseum. Treatment of the culture medium with PCNB suppressed to some extent the development of A. roseus I and II, Gliocladium sp., C. minitans I and II, Mucor hiemalis and M. spinosus. The fungal species S. trifoliorum, Rhizopus nigricans and Sporotrichum carnis did not grow at all on PCNB-treated medium. S. trifoliorum, A. roseus I, Gliocladium sp., T. viride and T. roseum were able to grow in the pH range of 4—9. When the pH of the medium was 2, only T. viride grew. Oxygen deficiency suppressed the growth of S. trifoliorum, and the growth and the conidia formation of A. roseus I and II, M. hiemalis and T. viride.
Determination of the complex of cell wall substances in plant products
Authors: Paloheimo L. , Vainio K. A.
Published: July 2018

The authors present a new method for the determination of the complex of vegetable cell wall substances. The sample is extracted with boiling 80 % ethanol, boiling absolute ethanol and cold water. The residue corrected for ash, protein, and, if necessary, for starch, gives the amount of cell wall substances. Determinations were made of the same samples of which Salo in this department, using quite a different principle, has determined the cell wall complex. She determined separately cellulose, neutral sugar hemicellulose, uronic acid hemicellulose, and lignin. Adding up these items Salo obtained the total of the cell wall substances. The results obtained with the new method are in most cases in agreement with the results of Salo (Table 1). The 80 % ethanol seems to be a very efficient solvent. In most cases more than 35 % of the dry matter of the sample was dissolved by it, while only about 0.3 % was dissolved in the succeeding extraction with absolute ethanol (Table 2). 1—12 % was dissolved by water. The new method is compared also with the earlier method of Paloheimo in which the sample is boiled in 0.05 N hydrochloric acid. It appeared that the results obtained with the latter procedure are considerably lower than those obtained with the new method. Evidently most plant materials contain cell wall substances which are extractable with a very weak acid treatment.
Keräsalaatin varastointi
Authors: Voipio Irma
Published: July 2018

Kylmävesikäsittely, pesu 15°:n vedellä, SD 4901 -käsittely ja pakkaus muoviin edistivät salaatin (lajikkeet Herttaässä ja Gerat Lakes) säilyvyyttä varastossa, jonka ilman lämpötila oli 1—2° ja suhteellinen kosteus 90—95 %. Kahta viikkoa pitemmässä varastoinnissa oli kunnostetun tavaran määrä suurin muoviin pakatussa salaatissa. Jäähile soveltui paremmin rapean (Great Lakes) kuin pehmeän (Herttaässä) keräsalaatin esikäsittelyyn. Great Lakesin säilyvyys käsittelemättömänä oli parempi kuin Herttaässän ja Market Favoriten. Lehdenreunatauti vähentää salaatin säilyvyyttä. Kahden ja kolmen viikon pituisen varastoinnin aikana esiintyi kerän sisäosien turmeltumista, jota ei päältäpäin voi todeta.
Potassium status in different particle size fractions of some Finnish soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

Samples of fine sand, silt and clay soils from the surface and the deeper layers were separated without destruction of organic matter into the following fractions: clay
Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland III. Effect on the quality of grain yield
Authors: Elonen Paavo , Nieminen Lasse , Kara Osmo
Published: July 2018

In the present paper the effect of irrigation on the ripening and on the quality of grain yield in the dry summers 1964—1966 was studied. Both the ripening and the quality of grain were found to be highly dependent on the date of irrigation. There was a distinct transitional period, before which irrigation speeded up ripening, decreased the amount of green grains and improved hectoliter weights and »falling numbers». On the contrary, if irrigation was applied after this transitional period, ripening was retarded and the quality of grains was impaired in regard to these properties. This transitional period was in the experimental years about two weeks before ear emergence or about Midsummer. The optimum period of irrigation, in regard to both yield level and to its ripening and quality, was in the middle between sprouting and ear emergence and its length was about two weeks. Wheat, barley and oats all responded to the date of irrigation in about the same way. The placement of fertilizers into the depth of 8—12 cm speeded up ripening and improved hectoliter weights. Particularly, it decreased the unfavourable effect of too late irrigation. The rate of fertilizers had no great influence on the quality of grains. Irrigation did not increase the weight of grains, but it increased the number of grains. The main effect of irrigation was likely to be caused by the tillering of crops, and these adventitious shoots had time to ripen, if irrigation was applied at a sufficiently early stage of development. The crude protein content of both wheat, barley and oats was markedly decreased by irrigation independently of the date of it. This decrease was usually the greater the higher yield was obtained. The decrease in the crude protein content indicates a shortage of nitrogen which was likely to be caused by the scanty mobilizeable resources of nitrogen in the soils long cultivated without leys. Obviously, this unfavourable decrease in the crude protein content could have been prevented with heavy dressings of fertilizer nitrogen.
The recovery of mitotic disturbances in the root systems of gamma-ray irradiated peas
Authors: Kivi E. I. , Barkman J. T. H.
Published: July 2018

Dormant seeds of a green pea variety Rondo were irradiated with 7000 rads of gamma rays from Co60 source. The frequency of mitotic disturbances in root tip cells was analysed during the first three weeks of growth. In agreement with earlier works a rapid decrease of frequency was observed: during the 4th and 5th days of growing the proportion of disturbances was reduced from 42 to 19 per cent and it came close to the level of the control material during the third week of growth. The discussion briefly examines the importance of the »sieve of mitosis» and its relation to the »sieve of meiosis» in eliminating the changes of hereditary material during the development of the M1-generation.
Effect of the placement of fertilizer on the development of spring wheat
Authors: Aura Erkki
Published: July 2018

The placement of fertilizer was studied in the field trial on a clay soil in Southern Finland. The placement of fertilizer in the depth of 8 cm gave 28 per cent greater grain yield of spring wheat, and the placement in the depth of 12 cm 26 per cent greater grain yield than the surface dressing. The growth of shoots on the soil receiving placement was much better than on the soil receiving surface dressing. The results of shoot analyses showed that the placement caused a much greater uptake of nutrients than the surface dressing. The uptake of nitrogen was relatively most increased by the placement, somewhat less that of potassium and least that of phosphorus. The ripening of wheat was speeded up by the placement, which probably was due to the better early uptake of nitrogen and to the better uptake of phosphorus by means of the placing. The superiority of the placement to the surface dressing could be explained by the distribution of nutrients in the experimental soil during the dry early part of the growth season. A great deal of fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium remained near the surface of the soil receiving surface dressing, and plants were not able to take up nutrients from the dry surface layer. On the contrary, the placed nutrients were deeper, in moister soil and better within the reach of wheat roots. Any movement of ammonium nitrogen was not found by the used methods. Nitrate nitrogen appeared to move to a greater extent particularly in the irrigated plots.
Effect of age and stage of lactation on the simple and partial correlations between the yield and the percentages of fat and protein of cow’s milk
Authors: Kossila Vappu , Hintikka Onerva
Published: July 2018

Coefficients of simple and partial correlations between the milk yield and the percentages of fat and protein in milk were calculated separately for the first-calvers and older cows during the early period of lactation (5—39 days post partum), during a later period (40—360 days p.p.), and during the entire period of lactation, from the data of 1028 milk samples obtained during the indoor-feeding period from 70 different Ayrshire cows belonging to the Viik Experimental Farm dairy herd. Statistical treatment of the data revealed that the milk yield affected the protein content of the milk more than its fat content, especially in the first-calvers. The protein-fat correlation, which was somewhat affected by the milk yield, was generally less close during the early stage of lactation than during its later stage. The percentage of variation in a) the milk yield that was explained by the variations in the percentage of fat and protein, was affected more by age than by the stage of lactation, b) the fat content of milk that was explained by the variations in the milk yield and the protein content of milk, was influenced more by the stage of lactation than by the age of the cow, c) the protein content of milk that was explained by the variations in milk yield and the fat content, was influenced by age as well as by stage of lactation. The equations for estimating theoretically the daily milk yield, the percentage of fat, or the percentage of protein in milk, when two out of the three variables are known, have been presented separately for the first-calvers and for the older cows at early and at later stages as well as during the entire period of lactation. The results of the study indicated that the milk yields and the percentages of fat and protein in milk vary to such an extent independently of each other, even when the age of cows, the stage of lactation, and the season of the year have been taken into consideration, that none of the dependent variables in question could be very closely estimated on the basis of knowing two of the independent variables.
The influence of season on yield increase and lactation yield in the Ayrshire herd of Viik experimental farm
Authors: Mäkelä Aarne
Published: July 2018

In the present paper the influence of season on the peak production, the duration of the ascending phase, the persistency of lactation, the 12 month production, and the live weight of the cows in the Ayrshire herd of the University of Helsinki experimental farm Viik are investigated. The material consists of cows calving during the period 1950—1965. During this time the indoor feeding was very intensive, satisfying all the nutritional requirements of the cows. At the same time the pastures were intensively cultivated. The size of the herd varied between 60 and 70 cows. The cows were divided into three groups: 1) spring calving cows, 2) cows calving during the pasre season, and 3) autumn calving cows. During the pasture season the peak production of cows in first lactation is c. 2 kg and of cows in later lactations c. 3.5 kg lower than during the indoor feeding period. The peak production of spring and autumn calving cows is on an average approximately the same. The duration of the ascending phase of cows calving during the pasture season is 6—10 days shorter than during the indoor feeding period. The length of the ascending phase is approximately the same for spring and autumn calving cows. The influence of season on the yield increase tangent, which is a measure of the rapidity of yield increase, is negligible. Cows calving during the pasture season and in the autumn are considerably more persistent in their lactations (P2:1-values higher) than cows freshening in the spring. The persistency values of cows calving during the pasture season and in the autumn are on an average approximately equally high. The 12 month lactation yields of autumn calving cows in the different age groups are 400—600 kg, i.e.c. 10 % higher than the corresponding values for cows freshening in spring and during the pasture season. The lactation yields of cows calving in spring and during the pasture season are on an average approximately equally high. The superiority in lactation yield of cows calving in the autumn compared to cows calving in the spring is due to the better persistency of lactation of the autumn calving cows. On the other hand the superiority in lactation yield of autumn calving cows compared to cows calving during the pasture season is due to the higher peak production of the autumn calving cows. The lactation yields of cows calving in spring or during the pasture season are approximately equally high. During the pasture season the average live weight of the cows is 20—30 kg less than during the indoor feeding period, which is due to the smaller contents of the digestive tract of the cow during the pasture season.
Aluminium, extractable from soil samples by the acid ammonium acetate soil-testing method
Authors: Mäkitie Osmo
Published: July 2018

The extractant, 0.5 M acetic acid –0.5 M ammonium acetate at pH 4.65, which is used in soil-testing, extracts relatively high amounts of aluminium from acid soils. The mean values of acetate-extractable aluminium at pH 4.65, 1.75 meq Al/100 g of soil, and of exchangeable aluminium (M KCI extraction), 0.41 meq Al were obtained from a material of 30 samples of acid soils (Table 2). Several other acetic acid ammonium acetate extractants, from M acetic acid to M ammonium acetate solution were also used for studying the extractability of soil aluminium. The soil-testing extractant can be used for the estimation of the soluble amounts of aluminium in acid soils, however, further studies are needed for a better interpretation of the ammonium acetate extractable (at pH 4.65) aluminium in our soils.
On nematode-destroying fungi in Finland. II
Authors: Salonen Arvi , Ruokola Anna-Liisa
Published: July 2018

A study carried out by the present authors (RUOKOLA & SALONEN 1967) on the microflora of old timber-built bath-houses (»sauna») has revealed two species belonging to the Nematoctonus-genus in addition to the nematode-destroying fungi presented earlier: N. robustus and a new species N. lignicola.
Die Lipaseaktivität der Finnischen Milch
Authors: Luhtala Antti , Antila Matti
Published: July 2018

Die Arbeit enthält Untersuchungsresultate über die Lipaseaktivität der finnischen Milch, die mit der von LUHTALA und ANTILA modifizieren Methode nach Parry et, al, erhalten wurden. Die Lipaseaktivität der finnischen Milch ist durchschnittlich 1.328 Enzymeinheiten und die Variationsgrenzen sind 2.130—0.358. Die Lipaseaktivität ist in der Milch der einzelnen Kühe verschieden. Eine Kuh, deren Milch starke Lipaseaktivität aufweist, produziert im allgemeinen dauernd eine solche Milch. Auch Kühe, die Milch mit niedriger Lipaseaktivität produzieren, behalten diese Eigenschaft bei. Erkrankung der Kuh, Impfung und verringerte Milchproduktion zu Ende der Laktationsperiode wirken senkend auf die Lipaseaktivität der Milch. Wenn die Milch bei verschiedenen Temperaturen aufbewahrt wird, erhält sich die Lipaseaktivität total und relativ besser in einer Milch mit ursprünglich höherer Lipaseaktivität als in Milch mit niedriger Lipaseaktivität. Eine kurzfristige Erwärmung der Milch während der Kühllagerung verursacht keine wesentliche Veränderung in der Lipaseaktivität. Auch ist die Einwirkung einer kräftigen mechanischen Behandlung der Milch auf die Lipaseaktivität gering. Zwischen der Lipaseaktivität der Milch von Kühen der Finnischen Rasse und Kühen der Ayrshirerasse bestehen betreffend der Lipaseaktivität keine Unterschiede. Zehn der in Finnland allgemein gebrauchten Melkmaschinenmarken, welche daraufhin geprüft wurden, verursachten keine deutliche Veränderung der Lipaseaktivität der Milch.
Untersuchungen über die Haltbarkeit von Eiern
Authors: Kyti Merimaija , Tuomainen Lauri
Published: July 2018

In vorliegender Arbeit wurden die Veränderungen in Eiern untersucht, die in Zimmertemperatur, geölt in Zimmertemperatur sowie im Kühlschrank (6° C) gelagert worden waren. In den Tabellen sind die Gewichtsverluste, die Veränderungen im Trockenmassegehalt, den Gehalten an Gesamtfett und Protein sowie im Gehalt an freien Aminosäuren, sowohl im Eigelb als auch im Eiweiss, angegeben .Auch sind die Veränderungen in der Jodzahl des Fettes, die Zusammensetzung der Triglyzeride und der Gehalt an freien Fettsäuren sowie die Veränderungen der A-Vitamin- und Karotingehalte des Eigelbs in Tabellen angegeben. Die Resultate sind mit den Angaben der Literatur verglichen worden. Die Unterschiede sind in den freien Aminosäuren am grössten. In der Literatur findet man keine Angaben über eine Erhöhung der freien Aminosäuren des Eigelbs während der Lagerung. Nach einer Lagerung von zwei Monaten bei Zimmertemperatur konnte jedoch in vorliegender Untersuchung im Eigelb eine deutliche Erhöhung des Gehaltes an freien Aminosäuren festgestellt werden, von 5.13—5.57 mg in den frischen Eiern auf 7.78 mg in den gelagerten Eiern. Die grösste Zunahme wurde für die Glutaminsäure gefunden, nämlich von 629—800 μg auf 1215 μg. Eine Zunahme von mehr als 100 μg liess sich weiter für Prolin, Alanin, Valin, Isoleucin, Leucin, Tyrosin und Phenylalanin erkennen. In der Literatur finden sich Angaben über die Zunahme des Gehaltes an gewissen Aminosäuren. In vorliegender Arbeit wurde eine Zunahme des Gehaltes an allen Aminosäuren während der Lagerung festgestellt, die Zunahme war am höchsten bei den Aminosäuren, über die auch in der Literatur gesagt wird, dass ihr Gehalt steigt. Nach den Angaben der Literatur beginnt sich nach einer Lagerungszeit von vier Monaten in den A-Vitamingehalten eine Abnahme zu zeigen. Die ersten Beobachtungen hierüber wurden in vorliegender Untersuchung gerade nach einer Lagerungszeit von vier Monaten gemacht. Nach diesen variierten die Gehalte an A-Vitamin von 19.3—35.9 IE pro Trockenmasse. In den frischen Eiern betrugen die Variationen 23.8—30.8 lE.
Studies on the faeces
Authors: Paloheimo L. , Syrjälä Liisa , Vainio K. A.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this paper is to present some contributions to physiological coprology. A sieve analysis system for the fractionation of faeces is proposed and results obtained by this system presented. Ash and crude protein were determined from the fractions. The other part of the paper deals with the extraction of faeces first with boiling 80 % ethanol and subsequently with boiling absolute ethanol. Crude protein and, in some cases, also ash were determined from the extracts. The use of such extractions as a preliminary step towards a more detailed examination of certain substances in faeces is proposed.
Influence of clover content of mixed ley on magnesium and potassium in red clover and timothy
Authors: Jokinen Raili
Published: July 2018

The plant and soil material of this study were collected at a distance of 5—15 km one after the other from 90 farms in Southwest Finland, Satakunta and Ostrobothnia in the years 1966—67. The coefficients of simple and partial correlations between the contents of total magnesium or potassium or the ratios of K/Mg, Ca/Mg, Ca + Mg/K + Na in clover or timothy, the clover content of mixed ley, and the exchangeable cations or their ratios in soil were calculated separately for 1st year, 2nd year, and 3rd year or older leys. The results indicated that according to this rather limited material the potassium content and the ratio K/Mg in clover increased and the magnesium content and the ratio Ca + Mg/K + Na decreased significantly with the increasing clover content of the first year leys, even if the effects of the corresponding exchangeable cations and ratios in soil were taken into consideration. Clover and timothy in mixed ley possibly compete with each other for cations. Cation ratios and the cation content of timothy seemed to be independent of the clover content of the mixed ley, the properties of clover in 2nd year and older leys were likewise not dependent on it. Variations up to 43 % in the magnesium and potassium contents and the cation ratios of clover in first year leys were explained by vatiations in their clover content, and when the exchangeable cations of soil were also taken into account, from 1 to 76 % of this variation could be explained.
Kasvua hillitsevien aineiden vaikutus pavun taimien kasvuun I. Vaikutuksen riippuvuus käsittelytavasta ja yölämpötilasta
Authors: Kaukovirta Erkki
Published: July 2018

Yliopiston puutarhatieteen laitoksen kasvatuskaapeissa suoritettiin v. 1966—1967 viisi koetta käsittävä tutkimus, jossa selvitettiin kasvunsääteiden (Cycocel, Phosfon ja B-nine) vaikutuksen riippuvuutta yölämpötilasta ja käsittelytavasta. Valolähteenä olivat Kuulas valkea-loisteputket, valoisuus oli 5000 luksia ja valojakson pituus 14 t. Kasvunsääteiden vaikutus pavun Phaseolus vulgaris var. vulgaris, kasvuun mitattiin taimivaiheessa kahtena ajankohtana: 10 vrk varhaislehtiasteella suoritettujen käsittelyjen jälkeen ja verrannetaimien ollessa 4-lehtiasteella kaikissa lämpötilakäsittelyissä. Pavun taimien pituuskasvuun vaikutti yölämpötila merkitsevästi. Taimien korkeus oli 10° C:ssa pienempi kuin 13 ja 18 asteessa. Yölämpötilojen väliset verson pituuden erot olivat varhaislehtiasteella suurempia kuin 4-lehtiasteella. Yölämpötilan pituuskasvua rajoittava vaikutus oli jonkin verran suurempi käsittelemättömissä kasveissa kuin kasvunsääteillä käsitellyissä kasveissa. Kaikki kasvunsäädekäsittelyt hillitsivät pituuskasvua. Niiden aiheuttama pituuskasvun rajoittuminen oli suurempi 18°:ssa kuin 13 ja 10° C:ssa. Phosfonilla käsiteltyjen taimien pituuskasvu oli vähäisintä. Cycocelin ja B-ninen kasvualustakäsittelyt rajoittivat pituuskasvua keskimääräisesti enemmän kuin ruiskutuskäsittelyt. Lämpötilan ja kasvunsäädekäsittelyjen välinen vuorovaikutus taimien pituuskasvussa ei ollut merkitsevä 10 vrk varhaislehtiasteen jälkeen, mutta oli merkitsevä 4-lehtiasteella. Lehtien koko, tuore- ja kuivapaino oli pienin Phosfonilla käsitellyissä kasveissa, mutta kuiva-ainepitoisuus sen sijaan korkein. Cycocelin ja B-ninen vaikutus lehtien kokoon ja painona mitattuun kasvuun oli keskimääräisesti vähäinen ja riippui käsittelytavasta ja yölämpötilasta. Cycocel-kastelu lisäsi jonkin verran lehtien kasvua sekä tuore- ja kuivapainoa, kun sen sijaan B-nine kasteluna käytettäessä vaikutti päinvastaisesti. Ruiskutteena B-nine sen sijaan lisäsi sekä lehtien kokoa kasvun alkuvaiheessa että 4-lehtiasteella olleiden kasvien lehtien kokoa alhaisimmassa lämpötilassa. DMSO lisäsi Cycocel- ja B-nine-ruiskutusten pituuskasvua rajoittavaa vaikutusta. B-ninen kanssa käytettynä DMSO alensi selvästi kuiva-ainepitoisuutta, mutta ei Cycocelin kanssa käytettynä.
Rainbow trout (Salmo irideus) produced in Finland VI. Prolongation of the keeping quality rainbow trout by antioxidants
Authors: Varesmaa Elina
Published: July 2018

The effect of antioxidants, in the first place BHA, in improving the keeping quality of fresh, gutted rainbow trout was tested in three series of experiments. The fish were packed in polyethylene bags and stored in ice at + 4° C. The freshness of the fish was analyzed by determining the TBA number and by judging the fish organoleptically. In addition, BHA was determined quantitatively in the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that BHA distinctly delayed the rancidity of the fish. Fish stored with 0.01 and 0.02 per cent of BHA remained fresh longer, judged both chemically and organoleptically, than the control fish.
Effect of placement of fertilizer and sprinkler irrigation on the development of spring cereals on the basis of root investigations
Authors: Kähäri Jorma , Elonen Paavo
Published: July 2018

In 1967, two large field trials were performed on clay soil in South Finland in order to obtain detailed information on the effect of fertilizer placement and sprinkler irrigation on spring cereals. In the present paper the results of the root investigations, carried out in connection with these trials, are reported. Fifty-six root samples were taken on four dates during the growing season. The roots in the soil blocks, taken perpendicularly to the fertilizer and seed rows, retained their original distribution during washing and drying. The growth of the roots was stronger than the growth of the shoots of plants in the early part of the summer, but at the end of the summer, when the main yield above ground developed, the weight of the roots no longer increased, in fact it had decreased. There was a close correlation between the weights of roots and the weights of the shoots of plants during the whole growing season. A particularly high correlation was found between the root system and the grain yield. Fertilizer placement and irrigation increased both the growth of roots and the growth of shoots of plants. The relative increases produced by the placement of fertilizer were equal in the weights of roots and in the weights of aerial parts, but irrigation increased the weight of aerial parts to a relatively greater extent than the weight of roots. The distribution of the roots in the top soil was somewhat unexpected. A part of the roots reached the subsoil quite early in the growing season. On the other hand, the main part of the root system in the ploughed layer lay, during the whole growing season, immediately beneath the sowing depth, or at a depth of 4—10 cm. The topmost layer, i.e. the layer above the sowing depth, contained very few roots during the entire growing season, and the main part of these roots consisted of buttress roots, whose capacity for taking up nutrients may be very slight. Irrigation had only a slight effect on the distribution of the root system, while the effect of fertilizer placement was very distinct. The roots clearly sought their way to the fertilized rows, also in cases where the distance between fertilized and sowing rows was remarkably great. On the basis of the results it was concluded that it is important to place the fertilizer at a convenient depth, 5—10 cm, when spring cereals are in question. The horizontal distance between seed rows and fertilized rows appeared to be of less importance.
Effect of heavy store dressing with rock phosphate on a fine sand soil
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

Results are reported of a long-term field trial on acid fine sand soil in which the effects of store dressing with rock phosphate in amounts of 0, 4000, 8000, or 12000 kg/ha was studied comparing them with an annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate using the split plot technique. In the first four years, more thoroughly studied, the response to the store dressing with rock phosphate was distinct both in the dry matter yields and the phosphorus content of the cereal and the red clover-timothy hay. The differences between the various rates of rock phosphate treatments were not statistically significant, though there was some tendency to higher results with larger amounts of rock phosphate. The annual applications of superphosphate as surface dressing to the ley did not brought about any significant increase in the dry matter yield of the rock phosphate plots, and although they tended to increase the phosphorus content of hay, the increase was statistically significant only in a few cases. No effect was found on the phosphorus content of barley grain and straw in the ninth experimental year. No differences were found in the calcium, magnesium, or potassium content of the plant samples from the variously treated plots. Nitrogen content of clover and timothy was increased by both rock phosphate and superphosphate, particularly in the first year ley. In this soil, 4000 kg/ha of rock phosphate was effective enough to produce higher dry matter yields of hay, with equal phosphorus content, than the annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate. Soil analyses indicated that this soil represented the extreme pattern of phosphorus retention in which applied phosphate is almost completely retained as aluminium bound forms of the fluoride soluble fraction supposed to be fairly available. It was suggested that in soils which retain the slowly dissolving rock phosphate phosphorus mainly as less available iron bound forms, heavy applications of rock phosphate will not be a profitable way to improve the phosphorus conditions.
Rainbow trout (Salmo irideus) produced in Finland VII. Changes in the organoleptic quality and fetty acid composition during frozen storage
Authors: Varesmaa Elina , Laine Jorma J. , Niinivaara F. P.
Published: July 2018

Rainbow trouts were frozen at –40° C and stored either glazed with water or vacuum packed in polyethylene bags at –18°and –32° C. During the storage time the quality of the fish was tested both organoleptically and by determining the fatty acid composition of the lipids. It was found that the fish were organoleptically uneatable after three months of storage. At –32° C the fish kept their organoleptic quality somewhat better than at –18° C. There were no important differences between the two packing systems used. The fatty acid analyses gave comparable results in all instances and probably changes in the proteins during frozen storage are more significant than changes in the lipids and are mostly responsible for the lowering in quality of frozen rainbow trout.
Effect of age on the interrelations between certain blood components and milk yield during early lactation period in Ayrshire cows injected with vitamin D3 prior to calving
Authors: Kossila Vappu
Published: July 2018

Altogether 132 blood samples were drawn from V. jugularis of 38 apparently healthy lactating Ayrshire cows during the first 75 days following parturition. Each cow had been injected twice with 5 million I. U. of vitamin D3 shortly before calving. The cows were divided into two groups, I comprising 19 cows with 1 or 2 calvings and II 19 cows with more than 2 calvings. The blood hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hc) values, and the amounts of calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) in serum were determined and coefficients of correlation between the blood components and the level of the daily milk yield were calculated. The following significant partial correlations were obtained: in group I, for Hb with Mg (0.29*) and milk yield (—0.28*), and for Ca with milk yield (0.54***); in group II, for Hb with milk yield (—0.42***), and for Mg with P (0.25*); in groups I + II, for Hb with milk yield (—0.31***). The significance of the simple and corresponding partial correlations was very similar, and it did not make much difference whether the absolute instead of the relative daily milk yield was used as a variable in the calculations. The results are discussed in detail.
Effect of iodine deficiency on the reproductive performance of female rats and the viability and growth rate of their progeny
Authors: Kossila Vappu , Myllymaa Ritva
Published: July 2018

The experimental period was apparently too short and the number of rats too small to demonstrate a significant effect of iodine deficiency on some indices of reproduction of the females and the growth rate of their progeny. It was found, however, that iodine deficiency: a) delayed significantly the conception of the second generation females (C2) (Table 3) but was quite ineffective in the first generation females (B1, C1) (Tables 2 & 4), b) did not significantly affect the number of pups dropped or their birth weight, c) increased pup mortality during suckling period, d) tended to decrease the weight of the female sex organs of adult rats (Table 5), e) increased the absolute thyroid weight more rapidly in young growing rats than in old fullgrown rats (Tables 3, 4 & 5), and more rapidly in growing males than females, f) decreased significantly and progressively the PBI level in the serum of adult females which had pregnancies and lactations, g) obviously adversely affected the milk secretion of C1 rats during their second lactation on iodine deficient diet (Experiment II) as judged from the growth rate of their pups during 0—15 days after birth, h) did not adversely affect the growth rate of the suckling offspring of the dams during their first lactation on iodine deficient diet (Tables 3 & 4), i) did not significantly affect the rate of gain of the young rats from weaning up to 60-days of age. The rats transferred from iodine deficient to commercial diet at weaning had larger body weights and smaller thyroids at the age of 60 days than their litter mates remaining on an iodine deficient diet (Table 4). There is of course a possibility that the commercial diet was more palatable than the semisynthetic diet. It is also possible that the iodine deficiency activated the thyroid during the preweaning period and that after the transfer to iodine containing commercial diet at weaning, more thyroxine was secreted from preactivated glands compared to thyroids of the controls or thyroids of the rats kept on an iodine deficident diet throughout the growth period. Thyroid hormones are required for normal growth. A hypothyroid condition favours the accumulation of water and fat into the body tissues and may by this way result in an increase of the body weight. ln this study, however, no attempt was made to estimate the fat content of the body of the experimental rats.