bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choice of Medical Specialty: Analysis of Students' Needs
Authors: Henry Paul , Leong Frederick T. L. , Robinson Roger
Published: August 2011

The purposes of this study were to assess the career development needs of entering medical students as measured by the Medical Career Development Inventory and to examine gender differences in responses to the inventory. A total of 115 entering medical students (representing two entering classes) took the inventory two months prior to matriculation. Analysis suggested that this sample of entering students had formed a vocational identity and that they had evaluated the suitability and viability of a commitment to a physician's career. However, the participants had not formed a clear picture of their specialty interest and goals. No significant gender differences were indicated. A recommended career assistance workshop is presented as appropriate for these students' needs.
Popping Sealed Air-Capsules to Reduce Stress
Authors: Dillon Kathleen M.
Published: August 2011

30 undergraduate students participated in a study to assess whether tactile manipulation in the form of popping sealed plastic air-capsules would be stress-reducing. Three of the four dependent measures were significantly changed; subjects reported feeling significantly more energized, less tired, and more calm after popping the capsules. Some advantages to this technique over existing ones include that this technique involves minimum ability, essentially no training or practice, and little likelihood of paradoxical anxiety effects that have been shown to accompany meditative relaxation techniques in some subjects.
The Use of Posted Feedback to Promote Recycling
Authors: Katzev Richard , Mishima Henry R.
Published: August 2011

A four-week ABA design was employed to investigate the effects of posted feedback on paper recycling on a college campus. During the feedback condition, a sign was posted in the college mailroom indicating the number of pounds of paper collected the previous day. During the two-week intervention period, feedback increased paper recycling 76.7% above the baseline level. During the one-week follow-up period, when the sign was removed, the positive effects of feedback continued, with paper recycling 48.3% above the baseline level. The implications of these findings for maintaining participation in recycling programs were explored.
Assessing the Similarity of Burnout Dimensions in Two Business Samples
Authors: Scherer Robert F. , Cox Myron K. , Key C. Coretta , Stickney Frank A. , Spangler Edra M.
Published: August 2011

The concept of career burnout has been investigated in a wide variety of human services settings. Several investigations have extended the study of burnout to individuals in private sector organizations although burnout factors have only been derived on one sample of private sector employees. In the current research, burnout factors from previous private sector research were replicated. Results showed a strong congruency between factors from the two studies. Support was provided for rewording burnout questions from the human services scales for private sector research.
Comparison of a Two-Stage and Three-Stage Interim-Analysis Procedure
Authors: Overall John E. , Atlas Robert S.
Published: August 2011

A statistical model for combining p values from multiple tests of significance is used to define rejection and acceptance regions for two-stage and three-stage sampling plans. Type I error rates, power, frequencies of early termination decisions, and expected sample sizes are compared. Both the two-stage and three-stage procedures provide appropriate protection against Type I errors. The two-stage sampling plan with its single interim analysis entails minimal loss in power and provides substantial reduction in expected sample size as compared with a conventional single end-of-study test of significance for which power is in the adequate range. The three-stage sampling plan with its two interim analyses introduces somewhat greater reduction in power, but it compensates with greater reduction in expected sample size. Either interim-analysis strategy is more efficient than a single end-of-study analysis in terms of power per unit of sample size.
Use of Biodata for Predicting Academic Success over Thirty Years
Authors: Melamed Tuvia
Published: August 2011

This study examined the predictive validity of two alternate predictors of academic success, namely, high school grades and biodata based on information derived from the University Central Council on Admission forms (the standard admission form for British universities) from 516 students who graduated between 1961 and 1989. Both predictors showed moderate predictive validity. The validity of biodata items reduced as a function of time; biodata developed on a basis of information in the earlier years hardly predicted academic success in later years.
Effects of Performance Feedback on Teachers' Self-Evaluations
Authors: Lee Jo Ann , Whitford M. Bridget
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effects of performance feedback on self-evaluations with a similar task. 212 first-year female teachers from a large Southeastern school district completed two brief classroom-management tasks and rated their own performance on these tasks. Each task included five questions pertaining to specific problems of classroom management. Subjects rated themselves as solving the tasks either “well” or “poorly.” Feedback for the first task was manipulated so that half of those who rated themselves as performing well were given either positive or negative feedback. Similarly, half of those who rated themselves as performing poorly were given either negative or positive feedback. As hypothesized, type of feedback for the first task significantly affected the teachers' self-evaluations on the second task. Implications of these results are discussed.
Relationship of Scores on Two Personality Measures: Creativity and Self-Image
Authors: Smith Delores E. , Tegano Deborah W.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between self-image and creativity in late adolescence. The multidimensional Offer Self-image Questionnaire was used to assess self-image while the How Do You Think Inventory was used to measure creativity. The results were similar to investigations indicating superior socioemotional functioning among gifted adolescents. More creatively scoring subjects ( n = 65) exhibited better psychosocial functioning on six of the eleven self-image dimensions measured than the Jess creatively scoring subjects ( n = 69). Concomitant with their more heightened self-assurance was subjects' expressed greater confidence in social competence. The findings are contrary to the profile that depicts creative individuals as socially and emotionally deficient.
Arabic Students' Understanding of Skinner's Radical Behaviorism
Authors: Yousef Jamal M. S.
Published: August 2011

Many American investigations have demonstrated that Skinner's radical behaviorism is misunderstood at home; the present work indicated it is misunderstood abroad as well. 157 third- and fourth-year undergraduate students in psychology at the University of Jordan completed a 32-item questionnaire requiring yes/no answers developed to measure knowledge of Skinner's radical behaviorism. Results showed that many of its basic concepts and assumptions were misunderstood by these students.
Machiavellianism and Business Education
Authors: McLean Paula A. , Jones D. G. Brian
Published: August 2011

The Mach IV test was administered to 206 undergraduate university students to compare business with nonbusiness students and to compare business students majoring in different fields, such as Marketing, Human Resource Management, and Accounting and Finance. Analysis partially supported the common stereotype that business students, and marketing students in particular, are more Machiavellian than are nonbusiness students.
Measurement of Beliefs about Consciousness and Reality
Authors: Baruss Imants , Moore Robert J.
Published: August 2011

The responses of 334 academics and professionals to a questionnaire concerning consciousness and beliefs about reality were used to develop 7 scales and to establish their reliability and norms.
Comparison of Millon Personality Profiles of Chronic Residential Substance Abusers and a General Outpatient Population
Authors: Yeager Raymond J. , Resweber Peter John , DiGiuseppe Raymond , Leaf Russell
Published: August 2011

Several theories and studies have suggested that particular personality disorders or psychiatric symptoms should be associated with substance abuse. The current study was done to clarify these relationships by comparing scale profiles on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory obtained by 144 inpatient residentially treated substance-abuse clients and 1000 general clinical outpatient clients in psychotherapy. A surprisingly large number of significant differences were noted. Substance-abuse clients displayed relative elevations on scales for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Hypomania, Antisocialism, Narcissism, Schizoidism, Paranoia, Psychotic Thinking, and Psychotic Delusions. General clinical outpatients showed relative elevations on Anxiety, Somatoform, Dysthymia, Borderline, and Compulsive scales. Some possible meanings of these findings were explored and suggestions for research given.
Managerial Promotion and Height
Authors: Melamed Tuvia , Bozionelos Nicholas
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between physical height and managerial promotion among 132 British managers from the civil services. The data were analyzed independently for 61 men and 71 women. Analysis suggested that rate of promotion was positively correlated with height. These coefficients were not reduced when the effect of personality profile associated with height was removed.
Development of an Instrument to Assess Learning Strategies
Authors: Chissom Brad , Iran-Nejad Asghar
Published: August 2011

Items to measure learning strategies were extracted from students' written narratives about their study and learning habits. A resulting 79-item instrument was administered to 321 graduate and undergraduate students. From factor analysis of the correlation matrix four factors were identified: (I) reflective metacognition, (II) procedural metacognition, (III) rote memorization, and (IV) procrastination. There were significant positive correlations between GPA and Factors I and II and a significant negative correlation between Factor IV and GPA.
Narcissism and Object Relations
Authors: Little Tracy , Watson P. J. , Biderman Michael D. , Ozbek I. N.
Published: August 2011

Questionnaire measures of the narcissistic personality disorder can predict healthy and unhealthy self-functioning. That this outcome might support Heinz Kohut's psychoanalytic psychology of the self was tested in a sample of 354 undergraduates. In canonical correlations, factors from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory were associated more strongly with grandiose than with idealizing immaturities in Kohut's bipolar self, while difficulties in interpersonal relationships (i.e., poor object relations) were associated more strongly with idealizing deficits. Zero-order and partial correlational data were congruent with Kohut's hypothesis that self-grandiosity can include elements of both “pathology” and relative mental health, but canonical correlations did not support Kohut's claim that narcissism can be described in a bidimensional self-structure.
The Schizophrenic, Religio-Egocentricity, and the Green Crucifix
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

This paper suggests how, in a schizophrenic disorder, the messianic patient may merge color-symbolization (green) and religious-symbolization (the crucifix) into one symbol (the green crucifix) wherein for some psychotics a personal conception of God and the psychosis may take on the symbol of the green crucifix.
Problem-Solving Appraisal in the Association of Life Stress and Depression: A South African Study
Authors: Pretorius T. Brian
Published: August 2011

This study focuses on the role that appraisal of problem-solving skills plays in the relationship of stress to distress. 450 black South African university students completed the Life Experiences Survey, the Problem Solving Inventory, and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Multiple regression analysis indicated a direct effect for problem-solving appraisal on depression, but no support could be found for the stress-buffering effects of problem-solving appraisal.
Relationship between the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the Millon-II: Value of Scales for Aggressive and Self-Defeating Personalities in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Hyer Lee , Davis Harry , Woods Gail , Albrecht J. William , Boudewyns Patrick
Published: August 2011

This study addressed two issues, the interrelationship between the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and the Millon II (MCMI-II) and the value of the new personality scales, Aggressive and Self-defeating, in a sample with diagnoses of combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. 100 confirmed cases of combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder were given a battery of measures including both Millon inventories and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (basic scales and selected subscales). They were rated on discharge status during a structured treatment program. Basic treatment and background information were also obtained. Analysis showed scores on the MCMI-II scales were higher but generally reflective of MCMI scales and that the Self-defeating personality style tends to be reflective of greater psychopathology, suicidal problems, treatment/disposition difficulties, overreporting of symptoms, and intensity of problems. Discussion encouraged the use of the MCMI-II with special emphasis given to the Self-defeating style in this group with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Psychiatric and Alcoholic Admissions Do Not Occur Disproportionately Close to Patients' Birthdays
Authors: Specht Steven M. , Tushup Richard J. , Deatrick Catherine N.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between admission dates and patients' birthdays was examined for 200 psychiatric and 200 alcoholic patients from a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Chi-squared analyses indicated that admission dates for subjects of both populations did not occur disproportionately close to their birthdays.
Consumers' Service Involvement: An Exploratory Examination
Authors: Celuch Kevin G. , Longfellow Timothy A.
Published: August 2011

While product involvement has received considerable attention in the research literature on consumers, service involvement has received comparatively little despite its potential usefulness. The present study utilized a survey to explore descriptively 231 consumers' involvement across six services. To this end, the factor structure, internal consistency, and subscale relationships were examined for the Revised Personal Involvement Inventory, which was developed within a goods context by McQuarrie and Munson in 1986. Further, the relations of scale dimensions to selected outcome measures were assessed. Over-all, it appears the use of this measure of involvement holds promise for researchers and practitioners as a means for gaining insights into consumer-service relationships and as a marketing tool.
Hemisphericity Style and Belief in ESP
Authors: Roig Miguel , Neaman Mary Ann W.
Published: August 2011

108 students were classified as preferring either a style of left or right hemisphericity using Zenhausern's Preference Questionnaire. The students then completed two scales designed to measure belief in extrasensory perception (ESP). Students who scored as preferring a right style scored higher on belief in ESP than those who preferred a left style. The results are consistent with previous findings which suggest a connection between right hemisphere functions (e.g., imagery) and belief in ESP.
Existential Anxiety as Related to Conceptualization of Self and of Death, Denial of Death, and Religiosity
Authors: Westman Alida S.
Published: August 2011

82 students completed a questionnaire which measured their existential anxiety as described by Yalom, conceptualization of self and of death, denial of death, and religiosity. For these students, scores on existential anxiety correlated with identity confusion, feeling responsible toward others but fearing emotional closeness with them, seeing people as fundamentally different and not seeing oneself as living on in one's tasks or projects. Their existential anxiety scores were not related to a particular concept of death, but death was more likely to be seen as cold and denied. Their existential anxiety seemed symptomatic of adjustment problems for which religiosity was not helpful. Specific suggestions for further research are made.
Black-White Differences in Job Preferences: 16 Years Later
Authors: Weaver Charles N.
Published: August 2011

Replication of an analysis of nationally representative data from 1973–1974 showed that 16 years later there have been no significant changes in the pattern of differences between what black and white male employees ( ns = 1500) say they want most in a job. In comparison to white employees, black men continued to be more likely to prefer high income and less likely to prefer meaningful work that gives a feeling of accomplishment. This result suggests that the many considerable government efforts in recent decades to affect the economic status of blacks have had little influence on this dimension of their work attitudes.
Scholarly Research on War as an Index of the Nation's Military Involvement
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

For the USA from 1933 to 1986, the percentage of articles on war in Psychological Abstracts was associated with the military participation rate and, like the military participation rate, contributed significantly to the prediction of suicide rates.
Advertising as a Strategy for Meeting People
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Moritsugu John N. , DePalma Diane M.
Published: August 2011

A study was conducted in three American cities on the use of personal advertisements. 400 advertisers were sent questionnaires about their reasons for using this medium and the results of their experience with this system of meeting people. The 88 respondents were well-educated and successful financially but felt disconnected from traditional modes of meeting others (family, friends, work). Placement of advertisements may represent an effective strategy for some people to cope with this predicament.
Do Children's Career Aspirations Predict Adult Occupations? An Answer from a Secondary Analysis of a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , McClellan Nancy
Published: August 2011

A secondary analysis of 271 students aged 6 to 17 years from the Terman (1926) longitudinal study of gifted children showed a strong concordance rate between childhood career aspirations and early adult attainment, particularly in scientific, artistic, helping, and skilled trade professions.
Anger and Sports Participation
Authors: Greene Anthony F. , Sears Samuel F. , Clark Judith E.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated differences between 19 varsity and 20 intramural male football players in trait anger, anger expression, and sports orientation. While varsity athletes reported comparable levels of trait anger, they described significantly less internalized (anger in) and externalized anger (anger out) than intramural athletes. Also, the varsity athletes reported significantly less anger control. Significant differences were also found for competitiveness and goal orientation, but not win orientation, such that the varsity athletes were more competitive and goal-oriented than the intramural athletes. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of several alternative hypotheses.
Philosophy of Science: Help or Hindrance?
Authors: Meehl Paul E.
Published: August 2011

Scientists routinely employ metatheoretic principles, explicit discussion of which typically occurs in times of intense controversy, theoretical crisis, scientific revolution, and entry into a new domain. The writings of philosophers, including their disagreements, are often helpful in such circumstances. Whether knowledge of formal metatheory helps us in doing “normal science” is researchable. Much scientific thinking is of poor quality, and it could be improved by explicit metatheoretical education. Clinical practice and training programs should emphasize rational skepticism, respect for evidence, objectivity, and quantitative thinking. Because the relation between principles and success is probabilistic, metatheoretical research should implement the case study method by formal actuarial procedures.
Occupational Stress and Work Satisfaction among Canadian Women Physicians
Authors: Richardsen Astrid M. , Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined relationships among occupational stress, job satisfaction, and various individual characteristics and job-related variables in a population of 303 women physicians. Analysis showed that time pressures and threat of malpractice litigation were sources of stress and that over-all satisfaction was related to satisfaction with both professional and social aspects of the job. Low satisfaction was related to wanting higher income, changes in practice procedures, and several stressors, such as time pressures. Stress and satisfaction were also related to attitudes toward health care. Women who experienced high stress and low satisfaction were more likely to have negative views of the functioning of the health care system. In addition, demographic and practice variables contributed to negative attitudes.
The Effect of a Rape-Awareness Presentation on the Attitudes of High School Students toward Rape
Authors: Dunzelman Jennifer E. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

34 high school students attending a rape-awareness class did not change their antivictim attitude afterwards any more than 24 students not attending the class.
A Behavioral Self-Report of Masculinity: An Alternative to Trait, Attitudinal, and “Behavioral” Questionnaires
Authors: Keisling Bruce L. , Gynther Malcolm D. , Greene Katherine S. , Owen Deanna L.
Published: August 2011

The authors describe the construction and validation of the Behavioral Self-report of Masculinity as an alternative to existing attitudinal measures which have been criticized for poorly predicting subsequent behaviors. A pool of 76 behavioral items was administered to 102 undergraduates to judge whether overt behaviors could significantly differentiate across gender. Items were also examined for discrimination between typical college males and college males who participated in more stereotypically masculine pursuits. High item stability and internal consistency were found. The 62-item final version adequately differentiated between the genders with less discrimination between males of presumably different levels of masculinity. Further planned studies were briefly described.
Behavioral Rigidity between Traditional and Nontraditional College Students
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Partlo Christie I. , Romine Nanette
Published: August 2011

The Test of Behavioral Rigidity was administered to a group of Traditional (age ≤ 22 years) and Nontraditional (age ≥ 25 years) college students to assess the significance of mean differences in rigidity scores between the groups. Analysis indicated significant differences between the groups on Personality-Perceptual Rigidity and the Composite Rigidity Quotient, with the Nontraditional students scoring as less rigid (more flexible). Within each group, women were significantly less rigid (more flexible) on Psychomotor Speed Rigidity and on the Composite Rigidity Quotient. Results argue against the belief that Nontraditional students find it difficult to adjust readily to new situations and tasks and that rigidity increases with age. Further, within both groups of students women scored as more flexible than men. Implications of these results for higher education are discussed.
The Personality Typology of Black College Students: Evidence for a Characteristic Cognitive Style?
Authors: Hill Oliver W. , Clark Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the distributions across personality types (as assessed by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) of two samples of black college students ( ns = 315 and 447) in comparison to norming data from two manuals. Major differences were found between the black and white samples with regard to the proportions classified as Extroversion-Intuition-Feeling-Perception (ENFP) and Introversion-Sensing-Thinking-Judging (ISTJ). Much higher proportions of the black samples were also clustered at the sensing pole of the perceptual dimension. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the existence of a unique black “cognitive style.”
Postmodernism and Clinical Practice: A Critical Analysis of the Disease Model
Authors: Pardeck John T. , Murphy John W.
Published: August 2011

The disease model attempts to explain a variety of phenomena ranging from mental illness to criminal behavior. This approach is grounded in the Western philosophical tradition of dualism. The limitations of the disease model are analyzed through a postmodern perspective. Socially sensitive strategies for clinical intervention are offered.
Relaxation Training for Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Rickard Henry C. , Collier James B. , McCoy Anthony D. , Crist Dwayne A. , Weinberger Martha B.
Published: August 2011

In Exp. 1 the effects of progressive and imaginal relaxation training were examined for 51 psychiatric inpatients. Relaxation Inventory scores indicated significant changes in the direction of greater relaxation for each training procedure; there were no significant differences in responses to the two types of training. Significant relaxation effects were found for each of three training sessions, but the effects were not cumulative. Only one patient was withdrawn because reaction to training was overtly negative. Exp. 2 was an analysis of Exp. 1 data in combination with data from a prior study. Patients and college students responded much alike but students reached greater relaxation within sessions. Further experimentation on relaxation training with psychiatric inpatients appears justified.
Parental Divorce and the Change in Drinking Behavior from High School to College
Authors: Billingham Robert E. , Post Julie , Gross William C.
Published: August 2011

192 men and 289 women (college students) provided information about their drinking behavior both currently and in their senior year in high school. These data were analyzed by students' sex and family structure. Currently men drank significantly more than women. No differences for family structure were noted. Students from divorced families drank less currently, while students from intact families drank more currently than they did as seniors in high school. This was true for more men than women. Results support the position that current drinking behavior may be associated with a decrease in parental or adult supervision which is experienced earlier for those whose parents have divorced and later (upon entering college) for those students whose parents have not divorced.
Measuring Normative Beliefs and Shared Behavioral Expectations in Organizations: The Reliability and Validity of the Organizational Culture Inventory
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Szumal Janet L.
Published: August 2011

The Organizational Culture Inventory measures 12 sets of normative beliefs or shared behavioral expectations associated with three general types of cultures, Constructive, Passive-Defensive, and Aggressive-Defensive These cultural norms are hypothesized to influence the thinking and behavior of organizational members, their motivation and performance, and their satisfaction and stress. As components of organizational culture, behavioral expectations are considered to be shared and enduring in nature. Tests of three types of reliability—internal consistency, interrater, and test-retest—and two types of validity—construct and criterion-related—on data provided by 4,890 respondents indicate that the inventory is a dependable instrument for assessing the normative aspects of culture. Obtained alpha coefficients support the internal consistency of the scales; tests for interrater agreement show that significant variance in individuals' responses is explained by their organizational membership; and tests for differences across time show the temporal consistency of scale scores. Factor analysis results provide general support for the construct validity of the scales, most of which were related to both individual and organizational criteria as predicted.
How Quickly They Forget, If They Ever Knew
Authors: Marks Alan
Published: August 2011

A state-wide random telephone survey of 225 adult Arkansans was conducted to assess name recognition and evaluations of political and nonpolitical personages. Analysis indicated that one of the more publicized and infamous names in political advertising, Willie Horton, was not recognized by most Arkansans. This raises questions as to the real influence of the Willie Horton advertisements and the rush to judgment of irreparable harm that many experts concluded as a result of the prison furlough advertisements.
Relationships of Death Anxiety and Sense of Humor
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

The Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale and the Revised Death Anxiety Scale were completed by a sample of 426 persons aged 18 to 90 years. Only slight relationships were found. The strongest correlation was between scores on death anxiety and on coping humor.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXXIII. Ubiquitous Errors: A Reanalysis of Anderson's (1987) “Temperature and Aggression”
Authors: Rotton James
Published: August 2011

Reanalysis of Anderson's 1987 data showed that correlations between number of hot days and violence shrank to nonsignificance when variables indicative of the South's subculture of violence were statistically controlled. The reanalyses also indicated that Anderson's results were unique to the procedures he used to select sociodemographic controls, operationalize temperature, and combine crime rates. It is concluded that relations described in a review of research on temperature and violence are neither ubiquitous nor effects.
Criterion-Related Validity of the Responsibility Scale of the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Weekes Brendan S.
Published: August 2011

A study was performed to assess the predictive validity of the Responsibility scale of the California Psychological Inventory by examining the relationship between standard scores and decision-making behaviour under varying conditions of risk. Subjects were required to make risky decisions on three different tasks, one where there was an opportunity to seek additional information to reduce risk for self, one where there was no opportunity to seek information for self, and one where a risky decision was made on behalf of another person. Responsibility scores correlated significantly with decision-making behaviour but only on tasks measuring risk-taking for the self.
First Memories are Nonverbal and Emotional, Not Necessarily Talked about or Part of a Recurring Pattern
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Westman Ronald S.
Published: August 2011

Nelson (1993) hypothesized that children must learn to verbalize their memories to retrieve them. Their parents talk with them about the experiences thereby influencing what is recalled. Further, recurrence of events indicates their importance and aids recall. To test these hypotheses, 83 students were asked to recall their first memory and indicate whether they recalled it verbally or nonverbally, had talked or been told about it, and whether it involved recurring events. They also were asked whether the memory involved emotions, because emotionality may enhance recall. Analysis showed that 94% of first memories were nonverbal and 92% involved an emotional event, but only 45% had been talked about and 55% were part of a recurring pattern. Research into nonverbal, first memories of adjusted individuals is needed to understand memory better and to have a comparison for what is recalled in therapy, in lawsuits involving child abuse, etc.
The Messiah-Complex in Schizophrenia
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

After suggesting that religio-egocentricity and the messiah-complex may be a universal pattern in the psychoses, this paper briefly addresses three questions. First, in general, what is the relationship between religious emotions and schizophrenia? Second, why is it that the messiah-complex surfaces so often in the psychoses? Finally, what is the healthy dimension of religiosity?
The Nature of Schizotypy
Authors: Eysenck Hans J. , Barrett Paul
Published: August 2011

The matrix of intercorrelations between scales of schizotypy presented by Kendler and Hewitt in 1992 was reanalyzed, and results rather different from those reported by the original authors were found. The new structure shows good agreement with the theory of personality disorder published by Eysenck in 1987. In all, the different scales seem to fall into three groups or factors, identified as Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), and Psychoticism (P). It is doubtful if there is a common element left over once these three groups have been eliminated.
Nāmea Hawai'i: A Hawaiian Acculturation Scale
Authors: Rezentes William C.
Published: August 2011

The development of an acculturation scale for Native Hawaiians is presented. The Hawaiian ethnicity survey entitled “Nā Mea Hawai'i Scale” or “Hawaiian Ways” was developed in two phases. In Phase 1, 15 Hawaiian leaders and residents were asked for their definitions and examples of Hawaiian culture Their responses were worded as survey items measuring Hawaiian culture. In Phase 2, the 34-item Nā Mea Hawai'i Scale was administered to a sample of 50 Hawaiian, 50 Japanese, and 50 Caucasian respondents. Analysis indicated that Hawaiian subjects responded significantly differently from the Japanese and Caucasian subjects on 20 of the 34 items. Implications of using a functional measure of ethnicity in research are discussed.
Inferred and Expressed Self-Concepts of Undergraduates: Comparison of Self-Other Ratings on a Multidimensional Measure of Self-Image
Authors: Charlton Tony , Mitchell Elspeth , Elcock Jonathan
Published: August 2011

In this investigation expressed and inferred ratings of self-concept were obtained from the Self-description Questionnaire III for 42 Year-1 undergraduates enrolled in psychology classes. Significant correlations are reported between self-other ratings among all 13 subscales.
Self-Induced Water Intoxication in Mental Patients
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: August 2011

Research on self-induced water intoxication in mental patients, although limited, is reviewed and invites investigation of causes, relation to psychotropic drugs, and effective treatment procedures.
Addressing Reliability Estimates When the Population is Small: Can Social Cognition Help?
Authors: Brown Scott W. , Brown Mary M.
Published: August 2011

One of the issues facing researchers studying very select populations is how to obtain reliability estimates for their instruments. When the populations and resulting samples of studies are very small and select, gathering data for typical reliability estimates becomes very difficult. As a result, many researchers ignore the concern about reliability of their instrumentation and forge ahead collecting data. In response to this concern, Bandura's model of social cognition and Wolpe's model of systematic desensitization were combined and applied to a group of 90 undergraduates completing a Communication Satisfaction Scale designed to assess the attitudes of intubated patients in a hospital Intensive Care Unit. Stimuli (text, auditory and visual) were provided to sensitize the subjects to the intubation procedure and to enable the subjects to imagine what it is like to be an intubated patient. The subjects responded to 10 items focusing on the communication issues of intubated patients on a scale in Likert format. Internal reliability (Cronbach alpha) was 0.83 for the entire scale. The results are discussed within both a social cognition and a measurement framework. While the resulting reliabilities cannot be directly applied to the intubated sample, the procedure may provide critical feedback to researchers and instrument developers prior to the actual administration of the instrument in research.
Correlation of Need for Cognition and Modern Racism
Authors: Waller James
Published: August 2011

Survey results from 59 college students indicated that those low in need for cognition evidenced higher racial prejudice than respondents high in need for cognition.
Practical Applications from Chaos Theory to the Psychotherapeutic Process, a Basic Consideration of Dynamics
Authors: Bütz Michael R.
Published: August 2011

This essay contains speculations about the import of some ideas from chaos theory for psychotherapeutic process. Brief consideration is given to areas of psychology in which such ideas have been applied, as well as some ideas on psychic energy. Then, using a psychodynamic perspective as a base, three aspects of psychotherapy are addressed, the container, the process, and the clinician as the agent of change. A central idea is that the emotional experience of chaos is a necessary developmental step. It is important for the therapist to recognize whether a client is avoiding this experience or is overwhelmed by this experience.
Relationship between the Apperceptive Personality Test and Verbal Intelligence in a University Sample
Authors: Holmstrom R. W. , Karp S. A. , Silber D. E.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between verbal intelligence and the Apperceptive Personality Test/Brief Adult in a university sample. The recently developed test is a picture-story assessment technique and, as with its parent test, the Apperceptive Personality Test/Comprehensive Adult, combines both projective and objective features. Research to date with both tests has focused on some 19 (objectively scored) questionnaire variables selected for intensive study. The relationship of questionnaire variables to verbal intelligence has not been directly studied. To examine this question, a sample of 149 undergraduates (108 women, 41 men) took the personality test and the Shipley-Hartford Vocabulary Scale. As expected, results generally confirmed the expectation that personality variables would show minimal or no relation with verbal intelligence.
Relationship of Self-Esteem, Manifest Anxiety, and Obsessive-Compulsiveness to Personal Habits
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

75 women and 64 men responded to the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, the Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Maudsley Obsessional-compulsive Inventory in addition to responding to a questionnaire on personal habits. The results indicated that more frequent hair-pullers and nervous twitchers scored lower on self-esteem and higher on anxiety. People who giggled and those who bit their fingernails more often scored higher on obsessive-compulsiveness. Self-reported gigglers were higher on manifest anxiety. If the criterion of self-assessed seriousness of the behavior problem was used, people who bit their nails, picked their noses, pulled their hair, chewed on objects, giggled, ground their teeth, twitched nervously, and picked at scabs scored lower on self-esteem. Higher manifest-anxiety scores were found among the people who regarded their nail-biting, hair-pulling, object-chewing, nervous twitching, or giggling as serious problems. Finally, people who regarded their nail-biting as more serious tended to have higher obsessive-compulsive scores. The results in general suggest that the frequency of several of these behaviors is anxiety-related and that it is the person's assessments of these behaviors as problems rather than simply their frequency that is related to higher anxiety and lower self-esteem.
Assessing Faculty Orientations towards Grades and Learning: Some Initial Results
Authors: Eison James , Janzow Fred , Pollio Howard R.
Published: August 2011

Although college and university faculty routinely assign grades, the effect this process has on teaching and learning only infrequently has been investigated empirically. Based on prior work leading to a self-report inventory designed to assess students' orientations towards learning and grades known as LOGO II, the present work reports the results of two separate studies of the development of a similar inventory for faculty, LOGO:F. In Study 1, 253 full-time faculty were asked to complete LOGO:F and to provide demographic information concerning gender, disciplinary affiliation, and number of years teaching. In Study 2, 152 faculty members at a different university also were asked to complete LOGO:F and to provide relevant demographic information. Analysis of the data sets yielded comparable factor structures for items comprising LOGO:F, clear differences in learning- or grade-orientation according to discipline, and a few differences associated with gender or number of years teaching. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for classroom teaching and learning.
Traits of Volunteers Preferred by Older Adults
Authors: Vance David , Vogel Phyllis , Sharf Katrina
Published: August 2011

Face-to-face interviews of 46 people 60 years or older indicated that promptness, friendliness, and kindness were attributes desirable in those who volunteer to perform services for older people.
Indian Identification and Alienation in an Urban Community
Authors: Grandbois G. H. , Schadt David
Published: August 2011

Studies of alienation among Native Americans have been few. Reliance on sociological and psychological themes is commonplace in explaining Native Americans' alienation. This project was designed to explore the relationship between alienation and Native Americans' identification (26 men, 27 women) in an urban setting. Analysis generated correlations for scores on alienation with age, years of schooling, years of living in the city, percentage of Indian blood, self-rating of Indian identity, and Indian pride which were affected by gender.
Predictive Validity of the 16 PF in Screening Volunteers for Big Brothers/Big Sisters
Authors: Herman Keith , Usita Paula
Published: August 2011

Through discriminant analysis, the 16 PF correctly classified 79% of appropriate ( n = 54) and inappropriate ( n = 43) volunteers for the Big Brothers/Big Sisters agency. Inappropriate volunteers were portrayed as rigid, anxious, apprehensive, and lacking judgment. Self-assurance, flexibility, intelligence, and perseverance were characteristics associated with appropriate volunteers.
Effects of Title X “Gag Rule” upon Women's Attitudes towards Their Healthcare Providers
Authors: Blood Deborah
Published: August 2011

79 women were randomly assigned to conditions in which they received pregnancy counseling including abortion information or excluding abortion information (with or without a reminder of the “gag rule”). Subjects not given abortion information viewed their caregivers as more biased, less competent, less empathetic, and holding anti-abortion views compared to those receiving such information. Those not given abortion information but reminded of the “gag rule” viewed their caregivers with relative dislike and mistrust.
Benefits and Liabilities of Pets for the Homeless
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M.
Published: August 2011

Observations in the streets and parks of San Francisco East Bay cities and suburbs suggested that many of the homeless people own and maintain pet animals in spite of circumstances and environmental conditions. Accordingly, 105 homeless adult men and women, half of whom owned pets, were interviewed for this pilot study. Responses indicated that homeless pet-owners were extremely attached to their pets and had owned significantly more pets during childhood and adolescence than nonowners although there were no significant differences in attachment to pets between parents and nonparents or between married and single persons. Providing food and veterinary care for pets, however, was a very significant problem for the majority of the homeless pet-owners. It was clear that many homeless adults did have pets which were important for their mental and physical health and that pet care was associated with unique problems.
Do Convicted Felons Go to Prison?
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: August 2011

Data from the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics provide nationwide sampling of dispositions by state courts. The findings from a representative national sample of the approximately 583,000 felons convicted in state courts in 1986 show that many felons convicted in state courts either were not incarcerated or served only a few months' incarceration in conjunction with probation. Only 40% went to prison. The percentage going to jail was 6%, while 31% received probation only and 21% received brief jail or prison sentences along with probation. Implications are discussed.
Predicting the Suicide Rate in Wales
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

While marriage and birth rates were significantly associated with the English suicide rate from 1964 to 1985, these two social indicators were not associated with the Welsh suicide rate.
British and Mexican Students' Attributes of Academic Success
Authors: Snyder M. L.
Published: August 2011

Data for a published sample of 150 first-year university students in Britain and from a current sample of 86 in Mexico were examined for attributes of academic success. Categories were ranked differently.
AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes towards Homosexuals of Black First-Year University Students: 1990–1992
Authors: Nicholas Lionel J. , Tredoux Colin , Daniels Priscilla
Published: August 2011

Using an anonymous structured questionnaire to obtain baseline data on knowledge and attitudes of first-year black university students about the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and their attitudes towards homosexuals during 1990, 1991, and 1992 ( ns = 1902, 2113, and 1558), the following information was obtained. Students' knowledge of AIDS was inadequate and misconceptions about AIDS transmission prevalent as were prejudiced and exclusionary beliefs about people with AIDS. Little difference was evident on any of the scales over the three-year period.
Lying as a Factor in Research on Sexuality
Authors: Nicholas L. J. , Durrheim K. , Tredoux C. G.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated whether lying was a factor in research on sexuality among 1902 black South African first-year students. Consenting students completed structured questionnaires comprising 3 subject areas of biographical/career, sexuality, and political violence, each followed by an attitude scale. Subjects were more comfortable and truthful while completing the biographical/career and sociopolitical violence scales than the sexuality scale.
Societal and Parental Influences on Adolescent Sexual Behavior
Authors: Jensen Larry C. , de Gaston Jacqueline F. , Weed Stan E.
Published: August 2011

A study of 1551 high school students in four midwestern states showed that more girls than boys reported “some” or “a lot” of encouragement to abstain from having sex. More boys than girls reported societal pressure to become sexually active. The sources of encouragement for abstinence were mother, father, and teacher. The largest difference reported between boys and girls was for friends; more than twice as many girls as boys reported that friends encouraged abstinence. Virgin vs non-virgin comparisons showed similar results, with mother and father chosen most frequently, but nonvirgins chose guest speaker instead of teacher for third place. Regarding important decision-making factors, both boys and girls selected own feelings, health, future, boy- or girlfriend, and parents' feelings. Girls considered parents' feelings more while boys rated boy- or girlfriends' feelings higher. It was concluded that society exerts a strong influence through the media, but parents have the strongest influence on adolescents' sexuality.