bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Significance of lymphoglandular bodies in bone marrow aspiration smears
Authors: Stern Robert C. , Liu Katharine , Dodge Richard K. , Elenitoba‐Johnson Kojo S.J. , Layfield Lester J.
Published: August 2002

The presence of lymphoglandular bodies (LGB) or Söderström bodies is often stated to be a feature of lymphoid processes. In our experience, LGB are typically identified in B‐cell processes but not in T‐cell lymphomas or myeloid leukemias. We reviewed 136 bone marrow aspirate smears. The number of LGB per five high‐power fields was counted, and median counts for B‐cell processes, non‐B‐cell processes, myeloid leukemias, and T‐cell malignancies were obtained and compared by the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Bone marrow aspirate smears involved with B‐cell malignancies contained a median of 30 (range, 1–250) LGB per five high‐power fields. Compared to myeloid leukemias (median, 11; range, 1–253) and T‐cell malignancies (median, 7; range, 0–41), the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively). While lymphoglandular bodies can be seen in a variety of malignant hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic disorders, they are found in significantly greater numbers in B‐cell malignancies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:240–243, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smears diagnosed as ASCUS: Interobserver variation and follow‐up
Authors: Gatscha Rose Marie , Abadi Maria , Babore Silvia , Chhieng David , Miller Mara Jo , Saigo Patricia E.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to apply atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) criteria from the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical/Vaginal Cytologic Diagnoses (TBS) to the rescreen of cases previously diagnosed as ASCUS, to compare initial and rescreen diagnoses, and to analyze agreement with follow‐up (cytology or histology). Two cytotechnologists (S.B. and M.J.M.) and one cytopathology fellow (M.A.) rescreened 632 cervicovaginal specimens diagnosed as ASCUS between June 1, 1992–December 31, 1995. Age and LMP were provided. Rescreen diagnoses were categorized as within normal limits (WNL), ASCUS, low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), or carcinoma (CA). Complete agreement was found in 200 specimens (32%): 31 (15%) WNL; 91 (45%) ASCUS; 77 (38.5%) SIL; and one (0.50%) CA. Follow‐up revealed no abnormality in 67% of the cases reclassified as WNL, 49% of the cases reclassified as ASCUS, and 48% of the cases reclassified as squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL). SIL was found in 29% of cases reclassified as WNL, 29% of specimens rediagnosed as ASCUS, and 34% of cases reclassified as SIL. Partial agreement was found in 391 specimens (62%). In 41 specimens (6%), rescreeners were in complete disagreement, and follow‐up revealed 9/41 (22%) SIL or worse; 21/41 (51%) WNL; and 4/41 (10%) inconclusive. Applying established criteria, 14% (91/632) of cases diagnosed as ASCUS resulted in complete agreement, and 30% (190/632) resulted in partial agreement. Follow‐up of cases initially diagnosed as ASCUS revealed SIL or CA in 30% of cases. ASCUS is a significant diagnosis warranting careful patient follow‐up. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:138–140. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcomes of cytopathology studies presented at national pathology meetings
Authors: Ciesla Marlyn C. , Wojcik Eva M.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine what factors influence the final publication status of cytopathology studies presented at national meetings. Abstracts involving cytopathology material were obtained from the following journals: Modern Pathology (volume 11, 1998), Acta Cytologica (volume 42, 1998), and the American Journal of Clinical Pathology (volumes 109 and 110, 1998). Using the National Library of Medicine Website, each abstract was searched by author and topic to determine if the study was published as a peer‐reviewed article. The following parameters were evaluated: meeting where the abstract was presented, type of institution where the research was based, type of material used in the study, and application of ancillary techniques used in the study. The subsequent published articles were evaluated for journal and time to publication. Out of 257 studies presented in 1998, 85 (33%) were published in peer‐reviewed journals by May 2000. The majority of papers were published in Diagnostic Cytopathology (n = 21), Acta Cytologica (n = 15), and Cancer (n = 18). The mean time for publication was 12.8 mo. The highest percentage of published studies was presented at the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology (USCAP) meeting (50% of presented abstracts), followed by American Society of Cytopathology (ASC) (28%) and American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP) (17%) meetings. Ancillary techniques were applied in 40 of 85 (47%) published studies, 27 of 85 (32%) articles focused on morphology, and 18 of 85 (21%) papers covered other topics (e.g., quality assurance (QA), cost, and role of cytology). In nonpublished studies (n = 172), special techniques were the main focus in 40%, morphology in 25%, and other topics in 35% of abstracts. The great majority (97%) of published studies were from academic institutions. Gynecological and nongynecological material were roughly equally covered in published and nonpublished studies. Only a relatively small percentage of presented studies was finalized in the form of peer‐reviewed articles. Type of material and application of ancillary techniques do not significantly influence the outcome. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:265–269, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis of high‐grade pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy: Nonsmall‐cell or small‐cell type?
Authors: Yang Yi Jun , Steele Cindy T. , Ou Xiao Lan , Snyder Kathleen P. , Kohman Leslie J.
Published: August 2002

A consensus optimal therapy for large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung has not been achieved since this entity was proposed in 1991. Accumulation of clinical data and investigation, however, can be greatly impeded by erroneous cytological diagnosis, based on which treatment may be initiated. To avoid erroneous diagnoses, cytological criteria need to be defined. Twenty cases of fine‐needle aspiration specimens with a diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor by either cytology or follow‐up histology were retrospectively reviewed for cytomorphologic features. Patients' clinical data were also reviewed. Three cytomorphologic patterns were identified for large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, i.e., nonsmall‐cell‐like, small‐cell‐like and, mixed nonsmall‐cell‐small‐cell‐like. Small‐cell‐like large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma can be mistaken for small‐cell carcinoma. The most important differential features between these two entities are nuclear size and perceptibility of nucleoli of tumor cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:292–300, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of P2X7 receptor pore dilation: Pharmacological and functional consequences
Authors: Chessell I.P. , Grahames C.B.A. , Michel A.D. , Humphrey P.P.A.
Published: August 2002

The biophysical and functional properties of the human P2X7 receptor, expressed recombinantly in HEK‐293 cells or natively in THP‐1 pro‐monocytic cells, were investigated in the context of pore dilation and externalisation of mature interleukin 1β (IL1β). In HEK‐293 cells, the agonist 2′‐ and 3′‐O‐(4‐benzoylbenzoyl)‐ATP (BzATP) caused concentration‐dependent inward currents (EC50 59 μM) and with prolonged application this agonist caused a gradual increase in inward current culminating in a plateau. This increase in current was associated with pore dilation, determined by intracellular accumulation of YO‐PRO‐1. BzATP displayed increased potency at the pore‐dilated form of the P2X7 receptor (EC50 17 μM), and positive correlations between apparent receptor density and speed of pore dilation were observed. A monoclonal antibody selectively blocked current mediated by the naïve receptor, while currents through pore‐dilated receptors were not significantly affected, which together suggest a conformational change at the level of the receptor during the dilation event. The release of mature IL1β from THP‐1 cells was independent of P2X7‐mediated cell lysis, as determined by study of lactate dehydrogenase release. Moreover, using conditions designed to minimise pore dilation (using buffers containing 2 mM Ca2+ and 1 mM Mg2+), BzATP caused significant release of IL1β, but without concomitant YO‐PRO‐1 accumulation, indicating pore dilation is not required for IL1β release. In addition, short (4‐min) incubation of THP‐1 cells with BzATP (terminated by enzymatic degradation of BzATP using apyrase) resulted in significant quantities of IL1β release some 60 min later, suggesting commitment of cells to release IL1β can be triggered with only brief receptor ligation. These findings suggest that receptor expression and ligation time are critical factors for selecting multiple functional states of P2X7. Drug Dev. Res. 53:60–65, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P2Y2 receptors regulate multiple signal transduction pathways in monocytic cells
Authors: Weisman G.A. , Griffin K. , Santiago‐Pérez L.I. , Liu J. , Krugh B. , Flores R.V. , Chorna N.E. , Santos‐Berríos C. , Vivas‐Mejía P.E. , Garrad R.C. , González F.A. , Erb L.
Published: August 2002

Activation of P2Y2 receptors by extracellular nucleotides induces cellular responses required for differentiation of human promonocytic U937 cells. Multiple signal transduction pathways are independently coupled to P2Y2 receptors in U937 cells, including stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC)‐dependent calcium mobilization and phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases. In U937 cells, P2Y2 receptors couple to the MAP kinases MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 via phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K) and c‐Src. ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by UTP was inhibited by the PI3‐K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002, the c‐Src inhibitors radicicol and PP2, and the inhibitor of actin polymerization, cytochalasin D, but not by inhibitors of calcium‐dependent protein kinase C isoforms. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 induced by UTP was independent of calcium mobilization, since chelation of intracellular calcium with BAPTA had no effect. The importance of multiprotein complexes in mediating G‐protein‐coupled receptor signaling has recently been recognized. Studies with an epitope‐tagged P2Y2 receptor expressed in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells indicated that activation of the P2Y2 receptor with UTP causes it to colocalize with the EGF receptor. The P2Y2 receptor also contains the consensus integrin‐binding motif arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) in its first extracellular loop that was hypothesized to promote interactions with integrins. Results of immunofluorescence and peptide binding experiments suggest that wild‐type, RGD‐containing receptors, but not RGE mutant receptors, can form complexes with αVβ3/β5 integrins and the integrin‐associated thrombospondin receptor (CD47). Compared to wild‐type P2Y2 receptors, RGE mutant receptors required 1,000‐fold higher concentrations of ATP or UTP to activate PLC‐dependent calcium mobilization and the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ERK1/2. Competition studies indicated that an RGDS peptide inhibited the P2Y2 receptor‐mediated phosphorylation of FAK and ERK1/2. These findings suggest that the RGD domain of the P2Y2 receptor is required to promote efficient coupling to intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, P2Y2 receptors regulate divergent signal transduction pathways that are dependent on the formation of multiprotein complexes including EGF receptors and integrins. Our studies encourage further attempts to develop strategies to independently regulate these pathways at steps proximal to P2Y2 receptors. Drug Dev. Res. 53:186–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of extracellular nucleotide‐mediated signaling by CD39/nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase‐1
Authors: Robson Simon C. , Enjyoji Keiichi , Goepfert Christian , Imai Masato , Kaczmarek Elzbieta , Lin Yuan , Sévigny Jean , Warny Michel
Published: August 2002

Extracellular nucleotide stimulation of purinergic/pyrimidinergic type‐2 (P2) receptors are components of platelet, endothelial cell (EC), and leukocyte activation that culminate in vascular thrombosis and inflammation in vivo. CD39, the prototype nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (or NTPDase‐1), is highly expressed on quiescent endothelium, monocytes, and activated lymphocytes and therefore could influence these pathways. The potential of NTPDase‐1 to regulate P2‐receptor function in the vasculature has been established by our generation of cd39‐null mice. These mice exhibit a prothrombotic vascular phenotype ascribed to overexpression of tissue factor by endothelial cells following aberrant P2‐ (and potentially adenosine 2a/3) receptor activation. Mutant mice also show perturbations in hemostasis, secondary to platelet P2Y1‐receptor desensitization. In addition, administration of soluble NTPDase and/or induction of CD39 overexpression by adenoviral vectors consistently result in amelioration of vascular injury in several animal models tested. CD39 is also the major NTPDase expressed by monocyte‐macrophages (Mo). Upregulation of tissue factor expression by Mo in vitro and alterations in splenic populations in vivo have been observed in cd39‐null mice. Paradoxical inhibition of integrin‐mediated adhesion and transendothelial migration of cd39‐null Mo are also related to aberrant P2‐receptor activation and have also been observed in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of CD39 following infection with recombinant adenoviral vectors also blocks LPS‐induced ATP secretion and inhibits IL‐1 release in vitro. These studies confirm a role for CD39 in the differential regulation of P2‐receptor activity and function in platelets, vascular, and immune cells. Drug Dev. Res. 53:193–207, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostaglandylinositol cyclic phosphate (cPIP): a novel second messenger of insulin action. Comparative analysis of two kinds of ‘insulin mediators’
Authors: Shashkin Pavel N. , Wasner Heinrich K. , Ortmeyer Heidi K. , Hansen Barbara C.
Published: August 2002

Insulin induces a broad spectrum of effects over a wide time interval. It also stimulates the phosphorylation of some cellular proteins, while decreasing the state of phosphorylation of others. These observations indicate the presence of different, but not necessarily mutually exclusive, pathways of insulin action. One well‐known pathway represents a phosphorylation cascade initiated by the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor followed by involvement of different MAP‐kinases. Another pathway suggests the existence of low molecular weight insulin mediators whose synthesis and/or release is initiated by insulin. Comparable analysis of two kinds of insulin mediators, namely inositolphosphoglycans and prostaglandylinositol cyclic phosphate (cPIP), has been carried out. It has been shown that the expression of a number of enzymes, such as phospholipase A2, phospholipase C, cyclo‐oxygenase and IRS‐1‐like enzyme, could regulate the biosynthesis of cPIP in both normal and diabetes‐related conditions. Data on the activity of a key enzyme of cPIP biosynthesis termed cPIP synthase (IRS‐1‐like enzyme) in various monkey tissues before and twice during an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp have been presented. It has been concluded that in vivo insulin increases cPIP synthase activity in both liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue of lean normal monkeys. It has been also suggested that abnormal production of cPIP could be related to several pathologies including glucocorticoid‐induced insulin resistance and diabetic embryopathy. Further studies on cPIP and other types of insulin mediators are necessary to aid our understanding of insulin action. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The insulin gene in diabetes
Authors: Pugliese Alberto , Miceli Donatella
Published: August 2002

Lack of insulin production or abnormalities affecting insulin secretion are key to the development of almost all forms of diabetes, including the common type 1 (insulin‐dependent) and type 2 (non‐insulin‐dependent) diabetes and the more rare forms of maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Because insulin has such a central role in the pathogenesis of both forms of diabetes, the insulin gene (INS) has always been considered a candidate susceptibility gene. A number of studies have shown that the allelic variation and parent‐of‐origin effects affect the transmission and expression of the insulin gene in pancreatic β‐cells and extra‐pancreatic tissues. These observations have led to the formulation of new hypotheses to explain the biological mechanisms by which functional differences in the expression of the insulin gene may contribute to diabetes susceptibility. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multistep role for actin in initial closure of the mesencephalic neural groove in the chick embryo
Authors: Van Straaten Henny W.M. , Sieben Inge , Hekking Johan W.M.
Published: August 2002

In a previous study, we have demonstrated that initial closure of the mesencephalic neural groove in the chick embryo is different from neurulation elsewhere. The neural groove invaginates, the walls appose and make contact in a ventrodorsal direction, and subsequently separate ventrally, forming an incipient neural tube lumen, which finally widens into a definitive lumen. In this study, a role for actin in the processes of this initial mesencephalic closure is studied. Based on rhodamine‐phalloidin–stained sections, three distinct actin distribution patterns emerged, and time‐lapse video microscopy revealed cytochalasin‐D–reversible neurulation movements. We propose that actin is involved in formation and stabilization of the neural groove hinge point, in invagination of dorsal neuroepithelial cells into the neural groove, in the origin of the incipient lumen and the reinforcement of adhesion of the dorsal neural folds, and finally in the development of a wide lumen. Such a multifunctional effect of actin microfilaments within a narrow time window and at specific sites has not been reported yet. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell proliferation and movement during early fin regeneration in zebrafish
Authors: Poleo German , Brown Christopher W. , Laforest Lynda , Akimenko Marie‐Andrée
Published: August 2002

Cell proliferation and cell movement during early regeneration of zebrafish caudal fins were examined by injecting BrdU and Di‐I, respectively. In normal fins of adult fish, a small number of proliferating cells are observed in the epidermis only. Shortly following amputation, epithelial cells covered the wound to form the epidermal cap but did not proliferate. However, by 24 hr, epithelial cells proximal to the level of amputation were strongly labeled with BrdU. Label incorporation was also detected in a few mesenchymal cells. Proliferating cells in the basal epithelial layer were first observed at 48 hr at the level of the newly formed lepidotrichia. At 72 hr, proliferating mesenchymal cells were found distal to the plane of amputation whereas more proximal labeled cells included mainly those located between the lepidotrichia and the basal membrane. When BrdU‐injected fins were allowed to regenerate for longer periods, labeled cells were observed in the apical epidermal cap, a location where cells are not thought to proliferate. This result is suggestive of cell migration. Epithelial cells, peripheral to the rays or in the tissue between adjacent rays, were labeled with Di‐I and were shown to quickly migrate towards the site of amputation, the cells closer to the wound migrating faster. Amputation also triggered migration of cells of the connective tissue located between the hemirays. Although cell movement was induced up to seven segments proximal from the level of amputation, cells located within two segments from the wound provided the main contribution to the blastema. Thus, cell proliferation and migration contribute to the early regeneration of zebrafish fins. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transglutaminase factor XIIIA in the cartilage of developing avian long bones
Authors: Nurminskaya M.V. , Recheis B. , Nimpf J. , Magee Cordula , Linsenmayer T.F.
Published: August 2002

Previously, we showed that mRNA for transglutaminase factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) is up‐regulated in the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate of the chicken tibiotarsus, a well‐characterized model of long bone development. In the present study, we have studied the distribution of the FXIIIA protein and of transglutaminase enzymatic activity in this growth plate, as well as in the cartilage of the epiphysis, which includes that of the articular surface. By immunohistochemical analysis, the protein is detected in the zone of maturation, where it is mostly intracellular, and in the hypertrophic zone, where it is present both intracellularly and in the extracellular matrix. The intracellular enzyme is mostly a zymogen, as determined with an antibody specific for the activation peptide. Externalization of FXIIIA is accompanied by enzyme activation. To study the pattern of transglutaminase activity, a synthetic transglutaminase substrate, rhodamine‐conjugated tetrapeptide (Pro‐Val‐Lys‐Gly), was used for pulse labeling in organ cultures. Intensive incorporation of the fluorescent substrate was observed throughout the hypertrophic zone and in the cells surrounding the forming blood vessels. The patterns of FXIIIA immunostaining and substrate incorporation overlap almost completely. The cartilaginous factor XIIIA is different from the plasma form in that, both intracellularly and extracellularly, it exists as a monomer, as determined by Western analysis, whereas the plasma form of FXIII is a tetrameric complex composed of both A and B subunits. We also identified FXIIIA and transglutaminase activity within the articular and condylar regions of the tarsus, suggesting a possible involvement of mechanical pressure and/or stress in the production of the molecule and subsequent cross‐linking of the cartilage matrix. Thus, transglutaminases, in particular FXIIIA, are involved in the formation of long bones through its activity both in the hypertrophic region of the growth plate and in the formation of articular/epiphyseal cartilages. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autism spectrum disorders and low body weight: Is there really a systematic association?
Authors: Bölte Sven , Özkara Nihal , Poustka Fritz
Published: August 2002

Objective

To examine the relationship between autism spectrum disorders and low body weight.

Method

The effect of maladaptive social and communicative behavior as well as stereotyped features on the normative body mass index (BMI) was analyzed in 103 subjects with autism or Asperger syndrome. Statistics were controlled for medication, neurological signs, overactivity, and general intelligence.

Results

Twenty‐eight percent of the male individuals had a BMI in the fifth percentile or below. Except for hyperactive behavior, none of the predictors showed a significant association with BMI. None of the subjects met diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa.

Discussion

Although low body weight is often present in male subjects with autism or Asperger syndrome, results indicate that this link is inconsistent and partly mediated by hyperactivity. The co‐occurrence of autism spectrum disorders and anorexia nervosa is probably due to chance. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 349–351, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10015
Bilateral osteonecrosis of the talus and “standing obsession” in a patient with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Milos Gabriella , Willi Jürg , Häuselmann Hansjörg
Published: August 2002

Method

We report a case of a 24‐year‐old woman with anorexia nervosa (AN), obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), and osteoporosis. During 8 years of illness, her body mass index (BMI) fluctuated between 10 and 13,5 kg/m2. She developed hyperactivity and the habit to stand for all daily activities. She did not allow herself to sit at any time, she had “standing obsession.” A few weeks after her admission to an inpatient unit for eating disorders, she reported pain in both ankles.

Results and Discussion

The rheumatological diagnosis was bilateral osteonecrosis of the talus and generalized osteoporosis. The latter and excessive biomechanical stress could be interpreted as the cause for this serious and irreversible bone destruction. The following case shows how the psychiatric comorbidity of a patient suffering from an eating disorder with a chronic course can lead to severe somatic complications. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 363–369, 2001.
Assessment of bulimia nervosa: A comparison of interview and self‐report questionnaire methods
Authors: Carter Jacqueline C. , Aimé Annie A. , Mills Jennifer S.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The main aim of this study was to assess the level of agreement between the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE) and its self‐report version (EDE‐Q) on key items in a clinic sample of patients with bulimia nervosa. A second objective was to assess the concordance between self‐reported and objective body weight in the sample.

Method

Sixty females who met DSM‐IV criteria for bulimia nervosa (purging type) participated. Fifty‐seven of them completed both the EDE and the EDE‐Q. Self‐reported weight was obtained during a telephone screening interview. Objective weight was subsequently measured at an assessment about a week later.

Results

The EDE generated higher scores than the EDE‐Q for the frequency of objective binge and vomiting episodes. The two methods produced equivalent results for subjective binge episodes, laxative and diuretic misuse, and concerns about shape and weight. The self‐report method underestimated body weight.

Discussion

These findings suggest that some core features of eating disorders are more accurately assessed using the EDE interview. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 187–192, 2001.
Eating disorder symptoms and body image concerns in Iran: Comparisons between Iranian women in Iran and in America
Authors: Abdollahi Panteha , Mann Traci
Published: August 2002

Objective

Rates of eating disorder symptoms were compared between Iranian women living in Iran and Iranian women living in America, in order to assess the impact of Western culture on eating disorders. Women in Iran are mandated by law to cover their bodies with a long veil or overcoat and they have little legal exposure to Western culture and media.

Method

Fifty‐nine female Iranian students living in Tehran and 45 female students of Iranian descent living in Los Angeles were surveyed with the Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire and the Figure Rating Scale.

Results

Few differences were found between participants in the two samples, despite ample power to detect them. Participants in Iran reported as much disordered eating as participants who had immigrated to America.

Discussion

Neither exposure to Western media nor acculturation to Western norms appeared to be related to symptoms of disordered eating and body image concerns in this sample. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 259–268, 2001.
Active antenna using a parasitic element
Authors: Mori Kohei , Arai Hiroyuki
Published: August 2002

Recently, various methods of using millimeter wave communication systems have attracted attention. Of these, the active antennas consisting of active circuits and antenna elements integrated together have been studied widely. In particular, the active antenna combining an oscillator using FETs has a high degree of importance due to its advantage of low loss in the feed line. However, the Q of the active antenna combining an oscillator is degraded for the oscillator since the Q of the planar antenna connected to the FET is low. In this paper, an active antenna is proposed in which a half‐wave dipole parasitic element is placed between the gate and the drain of the oscillator made of an FET and a coplanar waveguide. An experimental investigation is carried out for enhancement of the stability of the oscillation frequency and improvement of the radiation pattern by means of the parasitic element. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(7): 57–65, 2001
Optimum design of videoconferencing systems over ATM networks
Authors: Yamori Kyoko , Akimaru Haruo
Published: August 2002

Information infrastructures have been deployed which allow videoconferencing systems to be applied in telelearning. In this paper, simplified dimensioning methods are described for CBR and VBR schemes in an ATM system, and a quantitative relation between video bitrates and transmission costs is obtained by numerical examples. As the measure representing the utility of videoconferencing, we introduce “Willingness to Pay” and “Percent Score,” for which approximate formulas are estimated by opinion tests. The optimum video bitrate is analyzed to maximize the utility per transmission cost, and numerical examples are shown. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(6): 33–40, 2002
Coding bit rate scalability of MPEG audio data
Authors: Nakajima Yasuyuki , Yoneyama Akio , Sugano Masaru , Yanagihara Hiromasa
Published: August 2002

Users previously had to use transcoding methods in which a coded audio stream was decoded and the decoded audio then reencoded at the desired bit rate. Data processing of coded audio therefore usually involves complex and time‐consuming tasks. In this paper, we describe three algorithms for bit rate scaling on coded MPEG data domains. One is a bandwidth limitation method to cut higher frequency components until the target data rate is satisfied. A second method uses a requantization process where a quantization step in each subband is modified, and a third method also utilizes a requantization process with a psychoacoustic model from bit allocation information obtained in the bitstream in order to improve bit rate scaling efficiency. The simulation results show that the requantization process provides very high conversion efficiency and that sound quality nearly equal to that of direct coding can be obtained by utilizing the psychoacoustic model. It was also shown that very fast scaling (factor of six) can be achieved compared with the conventional baseband transcoding method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(10): 47–56, 2001
Optimal slip ratio estimator for traction control system of electric vehicle based on fuzzy inference
Authors: Kataoka Hiroaki , Sado Hideo , Sakai Ichiro , Hori Yoichi
Published: August 2002

In this paper we propose an optimal slip ratio estimation method based on fuzzy inference. One of the major advantages of electric vehicles is the quick and precise torque response of the electric motor, which realizes a novel traction control system. To prevent skidding, optimal slip ratio control has been successfully developed. It maintains the slip ratio at the optimum value that gives the maximum driving force. The remaining problem is how to generate the optimal slip ratio command sent to the controller. First we show that effective estimation of the optimal slip ratio is difficult to perform by the simple gradient method, which is a well‐known optimization method. But various experimentally obtained data can be easily incorporated into fuzzy inference, and therefore its estimation performance can be easily improved by the accumulation of human experience. This is a major advantage in the nonlinear estimation of real road‐tire characteristics. The effectiveness of the proposed estimation and control methods is confirmed by numerical simulation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(3): 56–63, 2001
Sensorless salient‐pole PM synchronous motor drive in all speed ranges
Authors: Takeshita Takaharu , Usui Akira , Matsui Nobuyuki
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a position sensorless drive of salient‐pole PM synchronous motors in all speed ranges including zero speed. Two position and speed estimation algorithms using the current differences between the actual and the estimated currents are proposed. One is based on the back emf estimation in the medium‐ and high‐speed ranges. Another is based on the position dependency of the winding inductances in the low‐speed ranges including zero speed. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been verified with a six‐pole, 1.5‐kW, 1500‐rpm test motor. Stable sensorless speed control from zero to 3000 rpm within ±100% load torque range was achieved. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(3): 64–73, 2001
Social support in a changing Europe: an analysis of three post‐communist nations
Authors: Goodwin Robin , Nizharadze George , Luu Lan Anh Nguyen , Kosa Eva , Emelyanova Tatiana
Published: August 2002

Despite the continuing interest in social transitions among social scientists, there has been little analysis of the impact of societal change on personal relationships. One important factor in helping individuals deal with the stresses associated with rapid transitions is social support. In our first study, 450 manual workers, students and entrepreneurs in Russia, Georgia and Hungary completed structured questionnaires assessing demographic and value predictors of the perception of support availability and the support they obtained to deal with changes in their societies. In our second study, the same respondents participated in semi‐structured interviews investigating the relationship between their work lives and support networks. Our findings demonstrate the importance of culture, occupation and values for both the perception and reception of support, and underline the multifaceted manner in which different work experiences in different nations influence support networks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutathione S‐transferase T1‐null genotype interacts synergistically with heavy smoking on lung cancer risk
Authors: Hou Sai‐Mei , Fält Susann , Nyberg Fredrik
Published: August 2002

We studied the influence of genotype for glutathione S‐transferase T1 (GSTT1) on susceptibility to lung cancer among 184 Swedish lung cancer patients (88 never‐smokers and 96 ever‐smokers) and 162 matched population controls (79 never‐smokers and 83 ever‐smokers), with special emphasis on gene–environment interactions. Cases had significantly lower frequency of the GSTT1‐null genotype than that of controls among never‐smokers (4.6 vs. 16.5%, P = 0.02), whereas the frequencies were very close to each other among smokers (7.4 vs. 7.2%). Cases with high packyears of smoking, however, had a significantly higher frequency of the GSTT1‐null genotype compared to that of cases with low packyears (18.3 vs. 5.6%, P = 0.005). Adjusted for age and gender, the GSTT1‐null genotype appeared to be protective against lung cancer among never‐smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.07–0.7), although it was associated with an increased risk for lung cancer among smokers (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.8–5.9), mainly attributed to the group of heavy smokers (>23 packyears; OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 0.7–17.3). Heavy smoking conferred a threefold increased risk for lung cancer (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.3–5.0) among GSTT1‐positive individuals, but a ninefold increased risk when combined with the GSTT1‐null genotype (OR = 9.3, 95% CI = 1.9–46.3, relative to GSTT1‐positive light smokers). This joint effect was further demonstrated by a positive interaction between the GSTT1‐null genotype and packyears of smoking. The risk of lung cancer increased steeply with increasing packyears among GSTT1‐null smokers, whereas no such effect was seen among GSTT1‐positive smokers. We conclude that the GSTT1‐null genotype may strengthen the effect of heavy smoking on lung cancer risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:83–86, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening breast cancer patients for ATM mutations and polymorphisms by using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Atencio David P. , Iannuzzi Christopher M. , Green Sheryl , Stock Richard G. , Bernstein Jonine L. , Rosenstein Barry S.
Published: August 2002

All 62 coding exons of the ATM gene, along with 10–20 bases of the intronic region flanking each exon, were screened for DNA base sequence alterations by using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) in a series of 52 breast cancer patients. Six (12%) of these patients exhibited a total of eight different novel germ‐line mutations that do not represent common polymorphisms. Of these, three patients possessed four nonconservative missense mutations while two conservative missense and two synonymous mutations were detected in the other three patients. In addition, 43 patients were found to have a total of 141 DNA sequence variations representing 21 different common polymorphisms and rare variants. An analysis of the relationship between the presence of a novel ATM mutation and either patient demographics or tumor properties demonstrated a significant difference between African Americans (3/7 = 43%) and other ethnic groups (3/45 = 7%, P = 0.026). None of the other characteristics examined was found to be related to mutation status. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:200–208, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deterministic and stochastic analyses of a nonlinear system with a Biot visco‐elastic element
Authors: Spanos Pol D. , Tsavachidis Spyro
Published: August 2002

In the paper the Biot hysteretic model involving an infinite collection of elements whose dynamic characteristics are specified through a probability density‐like function is re‐examined; in the limit case, the Biot model yields a dynamic system with ideal hysteretic damping which is known to be problematic for random vibration analysis. It is shown that bona fide Monte Carlo simulations can be conducted for the Biot model by treating, cautiously, the integrodifferential equation which is involved; this is based on recursive calculations of double integrals encountered in the representation of the system dynamics. The numerical results which pertain to the Monte Carlo studies are further used to assess the accuracy of a statistical linearization procedure adopted in determining the response of the hysteretically damped system to white noise. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado Front Range
Authors: Moody John A. , Martin Deborah A.
Published: August 2002

A wildfire in May 1996 burned 4690 hectares in two watersheds forested by ponderosa pine and Douglas fir in a steep, mountainous landscape with a summer, convective thunderstorm precipitation regime. The wildfire lowered the erosion threshold in the watersheds, and consequently amplified the subsequent erosional response to shorter time interval episodic rainfall and created both erosional and depositional features in a complex pattern throughout the watersheds.

The initial response during the first four years was an increase in runoff and erosion rates followed by decreases toward pre‐fire rates. The maximum unit‐area peak discharge was 24 m3 s−1 km−2 for a rainstorm in 1996 with a rain intensity of 90 mm h−1. Recovery to pre‐fire conditions seems to have occurred by 2000 because for a maximum 30‐min rainfall intensity of 50 mm h−1, the unit‐area peak discharge in 1997 was 6.6 m3 s−1 km−2, while in 2000 a similar intensity produced only 0.11 m3 s−1 km−2. Rill erosion accounted for 6 per cent, interrill erosion for 14 per cent, and drainage erosion for 80 per cent of the initial erosion in 1996. This represents about a 200‐fold increase in erosion rates on hillslopes which had a recovery or relaxation time of about three years. About 67 per cent of the initially eroded sediment is still stored in the watersheds after four years with an estimated residence time greater than 300 years. This residence time is much greater than the fire recurrence interval so erosional and depositional features may become legacies from the wildfire and may affect landscape evolution by acting as a new set of initial conditions for subsequent wildfire and flood sequences. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random controls on semi‐rhythmic spacing of pools and riffles in constriction‐dominated rivers
Authors: Thompson Douglas M.
Published: August 2002

Average pool spacing between five and seven bankfull widths has been documented in environments throughout the world, but has limited theoretical justification in coarse‐bedded and bedrock environments. Pool formation in coarse‐bedded and bedrock channels has been attributed to bedrock and boulder constrictions. Because the spacing of these constrictions may be irregular in nature, it is difficult to reconcile pool‐formation processes with the supposedly rhythmic spacing of pools and riffles. To address these issues, a simulation model for pool and riffle formation is used to demonstrate that semi‐rhythmic spacing of pools with an approximate spacing of five to seven bankfull widths can be recreated from a random distribution of obstructions and minimum pool‐ and riffle‐length criteria. It is assumed that a pool–riffle couplet will achieve a minimum length based on dominant‐discharge conditions. Values for the minimum‐length assumption are based on field data collected in New England and California, while the theoretical basis relies on the demonstrated hydraulic response of individual pools to elongation. Results from the simulations show that the location of pools can be primarily random in character, but still assume an average spacing between four and eight bankfull widths for a variety of conditions. Field verification data generally support the model but highlight a highly skewed distribution of pool‐forming elements and pool spacing. The relation between pool spacing and bankfull widths is attributed to the common geometric response of these features to dominant‐discharge conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach
Authors: Van Rompaey Anton J. J. , Verstraeten Gert , Van Oost Kristof , Govers Gerard , Poesen Jean
Published: August 2002

In this paper a spatially distributed model for the calculation of sediment delivery to river channels is presented (SEDEM: SEdiment DElivery Model). The model consists of two components: (1) the calculation of a spatial pattern of mean annual soil erosion rates in the catchment using a RUSLE (Revised Soil Erosion Equation) approach; and (2) the routing of the eroded sediment to the river channel network taking into account the transport capacity of each spatial unit. If the amount of routed sediment exceeds the local transport capacity, sediment deposition occurs. An existing dataset on sediment yield for 24 catchments in central Belgium was used to calibrate the transport capacity parameters of the model. A validation of the model results shows that the sediment yield for small and medium sized catchments (10–5000 ha) can be predicted with an average accuracy of 41 per cent. The predicted sediment yield values with SEDEM are significantly more accurate than the predictions using a lumped regression model. Moreover a spatially distributed approach allows simulation of the effect of different land use scenarios and soil conservation techniques. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Causes of 20th century channel narrowing in mountain and piedmont rivers of southeastern France
Authors: Liébault F. , Piégay H.
Published: August 2002

Extensive channel narrowing in southeastern France provides an illustration of geomorphic response to land‐use changes. The study region comprises a range of environments, from large piedmont and intramountain gravel‐bed rivers, to small mountain streams. Field measurements and analysis of historical data demonstrate two distinct periods of channel change. From 1850 to 1950, channel narrowing is interpreted to be the result of a recovery process in response to widespread channel destabilization induced by major floods during the second half of the 19th century. At the time, the largely deforested basins were highly responsive to flooding, whereas the recovery process was accelerated by floodplain and basin‐scale land use changes (afforestation) and torrential control works, which in turn reduced sediment delivery and enabled vegetation development in channels. From 1950 to 1970, channel narrowing accelerated in most of the studied rivers. This recent phenomenon is considered as a human‐induced fluvial adjustment, directly related to forest development on river margins and human abandonment of intensive floodplain land uses. At the same time, long‐profile degradation occurred as a result of long‐term bedload supply decrease. In small mountain streams, channel narrowing is mainly explained by channel incision which seems to progress from upstream where sediment sources are progressively stabilized by afforestation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responsive evaluation (and its influence on deliberative democratic evaluation)
Authors: House Ernest R.
Published: August 2002

In the 1970s Stake offered a rationale for representing the perspectives of stakeholders, which was liberating and highly influential, though his insistence that evaluative claims are subjective left responsive evaluators in an arbitrary posture.
Development of heat shrinkable and flame‐retardant EVA/CSM blends
Authors: Chowdhury S. Ray , Das C. K.
Published: August 2002

A plastic (EVA) was blended with elastomer (CSM) with and without curatives. The elastomer phase (amorphous) contributed markedly to the shrinkability and most important is, took up a major amount of additive flame‐retarding agent thus not affecting much the heat shrinkability of the plastic i.e. as a whole the blend. When the elastomer phase was crosslinked the flame‐retardancy, due to a reduction of combustible volatile product, was increased. Additive flame‐retardants hamper the heat‐shrinkability of the blend to some extent depending on various factors such as blend composition, temperature, curing etc. The depression of shrinkability in the presence of flame‐retarding agent was less for the cured sample and elastomer‐rich blend compared with the uncured and plastic‐rich blend, respectively. It was found that with an increase in the cure time and elastomer content the shrinkability as well as flame‐retardancy was increased. At high temperature the sacrifice of the shrinkability in the presence of flame‐retardants increased, for a particular blend. The shrinkability and flame‐retardancy of a cured sample was higher than that of an uncured sample. The highest flame‐retardancy was obtained in the presence of Sb2O3/Chlorohor. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution, monotone solution of the adjoint shallow‐water equations
Authors: Sanders Brett F. , Bradford Scott F.
Published: August 2002

A monotone, second‐order accurate numerical scheme is presented for solving the differential form of the adjoint shallow‐water equations in generalized two‐dimensional coordinates. Fluctuation‐splitting is utilized to achieve a high‐resolution solution of the equations in primitive form. One‐step and two‐step schemes are presented and shown to achieve solutions of similarly high accuracy in one dimension. However, the two‐step method is shown to yield more accurate solutions to problems in which unsteady wave speeds are present. In two dimensions, the two‐step scheme is tested in the context of two parameter identification problems, and it is shown to accurately transmit the information needed to identify unknown forcing parameters based on measurements of the system response. The first problem involves the identification of an upstream flood hydrograph based on downstream depth measurements. The second problem involves the identification of a long wave state in the far‐field based on near‐field depth measurements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.