bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population status and habitat preference of Soemmerring’s gazelle in Alledeghi Wildlife Reserve, Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Mamo Mekoya , Gure Abdella , Kebede Fanuel , Abie Kassahun , Asefa Addisu
Published: April 2019

This study was undertaken to determine the current population size, structure and habitat preference of Soemmerring's gazelle [Nanger soemmerringii (Cretzschmar 1828)] in the Alledeghi Wildlife Reserve, NE Ethiopia. Animals were counted, both during dry and wet seasons, along 12 line transects each in three habitat types (grassland, tree‐scattered grassland and bushland) in 2015/16. Habitat type had nonsignificant effect on mean population density of Soemmerring's gazelle, but wet season mean density was significantly higher than dry season mean density. Estimated weighted mean (±95% CI) population density of the species in the reserve was 1.90 (±0.17) and 5.99 (±0.370) individuals/km2 during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Total population size of the species in the Alledeghi Wildlife Reserve was estimated at 826 ± 77 and 2,562 ± 158 individuals during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Over half of the total population of Soemmerring's gazelle was represented by adult females during both seasons. Seasonal habitat preference of Soemmerring's gazelle was statistically significant, with greater preference for grassland habitat during wet season and for bushland habitat during dry season. In conclusion, this study has provided valuable data that will be used as a baseline for future population monitoring.
Remotely sensed C3 and C4 grass species aboveground biomass variability in response to seasonal climate and topography
Authors: Shoko Cletah , Mutanga Onisimo , Dube Timothy
Published: April 2019

Seasonal climate and topography influence C3 and C4 grass species aboveground biomass (AGB). Climate change further threatens these grasses AGB, thereby compromising their ability to provide ecosystem goods and services. This emphasises the need to monitor their AGB for well‐informed management. New‐generation sensors, with improved resolution capabilities present an opportunity to explore C3 and C4 AGB. This study therefore investigated the response of remotely sensed C3 and C4 grasses AGB to seasonal climate and topography. Overall, the spatial and temporal responses of AGB due to seasonal climate and topography were observed across the study area. For example, in March, a marked increase in C4 AGB was associated with an increase in rainfall, with the highest significant positive relationship (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.005). Elevation had very significant positive relationship (R2 = 0.84; p < 0.005) with C3 and highest negative (R2 = −0.77; p < 0.005) with C4 AGB. During the winter fall, AGB significantly decreased from averages of 2.592 and 1.101 kg/m2 in winter (May), to 0.718 and 0.469 kg/m2 in August, for C3 and C4 grasses, respectively. These findings provide a key step in monitoring rangelands and assessing management practices to boost productivity.
Screening for associated anomalies in anorectal malformations: the need for a standardized approach
Authors: Kruger Paul , Teague Warwick J. , Khanal Rija , Hutson John M. , King Sebastian K.
Published: April 2019

Background

Anorectal malformations (ARM) are common congenital abnormalities of the terminal hindgut. The high incidence of associated anomalies necessitates systematic screening, which should include renal and spinal ultrasonography, spinal radiography and an echocardiogram. This study aimed to determine the incidence of associated anomalies in ARM, and whether screening protocols were appropriately applied.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of all ARM patients managed at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne over a 16‐year period (2000–2015). Data collected included ARM type, presence of associated anomalies, as well as utilization of renal and spinal ultrasonography, spinal radiography and echocardiography.

Results

A total of 243 patients (male 146/243, 60%) were reviewed. The most frequent ARM types were perineal fistula (83/243, 34%) and rectovestibular fistula (40/243, 16%). Full screening was performed in 153/243 (63%), while 18/243 (7%) received no screening. In fully screened patients, associated anomalies were diagnosed in 143/153 (93%), with cardiovascular, renal and musculoskeletal anomalies being most frequent.

Conclusions

The high incidence of associated anomalies identified in fully screened ARM patients highlights the importance of systematic screening. Clinically significant anomalies may have been overlooked in the more than one‐third of ARM patients in whom screening was absent or incomplete. Standardized screening protocols for ARM patients have now been implemented.
Severe hypocalcemia during surgery for placenta accreta spectrum: The case for empiric replacement
Authors: Erfani Hadi , Shamshirsaz Alireza A. , Fox Karin A. , Rezaei Atefeh , Hui Shiu‐Ki Rocky , Shamshirsaz Amir A. , Nassr Ahmed A. , Salmanian Bahram , Espinoza Jimmy , Teruya Jun , Belfort Michael A.
Published: April 2019

Introduction

We aimed to determine predictive factors for severe hypocalcemia in women with placenta accreta spectrum.

Material and methods

Study of 123 women with histology‐proven placenta accreta spectrum with cesarean hysterectomy between 2011 and 2017. Two groups were selected: Cases: critically low (“panic value”) serum total calcium (≤7 mg/dL) and Controls: normal serum total calcium (≥8.5 mg/dL). Regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to evaluate the potential associations.

Results

There were 13 women with critically low (cases) and 18 with normal calcium (controls). Baseline characteristics were not statistically different. The median estimated blood loss, units of red blood cells (RBCs) transfused and volume of crystalloid transfused, were higher in the low calcium group. Six out of 13 (46.2%) cases had received ≥4 units of RBCs during surgery vs 2 of 18 (11.1%) controls (P = 0.04). ROC analysis showed that estimated blood loss, units of RBCs transfused, and crystalloid transfused were associated with severe hypocalcemia and univariate regression analysis confirmed that estimated blood loss ≥1500 mL, RBC transfusion ≥4 units, and crystalloid transfused ≥4L were associated with severe hypocalcemia.

Conclusions

Intraoperative transfusion of ≥4 units RBCs is predictive of the development of severe hypocalcemia in placenta accreta spectrum patients experiencing active bleeding. Empiric replacement of 1 g CaCL2 is recommended for every 4 U RBC transfused.
The oral biome in the aetiology and management of dental disease: Current concepts and ethical considerations
Authors: Ma Yonghui , Oliver Richard , Chen Hua
Published: April 2019

Our understanding of the complexity of the oral biome and of the role of the various constituent bacteria in the aetiology of dental disease is growing. Probiotics and their relationship with prebiotics, as well as other microbiome‐based interventions, could be useful in preventing and treating dental disease and in promoting oral health. However, given the promise and early stage of this treatment approach, there are also a number of ethical, social and regulatory issues associated with innovative probiotic therapy. In this article, a brief update is given on contemporary theories of the aetiology and management of the two commonest dental diseases, and on the roles of pre‐ and probiotics and oral biome transplant in the management of these diseases. The focus is primarily on four core issues: informed consent, risk–benefit assessment, how to determine suitable healthy donors, and commercialization and regulation. We discuss the safety and benefits of oral probiotics, not only concerning the products and quality control during their manufacture, but also regarding the depth of public knowledge about this topic. We point out that the requirement of listing ingredients honestly might be insufficient, and that the prevalent rhetoric of ‘natural’ and ‘organic’ as well as some health claims in the translational, innovative probiotic industry and markets are themselves misleading and should be carefully scrutinized. Finally, we suggest an ethical imperative to find a balance between scientific research and industry, and public health in the regulation of probiotics.
Risk indicators for untreated dental decay among Indigenous Australian children
Authors: Ha Diep Hong , Do Loc Giang , Roberts‐Thomson Kaye , Jamieson Lisa
Published: April 2019

Objective

To investigate risk indicators for untreated dental decay among Indigenous Australian children using a national representative sample.

Methods

Data were from the National Child Oral Health Study 2012‐2014, which included a nationally representative sample of Indigenous Australian children aged 5‐14 years. Outcomes were the prevalence (% ds/DS>0) and severity (mean ds/DS) of untreated dental decay at the tooth surface level. Caries of the primary dentition was estimated among 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds, while that of the permanent dentition was among 8‐ to 14‐year‐olds. Independent variables included residential location, household income, frequency and age commencement of toothbrushing, sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption, dental visiting and residential fluoridation status. Multivariable log‐Poisson regression models with robust standard error estimation were used to identify risk indicators for untreated decay. The complex sampling design was taken into account in all analyses.

Results

There were 720 5‐ to 10‐year‐old and 736 8‐ to 14‐year‐old Indigenous children. Indigenous children experienced significant amount of untreated dental caries. Among 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds, % ds >0 was 43.1 (95%CI: 36.8‐49.6) and mean ds was 3.4 (95% CI: 2.4‐4.4). Among 8‐ to 14‐year‐olds, %DS>0 was 27.3 (22.3‐32.9), while meanDSwas 0.8 (0.6‐1.0). In multivariable modelling, risk indicators for % ds >0 among 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds were low household income, commencing toothbrushing after 30 months of age, consuming 2+ cups ofSSBper day and not residing in fluoridated areas. Risk indicators for mean ds among 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds included infrequent toothbrushing and consuming 2+ cups ofSSBper day. Risk indicators for %DS>0 among 8‐ to 14‐year‐olds were low household income, while risk indicators for meanDSamong 8‐ to 14‐year‐olds were residing in non‐capital city, low household income, consuming 2+ cups ofSSBper day and not residing in fluoridated areas.

Conclusion

Indigenous Australian children experienced significant amount of untreated dental caries. Risk indicators for untreated decay included demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, oral hygiene behaviours, dietary behaviours and environmental factors.
European Association for Osseointegration Delphi study on the trends in Implant Dentistry in Europe for the year 2030
Authors: Sanz Mariano , Noguerol Blas , Sanz‐Sanchez Ignacio , Hammerle Christoph H. F. , Schliephake Henning , Renouard Frank , Sicilia Alberto ,   Steering Committee, Cordaro Luca , Jung Ronald , Klinge Bjorn , Valentini Pascal , Alcoforado Gil , Ornekol Turker , Pjetursson Bjarni , Sailer Irena , Rochietta Isabella , Manuel Navarro José , Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa , Francisco Helena
Published: April 2019

Objectives

To assess the potential trends for the year 2030 in dental implant dentistry in Europe using the Delphi methodology.

Material and methods

A steering committee and a management team of experts in implant dentistry were created and validated a questionnaire including 60 questions, divided in eight topics. The survey was conducted in two rounds using an anonymous questionnaire, which provided the participants in the second round with the results of the first. Each question had three possible answers, and the results were expressed as percentages.

Results

A total of 138 experts were invited to participate in the survey. From all the invited experts, 52 answered in both the first and second rounds. Three different consensus categories were established based on the percentage of agreement: no consensus (<65%); moderate consensus (65%–85%); and high consensus (≥86%). Within the topic categories, a consensus was reached (mainly moderate consensus) for the majority of questions discussed among experts during a face to face consensus meeting. However, consensus was not reached for a small number of questions/topics.

Conclusions

About 82% of the questions reached consensus. The consensus points towards a lower number of implants to replace chewing units, with implants surfaces made of bioactive materials with reduced micro‐roughness using mainly customized abutments with polished surfaces and an internal implant–abutment connection (85%). CBCT‐3D technologies will be the main tool for pre‐surgical implant placement diagnosis together with direct digital restorative workflows. There will be an increase in the incidence of peri‐implantitis, although there will be more efficient interventions its treatment and prevention.
An analysis of the feeding behavior of three stages ofToxoptera citricidabyDCelectrical penetration graph waveforms
Authors: Zhao Runa , He Yingqin , Lu Zhuoyue , Chen Wenlong , Zhou Changyong , Wang Xuefeng , Li Taisheng
Published: April 2019

With the purpose of studying the feeding behavior of the brown citrus aphid pest,Toxoptera citricida(Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), we compared stylet probing behaviors of third and fourth instars and adults onCitrus unshiuMarc (Rutaceae) seedlings using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique.EPGwaveforms exhibited the full suite of stylet behaviors – stylet pathway, intracellular stylet puncture, phloem salivation (E1), sieve ingestion (E2), and xylem sap ingestion activities, plus the non‐penetration (Np) waveform. Before the phloem phase, the number of probes was significantly higher for third‐instar nymphs than for adults. Overall duration of Np events by adults was significantly lower than the duration of third and fourth instars. The number of short probes of the fourth instars was significantly higher than that of the adults. In the phloem phase, adults made more frequent and longer E1 events than the third and fourth instars. Third instars made more frequent but shorter E2 events, whereas adults made fewer but longer events. These results showed adults gained nutrients by increasing feeding time during phloem ingestion. Thus, the probability of phloem‐associated virus acquisition and transmission ofT. citricidawas higher in adults than in nymphs.
Let's mate here and now – seasonal constraints increase mating efficiency
Authors: Golab Maria J. , Johansson Frank , Sniegula Szymon
Published: April 2019

1. Latitudinal climatic conditions shape the length of the mating season and could thus influence reproductive traits. Knowledge of how animals behave along latitudinal clines will increase understanding of the impact of climate on sexual selection and might help in the prediction of whether peripheral populations will spread or shrink in response to changes in climate.

2. This study investigated variation in the mating efficiency of a temperate insect, the emerald damselfly Lestes sponsa, under semi‐natural field conditions along a latitudinal gradient covering three regions of the species' distribution: south, central and north.

3. A comparison was done of the proportion of copulating males, the proportion of males that formed tandems but did not copulate (unsuccessful males), and the proportion of males that did not attempt to form a tandem (passive males) in these three regions.

4. It was found that the proportion of copulations was significantly higher at northern latitudes than in the southern and central regions. Southern latitudes had a higher proportion of successful copulations compared with central latitudes. The northern region had a significantly lower frequency of passive males. The southern region had an intermediate proportion of passive males, and the central region had the highest proportion. The proportion of unsuccessful males did not differ between regions. The population density across sites did not affect these results.

5. The study shows that damselflies inhabiting northern populations mate more intensively than individuals from southern and central populations. This suggests that more restrictive environmental conditions during a brief mating season select for higher mating efficiency.
Blood‐brain barrier dysfunction in canine epileptic seizures detected by dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Hanael Erez , Veksler Ronel , Friedman Alon , Bar‐Klein Guy , Senatorov Vladimir V. , Kaufer Daniela , Konstantin Lilach , Elkin Maria , Chai Orit , Peery Dana , Shamir Merav H.
Published: April 2019

Objective

Dogs with spontaneous or acquired epilepsy exhibit resemblance in etiology and disease course to humans, potentially offering a translational model of the human disease. Blood‐brain barrier dysfunction (BBBD) has been shown to partake in epileptogenesis in experimental models of epilepsy. To test the hypothesis that BBBD can be detected in dogs with naturally occurring seizures, we developed a linear dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) analysis algorithm that was validated in clinical cases of seizing dogs and experimental epileptic rats.

Methods

Forty‐six dogs with naturally occurring seizures of different etiologies and 12 induced epilepsy rats were imaged using DCE‐MRI. Six healthy dogs and 12 naive rats served as control. DCE‐MRI was analyzed by linear‐dynamic method. BBBD scores were calculated in whole brain and in specific brain regions. Immunofluorescence analysis for transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) pathway proteins was performed on the piriform cortex of epileptic dogs.

Results

We found BBBD in 37% of dogs with seizures. A significantly higher cerebrospinal fluid to serum albumin ratio was found in dogs with BBBD relative to dogs with intact blood‐brain barrier (BBB). A significant difference was found between epileptic and control rats when BBBD scores were calculated for the piriform cortex at 48 hours and 1 month after status epilepticus. Mean BBBD score of the piriform lobe in idiopathic epilepsy (IE) dogs was significantly higher compared to control. Immunohistochemistry results suggested active TGF‐β signaling and neuroinflammation in the piriform cortex of dogs with IE, showing increased levels of serum albumin colocalized with glial acidic fibrillary protein and pSMAD2 in an area where BBBD had been detected by linear DCE‐MRI.

Significance

Detection of BBBD in dogs with naturally occurring epilepsy provides the ground for future studies for evaluation of novel treatment targeting the disrupted BBB. The involvement of the piriform lobe seen using our linear DCE‐MRI protocol and algorithm emphasizes the possibility of using dogs as a translational model for the human disease.
New fatigue device for testing cables: Design and results
Authors: Erena Diego , Vázquez Valeo Jesus , Navarro Carlos , Domínguez Jaime
Published: April 2019

The fracture of cables is often caused by fatigue phenomena. To analyse the fatigue behaviour of these elements, a device has been designed, manufactured, and validated. This machine can produce different load states for the specimens, combining variable axial loads and variable bending moments. The testing machine has been designed to achieve two goals: to avoid the fracture of the cable in the vicinity of the clamps and to assure that the fracture of the cable is in the middle of the length of the specimen. The type of failure will be due to a combination of global stresses and fretting fatigue phenomena. This work also shows the results of different fatigue tests for a specific strand configuration. Finally, the fracture and contact surfaces of the strand have been analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained with this device show that it is adequate for testing cables and strands subjected to different combinations of axial loads and bending moments.
Amphibian functional diversity is related to high annual precipitation and low precipitation seasonality in the New World
Authors: Ochoa‐Ochoa Leticia Margarita , Mejía‐Domínguez Nancy R. , Velasco Julian A. , Marske Katharine Ann , Rahbek Carsten
Published: April 2019

Aim

We examined the geographical distribution of functional diversity for American amphibians and tested the relationship between functional diversity and environment. We also explored how the functional evenness of life‐history traits varies across biogeographical regions.

Location

Continental Americas.

Methods

We performed a trait classification based on an Eltonian approach and calculated functional diversity using Hill numbers, Shannon and Gini–Simpson indices. We tested the relationship between functional diversity and different axes of environmental variation by using a series of spatial autoregressive (SAR) models.

Results

Based on 212 different functional attributes for 2,776 species, we found that functional diversity has a latitudinal gradient consistent with that of species richness, regardless of the diversity index used. Evenness of functional diversity of amphibian assemblages varies depending on the region, but in general they are close to the maximum possible value. Areas with more functional richness relative to species richness are associated with high annual precipitation and low precipitation seasonality regardless of temperature; in contrast, areas with fewer functions than expected are associated with high aridity.

Main conclusions

The highest functional diversity is located in mountainous regions. Overall, functional diversity is positively correlated with humid environments with low precipitation seasonality and low aridity regardless of temperature. This is especially relevant for amphibians facing contemporary climate change because it suggests that future variation in rainfall patterns, but not in annual mean temperature, might interact with functional diversity to pose an imminent threat to amphibian functional diversity.
Development of an Anticholinergic Burden Scale specific for Korean older adults
Authors: Jun Kwanghee , Hwang Sunghee , Ah Young‐Mi , Suh Yewon , Lee Ju‐Yeun
Published: April 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to develop the Korean Anticholinergic Burden Scale through assessment of previously developed tools, a literature review and a modified Delphi process.

Methods

We carried out a systematic review to identify previously published anticholinergic burden tools. A composite medication list was made by extracting medications and their quantitative grading from the existing tools, after excluding the medications not distributed in Korea and topical agents. We also added medications available in Korea that had not been rated. For medications with conflicting anticholinergic scores or no anticholinergic score, we determined the final score from 0 (“no anticholinergic effect”) to 3 (“strong anticholinergic effect”) with a literature review and expert consensus through a two‐round Delphi process.

Results

A composite list of 655 medications with anticholinergic scores was extracted from 10 existing tools. A total of 38 medications available in Korea were added to the list. A total of 494 medications were deemed suitable for a Korean‐specific scale. We confirmed the anticholinergic scores of 352 medications from existing scales, and 142 underwent the Delphi process. The final scores graded by experts showed high reliability among experts with an intra‐class correlation of 0.98 (95% confidence interval 0.97–0.98). Finally, 56 medications were categorized as strong anticholinergics, 23 as moderate, 59 as weak and 356 as having no anticholinergic activity.

Conclusions

This newly created consensus‐driven anticholinergic burden scale designed specifically for the Korean healthcare system might be a practical tool for assessing anticholinergic burden in older adults with polypharmacy in routine medication reviews and in research. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 628–634.
Effective retirement age from employment and full‐time employment, and the impact of the 2008 crisis
Authors: Latulippe Denis , Fontaine Florence
Published: April 2019

Estimates of effective retirement age based on labour force participation rates are commonly used for actuarial experience review and policy development. However, the transition from work to retirement and the socio‐economic environment have evolved over the years, influenced by a growing role for gradual retirement and the labour market impact of the 2008 economic crisis. Rather than focusing exclusively on retirement ages based on labour force participation rates, this article presents complementary estimates of retirement ages to better assess the effective retirement age from employment. It also introduces the concept of retirement from full‐time employment, showing that the retirement age from full‐time employment is systematically lower than the retirement age from employment. The results reveal that the trend towards an increase in the retirement age has been impacted by economic conditions when considering the effective employment of older workers. Results are presented for different Member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development over the period 2005–2015.
Screening for intellectual disabilities and borderline intelligence in Dutch outpatients with severe mental illness
Authors: Seelen‐de Lang Birgit L. , Smits Hedwig J. H. , Penterman Berry J. M. , Noorthoorn Eric O. , Nieuwenhuis Jeanet G. , Nijman Henk L. I.
Published: April 2019

Background

The reliability and validity of the Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disabilities (SCIL) are unknown in a population of outpatients with severe mental illness. The prevalence of mild or borderline intellectual disabilities (MBID); an umbrella term for people with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) and mild intellectual disability (MID) in this population is also unknown.

Methods

A total of 625 patients were screened with the SCIL, 201 of which also had IQ test results.

Results

Cronbach’s alpha of the SCIL was 0.73. The AUC value for detecting MBID was 0.81, and also 0.81 for detecting MID, with percentages of correctly classified subjects (when using the advised cut‐off scores) being 73% and 79%, respectively. The SCIL results suggested that 40% of the patients were suspected of MBID and 20% of MID.

Conclusion

The SCIL seems to be an appropriate screening tool for MBID. It is important to screen for MBID because a substantial proportion of outpatients with severe mental illness appear to be functioning at this level. It is necessary to adapt treatment for these patients.
Teaching early reading skills to children with severe intellectual disabilities using Headsprout Early Reading
Authors: Herring Emma , Grindle Corinna , Kovshoff Hanna
Published: April 2019

Background

Beginning reading skills are often taught using phonics. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of phonics with typically developing students, but less research has evaluated this method with students with intellectual disabilities.

Method

This paper evaluated the computerized phonics‐based intervention Headsprout Early Reading® with eight students aged 7–19 years with severe intellectual disability. Six children were verbal, two were non‐verbal. Four students completed Headsprout as it was designed for typically developing children, and four students accessed two adapted version of the intervention. Additional table‐top teaching was used to support the intervention for some participants.

Results

Verbal students improved in initial sound fluency, nonsense word reading, and word recognition, but did not show improvements in phonemic segmentation, regardless of whether or not they accessed the original or adapted intervention.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that Headsprout Early Reading can be used to support the development of reading skills for students with intellectual disability.
Is it possible to use interpretative phenomenological analysis in research with people who have intellectual disabilities?
Authors: Rose John , Malik Kulsoom , Hirata Edward , Roughan Harry , Aston Kirsty , Larkin Michael
Published: April 2019

Background

This paper examines the appropriateness of using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) in research with people who have intellectual disabilities, focussing on quality.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search to identify published studies. We assessed the quality of the studies using a bespoke framework, adapted from previous reviews, and articles on indicators of “good” IPA work.

Results

Twenty‐eight papers were reviewed. The studies were of varying quality: 6 (22%) papers were rated as “good” quality; 16 (57%) were “acceptable”, and 6 (21%) were “poor.” This ratio was comparable to that found in assessments of IPA papers in other domains, suggesting that issues of quality reflect researcher competence, rather than challenges with the population.

Conclusions

IPA can be an appropriate methodology to use with people with intellectual disabilities. We encourage researchers to develop more detailed analyses, to provide more transparency about their sampling strategies, and more detail of the characteristics of their samples.
Bromide alleviates fatty acid‐induced lipid accumulation in mouse primary hepatocytes through the activation of PPARα signals
Authors: Shi Yujie , Zhang Wenxiang , Cheng Yinlong , Liu Chang , Chen Siyu
Published: April 2019

Increased plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) and liver triglyceride (TG) accumulations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis. On the other hand, trace elements function as essential cofactors that are involved in various biochemical processes in mammals, including metabolic homeostasis. Notably, clinical and animal studies suggest that the plasma levels of bromide negatively correlate with those of TG, total cholesterol (TC) and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C). However, the effect of bromide on lipid accumulation and the direct molecular target responsible for its action remains unknown. Oil red O (ORO) and Nile red staining were used to detect the effect of bromide on lipid accumulation in mouse primary hepatocytes (PHs) treated with different doses of sodium bromide (NaBr) in the presence of FFAs (0.4 mM oleate/palmitic acid 1:1). Spectrophotometric and fluorometric analyses were performed to assess cellular TG concentrations and rates of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), respectively, in mouse PHs. We found that bromide decreased FFA‐induced lipid accumulation and increased FFA‐inhibited oxygen consumptions in mouse PHs in a dose‐dependent manner via activation of PPARα. Mechanical studies demonstrated that bromide decreased the phosphorylation levels of JNK. More importantly, the PPARα‐specific inhibitor GW6471 partially abolished the beneficial effects of bromide on mouse PHs. Bromide alleviates FFA‐induced excessive lipid storage and increases rates of FAO through the activation of PPARα/JNK signals in mouse PHs. Therefore, bromide may serve as a novel drug in the treatment of hepatic steatosis.
MICAL‐L2 potentiates Cdc42‐dependent EGFR stability and promotes gastric cancer cell migration
Authors: Min Pengxiang , Zhao Shuo , Liu Lei , Zhang Yujie , Ma Yadong , Zhao Xuyang , Wang Yueyuan , Song Yixuan , Zhu Chenchen , Jiang Haonan , Gu Luo , Du Jun
Published: April 2019

Enhanced migration potential is a common characteristic of cancer cells induced by mechanisms that are incompletely defined. The present study was designed to investigate relationship of a new discovered cytoskeleton regulator MICAL‐L2 and the endogenous epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathways in gastric cancer cell migration. Increased expression of MICAL‐L2 in gastric cancer cells up‐regulated EGFR protein level, accompanied by the increase of cell migration, whereas silencing MICAL‐L2 down‐regulated EGFR and inhibited cell migration. Expression of MICAL‐L2 was also shown positively correlated with the activation of HSP27/cytoskeleton and HSP27/β‐catenin signalling pathways that provide key mechanisms controlling cell migration. The up‐regulating effect of MICAL‐L2 on EGFR is mediated through a transcription‐independent mechanism that involves inhibiting EGFR protein degradation in lysosome. Further analysis indicated that Cdc42 activation contributed in maintaining the effect of MICAL‐L2 on EGFR stability. Furthermore analysis of clinic specimens revealed increased expression of MICAL‐L2 in carcinoma tissues and a positive correlation between MICAL‐L2 and EGFR expression levels. The above results indicate that MICAL‐L2 potentiates gastric cell migration via inhibiting EGFR degradation in lysosome via a Cdc42‐dependent manner that leads to the activation of EGFR/HSP27 signalling pathways.
Associations between nutritional energy delivery, bioimpedance spectroscopy and functional outcomes in survivors of critical illness
Authors: Fetterplace K. , Beach L. J. , MacIsaac C. , Presneill J. , Edbrooke L. , Parry S. M. , Rechnitzer T. , Curtis R. , Berney S. , Deane A. M. , Denehy L.
Published: April 2019

Background

Patients who survive critical illness frequently develop muscle weakness that can impact on quality of life; nutrition is potentially a modifiable risk factor. The present study aimed to explore the associations between cumulative energy deficits (using indirect calorimetry and estimated requirements), nutritional and functional outcomes.

Methods

A prospective single‐centre observational study of 60 intensive care unit (ICU) patients, who were mechanically ventilated for at least 48 h, was conducted. Cumulative energy deficit was determined from artificial nutrition delivery compared to targets. Measurements included: (i) at recruitment and ICU discharge, weight, fat‐free mass (bioimpedance spectroscopy) and malnutrition (Subjective Global Assessment score B/C); (ii) at awakening and ICU discharge, physical function (Physical Function in Intensive Care Test‐scored) and muscle strength (Medical Research Council sum‐score (MRC‐SS). ICU‐acquired weakness was defined as a MRC‐SS score of less than 48/60.

Results

The median (interquartile range) cumulative energy deficit compared to the estimated targets up to ICU day 12 was 3648 (2514–5650) kcal. Adjusting for body mass index, age and severity of illness, cumulative energy deficit (per 1000 kcal) was independently associated with greater odds of ICU‐acquired weakness [odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–3.3, P = 0.001] and malnutrition (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1–3.2, P = 0.02). In similar multivariable linear models, cumulative energy deficit was associated with reductions in fat‐free mass (−1.3 kg; 95% CI = −2.4 to −0.2, P = 0.02) and physical function scores (−0.6 points; 95% CI = −0.9 to −0.3, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Cumulative energy deficit from artificial nutrition support was associated with reduced functional outcomes and greater loss of fat‐free mass in ventilated ICU patients.
Detection of antibodies against Icoaraci, Ilhéus, and Saint Louis Encephalitis arboviruses during yellow fever monitoring surveillance in non‐human primates (Alouatta caraya) in southern Brazil
Authors: Almeida Marco Antonio Barreto de , Santos Edmilson dos , Cardoso Jáder da Cruz , Noll Carlos Alberto , Lima Marcelo de Moura , Silva Franko de Arruda e , Ferreira Milene Silveira , Martins Lívia Carício , Vasconcelos Pedro Fernando da Costa , Bicca‐Marques Júlio César
Published: April 2019

Background

Free‐ranging non‐human primates (NHPs) can host a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, such as arboviruses, which include the yellow fever virus (YFV). This study aimed to detect the circulation of YF and other arboviruses in three wildAlouatta carayapopulations in forests in southern Brazil.

Methods

We collected 40 blood and serum samples from 26 monkeys captured/recaptured up to four times from 2014 to 2016, searching for evidence of arboviruses by virus isolation, PCR, and neutralization tests.

Results

Viral isolation and genome detection were negative; however, we detected neutralizing antibodies against the Saint Louis, Ilhéus, and Icoaraci viruses in three NHPs.

Conclusions

Saint Louis Encephalitis, Ilhéus, and Icoaraci viruses circulated recently in the region. Future studies should investigate the role of NHPs, other vertebrate hosts and wild vectors in the region's arbovirus circulation and the potential risks of the arboviruses to wildlife, domestic animals, and humans.
Cervical cytology use in Portugal: Results from the National Health Survey 2014
Authors: Rukhadze Londa , Lunet Nuno , Peleteiro Bárbara
Published: April 2019

Aim

Given the disparities across regional cervical cancer screening programs implemented in Portugal, understanding the patterns of cervical cytology use is essential to improve cervical cancer control. We aimed to describe the use of cervical cytology and identify factors associated with its non‐ and underuse.

Methods

A total of 5884 women aged 25–64 years were evaluated as part of the National Health Survey 2014. Previous use of cervical cytology was classified as never or ever, and ever‐users having undergone the latest testing more than 5 years before were considered under‐users. We computed age‐ and education‐adjusted prevalence ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for non‐ and underuse.

Results

Overall, 13.2 and 12.0% of women reported nonuse and underuse of cervical cytology, respectively. The Norte region presented the lowest prevalence of nonuse and R.A. Açores the highest. Low socioeconomic status and unhealthy lifestyles were significantly associated with low cervical cytology use, whereas greater use was observed in those having more recent contact with health services.

Conclusions

Cervical cytology use was shown to differ according to sociodemographic characteristics and access to/use of healthcare services. Large regional variations persist in Portugal despite organized screening programs that cover most of the country.
Adherence to surgical antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines in children: A cohort study
Authors: Mohamed Rizvi Zafar , Palasanthiran Pamela , Wu Camille , Mostaghim Mona , McMullan Brendan
Published: April 2019

Aims

Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) is an important measure to reduce post‐operative infections. Guidelines exist, but their efficacy and performance in children is poorly understood compared with adults. To review adherence to SAP guidelines, this study assesses risk factors for non‐adherence and rate of early post‐surgical infections.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of paediatric surgical cases (0–<18 years) at a tertiary children's hospital was performed. Patient characteristics, surgical factors and antimicrobial details were evaluated against hospital guidelines for overall adherence and domains of: antimicrobial choice, dose, re‐dosing, timing and duration. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for non‐adherence. Hospital records were reviewed for post‐operative infections at 7 and 30 days.

Results

Among 326 cases, overall guideline adherence was 39.6% but varied by domain and surgical subspecialty. Incorrect wound classification was associated with overall non‐adherence on multivariate regression (odds ratio (OR): 2.59; P < 0.001). Incorrect antimicrobial choice was more likely in children with penicillin hypersensitivity (OR 138.34, P = 0.004) and incorrect dosing more likely in adolescent patients (OR 4.33; P = 0.004). Presence of invasive devices was associated with prolonged duration of antimicrobials (OR 2.92, P = 0.016). Only two post‐operative infections were documented by 30 days, but data were insufficient to exclude mild infections managed in the community.

Conclusions

SAP was suboptimal in children, with areas for improvement including better guidance on wound classification, allergy management and care for adolescent patients. Documented infections were rare, but mild infections were unable to be excluded due to limited post‐discharge information.
Protein/lipid ratio for the growth of juvenile clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris
Authors: Díaz‐Jiménez Lorenzo , Hernández‐Vergara Martha P. , Pérez‐Rostro Carlos I.
Published: April 2019

The protein and lipid requirement for the growth of juvenile clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment (E1), eight diets with four different protein levels (370, 410, 440, and 460 g/kg) and two lipid levels (80 and 100 g/kg) were evaluated during 105 days with 10 clownfish (considering each individual as a replicate). In the second experiment (E2), three isoproteic diets (430 g/kg) with three lipid levels (100, 110, and 120 g/kg) and 10 pairs of clownfish (considering a pair as a replicate) were evaluated for 100 days. A commercial diet was used as the control. The efficiency of the diets was evaluated in relation to the survival and growth. The average survival of fish during E1 was 100% and during E2 was 97%. Through E1, the weight gain (mg) obtained with the control diet and the diets with high protein content were similar, while the diets with protein/lipid ratios of 370/80, 370/100, and 410/80 exhibited significantly lower results. In contrast, during E2, the control and 430/100 diets promoted greater weight gain. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that the requirement of protein/lipids for juvenile clownfish is 430/100.
Receiving No Perfection from Another: Francis Turretin on Divine Simplicity
Authors: Duby Steven J.
Published: April 2019

This essay focuses on the articulation of the doctrine of divine simplicity found in the work of Francis Turretin. Appropriating and developing catholic theology proper, Turretin’s account provides a suitable window into the early Reformed reception of divine simplicity. The essay sets out Turretin’s account of divine simplicity by first locating it within his understanding of the task of theology proper. Understanding his approach to theology proper will involve considering his estimation of the object and genus of theology. Next, given that the doctrine of divine simplicity involves a number of philosophical terms and arguments, we will consider his understanding of the relationship between theology and philosophy, including the “ministerial” role of reason in formulating Christian doctrine. The argument will then move on to examine directly his description of divine simplicity as a divine attribute or “property.” This will involve examining Turretin’s discussion of matters like the nature of composition, the positive reasons for upholding divine simplicity, and the bearing of divine simplicity on our view of the divine attributes. The final section will note some ways in which Turretin applies and clarifies the doctrine of God’s simplicity through his engagement with other doctrinal loci, including the Trinity, the divine decree, creation, and the incarnation.
Latitudinal diversity of biting midge species within the Obsoletus group across three habitats in Europe
Authors: Möhlmann T. W. R. , Bekendam A. M. , van Kemenade I. , Wennergren U. , Favia G. , Takken W. , Koenraadt C. J. M.
Published: April 2019

Culicoides species from the Obsoletus group are important vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus. This group consists of several species that cannot easily be identified using morphological characteristics. Therefore, limited information is available about their distribution and habitat preferences. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the species composition of the Obsoletus group in three habitat types at climatically different latitudes across Europe. Traps were placed in three habitat types in three countries at different latitudes. After DNA extraction, biting midges were identified using PCR and gel electrophoresis. Extraction of DNA using Chelex proved to be a cost and time efficient method for species identification. A latitudinal effect on the relative abundance of species from the Obsoletus group was found. Species composition was unique for most country‐habitat combinations. The majority of biting midges were either C. obsoletus s.s. or C. scoticus, and both species were found at all latitudes and habitats. Their wide distribution and their high abundance at livestock farms make these species likely candidates for rapid farm‐to‐farm transmission of pathogens throughout Europe. Our results emphasize the need to differentiate Obsoletus group species to better understand their ecology and contribution to pathogen transmission.
An accountability evaluation for the International Food & Beverage Alliance's Global Policy on Marketing Communications to Children to reduce obesity: A narrative review to inform policy
Authors: Kraak Vivica I. , Rincón‐Gallardo Patiño Sofia , Sacks Gary
Published: April 2019

United Nations (UN) organizations have urged governments to restrict the marketing of unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage products to children. This study conducted an accountability evaluation for the International Food & Beverage Alliance's (IFBA's) Global Policy on Marketing Communications to Children (Global Policy) compared with UN and other best‐practice recommendations. We used the National Academy of Medicine's LEAD (ie, locate, evaluate, assemble evidence to inform decisions) framework to identify evidence (January 2004 to October 2018). We assigned a progress score (ie, none, limited, some, extensive) for five accountability steps. No progress was made to appoint an empowered body to evaluate IFBA's Global Policy. IFBA and the Access to Nutrition Foundation made some progress to take and share the account. Diverse actors made no progress to hold IFBA to account for nonadherence or to strengthen accountability structures for future compliance. IFBA could strengthen its Global Policy to align with best practices. UN organizations and other stakeholders should encourage IFBA firms to restrict the marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to reduce children's obesity risk. This evaluation is relevant to all firms and industry associations that market products to children that undermine their diet and health.
Membrane proteomic analysis reveals overlapping and independent functions of Streptococcus mutans Ffh, YidC1, and YidC2
Authors: Mishra Surabhi , Crowley Paula J. , Wright Katherine R. , Palmer Sara R. , Walker Alejandro R. , Datta Susmita , Brady L. Jeannine
Published: April 2019

A comparative proteomic analysis was utilized to evaluate similarities and differences in membrane samples derived from the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans, including the wild‐type strain and four mutants devoid of protein translocation machinery components, specifically ∆ffh, ∆yidC1, ∆yidC2, or ∆ffh/yidC1. The purpose of this work was to determine the extent to which the encoded proteins operate individually or in concert with one another and to identify the potential substrates of the respective pathways. Ffh is the principal protein component of the signal recognition particle (SRP), while yidC1 and yidC2 are dual paralogs encoding members of the YidC/Oxa/Alb family of membrane‐localized chaperone insertases. Our results suggest that the co‐translational SRP pathway works in concert with either YidC1 or YidC2 specifically, or with no preference for paralog, in the insertion of most membrane‐localized substrates. A few instances were identified in which the SRP pathway alone, or one of the YidCs alone, appeared to be most relevant. These data shed light on underlying reasons for differing phenotypic consequences of ffh, yidC1 or yidC2 deletion. Our data further suggest that many membrane proteins present in a ∆yidC2 background may be non‐functional, that ∆yidC1 is better able to adapt physiologically to the loss of this paralog, that shared phenotypic properties of ∆ffh and ∆yidC2 mutants can stem from impacts on different proteins, and that independent binding to ribosomal proteins is not a primary functional activity of YidC2. Lastly, genomic mutations accumulate in a ∆yidC2 background coincident with phenotypic reversion, including an apparent W138R suppressor mutation within yidC1.