bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Representatives of Traditional Folk Instruments (Saz): in The Representation of Sipsili, Uyguncaklı Düdük, Delbek and Bağlama
Authors: Çınar Sevilay
Published: April 2013

Folk instruments, which play an important role in the production and transferof music, are cultural products that sometimes give voice to non-expressible feelings,save time for remembering the lyrics, increase the joy by adding to the sound, andsometimes maintain the rituals and serves as a means of communication. Thematerials they are made from, their shape and sound, they bear the traces of societyand they are also the most important indicator of character of music. As ancient ashumanity in terms of existence, they are the proof of cultural values of humanity withtheir rich variety. Besides the variety of our traditional folk instruments that take onthe primary task in continuation of musical tradition, they have representatives too.Such representatives sometimes take the name of the traditional art which theyproduce and sometimes they are called by the name of the folk instrument they play;they show themselves by various names and qualities such as minstrel, bard,tambourine (tef/def) player, tabor (deblek/delbek) player, reed (sipsili) player,uyguncak playerThe representatives, who contribute to the creation and maintenance oftraditional music in company with the traditional folk instruments, represent theirinstruments by remaining loyal to their cultural identities as well as their social roles.The places where they produce music with such traditional instruments rangesdepending on mentioned indicative elements in indoor-outdoor verbal culturalenvironments such as village wedding, henna night, farewell ceremonies for soldiers,city/town festivals, culture houses, places of worship, high pastures, nomad campingsites, etc. In this point, when we look at the adventure of our traditional folkinstruments, we see that women take over the role of representative and even thoughthey create special expression styles in terms of music and lyrics during thisadventure, they do not have a room for themselves under such roof.In this context, considering the fact that although female representatives oftraditional folk instruments have moved to big cities or their local characteristicshave somehow changed even though they continue living in their hometowns, theyare a part of this tradition with their current characteristics and productions styles; wewant to keep such musical soul alive, which has existed in all periods and willcontinue to exist, to make artistic identities of female representatives visible and toaccompany to their existence stories. Date obtained via field records have beenanalyzed within the contexts of expression styles of female representatives oftraditional folk music in the 21stcentury, their playing techniques, creation process oftheir musical products, transfer methods, the function of music in the lives of suchfemale representatives and reflection of their female identities into music
Türkiye’de Müzik Öğretmeni Yetiştirme Sürecinde Piyano Eğitiminde Karşılaşılan Sorunlar
Authors: Jelen Birsen
Published: April 2013

Bu araştırma, müzik öğretmeni yetiştirmede piyano eğitiminin kalitesini yükseltmek ve daha etkili müzik öğretmenleri yetiştirmek adına müzik öğretmeni yetiştirmede piyano eğitimi sürecinde yaşanabilecek sorunların çok yönlü olarak ele alınarak ortaya konması, incelenmesi ve bu sorunlara çözüm önerilerinin sunulması amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Araştırma grubu 2011-2012 eğitim- öğretim yılında Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Güzel Sanatlar Bölümü Müzik Eğitimi Anabilim Dalında bireysel piyano eğitimi veren 10 öğretim elemanından oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri likert tipi 28 anket sorusundan ve açık uçlu altı sorudan oluşan görüşme formuyla toplanmıştır. Nicel ve nitel bir alan araştırması olan bu çalışmanın verilerinin toplanmasında, kaynak tarama yöntemi, anket ve görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Veriler bilgisayar ortamına aktarılmış ve veri çözümlemesinde IBM SPSS 20.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada öğretim elemanlarının görüşlerinden elde edilen sonuçlar frekans tabloları ve yüzde dağılımları verilerek betimsel açıdan incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın nitel boyutunda ise nitel araştırma yöntemi olan içerik analizi yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında müzik öğretmeni yetiştirirken piyano eğitimi sürecinde yaşanan sorunlar ortaya konmuş ve bu sorunlarla ilgili öneriler sunulmuştur
A Fundamental Review of the CHR Right to Examine Witnesses in Criminal Cases
Authors: de Wilde Bas
Published: April 2013

The European Court of Human Rights recently changed its position on the right to examine witnesses. This right was diminished in two ways. First, in the Al-Khawaja and Tahery judgment, the court abandoned the rule that it must be possible at all times to question a decisive witness and so created the possibility to test the reliability of a decisive witness statement in other ways. Secondly, the European Court of Human Rights' decision in Ellis, Simms and Martin opened the possibility to base a conviction solely, or to a decisive extent, on anonymous witness statements, which was previously not allowed. As a result, anonymous witness statements can now play a far larger part in the ruling on the evidence than previously possible.
The Digital MIQE Guidelines: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Digital PCR Experiments
Authors: Huggett Jim F , Foy Carole A , Benes Vladimir , Emslie Kerry , Garson Jeremy A , Haynes Ross , Hellemans Jan , Kubista Mikael , Mueller Reinhold D , Nolan Tania , Pfaffl Michael W , Shipley Gregory L , Vandesompele Jo , Wittwer Carl T , Bustin Stephen A
Published: April 2013

There is growing interest in digital PCR (dPCR) because technological progress makes it a practical and increasingly affordable technology. dPCR allows the precise quantification of nucleic acids, facilitating the measurement of small percentage differences and quantification of rare variants. dPCR may also be more reproducible and less susceptible to inhibition than quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Consequently, dPCR has the potential to have a substantial impact on research as well as diagnostic applications. However, as with qPCR, the ability to perform robust meaningful experiments requires careful design and adequate controls. To assist independent evaluation of experimental data, comprehensive disclosure of all relevant experimental details is required. To facilitate this process we present the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Digital PCR Experiments guidelines. This report addresses known requirements for dPCR that have already been identified during this early stage of its development and commercial implementation. Adoption of these guidelines by the scientific community will help to standardize experimental protocols, maximize efficient utilization of resources, and enhance the impact of this promising new technology.
Intensity Invariant Dynamics and Odor-Specific Latencies in Olfactory Receptor Neuron Response
Authors: Martelli Carlotta , Carlson John R. , Emonet Thierry
Published: April 2013

Odors elicit spatiotemporal patterns of activity in the brain. Spatial patterns arise from the specificity of the interaction between odorants and odorant receptors expressed in different olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), but the origin of temporal patterns of activity and their role in odor coding remain unclear. We investigate how physiological aspects of ORN response and physical aspects of odor stimuli give rise to diverse responses inDrosophilaORNs. We show that odor stimuli have intrinsic dynamics that depend on odor type and strongly affect ORN response. Using linear–nonlinear modeling to remove the contribution of the stimulus dynamics from the ORN dynamics, we study the physiological properties of the response to different odorants and concentrations. For several odorants and receptor types, the ORN response dynamics normalized by the peak response are independent of stimulus intensity for a large portion of the dynamic range of the neuron. Adaptation to a background odor changes the gain and dynamic range of the response but does not affect normalized response dynamics. Stimulating ORNs with various odorants reveals significant odor-dependent delays in the ORN response functions. However, these differences can be dominated by differences in stimulus dynamics. In one case the response of one ORN to two odorants is predicted solely from measurements of the odor signals. Within a large portion of their dynamic range, ORNs can capture information about stimulus dynamics independently from intensity while introducing odor-dependent delays. How insects might use odor-specific stimulus dynamics and ORN dynamics in discrimination and navigation tasks remains an open question.
GABA Depolarization Is Required for Experience-Dependent Synapse Unsilencing in Adult-Born Neurons
Authors: Chancey Jessica H. , Adlaf Elena W. , Sapp Matthew C. , Pugh Phyllis C. , Wadiche Jacques I. , Overstreet-Wadiche Linda S.
Published: April 2013

Neural activity enhances adult neurogenesis, enabling experience to influence the construction of new circuits. GABAAreceptor-mediated depolarization of newborn neurons in the adult and developing brain promotes glutamatergic synaptic integration since chronic reduction of GABA depolarization impairs morphological maturation and formation of glutamatergic synapses. Here we demonstrate an acute role of GABA depolarization in glutamatergic synaptic integration. Using proopiomelanocortin enhanced–green fluorescent protein reporter mice, we identify a developmental stage when adult-generated neurons have glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated solely by NMDA receptors (NMDARs), representing the initial silent synapses before AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated functional transmission. We show that pairing synaptic stimulation with postsynaptic depolarization results in synapse unsilencing that requires NMDAR activation. GABA synaptic depolarization enables activation of NMDARs in the absence of AMPAR-mediated transmission and is required for synapse unsilencing induced by synaptic activityin vitroas well as a brief exposure to an enriched environmentin vivo. The rapid appearance of AMPAR-mediated EPSCs and the lack of maturational changes show that GABA depolarization acutely allows NMDAR activation required for initial synapse unsilencing. Together, these results also reveal that adult-generated neurons in a critical period for survival use GABA signaling to rapidly initiate functional glutamate-mediated transmission in response to experience.
Loss of Histone Deacetylase 2 Improves Working Memory and Accelerates Extinction Learning
Authors: Morris Michael J. , Mahgoub Melissa , Na Elisa S. , Pranav Heena , Monteggia Lisa M.
Published: April 2013

Histone acetylation and deacetylation can be dynamically regulated in response to environmental stimuli and play important roles in learning and memory. Pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) improves performance in learning tasks; however, many of these classical agents are “pan-HDAC” inhibitors, and their use makes it difficult to determine the roles of specific HDACs in cognitive function. We took a genetic approach using mice lacking the class I HDACs, HDAC1 or HDAC2, in postmitotic forebrain neurons to investigate the specificity or functional redundancy of these HDACs in learning and synaptic plasticity. We show that selective knock-out ofHdac2led to a robust acceleration of the extinction rate of conditioned fear responses and a conditioned taste aversion as well as enhanced performance in an attentional set-shifting task.Hdac2knock-out had no impact on episodic memory or motor learning, suggesting that the effects are task-dependent, with the predominant impact of HDAC2 inhibition being an enhancement in an animal's ability to rapidly adapt its behavioral strategy as a result of changes in associative contingencies. Our results demonstrate that the loss of HDAC2 improves associative learning, with no effect in nonassociative learning tasks, suggesting a specific role for HDAC2 in particular types of learning. HDAC2 may be an intriguing target for cognitive and psychiatric disorders that are characterized by an inability to inhibit behavioral responsiveness to maladaptive or no longer relevant associations.
The Neuroprotective Drug Riluzole Acts via Small Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+Channels to Ameliorate Defects in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Models
Authors: Dimitriadi Maria , Kye Min Jeong , Kalloo Geetika , Yersak Jill M. , Sahin Mustafa , Hart Anne C.
Published: April 2013

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a recessive neuromuscular disorder, is caused by diminished function of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein. To define the cellular processes pertinent to SMA, parallel genetic screens were undertaken inDrosophilaandCaenorhabditis elegansSMA models to identify modifiers of the SMN loss of function phenotypes. One class of such genetic modifiers was the small conductance, Ca2+-activated K+(SK) channels. SK channels allow efflux of potassium ions when intracellular calcium increases and can be activated by the neuroprotective drug riluzole. The latter is the only drug with proven, albeit modest, efficacy in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It is unclear if riluzole can extend life span or ameliorate symptoms in SMA patients as previous studies were limited and of insufficient power to draw any conclusions. The critical biochemical target of riluzole in motor neuron disease is not known, but the pharmacological targets of riluzole include SK channels. We examine here the impact of riluzole in two different SMA models. In vertebrate neurons, riluzole treatment restored axon outgrowth caused by diminished SMN. Additionally, riluzole ameliorated the neuromuscular defects in aC. elegansSMA model and SK channel function was required for this beneficial effect. We propose that riluzole improves motor neuron function by acting on SK channels and suggest that SK channels may be important therapeutic targets for SMA patients.
Mutant Huntingtin Alters Retrograde Transport of TrkB Receptors in Striatal Dendrites
Authors: Liot Géraldine , Zala Diana , Pla Patrick , Mottet Guillaume , Piel Matthieu , Saudou Frédéric
Published: April 2013

Huntingtin (HTT), the protein mutated in Huntington's disease (HD), controls transport of the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), within corticostriatal neurons. Transport and delivery of BDNF to the striatum are reduced in disease, which contributes to striatal neuron degeneration. BDNF released by cortical neurons activates TrkB receptors at striatal dendrites to promote striatum survival. However, it remains to be determined whether transport of TrkB, the BDNF receptor, depends on HTT and whether such transport is altered in mutant situation. Here we show that TrkB binds to and colocalizes with HTT and dynein. Silencing HTT reduces vesicular transport of TrkB in striatal neurons. In HD, the polyQ expansion in HTT alters the binding of TrkB-containing vesicles to microtubules and reduces transport. Using a combination of microfluidic devices that isolate dendrites from cell bodies and BDNF coupled to quantum dots, we selectively analyzed TrkB retrograde transport in response to BDNF stimulation at dendrite terminals. We show that the retrograde transport of TrkB vesicles within striatal dendrites and the BDNF/TrkB-induced signaling through ERK phosphorylation and c-fos induction are decreased in neurons from an HD mouse model. Together, our findings demonstrate that HTT is a crucial regulator of TrkB trafficking. Transport defects in HD are not restricted to BDNF transport in cortical neurons but also affect trafficking of its ligand-bound receptor in the striatal neurons. This transport alteration may further impair BDNF-TrkB survival signaling within the corticostriatal connection that is most affected in HD.
Anandamide–CB1Receptor Signaling Contributes to Postnatal Ethanol-Induced Neonatal Neurodegeneration, Adult Synaptic, and Memory Deficits
Authors: Subbanna Shivakumar , Shivakumar Madhu , Psychoyos Delphine , Xie Shan , Basavarajappa Balapal S.
Published: April 2013

The transient exposure of immature rodents to ethanol during postnatal day 7 (P7), which is comparable with the third trimester in human pregnancy, induces synaptic dysfunctions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions are still poorly understood. Although the endocannabinoid system has been shown to be an important modulator of ethanol sensitivity in adult mice, its potential role in synaptic dysfunctions in mice exposed to ethanol during early brain development is not examined. In this study, we investigated the potential role of endocannabinoids and the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) in neonatal neurodegeneration and adult synaptic dysfunctions in mice exposed to ethanol at P7. Ethanol treatment at P7, which induces neurodegeneration, increased anandamide (AEA) but not 2-arachidonylglycerol biosynthesis and CB1R protein expression in the hippocampus and cortex, two brain areas that are important for memory formation and storage, respectively. N-Arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine–phospholipase D (NAPE–PLD), glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE1), and CB1R protein expression were enhanced by transcriptional activation of the genes encoding NAPE–PLD, GDE1, and CB1R proteins, respectively. In addition, ethanol inhibited ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation. The blockade of CB1Rs before ethanol treatment at P7 relieved ERK1/2 but not AKT phosphorylation and prevented neurodegeneration. CB1R knock-out mice exhibited no ethanol-induced neurodegeneration and inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The protective effects of CB1R blockade through pharmacological or genetic deletion resulted in normal adult synaptic plasticity and novel object recognition memory in mice exposed to ethanol at P7. The AEA/CB1R/pERK1/2 signaling pathway may be directly responsible for the synaptic and memory deficits associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Top-Down Regulation of Default Mode Activity in Spatial Visual Attention
Authors: Wen Xiaotong , Liu Yijun , Yao Li , Ding Mingzhou
Published: April 2013

Dorsal anterior cingulate and bilateral anterior insula form a task control network (TCN) whose primary function includes initiating and maintaining task-level cognitive set and exerting top-down regulation of sensorimotor processing. The default mode network (DMN), comprising an anatomically distinct set of cortical areas, mediates introspection and self-referential processes. Resting-state data show that TCN and DMN interact. The functional ramifications of their interaction remain elusive. Recording fMRI data from human subjects performing a visual spatial attention task and correlating Granger causal influences with behavioral performance and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity we report three main findings. First, causal influences from TCN to DMN, i.e., TCN → DMN, are positively correlated with behavioral performance. Second, causal influences from DMN to TCN, i.e., DMN → TCN, are negatively correlated with behavioral performance. Third, stronger DMN → TCN are associated with less elevated BOLD activity in TCN, whereas the relationship between TCN → DMN and DMN BOLD activity is unsystematic. These results suggest that, during visual spatial attention, top-down signals from TCN to DMN regulate the activity in DMN to enhance behavioral performance, whereas signals from DMN to TCN, acting possibly as internal noise, interfere with task control, leading to degraded behavioral performance.
Regulation of Spatial Selectivity by Crossover Inhibition
Authors: Cafaro Jon , Rieke Fred
Published: April 2013

Signals throughout the nervous system diverge into parallel excitatory and inhibitory pathways that later converge on downstream neurons to control their spike output. Converging excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs can exhibit a variety of temporal relationships. A common motif is feedforward inhibition, in which an increase (decrease) in excitatory input precedes a corresponding increase (decrease) in inhibitory input. The delay of inhibitory input relative to excitatory input originates from an extra synapse in the circuit shaping inhibitory input. Another common motif is push-pull or “crossover” inhibition, in which increases (decreases) in excitatory input occur together with decreases (increases) in inhibitory input. Primate On midget ganglion cells receive primarily feedforward inhibition and On parasol cells receive primarily crossover inhibition; this difference provides an opportunity to study how each motif shapes the light responses of cell types that play a key role in visual perception. For full-field stimuli, feedforward inhibition abbreviated and attenuated responses of On midget cells, while crossover inhibition, though plentiful, had surprisingly little impact on the responses of On parasol cells. Spatially structured stimuli, however, could cause excitatory and inhibitory inputs to On parasol cells to increase together, adopting a temporal relation very much like that for feedforward inhibition. In this case, inhibitory inputs substantially abbreviated a cell's spike output. Thus inhibitory input shapes the temporal stimulus selectivity of both midget and parasol ganglion cells, but its impact on responses of parasol cells depends strongly on the spatial structure of the light inputs.
Mapping Brain Metabolic Connectivity in Awake Rats with μPET and Optogenetic Stimulation
Authors: Thanos Panayotis K. , Robison Lisa , Nestler Eric J. , Kim Ronald , Michaelides Michael , Lobo Mary-Kay , Volkow Nora D.
Published: April 2013

Positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose was used to measure changes in regional brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in response to optogenetic stimulation (using the excitatory channelrhodopsin-2) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in awake rats. We demonstrated not only increases in BGluM that correlated with c-Fos expression in the region of stimulation, but also BGluM increases in the ipsilateral striatum, periaqueductal gray, and somatosensory cortex, and in contralateral amygdala, ventral pallidum, globus pallidus, and hippocampus, as well as decreases in BGluM in regions of the default mode network (retrosplenial cortex and cingulate gyrus) and secondary motor cortex. Additional exploration of c-Fos expression in regions found to be activated by PET results found corroborating evidence, with increased c-Fos expression in the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex, contralateral amygdala and globus pallidus, and bilateral periaqueductal gray. These findings are consistent with optogenetic excitation of the area of stimulation (NAc), as well as with stimulatory and inhibitory effects on downstream regions. They also confirm the utility of PET imaging to monitor connectivity in the awake rodent brain.
Induction of Thermal Hyperalgesia and Synaptic Long-Term Potentiation in the Spinal Cord Lamina I by TNF-α and IL-1β is Mediated by Glial Cells
Authors: Gruber-Schoffnegger Doris , Drdla-Schutting Ruth , Hönigsperger Christoph , Wunderbaldinger Gabriele , Gassner Matthias , Sandkühler Jürgen
Published: April 2013

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength in nociceptive pathways is a cellular model of hyperalgesia. The emerging literature suggests a role for cytokines released by spinal glial cells for both LTP and hyperalgesia. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. In rat lumbar spinal cord slices, we now demonstrate that conditioning high-frequency stimulation of primary afferents activated spinal microglia within <30 min and spinal astrocytes within ∼2 s. Activation of spinal glia was indispensible for LTP induction at C-fiber synapses with spinal lamina I neurons. The cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which are both released by activated glial cells, were individually sufficient and necessary for LTP induction via redundant pathways. They differentially amplified 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-propanoic acid receptor-mediated andN-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor-mediated synaptic currents in lamina I neurons. Unexpectedly, the synaptic effects by IL-1β and TNF-α were not mediated directly via activation of neuronal cytokine receptors, but rather, indirectly via IL-1 receptors and TNF receptors being expressed on glial cells in superficial spinal dorsal horn. Bath application of IL-1β or TNF-α led to the release profiles of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, which overlapped only partially. Heat hyperalgesia induced by spinal application of either IL-1β or TNF-α in naive animals also required activation of spinal glial cells. These results reveal a novel, decisive role of spinal glial cells for the synaptic effects of IL-1β and TNF-α and for some forms of hyperalgesia.
Sox10 Cooperates with the Mediator Subunit 12 during Terminal Differentiation of Myelinating Glia
Authors: Vogl Michael R. , Reiprich Simone , Küspert Melanie , Kosian Thomas , Schrewe Heinrich , Nave Klaus-Armin , Wegner Michael
Published: April 2013

Several transcription factors are essential for terminal differentiation of myelinating glia, among them the high-mobility-group-domain-containing protein Sox10. To better understand how these factors exert their effects and shape glial expression programs, we identified and characterized a physical and functional link between Sox10 and the Med12 subunit of the Mediator complex that serves as a conserved multiprotein interphase between transcription factors and the general transcription machinery. We found that Sox10 bound with two of its conserved domains to the C-terminal region of Med12 and its close relative, Med12-like. In contrast to Med12-like, substantial amounts of Med12 were detected in both Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. Its conditional glia-specific deletion in mice led to terminal differentiation defects that were highly reminiscent of those obtained afterSox10deletion. In support of a functional cooperation, both proteins were jointly required forKrox20induction and were physically associated with the critical regulatory region of theKrox20gene in myelinating Schwann cells. We conclude that Sox10 functions during terminal differentiation of myelinating glia, at least in part by Med12-dependent recruitment of the Mediator complex.
Correspondence in Perception of the Tritone Paradox and Perfect-Fifth/Perfect-Fourth Intervals
Authors: Ragozzine Frank
Published: April 2013

Shepard (1964) found that the pitch height of a pair of octave-related complex tones is perceived in accordance with the principle of proximity around a pitch class circle. However, when these tones form a tritone interval, proximity cannot be used. In the tritone paradox, Deutsch (1986) found that listeners perceive these tones such that half of the pitch class circle is heard as higher in pitch, and the opposite half as lower, with individual differences in which half is heard as higher. In the present experiments, listeners judged the height of octave-related complexes forming tritones and forming intervals of perfect fifths (P5) and perfect fourths (P4). There was a strong relationship between the pitch classes heard higher in the tritone paradox and those heard higher when presented with P5/P4 intervals. Rather than using proximity to judge pitch height with P5/P4 intervals, listeners instead use the same mechanism involved in perception of the tritone paradox.
Influence of Expressive Versus Mechanical Musical Performance on Short-term Memory for Musical Excerpts
Authors: Tillmann Barbara , Dowling W. Jay , Lalitte Philippe , Molin Paul , Schulze Katrin , Poulin-Charronnat Bénédicte , Schoen Daniele , Bigand Emmanuel
Published: April 2013

Recognition memory for details of musical phrases (discrimination between targets and similar lures) improves for up to 15 s following the presentation of a target, during continuous listening to the ongoing piece. This is attributable to binding of stimulus features during that time interval. The ongoing-listening paradigm is an ecologically valid approach for investigating short-term memory, but previous studies made use of relatively mechanical MIDI-produced stimuli. The present study assessed whether expressive performances would modulate the previously reported finding. Given that expressive performances introduced slight differences between initially presented targets and their target-test items, expressive performance could make the task more difficult overall than did the previously used mechanical renderings. However, results revealed an even stronger improvement for the expressive pieces than for the mechanical pieces. The pattern of results was observed for participants varying in their level of musical experience, though the difference between expressive and mechanical conditions was more pronounced for the less-experienced participants. Overall, our study showed that the memory improvement phenomenon extends to more realistic musical material, which includes expressive timing characteristics of live performance.
Study of Afterglow and Thermoluminescence Properties of Synthetic Opal-C Nanoparticles for In Vivo Dosimetry Applications
Authors: Hernández-Ortiz Marlen , Acosta-Torres Laura S. , Bernal Rodolfo , Cruz-Vázquez Catalina , Castaño Víctor M.
Published: April 2013

Opal particles, with diameter ca. 80 nm, were synthesized by the Stöber method. Samples were exposed to 100 Gy of beta particle irradiation and its thermoluminescence (TL) emission was recorded. TL response presents good reproducibility, standard deviation 1 %. The glow curve displays two TL peaks 86 and 400 °C and the afterglow (AG) phenomenon is observed immediately after irradiation (< 150°C). The synthetic opal-C exhibits a linear dependence of AG response as function of dose from 0.25 to 8 Gy. This dose range is of interest for personal and clinical dosimetry. Moreover, a previous study indicates that cytotoxic and genotoxic effects caused by opal nanoparticles, did not induce unrepairable DNA damage neither a cellular harm. Therefore, our results show synthetic opal-C is a material useful for in vivo radiation dosimetry.
Axial Loads on Implant-Supported Partial Fixed Prostheses for External and Internal Hex Connections and Machined and Plastic Copings: Strain Gauge Analysis
Authors: de Vasconcellos Luis Gustavo Oliveira , Kojima Alberto Noriyuki , Nishioka Renato Sussumu , de Vasconcellos Luana Marotta Reis , Balducci Ivan
Published: April 2013

The aim of this in vitro study was to use strain gauge (SG) analysis to compare the effects of the implant-abutment joint, the coping, and the location of load on strain distribution in the bone around implants supporting 3-unit fixed partial prostheses. Three external hexagon (EH) implants and 3 internal hexagon (IH) implants were inserted into 2 polyurethane blocks. Microunit abutments were screwed onto their respective implant groups. Machined cobalt-chromium copings and plastic copings were screwed onto the abutments, which received standard wax patterns. The wax patterns were cast in a cobalt-chromium alloy (n = 5): group 1 = EH/machined. group 2 = EH/plastic, group 3 = IH/machined, and group 4 = IH/plastic. Four SGs were bonded onto the surface of the block tangentially to the implants. Each metallic structure was screwed onto the abutments and an axial load of 30 kg was applied at 5 predetermined points. The magnitude of microstrain on each SG was recorded in units of microstrain (μɛ). The data were analyzed using 3-factor repeated measures analysis of variance and a Tukey test (α = 0.05). The results showed statistically significant differences for the type of implant-abutment joint, loading point, and interaction at the implant-abutment joint/loading point. The IH connection showed higher microstrain values than the EH connection. It was concluded that the type of coping did not interfere in the magnitude of microstrain, but the implant/abutment joint and axial loading location influenced this magnitude.
Estados de mal epiléptico na síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut: 2 — aspectos eletrencefalográficos
Authors: Lison Michel Pierre , Speciali José Geraldo
Published: April 2013

Foram descritos os achados eletrencefalográficos registrados durante estados de mal epiléptico, convulsivos e não convulsivos em 11 pacientes com síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut. Nossos resultados demonstram a extrema variabilidade dos achados eletrencefalográficos acompanhando, em parte, as diferentes modalidades clínicas dos estados de mal. Registramos aspectos paradoxais: inexistência de ritmos recrutantes ou de dessincronização durante estado de mal tônico e ausência dos elementos rápidos comuns durante os colapsos epilépticos em favor de complexos onda aguda-onda rápida regulares. Outras atipias foram a persistência de anomalias localizadas e assimetrias das descargas críticas. Encontramos em nossos pacientes as diversas formas de estados crônicos de ausência. Ação benzodiazepínica paradoxal limitada ao componente eletrencefalográfico foi obervada num paciente.
Puberdade precoce causada por tumores intracranianos: relato de 4 casos
Authors: Brandt Reynaldo A. , Carvalho Rui R. D.
Published: April 2013

São relatados 4 casos de puberdade precoce conseqüentes a tumores intracranianos: um teratoma adulto do ventrículo lateral, um astrocitoma protoplasmático do terceiro ventrículo e diencéfalo, um astroblastoma do ter- ceiro ventrículo e diencéfalo e um hamartoma hipotalâmico. São apresentadas teorias que tentam explicar os mecanismos hormonais envolvidos e é salientada a importância do diagnóstico neuroradiológico preciso, pela possibilidade de cura em alguns casos e de tratamento satisfatório nos demais.
Doença de Friedreich associada a diabete melito
Authors: Topczewski Abram , Sanvito Wilson L. , Azevedo João Roberto
Published: April 2013

É relatado um caso de doença de Friedreich acompanhado de diabete mélito, associação essa pouco freqüente, sendo feito estudo clínico e laboratorial, bem como revisão da literatura.
Estudos da função tireóidea em crianças com síndrome de Down
Authors: Schmidt Benjamin J. , Carvalho Nelson , Ortega Cláudio C. , Libermam José , Biazzi Jane M. M. , Tapajós Pojucan M. , Krynski Stanislau
Published: April 2013

Os autores estudaram a função tireóidea (T-3, triiodotironina; T-4, tetraiodotironina e captação do I131 pela tireóide com 2 e 24 horas após a ingestão do radioisótopo) em pacientes com síndrome de Down, e compararam os resultados com os obtidos nos seus respectivos irmãos, todos clinicamente normais. Os resultados comparativos não apresentaram diferenças significativas, exceto na captação de 2 horas do I131 pela tireóide (P < 0,01). Os achados sugerem que o estímulo hipotálamo hipofisário ou a resposta da glândula tireóide seria lento (a) mas compensado (a) quando analisados após 24 horas.
Corticosteroides no tratamento da miastenia grave. Estudo de 12 casos com revisão da literatura
Authors: Assis José Lamartine de
Published: April 2013

Foram estudados os resultados do tratamento da miastenia grave em 12 pacientes, sendo 10 com a forma generalizada severa, um com a forma generalizada moderada e um com miastenia acentuada associada a polimiosite. Sete pacientes foram previamente timectomizados e somente um apresentava timoma. Todos estavam em uso de doses elevadas de drogas anticolinesterásicas com resposta terapêutica pobre ou nula. Um paciente foi tratado com dexametaxona, outro com dexametazona seguida de prednisona e os restantes com prednisona, sempre em doses altas inicialmente (100 mg por dia ou em dias alternados) e com redução gradativa ulterior até doses de manutenção. Os corticosteróides foram administrados sempre pela via oral, por períodos que variaram de duas semanas até dois anos e meio. Em conclusão, 75% de 12 pacientes com miastenia grave generalizada foram influenciados favoravelmente com este método terapêutico. Deste grupo apenas um apresentava timoma e não respondeu a qualquer tratamento. Outro paciente apresentava polimiosite associada e teve excelente resposta terapêutica. Dois miastênicos sem timoma tiveram a sintomatologia exacerbada durante o tratamento. Nenhum efeito colateral importante foi observado, mesmo nos pacientes tratados a longo prazo.
Disrafias vertebro-medulares caudais: formas intra-sacras
Authors: Sampaio Pedro M. , Pelizzaro Bruno
Published: April 2013

Os autores abordam a gênese das disrafias vértebro-medulares caudais, e se atêm aos divertículos meníngeos intra-sacros. Encontraram na literatura pertinente, descrição de 24 casos e acrescentaram 4 de sua experiência. A incontinencia urinaria foi sintoma proeminente e o resultado cirúrgico compensador. O diagnóstico foi firmado por mielografia.
Comprometimento de estruturas encefálicas não hipotalâmicas na moléstia de Hand-Schüller-Christian: relato de caso e revisão da literatura
Authors: Lima José Geraldo Camargo , Silva Ademir Baptista da
Published: April 2013

É relatado um caso de moléstia de Hand-Schüller-Christian que, além de elementos da tríade clássica e retração concêntrica do campo visual, apresentava uma síndrome piramidal. A raridade do comprometimento de estruturas encefálicas não hipotalâmicas nessa moléstia é realçada. É enfatizada a ação benéfica da corticoterapia e radioterapia observada no caso.
Granuloma eosinófilo da coluna cervical com manifestação neurológica, liquorica e radiológica atípica
Authors: Reed Umbertina Conti , Bresolin Antonio Umberto , Lefèvre Antonio Branco
Published: April 2013

É relatado um caso de granuloma eosinófilo da coluna cervical em menino branco de 10 anos de idade que apresentava dor cervical na altura de C5-C6, hemiparesia direita que evoluiu ulteriormente para tetraparesia, mista, de tipo motonêuronio inferior para membros superiores e de tipo motonêuronio superior para membros inferiores. O exame do líquido cefalorraquano (LCR) revelou alterações de tipo inflamatório. Radiografias da coluna cervical mostravam apenas aspecto irregular da apófise espinhosa de C6 com rarefação na base. Houve acentuada e rápida melhora do quadro neurológico e normalização do LCR na vigência de córticoterapia e, reagravamento da sintomatologia neurológica bem como das alterações no LCR após supressão da referida medicação. A biópsia do processo espinhoso da sexta vértebra cervical revelou tratar-se de granuloma eosinófilo. A evolução foi excelente após radioterapia local associada a corticosteróides. São discutidas as características do caso e daqueles referidos na literatura.
Composição do liquido cefalorrraqueano do recem-nascido normal: citometria, proteinorraquia e bilirrubinorraquia em 79 casos
Authors: Luz Berta R.
Published: April 2013

Estudo do LCR de recém-nascidos a termo e de parto normal, sem intercorrências perinatais, para verificar o quanto a xantocromia é devida à bilirrubinorraquia. Foi verificado que a bilirrubinorraquia é constante na primeira semana de vida e que sua concentração: não guarda relação com a concentração proteica total do LCR e/ou com os níveis de bilirrubina no soro; não sofre influência do número de hemácias e/ou de leucócitos presente na amostra. Os valores encontrados no LCR quanto ao número de leucócitos e de hemácias e às concentrações de proteínas totais e de bilirrubina são analisados na caracterização do LCR do recém-nascido normal na primeira semana de vida.
5-fluorocitosina e anfotericina-B no tratamento da criptococose do sistema nervoso central
Authors: Nobrega J. P. S. , Livramento J. A. , Spina-França A.
Published: April 2013

Registro de dois casos de criptococose do sistema nervoso central, em um deles associada a candidíase. Em ambos foram utilizados no tratamento anfotericina-B e 5-fluorocitosina. Em função dos resultados obtidos são feitas considerações quanto à utilidade de cada uma das drogas no tratamento da criptococose, bem como quanto ao uso associado de ambas.
Farmacologia da unidade motora: aspectos de interesse em neurologia
Authors: Sannomiya Paulina , Manreza Luiz Aicides , Zanini Antonio Carlos
Published: April 2013

Os AA fazem revisão sobre a unidade motora em seu aspecto morfológico, fisiológico e farmacológico como base para o estudo e tratamento da miastenia grave e da síndrome miastênica. Estudos eletromiográficos, farmacológicos e eletrofisiológicos, realizados por diversos autores, determinam características especiais que definem a miastenia grave e a síndrome miastênica. Certos sinais e sintomas, comumente observados em casos de envenenamento por elapídeos, são semelhantes aos causados por drogas bloqueadoras neuromusculares.
Ependimoma de cauda equina com metastases à distancia
Authors: Lima Sonia Maria
Published: April 2013

É relatado um caso de ependimoma da cauda equina com metástases fora do sistema nervoso central, em uma criança do sexo feminino, com 1 ano e 4 meses de idade, confirmado mediante exame necroscópico completo. As metástases se localizaram no fígado, nos pulmões e em linfonodos inguinais. Os ependimomas representam o tipo de glioma mais frequente nessa região; entretanto, esses tumores dão metástases muito raramente. Revisando a literatura foram encontrados seis casos.
Estudo histopatológico das lesões causadas pelo veneno de urutu (Bothrops alternatus) em músculo esquelético de camundongos
Authors: Queiroz L. S. , Petta C. A.
Published: April 2013

Veneno bruto de urutu (Bothrops alternatus) dissolvido em solução salina fisiológica foi injetado no músculo tibial anterior direito de camundongos adultos na dose de 80 μg. Os músculos foram examinados em cortes de parafina, corados por Hematoxilina e Eosina. Aos 10 minutos já havia intensa hemorragia difusa no M. tibial anterior, mas apenas raras fibras musculares estavam necróticas. Nas horas seguintes, contudo, observou-se rápido aumento do número de fibras afetadas, sendo que às 24 hs o músculo apresentava-se totalmente necrótico. Vasos sangüíneos intramusculares e nas proximidades do M. tibial anterior mostravam necrose hialina da camada média e por vezes trombose. A fagocitose dos restos celulares ocorreu da periferia para o centro e acompanhou-se de regeneração muscular. Após 1 a 2 meses, em vários animais houve recuperação considerável do músculo, embora com persistência de cicatriz. As fibras regeneradas possuiam núcleos centrais e variavam em diâmetro, estando muitas atróficas. Em outros camundongos a regeneração do M. tibial anterior foi muito precária, tendo este sido substituído por tecido fibroadiposo com apenas raras fibras musculares. Os resultados mostram que, apesar da gravidade das lesões iniciais devidas ao veneno, ocorre regeneração muscular em grau variável de animal para animal. Sugere-se que a má regeneração observada em alguns casos poderia ser devida, ao menos em parte, a dano vascular permanente.
Depressão humoral específica em pacientes crônicos infectados pelo Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Brénière Simone Frédérique , Poch Olivier , Selaes Hugo , Tibayrenc Michel , Lemesre Jean-loup , Antezana Gerardo , Desjeux Philippe
Published: April 2013

Realizamos um estudo comparativo entre o xenodiagnóstico e os testes sorológicos para a doença de Chagas. Cento e cincoenta pacientes de algumas áreas endêmicas foram estudados. Quatro deles pareceram revelar um estado particular com um xenodiagnóstico positivo e uma sorologia negativa, esta realizada com quatro diferentes técnicas clássicas (teste de immunofluorescência, ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, teste de fixação do complemento e teste de immuno-eletroforese). O soro de um dos pacientes que apresentou depressão humoral específica mostra elevada quantidade de antígenos circulantes comprovada pela técnica da immuno-eletroforese. Os Autores sugerem o uso de um teste sorológico para detectar a presença de antígenos circulantes de T. cruzi, além da utilização de testes sorológicos clássicos. Isto permitiria o diagnóstico da doença de Chagas em pacientes com uma baixa (ou mesmo inexistente) produção de anticorpos específicos.
Inquérito intradérmico com histoplasmina e paracoccidioidina em duas regiões do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Zembrzuski Maria Margarete , Bassanesi Maria Cristina , Wagner Luciane C. , Severo Luiz Carlos
Published: April 2013

Entre agosto e outubro de 1992, realizou-se estudo de prevalência de Intradermorreação com histoplasmina e paracoccidioidina nas cidades de Cachoeira do Sul (Vale do Rio Jacuí) e Santo Ângelo (Encosta Ocidental do Planalto), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O teste cutâneo foi aplicado em 193 soldados em Cachoeira do Sul e 161 soldados de Santo Ângelo, ambos grupos com idade entre 17 e 19 anos. Em Cachoeira do Sul a prevalência de testes positivos para o histoplasmina foi de 89% e para a paracoccidioidina foi de 82%. Em Santo Angelo 48% das reações intradérmicas foram positivas para histoplasmina e 39% para paracoccidioidina.
Treatment of T. cruzi infected human platelet concentrates with aminomethyltrimethyl psoralen (AMT) and ultravioleta (UV-A) light: preliminary results
Authors: Moraes-Souza Hélio , Bordin José Orlando , Bardossy Leslie , Blajchman Morris A.
Published: April 2013

The present measures adopted to prevent transfusion-associated Chagas' disease include screening of blood donors. and/or the inactivation of T. cruzi in collected blood using gentian violet (GV) as a trypanocidal agent. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of the combined use of AMT and UV-A in inactirating T. cruzi in infected human platelet cuncentrates. Human platelet concentrates were infected with T. cruzi (2x10/ml) of the Y strain transfered to PL 269 (Fenwal Laboratories) containers and treated with GV (250řg,/ml). and ascorbic acid (1 mg/ml); GV. ascorbic acid and UV-A; GV and UV-A; AMT (40/tG/ml) and ascorbic acid; AMT, ascorbic acid and UV-A; AMT and UV-A; UV-A alone; and untreated (control). All UV-A treated platelet concentrates were exposed to UV-A doses of 24, 92, 184, 276, 368 and 644 kj/m². and the microscopical research of active T. cruzi was performed, using the microhematocrit technique, 1, 6 and 24 hours after each treatment. A high number of active forms of T. cruzi was observed in all condictions, except when GV was used as the trypanocidal agent, providing evidence of the failure of AMT and UV-A in inactivating T cruzi in infected human platelet concentrates.