bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CORE SUBSET ESTABLISHED FOR THE USDA COWPEA [VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.] GERMPLASM COLLECTION
Authors: Gillaspie A.G. , Chambliss O.L. , Fery R.L. , Hall A.E. , Miller J.C. , Morelock T.E.
Published: February 2019

The Vigna Crop Germplasm Committee has established a core subset for the USDA cowpea germplasm collection. The subset consists of 9.3% (700 accessions) of the 7525 accessions currently contained in the collection. The subset was selected on the basis of country of origin, taxonomic characteristics, and known disease and pest resistance characteristics. Theoretically, the lines in the subset represent the genetic diversity present in the entire collection. A listing of the accessions in the subset is available from the Vigna germplasm curator (A.G. Gillaspie). The listing can also be accessed through the USDA's Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
Rooting Oak Cuttings from Gibberellin-treated Stock Plants
Authors: Eshed Yuval , Riov Joseph , Atzmon Nir
Published: February 2019

Rooting of Quercus ithaburensis Deche. cuttings decreased significantly with increasing stock plant age. Gibberellin (GA3) applied as bark treatment on leafless pruned stems of 3-year-old stock plants improved rooting percentage 6- to 7-fold. GA3 application also enhanced bud release and particularly shoot growth, thus increasing the number of cuttings per stock plant.
INTRA-NURSERY SPREAD OF PLANT PATHOGENS: A CASE FOR EXCLUSION AND SANITATION AS DISEASE CONTROL METHODOLOGIES
Authors: Pennucci Annamarie
Published: February 2019

Four novel and five commonly occurring diseases of ornamental nursery stock were evaluated for patterns of dissemination and rapidity of movement within a commercial nursery. Newly acquired but infected nursery stock provided a readily available inoculum source. Dissemination, pathogen movement, and disease development were positively correlated to minimal plant proximities, overhead irrigation, and communal root or soil environments. Water containment and recycling systems allowed movement of waterborne pathogens between plants on the same bench, in the same row, or on contiguous sheets of plastic or landscape fabric. Diseased plants located above uninfected stock or upstream or inside overhead irrigation systems provided a source for rapid aerial spread of conidia. Detached diseased plant parts provided rapid physical movement of pathogens and disease developed despite applications of fungicides. Exclusion of diseased plant materials accompanied by rigorous sanitation offer important means of limiting pathogen movement within the nursery.
EFFECT OF GA3 AND PBA ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF BOUGAINVILLEA
Authors: Wang Yin-tung
Published: February 2019

Bougainvillea cuttings propagated in fall and winter often bloom profusely before putting out adequate shoot growth. These large flowers shade the small leaves, resulting in slow growth. In an attempt to solve this problem, rooted `Juanita Hatten' cuttings were planted in 11.5-cm pots, clipped to 5 cm, and placed under natural short day or a 4-hour night interruption on 7 Dec. Plants were sprayed on 8 Dec. and again on 2 Jan. with 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg GA3/L or a combination of GA3 and PBA at 200 mg·L–1. Data were taken on the uppermost new shoot of each plant. Under long-day conditions, the first inflorescence was produced on the first node of all control plants, whereas plants treated with GA3 at 100 or 200 mg·L–1 produced the first inflorescences on higher nodes. The number of inflorescences on this shoot was unaffected by any treatment. GA3 treatment resulted in longer shoots (6.7–10.2 cm vs. 2.4 cm) and more leaves (13.4–l6.2 vs. 7.5), with greater effects at higher concentrations. These shoots had several inflorescences at the base, followed by many nonflowering nodes and additional flowers near the tip. The GA3 + PBA treatment had no effect on the position of the first inflorescence. However, shoots had twice as many nodes and fewer inflorescences than the controls and were shorter than those treated with GA3 alone. Plants under short day responded similarly to respective treatments under the long-day conditions. Tests will be conducted to determine if stock plants need to be treated in early fall and cuttings collected from the new growth to prevent early flowering.
Chlorophyll and Xanthophyll Changes in Broccoli Florets Stored under Elevated CO2 or Ethylene-containing Atmosphere
Authors: Yamauchi Naoki , Watada Alley E.
Published: February 2019

Chlorophylls and xanthophylls were monitored in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plen.) florets stored in air, air + 10 ppm ethylene, or 10% CO2 + 1% O2 controlled atmosphere (CA) at 15 °C. Chlorophylls a and b, as measured with high-performance liquid chromatography, decreased in florets held in air. The decrease was accelerated by ethylene treatment and suppressed in CA. Chlorophyllide a and pheophorbide a were present in fresh broccoli florets, but the levels decreased significantly in all treatments during storage. The oxidized product of chlorophyll a, 132-hydroxychlorophyll a, did not accumulate. Xanthophylls decreased, but new pigments, suggested to be esterified xanthophylls, formed with yellowing in stored florets. The chlorophyll degradative pathway in broccoli florets was not altered by ethylene or CA and differed from that reported for parsley (Petroselium crisum Nym.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves.
Resistance of Chinese Vitis species to Elsinoë ampelina (de Bary) Shear
Authors: Wang Y. , Liu Y. , He P. , Lamikanra O. , Lu J.
Published: February 2019

Resistance to grape anthracnose [Elsinoë ampelina (de Bary) Shear] was evaluated in 13 known Vitis species and five taxonomically undescribed grapes native to China. One hundred and eight clones of Chinese Vitis species were tested under field conditions between 1990 and 1992. Berry infection did not occur in these species. Leaves displayed strong resistance to anthracnose, although intraspecific variations were observed. There was no relationship between anthracnose resistance and geographical origin of the species. Results from this study indicate that oriental grape species are useful for disease-resistance breeding.
Nitrogen Applications Alter Tissue and Soil N Levels but Not Postharvest Quality of Boston Lettuce Grown on Ohio Muck Soils
Authors: Evans W.B.
Published: February 2019

Unreplicated nitrogen rate demonstrations in 1996 indicated that nitrogen fertilizer rates may reduce storage life and postharvest quality of Boston lettuce grown on Linwood muck. A field trial using three planting dates, four nitrogen rates, and six replications was conducted using Boston lettuce cv. Esmirelda. All nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was broadcast and disked-in prior to planting. The spring planting used greenhouse-grown plugs. The summer and late summer sowings were direct-seeded. Soil and plant tissue tests were taken and correlated with fertilizer N rate and yield. In the spring planting, each plot was harvested at maturity, rather than all at once. Twenty-four trimmed heads were boxed, hydrocooled, and stored in a commercial cold storage room at 0 to 1 °C. The boxes of lettuce were weighed before and after cooling, and every 24 to 48 h thereafter, until all boxes were deemed not salable. Samples were rated for soft rot symptoms after the final weighing. The spring planting was the only one to show significant differences in days to crop maturity among nitrogen rates. No differences in head weight, weight loss during storage, or number of heads with rot symptoms were found in the mid- or late summer crops. Wrapper leaf nitrate levels at harvest increased with applied nitrogen rate. Residual soil nitrate increased with applied nitrogen in the late summer trial.
Effect of Nitrogen Application Rates on the Yield of Head Cabbage, Japanese Eggplant, and Two Distinct Tomato Cultivars in Hawaii
Authors: Valenzuela H.R.
Published: February 2019

Little nutrient calibration data exists for the production of vegetables in the tropics. Replicated experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of several N application rates on the yield of head cabbage, Japanese eggplant, an old open-pollinated determinate tomato cultivar, and of `Merced', a standard commercially grown determinate tomato hybrid. Data collected included soil nutrient analysis prior to experiment initiation, tissue nutrient analysis, nutrient sap analysis for eggplant, canopy dimensions for eggplant and tomato, and marketable yields. Additional data collected in tomato included both laboratory tissue nutrient analysis and NO3 and K+ determinations, through rapid sap analysis kits, collected during three crop growth stages, ripened fruit soluble solid determinations, and NO3 determinations at three soil depths conducted ≈2 weeks after the last harvest. Yields of head cabbage, grown at about 360 m elevation, were not affected by N application rates ranging from 0 to 300 kg N/ha. Eggplant was grown at sea level in a soil rich in organic matter. Eggplant yields from an 8-month harvest period were little affected by N rates ranging from 0 to 300 kg·ha–1, except for a trend toward greater yields with the highest N rates, during the last 4 months. In tomato, the old OP variety was less responsive to N than the newer tomato hybrid. Greatest `Merced' tomato yields were obtained with 100 to 200 kg N/ha in treatments ranging from 0 to 400 kg N/ha. Our data indicate that acceptable yields are obtained with modest N application rates, and that excessive N applications by commercial growers may result in nitrate leaching, and in unnecessary fertilizer application expenses.
Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on Yield and Quality of Carrot
Authors: Abrahamson Ricky L. , Cihacek Larry J. , Lee Chiwon W.
Published: February 2019

The influences of various nitrogen and potassium fertilizer levels on the growth, yield, sugar content, and tissue mineral concentrations of carrot (Daucus carota) were investigated. Nitrogen (0.0, 7.3, 14.7, 22.0, 29.4, 36.7 kg/ha) and potassium (0, 4.6, 9.2, 18.4, 27.5, 36.7 kg/ha) were applied to the sandy loam soil prior to seed planting. Plants were grown without irrigation. The total root yield was the highest (68.2 t/ha) at a nitrogen level of 29.4 kg/ha. Potassium did not affect either the total root yield or the number of marketable roots. Root sugar contents were slightly higher when plants were grown with potassium levels at 18.4 kg/ha or higher as compared to lower K application rates. Root sugar contents were unaffected by nitrogen levels. The relationships between the leaf petiole sap nitrogen and potassium concentrations and the shoot dry mass concentrations of N, K, and other minerals were determined.
Effects of Calcium Fertilizers on Pod Calcium Concentration and Yield of Four Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars
Authors: Quintana J.M. , Harrison H.C. , Palta J.P. , Nienhuis J. , Kmiecik K.
Published: February 2019

Four snap bean cultivars were grown during the summers of 1996 and 1997 in Hancock, Wis. Fertilizer treatments consisted on 80 kg of Ca/ha applied as gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) or calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2], and the control (no calcium applied). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a factorial set of treatments (4 × 3) repeated six times each year. Gypsum was all applied at planting, whereas calcium nitrate was applied weekly starting 1 week prior to flowering for 4 weeks. Yield and calcium concentrations in pods were determined. The statistical analyses showed no significant effect from fertilizer type on pod calcium concentration or yield. A strong cultivar effect was detected for both parameters measured. `Evergreen' (5.47 mg Ca/g dry wt) presented the highest pod calcium concentration and `Labrador' (4.10 mg Ca/g dry wt) the lowest. No significant fertilizer × cultivar interactions were observed. Results for pod calcium concentration remained consistent, even when a significant year effect was found for both parameters. The results suggest that breeding and selection remain the most attainable methods to enhance pod calcium concentration in snap bean.
Effect of Boron and Molybdenum Fertilization on `Spineless Beauty' Zucchini (Cucurbita sp.)
Authors: Pablo Morales-Payan J.
Published: February 2019

The effect of boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo) foliar fertilization on `Spineless Beauty' zucchini (Cucurbita sp.) fruit yield was studied in Nigua, San Cristobal, Dominican Republic. Field trials were conducted in a loamy clay soil containing 0.3 parts per million (ppm) of B and no detectable amounts of Mo (detection limit 0.1 ppm). Zucchini was direct-seeded at a distance of 1 m between rows and 0.5 m within rows. Fertilization (except B and Mo applications) and other production practices were implemented as recommended. A randomized complete-block design with a factorial arrangement (0, 1, 2, and 3 kg B and 0, 0.1, and 0.2 kg Mo/ha) with four replications was utilized. Experimental units consisted of five plants. Fruits were harvested every other day during 20 days, starting 40 days after crop emergence. Yield data was submitted to analysis of variance. Significant B and Mo rate interactions were found. Maximum zucchini yields were achieved when the combination of 1.5 kg B and 0.1 kg Mo/ha was applied. Combinations containing 3 kg B/ha were toxic to zucchini, reducing yields in nearly 20% as compared to untreated plants.
Canola Seed Glucosinolate Content as Affected by Boron Availability Under Water Stress
Authors: Price Andrew J. , Kocourkova Barbara , Charron Craig S. , Graves Charles , Sams Carl E.
Published: February 2019

It is hypothesized that soil boron (B) availability is influenced by water stress and affects canola glucosinolate content. This research was conducted to determine if added B can overcome water stress-induced changes in seed glucosinolate content in canola. The cultivars Cyclone and American A112 were grown in a continuously recirculating hydroponic system with modified Hoagland solutions. The experimental design was a randomized incomplete block. Two B concentrations and one water stress treatment (maintained with polyethylene glycol 8000, PEG) were used: 0.04 mg·L–1 B (not water stressed, without PEG), 0.04 mg·L–1 B (water stressed, with PEG), and 0.60 mg·L–1 B (water stressed, with PEG). Osmotic potential was maintained at –0.1 MPa (with PEG) or 0.05 MPa (without PEG). The 0.04-mg·L–1 B treatment without PEG had significantly lower total glucosinolates than the 0.04-mg·L–1 B treatment with PEG. This indicates that at low available B levels, glucosinolate content is increased by water stress. The 0.04-mg·L–1 B treatment with PEG had significantly higher total glucosinolates than the 0.60 -mg·L–1 B treatment with PEG. Thus, under water stress, the higher available B treatment resulted in lower seed glucosinolate content.
Growth and Branching Responses of Portulaca grandiflora to Foliar Applications of Chemical Growth Regulators
Authors: Banko T.J. , Stefani M.A.
Published: February 2019

During container production of portulaca, growth of long, prostrate, sparsely branched stems makes handling of plants difficult, and reduces their commercial appeal. Growers prefer to minimize shoot elongation while increasing branching to provide a full, compact plant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate growth regulators for promotion of branching and inhibition of stem elongation. Container-grown plants ≈21 cm in diameter were treated with sprays of ProShear (benzylaminopurine) at 62.4, 125, and 250 ppm; Promalin (benzyaminopurine + gibberellins 4+7) at 125, 250, and 500 ppm; Atrimmec (dikegulac) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm; and Florel (ethephon) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm. These treatments were compared with untreated controls in a randomized complete-block design. Main shoot lengths were measured at 16, 31, and 51 days after treatment (DAT). Numbers of new shoot breaks were counted 16 DAT. The growth habit, that is, tendency to grow upright or prostrate, was also evaluated 16 DAT. The most-effective material for retarding primary shoot elongation and for stimulating secondary shoot development was ProShear. At 16 DAT, 250 ppm ProShear reduced shoot elongation by 25% compared to control plants. This treatment also increased the number of secondary shoot breaks by 143%. Promalin increased the number of new shoot breaks, but it also increased the lengths of all shoots. High rates of Florel and Promalin caused shoots to grow predominantly upright rather then prostrate. ProShear, however, caused more prostrate growth as rate increased.
GHSIM Developed in Spreadsheet Quattro Pro Simulates the Interactive Greenhouse
Authors: Hopper Douglas A.
Published: February 2019

A computer model, GHSIM, was formulated in Quattro Pro spreadsheet format. GHSIM was designed having individual pages calculating simulated activities necessary for greenhouse production. Pages were arranged by alphabetical topics starting with the “Area” used in the greenhouse. Time advanced by 1 day for each 10 s of real time. The time advance in the program can be paused to make setting changes interactively. Pest infestation occurred as probabilities accumulated, and the pest population spread through the greenhouse based on proximity and density of pests. Pest control was simulated by a pesticide application capable of partially reducing populations; repeated applications could effectively eliminate a pest. Crop growth was simulated by iterative acccumulation of biomass using Euler integration of daily plant growth. The daily growth increment was calculated using the first derivative of the Richard's Function. Large pest populations negatively impacted the daily growth increment, and pesticide applicaions would remove the inhibition of growth. Additional features proposed include light and temperature effects on the plant growth rate and accumulated biomass.
Effect of Organic and Mineral Mulches on Soil Properties and Growth of Red Maple
Authors: Iles Jeffery K. , Dosmann Michael S.
Published: February 2019

Five mineral mulches (crushed red brick, pea gravel, lava rock, carmel rock, and river rock) and three organic mulches (finely screened pine bark, wood chips, and shredded hardwood bark) were evaluated over 2 years to determine their influence on soil temperature, moisture, and pH, and to quantify their effect on growth of Fairview Flame® red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Mulch treatments (2.3-m2 plots of eight mulches and a non-mulched control) were randomly applied to trees in five blocks. Organic mulches were placed directly on bare ground, while mineral mulches were underlaid with a woven polypropylene fabric. Soil temperature was highest and soil moisture lowest under the mineral mulches and non-mulched control. Soil pH was highest under shredded bark (6.82) and wood chips (6.81), and lowest in the non-mulched control (6.03). Despite such differences in the root-zone environments, there were no significant differences in stem caliper or tree height, but leaf dry mass was greatest for trees treated with mineral mulches.
Release of Mineral Elements and Heavy Metals Restrained in Organic Residues and Their Effects on Physocarpus opulifolius `Nanus' Grown in Containers
Authors: Bouden Mondher , Rioux Jacques-Andre
Published: February 2019

The use of waste in ornamental culture seems to be the best optional method of disposal. However, the amount of available mineral elements in organic residues is not equilibrated with the mineral needs of plants. In this context, this study was performed to evaluate the influence of fresh bio-filters (FBF), composted sewage sludges (CSS), and composted de-inked sludges (CDS) on the mineral composition of substrate water solution. Substrates containing 10% of each organic residues and control substrate (4 peatmoss, 5 composted conifer bark, and 1 fine crushed gravel, by volume) were potted in 5-L containers. An experiment was conducted with Physocarpus opulifolius `Nanus' plants and a soluble fertilizer 20N–20P–20K (400 mg/L of N). Another experiment was carried out without plants and without fertilization. In the two experiments, the four substrates were randomized in a complete block design with six replications. All containers were watered every 2 weeks until leaching (inspired by the pour-through method described by Wright, 1986) and a sample of each leachate was collected for analysis. Growth parameters were statistically analyzed. The content of nutrient elements in the water solution of substrates with plants and with fertilization was higher than their content in the water solution of substrates without plants and without fertilization. However, the content of heavy metals was quite similar with the two fertilization regimes and was below the undesirable limits. Substrates amended with CSS released a higher quantity of P, K, S, and Na than substrates amended with FBF or CDS. Moreover, Physocarpus plants grown in CSS were significantly larger than those plants grown in the control substrate. The results obtained in media containing FBF or CDS were similar to those obtained in the control substrate.
Influence of Initial Seedling Size and Rate of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Growth of Containerized Pecan Trees
Authors: Farace Nolan , Johnson C.E.
Published: February 2019

Pecan seedlings were randomly selected and divided into two lots according to size. Seven rates and three sources of nitrogen based fertilizers were applied four times starting on 6 May, 20 June, 4 July, and 15 Aug. Leachates were taken 3 weeks after each application. The pH range after the first application ranged from 6.0 to 7.0. After the fourth the pH had dropped to a range of 5.0 to 6.0. The TDS ranged from 0 to 6.0 mS after the first application to a 2.1 to 0.5 mS after the last application. Growth rates varied slightly among treatments. The average growth rate among seedlings was only slightly affected by nitrogen fertilize rates. Within 12 weeks the average growth was 1.3 mm. There were only slight differences in growth between the low and high rates of NH4·NO3 fertilizer. The growth rate decreased somewhat in response to increased rates of application of Ca·NO3.
Managing Vegetative Growth of Apples with Prohexadione Calcium can Influence Mid-season Spray Coverage
Authors: Evans J.R. , Balles J.A. , Bennett L.H. , Brinkman B.A. , Harrell A.H. , Choate J.H.
Published: February 2019

Prohexadione calcium (BAS 125W or Apogee™) is a plant growth regulator being developed to control vegetative growth in apples. Prohexadione calcium acts within a plant by blocking the biosynthesis of growth-active gibberellin. The result is decreased cell elongation; thus, reduced shoot length. Applications of prohexadione calcium beginning when the apple trees have 2 to 15 cm of new shoot growth significantly reduce seasonal vegetative growth. Mid-season measurements of air blast spray coverage using water-sensitive cards show that trees previously treated with prohexadione calcium have greater spray coverage within the tree canopy than untreated trees. Hence, more efficient crop protection can be expected in apple trees treated with prohexadione calcium.
Effects of Soil Temperature and Drought on Root–Soil Respiration in Apple under Field Conditions
Authors: Wang Liqin , Eissenstat David M. , Flores-Alva Dora E.
Published: February 2019

Root respiration is very important to root efficiency, root lifespan, and carbon cycling in plant ecosystems. Yet, the effects of soil temperature and moisture on root respiration are poorly understood, especially under field conditions. In this study, we manipulated soil temperature and moisture by six bearing `Red Chief' Delicious/M26 trees near State College, Pa. Soil temperature was elevated 5 °C at 5-cm depth using circulating hot water and stainless steel grids. Soil temperature was monitored using thermocouples and a data logger, and soil moisture was monitored using TDR. Root–soil respiration was determined by static trapping at the soil surface. Heating was conducted from 8 May to 28 Oct. Drought was initiated on 21 Aug. and lasted 2 months. Root–soil respiration was lowest in spring and increased from June to late August. After September, respiration decreased until the experiment ended in November. Root-soil respiration was not correlated with root length density. Heating enhanced root–soil respiration about 15% to 20% in spring (May) and 10% in summer (June–August). After the drought treatment began, heating increased root-soil respiration about 42% in wet soil, but did not influence respiration in dry soil. Heating accentuated the effect of the drought treatment on soil moisture. After 2 months of no irrigation and no rain, soil moisture was reduced 5% in unheated soil and 10% in heated soil. Drought slowed root–soil respiration 17% in unheated soil and 36% in heated soil, mainly because heating increased respiration in wet soil, but compared to the unheated treatment, had no effect in dry soil.
Timing and Duration of the Critical Period in Tomatoes for Sensitivity of Fruit and Seed Production to Heat Stress
Authors: Sato Suguru , Peet Mary , Gardner Randy
Published: February 2019

Peet et al. (HortScience, 1997) reported that the period of greatest sensitivity to heat stress for fruit and seed production in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., line NC8288) was before pollen release. However the exact duration and timing of the sensitive period was not established. For the present study, 2 weeks before opening of the first flower, tomato plants grown at 28/22 °C or 32/26 °C were treated under the opposite temperature treatment for periods of 0, 5, 10, or 15 days. After this time they were returned to the initial temperature treatments constituting an imposition (32/26 °C) or relief (28/22 °C) of heat stress for varying periods before flower opening. All flowers were vibrated at anthesis and pedicels tagged to record date of pollination. Subsequently, tagged flowers (or pedicels, in the case of aborted flowers) were examined to determine if a fruit had set, and if so, whether it contained seeds. For plants initially grown at low temperature, as the pre-anthesis period of exposure to heat stress increased, the amount of seeded fruit produced decreased. For plants initially grown at high temperatures, a pre-anthesis period of relief from heat stress of at least 10 days was required for production of any seeded fruit. Further, for an individual flower, that 10- to 15-day period of low temperatures had to occur during the developmental period starting at least 15 days before flower opening and ending no sooner than 5 days before flower opening.
Methyl Jasmonate Inhibits Postharvest Sprouting of Radishes
Authors: Wang Chien Y.
Published: February 2019

Treatment of topped radishes (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Cherry Belle) with methyl jasmonate was effective in inhibiting postharvest sprouting of new leaves and the growth of roots. Radishes were trimmed to 10-mm tops and dipped in various methyl jasmonate suspensions for 3 min. After storage at 15 °C for 7 days, the growths of new leaves were 26, 22, 7, 3, and 1 mm in 0, 10–5, 10–4, 10–3, or 2 × 10–3 M methyl jasmonate-treated radishes, respectively. The lengths of root growth were also reduced by methyl jasmonate particularly at higher concentrations. These treatments also substantially reduced weight loss possibly as a secondary effect. Fumigation with methyl jasmonate vapor in enclosed containers was also effective in inhibiting the sprouting of leaves and root growth, but to a lesser extent than dipping treatments. Radishes stored at 0 °C did not show any new growth of leaves or roots, and therefore were not affected by the methyl jasmonate treatments.
Changes in Sensory Quality of Minimally Processed Cantaloupe Stored in Controlled Atmospheres
Authors: Portela Silvina I. , Cantwell Marita I.
Published: February 2019

The effects of a range of controlled atmospheres (CA) on sensory quality and acetaldehyde and ethanol concentrations in minimally processed cantaloupe melon were studied. Cylinders (1.8 diam × 3.5–4.0 cm) were prepared from cantaloupe melons cv. Durango harvested at commercial maturity. Pieces were stored in air or six CA (1.5 and 3% O2, air + 7.5 or 15% CO2, and 3% O2 + 7.5 or 15% CO2) for 15 days at 5 °C. After 9 days of storage, the pieces stored at 5 °C were firm, had high chroma values and visual quality and aroma scores, and low decay and off-odor scores. Elevated CO2 concentrations reduced microbial counts and the combination of CO2 with 3% O2 provided additional control. All CA treatments with CO2 maintained visual quality above the limits of salability at 15 days, while quality of air-stored pieces was poor. The same CA also reduced loss of typical cantaloupe aroma and development of off-odors. Acetaldehyde concentrations increased after 9 days, but then declined. Ethanol levels increased linearly with time in pieces stored in low O2 alone or with CO2. Pieces stored in CA had higher soluble solids than those stored in air. Pieces prepared with a sharp borer maintained visual quality scores longer than those prepared with a blunt borer due to the development of surface translucency and color changes. The sharpness of the borers did not affect the development of decay nor the loss of characteristic aroma.
Protected Culture Systems for Strawberry Production
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Adler Paul R. , Glenn D. Michael
Published: February 2019

Strawberry plants (cvs. Camarosa, Chandler, Sweet Charlie, Primetime, Jewel, and Tribute) were grown in soilless culture systems in a greenhouse from October to May. Fresh-dug and runner-tip Aplug® plants were transplanted into two systems: vertically stacked pots (24 plants/m2) containing perlite and horizontal nutrient film technique troughs (13 plants/m2). Plants were fertigated continuously with recirculating nutrient solution. In a 7-month production cycle, the plug plants bloomed earlier and produced more fruit during the first month of harvest (December) than the fresh-dug plants. Higher yields from plug plants were a result of more fruit numbers and not larger fruit size. Fruit production averaged 6.0 and 3.5 kg/m2 in the trough and pot systems, respectively. The vertical growing system allows greater plant densities, but light intensity reaching the plants in the lower sections of the tower can be less than 20% of levels measured at the top. Establishment costs of protected culture systems are higher, but production is earlier and labor costs are typically reduced. Greenhouse hydroponic culture systems could extend the winter strawberry production to more northern locations.
Effect of Root-zone Temperature on Strawberry Growth and Development
Authors: Biela Melita Marion , Nonnecke Gail R. , Graves William R. , Horner Harry T.
Published: February 2019

Root-zone temperature (RZT) effects were studied to determine physiological changes on whole-plant and microscopic levels of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) growth and development. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 1997 with `Tristar' day-neutral strawberry using a randomized complete-block design with three RZT treatments (23, 29, and 35 °C) and four replications. The total number of flowers was less in plants subjected to 35 °C. Total weight of fruit yield was highest at 29 °C and least at 23 °C, due possibly to later fruit development. Fresh weight was highest in plants grown at 23 and 29 °C. Dry weight analysis showed that root and leaf growth were inhibited at 35 °C. Throughout the duration of the experiment, transpiration rates were lower in plants subjected to 35 °C. In general, plants grown under RZT of 29 °C had more optimal vegetative and reproductive growth than those grown under 23 and 35 °C.
Performance of Early Ripening Clingstone Peach Selections in South Carolina
Authors: Reighard Gregory L. , Ouellette David R.
Published: February 2019

The processing peach industry in South Carolina is largely based on `Babygold' varieties, which are late-season clingstone peaches. New varieties of high-quality peaches and nectarines with non-melting flesh that ripen earlier would allow more flexibility in seasonal processing schedules and avoid overlap with pome fruits. Twenty-four numbered selections from the Univ. of Arkansas and Rutgers Univ. breeding programs that ripen before `Babygold 5' were planted in 1995 near Clemson, S.C. Trees were budded on both Lovell and Guardian rootstocks. Bloom dates, fruit maturity dates, fruit yield, weight, soluble solids, firmness, flesh color, and tree growth were taken in 1997. No differences were observed among rootstocks for variety bloom and harvest dates, fruit yields, fruit quality or tree growth. Differences were found among varieties in all traits measured or scored. `NJC126', `A378', `A485', and `A82-8' ripened the earliest. `A429', `A473', and `A219' ripened the latest, about a week before `Babygold 5'. `A378' and `NJC126' had small fruit (<90 g); whereas `A473', `A43-143', `A9', `NJC130', and `NJC142' had large fruit (>170 g). `A429', `A473', `A43-143', and `NJC142' had the highest yields (31–39 kg/tree). An interaction between variety and rootstock was evident for fruit yield in some scion/rootstock combinations.
Morphological, Anatomical, and Chemical Characterization of Guanabana Seeds, Annona muricata L.
Authors: Villamil Hector , Corchuelo German
Published: February 2019

This study was carried out to determine the physiological factors affecting seed germination of a tropical fruit guanabana, Annona muricata L. The ontogeny of the seed was studied looking for the identification and determination of the seed coat, ruminated endosperm, and endosperm tissues. Four development stages of the seed were considered: very tender, tender, juvenile, and mature. Cross, longitudinal, longitudinal-medium, cross-basal, and longitudinal-basal sections were done using the cryostat microtome. Portions were done of about 5 μm thick. Portions of cross-sections of the seed coat showed the transversal and oblique fibers of this tissue, which constitutes an impermeable layer in the seed. Medium-longitudinal-sections showed the distribution of the ruminated tissue and it was observed the micropylar stopper and the hilum cavity rounded by the collarette. This cavity is the only structure that permits the water diffusion through the seed. It was found that the hilum cavity is communicated to the endorperm through little crevices that are formed by the non-vascular ruminated tissue. The miniature embryo, which is embedded by the endosperm, is surrounded by the ruminated tissue. The qualitative chemical composition of the mature endosperm showed the distribution of proteins, starch, lipids, and sugar content. A high content of lipids was detected in these seeds (33%) using the soxlhet extraction method.
Growth and Nutrient Response of Petunia and Marigold in Tire-containing Media
Authors: Moore Ame A. , Swiader John M. , Williams Kimberly A.
Published: February 2019

This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using rock phosphate and acid pretreatment to reduce Zn availability in root media containing waste tire material for petunia and marigold production. Petunia × hybrida `Ultra Crimson Star' and Tagetes patula `Orange Boy' were grown in the greenhouse in media consisting of 4 perlite: 6 peat (v/v), 4 tire: 6 peat (v/v), or 4 tire (acid washed with 0.5 N HNO3): 6 peat (v/v); and containing various amounts of finely crushed rock phosphate ranging from 0 to 40 g. Bulk density was higher, while container capacity was lower in tire-containing media; air-filled porosity was comparable in both tire- and perlite-containing mixes. Total plant dry weight was highest in both crops grown in 4 perlite: 6 peat. Tissue concentrations of Zn were 2- to 3-fold higher in plants grown in media containing tire material. Tissue P was lower in petunia grown in tire media, but not in marigold. Compared to untreated tires, acid washing of tire components reduced tissue Zn levels in both crops, but had little effect on growth response. Visual analysis indicated that crop quality in tire media was unsatisfactory for petunia, but acceptable in marigold. Rock phosphate reduced leachate Zn levels in marigold, but not in petunia, and had no significant effect on growth and nutrition response in either crop. The data suggest that in addition to Zn, some other factor(s) may have limited growth of both species in tire-containing media.
`Ginger Gold': A Summer Apple with Storage Potential in CA
Authors: Barden Cynthia L.
Published: February 2019

`Ginger Gold' is a high-quality summer apple with potential for processing and fresh markets. Although summer cultivars typically exhibit poor storage quality, data from three seasons indicate that storage potential is high for `Ginger Gold' in low-O2 controlled atmosphere storage. In 1995, fruit harvested 25 Aug. (85N) were stored in air (0 °C), 3% O2/<2% CO2 (0 °C) or 0.7% O2/1% CO2 (0 °C) for 4 or 7 months. After 4 months, firmness of fruit stored in air, 3% O2 and 0.7% O2 were 53N, 67N, and 80N, respectively. After 7 months, apples stored in air were soft (45N) and had excessive decay (55%), cracking (48%), and breakdown (61%). However, fruit stored in 0.7% O2 were of good quality (76N, 4% decay, 4% cracking, and no breakdown). No low-oxygen injury occurred. Apples were harvested on 14, 21 and 28 Aug. 1996 (85N, 80N, and 76N, respectively) and stored in air (0(C), 1.5% O2/1% CO2 (0(C), 1% O2/1% CO2 (0 °C) or 0.7% O2/1% CO2 (0 °C). Soluble solids were (9.5 at harvest, with starch scores of 3.5–4.5. After 2 months in air the firmness began to decrease rapidly and after 4 months ranged from 49–62N. Apples stored for 4 months in CA (≤1% O2) maintained firmness >70N. In 1997, fruit were harvested 14, 21, 28 Aug. and 4 Sept. (102, 96, 89, and 82N, respectively and 12–13.3 °Brix). After 4 months in CA, fruit were still of high quality (>83N, > 13.2 °Brix).
Estimation of Correlation Coefficients between 17 Quantitative Traits in Hazelnut
Authors: Yao Qiang , Mehlenbacher Shawn A.
Published: February 2019

Thirty-five hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) progenies and 41 parent genotypes were used to estimate phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficients among 17 nut, kernel, and phenological traits from 1994 to 1996. Correlation coefficients were large and positive for nut size traits (nut length, width, depth, nut weight and kernel weight). Phenological traits (days of opening of female flowers, time of catkin elongation and leafing out) were also highly correlated. But most other traits were uncorrelated with each other. Plots of progeny means and individual seedling values were inspected to verify which data points to have bigger effect on coefficients. These results and their application in the OSU hazelnut breeding program will be discussed.
`Duplin' and `Sampson' Southern Highbush Blueberries
Authors: Ballington James R. , Rooks Susan D.
Published: February 2019

`Duplin' (NC 1852) and `Sampson' (NC 2675) are southern highbush blueberry genotypes that bloom with `Croatan', the predominant highbush cultivar in eastern North Carolina, and ripen with or slightly later than `Croatan'. `Duplin' appears to have flower bud hardiness similar to standard highbush cultivars when grown at intermediate elevations in the mountains of western North Carolina. `Sampson' appears to be bud hardy primarily in the piedmont and coastal plain of North Carolina. Yield overall has been equal to or better than `Croatan' and `O'Neal'. Fruit size, color, picking scar, firmness and flavor are superior to `Croatan'. Both `Duplin' and `Sampson' were found to be tolerant to stem blight caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea in greenhouse screening in North Carolina. `Sampson' also appears resistant to Botrytis blossom blight in Oregon. `Duplin' and `Sampson' are recommended for trial as potential replacements for `Croatan' in the commercial blueberry region of eastern North Carolina.
Interaction of Irrigation Frequency and Container Drain Hole Design on Growth of Three Nursery Crops
Authors: Svenson Sven E.
Published: February 2019

Three replicate blocks were installed for high-, medium-, and low-frequency irrigation, providing the equivalent of 25 mm, 8.75 mm, or 5.5 mm of daily rainfall, respectively. For three ornamental plants potted in 2.5-L pots, three container designs were tested: traditional drainholes located at the base of the sidewall (0% water storage), drainholes raised on the sidewall to provide 20% water storage (based on a water-filled pot), or drainholes raised on the sidewall to provide 40% water storage. The experiment was a 3 irrigation frequency × 3 container design factorial treatment arrangement within a randomized complete-block design using 10 representative plants of each species within each of three replicate blocks. The largest Ilex `Hetzii', Rhododendron `Hino Crimson', and Geranium `Claridge Druce' were grown using high-frequency irrigation with 0% water storage or using medium-frequency irrigation with 20% water storage. Geranium shoot weight was significantly less only when grown using low-frequency irrigation in containers with 0% water storage, or when grown using high-frequency irrigation in containers with 40% water storage. Of the three species tested, only Ilex `Hetzii' grew roots below the level of the raised drainholes, with these roots exhibiting thickened, enlarged diameters.
Plastic Mulch Color Effects on Light Micro-environment and Watermelon Plant Growth
Authors: Ranwala N.K. Damayanthi , Decoteau Dennis R.
Published: February 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the spectral properties of various colored plastic color mulches and to determine the effects of upwardly reflected light from the mulch surfaces on watermelon plant growth when differences in root zone temperatures are minimized. Two-week-old watermelon plants were grown with black mulch, red-painted mulch, SRM-Red mulch (Sonoco, Inc., Harstville, S.C.), and white mulch. Total light reflection (58 μmol·m–2·s–1 in 400–700 nm) and red: far-red (R:FR = 0.44) of reflected light were lower in black mulch and highest in white mulch (634 and 0.92, respectively). Both black mulch and white mulch had same blue:red (B:R = 0.6) while white mulch had higher B:FR (0.58) in reflected light compared to black mulch (0.26). Reflective properties of red mulches were somewhat similar, and R:FR, B:R, and B:FR were 0.8, 0.2, and 0.18, respectively. However, SRM-Red mulch had highest total light (355 μmol·m–2·s–1 in 400–700 nm) transmission through the mulch, and R:FR, B:R, and B:FR were 0.84, 0.28, and 0.23, respectively. Light transmission through the other mulches was nonsignificant. Watermelon plants grown with black mulch and red mulches had higher internode lengths compared to white mulch after 20 days. Further, plants grown under black had significant higher petiole elongation accompanied with higher dry mass partitioning to petioles, and lower partitioning to roots, stems, and leaves. There was no effects of surface mulch color on total plant dry mass or photosynthesis although plants with black had higher transpiration rate. This suggests the differential regulation of dry mass partitioning among plant parts due to mulch color. The similar plant responses with black mulch and white mulch to plants treated with FR or R light at the end of photoperiod implies the involvement of phytochrome regulation of growth due to mulch surface color.
Use of Cover Crop Mulches in a Processing Tomato Production System
Authors: Herrero E.V. , Mitchell J.P. , Campiglia E. , Lanini W.T. , Temple S. , Miyao G.
Published: February 2019

Conventional processing tomato production in California relies on inputs of synthetic fertilizers, water, and tillage to achieve high yields. Recently, there has been interest in reducing off-farm inputs and increasing soil quality by reducing tillage and increasing organic matter. Thus, this experiment examined the use of cover crops and no-till tomato production. Experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 at two sites, Five Points and Davis, Calif. Winter-grown cover crops included barrel medics, subterranean clover, pea, vetch, triticale, ryegrass, oat, and fallow controls. Cover crop plots were divided into three parts and nitrogen fertilizer added at 0, 112 or 225 kg/ha. Cover crops were mowed, and 3 weeks later, tomatoes were no-till transplanted into each plot. Weed cover at all sampling dates was less than 5% on all plots at the Five Points site, with no significant differences among treatments. At Davis, weed cover was much higher, but was also not significant among treatments. Tomato yields were highest (93 ton/ha) on the fallow plots and lowest (58 ton/ha) on the barrel medic plots at the Five Points site. At Davis, tomato yields were generally very low due to competition from weeds. The barrel medic cover crops plots had the highest tomato yields at this site (34 tons/ha), with plots without cover crops having the lowest yields (12 tons/ha). Tomato yields were 18% and 29% higher when 112 kg/ha or 225 kg/ha of nitrogen was added, compared to no nitrogen.
The Use of a Multidisciplinary, Culturally Rich Web Site by Youth and Formal and Informal Educators to Increase Appreciation and Awareness of Plants and Other Cultures
Authors: Bhakta Bindu R. , Tennessen Daniel J.
Published: February 2019

Throughout history, people have forged an intricate relationship with plants. As a result, ethnobotany, the study of this association between people and plants, has begun to receive great attention. Like ethnobotany, horticulture is a field of study that humans depend on to enhance and beautify their living and working environments. In order to promote the fields of horticulture and ethnobotany, a multidisciplinary, “plant-centered” web site about Asian Indian ethnobotany was assembled. Novel or unique plants were used to promote exploration of multicultural experiences that reflected the increasing diversity in today's formal and non-formal classrooms. The web site contained pictures, video and audio clips, experimental activities, links to other web sites, places to visit these plant specimens, and supplemental materials for individuals interested in conducting further scientific investigations. Seven ethnobotany units were developed: Vegetable Diversity, Healing Plants, Indian Staples, Sacred Plants, the Easel of Indian Textiles, Tastes of India, and Ceremonial Plants. Outreach programs were conducted in Ithaca-area schools and 4-H clubs to evaluate youth interest in the topics presented in the web site. This educational program allowed middle school students the unique opportunity to conduct a self-guided exploration of important Indian ethnobotanical plants, while gaining important and valuable horticultural experience in plant classification, structure, growth substances, propagation, and diseases. This program also provided important exposure for both youth interested in pursuing ethnobotany or horticulture as a future career and for those with no previous horticultural or ethnobotanical experience. In conclusion, this web site used a novel multicultural approach to allow youth to develop an awareness for plants in other cultures while cultivating appreciation of plants important in their own cultures.'