bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixed Crystal Infrared Spectroscopy of Uniaxially Drawn Polyethylene Films
Authors: Spells Stephen J. , Coutry Sandry
Published: March 2007

Blends of fully deuterated polyethylene with unlabeled polymer have been studied using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Melt quenched samples were drawn at 1 mm min−1, clamped, and cooled with liquid nitrogen. The CD2 bending vibration is sensitive to the local molecular arrangement. Changes in band components were related to (1) crystallization of amorphous polymer; (2) the untwisting of spherulite ribbons perpendicular to the draw direction; and (3) coarse slip. Measurement of remaining doublet splittings enabled estimates of surviving crystallite block sizes to be made. In addition, CH2 wagging and rocking bands showed evidence of increasingly defective crystals and of a Martensitic transformation to the monoclinic crystal form.
From Value to Consumption. A Social- theoretical Perspective on Simmel's Philosophie des Geldes
Authors: Sassatelli Roberta
Published: March 2007

Re-interpreting Simmel's work on money as an attempt to develop a critical sociology of consumption from a relativist theory of value, this paper illustrates the extent to which it may be seen as something more, and different than, sociological impressionism. The modern social space of valuation is chiefly defined by the development of money economy within metropolitan settings. This allows for the public commensurability of values and pushes for their private incompatibility. Subjectivism is heightened in so far as individuals' capacity to sustain difference is vital to social, objective exchange. Contrary to neo-classical economics, the appreciation of individual choice entails for Simmel a critical appraisal of the social conditions of its existence which results in a discussion of the risks associated with the pressure to perform as autonomous choosers. The paper concludes with a view on what may be a Simmelian sociology of consumption, one which enriches the classical focus on social distinction with a critical concern for the modern conditions of valuation and self-constitution. Fashion and style may be conceived of as techniques of consumption that, embodying particular combinations of difference and indifference, help govern the modern world of goods. In this view, these mundane practices have the potential to function as a balancing practice of self-constitution, taking place between the indifference of the market which allows individualization, and the risk that the individuality thus constituted remains empty, a reproducer of commensurability unable to bestow value on things.
'The Most Important Task of Sociology is to Strengthen and Defend Rationality in Public Discourse' : On the Sociology of Vilhelm Aubert
Authors: Kalleberg Ragnvald , Kalleberg Ragnvald
Published: March 2007

Vilhelm Aubert (1922-88), the internationally recognized sociologist of law, contributed more than any other individual to define and develop sociology as a broad discipline in Norway after the end of World War II. In this article sociology is analyzed as a combination of five different activities and intended results, as (1) research and publications; (2) teaching and educated students at different levels: (3) dissemination and public-discourse, contributing to opinion and will-formation in civil society: (4) expert services and improvements for users: and (5) self-governance resulting in well- functioning institutions, with regard to research, studies, dissemination and expert activity. This conception is used in the description and analysis of Aubert's work. During 40 years he completed a large number of research projects. organized large research projects, built academic studies, influenced public discourse, developed plans for sociological practice and built institutions for sociology and other social sciences. Norwegian sociology is perhaps of a special interest in this sociology of sociology context because of its size and influence. Relative to population, the number of sociologists in Norway is probably larger than in any other country, and it may be the case that their general impact on society is stronger than in any other nation.
Alienation and Use of the Mass Media
Authors: Pietilä Veikko
Published: March 2007

A general assumption is that alienation correlates with consumption of escape-type content from the mass media. In the study reported here this was not observed. In order to interpret this result alienation was considered as a process beginning with difficulties in situation definitions. Assumedly the 'heavy' information of the mass media offers such definitions. In the beginning of the alienation process people thus feel difficulties in defining the situations and assumedly react in such a situation compensatively, with heightened intake of 'heavy' information. If this does not help in defining the situations, a second reaction, restriction of or withdrawal from 'heavy' information is plausible. Some results supported this interpretation, but there were conflicting results, too.
Education and Participation in Development
Authors: Waisanen F.B.
Published: March 2007

The theoretical framework holds that the impact of formal education in the modernization process is a consequence of the inter-systemic com munication function of formal education, in which schooling is viewed as a social experience rooted in modernity and in which the learning consequen ces are in curvilinear relationship with extent of schooling. Data based upon national probability samples in Costa Rica and Finland, graphically relating eight indicators of "modernity" to educational achievement, are generally supportive of this hypothesized curvilinearity and suggest, addi tionally, that impact of education may vary by level of socioeconomic development.
The Ideal Type and Sociological Theory
Authors: Hendricks Jon , Breckinridge Peters C.
Published: March 2007

Though widely used in the literature of sociology ideal types have received little systematic explication. One of the difficulties is the ambiguity surrounding the usage of types as theoretical or definitional statements. Beginning with the types constructed by Weber and his contemporaries the discussion proceeds by analyzing subsequent revisions as they relate to the subject matter of the social sciences. Suggestions for improving the explanatory powers of typologies are made based on the kinds of knowledge deemed relevant for observer and actor at differing levels of the social world.
From Social Knowledge To Social Research the Case of Polish Sociology
Authors: Mokrzycki Edmund
Published: March 2007

After a short outline of the history of sociology in Poland, a general trend in today's Polish sociology is discussed. It is argued that the trend which stemms from a desire to make sociology a more scientific discipline leads, instead, toward the opposite.
Labour Society in Crisis? A Discussion
Authors: Aho Simo
Published: March 2007

The concept of labour society derives from Hannah Arendt, who criticized the theoretical thinking and practical life of the modern age for hero- worshipping labour and neglecting all other 'human conditions' (Arendt 1960). During recent years many sociologists have proceeded to use this concept when refernng to industrial societies, where - as Rahkonen (1984) formulates it - the economic, social and moral order principle is labour, in a way without parallel in history. At the same time, they have claimed that this order principle no longer functions effectively - that labour society is in a fundamental crisis.
, The Entrepreneurs in Denmark, Finland and Sweden 1930-1970
Authors: Toivonen Timo
Published: March 2007

In the comparison of class and stratification structures between countnes there are two main approaches. According to the first, the differences are mostly explained by the differences of industrial structures. According to the second, there are for each country specific political, economic and social factors which largely explain the differences. The data-matrix was based on national censuses and was the five-variable cross-tabulation of Nation (Denmark-Finland-Sweden), Industry (12 industries), Gender. Time ( 1930- 1950-1970), and Occupational Status (entrepreneur-employee). The results show that the differences in proportions of entrepreneurs are mainly explained by the different industnal structures The impact of national factor was only of little importance. Thus the first approach seems to be more valid than the second one.
Approaches to Value Research and Value Measurement
Authors: Suhonen Pertti
Published: March 2007

Empincal value research is currently enjoying a renaissance. Attempts to survey people's values have proliferated since the 1970s, and their theoretical weight has increased; the concept of social values has acquired new promi nence in the social sciences For example, in his most recent works Jurgen Habermas draws extensively on empincal research into values.

It is my intention in this article to criticize Ronald Inglehart's empirical theory of what he calls a value revolution, and to assess the usefulness of this theory in social scientific analysis. I shall then compare Inglehart with the line of empirical value research onginally developed by Milton Rokeach. Finally, there is a brief introduction to a study of the value systems of Finnish people that was based on Rokeach's model.
Review Article : Wait a Minute, Mr Postman! - Some Critical Remarks on Neil Postman's Childhood Theory
Authors: Hoikkala Tommi , Rahkonen Ossi , Tigerstedt Christoffer , Tuormaa Jussi
Published: March 2007

Neil Postman's books on school, television and childhood have attracted considerable attention in the United States and also elsewhere in the Western world In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Postman was associated with the American movement of radical pedagogues, urging the backward school system to meet the challenges of the new media replace reading and wanting with picture and sound. Postman felt that the school system was unable to keep up with the rapid developments in media technology. In the late 1970s. Postman made a complete volte-face. He is now concerned about literacy and the written word, which are being destroyed by visual media. Picture and word are mutually exclusive in Postman's thought. This article focuses on Postman's theory of the disappearance of childhood. Postman the 'culture critic' maintains that the new media are 'disappearing' the three main conditions of childhood literacy, school and shame. TV is sweeping childhood aside, and at the same time the moral basis of the prevailing society is collapsing. Special attention is given to the weaknesses of Postman's theory: his information determinism, his concepts of source, recerver, and the relation between them, and whose cause he is advocating with his pedagogic strategy Postman's question is rather, What do media do to people" than, What do people do with media`' Postman is concerned only with how children and adolescents are exploited by the media, not with how the media are exploited by children and adolescents. In Postman's model, receivers are an undifferentiated mass, whereas we feel the receivers should be differentiated according to age, social group, etc. Also, some comments are made on Postman's pedagogic strategy and on his real concern: What is he really trying to protect?
Unemployment and Labour Market Policies in the Scandinavian Countries
Authors: Furaker Bengt , Johansson Leif , Lind Jens
Published: March 2007

Looked upon from outside, the Scandinavian welfare states exhibit important similarities with regard to labour market policy. Their governments all do a great deal m response to unemployment and they use the same type of measures for this purpose. Compared with what is regarded as normal in other modern Western nations, large amounts of money and other resources are spent on reducing unemployment or at least the burdens of unem ployment. It may thus seem that there is a Scandinavian model for labour market policy. However, when we take a closer look, we soon find that there are significant differences. The same types of programmes exist m all four countries, but they are applied in very different mixes. The main dividing line to be drawn here is between passive and active measures. We argue that active labour market policies are basically oriented towards commodification of labour power, i.e. the aim is to establish, keep or restore the saleability of labour power m the market. Passive measures, on the other hand, comprise no commodification element, although they are more or less linked to a requirement that recipients take the jobs available in the labour market. However, they generally lessen the pressure upon people to accept job offers from employers and in that sense there is no doubt a decommodifying function. From this perspective we maintain that the Swedish labour market policy contains the clearest element of commodification because it is most pronouncedly oriented towards making labour power saleable in the market. The opposite pole is represented by Denmark, where decommodifying cash benefits play the most important role. Norway and Finland are somewhere in between. For a long time Norway has had very low unemployment and accordingly less strong motives to develop its policy in the one or the other direction, while Finland, although having the reasons, has not put as much emphasis on active measures as Sweden or developed as generous passive measures as Denmark.
Structural Changes and New Cleavages: the Progress Parties in Denmark and Norway
Authors: Andersen Jørgen Goul , Bjørklund Tor
Published: March 2007

The Progress parties have been variously dubbed 'flash party, protest party', 'tax-revolt party', petty bourgeois protest movement populist party, 'extreme right-wing party' None of these labels passess unambrguously through a critical examination More recently, commentators have some times referred to the Progress parties as conventional bourgeois parties. Such a label is however. also problematic, as the social background or class profile of both parties shows an increasing dewaUun from conventional bourgeois parties Our approach is that the Progress parties must be inter preted in connection with the new cleavages in postindustral society We discuss the Progress parties in relation to cleavages emanating from the welfare state, and in particular to postindustrial materialism and the changed role of the working class
Civil Society and Social Anomy in Poland
Authors: Kolarska-Bobitiska Lena
Published: March 2007

The transition to market economy and democracy requires a change in the entire social order This raises the questions Will a civil society. once repressed and restricted. fully develop in the process of self-organization, and will it avail itself of the new opportunmes provided by market and democracy?' Available data give a negative answer to these questions, point ing to mcreasmg apathy and social passivity The reasons are numerous, i.e. the change in the world of meaning,, and in the definition of past. present and future, declassation of certain social groups: factors linked to the specific character of Polish transformation and socio-psychological consequences of the process of change These and other factors cause social anomy, a side- effect of transition and its social changes.
Organizational Contexts and Individual Behavior
Authors: Mastekaasa Arne
Published: March 2007

The paper provides a description of the Norwegcan Study of Organizations and Employees (NSOE). in which data were collected at the establishment level as well as from individual employees. Research design as well as fieldwork are discussed. Using wage determination as an example. the usefulness of this kind of multi-level data collection is illustrated by means of two kinds of analysis: viz. within group estimation. to remove selectivity bias. and contextual analysis. to examine how organizational characteristics affect individual level outcomes
Political Parties and Public Pensions
Authors: Huber Evelyne , Stephens John D.
Published: March 2007

This article analyses pooled time series and cross-sections data for pension expenditure in advanced industnal democracies from 1958 to 1986, and cross-sectional data for pension quality and the distributive effect of pensions for 1980. Contrary to previous studies, it demonstrates significant effects of the party political composition of governments ; both Christian democratic and social democratic incumbency are positively associated with pension expenditure Only social democratic incumbency is associated with pension quality and less inequality and poverty among the elderly Aspects of state structure which facilitate access of relatively small groups to the policy-making process are negatively associated with quality of pensions and their distributive effects. The article explains the discrepancies between this and earlier studies, and it explores the reasons for the differences in the determinants of pension expenditure and those of overall welfare state expenditure.
Homo Economicus and Homo Politicus: Non-Economic Rationality in the Early 18th Century London Stock Market
Authors: Carruthers Bruce G.
Published: March 2007

The case of the early 18th-century London stock market is used to evaluate economic and sociological theones of market trading. Data from 1712 on shares in two companies (the Bank of England and the East India Company), and on trading among three different groups (political parties, ethnic-religious groups, and guilds) are used to show how economic theories of rational trading do not account for market behavior, even though the 1712 London stock market was a highly centralized, organized and active capital market. Trading was embedded in domestic and mternational politics as party groups used the market to control joint-stock companies, and as ethnic-religious groups used the market to provide financial support for Britain's war with France In addition to economic goals, political goals were pursued in the market.
Contingent Organization as a Network Theory: The Culture- Performance Contingency Function
Authors: Burt Ronald S. , Gabbay Shaul M. , Holt Gerhard , Moran Peter
Published: March 2007

Network models of market competition are used to advance from two significant research efforts; Lawrence & Lorsch's (1967) demonstration that the optimum form of organ ization varies between markets, and Kotter & Heskett's (1992) study of corporate culture and performance We compare firms in terms of their economic performance, the extent to which they have a strong corporate culture, and the network structure of their market. The value of a strong corporate culture varies between markets, nothing in one market, an asset in more competitive markets From the variation between markets, we build a culture-performance contingency function that uses the network structure of a firm's market to predict the extent to which a strong corporate culture can be expected to enhance the firm's pertormance With the contingency function, and market census data, we infer that the correlation between culture and performance is strong in the American economy. especially in manufacturing We also use the function to identify reasonable samples of organizations in which the correlation will be weak The contingency function is an interesting substantive phenomenon in its own right and a valuable analytical tool for generalizini results on sample firms to population conditions
Well-being, Measurement, and Preferences
Authors: Ringen Stein
Published: March 2007

Non-welfarist approaches to well-being are often criticized for ignoring personal pref erences and suffering from a dictatorial logic. This paper argues that welfarist approaches do not have a special quality of preference neutrality and that non-welfarist/non dictatorial approaches to well-being and interpersonal comparison are possible. Utility is a function not of goods and preferences, but of goods and tastes, and the latter are decomposed into expectations and preferences. A theory of well-being based on choice is recommended. Choice is defined as a function of personal resources and arena options. A typology of measurement approaches is developed. Indirect measurement is . recommended above direct measurement. Implications are discussed for income, social indicators, and capabilities in the measurement of well-being.
Economic Crises and Support for the Welfare State in Finland 1975-1993
Authors: Sihvo Tuire , Uusitalo Hannu
Published: March 2007

In this article the relationship between the economic situation and public support for the welfare state is investigated. Two hypotheses are presented: (1) serious economic crises reduce the support for welfare, and (2) once the crisis is over, support will gradually return to its pre-crisis level. These hypotheses are studied using Finnish public opinion data from 1975 to 1993, and considerable support for them is found. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that, even during a deep recession, public opinion gives higher priority to the welfare functions of the state over other functions.
The Relation of Nature and Society in Marx and Durkheim
Authors: Järvikoski Timo
Published: March 2007

'Environmental sociology' has recently achieved some recognition as a new branch of sociology, but the evaluation of the sociological tradition from this angle is still half-done at most. It is no longer possible to view environmental sociology mainly as a critique of mainstream sociology, as the theoretical disputes of general sociology are found in environmental sociology, too. In this article the significance of two great classical writers, Marx and Durkheim, is evaluated in this respect. The relation of nature and society is important in Marx's work, and, as it is argued, Marx's work is still largely relevant today. Durkheim's dictum that social facts must be explained by other social facts has been much criticized in environmental sociology. It is argued, however, that the view of nature as a social category, which we find in Marx as well as in Durkheim, is extremely important in environmental sociology. Neither Marx nor Durkheim insisted that nature was merely a social category.
Gender Differences in Class Mobility: A Comparative Study of the United States, Sweden, and West Germany
Authors: Jiang Hong Li  , Singelmann Joachim
Published: March 2007

This study examines gender differences in intergenerational class mobility in the United States, Sweden and West Germany, using data from the Comparative Project on Class Structure and Class Consciousness. Our analysis has shown that when women's class is defined based on their own work status, class inheritance is much weaker among women than men in the United States. German women have a weaker association between origin and destination than their male counterparts, which, to a large extent, reflects a tendency for downward movement into the working class among German women. Of the three countries, Sweden exhibited the fewest gender differences in class fluidity. When comparing married women's work mobility with that of married men, we found no gender differences in the United States, but much more fluidity among German and Swedish women. Married women are more mobile, both upward and downward, than are men, but in general, marriage improves women's upward mobility chances.
Social Background and Sickness Absence: A Study of a Stockholm Cohort
Authors: Bäckman Olof , Palme Joakim
Published: March 2007

Utilizing the 'Metropolitan' database, which provides unique longitudinal data on a cohort of 15,000 individuals born in Stockholm in 1953, the paper tests various hypotheses on how conditions in childhood and social upbringing influence sickness absence in adulthood. The hypotheses were derived from different perspectives within the social sciences. The findings suggest that the effects of social background are transmitted via several mechanisms, and that it is useful to see some of the competing hypotheses on social class and health-related phenomena as complementary rather than contradictory. However, the results also suggest that both 'the culture of poverty hypothesis' and the 'biological imprint hypothesis' should be rejected. Because effects of social background are mediated by career variables such as school performance, educational level and current socio-economic status, the results support the 'unfavourable life career hypothesis'. In addition to these effects, an influence of being brought up in a family with serious domestic problems is found. This is congruent with 'the social imprint hypothesis', that childhood conditions may have lasting effects on conditions and behaviours in adult life, irrespective of later exposure.
The First Fifteen Years of the Fulbright Program
Authors: Fulbright J. William
Published: March 2007

The Fulbright program was initiated following World War II as a means of promoting in the United States a wider interest and deeper comprehension of other societies and of creating a climate of public opinion in which the ac tions, motives, and policies of the United States would be fairly interpreted abroad. To achieve these ends, leading students, specialists, and educators have been exchanged on the basis of binational co-operation between the United States and the countries involved. Although private contributions have come to match government payments in recent years, the exchanges were originally financed by funds gained through the sale of military surplus materials abroad. The exhaustion of these funds creates the need for new financial approaches. Also, to be effective, the program must be expanded to include not only the Western European countries that did the heaviest buying of surpluses, but the underdeveloped countries of the world as well. Increased reciprocity is desirable on the inter national level, and provision through new legislation to allow long-range financial planning is desirable in the United States. The present scope of the Fulbright program is limited, and that is its weakness. The program is widely accepted and popular, and the extension of it could mean more than military measures to free world strength, stability, and solidarity.—Ed.
The Academic Performance of Foreign Students
Authors: Putman Ivan
Published: March 2007

The academic success of foreign students in the United States depends heavily upon the selection process, which is an effort to predict whether the student will profit personally and for the countries involved through a period of study in an American university. Significant factors in the selection process include the demonstrated academic ability of the student, his English proficiency, the adequacy and reliabil ity of his financial resources, his adaptability to a strange en vironment and to a new role upon his return home, and the facilities of the university of his choice for satisfying his edu cational desires. A program of orientation and the availabil ity of adequate counseling services can assist the foreign stu dents in an important way in adapting to United States aca demic and other mores. Although, from the standpoint of grades, foreign students seem generally to perform on a par with American students, the grades assigned to foreign students are not always assigned on the same basis as to other students. Because grades in some form are almost universally accepted as a measure of academic achievement and professional poten tial, no double standard should be tolerated in giving grades or in awarding degrees. The reputation of United States edu cation depends upon accepting only high caliber exchange stu dents, sending only first-rate students abroad, including only universities with high standards in the exchange program, as sisting exchange students adequately in adjusting to new situa tions, overcoming any handicaps, and doing the best academic work of which they are capable, and awarding only degrees that have been earned.—Ed.
The Multilateral Approach
Authors: Elliott Alan J.A.
Published: March 2007

An important feature of present-day interna tional relations can be found in the activities of the large num ber of international organizations, both governmental and non governmental. These activities, based on the joint participa tion of members or affiliates in three or more states, involve a multilateral approach to operational problems, as opposed to a bilateral approach where only two partners are concerned. At present, one person in seven who obtains financial help for study abroad does so through an international organization. The multilateral approach also has an important effect on the international movement of persons through the meetings, courses, and expert missions which are arranged under such auspices. Another important function of international organi zations lies in the studies and research they undertake or spon sor based on information obtained from many countries. This facilitates an over-all view of problems and solutions on a re gional or world-wide scale. In this way, the effective opera tion of bilateral as well as multilateral programs can be encour aged. There is, however, no question in the foreseeable future of multilateral programs displacing bilateral programs. Each should complement the other. For the present, the problem, if any, lies in the need for co-ordinating efforts directed towards the solution of urgent world problems.
5. Non-Religious and Anti-Religious Party Problems in Western Europe
Authors: Linz Juan
Published: March 2007

For various stated reasons, the parties that are neither religious nor class- or function-based have escaped scholarly attention. These laic-bourgeois parties have been important in themselves and in the meaning that their failure may hold for European democracy. The growing religious split in Euro pean parties also needs study.
A Theory of Encyclopedism
Authors: Grazia Alfred-de
Published: March 2007

The roles of philosophy and techniques in the future of encyclopedias are skeiched out by the Editor of ABS, Professor of Government at New York Uni versity.
Moral Reinstatement
Authors: Rains Prudence M.
Published: March 2007

These are your loving, trusting girls in here. Your other girl who is probably doing the same thing doesn't get caught because she is too smart.... What is needed is more understanding on the part of the parents and the general public. I don't mean condoning, I mean understanding... that these girls do need help. [Director of a Crittenton Home in Florida quoted in the St. Petersburg Times, May 19. 1968]
New Territories and New Problems in Norwegian Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Sollie Finn
Published: March 2007

In proportion to the country's size, population and economy, Norway has a greater stake in the exploration and exploitation of new territories than almost any other nation. The natural resources on the continental shelf may be so large that they will dominate Norway's economy in the future. Opposite pressures of international demand for rapid development of Norwegian oil resources and the national desire to limit growth and prevent its upsetting effects upon the economy, illustrate some of the new problems the country now faces in its foreign relations. Continental shelf wealth - together with the fact that shelf activities may be carried out in the strategically important Barents Sea area - also raises some specific security issues.
Swedish Foreign Policy. A Response to Geopolitical Factors
Authors: Barnes Ian Ronald
Published: March 2007

Sweden is considered a nonaligned country. The author analyses the concepts of non alignment and related theories to arrive at an exact definition of Swedish foreign policy. The second half of the article demonstrates how Sweden's current foreign policy is a logical outcome in the light of her history and geopolitical position vis-à-vis her regional and world environment. The author achieves this by following some of Rosenau's concepts of linkage theories.
Signals, Decisions, and Strategy: The Submarine Hunt in the Sognefjord I972
Authors: Holst Johan Jørgen
Published: March 2007

The present study describes the events in the Norwegian west-coast Sognefjord in November 1972. The possible presence of an unidentified submarine presented an inexperienced government with a complicated set of strategic assessments. The choices made appear to have been based on an inadequate understanding of the chances of success as the latter were seriously circumscribed by the physical characteristics of the waters involved. Even if Norway had possessed the means of detecting and identifying the mystical submarine, serious doubts are raised about the wisdom of pursuing the maximalist objectives which the government announced. The decision-making in the crisis reflects little deliberate calculation of costs and risks, and did not focus on how losses could be cut when it became clear that the submarine would escape. The informa tion policy added to the perception of loss and tended to feed unrealistic expectations about what could be achieved.
Determinants of Icelandic Foreign Relations
Authors: Eggertsson Thrainn
Published: March 2007

It is the thesis of this paper that the major determinants of Icelandic foreign relations can be classified under three headings: population, economic geography, and geographic location. The thesis is spelled out in some detail, and the fundamental goals of Ice land's foreign policy are presented as an interplay of these determinants. Finally, the country's foreign policy in three major areas - national security, European integration and the fishery zone question - is analysed in these terms.
Notes on Bureaucratic Politics in National Security Policy
Authors: Heurlin Bertel
Published: March 2007

A new approach to the study of international politics - the Bureaucratic Politics Ap proach (BPA) - is examined. The main assertion of the BPA is that 'events involving the actions of two or more nations can best be explained and predicted in terms of the actions of two or more national bureaucracies ...' and that the foreign policy process is influenced less by the events in the International System than by the bureau cratic game. The first part of the article is a brief presentation of the BPA. The origins are discussed, the basic points of view are presented and a comparison with a more traditional approach to the role of the national bureaucracy is carried out. Different conceptions in favour of and against the BPA are identified. The second part is a simple 'test' of a BPA-model drawn from the works of Morton H. Halperin. The empirical basis is derived from the ABM case ending up with the Treaty of May 1972. The conclusion is that the BPA does not explain the US accept of the ABM treaty adequately. The bureaucratic game played only a minor role in the ABM case. The stronger part was the Ultimate Decision Center around the President, which was strongly influenced by the possibilities and the conditions in the International System.
Finland's Role in Western Policy since the Second World War
Authors: Vayrynen Raimo
Published: March 2007

The author tries to map the role of Finland in the economic, political and military strategy of the West, the United States as well as western Europe, after the Second World War. It is pointed out that US policy vis-à-vis Finland has not resorted to any conspicuous influence attempts, but has rather applied fairly subtle economic and diplomatic means of influence. In the late 1940's the United States applied a mixture of punishments and rewards and since then has resorted to influence attempts in the crisis situations in Finnish-Soviet relations. Special attention is paid to the role of Finland in the grey-zone doctrine of NATO in the late 1960's. The policy of western Europe has concentrated on economic means and should be seen in the context of the over-all integration policy of the European Community. On the Finnish side the development of economic integration in western Europe has resulted in a complex interplay of economic and foreign policy factors.
Introduction to Military Theory
Authors: Lider Julian
Published: March 2007

Lider, J. Introduction to Military Theory. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 151-168.

This article is an introduction to a comprehensive study on the concept of military theory, its scope, structure, and main problems. The author assumes that military theory should and could be treated as a scientific discipline and uses the term 'theory' as including both the study of military affairs and its findings in a generalized form. Military theory answers three questions: What is war and military force; how is military force successfully to be used; and how should one prepare military force for such a successful use. An interrelated question is how war is to be prevented, or, to put it in a military framework, how one should use military force for the prevention of war.
Adapting Foreign Policy-Making to Interdependence: A Proposal and Some Evidence from Norway
Authors: East Maurice A. , Salomonsen Leif-Helge
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a framework for analyzing the adaptation of foreign policy-making to interdependence. It represents an early effort at laying the groundwork for a comparative, cross-national study of the Nordic countries. Aspects of adaptation by the Nordic countries to interdependence are dimensionalized under two headings: (1) resources, and (2) control and coordination of foreign policy. Some findings from a preliminary study of the Norwegian Foreign Ministry are reported. The growth in both missions overseas and bureaus in the Ministry has generally reflected the anticipated effects of interdependence — new and strengthened missions to cover geographic regions where traditional interest had been slight, establishment of delegations to deal with multilateral diplomacy, and growth in the resources available for dealing with 'global problems', such as Third World development, the North-South dialogue, and energy questions. On the other hand, the study reveals a lack of institutional or organizational responses to the presumed loss of control and coordination over foreign policy.
Norwegian Security Policy for the 1980s
Authors: Holst Johan Jørgen
Published: March 2007

The key strategic position of Norway in Northern Europe is elaborated in the first part of this article. Norwegian alignment in NATO is based on the proposition that Norwegian (or Scandinavian) means are inadequate to defend the country from attack from a major power. It has become an objective of Norwegian defence policy to block as effectively as possible any option of limited war against North Norway by raising the force requirements for the adversary to a level at which the risks of escalation would appear forbidding. The Norwegian security calculus is predicated on the notion that South Norway has forward defence in the Baltic, Northern Germany and Den mark. Therefore, the defence effort has been concentrated in the north. Public support for Norway's policy of alignment has been rather stable over the last decade. The issue of reinforcement is dealt with in detail, as are the re-emerging nuclear weapons issues. Finally, the evolution of the Norwegian defence effort is analysed. It is concluded that those aspects of alliance policy which relate to nuclear weapons are likely to cause discussion and dissension in the years ahead. The Norwegian Govern ment is likely to support changes in the posture and doctrine of NATO which reduce reliance on nuclear weapons and, particularly, the pressures for early use. The unilateral constraints with respect to the stationing of foreign troops will be maintained.
Conversion: Global, National and Local Effects. A Case Study of Norway
Authors: Gleditsch Nils Petter , Bjerkholt Olav , Cappelen Ådne
Published: March 2007

Gleditsch, N. P., Bjerkholt, O. & Cappelen, Å. Conversion: Global, National and Local Effects. A Case Study of Norway. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 179-195.

A number of UN studies have linked the two objectives of disarmament and devel opment. A major recent UN research program, directed by a UN Group of Govern mental Experts, examined how resources may be diverted from the arms race to increased development transfers to the Third World. This article is a product of one of the projects commissioned by the UN group. It is an analysis of aggregate national economic effects of conversion in Norway for three disarmament scenarios and five policy alternatives for increased transfers to developing countries. The adjustment problems are found to be relatively minor, and it is shown how a simple program of domestic countermeasures can compensate for any loss of employment or reduction in the national product. The consequences for Norway of global conversion are briefly examined, using the World Model of Leontief et al. Assuming that the global conversion process can be achieved without a loss in employment in the industrialized countries, the net effect for Norway of global conversion is found to be positive. Some preliminary data are given on local effects of conversion in Norway. These effects are potentially more serious, with military employment in some municipalities probably running as high as 20%. Such local effects might become obstacles to a smooth conversion, but this will also depend upon the overall employment situation.
High-Level Foreign Policy Coordination: A Finnish Example
Authors: Karvonen Lauri
Published: March 2007

Karvonen L. High-Level Foreign Policy Coordination: A Finnish Example. Coop eration and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 135-155.

This article identifies four basic conditions which determine the nature of foreign policy coordination at top level: constitutional provisions and practice, degree of stability in core areas of external relations, domestic consensus on foreign policy, and changes in the scope and nature of international relations. These factors are employed in an analysis of recent coordination problems in Finnish foreign policy, one case in particular, the Arafat Affair. The author argues that besides unique historical factors, changes in constitutional practice and in the politicization of parts of the foreign policy field account for these problems.
The Scandilux Experiment: Towards a Transnational Social Democratic Security Perspective?
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj
Published: March 2007

Petersen, N. The Scandilux Experiment: Towards a Transnational Social Democratic Security Perspective? Cooperation and Conflict, XX, 1985, 1-22.

Scandilux is a new and little known security policy forum for the Social Democratic parties in Northern Europe which is having a significant influence on the policies of the member parties. This article, which is based on interviews with participants, traces the background of Scandilux and analyses its main characteristics as a forum for exchange of information, discussion of policy alternatives, and for policy-formulation. As a special case, Scandilux discussions over the INF issue are analysed with specific reference to their impact on the policy of the Danish Social Democratic party. Finally the future prospects of Scandilux are discussed.
Geographical Determinism: Finnish Neutrality Revisited
Authors: Karsh Efraim
Published: March 2007

This article explores the effects of two types of geostrategic location, i.e., buffer-state and rimstate status, on small states' policy of neutrality. The major proposition set forth is that while neutrality constitutes a viable option for a rimstate it is not a foreign policy instrument a buffer state can afford. Finland's historical experience provides a vivid illustration of this state of affairs: given its geostrategic position as a buffer state between Germany and the USSR, Finland's pre-World-War-II policy of neutrality was doomed to fail. On the other hand, Finland's transformation from a buffer state into a rimstate in the post-World-War-II era, diminished the stragetic threats projected to the USSR from Finnish territory and enabled it to adopt and pursue successfully a policy of neutrality.
Pedersen, J. D. The New Europe: Boom or Bane for the Third World? Cooperation and Conflict, XXVI, 1991, 145-159
Authors: Pedersen Jørgen Dige
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the consequences for developing countries of the recent changes in Europe. The EEC's 1992 project and the dramatic developments in Eastern Europe have in combination made the impression that dramatic and far-reaching changes are underway in the EEC's economic relations with developing countries. While this may be true for individual countries and for particular economic sectors, it is argued on the basis of a review of past trends that the direct economic effects are likely to be of relatively minor importance. More important will be the trend towards a stronger political management of the economic relations. The EEC is likely to join with other international efforts aiming at an increase in the level of "conditionality" in connection with the economic relations, thus further restricting the range of strategies available for developing countries.
Fluidized Bed Drying of Food
Authors: Flood H.W.
Published: March 2007

Arthur D. Little has worked with fluidized-bed technology for ten years or more-particularly with the processing of metallurgical or inorganic chemical materials. Our first work was on the de composition of manganese nitrate to manganese dioxide and the nitrogen oxides. We feel that fluid bed processing has great promise in the processing of food.—H.W.F.
Report No. 3 Data Processing for the Small Hotel
Authors: Birdsall J. Frank
Published: March 2007

Sometime ago Treadway Inns considered the application of a computer to do such accounting as could feasibly be done at a center for remote units. After a thorough investigation, they de cided on the NCR 390 which is well adapted to describes their experience.

There is still a wide area of data processing ap for such has been defined and is available. [See The Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 4,No.3 (November 1963), pages display.-prof. C.I.Sayles
How Marriott-Hot Shoppes Plans for Successful Operation
Authors: Cini John
Published: March 2007

Mr. J. Willard Marriott, Jr., president of Mar riott-Hot Shoppes, outlines top management's viewpoint of the food service industry in his article on pages 12 to 16 of this magazine. His company maintains at its Bethesda, Maryland, headquarters an Architectural and Engineering Department, headed by a corporate vice presi dent. This department is responsible for the architectural design and the construction super vision of the company's operating units. Archi tectural Design is divided into several sections: Project Architects and their draftsmen; Mechan ical Design; Interior Design; and Kitchen De sign. This article by John Cini, who heads up the company's Kitchen Design section, describes the careful advance planning which goes into the construction of a new operating unit.— Editor.
Food Flavor
Authors: Minor Lewis J.
Published: March 2007

In closing the world's protein gap, flavor con trol is a vital factor. Food primarily must be nu tritious to sustain life, but unless the flavor is acceptable to the human palate, it may not be eaten. Today, new ways are being found to up grade natural foods lacking flavor and to add flavor in new man-made meat substitutes having a high nutritive content.

Flavor chemistry is the newest branch of food chemistry in the United States. Gas chrom atograph y, whereby food flavor volatiles can be separated into their manifold chemical com ponents, is being perfected. Other physico chemical techniques are also being used to identify these chemicals, but with the help of the human nose and brain which are more sen sitive than mechanical devices,

New and improved synthetic fruit flavors have already been developed as there are not enough natural fruits grown to meet the demand for these flavors in foods. Similarly, beef extract is being replaced with flavor potentiators: MSG (monosodium glutamate); HVP (hydrolyzed plant proteins); and the flavor nucleotides-5' IMP (inosine 5' monophosphate) that occurs in meat and fish muscle, and 5' GMP (guanosine 5' monophosphate), which is produced biochem ically from yeast and yeast derivatives. Progress has been made with meat substitutes. Natural flavorings derived from beef, chicken and ham have been combined with soy, yeast or algae protein to make simulated meats.