bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Mannitol, Sucrose, Raffinose and Dextran on Posthypertonic Hemolysis
Authors: Zade‐Oppen A. M. M.
Published: December 2008

Inhibition of the hemolysis that occurs after first increasing and then decreasing the concentration of solutes in the surrounding medium of human red blood cells (posthypertonic hemolysis) was studied inin vitroexperiments with regard to its possible importance for blood preservation by freezing procedures; hemolysis after freezing and thawing is considered to be mainly due to such variations in solute concentrations (Lovelock 1953). All the tested substances,viz. mannitol, sucrose, raffinose and dextran, gave a substantial decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) liberation. The effect of such substances when used as additives in studies of blood preservation by freezing may thus have found an additional explanation. The low molecular weight substances decreased Hb liberation mainly by reducing the number of hemo‐lysed cells. Dextran, however, decreased the amount of Hb liberated from the individual cell without an apparent decrease in the number of damaged cells. Thus when Hb liberation is decreased by the use of dextran, this reduction may not be a good measure of the damage to the cell population. The consistency of the results with a hypothesis for the mechanism of posthypertonic hemolysis is discussed. Assuming this hypothesis to be correct, the inhibitory effects of non‐penetrating additives seem, at least partially, to be also explicable.
Innervation by Nerve Implants of “Fast” and “Slow” Skeletal Muscles of the Rat
Authors: Fex S. , Jirmanová Isa
Published: December 2008

The time course of innervation by nerve implants of the fast contracting flexor digitorum longus and the slow contracting soleus muscles were studied by the recorcling of isometric twitch tensions in response to stimulation of the implanted nerve and by histochemical visualization of newly‐formed end‐plates. When a foreign motor nerve was implanted into a muscle 30 days prior to sectioning of the original nerve supply, synaptic contacts were established 4–8 days after the section of the nerve, while, with simultaneous implantation and denervation, 16 days were required for the implanted nerve to innervate the muscle. Implantation of the nerve which normally innervates the flexor digitorum longus muscle into the soleus altered the contraction and relaxation speeds of the soleus muscle towards those of a fast contracting muscle, the change being apparent as soon as 4–8 days following sectioning of the original nerve. In muscles with nerve implants and intact normal innervation hypertrophy occurred, amounting to 20–30 per cent within one month.
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity Limiting Human Performance at Altitude
Authors: Blomqvist Gunnar , Jr Robert L. Johnson , Saltin Bengt
Published: December 2008

In 6 internationally successful endurance athletes measurements of oxygen uptake, and pulmonary diffusion capacity at maximal bicycle exercise were performed at sea level and after 3 weeks stay at 2250 m altitude (Mexico City). Maximal oxygen uptake was 10–17 % lower at altitude and this reduction was related to the ratio at sea level between DLCO/max Vo2, The findings demonstrated that there is a physiological basis not only for a more marked reduction of max Vo2 in welltrained groups at altitude but also for the observed large differences in performance at altitude between athletes of equal capability at sea level.
Single Unit Recordings from Muscle Nerves in Human Subjects
Authors: Hagbarth K.‐E. , Vallbo A. B.
Published: December 2008

Single‐unit impulses were recorded with semi‐microelectrodes from muscular portions of peripheral limb nerves in awake human subjects. Thirteen units were studied. Four of them could not be activated by mechanical peripheral stimuli but they fired steadily during sustained voluntary contractions. They were considered to be either motor fibres or proprioceptor units, having high thresholds to mechanical stimuli. The other nine units were shown to be proprioceptors which had their end organs located in deep structures of the leg or the forearm. They were divided into three groups on the basis of their responses to local mechanical stimuli, passive movements, and voluntary contractions. Possible relations between each group of units and various anatomical types of proprioceptors are discussed. Some of the units had characteristics which suggested that they were muscle spindle afferents. The findings reported in this investigation and in an earlier investigation, dealing with multi‐fibre discharges in muscle nerves, indicate that the muscle spindle afferent discharge is increased during voluntary contractions and thus, that the fusimotor system is engaged in voluntary motor acts.
Production and Distribution of Intracranial and Intraspinal Pressure Changes at Sudden Extradural Fluid Volume Input in Rabbits
Authors: Lindgren Sten , Kinder Lennart
Published: December 2008

A device is described for sudden application of a mechanical load to the brain in animals by displacing a column of fluid within a plunger system towards its connection with a hole in the skull. Velocity and displacement of the piston, moving the fluid into the skull cavity, were varied in a series of experiments in rabbits. Simultaneous recordings were made of the pressure pulses produced in the fluid near the parietal site of loading of the brain and at several places within the contents of the skull cavity and spinal canal. By adjusting the fluid input to the skull cavity it was possible to produce intracranial pressure pulses predictable with respect to peak amplitude and duration within a range between 0.1 and 4.0 atm. and one and several hundred msec, respectively. The pressure pulses produced extracranially and in the major part of the skull contents were similar. Simultaneous recordings of the pressure course in the vicinity of the cranio‐spinal junction and in the spinal canal revealed however, that peak amplitude and duration of the pressure pulse then decreased continuously at increasing distance from the site of application of the load. No pressvire changes were found to occur caudally to the level of the fifth cervical vertebra. This method seems suitable for studying the effects of controlled and varied sudden mechanical loading of the brain in animals and the relations between subsequent brief intracranial pressure changes and pathological alterations, similar to those occurring in skull trauma.
Non‐Uniform Blood Flow in the Left Ventricular Wall of Dogs Measured by the Xe‐133 Wash‐out Technique
Authors: Andersen Henning , Bagger Henning , Gotzsche Henning
Published: December 2008

Intra‐myocardial injections of Xe‐133 into the left ventricular wall revealed time‐activity curves which indicate that blood flow in the subepicardial layers is 30 % greater than in the subendocardial layers. A two‐compartment model of the ventricular wall was therefore considered, and a good correlation was found between this model and the results of graphical and computer analyses of time‐activity curves obtained by injections of Xe‐133 into the left coronary artery. The flows of these two compartments and flows after superficial and deep intra‐myocardiai injections were not identical. Thus the myocardial two‐compartment model must be abandoned. A gradual decrease of flow from the subepicardial to the subendocardial surface is suggested. If this is true then the wash‐out curve after intra‐coronary injection of Xe‐133 is multi‐exponential and thereby inaccessible to graphical analysis.
Temperature Dependence of Cholinesterase and Lactate Dehydrogenase in the Guinea‐pig, Hedgehog and Codfish
Authors: Johansson Bengt W.
Published: December 2008

The temperature dependence of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in brain, heart and skeletal muscle and of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain tissue was investigated in a homeothermic animal (the guinea‐pig), a poikilothermic animal (the codfish) and a hibernator (the hedgehog). The temperature of maxmial LDH activity was higher in the tissues from the guinea‐pig than the other animals (Table I). Similar and more pronounced results were obtained for AChE (Table IV).
Pulmonary Function and G‐Stress during Inhalation of 100 % Oxygen
Authors: Barr P.‐O. , Brismar J. , Rosenhamer G.
Published: December 2008

The effect of 3‐min exposure to 5 G acting in the head to seat direction on arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) and pH, inspiratory minute volume (VI), end‐tidal Pco2 and heart rate was studied in 8 healthy subjects breathing 100 % oxygen and wearing anti‐G suits. During the first min Sao2 remained unchanged. Thereafter it fell at varying rates in different subjects, the average reduction at the end of the exposure being 6 % (range 0–17 %). Mean VI showed a rapid initial increase by 3 liters/min, remained thereafter essentially unchanged for approximately one min, and increased continuously during the last two min (average final increase 7 liters/min). There were considerable individual differences in the responses of VI. Arterial pH showed a small acidotic shift in all subjects but one (average decrease 0.04 pH units). Average end‐tidal Pco2 fell by 7 mm Hg within the first min and remained then essentially unchanged during the following two min. The arterial oxygen desaturation is attributed to a reduced oxygen content of blood from alveoli with very low V/Q ratios. Individual variability in the responses of VI, end‐tidal Pco2 arterial pH and Sao2 is referred to differences in the G‐induced displacement of blood.
Effect of Reflexes of Somatic Afferents on the Adrenergic Outflow to the Stomach in the Cat
Authors: Jansson Gunnar
Published: December 2008

The adrenergic activity to the stomach in cats anesthetized with chloralose was modified by electric stimulation of somatic afferent nerves. Electric stimulation of “somatic pressor” afferents promptly elicited inhibitory responses of stomach contractions which contractions were, in turn, dependent on cholinergic nervous activity. However, in the absence of such cholinergic activity, corresponding somatic afferent stimulation had only an insignificant effect on the stomach, despite a considerable myogenic activity, suggesting that the inhibitory adrenergic nervous mechanism preferentially operated by interfering with the cholinergic nervous activity.—Activation of “somatic depressor” afferents, on the other hand, suppressed the prevailing supply, if any, of adrenergic nervous activity to the stomach, which could result in augmentation of vagally induced gastric motor responses. Similar effects were obtained also after spinal cord transection indicating that the “somatic depressor” afferents made propriospinal reflex connections with the sympathetic outflow to the stomach.
Conditional Reflex Activation of the Sympathetic Cholinergic Vasodilator Nerves in the Dog
Authors: Bolme Per , Novotny Jozef
Published: December 2008

Sympathetic, cholinergic kasodilatation in skeletal muscle was induced as orienting and conditional reflex responses in conscious dogs. A sound stimulus elicited an orienting reflex accompanied by an atropine‐sensitive vasodilatation in the skeletal muscles of the hind limb. Further, a tachycardia and a slight blood pressure rise were noticed. The orienting reflex response disappeared gradually on repetition of the sound stimulus. The same cardiovascular events were obtained as conditional reflexes to both electrical cutaneous stimulation and exercise on a treadmill. The conditional responses were not diminished if the conditional reflexes were reinforced by training. Graded conditional responses were obtained when the intensities of the unconditional stimuli were varied. The increase in blood flow to the hind limb following treadmill exercise was not influenced by atropine. Our findings indicate that the sympathetic vasodilator system is activated prior to situations when an increased muscle blood flow is suddenly required. The results also suggest that activation of the dilator nerves takes place not only in emotionally charged situations, such as the defence reaction, but also in anticipation of exercise when the emotional involvement is less prominent.
Reciprocal Control of Spontaneous Activity and Reflex Effects in Static and Dynamic Flexor γ‐motoneurones Revealed by an Injection of DOPA
Authors: Bergmans J. , Grillner S.
Published: December 2008

Single γ‐efferents to flexors have been studied in the spinal unanesthetized cat before and after an intravenous injection of DOPA. The γ‐efferents could be classified in two groups, one with a high level of spontaneous activity that was decreased after an injection of DOPA, and another with a low level of activity that was enhanced after DOPA. These data together with differences in reflex behaviour between the two types of γ‐motoneurones provided a basis for a comparison with the deduced properties of dynamic and static γ‐motoneurones obtained from studies of spindle afferents with primary and secondary endings. It could be concluded that the former type is identical with dynamic and the latter with static γ‐motoneurones. Both dynamic and static neurones could be reflexly activated in the long‐latency flexor reflex occurring after DOPA. Likewise both types of γ‐motoneurones were activated in the short‐latency flexor reflex, the dynamic more effectively before and the static more effectively after DOPA. The results suggest that descending noradrenergic fibres control reflex activation and the spontaneous activity of γ‐motoneurones to flexors in a reciprocal fashion.
Properties of Clarke's Column Neurones
Authors: Eide E. , Fedina L. , Jansen J. , Lundberg A. , Vyklický L.
Published: December 2008

Mechanisms responsible for the high efficacy of synaptic actkation of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) was investigated with intracellular recording from Clarke's column cells in anesthetized spinal cats. The spike potential is brief (mean duration 0.57 msec) and followed by a delayed depolarization. Our observations suggest a high safety for impulse transmission from the initial segment to the soma and from the soma to the dendrites. The afterhyperpolarization is small (<2 mV), shortlasting (30–50 msec) and has a high sensitivity to hyperpolarizing currents. There is only a small conductance change during the afterhyperpolarization. The monosynaptic group I EPSP has a mono‐exponential decay, the time course of which is explained by the passive properties of the membrane. It is postulated that the transmitter action is brief. Possible mechanisms for multiple discharges evoked by group I volleys in DSCT cells are discussed. Injected currents evoke maintained firing and within a wide range there is a linear relation between frequency and current strength (mean slope constant 4.8 imp/sec/mV). Depolarization produced by muscle stretch and injected current have equivalent effect on the firing rate. The properties of DSCT cells seem well adapted to their function to transfer sensory signals and operate over a wide frequency range
Elicitation of Reflex Vagal Relaxation of the Stomach from Pharynx and Esophagus in the Cat
Authors: Abrahamsson H. , Jansson G.
Published: December 2008

Distension of different parts of the esophagus in chloralosed cats caused prompt and pronounced relaxation of the stomach. Even slight distension was sufficient to elicit gastric relaxation, and the degree of relaxation vaned with that of the esophageal distension. The gastric relaxatory response was shown to be due to elicitation of a vago‐vagal reflex to the stomach. The response could be elicited also after exclusion of spinal connections, but disappeared after vagotomy. It could not be blocked by atropine or guanethidine. It thus resembled the gastric relaxation obtained by direct electric stimulation of the vagal “relaxatory” fibres to the stomach. It is concluded that these fibres constitute the efferent pathway of the observed esophageo‐gastric vago‐vagal relaxatory reflex.—Furthermore, a similar gastric relaxation, mediated via the vagal efferent relaxatory fibres, was recorded in connection with pharyngeally elicited swallowing. It is assumed that the gastric relaxation pattern described plays an essential role in “receptive relaxation” of the stomach during deglutition.
Changes in the Activity of Isolated Vascular Smooth Muscle in Response to Reduced Osmolarity
Authors: Jonsson Olof
Published: December 2008

The effects of hypo‐osmolarity on the spontaneous activity of the smooth muscle in the isolated portal vein of the rat have been studied in solutions with varied ionic composition. A comparison between the stimulatory effects of lowered osmolarity and increased [K+]o indicated that at normal [K+]o in the control state the excitation caused by hypotonicity is not mediated only via changes in the [K+]i/[K+]o ratio. The response to hypo‐osmolarity at a higher extracellular potassium concentration is, however, more readily explained by the change in [K+]i/[K+]o which occurs in association with the swelling of the cells. This might be attributed to the fact that the membrane potential of smooth muscle is more dependent on the transmembrane concentration gradient for potassium at higher levels of external potassium concentrations.

The stimulatory effects of hypo‐osmolarity are markedly reduced at a low [Na+]o but are not considerably affected by comparable reductions in [K+]o or [Cl+]o. This indicates that the transmembrane sodium ion gradient is involved in the mechanisms by which hypo‐osmolarity excites the spontaneous activity of vascular smooth muscle. One possible interpretation is that the swelling of the muscle cells in hypotonic solutions causes an increase in the permeability of the cell membrane to the relatively larger sodium ion.
Local Transmitter Concentrations in Vascular Smooth Muscle during Vasoconstrictor Nerve Activity
Authors: Ljung Bengt
Published: December 2008

Adrenergic excitatory responses of a nerve‐muscle preparation consisting of the rat portal vein and its sympathetic post‐ganglionic nerve supply were studied quantitativelyin vitro.The maximal contractile response to nerve stimulation was obtained at 16 imp/sec and it averaged 56 per cent of the maximal response to exogenous noradrenaline, NA, (10–4M).

Factors such as the myogenic propagation between the individual muscle cells and the sparse distribution of the sympathetic nerve fibres do not allow an estimation of the transmitter concentration during nerve activity from a mere comparison of the magnitude of the responses to nerve stimulation and to exogenous NA, respectively. It was shown, however, that the degree of reduction of the contractions induced by exogenous NA, after partial a‐receptor blockade by phenoxybenzamine, was inversely related to the concentration of NA in the bath. By comparing the reductions of the neural responses with the reductions of the responses to graded concentrations of exogenous NA the effective transmitter concentration could be estimated. The values obtained were (8 ± 4) × 10–6M at 4 imp/sec and (2 ± 0.5) × 1‐‐5M at 16 imp/sec.

The effectiveness of a‐adrenergic blocking agents in affecting neural and humoral responses to catecholaminesin vivois discussed in the light of the present findings.
Reflex Responses Induced by Stimulation of Hypoglossal Afferents
Authors: Lindquist Chr. , Mårtensson A.
Published: December 2008

On stimulation of the central end of the cut hypoglossal nerve, multisynaptic reflex discharges were set up in the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and in certain muscles innervated by the facial nerve; by contrast, reflex responses were never observed in tongue muscles. Activation of the fibers mediating the reflex responses required a stimulus strength 2–4 times that required for activation of the hypoglossal motor fibers. On the basis of earlier data on the caliber spectrum of the hypoglossal nerve fibers and on the relation between the threshold values for afferent fibers and motor fibers it is concluded that the hypoglossal afferents belong to the group III fibers. The threshold differences also eliminate the possibility of the centrally relayed responses being set up by activation of recurrent collaterals from hypoglossal alpha motor fibers.—The possibility that synchronized impulses in the hypoglossal afferents might depolarize central afferent terminals in other nerves to firing level and thus open up reflex connections not operative under physiological conditions is considered and excluded.—The rypes of receptors connected to the high‐threshold hypoglossal afferents and their functional role are briefly discussed.
The Accumulation of Albumin‐125I and Thyroxine‐131I in Wounds
Authors: Funch‐Rosenberg Hans , Hansen Heinz J. M. , Moltke Erik
Published: December 2008

The distribution of 125I‐labelled guinea‐pig albumin and 131I‐thyroxine in skin and wounds of guinea pigs has been investigated in the period 1–72 hrs after the simultaneous injection of the radioactive compounds. The relative amounts of labelled thyroxine and albumin in normal skin and skin‐wounds, old as well as fresh, indicate that these tissues accumulate thyroxine in excess of that brought there on plasma‐proteins; furthermore that the thyroxine accumulation increases in fresh wounds during the experimental period.
Effects of Puromycin and Luteinizing Hormone on the Uptake of 3‐O‐Methylglucose by the Isolated Rat Ovary
Authors: Ahrén Kurt , Hamberger Lars
Published: December 2008

The rate of uptake of the non‐utilizable monosaccharide 3‐O‐methylglucose was studied in isolated ovaries from prepubertal rats. It was found that puromycin, added to the incubation medium in a concentration which completely blocked the protein synthesis, markedly decreased the rate of uptake of 3‐O‐methylglucose. It was also found that addition of luteinizing hormone (LH) to the incubation medium still increased the rate of uptake of 3‐O‐methylglucose when the protein synthesis was blocked by puromycin.
The Mechanism of the Increased Maximum Work Performance of Small Muscle Groups Resulting from “Diverting Work” with Other Muscle Groups
Authors: Alpert J. S.
Published: December 2008

The mechanism of increased work performance resulting from “diverting works” was examined. Muscle blood flow was measured in exercised and rested muscles by means of venous occlusion plethysmography and 133Xe clearance. Measurements of muscle blood flow, blood pressure and work performance following “diverting work” and other stimuli were compared with values obtained during control rest periods. Stimuli which caused a substantial rise in arterial blood pressure (“diverting work”, change in heart level, pain) caused increases in blood flow and work performance in exercised muscles. Non‐pressor or mild pressor stimuli (non‐strenuous “diverting work”, CO2 inhalation, apnea, cold) resulted in unchanged blood flow and work values in the exercised muscles. It is concluded that pressor stimuli produce increased muscle blood flow in maximally ischemic muscles due to release of muscle arteries from neurogenic and myogenic control. The increased muscle blood flow during periods employing pressor stimuli results in improved muscle restitution and hence increased work performances.
Demonstration of Adrenergic Receptor Function and Innervation in the Ductus Arteriosus of the Human Fetus
Authors: Borëus L. O. , Malmfors T. , McMurphy D. M. , Olson L.
Published: December 2008

Adrenergic receptor function in the human ductus arteriosus has been demonstrated by in vitro perfusion and spiral strip experiments and correlated with the finding of specific adrenergic nerve fibers in the smooth muscle layer of the media by histochemical fluorescence technique. The results support the possible role of an adrenergic mechanism involved in the closure of the ductus in neonates.
Oxygen Uptake in Skeletal Muscle of the Anesthetized Dog during Sympathetic Vasodilatation
Authors: Bolme Per , Novotný Jozef
Published: December 2008

Oxygen uptake in dog skeletal muscle was studied upon activation of the sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator nerves, upon reflex inhibition of the peripheral vasoconstrictor nervous tone and as a response to i.a. acetylcholine infusion. Oxygen uptake was calculated from the arteriovenous oxygen saturation and the blood flow. Stimulation of the hypothalamic vasodilator area or of the sympathetic lumbar chain, after adrenergic nervous blockade, produced an increased blood flow and a rise in calculated oxygen uptake in the muscle. In most animals the oxygen uptake returned to, or went slightly below, pre‐stimulatory levels after an initial increase for about 30 sec. However, in some experiments the oxygen uptake was elevated during the whole period of vasodilatation. Reflex inhibition of vasoconstrictor tone was produced in crosscirculation experiments by stimulating the carotid sinus nerve of the recipient dog. When the stimulation resulted in a blood flow rise in the cross‐circulated muscle, the oxygen uptake in the muscle remained increased during the whole period of vasodilatation. Acetylcholine was infused i.a. to produce vasodilatations comparable to those induced by vasodilator nerve stimulation or reflex inhibition of vasoconstrictor tone. A blood flow rise was accompanied by an initial brief inctease of the oxygen uptake followed by a return to resting values. It is concluded that sympathetic cholinergic nervous stimulation and acetylcholine elicit changes in the oxygen uptake in skeletal muscle indicating an effect predominantly on precapillary resistance vessels and not, or to a much lesser extent, on precapillary sphincters. In contrast, by inhibition of vasoconstrictor nervous tone both precapillary resistance vessels and precapillary sphincters are dilated.
Subcellular Distribution of3H‐noradrenaline in Adrenergic Nerves of Mouse Atrium — Effect of Reserpine, Monoamine Oxidase and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibition
Authors: Jonsson Gosta , Sachs Charlotte
Published: December 2008

The subcellular distribution of exogenously administered3H‐noradrenaline in adrenergic nerves of mouse atria after pretreatment with nialamide, reserpine and nialamide, or the methylester ofa‐methyl‐p‐tyrosine (H44/68) has been investigated. Parallel fluorescence histochemical studies have been performed. Both reserpine and H44/68 cause a pronounced decrease in the endogenous noradrenaline stores. The subcellular distribution was practically identical in untreated, nialamide‐pretreated and H44/68‐pretreated animals; approximately 30%3H‐noradrenaline was recovered in the particulate fraction which in all probability contains the amine storage granules. In the reserpine‐nialamide pretreated mice, however, most of the3H‐noradrenaline was found in the supernatant iraction, and about 10 % in the particulate fraction. These studies thus confirm earlier investigations that reserpine is a potent inhibitor of the noradrenaline uptake in the amine storage granules, although there is a small reserpineresistant uptake. Furthermore, after tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition both the ‘membrane pump’ and the granular uptake mechanism seem to operate. The morphological studies disclosed differences in the adrenergic nerves when the noradrenaline taken up is mainly granularly or extragranularly stored, since the varicosities are in the former case distinct and the latter case less distinct, while the pre‐terminals are more prominent. Methodological studies of the homogenization procedure for subcellular distribution studies have also been performed, the results of which are discussed in view of the experimental data obtained.

It is now well established, based on both biochemical and electronmicroscopic evidence. that the peripheral adrenergic transmitter NAIis mainly stored in special intraneuronal storage granules (Euler and Hillarp 1956. Schümann 1958. Camps and Shideman 1962. Potter and Axelrod 1962, Lundborg 1967, Hokfelt 1969). Exogenously administered NA is rapidly taken up by the axonal membrane of the adrenergic neuron and subsequently incorporated into the storage granules, mainly by means of an ATP‐Mg++‐dependent uptake mechanism. This latter process can be efficiently‐blocked by reserpine (Carlssonet al.1963, Euler and Lishajko 1963.
The Effect of Gastric Juice Extracts on Histamine as a Gastric Secretory Stimulant
Authors: Semb Lars S.
Published: December 2008

Extracts from the isolated, vagally denervated gastric antral and fundic pouches (Heidenhain) of dogs were prepared by dialyzing against water and lyophilization. The extracts were incubated with histamine for 1/2 hr and then injected s.c. into dogs with Heidenhain pouches. The gastric secretory responses of the pouches were studied by tandem injections of histamine (31 expts., 5 dogs), histamine and histamine incubated with antral juice extracts (36 expts. 5 dogs) and histamine and histamine incubated with fundic juice extracts (15 expts., 3 dogs). There was no statistically significant difference between the secretory response to the second injection as compared to the first in all experiments where both injections were histamine, in four of the dogs where the second injection was histamine incubated with antral juice extracts, and in two of the dogs where the second dose of histamine had been incubated with fundic juice. In one dog receiving antral extract there was a decreased response of 27% (P<0.001) and in one of the dogs receiving fundic juice extract there was an 18% increase (P<0.01). It was concluded that gastric juice extracts seemed not to interfere with the stimulatory effect of histamine on the oxyntic glands.
Renal Function in Man during Transition from Hydropenia to Water Diuresis with Superimposed Mannitol Load
Authors: Aperia A. , Broberger O. , Ericsson N. O. , Feychting H.
Published: December 2008

Renal function studies have been carried out in seven healthy volunteers during the transition from hydropenia to water diuresis with superimposed mannitol load. The glomerular filtration rate increased significantly during the transition from hydropenia to water diuresis, hut remained unchanged when hypotonic mannitol was infused during water diuresis. During osmotic diuresis in hydrated man the free water formation at first increased as a function of increased osmotic load demonstrating a reserve capacity of the distal tubular Na+ reabsorption. At the osmolality clearance exceeding 8 ml/ 100 ml GFR/min however, the free water formation appeared to level off. It is suggested that this level was reached only because of a general Na+ depletion. By comparing the data on urine osmolality, urine flow and osmolar clearance in the same individual during the transition from hydropenia to water diuresis further information could he gained on distal tubular function. It was thus found that the actual dilution of urine exceeded the expected dilution of urine in all individuals even when discrepancies in osmolar clearance were corrected for. Those results were interpreted to mean an increased water permeability in distal tubule of the human nephron during hydropenia.
The Unresponsiveness of Lipid Metabolism in Canine Mesenteric Adipose Tissue to Biogenic Amines and to Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Ballard Kathryn , Rosell Sune
Published: December 2008

The net release or uptake of glycerol and free fatty acids by adipose tissue in perfused mesentery of dogs was determined a) during stimulation of the superior mesenteric nerves and b) following intra‐arterial injection of noradrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, histamine and compound 48/80. Nerve stimulation had no observable effect on lipolysis, a finding which is in contrast to previously reported results from subcutaneous adipose tissue. Moreover, in order to evoke lipolysis, noradrenaline and histamine had to be administered in amounts over 10 times higher than required for subcutaneous adipose tissue. Compound 48/80, a mast cell‐depleting agent, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine did not increase lipolysis. It is concluded that mesenteric adipose tissue may not be influenced by the same agents for lipolysis as subcutaneous adipose tissue from the same species.
The Effect of Arterial Hypotension upon the Lactate, Pyruvate and Bicarbonate Concentrations of Brain Tissue and Cisternal CSF, and upon the Tissue Concentrations of Phosphocreatine and Adenine Nucleotides in Anesthetized Rats
Authors: Kaasik A. E. , Nilsson L. , Siesjö B. K.
Published: December 2008

Kaasik, A. E., L. Nilsson and B. K. Siesjö. The effect of arterial hypotension upon the lactate, pyruvate and bicarbonate concentrations of brain tissue and cisternal CSF, and upon the tissue concentrations of phosphocreatine and adenine nucleotides in anesthetized rats. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 78. 448–458.

The effect of stagnant hypoxia upon the lactate, pyruvate and bicarbonate concentrations of brain tissue and cisternal CSF, and upon the tissue concentrations of phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, and AMP was studied in anesthetized and curarized rats. The stagnant hypoxia was induced by arterial bleeding to a mean arterial blood pressure of 25–35 mm Hg. The hypotension was found to lead to moderate decreases in the phosphocreatine and ATP concentrations and to increases in the AMP and lactate concentrations. Restitution of a normal arterial blood pressure was found to give a rapid restitution of the ATP and AMP concentrations, to a slower restitution of the phosphocreatine concentration, and to a very slow disappearance of the lactate and pyruvate accumulated in the tissue and in the CSF. However, the cytoplasmatic NADH/ NAD+ ratio, calculated from the intracellular lactate and pyruvate concentrations, and from the pHi' values, was found to normalize already 2 min after the reinfusion of the blood. There was a linear relationship between the lactate accumulated in the intracellular space, and the pHi', and the slope of the line (Δ lactate/Δ pH) indicated that the intracellular buffer capacity, thus calculated, is lower than that of whole blood in vitro.
The Influence of Some Cholinergic Drugs and of Atropine on o‐Iodohippurate Accumulation in Rat Renal Cortex Slices
Authors: Bárány Ernst H.
Published: December 2008

Bárány, E. H. The influence of some cholinergic drugs and of atropine on o‐iodo‐hippurate accumulation in rat renal cortex slices. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 78. 465–470.

The effect of some drugs on the accumulation of o‐iodohippurate‐125I at 1.2 10‐5 M in slices of rat kidney cortex was studied. Pilocarpine at 10‐4 and 10‐3 M was inhibitory. The inhibition was not reduced by a 5‐fold increase in o‐iodohippurate concentration nor by large changes in potassium ion concentration. It was not counteracted by atropine. Atropine, eserine and acetyl‐choline over a wide range (in the presence of eserine) had little effect. Arecoline at 10“3 M was weakly inhibitory and not antagonized by atropine. It is concluded that the effect of pilocarpine on the tubular hippurate‐transporting system is non‐cholinergic.
Long‐Term Effects of High Intensity Flashes on the ERG of the Rabbit
Authors: Knave Bengt
Published: December 2008

Knave, B. Long‐term effects of high intensity flashes on the ERG of the rabbit. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 78. 478–490.

A method was developed allowing long‐term studies on retinal function in the unanesthetized rabbit. High intensity flashes were found to cause long‐lasting reversible excitability changes in the retina. Even a single flash with an intensity of about 7 log units above the electro‐retinographic b‐wave threshold of the dark adapted eye resulted in a depression of the b‐wave which lasted for about a week. Flashes with still higher intensities resulted in an initial increase followed by a long‐term decrease lasting one or two weeks. In additional experiments corresponding reversible changes in the b‐wave threshold were found.

The effects described are not due to influences on a shielding pigment or to a central efferent mechanism since the flash effects were also obtained on albino rabbits and after intracranial section of the optic nerve.
Properties of RNA from Giant Axons of the Crayfish
Authors: Andersson E. , Edström A. , Jarlstedt J.
Published: December 2008

Anderson, E., A. Edstrom and J. Jarlstedt. Properties of RNA from giant axons of the crayfish. Acta physiol. scand. 1969. 1970. 78. 491–502.

The presence of axonal RNA was demonstrated in giant nerve fibres of the crayfish Procam‐burus clarkii, using ultramicrochemical and radioautographic procedures. The RNA content, composition and synthesis was compared to that of enveloping Schwann sheaths and ganglionic nerve cell bodies. The following results were obtained. The RNA concentration (w/v) in the axoplasm is about 0.02 % as compared to 0.22 % in Schwann sheaths and 5.7 % in nerve cell bodies. In spite of its low concentration, the axonal RNA constitutes an amount several times larger than that of the nerve cell body. The bulk of axonal RNA is likely to have an extra‐mitochondrial localization. Its base composition, which is DNA‐like, differs distinctly from RNA of nerve cell bodies. Axonal RNA is synthesized independently of the cell body. The possibility that axonal RNA, at least in part, is synthesized in surrounding Schwann cells and transferred to the axon, is considered.
Histochemical and Biochemical Correlations of Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Autonomic and Sensory Ganglia of the Cat
Authors: Giacobini E. , Kerpel‐Fronius S.
Published: December 2008

Giacobini, G. and S. Kerpel‐Fronius.Histochernical and biochemical correlations of monoamine oxidase activity in autonomic and sensory ganglia of the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1970.78. 522–528.

Monoamhe oxidase (MAO) activity of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory ganglia was compared. The highest enzyme activity was observed in the sympathetic ganglia while the ciliary and spinal dorsal root ganglia showed significantly lower values. The nodose ganglion occupied an intermediate position. The histochemical localization of MA0 activity correlates well to these findings. The neurons of the sympathetic ganglia exhibited a strong histochemical reaction for MAO. On the other hand, the cells of the ciliary and spinal ganglia displayed only very low activity. It is suggested that high MAO activity is a specific attribute of the adrenergic neurons.
The Effect of Heparin and Some Related Agents on Diamine Oxidase in Rabbit Blood Plasma
Authors: Hansson Roy , Thysell H.
Published: December 2008

Hansson, R. and H. Thysell.The effect of heparin and some related agents on diamine oxidase in rabbit blood plasma. Acta physiol. scand. 1970.78. 539–546.

In rabbits the blood plasma level of diamine oxidase (DAO) was followed after rapid i.v. injection of heparin, heparinoid substances, soluble ribonucleic acid and protamine chloride as well as the histamine releasing agents 48/80 and polymyxin B. Heparin(oid) injections elicited a striking DAO‐increase within 1/2 min, reaching maximal values within a little more than 1 hr and then smoothly declining to basal levels. The DAO‐increase was dose‐dependent and seemed to be larger during pregnancy and in newborn animals. Continuous heparin infusion was followed by a delayed peak time and, in relation to the doses, a low but protracted increase in the blood phma DAO. Sulfated polyanions caused a significant DAO increase, but no simple correlation was found between the size of the response and the amount of sulfur injected. The findings are discussed.
Local Degranulation of Individual Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells Induced by Compound 48/80
Authors: Diamant B. , Krüger P. G. , Uvnäs B.
Published: December 2008

Diamant, B., P. G. Krüger and B. Uvnäs. Local degranulation of individual rat peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 79. 1–5.

Degranulation of individual rat mast cells is shown to occur at the site of administration of compound 48/80 by the use of micropipets placed close to the mast cell membrane. Varying degree of degranulation can be induced. It is possible to induce repeated degranulation by local application of 48/80 to the same area of the cell at least four times. The results suggest that compound 48/80 acts directly on the cell membrane and this interaction seems to be the primary cause of the extrusion of granules.
Afferent Fibres in the Hypoglossal Nerve of Cat
Authors: Hanson Jerker , Widén Lennart
Published: December 2008

Hanson, J. and L. Widén. Afferent fibres in the hypoglossal nerve of cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 79. 24–36.

Electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve in cat elicited bilateral twitching of the vibrissae and suppression of shivering. The afferent fibres which mediate these reflexes have a higher stimulus threshold than the motor fibres. They travel to the brain stem via anastomoses between the hypoglossal nerve and the vagus group in the region of the ganglion nodosum. Unitary activity was recorded in the spinal trigeminal nucleus after stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve. The reflexes are probably nociceptive reactions since similar reflexes can be evoked from the greater part of the body surface by pain stimuli. Stimulation of a peripheral branch of the hypoglossal nerve also elicited a local reflex response in the styloglossus muscle. The reflex is polysynaptic. Any tonic background activity in the muscle is inhibited by the stimulation. It is shown that this inhibition is probably not recurrent but mediated by afferent fibres via anastomoses to the vagus group. Afferent impulses evoked by stretching the tongue were recorded in the proximal part of the hypoglossal nerve trunk. These units behaved like muscle spindles. In cat these units are sparse and probably of secondary importance for movements of the tongue.
Influence of Stress, Adrenalectomy and Age on the Stimulation in vitro of Rat Kidney ATPase by Angiotensin
Authors: Levin Klas
Published: December 2008

Levin, K. Influence of stress, adrenalectomy and age on the stimulation in vitro of rat kidney ATPase by angiotensin. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 79. 50–57.

The previously demonstrated stimulation of kidney ATPase by angiotensin was studied with respect to variations due to stress, anesthesia, noradrenaline activity, adrenal function and age of the animals. The kidney cortex ATPase from rats subjected to stress, pain or angiotensin injection could not be activated in vitro by angiotensin. This was considered to be due to a maximal stimulation of the enzyme already at sacrifice of the animals. The susceptibility of the enzyme to angiotensin stimulation disappeared after adrenalectomy, but remained if the animals were treated with aldosterone. Angiotensin had no stimulating effect on the kidney cortex ATPase in newborn rats, the effect reached a maximum when the animals weighed 150–200 g and again disappeared when the animals grew larger.
Effects of Monovalent Cations on Sodium Permeability of Human Red Cells
Authors: Wieth Jens Otto
Published: December 2008

Wieth, J. O. Effects of some monovalent cations on sodium permeability of human red cells. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 79. 76–87.

It has been shown previously that monovalent anions of the lyotropic series alter the cation permeability of human red cells. Jn order to determine whether the anion‐induced effects on permeability are inspecific, the effects of an analogous series of monovalent cations were investigated. The permeability to 22Na was the same, whether the predominant cation of a bicarbonate medium was Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or choline. In chloride media total substitution of Na with Li did not change the permeability to 22Na, whereas it was doubled after replacement with K, Rb, Cs, or choline. Because both lithium and choline ions stabilize water structure, whereas K, Rb, and Cs arc structure‐breakers, it is not likely that effect of ions is due to an inspecific breaking effect on water structure. A number of distinct differences between the permeability changes caused by anions and by cations indicate that the mechanisms of interaction with the cell membrane must be different for negative and positive ions. Additional information was obtained about the effect of bicarbonate on the cation selectivity of the red cell membrane. Bicarbonate facilitates the permeation of hydrated monovalent cations as lithium and sodium, whereas the permeability to potassium and cesium is reduced. It is suggested that the increased influx is due to the formation of ion pairs (LiCO‐3 and NaCO‐3), penetrating the anion selective membrane much more readily than the cations.
Reformation of Taste Buds by Crossed Sensory Nerves in the Rat's Tongue
Authors: Oakley Bruce
Published: December 2008

Oakley, B. Reformation of taste buds by crossed sensory nervps in the rat's tongue. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 79. 88–94.

Rat taste buds degenerate and disappear when their nerve supply is cut. Regeneration of the taste nerve fibres causes certain epithelial cells to differentiate into slender receptor cells comprising the taste bud. In this study by cross‐union the glossopharyngeal (IXth) nerve was made to innervate the front of the tongue, and in other rats the chorda tympani nerve was forced to grow to the back of the tongue. These cross‐regenerated sensory nerves were able to cause differentiation of epithelial cells into taste buds, whose number and distribution were histologically determined 15 weeks postoperatively. The cross‐innervating IXth nerve reestablished taste buds in the existing fungiform papillae in conformity with the normal number and distribution of taste buds at the front of the tongue. The chorda tympani, forced to innervate the hack of the tongue, reestablish in the foliae papillae more than 1.5 times as many taste buds as it normally innervates. The number of taste buds normally innervated by the chorda tympani must, therefore, be restricted by the capacity of the anterior tongue tissue to respond to this nerve's influence. This study indicates that the distribution and total number of taste buds in the rat tongue is limited by the inherent nature of the tongue region being innervated (tissue‐specific) rather than by the type of nerve supplying the taste buds (nerve‐specific).
Intrarenal Blood Flow and Para‐aminohippurate (PAH) Extraction
Authors: Aukland K. , Løyning E. W.
Published: December 2008

Aukland, K. and E. W. Loyning. Intrarenal blood flow and para‐aminohippurate (PAH) extraction. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 79. 95–108.

Renal hyperemia induced by acetylcholine or bradykinin reduces the renal extraction of p‐aminohippurate (Epah). If PAH is completely extracted from blood passing through the renal cortex and no PAH is extracted from the juxtamedullary circulation, the medullary flow fraction (1‐Epah) should increase during vasodilatation. To test this hypothesis, Epah was measured in 12 dogs during infusion of acetylcholine and bradykinin into the renal artery; renal blood flow (RBF) was measured by electromagnetic flowmeter, and H2‐clearance from outer medulla, measured polarographically with platinum electrodes, was used as an indicator for medullary blood flow (MBF). Acetylcholine and bradykinin infusions reduced Epah from 0.79 to 0.72 and 0.70 and increased RBF to 154 and 158 per cent respectively. The medullary flow fraction decreased, since MBF rose to only 106 per cent (acetylcholine) and 138 per cent (bradykinin), whereas the hypothesis predicted a rise to more than 200 per cent. Epah is not, therefore, a valid indicator for intrarenal blood flow distribution.

A negative correlation between Epah and RBF was also observed when RBF was suddenly reduced by renal artery constriction. The results are compatible with flow‐dependent cortical extraction and no extraction of PAH from medulla. Renal sodium excretion showed no correlation to medullary blood flow.
In vivo Recording of Contractile Activity of Male Accessory Genital Organs in Rabbits
Authors: Melin Per
Published: December 2008

Melin, P. In vivo recording of contractile activity of male accessory genital organs in rabbits. Acta physiol. scand. 1970. 79. 109–113.

By means of intraluminal pressure measurements, different characteristics of contractile activity, such as amplitude, frequency and duration, have been studied in various parts of the male genital organs. Significant differences in the observed Characteristics were found between the ductus epididymidis and the proximal and distal parts of the vas deferens, as well 'as between the two regions of the vas deferens. The distal part of the vas deferens showed a significantly lower degree of muscular activtiy, compared with both the proximal part of the organ and with the ductus epididymidis.