bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disposal of Peach Cannery Waste by Application to Soil
Authors: Gambrell Robert P. , Peele T. C.
Published: July 2010

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of liquid peach cannery waste was significantly reduced by forced aeration of the liquid for 72 hours and was further reduced by the addition of 20 and 200 ppm nitrogen (N) from ammonium nitrate.

Eight applications of peach cannery waste were made to soil columns of a sandy clay and a sand subsoil during the peach canning season. Soil columns 8.26 cm (3.25 inches) in diameter having lengths of 25.4, 50.8, and 76.2 cm (10, 20, and 30 inches) received the waste at a rate of 2.54 cm/hour (1 inch/hour) for 3 hours/application. The effects of soil texture, length of column, plus the addition of NH4NO3 to the waste and CaCO3 to the soil on COD, pH, and electrical conductivity of the percolate were evaluated. Generally, as the column length increased, the COD of the percolate decreased. The sandy clay was more effective than the sand in reducing the COD of the percolate. The average reduction for the 50.8‐cm (20‐inch) columns was 90% for the sandy clay and 70% for the sand. The addition of N to the waste significantly reduced the COD of the percolate while the addition of CaCO3 to the soil had no appreciable effect.

The pH of the waste was reduced from an average of 10.9 to about 7.0 by passage through the soils. The pH of both soils was increased considerably by the waste applications and the pH of the sandy clay remained above 7.0 after being leached with distilled water. The percent of aggregates larger than 1 mm was increased by the peach waste applications while the aggregates less than 0.02 mm were not appreciably affected.
Microbiological Quality of Surface Drainage Water From Three Small Irrigated Watersheds in Southern Idaho
Authors: Smith J. H. , Douglas C. L.
Published: July 2010

The irrigation waters applied to and the surface drainage waters leaving three small watersheds in southern Idaho were analyzed for coliforms and other microorganisms and for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Numbers of coliforms and fecal coliforms tended to be greater in the drainage than in the irrigation water, but the differences were generally within the confidence limits for Most Probable Numbers analyses. Fecal streptococci numbers were higher in the drainage than in the irrigation water on two of the three small watersheds. The numbers of fecal streptococci and microorganisms incubated at 20C were higher in the drainage than the irrigation water; otherwise, the bacteriological quality of the irrigation water was not significantly changed by irrigation use. BOD in the drainage water samples averaged 4 mg/liter oxygen demand compared with 2 mg/liter oxygen demand in the irrigation water.
Effect of Cadmium Treatment on Cadmium and Zinc Uptake by Selected Vegetable Species
Authors: Turner M. A.
Published: July 2010

The effect of Cd treatment on several vegetable species was investigated using batch‐culture nutrient solution techniques. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill (tomato) was shown to be particularly sensitive to Cd damage. For all species, Cd in tops tended to increase with increased Cd levels in solution. At the highest Cd treatment investigated (1 µg Cd/m), Cd concentration in tops ranged from 2.2 µg/g for Daucus carota L. (carrot) to 158 µg/g for Lycopersicum esculentum Mill (tomato). For several species, Cd treatment resulted in increased concentration and total uptake of Zn in plant tops. This effect could be interpreted to imply root damage in the presence of Cd.
Microbial Versus Chemical Degradation of Malathion in Soil
Authors: Walker W. W. , Stojanovic B. J.
Published: July 2010

Chemical and microbiological degradation of malathion was studied in three Mississippi soils (Trinity loam, Freestone sandy loam, and Okolona clay) and their aqueous dilutions. Malathion abatement in all cases was more rapid under non‐sterile than under sterile conditions, indicating the involvement of the soil microflora in malathion dissipation. Malathion disappearance under sterile conditions was interpreted as chemical degradation. The magnitude of microbial as compared to chemical degradation seemed to increase with increasing soil organic matter and was directly dependent on soil pH. Microbiological degradation predominated in all three test soils and their aqueous dilutions. The greatest amount of chemical degradation occurred in Okolona clay. Malathion was quite stable under neutral or acid pH conditions, but was susceptible to hydrolysis in the alkaline pH range.
Distribution of Cadmium and Zinc/Cadmium Ratios in Crops from 19 States East of the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Huffman E. W. D. , Hodgson J. F.
Published: July 2010

Zinc and cadmium were determined on 153 wheat and perennial grass samples collected from rural areas in 19 states east of the Rocky Mountains. The levels of Cd were generally below 0.3 ppm. No distinct regional pattern of Cd concentration or Zn/Cd ratio was evident.
Nitrogen Losses in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Watersheds on Missouri Valley Loess
Authors: Schuman G. E. , Burwell R. E. , Piest R. F. , Spomer R. G.
Published: July 2010

Nitrogen losses from surface runoff from four field‐size (30 to 60.8 ha) watersheds in southwestern Iowa, near Treynor, were measured during 1969, 1970, and 1971. A contour‐planted corn watershed and a pasture watershed were fertilized at the recommended N rate (168 kg/ha). A level‐terraced and a contour‐planted corn watershed were fertilized at 2.5 times this rate. The conservation practice of level‐terraced corn or pasture was very effective in reducing water, sediment, and N yields when compared with the contour‐planted corn watersheds.

Annual water‐soluble N losses were low from all watersheds. The 3‐year average annual solution N loss from the contour‐planted corn watershed, fertilized at 2.5 times the recommended rate, was 3.05 kg/ha; the comparable watershed, fertilized at the recommended rate, lost only 1.89 kg/ha.

Nitrogen losses associated with sediment in the runoff accounted for 92% of the total loss for the 3‐year period from the contour planted corn watersheds. A large portion of the N loss for the terraced watershed was also associated with the sediment; however, N loss was only one‐tenth that of the contour‐planted watersheds. Sediment‐N concentrations were similar for watersheds receiving 168 kg/ha and 448 kg/ha annual N applications.

Water‐soluble‐N and sediment‐N losses in runoff were usually highest at the beginning of the cropping season and decreased progressively throughout the year, reflecting a seasonal effect believed to be associated with nutrient removal by the crop, leaching, and N tie‐up in organic matter.
Stabilizing Copper Mine Tailing Disposal Berms with Giant Bermudagrass
Authors: Day A. D. , Ludeke K. L.
Published: July 2010

Experiments were conducted in Arizona to compare two methods, vegetative plugging and broadcast seeding, of establishing giant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon var. ardius Harlan et de Wet) on copper mine tailing berms. Broadcast seeding resulted in less water erosion in the top 5 cm of soil 5 days after planting, but more plants were destroyed in the broadcast‐seeded plots by wind‐blown tailing 15 days after planting than were destroyed in plots established by the vegetative plugging method of planting. The plugging method of planting resulted in more vegetative cover 30 and 180 days after planting, and it resulted in more stabilized copper tailing berms than did broadcast seeding. Giant bermudagrass can be used effectively to provide vegetative cover, to stabilize copper mine tailing berms, and to reduce environmental pollution in the Southwest, and possibly in similar environments throughout the world.
Nitrogen Tracers in Nitrogen Cycle Studies—Past Use and Future Needs
Authors: Hauck Roland D.
Published: July 2010

Nitrogen research is directed toward two main objectives, food and fiber production and environmental control. To achieve N balance in productive ecosystems, better quantitative estimates of N transformation rates are needed. Nitrogen tracers are indispensable for making many of these estimates. Either 15N‐depleted or 15N‐enriched materials can be used. The use of 15N‐depleted materials is limited to studies where dilution form other N is less than 2,000‐fold, but these materials are potentially available in ton amounts.

Use of variations in natural 15N abundance may be useful in observing qualitative relationships among N cycle processes over large areas or extremely long time periods. Such use is questionable for obtaining quantitative information for short‐term N transformation processes.

Obvious information gaps are quantitative data on atmospheric N2 fixation and denitrification in cropped field soils and N transformation data for many other ecosystems. A program for computer data retrieval and correlation is outlined.
Effects of Ozone on Soybean Nodules
Authors: Tingey David T. , Blum Udo
Published: July 2010

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were exposed to ozone to determine if plant growth and nodulation would be reduced The plants were 3 weeks old from seed when exposed to 75 pphm ozone for 1 hour and were harvested at weekly intervals starting 4 days after exposure. The ozone treatment caused only a transitor reduction in top fresh weight. However, nodule number, nodule weight per plant, leghemoglobin content, and root growth were consistently reduced by the ozone treatment. The reductions in nodule weight per plant and leghemoglobin content per plant were directly correlated with the reduction in nodule number.
Field Study of Solute Movement in a Highly Aggregated Oxisol with Intermittent Flooding: I. Nitrate
Authors: Balasubramanian V. , Kanehiro Y. , Rao P. S. C. , Green R. E.
Published: July 2010

Movement of applied nitrate (a concentrated solution sprayed uniformly over the soil surface) under intermittent flooding was investigated in Molokai silty clay (Typic Torrox), an important soil for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) production in Hawaii. Nitrate distribution in the profile was characterized under an extended irrigation scheme by in situ sampling of soil solutions with suction probes 1 week after each water application. The nitrate peak moved only one‐third as far as would have been predicted by a piston displacement model. Equilibration of applied nitrate solution with the aggregated surface soil for 1 week prior to flood irrigation further retarded nitrate leaching. Apparently, equilibration involved bulk flow and diffusion of nitrate into aggregate micropores where the solute was less susceptible to transport in water being conducted mostly in the macropores during and soon after irrigation. Prediction of nitrate distribution based on dispersion (diffusion plus convection) equation approximated experimental results for successive irrigations reasonably well when equation parameters were obtained by fitting one set of experimental data. The drawback of this theoretical model is discussed.
Soil pH and Metallic Amendment Effects on DDT Conversion to DDE
Authors: Nash Ralph G. , Harris William G. , Lewis Cornelius C.
Published: July 2010

High soil pH resulted in greater conversion of 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) to 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) in both nonamended and MgO‐amended soils. The conversion of DDT continued throughout the experimental time of up to 32 months to a maximum of 15% of total residues as DDE. DDT was converted to DDE in both moist and dry soils above pH 7. The predominant conversion mechanism in moist soils appears to be microbial, whereas chemical conversion appears to be dominant in dry soils. Soils amended with MgO required pH values of near 10 before DDT conversion became significant. CaCO3, a dolomitic lime, Fe2O3, or Al2O3 applied to soils with a wide range of pH values did not enhance DDT conversion to DDE. Laboratory experiments indicate that the liming of soils containing DDT is not a practical means of converting DDT to DDE.
Effect of Soil Application of Dairy Manure on Germination and Emergence of Some Selected Crops
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Chang A. C. , Pratt P. F. , Sharpless R.
Published: July 2010

Germination and emergence of sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Stapf ‘Piper’), barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Numar’), radish (Raphanus sativus L. ‘Cherry Belle’), and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L. ‘Bloomsdale’) in a glasshouse were investigated using a Chino loam soil where various amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% dry manure by weight) of dairy manure were added. The degree of germination injury depended on the crop species and rate of application or the salt and N inputs. The crop sensitivity to salt or NH3 were as follows: barley < sudangrass and spinach < radish. Barley and sudangrass were more tolerant to salt or NH3 than spinach and radish. Barley germination data from treatments which had NaCl added to the soil extracts to obtain the same osmotic potential as those treated with urine, urea, or manure suggest that the germination injury was not salt specific and that other compounds such as NH3 were also contributing factors.

Germination injury can be minimized by planting several days after soil application of large amounts of dairy or feedlot manure to allow volatilization of a significant quantity of NH3 or after adequate preirrigation, or both.
Removal of Carbon Monoxide by Field and Forest Soils
Authors: Heichel G. H.
Published: July 2010

The removal of carbon monoxide from a stream of air flowing through a chamber containing soil, either from a forest or from a cultivated field, was measured in the laboratory by infrared gas analysis. The ambient CO concentration, the moisture content of the soil, and the turbulence of air above the soil modified the CO removal. The removal of CO by either soil increased with concentration between 2 and 40 ppm. Maximum rates of removal approached 0.20 mg CO dm−2 hour−1. The pattern of removal was exponential with CO concentration in moist soil and linear with CO concentration in dry soil. In the forest soil, an optimum water content for CO removal was apparent at about 55% (wt/wt). Removal of CO by the field soil increased up to about 5% water content (wt/wt), but it did not increase further as water content increased to about 15% (wt/wt). Removal of CO by the forest soil exceeded that of the field soil at all water contents when the two soils were compared at the same CO concentration. Stirring the soil enhanced the removal of CO by a crusted field soil that was dryer in the upper than in the lower part of the profile. Slowing the mixing of air over the forest soil decreased removal of CO 40 to 50% at two moisture contents. Analyzing the removal of CO by soil with a diffusion model suggests that the entry of CO into soil is opposed by a substantial diffusive resistance that varies with soil type, moisture content, turbulence of the air, and CO concentration. The measurements suggest that the soil surface of the earth removes CO at a minimum annual rate equivalent to 14% of the tropospheric inventory.
The Chemistry and Physiology of Pigmentation in Leaves Injured by Air Pollution
Authors: Howell R. K. , Kremer D. F.
Published: July 2010

Oxidant air pollutants induce necrotic lesions and discoloration on foliage of susceptible plants. The time of initiation of oxidized plant pigments in response to ozone and the chemical composition of the pigments were investigated. Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris humilis L., with nearly fully expanded leaves, were treated with ozone. Leaves removed immediately, 2, 4, and 24 hours after treatment were examined for presence of induced pigment. Milligram quantities of polymerized pigments were extracted from treated leaves, freed from extraneous materials by Sephadex and molecular sieves, and analyzed for chemical constituents. Pigments are initiated within 2 hours after exposure and have a molecular weight range of 10,000 to 26,000. Twenty amino acids, seven metals, two sugars, and one phenol moiety were identified from the polymers. Pigment formation associated with ozone injury appears to result from ozone injury to membranes which permits phenols and phenolases to react and to produce quinones which polymerize with amino acids and proteins. Thus, this oxidative process enhanced by air pollutants may reduce nutritional values in leafy food and forage crops.
Acetylene‐Reduction Assay of Anaerobic Nitrogen Fixation by Sediments of Selected Wisconsin Lakes
Authors: Macgregor A. N. , Keeney D. R.
Published: July 2010

Sediments from two hardwater and six softwater lakes of varying trophic levels from Wisconsin were incubated under conditions which permitted continued synthesis of methane. Rates of acetylene reduction indicated that, on the average, sediments from hardwater and softwater lakes may fix 37 and 7.7 ng of N, respectively, per gram (dry weight) per day. The rate of acetylene reduction diminished in the presence of nitrogenase inhibitors.
A Study of Factors Influencing the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contents of Nebraska Waters
Authors: Muir John , Seim Edwin C. , Olson R. A.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this investigation was to determine magnitude and sources of nutrient N and P in Nebraska waters. Correlation studies reveal little relation between N and P concentrations of the water and agricultural use of fertilizers. Nutrient levels in the water are governed more by human and livestock densities and intensity of irrigation development than by agronomic production factors. Only at sites of intensive irrigation development on very sandy soils and with irrigation of valley positions of shallow water table has fertilizer N contributed substantially to a reduction in ground‐water quality.

Nutrient concentrations in streams fluctuate widely with (i) varied time and rate of organic waste intrusions and subsequent biological assimilation and (ii) major runoff events. Reservoirs on streams also have a major modifying action in reducing sediment and fertility load. The observed higher N content of streams during periods of peak flow can be attributed partially to the high N content of precipitation and its direct runoff into streams during periods of high rainfall intensity.
Nitrogen Transformations During Subsurface Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent in Sands: I. Soil Transformations
Authors: Walker W. G. , Bouma J. , Keeney D. R. , Magdoff F. R.
Published: July 2010

Soil physical and chemical studies of five subsurface septic tank seepage beds were conducted to determine the biochemical transformations of N and thereby its potential for ground‐water pollution. Effluent was found to be ponded in all the seepage beds examined due to the presence of an impeding layer, a “crust”, at the boundary between the gravel bed and adjacent soil. The crust reduced infiltration rates approximately from 500 to 8 cm/day. Soil atmospheric composition 5 cm below the crust averaged 19.6% O2 and 0.66% CO2. Nitrogen in the septic tank effluent occurred as NH4‐N (80%) and organic N (20%) with virtually no NO3‐N. Organic‐N was largely concentrated in the crust zone. Nitrification of NH4‐N to NO3‐N was essentially complete and commenced in the unsaturated subcrust soil within about 2 cm of the crust. Nitrification did not occur and NH4‐N was absorbed by the soil below a seepage bed that was submerged in the ground water.
The Persistence and Movement of Picloram and 2,4,5‐T in Soils
Authors: Lutz J. F. , Byers G. E. , Sheets T. J.
Published: July 2010

The movement and persistence of picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid) and 2,4,5‐T (2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) were studied on a western North Carolina watershed on which extensive agronomic, hydrologic, and climatic data had been accumulated over a period of 18 years. Picloram was more persistent than 2,4,5‐T; approximately 60% of the picloram and 90% of the 2,4,5‐T disappeared in 15 days. There was some penetration into the soil, but a very high percentage of the total amount present at the different sampling periods was in the 0‐ to 7.5‐cm layer. Doubling the application rate (4.48 vs. 2.24 kg/ha) resulted in a twofold increase in the amount of herbicide recovered at each sampling period. Very little downslope movement of either herbicide occurred even though the average slope on the plots was approximately 27%. Practically no herbicide was found more than 0.3 m, and none beyond 1.2 m, downslope. More picloram than 2,4,5‐T moved.
Effect of Soil Treatments on Losses of Two Chloronitrobenzene Fungicides
Authors: Wang C. H. , Broadbent F. E.
Published: July 2010

PCNB (pentachloronitrobcnzene) and DCNA (2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline) are widely used as soil fungicides and have been found to be quite persistent in soils at field moisture capacity. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of flooding, sterilization, addition of organic matter, atmosphere composition, free or combined oxygen, and soil temperature on pesticide decomposition.

Known quantities of fungicides were added to three different California soils and analyzed for residual concentrations after incubation under controlled conditions. Samples were extracted with acetone and analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis (GLC).

Both fungicides were rapidly lost from soils made anaerobic by flooding or exclusion of oxygen. Losses were mainly due to microbial degradation. Loss rates were inversely related to organic matter content. Pentachloroaniline and possibly pentachlorothioanisole were found to be degradation products of PCNB.

Organic amendments increased the rate of fungicide loss under flooded conditions, but not at field capacity, Degradation in flooded soils was retarded by free oxygen or combined oxygen in nitrate form. Rates of loss varied directly with temperature from 15 to 35C.
Soil Profile Conditions of Cattle Feedlots
Authors: Mielke Lloyd N. , Swanson Norris P. , McCalla Thomas M.
Published: July 2010

Characterization of the conditions that exist in the feedlot surface and soil profile is important to evaluation of the potentials for soil and water pollution. Cattle action and management activities create a dynamic condition in the feedlot. The organic matter surface causes physical and biochemical changes in the soil that are unlike natural or cultivated soils. The feedlot profile can be described as three layers: the organic matter, the interface, and the underlying soil. Measurable characteristics include bulk density, infiltration, and content of organic matter, water, and nitrate‐N. Generally, the surface 15.2‐cm depth of feedlot soils is compacted and has a high bulk density. Infiltration into the feedlot surface layers is essentially zero. There is no transpiration, and the soilwater content is more uniform through the profile than on cropped land.
Effects of Treated Municipal Wastewater and Commercial Fertilizer on Growth, Fiber, Acid‐Soluble Nucleotides, Protein, and Amino Acid Content in Wheat Hay
Authors: Day A. D. , Rahman Abdul , Katterman F. R. H. , Jensen Varon
Published: July 2010

Experiments were conducted at Tucson, Arizona to study effects of treated municipal wastewater on growth, total fiber, acid‐soluble nucleotides, total protein, and amino acids in hay from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant heights and number of culms per plant for wheat grown with wastewater were similar to plant heights and number of culms per plant when wheat was produced with well water and suggested amounts of N, P, and K and when it was grown with well water plus N, P, and K in amounts equal to those in wastewater. Wheat plants grown with wastewater had culms with a larger diameter and a higher total fiber content than did plants produced with the other treatments. Highest hay yields were obtained when wheat was grown with wastewater, followed by hay produced with well water plus N, P, and K in amounts present in wastewater, and hay grown with well water plus suggested amounts of N,P, and K, in decreasing order. Wheat plants from the three irrigation and fertilizer treatments contained similar amounts of acid‐soluble nucleotides.

Wheat grown with well water plus N, P, and K in amounts equal to those in wastewater and hay produced with wastewater alone contained similar amounts of total protein, and more protein than did hay grown With well water plus suggested amounts of N, P, and K. Wheat utilized the N in wastewater more efficiently than it used the N in well water plus N, P, and K equal to wastewater. The amino acids alanine, glycine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine were present in higher concentrations in wheat hay grown with wastewater then in hay produced with the other two treatments. Hay grown with the three irrigation and fertilizer treatments contained similar amounts of leucine, proline, and threonine. When wheat hay was grown with wastewater, none of the observed amino acids were decreased below the levels at which they were present in hay produced with suggested cultural practices. Treated municipal wastewater was an effective source of irrigation water and plant nutrients for the production of high quality hay from wheat in the Southwest.
Nutrients in Subsurface and Runoff Waters of the Holland Marsh, Ontario
Authors: Nicholls Kenneth H. , MacCrimmon Hugh R.
Published: July 2010

Concurrent with a limnological investigation of the Holland River, Ontario, an attempt was made to determine relative contributions to the river of nutrients (NO3−‐N, NO2−‐N, total and soluble reactive phosphorus) and total electrolyte (specific conductance) in surface runoff water pumped from both cultivated and uncultivated plots of muck soil within the Holland Marsh. In addition, subsurface water from piezometers installed in both cultivated and uncultivated marsh soil was analyzed throughout the growing season to determine fundamental differences in water chemistry and the extent of leaching of N and P under both cultivated and uncultivated conditions.

The present study has shown that the time and amount of rainfall was important in determining nitrate‐N and to a lesser extent, soluble reactive P concentrations in subsurface water beneath the cultivated plot but not beneath the uncultivated plot. The mean concentration (0.75 mg/liter) of inorganic N (NO3−‐N + NO2−‐N + NH3‐N) in subsurface water under the cultivated plot was about 10 times higher than under uncultivated marsh during the growing season.

The combined effects of fertilization, drainage and hence oxidizing and nitrifying conditions yielded 4 to 5 times more P (1.56 kg P/ha) and 40 to 50 times more nitrate‐N (4.1 kg N/ha) runoff water from the cultivated over the uncultivated plot. The significance of the loading from the cultivated plot is that the nutrients are lost to the river during a 5 to 6 week pumping period during the spring and that more than 90% of the total P in runoff is in the soluble reactive form (as opposed to only 45% from the uncultivated marsh) and is, therefore, readily available for algae and aquatic plant growth in the lower Holland River and Cook Bay of Lake Simcoe.
An Ecological Interpretation for the Small Mounds in Landscapes of Eastern Oklahoma
Authors: Allgood F. P. , Gray Fenton
Published: July 2010

Many hypotheses suggesting the origin of small, oval, slightly domed mounds have been proclaimed but none widely accepted. Mounds typical to eastern Oklahoma were studied by relating climatic influences, patterns, distributions, sizes, shapes, relief, vegetation, and biological evidences to morphological characteristics of soil pedons within the mounds and associated landscape. Laboratory measurements included particle‐size distribution, bulk density, extractable cations, and organic matter extractions.

Mounded soils occur in the greater than 102‐cm rainfall belt on landscapes having occasional perched water tables. The pattern of the mounds which consists of sizes, shapes, and distribution is similar in these landscapes.

The average yield per hectare of forage was 4,997 kg on the mounds as compared to 3,227 kg in the intermound areas.

Evidence of biological activities is highly concentrated in mounds, increasing in the soil horizons where mottlings decrease due to decreasing wetness. Even though soil textures are similar, bulk densities show soils to be more porous in the mound than in the associated intermounds. The surface horizons of the mound soils are apparently continually “fluffed” by organisms and protected by a flourishing growth of vegetation sustained by the high productivity of these soils.

Mounds are concluded to be natural phenomena resulting from a soil environmental equilibrium, a condition created by the influence of a complex ecological association of a protective cover of grasses, and organisms of the landscape assembling in selected elevated soils to escape seasonal wet soil conditions.
Nitrate‐Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contents of Streams Draining Small Agricultural Watersheds in Kentucky
Authors: Thomas Grant W. , Crutchfield James D.
Published: July 2010

Eight streams draining agricultural watersheds in the important physiographic regions of Kentucky were sampled monthly from January through May in both 1971 and 1972. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of land use and geology on the concentrations of nitrate‐N and P in the stream water. The land use ranged from almost completely forested to mostly cultivated. There was not a good relationship between nitrate‐N and land use. Nitrate‐N varied from 6 ppm to zero, with the highest value being found in a stream draining a watershed which was 98% in bluegrass pasture. The P concentrations in the stream water were closely related to local geology and not to land use. A comparison between the 1921 data of McHargue and Peter and 1971–72 data from the same geological areas showed very little change in mean nitrate‐N or P concentrations.
Land Disposal of Waste Gases: I. Flow Analysis of Gas Injection Systems
Authors: Miyamoto S. , Warrick A. W. , Bohn H. L.
Published: July 2010

The steady‐state flow of gases in soils is analyzed mathematically from the view of land disposal of waste gases. Gas injection systems considered include ditches, buried pipes, and wells. The systems are compared on the basis of two criteria (i) how effectively the power is used (power efficiency), and (ii) how uniformly is the gas distributed through soils (uniformity). Often the two criteria are in conflict, and systems giving a high power efficiency result in low uniformity. Gas injection by buried porous pipe appears advantageous over ditch or well systems.
Nitrate Occurrence in Some Soils With and Without Natric Horizons
Authors: Gentzsch E. P. , Runge E. C. A. , Peck T. R.
Published: July 2010

The effect of animal activity and fertilizer practices on the nitrate content in soils with and without natric horizons was investigated in a field study in southern Illinois where excessive ground‐water nitrate levels were reported. Most of these soils are poorly drained. A comparison is provided by the poorly and well‐drained soils without natric horizons observed in central Illinois. The results indicate that soils with natric horizons at shallow depths or dark‐colored poorly drained soils had low levels of nitrate in the profile; all other soils showing increased nitrate levels in the entire profile or below the root zone were related to the amount of fertilizer used or the amount of animal activity. Animal operations resulted in larger amounts of nitrate in similar soil profiles than did fertilizer applications. Increased nitrate content of the ground water, sampled in Washington County, similarly was related to fertilizer practices and animal activity in all soils, except under soils with natric horizons at shallow depths.
Predicting Pesticide Runoff from Agricultural Land: A Conceptual Model
Authors: Bailey G. W. , Swank R. R. , Nicholson H. P.
Published: July 2010

A mathematical model of the dynamic, single‐rainfall‐event type is being developed to describe quantitatively pesticide runoff as a function of pesticide and soil properties, agricultural practices, watershed characteristics, and climatic factors. From the model, guidelines governing pesticide use will be derived to prevent or minimize water pollution resulting from runoff from agricultural land.

The model described is based on a state‐of‐the‐art approach. Pesticide transport is “piggybacked” on existing hydrologic and soil‐loss models. Both direct mass‐balance and areal averaging‐statistical simulation approaches are being considered for the basic runoff and sediment transport descriptors. The conceptual structure of the overall model includes (i) source term effects (parameters that determine the initial concentration of pesticide available for runoff), e.g., pesticide formulation, physical‐chemical properties, and initial spatial distribution; (ii) loss of pesticide from the surface zone between rainfall events by various attenuation processes (volatilization, microbial, chemical, and photochemical degradation, and organism uptake); and (iii) loss of pesticide from the soil surface during runoff‐producing rainfall events because of mass transfer from soil surface into the moving runoff film and pickup of sediment containing pesticide particulates.

The minimum output requirements for the model are the prediction of runoff rate and sediment loading plus the corresponding water and sediment phase pesticide concentrations at a designated boundary (normally a watershed confluence or drainage channel) as a function of time during a runoff event. This output is to be based upon input consisting of the type, formulation, and rate and method of application of the pesticide, and the areal extent, topography, type of soil, cropping characteristic, and rainfall characteristics of the watershed or basin. The model will internally generate and store the appropriate boundary condition changes required to predict sequential rainfall response using between‐event meteorological data as input. In addition, the model structure is to be suitable for scaleup for application to areas approaching basin size parametrically, by use of transfer functions, or by use of executive and routing subroutine additions.
Short‐Term Kinetic Studies on the Inhibition of Photosynthesis by Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Sij J. W. , Swanson C. A.
Published: July 2010

Utilizing infrared gas analysis techniques, the effect of a 1‐hour exposure to 1, 3, or 5 ppm SO2 on apparent photosynthesis in the primary leaf of Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) was studied as a function of three leaf ages. Generally, photosynthesis was reduced about 15, 70, and 90% for the respective concentrations regardless of leaf age. The initial inhibition of photosynthesis was not due to stomatal closure. Inhibition kinetics observed at 1 and 3 ppm SO2 for Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were compared with those of SO2‐tolerant corn (Zea mays L.). At 1 ppm SO2, the kinetics of inhibition of photosynthesis for the two species were similar; however, at 3 ppm SO2, apparent photosynthesis in corn was inhibited less than in Pinto bean and recovered to a higher level following removal of SO2.
Nitrogen Release Associated with the Decrease in Soil Organic Matter in Newly Cultivated Soils
Authors: Reinhorn Tova , Avnimelech Yoram
Published: July 2010

A marked decrease in soil organic matter occurs during the first years following the cultivation of virgin soils. The purpose of this work is to study the release of nitrogen, associated with this process. Technically, this was achieved by a series of comparisons between cultivated plots and adjacent virgin soils.

It was found, that in the area under study, the decrease in soil organic nitrogen was rather fast and a steady state was apparently achieved during the first few years. The amount of nitrogen released during this process are up to 9 tons of N/ha.

The amount of nitrogen released is linearily related to the initial organic nitrogen content of the soil.

In regions where large areas of newly cultivated fields are found, this process may be a major factor responsible for nitrate enrichment of the drainage water.
Potential Interactions of Aldicarb and Its Metabolites on Nontarget Organisms in the Environment
Authors: Spurr Harvey W. , Sousa A. A.
Published: July 2010

Laboratory evaluations were conducted with aldicarb pesticide and its metabolic degradation products to determine their effects on selected plants, insects and microorganisms. Except for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone, which were toxic to insects and nematodes, none of the aldicarb metabolites were significantly toxic to the test organisms studied. The metabolic utilization of aldicarb by certain microorganisms should increase the rate of detoxification and result in the rapid dissipation of residues. The results imply that the growth of soil microorganisms should not be effected adversely by the concentrations of aldicarb applied for pest control.
Volcanic Air Pollution: Deleterious Effects on Tomatoes
Authors: Kratky B. A. , Fukunaga E. T. , Hylin J. W. , Nakano R. T.
Published: July 2010

From the winter of 1969–70 to the summer of 1973, severe yield and quality reductions occurred on field grown tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) in the Kona district on the Island of Hawaii. Symptoms of this mysterious disease included blossom drop, poor fruit set, hollow, small, and almost seedless fruits, and a less luxuriant appearance. A definite atmospheric haze appeared at this time, and was apparently caused by fumes from active and degassing vents located 75 km away and associated with Kilauea Volcano since the volcanic eruption period coincided with the appearance of the haze. Tomato plants under plastic rainshelters grew normally. Since rainwater was suspected of causing the symptoms, it was analyzed and found to be acidic (pH 4.0) and to contain appreciable quantities of Cl− and SO42‐ plus 27 detectable organic compounds in the ppb range. When tomato leaf discs were immersed in rainwater samples, more Ca, Mg, and K were leached from these acidic samples than from less acidic rainwater samples and the distilled water controls. In a pollen germination medium containing rainwater, pollen germination and tube lengths decreased as the pH of the rainwater decreased. However, since increasing the pH of the acidic Kona rainwater with NaOH did not increase pollen germination, factors other than pH are suspected to cause poor pollen germination. The pH of rainwater samples from a single heavy rainfall were less acidic than from cumulative samples of lighter rainfalls.
Fungal Populations in the Rumen Associated with Fescue Toxicosis
Authors: Futrell M. C. , Farnell D. R. , Poe W. E. , Watson V. H. , Coats R. E.
Published: July 2010

The fungal population of the rumen of fistulated steers grazing fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was studied in 1972 and 1973. Aspergillus terreus Thom was found in 1972 in the rumen shortly after the steers were placed on fescue pastures. Populations of this fungus increased in 6 weeks from 0 to over 1000 propagules per gram of rumen fluid. One month after the steers were placed on this pasture, fescue toxicosis occurred. Aspergillus terreus was not found in the rumen of fistulated steers grazing fescue in 1973, and no fescue toxicosis developed in these steers. Fusarium tricinctum (Cda.) Sacc. and other fungi were found in both years but not in high populations as was A. terreus. In 1972 A. terreus was isolated from fescue in four different counties in Mississippi where fescue toxicosis was found. In 1973 no A. terreus was isolated from these same fields and no fescue toxicosis occurred. Higher numbers of propagules of A. terreus were found in 1972 in fescue growing on low nitrogen. Two out of three fistulated steers artifically dosed with A. terreus and grazing fescue in 1973 developed swollen and tender feet, symptoms of fescue toxicosis. Aspergillus terreus remained viable through the entire digestive tract of these three steers in 1973.
Differing Sensitivity of Corn and Soybean Photosynthesis and Transpiration to Lead Contamination
Authors: Bazzaz F. A. , Rolfe G. L. , Windle P.
Published: July 2010

Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) plants grown in media containing a range of Pb concentrations, supplied as PbCl2, showed decreased net photosynthesis and transpiration with increasing Pb treatment levels. At lower Pb treatment levels, corn appears to be more sensitive than soybeans. However, at high treatment levels (62.5–250 mg/plant) soybeans are more sensitive than corn. At 250 mg Pb/plant in the medium, photosynthesis is only 10% of maximum in soybeans but 47% in corn, even though corn Pb tissue content is much higher than that of soybeans. Transpiration exhibited similar trends to photosynthesis suggesting that, especially in corn, an appreciable part of the inhibition of the two processes is related to increased stomatal resistances with increased Pb concentrations.

Lead accumulation trends were similar at treatment levels of 0 to 62.5 mg/plant but were slightly different at higher levels. The total amount of Pb accumulated was higher in corn than in soybeans. Maximum accumulation in both species occurred at 62.5 mg Pb/plant.
Land Disposal of Waste Gases III. Sorption Patterns from Buried Gas Injection Pipes
Authors: Miyamoto S. , Warrick A. W. , Prather R. J.
Published: July 2010

The advancement of sorption fronts resulting from the injection of reactive gases into soils through buried porous pipes is analyzed mathematically and verified experimentally with small scale laboratory models. The sorption front advances in ellipsoidal patterns with faster rates above the pipes for a homogeneous profile. The reacted portion of soil when the front first intersects the ground surfaces is larger for corrugated surfaces than for plane surfaces. The corrugated surface is chosen with the “highest” elevation point directly over the injection pipe, the “lowest” point midway between. When a shallow sorptive layer overlies a nonreactive material, the shape of the front is not circular but extends towards the midpoint between parallel pipes where the most water would infiltrate. The concentration of reactants in the outflow increases sharply as the front passes a part of the ground surfaces. The sorption fronts determined experimentally by injecting a dry air and nitrogen dioxide mixture into a small soil tank agreed well with the predicted positions based on an instantaneous reaction.
Water Quality After Clearcutting a Small Watershed in West Virginia
Authors: Aubertin G. M. , Patric J. H.
Published: July 2010

A 34‐ha (85‐acre) gaged watershed on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Parsons, West Virginia, was conventionally clearcut in 1969. Streamflow increased 20 cm (8 inches) during the first year after cutting, but rapid and luxuriant revegetation reduced the flow increase to only 6.4 cm (2.5 inches) during the second year. Water quality remained high. Clearcutting had a negligible effect on the stream's temperature, pH, nonstorm turbidity, and concentrations of dissolved solids, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and NH4+‐N. Storm‐period turbidity, nitrate‐nitrogen, and phosphate concentrations showed slight increases, while the sulfate concentration decreased. Maximum nitrate‐nitrogen concentration of 1.42 ppm was recorded during a 6.4‐cm (2.5‐inch) rainfall. Success in avoiding damage to water quality was attributed to careful road management, retention of a forest strip along the stream, and rapid, lush vegetative regrowth after clearcutting.
Diurnal Fluctuation and Movement of Atmospheric Ammonia and Related Gases from Dairies
Authors: Luebs R. E. , Davis K. R. , Laag A. E.
Published: July 2010

Simultaneous 24‐hour air sampling, 0.8 km upwind from the nearest cows in a large dairy area (145,000 cows) and 11.2 km upwind from the dairy area, showed distillable N (mostly NH3) concentrations of 190 and 6 µg/m3, respectively. An average distillable‐N concentration of 540 µg/m3 was measured during a 24‐hour sampling at the downwind corral fence of an isolated 600‐cow dairy. These data indicate significant N loss from dairy waste by NH3 volatilization. The significance of the effects of these higher atmospheric concentrations on NH3 absorption by soils, surface waters, and crops remains to be fully evaluated. Meteorological factors, particularly temperature inversions in the atmosphere and wind, along with proximity to the waste, greatly affected atmospheric concentrations of distillable N. A marked diurnal fluctuation with low concentrations in the afternoon and high concentrations at night were frequently recorded in the large dairy area. Higher nighttime values were related to temperature inversions in the atmosphere. A reversed diurnal pattern with the high afternoon and low nighttime concentrations were recorded at the isolated‐dairy site. Close proximity to the source and a high horizontal flux of distillable N with afternoon winds were important factors in this diurnal pattern. Winds averaging 9.3 km/hour transported distillable N 500 m from the isolated dairy at a height of 1.2 m.
Nitrate and Chloride Movement in the Plainfield Loamy Sand Under Intensive Irrigation
Authors: Endelman F. J. , Keeney D. R. , Gilmour J. T. , Saffigna P. G.
Published: July 2010

A field experiment to evaluate leaching under intensive irrigation was conducted over an 11‐day period on a Plainfield loamy sand fertilized with KNO3 and KCl. The NO3‐N and Cl concentration in soil profile and lysimeter leachate samples collected daily were determined. Under the conditions of this experiment 2.5 cm of water moved about 19 cm in the surface and 28 cm in the subsurface soil. Chloride concentrations in the profiles were similar to those of NO3‐N. Movement of NO3‐N and Cl was 15 to 20 cm/day under 2.5 cm daily water application. The results show that rainfall and/or irrigation, can rapidly move NO3‐N beyond the rooting zone of this soil.
Effect of Summer Use of a Mountain Watershed on Bacterial Water Quality
Authors: Skinner Quentin D. , Adams John C. , Rechard Paul A. , Beetle Alan A.
Published: July 2010

The water quality of a mountain watershed during the summers of 1970, 1971, and 1972 is presented. Samples were collected at six sample sites in the watershed. The standard plate count at 20C and the aerobic bacteria enumerated on trypticase soy agar at 20C numbered about 5 × 103 cells/ml in July, and remained at this concentration for the rest of the summer. The standard plate count at 35C was generally constant at near 50 cells/ml each summer at all sample sites. The total coliforms in 9 out of 17 cases exhibited a tenfold increase in numbers in late July or August over the values of 10 or less per 100 ml found in June. Fecal coliforms in 11 out of 17 cases increased 10 to 100‐fold in concentration in July or August over values obtained in June or September. Maximum numbers of fecal streptococci were usually seen at all sample sites in July or August except for 1972, when sheep (Ouis aries) were being grazed in September. A stream in a natural area of the watershed appeared to be less polluted than other streams in the watershed which were influenced by human use. The use of the fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ratio to determine the source of pollution appeared to be of questionable value in this study.