bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emergency Brake
Authors: Navarro Luis Hernández
Published: January 2022

The No Más Sangre movement of 2011 and the Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity (MPJD) were watersheds in the process of organizing citizen discontent in Mexico. The MPJD sought unity and collective action from a diverse coalition of political actors, social organizations, and victims of violence who were excluded from the current party political regime. The MPJD sponsored public marches, peace caravans, and dialogues with government officials. Despite its enormous accomplishments, the MPJD failed to stop the violence and began to lose support. With its failure, self-defense and community police groups flourished across Mexico.
The Caterpillar and the Machine
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses Lula’s history as a machinist including his big break in January 1966 when he was hired as a skilled machinist at Indústrias Villares. It discusses how he was courted, at his brother’s suggestion, to run in the February 1969 election for union office in the metalworkers’ union of São Bernardo do Campo. It offers a close reading of these “silent” early years of Lula’s union career which is assumed to be dominated by flunkies and sellouts (pelegos). The specter of the pelego was linked to workers’ doubts about their ability as a group to unite given the double-edged nature of individual ambition for those involved. Discussing the architects of government-sponsored unionism like Oliveira Vianna and Segadas Viana, the chapter offers a richer understanding of the union as a social space of fully lived lives, of fun, humor, and pleasure as well as determination, suffering, and struggle.
The Immediatism of Everyday Life
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights elements of Lula’s background and personality, including soccer, while using his experience between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three to explore the complexities of individual consciousness. In doing so, it distinguishes between socialization, personal dispositions, and truths so well established that they stand as simple “facts” of working-class life, including hunger, unemployment, and deeply despotic authority. Tracing the sources of an inchoate discontent, this chapter explains how this nonactivist worker first glimpsed perceived injustice but was untouched by leftist labor leaders and activists’ diagnosis of workers’ problems as derived from a system of exploitation (capitalism) backed by an antilabor dictatorship with powerful foreign patrons.
Years of Living Dangerously
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter shows how national political developments could affect even the most apolitical of workers. Lula’s travails in 1965–66 stemmed directly from the new military government’s modernization of Brazil’s macroeconomic policies, governmental institutions, and financial markets. The Government Program of Economic Action, introduced in November 1964, led to a powerful economic downswing, with a contraction of demand that, while dampening inflation, brought mass layoffs, factory closures, bankruptcies, and an unprecedented salary squeeze that generated worker discontent. It also analyzes the festering disagreements, radical disappointments, and unresolved frustrations after 1964 that shattered the Communist Party and led to emergence of a “revolutionary” Left—symbolized by Carlos Marighella—that opted for armed struggle while the mainstream Communists supported a call for direct elections when former presidents Juscelino Kubitschek and Jango Goulart joined their former bête noire Carlos Lacerda. The year would end with unsuccessful strikes and a radicalization of the dictatorship with AI-5 in December 1968.
Afterword
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues in favor of a biographical pivot in the mainstream of history as a professional practice that had repudiated the “great man” approach of Thomas Carlyle rejected by novelist Leo Tolstoy. It argues that a move towards social history—reflecting the influence of Marxism—would be enriched by adopting a biographical approach proposed by philosopher Jean Paul Sartre in the 1950s.
Out of Eden
Authors: Hill-Saya Blake
Published: January 2022

This brief chapter sets the stage for Moore’s departure from Columbia County in 1885.
Lincoln Hospital and Nursing School
Authors: Hill-Saya Blake , Butterfield G. K. , Eileen C.
Published: January 2022

In February 1897, Dr. Aaron McDuffie Moore was either invited or applied to become the superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane in Goldsboro, N.C. The hospital was a state-funded Black hospital established in 1880. Around the same time, Moore and John Merrick began a campaign of social pressure, fundraising, and statesmanship to create another Black hospital for the Hayti neighborhood. Their campaign was successful and resulted in the opening of Lincoln Hospital in August 1901 and the Lincoln Hospital School of Nursing in 1903. The chapter details the location, services, and those involved in the early years of Lincoln Hospital and its nursing school. With the establishment of a Black hospital in Durham that Moore oversaw, he and the family moved into town.
From Reflex and Bone Structure
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

Part One of the book contains excerpts from six of Clarence Major’s novels: Reflex and Bone Structure, My Amputations, Such Was the Season, Painted Turtle: Woman with Guitar, Dirty Bird Blues, and One Flesh. Reflex and Bone Structure (1975) is a narrative of subtle clues regarding Majors’s Manhattan characters; the story then shifts to a road trip. Painted Turtle is an examination of Zuni life from the perspective of the narrator, who meets the title character as an adult and, from the stories she has told him, pieces together her existence from childhood on. The novel incorporates cultural language, traditions, and mental illness linked to the legacy of attempted race extermination. My Amputations chronicles a fictional African American poet abroad in Nice and Oxford for conference and readings. One Flesh centers on John and Susie, a black painter and a Chinese American poet in San Francisco, who are considering marriage.
From Dirty Bird Blues
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

He must have slept dead for six hours, at least. In the dream he woke up on he was trying to clean the blood from his jacket, but it wouldn’t come off.

Sitting up, he swung his feet to the floor. Still in his underwear, he was cold and thirsty. The room was chilly....
My Mother and Mitch
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

Part Two includes the short stories “My Mother and Mitch,” “Chicago Heat,” “Bourbon for Breakfast,” “Victoria,” “Sketch,” “Innocence,” and “Five Years Ago.” The story “Innocence” (2000) combines terse declarative Hemingwayesque rhythm with a magical realism where dreams and reality merge (similarly to Reflex and Bone Structure as well as many of the poems included in the volume). “Chicago Heat,” wherein the concurrent horror and humor of African American experience rings painfully true—so many complications that death is not necessarily a prioritized development but rather just one more aggravation thrown on the daily mountain of life’s obstacles—unfoldes as a one-sided phone call. “My Mother and Mitch” centers of 15-year-old Tommy who lived in a Chicago apartment with his divorced mother, Jayne.
Richard Wright
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

The story of Richard Wright’s career, perhaps more than that of any other black American writer, not only illustrates the high and low points such an author can reach, in terms of his work and how it is received, but also dramatizes sharply the general problems of an independent career in writing. I will examine here the activities of Wright’s writing career and some aspects of his personal life and the works he produced, and touch on correlations among these aspects in the hope of achieving not only a better understanding of his life as a writer but also with the suggestion of what such a life means for a black writer in a culture that is largely white....
A Meditation on Kenneth Patchen’s Painted Poems
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

While in my teens in the mid-1950s in Chicago, I discovered Kenneth Patchen through reading an essay titled “Patchen: Man of Anger and Light,” by Henry Miller. This was before Miller’s Tropic of Cancer was available in the States. I had already read all of Miller’s New Directions books. Once I discovered Patchen, I read everything of his I could find. And in doing so discovered the inner world of the man’s passionate feelings and thoughts. They gave me an anchor....
Necessary Distance
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

People have a tendency to ask a writer, Why did you become a writer? How did you become a writer? Every writer hears such questions over and over. You ever hear anybody ask a butcher a question like that?

So, what’s so special about being a writer? Maybe we are simply fascinated by people who are brave (or foolish) enough to go against—and lucky enough to beat—the odds....
Wallace Thurman and the Niggeratti Manor
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

Perhaps best known for his successful 1929 Broadway play Harlem (written in collaboration with William Jourdan Rapp), Wallace Thurman is all but forgotten today. There is some documented evidence that Thurman wrote a number of other plays, none of which were ever produced. He was born in Salt Lake City in 1902, and he died in New York City in 1934, young and destitute. Author of three novels, ...
The Slave Trade: View from the Middle Passage
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

I am Mfu, not a bit romantic, a water spirit,

a voice from deep in the Atlantic:

Mfu jumped ship, made his escape, to find relief

   from his grief on the way,

long ago, to Brazil or Georgia or Carolina—

   he doesn’t know which;

   but this is real, not a sentimental...
Water and Sand
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

Today. A scattering of fishing boats. A lost kite.

A scattering of geese and ducks.

Fishermen working ropes along a ropewalk.

Last night. In the night sky a falling comet,

like a stroke flashing down through the brain. No sound.

If sound, it would be that of a newborn screaming....
Down and Up
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

Once up, nude or not,

they tend to come down—

gravity not withstanding,

with or without understanding.

They come down.

The woman carrying a lantern

comes down slowly,

inspecting the dark.

A woman fresh from her bath

comes down, damp and refreshed.

Somebody’s niece or wife, in a chemise,...
Introduction
Authors: Hu Pegues Juliana
Published: January 2022

As the U.S. nation’s first noncontiguous possession, Alaska links American continental expansion with overseas imperialism, situating America’s long history of Indigenous dispossession in the transition to an incipient global economy. Until World War II, Alaska remained a territory with a majority Alaska Native population and significant Asian migration, both groups working as highly exploited and mobile workers in resource extractive economies such as mining, logging, and canning. Relying on an expansive body of sources, including congressional testimonies, newspapers, census records, oral histories, travelogues, novels, poetry, memoir, and photography, this book demonstrates how Alaska’s colonial settlement during the American territorial period was made possible through settler logics of space and time that located Indigenous inhabitants and Asian immigrants outside the proper gendered racialization envisioned for the state’s settler futurity. These ideas worked in tandem to simultaneously conceal and authorize the land dispossession and labor exploitation essential to the settler colonial project. Accounting for the multivalent violence rendered by these disavowals, as well as alternative possibilities expressed by Alaska Native peoples and Asian immigrants, underscores the intellectual and political imperatives to deepen intersectional analyses of indigeneity, race, gender, and sexuality.
Fictions of the Last Frontier
Authors: Hu Pegues Juliana
Published: January 2022

The gold rush era transformed Alaska, in terms of economic development and by ushering in the first major wave of settlers. Stories of the gold rush are most often associated with Alaska and its identification as the “last frontier.” Chapter 2 focuses on the folklore figure China Joe, who appears in two tales, widely reiterated from the late 1800s to the present: in his generous role as a baker who sustains starving prospectors during a winter freeze, and also as the only Chinese who is allowed to stay in Alaska when the Chinese working in a nearby mine are driven out. The story of China Joe’s exceptional benevolence is undermined by reading the driving out of Chinese in juxtaposition to the lynching of three Tlingit men—the two events taking place within three years of each other in the same Alaskan mining town.
Epilogue
Authors: Hu Pegues Juliana
Published: January 2022

The epilogue returns to the book’s opening story, with a discussion of a recent public memorial on interned Japanese American residents of Alaska. In contrast to the remembrances of World War II Japanese American internment, the yet-to-be memorialized experiences of Unangax̂ internment underscore the limits of recognition or redress under the logics of settler time and settler space. Cautioning against celebratory narratives of multicultural inclusion, Space-Time Colonialism stresses the importance of examining the messy, entangled, and incommensurate violences enacted against Indigenous and Asian peoples in the colonial constructions of the settler state. Attending to the historical past of shared antagonisms and affinities between Asian immigrants and Alaska Native peoples within imperial and settler constellations conditions the possibilities for a liberatory future, beyond dispossession, exploitation, and extraction.
Between the Two Great American Countries
Authors: Woodard James P.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 focuses on the 1930s and 1940s when American influence was already recasting Rio’s commercial thoroughfares with the help of Brazilian merchants. Retailing in Rio, São Paulo, and other Brazilian cities began to emulate that of North America. These changes were part of a larger romance between Brazil and the U.S that was broken, only in part, when the World War II-era alliance failed to yield a measure of postwar prosperity or abundance as recompense for wartime shortages and surrender of sovereignty over strategically crucial north-eastern bases. Against this backdrop occurred the professionalisation of advertising and sales promotion and the continued commercialization of the press and radio, buoyed by radio soap operas.
The Beginning of Things
Authors: Woodard James P.
Published: January 2022

This final chapter looks more closely at the major agents of Brazil’s consumer capitalism, at intellectual criticism of what their commercial and cultural work produced, and at a creative portrayals of the same. These men and women who came of age between the 1920s and 1950s were at once the creatures and the creators of a culture of consumer capitalism identified with the United States and the carriers of older and opposing traditions. Their multi-layered experiences and expectations were reflected in reactions to critiques of changing modes of consumption and their promotion.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Blended Ancestry
Authors: Wilkinson A. B.
Published: January 2022

The sixth chapter examines how Mulattoes and other people of mixed ancestry sought to access freedom within the British empire of North America and the Caribbean. While the overwhelming majority of mixed-heritage people languished under some form of bondage, when considering those of African ancestry, Mulattoes had comparative advantages when seeking to gain and maintain liberty. Both qualitative evidence and quantitative data show that Mulattoes benefitted from light-skinned privilege and other connections to European whiteness. Mulattoes made up the majority of free people of color in regions such as the Chesapeake and Caribbean, as well as in other regions. Mulatto numbers in Jamaica, Maryland, and Virginia are examined in this chapter and compared with other French and Spanish colonies. While Mulatto privilege generally existed in the colonial period, this must always be juxtaposed with the disadvantages that mixed ancestry and hypodescent brought in the everyday lives of slaves and free people of color. Compared to those European colonists, mixed-heritage people had to fight to maintain freedom in colonial societies as are commonly seen in runaway slave advertisements, which are also explored up through 1775 in this chapter.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilkinson A. B.
Published: January 2022

The concluding chapter finishes the book at the time of the U.S. Revolution and shows that Mulattoes and others of mixed ancestry had struggled throughout the colonial period for freedom. During the Revolutionary era, many of the Founding Fathers and other EuroAmericans deprived “Mulattoes,” “Negroes,” and other people of color of the same freedoms they sought from the British empire. This concluding section wraps up larger themes of the book around racial fluidity and hypodescent. It also explores further implications for how British colonists defined interracial mixture and negatively labelled people they perceived to be of mixed race as a deplorable group that were affiliated with early ideas of hybrid degeneracy. Still, people of blended heritage fashioned themselves as a group deserving of respect and the same liberties as Europeans and EuroAmericans in the early United States. Ultimately the fight for independence and equal recognition by mixed-heritage people was part of the larger freedom struggle by other poor and free people of color.
Come, All Ye Women, Come!
Authors: Cahill Cathleen D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the 1913 suffrage parade in Washington, D.C. It provides a history of its conception and the main players in its organization. As they organized the parade, the white planners had very distinct ideas about which women should be included, calculating whether the presence of nonwhite or foreign women would help or hurt their cause. Inclusion turned on the question of symbolism and the message that would resonate with white audiences. They made a place for Native women and Chinese women, but many of them balked at black women’s participation.
Introduction
Authors: Parker Alison M.
Published: January 2022

This first full-length scholarly biography of the clubwoman, civil rights activist, and feminist, Mary (“Mollie”) Church Terrell highlights the interconnections between her private life and her public activism. As a black woman, Terrell told much of her story in her published memoir, but also elided some details as a shield to the racial prejudice she experienced. Terrell’s family shared their private papers (now at the Oberlin College Archives), allowing this biography to delve into her correspondence and diaries to gain a fuller understanding of Terrell’s life and activism.
The Black Elite
Authors: Parker Alison M.
Published: January 2022

In terms of education and professional achievements, the Terrells are rightfully categorized as members of the Washington, D.C. black elite, yet their financial status was often precarious. The category of the black “elite” in the period after Reconstruction and beyond was flexible and unstable. Due to Robert Terrell’s involvement in the Capital Savings Bank failure, the Terrell couple experienced economic instability, culminating in Robert’s 1913 bankruptcy. Nonetheless, the Terrells were prominent members of what W. E. B. Du Bois termed the Talented Tenth. Well-educated with professional jobs, such as teacher and lawyer, and Municipal Court judge, they took seriously the idea of “representing the race.” The Terrells raised their daughters to be accomplished, well-educated young women. Although the Terrells respected Booker T. Washington, they advocated higher education and professional attainments for African Americans. Mollie Terrell joined Du Bois in militant civil rights activism, demanding an end to lynching, segregation, and discrimination. She took on leadership roles in the Constitution League, Afro-American Council (AAC), and was a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Discrimination and Partisan Politics in New Deal Agencies
Authors: Parker Alison M.
Published: January 2022

After her husband’s death, Mollie Church Terrell lived almost thirty years as a self-supporting woman until she died at ninety in 1954. Segregation and discrimination continued unabated after Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office in March 1933. With segregation and employment discrimination continuing unabated in the New Deal bureaucracies, Terrell personally encountered racism both when searching for employment and after securing it. As an older black woman working as a clerk in the Emergency Relief Division who also retained her strong Republican partisanship, Terrell found herself the victim of racism, as well as ageism and partisan politics. The need to earn a steady income did not deter Terrell from openly opposing discrimination and defying racism in interpersonal encounters in the federal workplace, often at the risk of losing a job. Terrell continued her militant civil rights activism. She held leadership positions in the D.C. chapter of the NAACP, picketed stores for not hiring black workers with the New Negro Alliance, and collaborated with the Communist Party’s International Labor Defense to help free the Scottsboro Nine.
Remaining Republican during the Rise of the New Deal Democrats
Authors: Parker Alison M.
Published: January 2022

During the Great Depression, as Terrell campaigned for the Herbert Hoover and the Republican National Committee (RNC), Terrell found it increasingly difficult to gain support for the Party of Lincoln among black voters. As he campaigned by a second term, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and, especially, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, were gaining the trust of more African American voters as they saw some relief from New Deal policies. Several black Republican women joined the Democratic Party, including Mary McLeod Bethune, who became a member of FDR’s administration. Terrell’s political loyalties during the 1930s were complicated and often contradictory. She joined Alice Paul and the National Woman’s Party, lobbying Congress for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Terrell worked, too, with the Communist Party-affiliated International Labor Defense to help free the Scottsboro Nine. Yet she remained committed to the GOP. Her partisan politics even momentarily intersected with those of white Republicans.
Reconstruction
Authors: Jemison Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2022

When Reconstruction brought legal recognition of black citizenship and civil and political rights, causing stronger reactions from white southerners, Black and white Christians articulated divergent concepts of Christian citizenship. Black citizens argued that Christian citizenship united their religious and political identity behind their claims to equal civil and political rights. Their independent churches supported Republican politicians, and Black clergy argued that religious and civic duty demanded political engagement. At the same time, white southerners reimagined Christian citizenship as a white-run paternalism, rooted in proslavery ideals, that promised an apolitical path to godly social order. The creation of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church attempted to bring these distinct models of black and white Christian citizenship together in a tenuous partnership.
Paternalism Reborn
Authors: Jemison Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2022

In the 1880s, white Christians reframed their postemancipation paternalism as a continuation of antebellum social order, albeit with scarce paternalistic responsibility for southern whites. Their new historical accounts were white supremacist fantasies that ignored recent history in order to erase Black political power from their narratives. Black Christians denounced white southerners’ new historical narratives that claimed unchanging antebellum paternalism as a dangerous farce, and they argued that their religious and political work showed that they deserved equal rights. With these political losses and rising violence, Black Christians had to shift their arguments from claiming that Christianity was antiracist to the more limited claim that, as good Christians, they deserved political rights and freedom from violence. White southerners’ paternalism gained power from lynching’s terrorism, which black Christians denounced as sin that violated their most basic rights.
A Blessed Formula for Progress
Authors: Rodríguez Daniel A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter traces the development of Cuban medical nationalism as both an anticolonial politics and an example of state formation as cultural revolution. During the period of the first U.S. occupation and first years of the republic, medical nationalism served as the organizing principle for the expansion of the postcolonial public health state, but it also required the transformation of Cuban habits in the service of a Eurocentric vision of national modernity.
Salus Populi Suprema Lex
Authors: Rodríguez Daniel A.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 examines the 1914 bubonic plague outbreak in Havana, examining the local, national, and international politics that shaped both state disease control efforts and popular responses to the outbreak, which was centered in the Spanish immigrant commercial enclave in the heart of Old Havana. Caught between international pressure to rapidly control the disease and Spanish resistance to public health measures, the bubonic plague outbreak highlights the economic processes that both justified and limited the power of medical nationalist health officials to act.
Purposes
Authors: Lang Andrew F.
Published: January 2022

Opening Part II, Chapter Three surveys secession, the formation of the Confederate States of America, the United States’ response to disunion, and the advent of civil war. Particular attention is devoted to the ways in which the Confederacy and United States advertised their national causes to the world. Confederates argued that, through secession from a “tyrannical” antislavery US, they fulfilled the American Revolution’s sacred example of self-determination. Confederates maintained that they would prove the exceptional virtue of slaveholding nationhood, an attribute that most of the world rejected. Loyal citizens of the Union believed that secession represented what Lincoln called “the essence of anarchy,” the illegitimate rejection of majority democracy, all conducted by slaveholding oligarchs hostile to the American civic compact. Should Confederates succeed in their unholy quest, the United States’ claim to being the world’s “last best hope” of democracy would evaporate. Emancipation ultimately justified efforts to preserve the Union, dismantling the foremost threat to self-government, egalitarianism, and the Declaration of Independence’s pledge to natural human equality.
Citizens for Protection
Authors: Gosse Van
Published: January 2022

Philadelphia contained the early republic’s largest population of free people of color, described as “the elite of our people” by other African Americans. Led by the wealthy sailmaker James Forten and Bishop Richard Allen, founder of the AME Church, they practiced “shadow politics,” building their own institutions separate from white society, protected by powerful whites in the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. Despite their legal right to vote, however, they also accepted their de facto exclusion from party and electoral politics. This politics of deference in return for protection left black Philadelphians defenceless against white violence and disfranchisement in the 1830s, after which they retreated into a closed world of ritual and small-scale factional disputes.
The Pennsylvania Default
Authors: Gosse Van
Published: January 2022

This conclusion to Part One describes how the rise of temperance politics among black Philadelphians led to massive white violence and even more withdrawal by that city’s black leaders. Pittsburgh’s African Americans, led by Martin Delany continued to act politically even after disfranchisement, attempting to organize state conventions, only to be thwarted by Philadelphians. Ultimately, in the 1850s, black Pennsylvanians acted outside of electoral politics to reclaim some agency in fighting off slavecatchers in places in Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and many smaller sites.
The New England Impasse
Authors: Gosse Van
Published: January 2022

By the mid-1850s, black activists had achieved a striking level of political power in New England. In Massachusetts, led by leaders like the lawyer Robert Morris and the physician John S. Rock, they supported the firmly anti-slavery American Party (or Know-Nothings), which sent the radical Henry Wilson to the U.S. Senate. The militant fugitive Lewis Hayden became famous for his defiance of slave-catchers, and was appointed to a State House position by Governor John Andrew. The Dred Scott v. Sandford decision led to the convening of a Massachusetts state convention and then a regional meeting to consider how to pressure Republicans.
Consult the Genius of Expediency Approaching Power, 1847–1860
Authors: Gosse Van
Published: January 2022

In the late 1840s, the focus of New York’s black politics shifted to the philanthropist Gerrit Smith’s plan to award freeholds in upstate counties to 3,000 black men, making them both independent farmers and voters. Although the “Smith Lands” project did not succeed, evidence suggests many used their deeds to gain the vote in New York and Brooklyn, and in 1849-1850 they were credited with giving the state to the Whigs. In the 1850s, the suffrage campaign revived as the state shifted left. Republicans in the legislature repeatedly voted for non-racial suffrage, and Stephen Myers led a State Suffrage Association in tandem with Thurlow Weed’s Republican machine. An 1860 referendum on non-racial suffrage again produced defeat, but the number backing equal suffrage increased substantially.
Losing and Winning in the Empire State
Authors: Gosse Van
Published: January 2022

This brief conclusion traces the continuity of black politics after the Civil War, when the redoubtable veteran Stephen Myers continued leading the state’s black Republicans, finally winning a federal patronage position before his death in 1869, when the eminent Thurlow Weed led the state’s leadership in mourning his passing.
Afro-Appalachians
Authors: Inscoe John C.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 focuses on race, examining the few films that make the black experience integral to the stories told, from early slavery through emancipation and on to African American labor forces and the resistance they faced in the early twentieth century. There are very few scholarly texts on depictions of African Americans in films set in Appalachia because the subjects of race relations and Southern Appalachia have only occasionally intersected to any significant degree in popular culture, literature, or film. While scholars have begun to correct this absence, Hollywood’s treatment of the Black experience in Appalachia has been only intermittent, with the vast majority of films set in the region full reflections of the “black invisibility” factor that evoked so much commentary earlier on. The presumed whiteness of highland society is so pervasive that only four feature films—The Journey of August King (1995), Sommersby (1993), Matewan (1987), and Wild River (1960) —even acknowledge race or a Black presence as integral to any part of the region or significant to its history. These films, two set in the nineteenth century and two in the twentieth century, make race relations substantive components of stories set within the region.
Introduction
Authors: Donovan Brian
Published: January 2022

This book is about the gold digger stereotype in American law and culture. The book traces a cultural genealogy of the gold digger in the twentieth-century United States and examines key anchor points in the history of the stereotype. Throughout the twentieth century, the gold digger was a target, or “folk devil,” for white men’s anxieties about racial, class, and gender relationships within changing socio-economic contexts. People vilified gold diggers to express concern about shifts in the economy, gender roles, and sexual norms. Tracing the cultural influence of the gold digger stereotype in the United States reveals the porous relationship between law and culture. The proximity of law and culture made the gold digger a social force: popular representations of gold diggers influenced the law and, in turn, the legal tools used by and against gold diggers became an inextricable part of twentieth-century American culture. As a social construction, the gold digger stereotype engages in substantial ideological labor to reinforce particular perspectives about women as mercenary and manipulative. The gold digger stereotype was a cultural resource used for different legal projects.
We Ain’t That No Mo’
Authors: Foster B. Brian
Published: January 2022

Chapter two chronicles the ways that Black residents of Clarksdale define, talk about, and "use" the blues. Foster identifies three elements of blues talk—definitions that center personal memories and past experiences, definitions that draw distinctions between who can and cannot sing/live the blues, and definitions that celebrate a shared sense of group belonging. Foster considers the role that these definitions—and the feelings they engender—play in process of racial identity and social boundary making.
An Independent State without a Sovereign People
Authors: Casimir Jean
Published: January 2022

The formal, visible structure of the public administration in nineteenth-century Haiti was built on the primacy of the colonial plantation, and the administration preserved the plantation’s principles of land use and commercialization of export commodities as guiding principles. Yet the mass of Haitians were able to impose their own popular sovereignty and determine the approach to daily life. This chapter focuses on exploring that popular sovereignty and how it appeared in the midst of the slave plantation as workers distances themselves from the propositions of modern, colonial and postcolonial oligarchs.
How the Streets Were Made
Authors: Bailey Yelena
Published: January 2022

Chapter 1 examines the history of U.S. housing policy and geographic segregation. Beyond a history of housing segregation, Chapter 1 examines how policy contributed to the conceptualization of Black space as morally deficient. Finally, this chapter establishes a connection between the implementation of U.S. housing policy and the way Black life is depicted in media, marketing, and popular culture.
The Uncertain Advance of the Punitive Turn, 1974–1981
Authors: Sherry Michael S.
Published: January 2022

Insistently analogizing crime-fighting to war-fighting, Gerald Ford advanced the political case for rebuilding the American war state as a crime-fighting state, though his weak presidency accomplished little in practice. With the end of conscription of 1973, the fate of millions of men of a crime-prone age also roiled crime politics. Jimmy Carter was the post-1963 president most resistant to the punitive turn, and media treatment of crime often resisted as well. But a late-decade explosion of political and religious language about criminal evil and sexual danger set the stage for the next phase of the punitive turn.
Transforming the Shore
Authors: Wells Jamin
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the two intertwined forces—tourism and federal investment—that transformed how nineteenth-century Americans through about and interacted with their beaches. Coastal shipwrecks were the connective thread and catalyst for the expansion of coastal tourism and federal interventions up and down the coast. Federal efforts to control risk by preventing shipwrecks and mitigating their financial and humanitarian costs remade the physical landscape and recast popular perceptions of the American shore. Shipwrecks also contributed to the development of coastal tourism, which built on the physical infrastructure and social networks forged through shipwreck rescue and salvage. This chapter focuses on how these forces transformed one well-documented coastal hamlet, Quonochontaug, Rhode Island.
Clearing the Coast
Authors: Wells Jamin
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on a lesser-known industry that transformed the physical coastline as well as popular representations of shipwrecks and the shore. It traces the evolution of the marine salvage business from a part-time, ad-hoc enterprise of coastal inhabitants into a sophisticated, capital-intensive industry of urban laborers though a case study of the career of Captain Thomas A. Scott. Drawing on extensive newspaper and archival research, this chapter shows how corporate salvors turned shipwrecks into relatively mundane service work and the coast into the workplace of modern professionals and a pristine play space for urban pleasure seekers.
Shipwreck and Spectacle on the Modern Beach
Authors: Wells Jamin
Published: January 2022

The modern American coast solidified during the decades after the Civil War. Along the increasingly legible, connected, and commercialized beach, savvy entrepreneurs and established business people commodified coastal shipwrecks, turning frequent disasters into mass spectacles. The final chapter examines this modern beach through a detailed analysis of the 1896 wreck of the passenger liner St. Paul. It argues that even though shipwrecks and coasts became increasingly mediated events and places, no master narratives developed—different groups continued to tell different stories based on who they were, where they were, what they knew, how they knew it, and what their motives were. In this way, the beach remained, in the words of historical geographer John Stilgoe, “deliciously intricate, infuriatingly modern, resiliently traditional … ill-defined and essentially undesignated.”
Librarianship for Democracy at Home and Abroad
Authors: Varel David A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter charts Reddick’s rise as a major African American intellectual during the World War II era. As the curator of the Schomburg Collection in Harlem, Reddick helped organize Pan-African Congresses alongside W. E. B. Du Bois and Kwame Nkrumah, became a force in the Double Victory campaign against fascism at home and abroad, collected black soldiers’ letters during the war, used the library as a base for political organizing in response to crises such as the 1943 Harlem Race Riot and those surrounding the Atlantic Charter, published pioneering articles on Africa and the US military’s evolving policies toward black soldiers, pressured the US government to recognize the military heroics of black messman Dorie Miller, and generally served as a public intellectual for black America. He also worked with Eleanor Roosevelt to effect racial change and served as a member of the American Council of Learned Societies’ Committee on Negro Studies alongside Melville Herskovits and Lorenzo Dow Turner.
Home
Authors: Stein Michael
Published: January 2022

The 39 stories in this section deal with the topics of housing and home. Many of the stories offer reasons why someone was either shut out of or had to leave their home, sometimes not by their own choice. Other stories touch on inadequate housing or inadequate utilities. Others deal with unwanted household members, divorce or separation, or estranged family. Many also address the complications of housing when living with disabilities or other health needs. Many stories center around rent—being able to pay it or not, and the sacrifices one must make to pay it. Facts in this section include hunger levels in the United States, inadequate affordable housing, lack of housing in New York City, and homelessness.
Introduction
Authors: Butler Anthea
Published: January 2022

White Evangelical Racism tells a concise history of the evangelical movement and—here is the hard part—the racist and racial elements that imbue its beliefs, practices, and social and political activism. This book will take you onto the third rail of American religious history, focusing on the key issues evangelicals have succeeded in shaping—especially those that have influenced our current politics. Starting with the slaveholding Christianity of Frederick Douglass’s era, this history bridges, as did Douglass’s life, slavery and emancipation. It churns through the eras of Reconstruction, Jim Crow, and relentless violence. It leans deeply into the rise of Billy Graham and the civil rights era, arriving at birtherism and the rise of the man some evangelicals refer to as King Cyrus, Donald Trump. It looks from there into the future. It looks directly at the choice white evangelicals must make if they can justly perceive the history of racism embedded in their tradition: Will they allow racism to continue to taint their faith, or will they reject it?
Parents Anonymous and the Whitewashing of Child Abuse
Authors: Raz Mical
Published: January 2022

Chapter One examines the role of the advocacy group Parents Anonymous in defining, broadening and disseminating perceptions of child abuse. This group was highly influential and played a pivotal role in shaping Senator Walter Mondale’s (D-MN) approach to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. The chapter also examines the group’s use of federal funds and multiple allegations of fiscal irregularities. The chapter ends in an examination of Jolly K’s, the group’s founder, use of racist language that culminated in her termination from the group, tragically leading to her suicide.
From Child Welfare to Child Removal
Authors: Raz Mical
Published: January 2022

Chapter Four focuses on the removal of children from their homes and placement in substitute care such as foster homes and institutions, which increased notably in the mid 1970s. Furthermore, the removal of large numbers of Native American children from their homes captured the attention of civil rights activists, who helped set the stage for the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act. ICWA helped restore child welfare and placement decisions to tribal jurisdiction. Yet for African American families in urban cities, who were also disproportionately removed from their parents and spent longer in substitute care, there was little respite. African American children were not afforded similar protections as those Native American children and their families had gained. In fact, most debates focused on the need to increase adoption, rather than reduce foster care placement. No one cautioned that the expansion of child abuse definitions might be leading to unnecessary child removal. This chapter examines the processes leading to the over-removal of urban African American children, and the shift in discourse towards incentivizing adoption.
Conclusion
Authors: Raz Mical
Published: January 2022

The book ends by questioning the legacy of child welfare policies since the late 1960s. A deliberate attempt to avoid implicating socioeconomic status and race in child abuse led to the creation of our current child welfare system, which disproportionately intrudes into the lives of low income and minority families. Raz emphasizes the importance of recognizing the complex history of our current child welfare system in any attempts at future reform. Raz argues for a complete reform of our child welfare system, which would separate child abuse investigations from the provision of services
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency of routine visits and breastfeeding plans on Kasih Medika Clinic
Authors: Sanjaya I Nyoman Hariyasa , Pemayun Cokorda Istri Mirayani , Mintariani Firsta Sesarina , Sakuntari Made Diah  Vendita , Purwanti Ni Wayan Dewi , Gianni NI Putu Nining , Putri Ni Luh Made Diah Mas Cahyani , Satriani Ni Luh Md Dwi Laxmi , Pirgantari Ni Komang Anik , Padmawati Ni Luh Putu Yulia , Agustini Anak Agung Wahyu Putri
Published: January 2022

Introduction. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected every part of the population, including pregnant mothers, breastfeeding mothers, and infants. There is an inadequate comprehension of SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential as of now. As expected, it will result in anxiety among the public, including a specific issue such as breastfeeding practice for the suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus infection. This study aimed to assess whether such anxiety was present in a population of patients that routinely visit Kasih Medika clinic.

Methods. This is a simple study conducted on August 5-10, 2020. This study used a questionnaire instrument with samples of pregnant and postpartum mothers. The questionnaire includes a question regarding the anxiety surrounding breastfeeding, visiting the clinic and their everyday activity.

Results. We reported that COVID-19 has an impact on the breastfeeding plans from the respondent's questionnaire. All respondents felt anxious about COVID-19, although only 18% of patients reduce their routine visits to Kasih Medika, while the rest keep visiting as scheduled. Eighty-six percent of respondents restricted their outdoor activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic causes 27% of the respondents to feel afraid of their breastfeeding plans. However, in the primigravida population, 45.45% of respondents were afraid of their breastfeeding plans. Meanwhile, in the multigravida and postpartum respondents, 90.90%  were not afraid about their breastfeeding plans during the COVID-19 period.

Conclusion. COVID-19 pandemic brings a certain degree of anxiety to the mothers, including anxiety of safety during breastfeeding practice. Despite the risk of transmission, breastfeeding has more benefits than disadvantages. Breastfeeding makes the infant have a good immune system, which prevents any disease, including COVID-19. Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 is still recommended under health protocol.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Kangaroo Mother Care among health providers in Depok General Hospital
Authors: Fauziyah Astri , Pratomo Hadi , Samaria Karina
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Low birth weight infants contribute to neonatal deaths. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a treatment with various benefits as an alternative to an incubator. In Depok General Hospital, its implementation was not yet optimal. This study aimed to assess kangaroo mother care knowledge, attitude, and practice among health providers.
Methods: This descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted from November to December 2015 at Depok General Hospital. The population was all health providers in the study site. This study used total sampling (37 persons). The inclusion criteria were: health providers of Depok General Hospital who worked in the perinatology, delivery, rooming-in rooms, and obstetric polyclinic, had a minimum of 6 months working experience, agreed to become respondents. The exclusion criteria were: on work leave during the study period, on study assignment without working. The data were collected using a questionnaire. Univariate analysis was conducted using SPSS.
Result: The mean age of respondents was 31.38 years, ranging from 23-41 years. The average working experience was 7.95 years. All respondents were female, 81.1% graduated from Diploma III, and 72.97 % had experienced or trained in KMC. About 75.7% of respondents had good knowledge of KMC, 51.4% had a positive attitude towards KMC, and 64.9% had a low level of KMC practice.
Conclusion: The majority of the respondents had good knowledge of KMC, around half had a positive attitude towards KMC, and more than half had a low level of KMC practice. Training, facilities, written SOP, and management commitment for KMC are needed for successful KMC implementation.