bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Biological Screening of Novel Indolalkyl Arenes Targeting the Serotonine Transporter
Authors: Ojeda‐Gómez Claudia , Pessoa‐Mahana Hernán , Iturriaga‐Vásquez Patricio , Pessoa‐Mahana Carlos David , Recabarren‐Gajardo Gonzalo , Méndez‐Rojas Claudio
Published: December 2013

A series of functionalized indolylalkylarenes 3–16(a and b) were synthesized and their affinities for the serotonin transporter were investigated in vitro. Compounds 3–12(a and b) were obtained by nucleophilic substitution of 3‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)propyl‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonates 2(a and b) with a series of azaheterocycles. Compounds 14–16(a and b) were prepared in a two‐step sequence by reaction of 3‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐2‐methylpropanal with substituted 1,2‐phenylenediamines. Compounds 3b, 4b, and 5b showed good binding affinities (Ki = 33.0, 48.0, and 17 nM, respectively). The other synthesized compounds showed moderate or no affinity in the binding studies.
Effective Cancer Cell Killing by Hydrophobic Nanovoid‐Enhanced Cavitation under Safe Low‐Energy Ultrasound
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zhu Yingchun , Fu Jingke , Wang Lianzhou
Published: December 2013

β‐Cyclodextrin (β‐CD)‐capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles with hydrophobic internal nanovoids were prepared and used for effective cancer cell killing in synergistic combination with low‐energy ultrasound (≤1.0 W cm−2, 1 MHz). The water‐dispersible nanoparticles with hydrophobic internal nanovoids can be taken up by cancer cells and subsequently evoke a remarkable cavitation effect under irradiation with mild low‐energy ultrasound (≤1.0 W cm−2, 1 MHz). A significant cancer cell killing effect was observed in cancer cells and in a mouse xenograft tumor model treated with the nanoagents together with the low‐energy ultrasound, showing a distinct dependence on the concentration of nanoagents and ultrasound intensity. By contrast, an antitumor effect was not observed when either low‐energy ultrasound or nanoagents were applied alone. These findings are significant as the technique promises a safe, low‐cost, and effective treatment for cancer therapy.
Zum Zwischenstopp nach Ost‐Frankreich
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm
Published: December 2013

Die Seenlandschaften des Lac du Der und des És̆tang de Lindre in Ostfrankreich bieten vielen Zugvögeln Rastmöglichkeiten. Besonders die im Herbst eintreffenden Kraniche halten Vogelbeobachter in Atem. Aber auch diverse Greif‐ und Wasservögel tragen ihren Teil dazu bei, dass diese Region ein lohnendes Ausflugsziel für Vogelkundler und Laien ist.
Wie man im Ausland gute Doktoranden finden kann
Authors: Nellen Wolfgang
Published: December 2013

Kleine Netzwerke zur Vermittlung ausländischer Wissenschaftler an deutsche Universitäten können die Anstrengungen des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes (DAAD) effektiv ergänzen, persönliche Ansprechpartner liefern und den deutschen Laboren sowie den ausländischen Studenten Enttäuschungen ersparen.
Quantification of carbamazepine and its 10,11‐epoxide metabolite in rat plasma by UPLC‐UV and application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Beig Avital , Dahan Arik
Published: December 2013

A rapid, selective and sensitive UPLC‐UV method was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite in rat plasma. A relatively small volume of plasma sample (200 μL) is required for the described analytical method. The method includes simple protein precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction, evaporation, and reconstitution steps. Samples were separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 µm, 2.1 × 100 mm) with a gradient mobile phase consisted of 60:40 going to 40:60 (v/v) water–acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The total run time was as low as 6 min, representing a significant improvement in comparison to existing methods. Excellent linearity (r2 > 0.999) was achieved over a wide concentration range. Close to complete recovery, short analysis time, high stability, accuracy, precision and reproducibility, and low limit of quantitation were demonstrated. Finally, we successfully applied this analytical method to a pre‐clinical oral pharmacokinetic study, revealing the plasma profiles of both carbamazepine and carbamazepine‐10,11‐epoxide following oral administration of carbamazepine to rats. The advantages demonstrated in this work make this analytical method both time‐ and cost‐efficient approach for drug and metabolite monitoring in the pre‐clinical/clinical laboratory. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
President's page
Authors: Dillon Andrew
Published: December 2013

Editor's Summary

In his last column as ASIS&T president, Dillon recognizes the enduring work and continual progress of the Association through its transitions. Each year leaders with shared hopes and plans for the organization continue efforts started in previous years while adding new initiatives. An example is the name change to the Association for Information Science and Technology, the result of many leaders' deliberation and persistent effort to demonstrate global reach. Newer drives focus on active outreach to other parts of the world by seeking potential members through their native language and by committing to hold an Annual Meeting outside North America in the near future. In its ongoing effort to be recognized as a leading contributor to information science, the Association continues to enhance its web presence, build partnerships and help student members connect with chapters and progress as professionals. Progress continues, the result of good fortune and the valued contributions of many supporters.
Information science & technology and human rights: ASIS&T's participation in the AAAS science and human rights coalition*
Authors: Carbo Toni
Published: December 2013

Editor's Summary

ASIS&T core principles, including intellectual freedom, access to public information and balancing access with privacy, and the author's membership in the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) prompted ASIS&T to get involved in the AAAS Science and Human Rights Coalition. The Association joins 51 other science and engineering organizations and 70 individuals promoting human rights issues through the coalition, which was launched in 2009. Among the group's activities are communications to expand appreciation of the scientific and engineering communities' role in human rights efforts and developing teaching modules on the interaction of science and engineering with human rights. As ASIS&T representative to the coalition, Carbo invites member involvement and contributions to an updated, annotated bibliography of resources on information science and technology and human rights.
Terpenes from the Soft Corals of the Genus Sarcophyton: Chemistry and Biological Activities
Authors: Liang Lin‐Fu , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: December 2013

This review covers structural diversity and biological activities of terpenes from soft corals of the genus of Sarcophyton, reported from 1995 to July, 2011. During this period, besides undefined species, 16 species of the genus Sarcophyton, from different geographical areas, had been chemically examined. Two hundred and five terpenes had been isolated from this genus, including eleven sesquiterpenes, 165 diterpenes, 29 biscembranoids, some of which had novel skeletons. They exhibited various biological features, such as antifeedant, anti‐inflammatory, antiviral, and antifouling activities.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Anti‐Amoebic Activity of N‐(Pyrimidin‐2‐yl)benzenesulfonamide Derivatives
Authors: Roouf Bhat Abdul , Arshad Mohammad , Ju Lee Eun , Pokharel Smritee , Choi Inho , Athar Fareeda
Published: December 2013

A new series of N‐(pyrimidin‐2‐yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives, 3a–3i and 4a–4i, was synthesized from pyrimidin‐2‐amines, 2a–2i, with the aim to explore their effects on in vitro growth of Entamoeba histolytica. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and ESI mass‐spectral data. In vitro anti‐amoebic activity was evaluated against HM1 : IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica. The IC50 values were calculated by using the double dilution method. The results were compared with the IC50 value of the standard drug ‘metronidazole’. The selected compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activities by cell‐viability assay using H9C2 cardiac myoblasts cell line, and the results indicated that all the compounds displayed remarkable >80% viabilities to a concentration of 100 μg/ml.
An Interactive SAR Approach to Discover Novel Hybrid Thieno Probes as Ligands for D2‐Like Receptors with Affinities in the Subnanomolar Range
Authors: Abdel‐Fattah Mohamed A. O. , Lehmann Jochen , Abadi Ashraf H.
Published: December 2013

A series of [(phenylpiperazinyl)alkyl]‐isoindole‐1,3‐dione derivatives was synthesized to serve as probes for dopaminergic receptors. Among this series, compound 6a showed the highest affinity towards D4 and D3 receptors with Ki values in the low nanomolar range, and D2/D4‐ and D2/D3‐selectivity indices of 72 and 20, respectively. Optimization rounds were adopted and led to the D4‐selective ligand thiophene‐2‐carboxamide 9a with a Ki(D4) value of 0.62 nM, and to its butyl analog, 10a, with Ki(D4) and Ki(D3) values of 0.03 and 0.26 nM, respectively. Docking experiments revealed the importance of the unique D4 residue Arg186 in manipulating the ligands' D4‐subtype‐receptor selectivity.
Tris(4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine)iron(II)‐Exchanged Nafion for Arsenite Determination in Water Samples
Authors: Azad Uday Pratap , Ganesan Vellaichamy
Published: December 2013

A low cost and easy‐to‐construct electrochemical sensor is fabricated for the determination of arsenite in water by using an Fe(dmbpy)32+‐exchanged (dmbpy=4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) Nafion (Nf) film. Arsenite at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) coated with the Fe(dmbpy)32+‐exchanged Nf film is shown to be electrocatalytically oxidized at lower overpotentials than at a bare GCE, and a tentative mechanism is proposed for the electrocatalytic oxidation. This new electrochemical sensing platform (ESP) exhibits a wide linear calibration range (from 10 μM to 100 mM) with a correlation coefficient above 0.99 for the precise determination of arsenite; the ESP exhibits a detection limit of 10.0 μM for arsenite determination. Utility of the developed sensor is further assured by determining the concentration of arsenite present in standard aqueous samples and in samples from different water sources. Among the several interferences studied, high concentrations of Zn2+ (50 times higher than arsenite) can affect arsenite determination. Kinetic parameters, such as the diffusion coefficient, catalytic rate constant, and so forth, are determined by using chronocoulometry and chronoamperometry techniques.
Base‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Ketones and Esters and Insight into the Mechanism
Authors: Revunova Kseniya , Nikonov Georgii I.
Published: December 2013

Simple bases (KOtBu, KOH) catalyze the silane‐promoted reduction of ketones and esters to alcohols and of aldimines to amines. The inexpensive silane PMHS (polymethylhydrosiloxane) can be used as the reducing reagent. Double and triple bonds, as well as nitro‐ and cyano‐groups are tolerated. Careful dosing of the silane allows for chemoselective reduction of a more reactive group in the presence of a less reactive group (for example, aldehyde reduction in the presence of ketone/ketone reduction in the presence of ester group). Mechanistic studies showed that addition of base to silanes leads to silicate species, which are the acting reducing agents. Under basic conditions, hydrosiloxanes (tetramethyldisiloxane, TMDS; PMHS) convert into simple silanes (H2SiMe2, H3SiMe), making this a practical method to generate these challenging silanes.
Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Study on the Oxygen Binding and Substrate Hydroxylation Step in AlkB Repair Enzymes
Authors: Quesne Matthew G. , Latifi Reza , Gonzalez‐Ovalle Luis E. , Kumar Devesh , de Visser Sam P.
Published: December 2013

AlkB repair enzymes are important nonheme iron enzymes that catalyse the demethylation of alkylated DNA bases in humans, which is a vital reaction in the body that heals externally damaged DNA bases. Its mechanism is currently controversial and in order to resolve the catalytic mechanism of these enzymes, a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) study was performed on the demethylation of the N1‐methyladenine fragment by AlkB repair enzymes. Firstly, the initial modelling identified the oxygen binding site of the enzyme. Secondly, the oxygen activation mechanism was investigated and a novel pathway was found, whereby the catalytically active iron(IV)–oxo intermediate in the catalytic cycle undergoes an initial isomerisation assisted by an Arg residue in the substrate binding pocket, which then brings the oxo group in close contact with the methyl group of the alkylated DNA base. This enables a subsequent rate‐determining hydrogen‐atom abstraction on competitive σ‐ and π‐pathways on a quintet spin‐state surface. These findings give evidence of different locations of the oxygen and substrate binding channels in the enzyme and the origin of the separation of the oxygen‐bound intermediates in the catalytic cycle from substrate. Our studies are compared with small model complexes and the effect of protein and environment on the kinetics and mechanism is explained.
Self‐Assembly of Carboxylic Acid Appended Naphthalene Diimide Derivatives with Tunable Luminescent Color and Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Molla Mijanur Rahaman , Gehrig Dominik , Roy Lisa , Kamm Valentin , Paul Ankan , Laquai Frédéric , Ghosh Suhrit
Published: December 2013

Self‐assembly of a series of carboxylic acid‐functionalized naphthalene diimide (NDI) chromophores with a varying number (n=1–4) of methylene spacers between the NDI ring and the carboxylic acid group has been studied. The derivatives show pronounced aggregation due to the synergistic effects of H‐bonding between the carboxylic acid groups in a syn–syn catemer motif and π stacking between the NDI chromophores. Solvent‐dependent UV/Vis studies reveal the existence of monomeric dye molecules in a “good” solvent such as chloroform and self‐assembly in “bad” solvents such as methylcyclohexane. The propensity of self‐assembly is comparable for all samples. Temperature‐dependent spectroscopic studies show high thermal stability of the H‐bonding‐mediated self‐assembled structures. In the presence of a protic solvent such as MeOH, self‐assembly can be suppressed, suggesting a decisive role of H‐bonding, whereas π stacking is more a consequence of than a cause for self‐assembly. Syn–syn catemer‐type H‐bonding is supported by powder XRD studies and the results corroborate well with DFT calculations. The morphology as determined by AFM is found to be dependent on the value of n; with increasing n, the morphology gradually shifts from 2D nanosheets to 1D nanofibers. Emission spectra show sharp emission bands with relatively small Stokes shifts. In addition, a rather broad emission band is observed at longer wavelengths because of the in situ formation of excimer‐type species. Due to such a heterogeneous nature, the emission spectrum spans almost the entire red–green–blue region. Depending on the value of n, the ratio of intensities of the two emission bands is changed, which results in a tunable luminescent color. Furthermore, in the case of n=1 and 3, almost pure white light emission is observed. Time‐resolved photoluminescence spectra show a very short lifetime (a few picoseconds) of monomeric dye molecules and biexponential decays with longer lifetimes (on the order of nanoseconds) for aggregated species. Current–voltage measurements show electrical conductivity in the range of 10−4 S cm−1 for the aggregated chromophores, which is four orders of magnitude higher than the value for a structurally similar NDI control molecule lacking the H‐bonding functionality.
Fast and Efficient 18F‐Labeling by [18F]Fluorophenylazocarboxylic Esters
Authors: Fehler Stefanie K. , Maschauer Simone , Höfling Sarah B. , Bartuschat Amelie L. , Tschammer Nuska , Hübner Harald , Gmeiner Peter , Prante Olaf , Heinrich Markus R.
Published: December 2013

Introduction of [18F]fluoride ion into the aromatic core of phenylazocarboxylic esters was achieved in only 30 seconds, with radiochemical yields of up to 95 % (85(±10) %). For labeling purposes, the resulting 18F‐substituted azoester can be further converted in radical‐arylation reactions to give biaryls, or in substitutions at its carbonyl unit to produce azocarboxamides.
Enhancing the Water Splitting Efficiency of Sn‐Doped Hematite Nanoflakes by Flame Annealing
Authors: Wang Lei , Lee Chong‐Yong , Mazare Anca , Lee Kiyoung , Müller Julian , Spiecker Erdmann , Schmuki Patrik
Published: December 2013

The effect of flame annealing on the water‐splitting properties of Sn decorated hematite (α‐Fe2O3) nanoflakes has been investigated. It is shown that flame annealing can yield a considerable enhancement in the maximum photocurrent under AM 1.5 (100 mW cm−2) conditions compared to classic furnace annealing treatments. Optimizing the annealing time (10 s at 1000 °C) leads to a photocurrent of 1.1 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE) with a maximum value 1.6 mA cm−2 at 1.6 V (vs. RHE) in 1 M KOH. The improvement in photocurrent can be attributed to the fast direct heating that maintains the nanoscale morphology, leads to optimized Sn decoration, and minimizes detrimental substrate effects.
Directing the Structural Features of N2‐Phobic Nanoporous Covalent Organic Polymers for CO2 Capture and Separation
Authors: Patel Hasmukh A. , Je Sang Hyun , Park Joonho , Jung Yousung , Coskun Ali , Yavuz Cafer T.
Published: December 2013

A family of azo‐bridged covalent organic polymers (azo‐COPs) was synthesized through a catalyst‐free direct coupling of aromatic nitro and amine compounds under basic conditions. The azo‐COPs formed 3D nanoporous networks and exhibited surface areas up to 729.6 m2 g−1, with a CO2‐uptake capacity as high as 2.55 mmol g−1 at 273 K and 1 bar. Azo‐COPs showed remarkable CO2/N2 selectivities (95.6–165.2) at 298 K and 1 bar. Unlike any other porous material, CO2/N2 selectivities of azo‐COPs increase with rising temperature. It was found that azo‐COPs show less than expected affinity towards N2 gas, thus making the framework “N2‐phobic”, in relative terms. Our theoretical simulations indicate that the origin of this unusual behavior is associated with the larger entropic loss of N2 gas molecules upon their interaction with azo‐groups. The effect of fused aromatic rings on the CO2/N2 selectivity in azo‐COPs is also demonstrated. Increasing the π‐surface area resulted in an increase in the CO2‐philic nature of the framework, thus allowing us to reach a CO2/N2 selectivity value of 307.7 at 323 K and 1 bar, which is the highest value reported to date. Hence, it is possible to combine the concepts of “CO2‐philicity” and “N2‐phobicity” for efficient CO2 capture and separation. Isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption for azo‐COPs range from 24.8–32.1 kJ mol−1 at ambient pressure. Azo‐COPs are stable up to 350 °C in air and boiling water for a week. A promising cis/trans isomerization of azo‐COPs for switchable porosity is also demonstrated, making way for a gated CO2 uptake.
Ferromagnetic Ordering in the Layer‐Structured Pd(HS2O7)2
Authors: Bruns Jörn , Niehaus Oliver , Pöttgen Rainer , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: December 2013

The reaction of (NO2)(CF3SO3) and elemental palladium in oleum (65 % SO3) leads to violet single crystals of Pd(HS2O7)2 (monoclinic, P21/c, Z=2, a=927.80(9), b=682.58(7), c=920.84(9) pm, β=117.756(2)°, wR2=0.0439). In the crystal structure, the Pd2+ ions show an uncommon octahedral coordination of six oxygen atoms belonging to six HS2O7− ions. The linkage of [PdO6] octahedra and the hydrogendisulfate anions leads to a layer structure, and the layers are held together by hydrogen bonds. The unusual coordination of the Pd2+ ions results in an electronic d8 high‐spin configuration, which leads to the paramagnetic behavior of the compound. Moreover, at low temperature, a ferromagnetic ordering was observed with a Curie temperature of 8 K.
Catalytic Effect of Cesium Cation Adduct Formation on the Decarboxylation of Carboxylate Ions in the Gas Phase
Authors: Mayeux Charly , Massi Lionel , Gal Jean‐François , Charles Laurence , Burk Peeter
Published: December 2013

The effect of Cs+ ligation on the decarboxylation of malonic acids (unsubstituted and methyl‐, dimethyl‐, ethyl‐, and phenyl‐substituted) in their carboxylate form was studied in the gas phase using tandem mass spectrometry. The study is based on the comparison of the decarboxylation of the bare monoanion (hydrogen malonates) and of the cesium adduct of the cesium salt (Cs+[cesium hydrogen malonates]) under collisional activation. Energy‐resolved dissociation curves of the negative and positive ions exhibit major differences. Decarboxylation of the cationic adducts of substituted malonic acid salts occurs at significantly lower collisional activation than for the corresponding bare hydrogen malonate anions. The conclusions from these experiments are supported by DFT calculations. The calculated activation parameters (enthalpy and Gibbs energy) confirm that the cesium cation coordination assists the decarboxylation of the carboxylate form.
Investigation of a Lithium–Halogen Exchange Flow Process for the Preparation of Boronates by Using a Cryo‐Flow Reactor
Authors: Newby James A. , Huck Lena , Blaylock D. Wayne , Witt Paul M. , Ley Steven V. , Browne Duncan L.
Published: December 2013

Conducting low‐temperature organometallic reactions under continuous flow conditions offers the potential to more accurately control exotherms and thus provide more reproducible and scalable processes. Herein, progress towards this goal with regards to the lithium–halogen exchange/borylation reaction is reported. In addition to improving the scope of substrates available on a research scale, methods to improve reaction profiles and expedite purification of the products are also described. On moving to a continuous system, thermocouple measurements have been used to track exotherms and provide a level of safety for continuous processing of organometallic reagents. The use of an in‐line continuous liquid–liquid separation device to circumvent labour intensive downstream off‐line processing is also reported.
Synthesis of 7‐Triazole‐substituted Camptothecin via Click Chemistry and Evaluation of in vitro Antitumor Activity
Authors: Wang Lei , Yuan Wei , Zhang Jie , Tong Linjiang , Luo Yu , Chen Yi , Lu Wei , Huang Qingqing
Published: December 2013

Camptothecin (CPT) is a natural topoisomerase I inhibitor with powerful antineoplastic activity against colorectal, breast, lung and ovarian cancers. To discover more potent antitumor agents, a series of new CPT derivatives were synthesized utilizing click chemistry. All compounds were assessed for cytotoxicity against A549, HCT‐116, HT‐29, LoVo, MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines, and some compounds exhibited good in vitro potency. Furthermore, all compounds kept or enhanced Topo I inhibition.
Design, Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships Studies on the D Ring of the Natural Product Triptolide
Authors: Xu Hongtao , Tang Huanyu , Feng Huijin , Li Yuanchao
Published: December 2013

Triptolide is a diterpene triepoxide natural product isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Triptolide has previously been shown to possess antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and antifertility activities. Earlier reports suggested that the five‐membered unsaturated lactone ring (D ring) is essential for potent cytotoxicity, however, to the best of our knowledge, systematic structure–activity relationship studies have not yet been reported. Here, four types of D ring‐modified triptolide analogues were designed, synthesized and evaluated against human ovarian (SKOV‐3) and prostate (PC‐3) carcinoma cell lines. The results suggest that the D ring is essential to potency, however it can be modified, for example to C18 hydrogen bond acceptor and/or donor furan ring analogues, without complete loss of cytotoxic activity. Interestingly, evaluation of the key series of C19 analogues showed that this site is exquisitely sensitive to polarity. Together, these results will guide further optimization of this natural product lead compound for the development of potent and potentially clinically useful triptolide analogues.
Risk factors for clinician‐reported symptom clusters in patients with advanced head and neck cancer in a phase 3 randomized clinical trial: RTOG 0129
Authors: Xiao Canhua , Hanlon Alexandra , Zhang Qiang , Movsas Benjamin , Ang Kian , Rosenthal David I. , Nguyen‐Tan P. Félix , Kim Harold , Le Quynh , Bruner Deborah Watkins
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUND

Chemoradiotherapy has become the standard of care for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; however, those patients often experience multiple treatment‐related symptoms or symptom clusters. Two symptom clusters have been identified for this population. Little is known about the risk factors of these symptom clusters.

METHODS

Subjects comprised 684 patients who were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in a phase 3 randomized clinical trial. This trial compared standard fractionation radiotherapy to accelerated fractionation radiotherapy. Symptom clusters were evaluated at the end of the first and the second cycle of chemotherapy, and 3 months after the start of radiotherapy. Mixed‐effect modeling was used to observe risk factors for symptom clusters.

RESULTS

Race and education were independent predictors for the head and neck cluster, whereas sex and history of tobacco use were independent predictors for the gastrointestinal cluster. Primary cancer site was only significant for the head and neck cluster when other factors were not controlled: patients with oropharyngeal cancer had more severe symptoms in the head and neck clusters than did patients with laryngeal cancer. In addition, patients receiving accelerated fractionation radiotherapy experienced more symptoms of radiomucositis, pain, and nausea at 3 months after the start of radiotherapy than those receiving standard fractionation radiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Demographic characteristics were more predictive to symptom clusters, whereas clinical characteristics, such as cancer site and treatment arms, were more significant for individual symptoms. Knowing the risk factors will enhance the capability of clinicians to evaluate patients' risk of severe symptom clusters and to personalize management strategies. Cancer 2014;120:848–854. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Mood lighting system reflecting music mood
Authors: Moon Chang Bae , Kim HyunSoo , Lee Dong Won , Kim Byeong Man
Published: December 2013

The emotional impact of music or color can be maximized if they are used together. This article presents a mood‐lighting system that automatically detects the mood of a piece of music and expresses the mood via synchronized lighting. To do this, the relationship between mood words and colors was analyzed via a web questionnaire (n = 202) on moods associated with music and colors. Data analysis generated lighting scenarios reflecting changes in the mood of music. Each piece of music was divided into several segments using structural analysis, with the mood of each segment detected by the mood classification module using the neural network. A matching color was then assigned. The best performance of our mood classification module was <70%, which is not sufficient for commercial use; however, this figure is high enough to show the potential of this approach. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 201–212, 2015
Synthesis of Well‐Defined Dawson‐Type Poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) Organopolyoxometalates
Authors: Lesage de la Haye Jennifer , Beaunier Patricia , Ruhlmann Laurent , Hasenknopf Bernold , Lacôte Emmanuel , Rieger Jutta
Published: December 2013

An organotin‐substituted Dawson‐type phosphotungstate was covalently linked to a trithiocarbonate group by postfunctionalization methods. This organopolyoxometalate led to a series of polyoxometalate (POM)–poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) hybrids in a controlled way through reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Detailed comparison with and without the presence of POMs revealed that they do not profoundly disturb the RAFT mechanism, despite their oxidative power. The molar masses of the polymers were in the range of 10 to 100 kg mol−1 and molar mass dispersities of the composites were low (Mw/Mn<1.5). The POM building block in the hybrids retained the photocatalytic reactivity of the parent Dawson polyanion [P2W18O62]6−. Smaller, more homogeneous, and colloidally more stable silver nanoparticles were formed with the covalently linked POM–polymer compound than with its single unbound components.
Spray‐Painted Binder‐Free SnSe Electrodes for High‐Performance Energy‐Storage Devices
Authors: Wang Xianfu , Liu Bin , Xiang Qingyi , Wang. Qiufan , Hou Xiaojuan , Chen Di , Shen Guozhen
Published: December 2013

SnSe nanocrystal electrodes on three‐dimensional (3D) carbon fabric and Au‐coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wafer have been prepared by a simple spray‐painting process and were further investigated as binder‐free active‐electrodes for Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and flexible stacked all‐solid‐state supercapacitors. The as‐painted SnSe nanocrystals/carbon fabric electrodes exhibit an outstanding capacity of 676 mAh g−1 after 80 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and a considerable high‐rate capability in lithium storage because of the excellent ion transport from the electrolyte to the active materials and the efficient charge transport between current collector and electrode materials. The binder‐free electrodes also provide a larger electrochemical active surface compared with electrodes containing binders, which leads to the enhanced capacities of energy‐storage devices. A flexible stacked all‐solid‐state supercapacitor based on the SnSe nanocrystals on Au‐coated PET wafers shows high capacitance reversibility with little performance degradation at different current densities after 2200 charge–discharge cycles and even when bent. This allows for many potential applications in facile, cost‐effective, spray‐paintable, and flexible energy‐storage devices. The results indicate that the fabrication of binder‐free electrodes by a spray painting process is an interesting direction for the preparation of high‐performance energy‐storage devices.
Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts for the Production of Hydrocarbon Fuels with High Selectivity
Authors: Zhang Qinghong , Cheng Kang , Kang Jincan , Deng Weiping , Wang Ye
Published: December 2013

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a key reaction in the utilization of non‐petroleum carbon resources, such as methane (natural gas, shale gas, and biogas), coal, and biomass, for the sustainable production of clean liquid fuels from synthesis gas. Selectivity control is one of the biggest challenges in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. This Minireview focuses on the development of new catalysts with controllable product selectivities. Recent attempts to increase the selectivity to C5+ hydrocarbons by preparing catalysts with well‐defined active phases or with new supports or by optimizing the interaction between the promoter and the active phase are briefly highlighted. Advances in developing bifunctional catalysts capable of catalyzing both CO hydrogenation to heavier hydrocarbons and hydrocracking/isomerization of heavier hydrocarbons are critically reviewed. It is demonstrated that the control of the secondary hydrocracking reactions by using core–shell nanostructures or solid‐acid materials, such as mesoporous zeolites and carbon nanotubes with acid functional groups, is an effective strategy to tune the product selectivity of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Very promising selectivities to gasoline‐ and diesel‐range hydrocarbons have been attained over some bifunctional catalysts.
Low‐temperature, Selective Catalytic Deoxygenation of Vegetable Oil in Supercritical Fluid Media
Authors: Kim Seok Ki , Lee Hong‐shik , Hong Moon Hyun , Lim Jong Sung , Kim Jaehoon
Published: December 2013

The effects of supercritical fluids on the production of renewable diesel‐range hydrocarbons from natural triglycerides were investigated. Various supercritical fluids, which included CO2 (scCO2), propane (scC3H8) and n‐hexane (scC6H14), were introduced with H2 and soybean oil into a fixed‐bed reactor that contained pre‐activated CoMo/γ‐Al2O3. Among these supercritical fluids, scC3H8 and scC6H14 efficiently allowed the reduction of the reaction temperature by as much as 50 °C as a result of facilitated heat and mass transfer and afforded similar yields to reactions in the absence of supercritical fluids. The compositional analyses of the gas and liquid products indicated that the addition of scC3H8 during the hydrotreatment of soybean oil promoted specific deoxygenation pathways, decarbonylation and decarboxylation, which consumed less H2 than the hydrodeoxygenation pathway. As a result, the quantity of H2 required to obtain a high yield of diesel‐range hydrocarbons could be reduced to 57 % if scC3H8 was used. As decarboxylation and decarbonylation are mildly endothermic reactions, the reduced heat transfer resistance in scC3H8 may drive the deoxygenation reaction to thermodynamically favourable pathways.
Tone conditioning potentiates rather than overshadows context fear in adult animals following adolescent ethanol exposure
Authors: Broadwater Margaret A. , Spear Linda P.
Published: December 2013

We have shown that adults exposed to ethanol during adolescence exhibit a deficit in the retention of context fear, reminiscent of that normally seen in preweanling rats. However, preweanlings have been reported to exhibit a potentiation of context fear when they are conditioned in the presence of a tone. Therefore, this study examined context retention 24 hr after tone or context conditioning in male Sprague–Dawley rats exposed intragastrically to 4 g/kg ethanol or water every 48 hr (total of 11 exposures) during adolescence [Postnatal day (P) 28–48] or adulthood (P70–90). Approximately 3 weeks following exposure, retention of fear to the context in animals exposed to ethanol during adolescence was attenuated after context conditioning, but enhanced after tone conditioning. Comparable adult ethanol exposure groups showed typical overshadowing of context fear retention after tone conditioning. These data suggest that adolescent ethanol exposure may induce an immature pattern of cognitive processing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1150–1155, 2014.
Diagnostic utility of central node necrosis in predicting extracapsular spread among oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Randall Derrick R. , Lysack John T. , Hudon Marc E. , Guggisberg Kelly , Nakoneshny Steven C. , Wayne Matthews T. , Dort Joseph C. , Chandarana Shamir P.
Published: December 2013

Background

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents the most common SCC affecting the head and neck region. Long‐term survival of patients with oral cavity SCC is adversely affected by lymph node metastasis and further decreased by the presence of lymph node extracapsular spread (ECS).

Methods

Using a case‐control design, preoperative CT scans from patients with oral cavity SCC and metastatic lymphadenopathy were evaluated by 2 independent neuroradiologists, blinded to the study, for a number of radiologic parameters, including central node necrosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify parameters independently predicting pathologic ECS.

Results

For both neuroradiologists, central node necrosis was a significant predictor of ECS, with high interrater agreement (kappa = 0.71). On multivariate analysis, only central node necrosis independently predicted ECS (odds ratio [OR] = 12.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24–119). Central node necrosis predicted ECS with 91% sensitivity and 88% negative predictive values.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that central node necrosis on preoperative CT scans is strongly associated with the presence of ECS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 92–96, 2015
Clinical features and outcomes of young patients with head and neck non‐rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Federico Sara M. , Gilpin David , Samant Sandeep , Billups Catherine A. , Spunt Sheri L.
Published: December 2013

Background

The history, prognostic factors, and outcome of young patients with head and neck non‐rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS) have not been adequately characterized.

Methods

Medical records of 58 patients with head and neck NRSTS treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital were reviewed.

Results

The majority of tumors were ≤5 cm and high grade. Lymph node and/or distant metastases were present in 17% at presentation. Patients received a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The 10‐year event‐free and survival rates were 53.1% ± 7.3% and 63.2% ± 7.1%, respectively. Features associated with inferior survival included high histologic grade (p = .006), tumor diameter >5 cm (p < .001), invasiveness (p < .001), and incomplete resection at diagnosis (p = .005).

Conclusion

Most head and neck NRSTS in young patients are small, high grade, and nonmetastatic. The outcome is poor compared to NRSTS at other anatomic sites. Innovative approaches to local control and improved systemic therapy are needed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 76–83, 2015
New Acylated Oleanane and Lupane Triterpenes from Gymnema sylvestre
Authors: Zarrelli Armando , Ladhari Afef , Haouala Rabiaa , Di Fabio Giovanni , Previtera Lucio , DellaGreca Marina
Published: December 2013

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Gymnema sylvestre led to the isolation of two known oleanane‐type triterpenes, 1 and 3, five new acylated derivatives, 2, 4, and 5–7, and a new lupane‐type triterpene, 8. The structures and relative configurations of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and by the comparison of their NMR data with those of related compounds.
A Facile Synthesis of New Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives via a One‐Pot Four‐Component Reaction with Sodium Acetate Supported on Basic Alumina as Promoter
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Nojavan Masoomeh , Aryan Reza , Isapoor Elyass
Published: December 2013

An efficient one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of 3‐amino‐6‐aryl‐2‐phenylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine derivatives, through the reaction of aldehydes, malononitrile, benzamidine hydrochloride, and hydrazine hydrate in the presence of basic alumina‐supported sodium acetate (AcONa/Al2O3) under reflux conditions, is reported. This protocol has some advantages, including the use of a simple and one‐pot synthetic approach to attain pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine directly from four readily available starting materials, simple workup, high overall yields of the products, and the simultaneous conversion of a NO2 to an amino group, offering an opportunity to synthesize more complex structures.
Copper‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Sulfonylalkanimidoyl Thiocyanates from Sulfonyl Azides, Alkynes, and KSCN
Authors: Yavari Issa , Damghani Tahereh , Nematpour Manijeh
Published: December 2013

Ketenimine intermediates generated by the addition of copper acetylides to sulfonyl azides are trapped by KSCN to afford N‐sulfonylalkanimidoyl thiocyanates in moderate‐to‐good yields.
Sarcophytolides G–L, New Biscembranoids from the Soft Coral Sarcophyton elegans
Authors: Xi Zhifang , Bie Wei , Chen Wei , Liu Dong , van Ofwegen Leen , Proksch Peter , Lin Wenhan
Published: December 2013

Six new biscembranoids, namely, sarcophytolides G–L (1–6, resp.), together with six known analogs, were isolated from a marine soft coral Sarcophyton elegans. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) spectroscopic analysis together with the aid of MS, CD, and IR data. The unusual isobiscembranoid sarcophytolide G (1) was found for the first time in the genus Sarcophyton.
Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain: Brain changes and the role of body representation
Authors: Foell J. , Bekrater‐Bodmann R. , Diers M. , Flor H.
Published: December 2013

Background

Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a common consequence of amputation and is difficult to treat. Mirror therapy (MT), a procedure utilizing the visual recreation of movement of a lost limb by moving the intact limb in front of a mirror, has been shown to be effective in reducing PLP. However, the neural correlates of this effect are not known.

Methods

We investigated the effects of daily mirror training over 4 weeks in 13 chronic PLP patients after unilateral arm amputation. Eleven participants performed hand and lip movements during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurement before and after MT. The location of neural activity in primary somatosensory cortex during these tasks was used to assess brain changes related to treatment.

Results

The treatment caused a significant reduction of PLP (average decrease of 27%). Treatment effects were predicted by a telescopic distortion of the phantom, with those patients who experienced a telescope profiting less from treatment. fMRI data analyses revealed a relationship between change in pain after MT and a reversal of dysfunctional cortical reorganization in primary somatosensory cortex. Pain reduction after mirror training was also related to a decrease of activity in the inferior parietal cortex (IPC).

Conclusions

Experienced body appearance seems to be an important predictor of mirror treatment effectiveness. Maladaptive changes in cortical organization are reversed during mirror treatment, which also alters activity in the IPC, a region involved in painful perceptions and in the perceived relatedness to an observed limb.
Sex Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) after Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Administration in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Frye Reginald F. , Kroboth Patricia D. , Kroboth Frank J. , Stone Roslyn A. , Folan Maggie , Salek Firoozeh S. , Pollock Bruce G. , Linares Ana M. , Hakala Charles
Published: December 2013

The pharmacokinetics of exogenously administered DHEA have not been well characterized despite its increasing use in therapeutic and research investigations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of DHEA and its sulfated metabolite (DHEA‐S) after single‐ and multiple‐dose oral administration of DHEA 200 mg. Healthy older adult volunteers (7 women, 6 men) ages 65 to 79 years were studied on five visits separated by 1 week. Subjects received daily administration of placebo (days 1 to 7), DHEA 200 mg (days 8 to 22), and placebo (days 23 to 29). Blood samples were collected over 24 hours on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 for DHEA and DHEA‐S determinations by RIA. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were calculated by noncompartmental methods. Administration of DHEA 200 mg resulted in higher DHEA Cmax, AUC, and overall concentrations in women than in men (p < 0.03); DHEA‐S parameter estimates were similar between men and women. Following a single dose of DHEA 200 mg, DHEA concentrations increased 5‐ to 6‐fold in both men and women, and DHEA‐S concentrations increased 5‐fold in men and 21‐fold in women relative to endogenous concentrations. The results of this study indicate that the pharmacokinetics of DHEA differ between older men and women.
Mycophenolic Acid Area under the Curve Values in African American and Caucasian Renal Transplant Patients Are Comparable
Authors: Shaw Leslie M. , Korecka Magdalena , Aradhye Shreeram , Grossman Robert , Bayer Linda , Innes Christine , Cucciara Andrew , Barker Clyde , Naji Ali , Nicholls Andrew , Brayman Kenneth
Published: December 2013

The possibility of an effect of ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid, the immunosuppressive metabolite of the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil, was studied over 90 days following renal transplantation in African American (n = 13) and Caucasian patients (n = 20). Since renal dysfunction and time after transplant surgery are two factors known to alter mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics, two‐way analysis of variance of the data at each time point with ethnicity and renal function status as covariates was used to evaluate the possibility of an ethnicity effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters. No statistically significant difference based on ethnicity was detected for the primary pharmacokinetic parameters, abbreviated mycophenolic acid area under the concentration‐time curve (MPA AUC), or the predose trough concentration on study days 4,7,14,28, or 90. A statistically significant decrease in MPA AUC and increase in oral apparent clearance were observed in renally impaired patients regardless of ethnicity on days 4, and 4 and 7, respectively. The suggested mechanism for these differences is uremia‐induced increased MPA free fraction, leading to a temporary increased clearance for this restrictively cleared drug.
In vivo non‐invasive monitoring of collagen remodelling by two‐photon microscopy after micro‐ablative fractional laser resurfacing
Authors: Cicchi Riccardo , Kapsokalyvas Dimitrios , Troiano Michela , Campolmi Piero , Morini Cristiano , Massi Daniela , Cannarozzo Giovanni , Lotti Torello , Pavone Francesco Saverio
Published: December 2013

Non‐linear optical microscopy is becoming popular as a non‐invasive in vivo imaging modality in dermatology. In this study, combined TPF and SHG microscopy were used to monitor collagen remodelling in vivo after micro‐ablative fractional laser resurfacing. Papillary dermis of living subjects, covering a wide age range, was imaged immediately before and forty days after treatment. A qualitative visual examination of acquired images demonstrated an age‐dependent remodelling effect on collagen. Additional quantitative analysis of new collagen production was performed by means of two image analysis methods. A higher increase in SHG to TPF ratio, corresponding to a stronger treatment effectiveness, was found in older subjects, whereas the effect was found to be negligible in young, and minimal in middle age subjects. Analysis of collagen images also showed a dependence of the treatment effectiveness with age but with controversial results. While the diagnostic potential of in vivo multiphoton microscopy has already been demonstrated for skin cancer and other skin diseases, here we first successfully explore its potential use for a non‐invasive follow‐up of a laser‐based treatment. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Primary Function of gp130 Signaling in Osteoblasts Is To Maintain Bone Formation and Strength, Rather Than Promote Osteoclast Formation
Authors: Johnson Rachelle W , Brennan Holly J , Vrahnas Christina , Poulton Ingrid J , McGregor Narelle E , Standal Therese , Walker Emma C , Koh Thuan-Tzen , Nguyen Huynh , Walsh Nicole C , Forwood Mark R , Martin T John , Sims Natalie A
Published: December 2013

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) family cytokines act via gp130 in the osteoblast lineage to stimulate the formation of osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells) and the activity of osteoblasts (bone forming cells), and to inhibit expression of the osteocyte protein, sclerostin. We report here that a profound reduction in trabecular bone mass occurs both when gp130 is deleted in the entire osteoblast lineage (Osx1Cre gp130 f/f) and when this deletion is restricted to osteocytes (DMP1Cre gp130 f/f). This was caused not by an alteration in osteoclastogenesis, but by a low level of bone formation specific to the trabecular compartment. In contrast, cortical diameter increased to maintain ultimate bone strength, despite a reduction in collagen type 1 production. We conclude that osteocytic gp130 signaling is required for normal trabecular bone mass and proper cortical bone composition. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.