bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragmentation of Citizenship Governance
Authors: Trachtman Joel P.
Published: September 2017

A future of greater migration will put pressure on the exclusive territorial model of citizenship. In the deepest analytical sense, bundled citizenship is incoherent, and made more so by extraterritorial effects of national decision-making—by the effects on persons in other territories—and, as salient for this chapter, by the mobility of persons that makes them experience effects of governmental decisions in other territories. For most historic periods since the emergence of the modern state system and in most regional contexts this mobility of persons was not significant enough, and the role of the state in providing positive rights was not great enough, to necessitate an international regime for assigning states responsibility for positive rights, and assigning individuals duties to states. However, with greater demand for mobility, greater cooperation to divide up the components of citizenship may be desirable.
Cosmopolitan Citizenship
Authors: Tan Kok-Chor
Published: September 2017

Cosmopolitan citizenship is a controversial notion. But it has also been taken to mean different things. In this chapter, I first outline three ways in which “cosmopolitan citizenship” has been understood. The first understands cosmopolitan citizenship as a legal-political ideal, as an actual political membership under a world government. The second understand the cosmopolitan citizen to be someone who is empowered and has the capacity to participate in global democratic decision-making and governance. I will call this the democratic conception of cosmopolitan citizenship. This is the conception of cosmopolitan citizenship associated with the idea of cosmopolitan democracy. The third sense of cosmopolitan citizenship understands it more metaphorically, to express a normative perspective or point of view the globally engaged individual should adopt. I call this the normative conception of cosmopolitan citizenship. This is the conception of cosmopolitan citizenship that is assumed when invoked in discussions of cosmopolitan justice. I grant that while the legal-political and democratic conceptions of cosmopolitan citizenship are questionable, the normative conception is a coherent and morally galvanizing ideal.
The History of Racialized Citizenship
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott
Published: September 2017

Racial categorizations have been used since antiquity as grounds for assigning and taking away citizenship. This history includes cycles of racialization and deracialization. The proto-racialization of citizenship in Athens was followed by a more open Roman model. The racialization of religious bigotry did not become formalized until the creation of anti-Jewish and anti-Moorish policies in sixteenth century Iberia. Examining the historical record across diverse contexts suggests that jus sanguinis is not inherently racist. While in an abstract sense, jus soli might sustain a civic vision of nationality, in practice, the examples of Western Hemisphere states, particularly the United States, shows that jus soli is fully compatible with racialized citizenship. The construction of nation-states from empires is consonant with the racialization of policies while the consolidation of the nation-state system created barriers to racialization. Since the mid-twentieth century, citizenship has entered a deracializing phase, even as political entrepreneurs aggressively test the strength of anti-racist institutions.
Feminist, Sexual, and Queer Citizenship
Authors: Volpp Leti
Published: September 2017

The line dividing citizens and those excluded from its promise was long shaped by the public/private dichotomy, consigning women to the private, while reserving citizenship’s sphere of the public domain for men. Feminist theorists, in criticizing this dichotomy, have examined the relationships between citizenship, dependency, and reproduction. While those considered sexually deviant have suffered exclusions from citizenship, gay and lesbian subjects in some sites currently enjoy a role as model citizens. This shift has accompanied a transition in the role of the citizen from producer of work to consumer: the privatized, self-governing, and sexually free individual is today’s prototypical citizen. This new sexual citizen is contrasted with illiberal others, who are cast outside as unfit candidates for citizenship. Queer citizenship does not provide a more encompassing vision; citizenship is not available to be queered, given how it inevitably splits the world into those who belong and those left outside.
Postcolonial Citizenship
Authors: Sadiq Kamal
Published: September 2017

This chapter analyzes the development of citizenship in postcolonial states. Imperial subjects within Empire are disaggregated into four categories. Imperial racial hierarchies and the legacies of divide-and-rule colonialism mark the transition from imperial subject to post-colonial citizen at independence. A uniting anti-colonial nationalism is in tension with majoritarian nationalism. While initial citizenship was an outcome of struggles over defining a national political identity, the postcolonial state was soon expanding to deliver and realize socio-economic citizenship for the marginalized and the poor. Strengthening postcolonial citizenship through welfare generated contestations over the eligibility of groups deserving of state sponsored welfare, which led to more political and social fragmentation. Inclusionary welfare for some groups meant the exclusion of others. Contemporary postcolonial citizenship building is being advanced through political and legal activism over specific rights. Future research will benefit from analyzing the role of bottom up political and legal activism in producing new types of citizenship.
Key Dimensions of the Cultural Trajectories of Chaco Canyon
Authors: Plog Stephen , Heitman Carrie C. , Watson Adam S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the issues that continue to challenge understandings of the pre-colonial developments that occurred in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico during the ninth–twelfth centuries ce. It specificially focuses on questions of population, agricultural potential, the organization of production, internal social dynamics, and the nature of regional interactions. The chapter highlights major trends in Chacoan research, as space does not allow a full review of the significant interpretive models in the current literature. Instead, the chapter focuses thematically on the aforementioned issues and offers interpretations in the context of contemporary and historic research and the authors’ specific areas of specialization. The authors argue for the significant agricultural potential of the canyon, dispersed and non-coercive craft specialization driven by a ritual mode of production, a substantial residential population, distinct social differentiation based largely on religious authority, and a multi-nodal network of local and regional relationships consistent with house society models.
Silencing of Putative Cytokinin Receptor Histidine Kinase1 Inhibits Both Inception and Differentiation of Root Nodules in Arachis hypogaea
Authors: Kundu Anindya , DasGupta Maitrayee
Published: September 2017

Rhizobia–legume interaction activates the SYM pathway that recruits cytokinin signaling for induction of nodule primordia in the cortex. In Arachis hypogaea, bradyrhizobia invade through natural cracks developed in the lateral root base and are directly endocytosed in the cortical cells to generate the nodule primordia. To unravel the role of cytokinin signaling in A. hypogaea, RNA-interference (RNAi) of cytokinin receptor histidine-kinase1 (AhHK1) was done. AhHK1-RNAi downregulated the expression of type-A response regulators such as AhRR5 and AhRR3 along with several symbiotic genes, indicating that both cytokinin signaling and the SYM pathway were affected. Accordingly, there was a drastic downregulation of nodulation in AhHK1-RNAi roots and the nodules that developed were ineffective. These nodules were densely packed, with infected cells having a higher nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and distinctively high mitotic index, where the rod-shaped rhizobia failed to differentiate into bacteroids within spherical symbiosomes. In accordance with the proliferating state, expression of a mitotic-cyclin AhCycB2.1 was higher in AhHK1-RNAi nodules, whereas expression of a retinoblastoma-related (AhRBR) nodule that restrains proliferation was lower. Also, higher expression of the meristem maintenance factor WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 correlated with the undifferentiated state of AhHK1-RNAi nodules. Our results suggest that AhHK1-mediated cytokinin signaling is important for both inception and differentiation during nodule development in A. hypogaea.
Statistical Power in Plant Pathology Research
Authors: Gent David H. , Esker Paul D. , Kriss Alissa B.
Published: September 2017

In null hypothesis testing, failure to reject a null hypothesis may have two potential interpretations. One interpretation is that the treatments being evaluated do not have a significant effect, and a correct conclusion was reached in the analysis. Alternatively, a treatment effect may have existed but the conclusion of the study was that there was none. This is termed a Type II error, which is most likely to occur when studies lack sufficient statistical power to detect a treatment effect. In basic terms, the power of a study is the ability to identify a true effect through a statistical test. The power of a statistical test is 1 – (the probability of Type II errors), and depends on the size of treatment effect (termed the effect size), variance, sample size, and significance criterion (the probability of a Type I error, α). Low statistical power is prevalent in scientific literature in general, including plant pathology. However, power is rarely reported, creating uncertainty in the interpretation of nonsignificant results and potentially underestimating small, yet biologically significant relationships. The appropriate level of power for a study depends on the impact of Type I versus Type II errors and no single level of power is acceptable for all purposes. Nonetheless, by convention 0.8 is often considered an acceptable threshold and studies with power less than 0.5 generally should not be conducted if the results are to be conclusive. The emphasis on power analysis should be in the planning stages of an experiment. Commonly employed strategies to increase power include increasing sample sizes, selecting a less stringent threshold probability for Type I errors, increasing the hypothesized or detectable effect size, including as few treatment groups as possible, reducing measurement variability, and including relevant covariates in analyses. Power analysis will lead to more efficient use of resources and more precisely structured hypotheses, and may even indicate some studies should not be undertaken. However, the conclusions of adequately powered studies are less prone to erroneous conclusions and inflated estimates of treatment effectiveness, especially when effect sizes are small.
Academic Medicine and Medical Professionalism: A Legacy and a Portal Into an Evolving Field of Educational Scholarship
Authors: Hafferty Frederic W.
Published: September 2017

In this Invited Commentary, the author examines two curated Academic Medicine volumes showcasing foundational research and key writings on professionalism in medicine and medical education, collectively spanning from 1994 to 2016. The author reviews the beginnings of the medical professionalism movement and examines how the trends and themes reflected in the first volume—specifically the work to define, assess, and institutionalize professionalism—capture key elements in this movement. He then examines how the trends and themes in the second volume align with and build on those from the first, noting two themes that extend across a number of second volume articles: a unit-of-analysis issue and the challenge of context. The author identifies several topics that have yet to be adequately mined and calls attention to two bridge-spanning articles in the second volume that, respectively, take us into the future (around the topic of identify formation) and back to the past (on the hidden curriculum). Finally, the author reflects on “directions home” in medicine’s noble search for its moral core and collective identity.
A New Stem Guide and a Tuberosity Anchoring “Lasso” System for Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Complex Proximal Humerus Fractures
Authors: Valenti Philippe , Aliani Davide , Maroun Charbel , Werthel Jean-David
Published: September 2017

Hemiarthroplasty implantation for proximal humerus fracture is challenging. In case of young demanding patients with functional rotator cuff, humeral head replacement is an option if open reduction internal fixation is not a viable solution. The criteria for success in terms of clinical outcomes and longevity are anatomic healing of the tuberosities and stem positioning (restoring correct height, version, and axis). The purpose of this article is to describe a technique including a new stem guide and a tuberosity anchor “lasso” system for the implantation of hemiarthroplasty in complex proximal humerus fractures. A standard delto-pectoral approach is performed. After humeral head removal and tuberosity mobilization and debridement, a stem-positioning system guarantees correct height and version of the humeral stem, established after anatomic reduction of the greater tuberosity. A centering device is added on the humeral stem to prevent any varus or valgus. Fixation of the tuberosities is achieved with 6 nonabsorbable sutures fixed on a polyester “lasso” anchoring system circling the humerus, respecting the direction of rotator cuff tendons and adding double circumferential tightening. After reduction of the implant, stability, and passive range of motion are assessed intraoperatively and fluoroscopic control of the prosthesis is performed. The patient is maintained in a sling in neutral rotation and passive motion is started after 4 weeks; active motion is allowed after 2 months. We believe this surgical technique could help limit complications and prevent revision of the humeral stem in case of further conversion to reverse shoulder arthroplasty.
Perceived Cognitive Deficits in a Sample of Persons Living With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Henneghan Ashley , Stuifbergen Alexa , Becker Heather , Kullberg Vicki , Gloris Nicole
Published: September 2017

Purpose: The aims of this study were to describe the nature and diversity of perceived cognitive deficits using the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ), to assess the reliability of the PDQ, and to explore self-reported predictors of PDQ scores in a large community-based sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and Methods: Persons with MS enrolled in a randomized controlled trial provided demographic data and completed the PDQ along with measures of cognitive and memory strategies, cognitive abilities, self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms and neuropsychological tests. Results: Most of the 183 participants were non-Hispanic white women, approximately 49 years old, and diagnosed with MS 12.5 years prior. The most frequent cognitive complaints regarded trouble remembering telephone numbers, mind drifting, and forgetting why one came into a room. The PDQ scores were significantly related to self-rated cognitive abilities, depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, and use of cognitive strategies, but not to scores on neuropsychological performance tests. When controlling for other variables, self-rated cognitive abilities was the strongest, significant predictor of perceived cognitive deficits. Conclusion: Persons with MS most frequently experience deficits related to short-term memory and attention. The PDQ total is a reliable measure of perceived cognitive deficits in persons with MS, is feasible for use by nurses in clinical settings—can be administered in approximately 5 minutes, and is easily scored.
Dissemination of a Child Passenger Safety Program Through Trauma Center–Community Partnerships
Authors: Adams Christy M. , Morris Catherine E. , Salcedo Edgardo S. , Holmes James F.
Published: September 2017

Improper child passenger restraint use contributes to higher pediatric motor vehicle collision morbidity and mortality among cultural minority populations. Child passenger safety education improves caregiver knowledge of restraint use, but effective interventions require culturally specific programming. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a child passenger safety education program culturally adapted through a pediatric trauma center's community partnerships. A nonexperimental observational cohort study using program evaluation data for the child passenger safety education programs during a 24-month period. Paired pretest/posttest self-reported survey responses measured changes in caregiver knowledge and self-efficacy of restraint use. Data were analyzed by class location and by caregiver language using a paired t test and Wilcoxon's signed ranks test. A total of 1,795 paired survey responses were collected in English, Spanish, or Russian. An increase in mean knowledge scores occurred overall, with a difference in mean of 0.565 (SE = 0.022, 95% CI [0.521, 0.607]). Stratification by class site and by language reflected significant increases in median scores, but findings were variable by study group. Pretest median scores for self-efficacy of restraint use were high for all groups, but the increases in posttest medians were also significant across groups (p ≤ .001). Caregiver knowledge and self-efficacy for child passenger restraint use increased after participation in the community classes. The pediatric trauma center's community partnerships facilitated uptake and adaption of the child passenger safety education programs and increased the injury prevention outreach to minority communities.
Debrief in Emergency Departments to Improve Compassion Fatigue and Promote Resiliency
Authors: Schmidt Madeline , Haglund Kristin
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this case study was to describe compassion fatigue using one nurse's experience as an example and to present the process of Personal Reflective Debrief as an intervention to prevent compassion fatigue in emergency department (ED) nurses. Debriefing after adverse outcomes using a structured model has been used in health care as a nonthreatening and relatively low-cost way to discuss unanticipated outcomes, identify opportunities for improvement, and heal as a group. There are many methods of debrief tailored to specific timing around events, specific populations of health care workers, and amount of time for debriefing. Debrief with personal and group reflection will help develop insights that nurses may need to understand their own emotions and experiences, as well as to develop knowledge that can be used in subsequent situations. Regular engagement in a proactive scheduled Personal Reflective Debrief has been identified as a method of promoting resiliency in an environment where the realities of emergency nursing make compassion fatigue an imminent concern. Nurses working in the ED normally experience some level of stress because of high acuity patients and high patient volume; yet, repeated exposure puts them at risk for developing compassion fatigue. The Personal Reflective Debrief is one way emergency nurses can alleviate some of this caring-related stress and thereby become more resilient. Increasing nurses' resilience to workplace stress can counter compassion fatigue. The key is to provide planned, proactive resources to positively improve resiliency.
Risk Stratification of Patients With Current Generation Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices Being Bridged to Heart Transplantation
Authors: Guha Ashrith , Nguyen Duc , Cruz-Solbes Ana S. , Amione-Guerra Javier , Schutt Robert C. , Bhimaraj Arvind , Trachtenberg Barry H. , Park Myung H. , Graviss Edward A. , Gaber Osama , Suarez Erik , Montane Eva , Torre-Amione Guillermo , Estep Jerry D.
Published: September 2017

Patients bridged to transplant (BTT) with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) have increased in the past decade. Decision support tools for these patients are limited. We developed a risk score to estimate prognosis and guide decision-making. We included heart transplant recipients bridged with CF-LVADs from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database and divided them into development (2,522 patients) and validation cohorts (1,681 patients). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were performed. Variables that independently predicted outcomes (age, African American race, recipient body mass index [BMI], intravenous [IV] antibiotic use, pretransplant dialysis, and total bilirubin) were assigned weight using linear transformation, and risk scores were derived. Patients were grouped by predicted posttransplant mortality: low risk (≤ 38 points), medium risk (38–41 points), and high risk (≥ 42 points). We performed Cox proportional hazards analysis on wait-listed CF-LVAD patients who were not transplanted. Score significantly discriminated survival among the groups in the development cohort (6.7, 12.9, 20.7; p = 0.001), validation cohort (6.4, 10.1, 13.6; p < 0.001), and ambulatory cohort (6.4, 11.5, 17.2; p < 0.001). We derived a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) BTT risk score that effectively identifies CF-LVAD patients who are at higher risk for worse outcomes after heart transplant. This score may help physicians weigh the risks of transplantation in patients with CF-LVAD.
Efficacy and tolerability of culture-guided treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Costa Samuel , Soares João-Bruno , Gonçalves Raquel
Published: September 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy/tolerability of a culture-guided approach in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and identify factors associated with antibiotic resistance/treatment failure.

Patients and methods

This retrospective single-center study included patients who underwent culture-guided treatment for H. pylori infection, after two ineffective eradication attempts, between October 2012 and December 2016. We assessed the following demographic and clinical data of the patients: sex, age, BMI, alcohol and tobacco consumption, history of dyspepsia, peptic ulceration and first-degree relatives with gastric cancer, antibiotic susceptibility results, treatment composition, tolerability, and success. The treatment success was confirmed by a monoclonal stool antigen test.

Results

Culture-guided treatment was performed in 42 patients (57% women, mean age±SD: 48.9±11.4 years). The rates of antibiotic resistance were as follows: clarithromycin 86%, metronidazole 67%; levofloxacin 52%, tetracycline 2%, and amoxicillin and rifampicin 0%. Double resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole was found in 59.5% of the patients. Most patients showed resistance to less than three antibiotics, but 31% were resistant to three or more. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol eradication rates were 59.5 and 61.5%. Adverse events occurred in 15 (35.7%) patients, but only two (4.8%) patients did not complete treatment because of adverse events. Only age more than 50 years was associated with resistance to three or more antibiotics. Having a first-degree relative with gastric cancer was associated with treatment failure and having a BMI of at least 25 kg/m2 protected from failure.

Conclusion

Third-line culture-guided treatment often fails to eradicate H. pylori infection. We need to find factors other than in-vitro antibiotic resistance to explain these suboptimal results.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation for aplastic anemia
Authors: Kumar Rajat , Bonfim Carmem , George Biju
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review

Improvements in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with better donor selection, conditioning regimens and graft vs. host disease prophylaxis make it reasonable to move HCT earlier in the algorithm for management of severe aplastic anemia (SAA). Recent progress in transplantation is reviewed whereas issues related to developing countries are also addressed.

Recent findings

Multiple research centers are reporting on clonality, mutations and telomere disorders in SAA, which may help to choose the most appropriate therapy upfront. Eltrombopag, in combination with immunosuppressive therapy (IST), has shown remarkable improvement over historical IST, and long-term follow-up is awaited. In younger patients and in experienced centers, matched unrelated-donor (MUD) and related haploidentical transplants (haplo-HCT) are being reported with survival approaching that seen with sibling transplants. Literature from resource-limited countries highlight the need to modify guidelines to make them affordable and cost-effective. Bone marrow remains the graft source of choice; peripheral blood stem cells may be acceptable in special circumstances in resource-constrained countries.

The potential of novel research findings and new therapeutic trials should be maximized by validation in different centers, countries and patient populations to provide personalized care to patients with aplastic anemia.
Computerised Interpretation of Fetal Heart Rate During Labour (INFANT): A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Brocklehurst Peter , Field David , Greene Keith , Juszczak Ed , Keith Robert , Kenyon Sara , Linsell Louise , Mabey Christopher , Newburn Mary , Plachcinski Rachel , Quigley Maria , Schroeder Elizabeth , Steer Philip
Published: September 2017

(Abstracted from Lancet 2017;389:1719–1729)

INFANT is a decision-support software that assesses fetal heart rate quality and contraction patterns alongside the Guardian electronic information capture system. INFANT color codes fetal heart rate patterns based on abnormalities (mild, moderate, severe), but does not make recommendations for clinical actions.
Uncommon Localization of Extrarenal Xp11.2 Translocation-associated Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC): Case Report
Authors: Al-Maghrabi Jaudah Ahmed , Khabaz Mohamad Nidal
Published: September 2017

The World Health Organization has recognized Xp11.2 translocation-associated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) as a distinct neoplasm that arises within the kidney. Although many reports of extrarenal carcinoma may be found in the literature, to the best of our knowledge, Xp11 translocation-associated RCC with intact kidneys has not been documented. This report describes a multilobulated right retroperitoneal soft tissue mass (7.9×5.3×12.6 cm) of a 37-year-old man complaining of abdominal pain in the right side. The patient underwent a computed tomography-guided biopsy. Microscopic evaluation reveals a tumor with papillary and sheaths architectures with cells revealing clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical evaluation on the biopsy reveals that the tumor is positive for PAX-8, CD10, and TFE3. It is negative for CK7, EMA, Vimentin, RCC, CK8/18, D20, CD3, PLAP, OCT4, CD30, MART-1, Inhibin, S-100, HMB-45, Desmin, SMA, and DOG-1. The diagnosis was malignant epithelioid neoplasm and the diagnosis of translocation RCC was suggested. Excision was recommended. The patient underwent right radical nephrectomy with removal of this large mass. Pathologic examination showed a large cystic and solid, nonhomogenous mass with some necrotic areas, originating from the perirenal fat between the adrenal gland and the kidney. Microscopic features showed a tumor with papillary, rhabdoid, and clear cell features. Immunohistochemical stains showed that the tumor cells positively expressed AMACR, PAX-8, CD10, RCC, and TFE3, but were negative for cytokeratins, vimentin, HMB-45, desmin, SMA, EMA, and MSA. Cytogenetic studies confirmed the diagnosis of Xp11.2 translocation-associated RCC with positive TFE3 gene rearrangement. To the best of our knowledge, this type of extrarenal tumor has never been reported.
GATA3 Immunohistochemical Staining in Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diagnostic Utility in Differentiating Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma From Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma and Other Mimicking Entities
Authors: Kezlarian Brie , Alhyari Mohammad , Venkataraman Girish , Karner Kristin , Inamdar Kedar V. , Menon Madhu P.
Published: September 2017

Background:

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) are clinically distinct entities, with different prognostic and treatment implications. In addition, several large B-cell lymphomas and some T-cell lymphomas can mimic CHL. Differentiating these entities from CHL is crucial for ensuring appropriate therapy. GATA3 is a T-cell transcription factor involved in T-cell maturation and has been previously shown to be overexpressed in CHL cells via gene expression profiling. We investigated the utility of GATA3 immunostain in differentiating CHL from NLPHL and other mimicking entities.

Materials and Methods:

We accrued 17 NLPHLs, 49 CHLs [23 nodular sclerosis (NS), 3 syncytial variants, 3 lymphocyte rich and 13 mixed cellularity types], 4 primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphomas (PMBLs), 2 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) (EBV+LBCLs), 2 T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphomas (TCHRBCLs), 1 gray zone lymphoma, and 2 tissue microarrays consisting of 72 DLBCLs. One slide from each was stained with GATA3 and percent positive tumor cells and intensity of nuclear expression was semiquantitatively graded independently by 2 board certified hematopathologists.

Results:

GATA3 was positive in 80% of CHLs. Both percent positivity and intensity of staining varied greatly. Syncytial variant of NS subtype showed the highest positivity rate (3/3; 100%), followed by NS (20/23; 87%), mixed cellularity (9/13; 70%), and lymphocyte rich (2/3; 67%). GATA3 was negative in all NLPHLs, EBV+LBCLs, TCRBCLs, and DLBCLs stained. The single gray zone lymphoma and 3/4 PMBLs were positive.

Conclusions:

Nuclear expression of GATA3 can be used to delineate CHL from NLPHL. GATA3 positivity effectively excludes NLPHL with 100% negative predictive value. However, as 20% of CHL can be negative for GATA3, CHL cannot be ruled out with negative GATA3. Additional findings include GATA3 positivity among PMBLs, whereas all 72 DLBCLs were negative for GATA3. This finding further highlights similarities between CHL and PMBL.
Bitwise efficiency in chaotic models
Authors: Jeffress Stephen , Düben Peter , Palmer Tim
Published: September 2017

Motivated by the increasing energy consumption of supercomputing for weather and climate simulations, we introduce a framework for investigating the bit-level information efficiency of chaotic models. In comparison with previous explorations of inexactness in climate modelling, the proposed and tested information metric has three specific advantages: (i) it requires only a single high-precision time series; (ii) information does not grow indefinitely for decreasing time step; and (iii) information is more sensitive to the dynamics and uncertainties of the model rather than to the implementation details. We demonstrate the notion of bit-level information efficiency in two of Edward Lorenz’s prototypical chaotic models: Lorenz 1963 (L63) and Lorenz 1996 (L96). Although L63 is typically integrated in 64-bit ‘double’ floating point precision, we show that only 16 bits have significant information content, given an initial condition uncertainty of approximately 1% of the size of the attractor. This result is sensitive to the size of the uncertainty but not to the time step of the model. We then apply the metric to the L96 model and find that a 16-bit scaled integer model would suffice given the uncertainty of the unresolved sub-grid-scale dynamics. We then show that, by dedicating computational resources to spatial resolution rather than numeric precision in a field programmable gate array (FPGA), we see up to 28.6% improvement in forecast accuracy, an approximately fivefold reduction in the number of logical computing elements required and an approximately 10-fold reduction in energy consumed by the FPGA, for the L96 model.
Can hook-bending be let off the hook? Bending/unbending of pliant tools by cockatoos
Authors: Laumer I. B. , Bugnyar T. , Reber S. A. , Auersperg A. M. I.
Published: September 2017

The spontaneous crafting of hook-tools from bendable material to lift a basket out of a vertical tube in corvids has widely been used as one of the prime examples of animal tool innovation. However, it was recently suggested that the animals' solution was hardly innovative but strongly influenced by predispositions from habitual tool use and nest building. We tested Goffin's cockatoo, which is neither a specialized tool user nor a nest builder, on a similar task set-up. Three birds individually learned to bend hook tools from straight wire to retrieve food from vertical tubes and four subjects unbent wire to retrieve food from horizontal tubes. Pre-experience with ready-made hooks had some effect but was not necessary for success. Our results indicate that the ability to represent and manufacture tools according to a current need does not require genetically hardwired behavioural routines, but can indeed arise innovatively from domain general cognitive processing.
Predictable invasion dynamics in North American populations of the Eurasian collared dove
Streptopelia decaocto
Authors: Ingenloff Kathryn , Hensz Christopher M. , Anamza Tashitso , Barve Vijay , Campbell Lindsay P. , Cooper Jacob C. , Komp Ed , Jimenez Laura , Olson Karen V. , Osorio-Olvera Luis , Owens Hannah L. , Peterson A. Townsend , Samy Abdallah M. , Simões Marianna , Soberón Jorge
Published: September 2017

Species invasions represent a significant dimension of global change yet the dynamics of invasions remain poorly understood and are considered rather unpredictable. We explored interannual dynamics of the invasion process in the Eurasian collared dove (
Streptopelia decaocto
) and tested whether the advance of the invasion front of the species in North America relates to centrality (versus peripherality) within its estimated fundamental ecological niche. We used ecological niche modelling approaches to estimate the dimensions of the fundamental ecological niche on the Old World distribution of the species, and then transferred that model to the New World as measures of centrality versus peripherality within the niche for the species. Although our hypothesis was that the invasion front would advance faster over more favourable (i.e. more central) conditions, the reverse was the case: the invasion expanded faster in areas presenting less favourable (i.e. more peripheral) conditions for the species as it advanced across North America. This result offers a first view of a predictive approach to the dynamics of species' invasions, and thereby has relevant implications for the management of invasive species, as such a predictive understanding would allow better anticipation of coming steps and advances in the progress of invasions, important to designing and guiding effective remediation and mitigation efforts.
A Neuroeconomic Framework for Creative Cognition
Authors: Lin Hause , Vartanian Oshin
Published: September 2017

Neuroeconomics is the study of the neurobiological bases of subjective preferences and choices. We present a novel framework that synthesizes findings from the literatures on neuroeconomics and creativity to provide a neurobiological description of creative cognition. It proposes that value-based decision-making processes and activity in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) neuromodulatory system underlie creative cognition, as well as the large-scale brain network dynamics shown to be associated with creativity. This framework allows us to re-conceptualize creative cognition as driven by value-based decision making, in the process providing several falsifiable hypotheses that can further our understanding of creativity, decision making, and brain network dynamics.
“[T]here are known knowns … things we know that we know”
Authors: de Loo Ivo , Lowe Alan
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The starting point for this paper is that the researcher is intimately bound up in all aspects of the research process. This idea of what is a critical aspect of much interpretive methodology has been challenged by some proponents of the interpretive accounting research (IAR) project. The authors suggest that adopting some of the views expounded in the IAR project may lead to the accounting research community becoming isolated from other interpretive methodology inspired disciplines. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Currently popular views on IAR are informed by selective theoretical insights from interpretive sociology. The authors argue that these insights cannot provide a general frame with which to encapsulate accounting research that may be reasonably termed “interpretive.”

Findings

The authors’ reading of the literature suggests that the some of the IAR literature exhibits: a tendency to routinely make overly specific claims for what it is possible for interpretive research to achieve; the promotion of a somewhat reductionist view of what the bounds of interpretive research are. The authors suggest that these tendencies detract from the strengths of (adopting a broad view of) IAR.

Research limitations/implications

In expressing the authors’ concerns, the authors do not wish to make an exclusive argument for what IAR is and is not. This would not be in line with writing an interpretive paper. While the authors do not eschew the possibility of a limited building of knowledge by applying interpretive methodological stances neither do the authors see such activity as a central plank of interpretive research.

Practical implications

The authors believe that positivistic commentaries on qualitative enquiry should not be taken as exemplary of interpretive research (in accounting – or elsewhere). The authors feel that IAR needs to be more open to an array of subjectivist motivations, if it is to provide useful critique of the nature of day-to-day accounting practice.

Originality/value

The authors seek to go beyond the rather unhelpful debate about whether IAR should be seen to possess both objective and subjective elements. The authors argue that IAR suffers more from a lack of engagement and debate than it faces dangers from areas of interpretive methodology that adopt positions considered to be too subjectivist.
Effect of TRIZ on enhancing employees’ creativity and innovation
Authors: Jafari Mostafa , Zarghami Hamid Reza
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Regarding the important roles of creativity and innovation for accomplishing innovative missions in aerospace industries, this study aims to explore the impact of a three-month TRIZ (an engineering problem-solving toolkit) training workshop on enhancing three important creativity- and innovation-related characteristics of employees in Iran aerospace industries.

Design/methodology/approach

A three-month TRIZ educational program was run. Three standard questionnaires were used for assessing creative thinking (CT), need for cognition (NFC) and interest in work innovation (IWI). From different scientific sectors of aerospace industries, 290 participants took part in completing pre- and post-test questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed by the related statistical methods (the sign test, correlation analysis and descriptive statistics).

Findings

The results indicate that the TRIZ training workshop directly enhanced CT, NFC and IWI scores, and that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between these characteristics. Also, the results of the correlation analysis of these variables and the demographic features of the participants shed light on interesting facts that can be used for decision makers and researchers of aerospace industries.

Research limitations/implications

This study opens a new way for further research in the analysis of the impact of problem-solving techniques on improving creativity and innovation in aerospace and other high-tech industries.

Originality/value

This paper may be of high value to researchers in creativity and innovation fields in the high-tech industries, including the aerospace industry. This study further facilitates decision-making by enhancing inventive problem solving in these industries. It gives valuable information and guidelines that hopefully will help managers to consider the important issues during TRIZ toolkit establishment in their organizations.
Aerodynamic performance improvement of a canard control missile
Authors: Tahani M. , Masdari M. , Kazemi M.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the influence of the changings in geometrical parameters on the aerodynamic performance of the control canard projectiles.

Design/methodology/approach

Because of the mentioned point, the range of projectiles increment has a considerable importance, and the design algorithm of a control canard projectile was first written. Then, were studied the effects of canard geometric parameters such as aspect ratio, taper ratio and deflectable nose on lift to drag coefficient ratio, static margin based on the slender body theory and cross section flow.

Findings

The code results show that aspect ratio increment, results in an increase in lift-to-drag ratio of the missile, but increase in canard taper ratio results in increasing of lift-to-drag ratio at 1° angle of attack, while during increasing the canard taper ratio up to 0.67 at 4° angle of attack, lift to drag first reaches to maximum and then decreases. Also, static margin decreases with canard taper ratio and aspect ratio increment. The developed results for this type of missile were compared with same experimental and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) results and appreciated agreement with other results at angles of attack between 0° and 6°.

Practical implications

To design a control canard missile, the effect of each geometric parameter of canard needs to be estimated. For this purpose, the suitable algorithm is used. In this paper, the effects of canard geometric parameters, such as aspect ratio, taper ratio and deflectable nose on lift-to-drag coefficient ratio and static margin, were studied with help of the slender body theory and cross-section flow.

Originality/value

The contribution of this paper is to predict the aerodynamic characteristics for the control canard missile. In this study, the effect of the design parameter on aerodynamic characteristics can be estimated, and the effect of geometrical characteristics has been analyzed with a suitable algorithm. Also, the best lift-to-drag coefficient for the NASA Tandem Control Missile at Mach 1.75 was selected at various angles of attack. The developed results for this type of missile were compared with same experimental and CFD results.
Aircraft maintenance checks using critical chain project path
Authors: Kulkarni Anand , Yadav Devinder Kumar , Nikraz Hamid
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Aircraft operators incur significant costs when an aircraft is taken out of service for maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to present a method for reducing time duration of aircraft maintenance checks using critical chain project management (CCPM) principle.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study of a typical heavy maintenance check performed on an Airbus 320 aircraft is undertaken for the analysis. The critical chain method is applied to develop a plan with a reduced duration and a survey and field observations to validate the findings have also been carried out as a part of this paper.

Findings

The paper compares the traditional project management method with CCPM in view of reducing the aircraft down time duration for maintenance. This paper repositions buffers and other techniques to shorten the chain path and a reduction in the total duration of the project by five days is achieved.

Research limitations/implications

It is argued that the application of CCPM principle can reduce the duration of an aircraft maintenance check, but this paper is done in a single project situation focusing on project planning and execution. Therefore, additional study may be required to examine other issues.

Originality/value

Cost of the maintenance is second highest expenditure factor for an airline operator. Therefore, it is necessary to drive the maintenance cost down. The paper demonstrates that the duration of a maintenance check can be reduced by 8.9 per cent using the method suggested in this paper.
Modeling of anisotropic magnetostriction under alternating magnetization based on neural network-FFT model
Authors: Zhang Yanli , Zhou Hang , Zhang Dianhai , Ren Ziyan , Xie Dexin
Published: September 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the magnetostrictive phenomenon in a single electrical steel sheet, which may cause vibration and noise in the cores of transformers and induction motors. A measurement system of magnetostriction is created and the principal strain of magnetostriction is modeled. Furthermore, the magnetostriction property along arbitrary alternating magnetization directions is modeled.

Design/methodology/approach

A measurement system with a triaxial strain gauge is developed to obtain the magnetostrictive waveform, and the principal strain is computed in terms of the in-plane strain formula. A three-layer feed-forward neural network model is proposed to model the measured magnetostriction property of the electrical steel sheet.

Findings

The principal strain of magnetostriction of the non-oriented electrical steel has strong anisotropy. The proposed estimation model can be effectively used to model the anisotropic magnetostriction with an acceptable prediction time.

Originality/value

This paper develops the neural network combined with fast Fourier transform (FFT) to model the principal strain property of magnetostriction under alternating magnetizations, and its validation has been verified.
Influence of shielding plates on dynamical response of HL-2M vacuum vessel due to electromagnetic force during a plasma disruption
Authors: Wang Kaiqiang , Xie Shejuan , Yuan Hongwei , Pei Cuixiang , Chen Zhenmao , Li Weixin
Published: September 2017

Purpose

In this paper, numerical modelling and dynamical response analysis were performed for the HL-2M vacuum vessel (VV) and shielding plates (SPs) during a plasma disruption by using an updated ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) code developed by the authors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of the SPs on the dynamical response of VV owing to a transient electromagnetic (EM) force and to optimize the design of SPs in view of the minimization of the structural dynamic response.

Design/methodology/approach

The Lagrangian approach, i.e. the moving coordinate scheme developed by the authors, was updated to tackle the EM-mechanical coupling effect in the dynamic response analysis of the VV-SPs system due to the transient EM force during plasma disruptions. To optimize the structural design of HL-2M SPs, the influence of the key parameters of SPs, i.e., the side length, thickness and material properties, was clarified on the basis of the numerical results and an optimized design of SPs was obtained.

Findings

The updated APDL code of the Lagrangian approach is efficient for the transient dynamical response analysis of the VV-SPs system owing to the EM force. The SP of a smaller side length, larger thickness tungsten material better mitigates the dynamical response of the VV-SPs system.

Originality/value

The Lagrangian approach was updated for the EM–mechanical coupling dynamical response analysis of the VV-SPs system, and the influence of the SP parameters on the dynamical response of the VV-SPs system of HL-2M Tokamak was clarified.