bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on High Temperature Creep Test of P92 Material Based on the Minimally Invasive Technique
Authors: Zhou Chao , Liang Jun , Wang Bin
Published: April 2017

The tensile and creep properties of P92 steel have been studied using a precision tensile and creep test machines for miniature and conventional specimens under various stress level at 625°C. The results showed that the data stability of miniature plate specimens is high whether at room or high temperature tensile tests. Compared with the conventional plate specimens, tensile strength, yield strength and total elongation is slightly lower, the uniform elongation is higher for miniature plate specimens at room temperature. By contrast, the tensile strength and uniform elongation is slightly higher, and the yield strength and total elongation is lower at high temperature. Besides, there had similar creep curves between miniature and conventional specimens, and the creep rupture time and minimum creep rate are closer under the same stress. By comparing the power law creep index and damage tolerance factor at the second creep stage, it can be derived that the creep mechanism is identical for the micro and conventional specimens, which is controlled by the dislocation movement.
The effectiveness of an English nutrition education game on knowledge retention in Grade 5 isiZulu-speaking learners
Authors: Wiles Nicola L. , Esteves Rebecca A. , Van Onselen Annette
Published: April 2017

A good understanding of nutrition concepts enables a person to convert basic knowledge into the ability to take action. At the time of this study a game testing nutrition education concepts in English among isiZulu speaking learners had not been investigated. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of an English Food-Based Dietary Guideline (FBDG) nutrition education game on the retention of nutrition knowledge among isiZulu speaking learners. An intervention using a pre-test post-test design. A five part questionnaire was administered to determine levels of nutrition knowledge before and six weeks after a nutrition education board game intervention. A total of 169 Grade 5 learners from two schools in Sweetwaters, KwaZulu-Natal, participated in this study. Baseline results showed that the learners had very poor knowledge of the basic FBDG. The question regarding the food fortification logo showed most improvement overall, with statistical significance ( p = 0.000). The pictorial representation of information in the game helped the learners improve their knowledge retention for certain questions. While there was very little improvement in the retention of knowledge as a whole, the control group experienced a significant increase in their post-test knowledge score (p = 0.011). Poor English proficiency may have influenced the effectiveness of the intervention. Nutrition education games have the potential to improve nutrition knowledge. Priority should be given to increasing English language proficiency among isiZulu speaking learners to improve their ability to retain nutrition information taught at school.
Divergence of seafloor elevation and sea level rise in coral reef ecosystems
Authors: Yates Kimberly K. , Zawada David G. , Smiley Nathan A. , Tiling-Range Ginger
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Coral reefs serve as natural barriers that protect adjacent shorelines from coastal hazards such as storms, waves, and erosion. Projections indicate global degradation of coral reefs due to anthropogenic impacts and climate change will cause a transition to net erosion by mid-century. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the combined effect of all of the processes affecting seafloor accretion and erosion by measuring changes in seafloor elevation and volume for five coral reef ecosystems in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Caribbean over the last several decades. Regional-scale mean elevation and volume losses were observed at all five study sites and in 77 % of the 60 individual habitats that we examined across all study sites. Mean seafloor elevation losses for whole coral reef ecosystems in our study ranged from −0.09 to −0.8 m, corresponding to net volume losses ranging from 3.4  ×  106 to 80.5  ×  106 m3 for all study sites. Erosion of both coral-dominated substrate and non-coral substrate suggests that the current rate of carbonate production is no longer sufficient to support net accretion of coral reefs or adjacent habitats. We show that regional-scale loss of seafloor elevation and volume has accelerated the rate of relative sea level rise in these regions. Current water depths have increased to levels not predicted until near the year 2100, placing these ecosystems and nearby communities at elevated and accelerating risk to coastal hazards. Our results set a new baseline for projecting future impacts to coastal communities resulting from degradation of coral reef systems and associated losses of natural and socioeconomic resources.
Arctic Ocean outflow and glacier–ocean interaction modify water over the Wandel Sea shelf, northeast Greenland
Authors: Dmitrenko Igor A. , Kirillov Sergei A. , Rudels Bert , Babb David G. , Toudal Pedersen Leif , Rysgaard Søren , Kristoffersen Yngve , Barber David G.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The first-ever conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) observations on the Wandel Sea shelf in North Eastern Greenland were collected in April–May 2015. They were complemented by CTD profiles taken along the continental slope during the Norwegian FRAM 2014–15 drift. The CTD profiles are used to reveal the origin of water masses and interactions with ambient water from the continental slope and the outlet glaciers. The subsurface water is associated with the Pacific Water outflow from the Arctic Ocean. The underlying Halocline separates the Pacific Water from a deeper layer of Polar Water that has interacted with the warm Atlantic water outflow through Fram Strait recorded below 140 m. Over the outer shelf, the Halocline shows numerous cold density-compensated intrusions indicating lateral interaction with an ambient Polar Water mass across the continental slope. At the glacier front, colder and turbid water intrusions were observed at the base of the Halocline. In temperature–salinity space, these data follow a mixing line that diverges from ambient water properties and indicates ocean–glacier interaction. Our observations of Pacific Water are set within the context of upstream observations in the Beaufort Sea and downstream observations from the Northeast Water Polynya and clearly show the modification of Pacific water during its advection across the Arctic Ocean. Moreover, ambient water over the Wandel Sea slope shows different thermohaline structures indicating the different origin and pathways of the on-shore and off-shore branches of the Arctic Ocean outflow through western Fram Strait.
قياس مدى تقبل أعضاء هيئة
التدريس بكليات العلوم التطبيقية
لمصادر المعلومات الإلكترونية
Authors: Alalawi Yasir , AlSagri M. , AlHarrasi N.
Published: April 2017

إن من أهم معايير نجاح خدمات المعلومات الرقمية هو رضى المستفيدين منها وتقبلهم لها. وعليه، فقياس معدلات الرضى هو ليس لمجرد التعرف على التفاعل الحاصل بين الخدمة المقدمة والمستفيدين منها، بل النظر بعمق الى بعض العوامل السلوكية التي تؤثر على مدى تقبل المستفيدين لمصادر المعلومات الرقمية. ووفقاً لمدى تأثير هذه العوامل، تحدد المؤسسة المزودة بالخدمة مقدار ومعدلات الاشتراك في هذه المصادر وحجم الإنفاق عليها.

هدفت هذه الدراسة الى قياس مدى تقبل أعضاء هيئة التدريس بكليات العلوم التطبيقية بسلطنة عمان لمصادر المعلومات الإلكترونية. ولتحقيق ذلك، تم الاعتماد على مجموعة من العوامل السلوكية كالنية السلوكية للاستخدام والفائدة المتوقعة. هذه العوامل وغيرها قد ترتبط أيضا بعوامل أخرى خارجية كجودة النظام وجودة المعلومات والفروقات الفردية بين المستفيدين.

تستفيد الدراسة كثيراً من نموذج تقبل التكنولوجيا Technology Acceptance model في التعرف على العوامل السلوكية والعوامل الخارجية. كما أن العلاقات بين مختلف هذه العوامل سيتم صياغتها كفرضيات للتحقق من ثباتها وصحتها. يعتبر هذا النموذج الأبرز في قياس تقبل التكنولوجيا كتقبل مصادر المعلومات الإلكترونية كما أنه شائع الانتشار وتم تطبيقه على دراسات علمية مشابهة وأثبت فعاليته ونجاحه.

مجتمع الدراسة يتشكل من أعضاء هيئة التدريس العاملين في ست كليات متخصصة في العلوم التطبيقية بسلطنة عمان. تم اختيار 120 فرداً منهم كعينة ممثله، وزعت عليهم استبانة شملت على عوامل مختلفة لقياس مدى تقبلهم لمصادر المعلومات الرقمية المتاحة على النظام الإلكتروني. وللتعرف على ثبات أو نفي الفرضيات طبقت المعادلات الرياضية والتحليل الاستدلالي والمتوسط الحسابي والانحراف المعياري.

أكدت نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة دالة إحصائياً عند مستوى α ≤ 0.05 في تأثير العوامل السلوكية كسهولة الاستخدام المتوقعة والفائدة المتوقعة في استخدام مصادر المعلومات الإلكترونية. كما أشارت إلى وجود علاقة طردية تربط بين المتغيرات الخارجية (جودة المعلومات) والمتغيرات الإعتقادية (سهولة الاستخدام، الفائدة المتوقعة) والتي بدورها تؤثر على النية السلوكية للاستخدام.
المصادر الإليكترونية غير الرسمية من خلال المستودعات الرقمية المؤسساتية: النشر، قياس الاستخدام والمرئية
Authors: Kertiou Brahim , Battouche K.
Published: April 2017

تعد المستودعات المؤسساتية أحدى القنوات غير الرسمية للاتصال العلمي الأكاديمي وذلك من خلال المصادر الإليكترونية العلمية المتاحة بها، والتي تمثل منافذ اتصال مهمة وشرعية. وعليه فالمستودعات المؤسساتية تلعب دوراً بالغ الأهمية في تعزيز الاتصال العلمي ودعمه وذلك من خلال نشر المصادر الإليكترونية العلمية بسهولة وسرعة كبيرة وبأقل تكلفة، فهي تعزز الوصول إلى هذه المصادر فضلا عن أنها تدعم تأثيرها وتقويتها وذلك عن طريق زيادة عرضها مما يسهل اكتشافها والوصول إليها. كما يمكن اعتبار هذه المستودعات إحدى الطرق غير الرسمية للاتصال العلمي، وذلك من خلال نشر المصادر الإليكترونية، التي لا تجد طريقها للنشر في وسائل النشر التقليدية مثل مسودات الأبحاث والعروض التقديمية للمؤتمرات والبيانات الخام.

سنحاول من خلال هذه الورقة التطرق إلى مفهوم المصادر الإليكترونية، لاسيما غير الرسمية والمفاهيم ذات العلاقة، كالأدبيات الرمادية والمصادر الإليكترونية الأولية والثانوية. إضافة إلى التطرق لموضوع المستودعات المؤسساتية ودورها في إتاحة المصادر الإليكترونية، وطبيعة وأنواع المحتوى المودع فيها. كما سنستعرض مجموعات المستخدمين المستهدفة من استخدام المصادر الإليكترونية والأساليب المتبعة في قياس استخدام هذه المصادر. كما سنتناول أيضا النشر الإلكتروني وآثاره على الاتصال العلمي والنشر، ومستقبل النشر غير الرسمي وعدم وضوح الحدود الفاصلة في البيئة الرقمية.

وسيقتصر تركيز هذه الدراسة على المصادر الإليكترونية التي تنشر خارج إطار النشر الإليكتروني الرسمي، ومع هذا وجب التنبه إلى المقالات الإليكترونية e-prints ، والتي يتم تقسيمها إلى نوعين: مقالات ما قبل النشر preprints ومقالات ما بعد النشر postprints . حيث أن مقالات ما قبل النشر preprints هي مسودات أو مخطوطات الأبحاث التي لم تنشر بعد ولكن قد تم مراجعتها وقبولها وفي انتظار نشرها، أما مقالات ما بعد النشر postprints هي المقالات النهائية أي النسخة المحكمة من المادة و تنتمي إلى عالم النشر الرسمي. وقد تم اعتبار مقالات ما قبل النشر في عالم الطباعة عموما أدبا رماديا على الرغم من أن وجهتها النهائية كان عالم النشر الإليكتروني الرسمي.
Urban morphology and microclimate response – Overview and case study
Authors: Zakhour Suhail
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study is to investigate the urban morphological factors that influence urban microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort in hot semi-arid climate. It explores the main features that influence the urban climate on microclimate scale, in addition to the environmental parameters that affect the thermal comfort and its relevant indices (PMV, PPD, PET). The study presents the assessment of outdoor thermal comfort of urban street canyons for selected locations in traditional and modern neighborhoods representing old and new fabrics of the city of Aleppo (Syria). The assessment of outdoor thermal comfort considered field measurements for selected days in the summer period, along with data derived from microclimate simulations for the same locations using ENVI-met numerical models. The outcome of the study shows that different types of urban morphology have different effects on their thermal conditions as the geometry of the canyons investigated has a strong impact on their thermal behavior, and a significant correlation was observed between the aspect ratio and the sky view factor, on the one hand, and outdoor thermal values, on the other.
Lean practice. The human mind sustainability!
Authors: Elmosalmi Dawlat
Published: April 2017

This paper presents the value of people and sustainable minds in Lean transformation for achieving green business development. Human resources management is one of the main reasons for the success or failure of organizations. Therefore, adding value to their work processes and eliminating waste will reflect on the profit of the whole firm, and will accordingly reflect on the development and sustainability of the whole construction industry. The role of human resources in implementing a new process is not only at work but in people's lives as well by changing their mindsets, attitudes, and behaviors sustaining the continuous improvement. This research is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part will explain Lean concept definition, values and wastes, benefits, challenges faced, and steps for successful implementation. It will also provide a clear vision on how to choose Lean champions and Lean coordinators at any organization. The practical part will present a case study for a successful Lean transformation in a design/construction firm, showing the effect of implementing Lean on people's minds, behavior, and work attitudes and how it affects projects, as well showing the roles and responsibilities of different human resources in that Lean transformation and a clear method and steps for Lean implementation in construction organizations based on a company's experience and observations reducing wastes and adding value to every single work process within the organization achieving the three-part goal of better, cheaper, and faster projects.
Sustainability aspects of constructions based on clay roof tiles and bricks
Authors: Spirinckx Carolin Hannah
Published: April 2017

The presentation at the QGBC Conference 2016 will focus on the importance that the Belgian clay roof tile and brick sector attaches to sustainability aspects that are related to their business and products, and focuses on a recently performed LCA (life cycle assessment) and EPD (Environmental Product Declaration) project. This project is part of a broader platform, where the three pillars of sustainability finally meet each other. During the presentation at the QGBC Conference 2016, first, I will present the incentives of the sector to apply the concept of life-cycle thinking to modern business practices, with the aim to manage the total life cycle of their products and services towards a more sustainable construction and housing. Then, I will focus on the results of the LCA in which four clay products are analysed from the cradle to the grave: clay roof tiles, traditional clay blocks, newly developed clay blocks and facing bricks. The results have been summarised in EPDs. Additional comparative studies have also been carried out to benchmark the clay products versus main competing materials, at the building element level, i.e. roofs and walls. Special emphasis will be given during the presentation to the importance of LCA for the clay sector, the sector approach, the procedures for data collection, the importance of stakeholder involvement, the results of the LCAs and the comparative assessment.
Transient analysis and simulation of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) energy system integration into the distribution grid
Authors: Khalil Shady , Abu-Rub Haitham
Published: April 2017

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is the fastest growing segment of distributed generation technologies. In addition, the need for reliable, stable and quality power is on the rise. Large-scale PV power connected to the grid contributes to the safe operation of the grid to bring new challenges in GCC. This study focuses on future large-scale PV energy system integration into the GCC power grid to address its energy security and environmental challenges. A new simulation model is developed to analyze and investigate the impact of integrating large-scale solar PV facilities into the distribution grid, and to carry out transient stability analysis.
Guidelines for terrestrial ecological surveys in Qatar
Authors: Majid Sara Abdul , Richer Renee , Bhatt Arvind , Amato Alex , Chatziefthimiou Aspassia D.
Published: April 2017

Development in Qatar is taking place at an unprecedented rate and such activities are putting the environment at risk, and threatening the ecosystem and biodiversity of the country. According to the Qatar National Vision 2030, the country seeks to preserve and protect its unique environment. The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) is tracking environmental impacts arising from development using tools such as Environmental Impact Assessments and Construction Environmental Management Plans. Although the MME does have a process for review and approval of the content of these assessments, it does not, however, enforce guidelines for ecological survey methodology. This means that the scope and methodology of these surveys may vary, based on the consultant employed. We feel that it would be highly beneficial to introduce country-specific ecological survey guidelines addressing methods for sample point selection, estimating vegetation cover, fauna presence and addressing the need for nocturnal fauna surveys. This will lead to standardized methods and easier comparisons across different sites. We also discuss the need for MME to have a register for professionally qualified and recognized ecologists in the country. Ecologists must be highly qualified with experience in desert environments, and have intricate knowledge of local laws and regulations on the conservation of natural environments and sustainable development.
Current biodiversity and biogeography trends of reef-building corals in Qatar
Authors: Bouwmeester Jessica , Burt John A. , Range Pedro , Ben Hamdou Radhouan
Published: April 2017

Coral reefs represent one of the most biologically and socio-economically important natural assets in the Arabian region, particularly in Qatar. Stress through increasing sea temperatures and salinities, growing development, and other pressures, has resulted in shifts in reef communities across the region in recent years. Branching corals have disappeared from most reef systems while previously thriving inshore reefs are being reduced to rubble with little signs of life remaining. We here conduct a thorough re-assessment of coral reefs around Qatar, focusing on coral cover and biodiversity using photoquadrat surveys, and we investigate potential environmental drivers of coral communities in the region. Results show higher coral cover on offshore reefs than on inshore reefs. Additionally, among previously documented inshore corals reefs, several have lost their coral cover and have shifted to non-coral ecosystems composed of rubble, turf algae, and oysters. Coral diversity is higher on offshore reefs than inshore reefs, with previously reported species now absent on inshore reefs. Environmental factors such as salinity and sea surface temperatures could play an important role in driving current patterns of coral biodiversity and biogeography and in predicting their shift as a function of future regional climate scenarios. We expect inshore reefs to be generally more fragile and susceptible to stress due the higher variability in environmental conditions. These same inshore reefs are also the most exposed to human interactions and coastal development. To ensure the future of coral reefs in the region and to sustain their ecosystem services, coral reefs in Qatar will need to be effectively regulated (i.e. through the development and implementation of an ecosystem-based management plan). In addition, recovery of impacted reefs could be assisted through the creation of a network of marine protected areas (MPAs), allowing for natural replenishment of coral communities through connectivity. In the meantime, local reefs are likely to continue their decline in coral cover and diversity, particularly the inshore environments.
Dangerous anthropogenic climate change. Are we closer than we think? A 2016 update
Authors: Obbard Jeff
Published: April 2017

In this presentation, I will outline the fundamentals of climate change science with respect to ‘real-world’ climate observations, and evidence from the Earth's paleoclimate (climate history) record. In particular, I will highlight evidence showing that the Earth's energy budget is no longer in balance (i.e. there is more energy coming into the earth-atmospheric system than going out), and outline the risks of non-linear change in the Earth's climate system – even below the United Nations temperature target to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic (man-made) climate change” - as defined by two degrees centigrade of warming above pre-industrial temperatures. I will be summarize the latest climate data for 2016, and pose the question: Does the COP 21 Paris Agreement go far enough to avoid dangerous climate change?
دور الجمعيات المهنية في تحسين جودة المهنة: جمعية المكتبات المتخصصة- فرع الخليج العربي أنموذجا
Authors: بنت عبدالله بن محمد البراشدية خالصة
Published: April 2017

تعد الجمعيات المهنية المتحدث الرسمي باسم العاملين في هذا المجال والمعبر عن أفكارهم وطموحاتهم، كما تعتبر بعض هذه الجمعيات المعبر عن اتجاهات الحكومة تجاه المجال أيضا. وتسعى هذه الجمعيات لاستكمال دور المؤسسات الحكومية الرسمية المهتمة بالمجال والتي لا تستطيع بمفردها إنجاز كافة تطلعات المنتمين للمهنة وتعمل بالتالي على تفعيل حركة المجتمع في هذا الاتجاه. ومن الجدير بالملاحظة في أهداف جمعيات المكتبات والمعلومات في العالم تجانسا كبيرا مع أن بعضها يفصلها تفصيلا واضحا، إلا أنه يمكن تلخيص الأهداف العامة في هدفين: أولهما تطوير وتحسين المكتبات وخدماتها. وثانيهما تعميق موقع وتأثير مهنة المكتبات بمجتمع المعرفة (بيزان،2013).

تأسست جمعية المكتبات المتخصصة في العام 1909 ميلادية وتم إنشاء المكتب الرئيسي في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وتهتم هذه المنظمة بتطوير وتنمية قدرات أخصائي المعلومات وشركائهم الاستراتيجيين.

تقوم الجمعية بخدمة 9000 عضو من 75 دولة, حيث تقوم بدعم وتعزيز أعضاءها من خلال التعلم، والتحفيز ومبادرات التواصل فيما بينهم. أعضاء جمعية المكتبات المتخصصة هم من المهنيين الذين يعملون في الشركات الاقتصادية وشركات القطاع الخاص والدوائر الحكومية والمراكز العلمية والمعاهد والمتاحف.

وتكمن مهمة جمعية المكتبات المتخصصة في تطوير مفهوم القيادة المهنية للمتخصصين في المكتبات المتخصصة ومراكز المعلومات بما في ذلك تشكيل السياسات التي تساهم في تطوير المؤسسات التي نتبع لها.

يعقد فرع الخليج العربي مؤتمره السنوي في واحدة من دول الخليج العربي حيث يقوم الأعضاء المهنيين للفرع بإدارته والإشراف على برامجه. يقوم الفرع بإصدار نشرة ربع سنوية لتوزيعها على الأعضاء، وينظم مجموعة من ورش العمل المتخصصة خلال العام, بالإضافة إلى المعرض المصاحب في مؤتمرها السنوي والذي عادة يسلط الضوء على أحدث التقنيات الفنية المستخدمة في مجال المكتبات ومراكز المعلومات. (http://www.slaagc2017.org/).

وتلعب جمعية المكتبات المتخصصة دورًا رئيسا في الارتقاء بمهنة المكتبات والمعلومات، وجعلها في مصاف الدول المتقدمة في المجال، حيث تقوم الجمعية بالعديد من الأنشطة والفعاليات الإقليمية والعالمية.

وستركز الدراسة على دور جمعية المكتبات المتخصصة في تحسين جودة مهنة المكتبات والمعلومات من خلال اجراء دراسة حالة على جمعية المكتبات- فرع الخليج العربي للوقوف على دور الجمعية في تعزيز المهنة.

اعتمدت الدراسة منهج دراسة الحالة إضافة إلى أسلوب تحليل الوثائق أداة للدراسة وذلك لملاءمته مع طبيعة وأهداف الدراسة، حيث تم الوقوف على فعاليات ومناشط الجمعية. وذلك لمعرفة دور الجمعية في تحسين جودة المهنة من خلال الممارسات المختلفة لتنفيذ هذا الدور. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج من أهمها:

تمارس جمعية المكتبات المتخصصة- فرع الخليج العربي دورٍا إيجابيًا في تحسين جودة المهنة من خلال المؤتمرات والمعارض التي تقوم بها سنويا.

ساهم موقع الجمعية المنظم والذي يتم تحديثه باستمرار على ابقاء أخصائي المعلومات على اطلاع دائم بأحدث ما نشر في التخصص، مما يعطي مؤشر لدور جمعية المكتبات المتخصصة الفاعل في تحسين جودة المهنة.

وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات، أهمها:

أن تعمل جمعية المكتبات المتخصصة- فرع الخليج العربي على إقامة مؤتمر دولي على مستوى الدول العربية والعالمية.

أن تنشر الجمعية أفضل الأوراق العلمية المقدمة للمؤتمر في عدد خاص بالمؤتمر ككتاب علمي للمؤتمر.
The Impacts and Success Factors of ISO 9001 and ISO 29990 in Library Continuing Education
Authors: Georgy Ursula
Published: April 2017

In Germany, in August 2016, the first institution in further education in LIS has obtained the ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 29990:2010 certification. ISO 9001 is the most comprehensive ISO norm in scope. It focuses on confirming process conformance from the initial development of a product. And, the ISO certification is expected to help organizations to enhance quality and efficiency, improve communications, achieve competitive advantage and reduce costs. (ISO, 2015) The ISO 29990 standard aims to improve quality of learning services and facilitate comparison on a worldwide basis. Learning services for non-formal education and training, the basic requirements for service providers, will also enhance transparency and allow comparison on a worldwide basis of learning / continuing education services, offering a single alternative backed by international consensus to the huge variety of national service and (management) standards which now exists in the field of non-formal learning (continuing education). (ISO, 2010)
أمن المعلومات بالمكتبات الجامعية السودانية بالإشارة إلى مكتبتي جامعة النيلين وجامعة وادي النيل
Authors: الشيخ مصطفي البكري يوسف علي
Published: April 2017

هو العلم الذي يبحث في نظريات واستراتيجيات توفير الحماية للمعلومات من المخاطر التي تهددها ومن أنشطة الاعتداء عليها ومن زاوية تقنية هو الوسائل والأدوات والإجراءات اللازم توفيرها لضمان حماية المعلومات من الأخطار الداخلية والخارجية ومن زاوية قانونية فان امن المعلومات هو محل دراسات وتدابير حماية سرية وسلامة محتوي وتوفر المعلومات ومكافحة أنشطة الاعتداء عليها واستغلال نظمها في ارتكاب الجريمة (جرائم الكمبيوتر والأنترنت.

ان اغراض ابحاث واستراتيجيات ووسائل أمن المعلومات –سواء من الناحية التقنية او الادائية – وآذ اهدف التدابير التشريعية في هذا الحقل،ضمان توفر العناصر التالية لأية معلومات يراد توفير الحماية الكافية لها:-

CONFIDENTIALITY:√السرية أو الموثوقية

وتعني التأكد من ان المعلومات لا تكشف ولا يطلع عليها اشخاص غير مخولين بذلك

تطال المخاطر الاجهزة والبرامج المعطيات الاتصالات التي تسير المكتبات الجامعية عموما لا بد من اجراءات تحفظ حق المكتبات الجامعية معلوماتها.

تكمن مشكلة الدراسة في ان المكتبات الجامعية تعاني في اتجاه امن المعلومات كثيرا اذ يتم اختراق مواقع الجامعات والمكتبات بسهولة وتخريبها وتدميرها فلا بد من تأمين هذه المواقع تأميناً جيدا.

تنبع اهمية الدراسة من اهمية سرية المعلومة نفسها بالنسبة للمكتبات الجامعية التي يرتادها طلاب الجامعات.

وتهدف الدراسة الي التعرف علي مخاطر عدم تأمين المعلومات وكيفية تأمينها جيدا بالنسبة للمكتبات الجامعية.

استخدم الباحث المنهج التاريخي من خلال الاطلاع على الأدبيات المنشورة والمتعلقة بالموضوع قيد الدراسة واداة الملاحظة للمكتبات الجامعية بالسودان
Growth stage of Phalaris minor Retz. and wheat determines weed control and crop tolerance of four post-emergence herbicides
Authors: Rasool Rubia , Bhullar Makhan S. , Gill Gurjeet S.
Published: April 2017

Phalaris minor Retz. has evolved multiple herbicide resistance in wheat growing areas in northwestern India. An understanding of the effect of growth stage on herbicide tolerance of wheat and control of P. minor will help in selecting the most appropriate herbicide for different situations. The weed control and crop safety of four commonly used wheat herbicides (sulfosulfuron, pinoxaden, fenoxaprop plus metribuzin and mesosulfuron plus iodosulfuron), each applied at four different wheat growth stages was investigated in field studies for two years. P. minor plants were at 1, 2-3, 3-4 and 7-8 leaf stages when the herbicides were applied at Zadok 12-Z12, Z13, Z21 and Z23 stages of wheat, respectively. Sulfosulfuron application at Z12 and Z13 wheat stages (before first irrigation), provided >80% control of P. minor and produced wheat grain yield (4.5-4.7 t/ha) similar to the weed-free check (4.9 t/ha) in both years. Pinoxaden, fenoxaprop plus metribuzin and mesosulfuron plus iodosulfuron application at Z12 and Z13 wheat stages recorded significantly lower wheat grain yield (3.62-3.95 t/ha) due to poor weed control, crop toxicity or both. All the four herbicides were equally effective on P. minor when applied at Z21 wheat stage. At Z23 wheat stage, pinoxaden gave >90% control of P. minor and the highest wheat grain yield (4.82 t/ha). The results are expected to allow changes in the current recommendation of the timing of post-emergence herbicides for the management of P. minor in wheat.
Historical Development of the Marine Industry
Authors: Jones Barbara E.
Published: April 2017

Man has a long‐standing relationship with the sea, born from a need to move from place to place, trade or discover new lands. This relationship has meant that continuous developments have taken place in naval architecture and propulsion development. The development of the ship and marine engineering has seen changes from the earliest oar‐powered galleys, through the fast sailing ships that could sail as swiftly and as far as our ships of today. The marine engineer developed the steam engine and the marine diesel and with that, shrank our world. The naval architect has designed some of the most beautiful of ships as well as those that lack beauty and have but one purpose, to carry the cargo as economically and safely as possible, to any part of the globe.
Plain Bearings in Marine Applications
Authors: Pal Madan , Kerr Ian , Harrison John
Published: April 2017

Plain bearings are used in reciprocating and rotating machines to transmit loads through the engine structure, permitting conversion and transfer of motion/power. Internal combustion engines are extensively used in marine propulsion systems and utilize plain bearings as main bearings to retain the crankshaft within the engine crankcase, big‐end bearings to link the connecting rod to the crank pin, and small‐end bushes to link the piston to the connecting rod. The power from the engine is transmitted to the ship propeller via a propeller shaft that is supported by a plain bearing bush commonly known as thestern tube bearing. Plain bearings rely on a complex tribological system, and safe operation of these critical components depends on factors such as physical, mechanical, and tribological properties of the housing, journal, and bearing; tribological properties of the lubricating oil; and the operating parameters of the engine. If something goes wrong within the engine, for example, deterioration of the lubrication system, the bearings will absorb the damage and reduce the risk of the damage to other critical and expensive engine components such as the crankshaft. Plain bearings are designed to be a modular component, so it is possible to replace or upgrade plain bearings if damage is noticed during regular service intervals.

This article is a brief overview of bearing construction, operation, possible causes of bearing damage, bearing materials, and current development trends in bearing technology. The article is concluded with some tribological results of a new lead‐free multilayer tin–copper overlay material developed specifically for marine engines.
Reliability and Code Calibration
Authors: Hørte Torfinn , Hovem Liv , Mathisen Jan
Published: April 2017

The structural reliability of a ship is basically ensured by compliance with a design code. A systematic process for the development of such a code is described. All potential hazards that a ship may encounter during its lifetime need consideration. Relevant hazards with respect to strength requirements can be defined by a set of load scenarios that may occur when the ship is operating. The load scenarios may then be split into a manageable number of different load cases.

Code strength criteria are typically specified as design equations or inequalities which require the capacity to be equal or greater than the load. A design equation includes characteristic load effects, representative of the load combination under consideration, and a characteristic capacity, relevant for the failure mode under consideration. Furthermore, one or more safety factors or utilization factors are included, with magnitudes that should ensure an appropriate reliability level. The required reliability level depends on the consequences of failure, and is based on a risk evaluation, which also takes account of service experience.

Structural reliability analysis (SRA) is a suitable tool for the development of structural codes. Uncertainties in input and methodology are accounted for by random variables, and the failure probability is calculated. The SRA of the hull‐girder ultimate strength criterion is described in detail for tankers. This is the most critical failure mode for a ship. It is shown how the definitions of characteristic values and the magnitudes of partial safety factors can be adjusted to optimize the code for a target‐reliability level. This calibration was carried out during the development of the International Association of Classification Societies' (IACS) common structural rules for tankers.
Port State Control
Authors: Snijders Ivo , Schiferli Richard
Published: April 2017

Port state control (PSC) is the inspection of foreign ships in other national ports by PSC officers for the purpose of verifying that the competency of the master and officers on board, and the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements of international conventions and that the vessel is manned and operated in compliance with applicable international law.
Sea Loads
Authors: Guedes Soares Carlos
Published: April 2017

An overview is presented of the two main components of sea loads in floaters, namely the still‐water loads and the wave‐induced loads. A detailed account is given of the way in which buoyancy acts on bodies and how the equilibrium position of floaters is determined from the conditions of equilibrium of forces and moments. The special case of ship‐shaped floaters is referred and the random nature of still‐water loads at any point in the lifetime of ships is presented. The stochastic formulation of free surface waves is summarized and the most common spectral models that describe sea waves are referred. The probability distributions that can be derived from the spectral models are described noticing that the same distributions can be used for linear responses. The main assumptions associated with various ship motion theories are listed and it is indicated how they can be used to obtain the transfer functions of ship motions to use in spectral formulations. Finally, long‐term distributions are refereed as tools to obtain fatigue and extreme loads, which are reflected in Rules of Classification Societies.
Structure‐Borne Noise Transmission in Ships
Authors: Nilsson Anders
Published: April 2017

Noise in accommodation spaces on ships is primarily determined by structure‐borne sound induced by the main noise sources. The energy flow from the sources to the receiver is mainly caused by bending waves propagating in the plate elements between the parallel frames. This has been verified by model‐ and full‐scale measurements. Damping layers applied to the plate elements in the transmission paths between the source and the receiver are generally rather inefficient for reducing noise. The modification of coupling between the adjoining plate elements can effectively reduce the energy flow in a ship structure.

The resilient mounting of the main and auxiliary engines and other vibratory sources effectively reduces the energy flow to and noise levels in the accommodation spaces. A successful resilient mounting requires soft mounts and stiff foundations. The stiffness of the mounts depends on, among other factors, frequency and static load.

For fast vessels, flow‐induced noise can be considerable. The noise is increasing exponentially as a function of the speed of the ship.
Potential Wave Theory, Instability of Wave Trains
Authors: Shrira Victor , Annenkov Sergei
Published: April 2017

This article provides a succinct overview of potential water waves and the water wave instabilities. Its aim is to provide both an easy‐to‐use reference and to show how the often used models and concepts give an insight into particular aspects of wave motions and, crucially, what assumptions are employed. Starting with the Euler equations, the potential theory of water waves is formulated along with the underlying assumptions. A very brief overview of existing numerical approaches of how to simulate the nonlinear potential Euler equations is provided. Linear theory of potential waves is given in more detail: the key concepts of dispersion relation, phase and group velocity, wave packets, wave energy and momentum, wave refraction, shoaling, and wave action conservation are introduced. Nonlinear effects are first discussed for steady waves (the Stokes waves), where they manifest in the change of wave shape and speed, and in a new phenomenon of
bound waves
. Then the
Benjamin–Feir instability
is explained within the framework of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Also on its basis, the
envelope soliton
is demonstrated. The second fundamental instability, the
crest instability
of steep waves leading to the crest overturning and breaking, is described very briefly. To complete the overview of the key nonlinear phenomena, basics of waves in shallow water, such as
solitary wave
, are considered within the framework of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. A cursory exposition of wave resonant interactions for waters of arbitrary depth and the
Hasselmann
or the
kinetic
equation that describes spectral evolution of random wind wave fields and is the basis of all modern wave forecasting concludes the article.
Characteristics of Viscous, Rotational and Irrotational Flows
Authors: Funada Toshio
Published: April 2017

While it is customary to regard water motion within surface waves irrotational, and such approaches have been extremely successful across a great variety of application, the real water has viscosity, and hence its motion can be rotational. The paper is a review of theoretical setup and some of applications, including capillary effects, in situations when viscosity of the water cannot be neglected.
Turbulence
Authors: Shats Michael , Xia Hua
Published: April 2017

Turbulence is a ubiquitous state for many flows in nature and engineering. As the flow velocity is increased, the nonlinear energy transfer generates fluid motion in a broad range of scales forming continuous wave number spectra of the kinetic energy. In isotropic homogeneous incompressible turbulence, energy flux is related to the third‐order velocity structure function via the Kolmogorov 4/5 law. In three‐dimensional turbulence, the energy is transferred from large to smaller scales in the process of the energy cascade. In two‐dimensional turbulence, energy is transferred from smaller to larger scales, the inverse energy cascade. Turbulence greatly increases the rate of mixing in fluids and dispersion. Transport of matter in turbulent flows requires Lagrangian description, in which the observer follows the fluid particles wherever they move. Here, we review the approaches to turbulence description in two and three dimensions.
Wave–Ice Interactions
Authors: Shen Hayley H.
Published: April 2017

To guide proper navigation, engineering, and regulatory actions, it is necessary to understand wave–ice interactions. Seafarers have long known that ice fields provide safe barriers against storms due to their energy damping capability. However, long‐period swells may penetrate an ice cover over extensive distance. When coupled with warmer air temperature, waves may break ice covers. A broken ice field drifts and rafts. There is a large body of theoretical development of waves under ice covers, particularly in the recent couple of decades. On the other hand, the effect of waves on forming and reforming the ice cover is a much less‐studied topic. In the first half of this article, we review the basic theories of waves under ice covers to provide a foundation for those who desire to explore the recent developments. The effect of waves on ice is introduced in the second half of the article.
Medium Speed Diesel Engines for Maritime Applications
Authors: Schlemmer‐Kelling Udo
Published: April 2017

This article deals with medium speed engines with a typical power range from 1 to 20 MW. Design criteria, the influence of gaseous and liquid fuel on the thermodynamic performance inclusive emission and the engine operation itself are described.
Optical Fiber Sensors for Marine Structural Condition Monitoring
Authors: Sun Tong , Grattan Kenneth T. V.
Published: April 2017

Optical fiber sensors have shown their importance and significant potential to monitor marine structural conditions in real‐time bettering performance with conventional techniques. This article discusses the design and implementation of a series of optical fiber sensors well suited for marine structural condition monitoring. This includes the development of a quasi‐distributed fiber Bragg grating‐based sensor system for monitoring vibration of marine propellers when they are excited, both in air and under water. The experimental data obtained have been cross‐compared with those from the theoretical modeling, which confirms very good agreement.

This article also includes a discussion on the development and evaluation of a set of optical fiber corrosion sensors, that is, temperature/strain, humidity, pH, and chloride sensors, designed specifically for monitoring marine concrete structural degradation.
Warship Machinery Constraints
Authors: Bradbeer Nick , Greig Alistair
Published: April 2017

The design of warship machinery is complex because unlike most merchant ships warships do not have a unique operating profile, while designed to meet specific wartime roles, they spend the vast majority of their lives performing a wide range of different tasks. As a consequence the propulsion plant must be able to operate efficiently and effectively over a wide range of speeds. This chapter describes some of the constraints encountered when designing the main machinery components of a typical surface warship and introduces the concept of Integrated Full Electric Propulsion. A second major difference between merchant ships and warships is that the latter are designed to absorb deliberate damage and still function. A brief account of some of the threats a warship is exposed to and their associated damage mechanism is followed by an analysis of various design approaches that can mitigate these threats to ensure a warship with a high survivability.
Ship Collision Risk
Authors: Sari Ali , Azimov Umid
Published: April 2017

This document presents a methodology for the analysis of ship‐offshore structures interaction when the offshore structures are accidentally stricken by ships. The methodology outlines the state‐of‐the‐art approaches utilized in offshore industry to address the ship impact issue in design and assessment of offshore structures. Both frequency analysis and consequences analysis are explained in detail. The methodology is eventually supplemented by practical case studies in which advanced finite element modeling were employed to predict the response of offshore structures under ship impact.
SPAR
Authors: Shen Yijun
Published: April 2017

Spar platform is a type of offshore oil platform used to extract and process oil from the deep sea. Unlike other floating platforms that generally are rectangular in shape, the spar platform is cylindrically constructed. The large cylinder serves to stabilize the platform in the water and helps it to maintain its position while carrying out the necessary oil excavation operations.

A spar platform consists of a large‐diameter single vertical cylinder supporting a deck, which forms the topside on the surface of the deck with drilling and production equipment. The cylinder does not extend all the way to the seafloor, but instead is tethered to the bottom by a series of cables and lines. It usually includes different risers for production, drilling, and export. The hull is moored using a taut catenary system of 6–20 lines anchored into the sea floor.

Spar platform is one of the deepest drilling types of offshore rigs in use. SPAR's are presently used in water depths up to 1000 m, although existing technology can extend its use to water depths as great as 2500 m. Therefore, spar platforms are one of the most highly favored floating platforms in deepwater or ultradeepwater oil and gas production system.
Reassessment of Fixed Offshore Structures
Authors: Stewart Graham
Published: April 2017

Existing offshore platforms are valuable assets for operators, and optimizing their useful life to maximize profitability is an ongoing challenge. Reassessment is required from time to time to ensure that the structures remain safe and reliable. This can be instigated for a variety of reasons such as increased topside or environmental loading or damage. Wave‐in‐deck loads resulting from rare events pose a particular concern. Nonlinear pushover models enable the full benefit of structural capacity to be realized, while structural reliability assessments allow risk‐based decisions to be made. This article reviews the present methodologies for nonlinear structural modeling, pushover assessments (including static, cyclic, and dynamic procedures), environmental statistics including wave‐in‐deck loading, and structural reliability assessments and provides a comment on some of the limitations and potential pitfalls of these.
Fatigue Life Extension
Authors: Lotsberg Inge
Published: April 2017

Fatigue life extension of offshore structures may be needed already at the design stage as well as for life extension of structures for purpose of extended use. At the design stage, one is in principle freer to select methodology for life improvement than after the structures have been installed, as at the design stage geometry modifications may still be possible. However, after fabrication, postimprovement methods are most often used. This includes grinding of hot spots with short calculated fatigue lives and also hammer peening has been used in some projects. This is further assessed in this article.
Remediation and Repair of Offshore Structures
Authors: Nichols Nigel W. , Khan Riaz
Published: April 2017

Strengthening, modification, and repair (SMR) is an important aspect of offshore structural engineering to ensure fitness for purpose (FFP) and safe continuous operations can be maintained. SMR work can be extremely costly and complex and often requires specialist engineering skills to provide appropriate schemes for remediation. The SIM STRATEGY should also be aligned with operator's expectations of ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable) and FFP principles as developing the SMR scheme would be largely dependent to these corporate expectations. To provide good options for SMR schemes, it is important to address the applicability of each scheme in the operating region, where the scheme is to be deployed. It is also recommended that an SMR database be developed by each operator to catalogue past SMR scheme deployment, globally and regionally, to ensure that the lessons learnt are being addressed on future work.
Advanced Deepwater Drilling Topics
Authors: Akbari Babak
Published: April 2017

This article is an overview of important deepwater drilling challenges and potential promising technologies to address them. Dual gradient drilling is developed to solve the low fracture pressure challenge, and Reelwell drilling is recently introduced to eliminate riser and horizontal drilling operational envelope. Plugging and abandonment is an important part of well decommissioning, which is highly regulated and environmentally sensitive; its importance increases as the number of wells drilled increases. Other challenges such as platform positioning systems and hydrates formation are briefly discussed and a summary of a novel concept calledbuoyant wellheadis brought in at the end.