bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Delivery of Primary Health Care in American Public Schools, 1890–1980
Authors: Kort Michael
Published: October 2009

There is considerable concern in the United States today about the health of this nation's school children. Various plans, including the direct delivery of primary health care in the public schools, are being suggested. School health care in the United States traditionally has stressed health inspection, assessment, and first aid. However, school health programs that delivered primary health care, including dental care, always have existed, though they represented a distinctly minority tradition. Since the 1960s, the number and scope of these programs have expanded. At the present time new approaches to delivering primary health care in the public schools are being attempted. Other proposals are emerging from the federal government and from private foundations.
Organizational and Health Manifestations of Teacher Stress: A Preliminary Report on the Buffalo Teacher Stress Intervention Project
Authors: Golaszewski Thomas J. , Milstein MikeM. , Duquette R. Daniel , London William M.
Published: October 2009

In an attempt to develop long‐term stress management contingencies, four Buffalo City Elementary Schools were assessed on perceptions of organizational stress, personal manifestations, and health status. Relationships that were observed supported theoretical concepts of organizational stress, and supported the need for intervention within teacher populations. Organizational and promotional strategies to enhance participant involvement are discussed.
Sexuality Education Instructional Techniques: Teacher Usage and Student Preference
Authors: Hammonds M. Maxine , Schultz Jerelyn B.
Published: October 2009

This paper identifies instructional techniques utilized by 89 secondary school teachers and those preferred by 334 secondary school students when 20 sexuality education topics are taught in the classroom. Instructional techniques most often utilized by teachers and preferred by students include large group discussion, educational media, guest speakers, case study, lecture, small group work, and role play. The findings indicate that large group discussion was most often employed by teachers and preferred by students when teaching social and emotional aspects of sexuality such as self‐awareness, feelings and emotions, building relationships, and communicating with others. Educational media and guest speakers were the instructional techniques used and preferred to address some of the physiological aspects of sexuality such as reproductive systems, conception, childbirth, and birth control. Significant differences using the chi‐square test of independence were found between teacher and student responses for 16 of the 20 topics.
Family and Child Correlates of Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Quality in 10–13 Year Olds
Authors: Touliatos John , Lindholm Byron W. , Wenberg Mary F. , Ryan Melbagene
Published: October 2009

Family and child correlates of nutrition knowledge and dietary quality were examined using 97 10–13‐year‐otd children. Results indicated that older, more intelligent, and white subjects had higher scores on a test of nutrition knowledge, and younger, more intelligent subjects whose mothers were employed achieved higher scores on a measure of dietary quality. Tentative explanations are offered.
Health Promotion in a Cambodian Refugee Camp: A CHILD‐to‐child Approach
Authors: Boyer‐Chuanroong Lynda
Published: October 2009

This paper describes a School Health Program established in Khao I Dang, a refugee camp of 80,000 Cambodians in Thailand. Originally designed to provide health screening and immunization, the program was expanded to include health promotion. The author conceptualizes the health promotion activities based on the underlying principles in the manual CHILD‐to‐child. Three specific projects using CHILD‐to‐child techniques are described. The article concludes with a discussion of the applicability of these techniques to refugee settings in general and to American schools.
School Health Education Research: Future Issues and Challenges
Authors: Kreuter Marshall W. , Christenson Gregory M. , Davis Roy
Published: October 2009

This paper presents the view that the dissemination of effective school health education constitutes a significant problem that deserves high priority on a national research agenda for school health education. Justification of dissemination is grounded in two presuppositions: (1) that there is a positive correlation between health education and the practice of health‐enhancing behaviors and (2) that health education is an appropriate and fundamental task for schools. Two complex sub‐problems are discussed. The first is related to the fact that there are no data to help us determine how many children in this country actually receive health information in schools. In addition, there is insufficient evidence to ascertain either the quality or quantity of health information children receive or where in the curriculum the presentation of that information occurs. The second problem pertains to the myriad of complex factors that impede the implementation of health education in schools. These two problems are re‐cast into a series of researchable questions.
A Conceptual Approach to School‐Based Health Promotion
Authors: Perry Cheryl L.
Published: October 2009

Health and health promotion have become salient topics in American society in the 1980's. Still there is little consensus on what is meant by the term “health promotion,” in what ways children and adolescents should be a targeted group, or whether such activities are appropriate for schools. This paper proposes a concept of health promotion as an intervention modality, based on a clarification of the notion of health and the efforts needed to foster improved health. The relevance of health promotion efforts to the school setting is argued from three perspectives. Three levels of analysis for conceptualizing school health promotion programs are then proposed and involve the school environment, student personality characteristics, and student behavior. The question of accomplishing changes in health‐related behavior through the schools is addressed through changes that are accomplished at each of these three levels. The exploration of this change process through particular theoretical attributes at each of these levels forms the basis for designing and evaluating strategies for effective school health promotion programs. Finally, the relationship between the school and the extra‐school environment is proposed as a final area for research in school health promotion.
Issues Related to Designing and Conducting School Health Education Research
Authors: Iverson Donald C.
Published: October 2009

Investigators interested in conducting school health research face many important challenges. First, an appropriate research course for school health must be charted so the most important research issues are addressed in a systematic way. Second, there is a continuing need to develop scientifically sound research methods that can be used in the school setting. Third, there is the immediate need to identify ways of overcoming the usual problems encountered in the conduct of school health research. This paper focuses on the third challenge, via an analysis of the research design and measurement issues that most frequently confront school health researchers. The research design issues addressed include randomization of experimental units to treatments and selection of the appropriate statistical unit of analysis. The measurement issues addressed included use of existing versus newly developed instruments, use of norm‐referenced versus criterion‐referenced instruments, use of self‐report techniques, and appropriate use of affective instruments. Following an analysis of the issues a series of relevant questions are posed.
Training Needs in School Health Education Research
Authors: Gold Robert , Gilbert Glen G. , Levine David M.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to review the history of professional preparation of health educators for the conduct of research, to present several major issues and problems related to school health education research, and to identify the characteristics of present training models. Despite the fact that health education can trace its origin to early in this century, it was not until 1953 that a formal statement on research competencies was formulated. Since that time, however, a great deal of activity has been identified. While several issues have been raised regarding research strategies and techniques used by health educators, current training models hold a great deal of promise for strengthening these efforts. The characteristics of such training models are described.
Retention of Emergency Care Knowledge
Authors: Burckes Mardie E. , Shao Kung Ping Pam
Published: October 2009

This study provided data on the emergency care knowledge of students as measured by a pretest, posttest, and retention test. Fifty college students were the sample. The mean score for pretest was 62, posttest 86.75, and retention test 83.6. Pearson correlations were calculated for pretest, posttest, and retention test pairwisely. Data analyses revealed that all correlations were significantly greater than zero at the .05 level. A high relationship existed between students' posttest scores and retention test scores. ANOVA was used to gather information to determine if significant differences in students' first aid knowledge existed between the posttest and the retention test. Findings indicated that there was a significant difference between the emergency care knowledge scores of students when comparing the posttest to the retention test.
Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating a Wellness Education Program
Authors: Papenfuss Richard , Beier Barbara J.
Published: October 2009

A Wellness Behavior Inventory and a wellness education program were developed and implemented to determine the effectiveness of the program in changing 10th grade students' attitudes and behaviors concerning wellness. Experimental (N = 24) and control (N = 24) groups completed the Attitudinal Inventory of Wellness and the Wellness Behavior Inventory developed by the researchers as a pretest, four week later as a posttest, and an additional four weeks later as a post‐posttest. The experimental group participated in the four‐week, 800‐minute educational program between the pretest and posttest, while the control group received no intervening treatment. Groups were matched by age, IQ, and sex. The research concluded that the education program was effective in enhancing positive attitudes and behaviors toward wellness among selected 10th grade students. A follow‐up study was conducted and an additional questionnaire was used to identify encouragers and/or discouragers for participants who continued to practice or not practice wellness behavior.
Initial Results from the European Network of Health Promoting Schools Program on Development of Health Education in Finland
Authors: Turunen Hannele , Tossavainen Kerttu , Jakonen Sirkka , Salomäki Ulla , Vertio Harri
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The European Network of Health Promoting School (ENHPS) program aims to foster healthy lifestyles for school populations by developing supportive teaching and learning environments conducive to promotion of health. Most European countries have joined the network since its organization in 1993. This paper describes how the European, national, and local aims of the ENHPS program have been realized in Finnish schools during the first year of the second triennium (1997–1999). Substantial development related to health promotion has occurred in the Finnish ENHPS schools. A safe school environment was emphasized, and networking with other schools was encouraged at the international and national levels. Attitudes toward the ENHPS program generally were positive. However, Finnish schools have emphasized developing “structures ”for health promotion. In the future, efforts should concentrate on students' active participation in the activities of health promotion in everyday teaching and learning situations.
Age of First Use of Cigarettes Among Rural and Small Town Elementary School Children in Illinois
Authors: Sarvela Paul D. , Monge Eduardo A. , Shannon Dan V. , Nawrot Robynn
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study determined age of first use of cigarettes among rural and small town elementary school students. Data were collected from 1,950 elementary school students, grades kindergarten through sixth, attending seven different schools in southern Illinois. Bivariate odds ratios and multivariate logistic regression procedures identified risk factors of cigarette use among this elementary school population. A Duncan multiple‐range test revealed no significant difference in cigarette use between grades kindergarten through fifth (average percentage of use for those grades was 4.7%), but use increased significantly to 17.4% in the sixth grade. Predictor variables with the greatest odds ratios were having tried alcohol (OR = 8), having tried chewing tobacco or snuff (OR = 4.4), and being in the sixth grade (OR = 2.2). Healthy People 2010 draft objectives emphasize prevention and reduction of tobacco use among youth. To be effective, tobacco prevention programs must begin in the elementary school years.
Outcomes from a School‐based Nutrition Education Program Alternating Special Resource Teachers and Classroom Teachers
Authors: Auld Garry W. , Romaniello Cathy , Heimendinger Jerianne , Hambidge Carolyn , Hambidge Michael
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study modified a successful nutrition program to improve its transferability and potential for institutionalization. Specific aims were to determine: 1) if 16 nutrition lessons taught alternately by special resource teachers (SRT) and classroom teachers, could produce outcomes equivalent to 24 SRT lessons; and 2) teachers' reactions to the program. The quasi‐experimental design used classrooms (19 treatment and 19 comparison) in matched schools. Surveys and plate waste measured children's outcomes, and classroom teachers were observed and interviewed. Treatment students showed greater knowledge and self‐efficacy scores and consumed 0.36 more servings of fruits and vegetables at lunch. Behavioral differences between groups were greater when SRTs provided all instruction. Teachers supported the program and anticipated teaching more nutrition on their own, but noted serious structural barriers. Findings support the need for long‐term contact to induce behavior change and the advantage of using teachers specifically trained in nutrition and experiential education.
Influence of School Organizational Characteristics on the Outcomes of a School Health Promotion Program
Authors: Cullen Karen Weber , Baranowski Tom , Baranowski Janice , Hebert David , DeMoor Carl , Hearn Marsha Davis , Resnicow Ken
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Researchers assessed the possible moderating effects of school organizational characteristics (school climate, school health, and job satisfaction) on outcomes of a teacher health behavior change program. Thirty‐two public schools were matched and randomly assigned either to treatment or control conditions. Organizational, dietary, and physiologic data were collected from third to fifth grade teachers over three years. Treatment schools received a teacher Wellness program for two years. Psychometrics of most organizational scales achieved acceptable levels of reliability. Mixed model analyses were conducted to test for moderating effects. Treatment schools with high organizational climate and health scores reported higher fruit and juice and vegetable consumption at Year 2 compared with intervention schools with low scores. Treatment schools with high job satisfaction scores reported higher fruit and juice and lower‐fat food consumption at Year 3 compared with intervention schools with low scores. These measures max be used as a tool to assess the environment in which school health promotion programs are presented. Future interventions may need to be tailored to the organizational characteristics of schools.
Adolescents' Use of School‐Based Health Clinics for Reproductive Health Services: Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Authors: Crosby Richard A. , Lawrence Janet St.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Offering reproductive health services to students through school‐based clinics (SBCs) may be a valuable public health strategy. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this report describes adolescents' use of SBCs for family planning and STD‐related services. Of more than 1,200 students receiving reproductive health services in the year preceding the survey, 13.3% received family planning services from a SBC and 8.9% received STD‐related services. Rural residence, no driver's license, younger age, and minority ethnicity increased the likelihood of using a SBC for family planning services. Rural residence, minority ethnicity, male gender, having a physical exam from a SBC, and less perceived parental approval of sex increased the likelihood of using a SBC for STD‐related services. Further research should determine factors that increase adolescents' acceptance of reproductive health services from a SBC.
Coaches' Attitudes Toward Smokeless Tobacco and Intentions to Intervene with Athletes
Authors: Horn Kimberly A. , Maniar Sameep D. , Dino Geri A. , Gao Xin , Meckstroth Richard L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Smokeless tobacco use among athletes is alarming. Most of these athletes report beginning smokeless tobacco use in middle or high school. West Virginia has significantly higher rates of smokeless tobacco use among adolescent and adult males than the general population. Since West Virginia athletes may be particularly vulnerable to smokeless tobacco use. West Virginia coaches can be critical agents in smokeless tobacco prevention and intervention. This study surveyed West Virginia middle and high school coaches' 1) attitudes toward smokeless tobacco, 2) actions toward athletes who use smokeless tobacco, 3) intentions to provide intervention for users, and 4) tobacco use history. Results indicated coaches had unfavorable attitudes toward smokeless tobacco, perceived it as a problem, and were willing to help athletes quit. These findings provide support for development of training programs for middle and high school coaches to act as smokeless tobacco intervention agents.
Formative Evaluation Results From the Mariner Project: A Coordinated School Health Pilot Program
Authors: Valois Robert F. , Hoyle Tena B.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study determined the extent to which a coordinated school health program (CSHP) infrastructure was in place and functioning adequately within a two‐ to three‐year developmental period in South Carolina. The Mariner Project's eight‐component model was implemented in three middle schools and their four feeder elementary schools in three communities. Evaluation criteria for the Mariner Project reflect rigorous, minimum adequacy performance standards, and were based on national standards for school health practice and research and objective judgments of project performance. Eleven critical performance elements were developed, and a modified indexing procedure was utilized for project evaluation efforts. Results suggest that a combination of four critical performance elements, 1) Administrative Support/Buy‐In, 2)Coordination of the Eight‐Component Personnel School‐Based Health Promotion Team, 3) Program Champion/Liaison/Facilitator, and 4) Staff Wellness Coordinator, served as the foundation for adequate or less‐than‐adequate performance for each school among the remaining critical elements, and subsequently for the overall Mariner Project.
Assessment of Health Knowledge after “A Healthy Adventure”
Authors: Dinger Mary K. , Ogletree Roberta J. , Johnson Don
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the general health education program for third graders at Hult Health Education Center (Hult HEC). A quasi‐experimental, nonequivalent pretest‐posttest control group design with four groups was employed to collect pretest and posttest data from 168 third graders. The four groups included a control group, a traditional classroom health education group, a group that visited Hult HEC, and a group that visited Hult HEC and incorporated center curricular materials in the classroom. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was calculated to test for posttest differences among the four groups, while reducing the effects of initial group pretest score differences. A statistically significant difference occurred in posttest scores among the four groups (F = 120.62, df = 4, 163, p = .0001). Post hoc testing revealed the best results were obtained when combining curricular materials with a visit to the Hult HEC.
The Role of Process Evaluation in the Training of Facilitators for an Adolescent Health Education Program
Authors: Helitzer Deborah , Yoon Soo‐Jin , Wallerstein Nina , Garcia‐Velarde Lily Dow y
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article reports on the process evaluation of the training of facilitators for the Adolescent Social Action Program, a health education program in Albuquerque, New Mexico that trained college students and adult volunteers to work with middle school students. From the process evaluation data collected throughout a four‐year period (1995–1998), data relevant to training are described: facilitator characteristics, facilitator training, curriculum implementation, and use of the program's model designed to promote critical thinking and dialogue. Results indicated that, though most facilitators reported the training was sufficient to enable them to implement the curriculum, they did not completely do so, especially as groups reached their final sessions. Facilitators covered the core curriculum content, but often failed to follow through with the more abstract activities. The need to perform and report the process evaluation in time to provide ample opportunity for trainers and curriculum designers to make appropriate adjustments is discussed.
The SiteLegend: Twelve Components of a New Strategy for Providing Website Documentation
Authors: Weiler Robert M. , Pealer Lisa N.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The World Wide Web continues to evolve dramatically with an estimated 57 million users in the United States. Some two‐thirds of Internet users in the United States searched for health information the past year, with 90% indicating they found the information they sought. Thus, health and medical information represents the single most popular topic on the Web, surpassing all other categories. Yet, few measures exist to ensure the accuracy of information provided to children and adults through such sites. Some existing quality control measures such as assessment instruments, authoritative guidelines, and seal of approval systems provide screening mechanisms, but none of these measures guarantees protection for users. This article proposes a new approach to ensuring full and accurate disclosure of information about a website. Referred to as a SiteLegend, the approach uses a hyperlink to fully inform consumers regarding 12 essential components of website. This article describes each of the 12 essential components, then provides an example of an active online link that illustrates actual use of the SiteLegend hyperlink approach.
Promoting Mental Health in Schools in the Midst of School Reform
Authors: Adelman Howard S. , Taylor Linda
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:Efforts to promote mental health in schools have encountered a variety of systemic problems. Of particular concern is that planning and implementing programs and services often occurs in an unsystematic and ad hoc fashion resulting in fragmented and piecemeal activities and an inefficient use of limited resources. Even more fundamental is the degree to which schools marginalize all efforts to address barriers to student learning. With a view to enhancing understanding and resolution of these problems, this paper explores the policy deficiencies that perpetuate the status quo and presents a framework for moving forward.
Expanded School Mental Health Programs: Advancing Reform and Closing the Gap Between Research and Practice
Authors: Weist Mark D. , Christodulu Kristin V.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Expanded school mental health (ESMH) programs provide a range of mental health services to youth in special and regular education including prevention, assessment, treatment, and case management. Despite the rapid growth of ESMH programs in the United States and elsewhere, many communities still do not have ESMH programs and those that do exist often fail to implement empirically validated intervention and treatment strategies. Systematic prevention efforts remain a lauded, yet illusive goal. For ESMH programs to fulfill their promise of improved access, increased productivity and improved behavioral outcomes, researchers, school‐based mental health service providers, and educators must work together to move child mental health programs beyond limiting constructs and approaches. These issues are reviewed and an example of an “ideal” approach to implement best practices in schools and close the gap between research and practice is offered.
Implementing and Maintaining School‐Based Mental Health Services in a Large, Urban School District
Authors: Jennings Jenni , Pearson Glen , Harris Mark
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The Dallas (Texas) Public Schools established the first school‐based health center in the United States in 1969. In 1993 a partnership between two school principals, a school mental health professional, and the medical director of the county mental health center was the impetus for the first comprehensive school‐based mental health center in Texas. In 1995 the programs joined together as Youth and Family Centers (YFCs) to provide physical health, mental health, and other support services to students and their families. The 10 strategically located school‐based centers are directed by licensed mental health professionals employed by the district who lead a multidisciplinary team of physical health and mental health providers. Students served by the YFCs have fewer discipline problems, course failures, and school absences.
Toward Ending the Marginalization and Fragmentation of Mental Health in Schools
Authors: Taylor Linda , Adelman Howard S.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: For efforts to address mental health and psychosocial concerns in schools to be effective, practices must not be marginalized and must be implemented cohesively at each school and among families of schools. Mechanisms and processes must be established to minimize marginalized and fragmented practice, weave together school and community resources, and develop comprehensive and multifaceted approaches. A school‐based, resource‐oriented team represents one key mechanism. In addition, schools working in the same neighborhoods and with the same families can use a collaborative council to coordinate school and community resources. Resource team and collaborative council functions include mapping, analyzing, and redeploying existing resources, and formulating plans for evolving a comprehensive, multifaceted continuum of school‐community interventions to address barriers to student learning and promote healthy development.
Sharing the Vision: Healthy, Achieving Students What Can Schools Do?
Authors: Caccamo James M.
Published: October 2009

It was a beautiful spring day. The sky was a deep azure with not a cloud in sight. The cool breeze was gently flowing over two friends who were wading into the stream for a relaxing morning of trout fishing. Calmly and with rhythmic grace, the two cast their flies with great expectation.

Suddenly, one of the fishermen spotted a baby floating down the stream. He threw his rod on the bank and ran to pull the baby out of the stream. Placing the baby on the bank, he noticed another floating down the stream. In a panic, he rushed back into the water to retrieve that baby. When he had placed the second baby safely on the bank, he noticed a third and a fourth floating in the stream.

His friend, who was still fishing, quietly walked out of the water, gently placed his rod on the bank and began walking upstream. The fisherman who was frantically trying to save the babies yelled, “Where are you going? I need your help to save these babies.” His buddy turned and said, “I am going upstream to stop the person who is putting the babies in the water.”
Project SOAR: A Training Program to Increase School Counselors' Knowledge and Confidence Regarding Suicide Prevention and Intervention
Authors: King Keith A. , Smith Judie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School counselors are often the lead individuals in school suicide prevention programs. All school counselors in Dallas, Texas, receive training through Project SOAR (Suicide, Options, Awareness, and Relief), a suicide prevention program. This study assessed Dallas school counselors' knowledge of suicidal risk factors and perceived ability to initiate appropriate steps when confronted with a suicidal student. A two‐page, 44‐item survey was distributed to all Dallas school counselors attending a mandatory meeting in spring 1999. A total of 186 school counselors (75%) responded. Most had been a school counselor for less than 10 years and one‐half received initial SOAR training less than four years ago. The majority strongly agreed that they could recognize suicidal warning signs, assess a student's risk for suicide, and offer support to a suicidal student. In addition, most knew the intervention steps to take when a student assessed at high suicidal risk. When compared to school counselors nationwide, these counselors reported increased confidence in identifying students at suicidal risk.
A Meta‐Analysis Examining Effects of School Sexuality Education Programs on Adolescents' Sexual Knowledge, 1960–1997
Authors: Song Eun Young , Pruitt B.E. , McNamara James , Colwell Brian
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study analyzed and synthesized findings from selected studies conducted from 1960 through 1997 regarding effects of school sexuality education on adolescents' sexual knowledge. This purpose was achieved using meta‐analysis. Sixty‐seven studies that met the selection criteria were included in the meta‐analysis. The 67 studies reported 72 outcomes regarding sexual knowledge, which were grouped into six independent variables related to knowledge about sexuality. A weighted effect size method developed by Hedges and Olkin was calculated using all studies. For all studies, 97% of weighted effect sizes were positive. The weighted average effect size on sexual knowledge across all studies of 0.41 was statistically significant, indicating a significant difference occurred between control and experimental groups' mastery of objectives related to sexual knowledge. It was concluded that sexuality education programs positively affect overall sexual knowledge.
Kindergarten Children's Knowledge and Perceptions of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs
Authors: Hahn Ellen J. , Hall Lynne A. , Rayens Mary Kay , Burt April V. , Corley Donna , Sheffel Kristy Lea
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Kindergarten children's knowledge and perceptions of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATODs) were assessed and the congruence between parent ATOD use and children's knowledge of ATODs was examined. Data were collected during the pre‐intervention phase of an ATOD prevention trial with 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children and their parents. Three elementary schools were randomly selected from a population of 15 high‐risk elementary schools in Lexington, Ky., (n = 126 parent‐child dyads). Children were interviewed about their knowledge, feelings, and attitudes toward ATODs using the Child Drug Awareness Inventory. Parents self‐reported ATOD use. Almost all (95%) kindergarten children recognized cigarettes; 56% correctly identified alcoholic beverages; and 17% recognized at least one illicit drug. Minority children were almost four times more likely to recognize illicit drugs than were non‐minority children. Children's knowledge of ATODs was not correlated with the parents' reported drug use. ATOD prevention programs for young children merit greater emphasis.
Utility of Psychosocial Screening at a School‐based Health Center
Authors: Gall Gail , Pagano Maria E. , Desmond M. Sheila , Perrin James M. , Murphy J. Michael
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School‐based health centers (SBHC) have substantial potential to improve the recognition and treatment of adolescents' mental health problems. This study was undertaken as a quality improvement project to evaluate utility of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist when completed by youth (PSC‐Y) among 383 adolescents seen at a SBHC, and the extent to which identification of psychosocial dysfunction and referral to mental health services improved academic functioning. Adolescents identified by the PSC‐Y were significantly more likely to be insured by Medicaid, be a teen‐age parent, and to have higher rates of absenteeism and tardiness in comparison to those not identified. Adolescents identified with the PSC‐Y who were referred to mental health services significantly decreased their rates of absences and tardiness. Study results provide support for the utility of psychosocial screening and referral in the SBHC environment in facilitating recognition and treatment of adolescent mental health problems and improving student academic functioning.
Got Health? The Hawaii Partnership for Standards‐Based School Health Education
Authors: Pateman Beth , Irvin Lola Hiroko , Nakasato Steve , Serna Kuulei , Yahata Dan K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The American Cancer Society (ACS), Hawaii Pacific, Inc., initiated the Hawaii Partnership for Standards‐Based School Health Education in July 1999. The goal of the partnership is to implement standards‐based school health education to promote child and adolescent health in Hawaii. The partnership includes representatives from the Hawaii Department of Education, the Hawaii Board of Education, the Hawaii Department of Health, the University of Hawaii College of Education, Meadow Gold Dairies, the Hawaiian Electric Companies, the Hawaii Medical Services Association, and local divisions of the American Cancer Society. During its first year, the partnership collaborated to sponsor 15 teacher workshops on the new Hawaii Health Content Standards. In addition, Meadow Gold Dairies initiated a Got Health? milk carton side‐panel promotional campaign to publicize the standards. This article describes development of the Hawaii Health Content Standards, history of the partnership, activities to date, concurrent supporting efforts, future plans, and lessons learned during the first year.
The Association Between Severity of Sanction Imposed for Violation of Tobacco Policy and High School Dropout Rates
Authors: Martin Maurice W. , Levin Sarah , Saunders Ruth
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:This investigation explored the association between severity of sanctions imposed on students resulting from tobacco policy violation and the event dropout rate in South Carolina public high schools. The study employed a cross‐sectional design (n=132). Surveys were mailed to school principals to assess tobacco policy and sanctions for violation. Severe sanctions were categorized as those resulting in the student being denied onsite instruction, such as out‐of‐school suspension or expulsion. General linear regression models adjusting for SES, ethnicity, and rural/urban status, tested for an association between event dropout rate and severity of sanction imposed. The mean dropout rate in 1998 for high schools in South Carolina was 2.58% (+1.74). Suspension at first violation and expulsion were associated with lower dropout rates. Suspension at second violation was not associated with dropout behavior while suspension at third violation was associated with higher dropout rates. Results from the study provide preliminary evidence that severe sanctions imposed for violation of tobacco policy may help reduce high school dropout rates.
Politics and the Success of School‐Based Health Centers
Authors: Rienzo Barbara A. , Button James W. , Wald Kenneth D.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School‐based health centers (SBHCs) provide access to health services by bringing providers to children (and sometimes parents) and furnishing low cost services in an atmosphere of trust. While the number of SBHCs has continued to grow and some clinics have continued to expand their services, others have barely survived and some have even closed. This study investigated factors, particularly political forces, that affected the success of SBHCs. Using a national survey of clinic directors, this study assessed clinic success in terms both of longevity and service delivery. Findings indicate the factors most consistently and significantly associated with success include not only measures of “need” (school size and percent African‐American enrollment or population) but of “politics” (citizen political ideology and Southern conservatism). Thus, politics matters more than previous studies suggested.
Rural Parents' Communication With Their Teen‐agers About Sexual Issues
Authors: Jordan Timothy R. , Price James H. , Fitzgerald Shawn
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This survey assessed rural parents' (n=374) perceptions of the characteristics, content, and comfort level of discussions about sexual issues with their teens. Almost all parents (94%) reported they had talked with their teens about sex. Two‐thirds (65%) reported being comfortable talking with their teens about sexual issues. From a list of 17 potential topical areas in sexual communication, parents were most likely to discuss with their teens the responsibilities of being a parent (46%), sexually transmitted diseases (40%), dating behavior (37%), and not having sex until marriage (36%). Most parents (80%) believed that the majority of sexuality education should be provided by the family and supplemented by outside organizations, preferably schools. Almost all parents (92%) believed sexuality education should include information on birth control methods including condoms. Almost two of three parents (64%) believed schools should begin teaching sexuality education before students reach seventh grade. Parents (52%) claimed they could best be helped in communicating with their teens by receiving a regular newsletter regarding teen sexual issues.
Youth and Tattoos: What School Health Personnel Should Know
Authors: Brown Kelli McCormack , Perlmutter Paula , McDermott Robert J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Though tattooing has been practiced by various cultures for centuries, this art form has undergone dramatic changes the past few decades. Today, tattoos appeal to diverse populations and mainstream culture. The proliferation of tattooing prompted increased concern for safety and awareness of hazardous conditions. Transmission of infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B and C, and theoretically, HIV, can occur when proper sterilization and safety procedures are not followed. While there are many populations at risk, a critical at‐risk group is adolescents. Tattooing among adolescents is a risk‐taking behavior that warrants the attention of health education in assisting adolescents in becoming informed decision‐makers. Teaching and advocacy strategies are suggested, and roles for school health personnel are presented.
An Evaluation of Client Satisfaction With Training Programs and Technical Assistance Provided by Florida's Coordinated School Health Program Office
Authors: Weiler Robert M. , Pigg R. Morgan
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Client or customer satisfaction surveys assess the perceived quality of programs, products, services, and employee performance. Such assessments prove beneficial for evaluation and planning purposes. This survey examined the satisfaction of clients using the programs, services, and technical assistance provided through the Coordinated School Health Program Office (CSHPO) in the Florida Department of Education. Using the 42‐item Client Satisfaction Survey, data were collected in summer 1999 from 300 of 574 clients (52.3%) who attended training sessions or sought technical assistance from CSHPO during 1996–1999. More than two‐thirds (67.2%) of clients rated the training programs as “very good” or “excellent” at increasing their understanding about the concept of a coordinated school health program. Overall, 69.7% of clients rated the training programs they attended as “very good” or “excellent.” Resource materials and staff effectiveness rated positively as well. Findings confirmed client satisfaction with CSHPO's training programs, technical assistance, and staff. Information obtained through the client satisfaction survey can be used by CSHPO to assist in future program planning and resource allocations.
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Psychoactive Drug Use Among High School Students in Bogota, Colombia
Authors: Pérez Miguel A. , Pinzon‐Pérez Helda
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This descriptive study identified health behaviors practiced by 10th‐grade students enrolled in public schools in Bogotá, Colombia. A modified version of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey assessed the health‐related behaviors of 1,730 students. In this paper data for tobacco, alcohol, and psychoactive substances use are discussed. A one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical significance among selected behavioral risk areas and the independent variables that were nominally scaled. Data from the study revealed a high use of gateway substances (tobacco and alcohol) among high school students in Bogotá, but lower usage, when compared to US students, of other mind‐altering substance such as marijuana, inhalants, and cocaine.
Evaluation of HIV/AIDS Education in Russia Using a Video Approach
Authors: Torabi Mohammad R. , Crowe James W. , Rhine Sam , Daniels Dennis E. , Jeng Ifeng
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS has intruded upon the geographic, political, ethnic, gender, and sexual orientation of communities all over the world. As of April 1999, Russia has recorded approximately 13,532 cases of HIV infection. Since the costs of treatment are expensive for many countries, and especially for Russia, educational intervention appears to offer the most effective and affordable solution. A quasi‐experimental design, with pre/post tests and intervention (through video education)/control groups, was used to study 20 public schools in St. Petersburg, Russia. Results confirmed the lack of HIV/AIDS education in schools and insufficient information sources from parents, friends, and public health education. ANCOVA statistics demonstrated that use of video education significantly improved students' scores on knowledge and attitudes related to HIV/AIDS prevention. Thus, health educators should consider video education as an effective and efficient tool to present facts to a young audience when they face constraints of shortage of funds, lack of trained teachers, and scarcity of related information.
A Seven‐Year Follow‐Up Comparing Attendees and Nonattendees at a Statewide, School Employee Wellness Conference
Authors: James Gay
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study involved a follow‐up assessment of the status of school employee wellness programs in the same matched comparison groups examined in 1992. In spring 1999, surveys were mailed to the 98 Texas school districts that sent employees to the statewide health promotion conference at least once during 1988–1991, and to the matched comparison group of 98 nonattendees during 1988–1991. Groups were matched on geographical regions, enrollment, and expenditure per pupil. Follow‐up survey response rates were 59% for the attendee group and 54% for the nonattendee group. Although the follow‐up survey results indicated no significant differences between groups, attendee group respondents reported offering more active employee wellness programs.
Developing a Comprehensive School Suicide Prevention Program
Authors: King Keith A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Since the 1950s, the suicide rate for adolescents more than tripled, and suicide currently ranks as the third‐leading cause of death among 15‐to‐24 year‐olds. Comprehensive school suicide prevention programs should include primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention components. This paper discusses these components as they relate to suicide prevention, and it provides practical steps for incorporating each component within a school system. All steps are based on a review of the professional literature. Three questions are explored: What can school professionals do to help in preventing adolescent suicide? What should school professionals do when a student threatens suicide? What should school professionals do after a student commits suicide?
Enhancing Teacher Health Literacy in School Health Promotion A Vision for the New Millennium
Authors: Peterson Fred L. , Cooper Randy J. , Laird Justin At.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: While the National Health Education Standards focused interest and attention on student (consumer) health literacy, equal attention should be given to teacher (provider) health literacy. Teacher health literacy may be defined as “the capacity of teachers to obtain, interpret, and understand basic health information and services, with the competence to use such information and services in ways that enhance the learning of health concepts and skills by school students.” This paper reviews a traditional model for school health teacher preparation, then presents an alternative, university field‐tested model for enhancing health literacy in teacher education. This new model presents an innovative instructional paradigm, the Child and Adolescent Health (CAH) Logic Framework. This training model (vision) illustrates and emphasizes the link between child and adolescent health research and theory, CAH information, and application to health education, public policy, medical care, and health advocacy.
Differences by Gender and Sexual Experience in Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Implications for Education and HIV Prevention
Authors: Nahom Deborah , Wells Elizabeth , Gillmore Mary Rogers , Hoppe Marilyn , Morrison Diane M. , Archibald Matthew , Murowchick Elise , Wilsdon Anthony , Graham Laurie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Researchers examined individual characteristics and peer influences related to adolescents' sexual behavior, taking gender and sexual experience into account. As part of a larger, longitudinal study investigating youth health awareness, 8th, 9th, and 10th graders reported their intentions to engage in sexual activity and use condoms in the next year, the amount of pressure they felt to engage in sexual activity, and their perceptions about the number of their peers engaging in sexual activity. Findings suggest intentions to engage in sexual behavior and use condoms, feelings of pressure to have sex, and perceptions about the number of friends engaging in sexual intercourse differ by gender and sexual experience status. Implications of these findings for health and sexuality education, as well as HIV prevention programs targeted at adolescents, are discussed.
A Study of Young Adults Who Provide Tobacco Products to Minors
Authors: Shive Steve , Ma Grace Xueqin , Shive Earl
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Teens acquire tobacco from social sources. This study examined factors related to young adults providing tobacco products to minors. Variables such as demographics, rate and method of provision, attitudes toward provision, and youth access restriction laws were measured. A sample of 250 college students completed the survey. About 33.2% of those young adults were asked to provide tobacco to minors, and 30.8% of these students provided it. Students in health‐related majors were as likely to be approached and to provide tobacco as were nonhealth majors. Males were more likely to be approached and to provide tobacco to minors than were females. Convenience stores and gas stations were the most popular locations. Young adults favored laws that restrict minors from purchasing tobacco, and their intention to give tobacco in the future was the best predictor of providing tobacco to minors.