bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting for genetic architecture for body weight improves accuracy of predicting breeding values in a commercial line of broilers
Authors: Romé Hélène , Chu Thinh T. , Marois Danye , Huang Chyong‐Huoy , Madsen Per , Jensen Just
Published: March 2021

BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) is the standard for predicting breeding values, where different assumptions can be made on variance–covariance structure, which may influence predictive ability. Herein, we compare accuracy of prediction of four derived‐BLUP models: (a) a pedigree relationship matrix (PBLUP), (b) a genomic relationship matrix (GBLUP), (c) a weighted genomic relationship matrix (WGBLUP) and (d) a relationship matrix based on genomic features that consisted of only a subset of SNP selected on a priori information (GFBLUP). We phenotyped a commercial population of broilers for body weight (BW) in five successive weeks and genotyped them using a 50k SNP array. We compared predictive ability of univariate models using conservative cross‐validation method, where each full‐sib group was divided into two folds. Results from cross‐validation showed, with WGBLUP model, a gain in accuracy from 2% to 7% compared with GBLUP model. Splitting the additive genetic matrix into two matrices, based on significance level of SNP (Gf: estimated with only set of SNP selected on significance level, Gr: estimated with the remaining SNP), led to a gain in accuracy from 1% to 70%, depending on the proportion of SNP used to define Gf. Thus, information from GWAS in models improves predictive ability of breeding values for BW in broilers. Increasing the power of detection of SNP effects, by acquiring more data or improving methods for GWAS, will help improve predictive ability.
Systemic teletherapists' meaningful experiences during the first months of the coronavirus pandemic
Authors: Eppler Christie
Published: March 2021

Fifty‐five clinicians who provided teletherapy to couples, partnerships, families, and kin networks during the first two months of the coronavirus pandemic responded to a survey about their most and least meaningful experiences. Reflexive thematic analysis indicated that the participants experienced adjustments to their schedule or routines, they used technology glitches to promote client growth, and they altered how they engaged clients. Participants noted shifts in their personal and relational dynamics. They reported feeling fatigued and resilient. Participants described their adaptability, gratitude, digital and relational connectivity, and an ability to reframe negative experiences into opportunities for growth.
Validation of cerebral blood flow connectivity as imaging prognostic biomarker on subcortical stroke
Authors: Wang Caihong , Miao Peifang , Liu Jingchun , Li Zhen , Wei Ying , Wang Yingying , Zhang Yong , Wang Kaiyu , Cheng Jingliang
Published: March 2021

Stroke is a major cause of vascular cognitive dysfunction, such as memory impairment. We aimed to explore the neural substrates underlying verbal memory impairment in subcortical stroke patients by the methods of voxel‐wise cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the functional covariance network (FCN). Sixty patients with chronic subcortical stroke and 60 normal controls (NCs) were recruited into this study. We used a three‐dimensional pseudo‐continuous arterial spin‐labeling imaging to measure alterations in CBF and FCNs. We mapped the overall CBF alterations in a voxel‐wise manner and compared CBF measurements using a two‐sample t test. Correlations between CBF and verbal memory were also investigated. Subsequently, we constructed FCNs by calculating the correlation between specific regions and all other voxels of a whole brain, separately within the two groups. Thereafter, by comparing differences of the FCN patterns between the patient and NC groups, we investigated the connection alterations within the FCN maps. The stroke patients showed verbal short‐term memory (VSTM) deficits compared to NCs. The patients exhibited decreased CBF in the ipsilesional insula and ventral sensorimotor network, and increased CBF in contralesional frontal cortical and subcortical regions (putamen and thalamus). Meanwhile, the CBF in the ipsilesional insula was positively correlated, and the contralesional frontal cortical was negativity correlated, with VSTM scores. Moreover we found that stroke patients exhibited disordered connection within FCNs compared to NCs. The study suggests that the underlying imaging biomarker of VSTM impairment in patients with subcortical stroke was associated with disconnection of the frontal lobe network.

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The role of the cingulate cortex in the generation of motor tics and the experience of the premonitory urge‐to‐tic in Tourette syndrome
Authors: Jackson Stephen R. , Sigurdsson Hilmar P. , Dyke Katherine , Condon Maria , Jackson Georgina M.
Published: March 2021

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by the occurrence of motor and vocal tics. TS is associated with cortical‐striatal‐thalamic‐cortical circuit [CSTC] dysfunction and hyper‐excitability of cortical limbic and motor regions that are thought to lead to the occurrence of tics. Individuals with TS often report that their tics are preceded by ‘premonitory sensory/urge phenomena’ (PU) that are described as uncomfortable bodily sensations that precede the execution of a tic and are experienced as a strong urge for motor discharge. While the precise role played by PU in the occurrence of tics is largely unknown, they are nonetheless of considerable theoretical and clinical importance as they form a core component of many behavioural therapies used in the treatment of tic disorders. Recent evidence indicates that the cingulate cortex may play an important role in the generation of PU in TS, and in ‘urges‐for‐action’ more generally. In the current study, we utilized voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) techniques, together with ‘seed‐to‐voxel’ structural covariance network (SCN) mapping, to investigate the putative role played by the cingulate cortex in the generation of motor tics and the experience of PU in a relatively large group of young people with TS. Whole‐brain VBM analysis revealed that TS was associated with clusters of significantly reduced grey matter volumes bilaterally within: the orbito‐frontal cortex; the cerebellum; and the anterior and mid‐cingulate cortex. Similarly, analysis of SCNs associated with bilateral mid‐ and anterior cingulate ‘seed’ regions demonstrated that TS is associated with increased structural covariance primarily with the bilateral motor cerebellum; the inferior frontal cortex; and the posterior cingulate cortex.
Workers' Rites: Ritual Mediations and the Tensions of New Management
Authors: Islam Gazi , Sferrazzo Roberta
Published: March 2021

Scholarship has highlighted tensions arising from the ‘new management ideology’, an attempt to infuse formal organizations with community, informality and equality. Proposals to ‘liberate’ companies have been received with a mix of scepticism and hope for their emancipatory possibilities. While the tensions arising from such proposals are known, less work examines the practices by which they are mediated in the workplace. Taking a ritual perspective, we argue that rituals’ unique capacity to mediate oppositions makes it a powerful tool in the new management toolbox. Examining a liberated enterprise initiative in a French multinational company, we analyse how rituals structure, disavow, segment or maintain organizational tensions. While rituals constituted neo‐normative controls, we also discuss the emancipatory possibilities for rituals in holding open unreconciled tensions and preventing closure. We discuss the implications for understanding neo‐normative control through rituals, outlining a future research agenda for the study of rituals in new management.
Dual‐task performance is associated with brain MRI Morphometry in individuals with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Grijalva Carissa , Toosizadeh Nima , Sindorf Jacob , Chou Ying‐hui , Laksari Kaveh
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose

Cognitive impairment is a critical health problem in the elderly population. Research has shown that patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may develop dementia in later years. Therefore, early identification of MCI could allow for interventions to help delay the progression of this devastating disease. Our objective in this study was to detect the early presence of MCI in elderly patients via neuroimaging and dual‐task performance.

Methods

Brain MRI scans from 21 older adult volunteers, including cognitively healthy adults (HA, n = 9, age = 68‐79 years) and mild cognitively impaired (MCI, n = 12, age = 66‐92 years) were analyzed using automatic segmentation techniques. Regional volume, surface area, and thickness measures were correlated with simultaneous performance of motor and cognitive tasks (dual‐task) within a novel upper‐extremity function (UEF) test, using multivariate analysis of variance models.

Results

We found significant associations of dual‐task performance with volume of five cortical brain regions (P ≤ .048) and thickness of 13 regions (P ≤ .043) within the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. There was a significant interaction effect of cognitive group on dual‐task score for the inferior temporal gyrus volume (P ≤ .034), and the inferior parietal lobule, inferior temporal gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus average thickness (P ≤ .037).

Conclusions

This study highlighted the potential of dual‐tasking and MRI morphometric changes as a simple and accurate tool for early detection of cognitive impairment among community‐dwelling older adults. The strong interaction effects of cognitive group on UEF dual‐task score suggest higher association between atrophy of these brain structures and compromised dual‐task performance among the MCI group.
Self‐reported symptoms of temporomandibular pain and jaw dysfunction in adolescents are associated with exposure to violence
Authors: Nascimento Michele , Dahllöf Göran , Cunha Soares Fernanda , Mayer Tricia Murielly Andrade de Souza , Kvist Therese , Colares Viviane
Published: March 2021

Background

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are multifactorial, and high levels of stress seem to increase symptoms. The association with exposure to violence has not been explored in adolescent populations.

Objective

To examine the association of self‐reported symptoms of temporomandibular pain and jaw dysfunction with child physical abuse, intimate partner violence, forced sexual intercourse, and bullying victimisation.

Methods

An epidemiological, cross‐sectional, school‐based study was conducted in Olinda, northeast Brazil. The sample comprised 2,431 adolescents aged 14–19 years. TMD‐related symptoms and exposure to violence were assessed with questions from the 3Q/TMD screener and queries on exposure to different forms of violence. Multilevel logistic regressions were conducted to evaluate how 3Q screen‐positive responses are associated with self‐reported exposure to violence.

Results

Self‐reported TMD‐related symptoms had a prevalence of 40.5%. Significantly more females than males screened positive to all 3Q/TMD questions (p < .001). Adolescents experiencing intimate partner violence (p = .012) and bullying (p < .001) had significantly higher odds of 3Q positive responses than those who reported no exposure to violence. Significant associations of TMD‐related symptoms with forced sexual intercourse (p = .014) and with bullying (p = .007) were observed.

Conclusion

Adolescents with self‐reported symptoms of temporomandibular pain and jaw dysfunction were significantly more often exposed to some type of violence. The number of adolescents reporting TMD‐related symptoms increased in a dose‐response manner with the number of violence forms the individual had experienced.
Experiences of Reciprocal Caring Among Adults With an Intellectual Disability Caring for an Older Family Member
Authors: Truesdale Maria , Taggart Laurence , Ryan Assumpta , McConkey Roy
Published: March 2021

Background

Internationally, many children and adults with intellectual disabilities are continually being supported by their family members to live within their family home. However, as a consequence of the ageing process some family members can struggle to continue to care because of their failing physical and/or mental ill‐health. This has resulted in a shift in the parameters of the relationship for some adults with intellectual disabilities with their formerly dependent role evolving into a caregiving one. This had become known as “reciprocity” or “mutual support.” Limited information exists about these “hidden carers” and what services are available to support them.

Aim

This article explored the lived experiences of nine adults with intellectual disabilities who provided emotional and tangible support to an ageing family member.

Method

A qualitative methodology was employed using semi‐structured interviews. Nine participants with mild‐to‐moderate intellectual disabilities were interviewed within one region of the United Kingdom. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Findings

Five themes emerged within these narrative accounts: natural transition to caring; the health needs of the ageing family member; support; impact of caregiving and future planning.

Discussion

The needs of these unknown hidden carers, and also ageing family members, are immediate and urgent. Policy makers, commissioners and service providers need to examine the type of “in‐house” support provided to these new carers if they are to continue living within their family home with their ageing family member, who will also need additional support. Neglecting both cohorts will lead to greater costs to services in the longer term and seriously threaten the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities and their family carers.
A glimpse of deep‐sea adaptation in chemosynthetic holobionts: Depressurization causes DNA fragmentation and cell death of methanotrophic endosymbionts rather than their deep‐sea Bathymodiolinae host
Authors: Chen Hao , Wang Minxiao , Li Mengna , Lian Chao , Zhou Li , Zhang Xin , Zhang Huan , Zhong Zhaoshan , Wang Hao , Cao Lei , Li Chaolun
Published: March 2021

Bathymodiolinae mussels are typical species in deep‐sea cold seeps and hydrothermal vents and an ideal model for investigating chemosynthetic symbiosis and the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on deep‐sea organisms. Herein, the potential influence of depressurization on DNA fragmentation and cell death in Bathymodiolinae hosts and their methanotrophic symbionts were surveyed using isobaric and unpressurized samples. As a hallmark of cell death, massive DNA fragmentation was observed in methanotrophic symbionts from unpressurized Bathymodiolinae while several endonucleases and restriction enzymes were upregulated. Additionally, genes involved in DNA repair, glucose/methane metabolism as well as two‐component regulatory system were also differentially expressed in depressurized symbionts. DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death, however, were rarely detected in the host bacteriocytes owing to the orchestrated upregulation of inhibitor of apoptosis genes and downregulation of caspase genes. Meanwhile, diverse host immune recognition receptors were promoted during depressurization, probably enabling the regain of symbionts. When the holobionts were subjected to a prolonged acclimation at atmospheric pressure, alternations in both the DNA fragmentation and the expression atlas of aforesaid genes were continuously observed in symbionts, demonstrating the persistent influence of depressurization. Contrarily, the host cells demonstrated certain tolerance against depressurization stress as expression level of some immune‐related genes returned to the basal level in isobaric samples. Altogether, the present study illustrates the distinct stress responses of Bathymodiolinae hosts and their methanotrophic symbionts against depressurization, which could provide further insight into the deep‐sea adaptation of Bathymodiolinae holobionts while highlighting the necessity of using isobaric sampling methods in deep‐sea research.
New weapons to fight a new enemy: A systematic review of drug combinations against the drug‐resistant fungus Candida auris
Authors: Aghaei Gharehbolagh Sanaz , Izadi Alireza , Talebi Meysam , Sadeghi Fatemeh , Zarrinnia Ali , Zarei Fateme , Darmiani Kimia , Borman Andrew M. , Mahmoudi Shahram
Published: March 2021

Candida auris is an emerging and drug‐resistant pathogen. Drug combination is a promising approach against such pathogens. This study was conducted to provide an overview of all the studied drug combinations against C. auris. Relevant articles reporting results of any drug/non‐drug combinations against C. auris were found by a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (ISI), and in Google Scholar up to 1 October 2020. From 187 articles retrieved in the primary search, 23 met the inclusion criteria. In total, 124 different combinations including antifungal with antifungal (45), antifungal with other antimicrobials (11), antifungal with non‐antimicrobials (32), antifungal with natural compounds (25) and between natural compounds (11) have been reported. Complete or partial synergistic effects have been reported for 3 out of 45 (6.67%) combinations of two antifungal agents, 8 out of 11 (72.73%) combinations involving antifungal agents and antimicrobials, 15 out of 32 (46.88%) of combinations between antifungal agents with non‐antimicrobials, 16 out of 25 (64%) of combinations involving antifungal agents and natural compounds, and 3 out of 11 (22.27%) of combinations involving multiple natural compounds. Antagonistic interactions have been reported for 1 out of 32 (3.13%) and 8 out of 25 (32%) of combinations between antifungal drugs with non‐antimicrobials and with natural compounds, respectively. Different drugs/compounds could potentiate the activity of antifungal drugs using this approach. However, despite the availability of this promising initial data, many more studies will be required to elucidate whether favourable interactions observed in vitro might translate into tangible clinical benefits.
DEK domain‐containing proteins control flowering time in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zong Wei , Zhao Bo , Xi Yanpeng , Bordiya Yogendra , Mun Hyungwon , Cerda Nicholas A. , Kim Dong‐Hwan , Sung Sibum
Published: March 2021

Evolutionarily conserved DEK domain‐containing proteins have been implicated in multiple chromatin‐related processes, mRNA splicing and transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes.

Here, we show that two DEK proteins, DEK3 and DEK4, control the floral transition in Arabidopsis. DEK3 and DEK4 directly associate with chromatin of related flowering repressors, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), and its two homologs, MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING4 (MAF4) and MAF5, to promote their expression.

The binding of DEK3 and DEK4 to a histone octamer in vivo affects histone modifications at FLC, MAF4 and MAF5 loci. In addition, DEK3 and DEK4 interact with RNA polymerase II and promote the association of RNA polymerase II with FLC, MAF4 and MAF5 chromatin to promote their expression.

Our results show that DEK3 and DEK4 directly interact with chromatin to facilitate the transcription of key flowering repressors and thus prevent precocious flowering in Arabidopsis.
Mechanobiology of cell division in plant growth
Authors: Robinson Sarah
Published: March 2021

Cell division in plants is particularly important as cells cannot rearrange. It therefore determines the arrangement of cells (topology) and their size and shape (geometry). Cell division reduces mechanical stress locally by producing smaller cells and alters mechanical properties by reinforcing the mechanical wall network, both of which can alter overall tissue morphology. Division orientation is often regarded as following geometric rules, however recent work has suggested that divisions align with the direction of maximal tensile stress. Mechanical stress has already been shown to feed into many processes of development including those that alter mechanical properties. Such an alignment may enable cell division to selectively reinforce the cell wall network in the direction of maximal tensile stress. Therefore there exists potential feedback between cell division, mechanical stress and growth. Improving our understanding of this topic will help to shed light on the debated role of cell division in organ scale growth.
Carrot mottle virus ORF4 movement protein targets plasmodesmata by interacting with the host cell SUMOylation system
Authors: Jiang Jun , Kuo Yen‐Wen , Salem Nidà , Erickson Anna , Falk Bryce W.
Published: March 2021

Plant virus movement proteins (MPs) facilitate virus spread in their plant hosts, and some of them are known to target plasmodesmata (PD). However, how the MPs target PD is still largely unknown.

Carrot mottle virus (CMoV) encodes the ORF3 and ORF4 proteins, which are involved in CMoV movement. In this study, we used CMoV as a model to study the PD targeting of a plant virus MP.

We showed that the CMoV ORF4 protein, but not the ORF3 protein, modified PD and led to the virus movement. We found that the CMoV ORF4 protein interacts with the host cell small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) 1, 2 and the SUMO‐conjugating enzyme SCE1, resulting in the ORF4 protein SUMOylation. Downregulation of mRNAs for NbSCE1 and NbSUMO impaired CMoV infection. The SUMO‐interacting motifs (SIMs) LVIVF, VIWV, and a lysine residue at position 78 (K78) are required for the ORF4 protein SUMOylation. The mutation of these motifs prevented the protein to efficiently target PD, and further slowed or completely abolished CMoV systemic movement.

Finally, we found that some of these motifs are highly conserved among umbraviruses. Our data suggest that the CMoV ORF4 protein targets PD by interacting with the host cell SUMOylation system.
ABI5 acts downstream of miR159 to delay vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis
Authors: Guo Changkui , Jiang Youqi , Shi Min , Wu Xi , Wu Gang
Published: March 2021

Vegetative development constitutes a critical phase in plant development, and it is regulated by an evolutionarily conserved miR156‐SPL pathway. Previous studies have shown that miR159 acts to prevent the hyperactivation of miR156 to regulate the timing of vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis.

However, whether miR159 integrates into the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway to control vegetative phase change remains unexplored, since miR159 also plays an important regulatory role in ABA response.

Here, we show that the expression of ABI5 (ABA INSENSITIVE5), a crucial regulator in the ABA signaling pathway, is significantly elevated in the loss‐of‐function mutant of miR159 (mir159ab). Loss of function in ABI5 (abi5) promotes juvenile‐to‐adult transition, whereas overexpression of ABI5 delays this transition under short‐day conditions. Genetic analyses indicated that the effect of mir159ab on vegetative phase change is ABI5 dependent. Further analysis confirmed that MYB33, a major target of miR159, promotes the transcription of ABI5 by directly binding to its promoter. ABI5 functions upstream of miR156 to promote juvenile development by affecting the expression of genes in the miR156‐SPL pathway.

Therefore, our study uncovers a new role of ABI5 in vegetative development in plants, and implies a role of ABA signaling in vegetative development in Arabidopsis.
Development and Description of a New Multifidus‐Sparing Radiofrequency Neurotomy Technique for Facet Joint Pain
Authors: Russo Marc A. , Santarelli Danielle M.
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The technique of radiofrequency neurotomy (RFN) of the facet joints has been used for decades to treat persistent low back pain to good effect in carefully selected patients. Traditionally, the target is the medial branches of the dorsal root supplying the facet joint. An alternative denervation target is the facet joint capsule. Capsule‐targeting techniques may spare the multifidus muscle, a possible unintended target of traditional RFN that is thought to be important in recovering from low back pain, and have shown promising results.

Methods

A modified RFN technique that targets the capsule and spares the multifidus (multifidus‐sparing RFN) is described here, along with a brief report of its application in patients with symptomatic facet joint low back pain as compared to traditional medial branch RFN (MBRF).

Results

Over a 2‐year period, a total of 401 initial multifidus‐sparing RFN and 94 initial MBRF procedures were performed on patients attending a multidisciplinary pain clinic. The proportion of repeat procedures was similar: 28.4% of multifidus‐sparing procedures and 23.4% of MBRF procedures. The median repeat interval was 12 months for both groups and interquartile range was 10 months (8–18 months) for multifidus‐sparing RFN and 4 months (11–15 months) for MBRF. Effectiveness and safety profiles appear to be similar, although limited, retrospective outcome information prevented robust analysis.

Conclusion

Multifidus‐sparing RFN represents an intriguing technique to denervate the facet joint pain generator while maintaining normal multifidus function. Further study is warranted, particularly in order to identify the appropriate patient criteria and long‐term outcomes.
Skills‐homework completion and phone coaching as predictors of therapeutic change and outcomes in completers of a DBT intensive outpatient programme
Authors: Edwards Emily R. , Kober Hedy , Rinne Gabrielle R. , Griffin Sarah A. , Axelrod Seth , Cooney Emily B.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) emphasizes generalization of skills to the patient’s real‐world context as a primary mechanism of change in treatment. To promote generalization, DBT includes weekly skills‐focused homework assignments and as‐needed phone coaching. Despite this central function of generalization in DBT, research on these treatment components is limited. The current study addresses this research gap by assessing the association of homework and phone coaching to DBT treatment outcomes.

Design

A longitudinal study design explored the extent to which (a) completion of skills homework and (b) frequency of phone coaching were associated with therapeutic changes and treatment outcomes in a DBT intensive outpatient programme (DBT‐IOP).

Method

Medical records and diary cards of 56 patients who had completed a four‐month treatment cycle of DBT‐IOP were reviewed and coded for proportion of skills homework completed, frequency of phone coaching calls, and reported urges for and engagement in suicide, non‐suicidal self‐injury, illicit or non‐prescribed substance use, and alcohol use behaviours.

Results

Completion of skills homework and frequency of phone coaching were significantly associated with (a) reduced urges for suicide, non‐suicidal self‐injury, illicit or non‐prescribed substance use, and alcohol use from the beginning to end of treatment and (b) a lower likelihood of engaging in any of these behaviours during the final month of treatment.

Conclusions

Results suggest that within a DBT programme modified for an intensive outpatient setting, skills homework and phone coaching may enhance therapeutic change and outcomes in target behaviours. These generalization methods appear to be important ingredients of DBT effectiveness.

Practitioner points

In dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), therapeutic skills homework and phone coaching are specifically designed to promote generalization of skills from the therapeutic context to the patient’s real‐world contexts.

In a DBT intensive outpatient programme, patient engagement with therapeutic homework and phone coaching were associated with favourable therapeutic change and outcomes in target urges and behaviours.

Clinicians may consider a patient’s lack of homework completion and/or phone coaching to be early warning signs of poor therapeutic progress within dialectical behaviour therapy.
Host range dynamics at different scales: host use by a hemiparasite across its geographic distribution
Authors: Atencio N. O. , Vidal‐Russell R. , Chacoff N. , Amico G. C.
Published: March 2021

The complexity of natural communities is the result of interactions among species that coexist within them. Parasitic interactions are among the most common species interaction types, and analysis of parasite–host ranges can advance understanding of how host–parasite pairs structure community interactions across their geographic distributions.

Using network analysis and host preference relative index, we analysed host use by the South American mistletoe, Tristerix corymbosus (Loranthaceae), in 22 localities among two biomes: Chilean matorral and temperate forest.

The total number of host species recorded was 27, and 40% of these species were non‐native. The non‐native Populus sp. was shared between biomes. There was a positive relationship between host range and potential host species richness at the studied localities. On average, the mistletoe parasitized each host species relative to its abundance. However, some host species in some localities are more parasitized than expected. Network structure showed a differences in host use between the two biomes: Aristotelia chilensis was central in the temperate forest, with Populus sp. in the Chilean matorral. Host use intensity in the Chilean matorral was higher for non‐native species.

Tristerix corymbosus has a wide host range and could be considered a generalist parasite across its full geographic distribution, but at local scales, host preferences differed among localities and are related to host coverage. Alterations in community composition, due to natural events or human activities, can modify the availability of possible hosts. Hence, the mistletoe with the described characteristics may be able to change its infection preference while maintaining the interaction functionality.
Standardized measurement error: A universal metric of data quality for averaged event‐related potentials
Authors: Luck Steven J. , Stewart Andrew X. , Simmons Aaron Matthew , Rhemtulla Mijke
Published: March 2021

Event‐related potentials (ERPs) can be very noisy, and yet, there is no widely accepted metric of ERP data quality. Here, we propose a universal measure of data quality for ERP research—the standardized measurement error (SME)—which is a special case of the standard error of measurement. Whereas some existing metrics provide a generic quantification of the noise level, the SME quantifies the data quality (precision) for the specific amplitude or latency value being measured in a given study (e.g., the peak latency of the P3 wave). It can be applied to virtually any value that is derived from averaged ERP waveforms, making it a universal measure of data quality. In addition, the SME quantifies the data quality for each individual participant, making it possible to identify participants with low‐quality data and “bad” channels. When appropriately aggregated across individuals, SME values can be used to quantify the combined impact of the single‐trial EEG noise and the number of trials being averaged together on the effect size and statistical power in a given experiment. If SME values were regularly included in published articles, researchers could identify the recording and analysis procedures that produce the highest data quality, which could ultimately lead to increased effect sizes and greater replicability across the field.
Accommodation space as a framework for assessing the response of mangroves to relative sea‐level rise
Authors: Rogers Kerrylee
Published: March 2021

Mangroves thrive in tidally influenced environments and will be central to any discussion regarding the implications of sea‐level rise for coastal communities. Mangrove forests can respond to sea‐level rise by adjusting their position within a tidal frame that is transitioning upwards, and this response is dependent upon a range of hydrological, sedimentological and ecological factors. The availability of accommodation space, defined as the lateral and vertical space in which mineral and organic sediments and organic material from in situ vegetation can accumulate, is increasingly proposed as a means of conceptualizing the response of shorelines to sea‐level rise. Recent analyses demonstrated the significance accommodation space has on global carbon storage in coastal wetlands over the past few millennia, and likely influence on future carbon sequestration and coastal wetland resilience. Mangrove forest vulnerability is commonly indicated by comparing rates of substrate elevation change to rates of sea‐level rise, but these comparisons may overemphasize mangrove forest vulnerability to sea‐level rise as they do not adequately account for the resilience provided by mineral and organic sediments that previously filled accommodation space and increased substrate elevations beyond critical thresholds for submergence. This paper demonstrates that the geological concept of ‘accommodation space’ applied in a way that incorporates ecological processes and recognizes the full range of processes altering accommodation space may provide a unifying framework for integrating information between disciplines and increasing our understanding of the response of mangrove forests to sea‐level rise. This paper also defines available accommodation space as the space available for sediment accumulation; realized accommodation space as the space that has converted from being available, primarily due to sediment accumulation; and the boundary conditions delimiting both available and realized accommodation space (See Appendix I for the full list of definitions). It is anticipated that this paper will serve as a challenge for researchers across disciplines to collaborate, share and integrate knowledge so that the past is interpreted appropriately and integrated into models, and the best information is available to inform coastal planning and management.
The Impact of Subjective Social Position on Public Evaluations of Police
Authors: Martinez‐Ebers Valerie , Branton Regina , Calfano Brian
Published: March 2021

Objective

We examine factors that explain differences in assessment of police performance among whites, African Americans, Asians, and Latinos, and utilize a subjective social position framework to better understand variation in poor police evaluations. The framework combines previously disparate explanations in the literature.

Method

Logit models assess 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post‐Election Survey data augmented by Census, FBI crime statistics, and Mapping Police Violence Project data to assess respondents’ police performance evaluations.

Results

Feelings of marginalization, negative perceptions of local context, and involuntary contact with police are more important for predicting poor evaluations of police than objective contextual conditions, including police‐initiated violence.

Conclusion

Despite variation across racial and ethnic groups, the subjective social position of individuals goes a long way in explaining individuals’ evaluation of police performance. However, African Americans are clearly more critical of law enforcement than other minorities, with at least some of this disparity explained by differences in subjective social position.
A Plasmopara viticola RXLR effector targets a chloroplast protein PsbP to inhibit ROS production in grapevine
Authors: Liu Ruiqi , Chen Tingting , Yin Xiao , Xiang Gaoqing , Peng Jing , Fu Qingqing , Li Mengyuan , Shang Boxing , Ma Hui , Liu Guotian , Wang Yuejin , Xu Yan
Published: March 2021

Pathogens secrete a large number of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Plasmopara viticola effectors manipulate host plant cells remain largely unclear. In this study, we reported that RXLR31154, a P. viticola RXLR effector, was highly expressed during the early stages of P. viticola infection. In our study, stable expression of RXLR31154 in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and Nicotiana benthamiana promoted leaf colonization by P. viticola and Phytophthora capsici, respectively. By yeast two‐hybrid screening, the 23‐kDa oxygen‐evolving enhancer 2 (VpOEE2 or VpPsbP), encoded by the PsbP gene, in Vitis piasezkii accession Liuba‐8 was identified as a host target of RXLR31154. Overexpression of VpPsbP enhanced susceptibility to P. viticola in grapevine and P. capsici in N. benthamiana, and silencing of NbPsbPs, the homologs of PsbP in N. benthamiana, reduced P. capcisi colonization, indicating that PsbP is a susceptibility factor. RXLR31154 and VpPsbP protein were co‐localized in the chloroplast. Moreover, VpPsbP reduced H2O2 accumulation and activated the 1O2 signaling pathway in grapevine. RXLR31154 could stabilize PsbP. Together, our data revealed that RXLR31154 reduces H2O2 accumulation and activates the 1O2 signaling pathway through stabilizing PsbP, thereby promoting disease.
Outcome, prognostic factors and histological characterization of canine gastrointestinal sarcomas
Authors: del Alcazar Chelsea M. , Mahoney Jennifer A. , Dittrich Katherine , Stefanovski Darko , Church Molly E.
Published: March 2021

Canine gastrointestinal sarcomas, a group of tumours that includes leiomyosarcomas (LMSAs), gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and other rarer sarcomas, comprise about 10–30% of all gastrointestinal tumours. This study aims to characterize the histologic characteristics and clinical behaviour in order to identify prognostic factors predictive of outcome. A single institution database search for surgically treated gastrointestinal sarcomas yielded 47 cases with adequate tissue remaining for histologic analysis and 42 cases available for analysis of clinical outcome. Tumours were then prospectively evaluated for mitotic count, necrosis, haemorrhage and inflammation, as well as categorized via immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for smooth muscle actin, c‐KIT and DOG‐1. IHC analysis defined 32 tumours as GISTs, 14 as LMSAs and one as a sarcoma not otherwise specified. For both GISTs and LMSAs, the overall median survival time (MST) is 1024 days (range 31–1456), which did not differ statistically between tumour types (p = .92). The overall metastatic rate of GISTs in this study was 32.1% (n = 9) which was not significantly different to that of LMSAs at 15.3% (n = 2,p = .45). In multivariate analysis, mitotic count under 9 in GIST patients and complete surgical excision in all tumour types correlated with improved MST. For patients with GISTs, the intensity of c‐KIT staining also correlated positively with survival, with an MST of 250 days in cases with weak staining and an MST of 1418 days in cases with moderate or strong c‐KIT staining (p = .005).
Regulation of the Mitochondrion-Fatty Acid Axis for the Metabolic Reprogramming of Chlamydia trachomatis during Treatment with β-Lactam Antimicrobials
Authors: Shima Kensuke , Kaufhold Inga , Eder Thomas , Käding Nadja , Schmidt Nis , Ogunsulire Iretiolu M. , Deenen René , Köhrer Karl , Friedrich Dirk , Isay Sophie E. , Grebien Florian , Klinger Matthias , Richer Barbara C. , Günther Ulrich L. , Deepe George S. , Rattei Thomas , Rupp Jan
Published: March 2021

The mitochondrion generates most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells, and its activity is used for controlling the intracellular growth of
Chlamydia trachomatis
. Furthermore, mitochondrial activity is tightly connected to host fatty acid synthesis that is indispensable for chlamydial membrane biogenesis.
Ketogenic Diets Induced Glucose Intolerance and Lipid Accumulation in Mice with Alterations in Gut Microbiota and Metabolites
Authors: Li Yue , Yang Xin , Zhang Jing , Jiang Tianyi , Zhang Ziyi , Wang Zhiyi , Gong Mengxue , Zhao Liping , Zhang Chenhong
Published: March 2021

The ketogenic diet with extremely high fat and very low carbohydrate levels is very popular in society today. Although it has beneficial effects on epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases, how ketogenic diets impact host glucose and lipid metabolism and gut microbiota still needs further investigation.
Supplemental Material: Intra-oceanic submarine arc evolution recorded in an ~1-km-thick rear-arc succession of distal volcaniclastic lobe deposits
Authors: Johnson K. , Marsaglia Kathleen M. , al. et
Published: March 2021

Figures S1–S4. Includes seismic lines and location map for them, as well as backscatter and bathymetry data near the West Mariana Ridge analogue.
Characteristics of US military personnel with atrial fibrillation and associated deployment and retention rates
Authors: Keithler Andrea Nichole , Wilson A S , Yuan A , Sosa J M , Bush K
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia impacting military occupational performances. Despite being a recognised disqualifying condition, there is no literature describing US military service members with AF. This study aims to describe members with AF diagnoses, the distribution of treatment strategies and associated deployment and retention rates.

Methods

Active duty service members identified with AF from 2004 to 2019 were investigated. Cardiovascular profiles, AF management strategies and military dispositions were assessed by electronic medical record review.

Results

386 service members (mean age 35.0±9.4 years; 94% paroxysmal AF) with AF diagnoses were identified. 91 (24%) had hypertension followed by 75 (19%) with sleep apnoea. Mean CHA2DS2-VASc scores were low (0.39±0.65). Rhythm treatments were used in 173 (45%) followed by rate control strategies in 155 (40%). 161 (42%) underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). In subgroup analysis of 365 personnel, 147 (40%) deployed and 248 (68%) remained active duty after AF diagnosis. Deployment and retention rates did not differ between those who received no medical therapy, rate control or rhythm strategies (p=0.9039 and p=0.6192, respectively). PVI did not significantly impact deployment or retention rates (p=0.3903 and p=0.0929, respectively).

Conclusion

Service members with AF are young with few AF risk factors. Rate and rhythm medical therapies were used evenly. Over two-thirds met retention standards and 40% deployed after diagnosis. There were no differences in deployment or retention between groups who receive rate therapy, rhythm medical therapy or PVI. Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of specific AF therapies on AF burden and symptomatology in service members is needed.
Clinical and cost evaluation of intensive support team (IST) models for adults with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviour: a comparative cohort study protocol
Authors: Hassiotis Angela , Kouroupa Athanasia , Jones Rebecca , Morant Nicola , Courtenay Ken , Hall Ian , Crossey Vicky , Romeo Renee , Taggart Laurence , Langdon Peter , Ratti Victoria , Kirchner Vincent , Lloyd-Evans Brynmor
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Approximately 17% of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) living in the community display behaviours that challenge. Intensive support teams (ISTs) have been recommended to provide high-quality responsive care aimed at avoiding unnecessary admissions and reducing lengthy inpatient stays in England. We have identified two models of ISTs (model 1: enhanced provision and model 2: independent provision). This study aims to investigate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of the two models of ISTs.

Methods and analysis

A cohort of 226 adults with ID displaying behaviour that challenges who receive support from ISTs from each model will be recruited and assessed at baseline and 9 months later to compare the clinical and cost-effectiveness between models. The primary outcome is reduction in challenging behaviour measured by the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist-Community (ABC-C). The mean difference in change in ABC score between the two IST models will be estimated from a multilevel linear regression model. Secondary outcomes include mental health status, clinical risk, quality of life, health-related quality of life, level of functioning and service use. We will undertake a cost-effectiveness analysis taking both a health and social care and wider societal perspective. Semistructured interviews will be conducted with multiple stakeholders (ie, service users, paid/family carers, IST managers/staff) to investigate the experience of IST care as well as an online survey of referrers to capture their contact with the teams.

Ethics and dissemination

The study was approved by the London–Bromley Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 18/LO/0890). Informed consent will be obtained from the person with ID, or a family/nominated consultee for those lacking capacity and from his/her caregivers. The findings of the study will be disseminated to academic audiences, professionals, experts by experience and arm’s-length bodies and policymakers via publications, seminars and digital platforms.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT03586375).
Clinical and cost effectiveness of a corticosteroid injection versus exercise therapy for shoulder pain in general practice: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (SIX Study)
Authors: van Doorn Pieter F , de Schepper Evelien I T , Schiphof Dieuwke , Ottenheijm Ramon P G , Thoomes-de Graaf Marloes , Koopmanschap Marc A , van Ochten John M , van der Windt Danielle A , Bindels Patrick J E , Koes Bart W , Runhaar Jos
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Shoulder pain is common and the prognosis is often unfavourable. Dutch guidelines on the treatment of shoulder pain in primary care recommend a corticosteroid injection or a referral to exercise therapy, if initial pain management fails and pain persists. However, evidence of the effectiveness of a corticosteroid injection compared with exercise therapy, especially in the long term, is limited. This trial will assess the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a corticosteroid injection compared with physiotherapist-led exercise therapy over 12 months follow-up in patients with shoulder pain in primary care.

Methods and analysis

The SIX Study is a multicentre, pragmatic randomised clinical trial in primary care. A total of 213 patients with shoulder pain, aged ≥18 years presenting in general practice will be included. Patients will be randomised (1:1) into two groups: a corticosteroid injection or 12 sessions of physiotherapist-led exercise therapy. The effect of the allocated treatment will be assessed through questionnaires at 6 weeks and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The primary outcome is patient’s reported shoulder pain-intensity and function, measured with the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, over 12 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes include cost effectiveness, pain-intensity, function, health-related quality of life, sleep quality, patient’s global perceived effect, work absence, healthcare utilisation and adverse events. Between group differences will be evaluated using a repeated measurements analysis with linear effects models. A cost-utility analysis will be performed to assess the cost effectiveness using quality-adjusted life years from a medical and societal perspective.

Ethics and dissemination

This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam (MEC 2020-0300). All participants will give written informed consent prior to data collection. The results from this study will be disseminated in international journals and implemented in the primary care guidelines on shoulder pain.

Trial registration number

Dutch Trial Registry (NL8854).