bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of change in depression symptoms and suicidal ideation over the course of evidence-based treatment for depression: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy plus fluoxetine in young people
Authors: Witt Katrina , Madsen Trine , Berk Michael , Dean Olivia , Chanen Andrew , McGorry Patrick D , Cotton Sue , Davey Christopher G , Hetrick Sarah
Published: March 2021

Objectives:

Effective treatment of depression is a key target for suicide prevention strategies. However, only around one-third of young people with suicide risk respond to evidence-based treatments. Understanding the trajectory of suicidal ideation, as a marker of suicide risk, over the course of evidence-based treatment for depression might provide insight into more targeted and effective treatments.

Methods:

This is a secondary analysis of data from the multicentre Youth Depression Alleviation–Combined Treatment trial. A total of 153 young people aged 15–25 years diagnosed with major depressive disorder were randomly assigned in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to either cognitive behavioural therapy plus fluoxetine or cognitive behavioural therapy plus placebo. Participants were assessed for depression and suicidal ideation at baseline and at weeks 4, 8 and 12.

Results:

Using group-based trajectory modelling, we identified two distinct depression trajectories. The first (Improving; 54.9%; n = 83) comprised those who experienced a consistent decline in depression symptoms. The second (Persisting; 45.1%; n = 70) comprised those who, despite treatment, still had clinically significant levels of depression by the end of treatment. For suicidal ideation, we identified four distinct trajectories: Non-clinical (15.5%; n = 20), Low Improving (47.1%; n = 75), High Improving (24.8%; n = 38) and High Persisting (12.7%; n = 20). Treatment allocation was not significantly associated with trajectory membership for either depression or suicidal ideation.

Conclusion:

Understanding the course of depression and suicidal ideation during treatment has important implications for managing suicide risk. The findings suggest that there is an identifiable group of young people for whom enhanced psychological and/or pharmacological intervention might be required to ensure a better treatment response. Specific interventions for those with suicidal ideation may also be prudent from the outset.

Clinical trial registration:

The Youth Depression Alleviation–Combined Treatment trial was prospectively registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12612001281886).
Colonial Education, Political Elites, and Regional Political Inequality in Africa
Authors: Ricart-Huguet Joan
Published: March 2021

Political elites tend to favor their home region when distributing resources. But what explains how political power is distributed across a country’s regions to begin with? Explanations of cabinet formation focus on short-term strategic bargaining and some emphasize that ministries are allocated equitably to minimize conflict. Using new data on the cabinet members (1960–2010) of 16 former British and French African colonies, I find that some regions have been systematically much more represented than others. Combining novel historical and geospatial records, I show that this regional political inequality derives not from colonial-era development in general but from colonial-era education in particular. I argue that post-colonial ministers are partly a byproduct of civil service recruitment practices among European administrators that focused on levels of literacy. Regional political inequality is an understudied pathway through which colonial legacies impact distributive politics and unequal development in Africa today.

JEL: F54, I26, N37, N47
The influence and enlightenment of five public health emergencies on public psychology since new century: A systematic review
Authors: Wang Zhifeng , Wang Dongmei
Published: March 2021

Background:

Since the 21st century, humans have experienced five public health emergencies: the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), type A H1N1 influenza (H1N1), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Ebola virus disease (EVD), and the new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). They caused a large number of casualties and a wider psychological crisis, which might cause severe consequences such as post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide.

Aims:

To reveal the law of formation of public psychological crisis in public health emergencies, and draw lessons from it. To provide ideas for effectively deal with these psychological crisis problems and fundamentally curbing the occurrence of public health emergencies.

Method:

Through the method of literature research, ‘public health incidents’, ‘psychological crisis’, ‘mental health’, ‘psychological intervention’, ‘SARS’, ‘H1N1’, ‘MERS’, ‘EVD’, and ‘COVID-19’ were used to search literatures in the databases such as PubMed, Springer, and Sciencedirect, and the literatures were summarized, sorted, and studied.

Results:

(1) The public health emergencies caused a universal psychological crisis. The main manifestations were depression, compulsion, despair, etc. The people involved mainly include patients, suspected isolated patients, medical staff, and the general public in the epidemic situation. (2) People’s psychological state often experienced stress stage, shock stage, acceptance, and reorganization. Only some susceptible individuals couldn’t complete effective psychological reconstruction, resulting in serious psychological disorders. Individual susceptibility is related to genetic factors, adversity, and traumatic stimuli experienced in early life.

Conclusion:

To reduce these psychological crisis problems, we should establish and improve the psychological crisis intervention or rescue system of public health emergencies, it was still necessary to live in harmony with nature, get rid of the inappropriate habit of preying on wild animals, in order to prevent the cross-species transmission of the virus between wild animals and humans, and to fundamentally avoid the occurrence of major infectious diseases.
Mnangagwa’s Zimbabwe: Crisis? What Crisis?
Authors: Helliker Kirk , Chikozho Mazarire Gerald
Published: March 2021

Three years after the November 2017 coup in Zimbabwe and the installation of Emmerson Mnangagwa as ruling party and state president, there is growing scholarly interest in identifying the character of the post-coup regime, particularly in comparison to the 37-year reign of Robert Mugabe’s ZANU-PF. So far, there are continuities and changes, with increasing concerns about a qualitative shift in the militarization of Zimbabwean state and society under Mnangagwa and the further closing down of civil society space. Perhaps more so than during the first two years of post-coup Zimbabwe, this has become abundantly clear during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown.
Effect of bolt tightening on the fatigue behavior of GLARE double shear lap joints
Authors: Abazadeh B , Maleki HR
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the effect of bolt torque tightening has been investigated on the fatigue behavior of GLARE in double shear lap configuration. To do so, experimental fatigue tests were conducted using GLARE3-5/4-0.4 specimens with applied torques of 0 (finger tightened), 2 and 4 Nm at different cyclic longitudinal load ranges to achieve the stress-life (S-N) curves. The results revealed that applying and increasing the clamping force enhances the fatigue life of the GLARE specimens. Furthermore, comparison of fatigue test results of GLARE and available monolithic aluminum alloy 2024-T3 plates indicated when the applied load range is low, the effect of clamping force is more noticeable in GLARE specimens due to longer fatigue crack growth life of GLARE. Also, the occurrence of fretting fatigue didn’t reduce the fatigue life of GLARE specimens considerably in contrary to aluminum sheets because of the laminated structure of GLARE. The obtained results can provide insights in designing bolted GLARE joints with superior fatigue in-service performance.
Security Consolidation in the Aftermath of Civil War: Explaining the Fates of Victorious Militias
Authors: Bolte Brandon , Joo Minnie M. , Mukherjee Bumba
Published: March 2021

Policymakers and peacebuilding research often focus on rebel groups when studying demobilization and integration processes, but post-war governments must also manage the non-state militias that helped them gain or maintain power. Why do some post-war governments disintegrate their militia allies, while others integrate them into the military? We argue that when a salient ethnic difference exists between the (new) ruling elite and an allied militia, a process of mutual uncertainty in the post-war period will incentivize governments to disintegrate the group. However, governments will be most likely to integrate their militias when the military has sufficient coercive capabilities but few organizational hindrances to re-organizing. Using new data on the post-war fates of victorious militias across all civil conflicts from 1989 to 2014, we find robust support for these claims. The results suggest that a government’s optimal militia management strategy is shaped by both social and organizational constraints during the post-war period.
Formation of a Programmatic Management Mechanism for Risk Reduction in Educational Activity
Authors: Askhadullina Nailya N. , Vishnyakova Irina V. , Aminova Guzel A.-B. , Safargaliev Ernst R. , Hamatgaleeva Guliya A.
Published: March 2021

The modern educational environment is characterized by an increase in the influence of factors of uncertainty and instability. Based on a comparative analysis of the concepts of control, their improved typology has been formed. To form the model of the risk control system, the authors have chosen the concepts of control, focused on the management information system, the management system with an emphasis on management functions and coordination of the management process. The definition of the economic category “risk control” was formulated. The theoretical foundations of the formation of the risk control system of educational institutions have been improved.
Motor and Basic Cognitive Functions in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Undergoing Induction or Consolidation Chemotherapy
Authors: Yildiz Kabak Vesile , Ekinci Yasin , Atasavun Uysal Songul , Cetin Mualla , Duger Tulin
Published: March 2021

Children with acute leukemia (ALL) often suffer from several disease and treatment related side-effects during treatment. The aim of the present study was to determine the gross and fine motor functioning and basic cognitive performance of children (n = 25) with ALL who were undergoing induction or consolidation chemotherapy and to compare these characteristics to a normative group (n = 21) of age-matched typically developing children. We assessed the children’s motor functions with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition-Short Form and the Nine-hole Peg Test, and we used the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) to evaluate their cognitive performance. Compared to the normative group, children with ALL had lower scores on total motor proficiency and sub-tests scores of motor functions ( p < .05), and on the Nine-hole Peg Test performance ( p < .05); but their cognitive performance on the MMSE was not significantly different. Children with ALL would likely benefit from structured exercise and rehabilitative interventions during chemotherapy to prevent and/or ameliorate ALL-related motor dysfunction. We also suggest that their cognitive functioning should be further investigated with more extensive well-validated neurocognitive tests for children (e.g., the Wechsler intelligence scales).
Sex Differences in Thermal Comfort, Perception, Feeling, Stress and Focus During Exercise Hyperthermia
Authors: Schoech Lauren , Allie Kyleigh , Salvador Paolo , Martinez Mauricio , Rivas Eric
Published: March 2021

It is unclear whether men and women perceive thermal stress differently when changes in intestinal temperature (ΔTin) and metabolic heat production (MHprod) are matched between sexes during exercise hyperthermia. This study tested the hypothesis that females have enhanced sensitivity to comfort and perception of thermal stress during exercise hyperthermia in these conditions. We had 22 healthy active adults (11 males, 11 females; M age = 22.4 years, SD = 4.9 ; M height = 169 cm, SD = 7.6; M weight = 68.3 kg, SD = 13) exercise in random order, separated by at least three days at similar MHprod ( M = 7.0 W/kg, SD = 1.5; p = 0.32) for 60 minutes on a cycle ergometer in cool ( M = 24.00C, SD = 0.0; M = 14.4%Rh, SD = 3.6) and hot ( M = 42.3°C, SD = 0.2; M = 10-60%Rh) environments with a progressive increase in humidity conditions. We measured ΔTin, and thermal stress indices for sensation (TS), comfort (TC), pleasantness (TP), and stickiness (S), feeling (FS scale), stress (visual analogue stress scale, VAS), focus (F) and felt arousal (FAS scale). We examined environmental conditions as wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGT). Males and females had similar increases in ΔTin (ME: WBGT; p < 0.0001), and both groups reported increased TS and TC and decreased TP (ME: WBGT, p ≤ 0.01). However, females reported that TS, TC, and TP, felt hotter overall, more uncomfortable, and more unpleasant, compared to males (ME: Sex; p < 0.04). Overall, females felt worse and were more stressed compared to males (ME: Sex; p ≤ 0.05). Females also reported greater internal focus as WBGT increased compared to males (I: WBGT × Sex; p < 0.003). Knowing that females perceive thermal stress during exercise hyperthermia to be hotter, more uncomfortable, more unpleasant, and more stressful compared to males can help coaches/trainers plan different exercise routines for exercisers of both sexes.
Adiposity and Cardiometabolic Risk assessment Among University Students in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Albaker Waleed , El-Ashker Said , Baraka Mohamed A. , El-Tanahi Nagla , Ahsan Mohammad , Al-Hariri Mohammed
Published: March 2021

Overweight and obesity have become a significant health hazard among adolescents on account of quick growth in its occurrence rate and its common comorbidities like cardiometabolic disease (CMD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of adiposity and assess the risk of CMD among university students in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the academic year 2017–2018, in a sample of 310 subjects (127 males; 183 females). The measurements were taken using standardized instruments including Body Mass Index (BMI), Fat Mass Index (FMI), Body Fat Percentage BFP), Mass of Body Fat (MBF), Visceral Fat Area (VFA), Waist Circumference (WC), and Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR). Moreover, CMD risk indicators were calculated by Conicity index (C index), WC, and WHR. The findings showed that the majority was overweight and obese (16.8% and 21.6%, respectively). While evaluating obesity indicators, males were found to have higher adiposity (obese students 34.6%) compared to female students (12.6%; p < 0.001). Additionally, FMI showed that the mean was significantly higher among males (8.65 ± 6.06) compared to females (7.26 ± 3.30; p < 0.019). Analysis of the predictors’ indices for cardiometabolic risk score highlighted a significantly higher percentage of WC, WHR, and C index among male students (50, 38.5, 59) compared to females (16.9, 14.2, 34; p < 0.001). Significant positive correlations were observed between C index quartiles and BMI with the other cardiometabolic indices ( p < 0.001). This study highlighted a high prevalence of adiposity and CMD risk among university students. The prediction of CMD in early age is quite helpful in preventing adiposity related health issues. Decision makers need to spread awareness about healthy consumption as well as the relationship between physical inactivity and chronic diseases.
Exploring Hip-Hop Pedagogy for the Advancement of Girls of Color in Science
Authors: Adjapong Edmund
Published: March 2021

Female and male students perform equally well on science standardized tests, yet there are disparities in gender in most science-related fields. There are far fewer women from underrepresented backgrounds represented in science-related fields, as they are less likely to enroll in advanced science courses because of a perceived lack of positive science identity. Using a framework of cultural community capital, this study suggests that girls of color are able to develop a science identity and a deeper understanding of science content as a result of the implementation of a hip-hop pedagogy in an urban science classroom.
Ethics at work: Diverse economies and place-making in the historical centre of Taranto, Italy
Authors: d’Ovidio Marianna
Published: March 2021

The paper examines five economic activities in the historical centre of Taranto, Italy and discusses how they impact upon the urban pattern. It is argued that meanings people ascribe to their work go beyond economic rationality, carrying identity, pleasure and ethical values. In fact, in the observed context, work becomes a tool for bottom-up urban regeneration, thus building urban identity and contributing to an imagining of the future city. Based on empirical case study analyses of economic activities in the sphere of culture and creativity, this paper investigates the different meanings of work and explores how the observed working practices represent actions of place-making and resistance to hegemonic forces that jeopardise the local community in the neighbourhood.
What do residential lotteries show us about transportation choices?
Authors: Millard-Ball Adam , West Jeremy , Rezaei Nazanin , Desai Garima
Published: March 2021

Credibly identifying how the built environment shapes behaviour is empirically challenging, because people select residential locations based on differing constraints and preferences for site amenities. Our study overcomes these research barriers by leveraging San Francisco’s affordable housing lotteries, which randomly allow specific households to move to specific residences. Using administrative data, we demonstrate that lottery-winning households’ baseline preferences are uncorrelated with their allotted residential features such as public transportation accessibility, parking availability and bicycle infrastructure – meaning that neighbourhood attributes and a building’s parking supply are effectively assigned at random. Surveying the households, we find that these attributes significantly affect transportation mode choices. Most notably, we show that essentially random variation in on-site parking availability greatly changes households’ car ownership decisions and driving frequency, with substitution away from public transport. In contrast, we find that parking availability does not affect employment or job mobility. Overall, the evidence from our study robustly supports that local features of the built environment are important determinants of transportation behaviour.
Childhood Maltreatment and Repeat Offending in Juvenile Delinquents: A Propensity Score Matched-Control Study
Authors: Cho Minhae , Lee Chi Hyun
Published: March 2021

Juvenile recidivism is a serious public health concern. Using statewide administrative data, this study examined the independent predictive value of childhood maltreatment on repeat offending and compared risk factors for recidivism between 698 first-time juvenile offenders with maltreatment and their propensity score matched sample of 698 without maltreatment. For 3 years, 65.2% of maltreated offenders and 61.5% of their matched sample recidivated after their initial offense. The effect of childhood maltreatment on recidivism remained statistically significant beyond the inclusion of control variables. In both groups, being a youth of color and having a diagnosed emotional/behavioral disability increased risk for recidivism. Additional risk factors included being a male for maltreated offenders and out-of-school suspension, entry into the juvenile justice system at younger ages, and out-of-home placement only after their first offense or continuing placement for their matched sample without maltreatment. Preventive interventions must be responsive to such different risks.
Children’s mental health in different contexts: Results from a multi-informant assessment of Estonian first-grade students
Authors: Streimann Karin , Sisask Merike , Toros Karmen
Published: March 2021

The current study sought to investigate the agreement between teachers and parents about the mental health of first-grade students, the factors that affected this agreement and the associations between measures completed by students, parents and teachers. The investigation used baseline data collected during the PAX Good Behavior Game (PAX GBG) effectiveness study in 42 Estonian schools (N = 708). Information was collected about externalizing and internalizing difficulties and prosocial behaviour, and about inhibitory control. Our research showed higher agreement between parents and teachers about externalizing behaviour and lower agreement regarding prosocial behavior and emotional problems. Inhibition was correlated with teacher-rated questionnaires, but not with parents’ responses. Sociodemographic factors influenced the agreement between teachers and parents somewhat differently. This study highlights the importance of a multi-informant approach in students’ mental health assessments, as some problems might be less observable in certain environments or by some respondents. The practical implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions are provided for the development of a school-based mental health screening system.
Maxmaladaptation, occupant behaviour and energy performance gap
Authors: Levermore Geoffrey
Published: March 2021

Occupant behaviour is a key factor in the energy consumption and performance of a building. However, it is difficult to model and simulate hence there is often a mismatch between the predicted and actual performance of a new or refurbished buildings and surprising variations in the consumptions of similar and identical buildings. Although environmental conditions affect people significantly, there are also non-environmental factors including how well employers manage people and how well dwelling occupants understand their controls. Rarely are these factors considered in building performance, especially commercial buildings. Poor management can lead to varying degrees of occupant maladaptation. Maladaptation taken here to mean behaviour patterns that are detrimental to the optimal functioning of the building. This paper proposes a novel concept for designers that examines the worst possible energy performance gap (“extreme” scenario testing) where the theoretical occupants do their best to make the building consume as much energy as possible. The novel concept is called “maxmaladaptation”. By considering maxmaladaptation, designers can attempt to reduce it, so reducing the energy gap. This paper briefly reviews the energy gap and social psychology and its contribution to understanding energy consumption with some examples, underlying the concept of maxmaladaptation.

Practical application: Building energy performance gaps often exist because predicted design consumptions are often less than actual consumptions due to the occupants not behaving as designers expect. Using the concept of maxmaladaptation, an extreme scenario of maximum energy use by occupants, designers can design buildings to avoid unexpected energy consumption. Often the influences of occupant behaviour are not considered in detail. Social psychology gives an insight into non-environmental factors that can cause maladaptation, a constituent of maxmaladaptation.
Works councils and workplace health promotion in Germany
Authors: Jirjahn Uwe , Mohrenweiser Jens , Smith Stephen C
Published: March 2021

From a theoretical viewpoint, there can be market failures and organizational failures resulting in an underprovision of occupational health and safety. Works councils may help mitigate these failures. Using establishment data from Germany, the empirical analysis in this article confirms that the incidence of a works council is significantly associated with an increased likelihood that the establishment provides more workplace health promotion than required by law. This result also holds in regressions accounting for the possible endogeneity of works council incidence. Furthermore, analysing potentially moderating factors such as collective bargaining coverage, industry, type of ownership, multi-establishment status and product market competition, the article finds a positive association between works councils and workplace health promotion for the various types of establishments examined. Finally, this study goes beyond the mere incidence of workplace health promotion and shows that works councils are positively associated with a series of different measures of workplace health promotion.
Supply chain regulation in Scottish social care: Facilitators and barriers
Authors: James Philip , Baluch Alina M , Cunningham Ian , Cullen Anne-Marie
Published: March 2021

Drawing on a study of a Scottish government initiative to ensure the provision of a living wage to social care workers, the article sheds new light on the value of regulating domestic supply chains to enhance labour standards in supplier organisations, and the factors that facilitate and hinder such regulation. The study confirms that supply chains driven by monopsonistic purchasers tend to drive down employment conditions, while indicating that the studied initiative met with a good deal of success due to a combination of the government generated ‘soft’ regulation and support from care providers that reflected both value and pragmatic considerations. It also highlights the contradictory tensions that can arise between policy aspirations and business objectives and suggests that to be effective, initiatives to enhance labour standards in supply chains need to address adverse market dynamics.
The Embodiment of Insult: A Theory of Biobehavioral Response to Workplace Incivility
Authors: Cortina Lilia M. , Sandy Hershcovis M. , Clancy Kathryn B. H.
Published: March 2021

This article builds a broad theory to explain how people respond, both biologically and behaviorally, when targeted with incivility in organizations. Central to our theorizing is a multifaceted framework that yields four quadrants of target response: reciprocation, retreat, relationship repair, and recruitment of support. We advance the novel argument that these behaviors not only stem from biological change within the body but also stimulate such change. Behavioral responses that revolve around affiliation and produce positive social connections are most likely to bring biological benefits. However, social and cultural features of an organization can stand in the way of affiliation, especially for employees holding marginalized identities. When incivility persists over time and employees lack access to the resources needed to recover, we theorize, downstream consequences can include harms to their physical health. Like other aspects of organizational life, this biobehavioral theory of incivility response is anything but simple. But it may help explain how seemingly “small” insults can sometimes have large effects, ultimately undermining workforce well-being. It may also suggest novel sites for incivility intervention, focusing on the relational and inclusive side of work. The overarching goal of this article is to motivate new science on workplace incivility, new knowledge, and ultimately, new solutions.
State Policy Control and Local Deviation: The Case of Immigration
Authors: Blizzard Brittany , Johnston Jocelyn M.
Published: March 2021

State preemption of local government discretion is examined through the lenses of county cooperation with federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and “immigration federalism.” Through a mixed-method approach, we examine why counties collaborate with ICE as well as how and why they deviate from state preemptions on local support for immigration. Analysis of a sample restricted to Georgia and Texas, states with especially robust preemptive anti-immigrant laws, suggests that special interests—those related to immigrant-dependent industries important to county economies—have significant influence over county decisions to minimize cooperation with ICE.
French theoretical and methodological influences on Brazilian journalism research
Authors: Daros Otávio
Published: March 2021

A significant part of Brazilian journalism research has been influenced by French academic culture. This article reconstructs the last 60 years of journalism studies in Brazil considering the relations established with France since the first scholars at the Institut Français de Presse, but also semioticians, historians, sociologists and philosophers from other institutions. This overview, focused on those who have received French approaches, shows the main trends and challenges that Brazilian scholars have been dealing with developing their own works in methodological and theoretical terms. Each study is commented on within its respective field of knowledge—such as language, sociology, anthropology and history—and then compared with the others. The key argument is that there are several and even conflicting French references that guide the approaches and understandings adopted by journalism researchers in Brazil.
Using text mining to glean insights from COVID-19 literature
Authors: Anderson Billie S
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop a text clustering–based analysis of COVID-19 research articles. Owing to the proliferation of published COVID-19 research articles, researchers need a method for reducing the number of articles they have to search through to find material relevant to their expertise. The study analyzes 83,264 abstracts from research articles related to COVID-19. The textual data are analysed using singular value decomposition (SVD) and the expectation–maximisation (EM) algorithm. Results suggest that text clustering can both reveal hidden research themes in the published literature related to COVID-19, and reduce the number of articles that researchers need to search through to find material relevant to their field of interest.
Automatic construction of academic profile: A case of information science domain
Authors: Geng Qian , Chuai Ziang , Jin Jian
Published: March 2021

To provide junior researchers with domain-specific concepts efficiently, an automatic approach for academic profiling is needed. First, to obtain personal records of a given scholar, typical supervised approaches often utilise structured data like infobox in Wikipedia as training dataset, but it may lead to a severe mis-labelling problem when they are utilised to train a model directly. To address this problem, a new relation embedding method is proposed for fine-grained entity typing, in which the initial vector of entities and a new penalty scheme are considered, based on the semantic distance of entities and relations. Also, to highlight critical concepts relevant to renowned scholars, scholars’ selective bibliographies which contain massive academic terms are analysed by a newly proposed extraction method based on logistic regression, AdaBoost algorithm and learning-to-rank techniques. It bridges the gap that conventional supervised methods only return binary classification results and fail to help researchers understand the relative importance of selected concepts. Categories of experiments on academic profiling and corresponding benchmark datasets demonstrate that proposed approaches outperform existing methods notably. The proposed techniques provide an automatic way for junior researchers to obtain organised knowledge in a specific domain, including scholars’ background information and domain-specific concepts.
Transition to Practice for New Nurse Graduates: Barriers and Mitigating Strategies
Authors: Reebals Crisi , Wood Tara , Markaki Adelais
Published: March 2021

Inadequate transition to practice increases stress for new health care providers and threatens employment longevity. This integrative review aimed to synthesize the evidence on transition process for newly graduated registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in hospital settings and to identify enablers/barriers and mitigating strategies. Two databases were systematically searched for articles that described the process, strategies, participant perceptions, and implications of role transition with a final yield of 23 articles. Synthesis of the evidence revealed three major themes: (a) achieving competence for safe practice, (b) addressing stress during transition, and (c) reducing turnover. Emotional support for new graduates was instrumental to achieving clinical competence. Role transition adaptation was linked to anxiety, while emotional health was positively associated with retention. Developing best practices that address skill proficiency, attending to the emotional needs of new nurse graduates, and providing structured transition programs to improve clinical competence are the strategies of choice.
Salvage Total Laryngectomy Swallowing Outcomes Based on Flap Reconstruction: Onlay vs Incorporated Technique
Authors: Ziegler Andrea , Pittman Amy , Thorpe Eric
Published: March 2021

After a salvage total laryngectomy, one of patients’ primary goals is to resume oral intake. This retrospective chart review included all patients who underwent a salvage total laryngectomy with free or pedicled flap reconstruction to compare swallowing outcomes in those with an incorporated flap or primary pharyngeal closure with an onlay flap. There was no significant difference in the ability to achieve complete feeding tube independence or the time that it took to achieve independence. Patients with an onlay flap had significantly lower rates of subjective dysphagia and stricture as compared with patients with incorporated flaps. Incorporated fasciocutaneous flaps showed no significant difference from onlay flaps in terms of outcomes. However, incorporated musculocutaneous flaps showed higher rates of subjective dysphagia and stricture when compared with onlay flaps. Patients undergoing a salvage total laryngectomy and reconstruction with an onlay flap had significantly less postoperative dysphagia and stricture than patients with a musculocutaneous incorporated flap.
Insurance Coverage of Facial Gender Affirmation Surgery: A Review of Medicaid and Commercial Insurance
Authors: Gorbea Enrique , Gidumal Sunder , Kozato Aki , Pang John Henry , Safer Joshua D. , Rosenberg Joshua
Published: March 2021

Objective

To provide a portrait of gender affirmation surgery (GAS) insurance coverage across the United States, with attention to procedures of the head and neck.

Study Design

Systematic review.

Setting

Policy review of US medical insurance companies.

Methods

State policies on transgender care for Medicaid insurance providers were collected for all 50 states. Each state’s policy on GAS and facial gender affirmation surgery (FGAS) was examined. The largest medical insurance companies in the United States were identified using the National Association of Insurance Commissioners Market Share report. Policies of the top 49 primary commercial medical insurance companies were examined.

Results

Medicaid policy reviews found that 18 states offer some level of gender‐affirming coverage for their patients, but only 3 include FGAS (17%). Thirteen states prohibit Medicaid coverage of all transgender surgery, and 19 states have no published gender‐affirming medical care coverage policy. Ninety‐two percent of commercial medical insurance providers had a published policy on GAS coverage. Genital reconstruction was described as a medically necessary aspect of transgender care in 100% of the commercial policies reviewed. Ninety‐three percent discussed coverage of FGAS, but 51% considered these procedures cosmetic. Thyroid chondroplasty (20%) was the most commonly covered FGAS procedure. Mandibular and frontal bone contouring, rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty, and facial rhytidectomy were each covered by 13% of the medical policies reviewed.

Conclusion

While certain surgical aspects of gender‐affirming medical care are nearly ubiquitously covered by commercial insurance providers, FGAS is considered cosmetic by most Medicaid and commercial insurance providers, potentially limiting patient access.

Level of Evidence

Level V.
Hypercoagulopathy, acquired coagulation disorders and anticoagulation before, during and after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in COVID-19: a case series
Authors: Kalbhenn Johannes , Glonnegger Hannah , Wilke Maya , Bansbach Joachim , Zieger Barbara
Published: March 2021

Background:

Thromboembolism and bleeding contribute to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)’s morbidity and mortality and are also frequent complications of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vvECMO). As the interaction of the underlying pathologies caused by vvECMO in COVID-19 is barely understood, we designed this study to better differentiate coagulation disorders in COVID-19 patients before, during and after vvECMO-support.

Methods:

Observational case series, six consecutive patients with Coronavirus acute respiratory distress syndrome supported with vvECMO treated in the anaesthesiologic ICU in a third level University ECMO-centre. We measured routine coagulation parameters and assessed coagulation factors. We also conducted advanced von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimer analysis, platelet aggregometry and immunological screening.

Results:

We identified various phases of coagulation disorders: Initially, intensely activated coagulation with highly increased VWF and factor VIII activity in acute COVID-19, then severe acquired von Willebrand syndrome and platelet dysfunction during vvECMO leading to spontaneous bleeding and finally, hypercoagulopathy after vvECMO explantation. Five of six patients developed immunological abnormalities enhancing coagulation.

Conclusions:

Coronavirus-induced coagulopathy and bleeding disorders during vvECMO cannot be discriminated via ‘routine’ coagulation tests. Precise and specific analyses followed by the appropriate treatment of coagulation disorders may help us develop tailored therapeutic concepts to better manage the phases described above.
Rehabilitation with accurate adaptability walking tasks or steady state walking: A randomized clinical trial in adults post-stroke
Authors: Clark David J , Rose Dorian K , Butera Katie A , Hoisington Brooke , DeMark Louis , Chatterjee Sudeshna A , Hawkins Kelly A , Otzel Dana M , Skinner Jared W , Christou Evangelos A , Wu Samuel S , Fox Emily J
Published: March 2021

Objective:

To assess changes in walking function and walking-related prefrontal cortical activity following two post-stroke rehabilitation interventions: an accurate adaptability (ACC) walking intervention and a steady state (SS) walking intervention.

Design:

Randomized, single blind, parallel group clinical trial.

Setting:

Hospital research setting.

Subjects:

Adults with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis and walking deficits.

Interventions:

ACC emphasized stepping accuracy and walking adaptability, while SS emphasized steady state, symmetrical stepping. Both included 36 sessions led by a licensed physical therapist. ACC walking tasks recruit cortical regions that increase corticospinal tract activation, while SS walking activates the corticospinal tract less intensely.

Main measures:

The primary functional outcome measure was preferred steady state walking speed. Prefrontal brain activity during walking was measured with functional near infrared spectroscopy to assess executive control demands. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention (three months), and follow-up (six months).

Results:

Thirty-eight participants were randomized to the study interventions (mean age 59.6 ± 9.1 years; mean months post-stroke 18.0 ± 10.5). Preferred walking speed increased from baseline to post-intervention by 0.13 ± 0.11 m/s in the ACC group and by 0.14 ± 0.13 m/s in the SS group. The Time × Group interaction was not statistically significant ( P = 0.86). Prefrontal fNIRS during walking decreased from baseline to post-intervention, with a marginally larger effect in the ACC group ( P = 0.05).

Conclusions:

The ACC and SS interventions produced similar changes in walking function. fNIRS suggested a potential benefit of ACC training for reducing demand on prefrontal (executive) resources during walking.
Methylphenidate reduces orienting bias in healthy individuals
Authors: Peled-Avron Leehe , Gelbard Goren Hagar , Brande-Eilat Noa , Dorman-Ilan Shirel , Segev Aviv , Feffer Kfir , Gvirts Problovski Hila Z , Levkovitz Yechiel , Barnea Yael , Lewis Yael D , Tomer Rachel
Published: March 2021

Background:

Healthy individuals show subtle orienting bias, a phenomenon known as pseudoneglect, reflected in a tendency to direct greater attention toward one hemispace. Accumulating evidence indicates that this bias is an individual trait, and attention is preferentially directed contralaterally to the hemisphere with higher dopamine signaling. Administration of methylphenidate (MPH), a dopamine transporter inhibitor, was shown to normalize aberrant spatial attention bias in psychiatric and neurological patients, suggesting that the reduced orienting bias following administration of MPH reflects an asymmetric effect of the drug, increasing extracellular dopamine in the hemisphere with lower dopamine signaling.

Aim:

We predicted that, similarly to its effect on patients with brain pathology, MPH will reduce the orienting bias in healthy subjects.

Methods:

To test this hypothesis, we examined the behavioral effects of a single dose (20 mg) of MPH on orienting bias in 36 healthy subjects (18 females) in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, within-subject design, using the greyscales task, which has been shown to detect subtle attentional biases in both patients and healthy individuals.

Results/outcomes:

Results demonstrate that healthy individuals vary in both direction and magnitude of spatial orienting bias and show reduced magnitude of orienting bias following MPH administration, regardless of the initial direction of asymmetry.

Conclusions/interpretations:

Our findings reveal, for the first time in healthy subjects, that MPH decreases spatial orienting bias in an asymmetric manner. Given the well-documented association between orienting bias and asymmetric dopamine signaling, these findings also suggest that MPH might exert a possible asymmetric neural effect in the healthy brain.
Shape-induced obstacle attraction and repulsion during dynamic locomotion
Authors: Han Yuanfeng , Othayoth Ratan , Wang Yulong , Hsu Chun-Cheng , de la Tijera Obert Rafael , Francois Evains , Li Chen
Published: March 2021

Robots still struggle to dynamically traverse complex 3D terrain with many large obstacles, an ability required for many critical applications. Body–obstacle interaction is often inevitable and induces perturbation and uncertainty in motion that challenges closed-form dynamic modeling. Here, inspired by recent discovery of a terradynamic streamlined shape, we studied how two body shapes interacting with obstacles affect turning and pitching motions of an open-loop multi-legged robot and cockroaches during dynamic locomotion. With a common cuboidal body, the robot was attracted towards obstacles, resulting in pitching up and flipping-over. By contrast, with an elliptical body, the robot was repelled by obstacles and readily traversed. The animal displayed qualitatively similar turning and pitching motions induced by these two body shapes. However, unlike the cuboidal robot, the cuboidal animal was capable of escaping obstacle attraction and subsequent high pitching and flipping over, which inspired us to develop an empirical pitch-and-turn strategy for cuboidal robots. Considering the similarity of our self-propelled body–obstacle interaction with part–feeder interaction in robotic part manipulation, we developed a quasi-static potential energy landscape model to explain the dependence of dynamic locomotion on body shape. Our experimental and modeling results also demonstrated that obstacle attraction or repulsion is an inherent property of locomotor body shape and insensitive to obstacle geometry and size. Our study expands the concept and usefulness of terradynamic shapes for passive control of robot locomotion to traverse large obstacles using physical interaction. Our study is also a step in establishing an energy landscape approach to locomotor transitions.
Relationship of Nasal Morphology With Different Dentoskeletal Patterns: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sahoo Rojalin , Parihar Ajit Vikram , Chaturvedi TP , Verma Shivam
Published: March 2021

Introduction:

The nose is considered by some clinicians as the keystone of facial aesthetics. A treatment plan can be customized to intensify the facial aesthetics of a patient through careful evaluation of the soft tissue drape. Hence, for getting a better outcome of the treatment plan, orthodontists are supposed to have in-depth knowledge and awareness of soft tissue changes, taking into notice the ethnic and racial variation in discrete cohorts. The objective of this study is to enlist the relationship of nasal morphology with different dentoskeletal (sagittal and vertical) patterns.

Materials and Methods:

A comprehensive electronic database search was performed till July 2020, of Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, and ScienceDirect. Only articles published in the English language were included. After excluding all the irrelevant data through careful screening, a total of 15 articles were selected which discussed the nose–dentoskeletal pattern relation.

Results and Conclusion:

The nose is found to be convex in skeletal class II, straight in class I, and concave in class III. Those with increased vertical growth may have an increased tendency of a convex nasal dorsum. Maxillary and mandibular jaw length affect the nasal parameters more than the jaw position. Nasal length and nasal depth increase with the jaw length and mandibular and maxillary/palatal-plane inclination to the cranium. A long nose with increased nasal depth is expected in long faces and those with long upper and lower jaws. An upturned nose is found with an anticlockwise-rotated maxilla.
Tactile cartography in the digital age: A review and research agenda
Authors: Cole Harrison
Published: March 2021

Spatial media for people who are blind or visually impaired (B/VI) have evolved considerably in the years following Chris Perkins’ review of tactile map research, especially due to the proliferation of Internet access, mobile computing, and GPS technology. Reviewing intervening research, I identify prevailing themes in cartographic data management, media production, map design, and map use. I then propose a research agenda that identifies four high-priority topics for investigation: research conducted by people who are B/VI, maps created by people who are B/VI, low-tech tactile mapping, and social dynamics of tactile map use and production.