bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESRO II Satellite On-Board Equipment
Authors: Ducamus P. M.
Published: June 2018

The various systems developed by, or under the responsibility of Engins MATRA, and which are related to the dynamics of the satellite, i.e.: the de-spin system, the precession damper, and the spin-up system will be described as well as the Attitude Control of the ESRO II spacecraft.

Before discussing these particular subjects, the general characteristics of the ESRO II satellite will be recalled:

The orbit is nearly polar (approximately 98° inclined to the equator) and has perigee at 350 km and apogee at 1200 km; the orbital plane precessions, in the retrograde sense, by about 1° per day; the orbit is thus synchronous with the sun's apparent motion. The launch time was chosen at 6 pm so that the orbital plane be, and remain, perpendicular to the sun's direction, at least in a first approximation. This is assuming a polar orbit and neglecting the angle between the plane of the Ecliptic and the plane of the Equator.
Coupled Modes in the Buckling of Panels with Z-Section Stringers in Compression
Authors: Rothwell A.
Published: June 2018

A method of analysis is presented for the interaction between the local and torsional modes of instability of a stiffened panel in compression. Numerical results are produced for the particular case of a panel with Z-section stringers, and the influence of the flange width on the buckling stress is illustrated.
Theoretical Aspects of Thrust Vector Control by Secondary Gas Injection in Rocket Nozzles
Authors: Neilson John H. , Gilchrist Alastair , Lee Chee K.
Published: June 2018

This work deals with theoretical aspects of thrust vector control in rocket nozzles by the injection of secondary gas into the supersonic region of the nozzle. The work is concerned mainly with two-dimensional flow, though some aspects of three-dimensional flow in axisymmetric nozzles are considered. The subject matter is divided into three parts. In Part I, the side force produced when a physical wedge is placed into the exit of a two-dimensional nozzle is considered. In Parts 2 and 3, the physical wedge is replaced by a wedge-shaped “dead water” region produced by the separation of the boundary layer upstream of a secondary injection port. The modifications which then have to be made to the theoretical relationships, given in Part 1, are enumerated. Theoretical relationships for side force, thrust augmentation and magnification parameter for two- and three-dimensional flow are given for secondary injection normal to the main nozzle axis. In addition, the advantages to be gained by secondary injection in an upstream direction are clearly illustrated. The theoretical results are compared with experimental work and a comparison is made with the theories of other workers.
A Theory for the Side Force produced in Two-Dimensional Nozzles by Secondary Gas Injection
Authors: Neilson John H. , Gilchrist Alastair , Lee Chee K.
Published: June 2018

This work is concerned with the side force produced in rocket nozzles by secondary gas injection. A new theory for determining the side force is presented for two-dimensional flow and this is considered to be an important step towards a theory applicable to three-dimensional flow. The proposed theory is based on a double wedge model for the separated region upstream of the secondary port. The principal feature of the model is that it accounts tor the fact that the angle of the shock wave, originating from the separated region, is observed to increase with increase in secondary mass flow rate. Theoretical side force results are shown to compare favourably with experimental results obtained using two-dimensional nozzles and a comparison is made between the proposed theory and the theories of other workers.
A System Solution to the Aircraft Noise Problem
Authors: Hoover I. H.
Published: June 2018

A serious aircraft noise problem exists today primarily for one simple reason—aeroplanes make too much noise. The problem could be solved just as simply by getting rid of the aeroplanes, but aircraft have proved to be useful and, in most cases, even profitable investments. In the past few years, air transportation has become so widely used that it is now considered essential to the economic and social welfare of the citizen, as well as to the national defence of the United States, so some other solution must be found, one which assures the orderly development of air commerce, but which also recognises the rights of people on the ground who are adversely affected by the undesirable social by–products of this rapidly advancing technology.
A Convenient Way of Taking Wing (and Fuselage) Flexibility into Account in Calculating Undercarriage Loads
Authors: Williams D.
Published: June 2018

The crudest way of taking account of the airframe superstructure in calculating undercarriage performance is to represent it by a single concentrated mass. Crude as this method is, it is often used by aircraft firms because the only alternative known to them, apparently, is something they hesitate to face. And no wonder, because it means having to represent the wing-fuselage system by a large number of lumped masses and springs, each of which means an extra degree of freedom. This complicated dynamic system has then to be integrated with the undercarriage system, itself complicated by its non-linear characteristics.

The natural approach that suggests itself is not to consider the w/f (wing-fuselage) structure ab initio but to make use of its (usually known) normal modes and frequencies. But this is just what cannot be done by existing techniques—hence the present impasse.
On Fitting Man into the Control System of Certain Guided Weapons
Authors: Foreman P. F.
Published: June 2018

Substantial cut-backs in the national defence budget over the past five years have forced upon the Defence Ministry and missile designers alike a growing awareness of the importance of weapon costs. As a result, the ideal technical solution to a particular defence problem sometimes has to give way to the realism of what the country can afford to develop and procure—and, most important, what it could afford to sustain, if need be, in anger. A further factor has been the growing importance of exports to the country's economic position, to which arms make an important contribution. Weapon designs, therefore, have to be such that overseas customers can afford not only to purchase them but can also maintain and use them. This is particularly important in the case of developing countries.
Problems of Guidance, in Particular— Inertial Guidance
Authors: Mattin R. B.
Published: June 2018

The function of any guidance system selected for the Europa rocket is to generate steering demands in such a way that—

(a)

the trajectory flown results in a minimum consumption of fuel and

(b)

the required orbital velocity and height at injection are achieved with the maximum accuracy.

If a system can be devised which enables these two aims to be realised, useful payload will not be sacrificed to place a satellite in its desired orbit.
Some Remarks on Vortex Drag and its Spanwise Distribution in Incompressible Flow
Authors: Garner H. C.
Published: June 2018

Theoretical data from lifting-surface theory are presented to illustrate

(i) that the vortex drag factor is closely related to the half-wing spanwise centre of pressure on simple planforms without camber or twist,

(ii) that lifting-line theory is useless for predicting the spanwise distribution of vortex drag on swept wings,

(iii) that recent numerical improvements in lifting-surface theory help to reconcile the concepts of wake energy and leading-edge suction in relation to vortex drag.
Unconventional Flight
Authors: Shenstone B. S.
Published: June 2018

Flight that is unconventional now may not be unconventional in the future. In 1903 all flight by man was unconventional. Although the 1903 limitations in knowledge and convention have dropped away, certain kinds of flight remain unconventional for practical, if not good, reasons. Unconventional flight is flight outside the mainstreams of research and development. This implies that it includes flight modes for which little or no money is available and which, therefore, can attract only few knowledgeable and dedicated enthusiasts. Hence these modes lag behind the contemporarily directly useful aspects of flight.
The Legality of Modern Forms of Aerial Warfare
Authors: Johnson D. H. N.
Published: June 2018

Everyone here will realise that I have to treat a vast subject in a short period of time, and those who are already familiar with it will be aware that I shall have to make a number of assertions, each of which really deserves separate treatment in its own right. I shall arrange the lecture as follows. I shall begin by clarifying the basic assumptions on which I intend to proceed. Next, I shall look at the state of the laws of aerial warfare at the end of the Second World War. Finally, I shall make a few observations on the present state of the law. As time is limited I shall devote more attention to the principles according to which, in my view, this subject should be broached than to detailed rules.
The Boeing SST—Large Transport Aeroplanes-Opportunity and Challenge
Authors: Pennell Maynard
Published: June 2018

We are now developing two large, new aeroplanes in the Boeing Commercial Airplane Division. The 747 —(Fig. 1) is subsonic and is in the initial production stage. First deliveries are planned for the autumn of 1969. The other is the SST prototype—(Fig. 2) which is to fly in 1972, if all goes well, with production deliveries projected for the mid-seventies. Both aeroplanes are challenges in many ways—in a technical sense—from a production standpoint—from a financial standpoint—and from an overall resource standpoint.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—9
Authors: Dawson L. G. , Holliday J. B.
Published: June 2018

The rate of progress in most technical fields, and propulsion is no exception, has increased so rapidly during the past 50 years that it is becoming difficult to predict the trend of development for more than a few years ahead. On the other hand, there are fundamental limits to progress in certain directions and it is within these limits that this paper is written. One must, of course, devote some thought to the validity of the limit. Not so long ago it was thought that the speed of sound would be a limiting speed for aircraft, for instance. One cannot go far wrong with the basic laws of physics and the intention, at least, of this paper is not to transgress such laws.
A History of Martinsyde Aircraft
Authors: Bruce J. M.
Published: June 2018

Responsibility for the overall inadequacy of this history rests with the compiler, and it is a statement of fact, not an excuse for a mediocre document, to say that the disappointingly numerous gaps in it are at least partly attributable to the surpassing reticence and modesty of the men who were Martinsyde: Helmuth Paul Martin and George Harris Handasyde. They sought no publicity and did not even advertise their products in the early years of their partnership. Indeed, one of several mysteries about the firm is what it subsisted on in the pre-1914 period, for its products did not seem to sell in significant numbers.
The Slender Wing with a Half Body of Revolution Mounted Beneath
Authors: Portnoy H.
Published: June 2018

The slender-body theory of Ward is applied to a configuration consisting of a slender, pointed wing, carrying directly beneath it a pointed half-body of revolution divided along a meridian plane.

Expressions for lift and drag due to incidence are found which are valid in both subsonic and supersonic flow if the flow is attached. The lift result can be used to find pitching moment. For the supersonic case the drag at zero incidence is also found and the expressions for a conical configuration are developed so that a limiting form of these can be compared with the results of ref. 3.
Piloting Aspects of Poor Weather Jet V/Stol
Authors: Farley J. F.
Published: June 2018

The exercise of carrying out jet V/STOL operations in any given combination of weather and site conditions is clearly open to theoretical analysis and relatively simple solution, along the existing lines of conventional autoland. With present knowledge automatic operation of a jet V/STOL aircraft would not be a very great task, providing that things such as cost, reliability, space, weight, ground equipment, in fact the overall economics of the operation were not allowed to intrude into the problem. But this is not reasonable, the advantages of automatic operation must be weighed against the cost.
The Development and Future of Air Cargo
Authors: Milward Anthony
Published: June 2018

In delivering the 1968 British Commonwealth Lecture I am conscious of the honour bestowed upon me by the Council of the Royal Aeronautical Society and mindful of the responsibilities attached to addressing such an eminent body as are assembled here tonight.

My subject—The Development and Future of Air Cargo—is, I believe, worthy of our attention at this particular time, not only because it is in itself an interesting special aspect of the general history of civil and military aviation, but because we have reached a critical point in that development at the very moment when air cargo service is beginning to show its potential contribution to the expansion of World Trade, including the badly needed expansion of Britain's own export trade. As we proceed, we shall see that the big expansion in air cargo has only recently begun. The formative years of aviation were more concerned with development of the vehicle, in creating public acceptability of this new form of transport and in fostering the growth of the more immediately profitable passenger traffic.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—13
Authors: Hafner R.
Published: June 2018

Having been delivered about 3 years ago of a paper for the Society's Centenary Journal on the subject of rotorcraft in retrospect—without, apparently, undue birth pains—I was led to think some months ago, when I was asked to write a similar paper—this time on the prospect for rotorcraft in the next 100 years—that the process would perhaps be equally painless. However, unwittingly, I had made one grave logical mistake: I did not realise that this time I was involved with an altogether different bairnie!

In looking backwards one is concerned with collecting and collating factual matter from various sources, comparing present views with the views held at the time, and with such hindsight arriving at fairly positive conclusions, a more or less routine logical process, the quality of which is mainly measured by the care taken in considering all important factors in sufficient detail to ensure valid conclusions.
Yaw Probe used as Preston Tube
Authors: Rajaratnam N. , Muralidhar D.
Published: June 2018

In this note it is suggested that the three-tube yaw probe be placed on the boundary and used as a Preston tube to measure the boundary shear stress when both its magnitude and direction are unknown. The calibration results necessary for this method are also presented herein.
A Note on the Disadvantages Associated with the Treatment of an Eigenvalue as an Additional Dependent Variable in Differential Eigenvalue Problems
Authors: Dawson B. , Davies M.
Published: June 2018

A novel technique of dealing with differential eigenvalue problems has recently been introduced by Wadsworth and Wilde . The differential equation is expressed as a set of simultaneous first-order differential equations, the eigenvalue λ being regarded as an additional variable by adding the equation to the basic set. The differential eigenvalue problem is thus reduced to a set of non-linear first-order differential equations with two-point boundary conditions. This treatment of the problem, although novel, suffers from two serious disadvantages. First, it introduces non-linearity into an otherwise linear set of equations. Thus, the solution can no longer be obtained by linear combinations of independent particular solutions. One method of solving the non-linear systems is by assigning arbitrary starting values at one boundary and performing a step-by-step integration to the other boundary where in general the boundary conditions are not satisfied. The problem can be solved by adjustment of the initial assigned arbitrary values until the given conditions at the other boundary are satisfied. A second method and the one used by Wadsworth and Wilde is to estimate the unknown boundary values at both boundaries and integrate inwards to a meeting point. Changes can then be made to the unknown boundary values to make the two branches of the curve fit together.
Measurement of Skin Friction using a Rectangular Mouthed Preston Tube
Authors: Quarmby Alan , Das H. K.
Published: June 2018

Measurements of skin friction were made with a set of rectangular mouthed pitot tubes of constant thickness ratio. The results gave a unique calibration between skin friction and pressure recorded by the tube when plotted after the method of Preston it the outside thickness is taken as the representative length. The calibration curve differs from that for circular Preston tubes when the effective centre of the pitot mouth lies within the sublayer.
Customs Requirements
Authors: Veale C. H.
Published: June 2018

I had intended to speak about passenger control, and
cargo control is not really my subject.
Nevertheless, in view of what has been said by
previous speakers, there are one or two points on
cargo matters which perhaps I might make at this
stage. I should first of all say how admirably I
think Mr. Leeper dealt with a number of the points
raised by Sir Archibald Hope. I do not think he
could have put the general Customs point of view in
a better way. I was not always sure whether the
speakers were referring to their experiences with
the UK Customs or with other countries’
administrations and I think several of them did
admit that their criticisms were not levelled
against the home customs.
Effects of Solid Viscosities, Loading
Velocities and Initial Deflections to Dynamic
Buckling Loads of a Column
Authors: Suzuki Shin-Ichi
Published: June 2018

It is a well-known fact that buckling values for
columns under dynamical loads are different from
those under static loads. Meier, Gerard and Davidson
have already investigated the dynamics of the
buckling of elastic columns theoretically and
experimentally, and Hoff discussed analytical
methods in detail. However, solid viscosities are
neglected in all these researches. Previously, the
author obtained the relationships between dynamic
load factors and solid viscosities, and it was found
that their effects on dynamic load factors cannot be
neglected. It will be interesting to investigate the
relationships between solid viscosities and dynamic
buckling values.
Electric Propulsion Development. Part I.
Ion Thrusters
Authors: Openshaw P. R.
Published: June 2018

Although an interest in electric propulsion has existed
in the UK for a considerable time, it is only in the
past few years that it has been considered
worthwhile to undertake the development of hardware
and produce detailed systems studies. The practical
developments can be divided into two categories: —

1. The
development of comparatively large thrusters (in
the region of ½ kW power, giving 10-20 milli
Newtons of thrust), for producing major movements
in a satellite's
position.

2. The
development of micro-thruster systems for the
maintenance of a satellite's attitude and position
against the small disturbing forces and torques it
normally experiences in
orbit.
Astronautics—Its Development During the Second Century of the RAeS (1966–2066)
Authors: Cleaver A. V.
Published: June 2018

The Royal Aeronautical Society is now 102 years old, and astronautics has already existed as a technical discipline for some 70 of these years, even if one disregards its long pre-history of mythology, science-fiction, and vague speculation. Tsiolkovsky began to make his amazing and entirely serious scientific contributions just before the dawn of the twentieth century.

This suggestion that aeronautics and astronautics are much of an age would surprise many laymen, who are apt to accept literally the dating of the popular Press; this usually argues that the “Space Age” began with the launching of Sputnik I in 1957, disregarding even the first successful large rocket, the V2, which flew 15 years before Sputnik I. However, whether one argues that astronautics is already a septuagenarian, is in its vigorous and youthful twenties, or is not yet even a teenager, one must admit that its amazing development has occurred mostly in the last decade.
Molecular characterization of prophenoloxidase-1 (PPO1) and the inhibitory effect of kojic acid on phenoloxidase (PO) activity and on the development ofZeugodacus tau(Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Zhang H.-H. , Luo M.-J. , Zhang Q.-W. , Cai P.-M. , Idrees A. , Ji Q.-E. , Yang J.-Q. , Chen J.-H.
Published: June 2018

Phenoloxidase (PO) plays a key role in melanin biosynthesis during insect development. Here, we isolated the 2310-bp full-length cDNA of PPO1 fromZeugodacus tau, a destructive horticultural pest. qRT-polymerase chain reaction showed that theZtPPO1transcripts were highly expressed during larval–prepupal transition and in the haemolymph. When the larvae were fed a 1.66% kojic acid (KA)-containing diet, the levels of theZtPPO1transcripts significantly increased by 2.79- and 3.39-fold in the whole larvae and cuticles, respectively, while the corresponding PO activity was significantly reduced; in addition, the larval and pupal durations were significantly prolonged; pupal weights were lowered; and abnormal phenotypes were observed. Anin vitroinhibition experiment indicated that KA was an effective competitive inhibitor of PO inZ. tau. Additionally, the functional analysis showed that 20E could significantly up-regulate the expression ofZtPPO1, induce lower pupal weight, and advance pupation. Knockdown of theZtPPO1gene by RNAi significantly decreased mRNA levels after 24 h and led to low pupation rates and incomplete pupae with abnormal phenotypes during the larval-pupal interim period. These results proved that PO is important for the normal growth ofZ. tauand that KA can disrupt the development of this pest insect.
Management and population dynamics of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella): planting regimes, crop hygiene, biological control and timing of interventions
Authors: Li Z. , Furlong M.J. , Yonow T. , Kriticos D.J. , Bao H. , Yin F. , Lin Q. , Feng X. , Zalucki M.P.
Published: June 2018

Using an age-structured process-based simulation model for diamondback moth (DBM), we model the population dynamics of this major Brassica pest using the cropping practices and climate of Guangdong, China. The model simulates two interacting sub-populations (demes), each representing a short season crop. The simulated DBM abundance, and hence pest problems, depend on planting regime, crop hygiene and biological control. A continuous supply of hosts, a low proportion of crop harvested and long residue times between harvest and replanting each exacerbate pest levels. Biological control provided by a larval parasitoid can reduce pest problems, but not eliminate them when climate is suitable for DBM and under certain planting practices. The classic Integrated Pest Management (IPM) method of insecticide application, when pest threshold is reached, proved effective and halved the number of insecticide sprays when compared with the typical practice of weekly insecticide application.
TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN EPISTEMIC AND MORAL VALUES IN EVIDENCE-BASED POLICY
Authors: Khosrowi Donal
Published: June 2018

Proponents of evidence-based policy (EBP) call for public policy to be informed by high-quality evidence from randomized controlled trials. This methodological preference aims to promote several epistemic values, e.g. rigour, unbiasedness, precision, and the ability to obtain causal conclusions. I argue that there is a trade-off between these epistemic values and several non-epistemic, moral and political values. This is because the evidence afforded by standard EBP methods is differentially useful for pursuing different moral and political values. I expand on how this challenges ideals of value-freedom and -neutrality in EBP, and offer suggestions for how EBP methodology might be revised.
Reverse Faber–Krahn and Mahler inequalities for the Cheeger constant
Authors: Bucur Dorin , Fragalà Ilaria
Published: June 2018

We prove a reverse Faber–Krahn inequality for the Cheeger constant, stating that every convex body in ℝ2 has an affine image such that the product between its Cheeger constant and the square root of its area is not larger than the same quantity for the regular triangle. An analogous result holds for centrally symmetric convex bodies with the regular triangle replaced by the square. We also prove a Mahler-type inequality for the Cheeger constant, stating that every axisymmetric convex body in ℝ2 has a linear image such that the product between its Cheeger constant and the Cheeger constant of its polar body is not larger than the same quantity for the square.
Use of Hospitals by Older versus Younger Canadians: Myths and Misconceptions
Authors: Wilson Donna M. , Shen Ye , Low Gail
Published: June 2018

Afin de mieux répondre aux préoccupations concernant l’utilisation intensive des hôpitaux par les personnes âgées et l’augmentation subséquente des listes d’attente et de l’attente dans les services de santé hospitaliers au Canada, les données anonymes individuelles des patients hospitalisés en 2014-2015 dans toutes les provinces et territoires (sauf le Québec) ont été analysées. Les personnes de plus de 65 ans composaient 37 % de tous les épisodes de consultation hospitalière et 41,5 % des admissions en soins spéciaux (unités de soins intensifs ou coronariens). De tous les individus admis, 32,8 % étaient des personnes âgées. Les données montrent aussi que seulement 14,3 % des aînés canadiens vivant à l’extérieur du Québec ont été admis à l’hôpital une ou plusieurs fois cette année. Cette étude indique que des problématiques qui ne sont pas liées à l’utilisation des hôpitaux par les personnes âgées devraient être prises en compte en priorité au Canada pour améliorer l’accessibilité aux soins hospitaliers. L’amélioration des soins aux personnes âgées est aussi indiquée, considérant le risque plus élevé d’admission ou de mort à l’hôpital, et leurs séjours plus longs en milieu hospitalier, qui pourraient être expliqués par un manque de services hospitaliers et communautaires adaptés aux aînés.
Staphylococcus aureusin the nose and throat of Iowan families
Authors: Hanson B. M. , Kates A. E. , O'Malley S. M. , Mills E. , Herwaldt L. A. , Torner J. C. , Dawson J. D. , Farina S. A. , Klostermann C. , Wu J. Y. , Quick M. K. , Forshey B. M. , Smith T. C.
Published: June 2018

The study objective was to determine the prevalence ofStaphylococcus aureuscolonisation in the nares and oropharynx of healthy persons and identify any risk factors associated with suchS. aureuscolonisation. In total 263 participants (177 adults and 86 minors) comprising 95 families were enrolled in a year-long prospective cohort study from one urban and one rural county in eastern Iowa, USA, through local newspaper advertisements and email lists and through the Keokuk Rural Health Study. Potential risk factors including demographic factors, medical history, farming and healthcare exposure were assessed. Among the participants, 25.4% of adults and 36.1% minors carriedS. aureusin their nares and 37.9% of adults carried it in their oropharynx. The overall prevalence was 44.1% among adults and 36.1% for minors. Having at least one positive environmental site forS. aureusin the family home was associated with colonisation (prevalence ratio: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07–1.66). The sensitivity of the oropharyngeal cultures was greater than that of the nares cultures (86.1% compared with 58.2%, respectively). In conclusion, the nares and oropharynx are both important colonisation sites for healthy community members and the presence ofS. aureusin the home environment is associated with an increased probability of colonisation.
Estimating the prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in New York City, 2015
Authors: Bocour A. , Greene S. K. , Laraque F. , Winters A.
Published: June 2018

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common blood-borne infection in the USA. Estimating prevalence is critical for monitoring diagnosis, treatment, and cure and for allocating resources. Surveillance data reported to the New York City (NYC) Health Department, 2000–2015, were used to estimate HCV prevalence in NYC in 2015. The numbers who died, out-migrated or whose last RNA test was negative were removed from the count of people reported with HCV. A simulation model was used to remove estimates of people whose infection spontaneously cleared or was cured and to add an estimate of people unaware of infection. The surveillance-based HCV prevalence in NYC in 2015 overall was 1.4% (95% certainty level (CL) 1.2–1.6%; n ≈ 116 000, 95% CL ≈99 000–135 000) and among adults aged ⩾20 years was 1.8% (95% CL 1.5–2.0%, n ≈ 115 000, 95% CL ≈99 000–134 000), lower than the 2010 estimate among adults aged ⩾20 years of 2.4% (n ≈ 147 000). Contributors to the decrease in HCV prevalence from 2010 to 2015 include both the availability of highly effective treatment and also deaths among an ageing population. The 2015 estimate can be used to set NYC-specific HCV screening and treatment targets and monitor progress towards HCV elimination.
Irish urban history: an agenda
Authors: HANNA ERIKA , BUTLER RICHARD
Published: June 2018

Modern Irish history is urban history. It is a story of the transferral of a populace from rural settlements to small towns and cities; of the discipline and regulation of society through new urban spaces; of the creation of capital through the construction of buildings and the sale of property. The history of Ireland has been overwhelmingly the history of land, but too often the emphasis has been on the field rather than the street, and on the small farmer instead of the urban shopkeeper. But the same questions of property run throughout Irish urban history from the early modern period to the contemporary, as speculators, businesses and government have attempted to convert land into profit, creating new buildings, streets and spaces, and coming into conflict with each other and other vested interests. Indeed, as recent work on Irish cities has shown, a turn to the urban history of Ireland provides a framework and a methodology for writing a textured and complex history of Ireland's distinctive engagement with modernity.
“Which Men?” How an Intersectional Perspective on Men and Masculinities Helps Explain Women's Political Underrepresentation
Authors: Childs Sarah , Hughes Melanie
Published: June 2018

Progress toward gender equality in politics is striking. With the help of electoral gender quotas in more than 130 countries, women's national legislative representation more than doubled in the last 20 years. Other historically marginalized groups—racial, ethnic, and religious minorities, immigrants, and indigenous peoples—are also increasingly making their way into our parliaments. Political institutions are, then, more inclusive today than they have ever been. Yet equal representation has not been fully realized: some marginalized groups have seen a decline, and men from dominant social and economic groups—hereafter “elite men”—remain numerically dominant. Globally, there are no known cases in which elite men do not hold a disproportionately high share of positions in national elective office (Hughes 2015).
Facets of Subjective Health Horizons Are Differentially Linked to Brain Volume
Authors: Düzel Sandra , Drewelies Johanna , Gerstorf Denis , Demuth Ilja , Kühn Simone , Lindenberger Ulman
Published: June 2018

Abstract. An active lifestyle including physical exercise and novelty processing is considered to promote brain health. Also, subjective future time perspectives (FTP) are known to shape motivation and goal-directed behavior, with links to objective health, well-being, and cognition. Nevertheless, the links between subjective FTP and brain physiology are largely unknown. We report data from 326 healthy older adults who completed the Subjective Health Horizon Questionnaire (SHH-Q) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed associations between (1) the SHH-Q Novelty factor and brain regions of the episodic memory network, and (2) the SHH-Q Body factor and regions contributing to the cortical representation of bodily states. Longitudinal and experimental data are needed to better understand the etiology of these links.
Suicide Prevention Training – Improving the Attitudes and Confidence of Rural Australian Health and Human Service Professionals
Authors: Ferguson Monika , Dollman James , Jones Martin , Cronin Kathryn , James Lynne , Martinez Lee , Procter Nicholas
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Background: Suicide rates are higher in rural and remote areas of Australia compared with major cities. Aim: To evaluate the impact of a brief, community-based suicide prevention educational intervention on the attitudes and confidence of rural South Australian health and human service professionals. Method: Participants attended a 1-day suicide prevention education program, and completed a survey at four time points: baseline (T1), immediately pretraining (T2), immediately posttraining (T3), and 4-month follow-up (T4). Main outcome measures were self-reported attitudes and confidence when working with people vulnerable to suicide. Results: A total of 248 people attended the training, with 213 participants completing the survey at T1, 236 at T2, 215 at T3, and 172 at T4. There were significant improvements in 11 of the 14 attitude items between T2 and T3 (immediate change), and between T1 and T4 (maintained change). Further, there were significant improvements in all four confidence items between T2 and T3, and T1 and T4. Limitations: Despite the repeated-measures design, findings are limited by the lack of a control group. Conclusion: Findings extend the international evidence by indicating the value of brief suicide prevention education for improving health and human service professionals' attitudes and confidence in rural Australia.
Modeling Long‐Term Permafrost Degradation
Authors: Nicolsky D. J. , Romanovsky V. E.
Published: June 2018

Permafrost, as an important part of the Cryosphere, has been strongly affected by climate warming, and a wide spread of permafrost responses to the warming is currently observed. In particular, at some locations rather slow rates of permafrost degradations are noticed. We related this behavior to the presence of unfrozen water in frozen fine‐grained earth material. In this paper, we examine not‐very‐commonly‐discussed heat flux from the ground surface into the permafrost and consequently discuss implications of the presence of unfrozen liquid water on long‐term thawing of permafrost. We conducted a series of numerical experiments and demonstrated that the presence of fine‐grained material with substantial unfrozen liquid water content at below 0°C temperature can significantly slow down the thawing rate and hence can increase resilience of permafrost to the warming events. This effect is highly nonlinear, and a difference between the rates of thawing in fine‐ and coarse‐grained materials is more drastic for lower values of heat flux incoming into permafrost. For high heat flux, the difference between these rates almost disappears. As near‐surface permafrost temperature increases towards 0°C and the changes in the ground temperature become less evident, the future observation networks should try to incorporate measurements of unfrozen liquid water content in the near‐surface permafrost and heat flux into permafrost in addition to the existing temperature observations.
Micromechanical resonator with dielectric nonlinearity
Authors: Mateen Farrukh , Boales Joseph , Erramilli Shyamsunder , Mohanty Pritiraj
Published: June 2018

Nonlinear response of dielectric polarization to electric field in certain media is the foundation of nonlinear optics. Optically, such nonlinearities are observed at high light intensities, achievable by laser, where atomic-scale field strengths exceeding 106–108 V/m can be realized. Nonlinear optics includes a host of fascinating phenomena such as higher harmonic frequency generation, sum and difference frequency generation, four-wave mixing, self-focusing, optical phase conjugation, and optical rectification. Even though nonlinear optics has been studied for more than five decades, such studies in analogous acoustic or microwave frequency ranges are yet to be realized. Here, we demonstrate a nonlinear dielectric resonator composed of a silicon micromechanical resonator with an aluminum nitride piezoelectric layer, a material known to have a nonlinear optical susceptibility. Using a novel multiport approach, we demonstrate second and third-harmonic generation, sum and difference frequency generation, and four-wave mixing. Our demonstration of a nonlinear dielectric resonator opens up unprecedented possibilities for exploring nonlinear dielectric effects in engineered structures with an equally broad range of effects such as those observed in nonlinear optics. Furthermore, integration of a nonlinear dielectric layer on a chip-scale silicon micromechanical resonator offers tantalizing prospects for novel applications, such as ultra high harmonic generation, frequency multipliers, microwave frequency-comb generators, and nonlinear microwave signal processing.
Machine learning modeling of superconducting critical temperature
Authors: Stanev Valentin , Oses Corey , Kusne A. Gilad , Rodriguez Efrain , Paglione Johnpierre , Curtarolo Stefano , Takeuchi Ichiro
Published: June 2018

Superconductivity has been the focus of enormous research effort since its discovery more than a century ago. Yet, some features of this unique phenomenon remain poorly understood; prime among these is the connection between superconductivity and chemical/structural properties of materials. To bridge the gap, several machine learning schemes are developed herein to model the critical temperatures (Tc) of the 12,000+ known superconductors available via the SuperCon database. Materials are first divided into two classes based on their Tc values, above and below 10 K, and a classification model predicting this label is trained. The model uses coarse-grained features based only on the chemical compositions. It shows strong predictive power, with out-of-sample accuracy of about 92%. Separate regression models are developed to predict the values of Tc for cuprate, iron-based, and low-T
c
compounds. These models also demonstrate good performance, with learned predictors offering potential insights into the mechanisms behind superconductivity in different families of materials. To improve the accuracy and interpretability of these models, new features are incorporated using materials data from the AFLOW Online Repositories. Finally, the classification and regression models are combined into a single-integrated pipeline and employed to search the entire Inorganic Crystallographic Structure Database (ICSD) for potential new superconductors. We identify >30 non-cuprate and non-iron-based oxides as candidate materials.
Reply to ‘Increased food supply mitigates ocean acidification effects on calcification but exacerbates effects on growth’
Authors: Ramajo Laura , Hendriks Iris E. , Lagos Nelson A. , Krause-Jensen Dorte , Marbà Núria , Sejr Mikael K. , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: June 2018

In the Brown et al. study ‘Increased food supply mitigates ocean acidification effects on calcification but exacerbates effects on growth’ they show disagreement with the tested hypothesis and data analysis methodology used in our 2016 study. We acknowledge careful criticism and a constructive dialogue are necessary to progress science and address these issues in this reply.

Replying to: Brown et al. Sci. Rep. 8 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28012-w.
Non-Linear Self-Heating in Organic Transistors Reaching High Power Densities
Authors: Klinger Markus P. , Fischer Axel , Kleemann Hans , Leo Karl
Published: June 2018

The improvement of the performance of organic thin-film transistors is driven by novel materials and improved device engineering. Key developments are a continuous increase of the charge carrier mobility, a scale-down of transistor dimensions, and the reduction of contact resistance. Furthermore, new transistor designs such as vertical devices are introduced to benefit from drastically reduced channel length while keeping the effort for structuring moderate. Here, we show that a strong electrothermal feedback occurs in organic transistors, ultimately leading to output characteristics with regions of S-shaped negative differential resistance. For that purpose, we use an organic permeable-base transistor (OPBT) with outstanding current densities, where a strong and reproducible, non-linear electrothermal feedback is revealed. We derive an analytical description of the temperature dependent current-voltage behavior and offer a rapid investigation method for material systems, where a temperature-activated conductivity can be observed.
Geodetic evidence for interconnectivity between Aira and Kirishima magmatic systems, Japan
Authors: Brothelande E. , Amelung F. , Yunjun Z. , Wdowinski S.
Published: June 2018

It is not known whether clustered or aligned volcanic edifices at the Earth surface have connected magmatic systems at depth. Previously suggested by geological records of paired eruptions, volcano interconnectivity still lacks proper geodetic evidence. Here we use GPS time-series and deformation modeling to show how Aira caldera and Kirishima, two adjacent volcanic centers in Kagoshima graben (southern Japan), interacted during Kirishima unrest in 2011. Whereas Aira caldera had been inflating steadily for two decades, it deflated during the eruption of Kirishima which started with a large-volume lava extrusion. This deflation, which cannot be explained by stress changes, is interpreted as the result of magma withdrawal from the Aira system during the Kirishima replenishment phase. This study highlights the behavior of connected neighboring volcanic systems before and after a large eruption, and the importance of taking into account volcano interactions in eruption probability models.
Interaction between the barley allelochemical compounds gramine and hordenine and artificial lipid bilayers mimicking the plant plasma membrane
Authors: Lebecque Simon , Crowet Jean-Marc , Lins Laurence , Delory Benjamin M. , du Jardin Patrick , Fauconnier Marie-Laure , Deleu Magali
Published: June 2018

Some plants affect the development of neighbouring plants by releasing secondary metabolites into their environment. This phenomenon is known as allelopathy and is a potential tool for weed management within the framework of sustainable agriculture. While many studies have investigated the mode of action of various allelochemicals (molecules emitted by allelopathic plants), little attention has been paid to their initial contact with the plant plasma membrane (PPM). In this paper, this key step is explored for two alkaloids, gramine and hordenine, that are allelochemicals from barley. Using in vitro bioassays, we first showed that gramine has a greater toxicity than hordenine towards a weed commonly found in northern countries (Matricaria recutita L.). Then, isothermal titration calorimetry was used to show that these alkaloids spontaneously interact with lipid bilayers that mimic the PPM. The greater impact of gramine on the thermotropic behaviour of lipids compared to hordenine was established by means of infrared spectroscopy. Finally, the molecular mechanisms of these interactions were explored with molecular dynamics simulations. The good correlation between phytotoxicity and the ability to disturb lipid bilayers is discussed. In this study, biophysical tools were used for the first time to investigate the interactions of allelochemicals with artificial PPM.
Downregulation of WNT11 is associated with bladder tissue fibrosis in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome without Hunner lesion
Authors: Choi Daeheon , Han Ju-Young , Shin Jung Hyun , Ryu Chae-Min , Yu Hwan Yeul , Kim Aram , Lee Seungun , Lim Jisun , Shin Dong-Myung , Choo Myung-Soo
Published: June 2018

This study assessed the functional role of WNT genes and the association between WNT signalling cascades and fibrosis in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) patients. Twenty-five patients (3 males, 22 females; mean age 59.7 ± 10.9 years), included 7 non-Hunner-type IC (NHIC), 18 Hunner-type IC (HIC), and 5 non-IC (control) groups. The expression of sonic hedgehog, WNT gene family, and genes previously reported as biomarkers for IC/BPS were examined using RT-PCR in biopsy specimens from the mucosa and submucosa layer of the bladder. WNT2B, WNT5A, WNT10A, and WNT11 functions in the urothelium were evaluated by silencing in an HBlEpC cell line. Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency Patient Symptom Scale scores, O’Leary-Sant Symptom and Problem Index scores, and Visual Analogue Scores did not differ between the NHIC and HIC groups. However, HIC patients had significantly shorter symptom duration (30.9 vs 70.8 months, p = 0.046), higher daily urinary frequency (16.1 versus 8.5 times, p = 0.006), and smaller bladder capacity (208.6 versus 361.4 ml, p = 0.006) than NHIC patients. Overall WNT gene expression was lower in NHIC than HIC patients. Bladder epithelial tissues from HIC patients were characterised by the downregulation of WNT11. Silencing of WNT11, WNT2B, WNT5A, and WNT10A in HBlEpCs resulted in fibrotic changes, indicated by fibrotic morphology, increased fibrosis-related gene expression, and nuclear localisation of phosphorylated SMAD2, and increased vimentin and fibronectin levels. Downregulation of WNT11 results in fibrotic changes of bladder epithelial cells and is associated with the pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of NHIC. Decreased expression of WNT11 is a potential biomarker for predicting NHIC.
The role of sentrin-specific protease 2 substrate recognition in TGF-β-induced tumorigenesis
Authors: Chang Che-Chang , Huang Yen-Sung , Lin Ying-Mei , Lin Chia-Ju , Jeng Jen-Chong , Liu Shin-Mei , Ho Tsai-Ling , Chang Ruei-Ting , Changou Chun A. , Ho Chun-Chen , Shih Hsiu-Ming
Published: June 2018

Smad4, a common-mediator of Smads, plays a central role in forming complexes with receptor-phosphorylated Smads, and then transduces transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signals into the nuclei. Although many cellular factors are involved in TGF-β induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration, very little is known with the mechanism of Smad4 regulation on pro-oncogenes response by TGF-β. Herein, we demonstrate the interaction of Sentrin-specific protease 2 (SENP2) with Smad4 through SENP2 residue 363~400. The same segment is also important for desumoylation of Smad4, and able to relieve sumoylation-mediated TGF-β repression. The SENP2363~400segment is critical for TGF-β-induced cell migration, which is correlated with SENP2363~400deletion mutant failed to increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and EMT marker gene expression. Moreover, our results suggest that the interaction and desumoylation between SENP2 and Smad4 promote cell migration in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Altogether, our data show how SENP2 regulates its substrate for desumoylation, and also the role of SENP2 in TGF-β induced cancer cell migration.