bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soundscapes
Authors: Benedict Cathy
Published: January 2021

Technology presents multiple ways for students to see and interact with their worlds and the worlds of others. Creating, manipulating, organizing, mixing, and remixing sounds supports opportunities for students in all grades to speak through and with sound in order to promote social awareness. Listening, as a complex and developed skill, is more than the taking in of presented information. Rather, listening is essential to the co-construction of a mutual relationship. Bringing the same kinds of listening and responding skills articulated throughout this book to the compositional process, this chapter introduces a rationale for creating soundscapes and presents a unit documenting a soundscape project that can be implemented with students of all ages.
It's a Setup
Authors: Black Timothy , Keyes Sky
Published: January 2021

The norms and expectations of father involvement have changed rapidly within one to two generations. Socially and economically marginalized fathers are being exposed to these messages through popular culture and the media; in state welfare, child protection, and probation offices; in jails, prisons, and post-release programs; and in child support and family courts. Moreover, they are being told that it is up to them to make better choices, to get themselves together, and to be involved fathers. Based on life history interviews with 138 low-income fathers, Black and Keyes show that fathers have internalized these messages and sound determined. After all, there is social worth in fatherhood, hope for creating meaningful lives or new beginnings, the fantasy of leaving something of value behind in the world, and a stake in resisting stigmatizing labels like the deadbeat dad. Most will, however, fall short for several reasons: first, while the expectations for father involvement were increasing, state and economic support for low-income families was decreasing; second, vulnerable fathers often lack viable models to guide them; third, living in dangerous neighborhoods compromises fatherhood and leaves fathers at odds with dominant institutional narratives about being nurturing fathers; and fourth, the dark side of poverty, inscribed on bodies and minds, leaves some struggling with childhood traumas and unhealthy routines to mitigate or numb these painful developmental disruptions. Consequently, the authors assert that without transformative economic, political, and social change that would facilitate and support engaged and nurturing fatherhood, these fathers are being “set up.”
“It’s the Economy, Stupid”
Authors: Black Timothy , Keyes Sky
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, the authors describe the effects that neoliberal economic restructuring has had on the earning potential of men at the bottom of the labor force. Pushed into low-wage full-time employment that falls far short of meeting family needs or into part-time employment, or even out of the labor force, these men struggle to contribute as providers, and as fathers more generally. Financial stress in family relationships has become less episodic and more permanent, while marriage has ceased to be a viable institution in economically unstable social circumstances. The jobless recovery of the early part of the decade and the Great Recession at the end help us to see family vulnerability in a neoliberal context.
What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Authors: Hammel Alice M. , Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: January 2021

To truly understand a child with autism, music educators must understand the diagnosis and features of autism. This chapter includes the following topics: diagnostic information, characteristics and features of autism, and typical interventions and treatment modes.
Understanding the Socialization of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Hammel Alice M. , Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: January 2021

Students with autism often are challenged in the area of social skills and social development. This chapter highlights the following areas of concern for students with autism in the music classroom: the fundamentals of social development; socialization strategies in the music classroom; strategies for extending joint attention and eye contact in the music classroom; peer relationships and affective development; and reverse inclusion. Teacher vignettes are included for application examples.
Advocacy for Students with Autism in Music Education
Authors: Hammel Alice M. , Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: January 2021

Music students with autism are frequently placed in music learning environments not conducive to their needs. Music educators must advocate for the most appropriate learning environment for their students. This chapter focuses on establishing relationships with parents, special educators, special education administrators, and classroom teachers to advocate for the most appropriate learning environment. In addition, this chapter focuses on understanding the necessary components of the musical learning environment for students with ASD and reaching out to community organizations for educational support.
Introduction
Authors: Ibrahim Celene
Published: January 2021

The book’s introduction provides a comprehensive listing of female figures in the Qur’an. This includes references to the family members of Qur’anic prophets—figures who feature as mothers, wives, daughters, and extended female kin. It situates each Qur’anic female figure vis-à-vis other figures along the narrative arc from the genesis of humanity, through the ancient peoples and their prophets, to the advent of the Qur’an in Arabia. The listing also includes categories of paradisal beings and women figures who are alluded to but not depicted directly. In addition, the book’s introduction outlines how retelling the sacred past generates a new sacred present that is affective and didactic. It discusses relevant rhetorical and stylistic elements of the Qur’an, considers competing methodological trends in Qur’anic studies, and summarizes some of the work’s broader implications for feminist and female-centric exegesis.
Female Sex and Sexuality
Authors: Ibrahim Celene
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses Qur’anic concepts related to sex and sexuality and considers how sex, as a feature of embodiment and as an act of intimacy, factors into Qur’anic narratives. It delineates concepts such as “female,” “woman,” and “wife,” and gives attention to Qur’anic notions of virginity and beauty. The chapter points out the many provocative juxtapositions between female figures, the situations that they navigate, and the moral valences of their actions and intentions. It demonstrates how the issue of illicit sex is a major human dilemma in the Qur’anic worldview, both for the chaste who are unjustly accused of illicit sex and for immoral people who create havoc for themselves and others through their profligacy and moral bankruptcy. On the other hand, the Qur’an does not emphasize the trope of the seductress; of the dozens of female figures mentioned in the Qur’an, only one plays this role, and even she can be directly contrasted to women in similar, potentially compromising situations who take the morally sound course of action. Qur’anic terminology for paradisal beings and the possibility of sex in paradise is also discussed.
Female Kin, Procreation, and Parenting
Authors: Ibrahim Celene
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides a female-centric lens on kinship relations in the Qur’an. It considers Qur’anic depictions of mothers, grandmothers, daughters, and sisters. In addition to many general descriptions of childbearing, childrearing, and parent–child relationships, the Qur’an includes figures that epitomize nearly all of the different constellations of parent–child relationships, including foster mother figures and their sons (Joseph and Moses) and a father figure with his foster daughter (Mary). The Qur’an consistently depicts daughters and sisters as morally upright, while by contrast, it contains multiple narratives of sons and boys who are morally corrupt. Qur’anic narratives depict several female figures leveraging their kinship networks to the benefit of vulnerable male figures in distress. The chapter provides detailed intra-textual analysis of concepts related to female reproduction, including the womb and motherhood.
Conclusion
Authors: Ibrahim Celene
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of Qur’anic depictions of women and girl figures. Overall, the Qur’an has a heterogeneity of female figures; there is no single archetypal female. Rather, figures fall on a spectrum between pious and impious, insightful and ignorant, commanding and timid, old and young, famous and obscure, and so forth. Taken as a whole, Qur’anic narratives involving female figures offer a values-based paradigm in which the Qur’anic reader, reciter, or listener is invited to scale up her own virtue against the personalities of sacred history. Women figures, although never explicitly named as prophets or messengers, often function to confirm God’s Word and promises, even in ways that men figures do not. Women consistently play pivotal roles in narratives of sacred history and in the revelation of the Qur’an itself.
The Adaptable Mind
Authors: Zerilli John
Published: January 2021

What conception of mental architecture can survive the evidence of neuroplasticity and neural reuse in the human brain? In particular, what sorts of modules are compatible with this evidence? This book shows how developmental and adult neuroplasticity, as well as evidence of pervasive neural reuse, force a revision to the standard conceptions of modularity and spell the end of a hardwired and dedicated language module. It argues from principles of both neural reuse and neural redundancy that language is facilitated by a composite of modules (or module-like entities), few if any of which are likely to be linguistically special, and that neuroplasticity provides evidence that (in key respects and to an appreciable extent) few if any of them ought to be considered developmentally robust, though their development does seem to be constrained by features intrinsic to particular regions of cortex (manifesting as domain-specific predispositions or acquisition biases). In the course of doing so, the book articulates a schematically and neurobiologically precise framework for understanding modules and their supramodular interactions.
Modules Reconsidered
Authors: Zerilli John
Published: January 2021

In recent decades, neuroscience has challenged the orthodox account of the modular mind. One way of meeting this challenge has been to go for increasingly “soft” versions of modularity, and one version in particular, the “system” view, is so soft that it promises to meet practically any challenge neuroscience can throw at it. But an account of the mind that tells us that the mind can do different things, even interesting things, is not itself necessarily an interesting account. This chapter considers afresh what ought to be regarded as the sine qua non of modularity, and offers a few arguments against the view that an insipid “system” module could be the legitimate successor of the traditional notion.
Introduction
Authors: Evener Vincent
Published: January 2021

Sixteenth-century church reformers needed not only to define the content and sources of truth, but also to teach Christians how to discern between truth and falsehood and how to shape their lives accordingly. This study of Martin Luther and his first intra-Reformation critics, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt and Thomas Müntzer, shows that each connected suffering and truth, drawing upon teachings about annihilation of the self and union with God found in the Eckhartian mystical tradition. At the same time, Luther, Karlstadt, and Muntzer understood the concepts of annihilation and union differently, and each worked to form Christians into distinct kinds of ecclesial-political actors. The reformers not only democratized mysticism, as some scholars have recognized, but they used mysticism in the service of division—to define true versus false faith and doctrine, and to teach discernment of true versus false teaching and teachers. Such arguments required a sophisticated conception of false suffering that dismissed opponents’ suffering as a mere show or as suffering in the service of falsehood. This book seeks to bridge a gap between classical Reformation scholarship and more recent studies of discipline, asking how reformers wanted to equip Christians for discernment and self-discipline. Suffering especially threatened to unmoor self-discipline and cloud discernment.
Introduction
Authors: McManus Laurie
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter establishes foundations of the book: who formed the priesthood of art (Johannes Brahms, Clara Schumann, Amalie Joachim, Joseph Joachim) and the birth of artistic priesthood from the art-religious spirit of German Romanticism in the early nineteenth century. In particular, this chapter introduces the notion that the artistic priesthood occupied a kind of alternative gendered space—neither fully masculine nor feminine—and that desirable characteristics of an artistic priest (devotion, humility, spiritial leadership) could be gendered in various ways in musical-critical discourse. After midcentury, changes in music aesthetics and gender roles created pressure to understand Romantic notions of musical priesthood as antiquated and outmoded. In short, Brahms offers a case study in the intersection of art-religious values with a gender dichotomy that became increasingly prescriptive over the second half of the nineteenth century.
Epilogue
Authors: McManus Laurie
Published: January 2021

This brief epilogue addresses the relationship—historical and present—between the exclusivity of the priestly performing persona and the development and perpetuation of canonical compositions. The author suggests that the two reinforce each other; Clara Schumann’s status as a priestess was informed by her selection of certain repertoire, but at the same time her “restrained” performance of the pieces helped mark them as serious works worthy of preservation. Jumping to today’s world of performance, the author analyzes the rhetoric in a New York Times article by Anthony Tommasini comparing two young pianists. The juxtaposition of these sources suggests that some nineteenth-century values of priestly performance, such as “seriousness” and “modesty,” still inform music criticism today.
Planning for Growth and Development
Authors: Datta K. L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter spells out the process of Plan formulation in India since Independence, with its turns and twists, to maximize the rate of economic growth, ensure its sustainability, and improve the standard of living of the people. It delineates the change in form and content of planning from state control on economic activities to neo-liberal economic reform measures, which placed reliance on market mechanism. Describing the roles of central and state governments in the formulation of Five Year Plans, it outlines the proactive role of the state in the pre-reform period. It shows how under economic reform, the space of production and trade relinquished by the state was filled by the private sector, and the major responsibility of growth was transferred to it. It summarizes the role of planning in a market economy and indicates certain issues, which make state intervention in markets a justifiable necessity.
Mathematical Models behind the Five Year Plans
Authors: Datta K. L.
Published: January 2021

Mathematical models have been used to spell out development priorities and determine sectoral growth profiles in the Five Year Plans. The models used in the pre-reform period belong to the family of growth and investment model. This chapter discusses the basic features of the Mahalanobis model, which was used in the Second Plan, and describes the manner in which input–output based consistency models were used in the Fifth to the Eighth Plans. It gives an overview of the macroeconomic model and input–output model used in Plan formulation in the period of economic reform. The idea is to enable the general readers to be acquinted with the manner and method of employing these models in different stages of Plan formulation, and to understand how intuitively the targets in different areas and sectors of the economy are fixed.
Growth and Development in Pre-reform Period
Authors: Datta K. L.
Published: January 2021

The first four decades of planning are characterized by rigid state control and regulation on economic activities. This period witnessed the syndrome of low savings–investment and low growth rate. This chapter makes a crtitical assessment of the features of planning and concludes that the state control and regulation retarded the growth rate in this period, especially in industries. Observing that the policies in this four-decade period traversed from forceful attempts by the state to capture the commanding heights of the economy and nationalization of private enterprises in the 1960s and 1970s to initiate measures to widen the scope of the private sector and extending its area of operation in economic activities in the 1980s, it goes on to detail some of the events, which placed the Indian economy on a sound footing despite the average growth rate being low.
Indian Economy in the 2010s
Authors: Datta K. L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter deals with the state of the Indian economy in the 2010s. The growth scenario in the 2010s began with a promising note but ended in disappointment. The annual growth rate is U-shaped in the first half while downward sloping in second half. The first half depicted high inflation and policy paralysis, whereas second half witnessed low inflation and policy activism. It argues that retardation of growth rate in second half is a part of cyclical process, but it may take more time to recover because the government has taken certain decisions, whch are akin to throwing spanners to growth and also there is misplaced emphasis in areas that lost the focus on growth. It suggests simultaneous use of monetary and fiscal policies to lift the growth rate to the medium-term trend, and comments that the decline in growth has impacted adversely on employment and poverty.
China in the Popular Imagination
Authors: Yang Anand A.
Published: January 2021

The crisis in China at the turn of the twentieth century, beginning with the Boxer Uprising and the ensuing International Expedition, elicited tremendous sympathy and support for China and the Chinese from people in India. As contemporary books and articles highlighted in this chapter show, China exerted a powerful hold over the popular imagination in India because its people saw themselves and their experiences as colonized subjects reflected in the tumultuous events in China. Vernacular newspapers in Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu echoed similar concerns and sympathies; their reports on China also invariably sided with their Asian neighbour and lamented the growing might and influence of Western powers in the region. Many voices also expressed concern that the colonization of China would mean the end of an Asia they envisioned themselves part of, with ties particularly strong and intimate with China because the two countries were bound together by geography, history, civilization, and the shared experience of Western imperialism and colonialism.
The Chinese Intrigue in Kalimpong
Authors: Sen Tansen
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Kalimpong, a small Himalayan town located in northern West Bengal, India. In the mid-1940s, the British intelligence officials in India identified trade through Kalimpong into Tibet as an activity that required surveillance and inspection. These officials produced detailed records on the types of commodity traded, volume of trade, diverse groups traders, and smuggling of goods. Such surveillance and intelligence gathering continued after the establishment of independent India in 1947. The intelligence officials paid special attention to individuals in Kalimpong suspected as spies for the Chinese government, both the Kuomintang and the People’s Republic of China. Using these intelligence records, the chapter analyses the portrayal of Kalimpong as a site of covert and clandestine activity. It spotlights several individuals who were identified as ‘Chinese agents’, the complicated and problematic nature of intelligence gathering and recording, the arbitrariness of the categories ‘Chinese’, ‘Tibetan’, and ‘Indian’ in a place such as Kalimpong, and the ways in which the changing geopolitical relationship between India and China in the late 1950s impacted Kalimpong and its Chinese residents.
Epilogue
Authors: Duara Prasenjit
Published: January 2021

The China–India field of study is a now a booming industry. Both comparisons and connections between the two giants are being researched and commented upon; more recently the relationship is being viewed in terms of their regional and global impact (Sen 2017). Why this is happening seems obvious enough, even if there are protests that such a procedure may be methodologically unsound. While population size (including the combined population), long histories, and broadly parallel modern developments are often cited to validate the study, the critics invoke the Himalayan barrier over millennia, entirely different political and social systems, and, not least, the vastly greater size of the contemporary Chinese economy compared to the Indian one....
Migrant City, Tribal Territory
Authors: Kikon Dolly , McDuie-Ra Duncan
Published: January 2021

This chapter unravels the core tensions at the heart of Dimapur’s urban politics, the growth of a migrant city in a tribal territory. Beginning with the public lynching of rape accused Syed Farid Khan, we analyse the centrality of the incident to Dimapur’s demographic anxieties. Dimapur is a space settled from multiple directions by different communities (tribal and non-tribal) that engage in a variety of tactics turning settlements into neighbourhoods. We focus on place-making in Dimapur to explore the ways in which different communities from within and outside Nagaland create a sense of belonging in patches of the city, arguing that the tensions between migrant city and tribal territory produce and reflect a spatial order particular to Dimapur. This order appears cosmopolitan, though as the lynching showed, it can also be extremely fragile.
Huntingscape
Authors: Kikon Dolly , McDuie-Ra Duncan
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the recasting of Naga hunting traditions in the city. Dimapur is an enclave of tribal territory surrounded by Assam on three sides. Hunting expeditions bring hunters from the city into Assam’s territory, where they come into contact with different security forces, other hunters, insurgents, and otherworldly spirits. And while intergenerational change and urbanization have reduced the desire to hunt, for many urban residents hunting is a way to maintain their connections to the village, blurring urban and rural boundaries. Meanwhile in the city, the debate on selling dog meat has reconfigured human–animal relationships in a different way. The pressure to ban the sale of dog meat and make Dimapur more city-like has been met with both opposition and approval. The dog meat debate demonstrates that the fringes (where hunters live) and the centre (of trade and market) are both founded on tribal authority and identity, with the urban landscape taking form around these.
Dying in Dimapur
Authors: Kikon Dolly , McDuie-Ra Duncan
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines living and dying in Dimapur as a place-making practice. The ambiguities of belonging emerge in death, as relatives want the bodies sent back to ancestral villages. In this sense, Dimapur remains a migrant city where a sense of impermanence always dwells among the numerous tribal residents settled here. Increasing numbers of Nagas living in Dimapur are not associated with their ancestral villages in their everyday lives. Yet, conversation about dying in the city presents a compelling portrait of tribal alienation, exclusion, and disenchantments of modern living. The chapter explores death in different locations and sites within the city, from a tribal women’s association meeting, to reflections on an NSCN-IM leader’s funeral, to the memorial schools and parks (dedicated to the deceased) that have been built across the city, to the philosophy and life-story of one of the city’s coffin-makers.
Among Independent India’s Young Archaeologists
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at independent India’s young archaeologists who imbibed the basics of the discipline in the field and not within the portals of a university under the tutelage of Mortimer Wheeler. Madhusudan Narhar Deshpande was one of them. This was a watershed moment because never before had such a sizeable brood – of some 125 students or so – trained simultaneously and in a uniform way in the field. Deshpande’s family background in Rahimatpur, his education – from Pune to Taxila – and training, especially under H.D. Sankalia (the doyen of post-independence Indian archaeology) as also how a scholar who had the makings of a Jainologist became an archaeologist, are explored here. Simultaneously, the chapter looks at those who formed part of the cohort at Taxila. As it reveals, the relationships in the field were cemented by similar professional paths as a consequence of which, this bunch of archaeologists climbed the ladder of advancement more or less in tandem.
A Life in Public Archaeology
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the various dimensions of the professional life of an Archaeological Survey of India’s Superintendent of Archaeology ranging from conserving monuments to undertaking field work, from dealing with antiquities in the field to engaging with village and city folk, bureaucrats and politicians. Unlike university men and women, such government people were public archaeologists in the sense that they dealt with all kinds of grass roots challenges that monument administration and research involved. Deshpande’s early years in different parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka was centrally of this type, with the conservation of Gol Gumbad being a professional landmark. About a decade after this, his conservation work at another renowned medieval complex, Delhi’s Qutb Minar would earn the Archaeological Survey laurels. It was also during these years that Deshpande’s abiding obsession with shrines and monasteries in the Western rock-cut caves began and included work at Bhaja, Pitalkohora, Ajanta and Ellora where apart from making new discoveries, he also undertook extensive conservation work.
Director General Deshpande
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

Deshpande’s years as director-general of the Archaeological Survey (1972-1978) forms the focus of this chapter. A lot of what Deshpande presided over was familiar territory, the sort of work which he had done earlier. The direction of research of the Archaeological Survey of India in the fields of prehistory and historical research is specially highlighted because this evidently shows that it was not merely the Harappan Civilization that it concerned itself with, as is so often thought. At the same time, as the chapter demonstrates, there was much that now happened in terms of monument conservation because of the interest taken by politicians. The protection of Hari Parbat in Srinagar because of Sheikh Abdullah, the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir, and the interest of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in safeguarding India’s heritage are discussed here. These were, in fact, challenging times for the Archaeological Survey in terms of its public image and in Deshpande’s tenure, there was relentless parliamentary and public scrutiny of the organization. All of this is carefully examined in this analysis of the years that Deshpande spent at the helm of the Archaeological Survey.
Bahal 1952–3
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This is an unpublished extract from a report on the work done by the author at the site of Bahal in Maharashtra.
Bhaja
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

Two dedicatory inscriptions discovered at Bhaja form the subject of this article. These are on wooden ribs have a close affinity, calligraphically, with Ashokan edicts. These are the earliest epigraphs on wood found in India.
Ajanta Caves
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

The historical features of Ajanta caves form the theme of this article. Its locational significance in relation to ancient trade routes and the allusions to descriptions of the place in epigraphs of Vakataka times, the habitation less than a kilometre from the caves and the circumstances which led to the development of this cave architecture as also the range of patrons who made donations, figure here.
Some Aspects of Folk Religion in the Konkana and Desh Regions of Maharashtra
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

The earliest perceptible remnants of folk religion in the form of archaeological evidence is examined here. These range from ithyphallic specimens in chalcolithic Daimabad to the representation of deities such as Yakshas, Nagas and mother goddesses in Buddhist caves. The continuities in modern times that are extensively mentioned here makes this a reading that is of interest for understanding folk religion across time.
The Siva Temple at Bhojpur
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

The methods used for constructing a temple, as seen from the remains of a ramp and etchings on rocks at the Siva temple in Bhojpur, are the subject matter of this article. This archaeological evidence is also juxtaposed with that from regions like Rajasthan, Orissa, and Tamil Nadu and includes not just what is known about temples but also with the Taj Mahal, where a drawing of its spire is known to have been found.
Monuments and the Child
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

How visits to monuments should be planned for children in order to make them imbibe a proper appreciation of archaeology and its facets is explained in this article.
Unearthing the Past
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This wide-ranging interview with M.N. Deshpande reveals how Deshpande looked back at his own life as an archaeologist and the pleasures and challenges of his chosen field.
Empire of Ruins
Authors: Orvell Miles
Published: January 2021

Empire of Ruins explores the meaning of ruins in American culture, from the mid-nineteenth century to the twenty-first century, arguing that photographs have been the chief means by which the significance of ruins has been created in American culture. The book traces a historical argument that begins in the nineteenth century, when Americans yearned for the ruins of Europe, then moves to the discovery of Native American ruins in the Southwest. Later chapters explore the visualization of inner city ruins, abandoned factories, and shopping malls, and the “creative destruction” of buildings in order to make way for bigger ones. In addition, it analyzes the imagery of the 9/11 World Trade Center disaster; the ruins of the industrial landscape through mining operations; the ruins created by natural disasters like Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy; and the ruins produced by climate change, including the melting of the ice caps. Empire of Ruins considers, in conclusion, the way the picturing of ruins has served to mark revolutionary moments in political culture, symbolizing the choices societies must make.
Empire of Ruins focuses mainly on photography, but it encompasses painting, literature, and popular films as well, in order to provide a larger picture of the cultural meaning of ruins. At the same time, it examines the powerful aesthetic attraction of ruin imagery in photographs and films, showing how the Destructive Sublime, a new category of experience, evokes contrary responses in viewers.
In Search of History
Authors: Orvell Miles
Published: January 2021

The first chapter explores how American intellectuals like Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry James imagined ruins in terms of European culture, holding them to be the mark of distinction. America’s lack of such ruins was a sign of our cultural impoverishment. They, and photographers like William James Stillman, were deeply attracted to classical ruins. Meanwhile, American explorers were discovering ancient ruins in the United States—like the remains of the Mound Builders civilization—and the ancient remains of Mayan civilization in the Yucatan. The picturing of these ruins radically changed the sense of how old the American continent was. At the same time, these American ruins were perceived through the screen of Old World ruins, as early explorers saw them in relation to Egyptian pyramids. The romance of Mayan ruins has long remained a magnet even for avant-garde artists like Robert Smithson, who traveled to Yucatan to engage in the ancient New World.
Pueblo Utopias
Authors: Orvell Miles
Published: January 2021

The chapter expands upon the “Romance of Ruins” by considering the meaning of Native American ruins and the impact they have had on the idea of “American” culture. Early explorers like William Henry Jackson, Frederick Chapin, and Gustaf Nordenskiöld photographed the civilizations of the Anasazi, including the cliff dwellers, for the first time, igniting great interest among the general public. Their discoveries appeared in the popular press and were presented at World Expositions, while novelists like Willa Cather incorporated the meaning of the Mesa Verde in fiction (e.g., The Professor’s House). Cather’s utopian view of pueblo culture is echoed in the work of early twentieth-century photographers like Laura Gilpin, who found in the ancient ruins of the Southwest and Central America, symbols of ideal civilization. Meanwhile, architect Mary Colter created ersatz ruins in the Grand Canyon National Park that would serve as emblems of the lost civilization and as tourist attractions.
Atomic War and the Destructive Sublime
Authors: Orvell Miles
Published: January 2021

This chapter on atomic ruins begins with a discussion of the bomb itself and the iconic form of the mushroom cloud, which quickly emerged from photographs of the explosion. The photography of nuclear war is considered in the work of Japanese photographers like Yamahata and Matsushige, whose horrifying images of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki blasts eventually were shown in the pages of Life magazine after the ban was lifted. Edward Steichen’s celebrated Family of Man exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art is considered in terms of the image of the hydrogen bomb and its later disappearance from the book version of the show. The post-atomic response of artists like Isozaki is examined, along with American photographers who pictured the Southwest US testing grounds in stunning photographs that explored ways of imaging the unimaginable. How beautiful was the bomb itself? Michael Light’s collection of imagery and related museum exhibitions have shown us the ambiguities of viewing the Destructive Sublime.
Framing the Postmodern Waste Land
Authors: Orvell Miles
Published: January 2021

The “Postmodern Waste Land” explores the way mining operations and other industrial processes have affected the Earth’s surface, leaving scarred mountainsides, polluted rivers, and residual poisons that will remain in the earth for centuries. Superfund sites are the subject of David T. Hanson’s photographic surveys, while Edward Burtynsky has dramatized the way the wilderness has been destroyed through oil drilling and mining. The earlier history of ecological photography is covered as well, through a discussion of the opposing strategies of mid-twentieth century environmental photography—on one hand, the representation of the exploited landscape, and on the other hand the celebration of the natural world, as in photographs of Ansel Adams.
What the Ur-crustacean Looked Like
Authors: Richter Stefan , Wirkner Christian
Published: January 2021

Crustaceans are a paraphyletic assemblage within arthropods. Hexapoda (insects) are nested within crustaceans, with the Remipedia the most likely sister group to Hexapoda. Together, crustaceans and hexapods comprise the monophyletic Tetraconata (also called Pancrustacea). Herein, we “reconstruct” the last common ancestor of crown group Tetraconata, calling it the ur-crustacean. We base our reconstruction on knowledge of extant crustaceans. We tentatively suggest that the ur-crustacean displayed certain characters: The ur-crustacean was a free-living marine species with a distinct head and equipped with two pairs of sensory limbs (antennule and antenna), mandibles, and two more pairs of mouthparts (maxillule and maxilla). We suggest that no further segments were fused to the head and that no maxilliped was present. The ur-crustacean may or may not have possessed a carapace. Its brain was complex, with an extended olfactory system, possibly a central complex, and a lateral protocerebrum containing at least two optical neuropils. The protocerebrum was connected to a nauplius eye as well as to compound eyes. The ur-crustacean might have had a uniformly segmented trunk posterior to its five-segmented head or (less probably) may have possessed two tagmata, a limb-bearing thorax and a limb-less abdomen. It had a heart that might have extended right through the trunk independently of tagmatization. Its thoracopodal appendages were true arthropodal (consisting of podomeres) with a protopod (probably subdivided into coxa and basis), an exopod, and an endopod. Larval development started with a nauplius larva (probably an orthonauplius).
Conquering the Ocean Depths Over Three Geological Eras
Authors: Riehl Torben , Brandão Simone Nunes , Brandt Angelika
Published: January 2021

The deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth, but it is the least accessible and comprehensible. This apparently harsh environment is inhabited by Crustacea of diverse evolutionary lineages that have, to various degrees, evolved uniquely specialized morphologies and lifestyles. Following a century of debate about the antiquity of the deep-sea fauna, studies of Crustacea reveal that the faunas of the deep and shallow oceans have been continuously and repeatedly exchanged, probably since the Mid-Paleozoic. Deep-sea colonization and subsequent diversification has occurred across many crustacean lineages, during several periods, and may still be underway. Despite a commonly held view that shallow–deep phylogenetic relationships are unidirectional, there is also evidence for evolutionary emergence from the abyss into shallower zones. As a result, the present-day fauna represents an amalgamation of clades of various ages. Environmental factors such as pressure, temperature, and energy supply differ substantially between shallow- and deep-water layers, creating gradients that pose important ramifications for crustacean physiology. Consequently, depth-range expansions require adaptations, which may lead to peculiar phenomena such as gigantism and dwarfism, as well as diverse crustacean radiations.
Biogeography and Host Usage of Coral-Associated Crustaceans: Barnacles, Copepods, and Gall Crabs as Model Organisms
Authors: Chan Benny K. K. , Wong Kingsley J. H. , Cheng Yu-Rong
Published: January 2021

Most of the diverse groups of crustaceans associated with scleractinian and fire corals form symbiotic relationship with their coral hosts. Coral-associated barnacles include species from the orders Acrothoracica and Thoracica. Most of the coral-associated barnacles belong to the family Pyrgomatidae in Thoracica. Within Pyrgomatidae, the subfamily Ceratoconchinae contains mostly extant species and is present from Florida through the Caribbean to Brazilian waters. The subfamily Megatrematinae has lower species diversity and has a cosmopolitan distribution (except the Eastern Pacific). The Pyrgomatinae are the most species-rich subfamily and distributed only in Indo-West Pacific waters. Host usage of pyrgomatinid barnacles varies spatially, probably related to coral host diversity. Copepods are the most common and most abundant coral-associated crustaceans, often associated with scleractinian, gorgonian, and alcyonacean corals. More than 90% of coral-associated copepods are endemic to the Indo-West Pacific. In contrast, only a few species (<10%) have been discovered from the Atlantic due to several historical perturbations reducing the diversity of their coral hosts. The communities of coral-associated copepods thus show dramatic differences between geographic regions, notably between the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. Brachyurans of the family Cryptochiridae (gall crabs) are obligate associates or parasites, of scleractinian coral hosts in tropical and subtropical seas, being a monophyletic group of only 52 species, from the intertidal to the deep sea (to 512 m) habitats with most (46) recorded in the seas of the tropical Indo-West Pacific and none being cosmopolitan. Atlantic species of Cryptochiridae, apparently not phylogenetically related, display less strict host specificity than their Indo-West Pacific counterparts. Current phylogenetic understandings of the group remain preliminary, while one consistent Indo-West Pacific clade reflects rapid species diversification during the last ~15 million years.
Invasion of the Poles
Authors: Legeżyńska Joanna , De Broyer Claude , Węsławski Jan Marcin
Published: January 2021

Polar Crustacea show high taxonomic and functional diversity and hold crucial roles within regional food webs. Despite the differences in the evolutionary history of the two Polar regions, present data suggest rather similar species richness, with over 2,250 taxa recorded in the Antarctic and over 1,930 noted in the Arctic. A longer duration of isolated evolution resulted in a high percentage of endemic species in the Antarctic, while the relatively young Arctic ecosystem, subjected to advection from adjacent seas, shows a very low level of endemism. Low temperatures and seasonal changes of food availability have a strong impact on polar crustacean life histories, resulting in their slow growth and development, extended life cycles, and reproduction well synchronized with annual peaks of primary production. Many species, Antarctic amphipods in particular, exhibit a clear tendency to attain large size. In both regions, abundant populations of pelagic grazers play a pivotal role in the transport of energy and nutrients to higher trophic levels. The sea-ice habitat unique to polar seas supports a wide range of species, with euphausiids and amphipods being the most important in terms of biomass in the Antarctic and Arctic, respectively. Deep sea fauna remains poorly studied, with new species being collected on a regular basis. Ongoing processes, namely a decline of sea-ice cover, increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation, and invasions of sub-polar species, are likely to reshape crustacean communities in both Polar regions.
Colonization of Coastal and Estuarine Environments
Authors: Staton Joseph L. , Canada Brian A. , Borgianini Stephen A. , Barkel Karen M.
Published: January 2021

Coastal and estuarine environments are some of the best-known and most well-studied ecosystems in the world in that these regions lie in close proximity to much of the world’s human population. The crustaceans that inhabit these environments, both as adults and larvae, are adapted to the high productivity that characterizes such areas. We summarize their adaptations and behaviors and the physical characteristics of coastal zones and estuaries in shallower waters (<200 m). In an attempt to objectively review worldwide diversity and endemism within the Crustacea from coastal and estuarine environments, we have used open access global collection data and developed a novel application of an informatics principle (term frequency-inverse document frequency [TF-IDF]) to identify regions with unique faunal assemblages that typify some coastal, shallow waters to assess potential endemism (as assessed by our technique) across groups at differing taxonomic levels. Crustaceans, as a whole, show highest species richness and endemism in three clusters (using the TF-IDF assessment): the eastern temperate north Atlantic, the western temperate north Atlantic, and the western tropical south Pacific. Peracarid and decapod species dominate the collection data, making up 94% of all species analyzed. Peracarids dominate species richness across all temperate zones, yet their highest predicted coastal endemism appears in the eastern north Atlantic by our index. Our analyses using this new method focused on species from less than 200 m depth worldwide. Upcoming impacts of changing sea levels and increases in global temperature will likely have their greatest impact on the fauna of these zones.
Intertidal to Abyss: Crustaceans and Depth
Authors: McCallum Anna , Riehl Torben
Published: January 2021

Crustaceans occur from the shelf to hadal depths, but the immense environmental change that occurs along this depth gradient results in significant faunal change. One well-established pattern is the dramatic decline in biomass with depth, a result of an exponential decline in food availability. Average body size becomes smaller, despite observations of deep-sea gigantism in some crustaceans. Crustacean species tend to occupy a limited depth range, resulting in high faunal turnover. The depths of the greatest faunal turnover vary widely throughout the oceans, and there do not appear to be distinct bathymetric “zones” at ocean-wide scales. Molecular research at the species level confirms that small bathymetric changes are often more significant at promoting population differentiation than geographic distance. Observation of crustaceans in the laboratory demonstrates that the interaction between pressure and temperature is likely to act together in limiting the bathymetric range of many species. Debate continues around species richness and diversity gradients, and it remains unclear whether there are more crustacean species on the shelf compared to bathyal depths. Diversity patterns vary between taxa. Decapods are species rich on the shelf and upper slope and less so in the abyss. Isopods show high bathyal diversity, although this pattern varies between regions. For other crustaceans, it is difficult to make generalizations on diversity gradients as there are fewer studies, and results vary depending on geographic region and the method used to estimate diversity and richness. In cumaceans, amphipods. and harpacticoids, species richness is often highest on the shelf, while maximum species diversity occurs in deeper water. Food availability and temperature are good correlates for depth-diversity gradients.