bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memories of a time forgotten: the myth of the perennial nation
Authors: PANTELIĆ BRATISLAV
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT. This article questions the persistent view of the Balkans as a place where ethnic and national identities were sustained over centuries of Ottoman and Habsburg rule. It concentrates on the Serbian historical narrative and challenges the picture of the Serbs as an ethnic community who gathered around their bards and priests to cherish memories of their ancient kingdom. Rather, it is argued that we can speak of two competing narratives, one ecclesiastical and the other vernacular, neither of which was even remotely national or historical, and that the Serbs, as we know them today, are not the product of centuries of cultural formation but were carved out of a Slavic mass as were the Croats, relatively recently.
Migratory movements of waterfowl in Central Asia and avian influenza emergence: sporadic transmission of H5N1 from east to west
Authors: IVERSON SAMUEL A. , GAVRILOV ANDREI , KATZNER TODD E. , TAKEKAWA JOHN Y. , MILLER TRICIA A. , HAGEMEIJER WARD , MUNDKUR TAEJ , SIVANANINTHAPERUMAL BALACHANDRAN , DeMATTOS CARLOS C. , AHMED LU’AY S. , NEWMAN SCOTT H.
Published: January 2011

Waterfowl in the genera Anas and Tadorna are suspected as vectors in the long‐distance transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. The former Soviet Republics of Central Asia are situated at an important migratory crossroads for these and other species of birds that bridges regions where the disease is prevalent. However, waterfowl movements through Central Asia are poorly quantified. In this study, historical data derived from over 80 years of bird ringing are combined with recent satellite tracking data to delineate migration routes, movement chronology and habitat use patterns of waterfowl in relation to H5N1 outbreak locations. Results confirm migratory linkage between breeding and moulting areas in northern Kazakhstan and southern Siberia, with non‐breeding areas in the Caspian, Black and eastern Mediterranean Sea basins, as well as with South Asia. However, unlike the situation in neighbouring regions, most notably western China, H5N1 outbreaks have not been recurrent in Central Asia after they were first reported during summer 2005 and spring 2006. These findings have implications in relation to potential sampling biases, species‐specific variation in migratory behaviour and continuing regional H5N1 transmission risks.
Fire Season Effects on Flowering Characteristics and Germination of Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) Savanna Grasses
Authors: Shepherd Benjamin J. , Miller Deborah L. , Thetford Mack
Published: January 2011

Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) savannas depend on contiguous grass cover to facilitate frequent surface fires. Enhanced flowering, seed production, and germination may be linked to season of fires. We assessed the effect of month of prescribed fire (February, April, May, and July) on percentage of plants with flowering culms (FCs%), FC/area, FC/plant, seed production, and germination for five warm seasons, fall‐flowering grasses. Multivariate analysis indicated the response of flowering and fruiting to burn month varied among the grass species. The dominant species, Sporobolus junceus and Schizachyrium scoparium var. stoloniferum, had greater numbers of most flowering characteristics when burnt during April, May, and July. Aristida purpurascens had increased FC/plant after May and July burns. In contrast, Ar. mohrii had the fewest FC/plant and seeds/FC when burnt in July. Germination was greatest (26–60%) for Ar. purpurascens. Seeds collected following July burns for Ar. purpurascens and Ar. ternarius and after May burns for S. junceus were within the highest germination values recorded. Germination of Sc. scoparium var. stoloniferum was very low after February and July burns (≤5%). With Ar. mohrii, only seed collected following February (2%) and April burns (3%) germinated. April, May, and July fires increased seed production of dominant matrix grasses, thus facilitating the potential for recruitment of these species and facilitating seed collection from potential donor sites for ground‐layer restoration projects. Varying prescribed fire burn month captured variation in flowering characteristics among these grasses.
Rainfall‐Tuned Management Facilitates Dry Forest Recovery
Authors: Sitters Judith , Holmgren Milena , Stoorvogel Jetse J. , López Bernat C.
Published: January 2011

Regeneration of original dry forests and shrublands in degraded arid and semiarid ecosystems can be a slow and difficult process. It has been hypothesized that restoration efforts during periods of increased water availability may potentially trigger shifts back to a high vegetation cover depending on several environmental factors that govern the response of vegetation to rainfall. Tuning restoration efforts to climate variability will likely become increasingly important under climate change conditions. The experiences evaluated here are a pioneering effort to reforest arid South American forests. We used a combination of field monitoring and remote sensing images to evaluate the long‐term effects of seeding and herbivore control in local reforestation projects tuned to the forecasted rainy El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events of 1991/1992 and 1997/1998 in North Peru and to assess the regional response of vegetation to these rainy events at a regional scale. We found that managing seed availability in combination with seedling protection from herbivores only yielded persistent higher vegetation cover when implemented on sites without calcareous layers and relatively high water availability determined by the surrounding topography. Our study shows that management tuned to forecasted rainfall events is able to trigger a long‐lasting shift toward higher vegetation cover. We provide a better insight in how environmental factors shape vegetation response to increased rainfall and discuss the implications for ecosystem resilience and restoration.
Evaluation of the properties of components prepared and stored after holding of whole blood units for 8 and 24 hours at ambient temperature
Authors: Moroff Gary , AuBuchon James P. , Pickard Constance , Whitley Pamela H. , Heaton W. Andrew , Holme Stein
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: The capability of holding whole blood (WB) units at ambient temperature, overnight, should help in platelet (PLT) concentrate preparation logistics. We summarize the results of a study conducted in the early 1990s that compared, in particular, PLT and red blood cell (RBC) in vivo viability properties following storage after preparation after 8‐ and 24‐hour WB hold periods.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Individuals donated units of WB on two occasions. Centrifugation at 20 to 24°C to separate PLTs and additive system RBC placement at 1 to 6°C was completed 8 hours after phlebotomy or after 24 hours in randomized order. Components were not leukoreduced. Studies including in vitro biochemical and hematologic analyses and autologous in vivo RBC and PLT evaluations were conducted at two sites.

RESULTS: RBC 24‐hour in vivo (mean ± SD) recoveries (single‐label approach), after 35 days of storage, were 79.2 ± 4.3 and 79.4 ± 3.9% (n = 9; p > 0.05), with WB holding periods of 8 and 24 hours, respectively. With 42 days of storage, recovery after a 24‐hour hold was slightly less than with an 8‐hour hold (72.9 ± 6.5% vs. 76.0 ± 5.4%; n = 17; p < 0.05). RBC 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate acid levels were substantially less after the 24‐hour hold compared to after the 8‐hour hold (n = 18; p < 0.05). PLT recovery after 5 days of storage with 8‐ and 24‐hour hold periods were similar, 51.1 ± 14.9 and 50.6 ± 17.7%, respectively (n = 18; p > 0.05). The PLT survival variable and in vitro properties reflecting storage quality also showed no significant difference.

CONCLUSION: RBC and PLT in vivo variables, and most in vitro variables, were not significantly different after storage with WB holding times of 8 and 24 hours except for a slight diminution of RBC recovery with the 24‐hour hold after 42 days of storage.
Improving the predictive value of red blood cell storage trials: lessons from the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative Trial 41
Authors: Hess John R.
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: Storage system trials are conducted for the development and licensure of new red blood cell (RBC) storage systems or to validate new ways of using existing systems. Results from one laboratory are often difficult to reproduce in another laboratory, leading to confusion.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A large international trial was designed to test the warm overnight hold using common donor collection systems and pooling of units to reduce interlaboratory variability of measures of RBC storage. Methods of measurement were left to the individual laboratories. pH was measured on both laboratory pH meters and clinical blood gas machines. Adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (ATP) was measured by a variety of methods.

RESULTS: Intralaboratory variability of measures of pH and ATP were small compared to interlaboratory variability. Initial pH measures between laboratories varied over 0.4 pH units, while RBC ATP concentrations varied 2 to 10 µMol/g hemoglobin. pH variability was partly related to temperature of measurement, but the variability in ATP measures was a problem of both methods and standards.

CONCLUSIONS: Common methods and shared standards between laboratories would improve the interpretation of RBC storage measurements. Improved comparability between major laboratories would speed the development of better RBC storage systems.
Coagulation factor content of plasma produced from whole blood stored for 24 hours at ambient temperature: results from an international multicenter BEST Collaborative study
Authors: Cardigan R. , Van der Meer P.F. , Pergande C. , Cookson P. , Baumann‐Baretti B. , Cancelas J.A. , Devine D. , Gulliksson H. , Vassallo R. , de Wildt‐Eggen J.
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: There is increasing international interest in producing components from blood that has been stored at room temperature for 24 hours. The lack of comprehensive data on the quality of plasma produced from blood stored in this way led to this international study.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 128 units of whole blood were pooled in groups of four and split to produce 32 sets of four identical blood units that were processed either within 8 hours of blood collection or after 24‐hour storage at 18 to 25°C.

RESULTS: Storage of whole blood for 24 hours resulted in a 23% decrease in the activity of Factor (F)VIII, but not significant loss of activity of coagulation factors FV, FVII, FXI, FXII, fibrinogen, antithrombin, or von Willebrand factor. There was a small, but significant decrease in levels of FII, FIX, and FX (all <5%) as well as protein C (6%) and free protein S activity (14%). The ability of plasma to generate thrombin after 24‐hour storage as whole blood was unaltered, as assessed by real‐time thrombin generation tests as was the rate and strength of clot formation by rotational thombelastometry. Levels of all coagulation factors measured were above 0.50 U/mL in plasma produced from whole blood stored for 24 hours.

CONCLUSION: These data show that there is minimal effect of storing whole blood at ambient temperature for 24 hours on the coagulation activity of plasma and that this is an acceptable alternative to producing plasma on the day of blood collection.
Increased L‐[1–11C] Leucine Uptake in the Leptomeningeal Angioma of Sturge‐Weber Syndrome: A PET Study
Authors: Alkonyi Bálint , Chugani Harry T. , Muzik Otto , Chugani Diane C. , Sundaram Senthil K. , Kupsky William J. , Batista Carlos E. , Juhász Csaba
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We used L‐[1–11C]leucine (LEU) positron emission tomography (PET) to measure amino acid uptake in children with Sturge‐Weber syndrome (SWS), and to relate amino acid uptake measures with glucose metabolism.

METHODS

LEU and 2‐deoxy‐2[18F]fluoro‐D‐glucose (FDG) PET were performed in 7 children (age: 5 months‐13 years) with unilateral SWS. Asymmetries of LEU uptake in the posterior brain region, underlying the angioma and in frontal cortex, were measured and correlated with glucose hypometabolism. Kinetic analysis of LEU uptake was performed in 4 patients.

RESULTS

Increased LEU standard uptake value (SUV, mean: 15.1%) was found in the angioma region in 6 patients, and smaller increases in LEU SUV (11.5%) were seen in frontal cortex in 4 of the 6 patients, despite normal glucose metabolism in frontal regions. High LEU SUV was due to both increased tracer transport (3/4 patients) and high protein synthesis rates (2/4). FDG SUV asymmetries in the angioma region were inversely related to LEU SUV asymmetries (r=–.83, P= .042).

CONCLUSIONS

Increased amino acid uptake in the angioma region and also in less affected frontal regions may provide a marker of pathological mechanisms contributing to chronic brain damage in children with SWS. J Neuroimaging 2012;22:177‐183.
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes Changes in Collagen Type
Authors: Al‐Zaid N. S. , Gumaa K. A. , Bou‐Resli M. N. , Ibrahim M. E. A.
Published: January 2011

Collagen from the chorioamnion units from premature and term pregnancies was solubilized by limited pepsin digestion and subjected to SDS‐PAG electrophoresis. Collagen types were quantitated by densitometry. It was found that collagen type III decreases and collagen type V tends to increase as gestational age advances. Investigating the relative abundance of collagen types at various membrane sites from term pregnancies revealed that type V decreases in the amnion as the rupture site is approached. It is concluded that since type V collagen is more resistant to collagenases, its decrease may predispose that particular site to rupture.
Correlation of Cerebral Function Monitoring with Non‐Reactive Non‐Stress Test
Authors: Shiffrnan Rebecca , Tejani Nergesh , Verma Urna
Published: January 2011

The cerebral function monitor, a system which records integrated electroencephalograms, was used to assess neurological status of newborns who had a non‐reactive non‐stress test prior to delivery. Babies born within 24 h of a non‐reactive tracing had a significant lack of sleep cycling and persistence of immature patterns when compared with controls matched for gestational age.
The Clinical Significance of Asymptomatic Mid‐Trimester low Placentation Diagnosed by Ultrasound
Authors: Andersen Erik Søgaard , Søe Steinke Niels Martin
Published: January 2011

A prospective investigation of the problem of low placentation in mid‐trimester, in uncomplicated pregnancies was performed. 773 pregnant women were included and 70 (9.1%) had a low‐positioned placenta, defined as a placenta reaching or partially covering the cervical 08, diagnosed by ultrasound between the 19th and 21st week of pregnancy. In no case did the placenta completely cover the cervical 0s. By repeat ultrasound examination in the 36th week of pregnancy, all low placentations had converted to normal position. Low placentation in mid‐trimester was not associated with pregnancy complications or neonatal complications. A placenta reaching or partially covering the cervical os, in early pregnancy, seems to be normal, not influencing the subsequent course of pregnancy.
Cytological Diagnosis of Endometrial Cancer and Preinvasive Endometrial Lesions
Authors: Bistoletti Peter , Hjerpe Anders , Möllerström Gunnar
Published: January 2011

The value of the Endo‐Pap endometrial cell sampling device in the cytological assessment of the endometrium was compared with fractional curettage. 318 symptomatic women were studied consecutively, among whom were 42 with malignant tumors of the uterus. Satisfactory material for cytological diagnosis of the endometrial state was obtained in 96%, whereas only 91% of the histopathological material was suitable for interpretation. 35 of 36 women with primary cancers of the corpus uteri had atypical endometrial cytology (sensitivity 0.97). Of 42 uterine cancers, including one metastatic ovarian carcinoma, two adenocarcinomas and three squamous carcinomas of the cervix, 40 were detected by endometrial cytology (sensitivity 0.95). All 5 cases of high grade cytological atypia in endometrial polyps or endometrial hyperplasia could be diagnosed by abnormal endometrial cytology and 4 of 5 patients with adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia were diagnosed correctly. Endometrial cytology obtained with the Endo‐Pap sampler is a simple and cheap diagnostic method with which to detect endometrial cancer. It is also effective for diagnosis of preinvasive endometrial lesions with high grade cytological atypia. Clinicians should recognize that out‐patient investigation of the endometrial state by endometrial cell sampling with the Endo‐Pap is reliable and can usually replace fractional curettage.
Seventeen Week Pregnancy IN a Rudimentary Uterine Horn Revealed at Routine Ultrasonography
Authors: Andolf Ellika , Helm Göran , Svalenius Elisabeth , Weström Lars
Published: January 2011

Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn of a bicornuate uterus is a rare and often fatal event. A case is presented of such a pregnancy detected in the second trimester routine ultrasonographic examination.
Local Mechanical Effects And Humoral Factors Evoke Degeneration Of Guinea Pig Uterine Innervation
Authors: Lundberg Lena‐Maria , Alm Per , Thorbert Gunnar
Published: January 2011

Small porcelain pellets were inserted into one of the uterine horns of virgin guinea pigs. Mating caused pregnancies only in contralateral, non‐pellet‐containing uterine horns. The number and morphology of uterine nerve structures was studied immunohistochemically. In pellet‐surrounding tissues of virgin animals the number of nerves was reduced and remaining nerve structures displayed signs of degeneration. This nerve reduction was further advanced in early to mid‐pregnancy when almost no nerve structures could be detected. Myometrial strips were transplanted to the anterior eye chamber and became reinnervated by adrenergic nerves. The pattern and structure of the adrenergic reinnervation did not differ between strips taken from virgin animals, untreated or following chemical sympathectomy, or taken from primiparous animals following pregnancy induced sympathectomy. The adrenergic reinnervation of transplants from virgin animals was not affected by pregnancy of the recipient animal. It is suggested that the uterine innervation can be influenced by local, mechanically‐induced effects, which during pregnancy co‐operate with conceptus‐related humoral factors to cause an almost total uterine nerve degeneration. The ability of uterine adrenergic reinnervation is probably not significantly influenced by local environmental tissue factor(s), but is related rather to extent of nerve damage.
Non‐Puerperal Inversion Of The Uterus
Authors: Wiedswang Gro , Moen Mette H.
Published: January 2011

A case of an inversion of a normal uterus in a postmenopausal woman, previously operated on for uterine prolapse, is described.
The association between physical illness and major depressive episode in general practice
Authors: Østergaard S. D. , Foldager L.
Published: January 2011

Østergaard SD, Foldager L. The association between physical illness and major depressive episode in general practice.

Objective:  Physical illness and depression are associated. However, it remains unclear whether this association is sufficiently strong to merit systematic screening for depression among primary care patients suffering from physical illness. In the present study, we investigated the strength of the association between physical illness and depression among patients in general practice.

Method:  Four thousand two hundred and seventy‐one consecutive primary care patients completed a diagnostic depression questionnaire. The general practitioner evaluated the patients’ physical health, which was then compared to their diagnostic status of depression.

Results:  Physical illness was associated with the presence of depression. Two hundred and thirty‐six patients (5.5%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for depression. Fourteen of these suffered from extreme physical illness, 27 from at least severe physical illness and 96 from at least moderate physical illness. The number needed to screen decreased with increasing severity and chronicity of the physical illness.

Conclusions:  Depression is relatively common in primary care patients suffering from physical illness, particularly if the illness is severe and chronic. However, relatively few depressed patients suffer from a comorbid physical illness. Screening for depression among patients with physical illness may therefore only have a modest impact on the under‐recognition of depression in general practice.
William McKinley's Values and the Origins of the Spanish‐American War: A Reinterpretation
Authors: KAPUR NICK
Published: January 2011

Prevailing interpretations of the causes of the Spanish‐American War emphasize the role of yellow journalism, business interests, or congressional politics in forcing President William McKinley into a war that he neither sought nor wanted. This article reexamines McKinley's decision making in the months leading up to the Spanish‐American War in the context of “Victorian” values, such as arbitrationism, pacifism, humanitarianism, and manly self‐restraint, and argues that McKinley's actions were based more on these values than on external pressures. A closer look at the evidence suggests that McKinley's speech before Congress on April 11, 1898, may have been more a moment of unprecedented presidential power than a showing of personal weakness.
More than a Caretaker: The Economic Policy of Gerald R. Ford
Authors: MORAN ANDREW D.
Published: January 2011

This essay examines the reaction of the Gerald Ford administration to the deepening recession of the mid‐1970s and the unprecedented challenges of stagflation. This includes an analysis of the decision‐making process within the White House, the administration's relationship with Congress, and the abandonment of almost 40 years of Keynesian orthodoxy that would see President Ford introduce a new conservative economic agenda as he sought to adapt traditional Republican economics to deal with new economic circumstances. In short, I argue that Ford was far more than the “accidental” or “caretaker” president that popular history recalls.
William McKinley and the Rhetorical Presidency
Authors: SALDIN ROBERT P.
Published: January 2011

William McKinley's important role in the development of the rhetorical presidency has been underappreciated. Based on his speeches during a fall 1898 tour and contemporaneous newspaper reports, this article argues that McKinley discussed controversial policy issues, attempted to sway public opinion, and engaged in partisan campaigning. These findings offer new evidence that contradicts Jeffrey K. Tulis's claim that chief executives avoided such activity until Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson—embracing Progressive ideology—transformed the presidency into a more visible and popular institution rooted in public speaking. McKinley's rhetorical behavior is not fatal to Tulis's thesis, but it does suggest that McKinley belongs in the “middle way” category.
Polls and Elections: From Hillary to Michelle: Public Opinion and the Spouses of Presidential Candidates
Authors: BURRELL BARBARA , ELDER LAUREL , FREDERICK BRIAN
Published: January 2011

This study analyzes public opinion data on would‐be first ladies during the presidential campaign season from 1992 to 2008. By comparing attitudes toward would‐be first ladies over the last five presidential cycles, we identify key areas of stability and change in Americans' attitudes toward these individuals. Additionally, survey data are used to explore how attitudes about these women differ across key demographics, to identify factors that shape the public's attitudes concerning presidential candidates' wives, and to explore the impact of these women on their husbands' favorability ratings. The results indicate that spouses who embody the traditional role of first lady tend to be more popular, while spouses who assume an active role in advocating policy, such as Hillary Clinton, garner less support. Most candidate spouses generate highly polarized reactions along partisan lines, although more traditional spouses evoke a less divisive response.
Validation of the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) with older community care recipients
Authors: de Morton Natalie A , Meyer Claudia , Moore Kirsten J , Dow Briony , Jones Carolyn , Hill Keith
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To validate the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) in community‐dwelling older adults who require informal care.

Methods:  Thirty‐five consecutively recruited older adults (>65 years) living in the community who required informal care were included from Melbourne and regional Victoria, Australia. Participants were assessed using a battery of questionnaires, the Falls Risk for Older People (Community version), modified Barthel Index, Geriatric Depression Scale, the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form 36, the Assessment of Quality of Life and the DEMMI. The DEMMI consists of 15 mobility items that are administered by therapist observation of physical performance. Each participant was assessed in their home.

Results:  The DEMMI is without floor or ceiling effects for community‐dwelling older adults who require informal care, and evidence of convergent, discriminant and known groups validity was obtained for the DEMMI. DEMMI data fitted the Rasch model and the minimal clinically important difference was 11 points.

Conclusions:  The DEMMI has suitable clinimetric properties for application in community‐dwelling older adults who require informal care.
Genome‐wide analysis of clustering patterns and flanking characteristics for plant microRNA genes
Authors: Zhou Meng , Sun Jie , Wang Qiang‐Hu , Song Li‐Qun , Zhao Guang , Wang Hong‐Zhi , Yang Hai‐Xiu , Li Xia
Published: January 2011

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven to play important roles at the post‐transcriptional level in animals and plants. To investigate clustering patterns and specific sequence characteristics in the flanking regions of plant miRNA genes, we performed genome‐wide analyses ofArabidopsis thaliana,Populus trichocarpa,Oryza sativaandSorghum bicolor. Our results showed that miRNA pair distances were significantly higher than would have been expected to occur at random and that the number of miRNA gene pairs separated by very short distances of < 1 kb was higher than of protein‐coding gene pairs. Analysis of the promoter architecture of different miRNA genes in plants revealed significant differences in the number and distribution of core promoters between intergenic miRNAs and intragenic miRNAs, and between highly conserved miRNAs and low conserved or nonconserved miRNAs. We applied two motif‐finding algorithms to search for over‐represented, statistically significant sequence motifs, and discovered six species‐specific motifs across the four plant species studied. Moreover, we also identified, for the first time, several significantly over‐represented motifs that were associated with conserved miRNAs, and these motifs may be useful for understanding the mechanism of origin of new plant miRNAs. The results presented provide a new insight into the transcriptional regulation and processing of plant miRNAs.
High-z massive clusters as a test for dynamical coupled dark energy
Authors: Baldi Marco , Pettorino Valeria
Published: January 2011

The recent detection by Jee et al. of the massive cluster XMMU J2235.3−2557 at a redshift z≈ 1.4, with an estimated mass M324= (6.4 ± 1.2) × 1014 M⊙, has been claimed to be a possible challenge to the standard ΛCDM cosmological model. More specifically, the probability to detect such a cluster has been estimated to be ∼0.005 if a ΛCDM model with Gaussian initial conditions is assumed, resulting in a 3σ discrepancy from the standard cosmological model. In this Letter we propose to use high-redshift clusters as the one detected in Jee et al. to compare the cosmological constant scenario with interacting dark energy models. We show that coupled dark energy models, where an interaction is present between dark energy and cold dark matter, can significantly enhance the probability to observe very massive clusters at high redshift.
Exercise and exercise intentions among obese and overweight individuals
Authors: Smith Deborah Walton , Griffin Quinn , Fitzpatrick Joyce
Published: January 2011

Purpose: To determine the relationship between exercise stage and decisional balance in overweight and obese individuals seeking advanced practice nurse (APN) care.

Data sources: A convenience sample of 175 persons aged 40 or above with the values of body mass index (BMI) exceeding 25.

Conclusions: One fourth of the respondents were considering beginning exercise within the next month; 23% had exercised regularly for more than 6 months and 39% indicated that they exercised regularly. Most respondents believed the pros of exercise outweighed the cons, and as the pros increased, so did the likelihood of exercising.

Implications for practice: In approaching the subject of exercise among obese and overweight individuals it is important for the APN to understand behavioral change. Thus, it would be more fruitful to ask, “What would it take to move those who intend to begin exercising to the next stage?” For health behavior change to occur, the pros must be twice as numerous as the cons. In clinical practice, reviewing and adding to the pros of exercise as outlined by the patient might tip the decisional balance in favor of exercise.
Epigenetics in lupus
Authors: Zouali Moncef
Published: January 2011

Accumulating epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence supports the conclusion of a critical role of epigenetic factors in immune programming. This understanding provides the basis for elucidating how the intricate interactions of the genome, epigenome, and transcriptome shape immune responses and maintain immune tolerance to self‐antigens. Deciphering the precise contribution of epigenetic factors to autoimmunity, and in particular to lupus, has become an active research area. On one hand, it is well established that environmental factors have an impact on the epigenome and, therefore, on the transcriptional and translational machinery of specific cell types; on the other, the environment also plays an important role in the severity of lupus and other autoimmunity diseases. Determining how epigenetics “connects” the environment to cell biology and to autoreactivity will be key for advancing our understanding in this field and, possibly, for developing novel preventive strategies.
A Numeric Model to Simulate Solar Individual Ultraviolet Exposure
Authors: Vernez David , Milon Antoine , Francioli Laurent , Bulliard Jean‐Luc , Vuilleumier Laurent , Moccozet Laurent
Published: January 2011

Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) light is the main causative factor for skin cancer. UV exposure depends on environmental and individual factors. Individual exposure data remain scarce and development of alternative assessment methods is greatly needed. We developed a model simulating human exposure to solar UV. The model predicts the dose and distribution of UV exposure received on the basis of ground irradiation and morphological data. Standard 3D computer graphics techniques were adapted to develop a rendering engine that estimates the solar exposure of a virtual manikin depicted as a triangle mesh surface. The amount of solar energy received by each triangle was calculated, taking into account reflected, direct and diffuse radiation, and shading from other body parts. Dosimetric measurements (n = 54) were conducted in field conditions using a foam manikin as surrogate for an exposed individual. Dosimetric results were compared to the model predictions. The model predicted exposure to solar UV adequately. The symmetric mean absolute percentage error was 13%. Half of the predictions were within 17% range of the measurements. This model provides a tool to assess outdoor occupational and recreational UV exposures, without necessitating time‐consuming individual dosimetry, with numerous potential uses in skin cancer prevention and research.
The importance of β globin deletion analysis in the evaluation of patients with β thalassemia
Authors: MIKULA M. , BULLER‐BURCKLE A. , GALLIVAN M. , SUN W. , FRANKLIN C. R. , STROM C. M.
Published: January 2011

Introduction:  Beta globin deletion/duplication analysis may serve as a useful adjunct to sequence analysis. Our purpose was to develop a robust assay for beta globin deletion/duplication analysis and determine its role in evaluating patients with beta thalassemia.

Methods:  A single tube semi‐quantitative fluorescent PCR assay capable of detecting deletions and duplications in the beta globin cluster and the associated locus control region (LCR) was developed and validated.

Results:  Six hundred seventy one de‐identified samples submitted for beta globin sequence analysis were tested for deletions and duplications of the beta globin cluster. Twenty‐two deletions were detected (3%, 22/671). Seventeen of the 22 (82%) deletion samples were negative for mutations in the whole gene sequencing assay. For 5 of the samples, homozygous point mutations were inferred by beta globin sequencing. Among the deletions detected, 11 (50%) involved only the beta globin gene (5 covering the entire gene, 2 spanning the 5′ end of the gene and 4 encompassing the 3′ end of the gene). Ten samples (45%) were heterozygous delta‐beta deletions spanning both the delta globin and beta globin genes. One patient with a single deletion had Hb Lepore.

Conclusion:  Beta globin deletion/duplication analysis is necessary to correctly identify the genotype in some patients being evaluated for beta thalassemia.
Hydrocortisone Diffusion Through Synthetic Membrane, Mouse Skin, and Epiderm™ Cultured Skin
Authors: Christensen John Mark , Chuong Monica Chang , Le Hang , Pham Loan , Bendas Ehab
Published: January 2011

Objectives.  The penetration of hydrocortisone (HC) from six topical over‐the‐counter products along with one prescription cream through cultured normal human‐derived epidermal keratinocytes (Epiderm™), mouse skin and synthetic nylon membrane was performed as well as the effect hydrating the skin by pre‐washing was explored using the Upright Franz Cell.

Method and Results.  Permeation of HC through EpiDerm™, mouse skin and synthetic membrane was highest with the topical HC gel formulation with prewash treatment of the membranes among seven products evaluated, 198 ± 32 µg/cm2, 746.32 ± 12.43 µg/cm2, and 1882 ± 395.18 µg/cm2, respectively. Pre‐washing to hydrate the skin enhanced HC penetration through EpiDerm™ and mouse skin. The 24‐hour HC released from topical gel with prewash treatment was 198.495 ± 32 µg/cm2 and 746.32 ± 12.43 µg/cm2 while without prewash, the 24‐h HC released from topical gel was 67.2 ± 7.41 µg/cm2 and 653.43 ± 85.62 µg/cm2 though EpiDerm™ and mouse skin, respectively. HC penetration through synthetic membrane was ten times greater than through mouse skin and EpiDerm™. Generally, the shape, pattern, and rank order of HC diffusion from each commercial product was similar through each membrane.
A simple route to single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in a nonmodel species: identification and characterization of SNPs in the Artic ringed seal (Pusa hispida hispida)
Authors: OLSEN MORTEN TANGE , VOLNY VERONICA HIRSH , BÉRUBÉ MARTINE , DIETZ RUNE , LYDERSEN CHRISTIAN , KOVACS KIT M. , DODD RICHARD S. , PALSBøLL PER J.
Published: January 2011

Although single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have become the marker of choice in the field of human genetics, these markers are only slowly emerging in ecological, evolutionary and conservation genetic analyses of nonmodel species. This is partly because of difficulties associated with the discovery and characterization of SNP markers. Herein, we adopted a simple straightforward approach to identifying SNPs, based on screening of a random genomic library. In total, we identified 768 SNPs in the ringed seal, Pusa hispida hispida, in samples from Greenland and Svalbard. Using three seal samples, SNPs were discovered at a rate of one SNP per 402 bp, whereas re‐sequencing of 96 seals increased the density to one SNP per 29 bp. Although applicable to any species of interest, the approach is especially well suited for SNP discovery in nonmodel organisms and is easily implemented in any standard genetics laboratory, circumventing the need for prior genomic data and use of next‐generation sequencing facilities.
Comparison of SNPs and microsatellites for fine‐scale application of genetic stock identification of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin
Authors: HESS J. E. , MATALA A. P. , NARUM S. R.
Published: January 2011

Genetic stock identification (GSI) is an important tool in fisheries management. Microsatellites (μSATs) have been the dominant genetic marker for GSI; however, increasing availability and numerous advantages of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers make them an appealing alternative. We tested performance of 13 μSAT vs. 92 SNP loci in a fine‐scale application of GSI, using a new baseline for Chinook salmon consisting of 49 collections (n = 4014) distributed across the Columbia River Basin. In GSI, baseline genotypes for both marker sets were used independently to analyse a real fishery mixture (n = 2731) representing the total run of Chinook salmon passing Bonneville Dam in the Columbia River. Marker sets were evaluated using three criteria: (i) ability to differentiate reporting groups, (ii) proportion of correct assignment in mixture simulation tests and baseline leave‐one‐out analyses and (iii) individual assignment and confidence intervals around estimated stock proportions of a real fishery mixture. The μSATs outperformed the SNPs in resolving fine‐scale relationships, but all 105 markers combined provided greatest power for GSI. SNPs were ranked by relative information content based on both an iterative procedure that optimized correct assignment to the baseline and ranking by minor allele frequency. For both methods, we identified a subset of the top 50 ranked loci, which were similar in assignment accuracy, and both reached maximum available power of the total 92 SNP loci (correct assignment = 73%). Our estimates indicate that between 100 and 200 highly informative SNP loci are required to meet management standards (correct assignment > 90%) for resolving stocks in finer‐scale GSI applications.
A multi‐proxy study of anaerobic ammonium oxidation in marine sediments of the Gullmar Fjord, Sweden
Authors: Brandsma Joost , van de Vossenberg Jack , Risgaard‐Petersen Nils , Schmid Markus C. , Engström Pia , Eurenius Karinh , Hulth Stefan , Jaeschke Andrea , Abbas Ben , Hopmans Ellen C. , Strous Mark , Schouten Stefan , Jetten Mike S. M. , Damsté Jaap S. Sinninghe
Published: January 2011

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is an important process for nitrogen removal in marine pelagic and benthic environments and represents a major sink in the global nitrogen cycle. We applied a suite of complementary methods for the detection and enumeration of anammox activity and anammox bacteria in marine sediments of the Gullmar Fjord, and compared the results obtained with each technique. 15N labelling experiments showed that nitrogen removal through N2 production was essentially limited to the upper 2 cm of the sediment, where anammox contributed 23–47% of the total production. The presence of marine anammox bacteria belonging to the genus ‘Candidatus Scalindua’ was shown by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. FISH counts of anammox bacteria correlated well with anammox activity, while quantitative PCR may have underestimated the number of anammox bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies at this site. Potential nitrogen conversion by anammox ranged from 0.6 to 4.8 fmol N cell−1 day−1, in agreement with previous measurements in the marine environment and in bioreactors. Finally, intact ladderane glycerophospholipid concentrations better reflected anammox activity and abundance than ladderane core lipid concentrations, most likely because the core lipid fraction contained a substantial fossil component, especially deeper in the sediment.
An artificial biofilm induced secondary caries model for in vitro studies
Authors: Hayati F , Okada A , Kitasako Y , Tagami J , Matin K
Published: January 2011

Background:  The aim of this study was to establish a new in vitro model for biofilm induced secondary caries studies using an oral biofilm reactor.

Methods:  An approximately 2 × 3 × 2 mm3 sized dentino‐enamel Class I cavity was prepared in the middle of a square‐shaped specimen from the mid‐labial portion of bovine incisors. The cavities were partially filled with either Clearfil AP‐X with SE‐Bond or Clearfil AP‐X without any bond. Artificial biofilms were then formed on the resin composite filled surfaces using three species of oral bacteria in an oral biofilm reactor for 20 hours followed by 7‐ or 30‐day incubation periods.

Results:  The lesions were clearly visible on fluorescence microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy in the enamel at the interface of resin restorations in all samples. The data from image analysis showed that the lesion size was largest in the No‐bond samples with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Demineralization along the cavity wall extended deeper in No‐bond compared to SE‐Bond samples and penetration was significantly deeper in No‐bond 30‐day samples.

Conclusions:  A primary artificial secondary caries model was established using biofilms for in vitro studies and the significance of using a bonding system could also be verified.
State‐level differences in the oral health of Australian preschool and early primary school‐age children
Authors: Lucas N , Neumann A , Kilpatrick N , Nicholson JM
Published: January 2011

Background:  This study compares oral health outcomes and behaviours for young Australian children by residential state or territory to determine whether state differences arise from individual exposures to risk factors.

Methods:  Cross‐sectional data for 4606 2–3 year olds and 4464 6–7 year olds were obtained from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Outcome measures were parent‐reports of children’s caries experience, frequency of toothbrushing and dental services use.

Results:  For 2–3 year olds, children from the Australian Capital Territory were less likely to have parent‐reported caries than children from other states, and more likely to brush their teeth twice daily and to have used dental services. For 6–7 year olds, optimal outcomes were observed in New South Wales for lowest caries experience, Western Australia for highest toothbrushing, and South Australia for highest dental services use. Adjustments for socio‐demographic predictors did not eliminate state differences in oral health.

Conclusions:  Large state differences in the oral health of young children persisted after adjustment for individual socio‐demographic determinants, suggesting these arise from variations in the systems to promote and care for children’s oral health. Several states would benefit from a stronger emphasis on oral health promotion in young children, and disparities from a young age suggest the need for better engagement of early childhood professionals in oral health promotion.
Why Does Time Seem to Pass?
Authors: PROSSER SIMON
Published: January 2011

According to the B‐theory, the passage of time is an illusion. The B‐theory therefore requires an explanation of this illusion before it can be regarded as fully satisfactory; yet very few B‐theorists have taken up the challenge of trying to provide one. In this paper I take some first steps toward such an explanation by first making a methodological proposal, then a hypothesis about a key element in the phenomenology of temporal passage. The methodological proposal focuses on the representational content of the element of experience by virtue of which time seems to pass. The hypothesis involves the claim that the experience of change involves the representation of something enduring, rather than perduring, through any change.
Functional connectivity of the main intercalated nucleus of the mouse amygdala
Authors: Mańko Mirosława , Geracitano Raffaella , Capogna Marco
Published: January 2011

Non‐technical summary  The amygdala plays a key role in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotions. Recently, so‐called intercalated clusters of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala have been shown to play an important role in emotional regulation attracting broad interest. We report here novel information on the largest of the intercalated cluster called the main intercalated nucleus of amygdala. Specifically, we study the anatomy, physiology, connectivity and responses to the neuromodulator dopamine of the neurons with the soma in this nucleus. Our results imply that the main intercalated nucleus of the mouse amygdala can participate in the emotional processing.
Astrocytes control GABAergic inhibition of neurons in the mouse barrel cortex
Authors: Benedetti B. , Matyash V. , Kettenmann H.
Published: January 2011

Non‐technical summary  In the last few years astrocytes have come to be recognized as active elements contributing to brain activity. They sense and modulate neuronal activity, and often changes in their cytosolic Ca2+ are essential for neuron–glia interactions. In the present study we interfered with intracellular calcium signalling in astrocytes in mouse somatosensory cortex by dialysis with the calcium chelator BAPTA. Such treatment increased excitability of the nearby neurons. The effect of astrocytic calcium chelation was mimicked by pharmacological inhibition of GABA receptors, suggesting that this control is GABA mediated through a combined involvement of GABAA and GABAB receptors. This finding demonstrates a role for astrocytes in the regulation of neural inhibition in somatosensory (barrel) cortex and adds a new variant to the growing number of pathways by which astrocytes can modulate neuronal networks.
Low‐voltage activated Kv1.1 subunits are crucial for the processing of sound source location in the lateral superior olive in mice
Authors: Karcz Anita , Hennig Matthias H. , Robbins Carol A. , Tempel Bruce L. , Rübsamen Rudolf , Kopp‐Scheinpflug Cornelia
Published: January 2011

Non‐technical summary  Voltage‐gated potassium channels control excitability throughout the nervous system and their dysfunction (or mutation) is associated with epilepsy and movement disorders. Loss of the insulating myelin sheath around nerve fibres (axons) in multiple sclerosis causes transmission failure by exposing too many potassium channels. We show that too few potassium channels also causes errors in information transmission as measured by the ability to localize the source of a sound, and suggests a general role for potassium channels along myelinated nerve fibres. These results give insights into normal neuronal function and into neurodegenerative disease mechanisms for patients with ataxia and multiple sclerosis.
The stretch‐dependent potassium channel TREK‐1 and its function in murine myometrium
Authors: Monaghan Kevin , Baker Salah A. , Dwyer Laura , Hatton William C. , Sik Park Kyung , Sanders Kenton M. , Koh Sang Don
Published: January 2011

Non‐technical summary  During pregnancy the uterus must maintain a low contractile state to permit growth of the fetus and inhibt premature delivery. We show uterine smooth muscle cells express specific potassium channels (called stretch‐dependent potassium channels; TREK‐1). These channels are activated by stretch, stabilize resting membrane potentials of cells at negative potentials, and reduce excitability. During pregnancy the expression of TREK‐1 channels increases, and this may contribute to reduced excitability. Near the onset of labour, TREK‐1 expression declines, and this may promote the transition to a contractile state. Thus, our data suggest dynamic regulation of TREK‐1 channel expression in the uterus contributes to the maintenance of pregnancy.