bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ameaças ao Fundo Público de Cultura do Distrito Federal
Authors: Pinto Viviane Cristina , Honorato Cayo
Published: February 2024

Analisamos as controvérsias em torno do uso da Lei Orgânica da Cultura (LOC) pela Secretaria de Cultura do DF para embasar o cancelamento do edital FAC 17/2018. Para pensar quais foram as motivações e consequências dessa ação do poder Executivo, foram coletadas informações em jornais e canais de comunicação de órgãos públicos e organizações da sociedade. Avaliou-se que as consequências desse ato são de ordem econômica, social, política e institucional: não só o investimento público no setor cultural foi suspenso, como a participação social, as regulamentações culturais e a atuação das instituições de controle do Executivo foram colocadas à prova. O cancelamento do edital e seus desdobramentos revelam como a LOC se tornou objeto de disputas de poder, valores e ideias sobre o que se entende por cultura e ação do Estado.
Aplicação dos recursos da Lei Aldir Blanc no município de Varginha-MG
Authors: Montesso Júnior José Agnaldo , Barbosa Neto João Estevão
Published: February 2024

O município de Varginha-MG recebeu R$ 929.625,40 por meio da Lei Federal nº 14.017/2020, intitulada Lei Aldir Blanc (LAB). O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a aplicação desses recursos em âmbito municipal nos anos de 2020 e 2021. De caráter descritivo, a pesquisa utilizou a coleta de dados quantitativos, além de questionários. Dentre os resultados, evidenciou-se que 99,2% do valor recebido foi distribuído em dois editais, beneficiando diretamente 260 proponentes. O setor de música representou 50,8% dos beneficiados. Pelos questionários, identificou-se que 54,1% utilizaram os recursos para o pagamento de contas. Para 93,2%, a destinação de recursos federais nos próximos anos deveria seguir o modelo da LAB. A presente pesquisa, enfatizou a etapa de avaliação no ciclo de formulação de políticas públicas.
cenário da alimentação kaingang na conjuntura político-educacional paranaense
Authors: Has Murilo
Published: February 2024

Esse artigo apresenta o cenário da alimentação kaingang em meio à conjuntura político-educacional indígena paranaense. Como linha metodológica, foram analisados diferentes fatos, acontecimentos, atores, cenários, relações de força e de articulação entre a estrutura e a conjuntura, do mesmo modo como propõe Herbert José de Souza (2009), mostrando que essas categorias são basilares para se compreender a representação da vida em sua totalidade. Assim, foi constatado a existência de um cenário de inviabilidades, um palco de luta cujas relações de forças existentes são de domínio e de confronto, mostrando de modo amplo uma conjuntura que se fundamenta num pensamento hegemônico e ocidentalizado, na integração dos indígenas, na descaracterização cultural e na eliminação de saberes outros.
Resenha crítica do livro Fundos Patrimoniais Culturais
Authors: Soares da Silva Xaxá Nívia , Vieira Costa Rodrigo
Published: February 2024

Resenha crítica da obra Fundos Patrimoniais Culturais, publicada pela Lumen Juris, em 2022, cuja autoria é de Thiago Serpa Erthal. Trata-se de uma discussão sobre os fundos para conservação dos patrimônios culturais brasileiros, regastando conceitos de termos como patrimônio, cultura e filantropia.
A Case Study on Simulation of Water Cycle in a Watershed Considering Artificial Elements such as Agricultural Reservoirs
Authors: Kang Taeuk , Jin Yongkyu , Lee Sangho , Lee Namjoo
Published: February 2024

The National Fire Agency in Korea has implemented various stress management programs for firefighters. However, few studies have focused on the actual effectiveness of these programs. This study thus aimed to explore problems in the psychological counseling system for firefighters, focusing on the case of Jeju Island, and to prepare an efficient operation plan for the system. Survey results indicate that counselors’ lack of understanding of firefighting results in low satisfaction with counseling services, and that firefighters with short service periods require counselors who understand the firefighting profession more than other groups do. In order to overcome these limitations, it is proposed that a counselor’s education program be introduced and that retired firefighters be hired for the psychological counseling program.
A microdeletion in Xp11.3 accounts for co‐segregation of retinitis pigmentosa and mental retardation in a large kindred
Authors: Zhang Lilei , Wang Tao , Wright Alan F. , Suri Mohnish , Schwartz Charles E. , Stevenson Roger E. , Valle David
Published: January 2006

In a previous report, Aldred et al. [1994] described a 5‐generation family in which severe retinitis pigmentosa (RP) co‐segregates with mild–moderate mental retardation as an X‐linked recessive phenotype mapping to the broad interval between Xp21‐q21. We re‐examined this family, initially analyzing RP2, a gene in the disease interval that was identified as a cause of RP after the initial report of this family. We found that the male propositus lacked the 5′ three exons of RP2 and that RP2 marks the centromeric boundary of a 1.27 Mb deletion that includes two other annotated genes (SLC9A7, CHST7), one predicted transcript encoding a zinc finger protein (FLJ20344) and two highly conserved miRNAs (mir221, mir222). We conclude that this family is segregating a contiguous gene deletion and that the absence of a functional RP2 accounts, at least in part, for the retinal degeneration while deletion of one or more of the other genes is likely responsible for the mental retardation phenotype. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of Jacobsen syndrome and bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a de novo 11q terminal deletion
Authors: Böhm D. , Hoffmann K. , Laccone F. , Wilken B. , Dechent P. , Frahm J. , Bartels I. , Bohlander S.K.
Published: January 2006

We report on a young woman with Jacobsen syndrome (JBS) who was admitted to our psychiatric department because of a bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). Chromosome analysis was performed due to the fact that she had mental retardation, short stature, and subtle facial anomalies. A deletion of the distal long arm of chromosome 11 was found. A detailed mapping of the deletion breakpoint by quantitative real time PCR revealed a true terminal 11q deletion of approximately 8 Mb corresponding to the karyotype 46,XX,del(11)(q24.2). Polymorphic DNA marker analysis showed that the deletion is located on the paternal chromosome. Additionally, laboratory investigations revealed a low platelet count and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed white matter T2 hyperintensities in frontotemporal regions, which are unlikely to result from a demyelinating process as indicated by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a BPAD in a case with JBS. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schimke immuno‐osseous dysplasia: A cell autonomous disorder?
Authors: Elizondo Leah I. , Huang Cheng , Northrop Jennifer L. , Deguchi Kimiko , Clewing Johanna M. , Armstrong Dawna L. , Boerkoel Cornelius F.
Published: January 2006

SMARCAL1 (SWI/SNF‐related, matrix‐associated, actin‐dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a‐like protein 1) encodes a SWI/SNF ATP‐dependent chromatin remodeling protein. Mutations in SMARCAL1 cause the autosomal‐recessive multisystem disorder Schimke immuno‐osseous dysplasia (SIOD); this suggests that the SMARCAL1 protein is involved in the development or maintenance of multiple organs. Disease within these many tissues could arise by a cell autonomous or a cell non‐autonomous mechanism. Consistent with a cell autonomous mechanism, we did not find any disease recurrence in transplanted organs or protection of other tissues by the organ grafts. In order to better understand the role of SMARCAL1 during normal development and in the pathogenesis of SIOD, we characterized the spatial and temporal expression of the murine homolog (Smarcal1). The Smarcal1 mRNA and protein were expressed throughout development and in all tissues affected in patients with SIOD including the bone, kidney, thymus, thyroid, tooth, bone marrow, hair, eye, and blood vessels. Significantly, the expression profile of Smarcal1 in the mouse has led us to reexamine and identify novel pathology in our patient population resulting in changes in the clinical management of SIOD. The expression of Smarcal1 in affected tissues and the non‐recurrence of disease in grafted organs lead us to hypothesize a cell autonomous function for SMARCAL1 and to propose tissue‐specific mechanisms for the pathophysiology of SIOD. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Andersen‐Tawil syndrome: Prospective cohort analysis and expansion of the phenotype
Authors: Yoon G. , Oberoi S. , Tristani‐Firouzi M. , Etheridge S.P. , Quitania L. , Kramer J.H. , Miller B.L. , Fu Y.H. , Ptáček L.J.
Published: January 2006

Andersen‐Tawil syndrome (ATS) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by developmental, cardiac, and neuromuscular abnormalities. Approximately 70% of patients have mutations in KCNJ2, resulting in dysfunction of the inward‐rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1. Variable expression complicates the diagnosis of ATS, which in many cases, is not made until years after the first recognized symptom. To better define the distinctive clinical features of ATS and facilitate earlier diagnosis, we conducted a prospective, standardized evaluation of 10 subjects with confirmed KCNJ2 mutations. Detailed anthropometric, neurological, and cardiac evaluations were performed. Using this approach, we identified novel skeletal and dental findings and proposed additional diagnostic criteria for ATS dysmorphology. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Narrowing candidate region for monosomy 9p syndrome to a 4.7‐Mb segment at 9p22.2‐p23
Authors: Kawara Hiroki , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Harada Naoki , Yoshiura Koh‐ichiro , Niikawa Norio , Nishimura Akira , Mizuguchi Takeshi , Matsumoto Naomichi
Published: January 2006

A 2‐year‐old boy with clinical manifestations of monosomy 9p syndrome and brown hair is described. G‐banding and chromosome FISH studies demonstrated complex rearrangements involving seven breakpoints in chromosomes 2 and 9, which included a 6.6‐Mb deletion at 9p22.2‐p23. This, together with previous studies in the literature, narrowed the shortest region of overlap (SRO) for the syndrome to a 4.7‐Mb interval. Candidate genes for trigonocephaly, mental retardation, and brown hair are discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current perspectives on the genetic analysis of autism
Authors: Coon Hilary
Published: January 2006

Although no definitive genetic mutations leading to autism susceptibility have been established, the field has many new resources to tackle this difficult problem. Numbers of families at many research sites are now large, and new collaborations among these groups will allow for collections of subjects with enough statistical power to detect relatively small gene effects. New technological advances in genotyping will allow for more fine‐grained genetic analysis, and more sophisticated techniques have been developed to address the vast amounts of data acquired. Researchers have also begun to focus on intermediate phenotypes associated with autism, such as elevated serotonin, increased head circumference, social difficulties, or language impairment or delay. These phenotypes may help to stratify affected cases into more genetically homogeneous subgroups, and may also occur in their clinically unaffected relatives. The study of intermediate phenotypes may allow investigators to find common gene variants that lead to autism susceptibility. Here we discuss the major intermediate phenotypes, and give an overview of current genetic analysis techniques. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How a judge's overzealousness will help redefine mediation limits
Authors: Kichaven Jeff
Published: January 2006

Alternatives editorial board member Jeff Kichaven, of Los Angeles, examines what he notes is the defining California appellate court decision of 2005, Travelers Casualty and Surety Co. v. Superior Court. The judge in the case proposed mediation and designed a system to deal with claims stemming from accusations against the Catholic Church involving sexual abuse. But a state appeals court found that the judge's good idea was coercive. Kichaven discusses why the judge's mistakes likely will benefit mediation over the long term.
The AAA's not‐so‐happy new year
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: January 2006

The American Arbitration Association, facing off against a changing provider market, trims staff and offices in 2005's final quarter. Details on how case management operations will change, and how the nation's largest dispute resolution provider plans to reach out to customers in areas hit by the cuts.
Characterization of neurochemically specific projections from the locus coeruleus with respect to somatosensory‐related barrels
Authors: Simpson Kimberly L. , Waterhouse Barry D. , Lin Rick C.S.
Published: January 2006

Tactile information from the rodent mystacial vibrissae is relayed through the ascending trigeminal somatosensory system. At each level of this pathway, the whiskers are represented by a unique pattern of dense cell aggregates, which in layer IV of cortex are known as “barrels.” Afferent inputs from the dorsal thalamus have been demonstrated repeatedly to correspond rather precisely with this modular organization. However, axonal innervation patterns from other brain regions such as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus are less clear. A previous report has suggested that norepinephrine‐containing fibers are concentrated in the center/hollow of the barrel, while other studies have emphasized a more random distribution of monoaminergic projections. To address this issue more directly, individual tissue sections were histochemically processed for cytochrome oxidase in combination with dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase, the synthesizing enzyme for norepinephrine, or the neuropeptide galanin. These two neuroactive agents were of particular interest because they colocalize in a majority of locus coeruleus neurons and terminals. Our data indicate that discrete concentrations or local arrays of dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase‐ or galanin‐immunoreactive fibers are not apparent within the cores of individual barrels. As such, the data suggest that cortical inputs from the locus coeruleus are not patterned according to cytoarchitectural landmarks or the neurochemical identity of coeruleocortical efferents. While transmitter‐specific actions of norepinephrine and/or galanin may not be derived from the laminar/spatial connections of locus coeruleus axons, the possibility remains that the release of these substances may mediate distinctive events through the localization of different receptor subclasses, or the contact of their terminals onto cells with certain morphological characteristics or ultrastructural components. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Web navigation support by means of proximity‐driven assistant agents
Authors: Loia Vincenzo , Pedrycz Witold , Senatore Sabrina , Sessa Maria I.
Published: January 2006

The explosive growth of the Web and the consequent exigency of the Web personalization domain have gained a key position in the direction of customization of the Web information to the needs of specific users, taking advantage of the knowledge acquired from the analysis of the user's navigational behavior (usage data) in correlation with other information collected in the Web context, namely, structure, content, and user profile data. This work presents an agent‐based framework designed to help a user in achieving personalized navigation, by recommending related documents according to the user's responses in similar‐pages searching mode. Our agent‐based approach is grounded in the integration of different techniques and methodologies into a unique platform featuring user profiling, fuzzy multisets, proximity‐oriented fuzzy clustering, and knowledge‐based discovery technologies. Each of these methodologies serves to solve one facet of the general problem (discovering documents relevant to the user by searching the Web) and is treated by specialized agents that ultimately achieve the final functionality through cooperation and task distribution.
Concept‐matching IR systems versus word‐matching information retrieval systems: Considering fuzzy interrelations for indexing Web pages
Authors: Garcés Pablo J. , Olivas José A. , Romero Francisco P.
Published: January 2006

This article presents a semantic‐based Web retrieval system that is capable of retrieving the Web pages that are conceptually related to the implicit concepts of the query. The concept of “concept” is managed from a fuzzy point of view by means of semantic areas. In this context, the proposed system improves most search engines that are based on matching words. The key of the system is to use a new version of the Fuzzy Interrelations and Synonymy‐Based Concept Representation Model (FIS‐CRM) to extract and represent the concepts contained in both the Web pages and the user query. This model, which was integrated into other tools such as the Fuzzy Interrelations and Synonymy based Searcher (FISS) metasearcher and the fz‐mail system, considers the fuzzy synonymy and the fuzzy generality interrelations as a means of representing word interrelations (stored in a fuzzy synonymy dictionary and ontologies). The new version of the model, which is based on the study of the cooccurrences of synonyms, integrates a soft method for disambiguating word senses. This method also considers the context of the word to be disambiguated and the thematic ontologies and sets of synonyms stored in the dictionary.
Image clustering for the exploration of video sequences
Authors: Torra Vicenç , Lanau Sergi , Miyamoto Sadaaki
Published: January 2006

In this article we present a system for the exploration of video sequences. The system, GAMBAL for the Exploration of Video Sequences (GAMBAL‐EVS), segments video sequences, extracting an image for each shot, and then clusters such images and presents them in a visualization system. The system allows the user to find similarities between images and to proceed through the video sequences to find the relevant ones.
Construction and evaluation of a kinetic scheme for RecA‐mediated DNA strand exchange
Authors: Xiao Jie , Lee Andrew M. , Singleton Scott F.
Published: January 2006

The Escherichia coli RecA protein is the prototype of a class of proteins playing a central role in genomic repair and recombination in all organisms. The unresolved mechanistic strategy by which RecA aligns a single strand of DNA with a duplex DNA and mediates a DNA strand switch is central to understanding its recombinational activities. Toward a molecular‐level understanding of RecA‐mediated DNA strand exchange, we explored its mechanism using oligonucleotide substrates and the intrinsic fluorescence of 6‐methylisoxanthopterin (6MI). Steady‐ and presteady‐state spectrofluorometric data demonstrate that the reaction proceeds via a sequential four‐step mechanism comprising a rapid, bimolecular association step followed by three slower unimolecular steps. Previous authors have proposed multistep mechanisms involving two or three steps. Careful analysis of the differences among the experimental systems revealed a previously undiscovered intermediate (N1) whose formation may be crucial in the kinetic discrimination of homologous and heterologous sequences. This observation has important implications for probing the fastest events in DNA strand exchange using 6MI to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of recombination and recombinational repair. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 473–496, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Classification of lactic acid bacteria with UV‐resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Gaus K. , Rösch P. , Petry R. , Peschke K.‐D. , Ronneberger O. , Burkhardt H. , Baumann K. , Popp J.
Published: January 2006

UV‐resonance Raman spectroscopy is applied as a method for the identification of lactic acid bacteria from yogurt. Eight different strains of bacteria from Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilus were investigated. At an excitation wavelength of 244 nm signals from nucleic acids and proteins are selectively enhanced. Classification was accomplished using different chemometric methods. In a first attempt, the unsupervised methods hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were applied to investigate natural grouping in the data. In a second step the spectra were analyzed using several supervised methods: K‐nearest neighbor classifier, nearest mean classifier, linear discriminant analysis, and support vector machines. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 286–290, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Identification of single eukaryotic cells with micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Rösch P. , Harz M. , Peschke K.‐D. , Ronneberger O. , Burkhardt H. , Popp J.
Published: January 2006

For a fast identification of eukaryotic cells such as yeast species without a cultivation step it should be possible to perform the investigation on only one single cell. Since yeasts as eukaryotes are heterogeneous and their Raman spectra are therefore dependent on the measuring position, one Raman spectra is not representative of the whole cell. In this contribution we demonstrate the application of average Raman spectra of a line scan over single yeast cells. These average spectra are used for classification with the help of a support vector machine. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82:312–316, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The Interaction of Heteroaryl‐Acrylates and Alanines with Phenylalanine Ammonia‐Lyase from Parsley
Authors: Paizs Csaba , Katona Adrian , Rétey János
Published: January 2006

Acrylic acids and alanines substituted with heteroaryl groups at the β‐position were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized (UV, HRMS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy). The heteroaryl groups were furanyl, thiophenyl, benzofuranyl, and benzothiophenyl and contained the alanyl side chains either at the 2‐ or 3‐positions. While the former are good substrates for phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), the latter compounds are inhibitors. Exceptions are thiophen‐3‐yl‐alanine, a moderate substrate and furan‐3‐yl‐alanine, which is inert. Possible reasons for these exceptions are discussed. Starting from racemic heteroaryl‐2‐alanines their D‐enantiomers were prepared by using a stereodestructive procedure. From the heteroaryl‐2‐acrylates, the L‐enantiomers of the heteroaryl‐2‐alanines were prepared at high ammonia concentration. These results can be best explained by a Friedel–Crafts‐type electrophilic attack at the aromatic part of the substrates as the initial step of the PAL reaction.
14N NMR and Two‐Dimensional Suspension 1H and 13C HRMAS NMR Spectroscopy of Ionic Liquids Immobilized on Silica
Authors: Brenna Stefano , Posset Tobias , Furrer Julien , Blümel Janet
Published: January 2006

A variety of popular ionic liquids have been synthesized and characterized, including by optimized 14N NMR spectroscopy of the neat and dissolved ionic liquids. Ionic liquids incorporating Si(OEt)3 groups have been immobilized on silica in a well‐defined manner with the imidazolium moiety remaining intact. This has been proved by optimized one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H and 13C HRMAS NMR spectroscopy of the materials suspended in suitable solvents.
A Practical Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cleavage of the Allyl Protecting Group in Amides, Lactams, Imides, and Congeners
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Alonso Jose M.
Published: January 2006

A convenient methodology for the deprotection of N‐allylic amide‐like moieties was developed. The first examples accounting for the ruthenium‐catalyzed deallylation of amides, lactams, imides, pyrazolidones, hydantoins, and oxazolidinones have been achieved by the sequential use of Grubbs carbene (isomerization step) and RuCl3 (oxidation step). A variety of substrates, including enantiopure multifunctional β‐ and γ‐lactams, can be employed.
Rho signaling in Entamoeba histolytica modulates actomyosin‐dependent activities stimulated during invasive behavior
Authors: Franco‐Barraza Janusz , Zamudio‐Meza Horacio , Franco Elizabeth , Domínguez‐Robles M. del Carmen , Villegas‐Sepúlveda Nicolás , Meza Isaura
Published: January 2006

Interaction of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites with target cells and substrates activates signaling pathways in the parasite. Phosphorylation cascades triggered by phospho‐inositide and adenyl‐cyclase‐dependent pathways modulate reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton to form structures that facilitate adhesion. In contrast, little is known about participation of Rho proteins and Rho signaling in actin rearrangements. We report here the in vivo expression of at least one Rho protein in trophozoites, whose activation induced actin reorganization and actin–myosin interaction. Antibodies to EhRhoA1 recombinant protein mainly localized Rho in the cytosol of nonactivated amoebae, but it was translocated to vesicular membranes and to some extent to the plasma membrane after treatment with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a specific agonist of Rho activation. Activated Rho was identified in LPA‐treated trophozoites. LPA induced striking polymerization of actin into distinct dynamic structures. Disorganization of these structures by inhibition of Rho effector, Rho‐kinase (ROCK), and by ML‐7, an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase dependent phosphorylation of myosin light chain, suggested that the actin structures also contained myosin. LPA stimulated concanavalin‐A‐mediated formation of caps, chemotaxis, invasion of extracellular matrix substrates, and erythrophagocytosis, but not binding to fibronectin. ROCK inhibition impaired LPA‐stimulated functions and to some extent adhesion to fibronectin. Similar results were obtained with ML‐7. These data suggest the presence and operation of Rho‐signaling pathways in E. histolytica, that together with other, already described, signaling routes modulate actomyosin‐dependent motile processes, particularly stimulated during invasive behavior. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term cosmetic results and toxicity after accelerated partial‐breast irradiation
Authors: Chen Peter Y. , Vicini Frank A. , Benitez Pamela , Kestin Larry L. , Wallace Michelle , Mitchell Christina , Pettinga Jane , Martinez Alvaro A.
Published: January 2006

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to assess the cosmesis and toxicities in patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma who received treatment with accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) using interstitial brachytherapy.

METHODS

From April 1993 to December 2001, 199 patients with Stage I–II breast carcinoma received breast‐conserving therapy with APBI to the tumor bed alone through a low‐dose‐rate (LDR) or high‐dose‐rate (HDR) implant. A template guide was used. The LDR dose was 50 Gray (Gy) over 96 hours; the outpatient HDR implant delivered 32 Gy in 8‐Gy or 34 Gy in 10‐Gy twice‐daily fractions. Cosmesis (Harvard criteria) and toxicities (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group guidelines) were assessed at ≤ 6 months, 2 years, and 5 years.

RESULTS

The median follow up was 6.4 years. Breast pain, edema, erythema, and hyperpigmentation all diminished over time. Breast fibrosis and hypopigmentation increased until the 2‐year mark and then stabilized. Fat necrosis and telangiectasia increased over time, with a fat necrosis rate of 11% at 5 years. Nearly all telangiectasias (34% at 5 yrs) were Grade 1 (< 2 mm). The remaining toxicities were Grade 1 at all follow‐up intervals. Infections (11%) occurred predominantly within the first month after treatment. Good‐to‐excellent cosmetic outcomes were noted in 95–99% of patients over time; cosmetic results stabilized at 2 years with excellent results increased out to 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS

APBI with interstitial brachytherapy resulted in mild chronic toxicities, the majority of which diminished or reached a plateau over time. Long‐term cosmesis was good to excellent in 95–99% of patients and stabilized at 2 years. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Ethanol‐induced alterations of the antioxidant defense system in rat kidney
Authors: Dinu Diana , Nechifor Marina T. , Movileanu Liviu
Published: January 2006

We report here the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the antioxidant defense system in rat kidney. Thirty‐two male Wistar rats were randomly divided in two identical groups and were treated as follows: control group (water for fluid) and the ethanol‐fed group (2 g/kg body weight/24 h). The animals were sacrificed after 10 weeks, and respectively 30 weeks of ethanol consumption, and the renal tissue was isolated and analyzed. Results revealed that kidney alcohol dehydrogenase activities increased significantly after ethanol administration, but the electrophoretic pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase isoforms was unmodified. The SDS polyacrylamidegel electrophoretic study of kidney proteins has revealed the appearance of two new protein bands after long‐term ethanol consumption. The kidney reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio decreased, indicating an oxidative stress response due to ethanol ingestion. The malondialdehyde contents and xanthine oxidase activities were unchanged. The antioxidant enzymatic defense system showed a different response during the two periods of ethanol administration. After 10 weeks, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase were activated, while superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, and γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase levels were stationary. After 30 weeks, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were unmodified, but catalase, glutathione transferase, γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased. Remarkable changes have been registered after 30 weeks of ethanol administration for glutathione reductase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activities, including an increase by 106 and 216' of control values, respectively. These results showed specific changes in rat kidney antioxidant system and glutathione status as a consequence of long‐term ethanol administration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:386‐395, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20101
Tumor necrosis factor α‐mediated activation of c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase as a mechanism for fumonisin B1induced apoptosis in murine primary hepatocytes
Authors: Sharma Neelesh , Suzuki Hirofumi , He Quanren , Sharma Raghubir P.
Published: January 2006

Fumonisin B1is a mycotoxin produced byFusarium verticillioides, frequently associated with corn. It produces species‐specific and organ‐specific toxicity, including equine leukoencephalomalacia, porcine pulmonary edema, and hepatic or renal damage in most animal species. Fumonisin B1perturbs sphingolipid metabolism by inhibiting ceramide synthase. Our previous studies indicated that fumonisin B1caused localized activation of cytokines in liver produced by macrophages and other cell types that modulate fumonisin B1induced hepatic apoptosis in mice. The role of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in fumonisin B1mediated hepatocyte apoptosis has been established; not much is known about the downstream events leading to apoptosis. In the current study, fumonisin B1induced apoptosis in primary culture of liver cells. In consistence with previous reports, fumonisin B1caused accumulation of sphingoid bases and led to increase in TNFα expression. Phosphorylated and total c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK) activities were increased after 24 h fumonisin B1treatment. JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and anti‐TNFα reduced the apoptosis induced by fumonisin B1. The role of JNK signaling in fumonisin B1induced apoptosis is downstream of TNFα production, as fumonisin B1‐mediated activation of JNK was reduced by the presence of anti‐TNFα in the medium, whereas the presence of JNK inhibitor did not change the fumonisin B1induced TNFα expression. Results of this study imply that generation of fumonisin B1induced TNFα results in modulation of mitogen activated protein kinases, particularly of JNK, and provides a possible mechanism for apoptosis in murine hepatocytes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:359‐367, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20102
Malathion detoxification by human hepatic carboxylesterases and its inhibition by isomalathion and other pesticides
Authors: Buratti Franca M. , Testai Emanuela
Published: January 2006

The organophosphorothioate (OPT) pesticide malathion (MAL) in mammals is readily hydrolyzed by mammalian carboxylesterases (CE). The reaction competes with the CYP‐catalyzed formation of malaoxon (MOX), the toxic metabolite. Alterations or individual variations in CE activity may result in increased MOX formation, enhancing MAL toxicity. We have characterized the human hepatic CE activity in a panel of 18 human liver microsomes as well as the inhibitory effect of IsoMAL, a major impurity of MAL commercial formulations, parathion (PAR), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and chlorpyrifos‐oxon (CPFO). CE activity showed a low level of variation among individuals (4‐fold). The reaction consists of two different phases, differing in their affinity for MAL (Km1 = 0.25–0.69 μM; Km2 = 10.3–26.8 μM). The relatively low Km1 values confirmed that human CE efficiently detoxify MAL. IsoMAL was shown to be a potent noncompetitive inhibitor of MAL detoxification (Ki = 0.6 μM), with a higher inhibitory potency than CPF and PAR (Ki = 7.5 μM and 50 μM, respectively). These two latter compounds very likely act as mixed inhibitors. CPFO showed the highest inhibitory potency toward CE‐mediated detoxification, being characterized by a Ki = 22 nM. The present results provide useful information for a better understanding of possible interactions between different OPTs and for assessing the potential cumulative risk for exposure to OPT mixtures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:406–414, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20106
Thermodynamic properties of Ag2OB2O3 glasses by a modified scale‐transformed energy space sampling Monte Carlo method
Authors: Nakamura Hideaki , Aniya Masaru
Published: January 2006

The density of states of Ag2OB2O3 glasses has been calculated by using a modified scale‐transformed energy space sampling algorithm. This algorithm combines the scale‐transformed energy space sampling algorithm and the Wang–Landau method. It is shown how the two algorithms can be combined to improve the efficiency of calculation. The thermodynamic properties, in particular the specific heat CV, of the above‐mentioned glass system is studied. At temperatures above 80 K, the value of specific heat Cv is close to 22 J/mol/K. At low temperatures, the deviations of Cv from a T3 behavior are discernible, that is, Cv/T3 exhibits a hump at T = 7 K, which is in good agreement with the reported experimental behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 471–477, 2006
A new method to determine electrostatic potential around a macromolecule in solution from molecular wave functions
Authors: Yoshida Norio , Hirata Fumio
Published: January 2006

The three‐dimensional reference interaction site model integral equation theory (3D‐RISM) combined with the ab initio molecular orbital method (3D‐RISM‐SCF) is applied to a solvated macromolecular system. The solvation structure around a solute molecule is obtained from the 3D‐RISM integral equation under the electrostatic potential of the solute molecule, calculated by the ab initio molecular orbital theory. The electrostatic potential should be calculated on each grid point in the three‐dimensional real space. Therefore, the calculation of the electrostatic potential is the most time consuming part in this method. In this article, we propose a new procedure to save the computational cost for calculating the electrostatic potential and the solvated fock matrix. The strategy of this procedure is to evaluate the electrostatic potential and the solvated fock matrix in different ways, depending on the distance between solute and solvent. Inside the repulsive cores of solute atoms, it is possible to avoid the calculation of electrostatic potential and solvated Fock matrix by assuming the potential to be infinity. In the region sufficiently far from solute, they are evaluated classically by putting the effective point charge on each atom. In the intermediate region, the electrostatic potential is evaluated directly by integrating the molecular orbitals of the solute molecule. The electronic structure and the energy gradient of Methionine‐Enkephalin and solvation structure are estimated by using this procedure in aqueous solution, and are compared with the results from other procedures. The results are compared also with those from the continuum model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 453–462, 2006
Comparative postnatal ontogeny of the skull in the australidelphian metatherian Dasyurus albopunctatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuromorpha: Dasyuridae)
Authors: Flores David A. , Giannini Norberto , Abdala Fernando
Published: January 2006

We describe the cranial ontogeny of an australidelphian marsupial, Dasyurus albopunctatus, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. We examined in detail qualitative morphological changes of just‐weaned individuals as compared to old adults; specifically, changes in 31 morphological structures (e.g., processes, foramina) and 38 changes in cranial joints. We also interpreted growth‐invariant structures in terms of their functional relevance. We performed a multivariate allometry analysis based on 14 cranial measurements taken from 31 specimens encompassing the entire postweaning period. Three variables (height of occipital plate, breadth of braincase, and height of mandible) showed the same allometric trends in D. albopunctatus and the three marsupial species studied previously in the same framework (Didelphis albiventris, Lutreolina crassicaudata, and Dromiciops gliroides). In addition, D. albopunctatus shared allometric trends in two variables (length of the upper postcanine row and length of the orbit) with the microbiotheriid D. gliroides. Most of the growth trends observed are interpreted as linked to the predominantly carnivorous dietary habit of adult D. albopunctatus. Because dasyuromorphians are most likely basal to the major Australasian radiation of marsupials, knowledge of ontogenetic changes in D. albopunctatus may shed light on the evolution of ontogeny in the highly diverse Australasian marsupial fauna. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An enhanced LC‐MS/MS method for microcystin‐LR in lake water
Authors: Li Chien‐Ming , Chu Ricky Yuan‐Yuan , Hsientang Hsieh Dennis Paul
Published: January 2006

A LC‐MS/MS method with enhanced sensitivity and specificity was established for monitoring microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) in drinking water supplies in southern Taiwan. The enhanced sensitivity was achieved by the selection of a doubly charged MC‐LR as the precursor ion to result in an multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) pair ions ofm/z498.6 → 135.0. Using this ion pair, a record low detection limit of 2 pg was achieved on column, found in the available literature. A sample preparation method involving C8 solid‐phase extraction gave satisfactory recoveries of the analyte. Nodularin, with structural similarity to MC‐LR, was used as an internal standard to minimize matrix effects of water samples collected from six different water reservoirs in southern Taiwan, where MC‐LR was detected at sub‐ppb levels in all the reservoirs. The best precision and accuracy of this method were found with samples prepared to contain MC‐LR at 0.1 and 1 µg l−1. This new method requires considerably smaller water sample volumes because of enhanced quantification sensitivity and hence reduces the time needed for analysis. It should serve as a useful example for method development for monitoring other members of the microcystin family in drinking water supplies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The detection of red pigment‐concentrating hormone (RPCH) in crustacean eyestalk tissues using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–Fourier transform mass spectrometry: [M + Na]+ ion formation in dried droplet tissue preparations
Authors: Stemmler Elizabeth A. , Gardner Noah P. , Guiney Maureen E. , Bruns Emily A. , Dickinson Patsy S.
Published: January 2006

Red pigment‐concentrating hormone (RPCH), an octapeptide found in crustaceans and insects with the sequence pGlu‐Leu‐Asn‐Phe‐Ser‐Pro‐Gly‐Trp‐NH2, is an N‐ and C‐terminally blocked uncharged peptide. These structural features are shared with many members of the larger adipokinetic hormone (AKH)/RPCH peptide family in insects. We have applied vacuum UV matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‐Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FTMS) to the direct analysis of crustacean sinus gland tissues, using 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as the MALDI matrix, and have found that RPCH is detected in the cationized, [M + Na]+, form under conditions where other peptides in the direct tissue spectra are protonated without accompanying [M + Na]+ or [M + K]+ satellite peaks. The [M + H]+ ion for RPCH is not detected in tissue samples or for an RPCH standard, even when care is taken to eliminate metal ions. This behavior is not unprecedented; however, both direct tissue spectra and SORI‐CID spectra provide no clues to suggest that the ionizing agent is a metal cation. In this communication, we characterize the MALDI‐FTMS ionization and SORI‐CID mass spectra of the [M + Na]+ and [M + K]+ ions from RPCH, and report on the detection of this neuropeptide in sinus gland tissues from the lobster Homarus americanus and the kelp crab Pugettia producta. We describe two strategies, an on‐probe extraction procedure and a salt‐doping approach, that can be applied to previously analyzed MALDI tissue samples to enhance and unmask sodiated peptides that may otherwise be mistaken for novel neuropeptides. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated software‐guided identification of new buspirone metabolites using capillary LC coupled to ion trap and TOF mass spectrometry
Authors: Fandiño Anabel S. , Nägele Edgar , Perkins Patrick D.
Published: January 2006

The identification and structure elucidation of drug metabolites is one of the main objectives in in vitro ADME studies. Typical modern methodologies involve incubation of the drug with subcellular fractions to simulate metabolism followed by LC‐MS/MS or LC‐MSn analysis and chemometric approaches for the extraction of the metabolites. The objective of this work was the software‐guided identification and structure elucidation of major and minor buspirone metabolites using capillary LC as a separation technique and ion trap MSn as well as electrospray ionization orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight (ESI oaTOF) mass spectrometry as detection techniques.

Buspirone mainly underwent hydroxylation, dihydroxylation and N‐oxidation in S9 fractions in the presence of phase I co‐factors and the corresponding glucuronides were detected in the presence of phase II co‐factors. The use of automated ion trap MS/MS data‐dependent acquisition combined with a chemometric tool allowed the detection of five small chromatographic peaks of unexpected metabolites that co‐eluted with the larger chromatographic peaks of expected metabolites. Using automatic assignment of ion trap MS/MS fragments as well as accurate mass measurements from an ESI oaTOF mass spectrometer, possible structures were postulated for these metabolites that were previously not reported in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2/2006
Authors: Cesana Sonia , Auernheimer Jörg , Jordan Rainer , Kessler Horst , Nuyken Oskar
Published: January 2006

Cover: A new 2‐oxazoline with a protected amino function was synthesized and copolymerized by living cationic polymerization. The functional group density of the random copolymer could be adjusted by the monomer ratio. The facile deprotection yields the first poly(2‐oxazoline)s with pendant amino groups. Polymer analog chemoselective reactions with isothiocyanates resulted in functional linear polymers or hydrogels. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by S. Cesana, J. Auernheimer, R. Jordan,* H. Kessler, and O. Nuyken on page 183.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2/2006
Authors: Zou Shan , Hempenius Mark A. , Schönherr Holger , Vancso G. Julius
Published: January 2006

Cover: The redox‐mechanical cycle of an electrochemically driven macromolecular motor of an individual end‐grafted poly‐(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) chain is described by four states. An oxidized chain (state 1) is stretched using electrochemical single molecule force spectroscopy (2). Subsequent to the reduction (3) the force is released (4). Further details can be found in the Communication by S. Zou, M. A. Hempenius, H. Schönherr, and G. J. Vancso* on page 103.
EBV lymphoproliferative disease of host origin after haploidentical stem cell transplantation
Authors: Kasow Kimberly A. , Leung Wing , Horwitz Edwin M. , Woodard Paul , Handgretinger Rupert , Hale Gregory A.
Published: January 2006

Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLPD), due to the reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), is a serious complication. The risk of the disorder increases with T‐cell depletion methods, mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), and immunosuppression. In contrast to solid organ transplantation, where EBV is typically of recipient origin, the source of the EBV in HSCT recipients is donor‐derived B‐lymphocytes. In this report, we describe a 15‐year‐old girl who underwent HSCT from her father as treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). She subsequently developed disseminated PTLPD involving multiple organ and nodal sites. Her neoplastic lymphoblasts were host‐derived and refractory to rituximab treatment due to lack of CD20 expression. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:869–872. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.