bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of gambling problems among male adolescents
Authors: Gerdner Arne , Svensson Krister
Published: December 2004

The study concerns prediction of gambling problems in 178 male adolescents (aged 16 and 18 years) who completed a questionnaire, which included the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), a version of the Temperament and Character Inventory and a number of questions concerning social background, emotional and life‐style factors. About 27% of the boys gamble at least weekly. As many as 16% qualify as probable pathological gamblers according to the SOGS. Another 7% are at risk. None of the social background factors are related to severity of gambling problems. The only significant family factor is parental substance misuse. The optimal multivariate model predicts about 30% of the variance in gambling problems. The strongest factor is frequency of alcohol drinking. Several factors indicate a personality with problems in relations to others. Another factor indicates a dreamy personality. Unexpectedly, impulsiveness isnotrelated to gambling. In conclusion, problem gambling among male adolescents is related to life‐style and personality, especially in relation to others, but not to usual social background factors. Gamblers are asocial rather than impulsive. The nature of this finding should be further explored, since an asocial personality may point at genetics as well as to early social influences, as may the finding on the relation between gambling and parental drinking.
The Party System in the European Parliament: Collusive or Competitive?
Authors: Hix Simon , Kreppel Amie , Noury Abdul
Published: December 2004

This article looks at the development of the two main features of the party system in the European Parliament (EP): the organization of the party groups, and the nature of competition between these groups. On the organizational side, we examine the foundation of the party groups in the Common Assembly and the evolution of party organization from the appointed to the elected Parliament. On the competition side, we focus on the main axis of competition: the relationship between the Party of European Socialists (PES) and the European People's Party (EPP). We develop a set of competition propositions about PES‐EPP collusion, and test these arguments in a statistical analysis of PES and EPP roll‐call voting since 1979. We conclude that, contrary to what might be expected, the party system in the EP has become more consolidated and more competitive as the powers of the EP have increased.
The European Parliament at Fifty: A View from the Inside*
Authors: Corbett Richard , Jacobs Francis , Shackleton Michael
Published: December 2004

This article offers three different perspectives on the changing role and behaviour of the European Parliament as seen by ‘insiders’. The first concentrates on the overall success of the Parliament in transforming its constitutional position. The second contrasts the dominant position of budgetary politics in the 1980s with the much more variegated shape of the Parliament's role in policy‐making now. The third underlines how parliamentary ‘oversight’ has assumed greater importance in response to the higher visibility of the impact of EU laws.
De La Démocratie en Europe: Old Concepts and New Challenges1
Authors: Mény Yves
Published: December 2004

Since David Marquand coined his famous phrase ‘democratic deficit’ to describe the functioning of the European Community, the debate has raged about the extent and content of this deficit. However, little attention has been paid to the ambiguous nature of democracy both at the national and supranational levels. This paper argues that dissatisfaction with democracy has to do, at least for a substantial part, with the creeping expansion of constitutionalism and the parallel decline of popular impact on government. This phenomenon is often felt at the national plane and feeds outbursts of populism. But it is even more acute at the European level, which combines weak popular input with the most sophisticated and developed forms of constitutionalism. This imbalance should be redressed both at a national level as well as in the EU, as a nascent polity.
European Integration, the Problem of Complexity and the Revision of Theory
Authors: Geyer Robert
Published: December 2004

Recently, European integration (EI) and international relations (IR) debates have been locked into two camps: rationalists, modelling themselves on the natural sciences, and reflectivists, opposing themselves to the natural sciences. The division is based on an out‐of‐date view of the orderly nature of the natural sciences. Since the middle of the twentieth century a new complexity framework in the natural sciences has developed. This framework provides a new and intriguing ontological and epistemological foundation for addressing the problem of complexity and helps to explain and overcome the separation between the two poles of debate in European integration and international relations.
Dutch housing allowances: social housing at risk
Authors: Priemus Hugo
Published: December 2004

This article deals with the vulnerability of the Dutch housing allowance scheme. This scheme can be compared with the British housing benefit. The vulnerability of the scheme has been augmented by the current less favourable economic conditions (stagnating household incomes, increasing unemployment) and the Dutch government's announcement that it plans to reduce housing allowance expenditure. Two scenarios are outlined, which may serve to resolve the danger of exploding housing allowances expenditure in the coming years. If a market‐led scenario is chosen, whereby housing associations strive to achieve market rents, the housing allowance will be transformed into a form of housing voucher, the value of which is not directly related to the actual rental price of the property. In this American‐style model, the value of the vouchers would be linked to a ‘virtual’ rent, say 40% of the average rental price in the region. The housing associations would then lose their special semi‐public status. Under the social housing model, the housing associations would retain their special status provided they aimed to achieve rents somewhat lower than the market level. The housing allowance would remain directly linked to the actual rental price. However, some marked changes would be required to render this system sustainable. The Netherlands cannot avoid having to make this choice.

Cet article porte sur la vulnérabilité du régime hollandais d'aide au logement. Celui‐ci est comparable aux prestations britanniques. La fragilité du régime a été accrue par les conditions économiques actuelles moins favorables (stagnation du revenu des ménages, augmentation du chômage) et par l'annonce du gouvernement néderlandais relative à la réduction prévue des dépenses d'allocation‐logement. Sont présentés deux scénarios susceptibles de limiter le risque d'explosion des dépenses d'allocations dans les années à venir. Si l'option choisie est un scénario de marché où les associations pour le logement luttent pour atteindre les loyers du marché, l'allocation‐logement se transformera en ‘bon’ dont la valeur ne sera pas directement liée au montant réel du loyer. Selon ce modèle de type américain, la valeur des ‘bons’ sera fonction d'un loyer ‘virtuel’, soit environ 40% du prix moyen dans la région; les associations perdraient alors leur statut particulier semi‐public. Selon le modèle de logement social, elles conserveraient leur statut, à condition qu'elles cherchent à atteindre des loyers légèrement inférieurs au niveau du marché; l'allocation‐logement serait alors directement liée au montant réel du loyer. Toutefois, pour que le régime subsiste, il faudrait procéder à d'importants changements. Les Pays‐Bas ne peuvent s'épargner ce choix.
Cloning and characterization of a trypsin‐encoding cDNA of the human body louse Pediculus humanus
Authors: Kollien A. H. , Waniek P. J. , Pröls F. , Habedank B. , Schaub G. A.
Published: December 2004

From a cDNA library of the whole insect, a trypsin gene of Pediculus humanus has been cloned and sequenced. The 908 bp clone has an open reading frame of 759 bp, which encodes a pre‐proenzyme with 253 amino acid residues. A sixteen‐residue N‐terminal signal peptide is followed by a twelve‐residue activation peptide with putative cleavage sites at Gly16 and Tyr28. The deduced amino acid sequence has several features typical of trypsin proteases and an overall identity of 35–43% with the trypsins of several haematophagous Diptera. The 1.0 kb genomic trypsin gene contains three introns of 102, 79 and 80 nucleotides following the codons for Gly16, Gln74 and Ala155, respectively. Only a single gene seems to be present. In Northern blot analysis, unfed first instar larvae have an identical or slightly lower level of trypsin mRNA than fed adult lice, and in adults 2–24 h after the bloodmeal this gene shows a constitutive expression. After in vitro transcription and translation, the activation peptide is cleaved by chymotrypsin, a so far unreported phenomenon in trypsin activation.
An immune responsive factor D‐like serine proteinase homologue identified from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis
Authors: Simser J. A. , Mulenga A. , Macaluso K. R. , Azad A. F.
Published: December 2004

A Dermacentor variabilis cDNA encoding a clip‐domain serine proteinase homologue with glycine replacing the catalytic serine was identified from tick haemocytes. The D. variabilis product was most similar to Tachypleus tridentatus haemocyte antimicrobial factor D and shared significant homologies with a number of immune‐responsive gene products of arthropods, including insect prophenoloxidase‐activating cofactors. Northern blotting analyses confirmed that the tick serine proteinase homologue expression levels were highest in haemocytes, and to lesser degrees in ovaries and then salivary glands whereas steady‐state levels of expression in whole ticks were found to be slightly higher in fed versus unfed adults or eggs. Challenge of fed adults by Escherichia coli injection demonstrated that transcript abundance was significantly increased above those of naive controls in a temporal fashion. Additionally, an apparent orthologue of the D. variabilis clip‐domain molecule was cloned, and expression detected, from a Dermacentor andersoni cell line indicating cross species conservation.
Analyses of P‐like transposable element sequences from the genome of Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Oliveira de Carvalho M. , Silva J. C. , Loreto E. L. S.
Published: December 2004

We have identified 50 P element‐homologous sequences in the genome of Anopheles gambiae by performing homology searches against the public genome database of A. gambiae using the canonical P element from Drosophila melanogaster as a query sequence. While most of these sequences belong to P subfamilies previously described from anopheline mosquitoes, at least four new subfamilies were identified. One of these A. gambiae P elements, which we termed AgPLS, was analysed in detail. AgPLS consists of three exons and does not have inverted terminal repeats. This element retains several of the structural features of other P‐encoded peptides, such as motifs involved in DNA–protein and protein–protein interaction, and a motif involved in GTP utilization. Strong sequence and structural similarity to functional P elements, a number of nonsynonymous substitutions that is smaller than that of synonymous substitutions and the presence of putative nuclear localization signals suggest that the A. gambiae elements may retain the capacity for transposition or its repression. These sequences seem to be most closely related to P elements described from Musca domestica and Lucilia cuprina, the only P element hosts known outside the family Drosophilidae.
Paediatric dentistry experience of the first cohort of students to graduate from Dublin Dental School and Hospital under the new curriculum
Authors: FINUCANE D. , NUNN J. H. , O'CONNELL A. C.
Published: December 2004

Aim.  To assess undergraduate clinical experience in Paediatric Dentistry in students graduating under a new curriculum.

Methods.  An audit using logbooks completed by 34 students for all patients for whom they had provided treatment in the university paediatric dentistry clinic.

Results.  A total of 177 child patients had received treatment from the students, age range 2–8 years. Students had performed an average of 13 restorative techniques. Sixty‐eight percent had provided stainless steel crowns and 71% at least one pulpotomy for a primary tooth. All students had provided fissure sealants. Eighteen had carried out extractions and 8 had provided treatment for fractured incisors on this clinic.

Conclusions.  The cohort of students included had a wide range of experience of paediatric dentistry which compared favourably with accepted guidelines. A relative lack of experience of dental extractions currently remains a problem.
Global climate change and accuracy of prediction of species’ geographical ranges: establishment success of introduced ladybirds (Coccinellidae, Chilocorus spp.) worldwide
Authors: Samways Michael J. , Osborn Rae , Hastings Hugh , Hattingh Vaughan
Published: December 2004

AimPredictions of how the geographical ranges of species change implicitly assume that range can be determined without invoking climate change. The aim here was to determine how accurate predictions of range change might be before entertaining global climatic change.

LocationWorldwide.

MethodsAll the documented global biological control translocations of ladybirds (Coccinellidae: Chilocorus spp.) were analysed with the ecoclimatic program, CLIMEX. This program determines species distributions in relation to climate, and can be used to express the favourableness of different localities for a species. CLIMEX is also a useful exploratory tool for determining the likelihood of establishment of species introduced from one area to another.

ResultsPredictive models were developed based on the likelihood of establishment of fifteen Chilocorus spp. relative to their physiological characteristics and climatic tolerances. This likelihood was compared with actual establishment with a resultant range of 0% accuracy to 100% accuracy. Only four (26.7%) species climatic tolerances could the predicted with 100% certainty. The general lack of accurate prediction was because climate is not always the overriding feature determining whether a species will establish or not. Other determinants, such as localized response to microclimate, phenology, host type and availability, presence of natural enemies and hibernation sites play a varying role over and above climate in determining whether a species will establish at a new locality.

Main conclusionsThis study shows that even in the absence of climate change, range cannot always be determined, which means that most predictions of range change with climate change are likely to be wrong.
Diversity patterns of fungivorous insects: comparison between glaciated vs. refugial boreal forests
Authors: Komonen Atte , Ikävalko Jussi , Weiying Wang
Published: December 2004

Aim  The aim of this study was to compare diversity patterns of insect communities associated with the wood‐decaying Fomitopsis fungi in north‐east (NE) Asia and Fennoscandia. We hypothesized that the diversity of the fungal–insect communities is greater in NE Asia, because the region was one of the largest refugia of boreal species during the last Pleistocene glaciation.

Location  This study was conducted in boreal forests in NE People's Republic of China, and in south‐central Finland.

Methods  Fruiting bodies of three Fomitopsis species were collected from the field in order to rear the insects inhabiting the fruiting bodies. Taxonomic uniqueness, diversity and food web structure of the insect assemblages were analysed using hierarchical cluster analysis, diversity indices and analyses of food web compartmentalization, respectively.

Results  Contrary to the expectations, the richness of families, genera and species was greater in Finland than in NE China. This applied for the overall Fomitopsis‐associated insect assemblage, as well as for the fungal species separately. The taxonomic composition at the level of families and genera was similar between the two regions. The level of monophagy was higher in Finland and the food web was divided into compartments corresponding to the two Fomitopsis species.

Main conclusion  The often‐suggested higher diversity in refugial areas does not apply for all taxa in boreal forests, such as fungivorous insects associated with Fomitopsis fungi.
A hazards approach towards modelling pandora moth risk
Authors: Speer James H. , Jensen Ryan R.
Published: December 2004

Aim  Pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) is a phytophagous insect that produces a distinctive tree‐ring pattern in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws.) during outbreak cycles. This paper describes the spatial characteristics of the outbreak regions, determines whether the size of the 1989 outbreak was within the historical range of variability, and constructs a hazard map identifying the forests in Oregon that are susceptible to future pandora moth outbreaks.

Location  South‐central Oregon along the eastern flank of the Cascade mountain range in the High Lava Plains and Basin and Range Provinces.

Methods  We used dendrochronological records of 17 pandora moth outbreaks on 14 sites over 31,200 km2 area spanning 433 years. Using the site locations, we calculated minimum bounding polygons of adjacent recording sites to determine the relative size of each outbreak. Published literature on past pandora moth outbreaks and the environmental conditions of locally known outbreaks were used to create an outbreak hazard map using a geographical information system (GIS) model. Vegetation, climate, and soil layers were used to determine the potential susceptibility of Oregon forests to pandora moth.

Results  We found the area affected by past pandora moth outbreaks ranged in size from 12.4 to 3,391.5 km2. The 1989 outbreak covered 807.9 km2, which was well within the historical range of variability. The vegetation and soil layers greatly restricted the area susceptible to pandora moth while the climate layer seemed to have little effect in restricting the susceptible area.

Main conclusions  Pandora moth outbreaks did not increase in size over the last century as we have seen with spruce budworm outbreaks in this same region. Analysis of the environmental variables that are known to affect pandora moth outbreaks enabled us to produce a hazard map that predicts the suitable habitat for pandora moth. Temperature at the landscape scale did not restrain the range of pandora moth. The GIS model enabled us to propose areas susceptible to future pandora moth outbreaks providing a predictive model that can now be tested and refined with further sampling.
Concept development of family resilience: a study of Korean families with a chronically ill child
Authors: Lee Insook , Lee Eun‐Ok , Kim Hesook Suzie , Park Young Sook , Song Misoon , Park Youn Hwan
Published: December 2004

Aims.  To clarify and delineate the concept of family resilience in the context of the chronic illness of a child. This study also investigated the concept of family resilience in relation to family functioning in order to compare and contrast family resilience and family functioning.

Design and method.  Three phases of the hybrid model of concept development were applied: theoretical, fieldwork and final analytical. In the theoretical phase, a working definition of family resilience was developed by a literature review. The fieldwork phase comprised in‐depth interviews with 11 parents with a chronically ill child, in the paediatric oncology unit of a university hospital in South Korea. The qualitative data obtained from the interviews were analysed to find attributes of family resilience. The final analytical phase compared and interpreted the findings from the theoretical and fieldwork phases in order to clarify and refine the concept of resilience.

Results.  The definition of family resilience was of an enduring force that leads a family to change its functioning dynamics in order to solve problems encountered. Twenty‐one conceptual attributes of family resilience emerging from this study were differentiated into four dimensions: (i) intrinsic family characteristics, (ii) family member orientation related to family characteristics, (iii) responsiveness to stress and (iv) external orientation.

Conclusions.  Family resilience is an enduring force that leads a family to change its dynamics of functioning in order to solve problems associated with stresses encountered. This conceptualization led to the development of a model of family coping that incorporates both family resilience and family functioning, as the property and as the process of change, respectively.

Relevance to clinical practice.  In order to build a family that functions better under stress, it is necessary for nurses to focus more attention on family resilience, especially in terms of the development of intervention strategies to strengthen family resilience.
Perimenopausal knowledge of mid‐life women in northern Taiwan
Authors: Tsao Lee‐Ing , Chang Wen‐Yin , Hung Li‐Ling , Chang Shu‐Hung , Chou Pi‐Chin
Published: December 2004

Background.  This work has been carried out keeping in view that although knowledge related to perimenopause is an important health issue for women worldwide, little information is known about mid‐life Taiwanese women's knowledge of perimenopause.

Objective.  The aim of this paper was to explore the level of perimenopausal knowledge of mid‐life women in northern Taiwan, to describe the relationship between demographic factors and women's knowledge, and to identify what information health providers need to offer them.

Design.  A cross‐sectional descriptive survey was conducted.

Method.  The Perimenopausal Knowledge Questionnaire was used to collect data. The study was carried out in August 2000 to September 2001. A convenience sample was recruited from traditional Chinese medicine clinics, gynecology clinics and communities in northern Taipei.

Results.  Our findings indicated that the overall mean correct answer weighted Perimenopausal Knowledge score of these mid‐life women was 46.31. The rank of weighted scores from highest to lowest was: (1) self‐care during perimenopause, (2) the perception of perimenopause, (3) knowledge related to hormone replacement therapy and (4) body changes associated with the declined oestrogen in perimenopause. Only educational level was significantly associated with Perimenopause Knowledge level (P < 0.01). Less than 20% (n = 353) of the women answered the items that measured self‐management of symptoms related to perimenopause correctly. Less than 1.4% of the women knew that taking hormone replacement therapy required a physician's prescription and subsequent regular health check‐ups.

Conclusion.  Participants lacked adequate knowledge about perimenopause.

Relevance to clinical practices.  Health providers need to provide factual information about the normal body changes of perimenopause, self‐management of perimenopausal disturbances and appropriate use of hormone replacement therapy.
Erythema elevatum diutinum and IgA paraproteinaemia: ‘a preclinical iceberg’
Authors: Chowdhury Mahbub M. U. , Serhat Inaloz H. , Motley R. J. , Knight Arthur G.
Published: December 2004

We report on a 59‐year‐old man with erythema elevatum diutinum, diagnosed 6 years ago with an associated IgA paraproteinaemia, and who has been observed for over 15 years. This patient showed a lack of correlation with the paraproteinaemia and the clinical severity of his disease. The technique of immunofixation electrophoresis is more sensitive than immunoelectrophoresis in identifying monoclonal immunoglobulins or light chains at very low concentrations in serum and urine. Dermatologists need to be made aware of this important tool in detecting such changes in patients with erythema elevatum diutinum at an early stage.
The Return to Soft Dollar Pegging in East Asia: Mitigating Conflicted Virtue
Authors: McKinnon Ronald , Schnabl Gunther
Published: December 2004

Before the 1997–98 crisis, the East Asian economies – except for Japan – informally pegged their currencies to the dollar. These soft pegs made them vulnerable to a depreciating yen, thereby aggravating the crisis. To limit future misalignments, the IMF wants East Asian currencies to float freely. Alternatively, authors have proposed increasing the weight of the yen in East Asian currency baskets. However, dollar pegs are entirely rational from the perspective of each Asian country – both to facilitate hedging by merchants and banks against exchange risk, and to help central banks anchor their domestic price levels. Post‐crisis, as the East Asian economies transform themselves from being dollar debtors into dollar creditors, they face ‘conflicted virtue’: pressure to appreciate their currencies that could lead to a deflationary spiral. Rather than undervaluing their currencies to promote exports as is commonly alleged, East Asian governments are trapped into returning to – and then maintaining – soft dollar pegs.
Thinking about Monetary Policy without Money
Authors: Carlstrom Charles T. , Fuerst Timothy S.
Published: December 2004

Books reviewed:

Ben S. Bernanke and Michael Woodford, (eds), Inflation Targeting

Carl E. Walsh, Monetary Theory and Policy

Michael Woodford, Interest and Prices
Testing alternative models for sexual isolation in natural populations of Littorina saxatilis: indirect support for by-product ecological speciation?
Authors: Cruz R. , Carballo M. , Conde-Padín P. , Rolán-Alvarez E.
Published: December 2004

Two ecotypes of the rough periwinkle Littorina saxatilis occur at different shore levels, showing assortative mating for size and partial reproductive isolation when they meet at the mid-shore. This system represents a putative case of incomplete speciation in sympatry. Two processes contribute to the assortative mating: morph-specific microhabitat aggregation and mate choice. The estimation of mate choice coefficients in nature and a simulation of the aggregation effects on sexual isolation were used to disentangle these processes as well as to test alternative mechanisms of mate choice. Mate choice significantly increased the frequency of within-morph pairs and significantly decreased the frequency of between-morph pairs, whereas those pairs including at least one hybrid morph mated randomly. These results allow us to reject a discriminant mate choice and support a model of evolution of sexual isolation as a side-effect of size-assortative mating in a context of divergent natural selection for size in the population. This mechanism is more compatible with a model of incomplete by-product ecological speciation, as suggested by previous evidence.
Comparison of external morphological traits of newborns to inner morphological traits of the dam in the double‐muscled Belgian Blue Beef breed
Authors: Coopman F. , Gengler N. , Groen A. F. , De Smet S. , Van Zeveren A.
Published: December 2004

In the double‐muscled (DM) Belgian Blue Beef (BBB) breed, caesarean section (CS) is used as a routine management tool to prevent dystocia. This practice is criticized on animal welfare grounds. With unassisted (natural) births, difficulties arise because of disproportion between the sizes of the newborn and inner pelvic sizes of the dam. In this study external morphological traits of newborns are compared with inner morphological traits of the dam. Results of this study indicate that in the DM‐BBB, CS is the only means to successful calving. Therefore, no calving ease scores are available to select for less dystocia in this breed. Selection for fewer CS must be achieved by focusing on lower birth weight (BW) and decreased muscular conformation at birth, both having a sufficiently high heritability. Simultaneously, pelvic sizes of the dam should be increased. It is very likely that the look of the DM‐BBB will change when selecting for less dystocia.
Part two: The core components of legitimate influence and the conditions that constrain or facilitate advanced nursing practice in adult critical care
Authors: Ball Carol , Cox Carol L
Published: December 2004

This paper describes intervening conditions that might constrain or facilitate the exercise of Legitimate Influence: The Key to Advanced Nursing in Adult Critical Care, the foundation of which is credibility and advanced clinical nursing practice. Constraining conditions are conflict, resistance, gender bias, political awareness and established values. Credibility, advanced clinical nursing practice and strategic activity are required to enhance patient stay in hospital and improve patient outcome. Intervening conditions that facilitate these are overcoming resistance, political awareness and established values. In a previous paper, it was indicated that enhanced patient stay and improved patient outcome were achieved primarily through strategic activity that emphasized restoring patients to a former, or improved, health status. This paper portrays how intervening conditions can impinge upon this and the exercise of legitimate influence.
Laser resurfacing today and the ‘cook book’ approach: a recipe for disaster?
Authors: Trelles M A
Published: December 2004

Background  Laser ablative skin resurfacing achieves skin rejuvenation by precise ablation of photoaged skin and subsequent re‐epithelialisation and dermal remodelling. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) lasers are the established choice. A wide range and many sets of parameters have been proposed as the gold standard for each system but results have varied.

Aims  To show that this single system ‘cook book’ approach must be rejected in favour of a more comprehensive approach.

Subjects and methods  The author has experience of ablative skin resurfacing in over 1200 patients and has used both systems. A more flexible approach, using a combined wavelength system, is presented. It comprises precise ablation of the epidermal with the Er: YAG (to create an epidermal window), followed instantaneously with subablative heating of the exposed dermis with the CO2 laser.

Results  Since adopting the dual wavelength/dual modality approach, more than 600 patients have been treated, with excellent results and a very high patient satisfaction index, currently around 90%, obtained from the sum of the very satisfied and satisfied patients using a five‐grade scale. Possible resurfacing‐related complications have included prolonged erythema, hyper or hypopigmentation, scarring and viral infections, which were more common with single system resurfacing. The author's complication rate remains under 1%, without any prophylactic use of antiviral agents.

Conclusions  The cook book approach, whereby a particular set of fixed laser resurfacing parameters for a specific single laser system are adopted and rigidly applied in all patients, will not achieve the best treatment effects and may even produce a bad result and dissatisfied patients. The dual modality approach allows a combination of the favourable elements of each of the two wavelengths with excellent and consistent results.
Bounds for total antieigenvalue of a normal operator
Authors: Hossein Sk. M. , Das K. C. , Debnath L. , Paul K.
Published: December 2004

We give an alternative proof of a theorem of Gustafson and
Seddighin (1993) following the idea used by Das et al. in an earlier study of antieigenvectors
(1998). The result proved here holds for certain
classes of normal operators even if the space is infinite
dimensional.
Technisch wichtige temperaturbeständige Polymere
Authors: Cherdron Harald , Herold Friedrich , Schneller Arnold
Published: December 2004

In diesem Beitrag werden die allgemeinen Strukturkonzepte für temperaturbeständige Polymere vorgestellt und anschließend‐am Beispiel der technisch wichtigen Vertreter‐Synthesen, Eigenschaftsprofile und Anwendungen beschrieben, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf den unvernetzten Polymeren liegt.
Chemosensoren für Gase und Lösungsmitteldämpfe. Ein Beitrag zur Umweltanalytik
Authors: Dickert Franz
Published: December 2004

Die Überprüfung der Luftqualität im chemischen Labor und gewerblichen Bereich wird im Rahmen von Umweltschutzmaßnahmen immer wichtiger. Dafür werden kleine Handgeräte mit Chemosensoren entwickelt, die auch der Laie problemlos bedienen kann. Engpaß bei der Konstruktion dieser Geräte sind geeignete chemisch sensitive Materialien.
Funktionelle Farbstoffe. Ein neuer Trend in der Farbstoffchemie
Authors: Griffiths John
Published: December 2004

Als funktionelle Farbstoffe bezeichnet man Farbstoffe, deren spezifische Anwendungen nicht auf ihren älteste und wichtigste funktionelle Farbstoff, das Chlorophyll, schon viele Millionen Jahre alt ist, handelt es sich bei der Chemie funktioneller Farbstoffe um ein relativ neues Forschungsgebiet, das aber bereits zu technischen Anwendungen in der Elektronik, der Photoreprographie, der Laserspektroskopie, in der analytischen Chemie und Biochemie, in der medizinischen Diagnostik und sogar in der Therapie geführt hat. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die heute verfügbaren Typen funktioneller Farbstoffe, die an Hand der spezifischen Eigenschaften des jeweiligen Farbstoffchromophors, der Für die funktionelle Aktivität verantwortlich ist, klassifiziert werden.
Chemische Informations‐systeme der Natur: Insektenpheromone
Authors: Bestmann Hans Jürgen , Vostrowsky Otto
Published: December 2004

Pheromone sind Signale chemischer Informationssysteme der Natur. Als flüchtige Riechstoffe lösen sie vor allem bei Insekten Verhaltensänderungen aus: Sie dienen der Geschlechtsfindung, der Partnerwahl und Fortpflanzung, der Beuteaufspürung, der Markierung von Futter‐ und Nestplätzen sowie der Regulation des Sozial‐ und Kastenwesens. Solche Eigenschaften werden heute bei der Bekämpfung von Schadinsekten ausgenutzt.
Die Chemie der L‐Ascorbinsäure in Lebensmitteln
Authors: Deifel Anton
Published: December 2004

Jährlich werden weltweit 35 000 bis 40 000 Tonnen L‐Ascorbinsäure produziert. Davon werden aber nur 30 Prozent für die Herstellung von Vitamin C‐ und Multivitaminpräparaten benötigt. Die restlichen 60 bis 70 Prozent werden zur Qualitätsverbesserung Lebensmitteln zugesetzt.
Binäre anorganische Nichtmetall‐Kationen
Authors: Tornieporth‐Oetting Inis C. , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: December 2004

An der Chemie binärer, anorganischer Kationen haben wir gezeigt, daß auch heute noch sehr einfache, anorganische Verbindungen entdeckt werden können (Z.B. AsF4+, I2N3+, N2F+, S(SH)3+, AsH4+, SbH2N4+) und daß häufig nicht‐existente Verbindungen (NF5, PI5, AsBr5, AsI5) anhand ihrer korrespondierenden Kationen‐Säuren (NF4+, PI4+, AsBr4+, AsI4+) charakterisiert werden können. Darüber hinaus wurde klar, daß auch in der anorganischen Nichtmetall‐Chemie echte Aromaten existieren (z. B. Y3N22+, Y = S, Se; analog zu C5H) und daß einige ungewöhnliche Struktur‐ und Bindungseigenschaften oft mit dem neuartigen Konzept der π*‐π*‐Wechselwirkung beschrieben werden können z. B. (Y3N2)22+ einen SS‐Bindungsgrad größlich besitzt S2I42+ einen SS‐Bindungsgrad größer als zwei, so daß hier eine thermodynamisch stabile Mehrfachbindung des Typs npπ‐npπ mit in ≥ 3 vorliegt.
Chemie als ein Teilaspeket. Technischer Aufsichtsbeamter bei den Berufsgenossenschaften
Authors: Guldner Karlheinz
Published: December 2004

Bei den 34 gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften, den landwirtschaftlichen Berufsgenossenschaften und den Unfallversicherungsträgern der öffentlichen Hand wurden in den letzten Jahren in zunehmender Zahl Chemiker als Technische Aufsichtsbeamte eingestellt. Das führte dazu, daß heute nicht nur die Berufsgenossenschaft der chemischen Industrie, sondern auch die meisten anderen Berufsgenossenschaften mindestens einen Diplom‐Chemiker oder einen promovierten Chemiker beschäftigen. Dies spiegelt den steigenden Einsatz von chemischen Produkten und die wachsende Bedeutung der Gefahrstoffproblematik in allen Industriesparten wider.
In Dresden lief alles anders
Authors: Gronarz Dominik F.
Published: December 2004

Als ich mich zum Sommersemester '94 nach drei Semestern Chemiestudium an einer westdeutschen Hochschule dazu entschloß, nach Dresden zu wechseln, fiel mir dieser Schritt nicht schwer. Durch meine Freundin kannte ich Dresden nun schon über vier Jahre recht gut und dachte, ich wüßte, was mich hier erwartet. Von meiner ersten Uni war ich einen Haufen von 300 Studenten pro Semester gewohnt. Es herrschte gelegentlich Ellenbogenmentalität; Bücher wurden versteckt oder Skripte nicht zurückgegeben, so daß Kommilitonen am effektiven Lernen gehindert wurden. Das hatte aber auch einen Grund: Bei der Vergabe der nur 70 Praktikumsplätze wurde kräftig mit sehr schweren Klausuren gesiebt. Aber man setzte sich auch viel in kleinen Gruppen zusammen, um dies bewältigen zu können.
Neue Techniken zur Automatisierung in der DNA‐Sequenzierung
Authors: Maier Elmar , Lehrach Hans
Published: December 2004

Automatische Bilddatenanalyse der Hybridisierung eines kurzen Oligonucleotids bekannter Sequenz auf eine gitterformig angeordnete DNA‐Matrix. Die DNA‐Matrix besteht aus insgesamt 57 600 unbekannten DNA‐Sequenzen einer Genbibliothek. Die im Computer gelb‐grün dargestellten Signale entsprechen den jeweiligen positiven Hybridisierungsereignissen: An diesen Stellen hat das Oligonucleotid bekannter Sequenz komplementäre Sequenzen in der unbekannten Genbibliothek gefunden. Mit dieser Methode lassen sich rasch sehr viele komplexe Genbibliotheken auf Ihr Expressionsmuster hin analysieren.
Paul Havrez und seine Benzolformel
Authors: Heilbronner Edgar , Jacques Jean
Published: December 2004

The belgian chemist Paul Havrez (1838–1875) proposed two highly symmetrical, space‐filling models for the benzene molecule, only a few months after Kekulé's seminal proposal of a cyclic benzene structure. One of these models is characterized by the revolutionary assumption of equal 3/2 bonds between all neighbouring carbon atoms, in sharp contrast to Kekulé's formula with alternating double and single bonds. With Considerable hind‐sight, Havrez's model could be considered as a forerunner of the benzene structure with delocalized π bonds.
Die Schwingquarzmethode
Authors: Schumacher Rolf
Published: December 2004

In the last decade, the Quarz Crystal Micro Balance has proved its enormous capability to be suitable to a wide range of applications in thc fields of chemistry, physics, materials and surface science, maritime and medical research as well as in sensor technology. The physical basis of these features are mega Hertz shear oscillations which create oscillatory movements at the solid/liquid junction. They give rise to an acceleration which sur‐ passes the acceleration of gravity by several orders of niagnitude. These unique movement conditions allow, besides the well known mass sensitivity of several nanograms, nanotribologic investigations between metallic substrata and monolayer deposits of foreign materials. It senses grain size effects in metallic deposits and allows the complete determination of the complex and anisotropic shear compliance of thin polymer layers. With a structured oscillator surface density and viscosity of a liquid phase can be determined independently. It also allows monitoring of chemical reactions with a time resolution < lms.
Katalytische Hydroaminierung von Alkenen und Alkinen
Authors: Haak Edgar , Doye Sven
Published: December 2004

Bei der Hydroaminierung von Alkenen und Alkinen handelt es sich um Reaktionen, die auch 1999 noch nicht zum Standardwerkzeug der Organischen Chemie gehören. Viele der hier beschriebenen Verfahren sind auf einzelne Substratklassen oder sogar einzelne Substrate beschränkt, verwenden hochempfindliche und teure Katalysatoren (z. R. Lanthanoidverbindungen) oder erfordern noch immer drastische Reaktionsbedingungen (zeolithkatalysierte Verfahren). Eine breit anwendbare Methode für die Hydroaminierung von Alkenen und Alkinen steht daher nach wie vor nicht zur Verfügung. Dies ist um so bedauerlicher, wenn man bedenkt, daß die direkte Hydroaminierung der preiswerten und gut verfügbaren Alkene den formal einfachsten, weil einstufigen Zugang zu Aminen aus Alkenen darstellt. Der fehlende Zwangsanfall von Nebenprodukten macht die Reaktion außerdem auch aus ökologischer Sicht äußerst interessant. Es bleibt zu hoffen, daß die chemische Forschung im Laufe der nahen Zukunft weitere Fortschritte machen wird und sowohl für den Labormaßstab als auch den Produktionsmaßstab effektive Hydroaminierungsverfahren entwickeln kann. Die in letzter Zeit ständig steigende Zahl an Veröffentlichungen zum Thema Hydroaminierung deutet darauf hin, daßdieses Ziel bereits in wenigen Jahren erreicht werden könnte. Dies würde die Arbeit des im Labor tätigen Forschungschemikers schon bald erheblich erleichtern sowie zu enormen Einsparungen bei der industriellen Produktion von Aminen führen.
Recherches sur l'action chimique des décharges électriques. II. La formation et la décomposition du cyanogéne
Authors: Briner E. , Deshusses J.
Published: December 2004

Nous avons repris le problème de l'obtention du cyanogène en nous servant d'appareils appropriés et d'une méthode d'analyse colorimétrique très sensible permettant de déceler 0,04 mgr. de cyanogène à l'état de dilution extrême dans un gttz.
Über das Naphthalingrün V
Authors: Frisch Franz
Published: December 2004

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die in der Literatur allgemein verbreitete Formel des Naphthalingrün V als falsch erkannt und zugleich die richtige Konstitution durch Synthese ermittelt.
Oxydo‐Reduktionen mit Chlorophyll und anderen Sensibilatoren
Authors: Allisson Ferdinand
Published: December 2004

Die Vertretbarkeit von Chlorophyll und anderen photodynamischen Farbstoffen bei photochemischen Oxydo‐Reduktionen wird durch neue Beispiele belegt.
Die Elektrolyse der Salze der normalen Buttersäure und damit zusammenhängende Fragen
Authors: Fichter Fr. , Bürgin Adolf
Published: December 2004

Durch genaue Untersuchung des Verhaltens von Di‐butyrylperoxyd und von Butter‐persäure bei der thermischen und photochemischen Zersetzung liess sich das am Schluss des ersten Abschnitts aufgestellte Schema der Elektrolyse der n‐Butyrate bestätigen. Die Verseifbarkeit des Di‐butyryl‐peroxyds in buttersaurer Lösung wurde messend verfolgt. Die Prüfung des Verhaltens von Propylen gegen Buttersäure bei höherer Temperatur erlaubte, das obige Schema zu vervollständigen durch die bisher noch nicht durchgeführte Reaktion, Gleichung (1), durch welche die Entstehung von Isopropylalkohol bei der Elektrolyse verständlich wird, auch wenn der Elektrolyt insgesamt alkalische Reaktion aufweist, weil an der Anode stets freie Buttersäure vorhanden ist.
Über die Aminolyse des Alanins
Authors: Molinari Silvio
Published: December 2004

Es wird festgestellt, dass beim Erhitzen von Lösungen von Alanin mit Kohle (Knochenkohle) folgende Reaktionen eintreten:

Hydrolyse des Alanins zu milchsaurem Ammonium.

Die Hydrolyse kommt zum Stillstand, bevor alles Alanin umgesetzt ist.

Neben dem milchsauren Ammonium bildet sich Ammonium‐carbonat, Acetaldehyd, Ameisensäure und Äthylalkohol.
Recherches sur l'ozonation des aldéhydes. Action de l'ozone sur la participation de l'oxygène à l'oxydation
Authors: Briner E. , Demolis A. , Paillard H.
Published: December 2004

Nos recherches sur l'ozonation de l'aldéhyde benzoïque ont mis en évidence une action très marquée de l'ozone sur la participation de l'oxygène à l'oxydation.
Recherches sur l'action chimique des décharges électriques V. Influence de la nature des électrodes sur la production d'oxyde d'azote dans l'arc électrique
Authors: Briner E. , Corbaz J. , Wakker Ch.
Published: December 2004

En perfectionnant le mode de recouvrement des électrodes pardes composès: oxydes ou silicates de métaux alcalino‐terreux (Baryum) ou alcalins (Lithium), on a obtenu des améliorations du rendement énergétique de production de l'oxyde d'azote par l'arc plus marquées et plus régulières que dans les essais précédents.
Zur Kenntnis der isomeren Dinitrobenzole
Authors: Wyler Otto
Published: December 2004

1. In den vorstehenden Untersuchungen wurde bestätigt, dass bei der Nitrierung des Nitrobenzols stets alle drei Dinitrobenzole gebildet werden. Der Gehalt an m‐Dinitrobenzol richtet sich nach der Nitriertemperatur, jedoch schwankt er nur innerhalb der verhaltnismässig kleinen Grenzen von 85–95%. Um ein reineres m‐Dinitrobenzol zu gewinnen, ist daher nach jeder Nitrierung eine Nachbehandlung notwendig. –Durch Katalysatoren können keine besseren Resultate erzielt werden.
Über die Analyse von Lösungen aus basischem Aluminiumchlorid
Authors: Treadwell W. D. , Zürcher M.
Published: December 2004

1. Es wird die Existenz des Kations AlO· in basischen Aluminiumsalzlösungen nachgewiesen durch elektrometrische Titration mit Lauge und durch Gefrierpunktsbestimmungen.
Sur la déshydratation catalytique des phénols; Influence de la nature et de la position des groupes substitués
Authors: Briner E. , Bron A.‐A.
Published: December 2004

La déshydratation catalytique, sur la thorine, des phénols en oxydes a été réalisée avec des rendements qui ont été établis pour les crésols, les xylénols, les phényl‐phénols, le gaïacol, les α‐ et le β‐naphtols; dans le cas des naphtols, la déshydratation est accompagnée d'une déshydrogénation assez marquée (production d'oxydes de naphtylène).
Zur Kenntnis der Chlorierung von Aluminiumoxyd mit Chlor und Kohlenoxyd
Authors: Treadwell W. D. , Terebesi L.
Published: December 2004

Die Chlorierung von γ‐Tonerde mit Kohlenoxyd und Chlor verläuft oberhalb von ca. 800° proportional mit der Zeit und verlangsamt sich nur in dem Masse, wie die Reaktionsmasse aufgebraucht wird. Je tiefer die Temperatur der Chlorierung gewählt wird, desto deutlicher verläuft sie mit autokatalytischer Beschleunigung. Als Ursache hierfür könnte die Entstehung einer minimalen Schicht von aktiver Kohle in Betracht kommen, die sich durch Zersetzung von Kohlenoxyd auf der Tonerde bildet. Der zeitliche Anstieg der Chlorierungsgeschwindigkeit würde dann durch das Anwachsen der reaktionsfähigen Grenzschicht: Tonerde/Kohle verursacht.
Recherches sur l'ozonation de l'aldéhyde benzoïque et sur le rǒle de l'ozone comme catalyseur d'oxydation. II
Authors: Briner E. , Demolis A. , Paillard H.
Published: December 2004

Ces recherches ont pour but de raire ressortir le rôle de catalyseur joué par l'ozone dans l'autoxydation de l'aldéhyde benzoïque et dans l'autoxydation en général. Il est précisé que, aux faibles concentrations d'ozone, les quantités d'ozone consommé sont très petites par rapport au supplément d'acide benzoïque formé en présence d'ozone.
Elektrochemische Versuche mit Cyclohexancarbonsäure
Authors: Fiehter Fr. , Siegrist Walter
Published: December 2004

Die Elektrolyse von cyclohexancarbonsaurem Kalium in carbonatalkalischer Lösung liefert als Hauptprodukt Cyclohexanol, entstanden im Sinne der Hofer‐ und Moest'schen Reaktion; aus ihm bilden sich sekundär Cyclohexen und Di‐cyclohexyl‐äther, durch Wasserabspaltung aus einer order aus zwei Molekeln; Cyclohexancarbonsäure‐cyclohexylester durch Veresterung; Cyclohexanon durch Oxydation, und aus Cyclohexanon Fettsäuren als Abbauprodukte.
Über die Aminolyse der Asparaginsäure
Authors: Wunderly K.
Published: December 2004

1. Beim Erhitzen von d,l‐Asparaginsäure an Tierkohle wird, neben Ammoniummalat, Ammoniumlactat, Ammoniumcarbonat, Ammoniumpyruviat und Acetaldehyd gebildet.
Zur Kenntnis der Reduktion von Tonerde mit Kohle
Authors: Treadwell W. D. , Gyger A.
Published: December 2004

1. Es wird eine Apparatur beschrieben zur Reduktion von Tonerde mit Kohle in einem zirkulierenden Strom von Argon. Hierbei wird der entstehende Kohlenoxydgehalt der Argonatmosphäre aus der Widerstandsänderung eines stromdurchflossenen Platindrahts gemessen, der sich im Reaktionsgas befindet.
Zur Kenntnis der Ringbildungsleichtigkeit cyclischer Imine
Authors: Salomon G.
Published: December 2004

1) Aus den früher von H. Freundlich und Mitarbeitern bestimmten Ringschlussgeschwindigkeiten der Halogenalkylamine zu cyclischen Iminen wurden Aktivierungswärme und „temperatur‐unabhängiger Faktor”︁ (Aktionskonstante) aus der Temperatur‐abhängigkeit der Reaktionen berechnet. Die Bildung der drei‐ und viergliedrigen Imine erfordert eine höhere Aktivierungswärme als die des Fünf‐ und Sechsrings.