bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thyroid function test variability and cardiovascular morbidity in hyperthyroidism
Authors: Suonsyrjä Nelli , Laihia Iina , Huhtala Heini , Jaatinen Pia , Metso Saara
Published: July 2023

Objective

The variability of thyroid function tests (TFTs) during antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy and its association with adverse health outcomes have not been previously studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of TFT variability and cardiovascular morbidity during ATD therapy.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients and Measurements

Hyperthyroid patients (n = 394) treated with ATD therapy at Tampere University Hospital between March 2016 and December 2018 were followed up for a median time of 1.5 years (interquartile range 0.8–2.0). The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the follow‐up thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) measurements were determined. The associations of TFT variability and baseline clinical factors with cardiovascular disease (CVD) ‐associated hospital visits were assessed with logistic regression analyses.

Results

In the multivariable analyses, age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.09), male gender (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.03–5.28) and fT4‐CV (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.04) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity, whereas baseline positive thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs) were associated with lower cardiovascular morbidity (OR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.14–0.61). When the patients with baseline TRAb positivity were studied separately, fT4‐CV was associated with cardiovascular morbidity (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.05).

Conclusions

During ATD therapy, fT4 variability is associated with an increased cardiovascular morbidity. Although positive TRAbs are associated with a lower cardiovascular morbidity compared with hyperthyroidism with negative autoantibodies, the variability of fT4 is associated with cardiovascular morbidity also in patients with positive TRAbs.
Prevalence of suspected obesity hypoventilation syndrome in Hungarian Intensive Care Units during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Baglyas Szabolcs , Valkó Luca , Donka Dániel , Fodor Gábor , Hansági Edit , Méhész István , Gál János , Lorx András
Published: July 2023

Introduction

The symptoms of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) may be present for years with concomitant progressive comorbidities, and the condition is frequently diagnosed late as a result of acute‐on‐chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. Although some data exist on intensive care unit (ICU) prevalence, mortality and morbidity of OHS, little is known about the ICU mortality of these chronic respiratory failure patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional observational study in five Hungarian Intensive Care Units for 4 months during the COVID‐19 pandemic. All ICU patients were screened for OHS risk factors by treating physicians. Risk factors were defined as obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) and at least one of the following: Epworth Sleepiness Score ≥ 6; symptoms of right heart failure; daytime or night‐time hypoxemia; presence of loud snoring; witnessed apnoea. We calculated prevalence, mortality and factors associated with unfavourable outcome.

Results

A total of 904 ICU patients were screened for OHS risk factors. Overall 79 (8.74 ± 5.53%) patients were reported to have met the criteria for suspected OHS with a mortality rate of 40.5%; 69% (54 patients) of the cohort displayed at least 3 symptoms related to OHS before their acute illness. COVID‐19 infection was associated with higher mortality in OHS‐suspected patients, independently of actual BMI.

Conclusion

Despite the increased risk of obese patients, suspected OHS did not show higher prevalence than expected during the COVID‐19 pandemic in critically ill patients. COVID‐19 infection however was a risk for mortality in these patients, independent of actual BMI.
Spatial resolution impacts projected plant responses to climate change on topographically complex islands
Authors: Patiño Jairo , Collart Flavien , Vanderpoorten Alain , Martin‐Esquivel José Luis , Naranjo‐Cigala Agustín , Mirolo Sébastien , Karger Dirk N.
Published: July 2023

Aim

Understanding how grain size affects our ability to characterize species responses to ongoing climate change is of crucial importance in the context of an increasing awareness for the substantial difference that exists between coarse spatial resolution macroclimatic data sets and the microclimate actually experienced by organisms. Climate change impacts on biodiversity are expected to peak in mountain areas, wherein the differences between macro and microclimates are precisely the largest. Based on a newly generated fine‐scale environmental data for the Canary Islands, we assessed whether data at 100 m resolution is able to provide more accurate predictions than available data at 1 km resolution. We also analysed how future climate suitability predictions of island endemic bryophytes differ depending on the grain size of grids.

Location

Canary Islands.

Time period

Present (1979–2013) and late‐century (2071–2100).

Taxa

Bryophytes.

Methods

We compared the accuracy and spatial predictions using ensemble of small models for 14 Macaronesian endemic bryophyte species. We used two climate data sets: CHELSA v1.2 (~1 km) and CanaryClim v1.0 (100 m), a downscaled version of the latter utilizing data from local weather stations. CanaryClim also encompasses future climate data from five individual model intercomparison projects for three warming shared socio‐economic pathways.

Results

Species distribution models generated from CHELSA and CanaryClim exhibited a similar accuracy, but CanaryClim predicted buffered warming trends in mid‐elevation ridges. CanaryClim consistently returned higher proportions of newly suitable pixels (8%–28%) than CHELSA models (0%–3%). Consequently, the proportion of species predicted to occupy pixels of uncertain suitability was higher with CHELSA (3–8 species) than with CanaryClim (0–2 species).

Main conclusions

The resolution of climate data impacted the predictions rather than the performance of species distribution models. Our results highlight the crucial role that fine‐resolution climate data sets can play in predicting the potential distribution of both microrefugia and new suitable range under warming climate.
Scents and sensibility: Best practice in insect olfactometer bioassays
Authors: Roberts Joe M. , Clunie Ben J. , Leather Simon R. , Harris W. Edwin , Pope Tom W.
Published: July 2023

Olfactometers have been used for more than 100 years and are integral to experimental chemical ecology. Studies utilising olfactometer bioassays form the foundation for understanding the behavioural responses of invertebrates to chemical stimuli under standardised laboratory conditions. Widely used olfactometry apparatuses include two‐arm olfactometers for binary responses through to four‐ and six‐arm arenas to evaluate more complex behaviours. Despite its prevalence in chemical ecology studies, there has never been a review of experimental best practice in olfactometry. This review critically evaluates both olfactometry methods and applications as well as experimental design and analysis. We aim to outline a standard of good practice to improve experimental design and reporting for studies involving olfactometry, thereby establishing a reference guide to build a robust experimental workflow for olfactometry bioassays.
Heterogeneous diacylglycerol acyltransferase expression enhances lipids and PUFA in Chlorella species
Authors: Nawkarkar Prachi , Kapase Vikas U. , Chaudhary Sarika , Kajla Sachin , Kumar Shashi
Published: July 2023

Algae have been explored for renewable energy, nutraceuticals, and value‐added products. However, low lipid yield is a significant impediment to its commercial viability. Genetic engineering can improve the fatty acid profile of algae without compromising its growth. This study introduced the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (BnDGAT) gene from Brassica napus into Chlorella sorokiniana‐I, a fast‐growing and thermotolerant natural strain isolated from wastewater, which increased its intracellular lipid accumulation. Hygromycin‐resistant cells were selected, and enhanced green florescence protein fluorescence was used to distinguish pure transgenic cell lines from mixed cultures. Compared to the wild type, BnDGAT expression in transgenic C. sorokiniana‐I caused a threefold increase in non‐polar lipid and a twofold increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nile red staining reaffirmed the presence of higher intracellular lipid bodies in transgenic cells. There was a substantial alteration in the fatty acid profile of transgenic alga expressing BnDGAT. The non‐essential omega 9 (C18: 1) fatty acid decreased (5%–7% from 18%), while alpha‐linolenic acid, an essential omega 3 fatty acid (C18: 3), was increased (23%–24% from 11%). This study substantiates a valuable strategy for enhancing essential omega‐3 fatty acids and neutral lipids to improve its nutritional value for animal feed. The increased lipid productivity should reduce the cost of producing fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Improved FAME quality should address the clouding issues in cold regions.
The changing face of public dispute resolution in New Zealand
Authors: Rasmussen Erling , Anderson Danaë
Published: July 2023

New Zealand provides a unique comparative case with its well‐embedded, comprehensive and flexible public dispute resolution services. Changes from collective to individual disputes and a resulting rise in institutional caseload have occurred since 1990, culminating in increased public information, enforcement and dispute resolution efforts. However, debates exist about improving access to justice, reducing legalism and providing proactive conflict resolution.
Comparative evidence of different surgical techniques for the management of vertical alveolar ridge defects in terms of complications and efficacy: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Alotaibi Faisal F. , Rocchietta Isabella , Buti Jacopo , D'Aiuto Francesco
Published: July 2023

Aim

To systematically appraise the available evidence on vertical ridge augmentation (VRA) techniques and estimate a treatment‐based ranking on the incidence of complications as well as their clinical effectiveness.

Materials and Methods

Searches were conducted in six databases to identify randomized clinical trials comparing VRA techniques up to November 2022. The incidence of complications (primary) and of early, major, surgical and intra‐operative complications, vertical bone gain (VBG), marginal bone loss, need for additional grafting, implant success/survival, and patient‐reported outcome measures (secondary) were chosen as outcomes. Direct and indirect effects and treatment ranking were estimated using Bayesian pair‐wise and network meta‐analysis (NMA) models.

Results

Thirty‐two trials (761 participants and 943 defects) were included. Five NMA models involving nine treatment groups were created: onlay, inlay, dense‐polytetrafluoroethylene, expanded‐polytetrafluoroethylene, titanium, resorbable membranes, distraction osteogenesis, tissue expansion and short implants. Compared with short implants, statistically significant higher odds ratios of healing complications were confirmed for all groups except those with resorbable membranes (odds ratio 5.4, 95% credible interval 0.92–29.14). The latter group, however, ranked last in clinical VBG.

Conclusions

VRA techniques achieving greater VBG are also associated with higher incidence of healing complications. Guided bone regeneration techniques using non‐resorbable membranes yield the most favourable results in relation to VBG and complications.
Migration timing and tributary use of spawning flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis)
Authors: Bonjour Sophia M. , Gido Keith B. , McKinstry Mark C. , Cathcart Charles N. , Bogaard Matthew R. , Dzul Maria , Healy Brian D. , Hooley‐Underwood Zachary E. , Rogowski David L. , Yackulic Charles B.
Published: July 2023

Spawning phenology and associated migrations of fishes are often regulated by factors such as temperature and stream discharge, but flow regulation of mainstem rivers coupled with climate change might disrupt these cues and affect fitness. Flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) persisting in heavily modified river networks are known to spawn in tributaries that might provide better spawning habitat than neighboring mainstem rivers subject to habitat degradation (e.g., embedded sediments, altered thermal regimes, and disconnected floodplains). PIT tag data and radio telemetry were used to quantify the timing and duration of flannelmouth sucker tributary spawning migrations in relation to environmental cues in McElmo Creek, a tributary of the San Juan River in the American Southwest. We also tested the extent of the tributary migration and assessed mainstem movements prior to and after tributary migrations. Additionally, multiyear data sets of PIT detections from other tributaries in the Colorado River basin were used to quantify interannual and cross‐site variation in the timing of flannelmouth sucker spawning migrations in relation to environmental cues. The arrival and residence times of fish spawning in McElmo Creek varied among years, with earlier migration and a 3‐week increase in residence time in relatively wet years compared to drier years. Classification tree analysis suggested a combination of discharge‐ and temperature‐determined arrival timing. Of fish PIT tagged in the fall, 56% tagged within 10 km of McElmo Creek spawned in the tributary the following spring, as did 60% of radio‐tagged fish, with a decline in its use corresponding to increased distance of tagging location. A broader analysis of four tributaries in the Colorado River basin, including McElmo Creek, found photoperiod and temperature of tributary and mainstem rivers were the most important variables in determining migration timing, but tributary and mainstem discharge also aided in classification success. The largest tributary, the Little Colorado River, had more residential fish or fish that stayed for longer periods (median = 30 days), whereas McElmo Creek fish stayed an average of just 10 days in 2022. Our results generally suggest that higher discharge, across years or across sites, results in extended use of tributaries by flannelmouth suckers. Conservation actions that limit water extraction and maintain natural flow regimes in tributaries, while maintaining open connection with mainstem rivers, may benefit migratory species, including flannelmouth suckers.
Effects of temperature and nutrients on microscopic stages of the bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Weigel Brooke L. , Small Sadie L. , Berry Helen D. , Dethier Megan N.
Published: July 2023

Warming ocean temperatures have been linked to kelp forest declines worldwide, and elevated temperatures can act synergistically with other local stressors to exacerbate kelp loss. The bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana is the primary canopy‐forming kelp species in the Salish Sea, where it is declining in areas with elevated summer water temperatures and low nutrient concentrations. To determine the interactive effects of these two stressors on microscopic stages of N. luetkeana, we cultured gametophytes and microscopic sporophytes from seven different Salish Sea populations across seven different temperatures (10–22°C) and two nitrogen concentrations. The thermal tolerance of microscopic gametophytes and sporophytes was similar across populations, and high temperatures were more stressful than low nitrogen levels. Additional nitrogen did not improve gametophyte or sporophyte survival at high temperatures. Gametophyte densities were highest between 10 and 16°C and declined sharply at 18°C, and temperatures of 20 and 22°C were lethal. The window for successful sporophyte production was narrower, peaking at 10–14°C. Across all populations, the warmest temperature at which sporophytes were produced was 16 or 18°C, but sporophyte densities were 78% lower at 16°C and 95% lower at 18°C compared to cooler temperatures. In the field, bottom temperatures revealed that the thermal limits of gametophyte growth (18°C) and sporophyte production (16–18°C) were reached during the summer at multiple sites. Prolonged exposure of bull kelp gametophytes to temperatures of 16°C and above could limit reproduction, and therefore recruitment, of adult kelp sporophytes.
Predatory fines and fees: Revenue, fiscal contrition, and policy change
Authors: Martin Karin D.
Published: July 2023

Fiscal contrition refers to the phenomenon of policy‐makers becoming aware of the social costs of fines and fees, recognizing a need to reduce those costs, and taking action to do so. In order to reveal the occurrence of fiscal contrition, this analysis examines detailed budget data from three U.S. counties. Findings indicate a dominance of predatory over punitive monetary sanctions in county budgets. That is, fines and fees that extract revenue from a justice‐involved population are more common than those with social control objectives. The analysis also reveals patterns and nuances in fine and fee usage and the revenue they produce, which illuminates pathways for reducing reliance on fine and fee revenue. This approach provides useful context for the burgeoning scholarship focused on the role of monetary sanctions in fueling social inequities.
Researching models of innovation and adoption in health professions education
Authors: Pusic Martin Victor , Ellaway Rachel Helen
Published: July 2023

Background

Despite the constant presence of change and innovation in health professions education (HPE), there has been relatively little theoretical modelling of such change, the experiences of change, the ideology associated with change or the unexpected consequences of change. In this paper, the authors explore theoretical approaches to the adoption of innovations in HPE as a way of mapping a broader theoretical landscape of change.

Method

The authors, HPE researchers with an interest in technology adoption and systemic change, present a narrative review of the literature based on a series of thought experiments regarding how communities and individuals respond to the introduction of new ideas or methods. This research investigates the stages of innovation adoption, from the emergence and hype around new ideas to the concrete experiences of early adopters.

Results

When an innovation first emerges, there is often little concrete information available to inform potential adopters, leaving it susceptible to hype, both positive and negative. This can be described using the Gartner Hype Cycle model, albeit with important caveats. Once the adoption of an innovation gets underway, early adopter user experiences can inform those that follow. This can be described using Rogers' diffusion of innovation model, again with caveats. Notably, neither model goes beyond the point of single point‐in‐time, yes/no, individual adoption. Other approaches, such as learning curve theory, are needed to track uptake and maintenance by individuals over time.

Significance

This expanded theoretical base, while still somewhat instrumentalist, combined with complementary theoretical perspectives can afford opportunities to better explore reasons for variance, volunteerism and resistance to change. In summary, change is complicated and nuanced, and better models and theories are needed to understand and work meaningfully with change in HPE. To that end, the authors seek to encourage richer and more thoughtful research and scholarly thinking about change and a more nuanced approach to the pursuit of change in HPE as a whole.
A novel esophageal retractor with eccentric balloon during atrial fibrillation ablation
Authors: Dai Wen‐Li , Yao Ke‐Xin , Li Meng‐Meng , Li Song‐Nan , Sang Cai‐Hua , Jiang Chen‐Xi , Guo Xue‐Yuan , Li Xu , Feng Li , Jia Chang‐Qi , Ning Man , Dong Jian‐Zeng , Ma Chang‐Sheng
Published: July 2023

Background

Due to the anatomically adjacent relationship between the left atrium (LA) and esophagus, energy delivery on the posterior wall of LA is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a novel esophageal retractor (SAFER) with an inflatable C‐curve balloon during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.

Method

Nine patients underwent AF ablation assisted with the SAFER. After inflation, the esophagus was deviated laterally away from the intended ablation site of the posterior wall under local anesthesia. The extent of mechanical esophageal deviation (MED) was evaluated under fluoroscopy, defined as the shortest distance from the trailing esophageal edge to the closest point of the ablation line. Gastroscopy was performed before and after ablation. The target ablation index used in all LA sites including the posterior wall was 400–450 after effective MED. All adverse events during the periprocedural period were recorded.

Results

The mean deviation distance achieved 16.2 ± 9.6 mm away from the closest ablation point of the pulmonary vein lesion set. With respect to the individual left and right pulmonary vein lesion sets, the deviation distance was 19.7 ± 11.5 and 12.7 ± 6.8 mm, respectively. The extent of deviation was 0 to 5 mm, 5.1 to 10 mm, or >10 mm in 0(0%), 7(38.9%), and 11(61.1%), respectively. Procedural success was achieved in all patients without acute reconnection. There was only one esophageal complication which manifested as esophageal erosion and this patient experienced throat pain possibly related to the SAFER retractor with no clinical sequelae.

Conclusion

Esophageal deviation with the novel eccentric balloon is a novel feasible choice during AF ablation, enabling adequate energy delivery to the posterior wall of LA. Additional prospective randomized controlled studies are required for further validation.
Test method for evaluating the photocytotoxic potential of fluorescence imaging products
Authors: Vig Shruti , Gaitan Brandon , Frankle Lucas , Chen Yu , Elespuru Rosalie , Pfefer T. Joshua , Huang Huang‐Chiao
Published: July 2023

Various fluorescence imaging agents are currently under clinical studies. Despite significant benefits, phototoxicity is a barrier to the clinical translation of fluorophores. Current regulatory guidelines on medication‐based phototoxicity focus on skin effects during sun exposure. However, with systemic and local administration of fluorophores and targeted illumination, there is now possibility of photochemical damage to deeper tissues during intraoperative imaging procedures. Hence, independent knowledge regarding phototoxicity is required to facilitate the development of fluorescence imaging products. Previously, we studied a cell‐free assay for initial screening of reactive molecular species generation from fluorophores. The current work addresses a safety test method based on cell viability as an adjunct and a comparator with the cell‐free assay. Our goal is to modify and implement an approach based on the in vitro 3T3 neutral red uptake assay of the Organization for Economic Co‐Operation and Development Test Guideline 432 (OECD TG432) to evaluate the photocytotoxicity of clinically relevant fluorophores. These included indocyanine green (ICG), proflavine, methylene blue (MB), and IRDye800, as well as control photosensitizers, benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) and rose bengal (RB). We performed measurements at agent concentrations and illumination parameters used for clinic imaging. Our results aligned with prior studies, indicating photocytotoxicity in RB and BPD and an absence of reactivity for ICG and IRDye800. DNA interactive agents, proflavine and MB, exhibited drug/light dose–response curves like photosensitizers. This study provides evidence and insights into practices useful for testing the photochemical safety of fluorescence imaging products.
To err is human‐ to understand error‐processing is divine: Contributions of working memory and anxiety to error‐related brain and pupil responses
Authors: LoTemplio Sara , Silcox Jack , Murdock Ryan , Strayer David L. , Payne Brennan R.
Published: July 2023

Both anxiety and working memory capacity appear to predict increased (more negative) error‐related negativity (ERN) amplitudes, despite being inversely related to one another. Until the interactive effects of these variables on the ERN are clarified, there may be challenges posed to our ability to use the ERN as an endophenotype for anxiety, as some have suggested. The compensatory error monitoring hypothesis suggests that high trait‐anxiety individuals have larger ERN amplitudes because they must employ extra, compensatory efforts to override the working memory demands of their anxiety. Yet, to our knowledge, no ERN study has employed direct manipulation of working memory demands in conjunction with direct manipulations of induced (state) anxiety. Furthermore, little is known about how these manipulations affect other measures of error processing, such as the error‐related pupil dilation response and post‐error behavioral adjustments. Therefore, we manipulate working memory load and anxiety in a 2 × 2 within‐subjects design to examine the interactive effects of working memory load and anxiety on ERN amplitude, error‐related pupil dilation response amplitude, and post‐error behavior. There were no effects of our manipulations on ERN amplitude, suggesting a strong interpretation of compensatory error‐processing theory. However, our worry manipulation affected post‐error behavior, such that worry caused a reduction in post‐error accuracy. Additionally, our working memory manipulation affected error‐related PDR magnitude and the amplitude of the error‐related positivity (Pe), such that increased working memory load decreased the amplitude of these responses. Implications of these results within the context of the compensatory error processing framework are discussed.
Do chairmen with China's Great Famine experience in early‐life affect firm tax avoidance activities?
Authors: Yang Siying , Feng Dawei , Xu Junbing
Published: July 2023

This article investigates whether and how chairmen with China's Great Famine experience affect firm tax avoidance activities. We find that the chairmen who experienced China's Great Famine in early‐life engage in fewer tax avoidance activities than other chairmen. This effect is stronger for firms in regions with a weak gambling culture and provinces with higher political uncertainty, nonstate‐owned firms, and chairmen with higher education. We show that a lower‐level risk appetite among chairmen is the primary mechanism driving lower tax avoidance in their firms. Our article provides new insights into the differences in tax avoidance between firms based on whether managers experienced the Great Famine.
Do NO, N2O, N2 and CO2 fluxes differ in soils sourced from cropland and varying riparian buffer vegetation? An incubation study
Authors: Dlamini J. C. , Tesfamariam E. H. , Verbeeck M. , Loick N. , Louro‐Lopez A. , Hawkins J. M. B. , Blackwell M. S. A. , Dunn R. M. , Collins A. L. , Cardenas L. M.
Published: July 2023

Riparian buffers are expedient interventions for water quality functions in agricultural landscapes. However, the choice of vegetation and management affects soil microbial communities, which in turn affect nutrient cycling and the production and emission of gases such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen gas (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). To investigate the potential fluxes of the above‐mentioned gases, soil samples were collected from a cropland and downslope grass, willow and woodland riparian buffers from a replicated plot scale experimental facility. The soils were re‐packed into cores and to investigate their potential to produce the aforementioned gases via potential denitrification, a potassium nitrate (KNO3−) and glucose (labile carbon)‐containing amendment, was added prior to incubation in a specialized laboratory DENItrification System (DENIS). The resulting NO, N2O, N2 and CO2 emissions were measured simultaneously, with the most NO (2.9 ± 0.31 mg NO m−2) and N2O (1413.4 ± 448.3 mg N2O m−2) generated by the grass riparian buffer and the most N2 (698.1 ± 270.3 mg N2 m−2) and CO2 (27,558.3 ± 128.9 mg CO2 m−2) produced by the willow riparian buffer. Thus, the results show that grass riparian buffer soils have a greater NO3− removal capacity, evidenced by their large potential denitrification rates, while the willow riparian buffers may be an effective riparian buffer as its soils potentially promote complete denitrification to N2, especially in areas with similar conditions to the current study.
Effect of dipotassium‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or lithium‐heparin treatments and storage times on selected clinicopathologic analytes in equine synovial fluid
Authors: Okolo Chukwuemeka C. , Emejuo Nnenna T. , Udeagbala Ndidiamaka G. , Emeto Uzochukwu E. , Ezema Arinzechukwu S. , Omeje Okonkwo V. , Nweze Nwakaego E.
Published: July 2023

Background

Sample processing methods and storage time affect the outcome of biochemical analysis.

Objectives

We aimed to assess the effects of dipotassium‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K2‐EDTA) and lithium‐heparin treatments and storage times on selected analytes in equine synovial fluid (SF).

Methods

Approximately 2 mL of SF from each horse (n = 7) were collected via femoropatellar joint arthrocentesis into K2‐EDTA‐treated bottles (K2‐EDTA group), lithium‐heparin‐treated bottles (heparin group), and plain bottles (control group). The pH was determined using an electronic bench pH meter. The total nucleated cell count (TNCC) of samples was determined by hemocytometer method, while total protein (TP) concentrations, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of the samples were determined spectrophotometrically at 2, 8, 24, 48, and 168 hours postcollection while being maintained at approximately 4°C.

Results

TP concentrations in the anticoagulant‐treated groups remained stable for 48 hours. TNCCs were stable for 8 hours. However, after 2 hours, ALP, LDH, and pH varied significantly (P < 0.05). At 2  hours, mean ALP and LDH activities were significantly elevated in the lithium‐heparin treatment samples, while the activity of these analytes was similar in the K2‐EDTA and control groups. At 8  hours, the TNCC and pH were significantly elevated in K2‐EDTA treated groups, while values were similar in lithium‐heparin and control groups. No significant variation was seen in TP values at 2  hours, irrespective of treatment.

Conclusions

The analytes—except for TP—became unstable within a few hours postcollection. Lithium‐heparin and K2‐EDTA treatments significantly altered ALP, LDH, TNCCs, and pH but not the TP concentrations of equine SF. Studies establishing reference intervals for these analytes based on the anticoagulant used are warranted to limit misinterpretations in clinical or research settings.
Confirmed and presumed canine insulinomas and their presumed metastases are most conspicuous in the late arterial phase in a triple arterial phase CT protocol
Authors: Skarbek Adrianna , Fouriez‐Lablée Virginie , Dirrig Helen , Llabres‐Diaz Francisco
Published: July 2023

Arterial enhancement is the commonly described characteristic of canine insulinomas in contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CECT). However, this finding is also reported as inconsistent. The main aim of this single‐center retrospective observational study was to describe the contrast enhancement (CE) pattern of canine presumed and confirmed insulinomas and presumed metastases in three consecutive (early, mid, and late) arterial phases. Included dogs had a medical‐record‐based clinical or cytological/histopathological diagnosis of insulinoma and quadruple‐phase CECT. The arterial phases were identified according to published literature. The arterial enhancement of confirmed and presumed lesions was assessed using a visual grading score. Twelve dogs with a total of 17 pancreatic nodules were analyzed. Three dogs had multiple pancreatic nodules and nine had solitary findings. Four insulinomas were histopathologically confirmed. Late arterial phase (LAP) images demonstrated the largest number of pancreatic nodules reaching the highest enhancement scores (n = 13, 76%). All analyzed dogs had CT evidence of arterially enhancing nodules in the liver (n = 12), seven in the hepatic, splenic, or colic lymph nodes, and three in the spleen. Three out of five sampled livers and three lymph nodes were metastatic. All sampled spleens were benign. Avid arterial enhancement was the most dominant feature of canine presumed and confirmed insulinomas and presumed metastases in quadruple‐phase CECT. The highest enhancement scores were observed primarily in LAP, followed by MAP. Authors, therefore, recommend including LAP in the standard CT protocol for dogs with suspected pancreatic insulinomas.
Computed tomographic features of the normal spleen in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)
Authors: Chernev Chavdar , Procter Tessa , Isaac Ingrid , Koterwas Bronwyn , Eatwell Kevin , Keeble Emma , Richardson Jenna , Schwarz Tobias
Published: July 2023

Computed tomography is commonly utilized for investigation of rabbits, and more recently, for evaluating abdominal pathology. The spleen, however, is an often‐overlooked organ, with limited information published. The aims of this retrospective, observational, study were to document the visibility, size, and shape of the normal rabbit spleen and potential correlations with signalment. Institutional imaging archives were reviewed for diagnostic‐image‐quality abdominal CT studies of rabbits. In 115 cases, the inclusion criteria were met. Pre‐ and postcontrast CT studies were evaluated by two reviewers for visibility of the spleen. For precontrast CT images, the interrater agreement for identification of the spleen was fair. For postcontrast CT images, interrater agreement was moderate. There were significantly more spleens clearly identified on postcontrast studies compared with precontrast CT. Splenic location, volume, shape, X‐ray attenuation, and length were measured, and the splenic‐volume‐to‐body‐weight ratio was calculated. The mean splenic volume was 1 mL (range 0.2–3.9 mL), mean length 40 mm (range 20–61 mm), mean attenuation (precontrast CT 80 HU and postcontrast CT 320 HU), and mean splenic volume/body weight ratio was 0.5 mL/kg (range 0.17–1.2 mL/kg). There was a significant relationship between splenic volume and body weight, which was weakly positively correlated. There was no correlation between splenic volume, age, and sex. The most commonly identified splenic shapes were “banana”, “tongue”, and “elephant trunk”. The rabbit spleen can be identified on CT images, but more reliably on postcontrast CT images, which underlines the usefulness of contrast‐enhanced CT in this species.
Use of Generative Adversarial Network Algorithm in Super-Resolution Images to Increase the Quality of Digital Elevation Models Based on ALOS PALSAR Data
Authors: Moreira Leonardo Assumpção , Poelking Livia Moreira , Graça Alan Salomão , Araki Hideo
Published: July 2023

Digital elevation models are responsible for providing altimetric information on a surface to be mapped. While global models of low and medium spatial resolution are available open source by several space agencies, the high- resolution ones, which are utilized in scales 1:25,000 and larger, are scarce and expensive. Here we address this limitation by the utilization of deep learning algorithms coupled with Single Image Super-Resolution techniques in digital elevation models to obtain better spatial quality versions from lower resolution inputs. The development of a GAN-based (Generative Adversarial Network-based) methodology enables the improvement of the initial spatial resolution of low-resolution images. In the geospatial data context, for example, these algorithms can be used with digital elevation models and satellite images. The methodological approach uses a dataset with digital elevation models SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) (30 meters of spatial resolution) and ALOS PALSAR (12.5 meters of spatial  resolution), created with the objective of allowing the study to be carried  out, promoting the emergence of new research groups in the area as well as  enabling the comparison between the results obtained. It has been found that by increasing the number of iterations the performance of the  generated model was improved and the quality of the generated image increased. Furthermore, the visual analysis of the generated image against the high- and low-resolution ones showed a great similarity between the first two.
Effect of Differently Shaped Solder Joints of Chip Resistor on Fatigue Life
Authors: Ha Jonghwan , Lai Yangyang , Yang Junbo , Yin Pengcheng , Park Seungbae
Published: July 2023

As surface mount components shrink in size, smaller apertures on stencils during solder paste printing can lead to uneven solder volume on a single resistor. This can result in the formation of irregular solder shapes, which are often deemed acceptable criterion depending on assembly house. However, such irregularities can potentially introduce variations in the fatigue life of the surface mount component. This study employs experimental and numerical approaches to investigate the reliability of differently shaped SAC305 solder joints on a single chip resistor. Four distinct solder shapes, concave, straight, tiny convex, and convex, are generated using varying volumes of solder paste controlled by uniquely designed apertures on a stencil. Eight pairs of differently shaped solder joints are assembled to hold a chip resistor in place. The test assembly involves R1005 and R0402 soldered with SAC305 and undergoes thermal shock cycling. As a single chip resistor assembly consists of two solder joints connecting termination and pads, the effect of solder volume difference between two solder joints are investigated. The fatigue life corresponds to decrease as the solder volume difference increase as 40%, 80%, and 120%. Conversely, total volume of two solder joints in a single chip resistor increases in scenarios with the same volume difference between two solder joints. Experimental data and finite element analysis lead to a new set of Darveaux's constants specific to this assembly. This study provides guideline to control the solder paste volumes in relation to fatigue life and enables numerical solution using a new Darveaux's constants.
Comparison of Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Slot Jet Reattachment Nozzle and a Conventional Slot Jet Nozzle
Authors: Narayanan V. , Seyed-Yagoobi J. , Page R. H.
Published: July 2023

A new type of nozzle, the Slot Jet Reattachment Nozzle (SJR), was designed and built with a zero degree exit angle. The heat transfer characteristics of the submerged SJR nozzle were compared to a conventional submerged slot jet nozzle. The comparisons were made under identical air flow power at each nozzle’s favorable height from the impinging surface. Infrared imaging techniques were used to obtain the temperature distributions on the impinging surface. The results indicate that comparable local heat transfer coefficients are obtained by the SJR nozzle while the exerted force on the impinging surface is significantly reduced. The peak local heat transfer coefficient for the SJR nozzle is approximately 8.4 percent higher than the peak local heat transfer coefficient for the slot jet nozzle under the same flow power. Additional experiments were conducted under matching local peak pressure for the SJR and slot jet nozzles. The results showed significant enhancements, of the order of 1.5 times, in the peak local heat transfer coefficient for the SJR nozzle over the slot jet nozzle.
Spray Cooling Heat-Transfer With Subcooled Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon-113) for Vertical Constant Heat Flux Surfaces
Authors: Kendall C. Matthew , Holman Jack P.
Published: July 2023

Experiments were conducted using subcooled trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon-113) sprayed vertically downward through vertical constant heat flux surfaces. Both local and average heat-transfer behaviors were investigated for Freon-113 sprays with 40°C of subcooling, droplet sizes ranging from 200 μm to 1250 μm, and droplet breakup velocities ranging from 5 m/s to 29 m/s. Full-cone type nozzles were used to generate the spray. Test assemblies consisted of one to six 7.62 cm by 7.62 cm vertical constant heat flux surfaces which were parallel with respect to each other and aligned horizontally. The distance between the heated surfaces was varied from 6.35 mm to 76.2 mm. Steady state heat fluxes as high as 13 W/cm2 were achieved. A dependence on the surface distance from the axial centerline of the spray was found. For surfaces sufficiently removed from the centerline, the local and average heat-transfer behaviors were identical and correlated by a power relation of the form seen for normal-impact sprays which involves the Weber number, a nondimensionalized temperature difference, and a mass flux parameter. For surfaces closer to the centerline, the local heat-transfer was dependent on the vertical location on the surface while the average heat-transfer was described by a semi-log correlation involving the same parameters. The heat-transfer behavior was independent of the distance (gap) between the heated surfaces for the gaps investigated.
A New Look at Natural Convection From Isothermal, Vertical Parallel Plates
Authors: Li H. H. , Chung B. T. F.
Published: July 2023

Natural convection between isothermal plates is solved numerically by applying the full Navier-Stokes equations. The elliptic formulation allows separating the effect of the Rayleigh number, Ra, and the aspect ratio, L/B. Calculations are made on a wide range of the Rayleigh number and the aspect ratio, and the Nusselt number is provided as a function of both Ra and B/L. The conventional correlations in the literature presenting the Nusselt number in terms of a single parameter, RaB/L, have been found inaccurate. At a small value of RaB/L, multiple values of Nusselt number are obtained for different combinations of Ra and B/L. Previous results are found to be the special cases of the present study. A minimum Rayleigh number is also obtained above which a fully-developed flow is possible.

To simulate the natural convective flow, the ambient pressure is given at the exit while the pressure at the entrance is related to the ambient pressure by the Bernoulli equation. Velocities at the entrance and exit are also solved from the Navier-Stokes equations.
Natural Convection of a Liquid Metal in Vertical Circular Cylinders Heated Locally From Side
Authors: Selver R. , Kamotani Y. , Ostrach S.
Published: July 2023

An experimental study is made of natural convection in gallium melts enclosed by vertical circular cylinders with localized heating from the circumference. The heating is done at the mid-height, and the both ends of the cylinder are cooled. The cylinder aspect (Ar = height/diameter) ratio ranges from 2 to 10, and the Rayleigh number (Ra) ranges from 9.0 × 104 to 3.0 × 107. The Prandtl number is 0.021. Temperature measurements are made at six levels along the circumference of the cylinder to study the thermal convection in the melt. Numerical analysis is also conducted to supplement the experimental information. When Ra is small, the melt is in steady toroidal motion. Above a certain Ra the flow becomes non-axisymmetric as a result of a thermal instability in the case of Ar larger than 3. With increasing Ra the motion becomes oscillatory mainly in the upper-half. When Ar is smaller than 3, the toroidal flow becomes non-axisymmetric and oscillatory at the same time beyond a certain Ra. The conditions for the appearance of oscillations and the oscillation frequencies are investigated in detail.
Hydrodynamic Instabilities in Gas-Liquid Monolithic Reactors
Authors: Grolman Eric , Edvinsson Rolf K. , Stankiewicz Andrzej , Moulijn Jacob A.
Published: July 2023

Liquid holdup and pressure drop were measured during the co-current down flow of air and water through a monolith in the Taylor flow regime. The model presented accounts for the significant, up to three fold, increase in frictional pressure drop that is caused by the presence of gas bubbles. It is accurate to within 20%. In addition, the model presented is used to predict hydrodynamic stability, which is defined as the situation where all channels transport gas and liquid in the direction of mass flow. Essential for stability is a sufficiently good initial liquid distribution, which was achieved with a shower-type distributor. Furthermore, distribution was significantly enhanced by the natural occurrence of a well-mixed foam (aerated liquid) layer on top of the monolith at liquid holdup values above 0.5. The quality of the liquid distribution across the monolith follows directly from on-line, integral liquid holdup measurements.
Measurement of Local Mass Flux in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer: A New Post-Processing Data Algorithm
Authors: Van Den Moortel T. , Santini R. , Tadrist L.
Published: July 2023

This study focused on the measurement of solid mass flux in the riser of a CFB cold pilot. The investigations were carried out using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA). Inconsistencies in PDPA results were observed when investigating flows with high particle densities. It appears that the performance of the measuring technique was affected by the optical thickness of the measured medium, thus producing substantial overestimation of the global solid phase quantity (e.g., solid mass flux). To determine the origin of these inconsistencies, the measuring system was subjected to complete recalibration. It was found that in flows with high particle densities, noisy doppler signals tend to be split into several parts by the burst detector system, thus producing inconsistencies in the number of particles counted. The parameters associated with the splitting events were analyzed, and a post-processing algorithm was developed to limit PDPA measuring errors. The aim of the post-processing algorithm was to rebuild the data and to recover the original measurements. The reconstitution process was applied to solid mass flux measurements in a CFB cold pilot.
Heat Transfer Analysis and Evaluation for Two-Phase Flow in Porous-Channel Heat Sinks
Authors: Peterson G. P. , Chang C. S.
Published: July 2023

Presented here are the results of a heat transfer analysis of two-phase heat dissipation utilizing high-conductivity porous channels as a heat sink. A consistent set of conservation equations based on phase-averaged properties of the fluid are derived from the conventional ones and solved numerically by the finite volume method. The results indicate that the high conductivity and large solid-fluid contact surface of the porous channel result in a high heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the surface temperature was shown to remain quite uniform. Overall, the results confirm the expectation that the use of two-phase heat dissipation in high conductivity porous channels may be an acceptable cooling technique for future electronic devices where much higher heat fluxes than the present levels need to be removed effectively.