bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing and quantifying fusion of liposomes to mammalian sperm using resonance energy transfer and flow cytometric methods
Authors: Anzar M. , Kakuda N. , He L. , Pauls K.P. , Buhr M.M.
Published: September 2002

Background

Liposomes are used to carry pharmaceutical agents and to alter the lipid composition of cell membranes. This study compared resonance energy transfer (RET), fluorescence dequenching, and flow cytometry as monitors and quantifiers of fusion between liposomes and mammalian spermatozoa.

Methods

Preliminary experiments used RET to determine the optimum sperm concentration for fusion of DL‐α‐phosphatidylcholine dipalmitoyl (PC)/DL‐α‐phosphatidylethanolamine dipalmitoyl (PE) liposomes at 35°C ± 5 mM Ca2+. Microscopy confirmed the fusion of liposomes, not just adhesion (n = 3). Dequenching tested the time‐dependent fusion of liposomes of two different lipid compositions to sperm, both, (n = 3) ± 1 mM Ca2+ and (n = 3) without Ca2+ at two sperm concentrations. Finally, flow cytometry absolutely quantified the percentage of sperm fusing to liposomes at different liposome‐to‐sperm ratios (n = 4) and with sperm from different donors (n = 3).

Results

RET detected fusion of liposomes with sperm and microscopy confirmed the interaction to be true fusion. Dequenching detected more fusion of liposomes with sperm at 100 × 106 sperm per milliliter than at lower concentrations (P < 0.05). Fusion dynamics differed with lipid composition but Ca2+ had no effect. Flow cytometry reliably quantified the percentage of sperm fusing with liposomes, which varied from bull to bull (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Liposome fusion with mammalian sperm membranes can be quantified cytometrically and varies with lipid composition, sperm‐to‐liposome ratio, and individual animals. Cytometry 49:22–27, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of caspase inhibition on camptothecin‐induced apoptosis of HL‐60 cells
Authors: King Malcolm A. , Radicchi‐Mastroianni Monica A.
Published: September 2002

Background

During camptothecin (CAM)‐induced apoptosis of HL‐60 cells, the external exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) can either precede or follow DNA cleavage. The evidence suggests that cells in S‐phase when CAM is added undergo rapid DNA, nuclear, and cellular disintegration before exposing PS on the outside of the plasma membrane, whereas cells moving from G1 into S‐phase after CAM is added expose PS before they manifest the other phenomena. This study describes further investigations using the broad spectrum caspase inhibitor Z‐VAD‐FMK. The cells were cultured for a period long enough to ascertain whether a particular phenomenon was only delayed or was blocked completely.

Methods

Changes in cell light scatter, binding of annexin V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to PS, uptake of propidium iodide (PI) as a measure of plasma membrane integrity, and DNA content after membrane fixation/permeabilization were monitored by flow cytometry during 24‐h cultures. Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine cell morphology.

Results

Caspase inhibition blocked DNA cleavage, breakdown of the nuclear membrane, and formation of apoptotic bodies. It also revealed the existence of a CAM‐activated early S‐phase checkpoint. Cells arrested in early S‐phase preceded the appearance of PS‐positive cells. Caspase inhibition delayed both PS exposure and loss of plasma membrane integrity but did not prevent either.

Conclusions

The results support the hypothesis that the sequence of apoptotic phenomena in an individual CAM‐treated HL‐60 cell depends on the stage of proliferation of that cell when it encounters the CAM. They are also consistent with the hypothesis that caspases are not required for PS exposure or the loss of plasma membrane integrity, but they are involved indirectly in promoting these phenomena. Cytometry 49:28–35, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic findings of myxoid neurothekeoma: Case report based on fine‐needle aspiration cytology, immunohistochemistry, and correlating histopathology
Authors: Levin Kimberly A. , Hayden Richard , Hanau Cheryl A. , Galindo Lorenzo M.
Published: September 2002

Myxoid neurothekeomas (nerve sheath myxomas) are rare benign cutaneous neoplasms that may morphologically mimic other myxoid neoplasms of skin and soft tissue. The cytologic and histopathologic features of this lesion may resemble various myxoid sarcomas, chordoma, myxoid neurofibroma, dermal cutaneous mucinosis, and cutaneous myxoma as well as other myxoid or chondroid neoplasms. In this study, a myxoid neurothekeoma was analyzed using multiple techniques. We found that myxoid neurothekeomas reveal a nonspecific pattern by fine‐needle aspiration, including stellate cells embedded within an abundant metachromatic myxoid stromal matrix. These are cytologic features shared by various other subcutaneous neoplasms and thus may not be helpful in forming a definitive diagnosis. Histopathologically, the tumor is composed of nodules of myxoid stroma containing interspersed bland spindled and stellate cells. Immunohistochemical studies show tumor cell positivity for S‐100 protein and vimentin, a profile shared by other neoplasms with similar cytologic features and therefore of little diagnostic value. The histologic and cytologic differential of subcutaneous and soft tissue myxomatous lesions is broad and, therefore, is of unique value to the cytopathologist to consider myxoid neurothekeomas among the differential of other myxomatous neoplasms. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:173–176. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of NK‐associated antigens in extramedullary lymph nodal blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia on fine‐needle cytology
Authors: Zeppa Pio , Marino Gilda , Picardi Marco , Luciano Luigia , Vetrani Antonio , Palombini Lucio
Published: September 2002

A case is reported of a 62‐yr‐old male suffering from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who developed an extramedullary, para‐orthic lymph‐nodal blast crisis without blood or bone marrow involvement and expression of CD56/NK associated marker. The diagnosis was performed on ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle cytology by an immunocytochemical and flow cytometric analysis. Conventional smears showed a monomorphous population of disperse, undifferentiated cells without cytoplasm. Cells showed fragile nuclei, vesicular chromatin, and evident nucleoli. Immunocytochemistry performed on cytospin slides were negative for cytokeratin, LCA, CD20, CD45Ro, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Flow cytometry analysis proved the myeloid origin of the tumor by expression of CD13, CD34, and CD38 and showed aberrant expression of CD56. Cytological diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination. CD56 expression is generally an expression of NK lymphoid proliferation and may be observed in acute myelogenous leukemia but has rarely been reported in CML and its related blast crisis. This unusual expression, its possible explanation, the related technical problems, and clinicopathological aspects are discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:158–160. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinguishing tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma from usual variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma in cytologic specimens
Authors: Solomon Alyson , Gupta Prabodh K. , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Baloch Zubair W.
Published: September 2002

Tall cell variant (TCV) is an aggressive form of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), usually associated with higher local recurrence and distant metastasis. Some authors have suggested that TCV can be effectively diagnosed on thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA); this diagnosis may help clinicians plan a more effective treatment regimen. The objective of this study was to compare the FNA specimens of TCV with those of usual variant of PTC (UV‐PTC) and to define a set of distinguishing cytologic features. Thirty FNA specimens of histologically proven TCV were compared with 32 FNA specimens of histologically proven UV‐PTC. All specimens were evaluated for the following features: papillary groups (PG), elongated/tall cells (EL/TC), oncocytic cytoplasm (OC), distinct cell borders (DCB), prominent central nucleoli (PCN), intranuclear grooves (NG), and intranuclear inclusions (NI). These features were semiquantitatively measured on a sliding scale of 0–4 in both air‐dried Diff‐Quik®‐stained and ethanol‐fixed Papanicolaou‐stained preparations. TCV showed distinctive cytologic features, which can distinguish them from UV‐PTC. These included EL/TC, OC, and DCB and were also found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). No significant differences were noted for PG and NG. The NIs in TCV cases were qualitatively different than those in UV‐PTC. In TCV there were multiple inclusions within the same nucleus imparting a “soap bubble appearance” to the nucleus. This feature was seen in almost all cases of TCV and was rarely seen in usual PTC. On the basis of the above‐mentioned cytologic features, TCV can be distinguished from usual PTC in FNA specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:143–148. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conventional and liquid‐based cervicovaginal cytology: A comparison study with clinical and histologic follow‐up
Authors: Baker John J.
Published: September 2002

Increased rates of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) diagnosis with liquid‐based cervicovaginal cytology (CVC) methods are well documented. This retrospective study compares the ability of the ThinPrep™ Pap Test (TP) and the conventional Pap smear (CP) to detect biopsy‐proven SIL and to exclude nonneoplastic disease. All CVC reports from January 1999 through December 2000 from seven community Family Medicine clinics affiliated with the University of Nebraska were reviewed. For women with at least one CVC diagnosis of epithelial cell abnormality (ECA), follow‐up histology, cytology, and clinical data were obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi‐square method. SIL was diagnosed in 166 of 3,286 patients by TP (5.1%) and in 169 of 4,872 patients by CP (3.5%) (P < 0.001); 32 of the TP diagnoses (1.0%) and 34 of the CP diagnoses (0.7%) were high‐grade SIL (HSIL). Atypical squamous or glandular cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS/AGUS) was the most severe abnormality diagnosed by TP in 218 patients (6.6%) and by CP in 279 patients (5.7%). Follow‐up histology data on CVC SIL diagnoses showed evidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in 94 patients screened by TP (2.9%) and in 79 patients screened by CP (1.6%) (P < 0.001); the biopsy diagnoses were CIN 2 or CIN 3 in 34 patients in the TP group (1.0%) and in 28 patients in the CP group (0.6%) (P < 0.025). Follow‐up of patients in whom the first ECA CVC diagnosis was ASCUS or AGUS disclosed a positive predictive value for CIN of 22.8% for TP ASCUS/AGUS diagnoses and 11.9% for CP ASCUS/AGUS diagnoses (P < 0.005). In this population, TP was significantly better than CP in detecting biopsy‐ proven disease and in screening out benign abnormalities. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:185–188. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scrape and fine‐needle aspiration cytology of extraskeletal osteosarcoma
Authors: Nagira Keiko , Yamamoto Tetsuji , Akisue Toshihiro , Marui Takashi , Hitora Toshiaki , Nakatani Tetsuya , Kurosaka Masahiro , Tsukamoto Ryuko
Published: September 2002

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor whose cytologic findings are infrequently reported. We describe scrape and fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) cytology findings of an extraskeletal osteosarcoma in the right shoulder of a 24‐yr‐old man. Initial computed tomography revealed multiple ossification foci within the lesion. After excision of the primary tumor, the tumor recurred 13 months later. Scrape smears of both the primary tumor and FNAB smears of the recurrent tumor revealed moderate cellularity, cell clusters, and individual cells, closely associated with dense, homogeneous, acellular matrix material. The cells had elongated, oval, or partially bizarre‐shaped nuclei with a coarse chromatin pattern and prominent nucleoli. The scrape smears contained large fragments of matrix material consistent with osteoid. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:177–180. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accuracy of reporting endocervical component adequacy—A continuous quality improvement project
Authors: Roberson Janie , Connolly Kathy , St. John Kay , Eltoum Isam , Chhieng David C.
Published: September 2002

Inaccurate reporting of the absence of an endocervical (EC) component on Pap smears often results in slide rescreens, amended reports, clinician dissatisfaction, and sometimes unnecessary repeat smears. Therefore, the accuracy of reporting EC component adequacy was selected as a quality indicator for the laboratory continuous quality improvement program (CQI). The process consisted of problem identification, analysis of the situation, collection of data, implementation of solutions, and evaluation of results. The objective of the study was to determine if the accuracy of reporting EC component adequacy on Pap smears improved after application of such a program. During the first phase, 150 Pap smears originally reported with the absence of an adequate EC component and 150 smears reported with the presence of an adequate EC component were rescreened to measure the baseline accuracy of EC component adequacy reporting. The improvement process was then implemented. A cause‐and‐effect diagram was developed and root cause was determined. A presentation was then made to the cytology staff. Criteria for EC component adequacy were reviewed, examples were shown, and standardized marking of EC component was implemented. Following improvement actions, a second audit of 150 Pap smears reported with the absence of an adequate EC component as well as 150 smears reported with the presence of an adequate EC component was undertaken to measure change in performance in assessing EC component adequacy. For the baseline rescreening, before initiation of the CQI program, 98% accuracy was achieved with smears that were reported as adequate for EC component present. However, the accuracy with smears reported as absence of an adequate EC component was only 71%, i.e., an adequate EC component was identified in almost 1/3 of these cases on rescreen. After the implementation of improvement actions, the accuracy with smears reported with the presence of EC component remained high (98%) and the accuracy of reporting the absence of EC component was 90%. The difference of the latter before and after the implementation was statistically significant (P = 0.015, z‐test). The accuracy of reporting EC component adequacy increased following the CQI process. Using reporting EC component adequacy as an example, we demonstrate that by treating clinical problems as quality control issues and applying basic quality improvement tools, a positive outcome can be effected. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:181–184. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of the novel Xin protein to the adherens junction complex in cardiac and skeletal muscle during development
Authors: Sinn Haley W. , Balsamo Janne , Lilien Jack , Lin Jim J.‐C.
Published: September 2002

Previously, we demonstrated that chick embryos treated with antisense oligonucleotides against a striated muscle‐specific Xin exhibit abnormal cardiac morphogenesis (Wang et al. [1999] Development 126:1281–1294); therefore, we surmised a role for Xin in cardiac development. Herein, we examine the developmental expression of Xin through immunofluorescent staining of whole‐mount mouse embryos and frozen heart sections. Xin expression is first observed within the heart tube of embryonic day 8.0 (E8.0) mice, exhibiting a peripheral localization within the cardiomyocytes. Colocalization of Xin with both β‐catenin and N‐cadherin is observed throughout embryogenesis and into adulthood. Additionally, Xin is found associated with β‐catenin within the N‐cadherin complex in embryonic chick hearts by coimmunoprecipitation. Xin is detected earlier than vinculin in the developing heart and colocalizes with vinculin at the intercalated disc but not at the sarcolemma within embryonic and postnatal hearts. At E10.0, Xin is also detected in the developing somites and later in the myotendon junction of skeletal muscle but not within the costameric regions of muscle. In cultured C2C12 myotubes, the Xin protein is found in many speckled and filamentous structures, coincident with tropomyosin in the stress fibers. Additionally, Xin is enriched in the regions of cell–cell contacts. These data demonstrate that Xin is one of the components at the adherens junction of cardiac muscle, and its counterpart in skeletal muscle, the myotendon junction. Furthermore, temporal and spatial expressions of Xin in relation to intercalated disc proteins and thin filament proteins suggest roles for Xin in the formation of cell–cell contacts and possibly in myofibrillogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast growth factor signaling regulates Dach1 expression during skeletal development
Authors: Horner A. , Shum L. , Ayres J.A. , Nonaka K. , Nuckolls G.H.
Published: September 2002

Dach1 is a mouse homologue of the Drosophila dachshund gene, which is a key regulator of cell fate determination during eye, leg, and brain development in the fly. We have investigated the expression and growth factor regulation of Dach1 during pre‐ and postnatal skeletal development in the mouse limb to understand better the function of Dach1. Dach1 was expressed in the distal mesenchyme of the early embryonic mouse limb bud and subsequently became restricted to the tips of digital cartilages. Dach1 protein was localized to postmitotic, prehypertrophic, and early hypertrophic chondrocytes during the initiation of ossification centers, but Dach1 was not expressed in growth plates that exhibited extensive ossification. Dach1 colocalized with Runx2/Cbfa1 in chondrocytes but not in the forming bone collar or primary spongiosa. Dach1 also colocalized with cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p27 (Kip1) and p57 (Kip2) in chondrocytes of the growth plate and in the epiphysis before the formation of the secondary ossification center. Because fibroblast growth factors (FGF), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), and hedgehog molecules (Hh) regulate skeletal patterning of the limb bud and chondrocyte maturation in developing endochondral bones, we investigated the regulation of Dach1 by these growth and differentiation factors. Expression of Dach1 in 11 days postcoitus mouse limb buds in organ culture was up‐regulated by implanting beads soaked in FGF1, 2, 8, or 9 but not FGF10. BMP4‐soaked beads down‐regulated Dach1 expression, whereas Shh and bovine serum albumin had no effect. Furthermore, FGF4 or 8 could substitute for the apical ectodermal ridge in maintaining Dach1 expression in the limb buds. Immunolocalization of FGFR2 and FGFR3 revealed overlap with Dach1 expression during skeletal patterning and chondrocyte maturation. We conclude that Dach1 is a target gene of FGF signaling during limb skeletal development, and Dach1 may function as an intermediary in the FGF signaling pathway regulating cell proliferation or differentiation. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of cathepsins B, H, K, L, and S during human fetal lung development
Authors: Bühling F. , Waldburg N. , Krüger S. , Röcken C. , Wiesner O. , Weber E. , Welte T.
Published: September 2002

Cathepsins are involved in lysosomal protein degradation, proenzyme activation, antigen processing, and hormone maturation. They are secreted by tumor cells and macrophages and catalyze the remodeling of extracellular matrix proteins. To gain insight into the expression pattern of cathepsins during fetal lung development, the expression of cathepsins B, H, K, L, and S at protein and mRNA levels were evaluated by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Early expression of cathepsins B, H, and K was found in epithelial cells of the branching presumptive bronchi (<12th week of gestation). The most intense cathepsin K–specific immunoreactivity was found in developing airways with a lumen. Cathepsin K was found in epithelial cells only, whereas in contrast, cathepsins B and H were detected both in epithelial and interstitial cells. During fetal maturation, interstitial cells displayed cathepsin L immunoreactivity and, in the saccular phase (>26th week of gestation), both cathepsin L and S immunoreactivities. A continuous decline in the proportion of cathepsin H‐positive interstitial CD68‐positive cells was observed. These discrete temporal and spatial variations in cathepsin expression during organogenesis of the human lung indicate different physiological roles for the individual enzymes in different cell types and developmental stages. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ascidian otx gene Hroth activates transcription of the brain‐specific gene HrTRP
Authors: Wada Shuichi , Toyoda Reiko , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Saiga Hidetoshi
Published: September 2002

The brain (sensory vesicle) of the ascidian larvae is thought to be homologous to the vertebrate forebrain and midbrain and, thus, is proposed as a simplified model to investigate mechanisms of brain formation in vertebrates. However, the genetic circuitry that governs formation of the sensory vesicle is largely unknown. To address this issue, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of the sensory vesicle–specific gene HrTRP by Hroth, the otx gene of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. A 133‐bp 5′‐flanking region of HrTRP, identified as a promoter that can drive expression of the reporter gene in the sensory vesicle, contains two otx binding consensus sites. When the two otx sites were deleted or mutated, the promoter activity of this region was decreased. Hroth overexpression can transactivate this promoter in an otx site–dependent manner. Transactivation of HrTRP promoter by Hroth overexpression was mimicked by overexpression of Hroth/VP16, which encodes a fusion protein of Hroth and the activator domain of VP16, and is suppressed by coexpression with Hroth/En, which encodes a fusion protein of Hroth and the Engrailed repressor domain. Finally, translational interference of Hroth by a morpholino oligonucleotide resulted in the reduction of HrTRP expression in the ascidian embryos. These results suggest that Hroth acts as a direct activator of HrTRP transcription during sensory vesicle development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deficits in the posterior pharyngeal endoderm in the absence of retinoids
Authors: Quinlan Robyn , Gale Emily , Maden Malcolm , Graham Anthony
Published: September 2002

Recent studies have shown that the pharyngeal endoderm plays a critically important role in directing the development of the pharyngeal region of the vertebrate embryo. We have, however, had few insights into how the pharyngeal endoderm itself is patterned. Recently, several studies have suggested that retinoic acid is required for the development of the pharyngeal endoderm. To study this proposal in greater depth, we have examined the development of the pharyngeal endoderm in the absence of retinoid signalling, by using the vitamin A– deficient (VAD) quail model system. We find in early stages that, in the absence of retinoids, this territory extends further caudally than normal. Furthermore, as development proceeds, we find that the first pouch invariably forms, that the second pouch is abnormal, and that the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches never form. We do find, however, that dorsoventral patterning of the pharyngeal endoderm is unaffected. Finally, we have examined the expression patterns of RALDH2 before and during early development of the pharyngeal pouches. We find that this enzyme is expressed adjacent to the pharyngeal endoderm in tissues around the regressing anterior intestinal portal and that from stage 12 onward its anterior limit of expression lies at the level of the second pouch. This finding helps explain why the first pouch always forms in the absence of retinoids, and why defects are seen starting with the second and most evidently in the caudal pouches. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal distribution of heparan sulfate epitopes during myogenesis and synaptogenesis: A study in developing mouse intercostal muscle
Authors: Jenniskens Guido J. , Hafmans Theo , Veerkamp Jacques H. , Van Kuppevelt Toin H.
Published: September 2002

Formation of a basal lamina (BL) ensheathing developing skeletal muscle cells is one of the earliest events in mammalian skeletal muscle myogenesis. BL‐resident heparan sulfate proteoglycans have been implicated in various processes during myogenesis, including synaptic differentiation. However, attention has focused on the proteoglycan protein core, ignoring the glycosaminoglycan moiety mainly because of a lack of appropriate tools. Recently, we selected a panel of anti–heparan sulfate antibodies applied here to study the spatiotemporal distribution of specific heparan sulfate (HS) epitopes during myogenesis. In mouse intercostal muscle at embryonic day (E14), formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters at synaptic sites coincides with HS deposition. Although some HS epitopes show a general appearance throughout the BL, one epitope preferably clusters at synaptic sites but does so only from E16 onward. During elongation and maturation of primary myotubes, a process preceding secondary myotube development, significant changes in the HS epitope constitution of both synaptic and extrasynaptic BL were observed. As a whole, the data presented here strengthen previous observations on developmental regulation by BL components, and add to the putative roles of specific HS epitopes in myogenesis and synaptogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of ASIP/mPAR‐3 with adherens junctions of mouse neuroepithelial cells
Authors: Manabe Naoyuki , Hirai Syu‐Ichi , Imai Fumiyasu , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Takai Yoshimi , Ohno Shigeo
Published: September 2002

Polarity proteins play fundamental roles in asymmetric cell division, which is essential for the production of different types of cells in multicellular organisms. Here, we explore the localization of atypical PKC isotype‐specific interacting protein (ASIP), a mammalian homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans polarity protein PAR‐3, in embryonic neural tissues. Although ASIP is localized on tight junctions in cultured epithelial cells, it localizes on adherens junctions outlined by β‐catenin and afadin at the luminal surface, an apical end of the neuroepithelium in developing mouse central nervous systems. Mammalian homologues of other C. elegans polarity proteins, mPAR‐6 and aPKC, also localize in the adherens junctions. In dorsal root ganglia of the peripheral nervous system, ASIP is found predominantly in the cytoplasm of ganglion cells. In dividing preneural cells at the ventricular (luminal) surface of the embryonic telencephalon, ASIP localize in adherence junctions of luminal surface regardless of the axis of cell division. Therefore, only the daughter cell facing the lumen (apical daughter) may inherit ASIP when the division plate is oriented parallel to the surface. Given the roles of Bazooka, a Drosophila homologue of ASIP/PAR‐3, in the asymmetric division of the Drosophila neuroblast, these observations suggest that ASIP, along with other polarity proteins and adherens junction proteins, plays an important role in neural cell differentiation by means of asymmetric cell division. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern of birth and eating attitudes in young adults: Failure to replicate in a warmer climate
Authors: Peñas‐Lledó Eva , Waller Glenn
Published: September 2002

Objective

Previous research (based in the United Kingdom) has shown a link between warmer temperatures at birth and restrictive eating attitudes in early adulthood. The current study examined whether this pattern can be replicated in a warmer area of the northern hemisphere (Southwest Spain).

Methods

The participants were 261 preuniversity volunteers (125 women and 136 men) born in Extremadura, Southwest Spain. Mann‐Whitney tests and chi‐square analyses were used to compare the eating characteristics of participants born in warm versus cooler months. Spearman's rho was used to test for dimensional associations between temperature at birth and eating characteristics.

Results

There were no links between temperature at birth and restrictive eating attitudes, whether temperature and eating pathology were considered dimensionally or categorically.

Discussion

The association of temperature at birth and restrictive eating pathology in early adulthood is not replicable in a warmer climate. Possible explanations are suggested to account for this pattern of findings. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 367–371, 2002.
Similarities and differences between Caucasian and African American college women on eating and dieting expectancies, bulimic symptoms, dietary restraint, and disinhibition
Authors: Atlas Jana G. , Smith Gregory T. , Hohlstein Leigh Anne , McCarthy Denis M. , Kroll Larry S.
Published: September 2002

Objective

To clarify race differences in eating disorder risk factors and symptoms, by comparing Caucasian and African American samples on the factor structures, intercorrelations, and mean levels of endorsement on a set of risk and symptom measures.

Method

A sample of 300 Caucasian and 200 African American undergraduates completed measures of eating and thinness/dieting expectancies, the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and the BULIT.

Results

The factor structures of each measure were invariant across race. Intercorrelations among the measures generally did not differ across race. On the three expectancy measures predictive of symptomatology, two of three scales of the TFEQ, and the BULIT, African American women had lower mean scores than Caucasian women. Socioeconomic status did not account for the results: in this sample, it was unrelated to race and correlated with only 1 of 20 measures.

Discussion

The factor‐based meaning of these measures appears to be consistent across race. The measures correlate similarly across race, suggesting that the risk process may be similar for both races, but African American women endorsed significantly fewer risk factors and fewer symptoms. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 326–334, 2002.
Beyond shape and weight: Exploring the relationship between nonbody determinants of self‐esteem and eating disorder symptoms in adolescent females
Authors: Geller Josie , Zaitsoff Shannon L. , Srikameswaran Suja
Published: September 2002

Objective

Recent research using the Shape and Weight‐Based Self‐Esteem (SAWBS) Inventory has shown that basing self‐esteem on shape and weight is related to eating disorder and psychiatric symptoms. This study examined the relationship between other determinants of self‐esteem assessed in the SAWBS Inventory (e.g., friendships, intimate relationships, school/work competence) and eating disorder and psychological health variables.

Method

Female high school adolescents (N = 235) participated in this study. The relative contribution of the self‐esteem dimensions to eating disorder and self‐esteem was examined.

Results

In addition to shape and weight, basing self‐esteem on intimate relationships was also related to higher eating disorder symptoms and lower body and global self‐esteem. The only protective factors to emerge in this study were basing self‐esteem on competence at school and other activities.

Discussion

Basing self‐esteem on intimate relationships was associated with similar physical and health problems to basing self‐esteem on shape and weight. The implications of these findings with regard to healthy adolescent development are addressed. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 344–351, 2002.
An evaluation of the relationship between mood and binge eating in the natural environment using ecological momentary assessment
Authors: Wegner Krislea E. , Smyth Joshua M. , Crosby Ross D. , Wittrock David , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Mitchell James E.
Published: September 2002

Objective

Although many current theories of disordered eating focus on affective mechanisms, relatively little is known about the covariation of mood and eating in peoples' natural environments. This study examined the relationship between mood and binge eating behavior in the natural environment.

Method

Twenty‐seven college students with subclinical binge eating behavior self‐monitored their mood on a handheld computer seven times daily for 2 weeks.

Results

On binge days, participants reported having significantly worse mood than on nonbinge days. When the trajectory of mood around the time of a binge was examined, no significant differences between prebinge and postbinge time were found when the entire binge day was examined. No mood differences were found between just prior to the binge (30–60 min prior to binge) compared with just after the binge (also within 30–60 min). A postbinge report indicated that reported mood immediately after a binge was worse than mood just prior to the binge.

Discussion

This study provides evidence that the affective experience of binge eating, when assessed in the natural environment, is negative. Furthermore, there was no evidence that binge eating was a response to an immediate or transient negative mood state or that binge eating provided relief from negative mood. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 352–361, 2002.
Restoration of ovarian and uterine maturity in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Key Adrienne , Mason Helen , Allan Rosie , Lask Bryan
Published: September 2002

Objective

To determine the optimal weight‐to‐height ratio to achieve maturity of the reproductive organs when visualized by pelvic ultrasound in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. To examine the distribution of weight‐to‐height ratios in the group of adolescents in whom pelvic maturity was attained.

Methods

Adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa received serial transabdominal pelvic ultrasound scans as they regained weight. A record of their weight‐to‐height ratio had been noted on each occasion. The scans were defined as mature or immature using strict criteria.

Results

There was a wide range of weight‐to‐height ratios in both the mature and immature groups of patients with a considerable overlap between the groups. However, 88% of the sample required a weight‐to‐height ratio of 100% (body mass index [BMI] 20) to achieve reproductive maturity.

Conclusion

Previous target weights have been too low to ensure reproductive maturity. The resulting hypoestrogenic state increases the risk of future osteoporosis. Pelvic ultrasound is the safest and most reliable method for determining ovarian and uterine maturity in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 319–325, 2002.
Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anorexia nervosa: Prevalence, clinical features, and delusionality of body image
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Kim Suck Won , Eckert Elke D.
Published: September 2002

Objective

The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anorexia nervosa is unknown. We hypothesized that body dysmorphic disorder would be underdiagnosed in patients with anorexia nervosa and that comorbidity with body dysmorphic disorder would result in greater overall dysfunction.

Method

Forty‐one patients with DSM‐IV anorexia nervosa completed the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire, a self‐report screen for body dysmorphic disorder. A follow‐up interview was conducted using a reliable clinician‐administered semistructured diagnostic instrument for DSM‐IV body dysmorphic disorder. Delusionality about appearance was assessed using a validated semistructured interview. Comorbid DSM‐IV diagnoses, number of hospitalizations and suicide attempts were obtained by means of a detailed diagnostic interview.

Results

Sixteen (39%) of the 41 patients with anorexia nervosa were diagnosed with comorbid body dysmorphic disorder unrelated to weight concerns. The anorexia nervosa patients with body dysmorphic disorder had significantly lower overall functioning and higher levels of delusionality than the anorexic patients without body dysmorphic disorder.

Discussion

These preliminary results suggest that body dysmorphic disorder may be relatively common among patients with anorexia nervosa. The presence of comorbid body dysmorphic disorder may indicate a more severe form of illness. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 291–300, 2002.
A randomized secondary treatment study of women with bulimia nervosa who fail to respond to CBT
Authors: Mitchell James E. , Halmi Katherine , Wilson G. Terence , Agras W. Stewart , Kraemer Helena , Crow Scott
Published: September 2002

Objective

Since the description of bulimia nervosa as a distinct diagnostic entity in 1979, several psychological and pharmacological interventions have been developed and empirically tested. The existence of several effective treatments, none of which is completely effective, is common to most psychiatric conditions. The research question that flows from such findings is whether second‐level treatments would be effective for those who fail initial treatment.

Method

In the case of bulimia nervosa, the research findings suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the first level of treatment and that both antidepressant medication and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) may potentially be effective second‐level treatments. This was a multicenter study in which 194 patients were initially treated with CBT. Those treated unsuccessfully (n = 62) were then randomized to treatment with IPT or medication management.

Results

Of those assigned to secondary treatment, 37 completed such treatment and 25 dropped out or were withdrawn. The abstinence rate for subjects assigned to treatment with IPT was 16% and for those assigned to medication management was 10%. No significant differences were found between medication and IPT in either the intent‐to‐treat or completer analysis.

Discussion

Dropout rates were high, and response rates were low among BN patients assigned to secondary treatments who failed to achieve remission with CBT. Offering lengthy sequential treatments appears to have little value, and alternative models for therapy need to be tested. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 271–281, 2002.
Comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: A review
Authors: Godart N. T. , Flament M. F. , Perdereau F. , Jeammet P.
Published: September 2002

Objective

We conducted a critical literature review on studies assessing the prevalence of anxiety disorders (AD) in subjects with eating disorders (ED) (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). In the first part, we discuss methodological issues relevant to comorbidity studies between ED and AD. In the second part, taking into account these methodological considerations raised, we summarize the findings of these studies.

Method

We performed a manual and computerized search (Medline) for all published studies on comorbidity between ED and AD, limiting our search from 1985–2001 to get sufficiently homogeneous diagnostic criteria for both categories of disorders.

Results

Too few studies include control groups and few studies have compared diagnostic subgroups of ED subjects, with scarce or conflicting results.

Discussion

We discuss the results taking into account the methodological problems observed. We give guidelines for reviewing the results of published studies and planing future research. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 253–270, 2002.
The situational inventory of body‐image dysphoria: Psychometric evidence and development of a short form
Authors: Cash Thomas F.
Published: September 2002

Objective

Among the facets of the multidimensional body‐image construct is the experience of dysphoric emotions about the body in specific situational contexts. The present article reviews the evidence concerning a unique measure of this facet, the Situational Inventory of Body‐Image Dysphoria (SIBID).

Method

The reliability and validity of the SIBID were examined across multiple studies conducted by the author. Because the 48‐item length of this measure may preclude its use by some researchers, a 20‐item short‐form was developed and evaluated.

Results

Findings consistently confirmed the SIBID's internal consistency, stability, and convergent, discriminant, and construct validity. The short form was found to be a psychometrically sound alternative to the longer version.

Discussion

The SIBID has utility in assessing negative body‐image affect. Its use in research with both clinical and nonclinical populations is encouraged. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 362–366, 2002.
Fractures in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders—A nationwide register study
Authors: Vestergaard Peter , Emborg Charlotte , Støving René K. , Hagen Claus , Mosekilde Leif , Brixen Kim
Published: September 2002

Objective

To study fracture risk in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS).

Method

Cohort study including all Danes diagnosed with AN (n = 2,149), BN (n = 1,294), or EDNOS (n = 942) between 1977 and 1998. Each patient was compared with three randomly drawn age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects.

Results

Fracture risk was increased in AN after diagnosis compared to controls (incidence rate ratio: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.60–2.44), but not before. The increased fracture risk persisted more than 10 years after diagnosis. A significant increase in fracture risk was found before diagnosis in BN (1.31, 95% CI: 1.04–1.64), with a trend towards an increase after diagnosis (1.44, 95% CI: 0.93–2.22). EDNOS patients had a significant increase in fracture risk before (1.39, 95% CI: 1.06–1.81) and after diagnosis (1.77, 95% CI: 1.25–2.51).

Discussion

The increased fracture risk many years after diagnosis indicates permanent skeletal damage. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 301–308, 2002.
All‐optical logic elements containing nonlinear material
Authors: Yabu Tetsuro , Nishida Kazuhiro , Geshiro Masahiro , Sawa Shinnosuke
Published: September 2002

For a highly information‐oriented society, further enhancement of the capacity and speed of communications and information systems is necessary. For this purpose, all‐optical logic elements are expected as a promising solution. In this paper, structures of new all‐optical logic elements using a nonlinear medium with its index of refraction varying with the optical intensity are proposed and their properties are analyzed. Most of the all‐optical logic elements based on nonlinear materials proposed to date either make use of more than two wavelengths or require a specific phase condition (such as 0° or 180°) for combined lightwaves with identical wavelengths. It is extremely difficult to fix the phase difference between the two lightwaves to be combined. This is a significant problem in practical fabrication. In this paper, all‐optical logic elements are proposed in which only one wavelength is used and no specific phase relationship is required. For the numerical analysis, the FD‐BPM (Finite Difference Beam Propagation Method) based on the Padé) (1, 1) approximation is used. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(9): 1–12, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10048
Speech recognition based on HMM decomposition and composition method with a microphone array in noisy reverberant environments
Authors: Miki Kazuhiko , Nishiura Takanobu , Nakamura Satoshi , Shikano Kiyohiro
Published: September 2002

Handling background noise or echo (reverberation) etc. is very important for having an automated robot etc. recognize remote speech in a real environment. As effective schemes for handling this problem, noise reducing schemes such as model adaptation schemes including HMM decomposition and composition or microphone array (beamformer) signal processing, spectral subtraction, etc. have been proposed. In particular, a model adaptation scheme is very effective for speech recognition in a noisy environment and its recognition performance increases in proportion to the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, improving the recognition performance in a low‐SNR environment by receiving speech at a high SNR using a microphone array before HMM decomposition and composition is attempted. The results of speech recognition experiments conducted in a noisy environment in an acoustic laboratory show an improvement in the recognition rate of about 25% by the proposed method for the case in which the SNR in a single microphone is 0 dB, as compared with the cases of using microphone array signal processing, HMM decomposition and composition alone. In addition, the proposed method shows recognition performance comparable to the case of using cepstrum mean normalization and spectral subtraction performed with an optimal coefficient given to the speech after microphone array processing. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(9): 13–22, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10068
Digital watermarking technique using block correlation of DCT coefficients
Authors: Choi Yoonki , Aizawa Kiyoharu
Published: September 2002

In recent years, high‐quality digital media have spread rapidly. Accompanying the diffusion of digital media which can be simply copied and edited without deterioration of quality, research on digital watermarking techniques is being pursued as a means of preventing illegal copying and protecting copyright. In this paper, we will propose a technique for digital watermarking dealing with color images. The embedding of watermark information by the proposed technique is performed by using interblock correlation of the DCT coefficients of the brightness of a color image, and the strength of the watermark information to be embedded will vary with the visual features of the image. It is strongly embedded at places where there are intense changes of the brightness value and is weakly embedded at places where there are only mild changes of the brightness value. Since no distinction between the original image and the image in which the watermark information is embedded can be made visually, third‐party estimation of the position where the embedding is performed is very difficult. Moreover, detection of the embedded watermark information can be performed without referring to the original image and the parameters used in embedding. It has been confirmed by experiments that the watermark information embedded by the proposed technique is robust to JPEG compression and Gaussian noise. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(9): 23–31, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10069
“Optimal” neural representation of higher order for traveling salesman problems
Authors: Matsuda Satoshi
Published: September 2002

The optimal formulation has been shown based on theoretical measure when the combinatorial optimization problem with linear cost function is solved by a symmetrically connected neural network (Hopfield network)15; however, in this paper, we will present an optimal formulation of higher order for traveling salesman problems defined by a quadratic cost function. The Hopfield neural network constructed by this formulation becomes higher order, and the asymptotic stability and the optimal solution will coincide so far as the vertex of the hypercube which expresses the network state is concerned. Therefore, an optimal solution can always be obtained if the network converges to the vertex. We will confirm by simulations that a good solution of the optimal solutions can be obtained with higher frequency compared to the conventional formulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(9): 32–42, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10070