bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A General Synthesis of Sphinganines through Multicomponent Catalytic Asymmetric Aziridination
Authors: Mukherjee Munmun , Zhou Yubai , Gupta Anil K. , Guan Yong , Wulff William D.
Published: January 2014

A catalytic asymmetric synthesis of all four stereoisomers of sphinganine is described starting from hexadecanal. Utilizing either the (R) or (S) enantiomer of a BOROX catalyst, a multicomponent reaction of this aldehyde with an amine and ethyl diazoacetate gives rise to enantiomeric aziridine‐2‐carboxylates. Access to all diastereomers of sphinganine is realized upon ring opening of the enantiopure aziridine‐2‐carboxylate at the C‐3 position by direct SN2 attack of an oxygen nucleophile, which occurs with inversion of configuration and by ring expansion of an N‐acyl aziridine to an oxazolidinone and then hydrolysis. Overall, this process results in the formal ring opening of the aziridine with an oxygen nucleophile with retention of configuration.
Sequential C3 and C5 Direct C–H Arylation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazines with (Hetero)aryl Bromides
Authors: Johnson Brett M. , Huestis Malcolm P.
Published: January 2014

An efficient reaction manifold for the preparation of C3/C5‐diarylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazines through sequential C3 and C5 direct arylation is disclosed. The two distinct palladium catalyst systems showcased herein are compatible with a wide variety of aryl and heteroaryl bromides and are also operative in a one‐pot, twofold C–H functionalization event.
Dynamic liquefaction of Jurassic sand dunes: processes, Origins, and implications
Authors: Chan Marjorie A. , Bruhn Ronald L.
Published: January 2014

Soft‐sediment deformation occurs in ancient eolian dune deposits, but understanding its extent and the conditions and forces behind the deformation often remains elusive. Here we gain insight into the aerial extent and environmental conditions related to intense soft‐sediment deformation, based on an exceptional three dimensional (3D) exposure of eolian dune deposits and preserved geomorphic landscape expressions in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone at White Pocket, Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, Arizona. Deformation features include elongate northeast trending decameter‐scale mounds and raised ridges cored by deformed and upturned eolian dune sets, overlain by a massive blanket sandstone with breccia blocks. The geomorphic mounds display ~40–60 m spacing, roughly perpendicular to the southerly paleoflow dune foreset directions. The geometry of the deformation is imaged by oblique aerial photography using cameras mounted on a remote control airplane and high resolution panoramas with a robotic camera mount.

We interpret the exquisitely preserved deformation features as liquefaction‐induced ground failure, consistent with theoretical and laboratory studies of deformation in saturated sand. A shallow water table affected by differential dune loading facilitated lateral spreading and failure. The transition to steady‐state flow liquefaction near the top of the shallow water table destroyed original sedimentary structure, creating a massive sand blanket that entrained brecciated blocks ripped up during flow. The water‐pressurized, upwelled sediment created the mounds (a relief inversion). In underlying deformed dune sets, deformation was intense but sedimentary structure was not obliterated as deformation progressed from initial cyclic mobility to strain‐softening, but ceased prior to steady‐state flow liquefaction. The spatial extent, topographic relief, and intensity of dynamic deformation suggest an origin of strong ground motion driven by long‐duration surface waves of a large earthquake (> Mw 7–8), possibly related to back arc thrusting from Jurassic subduction of the Pacific plate under North America. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telbivudine or lamivudine use in late pregnancy safely reduces perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in real-life practice
Authors: Zhang Hua , Pan Calvin Q. , Pang Qiumei , Tian Ruihua , Yan Miaoe , Liu Xin
Published: January 2014

Little observational data exist describing telbivudine (LdT) or lamivudine (LAM) use in late pregnancy for preventing hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in real-world settings. During the period of January 2009 to March 2011, we enrolled hepatitis B e antigen–positive mothers with HBV DNA >6 log10 copies/mL in China. At gestation week 28, the mothers received LdT or LAM until postpartum week 4 or no treatment (NTx). The study endpoints were the safety of LdT/LAM use and MTCT rates. Of the 700 mothers enrolled, 648 (LdT/LAM/NTx = 252/51/345) completed the 52-week study with 661 infants (LdT/LAM/NTx = 257/52/352). On treatment, viral rebound occurred in 1.6% of mothers, all resulting from medication noncompliance. There was no genotypic mutation detected. At delivery, significantly lower HBV DNA levels were noted in mothers who received LdT or LAM versus NTx. Alanine aminotransferase flares were observed in 17.1% of treated mothers versus 6.3% of untreated mothers (P < 0.001). At birth, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 20% and 24% of newborns in the treated and NTx groups, respectively. At week 52, an intention-to-treat analysis indicated 2.2% (95% confidence [CI]: 0.6-3.8) of HBsAg+ infants from the treated group versus 7.6% (95% CI: 4.9-10.3) in the NTx group (P = 0.001) and no difference of HBsAg+ rate between infants in the LdT and LAM groups (1.9% vs. 3.7%; P = 0.758). On-treatment analysis indicated 0% of HBsAg+ infants in the treated group versus 2.84% in the NTx group (P = 0.002). There were no differences for gestational age or infants' height, weight, Apgar scores, or birth defect rates between infants from the treated and untreated groups. Conclusions: LdT and LAM use in late pregnancy for highly viremic mothers was equally effective in reducing MTCT. The treatment was well tolerated with no safety concerns identified. (Hepatology 2014;60:468–476)
Cocaine‐ or stress‐induced metaplasticity of LTP in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus
Authors: Keralapurath Madhusudhanan M. , Clark Jason K. , Hammond Sherri , Wagner John J.
Published: January 2014

Despite the well documented role of the hippocampus in various modes of drug reinstatement behavior, the persisting effects of in vivo cocaine exposure on hippocampal synaptic plasticity are not sufficiently understood. In this report we investigated the effects of cocaine conditioning on long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of hippocampus along its septotemporal axis. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats experienced a behavioral protocol, in which locomotor activity was monitored in response to various conditioning treatments. LTP was measured in ex vivo slice preparations taken 1–2 weeks after the last behavioral session from the ventral (vH) and dorsal (dH) sectors of hippocampus. Unexpectedly, experiencing the minor intermittent stimuli of the behavioral protocol caused stress‐induced metaplastic changes in both vH (increased LTP) and dH (decreased LTP) in the saline conditioned rats relative to behaviorally naïve controls. These stress effects in the vH and dH were blocked by conditioning with either mineralocorticoid (spironolactone) or glucocorticoid (mifepristone) antagonists, respectively. Stress‐induced metaplasticity in the vH was also prevented by prior administration of the kappa opioid antagonist nor‐binaltorphimine. Cocaine conditioning induced locomotor sensitization and significantly increased LTP in the vH without causing significant change in LTP in the dH. Cocaine‐induced metaplasticity in the vH was prevented by co‐administration of the dopamine D2‐like antagonist eticlopride during cocaine conditioning, but not by co‐administration of the D1/5 antagonist SCH 23390. Our results suggest that the functional connectivity of hippocampus is altered by metaplastic triggers such as exposure to drugs of abuse and/or stressors, thereby shifting the efferent output of hippocampus from dH (cortical) toward vH (limbic) influenced circuits. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Significantly greater reduction in breast cancer mortality from post‐diagnosis running than walking
Authors: Williams Paul T.
Published: January 2014

The purpose of these analyses is to test prospectively whether post‐diagnosis running and walking differ significantly in their association with breast cancer mortality. Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to compare breast cancer mortality to baseline exercise energy expenditure (METs, 1 MET‐hour ≅1 km run) in 272 runners and 714 walkers previously diagnosed with breast cancer from the National Runners' and Walkers' Health Studies when adjusted for age, race, menopause, family history, breastfeeding and oral contraceptive use. Diagnosis occurred (mean ± SD) 7.9 ± 7.3 years before baseline. Forty‐six women (13 runners and 33 walkers) died from breast cancer during 9.1‐year mortality surveillance. For the 986 runners and walkers combined, breast cancer mortality decreased an average of 23.9% MET‐hours/day [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.9–38.3%; p = 0.004]. There was a significantly greater decrease in risk for running than walking (risk per MET‐hours/day run vs. walked: p = 0.03). For the 272 runners analyzed separately, breast cancer mortality decreased an average of 40.9% per MET‐hours/day run (95% CI: 19.3–60.0%, p = 0.0004). When analyzed by categories of running energy expenditure, breast cancer mortality was 87.4% lower for the 1.8–3.6 MET‐hours/day category (95% CI: 41.3–98.2% lower, p = 0.008) and 95.4% lower for the ≥3.6 MET‐hours/day category (95% CI: 71.9–100% lower, p = 0.0004) compared to the <1.07 MET‐hours/day category. In contrast, the 714 walkers showed a nonsignificant 4.6% decrease in breast cancer mortality per MET‐hours/day walked (95% CI: 27.3% decreased risk to 21.3% increased risk, p = 0.71). These results suggest that post‐diagnosis running is associated with significantly lower breast cancer mortality than post‐diagnosis walking.
17β‐estradiol upregulates GREB1 and accelerates ovarian tumor progression in vivo
Authors: Laviolette Laura A. , Hodgkinson Kendra M. , Minhas Neha , Perez‐Iratxeta Carol , Vanderhyden Barbara C.
Published: January 2014

Exogenous 17β‐estradiol (E2) accelerates the progression of ovarian cancer in the transgenic tgCAG‐LS‐TAg mouse model of the disease. We hypothesized that E2 has direct effects on ovarian cancer cells and this study was designed to determine the molecular mechanisms by which E2 accelerates ovarian tumor progression. Mouse ovarian cancer ascites (MAS) cell lines were derived from tgCAG‐LS‐TAg mice. Following intraperitoneal engraftment of two MAS cell lines, MASC1 and MASE2, into SCID mice, exogenous E2 significantly decreased the survival time and increased the tumor burden. Microarray analysis performed on MASE2‐derived tumors treated with E2 or placebo showed that E2 treatment caused the upregulation of 197 genes and the downregulation of 55 genes. The expression of gene regulated by estrogen in breast cancer 1 (Greb1) was upregulated in mouse tumors treated with E2 and was overexpressed in human ovarian cancers relative to human ovarian surface epithelium, suggesting a role for GREB1 in human ovarian tumor progression. RNA interference‐mediated knockdown of GREB1 in MASE2 cells decreased their proliferation rate in vitro and increased survival time in mice engrafted with the cells. These results emphasize the importance of E2 in ovarian tumor progression and identify Greb1 as a novel gene target for therapeutic intervention.
Beyond conventional pathology: Towards preoperative and intraoperative lymph node staging
Authors: Winter Marnie , Gibson Rachel , Ruszkiewicz Andrew , Thompson Sarah K. , Thierry Benjamin
Published: January 2014

Accurate detection of lymph node metastases is critical for many solid tumours to guide treatment strategies and determine prognostic outcomes. The gold standard for detection of metastasis is by histological analysis of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) sections of removed lymph nodes; this analysis method has remained largely unchanged for decades. Recent studies have highlighted limitations in the sensitivity of this approach, at least in its current clinical use, to detect very small metastatic deposits. Importantly, the poor prognostic outcomes associated with the presence of such small tumour deposits are now well established in a number of cancers. In addition, histological analysis of FFPE sections cannot be used practically for intraoperative node assessment. Novel lymph node staging technologies are therefore actively being developed. This review critically presents the main advances in this field and discusses why these technologies have not been able to provide a better alternative to the current gold standard diagnostic technique.
Neuroscientific evidence for defensive avoidance of fear appeals
Authors: Kessels Loes T. E. , Ruiter Robert A. C. , Wouters Liesbeth , Jansma Bernadette M.
Published: January 2014

Previous studies indicate that people respond defensively to threatening health information, especially when the information challenges self‐relevant goals. The authors investigated whether reduced acceptance of self‐relevant health risk information is already visible in early attention allocation processes. In two experimental studies, participants were watching high‐ and low‐threat health commercials, and at the same time had to pay attention to specific odd auditory stimuli in a sequence of frequent auditory stimuli (odd ball paradigm). The amount of attention allocation was measured by recording event‐related brain potentials (i.e., P300 ERPs) and reaction times. Smokers showed larger P300 amplitudes in response to the auditory targets while watching high‐threat instead of low‐threat anti‐smoking commercials. In contrast, non‐smokers showed smaller P300 amplitudes during watching high as opposed to low threat anti‐smoking commercials. In conclusion, the findings provide further neuroscientific support for the hypothesis that threatening health information causes more avoidance responses among those for whom the health threat is self‐relevant.
Work–Life Balance for Men: Counseling Implications
Authors: Evans Amanda M. , Carney Jamie S. , Wilkinson Morgan
Published: January 2014

The authors describe the application of effective counseling interventions in the context of providing counseling to men who experience work–life balance issues. A theoretical framework for understanding work–life balance among men is considered. Treating work–life balance difficulties in session with male clients is presented. Specific types of treatment interventions and strategies are presented.
Support and Barriers for Latino Male Students' Educational Pursuits: Perceptions of Counselors and Administrators
Authors: Clark Mary Ann , Ponjuan Luis , Orrock Jason , Wilson Timothy , Flores Griselda
Published: January 2014

Counselors and secondary/postsecondary administrators (N= 14) were interviewed to explore their perceptions of barriers and resources related to Latino male students' postsecondary goals and pursuit of higher education. Issues examined included the lack of awareness of educational obstacles for Latino male students by educators, role of Latino male students' families in the students' educational experiences, impact of peers and mentoring on Latino male students, and the role of program outreach and partnerships focused on young Latino men.
Men in Counseling: A Content Analysis of the Journal of Counseling & Development and Counselor Education and Supervision 1981–2011
Authors: Evans Marcheta P.
Published: January 2014

This article is a content analysis of the Journal of Counseling & Development (JCD) and the Counselor Education and Supervision (CES) journal over the time frame 1981–2011. The intent of this analysis was to assess what was published in the counseling literature on men's issues. These two journals serve in prominent positions in the development of counseling as a profession. JCD is considered the flagship journal publication for the profession, and CES serves as the research guide and repository for the development of counselor educators and students. A qualitative analysis of articles in these journals was conducted to determine emergent themes and trends in publications in the counseling literature focused specifically on men's issues in counseling. Recommendations are presented for counselors and counselor education programs related to recruitment and retention of men in counseling. The key search words focused on masculinity, male, men, man, boys, gender, gay, sex roles, and other words that the literature search exposed.
Gender Role Conflict Research 30 Years Later: An Evidence‐Based Diagnostic Schema to Assess Boys and Men in Counseling
Authors: O'Neil James M.
Published: January 2014

During the last 30 years, over 350 research studies have used the Gender Role Conflict Scale (O'Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986) to assess men's gender role conflict (GRC). The results of these studies indicate that GRC is correlated with many negative psychological outcomes for men and women, but few studies have examined the clinical application of GRC. A new diagnostic schema for counselors is presented that assesses men's gender role devaluations, restrictions, and violations.
The Investigation of Free Radical Intermolecular Addition Following Free Radical SH2′ Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Wu Yuh‐Wern , Wang Pai‐Lin , Kong Yao‐Zhang , Chen Ai‐Ru , Yang Jyh‐Ferng
Published: January 2014

The photolytic radical intermolecular addition following SH2′ cyclization reactions of t‐BuHgCl with 1‐bromo‐4‐(2‐choroallyloxy)‐but‐2‐ene and (E)‐4‐bromobut‐2‐enyl acrylate gave the good yields and the chemoselectivity of the cyclized product. The high stereoselectivity of the reactions is discussed.
Bond Dissociation Energies and Electronic Structures in a Series of Peroxy Radicals: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Zeng Hui , Zhao Jun
Published: January 2014

Quantum chemical calculations are performed to estimate the bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for 18 peroxy radicals. Since DFT methods are researched to have low basis sets sensitivity, these radicals are studied by utilizing the hybrid density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91 and PBE1PBE) in conjunction with the 6‐311G** basis set and the complete basis set (CBS‐Q) method. On the basis of comparisons of the computational results and the experimental values, we evaluate the effectiveness of above methods. It is demonstrated that CBS‐Q method is the best method for computing the reliable BDEs of C—OO bond, with the average absolute errors of 2.1 kcal/mol. So CBS‐Q method is suitable to predict accurate BDEs of C‐OO bond for peroxy compounds. The computational energy gaps between the HOMO and LUMO of studied compounds are almost identical from the point of view of stability and substantial HOMO‐LUMO gaps for all molecules suggest their electronic stability. In addition, substituent effect on the C—OO BDE of peroxy radicals is analyzed. It is noted that the effects of substitution on the C—OO BDE of peroxy radicals are significant. Our results will shed lights on future theoretical and experimental work.
Chiral Separation of Ofloxacin Enantiomers by Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection
Authors: Chen Bing , Zhang You , Xie Hai‐Ling , Chen Qiu‐Mei , Mai Qi‐Hong
Published: January 2014

We describe a chiral separation method for ofloxacin enantiomers, levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin by microchip capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. The running buffer included 1 mmol L−1 MES and 1 mmol L−1 Tris (pH 8.0) with a separation voltage of 1.5 kV and an injection time of 10s. Under these conditions, the enantiomers were completely separated within 1 min. The linear calibration curves were A = 5.76 c — 0.00587 for levofloxacin and A = 5.41 c — 0.00551 for dextrofloxacin, in which the linear concentration of the components all ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 mg mL−1 (regression coefficients were both 0.9996). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were, respectively, 18 and 21 μg mL−1. The relative standard deviations of migration time were both 2.0% (n = 6). The relative standard deviations of peak area were 3.4% (n = 6) for levofloxacin and 4.0% (n = 6) for dextrofloxacin. The effects of some factors on resolutions, such as separation voltage and injection time, concentration of running buffers, were studied. The method was simple, rapid, high‐efficient. Furthermore, the method could be applied to the chiral separation of the product containing these enantiomers, such as Ofloxacin Eye Drops.
Novel Adeno‐Associated Viral Vector Delivering the Utrophin Gene Regulator Jazz Counteracts Dystrophic Pathology in mdx Mice
Authors: Strimpakos Georgios , Corbi Nicoletta , Pisani Cinzia , Di Certo Maria Grazia , Onori Annalisa , Luvisetto Siro , Severini Cinzia , Gabanella Francesca , Monaco Lucia , Mattei Elisabetta , Passananti Claudio
Published: January 2014

Over‐expression of the dystrophin‐related gene utrophin represents a promising therapeutic strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The strategy is based on the ability of utrophin to functionally replace defective dystrophin. We developed the artificial zinc finger transcription factor “Jazz” that up‐regulates both the human and mouse utrophin promoter. We observed a significant recovery of muscle strength in dystrophic Jazz‐transgenic mdx mice. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of an experimental gene therapy based on the systemic delivery of Jazz gene in mdx mice by adeno‐associated virus (AAV). AAV serotype 8 was chosen on the basis of its high affinity for skeletal muscle. Muscle‐specific expression of the therapeutic Jazz gene was enhanced by adding the muscle α‐actin promoter to the AAV vector (mAAV). Injection of mAAV8‐Jazz viral preparations into mdx mice resulted in muscle‐specific Jazz expression coupled with up‐regulation of the utrophin gene. We show a significant recovery from the dystrophic phenotype in mAAV8‐Jazz‐treated mdx mice. Histological and physiological analysis revealed a reduction of fiber necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration associated with functional recovery in muscle contractile force. The combination of ZF‐ATF technology with the AAV delivery can open a new avenue to obtain a therapeutic strategy for treatment of DMD. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 1283–1291, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of the sarcosine residue on sequence scrambling in peptide b5 ions
Authors: Harrison Alex G.
Published: January 2014

The effect of N‐methylation on sequence scrambling in the fragmentation of b5 ions has been investigated by studying a variety of peptides containing sarcosine (N‐methylglycine). The product ion mass spectra for the b5 ions derived from Sar‐A‐A‐A‐Y‐A and Sar‐A‐A‐Y‐A‐A show only minor signals for non‐direct sequence ions the major fragmentation reactions occurring from the unrearranged structures. This is in contrast to the b5 ions where the Sar residue is replaced by Ala and sequence scrambling occurs. The b5 ion derived from Y‐Sar‐A‐A‐A‐A shows a product ion mass spectrum essentially identical to the spectrum of the b5 ion derived from Sar‐A‐A‐A‐Y‐A, indicating that in the former case macrocyclization has occurred but the macrocyclic form shows a strong preference to reopen to put the Sar residue in the N‐terminal position. Similar results were obtained in the comparison of b5 ions derived from A‐Sar‐A‐A‐Y‐A and Sar‐A‐A‐Y‐A‐A. The product ion mass spectra of the MH+ ions of Y‐Sar‐A‐A‐A‐A and A‐Sar‐A‐A‐Y‐A show substantial signals for non‐direct sequence ions indicating that fragmentation of the MH+ ions channels extensively through the respective b5 ions and further fragmentation of these species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Downregulation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway is involved in manganese‐induced neurotoxicity in rat striatum and PC12 cells
Authors: Jiang Junkang , Shi Shangshi , Zhou Qiang , Ma Xia , Nie Xiaoke , Yang Lingling , Han Jingling , Xu Guangfei , Wan Chunhua
Published: January 2014

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element. However, exposure to excessive Mn may cause neurodegenerative disorders called manganism. Accumulating evidence indicated that dysregulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling was tightly associated with the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. However, whether aberrant Wnt/β‐catenin signaling contributes to Mn‐induced neurotoxicity remains unknown. The present study investigates the involvement of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in Mn‐induced neurotoxicity. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses showed a remarkable downregulation of p‐Ser9‐glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) and β‐catenin in rat striatum after Mn exposure. TUNEL assay revealed significant neuronal apoptosis following treatment with 25 mg/kg Mn. Immunofluorescent staining showed that β‐catenin was expressed predominantly in neurons, and colocalization of β‐catenin and active caspase‐3 was observed after Mn exposure. Furthermore, Mn exposure resulted in PC12 cells apoptosis, which was accompanied by reduced levels of cellular β‐catenin and p‐GSK‐3β. Accordingly, the mRNA level of the prosurvival factor survivin, a downstream target gene of β‐catenin, was synchronously decreased. More importantly, blockage of GSK‐3β activity with the GSK‐3β inhibitor lithium chloride could attenuate Mn‐induced downregulation of β‐catenin and survivin as well as neuronal apoptosis. Overall, the present study demonstrates that downregulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway may be of vital importance in the neuropathological process of Mn‐induced neurotoxicity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The color properties of a reflective CMYK module using polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC)
Authors: Qian Jun , Gao Feng , Liu Hui‐Hui , Tang Chao‐Qun , Liu Feng
Published: January 2014

A reflective CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) module using polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) is investigated for multi‐color reflective display. Combined with the electro‐optical properties and visible spectral reflectivity of PDLC films, the color properties of the reflective CMYK module were evaluated in terms of the Uniform Color Space‐CIE 1976 L*a*b*. It is found that the blue light reflectivity of the PDLC films is lower than green light and red light reflectivity. With the increase of the voltage applied on PDLC, the color lightness of the CMYK module generally decreases, while the color saturation increases. When the voltage changed from 0 to 70 V with a 5‐V change amplitude, modules C, M, Y, and K severally exhibit at least five, six, three, and seven colors.
Master Equation Modeling of the Unimolecular Decompositions of α‐Hydroxyethyl (CH3CHOH) and Ethoxy (CH3CH2O) Radicals
Authors: Dames Enoch E.
Published: January 2014

The unimolecular decomposition of two radical isomers of C2H5O (CH3CH2O/ethoxy, CH3CHOH/α‐hydroxyethyl) are investigated by means of Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus/master equation simulations in helium and nitrogen bath gases on an accurate one‐dimensional potential energy surface. For ethoxy, simulations are carried out between temperatures of 406 and 1200 K and pressures of 0.001 and 100 atm. For CH3CHOH, simulations are carried out between temperatures of 800 and 1500 K and pressures of 0.001 and 100 atm. Results are compared with available experimental data, with good agreement. The dominant product of α‐hydroxyethyl decomposition is CH3CHO + H, with C2H3OH + H and CH3 + CH2O, being minor channels. Rate coefficients are strongly dependent on temperature and pressure and are recommended with attendant uncertainty factor estimates. The relative roles of vinyl alcohol and acetaldehyde in the context of combustion chemistry are also discussed.
Does endolymphatic sac decompression surgery prevent bilateral development of unilateral Ménière disease?
Authors: Kitahara Tadashi , Horii Arata , Imai Takao , Ohta Yumi , Morihana Tetsuo , Inohara Hidenori , Sakagami Masafumi
Published: January 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of the study was to elucidate whether endolymphatic sac decompression surgery (ESDS) has the potential to prevent unilateral Ménière disease (MD) from becoming bilateral.

Study Design

Prospective case–control study at tertiary referral center.

Methods

Between 1996 and 2008, we performed a glycerol test (G‐test) and electrocochleography (ECoG) on 237 patients with intractable unilateral MD. We performed ESDS on 179 patients (144 with no endolymphatic hydrops and 35 with silent endolymphatic hydrops in the contralateral ear). The other 58 patients (40 without endolymphatic hydrops and 18 with silent endolymphatic hydrops in the contralateral ear) were given available medical treatments. All underwent regular follow‐up for at least 5 years.

Results

Altogether, 22.4% (53 of 237) of patients with clinically diagnosed unilateral intractable MD had silent endolymphatic hydrops in the contralateral ear using G‐test and ECoG. In the nonsurgical group, six of 40 patients with unilateral MD with no endolymphatic hydrops in the contralateral ear developed bilateral disease, whereas in the surgical group 12 of 144 patients did so (P = .231, Fisher test). In the nonsurgical group, nine of 18 patients with unilateral MD and silent endolymphatic hydrops developed the disease in the contralateral ear, whereas in the surgical group six of 35 patients developed bilateral disease (P = .022, Fisher test).

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that ESDS may decrease the incidence of developing MD in silent endolymphatic hydronic contralateral ears diagnosed with G‐test and ECoG within the first 5 postoperative years.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 124:1932–1936, 2014
Aggregation‐Induced Emission of Tetraphenylethylene in Styrene‐Based Polymers
Authors: Iasilli Giuseppe , Battisti Antonella , Tantussi Francesco , Fuso Francesco , Allegrini Maria , Ruggeri Giacomo , Pucci Andrea
Published: January 2014

In the present work, the preparation of different styrene‐based polymer films containing small amounts of TPE and the evaluation of their photoluminescent behaviour is reported. When TPE is dispersed in a poor solvent or in a glassy PS matrix, the arrested intramolecular rotations of its aryls favour the strong emission of light centred at about 455–460 nm. Conversely, TPE fluorescence significantly weakens to a faint signal when good solvents or viscous but not glassy polymer matrices are used. Near‐field optical microscopy correlates the fluorescence behaviour with the different matrix morphologies. These results should be able to be used for developing a new tool for polymer traceability.

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Functionalization at the Central Position of Vinyl Polymer Chains: Highly Associable Multipoint Hydrogen Bonds for Complementary Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Lee Sang‐Ho , Ouchi Makoto , Sawamoto Mitsuo
Published: January 2014

This paper deals with the precision introduction of a multiple hydrogen‐bonding site of a high association constant at the central position of a vinyl polymer chain for complementary self‐assemblies. The interactive site consists of an array of hydrogen donors (D) and acceptors (A) to induce a multiple and highly associable interaction with a complementary counterpart. A bifunctional initiator (Cl–DADDAD–Cl) for metal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization is thus designed and synthesized to embed a “Hamilton receptor” (DADDAD) between two terminal chlorides (Cl). In the presence of a ruthenium complex, the dichloride gives controlled polymers (Cl∼∼∼DADDAD∼∼∼Cl, ∼∼∼: polymer backbone) of narrow molecular weight distributions (/ < 1.2) from common monomers such as styrene and methyl methacrylate (MMA). The receptor‐decorated polystyrene recognizes complementary associable molecules and polymers carrying an ADADA unit (ADADA–Anthracene and ADADA–PMMA) to form self‐assemblies where the association constant is as high as Kass ≈ 8000 m−1.

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Controlling cavitation‐based image contrast in focused ultrasound histotripsy surgery
Authors: Allen Steven P. , Hall Timothy L. , Cain Charles A. , Hernandez‐Garcia Luis
Published: January 2014

Purpose

To develop MRI feedback for cavitation‐based, focused ultrasound, tissue erosion surgery (histotripsy), we investigate image contrast generated by transient cavitation events.

Methods

Changes in GRE image intensity are observed while balanced pairs of field gradients are varied in the presence of an acoustically driven cavitation event. The amplitude of the acoustic pulse and the timing between a cavitation event and the start of these gradient waveforms are also varied. The magnitudes and phases of the cavitation site are compared with those of control images. An echo‐planar sequence is used to evaluate histotripsy lesions in ex vivo tissue.

Results

Cavitation events in water cause localized attenuation when acoustic pulses exceed a pressure threshold. Attenuation increases with increasing gradient amplitude and gradient lobe separation times and is isotropic with gradient direction. This attenuation also depends upon the relative timing between the cavitation event and the start of the balanced gradients. These factors can be used to control the appearance of attenuation while imaging ex vivo tissue.

Conclusion

By controlling the timing between cavitation events and the imaging gradients, MR images can be made alternately sensitive or insensitive to cavitation. During therapy, these images can be used to isolate contrast generated by cavitation. Magn Reson Med 73:204–213, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and morphology of all‐conjugated donor–acceptor block copolymers based on poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and poly(naphthalene diimide)
Authors: Wang Jin , Ueda Mitsuru , Higashihara Tomoya
Published: January 2014

A series of all‐conjugated diblock and triblock copolymers comprised of poly(naphthalene diimide) (PNDI)‐based n‐type and the poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) segments could be synthesized via the Kumada catalyst‐transfer polycondensation process. The crystalline structures and chain orientation of the block copolymer thin films were systematically studied by grazing incident wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS). The GIWAXS results indicated that both the P3HT and PNDI segments in the block copolymers form exclusive crystalline domains in which the P3HT domain aligns with an edge‐on rich orientation, and the PNDI domain aligns with a face‐on rich orientation. In contrast, the blend films of the P3HT and PNDI homopolymers also show two distinguished crystalline domains in which the P3HT domain aligns with an edge‐on rich orientation, and the PNDI domains align in different ways depending on the chemical structure of n‐type polymers, that is, PNDI1Th is isotropically dispersed, while PNDI2Th aligns with a face‐on rich orientation. In addition, the effect of thermal annealing on the crystalline behavior of the block copolymers is reported. The GIWAXS results indicated that thermal annealing increases the crystallinity of both segments without affecting their chain orientation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1139–1148
Cation–π interactions of methylated ammonium ions: A quantum mechanical study
Authors: Rapp Chaya , Goldberger Elizabeth , Tishbi Nasim , Kirshenbaum Rachel
Published: January 2014

Cation–π interactions of methylated ammonium ions play a key role in a broad range of biochemical systems. These include methyl‐lysine binding proteins which bind to methylated sites on histone proteins, lysine demethylase enzymes which demethylate these sites, and neurotransmitter receptor complexes which bind choline‐derived ligands. Recognition in these systems is achieved through an ‘aromatic cage’ motif in the binding site. Here we use high‐level quantum mechanical calculations to address how cation–π interactions of methylated ammonium ions are modulated by a change in methylation state and interaction geometry. We survey methyl‐lysine and choline‐derived complexes in the Protein Databank to validate our results against available structural data. A quantitative description of cation–π interactions of methylated ammonium systems is critical to structure‐based efforts to target methyl‐lysine binding proteins and demethylase enzymes in the treatment of unregulated transcriptional control, and neurotransmitter receptors in the treatment of neurological disease. It is our hope that our work will serve as a benchmark for the development of physical chemistry based force fields that can accurately model the contribution of cation–π interactions to binding and specificity in these systems. Proteins 2014; 82:1494–1502. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural evidence for a constrained conformation of short CDR‐L3 in antibodies
Authors: Teplyakov Alexey , Obmolova Galina , Malia Thomas J. , Luo Jinquan , Gilliland Gary L.
Published: January 2014

Three Fab structures used as targets in the Antibody Modeling Assessment presented a challenge for modeling CDR‐L3 due to deviations from the most typical canonical structure. In all three antibodies CDR‐L3 has eight residues, which is one residue shorter than usual, and has a conformation that is rarely observed in crystal structures. We analyzed the sequence and structural determinants of this conformation and found that the “short” CDR‐L3 is remarkably rigid and retains the conformation in the interactions with antigens and neighboring CDRs. Proteins 2014; 82:1679–1683. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The response of the Pacific storm track and atmospheric circulation to Kuroshio Extension variability
Authors: O'Reilly Christopher H. , Czaja Arnaud
Published: January 2014

An index of the Kuroshio Extension front strength is produced using a maximum covariance analysis between sea‐surface temperature (SST) and sea‐surface height (SSH) gradient observations, and composites of the atmospheric state are presented during its positive and negative phases using reanalysis data (1992–2011).

It is found that when the Kuroshio Extension is less (more) meandering, with a stronger (weaker) SST front, the atmospheric heat transport by transient eddies is increased in the western (eastern) Pacific region, consistent with an increase (decrease) in low‐level baroclinicity. Analysis of the eddy–mean flow interaction shows that this zonal shift in heat transport forces anomalous barotropic flow in the Eastern Pacific, where blocking frequency is strongly influenced.

The above relationships cannot be reconciled with the known response of the North Pacific storm track to remote forcing from the Tropical Pacific, nor can they be explained by the response of the ocean to atmospheric forcing via surface heat fluxes or winds. Rather, the zonal shift in the storm track highlighted here, and the associated changes in the large‐scale circulation, are interpreted as a response to the interannual variability of the Kuroshio Extension front.
A terabit/second satellite system for European broadband access: a feasibility study
Authors: Kyrgiazos Argyrios , Evans Barry , Thompson Paul , Mathiopoulos P. Takis , Papaharalabos Stylianos
Published: January 2014

This paper presents a feasibility study for a fixed broadband access High Throughput Satellite terabit/second system by considering appropriate state‐of‐the‐art communication technologies. For the investigated system model, DVB‐S2 and DVB‐RCS2 are assumed as the air interfaces for the forward and return link, respectively. The performance of DVB‐S2 and DVB‐RCS2 Adaptive Coding and Modulation is examined along with potential extensions of these standards. For example, the performance of very low rate DVB‐RCS turbo codes are investigated and their performance is evaluated. In addition, a performance comparison for M‐ary (M=16, 32, 64) constellations in the presence of a linear and a high power amplifier non‐linear channel is carried out. Various frequency reuse schemes and different antenna models are also considered, and their performance is analyzed and evaluated. It is demonstrated that, by using the Q/V (40/50 GHz) bands for the gateways and the Ka (20–30 GHz) band for the user terminals, around 20 gateways and 200 beams are required to provide with the proposed satellite system terabit/second capacity. The obtained performance evaluation results have shown that the forward link is limited by noise rather than interference, whereas the return link is interference limited. Additionally, some further aspects of the system design in relation with the total number of gateways and the payload are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crucial Role of Anions on Arrangement of Cu2S Nanocrystal Superstructures
Authors: Xiong Yansong , Deng Ke , Jia Yuying , He Liangcan , Chang Lin , Zhi Linjie , Tang Zhiyong
Published: January 2014

Both of the arrays of Cu2S nanowires and the superlattices of Cu2S nanoparticles are obtained by the solventless thermolysis of copper thiolate in the presence of laurate. For the first time, the types of anions in the reaction system, which are generally neglected in previous studies, are found to determine the structure of the final assembly products. Furthermore, experimental results shows in the presence of Cl‐ ions, Cl‐ ions participate in the self‐assembly process and promote the formation of Cu2S nanowire arrays. Finally, the content of Cl‐ ions is gradually decreased with assembly reaction proceeding. Therefore, duiring the process, Cl‐ ions play a role of ‘catassembly’ in the formation of Cu2S nanocrystal superstructures.
Addenda and Erratum to: Characteristic directions of closed planar motions
Authors: Dathe H. , Gezzi R.
Published: January 2014

In a previous paper ZAMM 92(9), 731–748 (2012), some properties of closed planar motions were investigated. The focus was on three aspects: the area enclosed by the paths of points, the polar moment of inertia and the natural average of a path. These three mathematical objects were shown to be interrelated. For reasons of completeness, the authors now add some historical references which relate the problem considered to that of mechanical integrators eg. polarplanimeter.
Production of Glycolipid Biosurfactant from Sponge‐Associated Marine ActinobacteriumBrachybacterium paraconglomeratumMSA21
Authors: Kiran George S. , Sabarathnam Balu , Thajuddin Nooruddin , Selvin Joseph
Published: January 2014

Potential biosurfactant producers and economic production processes are major considerations for commercialization of biosurfactants. The present study was aimed at exploring marine Actinobacteria for the production of biosurfactants using industrial and agro‐industrial wastes under solid state culture (SSC). A biosurfactant producer,Brachybacterium paraconglomeratumMSA21 was isolated from a marine sponge. The strain MSA21 effectively utilized tannery pre‐treated effluent as the substrate for the production of a biosurfactant under SSC. The critical control factors influence the production of biosurfactant includes glucose, yeast extract, copper sulfate and inoculum size. The glucose and yeast extract interactively increase the production maxima over a stable area. The surface active compound was characterized as a glycolipid derivative with a hydrophilic part of methyl‐2‐oxopropyl furan and a hydrophobic dodecanoic acid, methyl ester. The MSA21 biosurfactant displayed antibiotic activity. The domain ketosynthase in MSA21 showed that the polyketide synthase gene might be involved in the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds. The strainB. paraconglomeratumMSA21 could be used for the production of a biosurfactant as a green alternative to replace chemical surfactants.
LCP 140° Pediatric Hip Plate for fixation of proximal femoral valgisation osteotomy
Authors: Sidler-Maier Claudia C. , Reidy Kerstin , Huber Hanspeter , Dierauer Stefan , Ramseier Leonhard E.
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Femoral osteotomy is one of the most widely performed reconstructive operations in pediatric orthopedic surgery. Many implants for fixation have been used, but so far there is no literature about the application and outcome of the LCP 140° Pediatric Hip Plate for proximal femoral valgisation in children.

Methods

Data of patients with a valgisation of the proximal femur using the LCP 140° Pediatric Hip Plate between February 2011 and July 2012 were retrospectively collected and analyzed.

Results

We included 10 patients (11 hips) with a mean follow-up of 15.3 ± 6.3 months (range 5.6–23 months). The mean age was 9.6 ± 1.2 years (range 7.3–11.8 years) with a mean hospital stay of 5.2 ± 1.7 days (range 3–9 days). Callus formation was observed in all cases at 6 weeks postoperative control and consolidation was shown after a mean time of 14.1 ± 2.3 weeks (range 12.1–19.1 weeks). There was no delayed union or any case of non-union in our series. The stability of the operative reduction including the corrected neck-shaft angle (mean 19° ± 7.9°; range 10.5°–38.5°) was maintained during the follow-up period. No cases of recurrence (varisation) or complications requiring further treatment or revision were observed.

Conclusions

In our series, the 140° LCP Pediatric Hip Plate was shown to be safe and applicable in the clinical setting with good results. We therefore consider this device to be valuable for the correction of pathologic varus conditions of the proximal femur in children.
Container management in a single-vendor-multiple-buyer supply chain
Authors: Glock Christoph H. , Kim Taebok
Published: January 2014

This paper studies a supply chain consisting of a single vendor and multiple retailers that uses returnable transport items, such as containers or crates, to facilitate shipping products from the vendor to the retailers. The paper considers two different strategies for transporting finished products from the supplier to the retailers: In case of early shipments, deliveries to a retailer can be made while the production process at the supplier is still in progress, while in the case of late shipments, the supplier has to wait until the entire production lot has been finished before shipments can be made from the lot. The paper develops mathematical models for both strategies and derives optimal solutions for the cycle time, the container size, the individual order quantities of the retailers and the shipment sequence with the intention to minimize the average total costs of the system. The behavior of the models is analyzed with the help of numerical examples.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Earnings Management, and Post-Buyback Performance of Open-Market Repurchasing Firms
Authors: Chen Sheng-Syan , Huang Chia-Wei
Published: January 2014

We examine how the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) affects pre-repurchase earnings management and its association with post-repurchase firm performance. Unlike prior pre-SOX studies, our post-SOX results indicate that open-market repurchasers do not engage in pre-buyback downward accrual-based earnings management. Audit committee independence, reforms in corporate governance structures, and changes in executives’ equity holdings prompted by SOX may explain the findings. Post-SOX, the significant negative association between pre-repurchase abnormal accruals and post-repurchase performance disappears, the market reaction to repurchase announcements becomes significantly less favorable, and there is no evidence of any shift away from accrual-based to real earnings management.