bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Incarcerating Juveniles with Adults
Authors: Lane Jodi , Lanza-Kaduce Lonn
Published: July 2016

Currently, all states allow juveniles who commit certain offenses to be waived from jurisdiction of the juvenile court to be tried and sentenced in adult criminal court. This essay reviews approaches for housing juvenile offenders in adult correctional facilities (i.e., straight adult incarceration, graduated incarceration, and segregated incarceration) and the special considerations for prison management and service delivery. The essay begins with a summary of the history of juvenile justice, focusing primarily on transfer to adult court and subsequent adult incarceration. Next, a description of the number of youths facing adult punishment is provided. The experiences of youths inside adult incarceration facilities and the effects of transfer to adult court on postrelease recidivism are discussed, followed by a review of individual states’ approaches to housing youths in adult prisons.
The Smell of Chlorine
Authors: Youngner Stuart J.
Published: July 2016

After trying to come to terms with death in the late 1960s and early 1970s, American medicine and the society it served largely abandoned the effort. Instead, both became preoccupied with a less existentially threatening task—controlling the timing of death by using or not using an array of high-tech interventions. The author shares some of his personal biography and the cultural context of his own professional development to illuminate some of the difficulties inherent in the efforts of health professionals to help dying patients and their families. He suggests that our society, with its emphasis on “scientific” knowledge, self-realization, and personal freedom, may have projected a new, less intimidating symbol upon which to focus its inescapable fear of death: the chance to control a prolonged and isolated dying in the hands of strangers and attached to machines amid the uncomfortable mix of medical uncertainty and vanishing hope.
Freedom in the Scholastic Tradition
Authors: Feser Edward
Published: July 2016

The Scholastic tradition has its roots in Aristotelianism and is represented today by Thomists, neo-Aristotelians, and others. Scholastic thinkers discuss both freedom of the will, and freedom in the political sense as related to rights, justice, and market exchanges. These two types of freedom are connected. This chapter outlines the natural law approach to ethics which provides the moral and metaphysical background to Scholastic discussions of freedom; expounds the two main conceptions of freedom of the will developed within Scholasticism; shows how these conceptions are associated with two conceptions of natural rights; discusses how natural rights enter into Scholastic moral and political thought; and discusses Scholastic attitudes toward liberal democracy and the market economy. Particularly in its Thomist version, the Scholastic tradition developed a conception of political and economic freedom which represents a middle ground between classical liberalism or libertarianism on the one hand, and egalitarian liberalism on the other.
Time-reversal constraint limits unidirectional photon emission in slow-light photonic crystals
Authors: Lang Ben , Beggs Daryl M. , Oulton Ruth
Published: July 2016

Photonic crystal waveguides are known to support C-points—point-like polarization singularities with local chirality. Such points can couple with dipole-like emitters to produce highly directional emission, from which spin-photon entanglers can be built. Much is made of the promise of using slow-light modes to enhance this light–matter coupling. Here we explore the transition from travelling to standing waves for two different photonic crystal waveguide designs. We find that time-reversal symmetry and the reciprocal nature of light places constraints on using C-points in the slow-light regime. We observe two distinctly different mechanisms through which this condition is satisfied in the two waveguides. In the waveguide designs, we consider a modest group velocity of
v
g
≈
c
/10 is found to be the optimum for slow-light coupling to the C-points.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Unifying physics and technology in light of Maxwell's equations’.
Designing fecal microbiota transplant trials that account for differences in donor stool efficacy
Authors: Olesen Scott W. , Gurry Thomas , Alm Eric J.
Published: July 2016

1

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective intervention for patients suffering from recurrentClostridium difficile, a common hospital-acquired infection. FMT’s success as a therapy forC. difficilehas inspired interest in performing clinical trials that experiment with FMT as a therapy for other conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and Parkinson’s disease. Results from clinical trials that use FMT to treat inflammatory bowel disease suggest that, for at least one condition beyondC. difficile, most FMT donors produce stool that is not efficacious. The optimal strategies for identifying and using efficacious donors have not been investigated. We therefore examined the optimal Bayesian response-adaptive strategy for allocating patients to donors and formulated a computationally-tractable myopic heuristic. This heuristic computes the probability that a donor is efficacious by updating prior expectations about the efficacy of FMT, the placebo rate, and the fraction of donors that produce efficacious stool. In simulations designed to mimic a recent FMT clinical trial, for which traditional power calculations predict ~100% statistical power, we found that accounting for differences in donor stool efficacy reduced the predicted statistical power to ~9%. For these simulations, using the heuristic Bayesian allocation strategy more than quadrupled the statistical power to ~39%. We use the results of similar simulations to make recommendations about the number of patients, number of donors, and choice of clinical endpoint that clinical trials should use to optimize their ability to detect if FMT is effective for treating a condition.
Perturbation-response genes reveal signaling footprints in cancer gene expression
Authors: Schubert Michael , Klinger Bertram , Klünemann Martina , Garnett Mathew J , Blüthgen Nils , Saez-Rodriguez Julio
Published: July 2016

Aberrant cell signaling is known to cause cancer and many other diseases, as well as a focus of treatment. A common approach is to infer its activity on the level of pathways using gene expression. However, mapping gene expression to pathway components disregards the effect of post-translational modifications, and downstream signatures represent very specific experimental conditions. Here we present PROGENy, a method that overcomes both limitations by leveraging a large compendium of publicly available perturbation experiments to yield a common core of Pathway RespOnsive GENes. Unlike existing methods, PROGENy can (i) recover the effect of known driver mutations, (ii) provide or improve strong markers for drug indications, and (iii) distinguish between oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways for patient survival. Collectively, these results show that PROGENy more accurately infers pathway activity from gene expression than other methods.
Evolution of passwords for cost-free honest signalling between symbionts and hosts
Authors: Archetti Marco , Miller J. Benjamin , Yu Douglas W.
Published: July 2016

Honest communication between potential partners with conflicting interests is generally thought to require costly signals. Costly signalling can explain partner choice when it is possible to link a strategic cost to an individual’s quality, like in mate choice. However, in mutualisms, it is usually impossible to link a cost to the likelihood that a potential partner will behave cooperatively in the future. In fact, signals like Nod factors in rhizobial bacteria, which form symbioses with leguminous plants, are evidence of cost-free, honest signals in situations of potential conflict. How can such a signalling system evolve? We use a population-genetics model to show that a cost-free, honest signal can evolve when the receiver is undersoft selection, which is when high juvenile mortality does not lead to a corresponding reduction in fitness, a common occurrence in many species. Under soft selection, senders evolve increasingly complex messages of identity, a system akin to a password or a lock and key. Thus, a symbiont can signal that it shares a coevolutionary history with a potential host, and if that history is mutualistic, then the host can believe that the symbiont is mutualistic. Password signalling might also explain the acquisition of some defensive symbionts and the evolution of complex species-recognition signals in mate choice.

“…Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him….” — Judges 12:6, King James Version
RoboDiff: combining a sample changer and goniometer for highly automated macromolecular crystallography experiments
Authors: Nurizzo Didier , Bowler Matthew W. , Caserotto Hugo , Dobias Fabien , Giraud Thierry , Surr John , Guichard Nicolas , Papp Gergely , Guijarro Matias , Mueller-Dieckmann Christoph , Flot David , McSweeney Sean , Cipriani Florent , Theveneau Pascal , Leonard Gordon A.
Published: July 2016

Automation of the mounting of cryocooled samples is now a feature of the majority of beamlines dedicated to macromolecular crystallography (MX). Robotic sample changers have been developed over many years, with the latest designs increasing capacity, reliability and speed. Here, the development of a new sample changer deployed at the ESRF beamline MASSIF-1 (ID30A-1), based on an industrial six-axis robot, is described. The device, named RoboDiff, includes a high-capacity dewar, acts as both a sample changer and a high-accuracy goniometer, and has been designed for completely unattended sample mounting and diffraction data collection. This aim has been achieved using a high level of diagnostics at all steps of the process from mounting and characterization to data collection. The RoboDiff has been in service on the fully automated endstation MASSIF-1 at the ESRF since September 2014 and, at the time of writing, has processed more than 20 000 samples completely automatically.
5-Butyl-5-(2-methyl-1H-inden-1-yl)-5H-dibenzo[b,d]silole
Authors: Medvedev Michael G. , Izmer Vyatcheslav V. , Kononovich Dmitry S. , Uborsky Dmitry V. , Voskoboynikov Alexander Z.
Published: July 2016

The structure of the title compound [systematic name: 8-butyl-8-(2-methyl-1H-inden-1-yl)-8-silatricyclo[7.4.0.02,3]trideca-1(13),2,4,6,9,11-hexaene], C26H26Si, at 110 K has orthorhombic (Pbca) symmetry. In the molecule, the butyl group displays an extended conformation with the C—C—C—C torsion angle of 176.8 (2)°. The dihedral angle between the biphenyl group and the indole group is 60.04 (2)°. The structure exhibits a weak intramolecular C—H...π interaction.
Hexacyclo[7.5.1.01,6.06,13.08,12.010,14]pentadecane-7,15-dione
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Bandi Vijayalakshmi , Gunta Rama , Gaddamedi Sreevani
Published: July 2016

The structure of the title cage compound, C15H16O2, comprises eight fused rings,viz.one four-membered, four five-membered and three six-membered. One of the internal C—C bonds is unusually long for a cyclobutane bond length [1.607 (3) Å] and is comparable with the equivalent value of 1.598 (4) Å in the unsaturated homolog hexacyclo[7.4.2.01,9.03,7.04,14.06,15]pentadeca-10,12-diene-2,8-dione.
Procedural justice and frontline policing: the effects of the police complaints system
Authors: Galovic Sally , Birch Philip , Vickers Margaret H. , Kennedy Michael
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present results from a qualitative study exploring the complaints system within New South Wales Police Force in Australia. The stories shared illustrate the impact of the complaints system on officers currently serving in this force. The study reveals how the complaints system impacts on both the working conditions and workplace environment of police officers, as well as impacting on the professional relationships amongst each other.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study is qualitative in design, in which in-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 14 rank and file police officers. The qualitative analysis draws upon a thematic approach and a direct reference to police officer comments and perspectives are illustrated and used to inform the framework of the discussion and implications for further research in this area.

Findings

– The findings yield three central themes – “police perceptions of accountability”; “the complaints tool – a question of intra institutional justice”; and “performance impact”. These are discussed in direct relation to what police officers revealed about their experiences and thoughts on the current complaints process in New South Wales.

Practical implications

– To review the complaints process in order to develop a more transparent process; to recognise the critiques of the complaints process, both by the general public and police officers, as valuable information to be used to inform improving the process; to consider restorative justice practices employed by other police forces as a means of finalising some complaint processes; to develop a more swift complaints process with more timely conclusions in order to minimise long-term issues such as sustained sick leave.

Originality/value

– This paper examines the link between accountability and performance, and the unintended consequences the complaints process has on police officers at work. This examination is conducted by drawing on current rank and file police officers lived experiences.
The role of performance measurement in developing industrial services
Authors: Pekkola Sanna , Saunila Minna , Ukko Juhani , Rantala Tero
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine inter-organisational cooperation in delivering maintenance services, focusing on the level of maturity of this cooperation and the current role of performance measurement in evaluating its effectiveness. It also determines how performance measurement should be developed to support the needs of networked maintenance.

Design/methodology/approach

– The empirical evidence is based on two cases of networks operating in the field of industrial maintenance. The first network operates in the energy industry, while the second operates in the mining industry. Both networks consist of machine supplier companies, performance partner companies and system supplier companies. A total of seven companies participated in workshops and interviews in 2013-2014.

Findings

– As a result of the study, suggestions for improving the performance measurement of service value in maintenance are presented and a framework is offered that meets the needs of the customer, service provider and equipment provider. The significant innovation of the research is its combination of network, service and value perspectives in performance measurement by presenting a framework for measuring created value of cooperation.

Originality/value

– The literature calls for new measurement models and frameworks that support the new management challenges. This research creates a framework for practical applications. The framework helps to identify possible development needs and increases the understanding of what is required when cooperation in a maintenance network deepens, moving from machine partner towards value partner.
The impact of “distance” on multinational enterprise subsidiary capabilities
Authors: Verbeke Alain , Yuan Wenlong
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to investigate how multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiary capabilities are influenced by the firm-specific advantages (FSAs) of the parent company, as well as by cultural and geographic distance between the home and host country.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper assesses how the effects of the parent FSAs, cultural distance and geographic distance on subsidiary capabilities vary for different value-chain activities, with an empirical application to 60 foreign subsidiaries operating in Canada.

Findings

This paper uncovers distinct, three-way interaction effects among parent-level FSAs, cultural distance and geographic distance for upstream versus downstream activities in the value chain.

Originality/value

We find that in special cases, high levels of distance can be positive for MNEs, in terms of driving the creation of stronger subsidiary capabilities.
Do corporate bond recovery rates monitored by corporate governance mechanisms?
Authors: Mili Mehdi , Abid Sami
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between corporate governance (CG) and firms’ bond recovery rates (RRs). The authors hypothesize that governance features impact RRs by controlling agency costs that result from conflicts between bondholders and shareholders. The authors also test the relationship between CG and RRs during the last crisis.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors use a generalized method of moments regression model to test the relationship between CG and firms’ bond RRs. The authors employ a direct measure of recoveries rates from Moody’s ultimate recovery database covering the period from 2003 to 2012. Both firm-level CG and country-level variables are used to examine the determinants of corporate bonds RRs.

Findings

– The results support a significant impact of CG mechanisms on bond RRs mainly during crisis period. The authors find that firms operating with CEO-Duality decrease their bond RRs during financial crisis. This implies wealth transfers from bondholders to shareholders and provides one explanation why some firms operate with weak governance.

Originality/value

– This paper provides the first direct evidence that corporate bond RRs are directly related to CG mechanisms. The authors combine firm-level CG and country-level variables to examine the determinants of corporate bonds RRs. Earlier studies focussed on financial firm-level data and macro-economic variables. The authors also test the impact of board composition and ownership structure on bond recoveries.
Impact of Massachusetts Health Reform on Enrollment Length and Health Care Utilization in the Unsubsidized Individual Market
Authors: Garabedian Laura F. , Ross‐Degnan Dennis , Soumerai Stephen B. , Choudhry Niteesh K. , Brown Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To evaluate the impact of the 2006 Massachusetts health reform, the model for the Affordable Care Act, on short‐term enrollment and utilization in the unsubsidized individual health insurance market.

Data Source

Seven years of administrative and claims data from Harvard Pilgrim Health Care.

Research Design

We employed pre‐post survival analysis and an interrupted time series design to examine changes in enrollment length, utilization patterns, and use of elective procedures (discretionary inpatient surgeries and infertility treatment) among nonelderly adult enrollees before (n = 6,912) and after (n = 29,207) theMAreform.

Principal Findings

The probability of short‐term enrollment dropped immediately after the reform. Rates of inpatient encounters (HR = 0.83, 95 percentCI: 0.74, 0.93), emergency department encounters (HR = 0.85, 95 percentCI: 0.80, 0.91), and discretionary inpatient surgeries (HR = 0.66 95 percentCI: 0.45, 0.97) were lower in the postreform period, whereas the rate of ambulatory visits was somewhat higher (HR = 1.04, 95 percentCI: 1.00, 1.07). The rate of infertility treatment was higher after the reform (HR = 1.61, 95 percentCI: 1.33, 1.97), driven by women in individual (vs. family) plans. The reform was not associated with increased utilization among short‐term enrollees.

Conclusions

MAhealth reform was associated with a decrease in short‐term enrollment and changes in utilization patterns indicative of reduced adverse selection in the unsubsidized individual market. Adverse selection may be a problem for specific, high‐cost treatments.
Leprae reaction resembling rheumatologic disease as presenting feature of leprosy
Authors: Baharuddin Hazlyna , Taib Tarita , Zain Mollyza Mohd , Ch'ng Shereen
Published: July 2016

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae with predominant involvement of skin and nerves. We present a 70‐year‐old man with leprosy whose initial presentation resembled rheumatologic disease, due to leprae reaction. He presented with an 8‐week history of worsening neuropathic pain in the right forearm, associated with necrotic skin lesions on his fingers that had ulcerated. Physical examination revealed two tender necrotic ulcers at the tip of the right middle finger and the dorsal aspect of the left middle finger. The patient had right wrist tenosynovitis and right elbow bursitis. Apart from raised inflammatory markers, the investigations for infection, connective tissue disease, vasculitis, thromboembolic disease and malignancy were negative. During the fourth week of hospitalization, we noticed a 2‐cm hypoesthetic indurated plaque on the right inner arm. Further examination revealed thickened bilateral ulnar, radial and popliteal nerves. A slit skin smear was negative. Two skin biopsies and a biopsy of the olecranon bursa revealed granulomatous inflammation. He was diagnosed with paucibacillary leprosy with neuritis. He responded well to multidrug therapy and prednisolone; his symptoms resolved over a few weeks. This case illustrates the challenges in diagnosing a case of leprosy with atypical presentation in a non‐endemic country.
Passive anterior tibial translation in women with and without joint hypermobility: an exploratory study
Authors: Stettler Matthias , Luder Gere , Schmid Stefan , Mueller Mebes Christine , Stutz Ursula , Ziswiler Hans‐Rudolf , Radlinger Lorenz
Published: July 2016

Aim

Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is a frequent entity, which is still not fully understood. Symptoms associated with GJH are musculoskeletal disorders, decreased balance, impaired proprioception and chronic pain. The purpose of this study was to compare the passive anterior tibial translation (TT) in terms of distance and corresponding force between normomobile (NM) and hypermobile (HM) as well as between NM, symptomatic (HM‐s) and asymptomatic (HM‐as) hypermobile women.

Methods

A total of 195 women, 67 NM and 128 HM, whereof 56 were further classified as HM‐s and 47 as HM‐as, participated in this study. Passive TT was measured using an adapted Rolimeter. A manual traction force was applied and the distance of the translation measured. For the analysis, maximal translation (TTmax) and the respective force as well as the distance at 40N (TTF40) and 80N (TTF80) traction force were determined. The NM and HM groups were compared using independent samples t‐tests, whereas the NM, HM‐s and HM‐as groups were compared using one‐way analyses of variance with Tukey post hoc tests (significance level P ≤ 0.05).

Results

Comparisons revealed higher values for the variables TTmax, TTF40 and TTF80 in the HM compared to the NM group. In addition, TTmax and TTF80 were found to be higher in the HM‐s compared to the NM group.

Conclusions

HM women showed significantly higher TT distances, which were even more accentuated in those having symptoms. The findings point toward less passive stability of the knee joint and thus maybe a need of higher muscle activation in order to stabilize the joint.
Discussion of “Honor Among Thieves: Open Internal Reporting and Managerial Collusion”
Authors: Glover Jonathan , Kim Eunhee
Published: July 2016

Evans, Moser, Newman, and Stikeleather (2016) use experiments of a one‐shot game to analyze the impact of open versus closed internal reporting on collusive managerial behavior. They interpret their results as inconsistent with economic theory. To better contrast their findings with economic theory and to expand their view of same, we sketch economic models capable of explaining many aspects of their results. We also critique the research design and offer an alternative payoff structure. We then relate their experiments to the seminal research of Berg, Dickhout, and McCabe (1995) on trust and reciprocity. Finally, we provide suggestions for further research.
Progesterone‐induced miR‐133a inhibits the proliferation of endometrial epithelial cells
Authors: Pan J.‐l. , Yuan D.‐z. , Zhao Y.‐b. , Nie L. , Lei Y. , Liu M. , Long Y. , Zhang J.‐h. , Blok L. J. , Burger C. W. , Yue L.‐m.
Published: July 2016

Aim

This study aimed to understand the role of miR‐133a in progesterone actions, explore the regulative mechanism of the progesterone receptor, and investigate the effects of miR‐133a on the progesterone‐inhibited proliferation of mouse endometrial epithelial cells.

Methods

The expression of miR‐133a induced by progesterone was detected by quantitative real‐time PCR both in vivo and in vitro. Ishikawa subcell lines stably transfected with progesterone receptor subtypes were used to determine the receptor mechanism of progesterone inducing miR‐133a. Specific miR‐133a mimics or inhibitors were transfected into mouse uteri and primary cultured endometrial epithelial cells to overexpress or downregulate the miR‐133a. The roles of miR‐133a in the cell cycle and proliferation of endometrial epithelial cells were analysed by flow cytometry and Edu incorporation analysis. The protein levels of cyclinD2 in uterine tissue sections and primary cultured endometrial epithelial cells were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.

Results

Progesterone could induce miR‐133a expression in a PRB‐dependent manner in endometrial epithelial cells. miR‐133a inhibited endometrial epithelial cell proliferation by arresting cell cycle at the G1‐S transition. Moreover, miR‐133a acted as an inhibitor in downregulating cyclinD2 in endometrial epithelial cells.

Conclusion

We showed for the first time that progesterone‐induced miR‐133a inhibited the proliferation of endometrial epithelial cells by downregulating cyclinD2. Our research indicated an important mechanism for progesterone inhibiting the proliferation of endometrial epithelial cells by inducing special miRNAs to inhibit positive regulatory proteins in the cell cycle.
Mosquito Net Use in an Artisanal East African Fishery
Authors: Bush Emma R. , Short Rebecca E. , Milner‐Gulland E. J. , Lennox Kirao , Samoilys Melita , Hill Nicholas
Published: July 2016

Widespread, anecdotal reports of the use of bed nets designed for malaria control (“mosquito nets”) in artisanal fisheries have led to concern from health and natural resource management sectors. However, mosquito net fishing (MNF) may play an important role in the livelihoods of artisanal fishers, an aspect not yet investigated. At a coastal Kenyan site among Giriama fishers, nearly half of homesteads interviewed used mosquito nets as fishing gear, targeting juvenile fish and prawns for subsistence and sale. The majority of mosquito net (MN) fishers here were men, suggesting that the assumption that MNF is a female activity is not valid in this case. However, MN use for fishing at this site is unlikely to impact malaria protection as fishers used old or surplus nets. Respondents perceived both positive aspects of MNF (e.g., food and income) and negative aspects (e.g., impact on fishery). As mosquito nets are widely available, they may enable new entrants to access fisheries. There is a critical need to review current management responses, which predominately focus on banning the practice, and instead promote integrated strategies for sustainable livelihoods.
Effects of post‐grazing herbage height and concentrate feeding on milk production and major milk fatty acids of dairy cows in mid‐lactation
Authors: Rugoho I. , Cheng L. , Aizimu W. , Bryant R. H. , Edwards G. R.
Published: July 2016

Milk fatty acids (FA) were compared in mid‐lactation dairy cows in four feeding systems combining grazing management and supplementation. The four treatments were factorial combinations of compressed herbage grazed to 3·7 or 4·6 cm post‐grazing height, with or without concentrate feeding (3·6 kg cow−1 d−1). Milk yield and composition were measured for four groups of eight Friesian × Jersey dairy cows over 3 weeks in mid‐lactation for cows that had grazed treatments for 64 d from early spring. Milk yield was higher in cows fed concentrate plus herbage (23·9 kg d−1 cow−1) than cows fed herbage only (20·3 kg d−1 cow−1). Milk fat percentage was higher in cows fed herbage only (5·5%) than that fed herbage plus concentrate (5·1%). Milk protein percentage was higher in cows fed herbage plus concentrate (4·0%) than that fed herbage only (3·7%). The concentrations of conjugated linoleic acids c9, t11, C18:0, C18:1 t11 and C18:2 t9, c12 FA were lower where concentrate was fed. The concentrations of C18:1 t10, C18:1 t5, t8 and C18:2 c9, c12 FA were higher where concentrate was fed. The concentrations of C18:1 c6, C18:1 c9, C18:1 t9 and C18:3 c6,9,15 were unaffected by concentrate feeding. Post‐grazing herbage height had no significant effect on milk yield or concentration of milk FA. Provided dairy cows are harvesting leafy material of similar nutrient and FA concentration, post‐grazing herbage height does not appear to alter milk FA and the supply of high energy concentrates is more influential on milk FA profiles.
Characterization of a homologue of mammalian serine racemase from Caenorhabditis elegans: the enzyme is not critical for the metabolism of serine in vivo
Authors: Katane Masumi , Saitoh Yuki , Uchiyama Keita , Nakayama Kazuki , Saitoh Yasuaki , Miyamoto Tetsuya , Sekine Masae , Uda Kouji , Homma Hiroshi
Published: July 2016

Free d‐serine (d‐Ser) plays a crucial role in regulating brain function in mammals. In various organisms, including mammals, d‐Ser is biosynthesized by Ser racemase, a synthetic enzyme that produces d‐Ser from l‐Ser. Ser racemase also exhibits dehydratase activity toward several hydroxyamino acids. Thus, this enzyme is unique in that it possesses the capability to both synthesize and degrade d‐Ser; however, the physiological significance of its degradative activity remains unclear. In contrast to the physiological roles of d‐Ser in mammals, little is known about the role of this amino acid in lower organisms, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It is known that a mammalian Ser racemase homologue (T01H8.2) from C. elegans exhibits racemase activity. Here, the enzymatic properties of recombinant T01H8.2 were characterized and compared with those of recombinant human Ser racemase. Furthermore, the levels of several d‐ and l‐amino acids were measured in wild‐type C. elegans and in a mutant in which the T01H8.2 gene is partially deleted and thereby inactivated. The results indicate that T01H8.2 also shows dehydratase activity toward several hydroxyamino acids, although the enzyme is not critical for Ser metabolism in vivo. The possible physiological roles of T01H8.2 are discussed.
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy [DBT] with People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review and Narrative Analysis
Authors: McNair Louisa , Woodrow Ceri , Hare Dougal
Published: July 2016

Background

There is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness of psychological therapies for people with intellectual and developmental disorders. Although systematic reviews have supported the use of dialectical behaviour therapy with people with borderline personality disorder, there are no comparable reviews regarding DBT with people with intellectual and development disabilities.

Methods

Studies were identified using a systematic approach and were selected if they reported an intervention that included a DBT skills group and then assessed using the Evaluative Method for Determining Evidence Based Practice.

Results

Seven studies reported adaptations and outcomes of DBT for people with intellectual and development disabilities, four of which delivered full DBT programmes with three describing DBT skills groups. All studies were appraised with regard to methodological quality and the adaptations and results examined.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that DBT and DBT skills groups can be adapted for people with intellectual and development disabilities, but further high‐quality research is needed to make conclusions about efficacy and effectiveness.
Altered neural response to rejection‐related words in children exposed to maltreatment
Authors: Puetz Vanessa B. , Viding Essi , Palmer Amy , Kelly Philip A. , Lickley Rachael , Koutoufa Iakovina , Sebastian Catherine L. , McCrory Eamon J.
Published: July 2016

Background

Children exposed to maltreatment show neural sensitivity to facial cues signalling threat. However, little is known about how maltreatment influences the processing of social threat cues more broadly, and whether atypical processing of social threat cues relates to psychiatric risk.

Methods

Forty‐one 10‐ to 14‐year‐old children underwent a social rejection‐themed emotional Stroop task during functional magnetic resonance imaging: 21 children with a documented history of maltreatment (11 F) and 19 comparison children with no maltreatment history (11 F). Groups were matched on age, pubertal status, gender, IQ, socioeconomic status, ethnicity and reading ability. Classic colour Stroop stimuli were also administered in the same paradigm to investigate potential differences in general cognitive control.

Results

Compared with their peers, children who had experienced maltreatment showed reduced activation in the Rejection versus Neutral condition, across circuitry previously implicated in abuse‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including the left anterior insula, extending into left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex/orbitofrontal cortex; left amygdala; left inferior parietal cortex (STS); and bilateral visual association cortex, encompassing the cuneus and lingual gyrus. No group differences in neural or behavioural responses were found for the classic colour Stroop conditions. Significant negative associations between activity in bilateral cuneus and STS during the rejection‐themed Stroop and higher self‐reported PTSD symptomatology, including dissociation, were observed in children exposed to maltreatment.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate a pattern of altered neural response to social rejection cues in maltreated children. Compared to their peers, these children displayed relative hypoactivation to rejection cues in regions previously associated with PTSD, potentially reflecting an avoidant coping response. It is suggested that such atypical processing of social threat may index latent vulnerability to future psychopathology in general and PTSD in particular.
Potential of plant polyphenols to combat oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in farm animals
Authors: Gessner D. K. , Ringseis R. , Eder K.
Published: July 2016

Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites which have been shown to exert antioxidative and antiinflamma tory effects in cell culture, rodent and human studies. Based on the fact that conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation are highly relevant in farm animals, polyphenols are considered as promising feed additives in the nutrition of farm animals. However, in contrast to many studies existing with model animals and humans, potential antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects of polyphenols have been less investigated in farm animals so far. This review aims to give an overview about potential antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects in farm animals. The first part of the review highlights the occurrence and the consequences of oxidative stress and inflammation on animal health and performance. The second part of the review deals with bioavailability and metabolism of polyphenols in farm animals. The third and main part of the review presents an overview of the findings from studies which investigated the effects of polyphenols of various plant sources in pigs, poultry and cattle, with particular consideration of effects on the antioxidant system and inflammation.
A new paradigm of reparation for victims of child pornography
Authors: Ost Suzanne
Published: July 2016

This paper sets out the distinctive harm caused and wrong done to child pornography victims. It presents a paradigm of reparation within a restorative justice framework that explains the significance of material reparation for these victims. The paper demonstrates that because of the particular nature of child pornography offences and the harms and wrongs occasioned, existing avenues for legal redress in England and Wales and the USA are generally inadequate and ill-fitting, and that a new mechanism for effecting suitable reparation is required. It concludes by sketching a new mode of restorative justice for victims of child pornography, emphasising significant matters that must be addressed alongside financial redress in order to facilitate victims’ restoration.
Less with More: Hospitalization Cost and Event Rates with Quadripolar versus Bipolar CRT‐D System
Authors: CORBISIERO RAFFAELE , KAZEMIAN PEDRAM , BHARMI RUPINDER , SHAH RIDDHI , MULLER DAVID
Published: July 2016

Background

This is a comparative effectiveness study for cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT‐D) therapy enabled by quadripolar (QUAD) versus bipolar (BIP) left ventricular (LV) leads.  Heart failure (HF) hospitalization (HFH) rates, associated costs, and 30‐day readmissions after index HFH were compared.

Methods

Patients with de novo LV leads implanted as part of a CRT‐D system between January 2011 and August 2013 with ≥1‐year follow‐up were included. Medical history, dates, and locations of HFH were collected thereafter. Patients were divided based on LV lead model: QUAD or BIP. Universal billing records (UB‐04) for each HFH and ICD‐9‐CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) diagnoses/procedure codes were used to classify hospitalizations as HF or non‐HF and calculate concurrent U.S. national‐average medicare reimbursement. Rates, associated payer costs, and 30‐day readmissions were then compared using nonparametric bootstrapping.

Results

Baseline characteristics (N = 69 QUAD and N = 56 BIP) were similar. The inpatient HFH for the QUAD group (0.20/patient‐year) was lower than the BIP group (0.31/patient‐year, incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.62, P = 0.036). The overall HFH rate for the inpatient or outpatient setting for QUAD (0.29/patient‐year) was lower than the BIP group (0.42/patient‐year, IRR = 0.69, P = 0.055). Average cost of HFH in QUAD ($4,428/patient‐year) was lower than BIP ($7,354/patient‐year), a 39.8% cost reduction (P = 0.026). The 30‐day readmission rate was also lower in QUAD compared to BIP (19% vs 28%, IRR = 0.68, P = 0.18).

Conclusion

This U.S. economic comparative study demonstrated that QUAD exhibited lower postimplant inpatient HFH rates and reduced healthcare utilization compared to BIP systems.
Genome interrogation for novel salinity tolerant Arabidopsis mutants
Authors: van Tol Niels , Pinas Johan , Schat Henk , Hooykaas Paul J. J. , van der Zaal Bert J.
Published: July 2016

Soil salinity is becoming an increasingly large problem in agriculture. In this study, we have investigated whether a capacity to withstand salinity can be induced in the salinity sensitive plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, and whether it can be maintained in subsequent generations. To this end, we have used zinc finger artificial transcription factor (ZF‐ATFs) mediated genome interrogation. Already within a relatively small collection Arabidopsis lines expressing ZF‐ATFs, we found 41 lines that were tolerant to 100 mM NaCl. Furthermore, ZF‐ATF encoding gene constructs rescued from the most strongly salinity tolerant lines were indeed found to act as dominant and heritable agents for salinity tolerance. Altogether, our data provide evidence that a silent capacity to withstand normally lethal levels of salinity exists in Arabidopsis and can be evoked relatively easily by in trans acting transcription factors like ZF‐ATFs.
Unpacking the Habitus: Meaning Making Across Lifestyles
Authors: Ambrasat Jens , von Scheve Christian , Schauenburg Gesche , Conrad Markus , Schröder Tobias
Published: July 2016

The concept of habitus refers to socially stratified patterns of perception, classification, and thinking that are supposed to bring about specific lifestyles. Until now, research on the links between stratification and lifestyles has accounted for the habitus mainly in conceptual and theoretical terms, and studies directly measuring habitus and its association with stratification and lifestyles are rare. The present study conceptualizes the habitus as an individual‐level pattern of meaning making and suggests an operationalization that is commonly used in identity research. Using survey data of 3,438 respondents, the study investigates associations between different lifestyles and patterns of meaning making. Results show, first, that self‐related meanings vary systematically across lifestyle categories and mirror respondents' stratification position. Second, the meanings of various social concepts also vary significantly across lifestyle categories and partly reflect descriptive lifestyle characteristics. In sum, the study presents a plausible operationalization of (parts of) the habitus and advances our understanding of its mediating position between stratification and lifestyles.
Delivering Sports Participation Legacies at the Grassroots Level: The Voluntary Sports Clubs of Glasgow 2014
Authors: Macrae Eilidh H.R.
Published: July 2016

Voluntary sports clubs (VSCs) provide the primary opportunities for organized community sport in the UK and thus hold the responsibility for delivering on mega-event sports participation legacies. This study presents findings from open-ended questionnaires and interviews conducted in two phases (Phase 1—Spring, 2013; Phase 2—Summer, 2015) with representatives from a sample (n = 39) of VSCs to understand their ability to deliver on the participation legacy goals of London 2012 and the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Thematic analysis of the data outlined three themes where support for VSCs should be placed when planning future mega-events: building VSC capacity, retaining members in the long-term, and promoting general visibility of the VSC throughout the event. Bid teams who hope to use mega-events as catalysts for sports participation increases should direct funding and guidance toward VSCs to ensure they have the tools, knowledge, and capacity to deliver on national sports participation ambitions.
Single-Dose Primaquine in a Preclinical Model of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Implications for Use in Malaria Transmission-Blocking Programs
Authors: Wickham Kristina S. , Baresel Paul C. , Marcsisin Sean R. , Sousa Jason , Vuong Chau T. , Reichard Gregory A. , Campo Brice , Tekwani Babu L. , Walker Larry A. , Rochford Rosemary
Published: July 2016

Individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (G6PDd) are at risk for developing hemolytic anemia when given the antimalarial drug primaquine (PQ). The WHO Evidence Review Group released a report suggesting that mass administration of a single dose of PQ at 0.25 mg of base/kg of body weight (mpk) (mouse equivalent of 3.125 mpk) could potentially reduce malaria transmission based on its gametocytocidal activity and could be safely administered to G6PD-deficient individuals, but there are limited safety data available confirming the optimum single dose of PQ. A single-dose administration of PQ was therefore assessed in our huRBC-SCID mouse model used to predict hemolytic toxicity with respect to G6PD deficiency. In this model, nonobese diabetic (NOD)/SCID mice are engrafted with human red blood cells (huRBC) from donors with the African or Mediterranean variant of G6PDd (A-G6PDd or Med-G6PDd, respectively) and demonstrate dose-dependent sensitivity to PQ. In mice engrafted with A-G6PD-deficient huRBC, single-dose PQ at 3.125, 6.25, or 12.5 mpk had no significant loss of huRBC compared to the vehicle control group. In contrast, in mice engrafted with Med-G6PDd huRBC, a single dose of PQ at 3.125, 6.25, or 12.5 mpk resulted in a significant, dose-dependent loss of huRBC compared to the value for the vehicle control group. Our data suggest that administration of a single low dose of 0.25 mpk of PQ could induce hemolytic anemia in Med-G6PDd individuals but that use of single-dose PQ at 0.25 mpk as a gametocytocidal drug to block transmission would be safe in areas where A-G6PDd predominates.
The Antimicrobial Peptides P-113Du and P-113Tri Function against Candida albicans
Authors: Lin Guan-Yu , Chen Hsueh-Fen , Xue Yao-Peng , Yeh Ying-Chieh , Chen Chia-Lu , Liu Ming-Sun , Cheng Wen-Chi , Lan Chung-Yu
Published: July 2016

Two antimicrobial P-113 peptide derivatives, P-113Du and P-113Tri, were investigated in this study. Notably, P-113Du and P-113Tri contained significant fractions of α-helix conformation and were less sensitive to high salt and low pH than P-113. Moreover, compared to P-113, these peptides exhibited increased antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilm cells, and clinical isolates of
Candida albicans
and non-
albicans Candida
spp. These results suggest that P-113Du and P-113Tri are promising candidates for development as novel antifungal agents.
Eradication of Staphylococcus aureus Catheter-Related Biofilm Infections Using ML:8 and Citrox
Authors: Hogan S. , Zapotoczna M. , Stevens N. T. , Humphreys H. , O'Gara J. P. , O'Neill E.
Published: July 2016

Staphylococci are a leading cause of catheter-related infections (CRIs) due to biofilm formation. CRIs are typically managed by either device removal or systemic antibiotics, often in combination with catheter lock solutions (CLSs). CLSs provide high concentrations of the antimicrobial agent at the site of infection. However, the most effective CLSs against staphylococcal biofilm-associated infections have yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and suitability of two newly described antimicrobial agents, ML:8 and Citrox, as CLSs against
Staphylococcus aureus
biofilms. ML:8 (1% [vol/vol]) and Citrox (1% [vol/vol]), containing caprylic acid and flavonoids, respectively, were used to treat
S. aureus
biofilms grown
in vitro
using newly described static and flow biofilm assays. Both agents reduced biofilm viability >97% after 24 h of treatment. Using a rat model of CRI, ML:8 was shown to inactivate early-stage
S. aureus
biofilms
in vivo
, while Citrox inactivated established, mature
in vivo
biofilms. Cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity of ML:8 and Citrox were equivalent to those of other commercially available CLSs. Neither ML:8 nor Citrox induced a cytokine response in human whole blood, and exposure of
S. aureus
to either agent for 90 days was not associated with any increase in resistance. Taken together, these data reveal the therapeutic potential of these agents for the treatment of
S. aureus
catheter-related biofilm infections.