bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Mathematical Model of Social Media Popularity with Standard Incidence Rate
Authors: Windarto  , Purwati Utami Dyah , Amalia Nadiyah
Published: June 2019

Facebook, Instagram, Twitter are some popular social media. DeLegge and Wangler (2017) have developed a Susceptible-Infectious-Removed type mathematical model to describe social media popularity. The DeLegge and Wangler model was a bilinear incidence rate model. In this paper, we improve the DeLegge and Wangler model by considering standard incidence rate. The presented model takes the form of an ordinary differential equation system that describes dynamic of susceptible (population of who are not social media users), infectious population (population of social networks users) and removed population (population of who leave social media). The presented model has three equilibria namely the “no social media users” equilibrium, “very popular social media” equilibrium and “popular social media” equilibrium. We find that the three equilibria are conditionally asymptotically stable. We also perform some numerical simulations to verify the analytical results.
Modeling and Simulation of Top and Bottom Lid Driven Cavity using Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Yuana K A , Budiana E P , Deendarlianto  , Indarto
Published: June 2019

Simulation of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) in isothermal fluid flow is very important in engineering and modeling problem. The simulation can explain the closed-flow behavior as complement with experimental field. Lid Driven Cavity as the tool for CFD benchmark is important to investigate. Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) as non-conventional CFD is used as present method investigation. The keys parameters of lid driven cavity problem are Reynolds number and the parts of moving boundaries that driven the cavity. In the present investigation was used the variations of Reynolds numbers: 500, 1000 and 2000. The lid that driven the cavity are top and bottom part. The results presented in visual flow pattern and in two dimensional velocity plot.
Identification on Osteopontin Promoter Gene Polymorphism and Post-thawing Quality in Dairy Bull Peranakan Friesian Holstein
Authors: Hernawati Tatik , Mulyati Sri , Rimayanti  , Suprayogi Tri Wahyu
Published: June 2019

This study aims to determine the existence of osteopontin promoter gene polymorphism in dairy bull Peranakan Holstein Friesian (PFH) and its relationship with the quality of PFH bull frozen semen. A total of 10 Holstein Friesian dairy cow blood samples were taken and then DNA extracted and amplified using SPP1F and SPP1R primers. The target band 306bp was detected in all samples and continued by sequencing to analyze the nucleotide bases. The results showed that sample with low quality frozen semen were deleted in the 10098 base and a transition (T-C) in bases 10054. The results indicated that this mutation site could be related to the trait susceptibility to frozen semen quality. Comprehensive studies are highly needed to address other parameters related to any abnormality in sperm during cryopreservation.
The effect of various substrate on production of cellobiose dehydrogenase enzyme by Trametes versicolor
Authors: Mahbubillah M A , Nurhayati Awik P D , Prasetyo E N
Published: June 2019

Cellobiose dehydrogenase is an extracellular flavocytochrome which uses various oligosaccharide substrates as electron donors to reduce phenoxy radicals, radical or quinone compound. The flexible electrons transfer properties from CDH are currently exploited for many biomedical applications including wound dressing hydrogel. CDH could be isolated and characterized from variety of white rot fungi, soft rot fungi, and brown rot fungi. Some studies of CDH production carried out by Trametes versicolor white rot fungi. In order to support the research about wound dressing hydrogel, the optimization of CDH production could be performed. Several substrates have been used in production culture of CDH from T. versicolor including cellulose. Optimization of CDH enzyme production using several substrates shows that the use of toilet paper substrate is the best substrate in the production culture of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) enzyme by Trametes versicolor.
Identification of microRNAs targeting NAT1 and NAT2 gene transcripts in prostate cancer patients observed in different races
Authors: Arifin N M Zainul , Agustriawan David , Parikesit Arli Aditya , Nurdiansyah Rizky , Ramanto Kevin Nathanael
Published: June 2019

Prostate cancer has the second highest death rate second only to lung cancer. Mutation in a single gene does not cause prostate cancer. Instead, many different genes are responsible, including NAT1 and NAT2 gene. By finding microRNAs that can suppress NAT1 and NAT2 gene, a novel prostate cancer treatment can be developed. Prostate cancer is also more commonly found in African-American than White-American. Therefore, this in silico study aimed to find several microRNAs targeting NAT1 and NAT2 gene observed in black, white, and other racial groups. 100 white patients, 100 races not reported patients, 11 black patients, and 638 combined races patient’s expression data were collected with TCGA-Assembler in R from The Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA). Next, Spearman correlation analysis was performed in R to find microRNAs that are negatively correlated with NAT1 and NAT2 gene. MicroRNAs were validated with miRTarBase and RNAhybrid. Only microRNAs which are located in combined patients and found in at least another race group is considered, i.e., hsa-mir-103a-1, hsa-mir-183, hsa-mir-32, and hsa-mir-96. Race-specific microRNA cannot be determined due to small sample size in black race group. Further study is needed to confirm the interaction between listed microRNAs with NAT1 and NAT2 gene expressions.
Basil Leaves (Ocimum sanctum linn.) Extract Decreases Total Cholesterol Levels in Hypercholesterolemia Sprague Dawley Rats Model
Authors: Rachmawati Nisya Ayu , Wasita Brian , Kartikasari Lilik Retna
Published: June 2019

Hypercholesterolemia is closely related to the severity of atherosclerosis which is one of the factors in the occurrence of cardiovascular and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease is one third of all cases of death worldwide including in Indonesia. The death rate caused by cardiovascular disease is expected to continue to increase until 2030. One of the natural foods that has the potential to reduce cholesterol is the basil leaf (Ocimum sanctum linn.). The content of polyphenol compounds such as flavonoids and tannins in basil leaves can reduce total cholesterol levels and inhibit fat oxidation which is the cause of atherosclerosis. This study aims to analyse the effect of the basil leaves extract on cholesterol levels in Hypercholesterolemia Sprague Dawley rats. Thirty six Sprague Dawley rats aged 8 weeks, weighing 150-200 g, were divided into 6 groups, namely P1) Normal rats, not treated (negative control), P2) Rats induced with High Fat Diet (HFD) without treatment, P3) Rats induced with HFD and intervened using statin medication of 0.18 mg/kgBW (positive control), P4) Rats induced with HFD with the basil leaves extract dose of 20 mg/kgBW/day, P5) Mice induced with HFD with the basil leaves extract dose of 40 mg/kgBW/day, P6) Rats induced with HFD with the basil leaves extract dose of 80 mg/kgBW/day. The treatment lasted for 7 days. Collected data were analized using the one way ANOVA test and LSD post hoc test. The data showed that the basil leaf extract at a dose of 20 mg/kgBW/day, 40 mg/kgBW/day, and 80 mg/kgBW/day can reduce cholesterol levels significantly (P<0.005). The effect of reducing cholesterol levels depends on the dose of the basil leaves extract (dose dependent), with that the highest dose has the same effect as the positive control group (KP). In conclusion, Basil leaf extract with a dose of 20 mg/kgBW/day, 40 mg/kgBW/day and 80 mg/kgBW/day for 7 days can reduce cholesterol levels.
Effect of Extraction Technique on Antioxidant Capacity, Vitamin C, Total Phenol, and Total Flavonoid of Bouea macrophylla Griff Leaf
Authors: Wardani Wahyu Vera , Hardinsyah  , Palupi Eny , Aries Muhammad
Published: June 2019

Bouea macrophylla Griff also known as gandaria is a local heritage plant of West Java. Aside from being a salad, gandaria leaves are also used as herbal remedies. Some parts of the gandaria tree contain bioactive compound that has health benefits. However, the research related to leaves is rare, especially about extraction techniques to obtain optimal bioactive content. The common preservation technique is drying process to make herbs storage time longer. Conventional drying techniques often reduce the ability and bioactive compound. This study compared antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, total phenolic, and total flavonoid on fresh leaves (FL), sundried leaf (SDL), roomdried leaf (RDL), and vacuum evaporator leaf extract (VELE) of gandaria. This study used spectrophotometry to analyze DPPH inhibition (antioxidant activity), total phenolic, total flavonoids, and titration methods to analyze vitamin C with 3 replicates. One-way ANOVA statistical test showed significant differences between 4 groups for antioxidant capacity (p=0.004), vitamin C (p=0.000), total phenol (p=0.000), and total flavonoid (p=0.031). The best IC50 DPPH start from VELE 0.026±0.002 mg/mL, RDL 0.037±0.009 mg/mL, SDL 0.089±0.022 mg/mL, and FL 0.169±0.067 mg/mL. The highest vitamin C content per g extract start from FL 148.257±0.000 mg, RDL 148.121±0.235 mg, SDL 147.715±0.2346 mg, and VELE 145.819±0.813 mg. The highest total phenolic content per g extract start from VELE 117.836±1.831 mg GAE, RDL 45.772±0.618 mg GAE, SDL 31.711±1.707 mg GAE, and FL 18.289±2.360 mg GAE. The highest total flavonoid per g extract start from VELE 251.111±78.339 mg QE, RDL 131.111±89.106 mg QE, SDL 109.444±46.017 mg QE, and FL 53.889±20.839 mg QE. Further research about VELE of gandaria product development is very needed to make product that support health improvement.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Co/meso-HZSM-5: Effect of Impregnated Ratio of Iron and Cobalt
Authors: Jimmy  , Ihsanti D H , Roesyadi Achmad , Suprapto  , Kurniawansyah Firman
Published: June 2019

The combination of bimetallic Fe-Co (as polymerization catalyst) and HZSM-5 (as cracking catalyst) could convert synthesis gas to biofuel in one-step Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Mesoporous HZSM-5 gave better conversion, because it increased reactants and products diffusivity. The effect of impregnated ratio of iron and cobalt on characterization of Fe-Co/meso-HZSM-5 catalyst had been studied. HZSM-5 was made from ammonium ZSM-5 through calcination process, then it was desilicated with NaOH and impregnated with 10% metal loading and 0-100% Fe content in Fe-Co (%w). The material results were reduced continuously by hydrogen at 400° for 10 hours. Treatment of HZSM-5 in various ratio of iron and cobalt leads to mesoporosity development. The iron and cobalt impregnation decreased the total surface area from 350.859 m2/g (on HZSM-5) to 231.852-329.606 m2/g (on Fe-Co/HZSM-5). Increasing cobalt content in Fe-Co impregnation on HZSM-5 decreased total surface area and increased average pore diameter. Impregnation process lowered the crystallinity but still maintained the material crystal structure. The catalyst reduction produced Fe, Co, alloy Fe-Co and less oxides of Fe2O3 and Co3O4. The largest alloy Fe-Co could be found in 30Fe-70Co/HZSM-5. Iron and cobalt impregnation occupied the active sites formed from alcohol groups function that was indicated with decreasing alcohol groups area in FTIR spectra.
Reservoir Characterization Sandstone Reservoir Based on Wireline Log
Authors: Usman Mochammad B I , Haris Abdul
Published: June 2019

The hydrocarbon exploration in the sandstone reservoir is still the main interest in Indonesia, in addition to the carbonate reservoir, as the main hydrocarbon reservoirs. To understand the sandstone reservoir characters, this research was conducted to understand the sandstone reservoir behaviour using petrophysics calculation. The characterization of reservoir was conducted by integrating the subsurface data, including ditch cuttings and wireline log. The petrophysics character is used to interpret the geological conditions in the subsurface. The petrophysical analyses used in this research was gained from one well, by calculating the volume of shale (Vshale), porosity, permeabillity and water saturation. The petrophysics calculation of the reservoir indicate the following parameters: Vshale of 0.51-0.091%, Porosity PHIT of 0.17 - 0.2%, PHIE of 0.12 - 0.19%, Permeability of 10.1 - 249.8 mD, saturation water of 0.24 - 0.221%
Application of Polarization Method (IP) to Delineate the Gold Mineralization Zones in Cihonje Areas, Banyumas Regency, Province of Central Java
Authors: Yatini Y , Suyanto Imam , Puspaningrum Dwi
Published: June 2019

The main problem in metal mineral exploration is determining the deposits at subsurface. This deposit is associated with the surrounding rocks so it is not easy to distinguish. One of the Geophysical methods that can be used for that is the Induced Polarization (IP) method. This method produces two parameters i.e resistivity and chargeability, which very well distinguishes the metal mineral content in rocks. This study, in which the IP method was implemented, was carried out in the Cihonje area, Gumelar Subdistrict, Banyumas Regency, Central Java Province. It aimed to find out the distribution of the gold mineralization zone. The IP data with a total of nine lines were obtained through Junior Syscal 458, using Dipole-dipole configuration, with n=1 to 6 and 20 meters of electrodes spacing. The distribution of gold mineralization areas estimated using by Res2DInv and RockWork15 modeling. An attempt in combining the resistivity and chargeability values was done to identify the anomalous zone boundaries. The results showed that Cihonje area could be grouped into four zones, i.e saturated water layer, alteration, gold mineralization and non-alterated volcanic rock zone. The resistivity and chargeability values are (0–100) Ωm and (0–10) ms, (0–100) Ωm and > 10 ms, > 100 Ωm and > 10 ms, > 100 Ωm and (0–10) ms respectively. The gold mineralization zone is spread into two areas, i.e the western and the eastern area which is separated by the Left Paningkaban Shear Fault.
Reservoir Characterization using Simultaneous Inversion for Identifying the Sandstone Reservoir of Air Benakat Formation “IDY” Field in South Sumatra Basin
Authors: Yuliandari I D , Juwono A M , Sabbeq Said
Published: June 2019

Abstract. This research was conducted using simultaneous inversion seismic method. The inversion method can be used not only to identify reservoirs, but to identify the fluid content in a rock formation. Formation in this study is Air Benakat Formation, in the South Sumatra Basin. Simultaneous inversion has the results in the form of P-impedance, S-impedance, density, P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and νp
/νs
. From the data that have been obtained, that IDY-1 well is considered as a gas saturated sandstone reservoir. Fluid Replacement Modeling (FRM) was also used, in this study, to obtain the detailed information about the presence of gas in the Air Benakat Formation. FRM can simulate the state of the formation if it were in an in situ case condition, and in the gas case condition. From the results of FRM processing, that is for the gas case condition of 90%, it was obtained the νp
/νs
value of 1.75 to 1.875. While, in the in situ case condition, the ratio was obtained to be 2.0 to 2.2. Based on simultaneous inversion results, the research area is known to have a P-impedance value of 5800 to 6000 (m / s) * (g / cc), an S-impedance of 2000 to 4000 (m / s) * (g / cc), the density of 2.2 to 2.27 g/g/cm3 and the νp
/νs
ratio of 2.17 to 2.25. To identify the distribution of sandstone reservoirs, a horizontal cross-section map was made, which produced results of the cross section of low impedance and low νp
/νs
value. This shows that the IDY-1 well is a well-saturated sandstone reservoir.
Generating Calligraphy Works Based on DiscoGAN
Authors: Zhao Yuqing , Fu Guangyuan
Published: June 2019

Copying the works of a good calligrapher is a necessary step for many beginners. However, due to the large number of Chinese characters, it is a challenge to automatically generate Chinese characters in the style of calligraphers. With the development of deep learning, the recognition of Chinese characters, style migration and other research have achieved remarkable results. However, there are few studies on the generation of calligraphy works, especially on the lack of paired training data. In this work, we propose a method for generating calligraphy works. This method is generally applicable to the generation of calligraphy works of various styles. And the validity of our method is verified by experiments on data sets.
Research on Heat Sissipation System Based on High Power LED-UV Curing Equipment
Authors: Haichao Li , Jinyao Li , Jingxiang Xu , Mingming Zhang , Jifei Cai , Guishan Zhang
Published: June 2019

LED-UV printing curing system is a new green printing curing technology for curing UV ink. Compared with the traditional UV curing device UV-LED curing device, the light source can be stabilized and ready to use without preheating, and the energy consumption is lower. It does not produce ozone and voc, and it is a green curing method. However, since a part of the energy of the LED chip is lost in the form of heat, the temperature of the PN junction is increased to lower the service life and light decay. The heat sink model was established by Solid Works and simulated analysis was performed using Fluent. A heat dissipation system for high-power LED-UV curing device was designed based on the simulation results.
Research Progress on Water-based Ink Drying Technology
Authors: Jingxiang Xu , Jinyao Li , Haichao Li , Mingming Zhang , Jifei Cai
Published: June 2019

Water-based ink is an environmentally friendly ink that does not contain volatile organic compounds. It conforms to the development tenet of modern society and it doesn’t produce solvent volatilization and solvent residue. Therefore, it has great application prospects in the field of packaging printing where relatively strict sanitary conditions are required, however, due to slow drying speed, high energy consumption, low adhesion, etc., there are still insufficient development and application in the market. There are still some shortcomings in development and application. By searching domestic and foreign materials and literature, this paper studied various drying methods of water-based inks, and analyzed the drying efficiency of water-based inks under various drying technologies. The drying efficiency of the aqueous ink is compared under different drying techniques, and the drying methods include hot air drying, infrared drying, microwave drying, and auxiliary drying, By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different drying methods, it provides a new idea for the efficient and energy-saving of dry water-based inks.
Krein–Rutman type property and exponential separation of a noncompact operator
Authors: Feng Lirui , Wu Jianhong
Published: June 2019

We investigate exponentially separated property for a noncompact linear operator

T
T

on a Banach space. We obtain the relationship between exponentially separated property and the well-known Krein–Rutman type property for a noncompact operator. Under the assumption of an essential spectral gap, we prove that any

u
u

-bounded operator

T
T

with a reproducing cone admits the exponentially separated property and, hence, is of Krein–Rutman type automatically. We also establish an amenable sufficient condition for the exponentially separated property of some degenerate linear parabolic systems.
Reflexivity and nonweakly null maximizing sequences
Authors: Aron Richard , García Domingo , Pellegrino Daniel , Teixeira Eduardo
Published: June 2019

We introduce and explore a new property related to reflexivity that plays an important role in the characterization of norm attaining operators. We also present an application to the theory of compact perturbations of linear operators and characterize norm attaining scalar-valued continuous

2
2

-homogeneous polynomials on

ℓ

2

\ell _{2}

.
Convex domains, Hankel operators, and maximal estimates
Authors: Çeli̇k Mehmet , Şahutoğlu Sönmez , Straube Emil
Published: June 2019

Let

1
≤
q
≤
(
n
−
1
)

1\leq q\leq (n-1)

. We first show that a necessary condition for a Hankel operator on

(
0
,
q
−
1
)

(0,q-1)

-forms on a convex domain to be compact is that its symbol is holomorphic along

q
q

-dimensional analytic varieties in the boundary. Because maximal estimates (equivalently, a comparable eigenvalues condition on the Levi form of the boundary) turn out to be favorable for compactness of Hankel operators, this result then implies that on a convex domain, maximal estimates exclude analytic varieties from the boundary, except ones of top dimension

(
n
−
1
)

(n-1)

(and their subvarieties). Some of our techniques apply to general pseudoconvex domains to show that if the Levi form has comparable eigenvalues, or equivalently, if the domain admits maximal estimates, then compactness and subellipticity hold for forms at some level

q
q

if and only if they hold at all levels.
Guessing models imply the singular cardinal hypothesis
Authors: Krueger John
Published: June 2019

In this article we prove three main theorems: (1) guessing models are internally unbounded, (2) for any regular cardinal

κ
≥

ω
2

\kappa \ge \omega _2

,

I
S
P

(
κ
)

\mathsf {ISP}(\kappa )

implies that

S
C
H

\mathsf {SCH}

holds above

κ
\kappa

, and (3) forcing posets which have the

ω
1

\omega _1

-approximation property also have the countable covering property. These results solve open problems of Viale [Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 163 (2012), no. 11, 1660–1678] and Hachtman and Sinapova [J. Symb. Log. 84 (2019), no. 2, 713–725].
Gradient estimate for harmonic functions on Kähler manifolds
Authors: Munteanu Ovidiu , Wang Lihan
Published: June 2019

We prove a sharp integral gradient estimate for harmonic functions on noncompact Kähler manifolds. As an application, we obtain a sharp estimate for the bottom of spectrum of the

p
p

-Laplacian and prove a splitting theorem for manifolds achieving this estimate.
A flag variety for the Delta Conjecture
Authors: Pawlowski Brendan , Rhoades Brendon
Published: June 2019

The Delta Conjecture of Haglund, Remmel, and Wilson predicts the monomial expansion of the symmetric function

Δ

e

k
−
1

′

e
n

\Delta ’_{e_{k-1}} e_n

, where

k
≤
n

k \leq n

are positive integers and

Δ

e

k
−
1

′

\Delta ’_{e_{k-1}}

is a Macdonald eigenoperator. When

k
=
n

k = n

, the specialization

Δ

e

n
−
1

′

e
n

|

t
=
0

\Delta ’_{e_{n-1}} e_n|_{t = 0}

is the Frobenius image of the graded

S
n

S_n

-module afforded by the cohomology ring of the flag variety consisting of complete flags in

C

n

\mathbb {C}^n

. We define and study a variety

X

n
,
k

X_{n,k}

which carries an action of

S
n

S_n

whose cohomology ring

H

∙

(

X

n
,
k

)

H^{\bullet }(X_{n,k})

has Frobenius image given by

Δ

e

k
−
1

′

e
n

|

t
=
0

\Delta ’_{e_{k-1}} e_n|_{t = 0}

, up to a minor twist. The variety

X

n
,
k

X_{n,k}

has a cellular decomposition with cells

C
w

C_w

indexed by length

n
n

words

w
=

w
1

…

w
n

w = w_1 \dots w_n

in the alphabet

{
1
,
2
,
…
,
k
}

\{1, 2, \dots , k\}

in which each letter appears at least once. When

k
=
n

k = n

, the variety

X

n
,
k

X_{n,k}

is homotopy equivalent to the flag variety. We give a presentation for the cohomology ring

H

∙

(

X

n
,
k

)

H^{\bullet }(X_{n,k})

as a quotient of the polynomial ring

Z

[

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

]

\mathbb {Z}[x_1, \dots , x_n]

and describe polynomial representatives for the classes

[

C
¯

w

]

[ \overline {C}_w]

of the closures of the cells

C
w

C_w

; these representatives generalize the classical Schubert polynomials.
A new criterion of physical measures for partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms
Authors: Hua Yongxia , Yang Fan , Yang Jiagang
Published: June 2019

We show that, for any

C
1

C^1

partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism, there is a full volume subset such that any Cesàro limit of any point in this subset satisfies the Pesin formula for partial entropy.

This result has several important applications. First, we show that, for any

C

1
+

C^{1+}

partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism with one dimensional center, there is a full volume subset such that either every point in this set belongs to the basin of a physical measure with nonvanishing center exponent or the center exponent of any limit of the sequence

1
n

∑

i
=
0

n
−
1

δ

f
i

(
x
)

\frac 1n\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}\delta _{f^i(x)}

is vanishing.

We also prove that, for any diffeomorphism with mostly contracting center, it admits a

C
1

C^1

-neighborhood such that every diffeomorphism in a

C
1

C^1

residual subset of this open set admits finitely many physical measures whose basins have full volume.
Explicit root numbers of abelian varieties
Authors: Bisatt Matthew
Published: June 2019

The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture predicts that the parity of the algebraic rank of an abelian variety over a global field should be controlled by the expected sign of the functional equation of its

L
L

-function, known as the global root number. In this paper, we give explicit formulae for the local root numbers as a product of Jacobi symbols. This enables one to compute the global root number, generalising work of Rohrlich, who studies the case of elliptic curves. We provide similar formulae for the root numbers after twisting the abelian variety by a self-dual Artin representation. As an application, we find a rational genus two hyperelliptic curve with a simple Jacobian whose root number is invariant under quadratic twist.
The impact of frailty on healthcare resource use: a longitudinal analysis using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink in England
Authors: Han Lu , Clegg Andrew , Doran Tim , Fraser Lorna
Published: June 2019

Background

routine frailty identification and management is national policy in England, but there remains a lack of evidence on the impact of frailty on healthcare resource use. We evaluated the impact of frailty on the use and costs of general practice and hospital care.

Methods

retrospective longitudinal analysis using linked routine primary care records for 95,863 patients aged 65–95 years registered with 125 UK general practices between 2003 and 2014. Baseline frailty was measured using the electronic Frailty Index (eFI) and classified in four categories (non, mild, moderate, severe). Negative binomial regressions and ordinary least squares regressions with multilevel mixed effects were applied on the use and costs of general practice and hospital care.

Results

compared with non-frail status, annual general practitioner consultation incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were 1.24 (95% CI: 1.21–1.27) for mild, 1.41 (95% CI: 1.35–1.47) for moderate, and 1.52 (95% CI: 1.42–1.62) for severe frailty. For emergency hospital admissions, the respective IRRs were 1.64 (95% CI 1.60–1.68), 2.45 (95% CI 2.37–2.53) and 3.16 (95% CI: 3.00–3.33). Compared with non-frail people the IRR for inpatient days was 7.26 (95% CI 6.61–7.97) for severe frailty. Using 2013/14 reference costs, extra annual cost to the healthcare system per person was £561.05 for mild, £1,208.60 for moderate and £2,108.20 for severe frailty. This equates to a total additional cost of £5.8 billion per year across the UK.

Conclusions

increasing frailty is associated with substantial increases in healthcare costs, driven by increased hospital admissions, longer inpatient stay, and increased general practice consultations.
Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults using the definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2: findings from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study
Authors: Kim Miji , Won Chang Won
Published: June 2019

Background

in October 2018, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) updated their original definition of sarcopenia to reflect the scientific and clinical evidence that has accumulated over the last decade.

Objective

to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in a large group of community-dwelling older adults using the EWGSOP2 definition and algorithm.

Design

a cross-sectional study.

Setting

the nationwide Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS).

Subjects

a total of 2,099 ambulatory community-dwelling older adults, aged 70–84 years (mean age, 75.9 ± 4.0 years; 49.8% women) who were enrolled in the KFACS.

Methods

physical function was assessed by handgrip strength, usual gait speed, the five-times-sit-to-stand test, the timed up-and-go test, and the Short Physical Performance Battery. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results

according to the criteria of the EWGSOP2, the sarcopenia indicators of combined low muscle strength and low muscle quantity were present in 4.6–14.5% of men and 6.7–14.4% of women. The severe sarcopenia indicators of combined low muscle strength, low muscle quantity and low physical performance were present in 0.3–2.2% of men and 0.2–6.2% of women. Using the clinical algorithm with SARC-F as a screening tool, the prevalence of probable sarcopenia (2.2%), confirmed sarcopenia (1.4%) and severe sarcopenia (0.8%) was low.

Conclusions

the prevalence of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older individuals varied depending on which components of the revised EWGSOP2 definition were used, such as the tools used to measure muscle strength and the ASM indicators for low muscle mass.
Linking Individual Movements to a Skilled Repertoire: Fast Modulation of Motor Synergies by Repetition of Stereotyped Movements
Authors: Fricke Christopher , Gentner Reinhard , Alizadeh Jalal , Classen Joseph
Published: June 2019

Motor skills emerge when practicing individual movements enables the motor system to extract building instructions that facilitate the generation of future diverse movements. Here we asked how practicing stereotyped movements for minutes affects motor synergies that encode human motor skills acquired over years of training. Participants trained a kinematically highly constrained combined index-finger and thumb movement. Before and after training, finger movements were evoked at rest by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Post-training, the angle between posture vectors describing TMS-evoked movements and the training movements temporarily decreased, suggesting the presence of a short-term memory for the trained movement. Principal component analysis was used to identify joint covariance patterns in TMS-evoked movements. The quality of reconstruction of training or grasping movements from linear combinations of a small subset of these TMS-derived synergies was used as an index of neural efficiency of movement generation. The reconstruction quality increased for the trained movement but remained constant for grasping movements. These findings suggest that the motor system rapidly reorganizes to enhance the coding efficiency of a difficult movement without compromising the coding efficiency of overlearned movements. Practice of individual movements may drive an unsupervised bottom-up process that ultimately shapes synergistic neuronal organization by constant competition of action memories.
Simplified method for applying static isotropic tensile strain in cell culture experiments with identification of valid RT-qPCR reference genes for PDL fibroblasts
Authors: Nazet Ute , Schröder Agnes , Spanier Gerrit , Wolf Michael , Proff Peter , Kirschneck Christian
Published: June 2019

Background/objective

Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) play an important mediating role in orthodontic tooth movement expressing various cytokines, when exposed to compressive or tensile strain. Here, we present a simplified and easy-to-handle, but reliable and valid method for simulating static isotropic tensile strain in vitro using spherical silicone cap stamps. Furthermore, we identify appropriate reference genes for data normalization in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments on PDLF subjected to tensile strain.

Materials and methods

PDLF were cultivated on flexible bioflex membranes and exposed to static isotropic tensile strain of different magnitudes and timeframes. We determined cell number, cytotoxicity, and relative expression of proinflammatory genes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). For normalization of RT-qPCR data, we tested the stability and validity of nine candidate reference genes with four mathematical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, comparative ΔCq, and BestKeeper) and ranked them based on their calculated expression stability.

Results

We observed no decrease in cell number or cytotoxic effect at any of the applied magnitudes and timeframes of tensile strain. At 16 per cent and 35 per cent tensile strain for 48 hours, we detected a significant increase in COX-2 and decrease in IL-6 gene expression. Highest stability was found for TBP (TATA-box-binding protein) and PPIB (peptidylprolyl isomerase A) in reference gene validation. According to the geNorm algorithm, both genes in conjunction are sufficient for normalization. In contrast to all other candidate genes tested, gene expression normalization of target gene COX-2 to reference genes EEF1A1, RPL22, and RNA18S5 indicated no significant upregulation of COX-2 expression.

Conclusions

A strain magnitude of 16 per cent for 48 hours elicited the most distinct cellular response by PDLF subjected to static tensile isotropic strain by the presented method. TBP and PPIB in conjunction proved to be the most appropriate reference genes to normalize target gene expression in RT-qPCR studies on PDLF subjected to tensile strain.
Is Positive Affect Related to Meaning in Life Differently in Younger and Older Adults? A Time Sampling Study
Authors: Chu Steven Tsun-Wai , Fung Helene H , Chu Li
Published: June 2019

Objectives

Prior studies have found that as people age, they value low-arousal positive affect (LAP) to a greater extent and high-arousal positive affect (HAP) to a lower extent. We aimed to investigate whether actually achieving those ideal affects was related to better well-being outcomes, measured in terms of meaning in life.

Methods

Using a time sampling design across 14 days (N = 162), we investigated whether the experience of LAP and HAP was related to the experience of meaning in life and how these associations differed across younger and older adults in Hong Kong.

Results

Both LAP and HAP contributed to the experience of meaning in life for both younger and older adults. The global effect of LAP on meaning in life was stronger for older than younger adults, whereas the momentary effect of HAP on meaning in life was stronger for younger adults than older adults.

Discussion

Findings suggest that achieving ideal affect is related to better eudaimonic well-being outcomes. People of different age groups know how they want to feel. Actually achieving the feelings endorsed by one’s age group is associated with higher meaningfulness of life.
Pseudomolecule-level assembly of the Chinese oil tree yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium) genome
Authors: Bi Quanxin , Zhao Yang , Du Wei , Lu Ying , Gui Lang , Zheng Zhimin , Yu Haiyan , Cui Yifan , Liu Zhi , Cui Tianpeng , Cui Deshi , Liu Xiaojuan , Li Yingchao , Fan Siqi , Hu Xiaoyu , Fu Guanghui , Ding Jian , Ruan Chengjiang , Wang Libing
Published: June 2019

Background

Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium) is a species of the Sapindaceae family native to China and is an oil tree that can withstand cold and drought conditions. A pseudomolecule-level genome assembly for this species will not only contribute to understanding the evolution of its genes and chromosomes but also bring yellowhorn breeding into the genomic era.

Findings

Here, we generated 15 pseudomolecules of yellowhorn chromosomes, on which 97.04% of scaffolds were anchored, using the combined Illumina HiSeq, Pacific Biosciences Sequel, and Hi-C technologies. The length of the final yellowhorn genome assembly was 504.2 Mb with a contig N50 size of 1.04 Mb and a scaffold N50 size of 32.17 Mb. Genome annotation revealed that 68.67% of the yellowhorn genome was composed of repetitive elements. Gene modelling predicted 24,672 protein-coding genes. By comparing orthologous genes, the divergence time of yellowhorn and its close sister species longan (Dimocarpus longan) was estimated at ~33.07 million years ago. Gene cluster and chromosome synteny analysis demonstrated that the yellowhorn genome shared a conserved genome structure with its ancestor in some chromosomes.

Conclusions

This genome assembly represents a high-quality reference genome for yellowhorn. Integrated genome annotations provide a valuable dataset for genetic and molecular research in this species. We did not detect whole-genome duplication in the genome. The yellowhorn genome carries syntenic blocks from ancient chromosomes. These data sources will enable this genome to serve as an initial platform for breeding better yellowhorn cultivars.
Equipping youth for meaningful policy engagement: an environmental scan
Authors: Jenkins Emily , McGuinness Liza , Haines-Saah Rebecca , Andres Caitlyn , Ziemann Marie-Josephine , Morris Jonny , Waddell Charlotte
Published: June 2019

To better address the mental health and substance use crises facing youth globally, a comprehensive approach, inclusive of mental health promotion is needed. A key component of mental health promotion is policy intervention to address the social and structural determinants of health. Importantly, youth should be engaged in these efforts to maximize relevancy and impact. Yet, while there is growing interest in the inclusion of youth in the policymaking process, there is a paucity of guidance on how to do this well. This environmental scan reports findings from a comprehensive search of academic and grey literature that was conducted using the electronic databases: CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and Google. Search terms included variations of ‘youth*’, ‘educat*’, ‘engage*’, ‘policy’ and ‘policy training’. Thirteen English language training programmes met inclusion criteria. Analysis identified marked differences in programme philosophy and focus by geographic region and highlights the need for enhanced evaluation and impact measurement moving forward. This paper makes a needed contribution to the evidence-base guiding this key mental health promotion strategy, which holds the potential to address critical gaps in approaches to youth mental health and substance use.
Loss of mitochondrial protein CHCHD10 in skeletal muscle causes neuromuscular junction impairment
Authors: Xiao Yatao , Zhang Jianmin , Shu Xiaoqiu , Bai Lei , Xu Wentao , Wang Ailian , Chen Aizhong , Tu Wen-Yo , Wang Jianwen , Zhang Kejing , Luo Benyan , Shen Chengyong
Published: June 2019

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse between motoneurons and skeletal muscles to control motor behavior. Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are restricted at the synaptic region for proper neurotransmission. Mutations in the mitochondrial CHCHD10 protein have been identified in multiple neuromuscular disorders; however, the physiological roles of CHCHD10 at NMJs remain elusive. Here, we report that CHCHD10 is highly expressed at the postsynapse of NMJs in skeletal muscles. Muscle conditional knockout CHCHD10 mice showed motor defects, abnormal neuromuscular transmission and NMJ structure. Mechanistically, we found that mitochondrial CHCHD10 is required for ATP production, which facilitates AChR expression and promotes agrin-induced AChR clustering. Importantly, ATP could effectively rescue the reduction of AChR clusters in the CHCHD10-ablated muscles. Our study elucidates a novel physiological role of CHCHD10 at the peripheral synapse. It suggests that mitochondria dysfunction contributes to neuromuscular pathogenesis.
Laggards imitate, leaders innovate: the heterogeneous productivity effect of imitation versus innovation
Authors: Liao Ching T
Published: June 2019

This study finds that imitation increases the productivity of laggards more than that of leaders, while innovation has the opposite effect. As firms approach the productivity frontier, the effect of imitation on productivity decreases, while that of innovation increases. The empirical evidence suggests that search costs are the mechanism underlying this effect. Firms increase their productivity by imitating productive firms. When they become more productive, search costs increase, because they have fewer opportunities to imitate.
Polymyxin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: multifaceted mechanisms utilized in the presence and absence of the plasmid-encoded phosphoethanolamine transferase gene mcr-1
Authors: Nang Sue C , Han Mei-Ling , Yu Heidi H , Wang Jiping , Torres Von Vergel L , Dai Chongshan , Velkov Tony , Harper Marina , Li Jian
Published: June 2019

Objectives

Until plasmid-mediated mcr-1 was discovered, it was believed that polymyxin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria was mainly mediated by the chromosomally-encoded EptA and ArnT, which modify lipid A with phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) and 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (l-Ara4N), respectively. This study aimed to construct a markerless mcr-1 deletion mutant in Klebsiella pneumoniae, validate a reliable reference gene for reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR) and investigate the interactions among mcr-1, arnT and eptA, in response to polymyxin treatments using pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD).

Methods

An isogenic markerless mcr-1 deletion mutant (II-503Δmcr-1) was generated from a clinical K. pneumoniae II-503 isolate. The efficacy of different polymyxin B dosage regimens was examined using an in vitro one-compartment PK/PD model and polymyxin resistance was assessed using population analysis profiles. The expression of mcr-1, eptA and arnT was examined using RT–qPCR with a reference gene pepQ, and lipid A was profiled using LC-MS. In vivo polymyxin B efficacy was investigated in a mouse thigh infection model.

Results

In K. pneumoniae II-503, mcr-1 was constitutively expressed, irrespective of polymyxin exposure. Against II-503Δmcr-1, an initial bactericidal effect was observed within 4 h with polymyxin B at average steady-state concentrations of 1 and 3 mg/L, mimicking patient PK. However, substantial regrowth and concomitantly increased expression of eptA and arnT were detected. Predominant l-Ara4N-modified lipid A species were detected in II-503Δmcr-1 following polymyxin B treatment.

Conclusions

This is the first study demonstrating a unique markerless deletion of mcr-1 in a clinical polymyxin-resistant K. pneumoniae. The current polymyxin B dosage regimens are suboptimal against K. pneumoniae, regardless of mcr, and can lead to the emergence of resistance.
Paediatric to Adult Transition of Care in IBD: Understanding the Current Standard of Care Among Canadian Adult Academic Gastroenterologists
Authors: Jawaid Noor , Jeyalingam Thurarshen , Nguyen Geoffrey , Bollegala Natasha
Published: June 2019

Background

The optimal form of health care delivery for paediatric to adult inflammatory bowel disease transition of care is unknown. The primary purpose of this study was to establish current standard of care across Canada among adult gastroenterologists.

Methods

Adult gastroenterologists interested in transition care were identified. Twenty-five anonymous surveys and 17 semistructured interviews representing 9 adult gastroenterology centers across 6 provinces were completed. Questions focused on the transition process, referral practices, information transfer and access to multidisciplinary resources. The need for expert guidance and transition-related quality indicators were identified. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded in duplicate for qualitative thematic analysis.

Results

Transition practices included the following: transition clinic (n = 4) versus direct transfer (n = 5). Most transition patients were referred to academic centers. Transfer volume per center ranged from 12 to 100 per year. Transfer of information was optimized with shared electronic medical record and comprehensive referral package. The majority of the programs lacked consistent access to a multidisciplinary team. The strongest attributes related to health care provider interest in transition and complete information transfer. Areas for improvement included increased resource allocation: financial, logistical and personnel. All agreed that a consensus-based guidfmeline for adult phase of transition would be beneficial. Potential quality indicators included adherence to care, depression/anxiety scores and patient knowledge.

Conclusions

This Canadian study of adult gastroenterologists revealed that while practice patterns vary, most agree that a transition clinic with access to multidisciplinary resources would be beneficial. A consensus-based guideline and quality indicators to assess performance may standardize the adult phase of transition and optimize outcomes.
Military Medicine and the Academic Surgery Gender Gap
Authors: Herrick-Reynolds Kayleigh , Brooks Daniel , Wind Gary , Jackson Paula , Latham Kerry
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Gender disparity in academic medicine has been well described in the civilian sector. This has not yet been evaluated in the military health system where hundreds of female surgeons are practicing. Military service limits factors such as part time work and control over time spent away from family, which are often cited as contributors to the pay and promotion gap in civilian academic medicine. The military has explicit policies to limit discrimination based on gender. Pay between men and women is equal as it is based on rank and time in rank. One would expect to see less disparity in promotion through the academic ranks for military female surgeons given this otherwise equal treatment. This has not previously been objectively tracked or reported. It is beneficial to characterize the military academic medicine gender gap and benchmark against national data to define the academic gender gap and lay the groundwork for future work to identify factors contributing to the observed difference.

Material and Methods

This study was granted exemption from the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC) Internal Review Board (IRB). The Uniformed Services University (USU) Department of Surgery academic appointment list was reviewed to assess female representation in the categories of Instructor, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Professor, and Other. Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC) and the US Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED) were assessed for total numbers of female surgeons on active duty, and numbers were compared with nationally published Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data using a logistic regression model.

Results

There was a higher proportion of women in academic positions in the civilian cohort than in the military cohort (OR: 1.84; CI: 1.53–2.21, p < .0001). This difference was observed at every level of academic achievement. A higher percentage of women were observed at lower levels of professorship than at higher levels; instructors were more likely to be women than assistant professor (OR: 1.44, CI:1.16–1.79), associate professor (OR: 2.24, CI: 1.77–2.84), or full professor (OR:4.61, CI: 3.57–5.94).

Conclusions

Fewer female surgeons in military medicine hold academic appointment when compared with their counterparts in civilian medicine. Similar to the civilian sector, military academic surgery also demonstrates less likelihood of female representation in higher academic stations. This discrepancy in representation follows a linear trend over the different ranks. This discrepancy has not been previously documented. The military offers a unique opportunity to study the issue of gender imbalance in academic promotion practices given its otherwise equal treatment of males and females. Additional studies will be necessary to understand uniformed female surgeons’ barriers to academic advancement.