bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mayo Clinic Atlas of Regional Anesthesia and Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blockade
Authors: Hebl James , Lennon Robert
Published: July 2012

Mayo Clinic Atlas of Regional Anesthesia and Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blockade is a practical guide for residents-in-training and clinicians to gain greater familiarity with regional anesthesia and acute pain management to the upper and lower extremity. It emphasizes the importance of a detailed knowledge of applied anatomy to safely and successfully performing regional anesthesia. It also provides and overview of the emerging field of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia, which allows reliable identification of both normal and variant anatomy. Mayo Clinic Atlas of Regional Anesthesia and Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blockade contains more than 200 beautifully illustrated anatomic images important to understanding and performing regional anesthesia. Corresponding ultrasound images are provided when applicable.
Dermatology
Authors: Drage Lisa A.
Published: July 2012

A general dermatology review is presented, including topics such as skin cancer, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma, psoriasis, atopic and allergic contact dermatitis, acne vulgaris, bullous disease, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, and drug reactions open the chapter. Cutaneous signs of underlying malignancy, systemic disease, and HIV are also covered.
Genetics
Authors: Michels Virginia V.
Published: July 2012

Genetic factors play a role in the development of many types of human disease. Genetic determinants may be chromosome abnormalities (Down syndrome, Kleinfelter syndrome, Turner syndrome), single gene defects (dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, Gaucher disease, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease), mitochondrial mutations (MELAS, MERRF, Kearns-Sayre syndrome), or epigenetic or multifactorial factors. Genetics testing methods are also reviewed.
Benign Hematology
Authors: Steensma David P.
Published: July 2012

The major forms of benign hematologic conditions are anemia, neutropenia, transfusion reactions, Gaucher disease, and porphyria. Anemia is a sign of disease rather than a disease itself. Anemia results from 1 or more of 3 pathologic mechanisms: inadequate production of red blood cells (RBCs) by the bone marrow, blood loss, or premature destruction of RBCs. The major causes of neutropenia include hematologic neoplasm, metastatic neoplasm involving the marrow, irradiation, vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency, drugs, infections, congenital or acquired primary disorders of hematopoiesis, autoimmune neutropenia, hypersplenism, hemodilution, and benign idiopathic neutropenia. The porphyrias are enzyme disorders that are autosomal dominant with low disease penetrance, except for congenital erythropoietic porphyria, which is autosomal recessive, and porphyria cutanea tarda, which may be acquired and is associated with hepatitis C and hemochromatosis.
Urolithiasis, Kidney Transplantation, and Pregnancy and Kidney Disease
Authors: Erickson Stephen B. , Amer Hatem , Larson Timothy S.
Published: July 2012

It was previously assumed that all kidney stones crystallized as urine passed through the renal tubules and were retained by means of crystal-tubular cell interactions. Recently uroscopy with papillary biopsies has shown 2 different pathways for stone formation, both mediated by calcium phosphate crystals. Kidney transplant has become the preferred treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Those benefiting from transplant included patients who would be deemed "high risk," such as those with diabetes mellitus and those older than 70 years. Anatomical changes associated with pregnancy are renal enlargement and dilatation of the calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters. Physiologic changes include a 30% to 50% increase in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow; a mean decrease of 0.5 mg/dL in the creatinine level and a mean decrease of 18 mg/dL in the serum urea nitrogen level; intermittent glycosuria independent of plasma glucose; proteinuria; aminoaciduria; increased uric acid excretion; increased total body water, with osmostat resetting; 50% increase in plasma volume and cardiac output; and increased ureteral peristalsis.
Psychiatry
Authors: Sutor Bruce
Published: July 2012

An understanding of psychiatric illness is critical to the practice of internal medicine. Since 30% to 40% of ambulatory primary care visits have a psychiatric component to the chief complaint, successful disease management often hinges on successful treatment of comorbid psychiatric illness. A comprehensive psychiatric evaluation is essential because many psychiatric symptoms are nonspecific. This situation is analogous to a patient presenting in general internal medicine with fever or nausea. The presence of a single symptom (eg, depressed mood) is never pathognomonic for a specific disorder. For patients with psychiatric symptoms, the biopsychosocial model is widely used. With this approach, the biologic, psychologic, and social factors contributing to the patient's clinical presentation are evaluated. Some psychiatric symptoms indicate severe disease, whereas others may be less problematic and may not be clinically relevant.
Neoplastic and Vascular Diseases
Authors: Swanson Karen L.
Published: July 2012

Neoplastic and vascular disorders are reviewed. Lung cancer is the most common malignancy and cause of cancer death in both men and women worldwide. The incidence of new lung cancers has continued to decrease in men and increase in women. The risk factors include cigarette smoking, other carcinogens, cocarcinogens, radon exposure, arsenic, asbestos, coal dust, chromium, vinyl chloride, chloromethyl ether, and chronic lung injury. Genetic and nutritional factors have been implicated. Among vascular disorders, pulmonary embolism is most common. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the cause of death in 5% to 15% of hospitalized patients who die in the United States. In a multicenter study of PE, the mortality rate at 3 months was 15% and important prognostic factors included age older than 70 years, cancer, congestive heart failure, COPD, systolic arterial hypotension, tachypnea, and right ventricular hypokinesis.
Pulmonary Infections
Authors: Thomas Charles F. , Caples Sean M.
Published: July 2012

Different types of infections affect the lungs. Viral infections include viral pneumonia, influenza, hantavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Bacterial infections include sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, bacterial pneumonia, and community-acquired pneumonia. Mycobacterial infections cause tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Fungal diseases include histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Parasitic lung disease is also reviewed.
Rheumatology
Authors: Michet Clement J. , Moder Kenneth G. , Ginsburg William W.
Published: July 2012

Major rheumatologic diseases are reviewed in detail, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, Felty syndrome, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and vasculitic syndromes like giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Takayasu arteritis, and Wegener granulomatosis are included. Drugs used to treat rheumatic disease are also highlighted. They include NSAIDs, antimalarials, and glucocorticosteroids. Crystalline arthropathies, such as hyperuricemia and gout, are another class of rheumatologic disease, as are spondyloarthropathies, systemic lupus erythematosus, uveitis, and Behcet syndrome.
Emerging Fungal Infections
Authors: Vikram Holenarasipur R.
Published: July 2012

Emerging fungal infections include zygomycosis, fusariosis, Pseudallescheria boydii infection, and dematiaceous fungal infections. Zygomycosis is usually acquired through inhalation, ingestion, or cutaneous exposure. Fusarium species are filamentous fungi widely distributed on plants and in soil. Water distribution systems and soil of potted plants in hospitals can lead to disseminated fusariosis in immunocompromised patients. Pseudallescheria boydii is a hyaline filamentous fungus found worldwide in soil, sewage, polluted water, decaying vegetation, and manure of farm animals. It is usually acquired by inhalation or transcutaneous exposure. Dematiaceous fungi are widespread in the environment in soil, wood, and decomposing organic debris. They are common in tropical and subtropical countries. Diagnosis and treatment of individual organisms are also reviewed.
PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers Are Necessary for Pulse-Induced But Not Continuous Light-Induced Phototropism in Arabidopsis
Authors: Haga Ken , Sakai Tatsuya
Published: July 2012

Auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are thought to have central roles in regulating asymmetrical auxin translocation during tropic responses, including gravitropism and phototropism, in plants. Although PIN3 is known to be involved in phototropism in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), no severe defects of phototropism in any of the pin mutants have been reported. We show here that the pulse-induced, first positive phototropism is impaired partially in pin1, pin3, and pin7 single mutants, and severely in triple mutants. In contrast, such impairment was not observed in continuous-light-induced second positive phototropism. Analysis with an auxin-reporter gene demonstrated that PIN3-mediated auxin gradients participate in pulse-induced phototropism but not in continuous-light-induced phototropism. Similar functional separation was also applicable to PINOID, a regulator of PIN localization. Our results strongly suggest the existence of functionally distinct mechanisms i.e. a PIN-dependent mechanism in which transient stimulation is sufficient to induce phototropism, and a PIN-independent mechanism that requires continuous stimulation and does not operate in the former phototropism process. Although a previous study has proposed that blue-light photoreceptors, the phototropins, control PIN localization through the transcriptional down-regulation of PINOID, we could not detect this blue-light-dependent down-regulation event, suggesting that other as yet unknown mechanisms are involved in phototropin-mediated phototropic responses.
(Z)-2-[(E)-2-(1-Benzothiophen-3-ylmethylidene)hydrazin-1-ylidene]-1,2-diphenylethanone
Authors: Pekdemir Merve , Işık Şamil , Gümüş Sümeyye , Ağar Erbil , Soylu Mustafa Serkan
Published: July 2012

The title compound, C23H16N2OS, is not planar, the phenyl ring of the benzoyl group making a dihedral of 77.61 (7)° with the benzothiophene system ring. The benzothiophene system and the remaining phenyl ring make an angle of 12.71 (13)°. The conformation around the imine functions isEfor the C=N bond towards the benzothiophene system andZfor the C=N bond towards the benzoyl group. The packing of the molecules shows C—H...π interactions. A weak intramolecular C—H...N bond also occurs.
(2E)-3-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: de Sousa Oliveiria Mauricio , Costa de Souza Wanderson , Napolitano Hamilton B. , Oliver Allen G.
Published: July 2012

The title compound, C15H13NO, has two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit which differ principally in the periplanar angle formed by the benzene and pyridine rings [41.41 (3) and 17.92 (5)°]. The molecules exhibit anEconformation between the keto group with respect to the olefin double bond.
Diholmium(III) trisulfate tetrahydrate. Corrigendum
Authors: Zhou Wanli , Ding Shahua , Xu Xin , Xu Yan
Published: July 2012

The title and formula in the paper by Zhouet al.[Acta Cryst.(2007), E63, i194] are corrected.
[2,7-Dimethoxy-8-(4-propylbenzoyl)naphthalen-1-yl](4-propylphenyl)methanone
Authors: Sasagawa Kosuke , Hijikata Daichi , Sakamoto Rei , Okamoto Akiko , Yonezawa Noriyuki
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C32H32O4, the 4-propylbenzoyl groups at the 1- and 8-positions of the naphthalene ring system are aligned almost antiparallel, and their benzene rings make a dihedral angle of 8.64 (10)°. The dihedral angles between the naphthalene ring system and the benzene rings are 69.37 (8) and 69.45 (8)°. In the crystal, C—H...O interactions link adjacent moleculesviatheir aroyl groups.
Challenges in implementing a functional ISO 14001 environmental management system
Authors: Searcy Cory , Morali Oguz , Karapetrovic Stanislav , Wichuk Kristine , McCartney Daryl , McLeod Sheldon , Fraser Don
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the key findings of a colloquium on ISO 14001. The colloquium focused on three key areas: critical loops and synergies among management system elements, the full spectrum of management system auditing, and integrating management systems.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 40 Canadian experts on environmental management systems from a wide variety of sectors participated in the colloquium.

Findings

The colloquium provided insights into implementation issues around the three key areas noted above. The colloquium focused on discussing issues associated with corrective and preventive action, objectives and targets, internal and external auditing, and integrating change into management systems. The issues are presented in detail in the paper.

Originality/value

The participants in the colloquium believed that the findings will be of interest to both practitioners and academics in environmental management systems. The findings will also be of interest to practitioners and academics in quality and other standardized management systems.
Exploring the role of anticipated guilt on pro‐environmental behavior – a suggested typology of residents in France based on their recycling patterns
Authors: Elgaaied Leila
Published: July 2012

Purpose

So far, few studies dealing with the determinants of pro‐environmental behavior have examined the impact of emotional variables. This research aims to extend previous work on the role of affective motivations underlying ecological behavior by exploring the influence of anticipated guilt on recycling.

Design/methodology/approach

A cluster analysis was conducted among 276 French interviewees based on their current recycling behavior, anticipated guilt, environmental concern, awareness of negative consequences and beliefs about facilitating conditions in their community of residence. In order to confirm assumptions related to the suggested typology, further quantitative tests were performed.

Findings

Three profiles were identified. Results suggest that environmental concern and awareness of the negative consequences associated with the increase of waste volume are not sufficient conditions to stimulate diligent recycling efforts. Anticipated guilt appears to influence behavior more directly and totally mediates the relationship between environmental concern and intention to recycle.

Research limitations/implications

Implications of this research exclude countries where recycling is mandatory or represents a strongly internalized social norm.

Practical implications

This study holds important implications in terms of public authorities' intervention. The emergence of anticipated guilt as a key determinant of intention to recycle suggests that guilt appeals could be a relevant communication strategy in order to promote recycling.

Originality/value

This research provides new insights to understand the role of anticipated guilt on ecological behavior using a typology. A predictive model of intention to recycle was also proposed.
The relationship between employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction
Authors: Jeon Hoseong , Choi Beomjoon
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This study aims to examine whether the relationship between employee satisfaction (ES) and customer satisfaction (CS) is bilateral or unilateral based on dyadic data. In addition, it seeks to examine the role of moderating variables which have incremental impacts on this link.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted an empirical test on this relationship in an educational service context. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypotheses.

Findings

Results indicate that employee satisfaction leads to CS but CS did not affect ES, which suggests that the relationship between ES and CS is unilateral rather than bilateral. The findings also demonstrate that the dispositional variables (i.e. self efficacy, cooperative orientation) moderate the impact of ES on CS.

Research limitations/implications

This study provided theoretical implications for the ES‐CS relationship.

Practical implications

This finding suggests that top level management in the service industry must take an active role in recruiting employees who are confident in their abilities and who display pro‐social dispositions.

Originality/value

The linkage between ES and CS has been previously examined but the findings have been inconsistent. The authors used dyadic data to investigate the relationship between ES and CS and found the influence of ES on CS but not vice versa.
Time‐of‐day services marketing
Authors: Dacko Scott G.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize, organize, and discuss multidisciplinary research influential to a service firm's use of a cyclical time‐based marketing approach that may be aptly termed time‐of‐day services marketing, to introduce a general process and framework to assist in the evaluation of its strategic use, and to present areas in need of future research.

Design/methodology/approach

Objectives are achieved via conceptual analysis and a synthesis and organization of the relevant multidisciplinary literature.

Findings

The paper finds that the principal benefits to service firms of adopting a time‐of‐day services approach in varying degrees are that it is able to assist the firm in offering multiple, unique value‐propositions, providing superior contextual value to the customer, enhancing customer perceptions of value in relation to their needs, and supporting the firm's pursuit of a sustainable competitive advantage in its services.

Practical implications

Time‐of‐day services marketing is a viable approach for some firms but is not a strategy to be pursued by all firms. Service industry executives and managers should carefully weigh its adoption in terms of an overarching framework to identify the best services strategy for their marketing and business objectives.

Originality/value

Time‐of‐day services marketing has received little strategic attention in the services marketing literature. Furthermore, there is no good, published source of guidance to help service industry executives and managers make decisions about the extent that such an approach may present opportunities for value creation and competitive advantage. This paper addresses these voids by providing and discussing a comprehensive set of multi‐disciplinary factors, process, and framework that facilitate its evaluation for strategic adoption. Theoretically, the research contributes to the body of services marketing knowledge by altering the services marketing view of the “day” to be one that can be increasingly examined as less‐constant in terms of many service‐relevant individual and social behaviors, more systematically varying, and increasingly explainable on biological/physiological, sociological and/or psychological bases which are ultimately highly relevant to services marketers
“Five Co‐s” in innovating: a practice‐based view
Authors: Russo‐Spena Tiziana , Mele Cristina
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to frame innovation as a process of co‐creation according to a practice‐based view.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper focuses on the innovation practices that occurred within the web contexts of ten companies. In accordance with netnography research, data include preliminary studies of the web‐based context, naturalistic observations of the community and the activities of its members, and direct interactions with the members of the innovating community.

Findings

This work proposes the integration of innovation, practice and the emerging co‐creation research. The paper develops the five “Co‐s” model including: co‐ideation, co‐valuation, co‐design, co‐test and co‐launch. Each “Co‐“ represents a phase of the innovation process resulting from dynamic and on‐going interactions among resources, actions, and a group of actors who are interrelated via a dense network. Within each “Co‐“, the authors identify practices and elements of practices.

Practical implications

A firm's managers should influence co‐creation opportunities by contributing to script practices. These managers should be able to consider more clearly the full options of co‐creation activities and be involved in designing and responding to co‐creation initiatives. They should also understand that each phase could provide an opportunity for collaboration that enhances the value of co‐creation. In this manner, managers could orchestrate multiple resources (e.g., actors, actions tools and output language).

Originality/value

This work brings innovation into the realm of practice by moving the focus from the outcome to the process –, i.e. from innovation as a new artefact to the act of innovating. In this context, innovating is the system of on‐going co‐creation practices performed by people who merge knowledge, actions, tools, languages and artefacts to create something new and better. In this view, innovators are carriers of practices.
Organizational and occupational identification
Authors: Gümüş Murat , Hamarat Bahattin , Çolak Ertuğrul , Duran Erol
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the effects of two work related identification (occupational and organizational) of school teachers on intention to early retirement (withdrawal) and satisfaction with the occupation and satisfaction with the school. It also seeks the influence of perceived external prestige on withdrawal and satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

An empirical study was carried out at public schools in Canakkale, Turkey. Data collected from 238 teachers were analyzed. The correlations between identification and organizational prestige, desire for early retirement, and overall satisfaction of teachers were tested with several demographic variables such as age, gender, tenure and union membership. Ordinal logistic regression analysis (OLR) was conducted to reveal probabilistic behavior of response variables on the basis of explanatory variables.

Findings

The results show that both categories of identification have reverse effect on intention to early retirement, and both categories have positive effect on job satisfaction. Perceived external prestige has no effect on intention to early retirement and job satisfaction, but it increases satisfaction from the school. Finally, the “self” and the “occupation” were found salient categories for teachers' identification.

Originality/value

Identification literature has long been concentrated on organizational level identification. This paper explores the influence of both organizational and occupational categories of identification, comparatively. Being a teacher is seen as a prestigious occupation in Turkey. Findings about identity as a teacher also confirmed that “self” and “occupation” are two main identity references in the Turkish setting.
Self‐efficacy and workaholism as initiators of the job demands‐resources model
Authors: Guglielmi Dina , Simbula Silvia , Schaufeli Wilmar B. , Depolo Marco
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This study aims to investigate school principals' well‐being by using the job demands‐resources (JD‐R) model as a theoretical framework. It aims at making a significant contribution to the development of this model by considering not only job demands and job resources, but also the role of personal resources and personal demands as predictors of work engagement and burnout. In particular, it was hypothesised that job demands may mediate the relationship between workaholism and burnout, whereas job resources may mediate the relationship between self‐efficacy and work engagement and burnout.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey study was conducted. In total, 224 school principals (67 percent women) during training activities completed a questionnaire.

Findings

The results of SEM analyses largely supported the hypotheses by showing that personal variables operate as initiators of health impairment and motivational processes.

Research limitations/implications

The study lends support to the literature on individual resources that underlines the role that personal resources play in work engagement and burnout. It contributes to the JD‐R model by highlighting the role of personal demands (i.e. workaholism), which has an effect on the development of burnout in school principals.

Practical implications

The implications of these findings for interventions aimed at the promotion of school principals' well‐being are discussed.

Originality/value

This study advances the understanding of the role played by personal resources and personal demands in the job demands‐resources model. The value added is represented by the study of workaholism as personal demand, which in turn influences job demands and also the health impairment it triggers.
Explaining M&A performance: a review of empirical research
Authors: Das Arindam , Kapil Sheeba
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of different explanations in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) research that deal with M&A performance. After five decades of M&A research, the findings on M&A performance are diverse and sometimes inconsistent with each other. The explanatory variables studied in the empirical works reflect primarily on researchers’ approach, construct, measurement techniques and data availability, leading to inconsistencies among the findings. In order to understand how researchers have measured M&A performance so far, the gaps in existing work and to identify the scope of future work, the authors conduct a systematic review of empirical M&A research on explaining M&A performance.

Design/methodology/approach

This research has been carried out as a structured assessment of past literature. The findings from selected research works have been categorized, grouped and summarized to discern a meta‐analytic view of the work carried out to date.

Findings

The M&A performance measures are diverse owing to heterogeneous views on what constitutes M&A performance and organization performance. They are categorized under Accounting Measures, Market Measures and Other Measures, including subjective assessments. The explanatory variables found in the studies are extensive and can be categorized under Deal Characteristics, Managerial Effects, Firm Characteristics and Environmental Factors.

Originality/value

The paper extracts some key trends in M&A performance studies carried out in empirical works over two decades. The findings help to identify drawbacks and set an agenda for future work.
Effects of disturbances on the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests
Authors: Hirano Takashi , Segah Hendrik , Kusin Kitso , Limin Suwido , Takahashi Hidenori , Osaki Mitsuru
Published: July 2012

Tropical peatlands have accumulated huge soil carbon over millennia. However, the carbon pool is presently disturbed on a large scale by land development and management, and consequently has become vulnerable. Peat degradation occurs most rapidly and massively in Indonesia, because of fires, drainage, and deforestation of swamp forests coexisting with tropical peat. Peat burning releases carbon dioxide (CO2) intensively but occasionally, whereas drainage increases CO2 emission steadily through the acceleration of aerobic peat decomposition. Therefore, tropical peatlands present the threat of switching from a carbon sink to a carbon source to the atmosphere. However, the ecosystem‐scale carbon exchange is still not known in tropical peatlands. A long‐term field experiment in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia showed that tropical peat ecosystems, including a relatively intact peat swamp forest with little drainage (UF), a drained swamp forest (DF), and a drained burnt swamp forest (DB), functioned as net carbon sources. Mean annual net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) (± a standard deviation) for 4 years from July 2004 to July 2008 was 174 ± 203, 328 ± 204 and 499 ± 72 gC m−2 yr−1, respectively, for the UF, DF, and DB sites. The carbon emissions increased according to disturbance degrees. We found that the carbon balance of each ecosystem was chiefly controlled by groundwater level (GWL). The NEE showed a linear relationship with GWL on an annual basis. The relationships suggest that annual CO2 emissions increase by 79–238 gC m−2 every 0.1 m of GWL lowering probably because of the enhancement of oxidative peat decomposition. In addition, CO2 uptake by vegetation photosynthesis was reduced by shading due to dense smoke from peat fires ignited accidentally or for agricultural practices. Our results may indicate that tropical peatland ecosystems are no longer a carbon sink under the pressure of human activities.
Beyond Alternative: Exploring the Potential for Autonomous Food Spaces
Authors: Wilson Amanda DiVito
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Much attention has been given in recent years to the rise of alternative food networks However, the very concept of “alternative” has come under increasing scrutiny, as theorists grapple with what is meant by alternative and whether the concept adequately captures the key components of such a diverse range of networks and communities. Drawing on poststructuralist political economy, I propose the concept of autonomous food spaces as one possible lens for approaches food‐provisioning activities that situate food within the broader context of non‐capitalist communities seeking to build relationships of mutual aid and non‐market exchanges. I use the examples of a radical collective kitchen, Food Not Bombs, and a community‐supported agriculture operation, Vegetables Unplugged, to explore the potential for autonomous food spaces as part of a broader “politics of possibilities” beyond capitalism.
Aggregate Fluctuations and the Cross-Sectional Dynamics of Firm Growth
Authors: Holly Sean , Petrella Ivan , Santoro Emiliano
Published: July 2012

The paper explores time variation in the distribution of firm level growth of total sales. Three novel results are reported. First, firms on the left-hand side of the distribution, i.e. firms that are growing more slowly or declining, are typically more responsive to aggregate shocks than those on the right-hand side of the distribution. Second, trending behaviour in the volatility of firm growth is predominantly driven by increasing dispersion in the growth of highly performing firms. Third, shifts in the probability mass on either side of the mode may act as important propagators of business fluctuations. Financial frictions emerge as a mechanism that is capable of accounting for these facts.
Induction of P‐glycoprotein and Bcrp at the rat blood–brain barrier following a subchronic morphine treatment is mediated through NMDA/COX‐2 activation
Authors: Yousif Salah , Chaves Catarina , Potin Sophie , Margaill Isabelle , Scherrmann Jean‐Michel , Declèves Xavier
Published: July 2012

Subchronic morphine treatment induces P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) up‐regulation at the blood–brain barrier. This study investigates the rate and extent to which P‐gp and breast cancer‐resistance protein (Bcrp) increase at the rat blood–brain barrier following subchronic morphine treatment. Rats were given increasing doses of morphine (10–40 mg/kg) or saline i.p. twice daily for 5 days. The brain cortex large vessels and microvessels were then mechanical isolated 6, 9, 12, 24, and 36 h after the last injection. The gene and protein expression of P‐gp and Bcrp in morphine‐treated and control rats were compared by qRT‐PCR and western blotting. The levels of Mdr1a and Bcrp mRNAs were not significantly modified 6 h post morphine, but the Mdr1a mRNA increased 1.4‐fold and Bcrp mRNA 2.4‐fold at 24 h. P‐gp and Bcrp protein expression in brain microvessels was unchanged 6 h post morphine and increased 1.5‐fold at 24 h. This effect was more pronounced in large vessels than in microvessels. However, extracellular morphine concentrations of 0.01–10 μM did not modify the expressions of the MDR1 and BCRP genes in hCMEC/D3 human endothelial brain cells in vitro. MK‐801 (NMDA antagonist) and meloxicam (cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitor) given after morphine treatment completely blocked P‐gp and Bcrp up‐regulation. Interestingly, misoprostol and iloprost, two well‐known agonists of prostaglandin E2 receptors induced both MDR1 and BCRP mRNA levels in hCMEC/D3. Thus, morphine does not directly stimulate P‐gp and Bcrp expression by the brain endothelium, but glutamate released during morphine withdrawal may do so by activating the NMDA/cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 cascade.
Treatment of Pythiosis in Equine Limbs Using Intravenous Regional Perfusion of Amphotericin B
Authors: Dória Renata G. S. , Freitas Silvio H. , Linardi Renata L. , de Souza Mendonça Fábio , Arruda Laura P. , Boabaid Fabiana M. , Valadão Carlos A. A.
Published: July 2012

Objective

To evaluate the effects of intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) administration of amphotericinBin horses to treat pythiosis after surgical excision and thermocautery.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Horses (n = 12) withPythium insidiosuminfection of the distal aspect of the thoracic or pelvic limbs.

Methods

After surgical excision of granulation tissue and thermocautery, 50 mg amphotericinBwas administered byIRLPthrough a catheter placed in a superficial vein of the affected limb next to the lesion after placing a tourniquet above the injection site. The lesions and locomotor system were evaluated before treatment and at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 60 days.

Results

Ninety‐two percent of horses treated with amphotericinBhad complete lesion resolution 35 or 60 days after 1 or 2IRLPtreatments, respectively.IRLPinduced limb edema and pain during regional palpation in 42%, and inflammation of the injection site in 33% of horses; however these signs resolved after 14 days.

Conclusions

IRLPadministration of amphotericinBwas effective for treating pythiosis in equine limbs, resolving infection with manageable side effects.
“The Midwifery Two‐Step”: A Study on Evidence‐Based Midwifery Practice
Authors: Kennedy Holly Powell , Doig Eleanor , Hackley Barbara , Leslie Mayri Sagady , Tillman Stephanie
Published: July 2012

Introduction: To date, there has been little documentation of how practice‐based midwifery networks in the United States might influence the transfer and development of knowledge in childbearing and women's health care. The first phase of this participatory action research project was to conduct a qualitative study with a community of midwifery practices to understand their perspectives on evidence‐based practice and how an organized network could facilitate their work.

Methods: Midwives within the community of interest were invited by letter or e‐mail to participate in individual or small group interviews about knowledge transfer, primary concerns of evidence‐based practice, and potential for a midwifery practice‐based research network. Participatory action research strategies and organizational ethnographic approaches to data collection were used to guide qualitative interviews.

Results: Eight midwifery practices enrolled in the study with 23 midwives participating in interviews. They attended births at 2 hospitals in the community. Two broad areas of discourse about evidence‐based practice were identified: 1) challenges from influential persons, finances and resources, and the cultural perception of midwifery, and 2) strategies to foster best practice in the face of those challenges. The midwives believed a research network could be useful in learning collectively about their practices and in the support of their work.

Discussion: Evidence‐based practice is a goal but also has many challenges in everyday implementation. Practice‐based research networks hold promise to support clinicians to examine the evidence and form strong coalitions to foster best clinical practice. The second phase of this study will work with this community of midwives to explore collective strategies to examine and improve practice.
Role of volatile semiochemicals in host location by the egg parasitoid Anagrus breviphragma
Authors: Chiappini Elisabetta , Salerno Gianandrea , Berzolla Alessia , Iacovone Alessia , Cristina Reguzzi Maria , Conti Eric
Published: July 2012

Recent investigations conducted on several tritrophic systems have demonstrated that egg parasitoids, when searching for host eggs, may exploit plant synomones that have been induced as a consequence of host oviposition. In this article we show that, in a system characterized by host eggs embedded in the plant tissue, naïve females of the egg parasitoid Anagrus breviphragma Soyka (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) responded in a Y‐tube olfactometer to volatiles from leaves of Carex riparia Curtis (Cyperaceae) containing eggs of one of its hosts, Cicadella viridis (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The wasp did not respond to host eggs or to clean leaves from non‐infested plants compared with clean air, whereas it showed a strong preference for the olfactometer arm containing volatiles of leaves with embedded host eggs, compared with the arm containing volatiles of leaves from a non‐infested plant or host eggs extracted from the plant. When the eggs were removed from an infested leaf, the parasitoid preference was observed only if eggs were added aside, suggesting a synergistic effect of a local plant synomone and an egg kairomone. The parasitoid also responded to clean leaves from an egg‐infested plant when compared with leaves from a non‐infested plant, indicating a systemic effect of volatile induction.
Flow cytometry of lesional skin enhances the evaluation of cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Wu Julie Michelle , Vonderheid Eric , Gocke Christopher D. , Moresi Jean Margaret , Liegeois Nanette , Borowitz Michael J.
Published: July 2012

Background

Cutaneous B‐cell lymphoproliferative lesions can pose diagnostic challenges. This study investigates the utlility of flow cytometry in 42 cases of suspected cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma.

Methods

All available cases were reviewed [World Health Organization‐European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO‐EORTC) classification]. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction‐immunoglobulin H (PCR‐IgH) analysis of blood and/or lesional skin were performed on primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma (pcBCL, 17 cases), secondary cutaneous BCL (scBCL, 8 cases) and atypical lymphoid hyperplasia (ALH, 17 cases).

Results

Flow cytometry of skin detected a B‐cell clone in 3/13 cases of ALH, 8/8 cases of pcBCL and 4/4 cases of scBCL, while PCR detected a clone in 3/14 cases of ALH, 4/15 cases of pcBCL and 6/8 cases of scBCL. Of eight cases of pcBCL analyzed by both methods, all eight were positive by flow while only three were positive by PCR. All cases positive by PCR were also positive by flow. Of five cases with both flow and light chain immunohistochemistry, all five showed light chain restriction by flow, while only two were positive by immunohistochemistry.

Conclusion

Flow cytometry is more sensitive than PCR in detecting B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders (12/12 cases, 100% vs. 10/23 cases, 43%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, flow cytometry complements immunohistochemistry in the detection of light chain restriction.
Fluid-Power Harvesting by Under-Foot Bellows During Human Gait
Authors: Chin Robin , Hsiao-Wecksler Elizabeth T. , Loth Eric
Published: July 2012

Pneumatic and hydraulic bellows were investigated for under-foot power harvesting during human walking. Placement under the heel allows the bellow to be compressed during the heel strike of the gait cycle, whereas placement under the metatarsal allows compression during the mid-stance and toe-off phases. In either case, body weight is used as the power source for a self-contained fluid power circuit. Once unweighted, air is drawn into the bellow through a one-way valve allowing the bellow to recharge as it expands during the swing phase of the gait cycle. A collapsible spring was placed inside the bellow to ensure full opened conditions for this phase. To evaluate this concept, experimental studies were conducted on two circular bellows with outside diameters of 4.13 cm and 6.35 cm placed under the heel or the metatarsal of the foot, on a person walking on a treadmill. These pressure profiles were then reproduced on a compression testing machine to investigate the power generated per cycle. During normal walking, the pneumatic bellows generated peak power levels of 20–25 W and maximum pressures of 450 kPa. The average power available over a single cycle was 1.5 and 4.5 W for the small and large bellows, respectively. This novel use of bellows demonstrates the ability to use these devices for regenerative fluid power harvesting capabilities during walking.
Limit Load Solutions for Cracked Elbows Subjected to Internal Pressure and In-Plane Bending
Authors: Simha C. Hari Manoj
Published: July 2012

In this article, limit load solutions for cracked elbows containing through-wall and part through-wall axial and circumferential cracks under internal pressure and in-plane bending loading are presented. For elbows with axial cracks, limit pressure solutions are presented, and modifications to existing limit moment solutions are proposed. The foregoing limit pressure and limit moment solutions are used in conjunction with a novel interaction curve to obtain limit load solutions for elbows with axial cracks under combined pressure and moment loading. If the applied moment and pressure are within (outside) the envelope of the interaction curve, no failure (failure) is indicated. Furthermore, limit pressure and limit moment solutions for circumferentially cracked elbows are developed using the same interaction curve. Limit loads computed with the solutions presented in this work are compared with experimental results and the agreement is found to be within acceptable limits after accounting for the uncertainties in the experimental results.
Task-Space Framework for Bilateral Teleoperation With Time Delays
Authors: Wang Hanlei , Xie Yongchun
Published: July 2012

This paper investigates the task-space control framework for bilateral teleoperation with communication time delays. Teleoperation in task space R3 × SO(3) presents some distinctive features different from its joint-space counterpart, i.e., SO(3) is nonconvex and bears quite different structure from Euclidean space Rn. Through analyzing the energy flows at the two ports of the teleoperator, we rigorously define the task-space interaction passivity of the teleoperator. Based on this passivity framework, we propose delay-robust control schemes to achieve master–slave position/orientation synchronization. Singularity-free task-space interaction passivity of the closed-loop teleoperator is ensured by the proposed task-space control framework. Using Lyapunov–Krasovskii stability tool and Schwarz inequality, we analyze the performance of the proposed teleoperation control scheme. We also discuss the problems incurred by time-varying delays and the corresponding solutions. Simulation study on a master–slave teleoperator composed of two kinematically dissimilar six-degree of freedom (DOF) manipulators is performed to illustrate the performance of the proposed control approach.
Static Friction in a Robot Joint—Modeling and Identification of Load and Temperature Effects
Authors: Bittencourt André Carvalho , Gunnarsson Svante
Published: July 2012

Friction is the result of complex interactions between contacting surfaces in down to a nanoscale perspective. Depending on the application, the different models available are more or less suitable. Static friction models are typically considered to be dependent only on relative speed of interacting surfaces. However, it is known that friction can be affected by other factors than speed. In this paper, the typical friction phenomena and models used in robotics are reviewed. It is shown how such models can be represented as a sum of functions of relevant states which are linear and nonlinear in the parameters, and how the identification method described in Ref. [1] can be used to identify them when all states are measured. The discussion follows with a detailed experimental study of friction in a robot joint under changes of joint angle, load torque, and temperature. Justified by their significance, load torque and temperature are included in an extended static friction model. The proposed model is validated in a wide operating range, considerably improving the prediction performance compared to a standard model.
A Preliminary Biomechanical Study of Cyclic Preconditioning Effects on Canine Cadaveric Whole Femurs
Authors: Zdero Rad , Gallimore Chris H. , McConnell Alison J. , Patel Harshita , Nisenbaum Rosane , Morshed Golam , Koo Henry , McKee Michael D. , Schemitsch Emil H. , Bougherara Habiba
Published: July 2012

Biomechanical preconditioning of biological specimens by cyclic loading is routinely done presumably to stabilize properties prior to the main phase of a study. However, no prior studies have actually measured these effects for whole bone of any kind. The aim of this study, therefore, was to quantify these effects for whole bones. Fourteen matched pairs of fresh-frozen intact cadaveric canine femurs were sinusoidally loaded in 4-point bending from 50 N to 300 N at 1 Hz for 25 cycles. All femurs were tested in both anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) bending planes. Bending stiffness (i.e., slope of the force-vs-displacement curve) and linearity R2 (i.e., coefficient of determination) of each loading cycle were measured and compared statistically to determine the effect of limb side, cycle number, and bending plane. Stiffnesses rose from 809.7 to 867.7 N/mm (AP, left), 847.3 to 915.6 N/mm (AP, right), 829.2 to 892.5 N/mm (AP, combined), 538.7 to 580.4 N/mm (ML, left), 568.9 to 613.8 N/mm (ML, right), and 553.8 to 597.1 N/mm (ML, combined). Linearity R2 rose from 0.96 to 0.99 (AP, left), 0.97 to 0.99 (AP, right), 0.96 to 0.99 (AP, combined), 0.95 to 0.98 (ML, left), 0.94 to 0.98 (ML, right), and 0.95 to 0.98 (ML, combined). Stiffness and linearity R2 versus cycle number were well-described by exponential curves whose values leveled off, respectively, starting at 12 and 5 cycles. For stiffness, there were no statistical differences for left versus right femurs (p = 0.166), but there were effects due to cycle number (p < 0.0001) and AP versus ML bending plane (p < 0.0001). Similarly, for linearity, no statistical differences were noted due to limb side (p = 0.533), but there were effects due to cycle number (p < 0.0001) and AP versus ML bending plane (p = 0.006). A minimum of 12 preconditioning cycles was needed to fully stabilize both the stiffness and linearity of the canine femurs. This is the first study to measure the effects of mechanical preconditioning on whole bones, having some practical implications on research practices.