bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Validation of Analysis Method for Determining Nicotine Levels in Human Blood Plasma (In vitro) High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Ultraviolet Detector
Authors: Al-Ubaidi Ghassaq T. , Abbas Ahmed A. , Taha Ali A. , Sharhan Qasim S.
Published: January 2021

The necessity of nicotine analysis in blood plasma is increasing along with the increased number of smokers and nicotine poisoning cases. One of the analytical methods for nicotine is using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detector because it has been commonly owned by instance in Indonesia. To guarantee accuracy, an analytical method can be used, and it must be validated. This research was the purpose of finding out the validity of the nicotine analysis method in human blood plasma (in vitro) using HPLC with UV detection. Blood plasma samples remained treated with centrifugation procedure by protein denaturation method using acetonitrile. The compounds were analyzed using methanol and buffer acetate 0.01 M (pH 5) 85:15 v/v as a mobile phase on an octadecylsilane column 250 mm, with UV detection at 254 and 260 nm, and flow rate 0.6 mL/minute. Parameter of analytical methods that were validated includes selectivity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, linearity, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LoQ), and system suitability. According to the result, the selectivity was 2.479, repeatability expressed by its variation coefficient = 0.701%, linearity at range 5–22 μg/mL expressed by coefficient correlation (r) = 0.996. Based on the chromatogram’s area under a curve, the LoD value was found 2.021 μg/mL, LoQ value was 6.737 μg/mL, the accurate percentage was 112.49 to 114.12%, and precision (% CV) was 2.15 to 3.95%. The system suitability from retention time and chromatogram’s area under curve showed % CV 0.70 and 1.64%. According to the experiment result, all parameters meet the requirements of validation criteria.
Virus-like Particles‑Application in Nano Vaccines: A Review
Authors: Alubaidi Ghassaq Tariq
Published: January 2021

Nanomaterials are increasingly applied to develop new vaccines with new strategies. Implementation of such substances in vaccines will enhance vaccine formula immunogenicity, target delivery, and antigen stability control release. Genetically engineered virus-like particles (VLPs), structurally mimic the viruses and had been successfully used as nano vaccines. VLPs-based vaccines possess the advantage of being safe, effective, and non-infectious. Moreover, due to the optimized nano-size and repetitive structural units of the VLPs, it is suspected that those particles are highly immunogenic, even in absence of adjuvant substances. VLPs could be formulated to carry an array of heterogeneous antigens of different viruses. For all, they are considered as ideal nano vaccine model.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Oxidative Coupling Reaction
Authors: Hattab Ahmed Hamdi , Ahmed Abdul Majeed Khorsheed , Anwar Sunbul M.
Published: January 2021

Phenylephrine is a medication mainly applied as a decongestant to relieve hemorrhoids, increase blood pressure, and dilate the pupil. It is the first-line choice for prevention and treatment of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. However, many methods were used for the determination of this drug and its properties. This paper proposes a method that uses N, N dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride as a new chromogenic reagent (NNDPH). This method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction of phenylephrine with N, N dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride with ferric chloride in basic media to form green-blue soluble dye product. The outcomes demonstrate that the maximum absorption is at 680 nm, molar absorptivity of 5.54 × 103 mol-1.cm-1, and Sandell’s sensitivity of 0.038 μg.cm-2. The concentration range of 4 to 22 μg.mL-1 of the product is conformable to Beer’s law. Furthermore, it is applied successfully for estimating the drug properties on a simple condition or pharmaceutical preparations.
Phenotypic Detection of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin Resistance among Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Al-Salmani Tuqa S. , Al-Qaisi Mustafa M.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Staphylococci emerged as the most frequent nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) antibiotics resistance was increasing among Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) isolates.
Objective: In the present study, the aim was to detect the phenotypic resistance pattern of MLS (constitutive and inducible) among S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolated from Iraqi patients.
Methods: A total of 120 staphylococcal isolates (60 S. aureus and 60 S. epidermidis) were isolated from urine, wound swab, blood, and sputum specimens, then specified by the VITEK 2 system. Whole isolates were investigated by the disk-diffusion method against many antibiotics, then they were checked for the MLS phenotype by the D-zone test.
Results: Out of 60 S. aureus isolates and 60 S. epidermidis, the isolation rates from wound, urine, blood, and sputum were 66.6 and 50%, 16.7 and 26.7%, 11.7 and 18.3%, and 5% for each species, respectively. The higher frequency rates of resistance were showed against erythromycin, clindamycin, and streptomycin, for both S. aureus with 83.3, 53.3, and 83.3%, respectively, and S. epidermidis with 73.3, 45, and 76.7%, respectively. Constitutive MLS resistance phenotype (MLSc) was shown in 32 isolates (53.3%) of S. aureus and inducible MLS resistance phenotype (MLSi) was noted in 16 isolates (26.7%).
Conclusion: The current study concluded that the D-zone test must be applied within the routine work of the antimicrobial susceptibility test for staphylococcal isolates, to exclude the false results of staphylococcal isolates sensitivity against clindamycin.
Expression of Serum IL-22, IL-23, and TLR9 as Tumor Markers in Untreated Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Abdullah Hanaa N. , Abdulwahid Alia Gh.
Published: January 2021

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women and is the most important cause of death among them. Breast cancer is a common malignancy, accounting for one-third of women cancers in Iraq. To the best of our knowledge, little literature information is available on the participation of Interleukin-22 (IL-22), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in BC patients. Thus, the evaluation of serum IL-22, IL-23, and TLR9 level changes can add new information on their roles in breast cancer development and progression. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of IL-22, IL-23, and TLR9 as tumor markers in BC.
Levels of circulating interleukin-22, IL-23, and TLR9 were estimated by the enzyme-linked immunoassay method. The serum level of IL-22 was highly significantly elevated in patients compared to the benign and healthy control groups (317.53 ± 14.33 vs. 68.73 ± 12.38 and 62.67 ± 19.11 pg/mL, p ≤ 0.05), but the difference between the benign tumor and healthy control groups means was not significant. Also, these results indicated that the mean level of IL-23 was higher significantly in breast cancer patients in comparison with the benign and healthy controls (887.89 ± 199.04 vs. 146.86 ± 84.26 and 72.26 ± 12.76 pg/mL, p ≤ 0.05). So, no significant difference was revealed between a benign tumor and healthy control groups (146.86 ± 84.26 and 72.26 ± 12.76 pg/mL, p andgt; 0.05). Finally, a serum level of TLR9 was significantly elevated in breast cancer patients in comparison with the control groups (16.89 ± 0.75 vs. 9.97 ± 1.21 ng/mL, 9.06 ± 0.21 ng/mL, p less than 0.05). On estimating IL-22, IL-23, and TLR9, the results showed the concentrations of IL-22, IL-23, and TLR9 in the sera of breast cancer were significantly elevated as compared to those in the control groups. Expression of IL-22, IL-23, and TLR9 could be used as a diagnostic tumor biomarker.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Drug Release Study of Modified Chitosan
Authors: Al-Juboory Farah. Kh. H. , Mahmood Ali Azeez , Al-Zahawi Hala. M. G.
Published: January 2021

This research included loading of drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and fenoprofen) on a chitosan polymer to produce drug-loading polymer by entering the chitosan in a Schiff base reaction to protect -NH2 group, the reacting of the product with drug chloride. The prepared compounds were identified spectroscopically, by using infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The thermal stability of chitosan was measured by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA). The drug release of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and fenoprofen from chitosan in hypothetical stomach fluid was studied. The drug concentration that was released in stomach fluid several times was determined by measuring the absorbance in ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy.
Effect of Oral Vitamin D3 Supplements on Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress in Adult Albino Female Rats
Authors: Abdulla Khder N , Ahmed Muneef S. , R Saleh Mohammed
Published: January 2021

The present study was designed to show the effect of Vitamin D3 on lipid profile and oxidative stress. The present study used 30 adult albino female rats that distributed to following groups (each group consist 6 rats); control group received ad libidium, second group administrated Vitamin D3 (orally, 8.9μg/kg) for eight weeks, third group administrated Vitamin D3 (orally, 17.8μg/kg) for eight weeks, fourth group (pregnant rats) administrated Vitamin D3 (orally, 8.9μg/k) for eight weeks, fifth group (pregnant rats) administrated Vitamin D3 (orally, 17.8μg/kg) for eight weeks, and then killed. The results showed high significant increased (P less than 0.05) in levels of lipid profile (total cholesterol, total glyceride, high density lipid (HDL), low density lipid (LDL) very low density lipid (VLDL)), especially in pregnant female rats (third and fifth groups) compared with control group. On the other hand, the results showed significant changes (P less than 0.05) in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase especially in pregnant female rats (third and fifth groups) compared with control group. It was concluded that the prolong using and overdose of Vitamin D3 lead to elevated the lipid profile and oxidative stress in rats especially in pregnant female rats.
Characteristics And Release Of Gentamicin Sulphate From Sodium Alginate Microspheres Entrapped In Emulgel
Authors: Purwanti Tutiek , Syamsuar Maimuna , Hariyadi Dewi Melani , Erawati Tristiana
Published: January 2021

Gentamicin sulfate is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that can be used for primary and secondary infections of the skin. Microspheres can be used to extend drug release on the skin; the resulting therapeutic effect is constant and has a longer duration of action. Therefore it can reduce the frequency of use and increase patient compliance. This study investigated the appropriate profile and release kinetics model of gentamicin sulfate microspheres entrapped on the emulgel base. Gentamicin-alginate microspheres were made by the ionotropic gelation method with aerosolization technique, using 2.5% Na-alginate low viscosity, CaCl2 solution of 1.5M as a crosslinker, maltodextrin as lyoprotectant and were dried using the freeze-drying method. The result of microspheres characterization, gentamicin microsphere was spherical with smooth surface structure and had particle diameter of 3.021 ± 0.017μm. Gentamicin microspheres had moisture content 2.89%, and maximum swelling index was 2625 ± 21.70% was achieved within 5 hours. The drug loading of microspheres was 1.75 ± 0.11%, and entrapment efficiency was 10.96 ± 0.19%. The release evaluation during 720 minutes showed that the amount of gentamicin release from alginate microspheres on emulgel base was 14.857 ± 0.816%, and gentamicin release on emulgel conventional was 49.239 ± 5.954%. The model of release kinetics of gentamicin microspheres on emulgel was Higuchi model that showed the release of the active ingredient through the diffusion process. While the model of release kinetics of gentamicin on emulgel base was first order, that showed the release of active agent depends on remaining concentration.
Synthesis New Liquid Electrodes for Determination Lansoprzole Based on a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer
Authors: Mahdi Zahraa , Al-Bayati Yehya Kamal
Published: January 2021

Liquid electrodes of Lansoprazole (LP) imprinted polymer was synthesis based on precipitation polymerization mechanism. The molecularly imprinted (MIP) and non-imprinted (NIP) polymers were synthesized using LP as a template. By methyl methacrylate (MMA) as a monomer,
Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PTA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linkers and benzoyl peroxide (BP) as an initiator. The molecularly imprinted membranes were synthesized using Dimethyl adipate (DMA), Dibutyl phthalate (DBPH), Dioctyl phthalate(DOPH), and Nitrobenzene (NB) as plasticizers in PVC matrix. The slopes and limit of detection of liquid electrodes obtained from the calibration curves ranged from (-17.85– -20.89) mV/decade and 1.8 x 10-5–6.0 x 10-6 M, respectively, and the response time was about 60 seconds. The Liquid electrodes were filled with 10-2 M standard solution of the drug and observed stable response for a pH ranged from 2.0 to 11.0 and with good selectivity for over several species. The fresh electrodes of synthesis were effectively used in the pharmaceutical sample to determine LP without any time-consuming pretreatment measures.
Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Thymus vulgaris Ethanolic Leaf Extract Combination with Partially Purified Lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis in Mice
Authors: Al-Dahbi Ali M , Awad Ihsan Dhari
Published: January 2021

The current study was carried out to study a high injection dose of the ethanolic extract thymus vulgaris leaf (500 ug /Kg) against the immune response combination with partially purified extracted Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) from Proteus mirablis.Study groups were included four groups; Group I :treated with normal saline. Group II : treated with LPS antigen, Group III: injected subcutaneously ((500 ug /Kg) from ethanolic extract thymus vulgaris, group IV : injected subcutaneously (500 ug /Kg) from ethanolic extract thymus vulgaris leaf and LPS antigen, the immunological assays were measured through the phagocytic activity as (non specific immunity) after day 8 by using the phagocytic activity index.After day I4 the lymphocyte proliferations was estimated by MTT index. For delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction,the result was measured at 24, 48 and 72 hours after LPS antigens injection.While for Humoral immune response, after day 21 and day 28 the antibody production was estimated by indirect immunoflourescent and by Gel electrophoreses.The results were showed no significant difference in the NBT index between Groups but noticed Group III had a value lower than Group II, While the MTT results were revealed, Group IV had the highest value. In the other side of the study the DTH results showed Group IV had the highest value after 48 hr with significant differences (P≤0.05), in addition, the humoral immune response results were consisted gel electrophoresis and indirect immunoflourescent results showed after day 21 and day 28 Group IV had the highest value. The results was showed the ethanolic extract thymus in a high concentration combination with LPS from P. mirabilis had effects on the immune response particularly Humoral immune response and Cellular immune response but still act as anti inflammatory role as revealed in many previous studies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some 4- Substituted Thiazolidinone Derivatives
Authors: Magtoof Zainab Ryad , Magtoof Mahmood Shakir
Published: January 2021

This study is concerned with the synthesis and characterization of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives (3a-3e). These compounds were prepared by reacting mercaptoacetic acid with the appropriate Schiff bases (imines) by heating at 50-60 °C in chloroform with moderate yields (51- 75 %). The structures of these 4-thiazolidinone derivatives were established on the basis of spectral studies using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and13C-NMR DEPT .
Method Development and Validation For Determining Stability of Omadacycline In Biological Matrices By Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: B Satya Prasad , S Jaya Kumari
Published: January 2021

The validated protein precipitation method was applied for the estimation of Omadacycline (OM) in human plasma with Omadacycline-D9 (OMD9) as an internal standard (ISTD) by using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18, 2.1 x 50 mm, 3.5 μm, was selected as the analytical column. The column temperature was set at 45°C. Mobile phase composition was 0.1% formic acid: methanol (80:20 v/v). Source flow rate of 300 μL/min without a split. An injection volume of 10 μL. Omadacycline and Omadacycline-D9 mesylate were eluted at 1.2 ± 0.2 min, with a total run time of 3.0 min for each sample. The mass transitions of Omadacycline and Omadacycline-D9 obtained were m/z 557.6 ® 456.6 and 566.7 ® 456.6, respectively. The standard curve shows a correlation coefficient (r2) greater than 0.9983 with a range of 5.00 to 12000.00 pg/ml using the linear regression model.
Identification of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Multi-Drug Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Clinical Isolates of Iraqi Patients (Zq Strains), Using Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Qasim Zainab J , Kadhim Haider Sabah , Abdulamir Ahmed Sahib
Published: January 2021

Background: The recent emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii ) has raised concern in health care settings in Iraq. This is the first report of the whole genome sequence of A. baumannii ZQ isolated from Iraqi patients. To better comprehend the repertoire of MDR genetic elements and organization, we compared the genome sequences of eight extended drug-resistant (XDR) and two less drug-resistant A. baumannii ZQ strains with that of other completely sequenced A. baumannii from divergent worldwide distributed isolates.Results: In consistence with their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, ZQ genomes harbors high to moderate numbers of genetic determinants, including β-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, efflux pumps, modifications of target sites. Several strains showed nearly identical genome sequence, frequent structural variation was detected even between the closely related strains.Conclusion: In general, the shorter the genetic distance among strains, the less insertion/deletion events proceed. However, frequent genomic changes was observed even inside the closely related strains of A. baumannii. Antimicrobial resistance genes are likely to be the target accumulating such variations, suggesting that the resistance elements respond actively to the selection pressure in the hospital setting. Besides the lateral acquisition of genetic material from resistant bacterial strains, the drastic issues is associated with continuous presence of intrinsic resistance genes in the genome of A. baumannii, which are ready to be boosted by exposure to sub-inhibitory levels of the antibiotics in the environment and might also play an important role in the evolution of resistance to the new derivatives of different antibiotic classes.
The Utilisation of Standard Addition Method for The Determination of Ibuprofen in Liquid Dosage Form
Authors: Alazawy Rajwan A , Al Ani Awatef A Ebrahim , Alkhafaji Sura L
Published: January 2021

Objective: The use of the standard addition method is common in drug analysis protocols. This study aims to quantify the ibuprofen within a pharmaceutical liquid preparation with the aid of a standard addition method relying on robust studies employing the UV-Visible spectrophotometric techniques.
Methods: The oral pediatric syrup liquid dosage form of ibuprofen (Brufen®), wear diluted and inoculated with predetermined spikes of the ibuprofen standards. Consequently, these prepared samples were analyzed, employing UV-Vis techniques.
Results: The absorbance versus concentration standard curve was plotted for Brufen®. This curve shows good linearity. The regression coefficient of 0.9942. The Limit of detection (LOD = 3SD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ = 10SD) were found to be 0.00755 and 0.02517, respectively. The percent amount was found to be 101.533% of ibuprofen content.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the researchers find the standard addition method as a reliable method to acquire rapid, economy, and validated the method for the quantitation of ibuprofen oral pediatric syrup dosage forms, thus, can be utilized in routine laboratory drug-analysis works.
The effect of Silver Nanoparticle Induced Diabetic on Wound Healing Full Thickness Pseudomonas aeruginosa Contaminated Mouse Skin Wound Models
Authors: Jasim Thamer Mutlag , Latif Abas Adel
Published: January 2021

This research was considered to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNps)and following experimental diabetic. In the present study. Thirty healthy swiss mice aged between 7-8 weeks, old male mice and divided into six groups of five animals. Diabetic induced mice by using intraperitoneal (IP) injection of alloxan (180 mg lkg). Group 1 included non diabetic control, Group 2 Diabetic, Group 3 Diabetic +0.01 mg AgNps Group 4 Diabetic +0.05 AgNps, Group 5 Diabetic+ wound contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Group 6 ( diabetic +contaminated wound + silver nanoparticle (Ag Nps). Silver nanoparticle show ample antibacterial activities. The result of the current study introduced an invivo silvernanoparticle accelerate by effects on the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected skin wound. The present study was conducted to synthesis the AgNps biologically and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa diabetes induced by Alloxan in mice. Adminstration of silver nanoparticle resulted in significance antidiabetic effects that is is improved glucose tolerance higher source. The current study results are presented for the first time which suggest for the development of AgNps as anantdiabetic factor in future. The broad spectrum of bioactivity of AgNPs makes them promising agent not only to fight infection, but to sterile the wound and accelerate wound healing. There were significant higher wound healing scores in Nanoparticle treated group. Compared with control group. These result suggest that nanoparticle may be useful in diabetic wound healing. Treatment with asingle dose of AGNPs produced amild reduction in blood glucose and some reduction in plasma insulin at 2 h.The present results revealed the potential of the synthesized Ag-NPs as safer bactericidal agents for the treatment of diabetes induced wound contaminated with P.aeruginosa.
Omeprazole Prescription Habit
Authors: Alshammari Elham
Published: January 2021

The study aims is to examine the frequency of omeprazole prescription from all the prescriptions received by a pharmacist in a single day. Besides, the author examines the cost of dispensed omeprazole. This research is inspired by the fact that medication errors were the leading cause of severe physical injury and death to patients. Additionally, such preventable errors are also associated with intense financial, emotional as well as psychological stress to both healthcare providers and the healthcare organization in general. The study adopted a cross-sectional study through collecting as well as the screening of all the prescription orders undertaken in one day from 7:30 am to 1:45 pm. The research found that a prescription error leads to wastage of the resources with estimated annual cost of 336,415.56 for omeprazole as well as 431037.984 USD for ranitidine while at the same time necessitates the rational prescription habit to suppress the detrimental effects of omeprazole and ranitidine.
Psychiatric and Socio Demographical Profile of Substance Abuse Offenders, In Al-Rashad Training Hospital, Forensic Department, Iraq
Authors: Humadi Basheer F , Adeeb Ghada K , Alamery Ali H
Published: January 2021

Background: Substance use disorder and mental illness are a major burden within the criminal justice system and within the general health services. It is difficult to study this relationship outside of prisoners’ populations, as both mental disorders and severe drug dependence are risk factors for violent actions and crimes.
Aim: To detect the substance abuse offenders and assess the psychiatric illnesses among them and to study the socio-demographical characteristic of the selected sample.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in AL Rashad Hospital, Forensic Department in Baghdad. It is a descriptive retrospective study. Case files of (40) offenders with different charges concerning substance crimes, examined by the forensic committee in 2017 were studied. Comprehensive data were collected and analyzed by the SPSS 23.
Results: The study showed that offenders with SUD mainly of the young age groups (20-29) and (30-39) were married with unstable financial resources, illiterate, and related to urban regions. The personality disorder had significant comorbidity with SUD, the use of the CNS stimulant group and multiple substance abuse was the bulk of the problem. The past psychiatric history was positive 75% of the sample, while the forensic psychiatric history was positive in 25% only. Najaf, Baghdad, and Basra were the most affected governorates.
Conclusions: The result of this study doesn’t represent the SUD problem in Iraq; the problem may be bigger than this, and substance abuse-related crimes are increasing rapidly. The study only describes some of the psychiatric and socio-demographical characteristics of substance abuse offenders who were sent by the court for diagnosing and assessing the culpability by the Forensic committee.
The Role of Bacteria in Urinary Tract Infection Incidence in Students University
Authors: Makki Mytham Abas
Published: January 2021

This study was carried out from November 2016 to March 2017. One hundred sixty study samples were collected from the students of the university weekly, which were studied by conducting bacteriological tests on them within 24 hours from the date of collecting the sample, the results of the study showed the isolation and diagnosis of different bacterial species with varying prevalence rates. The Escherichia coli showed the highest incidence of 50% followed by Enterococcus fecalis 36.2%, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa 34.8%, Enterobacter cloacae 26.8%, Staphylococcus aureus had a prevalence rate of 22.5%. Salmonella typhi had a prevalence rate of 16.6%. Proteus mirabilis showed an average prevalence of 12%. Klebsiella pneumonia was 9.4%, while Vibrio parahaemolyticus and showed the lowest incidence of 0.7%. The results of the study showed that the total number of infected cases was 138 of the studied samples, 86.2%, distributed among 80(50%) in female infection cases, and In males (58) infection cases, a rate of 36.2%.
Comparative Study of Hormonal and IL-6 Levels Among Infertile Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Healthy Women
Authors: Al-Janabi Lamees M
Published: January 2021

Background: The most common endocrine illness that affects older women with childbearing age is Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The prevalence ranges from 8%-13% according to the definitions used and residents utilized.
Materials and methods: Illness with the infertile ovarian syndrome and a medical referral were studied to Al Hussain Educational Hospital to the infertility center during the period from August to November 2017. The diagnosis of the illness was serene under the supervision of gynecologists and according to clinical indications. Laboratory discovery. This project investigated 80 healthy people and 90 illness with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hormone levels, including prolactin, TSH, FSH and TSH, and blood samples were measured, and the IL-6 level concentration was examined.
Results: Results exemplify that there was no important alteration between illness and controls regarding age, TSH, and prolactin, while the LH and estradiol were suggestively advanced in illness in comparison to controls, P-value andGLT;0.001. The FSH and progesterone were suggestively lesser in illness as compared to controls, p-value ≤ 0.001. Results displays that there was an important difference of IL-6 altitudes in illness comparison to controls, P-value andGLT;0.001.
Conclusion: This indicates the close connotation between the ovary and pituitary axis. The polycystic ovary syndrome is an inflammatory illness that will lead to the rise of many inflammatory cytokines such as; IL-6.
The Effect of Wounding, Indole Butyric Acid Levels, and Cutting Date on Rooting Ability of Ficus benghalensis
Authors: Ahmed Mahmood S H , Abdulrazzaq Zeyad M. , Sharqi Mohammed M , Al-Shaheen Mustafa R.
Published: January 2021

The experiment was conducted in the plastic house of the Department of Horticulture and Gardening Engineering at College of Agriculture, Anbar University during the period from March to September 2019 to study the effect of wounding, levels of indole butyric acid, and date of cutting on the rotting ability of ficus. The experiment was carried out using complete randomized design (CRD) with a factorial experiment consisting of three factors; the first factor involved applying two levels of wounding (without wounding, two wounds at the base of the cutting); the second factor included the treatment of the cutting base with four levels of indole butyric acid (0, 1,500, 2,000, and 3,000 mg-liter-1), while the third factor was the date of cuttings (March and April). The results showed superiority of cutting during March on the percentage of rooting (99%), the number of days required for rooting (22 days), number of roots (89 per plant), a diameter of the roots (0.75 mm), and length of the roots (17.33 cm).
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Pimpinella anisum Oils and its Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Mohammed Muthanna J. , Ebraheem Hiyam A.
Published: January 2021

Essential and fixed oils of anise plant Pimpinella anisum growing in Iraq have been investigated regarding their chemical components, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Essential oils were extracted using the Clevenger-apparatus, while fixed oil was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the analysis of the oil components. Six strains of bacteria, namely S. epidermidis, S. aureus, E. coli, B. cereus, P. vulgaris, and S. typhimurium were tested against the antimicrobial activity of each oil. Anise oil demonstrated a broad antibacterial property range, against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, through the inhibition zone. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by disk diffusion process against the test organisms. The agar dilution method was used at five different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) throughout the test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for each volatile and fixed oil. The DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to test the antioxidant activities of essential and fixed oils. Anise oil showed excellent antioxidant activity, in comparison with the reference compounds. Anise oil has the potential to be used as a therapeutic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agent.
Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Determination of Atenolol and Nifedipine in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Ahmed Ansari Yaasir , Shoeb Qazi , Rumana Umme , Afroza Patel , Tajkhan Pathan Vahid , Shaharukh Makrani
Published: January 2021

The new stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated with different parameters for atenolol (ATE) and nifedipine (NIFE) in the combined dosage form. The chromatographic conditions were optimized using a mobile phase of MeOH:OPA (70:30) with a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. Column (C18) of 4.6 × 250 mm dimension was used as a stationary phase; the particle size capacity of the column was 5 μm. The detection was carried out at 233 nm. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines for linearity, precision, repeatability, the limit of detection (LoD), and limit of quantitation (LoQ). The response was found to be linear in the concentration range of 20 to 100 mcg/mL for ATE and 1 to 5 mcg/mL for NIFE. The developed method shows the minimum quantity of drugs to be identified (LoD) and minimum drug to be quantified (LoQ). The LoD and LoQ were found to be 0.1415 and 0.4289, respectively, for ATE, and 0.1834 and 0.5558, respectively, for NIFE. The method was linear, simple, precise, and accurate and, therefore, suitable for routine analysis of drugs in tablet form. The forced degradation studies were also done through the exposure of analyte solution to four different stress conditions.
Evaluation of Application of Effective Vaccine Management
in Wassit Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Zayer Jalal A R , Chiad Ishraq A
Published: January 2021

Background: Immunization helps save a life, protect serious illness, and improve quality of life. It is recognized as one of the most cost-effective public health interventions available around the globe. However, the success of this program is heavily dependent on strong immunization supply chain practices. Proper immunization supply chain management ensures availing potent and live vaccines to the community.
Objective: To evaluate the application of effective vaccine management in health facilities of Wassit Governorate, Iraq.
Subjects and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study involving a multistage sampling. A total of 45 health facilities sites were selected, as follows: one sub-national store (SN), six district store (LD), and thirty eight service point (SP) by using effective vaccine management (EVM) questionnaire, interview, reviewing the records, and observations for the agreed review period.
Results: The overall scores of this assessment for all levels (SN, LD, and SP) of the supply chain 66.6% demonstrates a need for more improvement in most areas of the vaccine and supply management system as only two criteria (storage capacity E3 and vaccine management practices E8) exceeds the WHO recommended minimum score of 80%. Performance levels of one criteria (building, equipment E4) were about 72% storage temperature (E2), maintenance(E5) and stock management (E6) were between 61 and 68%, while the vaccine distribution (E7), and information management (E9) were notably very weak with performance in each category less than 60%.
Conclusions: The national average percentage at all levels was below the WHO recommended minimum score of 80%.
Recommendation: The future vaccine storage capacity must be recalculated and stored to enter any new vaccine, receive large quantities of the influenza vaccine, and replace vaccine refrigerators at the sector level with cold rooms to accommodate current and future increases.
Carbon Nanotubes as Emerging Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery: An Overview
Authors: Suttee Ashish , Mishra Vijay , Singh Manvendra , Nayak Pallavi , Sriram Pavani
Published: January 2021

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been frequently acquired as one of the fascinating and advanced nanocarriers for drug delivery and many potential applications due to its unique physicochemical properties. During recent years CNTs have been attracted by many researchers as a drug delivery carrier. CNTs are the third allotropic form of carbon-fullerenes rolled into cylindrical tubes. To be integrated into the biological systems, CNTs can be chemically modified or functionalized with therapeutically active molecules by forming stable covalent bonds or supramolecular assemblies based on noncovalent interactions. Owing to their high carrying capacity, biocompatibility, and specificity to cells, various cancer cells have been explored with CNTs for evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters, cell viability, cytotoxicity, and drug delivery in tumor cells.
Niosomes: Potential Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery
Authors: Suttee Ashish , Mishra Vijay , Nayak Pallavi , Singh Manvendra , Sriram Pavani
Published: January 2021

Niosomes are novel vesicular drug delivery systems, where the solution is surrounded by non-ionic surfactant vesicles. The niosomes offer different benefits over the traditional drug delivery system. Niosomes are structurally similar to liposomes, as they also consist of a bilayer. In the case of niosomes, the bilayer consists of non-ionic surface-active agents instead of phospholipids, as seen in liposomes. Niosomes are much more stable during the process of formulation and storage, as compared to liposomes. Niosomes may resolve the issues of insolubility, volatility, poor bioavailability, and rapid drug degradation. It has been discovered in recent years that, these vesicles can enhance drug bioavailability and can act as a new strategy to deliver many conventional therapeutic agents, such as, protein drugs, and gene materials. It is also easy to prepare and scale up this novel delivery system with low production costs. The delivery of drugs via niosomal formulations may be relevant to several pharmacological agents for their activity against different diseases. The present review provides an overview about the advantages and disadvantages, fabrication techniques, types, characterization technique, and different applications of niosomes.
Comparative Hypoglycaemic Activity of Fixed Dose Combination Anti-Diabetic Formulations Versus Respective Monotherapies in Diabetic Rabbits
Authors: Chinta Rajarao , Pilli Rohini
Published: January 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease of impaired glucose homeostasis and chronic hyperglycemia. Current approaches for the treatment frequently involving the use of combination therapy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the hypoglycaemic activity of fixed-dose combination anti-diabetic formulations and respective individual agents using rabbits as an animal model. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of alloxan monohydrate at a dose of 150 mg/kg. Individual drugs and combination tablets were administered to experimental groups. Fasting blood glucose level was estimated at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours using glucometer. Data were statistically analyzed using student t-test and p less than 0.05 considered as statistically significant. The reduction in fasting blood glucose level in diabetes-induced rabbits was significantly higher with combination products compared to individual drugs. Fixed-dose combination products had shown improved glycaemic control than individual agents. Fixed-dose combination therapy can be used as a suitable option for selected patients requiring multiple glucose-lowering therapies for use as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Challenges of HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Assay of Bemotrizinol from Complex Matrix in Cosmeceutical Preparation
Authors: Jana Kallol S , Mahanti Beduin
Published: January 2021

A simple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the assay of bemotrizinol (Tinosorb-S) from the complex pharmaceutical cosmetics matrix. Unlike the existing methods, the proposed mobile phase used in this method is very simple and excluding buffer. The use of buffer reducing column longevity and also a time-consuming process which increases the cost of analysis. To overcome all the referred problems, the present article was developed and validated as per International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The reverse-phase chromatography was performed on Shimadzu model no. SPD-M10A VP with LC solution software, μBondapack (3.9 × 300 mm, 10-micron particle size) column with methanol (100%) as mobile phase at a flow rate 2.5 mL per minutes and UV detection at 254 nm. The retention time of bemotrizinol was found in 17.599 minutes, and the linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship in the concentration range 70 to 130 μg/mL. The value of the correlation coefficient, slope, and intercept were 0.996, 7,715, and 15,320, respectively. The limit of quantification (LoQ) and limit of detection (LoD) were found to be 1.32 and 0.44, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for intra-day sample A 1.0858, sample B 0.8859, and inter-day sample A 0.9921, sample B 0.967 which were found to be lesser than 2%. The developed method was validated with regard to linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, and robustness, and the method was found to be simple, cost-effective, precise, accurate, linear, and specific for the successful identification and determination of bemotrizinol in pharmaceutical cosmetic preparation.
Novel Isocratic RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation of Rosuvastatin and Fenofibrate in Tablets
Authors: Kudupudi Chandrasekhar , Ayyar Manikandan
Published: January 2021

A novel, simple, selective, precise, and accurate reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) gradient method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin and fenofibrate in the combined formulation. The drugs atorvastatin calcium and fenofibrate were separated in the presence of their impurities atorvastatin related compound H, fenofibrate related compound A, and fenofibrate related compound B. The drugs and related compounds were separated on Kromasil C18 (250 x 4.6, 5μ) with reverse-phase gradient elution. Water adjusted pH 4.0 with phosphoric acid used as a buffer in pump A and acetonitrile used as a solvent in pump B as a mobile phase with gradient elution. The flow rate was 2.0 mL/min. 254 nm was the detection wavelength. The retention times were about 4.6 minutes for fenofibrate related compound A, 5.2 minutes for atorvastatin calcium, 5.7 minutes for fenofibrate related compound B, 8.7 minutes for atorvastatin related compound H, and 17.6 minutes for fenofibrate. The linearity ranges for atorvastatin calcium and fenofibrate were 5.00 to 15.00 and 80 to 240 mcg/mL, respectively, with correlation coefficient 0.999 for both. The proposed method validated statistically with respect to system suitability, specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, range, robustness, and ruggedness. The method was accurate, linear, precise, specific, selective, and rapid suitable for the quantitative estimation of atorvastatin and fenofibrate in tablets.
Modelagem de viabilidade econômica para sistemas fotovoltaicos de geração distribuída
Authors: Nadler Eduardo Pereira , Perrelli Antonio
Published: January 2021

Sistemas fotovoltaicos de micro e minigeração distribuída destacam-se como uma alternativa para que os consumidores possam utilizar a energia gerada por seus sistemas a fim de suprir suas necessidades de consumo. A vida útil de projetos de geração distribuída é de aproximadamente 25 anos, período estimado para que o sistema produza pelo menos 80% de sua capacidade inicial. Com o propósito de avaliar a viabilidade econômica de instalação de sistemas fotovoltaicos neste período, comumente são utilizados softwares existentes no mercado. Este artigo tem por finalidade modelar a tomada de decisão do consumidor e aplicar o Método de Monte Carlo para efetuar simulações de risco-retorno.
Análise Comparativa da Tecnologia Fotovoltaica Aplicada Em Microgeração Fixa e Sistema Tracker Com o Mínimo de Engrenagens
Authors: De Sá Ribeiro Carlos Alexandre , De Melo Filho José Bione
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo, tem como objetivo mensurar o ganho de eficiência em um sistema de painel solar seguidor com um sistema fixo tradicional. Poderemos ver o aumento da eficiência de captação solar em painéis fotovoltaicos com um sistema tracker, usando o mínimo de engrenagens e a partir de software aberto, gratuito e de boa eficiência. Para realização desta análise de eficiência usaremos o software PVsyst. A plataforma usada para automação do tracker será feita através do Arduino. Aplicando as diretrizes de movimento sugeridas pelo PVsyst poderemos observar um ganho de até 30% de geração de energia, tomando como parâmetros um projeto sendo aplicado em Gravatá –PE. Com a nossa proposta de usar o mínimo de engrenagens possível no sistema tracker, reduziremos consideravelmente manutenções e defeitos deste sistema.
Diagnóstico e Recuperação das Patologias Em Alvenarias de Vedação de Um Hospital Brasileiro
Authors: Queiroz Lira Virgínia , Alves Tenório de Morais Gabriela , Macedo de Abreu Marina , Casado Lordsleem Jr. Alberto
Published: January 2021

A pesquisa objetiva diagnosticar, classificar e elaborar propostas de recuperação para as patologias das alvenarias de vedação encontradas em hospital. A metodologia envolve o estudo de caso que inclui: revisão da literatura; coleta de dados e análise de informações sobre a edificação; definição do nível da inspeção; realização da vistoria de inspeção; descrição e classificação das manifestações patológicas encontradas através do método FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis); e proposição de técnicas para recuperação. Foram identificadas as seguintes patologias: fissuras; umidade e bolor. As principais contribuições deste trabalho são: descrição das etapas adotadas para elaboração do diagnóstico e classificação das patologias e apresentação de propostas de recuperação, instrumento de apoio aos gestores das edificações na contratação dos serviços de recuperação.
DOMESTIC PIGMENTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF IRON OXIDE DEHYDRATION CATALYSTS
Authors: Набиуллин Ильгиз Раисович , Ахмадгалеев Камиль Динарович
Published: January 2021

В данной работе представлены результаты лабораторных испытаний катализаторов дегидрирования метилбутенов (изоамиленов) в изопрен, синтезированных на основе железоокисных пигментов от разных производителей. По результатам лабораторных и опытно-промышленных испытаний катализаторов установлено, что железооксидный контакт на основе отечественного пигмента в промышленных условиях не уступает по эксплуатационным показателям катализатору, синтезированному с использованием гематита импортной поставки.

This work presents the results of laboratory tests of dehydrogenation catalysts of methylbutenes (isoamylenes) in isoprene synthesized based on iron oxide pigments from different manufacturers. According to the results of laboratory and pilot tests of the catalysts, it was found that the iron oxide contact based on domestic pigment under industrial conditions is not inferior in performance to the catalyst synthesized using imported hematite
RESEARCH OF THE KINETICS OF PYROLYSIS OF CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE AND HDPE
Authors: Чалов Кирилл Вячеславович , Луговой Юрий Владимирович , Сульман Михаил Геннадьевич , Косивцов Юрий Юрьевич
Published: January 2021

В данной работе представлено исследование кинетики процесса термодеструкции полимеров. Процесс пиролиза полиэтилена высокого давления и сшитого полиэтилена изучался методом термогравиметрии. Для определения кинетической модели деструкции и параметров Аррениуса разложение образцов проводилось с различной скоростью нагрева (2,5; 5 и 10 К/мин). В ходе моделирования процесса пиролиза была определена наиболее адекватная модель: термодеструкция включает две последовательные стадии с автокатализом на первой стадии. Энергии активации деструкции полиэтилена составили 111 и 91 кДж/моль для первой и второй стадии соответственно. В случае сшитого полиэтилена - 175 и 308 кДж/моль.

This paper presents a study of the kinetics of the process of thermal degradation of polymers. The pyrolysis process of high-pressure polyethylene and cross-linked polyethylene was studied by thermogravimetry. To determine the kinetic model of destruction and Arrhenius parameters, the samples were decomposed at different heating rates (2.5, 5, and 10 K / min). During the simulation of the pyrolysis process, the most adequate model was determined: thermal degradation includes two consecutive stages with autocatalysis at the first stage. The activation energies of polyethylene degradation were 111 and 91 kJ/mol for the first and second stages, respectively. In the case of cross-linked polyethylene - 175 and 308 kJ/mol.