bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waterfront Labour Reform in New Zealand: Pressures, Processes and Outcomes
Authors: Reveley James
Published: March 2007

New Zealand's programmes of waterfront reform, and of labour market deregula tion through the Employment Contracts Act 1991, have both attracted considerable attention from state reformers and organised business interests in Aus tralia. This article examines the combined effects of these legislative interventions on employment relations on the waterfront, and sounds a note of warning to tbose wbo seek to emulate the New Zealand experience. It argues that the causes and consequences of the process of waterfront labour reform can only be understood in the context of the historic effects of tbe 'bureau' system of labour administration, the scheme that regu lated the employment of watersiders for almost fifty years. While the abolition of this scheme in 1989, together with award restructuring, has increased the efficiency of New Zealand ports, recent moves by employers to increase labour flexibility' using the Employment Contracts Act 1991 have the potential to undermine these gains. This piece of legislation has eroded union coverage, led to the re-casualisation of a significant proportion of waterfront employment, allowed opportunistic small firms back, onto the waterfront, and opened up unbridled competition based on cutting labour costs in a manner that is having a detrimental effect on the work lives of watersiders. This development is counterproductive, given tbe continuing centrality of labour to tbe workflow systems, both container and conventional, on the waterfront.
Was Working Nation Working?
Authors: Junankar P.N. , Kapuscinski Cezary A.
Published: March 2007

After several months of research and consultation, the Labor government intro duced, in May 1994, with its publication of Working Nation, a set of labour market programmes targeted at the long-term unemployed. With the new Coalition government taking office in March 1996, we saw tbe end of Working Nation. Did Working Nation labour market programmes lead to a reduction in general unem ployment and a decline in long-term unemployment? This paper attempts to evoluate this particular aspect of its success by applying econometric methods to macroeconomic data. Our results suggest that although Working Nation had a very short life, it succeeded in helping the long-term unemployed: it was a valuable social and economic experiment.
Gender, Skill and the Regulation of Labour Markets: Victoria 1890-1930
Authors: Frances Raelene
Published: March 2007

Peter Macarthy drew our attention to tbe critical role of unskilled labour in the mouvement towards the establishment of the Victorian wages boards. The reversal of the fortunes of male unskilled workers during the 1890s depression, be argues, provoked widespread sympathy both within and outside the labour mouvement and resulted in a broad coalition of political and industrial forces prepared to intervene in the labour market in the interests of the fair; living wage. While I would not wish to dispute the importance of the pressure generated by the unskilled, or suggest that there was no element of altruism in the support offered by craft unions for their cause, subsequent research has highlighted the ways in which skilled workers supported the wages boards for their own reasons and used the boards to pursue their own agendas. This article will therefore explore the ways in which skilled workers attempted to use the wages boards to protect the status of craftsmen by controlling the competition from women and boys. It will also assess the effectiveness of these strategies in the context of the changing market for female labour; arguing that the declining supply of female industrial workers in the early twentieth century was more important than restrictive wages board provisions in containing the competition from female labour.
The Peace of Nicias
Authors: Legon Ronald P.
Published: March 2007

Legon sees the Peace of Nicias, generally regarded as a stalemate, as a limited Athenian victory; he analyzes the nature of the victory at some length. He considers the influence of military events, domestic pressures, and relations with allies upon Sparta; the escalation of Athenian war aims in face of a Spartan peace offer; Athens' reasons for later agreeing to a peace; and how the nature of the Athenian "victory" was related to the resumption of the war.
Intra-State Imperialism
Authors: Misra K.P.
Published: March 2007

In recent years the imperialistic exploitative rela tionship has manifested itself at the intra-state level. In many countries we come across situations in which one caste, class, or region has attempted to become more prosperous and dominant at the cost of others within a nation, giving rise to what we may call intra-state imperialism.

This paper attempts a study of exploitative structures with reference to East Pakistan in the sphere of politics, economics, and culture. The study presents three theoretical propositions which have a measure of general relevance also: the intra-state exploitative structures (a) are more pro nounced in the poor nations than in the rich, (b) tend to develop in large-size poor nations more than in the small ones, and (c) can be created and sustained more in authoritarian political systems than in a democratic system.

These propositions may be tested in the light of the experience of the exploitative structures in numerous other countries also. It is hoped that the conclusions of the paper may be used as building blocks in the construction of a new theory of imperialism.
A World Population Policy for the World Population Year
Authors: Muhsam H.V.
Published: March 2007

World population problems have remained the con cern of demographers and historians. Even today, when politicians or international organizations deal with such questions, they consider them either an individual and personal, or a specifically internal and national problem, rather than viewing the population issue from a global perspective.

The author argues that individual and national population decisions impinge on broader interests- illustrated by the 'tragedy of the commons', here explained in game theoretical terms. He urges that for the World Population Year 1974, the world population problem be presented as a dilemma of worldwide scale, soluble only by worldwide action.
Racism in Children's and Young People's Literature in the Western World
Authors: Becker Joerg
Published: March 2007

In nearly all young people's books, historical and social processes are viewed from an individualistic perspective; thus it is assumed that racial problems can be solved on the individual level only. This is usually done by appealing to pity and charity, thereby degrading the coloured people to mere ob jects.

The Negro-African is often associated with ani mal behaviour and instinct. Both the Negro- African and the Afro-American are rarely por trayed as autonomous, independent human beings; initiative and activity are the domain of the white. The Afro-American is not allowed to display a value system of his own, he appears as a human being who has completely internalized the value system of white America.

Together with several other media with racist overtones, these kinds of young people's books legitimize subtle forms of neo-colonialism.
The Demography of Structural Violence
Authors: Høivik Tord
Published: March 2007

The distribution of a society's resources affects not only the standard of living, but the chances of survival itself. A more equal distribution will normally increase the average length of life in society as a whole. The loss of life from an unequal distribution is an as pect of structural violence: violence inherent in the social order. We here develop measures of structural violence based on the potential increase in life expectancy, and show how they are related to the annual number of deaths and total death rates. One main result is the equality between the percentage loss of life years, and the percentage of deaths due to struc tural violence, when the population is in stationary equilibrium.

A cohort approach is used to investigate structural violence over time. Methods for dealing with empirical, non-stationary populations are also developed. The amount of structural vio lence in the global society is calculated as an example, and compared with Köhler and Al cock's work. We find, for 1970, a potential life expectancy of 72 years, while the actual value was 53 years. The index of structural violence (ISV), which measures the intensity, is .26; and the quantity of structural violence (QSV), which corresponds to the number of dead, equals 18 million annual deaths from structural violence.
The Outbreak and Termination of the Pacific War: A Juxtaposition of American Preconceptions
Authors: Ben-Zvi Abraham
Published: March 2007

The article juxtaposes the predominant preconceptions and beliefs pertaining to Japanese military capabilities and predisposition to take risks, held by a number of U. S. decision makers on the eve of the Pacific War, with those adhered to during the last phases of that conflagration. The analysis indicates that misperceived notions contributed both to the outbreak of the War and to the manner in which it was terminated.

The central lesson emerging from this study in misperception can be formulated as the need to evaluate tactical field information on its own, and to avoid interpreting such data solely in the light of a priori strategic assumptions which inevitably reflect the decision maker's images of an opponent.

As the article demonstrates, U. S. policy makers on both occasions analyzed tended to discount the flow of tactical indicators which contradicted their assessments of the opponent's capabilities and propensity to take risks. Thus, as a means for improving the decision-making process, particularly during periods of acute crisis or war (when policy makers are especially susceptible to the influence of preconceived images), the article suggests that increased weight should be given to tactical indicators when these are at variance with strategic assumptions.
Colonial Transformation of Agrarian Society in Algeria
Authors: Halvorsen Kjell H.
Published: March 2007

There exists considerable disagreement as to what effect capitalism has on non-capitalist social systems; to what extent is capitalism instrumental in bringing about changes in these systems, and what is the direction of change? These and other related questions are discussed in this article in the case of the colonisation of Algeria from 1830 to about 1900.

The first part offers a description of pre-colonial tribal society. Three characteristics are viewed as having been vital for this society: (1) sufficient access to land for its extensive form of agriculture; (2) ability to maintain a certain subsistence balance, and to adjust this balance in case of changing conditions; (3) social institutions which made land inalienable, preserving it for the tribes and the families.

The main part of the article is concerned with various ways in which the French appro priated land from Algerian peasants. This was done partly by the administration's expropria tion of land, either as reprisals for resisting the French occupation, or for 'public utility' purposes. An administrative delimitation of the tribes' territories further reduced the land at the disposal of the tribes. The most serious attack on the peasants' land was the generalisation of private property rights as the sole land tenure form, by legal measures and administrative practices. Factors which contributed to 'release' land for the market are considered in some detail.

The result of the 19th century colonization process was the creation of an export-oriented colonial agriculture with wine as its major product. Peasant society, deprived of essential means of subsistence, was no longer able to reproduce itself on the basis of its own produc tion. Integrated in the colonial division of labour, its further development was circumscribed by structures that had underdevelopment as their product.
British Military Intervention after World War II: Militance in a Second-Rank Power
Authors: Van Wingen John , Tillema Herbert K.
Published: March 2007

The United Kingdom practiced foreign military intervention more than thirty times in more than twenty countries after World War II. She used force more extensively than any other major country despite her reduced status in the post-war era. The question is whether Britain's extensive military activity can be explained in the same terms as those often used to account for the militance of some great powers. Where, when, and why Britain initiated thirty-four military interventions between 1949 and 1970 are examined. It is found that most interventions were limited to countries within the bounds of the post-war Empire in the immediate vicinity of an Army base, experiencing political violence, whose authorities might officially request British action. These limits constrained where and when England appealed to arms more rigidly after World War II than before, and more rigidly than is usually expected among great powers. In addition, some functions often attributed to imperial or great power military intervention are evaluated. It is found that the United Kingdom did not systematically use military force on behalf of her greatest trade monopolies, her most profitable overseas invest ments, nor very much on behalf of the greatest concentrations of her citizens. If the hallmark of a great power is the flexible application of military power to further obvious national interests, Britain did not behave as a great power. This challenges notions of a simple relationship between national capability and military practice. It also suggests difficulties in promoting international peace: international society permits more than one syndrome of extensive national military violence.
Review Essay : Mary Kaldor: The Disintegrating West
Authors: Wiberg Hakan
Published: March 2007

The 'East/West conflict' lacks content, their economies being complementary rather than competing, but its ritualized dramatization is useful for the superpowers to control their allies. USA is no longer able to combine the — mutually dependent — roles of world banker and world policeman, having lost out in the growth race to Japan and Western Europe and therefore having a 'national' interest in curbing free trade. Since this would harm global capitalism, there are dilemmas on both sides of the Atlantic. At the same time, corporate growth is stripping the states of powers, and capital needs superstates to guarantee growth in social harmony. The intra-West conflicts are illustrated by, e. g., oil, money and defence industry, and the only way out is seen as a radical social transformation to cancel the law of 'survival of the fastest'. The reviewer takes some issue with the analysis of state-corpora tion relations.
Review Essay : Armed Forces are not only for War
Authors: Wallensteen Peter
Published: March 2007

In two comprehensive studies published by the Brookings Institution, the historical record of US and Soviet uses of armed forces as political instruments short of war-fighting has been documented. The two studies, although not strictly comparable, provide very valuable sources of similar events, the study on the USA also using an interesting technique for deciding the outcomes. The general overview is complemented with detailed studies of particular cases, as well as a focus on some situations where nuclear threats were used. The studies suggest that a more limited American use of force would be advantageous and find that the Soviet Union uses force in a cautious manner. They do not, however, question the wisdom of weapons use, and do not systematically address questions of conflict escalation or conflict resolution. However, as a whole, the studies are a most important contribution to peace research.
Adaptation through Political Crises in Post-War Poland
Authors: Lamentowicz Wojciech
Published: March 2007

Evolution of the Polish political system is analyzed in this paper in terms of objective and subjective antagonisms. Firstly, 'crises' of 1956 and 1980 are compared, focusing on cyclical characters of political processes in Poland. Similarities are stressed between 1956 and 1980 upheavals with regard to demands for democracy, justice and social welfare - permanent domains of frustration. Secondly, a typical political cycle is outlined. Its eight phases are described and compared for the periods 1956-1970 and 1970-1980, from the point of view which treats them as devices for adaptation to environments undergoing both internal and external changes. Finally, a discussioa is given of factors responsible for the stability of political alienation in Poland, pointing out the main sources of the bureaucratization: genesis and the type of political system, intrinsic structural contradictions, certain properties of in stitutional structures, and deformation of politicians' and administrators' personalities.
East-West Trade as a Source of Tension
Authors: Wulf Herbert
Published: March 2007

Détente as well as economic cooperation between East and West have been fundamentally challenged. But economic relations became a source of tension between East and West and among NATO-allies long before the Polish government imposed martial law in 1981. It is argued that trade can still provide one of the few channels of interaction at a time of highly dangerous rivalry. At the same time, however, the opposing view on the future direction of East-West trade between the United States and Western Europe has become a source of serious tension within NATO. Considering the different roles the United States and Western European countries play in the military, political, and economic world, it is hardly surprising that East-West trade produces frictions.

In order to shed light on the background of today's all too obvious reversal of the economic (and political) cooperation with the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and to understand the often panicky and confrontational policy statements (especially by the U. S. government), this article (1) tries to categorize different trade policy approaches and options, (2) presents empirical data on the development of trade during the period of détente, (3) examines connotations which are attached to terms like trade dependency and economic vulnerability and (4) analyzes in two case studies the effects and purposes of economic sanctions and the diverging interests regarding the West European-Siberian gas pipeline deal which have surfaced.

Experience with economic warfare, embargoes, sanctions etc. suggests the limits of this type of activity as a foreign policy tool. Even though embargoes and economic sanctions might not have the desired effect in the target country, they will nevertheless probably be imposed to serve ideological goals, since they are considered useful to declare a government's position as regards internal and external publics (voters and allies).

Whether economic trade with the East is seen as an instrument for disciplining the adversary or as a means for improving political relations depends much more on the political and economic stakes involved than on objective possibilities for success.
A New European Peace Order as a System of Collective Security
Authors: Lutz Dieter S.
Published: March 2007

Peace by military deterrence based on pact systems should merely be understood as a 'gain in time' or as a 'respite' which must urgently be utilized in the search for political solutions and alternatives. The following thoughts may be seen as part of this inquiry. Their focus lies within the logical and consistent continuation of the basic idea of common security into the idea of a system of collective security as envisioned in the UN Charter and in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. The article discusses phases, individual steps and graded measures towards a realization of a regional 'European System of Collective Security', among others: defensive superiority, renunciation of destabilization, confidence-building measures, public support, unilateral disarmament, nuclear-weapon-free zones, relaxation of bloc-integration, neutralism, and finally institutionalization measures. A regional 'European system of Collective Security' is not only conceivable but also feasible in the sense of being 'realistic' because a number of the steps and measures necessary towards such a system can be put into effect immediately without dissolving the current pacts.
Opportunity Costs of Defence: A Comment on Dabelko and McCormick
Authors: Lyttkens Carl Hampus , Vedovato Claudio
Published: March 2007

A critical appraisal is made of an article in this journal by Dabelko and McCormick. In the article, the authors try to estimate the opportunity cost of defence. With simple tools from economic analysis it is shown that their methodological approach reveals a fundamental misunderstanding of this important and useful concept. In the final section, some difficulties encountered when attempting a correct empirical analysis of opportunity costs are briefly discussed, and some of the important factors to consider are pointed out.
Review Essay: The Limits of Neoclassical Institutionalism
Authors: Mjøset Lars
Published: March 2007

The following were some of the most striking economic developments during the postwar period: Japan and West Germany catching up with the US, the Sunbelt taking the place of the north-eastern Frostbelt as the dynamic centre of US economic development, and the experience of stagflation and austerity policies in most western nations. In The Rise and Decline of Nations, Mancur Olson tries to tackle such con temporary problems of unequal development. His basic argument is that during periods of stability and peace, modern nations accumulate a large number of special interest groups, which increasingly block economic growth. His approach is inter-disciplinary and comparative, with a focus on institutional forces. Such institutionalism seems to be just the right cure to help contemporary mainstream economics out of its postwar blind alley of rigid abstractionism. This review, however, argues that Olson goes only half-way. His particular kind of institutionalism — which is in line with recent neo-classical 'public choice' traditions — retains too much of conventional economic thinking to be able to exploit fully the potentials of an inter- disciplinary and comparative approach.
Migrant Labour and Foreign Policy: The Case of Mozambique
Authors: Brochmann Grete
Published: March 2007

The article discusses male labour migration from Mozambique to the mines of South Africa in a historical per spective. This migration has been and remains one of the most significant economic and social relationships be tween South Africa and Mozambique. Historically it has contributed significantly to making Mozambique a de pendent country. It has also been one of the major ingredients in the regional conflict in Southern Africa. At the time of independence, Frelimo was faced with a strategic dilemma: on the one hand, its political willingness to disengage from South Africa, on the other hand its dependence on the export of labour. This dilemma influences the development strategy of Frelimo in a broad sense. The deep social and economic effects of male migration on Mozambican society restrict the possibilities for implementing Frelimo's strategy. However, the very general stra tegy, especially concerning the agricultural sector, is not well suited to meet the distinct structural barriers that the labour migration has created in the agricultural economy. Moreover, the so-called Nkomati accord between South Africa and Mozambique (1984) may change the whole scenario, both for the conflict between South Africa and the surrounding countries and for Frelimo's socialist project.
US-Soviet Global Rivalry: Norms of Competition
Authors: George Alexander L.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines alternative approaches for developing norms of competition that might help to avoid war-threatening confrontations between the superpowers. Analysis of the abortive Nixon-Brezh nev experiment with 'general principles' and of subsequent efforts to devise general 'codes of conduct' to regulate the US-Soviet global competition suggests that such approaches are not workable. The paper argues that more attention should be given by the superpowers to a 'case-by-case' approach that focuses on the relative interests of the two sides in each specific area. The paper outlines a typology of competi tive 'games' that takes into account differences in the relative balance of interests between the US and the Soviet Union in various parts of the globe and points out the implications of these differences for norms of competition. Norms based upon relative interests, however, cannot be expected to work relia bly in all instances because the superpowers often experience difficulty in determining their interests in a particular area and in communicating their interests to each other in a timely and reliable way. The pa per notes the efforts the superpowers have made in recent years to develop a diplomatic mechanism for frequent discussions of regional problems and suggests how these bilateral discussions could be im proved and made more useful.
Public School Employment Policies That Affect Teacher Education
Authors: Haskew L.D.
Published: March 2007

In the June, 1950, issue of THE JOUR NAL OF TEACHER EDUCATION Mr. Haskew, Dean, College of Education, University of Texas, Austin, succinctly described some of the factors which influence the quality of teacher-education curricula. Here he presents a clear picture of the employing official's part, and shows how the one who chooses new teachers must share the responsibility, through discriminative em Ployment procedures, for continual im provement in the quality of preservice curricula. His proposed criteria are a challenge to employing officials in all phases of the educational system.
Productivity and Management: the Training of Foremen in Britain and Germany
Authors: Prais S.J. , Wagner Karin
Published: March 2007

Following the Institute's previous studies of the training and qualifications of craftsmen in Britain and Germany, this article compares foremen in the two countries. It draws attention to the greater numbers qualifying in Germany, the higher standard of qualification required there, and differences in economic incentives.
The Reform of UK Competition Policy
Authors: Hay Donald , Vickers John
Published: March 2007

The most important government review of UK competition since Mrs Thatcher came into office has recently taken place. The review, which was announced in June 1986, was concerned with two aspects of policy—mergers and restrictive trade practices (RTP). Its conclusions were published in March 1988 in a Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) document, ‘Mergers policy’, and in a major Green Paper entitled ‘Review of restrictive trade practices policy’ (Cm331, 1988). The proposals on RTP involve a fundamental change in policy. The new law will consider restrictive practices in terms of their economic effects upon competition and not, as at present, with the emphasis on their legal form. This reform will require new methods of operation and will be backed up by tougher powers and penalties than have hitherto been available in Britain.
Vocational Training in France and Britain: Mechanical and Electrical Craftsmen
Authors: Steedman Hilary
Published: March 2007

The rise of microcomputer technology in the last decade has introduced changes in the way tasks are carried out at both the technical and the organisational level in manufacturing industry, with consequential changes in the need for skills and training for both mechanical and electrical craftsmen. Both in Britain and in France the relevance of traditional and narrow concepts of skill (the craftsman highly skilled in one set of operations) is being questioned, and in both countries changes are taking place in the way young people are prepared for mechanical and electrical work.
Discourse Strategies, Pragmatics and ESL
Authors: Kachru Yamuna
Published: March 2007

This paper demonstrates how cultural differences are reflected in the characteristic conventions of language and its use in different linguistic communities. The data are drawn from the non-native varieties of English — both institutionalized and performance (B. Kachru 1985). It is shown that in order to interpret such texts at an optimum level, readers need three types of competence: linguistic, cultural, and textual (Beaugrande 1980). The theoretical implications of discourse strategies adopted by non-native speakers of English to second language acquisition research, especially as they relate to research on ESL, are pointed out.
The Software Simulator as an Effective Tool for Testing Control Algorithms
Authors: Rihar Marjan
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a software simulator used in the development of control algorithms for the pulp cooking process. The laboratory-type simulator has been built up, based on the same control system hardware and software already installed in an industrial plant. The simulator itself emulates some operator control actions, the behavior of typical pulp cooking process variables and important signals from the process equipment. The simulation can be performed in real time or in two different accelerated modes. In this paper, the background of the simulator is also introduced and a discussion of advantages, based on experience, is attached at the end.
A Simulation Model to Assist in Managing the HIV Epidemic: IMAP2
Authors: Goforth R.R. Ron , Berleant Daniel
Published: March 2007

The Interactive Model for AIDS Prediction (IMAP2) is a large simulation program for predicting the spread of HIV in the United States and for testing the effects on that spread of various perturbations to the model inputs. IMAP2 is constructed on a transmission-based epidemiological model for the sexual transmission of HIV and a dynamic population model for transmission of HIV by intravenous (injecting) drug abuse. The intent of IMAP2 is to facilitate comparative case studies, rather than absolute predictions for the future course of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and in its intended role it is proving useful.

Perturbations to the input data might represent influences of government social policies, improved information gathering, etc., and make the model a vehicle for testing hypotheses. Example hypotheses include: (1) practices which might change the latency period of the disease; and (2) managed patterns of use and efficacy of male and female condoms.

We begin by describing the algorithmic core of the model. We proceed to describing the user interface, an important aspect of a model such as this which is intended for interactive use (and in fact is currently in use) by individuals whose specialties are in areas other than computing. We next describe briefly the current status of IMAP2 — maintenance under way, and use by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health in the Food and Drug Administration. Following this we describe the limitations of the model, and then describe the model's use in two selected case studies related to the future course of the HIV epidemic in the United States. In a concluding discussion we describe future extensions to IMAP2.
Analysis in Manufacturing Systems Simulation: A Case Study
Authors: Galbraith Lissa , Standridge Charles R.
Published: March 2007

A case study of the transition of an electronics assembly manufacturing system from a traditional push production control system to a just in time (pull control system) is presented. Emphasis is on the unique simulation analysis aspects of the case study. The experimental design follows a dynamic programming formulation, representing the system transition through stages with the states at each stage representing combinations of stage-specific improvement possibilities and process control parameter values. Relationships between the primary performance measure, run time for a batch, and other performance measures are developed to identify process control variables and opportunities for system improvement. Actual production control data is employed for validation of system standard values, estimation of model input parameter values, and comparison with simulation results for validation purposes.
Identification and Control of a Simulated Distillation Plant using Connectionist and Evolutionary Techniques
Authors: Gariglio Daniel , Heidepriem Jürgen , Helget Andreas
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the application of neural networks and evolutionary techniques to the area of process identification and control. A distillation process is simulated with the dynamic flow-sheet simulator DIVA which employs a first-principle-based model. Several neural paradigms were implemented to adaptively model the concentration dynamics. A combined PI-Neural Net controller for concentration control is presented. Using genetic algorithms it was possible to optimize the network structure and reduce the size of the training set. Finally, some parallelization methods for neural and evolutionary algorithms, implemented on Connection Machine architectures, are briefly explained.
Chaos in a Real System
Authors: Tylee J. Louis
Published: March 2007

Many studies of chaos involve using simplified equations with little relation to a real system. Lorenz proposed a real system that demonstrates chaotic behavior - the classic Lorenz water wheel. This wheel, a mechanical analog to fluid heating in a box, consists of a number of buckets on the outside of a spoked wheel which rotates in a vertical plane. A filling source at the top of the wheel fills buckets as they pass under it. The filled buckets cause rotational dynamics, which at times exhibit a chaotic behavior. The requisite equations for a four-bucket wheel (sixth-order nonlinear model) are developed and implementation considerations enumerated. Some typical responses are presented.
Universal Database for Dynamic Simulation
Authors: Chen Franklin F. K. , Moncrief B. Ronald
Published: March 2007

In today's process plant design environment, steady state flowsheet simulations are fairly routine practices. With today's microprocessor power, with availability of capable and cost effective software, desktop dynamic models of entire plants are a practical reality. With such information age power tools, possibilities are infinite. Not the least is that the many what-if scenarios surely will enlarge the design parameter space, ensured by a systematic procedure in quality design, all at reasonable cost. With the multitude of software platforms, reusable (universal) models are cost effective. More significantly, these can be a boon to the credibility issue. The ability to take a complex model, developed elsewhere on an unfamiliar platform, plug into one's favorite simulation software and be operative without the pain/effort in re-engineering the entire model database can surely promote increase in usage of dynamic simulation among plant designers. A universal database is proposed to facilitate portability of models among language platforms. In this paper, portability of large complex models is proven by two examples (from plant design) on two platforms (DAP and ACSL). This paper illustrates the database requirements to allow models to commute between vastly different platforms, using specific examples to arrive at a more universal conclusion.
Constrained Simulation of a Mine Production System
Authors: Frimpong Samuel , Whiting Jerry M.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the authors have presented a practical application of computer simulation to the design of a constrained mine production system. The management of a gold mining company wanted to build a rail transportation network to transport ore from a section of the mine to the central shaft. To meet the required processing plant feed, this system had to be capable of transporting a certain daily capacity. Management was further constrained with respect to the available resources for this system. Design of such a system was capital- intensive and irreversible, and thus, management had to ensure that the designed system achieved the targets within the given constraints.

In this study, the authors built a simulation model to emulate the proposed system using SLAM II and FORTRAN 77. Data from a similar project were used to validate this model. The technically feasible options were used in a batch simulation of this problem. Production and economic analyses of simulation results showed that two of the feasible options could be used to build the actual system. Also, implementation of the recommended options could reduce the capital investments by 18%, in the short and medium-terms, and by 16%, in the long-term, of the original estimates made by mining engineers.
A Simulation Model for Defining Three Different Solar Accesses in Site Planning
Authors: Obaidat Balqies Sadoun
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a simulation model to define quantitatively the available solar access and energy gain, considering maximum shadows interaction cast over a built- up site for planning purposes. The application of the model provides the solar access availability in percent out of the total exposed area, for three different types of solar access, for each building separately and for the entire site. The model could be applied at the site-design stage, where it allows improvement in its energy conserving qualities. The improvement can be performed by changing the location of buildings in the site (in order to change the shadow interaction), or by changing their future utilization. The model offers a practical tool to quantify the solar energy gain on a site over a specific exposure period. The model is applied to design a site which contains twenty structures with different dimensions. Four different designs are analyzed, considering three different types of solar access. The results are then discussed and compared to demonstrate the practicality of the model for planning purposes, which are concerned with the overall site's energy-conserving qualities, and the improvement of these qualities, at the site-design stage.
Inverse Simulation - An Error Analysis
Authors: Lin K.C. , Lu P.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the numerical errors of two inverse simulation algorithms: differentiation inverse method and integration inverse method. The differential inverse method uses numerical differentiation as a key step, and the step size used for numerical differentiation directly impacts on the simulation results. This paper proposes a global error measure to evaluate the accuracy of the inverse simulation, instead of relying on the conventional local truncation errors. While the integration inverse method avoids numerical differentiation, it is pointed out that there is another numerical instability problem the integration inverse method may encounter when there are uncontrolled variables in the simulation. Examples are provided to facilitate the discussion.
Rehosting A Mini-Computer Model On A Supercomputer
Authors: Skiles J.W. , Schulbach C.H.
Published: March 2007

Many ecosystem simulation computer codes have been developed in the last twenty-five years. This development took place initially on main-frame computers, then mini-computers, and more recently, on micro-computers and workstations. Supercomputing platforms (both parallel and distributed systems) have been largely unused, however, because of the perceived difficulty in accessing and using the machines. Also, significant differences in the system architectures of sequential, scalar computers and parallel and/or vector supercomputers must be considered. We have transferred a grassland simulation model (developed on a VAX) to a Cray Y-MP C90. We describe porting the model to the Cray and the changes we made to exploit the parallelism in the application and improve code execution. The Cray executed the model 30 times faster than the VAX and 10 times faster than a Unix workstation. We achieved an additional speedup of 30 percent by using the compiler's vectorizing and "in-line" capabilities. The code runs at only about 5 percent of the Cray's peak speed because it ineffectively uses the vector and parallel processing capabilities of the Cray. We expect that by restructuring the code, it could execute an additional six to ten times faster. Our goal was not just to increase the speed of code execution, but to enable the restructured and ported code to access and manipulate large data matrices holding intermediate and state variables, to increase the size of the geographical areas that can be simulated, and to be able to use large remote sensing data sets to drive the model or use as validation.
Object-Oriented Modeling Software for Electric Load Analysis and Simulation
Authors: Räsänen Mika , Ruusunen Jukka , Hämäläinen Raimo P.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an object-oriented modeling software, LoadLab, for the load analysis of electricity distribution networks. A characteristic feature of LoadLab is that it uses load pattern models where consumption is represented as the sum of the daily and weekly rhythms of consumption, the effects of outdoor temperature on consumption, and random variation. With object-oriented modeling methods we can manage the hierarchical structure of the distribution network which is reflected in the load models. Network load patterns and their confidence intervals are obtained by combining existing load pattern models and consumer character istic data.
Vu: A Simulation Computer Language and its Usages in Simulating Emergency Events Case Study of the Effects of a Tremor on a Structure
Authors: Comair Claude , Chu Jason , Ly Van , Ghali Prasanna
Published: March 2007

This paper depicts the advances made by our team in the fields of computer science, mainly computer compiler writing and interpreter writing, to define a computer language oriented to solving problems in the field of emergency simulation, database management, interprocess communication and network programming. In this paper, we present a simple model of a structure being subjected to the various effects of a tremor. In the case study presented here, the building is designed to withstand a certain force beyond which a partial or total destruction will occur. The computer model developed in this paper will show at which point the structure will start to collapse as well as the evaluation of the casualties that may result from such destruction. The result may be used by a professional team of experts in various fields in order to study the various scenarios that may occur if a tremor hits the structure. Evacuation or emergency response operations could be planned in advance. Other emergency situations such as mass migration of population due to other natural disasters such as floods, tornados, and fire can be studied and simulated.
An Open Geographic Modeling Environment
Authors: Maxwell Thomas , Costanza Robert
Published: March 2007

Developing the complex computer models that are necessary for effectively managing human affairs through the next century requires new infrastructure supporting high performance collaborative modeling. In this paper we describe our Open Geographic Modeling Environment, which supports: (1) modular, hierarchical model construction and archiving/linking of simulation modules, (2) graphical, icon-based model construction, (3) transparent distributed computing, and (4) integrating multiple space-time representations. This environment, which transparently links icon-based modeling environments with advanced computing resources, allows users to develop models in a user-friendly, graphical environment, requiring very little knowledge of computers or computer programming. The modeling environment imposes the constraints of modularity and hierarchy in program design, and supports archiving of reusable modules in our Modular Modeling Language (MML). An associated library of "module wrappers" will facilitate the incorporation of legacy simulation models into the environment.
Development, Analysis, and Verification of a Parallel Hybrid Dataflow Computer Architectural Framework and Associated Load-Balancing Strategies and Algorithms via Parallel Simulation
Authors: Heath J. Robert , Sivanesa Balasubramanian
Published: March 2007

This paper first presents the requirements for and the architectural framework of a type of real-time parallel dataflow computer architecture, specifically, a Hybrid Data/Command Driven Architecture (HDCA). Application of such an architecture is discussed. Goals, strategies, and algorithms for both static load-balancing and dynamic resource allocation on an HDCA system are presented. A parallel simulation of an HDCA system employing the presented static load-balancing and dynamic resource allocation algorithms is developed and presented. The parallel simulation was executed on a parallel computer system for increased fidelity. Analysis of simulation results for two example applications of the architecture allowed verification of design goals and correct performance of the HDCA architectural framework and associated static load-balancing and dynamic resource allocation strategies and algorithms.
An Approximate Algorithm of Generating Variates and Computing Probabilities for Nonuniform Continuous Statistical Distributions
Authors: Zhengjun Zhang  , Yuncheng Feng
Published: March 2007

In many cases, real-world experimen tations are approximated by various stochastic probabilistic models when performing computer simulations. During simulation processes, random variate generations are required. However, a general and exact method to satisfy such a requirement is hard to find. An approximate method would most effectively remedy this situation. In this paper, we provide an approximate algorithm method which can be used to generate arbitrary continuous non uniform variates and to perform probability computing. The algorithm has a very good performance on convergence order, preserving monotonicity, and smoothness. In order to implement the algorithm, piecewise cubic polynomial and rational function are interpolated. Both preserve the monotonicity of the data from the distribution function or its inverse function. Spline methods are discussed. Simulation results are given.
An Effective Truncation Heuristic for Bias Reduction in Simulation Output
Authors: White K. Preston
Published: March 2007

The start-up or warm-up problem arises in steady-state, discrete-event simulation, where the arbitrary selection of initial conditions introduces bias in simulated output sequences. In this paper, we develop and test a new truncation heuristic or resolving the start-up problem. Given a finite sequence, the truncation rule deletes initial observations until the width of the marginal confidence interval about the truncated sample mean is minimized. This rule is easy to implement, has strong intuitive appeal, and is remarkably effective in mitigating initialization bias. We illustrate the performance of the heuristic by comparison with enhanced implementations of alternative truncation rules proposed in the literature. All rules are applied to output sequences generated by ten runs each of four representative queuing simulations. Results confirm the significance of the start-up problem and demonstrate that simple truncation heuristics can solve this problem. All of the rules tested are shown to provide improved accuracy without undue loss of precision. We conclude that all four of the rules tested represent attractive solutions to the start-up problem.
Modeling and Parallel Simulation of Large ATM Switch Fabrics
Authors: Östman F. , Lazraq T. , Ayani R.
Published: March 2007

Simulation is an essential tool in the development, testing, and performance evaluation of communication systems. In this paper we discuss a practical case where large ATM switches are needed and develop a cell-level simulator to evaluate the performance of such switches. We exploit the conservative time-window algorithm for parallel simulation to reduce the simulation time and resolve the memory limitation problem with sequential machines. We simulate ATM switches of sizes up to 1 k x 1 k ports. A speed-up of 7 using ten processors on a shared-memory multiprocessor is achieved.