bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Model of Tendency to Use Online Payment Gateway in Online Shopping and Customer Knowledge Management (Case Study: Pasargad Bank)
Authors: Jafarian Yazdan , Abdi Farshid
Published: August 2016

Tendency to use online payment gateway in online is influenced by individual characteristics such as risk-taking, internet knowledge, online payment knowledge and risk of customer knowledge management tools used in payment gateway and in this study, these factors have been studied simultaneously in form of a model. In online payment, payment gateways are repeated contact point between service institutions such as banks and their customers that institutions can use this opportunity to attract new customers or increase royal customers. In addition to individual characteristics, customers are facing different tools of knowledge management such as shared databases, document repositories and work applications and these tools can have different effects on risk perception and their willingness to do online shopping using internet payment gateways. In this study, structural equation partial least squares statistical method was used. Also questionnaire was used to collect data in the given population, because customer’s members of the Pasargad bank were accustomed online shopping.In summary, risk-taking has negative and significant impact on the risk is perceived of knowledge management tools and internet knowledge was not known as a factor which have a significant negative impact on the perceived risk, but the impact of internet knowledge on preference to use online payment and online payment rather tendency to use internet payment gateway in online shopping was positive and significant. Also, the perceived risk of customer knowledge management tools has negative and significant correlation with tendency to buy using online payment in online shopping by users. On the other hand, the final conclusions of the research carried out in more detail and also practical suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of managers to use knowledge management tools in the payment gateway are presented.
Analyzing the Effect of International Standards Details of Reinforced Concrete Buildings on Ductility and Energy Absorption of Structure (A Case Study of Nakhjavan Palace Project)
Authors: Nouri Hamed , Khorami Roz Mehdi , Taghavi Mehdi , Molaii Shakib A. R. , Sarabi Mianji B.
Published: August 2016

As studies have been conducted on structures exposed to earthquake or other similar destructive events revealed, implementation problems during construction have led to slight, serious and irrevocable damage. Meanwhile, with respect to various sensitive and subtle details, implementing concrete structures have not been excluded from this principle or are involved with these problem’s consequences. The present study investigated the relation between ductility and energy absorption, especially when the imposed lateral load is alternative. Also, the issue of energy-taking and input energy dissipation in a structure implemented according to international standards details of reinforced was studied. Furthermore, by implementing damage index model based on hysteric energy theory, three index levels including elemental, stratified and general structure damage were presented and the importance of precisely implementing regulation details were interpreted. Moreover, ductility and energy absorption level in tall structures’ load revisiting systems as well as structures’ non-linear behavior causes were explained. Since this case study focused on bending frame system and shear wall and analyzed total deformation of structures constituting shear wall and rigid frame. The research findings can be useful to determine the effect of implementing international standards details of reinforced concrete buildings on ductility and energy absorption of structure.
Feed Utilisation Efficiency of Lupin Inclusion in Cobia: Role of Dietary Organic Selenium Supplementation
Authors: Pham Hung Duc , Fotedar Ravi , Nguyen Chau Minh , Siddik Muhammad Abu Bakar
Published: August 2016

The dietary selenium (Se) requirement has been determined for cobia Rachycentron canadum using purified diet; however, its role in the utilisation of plant-derived ingredients has not been evaluated in the species. Therefore, a 3 x 2 factorial experimental design involving three inclusion levels (0, 210 and 315 g/kg) of lupin Lupinus angustifolius kernel meal (LKM) and two concentrations (0 and 0.8 mg/kg) of Se was used to evaluate the effects of Se supplementation in conjunction with LKM on the growth, feed utilisation and physiological responses in the cobia. Six isonitrogenous (46.5 % crude protein) and isoenergetic (21 MJ/kg gross energy) diets were formulated and fed to cobia for 7 weeks in a flow-through seawater system. The results showed significant effects of Se supplementation and its interaction with dietary lupin on the growth and feed efficiency of cobia. Se supplementation significantly improved the growth and feed utilisation efficiency in cobia fed lupin-based diets. The nutrient digestibility of fish fed supplemental Se lupin-based diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed diets without Se supplementation at each inclusion level of LKM. There were no significant effects of dietary Se supplementation on the survival, muscle composition or muscle amino acids, whereas regression analysis indicated a positive linear relationship between tissue Se accumulation and dietary Se levels. An enhancement of haematological responses was also observed in cobia fed Se-supplemented diets. In summary, cobia fed lupin-based diets required higher dietary Se supplementation for higher feed utilisation efficiency than previously quantified for the casein-based diet.
State Model Diagrams for Teaching Networking – a SOLO Based Evaluation
Authors: MAJ Stanislaw Paul , Ohtsuki Kazu , Akamatsu Toru , Mackay Steve
Published: August 2016

The Cisco Network Academy Program is the world’s largest network technology curriculum with over 500,000 students’ worldwide. An analysis of this curriculum found that it did not provide students with a diagrammatic model that is consistent throughout the curriculum. Without such a model students develop their own which is likely to be incomplete, inconsistent and incorrect. State Model Diagrams (SMDs) were designed to address this problem. SMDs allow networking concepts and technical detail to be taught using a single common diagram. Research has clearly demonstrated that SMDs considerably improve student learning at both introductory and advanced levels.  As a diagrammatic technique SMDs are potentially language independent – an important aspect of any global curriculum. This paper investigates this hypothesis and using a learning taxonomy further evaluates SMDs as a pedagogical method for teaching network technology.
Adsorption Aspects, Inhibitory Properties and a Study of Surface Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Acidic Media
Authors: Yousif Qhatan, A. , Al-Zhara Adel, A.
Published: August 2016

The impact of cupral compound on steel in presence of deaerated 0.25 M H2SO4 and 0.5M HClacidic solutions at 298.15K was examined by employing electrochemical measurements. It has been observed that the corrosion efficiency increased by increasing of cupral concentration of the corrosion inhibitor and this enhanced the inhibitory action as mixed type inhibitor. Several different adsorption models were examined which indicate the adsorption of cupral compound as inhibitor on the carbon steel electrode surface follows the Langmuir isotherm equation. The thermodynamic factors governing adsorption, as well as the parameters of kinetics corrosion have been estimated. The role of nanosilica has been observed to reduce the values of current density of corrosion process and this was confirmed by study the surface morphology of electrode via SEM-EDX and AFM techniques by formation a protective layer on carbon steel electrode.
Propose a Model of Urban Landscape Management Deal with City Vandals: A Case Study of 20th District of Tehran
Authors: Samimi Mohammad Reza , Khalil Abad Hossein Kalantari , Safari Aref Agha
Published: August 2016

Vandalism is one of the hidden results of the rise of modernism that appearance of this phenomenon can be seen in city centers, schools, sports club, etc. in abundance. And today in urban communities is considered as a serious problem that compromises safety and security of urban communities. Destruction of the urban landscapes by the vandals and loss of interests of citizens in the case of the city face that creates confusion and chaos of urban landscape is not a new problem. And at least in the last three decades considered by the social activist groups and NGOs, environmental scientists, artists, city managers and ordinary people directly and indirectly. It exists convergence and consensus on the desirability of merging the face of the city and reducing urban landscape and urban landscapes as part of a person's identity and is known aspect of human existence. The purpose of this article is providing a model of urban landscape management in dealing with urban vandal from the perspective of residents and administrators. Using existing literature, beginning some management indicators to assess the effects of mining and based on required data were collected through questionnaires from district 20 in Tehran. Study, methods that fits the type of data model is used SWOT and statistical methods to analyze data without parameters. The results show that the effects of vandalism in the considered area were been and can be customized according to the features and functionality and urban potential in this area and by applying strategic planning, according to the aforementioned factors and in the shadow of integrated management sustainable development in order to reduce the effects of destruction in this region. It also seems to be the best kind of theory about urban management in the region, a new theory or system. And in 20th District management model in order to deal with urban vandalism attention to the planners and policy makers in different dimensions is considered. As well as monitoring and planning should be limited to the initial phase and policies But also in the design, implementation and maintenance of urban spaces, urban furniture, etc. should also be considered And in this respect also must be careful.
Comparison between the Critical Thinking, Educational Self- Efficiency and Motivation of the Female and Male Students of Payam Nour University of Yasouj
Authors: Movahedzadeh Bahram
Published: August 2016

The current study aims to compare critical thinking, educational self-efficiency and educational motivation among female and male students of Payam Nour University and to determine effects of critical thinking training on educational achievements and motivation. Differences of these variables among students of various fields also were examined. The sample includes 120 students (60 male students and 60 female students) using stratified random sampling. In order to collect data, three questionnaires of California critical thinking skills test (Form B) (CCTST), Murise's educational self-efficiency small-scale and the questionnaire of Hermans advance motivation were applied. This research is of causal-comparative type and multi-variable variance analysis (Monova) and one-sided analysis were used in order to analyze the data statistically. Data analysis results showed that there was significant difference in critical thinking, educational self-efficiency and educational motivation among female and male students when p < 0.01. Moreover, Differences of self-efficacy, critical thinking and motivation among students of different fields were concluded.
Evaluation of Compaction Index to Achieve Sustainable Urban Development Using AHP: Two Case Studies
Authors: Bikdeli Sona
Published: August 2016

The search for an ideal city, which can express both technological advantages and healthy spirit of rural life based on enlightening ideas of social justice, has long been the major concern of most philosophers, social reformers, writers, architects and urban planners. Urban form is known as a source of environmental problems. The emergence of "sustainable development" as a common term has raised many discussions on urban forms. Different types of urban forms (corridor, compact, marginal and edge) have been evaluated for sustainable urban development. It is revealed that compact city is more sustainable than other forms. There is disagreement on potential effects of compaction. Using archival studies, surveys and questionnaires, the author evaluates the environmental sustainability of Yousefabad as a dense neighborhood, compared to Garnet Hill, by AHP to prove that compaction alone cannot bring the expected advantages. To achieve advantages of compaction in urban design, the author emphasizes that four basic criteria of compact city, density, sustainable transportation, mixed land-use and diversity, should be interrelated.
Early Maladaptive Schemas and Aggression Based on the Birth Order of Children
Authors: Ardebili Elmira Fasihi , Golshani Fatemeh
Published: August 2016

Early maladaptive schemas are patterns or deep, pervasive and dysfunctionalthemes formed in childhood or adolescence, continue in adulthood and act at the deepest level of the cognition and usually the person is not aware of them. Schema makes people prone to aggression, depression, anxiety, poor interpersonal relationships and mental- physical disorders.The aim of this study is to compare early maladaptive schemas and the birth order of children in the formation of aggression. For this purpose, in an ex post facto research, 320 cases usingconveniencecluster sampling were selected from Tehran government girls' high schools and were tested. After screening,160 only child students were selectedrandomly andwere assigned in the first group and in the second group 160 students of the rest were assigned who have been matched with the first group. One-way analysis of variance results showed that early maladaptive schemas and birth order, birth (one's position in the family) are involved in the creation of aggression. According to the findings, we can say that the early maladaptive schemas and birth order of childrenare important factors in the formation of aggression.
Demarcation of Territorial Boundaries in International Lawand Procedure: Technical Factors Role
Authors: Saberrad Mohammad , Zamani Seyed Ghasem
Published: August 2016

Technological advances in any domain effects other domains as well. International law and especially international boundaries take advantage of technical progresses orconsidering the factors which existed before but they have been neglected and put these factors in the service of its demands. Maybe if we consider each of the technical factors separately, we cannot understand their role properly in boundarydomains, but we study their setting in the form of boundaries demarcation and consider the package generally and investigate the relationship of internal factors. It is clear that technical factors have developed a great evolution in demarcation of territorial boundaries.Eventually, when the technical parameters are employed for demarcation of territorial boundaries, in fact they serve to its purpose; the purpose is nothing than maintaining international peace, order and security, the fact that is the existential philosophy of the United Nations organization. Thus, non-human factors have been served for human factors and maintain its values. Definitely next advances in technical factors will be along with other developments in boundaries domain.
A Rapid and Optimized LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Extraction and Determination of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in Human Plasma
Authors: Elkady Ehab F , Aboelwafa Ahmed A
Published: August 2016

A new validated bioanalytical method based on LC tandem MS has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir in human plasma using antiviral daclatasvir as an internal standard (IS). Liquid–liquid extraction of samples was used for the purification and preconcentration of the analytes from a human plasma matrix. Good and consistent recoveries were obtained, with average extraction recoveries of 91.61 and 88.93% for sofosbuvir and ledipasvir, respectively. The chromatographic separation of the three analytes was achieved within only 2.8 min by an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium acetate, which was then adjusted to pH 4.0 by acetic acid–acetonitrile–0.1% methanolic formic acid (12 + 25 + 63, v/v/v) flowing through a C18 Zorbax eclipse plus column (5 μm, 100 × 4.6 mm; Agilent). Multiple reaction monitoring transitions were measured in positive ion mode for sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, and daclatasvir (IS). A detailed validation of the method was performed and the standard curves were found to be linear in the range of 0.5 to 2500 and 5 to 2100 ng/mL for sofosbuvir and ledipasvir, respectively, applying weighted (1/X2) linear regression. The developed method was applied to the analysis of the two drugs after a single oral administration of Harvoni 400/90 mg film-coated tablets containing 400 mg sofosbuvir and 90 mg ledipasvir to four healthy volunteers.
Ihde’s Missing Sciences
Authors: Susser Daniel ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2016

In Husserl’s Missing Technologies, Don Ihde urges us to think deeply and critically about the ways in which the technologies utilized in contemporary science structure the way we perceive and understand the natural world. In this paper, I argue that we ought to extend Ihde’s analysis to consider how such technologies are changing the way we perceive and understand ourselves too. For it is not only the natural or “hard” sciences which are turning to advanced technologies for help in carrying out their work, but also the social and “human” sciences. One set of tools in particular is rapidly being adopted—the family of information technologies that fall under the umbrella of “big data.” As in the natural sciences, big data is giving researchers in the human sciences access to phenomena which they would otherwise be unable to experience and investigate. And like the former, the latter thereby shape the ways those scientists perceive and understand who and what we are. Looking at two case studies of big data-driven research in the human sciences, I begin in this paper to suggest how we might understand these phenomenological and hermeneutic changes.
Use of a Simulated Model to Teach Male Adult Circumcision in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Campain Nicholas J. , Parnham Arie S. , Spasojevic Nenad , Reeves Felicity , Venn Suzie , Biyani Chandra Shekhar
Published: August 2016

Male adult circumcision (MC) has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in men by 50–60 %. An upscaling in the training of providers to perform circumcision is necessary to meet demand since MC is a key component of essential surgery in the context of universal health coverage. We piloted a low‐cost, high‐fidelity model for training adult circumcision. Multi‐centre, multinational data were collected on 74 trainees and clinicians (trainers) in sub‐Saharan Africa. Both trainers and trainees gave excellent feedback for the model (content and face validity). The simulated model enables a safe and realistic simulation experience to perform MC. The model is quick to set up and easily transportable to multiple teaching sites.
Review of fishing safety policies in Canada with respect to extreme environmental conditions and climate change effects
Authors: Rezaee Sara , Brooks Mary R. , Pelot Ronald
Published: August 2016

Fishing is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world. Numerous research studies have been carried out to improve fishing safety from many different perspectives. Several of these studies focused on the relationship between environmental factors, climate change effects, and fishing safety. This paper aims to suggest a knowledge mobilization structure that translates findings of this type of research into input of evidence-based decision making and consequently improve and update fishing policies with respect to fishing safety and environmental conditions. Significant safety factors extracted from related literature are stability of vessels, fisheries management, safety equipment, communication, insurance, training, safety information and culture, weather forecasts, fatigue, and search and rescue planning. The paper then reviews policies related to these factors to examine if they address extreme environmental conditions and climate change effects. The paper presents recommendations to improve general fishing safety with respect to short- and long-term environmental considerations.
Mapping the Ecology of China’s Corporate Legal Sector: Globalization and Its Impact on Lawyers and Society
Authors: LIU Sida , TRUBEK David M. , WILKINS David B.
Published: August 2016

Globalization is rapidly changing the landscape of law practice in China, especially its corporate legal sector. This article reports on the preliminary findings of the China research of the Globalization, Lawyers, and Emerging Economies (GLEE) Project—a comparative study that examines how globalization is reshaping the market for legal services in important emerging economies and how these developments are contributing to the transformation of the political economy in these countries and beyond. Adopting an ecological approach, which examines how different segments of the legal system interact with one another in complex ways, this article maps the corporate core, international linkages, and domestic contexts of China’s globalizing corporate legal sector and discusses its impact on lawyers and society.
Folk Dance in China: The Dance Pioneer Dai Ailian, 1916–2006
Authors: Chou Eva Shan
Published: August 2016

The founding of anthropological studies to China in the 1920s introduced the cultures of the countryside and its villages to the urban elite and helped to create a more complex definition of Chinese culture. The ability to study, collect, and reproduce dance specifically, as opposed to religious ceremonies or music, truly began only with the arrival of a dedicated pioneer who had an unusual range of skills and training to bring to the task. This was the remarkable Dai Ailian (1916–2006). She was born of Chinese ancestry in Trinidad and received dance training in England from 1931–1937 when both ballet and modern were just being explored in that country. Both chance and purpose brought about her first important work in folk dance when she arrived in China in 1940, during the anti-Japanese War. The unoccupied parts of southwest China were rich with the dance of minority peoples, and she set to work learning and propagating with great energy. This paper examines Dai's work in folk dance at this time and sets it against the trajectory of folk as it developed in the next seventy years.
Moving Crisis: Dancing as Political Praxis in the Age of the Greek Depression
Authors: Banalopoulou Christina
Published: August 2016

In the following paper, I argue that The Greek Depression is the inevitable outcome of synthetic politics that understand difference through identical opposition. It is my contention that dancing, as an embodied praxis embedded within present sociopolitical territories and stratified actualities, envelops potentiality for what Deleuze and Guattari call de-stratification and de-territorialization. Drawing from their work, I call for a neo-realist understanding of the virtual capacities of the dancing body, so we can move history beyond ordinarily conceived politics and introduce not yet imagined body politics that still remain uncaptured.
Do Not Cross the Line—Dance as Political Protest in Christopher Winkler'sThe True Face
Authors: Järvinen Hanna
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses how the relationship of dance and political activity plays out in Christopher Winkler's 2013 choreographyThe True Face: Dance Is Not Enough(in German,Das Wahre Gesicht: Dance Is Not Enough), which won the Faust Preise award in choreography for 2014. Contrasting this kind of choreographed movement in proscenium space with André Lepecki's (2006) argument about stillness as protesting modernity's imperative to move, I ask, what is the political engagement of this dance, the subject of which is political dance or at least corporeal actions in politicized settings? This relates in particular to the role of locality (localization) in a work meant for the global marketplace of art dance and hence, the possible effect of performance in the local political scene. What goes unquestioned and is taken for granted in this series of representations of political protests in a work that asks, what is the capacity of dance to protest?
An Elephant’s Graveyard? Democracy and Development in East Asia
Authors: Reilly Benjamin
Published: August 2016

Using Przeworski et al.’s paradigmatic work on democracy and development as a touchstone, this review examines East Asia’s lessons for comparative politics. It focuses particularly on the challenges that China and South-East Asia present for modernization theory, a foundation stone of political science. In most of the rich world, including north-east Asian cases of modernization such as Korea and Taiwan, economic development and democratization have tended to go hand in hand. In South-East Asia, by contrast, almost none of the expected relationships between democracy and development seems to work. The most striking anomaly of all today is China, which appears to be moving ever further away from democratic reform as it grows richer. This disjuncture between theory and practice is explored, along with other, more positive, East Asian contributions to scholarship on democracy and development.
Invariant solutions of minimal large-scale structures in turbulent channel flow for up to 1000
Authors: Hwang Yongyun , Willis Ashley P. , Cossu Carlo
Published: August 2016

Understanding the origin of large-scale structures in high-Reynolds-number wall turbulence has been a central issue over a number of years. Recently, Rawat et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 782, 2015, pp. 515–540) have computed invariant solutions for the large-scale structures in turbulent Couette flow at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\simeq 128$ using an overdamped large-eddy simulation with the Smagorinsky model to account for the effect of the surrounding small-scale motions. Here, we extend this approach to Reynolds numbers an order of magnitude higher in turbulent channel flow, towards the regime where the large-scale structures in the form of very-large-scale motions (long streaky motions) and large-scale motions (short vortical structures) emerge energetically. We demonstrate that a set of invariant solutions can be computed from simulations of the self-sustaining large-scale structures in the minimal unit (domain of size $L_{x}=3.0h$ streamwise and $L_{z}=1.5h$ spanwise) with midplane reflection symmetry at least up to $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\simeq 1000$. By approximating the surrounding small scales with an artificially elevated Smagorinsky constant, a set of equilibrium states are found, labelled upper- and lower-branch according to their associated drag. It is shown that the upper-branch equilibrium state is a reasonable proxy for the spatial structure and the turbulent statistics of the self-sustaining large-scale structures.
A Photoelastic-Fatigue Programme of Experimental Research in Connection with Bolted Joints
Authors: Wilkins E. W. C. , Jessop H. T.
Published: August 2016

An outline is given of a combined photoelastic and fatigue programme of work on single-pin double-strap joints; the stress concentration factors obtained from photoelastic tests are to be correlated with the results from a parallel series of metal fatiguetests on geometrically similar specimens. The form and dimensions for a photoelastic specimen suitable for this work are given. Further results will be published as the work proceeds. This Note outlines a programme of work recently initiated by the Royal Aeronautical Society, and now being done under Ministry of Supply contract, in connection with the fatigue strength of bolted joints.
Meteorological Services for the Comet
Authors: Chambers E.
Published: August 2016

The supply of meteorological information for Comet operations began long before the first prototype was in the air, since information on aerodrome temperature and pressure and ambient air temperature up to 40,000 ft. was required to assess engine performance. Thus it was found that extremes of temperature at 40,000 ft. range from about – 80 °C. over the United Kingdom to – 35°C. over Northwest India and performance curves were constructed to cover this range.

Statistics on low temperatures were required in connection with the performance of the de-icing system on descent; statistics on high temperatures were required for engine performance throughout flight.
The Meteorological Problem of the North Atlantic
Authors: Entwistle F.
Published: August 2016

The development in recent years of trans-oceanic flying has raised new problems, both in regard to the design of aircraft of increased range and performance and the operational and technical questions involved, and also from the point of view of the ancillary services—radio and meteorology—on which the successful operation of an air route must, ultimately, depend.

The importance of an organised meteorological service as an adjunct to the safe, regular and economical operation of an air route has been recognised from the earliest days of civil aviation. Meteorology, however, must play an even greater part in the operation of long trans-oceanic routes than in the case of the shorter routes such as those which form a network over Europe.
Equilibrium Running of the Simple Jet-Turbine Engine
Authors: Morley A. W.
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses the elementary use of non-dimensional parameters for analysing the performance of a simple jet turbine engine. The coniponents of the engine—intake, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and final nozzle—are linked together by means of the component characteristics. The possible running points are such that the characteristics are satisfied simultaneously when the whole of the engine is in equilibrium.

The components of the engine in general can be matched only at one point, called the design point. Performance af equilibrium points away from the design point may be predicted by the methods described, before the engine is built.

The paper also shows how the essential parameters governing the behaviour of the jet turbine engine are linked with the aircraft parameters.
Dimensions Required for Inspection
Authors: Saywell G. A. G.
Published: August 2016

The following problem constitutes a minor delay in ultimate production, yet considerable time and effort and manpower are duplicated at present in finding a practical solution to what is really a repetition of Drawing Office calculations.

The problem is that drawings calling up various machined fittings often lack any reference to “practical” measurements by which the operator, the toolmaker and the Inspection Department may ”set-out ” and check the work concerned.
The Aerodynamic Art
Authors: Farren William S.
Published: August 2016

Aerodynamics is the foundation on which we build aircraft, as did the Wright Brothers. In their day, it was something of a mystery. It has become a profession in itself—a Science and an Art.

Its parent science—the mechanics of fluids—is one of the most difficult branches of the general science of mechanics, which is itself possibly not one of the easier departments of science. The simplest of our flying machines is aerodynamically excessively complex. We have always been prepared to design and build aircraft to meet extraordinarily severe conditions. There is only one yardstick by which we can expect to be judged—results. We need all our skill—and skill is art, though not the whole of it.
Buckling of Rectangular Plates with One Unsupported Edge, Compressed by Forces Distributed Along its Edges
Authors: Shuleshko P.
Published: August 2016

The elastic stability of rectangular plates compressed in two perpendicular directions by forces uniformly distributed along the edges is considered. Edges x = 0 and x = a are simply supported, edge y = 0 is free and edge y = b is rigidly built-in (Fig. 1). Using the method described in a previous paper, after satisfying the boundary conditions at the edges of plate, the following transcendental equation is obtained:
The Motion of an Oscillating Aerofoil in a Compressible Free Jet
Authors: Drake D. G.
Published: August 2016

The supersonic and subsonic jets are both considered by the method used by Miles for an oscillating aerofoil between wind tunnel walls.

The present problem and that of Miles are special cases of the flow past an oscillating aerofoil between porous walls, and provide a useful check for results in the porous wall problem. It may be assumed that the ratio of the change in pressure across a porous wall to the normal velocity at the wall defines a quantity called the porosity parameter, which is a constant at any particular point on the wall. For the special cases of the porosity parameter being everywhere infinite and zero, the porous wall corresponds to the solid wall and the free jet boundary respectively.
Rotary Stability Derivatives from Distorted Models
Authors: Foster D. J. , Haynes G. W.
Published: August 2016

This note is presented as an idea to be criticised rather than as a description of a fully developed experimental technique. There are weaknesses in the method which will prevent it from giving absolutely correct answers, for example, the twist imparted to the boundary layer when a body of revolution is rolled cannot be represented. But some of the major effects can be represented, and the idea may possibly be developed to be of practical significance.

It is standard wind tunnel practice to measure the aerodynamic derivatives CYβ, C1β, Cnβ, CMβ, CLβ and CDβ by having a wind stream of constant direction, and measuring aerodynamic forces and moments on a model aircraft placed at angles of yaw and pitch to the stream.
A Fixture for Testing Sheet Materials in Compression at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Hayward D. C.
Published: August 2016

Supersonic speeds of flight have brought thermal problems due to the kinetic heating of skin materials. These materials, generally metallic, suffer loss of strength and stiffness with increase in temperature and a knowledge of changes in value of these properties at elevated temperatures is a pre-requisite to a design study. More particularly for stress offices the compressive stress-strain curves are required from which are derived tangent- and secant-moduli used to predict buckling in components. A fixture has therefore been developed for testing under edgewise compression sheet materials up to temperatures of 400 °C.
Control and Allied Problems
Authors: Gardner H. H.
Published: August 2016

At this stage in the Symposium three papers have been presented on the subject of Supersonic Flight. They will have left untouched a field which is much too wide and extensive to cover in a single paper. In fact, any attempt to cover the major problems remaining would result in a superficial and valueless effort. However, the general problem of control, particularly that resulting from the elimination of the pilot, is clearly the next major consideration and this is basically the theme of this paper.

Other major problems may be described as those associated with Electrical and Mechanical Engineering; they include power supplies, services and, in particular, refrigeration. If one looks back some twenty years these problems were not considered of any great importance, although at some stage every designer must have decried their reliability. In fact “ electrics again ” seems to have been heard far too frequently when trouble occurred.
Repair of Aero Engines
Authors: Fowler I. G. V.
Published: August 2016

Aero engines, whether in Service or Civil use, work under very different
conditions from engines used in mechanical transport. It is absolutely necessary that a high standard of reliability should be constantly maintained, although long periods of full-throttle, or nearly full-throttle running militate against this, especially when it is considered that the weight of these engines has to be cut •down in every possible manner.
The Supercharging of Aircraft and Motor-Vehicle Engines
Authors: Fedden A. H. R.
Published: August 2016

In endeavouring to present a paper on the relative problems of supercharging aircraft and motor-car power units, the author wishes to convey at the outset that no attempt is being made to give a scientific investigation of air compression, but rather to review the present stage of supercharger development, the difficulties which have to be met by the engine designer in applying such a device to a high-speed petrol engine, and with the hope of stimulating from this review a discussion on the possible advantages to be obtained thereby.

For the purpose of this paper, supercharging an internal combustion engine may be defined as :–The filling of the cylinder during each cycle by mechanical means in the form of a pump, with a greater amount of charge than would be possible with natural aspiration.
Safety from Fire in Airships
Authors: Cave-Browne-Cave T. R.
Published: August 2016

In the tragedy of R38 it is the structural failure which happens to have attracted most attention. The tragic consequences which resulted from the structural failure were fatal almost solely because of fire.

The nature and causes of the structural failure are now well known, and in the science and art of hull design sufficient progress has been made to render future structural failure as improbable in an airship as in a ship at sea. It is fitting, therefore, that a large proportion of the essays submitted for the R38 Prize should describe work which has been done to eliminate the initial cause of failure.
Charles O’Conor of Belanagare and Thomas Leland’s ‘philosophical’ history of Ireland
Authors: Love Walter D.
Published: August 2016

‘But the Irish have no philosophical historian’ was the taunt of David Hume, and so of course enlightened Irishmen of the eighteenth century were determined to have one. A great European audience awaited any thoughtful, elegant and dignified history like Hume’s of England andRobertson’s of Scotland. An indispensable mark of the ‘philosophical historian’ was that he could rise above religious partisanship, as Hume, Voltaire, and Robertson seemed to do; but for eighteenth-century Irishmen this required an enormous effort of mind and feeling—Irish society was still drastically rent by its religious antagonisms. Protestants wrote histories that were alive with catholic rebellions and massacres; they justified the penal laws as necessary protection against an unforgivably and ineradicably rebellious people. Catholics wrote histories to protest against the penal laws; they laboured to show that the rebellions and massacres were really provoked by protestants and that most past troubles were caused either by the protestants themselves or by the unfortunate division of the country, by law, into two hostile bodies.
XXII. Gladstone, Queen Victoria, and the Disestablishment of the Irish Church, 1868—9
Authors: Beckett J.C.
Published: August 2016

On 23 January 1869 Gladstone visited Queen Victoria at Osborne and presented two papers relating to the proposed disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, ‘one of them on the general policy and effect of the measure, the other a dry recital of the purport of what would be the leading clauses of a bill’. The memorandum here presented is the former of these papers. Two copies of it are known, one in the Royal Archives at Windsor (D 25/6), the other among the Gladstone papers in the British Museum (Add. MS 44757, ff. 72-96v). The copy at Windsor is in Gladstone’s own hand, that in the British Museum is presumably the work of a secretary, though the hand has not been identified. Apart from insignificant variations, mainly in punctuation, the two copies are identical. That which follows is the version in the Royal Archives and is printed by gracious permission of Her Majesty the Queen. The paragraph-arrangement of the original hasbeen preserved, but the punctuation and use of capitals have been standardised according to the practice of this journal.
XV. Why Aguila Landed at Kinsale
Authors: Silke John J.
Published: August 2016

One of the grounds on which standard histories of Ireland find fault with the Spanish expedition which Don Juan del Aguila led into Kinsale in 1601 is that it came to the wrong place. If, our authorities say, the expedition had come to Munster a year or two earlier, before the insurrection had been crushed there, it might have stood some chance; but now it ought to have come to some northern or western port where O’Neill and O’Donnell could readily have joined forces with it, and not to a port ‘in a province already subdued and all the length of Ireland from the northern chiefs’ (Curtis). The Spaniards in 1601 ‘had come at the wrong time and in the wrong place’ (Hayden and Moonan).

This judgement, in the form stated by D’Alton, is canonised by Hayden and Moonan and by Curtis, who both merely summarise D’Alton. Underlying this view, it will be noted, is the assumption that Aguila, had he so desired, might have landed elsewhere on the Irish coast. While accepting without challenge this assumption, some writers not unnaturally have wondered whether there might not be some hidden explanation for what at first sight appears to have been a ‘dreadful mistake’. Perhaps the Spaniards chose a southern port because their ulterior design was to launch an attack on England (O’Faolain’s suggestion); perhaps the journey to Ulster was considered too far, Ulster’s coasts too inhospitable (Falls). Father Jones, whose conclusions are otherwise tentative, has shown that the expedition (finally at least) did intend to go to Kinsale.
A bibliography of Irish architectural history
Authors: McParland Edward
Published: August 2016

What follows is a list — covering items published between 1900 and 1986 — of serious accounts of the history of important architectural projects undertaken in Ireland between the late seventeenth and early twentieth centuries. It is intended to be comprehensive in respect of monographs, collective works and articles in non-Irish periodicals, but in respect of Irish periodicals it is a supplement to Richard J. Hayes, Sources for the history of Irish civilisation: articles in Irish periodicals (9 vols, Boston, 1970).

None of the above definitions is rigidly adhered to: much is included which falls outside their limits, but an attempt has been made to include everything that falls within them. The following have not been comprehensively included:

(1) Monographs on non-resident architects whose careers, notwithstanding Irish commissions, were mainly abroad, e.g. Robert Adam, G.E. Street, Edwin Lutyens. This is partly because such architects are so numerous (there is evidence of over a hundred British architects having professional contacts with Ireland between 1750 and 1850) and partly because they are already well served bibliographically, e.g. by Howard Colvin, A biographical dictionary of British architects, 1600–1840 (London, 1978);

(2) studies of the foreign careers of Irish architects, e.g. James Hoban, Eileen Gray;

(3) studies of vernacular architecture (but see entry under this heading in the index);

(4) contemporary reviews or criticism of buildings;

(5) reviews of books;

(6) printed primary sources, such as J.T. Gilbert, Calendar of ancient records of Dublin… (19 vols, Dublin, 1889–1944).
The failure of unionism in Dublin, 1900
Authors: Jackson Alvin
Published: August 2016

The election contests of 1900 in St Stephen’s Green and South County Dublin were covered in detail by newspapers throughout the British Isles and have been treated as a political watershed by more recent and scholarly commentators. This interest has had a partly personal and biographical inspiration since one of the unionist candidates for South Dublin was the agrarian reformer and junior minister, Horace Plunkett; but the significance, symbolic and actual, of these contests has been seen as extending beyond the participation of one prominent Edwardian Irishman. The defeat of two unionist M.P.s, Plunkett and Campbell, in a fairly static Irish electoral arena would in itself have been worthy of comment. But the association of these men with a constructive administrative programme for Ireland, combined with the fact of their defeat by dissident unionists, gave the contests a broader notoriety and a significance for policy formulation which they would not otherwise have had. With the benefit of hindsight it has also been suggested that the repudiation of Plunkett and Campbell was a landmark in the gradual decline of southern unionism in Ireland. For, though South Dublin briefly returned to the unionist party between 1906 and 1910, the defeats of 1900 effectively marked the end of unionism as a significant electoral movement outside Ulster. After 1900, as the historian W.E.H. Lecky observed, ‘Ulster unionism is the only form of Irish unionism which is likely to count as a serious political force’.
Socialism and republican schism in Ireland: the emergence of the Republican Congress in 1934
Authors: English Richard
Published: August 2016

In the words of one veteran communist, the Irish republican movement has experienced throughout its existence ‘a constant searching’ on social issues. In 1934 the Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.) was fractured when a group of members who believed in socialism seceded to establish the Republican Congress movement. This article will examine a programme for government published early in 1934 by the I.R.A., consider the schism that occurred in March 1934, giving rise to the Republican Congress, and describe the aims, character and early activities of the new movement. It will be argued that there existed among republicans in 1934 two significant interpretations of the relationship between social radicalism and republican philosophy. The first involved a multi-class, Gaelic communalism. Public and private ownership were to be blended in post-revolutionary Ireland and emphasis was placed on class harmony rather than class struggle. Advocates of this approach employed radical rhetoric but tended to avoid any tangible involvement in immediate social struggle. Socio-economic radicalism was effectively obscured by nationalism. The second interpretation was socialist. This held that class conflict and the national struggle were necessarily complementary. Any attempt to restrain the social advance until independence had been achieved was ill-advised, since the republic could only be won through a struggle that was deeply imbued with class struggle.