bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benefits of Providing Cognitive Performance Strategies to Novice Performers Learning a Complex Motor Skill
Authors: Goode Sinah L. , Meeuwsen Harry J. , Magill Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Verbal reports were collected from experienced performers during acquisition trials of a novel throwing task and summarized as cognitive performance strategies. These strategies were incorporated in the practice regimen of 8 novices with no sport experience who learned the same task. A control group of 8 novices practiced the task without the experts' cognitive performance strategies. The performance of the novices who used the strategies was similar to that of the experts and significantly better than the performance of the control novices.
Patterns of Adaptation to Conflict in Bulimia and Temporo-Mandibular Joint Disorder
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Baggi Luigi , Martino Lorenzo San , Cuzzolaro Massimo , Pezzarossa Bianca , Martignoni Mario
Published: August 2011

Two age- and education-matched groups of 45 women, respectively, with the diagnoses of Bulimia and of Temporo-mandibular Joint Disorder, were administered the Serial Color-Word Test, to assess differences in the pattern of adaptation to conflict (the latter being represented by the Stroop task). Three types of norms (clinical, nonclinical and based on reading times) and the functions derived from a previous cluster analysis were employed. Comparisons utilizing clinical norms and cluster analytical functions did not significantly differentiate between groups. According to both nonclinical norms and norms based on reading rimes, the two clinical groups were significantly different concerning the distribution of adaptation patterns. Bulimic patients resorted more often to the Dissociative pattern (high nonlinear change of reading times), while temporomandibular patients were characterized by the Cumulative pattern (high linear change) and, secondarily, by the Cumulative-Dissociative pattern (high linear and nonlinear change). Intergroup differences were more marked when employing the new norms based on reading times.
Individual Differences in the Performance of Highly Learned Skill
Authors: McBride Dennis K.
Published: August 2011

Examination of individual differences (intertrial correlations) of highly skilled performance by professional golfers demonstrated that individuals respond to conditions in dissimilar ways, despite having strong central tendency. Behavioral scientists may benefit extraordinarily by heeding the advice of Cronbach and Jones to combine differential and experimental techniques.
Assessment of Memory in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Using the Memory Assessment Scale
Authors: Ling Naomi D. , Selby Michael J.
Published: August 2011

Previous assessment of memory function In multiple sclerosis patients has yielded mixed findings regarding the type and severity of memory deficits, which may be due to (1) differential selection of scales for memory assessment; (2) limited, inconsistent or weak reliability and validity data for the memory scales employed; (3) poor standardization techniques; (4) lack of theoretical foundation for the measure; and (5) limited control of confounding variables, e.g., education, age and the use of nonverbal memory tests. The purpose of the present study was to assess memory function in multiple sclerosis subjects using the verbal subtests of the Memory Assessment Scale, a relatively new measure designed to overcome many of the aforementioned problems. Participants included 57 patients diagnosed as relapsing-remitting, 47 diagnosed as chronic progressive (two generally recognized types of multiple sclerosis), and 132 contra) participants. A multivariate analysis controlling for age and verbal IQ was significant (Wilks = 5.64, p<.001). One way follow-up tests showed both groups with multiple sclerosis had significantly diminished performance across all memory variables when compared with controls, with the exception of List Clustering Acquisition. This indicated that the patients used clustering (mentally grouping similar words together) as often as controls did. These findings provide support for the presence of significant and consistent verbal memory impairment in multiple sclerosis patients and the particular importance of using psychometrically sound measures in the assessment of this population.
Factors in Route Selection
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: August 2011

Ratings by 239 men and women on a Route Selection Rating Scale were factor analyzed. Four orthogonal factors involved in selecting automobile routes were obtained: Safety, Interest, Purpose, and Hindrances. Scores on the scales were the means of the ratings of items having −.27 or higher loadings on each factor. A profile analysis showed that the means for men and women were not different over the collapsed scales; however, post hoc tests showed that both men and women rated Purpose and Hindrances as more important than Safety and Interest in selecting a route. And women rated Safety higher than did men.
Use of Double Cross-Validation and Bootstrap Methods to Estimate Replicability of Results of Multiple Regression
Authors: Ang Rebecca P.
Published: August 2011

Researchers have all too often ignored replicability of results because they overly rely on significance testing. This is a misinformed view because statistical significance does not evaluate the importance or replicability of a result. This paper focuses on two methods of assessing replicability of results, double cross-validation and bootstrap procedures. Selected variables from Hughes, Cavell, and Grossman's (1997) data set of 112 cases are used to illustrate all these techniques as applied to the interpretation of multiple regression results. One statistical computer package SPSS is used for the double cross-validation procedure, and a 1987 microcomputer program package of Lunneborg is used to demonstrate the bootstrap procedure.
Hysteria and Academic Performance
Authors: Muyangwa Moses Mubita
Published: August 2011

To assess the possible relationship between hysteria, as defined by Miller and Keane in 1972, and academic performance, for 27 secondary school pupils comprising 25 girls and 2 boys (ages 12 to 23 years, in Grades 8 to 12 of six different schools) and with known histories of hysterical attacks (locally known as Lihabiya) diagnosed by hospital authorities or traditional healers grades in English, Mathematics, and the local language siSwati were compared before and after hysterical episodes. Although all their marks before the attack were higher, differences were not statistically significant.
Responses of Mental Hospital Inpatients on the Draw-A-Person Questionnaire
Authors: Karp Stephen A. , Pattee Linda E.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated accuracy of the Draw-A-Person Questionnaire in distinguishing a diagnostically varied group of mental hospital patients from controls. Subjects were 166 mental health inpatients at a large public hospital, paid $3 for participation, and 166 controls selected from a group of 1382 adult volunteers to match the patients on age, race, and sex. All subjects were given the Draw-A-Person questionnaires following drawings of a male and female. Questionnaires were scored for Denial, Demeaning, and Likes to Hurt Others scales. In three 2×2×2 (status × sex × race) analyses of variance, patients scored higher than controls on all scales. African-Americans ( n = 242) scored higher than Euro-Americans ( n = 78) on Denial. Further analysis of an interaction between patients' status and sex for Denial suggests that only male patients differed from controls, the former group showing higher Denial scores.
Ethnicity, Religion and Suicide in Swiss Cantons
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 1990, language and religion were not associated with the suicide rates of the 26 Swiss cantons, unlike results reported for the 19th Century.
Persistent Elevation of Nocturnal Activity in Rodents following Apparent Recovery from Lithium/Pilocarpine-Induced Limbic Seizures
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Koren S. A.
Published: August 2011

The nocturnal and day-time activity of rats was monitored continuously after the induction of seizures by a single systemic injection of lithium followed 4 hr. later by the muscarinic agent pilocarpine. Although there was a transient increase in activity during the day cycle shortly after the seizure induction, this behavior returned to baseline levels; however, nocturnal activity increased and remained elevated two to three times above the baseline levels. Implications for the enhancement of nocturnal melatonin levels within the brains of these chronically epileptic rats are discussed.
Age in Correlations between Accuplacer's Reading Comprehension Subtest and GPA
Authors: Cole Jason C. , Muenz Tracy A. , Bates Helen G.
Published: August 2011

ACCUPLACER, a battery of educational tests used for collegiate-level class placement, is used by hundreds of thousands of students entering institutions of higher education each year. In a previous study Cole and Lutkus (1997) reported a significant relationship between Reading Comprehension scores from ACCUPLACER and age, and so recommended that an exploration of the effect of age on the predictive validity of Reading Comprehension scores be conducted. This study examined such a relationship on data from two midwestern community colleges The results indicated that predictive validity was significantly related to one's age cohort. These results held for each college and the over-all sample.
Effects of Frequency of Pain Report on Subjective Pain Ratings of the Cold Pressor Task
Authors: Loftin Michael , Zeichner Amos , Given Matthew
Published: August 2011

Differences in methodology among studies using the cold pressor task have affected the level of pain reported by subjects. This study was designed to assess the effects of varying frequency of self-report on intensity of subjective pain ratings. In a sample of 108 subjects, significant differences in pain ratings were found between subjects who rated their pain at 50-sec. intervals and groups who rated at lower or higher frequencies. Analysis indicated that the frequency of reporting pain may influence the coping strategies used by patients with pain and should be considered carefully by researchers.
Time Urgency and Imagery in the Type a Behavior Pattern
Authors: Howton Merilyn F. , Lindoerfer Joanne S. , Marriott Richard G.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the relationship between Type A Behavior Pattern, visual imagery, and ability for time estimation. 115 subjects filled out a questionnaire which assessed them for the presence of a visual imaginary representation of time and scores on Type A or B behavior. While completing the questionnaire, subjects made estimates of four timed intervals of 8 min., 22 sec. The treatment consisted of formal training in visual imagery representations between time estimates of intervals 3 and 4. Data were analyzed using a 2 × 2 × 4 mixed analysis of variance in which the subject variables (Type A/B, visual imaginary representation, and time estimate) were dichotomized using median splits. The dependent measures were accuracy scores for each of the four estimation trials. Subjects with training in visual imaginary representation estimated time more accurately; Type A subjects with training in visual imaginary representation were the most accurate. All subjects improved over the four trials, with greatest improvement following training in visual imaginary representation. The most consistent improvement in time estimates occurred in Type A subjects. Results replicated and extended previous findings associating visual imaginary representations with more accurate time perception, especially for individuals scoring as showing Type A behavior pattern.
Diurnal Variation in Tennis Service
Authors: Atkinson Greg , Speirs Louise
Published: August 2011

With informed consent, 6 competitive tennis players performed alternate 15 “first” (emphasis-speed) serves and 15 “second” (emphasis-accuracy) serves at 09:00, 14:00 and 18:00 hours. Serve velocity was measured by the digitisation of video footage of each serve. The Hewitt Tennis Achievement Test was employed to measure the accuracy of serve. The amount of spin imparted on the ball was not measured. First serves were at all times of day faster than second serves. First serves were faster but least accurate at 18:00 hours, the time of day that body temperature and grip strength were highest. At 09:00 hours, first serves were just as accurate as second serves, even though velocity of first serves was higher. No effects for time of day were found for the speed and accuracy of second serves. These results indicate that time of day does affect the performance of tennis serves in a way that suggests a nonlinear relationship between velocity and accuracy.
Changes in Peak Torque Arm-Shoulder Strength of High School Baseball Pitchers during the Season
Authors: Whitley Jim D. , Terrio Tim
Published: August 2011

Pre- and postseason measurements of peak torque arm strength were made at 180 deg./sec. and 300 deg./sec. on both throwing and nonthrowing arms of five male high school varsity baseball pitchers. The major findings were significant losses in adduction strength in both throwing and nonthrowing shoulders at 180 deg./sec. and internal rotation strength for both sides at both speeds. The primary implication from these preliminary findings is that significant losses of arm-shoulder strength may be associated with injuries to the pitching arm.
Body-Size Estimation by Obese Subjects
Authors: Valtolina Giovanni G.
Published: August 2011

The present aim was to explore the body-image perception of a group of 60 hospitalized obese subjects, aged between 25 and 50 years, undergoing a weight loss treatment and 60 normal-weight persons. The 1978 modified version of the Askevold perception test by Allamani, Marasco, Michele, and Morandi was given. This nonverbal test is aimed at evaluating subjects' perception of the dimensions of different parts of the body by exploiting their projection into space. Each body area (head, the thoracic area, the abdominal area, and the pelvic area) perceived by a subject was calculated using a specifically designed software program (AREA.BASIC2); the same program was used to calculate actual body area. After obtaining the percentage deviation index for each individual [(perceived area/real area) × 100], mean values were analyzed. Obese subjects significantly underestimated the four body areas, unlike the normal weight subjects who largely overestimated the abdominal and pelvic areas.
Motor Actions in Retrieval of Valenced Information: II. Boundary Conditions for Motor Congruence Effects
Authors: Förster Jens , Strack Fritz
Published: August 2011

We report an experiment on the influence of arm positions on the generation of valenced information. Participants were induced to perform either approach (arm flexion) or avoidance (arm extension) behavior while generating names of persons. One half of the participants had to indicate whether they had positive, negative or neutral attitudes towards these persons during retrieval (evaluation group), the other half had to indicate their attitudes after retrieval (nonevaluation group). Participants retrieved significantly more negative than positive names under arm extension but more positive than negative names under arm flexion. This motor congruence effect, however, was only obtained for the evaluation group. The data show that an evaluative context is necessary to produce the effect in retrieval.
Effect of Different Quantities of Variable Practice on Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer of An Applied Motor Skill
Authors: Goodwin Jeff E. , Eckerson Joan M. , Grimes Charles R. , Gordon Paul M.
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined the effect of manipulating different quantities of variable practice in the acquisition phase on the retention and transfer performance of a dart throw. Participants in the Specific condition practiced a total of 75 acquisition trials from a distance of 2.39 m. Participants in the Specific + Variable condition practiced a total of 75 acquisition trials with 25 trials from distances of 1.47 m, 2.39 m, and 3.30 m. Participants in the Specific + Varplus condition practiced a total of 75 acquisition trials with 15 trials from distances of 1.47 m, 1.93 m, 2.39 m, 2.84 m, and 3.30 m. Results of the one-way analysis of variance on the 24-hr. retention test from 2.39 m yielded no significant differences among practice conditions for mean radial error. A one-way analysis of variance on the 24-hr. transfer test from 3.76 m indicated that the Specific + Variable and Specific + Varplus conditions performed with significantly smaller mean radial error than the Specific condition. The results are discussed in regard to recent research and applicability to instructional settings.
Spatial Ability in Children's Play with Lego Blocks
Authors: Brosnan Mark J.
Published: August 2011

Sex differences in spatial ability have been argued to originate from sex differences in children's play preferences. Child (30 boys and 20 girls) were asked to construct a specific three-dimensional model using Lego blocks and were also given the Shepard and Metzler test of mental rotation. Those who completed the Lego model scored significantly higher in spatial ability than those who did not. Constructional ability was also related to errors made during the construction of the model, but spatial ability was the best predictor of completion of the model.
Numbers of Details in the Reconstruction of An Emotional Narrative Decrease Linearly as a Function of Time
Authors: Richards P. M. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

33 university students listened to a 5-min. ambiguous narrative about a young boy (The Billy Story) while another 33 students did not. At the end of the final examination for the course the students were promised a 2% bonus mark if they could reconstruct the details of the story. Whereas only one student who heard the story could not recall any details, 30% of the students ( n = 9) who never heard the story generated a false one. The numbers of accurate details recalled by those who heard the story decreased linearly with the time (5 through 30 days). Five times the numbers of the women than men who heard the story attributed the young boy's anomalous experience to sexual abuse.
Clinical Aspects Associated with Adjustment in Unusual Sleepers
Authors: Sexton-Radek Kathy
Published: August 2011

Sleep behavior and self-reported adjustment of 93 young adult sleepers were measured. The 34 unusual sleepers (short, long or variable) differed in adjustment from controls. 7 short sleepers reported more intense, worrisome responses than other unusual sleepers and controls.
Influence of Prosodic Boundaries on Comprehension of Spoken English Sentences
Authors: Blasko Dawn G. , Hall Michael D.
Published: August 2011

Three experiments investigated the role of prosody in the comprehension of auditory sentences. In Exp. 1 an analysis of three novice talkers and one expert talker verified the production parameters of one type of syntactic ambiguity and showed that pitch cues were more prominent than duration cues. In Exp. 2, 16 listeners used prosodic information to make consistent decisions reliably about phrase boundaries. In Exp. 3, 40 participants listened to sentences in which prosody was inconsistent with later morphosyntactic information, indicated their understanding, and then judged whether a visual target was related to the meaning of the sentence. Inconsistent prosody slowed comprehension and contributed to slower, less accurate judgments of sentence meaning. This suggests that prosodic information contributes to the perception of spoken language and can affect comprehension even when the syntactic structure indicated by prosody is contradicted by subsequent morphosyntactic information.
Team Practice Schedules: What Do We Know?
Authors: Rhodenizer Lori , Bowers Clint A. , Bergondy Maureen
Published: August 2011

Given the prevalence of teams in many work environments, it is important to determine the practice schedules that optimize their learning. Thus, the effect of practice schedule on team learning was investigated. Teams practiced under either a massed or distributed practice schedule and were tested under a short-term or longer-term retention interval. These results support the distribution of practice effect for team learning; however, the results suggest that the known benefits for longer-term retention that distributed practice has on individual learning may not apply to learning by 2-person teams under the present conditions.
Perceptions of the Heart-Rate Guide
Authors: Faigenbaum Avery D. , Ciccolo Joseph , Libonati Joseph R.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary assessment was made concerning perceptions of the newly developed bean-rate guide, devised as an educational tool to promote physical activity. Unlike the traditional target heart-rate chart, the heart-rate guide illustrates the value of low to moderate intensity physical activity. Following a brief lecture about the Surgeon General's report on physical activity and health and the usefulness of heart-rate charts and guides, 120 college students ( M age 21.5 ± 2.8 yr.) completed a self-report survey consisting of statements regarding their use of target heart rates during exercise and their perceptions of the new heart-rate guide as compared to the traditional heart-rate chart. 83% of the subjects reported that the new guide better illustrated the findings from the Surgeon General's report, 5% reported no difference between the guide and the chart, and 12% reported that the chart better illustrated the report's findings ( p<.01). 48% never measure their heart rates when they exercise, 48% sometimes measure their heart rates and 4% always do so ( p< 01). While the new guide should not replace the traditional chart, these results suggest that college students perceive the heart-rate guide as a useful tool despite the fact that only a small percentage of students regularly measure their heart rates when they exercise.
Spiral Maze Performance in Dementia
Authors: Taylor Robert
Published: August 2011

58 patients with probable Alzheimer dementia and 58 with probable multi-infarct dementia were given spiral mazes of differing complexity and 20 other neuropsychological tests. When age and over-all neuropsychological functioning were taken into account, spiral maze performance was poorer for patients with multi-infarct dementia but there were no significant group differences related to task complexity or indices of performance strategy
Steven Stack's Ecological Studies of National Suicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The results of eight studies by Steven Stack on national suicide rates were replicated using a data set for 1980; however, a multivariate data analysis indicated that the many associations found by Stack reduced to one major correlate of national suicide rates—females' participation in the labor force.
Physical Appearance and Judgment of Status as Battered Women
Authors: Gula Cheryl A. , Yarmey A. Daniel
Published: August 2011

160 undergraduate students were given a set of 10 photographs or 10 videotaped recordings of women and informed that some of the women were victims of spousal abuse. Half of the participants were asked to select one individual who seemed most likely or least likely to be a battered woman. Participants then sorted another set of photographs or videos of 10 other battered and nonbattered women into the categories according to their guessed status. Analysis showed that certain women were consistently chosen as exemplars of battered or nonbattered women. Categorizations did not correspond with the women's actual status. No reliable differences in category selections or sotrings were found between photographed and videotaped presentations of the battered and nonbattered women.
Voting Conservative and Mortality
Authors: Kondrichin Sergei V. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

For the American states, the lower the vote for Reagan in the 1980 Presidential election, the higher the mortality rate, replicating a result found for Great Britain in 1996.
Differences in Content of Suicide Notes by Age and Method
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 40 suicide notes from Germany, those by older suicides more often mentioned physical pain and poor health, but no differences in content were associated with method.
Validation of Several Methods of Estimating Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Young Men
Authors: McNaughton Lars , Hall Phil , Cooley Dean
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify the most accurate predictor of VO2max from a variety of running tests. 32 young adult male undergraduates of (mean ± SE) age 20.14 ± 0.34 yr., height 179.4 ± 1.8 cm, weight 73.7±2.8 kg, and VO2max 57.89 ± 1.1 ml · kg−1 · min.−1 were randomly tested on four different predictive VO2max running tests to assess their actual VO2max, based on a continuous, progressive treadmill protocol and obtained via gas analysis. The four tests consisted of a treadmill jogging test, 1.5 mile run, Cooper's 12-min. run, and the 20-m progressive shuttle-run test. An analysis of variance applied to means indicated significance. Post hoc analysis between the means with correction by Scheffé showed significant difference between the predictive submaximal treadmill jogging test and the 12-min. run but no other difieren .es. The strength of the relationship between predictive tests and VO2max varied, wit1 the 12-min run having the highest correlation of .87, followed by the 1.5 mile rur .87, 20-m progressive shuttle run .82, and the treadmill jogging test .50. The 12-min. run had the highest correlation of all tests with VO2max in young men, with active to trained levels of fitness. The 1.5 mile and 20-m shuttle run also provided accurate predictions of VO2max and so should be used for an accurate prediction of young men's VO2max.
Suicide and Heart Disease
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In the 48 contiguous states of America in 1990, suicide rates and mortality from ischemic heart disease were negatively associated, which does not replicate results of a recent cross-national study by Ginter.
Relationship of Initial and Final Scores on a Qualitative Analysis of Movement Test
Authors: Morrison Craig S. , Frederick Christina M.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the relationship of initial qualitative analysis of movement scores, disembedding scores, and mental rotation scores on terminal qualitative analysis of movement scores. The subjects were 19 female and 17 male undergraduate majors in physical education, 14 from Oklahoma State University and 22 from Southern Utah University, with a mean age of 23.0 ± 4.5 yr. The test and instructional unit on qualitative analysis of movement were developed by Morrison and Harrison in 1985. The Group Embedded Figures Test was used to discern disembedding scores and the Mental Rotations Test scores on mental rotation. The means and standard deviations for the pretest and posttest measures on the movement analysis test were 72.08 ± 7.06 and 78.30 ±4.21. Analysis indicated instruction improved scores on the qualitative analysis test. Also, initial movement test scores and those on disembedding were significant predictors of scores on the posttest qualitative analysis of movement but not of mental rotation test scores.
Effects of Computer Feedback on Adherence to Exercise
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: August 2011

A large fitness center setting was used to test the effects of a computer feedback system (FitLinxx Interactive Fitness Network) on adherence to exercise, attendance, and dropout. Healthy mixed-sex adult participants were evaluated on their maintenance of newly prescribed exercise. The control group ( n = 71) used standard exercise tracking and feedback during exercise sessions. The treatment group ( n = 93) used a specifically designed computer-based system that provided enhanced tracking, goal setting, and feedback. Analysis indicated significantly higher attendance and adherence in the treatment group who also had fewer dropouts by month, a larger number of days before dropout, and less over-all dropout (46%) over the 8 months tested. Discussion concerning the application of computerized feedback systems for maximizing clients' adherence within physical and cardiac rehabilitation and general fitness settings was given. Additional direct testing with different sample types and motivation was suggested.
Note on Ambient Noise Levels in Head Start Speech-Language Therapy Rooms
Authors: Porter Rick , Dancer Jess
Published: August 2011

Only one speech-language therapy room of ten at preschool Head Start centers met the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA) requirements for ambient noise levels in educational settings. Preschoolers with speech-language disorders need ideal circumstances for therapy, which may be achieved through environmental changes or assistive listening devices.
Are Abnormal Event-Related Potentials Specific to Children with Adhd? A Comparison with Two Clinical Groups
Authors: Kemner C. , Verbaten M. N. , Koelega H. S. , Camfferman G. , Van Engeland H.
Published: August 2011

Children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (ADHD) were compared with two other clinical groups, namely, children with autism and children with dyslexia, with respect to several peaks of the ERP. By using these other clinical groups, it was studied whether amplitude differences between children and ADHD and normal control children, which were found in an earlier study, were specific to children with ADHD. ERPs were measured in response to stimuli in an auditory and a visual oddball task. Only with respect to the P3 and Pz, measured in response to deviant auditory stimuli, did the children with ADHD show smaller amplitudes than both autistic children and those with dyslexia. It was concluded that a smaller amplitude of this peak is specific to children with ADHD.
Comparison of Listeners' Judgments of Simulated and Authentic Stuttering Using Magnitude Estimation Scaling
Authors: Fucci Donald , Leach Edwin , Mc Kenzie Jennifer , Gonzales Maria Diana
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether normal listeners can differentiate authentic and simulated stuttering. The subjects were 40 graduate and undergraduate students in hearing and speech sciences who were asked to listen to segments of authentic and simulated stuttered speech at varying severities. Using magnitude estimation scaling, each subject was asked to judge the samples of stuttered speech by providing a numerical response that matched the severity of the segment listened to. Analysis showed that the subjects discriminated between different severities of both the authentic and stuttered speech. They did not differentiate between authentic segments of stuttered speech and simulated ones.
Effect of Viewed Color on Hand-Grip Strength
Authors: Keller Leah M. , Vautin Robert G.
Published: August 2011

Published reports on the effects of viewed color on physical strength are compromised by failure to specify each of the three dimensions of the color stimuli used The present study investigated the relationship between color and grip strength by independently measuring the effects of the three dimensions of color. 80 students with normal color vision were tested for hand-grip strength while viewing color-stimuli sets which differed only in hue, saturation, or lightness. A two-way analysis of variance with two repeated measures showed no significant difference in handgrip strength with changes in any dimension of color. Formal equivalence testing indicated that these results were not due to low statistical power but rather to an actual similarity in grip strength across different viewing conditions. The findings give clear support to those studies that have found no relationship between viewed color and strength.
Influence of Exercise on Visual Search: Implications for Mediating Cognitive Mechanisms
Authors: Aks Deborah J.
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the influence of exercise on a feature and conjunction search performed by 10 women and 8 men. We compared the effect of 10 min. of low- (65% work load) and high-exertion cycling (8 min. at 65% work load plus 2 min. at 85% work load) on response time, accuracy and response time as a function of the number of items in the display (slopes). Analysis showed faster search and increased slopes following exercise, suggesting that exercise improved performance especially under conditions of focused attention. The lowest response times followed high-exertion exercise, and most focused search, i.e., largest slopes, followed exercise of low-exertion.
Perception of Happiness among Elderly Persons in Metropolitan Usa
Authors: Mookherjee Harsha N.
Published: August 2011

The relationships of some selected sociodemographic variables with perception of happiness among older individuals living in metropolitan areas in the United States were examined. Data from the General Social Surveys for the ten years between 1982–1991 were analyzed. Seven sociodemographic variables, six social participation variables, and six attitudinal variables covering the six domains of life were considered independent variables with perception of happiness as the dependent variable. Analysis of variance indicated that race, marital status, education, financial status, and religious attendance were significantly related to perception of happiness and the six attitudinal variables increased the total variance accounted for in perceived well-being.
A Pilot Investigation into the Neuroendocrine Correlates of Personality in the Workplace
Authors: Senior C. , Loveday C.
Published: August 2011

Pilot data are reported on the relation rate of adaptation to a change in usual patterns of circadian behaviour by personality scores. Personality was defined through scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory and change in circadian behavior as working a random day shift in a predominately night shift work schedule. The rate of adaptation to change in circadian behavior pattern was recorded by levels of salivary Cortisol for each subject. 4 persons scoring high on Extraversion produced more Cortisol during the day shift, while the 2 scoring high on Intraversion produced more during the night shift.
Reading Comprehension Strategies Used by Deaf Middle-School Students
Authors: Leirer Rendra , Dancer Jess
Published: August 2011

13 reading strategies of deaf adolescent boys and girls attending residential middle schools were compared. Boys reported the lower-level strategy of reading aloud more often than girls. Both reported top strategies of asking someone to explain (dependent) and rereading and looking at the pictures (independent).
Encoding and Recall of Parsed Stories in Hypnosis
Authors: Muzur Amir , Fabbro Franco , Clarici Andrea , Braun Susanne , Bava Antonio
Published: August 2011

To define the relationship between aspects of memory concerning encoding and recall of short texts and hypnosis, standardized stories were narrated to 12 subjects, both during ordinary state of consciousness and after hypnotic induction by means of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (Form C). The narrative material used as a stimulus was based on several stories taken from popular oral tradition, previously analyzed according to the classic criteria proposed by Rumelhart in 1975 and Mandler and Johnson in 1977. The subjects' memory performance during both experimental conditions was tape-recorded and compared with the analysis of the original stories (Terminal Nodes) as well as with the higher linguistic structures of the scheme (Basic Nodes), according to Rumelhart's typology. During hypnosis, the subjects recalled significantly fewer narrative elements at both levels of analysis (Terminal Nodes and Basic Nodes). We conclude that hypnosis does not enhance recent memory.
The Pictorial Context Dependency of Savant Artists: A Research Note
Authors: Hermelin Beate , Pring Linda
Published: August 2011

The relative immunity of the concept of size constancy in the face of changes to the retinal image as well as the pictorial device of linear perspective were investigated with 9 savant artists and 9 controls. For drawing use of pictorial rules seemed independent of levels of intelligence; however, when a construction instead of a drawing task had to be carried out, diagnosis rather than the presence or absence of talent was the decisive factor.
Imagery Processes in Evaluating Duration of a Ball Flight
Authors: Féry Yves-André , Hofe Alain Vom
Published: August 2011

That imagery processes may intervene in the representation of movement of usual objects through time was confirmed by showing that high scorers on the 1986 Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire predicted with greater accuracy than low scorers the duration of a largely masked ball flight.
Identifying Submaximal Muscular Effort: Reliability of Difference Scores Calculated from Isometric and Isokinetic Measurements
Authors: Birmingham Trevor B. , Kramer John F.
Published: August 2011

The present investigation examined the reliability of a derived strength measurement and also how variability between test sessions affects the utility of this variable for judging an individual's muscular effort. 31 young healthy men ( M age = 25 yr.) completed three isometric and isokinetic concentric contractions of the knee extensors, using maximal and self-selected submaximal efforts, on each of two test sessions. Difference scores between isometric and isokinetic measurements were calculated by subtracting the mean of the three isokinetic peak torques from the mean of the three isometric peak torques for each individual subject for maximal and submaximal efforts performed on both test sessions. For the group of subjects, difference scores were significantly greater during maximal (33 ± 29 Nm) than submaximal (13 ± 30 Nm) efforts, suggesting subjects could not maintain the same relationship between isometric and isokinetic muscular actions across the maximal and submaximal conditions. However, the test-retest reliability of the difference scores was only modest even when data were averaged over two test sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients were .82 for maximal, and .58 for submaximal). As a result, the range of scores within which an individual's true score might be expected to lie was large (± 25 Nm for maximal, and ± 37 Nm for submaximal). Although derived strength parameters like difference scores may be effective in distinguishing submaximal from maximal efforts completed by groups of subjects, the test-retest reliability of the present scores suggests that their use in judging an individual's performance may be limited.
Templer's Death Anxiety Scale Revisited: The Dutch Version
Authors: Hoogstraten Johan , Koele Pieter , Van Der Laan Jeroen
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was twofold, to present and analyse a Dutch version of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and to explore further the scale's factor structure. Subjects were 179 Dutch freshmen in psychology who filled out the scale during a group test-session. Mean scale scores, standard deviations, and internal consistency were comparable to data reported in earlier studies. A principal components analysis identified five factors with eigenvalues larger than one. The first factor appeared to be an underlying primary dimension on which all items except Item 10 loaded substantially. It is suggested to change the response format from a dichotomous to a 5-point scale and to accept the Dutch version of the Death Anxiety Scale as a reliable measure of death anxiety.
Canonical Correlation Analysis as a General Linear Model: An Effective Instructional Tool
Authors: Ang Rebecca P.
Published: August 2011

This article demonstrates in a concrete fashion that canonical correlation analysis subsumes all other least-square statistical methods and that, because it is the general linear model, it can be an effective instructional tool for teaching research methodology. The use of this general linear model framework illustrates that all least-square procedures involve the application of weights to derive synthetic scores which are the focus of all analyses and that all least-square procedures are correlational and therefore yield a measure of effect size to aid in the interpretation of results. Statistical analyses performed with a familiar statistical package, SPSS, on a small heuristic data set is used in the demonstration of various concepts.
Relationships between Impairments in Strength of Limb Muscle Actions following Stroke
Authors: Bohannon Richard W. , Andrews A. Williams
Published: August 2011

To examine the relationships between impairments in limb muscle strength soon after stroke, a secondary analysis of a data base of 48 patients with stroke was undertaken. Measurements of isometric muscle strength obtained bilaterally from eight muscle actions and recorded in the data base were retrieved for analysis. Most of the strength measures correlated significantly with one another. The measures of muscle strength showed high internal consistency in each limb, on each side, and over-all. Principal components analysis and cluster analysis indicated that the closest relationships were between muscle actions of the upper limb contralateral to the stroke (the “paretic” side), limb muscle actions of the side ipsilateral to the stroke (the “nonparetic” side), and muscle actions of the lower limbs. These findings may reflect the organization of the central nervous system following stroke.
On Difference-Based Summary Measures
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: August 2011

As a generalization of Gini's mean difference measure of variation for quantitative data, this paper proposes families of summary measures based on the generalized sum and mean of the absolute differences for all data pairs. Some important properties of those generalized measures are discussed. The case of categorical data is also specifically considered.
Influence of Importance of Intention on Prospective Memory Performance
Authors: Cicogna Pier Carla , Nigro Giovanna
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which the importance of the action to be performed affects its occurrence in a time-based prospective memory task. In the laboratory the effects of importance of intention were shown by Kvavilashvili in 1987 in an activity-based task, e.g., on a task which does not require the interruption of an on-going activity. 47 men and 65 women, aged between 20 and 25 years, participated in an experiment in which the importance varied (high vs low). The prospective memory task was embedded in a principal task lasting about 15 min. and required subjects to perform an action at a given time (after 5 min.). The prospective memory task required the interruption of the on-going activity. Analysis indicated that importance affected the performance on the time-based prospective memory task. Further implications were discussed.
Commitment to Physical Activity and Anxiety about Physique among College Women
Authors: Finkenberg Mel. E. , Dinucci James M. , McCune Sandra L. , Chenette Tim , McCoy Patrick
Published: August 2011

This study involved a comparison of scores on the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale and the Social Physique Anxiety Scale by 258 women athletes, kinesiology majors, and a control group. Mean commitment to physical activity of the control group was significantly lower than the means of the other groups; the mean on anxiety about social physique was significantly higher.
Sex of Player and Practice in Lateral Discrimination and Videogame Performance
Authors: Tkacz Sharon , Laforce Pamela
Published: August 2011

Videogame sessions stimulating surrogate travel were used as navigational training for four days. Four paper-and-pencil measures were obtained to identify, characteristics underlying acquisition of navigational skill. These included a map reading test to assess spatial orientation, a self-report questionnaire (Spatial Anxiety Scale) and two orientation tasks requiring discrimination of compass directions and relative position, i.e., right-left. Game performance was related to both scores on spatial anxiety and right-left discrimination. Skill acquisition curves did not differ for the 8 men and 13 women.
Chinese and American College Students' Motives for Participation in Physical Activities
Authors: Chen Weiyun
Published: August 2011

To examine the differences in the current strengths of primary motives for participation in physical activities and exercises 289 Chinese students in China and 180 American students in the United States were administered the Motives for Activity Participation Questionnaire. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that American subjects spent significantly more time participating in physical activity and exercise than did Chinese subjects; men were significantly more likely than women to engage in physical activity and exercise. With respect to the motives for participation, multivariate analysis of variance showed an over-all significant difference on three factors of Weight/Body Management, Mental Health, and Social Interaction among the Chinese and American subjects. Subsequently, stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that social interaction was the primary motive for American men and Chinese women. In contrast, management of body weight was the primary motive for American women.
Body Image and Drug Addiction
Authors: Gainotti Merete Amann
Published: August 2011

Drawings of the inside of the body produced by 83 drug addicts were analyzed. For 75 men and 8 women, aged 18 to 30 years, their graphic productions were compared with those of children and adolescents without addiction problems. Results indicate that while children and adolescents represent anatomical parts, drug addicts tend to use the drawing to express their psychological difficulties using various metaphorical forms.
Effect of Luminance Contrast on the Motion Aftereffect
Authors: Ishihara Masami
Published: August 2011

The effects of luminance contrast and spatial frequency on the motion aftereffect were investigated. The point of subjective equality for velocity was measured as an index of the motion aftereffect. The largest effect was observed when a low contrast grating (5%) was presented as a test stimulus after adaptation to a high contrast grating (100%) in the low spatial frequency condition (0.8 cycle deg.−1). On the whole, the effect increased with increasing adapting contrast and with decreasing test contrast or spatial frequency. Small effects were observed at high test contrasts. These results were inconsistent with those of Keck, Palella, and Pantle in 1976. Analysis showed that there was no saturation on velocity of the motion aftereffect above 5% of the contrast although Keck, et al. (1976) found that the incremental increases of the effect above 3% adapting contrast were small.
Preliminary Neuropsychological Outcomes of Angioplasty and Stenting of Extracranial Cerebral Arteries
Authors: Lee Tatia M. C. , Ho David S. W. , Chan Chetwyn C. H.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary evaluation of the neuropsychological status of three Chinese-speaking patients receiving angioplasty and stenting of extracranial cerebral arteries showed no significant decline in their performance on cognitive tasks measuring (1) memory function, verbal and nonverbal memory, (2) attention, and (3) cognitive processing speed. Although angioplasty and stenting of extracranial cerebral arteries did not appear associated with detrimental changes in the cognitive status of the two patients completing all cognitive tasks, their relation must be confirmed as a neuropsychologically safe measure for reducing the risk of stroke in Chinese with significant extracranial cerebral artery stenosis by a randomized controlled study with a much larger sample.
Differences in Spatial Visualization as a Function of Scores on Hemisphericity of Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Hassan Mohammed M. , Abed Adnan S.
Published: August 2011

59 teachers of mathematics were administered the Your Style of Learning and Thinking-Form A and categorized as showing Left ( n = 13), Right ( n = 12), or Integrated ( n = 15) hemisphericity. Rotations scores on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test were not statistically significant among the three groups.