bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entangled Trading
Authors: Arjaliès Diane-Laure , Grant Philip , Hardie Iain , MacKenzie Donald , Svetlova Ekaterina
Published: July 2017

Chapter 5 follows the investment chain from the ‘buy side’ of investment management into the ‘sell side’ of brokers and traders. It discusses the development of ‘dark pools’—private share-trading venues in which subscribers can bid to buy shares or offer to sell them without those bids or offers being visible to the market at large. Originally, access to dark pools was restricted to investment management firms, and the pools were intended to permit those firms to buy or sell large blocks of shares among themselves at low cost and without the ‘market impact’ of trading in the public markets. The history of dark pools, however, shows how hard it has been to cling to that vision in the face of investment chain entanglements. The entanglement on which the chapter focuses most relates to the ways of payments (colloquially known in the US as ‘soft dollars’) for sell-side research.
Bringing Society Back into the Investment Chain
Authors: Arjaliès Diane-Laure , Grant Philip , Hardie Iain , MacKenzie Donald , Svetlova Ekaterina
Published: July 2017

Chapter 6 explores why fixed income managers inside a French asset management company refused to consider the repetitive alerts of Responsible Investing (RI) analysts regarding the solvency problems of Greece and Italy before such issues went public. By comparing the reactions of fixed income managers to the equity managers inside the same company, the chapter identifies the disconnect between the fixed income evaluation practices and the society as being the main explanatory factor of fixed income managers’ reluctance vis-à-vis RI analysts’ suggestions. Elaborating on these findings, the chapter suggests that different groups of actors along the investment chain might hold distinctive views on what the components of the investment chain are, depending on their evaluation cultures.
Disruptive Technologies
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 9 describes potential disruptive technologies in the 21st century. It covers the expanding area of gene editing, also known as genome editing or CRISPR. It describes ‘wonder materials’ such as graphene and high-temperature superconductors. Three-dimensional printing, also known as 3D printing, is covered in the text. Two materials that have intriguing properties, namely metamaterials and auxetic materials and their properties, are described.
The Importance of Microstructure on Material Properties
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 10 describes the importance of microstructure on material properties. It describes the concept of toughness and fracture that are illustrated by reference to composite materials. Photonic materials such as opals are described. Microstructural aspects of traditional ceramics are described in terms of different phases (crystallise, glassy). Other systems including DNA, metamaterials and coronary stents are considered in terms of their microstructure.
Everyday Products
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 12 describes material aspects of everyday products. For example, the role of nanoparticles in sunscreens. It also covers surfactants and their role in micelles in washing-up liquids. The role of nanotechnology in cosmetics is stressed. The surprising use of hydrogels in disposable nappies (diapers) and the role of microstructure in sweets such as hard candy (boiled sweets) are described. Other everyday products include breathable garments, stainless steel and acrylic textiles.
‘Pension Fund Socialism’
Authors: Davies Aled
Published: July 2017

This chapter focuses on the political response to the institutionalization of saving and investment that took place in post-war Britain. It demonstrates that it was only in response to the acceleration of industrial decline in the 1970s that the influence of pension and insurance funds over the national economy was fully appreciated. The Heath government, perturbed by the divorce between ownership and control engendered by institutionalization, encouraged the financial institutions to take an interest in the firms they invested in. Meanwhile, figures in the Labour Party and trade-union movement recognized the immense power wielded by the institutions and sought to bring them under some form of public control. They hoped to use pension funds, as workers’ savings, to invest in the ailing industrial economy. In the crisis decade of the 1970s, these attempted reforms represented a struggle to adapt and reformulate social democracy in a changed material context.
The Limits of Financial Reform and the Challenge to Social Democracy in the 1970s
Authors: Davies Aled
Published: July 2017

This chapter focuses on the failure of the Labour movement to reform the financial system during the 1970s. It highlights the political factors that prevented change, yet argues that these were rooted in the more fundamental failure of the left to garner support for reforms from non-financial industrial economic interests. Instead, financial and industrial interests, having become increasingly integrated since the war, became politically allied in response to the mid-1970s profits crisis. Business’s proposed means to restore profitability amounted to a simple set of solutions: cut taxation on capital and personal income, eradicate inflation, and reduce government interference in the operation of the economy. These proposals for government economic retrenchment as the solution to industrial decline were an outright rejection of the state-coordinated financial strategy offered by the left. Furthermore, they were a direct challenge to the fundamental premises of post-war social democracy.
Locating Morality
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the possibility of identifying core moral claims with the states of mind which are called bodily imperatives—e.g. the ‘make it stop’ state of mind which is plausibly an aspect of, if not identical with, severe pain states and states such as severe thirst, hunger, sleeplessness, humiliation, terror, and torment. The chapter combines this idea with another, that the desire-like, conative, or ‘world-guiding’ states of mind which make normative claims on agents need not belong to the agent on whom the claim is made, on a broadly Humean or desire-based view in metaethics (‘Democratic Humeanism’, or ‘Democratism’). On the view defended, any subject’s bodily imperatives can make moral claims on any moral agent. The case is made that bodily imperatives are a good candidate for constituting the core moral claims or basic imperatives of morality, which all others are either built from, or at least constrained by.
Difficult Cases and the Epistemic Justification of Moral Belief
Authors: Schechter Joshua
Published: July 2017

This chapter concerns the epistemology of difficult moral cases where the difficulty is not traceable to ignorance about non-moral matters. The chapter first argues for a principle concerning the epistemic status of moral beliefs about difficult moral cases. The basic idea behind the principle is that one’s belief about the moral status of a potential action in a difficult moral case is not justified unless one has some appreciation of what the relevant moral considerations are and how they bear on the moral status of the potential action. The chapter then argues that this principle has important ramifications for moral epistemology and moral metaphysics. It puts pressure on some views of the justification of moral belief, such as ethical intuitionism and reliabilism. It puts pressure on some antirealist views of moral metaphysics, including simple versions of relativism. It also provides some direct positive support for broadly realist views of morality.
Introduction
Authors: Morgan-Owen David G.
Published: July 2017

Scholars have long been aware of the periodic ‘invasion scares’ which were a feature of life in Edwardian Britain, yet the notion that the threat of invasion exerted a meaningful influence on official policy in this period has been dismissed as ‘divorced from strategic reality’. Historians examining the roots of British strategy in the First World War have tended to look towards the various putative plans for offensive action developed after 1900—whether those for military deployment in Europe or the naval ‘blockade’. This book argues the opposite: namely, that home defence was central to discussions of strategy in Britain before 1914 and that the prospect of a hostile landing exercised a growing influence over the activities of the two services by the outbreak of the First World War.
The Command of the Sea
Authors: Morgan-Owen David G.
Published: July 2017

The Royal Navy thought about war in a particular way in the late nineteenth century. This chapter explains how the contemporary Navy understood strategy as it pertained to protecting the United Kingdom from invasion. By examining the different approaches taken to war against France and Germany between 1885 and 1900 it shows how the Admiralty understood the defence of the British Isles in this period in largely symmetrical terms. The battle fleet remained key to naval warfare and to preventing invasion, but it did not need to be shackled to the British coastline in order to prevent a hostile power from attempting to cross the Channel.
Preparing for War
Authors: Morgan-Owen David G.
Published: July 2017

The period 1904–6 proved to be a fateful one for the CID. The government successfully divorced the Regular Army from its defensive duties and re-orientated it towards operations overseas—the necessary first step to producing a more coherent, complementary approach to imperial defence. Yet despite this change in military policy, the CID failed to become a forum in which the two services could debate and co-operate in the interests of producing a cohesive grand strategy. Political intervention thus merely changed the parameters within which quasi-independent naval and military strategies continued to compete, intersect, and diverge—to the detriment of overall British readiness for war.
The North Sea Guard
Authors: Morgan-Owen David G.
Published: July 2017

Between 1903 and 1907 the Admiralty had recognized that preventing a German invasion of the British Isles was likely to prove more problematic than is often accepted. These fears increased precipitously over the course of the following three years. In 1907 a top-secret committee of officers chaired by Captain Sydney Fremantle confirmed that a German landing of up to 80,000 men appeared eminently feasible under the Navy’s existing war plans. For political reasons Admiral Sir John Fisher was unwilling to inform the government of this fact, and set about using the Navy’s most modern warships—including HMS Dreadnought—in an audacious plan to diffuse the danger. At the same time the military authorities continued to prepare to send the Army to the Continent, increasing the pressure on the Navy to ensure the defence of British shores.
The Meaning of Pax
Authors: Cornwell Hannah
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the semantic range of the concept of pax, considering its place in the Roman imaginary alongside ‘associated concepts’ (particularly concordia, otium, bellum, and victoria). The traditional Republican meaning and uses of the term pax are examined in a variety of contexts (contemporary prose, poetry, historical writings, numismatics, and religious dimensions) in order to establish more precisely the conceptualization and meaning of pax within the conventional political language of the Republic. Whilst pax was used to describe a usually unequal relationship of power with either the gods or other civic entities, as well as interpersonal relations, it did not conventionally have a strong political presence in Roman thought prior to the first century BC.
Peace over Land and Sea
Authors: Cornwell Hannah
Published: July 2017

The focus of this chapter is on understanding the earliest stages of Augustus’ regime and its self-representation in terms of pax, exploring how peace fits into the profuse displays of triumphal ideology and rhetoric in the aftermath of the final decade of civil war. Augustus’ triple triumph cemented his position within the state in 29 BC. In this context the lack of a developed iconography for pax (compared to that of victoria) is tackled, particularly in reference to the monumental displays after Actium, to demonstrate the triumphal significance afforded to pax. The idea of expressing power not in relation to an opponent, but as an assertion of imperium over land and sea, as the achievement of peace, is a central concern of this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

The introductory chapter to A New Narrative for Psychology, “What’s the Problem?,” frames the conceptual crisis in contemporary psychology. It argues that, in large measure, the discipline does not speak to the fundamental problems of human psychology concerning interpretation, experience, and meaning due to a pervasive belief that such questions cannot be researched “scientifically.” Instead, psychologists rely on a narrow definition of science that dictates the measurement and statistical analysis of psychological variables and avoids essential questions about human nature. It traces the historical origins and epistemological status of the psychological variable and introduces the profound implications that the decision to enforce methodological uniformity has had on the field.
Turning to Narrative
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

Chapter 3 of A New Narrative for Psychology introduces a theoretical framework for a narrative perspective that inspires creative approaches to studying psychological problems. It begins with a history of the “narrative turn” in psychology and outlines the current divisions. Since the 1980s, psychological research calling itself “narrative” has blossomed. However, at the moment, narrative psychology is fragmented, with no clear definition of what narrative is or does. This chapter addresses the definitional problems posed by the current use of the narrative concept in psychology, arguing that narrative psychology is not just a theory or a method but, rather, must encompass both. It reorients narrative psychology to meaning making, the study of how and why persons enact aspects of their lives in time and space. Narrative offers researchers insight into the fundamental psychological problems of how persons interpret the self and experience.
How Narrating Functions
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

Chapter 4 of A New Narrative for Psychology argues that the most salient aspect of narrative is not the arrangement of speech elements into a particular structure, but the kinds of actions that can be accomplished with narrative. It critiques narratological approaches that define narrative, minimally, as the recounting of two related events. Rather, narrative is an evolving and emergent process, an interpretive action, that comes into being when persons, along with others, attempt to make sense of self and world. Narrative is best thought of as a verb, “to narrate,” or the derived form, “narrating.” It argues that one of the primary functions of narrating is to “make present” life experience and interpretations of life in a particular time and space.
Reasoned Interpretations
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

“Reasoned Interpretations,” Chapter 9 of A New Narrative for Psychology, examines the bases for making sound research arguments in psychology. It argues that there is a general form for making arguments that is found not only in psychology but everywhere. Psychological science becomes the deliberate activity of “going after” knowledge and framing knowledge claims in the form of a reasonable argument. The chapter argues for a critical examination of research arguments in order to arrive at general, but flexible, means for evaluating research claims. Research arguments in psychology, narrative and otherwise, should be credible, trustworthy, and useful. In order to examine how narrative research can meet these standards, the chapter presents a detailed analysis of a life story interview with a Palestinian student with Israeli citizenship studying at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Conclusion
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

The concluding chapter of A New Narrative for Psychology, reflects on the place of the narrative perspective in the discipline as a whole. It argues that although the methods of narrative psychology may not be wholly distinct from qualitative or mixed methods, the narrative perspective does present an integrated, theoretical, and methodological approach to the study of human meaning making and is specially suited, distinctly credible, to this pursuit. The chapter addresses the growing debate on unity in psychology in which some scholars have proposed unifying psychology through overarching theoretical structures or by imposing methodological discipline. By virtue of the way that narrative can deal with complexity, it can be a productive force for a more synthetic view of human psychology. In this regard, a narrative perspective can provide insight into human experience in a way that no other perspective can.
Introduction
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

The global warming climate crisis threatens to throw the world as we know it into social and political turmoil. When environmentalists discuss global warming, they often maintain that democracy has to be an important part of climate change policy. But others see the need for a stronger, more authoritarian hand in the name of swift action, if not survival. The Introduction explores this question by first taking note of the potentially devastating consequences of the climate crisis for both the global ecological system and social and political institutions. It then outlines the limits and failures of the dominant environmental approaches to adequately confront these very large challenges. In search of an alternative theory and practice to preserve a democratic mode of governance in the face of threatening political-ecological disruptions, the Introduction presents the option of turning to the local level where democratic governance has its best chance of surviving climate crisis.
Ecological Crisis and Climate Change: From States of Emergency to “Fortress World”?
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

This chapter looks at the possible futures associated with climate change, in particular the ecological crisis it will bring for many people around the planet. It does this with a special focus on the political challenges that will accompany this crisis, especially as they relate to democratic politics. It asks how states will manage, and in some cases even survive, in the face of a very serious or catastrophic social-ecological crisis. Toward this end, it examines the long history of a crisis orientation in environmentalism generally, with an emphasis on climate change as the example par excellence. It then examines the worst-case scenarios, including the concept of “fortress world.” It concludes with a discussion of environmental security, the role of the military during the crisis, and the politics of “survivalism.”
Technocratic Strategy as Central Steering: From Sustainable Development to Transition Management
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

This chapter continues the discussion of technocratic theory and practice by examining its implications for governmental steering. It begins with a discussion of the technocratic emphasis in the theory of ecological modernization and its focus on technological solutions, including the concept of the technological fix. After examining this as an approach for technological development related to climate change, the chapter examines the innovative Dutch strategy of transition management designed as a “new mode of governance for sustainable development.” Developed as an attempt to identify socio-technical options and to move them into the policy decision processes, the strategy illustrates the way in which technocratic thinking can unwittingly seep into projects with a wider set of goals.
The Green State as Environmental Democracy? Political Power, Globalization, and Post-Democracy
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

This chapter extends the preceding discussion about environmental democracy to the question of the “green state.” Debates about the possibility of green democratic states raise relevant issues for an assessment of democratic environmental prospects. For this reason, the chapter examines the theories of three leading environmental political theorists: Eckersley, Dryzek, and Barry. Although their works largely fall far short of identifying practical political openings for restructuring existing state institutions and practices, the issues and problems they raise remain instructive. The second half of the chapter assesses these concerns against broader contemporary political trends, in particular concerns about “democratic deficits” and the theories of “post-democracy” that have accompanied them. It examines the “ecological paradox” that a post-democratic politics poses for a sustainable transformation. These issues suggest that the pursuit of environmental democracy might best look for alternative locations outside of the state.
Participatory Environmental Governance: Civil Society, Citizen Engagement, and Participatory Policy Expertise
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

In search of a more practical approach to environmental democracy, the theory and practice of participatory governance are presented as an alternative that can incorporate key elements of environmental deliberative democracy but at the same time speaks more specifically to ongoing political practices. The chapter first surveys the rise of governance and its emergence in environmental politics. It then examines the claims for governance, in particular a more democratic form of governance, participatory governance. Several concrete examples from Brazil (participatory budgeting), India (people’s planning), and Nepal (community forestry) are briefly sketched, including new models of participatory expertise that have emerged with them. Grounded in real-world political struggles against hierarchy and injustice, participatory governance is seen to address the sorts of conflicts that climate change will increasingly usher in.
The Community Forest Movement in Nepal as Participatory Governance: Civil Society, Deliberative Politics, and Participatory Expertise
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides a detailed example of participatory environmental governance. The experience of the community forest movement and its participatory governance practices in Nepal offers important insights into the broader tensions between democratic participation and technical expertise in climate change policy, especially the role of facilitating public engagement. It explains how a federation established by political activists set up a civil society association that challenged the national Ministry of Forestry and its scientific practices. It also presents the role of a civil society think tank that supported these activities. The efforts of this community forest movement are especially important given the crucial role of forests in reducing carbon emissions. For this reason, it has become a model for global protection of forests in countries around the globe. The chapter presents this development and interrogates its lessons about participatory governance, advanced as an alternative approach to environmental democracy.
Practicing Participatory Environmental Governance: Ecovillages and the Global Ecovillage Movement
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

Ecovillages represent an existing and ongoing form of participatory environmental government that is anchored to real-world realities. These communities are essentially made up of people who have rethought the way they live and taken steps to reduce their ecological footprint. Most are located in the countryside, but ecovillages and their variants are also found in major cities. There is also a global network of ecovillages. Linked together through the Global Ecovillage Network (GEN), they are found in many countries around the world. Moreover, some of their members lead simple lives that involve practices that remind one of earlier centuries, described as a form of “reskilling.” But others accept high-tech features such as cell phones, internet connections, solar panels, and even research laboratories. Ecovillages do not represent the solution, but they are in a position to maintain the practices of participatory environmental governance during the climate crisis.
Relocalization for Sustainable Communities: Participatory Ecological Practices and Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

Not only does the return to localism make ecological sense on its own terms—given the shortages of energy, food, and many other resources—it also makes sense because small face-to-face groups have always been considered the basis for authentic participatory democracy. Indeed, independent of ecological crisis, a return to the local is good for democracy generally. What is more, there is an emerging and vibrant “relocalization” movement that can and should be built upon. Although it mostly flies under the radar, this movement not only seeks to develop a sustainable way of life, but it also constitutes an important anchor for holding on to and extending participatory democratic governance. After detailing the practices of relocalization, the chapter turns to theories that support it in the face of environmental crisis, in particular the theoretical contributions of Sale, Bookchin, and Bahro.
Interplaces
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

Much of the world’s economic activity takes place in interplaces—places between cities and nations, the geographical containers that we have taken for granted for hundreds of years now. In this book Nicholas Phelps provides a guide to this uncharted territory within urban and economic geography. He highlights the importance of intermediary actors and processes in shaping the in-between economy of interplaces. From the airports, shopping malls, and office parks that have sprung up on the roads between cities to work done on the move in cars and trains, to the decisions made by internationally mobile networks of experts in conferences and negotiations, the economic geography of interplaces is revealed as one involving four recurring and coexisting economic geographical formations—the agglomeration, the enclave, the network, and the arena. The author sets out a multidisciplinary perspective and agenda on the question of the how, why, and where much contemporary economic activity takes place.
Introduction
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that interplaces—the spaces and places in between cities and nations—are subjects worthy of study in economic geography. In asking why bother to study the economy between cities and between nations at all, the chapter alludes to the significance of interplaces in quantitative and qualitative terms. It notes aspects of both the inter-urban and international economies that represent interplaces. It outlines the conceptual basis of the book in discussion of the role of intermediaries and agglomerations, networks, enclaves, and arenas. The book is organized into five parts, with this brief introduction forming a first part. It closes by briefly describing the structure of the book and chapter contents.
Human Geography and Interplaces
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter sets an analysis of the economy of interplaces in the context of broader debates and developments in human geography scholarship of the past four decades or so. In particular, it argues that the study of interplaces and their economies suggests the value of recovering older relational human geographical approaches with their twin emphasis on place and space. It also argues that there is an enduring need in economic geography to generate a limited but adequate variety of geographical concepts with which to analyse contemporary phenomena. Recent tendencies for the place/space debate to collapse into oppositions between scale or networks have been unhelpful. The author’s preference is for a limited set of concepts—some of which themselves lie somewhere between scalar or territorial metaphors on the one hand and network or topological metaphors on the other.
Suburbia
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers the suburbs composing an economy in between the city and the rural. It begins by defining suburbs and then outlining their role in the broader transformation of metropolitan and megapolitan areas. It notes the variety of settlements that compose the suburbs. It charts the industrial and service industry origins of some suburbs. It explores the role of intermediaries in the production of suburban housing. Finally, it also considers the contours of the consumption economy found in the residential suburbs. Much of this chapter is focused on North America and to a lesser extent on Europe. While the US is not the norm regarding suburban development it does represent a powerful and perhaps exceptional model, aspects of which have only just begun to be exported.
The Mid-urban Realm
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter continues with the contribution of the suburban matrix to the economies of many nations. The term suburb is one that is imbued with the stasis associated with dwelling in a place and yet suburbs are charged with a greater sense of flux than this may suggest. The chapter looks more closely at the heavily urbanized corridors that exist between major cities. It explores the evidence for the economic importance of megalopolis in the US, but also the zwischenstadt in Europe and desakota regions in Asia. It then goes on to look at the numerous different retail, office, airport, and science park enclaves that make up this mid-urban realm.
Policy Mobility
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter teases out some of the economic implications of the economy in between cities and nations associated with policy mobility. The subject of policy mobility is one that signals a relational economic geography. It embodies the tension between the fixity and mobility of capital, between sedentarist and nomadic perspectives in geography. Yet it cannot be reduced to one or other in these sets of antimonies. The chapter charts some of the history of policy mobility before noting the importance of the transnational economic actors and interests that drive contemporary policy mobility. It considers the nature of policy mobility in strong and weak forms of inter-urban competition.
Aesthetics of the Familiar
Authors: Saito Yuriko
Published: July 2017

Everyday aesthetics was recently proposed as a challenge to the contemporary Anglo-American aesthetics discourse dominated by the discussion of art and beauty. This book responds to the subsequent controversies regarding the nature, boundary, and status of everyday aesthetics and argues for its legitimacy. Specifically, its discussion highlights the multifaceted aesthetic dimensions of everyday life that are not fully accounted for by the commonly held account of defamiliarizing the familiar. Instead, the appreciation of the familiar as familiar, negative aesthetics, and the experience of doing things are all included as being worthy of investigation. These diverse ways in which aesthetics is involved in everyday life are explored through conceptual analysis as well as by application of specific examples from art, environment, and household chores. The significance of everyday aesthetics is also multi-layered. This book emphasizes the consequences of everyday aesthetics beyond the generally recognized value of enriching one’s life experiences and sharpening one’s attentiveness and sensibility. Many examples, ranging from consumer aesthetics and nationalist aesthetics to environmental aesthetics and cultivation of moral virtues, demonstrate that the power of aesthetics in everyday life is considerable, affecting and ultimately determining the quality of life and the state of the world, for better or worse. In light of this power of the aesthetic, everyday aesthetics has a social responsibility to encourage cultivation of aesthetic literacy and vigilance against aesthetic manipulation. Ultimately, everyday aesthetics can be an effective instrument for directing humanity’s collective and cumulative world-making project for the betterment of all its inhabitants.
Challenges and Responses to Everyday Aesthetics
Authors: Saito Yuriko
Published: July 2017

Everyday aesthetics is often criticized for lacking aesthetic credentials. Its legitimacy as a discourse is questioned because proximal senses, experiences gained while engaging in an activity, and qualities other than beauty and sublimity are included in its purview. Inclusion of these items is considered to deny a clear ‘object’ of aesthetic appreciation, the possibility of objective judgments, and profundity of aesthetic experience. Excluding them, however, does not do justice to the rich and multifaceted contents of everyday aesthetic life. Phenomenological description, instead of the judgment-oriented and objectivity-seeking discourse, is more appropriate for exploring some dimensions of everyday aesthetic life. In addition, while possibly lacking the same degree of profundity and intensity of beauty and sublimity, the popular appeal of easily recognizable aesthetic qualities deserves to be investigated because of their prevalence and frequent manipulation for commercial and political purposes.
The Aesthetics of Emptiness
Authors: Saito Yuriko
Published: July 2017

Art is the most effective vehicle for unearthing and highlighting the aesthetic potentials of the everyday life that generally do not garner attention because of their ubiquitous presence and ordinary familiarity. Recent art projects, termed ‘sky art’ for the purpose of discussion in this chapter, illuminate the aesthetics of the sky and celestial phenomena. This chapter analyzes several examples of ‘sky art’ by utilizing the notion of ‘emptiness,’ deriving an inspiration from the identical Chinese character used for both ‘sky’ and ‘emptiness,’ as well as the Buddhist notion of ‘emptiness.’ Despite the connotation of ‘emptiness’ that is devoid of any content or substance, different ways in which sky art facilitates the act of ‘emptying’ enrich the aesthetic experience of the sky and sky art. Sky art thus illustrates how art helps turn the otherwise ordinary into the extraordinary and facilitates its aesthetic appreciation.
The Aesthetics of Wind Farms
Authors: Saito Yuriko
Published: July 2017

As one of the sustainable forms of energy production, wind farms are becoming increasingly prevalent, changing the global landscapes and seascapes. They are often met with resistance, primarily because of their presumed ‘eyesore’ effect. This chapter reviews several arguments based upon imagination and comparison to art that are intended to mitigate the negative aesthetic impact of wind farms. It concludes that the most promising aesthetic argument in support of wind farms must be a part of a larger aesthetics of sustainability informed by life values, sometimes referred to as the ‘thick’ sense of aesthetics. At the same time, life values, such as sustainability, cannot by themselves determine the aesthetic values, since purely sensuous, ‘thin,’ considerations, such as colors, shapes, and spatial arrangements, constitute the core of aesthetic values. Most importantly, aesthetic disputes involving public space call for civic environmentalism: empowerment and inclusion of those whose aesthetic lives are affected.
Consequences of Everyday Aesthetics
Authors: Saito Yuriko
Published: July 2017

Despite the charge of triviality and insignificance, everyday aesthetics has a surprisingly powerful impact on the quality of life and the state of the world, for better or worse. From popular attraction to certain natural creatures, landscapes, and fashionable consumer goods to rejection of ‘inglorious’ fresh produce and landscaping with indigenous plants, this power of everyday aesthetics leads to environmental consequences, promotes nationalism, and exacerbates rampant consumerism. Aesthetics is also a vehicle through which to express moral virtues or lack thereof, such as respect, thoughtfulness, and care toward the other, whether it be an object or a human being. By exploring these examples, this chapter demonstrates how everyday aesthetics makes a significant contribution to humanity’s collective, cumulative, and ongoing project of world-making.
Conclusion
Authors: Saito Yuriko
Published: July 2017

One mission of everyday aesthetics is to unearth hidden potentials behind the façade of ordinariness that makes up our daily lives. The art of living includes cultivating a capacity and sensibility to shed light on the all-too-familiar and to be able to derive a fresh aesthetic experience. Enriching individual lives in this way is one important role of everyday aesthetics....
Introduction
Authors: Saito Yuriko
Published: July 2017

Everyday aesthetics is becoming established as a subdiscipline of aesthetics. In one sense, it is ironic that such a subdiscipline be created anew, because neither the original Greek meaning of the term aesthesis nor Baumgarten’s formulation of aesthetics as a discourse regarding senses excluded any dimensions of our lives from deliberation. Furthermore, until about a century ago, the subject matters of aesthetics in the Western philosophical tradition ranged from natural objects and phenomena, built structures, utilitarian objects, and human actions, to what is today regarded as fine arts....
Introduction
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins
Published: July 2017

The introduction provides an overview of the book's main theme, the relationship between contextualism about “knows”, on the one hand, and epistemological theorizing about knowledge, on the other. It is a mistake to think that there is any very straightforward connection between them, but is there a subtler one? Ichikawa suggests that there is. The introduction sets up this by first providing the important backdrop that is the knowledge first program and contextualism. Ichikawa then provides outlines of all chapters in the book and describes the arguments proposed in each.
“Knowledge”
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins
Published: July 2017

This chapter explains contextualism about knowledge ascriptions—the idea that the content expressed by a sentence containing “knows” varies according to the conversational context of the speaker. It articulates and develops a form of contextualism based closely on David Lewis's “relevant alternatives” approach to knowledge. Special attention is given to the idea and proper understanding of an “epistemic standard”—important questions about the relationship between contextualism and rival views turn on this notion. On the approach of the chapter, epistemic standards interact with subject situations to produce sets of relevant alternatives. The chapter also provides some novel linguistic motivations for a contextualism of this sort, and raises questions about how it fits into ideas about broader theoretical roles for knowledge. Those questions define the project of the remainder of the book.
Sensitivity
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers the connection between knowledge and counterfactual states of affairs—and the connection between the semantics of knowledge ascriptions and that of sentences expressing counterfactual conditionals. It argues that each ought to be considered as a kind of context-sensitive modal, and develops a close connection between the corresponding modal bases. The result implies, contrary to contemporary orthodoxy, that sensitivity is indeed a necessary condition for knowledge: to know that p on the basis of some evidence, one must be such that if p were false, one wouldn't believe that p on the basis of that evidence. Apparent counterexamples to this condition can be explained away as depending on equivocal arguments.
Assertion
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins
Published: July 2017

This chapter takes up the knowledge norm of assertion, according to which assertion is governed by the constitutive norm that one may assert only what one knows. The relationship between such norms and contextualism is controversial—some philosophers have argued that there is a special problem for this combination of views, and others have argued that the knowledge norm provides direct support for contextualism. This chapter rejects both kinds of simple connections. The book's relevant alternatives approach to knowledge, however, combined with Stalnakerian approaches to assertions and conversational contexts, is suggestive of an underexplored interpretation of the knowledge norm—the incremental knowledge norm of assertion, according to which what is required for proper assertion depends on its incremental conversational effect.
Belief
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins
Published: July 2017

This chapter develops and defends a relevant-alternatives contextualist semantics for belief ascriptions, similar to that proposed in the book for knowledge ascriptions. The view is a metasemantic generalization from Roger Clarke's infallibilist approach to belief. The result explains the sense in which belief is a kind of full commitment, consistent with humans' possession of many beliefs. It is also, in the context of the book's broader approach to knowledge, able to explain and predict the sense in which there is a knowledge norm of belief.
Who Was This Man?
Authors: Kachun Mitch
Published: July 2017

Chapter 1 introduces the broad context of the eighteenth-century Atlantic world in which Crispus Attucks lived, describes the events of the Boston Massacre, and assesses what we know about Attucks’s life. It also addresses some of the most widely known speculations and unsupported stories about Attucks’s life, experiences, and family. Much of what is assumed about Attucks today is drawn from a fictionalized juvenile biography from 1965, which was based largely on research in nineteenth-century sources. Attucks’s characterization as an unsavory outsider and a threat to the social order emerged during the soldiers’ trial. Subsequently, American Revolutionaries in Boston began the construction of a heroic Attucks as they used the memory of the massacre and all its victims to serve their own political agendas during the Revolution by portraying the victims as respectable, innocent citizens struck down by a tyrannical military power.
The Dustbin of History
Authors: Kachun Mitch
Published: July 2017

Between 1771 and 1850 the Boston Massacre itself remained a part of the nation’s collective memory of the American Revolution. Some characterized it as a key event in forging colonial unity while others preferred to distance the Revolution from what they considered a disorderly riot. In either case, Attucks’s role and racial identity remained largely ignored, even among African Americans. A few scattered references to Attucks appeared during the first half of the nineteenth century, but he did not become a focal point for African American arguments for citizenship, inclusion, and equality until the 1850s, when African American activists recognized the central role Attucks might play in establishing blacks’ rightful place in the nation.
Crispus Attucks Meets Jim Crow
Authors: Kachun Mitch
Published: July 2017

As Jim Crow segregation came to define black Americans’ place in the nation by the end of the nineteenth century, American memory also became largely segregated. African Americans continued to hold Attucks in high regard, but his name was invoked far less frequently in mainstream popular culture and historical scholarship. As white America all but abandoned its concern for the basic welfare and rights of black citizens, a black hero like Crispus Attucks had little chance to enter the heroic pantheon of the nation. School textbooks, mainstream popular culture, and white Americans in general virtually erased Attucks from the story of the American Revolution. African Americans kept his memory alive in history books, public commemorations, and memorial acts like the naming of children and community organizations.
Crispus Attucks Meets the New Negro
Authors: Kachun Mitch
Published: July 2017

During the era of the “New Negro” after World War I, African Americans intensified their attention to Attucks and other race heroes as they made more overt efforts to incorporate African American achievements into the national historical narrative. The decades after 1920 saw an expansion of both textual and nontextual attention to black history as well as increasing complaints from black commentators about the exclusion of that history from school curricula and public life. While mainstream textbooks failed to incorporate Attucks or African Americans in general, black authors attempting to replace or supplement the white narrative apparently were frustrated by how little was actually known about Attucks. Black activism and black attention to heroes of the race intensified as World War II approached.
Conclusion
Authors: Kachun Mitch
Published: July 2017

The Conclusion ties together the book’s main arguments about Crispus Attucks’s place in American history and memory. We do not know enough about his experiences, associations, or motives before or during the Boston Massacre to conclude with certainty that Attucks should be considered a hero and patriot. But his presence in that mob on March 5, 1770, embodies the diversity of colonial America and the active participation of workers and people of color in the public life of the Revolutionary era. The strong likelihood that Attucks was a former slave who claimed his own freedom and carved out a life for himself in the colonial Atlantic world adds to his story’s historical significance. The lived realities of Crispus Attucks and the many other men and women like him must be a part of Americans’ understanding of the nation’s founding generations.
Managing lupus nephritis
Authors: Pullen Richard L.
Published: July 2017

Approximately 40% of all patients with systemic lupus erythematosus develop this life-threatening condition.