Diurnal variation in soil nitrous oxide emissions (DIVINE): drivers and mechanisms
Authors: Keane James Benjamin , McNamara Niall P. , Whitaker Jeanette , Moir James , Levy Pete E. , Robinson Sam , Linnekogel Stella , Walker Hanna , Storer Kate , Berry Pete , Toet Sylvia , Lee Sarah 
Published: April 2022

&lt;p&gt;Nitrous oxide (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) with a global warming potential 298 times that of carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;). Measurements of soil N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions typically use manual chambers, with samples taken at low temporal resolution over long durations (months), or at higher temporal resolution (multiple samples per day) over short durations. Automated GHG flux systems have allowed the measurement of high frequency (sub-daily) N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O fluxes over longer periods (weeks to months), revealing that emissions can vary diurnally by up to 400% in agricultural soils.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contributing approximately 70% of global anthropogenic N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions, agriculture represents the largest area of uncertainty for GHG reporting and the most challenging sector for emissions reduction: global N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions are increasing at double the rate estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Improvements to agricultural GHG emission estimates have increased the accuracy of GHG reporting, but N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions from agricultural soils still contribute 25% of the uncertainty of total GHG emissions across all sectors. Our project, diurnal variation in soil nitrous oxide emissions (DIVINE), combines field and laboratory experiments that exploit high-resolution, robotic and continuous N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O measurement technology, to investigate the drivers and mechanisms underpinning diurnal variation in N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We will present work from a field study investigating the effect of soil properties and nitrogen (N) fertiliser management on diurnal variation in N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions from a wheat crop. We assess how N fertiliser application (rate and frequency) and soil gas diffusivity (determined by bulk density and rain events), affect the depth of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O production and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O transport in the soil, and resultant impacts on the peak timing and amplitude of diurnal N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions across the crop life cycle and seasons.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions will be compared in paired transects with contrasting bulk density but similar soil texture and history, with three ammonium nitrate fertiliser scenarios. N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O is being measured continuously using SkyLine2D automated flux chamber technology. To resolve depth/gas transfer coefficients after N fertiliser and rain events, we will measure soil N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O concentration profiles across the rooting zone in discrete campaigns during the crop life cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Further, we will discuss how our data will be used to improve the accuracy of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emission factors by accounting for environmental and diurnal variation. Bayesian statistical modelling will be used to represent the spatial and temporal distribution of emissions following fertilisation, and the effects of known environmental factors (e.g. temperature, soil moisture, light intensity), as well as the residual effect explicable by the diurnal cycle.&lt;/p&gt;