bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two high-mobility group box domains act together to underwind and kink DNA
Authors: Sánchez-Giraldo R. , Acosta-Reyes F. J. , Malarkey C. S. , Saperas N. , Churchill M. E. A. , Campos J. L.
Published: June 2015

High-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is an essential and ubiquitous DNA architectural factor that influences a myriad of cellular processes. HMGB1 contains two DNA-binding domains, box A and box B, which have little sequence specificity but have remarkable abilities to underwind and bend DNA. Although HMGB1 box A is thought to be responsible for the majority of HMGB1–DNA interactions with pre-bent or kinked DNA, little is known about how it recognizes unmodified DNA. Here, the crystal structure of HMGB1 box A bound to an AT-rich DNA fragment is reported at a resolution of 2 Å. Two box A domains of HMGB1 collaborate in an unusual configuration in which the Phe37 residues of both domains stack together and intercalate the same CG base pair, generating highly kinked DNA. This represents a novel mode of DNA recognition for HMGB proteins and reveals a mechanism by which structure-specific HMG boxes kink linear DNA.
New insights into the enzymatic mechanism of human chitotriosidase (CHIT1) catalytic domain by atomic resolution X-ray diffraction and hybrid QM/MM
Authors: Fadel Firas , Zhao Yuguang , Cachau Raul , Cousido-Siah Alexandra , Ruiz Francesc X. , Harlos Karl , Howard Eduardo , Mitschler Andre , Podjarny Alberto
Published: June 2015

Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) is a human chitinase belonging to the highly conserved glycosyl hydrolase family 18 (GH18). GH18 enzymes hydrolyze chitin, anN-acetylglucosamine polymer synthesized by lower organisms for structural purposes. Recently, CHIT1 has attracted attention owing to its upregulation in immune-system disorders and as a marker of Gaucher disease. The 39 kDa catalytic domain shows a conserved cluster of three acidic residues, Glu140, Asp138 and Asp136, involved in the hydrolysis reaction. Under an excess concentration of substrate, CHIT1 and other homologues perform an additional activity, transglycosylation. To understand the catalytic mechanism of GH18 chitinases and the dual enzymatic activity, the structure and mechanism of CHIT1 were analyzed in detail. The resolution of the crystals of the catalytic domain was improved from 1.65 Å (PDB entry 1waw) to 0.95–1.10 Å for the apo and pseudo-apo forms and the complex with chitobiose, allowing the determination of the protonation states within the active site. This information was extended by hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. The results suggest a new mechanism involving changes in the conformation and protonation state of the catalytic triad, as well as a new role for Tyr27, providing new insights into the hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities.
Structural and biochemical analyses of aClostridium perfringenssortase D transpeptidase
Authors: Suryadinata Randy , Seabrook Shane A. , Adams Timothy E. , Nuttall Stewart D. , Peat Thomas S.
Published: June 2015

The assembly and anchorage of various pathogenic proteins on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria is mediated by the sortase family of enzymes. These cysteine transpeptidases catalyze a unique sorting signal motif located at the C-terminus of their target substrate and promote the covalent attachment of these proteins onto an amino nucleophile located on another protein or on the bacterial cell wall. Each of the six distinct classes of sortases displays a unique biological role, with sequential activation of multiple sortases often observed in many Gram-positive bacteria to decorate their peptidoglycans. Less is known about the members of the class D family of sortases (SrtD), but they have a suggested role in spore formation in an oxygen-limiting environment. Here, the crystal structure of the SrtD enzyme fromClostridium perfringenswas determined at 1.99 Å resolution. Comparative analysis of theC. perfringensSrtD structure reveals the typical eight-stranded β-barrel fold observed in all other known sortases, along with the conserved catalytic triad consisting of cysteine, histidine and arginine residues. Biochemical approaches further reveal the specifics of the SrtD catalytic activityin vitro, with a significant preference for the LPQTGS sorting motif. Additionally, the catalytic activity of SrtD is most efficient at 316 K and can be further improved in the presence of magnesium cations. SinceC. perfringensspores are heat-resistant and lead to foodborne illnesses, characterization of the spore-promoting sortase SrtD may lead to the development of new antimicrobial agents.
Structure of the catalytic phosphatase domain of MTMR8: implications for dimerization, membrane association and reversible oxidation
Authors: Yoo Ki-Young , Son Ji Young , Lee Jee Un , Shin Woori , Im Dong-Won , Kim Seung Jun , Ryu Seong Eon , Heo Yong-Seok
Published: June 2015

Myotubularin-related proteins are a large family of phosphoinositide phosphatases; their activity, stability and subcellular localization are regulated by dimeric interactions with other members of the family. Here, the crystal structure of the phosphatase domain of MTMR8 is reported. Conformational deviation of the two loops that mediate interaction with the PH-GRAM domain suggests that the PH-GRAM domain interacts differently with the phosphatase domain of each MTMR member. The protein exists as a dimer with twofold symmetry, providing insight into a novel mode of dimerization mediated by the phosphatase domain. Structural comparison and mutation studies suggest that Lys255 of MTMR8 interacts with the substrate diacylglycerol moiety, similar to Lys333 of MTMR2, although the positions of these residues are different. The catalytic activity of the MTMR8 phosphatase domain is inhibited by oxidation and is reversibly reactivated by reduction, suggesting the presence of an oxidation-protective intermediate other than a disulfide bond owing to the absence of a cysteine within a disulfide-bond distance from Cys338.
The high-resolution crystal structure of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIβ and the crystal structure of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα containing a nucleoside analogue provide a structural basis for isoform-specific inhibitor design
Authors: Klima Martin , Baumlova Adriana , Chalupska Dominika , Hřebabecký Hubert , Dejmek Milan , Nencka Radim , Boura Evzen
Published: June 2015

Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) is the most abundant monophosphoinositide in eukaryotic cells. Humans have four phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) that synthesize PI4P, among which are PI4K IIβ and PI4K IIα. In this study, two crystal structures are presented: the structure of human PI4K IIβ and the structure of PI4K IIα containing a nucleoside analogue. The former, a complex with ATP, is the first high-resolution (1.9 Å) structure of a PI4K. These structures reveal new details such as high conformational heterogeneity of the lateral hydrophobic pocket of the C-lobe and together provide a structural basis for isoform-specific inhibitor design.
Adjudication in tenancy deposit scheme disputes: agents’ perspectives
Authors: Sidoli del Ceno Julian , George Hannah , Vols Michel
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the operation of tenancy deposit protection within England and Wales. The paper consciously focuses solely on the views and perspectives of letting agents operating in the various schemes.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper is based on a series of semi-structured qualitative interviews with lettings agents in two distinct geographical urban areas, Birmingham and South Wales. Participants were selected for their market presence within a given area and the fact that they were all members of approved regulatory schemes.

Findings

– Overall, most agents were broadly happy with the process and considered adjudication to be an appropriate form of resolution for tenancy deposit disputes given the often small monetary value of the disputes and the large volume of cases. Concerns were raised, however, regarding the heavy bureaucratic burden placed on agents and on the perceived evidential burden on the landlord. There being a widely held view that a landlord could rarely “win” outright.

Research limitations/implications

– The qualitative data are based on a relatively small although representative sample of lettings agents’ active within the UK residential property sector.

Originality/value

– The paper provides original data on the attitudes and perspectives of agents who manage deposit disputes. This is an area of current interest that has yet to receive sustained attention. Although concerned with legislation in England and Wales, its findings and discussion are relevant in other jurisdictions facing similar issues.
Focus groups and prime ministers’ chiefs of staff
Authors: Rhodes Roderick A.W. , Tiernan Anne
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to outline the current state of political and administrative ethnography in political science and public administration before suggesting that focus groups are a useful tool in the study of governing elites. They provide an alternative way of “being there” when the rules about secrecy and access prevent participant observation. Briefly, it describes the job of Prime Ministers’ Chiefs of Staff before explaining the research design, the preparations for the focus group sessions, and the strategies used to manage the dynamics of a diverse group that included former political enemies and factional rivals.

Design/methodology/approach

– It outlines the approach to analysis and interpretation before reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of focus groups for research into political and administrative elites.

Findings

– It concludes that focus groups are a valuable tool for making tacit knowledge explicit, especially when all participants work in a shared governmental tradition.

Originality/value

– It is the first project to use focus groups to study the political elites of Westminster systems, let alone Australian government.
Swap agreement safe harbors at risk in latest Lehman dispute
Authors: Enochs Craig R , Pappenfus James , Pincus Andrea , Turner Paul
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– This article addresses important policy issues raised in the latest Lehman dispute that directly impact the over the counter derivatives market and market participants, specifically in regards to the history and purpose of the Bankruptcy Code’s “safe harbor” provisions for swap agreements.

Design/methodology/approach

– By examining the background of, and arguments presented in, the ongoing adversary proceeding, Moore Macro Fund, LP v. Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., and the related bankruptcy case, in re Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. the authors offer their interpretations of the scope and intent of the applicable safe harbor provisions concerning set-off rights in the context of terminating swap agreements.

Findings

– Parties to ISDA agreements should carefully monitor this case, as the outcome could shape the enforceability of the Bankruptcy Code and the strategic analysis of counterparties following a counterparty’s or credit support provider’s bankruptcy.

Practical implications

– Parties must also be cautious when assuming all contractual provisions in industry-standard master agreements will be enforceable. This case confirms that contractual provisions seeming to reflect the intent of the parties may still be called into question before a court.

Originality/value

– Litigation analysis and practical advice on the ongoing changes to the physical, futures and derivatives markets from experienced derivatives/structured products and bankruptcy/commercial restructuring lawyers.
Comparing approaches to economic impact analysis of property redevelopment
Authors: Hannum Christopher
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the value of computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling for impact analysis of real estate developments and redevelopments.

Design/methodology/approach

– Uses a model constructed for Colorado to compare estimates of economic impact of a hypothetical mixed-use development from a CGE model with an input-output (IO) model similar to those commonly used in applied economic impact analysis.

Findings

– Economic impact estimates of construction activity are demonstrated to be lower when using a CGE approach as compared to an IO approach while impact estimates of continuing operations of a property are demonstrated to be more accurate and potentially higher using a CGE approach.

Practical implications

– A CGE approach as opposed to an IO approach will be particularly useful for practitioners in particular cases where IO models are ill suited to provide meaningful estimates concerning impact of continuing operations. This is especially likely where commercial tenants are unknown or when the development includes a residential component.

Social implications

– More complete and accurate assessments of economic impact may positively affect views on property development and redevelopment by the public and government.

Originality/value

– This paper adds to the existing literature concerning economic impact analysis of real estate and is the first paper in the field, to the authors’ knowledge; to compare estimates from the standard IO approach to those derived using more sophisticated modeling techniques.
Promoting spiritual care for older people in New Zealand: the Selwyn Centre for Ageing and Spirituality
Authors: Perkins Chris
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a centre to promote the spiritual care of older people in New Zealand.

Design/methodology/approach

– The spiritual scene in New Zealand is described and “spirituality” defined. The history of the Selwyn Centre for Ageing and Spirituality (SCAS) is illustrated by case studies in three areas: research, education and advocacy, noting challenges in providing spiritual care to older people.

Findings

– The number of New Zealanders claiming a religious affiliation is dropping but spirituality is of interest and relevance to many people. The acknowledgement of Maori spirituality has affected government policy. The SCAS has supported research and provided education throughout the country. Advocacy is difficult where care focuses on the physical and funding for frail older people is limited.

Research limitations/implications

– While the importance of good spiritual care for older people is clear, this is not easy to achieve. However, an organisation like SCAS has brought the issue to national awareness and made some contribution to increased understanding and improved practice.

Practical implications

– As the population ages and expressions of spirituality diversify, a deeper understanding of spirituality beyond Christian religion is required.

Social implications

– While the SCAS focuses on older people, it has formed a nexus of people more widely interested in spirituality at all ages, in different cultures and throughout the country.

Originality/value

– This is the first description of a New Zealand organisation specifically addressing the spiritual care of older people.
Spirituality and ageing – the role of mindfulness in supporting people with dementia to live well
Authors: Robertson Guy
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the role that mindfulness meditation can play in supporting people with dementia to live well.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper reviews the literature in a structured way, focussing first on the general effectiveness on mindfulness and then going on to assess its role in attention, emotion regulation, cognitive decline, physical changes in the brain, prevention, and quality of life.

Findings

– Spirituality has been defined as a process of personal transformation which in many cases can involve a blend of humanistic psychology and esoteric traditions. Meditation, even if practised in a secular fashion can be said to fit within this definition of spirituality. The paper reviews the evidence for the relevance of mindfulness meditation in supporting people to live well with dementia.

Research limitations/implications

– The evidence is not yet conclusive; however, there is nevertheless a growing body of evidence which suggests that this is a fruitful area for further research.

Practical implications

– There are numerous implications for practice: if sufficient self-reported benefit from the application of mindfulness to people with dementia to warrant this being offered more generally. If further research substantiates the quality of life benefits then this could be an important development to accompany early diagnosis of dementia. If mindfulness were found to have a preventative effect then that would be of huge practical importance.

Social implications

– Mindfulness gives people more control of their emotional and thought processes and therefore this could be a significant development for empowering people with dementia and their carers.

Originality/value

– This is one of the first times that the literature regarding mindfulness and dementia has been reviewed in a systematic way.
‘Politics are Bollocks’: Youth, Politics and Activism in Contemporary Europe
Authors: Pilkington Hilary , Pollock Gary
Published: June 2015

This introductory article introduces the MYPLACE (Memory, Youth, Political Legacy and Civic Engagement) project, the findings of which are the basis of the articles in this volume. MYPLACE maps the relationship between political heritage, current levels and forms of civic and political engagement of young people in Europe, and their potential receptivity to radical and populist political agendas. In this introductory article, the implications of the project's three-way gaze – to the past, present and future – are explored by addressing three questions that run through contributions to this volume: What is politics, and why do many young people say they hate it? How does the past shape the present and the future? Are young people receptive to populist and radical right political agendas? The article outlines the distinctive case study approach to the project and its integrated mixed method design, detailing the common survey, interview, focus group and ethnographic research instruments employed in the project and the principles followed for the analysis of survey and qualitative research data.
Youth Participation in Context: the Impact of Youth Transition Regimes on Political Action Strategies in Europe
Authors: Soler-i-Martí Roger , Ferrer-Fons Mariona
Published: June 2015

This article examines the impact of youth transition regimes (YTR) on the political participation strategies of young people from 26 locations in 12 European countries. The central hypothesis is that the way that youth transitions take place in different European contexts determines the position of youth as a group in the system of social relations that Bourdieu calls the ‘social space’. Depending upon this position, young people may be more inclined to participation through institutional channels or political protest, or, in contrast, remain inactive. Thus, the specific context of youth in each society (measured through the exposure to risk and vulnerability, the length of the pathway to adulthood and the role of the welfare state) plays a crucial role in defining young people's political action strategies. Multilevel logistic regression analysis using the MYPLACE survey, the specific operationalization of the YTR and other aggregate control variables reveal that YTR centrality is a very important contextual predictor for explaining different forms of political participation among young people in Europe.
‘Loud and Proud’: Youth and the Politics of Silencing
Authors: Grimm Robert , Pilkington Hilary
Published: June 2015

This article considers negative or critical views towards democracy and politics among young people, including supporters of ultra-patriotic or populist radical right movements, in the UK, eastern Germany and Russia. These countries represent a range of political heritages and current constitutions of democracy but, in all three contexts, it is suggested, young people experience some degree of the closing down of ‘legitimate’ political discourse as a result of the social distance between ‘politicians’ and ‘people like us’ and the legal and cultural circumscriptions on ‘acceptable’ issues for discussion. The article draws on survey data, semi-structured interviews and ethnographic case studies from the MYPLACE project to show variation between young people in these three countries in their experience of formal politics as a ‘politics of silencing’. Moreover, the article explores the relationship between perceived ‘silencing’, the expression of dissatisfaction with democracy and receptivity to populist radical right ideology.
Guidelines for safe practice of stereotactic body (ablative) radiation therapy
Authors: Foote Matthew , Bailey Michael , Smith Leigh , Siva Shankar , Hegi‐Johnson Fiona , Seeley Anna , Barry Tamara , Booth Jeremy , Ball David , Thwaites David
Published: June 2015

The uptake of stereotactic ablative body radiation therapy (SABR)/stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) worldwide has been rapid. The Australian and New Zealand Faculty of Radiation Oncology (FRO) assembled an expert panel of radiation oncologists, radiation oncology medical physicists and radiation therapists to establish guidelines for safe practice of SABR. Draft guidelines were reviewed by a number of international experts in the field and then distributed through the membership of the FRO. Members of the Australian Institute of Radiography and the Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine were also asked to comment on the draft. Evidence‐based recommendations (where applicable) address aspects of departmental staffing, procedures and equipment, quality assurance measures, as well as organisational considerations for delivery of SABR treatments. Central to the guidelines is a set of key recommendations for departments undertaking SABR. These guidelines were developed collaboratively to provide an educational guide and reference for radiation therapy service providers to ensure appropriate care of patients receiving SABR.
The Efficacy of Tolvaptan in Congestive Heart Failure Patients with and Without Hypoalbuminemia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Okabe Toshitaka , Yakushiji Tadayuki , Igawa Wataru , Ono Morio , Kido Takehiko , Ebara Seitaro , Yamashita Kennosuke , Yamamoto Myong Hwa , Saito Shigeo , Hoshimoto Koichi , Amemiya Kisaki , Isomura Naoei , Araki Hiroshi , Ochiai Masahiko
Published: June 2015

Background

Heart failure (HF) with hypoalbuminemia is associated with poor response to conventional therapy. We investigated whether tolvaptan, a potent aquaretic agent, might be of benefit in HF patients with hypoalbuminemia.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 40 patients hospitalized for HF. Patients received conventional therapy including loop diuretics. We subsequently added tolvaptan in the range of 3.75–15 mg daily and it was discontinued after improvement of HF symptoms. We compared clinical and laboratory data in HF patients with and without hypoalbuminemia (defined as serum albumin <3.0 g/dL).

Results

Tolvaptan was administered in 18 HF patients with hypoalbuminemia (Group A) and 22 HF patients without hypoalbuminemia (Group B). The mean serum albumin was 2.63 ± 0.27 and 3.46 ± 0.25 g/dL, respectively. The average urine output on tolvaptan increased significantly in both groups (1644.4 ± 797.6–3011.6 ± 1453.8 mL/day, P = 0.004; 1459 ± 612.7–2112.2 ± 724.5 mL/day, P = 0.008; respectively). In addition, we observed higher urine output on therapy in Group A than in Group B (P = 0.015). There was a moderate negative correlation between serum albumin and average urine output on tolvaptan (r = −0.42, P = 0.007).

Conclusions

The addition of tolvaptan to low dose loop diuretics might be an effective strategy for treatment of HF patients with hypoalbuminemia.
Permissive and protective roles for neutrophils in leishmaniasis
Authors: Carlsen E D , Liang Y , Shelite T R , Walker D H , Melby P C , Soong L
Published: June 2015

Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease that causes substantial morbidity and considerable mortality in many developing areas of the world. Recent estimates suggest that roughly 10 million people suffer from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and approximately 76 000 are afflicted with visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is universally fatal without treatment. Efforts to develop therapeutics and vaccines have been greatly hampered by an incomplete understanding of the parasite's biology and a lack of clear protective correlates that must be met in order to achieve immunity. Although parasites grow and divide preferentially in macrophages, a number of other cell types interact with and internalize Leishmania parasites, including monocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils. Neutrophils appear to be especially important shortly after parasites are introduced into the skin, and may serve a dual protective and permissive role during the establishment of infection. Curiously, neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection appears to continue into the chronic phase of disease, which may persist for many years. The immunological impact of these cells during chronic leishmaniasis is unclear at this time. In this review we discuss the ways in which neutrophils have been observed to prevent and promote the establishment of infection, examine the role of anti-neutrophil antibodies in mouse models of leishmaniasis and consider recent findings that neutrophils may play a previously unrecognized role in influencing chronic parasite persistence.
Diastolic Stunning as a Marker of Severe Coronary Artery Stenosis: Analysis by Speckle Tracking Radial Strain in the Resting Echocardiogram
Authors: Kaseno Hiroyo , Toyama Takuji , Okaniwa Hiroki , Toide Hiroyuki , Yamashita Eiji , Kawaguchi Ren , Adachi Hitoshi , Hoshizaki Hiroshi , Oshima Shigeru
Published: June 2015

Background

Two‐dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) stress echocardiography detects postischemic myocardial diastolic stunning. However, the use of 2DST at rest for detecting diastolic stunning in ischemia is unclear.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients (age = 65 ± 12 years; male/female = 34/5) with effort angina pectoris that was confirmed by stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy were enrolled. Ischemic area (I) was determined in the middle LV short axial view using stress myocardial scintigraphy. The area opposite to it was defined as nonischemic area (non‐I). Midventricular parasternal short‐axis (SAX) radial strains were estimated using 2DST at rest on the following day. LV diastolic function was evaluated using diastolic index (DI, changes in the regional LV radial strain during diastole) and radial strain rate (SR) during early diastolic period. These parameters were compared between I and non‐I before and 1 month after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the I of 3 coronary vessels. For the I, the DI was lower (38 ± 27 vs. 55 ± 27; P = 0.003) and SR was higher (−1.6 ± 0.6 vs. −1.9 ± 0.8; P = 0.007) than in non‐I before PCI. One month after PCI, the DI and SR recovered to 53 ± 27 (P = 0.008) and −2.1 ± 0.8 (P = 0.006), respectively. Furthermore, the DI of the LAD and LCX significantly improved (P = 0.0004 and 0.002, respectively); the RCA area showed tendency to improve (P = 0.092), and the SR also improved (P < 0.05) in all areas after PCI.

Conclusion

Diastolic stunning in ischemic areas can be detected using 2DST at rest and recover 1 month after PCI.
New morphometric ranges for Bursaphelenchus willibaldi Schönfeld et al. 2006 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) from Iran
Authors: Miraeiz E. , Heydari R. , Aliramaji F. , Pourjam E. , Pedram M. , Atighi M. R.
Published: June 2015

Bursaphelenchus willibaldi, associated with trees in two separate locations in forests of northern Iran, are characterized and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular data. The Iranian population of B. willibaldi has a body length of 392–595 μm, stylet length of 12–14 μm, c‐index of 9.0–14.5 and PUS length of 51–82 μm. Males have spicules 15–18 μm long along the arch line. The Iranian population showed morphometric variations compared with the originally described samples. For example, it has a shorter body in females and males, greater c‐index, slightly greater range of V, slightly smaller range of PUS and tail length. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the recovered populations revealed both sequenced isolates forming a clade with one European isolate of the species using Bayesian inference (BI) analysis with full Bayesian posterior probability (BPP).
Ultrasonic fatigue performance of high temperature structural material Inconel 718 alloys at high temperature after UNSM treatment
Authors: Amanov A. , Pyun Y.‐S. , Kim J.‐H. , Suh C.‐M. , Cho I.‐S. , Kim H.‐D. , Wang Q. , Khan M. K.
Published: June 2015

This study investigates the influence of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technique on the mechanical characteristics and fatigue life of two types of annealed and aged Inconel 718 alloys. The mechanical properties of both UNSM‐treated alloys were compared with the untreated specimens. The fatigue life of the untreated and UNSM‐treated Inconel 718 alloy specimens was investigated by ultrasonic fatigue and rotary‐bending fatigue tests. Results revealed that the UNSM‐treated specimens exhibited longer fatigue life than those of the untreated specimens. The improvement in fatigue life is mainly attributed to the induced compressive residual stress induced in the subsurface by UNSM technique.
Sex‐, Stress‐, and Sympathetic Post‐Ganglionic Neuron‐Dependent Changes in the Expression of Pro‐ and Anti‐Inflammatory Mediators in Rat Dural Immune Cells
Authors: McIlvried Lisa A. , Borghesi Lisa A. , Gold Michael S.
Published: June 2015

Background

Migraine attacks are associated with sterile inflammation of the dura. Immune cells are a primary source of inflammatory mediators, and we therefore sought to further explore the link between dural immune cells and migraine.

Objective

Based on the observations that migraine is more common in women than in men, stress is the most common trigger for a migraine attack, and sympathetic post‐ganglionic innervation of the dura enables local control of dural immune cells, we hypothesized that stress shifts the balance of inflammatory mediator expression in dural immune cells toward those that trigger a migraine attack, where these changes are larger in females and dependent, at least in part, on sympathetic post‐ganglionic innervation of the dura. Our objective was to test this hypothesis.

Methods

Dura were obtained from naïve or stressed, intact or surgically sympathectomized, adult male and female rats. Dura were assessed immediately or 24 hours after termination of 4 continuous days of unpredictable, mild stressors. Following enzymatic digestion of each dura, myeloid and lymphoid‐derived dural immune cells were isolated by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting for semi‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Results

In myeloid‐derived dural immune cells, there was an increase in pro‐inflammatory mediator mRNA following stress, particularly in females, which remained elevated with a 24‐hour delay after stress. There was a stress‐induced decrease in anti‐inflammatory mediator mRNA immediately after stress in females, but not males. The stress‐induced changes were attenuated in sympathectomized females. In lymphoid‐derived dural immune cells, there was a persistent increase in pro‐inflammatory mediator mRNA following stress, particularly in females. A stress‐induced increase in anti‐inflammatory mediator mRNA was also observed in both males and females, and was further attenuated in sympathectomized females.

Conclusions

Consistent with our hypothesis, there is a stress‐induced shift in the balance of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mediator expression in dural immune cells that is more pronounced in females, and is dependent, at least in part, on sympathetic post‐ganglionic innervation in females. This shift in the balance of inflammatory mediator expression may not only play an important role in triggering migraine attacks, but also suggests it may be possible, if not necessary, to employ different strategies to most effectively treat migraine in men and women.
Headache and Alcohol
Authors: Dueland Aud Nome
Published: June 2015

Background

The notion that alcohol intake may trigger headache is well known. Historical data as well as clinical experience indicate that this may be the case for headache patients as well persons without known headache disorders. This monograph reviews the medical literature about alcohol as a headache trigger, what headache types are triggered, and why.

Methods

Literature search primarily using the terms “alcohol and headache,” “migraine and alcohol,” “cluster headache and alcohol,” and “alcohol hangover headache,” as well as combined search, was performed, limiting the search to the last decade. Relevant articles were picked.

Results

The search “alcohol and headache” yielded 918 hits for the decade 2004‐2014. Combined search gave substantially less, and 30 papers were reviewed, of which 25 are included in this review.

Discussion

Epidemiological studies find some correlations between alcohol intake and mainly primary headache disorders, such as migraine and cluster headache. Cultural differences in alcohol consumption are probably reflected in some of the results and conclusions. Both migraine and cluster headaches may be triggered by alcohol; however, which type of alcoholic beverage triggers these headaches is not clear. There is no single mechanism that explains the pathophysiology of alcohol‐induced headache, other that hangover headache in some may be triggered by inactive alcohol dehydrogenase 2. Alcohol‐induced headache may be diagnosed as a secondary headache, while in patients with migraine or cluster headache alcohol intake may act as a trigger for these primary headaches.

Conclusions and recommendations

Based on the literature, there is no reason to tell headache patients in general to abstain from alcohol. Individual dispositions as well as cultural factors may play a role in alcohol‐induced headache.
Sequential Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Treatment‐naïve Children
Authors: Schwarzer Andrea , Bontems Patrick , Urruzuno Pedro , Kalach Nicolas , Iwanczak Barbara , Roma‐Giannikou Elefteria , Sykora Josef , Kindermann Angelika , Casswall Thomas , Cadranel Samy , Koletzko Sibylle
Published: June 2015

The goal of first‐line Helicobacter pylori therapy is to reach an eradication rate of 90% to avoid further investigations, antibiotic use, and spreading of resistant strains.

Aim

To evaluate the eradication rate of high‐dose sequential therapy in treatment‐naïve children and to assess factors associated with failure.

Methods

Prospective data assessed in a registry from nine European centers between October 2009 and December 2011. Children with biopsy‐proven Helicobacter pylori infection were prescribed 5 days of esomeprazole and amoxicillin, followed by 5 days of esomeprazole, clarithromycin, and metronidazole according to bodyweight. Eradication was assessed after 8–12 weeks. Primary endpoint was the eradication rate in children who received at least one dose and had follow‐up data. Multivariate analysis evaluated potential factors for treatment success including sex, age, center, migrant status, antibiotic resistance, and adherence to therapy.

Results

Follow‐up was available in 209 of 232 patients (age range 3.1–17.9 years, 118 females). Primary resistance occurred for clarithromycin in 30 of 209 (14.4%), for metronidazole in 32 (15.3%), for both antibiotics in 7 (3.3%), and culture failed in 6 (2.9%). Eradication was achieved in 168 of 209 children (80.4%, 95% CI 75.02–85.78), in 85.8% with no resistance, 72.6% with single resistance, and 28.6% with double resistance. Independent factors affecting eradication rate included resistance to clarithromycin (adjusted ORs 0.27 (0.09–0.84), p = .024), to metronidazole (0.25 (0.009–0.72), p = .010) or to both (0.04 (0.01–0.35), p = .004), and intake of ≤90% of prescribed drugs (0.03 (0.01–0.18), p < .001).

Conclusion

A high‐dose 10‐day sequential therapy cannot be recommended in treatment‐naïve children.
Effect of Crystallization Temperature on Electrical Properties of Er3+/Yb3+–SrO.TiO2 Borosilicate Glass
Authors: Maheshwari Aditya , Singh Nitish Kumar , Parkash Om , Kumar Devendra
Published: June 2015

Er3+–Yb3+ doped 22[3SrO.2TiO2].30[2SiO2.B2O3] glass and glass–ceramics are developed and investigated for their electrical properties. The degree of crystallization is varied by means of crystallization temperature ranging from 600 to 1000°C. In glass–ceramic samples, two major crystalline phases, Sr3Ti2O7 and TiO2, are confirmed by diffraction analysis. The best crystallized glass–ceramic (crystallization temperature 950°C) sample shows 100–1 50 times lower impedance in temperature range, 200–300°C, than the uncrystallized glass. Electrical relaxation corresponding to the crystalline phase can be isolated in frequency domain. The glass–ceramic shows a 10–100 times higher dielectric constant than the glass in lower frequency range. This dielectric constant and dissipation factor increase with increasing temperature beyond a threshold value. Curie temperature was not visible in the measured temperature range.
Seasonal changes of proximate composition and fatty acids of farmed dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus Lowe, 1834)
Authors: Suárez María D. , González María J. , Sáez María I. , Martínez Tomás F. , Guil‐Guerrero José Luis
Published: June 2015

The aim of this work was to determine the seasonality of nutrient profiles of dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus Lowe, 1834) cultured in a cage to improve knowledge on its nutritional composition. Fish (n = 735) were reared in a circular polyethylene floating cage for a 19‐month experimental period and provided a commercial pelleted feed once a day with a total daily ration of 1% wet body weight. Fish were sampled every 3–4 months, and biometric parameters as well as muscle composition were determined. The edible proportion of fish increased slightly with culture time. The flesh showed low lipid content, similar to those reported for wild grouper. Biometric indices, muscle proximate composition and fatty acid profiles were significantly affected by seasonality, that is lipids and monounsaturated fatty acids increased during summer, in parallel with the decline of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Key properties of iodine‐, iron‐ and zinc‐ fortified fish cracker: effects of ambient shelf storage on iodine retention and quality indicators
Authors: Pinkaew Siwaporn , Karrila Taewee T.
Published: June 2015

Multi‐micronutrient (MN)‐fortified fish cracker could be used as a means to improve iodine, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) status. We evaluated iodine stability as well as the quality and sensory properties of MN‐fortified fish cracker, at the fortification levels of 5.3 mg per 100 g for Fe and Zn and 260 μg per 100 g for iodine in the dough. On average, the overall retention of iodine after processing and storage for 4 months was ~65%. Fortification with KIO3 + ZnO, or KIO3 + ZnO + ferrous fumarate, significantly increased the loss of iodine during processing. The Fe compounds tended to promote iodine instability during storage and contributed to thiobarbituric reactive substances. Fortification did not affect linear expansion of the cracker. Triple‐fortified fish cracker with KIO3, ferric pyrophosphate and ZnO exhibited both high iodine retention (92.7% for steaming + drying and 72.7% for storage) in the tropical conditions (30 ± 1 °C, 80 ± 5% R.H.) and achieved overall desirable sensory scores. Thus, such fortification of fish cracker might successfully supplement iodine, zinc and iron, while at the same time contributing to the palatability of cracker.
Differential diagnosis of suspected deep tissue injury
Authors: Black Joyce M , Brindle Christopher T , Honaker Jeremy S
Published: June 2015

Deep tissue injury (DTI) can be difficult to diagnose because many other skin and wound problems can appear as purple skin or rapidly appearing eschar. The diagnosis of DTI begins with a thorough history to account for times of exposure to pressure, such as ‘time down’ at the scene or time during which the patient was flat and could not respond. Patients with light skin tones present with classic skin discolouration of purple or maroon tissue, a defined border around the area of injury, and often surrounding erythema is evident. Persistent erythema and hyperpigmentation, rather than blanching, should be used to determine pressure injury in dark skin tone patients. Differential diagnosis includes stage 2 pressure ulcers, incontinence‐associated dermatitis, skin tears, bruising, haematoma, venous engorgement, arterial insufficiency, necrotising fasciitis and terminal skin ulcers. Many skin problems can also have a purple hue or rapidly developing eschar, and a working knowledge of dermatology is needed.
Fabrication and Characterization of Glass‐Ceramic Fiber‐Containing Cr3 + ‐Doped ZnAl2O4 Nanocrystals
Authors: Fang Zaijin , Zheng Shupei , Peng Wencai , Zhang Hang , Ma Zhijun , Zhou Shifeng , Chen Danping , Qiu Jianrong
Published: June 2015

Glass‐ceramic fibers containing Cr3+‐doped ZnAl2O4 nanocrystals were fabricated by the melt‐in‐tube method and successive heat treatment. The obtained fibers were characterized by electro‐probe micro‐analyzer, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectrum and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. In our process, fibers were precursor at the drawing temperature where the fiber core glass was melted while the clad was softened. No obvious element interdiffusion between the core and the clad section or crystallization was observed in precursor fiber. After heat treatment, ZnAl2O4 nanocrystals with diameters ranging from 1.0 to 6.3 nm were precipitated in the fiber core. In comparison to precursor fiber, the glass‐ceramic fiber exhibits broadband emission from Cr3+ when excited at 532 nm, making Cr3+‐doped glass‐ceramic fiber a promising material for broadband tunable fiber laser. Furthermore, the melt‐in‐tube method demonstrated here may open a new gate toward the fabrication of novel glass‐ceramic fibers.
Light‐level geolocators reveal migratory connectivity in European populations of pied flycatchersFicedula hypoleuca
Authors: Ouwehand J. , Ahola M. P. , Ausems A. N. M. A. , Bridge E. S. , Burgess M. , Hahn S. , Hewson C. M. , Klaassen R. H. G. , Laaksonen T. , Lampe H. M. , Velmala W. , Both C.
Published: June 2015

Understanding what drives or prevents long‐distance migrants to respond to environmental change requires basic knowledge about the wintering and breeding grounds, and the timing of movements between them. Both strong and weak migratory connectivity have been reported for Palearctic passerines wintering in Africa, but this remains unknown for most species. We investigated whether pied flycatchersFicedula hypoleucafrom different breeding populations also differ in wintering locations in west‐Africa. Light‐level geolocator data revealed that flycatchers from different breeding populations travelled to different wintering sites, despite similarity in routes during most of the autumn migration. We found support for strong migratory connectivity showing an unexpected pattern: individuals breeding in Fennoscandia (S‐Finland and S‐Norway) wintered further west compared to individuals breeding at more southern latitudes in the Netherlands and SW‐United Kingdom. The same pattern was found in ring recovery data from sub‐Saharan Africa of individuals with confirmed breeding origin. Furthermore, population‐specific migratory connectivity was associated with geographical variation in breeding and migration phenology: birds from populations which breed and migrate earlier wintered further east than birds from ‘late’ populations. There was no indication that wintering locations were affected by geolocation deployment, as we found high repeatability and consistency in δ13C and δ15N stable isotope ratios of winter grown feathers of individuals with and without a geolocator. We discuss the potential ecological factors causing such an unexpected pattern of migratory connectivity. We hypothesise that population differences in wintering longitudes of pied flycatchers result from geographical variation in breeding phenology and the timing of fuelling for spring migration at the wintering grounds. Future research should aim at describing how temporal dynamics in food availability across the wintering range affects migration, wintering distribution and populations’ capacity to respond to environmental changes.
Melatonin regulates the transcription of βAPP‐cleaving secretases mediated through melatonin receptors in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Panmanee Jiraporn , Nopparat Chutikorn , Chavanich Napapit , Shukla Mayuri , Mukda Sujira , Song Weihong , Vincent Bruno , Govitrapong Piyarat
Published: June 2015

Melatonin is involved in the control of various physiological functions, such as sleep, cell growth and free radical scavenging. The ability of melatonin to behave as an antioxidant, together with the fact that the Alzheimer‐related amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) triggers oxidative stress through hydroxyl radical‐induced cell death, suggests that melatonin could reduce Alzheimer's pathology. Although the exact etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains to be established, excess Aβ is believed to be the primary contributor to the dysfunction and degeneration of neurons that occurs in AD. Aβ peptides are produced via the sequential cleavage of β‐secretase β‐site APP‐cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ‐secretase (PS1/PS2), while α‐secretase (ADAM10) prevents the production of Aβ peptides. We hypothesized that melatonin could inhibit BACE1 and PS1/PS2 and enhance ADAM10 expression. Using the human neuronal SH‐SY5Y cell line, we found that melatonin inhibited BACE1 and PS1 and activated ADAM10 mRNA level and protein expression in a concentration‐dependent manner and mediated via melatonin G protein‐coupled receptors. Melatonin inhibits BACE1 and PS1 protein expressions through the attenuation of nuclear factor‐κB phosphorylation (pNF‐κB). Moreover, melatonin reduced BACE1 promoter transactivation and consequently downregulated β‐secretase catalytic activity. The present data show that melatonin is not only a potential regulator of β/γ‐secretase but also an activator of α‐secretase expression through the activation of protein kinase C, thereby favoring the nonamyloidogenic pathway over the amyloidogenic pathway. Altogether, our findings suggest that melatonin may be a potential therapeutic agent for reducing the risk of AD in humans.