bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On some Lungworms of the Malay Tiger
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: November 2009

At the beginning of this year, a Malay Tiger (Felis tigris) which had been nearly two years in the Edinburgh Zoological Gardens, died. On post mortem examination, it was found to harbourDibothriocephalus felis, Galoncus perniciosusandToxascaris leoninain its small intestine; andParagonimus westermani, Capillariasp. (a single female) and the three nematodes which are the subject of this paper, in its lungs.
The Correlation between the Worm-burden and Live-weight Increase of Grazing Sheep
Authors: Fraser A. H. H. , Robertson D. , Ritchie J. E.
Published: November 2009

There is a definitely significant correlation between the worm-burden and the live-weight increase of grazing sheep.
An outbreak of Parasitic Necrosis in Turkeys caused by Plagiorchis laricola (Skrjabin)
Authors: Foggie Angus
Published: November 2009

A turkey poult sent for post-mortem examination to the Veterinary Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland, was found to be suffering from a very heavy infection of a small fluke.
Two methods for staining nematodes in plant tissues
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In the investigation of plant material infested with parasitic and related nematodes various methods are available. One often has recourse to the teasing apart of affected tissues in water with the liberation of the contained organisms or the latter may be obtained by soaking the material in a Baermann funnel. It is frequently desirable, however, to determine the actual presence and location of nematodes in the host tissues without recourse to teasing and for this purpose some appropriate method of staining is necessary such that the nematodes are suitably coloured whilst the tissues of the host are coloured but little or not at all and thus permit the passage of light after the usual processes of dehydration and clearing have been carried out.
Nematode Parasites of Sheep in Western Australia
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: November 2009

Eighteen species of nematodes were found to parasitise sheep in Western Australia.

Trichostrongylus rugatus and Trichostrongylus probolurus were found to be present in this State, and specimens of Ostertagia mentulata, a species new to Australian records, were found on two occasions.
On the Larval Migration of Syngamus trachea and its causal relationship to Pneumonia in young birds
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of Syngamus trachea pass from the intestine to the lungs of the definitive host via the blood stream. They have been recovered from blood taken from the auricles of the heart and from the posterior vena cava.

The condition of the lungs heavily infected with larvae is described.

A condition of ‘Syngamus pneumonia’ occurs in the wild state among poults of partridges and pheasants.
The Physiological Ageing of Ancylostome Larvae
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: November 2009

The activity, infectivity and fat content of ageing infective larvae of Ancylostoma caninum were investigated at regular intervals.

The reduction in activity and fat content was found to occur at a similar rate.
Studies on Coenurus glomeratus
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

Infections with Coenurus glomeratus, which has been reported from West Africa, have been accomplished successfully in the mouse, in the rabbit and gerbille.

Such coenuri produced infections of adult cestodes in the dog but not in the cat.

The coenurus is described from each intermediate host.
The Physiological Ageing of the Infective Larvae of Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: November 2009

At known periods the infectivity, fat content and activity of larvae of Haemonchus contortus aged at 7°C, 24°C. and 37°C, were examined.

The relationship between fat content, activity and infectivity was found to be fairly close in rapidly aged larvae. In slowly aged larvae the infectivity fell more rapidly than the other factors.
Digestion in Parasitic Nematodes. II. The Digestion of Fats
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: November 2009

Enzymes hydrolysing olive oil and ethyl butyrate (probably lipases and esterases) have been extracted from the intestines of Strongylus edentatus and Ascaris lumbricoides (pig strain).

Maximum enzyme activity was obtained at pH 8·0.

A. lumbricoides enzymes were assisted by sodium glycocholate. Sodium taurocholate had a retarding effect on the enzymes from both parasites.

Enzymes extracted from A. lumbricoides were activated by the presence of NaHCO3 solutions whereas S. edentatus enzymes were not activated by this salt.

Esterase action, relative to lipase action, was 2½ times greater in S. edentatus than in A. lumbricoides.
The Metabolism of Trichinosed Rats During the Early Phase of the Disease
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: November 2009

The changes in protein digestion, crude fibre digestion and the chief urinary constituents found in four rats after experimental infection withTrichinella spiralisare detailed.

Diarrhoea and anorexia occurred during the period 8 to 12 days after infection when protein digestion fell to its lowest point. It is suggested that this was due to antiproteases secreted by the adult parasites and to mechanical damage in the intestinal mucosa caused by their movements.

Urinary N rose immediately after infection in “non-resistant” rats. This was followed by a period of decreased N output after which the excretion rate rose steeply.

The urea output also rose immediately after infection in “non-resistant” rats. During the period 4 to 12 days from the time of infection urea excretion fell. Thereafter there was a great increase in its rate of output. Most of these changes have been attributed to toxins elaborated by the adult parasites for massive larval invasion of the tissues probably did not occur till after the experiments were terminated.

Ammonia excretion rose as urinary urea decreased. The fall in urea N was not compensated by the rise in ammonia N + the fall in dietary N intake. The ammonia output returned rapidly to normal suggesting that the excess ammonia was not produced in response to acidosis when the urea excretion rate rose.

Creatine excretion showed a marked fall during the period 4 to 12 days after infection. Urinary creatine and creatinine rose steeply following this period. Possible reasons for these variations are discussed.
On Heterodera cruciferae n.sp. of Brassicas, and on a Heterodera Strain infecting Clover and Dock
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: November 2009

Heterodera cruciferae n. sp., parasitic upon Brassicas and other Cruciferous plants, is described and compared with H. schachtii, the sugar beet eelworm.

The new species differs from the sugar beet eelworm in its host range, in the reaction of the larvae to root excretions of sugar beet and in the time of hatching of the larvae. The cysts are somewhat shorter and rounder than in the sugar beet eelworm and differ in having attached to the vulva a mass of jelly-like substance containing eggs and sometimes one or two males. The larvae are shorter than in H. schachtii. The males are similar but tend to be smaller and with shorter stylets.

The results of infection experiments with cysts from the roots of dock and of clovers indicate that these cysts are of the same race, and are probably a biological strain of the sugar beet eelworm H. schachtii.
Domorganus macronephriticus n.g.,n.sp., a new cylindrolaimid free-living soil nematode
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

The nematodes described and figured in the following pages are specimens mounted in glycerine which were obtained in 1931 (5 males and 4 females) and in 1932 (one female) from pasture soil at Winches Farm, St. Albans. Unfortunately they were not closely examined in the living condition and it is therefore impossible to give any information about their appearance and movements when alive. The nine specimens obtained at the earlier date were passed on to the writer by Dr. D. O. Morgan (who at that time was on the staff of this Institute) and had been found by him whilst examining earthworms in connection with investigations on “gapes” in chickens and young starlings upon which he was engaged at that time, i.e. March, 1931. These worms, after being killed and fixed in weak formalin and processed through dilute glycerine, were finally mounted in glycerine but no detailed study of them was made until recently when, in the course of re-arranging the slide preparations of free-living nematodes, made during the course of several years, they called for identification. The single female worm obtained in April, 1932, was found on a slide along with specimens of Anguillulina agricola, Anguillulina dubia and a female of Teratocephalus terrestris, all of which had been obtained in a Baermann funnel extraction of a piece of turf taken from one of the meadows at Winches Farm.
On the stem eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci, attacking oats, onions, field beans, parsnips, rhubarb, and certain weeds
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Observations made by various workers over many years have indicated more or less clearly the probability that there is in this country a race of the stem eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci, capable of attacking oats, field beans, onions, rhubarb, parsnips and certain common weeds. One of the earliest records bearing on this is that provided by Bos (1892) who cited information, supplied to him by Miss Ormerod, which showed that field beans might be seriously attacked by the parasite when grown after oats which had suffered from “tulip-root”. Many years later Johnson (1936a & 1940) reported failure of beans from eelworm attack following “tulip-root” oats in fields in Yorkshire and showed the significance of common chickweed and cleavers as reservoir hosts on which the parasite can live in the absence of susceptible farm crops. In another paper (1936) he showed that A, dipsaci associated with crown-root of rhubarb is interchangeable between rhubarb and oats in both of which it is capable of setting up disease symptoms. In his 1940 paper this investigator showed that A. dipsaci from rhubarb readily infests oats and common chickweed and also transfers to beans and, further, that the parasite from both oats and beans is infective to cleavers and common chickweed and back from both these weeds to oats and beans.
Further Studies on the Development ofCysticercus fasciolarisandCysticercus pisiformis, with special reference to the Growth and Sclerotization of the Rostellar Hooks
Authors: Crusz Hilary
Published: November 2009

The previous observations of the author and others on the development otCysticercus fasciolarisandC. pisiformishave been confirmed and amplified by experimental studies, and the developmental processes of the two forms are compared. While definite information has been obtained on the age of the various developmental stages, there is considerable variation due to the subtleties of the host-parasite relationship.

The study of the development of the rostellar hooks of taeniids has been extended by the use of differential staining, histochemical tests and polarized light, and new facts, such as the chemical and optical differences existing between cuticle and hooklets and between blade and base of hooks, have been brought to light.
On a Redescription of Foleyella candezi Fraipont, 1882, from Meller's Chamaeleon (Chamaeleon melleri), from Nyasaland
Authors: Jayewardene L. G.
Published: November 2009

Two species of nematodes were recovered from the Meller's chamaeleon from Nyasaland, which died at the London Zoo. They comprised ten females and eight males of Foleyella candezi from the axilla and peritoneal cavity, and two adult females of Abbreviata sp. from the gut. Specific determination was not possible for the latter species, owing to the paucity of the material.

The females are thread-like and very slightly flattened dorso-ventrally. They have an average length of 94.8 mm. and range from 73 to 124 mm. The width is more or less uniform, average 0.5 mm. but becomes narrow at 1 mm. from the tip of the tail. The anterior end is bluntly rounded and in some specimens has a slightly bulbous appearance when observed from the lateral aspect. This is due to a slight narrowing at the junction of the oesophagus and intestine.

The tail is more attenuated than the anterior end and it is slightly curved ventrad and marked by a shallow groove running ventrally from the anus to the tip where it is flanked by two minute papillae-like structures.

The shallow stoma is somewhat oval in shape and surrounded by ten minute papillae, six of which form an inner circle and four an outer circle. The mid-dorsal and mid-ventral papillae of the inner circle are more conspicuous than the others.
On Some Spirurid and Filariid Nematodes of Birds in Pakistan
Authors: Sarwar M. M.
Published: November 2009

1. A new species, Stellocaronema buckleyi, is described from the Indian Red-wattled Lapwing (Lobivanellus indicus indicus) from Sheikhupura district of the Punjab province of Pakistan.

2. The following species are recorded from new hosts and for the first time from Pakistan: Hadjelia truncata and Dispharynx spiralis from the Indian Magpie (Pica pica); Acuaria anthuris from the Rosy Pastor (Pastor roseus); Acuaria brevispicula and Diplotriaena nochti from the Indian Mynah (Acridotheres ginginianus).

3.It is contended that Diplotriaena tricuspis of Canavan (1931) and Mazhar (1933) are identical with Diplotriaena nochti, and that Diplotriaena acridotheres (Karve, 1934) and Diplotriaena nagpurensis (Karve, 1934) should also be treated as synonyms of D. nochti

4.Acuaria brevispicula Maplestone, 1932 has been redescribed and certain discrepancies in Maplestone's description, due to insufficient material, have been made good. It is contended that A. kungi Singh, 1948 should fall as a synonym to A. brevispicula.
Mirandula parvagen. et sp. nov. (Cestoda, Dilepididae) from the Long-nosed Bandicoot (Perameles nasutaGeoff.)
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F.
Published: November 2009

Mirandula parvan.gen., n.sp., is described from the long-nosed bandicoot,Perameles nasutaGeoff., from Mt. Glorious, South Queensland. This is the first double-pored genus within the sub-family Dilepidinae Fuhrmann, 1907, of the family Dilepididae Fuhrmann, 1907.
On Some Helminths from a King Cobra in Malaya including Occipitodontus edesoni n.sp. and Ophiotaenia kuantanensis n.sp
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: November 2009

A collection of helminths from a King-Cobra, Naja hannah from Malaya is described. It consists of one species of trematode from the ureter, Styphlodora perstmilts; two species of cestodes in the intestine, namely Bothridium pithonis and Ophiotaenia kuantanensis n.sp., and three species of nematodes, Tanqua gigantica and Occipitodontus fimbriatus from the stomach, and O. edesoni n.sp. from the small intestine. With the exception of Tanqua gigantica all the above named species are new records for the King-Cobra.
On Three New Species of Strigeid Trematodes from an African Crocodile and the Erection of a New Family, Neostrigeidae
Authors: Bisseru B.
Published: November 2009

Neostrigea africana gen.et sp.nov., Neostrigea leiperi gen.et sp.nov. and Prostrigea arcuata gen.et sp.nov. are described from the intestine of Crocodilus niloticus, Kafue River, Northern Rhodesia. The three species are included in two new genera which are placed in a new family Neostrigeidae.
Observations on the Larval Stages of Muellerius capillaris within the Intermediate Hosts Agriolimax agrestis and A. reticulatus
Authors: Rose J. H.
Published: November 2009

1. The rate of development of the larvae of M. capillaris is slowed down as the temperature is lowered; at 25°C. the infective stage is reached after 8 days; at 5°C. after 98 days.

2. The differences between “pre-infective” and “infective” larvae, as described by Gerichter (1948), have been confirmed.

3. Larvae at the “infective” stage can withstand artificial digestion, but “pre-infective” larvae are unable to do so.

4. The infective larvae can survive for long periods within the foot of the intermediate host.

5. Pre-infective larvae can survive for seven days after the death of the intermediate host; infective larvae can live for sixteen days.

6. Naturally-infected slugs were found throughout the greater part of the year. 13.5 per cent of the slugs collected were infected but in most instances only a few larvae were present in any one slug.
A Note on a Species of Bertiella from the Dog Faced Baboon (Papio doguera) in Kenya
Authors: Round M. C.
Published: November 2009

Buckley and Fairley (1950) working in England found segments of a species of Bertiella passed by an eight year old girl who had lived in Kenya for 14 months during 1946–47. Since only the terminal segments were available for study, a specific identification could not be made, though the authors thought that it was probably Bertiella studeri (Blanchard, 1891). Nelson (1963) has found that baboons in Kenya are commonly infected with species of Bertiella.
On a New Whipworm from theSteinbokwith a Revision of the SubfamilyBuckleyurinaeSarwar, 1959
Authors: Tadros G.
Published: November 2009

1—A description is given ofBuckleyuris buckleyin.sp. from the steinbok, which is a new host for the genus.

2—The genusSalamiaSarwar, 1959 is synonymised with the genusBuckleyurisSarwar, 1959.

3—A key of the different species of the genus is given.
Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs with Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. III.—The Antibody Response and Acquired Immunity
Authors: Taffs L. F.
Published: November 2009

Two experiments are described in which antibodies against A. suum were detected in the circulation of infected pigs by means of the conglutinating complement absorption test. The pattern and nature of the antibody response was studied. In 21 out of 24 cases the sera antibody titres rose after test doses of infective eggs were given, and on 18 of these occasions a rise in titre was observed within seven days. Following infection two peaks of antibody were detected. At three to four weeks the antibody content of the serum reached its highest concentration, and a further rise was apparent between the 37th and 56th days.

The phenomenon of “self-cure” was demonstrated following reinfection. This was manifested by a depression of the egg count and the elimination of Ascaris worms from the intestine, with a concomitant rise in the antibody content of the serum.

In three out of five pigs which were initially infected, the infection became patent between the 51st and 58th days. On only one occasion out of thirteen were any superimposed larvae able to reach maturity.

Pigs which had been previously infected exhibited resistance to a challenge dose. This was shown by (1) the absence of clinical signs, (2) a resistance to larval migration, and (3) an inhibition of larval growth. In this demonstration of an active acquired immunity to A. suum infection in pigs, a correlation between resistance and high sera titres was observed.
Observations on the Pathology of Lesions Associated with Stephanofilaria dinniki Round, 1964 from the Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Tremlett J. G.
Published: November 2009

In South Africa, a filarioid infestation has been associated with lesions in the skin of the black rhinoceros (Schulz and Kluge, 1960). Similar lesions had been reported earlier from Kenya, as consistently occurring in these animals but their aetiology was unknown (Spinage, 1960). Recently the opportunity occurred to examine lesion material from four black rhinoceros located in the Royal Tsavo National Park Kenya. From this material adult helminths were recovered and identified (Round, 1964), and further pathological studies made. In addition, one rhinoceros showed evidence of an otitis.
On the Genus Cruzia Travassos, 1917 with a Description of a New Species C. buckleyi from a Primate, Callimico goeldii
Authors: Wahid Sultana
Published: November 2009

The genus Cruzia was proposed by Travassos, 1917 for Ascaris tentaculata Rudolphi, 1819, from Didelphys spp. In the same year, he also erected a new family Cruziidae for the reception of this genus. In 1926, another species C. mexicana Khalil, 1926, was added to this genus, from an undetermined species of lizard. Khalil did not recognise the family Cruziidae, or even the subfamily Cruziinae, proposed by Ortlepp, 1924. Baylis and Daubney, 1926, placed the genus Cruzia in the family Kathlaniidae. Canavan, 1929, recorded some specimens from Didelphys marsupialis virginiana which were named Cruzia americana by Maplestone, 1931. This was later synonymised with the type species C. tentaculata by Wolfgang, 1951. In 1931 the following species were added: C. orientalis Maplestone, from domestic pig from India; C. fulleborni Khalil and Vogelsang, from Tupinambis teguixin. The latter authors also described C. mazza from Tato novecindus and C. travassosi from Tolypeutes conurus in 1932. In the same year, Sprehn recorded C. boliviana from Tolypeutes conurus and C. testudinis was described by Hanvood from Terrapene carolina trianguis. Pearse, 1936, described C. morleyi from Bufo marinus. Ruiz, 1947, revised the genus Cruzia and described a new species C. rudolphii from Erythrolamprus aesculapii and more recently, Wolfgang, 1951, added C. cameroni to it, from Didelphys marsupialis.
Habitat specificity of the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus clavula (Dujardin, 1845) in eels Anguilla anguilla (L)
Authors: Kennedy C. R. , Lord D.
Published: November 2009

The habitat specificity of the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus clavula in the alimentary tract of eels was studied in natural infections and in fish maintained experimentally under different regimes. The parasite exhibited a preference for a particular region (55 to 65%) of the alimentary canal which did not differ in different species of host, but habitat specificity was not very precise as there was considerable variation between individual hosts and A. clavula was capable of surviving and maturing in all regions of the intestine. The mean position of males was slightly anterior to that of females, and the over-all sex ratio was in favour of females. At high levels of infection the range of the parasites was extended and the mean position was significantly more anterior when compared to single worm infections. The parasite remains in the same site throughout the course of an infection: there was no posterior migration and gravid females occurred in the same proportion in all regions of the intestine. The mean position of the parasite did not change when the host was starved, or maintained in 100% sea water or with reduced aeration or at high temperatures. The results were compared with the habitat specificity exhibited by other species of freshwater fish acanthocephalans, and it was concluded that A. clavula was as adaptable and hardy as its present host, the eel.
Preliminary experiments on the in vitro cultivation of an amphistome Orthocoelium scoliocoelium (Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Sharma A. N. , Sharma P. N.
Published: November 2009

A medium containing inorganic salts, vitamins and amino-acids is described for the in vitro cultivation of the amphistome, Orthocoelium scoliocoelium, from the rumen of buffalo. Based on the properties of rumen fluid, this medium promoted and sustained normal egg production, at 37°C temperature and pH 7·4 to 7·8 for 15 days. In contrast to other media used, no patho-physiological alterations except abnormal cytoplasmic lipid, were detected. Since the parasites produced normal eggs, it is concluded that this medium is suitable for short-term cultivation of the parasites.
Protein composition of various developmental stages ofDipetalonema viteae(Filarioidea)
Authors: Prüsse A. , Diesfeld H. J. , Vollmer S.
Published: November 2009

The protein composition of various developmental stages ofDipetalonema viteaewas analysed on polyacrylamide slab gels in the presence of sodium-dodecylsulphate. When the total proteins of adult male and female parasites, microfilariae, eggs, and third-stage larvae were compared, apparent qualitative similarities between mature and immature filariae were observed. However, several stage specific components were also identified.
Spirometra mansonoides: effects of plerocercoid infection on glycogen deposition in rats
Authors: Phares C. K. , Ai Nguyen Duy
Published: November 2009

The effects of infection with plerocercoids ofSpirometra mansonoideson tissue glycogen deposition of rats was determined. Hypophysectomized rats infected for two days had higher liver glycogen concentrations than controls and this effect was greatest after one week. Elevated liver glycogen associated with plerocercoid infection was observed in fed animals both at the beginning and at the end of the light period as well as after an overnight fast. Glycogen phosphorylase (1,4αD glucan: orthophosphate α glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.1.) was inhibited but glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) was unaffected in the livers of infected hypophysectomized rats. While this effect is similar to actions of both growth hormone and insulin, plerocercoid infection had no influence on glycogen of cardiac or skeletal muscle at any time. Plerocercoid infection had no effect on the glycogen concentration of any tissue of intact rats.
On Pungentus thornei n. sp., a new dorylaimid nematode from soil
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In water extracts of turf from one of the meadows at this Institute made May and November, 1941, several specimens of a new dorylaimid nematode were obtained. They were noticeable even under low magnification by reason of the elongated mouth spear and the shape of the tail. Females only have been found. Study of freshly-killed and well preserved specimens showed that they belong to the genus Pungentus of Thorne & Swanger (1936). As, however, they do not agree structurally with any of the species described by Thorne & Swanger (l.c.) and by Thorne (1939), a new species is erected for their reception. The worms are named in honour of Dr. Gerald Thorne, who in the two monographs just cited has added so materially to our knowledge of the soil nematodes belonging to the superfamily Dorylaimoidea.
Investigations of transfer factor activity in resistance toTrichostrongylus colubriformisinfections in guinea-pigs
Authors: Ross J. G. , Halliday W. G.
Published: November 2009

Resistance to challenge infection withTrichostrongylus colubriformiswas studied in an outbred strain of guinea-pigs. Resistance was conferred by previous infections of 50 or 100 infective larvae and by intraperitoneal, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of dialysed transfer factor prepared from guinea-pigs infected withT. colubriformis, by intraperitoneal administration of transfer factor prepared from the blood of sheep infected withT. colubriformisand on one of three occasions using transfer factor prepared from guinea-pigs which had not been infected withT. colubriformis. No significant resistance was transferred by administration of antigen prepared from adultT. colubriformis, or by non-dialysed transfer factor, or by dialysed transfer factor prepared fromT. colubriformis-infected guinea-pig tissue which had been stored for several months at −20°C.
With and After Grotowski
Authors: Richards Thomas , Biagini Mario
Published: November 2009

In 1996, Jerzy Grotowski changed the name of his Workcenter at Pontedera in Italy to that of the Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski and Thomas Richards, and it was here that Richards and his associate Mario Biagini developed the Actions that had originated with their thirteen years of close collaboration with Grotowski before his death in 1999. Dies Irae was premiered in 2004. Various research projects led by Richards and/or Biagini include Tracing Roads Across (2003–06) and Open Programme, which began in 2007. Such works as I am America, crafted on the poems of Allen Ginsberg, and Electric Party, both directed by Biagini and first performed in 2009, have emerged from Open Programme. A recently ‘finalized’ work, The Letter (2008), directed by Richards, was the result of a long process of development that passed through three major phases and two differently named Actions, starting in 2003. Richards is the author of At Work with Grotowski on Physical Actions (1995) and Heart of Practice (2008), while Biagini has edited, with Antonio Attisani, the three-volume Opere e Sentiere (2007 and 2008). The conversation below is an edited version, in consultation with Richards and Biagini, of their discussion with Maria Shevtsova in November 2008, as part of her ‘Conversations’ series at Goldsmiths, University of London. These last pupils of Grotowski give uncommon insight into the processes of their work together, continuing their generous and open reflections in their responses to questions from members of the audience.
Interweaving Cultures in Performance: Different States of Being In-Between
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: November 2009

In this article Erika Fischer-Lichte argues that, since the beginning of the twentieth century, in different parts of the world, modern theatre was invented by way of interweaving cultures in performance. Different examples from the early twentieth century and the 1990s show how theatre acted as a laboratory for testing and experiencing the potential of cultural diversity. An innovative performance aesthetics enabled the exploration of the emergence, stabilization, and destabilization of cultural identity, merging aesthetics with politics. Erika Fischer-Lichte is Professor of Theatre Studies at the Freie Universität in Berlin. She has published widely in the fields of the theory and history of the theatre, and is the author of numerous books, including, in English, Theatre, Sacrifice, Ritual: Exploring Forms of Political Theatre (2005) and The Transformative Power of Performance: a New Aesthetics (2008). In 2008 she established a new research programme, ‘Interweaving Cultures in Performance’, at the Freie Universität. This paper was given as a keynote lecture at the fourteenth Performance Studies International conference, ‘Interregnum: In Between States’, in Copenhagen, 20–24 August 2008.
David Hare's Stuff Happens in Seattle: Taking a Sober Account
Authors: Westgate J. Chris
Published: November 2009

As The Power of Yes, the third play by David Hare to document recent history, opens at London's National Theatre, J. Chris Westgate examines in this article Hare's Stuff Happens in a regional production in the United States, at Seattle's A Contemporary Theater in 2007. He tracks the emphasis placed on controversy during the advertising and marketing of the play, which stands in direct contrast to the response to the play, which was received with self-satisfaction rather than increased insight in this highly liberal city. From this contrast, he discusses the way that this production of Hare's play – and the play itself – fails to produce controversy because it never holds those actually attending US productions as accountable for the Iraq War. Controversy, then, becomes a marketing device rather than a way of challenging the status quo. J. Chris Westgate is Assistant Professor in English and Comparative Literature at California State University, Fullerton. He has recently edited an anthology of essays entitled Brecht, Broadway, and United States Theatre and has published articles in Modern Drama, Theatre Journal, and The Eugene O'Neill Review.
S-Adenosyl-l-methionine restores photoreceptor function following acute retinal ischemia
Authors: MOXON-LESTER LEITH , TAKAMOTO KEI , COLDITZ PAUL B. , BARNETT NIGEL L.
Published: November 2009

The survival and function of retinal neurons is dependent on mitochondrial energy generation and its intracellular distribution by creatine kinase. Post ischemic disruption of retinal creatine synthesis, creatine kinase activity, or transport of creatine into neurons may impair retinal function. S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) is required for creatine synthesis, phosphatidylcholine and glutathione synthesis, and transducin methylation. These reactions are essential for photoreceptor function but may be downregulated after ischemia due to a reduction in SAMe. Our aim was to determine whether administration of SAMe after ischemia could improve retinal function. Unilateral retinal ischemia was induced in adult rats by increasing the intraocular pressure to 110 mm Hg for 60 min. Immediately after the ischemic insult, SAMe was injected into the vitreous (100μm), followed by oral administration (69 mg/kg/day) for 5 or 10 days. Retinal function (electroretinography), histology, and creatine transporter (CRT-1) expression were analyzed. Photoreceptoral responses (RmP3,S), rod and cone bipolar cell responses (PII), and oscillatory potentials were reduced by the ischemia/reperfusion insult. Although SAMe treatment ameliorated the ischemia-induced histological damage by day 5, there was no improvement in retinal function and the intensity of CRT-1 labeling in ischemic retinas was markedly reduced. However, 10 days after ischemia, a recovery in CRT-1 immunolabeling was evident and SAMe supplementation significantly restored photoreceptor function and rod PII responses. In conclusion, these data suggest that creatine transport and methylation reactions, such as creatine synthesis, may be compromised by an ischemic insult contributing to retinal dysfunction and injury. Oral SAMe supplementation after retinal ischemia may provide an effective, safe, and accessible neuroprotective strategy.
Determining marketing costs and returns in alternative marketing channels
Authors: Hardesty Shermain D. , Leff Penny
Published: November 2009

Direct marketing is a popular marketing practice among smaller producers in the United States. We conducted detailed case studies of three organic farming operations of different sizes and compared their marketing costs and profitability in alternative marketing channels. We classified marketing-related activities into three categories: packing and storage, transportation, and selling and administration. By measuring the costs for labor, purchased goods and services, and capital assets associated with these marketing activities, we determined that there are significant variations in marketing costs across marketing channels. For each of our three case-study farms, marketing costs per dollar of revenue were lowest in the wholesale channel and highest in the farmers' market channel. Significant labor costs for the selling activity and transportation expenses offset the higher prices and minimal packaging costs associated with farmers' markets. Profitability can also be significantly affected by marketing factors, such as packing and grading standards, and product that is used for sampling and consumer premiums. Our research demonstrates that the higher prices that producers earn from direct marketing rather than wholesaling are not pure profit; the price premiums are compensation for the costs they incur when direct marketing their produce. Direct marketing channels, such as farmers' markets and Community Supported Agriculture (CSAs), can enable smaller farmers to build financially viable operations, by gaining access to markets, growing their farming operations and reducing their marketing risk. However, to achieve this success, farmers must manage their marketing costs as well as their production costs.
Study on vertical profiles of rare earth elements by using an ocean general circulation model
Authors: Oka Akira , Hasumi Hiroyasu , Obata Hajime , Gamo Toshitaka , Yamanaka Yasuhiro
Published: November 2009

Observed vertical profiles of rare earth elements (REEs) in the North Pacific Ocean show a systematic change from lighter to heavier REEs. Their source and sink consist of external fluxes coming from the surface and the bottom of the ocean and internal recycling within the ocean. In order to evaluate the role of each source and sink in controlling the vertical profiles of REEs, we conduct numerical simulations of REEs by using an ocean general circulation model. These simulations demonstrate that the shape of their vertical profiles is not directly related to the external sources from river runoff, atmospheric dust deposition, and coastal regions but is sensitive to the internal recycling processes within the ocean. Nutrient‐like treatment where REEs are removed at the surface and released in the deep ocean is suitable for simulating the vertical profiles of lighter REEs but not for heavier REEs. When the irreversible scavenging is considered as a sink term and particle dissolution is taken into consideration as a source term, the vertical profiles of heavier REEs can be reproduced but those of lighter REEs cannot. The observed difference in the vertical profiles among REEs can be reproduced only when the reversible scavenging process is incorporated into the model. Only the reversible scavenging process accounts for the observed vertical profiles of different REEs in comprehensive manner.
Videodensitometrie mit flexiblen Fenstergrößen durch Lichtgriffelumrandung
Authors: Bussmann W.-D. , Zimmermann R. , Schmidt M. , Ameling W. , Effert S.
Published: November 2009

Um dem Problem der Anpassung der densitometrischen Meßfelder an jede beliebige Herz- und Gefäßkonfiguration im Röntgenfernsehbild gerecht zu werden, wurde ein System entwickelt, mit dem elektronische Meßareale jeder beliebigen Form und Größe herstellbar sind. Die meisten bisherigen Verfahren verwenden rechteckige Fenster. Grundlage des Systems ist eine Farbfernsehdisplayeinheit zur Einblendung von Daten und Kurven im angiographischen Bild. Mit Kurvenspeicher auf Schieberegisterbasis und einem Lichtgriffel werden bei Bestimmung der Regurgitation in einem ersten Schritt zunächst die Volumina des linken Vorhofes und der linken Kammer videometrisch mehrfach innerhalb einer Periodendauer bestimmt. Nach Errechnung der Volumina sind weiterhin die im Speichermedium eines Rechners archivierten Konturen verfügbar. Zur densitometrischen Messung läßt sich nun mit einem Video-Plattenspeicher der Konturenablauf am Bildschirm wiederholen und auch den folgenden R-R -Intervallen einer biplanen Videoszene wieder überlagern. Die Synchronisation zwischen der im Rechner gespeicherten Konturdynamik und der Röntgenszene erfolgt bei starrer Herzfrequenz mit der R-Zacke und dem Bildzähler. Es ergibt sich somit eine densitometrische Regurgitationsmessung bezogen auf das Volumen des jeweiligen Herzabschnittes.
Current on/off ratio enhancement of field effect transistors with bundled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Feng Y. , Lee K. , Farhat H. , Kong J.
Published: November 2009

This work examines the enhancement of current on/off ratio in field effect transistor devices with bundled single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by incorporating a substrate etching step before the electrical cutting for metallic CNT elimination. The etching step prevents the damaging of the semiconducting CNTs while burning off the metallic ones by electrical current. By further incorporating a repeated gate voltage sweeping step, devices with low Ioff (less than 2 nA) and high Ion/Ioff, which is one to five orders of magnitude larger than before etching/cutting combination process, can be obtained.
Origin(s) of the apparent high permittivity in CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics: clarification on the contributions from internal barrier layer capacitor and sample-electrode contact effects
Authors: Li Ming , Shen Zhijian , Nygren Mats , Feteira Antonio , Sinclair Derek C. , West Anthony R.
Published: November 2009

CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 ceramics with a range of resistivities have been prepared using both conventional sintering and spark plasma sintering. For all cases, the high effective permittivity is associated primarily with an internal barrier layer capacitor mechanism. Additional polarization associated with the electrode-sample interface may appear but its visibility depends on the grain boundary resistivity (Rgb) of the ceramic. If the Rgb is large, the electrode polarization is obscured by sample-related effects; if the Rgb is small, a separate impedance associated with the electrode polarization may be seen. Discrepancies in the literature regarding the magnitude and origin of the high effective permittivity are attributed to a combination of differences in processing conditions, electrode contact material and measuring frequency range.
Asymmetric magnetization reversal process in Co nanohill arrays
Authors: Rosa W. O. , Martínez L. , Jaafar M. , aAsenjo A. , Vázquez M.
Published: November 2009

Co thin films deposited by sputtering onto nanostructured polymer [poly(methyl methacrylate)] were prepared following replica-antireplica process based on porous alumina membrane. In addition, different capping layers were deposited onto Co nanohills. Morphological and compositional analysis was performed by atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy techniques to obtain information about the surface characteristics. The observed asymmetry in the magnetization reversal process at low temperatures is ascribed to the exchange bias generated by the ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic interface promoted by the presence of Co oxide detected in all the samples. Especially relevant is the case of the Cr capping, where an enhanced magnetic anisotropy in the Co/Cr interface is deduced.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy of biomimetic dye molecules for solar cells
Authors: Cook Peter L. , Liu Xiaosong , Yang Wanli , Himpsel F. J.
Published: November 2009

Dye-sensitized solar cells are potentially inexpensive alternatives to traditional semiconductor solar cells. In order to optimize dyes for solar cells we systematically investigate the electronic structure of a variety of porphyrins and phthalocyanines. As a biological model system we use the heme group in cytochrome c which plays a role in biological charge transfer processes. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the N 1s and C 1s edges reveals the unoccupied molecular orbitals and the orientation of the molecules in thin films. The transition metal 2p edges reflect the oxidation state of the central metal atom, its spin state, and the ligand field of the surrounding N atoms. The latter allows tuning of the energy position of the lowest unoccupied orbital by several tenths of an eV by tailoring the molecules and their deposition. Fe and Mn containing phthalocyanines oxidize easily from +2 to +3 in air and require vacuum deposition for obtaining a reproducible oxidation state. Chlorinated porphyrins, on the other hand, are reduced from +3 to +2 during vacuum deposition at elevated temperatures. These findings stress the importance of controlled thin film deposition for obtaining photovoltaic devices with an optimum match between the energy levels of the dye and those of the donor and acceptor electrodes, together with a molecular orientation for optimal overlap between the π orbitals in the direction of the carrier transport.
Numerical determination of the exponents controlling the relationship between time, length, and temperature in glass-forming liquids
Authors: Cammarota Chiara , Cavagna Andrea , Gradenigo Giacomo , Grigera Tomas S. , Verrocchio Paolo
Published: November 2009

There is a certain consensus that the very fast growth of the relaxation time τ occurring in glass-forming liquids on lowering the temperature must be due to the thermally activated rearrangement of correlated regions of growing size. Even though measuring the size of these regions has defied scientists for a while, there is indeed recent evidence of a growing correlation length ξ in glass formers. If we use Arrhenius law and make the mild assumption that the free-energy barrier to rearrangement scales as some power ψ of the size of the correlated regions, we obtain a relationship between time and length, T log τ∼ξψ. According to both the Adam–Gibbs and the random first order theory the correlation length grows as ξ∼(T−Tk)−1/(d−θ), even though the two theories disagree on the value of θ. Therefore, the super-Arrhenius growth of the relaxation time with the temperature is regulated by the two exponents ψ and θ through the relationship T log τ∼(T−Tk)−ψ/(d−θ). Despite a few theoretical speculations, up to now there has been no experimental determination of these two exponents. Here we measure them numerically in a model glass former, finding ψ=1 and θ=2. Surprisingly, even though the values we found disagree with most previous theoretical suggestions, they give back the well-known VFT law for the relaxation time, T log τ∼(T−Tk)−1.
Determining the size distribution of magnetic nanoparticles based on analysis of magnetization curves
Authors: Yu Su-Peng , Liu Yi-Hsien , Sun An-Cheng , Hsu Jen-Hwa
Published: November 2009

This study develops a direct scheme that is based on the magnetization curve of magnetic nanoparticles in the medium-field region above the blocking temperature to extract information on the size of particles and the uniformity thereof. The magnetization curve was fitted with a computer software that was developed in-house and based on the linear addition of the Langevin functions that correspond to particles of different sizes. Numerically generated curves demonstrate that a standard deviation in volume of 10% generates a variation in magnetization of approximately 1%. The fitting program was tested on a series of generated curves for magnetic nanoparticles with various average volumes and standard deviations, yielding results with errors of around 3%. The program was also justified using the data obtained from several published articles, and the results herein were found to agree closely with those in the articles. Magnetite nanoparticles were monodispersed in a polymer matrix and magnetic measurements were made. The obtained results were compared with transmission electron microscopy observations to further validate the developed scheme.
Local heating at a ferromagnet-metal interface
Authors: Néel N. , Kröger J. , Berndt R.
Published: November 2009

The electronic structure of individual Co islands on Cu(111) was investigated by a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope. An irreversible shift of the occupied Co d band toward the Fermi level was induced by elevated tunneling currents and voltages. Heating of the Co–Cu interface most likely induces local alloying and a concomitant modification of the island electronic structure.
Photoluminescence studies of arsenic-doped Hg1−xCdxTe epilayers
Authors: Robin I. C. , Taupin M. , Derone R. , Solignac A. , Ballet P. , Lusson A.
Published: November 2009

Arsenic incorporation in HgCdTe epilayers has been achieved with a nonconventional radio frequency plasma source during molecular beam epitaxial growth. Photoluminescence studies were carried out on HgCdTe arsenic-doped samples. Measurements were done on the as-grown sample, after a Hg vacancy filling annealing and after a 400 °C activation annealing under Hg pressure. A comparison with extended x-ray absorption fine structure results allows us to assign the observed optical transitions to the Hg vacancies, As2Te3 glass and AsHg dopants. An optical signature of the arsenic site transfer upon activation annealing is found.
Periodic response of fluidic networks with passive deformable features
Authors: Begley Matthew R. , Utz Marcel , Leslie Daniel C. , Haj-Hariri Hossein , Landers James , Bart-Smith Hilary
Published: November 2009

This paper outlines the scaling parameters governing the frequency response of fluidic networks with embedded deformable features, which are subjected to periodic excitation. These parameters describe the impact of deformable feature properties on the relative importance of potential energy, kinetic energy, and viscous dissipation. They are used to identify device characteristics that produce specific frequency responses, such as low-pass, high-pass, and bandpass filters that exploit (or avoid) the effects of fluid inertia. Simulations illustrate that passive deformable diodes have little effect on the frequency response of high-pass filters comprised of elastomer features.