bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Explosion
Authors: Mazur Joseph
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the Cartesian coordinate system and how it provides a link between geometry and algebra. In Geometria, René Descartes introduced a new idea for notation, a rule: beginning letters of the alphabet were to be reserved for fixed known quantities and letters from p onward were to represent variables or unknowns that could take on a succession of values. To this day, this division of the alphabet at p remains the loose standard rule. The chapter also considers the Pythagorean theorem as a way of finding the distance between any two points in space; how the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and extraction of a square root could actually be performed; and who came up with the idea of the vinculum.
Invisible Gorillas
Authors: Mazur Joseph
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains how symbols, by providing a blank background on which we may contemplate unadulterated meaning, help us see and distinguish what is essential. It first considers the claim advanced by the German naturalist Gotthilf von Schubert in the nineteenth century that we dream in a traumbildsprache (“dream visual language”), “a higher kind of algebra,” not in a verbal language. It then discusses the study of dreams by Calvin Hall and Vernon Nordby; Christopher Chabris's and Daniel Simons's “Invisible Gorilla” experiment; and experiments undertaken by Stanislas Dehaene to investigate differences in brain activity between contemplations of numbers and words. It also revisits the study done by Anthony Jansen, Kim Marriott, and Greg Yelland of Monash University to find out how experienced users of mathematics comprehend algebraic expressions. Finally, it suggests how particular notational configurations may help us recognize structure in mathematical expressions and process equations.
Latin American Currency Policy, 1970–2010
Authors: Frieden Jeffry A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter gives an overview of Latin American currency policy since the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary order in the early 1970s and provides a statistical analysis of exchange rate choices. It starts with a reminder of the author's analytic expectations, especially as relevant to Latin America, and then goes on to give a historical background to the region's experience and provide a narrative analysis of regional currency policy developments, emphasizing special interest and electoral factors. First, it evaluates the impact of the sort of special interest pressures examined in the US and European cases. It presents evidence that reinforces the idea that internationally oriented economic actors favor a more stable currency. The second set of political factors is related to elections. The evidence seems clear that governments do indeed encourage or allow the currency to appreciate in the run-up to an election, and similarly delay going off a currency peg during that period.
The Politics of Exchange Rates: Implications and Extensions
Authors: Frieden Jeffry A.
Published: January 2018

The previous chapters provide an empirical evaluation of the theoretical propositions put forth in Chapter 1 about the expected policy preferences of economic groups in society. These investigations, however, also suggest a series of related observations—some of which harken back to points made in Chapter 1—that are worth making explicit. These include the relationship between currency politics and the level of economic integration, trade policy, international cooperation, and economic development. This chapter discusses some of the broad patterns of interest as a partial antidote to the narrower empirical implementations that have preceded it. It considers some general trends in the politics of exchange rates over the past 150 years and across a wide range of countries. It cannot but do this discursively and somewhat superficially. Nonetheless, the breadth of the comparisons may compensate for their lack of depth.
Conclusions
Authors: Frieden Jeffry A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter summarizes key findings. This book makes a simple theoretical argument about the distributional implications of exchange rate policy. It suggests that economic actors with important cross-border interests, exposed to currency volatility, will tend to prefer more stable and predictable exchange rates. It also claims that tradables producers will, all else being equal, tend to prefer a depreciated real exchange rate. These concerns will be tempered by the extent of exchange rate pass-through—that is, the degree to which currency movements affect domestic prices. The analysis in this book shows that countries whose economic agents are more involved in cross-border trade are more likely to fix their exchange rates in order to reduce currency volatility. Countries with large groups susceptible to import or export competition—import-competing manufacturers and export farmers—are more likely to choose flexible exchange rates that allow currency depreciations. Governments facing an election encourage or allow currency appreciation that increases the purchasing power of consumers.
Introduction
Authors: Frieden Jeffry A.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter begins with discussions of currency choices, currency trade-offs, politics of currency policy, currency policies in open and closed economies, and currency politics applied across time and space. It then sets out the book's purpose, which is to analyze the politics of exchange rates. The book has both theoretical and empirical ambitions. Theoretically, it focuses on identifying the distributionally motivated currency policy preferences of economic actors—firms, industries, and groups. Empirically, it evaluates the accuracy of its theoretical arguments in a variety of historical and geographic settings. From a historical perspective, it looks at the politics of the gold standard, particularly in the United States. In a more contemporary mode, it examines the political economy of the process of European monetary integration. It also analyzes the politics of Latin American currency policy over the past forty years.
Introduction
Authors: Swidler Ann , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter examines the imaginations as well as the practical concerns of the actors in the drama of AIDS as it has played out in Malawi: altruists' visions of transforming the lives of those at risk of infection, brokers' visions of upward mobility through new careers in a multitude of AIDS organizations, and villagers' visions of what altruists from afar could do for them. The chapter distinguishes between Malawian networks of mutual aid and the altruists from afar. Those within local networks know each other well. In contrast, the foreign altruists sympathetically imagine afflicted Malawians, but they do not—and usually cannot—know much about their daily lives. The foreign altruists also differ from Malawians in that, while they redistribute resources, they do not expect reciprocity.
Brokers’ Careers
Authors: Swidler Ann , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers how brokers perceive that merit, miracles, and malice structure their opportunities and thus their outcomes. It analyzes the ways that the career aspirations of brokers at all levels can suddenly be derailed by the death of a parent, salvaged with the help of a benefactor, or altered by any number of others who have the power to help or harm. Malawian brokers, particularly, tell their career histories by drawing on three narratives: that of Merit, emphasizing their objective achievements; that of Miracles, emphasizing the remarkable coincidences or the unexpected help from relatives or strangers that make success possible; and Malice, or simply misfortune, when anyone from capricious donors to envious co-workers can sabotage a career.
Creating Success
Authors: Swidler Ann , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the varied practices through which donors assure their funders and themselves that their efforts have succeeded. NGOs that implement interventions to prevent HIV deploy three techniques to show that their efforts have been successful: testimonials from those whose lives they want to change, listing and counting the activities they conduct to produce change, and end-of-project evaluations. Many projects organize a celebration with speeches and testimonials when a donor visits or when the project has ended. Journalists are often invited by the NGO to attend the ceremony, with the understanding that they will write a feature story on the event. A key event in the celebration is when a beneficiary takes center stage and tells the audience a before-and-after story of the change that the NGO has made in her, or his, life.
Fatherland
Authors: Goossen Benjamin W.
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at how, during the Second World War, Mennonite leaders had assisted Hitler's empire building in Ukraine and Poland. As narratives of genetic purity and pioneering temperament became associated with racial superiority, the confession became a tool of Nazi colonialism. Whether it's the supposed suffering of Ukraine's settlers under “Judeo-Bolshevism” or the legendary yields of farmers in the American West, images of Mennonitism abetted National Socialists' quest for “living space” and the Holocaust of European Jews. As Nazi leaders constructed the East as a new frontier, they conceived the occupied territories as racial spaces in which some groups deserved access to land while others did not. Millions of Jews as well as Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish speakers lost their property and often their lives so that “ethnic Germans” could flourish.
Status Deficits and War
Authors: Renshon Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between status deficits and international conflict using empirical evidence drawn from a large-N statistical analysis of the link between status dissatisfaction and war at several degrees of intensity (ranging from crises to interstate conflict). It first considers whether conflict serves as a status-altering event before discussing the connection of status deficits to initiation of war and militarized interstate disputes. It also presents unique data on which comparisons are most salient in motivating international conflict (for example, who powerful states compare themselves to, or whether South Africa and the United States are likely to compare themselves to similar groups of countries. The chapter shows that the types of comparisons that are made—who the “reference groups” are—have important implications for how status concerns are manifested in international politics.
03. Ditadura militar: a memória jornalística como parte da revisão histórica
Authors: Moraes Lívia Assad de
Published: January 2018

O trabalho pretende demonstrar a importância da memória jornalística nos estudos sobre a ditadura militar no Brasil (1964-1985). Defendemos a ideia de que lembranças, relatos e reavaliações de jornalistas, baseados em experiências nas redações, contribuem tanto para a construção histórica do passado recente da profissão quanto, de um modo mais amplo, para debates, análises e reflexões sobre a época. Destacamos o papel desses profissionais como atores sociais no processo de formação de uma memória coletiva sobre o contexto político e cultural durante o regime militar, no qual a prática do jornalismo se desenrolou sob coerção ideológica (censuras oficial e empresarial) e tentativas de resistência em favor da liberdade de expressão.
CONSTITUCIONALISMO DIGITAL E A LIBERDADE DE REUNIÃO VIRTUAL: PROTESTO E EMANCIPAÇÃO NA SOCIEDADE DA INFORMAÇÃO.
Authors: Coni Junior Vicente , Dantas Miguel Calmon
Published: January 2018

O artigo busca analisar o impacto dos tempos de indignação, especialmente diante da crise de representatividade democrática e de efetividade concreta de tais garantias fundamentais na modernidade. Examina-se, ainda, de que forma a era digital e os avanços das tecnologias da informação e comunicação podem contribuir para um novo modelo de exercício da cidadania através da internet e como as manifestações nas redes sociais podem ampliar o espaço democrático e o debate político.
Tweets geoetiquetados como predictores de resultados en salud
Authors: Pinzón Ramírez Jenny
Published: January 2018

Hemos realizado este resumen por considerar interesante el uso que se está dando en investigación a la información disponible en las redes sociales, particularmente en el campo de la Salud Pública.
Effect of Consumer Awareness of Education Material, Source of Information, and Value of Materialism on Behavior as A Smart Adolescent Consumer
Authors: Setianingrum Mia Fitriyah , Yuliati Lilik Noor
Published: January 2018

This study aims to analyze the effect of consumer awareness about education material, source of information, and value of materialism toward behavior as smart consumer on junior high school student in urban and rural areas of Bogor. Samples in this study are 9th grade junior high school students as much as 125 students that consisting of 62 students in urban and 63 students in rural areas. The sampling technique is cluster random sampling with the consideration that students have obtained consumer education materials on social sciences and Indonesian language for grade 7 to grade 9. Data were collected by self-administered technique using questionnaires. The results showed that there are differences in consumer awareness about education material, source of information, and objective knowledge of students in urban and rural areas. Gender and source of information affect the behavior as smart consumer on junior high school students.

 
Pengaruh Kesadaran Wajib Pajak, Pelayanan Fiskus, dan Sanksi Pajak terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi yang Melakukan Kegiatan Usaha dan Pekerjaan Bebas di Kota Samarinda
Authors: Brata Januar Dio , Yuningsih Isna , Kesuma Agus Iwan
Published: January 2018

The number of tax payers is increase for years. But, it is not balanced with the level of tax compliance. The compliance problem becomes an obstacle in optimizing the tax revenue. This study examines the level of compliance of individual taxpayers conducting business and professional services in Samarinda by using several independent variables such as awareness of the taxpayer, the service tax authorities and tax penalties. The population of this study is individual taxpayers conducting business and professional services in Samarinda. Based on data from the KPP Pratama Samarinda, until July 2016 there were 35.445 individual taxpayers conducting business and free job retention. Sampling was done by incidental sampling method. The number of sample is 100 people. Primary data collection method used is a survey method using questionnaires media. Data analysis techniques used in this study is the technique of multiple regression analysis. Based on the results of the analysis undertaken concluded that awareness of the taxpayer, and tax penalties had significant and positive impact on taxpayer compliance. The service tax authorities had no significant and negative impact on taxpayer compliance.Keywords: Tax compliance, the taxpayer awareness, the service tax authorities and tax penalties.
Pengaruh harga kualitas produk dan citra merek BRAND IMAGE terhadap keputusan pembelian motor
Authors: Pradana Dedhy , Hudayah Syarifah , Rahmawati Rahmawati
Published: January 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh bagi konsumen dalam membuat keputusan pembelian. Variabel independen terdiri dari Harga (X1), Kualitas Produk (X2) dan Citra Merek (X3). Variabel dependen adalah Keputusan Pembelian motor Honda Beat di Samarinda. Sampel berjumlah 78 responden yang diambil menggunakan teknik Insidental Sampling. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda, hasilnya yaitu Y = 9.619 + 0,255X1+ 0,068X2+ 0,179X3. Berdasarkan Uji F dan Uji t, hasil yang diperoleh bahwa variable Harga, Kualitas Produk dan citra merek berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian. Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh nilai koefisien determinasi (R2) sebesar 0,208 artinya model koefisien determinasi bagus. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa 20,80% keputusan pembelian konsumen terhadap motor Honda Beat di Samarinda dipengaruhi oleh variasi dari ketiga variable independen yaitu atribut produk, harga dan citra merek. Sedangkan sisanya 79,20% dipengaruhi oleh variabel-variabel lainnya yang tidak diteliti.
Pengaruh kinerja keuangan terhadap dividend payout ratio studi empiris pada perusahaan BUMN
Authors: Sabri Fitri Handayani , Deviyanti Dwi Risma , Kurniawan Indra Suyoto
Published: January 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh Rasio Cash Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Total Assets Turnover (TATO) dan Net Profit Margin (NPM) terhadap Dividen Payout Ratio (DPR) pada perusahaan BUMN yang terdaftar di BEI over periode 2011-2014. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan disini adalah purposive sampling. Teknik analisis yang digunakan di sini adalah regresi berganda dengan uji hipotesis menggunakan teknik t-statistik untuk menguji koefisien regresi parsial dengan tingkat signifikansi 0,05 atau 5%. Dari hasil analisis, terlihat bahwa variabel Rasio Kewajiban terhadap Rasio Hutang terhadap Ekuitas (Ratio) terhadap Total Assets Turnover (TATO) secara parsial berpengaruh terhadap Dividen Payout Ratio (DPR) perusahaan pada periode 2011-2014 pada tingkat signifikansi kurang dari 5%, sementara itu menunjukkan bahwa Rasio Cash Ratio dan Net Profit Margin (NPM) secara parsial tidak signifikan terhadap Dividen Payout Ratio (DPR). Prediksi empat variabel terhadap DPR adalah 43,9% seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh adjusted square yaitu 43,9% sedangkan sisanya 56,1% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak termasuk dalam model studi.
Flora útil en el Ejido Sinaloa 1a sección, Cárdenas, Tabasco, México
Authors: Sol Sánchez Ángel , Gómez García Erika , García López Eustolia , Pérez Vázquez Arturo
Published: January 2018

Los huertos familiares son micro-ambientes que contienen una gran diversidad de especies vegetales y animales de utilidad humana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la diversidad de usos y el papel de las plantas útiles aprovechadas del Ejido Sinaloa 1a sección del municipio de Cárdenas, Tabasco, México. Se realizaron recorridos de campo de febrero de 2009 a junio de 2010, en los cuales se registraron las especies vegetales, los usos y partes empleadas. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada mediante una metodología etnográfica en 73 hogares. Los entrevistados reconocieron 93 especies botánicas que fueron integradas en 14 categorías de uso como: medicina, alimentación, ornamental, leña, barrera rompe viento, construcción, cerco vivo, ritual mágico-religioso, sombra, tendedero, envoltura, instrumento de trabajo, humo (para alejar insectos) y saborizante. Las partes más usadas las constituyeron los frutos, las hojas y la planta completa. En cuanto a la forma biológica de las especies vegetales, los árboles fueron los más usados, seguido de las hierbas y los arbustos. Se obtuvo un índice de diversidad de mención de H’= 4.00 y valores del índice de fidelidad entre 13% y 89%.
Cambios de uso del suelo en manglares de la costa de Tabasco
Authors: Hernández Melchor Gloria Isela , Ruíz Rosado Octavio , Sol Sánchez Ángel , Valdez Hernández Juan Ignacio
Published: January 2018

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el cambio de uso de suelo en el periodo 1995 y 2008, identif icando y cuantif icando los cambios en localización y superficie del manglar, en cuatro ejidos del municipio de Cárdenas, Tabasco; mediante la interpretación de ortofotos digitales en escala 1:20 000 (1995), y 1:10 000 (2008). Los resultados indican que en 1995 la superficie de manglar era de 568.49 ha; para 2008 dicha superficie mostró un incremento de 148.72 ha sustituyendo parte de la vegetación hidrofita y el agroecosistema pasto-ganado. Aunque, los mapas generados revelan que en algunos sitios el manglar incremento su superf icie y en otros se redujo, identif icando una pérdida de 32 ha que fueron sustituidas por el agroecosistema coco-pasto-ganado principalmente. Este cambio de uso de suelo es una respuesta a las condiciones socio-económicas de sus dueños. Los resultados pueden ser alentadores, desde el punto de vista ecológico, ya que las nuevas franjas de manglar sirven de barrera para evitar que la salinización de suelos se introduzca a superficies de uso ganadero.
Nutrimentos en follaje y depósito húmedo de nitrato, amonio y sulfato del lavado de copa en bosques de Abies religiosa
Authors: Peña-Mendoza Enrique R. , Gómez- Guerrero Armando , Fenn Mark E. , Hernández de la Rosa Patricia , Alvarado Rosales Dionicio
Published: January 2018

Se evaluaron los contenidos nutrimentales y el lavado de copa en los bosques de Abies religiosa, de San Miguel Tlaixpan (SMT), y Río Frío (RF), Estado de México. El trabajo tuvo dos partes. En la primera, se evaluó el contenido nutrimental en follaje nuevo (N, P, K, Ca y Mg) en árboles de Abies religiosa, en los periodos de primavera, verano e invierno, en rodales con diferente grado de daño de copa. Los resultados no mostraron correspondencia entre el grado de daño de copa y la variación del contenido de nutrimentos en follaje, excepto para N y Mg con mayores contenidos foliares con respecto al sitio testigo RF. Asimismo, no se encontraron deficiencias de los nutrimentos estudiados; sin embargo, la relación Mg/N se mantuvo estable en las fechas de muestreo en el sitio testigo RF, mientras que en SMT la relación decreció. En la segunda parte se llevó a cabo un análisis de las formas iónicas de nitrógeno y azufre del lavado de copa. Los resultados indican depósitos moderados en ambos sitios. Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias significativas en el lavado de copa para NH4+-N entre los dos bosques, con valores de 8.56 y 4.34 kg ha-1 año-1 en SMT y RF. En el mismo orden, el flujo de NO3--N fue de 4.40 y 2.84 kg ha-1 año-1 pero las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. El depósito total de N varió fue de 12.96 y 7.18 para SMT y RF, respectivamente. Para SO42--los f lujos fueron de 15.36 y 6.67 kg ha-1 año-1 en SMT y RF, en el mismo orden.
Las tecnologías de la información y comunicación como fuente de conocimientos en el sector rural
Authors: Jiménez Carrasco Juan S. , Rendón Medel Roberto , U. Toledo José , Aranda Osorio Gilberto
Published: January 2018

Esta investigación analiza el uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) como medio de acceso a información en productores rurales. Se consideraron tres aspectos: (i) diferenciando las fuentes de información de acuerdo al porcentaje de información proporcionada por cada actor; (ii) analizando las necesidades de información por área técnico-productiva de los productores; y (iii) comparando los factores de exclusión entre productores que utilizan y no utilizan las herramientas TIC. Para la obtención de datos, durante 2014 se aplicaron 67 encuestas en ocho municipios de la Región Norte y Costa Chica del estado de Guerrero. La información se sometió a un análisis de redes de innovación, a un análisis de diversidad de fuentes mediante el índice de Simpson y a un análisis de conglomerados bietápicos. Los resultados mostraron que las TIC contribuyen con el 3% de la información usada por los productores. Se encontró un coeficiente de correlación de 0.8 entre el número de fuentes y medios consultados y el uso de las TIC. La adopción de las TIC está asociada a la edad, el nivel de escolaridad, el tamaño de la explotación, y a los años de experiencia en la actividad. Se concluye que las TIC contribuyen al proceso de información y tienen potencial en el aporte de información en los productores rurales.
Tipología de productores de uva (Vitis vinifera L.) en Aguascalientes, México
Authors: Borja-Bravo Mercedes , Reyes-Muro Luis , García-Salazar José Alberto , Almeraya-Quintero Silvia Xochilt
Published: January 2018

El diseño de políticas públicas y la focalización de recursos para apoyar la producción de vid (Vitis vinífera L.) requieren la caracterización socioeconómica y productiva de los productores de uva. Se diseñó y aplicó una encuesta semi-estructurada a 50 viticultores en siete municipios de Aguascalientes; se emplearon herramientas estadísticas de componentes principales y conglomerados para determinar la tipología y las características de cada grupo. Los resultados indican que los viticultores deAguascalientes se clasifican en tres grupos: pequeños (78%), medianos (18%) y grandes (4%). Los productores pequeños se especializan en la producción de uva para la industria y mesa, tienen una superficie promedio de 2 ha, obtienen un rendimiento promedio de 12.9 t ha-1, un ingreso promedio de $49 423 ha-1 y se localizan en los municipio de El Llano y Cosío. Los productores medios producen uva para mesa, se localizan en el municipio de Cosío, poseen una superficie promedio de 4.5 ha, obtienen un rendimiento promedio de 16 t ha-1 y un ingreso promedio de $144 800 ha-1. Los productores grandes producen uva para la industria, están dispersos en varios municipios, tienen una superficie promedio de 16 ha, obtienen un rendimiento promedio de 24 t ha-1 y un ingreso promedio de $83 800 ha-1. El diseño de políticas públicas y los apoyos a la población objetivo en el área de estudio podría considerar el tamaño de predio, las variedades y aspectos socioeconómicos.
Análisis de coeficientes de la fuerza del viento y comportamiento del flujo sobre un modelo de invernadero
Authors: López Bautista Vicente , Villaseñor Perea Carlos Alberto , López Canteñs Gilberto De Jesús , Carrillo García Mauricio , Cervantes Osornio Rocio
Published: January 2018

Los invernaderos usualmente se construyen con marcos de metal cubiertos con plástico y además son estructuras ligeras, por lo cual son sensibles a las cargas dinámicas tales como la carga de viento. En este trabajo se analiza el comportamiento aerodinámico de un modelo de invernadero con ventila cenital, a través de la determinación de las presiones locales en túnel de viento utilizando un modelo a escala, considerando distintas direcciones del viento. El flujo de aire sobre un invernadero es un fenómeno complejo, debido a esto se visualizó el comportamiento del flujo de aire alrededor del modelo por medio de inyección de humo y el resultado se comparó con una simulación realizada en un software de elemento finito (CFD) para obtener una validación de la distribución del flujo; los coeficientes de la fuerza del viento fueron determinados y comparados con los valores reportados en algunos países; corroborando el estudio. Se espera que los resultados presentados sean útiles para el desarrollo de futuras investigaciones, así como para garantizar la seguridad mecánica de las estructuras y ser un referente para la industria de la construcción de invernaderos.
Distribución espacial de trips en aguacate en Coatepec Harinas, Estado de México
Authors: Maldonado Zamora Fátima Iraís , Ramírez Dávila José Francisco , Rubí Arriaga Martin , Antonio Némiga Xanat , Lara Díaz Ana Verónica
Published: January 2018

El aguacate es uno de los cultivos perennes de mayor importancia económica en México, como cualquier otro cultivo, se ve afectado por plagas y enfermedades que causan daños económicos y ecológicos. Uno de los principales insectos que ataca el cultivo es Frankliniella occidentalis, estos lesionan hojas y frutos de aguacate como resultado de su alimentación en las capas de células de la epidermis, creando áreas pálidas o cafés. Las lesiones originadas pueden ser puntos de entrada de microorganismos patógenos. En los frutos, estos insectos llegan a causar cicatrices o marcas, reduciendo su valor en el mercado, pueden producir malformaciones en la fruta al provocar alteraciones en la cáscara de frutos recién formados, inhiben la fecundación de flores y provocan su caída. El objetivo fue determinar la distribución espacial de las poblaciones de trips y la elaboración de mapas de densidad de tres parcelas de cuatro hectáreas ubicadas en el municipio de Coatepec Harinas mediante la aplicación del análisis geoestadístico. Los resultados mostraron que las poblaciones de trips se agrupan en centros de agregación y se ajustan a modelos esféricos en su mayoría. Adicional a ello, se pudo determinar la superficie infestada por el insecto, lo que permitirá dirigir certeramente las medidas de control en las áreas con mayor número de insectos a través de los mapas de densidad.
Aplicación periódica de bajas concentraciones de paclobutrazol y ácido salicílico en papa en invernadero
Authors: Flores-López Román , Martínez-Gutiérrez Ricardo , López-Delgado Humberto A. , Marín-Casimiro Maricela
Published: January 2018

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el uso de bajas concentraciones de ácido salicílico y paclobutrazol en Solanum tuberosum (Cristal y clon 981824) en invernadero para el incremento de rendimiento y almidón en papa. Los experimentos se realizaron en 2012 en Zinacantepec, México. Los tratamientos consistieron en aspersión con AS: 10-8, 10-10, 10-12 y 10-14 M, paclobutrazol: 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 mg L-1 y el testigo, arreglados en bloques completos al azar, se determinó altura, clorofila, IAF, peso fresco, número de tubérculos y contenido de almidón. En el clon 981824, las plantas testigo y las de AS (10-8 y10-10) presentaron mayor altura, mientras para Cristal fueron las de AS, testigo y paclobutrazol 0.25 mg L-1. En clorofila e IAF no hubo diferencias significativas. En el clon 981824, el testigo presento mayor peso fresco (148 g por planta), en cambio Cristal no presentó diferencias entre tratamientos. El número total de minitubérculos fue superior con paclobutrazol 0.5 mg L-1 en ambos genotipos (Cristal: 12.93 y 981824: 23.3). Todos los tratamientos de paclobutrazol y de AS 10-8, 10-10 y 10-14 presentaron mayor contenido de almidón con respecto al testigo en el clon 981824, mientras que en Cristal fueron: paclobutrazol 0.75 y 1.0 mg L-1 con 241y231mgg-1 y10-8 y10-12 deAScon165y173mgg-1.En conclusión el paclobutrazol disminuye la altura de las plantas y tanto este como el AS incrementan el contenido de almidón de tubérculo a las concentraciones indicadas.
Dinámica del agua de lluvia en árboles de selva baja caducifolia
Authors: Barbosa Moreno Finlandia , Fernández Reynoso Demetrio Salvador , Rubio Granados Erasmo , Sánchez Cohen Ignacio , Contreras Hinojosa José Rafael
Published: January 2018

La Selva Baja Caducifolia se desarrolla en áreas semiáridas con déficit de agua y es la cubierta vegetal con la mayor extensión a nivel mundial y nacional con 42% y 60% de cobertura, respectivamente. Una de las zonas que mejor representan éste biosistema en México es la Región Mixteca. La cobertura arbórea de esta selva, por la intercepción de las gotas de lluvia del dosel, impacta el escurrimiento y la erosión hídrica. Con el propósito de conocer el efecto del dosel en la intercepción de la lluvia, se midió el f lujo caulinar, el f lujo de dosel y la lámina interceptada por el follaje. Estas mediciones se usaron para establecer relaciones matemáticas, utilizando regresión lineal múltiple, que permitieron calcular sus magnitudes; a través de valores conocidos de lámina de lluvia, por evento, y geometría del dosel. Las mediciones se realizaron durante 2013, en 21 árboles (9 especies) predominantes de la Selva Baja Caducifolia, para 350 eventos de lluvia ocurridos en cinco sitios representativos de la región Mixteca. Los árboles en promedio registraron un f lujo de dosel 66.5%, f lujo caulinar 6.1% e intercepción 27.5 %. La información de campo permitió identificar los mejores modelos para evaluar la dinámica del f lujo de agua de lluvia. Entre valores observados y predichos se obtuvo un R2 de 0.83 para la lámina interceptada, de 0.96 para f lujo de dosel y de 0.67 para flujo caulinar. Estas relaciones son útiles para alimentar modelos de simulación que estimen el balance hidrológico de este ecosistema.
Geopolítica de los Recursos Hídricos en el Siglo XXI
Authors: Lizcano Chapeta Carlos Javier
Published: January 2018

Actualmente los recursos naturales renovables y no renovables se encuentran limitados en el planeta, producto de varias acciones que causan el calentamiento global y por ende, el cambio climático. En este sentido, el objetivo fue analizar el impacto del calentamiento global en las reservas de agua, colocando al recurso como elemento fundamental de la geopolítica internacional. Se utilizó un diseño documental, de tipo descriptivo, y como técnica de recolección de datos se empleó el arqueo bibliográfico y el análisis de contenido de fuentes anteriores. Los resultados evidenciaron que los niveles de temperatura en la tierra se han elevado y que el calentamiento está secando las reservas de agua dulce, que sólo llegan a un 3% del total del recurso. Se concluyó que el agua dulce, se convierte en un elemento estratégico y un recurso de interés vital para los países en el inicio de este siglo, por lo que se requiere la gestión integrada de los mismos.
La Educación Ecuatoriana en Inglés: Nivel de Dominio y Competencias Lingüísticas de los Estudiantes Rurales
Authors: Ortega Auquilla Diego Patricio , Fernández Roxana Auccahuallpa
Published: January 2018

La enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés ha dado un giro grande en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano en las últimas dos décadas y varias medidas han sido implementadas. En este sentido, exámenes internacionales y estandarizados se han convertido en los medios que acreditan la suficiencia de esta lengua extranjera de estudiantes y profesores de distintos niveles educativos. Es por ello que el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel de suficiencia de inglés de los estudiantes en el último año de Bachillerato General Unificado (BGU), como también identificar en qué competencias lingüísticas los estudiantes presentan mayores y menores dificultades. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo de tipo exploratorio en ocho instituciones educativas fiscales rurales del cantón Azogues en Ecuador. Los resultados del test, aplicada a una muestra de 142 estudiantes, indican que el nivel de suficiencia de inglés de los participantes es insatisfactorio, corroborando datos existentes sobre el bajo nivel de suficiencia de inglés en el estudiantado Ecuatoriano. Además, los participantes mostraron un bajo nivel de dominio en tres competencias lingüísticas, lo cual dificultaría el uso del idioma meta durante diferentes propósitos en su vida futura.
Två yrkeslärares berättelser om bedömningshandlingar på industritekniska programmet
Authors: Asghari Hamid , Kilbrink Nina
Published: January 2018

The focus of this study is on two vocational teachers´ stories of grade assessment. The teachers are Leif and Johnny, who teach in the industrial technology programme in two different upper secondary schools in Sweden. The research method we use in the study is life stories. From the vocational teachers’ stories emerge different categories of assessment criteria that show different considerations, as compared to the national knowledge requirements, when grading students with one of the five pass grades. The categories for passing grades are: the grade awarded as a prize rating, the grade awarded as being an okay-guy, the grade awarded in advance, and the grade awarded as a last chance. The categories show that the vocational teachers Leif and Johnny, in their assessment documents, do not always comply with the requirements that the syllabus and steering documents put on the knowledge assessment. Leif and Johnny use different forms of knowledge measurements when grading their students with passing grades. The forms are based on their social relations with their students.
Wake-Model Effects on Induced Drag Prediction of Staggered Boxwings
Authors: Schirra Julian , Bissonnette William , Bramesfeld Götz
Published: January 2018

For staggered boxwings the predictions of induced drag that rely on common potential-flow methods can be of limited accuracy. For example, linear, freestream-fixed wake models cannot resolve effects related to wake deflection and roll-up, which can have significant affects on the induced drag projection of these systems. The present work investigates the principle impact of wake modelling on the accuracy of induced drag prediction of boxwings with stagger. The study compares induced drag predictions of a higher-order potential-flow method that uses fixed and relaxed-wake models, and of an Euler-flow method. Positive-staggered systems at positive angles of attack are found to be particularly prone to higher-order wake effects due to vertical contraction of wakes trajectories, which results in smaller effective height-to-span ratios than compared with negative stagger and thus closer interactions between trailing wakes and lifting surfaces. Therefore, when trying to predict induced drag of positive staggered boxwings, only a potential-flow method with a fully relaxed-wake model will provide the high-degree of accuracy that rivals that of an Euler method while being computationally significantly more efficient.
Genetic Selection to Enhance Animal Welfare Using Meat Inspection Data from Slaughter Plants
Authors: Mathur Pramod , Vogelzang Roos , Mulder Herman , Knol Egbert
Published: January 2018

Animal health and welfare are monitored during meat inspection in many slaughter plants around the world. Carcasses are examined by meat inspectors and remarks are made with respect to different diseases, injuries, and other abnormalities. This is a valuable data resource for disease prevention and enhancing animal welfare, but it is rarely used for this purpose. Records on carcass remarks on 140,375 finisher pigs were analyzed to investigate the possibility of genetic selection to reduce the risk of the most prevalent diseases and indicators of suboptimal animal welfare. As part of this, effects of some non-genetic factors such as differences between farms, sexes, and growth rates were also examined. The most frequent remarks were pneumonia (15.4%), joint disorders (9.8%), pleuritis (4.7%), pericarditis (2.3%), and liver lesions (2.2%). Joint disorders were more frequent in boars than in gilts. There were also significant differences between farms. Pedigree records were available for 142,324 pigs from 14 farms and were used for genetic analysis. Heritability estimates for pneumonia, pleuritis, pericarditis, liver lesions, and joint disorders were 0.10, 0.09, 0.14, 0.24, and 0.17 on the liability scale, respectively, suggesting the existence of substantial genetic variation. This was further confirmed though genome wide associations using deregressed breeding values as phenotypes. The genetic correlations between these remarks and finishing traits were small but mostly negative, suggesting the possibility of enhancing pig health and welfare simultaneously with genetic improvement in finishing traits. A selection index based on the breeding values for these traits and their economic values was developed. This index is used to enhance animal welfare in pig farms.
Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosol in PM2.5 at Wanzhou in the Southwest of China
Authors: Huang Yimin , Liu Yuan , Zhang Liuyi , Peng Chao , Yang Fumo
Published: January 2018

Hourly organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations in PM2.5 were measured from June 2013 to May 2014 in Wanzhou, the second largest city in the Chongqing Municipality, in the southwest of China. Results show that the annual average concentrations of OC and EC were 13.16 ± 7.98 and 3.12 ± 1.51 μgC·m−3, respectively. Clear seasonal variations of OC and EC concentrations were observed, with their concentrations at minima in summer and maxima in winter. The diel concentration profile of OC and EC presented a bimodal pattern, which was attributed to the cooperative effects of local meteorological conditions and source emissions. The daily average OC/EC ratio ranged from 2.05 to 8.17 with an average of 4.15 for the whole study period. Strong correlations between OC and EC were found in winter and spring, indicating their common sources, while their correlations were poorer in summer and autumn, indicating that the influence of biogenic emissions and secondary organic carbon (SOC) were significant during those seasons. The estimated SOC concentrations were 2.19 ± 1.55, 7.66 ± 5.89, 5.79 ± 3.51, and 3.43 ± 2.26 μgC·m−3, accounting for 29.2%, 52.7%, 27.4%, and 30.5% of total organic carbon in summer, autumn, winter, and spring, respectively. The analysis of back trajectories suggested that high PM2.5, OC, and EC concentrations were associated with air masses originating from or passing over several industrial centers and urban areas in western and northwestern China. Air trajectories from the southeast with short pathways were the dominant trajectories arriving at Wanzhou, indicating that local sources had a big influence on PM2.5, OC, and EC concentrations.
Volumetric Modulated Arc (Radio) Therapy in Pets Treatment: The “La Cittadina Fondazione” Experience
Authors: Dolera Mario , Malfassi Luca , Carrara Nancy , Finesso Sara , Marcarini Silvia , Mazza Giovanni , Pavesi Simone , Sala Massimo , Urso Gaetano
Published: January 2018

Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) is a modern technique, widely used in human radiotherapy, which allows a high dose to be delivered to tumor volumes and low doses to the surrounding organs at risk (OAR). Veterinary clinics takes advantage of this feature due to the small target volumes and distances between the target and the OAR. Sparing the OAR permits dose escalation, and hypofractionation regimens reduce the number of treatment sessions with a simpler manageability in the veterinary field. Multimodal volumes definition is mandatory for the small volumes involved and a positioning device precisely reproducible with a setup confirmation is needed before each session for avoiding missing the target. Additionally, the elaborate treatment plan must pursue hard constraints and objectives, and its feasibility must be evaluated with a per patient quality control. The aim of this work is to report results with regard to brain meningiomas and gliomas, trigeminal nerve tumors, brachial plexus tumors, adrenal tumors with vascular invasion and rabbit thymomas, in comparison with literature to determine if VMAT is a safe and viable alternative to surgery or chemotherapy alone, or as an adjuvant therapy in pets.
CO-Sensing Properties of Diode-Type Gas Sensors Employing Anodized Titania and Noble-Metal Electrodes under Hydrogen Atmosphere
Authors: Hyodo Takeo , Morinaga Naoki , Shimizu Yasuhiro
Published: January 2018

CO-sensing properties of diode-type sensors employing an anodized TiO2 film and noble-metal (M) electrodes (M/TiO2 sensor, M: Pd, Pt, and Pd-nPt, n: the amount of Pt (wt %) in the Pd-nPt electrode) were investigated at 50–250 °C in dry or wet H2. All the M/TiO2 sensors showed nonlinear I–V characteristics as a diode device in air and N2, but the I–V characteristics of the sensors were actually linear in H2 because of the negligible small height of Schottky barrier at their M/TiO2 interface. The Pd/TiO2 sensor showed no CO response in H2, but the Pt/TiO2 and Pd-nPt/TiO2 sensors responded to CO in H2. Among them, the Pd-64Pt/TiO2 sensor showed the largest CO response at 100 °C in H2. The reason why the mixing of Pd with Pt was effective in improving the CO response is probably because of a decrease in the amount of dissolved hydrogen species, an increase in the amount of dissociatively adsorbed hydrogen species, and an increase in the amount of adsorbed CO species in CO balanced with H2 by the mixing of Pt into Pd. The interference from moisture in the target gas on the CO response should be largely improved from a practical application perspective.
Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Raikou Vaia , Gavriil Sotiris
Published: January 2018

Background: The influence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on kidneys is related to many complications. We aimed to assess the association between MetS and chronic renal disease defined by a poor estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and/or the presence of microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria. Methods: 149 patients (77 males/72 females) were enrolled in the study. Chronic renal disease was defined according to KDIGO 2012 criteria based on eGFR category and classified albuminuria. MetS was studied as a dichotomous variable (0 to 5 components) including hypertension, waist circumference, low HDL-cholesterol, high triglycerides, and high glucose. Results: The association between clustering MetS and both classified eGFR and classified albuminuria (x2 = 50.3, p = 0.001 and x2 = 26.9, p = 0.003 respectively) was found to be significant. The MetS presence showed an odds 5.3-fold (1.6–17.8) higher for low eGFR and 3.2-fold (1.2–8.8) higher for albuminuria in combination with the presence of diabetes mellitus, which also increased the risk for albuminuria by 3.5-fold (1.1–11.3). Albuminuria was significantly associated with high triglycerides, hypertension, high glucose (x2 = 11.8, p = 0.003, x2 = 11.4, p = 0.003 and x2 = 9.1, p = 0.01 respectively), and it was mildly associated with a low HDL-C (x2 = 5.7, p = 0.06). A significant association between classified eGFR and both high triglycerides and hypertension (x2 = 9.7, p = 0.04 and x2 = 16.1, p = 0.003 respectively) was found. Conclusion: The clustering of MetS was significantly associated with chronic renal disease defined by both classified eGFR and albuminuria. The definition of impaired renal function by classified albuminuria was associated with more MetS components rather than the evaluation of eGFR category. MetS may contribute to the manifestation of albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Fabrication of Titanium-Niobium-Zirconium-Tantalium Alloy (TNZT) Bioimplant Components with Controllable Porosity by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Rechtin Jack , Torresani Elisa , Ivanov Eugene , Olevsky Eugene
Published: January 2018

Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is used to fabricate Titanium-Niobium-Zirconium-Tantalum alloy (TNZT) powder—based bioimplant components with controllable porosity. The developed densification maps show the effects of final SPS temperature, pressure, holding time, and initial particle size on final sample relative density. Correlations between the final sample density and mechanical properties of the fabricated TNZT components are also investigated and microstructural analysis of the processed material is conducted. A densification model is proposed and used to calculate the TNZT alloy creep activation energy. The obtained experimental data can be utilized for the optimized fabrication of TNZT components with specific microstructural and mechanical properties suitable for biomedical applications.
The Enhanced Intramolecular Energy Transfer and Strengthened ff Luminescence of a Stable Helical Eu Complex in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Hasegawa Yuki , Ishii Ayumi , Inazuka Yudai , Yajima Naho , Kawaguchi Shogo , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Hasegawa Miki
Published: January 2018

The luminescence of a Eu complex (EuL) is enhanced by stabilization of the coordination structure in highly viscous ionic liquids. The EuL was found to maintain a stable single helical structure both in organic solvents and in the ionic liquids [BMIM][PF6] and [EMIM][PF6]. A colorless solution of EuL dissolved in [BMIM][PF6] exhibits bright red luminescence with a quantum yield of 32.3%, a value that is much higher than that in acetonitrile (12%). Estimated rate constants for the energy relaxation pathway indicate that the energy transfer efficiency is enhanced in [BMIM][PF6] as a result of the suppression of molecular fluctuations in the ligands. Additionally, a highly luminescent helical structure is preserved in [EMIM][PF6] up to 120 °C.