bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of frogs from Algonquin Park, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Chen G. J. , Desser S. S.
Published: March 2009

During June and July of 1988, 264 amphibians from Algonquin Park, Ontario, were examined for eimeriid coccidian parasites; the species examined were Rana catesbeiana Shaw, Rana clamitans Latreille, Rana septentrionalis Baird, and Rana sylvatica LeConte. Two distinct types of oocysts were observed in the feces of the frogs. The highest prevalence of infection was recorded from young adult frogs and two new species of Eimeria are described from these animals. Oocysts of Eimeria algonquini n.sp. are spherical, 15.8 (14.5–16.1) μm in diameter, with a thin single-layered wall; micropyle and polar granule absent; large granular oocyst residuum present. Sporocysts banana-shaped, 19.5 (18.7–20.4) × 4.2 (3.8–4.6) μm with prominent granular residuum; Stieda body absent. Oocysts of Eimeria kermiti n.sp. are ovoid, 25.1 (24.7–26.6) × 19.5 (17.6–20.1) μm with thin single-layered wall; polar granule present; micropyle absent; large granular oocyst residuum present. Sporocysts ovoid, 9.9 (9.3–10.4) × 6.6 (6.0–7.1) μm with Stieda body and prominent granular residuum.
A comparison of age determination techniques for the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena L.
Authors: Watts Peter , Gaskin David E.
Published: March 2009

The maximum life-span of the harbour porpoise has been estimated at 13 years (based upon dentinal growth layer groups in the teeth) and at 21 years (based upon growth layers in the periosteal bone of the mandible). We used both techniques to estimate the ages of 120 harbour porpoises from the western North Atlantic, in an attempt to determine the relative reliability of each technique. Dentinal layering was the better predictor of body length. Mandibular layering was highly variable even within a single cross section in most specimens, as a result of both common bifurcation of the layers and destruction of the inner layers by growth and remodelling of the living bone. Furthermore, mandibular layers appear to be deposited at a rate of 2 layers/year, double the deposition rate of dentinal growth layer groups. Age estimates which assume annual deposition of mandibular layers therefore overestimate true age.
Dynamics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. I. Density and age–sex composition
Authors: McLellan Bruce N.
Published: March 2009

The characteristics of a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population in southeastern British Columbia were studied between 1979 and 1986, a period of timber harvest, gas exploration, and outdoor recreation, including grizzly hunting. I investigated the hypothesis that collectively these activities were detrimental to the grizzly population. I predicted a low density of bears compared with other interior populations and (or) a negative rate of increase. The sex ratio of cubs and yearlings captured was 50:50 and they represented 21.5 and 17.5% of the population, respectively. Although more adult males than adult females were captured, I estimated that there were more adult females than males in the population. I used two methods of population estimation and assumed saturation trapping : one method was based on home range characteristics and the other on the proportion of aerial locations in the study area. The average estimated bear density was 6.4/100 km2, which was high for an interior population, and increased from approximately 5.7/100 km2 in 1981 to 8.0/100 km2 in 1986, for an average annual observed rate of increase of r = 0.07.
Movements and hibernation sites of overwintering painted turtles in southern Ontario
Authors: Taylor Graeme M. , Nol Erica
Published: March 2009

Selection of hibernation sites and overwintering movements were examined in a small population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), in a pond near Lakefield, Ontario. Turtles emerged from overwintering sites where the water depth, sediment depth, and temperature did not differ from the average for the pond, but were less variable. Turtles overwintered in areas with water depths from 0.2 to 0.48 m, sediment depths from 0.5 to 0.95 m, and sediment temperatures from 3 to 6 °C. Contrary to prediction, turtles did not overwinter in the regions of the pond that were the first to melt in the spring. Four turtles tagged with temperature-sensitive transmitters and followed over the winter maintained carapace surface temperatures between 4 and 6 °C during the period of ice cover. Movements of turtles continued after ice cover but virtually ended once the water became anoxic. All turtles were buried in the mud from January to spring emergence in March.
Ecological metabolism of moose in aspen-dominated boreal forests, central Alberta
Authors: Renecker Lyle A. , Hudson Robert J.
Published: March 2009

Daily energy expenditures of two moose (Alces alces) cows were estimated throughout an annual cycle by summing energy costs during specific activities. Energy expenditures (determined by heart rate telemetry) during specific activities changed seasonally. Total daily expenditures ranged from 285 kJ/kg0.75 in April prior to leaf flush to 1180 kJ/kg0.75 in July.
Influence of social status on the helminth community of late-winter mallards
Authors: Gray Carol A. , Gray Paul N. , Pence Danny B.
Published: March 2009

The influence of body condition, molting status, sex, and pairing status on the helminth community at the component community level (all parasites in all individuals of a given host species in a defined geographic region) of an infrapopulation of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) wintering on the Southern High Plains of Texas was examined. From a data matrix of 45 mallards (15 pairs and 15 unpaired males), pairing status was the most important variable that accounted for significant differences in helminth abundances. In six of 15 common helminth species (Sobolevicanthus gracilis, Microsomacanthus hopkinsi, Amidostomum acutum, Capillaria anatis, Capillaria contorta, and Epomidiostomum uncinatum), abundances were significantly higher in unpaired males than in paired birds. Abundance of only one of 15 helminth species (E. uncinatum) differed significantly between paired males and females. The significantly higher helminth abundances of unpaired males may be due to their potentially more gregarious and mobile behavior, which increases their exposure to certain helminth species. This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating social status in experimental designs involving waterfowl.
Spacing behavior of visual- and tactile-feeding shorebirds in mixed-species groups
Authors: Young Andrew D.
Published: March 2009

Time activity budgets were determined for tactile-feeding Long-billed Dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus) and Pectoral Sandpipers (Calidris melanotus), and for visual-feeding Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) and Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) while these species were foraging in mixed-species groups at Inuvik, Northwest Territories. Pectoral Sandpipers and Lesser Yellowlegs spent the most time vigilant. Intraspecific aggressive interactions were relatively common among Pectoral Sandpipers and were less frequent in the other species. The intensity of aggressive attacks was higher in visual-feeding than in tactile-feeding species. Tactile-feeding species were often with conspecifics and visual-feeding species were usually alone. If aggression is a proximate mechanism in spacing these shorebirds, intensity, not frequency, appears to be most important.
Breeding-season habitat use by sticklebacks (Pisces: Gasterosteidae) at Isle Verte, Quebec
Authors: Whoriskey F. G. , Fitzgerald G. J.
Published: March 2009

We examined habitat use patterns of three species of sticklebacks as they moved from the St. Lawrence estuary into tidal salt marsh pools to breed. All three species apparently avoided pools that dried out and settled more often in pools that retained their water. Habitat choice by immigrants was not influenced by either the presence of the most aggressive species or by resident fish density. Movements of fish into the marsh and densities of fish in the pools peaked on the first days of the approximately 7-day flooding cycles, and declined thereafter. Thus, large numbers of fish moved away from these pools after initially settling in them, but the reason for this and the subsequent fate of the fish is unknown.
A morphometric analysis of hybrid salamanders (genus Ambystoma) and their progenitors on Kelleys Island in Lake Erie
Authors: Zeyl Clifford W. , Lowcock Leslie A.
Published: March 2009

Six morphometric characters and one meristic character were measured on 96 adult and 88 juvenile Ambystoma from Kelleys Island, where extensive hybridization involves three species. Canonical variates, discriminant functions, and size-constrained principal components analyses showed that A. laterale (represented only in hybrids on Kelleys Island), A. texanum, A. tigrinum, and A. laterale–texanum–tigrinum are distinguishable from each other and from a complex of hybrids involving A. texanum and A. laterale. Within the latter complex, different ploidies are not distinct morphologically. Introgression may explain isolated atypical individuals. Adults differ from juveniles in both size and shape, demonstrating allometry.
Testing phylogenetic hypotheses: new species of Gymnophora Macquart (Diptera: Phoridae) from Japan and Nepal, with an updated world classification
Authors: Brown Brian V.
Published: March 2009

Thirteen species of Gymnophora are recorded from Japan and Nepal: G. inexpectata Beyer (Japan and Nepal), G. fastigiorum Schmitz (Japan), G. integralis Schmitz (Japan), and 10 new to science: G. priora (Japan), G. enigmata (Nepal), G. nepalensis (Nepal), G. prolata (Japan), G. longissima (Japan), G. quadriseta (Nepal), G. platypalpis (Nepal), G. gotoi (Japan), G. pararcuata (Japan), and G. setulata (Nepal). Gymnophora priora is related to the two species of the Neotropical G. cymatoneura-group, G. nepalensis, G. prolata, and G. longissima are classified in the Holarctic G. nigripennis-subgroup, G. gotoi and G. pararcuata are classified in the Palearctic G. integralis-series, and G. setulata is classified with the Nearctic G. luteiventris-subseries. Other new species have more questionable positions in the preexisting classification and point out some probable errors. Keys to the species of Japanese and Nepalese Gymnophora are given, as well as a key to world species of the G. nigripennis-subgroup. A phylogenetic, partially sequenced classification of the genus is given, including changes prompted by the discovery of the new species.
Energy budgets and reproductive ecologies of mayflies occupying disparate thermal environments
Authors: Benton Michael J.
Published: March 2009

Energy budgets were calculated for two populations of Ameletus occupying thermally disparate habitats. Growth, consumption, respiration, fecundity, and energy content of larvae and eggs were determined experimentally. Respiration rates increased and decreased with temperature throughout the life cycles of both species, although thermal effects became less pronounced with increased body size. Ameletus similior exhibited more uniform and consistently higher respiration values than Ameletus celer. Respiration costs were not constant over the life cycle of either species as has been reported for some other mayflies. Growth was influenced by both temperature (which affected instar duration) and body size (which affected growth ratio). Growth corresponded positively to temperature in both species, but was more uniform in A. celer. Net growth efficiency and assimilation were highest during cold periods in A. celer, but highest during warmer periods in A. similior. Consumption estimates were high even after adjustments for projected nonfeeding time, but unless food availability or handling time is limiting, the feeding rate of Ameletus relative to body mass may be higher than rates reported for other aquatic insect larvae. Several sources of error in consumption estimates existed, however. Assimilation efficiencies were low, but comparable to those for other herbivorous aquatic insects. Reproductive effort was higher in A. celer, but net reproductive effort was lower. The higher net reproductive effort by A. similior did not result in increased fecundity as expected, but in higher egg energy content. This and other factors suggest that A. similior displays more "K-selected" traits than A. celer, and indicates that greater fitness may not necessarily be synonymous with higher fecundity in all mayflies in all habitats.
DAMAGE-COUPLED CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR UNIAXIAL RATCHETING AND FATIGUE FAILURE OF 304 STAINLESS STEEL
Authors: KANG GUOZHENG , DING JUN , LIU YUJIE
Published: March 2009

Based on the existed experimental results of 304 stainless steel, the evolution of fatigue damage during the stress-controlled cyclic loading was discussed first. Then, a damage-coupled visco-plastic cyclic constitutive model was proposed in the framework of unified visco-plasticity and continuum damage mechanics to simulate the whole-life ratcheting and predict the fatigue failure life of the material presented during the uniaxial stress-controlled cyclic loading with non-zero mean stress. In the proposed model, the whole life ratcheting was described by employing a non-linear kinematic hardening rule, i.e., the Armstrong-Frederick model combined with the Ohno-Wang model I, and considering the effect of fatigue damage. The damage threshold was employed to determine the failure life of the material. The simulated whole-life ratcheting and predicted failure lives are in a fairly good agreement with the experimental ones of 304 stainless steel.
DESIGN OF THE CROSS SECTION SHAPE OF AN ALUMINUM CRASH BOX FOR CRASHWORTHINESS ENHANCEMENT OF A CAR
Authors: KIM S. B. , HUH H. , LEE G. H. , YOO J. S. , LEE M. Y.
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the crashworthiness of an aluminum crash box for an auto-body with the various shapes of cross section such as a rectangle, a hexagon and an octagon. First, crash boxes with various cross sections were tested with numerical simulation to obtain the energy absorption capacity and the mean load. In case of the simple axial crush, the octagon shape shows higher mean load and energy absorption than the other two shapes. Secondly, the crash boxes were assembled to a simplified auto-body model for the overall crashworthiness. The model consists of a bumper, crash boxes, front side members and a sub-frame representing the behavior of a full car at the low speed impact. The analysis result shows that the rectangular cross section shows the best performance as a crash box which deforms prior to the front side member. The hexagonal and octagonal cross sections undergo torsion and local buckling as the width of cross section decreases while the rectangular cross section does not. The simulation result of the rectangular crash box was verified with the experimental result. The simulation result shows close tendency in the deformed shape and the load–displacement curve to the experimental result.
REGRESSION MODEL FOR LIGHT WEIGHT AND CRASHWORTHINESS ENHANCEMENT DESIGN OF AUTOMOTIVE PARTS IN FRONTAL CAR CRASH
Authors: BAE GIHYUN , HUH HOON , PARK SUNGHO
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with a regression model for light weight and crashworthiness enhancement design of automotive parts in frontal car crash. The ULSAB-AVC model is employed for the crash analysis and effective parts are selected based on the amount of energy absorption during the crash behavior. Finite element analyses are carried out for designated design cases in order to investigate the crashworthiness and weight according to the material and thickness of main energy absorption parts. Based on simulations results, a regression analysis is performed to construct a regression model utilized for light weight and crashworthiness enhancement design of automotive parts. An example for weight reduction of main energy absorption parts demonstrates the validity of a regression model constructed.
EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENTS ON THE ON-LINE SERVICE LIFE OF A PRESS DIE MANUFACTURED BY W-EDM
Authors: CHOI KYE-KWANG , LEE YONG-SHIN
Published: March 2009

Effects of heat treatments on the on-line service life of a press die manufactured by W-EDM are studied. In this work, four manufacturing processes for a press die are considered: (1) milling and then grinding, (2) wire-cut electric discharge machining (W-EDM), (3) low temperature heat treatment after W-EDM, and (4) high temperature heat treatment after W-EDM. On-line punching experiments for an automobile part of BL646-chain are performed. The amount of wear of the die and punch, roll-over and burnish depth in the punched chain are measured every 1,000 strokes. Overall productivities are carefully compared. Finally, it is concluded that heat treatment after W-EDM for a press die can enhance its on-line service life. Especially, high temperature heat treatment after W-EDM is very attractive as a fast and cheap manufacturing method for a press die.
A STUDY ON THE STABILITY OF EARTH DAM SUBJECTED TO THE SEISMIC LOAD
Authors: QI JINGHUA , CHE AILAN , GE XIURUN
Published: March 2009

For ensuring the earth dam's stability of Wangqingtuo reservoir when silt liquefaction happens during Tangshan earthquake, a large amount of laboratory soil tests and field measurements have been performed to obtain the mechanic properties of the soil and silt dynamic parameters. On the basis of the soil tests, the equivalent linear constitutive model is employed in the dynamic numerical simulation of the typical dam and the results indicate that the shear deformation is induced by the foundation liquefaction with the help of the geo-slope software. Moreover, the stability analysis is performed using the finite element elasto-plastic model that is considered the Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria to calculate the stability factor. The factors indicate the local instability would take place because of the shear action. At last, the measures are introduced to the designers for preventing the dam from the instability.
AN INFLUENCE OF SELECTED MECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF MMC ON THE THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE
Authors: RUDNIK DARIUSZ , KOWALEWSKI ZBIGNIEW , PIETRZAK KRYSTYNA , WOJCIECHOWSKI ANDRZEJ
Published: March 2009

The results concerning the basic mechanical properties are presented for selected metal matrix composites (MMC). Three types of composites were produced by means of squeeze casting and next heat treatment. An influence of reinforcement type on the crack appearance in matrix and composite material was analyzed. Theoretical evaluation of the thermal shock resistance was proposed on the basis of conventional mechanical characteristics. Moreover, the qualitative metallographic investigations were carried out using optical microscopy method. A good consistence between the theoretical evaluation of thermal shock resistance and experimental data was achieved.
FORMING LIMIT OF AZ31B MAGNESIUM ALLOY SHEET IN THE DEEP DRAWING WITH CROSS-SHAPED DIE
Authors: KIM HEON YOUNG , CHOI SUN CHUL , KIM HYUNG JONG , HONG SEOK MOO , SHIN YONG SEUNG , LEE GEUN HO
Published: March 2009

Magnesium alloy sheets are usually formed at temperatures between 150 and 300°C because of their poor formability at room temperature. In the present study, the formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets was investigated by the analytical and experimental approaches. First, tensile tests and limit dome height tests were carried out at several temperatures between 25 and 300°C to get the mechanical properties and forming limit diagram (FLD). A FLD-based criterion considering the material temperature during deformation was used to predict the forming limit from a finite element analysis (FEA) of the cross-shaped cup deep drawing process. This criterion proved to be very useful in designing the geometrical parameters of the forming tools and determining optimal process conditions such as tool temperatures and blank shape by the comparison between finite element temperature-deformation analyses and physical try-out. The heating and cooling channels were also optimally designed through heat transfer analyses.
FAST SPRINGBACK SIMULATION OF BENDING FORMING BASED ON ONE-STEP INVERSE ANALYSIS
Authors: BAO YI-DONG , CHEN WEN-LIANG , WU HONG
Published: March 2009

A simplified one-step inverse analysis of sheet metal forming is a suitable tool to simulate the bending forming since the deformation path of bending forming is an approximately proportion one. A fast spring-back simulation method based on one-step analysis is proposed. First, the one-step inverse analysis is applied to obtain the stress distribution at the final stage of bending. Then, the unloading to get a spring back is simulated by LS-DYNA implicit solver. These processes are applied to the unconstrained cylindrical bending and the truck member rail. The spring-back and member rail widths at the several key sections are compared with experimental ones. It is well demonstrated that the proposed method is an effective way to predict the spring-back by unloading after bending process.
INFLUENCE OF SHOT PEENING ON SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-SPEED STEELS
Authors: HARADA YASUNORI , FUKAURA KENZO
Published: March 2009

High-speed steels are generally used for the cutting of other hard materials. These are hard materials, and can be used at high temperatures. Therefore, some of them are used for warm metal forming such as forging. However, in the tools used in hot working, an excellent hot hardness and long-life fatigue are strongly required. In the present study, the influence of shot peening on the surface characteristics of high-speed steels was investigated. Shot peening imparts compressive residual stresses on the metal surface, thus improving the fatigue life of the machine parts. In the experiment, the shot peening treatment was performed using an air-type shot peening machine. The shots made of cemented carbide were used. The workpieces were two types, W -type and Mo -type alloys. Surface roughness, compressive residual stress, and hardness of the peened workpieces were measured. It was found that shot peening using the hard shot media was effective in improving the surface characteristics of high-speed steels.
HOMOGENIZED CREEP BEHAVIOR OF CFRP LAMINATES AT HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: FUKUTA Y. , MATSUDA T. , KAWAI M.
Published: March 2009

In this study, creep behavior of a CFRP laminate subjected to a constant stress is analyzed based on the time-dependent homogenization theory developed by the present authors. The laminate is a unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy laminate T800H/#3631 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc. Two kinds of creep analyses are performed. First, 45° off-axis creep deformation of the laminate at high temperature (100°C) is analyzed with three kinds of creep stress levels, respectively. It is shown that the present theory accurately predicts macroscopic creep behavior of the unidirectional CFRP laminate observed in experiments. Then, high temperature creep deformations at a constant creep stress are simulated with seven kinds of off-axis angles, i.e., θ = 0°, 10°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°. It is shown that the laminate has marked in-plane anisotropy with respect to the creep behavior.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF AZ31 MAGNESIUM ALLOY UNDER VARIOUS TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
Authors: INABA TADASHI , YOSHIKAWA TAKAMASA , TOKUDA MASATAKA
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study was to experimentally determine the properties of magnesium alloys during plastic deformation under various temperature regimes. Proportional loading tests combining both axial and torsional loads were performed on cylindrical AZ31 Mg alloys in a range from room temperature to 673 K, where superplasticity has a high probability of occurrence, and the crystalline structures of the samples were observed after these tests. The above observations indicate that the deformation mechanisms in AZ31 Mg alloy are dominated by twinning deformation at 300 K and 423 K, and by grain boundary sliding promoted by dynamic recrystallization at 523 K and higher temperatures.
LIGHT-INDUCED CHARGE SEPARATION ACROSS BIO-INORGANIC INTERFACE
Authors: DIMITRIJEVIC NADA M. , DE LA GARZA LINDA , RAJH TIJANA
Published: March 2009

Rational design of hybrid biomolecule — nanoparticulate semiconductor conjugates enables coupling of functionality of biomolecules with the capability of semiconductors for solar energy capture, that can have potential application in energy conversion, sensing and catalysis. The particular challenge is to obtain efficient charge separation analogous to the natural photosynthesis process. The synthesis of axially anisotropic TiO 2 nano-objects such as tubes, rods and bricks, as well as spherical and faceted nanoparticles has been developed in our laboratory. Depending on their size and shape, these nanostructures exhibit different domains of crystallinity, surface areas and aspect ratios. Moreover, in order to accommodate for high curvature in nanoscale regime, the surfaces of TiO 2 nano-objects reconstructs resulting in changes in the coordination of surface Ti atoms from octahedral (D2d) to square pyramidal structures (C4v). The formation of these coordinatively unsaturated Ti atoms, thus depends strongly on the size and shape of nanocrystallites and affects trapping and reactivity of photogenerated charges. We have exploited these coordinatively unsaturated Ti atoms to coupe electron-donating (such as dopamine) and electron-accepting (pyrroloquinoline quinone) conductive linkers that allow wiring of biomolecules and proteins resulting in enhanced charge separation which increases the yield of ensuing chemical transformations.
RECONSTRUCTION OF ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION IMAGES FROM SYNCHROTRON RADIATION X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA
Authors: TOQUE JAY ARRE , IDE-EKTESSABI ARI
Published: March 2009

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SRXRF) is a powerful technique for studying trace elements in biological samples and other materials in general. Its features including capability to perform measurements in air and water, noncontact and nondestructive assay are superior to other elemental analysis techniques. In this study, a technique for reconstructing elemental distribution mapping of trace elements from spectral data was developed. The reconstruction was made possible by using the measured fluorescent signals to obtain local differences in elemental concentrations. The proposed technique features interpolation and background subtraction using matrix transformations of the spectral data to produce an enhanced distribution images. It is achieved by employing polychromatic or monochromatic color assignments proportional to the fluorescence intensities for displaying single-element or multiple-element distributions respectively. Some typical applications (i.e., macrophage and tissue surrounding an implant) were presented and the samples were imaged using the proposed method. The distribution images of the trace elements of the selected samples were used in conjunction with other analytical techniques to draw relevant observations, which cannot be achieved using conventional techniques such as metallic uptake and corresponding cellular response. The elemental distribution images produced from this study were found to have better quality compared to images produced using other analytical techniques (e.g., SIMS, PIXE, XPS, etc).
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF PHASE AND QUASIPROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF STATES IN CAVITY QED
Authors: GHOSH ARPITA , DAS P. K.
Published: March 2009

We study the phase properties and quasiprobability distributions of different states produced in a cavity. The number-phase properties of the states are investigated using a methodology based on the Susskind–Glogower formalism. Also the Husimi Q-functions are obtained and illustrated graphically.
DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MULTIPLE JETS IN CROSS-FLOW
Authors: YAO YUFENG
Published: March 2009

Direct numerical simulation has been performed to study flow interactions in multiple jets in cross-flow. Configurations considered are twin jets side-by-side and triple jets in tandem. Computations are carried out at the jet to cross-flow velocity ratio of 2.5 and the Reynolds number 225 based on the free-stream quantities and the jet width D . For twin jets, results show that in the vicinity of jet exits, the merging of two counter rotating vortex pairs (CRVP) is strongly dependent on the gap of two jets. Downstream in the far-field, a large single CRVP dominates. The simulation is in qualitatively good agreement with the experimental findings by other researchers. For triple jets, more complicated flow structures are revealed, in which a total of three vortex pairs has been identified, but none of them is dominating. The observations of complex flow structure could assistant relevant industrial applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DAM BREAK BY ADAPTIVE STENCIL DIFFUSE INTERFACE METHOD
Authors: DING L. , SHU C. , ZHAO N.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the application of an adaptive stencil diffuse interface method to the simulation of dam break problem. The adaptive stencil diffuse interface method is the combination of the diffuse interface method and a stencil adaptive algorithm, where the diffuse interface method is used as the solver, and the adaptive stencil refinement scheme is applied to improve the resolution around the interface so that the fine-scale interface behavior can be captured. In this paper, we use this method to simulate the dam break problem, study the dam height and leading edge position, and compare our results with the experiment data available in the literature. It is shown that the results using the adaptive stencil diffuse interface method agree very well with the experimental results.
SIMULATION OF INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOWS BY BOUNDARY CONDITION-IMPLEMENTED IMMERSED BOUNDARY METHOD
Authors: LI Q. , SHU C. , CHEN H. Q.
Published: March 2009

A new numerical approach is presented in this work to simulate incompressible flows. The present approach combines the ideas of the conventional immersed boundary method (IBM) for decoupling the solution of governing equations with the solid boundary and the local domain-free discretization (DFD) method for implementation of boundary conditions. Numerical results for simulation of flows around a circular cylinder showed that the present approach can provide accurate solutions effectively.
THE SIMULATION OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC PRINT HEAD
Authors: WU YEONG-JEN , LAI WEI-HSIANG
Published: March 2009

This paper investigates the flow dynamic behaviors with respect to different contact angle and frequency of the piezoelectric print head. Its geometric model is divided into three zones for easy description, i.e., channel zone, nozzle zone and ejection observing zone. The length, width and orifice diameter of the micro-channel are 2,000 µm, 400 µm and 30 µm, respectively. The moving wall is located on the top wall of the channel zone in order to obtain proper condition for single drop generation; we applied the numerical simulation by commercial CFD software – CFD-ACE+ 2004. The most important purpose of this study is to find out the optimal frequency to eject droplets periodically and control the volume of droplet ejection which may provide reference for experimental work later on. The results show that by fixing the frequency 20KHz, the nozzle contact angle is from 20 degree to 80 degree, the one droplet interval time value is less than 0.1% and the droplet size value is less than 1%. According to this result, we find that the effect of contact angle is not very important. Also for the frequency value from 50KHz to 100KHz, the first shot time is almost the same.
THE ENERGY CASCADE OF TURBULENCE WITH QUASI-SELF-SIMILARITY
Authors: ZHU HAO , CHENG KEMING
Published: March 2009

In this article, we investigate the energy cascade of three-dimensional turbulent flows, in which the break-up process of eddy is quasi-self-similar. Mathematically this kind of turbulence with quasi-self-similar structure eddies can be regarded as cookie-cutter system, and can be generated by self-similar iterated function system (IFS) with added nonlinear disturbance. Using Bowen's result, we can calculate the exponent of dissipative correlated function, dissipated velocity, energy spectrum supported on cookie-cutter system. The present results show that the β-model is feasible for this kind of quasi-self-similar turbulence.
Correlations between silicic volcanic rocks of the St Mary's Islands (southwestern India) and eastern Madagascar: implications for Late Cretaceous India–Madagascar reconstructions
Authors: Melluso Leone , Sheth Hetu C. , Mahoney John J. , Morra Vincenzo , Petrone Chiara M. , Storey Michael
Published: February 2009

The St Mary's Islands (southwestern India) expose silicic volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks (rhyolites and granophyric dacites) emplaced contemporaneously with the Cretaceous igneous province of Madagascar, roughly 88–90 Ma ago. The St Mary's Islands rocks have phenocrysts of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and opaque oxide, moderate enrichment in the incompatible elements (e.g. Zr = 580–720 ppm, Nb = 43–53 ppm, La/Ybn= 6.9–7.2), relatively low initial87Sr/86Sr (0.7052–0.7055) and near-chondritic initial143Nd/144Nd (0.51248–0.51249). They have mineral chemical, whole-rock chemical and isotopic compositions very close to those of rhyolites exposed between Vatomandry–Ilaka and Mananjary in eastern Madagascar, and are distinctly different from rhyolites from other sectors of the Madagascan province. We therefore postulate that the St Mary's and the Vatomandry–Ilaka–Mananjary silicic rock outcrops were adjacent before the Late Cretaceous rifting that split Madagascar from India. If so, they provide a valuable tool to check and aid traditional Cretaceous India–Madagascar reconstructions based on palaeomagnetism, matching Precambrian geological features, and geometric fitting of continental shelves.

Supplementary material:

Mineral analyses, mass-balance calculations and locality information are available athttp://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18332.
Granitic magmatism by melting of juvenile continental crust: new constraints on the source of Palaeoproterozoic granitoids in Fennoscandia from Hf isotopes in zircon
Authors: Andersen Tom , Andersson Ulf Bertil , Graham Stuart , Åberg Göran , Simonsen Siri L.
Published: February 2009

Zircons from nine Palaeoproterozoic granitoid intrusions within the southern part of the Fennoscandian Shield have been studied by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry to obtain U–Pb ages (in the range 1.88–1.68 Ga) and Hf isotope compositions. Six granitoids are from the 1.85–1.65 Ga Transscandinavian Igneous Belt; during that period more than 10
6
km
3
of granitoid magma intruded the pre-existing crust. The large majority of magmatic zircons from the nine granitoids have a limited initial range,
176
Hf/
177
Hf = 0.2816–0.2818, and define an evolutionary trend given by an initial value of ε
Hf(1.88Ga)
≈ +2 ± 3 at an average
176
Lu/
177
Hf = 0.015. These data show that a geographically extensive, long-lived, relatively homogeneous, and dominant magma source resided within 2.1–1.86 Ga Svecofennian juvenile crust between 1.88 and 1.68 Ga. Zircon xenocrysts (1.91–1.98 Ga) with initial ε
Hf
= +0 to +2.5 from one of the intrusions provide additional evidence for such a long-lived crustal source of granitic magmas in central Fennoscandia. The granitoids were emplaced during a period of active mafic underplating that supplied heat to the anatectic zone in the lower–middle crust, but little or no mantle-derived Hf to the granitic magmas, in contrast to many mixed intermediate rocks.

Supplementary material:

U–Pb analyses, age calculations and Lu–Hf data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18330
.
Orogenic versus extensional settings for regional metamorphism: Knoydartian events in the Moine Supergroup revisited
Authors: Cutts K.A. , Hand M. , Kelsey D.E. , Strachan R.A.
Published: February 2009

Considerable debate exists over the tectonic regimes associated with mid-Neoproterozoic metamorphism of the Moine Supergroup, NW Scotland. Published pressure conditions imply burial to 35–40 km, a potential doubling of crustal thickness, and hence a substantial collisional event. Re-evaluation using updated thermodynamic software suggests more modest peak pressures of
c
. 7.5 kbar implying burial to
c
. 21 km. The revised
P
–
T
path has a comparatively flat clockwise evolution from early high geothermal gradient conditions. The revised
P
–
T
conditions suggest that
c
. 800 Ma crustal thickening within the Moine Supergroup was less significant than previously envisaged and possibly preceded by extension.
Abandonment of the South Penninic–Austroalpine palaeosubduction zone, Central Alps, and shift from subduction erosion to accretion: constraints from Rb/Sr geochronology
Authors: Bachmann Raik , Glodny Johannes , Oncken Onno , Seifert Wolfgang
Published: February 2009

We present new age data for the evolution of the suture zone between lower plate South Penninic and upper plate Austroalpine units in the Central European Alps. Rb/Sr deformation ages for mylonitized rocks of the South Penninic palaeosubduction mélange and for deformed Austroalpine basement (Eastern Switzerland) shed light on the pre-Alpine and Alpine deformation history along the suture, as well as on synsubduction interplate mass transfer. Rb/Sr age data define two age groups. The first group reflects pre-Alpine events within the upper plate basement, with varying degree of resetting by subsequent Alpine overprints. The second group marks the waning of subduction-related deformation along the South Penninic–Austroalpine suture zone, at around 50 Ma, and termination at
c
. 47 Ma. Identical Rb/Sr ages for pervasively deformed Austroalpine and South Penninic lithologies point to tectonic erosion of the upper plate during subduction. We propose that underplating of the Middle Penninic micro-continent at
c
. 50 Ma led to the cessation of deformation within the South Penninic mélange, and shifted the zone of active deformation into the footwall. This also caused a contemporaneous upper plate surface uplift and shutoff of sedimentation in Alpine Gosau-type forearc basins.
Laurentian palaeostress trajectories and ephemeral fracture permeability, Cambrian Eriboll Formation sandstones west of the Moine Thrust Zone, NW Scotland
Authors: Laubach S.E. , Diaz-Tushman Kira
Published: February 2009

Cambrian Eriboll Formation sandstones of the Ardvreck Group that crop out west of the Moine Thrust Zone contain joints and quartz-filled or quartz-lined fractures that resemble cemented joints. Of the fractures containing quartz, five sets strike north, NW to WNW, NE, west and north; according to crosscutting relations this is a progression from the oldest to the youngest set. Sets include opening-mode microfractures, partly visible in transmitted light as fluid-inclusion planes and sharply defined as microveins using SEM-based cathodoluminescence (CL). Dating the oldest north-striking set, using inferred quartz accumulation rates, fluid inclusions and burial history, suggests that these fractures mark a Palaeozoic east–west least horizontal stress trajectory in Laurentia. The youngest two sets of porous fractures are associated with faults that cut and postdate the Moine Thrust Zone. Data indicate that at depth in basins, pervasive fracture systems arising from discrete loading events are ephemeral owing to fracture porosity destruction by cementation.
Present-day stress and neotectonic provinces of the Baram Delta and deep-water fold–thrust belt
Authors: King Rosalind C. , Hillis Richard R. , Tingay Mark R.P. , Morley Chris K.
Published: February 2009

We present the first present-day stress orientation measurements across a delta and deep-water, delta toe fold–thrust belt. Stress and neotectonic data for NW Borneo reveal three discrete neotectonic provinces: an inverted, inner shelf province (where present-day maximum horizontal stress, σ
H
, is oriented margin-normal); an extensional, delta top province (σ
H
is margin-parallel), and a compressional, delta toe province (σ
H
is margin-normal). We interpret the delta top and delta toe data to reflect that compression in the fold–thrust belt is coupled to delta top extension and that the inverted, inner shelf province reflects the location of this system on an active margin.
Faulting and fluid flow through salt
Authors: Davison Ian
Published: February 2009

Halite and other evaporite rocks are often considered to be viscous materials that never deform by brittle faulting. However, fractures and faults are observed very locally in some salt domes and glaciers, and are indicated by data or shocks from seismically active areas. Rock mechanics experiments show that halite begins to deform by faulting once strain rates are large enough. However, it is very rare that such high strain rates occur in salt. Faulting in salt is most likely to occur where effective confining stress is significantly decreased by fluid overpressure, so that the salt fails at much lower differential stress. Several examples are presented of dilational veins oriented in several directions, which strongly indicate the presence of overpressured fluids during fracturing. Hydrocarbon maturation in shales deposited within the salt interval or metamorphic reactions of evaporite minerals often produce fluid overpressure. Mining-induced fractures in the Boulby Mine, NE England produced 300 000 m
3
of brine and 100 m
3
of Carboniferous-derived oils through the Permian salt over a 1 year period. Evaporite beds are the most effective seal in a hydrocarbon system, but they are not a perfect seal and commercial volumes of hydrocarbons can occasionally migrate through salt over short time scales.
The Akilia Controversy: field, structural and geochronological evidence questions interpretations of >3.8 Ga life in SW Greenland
Authors: Whitehouse Martin J. , Myers John S. , Fedo Christopher M.
Published: February 2009

Field relations, structure and geochronology demonstrate that controversial rocks on Akilia, SW Greenland, cannot host evidence of Earth's oldest life. Mafic–ultramafic gneiss that contains a layer of quartz–amphibole–pyroxene gneiss, a few metres thick, with purported biogenic graphite is not cross-cut by the protoliths of >3.82–3.65 Ga tonalitic gneiss. The contact between these gneisses is tectonic so their relative ages are unknown. Multiple episodes of intrusion and deformation in the tonalitic gneiss preceded the earliest deformation fabrics and structures seen in the mafic–ultramafic gneiss. Although previously interpreted as a volcano-sedimentary stratigraphy, the mafic–ultramafic gneiss displays no evidence of such an origin, and could be partly or wholly derived from igneous intrusions. Existing geochronology indicates that the mafic–ultramafic and qtz–am–px gneisses have ages <3.67 Ga. Metamorphic zircon in the qtz–am–px gneiss grew at
c
. 2.68 Ga during late Archaean high-grade events that complicate any protolith interpretation. U–Pb dating of apatite from a variety of rocks on Akilia shows that this mineral crystallized, or possibly recrystallized, at
c
. 1.75 Ga and it thus provides no indication of an early Archaean age for any associated graphite, regardless of whether or not the latter is biogenic.

Supplementary material:

Ion microprobe U–Pb analytical methods and isotope data tables are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18333
.
Calculating ice volumes and ice flux to constrain the dimensions of a 440 Ma North African ice sheet
Authors: Le Heron Daniel Paul , Dowdeswell Julian A.
Published: February 2009

Geological evidence indicates that the Sahara was glaciated by a large ice sheet
c
. 440 Ma ago. Two end-member theories have been proposed for the large-scale configuration of this ice mass. In the large ice-sheet hypothesis, the Sahara was covered by a continuous ice sheet that straddled North Africa–Arabia, South Africa and South America. In the small ice-sheet hypothesis, it has been argued that separate ice sheets developed in each of these areas. Taking these end-members and an ice sheet of intermediate dimensions, we investigate this problem, calculating likely ice volumes and the flux of ice to the ice margin. We find that the small ice sheet adequately accounts for the estimated magnitude of post-glacial transgression (
c
. 45–80 m) associated with ice-mass decay. Additionally, the notion of a North African–Arabian ice sheet within the small ice-sheet hypothesis is supported by an analysis of ice-stream fluxes across the Sahara, accounting for widespread heterogeneous flow within the ice sheet. This paper provides an independent check on the likely size and extent of Late Ordovician ice masses, with potential application to other Palaeozoic ice-sheet reconstructions.
Pre-Miocene deformation of the Himalayan superstructure, Hidden valley, central Nepal
Authors: Kellett Dawn A. , Godin Laurent
Published: February 2009

Throughout the Himalaya, the Tethyan sedimentary sequence forms the detached carapace, or superstructure, to exhumed mid-crustal rocks. In central Nepal, low metamorphic-grade Cambrian to Jurassic rocks of this carapace preserve five phases of deformation, structurally dominated by second phase (D
2
) north-verging back folds that oppose the vergence of the orogen. The folds are overprinted and cross-cut by the
c
. 22 Ma South Tibetan detachment system and the Manaslu leucogranite. New structural mapping in Hidden valley provides further constraints on the character of D
2
: megascopically, large asymmetric north-verging folds define D
2
; microscopically, it is characterized by an axial-planar cleavage. Balanced cross-sections and bed-length restoration of F
2
folds indicate a minimum of 32–38% shortening and 180% thickening during D
2
. These data indicate that north-verging folds played a significant role in pre-Miocene crustal thickening of the Himalayan superstructure. The formation of these folds is compatible with wedge extrusion or channel flow of the underlying mid-crustal rocks, whereby their geometry reflects early coupling between the upper and middle crust.
Redox variants of NO (NO· and HNO) elicit vasorelaxation of resistance arteries via distinct mechanisms
Authors: Favaloro Joanne L. , Kemp-Harper Barbara K.
Published: February 2009

The free radical form of nitric oxide (NO·) is a well-known mediator of vascular tone. What is not so well recognized is that NO· exists in several different redox forms. There is considerable evidence that NO· and its one-electron reduction product, nitroxyl (HNO), have pharmacologically distinct actions that extend into the regulation of the vasculature. The aim of this study was to compare the vasorelaxation mechanisms of HNO and NO·, including an examination of the ability of these redox variants to hyperpolarize and repolarize vascular smooth muscle cells from rat mesenteric arteries. The HNO donor Angeli's salt (0.1 nM–10 μM) caused a concentration-dependent hyperpolarization of vessels at resting tone and a simultaneous, concentration-dependent vasorelaxation and repolarization of vessels precontracted and depolarized with methoxamine. Both vasorelaxation and repolarization responses to Angeli's salt were significantly attenuated by both the HNO scavenger l-cysteine (3 mM) and the voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channel inhibitor 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 1 mM) and virtually abolished by the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor 1 H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 10 μM) or 30 mM K+. In contrast, NO· (0.01–1 μM) repolarized arteries to a lesser extent than HNO, and these responses were resistant to inhibition by ODQ (10 μM) and 4-AP (1 mM). Blockade of Kv channels (1 mM 4-AP) also significantly inhibited the repolarization response to YC-1 (0.1–10 μM), confirming a role for sGC/cGMP in the activation of Kv channels in this preparation. We conclude that HNO causes vasorelaxation via a cGMP-dependent activation of Kv channels and that there are different profiles of vasorelaxant activity for the redox siblings HNO and NO·.