bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The lost fortress of Onoguris? Newly discovered sixth-century AD fortifications at Khuntsistsikhe, western Georgia
Authors: Everill Paul , Lortkipanidze Besik , Murghulia Nikoloz , Colvin Ian , Lomitashvili Davit
Published: April 2017

The village of Khuntsi is located in the Martvili municipality of Samegrelo, western Georgia, on the west bank of the Tskhenistskali River, on the road that links Martvili, Khoni and Kutaisi. A few short sections of wall on Kukiti Hill (known locally as ‘Najikhu’, translating roughly from Mingrelian as ‘ruins (remains) of a castle’) indicate the presence of a fortress. Six years ago, the installation of a mobile phone mast and associated infrastructure without consultation with the appropriate archaeological agencies revealed and damaged archaeological structures. Animal bone and fragments of pottery were retrieved, and are currently stored in the school in Khuntsi. It was information from a local school teacher, Zoya Gadelia, that led the Anglo-Georgian Expedition to Nokalakevi to investigate the site in 2015.
Maritime hominin dispersals in the Pleistocene: advancing the debate
Authors: Leppard Thomas P. , Runnels Curtis
Published: April 2017

To what extent is there spatial and temporal patterning in the spread of our genus around the planet, and what environmental and behavioural factors specify this patterning? The prevailing model of Pleistocene dispersals of Homo holds that this process was essentially terrestrial, with oceans and seas inhibiting and directing the movement of hominins out of Africa (e.g. Mellars 2006; Dennell & Petraglia 2012; Gamble 2013), although some scholars propose short-range maritime hops at both the Strait of Gibraltar and Bab-el-Mandeb (Lambeck et al.2011; Rolland 2013). The relatively recent discovery of stone tools with apparently Lower and Middle Palaeolithic characteristics on islands in the eastern Mediterranean and in Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) has, however, been used by some scholars to challenge this terrestrial model.
The first evidence of Middle Palaeolithic Nubian technology in north-central Oman
Authors: Beshkani A. , Beuzen-Waller T. , Bonilauri S. , Gernez G.
Published: April 2017

Since 2012, the French Mission in Oman has discovered several Palaeolithic sites in the south-eastern foothills of the Sufrat Dishshah (a hill of the Sufrat Valley/Wādī al-Сufrāt), in the Adam region of north-central Oman. These sites are attributed to the Lower through to the Late Palaeolithic (Bonilauri et al. 2015). The 2016 field season was dedicated to further investigation of the previously identified sites of the Sufrat Dishshah area. A number of additional artefacts were located and studied on site; four artefacts—two bifaces and two Nubian cores—were retained for further study. These finds have particular importance for the understanding of Middle Palaeolithic variability and cultural diffusion in Oman, and they represent one of the most significant results of the 2016 Adam expedition.
Combined Carbohydrate and Protein Ingestion During Australian Rules Football Matches and Training Sessions Does Not Reduce Fatigue or Accelerate Recovery Throughout a Weeklong Junior Tournament
Authors: Lee Nathan A. , Fell James W. , Pitchford Nathan W. , Hall Andrew H. , Leveritt Michael D. , Kitic Cecilia M.
Published: April 2017

Lee, NA, Fell, JW, Pitchford, NW, Hall, AH, Leveritt, MD, and Kitic, CM. Combined carbohydrate and protein ingestion during Australian rules football matches and training sessions does not reduce fatigue or accelerate recovery throughout a weeklong junior tournament. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 344–355, 2018—Australian rules football (ARF) is a physically demanding sport that can induce high levels of fatigue. Fatigue may be intensified during periods where multiple matches are played with limited recovery time. Combined carbohydrate and protein (CHO + PRO) intake during physical activity may provide performance and recovery benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CHO + PRO ingestion during ARF matches and training sessions throughout a tournament would enhance performance or recovery in comparison with CHO-only ingestion. Australian rules football players (n = 21) competing in a 7-day national tournament participated in this randomized and double-blinded study. Beverages containing either CHO (n = 10) or CHO + PRO (n = 11) were provided during matches (day 1, day 4, and day 7) and training sessions (day 2 and day 3). Countermovement jumps (CMJs), ratings of muscle soreness, and autonomic function were assessed throughout the tournament. Gastrointestinal tract (GI) discomfort was measured after matches. Countermovement jump peak velocity increased in the CHO + PRO group (p = 0.01) but not in the CHO group. There were no differences in the other CMJ variables. In both groups, muscle soreness increased from days 0 and 1 to day 2 (p ≤ 0.05) but did not remain elevated. R-R intervals (time elapsed between successive peaks in QRS complexes) increased in both groups from day 1 to day 7 (mean difference = 59.85 ms, p < 0.01). Postmatch GI discomfort was not different (p > 0.05) between groups. When daily dietary protein is adequate (>1.8 g·kg−1·d−1), the ingestion of CHO + PRO during matches and training sessions throughout a tournament does not reduce muscle soreness nor have clear benefits for neuromuscular recovery or modulate autonomic function in junior ARF athletes, compared with that of CHO alone.
Physical Determinants of Division 1 Collegiate Basketball, Women's National Basketball League, and Women's National Basketball Association Athletes: With Reference to Lower-Body Sidedness
Authors: Spiteri Tania , Binetti Molly , Scanlan Aaron T. , Dalbo Vincent J. , Dolci Filippo , Specos Christina
Published: April 2017

Spiteri, T, Binetti, M, Scanlan, AT, Dalbo, VJ, Dolci, F, and Specos, C. Physical determinants of Division 1 Collegiate basketball, Women's National Basketball League, and Women's National Basketball Association athletes: with reference to lower-body sidedness. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 159–166, 2019—In female basketball, the assumed components of success include power, agility, and the proficiency at executing movements using each limb. However, the importance of these attributes in discriminating between playing levels in female basketball has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to compare lower-body power, change of direction (COD) speed, agility, and lower-body sidedness between basketball athletes participating in Division 1 Collegiate basketball (United States), Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) (Australia), and Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) (United States). Fifteen female athletes from each league (N = 45) completed a double- and single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), static jump, drop jump, 5-0-5 COD test, and an offensive and a defensive agility test. One-way analysis of variance with post hoc comparisons were conducted to compare differences in physical characteristics (height, body mass, age) and performance outcomes (jump, COD, agility assessments) between playing levels. Separate dependent t-tests were performed to compare lower-body sidedness (left vs. right lower limbs) during the single-leg CMJ jumps (vertical jump height) and 5-0-5 COD test for each limb within each playing level. WNBA athletes displayed significantly greater lower-body power (p = 0.01–0.03) compared with WNBL athletes, significantly faster COD speed (p = 0.02–0.03), and offensive and defensive agility performances (p = 0.02–0.03) compared with WNBL and Collegiate athletes. The WNBL athletes also produced a faster defensive agility performance compared with Collegiate athletes (p = 0.02). Furthermore, WNBA and WNBL athletes exhibited reduced lower-body sidedness compared with Collegiate athletes. These findings indicate the importance of lower-body power, agility, and reduced lower-body imbalances to execute more proficient on-court movements required to compete at higher playing levels.
The Effect of Varying Plyometric Volume on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Capability in Collegiate Male Rugby Players
Authors: Jeffreys Mark A. , De Ste Croix Mark B.A. , Lloyd Rhodri S. , Oliver Jon L. , Hughes Jonathan D.
Published: April 2017

Jeffreys, MA, De Ste Croix, MBA, Lloyd, RS, Oliver, JL, and Hughes, JD. The effect of varying plyometric volume on stretch-shortening cycle capability in collegiate male rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 139–145, 2019—The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of low and high volume plyometric loads on developing stretch-shortening cycle capability in collegiate rugby players. A between-group repeated measures design was used. Thirty-six subjects (age 20.3 ± 1.6 years, mass 91.63 ± 10.36 kg, stature 182.03 ± 5.24 cm) were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: a control group (CG), a low volume plyometric group (LPG), or a high volume plyometric group (HPG). Data were collected from a force plate, and measures of reactive strength index (RSI) and leg stiffness were calculated from jump height, contact time, and flight time. A significant between-group × time (F = 4.01, p ≤ 0.05) interaction effect for RSI was observed. Bonferroni post hoc analysis indicated that both the LPG training group (p = 0.002) and HPG training group (p = 0.009) were significantly higher than the control group. No significant interaction effect between time × group was observed for leg stiffness (F = 1.39, p = 0.25). This study has demonstrated that it is possible to improve reactive strength capabilities through the use of a low volume plyometric program. The low volume program elicited the same performance improvement in RSI as a high volume program while undertaking a lower dose. This suggests that strength and conditioning coaches may be able to benefit from the ability to develop more time-efficient and effective plyometric programs.
The Effects of a Cycling Warm-up Including High-Intensity Heavy-Resistance Conditioning Contractions on Subsequent 4-km Time Trial Performance
Authors: Chorley Alan , Lamb Kevin L.
Published: April 2017

Chorley, A and Lamb, KL. The effects of a cycling warm-up including high-intensity heavy-resistance conditioning contractions on subsequent 4-km time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 57–65, 2019—Previous exercise has been shown to improve subsequent performance through different mechanisms. Sport-specific conditioning contractions can be used to exploit the “post-activation potentiation” (PAP) phenomenon to enhance performance although this has rarely been investigated in short endurance events. The aim of this study was to compare a cycling warm-up with PAP-inducing conditioning contractions (CW) with a moderate-intensity warm-up (MW) on performance and physiological outcomes of a 4-km time trial. Ten well-trained male endurance cyclists (

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max 65.3 ± 5.6 ml·kg−1·min−1) performed two 4-km cycling time trials after a 5-minute recovery after a warm-up at 60% of

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max for 6.5 minutes (MW), and a warm-up with conditioning contractions (CW) consisting of 5 minutes at 60% of

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max then 3 × 10-second at 70% of peak power interspersed with a 30-second recovery. Blood lactate concentrations were measured before and after time trial. Expired gases were analyzed along with time, power output (PO), and peak forces over each 500 m split. After CW, mean completion time was reduced (1.7 ± 3.5 seconds p > 0.05), PO increased (5.1 ± 10.5 W p > 0.05) as did peak force per pedal stroke (5.7 ± 11 N p > 0.05) when compared with MW.

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increased (1.4 ± 1.6 ml·kg−1·min−1
p ≤ 0.05) after CW, whereas respiratory exchange ratio (RER) decreased (0.05 ± 0.02 p ≤ 0.05). Physiological and performance differences after CW were greatest over the first 1,500 m of the trials. The results suggest that a PAP-inducing warm-up alters

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kinetics and can lead to performance improvements in short endurance cycling but work and recovery durations should be optimized for each athlete.
A Field-Based Cycling Test to Assess Predictors of Endurance Performance and Establishing Training Zones
Authors: Sanders Dajo , Taylor Richard J. , Myers Tony , Akubat Ibrahim
Published: April 2017

Sanders, D, Taylor, RJ, Myers, T, and Akubat, I. A field-based cycling test to assess predictors of endurance performance and establishing training zones. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3482–3488, 2020—This study evaluates the relationship between a field-based 8-minute time trial (8MTT) and physiological endurance variables assessed with an incremental laboratory test. Second, lactate thresholds assessed in the laboratory were compared with estimated functional threshold power (FTP) from the 8MTT. Nineteen well-trained road cyclists (aged 22 ± 2 years, height 185.9 ± 4.5 cm, body mass 72.8 ± 4.6 kg, V̇o
2max 64 ± 4 ml·min−1·kg−1) participated. Linear regression revealed that mean 8MTT power output (PO) was strongly to very strongly related to PO at 4 mmol·L−1, PO at initial rise of 1.00 mmol·L−1, PO at Dmax and modified (mDmax) (r = 0.61–0.82). Mean 8MTT PO was largely to very largely different compared with PO at fixed blood lactate concentration of 2 mmol·L−1 (ES = 3.20) and 4 mmol·L−1 (ES = 1.90), PO at initial rise 1.00 mmol·L−1 (ES = 2.33), PO at Dmax (ES = 3.47) and mDmax (ES = 1.79) but only trivially different from maximal PO (W
max) (ES = 0.09). The 8MTT based estimated FTP was moderate to very largely different compared with PO at initial rise of 1 mmol·L−1 (ES = 1.37), PO at Dmax (ES = 2.42), PO at mDmax (ES = 0.77) and PO at 4 mmol·L−1 (ES = 0.83). Therefore, even though the 8MTT can be valuable as a performance test in cycling shown through its relationships with predictors of endurance performance, coaches should be cautious when using FTP and PO at laboratory-based thresholds interchangeably to inform training prescription.
Impact of Endurance Exercise in Hypoxia on Muscle Damage, Inflammatory and Performance Responses
Authors: Sumi Daichi , Kojima Chihiro , Goto Kazushige
Published: April 2017

Sumi, D, Kojima, C, and Goto, K. Impact of endurance exercise in hypoxia on muscle damage, inflammatory and performance responses. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1053–1062, 2018—This study evaluated muscle damage and inflammatory and performance responses after high-intensity endurance exercise in moderate hypoxia among endurance athletes. Nine trained endurance athletes completed 2 different trials on different days: exercise under moderate hypoxia (H trial, FiO2 = 14.5%) and normoxia (N trial, FiO2 = 20.9%). They performed interval exercises (10 × 3-minute running at 95% of V̇o
2max with 60-second of active rest at 60% of V̇o
2max) followed by 30-minute of continuous running at 85% of V̇o
2max under either hypoxic or normoxic conditions. Venous blood samples were collected 4 times: before exercise, 0, 60, and 120-minute after exercise. The time to exhaustion (TTE) during running at 90% of V̇o
2max was also determined to evaluate endurance capacity 120-minute after the training session. The H trial induced a significantly greater exercise-induced elevation in the blood lactate concentration than did the N trial (p = 0.02), whereas the elevation in the exercise-induced myoglobin concentration (muscle damage marker) was significantly greater in the N trial than in the H trial (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in plasma interleukin-6 (inflammatory marker) concentration between the H and N trials. The TTE was shorter in the N trial (613 ± 65 seconds) than in the H trial (783 ± 107 seconds, p = 0.02). In conclusion, among endurance athletes, endurance exercise under moderate hypoxic conditions did not facilitate an exercise-induced muscle damage response or cause a further reduction in the endurance capacity compared with equivalent exercise under normoxic conditions.
Strength and Conditioning for Netball: A Needs Analysis and Training Recommendations
Authors: Thomas Christopher , Comfort Paul , Jones Paul A. , Dos'Santos Thomas
Published: April 2017

THERE IS A LACK OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH INTO THE DEMANDS AND THE SPECIFIC AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED TO OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE AND REDUCE THE RISK OF COMMON INJURIES IN FEMALE NETBALL ATHLETES. NETBALL IS PREDOMINANTLY ANAEROBIC, CHARACTERIZED BY FREQUENT HIGH-INTENSITY MOVEMENTS THAT REQUIRE HIGH LEVELS OF STRENGTH, POWER, AND LOWER LIMB CONTROL. HOWEVER, THERE IS LIMITED RESEARCH IN THE PREPARATION OF FEMALE NETBALL PLAYERS FOR TRAINING AND COMPETITION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF TRAINING AND COMPETITION, COMMON CAUSES OF INJURY, AND STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING TRAINING RECOMMENDATIONS TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE AND REDUCE THE LIKELIHOOD OF INJURY IN FEMALE NETBALL PLAYERS.
Bridging the Performance Gap: Interdisciplinary Collaboration With Sports Dietitians
Authors: Potter Shelby , Boyd Joni M.
Published: April 2017

ATHLETES AND COACHES ARE AWARE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ADEQUATE NUTRITION FOR ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; HOWEVER, MOST LACK ADEQUATE NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE. ATHLETES EXPRESS INTEREST IN LEARNING MORE ABOUT NUTRITION FOR PERFORMANCE BUT CONSISTENTLY CONSULT SOURCES WITH LITTLE NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE. SPORTS DIETITIANS CAN ASSIST ATHLETES IN MEETING NUTRITION NEEDS BUT ARE OFTEN UNDERUTILIZED FOR ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE. THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE CURRENT NEEDS OF ATHLETES, DIFFERENCES IN NUTRITION TITLES, CURRENT STATE OF SPORTS DIETITIANS, AND THE BENEFIT OF USING A SPORTS DIETITIAN.
Densin-180 Controls the Trafficking and Signaling of L-Type Voltage-Gated Cav1.2 Ca2+Channels at Excitatory Synapses
Authors: Wang Shiyi , Stanika Ruslan I. , Wang Xiaohan , Hagen Jussara , Kennedy Mary B. , Obermair Gerald J. , Colbran Roger J. , Lee Amy
Published: April 2017

Voltage-gated Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 (L-type) Ca2+channels regulate neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory. Densin-180 (densin) is an excitatory synaptic protein that promotes Ca2+-dependent facilitation of voltage-gated Cav1.3 Ca2+channels in transfected cells. Mice lacking densin (densin KO) exhibit defects in synaptic plasticity, spatial memory, and increased anxiety-related behaviors—phenotypes that more closely match those in mice lacking Cav1.2 than Cav1.3. Therefore, we investigated the functional impact of densin on Cav1.2. We report that densin is an essential regulator of Cav1.2 in neurons, but has distinct modulatory effects compared with its regulation of Cav1.3. Densin binds to the N-terminal domain of Cav1.2, but not that of Cav1.3, and increases Cav1.2 currents in transfected cells and in neurons. In transfected cells, densin accelerates the forward trafficking of Cav1.2 channels without affecting their endocytosis. Consistent with a role for densin in increasing the number of postsynaptic Cav1.2 channels, overexpression of densin increases the clustering of Cav1.2 in dendrites of hippocampal neurons in culture. Compared with wild-type mice, the cell surface levels of Cav1.2 in the brain, as well as Cav1.2 current density and signaling to the nucleus, are reduced in neurons from densin KO mice. We conclude that densin is an essential regulator of neuronal Cav1 channels and ensures efficient Cav1.2 Ca2+signaling at excitatory synapses.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe number and localization of voltage-gated CavCa2+channels are crucial determinants of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. We report that the protein densin-180 is highly enriched at excitatory synapses in the brain and enhances the cell surface trafficking and postsynaptic localization of Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+channels in neurons. This interaction promotes coupling of Cav1.2 channels to activity-dependent gene transcription. Our results reveal a mechanism that may contribute to the roles of Cav1.2 in regulating cognition and mood.
A Presynaptic Group III mGluR Recruits Gβγ/SNARE Interactions to Inhibit Synaptic Transmission by Cone Photoreceptors in the Vertebrate Retina
Authors: Van Hook Matthew J. , Babai Norbert , Zurawski Zack , Yim Yun Young , Hamm Heidi E. , Thoreson Wallace B.
Published: April 2017

G-protein βγ subunits (Gβγ) interact with presynaptic proteins and regulate neurotransmitter release downstream of Ca2+influx. To accomplish their roles in sensory signaling, photoreceptor synapses use specialized presynaptic proteins that support neurotransmission at active zone structures known as ribbons. While several G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) influence synaptic transmission at ribbon synapses of cones and other retinal neurons, it is unknown whether Gβγ contributes to these effects. We tested whether activation of one particular GPCR, a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), can reduce cone synaptic transmission via Gβγ in tiger salamander retinas. In recordings from horizontal cells, we found that an mGluR agonist (L-AP4) reduced cone-driven light responses and mEPSC frequency. In paired recordings of cones and horizontal cells, L-AP4 slightly reduced cone ICa(∼10%) and caused a larger reduction in cone-driven EPSCs (∼30%). Proximity ligation assay revealed direct interactions between SNAP-25 and Gβγ subunits in retinal synaptic layers. Pretreatment with the SNAP-25 cleaving protease BoNT/A inhibited L-AP4 effects on synaptic transmission, as did introduction of a peptide derived from the SNAP-25 C terminus. Introducing Gβγ subunits directly into cones reduced EPSC amplitude. This effect was inhibited by BoNT/A, supporting a role for Gβγ/SNAP-25 interactions. However, the mGluR-dependent reduction in ICawas not mimicked by Gβγ, indicating that this effect was independent of Gβγ. The finding that synaptic transmission at cone ribbon synapses is regulated by Gβγ/SNAP-25 interactions indicates that these mechanisms are shared by conventional and ribbon-type synapses. Gβγ liberated from other photoreceptor GPCRs is also likely to regulate synaptic transmission.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDynamic regulation of synaptic transmission by presynaptic G-protein coupled receptors shapes information flow through neural circuits. At the first synapse in the visual system, presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) regulate cone photoreceptor synaptic transmission, although the mechanisms and functional impact of this are unclear. We show that mGluRs regulate light response encoding across the cone synapse, accomplished in part by triggering G-protein βγ subunits (Gβγ) interactions with SNAP-25, a core component of the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery. In addition to revealing a role in visual processing, this provides the first demonstration that Gβγ/SNAP-25 interactions regulate synaptic function at a ribbon-type synapse, contributing to an emerging picture of the ubiquity of Gβγ/SNARE interactions in regulating synaptic transmission throughout the nervous system.
Alcohol Dependence Disrupts Amygdalar L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Mechanisms
Authors: Varodayan Florence P. , de Guglielmo Giordano , Logrip Marian L. , George Olivier , Roberto Marisa
Published: April 2017

L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LTCCs) are implicated in several psychiatric disorders that are comorbid with alcoholism and involve amygdala dysfunction. Within the amygdala, the central nucleus (CeA) is critical in acute alcohol's reinforcing actions, and its dysregulation in human alcoholics drives their negative emotional state and motivation to drink. Here we investigated the specific role of CeA LTCCs in the effects of acute alcohol at the molecular, cellular physiology, and behavioral levels, and their potential neuroadaptation in alcohol-dependent rats. Alcohol increases CeA activity (neuronal firing rates and GABA release) in naive rats by engaging LTCCs, and intra-CeA LTCC blockade reduces alcohol intake in nondependent rats. Alcohol dependence reduces CeA LTCC membrane abundance and disrupts this LTCC-based mechanism; instead, corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptors (CRF1s) mediate alcohol's effects on CeA activity and drive the escalated alcohol intake of alcohol-dependent rats. Collectively, our data indicate that alcohol dependence functionally alters the molecular mechanisms underlying the CeA's response to alcohol (from LTCC- to CRF1-driven). This mechanistic switch contributes to and reflects the prominent role of the CeA in the negative emotional state that drives excessive drinking.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe central amygdala (CeA) plays a critical role in the development of alcohol dependence. As a result, much preclinical alcohol research aims to identify relevant CeA neuroadaptions that promote the transition to dependence. Here we report that acute alcohol increases CeA neuronal activity in naive rats by engaging L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) and that intra-CeA LTCC blockade reduces alcohol intake in nondependent rats. Alcohol dependence disrupts this LTCC-based mechanism; instead, corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptors (CRF1s) mediate alcohol's effects on CeA activity and drive the escalated alcohol intake of alcohol-dependent rats. This switch reflects the important role of the CeA in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence and represents a new potential avenue for therapeutic intervention during the transition period.
Synaptotagmin2 (Syt2) Drives Fast Release Redundantly with Syt1 at the Output Synapses of Parvalbumin-Expressing Inhibitory Neurons
Authors: Bouhours Brice , Gjoni Enida , Kochubey Olexiy , Schneggenburger Ralf
Published: April 2017

Parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons in the mammalian CNS are specialized for fast transmitter release at their output synapses. However, the Ca2+sensor(s) used by identified inhibitory synapses, including the output synapses of parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons, have only recently started to be addressed. Here, we investigated the roles of Syt1 and Syt2 at two types of fast-releasing inhibitory connections in the mammalian CNS: the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body to lateral superior olive glycinergic synapse, and the basket/stellate cell-Purkinje GABAergic synapse in the cerebellum. We used conditional and conventional knock-out (KO) mouse lines, with viral expression of Cre-recombinase and a light-activated ion channel for optical stimulation of the transduced fibers, to produce Syt1-Syt2 double KO synapsesin vivo. Surprisingly, we found that KO of Syt2 alone had only minor effects on evoked transmitter release, despite the clear presence of the protein in inhibitory nerve terminals revealed by immunohistochemistry. We show that Syt1 is weakly coexpressed at these inhibitory synapses and must be genetically inactivated together with Syt2 to achieve a significant reduction and desynchronization of fast release. Thus, our work identifies the functionally relevant Ca2+sensor(s) at fast-releasing inhibitory synapses and shows that two major Syt isoforms can cooperate to mediate release at a given synaptic connection.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDuring synaptic transmission, the influx of Ca2+into the presynaptic nerve terminal activates a Ca2+sensor for vesicle fusion, a crucial step in the activity-dependent release of neurotransmitter. Synaptotagmin (Syt) proteins, and especially Syt1 and Syt2, have been identified as the Ca2+sensor at excitatory synapses, but the Ca2+sensor(s) at inhibitory synapses in native brain tissue are not well known. We found that both Syt1 and Syt2 need to be genetically inactivated to cause a significant reduction of activity-evoked release at two types of fast inhibitory synapses in mouse brain. Thus, we identify Syt2 as a functionally important Ca2+sensor at fast-releasing inhibitory synapses, and show that Syt1 and Syt2 can redundantly control transmitter release at specific brain synapses.
Blood Pressure Regulation by the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla in Conscious Rats: Effects of Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, Baroreceptor Denervation, and Anesthesia
Authors: Wenker Ian C. , Abe Chikara , Viar Kenneth E. , Stornetta Daniel S. , Stornetta Ruth L. , Guyenet Patrice G.
Published: April 2017

Current understanding of the contribution of C1 neurons to blood pressure (BP) regulation derives predominantly from experiments performed in anesthetized animals or reducedex vivopreparations. Here, we use ArchaerhodopsinT3.0 (ArchT) loss-of-function optogenetics to explore BP regulation by C1 neurons in intact, unanesthetized rats. Using a lentivirus that expresses ArchT under the Phox2b-activated promoter PRSx8 (PRSx8-ArchT), ∼65% of transduced neurons were C1 (balance retrotrapezoid nucleus, RTN). Other rats received CaMKII-ArchT3.0 AAV2 (CaMKII-ArchT), which transduced C1 neurons and larger numbers of unidentified glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. Under anesthesia, ArchT photoactivation reduced sympathetic nerve activity and BP and silenced/strongly inhibited most (7/12) putative C1 neurons. In unanesthetized PRSx8-ArchT-treated rats breathing room air, bilateral ArchT photoactivation caused a very small BP reduction that was only slightly larger under hypercapnia (6% FiCO2), but was greatly enhanced during hypoxia (10 and 12% FiO2), after sino-aortic denervation, or during isoflurane anesthesia. The degree of hypotension correlated with percentage of ArchT-transduced C1 neurons. ArchT photoactivation produced similar BP changes in CaMKII-ArchT-treated rats. Photoactivation in PRSX8-ArchT rats reduced breathing frequency (FR), whereasFRincreased in CaMKII-ArchT rats. We conclude that the BP drop elicited by ArchT activation resulted from C1 neuron inhibition and was unrelated to breathing changes. C1 neurons have low activity under normoxia, but their activation is important to BP stability during hypoxia or anesthesia and contributes greatly to the hypertension caused by baroreceptor deafferentation. Finally, C1 neurons are marginally activated by hypercapnia and the large breathing stimulation caused by this stimulus has very little impact on resting BP.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTC1 neurons are glutamatergic/peptidergic/catecholaminergic neurons located in the medulla oblongata, which may operate as a switchboard for differential, behavior-appropriate activation of selected sympathetic efferents. Based largely on experimentation in anesthetized or reduced preparations, a rostrally located subset of C1 neurons may contribute to both BP stabilization and dysregulation (hypertension). Here, we used Archaerhodopsin-based loss-of-function optogenetics to explore the contribution of these neurons to BP in conscious rats. The results suggest that C1 neurons contribute little to resting BP under normoxia or hypercapnia, C1 neuron discharge is restrained continuously by arterial baroreceptors, and C1 neuron activation is critical to stabilize BP under hypoxia or anesthesia. This optogenetic approach could also be useful to explore the role of C1 neurons during specific behaviors or in hypertensive models.
The Stillness of Time, the Fullness of Space: Four Settings of Goethe's “Wandrers Nachtlied”
Authors: Burnham Scott
Published: April 2017

Carl Zelter, Carl Loewe, Franz Schubert, and Franz Liszt all composed settings of Goethe's famous Nachtlied “Über allen Gipfeln.” Gathering multiple layers of rhyme and rhythm, Goethe's poem achieves a rare cogency that invests every syllable with musical significance. Each of the composed settings reflects this process of gathering in different ways, from Zelter's lulling rhythms and Loewe's processional harmonies to Schubert's landscape of echoes and Liszt's drama of cosmic assimilation. Thus this monad of a poem allows each composer to set afresh the temporal and spatial coordinates of human mortality.
Absent Subjects and Empty Centers: Eichendorff's Romantic Phantasmagoria and Schumann's Liederkreis, Op. 39
Authors: Taylor Benedict
Published: April 2017

A recurring theme in the reception of Schumann's Eichendorff Liederkreis is the question mark over its sense of narrative continuity and the presence (or otherwise) of a central protagonist. Up until now, however, scarcely any attempt has been made to view these features in the context of Eichendorff's wider literary production. This article proposes applying an Eichendorffian aesthetic to Schumann's op. 39, viewing its phantasmagoric interconnections, absence of clear narrative order, sense of temporal dislocation and persistent theme of the loss of self as profoundly reflecting the concerns of Eichendorff's prose fiction. Neither the view that Schumann's cycle does possess a unified narrative and central protagonist, nor the converse, that it should be seen as a disparate group of songs, is adequate. Instead, it is the tension between the two views that emerges as crucial in coming to an aesthetic understanding of the cycle. Schumann's procedure, in juxtaposing a number of poems drawn from disparate works, presents an extreme case whereby narrative and subjective identity are put to the test, and the listener is invited to fill the vacant space left by the withdrawal of a unifying subject with his or her own sense of subjectivity.
USP49 negatively regulates tumorigenesis and chemoresistance through FKBP51‐AKT signaling
Authors: Luo Kuntian , Li Yunhui , Yin Yujiao , Li Lei , Wu Chenming , Chen Yuping , Nowsheen Somaira , Hu Qi , Zhang Lizhi , Lou Zhenkun , Yuan Jian
Published: April 2017

The AKT pathway is a fundamental signaling pathway that mediates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, and glucose metabolism. We recently reported that the immunophilin FKBP51 is a scaffolding protein that can enhance PHLPP‐AKT interaction and facilitate PHLPP‐mediated dephosphorylation of AKT at Ser473, negatively regulating AKT activation. However, the regulation of FKBP51‐PHLPP‐AKT pathway remains unclear. Here we report that a deubiquitinase, USP49, is a new regulator of the AKT pathway. Mechanistically, USP49 deubiquitinates and stabilizes FKBP51, which in turn enhances PHLPP's capability to dephosphorylate AKT. Furthermore, USP49 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and enhanced cellular response to gemcitabine in a FKBP51‐AKT‐dependent manner. Clinically, decreased expression of USP49 in patients with pancreatic cancer was associated with decreased FKBP51 expression and increased AKT phosphorylation. Overall, our findings establish USP49 as a novel regulator of AKT pathway with a critical role in tumorigenesis and chemo‐response in pancreatic cancer.
Rae1/YacP, a new endoribonuclease involved in ribosome‐dependent mRNA decay in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Leroy Magali , Piton Jérémie , Gilet Laetitia , Pellegrini Olivier , Proux Caroline , Coppée Jean‐Yves , Figaro Sabine , Condon Ciarán
Published: April 2017

The PIN domain plays a central role in cellular RNA biology and is involved in processes as diverse as rRNA maturation, mRNA decay and telomerase function. Here, we solve the crystal structure of the Rae1 (YacP) protein of Bacillus subtilis, a founding member of the NYN (Nedd4‐BP1/YacP nuclease) subfamily of PIN domain proteins, and identify potential substrates in vivo. Unexpectedly, degradation of a characterised target mRNA was completely dependent on both its translation and reading frame. We provide evidence that Rae1 associates with the B. subtilis ribosome and cleaves between specific codons of this mRNA in vivo. Critically, we also demonstrate translation‐dependent Rae1 cleavage of this substrate in a purified translation assay in vitro. Multiple lines of evidence converge to suggest that Rae1 is an A‐site endoribonuclease. We present a docking model of Rae1 bound to the B. subtilis ribosomal A‐site that is consistent with this hypothesis and show that Rae1 cleaves optimally immediately upstream of a lysine codon (AAA or AAG) in vivo.
Cerebral salt wasting following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Taylor Peter , Dehbozorgi Sasan , Tabasum Arshiya , Scholz Anna , Bhatt Harsh , Stewart Philippa , Kumar Pranav , Draman Mohd S , Watt Alastair , Rees Aled , Hayhurst Caroline , Davies Stephen
Published: April 2017

Hyponatraemia is the most commonly encountered electrolyte disturbance in neurological high dependency and intensive care units. Cerebral salt wasting (CSW) is the most elusive and challenging of the causes of hyponatraemia, and it is vital to distinguish it from the more familiar syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Managing CSW requires correction of the intravascular volume depletion and hyponatraemia, as well as mitigation of on-going substantial sodium losses. Herein we describe a challenging case of CSW requiring large doses of hypertonic saline and the subsequent substantial benefit with the addition of fludrocortisone.

Learning points:

The diagnosis of CSW requires a high index of suspicion. Distinguishing it from SIADH is essential to enable prompt treatment in order to prevent severe hyponatraemia.

The hallmarks of substantial CSW are hyponatraemia, reduced volume status and inappropriately high renal sodium loss.

Substantial volumes of hypertonic saline may be required for a prolonged period of time to correct volume and sodium deficits.

Fludrocortisone has a role in the management of CSW. It likely reduces the doses of hypertonic saline required and can maintain serum sodium levels of hypertonic saline.
Heterotrimeric G proteins in the control of parathyroid hormone actions
Authors: Bastepe Murat , Turan Serap , He Qing
Published: April 2017

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key regulator of skeletal physiology and calcium and phosphate homeostasis. It acts on bone and kidney to stimulate bone turnover, increase the circulating levels of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium and inhibit the reabsorption of phosphate from the glomerular filtrate. Dysregulated PTH actions contribute to or are the cause of several endocrine disorders. This calciotropic hormone exerts its actions via binding to the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PTH1R), which couples to multiple heterotrimeric G proteins, including Gsand Gq/11. Genetic mutations affecting the activity or expression of the alpha-subunit of Gs, encoded by theGNAScomplex locus, are responsible for several human diseases for which the clinical findings result, at least partly, from aberrant PTH signaling. Here, we review the bone and renal actions of PTH with respect to the different signaling pathways downstream of these G proteins, as well as the disorders caused byGNASmutations.
How Changes in Anti-SD Sequences Would Affect SD Sequences in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Abolbaghaei Akram , Silke Jordan R , Xia Xuhua
Published: April 2017

The 3′ end of the small ribosomal RNAs (ssu rRNA) in bacteria is directly involved in the selection and binding of mRNA transcripts during translation initiation via well-documented interactions between a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence located upstream of the initiation codon and an anti-SD (aSD) sequence at the 3′ end of the ssu rRNA. Consequently, the 3′ end of ssu rRNA (3′TAIL) is strongly conserved among bacterial species because a change in the region may impact the translation of many protein-coding genes. Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis differ in their 3′ ends of ssu rRNA, being GAUCACCUCCUUA3′ in E. coli and GAUCACCUCCUUUCU3′ or GAUCACCUCCUUUCUA3′ in B. subtilis. Such differences in 3′TAIL lead to species-specific SDs (designated SDEc for E. coli and SDBs for B. subtilis) that can form strong and well-positioned SD/aSD pairing in one species but not in the other. Selection mediated by the species-specific 3′TAIL is expected to favor SDBs against SDEc in B. subtilis, but favor SDEc against SDBs in E. coli. Among well-positioned SDs, SDEc is used more in E. coli than in B. subtilis, and SDBs more in B. subtilis than in E. coli. Highly expressed genes and genes of high translation efficiency tend to have longer SDs than lowly expressed genes and genes with low translation efficiency in both species, but more so in B. subtilis than in E. coli. Both species overuse SDs matching the bolded part of the 3′TAIL shown above. The 3′TAIL difference contributes to the host specificity of phages.
Genotyping-by-Sequencing Facilitates a High-Density Consensus Linkage Map forAegilops umbellulata, a Wild Relative of Cultivated Wheat
Authors: Edae Erena A , Olivera Pablo D , Jin Yue , Rouse Matthew N
Published: April 2017

High-density genetic maps are useful to precisely localize QTL or genes that might be used to improve traits of nutritional and/or economical importance in crops. However, high-density genetic maps are lacking for most wild relatives of crop species, including wheat. Aegilops umbellulata is a wild relative of wheat known for its potential as a source of biotic and abiotic stress resistance genes. In this work, we have developed a framework consensus genetic map using two biparental populations derived from accessions PI 298905, PI 542369, PI 5422375, and PI 554395. The framework map comprised 3009 genotype-by-sequence SNPs with a total map size of 948.72 cM. On average, there were three SNPs per centimorgan for each chromosome. Chromosome 1U was the shortest (66.5 cM), with only 81 SNPs, whereas the remaining chromosomes had between 391 and 591 SNP markers. A total of 2395 unmapped SNPs were added to the linkage maps through a recombination frequency approach, and increased the number of SNPs placed on the consensus map to a total of 5404 markers. Segregation distortion was disproportionally high for chromosome 1U for both populations used to construct component linkage maps, and thus segregation distortion could be one of the probable reasons for the exceptionally reduced linkage size for chromosome 1U. From comparative analysis, Ae. umbellulata chromosomes except 4U showed moderate to strong collinearity with corresponding homeologous chromosomes of hexaploid wheat and barley. The present consensus map may serve as a reference map in QTL mapping and validation projects, and also in genome assembly to develop a reference genome sequence for Ae. umbellulata.
A Bayesian Poisson-lognormal Model for Count Data for Multiple-Trait Multiple-Environment Genomic-Enabled Prediction
Authors: Montesinos-López Osval A , Montesinos-López Abelardo , Crossa José , Toledo Fernando H , Montesinos-López José C , Singh Pawan , Juliana Philomin , Salinas-Ruiz Josafhat
Published: April 2017

When a plant scientist wishes to make genomic-enabled predictions of multiple traits measured in multiple individuals in multiple environments, the most common strategy for performing the analysis is to use a single trait at a time taking into account genotype × environment interaction (G × E), because there is a lack of comprehensive models that simultaneously take into account the correlated counting traits and G × E. For this reason, in this study we propose a multiple-trait and multiple-environment model for count data. The proposed model was developed under the Bayesian paradigm for which we developed a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) with noninformative priors. This allows obtaining all required full conditional distributions of the parameters leading to an exact Gibbs sampler for the posterior distribution. Our model was tested with simulated data and a real data set. Results show that the proposed multi-trait, multi-environment model is an attractive alternative for modeling multiple count traits measured in multiple environments.
ELECCIONES DEL 2015 EN COLOMBIA: PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS Y SELECCIÓN DE CANDIDATOS EN EL ÁMBITO SUBNACIONAL
Authors: Rodríguez Pico Clara Rocío , García García Diva Marcela
Published: April 2017

Debido a la complejidad de las dinámicas políticas subnacionales, los estudios sobre selección de candidatos de partidos políticos en los ámbitos locales y regionales del ordenamiento territorial en Colombia, han privilegiado un abordaje metodológico centrado en los estudios de caso sobre algunas entidades territoriales, algunos partidos políticos y algunos cargos en juego (principalmente los uninominales). Tomando como referencia las elecciones subnacionales de octubre del 2015, este artículo propone un abordaje abarcador que, sin dejar de tener un énfasis primordialmente cualitativo, englobe el universo de partidos y movimientos políticos participantes en esa elección y posibilite establecer la relación entre los resultados electorales alcanzados y los procesos de selección implementados por cada uno de ellos.
ISOLASI BIOAKTIF BUNGA KARANG SEBAGAI FUNGISIDA PADA BENIH UDANG WINDU Penaeus monodon
Authors: Muliani Muliani , Suryati Emma , Tompo Arifuddin , Parenrengi Andi , Rosmiati Rosmiati
Published: April 2017

Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan bioaktif sponge yang efektif sebagai fungisida dalamrangka kegiatan produksi benih udang windu. Penelitian meliputi beberapa tahapan kerja yaitu: (1) Isolasi dan identifikasi jamur penyebab penyakit pada udang; (2) Penapisan dan identifikasi potensi sponge sebagai fungisida; dan (3). Isolasi dan pemurnian bioaktifsponge untuk fungisida.
PENGARUH INOKULASI KAPANG PADA FERMENTASI KATSUOBUSHI CAKALANG (Katsuwonus pelamis)
Authors: Basmal Jamal , Rahayu Umi , Nasran Suyuti
Published: April 2017

Percobaan pembuatan katsuobushl cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) denganmenginokulasikan jenis-jenis kapang Eurotium repens, E. chevaliei dan kombinasi kedua kapang ini tefah dilakukan dengan cara menyemprotkan ke permukaan arabushi.
ANALISIS SOSIAL EKONOMI USAHA PERIKANAN JARING INSANG DI WADASLINTANG, JAWA TENGAH
Authors: Azizi Achmad , Kartamihardja Endi Setiadi , Sadili Didi
Published: April 2017

Pembangunan Waduk Wadaslintang mempunyai dampak terhadap perubahan struktur ekonomi masyarakat dari usaha pertanian ke usaha perikanan.
XÁC ĐỊNH HỆ SỐ TÍCH TỤ THỦY NGÂN CỦA MỘT SỐ LOÀI ĐỘNG VẬT THÂN MỀM HAI MẢNH VỎ Ở KHU VỰC ĐÔNG BẮC BẮC BỘ, VIỆT NAM
Authors: Sinh Le Xuan , Huyen Nguyen Thu
Published: April 2017

Nhóm động vật nhuyễn thể sống đáy (Tu hài Lutraria rhynchaena, Sò huyết Anadara granosa, Ngán Austriella corrugata và Ngao trắng Meretrix lyrata) được chọn làm đối tượng nghiên cứu do khả năng tích tụ sinh học cao, đời sống ít di chuyển, ăn lọc mùn bã hữu cơ. Đã phát hiện nồng độ thủy ngân trong môi trường nước tại 3 vị trí nghiên cứu là vị trí vịnh Lan Hạ (Cát Bà), Hoàng Tân (Quảng Yên - Quảng Ninh) và xã Đồng Bài (Cát Hải - Hải Phòng). Nghiên cứu đã xác định mức độ tích lũy trong mô thịt của 4 loài sinh vật trên ở các mức khác nhau nhưng nhưng đều thấp hơn quy chuẩn cho phép của Bộ Y tế (0,5 µg/g). Hệ số tích tụ thủy ngân BAF của 4 loài đã minh chứng được xu hướng tích lũy thủy ngân của các loài hai mảnh tại 3 khu vực nghiên cứu phù hợp với quy luật tự nhiên: hệ số BAF của Ngán Austriella corrugata là 1.344, của Sò huyết Anadara granosa là 344, của Ngao trắng Meretrix lyrata là 333 và của Tu hài Lutraria rhynchaena 158.
EFFECT OF DIETARY ASTAXANTHIN ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL RATE AND PIGMENTATION OF COMMERCIAL CLOWNFISH, Amphiprion ocellaris
Authors: Lam Ho Son , Vy Nguyen Tuong , Ngoc Phan Thi
Published: April 2017

This study examined the influence of astaxanthin added to food on growth, survival rate and pigmentation of commercial false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris. Five experiments were performed with synthetic astaxanthin contents: 0; 50; 100; 150 and 200 mg/kg diets. Mean weight and mean length of fish were 1.16 ± 0.22 gand and 33.05 ± 3.29 mm respectively. Fish were fed by 5% of their live weight during the examination of 8 weeks. After 56 days of experiments, the skin pigmentation levels were analysed using Clownfish Exercise pigmentation chart which has a scale from 1 to 10. Color scales of 5 experiments: 0; 50; 100; 150 and 200 mg Astaxanthin/kg diets were 2.12 ± 0.08, 3.79 ± 0.1, 5.31 ± 0.14, 7.78 ± 0.09, 8.04 ± 0.12 respectively. The result showed that the dietary astaxanthin could increase coloration of skin compared with the control group which had the lightest color (P < 0.05) but there were no significant effects on growth and survival rate of clownfish (P > 0.05).