bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics simulation of the aggregation of the core‐recognition motif of the islet amyloid polypeptide in explicit water
Authors: Colombo Giorgio , Daidone Isabella , Gazit Ehud , Amadei Andrea , Di Nola Alfredo
Published: March 2005

The formation of amyloid fibrils is associated with major human diseases. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism that directs the nucleation of these fibrils is not fully understood. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations to study the initial self‐assembly stages of the NH2‐NFGAIL‐COOH peptide, the core‐recognition motif of the type II diabetes associated islet amyloid polypeptide. The simulations were performed using multiple replicas of the monomers in explicit water, in a confined box starting from a random distribution of the peptides at T = 300 K and T = 340 K. At both temperatures the formation of unique clusters was observed after a few nanoseconds. Structural analysis of the clusters clearly suggested the formation of “flat” ellipsoid‐shaped clusters through a preferred locally parallel alignment of the peptides. The unique assembly is facilitated by a preference for an extended conformation of the peptides and by intermolecular aromatic interactions. Taken together, our results may provide a description of the molecular recognition determinants involved in fibril formation, in terms of the atomic detailed structure of nascent aggregates. These observations may yield information on new ways to control this process for either materials development or drug design. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of μ‐opioid receptor agonists and antagonists with the analgesic effect of buprenorphine in mice
Authors: Kögel Babette , Christoph Thomas , Straβburger Wolfgang , Friderichs Elmar
Published: March 2005

Buprenorphine is a potent opioid analgesic with partial agonistic properties at μ‐opioid receptors. This study investigated the interaction potential with several full μ‐agonists in the tail‐flick test in mice. We further examined the reversibility of buprenorphine antinociception by different μ‐opioid receptor antagonists.

Combination of buprenorphine with morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone and fentanyl in the analgesic dose range resulted in additive or synergistic effects. When given after the decline of the acute buprenorphine effect, both morphine and fentanyl also showed full efficacy. A moderate antagonistic effect according to the partial μ‐agonistic properties of buprenorphine was only seen when high doses exceeding the therapeutic dose ranges were combined. Under these conditions antinociception of morphine was reduced to the effect of buprenorphine alone.

Prophylactic administration of naloxone (10 mg/kg i.v.), naltrexone (1 mg/kg i.v.) and clocinnamox (5 mg/kg s.c.) fully and persistently blocked the antinociception of a high dose of buprenorphine. An established effect of buprenorphine was less sensitive, although repeated administration of naloxone induced complete antagonism, as did the irreversible antagonist clocinnamox under prophylactic and curative treatment conditions.

Our results suggest that the antinociceptive effect of buprenorphine is mainly, if not exclusively, mediated by activation of μ‐opioid receptors. They confirm clinical experience that in the analgesic dose range a switch between buprenorphine and full μ‐agonists is possible without loss of analgesic efficacy and without a refractory period between the termination of buprenorphine analgesia and the onset of action of the new μ‐opioid treatment.

Antinociception of buprenorphine is sensitive towards μ‐opioid receptor antagonists and incomplete inhibition can be improved by increasing the dose or repetitive dosing.
Assembly of hereditary amyloid β‐protein variants in the presence of favorable gangliosides
Authors: Yamamoto Naoki , Hirabayashi Yoshio , Amari Masakuni , Yamaguchi Haruyasu , Romanov Galina , Van Nostrand William E. , Yanagisawa Katsuhiko
Published: March 2005

The mechanisms underlying regional amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) deposition in brain remain unclear. Here we show that assembly of hereditary variant Dutch‐ and Italian‐type Aβs, and Flemish‐type Aβ was accelerated by GM3 ganglioside, and GD3 ganglioside, respectively. Notably, cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells, which compose the cerebral vessel wall at which the Dutch‐ and Italian‐type Aβs deposit, exclusively express GM3 whereas GD3 is upregulated in the co‐culture of endothelial cells and astrocytes, which forms the cerebrovascular basement membrane, the site of Flemish‐type Aβ deposition. Our results suggest that regional Aβ deposition is induced by the local gangliosides in the brain.
Climate change and cultural response around 4000 cal yr B.P. in the western part of Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: An Cheng-Bang , Tang Lingyu , Barton Loukas , Chen Fa-Hu
Published: March 2005

New data suggest that dramatic environmental change in the Western Loess Plateau of China corresponded with substantial changes in human demography ca. 4000 cal yr B.P. These data demonstrate that a rapid climatic transition from wet to dry led to an ecologically devastated period between 4090 and 3600 cal yr B.P. The sudden reduction in the number of archaeological sites during this period, namely a reduction in the total number of sites and a contraction of the areal distribution of sites, points to declining agricultural productivity associated with widespread aridification beginning at 4000 cal yr B.P.
The calcite → aragonite transformation in low‐Mg marble: Equilibrium relations, transformation mechanisms, and rates
Authors: Hacker Bradley R. , Rubie David C. , Kirby Stephen H. , Bohlen Steven R.
Published: March 2005

Experimental transformation of a rather pure natural calcite marble to aragonite marble did not proceed via the expected straightforward polymorphic replacement. Instead, the small amount of Mg in the starting material (0.36 wt %) was excluded from the growing aragonite and diffused preferentially into the remaining calcite grains, producing Mg‐rich calcite rods that persisted as relicts. Nucleation of aragonite occurred exclusively on grain boundaries, with aragonite [001] oriented subparallel to calcite [0001]. The aragonite crystals preferentially consumed the calcite crystal on which they nucleated, and the reaction fronts developed preferentially along the {010} and {110} planes of aragonite. Each aragonite neoblast that grew was nearly free of Mg (typically <0.1 wt %). The excess Mg was taken up by the calcite grains in between, stabilizing them and causing a few volume percent rodlike relicts of Mg‐enriched calcite (up to 10 wt % MgO) to be left behind by the advancing reaction front. The aragonite growth rates are approximately linear and range from ∼3 × 10−11 m s−1 at 600°C to ∼9 × 10−9 m s−1 at 850°C, with an apparent activation enthalpy of 166 ± 91 kJ mol−1. This reaction mechanism and the resultant texture are akin to cellular precipitation reactions in metals. Similar transformation textures have been reported from high‐Mg marbles in Japan and China that disproportionated to low‐Mg calcite and dolomite.
Psychosexual Faith
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: March 2005

The Song of Songs, the sin in Eden, and Mary Magdalen are discussed as prelude to a fundamental paradox of mysticism: the love of God by female mystics vowed to virginity is represented as corporal and erotic. In a section on “the return of the repressed,” an exploration of the visionary experiences of many medieval and early modern beatas, nuns, and saints illustrates how forbidden sexuality gains expression in relations with Christ, often as a child. The chapter concludes by surveying various arguments of why virginal mysticism is experienced and represented in corporal, erotic, and matrimonial tropes.
The Perils of Modernity
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

This chapter examines the differences between evangelical Protestants and Catholics in coping with modernism in the 20th century. It focuses on the cultural changes that had the most immediate and direct effect on them, and elicited their most vigorous negative responses. “Modernity” represents the antireligious ideological factors in the changes in the West since the Enlightenment.
Nativism and Politics
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

Evangelicalism and nativism have been inextricably linked throughout American history. It is argued that evangelical Protestantism is not nativist; in fact, its theology runs counter to nativism. The theological arguments of four influential American Protestants on the political and cultural incompatibility of the Catholic Church and American ideals and political practice are presented.
The People of God
Authors: Shevzov Vera
Published: March 2005

This chapter focuses on the debates about church and community that emerged in 1905. It briefly discusses the legislation that was the basis of the institutional structure of the Russian Orthodox Church, namely the Spiritual Regulation of Peter the Great. It then turns to the tensions emerging in the theological realm, epitomized by the contrast between the thought of the bishop of Moscow Makarii Bulgakov, and lay theologian, Slavophile and landowner Aleksei Khomiakov. This is followed by a discussion on the competing ecclesial views of two Orthodox canon lawyers, A.A. Papkov and I.S. Berdnikov.
Icons
Authors: Shevzov Vera
Published: March 2005

Specially revered icons were a prominent feature of late imperial Russian Orthodoxy. These came to represent the challenges to traditional authority structures that modernisation often entailed. Since these icons often originated with the experiences of lay men and women from all social backgrounds, they gave lay people an independent means to exercise their spiritual discernment and express their involvement in the unfolding of sacred history.
Liberation Theology in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Pui-lan Kwok
Published: March 2005

This essay explores three issues that will influence liberation theology in the twenty-first century. The first section focuses on the relation between postmodernity and liberation theology and explores the extent to which the preferential option for the poor is still viable in postmodernity. The second section explores the implications for the study of religion of the fact that many of the world’s poor are non-Christians. The last section challenges patriarchy and heterosexuality in liberation theology and shows why gender and sexuality must be fully integrated into liberation discourse.
The Situation and Tasks of Liberation Theology Today
Authors: Gutiérrez Gustavo
Published: March 2005

Christian faith and liberation theology face three great challenges: (1) modernity and postmodernity, (2) the widening gap between a rich elite and the poor majority, and (3) religious pluralism and interreligious dialogue. The author focuses on the second challenge, that of widespread poverty under globalization. Because the Christian message requires,and reveals the meaning of, a response to the poor in which God’s reign is accepted, theology must look at history from its underside, from the side of its victims. The author discusses three areas of concern to future liberation theology: the complexityof the world of the poor, the problematic of globalization and poverty, and a deepening liberation spirituality.
Knowing the God of the Poor
Authors: Goizueta Roberto S.
Published: March 2005

The claim that, in the crucified and risen Christ, God is preferentially identified with the victims of the history transforms the preferential option for the poor from an ethical imperative into the privileged locus of all Christian theology. The author argues that the preferential option makes not only ethical but also epistemological and theological claims. The possibility of preferring some viewpoints or of making normative truth-claims is the precondition of an authentic, pluralistic community that affirms the dignity of all peoples. The preferential option forces us to confront the question of truth; Christian praxis is liberating only because it affirms something that is real or true.
Distinctness
Authors: Bonnen Clarence , Flage Daniel
Published: March 2005

The paper argues that, for Descartes, an idea of x is distinct only if that idea is subsumed under an eternal truth that specifies the conditions sufficient for x to exist, where x is taken to be an entity of a particular kind. It is argued that clear and distinct ideas are materially true, i.e., pertain to possible existence. It is shown that clarity and distinctness pertain primarily to perceptions as acts, and that it is possible to have alternative distinct ideas of a single thing. The discussion relates clarity and distinctness to the Cartesian method, to the cogito, and to ideas of God and the self.
The Annunciation
Authors: Kreitzer Beth
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores Lutheran sermons on the text of the Annunciation. Mary is portrayed as an example of the faithful believer, representing the Lutheran virtue of Christian faith over the “worldly” virtue of human reason. She is seen not so much as the model believer, but as a fruitful model for believers, whose real importance lay in her role in bringing Christ into the world.
The Albright Watershed
Authors: Davis Thomas W.
Published: March 2005

William Foxwell Albright changed the nature of biblical archaeology from a nebulous supradiscipline focused on Assyrian texts to a field-oriented endeavor. By the late 1930s, he became the unchallenged master of the pottery of Palestine. He also revolutionized biblical studies, developing a case for the uniqueness of Hebrew revelation, particularly the monotheism of Moses.
Biblical Archaeology Triumphant
Authors: Davis Thomas W.
Published: March 2005

George Ernest Wright produced a crucial change in the paradigm of biblical archaeology. He took the “scientific” construct of the field and gave it a positive rationale for existence. He made biblical archaeology the support structure for a positivist theological understanding called the Biblical Theology Movement. He completed the process begun by Albright of making biblical archaeology a synonym for Palestinian archaeology. The Albright-Wright archaeological reconstruction of the history of Israel is what is commonly known as biblical archaeology.
The Basic Paradigm
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: March 2005

In human exposure to power, the paradigm experience has been force and its ability to control human attitudes, decisions, and actions. One of the principal instances of force has been military action that in many ways is the most prominent use of violence to dominate. Control and domination through use of force has been a continuing characteristic of patriarchy throughout history and a central feature of human history.

Legitimating the use of violence to control has been an ideology that proposed force as a means of bettering human life. At times, even divine providence has been described in terms of force. However, in the tradition identified with Jesus of Nazareth, non‐violence has been seen as ultimate power and divine action viewed as non‐violent.
The Power of Thought
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: March 2005

Thought lies behind the power of symbols to communicate understandings and influence actions. Ideas have consequences. Influence of ideologies and communications media on culture. The central role of education, assisted by the arts, in development of people's understandings and outlook; consequent authority of teachers and artists. Religious understandings are rooted in divine revelation that comes from Spirit's empowerment of prophets. Revelation is a continuing process that occurs in humans’ ongoing experience. Relation of official teaching to canonical texts and rituals and critical scholarship. Christian belief in special power of ‘the Spirit of truth’.
Social Structure
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section presents statistics on the social structure in OECD countries. It features tables on ethno-linguistic structure, religious structure, income distribution, labour force, migration, index of social progress, and human development index.
Public Finance
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section presents public finance statistics for OECD countries. It features tables on taxes, social security contributions, government final consumption, current disbursements and receipts, transfers, social expenditures, educational expenditures, military expenditures, official development assistance, and deficits.
The European Union
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section presents statistics on the European Union. It features tables on member state resources, expenditures, budget, institutions, election turnout, composition of the European Parliament, decision procedures, voting power, political parties, and member states.
Belgium
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in Belgium. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
Italy
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in Italy. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
Portugal
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in Portugal. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
Spain
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in Spain. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
Truth and Paradox
Authors: Maudlin Tim
Published: March 2005

At least since the work of Tarski, the Liar paradox has stood in the way of an acceptable account of the notion of truth. It has been less noticed that once one admits a truth predicate into a formal language, along with intuitively valid inferences involving the truth predicate, standard classical logic becomes inconsistent. So, any acceptable account of truth must both explicate how sentences get the truth values they have and amend classical logic to avoid the inconsistency. A natural account of a trivalent semantics arises from treating the problem of assigning truth values to sentences as akin to a boundary‐value problem in physics. The resulting theory solves the Liar paradox while avoiding the usual ‘revenge’ problems. It also suggests a natural modification of classical logic that blocks the paradoxical reasoning. This semantic theory is wedded to an account of the normative standards governing assertion and denial of sentence and a metaphysical analysis truth and factuality. The result is an account in which sentences like the Liar sentence are neither true nor false, and correspond to no facts.
The Norms of Assertion and Denial
Authors: Maudlin Tim
Published: March 2005

Normative standards for the assertion and denial of ungrounded sentences are proposed. Such standards are evaluated by means of an ideal for the normative rules. According to the standards proposed, the theory of truth and the Liar sentence come out as appropriate to assert, even if not true.
The Quality of Freedom
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: March 2005

At least since the publication of Isaiah Berlin's famous essay ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ nearly half a century ago, political philosophers have argued vigorously over the relative merits of ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ accounts of freedom. Matthew Kramer writes squarely within the negative-liberty tradition, but he incorporates a number of ideas that are quite often associated with theories of positive liberty. Much of The Quality of Freedom is devoted to elaborating the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of particular freedoms and unfreedoms; however, the book's cardinal objective is to establish the measurability of each person's overall freedom and of each society's aggregate freedom. On the one hand, Kramer contends that the existence of any particular instance of liberty or unfreedom is a matter of fact that can be confirmed or disconfirmed without any reliance on evaluative or normative considerations. On the other hand, he argues that the extent of each person's overall freedom or unfreedom cannot be ascertained entirely in the absence of evaluative assumptions. By combining those two positions and developing them in detail, Kramer pits himself against all positive accounts of liberty and most negative accounts. In the course of so doing, he aims to demonstrate the rigorous measurability of overall liberty – something that many writers on freedom have casually dismissed as impossible. Although Kramer concentrates principally on constructing a systematic analysis of socio-political freedom, he engages critically with the work of many of the leading contemporary writers on the topic.
Conclusions
Authors: Breen Richard , Luijkx Ruud
Published: March 2005

Summarizes the findings of the previous 12 empirical chapters and discusses issues in the development of explanatory theories of social mobility. The chapter also addresses two sorts of explanation of variations in social mobility: micro-models in which the role of education is central, and macro-models, which seek to relate mobility to features of societies as a whole such as their level of inequality and of economic development. The chapter looks at the policy consequences that follow from our results, particularly as these concern the role of the educational system. A final assessment in which the adequacy of existing theories of social mobility is called into doubt concludes the chapter.
The Economics of Systems Integration
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Hobday Mike , Marengo Luigi , Prencipe Andrea
Published: March 2005

Explores some theoretical elements of the economics of systems integration (and disintegration) by placing the idea of systems integration within the context of evolutionary economics. The authors argue that systems integrators (as firms) and systems integration (as a key capability within and across firms) perform a central function as the visible hand of much modern industrial activity, especially in complex products and systems. The latter include a significant subset of capital goods such as mobile communication systems, military systems, corporate information technology networks, train engines, aircraft, intelligent buildings, air‐traffic control systems and tailored software packages.
The Role of Technical Standards in Coordinating the Division of Labour in Complex System Industrie
Authors: Steinmueller W. Edward
Published: March 2005

Examines alternative theories of the technical compatibility standard‐setting process as a means of co‐ordinating component and sub‐system suppliers in complex product systems industries, particularly those involving software, integrated circuits, and telecommunications. These industries are chosen to illustrate the different influences of the nature and pace of technological change on the choice of institution and the governance process involved in standard‐setting. The focus of existing theories of standards governance on relative institutional efficiency will be contrasted with a theory in which the nature and pace of technical advance have a fundamental influence on institutional design and process.
Modularity and Outsourcing
Authors: Sako Mari
Published: March 2005

Takes the automobile industry as an empirical setting for clarification of the concept of modularity in product architecture. Three arenas of modularity, modularity in design, modularity in production and modularity in use, are discussed as presenting alternative criteria for making boundary choices in complex products. Moves on to understanding strategic drivers for pushing the product architecture towards modularity. Considers the implications of these different paths for industry dynamics (in particular the power balance between customer and supplier companies) and supply chain management.
Integrated Solutions
Authors: Davies Andrew
Published: March 2005

Some of the world's leading companies are changing the strategic focus of their activities and following a similar path to success. Increasingly, firms compete by selling complex products and services as integrated solutions that address the needs of large business or government‐owned customers. Presents empirical findings within a conceptual framework that examines how the firms are changing the strategic focus of their activities, adapting to new positions in the value chain, and developing new sets of capabilities. To provide products and services as integrated solutions, firms are building core ‘systems integration’ capabilities to provide world‐class products with equipment sourced from different vendors, and moving into the provision of services to maintain, finance, and operate a product throughout its life cycle.
The Second Year in Ephesus
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome
Published: March 2005

Imprisoned in the praetorium of Ephesus for interrogation, Paul exhibited the worst side of his character in dealing with the Philippians, and the best side in dealing with the Colossians.
Macedonia and Illyricum
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome
Published: March 2005

Titus reported that the Severe Letter had the desired impact, but that the atmosphere of the community at Corinth was being poisoned by continuous carping criticism of Paul stemming from an alliance of the Spirit-people and the Judaizers. Paul had the winter to carefully craft his response. The insight and sophistication of 2 Cor 1–9 make it infinitely superior to 1 Cor. Having dispatched the letter in the spring, Paul headed for Illyricum to preach in virgin territory for the first time in five years. His ministry there was interrupted by bad news from Corinth, which occasioned 2 Cor 10–13, a tour de force of wild sarcasm and irony.
The Final Years
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome
Published: March 2005

When Paul’s mission in Spain failed, he went back to Illyricum. After a year or so there he travelled via Troas to Ephesus, where he took over from Timothy, who had proved a failure as a leader. Paul himself did no better and moved to Miletus. There he got word of Nero’s persecution of Christians in Rome. He went there to reinforce the decimated community. The gesture was not appreciated by the Roman church, which boycotted him when he was imprisoned. Those who had come with him from Asia drifted away.2 Tim reflects both optimism and fear. He was beheaded in the last quarter of a.d. 67.
‘Knowledge is Perception’
Authors: Sedley David
Published: March 2005

Does not directly advance the book’s argument, but prepares the ground by examining the ‘secret doctrine’ set up by Socrates in investigating the dialogue’s first serious definition, ‘Knowledge is perception’. Its key components are the relativist thesis of Protagoras that ‘Man is the measure of all things’, and the doctrine associated with Heraclitus and others that everything is in flux.
Relativism
Authors: Sedley David
Published: March 2005

Examines the stages by which Protagorean relativism is refuted. These include the much-debated self-refutation argument, and the argument that only experts could have knowledge of the future. I maintain that these are drawing on typically Socratic insights and arguments. But the main emphasis is on the ‘Digression’, in which Socrates indicates why he rejects fashionable relativism of values. This, I argue, develops a series of Socratic positions that serve to reveal how Socrates, despite not having arrived at Plato’s theory of transcendent moral Forms, paved the way to it with a moral absolutism that depended on his insights about god’s perfect goodness. Here, Plato is also looking forward to his later interest in ‘becoming like god’. The Digression, in addition, I argue, hints at Socrates’ radical theological views, the ones that led to his execution.
The Macarian Legacy
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: March 2005

This book explores the remarkable spiritual and theological legacy of the fourth-century Macarian writings. The anonymous author of the writings (commonly referred to as Macarius-Symeon, Pseudo-Macarius, or simply Macarius) had a decisive influence on the shaping and development of the Christian ascetic and mystical tradition. The book offers the first attempt at a broad-based analysis of the character of that influence, standing not only as an exploration of the writings themselves but also of the nature of the Christian tradition itself. Part I (‘The Background’) offers an introduction to the Macarian writings, sketching their nature and character, examining their historical and theological context, and re-evaluating the complex question of the relationship between Macarius and the Messalian tendency. Part II (‘The Legacy’) discusses in detail the nature of his theological and spiritual legacy in the later Christian tradition, focussing on the work of Mark the Monk, Diadochus of Photice, Abba Isaiah, and Maximus the Confessor. Mark and Diadochus, both anti-Messalian writers, are shown to be substantially indebted – something that further underlines the untenability of the facile, but nonetheless once fashionable, identification of Macarius-Symeon as a Messalian. The Macarian influence on the Asceticonof Abba Isaiah is palpable, if not profound, while in the great Byzantine synthesis of Maximus that influence is both substantial and thoroughgoing. In this way the book traces the journey of the Macarian writings from the border zone between orthodoxy and heresy, between Greek and Syriac thought-worlds, into the mainstream Christian tradition.
Where the Spirit Flourishes
Authors: Lennan Richard
Published: March 2005

Although the Christian tradition has tended to highlight the church's relationship to Jesus Christ, a comprehensive theology of the church is not possible without a significant focus on the Holy Spirit. Aims at a retrieval of the Spirit's role in the church. It does this via both an exploration of the relationship between Christ and the Spirit and the theology of symbol. Most importantly, it identifies the church as the symbol of the Spirit in human history. Details the implications of understanding the church in the light of the Spirit; this involves a focus on the church's communion as well as its mission and on the qualities of the church included in the ancient Christian creeds: unity; holiness; catholicity; apostolicity.
New Labour at the Centre
Authors: Hindmoor Andrew
Published: March 2005

This book examines how New Labour repositioned itself at the ‘centre-ground’. It argues that policy changes alone cannot account for the change in spatial position. New Labour did not simply move to the centre, but constructed it. It persuaded the media, voters and other parties that it had moved to centre, and constructed its policies as centrist.
Motivating Retirement Planning: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Selnow Gary W.
Published: March 2005

This chapter focuses on the challenges faced by retirement saving advocates in encouraging the labour force to save for their retirement. It discusses the uniqueness of retirement savings issues and the complacency inspired by Social Security. It proposes an automatic enrolment approach which avoids the natural impediments to employee-initiated investment plans.
Sex Differences, Financial Education, and Retirement Goals
Authors: Clark Robert L. , d'Ambrosio Madeleine B. , McDermed Ann A. , Sawant Kshama
Published: March 2005

This chapter examines sex differences in retirement goals and responses to financial education seminars. Gender differences were observed in terms of desired retirement age, and savings and investment choices. Financial education seminars alter individual retirement objectives, with participants likely to raise their income objectives after the seminar.
Adult Learning Principles and Pension Participant Behavior
Authors: Sheckley Barry G. , Saliterman Victor
Published: March 2005

This chapter argues that employee education programs founded on research-based principles of how adults learn best can improve participants’ investment decisions, and in turn retirement security. A learner-centred process can be used to teach participants how to apply information about investment options to develop effective financial plans. The techniques work best when learners are engaged as active, self-determining individuals.
The Free Movement of Goods
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec
Published: March 2005

The previous chapter showed how transnational activity, the adjudication of the European Community (EC) law, and EC lawmaking had developed symbiotically to determine much of what is important about European integration. This chapter provides a more detailed sectoral account of how the adjudication of one class of trading disputes gradually, but authoritatively, undermined the intergovernmental aspects of the EC, while enhancing the polity's supranational, or federal, character. Assesses the impact of adjudicating the freer movement of goods provisions of the Treaty of Rome on integration and supranational governance, focusing on the problem of non‐tariff barriers, as governed by Arts. 28–30 (EC). Proceeds as follows: first, the treaty rules on intra‐EC trade are examined, hypotheses derived about how the domain could be expected to evolve, and the argument advanced is contrasted with alternatives; second, in a section ‘Judicial Governance and Market‐Building’, the emergence is tracked of the basic doctrinal framework (the Dassonville framework) governing the domain, an analysis made of the aggregate data on adjudication in the sector, and the impact traced of the European Court of Justice's case law on the decision‐making of other actors, including the European Commission and Member State governments; third, the mutation of the framework that occurred in the 1990s is discussed – an event that was heavily conditioned by the endogenous development of the law itself; the chapter concludes with an assessment of the findings in light of the pertinent scholarly debates about the impact of the European legal system on the greater course of market‐building and political integration.
Environmental Protection
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec
Published: March 2005

An examination is made of the emergence and institutionalization of a new policy domain for the European Community (EC): environmental protection – a domain that did not exist before the signing of the Single European Act (SEA) of 1985, when the Member States formally recognized the EC's legislative authority in the field, and the strengthening of these competences in 1992 by the Treaty of European Union and in 1997 by the Treaty of Amsterdam. Partly owing to lack of Treaty basis, and partly because of factors to be discussed in this chapter, the influence of the legal system on the development of the EC's policy has not been as pervasive as it has been for the main categories of law and policy established under the original Rome Treaty. The first section, ‘The Policy Domain’ provides a brief overview of the evolution of environmental protection as a supranational field of governance. The second focuses on the attempts of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to manage the relationship between freedom of trade (free movement of goods) and the EC's environmental policies, showing that this case law served to legitimize the EC's competences in the field before the SEA. The third section assesses the Court's interactions with the EC legislator and the Member States from the perspective of delegation theory, examining both what happens when the ECJ acts as a trustee of the Treaty, and when it functions as an agent of the legislator, i.e. when it is asked to resolve disputes about the meaning of provisions contained in EC statutes; no evidence was found that the ECJ regularly defers to the interests of powerful Member States, rather, it has pursued the ‘Community's interest’, broadly conceived, even when engaging in routine statutory interpretation.
RNA Interference of Soybean Isoflavone Synthase Genes Leads to Silencing in Tissues Distal to the Transformation Site and to Enhanced Susceptibility to Phytophthora sojae
Authors: Subramanian Senthil , Graham Madge Y. , Yu Oliver , Graham Terrence L.
Published: March 2005

Isoflavones are thought to play diverse roles in plant-microbe interactions and are also potentially important to human nutrition and medicine. Isoflavone synthase (IFS) is a key enzyme for the formation of the isoflavones. Here, we examined the consequences of RNAi silencing of genes for this enzyme in soybean (Glycine max). Soybean cotyledon tissues were transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes carrying an RNAi silencing construct designed to silence expression of both copies of IFS genes. Approximately 50% of emerging roots were transformed with the RNAi construct, and most transformed roots exhibited >95% silencing of isoflavone accumulation. Silencing of IFS was also demonstrated throughout the entire cotyledon (in tissues distal to the transformation site) both by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of isoflavones and by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. This distal silencing led to a nearly complete suppression of mRNA accumulation for both the IFS1 and IFS2 genes and of isoflavone accumulations induced by wounding or treatment with the cell wall glucan elicitor from Phytophthora sojae. Preformed isoflavone conjugates were not reduced in distal tissues, suggesting little turnover of these stored isoflavone pools. Distal silencing was established within just 5 d of transformation and was highly efficient for a 3- to 4-d period, after which it was no longer apparent in most experiments. Silencing of IFS was effective in at least two genotypes and led to enhanced susceptibility to P. sojae, disrupting both R gene-mediated resistance in roots and nonrace-specific resistance in cotyledon tissues. The soybean cotyledon system, already a model system for defense signal-response and cell-to-cell signaling, may provide a convenient and effective system for functional analysis of plant genes through gene silencing.
Object Onset and Parvocellular Guidance of Attentional Allocation
Authors: Cole Geoff G. , Kentridge Robert W. , Heywood Charles A.
Published: March 2005

The parvocellular visual pathway in the primate brain is known to be involved with the processing of color. However, a subject of debate is whether an abrupt change in color, conveyed via this pathway, is capable of automatically attracting attention. It has been shown that the appearance of new objects defined solely by color is indeed capable of modulating attention. However, given evidence suggesting that the visual system is particularly sensitive to new onsets, it is unclear to what extent such results reflect effects of color change per se, rather than effects of object onset. We assessed attentional capture by color change that occurred as a result of either new objects appearing or already-present “old” objects changing color. Results showed that although new object onsets accrued attention, changing the color of old objects did not. We conclude that abrupt color change per se is not sufficient to capture attention.
Low Self-Esteem Is Related to Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Delinquency
Authors: Donnellan M. Brent , Trzesniewski Kali H. , Robins Richard W. , Moffitt Terrie E. , Caspi Avshalom
Published: March 2005

The present research explored the controversial link between global self-esteem and externalizing problems such as aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. In three studies, we found a robust relation between low self-esteem and externalizing problems. This relation held for measures of self-esteem and externalizing problems based on self-report, teachers' ratings, and parents' ratings, and for participants from different nationalities (United States and New Zealand) and age groups (adolescents and college students). Moreover, this relation held both cross-sectionally and longitudinally and after controlling for potential confounding variables such as supportive parenting, parent-child and peer relationships, achievement-test scores, socioeconomic status, and IQ. In addition, the effect of self-esteem on aggression was independent of narcissism, an important finding given recent claims that individuals who are narcissistic, not low in self-esteem, are aggressive. Discussion focuses on clarifying the relations among self-esteem, narcissism, and externalizing problems.
Identification of galanin receptor 1 on excitatory motor neurons in the guinea pig ileum
Authors: Anselmi L. , Cervio E. , Guerrini S. , Vicini R. , Agazzi A. , Dellabianca A. , Reeve J. R. , Tonini M. , Sternini C.
Published: March 2005

Abstract  Exogenously administered galanin inhibits cholinergic transmission to the longitudinal muscle and reduces peristaltic efficiency in the guinea pig ileum with a mechanism partially mediated by galanin receptor 1 (GAL‐R1). We investigated the effect of exogenous galanin 1–16, which has high affinity for GAL‐R1, on the ascending excitatory reflex of the circular muscle elicited by radial distension in isolated segments of guinea pig ileum. We used a three‐compartment bath that allows dissecting the ascending pathway into the oral (site of excitatory motor neurons), intermediate (site of ascending interneurons) and caudal compartment (site of intrinsic primary afferent neurons). Galanin 1–16 (0.3–3 μmol L−1) applied to the oral compartment inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner the ascending excitatory reflex elicited by the wall distension in the caudal compartment. This effect was antagonized by the GAL‐R1 antagonist, RWJ‐57408 (1 and 10 μmol L−1). By contrast, galanin 1–16 was ineffective when added to the intermediate or caudal compartment up to 3 μmol L−1. GAL‐R1 immunoreactive neurons did not contain neuron‐specific nuclear protein, a marker for intrinsic primary afferent neurons. These findings indicate that GAL‐R1s are present on motor neurons responsible for the ascending excitatory reflex, but not on ascending interneurons and intrinsic primary afferent neurons.
Flow across the gastro‐esophageal junction: lessons from the sleeve sensor on the nature of anti‐reflux barrier
Authors: Mittal R. K. , Liu J.
Published: March 2005

Abstract  The principles of fluid flow are critical to the understanding of flow across the gastro‐esophageal (GE) junction or gastro‐esophageal reflux. The mechanism by which sleeve sensor measures lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure is also based on the principle of fluid flow across the GE junction and can provide important insights into the nature of anti‐reflux barrier. We present arguments regarding the role of the length of LES, intra‐abdominal length of the LES, flap valve at the GE junction and the angle of His on the strength of anti‐reflux barrier. Our conclusion is that in the presence of normal anatomy of the GE junction (absence of hiatus hernia) the pressure at the GE junction is the most important determinant of the strength of anti‐reflux barrier.
Does gene therapy become pharmacotherapy?
Authors: Morishita Ryuichi , Aoki Motokuni , Ogihara Toshio
Published: March 2005

Recent progress in molecular and cellular biology has led to the development of numerous effective cardiovascular drugs. However, there are still a number of diseases for which no known effective therapy exists, such as peripheral arterial disease, ischaemic heart disease, restenosis after angioplasty, and vascular bypass graft occlusion. Currently, gene therapy is emerging as a potential strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease despite its limitations. The first human trial in gene therapy for cardiovascular disease was started at 1994 to treat peripheral vascular disease using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Then, many different potent angiogenic growth factors were tested in clinical trials to treat peripheral arterial disease and ischaemic heart disease. Improvement of clinical symptoms in peripheral arterial disease and ischaemic heart disease has been reported. This review focuses on the future potential of gene therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In the future, gene therapy might become a real pharmacotherapy to treat cardiovascular disease.
Determination of ultraviolet sensor location for sensor set-point monitoring using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Ducoste Joel , Linden Karl
Published: March 2005

A study was performed to investigate the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with a fluence rate model to determine ultraviolet (UV) sensor placement for a "set point" monitoring approach to UV reactor operation. Simulations were performed in a two-lamp closed conduit reactor using two fluence rate models: RADial line source integration (RAD-LSI) and multiple segment source summation (MSSS). In addition, simulations were performed assuming first order inactivation kinetics with two rate constants representing a high UV sensitive and a low UV sensitive microorganism. The optimal sensor location was determined by calculating the linearity of the reduction equivalent fluence (REF) as a function of the local fluence rate regardless of the UV transmissivity (UVT). Results showed that a small range of possible locations exist where the sensor can be placed to achieve a single REF for each fluence rate value. However, the predicted optimal location was a function of the selected fluence rate model and the target microorganism. The determination of the sensor location for sensor set point monitoring should be performed with the MSSS approach, which includes refraction, reflection, shadowing, and sensor characteristics. Moreover, simulations performed with the more resistant microorganism produced a narrower spatial range of optimal sensor locations than with the less resistant microorganism. Key words: model, CFD, UV disinfection, monitoring, fluence rate.
Using a mathematical fluence rate model to estimate the sensor readings in a multi-lamp ultraviolet reactor
Authors: Bolton James R , Wright Harold , Rokjer David
Published: March 2005

Most ultraviolet (UV) reactors are equipped with UV sensors that monitor the fluence rate or irradiance at given positions in a UV reactor. In this paper, the mathematics are developed for how to calculate an estimated sensor reading for given conditions of lamp power, lamp efficiency, coordinates of the reactor, quartz sleeves and lamps, and water quality parameters (e.g., percent transmittance) using a multiple segment summation model for the fluence rate distribution in a UV reactor. An example is presented of a 72 lamp UV reactor, and the estimated sensor readings agree well with the experimental values for three different percent transmittance values at 254 nm. Key words: UV sensors, irradiance, fluence rate, UV reactors, modeling, transmittance.