bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What's in a Trend? A Comment on Gray, Goldstein and Thomas (2001), ‘Predicting the Future: The role of past performance in determining trends in institutional effectiveness at A level’
Authors: PUGH GEOFF , MANGAN JEAN
Published: May 2004

Gray et al. (British Educational Research Journal, 27, 2001, p. 391) present evidence that ‘predicting future “value added” performance from past trends is unreliable’. This note argues that the authors treat the notion of trend in an unproblematic manner; namely, as deterministic time trends. Yet the movements in the data identified by the authors as school improvement trends may not be generated by the deterministic process they assume. Instead, these upward and downward movements may reflect a purely stochastic (i.e. random) process or, at least, a process that allows for both stochastic and deterministic elements. In either case, once we treat the notion of trend as problematic, we have to allow for the possibility of a purely random element in school improvement data that is greater than even the authors suggest. Accordingly, the implications of this discussion enhance rather than detract from the authors' findings on the weakness of improvement trajectories and the unreliability of using them to predict future results.
Of Trends and Trajectories: Searching for patterns in school improvement
Authors: GRAY JOHN , GOLDSTEIN HARVEY , THOMAS SALLY
Published: May 2004

The article builds on earlier research suggesting that it is fairly difficult to extrapolate current trends in school performance into the future (see Gray, Goldstein & Thomas, British Educational Research Journal, 27, 2001). It explores two areas of research on school improvement which have, to date, received relatively little attention—trends in performance over time and the incidence of time‐lagged phenomena. In responding to a critique by Pugh and Mangan (2002), it suggests that, whilst of interest, time‐trend analyses favoured by economists may be less useful than other forms of analysis which search for consistent patterns over shorter periods of time. Some strategies for thinking about their identification are put forward. The implications of these approaches for target‐setting and related exercises, which are premised on linear assumptions about school improvement, are also discussed.
Constructing Images of Ourselves? A Critical Investigation into ‘Approaches to Learning’ Research in Higher Education
Authors: HAGGIS TAMSIN
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on the surprising lack of critique in the pedagogical literatures of higher education in relation to the use of ideas surrounding deep and surface approaches to learning. The article explores problems with the assumed relationships between ‘conceptions of learning’, ‘perceptions of the learning environment’, ‘approaches to learning’ and ‘learning outcomes’, and suggests that whilst the model may be successful in creating a generalised description of the ‘elite’ goals and values of academic culture, it says surprisingly little about the majority of students in a mass system. After exploring research in the area of academic literacies as an alternative approach to understanding student learning, it is suggested that higher education is going to have to find new ways of conceptualising its core values and activities if it is to become truly accessible to the widest possible range of ‘lifelong learners’.
Evaluating the Implications of Complex Interprofessional Education for Improvements in Collaborative Practice: A multidimensional model
Authors: DE BERE SAMANTHA REGAN
Published: May 2004

This article questions the notion that interprofessional education necessarily leads to interprofessional learning and improved collaborative practice, and argues in favour of evaluation that sets out to examine these issues. It outlines some of the key theoretical and methodological debates that currently inform potential evaluation models, and seeks to illustrate their relevance by outlining their incorporation into the development of an existing evaluation of a programme of interprofessional education. To demonstrate how this design ‘works’, the article also offers some selected findings, relating these specifically to the methodological issues previously presented.
Whatever Next? Education Policy and New Labour: The first four years, 1997‐2001
Authors: Phillips Robert , Harper‐Jones Gill
Published: May 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

New Labour's Policies for Schools: Raising the Standard? Jim Docking (Ed.)

Taking Education Really Seriously Michael Fielding (Ed.)

Schools Achieving Success (White Paper) Department for Education And Skills

The Learning Country (Paving Document) National Assembly For Wales
Tracking and Mixed‐ability Grouping in Secondary School Mathematics Classrooms: A case study1
Authors: VENKATAKRISHNAN HAMSA , WILIAM DYLAN
Published: May 2004

This article reports the findings of a retrospective study of ‘tracked’ grouping in a mathematics department in a co‐educational comprehensive school in Greater London. Tracking consisted here of just two tracks, a ‘fast track’ for the top 25‐30% of a cohort, and a ‘mixed track’ for the remainder. The article outlines the reasons for introducing tracking and explores its effects through interviews with teachers and data on the progress of students from age 14 to age 16. The teachers reported that tracking impacted differently on different students, and this is borne out by the quantitative data. It was not possible to provide for ‘setting’ across all the mathematics classrooms in the focal cohort, and therefore one mixed‐ability class was created. The use of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models shows that fast‐track students were not significantly advantaged by their placement in these tracks, but the progress of students in the mixed‐ability group showed a significant interaction between progress and prior attainment, with placement in the mixed‐ability group conferring a significant advantage on lower attaining students, while the disadvantage to higher attaining students was much smaller.
Access to Higher Education and Disadvantaged Young People
Authors: FORSYTH ALASDAIR , FURLONG ANDY
Published: May 2004

This article will highlight the difficulties faced by qualified but disadvantaged young people in accessing higher education. This is an issue which has strong implications for education policy, economic efficiency and social justice. Over the past two decades, despite large increases in overall access to higher education, the gap in level of participation between the most affluent and most disadvantaged school‐leavers has remained intact. This article will examine patterns of educational attrition amongst less affluent young people, who gain sufficient qualifications to enter higher education. In other words, in order to redress the imbalance in the uptake of places in higher education, this article will distinguish between the factors which qualify young people to access university and those which predispose them to participate. A range of factors (barriers) which impacted upon levels of participation in higher education was found. Access to higher education was primarily dictated by level of school achievement, although this in turn was found to be a function of disadvantage. Furthermore, some qualified but disadvantaged young people forwent the opportunity to enter higher education on leaving school, while others enrolled in less advanced courses, for reasons other than academic ability.
Toxicologic Pathology: Looking Ahead
Authors: Schwetz Bernard A.
Published: May 2004

The field of toxicologic pathology is being impacted, as are other fields of science and medicine, by rapid transitions to take advantage of new science and technology. The new technology represents great opportunities to advance our understanding of toxicology and pathology to exciting new levels, but it also poses new challenges. We must be seriously engaged in that transition to assure that the outcome reflects the knowledge and discipline that are hallmarks of today's decision-making process in areas of product development and approval. New expertise will be required to deal with new issues. How well and how rapidly we adapt as the field moves from “... icities” to “ ... omics” will, at least in part, determine the role of toxicologic pathologists in the product development and approval processes of the future.
The State of the Art of the Zebrafish Model for Toxicology and Toxicologic Pathology Research—Advantages and Current Limitations
Authors: Spitsbergen Jan M. , Kent Michael L.
Published: May 2004

The zebrafish (Danio rerio ) is now the pre-eminent vertebrate model system for clarification of the roles of specific genes and signaling pathways in development. The zebrafish genome will be completely sequenced within the next 1—2 years. Together with the substantial historical database regarding basic developmental biology, toxicology, and gene transfer, the rich foundation of molecular genetic and genomic data makes zebrafish a powerful model system for clarifying mechanisms in toxicity. In contrast to the highly advanced knowledge base on molecular developmental genetics in zebrafish, our database regarding infectious and noninfectious diseases and pathologic lesions in zebrafish lags far behind the information available on most other domestic mammalian and avian species, particularly rodents. Currently, minimal data are available regarding spontaneous neoplasm rates or spontaneous aging lesions in any of the commonly used wild-type or mutant lines of zebrafish. Therefore, to fully utilize the potential of zebrafish as an animal model for understanding human development, disease, and toxicology we must greatly advance our knowledge on zebrafish diseases and pathology.
Immune Modulator Studies in Primates: The Utility of Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry in the Identification and Characterization of Immunotoxicity
Authors: Lappin P.B. , Black L.E.
Published: May 2004

Exposure to natural environmental products, biopharmaceuticals, or investigational adjuvants has the potential to negatively impact the immune system, resulting in either up- or downregulation of immune function (immunomodulation). Many current protocols for primate toxicologic testing call for the evaluation of changes in immune cell number (peripheral blood or tissue), alterations in the weights of immune system organs (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus), and/or increases in the overall incidence of infections or neoplasms; these data are relied upon to suggest altered immune function. However, these are informative only when clear differences in frequency and/or severity of effects can be distinguished across control and dosed groups. In the absence of such distinct morphologic or clinical pathologic changes, the identification of potential immunomodulatory effects can present a much greater challenge. Additional evaluations may be needed to detect altered immune system integrity; these are based on in vivo assessments in primates of cellular or humoral responsiveness. Immunomodulatory effects can be characterized by in vitro or in vivo immune function tests; these tests require prestudy planning to integrate assessments into ongoing toxicology programs. These methods also involve specialized training and equipment, particularly if the intent is to evaluate parameters in a GLP laboratory setting. In primate toxicology, the added costs required to perform a complete functional analysis of the immune system can be substantial, but may be warranted depending on the clinical development plans. Two analytical methods that are easily incorporated into the standard toxicology profile in primates are flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry (FC) is used to assess changes in the relative distribution of immune cell marker expression, and where marker expression is known to fluctuate with the state of cell activation, can also provide information on functional attributes of immune cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides a means to evaluate similar characteristics of immune cells within tissue sections. Used together, FC and IHC can aid in the identification of changes in immune system that may not be apparent by traditional testing procedures (such as H&E staining), thus aiding in the characterization of immune system alterations. This presentation focused on the utility of flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in a standard primate toxicology evaluation, with representative examples showing the benefits of these technologies in the diagnosis of potential immunomodulatory effects.
Oligodeoxynucleotide Studies in Primates: Antisense and Immune Stimulatory Indications
Authors: Farman Cindy A. , Kornbrust Doug J.
Published: May 2004

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide compounds (AS ODN) are being developed as therapeutics for various disease indications. Their safety and pharmacokinetics are most commonly evaluated in rodents and nonhuman primates. Traditional AS ODN are short, single strands of DNA, and they target specific mRNA sequences. Plasma clearance of AS ODN is rapid, broad tissue distribution occurs, and elimination is by nuclease metabolism. Structural modifications to AS ODN have been made to enhance their efficacy and improve their safety. A number of class effects are observed with AS ODN that are unrelated to the specific targeted mRNA sequence. Acute effects include activation of the alternative complement pathway and inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. In monkeys, rodents, and dogs given repeated doses of AS ODN, accumulation of AS ODN and/or metabolites occurs in the form of basophilic granules in various tissues, including the kidney, lymph nodes and liver. A new potential therapeutic application of ODN is that of immune stimulation. Immunostimulatory ODN (IS ODN) are being investigated for use in treating cancer, infectious disease, and allergy. For the development of both AS and IS ODN, primates will continue to be important for safety assessment.
The Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a Model in Toxicology
Authors: Zühlke U. , Weinbauer G.
Published: May 2004

The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is the smallest nonhuman primate commonly used in biomedical research. Marmoset characteristics and propensities have enabled them to be used in a wide range of research as a model of human disease, physiology, drug metabolism, general toxicology, and reproductive biology. This paper provides a general overview of the marmoset with special emphasis on the benefits and disadvantages of this species as a model for inclusion in preclinical drug development programmes. In view of its small size in comparison with other nonrodent species marmosets have become of value for toxicology studies with biotechnology products where compound supply is limited. In general toxicology studies, marmosets have been successfully used to meet regulatory endpoints also for specific investigatory purposes. The widespread use of this species has allowed extensive background information to become available and a summary of the most frequently measured parameters are presented. Marmosets apparently represent an interesting animal model for comparative research on primate reproductive physiology. However, several basic aspects of reproductive processes exhibit cardinal discrepancies to those described for macaques and human. Thus, from the viewpoint of reproductive toxicology, the relevance of the marmoset primate model for human reproduction remains unclear to date and further research is obviously needed. Given our current knowledge of marmoset reproductive features, the use of this animal model cannot be recommended for reproductive toxicology assessment.
Toxicology and New Social Ethics for Animals
Authors: Rollin Bernard E.
Published: May 2004

The issue of animal treatment has emerged as a major social concern over the past three decades. This ramified in a new ethic for animal treatment that goes beyond concern about cruelty and attempts to eliminate animal pain and suffering, whatever its source. This is evidenced by laws governing animal research in many countries. Insofar as toxicology can entail significant and prolonged animal suffering, it is at loggerheads with this new ethic. Ways are suggested for the toxicological community to put itself in harmony with the ethic and thereby preserve its autonomy.
Myelodysplasia: Differentiating Neoplastic from Nonneoplastic Syndromes of Ineffective Hematopoiesis in Dogs
Authors: Blue Julia T.
Published: May 2004

In the context of human hematopathology, the terms myelodysplasia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are applied to disorders of hematopoiesis that are clonal, neoplastic, and, in most forms, manifested as ineffective hematopoiesis with characteristic morphologic abnormalities in multiple cell lines. Studies of human patients have provided the conceptual framework that MDS evolve from a multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (CFU-GEMM) that has undergone neoplastic transformation as the result of acquired genetic mutations. The diagnosis of MDS in human patients is based largely on morphologic examination of marrow but can be confirmed by detection of cytogenetic abnormalities. Spontaneous, neoplastic myelodysplasia occurs in dogs, but rarely. Nonneoplastic syndromes of ineffective hematopoiesis are more common in dogs, can resemble MDS, and are probably immune mediated in many cases. Drugs and their metabolites are potential causes of dysmorphic maturation and ineffective hematopoiesis. Without methods to confirm clonality by cytogenetic analysis, the diagnosis of neoplastic myelodysplasia in dogs is based on light microscopic examination of bone marrow smears. This paper discusses and illustrates the characteristic morphologic and cytochemical features of neoplastic myelodysplasia and nonneoplastic ineffective hematopoiesis in dogs.
A Primer of Primate Pathology: Lesions and Nonlesions
Authors: Lowenstine Linda J.
Published: May 2004

Nonhuman primates are important laboratory animals for biomedical, pharmacology, and toxicology research. To effectively use primates as models, their gross and histologic anatomy, physiology and natural history, as well as common health problems and the source from which the primate is obtained, must be known and understood by pathologists involved in study design and/or interpretation. The first very important lesson in the “primer” is: there is no such thing as a generic monkey. Brand names (ie, species and subspecies) are important. Several taxonomic groups of primates are used in research including: prosimians, such as galagos and lemurs; New World monkeys, particularily marmosets; Old World monkeys, especially macaques and baboons; and the chimpanzee, an African ape. Differences between taxa are exemplified by the glucocorticoid resistance of New World monkeys compared to Old World monkeys, which results in the requirement for Vitamin D3 and their high circulating levels of steroids such as cortisone and progesterone. Differences in ovarian histology between Old and New World monkeys probably relate to steroid receptor biology as well. There are also variations in disease manifestations, even among closely related primate species such as rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (cynos). For example type D retrovirus infection is accompanied by lymphomas in cynos, but not rhesus. The second important lesson in this “primer” is: “not test article related” does not always mean “normal.” Lymphoid nodules in bone marrow or salivary gland, a common background finding in macaques, often signal the presence of type D retrovirus. Other histologic changes and normal anatomic variations may be confusing to individuals not routinely examining primate tissues. The objective of this paper is to familiarize pathologists with the use of primates in research as well as lesions and nonlesions (normal anatomy or physiology) of primates that may influence study design and confound interpretation.
Persistent Poverty and the Failure of Area-Based Initiatives in the U.S.
Authors: Modarres Ali
Published: May 2004

Recent poverty statistics in the U.S. have raised fundamental questions regarding the effectiveness of anti-poverty programs over the last four decades. While discussing the historical backdrop against which many of the area-based initiatives were designed, this paper provides an analysis of changes in poverty rates in the U.S., particularly in California and Los Angeles County. The findings suggest that the changing nature of poverty, including its spatial diffusion over the last three decades, may require alternatives to the reemerging spatial targeting practices of centrist governments in the U.S. and the U.K.
Distinct Subsystems for the Parafoveal Processing of Spatial and Linguistic Information during Eye Fixations in Reading
Authors: Inhoff Albrecht W. , Radach Ralph , Eiter Brianna M. , Juhasz Barbara
Published: May 2004

Two experiments examined readers’ use of parafoveally obtained word length information for word recognition. Both experiments manipulated the length (number of constituent characters) of a parafoveally previewed target word so that it was either accurately or inaccurately specified. In Experiment 1, previews also either revealed or denied useful orthographic information. In Experiment 2, parafoveal targets were either high- or low-frequency words. Eye movement contingent display changes were used to show the intact target upon its fixation. Examination of target viewing duration showed completely additive effects of word length previews and of ortho-graphic previews in Experiment 1, viewing duration being shorter in the accurate-length and the orthographic preview conditions. Experiment 2 showed completely additive effects of word length and word frequency, target viewing being shorter in the accurate-length and the high-frequency conditions. Together these results indicate that functionally distinct subsystems control the use of parafoveally visible spatial and linguistic information in reading. Parafoveally visible spatial information appears to be used for two distinct extralinguistic computations: visual object selection and saccade specification.
The Role of Text Representation in Students’ Ability to Identify Fallacious Arguments
Authors: Neuman Yair , Weizman Erez
Published: May 2004

Informal reasoning fallacies are arguments that, though they may seem persuasive, are not valid. The psychological aspect of informal reasoning fallacies, specifically the identification of factors that influence students’ ability to identify fallacies, has not been the subject of empirical study. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that subjects’ ability to identify fallacious arguments is associated with the representation of the argumentative text in the cognitive system. In the first experiment, we tested the hypothesis through a recall task. In the second experiment, we tested the hypothesis through a classification task. The results of the experiments confirm the research hypothesis and point to the role of argumentative structures in argumentation tasks.
Contribution of Somesthetic Information to the Perception of Body Orientation in the Pitch Dimension
Authors: Bringoux Lionel , Nougier Vincent , Marin Ludovic , Barraud Pierre-Alain , Raphel Christian
Published: May 2004

This study investigated the contribution of otolithic and somesthetic inputs in the perception of body orientation when pitching at very slow velocities. In Experiment 1, the subjects’ task was to indicate their subjective postural vertical, in two different conditions of body restriction, starting from different angles of body tilt. In the “strapped” condition, subjects were attached onto a platform by means of large straps. In the “body cast” condition, subjects were completely immobilized in a depressurized system, which attenuates gravity-based somesthetic cues. Results showed that the condition of body restriction and the initial tilt largely influenced the subjective postural vertical. In Experiment 2, subjects were displaced from a vertical position and had to detect the direction of body tilts. Results showed that the threshold for the perception of body tilt was higher when subjects were immobilized in the body cast and when they were tilted backward. Experiment 3 replicated the same protocol from a supine starting position. Compared to results of Experiment 2, the threshold for the perception of body tilt decreased significantly. Overall, these data suggested that gravity-based somesthetic cues are more informative than otolithic cues for the perception of a quasi-static body orientation.
Efficiency of Grip Force Adjustments for Impulsive Loading during Imposed and Actively Produced Collisions
Authors: Delevoye-Turrell Y. N. , Li F.-X. , Wing A. M.
Published: May 2004

During object manipulation, both predictive feedforward and reactive feedback mechanisms are available to adjust grip force (GF) levels to compensate for the destabilizing effects of load force changes. During collisions, load force increases impulsively(
Oculomotor Control and the Maintenance of Spatially and Temporally Distributed Events in Visuo-Spatial Working Memory
Authors: Pearson David , Sahraie Arash
Published: May 2004

Previous studies have demonstrated that working memory for spatial location can be significantly disrupted by concurrent eye or limb movement (Baddeley, 1986; Smyth, Pearson, & Pendleton, 1988). Shifts in attention alone can also interfere with spatial span (Smyth & Scholey, 1994), even with no corresponding movement of the eyes or limbs (Smyth, 1996). What is not clear from these studies is how comparable is the magnitude of effect caused by different forms of spatial disrupter. Recently, it has been demonstrated that limb movements produce as much interference with spatial span as do reflexive saccades (Lawrence, Myerson, Oonk, & Abrams, 2001). In turn this has led to the hypothesis that all spatially directed movement can produce similar effects in visuo-spatial working memory. This paper reports the results of five experiments that have contrasted the effect of concurrent eye movement, limb movement, and covert attention shifts on participants’ working memory for sequences of locations. All conditions involving concurrent eye movement produced significantly greater reduction in span than equivalent limb movement or covert attention shifts with eyes fixated. It is argued that these results demonstrate a crucial role for oculomotor control processes during the rehearsal of location-specific representations in working memory.
Attentional Focus on Suprapostural Tasks Affects Balance Learning
Authors: Wulf Gabriele , Weigelt Matthias , Poulter Damian , McNevin Nancy
Published: May 2004

We examined whether the attentional focus induced by a suprapostural task has an influence on the learning of a dynamic balance task. Participants balanced on a stabilometer and were required to hold a tube horizontal with both hands. In Experiment 1, the tube contained a table tennis ball, whereas it was empty in Experiment 2. Participants were instructed to focus on either their hands (internal focus) or the tube (external focus). We measured balance performance as a function of attentional focus on the suprapostural task. Participants practised for 2 days, and on Day 3 they performed a retention test (with tube) and a transfer test (without tube). In both experiments, the external focus groups demonstrated more effective retention and transfer than the internal focus groups (and than the control group in transfer in Experiment 2). In addition, in Experiment 1 the external group was superior in keeping the tube horizontal. This suggests that the performer's attentional focus regarding the suprapostural task affects performance and learning not only of the suprapostural task itself, but also of the postural task.
Recrystallization in a Hot Deformed Al‐Mg‐Si Alloy: The Effect of Fine Precipitates
Authors: De La Chapelle S. , Duval P.
Published: May 2004

The recrystallization of an Al‐Mg‐Si alloy deformed by plane strain compression at
400°C and 1 s-1 has been studied. Fine particles are found to have a significant influence
on the development of recrystallization textures. Annealing at 400°C, in the
presence of Al‐Fe‐Si particles located on boundaries, results in a weak recrystallization
texture. There is a clear indication that grain nucleation is associated with
abnormal subgrain growth. The occurrence of this recovery process is analyzed by
taking into account the particle pinning pressure and the orientation dependence of
boundary energy and mobility. The cube recrystallization texture observed after
annealing at 510°C is discussed in terms of the stability of Mg2Si and Al‐Fe‐Si precipitates.
Effective Elastic Properties of Textured Cubic Polycrystals
Authors: Mityushov E. A. , Berestova S. A. , Odintsova N. Yu.
Published: May 2004

A general scheme for the solution of problem of averaging elastic properties of textured polycrystals is suggested which is based on the algebraic methods of description of elastic properties.
Pole Figure Inversion Using Finite Elements Over Rodrigues Space
Authors: Barton Nathan R. , Boyce Donald E. , Dawson Paul R.
Published: May 2004

Using finite elements over Rodrigues space, methods are developed for the formation
and inversion of pole figures. The methods take advantage of the properties of
Rodrigues space, particularly the fact that geodesics corresponding to pole figure projection
paths are straight lines. Both discrete and continuous pole figure data may be
inverted to obtain orientation distribution functions (ODFs) in Rodrigues space, and
we include sample applications for both types of data.
The Concept of Magnetic Mineral Separation by Particle Rotation
Authors: Allen N. R.
Published: May 2004

At present all magnetic separators use particle attraction as the separating criterion.
Differences in magnetic susceptibility then determine whether or not two mineral
particles can be magnetically separated. Some separators, such as the Magstream separator,
have gone a step further and combined magnetic attraction with particle specific
gravity.

Mineral particles have a second, largely ignored, magnetic property that can be
used as a separating criterion, and this property is particle rotation. Particle rotation
applies mainly to ferromagnetic minerals, and therefore separation by magnetic particle
rotation is practical only for ferromagnetic particles or particles with ferromagnetic
inclusions.

Particle rotation separation, in which particles are separated only if they can be
magnetically rotated, is not a replacement for conventional magnetic attraction separation.
Rotation separation is intended for applications where there are two different
minerals with different magnetic anisotropy, or where compositional differences
within the one mineral species lead to differing magnetic anisotropies.

Particle rotation separation has applications in diamond exploration where it allows
the magnetic concentration of indicator minerals, and in mineral sands separation
where it can provide high ilmenite recoveries with very low chrome content.
The Effect of Magnetic Susceptibility on The Motion of Particles in A Ferrohydrostatic Separator
Authors: Murariu V. , Svoboda J.
Published: May 2004

Separation in magnetic fluids is a sink‐and‐float technique based on the generalised
Archimedes law whereby, in addition to the conventional force of gravity, a magnetically
induced force acts on the fluid. Since this density‐based process takes place in a nonuniform
magnetic field, magnetic properties of the material to be separated also play
a role. The objective of this study is to derive an equation of motion of a non‐magnetic
particle in a magnetised magnetic fluid and to solve this equation analytically so that
particle trajectories could be derived. Furthermore, the magnetic susceptibility of
magnetisable particles is taken into account by means of the effective density of the
particle. This effective density is the sum of the physical (true) density of the particle
and the density associated with the interaction of the particle with the external
non‐homogeneous magnetic field. A criterion for the accuracy of separation in the
form of threshold mass magnetic susceptibility is obtained. This criterion is then verified
experimentally.
Electrostatic Separation of the Shredded Plastic Mixtures Using A Tribo‐Cyclone
Authors: Dodbiba G. , Shibayama A. , Miyazaki T. , Fujita T.
Published: May 2004

In this experimental work, artificial plastic mixture of two kinds of components (i.e. PET
and PE mixture) is tribo‐electrostatically separated. The mixture is charged by friction in
a tribo‐cyclone.

After a certain residence time inside the tribo‐cyclone, the charged plastic flakes fall
down freely through a horizontal electric field into collection bins. The DC electric
field of up to 333 kV/m is created by using two plate electrodes made of Cu and
having a given cross‐section configuration. The plastic flakes of the mixture are drawn
to either positive or negative electrode according to the polarity of the charge and are
separated by falling into different bins. In order to ensure an easy and efficient separation,
the inner wall of the tribo‐cyclone is made of a suitable plastic material to improve
the frictional charging of the flakes. Each plastic component is separated with a grade
higher than 95% and recovery higher than 75%.
Development of A Continuous Chamber High‐Gradient Magnetic Separator With A Strong Field
Authors: Karmazin V. I. , Karmazin V. V. , Bardovskiy V. A. , Zamytskiy O. V.
Published: May 2004

High‐gradient magnetic separation in a strong field is essentially a periodic process. In
canister constructions it consists of separate operations, introduced by the electronic
processor, while in rotary constructions the process is continuous. The separators with
high capacity are very bulky, heavy and have massive rotors. All this reduces their
technical and economic viability. The continuous process of high‐gradient of separation
in a chambered construction is reviewed. "Magnetic slipping" of feebly magnetic particles
on prismatic elements of a matrix in the discharge zone utilized for the first time.
Eigenstructure of the equilateral triangle, Part II: The Neumann problem
Authors: McCartin Brian J.
Published: May 2004

Lame′s formulas for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Laplacian with Neumann boundary conditions on an equilateral triangle are derived using direct elementary mathematical techniques. They are shown to form a complete orthonormal system. Various properties of the spectrum and nodal lines are explored. Implications for related geometries are considered.
Performance analysis of ATM multiplexer with Bernoulli trafficsources
Authors: Chiang Shu-Yin
Published: May 2004

In this paper, we study the simplified models of the ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) multiplexer network with Bernoulli random traffic sources. Based on the model, the performance measures are analyzed by the different output service schemes.
Some results on stability of difference systems
Authors: Yang Xiao-Song , Zhou Ping
Published: May 2004

This paper presents some new results on existence and stability of equilibrium or periodic points for difference systems. First sufficient conditions of existence of asymptotically stable equilibrium point as well as the asymptotic stability of given equilibrium point are given for second order or delay difference systems. Then some similar results on existence of asymptotically stable periodic (equilibrium) points to general difference systems are presented.
Residencies in Addiction Psychiatry: 1990 to 2000, A Decade of Progress
Authors: Galanter Marc , Dermatis Helen , Calabrese DeeAnna
Published: May 2004

This article reviews the history and status of addiction psychiatry residencies based on surveys conducted in 1990 and again in 1999. The 19 of 38 approved programs in operation since 1990 filled more positions than those that were more recently accredited, but they were not significantly different in time allocated to respective clinical assignments or in salary support. Altogether, the programs provide a broad array of training sites (inpatient and outpatient, alcohol and other‐drug related) suitable for the diverse needs that graduates will encounter. There were, however, differences in the balance of time dedicated to research relative to patient care. Salaries were relatively modest and drawn from federal and local sources.
Etiology of Adolescent Substance Abuse: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Tarter Ralph E.
Published: May 2004

Approximately 5% of adolescents in the U.S. qualify for a diagnosis of substance use disorder (SUD). Low affect and behavior self‐regulation during child development interacting with family, peer and other ecological factors predisposes to substance use in adolescence. Maturational processes during adolescence, particularly involving the brain and reproductive system, exacerbate the low psychological self‐regulation evidenced during childhood to promote initiation of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) consumption. This discussion examines the etiology of ATOD abuse and SUD from a developmental perspective. The ramifications of a developmental perspective for clinical practice and social policy are also considered.
Clinical Characteristics of Under‐Reporters on Urine Drug Screens in a Cocaine Treatment Study
Authors: Myrick Hugh , Henderson Scott , Dansky Bonnie , Pelic Christine , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: May 2004

To explore the concordance between urine drug screen (UDS) results and self‐report of cocaine use, results in a pharmacologic treatment trial for cocaine dependence were evaluated. Subjects with at least two occurrences of a positive UDS for cocaine were characterized as either an under‐reporter (UR, n = 43) or a truthful reporter (TR, n = 32). Interestingly, URs attended more study sessions and were more likely to complete the study. Significant differences were found in cocaine use patterns and the prevalence of Axis I and Axis II disorders. This information may be important in guiding the judicious use of UDS in clinical and research settings.
Modified Directly Observed Therapy (MDOT) for Injection Drug Users with HIV Disease
Authors: McCance‐Katz Elinore F. , Gourevitch Marc N. , Arnsten Julia , Sarlo Julie , Rainey Petrie , Jatlow Peter
Published: May 2004

Injection drug use is an important factor in the spread of HIV infection, and strategies to enhance adherence to HIV therapeutics are critically important to controlling viral transmission and improving clinical outcomes. To this end, the authors sought (1) to enhance adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among methadone‐maintained injection drug users (IDUs) using modified directly observed therapy (MDOT), and (2) to define interactions between methadone and HAART and the potential contribution of drug interactions to adherence and HIV outcomes in this population. Adherence was explored here through a pilot, unblinded, 24‐week study in a methadone maintenance program in which simplified HAART (efavirenz and didanosine [once daily] and a second nucleoside [twice daily]) was administered 6 days/week by clinic staff to HIV‐infected IDUs (n = 5) with their methadone. Evening doses of riboflavin‐tagged nucleoside and one full day of medication weekly were given as take home doses. As a result of HAART administration, four of five participants with mean viral load at baseline of 105 copies/ml had undetectable viral load by 8 weeks of treatment (p = 043). Methadone area under the curve (AUC) decreased by 55% (p = 007) within 2 weeks of initiating this HAART regimen, and a mean methadone dose increase of 52%o was required. The authors conclude that MDOT is a promising intervention for the treatment of IDUs with HIV disease, though significant drug interactions must be monitored for carefully and rapidly addressed.
Effectiveness of High Versus Low Structure Individual Counseling for Substance Abuse
Authors: Gottheil Edward , Thornton Charles , Weinstein Stephen
Published: May 2004

Outcomes during treatment were compared for inner‐city drug‐dependent individuals randomly assigned to high‐structure, behaviorally‐oriented (HSB) or to low‐structure, facilitative (LSF) individual counseling. No group differences were found for symptom reduction, patient and counselor ratings of benefit, retention, or drug free urines. However, the more depressed and “helpless” clients showed significantly better control of substance use in HSB counseling, while the less depressed and helpless patients realized better control in LSF treatment. These results suggest that outcomes might be improved by matching patients to high‐ and low‐structure counseling based on their pretreatment levels of depression and learned helplessness.
Client Satisfaction with Three Therapies in the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: Results from Project MATCH
Authors: Donovan Dennis M. , Kadden Ronald M. , DiClemente Carlo C. , Carroll Kathleen M.
Published: May 2004

This study investigates client satisfaction with the three therapies for the treatment of alcohol dependence used in Project MATCH. Primary findings indicate that (1) clients receiving these therapies as aftercare were more satisfied than those receiving them as outpatients; (2) outpatients were less satisfied with Motivational Enhancement and Twelve‐Step therapies than with Cognitive‐Behavioral therapy; and (3) higher levels of satisfaction were associated with higher levels of therapy attendance, greater reductions in drinking during therapy, and better clinical status at the end of therapy. The results reflect the complexity of the relationship among treatment process, therapy outcome, and client satisfaction.
Features of Motion of Paramagnetic Particles Near the Equilibrium Points of the Work Zone of A Magnetic Separator
Authors: Mostyka Yu. S. , Karmazin V. I. , Shutov V. Yu. , Grebenyuk L. Z.
Published: May 2004

The oscillation of paramagnetic particles near the equilibrium point in the working
gap of a magnetic separator with cylindrical elements was considered. Using the results
of numeric calculation of a paramagnetic particle motion equation, the dependencies
of particle oscillation amplitude on main parameters (diameter and density of particle,
diameter of cylinder, carrying fluid velocity and viscosity, magnetic field strength and
magnetic susceptibility of particle) were investigated. For a various combination of
the parameters the relative time of particle motion was also calculated as a dependence
upon the trajectory displacement compared to limiting trajectory.
The Recovery and Life Cycle Assessment of Nickel Particles in A Multi‐Solenoid Open‐Gradient Magnetic Separator
Authors: Shibayama A. , Matsuda M. , Otsuki A. , Dodbiba G. , Fujita T. , Jeyadevan B. , Takahashi K.
Published: May 2004

The recovery of 87% and the grade of 30% of Ni from nickel tip capacitors were
achieved using a multi‐solenoid open‐gradient magnetic separator. A series of tests
under varying conditions, such as density of pulp, magnetic flux density, pH, etc.
have been studied. The experimental results of the purification tests were relaed to
the parameters investigated. Moreover, the LCA assessment suggested that the nickel
concentrate recovered by the open‐gradient magnetic separator can be re‐used as a raw
material in pyrometallurgy, aiming to reproduce the Ni capacitor.
Application of Permanent Dry High Intensity Magnetic Separation for the Processing of Spent FCC Catalyst
Authors: Leaper M. C. , Kingman S. W. , Seville J. P.K.
Published: May 2004

This paper discusses the application of permanent dry high intensity magnetic separation
to improve the efficiency of Fluidised Catalytic Cracking (FCC) systems used in oil
refining, causing preferential removal of deactivated (spent) catalyst from the process.
It was shown that this technique can provide efficient separation of spent catalyst
from fresh, despite some loss of fine particles. The effects of particle segregation
were also investigated, with both magnetic and nonmagnetic particles. Separation was
found to be particularly good for material above 90gm, but efficiency decreased
below this particle size. The paper concludes with recommendations for the implementation
of the technology.
Mineral Particle Rotation Measurements for Magnetic Rotation Separation
Authors: Allen N. R.
Published: May 2004

The quantities of magnetic susceptibility or magnetic moment can be used to determine
which minerals can be separated from what other minerals by magnetic attraction
separation. Now that magnetic rotation separation has been shown to be both possible
and practical, there is a need for a practical quantity to describe relative mineral rotation
strengths.

Such "rotation strength" quantities already exist in mineral physics, in forms such as
magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropy constants (or fields). Although these quantities
can be used as a guide to mineral particle rotational response to a rotating magnetic
field, they are not simple to understand or easy and cheap to measure for very small individual
particles, and do not include the effects of other dynamic magnetisation factors
such as domain wall velocities. Nor do they include particle inertia and particle shape
effects that are of practical concern in a magnetic rotation separation.

A practical quantity, the rotation index, can be defined in such a way that it includes
all of the above factors and more accurately predicts particle response in a magnetic
rotation separator. The rotation index is easily measured on individual particles as
small as 50 Ixm, with the same equipment used for magnetic rotation separation.

Measurements of rotation index on a population of particles can reveal much about
the ferromagnetic structures within the particles, and, used with measurements of magnetic
susceptibility, can predict the results of combinations of attraction and rotation
magnetic separations.
Sense of coherence - stability over time and relation to health, disease, and psychosocial changes in a general population: A longitudinal study
Authors: Nilsson Berit , Holmgren Lars , Stegmayr Birgitta , Westman Göran
Published: May 2004

Aims: To explore the stability of sense of coherence (SOC) over time in a normal population and to examine its relation to gender and psychosocial factors. Methods: The Northern Sweden MONICA Project population surveys were performed in 1994 and 1999. A cohort of 1,254 subjects participating in both surveys answered questions about experiences of disease, perceived health, marital status, psychosocial factors, and Antonovsky's SOC scale with 13 items. Results: The mean SOC score showed a decrease in the five-year follow-up and those with identified disease and the oldest age group (45 - 74 years) had the largest decrease of the SOC score. People with the lowest SOC scores in 1994 had the largest decrease during the period. Men and women shared a similar pattern regarding the decrease in SOC over time. The impact of individual social changes during the study period showed that both men and women who had experienced loss of perceived good health and high social support had the largest decrease. Furthermore, women seemed to be more affected by changes than men. Conclusions: We found that SOC was only stable for those with initially high levels of SOC. For other people, individual conditions and societal changes influenced their SOC. Further longitudinal studies in normal populations are needed to investigate the stability of SOC scores.