bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoring Aesthetics and Function in a Young Boy with Hypomature Amelogenesis Imperfecta: A Case Report
Authors: Ağaçkiran Engin , Tümen Emin Caner , Çelenk Sema , Bolgül Behiye , Atakul Fatma
Published: September 2010

Amelogenesis imperfecta has been described as a complex group of inherited conditions that disturbs the developing enamel structure and exists independent of any related systemic disorder. It is a rare dental disease but represents a great restorative challenge for dentists. A 12-year-old boy presented with sensitive, discolored, and mutilated teeth and decreased vertical dimension of occlusion. Direct composite resin restorations were applied to all teeth to modify the occlusion, to restore mild crowding, and to improve aesthetics. The 24-month recall examination revealed no pathology associated with the rehabilitation, and the patient's aesthetic and functional expectations were satisfied. The rehabilitation included multiple anterior and posterior composite resins to eliminate tooth sensitivity, improve the aesthetics and occlusion, and restore function.
Effectiveness of Mouth Washes on Streptococci in Plaque around Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Fard Behnam Khosravani , Ghasemi Mahmood , Rastgariyan Hossein , Sajjadi Seyed Hadi , Emami Houshang , Amani Masoomeh , Motamedi Mohammad Hosein Kalantar
Published: September 2010

Background and Purpose. Fixed orthodontics may be associated with accumulation of Mutans Streptococci (MS), enamel demineralization, and an increased number of carious lesions, predominantly in sites adjacent to brackets. This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Listerine, Oral-B, and Ortho-kin on the accumulation of MS in plaque around orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods A double-blind randomized cross-over clinical trial on 25 orthodontic patients, classified into 6 groups was done to assess MS in plaque and saliva with the side specific modified Strip-Mutans technique and the plaque (PI) was measured before and after rinsing using 3 types of commercial mouth-rinses. A washout period (3 weeks) was awaited between using each mouth-rinse and the data was analyzed via Wilcoxon and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests. Results. This study of 25 patients, 5 men and 20 women, with an average age of assessed the effectiveness of mouth-rinses on MS. Our results showed that Ortho-kin had a better effect than Oral-B and Listerine (). Ortho-kin also had better effects than Oral-B and Listerine on plaque accumulation ().
Conclusion. Ortho-kin showed better effects on decreasing MS and PI because it contained chlorhexidine.
Surface‐Supported Nanostructures Directed by Atomic‐ and Molecular‐Level Templates
Authors: Zhong Dingyong , Zhang Haiming , Chi Lifeng
Published: September 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Atomic‐ and Molecular‐Level Templates on Surfaces

Surface Reconstructions and Reconstruction‐Related Patterns

Si(111)‐7 × 7

Au(111)‐22 × √3 and the Herringbone Pattern

Cu(110)‐(2 × 1)
O
and the Stripe Pattern

Strain‐Relief Epitaxial Layers

Boron Nitride Nanomesh

Ag
/
Pt
(111)

Vicinal Surfaces

Vicinal
Au
(111) Surfaces

Surface‐Supported Organic Supramolecular Assemblies

Preparation Techniques

0‐
D
and 1‐
D
Nanostructures

2‐
D
Molecular Patterns

Porous Networks

Surface‐Supported Nanostructures Directed by Atomic‐Level Inorganic Templates

Reconstruction

Strain‐Relief Epitaxial Layers

Vicinal Surfaces

Surface‐Supported Nanostructures Directed by Supramolecular Assemblies

Polymerization

Polymerization of Diacetylenes

Polymerization by Electrochemical Methods

Polymerization by Thermal Activation

Host–Guest Systems

Molecular Template with Porous Networks

SAMs
of Functional Molecules

Two‐Dimensional Chiral Template

Summary and Outlook
Surface Microstructures and Nanostructures in Natural Systems
Authors: Sun Taolei , Jiang Lei
Published: September 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Surface Nanostructures and Special Wettability

Self‐Cleaning Effect on the Lotus Leaf

Multifunctional Surfaces of Insect Wings with a Self‐Cleaning Effect

The Anisotropic Dewetting Property on Plant Leaves

The Super Water‐Repellent Force of the Water Strider's Legs

Extraordinary Water‐Harvesting Ability of the Desert Beetle's Wings

Structure‐Related Special Optical Phenomena in Nature

Photonic Crystal Structures in Opal and Opal Analogues

Structural Colors in Biological Systems

The Directional Fluorescence Emission Property inPapilioButterflies

Super Anti‐Reflection Structures of Lepidopteran Eyes and Wings

Unusual Bright Whiteness in Ultrathin Beetle Scales

Photosensitivity in Brittlestar (Ophiuroidea)

The High Adhesive Force of Gecko Foot‐Hairs

Summary and Outlook
Faktoren für die Auswahl organischer Reaktionen in der medizinischen Chemie und die Anwendung dieser Reaktionen in Arrays (kleinen fokussierten Bibliotheken)
Authors: Cooper Tony W. J. , Campbell Ian B. , Macdonald Simon J. F.
Published: September 2010

Organische Synthesemethoden sind eine treibende Kraft für die Entwicklung niedermolekularer Wirkstoffe. Die große Mehrzahl der Medizinalchemiker erhält zu Beginn – entweder an einer Universität oder in der Industrie – eine Ausbildung in organischer Synthese. Das enorme Ausmaß der verfügbaren Synthesemethoden ist eine schier unerschöpfliche Quelle für Innovationen. Doch welche Reaktionen nutzen Medizinalchemiker bei der Wirkstoff‐Forschung? Und welche Kriterien legen sie bei der Auswahl von Synthesemethoden zugrunde? Warum sind Arrays (kleine, fokussierte Bibliotheken) bei der Optimierung von Leitstrukturen so wirkungsvoll? In diesem Kurzaufsatz wollen wir versuchen, Antworten auf einige dieser Fragen zu geben. Außerdem wollen wir beschreiben, wie wir die Zahl der robusten Reaktionen für die medizinische Chemie zu erweitern versucht haben.
F.W. Bessel (1825): The calculation of longitude and latitude from geodesic measurements
Authors: Karney C.F.F. , Deakin R.E.
Published: September 2010

This is an English translation of F.W. Bessel's paper on geodesics which appeared as Über die Berechnung der geographischen Längen und Breiten aus geodätischen Vermessungen, Astronomische Nachrichten 4, 241–254 (1825) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transformations between the 2MASS, SDSS, and BVI photometric systems for late‐type giants
Authors: Yaz E. , Bilir S. , Karaali S. , Ak S. , Coşkunoğlu B. , Cabrera‐Lavers A.
Published: September 2010

We present colour transformations from Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) photometric system to Johnson‐Cousins system and to Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) system for late‐type giants and vice versa. The giant star sample was formed using surface gravity constraints (2 < log g ≤ 3) to Cayrel de Strobel et al.'s (2001) spectroscopic catalogue. 2MASS, SDSS and Johnson‐Cousins photometric data was taken from Cutri et al. (2003), Ofek (2008), and van Leeuwen (2007), respectively. The final sample was refined applying the following steps: (1) the data were dereddened, (2) the sample stars selected are of the highest photometric quality. We give two‐colour dependent transformations as a function of metallicity as well as independent of metallicity. The transformations provide absolute magnitudes and distance determinations which can be used in space density evaluations at relatively short distances where some or all of the SDSS magnitudes of late‐type giants are saturated (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photometric and spectroscopic observations of three rapidly rotating late‐type stars: EY Dra, V374 Peg, and GSC 02038‐00293
Authors: Korhonen H. , Vida K. , Husarik M. , Mahajan S. , Szczygieł D. , Oláh K.
Published: September 2010

Here, BV (RI)C broad band photometry and intermediate resolution spectroscopy in Hα region are presented for two rapidly rotating late‐type stars: EY Dra and V374 Peg. For a third rapid rotator, GSC 02038‐00293, intermediate resolution Hα spectroscopy and low resolution spectroscopy are used for spectral classification and stellar parameter investigation of this poorly known object. The low resolution spectrum of GSC 02038‐00293 clearly indicates that it is a K‐type star. Its intermediate resolution spectrum can be best fitted with a model with Teff = 4750 K and v sin i = 90 km s–1, indicating a very rapidly rotating mid‐K star. The Hα line strength is variable, indicating changing chromospheric emission on GSC 02038‐00293. In the case of EY Dra and V374 Peg, the stellar activity in the photosphere is investigated from the photometric observations, and in the chromosphere from the Hα line. The enhanced chromospheric emission in EY Dra correlates well with the location of the photospheric active regions, indicating that these features are spatially collocated. Hints of this behaviour are also seen in V374 Peg, but it cannot be confirmed from the current data. The photospheric activity patterns in EY Dra are stable during one observing run lasting several nights, whereas in V374 Peg large night‐tonight variations are seen. Two large flares, one in the Hα observations and one from the broadband photometry, and twelve smaller ones were detected in V374 Peg during the observations spanning nine nights. The energy of the photometrically detected largest flare is estimated to be 4.25 × 1031– 4.3 × 1032 erg, depending on the waveband. Comparing the activity patterns in these two stars, which are just below and above the mass limit of full convection, is crucial for understanding dynamo operation in stars with different internal structures (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Slicing cluster mass functions with a Bayesian razor
Authors: Sealfon C.D.
Published: September 2010

We apply a Bayesian “razor” to forecast Bayes factors between different parameterizations of the galaxy cluster mass function. To demonstrate this approach, we calculate the minimum size N‐body simulation needed for strong evidence favoring a two‐parameter mass function over one‐parameter mass functions and visa versa, as a function of the minimum cluster mass (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elemental abundance analyses with Coudé Echelle spectrograms from the TÜBİTAK National Observatory of Turkey: I. The HgMn stars 11 Per, HR 2801, and ν Cnc
Authors: Adelman S.J. , Yüce K.
Published: September 2010

Using coadded spectrograms taken with the Coudé Echelle Spectrograph (CES) of the 1.50‐m Russian‐Turkish Telescope of the TÜBİTAK National Observatory (TUG) near Antalya in Turkey, elemental abundance analyses of three HgMn stars 11 Per, HR 2801, and ν Cnc were performed. Comparisons are made with spectra obtained with the long camera of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO) coudé spectrograph and its SITe4 CCD. The CES equivalent widths are about 12% larger than that for the DAO long camera. Our first results from TUG data/spectra show that all three stars exhibit the Hg II λ3984 line and somewhat diverse abundance patterns. 11 Per tends to have underabundant light elements with underabundant and overabundant Fe‐peak elements. HR 2801 has mostly underabundant elements, with a few elements having solar abundances while N and Mn are overabundant. The coolest star ν Cnc has light elements having mostly solar abundances, overabundant iron group abundances, and very overabundant SrYZr and Ba. Comparisons with the abundance patterns of other HgMn stars show that they have a wide diversity of abundance patterns (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Templated Chemistry for Sequence‐Specific Fluorogenic Detection of Duplex DNA
Authors: Li Hao , Franzini Raphael M. , Bruner Christopher , Kool Eric T.
Published: September 2010

We describe the development of templated fluorogenic chemistry for detection of specific sequences of duplex DNA in solution. In this approach, two modified homopyrimidine oligodeoxynucleotide probes are designed to bind by triple‐helix formation at adjacent positions on a specific purine‐rich target sequence of duplex DNA. One fluorescein‐labeled probe contains an α‐azidoether linker to a fluorescence quencher; the second (trigger) probe carries a triarylphosphine group that is designed to reduce the azide and cleave the linker. The data showed that at pH 5.6 these probes yielded a strong fluorescence signal within minutes on addition to a complementary homopurine duplex DNA target. The signal increased by a factor of about 60, and was completely dependent on the presence of the target DNA. Replacement of cytosine in the probes with pseudoisocytosine allowed the templated chemistry to proceed readily at pH 7. Single nucleotide mismatches in the target oligonucleotide slowed the templated reaction considerably; this demonstrated high sequence selectivity. The use of templated fluorogenic chemistry for detection of duplex DNAs has not been previously reported and could allow detection of double‐stranded DNA, at least for homopurine–homopyrimidine target sites, under native and nondenaturing conditions.
High‐Yielding Synthesis of the Anti‐Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitor (−)‐Oseltamivir by Two “One‐Pot” Sequences
Authors: Ishikawa Hayato , Suzuki Takaki , Orita Hideo , Uchimaru Tadafumi , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: September 2010

The efficient asymmetric total synthesis of (−)‐oseltamivir, an antiviral reagent, has been accomplished by using two “one‐pot” reaction sequences, with excellent overall yield (60 %) and only one required purification by column chromatography. The first one‐pot reaction sequence consists of a diphenylprolinol silyl ether mediated asymmetric Michael reaction, a domino Michael reaction/Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction combined with retro‐aldol/Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction and retro Michael reactions, a thiol Michael reaction, and a base‐catalyzed isomerization. Six reactions can be successfully conducted in the second one‐pot reaction sequence; these are deprotection of a tert‐butyl ester and its conversion into an acyl chloride then an acyl azide, Curtius rearrangement, amide formation, reduction of a nitro group into an amine, and a retro Michael reaction of a thiol moiety. A column‐free synthesis of (−)‐oseltamivir has also been established.
A Facile Route to Metal Nitride Clusterfullerenes by Using Guanidinium Salts: A Selective Organic Solid as the Nitrogen Source
Authors: Yang Shangfeng , Zhang Lin , Zhang Wenfeng , Dunsch Lothar
Published: September 2010

Using guanidinium salts 1 and 2 as the new nitrogen sources, metal nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs) based on a variety of metals (Dy, Sc, Y, Gd, Lu, and mixed metals Sc/Dy, Sc/Gd, Sc/Lu, and Lu/Ce) have been synthesized based on a new “selective organic solid” (SOS) route. The synthesis of Dy‐NCFs by using Dy/1 was studied in detail, and the optimum molar ratio of 1/Dy/C has been determined to be 2.5:1:10. For several representative metals such as Sc, Y, Gd, Dy, and Sc/Dy, we quantitatively compared the yield of M3N@C80 synthesized by the SOS route with the reported “reactive gas atmosphere” route, thereby indicating that the yield of M3N@C80 by using 1 could be comparable to that obtained by the reactive gas atmosphere route. Three other nitrogen sources (3–5) were also studied for comparison, which were mixed with Dy metal but did not result in the formation of Dy‐NCF. A possible reaction scheme for the solid‐state reaction of 1, metal, and graphite is proposed. The SOS route appears to be a general route for the synthesis of NCFs that promises both high selectivity of NCFs and high reproducibility of the fullerene yield. Another advantages of the SOS route compared to the reported “trimetallic nitride template” (TNT) process and the reactive gas atmosphere route is that no additional heating pretreatment is needed, thus simplifying the procedure and being much more facile.
A General Synthesis of Alkenyl‐Substituted Benzofurans, Indoles, and Isoquinolones by Cascade Palladium‐Catalyzed Heterocyclization/Oxidative Heck Coupling
Authors: Álvarez Rosana , Martínez Claudio , Madich Youssef , Denis J. Gabriel , Aurrecoechea José M. , de Lera Ángel R.
Published: September 2010

Structurally diverse C3‐alkenylbenzofurans, C3‐alkenylindoles, and C4‐alkenylisoquinolones are efficiently prepared by using consecutive Sonogashira and cascade Pd‐catalyzed heterocyclization/oxidative Heck couplings from readily available ortho‐iodosubstituted phenol, aniline, and benzamide substrates, alkynes, and functionalized olefins. The cyclization of O‐ and N‐heteronucleophiles follows regioselective 5‐endo‐dig‐ or 6‐endo‐dig‐cyclization modes, whereas the subsequent Heck‐type coupling with both mono‐ and disubstituted olefins takes place stereoselectively with exclusive formation of the E isomers in most cases.
Cyclization of Zincated α‐N‐Homoallylamino Nitriles: A New Entry to Enantiopure 2,3‐Methanopyrrolidines
Authors: Ouizem Sabrina , Cheramy Sandrine , Botuha Candice , Chemla Fabrice , Ferreira Franck , Pérez‐Luna Alejandro
Published: September 2010

Stereoselective cyclization of zincated α‐N‐homoallylamino nitriles has been developed. Following treatment with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) and transmetalation with zinc bromide, α‐N‐(1‐phenylethyl)‐N‐homoallylamino nitriles lead to 2,3‐methanopyrrolidines in moderate to good yields (up to 66 %) and excellent selectivities (up to >98:2). With substrates derived from α‐branched homoallylic amines, a stereospecific inversion of the homoallylic stereogenic center was observed. To account for this, a mechanistic rationale involving the formation of zincioiminium ions from zincated α‐amino nitriles is put forward. 2,3‐Methanopyrrolidines should then arise from a sequence involving an aza‐Cope rearrangement providing a configurationally stable (2‐azoniaallyl)zinc species that then undergoes a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction.
Decision‐making biases and affective states: their potential impact on best practice innovations
Authors: smith faye l. , Stone Thomas H. , Kisamore Jennifer L. , Jawahar I. M.
Published: September 2010

Contributions from the decision‐making literature concerning biases and heuristics (i.e., anchoring, framing, confirmatory and availability biases, overconfidence, and representativeness) and from the Affect Infusion Model (Forgas, 1995) are integrated into Rogers's (2003) conceptualization of the stages of innovation adoption and diffusion. Specific propositions based on the decision‐making and affect literatures are made in relation to each stage of the innovation process (knowledge of innovation, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation) to better understand the likelihood of a manager making an informed and appropriate decision concerning the adoption and implementation of best practices. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of Service on Grid: architectural and methodological issues
Authors: Merlo A. , Clematis A. , Corana A. , Gianuzzi V.
Published: September 2010

The rapid evolution of Grid Computing and the development of new middleware services make Grid platforms increasingly used not only for best effort scientific jobs but also in industrial and business applications. This has taken to the growing demand of Quality of Service (QoS) support. However, the QoS issue on Grid is quite difficult, as Grid has been originally designed without any QoS support, and it is a complex system. During the previous years some solutions have been proposed to supply QoS for specific classes of applications. This results in a focused and a heterogeneous approach, so that it is hard to evaluate its sufficiency and its robustness with respect to the large spectrum of possible Grid applications. In this context, our contribution concerns three points: first, we analyze the current approach to QoS on Grid as a relationship among QoS features, applications, and architectures; second, we evaluate the QoS requirements of two recent QoS‐demanding applications on Grid, namely Massive Multiplayer Online Games and Urgent Computing, comparing these requirements with the support provided by current QoS architectures; and third, we propose an alternative approach to QoS provision on Grid based on the definition of a dedicated QoS‐management layer to overcome the limitations of the current methodologies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of phosphoric acid crystallization using a focused beam reflectance measurement method
Authors: Ma Yong , Chen Kui , Wu Yanyang , Zhu Jiawen , Sheng Yong
Published: September 2010

A way for restoring the crystal size distributions (CSD) from measured chord length distributions (CLD) was reported in this paper. The kinetics of phosphoric acid crystallization process was investigated in cooling mode using focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and digital photo technique. In order to restore the CSD from measured CLD and verify the reliability of FBRM data, digital photo technique in real time and optical microscope were applied in large crystal size and small range, respectively. Results indicated a converting constant A existed between CLD and CSD when crystal growth follows size‐independent growth (Mcabe's ΔL law) law. It was verified by Malvern particles size analysis method. The converting constant A varied with crystal morphology. The crystal growth order increased with the stirring increasing speed during phosphoric acid crystallization process. The trend was especially notable at higher speed situations. It can illustrate that the state of phosphoric acid hemihydrate crystal growth was controlled by both diffusion and surface‐integration with the increasing stirring speed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation and characterization of Si modified Ge9 cluster
Authors: Ren Tiezhen , Xiao Pengyan , Xing Xiang‐Ying , Christensen K. E.
Published: September 2010

Open‐framework germanates show interesting pore structures due to their flexible building units. Germanates with different topology built from the Ge9 cluster can be prepared in several amine systems. This paper reports, the Si modified germanate ICMM6 (denoted as HUT‐2) prepared in ethylene diamine solution through a hydrothermal synthesis route. HUT‐2 is a silicogermanate with space group C2221 (a=12.1299(6) Å, b=13.9329(11) Å, c=14.2205(6) Å, V=2403.33(25) Å3) formed by the Si modified Ge9 cluster. A variation of unit cell parameters is observed that is in accordance with Si‐content. Powder X‐ray diffraction, ICP and TGA‐DSC analysis were recorded to determine the Si‐composition at the tetrahedral sites. Structure refinements against the X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern determined the occupancy of Si at the two tetrahedral sites. An approximate Si/Ge ratio of 0.13‐0.18 is obtained based on these characterizations. TGA‐DSC analysis showed obvious weight loss of amine at 315 °C, which is higher than the reported pure germanate ICMM6. This further confirms the existence of Si within the structure of HUT‐2. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray, synchrotron, and neutron diffraction analysis of Roman cavalry parade helmet fragment
Authors: Smrčok L'. , Petrík I. , Langer V. , Filinchuk Y. , Beran P.
Published: September 2010

A partially corroded fragment of the neck guard of a Roman cavalry helmet excavated in the former military camp of Gerulata, a part of the Limes Romanus on the River Danube, was analysed by laboratory X‐ray, synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction. The approximate phase composition determined by the neutron diffraction of the bulk, 82% (wt) of the copper alloy phase, 12 % (wt) of cuprite and 6% of nantokite indicate a significant degree of corrosion of the artefact. Elemental EDX analysis of cleaned surface showed that the chemical composition of the original alloy is 78 to 82 % (wt) of Cu and 21.4 to 16.5 % of Zn with minute amounts of Sn, Si and S. High contents of Cu and Zn with the negligible amount of Sn showed that the body of the helmet was made of brass and not of bronze as expected before. The amount of zinc in the copper alloy calculated from the refined lattice parameter agrees fairly well with the value determined by EDX. The most abundant phase in the synchrotron powder diffraction pattern of the corrosion products scrapped from the artefact is cuprite, but presence of atacamite, malachite, brochantite, nantokite, mixed Cu‐Zn hydroxyl carbonates and probably also of simonkolleite (Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O) have been detected. In contrast, the X‐ray pattern taken directly from the surface of the artefact is dominated by atacamite with some traces of malachite and quartz. Because the penetration depth of laboratory X‐rays is in order of tens of microns, the phase analysis based only on a diffraction pattern taken from a surface can lead to erroneous conclusions concerning the phase composition of the patina. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron density in lead bromine and chlorine hilgardites on the basis of precise x‐ray diffraction data and ab‐initio calculations and correlation with the properties
Authors: Plachinda P. , Belokoneva E.
Published: September 2010

By a precise X‐ray diffraction experiment carried out on grown crystals of lead bromine and chlorine hilgardites (Pb2B5O9Br and Pb2B5O9Cl) we solved the structure of Pb2B5O9Cl and refined the structure of Pb2B5O9Br. The electron density distribution in the Pb2B5O9Br was analyzed and its spatial distribution was linked to the unusually high optical nonlinearity of the Pb2B5O9Br. Ab‐initio calculations confirmed the role of the lead atoms as the major contributors to the optical nonlinearity. By the Bader critical point approach, we analyzed the coordination polyhedrons of lead and halogen atoms, we showed that despite a long distance the bonding between lead and halogen atoms exists indeed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Robust genital gag‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses in mice upon intramuscular immunization with simian adenoviral vectors expressing HIV‐1‐gag
Authors: Haut Larissa H. , Lin Shih W. , Tatsis Nia , DiMenna Lauren J. , Giles‐Davis Wynetta , Pinto Aguinaldo R. , Ertl Hildegund C. J.
Published: September 2010

Most studies on E1‐deleted adenovirus (Ad) vectors as vaccine carriers for antigens of HIV‐1 have focused on induction of central immune responses, although stimulation of mucosal immunity at the genital tract (GT), the primary port of entry of HIV‐1, would also be highly desirable. In this study, different immunization protocols using chimpanzee‐derived adenoviral (AdC) vectors expressing Gag of HIV‐1 clade B given in heterologous prime‐boost regimens were tested for induction of systemic and genital immune responses. Although i.n. immunization stimulated CD8+ T‐cell responses that could be detected in the GT, this route induced only marginal cellular responses in systemic tissues and furthermore numbers of Gag‐specific CD8+ T cells contracted sharply within a few weeks. On the contrary, i.m. immunization induced higher and more sustained frequencies of vaccine‐induced cells which could be detected in the GT as well as systemic compartments. Antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells could be detected 1 year after immunization in all compartments analyzed. Genital memory cells secreted IFN‐γ, expressed high levels of CD103 and their phenotypes were consistent with a state of activation. Taken together, the results presented here show that i.m. vaccination with chimpanzee‐derived (simian) adenovirus vectors is a suitable strategy to induce a long‐lived genital CD8+ T‐cell response.
The L1 major capsid protein of HPV16 differentially modulates APC trafficking according to the vaccination or natural infection context
Authors: Herman Ludivine , Hubert Pascale , Herfs Michaël , Kustermans Gaelle , Henrotin Yves , Bousarghin Latifa , Boniver Jacques , Delvenne Philippe
Published: September 2010

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly type 16, is causally associated with cancer of the uterine cervix. The progression of cervical lesions suggests that viral antigens are not adequately presented to the immune system. The aim of this study was to determine whether HPV16 viral particles can influence the trafficking of human DC/Langerhans cells (LC), either by direct interactions with DC or following incubation with human normal keratinocytes that are in close contact with LC in the squamous epithelium. We first demonstrated that HPV16 L1 major capsid protein, when self‐assembled into virus‐like particles (VLP), is able to induce in DC an over‐expression of CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) via the activation of the NF‐κB signaling pathway and to enhance DC motility in the presence of CXCL12, suggesting an ability to migrate towards lymph nodes. We also showed that conditioned media of HPV16 VLP‐treated keratinocytes induce a lower LC migration than those from untreated keratinocytes and that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), detected in HPV16 VLP‐treated keratinocyte supernatants, may reduce LC recruitment into the squamous epithelium. Taken together, our data demonstrate that HPV16 VLP may differentially regulate the immune protective response according to their target cells.
Reduced Treg frequency in LFA‐1‐deficient mice allows enhanced T effector differentiation and pathology in EAE
Authors: Gültner Sandra , Kuhlmann Tanja , Hesse Amke , Weber Jan P. , Riemer Constanze , Baier Michael , Hutloff Andreas
Published: September 2010

The αLβ2‐integrin LFA‐1 (CD11a/CD18) is known as an important molecule for leukocyte migration. However, the precise role of LFA‐1 in the pathogenesis of EAE has so far remained unclear. We describe here the disease development in LFA‐1−/− mice compared with WT controls. Ablation of LFA‐1 resulted in more severe EAE with increased demyelination and increased numbers of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐reactive CD4+ T cells in the CNS. However, the production of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐17 and IFN‐γ was unchanged on the level of antigen‐specific T cells. Interestingly, LFA‐1‐deficient mice showed a clearly reduced frequency of Treg in the inflamed CNS. Moreover, Treg counts in spleens and thymi of unimmunized LFA‐1−/− mice were lower in comparison to the WT controls, indicating an impairment of Treg generation. In combination, these results suggest a substantial role of LFA‐1 in Treg generation and subsequent expansion of effector T cells and highlight the importance of Treg in limiting EAE.
Apoptosis regulators Fas and Bim synergistically control T‐lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
Authors: Fortner Karen A. , Bouillet Philippe , Strasser Andreas , Budd Ralph C.
Published: September 2010

The size of the peripheral T‐lymphocyte compartment is governed by complex homeostatic mechanisms that balance T‐cell proliferation and death. Proliferation and survival signals are mediated in part by recurrent self‐peptide/MHC–TCR interactions and signaling by the common γ chain‐containing cytokine receptors, including those for IL‐7 and IL‐15. We have previously shown that the death receptor Fas (CD95/APO‐1) regulates apoptosis in response to repeated TCR stimulation, whereas the Bcl‐2 homology domain 3‐only protein Bim mediates cytokine withdrawal‐induced apoptosis. We therefore reasoned that these two molecules might cooperate in the regulation of homeostatic proliferation. In this study, we observe that the combined loss of Fas and Bim synergistically enhances the accumulation of T cells in lymphopenic host mice, and this is particularly pronounced for the unusual CD4−CD8−TCRαβ+ T cells that are characteristic of Fas‐deficient (Faslpr/lpr) mice. Our findings demonstrate that these CD4−CD8−TCRαβ+ T cells arise from homeostatic proliferation of CD8+ T cells. These studies also underscore the profound rate of baseline T‐cell proliferation that likely occurs in wild‐type mice even in the absence of foreign antigen, and the consequent need for its coordinated regulation by multiple death‐signaling pathways.
Transplantation of autoimmune regulator‐encoding bone marrow cells delays the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Ko Hyun‐Ja , Kinkel Sarah A. , Hubert François‐Xavier , Nasa Zeyad , Chan James , Siatskas Christopher , Hirubalan Premila , Toh Ban‐Hock , Scott Hamish S. , Alderuccio Frank
Published: September 2010

The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) promotes “promiscuous” expression of tissue‐restricted antigens (TRA) in thymic medullary epithelial cells to facilitate thymic deletion of autoreactive T‐cells. Here, we show that AIRE‐deficient mice showed an earlier development of myelin oligonucleotide glycoprotein (MOG)‐induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To determine the outcome of ectopic Aire expression, we used a retroviral transduction system to over‐express Aire in vitro, in cell lines and in bone marrow (BM). In the cell lines that included those of thymic medullary and dendritic cell origin, ectopically expressed Aire variably promoted expression of TRA including Mog and Ins2 (proII) autoantigens associated, respectively, with the autoimmune diseases multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. BM chimeras generated from BM transduced with a retrovirus encoding Aire displayed elevated levels of Mog and Ins2 expression in thymus and spleen. Following induction of EAE with MOG35–55, transplanted mice displayed significant delay in the onset of EAE compared with control mice. To our knowledge, this is the first example showing that in vivo ectopic expression of AIRE can modulate TRA expression and alter autoimmune disease development.
Functional involvement of Daxx in gp130‐mediated cell growth and survival in BaF3 cells
Authors: Muromoto Ryuta , Kuroda Makoto , Togi Sumihito , Sekine Yuichi , Nanbo Asuka , Shimoda Kazuya , Oritani Kenji , Matsuda Tadashi
Published: September 2010

Death domain‐associated protein (Daxx) is a multifunctional protein that modulates both cell death and transcription. Several recent studies have indicated that Daxx is a mediator of lymphocyte death and/or growth suppression, although the detailed mechanism is unclear. Previously, we reported that Daxx suppresses IL‐6 family cytokine‐induced gene expression by interacting with STAT3. STAT3 is important for the growth and survival of lymphocytes; therefore, we here examined the role of Daxx in the gp130/STAT3‐dependent cell growth/survival signals. We found that Daxx suppresses the gp130/STAT3‐dependent cell growth and that Daxx endogenously interacts with STAT3 and inhibits the DNA‐binding activity of STAT3. Moreover, small‐interfering RNA‐mediated knockdown of Daxx enhanced the expression of STAT3‐target genes and accelerated the STAT3‐mediated cell cycle progression. In addition, knockdown of Daxx‐attenuated lactate dehydrogenase leakage from cells, indicating that Daxx positively regulates cell death during gp130/STAT3‐mediated cell proliferation. Notably, Daxx specifically suppressed the levels of Bcl2 mRNA and protein, even in cytokine‐unstimulated cells, indicating that Daxx regulates Bcl2 expression independently of activated STAT3. These results suggest that Daxx suppresses gp130‐mediated cell growth and survival by two independent mechanisms: inhibition of STAT3‐induced transcription and down‐regulation of Bcl2 expression.
Lck regulates IL‐10 expression in memory‐like Th1 cells
Authors: Kemp Kyeorda L. , Levin Steven D. , Stein Paul L.
Published: September 2010

The Src family kinase Lck is thought to facilitate Th2 differentiation; however, its role in Th1 cells has not been well explored. Using mice that lack Lck in mature T cells, we find that lck−/− Th1 skewed cells have normal expression of T‐bet and produce IFN‐γ at WT levels. However, there is a 3‐fold increase in IL‐10 producing cells in the mutant cultures. These cells do not have elevated levels of IL‐4, GATA3, IL‐17 or Foxp3, indicating that they are not Th2, Th17, or Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Treg). Nor do these cells behave in a similar manner as the type 1 Treg. Most of the IL‐10 in the lck−/− Th1 cultures is derived from the memory/activated subset, as the cytokine profile from Th1 cultures established from purified CD62L+ (naïve) cells are similar to WT cells. Furthermore, this IL‐10 expression appears to be dependent on IL‐12 and correlates with elevated c‐Maf. These data highlight a previously unappreciated role for Lck in regulating IL‐10 in Th1 cells.
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells in parasitic infections
Authors: Van Ginderachter Jo A. , Beschin Alain , De Baetselier Patrick , Raes Geert
Published: September 2010

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that share a common property of suppressing immune responses. Several helminth and protozoan parasite species have developed efficient strategies to increase the rate of medullary or extramedullary myelopoiesis and to induce the expansion and accumulation of immature myeloid cells such as MDSC. In this review, we examine current knowledge on the factors mediating enhanced myelopoiesis and MDSC induction and recruitment during parasitic infections and how the MDSC phenotype and mechanism of immune modulation and suppression depends on the factors they encounter within the host. Finally, we place MDSC expansion in the context of the critical balance between parasite elimination and pathogenicity to the host and suggest attractive avenues for future research.
At last — rats lacking B cells
Authors: Holmdahl Rikard
Published: September 2010

The rat model is a widely used animal model in research, its popularity perhaps only surpassed by the mouse model. Rats are the preferred models for the study of transplantation and certain tumor and autoimmune diseases. In particular, the understanding of cardiovascular‐related diseases and chronic inflammation has depended widely on the rat, from which models for both multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis have been derived. Until now, research in the rat has been hampered by a lack of precise gene‐targeting technology in this model. This limitation, however, is rapidly changing; a recent example is the availability of B‐cell‐deficient rat strains obtained by the newly established zinc finger nucleases‐targeting technology. As described in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, genetic targeting of the rat, for example, using zinc finger nucleases‐targeting technology, is likely to rapidly drive progress in the understanding of not only B‐cell biology but also in the general understanding of rat disease models.
Observers' benefit finding for victims: Consequences for perceived moral obligations
Authors: Warner Ruth H. , Branscombe Nyla R.
Published: September 2010

In three studies we examined how observers making meaning of victimization by finding benefits for the victim leads to the perception that victims are morally obligated to help others and not do harm. In Experiment 1, participants perceived a victim as having greater moral obligations when the meaning of victimization was considered for the victim rather than the perpetrator. This effect on moral obligations was mediated by the extent to which participants believed victims should have found benefits. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the consequences when victims fail or fulfill their moral obligations. Greater social distance from a victim who did harm was sought when participants focused on the meaning of victimization for the victim as compared to the perpetrator. Less social distance from a victim who helped was sought when participants focused on the meaning of victimization for the victim as compared to the perpetrator or when they made no meaning. These studies show that how observers make meaning of victimization has implications for subsequent responses to victims. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpha‐1 antitrypsin variants in plasma from HIV‐infected patients revealed by proteomic and glycoproteomic analysis
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Jia Xiaofang , Zhang Xiaojun , Cao Jing , Yang Pengyuan , Qiu Chao , Shen Yinzhong , Ma Fang , Liu Li , Sun Jianjun , Shen Fang , Yin Lin , Liu Liwen , Yao Yamin , Lu Hongzhou
Published: September 2010

Novel tools are necessary to explore proteins related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this work, proteomic and glycoproteomic technology were employed to examine plasma samples from HIV‐positive patients. Through comparative proteome analysis of normal and HIV‐positive plasma samples, 19 differentially expressed protein spots related to 12 non‐redundant proteins were identified by ESI‐ion trap MS. Among these, the 130‐kDa isoform of α‐1‐antitrypsin was found to be decreased in HIV‐positive patients while another variant with a molecular weight of 40 kDa was increased. SWISS‐2‐D‐PAGE reference gel and protein sequence comparisons of the 40‐kDa protein showed homology with α‐1‐antitrypsin minus the N‐terminus, and its identity was further confirmed by 1‐D Western blotting and glycoproteomic analysis. In all, our results showed that proteomics and glycoproteomics are powerful tools for discovering proteins related to HIV infection. Furthermore, this 40‐kDa variant of α‐1‐antitrypsin found in the plasma of HIV‐positive individuals may prove to be a potentially useful biomarker for anti‐HIV research according to bioinformatics analysis.
In situ cyclic tests on existing stone masonry walls and strengthening solutions
Authors: Costa Alexandre A. , Arêde António , Costa Aníbal , Oliveira Carlos Sousa
Published: September 2010

The present work reports on an in situ experimental test campaign carried out on abandoned traditional masonry houses after the 9th July 1998 earthquake that seriously hit the Faial island of Azores. For the testing purposes, an experimental test setup was developed based on a self‐equilibrated scheme, which is herein described reporting on the advantages and drawbacks of this in situ test setup.

Five specimens were tested aiming at characterizing the out‐of‐plane behavior of stone masonry walls and strengthening solutions recommended for post‐earthquake interventions. A detailed comparison between solutions' efficiency is presented including a cost vs benefit analysis.

In order to assess the efficiency of the developed test setup for other applications on stone masonry walls, an in‐plane test on an existing URM panel is also presented. Several related issues are discussed, namely the advantages of dealing with the real boundary conditions and the capacity of providing valuable information of the response, as well as a detailed analysis of the obtained results.

The authors believe that this work provides an increase in knowledge on the seismic behavior of the existing masonry constructions, resulting from the development of an in situ test setup and the efficiency quantification of strengthening solutions. Therefore, the work is thought to positively contribute for the preservation of architectural heritage and for its seismic vulnerability reduction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for an adolescent with purging disorder: A case report
Authors: Sysko Robyn , Hildebrandt Tom
Published: September 2010

Objective

To present a case report detailing the use of an enhanced form of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). The treatment was provided to an adolescent with an eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) diagnosis, and included a focus on the additional maintaining mechanisms of mood intolerance and interpersonal problems.

Case

This case began as an unsuccessful attempt at family therapy, where the underlying dysfunction exacerbated symptoms and demoralized the family. The therapist subsequently chose to utilize an enhanced version of CBT to simultaneously address the patient's symptoms and try to effect change across multiple domains. A description of the patient's eating disorder pathology, the 29‐session treatment, and outcome, are provided.

Conclusion

This case study illustrates that it is possible to successfully use enhanced CBT with developmentally appropriate adaptations in the treatment of a young patient with an EDNOS diagnosis, as suggested by Cooper and Stewart (2008). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Tectonic uplift, sea level changes and Plio‐Pleistocene evolution of a coastal karst system: the Mount Saint Paul (Palawan, Philippines)
Authors: Piccini L. , Iandelli N.
Published: September 2010

The St. Paul karst (Palawan, Philippines) is a tropical coastal karst, consisting of towers, cones, huge depressions and large caves. This area hosts the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River (PPSR, 24 km long), whose main entrance is a large spring along the coast and which is one of the largest cave complexes in eastern Asia.

A geomorphological study performed by several field surveys and a morphometric analysis of the digital terrain model (DTM) and 3D cave models, allowed formulation of a first evolutionary framework of the karst system. The DTM was extracted from maps and aerial photographs in order to find different generations of ‘relict’ landforms, through the morphometric analysis of topographic surface and karst landforms.

Several features suggest a long and multi‐stage evolution of the karst, whose age ranges from Pliocene to present. The southern and northern sectors of the area differ in their altimetric distribution of caves. In the southern sector, some large caves lie between 300 and 400 m asl and were part of an ancient system that developed at the base level of a past river network. In the northern sector, some mainly vadose caves occur, with a phreatic level at 120–130 m asl. An important phase of base‐level cave development is well documented in the inactive passages of PPSR at 50–80 m asl. Morphological features, such as horizontal solution passages and terraced deposits, suggest a phase of stillstand of the base level, which is recorded in the topography as low‐relief surfaces at 40–50 m asl. The age of this phase is probably Early Pleistocene, on the basis of assumed uplift rates. The more recent caves are still active, being located at the current sea level, but they show more than one cycle of flooding and dewatering (with calcite deposition). In the PPSR, several morphologic features, such as two main water level notches at +12·4 and +7·7 m asl and terraced alluvial deposits, suggest that the lower and active level passed through more than two high‐stands of sea level and so it could have formed throughout most of the Middle‐Late Pleistocene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of fragrant heterocyclic thioketo analogues of jasmone under microwave conditions
Authors: Pawełczyk Anna , Zaprutko Lucjusz
Published: September 2010

Rapid, solvent‐free and cleaner conversions of fragrant heteroketones, heterocyclic analogues of natural jasmone, to the corresponding thioanalogues were described. Obtained structures of thioketohetero derivatives are based on pyrrolidinone, oxazolidinone and thiazolidinone systems with saturated and 2‐double or 2‐triple unsaturated five‐carbon side chain. Thionations were performed by the use of Lawesson's reagent without any solvent or solid support under microwave conditions with good yield. Odour evaluation and relationships between their chemical structure and osmic properties for all synthesized fragrant compounds have been studied. It has been shown that the majority of them have exhibited interesting, very intensive, durable and fixative fragrant properties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionic Liquids and Their Hosting by Polymers for HT‐PEMFC Membranes
Authors: Iojoiu C. , Hana M. , Molmeret Y. , Martinez M. , Cointeaux L. , El Kissi N. , Teles J. , Leprêtre J.‐C. , Judeinstein P. , Sanchez J.‐Y.
Published: September 2010

The paper deals with proton‐conducting ionic liquids (PCILs) for use, in combination with functional polymers, in membranes operating in high temperature PEMFC. Monoammoniums derived from monoamines and half‐neutralised diamines were investigated in the form of triflates. Promising results were obtained with the half‐neutralised diamine‐based PCIL, its conduction being governed by both Grotthuss‐like and vehicular mechanisms, the respective contributions of which depend on temperature. In addition, their blending with Nafion results in a distinct reinforcement of the membrane.