bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A STATE OF TWO MINDS: STATE CULTURES, WOMEN, AND POLITICS IN
KUWAIT
Authors: Tétreault Mary Ann
Published: September 2019

Kuwait, a small city-state on the Persian–Arabian Gulf, has undergone massive
political, economic, and social development throughout the 20th century. In spite of this, Kuwaiti
rulers continue to cherish what is perhaps an impossible dream: that Kuwait can be simultaneously
a “developed” country and a “traditional” tribally organized social
formation run by an autocratic ruler. This dream is echoed in equally ambivalent pronouncements
and policies regarding women, not only by representatives of the state but also by Kuwaiti
citizens. Should Kuwaiti women stand side by side with men in public life as half of a modern
society, or should they be secluded, subjected by, and submissive to the men in their lives as local
“tradition” demands? In this essay I argue that these two ambivalences are linked.
Democratization of Kuwaiti political life has proceeded in fits and starts that parallel the uneven
progress of democratization of gender relations in Kuwait. Perhaps in consequence, the politics of
both kinds of democratization have become more closely linked.
“EVER A GUEST IN OUR HOUSE”: THE EMIR ABDULLAH,
SHAYKH MAJID AL-[ayn]ADWAN, AND THE PRACTICE OF JORDANIAN HOUSE
POLITICS, AS REMEMBERED BY UMM SULTAN, THE WIDOW OF MAJID
Authors: Shryock Andrew , Howell Sally
Published: September 2019

The literature on Jordan is awash in studies of the history, politics, and possible futures of the
Hashemite family. In a polity so closely identified with its ruling dynasty, one would be surprised
if this fixation did not prevail. More curious to the anthropologist is the extent to which the
scholarly attention lavished on the Hashemites has centered on the rather obvious fact that they
rule, but has given less concern to the fact that they rule as a family—that they express their
dominance in a patriarchal rhetoric brimming with kinship metaphors, and that they preside over a
body politic in which households and their influential heads are of far greater significance than
electoral constituencies, public opinion, or (least of all) individual citizens and their rights. When
King Hussein described his realm as “the big Jordanian family” (al-usra
al-urduniyya al-kubra¯), he invoked an image of community (and authorized a style of
political exchange) that made immediate sense to his subjects. In his final years of rule, Hussein
artfully consolidated his role as national father figure. His heir, King Abdullah II, who was 37
years old when he inherited the throne in 1999, affects the “older brother” persona
appropriate to his age. In announcing Hussein's death, Abdullah II relied heavily on the
vocabulary of political kinship his father had standardized: “Hussein was a father, a
brother, to each of you, the same as he was my father. . . . Today you are my brothers and sisters,
and with you I find sympathy and condolences under God”1
DAVID AYALON, Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study of
Power Relationships (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1999). Pp. 387. $38.00
cloth.
Authors: HATHAWAY JANE
Published: September 2019

David Ayalon died in June 1998 after a scholarly career of well over half a century, during
which he molded the historiography of the Mamluk sultanate, to say nothing of Mamluk studies
generally. Throughout his career, he remained an unabashedly old-school empiricist, poring over
Arabic narrative sources to recover the elusive realities of the Mamluk sultanate and earlier
Islamic polities. His output consisted principally of lengthy, unassailably scholarly articles, each a
model of painstaking source criticism and meticulous argumentation. As a result of those articles,
we know the structures of the Mamluk sultanate's armies; the true nature of the Mamluk
sultanate's relationship to the Mongols; the uses of banishment in the Mamluk sultanate; the
place of Circassians in the sultanate; and the overall history of the mamlu¯k, or
military slave, institution, to list but a few of the many key topics on which his research shed
light—more often than not, the first rays of light. Surprisingly, Ayalon produced only two
books before his death: L'esclavage du mamelouk (Israel Oriental Society,
1951) and Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to Medieval
Society (Frank Cass, 1978). Nevertheless, his English-language articles alone easily fill four
Variorum reprints volumes, with many to spare.
DANIELPANZAC, Les Corsaires barbaresques: La Fin d'une Épopée 1800–1820, Méditerranée (Paris: CNRS Éditions, 1999). Pp. 311. Fr 160.
Authors: GREENE MOLLY
Published: September 2019

Daniel Panzac's newest book is both refreshing and sad. It is refreshing because, so often, books on Mediterranean commerce tend to paint a picture of the eternal sea, where ships ply their trade in 1700 much as they had in 900. Panzac's book is a story instead of abrupt shifts and the ability of individuals—in this case, Muslim North Africans—to respond to new commercial opportunities by venturing into previously untested waters. It is a sad book because it documents, in great detail, the ultimate exclusion of this same group of people from the ports of southern Europe, particularly Marseilles. This exclusion was one of the reasons that the North Africans returned to piracy. The French, of course, used the extirpation of piracy as one of the main justifications for their invasion and subsequent occupation of Algeria in 1830.
NASIM AHMAD JAWED, Islam's Political
Culture: Religion and Politics in Predivided Pakistan (Austin: University of Texas Press,
1999). Pp. 309.
Authors: BAXTER CRAIG
Published: September 2019

This work is the result of a survey done in 1969 prior to the breakup of united Pakistan into
Pakistan and Bangladesh. The author conducted the survey among groups he categorizes as
ulama, East Pakistani professionals, and West Pakistani professionals. The questionnaire and the
results are included in appendixes.
ELISABETH ÖZDALGA, The Veiling Issue, Official Secularism and Popular Islam in Modern Turkey, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Report Series, No. 33 (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1998). Pp. 125. $45.00 cloth.
Authors: ÖNDER SYLVIA WING
Published: September 2019

Elisabeth Özdalga's book is an important introduction to one of the issues that
has been front-page news in Turkey since the 1980s. The most visible and controversial sign of
the increasing participation in public discourse of Islamic revivalists has been the marked increase
in numbers of women in urban spaces and institutions who wear the particular form of dress called
tessetür, a public symbol of a personal commitment to a certain form of Islamic
values. Özdalga's focus is timely and of interest to both a Turkish audience and a
Western one, although it speaks mainly to the latter. The banning of the Islamist Welfare Party
(Refah Partisi) from Turkish politics since the publication of the book, as well as the
internationally noted furor surrounding the election to, and subsequent dismissal of, a
headscarf-wearing woman in Parliament, show that what the author calls Turkey's
“large-scale attempt to integrate Islam within the institutions of a modern, liberal
democratic polity” (p. viii) continues to be a vitally important and controversial subject.
Her book attends both to the symbolic power and legal status of women's clothing in public
debate and to women's actual participation in the re-formations of public and private
definitions of citizenship.
DAVID MARSHALL, God, Muhammad and the Unbelievers: A Qur[ham]anic Study (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999). Pp. 204. $75.00 cloth.
Authors: STEWART DEVIN J.
Published: September 2019

This work is a careful examination of the punishment narratives in the Qur[ham]an, focusing
on the “triangular drama” among God, Muhammad (along with the believers), and
the unbelievers. Expanding the work of Horovitz, Bell, and others, Marshall's analysis
builds on the observation that Qur[ham]anic narratives concerning earlier prophetic figures often
reflect and comment on, more or less directly, the contemporary situation of the Prophet
Muhammad. Many passages portray Noah, Hud, Salih, and others addressing their peoples in
their capacity as messengers of God. They are rebuked and meet with little success in their efforts
to convince the unbelievers of their misguidance and to convert them to worship of the one true
God. They then warn the unbelievers of the dire punishment that awaits them should they insist on
refusing to believe, but to no avail. God inflicts the threatened punishment upon the unrepentant
peoples, annihilating them in a cataclysmic event: the flood in the case of Noah's people; a
raging wind in the case of [ayn]Ad, the people of Hud; a shower of stones in the case of
Lot's people; and so on. These narratives portray the relationship between the messengers
and their recalcitrant audiences in some detail and can therefore serve as the basis for a fruitful
analysis of the relationship between Muhammad and the unbelievers among his people, the
Quraysh.
ABDELRASHID MAHMOUDI, Taha Husain's Education: From the Azhar to the Sorbonne (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1998). Pp. 267.
Authors: HADDAD MAHMOUD
Published: September 2019

Taha Husain remains a pivotal figure in modern Arab and Egyptian cultural life even after his
death in 1973. The present work successfully attempts to study his educational journey and
treatment of the cultural encounter between the East and the West. It begins by criticizing
Taha's admirers who assume a consistent writer and fail to see that under the surface,
“Taha's thought is riddled with all sorts of tension and ambivalence.” It also
criticizes the structuralist methodology used lately to study Taha's critical thought because
it presupposes that this thought underwent no essential change. Abdelrashid Mahmoudi rather
employs a historical methodology in which chronological order is combined with change and
development.
HOOMAN PEIMANI, Regional Security and the Future of
Central Asia: The Competition of Iran, Turkey, and Russia (Westport, Conn.: Praeger,
1998). Pp. 165.
Authors: SAMII A. WILLIAM
Published: September 2019

Hooman Peimani, a consultant with United Nations agencies in Geneva and an independent
researcher on the Middle East, West Asia, and the Commonwealth of Independent States, has
written an ambitious work based on the premise that the Central Asian states (Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) share geographical, societal, political,
economic, and military factors, combined with common concerns. These commonalties mean that
the individual states are linked so closely that their national-security concerns cannot be
considered independently. Thus, one has a “security complex” in which there is
interdependence, rivalry, and shared interests.
DALE F. EICKELMANAND JON W.
ANDERSON, ED., New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging
Public Sphere (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1999). Pp. 199.
$39.95 cloth, $15.95 paper.
Authors: LAWRENCE BRUCE B.
Published: September 2019

The debate about the Internet revolution has been marked by a double dystopia. One comes
from the Scandinavian cybernauts who are far more extensively wired than their West European,
or even North American, counterparts. In “Digital Arrogance,” the Swedish media
scholar Andreas Kitzmann laments that the global expansion of multimedia technology and
cyber-culture “is motivated not by the promise of human emancipation and enlightenment
but by fantasies of power and complete control.” The South Asian cultural critic Ziauddin
Sardar is even more harsh. “Cyberspace is social engineering of the worst kind. . . . The
supposed democracy of cyberspace,” he writes in Cyberfutures (1996),
“only hands control more effectively back to a centralized elite, the ideology of the free
citizen making everyone oblivious to the more enduring structures of control.”
ANDREW SHRYOCK, Nationalism and the Genealogical
Imagination: Oral History and Textual Authority in Tribal Society, Comparative Studies on
Muslim Societies, 23 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). Pp. 370.
Authors: GAFFNEY PATRICK D.
Published: September 2019

In an era of instantaneous communication and ubiquitous media the global public is regularly
invited to witness history in the making, as the expression goes, through newspaper accounts and
broadcasts of events marked with special significance. In the Middle East and elsewhere, history is
said to record the fate of nations that at times is unfolding before our eyes and ears, with the
accuracy of claims resting on evidence to be observed or recovered in period documents and
artifacts. What emerges supposedly is a narrative whose eventual uncertainties can be attributed
to information gaps, inadequate archives, and difficulties in identifying or authenticating sources.
NIKOLAI TODOROV, Society, the City and Industry in the
Balkans, 15th–19th Centuries (Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1998).
Authors: Blumi Isa
Published: September 2019

This collection of essays, the latest in a long list of collected works put together by
Variorum's Studies in East–Central Europe, 1500–1900, is supposed to give
the reader a broad range of Nikolai Todorov's lifetime work. Todorov's contribution
to the field is not in doubt, although this collection hardly does justice to that contribution. The
fourteen separate articles often overlap in theme, and on one occasion they almost reproduce the
same article, as they span a period that reaches back to Todorov's early career in Bulgaria
(1964–92). The essays somewhat misplace Todorov's importance to the field, as
most of the language appropriated has become outdated with the collapse of the Bulgarian
institutions that funded Todorov's research until 1989. I would like to think Todorov can
survive the fall of historical materialism.
DEBORAH S. BERNSTEIN, Constructing Boundaries: Jewish
and Arab Workers in Mandatory Palestine, Israel Studies Series (Albany: State University of
New York Press, 2000). Pp. 293. $71.50 cloth, $23.95 paper.
Authors: Levine Mark
Published: September 2019

Constructing Boundaries is the latest entry in a growing body of revisionist
scholarship on the history and political economy of Palestine under the British, contesting the
once cherished notion that the Jewish and Palestinian communities of Palestine/Israel were
best investigated and understood as isolated and autonomously developing entities. By focusing
on one urban setting—Haifa, which during the Mandate period become Palestine's
most important port and industrial center—this work provides new insight into how the
industrial economy of Palestine shaped, and in turn was shaped by, the conflictual interaction of
the two communities.
TIM EPKENHANS, Die iranische Moderne im Exil:
Bibliographie der Zeitschrift Kave, Berlin 1916–1922, Islamwissenschaftliche
Quellen und Texte aus deutschen Bibliotheken (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 2000). Pp. 216.
Authors: Arjomand Kamran
Published: September 2019

Intellectual history of modernism in Iran has proved to be a subject of lively academic interest.
The role of Iranian exiles in late 19th and early 20th century, in particular, has drawn considerable
scholarly attention. In recent years, the Iranian press in exile has also become a focus of academic
scrutiny. In Germany, Anja Pistor-Hatam has studied the Iranian intellectual community in
Istanbul around the newspaper Akhtar (Nachrichtenblatt,
Informationsbörse und Diskussionsforum: Ahtar-e Estānbūl
(1876–1896)—Anstöße zur frühen persischen Moderne
[Münster, 1999]) and Keivandokht Ghahari's doctoral dissertation is
concerned with ideas of nationalism and modernism among Iranian intellectuals in Berlin as
reflected in the journals Kâveh, Iranshahr, and Ayandeh (Nationalismus und
Modernismus in Iran in der Periode zwischen dem Zerfall der
Qāğāren-Dynastie und der Machtfestigung Reżā Schah
[Berlin, 2001]). In this context, the bibliography of Kâveh is thus a
welcomed contribution.
JOSEPH HELLER, The Birth of Israel, 1945–1949:
Ben-Gurion and His Critics (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000). Pp. 379.
$49.95.
Authors: Reich Bernard
Published: September 2019

Joseph Heller, associate professor of international relations at the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem who has previously written about the transition from the Palestine Mandate to Israel
(including a study of the Stern Gang and of Zionist politics in the pre-state period), examines a
period of great interest to students of contemporary Middle Eastern history and politics, as well as
to those who focus on Zionism, Israel, and the Arab–Israeli conflict. He analyzes the
internal decision-making of the Zionist Yishuv (Jewish community in Palestine) leadership in
Jerusalem from the end of World War II until the armistice agreements at the termination of the
first Arab–Israeli War (the Israeli War of Independence; al-Nakba for the Arabs)—in
other words, the events leading to and immediately following the creation of the State of Israel.
FRED HALLIDAY, Nation and Religion in the Middle East (London: Saqi Books, 2000). Pp. 251. £29.50 cloth, £14.95 paper.
Authors: Cantori Louis J.
Published: September 2019

This volume collects some original chapters and some reprinted ones by a very well-known
scholar of the Middle East. The chapters tend to be linked to one another by theoretical themes
developed in the introductory chapters. These eleven chapters, plus a concluding one,
“The Middle East at 2000: The Millennial Illusion,” appear under three headings.
DENIS J. SULLIVANAND SANA
ABED-KOTOB, Islam in Contemporary Egypt: Civil Society versus
the State (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999). Pp. 170. $49.95 cloth, $12.76
paper.
Authors: Dorman W. Judson
Published: September 2019

This concise and accessible introduction to the subject of Islamist movements in Egypt will be
useful for those seeking a point of entry. More experienced students of the subject, however, may
not find much new empirical material in this book. They may also disagree with the authors'
reliance on the civil-society interpretive paradigm to the exclusion of other approaches and their
sometimes schematic treatment of Islamist groups.
Repertoires of Coercion and Market Culture in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province
Authors: SALVATORE RICARDO D.
Published: September 2019

During the post-Independence period, Buenos Aires province engaged in a
republican-authoritarian experiment in which the relations between dominant
and subaltern were altered and redefined. The ascent to power of Juan Manuel
de Rosas and the federalists meant an increase in the violence meted out by
the state against its political and military opponents. On the other hand,
the diffusion of a market economy created the basis of contractual relations
across a variety of social fields and institutions. This was true with
regard to relations between masters and servants in the household, between
officers and soldiers within regiments, between rural residents and justices
of the peace, between ranchers and peons at the estancia. Though coercion
did not disappear, the power to coerce found limits because of the very
expansion of market relations. To address these changes, in their complexity
and diversity, this article uses the concept “repertoires of
coercion”. The concept may be useful to analyze and compare relations
of power in multiple social or institutional spaces. In addition, the
article addresses the question of the relationship between coercion and
market culture, suggesting that in a situation of labor scarcity, and the
military mobilization of the subaltern classes, contractualism tends to
pervade relations of power, even those previously based upon coercion.
Women, Other “Fresh” Workers, and the New Manufacturing Workforce of
Interwar Britain
Authors: SCOTT PETER
Published: September 2019

Structural, organizational, and technological changes in British industry
during the interwar years led to a decline in skilled and physically
demanding work, while there was a dramatic expansion in unskilled and
semiskilled employment. Previous authors have noted that the new
un/semiskilled jobs were generally filled by “fresh” workers
recruited from outside the core manufacturing workforce, though there is
considerable disagreement regarding the composition of this new
workforce. This paper examines labour recruitment patterns and strategies
using national data and case studies of eight rapidly expanding industrial
centres. The new industrial workforce is shown to have been recruited from
a “reserve army” of workers with the common features of relative
cheapness, flexibility, and weak unionization. These included women,
juveniles, local workers in poorly paid nonindustrial sectors, such as
agriculture, and (where these other categories were in short supply)
relatively young long-distance internal migrants from declining industrial
areas.
NOURISHING A STATELESS SOCIETY DURING THE SLAVE TRADE: THE RISE OF BALANTA PADDY-RICE PRODUCTION IN GUINEA-BISSAU
Authors: HAWTHORNE WALTER
Published: September 2019

This essay examines the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on stateless
societies, focusing on Balanta populations of present-day Guinea-Bissau. It
demonstrates that some decentralized groups located on the ‘slaving frontiers’ of
states managed not only to survive but also to thrive. In so doing, it shows how
Balanta changed their settlement patterns and crop production techniques in
response to threats posed by the slave raiding armies of Kaabu. From the mid-seventeenth century, Balanta produced and traded large quantities of paddy rice by
organizing workers into age grades.
THE SLAVE TRADE AND DECENTRALIZED SOCIETIES
Authors: KLEIN MARTIN A.
Published: September 2019

This article, based on a review of the relevant literature, argues that the
analyses of Andrew Hubbell and Walter Hawthorne can be extended to a general
interpretation of the impact of the slave trade on decentralized societies. First,
decentralized societies usually defended themselves effectively, forcing slavers
both to extend their networks further into the interior and to devise new ways of
obtaining slaves. Second, agents of the slave trade were often successful in
developing linkages within targeted societies that exploited tensions and hostilities
within them. In the process, the prey often became predators, but predators that
captured people like themselves.
Libraries in Africa: Pioneers, Policies, Problems. By

ANTHONY OLDEN. Lanham, MD., and London: Scarecrow

Press, 1996 (UK agent: Shelwing Ltd., Folkestone). Pp. xx + 170.

£35.65 (ISBN 0-8108-3093-0).
Authors: ROBERTS A. D.
Published: September 2019

This expensive little book, originally a thesis for the

University of Illinois, is an artless but sometimes perceptive account

of certain library endeavours in British East and West Africa, based

on archival and library research in Britain and the United States. It

is not a history of libraries per se so much as a study of

instances of external aid to the development of libraries beyond the

sphere of teaching institutions. In the 1930s, one such source –

as in so much of the English-speaking world – was the Carnegie

Corporation. Grants to Kenya underpinned a system of circulating

libraries, the depot for which was housed in the McMillan Memorial

Library, Nairobi; membership was confined to whites until 1958. In

Lagos, Alan Burns, as chief secretary, secured a grant to start an

unsegregated but fee-charging library: in 1934 just 43 of its 481

members were African. The grant ended in 1935, but the library was

still going forty years later.
TRADING IN SLAVES IN BELA-SHANGUL AND
GUMUZ, ETHIOPIA: BORDER ENCLAVES IN HISTORY,
1897–1938
Authors: AHMAD ABDUSSAMAD H.
Published: September 2019

Like other empires in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century,
expansion and slavery went hand in hand in Ethiopia, contrary to imperial
justifications based on the abolition of the slave trade and slavery. Towards
the end of the nineteenth century, the Ethiopian empire incorporated the
northwestern border enclaves of Bela-Shangul and Gumuz into greater
Ethiopia. Having obtained the subordination of the local Muslim warlords,
the emperor then demanded tribute from them in slaves, ivory and gold.
Slaves were used as domestics in the imperial palace at Addis Ababa and the
houses of state dignitaries and as farm labor on their farms elsewhere in the
country. Responding to the demands of the central government as well as
their own needs, borderland chiefs raided local villages and neighbouring
chiefdoms for slaves. Expanding state control thus led to intensified slave
raiding and the extension of the slave trade from the borderlands into the
centre of the empire in spite of Ethiopia's public commitment to end slavery
and the slave trade as a member of the League of Nations. The end of slavery
in Ethiopia only came with the Italian occupation in 1935.
THE FIRST DECADE OF ‘EUROPEAN BEER’ IN
APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA: THE STATE, THE
BREWERS AND THE DRINKING PUBLIC, 1962–72
Authors: MAGER ANNE
Published: September 2019

The study of liquor provides an opportunity for re-examining relations
between states and economies. Recent works in European social history have
shown that liquor occupies an ambiguous space between economic, social
and cultural production while studies of liquor in colonial Africa repeatedly
raise the problem of how economic freedoms pertaining to liquor were
constructed in relation to the perceived character of persons in society.
More specifically, the notion of ‘European liquor’ in colonial discourse
suggests that the liquor of colonial masters should be aspired to. ‘European
liquor’ was repeatedly contrasted to indigenous brews of lower alcoholic
content that were pronounced to be uncivilized and primitive. It implied that
drinkers of sorghum beer, palm wine and other beverages fermented from
African grains and fruits would progress to the ‘superior’ beverages of their
colonial masters. Critically, it assumed that transition to the higher alcoholic
content required the discipline of ‘European’ lifestyles. Gradualism, however,
often gave way to expediency. Colonial regimes repeatedly set aside
fears of the effect of ‘foreign’ liquor on African subjects in the interest of
revenue and political gains. The importation of gin by the colonial authority
in Ghana provided the regime with revenue for its administration; in colonial
Nigeria and elsewhere, liquor was used by the state as a means of winning
allies among chiefs.
REPRESENTATION, STRUCTURE AND AGENCY:
DIVORCE IN THE FRENCH SOUDAN DURING THE
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: ROBERTS RICHARD
Published: September 2019

On 5 October 1905, Baia Bari of Gassin village went before the tribunal
de province of Segu seeking a divorce from her husband, Tiemoko Boaré of
Koila. Both Baia Bari and Tiemoko Boaré were Muslims. Baia Bari claimed
that Tiemoko Boaré had mistreated her and that she was prepared to return
the bridewealth. In addition, Baia Bari sought the return of 27,000 cowries
she claimed Tiemoko Boaré had taken from her, although she did not present
any ‘proof’. Tiemoko Boaré agreed to the divorce but denied having taken
the money. The court pronounced the divorce and called for Tiemoko Boaré
to recover the bridewealth he and his kin had provided to Baia Bari's kin.
The court dismissed Baia Bari's claim for the return of 27,000 cowries,
because she had failed to produce evidence of the alleged ‘loan’. Neither Baia
Bari nor Tiemoko Boaré appealed the court's verdict.

How Baia Bari came to bring suit for divorce against her husband for
mistreatment and how the provincial court, presided over by the leading
African notables of Segu, saw fit to intervene in the domestic affairs of the
Boaré household is the subject of this article. The data provided in the
‘Register of Civil and Commercial Judgements Rendered by the Provincial
Court of Segu during the Third Quarter of 1905’ are not detailed enough for
us to ‘hear’ Baia Bari's complaints about marital mistreatment. Nor does the
register tell us anything about how the members of the court understood the
evidence of mistreatment, which they accepted, and Baia Bari's claim for the
return of 27,000 cowries, which they rejected. Despite the sparse annotation
of this case, Baia Bari's legal action raises at least two questions. First, from
where did the provincial court ‘receive’ the authority to intervene in the
domestic affairs of the Boaré household? Second, why did Baia Bari turn to
the provincial court to seek the dissolution of her marriage?
Print, Orality and Communications in the Maid of Kent Affair
Authors: SHAGAN ETHAN H.
Published: September 2019

This article explores the printed and oral communications through which the sixteenth-century holy
woman Elizabeth Barton publicised her political prophecies against the Henrician Reformation.
Authorship of the primary printed account of Barton's early career has been misattributed, leading
scholars to underestimate the number of accounts of Barton's miracles which circulated in her
lifetime. This observation leads to an analysis of the media apparatus used by Barton and her
adherents, which was an expansion into the political realm of the textual and oral networks through
which saints' lives and miracles were publicised in late medieval England.
The Early Tudor Reformations in the Irish Pale
Authors: JEFFERIES HENRY A.
Published: September 2019

This paper highlights striking commonalities between the pre-Reformation Church in England and
that in the Pale around Dublin, and argues that the eventual failure of the Tudor reformations in
the Pale was not inevitable. It shows that while the Henrician Reformation encountered very
considerable opposition at first, the Pale's secular and ecclesiastical elites subsequently endorsed a
moderated religious settlement wherein papal authority was abrogated. They acquiesced in the first
Book of Common Prayer. However, the crown's deputies were loth to enforce religious change
and Protestantism won very few adherents as late as 1553.
Contact angles for evaporating liquids predicted and compared with existing experiments
Authors: MORRIS S. J. S.
Published: September 2019

The stationary meniscus of an evaporating, perfectly wetting system exhibits an
apparent contact angle Θ which vanishes with the applied temperature difference
ΔT, and is maintained for ΔT > 0 by a small-scale flow driven by evaporation.
Existing theory predicts Θ and the heat flow q∗ from the contact region as the
solution of a free-boundary problem. Though that theory admits the possibility that
Θ and q∗ are determined at the same scale, we show that, in practice, a separation of
scales gives the theory an inner and outer structure; Θ is determined within an inner
region contributing a negligible fraction of the total evaporation, but q∗ is determined
at larger scales by conduction across an outer liquid wedge subtending an angle Θ.
The existence of a contact angle can thus be assumed for computing the heat flow; the
problems for Θ and q∗ decouple. We analyse the inner problem to derive a formula
for Θ as a function of ΔT and material properties; the formula agrees closely with
numerical solutions of the existing theory. Though microphysics must be included in
the model of the inner region to resolve a singularity in the hydrodynamic equations,
Θ is insensitive to microphysical detail because the singularity is weak. Our analysis
shows that Θ is determined chiefly by the capillary number
Ca = μlVl/σ based
on surface tension σ, liquid viscosity μl and a velocity
scale Vl set by evaporation
kinetics. To illustrate this result of our asymptotic analysis, we show that computed
angles lie close to the curve Θ = 2.2Ca1/4; a small scatter of ±15% about that curve
is the only hint that Θ depends on microphysics. To test our scaling relation, we
use film profiles measured by Kim (1994) to determine experimental values of Θ
and Ca; these are the first such values to be published for the evaporating meniscus.
Agreement between theory and experiment is adequate; the difference is less than ±40%
for 9 of 15 points, while the scatter within experimental values is ±25%.
Longitudinal vortices in a laminar natural convection boundary layer flow on an inclined
flat plate and their influence on heat transfer
Authors: JESCHKE PETER , BEER HANS
Published: September 2019

The linear and nonlinear growth of longitudinal vortices in a laminar boundary layer
and the development of secondary instabilities are investigated theoretically and by
experiment. As a prototype problem the natural convection flow along a constant-heat-flux
inclined flat plate in water is chosen. Based upon the smallness of the
plate's angle of inclination from the vertical, the largeness of the Grashof number,
and the smallness of the vortex strength, a perturbation method is used to derive
and solve a consistent set of governing equations for the linear, weakly nonlinear and
the strongly nonlinear regimes which is asymptotically correct to first order. Liquid-crystal
thermography based on wide-band liquid crystals is used to provide full-field,
highly accurate wall temperature measurements and visualizations.

The spanwise periodic thickening and thinning of the boundary layer through a
nonlinear, but steady, vortex growth is seen to be responsible for practically all of
the increase of mean heat transfer values during the laminar–turbulent transition.
Secondary instabilties in the form of sinuous and varicose unsteady wave modes
and the steady merging of vortices are visualized but are seen to have only a minor
additional influence on mean heat transfer.
Acoustic receptivity and evolution of two-dimensional and oblique disturbances in a Blasius boundary layer
Authors: KING RUDOLPH A. , BREUER KENNETH S.
Published: September 2019

An experimental investigation was conducted to examine acoustic receptivity and subsequent
boundary-layer instability evolution for a Blasius boundary layer formed on a
flat plate in the presence of two-dimensional and oblique (three-dimensional) surface
waviness. The effect of the non-localized surface roughness geometry and acoustic
wave amplitude on the receptivity process was explored. The surface roughness had
a well-defined wavenumber spectrum with fundamental wavenumber kw. A planar
downstream-travelling acoustic wave was created to temporally excite the flow near the
resonance frequency of an unstable eigenmode corresponding to kts = kw. The range
of acoustic forcing levels, ε, and roughness heights, Δh, examined resulted in a linear
dependence of receptivity coefficients; however, the larger values of the forcing combination
εΔh resulted in subsequent nonlinear development of the Tollmien–Schlichting
(T–S) wave. This study provides the first experimental evidence of a marked increase
in the receptivity coefficient with increasing obliqueness of the surface waviness in
excellent agreement with theory. Detuning of the two-dimensional and oblique disturbances
was investigated by varying the streamwise wall-roughness wavenumber αw
and measuring the T–S response. For the configuration where laminar-to-turbulent
breakdown occurred, the breakdown process was found to be dominated by energy
at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies, indicative of K-type breakdown.
Sensitivity of horizontal flows to forcing geometry
Authors: KANDA ISAO , LINDEN P. F.
Published: September 2019

We investigate the horizontal flow produced by source–sink forcing in a stably
stratified fluid. The forcing jets are kept laminar and are placed along the boundary
of a square domain. We find that the resultant flow patterns are extremely sensitive to
the forcing geometry. The single dominant vortex pattern, interpreted as the result of
inverse energy cascade of two-dimensional turbulence in our previous work (Boubnov,
Dalziel & Linden 1994), turns out to be a special case. We show that some of the
steady patterns resemble the eigenmodes of the Helmholtz equation as the inviscid
vorticity equation. Although there are significant discrepancies in the streamfunction
vs. vorticity relations between the observed flows and the analytical solutions, we
identify the differences as a result of viscous diffusion of vorticity from the source
flows. We also study the transition from forced to decaying flow. The flow assumes the
properties of Stokes flow at quite large Reynolds number, indicating transformation
into patterns with small advective acceleration.
Saturated Rayleigh–Taylor instability of an oscillating Couette film flow
Authors: HALPERN DAVID , FRENKEL ALEXANDER L.
Published: September 2019

The nonlinear stability of a two-fluid system consisting of a viscous film bounded
above by a heavier and thicker layer, between two horizontal plates, with one of the
plates oscillating horizontally about a fixed position, is investigated. An evolution
equation governing the thickness of the viscous film is derived. Numerical simulations
of this equation on extended spatial intervals demonstrate nonlinear small-amplitude
saturation of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability in certain parametric regimes. In the low-frequency
time-asymptotic regimes, the averaged properties of the extensive spatio-temporal chaos are not steady, but rather oscillate in time. A quasi-equilibrium
theory is proposed in which the low-frequency results are interpreted by building
upon the notions developed earlier for the simpler case of a non-oscillatory film
governed by the classical, constant-coefficient Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation. In
contrast, the higher-frequency solutions exhibit piecewise linear profiles that have
never been encountered in simulations of non-oscillatory films. The amplitude as
a function of frequency has a single minimum point which is of order one. Also,
preliminary results of numerical simulations of film evolution are given for the
large-amplitude parametric regimes. At some parameter values, rupture is observed,
similar to the case with no base flow; in other regimes the basic flows succeeds
in preventing rupture. The complete characterization of the factors responsible for
the particular asymptotic fate of the film, rupture or no rupture, remains an open
question.
Buoyancy-driven interactions of viscous drops with deforming interfaces
Authors: KUSHNER JOSEPH , ROTHER MICHAEL A. , DAVIS ROBERT H.
Published: September 2019

Experiments were conducted on the interactions of two different-sized deformable
drops moving due to gravity in an immiscible viscous fluid at low Reynolds number.
As the drops come close to each other, several interactions are possible: (i) separation
of the drops, (ii) capture of the smaller drop behind the larger drop, (iii) breakup of
the smaller drop into two or more drops, and (iv) pass-through of one drop through
the other, with possible cycle interaction or leap-frogging. The interactions depend on
several system parameters, including the drop-to-medium viscosity ratio, the radius
ratio of the two drops, the initial horizontal offset of the two drops at large vertical
separation, and the gravitational Bond number (which represents the ratio of buoyant
forces to interfacial tension forces for the larger drop and describes how much the
drops will deform). Experimental analysis was conducted by videotaping trajectories
of glycerol–water drops of various compositions falling in castor oil. The results show
good agreement with available theoretical results, both for interaction maps and
individual trajectories. The results also provide data beyond the present limitations
of theoretical algorithms and reveal the new pass-through phenomenon.
Effects of kinetic sorptive exchange on solute transport in open-channel flow
Authors: NG CHIU-ON , YIP T. L.
Published: September 2019

A theory is presented for the transport in open-channel flow of a chemical species
under the influence of kinetic sorptive exchange between phases that are dissolved in
water and sorbed onto suspended sediments. The asymptotic method of homogenization
is followed to deduce effective transport equations for both phases. The transport
coefficients for the solute are shown to be functions of the local sediment concentration
and therefore vary with space and time. The three important controlling parameters
are the suspension number, the bulk solid–water distribution ratio and the sorption
kinetics parameter. It is illustrated with a numerical example that when values of
these parameters are sufficiently high, the advection and dispersion of the solute cloud
can be dominated by the sorption effects. The concentration distribution can exhibit
an appreciable deviation from Gaussianity soon after discharge, which develops into
a long tailing as the solute cloud gradually moves ahead of the sediment cloud.
On the formation of the counter-rotating vortex pair in transverse jets
Authors: CORTELEZZI L. , KARAGOZIAN A. R.
Published: September 2019

Among the important physical phenomena associated with the jet in crossflow is
the formation and evolution of vortical structures in the flow field, in particular
the counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) associated with the jet cross-section. The
present computational study focuses on the mechanisms for the dynamical generation
and evolution of these vortical structures. Transient numerical simulations of the
flow field are performed using three-dimensional vortex elements. Vortex ring rollup,
interactions, tilting, and folding are observed in the near field, consistent with the
ideas described in the experimental work of Kelso, Lim & Perry (1996), for example.
The time-averaged effect of these jet shear layer vortices, even over a single period
of their evolution, is seen to result in initiation of the CVP. Further insight into
the topology of the flow field, the formation of wake vortices, the entrainment of
crossflow, and the effect of upstream boundary layer thickness is also provided in this
study.
Experimental study of wall boundary conditions for large-eddy simulation
Authors: MARUSIC IVAN , KUNKEL GARY J. , PORTÉ-AGEL FERNANDO
Published: September 2019

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the wall boundary condition
for large-eddy simulation (LES) of a turbulent boundary layer at Rθ = 3500. Most
boundary condition formulations for LES require the specification of the instantaneous
filtered wall shear stress field based upon the filtered velocity field at the
closest grid point above the wall. Three conventional boundary conditions are tested
using simultaneously obtained filtered wall shear stress and streamwise and wall-normal
velocities, at locations nominally within the log region of the flow. This was
done using arrays of hot-film sensors and X-wire probes. The results indicate that
models based on streamwise velocity perform better than those using the wall-normal
velocity, but overall significant discrepancies were found for all three models. A new
model is proposed which gives better agreement with the shear stress measured at
the wall. The new model is also based on the streamwise velocity but is formulated
so as to be consistent with ‘outer-flow’ scaling similarity of the streamwise velocity
spectra. It is therefore expected to be more generally applicable over a larger range
of Reynolds numbers at any first-grid position within the log region of the boundary
layer.
Nonlinear stability and structure of compressible reacting mixing layers
Authors: DAY M. J. , MANSOUR N. N. , REYNOLDS W. C.
Published: September 2019

The parabolized stability equations (PSE) are used to investigate issues of nonlinear
flow development and mixing in compressible reacting shear layers, which are
modelled with an infinitely fast-chemistry assumption. Particular emphasis is placed
on investigating the change in flow structure that occurs when compressibility and
heat release are added to the flow. These conditions allow the ‘outer’ instability
modes – one associated with each of the fast and slow streams – to dominate over
the ‘central’, Kelvin–Helmholtz mode that exists unaccompanied in incompressible
non-reacting mixing layers. Analysis of scalar probability density functions in flows
with dominant outer modes demonstrates the ineffective, one-sided nature of mixing
that accompanies these flow structures. Colayer conditions, where two modes have
equal growth rate and the mixing layer is formed by two sets of vortices, offer some
opportunity for mixing enhancement. Their extent, however, is found to be limited in
the mixing layer's parameter space. Extensive validation of the PSE technique also
provides a unique perspective on central-mode vortex pairing, further supporting the
view that pairing is primarily governed by instability growth rates; mutual induction
appears to be a secondary process. This perspective sheds light on how linear stability
theory is able to provide such an accurate prediction of experimentally observed, fully
nonlinear flow phenomenon.
The motion of a dipolar spherical particle in homogeneous shear
and time-periodic fields
Authors: PUYESKY I. , FRANKEL I.
Published: September 2019

The effects of the intensity and frequency of a time-periodic external
field on the
rotary motion of a dipolar spherical particle suspended in homogeneous
shear are
studied with the goal of providing insight into problems concerning the
motion of
swimming microorganisms and the macroscopic behaviour of ferrofluids. The
analysis
reveals two modes of motion: convergence of the particle to a global time-periodic

attractor, and quasi-periodic motion. The former mode of particle rotation
generally
appears for sufficiently strong fields. However, asymptotic analysis clarifies
that it
may occur even for very weak fields as a cumulative result of appropriate
resonance
interactions.

A sufficient condition for the occurrence of a global time-periodic
attractor is established
for an external field acting in the plane of shear. Asymptotic results
together
with numerical evidence indicate that this condition is in fact a necessary
condition as
well. Making use of this condition we obtain the division of the plane
of parameters
into domains respectively corresponding to quasi-periodic motion and global
time-periodic
attractors. The latter domain has the structure of non-intersecting Arnold's

tongues. Throughout each, the average frequency of dipole rotation about
the vorticity
vector is a constant (integral) multiple of the forcing frequency (frequency
locking).
In the case of quasi-periodic motion, there simultaneously coexist separate
domains
in orientation space where the rotary motion is locally characterized by
different
constant rotation numbers. These may assume both rational and irrational
values.
Potential implications of the distinction between these modes of rotary
motion on the
characterization of effective (macroscale) ferrofluid properties are briefly discussed.
Patient classification of two-week wait referrals for suspected head and neck cancer: a machine learning approach
Authors: Moor J W , Paleri V , Edwards J
Published: September 2019

Background

Machine learning algorithms could potentially be used to classify patients referred on the two-week wait pathway for suspected head and neck cancer. Patients could be classified into ‘predicted cancer’ or ‘predicted non-cancer’ groups.

Methods

A variety of machine learning algorithms were assessed using the clinical data of 5082 patients. These patients had previously been referred via the two-week wait pathway for suspected head and neck cancer to two separate tertiary referral centres in the UK. Outcomes from machine learning classification were analysed in comparison to known clinical diagnoses.

Results

Variational logistic regression was the most clinically useful technique of those chosen to perform the analysis and patient classification; the proportion of patients correctly classified as having ‘non-cancer’ was 25.8 per cent, with a false negative rate of 1 out of 1000.

Conclusion

Machine learning algorithms can accurately and effectively classify patients referred with suspected head and neck cancer symptoms.