bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stress from environmental pollutants
Authors: Ahmad Sami
Published: February 2005

Recently progress has been made on O2 toxicity and pathology related to numerous environmental contaminants in insects. The pro‐oxidants studied included: dioxin, paraquat, and an assorted array of quinones, 8‐methoxypsorlen, arsenic, and mercury. The responses to these oxidants are diverse, but they arise from the reactive oxygen species. These pro‐oxidants in insects cause lipid peroxidation, protein and enzyme oxidation, and GSH depletion. Potentially, they may also cause DNA oxidation, and form DNA adducts. Oxidative challenge is alleviated by antioxidant compounds, but more importantly by the induction of antioxidant enzymes, which are crucial for the termination of O2 radical cascade and lipid peroxidation chain reaction. Insects exhibit a wasting syndrome under sub‐acute stress. In acute toxicity vital physiological processes impaired are hemolymph melanization and diuresis. Thus, insects resemble vertebrates in both the response to oxidative stress and its pathological consequences. These results raise the prospect that insects may serve as non‐mammalian model species for monitoring the oxidative‐stress component of environmental toxicity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How do insect herbivores cope with the extreme oxidative stress of phototoxic host plants?
Authors: Aucoin Richard , Guillet Gabriel , Murray Christine , Philogène Bernard J. R. , Arnason J. Thor
Published: February 2005

Plants of the Asteraceae and Hypericaceae possess secondary compounds that induce photooxidation in insect herbivores that consume them. One of the well‐established modes of action of these substances is peroxidation of membrane lipids. Some herbivores counteract these defences by avoidance of light and tissues rich in phototoxins or the ability to detoxify these secondary substances. The cytochrome P‐450 polysubstrate monooxygenase systems involved, the metabolic products, and a new putative toxin pump have been described. Dietary antioxidants (β‐carotene, vitamin E, ascorbate) are additional defences against phototoxicity. They reduce mortality in herbivores exposed to phototoxins and some specialist herbivores have high constitutive levels. Adapted specialist insects also have higher constitutive levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and respond to phototoxins in their diet by the induction of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and increased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH). Artificial inhibition of the enzymes SOD and CAT had little effect on phototoxicity but inhibition of GSH synthesis in herbivores enhanced photooxidative effects of administered phototoxins on lipid peroxidation. While insects have many mechanisms to overcome plant photooxidants, the Asteraceae appear to have adopted a strategy of counterattack. We suggest and provide preliminary evidence that a second group of secondary substances, the sesquiterpene lactones, occurring in the Asteraceae can attack key antioxidant defences to synergise phototoxins. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biochemical characterization, developmental expression, and induction of the immune protein scolexin from Manduca sexta
Authors: Kyriakides T. R. , McKillip J. L. , Spence K. D.
Published: February 2005

The immune protein, scolexin, a bacteria‐induced, larva‐specific protein from Manduca sexta, was shown to exist in the hemolymph in two isoelectric forms designated herein as scolexin‐1 and scolexin‐2 (native Mr ∼ 72 kd). These two charge isomers appeared to share the same amino acid composition. Scolexin is composed of two subunits (peptide Mr ∼ 36 kd) that possess the same N‐terminus. Scolexin‐2 was subjected to glycosyl composition analysis, revealing the presence of galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and sialic acid residues. Hybridization of epidermal RNA with oligonucleotides deduced from the scolexin N‐terminal sequence showed a continuous decline in mRNA following day 0 of the 5th larval instar. By employing in vitro protein labelling, it was found that organ cultures of the epidermis from immune larvae showed a greater ability over that of naive epidermal cultures to synthesize scolexin; these data reflected the inducible response seen in the hemolymph, and confirm other data indicating that the epidermis is an important site of scolexin biosynthesis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of a novel esterase conferring insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex tarsalis
Authors: Whyard Steven , Downe Aylward E. R. , Walker Virginia K.
Published: February 2005

Resistance to the organophosphate insecticide, malathion, in a strain of Culex tarsalis mosquitoes is due to increased activity of a malathion carboxylesterase (MCE). To determine whether resistance was due to a qualitative or quantitative change in the MCE, the enzyme was purified from both malathion‐resistant and ‐susceptible mosquitoes. Enzyme kinetic measurements revealed that the two strains have one MCE in common, but resistant mosquitoes also have a unique MCE which hydrolyses malathion 18 times faster. Interestingly, this MCE does not hydrolyse α‐naphthyl acetate, a substrate commonly used to detect increased levels of esterases in other organophosphate‐resistant insects. Unlike the over‐produced esterase of some related mosquito species, each MCE in C. tarsalis accounts for only a small fraction (0.015%) of the total extractable protein in either strain. Therefore, resistance in these insects is due to the presence of a qualitatively different enzyme, and not to a quantitative increase of a non‐specific esterase. This study therefore demonstrates that the underlying biochemical mechanisms of insecticide resistance in one insect cannot necessarily be predicted from those of another, even closely related species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation of two AKH‐related peptides from cicadas
Authors: Veenstra Jan A. , Hagedorn Henry H.
Published: February 2005

Two peptides related to locust adipokinetic hormone and crustacean red pigment concentrating hormone were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography from the cicadas Cacama valavata and Diceroprocta semicincta. Both species have the same peptides. The structure of one of the peptides is pGlu‐Val‐Asn‐Phe‐Ser‐Pro‐Ser‐Trp‐Gly‐Asn‐amide. The mass spectrum, amino acid composition, and amino acid sequence of the other peptide suggest that it is almost identical to the first peptide. However, the exact nature of the difference between the two peptides could not be determined. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a recombinant baculovirus expressing a modified juvenile hormone esterase with potential for insect control
Authors: Bonning B. C. , Hoover K. , Booth T. F. , Duffey S. , Hammock B. D.
Published: February 2005

Baculovirus insecticides are receiving renewed attention as insect pest control agents following the development of fast‐acting recombinant baculoviruses. Here we report on the construction and biological activity of a recombinant baculovirus derived from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica which expresses a modified form of juvenile hormone esterase (JHE). The serine at the catalytic site of the JHE has been mutated to a glycine residue so that the protein does not degrade JH. The recombinant baculovirus expressing this modified form of JHE, named AcJHE‐SG, has enhanced activity against lepidopteran larvae. Lethal times of the recombinant are 20 to 30% lower than for the wild type virus, and a 66% reduction in feeding damage caused by infected larvae is observed. This result is comparable to the best recombinant baculovirus developed to date, AcAaIT, which expresses an insect‐selective scorpion toxin. The potential of these recombinant viruses for commercialization as insecticides is discussed. Bioassays of AcJHE‐SG in conjunction with anti‐JH agents indicate that the virus is not killing by an anti‐JH mechanism. Larvae apparently die from contraction‐paralysis, or disruption of the normal sequence of events at the molt. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathway and regulation of JHIII‐bisepoxide biosynthesis in adult Drosophila melanogaster corpus allatum
Authors: Moshitzky Pnina , Applebaum Shalom W.
Published: February 2005

Adult female Drosophila melanogaster corpus allatum (CA) synthesize JHB3 from endogenous and exogenous precursors in vitro. We present evidence supporting the thesis that biosynthesis proceeds from precursor FA via initial epoxidation and terminal methylation on the basis of the following: (1) Methyl farnesoate is not epoxidized to JHIII or JHB3; (2) Authentic JHIII is not epoxidized to JHB3; and (3) FABE is markedly metabolized to JHB3. Cerebral allatostatic factors act at some stage subsequent to FA and this precursor is not normally rate‐limiting. Additionally, neural inhibition from the brain acts at some biosynthetic step prior to FA. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loading of lipophorin particles with phospholipids at the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Atella Geórgia C. , Gondim Katia C. , Masuda Hatisaburo
Published: February 2005

32P‐Labelled midguts (32P‐midguts) of Rhodnius prolixus females were incubated in the presence of nonradioactive purified lipophorin and the release of radioactivity to the medium was analysed. The radioactivity found in the medium was associated with lipophorin phospholipids. When the 32P‐midguts were incubated in the absence of lipophorin, no 32P‐phospholipids were found in the medium. Comparative analysis by thin‐layer chromatography of 32P‐phospholipids derived from metabolically labelled 32P‐midgut or lipophorin particles after incubation with 32P‐midgut showed some differences, revealing a possible selectivity in the process of phospholipids transfer. The transfer of phospholipids to lipophorin was linear with time up to 45 min, was saturable with respect to the concentration of lipophorin, and was half‐maximal at about 5 mg/ml. The binding of 32P‐lipophorin to the midgut at O°C reached the equilibrium at about 1 h of incubation. The binding of 32P‐lipophorin was inhibited by an excess of nonradioactive lipophorin, which suggests a specific receptor for lipophorin. The capacity of midguts and fat bodies to transfer phospholipids to lipophorin varied during the days following the meal. When lipophorin enzymatically depleted of phospholipids by treatment with phospholipase A2 was incubated with 32P‐midguts, the same amount of phospholipids was transferred, indicating a net gain of phospholipids by the particle. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biochemical and metabolic alterations in Acyrthosiphon pisum parasitized by Aphidius ervi
Authors: Pennacchio F. , Digilio M. C. , Tremblay E.
Published: February 2005

Biochemical and metabolic alterations in Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae) parasitized by the endophagous Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are reported. Total ecdysteroid titer was determined by radioimmunoassay. The hemolymph levels of acylglycerols and proteins were assessed with an enzymatic method and Bradford's method, respectively. Alterations of the electrophoretic pattern of host hemolymph proteins were assessed by SDS‐PAGE. Analyses were carried out on hosts parasitized as 1st instars, as well as on hosts which were parasitized later, as 3rd or 4th instars. Parasitism did not significantly alter the ecdysteroid titer of pre‐adult stages when parasitized as 3rd instars. In contrast, the ecdysteroid titer in developmentally arrested 4th instars of A. pisum, previously parasitized as 1st instars, was significantly lower than in the case of synchronous nonparasitized controls. Ecdysteroids were detected also in adult aphids, which, when previously parasitized as 3rd instars, showed a precocious end of reproductive activity associated with a hormonal titer that was significantly lower than in actively reproducing nonparasitized controls of the same age. Acylglycerol and protein titers were significantly higher in the hemolymph of both early and late parasitized hosts, 5–6 days after parasitoid oviposition. SDS‐PAGE analysis of hemolymph collected 5 days after parasitization revealed the presence of both upregulated proteins and of parasitoid‐specific proteins. The observed biochemical changes in parasitized hosts were synchronized with the major part of parasitoid larval growth and, apparently, strictly related to parasitic castration of the host. The role and importance of host regulation factors controlling these biochemical and developmental alterations in parasitized pea aphids are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic variants of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries and their clinical relevance
Authors: Nelson Thomas M. , Pollak Raymond , Jonasson Olga , Abcarian Herand
Published: February 2005

A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries and their variants is necessary to accomplish a successful, uncomplicated abdominal operation. We examined the anatomy of these arteries in situ in 50 adult cadavers. The classic anatomic description of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries was each confirmed in only 24%, 22%, and 16% of the cadavers, respectively. This infrequent occurrence of the textbook picture was due to the presence of one or more variants in 94% resulting from differences in arterial origin and spatial relationship. A left hepatic artery of left gastric artery origin was found in 20%. A right or common hepatic artery of superior mesenteric artery origin was observed in 14% and 6%, respectively. Of equal frequency to the classic pattern of the superior mesenteric artery was that in which the ileocolic artery arose separately and the right and middle colic arteries arose via a common trunk. The most common pattern of the inferior mesenteric artery was a left colic and a sigmoid artery arising from a common trunk with a second sigmoid artery from the inferior mesenteric artery in 28%. The embryologic basis, frequency in the literature, and clinical relevance of these variants are discussed.
The levator ani muscle and the nerve supply of its puborectalis component
Authors: Roberts W. H. , Harrison C. W. , Mitchell D. A. , Fischer H. F.
Published: February 2005

This study of 50 embalmed and 4 unembalmed cadavers was undertaken to try to better understand the rationale for the varied descriptions of the levator ani muscle and its components. Our findings are in harmony with those which have determined M. puborectalis to be the caudal component of the levator ani and to have superior and inferior laminae. The inferior lamina contributes significantly to the mass of the puborectalis, forming the major part of its so‐called sling component that angulates the anorectal junction. The more superficial of the anterior fibers of both the M. pubococcygeus and M. puborectalis insert prerectally and contribute to what is called M. levator prostatae (pubovaginalis). Their fused borders bound the levator (urogenital) hiatus. The deeper fibers insert into the posterolateral wall of the vagina in the female. Both M. pubococcygeus and M. puborectalis also insert between the Ms. sphincter ani externus and internus, and both contribute to the postanal levator plate. The nerve supply of M. puborectalis is from the nerve to the levator ani (S 3,4) on its superior aspect, but it frequently receives an auxiliary supply from the inferior rectal and perineal branches of the pudendal nerve on its inferior aspect. The surgical significance of M. levator ani is commented on.
Variations in the facial muscles at the angle of the mouth
Authors: Shimada Kazuyuki , Gasser Raymond F.
Published: February 2005

The Latin term modiolus literally means “the nave of a wheel” and in dentistry refers to the point lateral to the angle of the mouth where several facial muscles converge. It has been described as coinciding with a muscular or tendinous node in the cheek and is considered to be important clinically. The facial muscles that insert in the vicinity of the mouth angle are the levator anguli oris, zygomaticus major, risorius, buccinator, and depressor anguli oris. The arrangement of these muscles in relation to the angle of the mouth was studied in 147 cadavers (279 sides) of the Mongoloid (Japanese) and Caucasian races. Considerable variation in the pattern of convergence was found. The variations were classified into three types as follows. Type A: location of the muscle convergence was lateral to the angle of the mouth. Type B: convergent area was located above the angle. Type C: convergent area was located below the angle. When the two races were considered together type C occurred most frequently (42.3%) followed closely by type B (41.2%). The arrangement described in textbooks (type A) occurred least frequently (16.5%). The frequency of appearance of convergent types according to race also is given. The gross observations do not support the existence of a nodular modiolus. In addition, the muscles that are supposed to contribute to the nodule usually do not converge lateral to the mouth angle but rather converge either above or below the angle.
“O death, where is thy sting?” Historical perspectives on the relationship of human postmortem anatomical dissection to medical education and care
Authors: Rodning Charles B.
Published: February 2005

From an historical perspective, great intellectual effort and struggle were required to secure the privilege of human postmortem anatomical dissection. It represents one expression of the validity and value of the patient‐physician relationship. The latter contributes to the welfare of mankind, if through that involvement the knowledge and wisdom of each is enhanced. “… Death rejoices to come to the aid of life” only if patients and physicians are committed to the educational and functional value of postmortem analysis, organ/tissue donation, and cadaveric anatomical dissection. Physicians must be willing to communicate to the individuals they encounter the usefulness of these opportunities for the continued enhancement of patient care and medical science. I would argue that it should be perceived as an expression of an interdependence among all sentient beings, and as such should be promoted as the zeitgeist of all interpersonal relationships within contemporary society.
Distribution of antral G‐cells in relation to the parietal cells of the stomach and anatomical boundaries
Authors: Naik K. S. , Lagopoulos M. , Primrose J. N.
Published: February 2005

Previous studies involving the mapping of antral G‐cells have had little significance because the techniques involved have been tedious, inaccurate, and have concentrated on pathological material, without establishing normal antral anatomy or physiology. We describe a new, reproducible technique for the accurate mapping of antral G‐cells, which shows their relationship to the parietal cell mass and the macroscopic antrum‐corpus boundary.

The antrum of 20 normal, “fresh,” postmortem human stomachs was examined by cutting 4–8 longitudinal strips. The macroscopic antrum‐corpus boundary (nerve of Latarjet) was identified. Serial section were stained for parietal and G‐cells to define the microscopic antrum‐corpus boundary.

In 4 stomachs, the parietal cells extended to the pylorus. In these, the G‐cells were sparse and the antrum as defined by the G‐cells was significantly smaller (P<0.01). The G‐cell boundary correlated better with the macroscopic boundary than did the parietal cell boundary.

This study provides a basis for future quantitative studies on parietal and G‐cells in the antrum which should be defined according to both G‐cells and parietal cells. Patients with “acid antra” appear to have reduced number of antral G‐cells and this may have practical significance for patients undergoing duodenal ulcer surgery.
Gracilis muscle anatomy as related to function of a free functioning muscle transplant
Authors: McKee N. H. , Fish J. S. , Manktelow R. T. , McAvoy G. V. , Young S. , Zuker R. M.
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this study was to establish the potential of the gracilis muscle to provide separate but controlled movement (e.g., independent finger flexion) when used as a free muscle transfer. The intramuscular neurovascular anatomy was studied in cadavers and in vitro. Through injection, dissection, and stimulation studies, it has been established that the distal gracilis can be separated longitudinally into at least two viable parts with independent neural control. This potential has been realized in ten clinical cases in which some separation of thumb and finger function has been achieved.
Transposition of the viscera: A review
Authors: Brassett Cecilia , Ellis Harold
Published: February 2005

Situs inversus and its associated syndromes have fascinated anatomists, embryologists, and clinicians for centuries. However, the embryogenesis and mode of inheritance of situs inversus have remained ill‐understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding etiology and genetics, discuss the diagnostic features which may be clinically useful in identifying asymptomatic subjects, and outline some important aspects in the management of patients with visceral transposition and concomitant disease. The relevance of pre‐ and neonatal diagnosis of the condition is also evaluated. We conclude with some data on the incidence of situs inversus in the East Anglian region of England.
Prospects for human digit regeneration
Authors: McLachlan John C. , Usman Tamoor
Published: February 2005

The phenomenon of limb regeneration is briefly described, and factors empirically known to enhance regeneration are reviewed. Regeneration is compared to the initial development of the limb, with which it shares many similarities. Recent advances in understanding of the control mechanisms underlying regeneration are described; in particular, the role of retinoids, and their relationship with homeobox‐containing genes are considered. The long‐term prospects of inducing regeneration in human amputees are considered, and a cautious “thumbs up” is given to this notion, at least in a limited form.
A multiplanar anatomic study of the cervical proximal nerve roots and spinal nerves
Authors: Yug David P. , Sether Lowell A. , Komorowski Richard A. , Haughton Victor M.
Published: February 2005

An anatomic study focused on the proximal cervical spinal nerves has not been reported. Therefore, we dissected the cervical spinal nerves of three cadavers and examined stained sections in parasagittal and axial planes through the proximal cervical spinal nerves and root sheaths. These studies documented distinct segments of the spinal nerve which had not been completely described in the previous anatomic studies. The sheath originates from the dural sac as a common sleeve, divides into two sleeves, one containing the ventral root and one the dorsal root, and then distal to the dorsal root ganglion fuses again into one sleeve. A space, the interradicular cleft, separates the dorsal and ventral portions of the sleeve. The proximal segment of the spinal nerve proper distal to the dorsal root ganglion is composed of multiple small fascicles surrounded by a dense epineurium. The presence of an interradicular cleft in the cervical nerve root sheath and of fascicles in the cervical spinal nerve has significance for imaging of the cervical spinal nerves and for the pathogenesis of symptoms in cases of partial compression. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two cases of non‐rotation in adults: Its anatomical analysis
Authors: Susuki Keiichiro , Baba Masaya , Sasaki Katsunori
Published: February 2005

Two adult cases of non‐rotation were anatomically analysed. The small intestine occupied the right flank and the colon the left. The ileum crossed the midline to enter the cecum from the right. The appendix vermiformis rested on the front of the cecum and extended upwards. The cecum was located in the lesser pelvis. They had no Ladd's bands, but in the first case fibrous bands from the posterior abdominal wall caused kinking. The colon of the first case had an intricate twist under the left kidney. The second case was also complicated with three loops, the third loop posed between the first and the second, accompanied by a rare vascular anomaly, a double inferior mesenteric artery. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periosteal and Intraosseous arteries of the human femur: Sphincter‐arteries in the medullary cavity
Authors: LüDinghausen Michael Von , Pahnke Jan , McNamara S. , Boot Christine
Published: February 2005

Microanatomic injection and corrosion casts were made of 30 human femora of all ages to study the distribution of periosteal and intraosseous arteries; additionally, the marrow of 85 femora (also from all ages) was harvested for histological examination of these vessels. Examination of the diaphyseal and metaphyseal periosteal arteries revealed slight rarefication in density during the lifespan, whereas endosteal arteries were significantly changed in appearance. Two broad dense arterial trees (one located in the proximal half and the other in the distal half) with regular branching crowns were found in the fetal femur. By the second decade of life, the two vascular trees were reduced to an irregular, sparse structure that often showed glomuslike convolutions. Histologically, the intraosseous arteries often developed single or grouped axially oriented smooth muscle cells located in any of the layers of the arterial wall or were sometimes found included within the internal elastic lamina. In about 10% of the glomuslike convolutions, circumscribed intra‐arterial cushions and sphincters of modified epithelioid smooth muscle cells were found. These structures may be part of arteriovenous anastomoses that serve to regulate blood pressure and may release humoral agents. The transformation of the arterial distribution pattern and the occurrence of arterial cushions and sphincters parallel the change of red haematopoetic marrow into yellow marrow. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of collagenous and elastic fiber systems and microvasculature of human cruciate ligaments: An electronmicroscopic and stereologic study
Authors: Neurath Markus F. , Stofft Eckart
Published: February 2005

The cruciate ligaments of 35 human knee joints were analyzed by the combined use of immunohistochemistry and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The results were verified by morphometric analyses. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) had a more twisted and complex architecture compared to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). The PCL showed significantly (p < 0,05) thicker fibril diameters (x = 84,2 nm, s = 25,8 nm vs. x = 79,3 nm, s = 19,9 nm) and a higher total cross‐sectional area (252,00 mm2 vs. 208,0. 5 mm2) than the ACL. In both ligaments, type III collagen was detected using monoclonal antibodies. The ACL revealed more type VI but less type IV collagen than the PCL. The vascularization of the ACL revealed an age‐dependent pattern and was significantly (p < 0,001) less well marked than in the PCL. The results reflect the poor vascular supply of the ACL in the human knee joint. The complex collagen architecture and the lower vascularization of the ACL in comparison with the PCL may contribute to poor surgical results after traumatic anterior cruciate ligament rupture. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two years' experience of assessment of anatomy teachers and courses by preclinical and clinical students
Authors: Monkhouse W. S. , Lee T. C. , Clarke E. D.
Published: February 2005

Students at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland completed a questionnaire at the end of the anatomy course assessing teachers and teaching in the department of anatomy. Individual teachers were rated on a five‐point scale for their performance as lecturers, demonstrators, and examiners. Anatomy teaching was considered in its various subdivisions: regional anatomy, the dissection room course (gross laboratory), radiological anatomy, embryology, neuroanatomy, and histology, and each was scored on a similar five‐point scale for relevance and interest. Constructive criticism of both staff (faculty) and course was invited. The results of this survey have been used to counsel staff to good effect, and to improve course structure and content. Resultant changes were made in the teaching of histology, neuroanatomy, and embryology, and the restructuring of surface anatomy tutorials. Numerical scores for teachers provide indices of teaching abilities for comparative purposes and for professional advancement. A similar questionnaire given to clinical students 1 year after completion of the anatomy course is shown to have been of little value. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Common variations in muscles and tendons of the human hand
Authors: Perkins Randolph E. , Hast Malcolm H.
Published: February 2005

Common variations in muscles and tendons of the hand were determined by dissecting 40 pairs of hands (20 male, 20 female). Contrary to some anatomy textbooks which describe only three palmar interossei, with the thumb lacking one, this study found four palmar interossei present in 85% of hands and 90% of bodies. This first palmar interosseous typically arose from the base of the first metacarpal and inserted along with the tendon of the oblique head of adductor pollicis into the base of the proximal phalanx. Forty hands (50%) did not have the usual arrangement of lumbricals. Twenty‐seven (34%) third lumbricals and four (5%) fourth lumbricals split at their insertions; four third lumbricals and four fourth lumbricals inserted on the ulnar side of the middle and ring fingers, respectively. The abductor pollicis longus inserted by 2 or 3 tendons in 91% of hands. The tendon of extensor digiti minimi split into 2 or 3 slips in practically all of the hands studied (96%). The tendon of extensor indicis split into 2 slips in more than a third (38%) of hands. In almost a third (30%) of hands there were accessory extensor muscles present deep to the tendons of extensor digitorum. Lastly, extra slips of origin of the abductor digiti minimi were present in 10% of hands. This study confirms the presence of a palmar interosseous muscle for the thumb and demonstrates that some variations occur more frequently than was expected. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional anteversion of the femur in healthy children and its measurement
Authors: Aujla R. K. , Burnwell R. G. , Kirby A. S. , Moulton A. , Wallace W. A. , Wemyss‐Holden S. A.
Published: February 2005

In this paper, we introduce the concept of functional anteversion of the femur and its positional change. It emerged from studies using B‐mode and real‐time ultrasound to determine femoral anteversion in two knee positions. Twenty healthy children were scanned at the hips whilst lying supine with knees extended and then with the knees flexed to about 90°. The “anteversion” angle between the head‐trochanter line and the horizontal measured with knees extended and feet together is determined by three factors: 1) anatomical femoral anteversion, 2) femoro‐tibial rotation at the knee, and 3) tibial torsion. This is one type of “functional anteversion” of the femur.

The best reproducibility for functional femoral anteversion was obtained by scanning with real‐time ultrasound and the knees extended (95% confidence limits within ± 2.8°); the use of B‐mode ultrasound in the knees‐extended position is significantly less reproducible (95% confidence limits within ± 6.1°). In the flexed‐knee position, the reproducibility is similar with both B‐mode and real‐time ultrasound (± 2.6–3.5°). Both positions have limitations in attempts to measure anatomical femoral anteversion by ultrasound.

The functional femoral anteversion angle measured by B‐mode and real‐time ultrasound is significantly larger (by 9–10°) with the knees flexed than with the knees extended. This positional change of measured femoral anteversion involving axial rotation at the hip is attributed mainly to 1) lateral rotation (unlocking) of the femur at the knee during flexion from the fully extended position and 2) any lateral tibial torsion which rotates the femur nedially in the knees‐extended position with the feet vertical. The considerable individual variation and asymmetry of this axial rotational change may have relevance to the etiology of certain clinical disorders of the spine, hip, and knee joints. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of the vena cava at postmortem examination, from the upper end of the superior vena cava via the right atrium to the lower end of the inferior vena cava
Authors: Takayama Toshimasa , Hirai Saburo , Ishihara Teruo , Yamaguchi Kazuyoshi , Fukuda Junya , Kishimoto Hiroshi , Yoshimura Hirokuni
Published: February 2005

This report describes the length of the entire vena cava in Japanese subjects. This length is important for the use of the new intravenous oxygenator (IVOX). The IVOX is used as an intravascular artificial lung. Situated in the vena caval system, IVOX extends from the upper end of the superior vena cava via the right atrium to the lower end of the inferior vena cava. It was first reported by Mortensen (1987) and has been used clinically in the United States and Europe. The IVOX has four sizes, which range in length from 30 to 40 cm. When using the IVOX for Japanese subjects, a vena cava size that accommodates the IVOX should be chosen. We measured the length of the entire vena cava in 34 cases at postmortem examination. These lengths varied from 30 to 46 em. The calculated average caval distance was 37 cm with a standard deviation of ± 4 cm. Among three corporal indexes of weight, height, and body surface area, the most significant statistical correlation was between vena cava length and patient height. The regression equation for this is as follows: Y = −13. 0 + 0. 31 × X, where Y is predicted length of the vena cava (cm), and X is patient height (cm). This finding should serve as a relatively simple means for calculating the length of the entire vena cava, and it should be useful in clinical practice with the IVOX in Japan. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of splenogastric vessels in patients with schistosomal portal hypertension
Authors: Petroianu Andy , Petroianu Sonia
Published: February 2005

The literature describes the short gastric vessels as branches of the splenic pedicle. However, in our surgical practice, we verified the maintenance of splenic vitality and function even after dividing the splenic artery and vein. In order to understand this phenomenon, we studied the architecture of the splenogastric vessels during subtotal or total splenectomies performed to treat esophageal and gastric variceal bleedings due to portal hypertension. We observed that these vessels were independent of the splenic pedicle and their number ranged between zero and 13. These findings are important in different surgical procedures and should be better investigated in order to understand the splenic vessels. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo location of the human vermiform appendix
Authors: O'Connor Catherine E. , Reed William P.
Published: February 2005

The anatomic position of the appendiceal tip is cited in many surgical and anatomical texts as being fixed in the retrocecal position in as many as two‐thirds of cases studied. The reference most often quoted to support this observation is Wakeley (1933), but this frequency did not correspond to the clinical experience of the surgical staff at the authors' institution. Accordingly, a prospective survey of the in vivo location of the vermiform appendix was undertaken over a 6‐month period. The results demonstrated that the retrocecal position was indeed the most common location, but occurred in only 33% of instances. This observation may encourage greater utilization of laparoscopic appendectomy, since it suggests that retroperitoneal dissection will not be necessary to locate the appendiceal tip in the majority of cases. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular anomalies of first and second unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta: A case study
Authors: Lewis S. J.
Published: February 2005

A description is given of anomalies in the first two unpaired midline branches of the abdominal aorta. The celiac trunk was unusually long. It gave a small branch which passed to the left crus of the diaphragm. This branch also gave the left superior suprarenal artery. The main trunk of the celiac trunk ended in a T‐shaped bifurcation; one limb of the T was the right gastric artery and the other gave off the hepatic artery proper and continued as the gastrorduodenal and pancreatico‐duodenal system, as usual. No left gastric artery was found. Of special note is the particularly rare anomalous origin of the splenic artery from the superior mesenteric artery. The vessels involved in this anomalous system were measured. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A dorsal plate in the joints of the toes: Patella or meniscus?
Authors: Weber Andrew B. , Eizenberg Norman , Slattery Philip G.
Published: February 2005

Deep to the extensor expansion of the interphalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of the toes, there exists a structure of dense irregular connective tissue that corresponds to the opposite volar plate. This plate is a constant finding, is meniscoid, and challenges previous descriptions of the anatomy and function of these joints. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical considerations on arytenoid cartilage dislocation
Authors: Reidenbach Martina Maria , Schmidt Hans‐Martin
Published: February 2005

The cricoarytenoid joints of 12 human adult male and female larynges were studied with regard to the anatomical reasons for arytenoid cartilage dislocation. The specimens were impregnated with curable polymers as a whole and then cut into 600–800 μm sections along different planes. The articulating surface at the upper border of the cricoid lamina revealed a striking extension backward and occasionally even slightly distalward. This may allow the arytenoid cartilage to glide in a posterior direction until it partially looses its contact to the cricoid facet. In physiologic conditions, the arytenoid position is balanced along a sagittal plane between the posterior cricoarytenoid ligament dorsally and the thyroarytenoid muscle ventrally. If one of these structures is damaged, i.e., by medical disease or trauma, the arytenoid cartilage may be pushed easily in the opposite direction. Arytenoid dislocation mainly in a posterior direction is described in literature as a possible complication of endotracheal intubation. Preparatory pharmacological muscle relaxation leads to paralysis of the thyroarytenoid muscle and its ventrally directed traction on the arytenoid cartilage. As the shape of the articulating surfaces, especially the peculiarities of the cricoid facet, even facilitates a dorsally directed movement of the Arytenoid cartilage, it may be easily displaced in a posterior direction during the procedure of endotracheal intubation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The left renal vein: A major collateral system
Authors: Satyapal Kapil S. , Kalideen Jaikrishna M.
Published: February 2005

This study investigated the collateral flow emanating from and around the renal veins in the adult. Experimental venous occlusion was performed along several venous pathways under the influence of the renal veins. Radiological techniques were used to investigate renal venous collateral flow. The importance and contribution of these collaterals are discussed with reference to their diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. The left renal vein is a major venous collateral pathway, whereas the right renal vein contributes little. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An educational method to bridge a gap between histology and gross anatomy in learning microvascular structure
Authors: Sasaki Katsunori
Published: February 2005

The combined method injecting silicon rubber into vessels and magnifying them on a TV monitor with a video macroscope can demonstrate three‐dimensional vascular structure of organs. This study compared it with a corrosion casting method observing renal glomeruli, and implied that as it is easy to prepare samples, magnifying 200 times on the TV monitor and operating the machine, students can treat it in the dissection course and in a limited schedule. It leads students to be interested in histology as well as gross anatomy, and is helpful for them to perceive human structures. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus as an indicator of handedness and humeral length
Authors: Vettivel Selvakumar , Chandi G. , Indrasingh I. , Selvaraj K. G. , Chandi S. M.
Published: February 2005

Measurements of the maximum width and depth of the intertubercular sulcus (ITS), angles of the medial and lateral walls with the floor of the ITS, as well as the length of the humerus in 100 right and 100 left matched, unpaired dry humeri of 100 adults were statistically analyzed. Since 90–95% of the general population is right handed, on the basis of altered size of the dimensions of the right ITS relative to the left, it is proposed that greater width and smaller angles of the medial and lateral walls of the ITS of one side are indicative of handedness on that side. Handedness can further be deduced by the presence of a <50° angle of the medial wall and of a supratubercular ridge of Meyer on that side. The length of the humerus correlated with the width and depth of the ITS (P < 0.001). Regression equations of the length of the humerus on width, depth, as well as width and depth of the ITS have been derived. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Sonographic assessment of normal spleen volume
Authors: Rodrigues Aldo Junqueira , Rodrigues Consuelo Junqueira , Germano Marco Antonio , Rasera Irineu , Cerri Giovanni Guido
Published: February 2005

Thirty‐two morphologically normal spleens from adult corpses were excised and immersed into a graduated water tank and the water volume displaced was considered as the actual spleen volume. after that, the splenic maximal height, width, and breadth were determined by a pachimeter. all the reference points were marked with a metal clip. utilizing the metal clip references ultrasound maximal height, width, and breadth were determined. it was assumed that the ultrasound spleen volume was the result of the multiplication of the three ultrasonographic measurements previously obtained.

There was no significant difference between pachimeter and ultrasound determinations. The mean actual spleen volume was 147.5 cm3 (SD = 81.46). The mean ultrasound spleen volume was 283.8 cm3 (SD = 168.27). A roughly linear correlation between actual spleen volume (y) and ultrasound spleen volume (x) was found, y = 14.23 + 0.469 × (R2 = 0.94, P < 0.01). © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical aspects of postintubational subglottic stenosis
Authors: Reidenbach Martina Maria , Schmidt Hans‐Martin
Published: February 2005

The subglottic regions of 54 human adult male and female larynges were studied with regard to anatomical aspects of postintubational stenosis. Fourteen specimens were impregnated with curable polymers and cut into 600–800 μm sections along different planes. Forty formalin‐fixed hemilarynges were dissected. Measurements of the upper cricoid lamina and the thickness of the endocricoid soft tissues were taken for statistical analysis. Immediately beneath the glottis, the upper part of the cricoid lamina consists of two lateral plates with an average angle of 110°. Distally, the cricoid adopts a more and more rounded lumen. At the level of the cricothyroid joint, the definite airway lumen is always laterally narrowed by a prominent thickening of the endocricoid soft tissue. Large amounts of loose connective tissue facilitate the development of edema in case of injury in this region. Dorsally, the submucous stratum is smaller and consists mainly of dense connective tissue. The blood vessels are fixed to the cricoid perichondrium by collagenous fibers. Any pressure applied from the airway lumen will force the vessels against the nonresilient cartilage, resulting in occlusion and ischemia. These pathophysiologic mechanisms are important for the development of early laryngeal damage during endotracheal intubation, possibly resulting in posterior stenosis due to scarring later on. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Anomalous origins of colic arteries
Authors: Amonoo‐Kuofi Harold S. , El‐Badawi Mohamed G. Y. , El‐Naggar Mahmoud E.
Published: February 2005

The topography of the celiac trunk and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries was studied by dissection in 27 embalmed cadavers. Variant vascular patterns were noted in four subjects. These consisted of: (1) an accessory right hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery, (2) an anomalous middle colic artery from the proximal segment of the splenic artery, and (3) two instances of an accessory left colic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery. The precarious course of the middle colic artery (coming from the splenic artery) and its dominance in the formation of the marginal artery were thought to predispose the ascending and transverse colon to an increased risk of vascular damage. These cases also illustrate two variant patterns of formation of the marginal artery. In the case of the anomalous middle colic artery, the only contribution of the superior mesenteric artery to the marginal artery was through the anastomosis of its ileocolic branch with the right branch of the aberrant middle colic artery. In subjects with accessory left colic arteries, the superior mesenteric artery played a dominant role in the formation of the marginal artery by contributing the accessory left colic artery, which supplied the splenic flexure and the proximal part of the descending colon. These arterial variations underscore the importance of doing vascular studies prior to major abdominal surgery. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Relative position of porion and tragus in orthodontic patients
Authors: Ferrario Virgilio F. , Sforza Chiarella , Anderbegani Andrea , Poggio Carlo E. , Dalloca Luca L.
Published: February 2005

In order to assess the relationship between the hard (porion‐orbitale) and soft (tragusorbitale) tissue Frankfurt planes, the relative positions of porion, orbitale, and tragus were evaluated on cephalometric radiographs. A 5‐mm radiopaque disk was fixed on the right tragus of 160 white orthodontic patients (65 males aged 7 to 28 years, and 95 females aged 7 to 36 years), and a pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiograph was taken. In every film the positions of orbitale, porion, and tragus were digitized, and the linear distances between the points, as well as the position of tragus relative to the skeletal structures, were calculated. The linear distances porion‐orbitale and tragus orbitale progressively increased with age, with a low variability in all age classes. The linear distances were always larger in the males than in the females. The tragus was always lower and more anterior than the porion, with vertical distances ranging from 1.2 to 19.8 mm. When the porion‐tragus distance was expressed as a percentage of the porion‐orbitale distance, the variability decreased. In the age classes, mean percentage horizontal projections from porion ranged from 18 to 23% of the porion‐orbitale distance, mean percentage vertical projections ranged from 8 to 15%. Unfortunately, sample variability was large, and, in a single patient, the position of tragus relative to the skeletal structures could be predicted only with a large approximation. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Arborization of the inferior laryngeal nerve and internal nerve on the posterior surface of the larynx
Authors: Sato Iwao , Shimada Kazuyuki
Published: February 2005

The morphological patterns of the inferior laryngeal nerve and internal laryngeal nerve display complex arborizations. This paper attempts to identify and clarify these patterns.

Dissections were performed on 105 adult Japanese cadavers, and observations were made on 201 sides. Results showed that the communications between the inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN) and internal laryngeal nerve (ITLN) could be classified into two types and three subtypes. Also, the ITLN displayed three characteristic patterns at the arytenoid cartilage. These communications produce complex arborizations of the ILN as it enters the larynx. This may explain the variety of potential clinical symptoms observed after thyroid surgery or neck dissections. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.