bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adipose Angiotensinogen Overexpression Promotes Adipose Associated Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Ramalingam Latha , LeMieux Monique , Scoggin shane , Adrovet Zenaida , Kalupahana Nishan , Moustaïd‐Moussa Naïma
Published: June 2021

Obesity is a chronic low‐grade inflammatory condition that afflicts more than a third of the American population. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a major regulator of blood pressure and fluid balance, is generated from the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) and has been associated with obesity. Angiotensinogen (Agt), the precursor of Ang II, is also secreted locally in adipose tissue with elevated levels observed under obesogenic conditions. Furthermore, adipose overexpression of Agt causes insulin resistance in part via modulation of adipose inflammation; however, the exact mechanisms remains undetermined yet. Hence, we hypothesize that adipose enrichment of Agt leads to activation of inflammatory cascades and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, thereby contributing to obesity. To test this hypothesis, microarray analysis was conducted in adipose tissue of mice, specifically over‐expressing Agt in the fat (Agt‐Tg) versus wild‐type controls. Microarray and real time PCR data revealed increases in pro‐inflammatory adipokines and decreases in anti‐inflammatory adipokines. Furthermore, increased mRNA levels for ER markers such as CHOP and BIP were observed in these Agt‐Tg. Detailed analysis using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry methods are currently underway to confirm these findings. In conclusion, overexpression of Agt activates inflammatory and ER cascades; these mechanisms may mediate obesity associated RAS activation thereby promoting obesity. In future, we will use pharmacological and/or genetics approaches to determine whether these effects are mediated by Ang II via renin or Angiotensin Converting Enzyme.
Effects of Canola and Vegetable Oil Blends on Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI) in Adults at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
Authors: West Sheila , McCrea Cindy , Kris‐Etherton Penny , Liu Xioran , Fleming Jennifer , Jenkins David , Connelly Phillip , Lamarche Benoît , Couture Patrick , Jones Peter
Published: June 2021

We evaluated the effects of 5 dietary oils on RHI: corn/safflower oil (69.3% LA, 17.6% MUFA), canola oil (62.8% MUFA, 29.3% PUFA: 19.5% LA, 10% ALA), high‐oleic canola oil (72% MUFA, 17% PUFA: 15% LA, 2% ALA), high‐oleic canola oil with DHA (63.8% MUFA, 13% LA, 6% DHA), and flax/safflower oil (69.4% PUFA: 37.5% LA, 32% ALA, 17.9% MUFA). We conducted a multi‐center, randomized, 5‐period crossover, controlled feeding study. RHI was measured after isocaloric, heart‐healthy diets containing one of 5 oils for 4 weeks, followed by >2 week break. In adults at risk of MetS, there was no significant treatment effect for RHI, an index of endothelial function. There was a treatment x period interaction (p=0.03). Because of known menstrual changes in RHI, we made an a priori decision to separately analyze effects excluding premenopausal women. In this subsample (n = 85), there was a significant treatment effect (P=0.048). RHI on the corn/safflower diet was significantly greater than on the flax/safflower diet (mean RHI=2.2±0.1 vs. 1.9 ±0.1 P=0.038). No other differences were significant.
Plant‐Based Foods: Adolescents' Perceptions and the Consequent Implications for Policy and Practice
Authors: Ensaff H , Coan S , Sahota P , Braybrook D , Akter H , McLeod H
Published: June 2021

A plant‐based diet, with an emphasis on plant foods and limited amounts of refined processed foods and animal products, conveys substantial health benefits. The objective of this study was to explore adolescents' attitudes and perceptions towards plant‐based foods, both in and out of the school environment.

Semi‐structured focus group interviews were conducted with Year 10 students (age 14‐15 years) (n=29) attending a large secondary school in the city of Leeds, UK. The focus group interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and categories and concepts were derived using a grounded theory methodology. Emergent theories were tested against the data collected and existing theories, until the final categories and concepts, as well as their interrelationships were well defined.

Data analysis provided four main categories (Food choice parameters; Perceived drivers and benefits of plant‐based foods; Environmental food cues; Barriers to plant‐based food choice) each with their related concepts. The disconnect between plant‐based foods and adolescents' food choice parameters is highlighted, and barriers to adolescents adopting a plant‐based diet are differentiated and considered with respect to practice and policy. Opportunities to remodel and re‐present plant‐based foods in order to shift adolescents' diets are explored.

The grounded theory that emerged focuses on the disconnect between adolescents' food choice parameters and plant‐based foods. The study suggests implications for practice and policy with opportunities to improve and manage adolescents' diet.

Grant Funding Source: Alpro Foundation
Determine Entry‐Level Registered Dietitian Nutritionist's Practices in and Barriers to Participation in Advocacy and Nutrition‐Related Policies
Authors: Mondelli Virginia , Sowa Diane , Foley Sharon , Chen Yimin
Published: June 2021

Background

There is limited information regarding Registered Dietitian Nutritionist's (RDN) motivation and barriers to participation in advocacy and public policy‐related activities. The purpose of this study was to determine entry‐level (less than or equal to three years of experience) RDN's participation in advocacy for nutrition‐related policy.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional nation‐wide study, 3,164 (22% Response Rate) entry‐level RDNs responded to an online questionnaire via SurveyMonkey.com about their motivations and barriers to participating in advocacy. Descriptive statistics and chi square tests were utilized. The study had IRB approval.

Results

In this largely female (95%) sample of young adult (80% aged 20 to 30 years old) RDNs, 51% were motivated to participate in public policy activities. RDNs indicated they were motivated to participate in advocacy in order to enhance the health of the nation (99%) and because they were passionate about nutrition policy (99%). Of those RDNs who were not motivated (49%), a lack of time (37%) and interest (27%) were the main reasons given for their lack of motivation. Respondents noted lack of time (83%), role models (71%) and knowledge on “how to” participate (71%) as major barriers to participation of advocacy.

Conclusions

Over fifty percent of entry‐level RDNs were motivated to participate in advocacy. To overcome the barriers in getting RDNs involved in public policy more education about “how to” advocate and spotlighting advocate role models is needed to improve RDN's participation in advocacy.
Changes in Food Group and Nutrient Intakes Following a DNA‐based Dietary Advice Intervention for Sodium Intake
Authors: Nielsen Daiva , El‐Sohemy Ahmed
Published: June 2021

A recent randomized controlled trial demonstrated that DNA‐based dietary advice improved dietary compliance to sodium recommendations to a greater extent than general dietary recommendations. While sodium intake is a public health concern, little is known about changes to diet quality when individuals reduce their sodium intake. The objective of the present study was to investigate changes in food group and nutrient intakes following dietary sodium reduction. Subjects aged 20–35 years (n=138) completed a baseline food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and were randomized to an intervention (I) or control (C) group. Those in the I group were genotyped for the angiotensin‐I converting enzyme (ACE) gene, which is associated with salt‐sensitive hypertension, and were given DNA‐based advice for sodium intake based on their ACE genotype. The C group was given a general recommendation for sodium intake without genetic information. Another FFQ was collected 12 months after the intervention. General linear models with a Tukey‐Kramer post‐hoc test for multiple comparisons were conducted to examine changes in intakes of food groups and dietary intakes of macronutrients and micronutrients. Compared to the C group, subjects in the I group who carried the risk version of ACE significantly reduced their intake of meat and alternatives (servings/day) (‐0.34 ± 0.13 [I] vs. 0.13 ± 0.16 [C], p=0.04). Significant reductions were also observed for intakes of cholesterol (mg/day) (‐32.9 ± 17.9 [I] vs. 14.4 ± 20.9 [C], p=0.04) and fiber (g/day) (‐0.8 ± 1.5 [I] vs. 3.1 ± 1.8 [C], p=0.01). These results demonstrate the effect of dietary sodium reduction on other aspects of diet quality.
Correlation macro nutrient intake with body fat among adolescent gymnastic, in East Java Province, Indonesia
Authors: Adiningsih Sri , Indrawati Desi
Published: June 2021

Body fat is the biggest source of energy for athletes to perform exercise. The Coach strict intake macronutrient to get low body weight for gymnast. Gymnast suffer energy deficit which affect their body fat because of high energy expenditure during exercise and food strict.

Aims

This research was to analyze correlation between macronutrient intake with body fat of adolescent gymnast.

Methods

This observasional research with using cross sectional analytic, which used entire population as sample which consisted of 9 male gymnast and 14 female gymnast below 19 age of Gymnastic athlete club east java province, Indonesia. By using 24 hour's recall for measured food intakes and BIA for measured body composition.

Result

Table 1. Character Physically of Sample

Character
Male (n=9)
Female (n=14)
Total (n=23)

Age (year)
12.4 ± 1.9
14.0 ± 2.2
13.39 ± 2.21

Height (cm)
140.7 ± 12.8
145.9 ± 8.8
143.9 ± 10.6

Weight (kg)
35.4 ± 8.5
38.3 ± 7.5
37.2 ± 7.8

IMT (km/m2)
17.6 ± 1.8
17.8 ± 2.1
17.7 ± 1.9

IMT/age
normal
normal
‐

Body fat (%)
8.9 ± 3.9
16.2 ± 5.0
13.3

10‐12 year
9.3 ± 2.8
13.3 ± 2.4
11.3

13‐15 year
6.4 ± 1.3
15.6 ± 5.1
11.9

16‐18 year
17 ± 0
20.1 ± 5.3
19.4

Male gymnast had 8,9% average body fat and female gymnast had 16,2% average body fat.

Intakes of macronutrient
Male
Female
ρ‐value

average ± SD
RDA
average ± SD
RDA
male
female

Carbohidrate (gram)

10‐12 year
201 ± 19.1
289
84.2 ± 25.3
275
0.018
0.138

13‐15 year
181.8 ± 12.7
340
87.1 ± 40.7
292

16‐18 year
267.1 ± 0
368
99.1 ± 15.3
292

Protein (gram)

10‐12 year
58.9 ± 6.2
56
29.3 ± 8.9
60
0.025
0.035

13‐15 year
49.5 ± 7.4
72
27.6 ± 6.9
69

16‐18 year
71.9 ± 0
66
35.7 ± 5.9
59

Lemak (gram)

10‐12 year
57.9 ± 6.6
70
28.4 ± 9.1
67
0.002
0.059

13‐15 year
48.0 ± 2.7
83
29.4 ± 12.7
71

16‐18 year
63.2 ± 0
89
31.0 ± 4.7
71

Table 2. Crosstab Macronutrient Intake with Body Fat

Showed body fat percentage had correlation with carbohidrat intake (p=0.018, r=0.758), protein intake (p=0.025, r=0.732), and fat intake (p=0.002, r=0.881) of male gymnast. Only protein intake (p=0.035, r=0.565) had correlation with body fat percetage in female gymnast, whereas carbohidrate (p=0.138) and fat intake (p=0.059) had no correlation with body fat percentages.

Conclusion

Gymnast need digital scales BIA to control body fat percentages. Decrease body fat should make gymnast improve physical fitness and performance of gymnast.
Contaminations of Iron and Aluminum through Food Processing in Tamale Metropolis of Northern Ghana
Authors: Kubuga Clement , Ofosu Anthony , Boateng Chris , Song Won
Published: June 2021

Food processing ameliorates food security; however its role in food contamination has been debated. In Ghana, corn and tomato mills use milling parts fabricated by local blacksmiths whose activities are often not regulated. The possibility of milling process as a source of contamination in food systems has not been readily available. We aimed to measure contamination levels of Al and Fe in milled maize and tomatoes. Six corn mills and four tomato mills were randomly selected in Tamale metropolis for collection of twenty samples before and after milling for quantification of Al and Fe by spectrophotometer (HACH DR/2800) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA‐6300 SHIMADZU). Contamination of Al by the processing ranged from 0.1 – 8.3 mg/kg maize, and 0.2‐7.7 mg/kg for tomatoes samples. Fe contamination ranged from 0.6‐72.6 mg/kg maize and 23.2‐500.4 mg/kg tomatoes, indicating that milling introduces contamination. Mean Al concentration in the milled foods is above the PTWI (1mg/kg/week) established by the WHO/FAO (2007). Fe intake may exceed the upper safe intake when more than 105g milled maize or 34.4g milled tomatoes are consumed a day habitually. We observed that grinding mills are a source of Al and Fe contamination of milled foods especially tomato mills. Adequate regulation of the work of blacksmiths and grinding mill operation is needed to safe guard the safety of the general public in Northern Ghana.
Profiling the Metabolome Changes Caused by Cranberry Proanthocyanidins in Female Rats using a UPLC‐Q Exactive‐MS Based Global Metabolomics Approach
Authors: Liu Haiyan , Garrett Timothy , Gu Liwei
Published: June 2021

The overall metabolic changes in female rats fed with cranberry proanthocyanidins were investigated using a global UPLC‐Q Exactive‐MS based metabolomics approach. Twenty four female Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly separated into two groups and received proanthocyanidins extracted from cranberries or apples by oral gavage for 3 times using a 250 mg/kg body weight dose each. Serum samples were collected 4hours after the last gavage and analyzed using UPLC‐Q Exactive‐MS followed by multivariate analyses. Metabolome in serum of rats fed with cranberry proanthocyanidins differed from those fed with apple proanthocyanidins. Cranberry proanthocyanidins caused a greater increase in hydroxybenzoic acid, phenol, cathechol sulphate, dihydroxyphenylvaleric acid, 4'‐O‐methyl‐(‐)‐epicatechin‐3'‐O‐beta‐glucuronide in rat serum. Furthermore, the serum level of several exogenous metabolites including peonidin‐3‐O‐hexose, methylated epicatechin glucuronide and sulphated dihydroxyphenylvaleric acid were higher in rats fed with apple proanthocyanidins. The metabolomic changes caused by cranberry proanthocyanidins may help to explain its reported health benefits and identify biomarkers for dietary cranberry intake.
Supplementation of Lactulose Modulates Intestinal Environment
Authors: Kim Kwang Min , Han Kisoo , Kim Jae Hwan , Suh Hyung Joo , Park Yooheon
Published: June 2021

Lactulose, a non‐digestible carbohydrate composed of a galactose and a fructose, is widely used as a food and pharmaceutical ingredient for common health issues such as chronic constipation, hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy. Production of lactulose has been divided into chemical reaction and enzymatic reaction. Most of chemical reaction has some safety issues such as residual catalyst and colored by‐products. In this study, we prepared lactulose by using enzymatic reaction process and investigated the effect of lactulose on in vitro growth of selected strains of probiotic bacteria. We also confirmed whether oral administration of lactulose affected the growth of fecal bifidobacteria by determining the cecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels, intestinal glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and peptide YY (PYY) mRNA expression. As a result, we proposed that prebiotic properties of lactulose could be a potential functional ingredient for food application.

This research was supported by a grant from the Fundamental R&D Program for Technology of World Premier Materials funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea
Vitamin C Supplementation and Immune System: a Metaregression Analysis on leukocyte chemotactic responsiveness
Authors: Vecchio Maria Gabriella , Minto Clara , Gregori Dario
Published: June 2021

Background

Vitamin C is an important antioxidant. Study conducted revealed that vitamin C can alter certain cellular immune functions and humoral factors both in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a meta‐analysis of clinical studies, the association between Vitamin C supplementation and leukocyte chemotaxis.

Methods

Articles published until December 2014 were identified by searching the database Pubmed, using the string “Vitamins”, limited to “clinical trials” and “humans”. 18091 records were retrieved. Out of them, studies with detailed information of supplementation of Vitamin C and chemotactic index were retrained for the analysis. A meta‐regression model for leukocyte chemotaxis has been estimated using Generalized Least Squares, accounting for within‐study correlation (assuming a Continuous Auto‐Regressive of first order structure) and weights proportional to study variance and study size. Effect of dose has been estimated as Cumulative Effect (dose in mg per day over the days of study duration).

Results

4 studies (42 patients) followed for an average time of 33 days were included in the meta‐analysis for leukocyte chemotaxis evaluation. A non‐significant dose‐response relationship has been found between Vitamin C supplementation and Chemotactic index.

Num. Studies
Effect
S.E.
p‐value

Dose on leukocyte chemotaxis
4
‐0.0000024
0.000019
0.901

Conclusion

The results suggest that Vitamin C supplementation may not have beneficial effects on leukocyte chemotaxis. However, given the high variability in study estimates, further researches are necessary to confirm the present conclusion.
Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Beverage Preserves Antioxidant and Endothelial Protective Properties Against Inflammatory Injuries in vitro After Pasteurization and Storage
Authors: Azevedo Luciana , Garcia Gustavo , Kim Hyemee , Mertens‐Talcott Susanne , Talcott Stephen
Published: June 2021

Açaí polyphenolics (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) have been known to exhibit rapid anthocyanin degradation during thermal processing that may adversely impact the quality and potential health benefits, while non‐pigmented polyphenolics exhibit excellent stability. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pasteurization and elevated storage temperatures on phytochemical stability and anti‐inflammatory activities in the açaí beverage. Polyphenolic extracts were assessed before and after aseptic processing. In addition, the aseptic processed samples were held at either 30 or 40°C for either 30 or 60 days. Polyphenolic isolates were prepared for anti‐inflammatory assessment in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. Aseptic processing had a minor effect on the polyphenolic concentration. The amount of total polyphenolics was not significantly changed after the storage. However, storage at the high temperature decreased the monomeric anthocyanin concentration and increased the amount of polymeric forms. When comparing extracts before and after pasteurization, several biomarkers for inflammation were reduced more by extracts from the processed beverage. The extracts stored at 40°C for 30 days total extracts significantly reduced the mRNA expression of biomarkers for inflammation, including VCAM‐1, IL‐6, IL‐1β and NF‐κB. Results indicate that the anti‐inflammatory properties of açaí may be less dependent on monomeric anthocyanins, and the targeted application of processing to polyphenol‐containing food products may be beneficial in inflammatory diseases.
No Association between Body Composition and Activity Level in Obese Children and Adolescents Due to Low Overall Activity Level
Authors: Holmbäck Ulf , Berglund Marie , Forslund Anders
Published: June 2021

Background

Physical activity is known to have positive effects on body composition in the normal population. However, within the pediatric obese population, the impact of physical activity on body composition is less studied.

Aim

To investigate whether the level of physical activity is associated to body composition and the effect of age and gender.

Methods

203 children (87 girls and 116 boys), age range from 4 to 18 yrs, BMI above 30 were studied. The following data were collected 1) body composition = % body fat from BodPod®; 2) basic anthropology; and 3) four‐day activity level = total activity counts and % of time in the different activity categories (sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous) measured with Actical® accelerometers. Data was analyzed with t‐tests and scatterplots.

Results

Age affected activity pattern; young children were more active than older children. Sedentary and light activity represented more than 80% of the time, and vigorous activity accounted for less than 1% of the time. There were no associations between % body fat and physical activity in the whole sample or after stratification for age and gender.

Conclusion

We could not find any association between body composition and activity level in obese children and adolescents. Most probably obese do not reach a sufficient level of activity for it to have a positive influence on body composition.
Design of Pilot Scale for Measuring the Security of Access to Water in Guanajuato, Mexico
Authors: Monroy Torres Rebeca , Naves‐Sánchez Jaime , Melgar‐Quiñonez Hugo
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Food security is the state in which all persons have always access to the food needed to meet their dietary requirements, but food security cannot be achieved without considering the access to water (water security – WS). Considered a human right, water must meet the following criteria: sufficient, safe, acceptable, available, and accessible (FAO, 2002).

Objective

To identify the state of food security and access to water in Mexican households.

Methods

Water security was assessed using a pilot scale. The scale was applied as part of a survey in 458 households, containing also an experience‐based food security scale (Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria).

Results

The water security scale contains 17 items addressing four domains concerning water: one for sufficiency, six for safety, one for acceptability, four for availability and five for access, concerning costs and physical access (FAO, 2002).

Conclusions

Water Security is a human right, internationally recognized. The proposed scale represents an instrument that allows assessing issues related to the lack of appropriate access to water.
Diet and Lifestyle Associations of Stress in Two Older Adult Communities
Authors: Beezhold Bonnie , Benci Shelby , Earl Chad , Irvine April , Long Julie , Nies Nikki , Schiappa Jessica
Published: June 2021

Chronic stress negatively affects wellness, and is associated with chronic disease in older adults. Certain lifestyle factors such as a healthy diet and religious/spiritual involvement have been found to mitigate stress and improve health outcomes. We investigated stress and other wellness measures in financially secure male and female older adults, 蠅65 yrs old and without debilitating physical or mental impairment, living in a vowed Catholic community (VCC) or an independent retirement community (IRC). We hypothesized that participants living in a cloistered religious environment would experience less stress and have a higher level of wellness than those living in a cohesive secular environment. Study assessments included questions about lifestyle, the Perceived Stress Scale‐10, Geriatric Depression Scale‐15, Spirituality Index of Well‐Being, a 24‐hr dietary recall, and non‐invasive physical measurements. Mann‐Whitney U tests revealed no significant differences in age, gender, BMI, macronutrient intakes, blood pressure, stress or spirituality between the groups (p values>0.05); moreover, the VCC group reported less weekly leisure physical activity (p=0.044), higher percent body fat (p=0.025), higher heart rate (p=0.029), more depression (p=0.020), and lower vitamin C intake (p=0.045) than IRC participants, thus our hypothesis was rejected. Regression analyses indicated that spirituality (β= ‐.347, p=0.002), vitamin D intake (β= ‐.271, p=0.014), and daily sweets intake (β= .216, p=0.046) were significant partial predictors of stress in this population and accounted for 50% of the variance in stress scores. Our results suggest that perceived stress in older adults may be attenuated by certain lifestyle practices in any communal environment.
Community Consultants and Cooperative Extension Collaborate to Identify Youth Obesity Prevention Needs
Authors: Frith Amy , Parrilla‐Kaltman Lara , David Amanda
Published: June 2021

Prevention of youth obesity is a top priority for many communities. Cornell Cooperative Extension staff recruited, trained and paid 8 community members to be consultants for research and advising regarding community‐derived youth obesity prevention efforts in one low‐income rural and one small urban setting. The feasibility of utilizing a community‐based participatory research approach to advise the organization of youth obesity prevention needs was examined. Community consultants (CCs) provided input into the entire research process, and advised the organization in 4 2‐hour meetings. CCs interviewed 3 community members each using a semi‐structured questionnaire to understand community members' grassroots level work, and their needs for improving youth access to healthy food or physical activity. Interviewees ranged from foster parents to community organizers. CCs identified activities such as traditional teaching/training about healthy foods and physical activity, skill‐building, and improving healthy food access; but community members also reported activities such as increasing health awareness for youth, and building community connections and trust. Community members identified these needs: updated health knowledge, advertising for community projects, and training so that community members could obtain funds for community work. Utilizing community consultants was feasible and provided essential information to Cooperative Extension to support community‐derived youth obesity prevention efforts. Funding: Ithaca College Sponsored Research
Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA1) Stain Lungs and Heart on a Strain of CUX‐1 Transgenic mice
Authors: Kesh Susamita , Buursma Julie , Livingston S , Kearn Don , Dasari Supriya , Herndon Betty , Vanden Heuvel Gregory , Baybutt Richard , Molteni Agostino
Published: June 2021

Cux‐1 is a gene controlling G1‐S phase by repressing cyclin‐kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. CUX mice develop fibrotic damage in kidneys, testis, and liver by aberrant repression of p27. These mice showed pulmonary inflammation, vasculitis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and fibrosis (trichrome staining) in the bronchial basal membrane and arterial media. The heart shows inflammation, small myocardial infarctions, and a reduction of the lumen patency of coronary arteries with increase of media thickness.

For fibrosis, the expression of the same conditions in lungs and heart are reported by using SMA stain. Wild type mice were controls. An average of 7 photographs at 400x were taken on both organs of each mouse.

Histopathologically, with SMA1 stain, damage was present in lungs with staining in the bronchial musculature, epithelium, and media of small caliber arteries, and alveolar septa.

Measurement of lumen patency of lung arteries of CUX1 mice indicated a significant reduction of their lumena. Adventitia showed fibroblasts and macrophages. The myocardium showed presence of macrophages in the myocardial fibers, coronary vasculitis with a reduced lumen patency.

In conclusion, SMA1 staining, another indicator of fibrosis was seen in both lungs and heart of these mice. Differences in the thickness of these arteries, especially the adventitia was seen when SMA1 stain was compared to H&E. Little amount of collagen was seen in the coronary arteries of the mice, while present in lung vessels. No collagen was seen in the coronary arteries of controls.
Dissection of Lung Tumorigenesis Induced by Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (hVEGF)‐A165 Overexpression in Clara Cells of Transgenic Mice
Authors: Chen Chuan‐Mu , Tung Yu‐Tang , Huang Pin‐Wu , Chou Yu‐Ching
Published: June 2021

Many studies have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), especially the human VEGF‐A165 (hVEGF‐A165) isoform, is a key proangiogenic factor that is overexpressed in lung cancer. We generated transgenic mice that overexpresses hVEGF‐A165 in lung‐specific Clara cells to investigate the development of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. In this study, three transgenic mouse strains were produced by pronuclear microinjection, and Southern blot analysis indicated similar patterns of the foreign gene within the genomes of the transgenic founder mice and their offspring. Accordingly, hVegf‐A165 mRNA was expressed specifically in the lung tissue of the transgenic mice. Histopathological examination of the lung tissues of the transgenic mice showed that hVEGF‐A165 overexpression induced bronchial inflammation, fibrosis, cysts, and adenoma. Pathological section and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses demonstrated a positive correlation between the development of pulmonary cancer and hVEGF expression levels, which were determined by immunohistochemistry, qRT‐PCR, and western blot analyses. Gene expression profiling by cDNA microarray revealed a set of up‐regulated genes (hvegf‐A165, cyclin b1, cdc2, egfr, mmp9, nrp‐1, and kdr) in VEGF tumors compared with wild‐type lung tissues. In conclusion, hVEGF‐A165 transgenic mice exhibited complex alterations in gene expression and tumorigenesis and may be a relevant model for studying VEGF‐targeted therapies in lung adenocarcinoma.
HPV 16 Variants in Invasive Cancers in the US Prior to HPV Vaccine Implementation
Authors: Unger E , McMullen A , Lin J‐M , Rajeevan M , Steinau M , Saraiya M
Published: June 2021

Background

Few studies have examined genetic variants of HPV 16 in cancers other than cervical.

Methods

Residual DNA extracts from samples collected from seven cancer registries as part of a pilot study to determine type‐specific HPV prevalence in US cancers prior to vaccine introduction were used. Of the 1395 histologically confirmed tumors with HPV PCR results, 1045 (74.9%) were HPV 16 positive. Valid E6 pyrosequencing allowed variant determination in 836 (80%) of the HPV 16 tumors (107 anal, 337 cervical, 30 penile, 25 vaginal, 69 vulvar and 268 oropharyngeal). Variants were designated using both geographic and group terminology for lineages. Age, sex and race/ethnicity were obtained from the registry data.

Results

European (A) lineages were the most prevalent in all cancer sites, ranging from 77.5% for penile to 95.7% for anal cancers. Within the A lineage, the E‐p and E‐T350G variants were the most common, ranging from 28‐41% and 20.5 – 33% respectively. Other non‐European variants (lineage B, C, D) were distributed in similar levels among the different cancers, with prevalence rates of less than 10% (except for AA/NA‐1 (D) lineage variants in cervical cancers‐ 12.2%). The odds ratio of European to non‐European variants was 2.8 in anal compared to cervical cancer [95% Confidence Interval 1.40 – 5.86]. Variant association with race ethnicity was: European (A) with white non‐Hispanic (NH); Eur‐AS with Asian, Pacific Islander, Af1 (B) with black NH, and AA/NA‐1 (D) with Hispanic.

Conclusions

Race/ethnicity is associated with HPV 16 variants. HPV 16 European (A) variants were predominant in cancers from all primary sites.
Dynamics of stem cells in skin flaps subjected to ischemia reperfusion injury
Authors: Tang Ya Hui , Pennington Lindsey , Scordino Jessica , Alexander J , Lian Timothy
Published: June 2021

Reconstructive surgery of the head and neck in cancer or trauma patients frequently involves the use of soft tissue flaps. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is an important cause of failure in skin flaps. In a mouse model we have previously reported that treatment of skin flaps subjected to IRI with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) decreases tissue injury and enhances of wound healing resulting in improved flap survival.

Objective

Characterization of BMSC and leukocyte dynamics within the microvasculature of skin flaps subjected to IRI using fluorescence and intravital microscopy in an established mouse model.

Methods

Skin flaps based on the inferior epigastric artery were raised on C57BL/6 mice and were subjected to 3.5 hours of ischemia and then reperfused. Leukocytes labeled with rhodamine‐6G. BMSC labeled with (CFSE) were administered intravenously. The rolling and firm adhesion of both cell populations was monitored in arterioles and venules.

Results

Both leukocytes and BMSC were noted to accumulate in the skin flap vasculature after IRI; however, may more leukocytes were recruited than BMSC. The appearance of BMSC and leukocytes in the postischemic flap microvasculature was associated with a diminished vessel perfusion rate compared to controls.

Conclusion

BMSC are recruited to skin flaps subjected to IRI. The characteristics of BMSC and leukocyte activity in the microvasculature of skin flaps defined in this study may be utilized to further investigating the mechanism of action BMSC in skin flaps subjected to IRI.
Rapid isolation of rabbit umbilical cord stem cells from rabbit umbilical cords and their early differentiation into chondrocytes.
Authors: Rachakatla Raja , Perugino Drew
Published: June 2021

Back ground: Every year nine million U.S. adults are diagnosed with arthritis and 600,000 joint replacements are performed due to the deterioration of cartilage. Cartilage defect therapies existing today range from pharmacological pain relief to invasive surgery, however, these therapies do not correct the underlying problem. Aim: The broad, long‐term objective of this lab is to use umbilical cord stem cells to regenerate lost cartilage relieving the underlying problems found in Osteoarthritis. We have identified the most appropriate method of isolating rabbit umbilical cord stem cells (rUCSCs). Three explant culture methods were compared with regards to time for primary culture, cell number, and cell morphology. The explant culture methods used are: 1) whole umbilical cords allow to dry and stick on to the tissue culture plates and later supplemented with cell culture media; 2) umbilical cord cut into smaller pieces and added directly to the culture plates with media; 3) cut smaller umbilical cord pieces allowed to dry and stick to the culture plate and later supplemented with media. rUCSCs isolated using smaller pieces of umbilical cords and dried on the tissue culture plates explant method led to shorter primary culture time, higher numbers of isolated cells, and higher proliferation rates compared with other isolation methods. Secondly we determined if these harvested umbilical cord stem cells had the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes (cartilage cells) in‐vitro.

Conclusion

In this study, we found that a large quantity of rUCSCs cells can be obtained from the umbilical cords of rabbits. We found that that rabbit umbilical cord stem cells are able to differentiate into cartilage in‐vitro.
Propofol and vascular regulation: Role of TRPA1 and TRPV1 ion‐channels
Authors: Sinha Roy Pritam , Sinha Sayantani , Bratz Ian , Damron Derek
Published: June 2021

Background

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels of the A1 (TRPA1) and V1 (TRPV1) subtypes are key regulators of vasomotor tone. Propofol, an intravenous anesthetic known to cause vasorelaxation. Our aims were to examine the extent to which TRPA1 and/or TRPV1 ion channels mediate propofol‐induced depressor responses in vivo and to delineate the signaling pathway(s) involved.

Methods

Mice were subjected to surgery under 1.5‐2.5% sevoflurane gas with supplemental oxygen. After a stable base‐line in MAP was achieved propofol (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg/ min) was administered to assess the hemodynamic actions of the intravenous anesthetic. The effect of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition with L‐NAME and/or calcium‐gated K+ channel (BKCa) inhibition with Penetrim A (Pen A), alone and in combination, on propofol‐induced decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) were assessed in control C57Bl/6J, TRPA1‐/‐, TRPV1‐/‐ and TRPAV‐/‐ mice

Results

Propofol decreased MAP in control mice and this effect was markedly attenuated in TRPA1‐/‐ and TRPAV‐/‐ mice but unaffected in TRPV1‐/‐mice. Moreover, pretreatment with L‐NAME or Pen A attenuated the decrease in MAP in control and TRPV1‐/‐ mice, and combined inhibition abolished the depressor response. In contrast, the markedly attenuated propofol‐induced depressor response observed in TRPA1‐/‐ and TRPAV‐/‐ mice was unaffected by pre‐treatment with Pen A or L‐NAME when used either alone or in combination.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate for the first time that propofol‐induced depressor responses in vivo are predominantly mediated by TRPA1 ion channels with no involvement of TRPV1 ion channels and includes activation of both NOS and BKCa.channels.
Pgrmc1/KLF4 Signaling Mediates the Neuron‐Glia Crosstalk As A Neuroprotective Mechanism
Authors: Nguyen Trinh , Sun Fen , Su Chang , Singh Meharvan
Published: June 2021

We have recently found that Pgrmc1,a novel membrane‐associated progesterone receptor,mediates P4‐triggered BDNF release specifically from glia.To date, downstream signaling transduction consequent to Pgrmc1 activation has not been revealed.Here we provide evidence that P4 elicits a Pgrmc1/ERK5/KLF4 signaling cascade,which in turn,orchestrates glia‐neuron communication via a BDNF (Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor)‐mediated intercellular crosstalk. We show that P4 triggered a significant release of mature BDNF from glia,and this effect was abolished by RNAi‐mediated knock‐down of Pgrmc1 or KLF4. Treatment of neuronal cultures with conditioned media from P4‐treated astrocytes (P4‐CM) induced a robust increase of synaptic marker expression,while blocking neurotrophin signaling can attenuate this effect,supporting that glia‐derived BDNF induced synaptogenesis in neurons. In addition,P4‐CM from glia significantly protected neurons against oxidative stress.Interestingly,over‐expression of KLF4 in neurons resulted in an increase of TrkB / p75 ratio,supporting that neuronal activation of the KLF4 pathway “prepares” the neurons to interpret the glia‐derived mature BDNF signaling as favorable to survival.Finally, we determined that the levels of Pgrmc1, KLF4 and BDNF expression were decreased in the hippocampi of aged mice,as well as in the 5´FAD mouse model of AD when compared to age‐matched controls,suggesting that both “normal” and “pathological” aging (i.e., Alzheimer's disease) may diminish the sensitivity of the brain to the protective effects of P4 through down‐regulating the Pgrmc1/KLF4/BDNF signaling system.
OATP2B1 as a Determinant of Drug Effects in The Microcompartment of The Coronary Artery
Authors: Hussner Janine , Begunk Robert , Boettcher Kerstin , Meyer zu Schwabedissen Henriette
Published: June 2021

The implantation of drug‐eluting stents (DES) is a common therapy for atherosclerotic occlusions whereby the loaded compounds often exhibit unspecific cytotoxicity. In detail, clinical success is hampered by simultaneous reduction of smooth muscle (SMC) and endothelial cell proliferation, the latter being associated with reduced endothelialization resulting in prothrombotic surfaces. It was aim of this study to investigate statins as DES candidates to identify mechanisms contributing to a previously reported cell‐selectivity. In vitro proliferation assays confirmed the SMC‐specific activity of atorvastatin. Due to similar expression levels of the drug target HMG‐CoA reductase in both cell types, cellular accumulation of atorvastatin was assessed, revealing enhanced uptake in SMCs most likely driven by significant expression of OATP2B1, a transporter known to be involved in pharmacokinetics. The higher accumulation of atorvastatin and its associated specific effect in SMCs was further confirmed by data demonstrating enhanced sensitivity of SMCs overexpressing OATP2B1. In accordance with the finding that endogenous OATP2B1 influenced cellular accumulation of atorvastatin we used this transporter to identify the alkaloid teniposide as new DES candidate that exerts enhanced antiproliferative activity in SMCs. In conclusion, we describe OATP2B1 as a determinant of the pharmacokinetics in SMC of the coronary artery. Indeed, endogenously expressed OATP2B1 significantly influences the uptake of substrate drugs, thereby governing cell specificity. Screening of drugs for interaction with OATP2B1 may be used to promote SMC‐specificity of new drug candidates.
UF Center for Precollegiate Education and Training: University Partnerships for K‐12 Research and Education
Authors: Rodkin Christy , Darwiche Houda , Koroly Mary
Published: June 2021

The Center for Precollegiate Education and Training (UF CPET) promotes and supports the use of the facilities and faculty of the research university in the preparation and enhancement of science and technology teaching at the secondary education level. As the University of Florida “umbrella” for the articulation and transfer of science and technology to public school and community college teachers, students and the public‐at‐large, UF CPET combines many outreach activities, providing access to university faculty and research disciplines, and fostering life‐long relationships between researchers, teachers and students. UF CPET science education programs enable individualized and team‐centered direct, and ultimately pervasive, public dissemination of research and knowledge through enhanced teaching. The center offers an array of programs for secondary science students, including (but not limited to) the Student Science Training Program, a seven week residential research program for selected rising juniors and seniors who are considering medicine, math, computer, science, or engineering careers; the Junior Science, Engineering and Humanities Symposium, a three day conference including research poster sessions and the Student STEM Research Speaker Competition; Science Quest, a one week immersion program for rising 10th grade students in various science disciplines to stimulate interest and appreciation for the range of college and career opportunities available in science
Molecular Locomotion: Modeling the Functional Domains of E1 Helicase to Assess the Asymmetric Rotary Model of E1 Helicase
Authors: Rokous Judy , Bailey Lily , Bradford Nora , Chigler Simon , Gustafson John , Iyer Hansika , Liapin Michael , Sherrin McClean , Zhan Bowen , ter Haar Ernst
Published: June 2021

Helicases are highly conserved enzymes that unwind the double helix of DNA, providing access to single‐stranded DNA. Found in all living organisms and viruses, helicases function as motor proteins in replication, transcription, and remodeling of DNA. A common sexually‐transmitted oncovirus, human papillomavirus (HPV) uses E1 helicase, the most studied helicase protein because of the ease by which it can be isolated. The only enzyme encoded in the HPV episome, E1 hexameric helicase is a ring‐shaped translocase that belongs to the AAA+ family and superfamily 3. E1 has near exact rotational symmetry with respect to its six subunits. Each monomer comprises a central five‐stranded anti‐parallel beta‐sheet and six alpha helices. Conserved sequence motifs Walker A and B and an arginine finger participate in the binding and hydrolysis of ATP causing conformational changes in β‐hairpins, powering the walking movement along the ssDNA. Assembling first as a double‐trimer at the replication origin and then into two homohexamers on opposing strands, E1 separates the dsDNA into ssDNA by occlusion in the 3'→5' direction. Asymmetric sequential progression of ATP hydrolysis around the hexameric ring at catalytic sites between monomers powers translocation of E1. An understanding of its functional domains and how they interact with each other, DNA, and host proteins is necessary to elucidate the overall mechanism of helicase function. Using 3D printing technology, The Governor's Academy SMART (Students Modeling A Research Topic) Team modeled the E1 helicase to provide vital insight into the mechanism of eukaryotic DNA replication and potentially promote development of therapeutic treatments.
The Effect of Cocaine on C6 Glial Cells and its Modulation of Oxygen Consumption, Growth and Transcription Factors
Authors: Agharahimi Maryam , Goodman Carl , Badisa Ramesh
Published: June 2021

Cocaine is a widely abused and addictive psychostimulant drug that acts on the central nervous system (CNS). Glial cells may be the first to experience the toxic effects of cocaine in the mammalian brain, since glial cells outnumber neurons by 10–1. Glial cells were grown in 10% FBS (fetal bovine serum) in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and penicillin/streptomycin (100 Units/0.1 mg per ml). Treatment of glial cells with cocaine for 24 and 48 hours caused significant loss of cell viability. We investigated the expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in 1, 2, 3 and 4 mM of cocaine exposure and also in control samples of glial cells. Preliminary data from different studies indicated that hypoxia is a potent inducer of VEGF in vitro partly because of an increased transcription rate, mediated by binding of HIF‐1 α to a hypoxia responsive element, VEGF gene. Thus following cocaine treatment of various concentrations mentioned above and RNA isolation, real time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction ) was carried out using the IQ Sybr Green Super mix. Expression of HIF‐1 α followed by VEGF observed in each concentration compared to control and Flow Cytometry and Elisa experiments confirmed the expression. Oxygen consumption study showed significant reduction in higher concentrations of cocaine. We concluded that cocaine may cause hypoxia in rat C6 glial cells via expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Acknowledgment: This research was supported by National Institute on Minority Health Disparities of the National Institute of Health under award number G12MD007582,FAMU RCMI, Pharmaceutical Research Center
Calorie‐induced ER Stress Silences the Guanylin‐GUCY2C Paracrine Axis Underlying Colorectal Cancer in Obesity
Authors: Blomain Erik , Lin Jieru , Colon‐Gonzalez Francheska , Kim Gilbert , Hyslop Terry , Zhan Tingting , Snook Adam , Waldman Scott
Published: June 2021

Despite a well‐characterized epidemiological association, mechanisms linking colorectal cancer with obesity remain incompletely defined. An emerging paradigm suggests that colorectal cancer arises by silencing the GUCY2C tumor suppressor through loss of the paracrine hormone guanylin, a gene product universally eliminated in intestinal transformation. The impact of diet‐induced obesity on ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in extra‐intestinal tissues is well‐characterized. Here, we demonstrate that obesogenic diets induce intestinal ER stress, suppressing guanylin expression and silencing GUCY2C. In that context, both pharmacologic and genetic induction of ER stress silenced guanylin expression in intestinal cells in vitro and in vivo. Diet‐induced disruption of the GUCY2C‐guanylin axis increased epithelial dysfunction, amplifying colorectal tumorigenesis. Conversely, pharmacologic inhibition of ER stress using taurodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) relieved the UPR and restored guanylin expression. Inhibition of a specific ER stress pathway through pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of PERK restored guanylin expression suppressed by tunicamycin. Importantly, conditional intestine‐specific expression of guanylin eliminated epithelial dysfunction and colorectal tumorigenesis in obese transgenic mice. Together, these observations suggest that the guanylin‐GUCY2C axis is a principle mechanistic link between obesity and colorectal cancer, and highlight a unique therapeutic opportunity for cancer prevention in obese patients by oral replacement of GUCY2C ligands.