bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shear-induced reactive nitrogen species inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complex activities in cultured vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Han Zhaosheng , Chen Yeong-Renn , Jones Charles I. , Meenakshisundaram Guruguhan , Zweier Jay L. , Alevriadou B. Rita
Published: October 2006

There is evidence that nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (O2•−), and their associated reactive nitrogen species (RNS) produced by vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in response to hemodynamic forces play a role in cell signaling. NO is known to impair mitochondrial respiration. We sought to determine whether exposure of human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) to steady laminar shear stress and the resultant NO production modulate electron transport chain (ETC) enzymatic activities. The activities of respiratory complexes I, II/III, and IV were dependent on the presence of serum and growth factor supplement in the medium. EC exposure to steady laminar shear stress (10 dyn/cm2) resulted in a gradual inhibition of each of the complexes starting as early as 5 min from the flow onset and lasting up to 16 h. Ramp flow resulted in inhibition of the complexes similar to that of step flow. When ECs were sheared in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 100 μM), the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO; 100 μM), or the peroxynitrite (ONOO−) scavenger uric acid (UA; 50 μM), the flow-inhibitory effect on mitochondrial complexes was attenuated. In particular, l-NAME and UA abolished the flow effect on complex IV. Increased tyrosine nitration was observed in the mitochondria of sheared ECs, and UA blocked the shear-induced nitrotyrosine staining. In summary, shear stress induces mitochondrial RNS formation that inhibits the electron flux of the ETC at multiple sites. This may be a critical mechanism by which shear stress modulates EC signaling and function.
Prosodic Shaping of Consonant Gemination in Cypriot Greek
Authors: Payne Elinor , Eftychiou Eftychia
Published: October 2006

This paper presents an experimental investigation of durational variation inlexical and post-lexical geminate alveolar laterals, under different stress conditions,in Cypriot Greek. Lexical geminates are found to be longer than post-lexicals,and both geminates and non-geminates are longer in word-initial position. Thedurational distinction is robust in all conditions, but particularly for word-initiallexical geminates. Post-lexical geminates and word-initial lexical geminates aresignificantly longer when pre-stress. Word-initial geminates are longer when precededby a word-final nasal (the condition for post-lexical gemination), thus creatinga kind of ‘supergeminate’ consonant and indicating that word-final nasals arenot deleted, as has previously been thought to be the case. Implications for thephonological analysis of Cypriot Greek geminates and the role of prosodic andphonotactic restrictions are considered.
Sleep apnea syndrome associated with upper airway obstruction
Authors: Sukerman Sydney , Healy Gerald B.
Published: October 2006

A working protocol is presented which has been developed to help the clinician in the diagnosis and management of patients suffering from the sleep apnea syndrome associated with various types of upper airway obstruction.
Sensorineural hearing loss associated with hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Ikeda Katsuhisa , Kobayashi Toshimitsu , Kusakari Jun , Takasaka Tomonori , Yumita Shigeru , Furukawa Yohtaro
Published: October 2006

The hearing loss of 21 patients with hypoparathyroidism was investigated by pure tone audiometry, short increment sensitivity index (SISI) test, Békésy audiometry, speech audiometry, and auditory brain stem response. Sensorineural hearing loss was found in 7 of 21 patients (13 of 42 ears) receiving no treatment for hypoparathyroidism or having chronic hypocalcemia. The high SISI score, presence of recruitment, and prolongation of the wave I (N1) latency suggested that the inner ear is responsible for hearing loss in these cases. Inner ear dysfunction was probably due to the low calcium level in inner ear fluid and/or the direct effect of vitamin D deficiency on the inner ear.
Integrating research education across departments and disciplines: theory and experience
Authors: Tellefsen Brynjulf
Published: October 2006

This paper offers advice on how to organize doctoral programmes in design based on theory, generalization from the team organization project at the Norwegian School of Management (NSM) and the author's personal experience as a team leader.

A doctoral programme in design employs experts
from conceptually separate disciplines and physically separated units. Teachers and students create the learning climate of creative and investigative processes. Knowledge managers convert from hierarchical organizations based on individual empowerment to teams. They motivate to accept team
task responsibility. Members participate in team coordination and integration to create superior development and implement the production, distribution, and application of knowledge.

The author presents theories of conversion to teams. The paper discusses ideal leader and member values
and behaviour during and after conversion. Experience from the conversion process at the Norwegian School of Management (NSM) illustrates effects of following and deviating from the ideal theory of team organization.
Book Reviews
Authors: Macpherson Heidi Slettedahl , Shapiro Stephen , Bernier Celeste-Marie , Cordle Dan , Street Joe , Whalan Mark , Lustig T.J , Taylor Sophia , Gair Chris , Bone Martyn , Horeck Tanya , Lyons James , Bernier Celeste-Marie
Published: October 2006

Maria Lauret, Alice Walker. Houndmills and London: Macmillan Press, 2000, x+252pp., ISBN 0-333-59269-7 Cloth: 45.00; ISBN 0-333-59270-0 Paper: 14.99.

Julie Ellison, Cato's Tears and the Making of Anglo-American Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 242pp. ISBN
0-226-205967 Paper: 11.50; ISBN 0-226-205959 Cloth: 28.00.

Alan J. Rice & Martin Crawford (eds.), Liberating Sojourn: Frederick Douglass and Transatlantic Reform. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1999, vii + 217pp. ISBN 0-8203-2102-8 Cloth: 45.00; ISBN 0-8203-2129-X
Paper: 20.00.

Walter Nugent and Martin Ridge (eds.), The American West: The Anthology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. 440pp. Paper: 14.95; Cloth: 30.50

Lindon Barrett, Blackness and Value: Seeing Double. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 272pp. ISBN 0-521-62103-8
Cloth: 37.50.

Charles Scruggs and Lee VanDemarr, Jean Toomer and the Terrors of American History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 318pp. ISBN 0-8122-3451-0 Cloth: 33.50.

Henry James, Hawthorne, edited by Kate Fullbrook. Nottingham: Trent Editions, 1999,
xxiii+149pp. ISBN 0-905488-43-1 Paper: 6.99.

Susan J. Rosowski, Editor, Cather Studies, Volume 3. Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press, 303pp. ISBN-0-8032-3920-3 Cloth: 42.75.

Keith Newlin and Joseph B. McCullough (eds.), Selected Letters of Hamlin Garland.
Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, xl+468pp. ISBN 0-8032-2160-6 Cloth: 52.00.

Jeffrey J. Folks and Nancy Summer Folks (eds.), The World Is Our Home: Society and Culture in Contemporary Southern Writing. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000, 288pp. ISBN
0-8131-2166-3 Cloth: 29.95.

Catherine Ross Nickerson, The Web of Iniquity: Early Detective Fiction by American Women, Durham & London, Duke University Press, 1998, 275pp. ISBN 0-8223-2271-4, Cloth: 34.00; ISBN 0-8223-2251-X Paper: 11.95.

Rick Altman, The American Film Musical.
Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 400pp. ISBN 0-253-20514-X- Paper: 19.95.

Karl Kroeber (ed.), Traditional Literatures of the American Indian: Texts and Interpretations (Second Edition), Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, 159pp. ISBN 0-8032-2733-7
Cloth: 32.95; ISBN 0-8032-7782-2 Paper 10.95.
Master and Servant? The US Government and the Founding of The British Association For American Studies
Authors: Fisher Ali , Lucas Scott
Published: October 2006

This article, using new archival evidence, examines the largely unknown story of the formation of the British Association for American Studies in 1955. The tale is not simply one of the US Government imposing a system of American Studies upon British lackeys. At the same time, there
is no need for the nave reassurance that BAAS was simply a spontaneous academic initiative. Instead, this is a case of balancing the wishes and support of US sponsors, both the Government and private foundations, with the desire to protect academic autonomy and integrity.
Reifying September 11: why the Left hasn't lost the War on Terror
Authors: Holloway David
Published: October 2006

The successful regulation of the first period of the War on Terror by political, economic and military elites has been contingent on a reifying of the contexts in which the current crisis has come about. The first period of the War has been reified and regulated in various ways; by
the formation of a post-apocalyptic sensibility in the US; by the dissemination of a new doctrine of austerity and a mini-revival of Keynesian economics; and by a reassertion of older discourses of national innocence and national mission. Combined, these ideologies have helped legitimate both
a new authoritarianism on the domestic front of the War, and an aggressive expansion of US imperial power on the global stage. But the extent to which the meanings of the War can be reified and regulated by elite opinion in the longer term may depend on other, established, historical trends;
in particular, the coincidence of the War on Terror with the latest phase of the long downturn in US and world capitalism, whose current period suggests a developing crisis in the neo-liberal response to the earlier breakup of Fordism in the 1970s. Reifying September 11: why the Left hasn't
lost the War on Terror was written in April 2002.
A terrible beauty: the nuclear sublime in Philip Ridley's The Reflecting Skin (1991)
Authors: Lovatt Deborah
Published: October 2006

This article explores a filmic treatment of the dynamics of an American nuclear sublime - the awe-inspiring effects of atomic explosions. Critiquing the kind of visual abstraction involved in the nuclear sublime, the film links a nuclear aesthetic to commodity fetishism and empiricist
methodology, which, in privileging appearances, are essentially reductivist. The film suggests that this kind of abstraction negates critical faculties, aligns the individual with dominant thought and practice detrimental to the self, and turns the subject into its own enemy.
La ville africaine entre tradition et modernité: Karim d'Ousmane Socé Diop
Authors: Díaz Narbona Inmaculada
Published: October 2006

Cities are a major theme in African Literature. The city and its own language are often complemented by the relationships among individuals that occupy it as well as by their relationships with the city itself. Therefore, this particular place becomes a pluridenotative network formed
by the cultural signified and the spatial signifying. Moreover, the City plays a mediating role between its development in the past and experience in the present. It is therefore, a place for meeting and hence opposing views. Starting from this assumption, we consider Ousmane Socé's
fictional text, Karim, Roman sénégalais where the city is not only present but also is fundamental for the action and the evolution of the main character.
New Caledonia: A Pacific Island or an Island in the Pacific? The Eighth Pacific Arts Festival
Authors: Brown Peter
Published: October 2006

The Eighth Pacific Arts Festival was held late last year in New Caledonia. This was a chance to showcase the Territory's development following the signing of the Noumea Accord in 1998. The fortnight of spectacle featuring over 2000 participants brought out a pan-Pacific concern to synthesise
'tradition' and 'modernity'. The Festival included writing and contemporary art, and provided a number of fora in which artists and administrators discussed common concerns beyond folkloric representations of culture. The place of the art of 'first nations' in museums was also raised. Finally,
these fora revealed some divergence in approach between the francophone and anglophone Pacific.
Édouard Glissant: penseur et toposapien du réel antillais
Authors: Crosta Suzanne
Published: October 2006

The present article examines the theoretical and literary writings of Édouard Glissant in light of key concepts and features that have been central to his thoughts on cultural diversity. To address these, this study focuses on the notions of trace, opacity and the complexity
of collective memory. It points to his experimentation with literary genres, his strategic use of marronnage, his playful but conscious manipulation of narrative conventions, viewpoints and techniques, and views them as resistance strategies or weapons of defence against a singular system
of domination. I shall argue that his extensive discussion on the interactive plurality of relations aims at transforming the imagination by valuing different ways of knowing, perceiving, relating and representing individuals and collectivities not only in the Caribbean but in the 'Whole-World'.
These philosophical and experiential traces in Glissant's writings offer a multiplicity of possibilities: they can twist and turn, divide or diffract, soar or plunge, revert and divert, while engaging curious readers to seek in a myriad of ways an open-ended inquiry into the human condition.
Canada/India, a (post)colonial tangent
Authors: Granger Serge
Published: October 2006

This note gives an overview of how Orientalism was introduced to Quebec and how its sporadic relations with Asia became permanent at the turn of the twentieth century. A special focus on India demonstrates that Orientalism can also provide a way of understanding the impact that two
distant peoples and regions have on each other. In Quebec, four vectors promoted an interest in India: the Compagnie des Indes, the British colonial network, Montreal's bourgeoisie and the missionary organizations. This concerted interest made Asia Quebec's first contact with a non-European
outside world.
Representing Indian decolonization in the Parisian press 1923–54
Authors: Marsh Kate
Published: October 2006

The diverse range of texts in the Parisian press on the decolonization of the Indian subcontinent, and the creation of India and Pakistan in 1947, has hitherto been overlooked. The present article will address this omission. Engaging with existing discourse analysis, in particular that
of Said and Teltscher, the representation of 'India' by papers such as L'Humanité and Le Monde will be examined. It will demonstrate that, whilst certain aspects of existing colonial discourse analysis provide adequate theories explaining the construction of India by French journalists,
an important neglected element in francophone Indian discourse is the relationship between Britain and France, and the latter's role as the subordinate colonizer on the subcontinent. Francophone representations of India are thus marked by their lack of homogeneity, politically and rhetorically:
India is a 'contested space', open to simultaneous occupation by conflicting French ideologies. In this respect, the 'India' of the ostensibly 'fact-based' journalism is permanently dislocated from its geopolitical referent of the same name, and essentially functions as a trope augmenting
a wider tradition of French language discourse on India.
Explaining the Populares' Majority: the Spanish general election of 12 March 2000
Authors: Fysh Peter , Hughes Neil
Published: October 2006

This article examines the Partido Popular's victory in the 12 March 2000 Spanish general election. Based on an analysis of the results the idea that the PP's absolute majority constitutes a historic shift of the centre of gravity of Spanish politics from the centre-left to the centre-right
is rejected. Instead an alternative explanation of the victory is postulated which emphasises: the favourable economic cycle; the PP's handling of regional nationalism; the inadequacies of the main opposition parties; the PP leader, Jos Mara Aznar's ability to project a centrist and moderate
image.
Book Reviews
Authors: Jordan Barry , Stewart Miranda , Cleminson Richard M , Starr Richard P
Published: October 2006

Rob Rix and Roberto Rodrguez-Saona (eds) (1999), Spanish Cinema: Calling the Shots. Leeds Iberian Papers. Leeds: Trinity and All Saints, 153 pp. ISBN 0-9525636-7-3

The Open University (1999) En Rumbo 1 and En Rumbo 2, A fresh start in Spanish. London: Routledge, 238
+ 214 pp. ISBN 0-415-20324-4 and 0-415-20325-2

Christopher J. Ross (2000) Spain 18121996. Modern History for Modern Languages. London: Arnold, xii+180 pp. ISBN 0 340 74113 9 (pb)

David Wingeate Pike (2000) Spaniards in the Holocaust. Mauthausen, the horror on the Danube.
London and New York: Routledge, xxvi + 442 pp. ISBN 0-415-22780-1.
The City as Political Metaphor: End-of-the-Century Constructions of Madrid
Authors: Smith Carter E
Published: October 2006

The city is a conglomeration of abstract and malleable signs. It is a mediated object but also a mediating subject in constant development; an entity in constant construction and deconstruction of realities. However, the city is not merely a historical, material creation; a commercial,
industrial and political product. Its construction is also inseparable from the literary and the artistic. This article studies and compares two urban representations of Madrid: Arturo Soria's urban renewal experiment, the Linear City (1892), and Antonio Muoz Molina's novel Los misterios
de Madrid (1992). These constructions are, in temporal terms, separated by a century, but they nonetheless share many philosophical, political, economic and cultural sensibilities. By focusing on two different urban constructions responding to the physical as well as the symbolic nature
of the Spanish capital, I propose to draw a brief outline of the city (Madrid) as political metaphor and to hint at future representations by discussing more recent constructions being produced in other contemporary Spanish narratives at the beginning of the twenty-first Century.
London's policies towards British volunteers for the International Brigades: an attempt to safeguard her precarious diplomacy
Authors: Brownfeld Peter
Published: October 2006

British foreign policymakers saw the Spanish Civil War as a vital issue in avoiding a European conflagration. They saw the British volunteers as a hindrance to British diplomacy. If the Spanish Civil War were allowed to complicate the relationship with Italy, France, and Germany, Foreign
Secretary Anthony Eden and others in the British Government believed that Europe might spiral into a world war. As Britain tried to stay neutral, the volunteers for the International Brigades were seen as a possible complication to these relationships. British policymakers believed the Spanish
issue was the key to European war or peace. Some historians have argued that class and political prejudices rather than strategic considerations motivated leaders in the British Government. This article will argue that close reading of the top decision-makers' motivations does not support
this thesis. Eden and others in the British Government believed that the volunteers had the potential to upset the delicate European balance of power, and to drive Europe closer to war, and thus they attempted to restrict Britons from going to Spain and attempted to withdraw them once they
were there.
Book Reviews
Authors: O'Donnell Hugh , Stewart Miranda , Mott Brian , Hollyman John , Harland Mike , Adab Beverly , Amodia Jos , Estrella Alejandro , Hollyman John , Jaspe Alvaro
Published: October 2006

Thomas Tufte, Living with the Rubbish Queen: Telenovelas, Culture and Modernity in Brazil, Luton: University of Luton Press, 2000, vii+277 pp., ISBN 1-86020-541-0

Christopher J. Pountain and Teresa de Carlos, Practising Spanish Grammar: a Workbook, London: Arnold, 2000,
xvi + 259 pp., ISBN 0-340-66223-9

Manuela Cook (2001) Portuguese, a complete course in understanding, speaking and writing. London: Hodder & Stoughton, pp 336, ISBN 0-340-78932-8 (book) 0-340-78933-6 (book-cassette pack) 0-340-80250-2 (book-CD pack).

Clare Mar-Molinero, The
Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World, London and New York: Routledge, 2000, xiii + 242 pp., ISBN 0-415-15655-6

Collins Spanish Dictionary, Sixth Edition, HarperCollins Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0-00-470152-6

Jackie Cannon, Robin Warner, and Patricia Odber de Baubeta
(eds.), Advertising and Identity in Europe: The I of the Beholder. Bristol and Portland, OR: Intellect, 2000, v + 138 pp., ISBN 1-84150-037-2 (hardback)

Gabrielle Ashford Hodges, Franco. A Concise Biography, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, 290 pp., ISBN 0-297-643045

Carlos
Barros, (ed.) (2000), Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Historia a Debate. A Corua, Ed. Historia a Debate, 3 vols. T. I Cambio de Siglo; T. II Nuevos Paradigmas; T. III Problemas de Historiografa

Bill Richardson, Spanish Studies. An Introduction, London and New York: Arnold,
2001, x + 226 pp., ISBN 0-340-76037-0 (hardback), 0-340-76038-9 (paperback)

Jos Peirats, edited by Chris Ealham, The CNT in the Spanish Revolution, Hastings: Meltzer, 2001, xiv + 299 pp., ISBN 1-901172-07-4 (hardback) and 1-901172-05-8 (paperback)

Antnio Lou, Hitler e Salazar:
comrcio em tempos de guerra, 19401944, Lisbon: Terramar, 2000, 261 pp., ISBN 972-710-273-5
Armada? What Armada? Spanish reaction to the 1916 Easter Uprising and the path to Irish independence
Authors: Jaspe Alvaro
Published: October 2006

The aim of this article will be to examine the various responses and reactions in Spanish official circles and in the mainly Castilian conservative and liberal press to the revolutionary events which unfurled in Ireland from 1916 to 1922, within the context of Spanish foreign and domestic
policy during this period. As well as assessing the official governmental response, the paper will analyse the currents of opinion prevailing within Spanish/Castilian society and gauge how events between their old historical ally and Britain were viewed in the reality of early twentieth-century
foreign policy.
Review
Authors: Johnson Janice , Smith-Hillman A. Vindelyn , Manu Franklyn , Muuka Gerry Nkombo
Published: October 2006

UNDP, Human Development Report 2001: Making new technologies work for Human development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Saad, M., Development through Technology Transfer: Creating new organisational and cultural understanding. Bristol: Intellect, 2000.

International
Academy of African Business and Development: Redefining Africa's Priorities in the 21st Century
Technology and Business Development Services for Small-Scale Coffee Production and Processing in El Salvador
Authors: Stosch Lisa , Hyman Eric L
Published: October 2006

An NGO project played a facilitative role in El Salvador by assisting smallholder coffee cooperatives that provided members with credit, training, extension, input supply, processing, and marketing services. Costs were recovered through processing and marketing margins and interest
spreads. Lessons learned include the importance of a subsector approach to capacity building; the need to plan for external risks; appropriate roles of service providers and facilitators; the value of indirect cost recovery; validity of subsidies in post-war reconstruction; advantages of centralised
credit administration; profitability of some improved environmental practices; and how expansion and replication activities increased cost effectiveness and impact.
Out of Dreyer's shadow? The quandary of Dogme95
Authors: Orr John
Published: October 2006

This essay demonstrates the continuing influence of Carl-Theodor Dreyer on the work of the film-makers of Dogme95. It highlights the quandary that is created by this closeness, particularly in the films of Lars Von Trier, and at the same time the radical disparity of style that locates
Dreyer and Dogme worlds apart. While the themes have proved more enduring than many suspect, the incompatibility of styles is predictably a wider function of a changing history. Dreyer responded in his work, much of it historical, to the role of religion in the conflicts between tradition
and modernity. By contrast, Dogme95 is the product of a new hyper-modern age that stresses speed, movement and immediacy. As such it is confronted with a new cultural agenda and also perhaps the necessity of finding its own original themes. On its ability to supersede the obsessions of Dreyer
and earlier Scandinavian cinema, the verdict still remains open.
PAMAM Dendrimers‐Based DNA Biosensors for Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization
Authors: Zhu Ningning , Gu Yunfeng , Chang Zhu , He Pingang , Fang Yuzhi
Published: October 2006

Gold electrodes were modified with submonolayers of mercaptoacetic acid (RSH) and further reacted with poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers (generation 4.0) to obtain thin films, on which DNA probe was later immobilized to afford a stable recognition layers. The characterization of the PAMAM/RSH‐modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance measurement. Differential pulse voltammogram (DPV) measurement was used to monitor DNA hybridization with daunomycin (DNR) as indicator. Experiments carried out with these novel materials not only showed an improved DNA attachment quantity on the dendrimers‐modified electrodes compared to DNA sensors with oligonucleotides directly immobilized on Au electrodes, but also exhibited a high selectivity, sensitivity and stability for the measurement of DNA hybridization.
SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF N‐ACETYL‐ASPARTYL‐GLUTAMATE, N‐ACETYL‐GLUTAMATE AND GLUTATHIONE IN BRAIN
Authors: Reichelt K. L. , Fonnum F.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The subcellular distribution of N‐acetyl‐aspartate, N‐acetyl‐aspartyl‐glutamate, N‐acetyl‐glutamate and glutathione (reduced) was investigated. Lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, glutamate and aspartate were employed as markers of the cytoplasmatic compartments. Fumarate hydratase and choline acetyltransferase were used as mitochondrial and synaptosomal markers respectively.

Our data show that the highest concentrations of NAA, NAGA, NAAGA and glutathione were localized in the supernatant with a smaller peak in the crude mitochondrial (P2) fraction. On subfractionating P2, NAA was distributed similarly to aspartate and K+ with a peak in the synaptosome (B) fraction, while glutathione and NAAGA were localized in the mitochondrial fraction. NAA, aspartate and K+ were more readily released than glutathione and NAAGA from their particulate form on exposure to hypo‐osmotic conditions.
EFFECT OF IONS ON STIMULUS‐INDUCED RELEASE OF AMINO ACIDS FROM MAMMALIAN BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Katz R. I. , Chase T. N. , Kopin I. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Slices of mammalian brain accumulate amino acids contained in physiological medium. When such tissues were subjected to mild electrical stimulation of short duraation capable of depolarizing neural membranes, there occurred a striking increase in the efflux of exogenous amino acids. The effects on representative acidic, neutral, and basic amino acids were similar. Elevated levels of potassium chloride evoked release of amino acids comparable to electrical stimulation. Electrically stimulated release of [3H]γ‐aminobutyric acid was not inhibited by the presence of reduced concentrations of calcium ions. Although amino acids are actively accumulated by liver and kidney slices, electrical stimulation of these tissues failed to release these compounds. Stimulation‐induced release was significantly diminished by the presence of small amounts of lithium in the perfusing medium.
THE MEASUREMENT OF NANOGRAM AMOUNTS OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN TISSUES BY PYROLYSIS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY1
Authors: Szilagyi P. I. A. , Green J. P. , Brown O. Monroe , Margolis S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A method previously described for measuring ACh in biological effluents has been simplified and extended for use with tissues. The tissue is homogenized in acetonitrile containing propionylcholine as the internal standard and after centrifugation the acetonitrile is removed by shaking with toluene. To the aqueous solution is added a solution of KI‐I2 to precipitate the quaternary compounds. The precipitate is dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and then drawn through a small column of ion‐exchange resin to convert the periodides of the quaternary compounds to chlorides which are then simultaneously pyrolysed and gas chromatographed. On the column the pyrolytic product of choline has a slower retention time than that of acetylcholine; under these circumstances the choline present in tissues does not obscure the measurement of acetylcholine. Specificity was demonstrated by several procedures including mass spectroscopy. The method can measure 25 ng (171 pmoles) of acetylcholine in extracts of brain, simply, and with high reproducibility. With the usual gas chromatograph, 16 samples can be run in a working day. The content of acetylcholine in rat brain was 26.4 nmol/g or almost precisely the values found with other gas chromatographic methods.

The pyrolytic method was shown to be applicable to the detection of biologically interesting substances other than choline esters, including betaine, carnitine and the non‐ quaternary compound, ź‐aminobutyric acid, which is readily converted to a volatile compound (probably its methyl ester) when pyrolysed in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Of additional general interest is the demonstration of the advantages of acetonitrile as a solvent for extracting water‐soluble compounds from tissues.
THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF CATECHOL‐O‐METHYL TRANSFERASE IN THE RAT BRAIN
Authors: Broch O. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The postnatal development of three enzymes in the rat forebrain was studied. When expressed per tissue weight the catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT) increased 2‐fold from birth to adult age, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 4‐fold and the monoamine oxidase (MAO) 12‐fold. Expressed per mg protein the increase in the enzyme activities in the subcellular fractions which contained the main part of the different enzymes was still 2–4‐fold for COMT and LDH while for MAO it was 4‐fold.

There was a relative increase in the COMT activity in the P2 fraction (synaptosomes and mitochondria). This increase was identical with a corresponding increase in LDH activity and protein and was probably due to growth of nerve terminals. The COMT in the cytoplasm of the synaptosomes showed the same increase relative to the proteins as did the ‘free’ cytoplasmic enzyme.

The conclusion is drawn that the enzymes in the rat brain show a certain degree of development during brain growth. An additional increase of some enzymes is due to the development of specialized structures such as mitochondria and nerve terminals with synapses. COMT is not related to any such specialized structure.
METABOLIC STUDIES ON 125I‐LABELLED BETA‐TRACE PROTEIN, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SYNTHESIS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Olsson J.‐E. , Link H. , Nosslin B.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— By means of single radial immunodiffusion on agar, the concentration of beta‐trace protein in serum was estimated to about 0.4 mg per 100 ml, i.e. seven times lower than the concentration in CSF. The turnover time in serum was found to be about 1.2 h and the daily amount of beta‐trace protein metabolized was approx. 240 mg. The turnover time in CSF was about 3 h after injection of 125I‐labelled beta‐trace protein into the lumbar spinal space. The data suggest a synthesis of beta‐trace protein within the CNS of about 30 mg daily, i.e. one‐eighth of the intravascularly metabolized beta‐trace protein.
BRAIN ENERGETICS IN OXYGEN‐INDUCED CONVULSIONS
Authors: Nolan R. J. , Faiman M. D.
Published: October 2006

Mice were exposed to 6 ATA of 100% oxygen. The effect of high oxygen pressure (OHP), disulphiram and both disulphiram and oxygen as a function of the length of oxygen exposure on cerebral cortical ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, pyruvate and glucose was determined. Neither OHP nor disulphiram altered ATP prior to the onset of convulsions. The combination of OHP and disulphiram appeared to elevate cerebral ATP, particularly during the early exposure period. OHP had no effect on phosphocreatine, however, disulphiram, both alone and in combination with OHP increased cerebral cortical phosphocreatine. ATP and phosphocreatine were unchanged in mice sacrificed either at the onset or 9 s after the onset of oxygen convulsions. Lactate and pyruvate increased as the length of time the mice were exposed to OHP increased although neither lactate nor pyruvate levels differed significantly from control levels at either the onset or 9 s after the onset of convulsions. Disulphiram by itself lowered cerebral lactate, and prevented the increase in lactate and pyruvate in mice exposed to OHP. OHP and disulphiram increased cerebral glucose with the combination of both OHP and disulphiram appearing to have an additive effect. Glucose also remained elevated at the onset or 9 s after the onset of oxygen convulsions.
IN VIVO INHIBITION OF γ‐GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE BY l‐METHIONINE‐RS‐SULFOXIMINE; INFLUENCE ON INTERMEDIATES OF THE γ‐GLUTAMYL CYCLE
Authors: Orlowski Marian , Wilk S.
Published: October 2006

—The inhibition of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase and its influence on the concentration of intermediates associated with the metabolism of glutathione was studied in mice receiving methionine sulfoximine, a convulsant agent. The activity of the enzyme decreased significantly in the liver and kidney 1‐4 h after administration of methionine sulfoximine; the activity of the enzyme in the brain was unchanged after 1 and 2 h but decreased significantly after 4 h. There was a rapid and sharp decrease in the concentration of glutathione in the kidney and a slower decrease in the liver. Brain glutathione concentrations were unaffected. Methionine sulfoximine in vivo, inhibited the synthesis of l‐γ‐glutamyl‐l‐α‐aminobutyrate after administration of l‐α‐aminobutyrate, a reaction catalyzed by γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase. The inhibitor also lowered the concentration of pyrrolidone carboxylate in mouse tissues and prevented the accumulation of this intermediate after administration of l‐α‐aminobutyrate. The results show that methionine sulfoximine in vivo affects the metabolism of glutathione and that this action may contribute to its convulsive properties.
PROTEIN‐CARBOXYL METHYLTRANSFERASE OF THE BOVINE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND: NEUROPHYSIN AS A POTENTIAL ENDOGENOUS SUBSTRATE
Authors: Edgar D. H. , Hope D. B.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The kinetics of methylation of neurophysin by the enzyme protein‐carboxyl methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.24) was investigated, together with the subcellular distribution of enzyme and endogenous substrate in the bovine posterior pituitary gland. Using a preparation of the methyltransferase, purified from acetone‐dried powders of bovine posterior pituitary gland, bovine neurophysin was found to be a better substrate than those proteins usually employed, neurophysin having a lower apparent Km and higher Vmax than the other substrates. Arginine‐vasopressin did not inhibit the methylation of neurophysin, supporting the hypothesis that methylation and hormone‐binding sites are different. Vasopressin, however, increased the rate of methylation of neurophysin I by the methyltransferase. but was without effect on the rates of methylation of the other components of bovine neurophysin. After subcellular fractionation of fresh bovine posterior pituitary glands, some 77% of the recovered methyltransferase activity was found in the high‐speed supernatant fraction, being distributed throughout all the fractions similarly to lactate dehydrogenase. Neurophysin is therefore unlikely to become a substrate until released from the neurosecretory granules during stimulation of the gland. Some evidence is presented for the presence of an endogenous substrate other than neurophysin, in the high‐speed supernatant fraction.
HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA: POST MORTEM ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN CEREBRAL GLUCOSE METABOLISM
Authors: Bird E. D. , Gale Jean S. , Spokes E. G.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The loss of at least two different cell types in the basal ganglia of the choreic brain led us to examine the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucose. Cellular ATPase, HK, G6‐PDH, PFK., LDH, GDH were measured. Post mortem stability studies indicated that these enzymes were more unstable in human brain than mouse brain. The most stable enzyme was GDH. HK activity appeared to increase after freezing, suggesting release from another compartment. PFK and G6‐PDH activity decreased by 70% over the usual time and temperature period for autopsy. In the autopsied brain tissue we were still able to measure significant activities that allowed us to determine the distribution of these enzymes and the similar post mortem handling of control and choreic brain allowed us to compare these two groups.

The activity of HK and G6‐PDH was higher in the frontal cortex than in the basal ganglia. Ouabain insensitive ATPase and PFK were higher in the basal ganglia than the frontal cortex.

GDH activity, an enzyme that is very active in glial cells, was increased in the choreic globus pallidus, an area with a very high glial to neuronal cell ratio.

Although there was a wide variation in PFK activity that appeared to be related to the pre‐mortem clinical state there was a significant decrease in PFK activity in the putamen of choreic post mortem brain when compared to controls.

These findings do not indicate an absolute defect in any of the enzymes studied in choreic brain but further studies might prove worthwhile.
MONOAMINE OXIDASE A AND B IN CULTURED CELLS
Authors: Hawkins Morris , Breakefield Xandra O.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity against tryptamine was compared in a number of continuous rodent lines, including neuroblastoma, hepatoma, melanoma, nephroma, sarcoma and L cells. Activities against tryptamine varied over 300‐fold in homogenates of different lines, being highest in hepatoma line MH1C1 and lowest in a neuroblastoma line lacking hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity. The amount, but not the type, of MAO activity varied with the stage of growth in homogenates of neuroblastoma and hepatoma cells. Measurements of succinate‐cytochrome c reductase (SCCR), another mitochondrial enzyme, also showed 20‐fold variations between lines, being highest in neuroblastoma line N1E‐115 and lowest in hepatoma line MH1C1; SCCR and MAO activities appeared to be regulated independently. The relative proportions of the A and B types of MAO activity were determined in homogenates and living cultures. Clorgyline inhibition of tryptamine deamination in homogenates indicated that in all lines except MH1C1, greater than 95% of the MAO activity was of the A type. In MH1C1 homogenates, using clorgyline or deprenyl, 40–70% of the activity appeared to be of the A type and 30‐60% of the B type. In cultures of neuroblastoma N1E‐115 cells, deamination of tryptamine and dopamine was sensitive to inhibition by low concentrations of clorgyline, indicating that the A type of activity is present intracellularly. as in homogenates. In MH1C1 hepatoma cultures, tryptamine deamination showed a biphasic sensitivity to clorgyline. We interpret this to mean that A and B types of MAO activity occur together in living hepatoma cells.
INCORPORATION AND METABOLISM OF THE DIETARY TRANS‐UNSATURATED FATTY ACID, ELAIDIC ACID, BY DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Cook H. W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Trans‐unsaturated fatty acids, geometrical isomers of naturally occurring cis‐acids, are dietary components and are incorporated into complex lipids of many tissues. There is little information about incorporation into brain and effects on CNS functions. In our experiments, mixtures of [l‐14C]‐elaidic acid and [9,10‐3H]oleic were injected intragastrically into a total of 34 rats at 6, 12 and 16 days of age. Animals were killed 4, 8, 24, 48 and 96 h after administration and brain and liver lipids analyzed. With all ages examined, about 0.02–0.22% of the administered radioactivity from each fatty acid was found in brain lipids with incorporation increasing with time after administration. Phospholipids accounted for 60–85% of the total label from both fatty acids; of this phospholipid label, 40–50%, of the 14C was in unaltered irans‐monoene. Up to 22% of the total 14C label recovered from brain was in cholesterol. By contrast to brain, labeling of liver lipid was much greater and was highest at 4 h after administration; there was proportionally less 14C or 3H label in palmitate and cholesterol compared to brain. Thus, intact trans‐fatty acid, elaidic acid, was incorporated into developing brain, but at slower rates than into liver. These studies establish that the developing central nervous system does not exclude dietary trans‐acids.
Alkali‐Labile, Sodium Borohydride‐Reducible Ganglioside Sialic Acid Residues in Brain
Authors: Gross Sonja K. , Williams Marcia A. , McCluer Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: We have shown that ganglioside internal esters, reduced with sodium borohydride and hydrolyzed with mild acid, form nonulosamine and glycosan, whereas ester‐free gangliosides yield only sialic acid when similarly treated. In an effort to demonstrate the occurrence of ganglioside internal esters in brain tissue, brain homogenates and brain ganglioside fractions were treated with NaB3H4. The gangliosides were then hydrolyzed with mild acid and unlabeled carrier nonulosamine and its glycosan were added. The nonulosamine was purified to constant specific radioactivity. Homogenates and ganglioside fractions, initially treated with alkali and then similarly reduced and analyzed, provided control values. Ganglioside fractions directly reduced consistently gave nonulosamine with higher specific radioactivities than controls. A larger quantity of tissue was processed to allow the isolation of chemically measurable amounts of nonulosamine. The amount of nonulosamine formed by reduction of the crude ganglioside fraction was estimated by isotope dilution analysis. The quantity of nonulosamine formed from reduced untreated ganglioside fractions was about sevenfold that formed from alkali‐treated fractions. These data provide evidence for the existence in brain tissue of ganglioside sialic acid residues in which the carboxyl group is bound in a structure that is alkali‐labile and reducible with sodium borohydride.
Role of Phospholipids in Coupling of Adenosine and Dopamine Receptors to Striatal Adenylate Cyclase
Authors: Anand‐Srivastava Madhu B. , Johnson Roger A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Treatment of striatal washed particles with phospholipase A2 or C abolished the activation of adenylate cyclase by dopamine but not by N6‐phenylisopropyl adenosine (PIA). The inhibition of dopamine‐sensitive cyclase was dependent on Ca2+ and increased with time and phospholipase concentration. F‐‐sensitive cyclase was not affected by phospholipase A2 treatment, but was enhanced by phospholipase C treatment. Phospholipase D did not affect basal, PIA, dopamine, or F‐‐sensitive cyclase activities. The observed effects of phospholipase A2 were not due to either the detergent effect of lysophospholipids or to contaminating proteases. Ropamine‐sensitive cyclase, inactivated by pretreatment with phospholipase A2, was restored by asolectin (a soybean mixed phospholipid), phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanol‐amine, or phosphatidylserine, but not by phosphatidylinositol. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine were equipotent in restoring dopamine‐sensitive activity. Lubrol‐PX, a nonionic detergent, abolished completely the dopamine‐sensitive cyclase activity, whereas PIA‐sensitive activity was slightly inhibited. In contrast, digitonin inhibited dopamine‐ and PIA‐sensitive cyclase activity in a parallel fashion. Lubrol‐PX released some adenylate cyclase into a 16,000 ×g supernatant fraction that was stimulated by PIA but not by dopamine. Removal of most of the free detergent by Bio‐bead SM 2 enhanced stimulation by PIA but did not restore sensitivity to dopamine. Asolectin also did not restore the activity of dopamine‐sensitive cyclase. The data suggest that the requirement for phospholipids for the coupling of dopamine and adenosine receptors to the striatal adenylate cyclase may be different and that the adenosine receptors may be more tightly coupled to the enzyme than are dopamine receptors.
Effect of Changing Potassium Ion Concentrations on Rat Cerebral Slices In Vitro: A Study During Development
Authors: Grisar Thierry , Franck Georges
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Adult rat cerebral cortex slices when incubated in media of increasing K+ concentrations, from 3 to 20 mM (“physiological” conditions), exhibited an increase of Ki+ and a decrease of Nai+ and Cli‐. This phenomenon appeared at 30 days postnatally, which is fairly late during development. Over 20 mM‐K+ (“pathological” conditions) an intense water uptake was observed together with an increase of Nai+ and Cli‐. This was observed in both adult and young animals. The results are discussed in relation to the well known properties of glial (Na+,K+)‐ATPase and carbonic anhydrase.
A Synaptosomal Preparation from the Guinea Pig Ileum Myenteric Plexus
Authors: Briggs Clark A. , Cooper Jack R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Our interest in investigating the presynaptic modulation of acetylcholine release led to the development of a synaptosomal preparation from the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus‐longitudinal muscle. A crude synaptosomal fraction (P2) was obtained by homogenization and differential centrifugation. The preparation exhibited a specific uptake system for choline and for nor‐adrenaline (NA), but not for 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT). Synaptosomes were isolated from this P2 fraction by an isoosmotic density gradient prepared from sucrose and metrizamide. The resultant synaptosomal fraction was enriched about sevenfold in both choline uptake and in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Choline was transported by a high‐affinity system with a Km of 6.5 × 10−7 M and a Vmax of 41 pmol/mg protein/min. Electron microscopy confirmed the synaptosomal nature of the gradient fraction. Some synaptosomal profiles contained only small, translucent vesicles whereas others also contained large (approx. 100 nm diameter) electron‐opaque vesicles. The crude synaptosomal fraction synthesized acetylcholine (ACh) from exogenous choline and it released the synthesized ACh in a calcium‐dependent manner.
Isolation and Preliminary Characterization of Novel Polysialogangliosides from Embryonic Chick Brain
Authors: Rösner Harald
Published: October 2006

Abstract Preparative thin‐layer chromatography was used to isolate from embryonic chick brains four different polysialogangliosides which moved below GT1b on TLC plates. These possessed molar sialic acid‐to‐sphingosine ratios of 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, and 7:1, respectively. Mild neuraminidase (Clostridium perfringens) treatment of the three most highly sialylated fractions gave GTlb and GDlb transiently, but the only accumulating ganglioside was GM1. All three polysialogangliosides were also found in Elasmobranch brains. During development of the chicken the concentrations of the two most slow‐moving fractions (“hexa”‐, and “septa”‐sialogangliosides) decreased.