bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’attrait de plans retrouvés
Authors: Blümlinger Christa
Published: May 2014

L’impulsion archivistique qui, selon Hal Foster, caractérise l’art contemporain est aussi un phénomène propre au cinéma. Cet article ne cherche pas à alimenter à nouveau la théorie du film de found footage ou du film de montage, mais tente plutôt une approche esthétique du geste de la reprise au sein de trois films (de Filipa César, de Jean-Louis Comolli avec Sylvie Lindeperg et de Philip Scheffner) mettant en scène le dispositif même de l’archive, en vue notamment d’esquisser le champ épistémologique dans lequel interviennent les opérations esthétiques de réutilisation ou de recomposition des images et des sons d’archives. Certains films d’essai, reprenant des éléments de l’histoire du cinéma, s’intéressent à la qualité épistémique de la technique d’enregistrement et à l’unicité de l’expérience propre au visionnement et à l’écoute d’un document visuel ou sonore. Cet article propose également une analyse des modes d’affection créés par la reprise des images et des sons, dans la mesure où des formes propres à cet art archéologique suscitent une sensibilisation au dispositif et aux logiques temporelles de l’archive — et par là une puissance d’imagination, tendant vers la fiction.
Archives, modes de réemploi. Pour une archéologie du found footage 1
Authors: Habib André
Published: May 2014

Le cinéma de réemploi (ou defound footage) suscite depuis une quinzaine d’années un engouement critique et théorique qui va de pair avec la « fièvre de l’archive » qui parcourt actuellement le champ des sciences humaines. On peut toutefois s’étonner du manque de considération ou d’attention dont font parfois preuve certains de ces chercheurs à l’égard des questions proprement matérielles, des opérations techniques, des contextes historiques précis qui ont permis, autorisé ou rendu possible la réalisation de films aussi différents — et reconnus — queTom, Tom, the Piper’s Sonde Ken Jacobs,Eurekad’Ernie Gehr,Public Domaind’Hollis Frampton, etc. L’origine des matériaux réemployés, le contexte historique de leur accessibilité et les techniques de leur réemploi — en somme, tout ce qui compose les gestes d’excavation et de reproduction de ces films d’archives — déterminent sur bien des aspects l’expérience de ces oeuvres (de leur fabrication à leur réception) et l’imaginaire de l’archive qu’elles médiatisent. À partir d’un certain nombre de cas et en examinant différents contextes historiques, ainsi que les modes précis de réemploi des films de la collection despaper printsà Washington, cet article propose un modèle pour une archéologie dufound footage, afin de rendre justice à ces gestes de réemploi, d’en retrouver la beauté et l’intelligence, en les réinscrivant dans leur histoire, leur technique, leur matérialité propres.
Looking into the future
Authors: Costa Vincent D , Averbeck Bruno B
Published: May 2014

Eye tracking experiments show that neurons respond rapidly to eye movements, allowing our view of the world to remain stable.
A Rule Based Cognitive System of Emotion Recognition
Authors: Sahu Meenakhi , Maringanti Hima Bindu , Parida Ambarish
Published: May 2014

Emotions are an important aspect of human nature and behaviour that helps a person communicate and interact with others in a social environment. The present work is such an attempt towards machine intelligence, to recognize the cause-and-effect of the emotional states of humans. In the present times, the intelligence quotient (IQ) measured earlier is replaced by the emotional intelligence (EI)- a factor that helps assess the performance and efficiency of humans in various arenas like home, office, sports, clubs etc.

A Questionnaire has been designed, to be taken up by subjects whose emotional status, need to be understood. The set of answers received would fire the appropriate rule and result in a specific emotion. These set of rules, once designed are static. The concept of embedded emotion and hence of a rule in another rule (inheritance) is used. A set of 13 rules have been discovered depicting the causes of specific emotions and their inclusion in other emotions, thus enabling the design of augmented transition networks (ATN). Java Expert System Shell (JESS) has been used to design this rule-based emotion recognition system and the results are presented in the corresponding results section.
Using Opnet Modeller for the Delivery of the COPAR Service and Improved Availability on the Internet
Authors: Seegobin Rhea L. , Hosein Michael A.
Published: May 2014

The COPAR service is a Java based distributed system that runs over the Internet. The system works by replicating data at separate sites using optimistic and pessimistic processing techniques. The aim of COPAR is to test the availability and scalability of a system when expanded. Improvements on this project have been outlined in several papers ([2], [3], [4], [5], [6] and [12]). Limitations were encountered for the expansion of COPAR. Resources needed to host 20 or even 40 nodes were very costly to attain. Opnet which is trusted by global electronic manufactures, eliminates these limitations by simulating a virtual environment.

Opnet was used to expand COPAR from 8 nodes to 100 nodes. This paper outlines the implementation details for the conversion of COPAR from a Java-based implementation to an Opnet simulation. This paper focuses on the OPNET editors employed to facilitate this implementation, the transaction generator’s node and process model and a server’s node and process model. This paper can be particularly helpful to future researchers that want to improve and expand COPAR even further, using Opnet Modeler. It can also be useful to researchers that want to create simulations using C++ with similar implementation styles.
Constraining crustal velocity fields with InSAR for Eastern Turkey: Limits to the block‐like behavior of Eastern Anatolia
Authors: Walters R. J. , Parsons B. , Wright T. J.
Published: May 2014

The Sentinel‐1 satellite mission will enable global strain rate mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS data, and methods to combine these data in velocity fields will become increasingly important. Here we use InSAR to measure interseismic deformation in Eastern Turkey, across a ∼250,000 km2 area that spans the Arabia‐Eurasia plate boundary zone. From our InSAR data we first estimate slip rates and locking depths for the North and East Anatolian Faults (NAF and EAF) of 20 ± 3 mm/yr and ∼16 km and 11 ± 3 mm/yr and ∼16 km, respectively, but we also combine the InSAR data with existing GPS velocity measurements to construct high‐resolution velocity and strain rate fields across the region for the first time. We calculate 2‐D and 3‐D velocity fields and find that strain is mainly localized across the NAF and EAF and that there is negligible differential vertical motion across the Eastern Anatolian plateau. We also show that high‐resolution 2‐D strain rate fields can be calculated from InSAR alone, even in the absence of GPS data. We fit a block model to our velocity field and estimate slip rates of ∼21 mm/yr and ∼8 mm/yr for the NAF and EAF, showing that our previous estimates differ from these values because they neglected crustal rotation. Although this rotation is an important component of the velocity field in Eastern Turkey, systematic residuals between our velocity field and the best fitting block for Anatolia suggest that the region is not block‐like as proposed by previous authors.
Scaling properties of tidal networks
Authors: Jiménez Mirian , Castanedo Sonia , Zhou Zeng , Coco Giovanni , Medina Raúl , Rodriguez‐Iturbe Ignacio
Published: May 2014

A new methodology is developed to extract tidal network from hydrodynamic conditions, and use data derived from numerical modeling or field observations to test the hypothesis that tidal networks are characterized by scale‐invariant properties. Different tidal network configurations have been obtained from long‐term numerical simulations in an idealized basin. These simulations show the influence of hydrodynamic conditions (tidal range, TR) and sediment (grain size sediment, D50) on the final configuration of the network. One of the signatures of scale‐invariant behavior is related to the presence of a power law relationship in the probability distribution of geometrical characteristics. For each model configuration and field site, the probability distribution of drainage area and the drainage volume has been calculated, and in both cases tidal networks show scale‐invariant characteristics. After assessing the sensitivity of the results, an energy expenditure analysis shows that tidal basins evolve toward a state with less morphodynamic activity, with a lower energy expenditure compare with the initial state.
Hydrologic dynamics and geochemical responses within a floodplain aquifer and hyporheic zone during Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Sawyer A. H. , Kaplan L. A. , Lazareva O. , Michael H. A.
Published: May 2014

Storms dominate solute export budgets from catchments and drive hydrogeochemical changes in the near‐stream environment. We captured near‐stream hydrogeochemical dynamics during an intense storm (Hurricane Sandy, October 2012), by instrumenting a riparian‐hyporheic zone transect of White Clay Creek in the Christina River Basin Critical Zone Observatory with pressure transducers, redox probes, and pore water samplers. In the floodplain aquifer, preferential vertical flow paths such as macropores facilitated rapid infiltration early in the storm. Water table rose quickly and promoted continuous groundwater discharge to the stream. Floodplain‐hillslope topography controlled poststorm aquifer drainage rates, as the broad, western floodplain aquifer drained more slowly than the narrow, eastern floodplain aquifer adjacent to a steep hillslope. These changes in groundwater flow drove heterogeneous geochemical responses in the floodplain aquifer and hyporheic zone. Vertical infiltration in the floodplain and hyporheic exchange in the streambed increased DOC and oxygen delivery to microbially active sediments, which may have enhanced respiration. Resulting geochemical perturbations persisted from days to weeks after the storm. Our observations suggest that groundwater‐borne solute delivery to streams during storms depends on unique interactions of vertical infiltration along preferential pathways, perturbations to groundwater geochemistry, and topographically controlled drainage rates.
The Effect of Braze Interlayer Thickness on the Mechanical Strength of Alumina Brazed with Ag–CuO Braze Alloys
Authors: Erskine Kevin M. , Meier Alan M. , Joshi Vineet V. , Pilgrim Steven M.
Published: May 2014

The effect of braze interlayer thickness on the strength of alumina brazed with silver‐copper oxide reactive air braze (RAB) alloys was evaluated using a four point bend test configuration. The brazed samples had an average fracture strength of 180 MPa or approximately 60% of the average monolithic alumina strength. The joint strength values obtained exceeded the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the silver interlayer indicating strong ceramic to metal adhesion and the development of a triaxial stress state in the braze interlayer. The average fracture strength was relatively constant (190 ± 60 MPa) in the thickness range of 0.030–0.230 mm for all test conditions. The braze fracture strength then decreased to 100 ± 30 MPa as the braze thickness increased from 0.230 to 0.430 mm indicating a loss of triaxial constraint with increasing interlayer thickness. In addition, four different fracture modes were observed.
Rational Design of Multifunctional Hetero‐Hexameric Proteins for Hydrogel Formation and Controlled Delivery of Bioactive Molecules
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Zhou Hao , Xie Ying , Ren Chunhua , Ding Dan , Long Jiafu , Yang Zhimou
Published: May 2014

A hetero‐hexameric protein system is developed in this study, which not only functions as cross‐linkers for hydrogel formation but also offers docking sites for controlled delivery of bioactive molecules. First, a hexameric protein with two, four, and six tax‐interacting protein‐1 (TIP‐1), respectively (named as 2T, 4T, and 6T), is designed and obtained. As the hexapeptide ligand (WRESAI) can specifically bind to TIP‐1 with high affinity, the hexameric proteins of 2T, 4T, and 6T can be used to crosslink the self‐assembling nanofibers of Nap‐GFFYGGGWRESAI, leading to formation of injectable biohybrid hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties. Furthermore, a hetero‐hexameric protein containing four TIP‐1 and two C‐terminal moiety of the pneumococcal cell‐wall amidase LytA (C‐LytA) proteins is designed and engineered (named as 4T2C). The 4T2C proteins can not only serve as cross‐linkers for hydrogel formation but also provide docking sites for loading and controlled release of model drug Rhoda‐GGK′. This study opens up new opportunities for further development of multifunctional hetero‐ recombinant protein‐based hydrogels for biological applications.
Taking Temperature Processing Out of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Fabrication: Fully Laser‐Manufactured Devices
Authors: Mincuzzi Girolamo , Vesce Luigi , Schulz‐Ruhtenberg Malte , Gehlen Elmar , Reale Andrea , Di Carlo Aldo , Brown Thomas M.
Published: May 2014

Novel approaches for the fabrication of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are reported in which all the main constituent materials are processed by laser radiation. In addition to laser sintering of the nanocrystalline TiO2 film it is shown that lasers can be successfully utilized for nc‐TiO2 film patterning, platinization of the counter‐electrode, and efficient gasket sealing. All the mentioned processes are optimized and utilized for the fabrication of the first efficient and durable all‐laser‐based DSCs. Under one sun A.M. 1.5 illumination the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 5.3% (6.2% unmasked) and also greater than or equal to the PCE of the cell fabricated with the same materials set but processed using conventional procedures (5.2%). These results open up a new scenario for DSC technology, i.e., that of setting up an entire, laser‐based, three‐step DSC pilot production line with tangible advantages in terms of effective processing, automation, large area scalability, and embedded energy.
All‐Inkjet‐Printed, All‐Air‐Processed Solar Cells
Authors: Jung Sungjune , Sou Antony , Banger Kulbinder , Ko Doo‐Hyun , Chow Philip C. Y. , McNeill Christopher R. , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: May 2014

The prospective of using direct‐write printing techniques for the manufacture of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has made these techniques highly attractive. OPVs have the potential to revolutionize small‐scale portable electronic applications by directly providing electric power to the systems. However, no route is available for monolithically integrating the energy‐harvesting units into a system in which other components, such as transistors, sensors, or displays, are already fabricated. Here, the fabrication and the measurement of inkjet‐printed, air‐processed organic solar cells is reported for the first time. Highly controlled conducting and semiconducting films using engineered inks for inkjet printing enable good efficiencies for printed OPVs between ≈2 and 5% power conversion efficiency. The results show that inkjet printing is an attractive digital printing technology for cost‐effective, environmentally friendly integration of photovoltaic cells onto plastic substrates.
The acute brain response to levodopa heralds dyskinesias in Parkinson disease
Authors: Herz Damian M. , Haagensen Brian N. , Christensen Mark S. , Madsen Kristoffer H. , Rowe James B. , Løkkegaard Annemette , Siebner Hartwig R.
Published: May 2014

Objective

In Parkinson disease (PD), long‐term treatment with the dopamine precursor levodopa gradually induces involuntary “dyskinesia” movements. The neural mechanisms underlying the emergence of levodopa‐induced dyskinesias in vivo are still poorly understood. Here, we applied functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to map the emergence of peak‐of‐dose dyskinesias in patients with PD.

Methods

Thirteen PD patients with dyskinesias and 13 PD patients without dyskinesias received 200mg fast‐acting oral levodopa following prolonged withdrawal from their normal dopaminergic medication. Immediately before and after levodopa intake, we performed fMRI, while patients produced a mouse click with the right or left hand or no action (No‐Go) contingent on 3 arbitrary cues. The scan was continued for 45 minutes after levodopa intake or until dyskinesias emerged.

Results

During No‐Go trials, PD patients who would later develop dyskinesias showed an abnormal gradual increase of activity in the presupplementary motor area (preSMA) and the bilateral putamen. This hyperactivity emerged during the first 20 minutes after levodopa intake. At the individual level, the excessive No‐Go activity in the predyskinesia period predicted whether an individual patient would subsequently develop dyskinesias (p < 0.001) as well as severity of their day‐to‐day symptomatic dyskinesias (p < 0.001).

Interpretation

PD patients with dyskinesias display an immediate hypersensitivity of preSMA and putamen to levodopa, which heralds the failure of neural networks to suppress involuntary dyskinetic movements. Ann Neurol 2014;75:829–836
Interpniktogenkationen: Neue Perspektiven in der Koordinationschemie
Authors: Robertson Alasdair P. M. , Gray Paul A. , Burford Neil
Published: May 2014

Pniktanderivate können die Rolle von sowohl 2 e−‐Donoren (Lewis‐Basen) als auch 2 e−‐Akzeptoren (Lewis‐Säuren) übernehmen. Als prototypische Liganden in der Koordinationschemie von Übergangsmetallen bilden Amine und Phosphane auch Komplexe mit Lewis‐Säuren des p‐Blocks, die verschiedene Pniktogen‐zentrierte Akzeptoren umfassen. Die Lewis‐Acidität von Pniktogenzentren kann durch eine kationische Ladung verstärkt werden, was in den letzten Jahren zur Entwicklung von Verbindungen mit koordinativen Pn‐Pn‐ und Pn‐Pn′‐Wechselwirkungen genutzt wurde. Diese Verbindungen bieten die außergewöhnliche Möglichkeit zur homoatomaren Koordinationsbindung und ermöglichen die Entwicklung von Komplexen mit einem freien Elektronenpaar am Akzeptorzentrum. Dieser Aufsatz weist neue Richtungen für die systematische Erweiterung der Koordinationschemie von der Übergangsreihe zum p‐Block.
Simple but Precise Engineering of Functional Nanocapsules through Nanoprecipitation
Authors: Yan Xibo , Delgado Marco , Fu Amy , Alcouffe Pierre , Gouin Sébastien G. , Fleury Etienne , Katz Joseph L. , Ganachaud François , Bernard Julien
Published: May 2014

A general, rapid, and undemanding method to generate at will functional oil‐filled nanocapsules through nanoprecipitation is reported. On the basis of polymer and hexadecane/water/acetone phase diagrams, the composition can be set so that polymer chains preferentially stick at the interface of the oil droplets to create nanocapsules. The nanocapsules can be decorated with biorelevant molecules (biotin, fluorescent tags, metal nanoparticles) within the shell and loaded with hydrophobic molecules in a simple one‐pot procedure.
Direct Asymmetric Dearomatization of Pyridines and Pyrazines by Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Amination Reactions
Authors: Yang Ze‐Peng , Wu Qing‐Feng , You Shu‐Li
Published: May 2014

The first iridium‐catalyzed intramolecular asymmetric allylic dearomatization reaction of pyridines and pyrazines has been realized. 2,3‐Dihydroindolizine and 6,7‐dihydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrazine derivatives were obtained with excellent yields and enantioselectivity. This methodology features dearomatization by direct N‐allylic alkylation of pyridines or pyrazines under mild reaction conditions.
Electrospinning silica/polyvinylpyrrolidone composite nanofibers
Authors: Newsome Toni E. , Olesik Susan V.
Published: May 2014

Small diameter nanofibers of silica and silica/polymer are produced by electrospinning silica/polyvinylpyrrolidone (SiO2/PVP) mixtures composed of silica nanoparticles dispersed in polyvinylpyrrolidone solutions. By controlling various parameters, 380 ± 100 nm diameter composite nanofibers were obtained with a high silica concentration (57.14%). When the polymer concentration was low, “beads‐on‐a‐string” morphology resulted. Nanofiber morphology was affected by applied voltage and relative humidity. Tip‐to‐collector distance did not affect the nanofiber diameter or morphology, but it did affect the area and thickness of the mat. Heat treatment of the composite nanofibers at 200°C crosslinked the polymer yielding solvent‐resistant composite nanofibers, while heating at 465°C calcined and selectively removed the polymer from the composite. Crosslinking did not change the nanofiber diameter, while calcined nanofibers decreased in diameter (300 ± 90 nm) and increased in surface area to volume ratio. Nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40966.
Surface modification of electrospun chitosan nanofibrous mats for antibacterial activity
Authors: Kangwansupamonkon Wiyong , Tiewtrakoonwat Walaiwan , Supaphol Pitt , Kiatkamjornwong Suda
Published: May 2014

Chitosan (CS) blended with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was electrospun into nanofibrous mats. The spinning solution of 6.7 : 0.3 (% w/v) of CS : PEO was dissolved in a 70 : 30 (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane solution. The obtained fibers were smooth without beads on their surfaces and average diameter of the fiber was 272 ± 56 nm. N‐(2‐hydroxyl) propyl‐3‐trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride (HTACC) and N‐benzyl‐N,N‐dimethyl chitosan iodide (QBzCS) were each prepared from the CS/PEO mats. They were identified by Fourier‐transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and degree of swelling in water. Both quaternized electrospun chitosan mats exhibited superior antibacterial activity to the unmodified electrospun CS/PEO against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at short contact times. After 4 h of contact, the reduction of both bacterial strains by CS/PEO, HTACC, and QBzCS was equal at about 99–100%. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40981.
Fostering interprofessional teamwork in an academic medical center: Near‐peer education for students during gross medical anatomy
Authors: Shields Richard K. , Pizzimenti Marc A. , Dudley‐Javoroski Shauna , Schwinn Debra A.
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this report is to describe student satisfaction with a near‐peer interprofessional education (IPE) session for physical therapy and medical students. Ten senior physical therapy students worked in peer‐groups to develop a musculoskeletal anatomy demonstration for first‐semester medical students. Together with their classmates, they demonstrated observation, palpation, and musculoskeletal assessment of the shoulder and scapular‐thoracic articulation to medical student dissection groups in the Gross Anatomy laboratory. The medical students were encouraged to consider the synergistic function of shoulder structures and the potential impact of a selected pathology: rotator cuff injury. The session provided the medical students with an opportunity to integrate their new anatomical knowledge into a framework for clinical musculoskeletal evaluation. The experience offered senior physical therapy students an opportunity to work in teams with their peers, internalize and adapt to constructive feedback, and seek common ground with members of another profession. Both student groups reported a high degree of satisfaction with the sessions and expressed a desire for further interaction. These positive perceptions by student stakeholders have prompted us to consider additional IPE exchanges for the anatomy course in the upcoming school year. Given the positive outcome of this descriptive study, we now plan to systematically test whether near‐peer IPE interactions can enhance the degree that students learn key anatomical concepts. Anat Sci Educ 8: 331–337. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Recent advances in development and application of derivatization reagents having a benzofurazan structure: a brief overview
Authors: Santa Tomofumi
Published: May 2014

Chemical derivatization is often used to improve the separation efficiency and to enhance the detectability of the target compounds in high‐performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The derivatization reagents having a benzofurazan (2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole) structure are one of the most often used reagent for this purpose. In this paper, the recent advances in the development and the application of benzofurazan derivatization reagents are reviewed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological and chemical standardization of a hop (Humulus lupulus) botanical dietary supplement
Authors: Krause Elizabeth , Yuan Yang , Hajirahimkhan Atieh , Dong Huali , Dietz Birgit M. , Nikolic Dejan , Pauli Guido F. , Bolton Judy L. , van Breemen Richard B.
Published: May 2014

Concerned about the safety of conventional estrogen replacement therapy, women are using botanical dietary supplements as alternatives for the management of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes. Before botanical dietary supplements can be evaluated clinically for safety and efficacy, botanically authenticated and standardized forms are required. To address the demand for a standardized, estrogenic botanical dietary supplement, an extract of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) was developed. Although valued in the brewing of beer, hop extracts are used as anxiolytics and hypnotics and have well‐established estrogenic constituents. Starting with a hop cultivar used in the brewing industry, spent hops (the residue remaining after extraction of bitter acids) were formulated into a botanical dietary supplement that was then chemically and biologically standardized. Biological standardization utilized the estrogen‐dependent induction of alkaline phosphatase in the Ishikawa cell line. Chemical standardization was based on the prenylated phenols in hops that included estrogenic 8‐prenylnaringenin, its isomer 6‐prenylnaringenin, and pro‐estrogenic isoxanthohumol and its isomeric chalcone xanthohumol, all of which were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The product of this process was a reproducible botanical extract suitable for subsequent investigations of safety and efficacy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relative anatomy of the coronary arterial and venous systems
Authors: Spencer Julianne H. , Sundaram Cassandra C. , Iaizzo Paul A.
Published: May 2014

An anatomical understanding of human coronary arterial and venous systems is necessary for device development and therapy applications that utilize these vessels. We investigated the unique use of contrast‐CT scans from perfusion‐fixed human hearts for three‐dimensional visualization and analysis of anatomical features of the coronary systems. The coronary arterial and venous systems of eleven perfusion‐fixed human hearts were modeled using contrast‐CT and Mimics software. The coronary arteries that coursed near the major coronary veins, how close coronary arteries were to coronary veins, and the size of adjacent coronary arteries were recorded and analyzed. The majority of coronary veins were within 5 mm of a coronary artery somewhere along its length. Interventricular veins elicited the largest occurrence of overlaps. There was significant variability in the percentage of each vein that coursed within 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 mm of a nearby artery. The left marginal veins and anterior interventricular vein had the largest portion of the vein that coursed near a coronary artery. The right coronary artery most often coursed near the middle cardiac vein. The inferior veins of the left ventricle elicited the most variation in adjacent arteries. The left circumflex artery and/or branches of the circumflex artery coursed near the left marginal vein in all cases where there was an artery near the marginal vein. The wide variation of measurements reinforces the importance of a precise understanding of individualized cardiac anatomy in order to provide the highest quality care to cardiac patients. Clin. Anat. 27:1023–1029, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Replacement of missing lateral incisors with lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic veneer‐fixed dental prostheses: a clinical report
Authors: Bissasu Sami M. , Al‐houri Nabil A.
Published: May 2014

Key Clinical Message

This report describes the use of lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic veneer‐fixed dental prostheses in replacing congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors. This kind of prosthesis has an advantage over a lingual‐retainer resin‐bonded fixed dental prosthesis in its capability of changing the color and shape of the abutment teeth. The prostheses provided an acceptable esthetics and comfort for the patient.
Behcet's disease presenting with recurrent ocular, oral, and scrotal inflammatory lesions in a young Tanzanian man: a case report
Authors: Meda John R. , Seni Jeremiah , Mpondo Bonaventura , Peck Robert N. , Jaka Hyasinta , Kilonzo Semvua B.
Published: May 2014

Key Clinical Message

Behcet's disease (BD) is a rare condition which is diagnosed clinically. Only few cases have been reported in sub‐Saharan Africa. We report a Tanzanian male who presented with typical features of BD and was successfully treated. There should be an increase in awareness on BD to improve the management.
Biomimetic Synthesis of Shaped and Chiral Silica Entities Templated by Organic Objective Materials
Authors: Jin Ren‐Hua , Yao Dong‐Dong , Levi Rumi (Tamoto)
Published: May 2014

Organic molecules with accompanying self‐organization have been a great subject in chemistry, material science and nanotechnology in the past two decades. One of the most important roles of organized organic molecules is the capability of templating complexly structured inorganic materials. The focus of this Minireview is on nanostructured silica with divergent morphologies and/or integrated chirality directed by organic templates of self‐assembled polyamine/polypeptides/block copolymers, chiral organogels, self‐organized chiral amphiphiles and chiral crystalline complexes, etc., by biomimetic silicification and conventional sol–gel reaction. Among them, biosilica (diatoms and sponges)‐inspired biomimetic silicifications are particularly highlighted.
General Catalytic Methylation of Amines with Formic Acid under Mild Reaction Conditions
Authors: Sorribes Iván , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: May 2014

A general catalytic protocol for the methylation of amines has been developed applying, for the first time, formic acid as the C1 building block and silanes as reducing agents. A broad range of aromatic and aliphatic, both primary and secondary, amines has been converted to the corresponding tertiary amines including [N‐13C]‐labelled drugs in good to excellent yields under mild conditions.
Two‐step Synthesis of Multi‐Substituted Amines by Using an N‐Methoxy Group as a Reactivity Control Element
Authors: Yoritate Makoto , Meguro Tatsuhiko , Matsuo Naoya , Shirokane Kenji , Sato Takaaki , Chida Noritaka
Published: May 2014

The development of a two‐step synthesis of multi‐substituted N‐methoxyamines from N‐methoxyamides is reported. Utilization of the N‐methoxy group as a reactivity control element was the key to success in this two‐step synthesis. The first reaction involves a N‐methoxyamide/aldehyde coupling reaction. Whereas ordinary amides cannot condense with aldehydes intermolecularly due to the poor nucleophilicity of the amide nitrogen, the N‐methoxy group enhances the nucleophilicity of the nitrogen, enabling the direct coupling reaction. The second reaction in the two‐step process was nucleophilic addition to the N‐methoxyamides. Incorporation of the N‐methoxy group into the amides increased the electrophilicity of the amide carbonyls and promoted the chelation effect. This nucleophilic addition enabled quick diversification of the products derived from the first step. The developed strategy was applicable to a variety of substrates, resulting in the elaboration of multi‐substituted piperidines and acyclic amines, as well as a substructure of a complex natural alkaloid.
Thermodynamic Impact of Abasic Sites on Simulated Translesion DNA Synthesis
Authors: Malina Jaroslav , Brabec Viktor
Published: May 2014

Loss of a base in DNA and the creation of an abasic (apurinic/apyrimidinic, AP) site is a frequent lesion that may occur spontaneously, or as a consequence of the action of DNA‐damaging agents. The AP lesion is mutagenic or lethal if not repaired. We report a systematic thermodynamic investigation by differential scanning calorimetry on the evolution, during primer extension, of a model AP site in chemically simulated DNA translesion synthesis. Incorporation of dAMP (deoxyadenosine monophosphate), as well as dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate), opposite an AP site is enthalpically unfavorable, although incorporation of dTMP is more enthalpically unfavorable than that of dAMP. This finding is in a good agreement with experimental data showing that AP sites block various DNA polymerases of eukaryotic and prokaryotic origin and that, if bypassed, dAMP is preferentially inserted, whereas insertion of dTMP is less likely. The results emphasize the importance of thermodynamic contributions to the insertion of nucleotides opposite an AP site by DNA polymerases.
TOUCH of the healer: Defining core behaviors of oncologists that affect the mental health of patients with cancer
Authors: Johnson Rebecca H.
Published: May 2014

The study by Trevino et al in this issue of Cancer found that a strong therapeutic alliance between oncologists and young adults with advanced cancer was associated with a lower risk of suicidal ideation, demonstrating the unique and irreplaceable role of the oncologist in the mental health of patients with cancer. Physician behaviors that correlated significantly with decreased suicidal ideation may define a set of essential and teachable elements of a positive therapeutic alliance.
The value of second opinion in thyroid cytology: A review
Authors: Gerhard Rene , Boerner Scott L.
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Second‐opinion diagnosis (SOD) on pathological material is an accepted practice before definitive therapy is considered for referred patients. The thyroid gland is an anatomical site prone to diagnostic disagreement between pathologists. We performed a review of the literature that addressed the role of interinstitutional SOD on thyroid fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs).

METHODS

Nine studies comprising second opinions on thyroid FNAs were selected. The parameters analyzed included: discordances between the initial diagnoses (IDs) and SODs; cytohistologic correlation; changes in the clinical management of the patients with thyroid nodules after SOD. The same parameters were applied to the “indeterminate” diagnostic category comprising cases initially reported as “atypia,” “atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance,” “suspicious for a follicular neoplasm,” “follicular neoplasm,” “suspicious,” and “suspicious for malignancy.”

RESULTS

A total of 7154 thyroid FNAs were retrieved, showing an overall discordance rate between ID and SOD of 28.6%. In general, SOD was better supported by clinical follow‐up and histological diagnosis, showing higher diagnostic accuracy in comparison with ID. Almost one‐third (30.4%) of the discordant cases resulted in changes in the clinical management of patients with thyroid nodules. Numerous thyroid FNAs initially categorized as “indeterminate” were definitively classified as benign or malignant by SOD, with an overall diagnostic resolution rate of 42.5%, sensitivity of 97.9%, and diagnostic accuracy of 73.7%.

CONCLUSIONS

Second‐opinion review of thyroid FNA improves diagnostic accuracy and potentially changes clinical management. SOD also demonstrates a significative rate of diagnostic resolution for thyroid FNAs originally diagnosed as “indeterminate.” Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:611–619. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Selective Binding of Amino Acids on Europium‐Substituted Polyoxometalates and the Interaction‐Induced Luminescent Enhancement Effect
Authors: Li Hong‐Wei , Wang Yizhan , Zhang Teng , Wu Yuqing , Wu Lixin
Published: May 2014

A europium‐substituted polyoxometalate (K13[Eu(SiW10MoO39)2]⋅28 H2O, EuSiWMo) can selectively bind to basic amino acids, namely, lysine, arginine, and histidine, and induce the emission enhancement of Eu3+ significantly. The mechanism is attributed to electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds between basic residues of the amino acids and negative charges of EuSiWMo based on the 1H NMR titration spectra of amino acids and time‐resolved fluorescence decay curves of EuSiWMo.
An investigation into false‐negative transthoracic fine needle aspiration and core biopsy specimens
Authors: Minot Douglas M. , Gilman Elizabeth A. , Aubry Marie‐Christine , Voss Jesse S. , Van Epps Sarah G. , Tuve Delores J , Sciallis Andrew P. , Henry Michael R. , Salomao Diva R. , Lee Peter , Carlson Stephanie K. , Clayton Amy C.
Published: May 2014

Transthoracic fine needle aspiration (TFNA)/core needle biopsy (CNB) under computed tomography (CT) guidance has proved useful in the assessment of pulmonary nodules. We sought to determine the TFNA false‐negative (FN) rate at our institution and identify potential causes of FN diagnoses. Medical records were reviewed from 1,043 consecutive patients who underwent CT‐guided TFNA with or without CNB of lung nodules over a 5‐year time period (2003–2007). Thirty‐seven FN cases of “negative” TFNA/CNB with malignant outcome were identified with 36 cases available for review, of which 35 had a corresponding CNB. Cases were reviewed independently (blinded to original diagnosis) by three pathologists with 15 age‐ and sex‐matched positive and negative controls. Diagnosis (i.e., nondiagnostic, negative or positive for malignancy, atypical or suspicious) and qualitative assessments were recorded. Consensus diagnosis was suspicious or positive in 10 (28%) of 36 TFNA cases and suspicious in 1 (3%) of 35 CNB cases, indicating potential interpretive errors. Of the 11 interpretive errors (including both suspicious and positive cases), 8 were adenocarcinomas, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and 1 lymphoma. The remaining 25 FN cases (69.4%) were considered sampling errors and consisted of 7 adenocarcinomas, 3 nonsmall cell carcinomas, 3 lymphomas, 2 squamous cell carcinomas, and 2 renal cell carcinomas. Interpretive and sampling error cases were more likely to abut the pleura, while histopathologically, they tended to be necrotic and air‐dried. The overall FN rate in this patient cohort is 3.5% (1.1% interpretive and 2.4% sampling errors). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:1063–1068;. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards deconfounding hydrological and seasonal temperature variability in the determination of selected limnological variables of a temperate floodplain ecosystem
Authors: Palijan Goran
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a methodological approach that can aid the assessment of variation in limnological variables in response to hydrological phases and seasonal temperature variation. The investigation was conducted in the Danube River floodplain, Kopački Rit, Croatia. The proposed approach facilitates a more accurate examination of the effects of first factor, while maintaining second factor less variable, and vice versa. Samples were collected in the floodplain channel and lake along a temporal connectivity gradient, and were grouped according to three hydrological phases (isolation, flow pulse and flood pulse) and according to three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). A permutational multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyse the hydrological effects within seasons, as well as seasonal effects within hydrological phases on selected limnological variables: pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrites, nitrates, ammonium, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations and ratio of copiotrophic to oligotrophic bacteria. A multivariate data cloud was structured by hydrological phases during all investigated seasons, but not by all seasons during different hydrological phases. The strongest impact of hydrological phases on limnological variables occurred during summer. Seasonal effects were significant during the isolation and the flood pulse phases. The flow pulse phase somehow obscured the effects of seasonal change, resulting in temporal floodplain homogenization. One possible explanation is that water temperature determines potential limnological conditions, whereas hydrology determines actual conditions. Such results must be taken into account if the accurate effects of hydrology and seasonal change are to be assessed in temperate floodplain ecosystems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Benzimidazolylmethyl)amine ZnII and CuII Carboxylate Complexes: Structural, Mechanistic and Kinetic Studies of Polymerisation Reactions of ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Attandoh Nelson W. , Ojwach Stephen O. , Munro Orde Q.
Published: May 2014

Compounds N‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline (L1), N‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)‐2‐bromoaniline (L2), and N‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)‐2‐aminothiophenol (L3) react with ZnII and CuII carboxylates to form complexes [Zn2(L1)2(OBn)4] (1), [Zn2(L2)2(OBn)4] (2), [Zn2(L3)2(OBn)4] (3), [Cu2(L2)2(OBn)4] (4), [Zn(L1)2(OAc)2] (5), [Zn(L2)2(OAc)2] (6) and [Cu2(L1)2(OAc)4] (7). Structures of 2, 4 and 6 revealed that L1–L3 are monodentate, binding through the imidazolyl N‐atom. The X‐band EPR spectrum of 4 in the solid state is consistent with an antiferromagnetically‐coupled (singlet) ground state and a low‐lying EPR‐active triplet excited state characterised by two main transitions. In dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution, a single resonance confirmed the retention of the dinuclear paddlewheel core. Complexes 1–7 formed active catalysts towards ring‐opening polymerisation of ϵ‐caprolactone. The polymerisation reactions follow first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer and occur through a coordination–insertion pathway.
Luminescent Polymer Films from Simple Processing of Coronene and Europium Precursors in Water
Authors: Planells Miquel , Klampaftis Efthymios , Congiu Martina , Shivanna Ravichandran , Rao K. Venkata , Chepelin Oleg , Jones Anita C. , Richards Bryce S. , George Subi J , Narayan K. S. , Robertson Neil
Published: May 2014

We describe the preparation and optical characterisation of a coronene tetracarboxylate salt (CS) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) thin film solutions processed from water, neat or mixed with varying ratios of a europium tris(hexafluoroacetylacetoanto) diaquo complex [Eu(hfac)3(H2O)2]. Neat CS‐PVA showed not only well‐defined fluorescence peaks but also a long‐lived phosphorescence emission, persisting for more than 1 second. Interaction between the CS and EuIII molecules, mediated by means of carboxylate coordination to the EuIII, was attained by simple incorporation into the PVA polymer matrix and resulted in energy transfer from the coronone antenna to the europium centre. Under various blend ratios of CS and the EuIII complex, total photoluminescence quantum yields of typically around 30 % were achieved. The straightforward processing of this type of self‐assembled chromophore‐lanthanide system into a luminescent polymer film offers potential for application to other chromophores, lanthanides and polymers.
Lipopeptide‐modified PEG‐PE‐based pharmaceutical nanocarriers for enhanced uptake in blood–brain barrier cells and improved cytotoxicity against glioma cells
Authors: Sydow Karl , Torchilin Vladimir P. , Dathe Margitta
Published: May 2014

Surface modification of nanoparticles is a promising approach for enhancing the delivery of drugs into the brain and cancer cells. Recently cationic lipopeptide micelles showed selective uptake into endothelial cells of brain microvessels. Here, we show that lipopeptides are promising tools to deliver an anticancer drug incorporated into PEGylated lipid (PEG‐PE) micelles to brain endothelial cells and into glioblastoma cells. PEG‐PE micelles containing PCL were stably modified with different arginine (R‐) and lysine (K)‐rich lipopeptides. The size and surface charge of the micelles did not change after modification with lipopeptides. Flow cytometry (FACS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed pronounced interaction of lipopeptide‐modified micelles with brain endothelial cells. Furthermore, the co‐localisation of both the fluorescent lipopeptides and a marker lipid of micelles within human glioblastoma cells (U87MG) confirmed the integrity of the carrier after internalisation. FACS studies showed that the arginine‐rich lipopeptide caused most efficient uptake into the cancer cells. The pronounced uptake correlated with higher a cytotoxic effect of PCL incorporated into peptide‐tagged micelles compared to the unmodified carriers. As a conclusion, arginine‐rich lipopeptides known to enhance the uptake of different NP into blood–brain barrier endothelial cells seem to be also encouraging candidates for targeting brain‐located tumors.

Practical applications: The surface modification of existing carrier systems with lipopeptides to improve their applicability has been proven by this work. Furthermore, the findings in this study are the basis for further improvement of lipopeptide modified PEG‐PE micelles and their possible in vivo application in animal models of glioblastoma. The incorporation of anti‐cancer drugs as well as diagnostic agents and their delivery to and beyond the BBB can be a tool for a broad number of further investigations.

Lipopeptide (P2Rn)‐modified PEG‐PE micelles show enhanced uptake into human glioma cells (nuclei stained cyan). This improved uptake correlates with higher cytotoxicity of incorporated anti‐cancer drug paclitaxel (PCL).
Biotechnological production of centellosides in cell cultures of Centella asiatica (L) Urban
Authors: Gallego Ana , Ramirez‐Estrada Karla , Vidal‐Limon Heriberto Rafael , Hidalgo Diego , Lalaleo Liliana , Khan Kayani Waqas , Cusido Rosa M. , Palazon Javier
Published: May 2014

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban plants have been used since ancient times for their medicinal properties, and their extracts have proven antioxidant, wound healing, sedative, and neuroprotective activities, among others. The natural compounds responsible for C. asiatica bioactivity are triterpene saponins formed from the dammarene branch of the triterpene biosynthetic pathway, collectively known as centellosides, with madecassoside and asiaticoside and their aglycones, madecassic acid and asiatic acid being the most important. Several biotechnological approaches have been developed for the bioproduction of centellosides, based on cell, hairy root, and in vitro plant cultures. This review summarizes the main therapeutic properties of these compounds, as well as their biosynthetic pathways, referring to genetic studies that have identified genes involved in their formation. The biotechnological production of centellosides from a small scale to bioreactor level is also covered. Finally, we summarize the most effective strategies for increasing centelloside yield, including recent transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies that have gained new insights into the centelloside biosynthetic pathway and its control.