bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION IN YOUNG CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS AS RELATED TO BEHAVIOR
Authors: Lambert William W. , Johansson Gunn , Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Klackenberg‐Larsson Ingrid
Published: May 2008

Lambert, W. W., Johansson, G., Frankenhaeuser, M. & Klackenberg‐Larsson, I. Catecholamine excretion in young children and their parents as related to behavior. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 306–318. — Catecholamine excretion in 100 children and their parents was examined in relation to the children's behavior and to data on the parents' disciplinary procedures: (a) children's adrenaline excretion was positively correlated with their intellectual level, (b) their noradrenaline excretion was positively correlated with that of their mothers, as well as with both parents' age at the birth of the child, (c) mothers' adrenaline excretion was positively correlated with the frequency at which the fathers punished their children by smacking, and (d) fathers' noradrenaline excretion was negatively correlated with their own as well as with their wives' frequency of smacking their children.
MEANING AND FREQUENCY IN A BINOCULAR RIVALRY SITUATION
Authors: Kleiven Jo , Rommetveit Ragnar
Published: May 2008

When a word perception task was studied under conditions of binocular rivalry, the meaningful one of two rivalling strings of letters was identified more often than the other. Differences in frequency of the trigrams in the Norwegian language had no effect.
CROSS‐MODAL TRANSFER AND SENSORY EQUIVALENCE
Authors: Wright J. M. von
Published: May 2008

Recent studies of cross‐modal matching and transfer in animals and human subjects are reviewed and some problems concerning the design of experiments to study these phenomena discussed. Attempts to account for cross‐modal effects are evaluated and the concept of sensory equivalence briefly examined.
A COGNITIVE THEORY OF PSYCHOPHYSICS. I
Authors: Baird John C.
Published: May 2008

The fundamental premise of this paper is that subjects deal with stimulus information when performing psychophysical judgments. The coding strategy employed to manipulate this information depends upon the particular experimental procedure, which leads to unique psychophysical functions. Different methods impose different memory constraints upon the subject, thus producing a variety of sensitivity measures for the same stimulus attribute.
BALANCE TENDENCIES IN SOCIOMETRIC GROUP STRUCTURES
Authors: Johnsen Tom Backer
Published: May 2008

Eight squads from an officers training school were given a sociometric questionnaire four times during a period of two months, and the sentiment structures of the groups at these points were compared by means of the structural balance index. The difficulties encountered when comparing non‐isomorphic structures with this index are discussed, and a strategy for acquiring a baseline for use in the interpretation of the data are proposed. Results indicate that increased positivist of the relations involved was the only systematic tendency in the development of the structures.
CIRCULAR RELATION BETWEEN UNDERSTANDING AND LOGIC
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Procedures for determining logicality presuppose understanding, and procedures for determining understanding presuppose logic. One can escape from this circle only by presupposing logicality, in agreement with common‐sense thinking. Understanding can then be studied as an empirical variable. Traditional research has been based on the opposite solution: Logicality is treated as an empirical variable, understanding is implicitly presupposed; hence results are obtained which do not ‘make sense’. One cannot understand the illogical.
NEURAL EXCITATION AND SUSTAINED SINUSOIDAL ACOUSTIC STIMULATION
Authors: Ross Strange
Published: May 2008

On the basis of equal‐loudness contours expressed in terms of volume velocity of cochlear fluid, a theory is developed for equal loudness at high levels of stimulation. At these levels the theory assumes number of active nerve fibers to be proportional to volume velocity of cochlear fluid, and firing rate of fibers to be limited by the refractory period. Analysis of a set of threshold data seemed to confirm these assumptions, and was in disagreement with the notion of power summation at the absolute threshold.
THE APPLICATION OF THE HARRIS BRIDGE IN THE GENERALIZATION OF THE BURT RECIPROCITY PRINCIPLE‐A DEMONSTRATION STUDY
Authors: Holley Jasper W.
Published: May 2008

The reciprocity principle, formulated by Burt, has related the Q and R factor systems when double‐centered score matrices are used. Subsequently, Burt's bridge was first generalized by Sandler for single‐centered matrices, but was applicable only under restricted conditions. The present paper describes a final generalization, a transition based on correlations rather than G indices, providing for the conversion of rotated Q factors to equivalent R factors. An illustrative example is given, using hypothetical data.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFICULTY AND FACTOR LOADINGS OF SOME VISUAL‐PERCEPTUAL TESTS
Authors: Werdelin Ingvar , Stjernberg Gunnel
Published: May 2008

WERDELIN, I. & STJERNBERG, G. The relationship between difficulty and factor loadings of some visual‐perceptual tests. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 21–28. – The study aimed at investigating whether it is possible to change factor loadings by varying the difficulty and complexity of the same visual‐perceptual tests. 171 sixth grade pupils were given 27 tests. Some of these defined reference factors, others were differently difficult versions of four tests from separate parts of the visual‐perceptual field. Data were treated by factor analysis, yielding the four factors R, S, N and P. It was found that the more difficult the test the higher its loadings on the S and R factors, and the easier the test the higher its loadings on the N and particularly the P factor.
THE NEW FUNCTIONALISM
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

SJÖBERG, L. The new functionalism. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 29–52. – The paper reviews the development of Brunswik's probabilistic functionalism. Brunswik's major contribution is held to be his consistent emphasis of the importance of the ecology. Brief reviews are then given of the many recent applications of probabilistic functionalism in perception, learning, and applied psychology. Finally, a mentalistic approach to psychology is considered as an alternative to functionalism.
DIAGNOSTIC EXPLOITATION OF VISUAL AFTEREFFECT MEASURES IN A MODERATELY DEPRESSIVE PATIENT GROUP
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Fries Ingrid , Andersson Alf L. , Ried Jorgen
Published: May 2008

SMITH, G. J. W., FRIES, I., ANDERSSON, A. L. & RIED, J. Diagnostic exploitation of visual aftereffect measures in a moderately depressive patient group. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 68–79.–A group of 39 moderately depressive patients were tested before and after therapy with two serial aftereffect tests. One of them concerned size, intensity, and color of projected afterimages (AI), the other the duration of spiral aftereffects (SAE). AI and SAE data correlated highly with psychiatric ratings of depressive retardation, anxiety, and compulsion. These correlations formed the nucleus of three independent dimensions in a factorial space.
SILHOUETTE EFFECTS IN NIGHT DRIVING
Authors: Johansson Gunnar , Rumar Kare
Published: May 2008

JOHANSSON, G. & RUMAR, K. Silhouette effects in night driving. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 80–89.–In order to investigate within what areas on the road silhouettes, as framed by the light from a meeting car, can be of help to the driver, a series of experiments has been performed. The experiments employed two stationary opposing cars standing at given distances from each other, these distances (100–400 m) being determined by pre‐experiments. On the area between the cars “iso‐silhouette” curves were measured using a special method for a number of silhouette relevant conditions. Factors favouring silhouette effects were found to be: narrow road, short distance between the cars, high road surface reflectance, inner bend, the driver's eyes being high above the road, particles in the atmosphere, large spread of the meeting headlight beams.
FACILITATION OF CHROMATIC CONE ACTIVITY BY ROD ACTIVITY
Authors: Stabell Bjørn , Stabell Ulf
Published: May 2008

STABELL, B. & STABELL, U. Facilitation of chromatic cone activity by rod activity. I. Red‐related cone activity. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 99–105.– The specific threshold of 700 nm was found to drop to lower intensity levels when a scotopic rod component was superimposed, suggesting that rod activity may facilitate the chromatic‐related cone activity.
CHROMATIC ROD VISION
Authors: Stabell Bjørn , Stabell Ulf
Published: May 2008

STABELL, B. & STABELL, U. Chromatic rod vision. I. Wavelength of test‐stimulation varied. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 175–178.–The ability to distinguish one type of radiation from another by its hue disappears in scotopic vision. Accordingly, scotopic hues are found to be invariant of variation of wavelength. It is concluded, on the basis of the Principle of Univariance, that hues may be triggered by light signals initiated in one type of receptor.
PIAGET'S CONCEPT OF SPATIAL EGOCENTRISM: AREEVALUATION
Authors: Kielgast Knud
Published: May 2008

Kielgast, Knud. Piaget's concept of egocentrism: A reevaluation. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 179–191. – It was found that the so‐called egocentric reaction of identifying one's own perspective with the imagined perspective of some object seen from a different point of view could not be attributed to a fixation to one's own perspective but rather to a deficient perceptual differentiation between the visual world and the visual field. A comparison of verbal and non‐verbal solutions was found to point to a near relationship between perception and imagination in this specific task.
THE PROPERTIES OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF MAGNITUDE ESTIMATES OF LOUDNESS AND SOFTNESS
Authors: John I. D.
Published: May 2008

JOHN, I. D. The properties of distributions of magnitude estimates of loudness and softness. Scand. J. Psychol. 1971, 12, 261–270.–Distributions of magnitude estimations (MEs) of loudness and softness made by ten Ss to ten repetitions of ten stimuli were examined. Skew and relative variability of the distributions of MEs of individuals Ss was inconsistent with hypotheses advanced by Stevens & Guirao (1962) and Eisler (1962). The results were interpreted as consisted with Eriksen & Hake's (1957) subjective standard hypothesis, and a tendency to use large numbers with relatively greater consistency than smaller numbers. A reciprocal relationship was not found between MEs of loudness and softness.
DEPTH ADJACENCY AND WHITENESS CONTRAST
Authors: Lie Ivar
Published: May 2008

LIE, I. Depth adjacency and whiteness contrast. A reply to Mershon. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 303–304.–Further examination of diverging results regarding the effects of depth separation on contrast, leads to the conclusion that the experiment of Gogel & Mershon should be repeated, employing the traditional matching procedure for assessment of contrast.
THE WARTEGG DRAWING COMPLETION TEST AS A PREDICTOR OFADJUSTMENT AND SUCCESS IN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
Authors: Mellberg Krister
Published: May 2008

Mellberg K. The Wartegg Drawing Completion Test as a predictor of adjustment and success in industrial school. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 34–38.—The WDCT, a projective personality test, was administered to 284 elementary‐school boys when they were seeking entry to the industrial school. Two years later, their school performance and teacher‐rated adjustment were recorded. The validity of the prediction from the WDCT relative to these criteria was tested on the basis of analytical and intuitive interpretations of the WDCT. The analytical interpretations showed only slight predictive validity. Even intuitive interpretations had a low validity. In the intuitive interpretations trained psychologists used only 4 of 53 analytical WDCT‐variables.
THE STRAIGHT SERIAL CURVE IN ANTICIPATION
Authors: Strømnes Frode J.
Published: May 2008

Strømnes F. J. The straight serial curve in anticipation. Evidence for a new invariance. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 43–53.—The bow‐shaped serial curve in anticipation learning is usually generated by using counterbalancing techniques. Numerous curves in the literature testify that serial curves from experiments without counterbalancing are often very irregular in appearance. Plotting such curves as well as the classical bow‐shaped ones by proportions of errors and omissions as a function of order of learning, the curves can be shown to be straight ascending ones. On the average subjects thus learn a series of verbal items at a constant rate, irrespective of the experimenter‐determined order of the items.
THE EFFECT OF SLEEP LOSS AND THREATINDUCED STRESS UPON TRACKING
Authors: Bergström Bengt
Published: May 2008

Bergström B. The effect of sleep loss and threat‐induced stress upon tracking. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 54–60.‐18 conscript soldiers were divided into z matched groups and trained on a missile‐type tracking task for 6 hrs. The experimental group was deprived of sleep for 75 hrs and both groups were then subjected to stress induced by electric shocks. Tracking performance was unaffected by sleep loss, probably due to the short duration of each trial. Performance under stress deteriorated in the control group but not in the experimental group. Heart rate decreased gradually under sleep loss but rose markedly under stress, and more so in the control group. Although somewhat inconsistent, the findings indicate that the effects of threat and sleep loss oppose each other by over‐arousing and de‐arousing, respectively.
ENHANCEMENT OF FIGURE REVERSAL RATE IN INTERMITTENT LIGHT
Authors: Magnussen Svein
Published: May 2008

Magnussen S. Enhancement of figure reversal rate in intermittent light. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 61–65.—The reversal rate of an ambiguous visual figure viewed in intermittent light increased with rate of intermittency up to a culminating point, whereafter it gradually fell off to the base level (steady light). The similarity between these results and the Brücke‐Bartley effect (enhancement of apparent brightness at lower flicker rates) is pointed out, and the possibility of a common physiological basis for the two phenomena is suggested.
THE UNIDIMENSIONAL CONCEPTION OF SIMULTANEOUS ACHROMATIC CONTRAST
Authors: Heggelund Paul
Published: May 2008

Heggelund P. The unidimensional conception of simultaneous achromatic contrast. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 66–70.—The perceptual changes involved in simultaneous achromatic contrast have been presumed to be specifiable as variation in brightness alone. This conception was not supported when attempts were made to produce identical appearance of two achromatic fields, with different inducing luminance, by varying the luminance in one of them. It was possible to match with respect to either achromatic quality or colour strength, but when matched with respect to quality the fields differed in strength, the field of lowest luminance appearing weaker.
NOTE ON SIMULTANEOUS DISCRIMINATION OF VISUAL ATTRIBUTES
Authors: Heijden A. H. C. Van der
Published: May 2008

van der Heijden A. H. C. Note on simultaneous discrimination of visual attributes. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 71–72.—A tachistoscopically presented stimulus, provided it is above threshold, results in a visual image with a minimum duration of about 250 msec. In experiments on visual information processing, therefore, the results must be interpreted in terms of ‘effective stimulus duration’ (exposure time and duration of visual image) rather than exposure time alone.
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA AS PSYCHOPHYSICAL STIMULI
Authors: Lundberg Ulf , Ekman Gösta
Published: May 2008

Lundberg U. & Ekman G. Geographical data as psychophysical stimuli. Scand. J. Psychol. 1972, 13, 81–88.—Thirty‐three students reported their subjective estimates of the area, the number of people, and the average population density of 44 different countries. Subjective scales were constructed for each variable and it was found that these scales could be roughly described by simple power functions of the corresponding physical scales. The subjective scales were positively related to each other, and the correlations they showed exceeded the corresponding correlations between the physical variables. Empirical estimates of population density may be described by a simple power function of the expected subjective population density with the exponent of o.63.
RETENTION OF SIZE CONTRAST
Authors: Schioldborg Per
Published: May 2008

Schioldborg P. Retention of size contrast. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 133–135.—Five subjects estimated areal size of a standard object presented singly and in serial contexts as the smallest, largest, or equally large among three objects. The contrast effect amounted to a difference of approximately three j.n.d.'s between estimates of St as the smallest or the largest object. There was no difference between estimates of St in series with identical objects and St alone. When estimation took place ten seconds after the presentation, the contrast effect disappeared. Since memory estimates proved significantly smaller when St initially was viewed singly than when viewed in a serial context, it is concluded that the disappearance of the contrast effect seems unrelated to memory decay as such.
CHROMATIC ROD VISION
Authors: Stabell Bjørn , Stabell Ulf
Published: May 2008

Stabell B. & Stabell U. Chromatic rod vision. IV. Time between pre‐and test‐stimulation varied. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 141–144.—The scotopic contrast hue was determined as a function of time between pre‐and test‐stimulation. As the interval increased, the scotopic hue was found to change from orange toward yellow in the 440–475 nm region of pre‐stimulation and from violet‐blue toward violet in the 550–595 nm region. It is concluded that (1) depending on wavelength of pre‐stimulation, the processes in the red‐green substance may revert to the mid‐valued state faster or slower than the processes in the yellow‐blue substance, and (2) the red/blue ratio of the violet hue which has to be added to the additive opponent hue to produce the scotopic contrast hue, may change as a function of time between pre‐ and test‐stimulation.
CHEMICAL TRANSFER OF RADIATION INDUCED AVOIDANCE
Authors: Fjerdingstad E. J.
Published: May 2008

Fjerdingstad E. J. Chemical transfer of radiation‐induced avoidance. A replication. Scand. J. Psychol. 1972, 13, 145–151.—An attempt was made to replicate studies by other authors, in which it was found that avoidance of saccharin solution could be induced in naive mice by the injection of brain extracts from donors trained to avoid saccharin through a single instance of exposure to X‐rays following presentation of saccharin solution. In three out of three experiments significant to highly significant effects in the predicted direction were observed.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING WITH A PRIORI DIMENSIONS
Authors: Waern Yvonne
Published: May 2008

Waern Y. Multidimensional scaling with a priori dimensions. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 178–189.—This paper presents a method of multidimensional scaling by direct similarity estimates. The method is presented as an alternative to other multidimensional scaling methods, when hypotheses can be made concerning the dimensions underlying the perceptual variation. The method is used with five different sets of stimuli and compared, to an as to dimensions assumption‐free component analysis, based on a vector model. The two methods resulted in similar configurations in most cases. One difference was found in a colour material, where the assumed dimensions could be regarded not to be orthogonal to each other. Here the a priori scaling revealed the assumed configuration as projected on the oblique axes whereas the component analysis could not give this information.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME MULTIDIMENSIONAL VECTOR MODELS FOR SUBJECTIVE SIMILARITY
Authors: Ekehammar Bo
Published: May 2008

Ekehammar B. A comparative study of some multidimensional vector models for subjective similarity. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 190–197.—h this report, two theoretical vector models for subjective similarity were deduced from a “content” definition of subjective similarity. One of the derived similarity equations proved in empirical model testing to describe the similarity principle in perception of form better than earlier, similar models. Deviations between observed similarity estimates and values expected according to the model are discussed, among other things, in terms of the heterogeneity of the stimulus set.
STUDIES IN VISUAL PERCEPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL SPACES AND ROOMS
Authors: Garling Tommy
Published: May 2008

GarlingT. Studies in visual perception of architectural spaces and rooms. V. Aesthetic preferences.Scand. J. Psychol., 1972.13, 222–227.—Depicted urban spaces were rated by 24 subjects with respect to pleasantness. The results for colour photographs, ‘detailed’ and ‘undetailed’ perspective drawings were compared. As a common basis for aesthetic preferences, the factors ‘variation’, ‘umbrageousness’ and ‘openness’ were suggested. These factors accounted for 69 % of the variance in multiple linear regression.
AMULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING APPROACH TO THE PERCEPTION OF ART. II
Authors: Goude Gunnar
Published: May 2008

Goude G. A multidimensional scaling approach to the perception of art. II. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 272–284.—Three series of experiments with multidimensional scaling of art experiences (of eight paintings) were performed. In the first series groups which had followed lectures in art history were compared to otherwise similar groups without lecturing within this field. The second study compared four age‐groups (8, 10, 12 and 14 years). The third series was a comparative study with a group of schizophrenic patients.
PERCEPTION AND GENERATION OF MIRROR‐INVERTED LETTERS
Authors: Reinvang Ivar R.
Published: May 2008

Reinvang I. R. Perception and generation of mirror‐inverted letters. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 285–291.—‐The ability to write and read mirror‐inverted text was studied in two experiments. Exp. I showed no transfer of training from reading to writing, or vice versa, suggesting that separate systems with similar properties determine spatial reversals. In Exp. 2 subjects made more errors when trying to mirror‐invert letters classified as left‐orienting, rather than right‐orienting. An explanation relating this finding to the left‐to‐right progression of text in English is offered.
THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Eckbld Gudrun
Published: May 2008

Eckblad Gudrun. The attractiveness of uncertainty. III. Attractiveness of patterns in a guessing game. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 292–305.—Visual displays, each consisting of three successive patterns of varying complexity and predictability, were presented as a guessing game to five groups of subjects. Six predictions about the development of task attractiveness over time were derived from the general hypothesis of an inverted U‐shaped relationship between task attractiveness and the level of subjective uncertainty induced by the task. All predictions were confirmed.
CHROMATIC ROD VISION
Authors: Stabell Ulf , Stabell Bjow
Published: May 2008

Stabell U. & Stabell B. Chromatic rod vision. VI. Intensity of test‐stimulation varied. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 332–334.—Scotopic contrast hue was measured as a function of intensity of test‐stimulation. The scotopic hue remained invariant as test intensity was decreased from the specific threshold level to about 0.2 log units above the scotopic color threshold, indicating that within this intensity range the ratio of the hue‐related activities, initiated upon test‐stimulation, is invariant of the number of rod impulses. At the lowest intensity, however, intermediate hues were found to shift, suggesting that there exists a difference in color threshold of the two chromatic components.
Attention and information storage in visual short‐term memory
Authors: SCHIOLDBORG PER
Published: May 2008

Schioldborg, P. Attention and information storage in visual short‐term memory. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 1–3.‐ Information retrieval from STM was examined with Sperling's (1960) method. Of nine letters displayed in rows of three, the number of letters correctly reported from each row differed significantly, the mean being 2.4, 2.2, and 1.6 letters for the middle, upper, and lower row, respectively. By increasing exposure time, number of correctly reported letters increased for each row at equal rate. However, by increasing the delay period of the selection signal, number of letters decreased at different rates, the reduction being 48%, 24%, and 10% for the lower, upper, and middle row respectively. The results are assumed to reflect differences in the initial attention level for the individual item; the smaller this level, the lower the level of information processing and the faster the erasure from STM.
Relation of number of different responses to group size and stimulus words in a discrete free‐association situation
Authors: FLEKKØ KJELL , HOLME INGAR , MOHN ERIK
Published: May 2008

FlekkØy, K., Holme, I. & Mohn, E. Relation of number of different responses to group size and stimulus words in a discrete free‐association situation. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 4–8.‐An exploration of the total number (D) of different responses given to a stimulus word in a single‐word, free‐association situation showed that (1) the first 50 Kent‐Rosanoff words (in Norwegian) were highly heterogeneous with regard to D; (2) was an asymptotic function of the number of subjects; and (3) the larger D for schizophrenics may be attributed to their higher frequency of individual responses. It was also indicated that D may not be a valid measure of the magnitude of the associative potential of the individual.
Unrepresentativeness of studies on memory of verbal material
Authors: BLAKAR ROLV MIKKEL
Published: May 2008

Blakar, R. M. Unrepresentativeness of studies on memory of verbal material. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 9–11. ‐The dominant traditions in studying memory of verbal material are criticized for lack of representativeness in that the stimulus material is particularistic, “meaningless” or presented out of relevant contexts, and presented more than once. When 27 letters were arranged in three lists of nine trigrams as (1) nonsense syllables, (2) common Norwegian words, and (3) a meaningful sentence of these words, and presented once in this order to seven subjects, mean number of letters recalled was 10, 23, and 27, respectively, indicating that the traditional and still dominant methods of research strip memory of one of its most effective means: the rules for grasping and organizing meaning.
Chromatic rod vision VII. Intensity of pre‐stimulation varied
Authors: STABELL BJØRN , STABELL ULF
Published: May 2008

Stabell, B. & Stabell, U. Chromatic rod vision. VII. Intensity of pre‐stimulation varied. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 12–15.‐Change in scotopic hue with variation of intensity of pre‐stimulation was predicted on the basis of Hering's opponent theory of color, but the experimental results could not be adequately explained within the framework of the theory.
An aggression machine III. The stability of aggressive and nonaggressive patterns of behaviour
Authors: PITKÄNEN LEA
Published: May 2008

PitkÄnen, L. The stability of aggressive and non‐agressive patterns of behaviour. Scand. Psychol., 1973, 14, 75–77.‐Six extreme groups (overtly aggressive, aggressive‐anxious, anxious, controlled extraverts, balanced controlled, and controlled introverts) had been composed on the basis of peer ratings. The differences between the groups were describable in terms of a two‐dimensional model including the main dimensions “number of overt responses” and “control of behaviour”. Independent teacher ratings after an interval of one year showed that the individual patterns of behaviour adopted for coping with thwarting situations were maintained in spite of the change of class environment.
Some aspects of the Pulfrich effect
Authors: KREKLING STURLA
Published: May 2008

Krekling, S. Some aspects of the Pulfrich effect. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 87–90.‐The course of the Pulfrich effect was studied as a function of binocular differences of intensity. A pendulum and a pointer were matched with respect to apparent distance, with one eye progressively dimmed by neutral density filters. The stereoscopic effect increased as a function of filter density, reached a maximum value and then decreased. At the point of reversal the apparent rotatory movement of the pendulum disappeared, coinciding with an abrupt increase in the variability of the subject's responses, probably indicating the transition to a qualitatively different visual process. The binocular‐rivalry explanation of the reversal was not supported by the results.
Associative frequency as a measure of associative strength
Authors: FLEKKØY KJELL
Published: May 2008

FlekkØy, K. Associative frequency as a measure of associative strength. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 99–102. ‐Associative frequency in a group of subjects has been assumed to reflect associative strength in the individual. This hypothesis was tested by comparing frequency rank of responses in a single‐word free‐association situation with sequence of emission of the same responses in a continued situation. The results indicate that associative frequency reflects associative strength, but not to an extent which will allow the identification of individual associative‐strength hierarchies.
Effect of different training on solution of Katona's match‐stick problems
Authors: STINESSEN LEIF
Published: May 2008

Stinessen, L. Effect of different training on solution of Katona's match‐stick problems. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 106–110.‐Transfer of training when solving matchstick problems was studied under five different training procedures. Efficiency of training depended on how exactly a given principle specified relevant parts of the transfer problems. Limits to the efficiency of a principle were found when the parts specified by the principle were difficult to localize due to characteristics of particular problems.
Verbal communications and intensity of delivery
Authors: KLEIVEN JO
Published: May 2008

Kleiven, J. Verbal communications and intensity of delivery. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 111–113.‐Five groups of Norwegian high‐school students were shown staged video‐taped interviews on a current political issue, in which the verbal content was identical while intensity of delivery by one and the same interviewee was varied through paralinguistic means. As judged from subsequent free description of the interview, subjects paid more attention to the verbal message and less to the speaker and his behavior under moderate than under high or low intensity of delivery. However, recall and recognition of the verbal content were unaffected by mode of delivery.
Effect of task, selection set, and dispersion of attention on visual identification time
Authors: SCHIOLDBORG PER , PAUS ERIK , MYHRE GRETE
Published: May 2008

Schioldborg, P., Paus, E. & Myhre, G. Effect of task, selection set, and dispersion of attention on visual identification time. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 195–198. Letters and digits were presented in rows of one, two, or three, and the time required for identifying their position, colour, class, or names recorded for three subjects. The identification tasks were performed under three different conditions of preparatory set, making use of position, colour, and class as selecting attributes. (1) Under each selection set, only the identification of letters and digits as such required more time with increasing number of items, indicating limiting conditions for a “constancy” model of attention. (2) For all identification tasks, selection procured by class yielded longer identification time than selection by position or colour, suggesting different levels of complexity in information processing. (3) Identification of class under a position set, or position under a class set, required less time than the corresponding combinations with colour in place of position, suggesting that analysis of form and position relate basically to the same processes.
Associative frequency and response latency
Authors: FLEKKØY KJELL
Published: May 2008

FlekkØy, K. Associative frequency and response latency. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 199–202.MdashWith 176 Norwegian subjects in a single‐word free‐association experiment, latency of response was found to relate more highly to the number of different words associated with a stimulus word (D), than to the response frequency of the words involved. D is therefore assumed to reflect a basic characteristic of the associative relationship between the stimulus and response words. The inverse relationship between associative frequency and latency is interpreted to mean that frequency reflects some relatively frequent order of preference of possible response words for individual subjects.
Misunderstandings of figure and ground A note
Authors: KENNEDY JOHN M.
Published: May 2008

Kennedy, J. M. Misunderstandings of figure and ground. A note. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 207–209.MdashThe hypothesis that contours and lines shape only one of their adjoining regions is shown to be erroneously attributed to Rubin. Some well‐known demonstrations supporting the hypothesis are shown to be confounded.
Differential effects of stress‐inducing instructions on anxiety, learning and performance
Authors: MARTON FERENCE I. , FRANSSON ANDERS , JONSSON BARBRO , KLENELL ANN‐CHARLOTTE , ROOS BIRGITTA
Published: May 2008

Marton, F. I., Fransson, A., Jonsson, B., Klenell, A.‐Ch. & Roos, B. Differential effects of stress‐inducing instructions on anxiety, learning and performance. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 213–219.‐In an attempt to investigate the effects of induced stress on anxiety, learning and performance, the separate effects on the learning and performance phases were obtained by varying the timing of the introduction and the removal of stressinducing instructions. Stess‐inducing instructions had a positive effect on learning but were not significantly related to the level of anxiety in the learning phase. In the performance phase the results were reversed, i.e. the stress‐inducing instructions had a significantly positive effect on the level of anxiety but none on performance. The apparent paradox stemming from the significant negative relationship between anxiety and achievement within conditions could be resolved by considering the common confusion concerning statistical vs. causal relationship.
Policy conflict and policy change as a function of task characteristics II. The effect of task predictability
Authors: BREHMER BERNDT
Published: May 2008

Brehmer, B. Policy conflict and policy change as a function of task characteristics. II. The effect of task predictability. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 220–227.‐The hypothesis, derived from experimental studies on policy formation, that the level of agreement reached in a policy conflict situation is positively related to the predictability of the policy task was tested in an experiment conducted in the “lens model” interpersonal conflict paradigm. The results supported the hypothesis, and showed the lower level of agreement in the low task predictability condition was due to the fact that the subjects' policies were less consistent in that condition. The similarity of the systematic aspects of the subjects' policies, on the other hand, was not affected by task predictability.
Canonical analyses of mental test profiles
Authors: HÄRNQVIST KJELL
Published: May 2008

HÄrnqvist, K. Canonical analyses of mental test profiles. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 282–290.‐The one‐year stability of profiles of mental test scores from four PMA factors was studied in grades 4 through 9 (ages 11 to 16) by means of canonical correlations and estimates of “redundancy” between batteries. Change in test content within the framework of the same PMA factors meant a greater decrease in profile similarity than change in time for parallel content. The same components were needed for explaining the variance common to two batteries of tests with a year's interval as to batteries of simultaneous tests. In the discussion the present approach is related to other methods for studying profile similarity, profile reliability and profile change.
Cognitive style among rural Norwegian children
Authors: VIGELAND KARI
Published: May 2008

Vigeland, Kari. Cognitive style among rural Norwegian children. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 305–309.‐Two hundred 10‐ or 13‐year‐olds from two communities with different cultural values were given a Rod and Frame, Block Design, Embedded Figures, Draw a Person, and Vocabulary test. The first three, combined for an index on cognitive style, intercorrelated about 0.5 at both age levels. Older children generally scored higher than the younger, as expected, but boys were not superior to girls‐with one exception: among the 13‐year‐olds in one community, the girls scored lower than the boys. It is suggested that cultural factors may inhibit the ordinary development toward a more articulated cognitive style.
Scotopic contrast hues displaced toward red
Authors: STABELL BJØRN , STABELL ULF
Published: May 2008

Stabell, B. & Stabell, U. Scotopic contrast hues displaced toward red. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 316–319.‐The displacement of scotopic contrast hues toward red, contrary to predictions based on the opponent color theory of Hering, is explained on the assumption that the violet receptor system has a negligible sensitivity at the yellow cardinal point, while all the receptor systems are activated at the blue cardinal point.
Gordon Allport on the definition of personality
Authors: VOLLMER FRED
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— Allport objects to operational definitions of personality because, by equating personality with observable phenomena, they reduce personality to something subjective. His view on the reality of phenomena is, however, but one of several possible. The plea for an operational definition of personality may equally well be based on the phenomenological assumption that to exist means, for man, to appear in the world for someone, and what appears for someone does not have to be thought of as existing in that someone's mind. To be studied empirically, personality must be knowable, and it must be defined in terms of how it is known. Postulating an internal structure behind or within the phenomena known as personality, adds no meaning to the concept.
Visibility distances with halogen and conventional headlights
Authors: RUMAR KÅRE
Published: May 2008

Abstract.—Using visibility distance as a criterion, halogen and conventional continental European high and low‐beam headlights were compared in a series of field experiments. On high‐beam without opposing light the halogen headlights offered about 25% longer visibility distances than the conventional headlights. With both opposing cars using low‐beam there was a slight advantage (<5 m) in favour of halogen headlights. The optimal dipping distance was a function of high‐beam system (intensity) rather than low‐beam system. Small differences in aiming, atmosphere etc. caused larger differences in visibility distance than did the headlight system.
Permanence and change in memory: I. Reproduction and recognition of visual figures
Authors: KVALE STEINAR
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— A retroactive interference paradigm was employed for studying qualitative memory changes. The name given to an ambiguous visual figure after presentation influenced reproduction and, to a lesser extent, recognition of the figure, indicating that retroactive definition of meaning may lead to memory changes. The relation between the subject's own conception of the meaning of the figure and the name given by the experimenter involved several types of meaning retroaction, which were related to the results on the remembering tasks. The usual interpretation—in line with the permanent‐memory hypothesis—attributing changed reproductions either to perceptual change or to interference with the activity of drawing, is not accepted, and a contextual theory of memory is suggested.
Performance of rhythm patterns
Authors: GABRIELSSON ALF
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— Two pianists and one percussionist performed a number of notated rhythms on the piano and on the side drum or the bongo drum. The tape‐recordings of the performances were analyzed by an analyzer for mono‐phonic sound sequences as regards the durations and the amplitudes. Several characteristic deviations from the norms implied by the musical notation appeared. The recordings were used as stimuli in experiments on rhythm experience described elsewhere.
Proposals to phenomenological approaches in determining architectural spaces
Authors: SANDSTROM C. I.
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— The paper pleads for phenomenological approaches to the analysis of space and time as central concepts in architecture. With the departure from an illustrative experiment on judgement, some basic shortcomings of a psychophysical scaling approach are discussed. The psychological meaning of the concepts “here” and “now” is clarified with several illustrations, e.g. the spatial character of a person's first recollections, and examples from everyday life and history. The optimal psychological present space (“here”) was revealed with special clarity in the field of sports.
A theory of sense of humor
Authors: SVEBAK SVEN
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— Humor is a strategem for relating the collective social reality of a group of persons (the rational world) to their personal imaginations of alternative social worlds, meanings, or identities (the irrational world). The humorist is committed to the rational world. At the same time he permits idiosyncratic phantasies to occur within the social context if they are accompanied by an explicit message saying that the performance is made for fun. By such communications the rational social world is kept stable as well as more tolerable. The comical situation is composed of three essential elements: (1) the message, (2) the audience, and (3) the target or content treated by the message. The message brings the target to the irrational level, where it is brought into disrespect in favor of the alliance between the humorist and his audience. Laughter is the announcement that the disrespect is accepted just for fun. A person may, however, keep a straight face for different reasons. A conceptual scheme is proposed for prediction of laughter. It is based upon three dimensions of the comic situation: (1) the humorous message, (2) the interpersonal likings, and (3) the permissiveness towards actual laughter. The corresponding personal dispositions are the habitual sensitivity to such messages, the habitual tendency to favor comical situations and persons, and the habitual need for emotional‐impulse control. Suggestions are made as to the modification of laughter by constellations of high and low values on these variables.
A method for analysing performance in the rod‐and‐frame test
Authors: NYBORG HELMUTH
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— Scoring only the unsigned (absolute) errors in the Rod‐and‐Frame Test (RFT) is questioned because the method confounds a number of variables. Another way of scoring the RFT is proposed which differentiates between (1) the subject's constant error, (2) the effect of the tilted frame, and (3) the rod starting position effect. The method also allows estimation of the response consistency of the subject. What is more, the values for each subject of the constant error, of the frame tilt effect, and of the rod starting position effect may be tested for significance on the basis of the degree of response consistency observed for that particular subject, thus making the new method more person‐oriented than the unsigned error method.
A method for analysing performance in the rod‐and‐frame test. II Test of the Statistical Model
Authors: NYBORG HELMUTH , ISAKSEN BO
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— A new method of scoring the Rod‐and‐Frame Test (RFT) has been proposed (Nyborg, 1974). The statistical model behind the new method is introduced and tested in the present work.
Scotopic contrast hues displaced toward blue
Authors: STABELL ULF , STABELL BJØRN
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— Pre‐stimulation with a neutral white light, in a dark‐adapted state, produced a disposition for a scotopic hue of violet of about 463 nm. The observation may be explained on the basis of Helmholtz's theory of complementary negative afterimages, provided that (1) the assumption that neutral white is observed when the three types of cone receptors are activated to about the same degree, is rejected, and (2) the origin of the scotopic contrast hues is assumed to be located centrally to the photochemical systems of the receptors.
Effects of sleep deprivation on voluntarily controlled reversal rate of ambiguous figures
Authors: KJELLBERG ANDERS
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— The effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on the reversal rate of the Necker cube and Rubin's Vase‐Faces were studied both with instructions to maximize and to minimize the rate. Three viewing conditions were used: Free eye movements, eyes on a fixation point and reversals of an after‐image of the figure. SD was found to increase the rate under minimizing instructions and to decrease the rate under maximizing instructions. The results were interpreted in terms of an accelerated satiation process and an impairment of the attentional control.
Verbalization of discovered principles for solving match‐stick problems
Authors: STINESSEN LEIF
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— Problem solving performance of subjects who were taught part of a principle was studied under three experimental conditions, differing with respect to the amount of hints given as to the nature of the missing part of the principle, and compared with performance of suhjects who were taught the full principle. After practice, those who were taught the principle partially were asked to state the missing part of the principle, or any other general method found for solving the problems. Subjects who were taught the full principle solved most problems, while performance under experimental conditions varied with the preciseness with which the stated principle specified relevant parts of the problems to be solved. The hints failed to influence performance with respect to both problem solving and ability to state principles.
The validity of the serial color‐word test A reply to Lennart Sjöberg
Authors: SMITH GUDMUND J. W. , NYMAN G. EBERHARD
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— In reply to Lennart Sjoberg's conclusion that the reliabilities and validities of the serial Color‐Word Test are at best moderate the present authors claim that, given reliable and adequate criteria, the validities are high. Hence, the true reliabilities can hardly be low. Supporting data are presented. However, the test should not be used merely to identify psychiatric syndrome groups, but rather to broaden our knowledge about them by unveiling their adaptive strategies.
Epidemiological investigation of mental disorders of children in Reykjavík, Iceland
Authors: BJÖRNSSON SIGURJÓN
Published: May 2008

Abstract.— A representative sample of 1100 children aged 5–15 years in Reykjavík was investigated with the WISC test, the Rorschach test, and an extensive semistructured interview with the mothers. The purpose of the investigation was to estimate the frequency of mental disorders in the population of children in Reykjavík, and their socioeconomic and educational correlates. The percentage of severely disordered children for the different mental health variables ranged from 11.8% to 30.8%. No significant differences were found as to age and sex. Most clearly associated with mental health were the parents' educational level, occupational status of father, the maternal attitudes of warmth and emotional involvment and the child's IQ and school achievement.