bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Threat: A Detailed Review of Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Biology and Management
Authors: Kumar Arun , Srivastava R. P. , Tyagi D.B. , Singh Sisodia Ankita Dinesh
Published: July 2024

The most destructive and rapidly proliferating pests in the world are native to southern America and are known as fall armyworms (Spodptera frugiperda) Since the first case was noted in 2016, it has grown to be a very dangerous and devastating pest for the entire planet. This pest is polyphagous. It is known as the "fall armyworm" because it wreaks havoc and damages crops by skeletonizing leaves and burrowing through the stems of maize leaves. Push and pull techniques play a significant part in the cultural procedures, which maintain output reductions of up to 53%. Neem powder and other plant species are essential in demonstrating the pest's toxicity. The population decrease of fall armyworms is attributed to the parasitizing effects of Trichogramma on faw eggs, and it is reported that 87-90% of the entire population is reduced with the aid of Chlorpyriphos administration. A number of bio-insecticides are also essential in prevailing against this pest. The integrated prevention of the fall armyworm takes into account each of these strategies.
Antibiotic Resistance Profile and Safety Assessment of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum Isolated from Milk
Authors: Sharma Himani , Maansi  , Upadhyay A.K. , Singh N.K. , Nagpal Aastha , Dhial Kritika , Kumari Renu
Published: July 2024

In the era where developing antibiotic resistance is an emerging issue, probiotics are amongst the most promising therapeutic as well as prophylactic measures. One of the most commonly used probiotics in cheese, yoghurt, silage and preserved food such as pickles is lactobacilli. However, some studies have shown that some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains are resistant to antibiotics which pose a threat to human health. Hence, to evaluate the safety of L. acidophilus and L. plantarum, they were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests using the disc diffusion method against a total of 26 antibiotics. The isolates were found to exhibit multiple resistance against some of the most commonly used antibiotics. The isolates showed a high level of resistance toward ampicillin, amoxycillin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, kanamycin and nitrofurantoin. The isolates showed low levels of resistance toward cephalothin, amikacin, erythromycin and azithromycin. They were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, penicillin G, cloxacilln, ofloxacillin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin, enrofloxacin, gemifloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole and oxytetracycline. The present study showed that antibiotic resistance is prevalent in different species of probiotic strains, which may pose a food safety concern. Hence, antibiotic sensitivity should be considered an important part of safety assessment for the evaluation of probiotics. Therefore, the current study concluded that antibiotic resistance is prevalent among L. acidophilus and L. plantarum, which is major concern of food safety. Furthermore, studies to evaluate the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in commercially available probiotics should be conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests should be considered as an essential measure for the assessment of the safety of probiotics.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Graphene Oxide Catalysts for Glycerol Acetylation
Authors: Hidayati Nur , Khoiruddin Wahib , Purnama Herry , Effendy Marwan
Published: July 2024

Glycerol in large quantities as a by-product of biodiesel production is a promising feedstock to be converted into more valuable products such as acetin. In this work, acetin converted from glycerol acetylation with acetic acid was performed over graphene oxide as a catalyst in a batch reactor. The study's objective was to evaluate the effect of sodium nitrate amount in the catalyst preparation on the catalyst's characteristics and catalytic performance. The graphene oxide (GO) catalysts were charac­terised by various tests, such as SEM-EDX for their morphology, the nitrogen adsorption capacity using Breneur-Emmet Teller (BET), structural analysis using XRD, functional group us­­ing FTIR, and catalytic activity on glycerol acetylation. The GO1, GO2, and GO3 catalysts were varied based on the NaNO3 amount in the modified Hummer method. The experiments found that the NaNO3 amount in catalyst preparation plays a vital role in GO structure formation. The GO2 catalyst has the highest performance, as indicated by the highest surface area, pore volume, and size. High glycerol conversion (94 %) and selectivity toward the interest products of triacetin (24 %) and diacetin + triacetin (83 %) were reached in 2 h of reaction using three wt.% catalysts, 110 °C reaction temperature, and 1:9 molar ratio of glycerol to acetic acid. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Ethnocentrism and globalization
Authors: Machida Satoshi
Published: April 2013

The concept of ethnocentrism is an old idea that was originally developed by. He argued that people have a natural tendency to believe in the intrinsic superiority of their nation, culture, or any other group to which they belong while simultaneously exhibiting feelings of dislike toward those who reside outside such “in‐groups.” This conceptualization of ethnocentrism has become an important analytical framework in the field of social psychology. Social identity theory, for example, which was developed by Tajfel and his colleagues, contends that individuals derive comfort, security, and positive self‐esteem from their in‐group and, therefore, seek to protect or enhance it while alienating out‐groups Along with these efforts to theorize about the notion of ethnocentrism, a large number of other studies have applied the concept of ethnocentrism to a variety of specific issues, including nationalism, attitudes toward policy, political tolerance, and consumer behavior. Thus, ethnocentrism has served as an essential analytical framework through which one can understand human behavior in group settings.
Desertification
Authors: Subramaniam Mangala , Bunka Christopher , Park Soon Seok
Published: April 2013

The term “desertification” was first coined in 1949 by Aubreville when he examined changing tropical conditions in Africa. Scholars, policy‐makers, and development specialists adopted the term into their vocabulary, arguing for desertification as needing global political attention following the severe drought and associated famine in the Sudan‐Sahel region of Africa in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In response to the tragedy of the drought and ensuing famine, the United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) was convened by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1977. This conference also put in place a Global Plan of Action to Combat Desertification. Since then the subject has received attention in other forums, such as the meeting of the heads of state of the seven Economic Summit countries who agreed on the importance of addressing critical environmental problems such as desertification. The recent surge in publicity and concern about greenhouse warming and induced global climate change has also facilitated keeping the subject of desertification as a major topic among the world's citizens and decision‐makers. And now June 17 is marked as International Day against Desertification.
Xenophobia
Authors: Moosavi Leon
Published: April 2013

Xenophobia refers to a tendency to distrust, dislike, or be frightened of those people who are considered as foreign, strange, or different. The etymology stems from the Greek wordsxenosandphobos, which literally suggests “an irrational fear of strangers.” However, this literal understanding is not always expedient, because xenophobia may be irrational but could also have a rational basis, fear may be involved but it may not, and the targets of xenophobia may constitute strangers but at the same time they may have been rooted locally for a long time. Ultimately, xenophobia is an aversion to those whom one considers as originating and belonging elsewhere. It is a helpful term for understanding tensions that can exist between people, and has much in common with terms like racism, ethnocentrism, and prejudice. However, it is crucial to distinguish xenophobia from racism in particular as the two are often confused. Whereas racism is a negative attitude toward those who have a different physical appearance from oneself, xenophobia is about having a similar negative attitude toward those who are considered to have originated in a different place from oneself. Racism and xenophobia are often used interchangeably because they often coalesce, operate concurrently, and are characterized by a loathing of mixture between peoples and cultures that are imagined to be pristine.
Gender and violence prevention
Authors: Fèvre Chloë
Published: April 2013

A gender perspective is crucial to a better analysis of violence and its solutions. A gender lens aims to show the differences between men and women and their relations when studying the causes and impact of violence and the solutions to it. It systematically questions the assumption that “male is the norm” found in a gender‐blind analysis, and thus contributes to correct a distorted reality. Young poor men across the world tend to embody urban violence. This is due to a certain understanding and way of measuring violence that make men disproportionately salient in statistics. These figures tend to be relayed by certain media that use them to caricature a complex situation, reinforcing previously existing assumptions. A gender analysis draws attention to these assumptions by looking at the relational aspects of violence. It does not deny the fact that young poor men are the main perpetrators and victims of lethal violence, but it does seek to go beyond that fact. It highlights the role of gender relationships and the role of women in causes and solutions to violence. As such, a gender analysis of urban violence leads to questioning the meaning, categorization, and measurement of violence, that is, the interpretation and hierarchy within different kinds of violence, to then assess the public policies that have been developed to address it.
Organic food
Authors: Smirnova Michelle
Published: April 2013

Organic farming is a form of agricultural practice and industry that developed from grassroots into a burgeoning global phenomenon in the early twentieth century. The chemical‐free, holistic approach to farming arose in response to concerns about the ecological health of the environment and the health risks associated with extensive usage of technology in food agriculture, as well as the ability of industrialized farming systems to feed the world population adequately. Sociologists have approached organic farming from a variety of theoretical orientations and practical questions. Although farming has typically been a subject taken up by rural sociologists with a focus upon production, the study of organic food lies at an intersection of both production and consumption: consumers create the demands and desires that propel the agribusiness market and sustainable production. Consumption of organic food has been framed as “green,” “sustainable,” or “ethical” consumption, which is also understood as a form of political action. Political sociologists focus upon the concept of “the political consumer,” whose consumption choices may be attributed to their political intentions. On the other hand, economic sociologists view consumption choices as a rational choice behavior centered around costs and therefore seek to understand the market forces that help or thwart the business of organic farming. As the world becomes increasingly globalized, changes in food agriculture have caused farmers, consumers, and sociologists to question how these new forms of food production affect people's lives.
Co‐Percolating Graphene‐Wrapped Silver Nanowire Network for High Performance, Highly Stable, Transparent Conducting Electrodes
Authors: Chen Ruiyi , Das Suprem R. , Jeong Changwook , Khan Mohammad Ryyan , Janes David B. , Alam Muhammad A.
Published: April 2013

Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) require high transparency and low sheet resistance for applications in photovoltaics, photodetectors, flat panel displays, touch screen devices and imagers. Indium tin oxide (ITO), or other transparent conductive oxides, have typically been used, and provide a baseline sheet resistance (RS) vs. transparency (T) relationship. However, ITO is relatively expensive (due to limited abundance of Indium), brittle, unstable, and inflexible; moreover, ITO transparency drops rapidly for wavelengths above 1000 nm. Motivated by a need for transparent conductors with comparable (or better) RS at a given T, as well as flexible structures, several alternative material systems have been investigated. Single‐layer graphene (SLG) or few‐layer graphene provide sufficiently high transparency (≈97% per layer) to be a potential replacement for ITO. However, large‐area synthesis approaches, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), typically yield films with relatively high sheet resistance due to small grain sizes and high‐resistance grain boundaries (HGBs). In this paper, we report a hybrid structure employing a CVD SLG film and a network of silver nanowires (AgNWs): RS as low as 22 Ω/□ (stabilized to 13 Ω/□ after 4 months) have been observed at high transparency (88% at λ = 550 nm) in hybrid structures employing relatively low‐cost commercial graphene with a starting RS of 770 Ω/□. This sheet resistance is superior to typical reported values for ITO, comparable to the best reported TCEs employing graphene and/or random nanowire networks, and the film properties exhibit impressive stability under mechanical pressure, mechanical bending and over time. The design is inspired by the theory of a co‐percolating network where conduction bottlenecks of a 2D film (e.g., SLG, MoS2) are circumvented by a 1D network (e.g., AgNWs, CNTs) and vice versa. The development of these high‐performance hybrid structures provides a route towards robust, scalable and low‐cost approaches for realizing high‐performance TCE.
Tip‐Enhanced Resonance Couplings Revealed by High Vacuum Tip‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Sun Mengtao , Zhang Zhenglong , Chen Li , Xu Hongxing
Published: April 2013

Tip‐enhanced resonance couplings (TERCs) are experimentally revealed by high vacuum tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (HV‐TERS) and theoretically interpreted. The Fermi resonance and Darling–Dennison resonance are successfully observed in HV‐TERS, which are the first overtone (or combinational mode)‐fundamental interaction (2:1 resonance coupling) and the first overtone‐first overtone resonant interaction (1:1 resonance coupling), respectively. The electric field gradient plays an important role on TERCs in HV‐TERS at the level of the second‐order perturbation theory. The molecular tautomeric effects are also observed from thiourea adsorbed on Ag film in HV‐TERS. The reported HERCs can provide a deeper understanding of the importance of molecular anharmonicity in high‐order perturbation for TERS. HV‐TER spectra provide ‘additional’ nonlinear Raman peaks, compared with the harmonic zero‐order perturbation in HV‐TERS, and thus enable ultrasensitive chemical analysis at the nanoscale with more vibrational information.
The Role of Nanotubes in Carbon Nanotube–Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Tune Daniel D. , Hennrich Frank , Dehm Simone , Klein Michael F. G. , Glaser Konstantin , Colsmann Alexander , Shapter Joseph G. , Lemmer Uli , Kappes Manfred M. , Krupke Ralph , Flavel Benjamin S.
Published: April 2013

The mechanism of action of nanotube‐silicon heterojunction solar cells is under discussion with literature reports suggesting either p‐n or Schottky junction characteristics. The crux of the issue is whether the nanotubes contribute to the observed photocurrent or not. In order to further understand the mechanism of action of these solar cells, devices were fabricated using nanotubes sorted by (n,m) species, so that the excitonic transition is well defined and is outside the range of absorption of silicon and such that any contribution to the photocurrent from the nanotubes should be easily resolved from that of the silicon by analysis of the photocurrent spectrum. The devices exhibited the photocurrent spectra of silicon only, indicating that the nanotubes do not contribute to the photocurrent. However, by changing the back contact electrode material, results were obtained that appear to show such a contribution.
Shear strain and microscopic characterization of a bamboo bonding interface with poly(vinyl alcohol) modified phenol–formaldehyde resin
Authors: Guan Mingjie , Yong Cheng , Wang Lu
Published: April 2013

The study of the shear strain distribution at the bonding interface helped us to understand the bamboo bonding interface response mechanisms to solve problems of ply bamboo deformation or bonding failure. The shear strain distribution across a two‐ply bamboo sheet bonded with a ductile phenol–formaldehyde resin (PF) modified by poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was measured by means of electronic speckle pattern interferometry, along with tensile strength measurements to prove the shear stain distribution on a macroscopic scale. This research effectively combined macroscopic mechanical properties with microcosmic interfacial mechanical properties. The shear strength and shear strain results showed that PF modified with 20% PVA performed better than common PF and PF modified with 5 and 10% PVA. Microscopic fluorescent characterization of the bonding interface also provided evidence that a new bonding mechanism was adequate for bamboo bonding under the ductile PF modified with 20% PVA. Moreover, we suppose that the results of this study will help in the choice of bamboo‐specific adhesives under different strain conditions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1345‐1350, 2013
Crosslinking behavior of polyarylene ether nitrile terminated with phthalonitrile (PEN‐t‐Ph)/1,3,5‐Tri‐(3,4‐dicyanophenoxy) benzene (TPh) system and its enhanced thermal stability
Authors: Tong Lifen , Pu Zejun , Huang Xu , Chen Zhiran , Yang Xulin , Liu Xiaobo
Published: April 2013

A novel polyarylene ether nitrile terminated with phthalonitrile (PEN‐t‐Ph) was synthesized by a simple solution polycondensation of biphenyl and hydroquinone with 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile, followed by termination with 4‐nitrophthalonitrile. The PEN‐t‐Ph/1,3,5‐Tri‐(3,4‐dicyanophenoxy) benzene (TPh) system was prepared by cure treatment. The phthalonitrile on PEN‐t‐Ph were thermally crosslinked with TPh in the presence of diamino diphenyl sulfone through cure treatment up to 280–340°C, which led to the transformation from thermoplastic polymers to thermosetting polymers. This is because the phthalonitrile on the PEN‐t‐Ph can react with TPh by forming phthalocyanine ring. The glass transition temperatures of the PEN‐t‐Ph/TPh system increased from 152.4°C to 194.7°C, and the initial decomposition temperature (ranging from 475.3°C to 544.0°C) increased by 68°C after thermal curing. Therefore, their thermal properties can be greatly enhanced by crosslinking. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1363‐1368, 2013
Robust CRONE Design for a Variable Ratio Planetary Gearing in a Variable Speed Wind Turbine
Authors: Feytout Benjamin , Lanusse Patrick , Sabatier Jocelyn , Gracia Serge
Published: April 2013

Most installed wind turbines have traditional architectures: doubly‐fed asynchronous machine or direct drive with full conversion, both containing several levels of control composed of PI controllers. In our application, a robust 3rd‐generation‐CRONE controller (CRONE approach is a robust control methodology based on fractional order differentiation) is used to manage a planetary gearing ratio upstream of a synchronous generator directly connected to the grid. Thus, the speed of the Low‐Speed Shaft is controlled and unlike other architectures, no system of power electronics is required for conversion.
Analyzing Risky Choices: Q‐learning for Deal‐No‐Deal
Authors: Korsos Laszlo , Polson Nicholas G.
Published: April 2013

In this paper, we derive an optimal strategy for the popularDeal or No Dealgame show. To do this, we use Q‐learning methods, which quantify the continuation value inherent in sequential decision making in the game. We then analyze two contestants, Frank and Susanne, risky choices from the European version of the game. Given their choices and our optimal strategy, we find what their implied bounds would be on their levels of risk aversion. Previous empirical evidence in risky decision making has suggested that past outcomes affect future choices and that contestants have time‐varying risk aversion. We demonstrate that the strategies of Frank and Susanne are consistent with constant risk aversion levels except for their final risk‐seeking choice. We conclude with directions for future research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring the mean of multivariate financial time series
Authors: Garthoff Robert , Golosnoy Vasyl , Schmid Wolfgang
Published: April 2013

Timely detection of changes in the mean vector of multivariate financial time series is of great practical importance. In this paper, the covariance dynamics of the multivariate stochastic processes is assessed by either the RiskMetrics approach, the constant conditional correlation, or the dynamic conditional correlation models. For online monitoring of mean changes, we introduce several control schemes based on exponential smoothing and cumulative sums, which explicitly account for heteroscedasticity. The detecting ability of the introduced charts is compared for different processes in a Monte Carlo simulation study. The empirical study illustrates monitoring of changes in the mean vector of daily returns of exchange rates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of cooling rate and gelatin concentration on the microstructural and mechanical properties of ice template gelatin scaffolds
Authors: Arabi Neda , Zamanian Ali
Published: April 2013

In the current study, a controlled unidirectional freeze casting method was employed to fabricate highly porous gelatin scaffolds. Different gelatin concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 wt% were dissolved in distilled water, and the constant value of glutaraldehyde cross‐linking agent (0.5 wt%) was added to the solution. Then, the solutions freeze casted at different cooling rates of 1, 3, and 6°C/Min and freeze dried. Finally, pore morphology, mechanical properties, and water adsorption characteristics of scaffolds were assessed. Results showed that the increase in gelatin concentration caused the pore shapes to change from oblate and polygon to almost round but the cooling rate had no obvious effect on pore morphology. Compressive strength of the scaffolds improved as a function of increase in cooling rate and gelatin concentration from 20 to 1,150 kPa. The value of water adsorption was decreased with augmentation in gelatin concentration and cooling rate in the range of 2,000%–500%. Therefore, this study suggests that the use of a controllable freeze casting method and cooling rate can tailor the pore morphology, mechanical properties, and water adsorption of gelatin scaffolds and could be a novel approach to avoid the use of a toxic dose of a cross‐linking agent like glutaraldehyde.
Technoeconomic analysis of renewable aviation fuel from microalgae, Pongamia pinnata, and sugarcane
Authors: Klein‐Marcuschamer Daniel , Turner Christopher , Allen Mark , Gray Peter , Dietzgen Ralf G , Gresshoff Peter M , Hankamer Ben , Heimann Kirsten , Scott Paul T , Stephens Evan , Speight Robert , Nielsen Lars K
Published: April 2013

Technoeconomic analysis of renewable aviation fuels has not been widely considered, despite the increasing global attention that the field has received. We present three process models for production of aviation‐fuel from microalgae, Pongamia pinnata seeds and sugarcane molasses. The models and assumptions have been deposited on a wiki (http://qsafi.aibn.uq.edu.au) and are open and accessible to the community. Based on currently available long‐term reputable technological data, this analysis indicates that the biorefineries processing the microalgae, Pongamia seeds, and sugarcane feedstocks would be competitive with crude oil at $1343, $374, and $301/bbl, respectively. Sensitivity analyses of the major economic drivers suggest technological and market developments that would bring the corresponding figures down to $385, $255, and $168/bbl. The dynamic nature of the freely accessible models will allow the community to track progress toward economic competitiveness of aviation fuels from these renewable feedstocks. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Life cycle assessment of wheat gluten powder and derived packaging film
Authors: Deng Yelin , Achten Wouter M.J. , Van Acker Karel , Duflou Joost R.
Published: April 2013

This article presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) on wheat gluten materials. Two objectives form the motivation for this paper. First, the study provides an assessment of the environmental impact of wheat gluten powder production. The aim of this contribution is to provide a base assessment which can feed into the evaluation of any future wheat‐gluten‐based product. Second, the study evaluates wheat‐gluten‐based packaging film and compares it with low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polylactide (PLA) packaging film over the life cycle of these products. Scenarios including extrusion and casting for film production, incineration with energy recovery, and composting for end‐of‐life treatments are evaluated. Such comparison offers insight in environmental benefits of wheat gluten over conventional plastic film as well as its bio‐based alternative and identifies its optimal production and disposal methods. For wheat gluten production, the LCA results show that the impacts of the wheat cultivation and gluten drying phase are dominant in the majority of the 18 impact categories in the ReCiPe midpoint assessment method. The LCA results also exhibit that the scenario with wheat gluten film produced by extrusion and incinerated to recover embodied energy is favorable from environmental perspective. It offers great benefits in climate change and fossil depletion over LDPE film and in 14 impact categories over PLA film. Although wheat gluten film suffers from common problems for bio‐based materials (e.g. land occupation), the overall environmental performance indicates that wheat gluten provides a promising source for bio‐based polymer production. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Ca3(PO4)2:Eu3+ phosphor preparation with different morphologies and their fluorescence properties
Authors: Zhou Xiaochun , Wang Xiaojun
Published: April 2013

Ca3(PO4)2:Eu3+ phosphor was prepared using a facile chemistry method in the presence of surfactants. The effects of surfactants on the morphology and photoluminescence properties of Ca3(PO4)2:Eu3+ phosphor were investigated. The morphology of the phosphor was significantly influenced by the surfactants employed. When nonionic surfactant glyceryl monostearate and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate were employed, the phospor powders are composed of a large number of homogeneous spherical particles with sizes of 0.3–0.6 µm and 2–3 µm, respectively. By contrast, when cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was used, the morphology of the phosphor is completely different. The product is an excellent cuboid, and the phosphor prepared with 2.5 mmol cetyltrimethylammonium bromide showed higher luminescent intensity than phosphors prepared with the other two types of surfactants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput screening for the development of a monoclonal antibody affinity precipitation step using ELP‐z stimuli responsive biopolymers
Authors: Sheth Rahul D. , Madan Bhawna , Chen Wilfred , Cramer Steven M.
Published: April 2013

This study provides a detailed investigation into the performance of a stimuli responsive ELP‐Z based process for monoclonal antibody (mAb) affinity precipitation. A multidimensional high‐throughput screening (HTS) protocol was developed and employed to investigate the effects of a variety of operating conditions on mAb yield and aggregation during the process. Precipitation efficiency of ELP‐Z in the absence of mAb was first determined as a function of temperature and sodium sulfate concentration and conditions producing high yields were identified. HTS was then employed to determine appropriate conditions for the initial capture and co‐precipitation of mAbs at high yields using ELP‐Z. mAb elution from ELP‐Z was then examined using HTS and the mAb yields and aggregate content of the overall process were determined. It was observed that mAb aggregation was sensitive primarily to the elution conditions and that this behavior was antibody specific and a strong function of operating temperature and elution pH. Importantly, for both mAbs examined in this study, the results indicated that room temperature operation and appropriate elution pH could be readily employed to produce both high mAb yields and low aggregate content using this approach. This study demonstrates the ability of ELP‐Z based affinity precipitation for mAb purification and shows that HTS can be successfully employed to rapidly develop a robust and high yield process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2664–2676. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shearing of biofilms enables selective layer based microbial sampling and analysis
Authors: Lu Yang , Slater Frances , Bello‐Mendoza Ricardo , Batstone Damien J.
Published: April 2013

Granules are large, self‐supporting biofilms that form naturally in high‐rate anaerobic treatment systems and are extremely important to reactor functionality. Granules exhibit functional and phylogenetic layering, interesting to both scientists and technologists. Until now, it has only been possible to analyze layering through sectioning and microscopic analysis with fluorescent in situ hybridization, or to analyze the whole granule through DNA extraction and microbial community profiling methods. This means different functional and spatial layers cannot be analyzed separately, including next generation sequencing techniques, such as pyrotag sequencing. In this work, we describe a method to remove microbes selectively from successive spatial layers through hydraulic shearing and demonstrate its application on anaerobic granules of three different types (VFA‐, carbohydrate‐, protein‐fed) in size ranges 0.6–2 mm. Outer layers in particular could be selectively sheared as confirmed by FISH. TRFLP was used as an example bulk DNA method on selectively sheared fractions. A shift in dominant population was found from presumptive acidogens (such as Bacteroidetes and Anaerolinea) in outer layers to syntrophs (such as Syntrophomonas and Geobacter) in inner layers, with progressive changes through the depth. The strength of the shear‐bulk molecular method over FISH was that a deeper phylogenetic profile could be obtained, even with TRFLP, and that prior knowledge of the community is not required. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2600–2605. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial distribution of bacterial communities on volumetric and planar anodes in single‐chamber air‐cathode microbial fuel cells
Authors: Vargas Ignacio T. , Albert Istvan U. , Regan John M.
Published: April 2013

Pyrosequencing was used to characterize bacterial communities in air‐cathode microbial fuel cells across a volumetric (graphite fiber brush) and a planar (carbon cloth) anode, where different physical and chemical gradients would be expected associated with the distance between anode location and the air cathode. As expected, the stable operational voltage and the coulombic efficiency (CE) were higher for the volumetric anode than the planar anode (0.57 V and CE = 22% vs. 0.51 V and CE = 12%). The genus Geobacter was the only known exoelectrogen among the observed dominant groups, comprising 57 ± 4% of recovered sequences for the brush and 27 ± 5% for the carbon‐cloth anode. While the bacterial communities differed between the two anode materials, results showed that Geobacter spp. and other dominant bacterial groups were homogenously distributed across both planar and volumetric anodes. This lends support to previous community analysis interpretations based on a single biofilm sampling location in these systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 3059–3062. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Normal and polar‐organic‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic enantioresolution of omeprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole using monochloro‐methylated cellulose‐based chiral stationary phase and determination of dexrabeprazole
Authors: Dixit Shuchi , Dubey Rituraj , Bhushan Ravi
Published: April 2013

Enantioresolution of four anti‐ulcer drugs (chiral sulfoxides), namely, omeprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole, was carried out by high‐performance liquid chromatography using a polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phase consisting of monochloromethylated cellulose (Lux cellulose‐2) under normal and polar‐organic‐phase conditions with ultraviolet detection at 285 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and limit of detection. The optimized enantioresolution method was compared for both the elution modes. The optimized method was further utilized to check the enantiomeric purity of dexrabeprazole. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excipients‐Induced Salt‐to‐Free Base Phase Transformation
Authors: Qu H. , Serrat M. C. R. , Christensen L. P. , Rantanen J.
Published: April 2013

The mechanism of the salt‐to‐free form drug transformation was explored by investigating the pH‐solubility profiles of a model drug in a salt form and the nucleation of the free base from the salt solution when its pH was increasing. The transformation of the salt to the free base during wet massing in the presence of pharmaceutical excipients with different pH was studied. The nucleation of the free base occurred when the pH of the salt solution reached a certain level pHmetastable, which was related to the free energy penalty associated with the creation of a new solid phase. The nucleation of the free base happened readily and thus, the salt‐to‐free base transformation occurred rapidly during wet massing with the excipients with a pH above the pHmetastable. These results can support robust formulation design of solid dosage forms containing salts by optimal excipient selection.
ChemInform Abstract: X2Y2 Isomers: Tuning Structure and Relative Stability Through Electronegativity Differences (X: H, Li, Na, F, Cl, Br, I; Y: O, S, Se, Te).
Authors: El‐Hamdi Majid , Poater Jordi , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Sola Miquel
Published: April 2013

Density functional calculations on XYYX and X2YY isomers of the X2Y2 species (X: H, Li, Na, F, Cl, Br, I; Y: O, S, Se, Te) show that the XYYX isomers are more stable than the X2YY forms except for X = F and Y = S and Te, for which the F2SS and F2TeTe isomers are slightly more stable.
ChemInform Abstract: Ba[Co3(VO4)2(OH)2] with a Regular Kagome Lattice.
Authors: Dordevic Tamara , Karanovic Ljiljana
Published: April 2013

Single crystals of the layered title compound are hydrothermally prepared from a mixture of Ba(OH)2, Co, and V2O5 in H2O (Teflon vessel, pH 12, 423 K, 120 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Electrical Properties of New Oxygen‐Deficient Tetragonal Tungsten Bronzes Ba2NdTi2+xNb3‐xO15‐x/2.
Authors: Prades Marta , Maso Nahum , Beltran Hector , Cordoncillo Eloisa , West Anthony R.
Published: April 2013

The title compounds (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) are solvothermally synthesized from Ba(OAc)2, Nd(O‐iPr)3, Ti(O‐iPr)4, and Nb(O‐Et)5 (conditions not given) followed by firing at 1100—1300 °C for 2 h in air.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper Scandium Zirconium Phosphate: Occupancy of the M1 and M2 Sites in the Temperature Range 100—300 K.
Authors: Bond Andrew D. , Warner Terence E.
Published: April 2013

The Cu+ solid electrolyte Cu2ScZr(PO4)3 is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of CuO, Sc2O3, Zr2O3, and NH4H2PO4 (1.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Family of Lanthanide Borate Halides with Unusual Coordination and a New Neodymium‐Containing Cationic Framework.
Authors: Polinski Matthew J. , Alekseev Evgeny V. , Darling Victoria R. , Cross Justin N. , Depmeier Wulf , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: April 2013

La[B7O10(OH)3(H2O)Br] (I), Ln[B6O9(OH)2(H2O)2Br] ·0.5H2O (II) (Ln: Ce, Pr), Nd2 [B12O17.5(OH)5 (H2O)4Br1.5] Br0.5·H2O (III), Sm4[B18O25(OH)13Br3] (IV), and Ln[B7O11(OH)(H2O)I] (V) (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) are synthesized from the respective lanthanide oxides, H3BO3, and HBr or HI (autoclave, 200—240 °C, 5—7 d, 60—85% yields).
ChemInform Abstract: Pb8M(BO3)6 (M: Zn, Cd): Two New Isostructural Lead Borates Compounds with Two‐Dimensional ∞[Pb8B6O18]2‐ Layer Structure.
Authors: Huang Zhenjun , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua , Yu Hongwei , Dong Xiaoyu , Zhao Wenwu , Dong Lingyun , Su Xin
Published: April 2013

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared from mixtures of PbO, MO (M: Cd, Zn), and H3BO3 using excess PbO as self‐flux (Pt crucible, 450 °C, 8 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Growth, Structural Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of New Uranium(IV) Containing Mixed Metal Oxalates: Na2U2M(C2O4)6 (H2O)4 (M: Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and Zn2+).
Authors: Yeon Jeongho , Smith Mark D. , Sefat Athena S. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: April 2013

The new title oxalates are synthesized via a hydrothermal route employing U(C2O4)2(H2O)6 as the UIV precursor and the respective metal chlorides MCl2 (autoclave, 150 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Homologous Series of Layered Perovskites An+1BnO3n‐1Cl: Crystal and Magnetic Structure of a New Oxychloride Pb4BiFe4O11Cl.
Authors: Batuk Maria , Batuk Dmitry , Tsirlin Alexander A. , Rozova Marina G. , Antipov Evgeny V. , Hadermann Joke , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf
Published: April 2013

Samples of Pb4BiFe4O11Cl are prepared by solid state reaction of PbO, PbCl2, Bi2O3, and Fe2O3 (5 mol% excess PbO; Al crucible, sealed quartz tube, 1700 °C, 3 h, 2800 °C, 8 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Racemization of α‐Aryl Propionates in the Presence of Water.
Authors: Alfaro Blasco Maria , Groeger Harald
Published: April 2013

Complete racemization of (S)‐(I) and (S)‐(II) can be achieved using 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) as base in methyl‐ or ethyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) or (ETBE).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Titanium‐Mediated Aldol Reactions of α‐Benzyloxy Methyl Ketones.
Authors: Pellicena Miquel , Solsona Joan G. , Romea Pedro , Urpi Felix
Published: April 2013

The titanium‐mediated aldol reaction of chiral ketones is sensitive to the titanium Lewis acid used in the enolization step and represents a new approach to the substrate‐controlled acetate aldol reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Mannich Addition Reactions of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with N‐Protected Imines.
Authors: Delgado‐Rebollo Manuela , Moreno Rocio , Fructos Manuel R. , Prieto Auxiliadora
Published: April 2013

This is the first gold‐catalyzed variant of this reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Direct Arylation of 2‐Bromobenzenesulfonic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Bheeter Charles Beromeo , Bera Jitendra K. , Doucet Henri
Published: April 2013

The phosphine‐free palladium‐catalyzed cyclization of bromobenzenesulfonic acid phenyl esters and bromosulfonamides is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of Methylene‐1,2‐dichalcogenolanes via Radical [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Methylenecyclopropanes with Elemental Chalcogens.
Authors: Yu Lei , Wu Yulan , Chen Tian , Pan Yi , Xu Qing
Published: April 2013

Cycloaddition can be performed either in DCE or under neat conditions to afford the title compounds which are otherwise difficult to access.
ChemInform Abstract: From Diols to Lactones under Aerobic Conditions Using a Laccase/TEMPO Catalytic System in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Diaz‐Rodriguez Alba , Lavandera Ivan , Kanbak‐Aksu Seda , Sheldon Roger A. , Gotor Vicente , Gotor‐Fernandez Vicente
Published: April 2013

The laccase/TEMPO catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 1,5‐diols to lactones in aqueous media is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Application of C—C Bond‐Forming Reactions with Reductive Ozonolysis.
Authors: Willand‐Charnley Rachel , Dussault Patrick H.
Published: April 2013

Reductive ozonolysis of alkenes occurs either in the presence of NMO or pyridine to afford intermediate carbonyl compounds which are used for further transformations in a one‐pot procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Copper Catalyzed Aromatic N‐Arylation in Water.
Authors: Engel‐Andreasen Jens , Shimpukade Bharat , Ulven Trond
Published: April 2013

N‐Arylation of imidazoles (I) and (VII), indoles (IX), and purines (XI) proceeds with moderate to high yields and complete selectivity over aliphatic amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Vinylogous Addition of Enol Ethers to Vinyldiazoacetates.
Authors: Smith Austin G. , Davies Huw M. L.
Published: April 2013

Treatment of (Z)‐silyl enol ethers with vinyldiazoacetates in the presence of the chiral Rh catalyst (RHC) is found to result in highly stereoselective formation of disiloxyketals like (III).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Formylation and Dimerization of p‐Alkyl Phenols Using DCMT‐Activated DMSO.
Authors: Chu Guobiao , Yu Zhifang , Gao Feng , Li Chunbao
Published: April 2013

An unexpected formylation/dimerization reaction is observed when p‐substituted phenols are reacted with DMSO in the presence of 2,4‐dichloro‐6‐methoxy[1,3,5]triazine.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of N‐Protected 1‐Substituted Homotaurines from a Xanthate and Olefins.
Authors: Huang Zhongyan , Xu Jiaxi
Published: April 2013

A series of N‐protected 1‐substituted homotaurines (IV) is synthesized efficiently from xanthate (I) and various olefins via radical addition reaction followed by performic acid oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Vinylogous Aldol Reaction via H‐Bond‐Directing Dienamine Catalysis.
Authors: Bastida David , Liu Yankai , Tian Xu , Escudero‐Adan Eduardo , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: April 2013

The presented new enantioselective direct vinylogous aldol reaction of cyclohexenone with various α‐keto esters uses the bifunctional primary amine‐thiourea catalyst ATU.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Fluoroalkylation of Aryl Iodides Enables Facile Access to Diverse Fluorinated Compounds: The Important Role of the (2‐Pyridyl)sulfonyl Group.
Authors: Zhao Yanchuan , Gao Bing , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo
Published: April 2013

The (2‐pyridyl)sulfonyl group (Pys) is a multifunctional group in the preparation of structurally diverse fluorinated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Aromatic C—H Bond Directed by an Acetamino Group.
Authors: Zhang Li‐Sheng , Chen Kang , Chen Guihua , Li Bi‐Jie , Luo Shuang , Guo Qing‐Yun , Wei Jiang‐Bo , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: April 2013

The reaction proceeds at the ortho‐position exclusively and applies an Umemoto′s reagent (II).
ChemInform Abstract: An Indium(III)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 4,4‐Dichloro‐1‐aryl‐N‐alkyl‐1‐yn‐3‐amines via an Intermolecular C(sp2)—C(sp) Bond Formation.
Authors: Malakar Chandi C. , Maes Bert U. W. , Tehrani Kourosch Abbaspour
Published: April 2013

The title reaction is accomplished under very mild conditions, producing the corresponding final products in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Azidation of Benzylic Silyl Ethers.
Authors: Sawama Yoshinari , Nagata Saori , Yabe Yuki , Morita Kosuke , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: April 2013

Secondary and tertiary benzyl silyl ethers are transformed to the azido products selectively in the presence of primary benzyl silyl ethers [e.g. (IX)], alkyl chlorides [e.g. (IIId)], and α,β‐unsaturated esters [e.g. (XI)] under mild conditions and in short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Counteranion‐Directed Catalytic Hosomi—Sakurai Reaction.
Authors: Mahlau Manuel , Garcia‐Garcia Pilar , List Benjamin
Published: April 2013

This method gives aryl‐substituted homoallylic alcohols from aryl aldehydes in good yields and with good enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Zn—ProPhenol‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkyne Addition: Synthesis of Chiral Propargylic Alcohols.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Bartlett Mark J. , Weiss Andrew H. , von Wangelin Axel Jacobi , Chan Vincent S.
Published: April 2013

This method yields chiral propargylic alcohols and tolerates a variety of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Application and Mechanistic Studies of a Water‐Oxidation Catalyst in Alcohol Oxidation by Employing Oxygen‐Transfer Reagents.
Authors: Verho Oscar , Dilenstam Marlene D. V. , Kaerkaes Markus D. , Johnston Eric V. , Aakermark Torbjoern , Baeckvall Jan‐E. , Aakermark Bjoern
Published: April 2013

The ruthenium catalyst is successfully applied to the oxidation of benzylic and aliphatic secondary alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Remarkable Effect of PEG‐1000‐Based Dicationic Ionic Liquid for N‐Hydroxyphthalimide‐Catalyzed Aerobic Selective Oxidation of Alkylaromatics.
Authors: Lu Tingting , Lu Ming , Yu Wang , Liu Zhongjie
Published: April 2013

The PEG‐1000 based dicationic ionic liquid enhances the catalytic activity and the reaction time, and is environmentally benign.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Tertiary Amines with Aldehydes.
Authors: Li Yuanming , Jia Fan , Li Zhiping
Published: April 2013

This publication also contains chemoselectivity studies for the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropenone Catalyzed Substitution of Alcohols with Mesylate Ion.
Authors: Nacsa Eric D. , Lambert Tristan H.
Published: April 2013

The presented method applies iBu3N as a base and diphenyl‐ (DPC) and dianisylcyclopropenones (DAC) as promoters and proceeds with high stereoselectivity and inversion of configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Alkyne Carboalkoxylation Reactions for the Multicomponent Assembly of β‐Alkoxy Ketones.
Authors: Schultz Danielle M. , Babij Nicholas R. , Wolfe John P.
Published: April 2013

A new method for the construction of β‐alkoxy ketones from readily available precursors is reported and a mechanism for the Au(I)‐catalyzed reaction is proposed.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Acylation of O‐Methyl Ketoximes with α‐Keto Acids.
Authors: Kim Minyoung , Park Jihye , Sharma Satyasheel , Kim Aejin , Park Eonjeong , Kwak Jong Hwan , Jung Young Hoon , Kim In Su
Published: April 2013

A broad variety of O‐methyl ketoximes undergo decarboxylative cross‐coupling reaction with α‐keto acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Inverse Electron‐Demand Diels—Alder/Cyclopropanation Reaction of Diazines Catalyzed by a Bidentate Lewis Acid.
Authors: Kessler Simon N. , Neuburger Markus , Wegner Hermann A.
Published: April 2013

The coupling of phthalazines with electron‐rich furans in the presence of a Lewis acid is found to provide a new and stereoselective approach to benzonorcaradienes.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Synthesis of Highly Substituted Furfuryl Alcohols and Amines.
Authors: Clark J. Stephen , Boyer Alistair , Aimon Anthony , Engel Garcia Paloma , Lindsay David M. , Symington Andrew D. F. , Danoy Yves
Published: April 2013

It is found that tetrahydrothiophene efficiently promotes the cyclization of activated enynones with alcohols and amines giving various highly substituted furfuryl alcohols and amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bridged Polycyclic Ring Systems via Carbene Cascades Terminating in C—H Bond Insertion.
Authors: Jansone‐Popova Santa , May Jeremy A.
Published: April 2013

The Rh‐catalyzed reaction of cyclic alkynyl diazoacetates leads to different bridged products.