bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mucosal and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to bovine coronavirus structural proteins in naturally infected dairy calves
Authors: Heckert Robert A. , Saif Linda J. , Myers Greg W.
Published: January 2024

Blood, feces, nasal secretions, and tears were collected weekly from 5 randomly selected 1- to 8-week-old calves in a large commercial dairy herd. Clinical signs and bovine coronavirus (bcv) shedding from the respiratory and enteric tracts of calves were monitored through the 8- week period by direct immunofluorescence of nasal epithelial cells, protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy on feces, and ELISA on nasal secretions and feces. All samples were analyzed for antibody isotypes to bcv structural proteins by immunoblotting.

All calves had bcv respiratory tract infections and 4 of 5 calves shed virus in feces. Several calves had multiple or prolonged periods of bcv respiratory tract or enteric tract shedding or both. All calves (except 1) had passive IgG1 antibodies to some bcv proteins (mainly the E2 and E3 proteins) in their serum when they were 1 week old. The presence of these passive serum antibodies (mainly to the E2 and E3 bcv proteins) was associated with decreased or delayed systemic and mucosal antibody responses in calves, in particular IgA responses in nasal secretions and tears to the E2 and E3 bcv proteins, but not to the N protein. Moderate amounts of maternal bcv E2- and ES-specific antibodies in serum did not prevent bcv enteric tract or respiratory tract infections in calves, but may have delayed the development of active antibody responses to these bcv proteins. However, calves with bcv respiratory tract or enteric tract infections had no detectable passive antibodies to any bcv proteins in nasal secretions or feces.
Comparison of nonionic contrast agents iohexol and iotrolan for cisternal myelography in dogs
Authors: van Bree Henri , Van Rijssen Bernadette , Van Ham L.
Published: January 2024

During this investigation, the use of iohexol was compared with iotrolan for canine cisternal myelography. Iohexol and iotrolan myelography was done in 6 dogs by cisternal puncture with a 6-week interval between both procedures; each dog served as its own control. Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) was collected for baseline analysis from each dog immediately before the contrast agent was injected. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after injection of each contrast medium for cytologic and chemical analysis. Total csf leucocyte count and glucose concentration did not change significantly in comparison with baseline data in any of the samples. After the injection of iohexol, protein concentration increased significantly in the 24-hour sample, and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly in the 3-day sample. Significant difference was not found between the different samples collected at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days, compared with both contrast media. None of the dogs had seizure activity during a 5-hour postmyelographic observation period. Pathologic changes were not found by gross or microscopic examination of the spinal cord.

Although a degradation in time of radiographic quality of all myelograms took place, the average radiographic score decreased more rapidly with iohexol. The average score at 90 minutes with iotrolan was comparable with the score at 45 minutes with iohexol, and the average score at 150 minutes with iotrolan was better than the score at 90 minutes with iohexol. At 5 and 10 minutes after cisternal injection, no significant difference was observable between the myelograms, but from 45 minutes onward, myelograms with iotrolan were superior.
Determination of ability of a thymidine kinase-negative deletion mutant of bovine herpesvirus-1 to cause abortion in cattle
Authors: Miller Janice M. , Whetstone Cecelia A. , Bello Leonard J. , Lawrence William C.
Published: January 2024

The Cooper isolate of bovine herpesvirus-1, which causes abortion in cattle, was used to construct a thymidine kinase- negative (tk-) deletion mutant virus. Twelve heifers were inoculated iv at 25 to 29 weeks of pregnancy with either tk- or thymidine kinase-positive (tk+) Cooper virus. All heifers developed fevers of 1 to 2 C during the first week after inoculation. Temperatures of tk+ inoculates were slightly higher and remained above normal a few days longer than in tk- inoculates. Viremia was detected in 5 of 6 tk+ inoculates and in all 6 tk- inoculates. More virus isolations were made from nasal and vaginal swab specimens of tk+ inoculates than from swab specimens of tk- inoculates. All heifers developed virus neutralizing antibody within 14 days after inoculation and antibody titers were similar between the 2 groups. None of the tk- inoculated heifers aborted and their calves did not have neutralizing antibody at birth. Abortion occurred in 5 of 6 heifers given tk+ virus. All aborted fetuses were infected with bovine herpesvirus-1, as demonstrated by virus isolation or detection of viral antigen in fetal tissues. These results indicate that inactivation of the tk gene reduces abortifacient activity of bovine herpesvirus-1.
Use of a nuclear imaging technique to detect gastric wall ischemia
Authors: Berardi Cynthia , Wheaton Lynn G. , Twardock A. Robert , Schaeffer David J.
Published: January 2024

A nuclear imaging technique of the stomach, using technetium pertechnetate (99mTcO4), was evaluated in healthy dogs. The stomach was first insufflated with room air, then filled with barium sulfate to induce mild distention, outlining the gastric wall. Six dogs were imaged twice: initially without use of drugs that might affect gastric secretion of 99mTcO4, then after pretreatment with cimetidine and glycopyrrolate. These scans established the appearance of the normal (control) stomach and compared the quality of the image in the same dogs not pretreated, then pretreated with cimetidine and glycopyrrolate before administration of 99mTcO4. Avascular defects were then surgically created on the greater curvature of the stomach of the same 6 dogs, and gastroscintigraphy was performed in similar manner. Significant (P < 0.05) quantitative differences were detected in the gastric images for scans of the avascular area, compared with various control scans. Qualitative assessment had overall accuracy of 90.28%. Results of the study reported here indicate that nuclear imaging can be a valuable diagnostic technique for detecting ischemic areas in the gastric wall of dogs.
Identification and characterization of viral polypeptides from type-II avian adenoviruses
Authors: Zhang Chunlin , Nagaraja K. V. , Sivanandan V. , Newman J. A.
Published: January 2024

The polypeptides of serologically related viruses of hemorrhagic enteritis (he) in turkeys, marble spleen disease (msd) in pheasants, and splenomegaly in chickens (smc) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and analyzed by protein immunoblotting with polyclonal antibodies to he virus (hev). The viral polypeptides II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII were detected on sds-page with the size range from 18 to 97 kDa in hev. Viral polypeptides II, III, V, VI, and VII were detected in msd virus and virus of smc. Protein immunoblotting of viral proteins with anti-hev serum revealed antigenic differences between the 3 viruses of avian adenovirus type-II examined. The differences were that the polypeptides II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII were identified in hev and the polypeptides II, V, VI, and VII were identified in msd virus and virus of smc. The bands of penton base (polypeptide III) and fiber (polypeptide IV) were seen in hev only by protein immunoblotting.
Fecundity of gastrointestinal trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep in the field
Authors: Coyne Michael J. , Smith Gary , Johnstone Colin
Published: January 2024

Twenty-two Dorset Rambouillet lambs were moved to contaminated pasture on Apr 1, 1987. At regular intervals thereafter, pairs of lambs were withdrawn and euthanatized. Gastrointestinal parasites in the abomasum, small intestine, cecum, and large intestine were removed and counted. The last pair of lambs was euthanatized 8 months after original placement on the contaminated pasture. Fecal samples were taken at 3- to 4-week intervals throughout the grazing season and the fecal egg counts were used to estimate parasite fecundity (output of eggs per female parasite per day). The principal parasite genera found included Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongylus spp, and Nematodirus spp. In each of the genera examined, parasite fecundity remained the same irrespective of the intensity or duration of infection. Estimated average fecundities (eggs/female/day) were as follows: Haemonchus contortus, 6,582; Trichostrongylus spp, 262; Nematodirus spp, 40; and Oesophagostomum venulosum, 11,098.
Plasminogen activator production by bovine milk macrophages and blood monocytes
Authors: Politis I. , Zhao X. , McBride B. W. , Burton J. H. , Turner J. D.
Published: January 2024

The type of plasminogen activator (pa) produced by bovine milk macrophages has been determined. Macrophages produce a pa protein with molecular weight of 28,000 and isoelectric point of 8.5, and with enzymatic activity independent of fibrin. These characteristics are identical to those reported for bovine urokinase-pa. Although blood monocytes and milk macrophages produce pa after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, mammary macrophages are clearly limited in their ability to release pa. At maximal stimulation, 78% of the pa produced by milk macrophages remained cell-associated. In marked contrast, blood monocytes released 76% of the pa produced into the culture medium. Macrophages isolated from mastitic quarters produced higher (2.5 times) amounts of pa, compared with those produced by macrophages isolated from healthy quarters. However, in both cases, macrophages were unable to secrete the protein already produced. The limited pa secretion by milk macrophages might be a residual function of a differentiated macrophage population.
Antigenic analysis of four species of the genus Ehrlichia by use of protein immunoblot
Authors: Nyindo Mramba , Kakoma Ibulaimu , Hansen Richard
Published: January 2024

The antigenic profile of Ehrlichia canis, E risticii, E sennetsu, and E equi was investigated by the use of protein (western) immunoblot technique. Results of analysis of serum from acutely and chronically infected animals indicated that the 4 Ehrlichia species share a unique 25- kD polypeptide in addition to other peptides. Immune sera from dogs inoculated with E canis recognized a wide range of E canis polypeptide antigens, as determined by western blot analysis. A larger number of E sennetsu polypeptides were detected when homologous antiserum and antiserum to E equi were used. The latter antiserum did not recognize antigens of E canis or E risticii. Antisera to E canis, E risticii, and E sennetsu detected E equi antigens. Data indicate that a 25-kD protein is a common antigen among the species of the genus Ehrlichia and that the ascending order of abundance of immunodominant determinants in the 4 species of Ehrlichia studied would be: E risticii → E equi → E sennetsu → E canis. Implications of these findings for diagnosis of ehrlichial infections and prophylaxis are evident.
Actinobacillus Suis-like organisms and evidence of hemolytic strains of Actinobacillus lignieresii in horses
Authors: Samitz Eileen M. , Biberstein Ernst L.
Published: January 2024

Thirty-seven local isolates of Actinobacillus suis-like organisms from diseased and clinically normal horses and 1 llama were compared with reference strains of A suis, A lignieresii, A equuli, A capsulatus, A hominis, A (Pasteurella) ureae, and equine A suis-like organisms (aslo) previously described in literature. Comparison was by cultural characteristics, carbohydrate fermentation, enzyme profiles, and whole-cell protein polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Carbohydrate fermentation, determined by API-CH gallery, divided 36 equine aslo isolates into 6 API-CH biotypes. The llama isolate was an additional distinct biotype. The biochemical comparisons between A suis and aslo did not reveal remarkable and consistent differences.

Enzyme analysis revealed 5 API-ZYM biotypes, one of which included the same strains as one of the API-CH biotypes and consisted in both instances of 4 esculin-negative aslo cultures and the reference strain of A lignieresii. We conclude that the 4 strains were hemolytic variants of A lignieresii.

Protein electrophoresis disclosed 15 banding patterns, 10 of which represented equine aslo strains. The reference strains of A suis shared the pattern predominant among equine aslo. Four of the remaining reference strains of Actinobacillus species each had a unique profile, whereas the type strain of A capsulatus and the llama isolate had similar profiles.

The groupings of cultures resulting from the different testing methods had little relation to each other and to the anatomic source of the strains except the strains comprising API-CH biotype III, which originated in the equine respiratory tract, and the A lignieressii cluster.
Antagonistic effect of atipamezole on xylazine-induced sedation, bradycardia, and ruminal atony in calves
Authors: Thompson James R. , Kersting Karl W. , Hsu Walter H.
Published: January 2024

Three doses of an α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, atipamezole, were administered to reverse xylazine-induced sedation, bradycardia, and ruminal atony in calves. Once a week for 4 weeks, each of 6 calves was administered iv 1 treatment of: 0.3 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight, followed in 10 minutes by 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl; 0.3 mg of xylazine/kg, followed in 10 minutes by 3 μg of atipamezole/kg; 0.3 mg of xylazine/kg, followed in 10 minutes by 10 μg of atipamezole/kg; or 0.3 mg of xylazine/kg, followed in 10 minutes by 30 μg of atipamezole/kg. The order of the 4 treatments in each calf was selected at random. Xylazine alone caused lateral recumbency for 33.6 ±7.1 minutes (mean ± sem-). Atipamezole administered at dosages of 3, 10, and 30 μg/kg shortened xylazine-induced lateral recumbency to 20.5 ± 3.0, 10.2 ± 0.2, and 9.3 ± 0.5 minutes, respectively. Calves given xylazine alone stood at > 60 minutes after the onset of recumbency. Atipamezole given at 3, 10, and 30 μg/kg shortened the time from onset of lateral recumbency to standing to 40.2 ± 6.9, 12.8 ± 1.1, and 10.0 ± 0.7 minutes, respectively. Drowsiness was found in calves given the lowest dosage of atipamezole (3 μg/kg) after the calves stood.

Atipamezole given at dosages of 10 and 30 μg/kg reversed xylazine-induced ruminal atony in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, 30 μg of atipamezole/kg reversed xylazine-induced bradycardia, but the lower dosages of this antagonist did not. Results indicated that 30 μg of atipamezole/kg should be a useful antidote for xylazine overdose in cattle.
Acute effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser-induced uveitis in dogs
Authors: Millichamp Nicholas J. , Dziezyc Joan , Rohde Brooks H. , Chiou George C. Y. , Smith William B.
Published: January 2024

Dogs were treated with flunixin meglumine, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; L-651,896, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; and matrine, a herbal anti-inflammatory drug. Acute inflammation was induced in the eyes by disruption of the anterior lens capsule, using a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and eicosanoid production in the aqueous humor were measured. Statistically significant effects were seen in the eyes of flunixin meglumine-treated dogs where mydriasis was maintained and aqueous prostaglandin E2 concentration was reduced.
Cytologic, microbiologic, and biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from 24 healthy cats
Authors: Padrid Philip A. , Feldman Bernard F. , Funk Kathleen , Samitz Eileen M. , Reil Darlene , Cross Carroll E.
Published: January 2024

Twenty-four healthy cats underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage to determine the normal cytologic environment of the lower respiratory tract of cats. Initial screening to ensure the health of the study population included complete histories, physical examinations, thoracic radiography, cbc, serologic tests for feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and occult heartworm, and sugar and Baermann fecal flotation. In 18 cats, protected catheter brush samples of airway secretions from the lavaged lung segment were taken for culture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and mycoplasma. Bronchial lavage fluid (5 sequential 10-ml aliquots of normal saline solution) was pooled and filtered with cotton gauze. The unspun sample was used for determination of a total nucleated cell count. Lavage fluid was cytocentrifuged and 500 cells/slide were scored for determination of the cellular differential. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and concentrations of total protein and IgG within the supernatant were measured, and assays were performed to detect the presence of IgA and IgM. Complete histologic evaluation of the lavaged lung of each of 6 random-source cats was performed after differential cell counting revealed 18% eosinophils within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid recovered from this group.

Alveolar macrophages were the predominant cells encountered; however, a quarter of all cells recovered were eosinophils. A significant relationship was not found between the abundance of eosinophils in the lavage fluid, and either isolation of aerobic bacteria, high total nucleated cell counts, total protein concentrations, or activity of lactate dehydrogenase. Histologic evaluation of the lungs of 5 of 6 random-source cats revealed normal lungs in 2 cats, and minimal abnormal change in 3 others. Evaluation of the lungs from 1 random source cat revealed acute, mild eosinophilic bronchiolitis. We conclude that large numbers of eosinophils may be retrieved from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of healthy cats.
Protective immunity to toxoplasmosis in pigs vaccinated with a nonpersistent strain of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Urban J. F. , Davis S. W.
Published: January 2024

The rh strain of Toxoplasma gondii is highly virulent; 1 infective organism is uniformly lethal for mice. Three pigs inoculated sc with 103 tachyzoites of the rh strain developed fever, but otherwise remained normal, and T gondii was not demonstrated in their tissues by bioassay into mice. To determine whether vaccination with the rh strain could induce protective immunity to oral challenge with T gondii oocysts, 12 pigs were divided into 3 groups (A, B, C) of 4 pigs each. Pigs in groups A and B were inoculated im with 106 tachyzoites of the rh strain and 4 pigs in group C served as uninoculated controls. Except for fever, the pigs remained clinically normal after inoculation with the rh strain and T gondii was not found by bioassay in mice of tissues from 4 pigs euthanatized 64 days after inoculation. Pigs in groups B and C were challenge-inoculated orally with 104 (4 pigs) or 105 (4 pigs) T gondii oocysts 72 days after vaccination with the rh strain. The previously uninoculated pigs developed fever, anorexia, and diarrhea from 3 to 8 days after the oocyst challenge. One of the 2 pigs given 105 oocysts became moribund because of toxoplasmosis and was euthanatized 9 days after inoculation. Pigs vaccinated with the rh strain remained free of clinical signs after challenge with oocysts. Results of the bioassays indicated that fewer tissue cysts developed in the rh strain-vaccinated pigs than in the previously uninoculated control pigs.
Molecular epidemiology of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys
Authors: Carpenter Tim E. , Snipes Kurt P. , Kasten Rick W. , Hird David W. , Hirsh Dwight C.
Published: January 2024

Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys during an outbreak of fowl cholera was characterized by serotype and heterogeneity of genes encoding rrna (ribotype) to investigate the epidemiology of the organism. Isolates were collected between October 1985 and July 1986. The M9 or Clemson University fowl cholera vaccine-like strain was detected in 17% of the flocks with fowl cholera. One particular strain, isolated only from breeder flocks, was recovered from 7 of the 10 breeder flocks examined in this study. Intracompany transmission appeared to be common, implying a failure in biosecurity. Circumstantial evidence indicated that in the field, the incubation period of P multocida in a turkey flock may be between 2 to 7 weeks. Wildlife did not appear to be an important reservoir of P multocida for turkeys during this study period. Ribotyping results tended to discount several of the possible interflock transmissions, as suggested by examination of serotyping results alone; however, serotyping in combination with ribotyping proved helpful in understanding the epidemiology of P multocida in turkeys.
Effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on airway function in neonatal calves
Authors: LeBlanc Patrick H. , Baker John C. , Gray Peter R. , Robinson N. Edward , Derksen Frederik J.
Published: January 2024

Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and calves. Neonatal respiratory tract infection in children often produces persistent changes in lung function. The specific objective of this study was to determine whether neonatal calves have transient or persistent alterations in pulmonary function and airway reactivity following rsv infection. Six 2- to 3-day-old Holstein bull calves were inoculated with 10 ml of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) inoculum (102.7 to 103.8 cell culture infective doses/ml) intranasally and 10 ml of brsv inoculum (104.8 to 105.9 cell culture infective doses/ml) intratracheally for 4 consecutive days, and 5 other calves were sham-inoculated. Prior to inoculation (day 0) and on days 4, 14, and 30 after the last inoculation, body weight (kg), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), pulmonary resistance (RL), and 2 indices of airway reactivity (effective dose [ed] 65Cdyn and ed200RL) were measured. Control calves gained weight progressively throughout the study, whereas rsv-inoculated calves failed to gain weight for 14 days, but equaled control calf weight by 30 days after inoculation. The Cdyn of control calves increased significantly by 30 days, but did not in the rsv-infected calves. Pulmonary resistance was increased significantly at 4, 14, and 30 days, but was unaffected by sham inoculation. The ed65Cdyn and ed200RL indicated an age-dependent increase in reactivity to histamine and an increase in responsiveness in the infected group beginning at 14 days and persisting until the end of the study. The data indicate that brsv causes airway obstruction and hyperreactivity in neonatal calves, which persists for at least 30 days following viral exposure.
β-Adrenergic receptor activity in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Scott Jacqueline S. , Berney Cathy E. , Derksen Frederik J. , Robinson N. Edward
Published: January 2024

Pulmonary function measurements were made in control ponies and in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease (principals) during clinical remission and during an attack of acute airway obstruction. The ponies were given β-adrenergic antagonists and agonists to determine the role of β receptors in recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease, and to determine the subtypes of β receptors mediating bronchodilation in ponies. Aerosol administration of the β antagonists, propranolol (β1 and β2), atenolol (β1), and butoxamine (β2) decreased dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and increased pulmonary resistance (RL) in the principal ponies during airway obstruction, but were without effect when the ponies were in clinical remission. Intravenous administration of atropine reversed the effect of atenolol on Cdyn and RL, but was without effect on the decrease in Cdyn and increase in RL observed after butoxamine administration. The β antagonists did not affect airway function in the control ponies. The effect of β blockade on Cdyn and RL suggests β-adrenergic activation in the central and peripheral airways of principal ponies, mediated through both β2- and β1-adrenergic receptors. The aerosol β agonists, isoproterenol (β1 and β2), and clenbuterol (β2) attenuated histamine-induced airway obstruction to a similar extent in control ponies that were given histamine iv. In addition, the β1 antagonist, atenolol, did not attenuate the bronchodilation observed with isoproterenol. We concluded that, although β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors exist in pony airways and are activated during acute airway obstruction, bronchodilation in response to β agonists in ponies seems to be mediated primarily by β2-adrenergic receptors.
Influence of sedative and anesthetic agents on intradermal skin test reactions in dogs
Authors: Moriello Karen A. , Eicker Steven W.
Published: January 2024

To determine the effects of 9 sedative/anesthetic drug protocols on intradermal skin testing, an experimental state of type-I hypersensitivity was created. Intradermal skin tests were performed on 6 dogs, using positive and negative controls and a series of tenfold dilutions of Asc-1 allergen prior to drug administration. Approximately 4 hours later, the dogs were given 1 of the following drugs: acepromazine (low dose and high dose); ketamine hydrochloride with diazepam; thiamylal; oxymorphone; halothane; methoxyflurane; or isoflurane. The intradermal skin test then was repeated, and was scored objectively and subjectively. Objective scores were unaffected by any of the drugs. Subjective scores were affected in that acepromazine decreased wheal size and the induration of the intradermal skin test reaction sites.
Pharmacokinetic properties of doxorubicin encapsulated in glutaraldehyde-treated canine erythrocytes
Authors: Tonetti M. , Astroff A. B. , Satterfield W. , De Flora A. , Benatti U. , DeLoach J. R.
Published: January 2024

Canine erythrocytes were loaded with the antineoplastic drug doxorubicin and then treated with 0.16% glutaraldehyde. This procedure has been previously shown to slow down the efflux of doxorubicin from erythrocytes and to result in the selective targeting of the carrier erythrocytes to liver. Three dogs were treated each with 2 different schedules of iv bolus administration of doxorubicin (0.4 mg/kg of body weight): free drug and doxorubicin encapsulated in glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes. The 2 treatments yielded consistent differences in the plasma pharmacokinetic properties of doxorubicin and of its only metabolite, doxorubicinol. A triphasic exponential decay of doxorubicin plasma concentrations was observed on injection of the free drug. Conversely, in the case of erythrocyte-encapsulated doxorubicin, 4 phases of plasma concentrations of doxorubicin were found. The plasma concentrations of doxorubicinol, after a steady increase during the first hour, followed patterns of decay comparable to those of the parent drug. On the basis of the kinetic variables calculated with the 2 administration schedules, area under curve concentrations of plasma doxorubicin were 136 μg·h/L (free infusion) and 734 μ-g·h/L (erythrocyte-encapsulated drug). Significant alterations of hematologic and hematochemical factors were not observed in the 3 dogs during and after the 2 treatments. On the basis of our findings, doxorubicin-loaded and glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes may potentially be used in the treatment of systemic and hepatic tumors in dogs.
Electrophoretic profiles of Pasteurella multocida isolates from animals with hemorrhagic septicemia
Authors: Johnson Ronald B. , Dawkins Hugh J. S. , Spencer Terence L.
Published: January 2024

We determined that the protein profiles of 14 isolates from animals with hemorrhagic septicemia were relatively homogeneous and could be placed in 2 distinct groups on the basis of their country of origin. Such differences correlated with the serotypic properties of the individual isolates; hemorrhagic septicemia isolates of Asian and North American origin (Carter B) had a major protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa, whereas those of African origins (Carter E) had a major protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 37 kDa. The possession of a major 32-kDa protein band appeared to be unique to Carter B isolates, suggesting that electrophoresis may be a useful nonserologic technique for the identification of organisms of this serotype. Other major bands with apparent molecular masses of 27, 45, and 47 kDa were shared by all strains, regardless of their serotype. The lipopolysaccharides were of low molecular mass and relatively uniform from 1 isolate to the next.
Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity in anesthetized horses, maintained at 1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration of halothane
Authors: Hellyer Peter W. , Dodam John R. , Light Gwen S.
Published: January 2024

Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity for increasing arterial pressure (dbsi) was used to quantitatively assess the effects of anesthesia on the heart rate/arterial pressure relationship during rapid (≤ 2 minutes) pressure changes in the horse. Anesthesia was induced with iv administration of xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane at a constant end-tidal concentration of 1.1 to 1.2% (1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration). Systolic arterial pressure (sap) was increased a minimum of 30 mm of Hg in response to an iv bolus injection of phenylephrine HCl. Linear regression was used to determine the slope of the r-r interval/sap relationship. During dynamic increases in sap, a significant correlation between r-r interval and sap was observed in 8 of 8 halothane-anesthetized horses. Correlation coefficients between r-r interval and sap were > 0.80 in 5 of 8 horses. Mean (± sd) dbsi was 4.8 ± 3.4 ms/mm of Hg in anesthetized horses. A significant correlation between r-r interval and sap was observed in only 3 of 6 awake horses during dynamic increases in sap. Lack of correlation between r-r interval and sap in 3 of 6 awake horses indicated that rapidly increasing sap with an iv phenylephrine bolus is a poor method to evaluate baroreceptor-mediated heart rate changes in awake horses. Reflex slowing of heart rate in response to a rising arterial pressure appeared to have been overridden by the effects of excitement. Mean (± sd) dbsi (3 horses) was 7.3 ± 3.3 ms/mm of Hg in awake horses.
Effect of a passive heat and moisture exchanger on esophageal temperature in tumor-bearing dogs during whole-body hyperthermia
Authors: Meyer Robert E. , Page Rodney L. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: January 2024

The effect of a passive heat and moisture exchanger on tracheal and large airway temperature, as reflected by esophageal temperature at the thoracic inlet, was determined for 12 anesthetized and ventilated tumor-bearing dogs undergoing whole-body hyperthermia at 42 C. Delivered thermal dose to the esophagus and rectum during 120 minutes of whole-body hyperthermia was quantified as the thermal dose summary measure EQ43. The heat and moisture exchanger significantly increased esophageal EQ43 from 7.3 minutes to 12.1 minutes. Esophageal EQ43, however, remained lower than rectal EQ43. Although use of a heat and moisture exchanger improved esophageal temperature during whole-body hyperthermia, presumably through improved airway temperature, additional methods will be necessary to increase esophageal and airway temperature to the target value of 42 C.
Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin as determinants of inflammation in dogs
Authors: Solter Philip F. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Hungerford Laura L. , Siegel Joel P. , St. Denis Suzanne H. , Dorner Joseph L.
Published: January 2024

Assay procedures for determining serum haptoglobin concentration and ceruloplasmin oxidase activity in dogs were validated, and reference values were established. Serum haptoglobin concentration is reported as milligrams per deciliter of cyanmethemoglobin binding capacity, whereas serum ceruloplasmin oxidase activity was determined by use of p-phenylenediamine as substrate. Both assays were used to analyze serum samples from 288 dogs. In each dog’s case record, clinical history and final diagnosis were evaluated to determine whether the dog had an inflammatory condition. Complete blood cell counts were performed in 265 dogs, using simultaneously collected blood samples. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was determined for 161 dogs. A positive correlation (P < 0.01) was found for serum haptoglobin concentration and for ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, compared with wbc counts, segmented neutrophil and band neutrophil counts, and plasma fibrinogen concentration. Ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and haptoglobin concentration were up to 6 times more sensitive than fibrinogen concentration or leukocyte counts in detecting inflammation. Specificity of ceruloplasmin oxidase activity was comparable to fibrinogen concentration and leukocyte counts, whereas haptoglobin concentration was found to be slightly less specific. Specificity of haptoglobin concentration improved slightly (from 0.82 to 0.88) when dogs with a history of glucocorticoid administration were excluded from analysis. Predictive value of a negative test result (haptoglobin concentration < 125 mg/dl; ceruloplasmin oxidase activity < 20 IU/L) and predictive value of a positive test result for haptoglobin concentration and ceruloplasmin activity were comparable to or better than fibrinogen concentration or various oxidase leukocyte counts in detection of inflammation in a variety of disease conditions. We concluded that serum haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin oxidase assays could be used as adjuncts for diagnosis of the inflammation in dogs.
Survey to estimate prevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in mature cattle in the United States
Authors: Miller David A. , Wilson Mark A. , Beran George W.
Published: January 2024

A total of 5,142 kidney tissue samples and 5,111 serum samples from mature cattle in 49 states and Puerto Rico were collected at slaughter. Age of cattle ranged from 1 to 16 years (mean, 6.6 years). Leptospires were isolated from 88 (1.7%) kidney tissues, and 2,493 (49%) sera contained antibodies against 1 or more of 12 Leptospira interrogans serovars. Leptospires were observed by immunofluorescence in 41 (0.8%) kidney tissues. Using agglutinin-absorption tests, 73 (83%) isolates were identified as serovar hardjo, 11 (12.5%) as serovar pomona, and 4 (4.5%) as serovar grippotyphosa. By use of restriction endonuclease analysis studies of chromosomal dna, all isolates differed from reference serovars but were identical to strains previously isolated from cattle or swine in the United States. Of the serovar hardjo isolates, 85% were identical to restriction endonuclease analysis type (genotype) hardjo-bovis A and 11 (15%) were identical to genotype hardjo-bovis B. Serovar pomona isolates were identical to genotypes kennewicki A (64%) or kennewicki B (36%), and serovar grippotyphosa isolates were identical to the RM 52 strain. Isolation rates were significantly (P < 0.001) higher for beef cattle than for dairy cattle and were higher (P < 0.001) for bulls than for cows. Combined culture and immunofluorescence results indicated that 2% of mature cattle were renal carriers of leptospires.
Investigation of sites of pseudorabies virus latency, using polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Wheeler J. Galeota , Osorio F. A.
Published: January 2024

Pseudorabies virus (prv) latency was investigated, using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). A pcr protocol was developed that specifically amplified a 217-base pair sequence within the gene encoding the essential glycoprotein gp50 of prv. Using this pcr procedure, the gp50 sequence was amplifed from tissues of pigs infected with various doses of prv (Becker strain). At postinoculation day 64, viral isolation was performed on nasal swab specimens and homogenates of tonsils and trigeminal nerve ganglia obtained from 11 prv-convalescent, seropositive pigs. Results were negative in all cases. By use of pcr, 11 of 11 pigs had prv-positive trigeminal nerve ganglia and brain stem, 10 of 11 pigs had prv-positive tonsils, and 9 of 11 pigs had prv-positive olfactory bulbs.
Dose response to butorphanol administered subcutaneously to increase visceral nociceptive threshold in dogs
Authors: Sawyer Donald C. , Rech Richard H. , Durham Robert A. , Adams Thomas , Richter Marlee A. , Striler Elaine L.
Published: January 2024

Butorphanol (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg of body weight, and placebo) was given sc to 8 healthy unmedicated dogs to determine its efficacy for visceral analgesia, using a colonic balloon for minimal threshold nociceptor stimulation. Degree of sedation; systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure; and pulse rate were recorded. The highest 3 dosages, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg, were found to be most effective, with 0.8 mg/kg the only dosage that was significantly different from control responses at the 45-minute interval. Duration of analgesia ranged from 23 to 53 minutes for all 6 dosages and dosing durations were not significantly different from one another. Blood pressures did not change, but pulse rate was significantly decreased by 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg. We concluded that butorphanol is an effective visceral analgesic of relatively short duration in the dog.
Morphologic characterization of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue in chickens
Authors: Fix Andrew S. , Arp Lawrence H.
Published: January 2024

Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (calt) in the eyelids of chickens was studied by gross, histologic, and electron microscopic techniques. Structural features were characterized at 1 day of age and at posthatching week (phw) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16. Beginning at phw 1, prominent lymphoid nodules containing a heterogenous population of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and macrophages were first observed within conjunctival folds and fissures of the lower eyelid. Nodules contained germinal centers by phw 2 and plasma cells by phw 4. The epithelium associated with these nodules was flat, had short, irregular microvilli, contained intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lacked goblet cells. High endothelial venules were located at the base of lymphoid nodules and contained lymphocytes within and below the cuboidal endothelium. In the upper eyelid, calt was morphologically similar to lymphoid tissue in the lower eyelid, but nodules were smaller and more random, lacked association with epithelial folds and fissures, and were clustered around the opening of the nasolacrimal duct. By phw 12, calt was characterized by basal germinal centers outlined by collagenous stroma, suprafollicular plasma cells, columnar epithelium with goblet cells, and fewer intraepithelial lymphocytes. On the basis of these features, calt in chickens has morphologic characteristics similar to other components of the mucosal immune system and, therefore, may have a role in mucosal immunity.
Evaluation of epiglottic augmentation by use of polytetrafluoroethylene paste in horses
Authors: Tulleners Eric , Hamir Amir
Published: January 2024

Epiglottic augmentation was evaluated in 7 horses, using 7 ml of polytetrafluoroethylene (polytef) paste injected submucosally on the ventral surface of the epiglottis. In 6 horses, an Arnold-Bruning intracordal injection syringe, specifically designed to inject polytef into paralyzed vocal folds in human beings, was used. At necropsy 60 days after surgery, group mean thickness measurement 20 mm from the epiglottic tip was 40% greater (P < 0.01) and, at the epiglottic attachment of the aryepiglottic fold, was 29% greater (P < 0.01) in the 6 polytefaugmented horses than in clinically normal nonsurgically treated controls. At necropsy, extensive epiglottic thickening was seen. This thickening was exclusively attributable to distention of submucosal areas in the ventral aspect of the epiglottis, with foreign body granulomata surrounded by fibrous connective tissue.

In 1 horse, polytef paste was injected by use of a disposable syringe and needle. Excess ventral epiglottic swelling and exposed epiglottic cartilage was seen during subsequent endoscopy. At necropsy 60 days after surgery, the epiglottic contour remained deformed and a large deep mucosal ulcer was observed at the injection site. Histologic examination revealed necrotizing suppurative inflammation that extended into the epiglottic cartilage.

Surgery was not technically difficult to perform through a laryngotomy, and all horses tolerated the procedure without apparent discomfort. Endoscopy performed after surgery revealed unremarkable and uniform response to the polytef paste in 4 horses, and in 3 horses, revealed excess swelling and inflammation of the ventral epiglottic tissue that resolved over time. Overdistention of the submucosal space with polytef may have accounted for the undesirable tissue responses that developed, including excess inflammation in the ventral epiglottic tissue in 3 horses, migration of polytef in 4 horses, and ventral mucosal ulceration in 3 horses.

Thickening of the ventral epiglottic surface that was readily apparent in all horses at necropsy could not be reliably distinguished endoscopically in conscious horses. Qualitative changes in epiglottic thickness and contour could be distinguished on lateral-view laryngeal radiographs; however, thickness measurements made from radiographs did not correlate accurately with actual thickness measurements made at necropsy.
Abnormal structure of the canine oncogene, related to the human c-yes-1 oncogene, in canine mammary tumor tissue
Authors: Miyoshi Noriaki , Tateyama Susumu , Ogawa Kandai , Yamaguchi Ryoji , Kuroda Haruto , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Shimizu Tsutomu
Published: January 2024

Cellular oncogenes of genomic dna in 6 canine primary mammary tumors were screened by Southern blot analysis, using 7 oncogene probes. A canine genomic oncogene related to the human c-yes-1 oncogene was detected as abnormal bands in solid carcinoma genomic dna digested with EcoRI, HindIII, HindIII-EcoRI, or HindIII-BamHI. Comparison was made between other tumor specimens and control specimens obtained from 4 clinically normal dogs—1 mixed breed and 3 Shiba Inu dogs (the same breed as the dog from which the solid carcinoma was obtained). These abnormal bands were 0.1 to 1 kilobase shorter than the normal gene. However, digestion of genomic dna obtained from normal wbc of this dog also produced all of the abnormal bands as observed in digested dna from the solid carcinoma tissue.

Therefore, in this dog, the genomic dna of all somatic cells from the ontogenic stage still had the abnormal sequences related to the human c-yes-1 oncogene, and it is possible that this abnormal structure may have some role (eg, as an initiator) in tumorigenesis or the progression of this tumor.
Changes in the bovine teat canal during the nonlactating period and early lactation, as measured by teat canal impressions
Authors: Oldham E. R. , Eberhart R. J. , Lange A. L. , Bruso S. L.
Published: January 2024

Changes in dimensions of impressions of the lumen of the teat canals of 13 cows were examined at 17 intervals during the nonlactating period and early lactation. Impressions were made of teats of 2 diagonally opposed quarters of each cow, using dental impression material. Impression length was measured and cross sections of the impressions at the proximal (distal to Furstenburg rosette), distal (proximal to the teat orifice), and middle (midway between the 2), portions of the teat canal were prepared. Cross sections were photographed and enlarged, and circumference and area were determined by use of planimetry. Effects of making repeated impressions during the nonlactating period and early lactation on new infection rates and somatic cell counts were also assessed.

Mean length of teat canal impressions decreased between days 0 and 3 of involution and during the prepartum periods. Depending on the level from which they were taken, cross-sectional areas of impressions tended to increase or increased significantly during the period of involution and again in the prepartum period. Significant changes in cross-sectional area were not observed during early lactation. Changes in circumference of proximal, middle, and distal cross sections followed trends similar to area measurements, but were more variable and differences were less statistically significant. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that heightened susceptibility to new infection during mammary involution and the prepartum period may be attributable, in part, to changes in the patency of the teat canal. Making impressions repeatedly throughout the nonlactating period and early lactation did not affect the number of new intramammary infections.
Purification of the ninth component of the bovine complement cascade
Authors: Eisenschenk Frank Christopher , Houle Jeri J. , Hoffmann Edward M.
Published: January 2024

Conditions for purification of the ninth component of bovine complement (C9) were established. The conditions for binding and elution from diethylaminoethyl cellulose and hydroxylapatite were different than for human C9. Serum albumin, a frequent contaminant of bovine C9 preparations, was removed by chromatography on reactive-red agarose. The calculated molecular weight of bovine C9 was 66,000, and reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol affected its migration on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some preparations of bovine C9 migrated as 2 bands when partially reduced, but extensively reduced preparations had a single band.
Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in rabbits
Authors: Portnoy Lisa G. , Hustead David R.
Published: January 2024

The pharmacokinetic properties of butorphanol tartrate were determined in 7 rabbits after iv and sc injection (0.5 mg/kg of body weight). A 2-compartment model (biexponential) best represented the concentration vs time curve after iv injection. The half-life was calculated to be 1.64 hours via iv administration, whereas sc injection resulted in an elimination half-life of 3.16 hours.
Correlation of serum concentration of α1,-acid glycoprotein with lymphocyte blastogenesis and development of experimentally induced or naturally acquired hepatic abscesses in cattle
Authors: Motoi Yoshiko , Itoh Hiroshi , Tamura Keiji , Miyamoto Toru , Oohashi Tsutai , Nagasawa Shigeyoshi
Published: January 2024

Changes in serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein (α1AG) concentration in cattle with hepatic abscesses were observed, and function of α1ag was evaluated, particularly its influence on cellular immune response. Test cattle (n = 4) were inoculated with Fusobacterium necrophorum, control cattle (n = 2) were inoculated with inactivated bacteria, and naturally affected cattle (n = 11) were found in a slaughterhouse.

Determination of α1ag was made by use of a single radial immunodiffusion method. The action on lymphocyte blastogenesis was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Cultured lymphocytes from healthy cattle were treated with variable concentrations of α1ag purified from serum obtained from cattle with hepatic abscesses and suppression of blastogenesis stimulated by each of 3 mitogens was measured.

In cattle with experimentally induced abscesses, serum α1ag concentration increased for 7 to 10 days after F necrophorum inoculation, its change being parallel to that of sialic acid. High concentration of α1ag was found in naturally affected cattle and was highly correlated to sialic acid concentration. Suppression of lymphocyte blastogenesis in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses was highly correlated to serum α1ag concentration.
Nucleotide sequence of canine c-N-ras: Codons 1 to 71
Authors: Saunders K. A. , Madewell B. R. , Oreffo V. I. C. , Kraegel S. A. , Gumerlock P. H.
Published: January 2024

The c-N-ras gene has been implicated often in the genesis and/or progression of human leukemias. To our knowledge, the sequence of this gene in the dog has not been reported. Using a system of asymmetric reamplification of double-stranded polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products, we have sequenced normal canine c-N-ras mrna from position -26 to +213, including codons 12, 13, and 61, which are the sites where oncogenic mutations are most commonly observed. The canine c-N-ras sequence has close homology with the human sequence in this area; there were only 6 observed base differences in nucleotide sequence and none resulted in a change of the encoded amino acid. The results of this study set the stage for directed searches for c-N-ras mutations in experimentally induced and naturally acquired neoplasms of the dog.