bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operating Principles From the Digital Battle Space That Could Benefit the Digital Care Space
Authors: Vigilante Kevin , Kizer Kenneth W , Escaravage Steven
Published: April 2024

The promise of digital tools to dramatically improve health care remains largely unfulfilled, creating frustration for both patients and providers. Additionally, these tools are increasingly vulnerable to cyber attack and deep fakes. The digital battle space has progressed rapidly to address similar challenges and offers valuable lessons for health care. In this article we explore how six principles from the digital battle space can be applied to the digital care space.
The uS10c-BPG2 module mediates ribosomal RNA processing in chloroplast nucleoids
Authors: Sun Xueping , Singla-Rastogi Meenu , Wang Jingwen , Zhao Chuanzhi , Wang Xingjun , Li Pengcheng
Published: April 2024

In plant chloroplasts, certain ribosomal proteins (RPs) and ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) are present in nucleoids, implying an association between nucleoids and ribosome biogenesis. In Arabidopsis, the YqeH-type GTPase Brassinazole-Insensitive Pale Green2 (BPG2) is a chloroplast nucleoid-associated RBF. Here, we investigated the relationship between nucleoids and BPG2-involved ribosome biogenesis steps by exploring how BPG2 targets ribosomes. Our findings demonstrate that BPG2 interacts with an essential plastid RP, uS10c, in chloroplast nucleoids in a ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-independent manner. We also discovered that uS10c is a haploinsufficient gene, as the heterozygous deletion of this gene leads to variegated shoots and chlorophyll aggregation. uS10c is integrated into 30S ribosomal particles when rRNA is relatively exposed and also exists in polysome fractions. In contrast, BPG2 exclusively associates with 30S ribosomal particles. Notably, the interaction between BPG2 and 30S particles is influenced by the absence of uS10c, resulting in BPG2 diffusing in chloroplasts instead of targeting nucleoids. Further, our results reveal that the loss of BPG2 function and the heterozygous deletion of uS10c impair the processing of 16S and 23S-4.5S rRNAs, reduce plastid protein accumulation, and trigger the plastid signaling response. Together, these findings indicate that the uS10c-BPG2 module mediates ribosome biogenesis in chloroplast nucleoids.
Economic inactivity and mental–physical multimorbidity
Authors: Henderson Max , Martin Adam , McElvenny Damien , Relton Sam , Stevelink Sharon
Published: April 2024

Economic inactivity and multimorbidity, including mental–physical multimorbidity, have increased in recent years, adversely impacting individuals and the economy, and widening health inequalities. There is an under-recognition of their relationship although they share important risk factors. The substantial challenges of each cannot be addressed without understanding the other. This requires access to better health and work data, and greater cooperation between clinicians, researchers and policy-makers. The central role of occupational health expertise is highlighted.
Do all Emergency Room Patients With Influenza-like Symptoms Need Blood Cultures? A Retrospective Cohort Study of 2 Annual Influenza Seasons
Authors: Ehrhard Simone , Herren Lukas , Ricklin Meret E , Suter-Riniker Franziska , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K , Hautz Wolf , Müller Martin , Jent Philipp
Published: April 2024

In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated risk factors for bacteremia in emergency department patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms during influenza epidemic seasons. In patients without fever, chronic heart or chronic liver disease, blood culture collection might be omitted.
Genomic Surveillance of Invasive Meningococcal Disease During a National MenW Outbreak in Australia, 2017–2018
Authors: Sotheran Emily , Lane Courtney R , Horan Kristy , Stevens Kerrie , Guglielmino Christine , Bradbury Susan , Kennedy Karina , Cooley Louise , McEwan Belinda , Kahler Charlene M , Mowlaboccus Shakeel , Speers David J , Baird Robert , Freeman Kevin , Leong Lex , Warner Morgyn , Williamson Deborah A , McVernon Jodie , Lahra Monica , Jennison Amy V , Howden Benjamin P , Andersson Patiyan
Published: April 2024

Background

In Australia, invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) incidence rapidly increased between 2014 and 2017 due to rising serogroup W (MenW) and MenY infections. We aimed to better understand the genetic diversity of IMD during 2017 and 2018 using whole genome sequencing data.

Methods

Whole genome sequencing data from 440 Australian IMD isolates collected during 2017 and 2018 and 1737 international MenW:CC11 isolates collected in Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, and South America between 1974 and 2020 were used in phylogenetic analyses; genetic relatedness was determined from single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Results

Australian isolates were as follows: 181 MenW (41%), 144 MenB (33%), 88 MenY (20%), 16 MenC (4%), 1 MenW/Y (0.2%), and 10 nongenogroupable (2%). Eighteen clonal complexes (CCs) were identified, and 3 (CC11, CC23, CC41/44) accounted for 78% of isolates (343/440). These CCs were associated with specific serogroups: CC11 (n = 199) predominated among MenW (n = 181) and MenC (n = 15), CC23 (n = 80) among MenY (n = 78), and CC41/44 (n = 64) among MenB (n = 64). MenB isolates were highly diverse, MenY were intermediately diverse, and MenW and MenC isolates demonstrated the least genetic diversity. Thirty serogroup and CC-specific genomic clusters were identified. International CC11 comparison revealed diversification of MenW in Australia.

Conclusions

Whole genome sequencing comprehensively characterized Australian IMD isolates, indexed their genetic variability, provided increased within-CC resolution, and elucidated the evolution of CC11 in Australia.
Qualitative Research in Health and Illness
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt
Published: April 2024

This book is an accessible introduction to doing qualitative inquiry. Through exploration of research ethics, study design, data collection, data analysis, writing, and other topics, students learn how to conduct their own qualitative research. Although students of any discipline will find this text helpful, it specifically will be of interest to students in health-related fields, including nursing, health studies, kinesiology, public health, physical/occupational therapy, health care administration, nutrition, medical sociology, and medical anthropology. The book can be used at both the upper level undergraduate and the graduate level. This book can also be used by health care practitioners and faculty interested in learning how to conduct qualitative research.
The Promise of ‘Peace through Law’ in the Shadow of War
Authors: Simon Hendrik
Published: April 2024

The Franco-Prussian War (1870/71) was arguably the most important historical caesura in the European legal discourse: Chapter 6 first refers to the professionalization of international legal scholarship around the 1870s (Chapter 6.2) before discussing the continuities and changes in liberal thinking about war and peace (Chapter 6.3). Liberal international legal scholars not only referred to Kant’s plan of an ‘outlawry of war’, but also to ‘old’ narratives of morality and natural law. The liberal legal scholars thus fluctuated in their thinking somewhere between Grotius and Kant. At the same time, liberal legal thinking on peace was not free of ambivalences. While they were in favour of peace through law, some liberal scholars developed justifications for wars of national unification (Chapter 6.4). This is a particularly clear example of the nineteenth-century paradoxes of nationalism and internationalism. But liberal legal discourse was also strongly influenced by colonialist, racist, chauvinist, and antisemitic narratives. One exception was a particularly progressive Kantian—Walther Schücking. In his reflexive approach to the ambivalences of liberal legal thought, Schücking consistently strove for ius contra bellum (Chapter 6.5) and thus underlined the importance that this legal political demand had gained at the end of the nineteenth century. A clear rejection of a ‘free right to go to war’!
A Hegemonic Discourse? On Mainstream(s) and Myth(s)
Authors: Simon Hendrik
Published: April 2024

Was the thesis of liberum ius ad bellum influential beyond Germany? Chapter 8 shows that the mainstream of legal scholars in Europe clearly opposed the German ‘outsiders’. It argues that, in the last third of the nineteenth century, discussions between realist and liberal scholars in Europe anticipated the First Great Debate in International Relations, which is usually dated to the mid-twentieth century. What is striking is how, in this transdisciplinary debate, the arguments between the primates of law and politics, on one hand, and the military, on the other, were exchanged and related to each other in an antithetical manner.
Antinomianism
Authors: Simon Hendrik
Published: April 2024

Chapter 9 turns to the German politics of justifying military force between 1870/71 and 1918. The chapter’s focus is on the genesis of Notstand (‘necessity’) as a narrative of justification. While studies on the necessity of war have mainly focused on ius in bello, the chapter points to Germany’s reservations regarding efforts to foster ius contra bellum, as discussed in the context of the Hague Peace Conferences (Chapter 9.2). Subsequently, the chapter addresses the Kaiserreich’s war justifications in the context of the First World War (Chapter 9.3). While Germany did not explicitly claim a ‘free right to wage war’, it justified blatant violations of the norms of ius contra bellum and ius in bello with reference to Notwehr (‘self-defence’) and broad interpretations of Notstand (‘necessity’). In its eclectic use of both the Clausewitzian legal theory of liberum ius ad bellum and elements of the European war discourse, the Kaiserreich attempted to create alternative normative facts. As is shown in reference to European reactions, Germany pursued a ‘special path’ (Sonderweg) in its politics of justifying war—one which was not accepted by the international legal community.
Flattery in Seneca the Younger
Authors: Russo Martina
Published: April 2024

Flattery in Seneca the Younger: Theory and Practice explores the discourse of flattery in Seneca’s philosophical texts and the extent to which Seneca developed a theory of adulation. The personal practice of flattery displayed in the Ad Polybium and in De clementia along with the ‘distant’ exempla of flattery represented by Seneca indicates the range of strategic flattery during the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Seneca emerges as a practitioner and as a theorist of flattery. Seneca not only accepts flattery but also advocates it as an essential tool. Nevertheless, in Seneca’s philosophical prose a constant tension emerges: whereas flattery is ‘politically’ acceptable as an instrument to cope with the absolute power embraced by the princeps, the sapiens and the proficiens should be careful because flattery can compromise their path to wisdom. The volume discusses how passages permeated with the most blatant flattery can be read on a new level, viewing Seneca’s philosophical prose as an exercise in symbolic projection behind the façade of the most flagrant flattery.
Polybius’ hilariora studia
Authors: Russo Martina
Published: April 2024

By exploring the possible link between Polybius and Seneca, Chapter 2 attempts to explain why Seneca chooses to address Polybius among Claudius’ freedmen, and not the more powerful Pallas or Narcissus, by focusing on the relevance of literature in the consolation. As part of his stratagem to draw Claudius’ attention to his situation, Seneca describes the freedman not only as a zealous imperial functionary but as an outstanding scholar. Rereading Polybius not simply as the material executor of the emperor but also as an eminent intellectual helps us to acknowledge the great relevance of literary culture in the first century. The chapter focuses on Seneca’s depiction of Polybius as a highly cultured freedman, who has to celebrate Claudius’ res gestae, and then turns to a less demanding literary genre. It will be revealed that the omission of Phaedrus opens up a complex operation of censorship which has considerable social and political repercussions.
Experiential Representation and Disabled People’s Interests
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie
Published: April 2024

Do political representatives who identify as disabled refer to their own lived experience in the process of political deliberation and policy-making, and how? Do they use this experience to represent the interests of disabled citizens? To answer these questions, and the wider question of how the presence of disabled people in parliaments matters, the chapter provides analysis of the political speeches and activities of disabled MPs going back to 1866. Moreover, it draws upon interviews with disabled politicians and disability rights campaigners to understand the links between lived experience of disability and representation. The study finds that many disabled politicians are indeed active representatives of disabled people, and that disabled activists believe that lived experience is necessary for the good representation of disabled people. At times, the specific nature of particular impairments or conditions also becomes relevant and is addressed by representatives. The chapter concludes that, while non-disabled people can and do also play an important role in developing disability policy, the lived experience of disability enhances the representation of disabled people’s issues and interests.
The 3 Regional Human Rights Courts in Context
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence
Published: April 2024

The book takes a critically engaged look at both the creation and the workings of the three regional human rights systems, of which the 3 Courts are the jewels in the crown, so to speak. It is the first to offer a comprehensive legal and political–scientific analysis comparing the three systems. Rather than merely juxtaposing analogous features in each system, it compares and contrasts each within an integrated whole. It also includes historical, political, and sociological insights and observations alongside its primary legal focus—hence the ‘in context’ in the title. A close analysis of the processes by which the systems came into being makes it clear that, regardless of distinctive political, cultural, and other factors, states on each of the three continents have chafed hard at the bit of international supervision. The commonly accepted wisdom that, after the Second World War, the ethical, cultural, and political thrust of the human rights project was so powerful that states simply did not need to discuss it, is no longer tenable. The subtitle of the book—Justice That Cannot Be Taken for Granted—underscores this key point, which is buttressed further by analyses of how each system has evolved and how the rulings of each court have been implemented.
Shaky Legitimacy
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence
Published: April 2024

Chapter 3 discusses the complexities around attempts to establish the legitimacy of the 3 Courts. Based on recent work—specifically a volume edited by Nienke Grossman et al.—the chapter approaches the problem from two angles. First there is the choice of what rights are to be protected: whether states agree to add rights to those of each system covered when it was set up. Then there is the selection of judges, with states determined at all costs to maintain control over internal selection procedures. The chapter’s analysis makes clear that, even after it seems to have been established, the Courts’ legitimacy still cannot be said to be on solid ground—far from it: it is particularly shaky, buffeted over time by a plethora of legal and political factors.
Persuasive Synergies
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence
Published: April 2024

Chapter 6 highlights two key factors that persuade states to implement the judgments and jurisprudential standards developed by the courts—hence the title of the chapter, ‘Persuasive Synergies’. The first factor, constitutional persuasiveness, is of a strictly juridical nature and concerns the ways in which the constitutions of the three continents do or do not make room for international human rights law. The second, dialogic persuasiveness, goes beyond the juridical realm, taking in various types of dialogue set up between the 3 Courts and various domestic actors such as judges, bodies set up to protect human rights, such as the national human rights institutions, various academic entities, and NGOs.
Should Responsibility Affect Who Gets a Kidney?
Authors: Chan Lok , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter , Schaich Borg Jana , Conitzer Vincent
Published: April 2024

When two people need a kidney transplant, but only one kidney is available, we need to decide who gets it. If one of the potential recipients needs the kidney because of their own voluntary behavior, but the other is not at all responsible for needing a kidney, then we need to decide whether this fault should be a consideration in favor of the other patient getting the kidney. While there has been considerable philosophical debate on this issue, there is far less research into the views of the public. To explore opinions on these issues, we first asked survey participants to ascribe or deny responsibility for the risky behavior for kidney disease, and for being deprived of a kidney in cases of drinking alcohol, drug abuse, smoking and unhealthy eating when the patient did or did not stop the risky behavior after being diagnosed with kidney disease. Next, we asked participants who should get the kidney when the patient who engaged in risky behavior did or did not know, or have easy access to, the information that the behavior was risky. We found that participants generally ascribed responsibility on the basis of knowledge but allocated the kidney on the basis of access to information. These findings have important implications for moral theories as well as medical policies.
Taking Responsibility for Uncertainty
Authors: Holton Richard , Fritz Zoë
Published: April 2024

Our topic here is uncertainty, especially as this arises in medicine. We are concerned with the uncertainty of diagnosis and of prognosis, and about how this should be communicated and shared between a doctor and patient. We are concerned with the idea that the doctor might rightly take responsibility for some of that uncertainty, in the sense that they may manage it when the patient is unwilling or unable to do so. And we are concerned with the implications that this has for informed consent, for shared decision making, and for other normative dimensions of the doctor–patient relationship. Most centrally we argue that it is best understood, not in terms of informed consent, but in terms of informed trust.
Multicellularity
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Multicellularity evolved numerous times within eukaryotes and multicellular eukaryotes form the bulk of biomass on Earth. Since it evolved several times, multicellularity must have a significant evolutionary advantage. While an increase in size is an important factor in the evolution of multicellularity, the key advantage lies in the fact that the cells of a multicellular organism are different from each other and exhibit division of labor. Multicellularity has evolved via two main paths. One path is via aggregation of genetically diverse cells in order to function together. The second path is via clonal division of single cell, with the daughter cells staying together and taking on different cell identities. In clonal multicellularity, only a small subset of the cells is involved in reproduction and in transferring their genes to the next generation. This type of reproduction is usually sexual, with two individuals combining their genetic material, each contributing a single gamete. The two gametes fuse to give zygote, which is the first step toward embryonic development. Sexual reproduction is evidently a successful strategy, since the majority of multicellular organisms reproduce sexually. Nonetheless, the immediate evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction remains unclear.
Arthropoda I
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

The arthropods are among the most familiar and most common animals on earth. They include insects, centipedes, crabs and shrimps, spider and scorpions, and many others. By any metric, they are the most successful group of animals on the planet. The unparalleled diversity of arthropods is based on variations on a conserved body plan, which includes a segmented body enclosed in a rigid exoskeleton, with a pair of appendages on each segment or on most segments. The different clades within Arthropoda are characterized by specific organization of the segments into functional units known as tagmata. Chelicerates are characterized by two tagmata: a prosoma, including sense organs, feeding appendages, and walking appendages, and an opisthosoma, containing the digestive and reproductive systems and usually no appendages. Nearly all chelicerates are predators, and many of them have some sort of venom and venom delivery system. The greatest diversity of chelicerates is in the terrestrial arachnids. In addition, there are two smaller marine taxa, pycnogonids or sea spiders and xiphosurans or horseshoe crabs.
Chordata and Hemichordata
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Chordata is the phylum that vertebrates, including ourselves, belong to. Chordates have a series of unifying characters, including a semi-rigid support structure or notochord, a dorsal hollow neural tube, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. There are three sub-phyla within chordates. One is the vertebrates, which will be discussed separately. The other two are Cephalochordata—small, fish-like animals with a translucent body and a small head—and Tunicata—planktonic or sessile suspension feeders that lose many typical chordate characters in the adult stage. Hemichordata is a separate phylum, once thought to be closely related to chordates, but now believed to be closer to echinoderms. Hemichordates share some characters with chordates, but not all. They are worm-like animals, either benthic or planktonic.
Organismic biology in the twenty-first century
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Organismic biology as a discipline has waxed and waned in popularity and relative importance over the years. Recently, organismic biology has regained its standing as a central component of modern biology, largely through the integration of mechanistic approaches into a broad organismic view. Developmental biology, and especially evolutionary developmental biology, has been a unifying discipline for organismic biology. The discovery that all animals share a developmental toolkit consisting of conserved genes and cellular components has made it possible to follow the evolution of animal body plans by seeing how this conserved toolkit is deployed differently in different organisms. It provides a mechanistic understanding of homology as a manifestation of ancestrally shared networks of regulatory genes. Following these developments, organismic biology is undergoing a renaissance and answering age-old questions on the evolution and relationships of animals and on the structure and function of organs and organ systems.
Displaced
Authors: Sandhya Shaifali
Published: April 2024

Conflicts, climate change, poverty, and the pandemic are forcing 117.2 million people and more to abandon their homes and heritage. Displaced communities and their future generations can shoulder the silent epidemic of posttraumatic stress sweeping their daily lives with debilitating ailments and its pernicious after-effects. Surging pushbacks, protection gaps, and deportations precipitate their exclusion from equitable economic, social, cultural, political, and reproductive rights amplifying their sufferings. Host nations do not always associate refugees’ psychological well-being with their future self-sufficiency, and humanitarian organizations seldom inquire into the policy levers that will lead resettled refugees to improved mental health outcomes. The toll of failing to elevate refugee mental health at the personal, communal, and international levels is immense and sprawling and the stakes could not be higher for the world’s refugees - and for the rest of us. This book relates first-hand accounts of refugees and draws upon quantitative and qualitative methodologies, scientific research and interviews of government officials, agency directors, state officials and refugee camps managers in its study of the psychological trauma of refugees and their systemic treatment, and care. To investigate refugee trauma this book examines gender-specific experiences of war, the nature of women’s trauma and the environmental contexts underscoring it; main pathways of trauma transmission within conflict-affected families; the mental health ramifications of human cruelty such as political torture; local expressions of refugee resilience and illness in their countries of origin; and the role of stereotypes, social categories, and transatlantic networks in shaping refugee identity and resilience. Illustrating key themes and resettlement processes of asylum frameworks of Germany, US, UK and others, it explores how national policies can affect refugees’ self-sufficiency and well-being in host societies and the role of receiving nations in designing better opportunities for their access across integration domains. The book utilizes a systems-informed, evidence-based and human-rights based discourse to discuss the trauma-informed treatments to improve refugee health outcomes and enhance inclusivity and prosperity for all.
Amber-Gold
Authors: Loew Peter Oliver
Published: April 2024

The first chapter discusses the prehistory of present-day Gdańsk and surrounding regions, beginning with the formation of the Baltic Sea, the Vistula River delta, and of a natural resource in which this region is especially rich—namely, amber—which made its way from this area along trade routes to Rome and other ancient cities. Details of Gdańsk’s history in the first millennium can be speculated about at best, and historians would use this opportunity to fashion conflicting theories meant to establish the city as inherently “German” or “Polish,” as well as offering sometimes comical explanations for the origins of the city’s name (Danzig in German and Gdańsk in Polish). While both Germanic and Slavic groups inhabited the area, it is clear that the city entered written history as a Slavic settlement near the end of the first millennium.
The Centrality of the Covenant, 1534–1551
Authors: Hildebrand Pierrick
Published: April 2024

From De testamento (1534) onward Bullinger increasingly used organic and mystical terms such as societas or coniunctio as synonyms for the covenant (foedus), along with the more historical and legal terminology associated with testamentum. While Bullinger’s New Testament commentaries are particularly revealing, the covenant was addressed in a wide range of writings. This insight calls for us to reconsider some works, in particular the Decades (1549–1551), Bullinger’s final text from this period, which we find to be truly covenantal, pace recent scholarship. Unpublished sermon notes on the book of Genesis from the mid-1530s illuminate Bullinger’s covenantal view of the prelapsarian state and also the close relationship between the doctrines of the covenant and election, previously rejected by influential scholars (Baker thesis).
Supplementing Qualitative Work with Surveys, and Vice Versa
Authors: Thorson Emily , Farris Emily M.
Published: April 2024

This chapter describes how qualitative research can be conducted with surveys to supplement, inform, and contextualize research findings. While surveys typically are associated with quantitative research, they can be used in tandem with qualitative research in different stages of the research process. The chapter draws on real-world examples to illustrate how to survey-generated qualitative data can supplement a wide range of research projects. Specifically, the chapter describes how to use open-ended questions on surveys to collect qualitative data and offers some practical advice for analyzing and interpreting the data generated by these questions. Additionally, the chapter considers how researchers can use surveys and qualitative data in combination to improve the research process and contextualize findings. The chapter concludes with potential problems, including money and time, to consider when using surveys as a part of qualitative research.
Other Classics
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

History is less what happened than what is seen to have happened, and modern musicology was built on a new way of seeing the Viennese classics. The ‘Beethoven Hero’ paradigm construed music as expressing its composer’s subjectivity, experienced by listeners as the composer speaking directly to them; it privileged narrative values of continuity and directedness. But it also excluded the many premodern dimensions of Austrian music around 1800, rendering them unintelligible. Nicholas Cook creates a reverse image of the modern approach (based e.g. on juxtaposition rather than continuity, ineffability rather than textuality) and use it as a lens through which to see (and hear) the classics. Compositions that did not fit the ‘Beethoven Hero’ model can now be understood as period community music; otherwise baffling views of contemporaries begin to make sense. Even the music’s sound image is othered. Underlying all this is the contrast between premodern and modern senses of self.
The Cantigas de Santa Maria
Authors: Drummond Henry T.
Published: April 2024

Alfonso X (1221–84) ruled over the Crown of Castile from 1252 until his death. Known as ‘the Wise’, he oversaw the production of a wealth of literature in his scriptorium. One of the most impressive of these literary outputs is the collection of songs known as the Cantigas de Santa Maria, which comprises over 400 songs preserved today in four manuscripts. While the Cantigas have been the subject of much scholarly attention, this book represents a major new attempt to examine the repertory in an interdisciplinary manner. Here, song is considered as a communicative medium, one that functions as a social tool within the erudite environment of the Alfonsine court. This monograph offers a new perspective to the song collection, probing how the Cantigas use their music and text, together with rhetorical devices, to communicate with their desired audiences. The compositional tools that are considered are diverse, embracing medieval rhetoric, rhyme-based play, and song’s allegorical power. The Cantigas emerge here as propaganda pieces, designed to dignify Alfonso X through an elaborately devised courtly ritual that embraces both music and poetry. In its holistic analysis of Alfonsine song, this monograph offers a new perspective to the Cantigas by probing their humanizing qualities. Their miracle songs are shown to exhibit a key communicative function, where their inherent songfulness comes to the fore in transmitting their messages to their courtly audiences.
The Five Emotions and their Treatment in Chinese Medicine (Su wen5.3)
Authors: Hsu Elisabeth
Published: April 2024

“Emotional counter-therapy” has long been considered a peculiar phenomenon mentioned mostly in the genre of legend. Meanwhile, medical and “scientific” discussions—such as those given in chapter 5.3 of the well-known classic, the Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon, Basic Questions—explicitly identify the five emotions as aspects of the body: each is associated with one of the five internal organs and subject to seasonal change (which puts them on a par with one another, an observation central to Kazantzidis’s argument in his contribution to this volume). This chapter takes the discussion of these seasonal “resonances” of “affective co-presence” (gan ying感應) a step further and proposes a reading that finds, in the structure of the “naturalistic” texts outlining medical treatment, the logic of an exorcistic ritual. Accordingly, the five emotions were treated as indivisible entities, not unlike demons.
Humane and Proportionate Punishment
Authors: Pozen David
Published: April 2024

This chapter reviews challenges to drug laws under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Excessive Fines Clause, and analogous state constitutional provisions. Some of these challenges relied on the Supreme Court’s 1962 decision in Robinson v. California and contended that if it’s cruel to punish someone for being an addict, it must likewise be cruel to punish them for procuring or consuming the drug to which they’re addicted. Others contended that lengthy prison sentences for drug crimes are grossly excessive, especially for low-risk substances like marijuana and low-level offenses like possession. Each line of attack produced significant victories during the 1970s at the state and federal levels. By decade’s end, however, judges abandoned the experiment in policing the proportionality of drug sentences, for reasons both internal and external to constitutional law. Drug defendants thus entered the 1980s as they had entered the 1960s—with effectively zero protection from the Eighth Amendment.
Freedom of Speech and Religion
Authors: Pozen David
Published: April 2024

This chapter reviews challenges to drug laws brought under the First Amendment, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and analogous state constitutional and statutory guarantees. Invoking the Free Exercise Clause, some defendants began to argue in the 1960s that they have a right to use illicit substances for sacramental or spiritual purposes. Invoking the Free Speech Clause, others argued that they have a right to use illicit substances to access new modes of cognition and perception, express dissent, and govern their minds. A small number of Indigenous churches have been granted exemptions to use peyote or ayahuasca, and the “cognitive liberty” case for drug rights has become increasingly prominent in psychedelic reform circles worldwide. To date, though, First Amendment doctrine has not only failed to protect most drug users but also actively shifted power to prohibitionists and pharmaceutical companies and, in so doing, helped make the legal drug market more lethal.
The Conditions of Constitutional Complicity
Authors: Pozen David
Published: April 2024

This chapter zooms out from the case law to explore broader institutional and sociological features of the U.S. constitutional order that have constrained possibilities for resistance to the drug war—by determining how constitutional decisions get made, where they get made, and what counts as a constitutional claim in the first place. The “modalities” and “anti-modalities” of constitutional argument have prevented litigants from foregrounding the most important problems with prohibition. Criminal juries were sidelined by the rise of plea bargains and the decline of jury nullification. Presidential and gubernatorial pardons became vanishingly rare by the end of the twentieth century. The norm of judicial supremacy choked off the development of alternative constitutional approaches in the political arena, while federal constitutional hegemony choked off the development of alternative approaches in the judicial arena. And the poorly organized movement for drug rights failed to satisfy the informal conditions that contribute to constitutional success.
New Directions for Constitutional Reform
Authors: Pozen David
Published: April 2024

This chapter considers whether the two biggest shifts in constitutional practice since the 1970s, the rise of originalism at home and proportionality review abroad, could facilitate a new wave of challenges to punitive drug laws. In theory, originalism enables challenges under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Privileges or Immunities Clause, and more. But in practice, this interpretive method remains tied to a conversative movement that has shown little appetite for drug liberalization. Proportionality is well-suited to addressing the core criticisms of prohibition and has delivered the most drug-friendly rulings across the globe. But drug cases present distinctive difficulties for this approach both empirically and conceptually. Although pursuing drug reform through litigation is a risky proposition, constitutional arguments can be addressed to audiences other than courts—and there are strong reasons to think it would be a mistake for U.S. drug reformers to give up on the Constitution altogether.
The Evolving Chinese Strategy in the Arctic
Authors: Sørensen Camilla T. N.
Published: April 2024

Establishing itself as an Arctic stakeholder is a persistent Chinese strategic priority, but especially in the context of intensifying great power competition with the United States, China faces challenges. This chapter examines the evolving Chinese strategy in the Arctic. It specifically asks whether there is a development of Chinese grey zone tactics aimed at taking advantage of the legal gaps, thresholds, and uncertainties in Arctic governance to create more influence for non-Arctic States such as China. While the analysis points to various Chinese efforts to challenge the privileges of the Arctic States and gradually influence or shape Arctic governance, it also shows that these Chinese efforts have so far been limited. There are nonetheless reasons to continue to carefully follow the development. Beijing will continue to cautiously promote changes in the Arctic governance regime, but remain under the threshold of eliciting a strong opposing response.
Rethinking the International Law of Interference in the Digital Age
Authors: Barela Steven J. , Haataja Samuli
Published: April 2024

This chapter examines cyber-enabled disinformation operations and election interference under international law. It draws on the theoretical frameworks provided by legitimacy and information ethics to reconceptualize the two key elements of the non-intervention principle in this context. First, we examine the domaine réservé in light of the legitimacy of the conferral and exercise of power, and the operation of the election process as part of the proper operation of the State. Second, we demonstrate that a broad approach to coercion is required that considers the breadth, depth, and precision of a cyber operation. Here, access to data from social media companies finally arriving in the Digital Services Act of the European Union can aid in quantifying the impact of disinformation operations used to interfere in elections.
Decolonizing Linguistics
Authors: 9780197755280
Published: April 2024

Decolonizing Linguistics, the companion volume to Inclusion in Linguistics, is designed to uncover and intervene in the history and ongoing legacy of colonization and colonial thinking in linguistics and related fields. The volume’s introduction theorizes decolonization as a process of centering Black, Native, and Indigenous perspectives, describes the extensive dialogic and collaborative process through which the volume was developed, and then lays out key principles of decolonizing linguistic research and teaching. The 20 chapters cover a wide range of languages and linguistic contexts (e.g., Bantu languages, Creoles, Dominican Spanish, Francophone Africa, Zapotec) as well as various disciplines and subfields (applied linguistics, communication, historical linguistics, language documentation and revitalization/reclamation, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, syntax). Contributors address such topics as being transparent about the political nature of all linguistic research; exposing colonial and racist thought in psycholinguistics; refusing settler-colonial practices and centering community goals in research on Indigenous languages; amplifying the liberatory tradition of Caribbean linguistics; confronting minoritization as a racialized applied linguist in Europe; anti-Blackness in French linguistics; teaching linguistics and communication through a decolonial and antiracist lens; decolonizing research partnerships between the Global South and the Global North; envisioning anticolonial Open Methods in linguistics; decolonizing research on Creoles; prioritizing Black Diasporic perspectives in linguistics; and challenging deficit approaches to linguistic variation in communication curricula. The volume’s conclusion lays out specific actions that linguists can take through research, teaching, and institutional structures to refuse coloniality in linguistics and to move the field toward a decolonized future.
Decolonizing (Psycho)linguistics Means Dropping the Language Gap Rhetoric
Authors: Figueroa Megan
Published: April 2024

Not everything is known about how children develop language. It is understood that parents don’t teach their kids language—that’s just not how it works because language development is much more natural than that. But researchers act like parents do teach their kids language. They say some parents are better at teaching language and some kids are better at learning it. Some researchers even claim certain parents are so bad at language that their kids will hear 30 million fewer words by the time they enter school. That’s 30 million fewer words for kids to learn from, they say. This is called the language gap, and it’s completely ridiculous. Worse, it’s straight-up racist. Time after time, language gap research claims that racialized kids and families are the ones not doing language right, while the language of middle- and upper-class white people should be imitated. This is all just another way to protect white supremacy in a settler-colonial country.
Promoting Decolonized Classrooms Through an Introductory Linguistics Course for Future Teachers in Alaska
Authors: Ryan Ève , Ford Matt , Wilde Giovanna
Published: April 2024

What does decolonization mean in the context of linguistics teaching in an institution of higher education in Alaska? In this chapter, the authors share some reflections based on their experience teaching and taking an undergraduate linguistics course aimed at future teachers at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). After providing a brief overview of both the Alaskan educational context and linguistics at UAF, they offer a description of the course, as well as an assessment of the course’s strengths (e.g., affirming students’ emotions) and limitations (e.g., missed opportunities to indigenize knowledge). The chapter concludes with a testimony from a past student of the course, illustrating and emphasizing the need for community-school-university partnerships.
Conclusion
Authors: Hudley Anne H. Charity , Montoya Ignacio L. , Mallinson Christine , Bucholtz Mary
Published: April 2024

This conclusion to Decolonizing Linguistics reflects on how to translate the guiding principles of decolonization into concrete action, with a focus on what can be done by the scholarly community, colleges and universities, departments, and individuals. Returning to the chapters in this volume, the conclusion explores the action plans that the authors lay out. This practical discussion begins with the fundamental recognition that decolonization is both ongoing and imperative and then considers in turn teaching and learning as a decolonizing process; decolonizing research practices; engaging in decolonization as an ongoing process; and refusing to engage in colonial ways of thinking and acting. The chapter, and the volume, concludes by calling for transparency and open, critical dialogue as linguists continue to grapple with the discipline’s colonial legacy and ongoing colonial ideologies and practices and work toward a decolonized future.
Good Victims
Authors: Krystalli Roxani
Published: April 2024

As of 2023, over nine million Colombians have secured official recognition as victims of an armed conflict that has lasted decades. The category of ‘victim’ is not a mere description of having suffered harm, but a political status and a potential site of power. This book investigates the political as a feminist question. What kind of politics is the politics of victimhood? What does it mean to understand the victim subject as a political subject, and the political subject as shaped through victimhood? Based on in-depth engagement in Colombia, the analysis demonstrates the possibilities of politics through, rather than in opposition to, the status of ‘victim.’ Encompassing acts of care, agency, and haunting, the politics of victimhood entangle people who identify as victims, researchers, and transitional justice professionals. Victims do not merely exist; they are also made, not only through acts of violence during war, but also through acts of bureaucratic affirmation in its tenuous aftermath. This book shows how victimhood becomes a pillar of reimagining the state, and of bringing a vision of it into being through bureaucratic encounters in the wake of war. Directing feminist curiosity towards how different actors experience, produce, and contest victimhood, Good Victims also sheds light on the ethical and methodological dilemmas that arise when seeking to understand the legacies of transitional justice mechanisms.
Disembedded
Authors: Kus Basak
Published: April 2024

Major economic crises raise questions often overshadowed during prosperous times. The 2007–2010 financial crisis was no exception. It prompted new questions and demanded revisiting older ones. In the wake of the crisis, several pressing questions surfaced. Among the most pivotal were: What should be the role of government in a market economy? Could different governmental policies have averted the crisis? Why didn’t the government play a more active role in supervising the financial sector and reducing the risks it placed on the broader economy? Why wasn’t there enhanced consumer protection for countless individuals whose daily lives were deeply linked to financial markets, be it as borrowers, savers, or investors? And what measures could prevent such catastrophic crises in the future? This book delves into these questions, centered primarily on the state’s regulatory role in a dominantly financialized economy. It examines how neoliberal principles influenced the evolution of American regulatory policies, shaping the financial sector’s operations and practices. The narrative traces the trajectory of these interactions, highlighting critical junctures, policy decisions, and market outcomes that culminated in the financial crisis. Through this investigation, the author aims to contribute to readers’ knowledge of the American political economy, especially the regulatory landscape that shaped the patterns of financialization. Furthermore, the author seeks to offer historical insights into the financial crisis spanning 2007–2010 and its ensuing influence on American politics and democracy.
Privatizing Justice
Authors: Staszak Sarah
Published: April 2024

Privatizing Justice: Arbitration and the Decline of Public Governance in the U.S. examines the institutional, legal, and political development of mandatory, private arbitration for resolving disputes in lieu of traditional litigation in court. It details the shift in arbitration from its origins as a low-cost, less adversarial, and more efficient way to handle disputes between entities of equal bargaining power who willingly chose to use it instead of litigation to a private, non-reviewable, compulsory forum for resolving disputes between individuals and corporations, often on unilateral terms. The chapters examine its original use in the labor, commercial, and securities realms, as well how its use was extended to include employment and consumer arbitration. Unlike accounts of private arbitration that focus primarily on the Supreme Court, it examines the efforts of a broad range of actors and institutions, including Congress, presidents, the administrative state, interest groups, and the business community, as well as both conservatives and liberals. It shows that private arbitration today is not solely the product of modern judicial revisionism; rather, it is a complex process of conversion and gradual institutional change over time.