bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Buying and selling the sport horse
Authors: Crossman G. K , Walsh R. E.
Published: June 2019

The sport horse industry in Great Britain is fragmented and serendipitous. However, there are many opportunities available for it to develop and grow. The research this paper is based upon was carried out in conjunction with British Breeding, to improve and develop the marketing of the British sport horse. The research was carried out through an online questionnaire (a paper version was also available) and semi-structured interviews. Both research methods contained questions aimed specifically at breeders or buyers, as well as general questions. Once the data had been collected it was analysed to discover where any trends, relationships or discrepancies existed between the groups. Recommendations were then formulated. Specifically, this paper considers the profiles of breeders and buyers of the sport horse, the reasons for breeding horses or ponies, the characteristics of horses valued by breeders and buyers and the methods of sale and purchase used. The significant difference between the horse purchase price of different categories of buyers, for example the leisure rider and professional rider, or eventers and show jumpers, are discussed. Profitability in relation to the reasons people breed horses or ponies is analysed. The definition of the sport horse is also examined. In conclusion, there is much work that needs to be completed to enable the sport horse industry in this country to be fully understood, from both the perspective of the breeder or producer and the buyer. However, there are opportunities available for the British sport horse industry to move forward.
Dependence between racing performance of Thoroughbred horses and their reproduction indicators
Authors: Luszczynski J. , Pieszka M. , Kulisa M. , Dlugosz B.
Published: June 2019

Thoroughbreds (TB) are treated as one of the most noble horse breeds in the world. Huge financial outlays are involved in breeding, rearing and training TBs which result in the “real breeding and racing industries” associated with Thoroughbred horses. Exhausting training, early exploitation at the race track and narrow selection toward race performance has led to deterioration of other important traits such as reproduction. Compared to other breeds TB mares exhibit more problems with fertility, abortions and foal mortality. It has been shown that these mares are characterized by higher percent of twin pregnancies and lower rearing percentage. Many authors suggest that the worst reproductive indicators are influenced by the mare's age, length and sequence of mare's heat and its season of occurrence and also the sequence of pregnancies (Bruck et al., 1993; Luszczynski et al., 2004a; Hemberg et al., 2004; Luszczynski et al., 2003; Luszczynski et al., 2004b). Also the intensive racing usability has a specific effect on the nervous system, hormonal balance and reproductive functions of further foals’ mothers. The objective of this study was the evaluation of dependencies between TB mares’ racing performance and their reproductive indicators.
Equine stereotypies and time budgets
Authors: Monk AS
Published: June 2019

Time budget studies focus on the amount of time individual animals allocate to mutually exclusive activities. In the wild, horses’ behavioural patterns revolve around maintenance behaviour and reproduction (Forgacz 1999). They have evolved as nomadic, trickle feeding, prey animals. Hence, they don't necessarily suit the confines of a domestic environment where their “mutually exclusive activities” may include stereotypical behaviour.

Various time budgeting studies have shown that “the behaviour of horses within the domestic management system was significantly different to that of the wild horses” (Forgacz, 1999). In one study domestic horses spent less time in motion, foraging or lying flat than wild horses (Forgacz, 1999). This accords with earlier studies, reported by Kiley-Worthington (1987), which show that wild horses graze for approximately 60% of their time. Even those in various forms of domestic management system, but given access to unrestricted forage, will tend to perform ingestive functions for around 47 - 57% of the time.
The geological and geomorphological setting of the Estuary and Firth of Clyde
Authors: Jardine W. Graham
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

In late-Precambrian and early Palaeozoic times, the Clyde Sea Area lay at the junction of a major land mass and the Iapetus Ocean. Closure of the Ocean on its northwestern margin corresponded broadly with initiation of the Highland Boundary and Southern Uplands Faults and formation of southwestnortheast oriented basins of continental sedimentation. Northwest-southeast fractures of the Clyde Belt, along which the Northeast Arran and Southwest Arran troughs of the firth are emplaced, developed across the southwest-northeast Caledonoid grain in Carboniferous-Permian times. The firth and estuary began to assume their distinctive forms in Tertiary times. The area experienced several major glaciations during the Quaternary Period. Late Devensian effects are most distinct: overdeepening of the firth to depths exceeding — 160mOD; deposition of till and meltwater sediments up to 80 m in thickness. Clyde Beds, fossiliferous clays and silty sands up to 15 m in thickness, accumulated c. 13,150–10,000 BP in sub-arctic marine waters in the firth, estuary and Paisley embayment, and in the Lomond basin prior to the Loch Lomond Stadial. The Holocene marine transgression, which produced further modifications in shoreline position, e.g. in Ayrshire, the Paisley embayment and the Lomond basin, was followed by marine regression due to isostatic land rebound.
Zooplankton investigations in the Firth of Clyde
Authors: Adams J. A.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

Zooplankton investigations in the Firth of Clyde can be considered as starting in 1885, when the Fishery Board for Scotland built a laboratory at Tarbert and the Granton based Scottish Marine Station extended its studies to the west coast. The work of both groups, and their successors, waxed and waned, with a particularly active period starting in the early 1920s, when the Millport Station received government aid.

Although the euphausiids Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Thysanoessa raschii are important in the deep waters around Arran and in Loch Fyne, in general, copepods are the most important pelagic
crustaceans. Of these Calaims occurs in enormous numbers in surface waters in May and June. Thereafter it is found mainly in deep waters such as those of Loch Fyne. Other abundant copepods are Pseudocalanus elongatus, Acarlia clausi and Oithona similis which are particularly characteristic of the area extending from Kilbrannan Sound via the east of Arran to the upper Firth of Clyde. In these latter areas the peak standing stock of the larger zooplankters (as caught by a 250μm mesh net) is about 5, occasionally 8, g dry weight per 100cum, occurring from April to July. The smaller zooplankters (as caught by a 68μm mesh net) add a further 1.3g dry weight per 100 cu m.
The ecology of macroalgae in the Firth of Clyde
Authors: Norton Trevor A.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

The distribution of seaweeds in the Firth of Clyde is described. The patterns of algal distribution are discussed in relation to propagule dispersal and recruitment, and the physiological ecology of the plants. Particular attention is given to the influence of biotic factors: competition, grazing by invertebrates and the effects of man.
Seaweed-associated animal communities in the Firth of Clyde, with special reference to the population biology of the amphipod Hyale nilssoni (Rathke)
Authors: Moore P. G.
Published: June 2019

Synopis

Present knowledge of animal communities associated with the algae of the Firth of Clyde is briefly reviewed. New work is presented on Hyale nilssoni (Rathke), the commonest amphipod inhabiting high littoral seaweeds, which describes the life-history characteristics over three years of a population associated with Pelvetia. Seasonal changes in growth rate, sex ratio and breeding status are described. Fecundity is investigated and data on brood and egg sizes compared with populations from other latitudes. The dynamic equilibrium between the grazer (Hyale) and the grazed (Pelvetia) is described.
Use of the Clyde Estuary and Firth for the disposal of effluents
Authors: Haig A. J. N.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

The effluents from about half of Scotland's population and industry drain to the Clyde Estuary and Firth, where they cause a number of problems of contamination and pollution. This paper outlines historical aspects of urban growth, effluent production and disposal, pollution and pollution control. The sources, nature, quantities and main effects of effluents discharged are described, as is recent national and international legislation intended to prevent or control pollution. Reference is also made to the determination of licence conditions for effluent discharges by means of the Environmental Quality Objective/Environmental Quality Standard approach.
Conservation of natural resources
Authors: Kerr A. J.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

An indication is given of the importance of the Clyde Estuary for economic, scientific and aesthetic purposes. The main thrust of the World Conservation Strategy and the Conservation and Development Programme for the U.K. is explained. In the light of this the attitudes and actions of a range of agencies operating in the estuary are examined.
Bivalve Morphology and Function
Authors: Seilacher Adolf
Published: June 2019

This part of our course builds on the assumption that evolutionary change, although being stochastic in principle, is channeled by external and internal constraints to such a degree that it becomes quasi-predictable – or at least understandable. On this basis it makes sense to use the old methods of comparative morphology in the new framework of constructional morphology (Seilacher, 1970) in order to recognize patterns and to interpret them as trends and evolutionary pathways. For such an approach, bivalves are particularly suited:

1. they deviate little from a common design (for instance they never lost their shell).

2. their preservable hard parts adequately reflect the developmental biography of each individual.

3. their shell form expresses the compromise between developmental constraints and functional paradigm with little interference from soft part anatomy, physiology and biotic interactions.

4. they are diversified enough to provide many examples of parallel adaptations for model testing, particularly if we include the fossil record.
Gastropod Paleoecology
Authors: Kohn Alan J.
Published: June 2019

Paleoecology concerns the life processes and patterns of environmental relationships of groups of ancient organisms during their lifetimes. Two assumptions are fundamental to paleoecological theory: observed patterns in populations, associations, communities and ecosystems represented in the fossil record were imposed by contemporaneous physical and biological environmental factors and their interactions, and at least some past environmental conditions can be discerned from fossil assemblages and their rock matrices.
Aplacophorans, Monoplacophorans, Polyplacophorans, Scaphopods: the Lesser Classes
Authors: Lindberg David R.
Published: June 2019

The “primitive,” “minor” or “lesser” classes of the Mollusca comprise four groups that are typically recognized at the class level in most classification schemes. These classes are: (1) the Aplacophora, (2) the Monoplacophora, (3) the Polyplacophora, and (4) the Scaphopoda. Members of these classes are bilaterally symmetrical and typically possess a ventral muscular foot and a dorsal epidermal tissue (the mantle) that secretes a calcareous covering. Between these two structures lie the viscera. The space that develops between the mantle and the foot of the mollusc is referred to as the mantle cavity. Into this cavity open the ducts from the excretory, alimentary, and reproductive systems; gills are also typically located in this space. The anterior end of these molluscs is marked by a muscular head in which most of the ganglia are concentrated. The mouth is situated ventrally and opens internally into the pharynx which contains, at its anterior end, the radula and its associated musculature and support structures. The intestinal tract is typically arranged in complex loops.
Molluscan Paleobiology—as we creep towards the millenium: a critique of papers presented at the 1985 Short Course
Authors: Gould Stephen Jay
Published: June 2019

We don't need paleontological perspective to regard 30 years as a short time. Many in this audience, and several speakers in this symposium (but not yours truly, who was busy celebrating the Yankees' unprecedented fifth consecutive world series victory and wondering how a 12-year old boy could turn into a paleontologist), were already practicing our profession when the Paleontological Society marked the beginning of its great Treatise project with a symposium at the 1953 G.S.A. meeting on the status of our field (Kummel, 1954).
On Betti numbers of flag complexes with forbidden induced subgraphs
Authors: ADIPRASITO KARIM , NEVO ERAN , TANCER MARTIN
Published: June 2019

We analyse the asymptotic extremal growth rate of the Betti numbers of clique complexes of graphs on n vertices not containing a fixed forbidden induced subgraph H.

In particular, we prove a theorem of the alternative: for any H the growth rate achieves exactly one of five possible exponentials, that is, independent of the field of coefficients, the nth root of the maximal total Betti number over n-vertex graphs with no induced copy of H has a limit, as n tends to infinity, and, ranging over all H, exactly five different limits are attained.

For the interesting case where H is the 4-cycle, the above limit is 1, and we prove a superpolynomial upper bound.
The effect of pattern of concentrate allocation for autumn-calving cows
Authors: Gordon F. J.
Published: June 2019

The traditional system of feeding concentrates according to milk yield implies that higher levels of concentrates are offered during early lactation and that animals of higher yield potential receive greater concentrate inputs than their lower yielding herd-mates. However the results from recent studies would suggest that, when forage is offered ad libitum such an approach will result in no better herd performance than a flat rate system which takes neither of these two factors into consideration. The aim of the present study was to provide further information on this topic for autumn-calving cows, by examining the effects of variations in both the pattern of concentrate allocation over the lactation and the distribution of concentrates between animals within the herd. In the present study step feeding and flat rate feeding systems were compared with each system being operated with either all animals offered similar concentrate levels per animal or alternatively animals of higher yield potential being offered greater concentrate inputs than lower yielding animals.
Effect of three day-time stocking rates for dairy cows offered silage overnight
Authors: Roberts D J , Leaver J D
Published: June 2019

In a previous study (Phillips and Leaver, 1983) grass silage was offered indoors overnight to dairy cows which were set-stocked during the day. The intakes of herbage DM were high in spring and declined thereafter, with silage DM intakes showing the reverse trend. This suggested that a single daytime stocking rate could be practised throughout the grazing season if silage was available ad libitum as a buffer feed. In this experiment, three daytime stocking rates were compared.

In a continuous design experiment lasting 24 weeks (17 April to 5 October 1983) 36 late winter calving Friesian dairy cows and heifers were housed and offered grass silage ad libitum overnight in a feeding passage. During the daytime the cows were set-stocked at 8, 10 or 12 cows/ha. Concentrates were fed at a level of 3 kg/day for weeks 1-16 and 22-24; 5 kg/day were fed for weeks 17-21.
Influence of body fat stores on reproductive performance of sows
Authors: Whittemore C.T. , Taylor A.G. , Hillyer G.M. , Wilson D. , Stamataris C.
Published: June 2019

The most effective basis for derivation of simple feeding rules to ensure sow productivity is still in question. Liveweight change has emerged from a long series of feeding experiments as being potentially adequate for the purpose, however this has not net with success in pig units in the face of unwillingness by commercial sow herd managers to regularly weigh their sows. The most likely contender as an alternative to sow weight change as a measure of effective sow feeding is body condition; especially the amount of fat carried on the back. Indeed, it may be that body condition is a better indicator than live weight of the propensity of a sow to breed. It is possible to envisage recommended guidelines for feed allowances based upon condition score, or, more objectively, from a simple ultrasonic measurement of backfat depth at P2. The immediate objective of the current experimentation was to arrive at simple statements of targets for condition score and backfat depths which might be indicative of adequate and cost-effective sow feeding.
Verification of the Agricultural Research Council (1981) recommendations on energy requirement of the pregnant sow
Authors: Lee Pauline A. , Mitchell K.G.
Published: June 2019

The Agricultural Research Council (1981) states the energy requiremnets for pregnant sows in terms of amounts needed per day to ensure specific net pregnancy weight gains for differing weights at service (Table 1.). An experiment was set up primarily to test the validity of these recommendations which were derived by factorial calculations and secondly to examine the relationship between condition (P2 measurement) and weight changes over the reproductive cycle.
The relationships between live animal measurements and the physical and chemical composition of dairy cows
Authors: Lamont D.I. , Neilson D.R. , Emmans G.C. , Fraser J. , Prescott J.H.D.
Published: June 2019

A knowledge of the chemical composition of the dairy cow is Important in interpreting the interacting influences of body reserves, diet and feed intake on milk production. An investigation has designed to obtain information from a representative sample of Friesian/Holstein cows at different stages of lactation, different ages, and of different yield potential. This information is expensive to collect due to the costs Involved in slaughtering and analysing dairy cows, especially if they are high yielding cows at peak production. The animals used in the investigation have therefore all been Planned culls with sixteen in the later stages of lactation with only three killed in early lactation. It is intended to continue this investigation for several years to obtain a comprehensive data set on the chemical composition of the dairy cow.
Carcase development in three breeds of finishing suckled calves fed to grow at different rates of liveweight gain and slaughtered serially
Authors: Southgate J R , Cook G L , Kempster A J
Published: June 2019

The growth and carcase development of Angus -, Charolais -, Hereford - and Limousin cross yearling steers out of Hereford x Friesian cows, each fed to grow at three levels of daily gain during winter finishing and slaughtered at tree levels of estimated subcutaneous fat percentage (SFe) was investigated in a two year trial involving 240 animals (Table 1). Within each breed and year the two steers which had the extreme weights, and one of average weight were slaughtered at the start of the trial (ISG). The remaining 27 animals were allocated randomly amongst equal weight groups to the nine treatments.
A study of dietary energy density and genotype interactions on voluntary feed intake of the grower pig
Authors: Savidge Jacqueline A. , Cole D.J.A. , Lewis D.
Published: June 2019

A trial was conducted to measure the voluntary feed intake of pigs drawn from two genetic sources when fed diets of different digestible energy concentrations. The genetic sources were Large White x Landrace commercial hybrids (CH) and Landrace (Landrace x Large White) pigs from the Sutton Bonington herd (SB). Two sexes were used (boars and gilts) and four diets were formulated with energy densities of 8.6, 10.7, 12.9 and 15 MJ DE/kg feed. All nutrients were adjusted to maintain a constant ratio with energy. Pigs were offered these diets ad libitum from 25 - 55kg liveweight in individual pens. After slaughter, backfat and eye muscle measurements were taken and hams dissected into component tissues. Meat quality was also evaluated : pH of ham and loin were taken at 45 minutes and 24 hours post mortem. The ‘Grau Hamm Paper Press’ method was used to evaluate water holding capacity. Depth of colour was determined by reflectance spectrophotometry.
A comparison of oestrogen and progesterone levels in blood and urine with physiological and behavioural Manifestations of oestrus in sows
Authors: Henderson R. , Stolba A. , Döbeli M. , Kűndig H.
Published: June 2019

To evaluate the accuracy of various techniques for determining the sexual state of sows, four multi-parous Landrace sows were housed in stalls in the Veterinary Hospital, Zurich University, 2-5 weeks after weaning. Catheters were inserted under anaesthesia into a prominent ear vein, and four days later blood and urine sampling commenced for 25 days, along with physiological and behavioural measurements (length, width and depth of the vulva, vulval colour, vaginal pH, presence and elasticity of vaginal mucus, rectal temperature, backpressure test, score for interest in each other, in their own or each others’ urine, the occurence of flehmen and the characteristic oestrous ear position. Blood serum was analysed by radioimmuno assay for oestradiol-17ß and progesterone. Urines were analysed for oestrone, oestradiol-17 ß, progesterone derivatives, creatinine and optical density.
The voluntary intake of hay in relation to its degradability in the rumen as measured in nylon bags
Authors: Hovell F.D.DeB. , N'Gambi J.W.W.
Published: June 2019

An important constraint to the utilization of forages and roughages by ruminants is the voluntary intake of the feedstuff by the animal. The trial to be reported here was undertaken to study the relationships between in vivo digestibility and voluntary intake of hay by sheep, and the degradation characteristics of the hay as measured by the nylon bag technique.
The relative potency of mature boar contact, transport and mixing in stimulating puberty attainment in the gilt
Authors: Eastham Philippa R. , Cole D.J.A.
Published: June 2019

Previous work at this centre has indicated that the roles of mature boar contact, transportation and mixing in the stimulation of puberty in the gilt need further investigation. An experiment was therefore conducted to determine the relative potency of each of these components both alone and in combination following rearing of gilts with either contemporary boars or contemporary gilts.
A selection index for the beef industry
Authors: Steane D.E. , Cook G.L. , Allen D.M.
Published: June 2019

The MLC has just completed a review of its beef breeding services,

1)

To evaluate the design of a selection index in which all records of performance could be combined into a single overall estimate of breeding values,

2)

To consider the organisational structure of breeding herds within which beef breeding services could be utilised most effectively.
A comparison of Hereford and Charolais cross Friesian in a silage bull beef system
Authors: Chalmers A J , Roger L C
Published: June 2019

The system of feeding beef bulls on a “storage regime” based on silage has been developed at Rosemaund Experimental Husbandry Farm. The gross margin obtained from this planned and disciplined system of production has shown figures comparable to milk production.
The response of growing and finishing cattle to Virginiamycin
Authors: Southgate J R , Jones D W , Johnson D W
Published: June 2019

Virginiamycin, discovered and manufactured in Belgium (De Somer, 1955) from a naturally occuring mould, is a steptogramin type antibiotic (Cocito, 1979). Steptomyces virginiae produces two antibiotic factors, M and S. Factor M is a cyclic lactone and is present as 60-70 per cent of Virginiamycin. It has been demonstrated that there is a synergism between these two factors (Chabbert, 1971) whose combined activity is three or more times that of the individual components. The mode of action in monogastric animals has been well documented in pigs (Henderickx, 1979) and this work has lead to recorded data on the influence of Virginiamycin on the absorption Of nutrients by these animals (Dierick, 1980). The advantages of supplementing broiler, layer, turkey and pig feeds with Virginiamycin have been recorded (Barber 1978, Krider 1978, Pellura 1980, Leibetseder 1980, Harnisch, 1980, Canale 1980, Korthas 1979 and Phillip, 1978). The producers of veal and beef calves have also used Virginiamycin and shown improved daily gain and feed conversion (Parigi-Bini, 1979). These data promoted the trials in growing cattle detailed in this paper.
The Influence of an Acidfied Liquid Replacer for Sow Milk on the Performance of Suckling and Early Weaned Piglets
Authors: Ellis M. , Rowlinson P.
Published: June 2019

The routine feeding of liquid replacer for sow milk (RSM) to either suckling or early weaned piglets is currently receiving some interest and several products of this type are now available commercially. Advantages claimed from the use of these products include reduced pre-weaning mortality, heavier weaning weights and faster post-weaning growth. An acidified whey-based RSM has been investigated at Newcastle and this report outlines two trials which have been carried out with this product(14% fat, 24% crude protein, pH 52).
Adrenal function in wether lambs implanted with trenbolone acetate, ostradiol or trenbolone acetate plus oestradiol
Authors: Sillence M. N. , Rodway R. G. , Redfern E. J.
Published: June 2019

We have previously demonstrated that trenbolone acetate (TBA) treatment of female lambs and rats reduces both plasma glucocorticoid concentrations and the adrenal response to ACTH. It has been suggested that this reduction in the catabolic glucocorticoids may aid the anabolic effects of this agent.

Four groups of 6 wether lambs were implanted with TBA (40 mg), TBA (35 mg) plus oestradiol (5 mg) or with a long-acting oestradiol implant (Compudose). Hourly blood samples were taken for 24 h periods just before and 10 days after treatment and Cortisol concentrations measured using a competitive protein binding assay.

If the classical analysis of variance procedure is followed ignoring the time correlation within individual animals then the residual sum of squares will be inflated and significant effects can be missed. The correlation can be modelled by extending the analysis of variance to include a Fourier Analysis. For each Fourier cycle considerd the variation can be explained in terms of an overall model, separate treatment models and separate individual models.
The Effect of Breed, Sex and Carcass Weight on the Composition of Lamb Retail Cuts
Authors: Brown A.J. , Butler-Hogg B.W. , Wood J.D.
Published: June 2019

Because the majority of lamb in Britain 1s sold to the consumer ‘bone-In’ it 1s difficult to trim excessive fat. Nevertheless, consumer acceptability of specific retail cuts 1s markedly affected by the fat content of that joint at the point of sale. Therefore, any strategy which aims to define breed-specific carcass weights at slaughter needs to consider the effect this will have on retail joint weights, their composition and hence acceptability. This study examined the effect of breed, sex and carcass weight on the proportions of the four main lamb cuts, and their composition.

In this study a total of 317 castrated males and 238 females from six pure breeds (Clun Forest, Dorset Horn, Hampshire Down, Suffolk, Colbred and Welsh Mountain), were slaughtered in. the conventional manner. The range 1n cold carcass weight (CCW) was from 12 to 24 kg. Carcasses were jointed and each of the nine joints then dissected into lean, bone, subcutaneous fat (SCF) and intermuscular fat (IMF) (Brown and Williams, 1979)1 For ease of presentation the data for nine joints were reduced to four by combining some of them. The shoulder Included the neck, the breast Included the brisket and flank, the leg Included the upper and lower leg and the loin included the best end of neck.
Protein growth in pigs
Authors: Whittemore C.T. , Tullis J.B.
Published: June 2019

Without knowledge of potential protein growth, nutrient requirements of pigs cannot be accurately determined. Daily protein retention [Pr] was estimated with 45 crossbred pigs serially slaughtered between 20 and 200 kg body weight. An understanding of growth to maturity is vital for the adequate nutrition of pigs grown to slaughter at heavier weights and for breeding sows, but the determined function: Pr(kg) - 0.125 [±0.009] -0.0002 [±0.0001] mean live weight, having no significant slope, was an inadequate descriptor of instantaneous Pr for pigs of more than 110 kg. Allometry was therefore used to predict protein weight at any given body weight and the Gompertz function to express body weight changes with time and derive values for weight at maturity. Predicted values for Pr attained maxima at 75 kg body weight of 130 g for entire males. 120 g for females and 105 g for castrates. Between 45 and 110 kg body weight Pr was within 10 g of the maximum rate (Figure 1); mature body weights were estimated to be 240, 215 and 225 kg. Allometric expressions for dissected carcass and chemical components as a function of empty body weight are given in Table 1. Figure 2 compares currently predicted potential rates of protein retention with those of Carr et al. [1977] and Thorbek (19751. It is evident that weight and age at maturity are crucial to the quantification of protein growth; such measurements are prerequisite to the provision of a quantitative description of improved pig genotypes.
Single and choice-feeding of pigs as methods of investigating their ability to control protein intake
Authors: Kyriazakis I. , Emmans G.C. , Whittemore C.T.
Published: June 2019

The experiment described here was designed to test the proposition that growing pigs can control their overall intake of protein: on a feed with a low level of crude protein (CP) by increasing their daily feed intake (up to a limit) and, given a choice of two feeds with different levels of CP, by selecting a diet with optimal protein content.
The use of simple methods of extracting the anti-nutritive factors in rapeseed meal to improve the growth of pigs and rats
Authors: Fowler V.R. , Pusztai A. , McWilliam R. , Frank R.
Published: June 2019

The success of the oilseed rape crop in Northern Europe for the production of high quality oil has not been matched by the quality of the extracted meal as a source of supplementary protein for simple stomached farm animals such as pigs and poultry .The meal of most autumn-sown and winter-hardy varieties of rapeseed contains a range of antinutritive factors. These include glucosinolates, tannins, sinapines and saponins. Earlier attempts to improve the feed value using heat treament have been disappointing and it is clear that the same procedures which were so successful in enhancing the value of the soyabean crop are not particularly appropriate for rapeseed. The purpose of the study described below was to examine the effect of different treatments of defatted rapeseed on its nutitive value to rats and to project the work to simple methods for improving the feeding value of conventional rapeseed meals for pigs.
Effect of lactational and post weaning feeding on the reproductive performance of primiparous sows
Authors: Goodman S V , Edwards S A
Published: June 2019

A depression in sow reproductive performance at the second litter is frequently experienced in modern production. Reducing the loss of body reserves during lactation and increasing energy intake between weaning and service have been suggested as ways of increasing the size of the second litter. This trial investigated these possibilities.
Maize gluten feed as a supplement to grass silage for dairy cattle
Authors: Gordon F.J.
Published: June 2019

The introduction of milk quotas has resulted in a trend towards minimising the costs of producing each unit of milk output. The first step in achieving this is through increased forage use and minimising the input of high cost supplementary feeds, an approach widely adopted at present. Further reductions in costs can be achieved if the cost per unit of supplementary feed can be reduced. One such approach is through replacing conventional dairy concentrates, either conventional purchased dairy rations or home mixed barley/soya bean rations, by single feeds which require no mixing or processing prior to feeding to the animals. Maize gluten feed offers potential in this area but although data on its energy and protein values are known there is little direct information available on its value when offered, especially as the sole supplement, to lactating cows. The present study was set up to compare the values for lactating cows of maize gluten feed, either offered as the sole or part of the supplement, with that of more conventional purchased concentrate or a barley/soya bean ration of similar crude protein content.
Prediction of voluntary feed intake from feed analysis
Authors: Forbes J.M.
Published: June 2019

It is axiomatic that the amount of feed eaten by any animal depends on both animal and feed factors. Although there have been a great many investigations of variations of the composition of the diet on feed intake, most of the equations which are available for the prediction of intake rely on animal factors such as live weight and milk yield and on the weight of supplementary feed offered but not its composition. Were it a simple matter to use proximate analysis of forages and concentrates to predict intake then presumably more progress would have been made. The intention of this paper is to point to what achievements have been made and to highlight areas in which further research is required.
Certification/Classification Targets for Beef
Authors: Crabtree R M
Published: June 2019

Successive UK Governments have supported the market for finished cattle by various subsidy schemes. One of these depended on making up the difference between the average market price and a predetermined guaranteed price on an individual animal basis when market prices fell below the guaranteed price. To operate this deficiency payment scheme the classes of stock eligible for payment had to be defined and their average market price calculated, and so the concept of a “certification standard” or grade evolved.
Fermentation characteristics in clamp and big bale silages
Authors: Givens D I , Roscoe Susan , Brunnen Jeannie M
Published: June 2019

In recent years big bale silage (BBS) made in large plastic bags has become an increasingly popular method of grass conservation with one estimate (Catt, 1986) suggesting that 30% of all grass silage in the UK was conserved in this way in 1985.

In general BBS is drier than clamp silage (CS) (Butler, 1983) primarily for economic reasons related to contracters.charges for baling the reduced number of bales compared to wet silage. There are however few comparative data on concentrations of fermentation acids and it is not clear whether the fermentation characteristics of BBS are different from CS or merely a function of differences in dry matter content.
Effects of Beta Agonist GAH/034 on Carcass Composition and Meat Quality in Pigs
Authors: Wood J D , Brown A J , Kilpatrick M J , Bushell J E
Published: June 2019

There has been recent interest in all the red meat species in a group of compounds known as β-agonists which reduce the proportion of fat in the carcass when added to the diet. In this work the effects of the novel Glaxo compound GAH/034 are reported.

Sixty crossbred (Large White x Landrace) gilts from 16 litters were used. From 25 to 80 kg live weight, 2 groups of 10 were fed a control diet (C) containing 13 MJDE and 190g crude protein/kg. Four treatment (T) groups of 10 were fed the same diet containing 4 ppm GAH/034. All groups were fed on the same time-based feeding scale which allowed 1.2 kg/pig/d at 25 kg Increasing by 0.2 kg/d each week to an upper limit of 3.0 kg/day. All pigs were fed the control diet for four days before slaughter at the IFR abattoir at 80 kg live weight after which a range of carcass and meat quality tests were applied. Half the pigs were fully dissected into lean, bone, skin, subcutaneous fat and intermuscular fat.
The effect of farrowing house temperature on piglet behaviour and creep use
Authors: Barber J. , Bourne R.A.
Published: June 2019

Piglet mortality between birth and weaning represents a considerable economic loss to the national pig herd. Despite general reductions in pre-weaning losses, mortality figures from the better producers would suggest that improvement is possible. In attempting to reduce piglet losses it is important to establish when the deaths occur and their underlying causes. Together, starvation and overlying has been reported to account for 75% of all pre-weaning losses. Furthermore, chilling predisposes newborn piglets to starvation, overlying and disease, (Curtis, 1974). Piglets require a much greater environmental temperature than the farrowing sow, and therefore heated creep areas are provided to satisfy their needs. In addition the creep offers a safe area away from the danger of overlying by the sow. The greater the time piglets spend in the creep areas, the lower is the likelihood of them being chilled or overlain. Most studies show that 50% of pre-weaning mortalities occur during the first two days after farrowing, (Pomeroy, 1960 and English et al., 1977), therefore use of the creep during this period would seem important to piglet survival. This study provides information on piglet behaviour during the first week of life in relation to farrowing pen temperature and two designs of creep.
First observations on straw treatment with ammonium bicarbonate
Authors: Andrighetto I. , Ramanzin M.
Published: June 2019

Ammonium bicarbonate is a solid, non toxic compound wich could be easily handled and applied to roughages as an alternative source of ammonia. The preliminary experiments reported here were designed to study the possibility of using ammonium bicarbonate for treating wheat straw.

In the first experiment samples of 100 g of wheat straw were placed in 28 glass jars (11 volume). The jars were then assigned in a factorial design to four levels of ammonium bicarbonate (0, 25, 50 and 75 g/kg on ammonia basis) and to seven temperatures of treatment (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120°C for 3 hours). After the treatment the straw samples were ground with a laboratory hammer mill (5 mm sieve). Two g of each sample were incubated in two replicated nylon bags (Ørskov, Hovell and Mould, 1980) into the rumen of two cannulated cows and withdrawn after 48 hours. The cows (mean live weight 550 kg) were fed 1.8 kg/100 kg live weight of a diet based on 0.80 hay, 0.15 dried sugar beet pulp and 0.05 soyabean meal, supplemented with vitamins and minerals.
Energy and nitrogen retention in milk-fed lambs
Authors: Mantecon A.R. , Pelaez R. , Ovejero F.J.
Published: June 2019

The effect of the level of energy intake (EI), crude protein content of the diet (CP), age and sex of growing lambs fed milk diets upon the retention of energy (ER) and nitrogen (NR) was studied.

A total of 114 lambs of the Churra breed removed from their dams at birth were used. The lambs were kept in metabolism cages and during the first two days of life were bottle-fed colostrum in quantity equivalent to 40% of their birth weight.

Afterwards milk-diets in which the protein-energy concentrations were between 15 and 35% were reconstituted at 180 g/kg of dry matter and given to the lambs according to the experimental design.
Safe grazing for weaned lambs
Authors: Margaret Griffiths S. , James C.
Published: June 2019

'Clean’ grazing is accepted as a successful method of overcoming poor performance in lambs and young cattle caused by nematode parasites of the alimentary tract and would virtually eliminate the need for regular anthelmintic treatment. However,it is impracticable on many grass farms and especially where sheep predominate. ‘Safe’ grazing offers a realistic alternative but has not been fully tested under field conditions. Two 2.8 ha paddocks of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward were managed during the spring and summer of 1985 to produce two different levels of pasture nematode infestation for weaned lamb grazing during the Autumn of that year. Both areas were grazed by non-lactating mature ewes until 5 February 1985. The safe area(S) was then closed for two silage cuts and grazed for 11 days during early August by replacement dairy heifers. The contaminated area(C) was set stocked with 21 cross-bred ewes and their May born Suffolk x lambs per ha between 29 April and 28 August. Dung samples were collected from lambs grazing C at 8,12 and 16 weeks of age. Herbage and dung samples were collected from S and C at weaning (28 August) and 14 day intervals until lambs were removed from trial on 31 October. 138 lambs were divided into two groups by weight and condition at weaning and set stocked at 25/ha on S and C following an anthelmintic treatment. Lambs were selected for slaughter to produce carcasses of MLC fat class 2 or 3.
The Response of the growing tip to dietary concentration of energy
Authors: Patterson D.C.
Published: June 2019

Commercially produced grower diets for the period 10 to 30 kg liveweight normally contain 13.7 to 14.0 MJ digestible energy per kg. To achieve this level of energy, high energy ingredients such as fats or the higher energy cereals are necessary. These sources of energy normally cost more per unit of energy supplied than lower energy ingredients such as barley or wheat offal. Two experiments were conducted to examine the response of growing pigs to lower energy diets over the liveweight range 10 to 30 kg liveweight. In both studies the diets were given ad libitum as wet meal.
The use of diets containing high levels of copra meal for growing/finishing pigs
Authors: Thorne P.J. , Wiseman J. , Cole D.J.A.
Published: June 2019

Copra meal is a by-product of the coconut oil industry and is a potential source of protein and energy in the diets of pigs and poultry in the tropics. However, previous studies with pigs have suggested that its use may be limited because of poor growth performance associated with levels of inclusion above 300 g/kg (Creswell and Brooks, 1971). The experiment reported here and conducted under tropical conditions at the University of the Philippines at Los Banos was designed to study possible ways of feeding copra meal at levels of inclusion greater than 300 g/kg in the diets of pigs while maintaining acceptable animal performance.
The effect of stocking density on performance of pigs weaned at three weeks
Authors: Paterson Lucy M
Published: June 2019

The objective of the experiment reported here was to provide the UK farmer with sufficient information to allow economic utilisation of space in flat-deck accommodation without a reduction in performance of the weaned pig.

Two experiments at separate sites were used to compare different methods of achieving the same stocking density. At site 1 pen size was altered by means of a moveable partition while at site 2 it was the number of pigs per pen which was altered.
Milk and the Consumer; Attitudes and Behaviour - Implications for Milk Production
Authors: Wright Gillian , Fallows Stephen
Published: June 2019

Consumer demands for food are determined by a wide variety of factors including: taste acceptability, whether the product is easily available, perceptions of quality and the price. Over time demands change as the determining factors (above) alter. Milk is a perishable food which is purchased daily and therefore is particularly susceptible to changes in demand. Furthermore, because of the large size of the milk industry in Britain, any relatively small percentage change in consumer demand can result in substantial alterations to the volume consumed.
A computer program to predict the consequences of current management practices in the dairy herd
Authors: Bell Elsa M. , Whithorn Arnold C.
Published: June 2019

Physical and financial performance predictors for the dairy herd frequently take little or no account of current management practices, notably in respect of rebreeding. They do not anticipate the influence of unforeseen change or of increased beef bull use on the dairy herd in the longer term. The results of rebreeding management recording in 35 large dairy herds were reported at this meeting in 1983. These, and subsequent results, indicated that a decline in rebreeding management was most likely to influence annual milk sales and therefore income within no less than a 2 year period. The consequences of rebreeding management practices are long term and therefore it is essential to have the ability to look ahead to predict the likely outcome of change whether planned or unplanned. Rebreeding management influences calving pattern and any change influences feed requirements, both forage and other feeds. In addition, forage quality and quantity influence intake, the requirement for other feeds and therefore the financial performance. To take account of possible combinations of unplanned changes the computer program was developed as an extension to a program developed initially for the purpose of improving rebreeding and health management.
Response of dairy cows to compounds varying in level and profile of undegradable essential amino acids
Authors: Strachan P.J. , Wilson J.S. , Kelly N.C.
Published: June 2019

The Agricultural Research Council (1980, 1984) protein recommendation for dairy cows was designed to ensure that total amino acid nitrogen (TAA-N) entering the duodenum is sufficient to provide TAA-N for production. Essential amino acid (EAA) supply and demand, although recognised as important, was not an integral part of the scheme.

These trials were designed to test the feasibility and efficacy of formulating compound feeds to complement and improve the duodenal EAA supply from the basal diet of lactating cows.

The experimental aim was to formulate compound feeds on the basis of undegradable EAA (UEAA), to compare the performance of dairy cows fed these rations and to relate performance to measurements of nutrient supply to the duodenum. The trials took the form of two production trials (years 1 and 2) and one digestibility trial (year 2). Estimates of the supply of EAA to the duodenum were obtained by in vivo measurements in cannulated cows (year 2).
The effects on daily gain and carcases of implants containing testosterone and oestradiol on heifers and implants containing zeranol on intensive cereal bulls
Authors: Southgate J R , Peters A R , Dean S , Everett J
Published: June 2019

Trials were undertaken with 320 heifers in 13 groups on nine farms. Within each group heifers were allocated within matched weight pairs to treatment sub-groups at yarding. One sub-group was treated with an implant containing 200 mg Testosterone Propionate and 20 mg Oestradiol Benzoate (Synovex-H, Syntex). The two sub-groups were then reared together until slaughter or disbandonment of the group. Seven groups were sold deadweight, five of which had liveweights just prior to slaughter. Four farms sold to live auctions and weighed cattle on the day of sale. Two groups were grass finished but were weighed at turnout (Table 1).