bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Both isoforms of ketohexokinase are dispensable for normal growth and development
Authors: Diggle C. P. , Shires M. , McRae C. , Crellin D. , Fisher J. , Carr I. M. , Markham A. F. , Hayward B. E. , Asipu A. , Bonthron D. T.
Published: September 2010

Dietary fructose intake has dramatically increased over recent decades and is implicated in the high rates of obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes (metabolic syndrome) in Western societies. The molecular determinants of this epidemiologic correlation are incompletely defined, but high-flux fructose catabolism initiated by ketohexokinase (Khk, fructokinase) is believed to be important. The Khk gene encodes two enzyme isoforms with distinctive substrate preferences, the independent physiological roles of which are unclear. To investigate this question, and for testing the importance of Khk in metabolic syndrome, isoform-selective genetic lesions would be valuable. Two deficiency alleles of the mouse Khk gene were designed. The first, Khk3a, uses targeted “knock-in” of a premature termination codon to induce a selective deficiency of the minor Khk-A isoform, preserving the major Khk-C isoform. The second, the KhkΔallele, ablates both isoforms. Mice carrying each of these Khk-deficiency alleles were generated and validated at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels. Comparison between normal and knockout animals confirmed the specificity of the genetic lesions and allowed accurate analysis of the cellular distribution of Khk within tissues such as gut and liver. Both Khk3a/3aand KhkΔ/Δhomozygous mice were healthy and fertile and displayed minimal biochemical abnormalities under basal dietary conditions. These studies are the first demonstration that neither Khk isoform is required for normal growth and development. The new mouse models will allow direct testing of various hypotheses concerning the role of this enzyme in metabolic syndrome in humans and the value of Khk as a pharmacological target.
Can microRNAs control vascular smooth muscle phenotypic modulation and the response to injury?
Authors: Albinsson Sebastian , Sessa William C.
Published: September 2010

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation are critical events in vascular proliferative diseases. Recent studies have established microRNAs (miRNAs) as important mediators for the modulation of VSMC phenotype by targeting transcription factors and the cytoskeleton, which act as molecular switches for VSMC differentiation. The importance of miRNAs for VSMC development, differentiation, and function is evident by the fact that loss of the miRNA processing enzyme Dicer in VSMCs results in embryonic lethality due to severe vascular abnormalities. Similar abnormalities are observed in adult miR-143/145 knockout mice, indicating that these miRNAs are important for VSMC differentiation and function. However, since miR-143/145 knockout is not embryonically lethal, additional miRNA must be required during embryonic development of VSMCs. In addition, specific miRNAs such as miR-145, miR-21, and miR-221 have been found to regulate neointimal hyperplasia following vascular injury, which provides interesting possibilities for future therapeutical targets against vascular disease. Herein, we summarize recent advances regarding the role of miRNAs in VSMC phenotype modulation and response to injury.
Structural and magnetic properties of DyCo4−xFexGa compounds
Authors: Zhang W. H. , Li J. Q. , Yu Y. J. , Liu F. S. , Ao W. Q. , Yan J. L.
Published: September 2010

The structural and magnetic properties of the DyCo4−xFexGa compounds with x=0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 have been investigated by X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that each of the DyCo4−xFexGa compounds has a hexagonal CaCu5-type structure (space group P6/mmm). The Fe solubility limit in DyCo4−xFexGa is x<1.5. The higher the value of x, the larger the unit-cell parameters a, c, V, and the 3d-sublattice moment but the smaller the 3d uniaxial anisotropy. Magnetic measurements show that the Curie temperature of DyCo4−xFexGa increases from 498 K for x=0 to 530 K for x=1.5, the compensation temperature Tcomp decreases from 286 K for x=0 to 238 K for x=1.5, and the spin-reorientation transition temperature increases from 403 K for x=0 to 530 K for x=0.5. No spin-reorientation transition was found in the samples with x=1.0 and 1.5. The saturation magnetization of DyCo4−xFexGa measured at 173 K increases but the magnetization measured at 300 K decreases with increasing Fe content x.
Rietveld texture analysis from TOF neutron diffraction data
Authors: Wenk H.-R. , Lutterotti L. , Vogel S. C.
Published: September 2010

One of the advantages of a multidetector neutron time-of-flight diffractometer such as the high pressure preferred orientation diffractometer (HIPPO) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center is the capability to measure efficiently preferred orientation of bulk materials. A routine experimental method for measurements, both at ambient conditions, as well as high or low temperatures, has been established. However, only recently has the complex data analysis been streamlined to make it straightforward for a noninitiated user. Here, we describe the Rietveld texture analysis of HIPPO data with the computer code Materials Analysis Using Diffraction (MAUD) as a step-by-step procedure and illustrate it with a metamorphic quartz rock. Postprocessing of the results is described and neutron diffraction results are compared with electron backscatter diffraction measurements on the same sample.
Erratum: Stress analysis on Canadian naval platforms using a portable miniature X-ray diffractometer [Powder Diffr. 25(2), 119–124 (2010)]
Authors: Farrell Shannon P.
Published: September 2010

Please note the copyright statement should read: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, [2010]. © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, [2010].
A Three‐Dimensional Simulation of Supercell Convective Storm
Authors: Spiridonov V. , Dimitrovski Z. , Curic M.
Published: September 2010

A supercell convective storm is simulated by using a cloud‐resolving model. Numerical experiments have been performed in 3D by using the same domain size, with a different spatial and temporal resolution of the model. High‐resolution cloud model has been shown to represent convective processing quite well. Running the model in a high‐resolution mode gives a more realistic view of the life cycle of convective storm, internal structure, and storm behavior. The storm structure and evolutionary properties are evaluated by comparing the modeled radar reflectivity to the observed radar reflectivity. The comparative analysis between physical parameters shows good agreement among both model runs and compares well with observations, especially using a fine spatial resolution. The lack of measurements of these species in the convective outflow region does not allow us to evaluate the model results with observations. A three‐dimensional simulation using higher grid resolution mode exhibits interesting features which include a double vortex circulation, cell splitting, and secondary cell formation.
Artificial Neural Networks for Classification in Metabolomic Studies of Whole Cells Using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Brougham D. F. , Ivanova G. , Gottschalk M. , Collins D. M. , Eustace A. J. , O′Connor R. , Havel J.
Published: September 2010

We report the successful classification, by artificial neural networks (ANNs), of   1H NMR spectroscopic data recorded on whole‐cell culture samples of four different lung carcinoma cell lines, which display different drug resistance patterns. The robustness of the approach was demonstrated by its ability to classify the cell line correctly in 100% of cases, despite the demonstrated presence of operator‐induced sources of variation, and irrespective of which spectra are used for training and for validation. The study demonstrates the potential of ANN for lung carcinoma classification in realistic situations.
Activation of Murine Double Minute 2 by Akt in Mammary Epithelium Delays Mammary Involution and Accelerates Mammary Tumorigenesis
Authors: Cheng Xiaoyun , Xia Weiya , Yang Jer-Yen , Hsu Jennifer L. , Lang Jing-Yu , Chou Chao-Kai , Du Yi , Sun Hui-Lung , Wyszomierski Shannon L. , Mills Gordon B. , Muller William J. , Yu Dihua , Hung Mien-Chie
Published: September 2010

Amplification or overexpression of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) promotes a variety of human tumors by degrading tumor suppressor proteins such as p53. Phosphorylation of MDM2 on Ser166 and Ser186 by the survival kinase Akt inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether this pathway contributes to normal or malignant pathophysiology in vivo. To address these questions, we generated transgenic mice expressing the Akt-phosphorylated form of MDM2 (MDM2DDS166D/S186D) in the mammary epithelium. Activation of MDM2 delayed mammary gland involution and accelerated tumor progression in mouse mammary tumor virus/neu transgenic mice by inhibiting apoptosis in a manner associated with decreased p53 expression. Our findings offer in vivo evidence that activation of MDM2 by Akt contributes to mammary development and tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7684–9. ©2010 AACR.
Image-Based Chemical Screening Identifies Drug Efflux Inhibitors in Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Xia Xiaofeng , Yang Jian , Li Fuhai , Li Ying , Zhou Xiaobo , Dai Yue , Wong Stephen T.C.
Published: September 2010

Cancer cells with active drug efflux capability are multidrug resistant and pose a significant obstacle for the efficacy of chemotherapy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that high drug efflux cancer cells (HDECC) may be selectively enriched with stem-like cancer cells, which are believed to be the cause for tumor initiation and recurrence. There is a great need for therapeutic reagents that are capable of eliminating HDECCs. We developed an image-based high-content screening (HCS) system to specifically identify and analyze the HDECC population in lung cancer cells. Using the system, we screened 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds that identified 12 potent HDECC inhibitors. It is shown that these inhibitors are able to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) and sensitize HDECCs to chemotherapeutic drugs, or directly reduce the tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells possibly by affecting stem-like cancer cells. The HCS system we established provides a new approach for identifying therapeutic reagents overcoming MDR. The compounds identified by the screening may potentially be used as potential adjuvant to improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7723–33. ©2010 AACR.
ERBB Receptor Activation Is Required for Profibrotic Responses to Transforming Growth Factor β
Authors: Andrianifahanana Mahefatiana , Wilkes Mark C. , Repellin Claire E. , Edens Maryanne , Kottom Theodore J. , Rahimi Rod A. , Leof Edward B.
Published: September 2010

Engagement of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor complex activates multiple signaling pathways that play crucial roles in both health and disease. TGF-β is a key regulator of fibrogenesis and cancer-associated desmoplasia; however, its exact mode of action in these pathologic processes has remained poorly defined. Here, we report a novel mechanism whereby signaling via members of the ERBB or epidermal growth factor family of receptors serves as a central requirement for the biological responses of fibroblasts to TGF-β. We show that TGF-β triggers upregulation of ERBB ligands and activation of cognate receptors via the canonical SMAD pathway in fibroblasts. Interestingly, activation of ERBB is commonly observed in a subset of fibroblast but not epithelial cells from different species, indicating cell type specificity. Moreover, using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we show that ERBB activation by TGF-β is essential for the induction of fibroblast cell morphologic transformation and anchorage-independent growth. Together, these results uncover important aspects of TGF-β signaling that highlight the role of ERBB ligands/receptors as critical mediators in fibroblast responses to this pleiotropic cytokine. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7421–30. ©2010 AACR.
Targeting Stat3 in the Myeloid Compartment Drastically Improves the In vivo Antitumor Functions of Adoptively Transferred T Cells
Authors: Herrmann Andreas , Kortylewski Marcin , Kujawski Maciej , Zhang Chunyan , Reckamp Karen , Armstrong Brian , Wang Lin , Kowolik Claudia , Deng Jiehui , Figlin Robert , Yu Hua
Published: September 2010

Improving effector T-cell functions is highly desirable for preventive or therapeutic interventions of diverse diseases. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in the myeloid compartment constrains Th1-type immunity, dampening natural and induced antitumor immune responses. We have recently developed an in vivo small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery platform by conjugating a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist with siRNA that efficiently targets myeloid and B cells. Here, we show that either CpG triggering combined with the genetic Stat3 ablation in myeloid/B cell compartments or administration of the CpG-Stat3siRNA drastically augments effector functions of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells. Specifically, we show that both approaches are capable of increasing dendritic cell and CD8+ T-cell engagement in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, both approaches can significantly activate the transferred CD8+ T cells in vivo, upregulating effector molecules such as perforin, granzyme B, and IFN-γ. Intravital multiphoton microscopy reveals that Stat3 silencing combined with CpG triggering greatly increases killing activity and tumor infiltration of transferred T cells. These results suggest the use of CpG-Stat3siRNA, and possibly other Stat3 inhibitors, as a potent adjuvant to improve T-cell therapies. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7455–64. ©2010 AACR.
MRE11 Expression Is Predictive of Cause-Specific Survival following Radical Radiotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Choudhury Ananya , Nelson Louisa D. , Teo Mark T.W. , Chilka Sameer , Bhattarai Selina , Johnston Colin F. , Elliott Faye , Lowery Johanna , Taylor Claire F. , Churchman Michael , Bentley Johanne , Knowles Margaret A. , Harnden Patricia , Bristow Robert G. , Bishop D. Timothy , Kiltie Anne E.
Published: September 2010

Radical radiotherapy and surgery achieve similar cure rates in muscle-invasive bladder cancer, but the choice of which treatment would be most beneficial cannot currently be predicted for individual patients. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether expression of any of a panel of DNA damage signaling proteins in tumor samples taken before irradiation could be used as a predictive marker of radiotherapy response, or rather was prognostic. Protein expression of MRE11, RAD50, NBS1, ATM, and H2AX was studied by immunohistochemistry in pretreatment tumor specimens from two cohorts of bladder cancer patients (validation cohort prospectively acquired) treated with radical radiotherapy and one cohort of cystectomy patients. In the radiotherapy test cohort (n = 86), low tumor MRE11 expression was associated with worse cancer-specific survival compared with high expression [43.1% versus 68.7% 3-year cause-specific survival (CSS), P = 0.012] by Kaplan-Meier analysis. This was confirmed in the radiotherapy validation cohort (n = 93; 43.0% versus 71.2%, P = 0.020). However, in the cystectomy cohort (n = 88), MRE11 expression was not associated with cancer-specific survival, commensurate with MRE11 being a predictive marker. High MRE11 expression in the combined radiotherapy cohort had a significantly better cancer-specific survival compared with the high-expression cystectomy cohort (69.9% versus 53.8% 3-year CSS, P = 0.021). In this validated immunohistochemistry study, MRE11 protein expression was shown and confirmed as a predictive factor associated with survival following bladder cancer radiotherapy, justifying its inclusion in subsequent trial designs. MRE11 expression may ultimately allow patient selection for radiotherapy or cystectomy, thus improving overall cure rates. Cancer Res; 70(18); 7017–26. ©2010 AACR.
The Role of Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer Research
Authors: Stewart Sheila A. , Bertuch Alison A.
Published: September 2010

The fourth AACR Special Conference on The Role of Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer Research was held February 27 to March 2, 2010 in Fort Worth, TX. The meeting was organized to bring together those interested in the basic molecular mechanisms that govern telomere dynamics and stability with those interested in the clinical implications of telomere dysfunction and the use of telomeres and telomerase as therapeutic targets. The meeting was extremely successful as evidenced by the attendance and quality of the presentations. Indeed, several important themes emerged including (a) the intricate connection between the DNA replication and repair machineries in basic telomere replication and stability, (b) the complex interplay between the telomere-specific shelterin components and DNA repair proteins, (c) the nontelomeric functions of TERT in numerous cell types including stem cells, (d) a growing appreciation for the connection that exists between telomere maintenance deficiency states and diverse conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hematopoietic malignancies, and (e) the successful progression of agents targeting telomerase directly and immunologically to phase III clinical trials. Evident at the meeting was the vibrant energy that permeates the telomere field and the important biological and medical findings that it continues to yield. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7365–71. ©2010 AACR.
Anti–αv Integrin Monoclonal Antibody Intetumumab Enhances the Efficacy of Radiation Therapy and Reduces Metastasis of Human Cancer Xenografts in Nude Rats
Authors: Ning Shoucheng , Tian Junqiang , Marshall Deborah J. , Knox Susan J.
Published: September 2010

We previously reported that intetumumab (CNTO 95), a fully human anti–αv integrin monoclonal antibody, is a radiosensitizer in mice with xenograft tumors. Because intetumumab does not cross-react with mouse integrins, but has cross-reactivity with rat integrins, we next studied the potential combined use of radiation therapy and intetumumab in human cancer xenograft models in nude rats to assess effects on both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Nude rats bearing human head and neck cancer and non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenografts were treated with intetumumab and fractionated local tumor radiotherapy. Effects on tumor growth and metastasis, blood perfusion, oxygenation, and gastrointestinal toxicity were studied. Intetumumab alone had a moderate effect on tumor growth. When combined with fractionated radiation therapy, intetumumab significantly inhibited tumor growth and produced a tumor response rate that was significantly better than with radiation therapy alone. Treatment with intetumumab also significantly reduced lung metastasis in the A549 NSCLC xenograft model. The oxygenation and blood perfusion in xenograft tumors measured by microbubble-enhanced ultrasound imaging were substantially increased after treatment with intetumumab. The combined use of intetumumab and radiation therapy reduced the microvessel density and increased apoptosis in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Toxicity studies showed that treatment with intetumumab did not cause the histopathologic changes in the lungs and did not sensitize the sensitive gastrointestinal epithelium to the effect of radiation therapy. Intetumumab can potentiate the efficacy of fractionated radiation therapy in human cancer xenograft tumors in nude rats without increased toxicity. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7591–9. ©2010 AACR.
The synaptonemal complexes of Caenorhabditis elegans: duplication mutants sDp1 and mnDp1, disjunction regulator regions and aneuploidy
Authors: Goldstein Paul
Published: September 2010

The duplication mutants sDp1 and mnDp1 in Caenorhabditis elegans differ in their size and recombination/pairing strategies within the pachytene nucleus. mnDp1 is a duplication of approximately 18% of the X chromosome with the duplicated segment transposed and inserted into linkage group V. sDp1 is a free duplication which covers 30 map units of linkage group I and crossing-over has been determined genetically with its homologue. Analysis of the synaptonemal complexes (SC) and pachytene karyotypes of both duplication mutants reveal that there is an extension of one of the SCs in mnDp1 while the sDp1 free duplication partially pairs with its homologue along a small portion of its length. The remaining region exists as a univalent in the pachytene nucleus. This indicates that there is at least one SC initiation site on the sDp1 free duplication. Only bivalent pairing is permitted and there are no trivalents. To some extent, the autosomes preferentially pair at the exclusion of the sDp1 duplication. Switching of pairing partners was evident between the duplication and the homologue, probably because of the size of the duplication. Thus, the mechanism of chromosome segregation in the two duplications is different. The number of Disjunction Regulator Regions, which are associated with X-chromosome nondisjunction, was three in both mutants compared to six in wild-type. The number of males produced in mnDp1 was 1.0%, in sDp1 it was 2.0%, while in wild-type it is 0.3%. Recombination nodules were not observed in any nuclei. The ultimate goal of these studies is to correlate the physical and genetic maps and in this study linkage group I has been identified in the pachytene nucleus.
Toxicity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome-derived extract and steam distillate to Meloidogyne incognita juveniles and eggs, and their effects on Lycopersicon esculentum germination and growth
Authors: Hong Tae-Kyun , Lee Jae-Kook , Heo Jae-Won , Kim Soon-Il , Choi Dong-Ro , Ahn Young-Joon
Published: September 2010

The toxicity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome-derived methanol extract (RME),
powder (RP) and steam distillate (RSD) to Meloidogyne incognita second-stage
juveniles (J2) and eggs, and their effects on Lycopersicon esculentum
germination and growth were examined in vitro and in pot experiments.
Results were compared with those of three nematicides: carbofuran,
fosthiazate and metam sodium. In contact + fumigant bioassays with J2, RME
applied at 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mg (g soil)–1 resulted in 92, 88 and 73%
mortality, respectively. The lethality of RME was almost the same as
carbofuran but lower than that of either fosthiazate or metam sodium. RSD
and RP were less active than RME. In vapour-phase mortality bioassays with
J2, the test materials were more effective in a closed container than in an
open one, indicating that mode of delivery was, in part, a result of vapour
action. In direct-contact mortality bioassays with M. incognita eggs, RME,
RSD and fosthiazate treatments resulted in 91, 100 and 95% inhibition of
hatch at 250 μg ml–1 and 82, 88 and 81% inhibition of hatch at 100 μg ml–1,
respectively. In filter paper bioassays with L. esculentum seed, 8.8 μg cm–2
RME and RP did not cause germination inhibition, while RSD and fosthiazate
treatments resulted in 84 and 13% germination inhibition. In pot tests, RME
and RSD applied at 8 mg (g soil)–1 reduced galling caused by M. incognita
significantly, and fosthiazate at 0.02 mg (g soil)–1 stopped galling
completely. Kaempferia galanga rhizome-derived materials, particularly a
methanol extract, merit further study as potential nematicides and hatching
inhibitors for the control of M. incognita as fumigants with contact
action.
Interactions between field populations of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida and Rhizoctonia solani diseases of potatoes under controlled environment and glasshouse conditions
Authors: Bhattarai Shuvash , Haydock Patrick P.J. , Back Matthew A. , Hare Martin C. , Lankford William T.
Published: September 2010

This research elucidates interactions between Globodera pallida and
Rhizoctonia solani (AG3) by comparing disease development in potato plants
inoculated with G. pallida and R. solani. The effects of juvenile population
density and time of infestation on R. solani disease were investigated in
controlled environments. Plants were inoculated with a range of densities of
second-stage juveniles (J2) of G. pallida (800, 4000, 10 000, 20 000 and 40
000 J2/plant) and R. solani at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after planting and a single
treatment of G. pallida density and R. solani alone. The experiment
demonstrated that greatest disease incidence and severity occurred when high
population densities of G. pallida were applied at an early stage of plant
development. To determine if this effect could explain differences in R.
solani disease incidence and severity following interactions with individual
field populations of G. pallida, a glasshouse experiment was conducted using
two populations of G. pallida with known hatching characteristics (fast and
slow hatching). The experiment revealed that a combination of a
fast-hatching population with R. solani caused significantly more R. solani
disease incidence and severity than a population of G. pallida with slower
hatching characteristics.
Neolobocriconema iranense sp. n. (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Iran
Authors: Berg Esther van den , Eskandari Ali , Tiedt Louwrens R. , Karegar Akbar
Published: September 2010

Neolobocriconema iranense sp. n. is described from a forest in Iran. Females of N. iranense sp. n. are characterised by having a body length of 453 (371-569) μm, 78-87.5 μm long stylet, presence of a single lip annulus of smaller diam. than the adjacent body annulus and which has a smooth margin and four distinct submedian lobes, 37-43 wide, retrorse body annuli with crenate, dentate and lobulate margins, the latter becoming slightly longer on the last few annuli, annuli with numerous longitudinal grooves corresponding with the crenations, vulva without an overhanging dorsal lip and situated on posteriormost three or four annuli, and anus located on the last annulus. The J2 has 12 longitudinal rows of scales and the ?J4 has eight to ten longitudinal rows of broad, irregular scallops. SEM photographs of females are provided. In the presence of a single lip annulus, N. iranense sp. n. comes close to seven of the 13 species in Neolobocriconema. It can, however, be differentiated from them all in characters such as a shorter body length, shorter or longer stylet, different cuticular structures on the annuli, and in the absence of longitudinal rows of scales or scallops.
Do Novel Risk Biomarkers Reflect the Severity of Peripheral Arterial Disease?
Authors: Khandanpour Nader , Jennings Barbara , Armon Matthew P. , Wright Anthony , Willis Gavin , Clark Allan , Meyer Felicity J.
Published: September 2010

The association between novel atherosclerotic risk biomarkers and severity of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was assessed. Patients (n = 133) with PAD were recruited. Established risk biomarkers including low- and high-density cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure were measured. Novel risk biomarkers including plasma C-reactive protein, von Willebrand factor (vWF), interleukin 6, red cell folate (RCF), vitamin B12, total homocysteine (tHcy), and Hcy genotypes were also determined. The severity of PAD was evaluated, using ankle—brachial pressure index (ABPI), brachial—knee, and brachial—ankle pulse wave velocity (bk- and ba-PWV). Plasma tHcy and systolic blood pressure had a positive independent correlation with bk-PWV (β = +0.56, P = .02 and β = +0.38, P < .001, respectively). Red cell folate had an independent inverse correlation with bk-PWV (β = —0.01, P = .01). Systolic blood pressure showed an independent positive correlation with ba-PWV only after adjustment for other risk biomarkers (β = +0.1, P = .04). Novel markers, plasma tHcy, and RCF levels correlated with the severity of PAD.
Fibrin D-Dimer Concentration, Deep Vein Thrombosis Symptom Duration, and Venous Thrombus Volume
Authors: Kurklinsky Andrew K. , Kalsi Henna , Wysokinski Waldemar E. , Mauck Karen F. , Bhagra Anjali , Havyer Rachel D. , Thompson Carrie A. , Hayes Sharonne N. , McBane Robert D.
Published: September 2010

Introduction: To determine the relationship between fibrin D-dimer levels, symptom duration, and thrombus volume, consecutive patients with incident deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were evaluated. Methods: In a cross-sectional study design, patient symptom onset was determined by careful patient questioning. Venous thrombosis was confirmed by compression duplex ultrasonography. Thrombus volume was estimated based on patient’s femur length using a forensic anthropology method. Fibrin D-dimer was measured by latex immunoassay. Results: 72 consecutive patients with confirmed leg DVT agreed to participate. The median symptom duration at the time of diagnosis was 10 days. The median D-dimer concentration was 1050 ng/dL. The median thrombus volume was 12.92 cm3. D-Dimer levels correlated with estimated thrombus volume (P < .0006 CI 0.12-0.41; R2adjusted = .15) but not symptom duration, patient’s age, or gender. Conclusions: Despite varying symptom duration prior to diagnosis, fibrin D-dimer remains a sensitive measure of venous thrombosis and correlates with thrombus volume.
Determining Socio-Psychological Drivers for Rural Household Recycling Behavior in Developing Countries
Authors: Tang Zhongjun , Chen Xiaohong , Luo Jianghong
Published: September 2010

Despite many researches on household recycling behavior, little attention has been paid to socio-psychological determinants of rural household recycling behavior in mainland China and their effect levels. On the basis of the survey data from 756 respondents applying structural equation modeling, the final results show that concern for the community, and followed by self-efficacy, subjective norm, justification, moral norm, attitude toward recycling, situation factor, and knowledge of environmental harms of nonrecycling influence household recycling behavior most significantly. The effect of justification is negative and other effects are positive. The attitude is influenced positively by perceived usefulness. Comparisons with previous researches show two significant differences in effect level of each determinant and in rank orderings of determinants. Implications of the findings as well as study limitations are also discussed.
Assessing Environmental Stewardship Motivation
Authors: Bramston Paul , Pretty Grace , Zammit Charlie
Published: September 2010

Environmental stewardship networks flourish across Australia. Although the environment benefits, this article looks to identify what volunteers draw from their stewardship. The authors adapted 16 questions that purportedly tap environmental stewardship motivation and administered them to a convenience sample of 318 university students and then to 88 people living in rural Australia, who were either active members of environmental groups or voiced concern about local environmental issues. The results suggest that the measure consisting of these questions demonstrates acceptable internal consistency. Factor analyses support three relatively independent aspects of environmental stewardship motivation: (a) developing a sense of belonging, (b) caretaking the environment, and (c) expanding personal learning. Scores on the scale were not strongly correlated with well-being, suggesting that the scale measures more than general feelings of positive affect. Discussion focuses on the benefits of being able to reliably assess environmental stewardship motivation and areas for further development of the scale.
The Positive Attitudes and Perceptions of Care Managers About Advance Directives
Authors: Golden Adam G. , Tewary Sweta , Qadri Syeda , Zaw Khin , Ruiz Jorge G. , Roos Bernard A.
Published: September 2010

In a previous intervention, we found that reminders from care managers failed to increase the number of their homebound older adult clients with advance directives. Thus, in the current study, we looked at the perceptions and attitudes of care managers about the need to discuss advance directives with their clients. Ninety-five care managers serving community-based nursing home—eligible older adults completed an 18-question survey, which found that care managers overwhelmingly believe it is important to address advance directives. Only 3.2% reported that discussing advance directives is time consuming. No attitudinal barriers were identified. Given their positive attitudes about advance directives, care managers need educational interventions that will provide the knowledge and skills to interact effectively with clients who are resistant to addressing end-of-life issues.
Qualitative Analysis of Consults by a Pediatric Advanced Care Team During Its First Year of Service
Authors: Byrne Mary , Tresgallo Mary , Saroyan John , Granowetter Linda , Valoy Glenny , Schechter William
Published: September 2010

Phenomenologic analysis of initial consults provided during the first year of a new Pediatric Advanced Care Team (PACT) program provides essential understanding of the experience and inform program direction and future clinical research. Parents bring to the consult a desire to remain experts in their children’s lives yet experience vulnerability as they seek assistance in making critical decisions often under conditions of disquieting uncertainty. Dynamic communication efforts involving the referring providers, PACT team members, and family are a key influence in facilitating consults’ stated goals and in establishing the integrated palliative paradigm in a tertiary care environment. Validation was provided for a new research infrastructure that will function concurrently with the PACT clinical program in this rapidly evolving field.
Self-Efficacy, Depression, and Physical Distress in Males and Females With Cancer
Authors: Mystakidou Kyriaki , Parpa Efi , Tsilika Eleni , Gogou Pinelopi , Panagiotou Irene , Galanos Antonis , Kouvaris Ioannis , Gouliamos Athanasios
Published: September 2010

Aims: To examine the relationship between self-efficacy with depression and physical distressing symptoms in males and females with cancer. Methods: A total of 41 males and 49 females with cancer completed the General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), depression scale, from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD-D), and the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI). Results: Correlations were found between depression and self-efficacy in males (r = -.501, P = .001) and females (r = -.588, P < .0005). The multivariate regression analysis revealed that education and depression could influence self-efficacy in male population. Urogenital versus breast cancer as well as depression seemed to influence females’ self-efficacy. Conclusions: Patients who had higher self-efficacy had lower depressive symptoms. Men with depressive symptoms and women with breast cancer and depression are more likely to have low self-efficacy than patients with other cancer types.
The Stresses of Hospice Volunteer Work
Authors: Brown Mary V.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the interpretation of stress, the appraisal of the stressors, as well as the top stressors experienced by hospice volunteers. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 hospice volunteers. The interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analyzed, using qualitative research methods. Although the results indicated that the hospice volunteers did not perceive their work as stressful, 2 main themes regarding challenging experiences did emerge. Hospice-related issues and personal issues were of concern to the volunteers. In addition, the timing of the stressors revealed that the most stress was felt at the beginning of their volunteer services, which has implications for hospice volunteer coordinators as they support their volunteers in the field.
Factors Associated With Favorable Attitudes Toward End-of-Life Planning
Authors: Ruff Heather , Jacobs Robin J. , Fernandez M.Isabel , Bowen G. Stephen , Gerber Hilary
Published: September 2010

Planning for end-of-life (EOL) care can result in better patient outcomes and lowered health care costs. We hypothesized that knowledge and experiences with EOL care would influence patients’ EOL planning (i.e., health care decisions, hospice use). Using an observational, cross-sectional design, we recruited a community sample of 331 South Floridians aged 18 to 84 (M = 44 years, SD = 14.95) to complete a questionnaire examining knowledge and opinions on EOL issues. Regression analyses showed that prior knowledge of living wills and hospice services were associated with more favorable attitudes toward hospice care, preference for limited medical interventions at EOL, and more comfort in communicating about death and dying. Patient education on EOL care may increase hospice use, enhance EOL planning, and improve patient outcomes.
Vision, Grit, and Collaboration: How the Wisconsin Center for Nursing Achieved Both Sustainable Funding and Established Itself as a State Health Care Workforce Leader
Authors: Acord Lea G. , Dennik-Champion Gina , Lundeen Sally Peck , Schuler Suzanne G.
Published: September 2010

In 2001, a dedicated group of nurses from across Wisconsin came together to discuss how to create a state center of expertise on key nursing workforce issues. The result was the establishment of the Wisconsin Center for Nursing (WCN) in 2005. Since that time, through its statewide Board of Directors, WCN has clarified and targeted specific state workforce needs and identified gaps that exist in addressing those needs. During its five-year existence, WCN has received funding from a variety of sources, and volunteers have spent hundreds of hours working on behalf of the organization. Finding a sustainable base of funding for WCN has been a priority in order to ensure that the organization can hire permanent staff and invest in ongoing initiatives. In 2009, WCN was involved in developing a strategy that resolved both the issue of sustainability and the need to collect and analyze data on the nursing profession. A bill was passed by the Wisconsin legislature that required RNs and LPNs to complete a comprehensive survey every two years when they renew their state licenses. In addition, the legislature raised the licensure fee for RNs and LPNs and dedicated a portion to WCN to assist in the analysis of the newly-collected nursing workforce data and to develop a state-wide plan addressing the future of the Wisconsin nursing workforce. This article will include the history of the WCN and the details of its journey toward sustainability including accomplishments and lessons learned.
Payment Regulations for Advanced Practice Nurses: Implications for Primary Care
Authors: Chapman Susan A. , Wides Cynthia D. , Spetz Joanne
Published: September 2010

The shortage of primary care providers (PCPs) in the United States may be worsened with health reform if more individuals receive health insurance coverage. Previous research suggests that Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) can provide as high quality care and achieve the same health outcomes as physicians. However, APRNs are usually reimbursed at lower rates than physicians by both Medicare and Medicaid. Private health insurance regulations and Any Willing Provider laws vary from state to state but in general do little to facilitate the ability of APRNs to be reimbursed for their services or to be credentialed as PCPs. To maximize the utilization of APRNs as PCPs, the payment system should be remodeled. A clear regulatory framework and payment rationale are needed along with data on the type and complexity of care provided by various practitioners to increase efficiencies and improve access to health care.
Fabrication and magnetic properties of electrospun zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanofibres
Authors: Ponhan W. , Swatsitang E. , Maensiri S.
Published: September 2010

The present paper describes the fabrication of zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanofibres by electrospinning method using a solution that contained polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and Zn and Fe nitrates as alternative metal sources. The as spun and calcined ZnFe2O4/PVP composite samples were characterised by thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and SEM respectively. After calcination of the as spun ZnFe2O4/PVP composite nanofibres (fibre size of 344 ± 76 nm in diameter) at 500, 600 and 700°C in air for 2 h, the nature of nanofibres was changed due to the reorganisation of the ZnFe2O4 structure at high temperature, and ZnFe2O4 nanofibres of 58–75 nm in diameter having well developed spinel structure were successfully obtained. The crystal structure and morphology of the nanofibres were influenced by the calcination temperature. The calcined ZnFe2O4 samples have a structure of packed particles or crystallites with crystallite sizes of 19, 20 and 26 nm for the samples calcined at 500, 600 and 700°C respectively. Room temperature magnetisation results showed a superparamagnetic behaviour of the ZnFe2O4 samples calcined at 500 and 600°C and a paramagnetic behaviour of the ZnFe2O4 samples calcined at 700°C. The specific magnetisation Ms values at 10 kOe are 2·34, 2·55 and 1·53 emu g–1 for the samples of ZnFe2O4/PVP composite nanofibres calcined at 500, 600 and 700°C respectively.
Not all who wheeze have asthma
Authors: Backer V.
Published: September 2010

Educational aims

Exercise-induced asthma is frequently found among children, adolescents and young adults.

The diagnosis of asthma should be documented by variable lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.

Not all people who report exercise-induced respiratory symptoms have asthma.

Asthma is characterised by respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing, and by exercise-induced symptoms. People with asthma frequently report symptoms during exercise; 90% of these people have exercise-induced asthma (EIA). Nevertheless, exercise-induced symptoms may mask other conditions or diseases, for instance poor physical fitness, exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction, hyperventilation and cardiomyopathy. Asthma symptoms should be documented and patients treated accordingly. With non-asthmatic exercise-induced symptoms, diseases in the laryngeal area are highly likely and patients should be examined while running. Although treatment options for laryngeal dysfunctions are limited, patients feel more in control when they know what is happening in their throat.
In vivo imaging of zebrafish retinal cells using fluorescent coumarin derivatives
Authors: Watanabe Kohei , Nishimura Yuhei , Oka Takehiko , Nomoto Tsuyoshi , Kon Tetsuo , Shintou Taichi , Hirano Minoru , Shimada Yasuhito , Umemoto Noriko , Kuroyanagi Junya , Wang Zhipeng , Zhang Zi , Nishimura Norihiro , Miyazaki Takeshi , Imamura Takeshi , Tanaka Toshio
Published: September 2010

Background

The zebrafish visual system is a good research model because the zebrafish retina is very similar to that of humans in terms of the morphologies and functions. Studies of the retina have been facilitated by improvements in imaging techniques. In vitro techniques such as immunohistochemistry and in vivo imaging using transgenic zebrafish have been proven useful for visualizing specific subtypes of retinal cells. In contrast, in vivo imaging using organic fluorescent molecules such as fluorescent sphingolipids allows non-invasive staining and visualization of retinal cells en masse. However, these fluorescent molecules also localize to the interstitial fluid and stain whole larvae.

Results

We screened fluorescent coumarin derivatives that might preferentially stain neuronal cells including retinal cells. We identified four coumarin derivatives that could be used for in vivo imaging of zebrafish retinal cells. The retinas of living zebrafish could be stained by simply immersing larvae in water containing 1 μg/ml of a coumarin derivative for 30 min. By using confocal laser scanning microscopy, the lamination of the zebrafish retina was clearly visualized. Using these coumarin derivatives, we were able to assess the development of the zebrafish retina and the morphological abnormalities induced by genetic or chemical interventions. The coumarin derivatives were also suitable for counter-staining of transgenic zebrafish expressing fluorescent proteins in specific subtypes of retinal cells.

Conclusions

The coumarin derivatives identified in this study can stain zebrafish retinal cells in a relatively short time and at low concentrations, making them suitable for in vivo imaging of the zebrafish retina. Therefore, they will be useful tools in genetic and chemical screenings using zebrafish to identify genes and chemicals that may have crucial functions in the retina.
Conservation between higher plants and the moss Physcomitrella patensin response to the phytohormone abscisic acid: a proteomics analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaoqin , Kuang Tingyun , He Yikun
Published: September 2010

Background

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is ubiquitous among land plants where it plays an important role in plant growth and development. In seeds, ABA induces embryogenesis and seed maturation as well as seed dormancy and germination. In vegetative tissues, ABA is a necessary mediator in the triggering of many of the physiological and molecular adaptive responses of the plant to adverse environmental conditions, such as desiccation, salt and cold.

Results

In this study, we investigated the influence of abscisic acid (ABA) on Physcomitrella patens at the level of the proteome using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sixty-five protein spots showed changes in response to ABA treatment. Among them, thirteen protein spots were down-regulated; fifty-two protein spots were up-regulated including four protein spots which were newly induced. These proteins were involved in various functions, including material and energy metabolism, defense, protein destination and storage, transcription, signal transduction, cell growth/division, transport, and cytoskeleton. Specifically, most of the up-regulated proteins functioned as molecular chaperones, transcriptional regulators, and defense proteins. Detailed analysis of these up-regulated proteins showed that ABA could trigger stress and defense responses and protect plants from oxidative damage. Otherwise, three protein kinases involved in signal pathways were up-regulated suggesting that P. patens is sensitive to exogenous ABA. The down-regulated of the Rubisco small subunit, photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex proteins and photosystem assembly protein ycf3 indicated that photosynthesis of P. patens was inhibited by ABA treatment.

Conclusion

Proteome analysis techniques have been applied as a direct, effective, and reliable tool in differential protein expressions. Sixty-five protein spots showed differences in accumulation levels as a result of treatment with ABA. Detailed analysis these protein functions showed that physiological and molecular responses to the plant hormone ABA appear to be conserved among higher plant species and bryophytes.