bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regeneration of oat androgenic plants in relation to induction media and culture conditions of embryo-like structures
Authors: Ponitka Aleksandra , Ślusarkiewicz-Jarzina Aurelia
Published: April 2013

The effect of C17 and W14 induction media on the formation of embryo-like structures (ELS) from F3 generation of nine hexaploid oat hybrids was investigated in the study. In all genotypes, the highest number of ELS (0.6 - 12.1/100 anthers) was obtained on C17 medium. The efficiency of plant regeneration on medium 190-2 was tested, in relation to different ELS culture conditions. The highest rate of green plants per 100 ELS (3.3 - 42.4) was produced by incubation at 22oC in the dark for the first two weeks. Among 36 green regenerants, 28 (77.8%) were haploid and 8 (22.2%) were spontaneous doubled haploids, fully fertile. After colchicine treatment of haploid plants, 19 were partially fertile and set from 1 to 15 seed per panicle.
Changes in macroelement content of rhizomes of Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibith. and Sm. during the annual cycle
Authors: Tomaszewicz Henryk
Published: April 2013

This study presents the results of studies on the chemical composition of rhizomes of Nuphar lutea which were carried out from July 2006 to November 2007 (the samples were collected at two-week intervals from March to November 2007). The first indication of the start of the growing season was the growth of leaves in the apical part of the rhizomes. Clearly visible signs that marked the beginning of the growing season were unfolding of leaves, which became arrow-shaped. The leaves had already unfolded and were arrow-shaped (saggitate) on April 10th when the temperature of the bottom water layer was 7oC. It may be assumed, therefore, that the growing season began between the 28th March and 10th April 2007. The phosphates, nitrates, sodium, calcium, total iron and sulphates levels in the rhizomes declined just after the growing season had started. The total nitrogen content remained at a constant level whereas the amount of dissolved silica increased. Considerable changes in the macroelement contents were noted when Nuphar lutea was in full bloom (10th-24th June). The macroelement contents presented in the tables and diagrams were expressed on a dry matter basis. An additional table illustrates the macroelement contents expressed on a fresh matter basis. The problem of collecting rhizomes of polycormic plants is discussed.
Changes in the alkaloid, α-galactoside and protein fractions content during germination of different lupin species
Authors: Chilomer Katarzyna , Zaleska Karolina , Ciesiołka Danuta , Gulewicz Piotr , Frankiewicz Andrzej , Gulewicz Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

The objective of our studies were seeds of two lupin species Lupinus luteus L. and Lupinus angustifolius L. cvs. Lord and Graf respectively. Lupin seeds were germinated at 15 and 24oC and during two, three and four days. In the lupin sprouts antinutritional factors: alkaloids and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and five nitrogen fractions: non protein (Nnp), albumin (A), globulin (G), glutelin and prolamin (Gt+P) and nitrogen residue fraction (Nr) were determined. The level of these compounds was compared with the proper ones of initial material (not germinated seeds). These studies showed that the germination process clearly affects the decrease of antinutritional factors: RFOs and alkaloids. The decrease level of these compounds depended on such factors like, lupin species and used germination conditions. It was found on the base of nitrogen analysis of particular protein fractions that the germination process of lupin seeds causes deep quantitative and qualitative changes in fractional composition of lupin proteins. It especially concerns the decrease of globulin and residual fraction content and distinct increase of Nnp fraction. The changes in other fractions were not so unequivocal in comparison with the mentioned above and depended on lupin species, temperature and time of germination. Qualitative changes of A, G and Gt+P fractions caused by germination were confirmed by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The amino acid analysis of seeds and sprouts of Nnp fractions showed an increased content of Asp, Ser, Ala, Pro - non essential amino acids (NEAA), and Val, Met, iLeu, Leu, Thr - essential amino acids (EAA). Simultaneously a decrease of Glu, Arg (NEAA), Phe, Lis, Cys (EAA) contents was observed. Generally the germination process causes the decrease of total NEAA and an increase of total EAA in Nnp fractions of both lupin species.
Soluble carbohydrates in cereal (wheat, rye, triticale) seed after storage under accelerated ageing conditions
Authors: Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka I. , Niedzielski Maciej , Michalczyk Dariusz J. , Łuczak Wiesław , Adomas Barbara
Published: April 2013

Germinability and the content of soluble carbohydrates were analysed in cereal seed (winter rye, cv. Warko; spring wheat, cv. Santa; hexaploid winter triticale, cv. Fidelio and cv. Woltario). Seed moisture content (mc) was equilibrated over silica gel to 0.08 g H2O/g dry mass and stored in a desiccator at 20oC for up to 205 weeks or were equilibrated to mc 0.06, 0.08 or 0.10 g H2O/g dm and subjected to artificial aging at 35oC in air-tight laminated aluminium foil packages for 205 weeks. It was shown that the rate of seed aging depended on the species and seed moisture content. The fastest decrease of germinability upon storage was observed in seed with the highest moisture level. Complete germinability loss for winter rye, winter triticale cv. Fidelio, winter triticale cv. Woltario and spring wheat seed with mc 0.10 g H2O/g dm3 occurred after 81, 81, 101 and 133 weeks, respectively. Fructose, glucose, galactose, myo-inositol, sucrose, galactinol, raffinose, stachyose and verbascose were the main soluble carbohydrates found in the seed. The obtained data on the contents of specific sugars and the composition of soluble sugars fraction in seed of rye, wheat and triticale did not corroborate any profound effect of reducing sugars, sucrose and oligosaccharides on seed longevity.
Mannose inhibition of nitrate uptake by wheat roots
Authors: Li Jin Zhi , Cram William John , He Guang Yuan
Published: April 2013

The effect of mannose on nitrate uptake was investigated by a new non-invasive technique. Under normal condition, nitrate uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots was about 1-7 µmol gfwt-1 h-1. After the addition of 10 mM mannose, net nitrate influx by wheat roots started to decrease and reached a new steady state at -40 ±50% of the control value after 73 min. After mannose supplied for 2 h, its removal caused net nitrate influx to be recovered to an original rate. Therefore, the inhibition of mannose on nitrate uptake is not due to the onset of programmed cell death because it starts too rapidly and it is reversible, however, it is probably due to Pi and consequent ATP depletion.
Variation of seed morphology of Trollius europaeus L. and Trollius altissimus Crantz (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Antkowiak Wojciech , Maciejewska-Rutkowska Irmina , Jagodziński Andrzej M. , Kayzer Dariusz , Klimko Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate seed morphology and intra- and inter-population variation of seeds of Trollius europaeus L. and Trollius altissimus Crantz., two controversial species regarding their taxonomical position. We analyzed seed-coat microsculpture and some biometrical traits (length and width, width/length ratio, volume and projected perimeter). Seed sculpture did not differ between species, but seeds of T. altissimus were usually larger than seeds of T. europaeus. Although species differed significantly in seed morphology, it was possible to show the populations of both species that were similar regarding the analyzed seed traits. We noted a significant inter-population differentiation of seeds in both species with respect to seed-coat microornamentation and biometrical traits. We conclude that T. europaeus and T. altissimus are probably not two distinct species, but T. europaeus should be divided into two lower taxa in the rank of variety or subspecies.
Central European botanic gardens as centres of dispersal of alien plants
Authors: Galera Halina , Sudnik-Wójcikowska Barbara
Published: April 2013

The aim of the work was to estimate the specific role that Central European botanic gardens play in the dispersal of alien plants, which results from the wide variety of plants cultivated in the gardens and regular international exchange of plant material between these institutions. We compared the results of recent field studies (in eight Polish botanic gardens) and a review of older literature data and herbarium collections (from Central European botanic gardens). We found that in Poland the proportion of botanic garden escapes was lower (3%) than would be expected from the "tens rule". Botanic gardens have played a considerable role in the development of the synanthropic flora of Central Europe in the last 200 years. We determined a group of species introduced through a network of botanic gardens and propose 5 theoretical patterns to describe the mode and pathways of the early stages of introduction of these species.
Analysis of pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) by means of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula
Authors: Ballian Dalibor , Ivanković Mladen , Gračan Joso , Perić Sanja , Marjanović Hrvoje , Bobinac Martin , Slade Danko
Published: April 2013

In the area of the western Balkans, xerothermal broad-leaf forests hold a very special position, the main species being pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.). The study comprises 36 populations of pubescent oak from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo, Albania and Macedonia. Genetic variability and population diversity was analysed on chloroplast DNA in order to determine to which haplotype an individual or studied population belongs, as well as how they are related. For the detection of one haplotype analysed four sequences (AS, TF, DT and CD) on the chloroplasts DNA. The results of the analysis suggest that there are six different haplotypes of pubescent oak (2, 4, 5, 17, 31, 33) in the studied populations. Two more sub-haplotypes were found in haplotype 5 (a and b), but only in populations occurring in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results suggest the great variability of pubescent oak in the researched area, which is generally characteristic of other species from the area of the Balkan Peninsula. The results obtained by means of cpDNA analysis can help in the formation of seed zones. However, due to the strong selection pressure of unplanned logging, and the possible introduction of herbal material of unknown origin, it is necessary to find a sufficient number of autochthonous entities (i.e., populations of the researched species) as well as new suitable markers for their characterization. The results of this paper constitute a scientifically recognised, partial examination of the origin of the starting forest reproductive material from the broader geographic area, thus serving future projects on its regeneration.
Orobanche pallidiflora Wimm. & Grab. in Poland: distribution, habitat and host preferences
Authors: Piwowarczyk Renata , Chmielewski Piotr , Gierczyk Błażej , Piwowarski Bartosz , Stachyra Przemysław
Published: April 2013

The paper presents ten new localities of Orobanche pallidiflora Wimm. & Grab. from Poland (Middle Roztocze, Równina Bełska plain, Wyżyna Malopolska upland, Góry Kaczawskie Mts and Western Bieszczady Mts). Information on hosts, abundance and habitat preferences at the new localities is given and a supplemented map of the distribution in Poland is included.
Rare Pediastrum species (Chlorophyceae) from Polish coastal lakes
Authors: Kowalska Joanna , Wołowski Konrad
Published: April 2013

An account is given of the occurrence of Pediastrum (Chlorophyceae, Sphaeropleales) in five eutrophic coastal lakes (Jamno, Bukowo, Gardno, Łebsko and Sarbsko) in northern Poland, together with morphological data of the species and more detailed taxonomic and ecological information for three taxa which appear to be rare world wide. These are P. musterii, P. orientale and P. alternans; the first is recorded for the first time from central Europe. P. orientale and P. alternans show considerable morphological variability under different environmental conditions, indicating the need for further studies. The studied lakes seem to be especially favourable for Pediastrum, with a total of eight species (15 taxa) in the phytoplankton noted during the summer. However, the relative frequency of the genus in the overall algal communities was low. The most frequent species were P. boryanum, P. kawraiskyi and P. duplex and these were accompanied by cyanobacteria, coccal green algae (Chlorophyceae, Chlorococcales) and diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). All the Pediastrum taxa were documented using LM and SEM.
Genetic diversity of Galium cracoviense, G. oelandicum and G. sudeticum (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Cieślak Elżbieta , Szeląg Zbigniew
Published: April 2013

Galium sect. Leptogalium Lange in NE Europe is represented by few, local endemic species which occur in the area covered by the continental ice sheet in the Pleistocene period. They are: G. cracoviense Ehrend. in S Poland, G. oelandicum (Sterner & Hyl.) Ehrend. in SE Sweden and G. sudeticum Tausch in SW Poland and N Czech Republic. 55 individuals from five populations of these species were analysed using AFLP markers. A total of 193 AFLP bands were detected using three combinations of primers; out of them 159 proved polymorphic (82.4%). The lowest values of Shannon's index and Nei's gene diversity were noted for G. oelandicum and the highest ones for G. sudeticum. The results indicate a relatively high level of genetic variability in each of endemic species in spite of that the studied species occupy very small areas and are represented by a low number of populations. We conclude that additional, demographic and genetic studies are necessary to monitor potential decrease of populations' size resulting mainly from the mechanical destruction of plants and their habitats caused by intense tourism or other human activities (as agriculture, e.g. grazing).
Modelling of habitat conditions by self-organizing feature maps using relations between soil, plant chemical properties and type of basaltoides
Authors: Kosiba Piotr , Stankiewicz Andrzej , Mróz Lucyna
Published: April 2013

The paper shows the use of Kohonen's network for classification of basaltoides on the base of chemical properties of soils and Polypodium vulgare L. The study area was Lower Silesia (Poland). The archival data were: chemical composition of types of basaltoides from 89 sites (Al2O3, CaO, FeO, Fe2O3, K2O, MgO, MnO, Na2O, P2O5, SiO2 and TiO2), elements contents in soils (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, S, Ti and Zn) and leaves of P. vulgare (Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Ni, P, Pb, S, Ti and Zn) from 20 sites. Descriptive statistical parameters of soils and leaves chemical properties have been shown, statistical analyses using ANOVA and relationships between chemical elements were carried out, and SOFM models have been constructed. The study revealed that the ordination of individuals and groups of neurons in topological maps of plant and soil chemical properties are similar. The constructed models are related with significantly different contents of elements in plants and soils. These models represent different chemical types of soils and are connected with ordination of types of basaltoides worked out by SOFM model of TAS division. The SOFM appeared to be a useful technique for ordination of ecological data and provides a novel framework for the discovery and forecasting of ecosystem properties.
A new stand of Hieracium pilosum schleich. ex Froelich (Asteraceae) in the Polish Tatra Mountains
Authors: Kruk Jerzy
Published: April 2013

A new stand of H. pilosum, a species not reported before from the territory of Poland, was found in the Polish Western Tatra Mts. It grows in numerous stands on limestone rocks on the slopes of Upłaziańska Kopka, at ca. 1400 m a.s.l. Moreover, typical form of this species, collected in the Polish Western Tatra Mts, was also found in herbaria of KRA and KRAM. These data indicate that H. pilosum is a widespread species in the described region but it was unrecognized from H. villosum so far.
The pollination of Epipactis Zinn, 1757 (Orchidaceae) species in Central Europe – the significance of chemical attractants, floral morphology and concomitant insects
Authors: Jakubska-Busse Anna , Kadej Marcin
Published: April 2013

A series of studies on pollination biology of the Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser, E. purpurata Sm., and E. palustris (L.) Crantz populations was conducted in Poland, Lithuania and Czech Republic between 2003 and 2010. The research focused on pollinators and visitors to aforementioned orchid species as well as on the chemical analysis of orchids' nectar which was done using the GC/MS method. It was found that: 1) the type of pollinators depends on the orchid population size and the surrounding environment, where the temperature and amount of precipitation during the vegetative season are the most vital factors; 2) pollinators and visitors to the examined orchids might differ in successive growing seasons; 3) the studied Epipactis species differ in the chemical composition of their nectar and its scent, which can influence their pollination biology; 4) the tendency to autogamy observed in E. purpurata might be due to lack of pollinators in its habitats.
Lectotypification of Ramonda serbica Panč. (Gesneriaceae)
Authors: Szeląg Zbigniew , Somlyay Lajos
Published: April 2013

A lectotype of the name Ramonda serbica Panč. is designated from Pančić's specimens held in the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest (BP) and illustrated.
Isochilostachya Mytnik & Szlach., gen. nov., a new genus of Polystachyinae Schltr. (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Mytnik-Ejsmont Joanna , Szlachetko Dariusz L.
Published: April 2013

A new genus of Orchidaceae (Polystachyinae), Isochilostachya, is described. It is morphologically similar to Polystachya Hook. but is distinct by the narrower, grass-like leaves arranged in the upper part of the stem, long and acuminate floral bracts and sepals, and long clavate or capitate hairs densely arranged on the lip. A comprehensive description of the new genus is provided. A list of examined specimens and information about distribution, habitat, and altitude for each species are presented. A position of the members of the new genus in the cladogram recently obtained from molecular analyses of Polystachyinae is briefly discussed. A taxonomic key to Polystachyinae is included. Eleven new combinations on species level are validated. Eight lectotypes are designated. Most of the species of Isochilostachya are endemic to particular mountains of the Eastern Arc (Eastern Afromontane hotspot) in north-east Tanzania therefore a brief discussion about their restricted distribution is provided.
Syntaxonomy and ecology of forest vegetation in the Štiavnické vrchy Mts (Central Slovakia)
Authors: Slezák Michal , Hegedüšová Katarína , Senko Dušan
Published: April 2013

Vegetation of deciduous forests in the Štiavnické vrchy Mts (Central Slovakia) was studied using the standard Zürich-Montpellier approach. The numerical classification and ordination technique were applied to determine the main forest vegetation types and to find the responsible environmental drivers related to their distribution patterns, respectively. The data set including 198 relevés collected by authors in 1997-2009 and 185 relevés excerpted from literature was used to analysis. Numerical classification resulted in delimitation of fourteen vegetation types representing eleven associations with two variants and two communities within the Quercetea robori-petraeae and Querco-Fagetea classes. The major environmental gradients in variation of forest species composition were associated with moisture and nutrient content following the average Ellenberg indicator values. Along the moisture gradient, vegetation types were ordered from subxerophilous oak forests turn mesophilous mixed oak-hornbeam, beech and ravine forests to hygrophilous riparian alder forest. The results confirmed important role of soil nutrients and moisture by determination of forest vegetation in subcontinental part of Central Europe. Special attention was given to the discussion of floristical characteristics, site conditions and syntaxonomy.
Prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV in Latvia, 2008–2011
Authors: Sangirejeva A , Sture G , Zeltina I , Januskevica I , Rozentale B
Published: April 2013

Purpose of the study

The aim of this study was to describe trends in the management of pregnancies in HIV‐infected women and their outcomes, over a 4‐year period in Latvia on an Infectology Center of Latvia (LIC) basis.

Methods

The study of HIV‐infected women in Latvia giving birth to one or more children between 1 Jan 2008 and 31 Dec 2011.

Results

We identified 199 HIV‐infected women with 210 pregnancies. Mean age was 27 years, median baseline pregnancy CD4 count was 452 cells/mm3, the baseline pregnancy plasma viral load (VL) was 53,066 copies/ml. Knowledge of HIV status before pregnancy was 60.5%, but 32.5% HIV‐positive diagnosis was confirmed during pregnancy and 7.1% after delivery. One pregnant woman's HIV disease progressed to AIDS and death. Women on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were 82.3%. Maternal monotherapy with the zidovudine (ZDV) rate was 10.4%, dual therapy with nucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) ‐ 2.3%, triple therapy with the protease‐inhibitor (PI) plus NRTI ‐ 87.3%. Median VL at delivery was 1349. A greater proportion of cases 91.5% had a VL <1000 copies/ml, from them 47.4% <40 copies/ml. Vaginal deliveries range was 20.8% of pregnancies and elective cesarean delivery 68.6%. Preterm delivery occurred in 12.1%. Overall mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) of HIV rate was 4.3%. Among the 35.5% of mothers initiating ART at 14 weeks’ gestation, MTCT was 1.4%, compared with 1.5% and 3.1% for those initiating ART at <14 weeks (n=67, 31.9%) and >24 weeks (n=32, 15.2%). Among 17.6% women, who did not receive prophylactic ART, MTCT rate was 16.2%. 7 of 9 women giving birth to an HIV‐positive child were diagnosed with HIV before pregnancy, 1 of 9 during pregnancy, 1 of 9 after delivery. From women giving birth to an HIV‐positive child 6 did not receive prophylactic ART, 1 started ART at week 14, 2 after week 14.

Conclusions

Women's low education, recurrent pregnancies, intravenous drug use, vaginal deliveries, not receiving and late initiation of prophylactic ART was independently (p<0.05) associated with an increased risk of MTCT. Strategies are needed to facilitate earlier identification of HIV‐ infected women (also HIV status identification twice during pregnancy). Management of pregnancies in HIV‐infected women according to the LIC guidelines, i.e. ART from week 14, intravenous ZDV during labour, elective cesarean delivery, neonatal ZDV during 6 weeks and no breastfeeding is effective to reduce risk for MTCT.
Prevention of HIV infection transmission from mother to child in Romania ‐ a simultaneous objective and challenge
Authors: Petre C , Draghicenoiu R , Ungurianu R , Tudor A , Mitran M , Benea O , Otelea D , Mardarescu M
Published: April 2013

The latest WHO data regarding HIV/AIDS infection have revealed the real dimension of this epidemic. In Romania, in 2011 out of 619 new detected cases, 19 represented children between 0–14 years. Vertical transmission was recorded for 16 (2.6%) of these cases. Within this epidemiological context, mother to child transmission continues to represent a top theme, which determined us to continue with the observations initiated in 2000 on this phenomenon.

Purpose of the study

The follow up of the evolution of a certain number of perinatally exposed children to HIV infection throughout 11 years, based on several risk factors: time of birth, time of the mother's and child's diagnosis; type of birth; type of nourishment for the newborn.

Methods

During 01.01.2000–31.12.2011, 435 children from all around the country were included in the study and assessed at I.N.B.I “Prof. Dr. M. Bals” in Bucharest, with ages between 0–18 months. They were clinically and biologically evaluated until the age of 18 months. Relevant data on the children were recorded: gender, age, time of diagnosis, ART prophylaxis (YES or NO), type of birth and nourishment, CD4 count, VL at the initial time and at the end of the surveillance period. For mothers we focused on: age, environment, level of education, occupation, time of HIV diagnosis, treatment/prophylaxis, type of birth, CD4 and VL at birth (data obtained from medical records or anamnesis).

Results

Out of the surveyed 435 children, 16% were considered infected with HIV. This rate decreased in stages, from 45% in 2005 to 17% in 2010. The main transmission causes were late HIV diagnosis in the mother, lack of prophylaxis/treatment for mothers, natural birth, breastfeeding, lack of prophylaxis in children or tardiness in initiating it.

Conclusions

The rate of HIV transmission is still very high. The elimination of this infection route is globally considered a realistic objective of public health policies. In this sense, the collaboration and active involvement of specialists from various medical and social domains is a necessity.
Microbicide clinical trial adherence: insights for introduction
Authors: Woodsong Cynthia , MacQueen Kathleen , Amico K Rivet , Friedland Barbara , Gafos Mitzy , Mansoor Leila , Tolley Elizabeth , McCormack Sheena
Published: April 2013

After two decades of microbicide clinical trials it remains uncertain if vaginally‐ delivered products will be clearly shown to reduce the risk of HIV infection in women and girls. Furthermore, a microbicide product with demonstrated clinical efficacy must be used correctly and consistently if it is to prevent infection. Information on adherence that can be gleaned from microbicide trials is relevant for future microbicide safety and efficacy trials, pre‐licensure implementation trials, Phase IV post‐marketing research, and microbicide introduction and delivery. Drawing primarily from data and experience that has emerged from the large‐scale microbicide efficacy trials completed to‐date, the paper identifies six broad areas of adherence lessons learned: (1) Adherence measurement in clinical trials, (2) Comprehension of use instructions/Instructions for use, (3) Unknown efficacy and its effect on adherence/Messages regarding effectiveness, (4) Partner influence on use, (5) Retention and continuation and (6) Generalizability of trial participants' adherence behavior. Each is discussed, with examples provided from microbicide trials. For each of these adherence topics, recommendations are provided for using trial findings to prepare for future microbicide safety and efficacy trials, Phase IV post‐marketing research, and microbicide introduction and delivery programs.
Target‐Induced Natural Killer Cell Loss as a Measure of NK Cell Responses
Authors: Warren Hilary
Published: April 2013

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important effector cell of innate immunity. Their interaction with susceptible target cells triggers NK cell cytotoxicity and the release of cytokines. Immunofluorescence flow cytometry–based assays are now the preferred methods for measuring NK cell responses. For these assays, assessment is made on NK cells (CD3–CD56+ CD16+) within the viable lymphocyte gate, defined by the parameters of size (FSC) and granularity (SSC). Accordingly, NK cells that have not dissociated from target cells at the time of measurement, or that have undergone target cell–induced apoptosis, are excluded from the viable lymphocyte gate and therefore from analysis. This unit describes a protocol for assessing NK cell function in response to various target cells (natural killing, antibody‐dependent cell cytotoxicity, and NK cell alloreactivity) based on the loss of NK cells from the lymphocyte gate. This target‐induced NK loss (TINKL) should provide a sensitive measure of NK cell responses in a clinical laboratory setting. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 101:14.29.1‐14.29.21. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Room‐Temperature Nanosoldering of a Very Long Metal Nanowire Network by Conducting‐Polymer‐Assisted Joining for a Flexible Touch‐Panel Application
Authors: Lee Jinhwan , Lee Phillip , Lee Ha Beom , Hong Sukjoon , Lee Inhwa , Yeo Junyeob , Lee Seung Seob , Kim Taek‐Soo , Lee Dongjin , Ko Seung Hwan
Published: April 2013

As an alternative to the brittle and expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductor, a very simple, room‐temperature nanosoldering method of Ag nanowire percolation network is developed with conducting polymer to demonstrate highly flexible and even stretchable transparent conductors. The drying conducting polymer on Ag nanowire percolation network is used as a nanosoldering material inducing strong capillary‐force‐assisted stiction of the nanowires to other nanowires or to the substrate to enhance the electrical conductivity, mechanical stability, and adhesion to the substrate of the nanowire percolation network without the conventional high‐temperature annealing step. Highly bendable Ag nanowire/conducting polymer hybrid films with low sheet resistance and high transmittance are demonstrated on a plastic substrate. The fabricated flexible transparent electrode maintains its conductivity over 20 000 cyclic bends and 5 to 10% stretching. Finally, a large area (A4‐size) transparent conductor and a flexible touch panel on a non‐flat surface are fabricated to demonstrate the possibility of cost‐effective mass production as well as the applicability to the unconventional arbitrary soft surfaces. These results suggest that this is an important step toward producing intelligent and multifunctional soft electric devices as friendly human/electronics interface, and it may ultimately contribute to the applications in wearable computers.
Structure‐Properties Relationship in Iron Oxide‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructures for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yu Seung‐Ho , Conte Donato E. , Baek Seunghwan , Lee Dong‐Chan , Park Seung‐Keun , Lee Kyung Jae , Piao Yuanzhe , Sung Yung‐Eun , Pinna Nicola
Published: April 2013

Non‐aqueous sol‐gel routes involving the reaction of metal oxide precursors in organic solvents (e.g., benzyl alcohol) at moderate temperature and pressure, offer advantages such as high purity, high reproducibility and the ability to control the crystal growth without the need of using additional ligands. In this paper, a study carried out on a series of iron oxide/reduced graphene oxide composites is presented to elucidate a structure‐properties relationship leading to an improved electrochemical performance of such composites. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the easy production of the composites in a variety of temperature and composition ranges, allows a fine control over the final particles size, density and distribution. The materials obtained are remarkable in terms of the particle's size homogeneity and dispersion onto the reduced graphene oxide surface. Moreover, the synthesis method used to obtain the graphene oxide clearly affects the performances of the final composites through the control of the restacking of the reduced graphene oxide sheets. It is shown that a homogeneous and less defective reduced graphene oxide enables good electrochemical performances even at high current densities (over 500 mAh/g delivered at current densities as high as 1600 mA/g). The electrochemical properties of improved samples reach the best compromise between specific capacity, rate capability and cycle stability reported so far.
Synthesis of EP‐POSS mixture and the properties of EP‐POSS/epoxy, SiO2/epoxy, and SiO2/EP‐POSS/epoxy nanocomposite
Authors: Xin Cunliang , Ma Xiaoyan , Chen Fang , Song Chunying , Qu Xiaohong
Published: April 2013

The hybrid material of EP‐POSS mixture was synthesized by the hydrolysis and condensation of (γ‐glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane. A series of binary systems of EP‐POSS/epoxy blends, epoxy resin modified by silica nanoparticles (SiO2/epoxy), and ternary system of SiO2/EP‐POSS/epoxy nanocomposite were prepared. The dispersion of SiO2 in the matrices was evidenced by transmission electron micrograph, and the mechanical properties, that is, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength were examined for EP‐POSS/epoxy blends, SiO2/epoxy, and SiO2/EP‐POSS/epoxy, respectively. The fractured surface of the impact samples was observed by scanning electron micrograph. Thermogravimetry analysis were applied to investigate the different thermal stabilities of the binary system and ternary system by introducing EP‐POSS and SiO2 to epoxy resin. The results showed that the impact strength, flexural strength, and modulus of the SiO2/EP‐POSS/epoxy system increased around by 57.9, 14.1, and 44.0% compared with the pure epoxy resin, Ti, Tmax and the residues of the ternary system were 387°C, 426°C, and 25.2%, increased remarkably by 20°C, 11°C and 101.6% in contrast to the pure epoxy resin, which was also higher than the binary systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 810‐819, 2013
Influence of very long aging on the relaxation behavior of flame‐retardant printed circuit board epoxy composites under mechatronic conditions
Authors: Lé‐Magda Mélanie , Dargent Eric , Puente Jorge Arturo Soto , Guillet Alain , Font Emmanuelle , Saiter Jean‐Marc
Published: April 2013

Very long aging times, up to 15,100 h (629 days) at 110°C, were achieved on flame‐retardant printed circuit board laminates commonly used in automotive design. This composite was fabricated from glass fibers embedded in an epoxy resin. Aging was performed in an oven under an air atmosphere at a temperature lower than the glass‐transition temperature. Temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetric analysis was used to investigate the influence of such aging on the glass‐transition phenomena. A new amorphous phase appeared during aging. By extending the analysis to samples collected at different thicknesses, we demonstrated the existence of a time‐dependent gradient of the properties. A skin–core structure was evidenced, and this slowed down oxidation and allowed physical aging to occur in the bulk sample. An exponential law described the variations of the glass‐transition of the new external compound. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 786‐792, 2013
Stability analysis and controller design in microbial continuous culture with discrete time delay
Authors: Zhu Xi , Gao Jinggui , Feng Enmin , Xiu Zhilong , Jin Sheng
Published: April 2013

In this paper, stability analysis and controller design in microbial continuous culture with discrete time delay are studied. The dissimilation process of glycerol to 1,3‐propanediol cannot avoid the disturbances caused by time delay. Time delay can limit and degrade the achievable performance of controlled systems, and even induce instability. Based on the biodynamic model, some properties of its solutions are discussed. In addition, we investigate how the time‐delay affects the stability of the system. A linear matrix inequalities method is applied to find a feedback controller to ensure the stability of the closed‐loop system. The simulation results indicate that this controller might be feasible for continuous bioprocess control.
Novel insight into the biological functions of syndecan ectodomain core proteins
Authors: De Rossi Giulia , Whiteford James R.
Published: April 2013

Syndecans are a four member family of multifunctional transmembrane heparan sulphate bearing cell surface receptors. Each family member has common molecular architecture but a distinct expression profile. Numerous molecular interactions between syndecan heparan sulphate chains, growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix molecules have been reported and syndecans are intimately associated with cell adhesion and migration. Here, we describe the important emerging concept that contained within syndecan extracellular core proteins are “adhesion regulatory domains.” Cell adhesion is driven by the integrins and syndecan ectodomain adhesion regulatory domains can alter integrin driven cellular responses. Cell adhesion and migration is central to numerous pathologies and an understanding of how syndecan ectodomains influence integrins will lead to novel therapeutic strategies. © 2013 BioFactors, 39(4):374–382, 2013
Expansion of Access Tunnels and Active‐Site Cavities Influence Activity of Haloalkane Dehalogenases in Organic Cosolvents
Authors: Stepankova Veronika , Khabiri Morteza , Brezovsky Jan , Pavelka Antonin , Sykora Jan , Amaro Mariana , Minofar Babak , Prokop Zbynek , Hof Martin , Ettrich Rudiger , Chaloupkova Radka , Damborsky Jiri
Published: April 2013

The use of enzymes for biocatalysis can be significantly enhanced by using organic cosolvents in the reaction mixtures. Selection of the cosolvent type and concentration range for an enzymatic reaction is challenging and requires extensive empirical testing. An understanding of protein–solvent interaction could provide a theoretical framework for rationalising the selection process. Here, the behaviour of three model enzymes (haloalkane dehalogenases) was investigated in the presence of three representative organic cosolvents (acetone, formamide, and isopropanol). Steady‐state kinetics assays, molecular dynamics simulations, and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of enzyme–solvent interactions. Cosolvent molecules entered the enzymes' access tunnels and active sites, enlarged their volumes with no change in overall protein structure, but surprisingly did not act as competitive inhibitors. At low concentrations, the cosolvents either enhanced catalysis by lowering K0.5 and increasing kcat, or caused enzyme inactivation by promoting substrate inhibition and decreasing kcat. The induced activation and inhibition of the enzymes correlated with expansion of the active‐site pockets and their occupancy by cosolvent molecules. The study demonstrates that quantitative analysis of the proportions of the access tunnels and active‐sites occupied by organic solvent molecules provides the valuable information for rational selection of appropriate protein–solvent pair and effective cosolvent concentration.
Advanced Oxidative Removal of Nitric Oxide from Flue Gas by Homogeneous Photo‐Fenton in a Photochemical Reactor
Authors: Liu Y. , Pan J. , Du M. , Tang A. , Wang Q.
Published: April 2013

In this work, advanced oxidation removal of nitric oxide (NO) from flue gas by homogeneous Photo‐Fenton was investigated in a photochemical reactor and the effects of several influencing factors on NO removal were evaluated. The gas‐liquid reaction products were determined. The reaction pathways of NO removal are also preliminarily discussed. It was found that with the increase of Fe2+ concentration, NO removal efficiency first increased and then decreased. Increasing H2O2 concentration and UV radiation intensity greatly increased NO removal efficiency, but the growth rates gradually became smaller. NO removal efficiency greatly reduced with the increase of gas flow and NO concentration, and only slightly decreased with the increase of solution temperature, but significantly increased with the increase of initial solution pH value. The main anion product in the liquid phase was NO3–. With respect to removal of NO using homogeneous Photo‐Fenton, ·OH oxidation was the main reaction pathway, and H2O2 oxidation was the secondary reaction pathway.
A regression‐based performance prediction framework for synchronous iterative algorithms on general purpose graphical processing unit clusters
Authors: Pallipuram Vivek K. , Smith Melissa C. , Raut Nimisha , Ren Xiaoyu
Published: April 2013

Heterogeneous performance prediction models are valuable tools to accurately predict application runtime, allowing for efficient design space exploration and application mapping. The existing performance models require intricate system architecture knowledge, making the modeling task difficult. In this research, we propose a regression‐based performance prediction framework for general purpose graphical processing unit (GPGPU) clusters that statistically abstracts the system architecture characteristics, enabling performance prediction without detailed system architecture knowledge. The regression‐based framework targets deterministic synchronous iterative algorithms using our synchronous iterative GPGPU execution model and is broken into two components: the computation component that models the GPGPU device and host computations and the communication component that models the network‐level communications. The computation component regression models use algorithm characteristics such as the number of floating‐point operations and total bytes as predictor variables and are trained using several small, instrumented executions of synchronous iterative algorithms that include a range of floating‐point operations‐to‐byte requirements. The regression models for network‐level communications are developed using micro‐benchmarks and employ data transfer size and processor count as predictor variables. Our performance prediction framework achieves prediction accuracy over 90% compared with the actual implementations for several tested GPGPU cluster configurations. The end goal of this research is to offer the scientific computing community, an accurate and easy‐to‐use performance prediction framework that empowers users to optimally utilize the heterogeneous resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of novel reference genes for RT‐qPCR studies of gene expression in Xenopus tropicalis during embryonic and post‐embryonic development
Authors: Dhorne‐Pollet Sophie , Thélie Aurore , Pollet Nicolas
Published: April 2013

Background: Accurate interpretation of transcriptome profiling by quantitative PCR requires the establishment of species‐specific standards. However, the selection of reference genes for assessing RNA expression profiles in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis was mostly based on historical reasons and they often only reflect the traditions of a laboratory. Results: We investigated the expression stability of 10 genes (dicer1, drosha, eef1a1, elavl3, gsc, h4, odc1, rpl8, smn2, tbp), 8 of which are commonly used as internal controls in published RT‐qPCR experiments. We defined specific primer pairs and evaluated their suitability as reference genes by performing RT‐qPCR expression profiling in Xenopus tropicalis. Gene expression stability was assayed in a set of 15 developmental stages from the egg to the froglet, and in dissected embryos. Conclusions: Overall, we determined a set of qualified reference genes for distinct developmental periods. We recommend the use of dicer1, drosha, eef1a1, and smn2 from early embryonic development up to the end of metamorphosis. During early embryogenesis drosha, eef1a1, smn2 are suitable. For the whole post‐embryonic development and for metamorphic stages including pro‐metamorphosis and metamorphic climax, we recommend the use of drosha and smn2. These reference genes should prove their usefulness for data comparison across studies. Developmental Dynamics 242:709–717, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revealing the Origins of Electrophilic Reactivity and Regioselectivity of Linear Acenes Using Interaction Energy Decomposition Potentials
Authors: Pinter Balazs , Skara Gabriella , Hajgató Balázs , Geerlings Paul , De Proft Frank
Published: April 2013

The intrinsic electrophilic reactivity of linear acenes up to octacene was investigated by using interaction energy potentials and their components, namely Pauli repulsion, orbital interaction, and electrostatic interaction potentials using the Ziegler–Rauk decomposition scheme. We found that the shared regions above C1 and C2 of the outer ring are slightly more attractive towards an incoming electrophile than the inner ring secondary carbon atoms, mostly due to a more advantageous electrostatic interaction. This result agrees with the stability order of prereactive π complexes formed between anthracene and the electrophilic HCl. Decomposition potentials determined in the bond formation regime indicate that longer acenes become more reactive because of the increasing orbital interaction. In addition, the orbital interaction potentials, which represent the overall effect of the high lying reactive orbital, exhibit straightforward patterns, predicting strongly preferred inner ring secondary carbon atoms over outer ring carbon atoms. Such an orbital‐interaction controlled regioselectivity shows up in the total interaction energy potentials when the electrostatic interaction is scaled down, predicting the functionalization of acenes with electrophiles on the inner secondary carbon atoms, in agreement with the experimental regioselectivity. Upon analyzing the stability of transition states for the addition of HCl to anthracene, the Pauli repulsion shows up to be an important factor in controlling the stability of the transition states and favoring functionalization along the central C9 and C10 positions to outer ring carbon atoms. The resonance stabilization concept, which is generally accepted to account for the regioselectivity of higher acenes, could not be evidenced by our analysis.
Unusual Skeletal Rearrangement of Unsaturated Seven‐Membered Lactams into Fused Pyrrolidinolactones
Authors: Álvarez Silvia , Domínguez Gema , Gradillas Ana , Pérez‐Castells Javier
Published: April 2013

Unsaturated ϵ‐lactams undergo a novel process involving a skeletal reorganization to give fused pyrrolidine‐lactones by reaction with aromatic α‐bromo ketones in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and a base. The process involves the formation of an ammonium salt and subsequently a nitrogen ylide, which initiates the rearrangement reaction. This species reduces undesired side‐reactions such as double‐bond shifts or Morita–Baylis–Hilman‐type processes. The resulting products are structurally related to kainoids and the transformation of the lactone moiety in the rearranged product paves the way to the synthesis of these potentially bioactive natural products and their derivatives.
Transparent Graphene Electrodes for Highly Efficient III–V Multijunction Concentrator Solar Cells
Authors: Chang Jieun , Suh Myoung‐Gyun , Heo Jinseong , Kim Dongho , Kim Joosung , Lee Sang‐Moon , Chung Hyun‐Jong , Kim Yungi
Published: April 2013

Transparent graphene electrodes in III–V multijunction concentrator solar cells improved the cell efficiency by reducing the resistive power loss at high irradiance levels. The conversion efficiency of the solar cell increased by 13.8 % as a result of the decreased series resistance. Moreover, the irradiance level at which the maximum efficiency was reached increased upon using the graphene electrodes. This allows the solar cells to operate at higher concentration ratios, which can lead to a better performance and lower cost of the photovoltaic devices.