bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Alan
Published: August 2020

The book begins with a short introduction to scientific communication, considering the central role of the peer-reviewed scientific paper as the primary means (and “gold standard”) of recording and passing on scientific knowledge. This chapter also includes an outline of the objectives and structure of the book.
What Does a Scientific Paper Say?
Authors: Kelly Alan
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks at how and when a group of researchers decide the time is right to write a paper, the reasons for writing a paper, and what the paper must say. Key characteristics of a scientific paper that inform its structure are used to introduce the sections of a modern paper and explain their functions. This approach allows a logical exploration of the sections of a scientific paper and their function. In addition, this chapter considers the effective presentation of scientific evidence, in terms of construction of effective figures and tables.
The Perils of Peer Review
Authors: Kelly Alan
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores the detailed stages of publication of a scientific paper, starting with selection of journal by authors and submission of papers. The system architecture and roles of editors, editorial boards, and referees are examined, and the nature of the review process is discussed, including potential pitfalls, ethical considerations, possible outcomes, and the interactions between authors and journals. The significance of rejection of papers (and famous cases of papers that were first rejected by journals) is explored, and the steps following acceptance of a paper, right through to proof correction and publication, explained. In addition, future developments being evaluated today, such as postpublication (or even preresearch) peer review, are discussed.
Ethics and Integrity in Scientific Communication
Authors: Kelly Alan
Published: August 2020

Today, a major consideration in scientific publishing is obviously ethical issues or those relating to research integrity, and key concepts around falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism are explored in this chapter, in terms of defining key principles for good research practice underpinned by the highest standards of integrity, as is expected of all researchers today. There have been many high-profile cases of controversies involving scientific papers, and key case studies are described. In addition, issues such as failure to acknowledge conflicts of interest for the authors (e.g., the Lancet study by Wakefield et al. on the link between the MMR vaccine and autism) are discussed. Likely future trends including the nature of the refereeing process and the access to experimental data are explored, and a key focus is on the rights and responsibilities of authors and coauthors.
Conferences and Presentations
Authors: Kelly Alan
Published: August 2020

As well as producing scientific papers, researchers communicate in many different ways, some written (e.g., reports, theses) and others nonwritten (e.g., presentations, posters). This chapter focuses specifically on making a successful scientific presentation to a professional audience, and the differences in approach from writing to verbal presentation. The chapter explores key themes, in particular focusing on the need for a presenter to put themselves in advance into the seat of an audience member, and prepare with a view to what they wish someone in that seat to get from the experience (my primary principle of all forms of communication is “first, and last, consider your audience”). Tips and advice for preparing a presentation, from layout to delivery, and presented, along with advice on the preparation of scientific posters.
Expanding the Comfort Zone
Authors: Kelly Alan
Published: August 2020

In the modern scientific world, it is recognized that all researchers need to be able to explain their research to audiences other than those who are expert in the field, and that different skills and approaches are needed to be able to explain complex research to a range of audiences of different levels and backgrounds. In this chapter, key approaches to doing this successfully, whether in written or oral form, are explored, with examples to illustrate points. In addition, the place and use of alternative forms of communication of scientific information (e.g., social media) are discussed, as well as ideas such as competitions whereby students “dance their PhD” or present a “three-minute thesis,” and the writing of popular science articles and books. A final important part of this chapter concerns the relationships between scientists and the media, and the occasional conflicts between reporting of science through professional means and that in the media.
Communication across a Career in Science
Authors: Kelly Alan
Published: August 2020

The goals and needs of a researcher in terms of publication and communication change from their first efforts as a graduate student to future professional careers up to the level of distinguished professors, including the type of publication strategy to adopt, and the growing responsibility to “give something back” to the field in terms of mentoring, reviewing, and editing as a career develops. This chapter explores these aspects of a career in science, as well as other professional types of writing, such as edited books and textbooks.
Some Final Thoughts
Authors: Kelly Alan
Published: August 2020

This short final chapter draws together key conclusions from the preceding chapters to finish the book with some short conclusions. We reflect on the personal characteristics typical of a scientist and the way in which they are trained to know that their work is not complete until it has been passed on and made an impact, and how those who follow a career in science know that this is a key way in which their careers will be judged. The benefits of a career in science are considered, but placed alongside the responsibilities and expectations in terms of integrity and trust. Finally, the central role of communication in science, the theme for the book as a whole, is emphasized once again.
Cinema as Object II
Authors: Walley Jonathan
Published: August 2020

Chapter 5 examines works of expanded cinema that emphasize another, somewhat different “sculptural” property—cinema’s spatial dimension. Such works heighten awareness of cinema’s spatial dimension, blurring the line between temporal and spatial arts in a way similar to minimalist sculpture. The major form here is film installation, which, rather than exploding the cinematic apparatus as the object-based works of chapter 4 do, brings that apparatus out of the dark, presenting it for contemplation and analysis in a way that conventional film exhibition intentionally thwarts. The sculptural characteristics of such works often requires that they be exhibited in gallery spaces, which suggests that they are “intermedial” hybrids of cinema and sculpture. But this hybridity is only apparent; in fact, these works were asserted and understood within the context of avant-garde film culture as “cinematic.” In examining these types of expanded work, this chapter considers key historical factors during both the early-to-mid ’70s and the last two decades. During the 1960s and ’70s, the attention given to cinema’s physical properties, including the space of exhibition, was related to the anti-illusionist aims of avant-garde filmmakers for whom “materiality” included the space of cinematic exhibition and the ideological ramifications of that space. More recently, the impending obsolescence of analog film and the presumed ephemerality of digital media have resulted in the former’s physical “object”–properties taking on new meaning and importance.
The Doctrine of Occasionalism
Authors: Platt Andrew R.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 1 explains the doctrine of occasionalism. Section 1.1 unpacks the occasionalist claim that God is the only efficient cause, by explaining the concept of an efficient cause, as it was typically understood in medieval and early modern texts. Section 1.2 contrasts occasionalism with a theory of divine providence developed by Thomas Aquinas, which says that God “concurs” with the actions of created substances. Section 1.3 clarifies the difference between occasionalism and the Thomistic theory of divine concurrence using the notion of a causal power: According to this analysis, occasionalism entails that created substances do not have intrinsic active causal powers. Malebranche expresses this claim by saying that created beings are “occasional causes” that merely “give occasion” to God’s actions. However, section 1.4 argues that there is also a Scholastic tradition that uses terms such as “occasion” and “occasional cause” to refer to a type of true efficient cause.
Cartesian Physics
Authors: Platt Andrew R.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 2 argues that Descartes’ physics is compatible with the Thomistic theory of divine concurrence. Descartes holds that God preserves bodies in existence, continually recreating them in different positions over time. Section 2.1 argues that it follows that (on Descartes’ view) God causes all the motions that occur in the world. Some of Descartes’ interpreters take Descartes’ physics to imply that mere bodies do not have any motive force or power, that is, any ability either to move themselves, or to cause motion in other bodies. Descartes’ physics thus seems to imply body–body occasionalism. Yet sections 2.2 and 2.3 show that Descartes is not committed to this conclusion. Instead, section 2.3 argues that Descartes thinks that bodies are “secondary causes” of motion that have active causal powers. Section 2.4 shows how this concurrentist reading of Descartes’ physics is consistent with his conception of body as extended substance.
Verses
Authors: Nobile Drew
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on the harmonic and formal procedures found in rock’s verse sections. To begin, the chapter divides the category of verses into sectional verses—those that contain a complete harmonic structure ending with a cadence—and initiating verses—those that contain only the beginning of a harmonic structure, setting up a continuation in later sections. Sectional verses exhibit several common thematic layouts, including periods, srdc, twelve-bar blues, and small aaba, all of which have particular harmonic layouts. The chapter includes a discussion of refrains, in particular distinguishing them from choruses.
AABA and Strophic Forms
Authors: Nobile Drew
Published: August 2020

This chapter investigates the structure and expressive content of rock songs without choruses. Those that contain verses and bridges follow AABA form, and those that contain only verses follow strophic form. The chapter looks at the types of verses found in these forms (overwhelmingly sectional verses, especially following an srdc layout), as well as methods of creating large-scale coherence without a focal chorus section. Finally, the chapter looks at issues in AABA form, including B A fusion, where a single section functions as contrasting bridge and recapitulatory A, and chorus-like B sections, where the functional bridge suggests some elements of chorus function.
Sectional Verse–Chorus
Authors: Nobile Drew
Published: August 2020

This chapter opens the book’s study of verse–chorus forms. After defining the three primary verse–chorus forms, I turn to the first of these, namely, sectional verse–chorus form. Sectional verse–chorus form is based on verse and chorus sections that are autonomous and separated. The opposition between the sections defines the formal process, ultimately servicing a single broad expressive statement: a Hegelian synthesis of the two antithetical formal roles. Detailed analyses consider sectional verse–chorus form in relation to (1) discursive shifts in the lyrics from verse to chorus; (2) expressive use of modulation between the sections; and (3) songs with no harmonic trajectory. The chapter concludes with a look at bridges and other auxiliary sections, all of which take on an especially subordinate role in this form.
Continuous Verse–Chorus
Authors: Nobile Drew
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks at the second verse–chorus form: continuous verse–chorus form. Unlike sectional verse–chorus, continuous verse–chorus form is based on the cohesion of verse and chorus. The chapter demonstrates how this form results from cleaving apart a single verse into two sections. We can observe this in two domains: harmony, with the verse providing T and the chorus providing PD–D–T, and thematic structure, with the verse providing sr and the chorus providing dc of an overall srdc layout. Continuous verse–chorus is thus entirely different from sectional verse–chorus. One result of this difference is that continuous verse–chorus songs tend to exhibit larger trajectories across multiple verse–chorus cycles, by combining cycles into what John Covach calls “compound AABA form” and/or exhibiting a single continuous lyrical narrative over the entire song.
Verse–Prechorus–Chorus
Authors: Nobile Drew
Published: August 2020

This chapter demonstrates that the presence of a prechorus—traditionally tossed off as an insignificant addition—entirely alters a song’s construction. In verse–prechorus–chorus form, all of the structural harmonic motion occurs before the chorus, such that the chorus itself acts as a celebration of an arrival. Verse and prechorus usually lead to a telos chorus, prolonging tonic through repeated gestures encouraging a significant amount of “rocking out” on the part of the audience. When the chorus is instead sectional, the effect is one of plenitude; the dual cadences at the beginning and end of the chorus saturate listeners with the release of tension. Alternatively, the rare occurrence of a continuation chorus after a prechorus involves delaying a highly anticipated cadential arrival; done carefully, this can have a transcendent effect. The chapter also discusses verse–prechorus fusion, where verse and prechorus functions occur within a single section.
The Political Theology of Mass Incarceration
Authors: Dubler Joshua , Lloyd Vincent W.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 2 tracks the way American political elites talked about justice and punishment before and during the rise of mass incarceration. The authors show how these concepts were once closely connected with the religious imagination. When that link was severed, justice was reduced to the proper functioning of the law, to a criminal justice system, and a new set of ideas and institutions promoting law and order and victims’ rights took over. The chapter demonstrates how, at the level of political rhetoric, religion—along with economics and race—was essential for promoting incarceration as the sole mechanism for effecting justice.
Introduction
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter introduces the subject of conversion by considering issues, themes, theories, and methods in the study of Christian conversion. Conversion is movement from something to something. Its process is dynamic and multifaceted and raises a number of questions: Is the change intellectual, social, psychological, moral, or some combination? Is it an event or a process? Who defines conversion—the scholar, the religious community, the convert? Examining conversion over two millennia of Christian history complicates matters even more, for the meaning of the word and the concept itself varies from person to person, from group to group, and from setting to setting. This chapter examines various theoretical models of conversion (Lewis Rambo’s seven stages, the “conversion motifs” of John Lofland and Norman Skonovd, Henri Gooren’s “conversion career,” and others) and applies these models to a single conversion narrative. The chapter concludes by highlighting a number of broad themes found in the chapters ahead.
The Early Church through Constantine (100–337)
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines Christian growth and conversion in the early church period. Due to the lack of textual, inscriptional, and archaeological evidence, the second and third centuries are perhaps the most difficult period to account for the spread of Christianity and the nature of conversion. Nevertheless, historians have proposed and debated the many external and internal factors that contributed to Christian growth to the point where, by the mid-fourth century, Christians constituted a majority population in the Roman Empire. Following a general discussion of reasons for Christian growth and expansion, the chapter turns to the varied conversion experiences in the lives of Justin Martyr, Tatian, Gregory Thaumaturgus, and Cyprian of Carthage and concludes with an analysis of the much-debated conversion of Emperor Constantine.
English Protestantism (1520–1700)
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines conversion from the English Reformers to John Bunyan. Beginning with William Tyndale’s translation and annotations of the New Testament, the early evangelical movement promoted a religious culture that uplifted conversion as an ideal of Christian life. By the end of the sixteenth century, Puritan practical divinity represented the first concerted effort to make conversion the standard that separated true Christianity from its counterfeits. In journals, diaries, treatises, and autobiographies, Puritans scrutinized their spiritual state and described conversion as a profound, overwhelming, totally transforming experience. In preaching and catechizing, they uplifted conversion as the sine qua non of the Christian life. Their rhetoric of conversion, including their detailed morphologies of conversion, became a ubiquitous feature of Protestant discourse in the seventeenth century. By century’s end, not only in England but also on the Continent and in New England, a reformulated understanding of conversion transcended ecclesiastical structures and increasingly centered on the individual’s direct relationship to God.
American Evangelicalism in Black and White (1750–Present)
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter begins with an examination of the evangelical movement among African Americans, including the testimonies of ex-slaves and the spiritual autobiographies of George White and Jarena Lee. It then considers the role of conversion in the Second Great Awakening. Although there was no overarching unity to this awakening, the revival profoundly shaped an emerging generic Protestant evangelicalism. However, not all were pleased with this age of revivalism. John Williamson Nevin and Horace Bushnell, two products of the revival, eventually became its most vociferous critics and questioned the notion of instantaneous conversions. In the industrial age, Walter Rauschenbusch articulated a view of conversion as social reconstruction, and in the twentieth century, Billy Graham appeared as the charismatic champion of “born-again” religion. The chapter concludes with a discussion of young evangelicals who questioned the individualistic emphasis of evangelical conversion and of others who left the evangelical fold and converted to Catholicism or Orthodoxy.
Protestants and Pentecostals in Latin America (1900–Present)
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: August 2020

The growth of evangelicalism in Latin America, largely of the Pentecostal type, is a recent phenomenon. After half a century of relative dormancy, Pentecostalism exploded during the last three decades of the twentieth century, reshaping the Latin American religious landscape that for nearly four centuries had been monopolized by the Catholic Church. This chapter explores the origins and growth of Pentecostalism in Latin America, first in its Protestant expression, then in its spread within the Catholic Church. Basic to both is the necessity of a conversion experience followed by a receptivity to the transformative work of the Holy Spirit. As a movement and religious phenomenon, the impact of Pentecostalism has been enormous. Particular attention is given to theoretical models proposed to explain Pentecostal conversions.
Catholic East and Pentecostal West (1800–Present)
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: August 2020

The first part of this chapter examines Catholic missions among the Maasai, with particular attention given to the perennial issues raised by Vincent Donovan in his book Christianity Rediscovered. After a cursory examination of the role of missionary education as a vehicle of conversion, the discussion returns to the Maasai and, in particular, to the attraction of the Christian message to women. The second part of the chapter revisits West Africa with a brief glimpse of the Aladura movement in Yorubaland (Nigeria) before taking up Nigeria’s Pentecostal explosion in the mid-1970s. Expressed in multitudinous forms and organizations, the emergence of Spirit-centered movements took place within a local context of socioeconomic and political upheaval and a larger global context of exposure to modernizing influences, particularly those emanating from North American Pentecostalism. In addition to attracting young adults, women find that Pentecostalism is a boon to stable marriages and family life.
Digital Campaigning across Space
Authors: Gibson Rachel K.
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines developments in digital campaigning in comparative perspective. It does so using survey data from Wave 4 of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) to measure the extent of digital voter contact occurring in eighteen countries (2011–2015). Based on the understanding that extensive voter mobilization is a key feature of a country’s entry into phase IV digital campaigning, the authors infer which nations have progressed more rapidly through the four phases, and are thus most advanced in their use of digital campaign tools. Using this measure, they find that the United States is the most advanced nation and Thailand the least. They investigate the rankings more systematically using multilevel modeling techniques, and find that presidential elections and higher internet penetration rates are most predictive of higher rates of digital campaign contact. The results are helpful in building expectations about the digital campaign performance of the four national case studies.
The Early Bloomer
Authors: Gibson Rachel K.
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines developments in digital campaigning in Australia from 1994 to 2013. It does so by reviewing the findings from the secondary literature, and conducting original analysis of web content and national survey data. These data sources build a picture of key changes in the supply and demand for digital campaigning in Australia and particularly whether they fit the four-phase model of development. The results show that digital campaigning has broadly followed the anticipated cycle with parties making a strong early start. However, efforts slowed considerably following a highly publicized failure by prominent right-wing state politician and web campaigner Jeff Kennett. Much of the subsequent innovation appears to have been driven by the mainstream left and also the non-party online activist group GetUp!
The Trendsetter
Authors: Gibson Rachel K.
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines developments in digital campaigning in the United States during the period 1994–2012. It does so by reviewing the findings from the secondary literature, and conducting original analysis of web content and national survey data. These data sources build a picture of key changes in the supply and demand for digital campaigning in the United States and particularly whether they fit the four-phase model of development. The results show that the model fits, and that US parties and voters were considerably faster in engaging with web campaigning than was the case elsewhere. This enthusiasm appeared to be driven, to an extent, by the more conducive regulatory environment and also innovation among left-wing organizations and particularly the Democrats from the middle of the first decade of the 2000s. Their ability to sustain activist involvement in their online cause beyond 2008, however, is challenged by the author’s findings.
Conclusion
Authors: Gibson Rachel K.
Published: August 2020

The final chapter reviews the key findings of the book, and reflects on the future direction of digital campaigning. The main conclusions are threefold: (1) Developments in digital campaigning follow a similar pattern across countries. A four-stage cycle of experimentation, standardization, community building, and individual voter mobilization is clearly evident across the book’s four case studies. (2) The pace of that development and countries’ current positions differ according to regime-level characteristics and levels of national technological advancement. Notably, parties and individual candidates can also play a significant role in shaping that process. In particular, mainstream leftist parties and some of the more prominent minor parties serve as key catalysts for change. (3) The “mainstreaming” of digital technology is fostering the growth of a new type of campaign operative—the apolitico—and a new condition of hypernormality in which power is centralized organizationally and systemically to an unprecedented degree.
Life in the Political Machine
Authors: Hiskey Jonathan T. , Moseley Mason W.
Published: August 2020

Against the backdrop of a world characterized by highly uneven democracies, in which subnational dominant-party enclaves persist within nationally democratic regimes, this book explores the ways in which these enclaves shape the political attitudes and behaviors of citizens who reside in them. Through analysis of a decade’s worth of survey data across the 55 provinces and states of Argentina and Mexico, this study finds a distinct subnational political culture among individuals nested in dominant-party enclaves. This culture is characterized by heightened exposure to corruption and vote buying, low levels of support for democratic principles, and patterns of political behavior that reflect the governing characteristics of the political machines that citizens must confront on a daily basis. In contrast, among those individuals living in subnational political systems that have successfully shut down the machine, the work finds a political culture more akin to that found in established democracies. As such, this book provides extensive support for the need to more fully incorporate subnational political dynamics into accounts of the drivers behind citizens’ political attitudes and behaviors, in an era in which democracies across the world appear increasingly at risk.
Dominant-Party Citizens
Authors: Hiskey Jonathan T. , Moseley Mason W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter presents a theory of dominant-party citizens that posits a connection between one’s subnational political system and her political attitudes and behaviors. It then introduces the three governing characteristics of dominant-party enclaves that are most influential in shaping the ways citizens think about and engage with politics. These include: (1) the politicization of the rule of law, (2) the partisan use of state resources, and (3) the tilting of the electoral playing field. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how such subnational political dynamics can not only shape the ways individuals engage with politics at the local and provincial level but also influence their interactions with their national system. This work offers a new direction for political behavior research in seeking to understand the effect of local political context on citizen attitudes and participation, and it represents an effort to redirect the conversation toward the broader consequences of this local-level dynamic.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Dominant-Party Enclaves
Authors: Hiskey Jonathan T. , Moseley Mason W.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 3 begins with a brief review of previous efforts to measure regimes at the national level and then introduces the study’s central concept, dominant-party enclaves, and the measurement strategy the authors employ to capture that concept. The latter focuses on the first transfer of power from incumbent to opposition as the marker for a system’s move from single-party dominance toward a multiparty electoral environment. This approach is then applied to the provinces and states of Argentina and Mexico, in which 16 cases of dominant-party enclaves are identified. These cases, home to more than 30 percent of citizens of the two countries, serve as the focus for the remainder of the study. The chapter then concludes with further exploration of the two cases that serve as prototypes for this study of dominant-party enclaves: the province of San Luis in Argentina and the state of Mexico (Edomex) in Mexico.
Severed Linkages
Authors: Hiskey Jonathan T. , Moseley Mason W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on the question of whether individuals living in political machines evaluate their incumbent government in ways that are similar to their counterparts in multiparty systems. Previous chapters established that dominant-party citizens are more likely to be exposed to corruption and vote-buying efforts and tend to be less supportive of basic democratic institutional processes. The expectation is that individuals forced to play the daily game of machine politics will not use common incumbent government performance metrics such as evaluations of the state of the economy, levels of crime and insecurity, and the quality of local health services. Through analysis of self-reported voting intentions, the chapter finds that respondents’ views on these issue areas have little impact on whether or not they will support the incumbent. This severed linkage also appears, to a lesser extent, in the evaluations of national-level politicians made by dominant-party respondents.
Hard White
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F.
Published: August 2020

This book analyzes data from a variety of sources to understand the mainstreaming of racism today, putting this research in a historical context. With issues of globalization, immigration, and demographic diversification achieving greater public salience, racism is now more likely to manifest itself in the form of a generalized ethnocentrism that expresses “outgroup hostility” toward a diverse set of groups, including Latinos and Muslims as well as African Americans. Changes in both structure and agency have facilitated the mainstreaming of racism today. Changes in the “political opportunity structure,” as witnessed by the rise of the Tea Party Movement, enabled the mainstreaming of white extremists into the Republican Party and established the basis for an electoral politics focused on giving voice to white people more generally acting on their outgroup hostility. Changes in the political opportunity structure were matched by the appearance of a charismatic leader in the person of Donald Trump, who made great use of a transformed media landscape to stoke white people’s outgroup hostility. Trump won the presidency by strategically deploying his demagoguery to mobilize white nonvoters in swing states, with the end result greatly accelerating the mainstreaming of racism and placing it at the center of policymaking in the White House. Providing extensive empirical evidence, this book documents how the mainstreaming of racism today began before Trump started to run for the presidency but then increased under his leadership and that it is likely to be a troubling presence in U.S. politics for some time to come. The findings provided create the basis for suggestions on how to push racism back to the margins of American politics.
The Changing Face of Racism
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 2 begins by surveying the literature on white racial prejudice and voting behavior. It shows that over the four presidential elections from 2004 to 2016, white hostility toward African Americans, Latinx immigrants, and Muslims became increasingly intertwined and formed the basis for what is defined here as a contemporary form of ethnocentrism as expressed in white outgroup hostility. The chapter confirms the results of other studies that have shown that while the effect of outgroup hostility on vote choice greatly increased in 2016, the level of outgroup hostility actually declined between 2012 and 2016. Therefore, to properly understand the political mainstreaming of racism over the 2010s, the chapter argues that one must not only consider the evolution of whites’ racial attitudes but also examine the processes by which outgroup hostility is translated into political participation. Chapter 2 introduces a theoretical framework that combines insights from social identity theory to understand changes in whites’ racial attitudes with theories of political participation originating from the social movement literature. The framework thus emphasizes the highly contingent nature of the relationship between white racial consciousness, outgroup hostility, and political mobilization. Specifically, the chapter outlines a model of the process by which racialized political narratives help activate a politicized white consciousness that leads to anger, expressed though outgroup hostility, and thus serves as the catalyst for political mobilization.
The Mainstreaming of the White Nationalist Movement
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 4 documents the rise of the Tea Party movement (TPM) and how it evolved into an attractive vehicle for the expression of outgroup hostility and the pursuit of racist policy priorities. We show that the TPM not only mobilized a significant number of previously inactive white racial conservatives but also co-opted a significant portion of the white nationalist movement, especially the traditional white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. In many ways the TPM set the stage for Trump by bringing more white racists and racial conservatives into electoral politics. Yet this newly energized constituency lacked a national leader. Trump’s emergence as a presidential candidate thus represents the second critical change in the political opportunity structure. With Trump, white racial extremists and racial conservatives now had a national leader who spoke directly to their outgroup hostility and their anger.
From Tracking to Trolling to Tribalism
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 6 focuses on the role of a changing media landscape in disseminating misinformation to a disproportionately underinformed audience to support Donald Trump. It shows how the Trump campaign and its allies, including the contract firm Cambridge Analytica as well as Russian operatives, exploited the changing media landscape to spread misinformation to sow racial division and stoke white outgroup hostility. The chapter examines the nexus between Fox News, fake news, and Trump to provide evidence of the specific connection that demonstrates the key role of the mass media, social media included, in disseminating misinformation about outgroups and sustaining high levels of outgroup hostility among whites.
Preying More Than Pandering
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 7 examines the success of the Trump campaign and its allies in garnering the support of “low-information voters” who were more vulnerable than informed voters, especially in this changing media environment, to relying on emotions for making their vote choice. It shows that low-information whites who had a low need for cognition were most likely to have high levels of outgroup hostility and were therefore most likely to be responsive to Trump’s race-baiting and to believe Trump’s lies.
The Critical Role of Outgroup Hostility in the 2016 Election
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 8 offers a thorough analysis of survey research data from the American National Election Study (ANES), the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), and the Democracy Fund’s Voter Study Group (DFVSG) to show that white outgroup hostility had a uniquely strong effect on vote choice in 2016. It provides evidence that outgroup hostility was as important in predicting vote choice as party identification. Although many people have argued that a major factor in Trump’s victory was increasing economic anxiety within the white working class, the findings presented offer evidence that economic anxiety had a relatively small direct effect on support for Trump. Rather, its effect was largely exerted indirectly, filtered through the primary effects of outgroup hostility toward blacks, Latinx immigrants, and Muslims. The influence of outgroup hostility is even more compelling when we consider its indirect effect on vote choice through its effects on party identification and ideology. This chapter most significantly (1) specifies the causal pathways that are suggestive of a process by which white identity gets politicized as what has been called white racial consciousness; (2) discusses how white racial consciousness is the result of the dissemination of racialized political narratives as propagated by race-baiting elites; (3) examines how this dissemination of racialized political narratives agitates attitudes of outgroup hostility; and (4) explores how that outgroup hostility was a critical factor in producing a winning Trump coalition that furthered the mainstreaming of racism right into the White House.
How Trump Used Outgroup Hostility to Win
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 9 shows that the Trump campaign’s explicitly stated strategy of mobilizing nonvoters through targeted, emotional appeals in swing states paid off. The chapter also provides empirical evidence that Trump benefited more from mobilizing nonvoters from 2012 than in persuading 2012 Obama voters to switch parties and support Trump, although both groups of voters were important to Trump’s success. We show that one of the most important factors that contributed to the success of Trump’s mobilization strategy was his rhetorical emphasis on outgroup hostility, which resonated among the most hardcore racists within the white nationalist movement, including the emerging alt-right, leading to an unprecedented level of interest from and involvement of white nationalism in Trump’s campaign. By providing a more attractive venue for white nationalists to channel their activism, Trump has essentially facilitated the co-optation of a significant segment of the white nationalist movement into the Republican Party, helping him mobilize white nonvoters with high levels of outgroup hostility and as a result accelerate the mainstreaming of racism in American politics.
Outgroup Hostility and the Mainstreaming of Racism
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 10 reviews the major findings of the book and draws conclusions about what is to be done to respond to the mainstreaming of racism in the current era. The findings suggest that U.S. politics has become extremely polarized, with the Republican Party becoming disproportionately comprised of whites with high levels of outgroup hostility. While Donald Trump was central in making this happen, white outgroup hostility is likely to have an enduring influence on American electoral politics for some time to come. In the current era of extreme polarization, the hopes for an inclusive democracy can be derailed for dictatorship. Whites increasingly are expressing declining support for democracy given that it means to them a stronger government that supports outgroups. Given the high levels of racialized outgroup hostility, it is futile to try to convert them or achieve common ground. Mobilization of an opposition and resistance to white racism is more likely to prove effective than trying to persuade those whites to switch sides. Evidence from the Blue Wave in the 2018 midterm elections suggest that is indeed likely to be effective.
States and Diasporas in Fragile Regimes
Authors: Burgess Katrina
Published: August 2020

Chapter 8 revisits the research questions laid out in Chapter 1 and provides a comparative overview of the feedback loops driving state–migrant relations through the first decade of the twenty-first century. It treats these loops as integrated systems that have produced unstable equilibrium in the Turkish case, punctuated equilibrium in the Philippine case, and stable equilibria in the Dominican and Mexican cases. It then explores how these systems are being affected—and in some cases disrupted—by current regime crises in all four countries. The chapter concludes with a few thoughts about the role of migrants in democracy-building and avenues for future research.
The Dancer as Statue and the Geopolitics of Neoclassicism
Authors: Franko Mark
Published: August 2020

An examination of the influences of German thought on French dance theory, an area of scholarship that has been neglected, but is beginning to emerge in the interest in Nietzsche’s influence on Valéry. Lifar epitomized the idea of the dancer as animated marble figure sculpture, an idea traced back to Winkelmann and Hegel’s Lectures on the Fine Arts. Lifar operates in a triangle of cultural influences including France, Germany, and Russia. This chapter thus reveals the influence of eighteenth-century German aesthetics on the Russo-French theory of ballet neoclassicism. Particular attention is paid to Lifar’s interpretation of Apollo in George Balanchine’s Apollon Musagète in its first years.
Serge Lifar and the Question of Collaboration with the German Authorities under the Occupation of Paris (1940–1949)
Authors: Franko Mark
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the political and artistic activities of dancer and choreographer Serge Lifar at the Paris Opera during and immediately after the Occupation of Paris. Although Lifar was condemned as a collaborator in a postwar trial he was rehabilitated after a brief exile and returned to work at the Opera until his retirement in 1958. The question of collaborationism has arisen again in light of performances by the Paris Opera and other dance companies of his ballets. Using archival materials usually ignored by dance scholars, the article examines Lifar’s political activities, his political convictions, and his political ambitions. His theory of ballet as set forth in La Danse: Les grands courants de la danse académique (1938) and two of his successful ballets of this period—Joan de Zarissa (1942) and Suite en blanc (1943)—are discussed in light of his politics. The chapter concludes with an analysis of corporeal fascism from a theoretical perspective including discussion of Carl Schmitt, Georges Bataille, Louis Marin, and Claude Lefort.
A Conceptual Framework for Technology-Assisted Music Learning
Authors: Bauer William I.
Published: August 2020

This chapter serves as an introduction to the book and the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) conceptual framework around which the book is designed. The discussion situates the use of technology for music learning within a context of technology’s role in general education, society, and our daily lives. Drawing on the research literature, the point is made that technology hasn’t become a truly integrated aspect of many music classrooms. Taking the position that a major reason for this is that most music teachers don’t have the complete knowledge and skill set (TPACK) necessary to effectively incorporate technology into classes and rehearsals, the TPACK model is introduced as an approach that may be advantageous. The model is explained, with applications to music provided.
Technology Fundamentals
Authors: Bauer William I.
Published: August 2020

An understanding of various technologies is an important component of one’s TPACK. This chapter presents the essential technological knowledge and skill necessary for a music educator to successfully begin to utilize technology for music learning. Topics include explanation of the key components of computers and their operating systems, description and comparison of MIDI and digital audio, discussion of graphic and video media, identification of types of music software and the evaluation of software titles, and exploration of internet resources that may be used for music learning. Free and low-cost implementations of these technologies are emphasized; using technology to facilitate music learning does not require excessive amounts of money. Since technologies are always being refined and improved, with new technologies that may be applicable to music learning constantly emerging, music educators need to maintain a mindset of ongoing professional learning in this area.
Creating Music
Authors: Bauer William I.
Published: August 2020

Grounded in the research and promising practices literature, Chapter 3 discusses concepts and skills, pedagogies, and technology related to musical creativity. Creativity is usually an assumed part of being musical. While there are creative aspects to a variety of musical activities—for instance, developing an interpretation of a musical composition involves creative thinking—the focus in this chapter is on the development of original musical ideas through two primary musical processes, improvisation and composition. The chapter provides an overview of creativity, discusses the process of learning to improvise and compose, describes pedagogical strategies to use with students, and suggests technological tools that can support creative musical experiences. Contemporary approaches to musical creativity such as remixing and mashups are also addressed.
Responding to Music
Authors: Bauer William I.
Published: August 2020

Grounded in the research and promising practices literature, chapter 5 discusses concepts and skills, pedagogies, and technologies related to human response to music. All people respond to music in a variety of ways. Music educators strive to develop students’ abilities to listen to and describe music, analyze and evaluate it, understand its historical and cultural contexts, and appreciate its relationships to other disciplines, including other art forms. Numerous technological tools are capable of supporting student learning in these aspects of music. They may also provide a means to respond to musical stimuli. By aligning musical outcomes related to responding to music with appropriate pedagogies and supporting technologies, music educators can assist students in their continuing development of knowledge and skills essential for meaningful, lifelong involvement with music.
Assessment for Music Learning
Authors: Bauer William I.
Published: August 2020

Assessment is an essential aspect of teaching and learning. Not only is assessment necessary to determine whether students have learned what teachers think they have taught, but it also informs the design of instruction and is used to adjust the specific teaching and learning strategies that are used over time. Numerous technological tools are available that enable teachers to be more efficient and effective with this process. This chapter is primarily concerned with the assessment of musical achievement in creative, psychomotor, and cognitive domains. It outlines essential assessment principles, discusses the technology-assisted development of assessments, explores technologies helpful to the process of assessing specific music learning outcomes, and describes new assessment approaches enabled by technology. The management of assessment data and processes via technology is also examined.