bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells stimulated with an adjuvant direct the development of Th1 and Th2 cellsin vivo
Authors: Matsui K , Mori A , Ikeda R
Published: June 2015

It is well known that Langerhans cells (LCs) work as the primary orchestrators in the polarization of immune responses towards a T helper type 1 (Th1) or Th2 milieu. In this study, we attempted to generate LCs from murine bone marrow cells and elicit a Th1- or Th2-prone immune response through the LCs after stimulation with Th1 or Th2 adjuvant. LCs were generated from murine bone marrow cells using granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and were obtained as I-Ad positive cells. Mice were primed with Th1/Th2 adjuvant- and ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsed LCs and then given a booster injection of OVA 2 days later via the hind footpad. Five days after the OVA injection, the cytokine response in the draining popliteal lymph nodes was investigated by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The generated LCs expressed typical LC surface markers, E-cadherin and Langerin, and were classified accordingly as LC-like dendritic cells (LDCs). Administration of Th1 adjuvant, cytosine–phosphate–guanosine (CpG)-DNA- and OVA-pulsed LDCs into the hind footpads of mice induced a Th1-prone immune response, as represented by up-regulation of IFN-γ production and down-regulation of IL-4 production in the lymph node cells. Conversely, Th2 adjuvant, histamine-pulsed LDCs induced a Th2-prone immune response, as represented by up-regulation of IL-4 production and down-regulation of IFN-γ production. These results suggest that LDCs may be used as a substitute for LCs and have the ability to induce the development of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo. Our experimental system would therefore be useful for screening of inhibitors of Th1/Th2 differentiation in order to control allergic disease.
Obtaining a genetic diagnosis in a child with disability: impact on parental quality of life
Authors: Lingen M. , Albers L. , Borchers M. , Haass S. , Gärtner J. , Schröder S. , Goldbeck L. , von Kries R. , Brockmann K. , Zirn B.
Published: June 2015

Recent progress in genetic testing has facilitated obtaining an etiologic diagnosis in children with developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID) or multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) or both. Little is known about the benefits of diagnostic elucidation for affected families. We studied the impact of a genetic diagnosis on parental quality of life (QoL) using a validated semiquantitative questionnaire in families with a disabled child investigated by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). We received completed questionnaires from 95 mothers and 76 fathers of 99 families. We used multivariate analysis for adjustment of potential confounders. Taken all 99 families together, maternal QoL score (percentile rank scale 51.05) was significantly lower than fathers' QoL (61.83, p = 0.01). Maternal QoL score was 20.17 [95% CI (5.49; 34.82)] percentile rank scales higher in mothers of children with diagnostic (n = 34) aCGH as opposed to mothers of children with inconclusive (n = 65) aCGH (Hedges' g = 0.71). Comparison of these QoL scores with retrospectively recalled QoL before aCGH revealed an increase of maternal QoL after diagnostic clarification. Our results indicate a benefit for maternal QoL if a genetic test, here aCGH, succeeds to clarify the etiologic diagnosis in a disabled child.
Dental implant surgery in patients in treatment with the anticoagulant oral rivaroxaban
Authors: Gómez‐Moreno Gerardo , Aguilar‐Salvatierra Antonio , Fernández‐Cejas Esther , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael Arcesio , Markovic Aleksa , Calvo‐Guirado José Luis
Published: June 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of bleeding complications after dental implant placement in patients in treatment by the anticoagulant oral rivaroxaban without interrupting its administration or modifying dosage.

Materials and methods

About 57 patients were divided into two groups: 18 had been in treatment by rivaroxaban for over 6 month before implant surgery and a control group consisted of 39 healthy subjects. All subjects received dental implants in different positions, without interrupting or modifying rivaroxaban dosage. Patients were treated in an outpatient setting. Non‐absorbable sutures were used, and all patients were given gauze impregnated with tranexamic acid 5%, to bite on for 30–60 min.

Results

One rivaroxaban patient presented moderate bleeding the day after surgery, and two control patients presented moderate bleeding the day after and on the second day. Bleeding was managed with gauzes impregnated with tranexamic acid. No statistically significant differences (P = 0.688) were found in relation to bleeding episodes between the groups, with a relative risk = 0.919 based on the pooled groups and 95% confidence interval of 0.078–10.844.

Conclusions

Dental implant surgery in patients taking the anticoagulant oral rivaroxaban can be performed safely in outpatients departments applying local hemostatic measures without the need to modify or interrupt anticoagulant medication.
Patch testing with hair cosmetic series in Europe: a critical review and recommendation
Authors: Uter Wolfgang , Bensefa‐Colas Lynda , Frosch Peter , Giménez‐Arnau Ana , John Swen M. , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre , Lidén Carola , White Ian R. , Duus Johansen Jeanne
Published: June 2015

Many key ingredients of hair cosmetics (in particular, dyes, bleaches, and hair‐styling agents) are potent (strong to extreme) contact allergens. Some heterogeneity is apparent from published results concerning the range of allergens for which patch testing is important. The objective of the present review was to collect information on the current practice of using ‘hair cosmetic series’, and discuss this against the background of evidence concerning consumer/professional exposure and regulatory aspects to finally derive a recommendation for a ‘European hair cosmetic series’. The methods involved (i) a survey targeting all members of the COST action ‘StanDerm’ (TD1206) consortium, (ii) analysis of data in the database of the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA), and (iii) literature review. Information from 19 European countries was available, partly from national networks, and partly from one or several departments of dermatology or, occasionally, occupational medicine. Apart from some substances being tested only in single departments, a broad overlap regarding ‘important’ allergens was evident. Some of the substances are no longer permitted for use in cosmetics (Annex II of the Cosmetics Regulation). An up‐to‐date ‘European hair cosmetics series’, as recommended in the present article, should (i) include broadly used and/or potent contact allergens, (ii) eliminate substances of only historical concern, and (iii) be continually updated as new evidence emerges.
Connection between drinking context choices and self‐reported alcohol‐related social harm: Results from the Finnish Drinking Habit Survey 2008
Authors: Mäkelä Pia , Mustonen Heli , Lintonen Tomi
Published: June 2015

Introduction and Aims

Few general population studies have examined connections between harms and the social contexts where people drink. We examine how the dominant characteristics of respondents' latest drinking occasions are associated with self‐reported alcohol‐related harm and to what extent the associations function over and above the effects of drinking patterns.

Design and Methods

We used a general population sample of Finns aged 15–69 years in 2008 (n = 2725, response rate 73.6%). Data from 2362 respondents detailed the characteristics of drinking occasions, such as circumstance, location, company and timing for 8713 recent drinking occasions. Harms analysed were aggressive behaviour (fights and arguments while drinking) and being asked to cut down on drinking by family members (informal control of drinking).

Results

With drinking patterns held constant, fights and arguments were more common among men whose drinking occasions started early or were described as ‘visits’, and among women where occasions ended late or occurred in mixed‐gender groups. Requests to cut down were less frequent among men drinking mostly in connection with sauna bathing and meals or in single‐gender company and among women who mostly drank in licensed premises or at weekends. Requests to cut down were more common among women drinking mostly in the company of friends.

Discussion and Conclusions

Fights and arguments were associated with the timing of drinking occasions and some characteristics related to social interaction, while requests from family members to cut down were common when drinking extended beyond special occasions. [Mäkelä Pia, Mustonen Heli, Lintonen Tomi. The connection between drinking context choices and self‐reported alcohol‐related social harm: Results from the Finnish drinking habit survey 2008. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:187–95]
Motor skills of children with unilateral visual impairment in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study
Authors: Celano Marianne , Hartmann E Eugenie , DuBois Lindreth G , Drews‐Botsch Carolyn ,   the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study Group
Published: June 2015

Aim

To assess motor functioning in children aged 4 years 6 months enrolled in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study, and to determine contributions of visual acuity and stereopsis to measured motor skills.

Method

One hundred and four children (53% female) with unilateral aphakia randomized to intraocular lens or contact lens treatment were evaluated at 4 years 6 months (age range 4y 6mo–4y 11mo) for monocular recognition visual acuity, motor skills, and stereopsis by a traveling examiner masked to treatment condition. Motor skills were assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children – Second Edition (MABC‐2). Visual acuity was operationalized as log10 of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) value for treated eye, best logMAR value for either eye, and intraocular logMAR difference.

Results

Student's t‐tests showed no significant differences in MABC‐2 scores between the intraocular lens and contact lens groups. The mean total score was low (6.43; 18th centile) compared with the normative reference group. Motor functioning was not related to visual acuity in the treated eye or to intraocular logMAR difference, but was predicted in a regression model by the better visual acuity of either eye (usually the fellow eye), even after accounting for the influence of age at surgery, examiner, orthotropic ocular alignment, and stereopsis.

Interpretation

Children with unilateral congenital cataract may have delayed motor functioning at 4 years 6 months, which may adversely affect their social and academic functioning.
Intensifying insulin regimen after basal insulin optimization in adults with type 2 diabetes: a 24‐week, randomized, open‐label trial comparing insulin glargine plus insulin glulisine with biphasic insulin aspart (LanScape)
Authors: Vora J. , Cohen N. , Evans M. , Hockey A. , Speight J. , Whately‐Smith C.
Published: June 2015

Aim

To test the hypothesis that a ‘basal plus’ regimenadding once‐daily main‐meal fast‐acting insulin to basal insulin once dailywould be non‐inferior to biphasic insulin twice daily as assessed by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration (predefined as ≤0.4%), but would provide superior treatment satisfaction.

Methods

This open‐label trial enrolled adults to an 8‐ or 12‐week run‐in period, during which oral therapies except metformin were stopped and insulin glargine dose was titrated. Those with fasting glucose <7 mmol/l but HbA1c >7% (53 mmol/mol) were randomized to insulin glargine/glulisine once daily (n = 170) or insulin aspart/aspart protamine 30/70 twice daily (n = 165) for 24 weeks, with dose titration to glucose targets using standardized algorithms.

Results

For HbA1c, the basal plus regimen was non‐inferior to biphasic insulin (least squares mean difference, 0.21%, upper 97.5% confidence limit 0.38%) meeting the predefined non‐inferiority margin of 0.4%. Treatment satisfaction (Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire change version and Insulin Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire total scores) significantly favoured basal plus. No difference was observed between the basal plus and the biphasic insulin groups in responders (HbA1c <7%, 20.6 vs 27.9%; p = 0.12), weight gain (2.06 vs 2.50 kg; p = 0.2), diabetes‐specific quality of life (Audit of Diabetes‐Dependent Quality of Life average weighted impact (AWI) score) and generic health status (five‐dimension European Quality of Life questionnaire). Overall hypoglycaemia rates were similar between groups (15.3 vs 18.2 events/patient‐year; p = 0.22); nocturnal hypoglycaemia was higher with the basal plus regimen (5.7 vs 3.6 events/patient‐year; p = 0.02).

Conclusion

In long‐standing type 2 diabetes with suboptimal glycaemia despite oral therapies and basal insulin, the basal plus regimen was non‐inferior to biphasic insulin for biomedical outcomes, with a similar overall hypoglycaemia rate but more nocturnal events.
DECEPTION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: THEORY AND LABORATORY EVIDENCE
Authors: Houser Daniel , Ludwig Sandra , Stratmann Thomas
Published: June 2015

We model two‐candidate elections in which (1) voters are uncertain about candidates' attributes; and (2) candidates can inform voters of their attributes by sending advertisements. We compare between political campaigns with truthful advertising and campaigns in which there is a small chance of deceptive advertising. Our model predicts that voters should vote in‐line with an advertisement's information. We test our model's predictions using laboratory elections. We find, in the presence of even a small probability that an advertisement is deceptive, voters become substantially more likely to elect a “low‐quality” candidate. We discuss implications of this for existing models of voting decisions. (JEL C92, D72, D82)
Assessment of the cytotoxicity of a mineral trioxide aggregate‐based sealer with respect to macrophage activity
Authors: Braga Julia Mourão , Oliveira Ricardo Reis , de Castro Martins Renata , Vieira Leda Quercia , Sobrinho Antonio Paulino Ribeiro
Published: June 2015

Aim

To assess the influence of co‐culture with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and MTA Fillapex (FLPX) on the viability, adherence, and phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophages from two mouse strains.

Methodology

Cellular viability, adherence, and phagocytosis of Saccharomyces boulardii were assayed in the presence of capillaries containing MTA and MTA Fillapex. The data were analyzed using parametric (Student's t) and non‐parametric (Mann–Whitney) tests.

Results

FLPX was severely cytotoxic and decreased cell viability, adherence, and phagocytic activity of both macrophage subtypes. Cells that were treated with MTA Fillapex remained viable (>80%) for only 4 h after stimulation. Macrophages from C57BL/6 mice presented higher adherence and higher phagocytic activity compared with macrophages from BALB/c mice.

Conclusion

Comparison of MTA and FLPX effects upon macrophages indicates that FLPX may impair macrophage activity and viability, while MTA seems to increase phagocytic activity.
Leaf phenology mediates provenance differences in herbivore populations on valley oaks in a common garden
Authors: PEARSE IAN S. , BATY JILL H. , HERRMANN DUSTIN , SAGE RICHARD , KOENIG WALTER D.
Published: June 2015

1. Plants from different populations often display a variation in herbivore resistance. However, it is rarely understood what plant traits mediate such differences.

2. It was tested how leaf phenology affects herbivore populations in a 15‐year‐old common garden of valley oaks (Quercus lobataNée) with different populations and maternal parents from throughout theQ. lobatarange.

3. The abundance of leaf miners (Stigmellasp. Shrank) and leaf phenology of oaks in the common garden was measured.

4. Leaf miner abundance varied among provenance locations (population), but not among maternal parents within populations. Leaf phenology varied by provenance location and maternal parent, and trees that leafed out earlier accrued higher leaf‐miner abundance. Path analysis indicated that leaf phenology was the likely driver of provenance and parental differences in resistance to leaf miners.

5. Understanding population differences is particularly important when considering transport of genotypes for ornamental or restoration purposes. The present study suggests that similarity in leaf phenology may be one factor that could be used to find genotypes with a similar herbivore resistance to local genotypes.
Utilizing biofuels for sustainable development in the panel of 17 developed and developing countries
Authors: Ozturk Ilhan
Published: June 2015

This study investigates the dynamic linkages between biofuels production and sustainable indicators in the panel of 17 developed and developing countries, over the period of 2000–2012. The study emphasized the role of biofuels production in the sustainable development of the region. For this purpose, the study utilized four main sustainable indicators including carbon dioxide emissions, energy intensity, renewable energy generation, and total population that have a significant impact on the biofuels production. The study used dynamic heterogeneous panel econometric technique – Generalized Method of Moments and found that carbon dioxide emissions increase along with the increase in biofuels production. Therefore, the caution should be applied when burning the biofuels during the production process. In addition, renewable electricity generation also increases the biofuels production in the region. The results of robust least square regression confirmed that all of the sustainable indicators have a significant association with the biofuels production, as total primary energy consumption increases the biofuels production, while total population significantly decreases the biofuels production in the region. The results derived to the conclusion that for sustainable development in the region, the policymakers should have to formulate carbon free policies that coupled with the renewable energy sources for emphasizing the life cycle of bioenergy during the production process.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Headache – A Case‐Series
Authors: Sparaco Marco , Feleppa Michele , Bigal Marcelo E.
Published: June 2015

Background

Headache happens in the majority of patients with Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) being sometimes the sole manifestation of the disease. Herein we report a case‐series of CVT, focusing on headache characteristics.

Methods

Etiological, clinical, and radiological features of 25 consecutive adult patients with CVT were compiled from August 2005 to December 2013. Diagnosis of CVT was confirmed by brain magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance venography. All patients underwent extensive systematic etiological and genetic work‐up at admission. A structured questionnaire about the characteristics of headache was responded by all participants.

Results

Headache was reported by 23 out of 25 (92%) of participants, being by far the most frequent symptom. It was the sole manifestation in nearly one third of the patients (8/25, 32.0%). Headache was typically severe (19/23, 82.6%) and throbbing (16/23, 69.5%), with sudden onset (13/23, 56.5%) and non‐remitting (20/23, 86.9%) characteristics. The sinus most frequently involved was the transverse sinus (24/25, 96.0%), either alone or in association with other sinuses.

Conclusion

Headache is the most frequent symptom and sometimes the sole presentation of CVT.
Optimization and development of stable w/o/w cosmetic multiple emulsions by means of the Quality by Design approach
Authors: Kovács A. , Erős I. , Csóka I.
Published: June 2015

Synopsis

Objectives

The aim of our present work was to develop stable water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (w/o/w) cosmetic multiple emulsions that are proper for cosmetic use and can also be applied on the skin as pharmaceutical vehicles by means of Quality by Design (QbD) concept. This product design concept consists of a risk assessment step and also the ‘predetermination’ of the critical material attributes and process parameters of a stable multiple emulsion system. We have set up the hypothesis that the stability of multiple emulsions can be improved by the development based on such systematic planning – making a map of critical product parameters – so their industrial usage can be increased.

Methods

The risk assessment and the determination of critical physical–chemical stability parameters of w/o/w multiple emulsions to define critical control points were performed by means of quality tools and the leanqbd™ (QbD Works LLC, Fremont, CA, U.S.A.) software.

Results

Critical materials and process parameters: Based on the results of preformulation experiments, three factors, namely entrapped active agent, preparation methodology and shear rate, were found to be highly critical factors for critical quality attributes (CQAs) and for stability, whereas the nature of oil was found a medium level risk factor. The results of the risk assessment are the following: (i) droplet structure and size distribution should be evaluated together to be able to predict the stability issues, (ii) the presence of entrapped active agents had a great impact on droplet structure, (iii) the viscosity curves represent the structural changes during storage, if the decrease in relative viscosity is >15% the emulsion disintegrates, and (iv) it is enough to use the shear rate between 34g and 116g relative centrifugal force (RCF). CQAs: By risk assessment, we discovered that four factors should be considered to be high‐risk variables as compared to others: droplet size, droplet structure, viscosity and multiple character were found to be highly critical attributes.

Conclusion

The preformulation experiment is the part of a development plan. On the basis of these results, the control strategy can be defined and a stable multiple emulsion can be ensured that meets the relevant stakeholders' quality expectations.
TRAF3, ubiquitination, and B‐lymphocyte regulation
Authors: Lin Wai W. , Hostager Bruce S. , Bishop Gail A.
Published: June 2015

The signaling adapter protein tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)‐associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is both modified by and contributes to several types of ubiquitination events. TRAF3 plays a variety of context‐dependent regulatory roles in all types of immune cells. In B lymphocytes, TRAF3 contributes to regulation of signaling by members of both the TNFR superfamily and innate immune receptors. TRAF3 also plays a unique cell type‐specific and critical role in the restraint of B‐cell homeostatic survival, a role with important implications for both B‐cell differentiation and the pathogenesis of B‐cell malignancies. This review focuses upon the relationship between ubiquitin and TRAF3, and how this contributes to multiple functions of TRAF3 in the regulation of signal transduction, transcriptional activation, and effector functions of B lymphocytes.
Molecular mechanism and cellular function of MHCII ubiquitination
Authors: Oh Jaehak , Shin Jeoung‐Sook
Published: June 2015

The major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) is ubiquitinated via the evolutionarily conserved lysine in the cytoplasmic tail of the β chain in dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. The ubiquitination is mediated by the membrane‐associated RING‐CH1 (MARCH1) ubiquitin ligase although it can be also mediated by the homologous ligase MARCH8 in model cell lines. The ubiquitination promotes MHCII endocytosis and lysosomal sorting that results in a reduction in the level of MHCII at cell surface. Functionally, MHCII ubiquitination serves as a means by which DCs suppress MHCII expression and reduce antigen presentation in response to the immune regulatory cytokine interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and regulatory T cells. Recently, additional roles of MHCII ubiquitination have emerged. MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC production of inflammatory cytokines in response to the Toll‐like receptor ligands. It also potentiated DC ability to activate antigen‐specific naive CD4+ T cells while limiting the amount of antigens presented at cell surface. Similarly, MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC activation of CD4+ thymocytes supporting regulatory T‐cell development independent of its effect of limiting antigen presentation. Thus, ubiquitination appears to confer MHCII a function independent of presenting antigens by a mechanism yet to be identified.
Ubiquitin‐dependent regulation of Foxp3 and Treg function
Authors: Barbi Joseph , Pardoll Drew M. , Pan Fan
Published: June 2015

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial enforcers of immune homeostasis. Their characteristic suppressive function largely arises from an equally unique pattern of gene expression. A complex network of factors and processes contribute to this ‘signature’ Treg gene expression landscape. Many of these alter the level and activity of the Treg‐defining transcription factor Foxp3. As stable expression of Foxp3 is important for the ability of Treg cells to successfully prevent excessive or inappropriate immune activation, uncovering the mechanisms regulating Foxp3 level is required for the understanding and therapeutic exploitation of Tregs. While transcriptional regulation of the Foxp3 gene has been studied in depth, additional regulatory layers exist controlling the expression and activity of this key transcription factor. These include less‐defined mechanisms active at the post‐translational level. These pathways are just beginning to be elucidated. Here, we summarize emerging evidence for distinct, post‐translationally active, ubiquitin‐dependent pathways capable of controlling the activation and expression of Foxp3 and the function of Tregs. These pathways offer untapped opportunities for therapeutic fine‐tuning of Tregs and their all‐important restraint of the immune system.
Modelling Wheat Stomatal Resistance in Hourly Time Steps from Micrometeorological Variables and Soil Water Status
Authors: Neukam D. , Böttcher U. , Kage H.
Published: June 2015

An accurate estimation of stomatal resistance (rS) also under drought stress conditions is of pivotal importance for any process‐based prediction of transpiration and the energy budget of real crop canopies and quantification of drought stress. A new model for rS was developed and parameterized for winter wheat using data from field experiments accounting for the influences of net radiation (RNet), air temperature (TAir) and vapour pressure deficit of the atmosphere (VPD) interacting with an average water potential in the rooted soil (ψRootedSoil). rS is simulated with a limiting factor approach as maximum of the metabolic (related to photosynthesis) and hydraulic (related to drought stress) acting influences assuming that, if drought stress occurs, it will dominate stomatal control: rS = max(rS(TAir), rS(RNet), rS(VPD, ψRootedSoil)). This transitional approach is suited to reproduce measured daily time courses of rS with a varying accuracy for the single measurement dates but performed satisfactorily for the whole data set (r2 = 0.63, RMSE = 59 s m−1, EF = 0.60). This new semi‐empiric approach calculates rS directly from external environmental conditions. Therefore, it can be easily implemented in existing model frameworks as link between operational crop growth models that use the concept of radiation use efficiency instead of mechanistic photosynthesis modelling and soil–vegetation–atmosphere transport models.
Effects of Current Confinement on the Spark Plasma Sintering of Silicon Carbide Ceramics
Authors: Román‐Manso Benito , Belmonte Manuel , Osendi María Isabel , Miranzo Pilar
Published: June 2015

Despite numerous works have recently reported the densification of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique, the effect of the localized electric current flow near the specimen over the liquid phase sintering process of SiC ceramics and on their microstructural features has not been completely addressed. In the present work, two different SPS setups affecting current flow are selected, one based on the ordinary die/punch setup configuration, and the other employing a BN electrically insulating coating on the inner wall of the die to force the electric current to locally flow through the inner graphite foil in contact with the ceramic compact. The effective electrical resistance and the energy consumed during the SPS runs for both setups, as well as the sintering behavior, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the SPSed materials are analyzed. The BN die coating considerably increases the effective resistance of the system, decreases the power consumption, and accelerates the SiC densification. Besides, ceramic specimens experience significantly higher real temperatures than the set values and, accordingly, coarser microstructures and tougher materials than those for the ordinary setting are produced. The thermoelectrical properties of SiC materials are proposed as fundamental in their SPS process, especially when electrical current is forced through the inner part of the SPS setting around the specimen.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Submicrometer‐Sized Ce:YAG Spherical Particles by Solvothermal Process Using Alcohol Solvents
Authors: Lin Wei‐Ting , Wu Yu‐Chun
Published: June 2015

A rapid synthesis method for preparing homogeneous and submicrometer‐sized cerium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:YAG) particles was proposed in this work. Instead of precipitating the YAG amorphous precursor prior to the solvothermal process, cerium, yttrium, and aluminum nitrates were dissolved in alcoholic solvents to form transparent and clear solutions that were directly transferred into the stainless autoclave to undergo the solvothermal reaction. Four different alcohol solvents, that is, ethanol, 2‐propanol, 2‐butanol, and tert‐butanol, were used as the reaction medium. The crystallization mechanisms in correlation with the alcohol solvent properties, such as the supercritical point and the dielectric constant, were discussed. The interaction between the alcohol solvent and the precursor salts were also investigated. Well‐dispersed and spherical Ce:YAG particles in size ranging from 200 to 350 nm were obtained in one pot via solvothermal reaction at 285°C from 5 to 8 h.
Highly Sensitive Optical Thermometry of Yb3+‐Er3+ Codoped AgLa(MoO4)2 Green Upconversion Phosphor
Authors: Li Ting , Guo Chongfeng , Zhou Shaoshuai , Duan Changkui , Yin Min
Published: June 2015

Er3+–Yb3+ codoped AgLa(MoO4)2 phosphors with intense green emission from 2H11/2/4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transitions and negligible red emission from 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ were synthesized by sol–gel process. Its temperature sensing performance was evaluated based on the temperature dependence of fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of two green emission bands in the range 300–510 K. The maximum sensitivity of AgLa(MoO4)2: 0.02Er3+/0.4Yb3+ is approximately 0.018 K−1 at 480 K, which is much higher than those of reported samples based on green emissions of Er3+. Result suggests that AgLa(MoO4)2: Er3+/Yb3+ has a great potential application in optical temperature sensors.
Improving support for heart failure patients: a systematic review to understand patients' perspectives on self‐care
Authors: Spaling Melisa A. , Currie Kay , Strachan Patricia H. , Harkness Karen , Clark Alexander M.
Published: June 2015

Aims

This systematic review aimed to generate patient‐focussed recommendations to enhance support of heart failure self‐care by examining patients' experiences, perspectives and self‐care behaviours.

Background

Despite increased recognition of the importance of heart failure self‐care, patients' knowledge and practices around this self‐care and interventions to improve it are inconsistent. Consequently, current guidelines focus on what the domains of heart failure self‐care are, more so than the ways to improve this care.

Design

Systematic review and qualitative interpretive synthesis.

Data sources

A systematic, comprehensive and detailed search of 11 databases was conducted until March, 2012 for papers published 1995–2012: 37 studies were included (1343 patients, 75 caregivers, 63 health care professionals) that contained a qualitative research component and data on adult patients' heart failure self‐care.

Review methods

This interpretive synthesis used a recognized approach consisting of a multi‐stage analytic process; in addition, the included studies underwent quality appraisal.

Results

Findings indicate that while patients could often recall health professionals' self‐care advice, they were unable to integrate this knowledge into daily life. Attempts to manage HF were based on how patients ‘felt’ rather than clinical indicators of worsening symptoms. Self‐efficacy and learning from past management experiences facilitated favourable outcomes – these enabled patients and caregivers to adeptly apply self‐care strategies into daily activities.

Conclusions

Addressing common but basic knowledge misconceptions regarding the domains of HF self‐care is insufficient to increase effective HF self‐care; this should be supplemented with strategies with patients and family members to promote self‐efficacy, learning and adaptation/application of recommendations to daily life.
Anti‐VEGFs hinder bone healing and implant osseointegration in rat tibiae
Authors: Al Subaie Ahmed Ebraheem , Eimar Hazem , Abdallah Mohamed‐Nur , Durand Robert , Feine Jocelyne , Tamimi Faleh , Emami Elham
Published: June 2015

Aim

To assess the effect of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) on bone healing (defect volume) and implant osseointegration (bone‐implant contact per cent) in rat tibia.

Materials and Methods

In Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 36), a unicortical defect was created in the right tibia and a titanium implant was placed in the left tibia of each rat. Rats were assigned into three groups and received either anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing antibody, Ranibizumab or saline (control). Two weeks following surgery, rats were euthanized and bone samples were retrieved. Bone healing and osseointegration were assessed using micro‐CT and histomorphometry. One‐way anova followed by the Tukey's test was used for data analyses.

Results

The volume of the bone defects in the anti‐VEGF group (2.48 ± 0.33 mm3) was larger (p = 0.026) than in the controls (2.11 ± 0.36 mm3) as measured by μ‐CT. Bone‐implant contact percent in the anti‐VEGF (19.9 ± 9.4%) and Ranibizumab (21.7 ± 9.2%) groups were lower (p < 0.00) than in the control group (41.8 ± 12.4%).

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that drugs that inhibit the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (i.e. anti‐VEGF) may hinder bone healing and implant osseointegration in rat tibiae.
The repeatability of mating failure in a polyandrous bug
Authors: Greenway E. V(Ginny) , Shuker D. M.
Published: June 2015

Mating failure, characterized by the lack of production of offspring following copulation, is relatively common across taxa yet is little understood. It is unclear whether mating failures are stochastic occurrences between incompatible mating partners or represent a persistent, meaningful phenotype on the part of one or other sex. Here we test this in the seed bug Lygaeus simulans, by sequentially mating families of males with randomly allocated unrelated females and calculating the repeatability of mating outcome for each individual male and family. Mating outcome is significantly repeatable within individual males but not across full‐sib brothers. We conclude that mating failure represents a consistent male‐associated phenotype with low heritability in this species, affected by as yet undetermined environmental influences on males.
Size‐selective feeding on phytoplankton by two morpho‐groups of the small freshwater fishAmblypharyngodon mola
Authors: Nandi S. , Saikia S. K.
Published: June 2015

Two morpho‐groups (i.e.small, MGS and big, MGL) of the small freshwater fishAmblypharyngodon molawere studied for their feeding behaviour in the natural environment. Both the morpho‐groups fed on a variety of phytoplankton including Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae. The fish had more Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae in their gut than other phytoplankton. Costello's selectivity plots revealed that the MGS fed on the smaller phytoplankters (2–6 µm in size), whereas the MGL fed on both the small and large (up to 12 µm in size) phytoplankters. The differences in mouth areas between the two morpho‐groups were explained as a possible reason of size‐selective feeding and contribute to overcome gape limitation inA. mola. This is further accompanied by the uniform pore size of the gills (2 µm) in all the morpho‐groups. This study concluded thatA. molaexhibits a size‐dependent feeding strategy regulated by gape limitation at the ingestion level. With ontogenetic shifts, flexibility appears to overcome such a limitation in the MGL, having a wider mouth area supported by jaw opening ability.
Effect of Drying on Color, Proximate Composition and Drying Kinetics of Sliced Chestnuts
Authors: Delgado Teresa , Pereira José Alberto , Casal Susana , Ramalhosa Elsa
Published: June 2015

In the present work, dried sliced chestnuts (Judia and Longal varieties), product with an increased shelf life, low calorie and gluten‐free contents, were prepared. The effect of air convective drying on the drying kinetics, color and proximate composition of sliced chestnuts was evaluated. Even though significant differences in nutritional composition were found between both varieties at the beginning, the drying behaviors were similar; however, Judia dried at a slightly faster rate than Longal. The use of Page, two‐term, and modified Henderson and Pabis models fitted well the experimental data (adjusted R2 > 0.999). With drying, slight variations in color were observed for both varieties and only moisture content decreased significantly.

The obtained product retained all chemical composition, and due to the low caloric value (367 kcal/100 g product), low fat and gluten‐free contents of chestnut slices, this can be an interesting substitute to other high‐calorie snacks available in the market.

Practical Applications

The chestnut fruit is increasingly popular among consumers. The fruit is usually sold fresh or frozen while smaller fruits are generally rejected by industries. So, it is very important to find alternatives to valorize these fruits. Moreover, consumers search for healthy and easy‐to‐consume food. Chestnut follow these requisites, being a nut with interesting properties due to its low fat content, high levels of starch (sugar of slow absorption) and significant amounts of fibers. Furthermore, it is a gluten‐free nut, ideal for celiac patients. On the other hand, the majority of snacks in the market are rich in fat and are made from wheat flour. So, the development of snacks based on chestnut would be innovative. This study intends to provide information on the effect of drying on color, nutritional composition and drying kinetics of sliced chestnut in order to obtain a healthy and low‐calorie content snack.
Trade‐offs between life‐history traits at range‐edge and central locations
Authors: Araújo Rita , Serrão Ester A. , Sousa‐Pinto Isabel , Arenas Francisco , Monteiro Carla A. , Toth Gunilla , Pavia Henrik , Åberg Per
Published: June 2015

The allocation of resources to different life‐history traits should represent the best compromise in fitness investment for organisms in their local environment. When resources are limiting, the investment in a specific trait must carry a cost that is expressed in trade‐offs with other traits. In this study, the relative investment in the fitness‐related traits, growth, reproduction and defence were compared at central and range‐edge locations, using the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum as a model system. Individual growth rates were similar at both sites, whereas edge populations showed a higher relative investment in reproduction (demonstrated by a higher reproductive allocation and extended reproductive periods) when compared to central populations that invested more in defence. These results show the capability of A. nodosum to differentially allocate resources for different traits under different habitat conditions, suggesting that reproduction and defence have different fitness values under the specific living conditions experienced at edge and central locations. However, ongoing climate change may threaten edge populations by increasing the selective pressure on specific traits, forcing these populations to lower the investment in other traits that are also potentially important for population fitness.
Fungal specificity and selectivity for algae play a major role in determining lichen partnerships across diverse ecogeographic regions in the lichen‐forming family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota)
Authors: Leavitt Steven D. , Kraichak Ekaphan , Nelsen Matthew P. , Altermann Susanne , Divakar Pradeep K. , Alors David , Esslinger Theodore L. , Crespo Ana , Lumbsch Thorsten
Published: June 2015

Microbial symbionts are instrumental to the ecological and long‐term evolutionary success of their hosts, and the central role of symbiotic interactions is increasingly recognized across the vast majority of life. Lichens provide an iconic group for investigating patterns in species interactions; however, relationships among lichen symbionts are often masked by uncertain species boundaries or an inability to reliably identify symbionts. The species‐rich lichen‐forming fungal family Parmeliaceae provides a diverse group for assessing patterns of interactions of algal symbionts, and our study addresses patterns of lichen symbiont interactions at the largest geographic and taxonomic scales attempted to date. We analysed a total of 2356 algal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences collected from lichens representing ten mycobiont genera in Parmeliaceae, two genera in Lecanoraceae and 26 cultured Trebouxia strains. Algal ITS sequences were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs); we attempted to validate the evolutionary independence of a subset of the inferred OTUs using chloroplast and mitochondrial loci. We explored the patterns of symbiont interactions in these lichens based on ecogeographic distributions and mycobiont taxonomy. We found high levels of undescribed diversity in Trebouxia, broad distributions across distinct ecoregions for many photobiont OTUs and varying levels of mycobiont selectivity and specificity towards the photobiont. Based on these results, we conclude that fungal specificity and selectivity for algal partners play a major role in determining lichen partnerships, potentially superseding ecology, at least at the ecogeographic scale investigated here. To facilitate effective communication and consistency across future studies, we propose a provisional naming system for Trebouxia photobionts and provide representative sequences for each OTU circumscribed in this study.
Molecular characterization of disseminated pilocytic astrocytomas
Authors: Gessi M. , Engels A. C. , Lambert S. , Rothämel T. , von Hornstein S. , Collins V. P. , Denkhaus D. , Gnekow A. , Pietsch T.
Published: June 2015

Aim

Pilocytic astrocytomas represent the most common paediatric tumours of the central nervous system. Dissemination through the ventricular system occurs rarely in patients with pilocytic astrocytomas; however, it is more common in infants with diencephalic tumours, and is associated with a poor outcome. Despite histological similarities with classic pilocytic astrocytomas, it is still unclear whether disseminated pilocytic astrocytomas may have specific molecular features.

Methods

Seventeen disseminated pilocytic astrocytomas were investigated using the molecular inversion probe array and screened for the presence of gene fusions (KIAA1549‐BRAF) and mutations (BRAF, RAS and FGFR1).

Results

Along with evidence of a constitutive MAPK activation in all cases, the molecular inversion probe array, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and mutational study revealed KIAA1549‐BRAF fusions in 66% and BRAFV600E mutations in 5% of cases. No KRAS, HRAS, NRAS or FGFR1 mutations were found.

Conclusions

disseminated pilocytic astrocytomas showed genetic features similar to classic pilocytic astrocytoma, including a similar incidence of KIAA1549–BRAF fusions, BRAF mutations and a stable genetic profile. Given common activation of the MAPK pathway, the use of specific inhibitors can be hypothesized for the treatment of disseminated pilocytic astrocytomas, along with standard chemo‐ and/or radiotherapy.
Immunohistochemical characterization of CD33 expression on microglia in Nasu‐Hakola disease brains
Authors: Satoh Jun‐ichi , Kino Yoshihiro , Motohashi Nobutaka , Ishida Tsuyoshi , Yagishita Saburo , Jinnai Kenji , Arai Nobutaka , Nakamagoe Kiyotaka , Tamaoka Akira , Saito Yuko , Arima Kunimasa
Published: June 2015

Nasu‐Hakola disease (NHD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by formation of multifocal bone cysts and development of leukoencephalopathy, caused by genetic mutations of either DNAX‐activation protein 12 (DAP12) or triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). Although increasing evidence suggests a defect in microglial TREM2/DAP12 function in NHD, the molecular mechanism underlying leukoencephalopathy with relevance to microglial dysfunction remains unknown. TREM2, by transmitting signals via the immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM) of DAP12, stimulates phagocytic activity of microglia, and ITAM signaling is counterbalanced by sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin (Ig)‐like lectins (Siglecs)‐mediated immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif (ITIM) signaling. To investigate a role of CD33, a member of the Siglecs family acting as a negative regulator of microglia activation, in the pathology of NHD, we studied CD33 expression patterns in five NHD brains and 11 controls by immunohistochemistry. In NHD brains, CD33 was identified exclusively on ramified and amoeboid microglia accumulated in demyelinated white matter lesions but not expressed in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or neurons. However, the number of CD33‐immunoreactive microglia showed great variability from case to case and from lesion to lesion without significant differences between NHD and control brains. These results do not support the view that CD33‐expressing microglia play a central role in the development of leukoencephalopathy in NHD brains.
Lifestyle habits and obesity progression in overweight and obese American young adults: Lessons for promoting cardiometabolic health
Authors: Cha EunSeok , Akazawa Margeaux K. , Kim Kevin H. , Dawkins Colleen R. , Lerner Hannah M. , Umpierrez Guillermo , Dunbar Sandra B.
Published: June 2015

Obesity among young adults is a growing problem in the United States and is related to unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as high caloric intake and inadequate exercise. Accurate assessment of lifestyle habits across obesity stages is important for informing age‐specific intervention strategies to prevent and reduce obesity progression. Using a modified version of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (mEOSS), a new scale for defining obesity risk and predicting obesity morbidity and mortality, this cross‐sectional study assessed the prevalence of overweight/obese conditions in 105 young adults and compared their lifestyle habits across the mEOSS stages. Descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests, and one‐way analyses of variance were performed. Eighty percent of participants (n = 83) fell into the mEOSS‐2 group and had obesity‐related chronic disorders, such as diabetes, hypertension, and/or dyslipidemia. There were significant differences in dietary quality and patterns across the mEOSS stages. Findings highlighted the significance of prevention and early treatment for overweight and obese young adults to prevent and cease obesity progression.