bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid range expansion and community reorganization in response to warming
Authors: Le ROUX PETER C. , McGEOCH MELODIE A.
Published: October 2008

Species ranges are expected to expand along their cooler boundaries in response to rising temperatures associated with current global climate change. However, this ‘fingerprint’ of climate change is yet to be assessed for an entire flora. Here, we examine patterns of altitudinal range change in the complete native vascular flora of sub‐Antarctic Marion Island. We demonstrate a rapid mean upslope expansion in the flora since 1966, in response to 1.2 °C warming on the island. The 3.4±0.8 m yr−1(mean±SE) upslope expansion rate documented is amongst the highest estimates from partial floras. However, less than half of the species in the flora were responsible for the expansion trend, demonstrating that the global fingerprint of warming may be driven by a highly responsive subset of the species pool. Individual range expansion rates varied greatly, with species‐specific niche requirements explaining some of this variation. As a result of the idiosyncratic expansion rates, altitudinal patterns of species richness and community composition changed considerably, with the formation of no‐analog communities at high and intermediate altitudes. Therefore, both species‐ and community‐level changes have occurred in the flora of Marion Island over a relatively short period of rapid warming, demonstrating the sensitivity of high latitude communities to climate change. Patterns of change within this flora illustrate the range of variation in species responses to climate change and the consequences thereof for species distributions and community reorganization.
Short‐term temperature change may impact freshwater carbon flux: a microbial perspective
Authors: MONTAGNES DAVID J. S. , MORGAN GARETH , BISSINGER JAN E. , ATKINSON DAVID , WEISSE THOMAS
Published: October 2008

Small freshwater bodies are abundant and economically and ecologically important on a global scale. Within these, protozoa play an important role in structuring planktonic food webs and sequestering CO2. We hypothesized that short‐term (∼20 days) fluctuations, of 2–10 °C, will significantly alter carbon flux associated with predator–prey interactions within the microbial planktonic food web. We examined the model ciliate, Urotricha farcta, which is abundant and common; it was fed the autotrophic flagellate Cryptomonas sp., which is also common. Laboratory experiments were conducted over relevant ranges: 8–24 °C; 0–2 × 105 prey mL−1. Mechanistic‐phenomenological multiple regressions were developed and fit to the data to obtain relationships for (1) growth rate and volume changes of the flagellate vs. temperature and (2) growth rates, grazing, and cell volume change of the ciliate vs. temperature and prey concentration. Responses revealed interaction between temperature and prey levels on all ciliate parameters, indicating it is inappropriate to apply simple temperature corrections (e.g. Q10) to such functions. The potential impact of such temperature changes on carbon flux was illustrated using a simple ciliate–flagellate predator–prey model, with and without the top grazer, Daphnia, added. The model indicated that predator–prey pulses occurred over 20 days, with the ciliate controlling the prey population. For ciliates and prey, carbon production peaked at 20 °C and rapidly decreased above and below this maximum; differences between minimum and maximum were approximately fourfold, for both prey and ciliate, with low levels at 25–30 °C and 10–15 °C. Including literature data to parameterize, the influence of the grazer Daphnia did not alter the prediction that the ciliate may control short‐term flagellate pulses and temperature will influence these in a nonintuitive fashion.
Evaluation of the INNO‐LiPA mycobacteria v2 assay for identification of aquatic mycobacteria
Authors: Pourahmad F , Thompson K D , Taggart J B , Adams A , Richards R H
Published: October 2008

Fifty‐seven isolates of mycobacteria comprising 10 reference strains, 47 field isolates and one non‐Mycobacterium isolate were screened using commercial INNO‐LiPA v2 assay kits. All mycobacteria isolates tested hybridized with the Mycobacterium genus probe on the LiPA strip. All M. marinum, M. fortuitum and M. chelonae reference and field strains and three out of the four M. gordonae isolates hybridized to their corresponding species‐ or complex‐specific probes. Two cultures (a type strain and a field isolate) yielded mixed growth of two mycobacterial species, i.e. M. chelonae and M. fortuitum. A Mycobacterium isolate from one of these cultures was subsequently purified and correctly identified with the kit. However, sequence analysis of the 16S–23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of various mycobacteria isolates revealed a misidentification of M. shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii with the kit because these isolates reacted with the M. marinum/M. ulcerans probe. Moreover, nine of the 13 field isolates presumed to be M. fortuitum from the results of the kit had closer ITS sequence homology with M. conceptionense, a species which, to our knowledge, has never been reported in fish. These findings highlight the need to redesign the M. fortuitum–M. peregrinum probe included in the INNO‐LiPA assay and to introduce additional complex‐specific probes into the kit. Nevertheless, the kit proved to be a rapid and reliable method for identifying mycobacteria in the aquatic environment and would be particularly useful in laboratories without sequencing facilities.
Development of a widely applicable positive control strategy to support detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) using Taqman real‐time PCR
Authors: Snow M , McKay P , Matejusova I
Published: October 2008

Real‐time PCR assays are being increasingly applied to the detection of fish pathogens due to their sensitivity, specificity and potential for high throughput sample processing. Such assays allow for the ready and efficient inclusion of appropriate quality controls which are fundamental to scientific integrity and to satisfying the demands of diagnostic test accreditation. In this article, we report development of a universal positive control strategy for real‐time PCR assays, which has been used to support and improve a previously published method for detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). The strategy employed uses an RNA mimic template, which is based on the ISAV segment 8 target sequence but includes an artificial universal positive control sequence. Inclusion of this sequence, which is targeted by a second specific probe carrying a different fluorophore to the primary assay, allows for convenient screening of all real‐time PCR reactions for the presence of contaminating positive control material. The development of readily distinguishable artificial positive control material offers distinct advantages to real‐time PCR assays over using control material derived from clinical material.
Migration at early age from a high to a lower coronary heart disease risk country lowers the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in middle‐aged men
Authors: Jartti L. , Rönnemaa T. , Raitakari O. T. , Hedlund E. , Hammar N. , Lassila R. , Marniemi J. , Koskenvuo M. , Kaprio J.
Published: October 2008

Background.  Study of migrants offers a natural model to assess environmental risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in countries differing in CHD occurrence. In Sweden, CHD risk has been markedly lower than in Finland from where a large migration occurred in the 1970s.

Objectives.  To study the structural and functional markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in twin pairs discordant for migration with the main focus on age at migration, length of residence and integration into Swedish society after migration from a high to a lower CHD risk country.

Methods.  Carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) and brachial artery endothelial function (EF) were assessed with high‐resolution ultrasound and a set of cardiovascular, socio‐economic and psychosocial risk factors were estimated in 76 middle‐aged male twin pairs discordant for migration from Finland to Sweden.

Results.  Men who had migrated in adolescence had lower IMT values compared with their co‐twins living in Finland (0.665 ± 0.114 vs. 0.802 ± 0.167 mm, P = 0.009). Also men who integrated well to Swedish society had lower (0.720 ± 0.154 vs. 0.799 ± 0.207 mm, P = 0.013) IMT values than their twin brothers living in Finland. Associations between IMT and migration age and between IMT and integration remained significant in multivariate analyses of several CHD risk factors. The intrapair difference in IMT was significantly associated with immigration age and integration (anova, P = 0.0082), the difference being greatest among pairs where the brother living in Sweden had migrated at early age and integrated well to Swedish society. EF was better in men who had migrated to Sweden before the age of 21 years, but not later, compared with their co‐twins in Finland (6.4 ± 4.6% vs. 3.8 ± 3.6%, P = 0.025).

Conclusions.  Migration at an early age and good integration are beneficial to vascular health associated with moving from a high to a lower CHD risk country, suggesting that an environment‐sensitive period influences atherogenesis before adulthood.
Efficacy of alpha lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome: a randomized, placebo‐treatment study
Authors: LÓPEZ‐JORNET P. , CAMACHO‐ALONSO F. , LEON‐ESPINOSA S.
Published: October 2008

Summary  To study the efficacy of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in a group of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Sixty BMS patients, 30 treated with ALA (Thioderm®) 800 mg day−1 for 8 weeks and 30 patients on the same protocol with a placebo. The symptomatology was measured on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Sixty patients (54 females and 6 males, mean age 64·37 ± 11·61 years) were included. Thirty‐nine patients completed the treatment (23 with ALA and 16 with a placebo). Reviews were carried out at 0, 1 and 2 months. No statistically significant differences were found in the average pre‐ and post‐treatment values for pain with the VAS scores, obtained in the placebo (6·6 ± 2·5 − 2·8 ± 25 = 3·8 ± 3·7) versus ALA (6·3 ± 2·8 − 4·0 ± 2·7 = 2·2 ± 2·6). Only one patient pertaining to the group treated with ALA abandoned because of adverse gastrointestinal side effects. The results showed no significant differences between the two groups.
Sleep extension versus nap or coffee, within the context of ‘sleep debt’
Authors: HORNE JAMES , ANDERSON CLARE , PLATTEN CHARLOTTE
Published: October 2008

Though extended night‐time sleep mostly reduces the ‘afternoon dip’, little is known about evening benefits to alertness, or about comparisons with an afternoon nap or caffeine. Twenty healthy carefully screened adults, normal waking alertness levels, underwent four counterbalanced conditions: usual night sleep; night sleep extended<90 min (usual bed‐time); up to 20 min afternoon nap; and 150 mg afternoon caffeine (versus decaffeinated coffee). Sleepiness was measured by afternoon and evening multiple sleep latency test (MSLTs), longer psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) sessions and a subjective sleepiness scale. Sleep was extended by average of 74 min, and all participants could nap 15–20 min. Sleep extension had little effect on PVT determined modest levels of morning sleepiness. Afternoon and evening MSLTs showed all active treatments significantly reduced the ‘dip’, with nap most effective until mid‐evening; next effective was caffeine, then extension. Late evening sleepiness and subsequent sleep did not differ between conditions. Arguably, participants may have experienced some ‘sleep debt’, given they extended sleep and reflected some sleepiness within settings sensitive to sleepiness. Nevertheless, extended sleep seemed largely superfluous and inefficient in reducing modest levels of sleepiness when compared with a timely nap, and even caffeine. Sleep, such as food and fluid intakes, can be taken to excess of real biological needs, and for many healthy adults, there is a level of modest daytime sleepiness, only unmasked by very sensitive laboratory measures. It may reflect a requirement for more sleep or simply be within the bounds of normal acceptability.
When is a malaria immune complex not an immune complex?
Authors: PLEASS R. J.
Published: October 2008

Immune complexes (ICs) are believed to play an important role in malaria pathology, and an interesting article by Mibei et al. recently published by Parasite Immunology suggests that IgG4 and IgE are particularly important. However, researchers should be aware of potential pitfalls to current assays aimed at measuring plasma ICs and correlating these to deposition in tissues.
The Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10‐LIKE glycosyltransferases are critical for glucuronoxylan biosynthesis during secondary cell wall formation
Authors: Wu Ai‐Min , Rihouey Christophe , Seveno Martial , Hörnblad Emma , Singh Sunil Kumar , Matsunaga Toshiro , Ishii Tadashi , Lerouge Patrice , Marchant Alan
Published: October 2008

Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10‐LIKE (IRX10‐L) proteins are closely related members of the GT47 glycosyltransferase family. Single gene knock‐outs of IRX10 or IRX10‐L result in plants with either a weak or no mutant phenotype. However irx10 irx10‐L double mutants are severely affected in their development, with a reduced rosette size and infrequent formation of a small infertile inflorescence. Plants homozygous for irx10 and heterozygous for irx10‐L have an intermediate phenotype exhibiting a short inflorescence compared with the wild type, and an almost complete loss of fertility. Stem sections of the irx10 homozygous irx10‐L heterozygous or irx10 irx10‐L double mutants show decreased secondary cell‐wall formation. NMR analysis shows that signals derived from the reducing end structure of glucuronoxylan were detected in the irx10 single mutant, and in the irx10 homozygous irx10‐L heterozygous combination, but that the degree of polymerization of the xylan backbone was reduced compared with the wild type. Additionally, xylans from irx10 stem tissues have an almost complete loss of the GlcUA side chain, whereas the level of 4‐O‐Me‐GlcUA was similar to that in wild type. Deletion of the predicted signal peptide from the N terminus of IRX10 or IRX10‐L results in an inability to rescue the irx10 irx10‐L double mutant phenotype. These findings demonstrate that IRX10 and IRX10‐L perform a critical function in the synthesis of glucuronoxylan during secondary cell‐wall formation, and that this activity is associated with the formation of the xylan backbone structure. This contrasts with the proposed function of the tobacco NpGUT1, which is closely related to the Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10‐L proteins, in rhamnogalacturonan II biosynthesis.
Two rice phosphate transporters, OsPht1;2 and OsPht1;6, have different functions and kinetic properties in uptake and translocation
Authors: Ai Penghui , Sun Shubin , Zhao Jianning , Fan Xiaorong , Xin Weijie , Guo Qiang , Yu Ling , Shen Qirong , Wu Ping , Miller Anthony J. , Xu Guohua
Published: October 2008

Plant phosphate (Pi) transporters mediate the uptake and translocation of this nutrient within plants. A total of 13 sequences in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome can be identified as belonging to the Pi transporter (Pht1) family. Here, we report on the expression patterns, biological properties and the physiological roles of two members of the family: OsPht1;2 (OsPT2) and OsPht1;6 (OsPT6). Expression of both genes increased significantly under Pi deprivation in roots and shoots. By using transgenic rice plants expressing the GUS reporter gene, driven by their promoters, we detected that OsPT2 was localized exclusively in the stele of primary and lateral roots, whereas OsPT6 was expressed in both epidermal and cortical cells of the younger primary and lateral roots. OsPT6, but not OsPT2, was able to complement a yeast Pi uptake mutant in the high‐affinity concentration range. Xenopus oocytes injected with OsPT2 mRNA showed increased Pi accumulation and a Pi‐elicited depolarization of the cell membrane electrical potential, when supplied with mM external concentrations. Both results show that OsPT2 mediated the uptake of Pi in oocytes. In transgenic rice, the knock‐down of either OsPT2 or OsPT6 expression by RNA interference significantly decreased both the uptake and the long‐distance transport of Pi from roots to shoots. Taken together, these data suggest OsPT6 plays a broad role in Pi uptake and translocation throughout the plant, whereas OsPT2 is a low‐affinity Pi transporter, and functions in translocation of the stored Pi in the plant.
Sequence‐based typing of a novel HLA‐DRB1*14 allele, DRB1*1475, in a Caucasian woman
Authors: Schuett S. , Geflitter A. , Von Baehr V.
Published: October 2008

The sequence of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DRB1*1475 differs from the closest aligned sequence HLA‐DRB1*140102 by a single‐nucleotide substitution at codon 81 (CAC→TAC) resulting in an amino acid change from Leu to Gln.
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against major histocompatibility complex class I chain‐related gene A
Authors: Wongsena W. , Sconocchia G. , Cho H. S. , Chang C.‐C. , Wang X. , Klumkrathok K. , Ferrone S. , Leelayuwat C.
Published: October 2008

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain‐related gene A (MICA), a ligand for the activating immunoreceptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D), is expressed on stressed cells such as tumor cells. Study of expression of this molecule on tumor cells and patients’ sera is useful to define patients’ stages leading to proper selection of therapy. In this study, mouse anti‐MICA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced by DNA immunization using a gene gun. Screening of anti‐MICA‐producing mouse and hybridomas were performed by immunoblot and cell enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against MICA‐positive HeLa and ‐negative Me1386 cell lines. MAbs were characterized against MICA‐positive and ‐negative cell lines by immunoblot, cell ELISA and flow cytometry. The mAbs were also characterized for locus and allele specificities of MICA and MHC class I chain‐related gene B (MICB) as well as for their ability to stain formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues by immunohistochemistry. Although all mouse immune sera were positive with MICA‐positive cells by both immunoblot and cell ELISA methods, some hybridomas were positive only with one method. The mAbs had diverse specificities to detect MICA and MICB and different abilities to stain formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues. Thus, DNA immunization by gene gun is an effective method to generate immune mice for the production of mAbs with a variety of specificities against native and denatured forms of MIC proteins.
P2X7 gene polymorphisms do not appear to be a susceptibility gene locus in sporadic cases of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Forchap S. L. , Anandacoomarasamy A. , Wicks J. , Di Virgilio F. , Baricordi O. R. , Rubbini M. , Trotta F. , Wiley J. , Manolios N.
Published: October 2008

The P2X7 receptor is a ligand‐gated cation‐selective channel that mediates ATP‐induced apoptosis of cells of the immune system. A loss‐of‐function single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 1513 (1513 A→C) of the P2X7 gene has recently been identified in both healthy and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B‐cells, translating into a loss of P2X7‐mediated apoptosis in these cells. This antiapoptotic effect results in increased B‐cell numbers, thereby potentially contributing to the survival of B‐CLL clones. It was hypothesized that prolonged cell survival may also predispose to induction of autoimmunity. The objective of this study is to analyze the role of the P2X7 receptor and its loss‐of‐function 1513 A→C polymorphism (SNP) in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). DNA samples obtained from patients with sporadic SLE were analyzed for the presence of the 1513 A→C polymorphism using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and then direct sequencing. No significant difference in allele frequencies (1513 A→C polymorphism) between sporadic cases of SLE and controls was found. A loss‐of‐function SNP at position 1513 (1513 A→C) of the P2X7 gene does not appear to be a susceptibility gene locus for the development of sporadic SLE.
Effect of indoor energy restriction level and management on beef production in Belgian Blue double‐muscled cow‐calf pairs
Authors: Fiems L. O. , De Campeneere S. , De Boever J. L. , Van Caelenbergh W. , De Brabander D. L.
Published: October 2008

One hundred and twenty‐six cows were involved to investigate the impact of energy (E) restriction (100%, 90%, 80% and 70% of total energy requirements) during the indoor period and two calf management systems (CMS: suckling or rearing). An E restriction during the indoor period resulted in a loss of body weight, even for E100, which was compensated during the re‐alimentation period, but body weight remained lower in suckling than in non‐suckling cows. The cows yielded 213 full‐term gestations and 8 abortions. Abortion was not affected by E (p = 0.187) or CMS (p = 0.804). Calving interval was neither affected by E (p = 0.775) but tended to be longer in suckled cows (p = 0.087). E reduced body weight and body condition score (BCS) at the end of the calving interval, while CMS only affected BCS. E70 resulted in a higher colostrum yield than E100 and E 90 but immunoglobulin content was not affected (p = 0.759). Cow culling was not affected by E or CMS. It increased from 12.9% to 22.2% and 32.5% for cows with a BCS at parturition lower than 1.5 or between 1.5 and 2.0, or higher than 2 respectively. Calf birth weight was neither affected by E or CMS, but there was an interaction between E and dam age (p = 0.050). Increasing the E restriction tended to reduce calf survival (p = 0.089). Performance of the surviving calves was not affected by E, but suckling calves gained faster than rearing calves (p < 0.001). Beef production by the cow‐calf pair was not different between energy levels (p = 0.738), but it was 10.8% lower for E70 than for E100 cows. It is not appropriate to apply an E restriction of more than 10–20% for maximum cow reproductive traits and calf performance.
Reproduction in the European Mink, Mustela lutreola: Oestrous Cyclicity and Early Pregnancy
Authors: Amstislavsky S , Lindeberg H , Ternovskaya Y , Zavjalov E , Zudova G , Klochkov D , Gerlinskaya L
Published: October 2008

Contents

Despite efforts undertaken to conserve the endangered European mink, its reproduction is still poorly studied. The aim was to study its reproductive cyclicity, faecal progesterone concentration and ovarian changes during early pregnancy, with the emphasis on the pre‐implantation period and implantation. During the 2004 breeding season, oestrous cycle was monitored in 39 females as well as ovarian changes during early pregnancy in 22 females. During the 2007 breeding season, faecal progesterone concentration measured by radioimmunoassay was monitored during pregnancy in 10 females throughout their pregnancy. The breeding season 2004 started on March 18 and ended on May 10, with the peak recorded in April. The duration of first oestrus was 1–12 days. If not mated, the vast majority of females entered second oestrus after 12–55 days. In general, relatively low faecal progesterone values were detected in European mink; an average of 42.69 ± 4.70 ng/g faeces in oestrous females with a maximum of 176.44 ± 23.01 ng/g faeces on pregnancy day 12. anova indicated a significant effect of the pregnancy stage. Post hoc comparisons with Fisher least significant difference (LSD) test revealed that faecal progesterone concentrations on days 8 and 12 post coitum (p.c.), but not at the end of pregnancy (day 40), were higher when compared with the initial oestrous level. Implantation in this species occurs on day 12 p.c. and was indicated by prominent uterine swellings and failure to flush the uterine horns beyond this day. Advanced luteogenesis was observed with prominent corpora lutea found in ovaries around the time of implantation. To conclude, European mink is a seasonally polyoestrous species; the early pregnancy of European mink resembles that of European polecat, i.e. in both species, implantation occurs on day 12 p.c. without any implantation delay.
Effect of Antioxidants During BovineIn VitroFertilization Procedures on Spermatozoa and Embryo Development
Authors: Gonçalves FS , Barretto LSS , Arruda RP , Perri SHV , Mingoti GZ
Published: October 2008

Contents

Increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) duringin vitrofertilization (IVF) may cause cytotoxic damage to gametes, whereas small amounts of ROS favour sperm capacitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antioxidants [50 μmβ‐mercaptoethanol (β‐ME) and 50 μmcysteamine (Cyst)] or a pro‐oxidant (5 mmbuthionine sulfoximine) on the quality and penetrability of spermatozoa into bovine oocytes and on the subsequent embryo development and quality when added during IVF. Sperm quality, evaluated by the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membranes, and mitochondrial function, was diminished (p < 0.05) after 4‐h culture in the presence of antioxidants. Oocyte penetration rates were similar between treatments (p > 0.05), but antioxidants adversely affected the normal pronuclear formation rates (p < 0.05). The incidence of polyspermy was high for β‐ME (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in cleavage rates between treatments (p > 0.05). However, the developmental rate to the blastocyst stage was adversely affected by Cyst treatment (p < 0.05). The quality of embryos that reached the blastocyst stage, evaluated by total, inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm cell numbers and ICM/total cell ratio was unaffected (p > 0.05) by treatments. The results indicate that ROS play a role in the fertilizing capacity in bovine spermatozoa, as well as in the interaction between the spermatozoa and the oocytes. It can be concluded that supplementation with antioxidants during IVF procedures impairs sperm quality, normal pronuclear formation and embryo development to the blastocyst stage.
Positron emission tomography with the glucose analog [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose for evaluating pelvic lymph node metastasis in uterine corpus cancer: Comparison with CT and MRI findings
Authors: Inubashiri Eisuke , Hata Kohkichi , Kanenishi Kenji , Shiota Atsuko , Ohno Masayuki , Yamamoto Yuka , Nishiyama Yoshihiro , Ohkawa Motoomi , Hata Toshiyuki
Published: October 2008

Objective:  The aims of this study were to investigate the ability of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose analog [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG) to detect pelvic lymph node metastasis of uterine corpus cancer and to perform a retrospective comparison with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.

Methods:  Forty‐six patients with uterine corpus cancer scheduled for surgery, including bilateral pelvic and/or para‐aortic lymphadenectomy, were eligible for this study. CT and MRI of the pelvis and abdomen were performed in all patients within 2 weeks preceding whole‐body FDG‐PET. FDG‐PET images were analyzed visually for objective assessment of regional tracer uptake. The sensitivity and specificity of each imaging modality for detecting pelvic lymph node metastasis were determined, respectively.

Results:  Eleven (7 with myometrial invasion less than 1/2, 4 with myometrial invasion over 1/2) of the 46 patients (23.9%) were revealed to have pelvic lymph node metastasis. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with uterine corpus cancer by FDG‐PET were 31.3% and 96.1% by lymph node region, respectively, and 36.4% and 91.4% by patient, respectively. No significant difference was noted among each imaging modality with sensitivity or specificity. Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting pelvic lymph node metastasis in 29 patients with endometrioid adenocarcinomas by FDG‐PET were 28.6% and 96.1% by lymph node region, respectively, and 50% and 92% by patient, respectively. No significant difference was noted among each imaging modality in terms of sensitivity or specificity. Among 11 patients with pathologically positive pelvic lymph node metastasis, three out of four patients with myometrial invasion over 1/2 were diagnosed as pelvic lymph node metastasis positive by all diagnostic modalities, however, only one of seven patients with myometrial invasion less than 1/2 was diagnosed as pelvic lymph node metastasis positive by PDF‐PET and CT. MRI could not detect pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with myometrial invasion less than 1/2.

Conclusions:  We suggest that current imaging modalities including FDG‐PET cannot change medical management of patients with uterine corpus cancer before surgery.
Fatigue properties of monolithic and metal‐laminated aluminium open‐hole specimens
Authors: LANCIOTTI A. , POLESE C.
Published: October 2008

The results of fatigue and crack propagation tests carried out on dog‐bone specimens made of 2024‐T3 are described. Two types of specimens were investigated: the first was machined from a 1.27‐mm‐thick sheet, while the second was machined from a bonded metal‐laminated sheet, made of four 0.3‐mm‐thick layers. Crack propagation tests confirmed the high resistance of metal‐laminated sheets to the propagation of fatigue cracks, compared to monolithic sheets, once again. At the same time, standard fatigue tests, carried out up to the final failure of the specimens, demonstrated a comparable fatigue resistance of monolithic and laminated specimens. As a consequence, it can be concluded that fatigue cracks nucleated earlier in the metal‐laminated specimens, compared to the monolithic ones, but propagated more slowly. This behaviour was attributed to the presence of sharp edges in the inner laminas of metal‐laminated materials which cannot be eliminated by deburring. Additional tests were carried out on monolithic specimens containing burrs and sharp edges at the holes. These specimens were drilled and reamed after stacking and pressing them to form a package. The specimens were fatigue tested without deburring the holes. A decrease in the fatigue resistance was observed. The formation of burrs and sharp edges was additionally promoted by inserting plastic foils between the specimens during the machining operations. Fatigue resistance of these specimens is progressively lower.
On Forcing and Freedom: A Reply to Carter
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: October 2008

It's still a free country. Lots of people think the legislature has taken your liberties away. It ain't done nothin’ of the sort. It's only passed laws providin’ that you go to jail if they catch you exercising those liberties. Hell, it's still a free country! (Gramp Wiggins in Gardner, 1943, p.52.)
An Examination of the Determinants of Biased Behaviour in a Market for State Contingent Claims
Authors: BRUCE ALISTAIR C. , JOHNSON JOHNNIE E. V. , PEIRSON JOHN D. , YU JIEJUN
Published: October 2008

We develop a model to explain the differential incidence of the favourite–longshot bias in parallel sectors of the pari‐mutuel horserace betting market. Hypotheses are derived from the model and these are tested, using UK data, to explore the origins of the bias. Significant variations in the bias are discovered between market sectors on‐ and off‐racetrack. These results shed light on competing demand‐side explanations for the favourite–longshot bias and suggest that it is affected by a combination of behavioural and operational features of the markets and the types of bettors (informed and leisure) which they attract.
Presence–nonpresence surveys of golden‐cheeked warblers: detection, occupancy and survey effort
Authors: Watson C. A. , Weckerly F. W. , Hatfield J. S. , Farquhar C. C. , Williamson P. S.
Published: October 2008

Surveys to detect the presence or absence of endangered species may not consistently cover an area, account for imperfect detection or consider that detection and species presence at sample units may change within a survey season. We evaluated a detection–nondetection survey method for the federally endangered golden‐cheeked warbler (GCWA) Dendroica chrysoparia. Three study areas were selected across the breeding range of GCWA in central Texas. Within each area, 28–36 detection stations were placed 200 m apart. Each detection station was surveyed nine times during the breeding season in 2 consecutive years. Surveyors remained up to 8 min at each detection station recording GCWA detected by sight or sound. To assess the potential influence of environmental covariates (e.g. slope, aspect, canopy cover, study area) on detection and occupancy and possible changes in occupancy and detection probabilities within breeding seasons, 30 models were analyzed. Using information–theoretic model selection procedures, we found that detection probabilities and occupancy varied among study areas and within breeding seasons. Detection probabilities ranged from 0.20 to 0.80 and occupancy ranged from 0.56 to 0.95. Because study areas with high detection probabilities had high occupancy, a conservative survey effort (erred towards too much surveying) was estimated using the lowest detection probability. We determined that nine surveys of 35 stations were needed to have estimates of occupancy with coefficients of variation ≤20%. Our survey evaluation evidently captured the key environmental variable that influenced bird detection (GCWA density) and accommodated the changes in GCWA distribution throughout the breeding season.
Mycobacterium bovis: the importance of milk and dairy products as a cause of human tuberculosis in the UK. A review of taxonomy and culture methods, with particular reference to artisanal cheeses
Authors: ROWE MICHAEL T , DONAGHY JOHN
Published: October 2008

Mycobacterium bovis is the cause of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle and other ruminants. It can also cause tuberculosis in humans, and consumption of unpasteurized milk or products made from infected and untreated animals is thought to be the primary vehicles of transmission. Although a control programme for cattle exists in the UK, the disease is becoming more prevalent in the cattle population. The increasing interest in artisan cheeses made from unpasteurized milk and recent cases of human TB in which cheese was the known cause has highlighted the need for empirical data on the survival kinetics of M. bovis during the manufacture and ripening of such cheeses.
Influence of transmembrane pressure on the separation of caprine milk oligosaccharides from protein by cross‐flow ultrafiltration
Authors: MARTINEZ‐FEREZ ANTONIO , GUADIX ANTONIO , ZAPATA‐MONTOYA JOSE E , GUADIX EMILIA M
Published: October 2008

Goat milk shows similarities with human milk in terms of their oligosaccharides composition. However, the supplementation of goat milk protein in infant formulae is not allowed, which demands a previous separation of oligosaccharides from protein. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transmembrane pressure on the fractionation of oligosaccharides, protein, lactose and calcium in the diafiltration of caprine milk through a 50 kDa tubular ceramic membrane. Permeates with more than 99% of the original oligosaccharides were obtained after four diavolumes. It was seen that transmembrane pressure had a great influence on filtration time and protein transmission.
Political Islam: Canit Become A Loyal Opposition?
Authors: Ahmad Mumtaz , Zartman I. William
Published: October 2008

The following is an edited transcript of the eleventh in a series of Capitol Hill Conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. It was held in the Dirksen Senate Office Building on May 4, 1996, with Council president George McGovern moderating.
Courting His Majesty: USAED in King Hassan's Morocco
Authors: Coupe Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2008

Thus history suggests that dictators come in two types: one whose personal objectives often conflict with [economic] growth promotion and another whose interests dictate a preoccupation with economic development. The theory that determines which kind of dictatorship will prevail is missing. Absent this theory, the choice of a dictatorship can be viewed as a risky investment; economic outcomes may be very good or very bad but are surely uncertain
Hariri's Lebanon: Singapore of the Middle East or Sanaa of the Levant?
Authors: Denoeux Guilain , Springborg Robert
Published: October 2008

1associate professor of government at Colby College in Waterville, Maine.
Brookings‐Sadat Forum: Algeria
Authors: Hume Cameron R. , Quandt William B.
Published: October 2008

The following is the edited text of a discussion at the Sadat Forum held at the Brookings Institution on September 10, 1998. The cosponsors are the Brookings Foreign Policy Program and the Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland.
What About Syria?
Authors: Kessler Martha , Cobban Helena , Melhem Hisham
Published: October 2008

The following is the edited text of the presentations at the September 30, 1999, meeting of the Sadat Forum at Brookings, cohosted by Richard Haass, vice‐president and director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, and Shibley Telhami, the Anwar Sadat Chairfor Peace and Development at the University of Maryland.
Joining the Global Rules‐based Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for the GCC
Authors: Klein Cecilia , Jbili Abdelali , Taecker Kevin R. , Ghabra Shafeeq
Published: October 2008

The following is an edited transcript of the twentieth in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The meeting was held on February 1, 2000, in the Dirksen Senate Office Building with Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., moderating.
Does Direct Democracy Increase Voter Turnout? Evidence from the 2004 General Election
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: October 2008

Abstract.  This empirical study seeks to broaden the interpretation of the “rational voter model” so as to include the potential effects of “direct democracy” on the voter participation rate. Direct democracy is assumed to take two forms: initiatives and popular referenda. This study tests the hypothesis that direct democracy may not on balance significantly affect voter turnout because, although it may elevate the expected gross benefits of voting by “empowering voters,” the transactions/information costs correlative with direct democracy raise the costs of voting. Using cross‐section analysis for the 50 states for the 2004 general election, this study finds that the existence of initiatives and/or referenda does not significantly influence voter turnout.
Role of EG‐VEGF in human placentation: Physiological and pathological implications
Authors: Hoffmann Pascale , Saoudi Yasmina , Benharouga Mohamed , Graham Charles H. , Schaal Jean‐Patrick , Mazouni Chafika , Feige Jean‐Jacques , Alfaidy Nadia
Published: October 2008

Pre‐eclampsia (PE), the major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, is thought to be caused by shallow invasion of the maternal decidua by extravillous trophoblasts (EVT). Data suggest that a fine balance between the expressions of pro‐ and anti‐invasive factors might regulate EVT invasiveness. Recently, we showed that the expression of the new growth factor endocrine gland‐derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG‐VEGF) is high in early pregnancy but falls after 11 weeks, suggesting an essential role for this factor in early pregnancy. Using human villous explants and HTR‐8/SVneo, a first trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line, we showed differential expression of EG‐VEGF receptors, PKR1 and PKR2, in the placenta and demonstrated that EG‐VEGF inhibits EVT migration, invasion and tube‐like organisation. EG‐VEGF inhibitory effect on invasion was supported by a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 production. Interference with PKR2 expression, using specific siRNAs, reversed the EG‐VEGF‐induced inhibitory effects. Furthermore, we determined EG‐VEGF circulating levels in normal and PE patients. Our results showed that EG‐VEGF levels were highest during the first trimester of pregnancy and decreased thereafter to non‐pregnant levels. More important, EG‐VEGF levels were significantly elevated in PE patients compared with age‐matched controls. These findings identify EG‐VEGF as a novel paracrine regulator of trophoblast invasion. We speculate that a failure to correctly down‐regulate placental expression of EG‐VEGF at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy might lead to PE.
Bone reactions to controlled loading of endosseous implants: a pilot study
Authors: Wiskott H. W. Anselm , Cugnoni Joel , Scherrer Susanne S. , Ammann Patrick , Botsis John , Belser Urs C.
Published: October 2008

Objectives: To validate an experimental setup designed to apply load onto bone tissue using osseointegrated implants in a rabbit model. Specifically, (1) to design an apparatus capable of generating controlled forces, (2) to assess implant placement, maintenance and loading and (3) to evaluate outcome variables using three radiological methods.

Material and methods: New Zealand White rabbits were used. Two dental implants were inserted 15–18 mm apart in the animals' tibiae. After 3 months of healing, the implants were loaded normal to their long axes using a pneumatically activated device. A 15 min load regimen at 1 Hz was applied 5 days per week. Every week the applied load was increased by 5 N up to week 8 and by 10 N up to 100 N by week 14. Groups of animals (n=3) were sacrificed at load levels 25, 50 and 100 N. One unloaded controlateral implant in each group provided the baseline data. The rabbits were computer tomography (CT) scanned and radiographed using conventional frames every 4–5 weeks. After sacrifice, a volume of interest (VOI) located in the inter‐implant zones and a VOI set as a ring surrounding the distal implant were analyzed using micro computer tomography (μCT).

Results: A variety of osseous responses was observed, ranging from minor alterations to significant increases in porosity and lamelling of the cortical layer. μCT data of the inter‐implant VOI demonstrated an initial increase in total volume (upto 50 N) followed by stabilization. Concomitantly, bone volumetric density first decreased and then augmented until the end of the experiment. This phenomenon was not observed in the peri‐implant VOI, for which volumetric density augmented from the beginning to the end of the experiment.

Conclusions: 1. In future trials the loading devices must be constructed so as to sustain heavy cyclic loads over prolonged periods. 2. When properly handled, rabbits are cooperative animals in this application. In a third of the sites, signs of inflammation were observed. 3. In the inter‐implant VOI, the cortical bone tended to react in two phases: first, as an increase in porosity and lamelling and second, as an augmentation of bone volumetric density. The peri‐implant VOI adapted only by augmenting volumetric density.
Early loading of ITI implants supporting maxillary fixed full‐arch prostheses
Authors: Lai Hong‐Chang , Zhang Zhi‐Yong , Zhuang Long‐Fei , Wang Feng , Liu Xin , Pu Yi‐Ping
Published: October 2008

Objective: To evaluate the predictability of the early‐loaded sand‐blasted, large‐grit and acid‐etched (SLA) implants supporting maxillary‐fixed full‐arch prostheses.

Material and methods: Ninety‐one ITI SLA implants were placed in 12 edentulous maxillae. The impressions were taken at 4 weeks post‐surgery. The abutments were tightened and the final fixed prostheses were cemented at 6 weeks after implant placement. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was conducted on the day of the surgery, at 4 and 6 weeks post‐surgery. Panoramic radiographs were taken immediately after surgery, at 4 weeks post‐surgery, immediately after prostheses attachment (baseline) and at the yearly follow‐ups.

Results: The survival rate of implants was 98.90%. The success rate of prostheses was 100% during the follow‐ups. The radiographic result showed no radiolucency around the implants and the marginal bone level revealed no significant resorption compared with the baseline. The marginal bone level remained coronally beyond the first thread. The RFA results revealed Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) values of 63.44±4.32, 57.14±4.25 and 66.43±3.78 for the three time points.

Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that early loading of ITI implants supporting maxillary fixed full‐arch prostheses should be predictable.
Expression of S100A6 protein in a broad spectrum of cutaneous tumors using tissue microarrays
Authors: Fullen Douglas R. , Garrisi Angela J. , Sanders Donita , Thomas Dafydd
Published: October 2008

Background:  S100A6, a calcium‐binding protein in the S100 family, has been observed in melanocytic nevi, neural tumors, fibrohistiocytic tumors and is overexpressed in melanoma. Previous studies reported S100A6 expression in atypical fibroxanthomas (AFX) but not in a small number of desmoplastic melanomas (DM). Limited data on S100A6 expression in cutaneous epithelial tumors exists in the literature. The goal of this study was to determine the specificity and sensitivity of S100A6 protein in a spectrum of cutaneous mesenchymal or epithelial tumors.

Methods:  Tissue microarrays of cutaneous epithelial neoplasms, mesenchymal neoplasms, DM and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) were stained with S100A6 antibody.

Results:  Eleven basal cell carcinomas (BCC) failed to express S100A6, whereas all 10 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) expressed S100A6. Four of seven microcystic adnexal carcinomas (MAC) stained for S100A6. Tumors with duct differentiation variously expressed S100A6 protein, with two hidradenomas showing the strongest staining. Malignant spindle cell tumors, with the exception of 13 of 30 MPNST, had a high incidence of S100A6 positivity.

Conclusions:  S100A6 expression may distinguish SCC from BCC, MAC from BCC and hidradenoma from other adnexal tumors. S100A6 expression favors DM over MPNST but overlap limits its diagnostic use.
Reliability of cranial base measurements on lateral skull radiographs
Authors: Arponen H , Elf H , Evälahti M , Waltimo‐Sirén J
Published: October 2008

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Arponen H, Elf H, Evälahti M, Waltimo‐Sirén J

Objective –  To explore the reliability of identification of anatomic landmarks on lateral skull radiographs of young unaffected individuals that has conventionally been used to diagnose pathologic relationships in the craniovertebral junction.

Material and Methods –  From the Helsinki longitudinal growth study, 20 randomly selected lateral radiographs were analyzed and re‐analyzed by two examiners. Both located seven cephalometric landmarks based on which five measurements were calculated. The differences of results were compared. With similar method three radiographs were analysed by 11 examiners and results were compared.

Results –  Some anatomic landmarks were easier to locate than others on lateral skull radiographs leading to differences in measurements based on them. We found the magnitude of the difference to be dependent on the landmark serving as reference. Inter‐ and intra‐examiner errors were of similar magnitude, although intra‐examiner error declined in the repeated landmark identification. Variation in a single landmark location had in general little effect on the measurement value.

Conclusion –  Variations in landmark location lead to differences in numeric evaluation of the anatomic relationships in the skull base area. These differences were, however, shown to have little clinical significance. Hence, the documented methods are applicable for screening of basilar pathology.