bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 5 / WORKING GROUP VIRTUAL OBSERVATORIES, DATA CENTERS & NETWORKS
Authors: Hanisch Robert J. , Barbuy Beatriz , Bentley Robert D. , Benvenuti Piero , Egret Daniel , Fukushima Toshio , Genova Françoise , Grosbol Preben J. , Helou George , Norris Raymond P. , Quinn Peter
Published: January 2009

The Working Group Virtual Observatories, Data Centers, and Networks was established under Commission 5 at the Prague General Assembly in 2006. The purpose of the WG is to provide IAU oversight of the activities of the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA, ), to encourage data centers and other data providers to archive and publish data according to IVOA standards, and to help assure that astronomical research facilities are electronically linked with current network technologies. The WG coordinates activities closely with the WG-FITS, as the IVOA uses FITS as its primary format for binary data exchange, and the WG on Astronomical Data.
COMMISSION 6: ASTRONOMICAL TELEGRAMS
Authors: Gilmore Alan C. , Samus Nicolay N. , Aksnes Kaare , Green Daniel W. E. , Marsden Brian G. , Nakano Syuichi , Roemer Elizabeth , Tichá Jana , Yamaoka Hitoshi
Published: January 2009

From Director Dan Green's report, following this report, it is obvious that the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT) continues its excellent work. The Electronic Telegrams (CBETs), established in the previous triennium, have become the regular means for fast communication, with the Circulars providing the official and archival record of discoveries and designations. It is regretted that subscriptions to the printed Circulars continue to decline, but inevitable in this age of electronic communication.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 6 / SERVICE CENTRAL BUREAU FOR ASTRONOMICAL TELEGRAMS
Authors: Green Daniel W. E. , Williams Gareth V.
Published: January 2009

This was the second Triennium in which the Central Bureau issued electronic-only CBETs to aid in the rapid dissemination of reports. Only 174 CBETs had been issued in the 2002-2005 Triennium, but they evolved into a full supplemental and complemental publication to the Circulars during this past Triennium, reflecting the move toward electronic publication and away from printed publication.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 14 / WORKING GROUP ATOMIC DATA
Authors: Nave Gillian , Wahlgren Glenn M. , Fuhr Jeffrey R.
Published: January 2009

The references cited in this section are mostly papers on original laboratory research; compilations and data bases are covered in another section. The references, ordered by atomic number and spectrum, are given in parentheses following the spectral notations. References including experimental data on line structure, hyperfine structure (HFS) or isotope structure (IS) are also included.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 14 / WORKING GROUP COLLISION PROCESSES
Authors: Peach Gillian , Dimitrijevic Milan S. , Stancil Phillip C.
Published: January 2009

Research in atomic and molecular collision processes and spectral line broadening has been very active since our last report (Schultz & Stancil 2007, Allard & Peach 2007). Given the large volume of the published literature and the limited space available, we have attempted to identify work most relevant to astrophysics. Since our report is not comprehensive, additional publications can be found in the databases at the web addresses listed in the final section. Elastic and inelastic collisions among electrons, atoms, ions, and molecules are included and reactive processes are also considered, but except for charge exchange, they receive only sparse coverage.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 41 / WORKING GROUP ARCHIVES
Authors: Chinnici Ileana , Corbin Brenda G. , Débarbat Suzanne V. , Green Daniel W. E. , Jung-Bok Lee , Matsuura Oscar T. , Orchiston Wayne , Perkins Adam , Simonia Irakli A.
Published: January 2009

The Working Group Archives deals with all aspects of the identification and preservation of astronomical archives. In 2009 the IAU will celebrate its 90th anniversary, and on this occasion the WG is taking action toward preserving the archival materials related with the history of IAU. An institution must keep memory of its own past and, as the centenary of IAU is approaching, for the 2006-2009 triennium the WG Archives has started evaluating the archival collections related to the establishment of IAU, in order to check their extent and the current conditions of preservation and conservation of such documents.
COMMISSION 46: ASTRONOMY EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Stavinschi Magdalena G. , Ros Rosa M. , Pasachoff Jay M. , Andersen Johannes , Deustua Susana E. , de Greve Jean-Pierre , Guinan Edward F. , Haubold Hans J. , Hearnshaw John B. , Jones Barrie W. , Kochhar Rajesh K. , Leung Kam-Ching , Marschall Laurence A. , Percy John R. , Torres-Peimbert Silvia
Published: January 2009

Commission 46 continues its task in the triennium, which started in September 2006. It seeks to further contribute to the development and improvement of astronomical education at all levels all over the world through various projects initiated, maintained and to be developed by the Commission, and by disseminating information concerning astronomy education.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 46 / PROGRAM GROUP WORLD-WIDE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTRONOMY
Authors: Hearnshaw John B. , Batten Alan H. , Alsabti A. Athem , Fierro Julieta , Guinan Edward F. , Kozai Yoshihide , Levato Hugo , Malasan Hakim L. , Marschall Laurence A. , Martinez Peter , Narlikar Jayant V. , Osório J. Pereira , Pasachoff Jay M. , Perkins D. Kala , Zhu Jin
Published: January 2009

The Program Group for World-wide Development of Astronomy (PG-WWDA) is one of nine Commission 46 program groups engaged with various aspects of astronomical education or development of astronomy education and research in the developing world. In the case of PG-WWDA, its goals are to promote astronomy education and research in the developing world through a variety of activities, including visiting astronomers in developing countries and interacting with them by way of giving encouragement and support.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 46 / PROGRAM GROUP TEACHING FOR ASTRONOMY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Guinan Edward F. , Marschall Laurence A.
Published: January 2009

Annual reports of the IAU Commission 46 Program Group Teaching for Astronomy Development (TAD) for the years 2006 and 2007 have been published in IAU Information Bulletin 100, 47; and 101, 40. Here the 2008 report is presented.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 46 / PROGRAM GROUP COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMMES
Authors: Haubold Hans J. , Andersen Johannes , Corbally Christopher J. , Crawford David L. , Fierro Julieta , Mathai Arak M. , Metaxa Margarita , Smith Dale , White James C. , Willmore A. Peter
Published: January 2009

The working group is pursuing activities co-organized and/or co-sponsored by UN, ESA, NASA, JAXA, UNESCO, COSPAR, IAU and others for the world-wide development of basic space science.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 46 / PROGRAM GROUP EXCHANGE OF ASTRONOMERS
Authors: Percy John R. , Leung Kam-Ching , Tolbert Charles R.
Published: January 2009

The Commission 46 Program Group Exchange of Astronomers (PG-EA) provides travel grants to astronomers and advanced students for research or study trips of at least three months duration. Highest priority is given to applicants from developing countries whose visits will benefit them, their institution and country, and the institution visited. This program, if used strategically, has the potential to support other Commission 46 programs such as Teaching for Astronomical Development (PG-TAD) and World Wide Development of Astronomy (PG-WWDA). Complete information about the program, and the application procedure, can be found at .
COMMISSION 55: COMMUNICATING ASTRONOMY WITH THE PUBLIC
Authors: Robson Ian E. , Crabtree Dennis R. , Christensen Lars Lindberg , Pomares Oscar Alvarez , Neto Augusto Damineli , Fienberg Richard T. , Green Anne , Kembhavi Ajit K. , Nordström Birgitta , Sekiguchi Kazuhiro , Whitelock Patricia A. , Zhu Jin
Published: January 2009

Commission 55 was approved at the IAU XXVI General Assembly in Prague, 2006, following the great success of the Working Group Communicating Astronomy, which had been set up in 2003.
Auswirkungen eines präoperativen Bewegungsschulungsprogramms nach dem für kinästhetische Mobilisation aufgebauten Viv-Arte-Lernmodell auf Mobilität, Schmerzen und postoperative Verweildauer bei Patienten mit elektiver medianer Laparotomie
Authors: Haasenritter Jörg , Eisenschink Anna Maria , Kirchner Elisabeth , Bauder-Mißbach Heidi , Brach Michael , Veith Jessica , Sander Silvia , Panfil Eva-Maria
Published: January 2009

Die mediane Laparotomie (Mittelschnitt) stellt einen häufig genutzten Standardzugang zum Abdomen in der Chirurgie dar. Dabei werden für die Bewegung notwendige Muskeln manipuliert und es kommt postoperativ zu Einschränkungen der funktionalen Mobilität und zu bewegungsabhängigen Schmerzen. Ziel der Pilotstudie war es, die Auswirkungen eines präoperativen Bewegungsschulungsprogramms nach dem Viv-Arte-Lernmodell für kinästhetische Mobilisation auf Mobilität, Schmerzen und Verweildauer bei Patienten mit elektiver medianer Laparotomie zu testen, das Studiendesign zu überprüfen und mögliche Effektstärken zu ermitteln. Es wurde eine prospektive, randomisierte, kontrollierte und unverblindete Studie durchgeführt. Eingeschlossen wurden 27 Patienten (Median = 63 Jahre, 19 männlich) mit medianer Laparotomie bei Zystektomie. Die Intervention beinhaltet die präoperative Schulung für das postoperative Mobilisationsverhalten. Die Mobilität wurde mithilfe des Mobilitätstests für Patienten im Akutkrankenhaus (MOTPA) gemessen, die Schmerzintensität mittels einer visuellen Analog-Skala (VAS). Interventions- und Kontrollgruppe waren hinsichtlich der Kontrollvariablen vergleichbar. Es gab keine aussagekräftigen Gruppenunterschiede hinsichtlich der Zielkriterien. Möglicherweise sind die gewählten Zielgrößen bzw. ihre Operationalisierung ungeeignet, um Effekte der Intervention aufzuzeigen. Es erscheint notwendig, weiter an der Entwicklung von Instrumenten zu arbeiten, die geeignet sind, die Wirkung bewegungsbezogener Interventionen zu messen.
Leitlinie für die Unterstützung des Therapiemanagements am Beispiel der s.c. Anwendung von Enfuvirtide bei HIV Patienten
Authors: Bigler Sabine , Nicca Dunja , Spirig Rebecca
Published: January 2009

Bei HIV-infizierten Patienten mit multiplen Resistenzen können Fusionshemmer als Salvagetherapie die klinischen Ergebnisse verbessern und eine wirkungsvolle Therapieoption darstellen. Das Erlernen und die Aufrechterhaltung der Therapie, die subkutan verabreicht wird, bedeuten für die Betroffenen eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe, da die Zubereitung und Verabreichung der Injektion zeitaufwändig ist und oft Einschränkungen in der Gestaltung des Alltags mit sich bringen. Entsprechend stellt dies eine hohe Anforderung an die Schulung und Instruktion der Patienten durch das Pflegefachpersonal dar. Die Orientierung an evidenzbasierten Leitlinien kann die Qualität und Kontinuität der pflegerischen Versorgung unterstützen. An der Abteilung Klinische Pflegewissenschaft des Universitätsspitals Basel wurde deshalb eine Leitlinie erstellt, die den Ablauf der pflegerischen Betreuung während der Therapieumstellung von der Therapieentscheidung bis zur kontinuierlichen Nachbetreuung beschreibt. Der Hauptfokus dieses Artikels richtet sich einerseits auf den theoretischen Hintergrund, der der Leitlinie zugrunde liegt, andererseits auf einzelne Schlüsselelemente der Leitlinie. Diese stellen wichtige Aspekte des Therapiemanagements bei chronischen Krankheiten dar und können auch auf andere Krankheitsbilder übertragen werden. Insofern richtet sich diese Leitlinien-Beschreibung an alle Pflegefachpersonen, die Menschen bei ihrem Therapiemanagement unterstützen.
Die Rolle der Pflegenden im therapeutischen Team der Stroke Unit
Authors: Köpke Sascha , Dehning Kathrin , Molsen Nadine , Möhler Ralph , Kasper Jürgen , Meyer Gabriele
Published: January 2009

Stroke Units haben sich in der Versorgung von Schlaganfallpatienten deutschlandweit etabliert. Zum spezifischen Beitrag Pflegender am Erfolg des Konzepts der Stroke Units liegen international bisher wenige Daten vor. Die vorliegenden Studien beschreiben u.a. eine Schnittstellenfunktion der Pflegenden im multiprofessionellen Team der Stroke Units. Für Deutschland fehlen solche Daten. In einer Fragebogenstudie mit 55 Mitarbeitern der Teams dreier überregionaler Stroke Units wurden die am Versorgungsprozess einer Stroke Unit beteiligten Berufsgruppen zu verschiedenen Aspekten der Zusammenarbeit (u.a. Kommunikationsverhalten, Anerkennung im Team) befragt und um Einschätzung des spezifischen Anteils der Pflegenden an der Organisation der Stroke Unit und der Genesung der Patienten gebeten. Die Vertreter der verschiedenen Berufsgruppen kommen zu ähnlichen Einschätzungen bezüglich der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit. Pflegende und therapeutische Mitarbeitende schätzen den Anteil der Pflegenden an der Organisation der Stroke Unit vergleichbar hoch ein, Ärzte schätzen ihn niedriger ein. Die Einschätzung des Anteils der Pflegenden an der Genesung der Patienten unterscheidet sich zwischen den Berufsgruppen. Die Ergebnisse der Befragung legen nahe, dass auch in Deutschland Pflegende auf Stroke Units eine Schnittstellenfunktion innerhalb des multiprofessionellen Teams wahrnehmen. Diese ist besonders auf Koordinations- und Organisationsfunktionen und weniger auf therapeutische Funktionen ausgerichtet.
Portfolio zur strategischen Steuerung der Entwicklung einer Intensivstation zum Referenzzentrum
Authors: Schubert Maria , Wehrli Michael , Spirig Rebecca
Published: January 2009

Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Entstehung und Inhalte des Portfolios der Operativen Intensivbehandlungsstation. In einem ersten Schritt wurde die aktuelle Praxissituation mit einer SWOT (Strenghts, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) Analyse evaluiert und Entwicklungen und Trends in der operativen Intensivbehandlung anhand einer Literaturanalyse eingeschätzt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurden drei Bereiche als wesentlich für die klinische Praxisentwicklung bewertet: (1) Best Practice/Best Care, (2) Forschung und (3) Entwicklung zu einem Referenzzentrum. Zu jedem der drei Bereiche wurden klare Ziele, Ergebnisse und Maßnahmen definiert, die Verantwortlichkeiten und Ressourcen festgelegt und ein umfassender mehrjähriger Aktionsplan erstellt. Der Bereich Best Practice/Best Care setzt sich zusammen aus der Optimierung der Behandlungsprozesse und -ergebnisse, die Unterstützung und Förderung des Personals sowie die Umsetzung von evidenzbasierter Pflege. Best Practice/ Best Care bildet zusammen mit den Zielen und Maßnahmen des zweiten Bereichs Forschung die Grundlage, die Vision der Operativen Intensivbehandlung «ein national und international anerkanntes Referenzzentrum für operative Intensivbehandlung zu definierten Themen und Patientengruppen zu werden», zu erreichen. Die konkreten Strategien hierzu sind im dritten Bereich festgelegt.
Übersetzungsverfahren eines klinischen Assessmentinstrumentes am Beispiel der Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)
Authors: Barandun Schäfer Ursi , Massarotto Paola , Lehmann Angelika , Wehrmüller Christoph , Spirig Rebecca , Marsch Stephan
Published: January 2009

Patientinnen und Patienten von Intensivstationen werden sediert, um die Belastungen durch Erkrankung und/oder Behandlung zu reduzieren. Zur Vermeidung inadäquater Sedationstiefe und ihrer negativen Folgen wird die regelmäßige Erfassung der Sedationstiefe als Teil der zielorientierten Sedationspraxis empfohlen. Die Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Intensivmedizin verlangt von den anerkannten Intensivstationen die regelmäßige Dokumentation des Sedationsscores als festen Bestandteil des Minimalen Datensatzes (MDSi). Eine der beiden vorgeschlagenen Skalen für die Einschätzung der Sedation ist die zehnstufige Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). Da bisher keine validierte deutschsprachige Version vorliegt, wurde die englische Skala mittels systematischen Vorgehens in sechs Schritten ins Deutsche übersetzt. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird die Übersetzung der RASS für die Anwendung in der Deutschschweiz als Beispiel eines multiprofessionellen Übersetzungsprozesses beschrieben. Der Übersetzung von Instrumenten für den klinischen Gebrauch sollte ebenso viel Sorgfalt zukommen wie bei der Entwicklung von Forschungsinstrumenten. Es werden folgende Empfehlungen abgeleitet: a) Berücksichtigung von Fachliteratur nicht lediglich zum Gegenstand der Übersetzung, sondern auch zum geeigneten Vorgehen beim Übersetzen, b) Einbezug professioneller Übersetzerinnen und Übersetzer als sprachliche Expertise sowie c) Rücksprachen mit den Autoren und Autorinnen der Originalfassung.
Schul-basiertes Stressbewältigungstraining in der frühen Adoleszenz
Authors: Hampel Petra , Kümmel Ursula , Meier Manuela
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung. Diese Studie ging der Frage nach, ob sich das neue schul-basierte Stressbewältigungstraining für Frühadoleszente im Vergleich zu einer unbehandelten Kontrolle kurz- und mittelfristig günstig auf die internalen Ressourcen „Erholungs-Beanspruchungszustand” und „Allgemeine Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung” auswirkt. Hierbei wurden die Effekte in Abhängigkeit vom Alter (5./6. Klasse vs. 7./8. Klasse) und Geschlecht vor, unmittelbar nach und 3 Monate nach der Intervention geprüft. Es konnten N = 320 Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 10 und 14 Jahren in die Studie eingeschlossen werden. Es ergaben sich durchgängig generelle Interventionseffekte: In allen Kennwerten verbesserte sich die Experimentalgruppe, insbesondere zur 3-Monatskatamnese. Die Kontrollgruppe zeigte dagegen meist einen ungünstigen Verlauf, so dass die Experimentalgruppe zur 3-Monatskatamnese deutlich bessere Ausprägungen in allen Kennwerten als die Kontrollgruppe aufwies. Die Ergebnisse müssen in einer randomisierten Kontrollgruppenstudie zunächst repliziert werden. Allerdings sprechen die Befunde dafür, dass mit diesem universellen Präventionsprogramm wichtige Schutzfaktoren der psychosozialen Entwicklung im Jugendalter gestärkt werden können.
Stressprävention im Jugendalter
Authors: Lohaus Arnold , Fridrici Mirko , Maass Asja
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung. Berichtet wird über eine Studie zur Evaluation eines Stresspräventionstrainings für Jugendliche der Klassenstufen 8 und 9. Das Training basiert auf dem Problemlöseansatz und wurde auf der Basis mehrerer vorausgehender Studien entwickelt. Es besteht aus acht Trainingssitzungen mit einer Dauer von jeweils 90 Minuten im wöchentlichen Abstand sowie einer begleitenden E-learning-Plattform. An der Studie nahmen insgesamt 372 Schüler teil, von denen 182 die Trainingsgruppe und 190 die Kontrollgruppe bildeten. Als Evaluationskriterien wurden Veränderungen (a) des Wissens über Stress und Stressbewältigung, (b) des Stresserlebens bzw. der Stressvulnerabilität, (c) der Stresssymptomatik sowie (d) der Selbstwirksamkeit berücksichtigt. Weiterhin wurden Fragen zur Trainingsbewertung durch die Schüler gestellt. Die Erhebung der Evaluationskriterien fand eine Woche vor und eine Woche sowie zwei Monate nach dem Training statt. Als Ergebnisse zeigten sich deutliche Wissenszunahmen, deutliche Zunahmen des Selbstwirksamkeitserlebens sowie Reduktionen der Stresssymptomatik. Das Training wird überwiegend positiv bewertet, wobei sich Bezüge zwischen der Trainingsbewertung und den Trainingseffekten ergaben. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden mögliche Maßnahmen diskutiert, die zu einer noch weiter reichenden Steigerung der Trainingseffektivität beitragen können.
Inanspruchnahmeverhalten in der Primärversorgung
Authors: Hardt Jochen , Mingram Ulrich , Kruse Johannes , Egle Ulrich Tiber
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung. Studien zeigen, dass die Inanspruchnahme des Gesundheitswesens in Bezug auf somatische Behandlung und Diagnostik wesentlich durch psychische Faktoren der Patienten mitbestimmt wird. In der vorliegenden Studie soll untersucht werden, wie psychische Komorbiditäten und frühe Kindheitsbelastungen das Inanspruchnahmeverhalten in der somatischen Primärversorgung beeinflussen. Insgesamt wurden 453 Patienten bei hausärztlichen Konsultationen gefragt, ob sie an einer Studie zu Kindheitsbelastungen teilnehmen. Die Ergebnisse von 366 Patienten wurden mit den Daten zum Inanspruchnahmeverhalten, somatischen und psychischen Diagnosen der Praxen verglichen. Die Auswertung erfolgte auf Basis eines Graphischen Markov Modells. Psychische Erkrankungen beeinflussen die Anzahl der Hausarztbesuche und die Zeit, die der Hausarzt für den Patienten aufwendet. Letzteres gilt nicht nur für psychisch orientierte Diagnostik und Behandlung, sondern auch für somatisch orientierte. Ein umgekehrter Effekt, dass somatische Erkrankungen oder der Verdacht auf deren Vorliegen ebenfalls vermehrte psychiatrisch orientierte Diagnostik nach sich ziehen, zeigte sich nicht. Kindheitsbelastungen sind nicht mit dem Inanspruchnahmeverhalten assoziiert. Die strikte Trennung zwischen somatischer und psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischer Medizin in Form der häufig praktizierten Sequenz zuerst somatische Medizin, dann psychiatrisch/psychotherapeutische Diagnostik und Therapie ist überdenkenswert, um Diagnostik und Therapie somatischer wie auch psychischer Erkrankungen zu optimieren und Verzögerungen zu vermeiden.
Impact of biomass burning aerosols on precipitation in the Amazon: A modeling case study
Authors: Martins J. A. , Silva Dias M. A. F. , Gonçalves F. L. T.
Published: January 2009

A study of the potential role of aerosols in modifying clouds and precipitation is presented using a numerical atmospheric model. Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud size distribution properties taken in the southwestern Amazon region during the transition from dry to wet seasons were used as guidelines to define the microphysical parameters for the simulations. Numerical simulations were carried out using the Brazilian Development on Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, and the results presented considerable sensitivity to changes in these parameters. High CCN concentrations, typical of polluted days, were found to result in increases or decreases in total precipitation, depending on the level of pollution used as a reference, showing a complexity that parallels the aerosol‐precipitation interaction. Our results show that on the grids evaluated, higher CCN concentrations reduced low‐to‐moderate rainfall rates and increased high rainfall rates. The principal consequence of the increased pollution was a change from a warm to a cold rain process, which affected the maximum and overall mean accumulated precipitation. Under polluted conditions, cloud cover diminished, allowing greater amounts of solar radiation to reach the surface. Aerosol absorption of radiation in the lower layers of the atmosphere delayed convective evolution but produced higher maximum rainfall rates due to increased instability. In addition, the intensity of the surface sensible heat flux, as well as that of the latent heat flux, was reduced by the lower temperature difference between surface and air, producing greater energy stores at the surface.
Climate effect of dust aerosol in southern Chinese Loess Plateau over the last 140,000 years
Authors: Qin Xiaoguang , Mu Yan , Ning Bo , Yin Zhiqiang
Published: January 2009

The Earth's climate is influenced by the manner in which solar radiation is absorbed and reflected in the atmosphere. In the study, the approach evaluating the radiative forcing of aerosol was used to analyze the climatic effect of dust over the last 140,000 years in the southern Chinese loess plateau. (1) Radiative effect of dust aerosol was to reduce the solar radiation arriving at the surface and thus to lead earth cooling. However, the grain size‐driven climatic feedback of dust aerosol was negative on short‐term scale, i.e., to weaken the amplitude of climate fluctuation. (2) Glacial‐interglacial fluctuation was marked in most optical properties of dust over the last 140,000 years. High‐frequent millennial scale fluctuations corresponding to Younger Dryas, Heinrich events and D‐O cycles dominated most optical properties of dust aerosol. (3) The climatic feedback of dust aerosol may be a contributor for the climatic transition between glacial and interglacial periods.
Analysis of GNSS‐R delay‐Doppler maps from the UK‐DMC satellite over the ocean
Authors: Clarizia M. P. , Gommenginger C. P. , Gleason S. T. , Srokosz M. A. , Galdi C. , Di Bisceglie M.
Published: January 2009

A study of the retrieval of sea surface roughness using Global Navigation Satellite System‐Reflectometry (GNSS‐R) from satellite is presented. Delay‐Doppler Maps (DDMs) from the SSTL UK‐DMC satellite are analyzed to retrieve directional Mean Square Slopes (MSSs). Results are compared to theoretically‐derived MSSs and in situ measurements from co‐located buoys of the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), showing good agreement in most cases. Here, the whole DDM, a more complete source of information, is exploited for the first time using satellite GNSS‐R data. These are potentially able to provide high spatial and temporal sampling, and therefore offer an improved way to observe wind and waves by means of a very modest instrument.
Mapping guided Alfvén wave magnetic field amplitudes observed on the ground to equatorial electric field amplitudes in space
Authors: Ozeke L. G. , Mann I. R. , Rae I. J.
Published: January 2009

A technique for converting the magnetic field amplitudes of guided toroidal and guided poloidal waves observed on the ground into the equatorial electric field amplitudes of the waves in space is presented. Analytic solutions of the guided toroidal and guided poloidal Alfvén wave equations are used to determine the ratio of the equatorial electric field amplitude to the ionospheric magnetic amplitude, Eeq/bi. Using these solutions, we show that in general Eeq/bi only depends very weakly on the Pedersen conductance, ΣP, and is linearly proportional to the guided Alfvén waves' frequency. We also present numerical solutions of the guided Alfvén wave equations illustrating how the value of Eeq/bi varies as a function of L shell for a range of different realistic field‐aligned plasma density profiles. These results can be used to determine the equatorial wave electric field amplitude, Eeq, in space using the magnetic field amplitude observed on the ground, bg. Accurate estimates of Eeq are crucial to understanding the role and importance of ultralow frequency waves on the energization and radial transport of radiation belt electrons.
PENGUIn multi‐instrument observations of dayside high‐latitude injections during the 23 March 2007 substorm
Authors: Lessard M. R. , Weatherwax A. T. , Spasojevic M. , Inan U. S. , Gerrard A. , Lanzerotti L. , Ridley A. , Engebretson M. J. , Petit N. J. , Clauer R. , LaBelle J. , Mende S. B. , Frey H. U. , Pilipenko V. A. , Rosenberg T. J. , Detrick D.
Published: January 2009

This paper presents ground‐based observations from Antarctic stations during a substorm observed on 23 March 2007. Using fluxgate magnetometer data, supported by numerical modeling, the locations of the stations are shown to straddle the open‐closed magnetic field boundary. Near these locations (on closed field lines), VLF and riometer signatures are observed to show effects of energetic particle precipitation in the morning sector (extending to the postdawn region), confirmed by observations at geosynchronous orbit. In the VLF data, both the initial injection as well as echoes are observed. The mechanism responsible for such high‐latitude injections is thought to be a combination of dynamics of the injection process and drift‐shell splitting. Further work will address whether similar observations can be used to infer the dynamics and/or location of the injection region.
Physics‐based formula representations of high‐latitude ionospheric outflows: H+ and O+ densities, flow velocities, and temperatures versus soft electron precipitation, wave‐driven transverse heating, and solar zenith angle effects
Authors: Horwitz J. L. , Zeng W.
Published: January 2009

Extensive systematic dynamic fluid kinetic (DyFK) model simulations are conducted to obtain advanced simulation‐based formula representations of ionospheric outflow parameters, for possible use by global magnetospheric modelers. Under F10.7 levels of 142, corresponding to solar medium conditions, we obtain the H+ and O+ outflow densities, flow velocities, and perpendicular and parallel temperatures versus energy fluxes and characteristic energies of soft electron precipitation, wave spectral densities of ion transverse wave heating, and F region level solar zenith angle in the high‐latitude auroral region. From the results of hundreds of DyFK simulations of auroral outflows for ranges of each of these driving agents, we depict the H+ and O+ outflow density and flow velocity parameters at 3 RE altitude at the ends of these 2‐h simulation runs in spectrogram form versus various pairs of these influencing parameters. We further approximate these results by various distilled formula representations for the O+ and H+ outflow velocities, densities, and temperatures at 3 RE altitude, as functions of the above indicated four “driver” parameters. These formula representations provide insight into the physics of these driven outflows, and may provide a convenient set of tools to set the boundary conditions for ionospheric plasma sources in global magnetospheric simulations.
Seasonal variation of thermospheric density and composition
Authors: Qian Liying , Solomon Stanley C. , Kane Timothy J.
Published: January 2009

Thermospheric neutral density and composition exhibit a strong seasonal variation, with maxima near the equinoxes, a primary minimum during northern hemisphere summer, and a secondary minimum during southern hemisphere summer. This pattern of variation is described by thermospheric empirical models. However, the mechanisms are not well understood. The annual insolation variation due to the Sun‐Earth distance can cause an annual variation, large‐scale interhemispheric circulation can cause a global semiannual variation, and geomagnetic activity can also have a small contribution to the semiannual amplitude. However, simulations by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM) indicates that these seasonal effects do not fully account for the observed annual/semiannual amplitude, primarily because of the lack of a minimum during northern hemisphere summer. A candidate for causing this variation is a change in composition, driven by eddy mixing in the mesopause region. Other observations and model studies suggest that eddy diffusion in the mesopause region has a strong seasonal variation, with eddy diffusion larger during solstices than equinoxes, and stronger turbulence in summer than in winter. A seasonal variation of eddy diffusion compatible with this description is obtained. Simulations show that when this function is imposed at the lower boundary of the TIE‐GCM, neutral density variation consistent with satellite drag data and O/N2 consistent with measurements by TIMED/GUVI, are obtained. These model‐data comparisons and analyses indicate that turbulent mixing originated from the lower atmosphere may contribute to seasonal variation in the thermosphere, particularly the asymmetry between solstices that cannot be explained by other mechanisms.
Statistical characteristics of polar cap mesospheric gravity waves observed by an all‐sky airglow imager at Resolute Bay, Canada
Authors: Suzuki S. , Shiokawa K. , Hosokawa K. , Nakamura K. , Hocking W. K.
Published: January 2009

An airglow imager at Resolute Bay, Canada (74.7°N, 265.1°E) has been used for the observation of gravity waves in the polar cap mesosphere since January 2005. On the basis of the long‐term imaging observations obtained over 137 nights during the winter seasons of 2005 and 2006, we extracted 143 events of small‐scale (<100 km) gravity waves from sequential sodium airglow (589.3 nm) images. The observed waves typically had horizontal wavelengths of 20–50 km and phase speeds of 30–60 ms−1. The propagation directions were predominantly westward. We also identified larger‐scale (>100 km) gravity waves using airglow keograms, which represent a time series of the horizontal cross sections of the airglow images. The horizontal wavelengths and phase speeds of the large‐scale waves were typically 100–400 km and 60–100 ms−1, respectively. The propagation directions of these large‐scale waves also showed a westward preference. The wave parameters appeared to have no relation with the geomagnetic activities represented by the Kp index. On the other hand, the propagation directions of the observed waves were consistent with the prevailing eastward winds in the mesosphere and the updraft associated with a low‐pressure area that generally appears to the east of Resolute Bay at tropospheric altitudes. These results suggest that the main source of the gravity waves in the polar cap mesosphere is tropospheric dynamics rather than auroral activities.
Shocks in a box: An analogue model of subduction earthquake cycles with application to seismotectonic forearc evolution
Authors: Rosenau Matthias , Lohrmann Jo , Oncken Onno
Published: January 2009

We introduce and test an experimental approach to simulate elastoplastic megathrust earthquake cycles using an analogue model and apply it to study the seismotectonic evolution of subduction zones. The quasi‐two‐dimensional analogue model features rate‐ and state‐dependent elastic‐frictional plastic and viscoelastic material properties and is scaled for gravity, inertia, elasticity, friction, and viscosity. The experiments are monitored with a high‐resolution strain analysis tool based on digital image correlation (particle imaging velocimetry, PIV), providing deformation time series comparable to seismologic, geodetic, and geologic observations. In order to separate elastic and nonelastic effects inherent the experimental deformation patterns, we integrate elastic dislocation modeling (EDM) into a hybrid approach: we use the analogue earthquake slip and interseismic locking distribution as EDM dislocation input and forward model the coseismic and interseismic elastic response. The residual, which remains when the EDM prediction is subtracted from the experimental deformation pattern, highlights the accumulation of permanent deformation in the model. The setup generates analogue earthquake sequences with realistic source mechanisms and elastic forearc response and recurrence patterns and reproduces principal earthquake scaling relations. By applying the model to an accretionary‐type plate margin, we demonstrate how strain localization at the rupture peripheries may lead to a seismotectonically segmented forearc, including a tectonically stable shelf and coastal high (<20% plate convergence accommodated by internal shortening) overlying the area of large megathrust earthquake slip. Fifty to 75% of plate convergence is accommodated by internal shortening in the slope region where earthquake slip tapers out toward the trench. The inner forearc region remains undeformed and represents a basin.
An experimental study of spatial evolution of statistical parameters in a unidirectional narrow‐banded random wavefield
Authors: Shemer Lev , Sergeeva Anna
Published: January 2009

Unidirectional random waves generated by a wavemaker in a 300‐m‐long wave tank are investigated experimentally. Spatial evolution of numerous statistical wavefield parameters is studied. Three series of experiments are carried out for different values of the nonlinear parameter ɛ. It is found that the frequency spectrum of the wavefield undergoes significant variation in the course of the wavefield evolution along the tank. The initially narrow Gaussian spectrum becomes wider at the early stages of the evolution and then narrower again, although it still remains wider than the initial spectrum at the most distant measuring location. It is found that the values of all the statistical wave parameters are strongly related to the local spectral width. The deviations of various statistical parameters from the Gaussian statistics increase with the width of the spectrum so that the probability of extremely large (the so‐called freak) waves is highest when the local spectral width attains maximum. The deviations from the Rayleigh distribution also become more pronounced when the nonlinearity parameter ɛ is higher. It is found that the Tayfun and Fedele 3rd order random wavefield model provides an appropriate description of the observed phenomena. An attempt is made to relate the spatial variations of the wavefield statistics reported here to the wavefield recurrence, as suggested recently.
A four‐dimensional scheme based on singular value decomposition (4DSVD) for chaotic‐attractor‐theory‐oriented data assimilation
Authors: Wang Jincheng , Li Jianping
Published: January 2009

The chaotic‐attractor‐theory‐oriented data assimilation (CDA) method is reviewed. A scheme based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis, called the 4DSVD, is then updated to a real four‐dimensional scheme for the CDA. This algorithm employs the SVD to extract the base vectors that span the phase spaces of both model and observation chaotic attractors. Four groups of experiments are carried out under the perfect model assumption by using the Lorenz 28‐variable model to test the performance of this scheme in assimilating data. Meanwhile, this scheme is compared with the four‐dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR). The results show that the 4DSVD is effective and efficient in assimilating “observations” to obtain analysis states that are consistent with model dynamics. The accuracy of the analysis state of the 4DSVD is similar to that of the 4DVAR; however, the required computational time of the 4DSVD is much less than that of the 4DVAR, and the 4DSVD also avoids having to estimate the background error covariance matrix. The results of observation system simulation experiments carried out using the Weather Research and Forecasting Modeling System show that the method could generate good analyses by assimilating incomplete observations. They dalso exhibit the ability of the 4DSVD to constrain the assimilation using the full model dynamics.
Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in western central Africa, Guinea Conakry, and Zimbabwe, 1955–2006
Authors: Aguilar E. , Aziz Barry A. , Brunet M. , Ekang L. , Fernandes A. , Massoukina M. , Mbah J. , Mhanda A. , do Nascimento D. J. , Peterson T. C. , Thamba Umba O. , Tomou M. , Zhang X.
Published: January 2009

Understanding how extremes are changing globally, regionally, and locally is an important first step for planning appropriate adaptation measures, as changes in extremes have major impacts. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's synthesis of global extremes was not able to say anything about western central Africa, as no analysis of the region was available nor was there an adequate internationally exchanged long‐term daily data set available to use for analysis of extremes. This paper presents the first analysis of extremes in this climatically important region along with analysis of Guinea Conakry and Zimbabwe. As per many other parts of the world, the analysis shows a decrease in cold extremes and an increase in warm extremes. However, while the majority of the analyzed world has shown an increase in heavy precipitation over the last half century, central Africa showed a decrease. Furthermore, the companion analysis of Guinea Conakry and Zimbabwe showed no significant increases.
The soluble metal-binding domain of the copper transporter ATP7B binds and detoxifies cisplatin
Authors: Dolgova Nataliya V. , Olson Doug , Lutsenko Svetlana , Dmitriev Oleg Y.
Published: January 2009

Wilson disease ATPase (ATP7B) has been implicated in the resistance of cancer cells to cisplatin. Using a simple in vivo assay in bacterial culture, in the present study we demonstrate that ATP7B can confer resistance to cisplatin by sequestering the drug in its N-terminal metal-binding domain without active drug extrusion from the cell. Expression of a protein fragment containing four N-terminal MBRs (metal-binding repeats) of ATP7B (MBR1–4) protects cells from the toxic effects of cisplatin. One MBR1–4 molecule binds up to three cisplatin molecules at the copper-binding sites in the MBRs. The findings of the present study suggest that suppressing enzymatic activity of ATP7B may not be an effective way of combating cisplatin resistance. Rather, the efforts should be directed at preventing cisplatin binding to the protein.
Branched-chain 2-oxoacid transamination increases GABA-shunt metabolism and insulin secretion in isolated islets
Authors: Pizarro-Delgado Javier , Hernández-Fisac Inés , Martín-Del-Río Rafael , Tamarit-Rodriguez Jorge
Published: January 2009

We have previously shown that oxo-4-methylpentanoate promotes islet GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) metabolism and stimulates insulin secretion. The main aim of this work was to explore the participation of the transamination of branched-chain 2-oxoacids in these processes with the aid of several inhibitors of this enzyme activity. No correlation was found between the transamination of branched-chain 2-oxoacids in islet homogenates and insulin secretion. However, in vivo transamination rates correlated better with the secretion capacity of the different branched-chain 2-oxoacids. Gabapentin, a specific inhibitor of the cytosolic isoenzyme, showed greater potential to decrease the in vitro transamination rates of oxo-3-methylbutyrate and oxo-3-methylpentanoate than those of oxo-4-methylpentanoate and oxohexanoate; this correlated with its capacity to decrease insulin secretion. 4-Methylvaleric acid very strongly inhibited the transamination of all the branched-chain 2-oxoacids and blocked their capacity to decrease islet GABA and to stimulate insulin secretion. KCl at 70 mM at stimulated islet GABA release, subsequently decreasing its tissue concentration. This ‘non-metabolic’ decrease of GABA suppressed the second phase of insulin secretion triggered by oxo-4-methylpentanoate and oxohexanoate. Oxo-4-methylpentanoate and oxo-3-methylpentanoate suppressed dose-dependent 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in islet homogenates. In conclusion, the transamination of branchedchain 2-oxoacids is more important to the stimulation of insulin secretion than their catabolism, and transamination decreases islet GABA concentrations by promoting GABA metabolism. Also, inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase by branched-chain 2-oxoacids may increase metabolic flux in the ‘GABA-shunt’ at the expense of reduced tricarboxylic acid cycle flux.
Insulin/IGF-like signalling, the central nervous system and aging
Authors: Broughton Susan , Partridge Linda
Published: January 2009

Enormous strides in understanding aging have come from the discovery that mutations in single genes can extend healthy life-span in laboratory model organisms such as the yeast Saccharomyces, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the mouse. IIS [insulin/IGF (insulin-like growth factor)-like signalling] stands out as an important, evolutionarily conserved pathway involved in the determination of lifespan. The pathway has diverse functions in multicellular organisms, and mutations in IIS can affect growth, development, metabolic homoeostasis, fecundity and stress resistance, as well as lifespan. The pleiotropic nature of the pathway and the often negative effects of its disruption mean that the extent, tissue and timing of IIS manipulations are determinants of a positive effect on lifespan. One tissue of particular importance for lifespan extension in diverse organisms is the CNS (central nervous system). Although lowered IIS in the CNS can extend lifespan, IIS is also widely recognized as being neuroprotective and important for growth and survival of neurons. In the present review, we discuss our current understanding of the role of the nervous system in extension of lifespan by altered IIS, and the role of IIS in determination of neuronal function during aging. The nervous system can play both endocrine and cell-autonomous roles in extension of lifespan by IIS, and the effects of IIS on lifespan and neuronal function can be uncoupled to some extent. Tissue-specific manipulation of IIS and the cellular defence mechanisms that it regulates will better define the ways in which IIS affects neuronal and whole-organism function during aging.
The great wedge: Quantifying chromatic aberration in imaging spectroscopy systems and application to temperature measurements in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell
Authors: Benedetti Laura Robin , Farber Daniel L. , Kavner Abby
Published: January 2009

To aid in evaluating spatial and spectral imaging abilities of any imaging spectroradiometer system, we developed a spectral intensity gradient standard based on the behavior of a birefringent wedge imaged between cross polarizers. By comparing calculated with observed images of the wedge, a chromatic scrambling kernel was measured to generally estimate chromatic aberrations in any spectral imaging optical system. This technique provides a quantitative method to compare spectral imaging quality of different optical systems and also provides a quick test for severe misalignments in the optical path. Applying this method to the spectroradiometric measurement of temperature and temperature gradients in the laser-heated diamond cell, the observed scrambling kernel is used to infer original hotspot information from measured behavior, to provide a quantitative evaluation of the ability to measure a temperature gradient in any spectral system, and to yield an objective determination of precision of spectroradiometric temperature measurements. The birefringent wedge method and its application described in this paper are simple and inexpensive enough to be used on any spectroradiometric system.
Rate of convergence from the Navier–Stokes–Poisson system to the incompressible Euler equations
Authors: Ju Qiangchang , Li Yong , Wang Shu
Published: January 2009

The rate of convergence from the Navier–Stokes–Poisson system to the incompressible Euler equations is obtained when the combined quasineutral and vanishing viscosity limits is considered.
Thin resonant structures for angle and polarization independent microwave absorption
Authors: Lockyear Matthew J. , Hibbins Alastair P. , Sambles J. Roy , Hobson Peter A. , Lawrence Christopher R.
Published: January 2009

We present a microwave absorbing structure comprised of an array of subwavelength radius copper disks, closely spaced from a ground plane by a low loss dielectric. Experiments and accompanying modeling demonstrate that this structure supports electromagnetic standing wave resonances associated with a cylindrical cavity formed by the volume immediately beneath each metal disk. Microwave absorption on resonance of these modes, at wavelengths much greater than the thickness of the structure, is dictated almost entirely by the radius of the disk and permittivity of the dielectric, being largely independent of the incident angle and polarization.
Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, electronic structure, and thermoelectric properties of (Ca0.85OH)1.16CoO2
Authors: Pei J. , Chen G. , Zhou N.
Published: January 2009

A layered cobalt oxide (Ca0.85OH)1.16CoO2 was prepared at low temperature by hydrothermal process and characterized by powder x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that plate image powders could be obtained at 453 K for 12 h. The electronic calculation of the band structure and density of states revealed that (Ca0.85OH)1.16CoO2 is a direct-gap semiconductor material and the conductive model is d-d transition of cobalt. The electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity of (Ca0.85OH)1.16CoO2 were measured from 290 to 573 K. It was found that the oxide behaves as p-type material in the temperature range measured and there is an M-I transition near 370 K. The ZT increases with the increase in temperature, and the maximum value of 0.02 is obtained at 573 K, indicating (Ca0.85OH)1.16CoO2 is a promising thermoelectric oxide candidate at middle temperature usage.