bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
III. Several observations and experiments on the Animalcula, in Pepper-water, &c
Authors: King Edmond
Published: December 2006

Sir
, Upon reading some Abstracts of Mr.
Leeuwenhoek's
Letters in the late Philosophical Transactions, I called to mind some Microscopical Experiments that I made too, concerning
Animalcula
, which I do not remember, have been publickly taken notice of; therefore in Obedience to your Commands, I have faithfully transcrib’d them, such as they are, being certainly true, as to matter of fact.
I. An experiment made before the President and Fellows of the Royal Society, in which a surprizing change of colour from a pale transparent of clear liqnor, to a very blue ceruleons one was exhibited, and that in an instant, by the admission of air only: apply'd to illustrate some changes of colour, and other effects on the blood of respiring animals. By Fr. Slare, M. D. Fellow of R. S. and Censor of the Colledge of Physicians
Authors: Slare Frederick
Published: December 2006

In order to the making of this Experiment, the Operator should furnish himself with a quantity of Fileings of Copper fresh made, and place them in a Glass Vial, whose bottom is broad and even, and then pour on a Urinous Spirit, either of
Sal Armoniac
, or of Urine it self, not made with Quick Lime:
IV. An instance of the excellence of the modern Algebra, in the resolution of the problem of finding the foci of optick glasses universally
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

The Excellence of the
Modern Geometry
is in nothing more evident, than in those full and adequate Solutions it gives to Problems.
III. Some account of the ancient state of the city of Palmyra, with short remarks upon the inscriptions found there.
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

The City of Tadmor, whose Remains in Ruines do with so much evidence demonstrate the once happy Condition thereof, Seems very well to be proved to be the same City which Solomon the Great King of Israel is said to have founded under that Name in the Desart, both in 1 King. 9. 18.
VII. Some microscopical observations of vast numbers of animalcula seen in water by John Harris, M. A. Rector of Winchelsea in Sussex, and F. R. S
Authors: Harris John
Published: December 2006

I examined a small Drop of Rain Water, that had stood in a Gally-pot in my Window for about two Months.
III. Part of two letters wrote some time sine to Oxford, by Dr. Martin Lister, Fell. of Coll of Phys. & R. S. concerning several plant may be usefully cultivated for producing Gras or Hay
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

For the improvement of Sandy light Ground, of any clay well Sanded, I recommend upon Experinecne
Vicia multiflora nemorensis perennis sive Dumetarum
, J. B.
II. Part of a letter from Mr. Nicolas Witsen, Burgermaster of Amsterdam; giving a farther relation of the horrible burning of some Mountains of the Molucco Islands
Authors: Witsen Nicolaus
Published: December 2006

At present nothing offers it self, except a farther Relation of the horrible burning of some Mountains of the
Molucco
Islands: whereof I formerly gave some account to a very Eminent Member of the
Royal Society
.
III. An observation of an infant, where the brain was depressed into the hollow of the vertebræ of the neck
Authors: Tyson Edward
Published: December 2006

About Years ago I was desired with Mr.
Layfield
a Chyrurgeon to see a Birth in the Neighbourhood, which was reported to be very Monstrous and Surprising: When I came I found it far different from the Report Good Women first gave of it; But what I thought very extraordinary, and much like the Instance lately given in the Philosophical Transaction, N
o
, 226, for the Month of
March
, 1697.
V. Part of a letter form Mr. Octavian Pulleyn, dated, Rome March 16 1696, giving an account of an inscription there found in the language of the Palmereni; and another in the Etruscan language found on an old Urne
Authors: Pulleyn Octavian
Published: December 2006

Dr.
Halifax
calling here in his return home from
Aleppo
, I had the honour of his acquaintance.
VI. Part of a letter from Mr. Robert Tailor, Apothecary at Hitchin in Hartfordshire, to Hans Sloan, giving account of a great hail storm there, May 4th, 1697
Authors: Tailor Robert
Published: December 2006

Sir, On
Tuesday
the 4th of
May
, 1697. about Nine of the Clock in the Morning, it began to Lighten and Thunder extreamly, some great Showers intervening; it continued till about two of the Clock in the Afternoon, when on a sudden a Black Cloud arose S. W. of us, the Wind being E. and blew hard;
I. An account of one who had horny excrescencies or extraordinary large nails on his fingers and toes
Authors: Locke John
Published: December 2006

At the Hospital in
Paris
, called
la Charité
, I saw a young Lad of between Nineteen and Twenty years old, who had upon the ends of all his Fingers, as it were Horns grew out.
I. Part of letter Mr. John Ray, F. R. S. to Dr. Sloane, dated June 30. 1697. communicating two observations, the one concerning the effects of a poysonous root, the other concerning the vertues of the leaves of hemlock
Authors: Ray John
Published: December 2006

Since I understand you are concerned in the Philosophical Transaction, I shall send you an Observation or Two I lately received from Dr.
Nathaniel Wood
, a Physician in
Kilkenny
in
Ireland
; Which if you think fit, may be thereinto inserted.
II. A catalogue of some Guinea-Plants, with their Native Names and virtues; sent to James Petiver, apothecary, and Fellow of the Royal Society; with his remarks on them. Communicated in a letter to Dr. Hans Sloane. Secret. Reg. Soc
Authors: Petiver James
Published: December 2006

Sir, The Following Plants, with their
Native Names
and
Vertues
, I Sometimes since received from my Worthly and Reverend Friend, Mr.
John Smyth
, whilst he was
Minister
to the
Royal African Company
in the
English Factory
at
cabo corso
, vulgarly called
cape coast
in
Guinea
.
III. Part of two letters from Mr. J. Hillier, dated Cape Corse, Jan.1687/8. and Apr. 25. 1688. Wrote to the Reverend Dr. Bathurst, President of Trinity Colledge, Oxon; giving an account of the customs of the inhabitants, the air, & c. of the place, together with an account of the weather there from Nov. 24. 1686. to the same day 1687
Authors: Hillier J.
Published: December 2006

I Thought the custom of destroying Slaves at the Death of Great People had been abolish'd and I was so inform'd; but we have seen that it is not; for Oct. 3. this Year, dyed
Ahen Penin ashrive
, King of
Feton
, here at
Cape Corse
, where he had been long sick; the Fetishers had done all they could to save his Life
I. Two observations, one about the death of a dog on firing a volley of small shot: the other about the polypus of the lungs, communicated in a letter of Mr. Robert Clarke, to Dr. Martin Lister, Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians and R. S. dated Nov. 8.1697. with the Doctor's opininon of the last of them
Authors: Clarke Robert
Published: December 2006

Upon the proclaiming the Peace, about a Week ago, Two Troops of Horse dismounted, were drawn in a line in order to fire their Vollies, the Center of their Line was against a Butchers Door.
IV. Part of a letter of Mr. Halley, dated Chester, Octob. 25.1697. giving an account of his observations there of the eclipse of the moon on the 19th of the last Month
Authors: Halley
Published: December 2006

I observed the late Eclipse of the Moon,
Octob
. 19. with all the Satisfaction I could desire the Air was all the while very still and clear; so that I think the Observation may be very much depended on, and will with sufficient Exactness, give the Longitude of this place.
II. A letter from Dr. Wallis of Jan. 11. 1697/98, to Dr. Sloane, concerning the effects of a great storm of thunder and lightning at Everdon in Northamptonshire, (wherein divers persons were killed) on July 27. 1691
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

Sir, In my Letter of
July
26. 1697. (which you were pleased to insert in the Philosophical Transactions, Numb. 231. for the Month of
August
, 1697.) relating to Thunder and Lightning and Hail;
IX. Account of a book. The history of Poland in several letters to persons of quality, giving an account of the ancient, and present state of that Kingdom, historical, geographical, physical, political and ecclesiastical, &c. with several letters relating to physick. Vol. I. To which is added a new map of Poland. By Bern. Conner, M. D. Fellow of the Royal Society, and Member of the Colledge of Physicians, &c. London printed for Dan Brown, &c. 1697. in 8vθ
Authors: Connor Bernard
Published: December 2006

In this History of
Poland
, the Author gives an Account first of its Origine; that about the middle of the Sixth Century, it came to be a distinct Nation, when as yet it had no Cities, no Money, or written Laws;
Carigueya, seu Marsupiale Americanum. or, The anatomy of an opossum, dissected at Gresham-College by Edw. Tyson, M. D. Fellow of the College of Physicians, and of the Royal Society, and reader of anatomy at the Chyrurgeons-Hall, in London.
Authors: Tyson Edward
Published: December 2006

This Animal was brought from Virginia and presented to the Royal Society by Will. Bird, Esq; and kept alive in their Repository for some time.
IV. Part of a letter from Dr. William Musgrave, Fellow of the college of Physicians, and R. S. to Dr. Sloane, concerning the cause of the necessity of breathing
Authors: Musgrave William
Published: December 2006

You know, how diffcult it has been thought, to account for the principal Use of Respiration:
IX. A letter of Dr. John Wallis, of May 14. 1698. to Sir John Blencowe (one of his Majesty's Justices of the Court of Common-Pleas) concerning the observation of Easter for this present Year, on April 24. 1698
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

Sir, In Answer to yours of
May
12. (which I received this Morning) you may please to present my humble Du­ty and Service to the Lord Chief Justice
Holt
IX. Part of a letter from Dr. Ashe, Lord Bishop of Cloyne, dated March the 26th 1687. concerning the effects of Imagination the vertues of mackenboy, &c
Authors: Ashe St George
Published: December 2006

Last January in the Country of
Kilkenny
I Observed a very remarkable Instance of the Force of Imagination the
Fætus
,' twas a Girl acalled
Elizabeth Dooly
, of about Thirteen Years of Age, whole Mother being with Child of her, was frighted by a Cow as the milked it, and hit with the Teat on the left Temple within One Eighth of an Inch from her Eye, in which very Place the Girl has a piece of Flesh growing exactly like a Cows Teat in Bigness, Shape, &c.
I. Part of a letter from Ralph Thoresby, Esq; F. R. S. To John Evelyn, Esq; F. R. S. Concerning some Roman antiquities lately found in Yorkshire
Authors: Thoresby Ralph
Published: December 2006

Six Months ago I sent to Dr.
Lister
a large Account of the Texture and Figure of an old
Roman Shield
of the
Parma
Kind, that I had then newly procured.
III. Part of a letter from Mr. Butterfield from Paris, Sept. 7. 1698. to Dr. Martin Lister Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians and R. S. concerning magnetical sand
Authors: Butterfield
Published: December 2006

I Send you a little of that
Black Sand
which in Italy they use instead of Dust to their Letters ; it is found Six Miles from
Genes
near St.
Piere d' araine
on the Sea-Shoar.
IV. An objection to the new hypothesis of the generation of animals from animalcula in semine masculino
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

Rursus quæro, si humanum corpus nascatur ab animalculo è semine masculino unde sint ista animalcula genita ? & quidern generantur ad plurimos annos
I. Part of a letter from Mr. Geoffroy, to Dr. Sloane, from Paris, 21 Dec. 1698. N. S. Concerning the mineral waters at St. Amand near Tournay and Valenciennes
Authors: Geoffroy Etienne Francois
Published: December 2006

There has been found a Mineral Water, called, St.
Amands-Water
, which has been very much in use the last summer and Autumn, in all sorts of Sicknesses, rather for its Novelty, than for its great and extraordinary Properties.
III. A further account of the China cabinet.
Authors: Sloane Hans
Published: December 2006

Seeds to clarifie water, (vid. Fig. 8.) These seeds I have seen some several times heretofore from the coast of Cormandel and Malabar, where they are used for the clarifying water.
VI. An abstract of an accoun of five pair of muscles, which serve for different motions of the head, on the first and second vertebra of the neck; and of two ligaments, one of which fastens the head to the first vertebra, and the other fastens the first to the second. To which is annext the history of an uncommon appearance of a humane skull.
Authors: Dupre M. , Cowper William
Published: December 2006

This small Tract was lately Printed in French, and sent from the Author to Dr. Lister, who Communicated it to me.
I. Part of a letter wrote by Mr. James Fraser, Minister of Kirkhil, near Invernes, to Ja. Wallace at Edinburgh, concerning the Lake Ness, &c
Authors: Fraser James
Published: December 2006

The Lake
Ness
, though oft mentioned by our Historians as one of the Wonders of
Scotland
, yet they give but an ill Account of it.
I. De partium septentrionalium quibusdam affectibus & remediis
Authors: Lloyd Philippo
Published: December 2006

Balnea nuspiam frequentiora sunt quam in Lithuania: Balneum ingressi postquam largiter sudarunt, cucurbitas sibi apponi faciunt, aut virgis tergum cædunt usque ad insignem ruborem: Inter Cosacos quoque fi quis graviter infirmatur, Balneum ingreditur,& corpus tegunt certis herbis, partique dolenti applicant certum Cornu Cavum ad vesicam attrahendam, quâ ruptâ effluit ichor varii fæpe coloris, flavi, viridis, & nigri, & patiens convalescit; varietas autem ista colorum, herbis quibus patiens tegitur aut Cornu fuco aliquo imbuto adscribi debet.
II. A discourse of coffee, read at a meeting of the Royal Society, by Mr. John Houghton, F. R. S
Authors: Houghton John
Published: December 2006

Several have written of this Plant, and particularly the Learned Mr.
Ray
, in his large History of Plants, pag. 169 I, 2, 3. But for its Description, I shall only refer you to what was Published by Dr.
sloane
, in the 17th. Vol. of these Transactions, No 208. pag. 63. where is the Figure, Description,
c
.
I. An account of two glands and their excretory ducts lately discover'd in human bodies
Authors: Cowper William
Published: December 2006

Notwithstanding the general application of the learned in this age to anatomy, and the success wherewith they have cultivated it, there remain undoubtedly many considerable discoveries to be made, many useful organs to be detected, of great consequence to the right understanding of the animal deconomy.
III. Responsio ad animadversionem ad Davidis Gregorii Catenariam, act. Eruditorum lipsiæ. Mense Februarii an. 1699
Authors: Gregory David
Published: December 2006

Quæ in Animadversione ad nostras de Catenaria Demonstrationes objicit Anonymus sunt hæc. Quod rem ab aliss jam ante septennium inventam & publice expositam demonstrare aggressus sim, modo quodam meo.
IV. A relation of two monstrous pigs, with the resemblance of humane faces, and two young turkeys joined by the breast
Authors: Floyer John
Published: December 2006

By the description of the following Monsters I design to prove that the Distortion of the parts of a Fætus, may occasion it to represent the Figure of different Animals, without any real Coition betwixt the two Species.
III. Part of letter from Mr. Geoffrey, F. R. S. to Dr. Sloane, concerning the exact quantity of acid salts contained in acid spirits.
Authors: Geoffroy Claude Joseph
Published: December 2006

I Believe M. Monro has written to you, what has been done in our publick meeting the 29th of April, in the Kings Palace Called the Louvre.
VI. Responsio almi collegii romanorum archiatrorum ad epistolas clarssimi D. Raymundi vieussends Medicinæ doctoris monspeliensis, in qua potissimuni agitur de exisientia salis acidi in sanguie & .de proportione principiorum ejusdem scripta per Jo- Mariam Lancisi olim. S. D. Innocent is XI. Med. a Seceretis & nunc archiatrum collegialem, & in romano licæo theoricæ extraordinariæ professorum
Authors: Lancisi Giovanni Maria
Published: December 2006

Clarissime Vir, Etiamsi pro tua singulari sapientia nobis, & Orbri apprime jam nota, ipse abunde per te sapis;. Erudiitissime Vir, nec alienis eges consiliis, tamen cumplerumq sieri soleat
V. Part of two letters from Mr Anthony Van Leewenhoek, F. R. S. concerning worms pretended to be taken from the teeth
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Sir, Your most acceptable Letter, dated
July
4 old stile, came to hand on the 19th of the same month, new stile: upon the receipt whereof, I immediately open'd the piece of black Silk contain'd within it, where I found two little Worms dead, and one alive, which were sent you to be convey'd to me, as being taken out of a corrupt Tooth by smoaking.
VI. A letter from Mr. John Monro to the publisher, concerning the catacombs of Rome and Naples
Authors: Monro John
Published: December 2006

Sir, The Catacombs are an obscure argument.
X. Part of a letter from the Reverend Mr Gourdon F. R. S. To the publisher, concerning a cataract near Gottenburg and the remains of observatory of the famous Tycho Brahe
Authors: Gordon Robert
Published: December 2006

Sir, Rummaging among my Papers this morning, I found two cursory Remarks made in my late Voyage to the
Baltick
.
VI. Part of a letter from Mr Clark to Mr Ludlow, concerning several Roman antiquities found near the Devizes in Wiltshire
Authors: Clarke J.
Published: December 2006

Sir, There has lately happened near us a very remarkable passage, which for the uncommonness of it deserves a more particular account that I shall pretend to give you.
II. A letter of Dr Wallis to Dr Tyson, concerning mens feeding on flesh
Authors: Wallis John , Tyson Edward
Published: December 2006

Sir
, Though I have not had the opportunity of Acquaintance with you, I desire you will give me leave to suggest to you a Question or two in your Profession, relating to Comparative Anatomy.
I. An account of some Roman, French, and Irish inscriptions and antiquities, lately found in Scotland and Ireland
Authors: Lluyd Edw. , Hicks John
Published: December 2006

1. A
Roman
Inscription from
Hadrian's
Wall by the Kerk of
Kil
patric.
V. An account of Dr Robert Hook's invention of the marine barometer, with its description and uses, published by order of the R. Society
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

Since it was first found that the
Torricellian Tube
, commonly called the
Mercurial Barometer
, by the rising and falling of the
Quick-silver
therein, doth presage the Changes of the Air, in relation to fair and foul weather;
III. Part of a letter from the Reverend Mr Patrick Gordon, F. R. S. to the publisher, concerning a water-spout observed in the Downs
Authors: Gordon Patrick
Published: December 2006

Last
Saturday
in the forenoon, between the hours of 10 and 11 I observed a remarkable
Water-spout
in the
Downs
.
Vl. Part of a letter from Mr Anthony van Lewuenhoek, dated Delft 15. April 1701. N. S. concerning the spawn of codfish, &c
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

About the middle of
January
I observed for several days the
Semen Masculinum
, which we call the Hom of a Living Cod-fish: I dwelt the longer upon it, partly because I could not discover any life in those
Animalcula
during my last years observations;
I. A letter from Dr William Musgrave, F. R. S. to the publisher, concerning a very extraordinary periodical Hæmorrhage
Authors: Musgrave William
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Some years since receiv'd an account of a surprizing illness, from the person who had labour'd under it: The same has been attested to me by his Wife and several of his acquaintance, and therefore I think it may deserve Credit.
I. Part of a letter from Mr John Luffkin to the publisher, concerning some large bones, lately found in a Gravel-pit near Colchester
Authors: Luffkin John
Published: December 2006

Sir, Reading the Ph. Transaction for July last, No 271.
V. A letter from Dr William Musgrave, F. R. S. to the publisher, concerning some experiments made for transmitting a blue coloured liquor in into the lacteals
Authors: Musgrave William
Published: December 2006

Sir, The
new Theory of Continual Fevers
, lately publisht, speaking (page 54, 5,) of that considerable experiment of Dr
Lister
's, made for colouring the Lacteals;
V. Part of a letter from Mr Alex. Stuart, (a Phycian) to the publisher, concerning some spouts be observed in the Mediterranean
Authors: Stuart Alexander
Published: December 2006

Sir
,I Presume to give you the following Accompt of Some Waterspouts (as they are commonly called ) which I few lately in the
Meditteranem Sea
,
V. Part of two letters from Mr Henry Vaughan to the publisher, containing some uncommon observations made upon the dissection of some morbid bodies
Authors: Vaughan Henry
Published: December 2006

A Gentleman about a month before
Christmas
eat some common Prunes, about tow pound, or more, and about a month or five weeks ago, he eat about a pound more: About a fortnight before he dyed I found, according to his complaint, that he had some symptoms of the stone.
II. Mr Sam. Brown his seventh book of East India Plants, with an account of their names, vertues, description, &c. By James Petiver, Apothecary, and Fellow of the Royal Society. These plants were gathered between the 15th and 20th of June, A. D. 1696. in the ways between Fort St George and Trippetec, which is about 70 miles off
Authors: Petiver James
Published: December 2006

249. Cora calunga
Malab
.
Trasi Orientale
radice Olivari.
an
. Cyperus rotundus
Orientalie
major C. B. 13. 1.
Theatr
. 208. c. 12. 1. H. Ox. Sect. 8. Pag. 236. 2. Tab. xi.
Ser
. 1. Fig. 2.
IV. Part of a letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning green weeds growing in water, and some animalcula found about them.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

I Have often heard the Common People say, that that Green Stuff or Weeds which are observed to drive upon the Water spring out of the Ground from under the Water.
III. Specimen methodi generalis determinandi figurarum qnadraturas
Authors: Craig John
Published: December 2006

Facile credas, Vir Eruditissime, mihi non parum arridere, quod Methodus, quâ usus sum in determinandis Figurarum Quadraturis, tantopere à D.
Intervals of Totally Bounded Group Topologies
Authors: COMFORT W.W. , REMUS DIETER
Published: December 2006

Let G be a group and let 𝒯i (i= 0, 1) be totally bounded Hausdorff group topologies on G such that 𝒯0⊂𝒯1 and w(G, 𝒯i)=αi with ω≤α0 < α1. Let [𝒯0, 𝒯1] denote the (partially ordered) “interval” of group topologies 𝒯 for G such that 𝒯0⊂𝒯⊂𝒯1. Then:

(a) every cardinal γ such that α0≤γ < α1 satisfies |{𝒯ε[𝒯0, 𝒯1]: w(G, 𝒯)=γ}| ≥γ+; and (b) [𝒯0, 𝒯1] contains a well‐ordered set which is order‐isomorphic to the cardinal number α1.

The present proof, based in part on the Peter‐Weyl‐van Kampen theorem, rests on the fact that every compact Hausdorff group K with w(K)=α≥ω contains homeomorphically the space {0, 1}***; thus the present emphasis is topological. In contrast, the second‐listed author had earlier achieved the same result using the theory of unitary representations (Habilitationsschrift, Fall, 1995).

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 22A05, 54H11, 54A10.
On Transition Systems and Non‐well‐founded Sets
Authors: LAZIĆ R.S. , ROSCOE A.W.
Published: December 2006

(Labelled) transition systems are relatively common in theoretical computer science, chiefly as vehicles for operational semantics. The first part of this paper constructs a hierarchy of canonical transition systems and associated maps, aiming to give a strongly extensional theory of transition systems, where any two points with equivalent behaviors are identified. The cornerstone of the development is a notion of convergence in arbitrary transition systems, generalizing the idea of finite (n‐step) approximations to a given point. In particular, our canonical transition systems are also uniform spaces.

The resulting hierarchy has very rich combinatorial (and topological) structure, and a lot of the first part of the paper is devoted to its study. We also discuss fixed points in this framework.

In the second part of the paper, we show how to obtain a model of set theory with Aczel's Anti‐Foundation Axiom (AFA) from canonical transition systems constructed earlier. We study further the structure of the model thus obtained, and also give a few more abstract results, concerning consistency and independence in the presence of AFA.
Near‐Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) Program
Authors: HELIN ELEANOR F. , PRAVDO STEVEN H. , RABINOWITZ DAVID L. , LAWRENCE KENNETH J.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The discoveries of near‐Earth asteroids (NEAs) and comets have increased enormously over the last 10–20 years. This is a consequence, in large part, of the success of programs that have systematically searched for these objects. These programs have been motivated by the relationships of NEAs to terrestrial impacts, meteorites, comets, and their relative accessibility to spacecraft missions. This paper will review the long‐term Palomar Planet‐Crossing Asteroid Survey (PCAS), a photographic program, and the current Near‐Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) system, NASA's new electronic detection program. The primary goal of NEAT is to discover and inventory near‐Earth asteroids and comets, collectively called near‐Earth objects or NEOs, larger than 1 km in size. Details of the NEAT system and program results are presented and discussed.
Correlation of Ground‐ and Space‐based Bolidesa
Authors: CEPLECHA Z. , JACOBS C. , ZAFFERY C.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Data on large meteoroid impacts into the Earth's atmosphere are available up to over ten meter sizes from global satellite observations by optical sensors, while data from ground‐based photographic observations of meteoric fireballs (bolides) are available only up to meter sizes. However, the ground‐based observations yield very precise data on the motion and ablation of these bodies, as well as their light curves. The space‐based observations yield very precise light curves. Using data of the brightest Prairie Network bolides, ablation coefficients are determined for 48 bolides brighter than magnitude −10 and compared to relative time changes of their brightness. This way the known classification scheme for photographic bolides (based mostly on observed ablation coefficient) is related to maximum increase and decrease of their brightness. The same classification scheme is applied to 16 light curves of somewhat larger bodies observed globally by DOD satellites. Size range of these bodies is found to be from 2 to 15 m with median value of 3 to 4 m. Only separation of type I + II (38%) from type IIIA + IIIB (62%) is possible. Increase of relative strength of populations of cometary meteoroids (namely of the IIIB type) observed for photographic meteors up to a size of 5 m continues to larger sizes up to 15 m. Majority of meteoroids in the size range from 2 to 15 m are cometary bodies with the weakest known structure.
The Cretaceous‐Tertiary Impact Crater and the Cosmic Projectile That Produced Ita
Authors: SHARPTON VIRGIL L. , MARÍN LUIS E.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Evidence gathered to date from topographic data, geophysical data, well logs, and drill‐core samples indicates that the buried Chicxulub basin, the source crater for the ∼65 Ma Cretaceous‐Tertiary (K/T) boundary deposits, is ∼300 km in diameter. A prominent topographic ridge and a ring of gravity anomalies mark the position of the basin rim at ∼150 km from the center. Wells in this region recovered thick sequences of impact‐generated breccias at 200–300 m below present sea level. Inside the rim, which has been severely modified by erosion following impact, the subsurface basin continues to deepen until near the center it is ∼1 km deep. The best planetary analog for this crater appears to be the 270 km‐diameter Mead basin on Venus. Seismic reflection data indicate that the central zone of downward displacement and excavation (the transient crater is ∼130 km in diameter, consistent with previous studies of gravity anomaly data). Our analysis of projectile characteristics utilizes this information, coupled with conventional scaling relationships, and geochemical constraints on the mass of extraterrestrial material deposited within the K/T boundary layer. Results indicate that the Chicxulub crater would most likely be formed by a long‐period comet composed primarily of nonsilicate materials (ice, hydrocarbons, etc.) and subordinate amounts (∼50%) primitive chondritic material. This collision would have released the energy equivalent to between 4 × 108 and 4 × 109 megatons of TNT. Studies of terrestrial impact rates suggest that such an event would have a mean production rate of ∼1.25 × 10−9y−1. This rate is considerably lower than that of the major mass extinctions over the last 250 million years (∼5 × 10−7y−1). Consequently, while there is substantial circumstantial evidence establishing the cause‐effect link between the Chicxulub basin forming event and the K/T biological extinctions, the results of our analysis do not support models of impact as a common or singular causative agent of mass extinctions on Earth.
Ice Issues, Porosity, and Snow Experiments for Dynamic NEO and Comet Modeling
Authors: FURNISH M. D. , REMO J. L.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Category 0 NEO bodies, such as many comets, appear to be comprised largely of porous ice. Quasi‐static and dynamic properties of ice are expected to control the corresponding properties of Category 0 NEO material. These properties depend on temperature, strain rate, and possibly sample history. Corrections must be made for porosity and the presence of impurities such as silicates. These corrections reflect the added complexity of energy partitioning in a porous, inhomogeneous material as well as added P·ΔV work during compression. A study of the dymanic (shock) properties of natural snow over the stress range 0–4 GPa is described. Comparison of the results of this study with computational modeling suggests that existing ice models with introduced porosity are applicable in some regimes, while water models with introduced porosity provide better fidelity in other regimes.
Cerebrovascular Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease: Cause, Effect or Epiphenomenon?
Authors: HACHINSKI VLADIMIR , MUNOZ DAVID G.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Cerebrovascular pathology abounds in Alzheimer's disease. Changes in the endothelium, disruption of the blood‐brain barrier and amyloid deposition in the cerebral blood vessels are almost universal in advanced cases. Do these changes represent the cause, the effect, or the consequences of a common pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease? This volume addresses some of these issues by presenting new knowledge gained from a diversity of fields. Recognition of the mechanisms involved will open new possibilities for therapeutic trials.
Brain Microvascular Changes in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementiasa
Authors: BUÉE LUC , HOF PATRICK R. , DELACOURTE ANDRÉ
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Vasculopathy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may represent an important pathogenetic factor of this disorder. In the present study, microvasculature was studied by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against a vascular heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Vascular changes were consistently observed in AD and included decrease in vascular density, presence of atrophic and coiling vessels, and glomerular loop formations. The laminar and regional distribution of these vascular alterations was correlated with the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. However, vascular changes may also follow neuronal loss. Vascular density may be related to a decrease in brain metabolism. Furthermore, one of the main features of AD is the presence of amyloid deposits within brain parenchyma and blood vessel walls. It is not yet clear whether amyloid components are derived from the blood or the central nervous system. Because AD is clearly heterogeneous, based on clinical and genetic data, evidence for either a brain or peripheral origin is discussed. Microvasculature was also analyzed in other neurodegenerative disorders devoid of amyloid deposits including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism‐dementia complex of Guam and Pick's disease. In conclusion, if vasculopathy in neurodegenerative disorders is not directly involved in pathogenesis, it may act synergistically with other pathogenetic mechanisms including genetic and environmental factors. This aspect of pathology is particularly interesting in view of its accessibility to therapeutic interventions.
Cerebrovascular Hypoperfusion: A Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease?
Authors: DE JONG G. I. , DE VOS R. A. I. , STEUR E. N. H. JANSEN , LUITEN P. G. M.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Although cognitive impairment during aging is usually associated with neuronal alterations, the cerebrovascular system undergoes prominent alterations in aging as well. Using electron microscopy we previously showed a progressive deterioration of the capillary wall in the cerebral cortex of aged rats. In aged rats the capillary basement membrane (BM) is thickened, massive bundles of collagen fibrils are deposited within the BM, and pericytes are degenerating. A compromized cerebrai circulation (e.g., in rats with chronic hypertension) is characterized by an increased number of capillary alterations. In autopsy material (gray matter, gyrus cinguli) of carefully diagnosed patient groups (controls, AD, Lewy body disease, MID and demented Lewy body disease patients) we observed significantly more morphological changes in the capillary bed of demented versus non‐demented patients. In both animal and human material morphological evidence points to a relation between energy‐dependent nutrient transport across the blood–brain barrier and the ultrastructural deviations. In the AD cases we did not find a correlation between the stage of the disease (Braak I‐VI) and the incidence of capillary aberrations, which indicates that the capillary alterations are not a consequence of AD pathology. Simultaneously, we are conducting animal model studies to determine the effects of cerebral hypoperfusion in the rat. Permanent bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries shifts the behavioral profile of the rats (Morris maze, open field) towards that of aged rats, while the sensitivity for muscarinic ligand agents is altered.
ApoE, Alzheimer's Disease, and Recovery from Brain Stressa
Authors: ROSES ALLEN D. , SAUNDERS ANN M.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Apolipoprotein E (APOE, gene; ApoE, protein) is the major genetic susceptibility locus for the common forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are three common polymorphisms in the population: ɛ2, ɛ3, and ɛ4. The inheritance of each dose of ɛ4 increases the risk and lowers the age of onset distribution for AD; ɛ2 lowers the risk and increases the age of onset distribution. APOE‐ɛ4 has a high positive predictive value for AD, and is clinically useful as an adjunct in the early diagnosis of cognitively impaired patients. The APOE alleles have also been associated with risk of AD with head injury, intraneuronal localization of ApoE in animal stroke models, recovery of function after intracerebral hemorrhage, and recovery of psychological parameters after general cardiac anesthesia. A multifunctional role of ApoE in the brain implicates isoform‐specific differences in interactions with several brain proteins including Añ, tau, and MAP‐2. Intraneuronal ApoE is increased temporally and in relevant neurons in AD as a function of APOE genotype. Decreased glucose metabolism can be demonstrated by PET imaging in subjects two decades before the median age of onset as a function of APOE genotype. ApoE isoforms may also have different effects as antioxidants. The risk of stroke and vascular dementia has not been confirmed in neuropathological series to be related to specific APOE genotypes.
Notch3 Mutations in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a Mendelian Condition Causing Stroke and Vascular Dementia
Authors: JOUTEL ANNE , CORPECHOT CHRISTOPHE , DUCROS ANNE , VAHEDI KATAYOUN , CHABRIAT HUGUES , MOUTON PHILIPPE , ALAMOWITCH SONIA , DOMENGA VALÉRIE , CÉCILLION MICHAELLE , MARÉCHAL EMMANUELLE , MACIAZEK JACQUELINE , VAYSSIÈRE CÉLINE , CRUAUD CORINNE , CABANIS EMMANUEL‐ALAIN , RUCHOUX MARIE MADELEINE , WEISSENBACH JEAN , BACH JEAN FRANÇOIS , BOUSSER MARIE GERMAINE , TOURNIER‐LASSERVE ELISABETH
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited condition whose key features include recurrent subcortical ischemic events, migraine attacks and vascular dementia in association with diffuse white‐matter abnormalities seen on neuroimaging. Pathologic examination shows multiple small deep cerebral infarcts, a leukoencephalopathy and a nonatherosclerotic nonamyloid angiopathy involving mainly the media of small cerebral arteries. To progress in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of this condition, we undertook the identification of the mutated gene. We mapped the CADASIL gene on chromosome 19p13.1. More than 120 families have been referred to our lab. Genetic linkage analysis of 33 of these families allowed us to reduce the size of the genetic interval to less than 1 cM and to demonstrate the genetic homogeneity of this condition. In the absence of any candidate gene, we undertook positional cloning of this gene. We identified, within the CADASIL critical region, the human Notch3 gene, whose sequence analysis revealed deleterious mutations in CADASIL families co‐segregating with the affected phenotype. These data establish that this gene causes CADASIL. Identification of the CADASIL gene will provide a valuable diagnostic tool for clinicians and could be used to estimate the prevalence of this underdiagnosed condition. It should help in the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of CADASIL and vascular dementia.
Pathogenesis of Decreased Glucose Turnover and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Ischemic and Trauma‐Induced Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: MEIER‐RUGE W. A. , BERTONI‐FREDDARI C.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The pathogenetic mechanisms causing a dementing brain disease after temporary ischemia, heat shock, or brain trauma are surveyed. These lesions increase beta amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) synthesis. This process is potentiated by an ischemic glutamate release that opens cellular Ca2+ channels, inhibiting glucose turnover and ATP production, which is, under these conditions, accompanied by the generation of beta amyloid (beta A), even in young persons. Beta amyloid starts a vicious circle by inactivating the glycolytic key enzyme, phos‐phofructokinase, which, with age, exhausts the functional reserve capacity of the brain. This demonstrates that beta A is an epiphenomenon of a dementing brain disease, triggered by the disturbance of glucose turnover and oxidative phosphorylation. Clinical studies have shown that a dementing brain disease can be clearly objectified and monitored by 18F‐2‐deoxyglucose PET studies. This paper looks briefly a pharmacologic approaches to this disease using models of temporary ischemia, the testing of 14C‐deoxyglucose turnover, or examination with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. In conclusion, the key process of all dementing brain diseases of the Alzheimer type is a decreased glucose turnover and subsequently decreased oxidative phosphorylation, linked directly to a secondary amyloid formation and nerve cell atrophy.
Clinical Studies of Cerebral Blood Flow in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: JAGUST WILLIAM J. , EBERLING JAMIE L. , REED BRUCE R. , MATHIS CHESTER A. , BUDINGER THOMAS F.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Studies of Alzheimer's disease using single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have found reductions in blood flow and glucose metabolism in temporal and parietal cortex. In 50 AD patients who underwent neuropsychological testing and SPECT perfusion imaging, we found significant correlations between perfusion and performance on the Mini‐Mental Status Examination in the frontal and parietal lobes. In addition. specific correlations between perfusion in the frontal lobes and performance on tests of frontal lobe ability were noted. These findings, while suggesting the importance of perfusion measures in determining clinical features of the disease, do not clearly define perfusion changes as primary, since similar findings have been seen when metabolism is studied. In a separate group of 5 AD patients and 16 controls, we used PET with the perfusion tracer HIPDM and examined cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide inhalation. We found that in multiple brain regions, including the temporal lobes, AD patients showed robust and significant increases in perfusion in response to carbon dioxide that did not differ from the response seen in the controls. Taken together, these results show that while perfusion changes are important in AD, they are not clearly either primary or limiting.
The Epidemiology of Physical Activity and Cancer
Authors: OLIVERIA S.A. , CHRISTOS P.J.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Experimental studies in animals and epidemiological studies in human populations support an inverse association between exercise and the development of cancer. Physical activity has been shown to be protective against the development of breast and colon cancer and may also be important for other kinds of cancer such as that of the prostate. The proposed biological mechanisms for the physical activity–cancer association include exercise's effect on immune function, transit time of digestion, hormones, and body fat. There has been little research on physical activity and the effect on progression of cancer, although there are studies to suggest that it may slow the clinical course of the disease. Furthermore, exercise may be beneficial in the treatment of cancer through mood elevation, decreased loss of lean tissue, and increased quality of life.

Much is still to be learned about the effect of exercise on cancer. The intensity, duration, frequency, and type of exercise that is relevant need to be clarified. As well, the time period during life when exercise is important has not been determined. It seems reasonable to conclude that exercise, a modifiable risk factor, is beneficial in preventing certain forms of cancer. Public health interventions may hold promise for cancer prevention.
Assessing the Observed Relationship between Low Cholesterol and Violence‐related Mortality
Authors: KAPLAN JAY R. , MULDOON MATTHEW F. , MANUCK STEPHEN B. , MANN J. JOHN
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:Health advocacy groups advise all Americans to restrict their dietary intake of saturated fat and cholesterol as an efficacious and safe way to lower plasma cholesterol concentrations and thus reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and other atherosclerotic disorders. However, accumulating evidence suggests that naturally low or clinically reduced cholesterol is associated with increased nonillness mortality (principally suicide and accidents). Other evidence suggests that such increases in suicide and traumatic death may be mediated by the adverse changes in behavior and mood that sometimes accompany low or reduced cholesterol. These observations provided the rationale for an ongoing series of studies in monkeys designed to explore the hypothesis that alterations in dietary or plasma cholesterol influence behavior and that such effects are potentiated by lipid‐induced changes in brain chemistry. In fact, the investigations in monkeys reveal that reductions in plasma cholesterol increase the tendency to engage in impulsive or violent behavior through a mechanism involving central serotonergic activity. It is speculated that the cholesterol‐serotonin‐behavior association represents a mechanism evolved to increase hunting or competitive foraging behavior in the face of nutritional threats signaled by a decline in total serum cholesterol (TC). The epidemiological and experimental data could be interpreted as having two implications for public health: (1) low‐cholesterol may be a marker for risk of suicide or traumatic death and (2) cholesterol lowering may have adverse effects for some individuals under some circumstances.
Morphometric Methods for Studying the Prefrontal Cortex in Suicide Victims and Psychiatric Patients
Authors: RAJKOWSKA GRAZYNA
Published: December 2006

Abstract Neurochemical studies demonstrate altered numbers of monoaminergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex in suicide and depression victims, implicating dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in the neuropathology of suicide and psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies in vivo have revealed an altered pattern of cortical metabolism and reductions in frontal lobe volume in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) or depression. However, the precise morphopathology underlying these abnormalities and thier reelevance to suicide are unknown. Our recent three‐dimensional cell counting of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from 16 postmortem SCZ brains (10 suicide completers) revealed cellular changes (increased neuronal density, and reduced laminar width and neuronal size) that may be associated with neuroimaging observations. Evaluation of the same morphometric parameters in the prefrontal cortex in seven bipolar brains (three committed suicide) revealed similarities (decreased cortical and laminar thickness) and differences (unchanged overall neuronal density and laminar densities) between morphopathology of SCZ and bipolar disorder. In another population of suicide victims with major depression (nonpsychotic), further morphopathological differences from SCZ and similarities to bipolar disorder were observed in the prefrontal cortex. From these data we can conclude that the morphopathology observed in brain tissue from suicide victims appears to vary based on psychiatric symptomatology. In order to confirm this hypothesis and to establish the specificity of morphometric findings in relation to psychiatric disorders and suicide, additional studies are warranted in nonsuicide subjects with SCZ, major depression, or bipolar disorder.
Androgens Regulate Protein Kinase Cδ Transcription and Modulate Its Apoptotic Function in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Gavrielides M. Veronica , Gonzalez-Guerrico Anatilde M. , Riobo Natalia A. , Kazanietz Marcelo G.
Published: December 2006

Activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), a member of the novel PKC family, leads to apoptosis in several cell types. Although the molecular bases of PKCδ activation are being unfolded, limited information is available on the mechanisms that control its expression. Here, we report that in prostate cancer cells PKCδ is tightly regulated by androgens at the transcriptional level. Steroid depletion from the culture medium causes a pronounced down-regulation of PKCδ protein and mRNA in androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells, an effect that is rescued by the androgen R1881 in an androgen receptor (AR)–dependent manner. Analysis of the PKCδ promoter revealed a putative androgen responsive element (ARE) located 4.7 kb upstream from the transcription start site. Luciferase reporter assays show that this element is highly responsive to androgens, and mutations in key nucleotides in the AR-binding consensus abolish reporter activity. Furthermore, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we determined that the AR binds in vivo to the PKCδ ARE in response to androgen stimulation. Functional studies revealed that, notably, androgens modulate phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)–induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells, an effect that is dependent on PKCδ. Indeed, androgen depletion or AR RNA interference severely impaired the apoptotic function of PKCδ or the activation of p38, a downstream effector of PKCδ in LNCaP cells—effects that can be rescued by restoring PKCδ levels using an adenoviral delivery approach. Our studies identified a novel hormonal mechanism for the control of PKCδ expression via transcriptional regulation that fine-tunes the magnitude of PKCδ apoptotic responses. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11792-801)