bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SHERLOCK HOLMES AND THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH: A DIAGNOSTIC TALE
Authors: McAleer Michael
Published: October 2006

Abstract.In four novels and fifty‐six short stories, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle developed the characters of Mr. Sherlock Holmes and his trusted friend and chronicler, Dr. John Watson. The creation of the brilliant sleuth and his partner who, although not possessing genius, stimulated it in his friend, was a masterstroke. The adventures, memoirs, return, last bow, and case book of Sherlock Holmes, as well as the four famous novels, are stories of sheer delight. Econometrics may not have the everlasting charm of Holmesian characters and adventures, or even a famous resident of Baker Street, but there is much in his methodological approach to the solving of criminal cases that is of relevance to applied econometric modelling. Holmesian detection may be interpreted as accommodating the relationship between data and theory, modelling procedures, deductions and inferences, analysis of biases, testing of theories, specification and respecification of theories, re‐evaluation and reformulation of theories, and finally reaching a solution to the problem at hand. With this in mind, can applied econometricians learn anything from the master of detection? This paper provides an outline of Holmesian deduction through the various stages of accommodation, namely problem solving, theorizing before data, examining the quality of data, the meaning of truth, reconciliation with data, and testing of theories. Testing procedures, especially the use of diagnostics, are the most common research method used in econometrics for examining a number of specifications within a modelling cycle of specification, estimation and evaluation. A diagnostic approach to the evaluation of empirical models is outlined through testing the key assumptions which define the parameter space for purposes of inference.
WAGE INTERDEPENDENCE THROUGH DECENTRALIZED BARGAINING
Authors: de la Croix David
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The idea that sector‐specific unions are influenced by the wages obtained by other unions has mainly been used to support the empirical observation that wages are highly correlated among industries. The sources of wage interdependence can mainly be found in unions’preferences, in the nature of technology and in price and demand determination. The presence of externalities and of strategic complementarity among unions leads to suboptimal equilibria, which generates non‐desired inflation, unemployment and possibly also trade balance deficit. This enforces the idea that part of current unemployment can be eliminated by improving the cooperation between social actors.
RECENT PROGRESS IN APPLIED BAYESIAN ECONOMETRICS
Authors: Koop Gary
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Bayesian methods are widely used by theoretical econometricians and statisticians but have not won widespread acceptance from applied researchers. After briefly describing the basic of the Bayesian approach, we discuss several issues relating to the empirical application of Bayesian methods. The existing Bayesian empirical literature is also partially summarized. The remainder of the paper offers a non‐technical survey of some recent computational advances in Bayesian econometrics. The overall goal is to persuade economists that Bayesian methods are both computationally feasible and easy to implement in empirical research.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COUNT DATA MODELLING: THEORY AND APPLICATION
Authors: Winkelmann Rainer , Zimmermann Klaus F.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper deals with statistical methods for modelling individual behavior when the endogenous variable is a nonnegative integer. Examples are the number of children, the number of job changes or the number of shopping trips in a given period. Several approaches—Poisson, robust Poisson, negative binomial (NEGBIN), NEGBINk, hurdle Poisson, truncated‐at‐zero Poisson—are discussed with a focus on specification, estimation, and testing. An application to labor mobility data illustrates the gain obtained by carefully taking into account the specific structure of the data.
EXCHANGE RATE PASS‐THROUGH
Authors: Menon Jayant
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The resilience of trade balances of the major industrialized economies to changes in their exchange rates has evoked interest in the exchange rate pass‐through relationship. So far, there has not been a comprehensive survey of this literature. The paper aims to fill this gap in two ways. First, it pieces together the theoretical literature on exchange rate pass‐through. Second, it provides a critical survey of the empirical literature on exchange rate pass‐through. Emphasis is placed on the data and methodology employed in previous work. This is done in order to guide future work in this growing area of research.
PSEUDO‐R2 MEASURES FOR SOME COMMON LIMITED DEPENDENT VARIABLE MODELS
Authors: VEALL MICHAEL R. , ZIMMERMANN KLAUS F.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. A large number of different Pseudo‐R2 measures for some common limited dependent variable models are surveyed. Measures include those based solely on the maximized likelihoods with and without the restriction that slope coefficients are zero, those which require further calculations based on parameter estimates of the coefficients and variances and those that are based solely on whether the qualitative predictions of the model are correct or not. The theme of the survey is that while there is no obvious criterion for choosing which Pseudo‐R2 to use, if the estimation is in the context of an underlying latent dependent variable model, a case can be made for basing the choice on the strength of the numerical relationship to the OLS‐R2 in the latent dependent variable. As such an OLS‐R2 can be known in a Monte Carlo simulation, we summarize Monte Carlo results for some important latent dependent variable models (binary probit, ordinal probit and Tobit) and find that a Pseudo‐R2 measure due to McKelvey and Zavoina scores consistently well under our criterion. We also very briefly discuss Pseudo‐R2 measures for count data, for duration models and for prediction‐realization tables.
THE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF FISCAL ILLUSION
Authors: Dollery Brian E. , Worthington Andrew C.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper examines the empirical analysis of the five main hypotheses subsumed under the generic term fiscal illusion. After placing these hypotheses within a common theoretical framework, the paper attempts to evaluate empirical research into the revenue‐complexity hypothesis, the revenue‐elasticity hypothesis, the flypaper effect, renter illusion, and debt illusion.
AUCTIONS: AN INTRODUCTION
Authors: Wolfstetter Elmar
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This is a detailed introduction to auction theory. It begins with a simple analysis of standard auctions and then uses a strikingly simple general solution of symmetric private values auctions to prove the payoff equivalence of many auction rules. The basic framework is then modified to admit risk aversion, multi‐unit and repeated auctions as well as collusion. Then follows an introduction to optimal auctions, with and without stochastic entry, and to common value auctions and the winner's curse problem. The survey closes with a sample of applications, from the regulation of natural monopolies to price competition in oligopoly and the government securities market.
British Rule and African Civilization in Tanganyika
Authors: CHACHAGE C.S.L.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper examines the systematization of the ideology of African civilization in Tanganyika between the wars, in the context of colonial strategies of Indirect Rule. It shows that largely fictitious images of African history, tradition, social structure and culture were developed in an attempt to co‐opt elements of the colonized, against the background of widespread resistance to colonialism and a pervasive post‐World War I crisis of the ‘civilizing mission’. Administrators. missionaries, social scientists and others contributed to this ideology of ‘Africanity’. Attention is also drawn to the striking parallels between aspects of African civilization and post‐1967 African socialism, and the suggestion made that the connecting link lies in African intellectuals from the 1930s embracing notions of African civilization to deal with the contradictions of their own position in colonial Tanganyika.

History has to be rewritten in each generation, because although the past does not change the present does; each generation asks new questions of the past, and finds new areas of sympathy as it relives different aspects of the experience of its predecessors.
Fiji Indians and Political Discourse in Fiji: from the Pacific Romance to the Coups
Authors: KELLY JOHN DUNHAM
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Why did Fiji Indian political rhetoric shift, at Fiji's independence, from Gandhian political grievance to nation, development and harmony? The Indians were brought to Fiji as plantation labor in order to protect the indigenous Fijians from wage labor. A romantic vision of the indigenes guided colonial policy, and became law at Fiji's independence, in a constitution giving indigenous Fijians and their chiefs special privileges. Despite the appeasing rhetoric, an electoral defeat of the indigenous chiefs was followed by military coups, for protection of indigenes against Indians and consolidation of chiefly power. Fiji has proved difficult to ‘imagine’ as a nation.
The Clerk Deskilled: A Study in False Nostalgia
Authors: ATTEWELL PAUL
Published: October 2006

AbstractFor some, the history of clerical work epitomizes the way in which technological change and the division of labor result in the deskilling and degradation of work. This paper argues that this perception of clerical deskilling is mistaken, the result of an inaccurate portrayal of traditional clerking, and of a theoretical tendency to (mis)read declines in the prestige and pay of an occupation as stemming from changes in skill. Focusing on Victorian clerks’ own descriptions of their work, and moving to the present period, the paper offers an alternative reading of clerical history and of the dynamics of occupational decline.
The White Man's Burden: Ersatz Customary Law and internal pacification in South Africa1
Authors: GORDON ROBERT
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In accounting for the recent popularity of ‘indigenous law’ studies in South Africa, this paper traces out the connections between establishment anthropology, the legal basis of the South African state and the application of native law. It details the structure, philosophical origins and scholarly justification for its practice and argues that in the exercise of Apartheid ‘customary law’ can best be seen as an instrument in the practice of what Giddens terms ‘internal pacification’.
Recombinant Family Formation Strategies1
Authors: LEVINE DAVID
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In contrast to the ‘modernization’ model of demographic change, popularized by the publications of the European Fertility Project, this paper sets the revolution in family life in an historical perspective. First, I briefly consider the creation of a distinctly north‐west European system of production and reproduction; second, I discuss how this regime led to the emergence of a revolutionary solution to the population/resources squeeze in early modern England; third, I consider how it came to be severely dis‐equilibrated in the period of industrialization, urbanization and improvements in life‐expectation which became generalized in the age of the Industrial Revolution; and, fourth, I propose that the re‐equilibration that we celebrate within the rubric of the Demographic Transition can perhaps be more effectively understood as both an innovation and an adjustment which occurred in response to the historical ruptures ‐ demographic and economic, cultural and political ‐ engendered by the twin processes of material change and state formation.
Selective Mobilization in Craft Protest
Authors: HAYDU JEFFREY
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Resource mobilization theory, while useful for understanding the conditions under which individuals act together to remedy their grievances, neglects other problematical features of collective action. In some settings the more interesting question is not why mobilization occurs but, instead, why individuals with varied grievances mobilize around certain goals and in certain alliances rather than others. Collective protest among skilled workers confronting industrial change illustrates this problem of selective mobilization. Characteristics of the labor process, craft unionism, industrial relations, and workshop organization favored the mobilization of some interests, goals, and coalitions and inhibited others. Contrasting patterns of protest among British engineers and American machinists before 1920 support the argument.
Interpretive Historical Sociology: discordances of Weber, Dilthey and others
Authors: BROWN DAVID K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Relations of several notions of historical understanding to issues of explanation, historical complexity, practical and moral reason, and the differentiation of historical and natural science are discussed. Examination of the historical context of the German Methodenstreit exhibits similarities with current disjunctions within historical sociology and allows specification of crucial questions about its methods and cognitive goals. Max Weber and Wilhelm Dilthey are discussed as proponents of radically opposed methodological positions. Claims about Weber's reliance on Dilthey are dispelled as it is shown that Weber neither developed nor practiced a ‘method’ of verstehen, while Weber's congruence with Heinrich Rickert is upheld. Oppositions within historiography (Droysen vs.Buckle) and economics (Schmoller vs. Menger) are analyzed as prefigurations of the Weber‐Dilthey rivalry. Finally, contemporary historical strategies are summarized with reference to pertinent issues extracted from earlier debates.
Making China ‘Perfectly Equal’1
Authors: HEVIA JAMES L.
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article focuses on activities undertaken by western powers in Beijing following the relief of the legations in 1900. Beginning with a description of actions specifically directed at the Chinese emperor and designed to bring low a sovereignty that was already in disarray, it then considers ways in which the emperor was reconstituted as a sovereign similar to European kings. Alterations made to Manchu‐Chinese imperial court audience in the Boxer protocol of 1901 are reviewed, arguing that this rewriting imposed a representational notion of ceremony over the imperial court's constitutive version of ceremonial practice. The western assault on imperial sovereignty contributed to the demise of Qing Kingship and to a new definition of “China” and the “Chinese”
Policing Society: the ‘Rational’ Practice of British Colonial Land Administration in the New Territories of Hong Kong c. 1900
Authors: CHUN ALLEN
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper examines the formulation and practice of British colonial land policy in the New Territories of Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the lease. Far from having put into operation a set of legal codes and administrative practices which mirrored indigenous custom hence rationally preserving the nature of traditional social organization, as has been put forth repeatedly in the scholarly literature, the machinery of rational administration introduced subtle changes into the system and petrified the social order in a way which came to be confused for native tradition. These events reflect the intrusion of a larger normalizing process and the hegemony of a new kind of moral regulation foreign to the existing order.
Reckoning Schemes of Legitimation: On Commissions of Inquiry as Power/Knowledge Forms
Authors: ASHFORTH ADAM
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Drawing upon literature from Australia, Canada, England, India, South Africa, Sweden, and the United States this article offers an alternative framework for the study of Commissions of Inquiry. Conventional understandings of such inquiries as policy‐making instruments of Government fail to grasp the significance of their political form. A reading which stresses the symbolic and ritual aspects of their work and analyses the forms of communication which are organized through public inquiries provides a better framework for grasping the place of these institutions in the reproduction of State power. This article argues that public inquiries derive authority from their distinctive legal, social, and epistemological status. The work of such inquiries can be characterized as ‘reckoning schemes of legitimation’, and this work structures political discourse in three phases: investigative, persuasive, and archival. The abiding significance of Commissions lies not simply in the investigation of facts and the recommendation of policy, but in the elaboration of the ‘idea of the state’. Such schemes of legitimation serve in constituting a realm of discourse through which collective action vis‐à‐vis Society by those who act in the name of the State becomes thinkable, and thereby organizable.
The Origin and Course of Fabian Colonialism in Africa
Authors: COWEN MICHAEL , SHENTON ROBERT
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article shows why and how the practices of Fabians in colonial Africa rested upon a socialist version of the doctrine of trusteeship. With its roots in nineteenth‐century Comtean positivism, Fabian colonialism originated in an attempt to transcend the limits of Chamberlainite development as part of the radical‐liberal reaction against the doctrine of development. The Labour Government's abortive colonial offensive of 1947 was unwittingly drawn out of Joseph Chamberlain's failed project to develop the ‘imperial estates’ of Africa through large‐scale capitalist enterprise to meet British industrial need. In 1906, the Liberal Party's electoral programme for free trade defeated Chamberlain's imperial and industrial project. The Liberal victory was followed by the success of radicals and liberals in making land nationalisation and peasant production the cornerstone of colonial policy for Africa. This policy confirmed a colonial formula of the early Fabians, such as Sydney Olivier, and marked out the contours for an imperial socialism that were later straightened out by, for instance, Leonard Woolf. As an African surplus population emerged most obviously in the 1930s, the key word of ‘development’ entered official language and did so in much the same way that it had earlier done in Britain at the turn of the century. Development came to mean state intervention for developing agriculture, and not industry, in an attempt to deal with the problem of urban unemployment and poverty. The agrarian bias of development, notwithstanding the failure of the large schemes of 1947 and the experience of white settlement in Kenya, marks the continuity of Fabian policy to the post‐colonial present.
Some Remarks on Culture, Development and Revolution in Africa
Authors: WAMBA ERNEST WAMBA DIA
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Self‐celebrations of capitalism are again the order of the day since the collapse of European bureaucratic socialist states. Attempts at ‘normalizing’ colonialism after the ‘victory’ of the US‐led coalition in the Gulf war are being made as well. Cultural phenomena are proving crucial for both celebrants of and resisters against the war. Development without consideration of cultural specificities can only be imperialist expansionism. When imposed,‘democracy’,‘peace’ and even ‘revolution’ can only be cultural madness. In the face of the threat to cultural diversity, this article tries to sensitize readers to the need to take culture seriously. Cultures are forms of consciousness; they are decisive on whether people condone genocide or oppose it.
Royal Fiscal Systems and State Formation in France from the 13th to the 16th century, with some English Comparisons
Authors: FRYDE EDMUND
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article attempts a comparison between the principal features of the financial history of the English and French monarchies during the period when they first experienced regular or, at least, frequent taxation (c. 1270‐c. 1420). It is easier to generalise about England, which had a fairly unified fiscal system, than about France with its much more fragmented financial administration and much more dispersed and fragmentary sources. Hence the bulk of the article deals with France. It ends with an attempt to stress that the fiscal collapse of the absolute French monarchy in 1789 was the outcome of some financial practices that were becoming established already byc.1400.
Historical Arguments for a ‘Logic of Development’ in ‘Precapitalist’ Agriculture
Authors: BANAJI JARIUS
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In this essay I produce historical arguments for 'suspending belief in the hypothesis of discontinuity, by which I mean the conception that the real or alleged differences between economic regimes and historical periods are in some sense (never explicitly discussed) more fundamental to their historical interpretation than the factors which they share in common. Part One challenges the notion that the different economic epochs are each characterised by a predominant type of labour relation, e.g. the ancient world by slavery. Part Two looks very rapidly at the work of some medieval historians to extract the general postulate that the agriculture of any given period is characterised by a complex and differentiated use of labour. Finally, in the concluding pages I take up sharecropping and permanent farm contracts, referring mainly to India. The logical next step, after an essay of this sort, would be to look at the issue of managerial control in agriculture but in this paper I've sedulously avoided this massive subject.
The Beginnings of English Imperialism
Authors: GILLINGHAM JOHN
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article looks at a critical stage in the forcible anglicisation of Ireland. Scotland and Wales, and argues that the set of cultural images which provided the moral energy for English imperialism first emerged in the twelfth century, i.e. about four centuries earlier than is commonly supposed. By early twelfth century profound economic, social, military and cultural developments had so transformed England as to mean that the English and Celtic worlds were now sufficiently far apart for the differences between them to be visible to contemporaries, notably to William of Malmesbury, the first to articulate this 'significant otherness’ in terms of the classical contrast between civilisation and barbarism.
The Social and Economic Underpinning of Paternalism and Violence on the Maize Farms of the South‐Western Transvaal, 1900–1950*
Authors: VAN ONSELEN CHARLES
Published: October 2006

Abstract
All social systems ‐ including highly repressive ones ‐ manifest features of accommodation as well as those of coercion. These are often seen as discrete entities and, in the case of modern South Africa, the pervasiveness of racial oppression has given rise to a literature which fails to explore more accommodatory ideologies and social practices such as paternalism. In this essay it is argued that paternalism and violence are not necessarily exclusive phenomena. Indeed, it is suggested that the very presence of paternalistic relationships can ‐ at various historic junctures ‐ exacerbate the propensity to violence.
A Cambridge View of Modernity
Authors: FORES MICHAEL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
It has been proposed, and accepted, commonly, often as part of a whiggish tale of humanity breaking the shackles of the past, that an Early Modern Europe paved the way, with its Scientific Revolution, for an ‘industrial condition’ to come. Yet interpretations of that ‘revolution’ have involved making some suspect general conclusions about a new, standard ‘rationality’ of conduct and a new norm suitable for constructed science. Furthermore, commonly‐accepted generalizations about the advent and spread of Industrial Revolution are not well supported by the available evidence, especially where the case has been linked to an indistinct ‘science.’
The Antinomies of Ruling Class Culture: The Buenos Aires Elite, 1880–1910
Authors: JOHNS MICHAEL
Published: October 2006

Abstract
To legitimate their privileged, rentier position, and to trumpet Argentine progress, the rulers of Buenos Aires lavished much of their extraordinary wealth on a cosmopolitan style of consumption designed to imitate, if not outdo, the elites of Paris and London. But, the local relations of production and politics lagged behind this ruling class’ advanced status as consumers. Hence the unresolved tension in its desire to create a modern, cosmopolitan city out of western European commodities and styles, and the aristocratic, conservative, even provincial meaning it gave that imported modernity.

It is the hard fate of new aristocracies that the element of error, with them, has to be contemporary—not relegated to the dimness of the past, but receiving the full modern glare, a light fatal to the fond theory that the best society, everywhere, has grown, in all sorts of ways, in spite of itself. Henry James The American Scene
Boundary Disputes: Criminal Justice and Psychiatry in Germany, 1760–1850
Authors: KAUFMANN DORIS
Published: October 2006

Abstract: This article investigates the boundary dispute between jurists and the new experts of the developing field of psychiatry over the definition of a criminal's soundness of mind. The latter tried to extend their acknowledged competence for the physiological side of the mutual relationship between body and soul into the realm of emotional and behavioral disturbances which resulted in criminal acts, thereby extending the concept of insanity to all realms of human subjectivity. The psychiatric models of argumentation and persuasion used in court were analysed as well as the reaction of the jurists, who did not accept the undermining of their competence without protest. This paper shows, however, that the psychiatrists’ pattern of thought gradually gained acceptance among legal experts.
Commerce and Capitalism in Late Medieval England: Problems of Description and Theory*
Authors: BRITNELL RICHARD
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Marx's account of the transition from feudalism to capitalism is usually handled too narrowly in discussions of the later Middle Ages. When its full scope is taken into account the period 1300–1530 is shown to be more a period of arrested development than one of critical importance. The period 1000–1300 showed a much greater shift towards capitalism. By implication, the transition needs analysing as a much longer process than most traditional accounts imply. The article also queries the coherence of accounts of late medieval change that refuse to give autonomous weight to declining population as a cause of social change.
Eugenics and the Asylum
Authors: RADFORD JOHN P.
Published: October 2006

AbstractDespite their aura of self‐containment and apparent closure the institutions built to confine people diagnosed as ‘mentally deficient’ or ‘feebleminded’ were closely connected to broader social structures. A recent paper presenting involuntary sterilization almost exclusively as an internal control measure attempts to sever this relationship. Yet the encoding of eugenic forces both within and beyond the asylum wall reinforces the idea that, far from being institutionally disconnected from modern society, the custodial asylum represents one of its most powerful archetypes.
The Mfecane as Teaching Aid: History, Politics and Pedagogy in Southern Africa1
Authors: EPPRECHT MARC
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The mfecane refers to the wars and migrations which took place in southern Africa between the 1810s and 1840s. Historians have long debated its causes, as well as drawn radically different conclusions from it about the “nature” of Africans. Most controversially, it has been used to reify African “tribalism” and justify apartheid. The present process of democratization in the region has renewed controversy as ethnic groups use versions of mfecane history to back special claims. From a teaching perspective, I sketch the relationship between the rival historiographies and the changing political context. I also argue that the present mfecane debates are a rich teaching resource which can facilitate discussion of a number of key historiographical and pedagogical issues. These include the use or abuse of sources, the effects of race and gender socialization on the production of historical knowledge, and the responsibilities of historians in contexts of political violence and social injustice.
State, Power and Gender: Conflict over the Registration of African Customary Marriage in South Africa c. 1910–1970
Authors: POSEL DEBORAH
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Since the 1920s, the South African Department of Native Affairs (later Bantu Administration and Development) repeatedly prevaricated about instituting a compulsory national register for African customary marriages, despite having compelling strategic and moral reasons to do so and strong support in some powerful quarters. Even at the zenith of its power in the 1960s, poised for a newly aggressive onslaught on the lives of African people, the Department of Bantu Administration and Development was unusually diffident about creating such a marriage register. This paper uses a case study of these recurring vacillations within the state over registering customary marriages, to illustrate some of the inscriptions of gender in political power. It shows too, that their effects were uneven and contradictory. Struggles over whether or not to create the register included, in fundamental ways, debates about the meaning of ‘patriarchy’ and the manner of the state's powers as its custodian.
“When Australia was the Big Name for Papua New Guinea”: the Colonial Constitution of Faiwolmin Subjects
Authors: POLIER NICOLE
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This essay addresses the constitution of colonial state subjects among Faiwolmin people of the Western Province, Papua New Guinea. As Australian power was consolidated here beginning in the 1950s, a relatively liberal, paternalistic colonialism encountered problems of containment and control on a historical and geographical penumbra of Empire. The process of bringing highly mobile and scattered shifting cultivators within the borders of the Territory was plagued by a shortage of “patrol” officers and technologies of indirect rule. This analysis is concerned with the consolidation of Australian colonial power and with how Faiwolmin became subjects, and their “customs” increasingly objects, of rule. By the time of nation state formation in 1975, it is argued, the subjectivities of Faiwolmin themselves had been reconstituted within a new terrain of conflict introduced by the imperial power.
Cultural Colonialism and New Languages of Power: Scientific Progress in Nineteenth Century Ecuador
Authors: FITZELL JILL
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the practice of natural sciences in Ecuador during the nineteenth century. European visitors promoted science for objectivity and progress, and their work, though generally legitimated by the educated landowning elite, was not so readily accepted by other social groups. The language of scientific discipline is analysed as a potential form of cultural colonialism by focusing on the ways in which scientific discipline and discourse were first institutionalized by the Ecuadorian state with the help of Europeans, and then incorporated into public debate following a series of unprecedented political and natural crises in 1877.
A Sociologist Meets History Critical Reflections upon Practice
Authors: FRANZOSI ROBERTO
Published: October 2006

Abstract
‘Why be quantitative?’Harold D. Lasswell asked that question several decades ago. His answer was: to take advantage of the rigor and precision that comes with quantification. Since then, quantification has spread across social science disciplines, putting qualitative approaches on the defensive. This paper examines the practices of quantitative sociologists in their study of historical processes. Much ritualism is found in those practices; much rhetoric in quantification. Alas, Lasswell's good intentions seem to have gone lost in a ritual called ‘hypothesis testing.’The author reflects critically upon his own practices and on the forms of quantification and the strategies of explanations that he has adopted.
P.S.I. Now — A Review of Progress and Problems*
Authors: Boud D. J. , Bridge W. A. , Willoughby L.
Published: October 2006

This paper aims to describe the original formulation and some of the subsequent interpretations, applications and evaluations of the self‐paced method of instruction known as the Keller plan, or the Personalised System of Instruction. Emphasis is placed upon bringing together evidence from the authors' own evaluations of such courses in the U.K., and from literature in this field. It is intended that this should give a framework for discussion of the method and indicate its advantages and limitations to potential users.
A Computerized Item Banking System (CIBS)
Authors: Newbould C A , Massey A J
Published: October 2006

The functions and characteristics of a Computerized Item Banking System (CIBS) are described and related to the processes and requirements of the cycle of multiple choice test development. It is suggested that the system is sufficiently robust for it to be of value to potential item bank users who can gain access to data processing resources, including groups of teachers, currently dissuaded from banking items by the labour required to maintain manual systems.
Integrative Structural Objectives
Authors: Reti Peter G
Published: October 2006

This paper represents an attempt to bring together three lines of ongoing curriculum development: the structural analysis of course‐content, the use of ‘organizers’, and the formulation of objectives; and to relate these to the problems of compartmentalization of understanding that students on theoretical courses frequently encounter. Central to this paper is the argument that too much emphasis is currently being placed on vertical analyses of course‐content, and that this is aggravated by the fragmentation of content into numerous objectives stated as learning outcomes. A complementary approach is proposed, focusing upon the relationships between major coordinate course elements, and the use of task‐based objectives as a means of enabling students to consolidate these relationships.
A Practical Introduction to Authoring for Computer‐Assisted Instruction. Part I—IPS
Authors: Barker P G , Steele J W
Published: October 2006

IPS is a sophisticated courseware authoring tool. This paper presents an overview of the language, its structure and mode of operation. Some illustrative examples of its use are given and the results of some initial investigations of its potential as a tool for computer‐assisted instruction in an open‐learning environment are briefly described.
Teleconferencing and Distance Learning
Authors: Harris N D C , Tarrant R D
Published: October 2006

This paper looks at teleconferencing as a potential strategy in education and training. The possible uses are outlined with supporting briefcase studies both from the UK and USA. The types of teleconferencing available in the UK, their costs and a simple means of calculating costs are included. Some guidelines are given to prepare for and organize a teleconference.
Distance Teaching by Cyclops: an educational evaluation of the Open University's telewriting system
Authors: McConnell David , Sharples Mike
Published: October 2006

The trend towards courses with low, widely scattered student populations in the Open University makes the provision of face‐to‐face tutorials difficult. Telephone tuition is being used as an alternative. One major drawback of this is the lack of a graphics facility for communicating writing and drawings.

To help overcome this the Open University has developed a graphics telewriting terminal called Cyclops which allows for the live transmission of writing and drawing by telephone.

This paper describes the Cyclops telewriting system and explains how it has been used in a two‐year trial project, funded by British Telecom, for tutoring Open University students in the East Midlands region of England. Preliminary findings from the evaluation of the trials are discussed and suggestions for setting up similar distance‐teaching systems are offered.

The two‐year trial of Cyclops is proving that telewriting tutorials are both educationally effective and acceptable to a large number of students and tutors.
Study Skills at a Distance—ten years on
Authors: Rouse Sam , Lewis Roger
Published: October 2006

How to Study Effectively was probably the first distance learning course in the UK to help students to acquire learning skills. It has consistently attracted large numbers of students. Sam Rouse has tutored the course for the whole of its life and this paper reports the result of an evaluation he recently carried out. Samples of three student groups, all enrolled in 1972, were asked for their views on the course after a ten year gap. A group of‘normal’enrollers is compared with two more special groups, one of TUC sponsored students and one of intending ordinands in the Church of England. Why did they enrol? How many assignments did they complete? What did they think of the course? What differences if any has it made to their lives? The paper concludes with three case studies of students, one from each group. The full report, And Having Studied Effectively, is published by the National Extension College.
Education and the Ultimate Machine
Authors: Voelker Bill
Published: October 2006

The computer, still less than 40 years old, is shaping radical changes in the manner in which we work and play, think and feel, plan and manage. As the ultimate machine (much as the brain is the ultimate, irreplaceable organ) it is laden with emotional implications. And reasonably so, for our success in attempting to integrate it humanely into society will determine the future course of human conflict and development. There is no turning back. And upon the shoulders of educators will fall a major share of the responsibility for directing this inevitable computer‐induced change.
The Seminar as an Instructional Strategy in Distance Education
Authors: Peruniak Geoffrey S
Published: October 2006

The data from this study indicated that those students who attended one seminar early in the course and those who did not tended to be different subsets of the course population. There was some evidence that seminar attenders progressed more rapidly through the first part of the course and had higher completion rates than non‐attenders. However, seminar attenders appeared to take longer to complete the course than non‐attenders. The results from the study were strictly correlational and it was not possible to determine the extent to which seminars attracted high performance students or contributed to higher performance.
Training Teachers to Select Educational Computer Software: results of a formative evaluation of an Open University pack
Authors: Preece Jenny , Jones Ann
Published: October 2006

In this paper we consider the problem of training teachers to select suitable educational programs to use in their classroom. We argue that selecting good programs is difficult, requiring both skill and experience, and that training teachers to do this has been largely neglected, both by the available literature and by in‐service training courses. We describe an Open University course (Open University Press, 1984) which addresses this issue and report on a formative evaluation of an activity within the course in which teachers examined three commercially available educational software packages.

We conclude by emphasizing the importance of a sound framework in which teachers can develop selection skills so that they can go beyond the superficial technical features of the programs to consider whether the underlying pedagogy is sound and suited to their needs.
Learning Styles and Strategies of Postgraduate Students
Authors: Ford Nigel
Published: October 2006

Research by Pask has suggested that matching and mismatching teaching strategies with learners’preferred learning strategies may have considerable effects of learning. The study reported here sought to explore the extent to which a group of experienced and successful learners, such as postgraduate students, might be expected to be versatile learners, in the sense of being able to learn equally well from holist and serialist learning materials. Eighty‐three postgraduate students completed two questionnaires designed to assess learning styles. Twenty‐six students also took two tests designed to assess their competence in learning from materials designed to suit holist and serialist learning strategies. Only two out of 26 students scored equally well on the tests of holist and serialist competence. The study also examines the extent to which holist and serialist competence may be predicted by relatively‘quick and easy’questionnaire instruments. In 19 out of 23 cases such competence could be predicted from responses to a number of items from one of the questionnaires. Implications for further research are discussed.
Metaphors Underlying the Improvement of Teaching and Learning
Authors: Tiberius Richard G
Published: October 2006

Metaphors structure our understanding of the process of teaching and learning and thereby influence our efforts—both research and practice—to improve this process. Moreover, there is evidence of a shift in dominance from one metaphor to another which will have profound implications for the emerging field concerned with the improvement of teaching and learning.
How do Teachers View Their Teaching and the Use of Teaching Resources?
Authors: Chandra Peter
Published: October 2006

This paper looks briefly at teachers' views and opinions of their use of various teaching methods and teaching resources. The study was limited to a single secondary school where a questionnaire was given to a small sample of 15 teachers in four departments. What was found was that in the Ideal World (where everything that was needed was available), the reasons given for various teaching methods used were mainly pupil dominated, but when it came to the actual methods being used, the reasons were mainly personal constraints of the teacher or organizational constraints. This dichotomy widened from the humanities field to the sciences field. With respect to the resources used, it could be hypothesised that most teachers felt they were not prepared to use new types of resources especially if they entailed acquiring new technical skills, more preparation, and a change of roles played by the teacher.
A Practical Introduction to Authoring for Computer‐Assisted Instruction Part 8: multi‐media CAL
Authors: Barker Philip
Published: October 2006

Until recently the majority of applications of the computer within conversational computer‐assisted learning and computer‐based training have utilized a keyboard/ cathode ray tube model of human/computer interaction. However, because of its greater scope, instructional designers are turning increasingly to the use of a workstation model of student interaction with computers. Such a model can lead to the implementation of didactic dialogue that is more natural, more exciting and far more flexible. In this paper we show how such a model forms the basic foundations for multi‐ media CAL. We then outline some case studies involving the use of this approach and summarize some author languages that have been designed for use in this area.
Hypertext and compact discs: the challenge of multi‐media learning
Authors: Megarry Jacquetta
Published: October 2006

The role of the computer should be organising and representing knowledge to give the user easy access and control, rather than trying to create a model of the learner and seeking to prescribe her route through it. Hypertext is high‐level software through which the learner explores and interacts with knowledge. Users can pursue a variety of suggested trails through the material, or they can create new pathways for themselves and others to follow, by forging new links and even by extending the material. Hypertext is inherently multi‐user, blurring the distinction between author, editor and reader. Hypermedia is a name sometimes given to the multi‐media capability of hypertext, emphasising the way in which users can combine, edit and orchestrate sounds, graphics, moving pictures, texts and computer software, at the click of a mouse.

Compact disc technology provides the perfect partner to hypertext, offering extremely dense, robust and flexible storage. Products such as CD‐ROM (compact disc read‐only memory) and CD‐I (compact disc interactive), and technologies such as DVI (digital video interactive), offer immense scope for multi‐media learning. Educational technologists face an urgent challenge to harness the power of this combination.
The impact of society on educational technology
Authors: Boyd Gary
Published: October 2006

Much has been written about the impact of the new technologies on society by Jacques Ellul, Stafford Beer, and many others. But there has been very littleanalysis of the reverse—the impact of evolving commercial, political, and institutional interests, and their ideologies, on the development of technology. Educational technology in particular has been and is being shaped by these societal forces.

This article presents a theoretical perspective on the interaction and gives several instances of cultural impact on the development of computer/video‐mediated educational technology in the US, Japan, and the United Kingdom.

Increased awareness of societal shaping should lead us to new research areas, and ultimately to more democratic, more fruitful, and more viable educational innovations.
A computer‐based vocabulary program for three categories of student
Authors: Horton Steven V , Lovitt Thomas C , Givens Alex
Published: October 2006

Two experiments were designed to test the effectiveness of a computer‐based vocabulary program. In Experiment One, high school students classified as learning disabled and remedial were given a 60‐item pre‐test made up of terms normally taught by their teacher. After selecting the 35 most difficult terms, 28 of them were assigned to a computer program involving a pre‐test, practice, post‐test sequence, and using cumulative review, mouse‐controlled responding, and configuring responses to focus student attention. Seven terms were designated as control items by placing them in post‐tests but not in the computer program. Students were given three computer sessions on consecutive school days, with a written multiple‐choice post‐test following each session. Results indicated a significant gain on computer items after the second computer session for the youngsters with learning disabilities, and after the first session for remedial pupils. Performance on control items did not improve across measures for either group.

In Experiment Two, a pre‐test/post‐test control group design was arranged to investigate the effects of the same computer program used to teach health terms to general education high school students. The results were similar to those of the first experiment.
Computer‐aided publishing and open learning materials
Authors: Kember David , Kemp Neale
Published: October 2006

The authors discuss the potential impact of computer‐aided publishing hardware and software on the production of distance education and self‐instructional study material. They compare the capabilities of computer‐aided publishing systems with those of other equipment. General typographic design criteria are raised.

The implications of the availability of computer‐aided publishing systems are then discussed in relation to the production of printed learning materials. Computer‐aided publishing systems have benefits in revealing instructional design strategies, aiding development and revision, and in the production and incorporation of graphics. However, an ability to operate the software does not guarantee the production of high quality printed materials. The knowledge and skills of the graphic designer are as necessary as ever.