bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Truncating English and Arabic Onset Cluster by a Bilingual Child: An Optimality Theory Perspective
Authors: Daana Hana Asaad
Published: September 2018

This study investigates the process of truncating English and Arabic onset cluster in the early speech of a bilingual child within the framework of Optimality Theory Model. It specifically proposes the child’s hierarchical grammar(s) responsible for the child’s process of simplifying English and Arabic consonantal sequences into singletons in onset position. The importance of this research stems from the absence of research on truncating Arabic onset cluster within the Optimality Theory perspective. Therefore, it is the first to put this theory into practice as far as reducing Arabic clusters is concerned. The data for this research were collected through parental diaries. Only data collected between the ages of 1;9 and 2;5 were analysed. The results reveal two different hierarchies of the grammar each of which is responsible for truncating the clusters into singletons in one particular language. The results also reveal a conformity with the universally fixed onset constraint hierarchy in the child’s English production. However, a deviation from this universally fixed onset constraint hierarchy is detected in the production of the sequence formed by fricative followed by stop or vice versa in Arabic.
Reality and Mythology, Convention and Novelty in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land
Authors: Ziater Walid Ali
Published: September 2018

Eliot's Waste Land , its implications, sources, his treatment of myth, reality, convention and novelty, has received a huge bulk of criticism among Eliot's scholars whose views of the poem are divided into two categories: positive and negative. This article examines these terms against Eliot's fundamental approaches to an individual work of literature in his "Tradition and Talent" essay and the application of the "objective correlative" when applying criticism to the poem. The article argues that Eliot employed myth, allegory and symbols in a very novel way to connect the past with the present; he could criticize without direction and educate and entertain his readers with host of interpretations applicable to the now and then. Another important  key to understand Eliot's Waste Land is that his  objective correlative is what links the poem which may look fragmentary, but  in fact complete in thought with the help of this technique. By so doing Eliot has gained a statutes among the modernists in the realm of poetry – new modes of writing poetry.
Teachers’ Evaluation of the ILI High Intermediate Book Series through an Eclectic Checklist
Authors: Shafiee Sara , Behjat Fatemeh
Published: September 2018

Taking a glance at the plethora of literature on language books evaluation, one can easily explore the critical role being played by coursebooks in language learning contexts. Selecting a course book which fits the requirements of a specific course and aides teaching and learning processes besides offering organization and discipline to an educational course is a critical task carried out by teachers, practitioners or materials developers. One of the most commonly used instruments in evaluating course books in order to adopt or even adapt them, in cases needed, is checklist. Focusing on this recent issue, the present study aimed at evaluating a series of the ILI books which are widely used all around Iran at high-intermediate levels in one of the most well-known national language schools called Iran Language Institute (ILI). The participants were 23 experienced teachers holding BA, MA or PhD at this language school in adult section from different branches in Shiraz. The instrument used in this survey was an eclectic checklist devised and suggested by Yusuf Demir and Abdullah Ertas (2014).
The Impact of Using Dynamic Assessment on Iranian’s Writing Literacy
Authors: Sadighi Firooz , Jamasbi Fatemeh , Ramezani Sara
Published: September 2018

Although using Dynamic Assessment especially in educational setting has been revealed to be a useful approach in helping learners to achieve higher levels of learning, not much consideration has been given to the role of teacher mediation through Dynamic Assessment in teaching writing literacy (Persian language). This study aimed to explore possible effects of teacher mediation on Iranian students’ Persian writing skills. To this end 30 Iranian Persian students were selected as participants of the study. The treatment group was taught writing skill through DA by using Flexible mediation, but the control group without receiving any mediation. A non-dynamic pre- and post-test writings were given to both groups to determine any differences in their writing performance. At the end of the treatment a semi-structured interview was used to know the experimental group’s opinion about their teacher’s assistance. The data was subjected to the statistical procedure of t-test and the results indicated that not only all the students of experimental group outperformed the students of control group but according the semi-structured interview, DA acted as low affective filter for them since they saw teacher as an assistant during their writing and their improvement increased their motivation.
SUUDİ ARABİSTAN'IN MÜSLÜMAN KARDEŞLER POLİTİKASI: 1932-2016
Authors: TELCİ İsmail Numan , RAKİPOĞLU Mehmet
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Suudi Arabistan’ın
İhvan politikasını tarihsel süreç içerisinde incelemektir. Çalışmada Riyad
yönetiminin geçmişten günümüze İhvan politikası bölgesel güç mücadelesi ve
rejim güvenliği olmak üzere iki temel değişken üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Bu
iki dinamiğe bağlı olarak Suudi yönetimi İhvan’ı bölgesel güç mücadelesi
bağlamında dış tehditleri dengelemek için bir denge unsuru olarak görürken aynı
zamanda rejim güvenliği değişkeni bağlamında ulusal güvenlik tehdidi olarak
algılamıştır.
An Irregular Rhythm with Missing P Waves
Authors: MacKenzie Ross
Published: September 2018

An electrocardiogram on a life insurance applicant with a history of surgically repaired congenital heart disease displays an irregular rhythm with occasional missing P waves.
Enfermedad de hansen (lepra): Eritema nodoso leproso presentación de caso
Authors: Fragozo Mendoza Luis C. , Villalobos Caballero Carlos A.
Published: September 2018

La enfermedad de Hansen o lepra es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa de curso crónico tan antigua como la humanidad misma, que a lo largo de la historia ha marginado a todo aquel que la padece. En la actualidad con el conocimiento de su patogenia y avances en la terapéutica se tiene una visión diferente de la misma. En los siguientes párrafos se realiza una revisión bibliográfica actualizada y la presentación del caso clínico de un paciente de 44 años de edad, al cual se le diagnostico lepra lepromatosa con desarrollo de eritema nodoso leproso quien recibió manejo poliquimioterapéutico con adecuada evolución.
Management of benign ovarian cysts in a semiurban hospital: a retrospective study
Authors: Sridhar M. , Susmitha Chillamherla
Published: September 2018

Background: Benign ovarian cysts are one of the most common cause of surgery. Most of these cysts are asymptomatic and are accidentally found when undergoing a pelvic examination. We conducted a study on the types of benign ovarian cysts in our setup and their surgical management.Methods: 156 patients who were clinically diagnosed and operated on benign ovarian cysts were included into the study. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed in all the patients to assess the size of cysts and other characteristics of the mass and to exclude malignancy. All the cysts were laparoscopically treated.Results: Out of 156 patients, most of the patients (27.9%) had come to the hospital with chronic pelvic pain. 25.3% of the patients were asymptomatic and 14.3% had complaints of pelvic mass. Endometrioma which was seen in more than 50% of the cases followed by dermoid cysts seen in 24.3% of the cases. The most common type of surgery performed on the patients was cystectomy in 85.3% followed by oophorectomy in 10.9% of the cases and in 3.8%, a complete laparoscopic salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Complications was observed in 1.3% of the cases.Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery for the removal of benign ovarian cysts the most preferred type of surgery, with cystectomy being the most common type and that with salpingo-oophorectomy being fairly uncommon. As, this is not without complications, careful patient selection and proper surgical experience is required o ensure a safe laparoscopy.
Autonomia política como experiência comunicativa de bricolagem e práticas de resistência na gambiarra
Authors: Ramírez Hernández Elisa Beatriz , Altheman Francine , Salgueiro Marques Ângela Cristina , De Jesus Eduardo
Published: September 2018

Este trabalho pretende refletir acerca de um modo específico de bricolagem, a gambiarra, em seus entrelaçamentos com: a) processos estético-políticos de constituição da autorrealização e autonomia dos sujeitos; b) uma poética do conhecimento que se serve da bricolagem para libertar linguagens, corpos e objetos de roteiros e scripts valorativos que engessam o olhar e impedem questionamentos e resistências. Aborda-se primeiramente a relação entre a construção da autonomia e a bricolagem através do modo como a gambiarra define modos de fazer e viver em Cuba. Em seguida, se analisa como, nas manifestações dos secundaristas em 2015, a bricolagem permitiu variar as formas dos enunciados existentes e reinventar suas coordenadas de enunciação, libertando palavras, imagens, signos de suas funcionalidades habituais.
Evaluación de nanoformulaciones en el desarrollo in vitro de hongos fitopatógenos
Authors: Correa-Pacheco Zormy Nacary , Bautista-Baños Silvia , Hernández-López Mónica , Marquina-Valle Miguel Ángel
Published: September 2018

En el control de microorganismos fitopatógenos, existen nuevas propuestas de nanomateriales que incluyen aquellas con quitosano y aceites esenciales, los cuales puedes aplicarse solo o en nanoformulaciones. Seis aislamientos fúngicos se sometieron a diferentes tratamientos para evaluar su efecto en el crecimiento micelial y germinación de las esporas. Se observó una inhibición total (100%) en la mayoría de los hongos cuando se incubaron en medio nutritivo adicionado con nanopartículas de quitosano con aceite esencial de tomillo al 5%; solamente o en cubiertas nanoestructuradas. Dependiendo del aislamiento, hubo una inhibición notable (50% y 100%) en la germinación con el aceite esencial de tomillo 1%. Cuando los hongos crecieron en los tratamientos individuales, la germinación se retrasó 6 h pero se inhibió completamente cuando se incubaron en las nanoformulaciones. Comparado con el aceite esencial de limón, fue el aceite esencial de tomillo el que  proporcionó un control remarcable en los hongos evaluados.
EFEK ANTIBAKTERI VIRGIN COCONUT OIL TERHADAP METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Susanto Tirta Darmawan , Sujatno Muchtan , Yuwono Hendro Sudjono
Published: September 2018

Kejadian infeksi, baik di lingkungan rumah sakit yang disebut infeksi nosokomial maupun di luar rumah sakit, cukup besar. Infeksi mempertinggi angka kematian dan kesakitan, serta memperlama waktu perawatan di rumah sakit. Saat ini banyak tanaman yang terbukti secara empiris memiliki efek antibakteri, diantaranya adalah minyak kelapa murni (Virgin Coconut Oil / VCO), oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian ini guna mengetahui efek anti bakteri VCO pada luka yang telah diinfeksi dengan Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Telah dilakukan penelitian eksperimental laboratorium dengan desain penelitian Rancangan Acak Lengkap. Hewan coba yang digunakan adalah marmut jantan galur albino sebanyak 15 ekor . Dermis hewan coba diinsisi hingga diperoleh luka berukuran 9cm2 dasar otot, luka diinfeksi dengan suspensi bakteri MRSA, kemudian diberi 3 macam perlakuan yaitu dibiarkan saja tanpa pengobatan untuk control negatif, terapi VCO per oral 3 cc / hari dan terapi VCO topikal 0,4 cc / hari. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan two sample – T test.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian VCO topikal dengan dosis 0,4 cc / hari mampu mengobati infeksi dan mempercepat penyembuhan luka hewan coba secara bermakna (p = 0,043 < α = 0,05), tetapi pemberian VCO peroral 3 cc / hari menunjukkan hasil yang tidak bermakna (p = 0,376 > α = 0,05). Pemberian VCO per oral 3 cc / hari dan topikal 0,4 cc / hari mampu menurunkan jumlah lekosit darah pada hewan coba. Pemberian VCO topikal 0,4 cc / hari mampu membunuh bakteri sehingga dapat mengurangi jumlah bakteri pada luka secara bermakna (p = 0,0092 < α = 0,05), namun pemberian VCO per oral tidak mampu mengurangi jumlah bakteri pada luka secara bermakna (p = 0,17 > α = 0,05). Pada hasil penelitian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian VCO topikal menunjukkan efek antibakteri yang bermakna untuk mengatasiinfeksi MRSA.
Pengaruh P53 Dan YY1 Terhadap Terjadinya Kanker Serviks
Authors: Wibisono Jacobus Jeno
Published: September 2018

Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer in the world and caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The pathogenesis of cancer as whole (50%) is caused by gene mutation. HPV stimulates carcinogenesis on cervix epitel cells by HPV-Encoded viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which will inhibit tumor suppressor gene activation, such as p53 gene. HPV-encoded E6 oncoprotein  is able to directly attached on p53 causing degeneration via E6-AP-mediated ubiquitination pathway. Moreover, overexpression on YY1 gene has significant role on the progression of HPV on cervical cancer. YY1 inhibits p53 activation dan inhibits apoptosis on cells infected by HPV. Overexpression of YY1 induces reduction of endogenous p53, which will inhibit p53 function as tumor suppressor gene.

Keywords: cervical cancer, HPV, P53, YY1
Hubungan Antara Panjangnya Waktu Kuliah dengan Tanggung Jawab, Kemandirian, dan Kekuatan Ego mahasiswa di Fakultas Kedokteran
Authors: Pardamean Engelberta
Published: September 2018

Introduction: Previous studies showed that personality have significant association with the outcome of performance of the students in clerkship. There are three dominance factors of personality such as Ego strength (Es), Responsibility (Re), and Dominance (Do) associated with the length of study of students. This three personality factors will be measured by using MMPI-2 Test. Aim: This study wants to find the mean difference of three factors of personality among the length of study in Faculty of Medicine of University of Pelita Harapan.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study by using the secondary data of MMPI-2 test of student from batch 2005-2006. Personality factors of Ego Strength, Responsibility, and Dominance are measure by mean and standard deviation.

Results: Eighty one students were 27 males and 54 female.  From 81 students, 79 persent has finished their medical study within 5.5 years (on time) and 21 persent more than 5.5 years (not on time).Corellation by using spearman test show the significant association of Es with Do (p=0.001 and r=0.357); Es with Re (p=0.001 and r=0.3589). However the Do has no show the significant correlation with Re (p=0.525; r=0.0716). Analysis of t-test show that students who has graduate on time has higher Es (mean=44.12 ± 9.71) than student graduate not on time (mean 42.82 ± 7.97). Score of Do of students has graduate on time (mean 45.85 ± 10)  also higher than late graduate group (mean 41.05 ± 8.45) with p=0.0738. However the Responsibility of graduate on time (mean 48.06 ± 11.21) is lower than late graduated students (mean 49.7 ± 9.66).

Conclusion: Ego strength and Dominance has positive association with the length of study.

Keywords: ego strength, responsibility, dominance, MMPI-2, medical education
Karakteristik Histopatologik dan Imunofenotipik Kanker Payudara di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Rustamadji Primariadewi , Marisca Stephanie
Published: September 2018

Introduction: Breast cancer can be classified into luminal A, luminal B, Her2+, dan basal-like molecular subtype according to genetic profile and immunophenotype. The aim of this study is to assess histopathologic and immunophenotype characteristics of breast cancer in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia.
Material and methods: This study is a cross-sectional retrospective study. The sample was 2632 breast cancer case in Department of Anatomical Pathology Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from the year 2011 until 2015. ER, PR, Her2, Top2 α, and Ki67 immunohistochemical stain was then grouped into luminal A (ER+/PR+/Her2-/Ki67<20%) subtype, luminal B (ER+/PR+/Her2-/Ki67≥20%) subtype, Her2+ (ER-/PR-/Her2+) subtype, and basal-like (ER-/PR-/Her2-) subtype. Kendall’s Tau analysis was done to assess association between sample characteristics and molecular subtype, association between top2α positive and molecular subtype.
Result: The most prevalent to the less prevalent breast cancer molecular subtype was luminal B (43,9%), Her2+ (14,6%), luminal A (14,0%), and basal-like (11,3%). There was a significant association between the tumor stage and breast cancer subtype (p=0,0001). There is also a significant association between Top2α expression and molecular subtype (p=0,0001).
Conclusion: The most prevalent breast cancer molecular subtype was luminal B. There was an association between breast cancer molecular subtype and a higher degree and Top2α expression.
Manifestasi Okular dan Non Okular Sindrom Rubella Kongenital Pada Penderita Katarak Kongenital
Authors: Irma Josiah , Sovani Iwan , Wahyu Maya Sari , Karfiati Feti
Published: September 2018

Background: Maternal infection with rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy result in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). It caused blindness, deafness, congenital heart dissease and mental retardation. One of the main cause of blindness in CRS is congenital cataract. Infant affected with CRS worldwide estimated 238.000 each year and 46.000 live in South East Asia.
Objective: This study aimed to looked for other ocular and non ocular manifestation from 0-11months old congenital cataract infants based on World Health Organization (WHO) CRS case definiton: suspected, clinically confirmed and labaratory confirmed.
Methods:This is a retrospective observational study. We colected all data from computer base medical record, patient with congenital cataract 0-11 months old that came to Pediatric Ophthalmology unit Cicendo Eye Hospital from January 2012 until December 2013. Age, sex, laterality, axial length, cataract morphology, retinopathy pigmentary, cardiac dissorder, hearing impairment, mental dissorder and laboratory serology rubella for IgM and IgG were recorded.
Results: We found ninety three patients diagnosed with CRS from congenital cataract cases. Ocular manifestation include microphthalmia in 63 eyes (33.9%), microcornea in 30 eyes (16.1%), and pigmentary retinopathy in 1 eye (0.5%) . The most common type of cataract morphology was nuclear type (49.9%.). Non-ocular manifestation include cardiac dissorder in 16 cases (17.2%), hearing impairment in 1 case (1.1%) and mental retardation in 6 cases (6.4%). Case definition based on WHO criteria were 93 cases (100%) for suspected, 20 cases (25.8%) for clinically confirmed and 15 cases (42,8%) for laboratory confirmed.
Conclusion: Ocular manifestation for CRS in congenital cataract 0-11 months old were microphthalmia, microcornea, pigmentary retinopathy. Other manifestation found were cardiac disorder, hearing impairment and mental retardation.
Tropicale silviculture in dense African forest (Part 1)
Authors: Catinot René , Bossanyi Ilona
Published: September 2018

Cet article représente la première partie d’une étude réalisée par l’auteur sur le développement des méthodes de la sylviculture appliquée aux forêts denses humides d’Afrique. L’étude compare les résultats obtenus par chaque méthode. Les articles suivants exposeront les aboutissements des recherches en foresterie menées ces dernières années, incluant une discussion à la lumière des résultats de ces recherches sur les méthodes utilisées au moment de la rédaction de l’article. L’auteur décrit aussi une nouvelle méthode rendant compte des expériences passées et de nouvelles idées. L’article apporte des éléments essentiels à l’heure où les gouvernements africains promeuvent des programmes de reforestation et de restauration forestière dans les forêts tropicales humides. Cela est désormais primordial en raison de l’augmentation et l’extension de l’exploitation forestière en Afrique, nécessaire pour stimuler les économies africaines, mais épuisant indéniablement le capital forestier.
Varstvo gozdnih tal z vidika zakonodaje
Authors: Pezdevšek Malovrh Špela , Mihelič Matevž , Krč Janez
Published: September 2018

Although soils are the key component for sustainable development, soil degradation in EU member states continues to increase. Forest soils are not excluded and are particularly vulnerable to degradation processes, the more so after natural disasters and intensive use of modern technologies. Compaction is the most common consequence of such uses. The present study analyses the existing national and international policy documents that refer to soil protection using content analysis. Particular emphasis is given to soil compaction and limitations of using modern technologies. The results indicate that the EU Thematic Strategy for soil protection set ambitious objectives related to soil degradation prevention and soil function conservation. Since the Directive setting out a framework for soil protection and amending Council Directive 2004/35/EC, as proposed in the Strategy, was not adopted, the various aspects of soil protection in EU member states are fragmented among numerous policies. However, the EU environmental policy has the most important role. Although soil compaction is identified as one of the main threats, it is not sufficiently addressed and considered in EU policy documents. Current forestry legislation only indirectly considers forest soil protection in terms of minimizing the negative effects of forestry operations. Due to the increasing use of modern technologies, a more active approach to (forest) soil protection will be necessary in the future. Likewise, limitations for using modern technologies on different soil types will have to be set.
Patterns of Caring: The Healing Connection of Interpersonal Harmony
Authors: Shemood, Gwen
Published: September 2018

Interpersonal relationships are at the core of what it is to be human. Inner harmony can only be achieved when there is balance in relationships with others. By examining the connections which link human to human, nurses can expand a caring consciousness to achieve integration of mind, body and spirit. With the guiding principles of caring as the foundation for interpersonal connections, nurses experience healing interactions with patients and colleagues.
Mythic Tragedy and The Language of Care
Authors: Walker Charles A.
Published: September 2018

One of nursing’s greatest challenges is to accurately articulate the act of caring. Nurses need an alternative to the propositional, scientific methods so often employed to convey what they do (Watson, 1985 & 1994). Fortunately, the tools of science--borrowed from Enlightenment rationalism with its atomistic view of the world--can be counterpoised with an emergent trend to explore eternal truths about human life and care, revealed through the metaphoric language of mythology (Campbell, 1985).
Defining Professional Nurse Caring: A Tkiangulated Study
Authors: Sadler Judith J.
Published: September 2018

Caring has gained increasing attention in nursing over the past decade, yet there is lack of clarity and multiple variations in presentation. The purpose of this study was to analyze caring from triangulated sources — nursing literature, interviews, and observations of nurses using Schwartz-Barcott & Kim’s hybrid and Rodgers’ evolutionary model of concept development. The study found that caring is an individually and socially defined creative process of using presence, defined by practicing nurses as multi-dimensional work, where a holistic connection is made with a person to meet a recognized need. Caring has significance in nursing, is used widely, and its application is expanding, but not found to be pervasive in nursing practice.
Caring Groups in Nursing Education: Creating Caring Connections in Nursing Practice
Authors: Wilson Carol
Published: September 2018

The Department of Nursing at the State University of West Georgia implemented Caring Groups as a teaching/learning strategy designed to teach caring. In Phase I of a research program, Caring Group participants reported being more aware of the meaning and importance of caring in their personal and professional lives. Phase II, reported in this paper, sought to understand the influence of participation in caring groups on nursing practice. The stories of the graduates during their first year of nursing practice include experiencing non-caring, transferring the caring learned in their educational program to nursing practice, and making efforts to transform nursing practice through action.
Caring from the Graduate Student Perspective
Authors: Arnold Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

This paper focuses on the nature of caring from the perspective of graduate nursing students enrolled in a graduate core nursing theory course. It describes student perspectives of caring derived from a two part learning exercise designed to introduce students to inductive thinking processes employed in nursing theory development. The graduate students identified the essence of caring as a special form of ‘being with’ a patient encompassing giving of self, involved presence, intuitive knowing, and support for the integrity of the patient. Nursing actions associated with caring include making time, active listening, touch, and advocacy with competence as an underlying dimension of caring actions. Attitudes deemed essential to the development of caring incorporate creativity, recognizing limitations, and respect for the uniqueness and humanity of a suffering individual. That caring has benefits for the caregiver as well as the patient finds voice in student descriptions of the effects of caring as a source of professional validation, and a transformational turning-point their perceptions of themselves as caregivers.
Direct and Indirect Care: Defining Domains of Nursing Practice
Authors: Wolf Zane Robinson
Published: September 2018

Experienced registered nurses completed a three-round Delphi study that induced definitions of direct and indirect care functions and ranked those functions. The highest ranked direct care functions involved actions in which physical contact was employed and when communication skills were used to teach patients and attend to their emotional concerns. Highest ranked indirect care functions included: facilitating the delivery of care, improving outcomes, collaborating with other caregivers, communicating about patient progress, and planning patient care.
Research-As-Praxis: A Mode of Inquiry into Caring in Nursing
Authors: Finch Linda P.
Published: September 2018

The nursing as caring theory asserts that knowing emerges from within the nursing situation and that knowledge can be transformed for nursing purposes into nursing science, which evolves from nurturing persons living caring and growing in caring. The purpose of this paper is to describe research-as-praxis methodology, as it was applied to the nursing as caring theory in a recent study, as an effective way to simultaneously engage in research, practice, and theory application. Because caring is a central exemplar of nursing, it is appropriate to consider the usefulness of this research-as-praxis methodology to examine questions that emerge from within any nursing situation, and it is cogent to suggest that this research methodology would be applicable and appropriate for generating nursing knowledge using the broad expanse of nursing theoretical perspectives.
Caring From Our Bodies: Using Dance Performance to Give Voice to Silences in Nursing
Authors: Ellis-Kempner Betsy
Published: September 2018

Providing physical care for patients, such as bathing or wound care, implies that nurses would have an experience of caring at a physical level. Yet there is scant language to describe nonverbal ways of caring. Giving language to physical and intuitive experiences is the embodiment of nursing. This paper demonstrates how dance performance provided a forum for health professionals to describe embodiment. Findings magnify and help to define the essence of nursing.
Mandala: A Way of Learning Transpersonal Nursing
Authors: Duffy-Randall Ann T.
Published: September 2018

Working in today’s healthcare environment, with its increasing emphasis on profits, can result in our forgetting why we are here. This reductionistic climate is the antithesis of mental health and caring. To resurrect the culture of caring and help us reconnect with ourselves as nurses, the Center for Caring (CFC) at University Health System, based on the principles of Dr. Jean Watson’s Transpersonal Nursing, was established in 2003. During the first annual CFC retreat, the nurses created group Mandalas. This paper explores how the process of creating Mandalas gave participants the freedom to connect with themselves and each other, by living, imagining, and sharing Transpersonal Nursing in their lives.
Strategies for Teaching Aesthetics to Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Hegedus Kathryn Stewart
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this article is to share a template of a course designed to explore the aesthetic way of knowing in nursing. The course is offered to undergraduates in the last semester of their senior year. The course objectives, assignments, criteria for grading, content outline for classes, learning contract/commitment, suggested readings, expectations for class participation, and final exam are discussed.
Caring-Human Science Philosophy in Nursing Education: Beyond the Curriculum Revolution
Authors: Lewis, Sheila , Rogers, Martha , Naef, Rahel
Published: September 2018

This paper describes the evolution of a nursing curriculum from one informed by the work of Bevis and Watson (1989, 2000) to one that has expanded to explicitly include human science. The “Caring-Human Science Curriculum” is elaborated with particular emphasis on trans-theoretical integration, which results in the curriculum’s philosophic consistency while embracing multiple nursing theories. Unique characteristics of the curriculum are illustrated with discussion about how the teaching and learning processes are experienced by faculty and students alike. The paper concludes by addressing some of the gained insights arising from living the “Caring-Human Science Curriculum” for nursing education.
Reflective Journaling and Self-Care: The Experience of MSN Students in a Course on Caring
Authors: Wilson Carol B.
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to discover the experience of MSN students’ participation in a reflective exercise designed to promote caring for self and to enhance the appreciation of self-care to caring in nursing practice. Two constitutive patterns emerged. Within The Nature of the Journey were stories of searching for directions and pathways to self-care that included struggles to reach self-care goals. With Reflections on the Journey, participants described coming to learn the importance of self-care and a desire to continue self-care activities in the future.
Clarification of Caring Behaviors by the Family of Elderly Relations Living in Rural Japan
Authors: Tada Toshiko
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this study is to describe the caring competency of those living in a rural area of Japan using a case study of a mother suffering from dementia and her relationship with her daughter. The daughter explained that she could find meaning by sharing the experience of caring for her mother with others. Findings indicate that the family caregiver grows and develops through providing care and that being involved in the care appears to facilitate diverse forms of self-realization.
Caring Abilities of Students in an Accelerated Program of Study: A Program Evaluation Study
Authors: Raines, Deborah A.
Published: September 2018

Can a program of study enhance the caring abilities of its students? This program evaluation study used a prepost survey design to measure the caring abilities of second-degree students enrolled in an accelerated BSN program. Placed in a college grounded in a philosophy of caring, the challenge was to design a curriculum that achieved clinical competence while focusing on the humanism of caring. Apartnership model to the study of nursing was designed to emphasize dialogue and reflection over the year of study. The findings of this study provide evidence that students’ caring abilities, as measured by the Caring Abilities Inventory, were enhanced as an outcome of the program of study.
Continuing Education: Dr. Marilyn Ray’s Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
Authors: Turkel Marian C.
Published: September 2018

Healthcare, healthcare systems, and the practice of nursing in complex organizations are constantly changing. Nurses are involved in a practice environment grounded in the spiritual-ethical, political, economic, legal, technological, educational, physical, and socialcultural dimensions of caring. Given today’s healthcare environment, nurses need to examine how the meaning of caring is related to and influenced by the organizational culture. The theory of bureaucratic caring provides direction and guidance for nurses to understand the way caring is lived and expressed throughout the hospital organization. In this theory, the meaning of caring is first differentiated by hospital units and second, integrated into an organizational structure.
Development of a Substantive Theory of Nurse Caring
Authors: Finch, Linda P.
Published: September 2018

The aim of this research was to develop a substantive theory of nurse caring. The specific objectives were to identify nurse caring behaviors and interactions and patient health outcomes. Because caring is a socially constructed process, grounded theory methodology was used in this study. Fourteen chronically ill elderly hospitalized patients participated in audiotaped interviews about nurse caring. Anew theory of caring, personalized nurse caring, emerged with three phases: connecting as family, conveying genuine concern, and taking care of needs. Positive patient health outcomes were identified. Caring for patients in a personalized, family-like manner has nursing practice, pedagogical, and research implications.
A Caring Environment to Foster Male Nurses’ Quality of Working Life in Community Settings
Authors: Brousseau Sylvain
Published: September 2018

Watson’s philosophy of human caring provided a disciplinary perspective to this phenomenological study. The aim of this research was to describe the meaning of quality of working life for five male nurses practicing in community healthcare in Québec, Canada. Previous studies have primarily focused on females, in hospital settings, and were based on paradigms of psychological distress (pathogenic perspective) rather than health (salutogenic perspective). The essence of the phenomenon stems directly from the eight themes that emerged from the interviews; it (the essence) states that for male nurses working in community healthcare, quality of working life means “a caring climate that fosters the empowerment of male nurses by trying to maintain harmony between their professional and family realms” (Brousseau, 2006).
Caring in Nursing from an Islamic Perspective: A Grounded Theory Approach
Authors: Barolia, Rubina
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to discover the key components of caring within an Islamic context. The grounded theory methodology was utilized to discover caring processes. Seven scholars were interviewed: four were nursing scholars and three were Islamic scholars. Literature was simultaneously searched for support of emerging concepts and to fill in gaps in the emerging theory. The concepts emerging from the data are physical, ethical/moral, ideological, spiritual, and intellectual dimensions of human personality. The five antecedents emerging from the data were the five Rs: response, reflection, relationship, relatedness, and role modeling. Balancing emerged as the core category. Implications include caring instrument development, concepts to modify existing caring theories, and some recommendations for further research.
Caring Scholar Response To: Caring as the Central Domain in Nursing Education
Authors: Roach M. Simone
Published: September 2018

Over the past decades nursing educators and researchers have elaborated on their concepts of nursing and have provided a body of literature to shape nursing programs and influence further development of their work. Caring has been a dominant theme. In “Caring as the Central Domain in Nursing Education,” Boykin and Touhy have demonstrated the application of their beliefs in the design of their curriculum through all levels of the program. My response can be summarized as an experience of hope that the dominant theme of caring can become a praxis illuminating the future of nursing practice, education, and research.
Caring Scholar Response To: Technology in Nursing Education
Authors: Smith Marlaine C.
Published: September 2018

The author reflects on Benjamin and Ostrow’s article, “Technology in Nursing Education” in light of caring philosophy and theory. It is important to consider how to preserve caring-based education in the midst of the growing use of web-based teaching and learning, interactive videoconferencing, and simulation. Issues of caring and social justice, coming to know the other as whole, facilitating meaningful connections, and being present are related to the use of technology in nursing education.
The Lived Experience of Registered Nurses Providing Care to Patients with Dementia in the Acute Care Setting: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Byers, Dina C. , France, Nancey E.M.
Published: September 2018

The phenomenon of interest for this study was the registered nurse’s (RN’s) lived experience of caring for patients with dementia in the acute care setting. Watson’s theory of human science and human care and van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenological approach were used to guide this study. The strategies used for the generation and analysis of data were tape-recorded open-ended interviews, field notes, and the researchers’ audio-taped journal. Upon saturation, two themes and a synthesis of unity emerged across all participants. The implications for practice were clearly communicated by the RNs in this study. Further research is recommended.
The Caring Process
Authors: Waldow, Vera Regina
Published: September 2018

Caring is an action that moves us to do something on behalf of a person in need and is usually associated with the person’s vulnerability. The present study presents the caring process in nursing and attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the experience that the caregiver and the cared for have in the hospital context. This paper aims to contribute to the practice of caring, as many elements of the process underline abilities, attitudes, and behaviors that should be observed when caring actions are conducted from a humanistic perspective.
Sitting Next to Our Joy: Nursing Students and Faculty Together in Writing
Authors: Fowler, Barbara B. , Packard, Mary T.
Published: September 2018

Nursing students were invited to participate with two nursing faculty members in a writing group—a place for students to explore the meaning of their lived journeys into nursing. Through dialogue, nurturance of pedagogical relationships, and shared narrative reflections, deeper understandings of the journey into nursing unfold through the place of lived curriculum (Aoki, 1991). The power of the place of the nursing student-faculty writing group infuses our ways of being and caring and offers possibilities for transforming curriculum and practice.
Caring Behaviors of Nurse Preceptors: BSN Student Perceptions
Authors: Blum, Cynthia Ann , Gordon, Shirley C.
Published: September 2018

Nurse caring in hospital settings may be demonstrated without direct intention and without the language to express caring actions. Therefore, nursing students educated in a curriculum grounded in caring may not recognize the transformation of theory to the practice environment. This manuscript describes the baccalaureate student perspective of caring behaviors of nurse preceptors. Athematic analysis of unstructured, qualitative interview data revealed six themes: welcoming presence, demonstrating empathy, encouraging growth, patience and time as compassionate care, building relationships, and communicating therapeutically. In addition, students as role models and caring for each other emerged as themes related to student-student caring behaviors.
Utilization of a Native American Nursing Conceptual Framework to Transform Nursing Education
Authors: Lowe, John , Crow, Karine
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this qualitative study was to discover how the Nursing in the Native American Culture conceptual framework is utilized in nursing education. The conceptual framework describes how Native American nurses practice the profession of nursing. Using a focus group method, data were collected from 14 focus groups that were formed among 56 nurses and nursing student participants to discuss the experience and meaning of utilizing the Nursing in the Native American Culture conceptual framework in guiding nursing education. The findings revealed multifaceted and expansive aspects of how the conceptual framework is and can be used in relation to nursing education.
The Lived Experience of Persons with Life-Sustaining Cardiac Devices
Authors: Locsin, Rozzano C. , Tulloch, Sharon P. , Campling, Aric S. , Kissel, Karen A. , Purnell, Marguerite J. , Wilson, Gaudelia Z.
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of persons with permanent implantable cardiac devices. Purposeful sampling was by snowball method. Seven participants met the selection criteria with only three completing the data generation procedure. Interviews were guided by semistructured questions, conducted via the telephone, and electronically recorded. Van Manen’s (1990) phenomenological approach was used to analyze the data. Four thematic categories were identified: Longing and Loneliness, Dependency with Technology, a New Life, and Fear and Anticipation of Death. The experience of persons with life-sustaining cardiac devices is described as “dependency on technology is often expressed as longing and loneliness in anticipation of a new life while fearing and anticipating eventual death.” Implications are discussed and explained.
Family-Centered Trauma Care: Is it Caring?
Authors: Hayes Janice S.
Published: September 2018

Applying the theory of nursing as caring can help the nurse provide family-centered care in nursing situations where there has been a traumatic injury. Family members of trauma patients were surveyed about their perceptions of caring behaviors that nurses directed toward them. The Caring Behaviors Inventory-Family was completed at the time of a visit to the patient in the hospital and returned to a member of the research team. The nurses were positively perceived in caring for families. The data collection tool showed good reliability and validity. Some differences were found in family members’ perception associated with gender, ethnicity, and education.
Caring: Looking Beyond Simulations
Authors: Gonzalez, Roxana , Pietsch, Terri T. , Kozub, Kathyrn , Cole, Peter , Russell-Headley, Kayon , Durhams, Tahira , Tomesko, Jennifer , Wondolowski, Georgina
Published: September 2018

Multiple studies have evaluated the impact of simulation teaching methods in preparing novice nurses for patient care. Various studies have evaluated the ability to teach caring especially in a simulated environment. The use of simulation demonstrated an increased level of confidence, job satisfaction, and retention of nurses but only one characteristic of caring, empathy, was elicited with questionable authenticity due to the possible desire by students to achieve a grade or meet objectives. The meta-synthesis identified a need to study the impact of simulation as it relates to the patient’s perception of caring along with having caring educators.
Learning How to Effectively Connect with Patients Thorough Low-Tech Simulation Scenarios
Authors: Storr Gail Blair
Published: September 2018

Many students view teaching/learning activities surrounding communicating caring as a waste of time in contrast to teaching/learning activities devoted to technical skills. Assisting students to overcome this perception and purposefully incorporate knowledge from nursing and non-nursing courses into their way of being as a nurse can be accomplished with a low-tech simulation exercise. The simulation helps students to recognize that caring is not innate, that professional caring has a distinct nature that can be safely learned through simulation, and that they can only know another’s subjective world when the other person feels safe in communicating about that world.
Caring and Burnout in Registered Nurses: What’s the Connection?
Authors: Peery Annette I.
Published: September 2018

This study examined the relationship between caring and burnout in a sample of 888 registered nurses. The revised Caring Behaviors Inventory (Wolf, Giardino, Osborne, & Ambrose, 1994) was used to measure the dimensions of caring. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1986) was used to measure the dimensions of burnout. Multiple regression analysis was conducted between each dimension of burnout and carative factors. Four carative factors were identified that affected a nurse’s level of burnout. These factors had the greatest impact on the burnout dimension of reduced personal accomplishment. Overall, increases in caring led to decreased burnout for this sample.
Older Patients and the Perioperative Dialogue - A Hermeneutical Study
Authors: Lindwall, Lillemor , Lindberg, Ann-Christine , Daleskog, Ingela , Post, Iréne von
Published: September 2018

This study described who the older patient undergoing surgery is as part of the perioperative dialogue and in order to understand their needs. The study used a hermeneutical design. Data were 54 transcribed stories from perioperative dialogues. The findings show that older patients undergoing surgery were persons: (a) with memories of the life they had lived, (b) whose body had betrayed them, (c) who were worried and afraid before the operation, and (d) who will need help from family and friends. The older patient is a unique human being, a wholeness with a past of their own and a life they have lived: the present – a time of change and the future – a time for recovery.
The Labyrinth: A Transformative Path for RN to BSN Education
Authors: Diaconis Linda K.
Published: September 2018

The labyrinth as a tool for meditation is explored as registered nurse (RN) to Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) students walk a labyrinth together. Students’ journeys of returning to school become transformative as they experience this archetypal tool as a metaphor for their lives. Interpretive themes from a hermeneutic phenomenological inquiry (Diaconis, 2001) are reflected as patterns of the labyrinth and places on the path. Walking the labyrinth leads to questioning ways of developing curriculum and being with students in RN to BSN education.
Healthcare of Vulnerable Populations: Through the Lens of Halldorsdottir’s Theory
Authors: Bailey Denise Nagle
Published: September 2018

This paper explores caring within the context of healthcare access in vulnerable populations. Specifically, it connects how underserved status heightens an individual’s vulnerability to poor health. With the increase of disparities and inequalities that exist in the healthcare delivery system, implementation of caring and caring theory are examined as a plausible means to ameliorate the impact of inadequate healthcare coverage. Halldorsdottir’s (1996) theory of caring and uncaring encounters, within nursing and healthcare, from the patient’s perspective frames the discussion.