bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical circulatory support in the management of life-threatening arrhythmia
Authors: Della Bella Paolo , Radinovic Andrea , Limite Luca Rosario , Baratto Francesca
Published: November 2020

Life-threatening refractory unstable ventricular arrhythmias in presence of advanced heart failure (HF) may determine haemodynamic impairment. Haemodynamic mechanical support (HMS) in this setting has a relevant role to restore end-organ perfusion. Catheter ablation (CA) of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is effective at achieving rhythm stabilization, allowing patient’s weaning from HMS, or bridging to permanent HF treatments. Acute heart decompensation during CA at anaesthesia induction in presence of advanced heart disease, in selected cases requires a preemptive HMS to prevent periprocedure adverse outcomes. Substrate ablation during sinus rhythm (SR) might be an effective strategy of ablation in presence of unstable VTs; however, in a minority of patients, it might have some limitations and might be unfeasible in some settings, including the case of the mechanical induction of several unstable VTs and the absence of ablation targets. In case of the persistent induction of unstable VTs after a previous failure of a substrate-based ablation in SR, a feasible alternative strategy of ablation might be VT activation/entrainment mapping supported by HMS. Multiple devices are available for HMS in the low-output states related to electrical storm and during CA of VT. The choice of the device is not standardized and it is based on the centres’ expertise. The aim of this article is to provide an up-to-date review on HMS for the management of life-threatening arrhythmias, in the context of catheter ablation and discussing our approach to manage critical VT patients.
Psychological impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the university students in Egypt
Authors: Ghazawy Eman R , Ewis Ashraf A , Mahfouz Eman M , Khalil Doaa M , Arafa Ahmed , Mohammed Zeinab , Mohammed El-Nabgha F , Hassan Ebtesam E , Abdel Hamid Sarah , Ewis Somaya A , Mohammed Abd El-Nassir S
Published: November 2020

University students are at elevated risk for mental health problems. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent public health measures taken to combat it burdened the students’ life with additional dramatic psychological impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological impacts that affected the university students in Egypt during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was sent to the Egyptian university students via all means of online communication during the first week of May 2020 by using a non-probability snowball sampling. A survey included a short version Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and socio-demographic data. Overall, 70.5, 53.6 and 47.8% of Egyptian students had depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. Being a female, having a relative or acquaintance infected with COVID-19, having a preexisting chronic disease and lacking of psychological support from families, community and universities increase the risk of depression, anxiety and stress among Egyptian students. Being a medical student is associated with depression while, spending more time to follow news of COVID-19 pandemic is associated with increased anxiety. Egyptian students experience varying levels of psychological disturbance during COVID-19 pandemic. This study suggests that mental health of the university students should be carefully, monitored during the crisis and the universities should provide psychological-oriented services, adapted to these circumstances to mitigate its emotional impact on the students.
Parliamentary sovereignty and the locus of constituent power in the United Kingdom
Authors: Greene Alan
Published: November 2020

This article argues that parliamentary sovereignty’s assimilation of constituent power—the ultimate power in a legal order to create and posit a constitution—has stultified the development of British constitutional law. The result is a deeply ideological, as distinct from oft-heralded pragmatic, constitutional structure that is incapable of confronting the systemic challenges the United Kingdom currently faces. By conceptualizing a more antagonistic relation between the Crown in Parliament and “the people” by questioning the democratic credentials of the former, this article contends that the UK constitutional order can be reinvigorated. This reappraisal, however, also requires the interrogation of the notion of “the people” in the UK constitutional order itself. Thus, despite what appear to be substantial constitutional reforms in recent decades, parliamentary sovereignty’s inviolability is stultifying deeper constitutional reform. The result is a constitutional law in “crisis” in search of a paradigmatic revolution. A descriptive—as distinct from normative—account of constituent power is then introduced paving the way for a distinction to be drawn between the possessor of constituent power in a constitutional order and “the people.” Constituent power in the context of the UK is then discussed, arguing that parliamentary sovereignty incorporates much of what the idea of constituent power does. However, this does not mean that constituent power is vested in “the people”; rather, the locus of constituent power in the United Kingdom should be more forcefully critiqued from a democratic perspective. By acknowledging this distinction, the sacrosanctity of parliamentary sovereignty can be broached and more effective constitutional reform can follow by embracing this tension between Parliament and “the people.”
The territorial effect of the right to be forgotten after Google v CNIL
Authors: Wolters P.T.J. (Pieter)
Published: November 2020

In Google v CNIL, the Court of Justice has ruled that the right to be forgotten does not compel a search engine to delist a website in its non-European versions. At first sight, Google v CNIL therefore seriously undermines the effectiveness of the right to be forgotten. However, further analysis reveals that this conclusion is premature. First, the effectiveness depends on the requirements on the measures to prevent or at least seriously discourage users in the European Union from accessing the delisted website through a search with the name of the data subject as a search criterion. Next, the effectiveness of the right to be forgotten depends on the requirements of national standards of protection of fundamental rights. The GDPR does not prohibit member states from ordering search engines to also delist a website in non-European versions.
User and family satisfaction with nursing homes: a systematic review
Authors: Vassimon-Barroso Verena , Pantoni Camila Bianca Falasco , Zazzetta Marisa Silvana , Ferreira Daniela Lemes , Vasilceac Fernando Augusto , Ansai Juliana Hotta
Published: November 2020

Background

Implementation of person-directed care planning is a challenge for nursing home services. User satisfaction is indispensable to implement it.

Objective

The aim of this study was to address user and family satisfaction with nursing homes and the scales used and to identify the determinants of satisfaction with this service.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted, and the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL databases were searched between December 2019 and April 2020. Studies involving assessment of user or family satisfaction with nursing homes and users ≥65 years old or their families were included in this review. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute reviewer’s manual.

Results

Eight articles were included based on the eligibility criteria, from a total of 2378 records found in the electronic search. All studies presented a cross-sectional design, and the total sample of this review was 57 214 older people. Most of the studies included showed positive overall satisfaction with nursing homes. There was no consensus about the best scale to assess satisfaction because of the huge variety of tools among studies. The most common determinants of satisfaction among studies were quality of life (mental and physical components), anxiety and social and health factors.

Conclusion

The findings of our review may contribute to a better view of satisfaction with nursing homes experienced by users and families and to an improvement of care in these institutions.
242 Effect of trucking distance on sale price of beef calf and feeder cattle lots sold through video auctions from 2010 through 2018
Authors: McCabe Esther D , King Mike E , Fike Karol E , Smith Maggie J , Rogers Glenn M , Odde Kenneth G
Published: November 2020

The objective was to determine effect of trucking distance on sale price of beef calf and feeder cattle lots sold through Superior Livestock Video Auctions from 2010 through 2018. Data analyzed were collected from 211 livestock video auctions. There were 42,043 beef calf lots and 19,680 feeder cattle lots used in these analyses. Six states (Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas) of delivery comprised 70% of calf lots and 83% of feeder cattle lots and were used in these analyses. All lot characteristics that could be accurately quantified or categorized were used to develop multiple regression models that evaluated effects of independent factors using backwards selection. A value of P < 0.05 was used to maintain a factor in the final models. Based upon reported state of origin and state of delivery, lots were categorized into one of the following trucking distance categories: 1) Within-State, 2) Short-Haul, 3) Medium-Haul, and 4) Long-Haul. Average weight and number of calves in lots analyzed was 259.2 ± 38.4 kg BW and 100.6 ± 74.3 head, respectively. Average weight and number of feeder cattle in lots analyzed was 358.4 ± 34.3 kg BW and 110.6 ± 104.1 head, respectively. Beef calf lots hauled Within-State sold for more ($169.24/45.36 kg; P < 0.0001) than other trucking distance categories (Table 1). Long-Haul calf lots sold for the lowest (P < 0.0001) price ($166.70/45.36 kg). Within-State and Short-Haul feeder cattle lots sold for the greatest (P < 0.0001) price ($149.96 and $149.81/45.36 kg, respectively; Table 2). Long-Haul feeder cattle lots sold for the lowest (P < 0.0001) price, $148.43/45.36 kg. These results indicate there is a price advantage for lots expected to be hauled shorter distances, likely because of cost and risk associated with transportation.
65 Health, management, and future directions for indoor cattle feeding facilities
Authors: Shreck Adam L
Published: November 2020

The use of soil-surfaced pens with limited over-head or enclosed structures have declined in popularity in the Midwest over the last few decades. Various facility types that utilize complete or partial concrete flooring and side walls have increased in popularity. These changes are driven by 1) readily observable impacts that precipitation and pen conditions have on cattle performance and cost of gain and 2) continual pressure to be compliant with environmental regulations. Cost of indoor cattle feeding facilities can easily approach 2-4x the cost of soil-surfaced pens but for many, such pens are not an option. Management of production and animal health varies within these facilities and likely interacts with cattle types and their associated mortality risk. Direct animal health and performance comparisons among facility types are incredibly difficult to perform due to the multiple confounders (diet, risk, cattle type) that usually exist. Morbidity that frequently occurs in enclosed systems typically revolves around management of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD), foot and leg issues, and stiffness in cattle. Rolled compacted concrete (RCC) has been a new development that may provide a cost-effective option to curb mud in traditionally soil-surfaced facilities. RCC may also substantially reduce the cost of enclosed facilities that rely on traditional concrete.
94 Genetic basis of blood traits in beef cattle and their relationship to production traits at weaning
Authors: Chinchilla-Vargas Josue , Kramer Luke , Lester Toby D , Lester Toby D , Backes Elizabeth A , Anschutz Karen , Decker Jared E , Stalder Kenneth J , Rothschild Max F , Koltes James E
Published: November 2020

Disease represents one of the main factors that determine profitability in animal production. Previous research has observed significant correlations between blood cell counts and the animal’s health status. We hypothesize that blood cell traits may be an effective indicator of performance in beef cattle. Complete blood counts were recorded from approximately 500 crossbred animals at weaning (Angus background crossed with Hereford, Charolais, Sim-Angus, Brangus) born between 2015 and 2016 and raised on toxic or novel tall fescue on three different farms. The animals were genotyped at an approximate density of 50,000 SNPs and the genotypes were imputed to an approximate density of 200,000 SNPs. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for 15 blood and 4 production traits across and within environments. Finally, with the objective of identifying the genetic basis underlying the different blood traits, a genome wide association study (GWAS) was performed for all traits. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.11 to 0.60, and generally weak phenotypic correlations and strong genetic correlations were found, however these parameters varied across environments, pointing to GxE interactions. GWAS identified 90 1 Mb windows that explained 0.5% or more of the estimated genetic variance for at least 1 trait with 21 windows overlapping two or more traits. Further research efforts include identifying underlying candidate genes for traits and comparing toxic and novel fescue effects on blood traits. It appears that blood traits have weak phenotypic correlations but strong genetic correlations among themselves, as evidenced by important overlapping regions of genetic control for similar blood traits. However, blood traits have limited potential as indicator traits for productivity.
52 Alterations of fecal microbiome characteristics by dietary soy isoflavone ingestion in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Smith Brooke N , Fleming Stephen A , Wang Mei , Dilger Ryan N
Published: November 2020

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically-important disease and ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. The objective of this study was to quantify long-term effects of ISF consumption on fecal microbiome characteristics under disease challenge. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a BSL-2 containment facility and allotted to 1 of 3 experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the wean-to-finish study: non-infected pigs receiving an ISF-devoid control diet (NC, n=24), and infected pigs receiving either the control diet (PC, n=36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n=36) (Table 1). Following a 7-day adaptation, pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (PBS) or live PRRSV (1×105 TCID50/mL, strain NADC20). Fecal samples were collected from 48 individual pigs at pre-infection (-2 days post-inoculation, DPI), peak-infection (10 DPI), and post-infection (144 DPI) time-points and extracted DNA was used for 16S bacterial rRNA sequencing. Differences in bacterial communities among diet groups were evaluated using UniFrac distance matrices (weighted and unweighted) in QIIME. All other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA performed on transformed data using R. Across all time-points, only minimal differences were observed due to ISF alone. At 10 DPI, PRRSV infection reduced Prevotella 9 genera abundance from approximately 20% to less than 10%, but the specific function of this variety in pigs is unclear. The most notable finding was decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria at 144 DPI between non-infected and infected treatments (P < 0.05), which is consistent with various dysbioses observed in other disease models. Our findings indicate that differences present were mainly due to PRRSV infection and not strongly influenced by ISF ingestion, which implies previously observed performance benefits conferred by dietary ISF are not likely due to changes in microbiome composition.
46 Novel creep area heat source impact on pre-wean mortality occurrence
Authors: Smith Benjamin , Ramirez Brett , Greiner Laura L
Published: November 2020

Pre-wean mortality (PWM) is a multifaceted problem facing the US swine industry. The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of mortality and age of piglets between a novel heat source (HS; semi-enclosed heated microclimate; SEHM) and a conventional heat lamp setup. This study was conducted in two rooms at a 1,000 head commercial sow farm. Treatments were blocked by sow parity group (SPG; young, prime, and geriatric) over six farrowing cycles. Litters were cross fostered within HS treatment at 1 day of age. PWM, was the experimental unit, data were collected from the farm’s farrowing records and production accounting system. Age of the mortalities was categorized into four phases of lactation (PL) over the 20 d lactation (d0 to d3, d4 to d7, d8 to d11, and d12 to d20). Overall, there were 220 recorded instances of mortality. Data were analyzed in a CRBD using a PROC MIXED model in SAS (v9.4, SAS Inst., Cary, NC) and reported as LSMEANS with standard errors. The model included farrowing cycle as a random effect and the following fixed effects: HS, SPG, PL, HS*SPG, and HS*PL. Overall average PWM was 8.60%±0.80 for SEHM and 10.0%±0.70 for the heat lamps. There was no effect (P >0.05) of HS or HS*PL on PWM occurrence. There were significant effects of SPG (P=0.026), PL (P=0.05), and HS*SPG (P=0.036) on PWM occurrence. These data suggest that the HS type did not have an impact on the mortality rate or the timing of the mortality, indicating the mortalities that occurred had no relationship to HS. A limitation of this data set is the low sample size, thereby limiting the detection ability for this interaction. Further research into the impact of the HS is needed to expand the data set and to explore other popular HS effects on PWM.
127 Porcine in vitro digestibility of whole stillage predigested with multi-enzyme during different time periods
Authors: Jerez Bogota Kevin S , Woyengo Tofuko A
Published: November 2020

A study was conducted to determine the effects of the period of predigesting whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS) with multi-enzyme and composition of the multi-enzyme on porcine in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) of the WS. Four samples of whole stillage from 4 different sources were freeze-dried and divided into 13 subsamples to give 52 sub-samples. Thirteen treatments were applied to the 48 sub-samples within source. The treatments were undigested WS (control); or pre-digested with 1 of 3 multi-enzymes (MTE1, MTE2, and MTE3) at 55 °C for 6, 12, 18 or 24 h in 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. The MTE1 contained xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, mannanase, protease, and amylase; MTE2 contained xylanase, α-galactosidase, and cellulase; and MTE3 contained xylanase, cellulase, β-glucanase, and mannanase. The 52 subsamples were subjected to porcine in vitro digestion. The IVDDM of untreated WS was 73.3%. The IVDDM increased (P< 0.05) with an increase in the predigestion period. However, a rise in the predigestion period from 0 to 12 h resulted in greater (P< 0.05) response in mean IVDDM than an increment in the predigestion period from 12 to 24 h (11 vs. 0.83 percentage points). Predigestion period and multi-enzyme type interacted on IVDDM such that the improvement in IVDDM between 0 and 12 hours of predigestion differed (P< 0.05) among the 3 multi-enzyme types (13.3, 11.1, and 8.5 percentage points for MTE3, MTE2, and MTE1, respectively). The LS means by multi-enzyme treatment were modeled and resulted in unparallel curves (P< 0.05). The estimated maximum response of IVDDM for MTE1, MTE2 and MTE 3 were 82.4%, 84.7% and 87.1% at 15.8, 13 and 13.1 hours, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal time of predigestion of WS with multi-enzymes (with regard to improvement in its IVDDM) was approximately 14 h.
170 Energy values and digestibility of amino acids in dried yeast and soybean meal fed to pigs
Authors: Park Chan Sol , Aderibigbe Ayodeji S , Hayen Gary , Adeola Olayiwola
Published: November 2020

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. In Exp. 1, 30 barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.7 ± 1.01 were assigned to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A basal diet was prepared to contain corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5 or 10 g/kg DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the basal diet to estimate the DE and ME in test ingredients by regression analysis. On a dry matter basis, estimated DE and ME in DY were 4,022 and 3,352 kcal/kg, respectively, and those in SBM were 3,876 and 3,601kcal/kg, respectively. There was no difference in estimated DE or ME between DY and SBM. In Exp. 2, 21 barrows (initial BW = 20.0 ± 1.31 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to 3 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two diets were prepared to contain DY or SBM as the sole source of nitrogen, and a nitrogen-free diet was prepared to determine the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The SID of AA, except for Gly and Pro, in SBM were greater (P < 0.05) than in DY. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.7% for Thr to 86.1% for Arg, whereas those in SBM ranged from 84.8% for Thr to 92.3% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values in DY was comparable with SBM, but the SID of most AA in DY were less than in SBM.
166 Enhanced torula yeast has increased nutritional value compared to fish meal when fed to weanling pigs
Authors: Lancheros Paola , Lagos Vanessa , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

The hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, concentration of ME, and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in an enhanced torula yeast (ETY; Arbiom, Raleigh, NC) are not different from values obtained in Menhaden fish meal (FM) was tested. In Exp. 1, 6 ileal cannulated barrows (11.7 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 3 diets (ETY, FM, and N-free) and 3 7-d periods. Ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed with diet as main effect and pig as random effect. The SID of AA was greater (P < 0.05) in ETY than in FM (Table 1). In Exp. 2, 24 barrows (14.4 ± 1.1 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to a corn diet or diets based on corn and ETY or corn and FM. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d. Data were analyzed as in Exp. 1. No difference in ME between ETY (3,636 kcal/kg DM) and FM (3,611 kcal/kg DM) was observed. In Exp. 3, 32 barrows (11.9 ± 1.1 kg) were allotted to 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 ingredients (ETY and FM) and 0 or 500 units/kg of phytase. Housing and fecal sample collection was as in Exp. 2. Data were analyzed as in Exp. 1 with diet and phytase as main effects. Phytase did not influence STTD of P, but the STTD of P in the ETY (91%) was greater (P < 0.05) than in FM (68%). In conclusion, the SID of AA and the STTD of P in ETY is greater than in FM, but the ME in ETY is not different from FM.
209 Effects of high standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratios with ractopamine HCL on growth and carcass performance of pigs from 110 to 135 kg
Authors: Williams Hayden E , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Soto Jose A
Published: November 2020

Recent research has reported that increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio above 20% in finishing pigs fed Ractopamine HCL (RAC) resulted in improved growth and carcass performance, however this response has been inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding high SID Trp:Lys ratios with RAC on growth and carcass performance. A total of 1,791 finishing pigs (PIC 1050×337; initially 110 kg BW) were used in a 27-d study. Pens of 25 or 26 pigs were allotted by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a RCBD with 14 replications per treatment. The dietary treatments consisted of 5 SID Trp:Lys ratios (20, 22, 24, 26, and 28%). Corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated to 0.90% SID Lys and contained 10 ppm ractopamine. At d 27, pigs were transported to a packing plant for processing and carcass data collection. Growth data were analyzed (GLIMMIX procedure of SAS) as a RCBD with pen as the experimental unit and initial BW as a covariate. Carcass data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and block × treatment as the random effect. Hot carcass weight served as a covariate for analysis of backfat, loin depth, and lean percentage. For overall growth performance, increasing SID Trp:Lys increased (linear, P< 0.0001) SID Trp g/kg of gain and SID Trp intake (Table 1); however, there were no evidence of treatment differences (P >0.10) for ADG or G:F. For carcass characteristics, increasing SID Trp:Lys decreased (linear; P=0.002) carcass yield and tended to decrease (P=0.078) lean percentage. There was no evidence of treatment differences (P >0.10) for HCW, loin depth, carcass ADG, or carcass feed efficiency. In summary, increasing SID Trp:Lys ratios above 20% in pigs fed RAC did not improve growth or carcass performance.
199 Supplemental arginine affects intestinal gene expression and serum concentration of amino acids of heat stress pigs
Authors: Morales Adriana , González Fernanda , Camacho Lucero , Espinoza Salvador , González-Vega Caroline , Htoo John K , Cervantes Miguel , Bernal Hugo
Published: November 2020

The exposure of pigs to heat stress (HS) reduces feed intake and can damage their intestinal epithelia, affecting the amino acid (AA) absorption. Because Arg is involved in the restoration of intestinal epithelia cells and HS reduces Arg intake, the effect of dietary supplementation with Arg above requirement on the expression of specific AA transporters and the serum concentration (SC) of free AA in HS pigs was analyzed. Twenty pigs (25.3 ± 4.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: control wheat-soybean meal diet supplemented with L-Lys and L-Thr (CON), and the CON diet added with 0.20% L-Arg (ARG). Pigs had at libitum access to feed and water. At the end of a 21-d trial, 6 pigs per treatment were sacrificed; blood and intestinal mucosa samples from each segment of the small intestine were collected to analyze the SC of AA and the expression of AA transporters, respectively. Ambient temperature (AT) ranged from 28.2 to 38.7 °C. Supplementation of L-Arg increased approx. 5x the abundance of mRNA coding for the synthesis of AA transporter b0,+ (P< 0.05) and tended to increase that of the AA transporter B0 (P< 0.10) in duodenum, but no effect on gene expression in jejunum and ileum was observed. The SC of AA (mg/dL) for CON and ARG pigs were: Arg, 27.40, 38.32; His, 9.64, 12.9; Ile, 14.33, 15.73; Leu, 23.32, 29.97; Lys, 31.67, 39.72; Met, 5.14, 8.22; Phe, 15.18, 18.07; Thr, 20.82, 31.55; Trp, 8.50, 11.32; Val, 22.47, 33.35, respectively. Supplementation of L-Arg increased serum Arg, His, Met, Thr, Trp, and urea (P< 0.05); tended to increase Val (P< 0.10), but did not affect Ile, Leu, Lys, and Phe (P >0.10). These results indicate that supplementation of L-Arg may help to recover the intestinal epithelia, improve the absorptive function of the small intestine, and increase the availability of some indispensable AA in HS pigs.
182 The effects of pure benzoic acid, an acid blend product, or their combination in nursery pig diets on post-weaning growth performance
Authors: Bergstrom Jon , Landero J , Young Malachy , Hahn J D
Published: November 2020

A total of 1,325 pigs (Camborough × line 800, PIC Canada) were weaned (20 d of age, 5.5 kg BW) and used to compare the effects of 5 diet acidification strategies on growth performance from d 0 to 41 post-weaning. Feed acidification strategies were fed over 3 dietary phases; d 0 to 13 (P1), d 13 to 20 (P2), and d 20 to 41 (P3). The 5 strategies consisted of 1) NC, commercial diet without any acidifier; 2) P+, NC with recommended 0.1% of an acidifier and flavoring blend (fumaric, sorbic, malic, citric acids with thymol, vanillin, eugenol) in P1, 0.05% in P2, and nothing added in P3; 3) VH, NC with 0.5% pure benzoic acid (VevoVitall®; DSM Nutritional Products) in P1, P2, and P3; 4) VL, NC with 0.25% pure benzoic acid in P1, P2, and P3; and 5) P+V, P+ with 0.5% pure benzoic acid in P1, 0.25% pure benzoic acid in P2, and nothing added in P3. Experimental additives were substituted for wheat in the basal diets. There were 10 pens of 26-27 pigs allotted to each acidification strategy in a RCBD based on initial BW. During P1, ADG, F/G, and d 13 BW were improved (P< 0.05) for pigs fed VH or P+V. In P2, ADG and d 20 BW were improved (P< 0.05) for pigs fed VH or P+V, and there was a tendency (P=0.06) for pigs fed acids (P+, VH, VL, or P+V) to have greater ADFI; however, there were no differences in F/G. There were no differences in growth performance during P3 or overall (d 0 to 41). Nevertheless, performance differences during P1 and P2 resulted in pigs fed an acidification strategy using pure benzoic acid (VH, VL, or P+V) having numerically greater BW (+0.5 kg) and income-over-feed-cost (+CA $0.44/pig) on d 41 when compared to pigs fed NC or P+.
258 Effects of iron administration timing on subsequent nursery performance
Authors: Williams Hayden E , Maurer Ryan T , Carrender Brittany , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Coble Kyle , Holtcamp Andrew
Published: November 2020

Weaned pigs (n=1,722; 5.9 kg BW) were used in a 53-d study evaluating the effects of Fe injection timing on subsequent nursery pig performance. Treatments consisted of a negative control for piglets receiving no Fe injection or 200-mg of injectable Fe (GleptoForte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) provided on d 1, 3, 5, or 7 of age, or 200-mg on d 1 plus an additional 200-mg injection on d 12. At weaning, pigs were placed in a commercial wean-to-finish facility in a total of 15 pens with equal representation of treatments in each pen. Pigs were weighed on d 73 after birth to determine subsequent nursery growth performance. Growth data were analyzed (GLIMMIX procedure of SAS) as a completely randomized design with individual pig as the experimental unit and pen as a random effect. Increasing the age that piglets received a 200-mg Fe injection showed no evidence of difference (P >0.10) for subsequent nursery ADG (Table 1). Not providing an Fe injection after birth decreased (P=0.0001) subsequent nursery ADG and decreased (P=0.0001) d 73 BW compared to all other treatments. Providing a 200-mg injection of Fe on d 1 plus a 200-mg injection on d 12 decreased (P=0.010) subsequent nursery ADG and decreased (P=0.024) d 73 BW compared to pigs receiving a 200-mg injection on d 1 only. There was no evidence of difference (P >0.10) for nursery mortality amongst the treatments. These results suggest that providing a 200-mg Fe injection within 7 d after farrowing is sufficient for optimizing subsequent nursery growth performance. The additional 200-mg Fe injection at d 12 decreased subsequent nursery growth performance and ending BW.
262 Effects of phase-feeding programs on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Galloway Stewart T , Hansen Ernie L
Published: November 2020

Production systems commonly have multiple fill events in the nursery, which can lead to inaccurate feeding of dietary budgets. A simpler feeding program may provide practical benefits to producers. Five trials were conducted to compare nursery phase-feeding programs. Two treatments consisting of a 2-phase or a single-phase program were applied for 22 d postweaning. The 2-phase program consisted of a feed budget of 1.4 kg of a phase 1 diet formulated with 1.45% SID Lys and 5.4 kg of a phase 2 diet with 1.36% SID Lys. The single-phase program provided 6.8 kg of a unique diet with 1.38% SID Lys. Diets were corn, soybean meal, and whey permeate-based and contained 3,000 mg/kg Zn. All other nutrients met or exceeded the NRC (2012) recommendations. After the experimental period, pigs were fed a common diet for 23 d. In the five trials, 5,090 pigs were used with a total of 63 and 69 replicates per treatment for 2-phase and single-phase programs, respectively. There was no treatment × trial interactions (P > 0.10), thus data was combined for statistical analysis using SAS PROC MIXED. From d 0 to 22, pigs fed the single-phase program had higher (P = 0.041) ADFI and a tendency (P = 0.075) for higher BW. From d 22 to 45, pigs previously fed the single-phase program had a tendency (P = 0.057) for higher ADG. Overall (d 0 to 45), pigs fed the single-phase program had higher (P = 0.037) ADG and a tendency (P = 0.077) for higher final BW, with comparable (P > 0.10) ADFI and G:F to the 2-phase program. In conclusion, feeding a single-phase nursery program in the first 22 d postweaning resulted in higher overall ADG and similar ADFI and G:F compared to a 2-phase nursery program.
277 Effects of timing and amount of feed prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance under commercial conditions
Authors: Gourley Kiah M , Swanson Analicia J , Royall Rafe , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Milnes Kayla J , Hastad Chad W
Published: November 2020

A total of 727 mixed parity (mean=3.8) sows were used to evaluate the effects of timing and amount of meals before farrowing on sow and litter performance. Upon entry to the farrowing house (d 113), sows were blocked by weight within parity and allotted to one of three feeding management treatments until farrowing: 1) 2.7 kg lactation diet (1.15% SID lysine and 2,153 Kcal/kg NE) once daily at 0700 h; 2) 4 daily meals of 0.67 kg (0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, 1900 h); 3) ad libitum lactation diet and encouraged to consume feed at 0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, and 1900 h. Data was analyzed using the lme function (lmer package of R, version 3.5.2). Feeding sows ad libitum before farrowing tended to reduce sow body weight loss (P=0.077) and reduce backfat loss (P=0.003) from entry to weaning compared to sows fed 4 daily meals, with sows fed once daily intermediate. Litter gain from 24 h to weaning tended to be greater (P=0.073) in sows fed ad libitum or 4 times daily prior to farrowing compared to sows fed one meal. Piglet weaning weight increased (P=0.050) in sows fed ad libitum before farrowing, compared to those fed one meal, with those fed 4 times daily intermediate. There was no evidence for difference in farrowing duration, stillborn rate, colostrum yield, or 24 h piglet survival regardless of treatment. However from 24 h to weaning, sows fed one daily meal had higher (P=0.012) percentage of fall-behind pigs compared to sows fed ad libitum, and increased (P=0.027) preweaning mortality compared to sows fed four daily meals, resulting in reduced (P=0.006) weaned percentage compared to sows fed four daily meals. There was no evidence for a negative impact when sows were fed ad libitum from 2 to 3 days before farrowing.
286 Effects of dietary MINTREX trace minerals in a sodium urate-induced transient lameness model in pigs and validation of lameness measurements
Authors: Wedekind Karen J , Provin Ashley , Foran Chelsie , Hampton Tom , Ren Ping , Chen Juxing , Herbstreit Sara , Vazquez-Anon Mercedes
Published: November 2020

Lameness in gilts and sows has an economic impact on pig production and is a major welfare concern. Study objectives were to compare subjective and objective lameness measurements and assess efficacy of chelated trace minerals in finisher pigs. Two dietary treatments: metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MMHAC) supplied as MINTREX® Zn-Cu-Mn (Novus International, Inc.) supplemented at 80-10-20 mg/kg diet; and sulfates Zn-Cu-Mn supplemented at 120-20-40 mg/kg diet were fed. Four groups of pigs (50-70 kg; 8 pigs/grp) were fed dietary treatments for a duration of 8 wk prior to injection of 2 mg sodium urate crystals into the right rear distal interphalangeal joint. Data collection occurred at baseline, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 144 hr post-urate injection. Measurements included gait scoring (0-4), a panel of serum biomarkers for synthesis and degradation of cartilage (P2CP, CTX2, C2C), bone (osteocalcin, CTX1) and static force-plate. A Proc Mixed GLM procedure of SAS was used and means were determined using a Tukey test. Urate injections resulted in elevated gait scores, peaking at 12 hr and similar to baseline at 72 hr; pigs fed MMHAC had lower gait scores (P< 0.01) compared to sulfate. C2C (P=0.09), CTX2 (P=0.10) and osteocalcin (P< 0.01) paralleled closely to changes in gait score, peaking at 12 h and returning to baseline at 24 to 72 hr. Osteocalcin (P=0.07) and osteocalcin: CTX1 ratio (P=0.05) were increased with MMHAC. These findings demonstrate that biomarkers can distinguish between healthy vs lame pigs and MMHAC, at lower concentrations vs sulfates, reduced gait score and increased osteocalcin.
234 In utero heat stress alters the postnatal immune and metabolic response of growing pigs subjected to a lipopolysaccharide challenge
Authors: Johnson Jay S , Maskal Jacob M , Duttlinger Alan W , Kpodo Kouassi R , McConn Betty R , Byrd Christopher , Richert Brian T , Lay Donald , Marchant-Forde Jeremy , Lucy Matthew , Safranski Tim
Published: November 2020

In utero heat stress (IUHS) reduces swine productivity and welfare but little is known about the long-term impact on immune function. The study objective was to determine the effects of IUHS on the immune and metabolic response of pigs subjected to an 8 h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge during postnatal life. Twenty-four pregnant gilts were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1⁰C) or heat stress (HS; n = 12; cyclical 27°C-37°C) conditions from d 1 to 58 of gestation, and TN conditions from d 59 of gestation to farrowing. After farrowing, all piglets were housed under the same conditions. At 12 weeks post-farrowing, 16 IUHS and 16 in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) pigs were selected, balanced by sex and given an intravenous injection of LPS (2 µg/kg BW) or saline (SAL). Treatment combinations were: IUTN-SAL, IUTN-LPS, IUHS-SAL, IUHS-LPS. Body temperature was monitored in 30-min intervals and blood samples were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h. Blood was analyzed for glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and cytokine concentrations. Body temperature increased (P < 0.01; 1.05°C) in LPS versus SAL pigs, regardless of in utero treatment. Glucose concentrations were reduced overall (P = 0.05; 5.9%) in IUHS versus IUTN pigs. Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations tended to be greater (P = 0.07; 143.4%) in IUHS-LPS pigs compared to all other treatments, and IUTN-LPS pigs tended to have greater circulating NEFA concentrations (127.4%) compared to IUTN-SAL and IUHS-SAL pigs. At 1 h, TNFα was increased (P = 0.01; 115.1%) in IUHS-LPS compared to IUTN-LPS pigs. Overall, IL-1β and IL-6 were greater (P < 0.04; 56.0 and 46.8%, respectively) in IUHS-LPS compared IUTN-LPS pigs. In summary, IUHS altered the postnatal immune and metabolic response of pigs during postnatal life, which has negative implications towards future disease susceptibility.
124 High-throughput, digital platforms and potential impact on genetic improvement in pork production
Authors: Herring William O , Holl Justin W , Fitzgerald Rob
Published: November 2020

The application of high-throughput phenotyping technologies in a pig breeding program has the potential for accelerating genetic trends in pig breeding, ultimately improving the efficiency of commercial pork production. Over the past 40 years, dramatic and economically-relevant genetic progress has been achieved in commercial pig performance using easily measured traits in large breeding populations. Within the last 10 years, advancement in genotyping strategies and application of genomic selection has accelerated rates of genetic gain by at least 35% compared to historical trends. Developing digital platforms provide the opportunity to explore new phenotypes, transition measurements from subjective to objective, and deepen the understanding of trait complexes such as animal behavior. For existing historical and routinely measured traits such as body weight which may have single-time point measurements, these platforms have potential to improve measurement accuracy by facilitating numerous repeated measurements. Therefore, these platforms can improve genetic progress by their impact on the breeder’s equation through improving accuracy and the possible underlying genetic variance. Consequently, existing statistical models used for genetic improvement will have to transform to accommodate the addition of these phenotypes if they are to provide commercial-level pork production improvements.
4 Effect of Inclusion Rate of Silage With or Without the Presence of Alpha-Amylase on Feedlot Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Efficiency Measures
Authors: Rusche Warren C , Walker Julie , Smith Zachary K
Published: November 2020

One hundred ninety-two Continental × British steers (initial BW 420 kg [SD 24.7]) were used in a randomized complete block design finishing study to evaluate the effects of feeding two types of silage germplasm at two inclusion rates. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with either a conventional (CON) or increased expression of alpha-amylase (Enogen, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, ENO) hybrid fed at either 12% (12SIL) or 24% (24SIL) of diet DM. Steers were blocked (n = 5) and assigned randomly within block to treatments, resulting in five pens and 48 steers per treatment. Steers were harvested after 126 (12SIL) or 140 (24SIL) days on feed. There were no silage source by inclusion rate interactions detected for live growth performance. Silage source did not affect live based average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), or final BW (FBW; P ≥ 0.35). Feeding 24% silage reduced ADG (P = 0.04) and G:F (P = 0.01) but increased FBW (P = 0.02) compared to 12SIL. A source by inclusion rate interaction was detected (P = 0.04) for calculated yield grade (YG) with steers fed 24% silage having increased YG within CON but not ENO. Hot carcass weight and ribfat were unaffected by silage source (P ≥ 0.81), but were increased by feeding 24% silage (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively). Feeding increased amounts of silage increased beef produced per hectare (P = 0.05). Conventional silage produced more beef per hectare (P < 0.01) due to differences in silage yield, but source of silage did not affect feedlot performance independent of silage yield. Feeding increased amounts of silage reduced DM efficiency on a live animal basis but increased beef produced per hectare which is of major value to cattle feeders who produce the majority of their own feedstuffs.
100 Young Scholar Presentation: Energy and Mineral Supplementation Strategies for Beef Cattle Grazing the Northern Great Plains
Authors: McCarthy Kacie L , Underdahl Sarah , Undi Michael , Becker Stephanie , Sedivec Kevin K , Christopher Forcherio J , Scott Ronald , Caton Joel S , Dahlen Carl R
Published: November 2020

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate supplementation strategies for beef cattle grazing in the Northern Great Plains. In experiment 1, 28 cow-calf pairs had access to electronic feeders (SmartFeed system; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) that monitored individual vitamin and mineral supplement (VTM) intake. Cows had greater VTM intakes (81.1 ± 8.2 g/d; P < 0.01) than calves (44.2 ± 8.6 g/d) but both attended feeders a similar (P = 0.71) proportion of days. Furthermore, we noted greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of Se, Cu, and Co in livers of HIGH intake cows compared to LOW intake cows. Experiment 2, we used the SmartFeed system to regulate intake of individual heifers (n = 60) in a group pasture scenario assigned to control (CON), VTM, or energy supplement (NRG) treatments, and evaluated supplement intake, and concentrations of liver mineral and metabolites. Though no differences were observed in BW and ADG, treatments that provided VTM enhanced liver concentrations of Se, Fe, Cu, and Co (P < 0.05). No differences (P = 0.85) were observed in concentrations of NEFA; however, NRG heifers had greater (P = 0.01) glucose concentrations than CON and VTM heifers. Experiment 3 objectives were to determine the influence of feeding VTM and NRG supplements to beef heifers (n = 35) during the first 84 days of pregnancy on concentrations of progesterone (P4), corpus luteum (CL) size and fetal body measurements. Providing NRG during early gestation resulted in heavier CLs (P = 0.003) that produced more P4 (P = 0.002) and greater fetal femur growth (P = 0.009) whereas providing VTM enhanced fetal liver growth (P = 0.05). Overall, we were able to successfully monitor and control individual mineral intake, corroborated those differences in liver mineral concentrations, and observed alterations in fetal growth after mineral and energy supplementation.
223 The effects of supplemental zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride on the Longissimus dorsi proteome of finishing beef steers
Authors: Hochmuth Katherine , Schulte Matthew , Huff-Lonergan Elisabeth , Hansen Stephanie L
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to determine how steer growth rate and Zn nutrition affects the muscle proteome. Forty-eight, high percentage Angus steers (494 ± 18.2 kg) were blocked by BW and GeneMax gain score (GeneMax Focus, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) to treatments arranged in a 2×2 factorial. On d 0, steers were assigned to control (CON; 36 mg Zn/kg dry matter [DM]) or supranutritional Zn (SUPZN; CON + 60 mg Zn/kg DM as ZnSO4+ 60 mg Zn/kg DM as Zn-amino acid complex) dietary treatment (ZNTRT), and housed in pens (n = 6 or 8 steers/pen) with Growsafe bunks. On d 62, within ZNTRT steers were assigned to ractopamine hydrochloride treatments (RACTRT) of 0 (NO) or 300 mg·steer-1·d-1(RAC) for 28 d. Longissimus dorsi biopsies (between 12thand 13thrib) were collected on d 77. Sarcoplasmic fractions were extracted and submitted for proteomics analysis using mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Data were log transformed and comparisons made using t-tests with adjusted P-value cutoffs of 0.1. Differences were noted in abundance of proteins involved in glycolytic, retinol and fatty acid metabolism. A shift from slow to fast muscle fiber type was suggested by decreased abundance of myoglobin and slow skeletal troponin 1 in steers fed RAC compared to steers not fed RAC within CON (P ≤ 0.04), while these proteins also tended to be lesser due to SUPZN within steers not fed RAC (P ≤0.09). The intermediate filament associated protein, vimentin, tended to be less abundant in RAC steers (P ≤ 0.09), suggesting RAC affects cellular remodeling. Proteins involved in immune function were also affected; for instance, the acute phase protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein was more abundant in CON-RAC compared to either SUPZN-RAC (P = 0.001) or CON-NO (P = 0.02). Ractopamine hydrochloride and supranutritional Zn, independently and collectively, affect proteins involved in muscle metabolism, cellular remodeling and immune function in beef steers.