bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measures of Preventable Deaths in Developing Countries: Some Methodological Issues and Approaches
Authors: D’souza Stan
Published: November 2023

Worldwide interest in primary health care programmes and infant and child mortality control programmes has been aroused through the Alma Ata Conference (1978) and its declared goal of ‘health for all by the year 2000’. Immunization, health education, and so on form an integral part of health strategies whose emphasis is on preventive rather than curative health care. Researchers are trying to develop mortality frameworks that are comprehensive enough to include both biological and social factors (Mosley, 1983), following a realization that improvements in health technology alone would not be sufficient to overcome the stagnation in mortality decline which has been noted recently (United Nations, 1980). It should be recognized, however, that public health workers have for several decades pointed out the need for social improvement in developing countries to ensure appropriate access to and use of available health technology (Gordon, 1956).
Effects of Inter-birth Intervals on Infant and Early Childhood Mortality
Authors: Palloni Alberto
Published: November 2023

The literature on the effects of pace of child-bearing on infant health and mortality has experienced a recent-and welcome-resurgence. On the one hand, several studies have addressed what turns out to be a not-so-trivial issue, namely that of establishing just what is known about the relationship in question and how such knowledge has been generated (Gray, 1981; Winikoff, 1983). On the other hand, other studies, while concentrating on more general issues, have pointedly remarked on the importance of the effects of inter-birth interval on mortality (Baldion, 1981; Martin et al., 1983; Rutstein, 1983; Trussell and Hammerslough, 1983; Palloni, 1985). Some of the most controversial substantive issues and the intricacies of methodological difficulties are dealt with in two cross-national studies (Hobcraft et al., 1983; Palloni and Millman, 1985) and in a few studies of single-country experiences (Palloni and Tienda, 1984; Knodel and Hermalin, 1984; Cleland and Sathar, 1984; DeSweemer, 1984). Some of these studies show that it is as difficult to specify the causal relationships of interest as it is to prepare and implement the design of the statistical procedures to estimate the effects of the variables contained therein.
Mortality and Health Dynamics at Older Ages
Authors: Myers George C
Published: November 2023

The continuing reductions in mortality rates and consequent increases in survival for inhabitants of many developed countries, even at advanced ages, have raised major issues of both theoretical and practical importance. How likely are future reductions in the face of seeming biological restraints on lifespan? Have the increases in survival been accompanied by increases in survival free of disease and disablement? What are the changing patterns of disease that have been responsible for these declines and which are apt to be involved in future trends? And of paramount importance, what are the implications of these developments on both individual and societal well being in health in the face of modifications in the size and composition of populations? Demographers have been generally remiss in failing to anticipate recent movements in mortality. Tied to fairly mechanistic conceptions of the process of mortality change, those engaged in preparing population projections and forecasting mortality failed to anticipate the reductions that have occurred in the past decade and a half in most developed countries following a period of relative stagnation.
Growth Regions under Duress: Renewal Strategies in Baden Württemberg and Emilia-Romagna
Authors: Cooke Philip , Morgan Kevin
Published: November 2023

Experts in regional economic development have increasingly begun to tum away from the former panaceas of growth-pole theory, on the one hand, and trickle-down theory on the other. As Walter Stohr (1990) has recently argued, the issues in question have been recognized as being far too complex to yield to such one-dimensional recipes. Others such as Aydalot (1986), sharing Stöhr’s persuasion, have recognized that regional economic development is as much about non-economic phenomena as it is concerned with precisely economic variables. The wave of apparently marginal, even esoteric, research into the mechanisms associated with unorthodox developmental tendencies, built around small firms, industrial districts, or local productive systems has proven extraordinarily fruitful for academics and policy-analysts a1ike. Of key importance to both understanding and policy prescription is the recognition that contemporary regional economic success is inseparable from cultural, social, and institutional accomplishment.
Management Accounting Practice in France
Authors: Lebas Michel
Published: November 2023

Management accounting in France is rooted in two contradictory, yet complementary, approaches: (1) a normative cost analysis approach focusing on product costing for valuation purposes and cost flow analysis and (2) an ad hoc, physically based, information-for-decision-making approach called the Tableau de Bord.
Management Accounting A German Perspective
Authors: Scherrer Gerhard
Published: November 2023

The development of management accounting in Germany has resulted primarily from the efforts of academics rather than practitioners. This may be tied to the absence of an independent professional body. There is no professional body of management accountants in Germany such as the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants in the United Kingdom or the Institute of Management Accountants in the United States. There are Wirtschaftsprufer (chartered accountants) and Steuerberater (tax advisers) in Germany, but no professional management accountants with their own authoritative body.
International Financial Markets and National Transmission Mechanisms
Authors: Harris Laurence
Published: November 2023

Fifty years ago, as the postwar period began, financial markets were weak and, above all, fragmented. The national financial systems of the large capitalist economies were relatively self-contained, separated by, among other things, foreign exchange controls, government restrictions on financial institutions’ balance sheets, restrictions on competition, administered interest rates, and distinct fiscal and legal systems. The self-contained character of national financial systems (extending to their currency blocs in the case of the Sterling Area, Franc Zone) was the basis for the Keynesian demand management policies of national governments.
Technological Innovation and Competition in the Japanese Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Kimura Yui
Published: November 2023

Since its birth in the early 1960s, the Japanese semiconductor industry has grown at a very rapid pace to 2,319 billion yen in production in 1993 (Nihon Handōtai Nenkan 1994), accounting for 40.4% of the world ‘s total shipments (Data quest, Inc.). Today five Japanese firms are included among the ranks of the world ‘s top ten semiconductor firms in sales (Handōtai SangyCJ Keikaku Sōran 1994), and they also rank among the top leaders in techno logical innovations in the global industry. This strong competitiveness of leading Japanese semiconductor firms has been attained through their continued efforts in innovative activities in semiconductor technology, first to close the technological gap vis-a-vis foreign firms, then to establish leader ship in certain specific technology areas, and finally to expand that leadership to broader areas of technology. This chapter examines the technological innovations within the Japanese semiconductor industry, and seeks to develop an understanding of how they influenced the growth of and competition in the industry.
Sweden: The Rise and Fall of the Swedish Model
Authors: Bohlin Jan
Published: November 2023

Industrial policy as a separate branch of economic policy gained prominence in Sweden in the late I 960s. Conscious efforts to influence industrial growth and its pattern were an important part of economic policy-making in this period. If by industrial policy we understand not only selective interventions (subsidization of various sorts, nationalizations, etc.) but also general efforts to facilitate and stimulate industrial growth, then there was of course an industrial policy also before the 1960s.
Spain: Industrial Policy under Authoritarian Politics
Authors: Balbin Pedro Fraile
Published: November 2023

In contrast to most cases of Western European post-war industrial development, Spain was the only country to successfully establish a substantial manufacturing sector under a stable political regime of autocracy. Neither the inter-war Fascism, nor the Mediterranean dictatorships of the post-war period, succeeded as dictatorial industrial regimes. In the first instance, the A11ied victory did away with the political structure of Fascis and in the second, the Portuguese and Greek authoritarian leaders never pursued an industrial policy meant to transform their countries into leading industrial powers. Only Spain combined authoritarianism with a political ideology of intense and large-scale industrialization. The nationalist political structure that started to develop at the turn of the century and served as a frame for the state’s economic intervention, became a paradigm of what political scientists describe as state corporatism.
The Management of Technology in Technology-Contingent SMEs
Authors: Dankbaar Ben
Published: November 2023

For a large number of business enterprises technological change is like the weather: it happens and you cannot do much about it. Such enterprises treat technology as a contingency which appears by surprise and needs to be dealt with if it cannot be avoided. We call such enterprises ‘technology-contingent’. In our research, we have operationalized this mainly on the basis of the level of R&D spending by the enterprise. Technology-contingent enterprises can be of all sizes. In the following, however, we concentrate on the small and medium-sized among them. Much of what we will say about the problems facing technology-contingent SMEs will also be valid for larger enterprises. The latter, however, usually have more and other means to deal with these problems.
A French Free-Standing Company in Brazil ‘s Sugar Industry: A Case Study of the Socié ‘té ‘ de Sucreries Bresiliennes, 1907-1922
Authors: Szmrecsányi Tamás
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a preliminary review of the first fifteen years of the history of the Socie ‘te ‘ de Sucreries Bre‘siliennes, a holding company of five sugar manufacturing enterprises owned by the same French economic group and, with the exception of one, all located in the state of Sago Paulo. The company, which remained in foreign hands until the late 1 60s, was at the time considered one of the largest and best organized firms within the Brazilian sugar industry. Its origins go back to the last decades of the nineteenth century, when Brazil ‘s central government, still under the monarchy, attempted to establish the central sugar-milling system. That system, based on a division of labour and on a separation of ownership and control between agriculture and manufacturing, was already prevailing in beet-sugar-producing countries and had been successfully introduced in several cane-sugar-producing regions of the world. In the case of Brazil, however, it did not take root.
British Overseas Banks as Free-Standing Companies, 1830-1996
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The British overseas banks represent one of the earliest, most important, and long-lived variants of the ‘free-standing ‘ corporate form. Beginning in the 1830s, British-owned banks were established to operate branches in both the Empire and in sovereign countries. By 1913 some twenty-eight British overseas banks controlled 1,286 branches outside Britain. They operated dense branch networks in the settler economies of Australasia and southern Africa, and less dense branch networks covering the major ports and commercial towns of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. There were outposts in the USA, Canada, and the Mediterranean. The banks varied widely in their size and significance. However, it can be said with confidence that some of the banks were substantial business institutions for their time-in 1913 the nine largest banks had assets ranging from £19 million to almost £40 million-and that between them they financed a considerable proportion of British (and other) foreign trade flows and held substantial shares of the domestic banking markets of the southern-hemisphere economies, as well as parts of Asia.
Social Policies in a Growing Economy: The Role of the State in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Mehrotra Santosh , Park In-Hwa , Baek Hwa-Jong
Published: November 2023

In the post-Korean war period, the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea) has succeeded in sharply reducing absolute poverty through labour-absorbing economic growth, which has been rapid and sustained. At the same time, the improvement in certain indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality, nutritional status, coverage of piped water supply, and school enrolment rate, demonstrate the broad benefits of development over the past three decades (see Tables 2.1 and 2.2 in Chapter 2). Korea has been one of the top ten performers in human development, measured by a composite of three indicators: longevity, knowledge, and per capita income, during 1960-92 (UNDP, 1994).
Models, Trajectories, and the Evolution of Production Systems: Lessons from the American Automobile Industry 1n the Years between the Wars
Authors: Raff Daniel M G
Published: November 2023

First came the tinkerers, lonely visionaries, and then the artisans. Then came Ford. Some years later, in a far away and economically very differently situated country, the Toyoda firm asked Mr Ohno to consider how the Americans manufactured cars (Cusumano 1985). The fruits of this became the Toyota production system. This, the MIT report tells us, is the be all and end all of manufacturing systems and should be implemented forthwith everywhere (Womack et al. 1990). Is there nothing but managerial myopia or sloth behind the slow and uncertain process of its diffusion? What of the experiments in neo-craft production, for example in the Volvo works at Uddevalla? What of the varied and incomplete adaptions in North America, in Europe, and in transplant operations even farther afield? What of Toyota’s own recent systematic retreat in its newer plants in Japan?
Effective Demand and Disguised Unemployment
Authors: Eatwell John
Published: November 2023

Two issues have dominated the employment experience of the major industrial countries over the past twenty years: first, the common rise in unemployment throughout the G7; second, the diversity in the scale and content of that rise as between the countries of the European Union (i.e. the twelve member states as in 1994) on the one hand, and Japan and North America (particularly the United States) on the other. A satisfactory analysis of the rise in unemployment should encompass both the common and the diverse aspects of the problem.
Short-term Economic Fluctuations and Demographic Behaviour: Some Examples from Twentieth-Century South America
Authors: Ortega-Osona Jose Antonio , Reher David
Published: November 2023

The relationship between economic realities and demographic behaviour has occupied center stage in most demographic research since Malthus underlined its importance nearly two centuries ago. For Malthus, the ‘invisible hand’ whereby population growth was kept in line with economic realities was materialized through the relationships between economic well-being, and fertility and mortality. This has been an ongoing theme in much of the existing historical literature. Malthus set his model in the medium and long term, and in recent years some authors, in particular Ronald Lee, have attempted to specify in a more formal manner the empirical parameters of these relationships.’
Institutional, Sectoral, and Corporate Dynamics in the Creation of Global Supply Chains
Authors: Loveridge Frank Mueller Ray
Published: November 2023

Over the last century industrial and developmental economists, historians, and political scientists have provided many descriptions of the institution¬ al structures shaping national markets and these processes of governance. Origins have often been traced to national responses to randomly exoge¬nous historical events or contingencies, including the role played by a national elite and national leaders. By the 1960s the debate among Western analysts had come to focus on the question of convergence across nation-•al systems. Processes of bureaucratic rationalization were seen to bring about a uniform web of rules requiring standard interpretation by a new global elite of professional managers. The basis of most versions of the ‘con¬ vergence thesis ‘ is the-essentially Weberian-assumption that the process of industrialization, in which the use of machines and an accompanying rationalization of public thought and procedure pervade all aspects of social life, has been and remains the impelling logic behind societal development. This assumption is now being challenged in so-called post-modernist approaches to the analysis of contemporary events. However, the indices of modernist ‘progress ‘ remain central to the operation of most organiizations particularly those with a global brief such as the World Bank and UNO agencies. Since the days of the old League of Nations the economic and social performance of nation states has been measured, monitored, and clas¬sified into grades in which, until recently, Western countries made up a premier league of outstanding and exemplary achievers.
The Transformation of Regional Governance Institutional Lock-ins and the Development of Lean Production in Baden-Wurttemberg1
Authors: Schienstock Gerd
Published: November 2023

Baden-Wiirttemberg was long reckoned among the fastest-growing regions in Europe, and it still is one of the most prosperous regions on the Continent. However, the economic crisis of the early 1990s has hit the region ‘s industry quite severely, further adding to the problems caused by deep-seated structural difficulties. Since the majority of companies in Baden-Wiirttemberg represent traditional industries such as mechanical engineering, electronics, and car production, they are particularly exposed to increasing global competition. The fact that they were not prepared for the stiffening price, time, and quality competition that came with globaliz¬ ing markets must be seen as the core of the crisis (Naschold 1996). To retain their competitiveness in the global market, companies in Baden¬ Wiirttemberg can no longer rely on traditional, limited rationalization strategies. Instead, they have to restructure their entire business organization. The first condition for regional recovery is a successful restructuration of the local companies.
Production Principles, Organizational Capabilities, and Technology Management*
Authors: Best Michael H
Published: November 2023

Technology fits uneasily in economic theory.1 Growth theory and trade theory, for example, do not control for technology. But everyone knows both that technological change is central to explaining industrial leadership and that technology-following nations can achieve much faster growth rates than the technology trailblazers by tapping the world’s pool of technology.
Divergent Capitalisms
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

The late twentieth century has witnessed the establishment of new forms of capitalism in East Asia as well as new market economies in Eastern Europe. Despite the growth of international investment and capital flows, these distinctive business systems remain different from each other and from those already developed in Europe and the Americas. This continued diversity of capitalism results from, and is reproduced by, significant differences in societal institutions and agencies such as the state, capital and labour markets, and dominant beliefs about trust, loyalty, and authority. This book presents the comparative business systems framework for describing and explaining the major differences in economic organization between market economies in the late twentieth century. This framework identifies the critical variations in coordination and control systems across forms of industrial capitalism, and shows how these are connected to major differences in their institutional contexts. Six major types of business system are identified and linked to different institutional arrangements. Significant differences in post-war East Asian business systems and the ways in which these are changing in the 1990s are analysed within this framework, which is also extended to compare the path-dependent nature of the new capitalisms emerging in Eastern Europe.
The Nature of Business Systems and their Institutional Structuring
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

The comparative analysis of varieties of capitalism involves the identification of the central phenomena of market economies in ways that are both (a) sufficiently standardized across them to enable comparisons to be made systematically, and (b) flexible and variable enough to incorporate the crucial aspects in which they differ. If, for example, we focus on the characteristics of privately owned firms, they have to be conceptualized in such a way as to include the considerable variety of enterprise types found in late-twentieth-century capitalism. This means that they cannot simply be assumed to be discrete organizational hierarchies defined by legal and financial boundaries, as in much Anglo-Saxon economics (Richardson 1972). Indeed, an important aspect of contrasting forms of capitalist economic organization concerns the identification and differentiation of units of economic decision-making and action in, say, French industrial groups, Chinese family businesses, and Japanese keiretsu (Bauer and Cohen 1981; Redding 1990; Westney 1996).
Interaction, Diffusion, and Fertility Transition in Costa Rica: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence
Authors: Rosero-Bixby Luis
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the role played by diffusion through social interaction in the Costa Rican fertility transition. The literature about the causes of fertility transition has traditionally focused on the socio-economic and cultural determinants of the motivation for having large or small families. To a somewhat lesser degree, it has also considered supply factors limiting or facilitating access to contraception, that is, the role of family planning programmes. The concern here is with the third type of causal agent of fertility transition, that is, the autonomous spread, or contagiousness, of fertility control. If Costa Rican data support the proposition that social contagion processes shaped fertility decline, then an empirical foundation exists for Simmons’s (1986: 189) claim that ‘programmes may generate their own demand through diffusion from early users to others’.
Television, Telenovelas, and Fertility Change in North-East Brazil
Authors: Faria Vilmar E , Potter joseph E
Published: November 2023

The widespread and rapid change in fertility that has been occurring in Brazil since the late 1960s is a result of complex and convergent causes (Faria 1989). On the one hand, the increased use of modern contraceptive methods (first pills, and later sterilization) has been the main proximate determinant of fertility change (Berquo et al. 1985). On the other hand, major structural changes, such as industrialization, increasing urbanization, the extension of wage labour and consumers’ markets, the growing participation of women in the labour force, and the modernization and secularization of social relations, have set in motion broad processes of change in Brazilian society. These, in turn, have influenced family size preferences and affected the demand for fertility regulation (Paiva 1984).
Household Structure and Demographic Factors Pre-industrial Japan
Authors: Hayami Akira , Ochiai Emiko
Published: November 2023

Most scholars of Japanese family history will agree that the stem family household was common in premodern Japan, although that is not to say that Japanese households were necessarily identical to stem family households in Europe. However, in the average premodern Japanese household one adult child continued to live at home with his or her parents even after marriage thus meeting the definition of a stem family household in the three-category definition of household structure into joint, stem, and nuclear. In the population registers of the Tokugawa period (1603-1868) that recorded actual residence rather that just domicile residence, the standard or prevalent household structure in rural areas consisted of a married couple with children and the parent(s) of either husband or wife, while a nuclear family household with parents and children sometimes appeared in the course of the family life cycle.
Economic Spheres in Darfur1
Authors: Barth Fredrik
Published: November 2023

This paper contains a concrete account of the main structure of the Mountain Fur economy. It also pursues an argument of greater generality concerning the use of the concept of spheres in the analysis of an economic system. Concretely; I try to show in what sense the flow of goods and services is patterned in discrete spheres, and to demonstrate the nature of the unity within, and barriers between, the spheres. I point to the discrepancies of evaluation that are made possible by the existence of barriers between spheres, and to the activities of entrepreneurs in relation to these barriers. To give the material, I also have to give a sketch of some important institutional complexes that constitute especially significant factors in determining the structure of the economy. Basic to the whole analysis is the view that the demarcation of spheres must be made with respect to the total pattern of circulation of value in an economic system, and not merely with reference to the criterion of direct exchangeability.
The Network Entrepreneur
Authors: Burt Ronald S
Published: November 2023

My starting point is this: a player brings capital to the competitive arena and walks away with profit determined by the rate of return where the capital was invested. The market-production equation predicts profit: invested capital, multiplied by the going rate of return, equals the profit to be expected from the investment. Investments create an ability to produce a competitive product. For example, capital is invested to build and operate a factory Rate of return is an opportunity to profit from the investment.
Collection and Recollections
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

Ian Little has been one of the most significant British contributors to economics in the post-war era. His contributions to Welfare Economics and Development Economics have been highly influential and well-regarded throughout the world. This book is a fascinating insight into the personal and intellectual development of Professor Little, containing both the most important articles of his working life and autobiographical chapters.
The Individual as Agent of Organizational Learning
Authors: Friedman Victor J
Published: November 2023

By definition, organizational learning is a process that can be fully understood only at the group or organizational level. Nevertheless, seminal theorists on the subject have tended to agree that organizational learning begins, and often ends, with the individual (Argyris and Schon 1978, 1996; March and Olsen 1976; Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995; Senge 1990). Although it makes good sense to analyze individual learning within the context of organizational conditions and processes, this approach often obscures the critical role of the individual as an agent of organizational learning.
Organizing, Learning, and Strategizing: From Construction to Discovery
Authors: Hedberg Bo , Wolff Rolf
Published: November 2023

A reader of contemporary management books might conclude that organizational learning is the normal state of affairs. Students of the Fifth Discipline (Senge 1990) learn to handle tools in order to implement learning procedures in their companies, and]apanese companies excel in continuous learning, or Kaizen. Consultants sell learning through total quality management (TQM) in an ongoing and rather low-key effort, or through business process reengineering (BPR), promising radical restructuring of strategic business processes. Who dares admit that they run narrow-minded (although profitable) enterprises with little intention of learning? Still, inability to learn characterizes many organizations. Successful organizations find it difficult to unlearn and relearn when times change and failures occur. Organizational inertia stabilizes organizational development both when stability is functional and when it is dysfunctional. To unlearn previously successful strategies and to learn new ways to direct behavior is often very difficult. What Argyris and Schon (1978) called double-loop learning is often referred to, but rarely reported, at least not as far as learning at strategic levels in organizations is concerned.
Identity, Conflict, and Organizational Learning
Authors: Rothman Jay , Friedman Victor J
Published: November 2023

Conflict is ubiquitous. It has been a major concern of every social science discipline, from political science to psychology and from sociology to economics. Conflict has also been a central feature of all professions, from law and diplomacy to social work and management. Organizational theory, too, has taken up the subject of conflict since its inception as a field. Indeed, ‘few aspects of formal organizations have been visited and revisited as much as conflict’ (Morrill 1995: 7). Since the early 1990s, however, when organizational theory began undergoing significant changes in emphasis and priority, the contribution of conflict and conflict resolution as a field to this evolution has been disappointingly small. A review of the literature reveals little cross-fertilization between cutting-edge developments in conflict and conflict resolution as a field and organizational behavior (De Dreu and Van de Vliert 1997).
The Spanish Motor Industry, 1930-1975
Authors: Carreras Albert , Estape-Triay Salvador
Published: November 2023

Part of a slow-growing and slow-modernizing country, Spanish firms were, by 1930, a mix of national and foreign interests with fairly complex organizational structures. This chapter will address two related sets of issues: (a) the change in entrepreneurship patterns among Spanish firms during the four decades of the Franco regime (1936-75), and (b) the change in organizational patterns. We suggest that both issues are related. This chapter begins with a short summary of the main entrepreneurial and organizational features of the Spanish business world around 1930, followed by developments related to the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War. Next comes the clash between state and private entrepreneurship during the autarkic period (1945-54), as shown with the case study of the motor industry.
A Multivariate Time Series Analysis of the Data Revision Process for Industrial Production and the Composite Leading Indicator
Authors: Swanson Norman R , Ghysels Eric , Callan Myles
Published: November 2023

In this paper we introduce and examine a real-time dataset consisting of all releases of seasonally adjusted and unadjusted US industrial production, and the lJS composite leading indicator. This is done by forming various forecasting models for the revision processes of our variables. Although forecasting is clearly an area of research which Clive Granger holds dear, the topic of realtime data may not appear to be an appropriate topic with which to pay tribute to the work of Clive Granger. However, the subject is one to which Oscar Morgenstern one of Clive’s earliest collaborators—devoted an entire monograph. Further, Oskar Morgenstern’s importance in Clive’s early academic development, and Clive’s great respect for him, should not go unnoticed.
Evaluating Density Forecasts of Inflation: The Survey of Professional Forecasters
Authors: Diebold Francis X , Tay anthony S , Wallis kenneth F
Published: November 2023

Economic decision makers routinely rely on forecasts to assist their decisions. Until recently, most forecasts were provided only in the form of point forecasts, although forecasters sometimes attached measures of uncertainty, such as standard errors or mean absolute errors, to their forecasts. Recently, the trend has been to accompany point forecasts with a more complete description of the uncertainty of the forecasts, such as explicit interval or density forecasts. An interval forecast indicates the likely range of outcomes by specifying the probability that the actual outcome will fall within a stated interval. The probability may be fixed, at say 0.95, and the associated interval may then vary over time, or the interval may be fixed, as a closed or open interval, and the forecast probability presented, as in the statement that “our estimate of the probability that inflation next year will be below 2.5 percent is p.” A density forecast is stated explicitly as a density or probability distribution. This may be presented analytically, as in “we estimate that next year’s inflation rate is normally distributed around an expected value of 2 percent with a standard deviation of 1 percent,’’ or it may be presented numerically, as when a histogram is reported.
Asymptotic Properties of Some Specification Tests in Linear Models with Integrated Processes
Authors: Wooldridge Jeffrey M
Published: November 2023

Much work has been done recently on analyzing ordinary least squares estimators in linear time series models when one or more of the regressors are integrated processes (that is, contain a unit root). A fairly complete asymptotic theory exists due to the work of Phillips (1986, 1987, 1988, 1991), Park and Phillips (1988, 1989), Stock (1987), Sims, Stock, and Watson (1990), Phillips and Hansen (1990), Saikkonen (1991), Stock and Watson (1993), Kitamura and Phillips (1995, 1997), and others. What has not been systematically treated is specification testing in linear models when some explanatory variables are integrated. This has not stopped researchers from applying such tests in regressions with integrated processes. For example, the book by Banerjee, Dolado, Galbraith, and Hendry (1993) contains several instances where diagnostic tests are reported after running regressions with integrated processes. The kinds of tests I have in mind are standard tests for serial correlation, tests against non-nested alternatives, and tests for endogeneity of some of the explanatory variables.
A Simultaneous Binary Choice/ Count Model with an Application to Credit Card Approvals
Authors: Weiss Andrew A
Published: November 2023

In this paper I discuss one of the models that can be formed by combining an equation on count data and an equation on a binary choice variable: the model in which the count is an endogenous explanatory variable in the equation for the binary choice. An example of the model is where the binary choice involves the success or failure of a credit card application and the endogenous count variable is the number of major derogatory reports on the applicant’s credit history. Such a model is estimated in Section 8 using data from Greene (1994). The basic model for the count data is the poisson regression model. In particular, the rates in the poisson are assumed to depend on explanatory variables and a heterogeneous error term.
A Long-Run and Short-Run Component Model of Stock Return Volatility
Authors: Engle Robert F , Lee Gary g. J
Published: November 2023

An overriding theme in Clive Granger’s long and insightful career inventing time series analysis for economists, has been the study of long and short memory forecasting models. The most famous venue for this was the research on unit roots, fractional integration and cointegration in the mean of a time series. In less well known but very influential work on second moments, Granger applied ideas of persistence and causality to variance processes. See for example Ding and Granger (1996), Ding, Granger, and Engle (1993) and Engle, Granger, and Robins (1986). In these papers, evidence was presented showing that volatilities were highly persistent, possibly requiring a long memory or fractionally integrated process. Many researchers have followed this strategy and now there is a substantial literature on FIGARCH, or fractionally integrated GARCH models. See for example Baillie and Bollerslev (1994) and Bollerslev and Mikkelsen (1996).
Infrastructure as a Process: The Case of CRM in IBM
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U , failla Angelo
Published: November 2023

The early 1990s were years of tremendous change and turnaround for IBM. The growth of this high-tech industry giant was shaken dramatically. In the year after IBM had had the highest profits of its long history, Big Blue went into the red. A radical change at the leadership level was swiftly implemented, and Lou Gerstner arrived-a manager who came, not from inside the company, or even from the IT industry, but from the consumer product industry. The organization structure, which had been on the brink of being totally decentralized through the creation of several separate and independent companies, was suddenly recentralized. Various workforce reduction plans were enacted to change the culture of the corporation and the expectations of its employees.
Conclusion
Authors: Chung Jae Ho
Published: November 2023

So long as the functioning of the state entails services provided by the territorial units of administration, the central and local governments are inevitably placed in structurally induced dilemmas between general and particular interests. Decentralization may be adopted when the centre recognizes the deleterious long-term effects of central dominance that has indiscriminately sacrificed local interests. The operational effects of decentralization are indeterminate, however, as the centre may often manifest resilient bureaucratic inertia by holding on to the tight control over local behaviour. Furthermore, contrary to our presumption that localities would maximally exploit the discretion granted by decentralization, local implementors are usually much more judicious and prudent. Hence, the operational effects of decentralization become more diluted than we usually take for granted.
Planning and Communicating Using Stories
Authors: Shaw Gordon G
Published: November 2023

Every culture has used stories to pass on the past to newer members. Some cultures had no written language and used past stories to save their history and values. For example, writing did not exist for the New Zealand Maoris, or other Polynesian cultures, until the Christian missionaries set about reducing their language to written form. The narrative was their only option other than petroglyphs. Many corporate cultures such as 3M and Hewlett- Packard have used stories to explain the importance of innovation to the corporation. Lessons are learned from these stories, such as when 3M scientists kept their new product ideas alive even when counter to their superior’s orders. At Hewlett-Packard they tell stories of their most famous entrepreneurs, Bill and Dave. Personally, I collected a group of our stories at 3M and published them so that they would not be lost (Shaw 1998).
Lessons from Silicon Valley: Governance in a Global City-Region
Authors: Henton Douglas
Published: November 2023

Who governs in the global city-region? What governance institutions are most appropriate for the new economy? This chapter addresses these questions by examining lessons from Silicon Valley, a global city-region that has become the world’s leading new economy. This innovative region has helped to pioneer the information age and may now be ready to demonstrate new governance insti tutions for the new economy. As the economy has changed, so has the governance of Silicon Valley. A com mitment to laissez-faire in the early days of the Valley gave way to business-led models of governance in the 1970s as the region began to address quality of life issues. Global competition and the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s led to new models of business-government-community collaboration. The Internet has promoted networking as a form of regional governance. Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network has become a model of network governance for the new eco nomy. Lessons from Silicon Valley should be useful to other regions searching for new governance institutions more appropriate to the new century.
State Succession In Respect Of Treaties
Authors: Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

The geopolitical framework of the international community is unstable. States disintegrate and several new States come into being where previously there was just one; or States merge, resulting in one State where previously there were two or more; or States lose part of their territories to other States, so that the former become smaller and the latter larger; and so on. Each of these changes raises legal questions as to the continued applicability (or otherwise) of the rights and obligations of the original States, and whether and to what extent they in some way pass to the new States which have emerged from the changes which have taken place. It is this bundle of variable political circumstances coupled with complex patterns of legal relationships which are dealt with under the heading of State succession.
Most-Favoured-Nation Clauses
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

The law of treaties has long been a well-established branch of international law (see Chapter 8), and most-favoured-nation clauses (‘m.f n. clauses’) are almost by definition provisions typically included in treaties. It might therefore seem somewhat surprising that special consideration needs to be given to these particular clauses, rather than leaving them to be applied in accordance with the general law of treaties.
State Immunity
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

The immunity of States from the jurisdiction of other States is a well-established principle of international law, although certain crucial aspects of the principle have been both controversial and the subject of significant evolution during the twentieth century.

The origins of the principle are to be found in notions of the sovereignty of States, and the corollary that, if States are sovereign, and if all sovereign States are equal with one another, no other State may exercise jurisdiction over them: the principle was dignified by the Latin maxim par in parent non habet imperium. Additional underpinning for the principle is sometimes seen in considerations of the dignity of States, and their sovereign independence.
Treaties Concluded Under The Auspices Of The League Of Nations
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

When a treaty is concluded within the framework of an international organization it is not unusual for that organization to have a part to play in establishing future participation in the treaty If the organization ceases to exist, a number of practical problems will arise in the context of participation in such treaties.
Access to Justice as a Human Right: The European Convention and the European Union
Authors: Harlow Carol
Published: November 2023

A Eurobarometer poll taken in 1997 records that more than 90 per cent of European citizens polled put equality before the law among rights to be respected at all times, while more than 80 per cent believed in a right to legal protection against discrimination. In sharp contrast, only 66 per cent thought the right to vote should be respected under all circumstances.’ This finding is somewhat surprising. Procedural rights of due process in the context of criminal trials and police action are more likely than not to be denigrated by the media, while the legal profession is certainly not used to a position at the head of the popularity stakes. One might then have expected that the principle of equality before the law would seem less fundamental to non-lawyers than those substantive human rights-the right to life, in Article of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), or not to be tortured in Article ECHR, for example-which figure towards the top of the European Convention. Indeed, it might seem natural to categorize the latter as ‘first order’ rights, demoting procedural rights to the ‘second order’. Lawyers would, however, certainly contest this ranking.
Human Rights and Civil Society
Authors: Decaux Emmanuel
Published: November 2023

Human rights concern us all. The European Union is not just a framework of institutions or the area confining a fragmented European citizenship. It is strange how the very meaning of the word ‘community’ seems gradually to have become a platitude, although it was at the heart of the founding fathers’ project. As the heading of one of the chapters of his political writings, Robert Schuman wrote: ‘[r]ather than a military alliance or an economic entity, Europe must be first and foremost a cultural community in the loftiest sense of the word’. It is this cultural community that we must regain if the building of Europe is to achieve its full significance.
Introduction
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

The European Council held a special meeting on 15 and 16 October 1999 in Tampere on the creation of an area of freedom, security and justice in the European Union. A high profile was given to the creation of a common asylum and immigration policy and the development of European institutions for tackling transnational crime. The Presidency conclusions also contain important policy objectives in the area of civil procedure, and in particular access to justice and the trans frontier enforcement of judgments.1 Under the heading ‘Mutual recognition of judicial decisions’ the conclusions contain the following statements:
Procedure for Exequatur
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

The provisions in the proposed Brussels I Regulation concerning the exequatur procedure contain the most substantial proposals for change to emerge from the renegotiation of the Brussels and Lugano Conventions. The text contains many of the ideas proposed by the Commission in its Communication of 26 November 1997.
The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: PEUKERT WOLFGANG
Published: November 2023

The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture (ECPT) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) are intended to complement each other. The ECPT does not set out any new standards but is designed to reinforce the protection of persons deprived of their liberty from torture or inhuman and degrading punishment or treatment. Whereas the ECHR establishes machinery that responds to complaints from either states or individuals claiming to be the victims of a violation of Article 3 of the ECHR and results in a judicial determination, the ECPT establishes the CPT, which is a non-judicial body whose work is of a preventive nature and is focused upon the production of reports based on visits to Contracting Parties.
A Critical Review of the CPT’s Visit to Hungary
Authors: Kover Agnes
Published: November 2023

Hungary joined the Council of Europe in November 1990. It ratified the ECHR in November 1992 and the ECPT in November 1993. In accordance with Article 19(2) of the ECPT, that Convention entered into force for Hungary on 1 March 1994 and the CPT undertook its first periodic visit from 1-14 November 1994. The visit report was adopted in mid-June 1995 and transmitted to the Hungarian authorities early in July 1995. The report was published, along with a series of ‘Comments’ on the report, on 1 February 1996, that is, some fifteen months after the visit.1 The undated ‘Interim Response’ was published on 18 April 1996.2 No further material has yet been made available.