bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marketing in Social Enterprises
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Chinmoy , Ray Subhasis
Published: June 2019

Social enterprises are created to solve social problems through market-based interventions. While the existing literature describes the types and nature of marketing in social enterprises, the role of relationship marketing in social value creation has not been considered. This chapter explores the role of a relationship approach to marketing to enhance the acceptability of social enterprises and their innovative solutions. The chapter uses an illustrative case of an Indian social enterprise. The case describes how a social enterprise uses relationship marketing with their stakeholders for the successful adoption of social innovation and its sustainability. The findings indicate three enabling factors for relationship marketing: customer-orientedness, mutual trust and commitment, and a supportive institutional setup. A relationship marketing approach helps social enterprises in two ways, co-creation of value and customization of the offering. The case contributes to our understanding of the role and relevance of strategic marketing approaches in addressing social problems.
Research Outcome of Faculty Members of Library and Information Science in North Indian Universities
Authors: Sharma Jyoti
Published: June 2019

The chapter aims to ascertain the ranks of 10 universities on the basis of participative index (PAI), average publications per faculty member (APPFM), and combined arithmetic mean (CAM). The data used for the present study was obtained by an online questionnaire. However, detailed information regarding their research output was collected directly from them. A total of 971 publications were published by LIS faculty till 31st December 2014. The results found that the position of some universities goes up and the position of some universities fall down when evaluated on different parameters. PU has the 2nd rank as per PAI but on the basis of other two parameters (i.e., on the basis of APPFM and CAM, it has 1st rank whereas BHU has the 1st rank as per PAI, but on the basis of APPFM it has 4th rank, and on the basis of CAM, it has the 3rd rank).
Sustainable Land Development Using Permaculture
Authors: Luna Jody M.
Published: June 2019

This multi-faceted case study investigates sustainable land development using permaculture as the design tool. Permaculture, coined by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren, is a sustainable design theory that builds off three ethical principles used to produce a set of guidelines to follow in order to create an ecologically focused project. Permaculture, a contraction of perma-nent and initially agri-culture, has evolved to perma-nent and culture, understanding that without agriculture, culture is impossible. This chapter begins with an overview of the environmental issues followed by a description and brief history of sustainable development, with emphasis placed on the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The focus will be a three-part case study examining different scales (urban, suburban, and rural) of permaculture land development in the midwestern United States (U.S.). These permaculture designs will illustrate how SDGs can be achieved to forge a sustainable future.
Alternative Energy Source of Auxiliary Systems of the Pumping and Hydroelectric Power Stations Using Jet Pumps
Authors: Khokhlov Vladimir Aleksandrovich , Khokhlov Aleksandr Vasilevich , Titova Janna Olegovna , Shestopalova Tatiana Aleksandrovna
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes technology that ensures reliable pumping of drainage and sewage water during electromechanical and hydro-mechanical transients from blocks of the hydroelectric power stations and pumping stations. As an alternative source of energy, it is proposed to use the energy of the liquid column of the pressure penstock of the stations, and as an auxiliary, to use jet pumps. Transmission of energy to the suction stream is carried out without direct usage of electrical and mechanical energy. During total shutdown of electric power, reliable evacuation of drainage and seepage water and reduction the influence of electromechanical and hydro-mechanical transients on power equipment and pipelines can be ensured with the use of self-regulating jet pumps over a period of several days; this cannot be accomplished by any other pump. The scientific results of the research are recommended to allow efficient use of water and energy resources and to ensure reliable operation of the power equipment of stations, especially in the events of sudden power outages.
Self-Assistive Controller Using Voltage Droop Method for DC Distributed Generators and Storages
Authors: Singh Ranjit Singh Sarban , Abbod Maysam
Published: June 2019

With the rapid growth of distributed generation currently, DC microgrids energy system structure is being deployed in parallel with, or independently from, the main power grid network. The DC microgrids energy system structure is designed to provide an effective coordination with the aggregating distributed generators, energy storage, and connected loads. In this sense, the DC microgrids energy system structure can be connected to the grid network or can be off-grid network. In the mode of grid network connected, DC microgrids energy system structure is presented as a controllable entity. When it is necessary, DC microgrids energy system is connected in islanded mode to deliver reliable power to the grid network during the interrupted power supply from the grid network system. Having said that, the DC microgrids energy system structure is encompassed of renewable energy sources, energy storages and loads, and not excluding the grid network transmission. Hence, this chapter proposes to focus on designing and modelling a self-assistive controller using voltage droop method for DC distributed generators and storages which is a part of the DC microgrids energy system structure.
Peer Support of Graduate Students of Color Through a Formal Graduate Student Association
Authors: Roumimper Kya Rose , Falk Audrey Faye
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores the experiences of graduate students of color and examines the support systems in place to promote their success in the academy. The authors provide an overview of the relevant literature and pertinent theoretical frameworks, including critical race theory and self-determination theory, as they relate to the experiences of graduate students of color. Furthermore, the chapter describes the initiation and early development of a Graduate Students of Color Association at Merrimack College, a private, Catholic college in New England. The chapter include both benefits and challenges of participating in and sustaining the group, while offering recommendations for future practice and research. It may be of particular interest to graduate students of color; faculty, staff, and administration in graduate education; and researchers focused on graduate degree attainment among individuals of color.
Types of Leadership
Authors: Cobbinah Joseph Ezale , Agyemang Samuel
Published: June 2019

Leadership is an important component for performance of every organization. Schools like any other organization also need leadership that will make things happen. The social inequalities existing in schools make it very important for school authorities to appreciate that although leadership is a key to improvement in every school, there is the need for school authorities and stakeholders to appreciate that not every type of leadership is needed in every situation of the school. Different situations need different types of leadership. Therefore, the inequalities in schools also calls for different leadership types. This chapter critically examines the various types of leadership needed in PK-12 educational setting and how such leaders could help address the social inequalities that exist in our schools.
Introduction
Authors: Blankenship Rebecca J.
Published: June 2019

In the introductory chapter for this volume of cases in digital transformation, author Rebecca Blankenship considers the emerging role of institutions of higher education in providing innovative environments for teaching and learning. She provides a practical foundation for the emergent and evolving need among colleges and universities to embrace digital equity through progressive initiatives that provide diverse and modern learning environments reflective of the needs and expectations of the 21st century students they serve. The author frames her discussion within the contexts of increasing digital literacy among faculty, instituting a culture of innovation and change, as well as considering how initiatives such as the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University's Digital Learning Initiative (DLI) provide realistic solutions for the technology gap between the traditional brick-and-mortar university and the evolving needs of 21st century students and expectations of the increasingly connected and competitive global workforce.
Digital Transformation
Authors: Roberts Serena K. , Williams Deidre P. , Boston Genyne H.
Published: June 2019

This chapter provides context for the following chapters. It describes the process used to launch the inaugural cohort of the Provost's Digital Learning Initiative. It describes the impetus for the initiative; details of the way it was crafted, including topics in the workshop series; and the envisioned future of this ongoing project. In addition to the works referenced within the chapter, other resources used with the first cohort are included. The chapters that follow detail cohort members' experiences and results.
Teaching Generation Z Students in the Technology-Driven World
Authors: Haseeb Muhammad
Published: June 2019

Today, higher education is experiencing significant changes in its recruitment, retention, graduation, and accreditation. Faculty professional development is considered a key for the success of Generation Z students. As a result, faculty are interested to modify their teaching environment. More and more faculty are flipping their traditional courses and offering either hybrid or online courses. Blended learning means that students receive instruction in both face-to-face and online environments. Embedded within the concept is an assumption that blended teaching environments also give students some control over the pace, flow, or focus of their learning activities. Also, blended learning prepares students for full online courses. Research indicates that empowering students to have organization in their education leads to many positive outcomes, including that students do better in inequality of access situations, are able to personalize their learning and achieve regardless of ability, and build dispositional skills, such as executive functioning, perseverance, self-awareness, and tolerance for uncertainty, that many believe are necessary to thrive in current and future societies. This chapter explains current practices and the potential of digital learning initiatives to teach Generation Z in the technology-driven world.
Improving Student Engagement in Political Science Courses Through Application of Active Learning and Digital Learning Technologies
Authors: Eno Victor B.
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores the experiences and benefits gained from participation in Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University Provost's Digital Learning Initiative (DLI) Fellowship. Participants were equipped with relevant tools for re-designing courses for increased student engagement and attainment of student learning outcomes. The program promoted expertise in retooling courses to promote student-centered learning by exposing students to digital learning tools that reflect current and emerging technology trends in higher education as well as best practices in implementation of active learning strategies. The focus was on application of technology and implementation of active learning practices in two political science courses: a research methods and general education course. These insights have improved the author's professional development competencies; importantly, the implementation of technology-based learning has resulted in improved student achievement as evidenced by summative and formative assessment measures, and the acquisition of research and analytical skills.
Effective Physical Therapy Education Through Increased Student Engagement
Authors: Dalal Rajiv A.
Published: June 2019

As technology grows, there are many applications into the educational arena. Educators are tasked with incorporating technology in teaching. This is best done through a systematic means to create effective change. The Digital Learning Initiative (DLI) was created with this in mind. This is a case study in the transformation of teaching methods through the DLI. The redesign was centered around the principles of assessment and course mapping. The course was reworked to allow for more feedback and interaction with the instructor. Digital apps were utilized to supplement content. Class sessions changed from traditional lecture into a flipped environment using active learning techniques. After the redesign, students improved in graded performance, as well as in engagement with the instructor and classmates. The instructor also reported increased engagement with students and more in-depth content coverage. Redesign is a dynamic process with some trial and error; however, with a solid framework based on assessment, there is potential for meaningful short and long-term course change.
Conclusion
Authors: Baker Charlotte , Blankenship Rebecca J.
Published: June 2019

In this summary, authors Charlotte Baker and Rebecca Blankenship provide an overview of the cases and their impact on the overall DLI initiative. They also explore similar initiatives at other colleges and universities and how these technical transformations are changing the higher education teaching and learning culture. The authors examine the DLI in terms of other short-term, mid-term, and long-term goals as noted in the 2019 Horizon Report and how the DLI initiative can be used as a vehicle to actuate an ongoing culture of innovation and digital transformation in colleges and universities across the country.
Online Social Networking and Romantic Relationships
Authors: Metin-Orta Irem
Published: June 2019

With the increased popularity of social media, social networking sites (SNSs) have received the attention of many scholars. In particular, researchers have focused on the impact of SNSs on interpersonal relationships. Accordingly, this chapter provides an overview of the extant literature concerning associations between the use of SNSs and romantic relationships. It provides empirical evidence on how social networking behaviors are influenced by adult attachment styles, and how social networking influences relationship constructs such as satisfaction, commitment, jealousy, and relationship dissolution. Furthermore, it presents previous research that emphasizes gender as a moderator in these relations. This chapter overall contributes to researchers and professionals in providing information on online social networking and emphasizing key romantic relationship constructs related to the use of SNSs. It also provides suggestions for future research.
Addicting Content, Blue Light, and Curtailed Sleep
Authors: Yau Joanna C. , Sun Branda T. , Moreno Jason D.
Published: June 2019

Sleep is essential for physical and mental wellbeing, but many adults and adolescents do not get the recommended amount of sleep. Recently, studies have identified technology use as having negative impacts on sleep. This is concerning given that mobile technologies have permeated the lives of today's young adults and adolescents. First, the effects of social media use, both throughout the day and before bedtime, on sleep quantity and quality are synthesized. Second, the mechanisms through which social media use disrupts sleep, namely that 1) social media use displaces time spent sleeping, 2) that the content on social media is stimulating, and 3) that the blue light emitted by digital devices suppresses the production of melatonin, decreasing sleepiness are discussed. Third, the research designs and methods that were employed are explored. Fourth, future research directions are proposed. Finally, tips to improve sleep in the digital age are provided.
Facebook, Social Comparison, and Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Joseph Jessica J.
Published: June 2019

Facebook use has implications for subjective well-being. Previous research has revealed that passive Facebook use is typically related to deficits in subjective well-being, which is thought to be linked through upward social comparison. In contrast, active Facebook use is typically related to enhancements in subjective well-being. The main objective of the present study was to synthesize findings related to Facebook use and subjective well-being and to expand by proposing and testing whether the benefits associated with active Facebook use compensate for the negative effects associated with passive use. The second objective was to discuss policy and research directions. A total of 310 undergraduate students completed an online survey with questions regarding Facebook use, social comparison, and subjective well-being. Bootstrapping analyses revealed that active Facebook use did not buffer the negative effects for subjective well-being that occur during passive Facebook use. Recommendations for future research and education programs are discussed.
Examining the Psychosocial Dimensions of Young People's Emergent Social Media Behavior
Authors: Andoh-Quainoo Lydia
Published: June 2019

Social media usage among young people has grown astronomically, generating interest among a number of interest groups. This chapter fills a gap on social media psychosocial antecedents propelling high-usage behavior and the subsequent psychosocial outcomes showing in attachment to the social media. The chapter explored the emergent psychosocial needs driving young people's level of usage in social media and the consequences, among a population in Ghana. The findings revealed that young consumers' social media behavior could be greatly influenced by their social psychological needs, but individual psychological variables did not significantly predict usage behavior in social media. The findings also suggest that young people are more emotionally attached to social media, slightly attached cognitively and not attached behaviorally. This implies young people have developed some level of emotional involvement for the use of social media which could affect their well-being positively or negatively.
Digital Marketing Suggestions for Companies
Authors: Eru Oya
Published: June 2019

The use of the internet in the business world, changes in communication technologies, digitalization in business processes, and adapting Industry 4.0 require enterprises to keep up with this transformation. Digitalization of enterprises will affect all processes of enterprises from production processes to accounting activities, from financial activities to marketing activities. Businesses that want to step into the digital world in Industry 4.0 should first determine their basic goals and strategies. With the transition to Industry 4.0, the price and promotional activities in manufacturing processes, supply chain, and distribution systems make it inevitable for businesses to adapt their marketing activities to the digital environment and Industry 4.0. This chapter includes strategies that can be used for digital marketing strategies for businesses.
Future of Education in Industry 4.0
Authors: Nafea Rania Mohy El Din , Toplu Esra Kilicarslan
Published: June 2019

With the developments in technology and innovation, the manufacturing, workforce, training, and educational systems were affected. Facing the fourth industrial revolution, academics are researching the possible changes that might arise in education and skills of the future workforce. As the workplace develops, new competencies will surface. With this context in mind, the authors initiated this research. A detailed questionnaire was prepared as a pilot study to comprehend students' views on the use of technology in classrooms and its impact on their learning experience and engagement. Knowledge of their views allowed the authors to draw inferences as to the skills and competencies of future students and whether they would match Industry 4.0. Furthermore, a gap analysis was conducted, whereby the existing situation at a Canadian higher educational institution was compared to the desired situation, and recommendations were put forward.
Faith, Hope, and Strength
Authors: Moch Peggy L.
Published: June 2019

The author relates their life story with regard to some of the obstacles and problems they had to overcome in order to become a full professor of mathematics at a medium-sized regional university and president of a large prestigious international professional organization. The author relates their dealings with classism, poverty, gender bias, as well as overcoming self-doubt and physical obstacles. The author's goal in this chapter is to inform others in education of how they potentially may marginalize some students without realizing it. Additionally, the author wishes to champion and encourage others (students and professionals alike) who may be facing similar or even more daunting circumstances. This chapter and the author salute all who struggle to realize their potential in the face of what may too often seem to be insurmountable difficulties. The author congratulates the reader on making it to where they are and wishes the reader continued success!
Becoming Ellis
Authors: King Bonnie Carter
Published: June 2019

The chapter describes the author's experience as a counselor working with a transgender-identifying teenager named Ellis. The goals of the counseling relationship included exploring transgender identity, managing feelings of depression and anxiety connected to gender dysphoria, and helping Ellis process and cope with life struggles that he experienced. The author provides an in-depth description of Ellis's experience in counseling, as well as a follow-up interview conducted five years after termination of the counseling relationship. This chapter depicts the experience of Ellis's transition and his perspectives about what his transgender identity means to him. The author provides insights on how to best work with transgender clients that emerged from her experience of working with Ellis.
Abilities Before Disabilities
Authors: Oakley Miranda
Published: June 2019

This chapter will discuss the importance of inclusion for all students in and outside of the classroom from the author's experiences in the K-16 educational systems as a blind student. Her chapter will offer personal examples of the negative impact exclusion and ableism can have on a person with a disability. Additionally, she will recount instances of inclusion that have shaped who she is. This chapter will offer advice for educators on how to ensure social justice for students with disabilities so that it is central in their classroom pedagogy.
The Green Consumer Behavior
Authors: Naidoo Vannie , Verma Rahul
Published: June 2019

Customers today have become more sophisticated and wiser in their purchase options and a segment of customers buying behavior is ruled by making “green purchases.” This chapter will focus on the green customers segment that is relatively new in marketing. The green customer is a new breed of customer that wants to be involved in sustainable living. The objective of this chapter is to shed more light on important themes emanating from green consumerism and green marketing that addresses the needs of the green consumer. Advice on possible solutions on encouraging green consumer behavior in today's world will also be put forward and discussed.
New species of Canthidium (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Mexico
Authors: Moctezuma Victor , Sánchez-Huerta José Luis , Halffter Gonzalo
Published: June 2019

Two new species ofCanthidiumErichson, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Mexico are described:Canthidium nebularumMoctezuma, Sánchez-Huerta, and Halffter, new species; andC. chimalapenseMoctezuma and Halffter, new species. An updated key for the North American species is included, with a brief discussion on taxonomic and biogeographic relevance of the new taxa.
Cyclooxygenase-1 Regulates the Development of Follicular Th Cells via Prostaglandin E2
Authors: Liu Ting , Yang Qiong , Cao Ying-Jiao , Yuan Wei-Ming , Lei Ai-Hua , Zhou Pan , Zhou Wei , Liu Yong-Dong , Shi Mao-Hua , Yang Quan , Tang Jin-Yi , Wang Hai-Kun , Zhang Hui , Yu Ying , Zhou Jie
Published: June 2019

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, one of the critical enzymes required for the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGs, has been demonstrated to play an important role not only in the cardiovascular system but also in the immune system. COX-1 has been found to regulate early B cell differentiation, germinal center formation, and Ab production of B cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of COX-1–mediated B cell activation remains not fully understood. In this study, we reported that COX-1 is a potential regulator for the development of follicular Th (TFH) cells. COX-1–deficient (COX-1−/−) mice displayed a significant reduction of TFH cells upon influenza infection or immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, which led to a severe impairment of germinal center responses. We further demonstrated that COX-1–derived PGE2, via binding with its receptors EP2/EP4, represents the underlying mechanism. The administration of EP2/EP4 agonists or PGE2 almost completely rescued the defective TFH cell generation in COX-1−/− mice. Taken together, our observations indicate that COX-1 plays an important role in the development of TFH cells.
Molecular detection of enterovirus D68 among children with acute respiratory tract infection in Ghana
Authors: Kubi Joyce A. , Mutocheluh Mohamed , Bonney Joseph H.K. , Ampofo William K. , Odoom John K.
Published: June 2019

Background: Acute respiratory tract infections of viral origin remain a leading cause of morbidity, mortality and economic loss regardless of age or gender. A small number of acute respiratory tract infection cases caused by enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) have been reported regularly to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since 1987 by countries in North America, Europe and Asia. However, in 2014 and 2015, the number of reported confirmed EV-D68 infections was much greater than in previous years. The National Influenza Centre (NIC), Ghana carries out surveillance of respiratory infections, focusing on those caused by influenza virus; however, there is inadequate information on other viruses causing respiratory infections in Ghana, including EV-D68.Objectives: To investigate the association of EV-D68 with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) and Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) in Ghana.Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study which involved archived human respiratory specimens stored at –80 °C at the NIC from 2014 to 2015. Using a random sampling method, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with SARI and ILI that were negative by real-time PCR for human influenza viruses were screened for EV-D68 using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).Results: Enterovirus D68 was detected in 4 (2.2%) out of 182 SARI samples tested. EV-D68 was detected in children younger than 5 years (4 – 100% of positives) and was not detected in children older than 5 years. Enterovirus D68 was detected more frequently in SARI cases (3%) than in ILI cases (1.2%).Conclusion: This study has shown for the first time the presence of EV-D68 in acute respiratory infections in Ghana. The results confirmed minimal EV-D68 circulation in the Ghanaian population.
Cardiovascular responses to exercise tests in subjects with poliomyelitis: A pilot study
Authors: Kolapo Hamzat T. K.
Published: June 2019

People with physical disabilities often experience difficulty in different activities of daily living. Emphasis is usually placed on their medical rehabilitation, and there is often little attempt on meeting the healthcare needs after they are discharged from rehabilitation facilities. Recognition of the health care needs is required to provide effective treatment and facilitate health promotion activities. Decreased muscle strength in the lower limbs in victims of poliomyelitis often result in difficulties in mobility. As part of a larger study to evaluate the impact of regular aerobic exercise on the quality of life of individuals with physical disabilities, this pilot study attempted to obtain information on some immediate responses to the nine-minute walk/run test among a group of people with physical disabilities due to poliomyelitis. Compared to an age-matched control group, there was a higher cardiovascular demand on individuals with poliomyelitis. The outcome was suggestive of a need to assist the subjects in conserving energy during ambulation by improving endurance. Thus individuals with poliomyelitis are likely to benefit from regular aerobic exercise.
R-1234yf and R744 Design Criteria and Certification for OEM Mobile Air Conditioning Evaporator and Service Replacements
Authors:   Interior Climate Control MAC Supplier Committee
Published: June 2019

The intent of this standard is to establish a framework to assure that all evaporators for R-744 and R-1234yf mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems shall meet appropriate testing and labeling requirements. SAE J639 requires an assement to be performed to minimize reasonable risks in MAC systems. The evaporator (as designed and manufactured) shall be part of that risk assessment, and it is the responsibility of the vehicle manufacturer to assure all relevant aspects of the evaporator are included. It is the responsibility of all vehicle or evaporator manufacturers to comply with the standards of this document at a minimum. (Substitution of specific test procedures by vehicle manufactures that correlate well to field return data is acceptable.) As appropriate, this standard can be used as a guide to support risk assessments.

With regard to certification, most vehicle manufacturers have established formal production part approval processes (PPAP) where compliance certification is established and formally documented. For an evaporator manufacturer of non-original equipment parts (or a vehicle manufacturer that does not have a formal part compliance certification process), then the certification described in this standard is the requirement to which those evaporators shall comply. In this case, the evaporator manufacturer or an independent institution shall complete the evaporator certification according to SAE J2911. An example of the latter would be the completion of witness testing by the evaporator manufacturer with the submission of certification documents by the witness organization.

Refrigerant R-152a was excluded from this standard because a secondary loop refrigerant system is required. This standard also does not apply to R-134a refrigerant evaporators because it is proven in use.
What are Exhibitions for?
Authors: Daniels Inge
Published: June 2019

Why do people go to exhibitions, and what do they hope to gain from the experience? What would happen if people are encouraged to move freely through exhibition spaces, take photographs and be playful?

In this book, Inge Daniels explores what might happen if people and objects were freed from the regulations currently associated with going to an exhibition. Traditional understandings of exhibitions place the viewers in a one-way communication form, where the exhibition and those behind its creation inform their audiences. However, motivations behind exhibitions going are multiple and complex and frequently the intentions of curators do not match the expectations of their visitors.

Based on an in-depth ethnographic examination of the processes involved in the making and reception of one particular exhibition experiment as well as a study that follows ‘freed’ objects into their new homes, this publication will shed light on what exhibitions are but also what they could become in the future.

Featuring over 175 colour illustrations and using practical examples, this will be essential reading for students and scholars of anthropology, museum studies, photography, design and architecture.
Brexit, No Exit
Authors: MacShane Denis
Published: June 2019

The UK’s Brexit vote on June 23, 2016 provided the most dramatic proof that the era of political and economic globalization has ended. Populism, nationalism, and xenophobia surging across Europe and Brexit adds to the problems facing the established political order. As a former MP and Europe minister under Tony Blair, and latterly as a commentator and writer on European issues, Denis MacShane has a unique insider perspective on the events that led to Brexit and the behind-the-scenes discussions that followed. He argues that Brexit will not mean full rupture with Europe and that British capitalism will overcome the ultra-right-wing forces of the Conservative back-bench and UKIP. Although the path to Article 50 and beyond will be fraught and tensely-negotiated, Britain cannot and will not divorce itself from the continent of Europe and the European question will continue to be a defining feature of politics into the future.
U.S. Investment Since the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
Authors: Kopp Emanuel , Leigh Daniel , Mursula Susanna , Tambunlertchai Suchanan
Published: June 2019

There is no consensus on how strongly the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) has stimulated U.S. private fixed investment. Some argue that the business tax provisions spurred investment by cutting the cost of capital. Others see the TCJA primarily as a windfall for shareholders. We find that U.S. business investment since 2017 has grown strongly compared to pre-TCJA forecasts and that the overriding factor driving it has been the strength of expected aggregate demand. Investment has, so far, fallen short of predictions based on the postwar relation with tax cuts. Model simulations and firm-level data suggest that much of this weaker response reflects a lower sensitivity of investment to tax policy changes in the current environment of greater corporate market power. Economic policy uncertainty in 2018 played a relatively small role in dampening investment growth.
Republic of Armenia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: June 2019

Since the 2014–16 regional economic slowdown, economic activity has recovered, while policies have remained broadly in line with staff’s advice. Supported by the upgraded fiscal rule, fiscal consolidation remains on track, and public debt has started to decline. Inflation is under control, the financial system remains stable, and pressures on the exchange rate have been limited. Nonetheless, important challenges remain. Importantly, the still-weak business climate and corruption constrain the economy’s capacity to grow sufficiently rapidly to tangibly reduce poverty and unemployment. Moreover, the economy continues to be vulnerable to external shocks; public debt, while declining, is relatively elevated; and enhancing revenue mobilization remains a critical priority. Recognizing these challenges, the new government has pledged to revitalize efforts to fight corruption, improve competition, strengthen revenue administration, and build resilience to shocks. It has requested a new Fund-supported program to help achieve these objectives and move Armenia toward a more dynamic market economy.
“Somewhere over the rainbow”
Authors: Bos Henny
Published: June 2019

Somewhere over the rainbow: Reality, still a dream, or something between?

The legal and social climate for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals varies across countries. The Netherlands, for example, is known worldwide for its liberal and tolerant climate regarding LGBT people; other nations have less tolerant attitudes and some even penalize homosexuality. But even in the Netherlands, a substantial proportion of the population has the opinion that a child needs a mother and a father for healthy psychological development, and a large percentage disapproves of adoption rights and public expressions of intimacy for same-sex couples. As a consequence, the Netherlands could be described as a society that values the tolerance of homosexuality, while also endorsing heteronormative beliefs. It is in this heteronormative society that children and adolescents are confronted with assumptions that their parents should consist of a mother and a father who identify as heterosexual and who view their gender in binary terms (i.e., female or male). It is also a society in which young sexual minority and gender nonconforming youth are growing up. Less is known about how the health and well-being of sexual minority and gender nonconforming parents and the offspring who are born and raised in these families are influenced by the assumptions of heteronormative society as well as what growing up in such a society means for these youth. In mine Chair position within the Department of Child Development and Education of the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences I will concentrate on sexual and gender diversity in families and youth by encompassing research and education on (1) lesbian, gay, and transgender parenthood, and (2) sexual minority and gender nonconforming youth. In this slightly edited version of my inaugural lecture I describe why it is especially important to focus on protective factors and resiliency in lesbian, gay, and transgender families and in sexual minority and gender nonconforming youth.
Wat is opvoeding?
Authors: Steutel Jan , de Ruyter Doret
Published: June 2019

What is upbringing? A conceptual analysis

This paper offers a conceptual analysis of opvoeding by describing how this word is used in ordinary language. It shows that the Dutch word opvoeding has two different meanings and therefore expresses two different concepts. A first meaning clearly overlaps with the meaning of the word ‘upbringing’, even to such an extent that it is reasonable to assume that these terms express the same concept. It is a rather broad concept, as it covers a comprehensive whole of actions and practices, ranging from early childhood to the attainment of adulthood. The second meaning of opvoeding, however, is very close to the meaning of ‘to discipline’, in particular if reference is made to adult interventions in the child’s life. Used in this way the term expresses a concept that pertains to individual actions and therefore, if compared with the concept of upbringing, is a much more narrow one. In a rather detailed analysis of both concepts their differences and similarities are revealed. It is shown that the disciplining activities that are covered by the second concept are only a relatively modest part of upbringing. Next to disciplining the child, upbringing covers many other types of actions, such as setting a good example to the child, encouraging the child to aspire to particular ideals, or creating a supposedly beneficial environment for the child.
Practical Use of Nitrogen Gas as a Method for Insect Control in Herbaria
Authors: Van Zant Miriam Kritzer , Ugent Don , Lightfoot David A
Published: June 2019

Herbaria are libraries of dried mounted plants used for plant identification, research vouchers and teaching. Herbarium specimens are subject to damage from insects, fungi and bacteria, and must be protected by treatments that kill damaging organisms. Naphthalene, the most common chemical currently used in herbaria, is a class C carcinogen and potential allergen. The aim was to develop an affordable alternative to treatment with persistent hazardous toxins for maintaining dried herbarium specimens. The new method uses ambient temperature nitrogen gas and widely available, valved, nylon, oxygen barrier bags. Nitrogen gas treatment has been shown to be less expensive than freezer storage and safer than treatment with naphthalene and other toxins. The lower hazard of nitrogen treatment compared to naphthalene offers a practical option for K-12 and institutions of higher education to initiate, reinstate or strengthen herbarium collections for teaching and/or research. This is the first report of the use of inexpensive valved oxygen barrier bags for herbarium pest control.
Transcript Abundance Responses of Resistance Pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana to Deoxynivalenol
Authors: Yuan Jiazheng , Zhu Michelle , Meksem Khalid , Geisler Matt , Hart Patrick , Lightfoot David A.
Published: June 2019

Mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch (teleomorph of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) was known to be both a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) and an inhibitor of Arabidopsis thaliana L. seed germination. Fusarium graminearum causes both Gibberella ear rot in maize (Zea mays L.) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley. Arabidopsis thaliana was also a host for the related root rot pathogen F. virguliforme Aoki. A. thaliana seedling growth was reduced by the pathogen in a proportional response to increasing spore concentrations. Here, the changes in transcript abundances corresponding to 10,560 A. thaliana expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was compared with changes in 192 known plant defense and biotic/abiotic stress related genes in soybean roots after infestation with F. virguliforme. A parallel comparison with a set of resistance pathways involved in response to the DON toxicity in A. thaliana was performed. A. thaliana data was obtained from the AFGC depository. The variations of transcript abundances in Arabidopsis and soybean treated with pathogen suggest that both plants respond to the pathogen mainly by common, possibly global responses with some specific secondary metabolic pathways involved in defense. In contrast, DON toxin appeared to impact central metabolisms in Arabidopsis plants with significant alterations ranging from the protein metabolism to redox production. Several new putative resistance pathways involved in responding to both pathogen and DON infestation in soybean and A. thaliana were identified.
Quantitative Trait Loci Underlying Partial Resistance to Cercospora sojina Race 2 Detected in Soybean Seedlings in Greenhouse Assays
Authors: Sharma Hemlata , Lightfoot David A
Published: June 2019

Cercospora sojina (Hara), an air-borne pathogen, infects soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] leaves causing frog-eye leaf spot (FLS). Three major genes (Rcs1-3) underlie resistance to the major races of FLS but two were not yet mapped. In addition quantitative trait loci provide partial resistance to many strains. FLS race 2 was an isolate first collected in the 1950’s when damaging FLS first arose. ‘Essex’ was partially resistant while ‘Forrest’ was partially susceptible to mixed races of FLS. The objective here was to identify quantitative trait loci underlying resistance to FLS race 2 in the greenhouse using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Essex by Forrest. C. sojina race 2 (ATCC 44531) was used to induce leaf symptoms on one hundred F5:14 RILs derived from the cross of Essex by Forrest. The leaf symptoms were measured at 21 days after manual infestation by wounding (dai) and again at 42 dai to show resistance to reinfestation of new leaves from the primary lesions without wounding. Bags over leaves were not used to better simulate field conditions. However, there was no significant correlation between FLS severity at 21 and 42 dai (r =0.08 and P= 0.005). At 21 dai there was a strongly significant QTL near Satt319 on LG C2 (chromosome 7; LOD 3.8; R2 52%) where the Essex allele reduced leaf symptoms by 0.7 units. At 42 dai there was a strongly significant QTL near Satt632 on LG A2 (chromosome 8; R2 was 15%; LOD was 3.6) where the Essex allele reduced leaf symptoms by 0.4 units. Neither locus mapped to the location of Rcs3. By ANOVA thirteen additional minor loci were detected on LGs A1, B1, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M and O. At two loci (LG B1 and O) the Forrest allele appeared to reduce FLS at both 21 and 42 dai. Eight loci may have reduced FLS at 21 dai (0.006 < P < 0.049; 4% < R2 > 9%) of which 5 had beneficial alleles from Forrest. Seven loci may have reduced FLS at 42 dai (0.001 < P < 0.04; 4% < R2 < 15%) of which 4 had beneficial alleles from Forrest. Therefore, quantitative resistance to race 2 of FLS was inferred to have major loci contributions from Essex and minor loci contributions from both Forrest and Essex. Resistance was dependent on plant age. Breeding and selection for FLS will be complex and may be more efficient with the markers, germplasm and models of inheritance reported here.
SNP-E: A New Method For Multiple Sequence Alignments Analysis And Accurate Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Evaluation
Authors: Hemmati-Sholeh Melody N. , Sholeh Larry A. , Lightfoot David A.
Published: June 2019

Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion-deletion mutations are important for discovering the connection between the genetic mutations and complex diseases. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and accurate computational method for SNP detection among Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAs) to be run on Microsoft Office SuiteTM and WindowsTM. The SNP-Evaluator, was designed to simulate the process of human eye visual change-identification. Analysis of three 82-Kbp genomic loci derived from Sanger sequencing and the corresponding SNPs from 31 genomes from IlluminaTM sequencing of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) demonstrated that the SNP-E was an effective method for medium-scale genomic research.
Adaption of Different Operation Strategies for a Sequencing Batch Reactor Plant Working at Seasonal Load Variations
Authors: Bercoff Alexandra , Morling Stig
Published: June 2019

A small SBR-plant (Sequencing Batch Reactor) operating at substantial load variations has been examined with respect to performance at changing load conditions. The plant serves a ski resort area about 200 km north of Stockholm. The plant has a capacity equivalent to 700 pe and a daily flow of 100 m3/d. The results have been examined closely both by a one year follow-up study of the plant performance and also by a Master Thesis. The analysis of the performance study demonstrates how flexible an intermittently operated biological reactor is in treating varying loads, but also indicates possible operational strategies. It is important to keep in mind that the inlet concentrations of the main pollutants far exceed the “normal” values in untreated municipal wastewater. This circumstance is mainly attributed to a new and concentrated sewer system. Thus the amounts of diluting water are very limited.The treatment chain is built up by a pre-treatment stage, a biological and chemical treatment stage in an SBR-reactor and a final polishing stage where the water passes a fine grade screening filter.The requirements set for effluent water by the Environmental Protection Division on the Environmental Testing Advisory Board at the Swedish Environmental Agency are:• BOD7 < 10 ppm;• Total P < 0.3 ppm;No formal requirements have been addressed for COD, suspended solids (SS) or nitrogen. However, these pollution indicators have also been examined during the follow-up session. Typical performance results during the intense period (ski season) were as follows:

• BOD7 < 3 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 99%;•COD < 40 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 96 %;• SS < 5 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 99 %;• Total P < 0.3 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 98 %; and• Total N < 40 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 77 %.Abbreviations: BOD7 means Biochemical Oxygen Demand measured during 7 days; COD means Chemical Oxygen Demand; SS means Suspended Solids, as captured on a filter with 0,45mm; SRT means Solids Residence Time.