bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
36‐4: CQD‐Based Sensors for Large Format SWIR Imaging
Authors: Kong Dexi , Yu Xiaosong , Chen Zixiao , Zhong Wenjie , Liu Xiantao , Liu Haiyang , Zhou Lin , Wu Xiaojuan , Li Cheng , Che Chuncheng
Published: July 2024

Quantum dots have been rapidly developed in the display field, especially as photoluminescent color conversion layers. At the same time, quantum dots have also made increasing research progress in the detection field. We reported a short‐wave infrared sensor based on colloidal quantum dot technology. The photosensitive layer of the sensor uses HgTe colloidal quantum dot material. The detection band is 0.9~1.7um, the resolution is 1280*1024, and the pixel pitch is 15um. Colloidal quantum dot short‐wave infrared sensors get rid of the limitations of the indium pillar flip‐chip bonding process of traditional indium gallium arsenide CMOS short‐wave infrared focal plane sensors. The preparation process is simple, the yield is higher, and the cost is low. Based on the colloidal quantum dot shortwave infrared sensor, we implemented a shortwave infrared camera and characterized its performance parameters, and then we successfully captured shortwave infrared images through the shortwave infrared camera.
38‐1: Invited Paper: Micro Light‐Emitting Diode Pixel Circuit and Driving Method Considering Wavelength Shift
Authors: Im Hwarim , Moon Kook Chul , Kim Yong-Sang
Published: July 2024

We proposed micro light‐emitting diode (μLED) pixel circuits and driving methods. Because the wavelength shift of μLEDs occurs as the current density is varied, we designed pixel circuits based on pulse width modulation (PWM), hybrid PWM and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), and quaternary digital driving.
38‐2: Multimodal Transistor‐Based 7T2C LTPS Pixel Circuit for Simultaneous PAM and PWM Control in μLED Display
Authors: Bestelink Eva , Sporea Radu A.
Published: July 2024

We propose a 7T2C micro‐LED pixel circuit which uses a multimodal transistor (MMT) as driver for compact pulseamplitude and pulse‐width modulation (PAM + PWM) functionality. The LTPS circuit exploits the MMT's ability to maintain a constant drain current, controlled by its source gate, while the channel gate potential varies without interfering with the current magnitude. The MMT also affords a compact footprint and tolerance to large variations in drain‐source voltage caused by LED operating conditions or power supply I × R drops.
39‐1: Invited Paper: An Improved Gate Driver Using Oxide TFTs for Large OLED Displays
Authors: Shin Hong-Jae , Chang Min-Kyu , Kim Yong-Ho , Choi Soo-Hong , Bae Sung-Joon , Shin Woo-Sup , Lee Hyeon-Woo
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we present the small area and high reliable gate driver in panels using a‐IGZO TFTs for large OLED displays. The proposed gate driver circuit has a small area structure with multiple output buffers connected to one shift register circuit. To lower the voltage stress of the pull‐down TFTs, which have the highest voltage stress among the TFTs of the gate driver, the initial voltage of those TFTs is set to low and increases according to the threshold voltage shift of TFTs during operation. It could be implemented by sensing the degradation of the TFTs using the programmable DC driving method. With these technologies, we were able to reduce the gate driver design area by 40% and improve the reliability by 30% despite reducing the circuit area. We successfully developed OLED TVs from 42 inches to 97 inches using the proposed gate driver.
39‐2: Distinguished Paper: A Mobile OLED Display Driver IC with High‐Gain Fast‐Slew Circuit and On‐the‐Fly Self‐Repair for Displays 4K Resolution and Above
Authors: Jo Yun-Rae , Yu Chanbong , Kim Jungmoon , Eom Jeeyeon , Choi Jeonghoon , Jang Yunseok , Lee Woo-Nyoung , Lee Jihyun , Lim Hyun-Wook , Kim Siwoo , Lee Jae-Youl
Published: July 2024

This paper presents an OLED display driver IC with a high‐ gain fast‐slew(HGFS) and an on‐the‐fly self‐repair(OFSR) circuits for a spatial resolution of WQHD and a frame rate of 120Hz To reduce a settling time of a source driver as resolution andframe rate are increase, the proposed HGFS circuit increases a slewing current of unity‐gain amplifier of source driver when an input voltage is largely changed. In addition, to improve image quality by display line defect, the OFSR circuit is operated by replacing a failure channel to a spared dummy channel. The OLED display driver IC was fabricated using a 28nm high‐ voltage process with 8V/20V transistors which has source drivers of 2,880‐channels for WQHD display. The measurement results show the horizontal line time of 2.7ps with slew rate of 7.675V/ps, which support WQHD resolution and 120Hz frame rate. Also, the demonstrated image shows that a display vertical line defect is disappeared by using OFSR.
40‐2: A Novel Gamma Prediction Algorithm for AMOLED Display Based on Residual Network Model
Authors: Xu Chaofan , Tian Xuesong , Zheng Kening , Wang Canghong , Yang Dongfang , Li Jian , Wang Yifei , Xie Qiang , Hou Shuai , Lee Kyoungwon , Kim Changman , Shang Fei
Published: July 2024

To ensure the uniformity of display image quality, it's necessary to gamma‐tuning, which is particularly time‐consuming, resulting in lower production efficiency. In order to reduce gamma TT (Tack Time), this paper proposes a novel AI model for predicting gamma. The study shows that TT 20% can be saved by using the prediction results as the initial value of gamma‐tuning, and TT can be saved by about 70% by writing the prediction results directly to the register.
41‐1: Invited Paper: Next Generation LED Screens – How the Development of Customized LED Modules Helps to Save Resources and Lowers Complexity
Authors: Schmid Michael , Reyes Demian
Published: July 2024

We as a DOOH company have developed a customized LED module which needs less resources thus lowering complexity and raising flexibility in various DOOH projects. This specific LED module saves power, require fewer spare parts and reduces logistic which results in lower overall costs.
42‐2: Self‐Scalable UV Blocking Artificial Iris Operated by Radially Controlled Crosslinking Density with Fast Switching Dynamics
Authors: Cho Young‐Min , Nauman Asad , Lee Jae‐Won , Shin Jung‐Yeop , Seo Jin‐Hyeok , Kim Hak‐Rin
Published: July 2024

In the anatomy of human eye, the role of iris is crucial since it controls the light level entering the eye and enhances the visibility. Here, we propose a soft contact lens type artificial iris actuated by eternal UV (ultra‐violet) light source, self‐regulating its effective aperture size by varying the crosslinking density of bio‐compatible polymer matrix doped with photochromic dye. For its self‐regulating characteristic, we cured HEMA‐based polymer matrix gradually from center to edge. Since the polymer matrix is polymerized by heat, we utilized NIR (near infra‐red) lamp and gradient grayscale patterned photomask for its gradual characteristic. Thereby, the crosslinking density of central position is higher compared to that of peripheral, causing slow switching dynamics. The gradient difference in switching dynamics leads to artificial iris gaining self‐regulation dynamics of effective aperture. The manufactured artificial iris shows advantage in blocking UV light, self‐regulating, and fast switching dynamics. The switching dynamics of artificial iris under bright and dim light adaptation are less than 50 seconds and 120 seconds, showing similar property with human iris.
43‐2: Distinguished Paper: Varifocal Augmented Reality Head‐up Display using Alvarez Freeform Lenses
Authors: Liu Yi , Qiu Yuqing , Dong Jiaqi , Yang Bo-Ru , Qin Zong
Published: July 2024

A varifocal augmented reality head‐up display (AR‐HUD) using Alvarez freeform lenses is proposed. One virtual image can be continuously adjusted between 2.5 and 7.5 m; the other is fixed at 7.5 m. Novel design enables the Alvarez lenses to have apertures larger than 15 cm and a system volume smaller than 10 L.
44‐2: Towards 10‐Watt Radiant Flux——Applications and Challenges of Photoluminescent Quantum Rods in High‐Power LEDs
Authors: SONG Jianxin , PRODANOV Maksym , BHADRA Debjyoti , GRAVARA Roja Ramani , LIAO Zebing , MALLEM Kumar , VASHCHENKO Valerii , SRIVASTAVA Abhishek
Published: July 2024

This report examines the thermal stability of luminescent quantum rods under high optical flux LED conditions, analyzing degradation mechanisms and key factors. Findings reveal that smaller shell volumes and effective thermal management enhance reliability and practicality in high‐power LED applications.
46‐2: Reliable Gate Driver for Eye‐Tracking in High PPI VR Display Using LTPS TFTs
Authors: Sun Jian , Wang Zhen , Yan Wei , Qin Wenwen , Wang Lutong , Xue Hailin , Xie Jianyun
Published: July 2024

This paper demonstrates a novel low‐temperature‐poly‐Si thin film transistor (LTPS TFTs) gate driver with an isolated gate cascading output structure and staggered time node driving method to enhance the driving ability for high PPI VR display. The driver supports Foveated Rendering Display (FRD) mode, which enables eye tracking by exchanging two processes. Compared with conventional ones, the proposed driver shows enhanced driving ability due to the separation of gate output and gate cascading. Besides, the proposed gate driver reduces layout space for high PPI VR display by adopting a single cascade dual driving circuit structure. The proposed circuit still works well when Vth deviates by 3V and Ion decreases to 50%.
47‐4: A Novel Demura Compensation Data Compression Algorithm based on JPEG‐LS
Authors: Chen Lin , Wang Shuaizhao , Guo Xingling , Tan Xiaoping , Huang Jiting , Ge Mingwei , Zhu Xiujian
Published: July 2024

JPEG‐LS is a lossless/near‐lossless image compression algorithm based on context modeling, which has the advantages of easy implementation, low resource consumption and high compression rate. It is widely used in the compression field of continuous‐tone still images. However, single image compression has significant latency and high hardware resource consumption issues, as the JPEG‐LS algorithm requires pixel by pixel prediction and real‐time context updates during the compression process, which is not conducive to algorithm IP implementation. Based on Demura compensation data compression requirements, this article has made changes to the pixel prediction method of the JPEG‐LS algorithm and delayed the update of the context to solve the compression latency and resource consumption issues. After algorithm optimization (NJPEGLS), the linebuffer resource occupation was reduced by 8/9, the clock frequency reached above 140 MHz, and the comprehensive compression rate loss was within 4.5%, meeting the demand for Demura compensation data compression/decompression. In this paper, we also conducted statistics and analysis on the distribution of values, and found that the distribution of values was very regular, and we propose an adaptive value scheme (KNJPEG‐LS) to further simplify the hardware circuit.
47‐5: Analyzing and Enhancing Display Quality in FRC Algorithm
Authors: Wang Yan-Yan , Lai Ching-Hong , Cheng Lin , Dou Wei , Wu Jia-Lian , Nam Jang-Jin , Cheng Jin-Hui , Ni En-Wei
Published: July 2024

The FRC algorithm is a commonly employed technique in LCD displays, aimed at enhancing the data bit depth through pixel dithering. However, it can also give rise to certain display issues such as noise, scrolling stripes, and flickering [1]. To address these problems comprehensively, this paper conducts an analysis from both temporal and spatial dimensions. It reveals that screen noise is closely associated with the uniformity of pixel data distribution throughout the entire FRC cycle time, while rolling stripes are linked to the spatial distribution of pixel data in both row and column directions. Furthermore, flickering arises due to variations in the number of FRC pattern pixels actually displayed per frame. The validity of these theories has been verified on an FPGA platform.
48‐1: A Data‐Driven Intelligent Stress Monitoring for a Robust Manufacturing of a Phone Display with the Extremely Narrow Bottom Bezel
Authors: Yun Sung Sik , Park Joonho , Seo Juyeon , Kim Seokhwan , Kang Taewook
Published: July 2024

A data‐driven intelligent stress monitoring methodology is proposed for a robust manufacturing of a phone display with the extremely narrow bottom bezel. For the narrow bottom bezel, a bottom of a display panel should be bent 180 degrees with asymmetric bended protrusion by tight attachment. The mechanical stress of the bended panel increases rapidly depending on the amount attached after bending 180 degrees. For stable operation of assembly process with high risk process method, the virtual stress monitoring are applied for total product samples during the process. The intelligent stress sensor produces the virtual stress/strain data using a surrogated model, which is learned with the dataset of measured data and simulated data of the tightly bending attachment using it as input. The virtual stress/strain data which matches 99.4% of the simulation value with regression error of less than 1% can be obtained in real time from all products during assembly process with bending of the display panel. The crack risks of the bending 180 degrees are monitored in real time for anomaly detection using the virtual stress data produced by the proposed virtual sensor. With these approaches, we believe that the manufacturing processes having high risks could be stably controlled for a real infinite display creating an incredibly immersive viewing experience.
49‐4: Invited Paper: Super High Ambient Contrast LCDs with Low Power Consumption
Authors: Kawahira Yuichi , Hasegawa Masahiro , Saigusa Ryosuke , Xu Jianeng , Oyama Takeshi , Sakai Akira , Minoura Kiyoshi
Published: July 2024

The most effective way to improve display visibility in ambient light is to suppress the reflectance of the display. After conducting a thorough analysis of the factors contributing to unwanted reflection, specific layers were identified that required improvement. Subsequently, these elements were carefully optimized, resulting in a significant reduction of internal reflection to 0.53% for our 12.3” FFS‐mode prototype, compared to 1.12% in conventional LCDs. This improvement was achieved without the use of circular polarizers and has been demonstrated to provide excellent visibility in bright ambient conditions while allowing for reduced backlight brightness and lower power consumption.
51‐1: Invited Paper: Foveated Image Compression and Transmission for Virtual‐Reality Headsets
Authors: Jia T , Shen C , Shi ZH , Chen FB , Zhang QF , Zhao MN , Yu YL , Zhang R , Wang CH
Published: July 2024

Here we propose a foveated image transmission and compensation strategy with a rendering compression step, a re‐compression step and a decompression step. It is realized and tested on an FPGA‐based headset tester equipped with a high‐accuracy eye tracking system. Past human factors engineering experiments are reviewed and used to determine the proper boundaries for thefoveation zone division.
51‐2: Invited Paper: Foveated Image Transmission with Anti‐Aliasing Image Reconstruction
Authors: Tzung-Yuan Lee , Yu-Hsing Chuang , Yao-Ming Lin , Kun-Yueh Lin , Chun-Ta Wu , Yu-Hsun Peng
Published: July 2024

This paper introduces an anti‐aliasing image reconstruction method in the optical coordinate domain for point‐to‐point transmission in AR/VR headset displays, employing variable downsampling ratios across different image areas to reduce transmission bandwidth and corresponding upscaling ratios at the receiver. Filter parameters for anti‐aliasing calculations at each pixel position are determined based on optical coordinates distorted by the lens, enhancing detail in areas with significant image deformation. Image quality is evaluated using MSSSIM and supported by experimental evidence.
52‐2: Invited Paper: 1µm Nanowire Based MicroLED Chips for Efficient and High Performance Smart Watch Displays
Authors: Robin Ivan-Christophe , Thulian Pierre , Sannicolo Thomas , Malier Yoann , Hugon Xavier , Gilet Philippe
Published: July 2024

One of the microLED direct view display major challenges is to find ways of drastically dropping the cost, for instance by reducing the microLED size, simplifying the assembly process, and improving the assembly yield.

Aledia has developed a 3D nanowire (NW) microLED technology on 8” silicon wafers which has the outstanding capability to keep the same efficiency for <4µm size devices containing only 1NW as for larger devices containing hundreds of NWs. This technology provides similar efficiency as well as electro‐optical parameters (I‐V and Emission Spectra) whatever the microLED size. Over 30% Wall Plug Efficiency (WPE) is obtained and 3% WPE standard deviation is measured at wafer level as well as a wavelength standard deviation as low as 1.5 nm. Those results show that our technology allowsthe manufacturing of micron size microLEDs on a Si platform without experiencing a loss of efficiency with size reduction. We will present our technology and its performance. Based on our microLED we will also propose a cost competitive and energy efficient direct‐view smartwatch display architecture.
52‐3: Enhancing Micro‐LED Display Efficiency with Reduced Ambient Light Reflectance
Authors: Tsai Yu-Hung , Lin Hoang-Yan , Huang Mao-Kai , Zhuang Yuan-Zhen , Huang Yu-Hsin , Lin Kuan-Heng
Published: July 2024

Shrinking LEDs reduces Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) and challenges light collection[1]. This study employs LightTools® for geometric optical simulations to create a secondary optical structure with reflector and a black matrix, enhancing Micro‐LED efficiency. This approach significantly reduces light emission loss from the original 40% to 4.54%. and ambient light reflection from the original 25% to 4.85%.
53‐3: Distinguished Paper: Developing Pure Green Polycyclo‐Heteraborin MR‐TADF Scaffolds for Efficient, Stable Narrowband OLEDs
Authors: Palanisamy Paramasivam , Kumar Odugu Pavan , Kim Hae Ung , Kwon Jang Hyuk
Published: July 2024

We developed two symmetrical green MR‐TADF emitters, BpIC‐DPA and BpIC‐Cz, based on the rigidification and regulation of molecular orbitals (MO) engineering strategies. Both emitters exhibited pure green emission with narrow FWHM below 25 nm and high PLQY over 84%. Among the fabricated OLEDs, BpIC‐Cz‐device showed maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 25.7% with alleviated efficiency roll‐off characteristics (EQE1000nits = 24.3%) and longer device‐lifetime (LT90) of 291 h at the initial luminance of 1000 nits.
54‐2: Diffraction Issues of Under Display IR Sensor in AMOLED Displays
Authors: Wang Zhibin , Chi Longxing , Chang Yilu , Xu Xiaofeng , Qiu Jacky , Helander Michael
Published: July 2024

This paper investigates diffraction issues in Under Display Infrared (UDIR) sensor applications for 3D facial recognition. While conventional design wisdom emphasizes infrared transmittance, this study introduces a new figure of merit, Zero‐Order Transmittance (ZOT) as a crucial parameter. Patterning the cathode significantly improves ZOT, highlighting its importance in UDIR applications. This emphasizes the need for careful consideration of pixel and aperture layout to achieve high ETZ without compromising performance such as resolution and lifetime of the display.
54‐4: Innovative Research on Full Display Technology for Face Recognition
Authors: Wang Shoukun , Zhang Zhichao , Yan Ni , Guo Zidong , Wang Panpan , Zhang Huanhuan , Xi Wangfeng , Xing Rubo , Li Junfeng
Published: July 2024

This paper mainly introduces related research of the full screen technology for face recognition under OLED screen. By analyzing and studying the influence of infrared light irradiation on OLED screen, especially the influence of infrared light irradiation on TFT, the relevant mechanism analysis is completed, and the corresponding optimization solution is proposed, so as to realize face recognition under the screen, achieve the perfect technical combination of full screen and infrared face recognition, and realize true full screen display.
57‐1: Invited Paper: Key challenges for the qualification of vehicle displays
Authors: Kreuzer Markus , Hudak Andreas , Pluta Alexander , Song Kiuk , Adam P
Published: July 2024

Today, automotive displays are among the innovators for high‐resolution, free‐form, curved and flexible displays with immense demands on durability, brightness and color fidelity. These ever‐increasing requirements go hand in hand with the future‐oriented changes in mobility. The importance of displays, especially in semi‐autonomous and autonomous vehicles, is constantly increasing. At the same time, the complexity of the overall component is increasing due to multitouch, haptic feedback, integrated camera technology and other sensor technology. Accordingly, the qualification techniques must be constantly adapted and expanded and face new challenges to be able to evaluate image processing measures and optimizations, e.g. through local dimming.

Modern optical measurement techniques in combination with efficient and fully comprehensive commissioning of entire components can significantly shorten the development time and are today decisive competitive advantages. We show and try to evaluate which changes are necessary for the development process as well as for the product validation and give examples for corresponding solution approaches.

The work was done in cooperation with the quality assurance department at Mercedes‐Benz AG.
58‐2: Analyzing Observer Metamerism Characteristics Based on the Peak Wavelengths of Primary Colors
Authors: Jang Junwoo , Jin Yan , Yoo Jang Jin
Published: July 2024

A new IEC standard has been recently published to evaluate observer metamerism(OM) characteristics, one of the challenges of wide color gamut displays. This paper evaluates OM characteristics based on primary peak wavelength with the new IEC standard using hypothetical displays with color gamuts from BT.709 to BT.2020 and beyond.
58‐3: Impact of Calibration Sources on Accuracy of Chromaticity Measurements of LED based Displays
Authors: Schanz Roland , Fischer Fabian , Steinel Tobias
Published: July 2024

The transition from LCD to OLED and µLED as dominant lighting sources for consumer displays in smart devices and AR/VR displays poses new challenges to light measurement. OLEDs and µLEDs exhibit completely different and far greater variations in their spectral distribution, for the measurement of which calibrations with standard light sources e.g. illuminant A are not optimally suited. Metrological traceability is thus particularly important for the interpretation of display measurements using (O)LED based light sources. The paper introduces experimental data on the traceable color accuracy of consumer display measurements based on different display technologies and therefore different variations in spectral distribution. We evaluate the influence of different calibration approaches and calibration sources. We also examine and compare the influence of internal and external spectral reference approaches on traceable error budgets.
59‐1: Enhancing Brightness with Multi‐Color Holography
Authors: Kavaklı Koray , Shi Liang , Urey Hakan , Matusik Wojciech , Akşit Kaan
Published: July 2024

Holographic displays traditionally project full‐colored holograms time‐sequentially to achieve colored images. Time‐sequential image formation limits the achievable brightness levels. This work introduces a new method to achieve brighter images in holographic displays. Unlike the usual approach, our method allows three light sources to simultaneously illuminate the displayed holograms at different intensity levels. We optimize phase holograms along with the required intensity levels for each frame using our gradient‐descent based optimization pipeline.
60‐1: Invited Paper: Epitaxial, Scalable Nanowire Light Emitters and Photodetectors
Authors: Zhao Songrui , Vafadar Mohammad Fazel , Fathabadi Milad
Published: July 2024

In this paper, our novel epitaxial nanowire‐based surface‐emitting lasers and self‐powered, wavelength distinguishable photodetectors in the ultraviolet are reviewed, and their potentially applications to portable sensing and imaging systems for extended environment awareness are discussed.
60‐2: NanoLEDs for Augmented Reality Applications
Authors: Coe-Sullivan S. , Stevenson Matthew , Le Binh H. , Laleyan David
Published: July 2024

Nanowire‐based InGaN light‐emitting diodes (nanoLEDs) have progressed to being the most efficient LEDs ever made at extremely small lateral sizes, and have the added benefits of highly directional emission and extremely narrow bandwidth. Augmented reality headsets and other A/R display applications will require displays that combine these properties with low‐cost and high yield manufacturing.
60‐3: CMOS Compatible microLED Epitaxy for Display Applications
Authors: Kastein Lewis , Marchand Hugues , Furlong Mark J. , Pelzel Rodney
Published: July 2024

Results from AlGaInP (red) microLED devices deposited by MOCVD on 200 mm Ge substrates will be presented. As a potential replacement for GaAs, Ge offers advantages which include ultra low levels of bulk defectivity, superior mechanical strength and cost competitiveness versus incumbent substrate technologies. Additionally, Ge is a CMOS fab compatible substrate which is a key to accessing high volume manufacturing within existing Si foundries, 300 mm being a future key enabler
62‐1: High Performance OLED with Microlens Array, Metal Mask‐Less Lithography, and RGB Side‐by‐Side Patterning
Authors: Sugisawa Nozomu , Nakamura Daiki , Hatsumi Ryo , Ikeda Hisao , Nagata Takaaki , Aoyama Tomoya , Eguchi Shingo , Yamane Yasumasa , Miyairi Hidekazu , Ishitani Tetsuji , Matsuki Mitsuhiro , Okazaki Kenichi , Idojiri Satoru , Nakazawa Yasutaka , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: July 2024

This paper reports on a metal mask‐less lithography (MML) process for RGB OLED displays. By integrating MML, tandem OLEDs, and a microlens array (MLA), ultra‐high resolution, high luminance, and robust reliability can be realized. The report also demonstrates an MLA using an S‐stripe MLA pattern. The prototype exhibits excellent properties, with a white light efficiency of 66.7 cd/A at 15,000 cd/m².
62‐2: High Frame Rate Scanning Backlight System for Privacy Display with Active Retarder
Authors: Kobayashi Masamitsu , Miura Takafumi , Yamaguchi Noriaki , Masuda Junichi , Miyata Hidekazu , Furukawa Hiroyuki , Yashiki Masafumi
Published: July 2024

The demand for higher frame rates and resolutions on display panels remains strong as the gaming market has expanded in recent years. To make new use of these display panels, we have developed a privacy display in combination with active retarder. We made a prototype using high frame rate scanning backlight system and achieved the 4% level for the crosstalk ratio.
63‐3: An Enhanced Micro‐LED Pixel Circuit: Achieving Low Error Rates through Stable Current Generation with LTPO Technology
Authors: Li Yan , Woo Hye-Won , Im Hwarim , Moon Kook Chul , Kim Yong-Sang
Published: July 2024

This paper proposed a micro‐LED pixel circuit utilizing low‐temperature polycrystalline oxide (LTPO) technology. Unlike conventional designs, our approach leverages coupling effects to nullify threshold voltages in both segments without signal line augmentation. A more stable emission current is achieved through altered emission methods, yielding an error rate below 4%.
64‐4: ECR Plasma Source for Copper Thin Film Dry Etching
Authors: Jang Jin Nyoung , Lee Jong Hwa , Lee Sangheon , Jung Kiro , Kim Donghoon , Hong Mun-Pyo , Kim Sang-Gab , Jang Soo Ouk , Kim Chiwoo
Published: July 2024

Dry etching process of thin copper films using high electron temperature ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) plasma source is developed. With ECR source and RIE (reactive ion etching) mode, etching rate of 175 nm/min is achieved. Dry etching is performed under high electron temperature plasma source with low temperature substrate and employing a reactive ion etching mode. To compensate the large area etching uniformity, scanning low temperature susceptor is adopted. Rectangular‐type microwave slot antenna (ReSLAN) is used to generate ECR plasma.
65‐1: Invited Paper: Biaxially Formed LC Cells and Organic Transistors for 3D Curved Displays for Automotive Applications
Authors: Cain Paul , Russell Andrew , James Ashley , Wheeler May , Reeves William H
Published: July 2024

Unsurprisingly, the FPD industry began life making flat display panels. In recent years curved displays have entered production, including TVs and foldable smartphone displays built on polyimide. These are manufactured in a flat state, then uniaxially curved.

However, many real‐world surfaces have surfaces with biaxial curvature, either for aesthetic or functional reasons, and require biaxially curved displays with active optics that enable these surfaces to actively modulate, steer and focus light.

We report on recent developments which show that flexible OTFT arrays, LC cells and Organic LCDs (OLCDs) can be biaxially thermoformed to spherically curved surfaces.
66‐1: Invited Paper: Display Performance Standards: Clearing up OEM and Consumer Confusion
Authors: Wooster Roland , Stolitzka Dale
Published: July 2024

The PC display market has evolved rapidly in recent years, with new technologies and capabilities like high dynamic range (HDR), motion blur reduction and ultra‐high variable refresh rates being introduced at a rapid rate. However, when it comes to choosing a display, consumers are often at a disadvantage. How can they better understand the capabilities of each display, and trust the specs provided by the manufacturer? For display OEMs, having consistent, measurable display performance parameters around which to qualify and promote their products is also beneficial to product development and commercialization.

For the past six years, the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) has released multiple front‐of‐screen performance standards to help consumers and OEMs meet these needs. This paper will review the compliance test specifications for several of these standards, including the newest update to VESA's HDR standard, DisplayHDR v1.2, which will be launched in the first half of 2024.
67‐2: Invited Paper: Displayable Liquid Crystal Glasses with Clear See‐Through Vision
Authors: Chen Hung-Shan , Chang Chia-Ming , Chen Chien-Chung , Chen Sung-Nan , Cheng Chang-Chiang , Wu Yung-Hsun , Yang Chiu-Lien
Published: July 2024

We propose an innovative reflective displayable technology named LiqxtalTM Graph, designed to present digital content on the exterior while ensuring a clear see‐through vision for the wearer. Employing TFT liquid crystal display (TFT‐LCD) architecture, this technology locally manipulates the polarization state and reflectance of incident light through liquid crystal and interfaces. By seamlessly integrating with wireless control systems and mobile app platforms, this technology enables the glasses to convey digital information between users. Applications encompass real‐time signage, interactive gaming, and social media engagement.
68‐1: Distinguished Paper: An Active‐Matrix MicroLED Display Based on Monolithic Integration with IGZO Backplane
Authors: Durnan Oliver , Kumar Vikrant , Alshanbari Reem , Noga Megan , Kymissis Ioannis
Published: July 2024

We present a method of monolithically integrating GaN microLEDs with an IGZO TFT backplane to produce an activematrix microdisplay. After discussion of the fabrication process, individual LEDs, TFTs, and the integrated system are characterized. Results demonstrate a 32x32 pixel, 78.4 PPI microdisplay with luminance exceeding 1500 nits. This type of monolithic microdisplay forges the path forward for future high luminance integrated displays to enable augmented and mixed reality applications.
68‐2: A New PWM Micro‐LED Pixel Circuit Using LTPO TFTs with Threshold Voltage and IR‐Drop Compensations
Authors: Kim Junyeong , Jang Jin
Published: July 2024

We propose a novel pulse width modulation (PWM) micro‐LED pixel circuit utilizing LTPO TFTs. It can compensate for VTH variation, ensuring uniform micro‐LED current pulse width and amplitude. In addition, the circuit exhibits excellent IR‐drop compensation. The fabricated LTPO pixel circuit was found to perform PWM with VTH and IR‐drop compensation.
69‐1: Invited Paper: Recent Progress in High‐Performance AMOLED Display with ViPTM Technology
Authors: Xiao Yiming , Ding Zhendong , Dong Zhengkui , Xia Zengqiang , Yao Yuan , Yang Bowen , Zu Zhao , Zhang Haohan , Du Yongqiang , Fu Yuting , Ni Liusong , Xue Murong , Zhu Xuejing , Lai Yiyou , Lee CC , Zhu Xiujian , Peng Zhaoji , Zhang Deqiang
Published: July 2024

ViPTM (Visionox intelligent Pixelization) Technology is a novel RGB self‐aligned pixelization approach without Fine Metal Mask for OLED patterning. Since being released in May 2023, numerous breakthrough technical progress has been achieved. In this presentation, the recent results on panel performance and other advantages of ViPTM Technology will be discussed.
71‐1: CMOS Backplane Technology and Its Challenge for µLEDoS AR/XR Display
Authors: Lee Myunghee , Seong Jewoo , Jang Jinwoong , Lee Jiehaeng , Jeon Jonggu
Published: July 2024

This paper introduces the latest CMOS (Complementary Metal‐Oxide‐Silicon) backplane technology for µLEDoS AR/XR display engines. The backplane supports a display resolution of 1,280RGB x 720 and has been implemented on a 28nm Fully Depleted Silicon on Insular (FD‐SOI) CMOS process in order to meet the requirements such as performance, power, and pixel size. The area of a single pixel is 4.95µm x 4.95µm achieving higher than 5,000 PPI in RGB‐color mode. Each pixel contains 3 independent sub‐pixel drivers and one dependent driver assigned for a red LED. Each sub‐pixel driver includes a 10‐bit video SRAM memory, PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control logic block, a constant current generator, and LED driver stage to drive red, green, or blue LEDs. The backplane also integrates necessary image processing functions such as De‐mura compensation, dead‐pixel compensation, and digital gamma generation. The top surface of the backplane wafer is also prepared for a wafer‐to‐wafer hybridization bonding between the CMOS wafer and an LED wafer.
71‐3: High Resolution Pixel Circuit Using a Double‐Gate LTPS TFT for AMOLED Displays in AR and VR Applications
Authors: Heo Jae-Young , Im Hwarim , Moon Kook Chul , Kim Yong-Sang
Published: July 2024

The new AMOLED pixel circuit for high‐resolution applications such as AR/VR has been proposed. The simultaneous emission is adopted to minimize pixel elements. The proposed circuit can compensate for variations of threshold voltage and sub‐threshold voltage even composed with 3 TFTs and 1 capacitor.
72‐3: The Transparent 55 inch OLED Display Products with Improved Imaging Quality
Authors: Zhou Bin , Yan Liangchen , Hsu Minghung , Li Yongqian , Qiao Yongkang , Cheng Leilei , Shi Shoulei , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: July 2024

In this work, a transparent OLED Display Products with improves imaging quality. Display Products provided the better imaging uniformity and high imaging. The transparent 55‐inch OLED Display Products is fabricated by using RIB structure auxiliary electrode process and dark pixel reduction process.
74‐3: Regular Reflectance and Transmittance Measured by the Annulus Source Method
Authors: Penczek John
Published: July 2024

Prior work showed how the annulus source method could extract the true regular reflectance component from a reflective display in the presence of multiple scattering components. This study extends this work by demonstrating the capability of this method to measure the regular reflectance and transmittance of emissive, transparent, and augmented reality displays.
74‐4: Research of FMLOC Visibility Phenomena Based on Huygens Point Spread Function
Authors: Gao Yamei , Shi Shiming , Wang Xiao , Wang Jiali , Li Qian , Tang Wei , Huang Jianbang , Wu Zhangmin , Liu Kezhi , Li Yaqiu , Li Lin , Zhang Lin , Liu Changbo
Published: July 2024

This paper analyzed the visibility phenomenon caused by the metal mesh of FMLOC under the point source illumination. We built a simulation model based on PSF of Huygens integral mode, processed the simulation results with background filtration algorithm. When there is only one graphic unit and no gap spacing between single‐cycle graphic units in FMLOC sensor pattern, the phenomena were significantly improved.
76‐1: Invited Paper: Can MicroLED Beat OLED?
Authors: Virey Eric H. , Bouhamri Zine , Mermet-Lyaudoz Raphael
Published: July 2024

As a self‐emissive technology, microLED displays retain all benefits of OLEDs and should be able to improve on many aspects, but will it be enough to guaranty success? In February 2024, leading proponent Apple canceled its microLED smartwatch project. More generally, as microLED keeps getting delayed and OLED keeps improving, the value proposition of microLED is shrinking. This paper looks at how the technology could deliver stronger differentiation.
76‐3: Invited Paper: Integration of Sensing Technologies into MicroLED Displays
Authors: Knausz I. , Rivers N. , Radauscher E. , Pearson A. , Bradshaw G. , Meyer C. , Trinh B. , Cannon N. , Raymond B. , Bonafede S. , Jain N. , Prevatte C. , Verreen C. , Hamid F. , Bower C. A. , Meitl M. A. , Moran B. , Ren Z. , Wu A. , Huard D. , Parikh K.
Published: July 2024

MicroIC enables display attributes unattainable from polycrystalline thin‐film transistors, and the complimentary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) microICs support a wide range of applications beyond driving pixels. Integrating sensors within displays can add value to products, reduce costs and improve performance versus conventional solutions. As evidenced by touch and display integration in mobile displays via TDDI ICs, in‐cell sensing can reduce cost and improve performance to levels that are not available with all display types. Capacitive touch, optical touch, 3D scanning, and proximity sensing can also benefit from the inherent coordination between sensors and display. We present multiple sensing architectures and demonstrations of integration within microLED displays and describe CMOS microIC circuits for touch sensing applications. With diverse heterogenous semiconductor technology tightly woven into displays, the potential for intuitive gesture controls, adaptive interfaces, and enhanced sensory feedback paves the way for more natural and effortless interactions between humans and machines.
76‐5: Invited Paper: Sensor Integration into a Multifunctional µLED Display ‐ New Paradigms
Authors: Minixhofer Rainer , Drolet Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2024

With the advent of µLED displays, multiple paradigm shifts in the overall system architecture will offer new opportunities and dramatically change the requirements of display management and general sensing. This work focuses on the required system architecture of a microLED display with embedded sensing functionality.
77‐2: Research on Suppressing the Electrical Crosstalk of Tandem OLED Sub‐pixels
Authors: Jiang Danyang , Jiang Bo , Li Mengzhen , Liu Jia , Cui Teng , Ding Liwei , Gai Cuili
Published: July 2024

Tandem OLED has attracted widely attention in display application due to its ability to reduce power consumption and increase lifetime simultaneously. The display industry is currently focusing on developing the structure and the process for tandem OLED. In the tandem OLED device, the common layer, including charge generation layer (CGL), will not only transport charge carriers vertically, but also transport the charge horizontally to adjacent sub‐pixels, resulting in electrical crosstalk. Moreover, the decrease of tandem OLED current will seriously affect the color gamut of display under low gray levels from 81.3% to 48.26%. Here, we provide theoretical simulation and some solutions to suppress the electrical crosstalk and optimize uniformity of tandem OLED display, providing some guidance for the development of tandem OLED technology.
77‐4: Highly Efficient Side‐by‐Side Three‐Stack Tandem Flexible OLED Displays with Yb‐doped n‐CGLs
Authors: Tsukamoto Yuto , Shibasaki Masakazu , Nomiyama Shota , Umeda Tokiyoshi , Kawato Shinichi
Published: July 2024

We have succeeded in developing highly efficient side‐by‐side three‐stack tandem flexible OLED displays with Yb‐doped n‐type Charge Generation Layers (n‐CGLs), whose white current efficiency is up to 2.2 times as high as that of single OLED. The three‐stack tandem OLED display shows 1800 nits in full white with a polarizer. We found that the optimal combination of electron transporting material and metal as n‐CGL exhibits appropriate conductivities through EOD evaluation.
78‐2: Invited/Distinguished Paper: Assessing Color Capability with Gamut Ring Intersection
Authors: Smith Euan
Published: July 2024

The Gamut Ring Intersection diagram extends the Gamut Ring diagram by representing how the color gamut of a test device covers a reference color gamut. The means of calculating and rendering a Gamut Ring Intersection diagram will be provided, and advantages demonstrated through analysis of measured and synthetic display gamuts.
79‐1: Invited Paper: Adaptive Local Backlight Dimming Control with Local Boosting
Authors: Cho Jaechan , Yoo Jongsang , Park Junyoung , Lee Ji Won , Kang Sukju
Published: July 2024

The local backlight dimming (LBD) technology has attracted significant interest for liquid crystal displays. In automotive, notebook PC, and virtual reality applications, LBD should treat the trade‐off between power saving and visual quality enhancement. However, it requires the cost of the high logic complexity to consider the optimal solution at a higher resolution of the image. This paper proposes the adaptive local backlight dimming control, which can reduce the power consumption of backlight and improve the quality of the display. The proposed method analyzes an image contents with a low complexity algorithm, and it applies a local boosting to achieve a target intensity in backlight control. In performance evaluation using FPGA test system, the designed local dimming processor achieved 7.54% higher power‐saving rate with visual quality enhancement in high‐contrast region.
79‐3: Novel Mini‐LED Pixel Circuit with PWM Driving Method for Decreasing Power Consumption
Authors: Ke Cheng-Han , Chen Yi-Chien , Liu Chih-I , Chiu Yu-Chang , Deng Ming-Yang , Lin Chih-Lung
Published: July 2024

This article proposes a mini‐LED pixel circuit that employs the PWM driving method to decrease power consumption. To achieve uniform current, the circuit compensates for threshold voltage variations of TFTs and VDD I‐R drops. Simulation results show that power consumption is ameliorated over 10.53% more than the 6T1C circuit.
80‐3: Distinguished Paper: 47.5 inch 8K Inkjet Printing AMOLED MNT with Local Boosting GOA Design
Authors: Hsu Minghung , Ye Zhijie , Wang Huifeng , Yuan Can , Yuan Zhidong , Wei Xiaolong , Liu Jun , Zhao Ce , Cheng Xuelian , Yan Guang , Yan Liangchen , Li Yongqian , Shih Huaiting , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we presented a 47.5 inch 8K2K AMOLED MNT employing a LTPS backplane, top emissive inkjet printing (IJP) OLED devices and gate driver on array (GOA) supporting independent 32*9 zone control and internal compensation driving. It is so far the first prototype AMOLED MNT integrating inkjet printing process and local high frame rate (up to 960Hz) driving. Thanks to the high resolution, local frame rate data processing and superior IJP OLED EL, it shows a brand new approach to deliver a premium display.
81‐4: Viewing Angle‐aware Color and Luminance Distortion Compensation for Automotive OLED Displays
Authors: Pak Jione , Choi Joung-Man , Pang SeokCin , Kim Dong-Guk , Kim Kyunglack , Kang Suk-Ju
Published: July 2024

Recently, Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays have been widely adopted in vehicles. However, OLED displays face a challenge in that color and luminance become distorted significantly depending on the viewing angle. This issue is particularly crucial for the Center Information Display (CID) installed to the right of the driver, which is always viewed at an angle. To address this problem, this paper proposes a software‐based method to compensate for the color and luminance distortions caused by viewing angles in vehicle OLED displays. This method involves analyzing the degree of distortion at different angles and applying corrections accordingly. We have validated the effectiveness of this approach through a series of experiments.
82‐2: Rapid Eyebox Measurements for Wide Field of View Near‐Eye Displays
Authors: Penczek John , Austin Richard L. , Lipscomb Jonathan D. , Akcakir Osman
Published: July 2024

Measuring the eyebox of a near‐eye display is a complex and time‐consuming process. The recent introduction of the Draper eyebox method offers an opportunity to simplify the process and dramatically reduce the measurement time. This study compares the Draper method with the standard goniometric method with both pupil and eye rotation, and discusses its correlation.
82‐3: Optical Quality Requirements for Accurate MTF/CTF Measurements on Near‐Eye‐Displays
Authors: Winters Daniel , Ruprecht Aiko , Erichsen Patrik , Yadav Mohit , Eggers Jan-Hinrich , Stauss Benjamin
Published: July 2024

Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is an important image quality metric. Traditional displays generate images on a flat display, whereas Near‐Eye‐Displays (NEDs) project virtual images with amplitude and wave‐front phase information. Poorly designed NED MTF test systems can introduce uncorrectable measurement errors, in contrast to well‐designed systems with aberration‐free optical performance.
83‐1: Invited Paper: Development of Liquid Crystal Lenses for 3D Displays
Authors: Ibata Yukie , Masumura Kazunori , Ikeda Naoyasu , Matsushima Jin , Sato Tetsushi , Haga Hiroshi , Shigemura Koji
Published: July 2024

This paper covers the overview of liquid crystal lenses for 3D displays and our latest technology that reduces the switching time of the LC lens. First, a binocular near‐eye DFD display system utilizing binary focus lenses including a liquid crystal layer is described. Then, we review a two‐way multiview 2D/3D display that can achieve 3D images in both landscape and portrait. Finally, for the fast switching time of LC lenses, we report a novel driving method by applying a vertical electric field that achieved 25 times faster turn‐off time than the conventional method.
83‐2: Invited Paper: High‐Performance Liquid Crystal Grating for Holographic 3D Display Application
Authors: Zeng Yang , Zhu Shengtao , Wu Yaodong , Yu Quanpeng , Yang Song , Wu Hao , Yao Qijun , Leister Norbert , Teich Martin , Wagner Tim , Häussler Ralf
Published: July 2024

Fast‐switching high‐efficiency liquid crystal grating is a key component in holographic true‐3D display systems. In this paper, we present our research and development of a 10.7” liquid crystal grating with 2‐3 millisecond switching time, close‐to‐ideal deflection efficiency, and >100 polarization contrast. The high performance is achieved by optimizing the design and process of the liquid crystal grating panel as well as the optical module stack. Several key design principles are analyzed and verified. Based on the developed liquid crystal grating, a 10.4” full‐color naked‐eye holographic 3D display prototype is successfully realized.
84‐4: Transfer of Flip‐Chip Structure micro‐LED from Sapphire to Thin Film
Authors: Li Jiayi , Liu Zhaojun
Published: July 2024

Micro‐LED has become a hotspot in the field of displays due to its advantages such as high brightness and self‐emission, and is regarded as the next‐generation display technology. Mass transfer of micro‐LED refers to the process of transferring a large number of chips from grown substrate to another carrier, which is one of the important methods to achieve full‐color display of micro‐LED, and how to achieve high yield and high speed in mass transfer has always been a focus of attention. In this paper, mass transfer process of micro‐LEDs is studied, wherein laser lift‐off technology is employed to separate the LEDs from the sapphire substrate. Taking advantage of adhesive differences in the film, the micro‐LED array is flipped twice to complete the mass transfer process.