bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bismuth oxide nanoparticles as agents of radiation dose enhancement in intraoperative radiotherapy
Authors: Alyani Nezhad Zahra , Geraily Ghazale , Hataminia Fatemeh , Parwaie Wrya , Ghanbari Hossein , Gholami Somayeh
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) technique is an advanced radio therapeutic method used for delivery of a single high‐dose radiation during surgery while removing healthy tissues from the radiation field. Nowadays, growing attention is being paid to IORT for its low‐energy (kilovoltage) delivery as it requires less radiation protection, but suffers several disadvantages, including high‐dose delivery and prolonged treatment time. The application of nanoparticles with high atomic number and high attenuation coefficients in kilovoltage energy may help overcome the mentioned shortcomings. This study was designed to investigate and quantify the mean dose enhancement factor (DEF) in the presence of nanoparticles using IORT method.

Methods

Bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi2O3NPs), both in sheet and spherical formats, were synthesized using a novel hydrothermal method and characterized with x‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Genipin‐gelatin gel dosimeter (GENIPIN) was produced in three batches of pure with sheet and with spherical nanoparticles in concentration of 46.596 µg/ml, and irradiated with 50 kV x‐rays.

Results

Samples were scanned by a spectrophotometer, which indicated a DEF of 3.28  0.37 and 2.50  0.23 for sheet and spherical NPs, respectively. According to the results of this study, GENIPIN is a suitable dosimeter for the evaluation of three‐dimensional dose distribution in the presence Bi2O3 NPs.

Conclusion

As a result, IORT along with Bi2O3 NPs has the potential to reduce treatment time and/or normal tissue dose; moreover, it could provide localized dose enhancement.
Technical Note: Using virtual noncontrast images from dual‐energy CT to eliminate the need of precontrast CT for x‐ray radiation treatment planning of abdominal tumors†
Authors: Noid George , Schott Diane , Paulson Eric , Zhu Justin , Shah Jainil , Li X. Allen
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Radiation therapy (RT) planning frequently utilizes contrast‐enhanced CT. However, dose calculations should not be performed on a contrast‐enhanced CT because the patient will not receive bolus during treatment. It is typical to acquire CT twice during RT simulation: once before injection of bolus and once after. The registration between these datasets introduces errors. In this work, we investigate the use of virtual noncontrast images (VNC) derived from dual‐energy CT (DECT) to eliminate the precontrast CT and the registration error.

Methods

CT datasets, including conventional 120 kVp pre‐ and postcontrast CTs and postcontrast DECT, acquired for ten pancreatic cancer patients were evaluated. The DECTs were acquired simultaneously using a dual source (DS) CT simulator. VNC and virtual mono‐energetic images (VMI) were derived from DECTs. Gross tumor volumes (GTV), planning target volumes (PTV), and organs at risks (OAR) were delineated on the postcontrast CT and then populated to the precontrast CT and the VNC. An IMRT plan (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions) was then optimized on the precontrast CT. Dose distributions were recalculated on the VNC images. Contours from the pre‐ and postcontrast CTs and the dose distributions based on both were compared.

Results

On average, the distance of centroids of the populated duodenum contours on precontrast CT differed by 6.0 ± 4.0 mm from those on postcontrast CTs. The dose distributions on the precontrast CT and VNC were almost identical. The PTV mean and maximum doses differed by 0.1% and 0.2% between the two plans, respectively.

Conclusion

The VNC derived from DECT can be used to replace the conventional precontrast CT scan for RT planning, eliminating the need for an additional precontrast CT scan and eliminating the registration errors. Thus, VNC can become an important asset to the future of RT.
Computational 1H and 13C NMR of the trimeric monoterpenoid indole alkaloid strychnohexamine: Selected spectral updates
Authors: Semenov Valentin A. , Krivdin Leonid B.
Published: January 2021

Very large trimeric indole alkaloid strychnohexamine, with empirical formula C59H60N6O (66 second‐row atoms and 60 protons), has been subjected to the state‐of‐the‐art computation of the 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of its configurational isomers at each of the 14 asymmetric centers. Several spectral reassignments and corrections of 1H and 13C NMR spectra of this alkaloid were suggested based on the PBE0/pcSseg‐2//pcseg‐2 calculation of its NMR chemical shifts. Thus, all pairs of diastereotopic protons were assigned together with four aromatic carbon resonances of C‐9 and C‐11, C‐9″, and C‐11″. In addition, the unassigned chemical shifts of carbon C‐23″ and proton at C‐3′ in, accordingly, 13C and 1H NMR spectra were predicted.
Imaging of knee osteoarthritis: A review of current evidence and clinical guidelines
Authors: Lee Lok Sze , Chan Ping Keung , Fung Wing Chiu , Chan Vincent Wai Kwan , Yan Chun Hoi , Chiu Kwong Yuen
Published: January 2021

Background

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common and debilitating degenerative joint diseases worldwide. While radiography is the most commonly used imaging modality, it is associated with drawbacks which newer modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound could overcome. Nevertheless, the role of imaging in clinical practice and research in knee OA has not been clearly defined. Furthermore, guidelines on imaging in knee OA from different authoritative bodies have not been compared in previous studies. Therefore, the present review aims to summarise existing evidence and compare guidelines on the use of different imaging modalities in evaluating knee OA.

Methods

This is a narrative review based on a search of published clinical guidelines and the PubMed database for articles published between 1 January 1990 and 31 May 2020.

Results

There is no broad consensus on the value of imaging in patients with typical OA presentation. If imaging is required, current evidence and clinical guidelines support the use of radiography and MRI as first‐ and second‐line diagnostic modalities respectively. Since radiographic OA features have limited sensitivity and do not manifest in early stages, MRI is the preferred option for whole‐joint evaluation in OA research. Discrepancies exist regarding the use of alternative imaging modalities including ultrasound, computed tomography and nuclear medicine.

Conclusion

Radiography and MRI are the imaging modalities of choice. Other modalities have their respective advantages, and more research is warranted for the standardisation of image acquisition and interpretation methodology, in order to evaluate their validity, reliability and responsiveness in OA research.
Spektroelektrochemie für wenig Geld
Authors: Ambalavanar Vithushan , Habekost Achim
Published: January 2021

Vorgänge an Elektroden lassen sich gleichzeitig elektrochemisch und spektroskopisch beobachten, wenn Absorption oder Lumineszenz von Substanzen während eines Potenzialdurchlaufs gemessen werden. Die Versuchsaufbauten dafür müssen nicht teuer sein. Experimente mit einfachen Geräten eignen sich für den Chemieunterricht in Schulen.
Mehr Infrastruktur
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: January 2021

Akteure aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft diskutieren über den Weg in eine CO2‐neutrale Chemieindustrie im Jahr 2050.
Infectious diseases in North Eastern Argentina: Treponematosis and its connection with population concentration
Authors: Ramos van Raap María Agustina , Scabuzzo Clara
Published: January 2021

This article presents cases of treponematosis in at least five individuals from different archeological sites in southern North Eastern Argentina and discusses how these cases were linked to the ways of life of the pre‐Hispanic groups that inhabited this region for at least 2000 years. We carried out the reanalysis and reinterpretation of some of the pathological cases, including a comparison between our observations and previous diagnoses made by other authors. Thirty‐three bone elements corresponding to a minimum number of five adults from three archeological sites were analyzed. These sites were excavated in the early and mid‐20th century, and the archeological materials are currently under the guardianship of different museums. The macroscopic description of bone lesions was surveyed. The bone lesions in long bones, mainly saber shin appearance in tibiae, and one cranial vault are consistent with the development of treponematosis. This diagnosis in five individuals in the south of North Eastern Argentina adds to the two cases previously reported. The discussion is focused on the link between the presence of this pathology and the ethnohistorical, archeological, and environmental context of the studied area.
The challenging diagnosis of cranial congenital anomalies in a newborn from an Italian 20th century documented skeletal collection
Authors: Palamenghi Andrea , Biehler‐Gomez Lucie , Mattia Mirko , Breda Laura , Cattaneo Cristina
Published: January 2021

Microcephaly and encephalocele are congenital conditions that are rarely observed in perinatal skeletal remains. This case report investigates the craniofacial features of an individual of 38 gestational weeks from the Collezione Antropologica LABANOF (CAL) skeletal collection for which the death certificate indicates microcephaly and encephalocele as the cause of death. Loss of normal morphology of the sphenoid, temporal, and maxillary bones was noted and described. The state of preservation of the skeleton hindered direct observation of the anomalies related to microcephaly, but features that can be ascribed to an encephalocele were found. However, the lesions observed could not be reliably related to the conditions reported in the death certificate, so an additional interpretation of the observed pathological signs was suggested, even though the bone changes are not specific enough to draw a definite diagnosis. Although the skeleton was not fully recovered, the remaining osseous elements provide relevant insights to the appearance of cranial anomalies in perinatal individuals. Moreover, these findings are helpful to bioarcheologists because of the dearth of reports that describe the skeletal changes that accompany these pathological conditions.
Re‐analysis of the Levänluhta skeletal material: Sex and stature estimation of individuals in an Iron Age water burial in Finland
Authors: Maijanen Heli , Junno Juho‐Antti , Mannermaa Kristiina , Niskanen Markku , Wessman Anna
Published: January 2021

Levänluhta, an Iron Age water burial site in Finland, and its material consisting of commingled skeletal remains and artifacts, has been studied by several researchers over the past 100 years, resulting in multiple interpretations of the people and the site. Previous skeletal analyses have concluded that the majority of the individuals represented in the remains were females and children and were of relatively short stature, so possibly nutritionally deprived. This study re‐analyzed the commingled adult human remains with updated methods. The methods applied in this study to estimate sex and stature were based on more representative European reference samples than the previously applied methods. The methods included morphology, osteometrics, and computed tomography (CT) scans. Our results indicated that depending on the reference data, the majority of the individual adult bones including os coxae (73%, n = 45) and long bones (humerus 83%–89%, n = 52; radius 72%–89%, n = 47; ulna 50%–65%, n = 58; femur 92%–100%, n = 25; tibia 77%–85%, n = 26) were classified as females based on their size and morphology. The cross‐sectional bone properties of humerii, femora, and tibiae visualized using CT scanning also supported these findings. However, the cranial morphology did not show as clear female‐biased sex ratio as other methods (42% females, 33% males, 24% undetermined, n = 33). In females, the mean stature based on the tibia (155.3 cm, n = 10) was within the range of the coeval European females and did not necessarily indicate nutritional deprivation, which is in line with previously published stable isotope findings from the site. The mean stature based on the tibia suggested that the Levänluhta males were short (164.0 cm, n = 3), but final interpretations were limited due to the small number of male individuals. The current study affirmed that the Levänluhta skeletal assemblage was female biased and gave new insights into interpretation of the stature.
Synthesis of novel copolymer hybrid modifiers (MMA‐MAH‐MAPOSSandST‐MAH‐MAPOSS) based onPOSSnanoplatform and study on its thermal properties
Authors: Zhang Kezhen , Li Wenqing , Guang Shanyi , Xu Hongyao
Published: January 2021

Maleic anhydride is often used as a modifier to improve the thermal performance of the material due to its unique structure and properties. However, in order to meet higher demands, it is often imperative to have better heat resistance and thermal stability. Currently, the traditional method is physically blend inorganic nanoparticles to further improve thermal performance. Unfortunately, inorganic nanoparticles have a fatal problem in that they are not uniformly dispersed in the system, which severely limits their application. Here, we used organic–inorganic molecule, MAPOSS (methyl methacrylate‐based cage oligomeric silsesquioxane), to chemically modify the copolymer. And considering the unique structure of MAPOSS, we used two monomers with different polarities to study its influence on the thermal properties of the copolymerization system (MMA‐MAH‐MAPOSS and ST‐MAH‐MAPOSS), and discussed the interaction mechanism, respectively. As a result, MAPOSS introduced can not only be evenly distributed in the polymerization system via chemical bonding and physical interactions but also effectively improve the thermal stability and high‐temperature resistance of the polymers. Thereinto, the Tg of MMA‐MAH copolymer is increased to above 130°C, and the carbon residue rate is up to 7.3%. The carbon residue rate is increased to 15.6% without affecting the Tg of the ST‐MAH copolymer.
Translation and Validation of the Spanish Movement Imagery Questionnaire Revised Second Version (MIQ‐RS)
Authors: Cantalejo‐Fernández Mónica , Díaz‐Arribas María José , Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas César , Plaza‐Manzano Gustavo , Ríos‐León Marta , Martín‐Casas Patricia
Published: January 2021

Background

Motor imagery, which emphasizes mental rehearsal of motor skills to improve function, is frequently used in clinical practice. Because of its increasing use, reliable and valid tools are necessary to evaluate motor imagery abilities. However, there are few questionnaires translated and validated into Spanish language.

Objective

To translate, transculturally adapt, and validate the Spanish version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire‐Revised Second Version (MIQ‐RS).

Design

A single‐center observational study.

Setting

University community.

Participants

One hundred fifty‐five healthy participants were recruited.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Spanish translation of the MIQ‐RS and psychometric performances of the questionnaire were tested using concurrent‐criterion and content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and test‐rest reliability. Internal consistency, concurrent‐criterion validity, construct validity, and test‐rest reliability were assessed with Cronbach´s alpha, Spearman´s correlation coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively.

Results

Results showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.90), test‐retest reliability (ICC for visual items = 0.844 and for kinesthetic items = 0.70) and content and criterion‐concurrent validity (Spearman´s correlation coefficient for visual items, 0.60 and for kinesthetic items, 0.81) of the MIQ‐RS Spanish version. The two‐factor structure was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Statistically significant gender differences were observed in mean kinesthetic motor imagery scores and in mean visual motor imagery scores according to sports practice. No significant differences for gender, age, and sports, musical, and dance practice were reported.

Conclusions

The Spanish version of the MIQ‐RS is a valid and reliable tool to assess motor imagery abilities in healthy young people.
A scoping review of measures used to assess body image in women with breast cancer
Authors: Brunet Jennifer , Price Jenson
Published: January 2021

Objective

The emergence of body image studies in the oncology setting has led to the use of numerous measures to assess different dimensions of body image. The present study is a scoping review of the literature on body image in women with breast cancer to describe: measures used to assess body image in women with breast cancer, dimensions the measures used tap into, and gaps and issues needing attention going forward.

Methods

Three databases were searched for peer‐reviewed original studies that had: (1) full‐texts available in English; (2) focused on women with breast cancer; and (3) assessed body image.

Results

The search yielded 3,729 peer‐reviewed articles; after screening, 562 articles met inclusion criteria. Of the 88 measures used, 28 were used in more than two studies and analyzed herein. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Breast Cancer‐Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire constituted the most frequently used measure. Most measures used focused on the affective dimension of body image (n = 24/28, 85.7%), followed by the cognitive (n = 20/28, 71.4%), behavioral (n = 13/28, 46.4%), and perceptual dimensions (n = 13/28, 46.4%).

Conclusions

This review provides a current summary of measures used to assess body image in women with breast cancer. Although some further development and refinement of body image measures could benefit the field, depending on the questions researchers or clinicians seek to answer, there are many available for use. Future research should use these measures to assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving body image in women with breast cancer across the lifespan.
A decade's experience of pediatric lung abscess and empyema at a community hospital
Authors: Kanitra John J. , Thampy Chelsea A. , Cullen Marc L.
Published: January 2021

Background

Discussions on the diagnostic and management of acquired pediatric lung pathology are usually published by large tertiary children's hospitals. It is likely that much of this pathology is actually seen and managed in nonacademic practices.

Methods

A 10‐year retrospective review of patients under 18‐years of age, treated for lung abscesses or empyema was performed.

Results

Nineteen empyema and four lung abscesses were included. Presenting symptoms, workup, and management are reviewed. A unique subset (n = 4) of atypical pulmonary pathology is described. A 14‐year‐old with a vaping history and a lung abscess misdiagnosed as an empyema. A 15‐year‐old with primary pulmonary Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as a lung abscess and empyema. A 5‐year‐old with an empyema complicated by a bronchopleural fistula and a 21‐year‐old with autism and an acquired lung cyst.

Conclusion

Our dilemmas, experiences, and strategies in managing complex lung disease are generalized to community‐based practice.
High‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS): Focus on the m/z values estimated by the Savitzky–Golay first derivative
Authors: Boulet Jean‐Claude , Meudec Emmanuelle , Vallverdu‐Queralt Anna , Cheynier Véronique
Published: January 2021

Rationale

The calculation of centroids from profile mass spectra is one of the very first steps in the processing of mass spectra. The output is a signal and a m/z value. We focus on the accuracy of the prediction of the centroids' m/z values.

Methods

A calculation based on the Savizky–Golay algorithm was evaluated on an Orbitrap mass spectrum. Reference m/z values were identified manually. Experimental centroids were extracted (1) automatically using our algorithm or the MSconvert algorithm and (2) manually using the Xcalibur software from Thermo. The three series of experimental m/z values were compared with the reference m/z values.

Results

Our algorithm improved the determination of the m/z values compared with MSconvert. However, no improvement was observed over Xcalibur.

Conclusions

Our algorithm improved the automatic estimation of m/z values in the profile‐to‐centroid calculation. This is of importance when the goal is to determine raw compositions from the experimental m/z values. Nevertheless, the algorithms led to almost the same m/z values on a higher resolution mass spectrum.
Field evaluation of a sing‐dose bivalent vaccine of porcine circovirus type 2b and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Yang Siyeon , Ahn Yongjun , Oh Taehwan , Cho Hyejean , Park Kee Hwan , Chae Chanhee
Published: January 2021

Background

The field efficacy of a bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was evaluated on three pig farms.

Methods

Three pig farms were used, two of which had a history of subclinical PCV2 and clinical M. hyopneumoniae infections between 84 and 126 days of age while concurrent porcine circovirus‐associated disease and clinical M. hyopneumoniae infection between 70 and 105 days of age. Each farm vaccinated pigs with a single dose of a bivalent vaccine at 10 days of age while unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate buffered‐saline at the same age.

Results

Vaccination improved growth performance and reduced clinical scores significantly (p < .05) when compared with unvaccinated animals. The amount of PCV2d loads in blood and M. hyopneumoniae loads in nasal swabs of vaccinated animals were also significantly lower (p < .05) when compared with unvaccinated animals. Immunologically, vaccinated groups elicited a significantly higher (p < .05) level of protective immunity against PCV2d such as neutralizing antibodies and interferon‐γ secreting cells (IFN‐γ‐SC), as well as protective immunity against M. hyopneumoniae such as IFN‐γ‐SC when compared with unvaccinated animals. Pathologically, vaccination significantly lowered (p < .05) the scores of M. hyopneumoniae‐induced pneumonia and PCV2‐associated lymphoid lesions when compared with unvaccinated animals.

Conclusions

The evaluated bivalent vaccine provided good protection against PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae infection under field conditions.
Biosensors Monitor Ligand-Selective Effects at Kappa Opioid Receptors
Authors: Oberhauser Lucie , Stoeber Miriam
Published: January 2021

The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for pain and itch treatment. There is growing interest in biased agonists that preferentially activate select signaling pathways downstream of KOR activation on the cellular level due to their therapeutic promise in retaining the analgesic and antipruritic effects and eliminating the sedative and dysphoric effects of KOR signaling on the physiological level. The concept of ligand-selective signaling includes that biased ligands promote KOR to selectively recruit one transducer or regulator protein over another, introducing bias into the signaling cascade at the very receptor-proximal level. Measuring agonist effects directly at the receptor has remained challenging and previous studies have focused on inferring agonist-selective KOR engagement with G protein relative to β-arrestin based on downstream signaling readouts. Here we discuss novel strategies to directly assess ligand-selective effects on receptor activation using KOR-interacting biosensors. The conformation-specific cytoplasmic biosensors are disconnected from the endogenous signaling machinery and provide a direct receptor-proxy readout of ligand effects in living cells. Receptor–biosensor interaction is ligand concentration dependent and can be used to determine relative ligand potency and efficacy. In addition, the biosensors reveal the existence of two dimensions of agonist bias in the cellular context: Firstly, agonists can selectively produce discrete protein-engaged KOR states and secondly, agonists can differ in the precise subcellular location at which they activate KOR. We discuss the value and the limitations of using orthogonal receptor-interacting biosensors in the quest to understand functional selectivity amongst KOR agonists in the cellular context.
The cosmological bootstrap: weight-shifting operators and scalar seeds
Authors: Baumann Daniel , Pueyo Carlos Duaso , Joyce Austin , Lee Hayden , Pimentel Guilherme L.
Published: January 2021

Abstract

A key insight of the bootstrap approach to cosmological correlations is the fact that all correlators of slow-roll inflation can be reduced to a unique building block — the four-point function of conformally coupled scalars, arising from the exchange of a massive scalar. Correlators corresponding to the exchange of particles with spin are then obtained by applying a spin-raising operator to the scalar-exchange solution. Similarly, the correlators of massless external fields can be derived by acting with a suitable weight-raising operator. In this paper, we present a systematic and highly streamlined derivation of these operators (and their generalizations) using tools of conformal field theory. Our results greatly simplify the theoretical foundations of the cosmological bootstrap program.
Freeze-in dark matter from secret neutrino interactions
Authors: Du Yong , Huang Fei , Li Hao-Lin , Yu Jiang-Hao
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We investigate a simplified freeze-in dark-matter model in which the dark matter only interacts with the standard-model neutrinos via a light scalar. The extremely small coupling for the freeze-in mechanism is naturally realized in several neutrino-portal scenarios with the secret neutrino interactions. We study possible evolution history of the hidden sector: the dark sector would undergo pure freeze-in production if the interactions between the dark-sector particles are negligible, while thermal equilibrium within the dark sector could occur if the reannihilation of the dark matter and the scalar mediator is rapid enough. We investigate the relic abundance in the freeze-in and dark freeze-out regimes, calculate evolution of the dark temperature, and study its phenomenological aspects on BBN and CMB constraints, the indirect-detection signature, as well as the potential to solve the small scale structure problem.
Migration from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer: swelling effect of food simulants compared to real foods
Authors: Guazzotti Valeria , Ebert Annika , Gruner Anita , Welle Frank
Published: January 2021

Materials and articles made of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) intended for contact with food must comply with the requirements of the European Plastic Regulation (EU) 10/2011, which lays down the food simulants and the time/temperature conditions to be applied for migration testing. Previous studies indicated that high concentrations of ethanol at temperatures above ambient may lead to swelling of ABS polymers resulting in increased migration. In this study migration kinetic data for a set of model substances at different temperatures were obtained using both food simulants stipulated in EU regulations and real food (milk, cream and olive oil). At the same time, the extent of polymer swelling was gravimetrically characterized after contact with simulants and different foods tested at several conditions to cover the majority of foreseeable applications of ABS. The obtained results confirmed that the use of high concentrations of ethanol–water, especially at high temperatures, causes the swelling of ABS polymers and results in significantly higher migration values compared to the tested foods as well as Tenax®. None of the real foods studied cause significant swelling of ABS. The widely used simulant 95% (v/v) aqueous ethanol proves not be suitable for compliance testing of ABS under the recommended conditions of Regulation (EU) 10/2011. Swelling of the polymer results in artificially higher diffusion coefficients or lower activation energies of diffusion. Migration prediction using polymer-specific diffusion parameters should therefore be considered to avoid over-conservative risk assessment for food contact materials and articles made of ABS.
The draft of the Regulation (EC) No 852/2004: food safety culture under new administration
Authors: Lopp Sigune , Goebelbecker Joel M. , Ruff Patrick C.
Published: January 2021

The current draft of Regulation (EC) 852/2004 promotes a food safety culture as a general principle. The various stakeholders evaluate this planned new development quite differently. While this is very welcome from a scientific point of view, there are still considerable objections from stakeholders of the area for implementation and monitoring. The challenge is how to integrate the principles into industry, and to measure and verify their effectiveness. In this article, the dimensions of food safety culture are illustrated, and an evaluation system is outlined.
QTL controlling fiber quality traits under salt stress in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Authors: Guo An-hui , Su Ying , Huang Yi , Wang Yu-mei , Nie Hu-shuai , Zhao Nan , Hua Jin-ping
Published: January 2021

Key message

QTL for fiber quality traits under salt stress discerned candidate genes controlling fatty acid metabolism.

Salinity stress seriously affects plant growth and limits agricultural productivity of crop plants. To dissect the genetic basis of response to salinity stress, a recombinant inbred line population was developed to compare fiber quality in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) under salt stress and normal conditions. Based on three datasets of (1) salt stress, (2) normal growth, and (3) the difference value between salt stress and normal conditions, 51, 70, and 53 QTL were mapped, respectively. Three QTL for fiber length (FL) (qFL-Chr1-1, qFL-Chr5-5, and qFL-Chr24-4)were detected under both salt and normal conditions and explained 4.26%, 9.38%, and 3.87% of average phenotypic variation, respectively. Seven genes within intervals of two stable QTL (qFL-Chr1-1andqFL-Chr5-5) were highly expressed in lines with extreme long fiber. A total of 35 QTL clusters comprised of 107 QTL were located on 18 chromosomes and exhibited pleiotropic effects. Thereinto, two clusters were responsible for improving five fiber quality traits, and 6 influenced FL and fiber strength (FS). The QTL with positive effect for fiber length exhibited active effects on fatty acid synthesis and elongation, but the ones with negative effect played passive roles on fatty acid degradation under salt stress.
Identifying new variation at the J locus, previously identified as e6, in long juvenile ‘Paranagoiana’ soybean
Authors: Nissan Nour , Cober Elroy R. , Sadowski Michael , Charette Martin , Golshani Ashkan , Samanfar Bahram
Published: January 2021

Key message

A previously identified soybean maturity locus, E6, is discovered to be J, with the long juvenile allele in Paranagoiana now deemed j−x.

Soybean grown at latitudes of ~20° or lower can produce lower grain yields due to the short days. This limitation can be overcome by using the long juvenile trait (LJ) which delays flowering under short day conditions. Two LJ loci have been mapped to the same location on Gm04, J and E6. The objective of this research was to investigate the e6 allele in ‘Paranagoiana’ and determine if E6 and J are the same locus or linked loci. KASP markers showed that e6 lines did not have the j−1 allele of LJ PI 159925. A population fixed for E1 but segregating for E6, with e6 introgressed from Paranagoiana, showed single gene control for flowering and maturity under short days. Sequencing Glyma.04G050200, the J gene, with long amplification Taq found that the e6 line ‘Paranagoiana’ contains a Ty1-copia retrotransposon of ~10,000 bp, inserted within exon 4. PCR amplification of the cDNA of Glyma.04G050200 also showed differences between the mRNA sequences (presence of insertion in j−x). Hence, we conclude that the loci E6 and J are one locus and deem this new variation found in Paranagoiana as j−x.
Monocular 3D reconstruction of sail flying shape using passive markers
Authors: Maciel Luiz , Marroquim Ricardo , Vieira Marcelo , Ribeiro Kevyn , Alho Alexandre
Published: January 2021

We present a method to recover the 3D flying shape of a sail using passive markers. In the navigation and naval architecture domain, retrieving the sail shape may be of immense value to confirm or contest simulation results, and to aid the design of new optimal sails. Our acquisition setup is very simple and low-cost, as it is only necessary to fix a series of printable markers on the sail and register the flying shape in real sailing conditions from a side vessel with a single camera. We reconstruct the average sail shape during an interval where the sailor maintains the sail as stable as possible. The average is further improved by a Bundle Adjustment algorithm. We tested our method in a real sailing scenario and present promising results. Quantitatively, we show the precision in regards to the reconstructed markers area and the reprojected points. Qualitatively, we present feedback from domain experts who evaluated our results and confirmed the usefulness and quality of the reconstructed shape.
An arthroscopic repair technique for proximal anterior cruciate tears in children to restore active function and avoid growth disturbances
Authors: Turati Marco , Rigamonti Luca , Zanchi Nicolò , Piatti Massimiliano , Gaddi Diego , Gorla Massimo , Omeljaniuk Robert J. , Courvoisier Aurelien , Bigoni Marco
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study was to assess midterm clinical outcomes in Tanner 1–2 patients with proximal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears following arthroscopic-surgical repair using an absorbable or an all-suture anchor.

Methods

Fourteen (9.2 ± 2.9 years-old) of 19 skeletally immature patients reached the 2 years of clinical follow-up. Physical examinations included the Lachman test, Pivot-shift test, One-leg Hop test, Pedi-IKDC as well as Lysholm and Tegner activity scores; knee stability was measured with a KT-1000 arthrometer. Overall re-rupture rates were also evaluated in all operated patients.

Results

At 2 years post-surgery, the Lysholm score was 93.6 ± 4.3 points, and the Pedi-IKDC score was 95.7 ± 0.1. All patients returned to the same sport activity level as prior to ACL lesion within 8.5 ± 2.9 months, with one exception who reported a one-point reduction in their Tegner Activity score. No leg-length discrepancies or malalignments were observed. Four patients presented grade 1 Lachman scores, and of these, three presented grade 1 (glide) score at Pivot-shift; clinical stability tests were negative for all other patients. Anterior tibial shift showed a mean side-to-side difference of 2.2 mm (range 1–3 mm). The One-leg Hop test showed lower limb symmetry (99.9% ± 9.5) with the contralateral side. Overall, 4 out of 19 patients presented a re-rupture of the ACL with a median time between surgery and re-rupture of 3.9 years (range 1–7).

Conclusion

This surgical technique efficiently repairs proximal ACL tears, leading to a restoration of knee stability and a quick return to an active lifestyle, avoiding growth plate disruption.

Level of evidence

IV.
Maternal High-Fat Diet Induces Long-Lasting Defects in Bone Structure in Rat Offspring Through Enhanced Osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Kushwaha Priyanka , Khambadkone Seva G. , Li Mengni , Goodman Ethan J. , Aravindan Nandini , Riddle Ryan C. , Tamashiro Kellie L. K.
Published: January 2021

Maternal stressors during the prenatal and perinatal periods are associated with increased susceptibility for and severity of chronic disease phenotypes in adult offspring. In this study, we used a rat model of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) exposure during pregnancy and lactation to investigate the impact on skeletal homeostasis in offspring. In the distal femur, young male and female offspring (up to 3 weeks of age) from dams fed a HFD exhibited marked increases in trabecular bone volume relative to offspring from dams fed a chow diet, but this was followed by sustained bone loss. By 15 weeks of age, male offspring of HFD fed dams exhibited a 33% reduction in trabecular bone volume fraction that histomorphometric analyses revealed was due to a nearly threefold increase in the abundance of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, while there were no differences between female control and HFD offspring by 15 weeks of age. The osteoblastic differentiation of male offspring-derived bone marrow stromal cells was not affected by maternal diet. However, osteoclastic precursors isolated from the male offspring of HFD fed dams exhibited enhanced differentiation in vitro, forming larger osteoclasts with higher expression of the fusion marker DC-STAMP. This effect appears to be mediated by a cell autonomous increase in the sensitivity of precursors to RANKL. Taken together, these results suggest that maternal stressors like HFD exposure have persistent consequences for the skeletal health of offspring that may ultimately lead to a predisposition for osteopenia/osteoporosis.
Prognostic value of ASXL1 mutations in patients with primary myelofibrosis and its relationship with clinical features: a meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Ziqing , Liu Weiyi , Wang Mingjing , Li Yujin , Wang Xueying , Yang Erpeng , Ming Jing , Quan Richeng , Hu Xiaomei
Published: January 2021

Additional sex combs like 1 (ASXL1) mutations are one of the most common molecular biological abnormalities in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF), and the effect of these mutations on prognosis remains controversial. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the prognostic value and clinical characteristics of ASXL1 mutations in PMF patients. Eligible studies were systematically searched from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. We extracted the hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overall survival (OS) and leukemia-free survival (LFS), the number of patients transformed to acute leukemia, and clinical characteristics to carry out a meta-analysis by fixed effect model or random effect model according to the heterogeneity between studies. A total of 4501 PMF patients from 16 cohorts of 14 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that ASXL1 mutations might predict a shorter OS (HR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.79–2.94, P < 0.00001) and a higher probability of transformation to acute leukemia (LFS: HR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.30–2.42, P = 0.0003; the rate of acute leukemia transformation: OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.50–2.83, P < 0.00001). Furthermore, ASXL1 mutations were correlated with patients older than 65 years old, male, a lower level of platelet counts, and a higher risk of the international prognostic score system. These findings indicate that ASXL1 mutations have a significant adverse impact on the prognosis of PMF patients and may contribute to risk stratification and prognostic assessment for PMF patients.
FOLFIRINOX in advanced pancreatic cancer patients with the double-variant type of UGT1A1 *28 and *6 polymorphism: a multicenter, retrospective study
Authors: Umemoto Kumiko , Takahashi Hideaki , Morizane Chigusa , Yamada Ikuhiro , Shimizu Satoshi , Shioji Kazuhiko , Yoshida Yukio , Motoya Masayo , Mizuno Nobumasa , Kojima Yasushi , Terashima Takeshi , Uesugi Kazuhiro , Ueno Makoto , Furuse Junji , Akimoto Tetsuo , Ikeda Masafumi
Published: January 2021

Background

UGT1A1 *28 and *6 polymorphism is associated with reduced enzyme activity and severe toxicities of irinotecan, especially in patients with homozygous or heterozygous for UGT1A1*28 or *6 polymorphism for both UGT1A1*28 and *6 (double-variant-type of UGT1A1 polymorphism, UGT1A1-DV). FOLFIRINOX is one of the standard treatments for metastatic pancreatic cancer (PC). The optimal dose of irinotecan as a component of the FOLFIRINOX has not been established yet for patients with UGT1A1-DV.

Patients and methods

Advanced PC patients with UGT1A1-DV who had received at least one cycle of FOLFIRINOX from December 2013 to March 2016 were collected retrospectively conducted at multicenter in Japan. We evaluated the patient characteristics, efficacy and safety of FOLFIRINOX and investigate the optimal initial dose of irinotecan in Japanese advanced PC patients with UGT1A1-DV.

Results

A total of 31 patients were enrolled. Grade 4 neutropenia was seen more frequently (67%; 4/6) in patients who had received irinotecan at an initial dose of  ≥ 150 mg/m2 than in those who had received the drug at an initial dose of  ≤ 120 mg/m2 (20%; 5/24). The response rate (RR) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients given irinotecan of  ≤ 120 mg/m2 were 21.4% and 8.1 months, respectively, which were consistent with previous report for patients without UGT1A1-DV.

Conclusion

Based on our findings, we recommend that in Japanese advanced PC patients with UGT1A1- DV treated with FOLFIRINOX, irinotecan be administered at an initial dose of  ≤ 120 mg/m2.
A study of predictability of coupled ocean–atmosphere system using attractor radius and global attractor radius
Authors: Zhao Haoran , Zhang Shaoqing , Li Jianping , Ma Youwei
Published: January 2021

While ocean–atmosphere coupled models play an increasingly important role in weather-climate simulation and prediction, the predictability theory based on an atmosphere-only model has significant limitations in interpreting prediction results and guiding predictability studies. Here we use a conceptual ocean–atmosphere coupled model that describes the typical interactions of a synoptic-scale atmosphere with a seasonally-interannually varying upper ocean as well as a deep ocean that varies on decadal timescales to systematically study the predictability of a coupled system. Moving from an atmosphere-only system to an ocean–atmosphere coupled system, the initial-value predictability problem becomes a joint initial-value and boundary-value problem. Although the coupling process increases the uncertainties of the boundary, ocean signals with longer timescales are added to the atmosphere system, thus increasing its predictability. We then investigate the predictability characteristics of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction coupled Climate Forecast System (CFS) and the uncoupled Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS). In the coupled CFS system, the practical predictability limit of the lower troposphere is significantly longer than in the uncoupled GEFS due to the contribution of low-frequency boundary signals from air-sea interactions. While further deep and thorough examination is necessary for understanding ocean predictability in the climate system, a preliminary discussion for the predictability of the upper and deep oceans within a coupled ocean–atmosphere framework is also presented in this study.
Uniportal Versus Multiportal Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy for Lung Cancer: An Updated Meta-analysis
Authors: Magouliotis Dimitrios E. , Fergadi Maria P. , Spiliopoulos Kyriakos , Athanassiadi Kalliopi
Published: January 2021

Objective

We reviewed the available literature on patients with lung cancer undergoing either uniportal (UVATS) or multiport video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (MVATS).

Methods

Original research studies that evaluated perioperative and long-term outcomes of UVATS versus MVATS were identified, from January 1990 to April 2020. The perioperative, along with the oncologic and long-term survival outcomes, were calculated according to either a fixed or a random effect model, appropriately. The Q statistics and I2 statistic were used to test for heterogeneity among the studies.

Results

Twenty studies were included, incorporating a total of 1,469 patients treated with UVATS and 3,231 treated with MVATS. The incidence of complications was lower in patients treated with UVATS [OR: 0.76 (95% CI 0.62, 0.93); p = 0.008]. The chest tube duration was significantly lower in the UVATS group (WMD: − 0.63 [95% CI − 1.03, − 0.23]; p = 0.002). Length of hospital stay (L.O.S.) was also lower in the UVATS patient group (WMD: − 0.54 [− 0.94, − 0.13]; p = 0.009), along with postoperative pain [WMD: − 0.57 (95% CI − 0.97, − 0.18); p = 0.004]. No significant differences were found regarding the mean operative time (M.O.T.), mean blood loss, the number of resected lymph nodes, the 30-day mortality, along with the survival at 1 and 3 years postoperatively.

Conclusions

The present meta-analysis indicates that UVATS is associated with enhanced outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer. Well-designed, randomized studies, comparing UVATS to MVATS, are necessary to further assess their long-term clinical outcomes.
TGF-β1 increases permeability of ciliated airway epithelia via redistribution of claudin 3 from tight junction into cell nuclei
Authors: Schilpp Carolin , Lochbaum Robin , Braubach Peter , Jonigk Danny , Frick Manfred , Dietl Paul , Wittekindt Oliver H.
Published: January 2021

TGF-β1 is a major mediator of airway tissue remodelling during atopic asthma and affects tight junctions (TJs) of airway epithelia. However, its impact on TJs of ciliated epithelia is sparsely investigated. Herein we elaborated effects of TGF-β1 on TJs of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. We demonstrate that TGF-β1 activates TGF-β1 receptors TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 resulting in ALK5-mediated phosphorylation of SMAD2. We observed that TGFBR1 and -R2 localize specifically on motile cilia. TGF-β1 activated accumulation of phosphorylated SMAD2 (pSMAD2-C) at centrioles of motile cilia and at cell nuclei. This triggered an increase in paracellular permeability via cellular redistribution of claudin 3 (CLDN3) from TJs into cell nuclei followed by disruption of epithelial integrity and formation of epithelial lesions. Only ciliated cells express TGF-β1 receptors; however, nuclear accumulations of pSMAD2-C and CLDN3 redistribution were observed with similar time course in ciliated and non-ciliated cells. In summary, we demonstrate a role of motile cilia in TGF-β1 sensing and showed that TGF-β1 disturbs TJ permeability of conductive airway epithelia by redistributing CLDN3 from TJs into cell nuclei. We conclude that the observed effects contribute to loss of epithelial integrity during atopic asthma.
Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of carotenoid biosynthesis reveal the basis of white petal color in Brassica napus
Authors: Jia Ledong , Wang Junsheng , Wang Rui , Duan Mouzheng , Qiao Cailin , Chen Xue , Ma Guoqiang , Zhou Xintong , Zhu Meichen , Jing Fuyu , Zhang Shengsen , Qu Cunmin , Li Jiana
Published: January 2021

Main conclusion

The molecular mechanism underlying white petal color inBrassica napuswas revealed by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses.

Rapeseed (Brassica napusL.) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying flower color in this crop are known less. Here, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the yellow-flowered rapeseed cultivar ‘Zhongshuang 11’ (ZS11) and the white-flowered inbred line ‘White Petal’ (WP). The total carotenoid contents were 1.778-fold and 1.969-fold higher in ZS11 vs. WP petals at stages S2 and S4, respectively. Our findings suggest that white petal color in WP flowers is primarily due to decreased lutein and zeaxanthin contents. Transcriptome analysis revealed 10,116 differentially expressed genes with a fourfold or greater change in expression (P-value less than 0.001) in WP vs. ZS11 petals, including 1,209 genes that were differentially expressed at four different stages and 20 genes in the carotenoid metabolism pathway.BnNCED4b, encoding a protein involved in carotenoid degradation, was expressed at abnormally high levels in WP petals, suggesting it might play a key role in white petal formation. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the transcriptome data. The results of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in rapeseed petals, and the candidate genes identified in this study provide a resource for the creation of newB. napusgermplasms with different petal colors.