bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compatibility Issue Related to the Use of Biodiesel with Automotive Materials
Authors: Sa'at Narisa , Samsuri Ariffin , Hamzah Khaidzir , Sulaiman Hanizam
Published: October 2015

Biodiesel fuel can be used in diesel engine in accordance to the standard provided. However, a significant issue with biodiesel fuel was noted. Some of the fuel quality were outside the accepted range of the specification stated in the standard. Thus, this can be lead to the problem of utilization them in diesel engine. Moreover, material compatibility is the main concern whenever the fuel composition is altered in the fuel system. A large variety of metals and non-metals are worn as the material of construction for the various components of the fuel system. Introduction of biodiesel fuel often generate many problems in the components of the fuel system. This paper attempts to present the compatibility issue related to the use of biodiesel with automotive materials.
Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis of Rice Husk in the Presence of Eco Friendly Microwave Absorber in Producing Bio-Oil
Authors: Azduwin K. , Zaheidy Mohd Zafryl , Ridzuan Mohd Jamir Mohd , Ahmad Anis Atikah
Published: October 2015

Rice husk is one of the major agriculture waste that has high potential as carbon and energy source and does not been utilized well. The potential was in producing bio oil and pyrolysis is one method that has been established for the purpose. In this research, the pyrolysis of rice husk by using microwave irradiation as the heating source in the existence of microwave absorber char was investigated. The effect of three operating variables, namely microwave power (Watt), reaction time (min) and the amount of microwave absorber (g) were studied. From the study, The highest bio-oil yield were produced about 40.75% at microwave power of 600 W, 20 min reaction time, and 3.5 g amount of microwave absorber with consistent flow of 4 L/min of nitrogen gas. The bio-oil produced were analyzed using gas chromatography and was found contains important chemical compounds such as phenols, ketone, aldehyde and carboxylic acids.
Cathodic Protection Effect of Reinforced Concrete Beam Specimens with Zinc Sacrificial Anode in Marine Environment
Authors: Jeong Jin A
Published: October 2015

This study is to acquire the confirmation data regarding the cathodic protection characteristics for reinforced concrete beam specimens with zinc sacrificial anode in 15% salt water. It was possible to confirm the performance of sacrificial anode cathodic protection system by the measurement of potentials and concrete resistivity for the reinforced concrete beam specimens applied with zinc sacrificial anode in mortar topside of the concrete specimens. The corrosion potential and cathodic protection potential were measured by potentiostat, and 4 hour depolarization potentials were measured after disconnecting with anode for 4 hours. It was confirmed that the cathodic protection for reinforced concrete structures by means of zinc sacrificial anode were very effective corrosion protection technology in marine environments.
The Experimental Measurement on the Throwing Power of Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection for Concrete Piles in Natural Sea Water
Authors: Jeong Jin A , Jin Chung Kuk
Published: October 2015

This paper represents the experimental studies on the throwing power of sacrificial anode cathodic protection system applied to reinforced concrete piles in salt water condition by means of zinc anodes. Many previous studies show the effectiveness of sacrificial anode cathodic protection system, however, the major problem of sacrificial anode cathodic protection system is limited a distance to the point reaching protection current from the anode in high resistivity environments such as concrete, etc. In case of concrete pile in sea water condition, it should be combined submerged zone, tidal zone, splash zone, and atmospheric zone. In this study, the cathodic protection current by zinc sacrificial anodes was limited to scores of centimeters above the water line with tidal, depending on the concrete resistivity. Experimental tests were carried out on pile type reinforced concrete specimens with the change of water level. The test factors were corrosion and protection potential, current, and 4 hour depolarization potential. As a result of tests, cathodic protection current by zinc sacrificial anode was influenced up to about 10cm above the water line, and high resistivity areas such as atmospheric zone could not be protected with this system.
Assessment of the Elastic Stress of 304 Stainless Steel Using Half-Cell Potential Measurement
Authors: Rashid Saber , Islami N. , Ariffin Ahmad Kamal , Ridha M. , Fonna Syarizal
Published: October 2015

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of elastic stress for a C-ring specimen with an18.974-mm outer diameter and a 1.244-mm wall thickness. Tests are conducted on Type 304L SS material. Half-cell potential measurement specimens are used as methods of exposure and inspection The C-ring specimen for quantitatively determining the stress corrosion. Applying ASTM G38, which is a standard practice for making and using C-Ring Stress-Corrosion, was performed for elastic stress analysis. The results show that the effects of stress on the polarization curve are due to the magnitude of stress level in the speciﬁc corrosive environment.
Influence of Ion Irradiated Recycled Polyethylene on Physical Properties of Bituminous Binder
Authors: Ahmedzade Perviz , Fainleib Alexander , Günay Taylan , Grigoryeva Olga , Kultayev Baurzhan , Starostenko Olga
Published: October 2015

In this paper, ion irradiated recycled high density polyethylene (i-HDPER) was investigated as modifier in bitumen. Ion irradiation process was applied to recycled HDPE (HDPER) in order to form strong chemical bonding between bitumen and HDPER polymers. Five samples were prepared with different i-HDPER modifier content of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%. The effects of i-HDPER on the bitumen were investigated by means of morphological, chemical and physical testing program; including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, conventional tests, rotational viscosity (RV) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test. Tests results promote the using waste polymers in bitumen by means of ion irradiation process. The results also reveal that a gradually increment in i-HDPER modification leads to an increased rutting parameter which means permanent deformation in flexible pavement can be reduced by i-HDPER modification.
Utilization of Variable Resistor for Improvement of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System on Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Jeong Jin A , Jin Chung Kuk
Published: October 2015

This study is to acquire the confirmation data regarding the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system by using the variable resistor for reinforced concrete specimens for improvement in under-protected area of reinforced concrete specimens. The ICCP system is one of the most promising corrosion protection methods. The Effect of ICCP system can be changed at diverse conditions. Particularly, temperature and relative humidity plays a crucial role in the CP effect. It was possible to confirm the performance of ICCP system by the use of variable resistor in different relative humidity and temperature conditions. The CP potential and current were measured by potentiostat, and 4 hour depolarization potentials were measured after disconnecting with anode for 4 hours. To enhance the effect of cathodic protection system, seawater was used as an electrolyte. Used anode for ICCP system was mixed metal oxide (MMO) titanium. From this study, it could be confirmed that the CP potential and current were highly influenced by temperature and relative humidity, and the CP effect in under-protected area has been improved by the ICCP system using the variable resistor.
Fresh Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Integrating Coal Bottom Ash as a Replacement of Fine Aggregates
Authors: Hamzah Ahmad Farhan , Wan Ibrahim Mohd Haziman , Jamaluddin Norwati , Jaya Ramadhansyah Putra , Zainal Abidin Norul Ernida
Published: October 2015

The influence of coal bottom ash on fresh properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) were presented in this paper. Self-compacting concrete mixtures were produced by 0.40 water/powder ratio and coal bottom ash as a replacement of fine aggregates in varying percentages of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. The fresh concretes were tested for the key workability belongings of self-compacting concrete such as passing and filling abilities and segregation resistance. The fresh properties were investigated by slump flow; T500 spread time, sieve segregation and L-box test. It was found that the slump flow decreased whereas the T500 spread time increased with higher coal bottom ash content. The L-box blocking ratios changed from 0.92 to 0.65 and were mostly showed satisfactory blocking ratio. The presence of coal bottom ash improved the stability of SCC mixture and the segregation index obtained from sieve test reduced with greater bottom ash content. It can be concluding that the filling and passing ability of SCC decreased when the amount of coal bottom ash content increased. In addition, the segregation resistance index decreased with higher coal bottom ash content.
Effect of External Environment on the Properties of Selected Plasters
Authors: Koňáková Dana , Čáchová Monika , Vejmelková Eva , Reiterman Pavel , Černý Robert
Published: October 2015

The effect of external environment on the aging process of commercially used lime-cement plasters is studied. Three different kinds of plasters are tested at three different ages, namely in the reference state after 28 days of standard curing and after one and two years of exposure to the environmental conditions of Central Europe. The basic physical properties (bulk density, matrix density, open porosity), mechanical strengths (compressive strength, bending strength) and water vapour diffusion resistance factor belong to the studied properties. Experimental results show that not only the compressive strength but also all other studied characteristics are affected by the external environment in a significant way.
Determination of Salt Transport Properties of Sandstone: A Combined Experimental/Computational Approach
Authors: Pavlík Zbyšek , Pavlíková Milena , Černý Robert
Published: October 2015

A combined experimental/computational approach is applied for the determination of material parameters describing the transport of sulphate solution in porous structure of sandstone. The investigated sandstone, frequently used in historical buildings on the Czech territory, is chosen as a typical representative of stone masonry materials. At first, the moisture and sulphate concentration profiles in simulated 1-D water and sulphate solution transport experiment are measured. Here, the moisture content is determined by the gravimetric method, the sulphate concentration is measured by the ion chromatography. As a penetrating medium, 1M Na2SO4 water solution is used. The sulphate binding isotherm is experimentally accessed using the adsorption method. The experimental data are subjected to an inverse analysis assuming a diffusion-advection mode of sulphate transport. Finally, the moisture diffusivity for transport of Na2SO4 water solution, and the sulphate diffusion coefficient are calculated as the functions of moisture content and sulphate concentration, respectively.
Surface Characterization of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite-Silver Functionalized on Polydopamine Film
Authors: Saidin Syafiqah , Hermawan Hendra , Chevallier Pascale , Mantovani Diego
Published: October 2015

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a well known bioactive material in the application of coated orthopaedic and dental implants. Recently, biomimetic technique has been explored to deposit a stable carbonated HA on a metal surface, mimicking the properties of natural bone. The aim of this study is to surface characterize the biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HA) and metallized silver (Ag) functionalized on a polydopamine film grafted titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). The Ti6Al4V disks were grafted with the polydopamine film to provide catechol/quinone groups for chemical binding process. The grafted surfaces were metallized with Ag in silver nitrate solution. The metallized surfaces were then grafted with the second layer of polydopamine film and further biomineralized with HA in 1.5 simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 3 and 7 days. The chemical compositions and chemical functionalities of those functionalized surfaces were characterized by XPS, FTIR and EDS. The morphologies of the surfaces were viewed under SEM. Finally, the wettability properties of the surfaces were investigated by water contact angle analysis. The XPS results showed that the polydopamine films were grafted on the Ti6Al4V surfaces. The polydopamine films became the chemical binding medium for functionalization of Ag and HA as the existence of both elements were clarified in XPS and EDS data. The appearance of HA functional groups (phosphate groups) were only noticed on FTIR spectrum when the biomimetic process was performed at 7 days. The formation of biomimetic HA has produced a hydrophilic surface with an appearance of hemispherical lath-like HA structure which is crucial for osseointegration and bone growth stability.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Ceria-Zirconia Prepared by Colloidal Process
Authors: Aboras Mohamed M. , Muchtar Andanastuti , Amat Noor Faeizah , Azhari Che Husna , Yahaya Norziha
Published: October 2015

The demand for tetragonal zirconia as a dental restorative material has been increasing because of its excellent mechanical properties and resemblance to natural tooth color, as well as its excellent biological compatibility. Cerium oxide (CeO2) has been added to yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP), and studies have demonstrated that the stability of the tetragonal phase can be significantly improved. Y-TZP with 5wt% CeO2 as a second stabilizer was developed via colloidal process, followed by a suitable sintering process. According to the literature, the sintering process is the most crucial stage in ceramic processing to obtain the most homogeneous structure with high density and hardness. This study aims to investigate the effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical properties of nanostructured ceria–zirconia fabricated via colloidal processing and slip casting process with cold isostatic pressing (CIP). Twenty-five pellet specimens were prepared from ceria–zirconia with 20 nm particle size. CeO2 nanopowder was mixed with Y-TZP nanopowder via colloidal processing. The consolidation of the powder was done via slip casting followed by CIP. The samples were divided into five different sintering temperatures with. Results from FESEM, density and hardness analyses demonstrated statistically significant increase in density and hardness as the sintering temperature increased. The hardness increased from 4.65 GPa to 14.14 GPa, and the density increased from 4.70 to 5.97 (g/cm3) as the sintering temperature increased without changing the holding time. Sintering Ce-Y-TZP at 1600 °C produced samples with homogenous structures, high hardness (14.14 GPa), and full densification with 98% of the theoretical density.
New Solvent System for the Fabrication of Polyvinyl Alcohol – Gelatin Nanofibers via Electrospinning
Authors: Ramis Jopeth , Pajarito Bryan B.
Published: October 2015

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is a biocompatible polymer with high mechanical strength used in the biomedical industry. While its features have biological properties, it lacks cell recognition sites that affect the entirety of cell proliferation and movement. To address this issue, gelatin (GEL) is added to the system to increase biomimetic properties. PVA and GEL nanofibers, produced from electrospinning, could provide new characteristics for tissue engineering applications. At present, aqueous solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and many other hazardous organic solutions are used in fabricating both PVA, GEL and PVA-GEL nanofibers, but it poses a great threat on sites that the solvent was unable to evaporate, affecting cell viability and motility. In this study, a new solvent system of deionized water, formic acid and glacial acetic acid was used to replace the current toxic solvent system utilized in electrospinning such polymers. Increasing amounts of formic acid and deionized water decreased further the fiber diameter of the PVA-GEL nanofibers. Further refinement in solution (PVA:GEL ratio) and process parameters (tip-to-collector distance and flow rate) produced much finer nanofibers, leading to a decrease in fiber diameter distribution. It is conclusive that a new alternative solvent system can be used in electrospinning PVA-GEL nanofibers that are non-toxic and exhibits much lower fiber diameter (≈20 nm) than the conventional solvents used before.
Composite of Poly Lactid Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)-Collagen Coated by Chitosan as Candidate of Hollow Fiber Small Diameter Vascular Graft
Authors: Widiyanti Prihartini , Mayasari Dita Ayu , Mardina Zahrina , Siswanto Riki , Ifada Agresta Afianti , Oktavina Ova
Published: October 2015

Heart failure is a serious major health problem with high number of mortality per year. Bypass is one of the solutions that has often been taken. Nowadays, synthetic materials have been fabricated from polymers to solve the disadvantages which are provided by autograft, allograft and xenograft. The aim of this research is to make a synthetic vascular graft with great physical strength, high biocompatibility, and good affordability. The method of this research was mixing PLGA and collagen by magnetic stirrer. This composite were shaped by spinneret with water as coagulant. Then it was coated by chitosan with 3 variations of weight (1 %wt, 2 %wt, and 3 %wt) to increase hemo and cytocompatibility, proliferation, and cell attachment in order for the vascular graft candidates to be more biocompatible. Mechanical strength for each variation was 5,306 MPa (chitosan 1 %wt), 3,433 MPa (chitosan 2 %wt) and 3,745 MPa (chitosan 3 %wt). All the tensile values were higher than human vascular tensile strength. Toxicity test showed that the living cells in all variations were more than 60% in number, thus the vascular graft is not toxic.Hemolytic assay showed that the lowest coagulation was provided by sample with 3 %wt chitosan.
Investigation of Gamma Radiation on Hydroxyapatite Synthesized from Chicken Eggshell by ESR Spectroscopy
Authors: Boonsook Kanokwan , Kaewwiset Weeranuch , Hoonnivathana Ekachai , Limsuwan Pichet , Naemchanthara Kittisakchai
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this work was investigated the properties and characteristic of gamma radiation on hydroxyapatite which synthesized from biowaste chicken eggshell via the chemical precipitation method. The hydroxyapatite from biowaste chicken eggshell was gamma irradiated in rage 10 Gy to 1 kGy and analyzed by electron spin resonance (ESR). The optimize parameter set ESR read out of Hydroxyapatite were such as microwave power and modulate amplitude corresponded 63.34 mW and 2 mT, respectively. The ESR signal based on the measurement of the concentration of radiation induced radicals CO2- molecular ion also formed in hydroxyapatite. The relative of ESR intensity and dose response was linear. These experiments indicated that the hydroxyapatite from biowaste chicken eggshell could be used good dosimeter in rage 20 to 100 Gy.
Porous Magnesium Scaffolds for Bone Implant Applications: A Review
Authors: Jasmawati Noor , Djuansjah Joy R.P. , Kadir Mohammed Rafiq Abdul , Sukmana Irza
Published: October 2015

For over two decades, various porous polymeric and metallic-based implants have been used as load-bearing scaffold for mechanical attachment and tissue ingrowths. Porous implants designed for biological fixation of prostheses in bone replacement and enhance mechanical demand as load-bearing material. Therefore, studies on the effect of using parameters, such as pore size, pore structure, and porosity with respect to cell adhesion as well as tissue ingrowths have been extensively reported. This article aims to report the current status and future challenge on using porous magnesium scaffold for bone implant application. Techniques on manufacturing technology for producing porous magnesium scaffold will also be highlighted.
Effects of Alkaline Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Biodegradable Magnesium
Authors: Assadian Mahtab , Idris Mohd Hasbullah , Taheri Mohammad Mahdi , Rezazadeh Shirdar Mostafa , Almasi Davood
Published: October 2015

Corrosion behavior of Magnesium substrate were investigated after NaOH treatment in different concentrations (1, 5, and 10 Molar) and duration of (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h) at room temperature to be utilized in biomaterial application. Creation of Mg(OH)2 barrier layer after treatment enhanced corrosion resistance. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted to detect the existence of barrier layer. Potentiodynamic polarization and immersion tests were evaluated the corrosion behavior of Magnesium in Kokubo simulated body fluid (SBF). It is found that Magnesium treated by 1M NaOH for 30 min reveals higher corrosion resistance. In addition this investigation indicates that pH value of Kokubo SBF, strongly influenced by different time and concentration of alkaline treatment
Effect of Heat Treatment on Surface Morphology of Titanium
Authors: Tan Kwok Joon , Mahmod Sahkila , Wahab M.A.A. , Idris Maizlinda Izwana , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi
Published: October 2015

Alkali and heat treatments were first introduced by Kim et al. to prepare a bioactive surface on titanium. This method has been proven very effective and widely used in biomaterial researches to promote titanium osteointegration. This study aims to investigate further the effect of heat treatment on surface morphology of high purity titanium. High purity titanium foils were immersed in 5 M NaOH at 60°C for 24 hours followed by heat treatment at 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C and 800°C for 1 hour in air atmosphere. The surface morphology was examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The surface topography and surface roughness were obtained using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). A structure transformation accompanied by significant grain growth were observed as temperature increased from 400°C to 800°C. As temperature increased, the grain coarsened and became larger in size which is in good agreement with the increasing surface roughness. A sudden decrease in surface roughness of titanium at 800°C might be due to the spallation of oxide layer.
An Improvement of Photoanode Performance for Enhanced Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Sujinnapram Supphadate , Moungsrijun Sasimonton
Published: October 2015

This works focus on an enhancement of dye-sensitized solar cell performance by improving photoanode which directly relates to shunt resistance and series resistance of the cell. Polyethylene glycol solution was prepared by dissolved polyethylene glycol in weight ratio of 10 and 30% in distilled water. ZnO past was prepared by mixing ZnO into polyethylene glycol solution, screened by doctor blade technique on fluorine doped tin oxide glass substrate and annealed at 450 °C for 1 h. The power conversion efficiency and fill factor were achieved as 0.81% and 0.44, respectively, because internal resistances were improved. The internal resistances were found that shunt resistance increased up to 4.35% and series resistance decreased down to 8.00% for 30% weight ratio of polyethylene glycol. These indicated that electron transfer in the cell was achieved in pathway direction.
Anodic Oxidation of Titanium in Acetic Acid for Biomedical Application
Authors: Selimin Mohamad Ali , Idris Maizlinda Izwana , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi
Published: October 2015

Anodic oxidation (AO) is an electrochemical method which used to change the bio-inert (smooth) to bio-active (rough) layer of titanium (Ti) surface. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of anodic oxidation on characteristics of Ti in acetic acid (C2H4O2) under various conditions. Anodised Ti were prepared using anodic oxidation method on the surface of Ti films in acetic acid by varying the applied voltage (50 – 350 V) and current density (25, 50 and 75 mA.cm-2) for 10 min at room temperature. The anodised Ti films were characterised using digital camera, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that, roughness of the Ti films was increased with increment of applied voltage and current density. The anodised effects during anodic oxidation process change the surface roughness (porosity) of the Ti surface which meets the biomaterial need as implant material. This characteristic is needed to promote the formation of apatite when soak in simulated body fluid (SBF).
Analysis on Compressibility of Dental Amalgam Using Nanomaterial Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
Authors: Puspitasari Poppy , Andoko Andoko
Published: October 2015

The more increasing severe impact of the mercury use on health, particularly as the amalgam material, has required an alternative innovation in order to eliminate the composition of mercury and amalgam. The objective of this research was to proposed a new biocompatible material which was called zinc oxide (ZnO). One of the innovative breakthroughs is by applying nanotechnology to ZnO, an alternative material expectedly to have better physical features and compressibility. Those physical features here including morphology, dimensions, and the comparison ratio of atom were analyzed through the test of XRD, XRF, SEM, and EDX characterization. Further, for its compressibility features, the test of compressibility was carried out using the hydraulic pressing machine with the power of 100-4000 kgf. This test was treated variously on the compression loading (500, 1000, and 2000 kg) with the variety of dwelling times (30, 60 and 90 seconds) purposely to observe its effect on the density of nanoparticles ZnO. The result of this research then shows that the physical properties of the analyzed ZnO has the particle in the size of 14,34 nm with the morphology classified as nano­rods. In the compressibility test, the variation of compression loadings has brought an effect on the significant increase of density of nanoparticles ZnO. In the compression loading at 500 kg, the average of density of ZnO is at 3,170 (g/cm3) with the increase of 4,763% with the addition of the compression loading into 1000 kg. Subsequently, another increase of density again takes place by 7, 539 % in the compression load changed into 2000 kg. The variation of the dwelling times also contributed to an equal effect in which at the dwelling time of 30 seconds, the average of density of ZnO was at 3,260 (g/cm3), at the dwelling time of 60 seconds, it increased at 0,583%, and the dwelling time of 90 seconds, it again increased at 3,098%.
Effect of Calcination on the Properties of Hydroxyapatite from Tilapia Fish Bones
Authors: Fara A.N.K.A. , Pragash Ganeson , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi
Published: October 2015

The present work focus on study of the effects of calcination temperatures (600, 800, 1000, and 1200°C) on derived natural hydroxyapatite from different parts of tilapia fish bones. The calcined samples were characterized regards to their chemical and structural properties. The XRD result revealed the presence hydroxyapatite (HAp) from the calcined samples and were identical to the standard HAp pattern. The FT-IR spectra confirmed that all organic materials and water molecule present in raw samples were completely eliminated during the calcination process at 600°C. SEM results show the surface morphology of calcined samples as compared to raw samples. The HAp was fully formed when samples were calcined at 800°C. The increasing temperature had led to the formation of mixtures of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and β-Tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, β-TCP). The degree of crystallinity and crystallite size gradually increased with the calcination temperature. Calcined Fin and head were found to have great potential in the extraction of biological HAp. The findings are the promising alternative to produce pure hydroxyapatite from marine wastes at a suitable temperature that beneficial to medical applications.
The present work focus on a study of the effects of calcination temperatures (600, 800, 1000, and 1200°C) on derived natural hydroxyapatite from different parts of tilapia fish bones. The calcined samples were characterized regards to their chemical and structural properties. The XRD result revealed the presence hydroxyapatite (HAp) from the calcined samples and were identical to the standard HAp pattern. The FT-IR spectra confirmed that all organic materials and water molecule present in raw samples were completely eliminated during the calcination process at 600°C. SEM results show the surface morphology of calcined samples as compared to raw samples. The HAp was fully formed when samples were calcined at 800°C. The increasing temperature had led to the formation of mixtures of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and β-Tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, β-TCP). The degree of crystallinity and crystallite size gradually increased with the calcination temperature. Calcined Fin and head were found to have great potential in the extraction of biological HAp. The findings are the promising alternative to produce pure hydroxyapatite from marine wastes at a suitable temperature that beneficial to medical applications.
Optimization and Characterization of Anatase Formed on Anodized Titanium in Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Saleh Saleh S. , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi
Published: October 2015

Titanium (Ti) is widely used in dental and orthopedic implants because of its good biocombatibility and high corrosion resistance. Titanium oxide (TiO2) has shown to exhibit strong physicochemical bonding between Ti implant and living bone because of its ability to induce bone-like apatite in a body environment. Ti is always coated by an oxide surface layer of 1.5-10 nm thickness. TiO2 crystalline structures; anatase and rutile present several distinctive features, such as photocatalytic behaviour, superhydrophilicity and biocompatible properties. Anodic oxidation is used to modify the surface of pure titanium in a sulphuric acid electrolyte in order to maximize and characterize the TiO2 anatase crystalline phase. In the present work, thick films of the anatase polymorph of TiO2 were formed on commercially pure Ti foil under potentials 100V-140V at current densities 40 and 60 mA/cm2 for 10 min. Multiple characterisation techniques were used and found that the maximum level of significantly formed anatase intensity where no significant rutile formation is observed at potential 140 V according to Glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images have shown porous surfaces as the applied voltage increased. Water contact angle (WCA) values observed hydrophilicity on the coated surfaces with samples anodized at 120 V have the highest wettability.
A Novel Approach of Using SMA Wires Actuated Stewart Platform for Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) of Ankle Rehabilitation Therapy
Authors: Nagarajan T. , Krishnan S. , Rani A.M.A. , Amirtham Victor , Rao T.V.V.L.N. , Ambaraj Winson , Ramiah Ramanathan
Published: October 2015

This paper analyses the result of the ongoing experimental research on the operational behavior of SMA in medical and robotics application. SMA are the materials that have the ability to return their original shape when subjected to the appropriate thermo mechanical interaction. SMA finds very wide applications in various facets of robotic equipments and industrial automation. They are easy to manufacture, low cost and can be integrated with human operations without any large scale safety requirements. Three SMA wires with diameters of 0.254 mm, 0.381 mm and 0.508 mm were experimented to measure the displacement of the wire with various bias forces. The 0.25 mm wire is best suited for generating substantial displacement. The displacement may be used to create CPM (Continues Passive Motion) for the Stewart platform for ankle rehabilitation therapy.
Effect of Ingredient Loading on Vulcanization Characteristics of a Natural Rubber Compound
Authors: Pajarito Bryan B.
Published: October 2015

Rheometric properties of rubber compounds are usually monitored with time during the course of vulcanization at constant temperature. The measured vulcanization characteristics of rubber compound are used for quality control and evaluation of raw materials and product formulations. With the high number of ingredients used in typical formulations, it is important to identify ingredients which significantly affect the vulcanization characteristics of a rubber compound. This study reports the vulcanization characteristics of a natural rubber compound at 60 °C as function of ingredient loading. Rubber sheets are compounded according to a 212-8 fractional factorial design of experiment, where ingredients are treated as factors varied at low and high loadings. Vulcanization curves, which are time plots of elastic torque S’, viscous torque S”, and tan δ = S”/S’, are measured for each rubber sheet using a moving die rheometer. The following responses are then determined from the vulcanization curves for data analysis: minimum elastic torque ML, maximum elastic torque MH, torque difference ∆S = MH – ML, scorch time ts1, cure time t’90, cure rate index CRI = 100/ (t’90 – ts1), S” and tan δ values at ML and MH. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows used oil to be the main ingredient affecting vulcanization of the natural rubber compound (ML, MH, ∆S, ts1, S” at ML and MH), followed by sulfur (MH, ∆S, CRI), calcium carbonate CaCO3 (S” at ML, tan δ at MH) and diphenylguanidine DPG (ts1). High loading of used oil lowers the elastic and viscous response of the rubber compound, while increases the time for scorch. Increased loading of sulfur significantly enhances the elastic torque and cure rate of the compound. High loading of CaCO3 improves the viscous response, while DPG significantly shortens the scorch time of the rubber compound.
Case Study on Reliability of Automotive Painting Shop Robots
Authors: Abd Majid Mohd Amin , Fudzin Ahmad Fauzi
Published: October 2015

Robots in automotive assembly plant are crucial for automation of the plant. As the robots are expensive, they are the main contributor to plant investment. Thus, it is important for the robots to have high reliability. This paper presents the reliability analysis of robots at an automotive assembly plant. The analysis was based on operating hours and frequency of the failures of the robots. The data were acquired from plant maintenance data. Using seven years of failure data, the robots’ mean time between failures (MTBF) and reliability were evaluated. Constant failure rate was assumed in the analysis. From the analysis it is noted that the reliability of the robots at the plant varies from 15% to 62% and 2% to 39% for 10,000 hours and 20,000 hours respectively. These findings could assist the maintenance manager to schedule the maintenance and replacement of the robot at the plant.
Design of a High Accuracy 3-Axis Coordinate Measuring Machine Working on the Shop Floor
Authors: Vo Tran Anh , Dung T.H. , Kim Hyun Chul
Published: October 2015

One of the key features of advanced manufacturing technologies is the metrology of geometric quantities. Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) now are widely used to perform relevant measurements. Normally, the use of CMMs in traditional quality control rooms, isolated from the production floor, often proves unsuitable for effective and timely feedback on the manufacturing process. However, CMMs are sensitive to environmental factors such as humidity, suspended dust and oil, vibrations, and especially temperature. For this reason, measuring machines must to be designed with features that make them more resistant to the environmental influences on shop floor operations. The main goal of this work is to enhance accuracy of a CMM working on the shop floor conditions by design improvements and error compensation. A 3-axis CMM will be built with some improved designed features and a software compensation technique will be applied to enhance the machine accuracy.
Effect of Refrigerant on the Exergy Loss and Performance in Air Conditioner Using Ejector as Expansion Device
Authors: Serevina Vina , Sumeru K. , Nasution Henry
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a numerical approach to determine the exergy loss in an air conditioner using (A/C) R22 and R290 as working fluid. The exergy loss should be minimized in order to increase the performance of the air conditioner. The present study investigates the A/C with cooling capacity of 2.4 kW. The results show that the total exergy loss of R290 is lower than that of R222, viz. 0.667 and 0.857 kW, respectively. This indicates that the use of R290 in the air conditioner using ejector as expansion device will generate a better COP improvement than that of R22. In addition, energy analysis shows that the COP improvements using R290 is higher than that of R22, for instance, 12.24 and 8.15% for R290 and R22, respectively, at the ambient temperature of 35°C.
A Review of Multiple Edge Detection in Road Lane Detection Using Improved Hough Transform
Authors: Talib Muhamad Lazim , Ramli Suzaimah
Published: October 2015

Lane detection system for the driver of the car is an important issue for the inquiry as a platform for safe driving experience. Implementation of this system is trying to investigate the possibility of traffic accidents, monitor the efficiency of the movement and position of the car contributes to the development of autonomous navigation technology. The purpose of this study is to get the best selection of banks in a better Hough transform technique to detect lane roads using edge detection techniques. For this study, Canny, Sobel and Prewitt edge detection is used as a trial. Selection of the best edge detection was using neural network techniques. Improved Hough Transform is used to extract features of a structured road. Point area near the straight line model adopted to accelerate the speed of calculation data and find the appropriate line. Prior knowledge is used in the process of finding a path to efficiently reduce the Hough space efficiently, thereby increasing the resistance by increasing the processing speed. Experiments provide good results in detecting straight and smooth fair curvature lane on highway even the hallways are painted shadows. Data from the lane highways have been taken in video format. Experiments have been done using an edge detection technique of choice in each scenario, and found that the best method of producing high accuracy of detection is to use intelligent edge detector. In this way, other people will be the best in certain cases scenarios lane highway.
Performance Comparison of Automotive Air Conditioner Using Various Refrigerants
Authors: Serevina Vina , Sumeru K. , Aziz Azhar Abdul , Nasution Henry
Published: October 2015

Working fluid of R134a is widely used as a refrigerant in automotive air conditioner. This refrigerant has a good performance on the automotive air conditioner. However, because R134a still has a high global warming potential, this refrigerant must be reduced and replaced by environmentally friendly refrigerants. Hydrocarbons of R600a, R290 and their mixtures are widely used as substitute refrigerant. These refrigerants are natural fluids, no effect on the climate, inexpensive and readily available. There are three performances will be discussed in the present study, namely COP, mass flow rate and compression ratio. The present study investigates the effect of three refrigerants, i.e. R134a, R600a and R290 on the performance of automotive air conditioner. The results show that the COP of R600a is higher than those R134a and R290. For the same cooling capacity, the mass flow rate of R600a is approximately 50% of R134a for all ambient temperatures. In addition, the compression ratio of R600a is lower than that of R134a.
Improvement of Containment Spray Heat Exchanger in Structure Analysis
Authors: Jung Dong Won
Published: October 2015

A containment spray heat exchanger is a significant piece of machinery for our society, and the safety of the liquid in such a device is important. In particular, natural disasters and other emergencies can have disastrous results [1]. For example, during an earthquake, the fire and swinging motion will produce a destructive force on the containment spray heat exchanger. So we must think of these conditions during the design stage. This paper presents a simulation that analyzes stress during an earthquake in order to improve the design of a containment spray heat exchanger.
Bio-Mechanism Response of Mimosa Pudica against External Stimulation
Authors: Ismarrubie Z.N. , Goh Han Lin , Masuri S. , Yussof Hanafiah
Published: October 2015

Mimosa Pudica (also known as Pokok Semalu) is an action plant with unique biological cell mechanism that has great potential to be explored for next generation biomechatronics devices. The motion principle of each petiole movement occurs by an organ of motion, called pulvinus. The behavior analysis of the Mimosa Pudica plant main pulvinus and petiole against external stimulations has been investigated. The response of the plant cell was observed by optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). External stimulation tests on Mimosa Pudica plant such as mechanical, electrical and light stimulations were conducted. Optical microscopy and SEM observations revealed the existence of red cells in the tertiary pulvinus. Mechanical stimulation results had shown a response time of approximately 2 seconds and a recovery time of 10 to 12 minutes for the leaves and 20 minutes for the petiole. Bending force of the petiole of Mimosa Pudica was also measured. The torque generated by the bending of petiole was found to increase exponentially as the pulvinus diameter increased. A torque of 30.91 g mm was generated from the bending of a petiole with 1.5 mm pulvinus diameter. The lifting potential of the Mimosa Pudica was tested using loadings with increments of 0.42 gram. The plant responded to electrical stimulation of 1.3 Ampere and displayed side effect. The light sensitivity region of Mimosa Pudica was obtained through light stimulation using a full spectrum daylight bulb, and ranges from 50 to 300 lux. Signal transmission to neighbouring structures was observed when the leaf was stimulated with threatening stimulus, with the signal speed achieving 0.8 cm/s.
Movement mechanism of Mimosa Pudica is believed to be triggered by signal through receptor cells. It was found that the torque generated during petiole lifting is relatively higher than that during petiole bending.
Effects of Electron Beam on Structure and Physical Properties of Natural Colorless Topaz
Authors: Paikaew Chutharat , Inthanont Juthamas , Punyanut Adisak , Hoonnivathana Ekachai , Limsuwan Pichet , Naemchanthara Kittisakchai
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this research was to investigate physical properties, configuration and color of topaz. Topazes were irradiated with electron beam linear accelerator at different dose from 40 to 180 MGy. The color of topaz was analyzed by UV-vis and it was shown that the color of topaz was becoming strong color with increased electron beam dose. Crystal structure and function group of topaz were characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the topaz has orthorhombic structure and no other crystalline. After irradiated, topaz released OH indicating higher crystallinity of topaz and this was confirmed with the results of electron spin resonance (ESR). Electron beam dose response of topaz was investigated. ESR results showed that the Al3+ ion was substituted in Si4+ site and Ti3+ impurity in Al4+ site and this result corresponds to the results of FTIR. The experiment result indicated that electron beam could be making defect on crystal structure and color enhancement of topaz.
Level of Learning from Occupational Safety Accidents: Current Status in Malaysia
Authors: Kidam Kamarizan , Hussin N.E. , Fandi N. Fatihah M. , Johari Anwar , Abdullah T.A.T. , Hassim Mimi Haryani , Kamaruddin Mohd Johari , Zakaria Zaki Yamani , Sulaiman Wan Rosli Wan
Published: October 2015

The occupational safety and health (OSH) accident rate in Malaysia is decreasing, however, statistically it is still high if compared to the other developing nations. One of the reasons why accidents keep on happening is due to poor learning from accidents. This paper discusses the level of accident learning from accident reports submitted to the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) Malaysia and the Society Security Organization (SOCSO) Malaysia involving 1,291 accident cases. Based on the quality and completeness of the accident reports, the levels of learning were ranked using the knowledge management hierarchy. Based on the analysis, the level of learning from accidents among the industries in Malaysia was less than adequate which promotes limited learning from accident.
A Survey Instrument Design to Determine the Success Factors in Implementing the End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) Management System in Malaysia
Authors: Mamat Tengku Nur Azila Raja , Saman Muhamad Zameri Mat , Sharif Safian
Published: October 2015

This paper presents the design of a survey instrument in order to determine the success factors in implementing the end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) management system in Malaysia. Upon reviewing journal articles and research papers previously conducted in automotive recycling, end-of-life vehicles, success factors and green supply chain, a set of preliminary factors was identified. These factors were categorized into seven components, namely the government commitment, stakeholders commitment, resources availability, enforcement and monitoring, education and awareness, market structure and continuous improvement. Thirty items were listed in the questionnaire, where the statements were based on the above said seven factors. Other than that, target respondents and sampling size were also discussed.
Safety Assessment Model for Coastal Passenger Vessel in the Perspective of Compatibility of Life Jacket with the Coastal Passenger Vessel
Authors: Ahmad Fuad Ahmad Faizal , Abd Kadir Ab. Saman , Ahmad Mohd Zamani
Published: October 2015

This paper proposed a new model referred as Life Jacket Compatibility Index Static Model (LCI). The reason for the development of this model was due to accidents associated with the usage of life jackets on board the passenger vessels. This new model was developed based on the combination of variables of models of life jacket and passenger vessel. These models were combined by compatibility, which is a new variable introduced in the study. The algorithm of the model is developed based on Fault Tree Analysis and Boolean Logic Gate. The purpose of the model is to rate the safety of coastal passenger vessels in the perspective of compatibility of life jackets with the coastal passenger vessel, which is a new perspective on safety assessment of passenger vessels. Another purpose of the model is to determine the maximum capacity of passenger based on available area to don the life jackets, which is also a new perspective to determine the maximum capacity of passengers. The model can be used by the maritime authority to regulate the safety operation of the coastal passenger vessels. The introduction of LCI model contributes to a new method of assessment of passenger vessels in the field of maritime safety.