bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seventeenth-century interpretations of the past: the case of Geoffrey Keating
Authors: Cunningham Bernadette
Published: August 2016

The study of history at both national and local levels featured prominently among the intellectual activities of early modern Europeans. The desire to know more of their own countries (as evidenced by the growth of mapmaking) and the use of history as a political tool both played important parts in the emergence of the past as a vital force in the present. The same was true of early modern Ireland. Settlers coming to a new environment looked to the past both as a way of understanding their new home, and as a way of legitimising current political realities. Sir James Perrott noted in the introduction to his Chronicle of Ireland ‘the use of reading histories is twofold: either private for a man’s particular knowledge and information, or public for the application of it to the service of the state’ Thus Sir John Davies’s treatise on the Discovery of the true causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued was as much a justification of existing royal policy in Ireland as an explanation of Irish history Each, for his own reasons, was looking to the past to explain the present.
John O’Connell and the Great Famine
Authors: O’Connell Maurice R.
Published: August 2016

Michael Davitt in his book, The fall of feudalism in Ireland, published in 1904, told the story.

it is related that Mr John O’Conneli, M.P., … son of the Liberator, read aloud in Conciliation Hall, Dublin [the meeting place of the Repeal Association], a letter he had received from a catholic bishop in west Cork, in 1847, in which this sentence occurred — ‘the famine is spreading with fearful rapidity and scores of persons are dying of starvation and fever, but the tenants are bravely paying their rents’ — whereupon John O'Connell exclaimed, in proud tones, ‘I thank God I live among a people who would rather die of hunger than defraud their landlords of the rent!’
Church-state relations and the development of Irish health policy: the mother-and-child scheme, 1944–53
Authors: McKee Eamonn
Published: August 2016

The singularity of the apparent clash of church and state in 1951 and its easy resolution in 1953 should alert us to the dangers of accepting the perception of events as the reality This paper attempts to explain the complexity of factors that gave rise to the appearance of conflict. The evolution of health policy, the relationship of de Valera and Archbishop McQuaid, the intricate politicking of the first inter-party government, the role of the Knights of St Columbanus, the lobbying of the Private Practitioners’ Group of the Irish Medical Association and the medical profession’s influence with the catholic church and the Irish government — these are some of the factors entangled in the controversy The crisis of 1951, however, provides the touchstone by which one can judge the relevance of any record, and the reader should bear; in mind that the confusion of influences covered here relates ultimately to the illusion of conflict. We must go back to the seminal period, the Emergency — the period of the Second World War — to begin to unravel perception from reality
Select documents XXXIX: The religious outlook of a Gaelic lord: a new light on Thomas Óg Maguire
Authors: Haren Michael J
Published: August 2016

The recent accession to the Vatican Archives of registers of the Sacred Penitentiary, a category of business which remained closed when the general records of the papacy were opened to scholarly research at large in 1881, is an important development. It has especially exciting implications for late medieval Irish history The availability of the Penitentiary material will greatly facilitate an undertaking which is of prime importance but for which the sources are otherwise scanty the study of religious sentiment in Ireland in the period from about the second decade of the fifteenth century, when these registers begin, to the Reformation. This is an aspect of ecclesiastical history to which the legalistic and contentious documents of the beneficiary deposits, the principal point of contact between Ireland and the papacy in the middle ages — though immensely valuable in their own right — do not readily lend themselves.
Warfare in sixteenth-century Ireland
Authors: Ó Domhnaill Seán
Published: August 2016

Warfare in Ireland in the sixteenth century must be considered in close relation to the political conditions prevailing in the country during the century. In the beginning of the century the Pale, or that part of Ireland in which the writ of the king of England ran, comprised only half of the four counties lying near Dublin. Outside the Pale were ninety states or lordships ruled by lords, often called by the English captains, who, having despotic jurisdiction within the state, made peace or war as they chose. These lordships have, very appropriately, been called the autonomous states by a modern Irish historian. About one-third of these autonomous states were ruled by lords of English origin who had in language, manners, and customs become almost as Irish as the Irish themselves. Every state, even the smallest, had its armed forces.
O'Connell and the Irish press 1800-42
Authors: Inglis Brian
Published: August 2016

During the lord lieutenancy of Camden the executive had taken action against newspapers friendly to, or suspected of leanings towards, the United Irishmen, and by the time of the '98 rising all newspapers which it had been unable to purchase had been suppressed. Although a few newspaper owners roused themselves to oppose the union, they reverted to sycophancy, or at best extreme circumspection, in 1803 and for some years afterwards. That O'Connell should have grown up with a distrust of the power of the press, seeing it daily perverted to the Castle's purposes, goes some way to explain his attitude towards it in later years. During the time when he was beginning to make his name at the Bar and in catholic counsels, no Dublin newspaper could be relied upon to present, let alone to advocate, the causes with which he was concerned. Of the old established newspapers Giffard's Dublin Journal showed the most independence of the government—but it was bigotedly anti-catholic and tory. The Freeman's Journal had not recovered from the Sham Squire's ownership—Higgins lived on until 1802 : and Saunders's News-Letter avoided trouble by printing no home news at all of a controversial character.
Sidelights on the chronology of St Patrick
Authors: Bieler Ludwig
Published: August 2016

In the present article I shall not discuss fully the question of Patrician chronology. I shall merely offer some remarks on fifth century entries in the Irish annals which attracted my attention during a recent study of the chronology of St Patrick. After the labours of MacCarthy, Burp and O’Rahilly we are at last In a position to ask the relevant questions, even if we cannot always give a satisfactory answer. Yet as regards detail, much confusion remains to be disentangled; perhaps the following suggestions will be found helpful towards a final clarification.
Ireland and the continent in the eleventh century
Authors: Gwynn Aubrey
Published: August 2016

It has become a commonplace of Irish history to assume that this country lay outside the full stream of European life until the twelfth century, and to preface an account of the Norman invasion with a brief survey of the very remarkable movement for the reform of the Irish church which we associate principally with the name of St Malachy. Dean Lawlor's short introductory essay to his translation of St Bernard's Life of St Malachy appeared in 1920, and is still the most readable version of this commonly accepted view. It is the purpose of this paper to criticise this view as a whole, and I shall have a good deal to say in criticism, not only of Lawlor's essay, but also of the last chapter of Kenney's otherwise admirable Sources for the early history of Ireland. All the more reason why I should begin by stating clearly my own personal debt to both these scholars. If I criticise their conclusions and their inadequate statement of the evidence, I do so in full consciousness of all that I have learned from their useful publications.
The United States government and the Irish: A Bibliographical Study of Research Materials in the U.S. National Archives
Authors: Calkin Homer L.
Published: August 2016

The tide of Irish immigration to the United States, which reached its crest during and following the famine years of the eighteen-forties, was second only to that of the Germans in the nineteenth century. Consequently, the Irish immigrants who arrived by the hundreds of thousands and the succeeding generations of Irish-Americans became one of the most important national groups in the American population, at the same time maintaining a keen interest in their native land.
The regulation of the emigrant traffic from the United Kingdom 1842-55
Authors: MacDonagh Oliver
Published: August 2016

In several respects the great famine revolutionized Irish overseas emigration. Numbers rose abruptly from an annual average of some 50,000 in the early ’forties to more than 100,000 in 1846, more than 200,000 in 1847 and an aggregate of well over one and a quarter millions in the six succeeding seasons. A relatively small, steady and considered emigration was replaced, especially during 1846-9, by a headlong outrush, sometimes more a hasty, even hysterical flight of economic refugees than a population movement as ordinarily understood. Unprecedented disasters overtook these emigrations, as epidemics swept over a passenger trade still painfully adjusting its shipping and standards to the new phenomenon and the growing predominance of Liverpool as the point of embarkation.
XIV. Vicissitudes of a Middleman in County Leitrim, 1810-27
Authors: Lyons F.S.L.
Published: August 2016

The letters which follow are concerned with conditions on, and with the management of, an estate in, county Leitrim in the early years of the nineteenth century. They form part of a body of correspondence now belonging to Dr Patrick Logan of Poole Sanatorium, near Middlesborough, and I am grateful to him for permission to quote from and to use the originals of these letters. My attention was first drawn to the documents by Professor T. W. Moody of Trinity College Dublin, when he received copies of them through Professor Séamus Delargy from the late Mr J. J. Mahon, who lived near Drumshambo, and was keenly interested in the history of county Leitrim. Mr Mahon died towards the end of 1952 and since then I have received much help in tracing the whereabouts of the originals from his son-in-law Mr P. J. Brennan, from Dr Joseph Logan, from Mr M. J. Molloy and from Very Rev. John Canon Pinkman, P.P., V.F.; I wish to record my thanks to all of these.
The native Irish and English law in medieval Ireland
Authors: Otway-Ruthven Jocelyn
Published: August 2016

The problems set by the Norman conquest of Ireland which began under Henry II cannot be properly appreciated if they are viewed in isolation. Similar problems had been set by the Norman conquest of England only a hundred years earlier; similar problems existed in Wales. In England, however, the conquest had been both rapid and complete, and problems which were to last throughout the middle ages in Ireland were solved in England by the merging of the two peoples in a relatively short time. Moreover, in England no such clash of laws as was to come about in Ireland had followed the conquest: the Anglo-Saxons had possessed a well-developed system of local administration which was taken over with little or no modification by the Norman kings.
IX. Land Owned By Catholics in Ireland in 1688
Authors: Simms J G.
Published: August 2016

The restoration settlement has long been the subject of controversy Petty in his Political anatomy calculated that by 1672 catholics had recovered a little less than a third of the ‘good land‘ of Ireland. Several alternative estimates were made at the time, such as that of Richard Lawrence, whose Interest of Ireland, published in 1682, put the catholic share at a little more than a fifth of the whole. But Petty remained the generally accepted authority until he was challenged by Butler, who estimated that ‘ at the accession of James II only at the outside one-seventh or one-eighth of the total area of the island remained in the possession of catholics ’
Anglo-Irish Local Government, 1485-1534
Authors: Quinn David B.
Published: August 2016

In attempting a study of local government in Ireland at the beginning of the Tudor period, it must be stated that only very tentative conclusions can be made as to its nature and effectiveness. This is due on the one hand to lack of materials and difficulty in interpreting what there are, and on the other to the absence of detailed studies of Anglo-Irish feudalism and of Irish society in the later medieval period.

In theory, the royal administration, established in Dublin and organised on English lines, was competent to provide law and government for the whole island. In practice, its effectiveness diminished successively in four groups of territories.
The Dublin Philosophical Society and the New Learning in Ireland
Authors: Hoppen K. Theodore
Published: August 2016

The study of the history of science has only within the last few decades attained the rank of an important field of enquiry for both scientist and historian. It was thus almost inevitable that, at first, attention should have been focused on the great and original thinkers like Boyle, Newton, Descartes, and Leibniz. But this type of approach frequently results in the presentation of a distorted picture, for few men are geniuses, and these are not truly representative of their age. The Irish scientists of the late seventeenth Century, who ranged from the very able to the pedantically dull, are far more typical examples of contemporary natural philosophers than are Newton or Boyle.

In 1680, science in Ireland was still a rare and infrequent study, and it must be admitted that the country had fallen behind the rest of Europe not only in the natural sciences but also in almost all other intellectual disciplines.
Lecky’s Leaders of public opinion in Ireland
Authors: McCartney Donal
Published: August 2016

The great Anglo-Irish historian, W.E.H. Lecky, was born in Dublin in 1838. He is best remembered for his volumes on Ireland and England in the eighteenth century (begun in the 1870s and completed in the 1890s). His European reputation had already been made with his History of the rise and inpuence of the spirit of rationalism in Europe (1865), and his History of European morals from Augustus to Charlemagne (1869).
The value of contemporary printed sources for Irish economic history in the eighteenth century
Authors: Cullen L.M.
Published: August 2016

Contemporary printed sources for economic history begin to become numerous from the early eighteenth century. The wealth of this printed material as well as the survival of the rarer specimens of the literature only in scattered and in some instances unexpected locations make the task of the research worker or historian an arduous and time-consuming one. Moreover, except where there are separate chronological catalogues of collections it is difficult, especially in the larger libraries such as the British Museum and the National Library, Dublin, not to overlook many relevant items. A bibliography of this material was first projected by Henry Higgs as one of a series of companion volumes to his Bibliography of economics, 1751-1775, published in 1935. The volume recently edited by Mr Hansonl is a revision and expansion of the galley proof of Higgs’s unpublished volume for the period 1701-1750. Meeting a real need, it will be welcomed. Its aim is to ‘include every new English work on economic affairs’ in the first half of the eighteenth century. Its use will save researchers much laborious consultation of indexes, and will greatly facilitate the location of the rarer items, which are frequently available only in a single collection.
The Composition of Connacht in the lordships of Clanricard and Thomond, 1577–1641
Authors: Cunningham Bernadette
Published: August 2016

The 1560s and 1570s saw the development of a new technique to meet the problem of governing Ireland: the establishment of provincial presidencies in Connacht and Munster, with composition agreements to finance these presidencies. This article re-examines the evidence for, and the nature of, the Connacht composition agreements, with particular reference to the lordships of Clanricard and Thomond, and analyses native reaction to the composition. It places the composition within the context of contemporary arguments about reform strategies for Ireland, and, finally, illustrates that the Composition of Connacht was essentially a form of taxation, and not, as historians have traditionally suggested, an agreement dealing with title to land.

English administrative policy in Elizabethan Ireland was influenced by the success of the provincial administrations of Wales and the north of England. This is most clearly reflected in the establishment of provincial presidencies in Connacht and Munster in 1569–70. The driving force behind English schemes for the administration of both provinces was Sir Henry Sidney, a former president of Wales, and lord deputy of Ireland, 1565–71 and 1575–78.
The Commonwealth Labour Party in Northern Ireland, 1942–7
Authors: Walker G. S.
Published: August 2016

The Commonwealth Labour Party (Northern Ireland), hereafter referred to as the C.L.P., came into existence on 19 December 1942. Its birth was the result of a split in the ranks of the Northern Ireland Labour Party (N.I.L.P.). This split centred on the personality and the political outlook of the man who had led the N.I.L.P since 1932, and who was to be leader of the C.L.P during its five-year lifespan: Harry Midgley.

Midgley (1892-1957) was, by the time of the formation of the C.L.P., one of the best-known and most controversial politicians in Northern Ireland. Born into a working-class protestant home in north Belfast, he acquired an early political education as a youth through the medium of the Independent Labour Party organisation in the city. He was close, at least initially, to William Walker, the most outstanding labour leader produced by the north of Ireland during the early troubled years of the labour movement. In addition, he met and listened to some of the most eminent spokesmen of British labour, most notably Keir Hardie. Midgley served his time as a joiner in the Workman Clark shipyard (where his father was a labourer) before spending a brief period in America in 1913 and 1914. After serving in the Ulster division in the First World War, he returned to Belfast in 1919 and quickly got himself a job as a trade-union organiser with the Linenlappers’ Union.
Select documents XXXVIII: Defenders and Defenderism in 1795
Authors: Bartlett Thomas
Published: August 2016

Secret societies in Ireland in the period 1760 to 1845 have recently been the subject of an extraordinary amount (by Irish standards) of scholarly interest. The Whiteboys, Hearts of Oak, Steelboys, Rightboys, United Irishmen, Caravats, Rockites and Ribbonmen have all had their historians and various interpretations have been put forward to explain the rise of these societies and the nature of the violence they perpetrated. However, the Defenders, the secret society that dominated the 1790s and the immediate post-union period, have been relatively neglected. Admittedly some important contributions have been made recently to their history: Mr J.G.O. Kerrane has made a study of the Defenders in County Meath; Professor David Miller has investigated the origins of the society in County Armagh; Dr Marianne Elliott has explored the implications for future Irish republicanism of the 1796 alliance between the non-sectarian United Irishmen and the avowedly catholic Defenders; and Dr Tom Garvin has traced the lines of continuity between Defenderism and the later Ribbonism. Nonetheless, it remains true that there is as yet no comprehensive account of the movement and much about it remains obscure. The documents published below shed light on the organisation, aims and activities of the Defenders on the eve of their alliance with the United Irishmen. They also illustrate the complex web of archaic and modern forces that comprised ‘Defenderism’
Ireland and France in 1848
Authors: Petler D. N.
Published: August 2016

It has long been recognised that the French revolution of 1848 had a profound effect on the rest of Europe. The overthrow of the Orleans monarchy and the establishment of the second republic were seen as heralding the dawn of a new age. Established governments, most of which had recognised that the Continent was approaching a period of crisis, anxiously expected the spread of the revolutionary contagion and the outbreak of a major European war, whilst the discontented elements found encouragement and inspiration from the events in Paris. In Great Britain the reaction to the events across the English Channel reflected this trend. This is the beginning', noted one member of the cabinet, recalling 1792; who will live to see the end?' The Chartists were jubilant, declaring that the time was now ripe to achieve their demands.
The Chartists and the Irish Confederates: Lancashire, 1848
Authors: Lowe W J.
Published: August 2016

During the late nineteenth century Michael Davitt was a persistent advocate of a solid Irish-British working-class alliance to realise the political and social aspirations of the working people of both countries. Though he took it all rather more personally, the Irish Chartist leader Feargus O’Connor often made the same point. But the dynamic movement of Englishmen and Irishmen to challenge the establishment that governed both countries and to effect the restructuring of its economic and social bases did not develop during the century spanned by the lives of O’Connor and Davitt despite a brief period of mutually-perceived Anglo-Irish working-class common interest and some active collaboration. The functional life of this ’alliance’ between the English and Irish leaderships during the revolutionary year 1848 was of short duration. But in Lancashire, English Chartists and members of the Irish Confederation combined for several months of agitation before the fledgling fraternisation was smashed by arrests and flagging interest.
The Chief Secretary’s Office, 1853-1914: a bureaucratic enigma
Authors: Flanagan Kieran
Published: August 2016

It is not surprising that Raymond Williams should cite Lady Morgan’s comment in 1818 that Ireland had for long been governed by a ‘bureaucratie or office tyranny’ as an early example of the use of the term. Dublin Castle, ‘the architectural emblem of England’s rule over Ireland’, with its extensive coercive and financial powers, appeared to many as a ‘congested district of impervious officialdom’ This unique apparatus of state was characterised by The Times as a ‘narrow bureaucracy saturated with bad traditions of race and creed’ The term ‘bureaucracy’ formed part of mid-Victorian political rhetoric. It cannot be seen as a sociological distortion of administrative history resulting from a rigid application of Max Weber’s ‘ideal type’, an analytical concept central to his writings on bureaucracy Dublin Castle represented a pure bureaucracy of a type the English press feared and assumed to be a continental aberration. To the nationalists, the Irish form of rule was seen as a ‘nominal parliamentary government really ruled by a bureaucracy’ The political structure within which the bureaucracy operated rendered it unrepresentative and unaccountable to parliament, and a constitutional enigma in growing debates on ministerial and civil service power.
An Irish-Ireland for business?: the Control of Manufactures Acts, 1932 and 1934
Authors: Daly Mary E.
Published: August 2016

The Control of Manufactures Acts of 1932 and 1934 were ostensibly designed to ensure that new industries established in the Irish Free State under extensive tariff protection would be Irish-controlled. This legislation has been seen as one of the major implements of Fianna Fail industrial policy — a measure which indicated the party’s commitment to an introspective, self-sufficient Ireland; its partial repeal in 1956 and complete removal the following year has been taken as marking the transition from a protectionist mentality to a more outward industrial orientation.
Michael Davitt and the ‘ Pen ’ Letter
Authors: Moody T. W
Published: August 2016

In the rugged career of Michael Davitt, the document known as the ' pen ' letter is of far-reaching significance, both because of the malignant influence which it exerted and because of the revelation of his personality which its history affords.
I. Norman Ireland
Authors: Richardson H. G.
Published: August 2016

The period 1461 to 1603 is crucial in the determination of the character of modern Irish history It divides fairly evenly at 1534 into a first phase in which the medieval order reaches its culmination and into a second in which the destruction of much of that order is completed and the foundations for the modern colonial period are laid. In the first, life in all its aspects is variegated with separate and interpenetrating social and governmental groupings of considerable complexity.
The Sources of the Preface to the ‘ Tigernach ‘ Annals
Authors: Macalister R. A. S.
Published: August 2016

The ‘ Tigernach ’ Annals—the name is preferable to the current term ‘ Annals of Tigernach ’, which has grown out of a misunderstanding of an anonymous gloss—is one of the many varieties of a document which needs some such specific name as ‘ The Irish Annals ’ All the books of annals—‘ Ulster ’, ‘ Boyle ’, ‘ Inisfallen ’, ‘ Clonmacnois ’, ‘ Chronicum Scotorum ’, and the rest—are merely diversified forms of one fundamental text; this would be obvious if they were printed in parallel columns. The differences between them are due chiefly to interpolations, made not so much by compilers or scribes as by an endless succession of glossators.
The Relations between O'Connell and the Young Irelanders
Authors: Clarke Randall
Published: August 2016

The year 1842 was one of preparation for the revival of the movement for repeal of the act of union. O'Connell had been elected lord mayor of Dublin in November 1841, and he allowed the Repeal Association to mark time during his tenure of office. The year was not regarded as wasted, however, as his conduct as mayor tended to increase his popularity, and ensured that he would be able to commence his campaign in the following year with a more solid backing of public opinion. It was during this year also that Davis, Duffy and Dillon first came together and made their plans for launching a new nationalist newspaper. They were all members of the Repeal Association, but only one of them (Duffy) had any extensive experience of journalism. The Nation newspaper first began to appear in October 1842.
Good news from north-central Africa: largest population of Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius is stable
Authors: Scholte Paul , Nguimkeng Francis , Iyah Emmanuel
Published: August 2016

North-central Africa (i.e. Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Chad) once held important populations of large mammals, including the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Exports of hippopotamus trophies from Cameroon were suspended in 2012 but the species’ status and population trends remain poorly known. Using the same methodology as in 2000 and 2008, we counted hippopotamuses in Faro National Park and bordering hunting zones in 2014. We counted 685 individuals along 97 km of river, compared with 647 and 525 in 2000 and 2008, respectively. The stability of this population contrasts with the declines in populations of large mammals across north-central Africa. We attribute this conservation success to private efforts (i.e. safari hunting) compensating for a decline in state protection. However, the situation remains fragile, as highlighted by an influx of transhumant cattle and gold diggers. We recommend increasing public–private conservation efforts, including incentives for the safari hunting industry, which is also under pressure.
Single particle electron cryomicroscopy: trends, issues and future perspective
Authors: Vinothkumar Kutti R. , Henderson Richard
Published: August 2016

There has been enormous progress during the last few years in the determination of three-dimensional biological structures by single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM), allowing maps to be obtained with higher resolution and from fewer images than required previously. This is due principally to the introduction of a new type of direct electron detector that has 2- to 3-fold higher detective quantum efficiency than available previously, and to the improvement of the computational algorithms for image processing. In spite of the great strides that have been made, quantitative analysis shows that there are still significant gains to be made provided that the problems associated with image degradation can be solved, possibly by minimising beam-induced specimen movement and charge build up during imaging. If this can be achieved, it should be possible to obtain near atomic resolution structures of smaller single particles, using fewer images and resolving more conformational states than at present, thus realising the full potential of the method. The recent popularity of cryoEM for molecular structure determination also highlights the need for lower cost microscopes, so we encourage development of an inexpensive, 100 keV electron cryomicroscope with a high-brightness field emission gun to make the method accessible to individual groups or institutions that cannot afford the investment and running costs of a state-of-the-art 300 keV installation. A key requisite for successful high-resolution structure determination by cryoEM includes interpretation of images and optimising the biochemistry and grid preparation to obtain nicely distributed macromolecules of interest. We thus include in this review a gallery of cryoEM micrographs that shows illustrative examples of single particle images of large and small macromolecular complexes.
Regulatory capture and quality
Authors: Tai Laurence
Published: August 2016

Drawing on accounts of regulatory capture in which an industry’s influence activities pull regulation in its direction, apart from incentives or information, this article develops a formal model of capture as a shift in a policy-making agent’s preferences, due to costly actions by the industry. One type of action is rentseeking that produces only capture, whereas the other type also improves regulatory quality by producing information that reduces policy uncertainty. The model shows how the ability to capture the agent can incentivise the interest group to produce more information. Thus, aligning an agent’s preferences with a political principal’s and immunising him from capture is not generally optimal; instead, the principal prefers an agent who is susceptible to capture associated with quality improvements but also initially more opposed to the group than the principal. A comparison of two Securities and Exchange Commission rulemakings illustrates the logic of the model.
High Dose Oral Steroids Commonly Used to Treat Relapses in Canadian MS Clinics
Authors: Morrow SA , Metz LM , Kremenchutzky M
Published: August 2016

Background:

Glucocorticoid treatment improves the speed of functional recovery of acute multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses but has not been shown to provide any long-term functional benefit. There is currently no convincing evidence that the clinical benefit is influenced by the route of administration or the dosage of glucocorticoid, or the particular glucocorticoid prescribed. Recent studies support similarities in the bioequivalence and in the clinical effect of high dose oral corticosteroids for MS relapses.

Objective:

This survey aimed to determine the relapse treatment preferences of clinicians in Canadian MS clinics.

Methods:

Members of the Canadian Network of MS Clinics are linked by an email server. A one page survey was distributed to the group to determine and report use of corticosteroids to manage MS relapses amongst Canadian MS specialists.

Results:

Fifty-one clinicians from 17 MS clinics were surveyed. 32 (63%) surveys were returned representing 16 clinics. Five doses are most commonly prescribed, usually without a taper. Three or four doses and the use of a corticosteroid taper, however, are not uncommon. Gastric cytoprotection and sedatives are often prescribed for use as needed.

Conclusion:

This survey illustrates that when Canadian clinicians with expertise in managing MS treat MS relapses they choose high dose corticosteroids, either oral or IV. The results therefore represent Canadian practice as these clinicians provide direct patient care and influence care by community neurologists. Until evidence clearly identifies a superior practice all options should be available to clinicians and their patients.
A Quantitative Study of Instrument Approach
Authors: Mercer J. F. W.
Published: August 2016

The 887th Lecture to be given before the Royal Aeronautical Society was held at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey's Gate, London, S.W.I, on 29th October 1953, and was presided over by Sir William Farren, C.B., M.B.E., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.Ae.S., President of the Society. Sir William said that this was the first main lecture of the session. In one paragraph of his paper Mr. Mercer said that those who were specialists in fields of a highly specialised kind should get together with their friends in other branches of aeronautics, otherwise they might all go on in ignorance of what was being done by others; he hoped therefore, that there were a number of specialists present who would join in the discussion.

Introducing the Lecturer, Sir William said that he had known Mr. Mercer for many years; Mr. Mercer had joined the Blind Landing Experimental Unit at Martlesham Heath when it was formed and it was there that he had done the work described in the paper. The President said he had always felt that one of the things most needed for the real development of aviation was a means of landing in bad weather. He hoped that Mr. Mercer's paper was a contribution towards that end; it was concerned with one phase only of blind landing—approach—but he hoped there would be other papers on the subject. He now called on Mr. Mercer to give his paper.
Pressurisation and Cabin Air Control
Authors: Widgery W. M.
Published: August 2016

In the opinion of the writer the bald name “ Pressurisation ” gives a crude and misleading picture of the developments which are now in hand and both he and the organisation to which he belongs, prefer to speak of “ Cabin Air Control,” as this name gives a clearer picture of the scope of the developments which are the subject of this paper.

At the outbreak of the war the evolution of passenger-carrying aircraft had reached a stage where a great deal of attention was desirable for the comfort of passengers and, in those passenger-carrying aircraft which have subsequently gone into service, it is fair to describe Pressurisation as a development directed almost entirely towards the greater comfort of the occupants.
The Shear Stresses in Tapered Beams
Authors: Pugsley A. G. , Weatherhead R. A.
Published: August 2016

There is considerable lack of information regarding shear stresses in tapered beams. In this brief report these stresses are examined by a simple extension of the conventional engineering method for uniform beams, and where possible the results are compared with those of classical theory.

Complete agreement is obtained with the few existing classical solutions. The use of the engineering method is illustrated by its application to various types of beam, and curves are drawn illustrating the general nature of the influence of taper on shear stresses.
Tapered Beams
Authors: Atkin E. H.
Published: August 2016

In a previous paper (Aircraft Engineering, November and December, 1938) the writer gave an account of proposed methods of calculating the stresses in tapered girders of a special type. The beam was assumed to have a web of constant thickness which could be dealt with as a two-dimensional stress system, while the booms were assumed to be concentrated lines of material having no flexural rigidity.

It was this latter assumption which appeared to represent one of the main limitations of the theory, so an attempt has been made to remove this limitation; a solution has been found, for the case of tapering booms at any rate, which puts the theory at least on the same level of rigour as the well known theory for parallel beams.
Viscous Effects on Pitot Tubes at Low Speeds
Authors: Macmillan F. A.
Published: August 2016

Measurements were made of the pressure in a blunt-nosed pitot tube, in an air stream at Reynolds numbers from about 15 to 1,000. The results are expressed in terms of a pressure coefficient, where P is the pressure in the pitot tube, ρ is the density of the fluid, andpandVare the static pressure and velocity in the undisturbed stream. As found in previous investigations, Cpbecomes greater than 1 at low Reynolds numbers, the increase being aboutper cent, at a Reynolds number of 50 (based on external tube radius). In disagreement with the work of Hurd, Chesky, and Shapiro, no decrease of Cpbelow 1 was found at any Reynolds number.
The Natural Frequencies and Modes of Vibration of a Rotating Beam
Authors: Liner H. S.
Published: August 2016

This note presents in matrix form the equations of motion of a rotating and vibrating beam. The natural frequencies of the system are obtained by plotting an impedance-frequency diagram and noting the frequencies at which the impedance vanishes. Uncoupled bending vibrations are considered but the analysis can easily be extended to include coupled bending-torsion vibrations. The arrangement of the method for solution on a digital computor is quite straight-forward.
An Aspect of the Deformation of Swept Wings in Steady Supersonic Flight
Authors: Hunn B. A. , Lance G. N.
Published: August 2016

In the design of high-speed aircraft the problem of relating structure loads to a prescribed flight envelope leads very often to the necessity of airframes being considerably stronger than past experience would tend to suggest, due to the methods used in calculating the loading.

Hitherto, when dealing with subsonic flight, it has usually been sufficient to determine structural loads in manoeuvre on the basis of a rigid aircraft. That is to say, the influence of structural distortion upon the aerodynamic derivatives, which enter the load calculations, is neglected. That this assumption becomes untenable as the speed is increased is clear when it is realised that, for a given fixed loading on the wing, the distortion is fixed; whereas the incidence necessary to produce the loading is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the flight speed.
Where Goes the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Puckey Walter
Published: August 2016

In view of recent adverse publicity I must begin this paper by stating that anything I say must not be taken to imply any criticism of the Aircraft Industry. Any conclusions I draw, probably from insufficient evidence, must be regarded as purely intentional!

It has been difficult to decide how to prepare this paper. Should I confine myself to technological matters or should I range wide over the Industry's past, present and future problems, and run the risk of displaying my ignorance? I decided to range wide.
The Cartographic Solution of Great Circle Problems
Authors: Dilloway A. J.
Published: August 2016

During the last twenty years a revival of interest in the subject of map projections has taken the form of a renewed attack upon certain basic limitations which face the cartographer. A necessary stimulus has been provided by the growth of a technique of air navigation, which in many ways has departed from the traditional practice of the marine navigator. From this and other directions emphasis has been laid on the need for precise cartographic representation of distance, direction and position on the earth. But although certain problems may be treated by devising new projections to meet special needs, it is obvious that there is a limit to any purely cartographic approach.

The requirements of the new navigation are, briefly, that its methods should be rapid, convenient to use, and of an accuracy consistent with the limitations imposed. The traditional solution by means of spherical trigonometry is thus ruled out on at least two of these counts. In its place, there are now available a number of graphical, mechanical and simplified tabular methods, many of which have no cartographic basis. Since a map projection is an obvious medium for the measurement of spherical relations, the needs of long-distance air navigation have encouraged the adaptation of certain projections in the form of special instruments and devices.
Airscrews for High-Speed Aircraft
Authors: Weinig F. , Flint M.
Published: August 2016

The high engine output necessary in order to effect further increases in flight speed must be transformed in the fullest possible measure by the airscrew into propulsive power. Three possibilities are open whereby the capacity of the airscrew for absorbing the engine power may be increased, namely, (1) by increasing the diameter, (2) by increasing the number and width of the blades, and (3) by increasing the peripheral speed. The increase in the diameter is limited by the effects of weight, the increase in the number and width of the blades by considerations of structure and design and the increase in the peripheral speed by the speed of sound. Of these limitations the last is of particular importance.
The Torsion of Box Beams with One Side Lacking
Authors: Cambilargiu E.
Published: August 2016

The torsion of box beams of rectangular section, the edges of which are strengthened by flanges, and of which one side is lacking, is analysed by the energy method. The torsional stresses are generally taken up by the bending of the two parallel walls, the rigidity of which is augmented by the third wall. The result was checked experimentally on duralumin and plywood boxes. The torsion recorded was 10 to 30 per cent, less than that given by the calculation, owing to self-stiffening.
A Simple Approximation Method for Obtaining the Spanwise Lift Distribution
Authors: Schrenk O.
Published: August 2016

In this paper a simple approximation method is presented for rapidly computing the lift distributions of arbitrary aerofoils. The numerical results are compared with those obtained by an exact method and for many purposes show a satisfactory degree of accuracy. The latter, for all practically occurring cases, can be estimated at the start of the computation work with the aid of the comparison examples given.
Stress Distribution in Metal Covered Wings and Similar Structure
Authors: Crowther L.
Published: August 2016

Recent investigations show that “ shear lag ” has a small effect on the distribution of the bending stresses in the section ; but the effect of the stiffness variation, of the various parts of the structure, has a considerable bearing on this distribution.

Compression tests on panels of wing covering comprised 20 S.W.G. and 22 S.W.G. plating, with stringers of 18 S.W.G. to 22 S.W.G. rolled sections, show that, due to the bowing and waving of the light covering and stringers, the effective E is reduced to about 4.5 × 106 to 5 × 106 lbs. per sq. ins. for light alloy panels of these sizes. Compression tests on light alloy extruded struts show a value of E of 10 × 106 lbs. per sq. ins.
The Bent Strut with Variable Cross Section
Authors: Drymael Jean
Published: August 2016

A graphical method is developed for solving the problem of the beam with variable section, bent by transverse loads and an axial load. The latter may be either tensile or compressive. The beam on statically determinate supports is first dealt with, successively as regards the stress and the deformation. Then a similar procedure is followed for a beam with redundant supports. Finally, the case is studied when there is no transverse load at all, that is buckling only.
Maintenance Design Questions
Authors: Bowden T. E. G.
Published: August 2016

From the correspondence columns of the JOURNAL it is obvious that there is a great deal of interest in the present-day standard of maintenance design and that the general consensus of opinion is that it is not up to a high enough standard.

In order to stimulate still further the interest in design for maintenance the following series of questions are asked. These questions are the thoughts that run through the mind of a maintenance engineer when he is introduced to a new item of equipment. The perfect maintenance design is extremely rare, i.e. when all the questions can be answered in a satisfactory manner.

It is easy to produce what seems to be an efficient design on paper but the conditions of a well-lit and well-heated drawing office are different from an unheated hangar early in the morning of a winter day.

The importance of maintenance being considered right through all the design stages is even more vital these days, when the number of aircraft being manufactured is less than during the war years and the economic side is just as important as the performance figures. In fact, the words “economy” and “maintenance” are bound together. It is not possible to issue modifications in order to correct faulty maintenance design and still keep a high percentage of aircraft flying.
The Propeller: How Many Blades?
Authors: Lanchester F. W.
Published: August 2016

Propeller theory has always been a subject of extreme difficulty, and those who riginated the screw propeller as a means of propulsion and developed itduring the latter half of last century were in most part guided by common senseand empiricism. Without much in the way of theory to guide them the results thus achieved in connection with marine propulsion were remarkable—but little short of the best possible. The designers of the early experimental aircraft were able to make use of the wealth of experience thus placed at their disposal; nevertheless, some new aspects of the problem presented themselves—fortunately the vortex theory, newly developed to deal with the problem of sustentation in flight came to their aid, though the manner of its application was not obvious or easy. The writer's first attempt consisted in treating the propeller blade as an aerofoil connected to the boss by an arm of spar section, geometrically related to a helical surface, in which the tracks of the blades relatively to the fluid follow these surfaces.
Note on Biot's Dynamic Modulus
Authors: Duncan W. J.
Published: August 2016

In reference 1 Biot has given a simple and valuable formula for what he calls the “ dynamic modulus “ of a flywheel system or airscrew in terms of resonance and anti-resonance frequencies. The resonance frequencies are the natural frequencies when the systems are free, and the anti-resonance frequencies are the natural frequencies when the end of the flywheel shaft (or the airscrew boss) is fixed. The dynamic modulus is defined to be the ratio of the amplitude of the applied periodic couple to the amplitude of the angular movement produced at the point of application, and is a function of the frequency of the periodic couple. A very useful application of the dynamic modulus can be made to engine-propeller systems, for the natural frequencies of the combination are such that the dynamic moduli of the two components are equal and opposite.