bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wahi a Kahiko: Place Names as Vehicles of Ancestral Memory
Authors: Oliveira Katrina-Ann R. Kapā'AnaokalāOkeola NāKoa
Published: February 2017

Hawai'i is the most isolated landmass in the world and thus ancient Native Hawaiians relied on the local resources of the land, sea and sky for their sustenance. Their dependence on nature fostered a close relationship with the environment, so much so that according to Hawaiian history, the land was considered to be the kaikua'ana (older sibling) of the Indigenous people of Hawai'i (Kame'eleihiwa, 1992, p. 25). This intimate relationship with the environment is still evident in the names that are bestowed on places. Almost every stretch of land, from entire islands to home lots, was named; every place considered to be significant to traditional Hawaiians was honoured with its own name.

This paper explores the cultural politics of place names in Hawai'i by revealing the close relationship that the traditional Indigenous people of Hawai'i generally enjoyed with the land, and by acknowledging the power of Hawaiian place names and “mapping” practices to narrate history, encode meaning and inscribe the landscape. It then addresses the linguistic and toponymic changes imposed upon the landscape as a result of the occupation and colonization of the Hawaiian Islands. Finally, this paper strongly advocates for preserving and restoring Hawaiian place names.
Social Justice as a Public Health Imperative for Kānaka Maoli
Authors: Kaholokula Joseph Keawe'aimoku , Nacapoy Andrea H. , Dang Kā'Ohimanu
Published: February 2017

Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) have experienced drastic changes to their way of life and to the demography of their ancestral homeland over two centuries of US occupation. We review 1) the current social status and health status of Kānaka Maoli; 2) the effects of social status on a person's health status; 3) the major social changes in Hawai'i affecting Kānaka Maoli social standing and well-being; and 4) the empirical studies suggesting a relationship amongst social, psychological, and physical factors affecting Kānaka Maoli health and well-being. We also examine the issue of social justice for Kānaka Maoli as a public health imperative. The major tenets of this paper are that 1) the drastic and rapid social changes in Hawai'i and other societal issues have adversely affected the health and well-being of Kānaka Maoli and 2) a complex interaction exists between the social status and health status of Kānaka Maoli.
Ngāi Tahu print media before and after settlement
Authors: Smith Jo , Ruckstuhl Katharina
Published: February 2017

Treaty reparation processes are a key characteristic of postcolonial Aotearoa/New Zealand. In 1975 the New Zealand Crown established the Waitangi Tribunal designed to make recommendations on indigenous (Māori) claims regarding breaches of the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi (Tiriti o Waitangi). While in the face of things, this was a politically progressive act of reconciliation, the Treaty process still entails limitations, the most important aspect being that the New Zealand Crown continues to set the agenda for addressing historical injustices. New Zealand's mediated public sphere also helps set the agenda for understanding Treaty Claims processes. Mainstream media often frames these debates as a contestation over resource allocation and as a competition between Māori and Pākehā (people of mainly European descent). We argue that as iwi (Māori tribes) settle claims with the Crown, the country is increasingly witness to emerging articulations of identity that complicate orthodox understandings of New Zealand nationhood. Iwi media offer potential counter-publics that compete against, and negotiate with, more mainstream media outlets. Increasingly, these counter-publics focus on the post-settlement futures of iwi identity and New Zealand nationhood. Drawing upon the Treaty settlement of the predominant Māori tribe of the South Island, Ngāi Tahu, we discuss the role of the iwi's flagship magazine Te Karaka in revitalizing Ngāi Tahu identity and we outline the challenges facing Ngāi Tahu identity in a post-settlement era.
The case of dead and non-used Nandi anthroponyms
Authors: Chebet-Choge Susan
Published: February 2017

This paper discusses the dead and non-used Nandi anthroponyms with the aim of highlighting the factors behind their disappearance, non-use or declining usage. Although traditionally the Nandi naming system is elaborate and spans a person's lifetime, present day naming practices show that various types of anthroponym have low usage and others are no longer used. Since the Nandi naming system is intertwined with the Nandi way of life, anthroponyms act as catalogues of past and present Nandi histories. Therefore, when certain anthroponyms die, certain forms of cultural knowledge and history embedded in them are also lost. Language is a complex system and its building blocks are nested, so the loss of certain anthroponymic knowledge, which is part of the Nandi language, leads to the loss of certain linguistic knowledge in the language. This in turn may usher in linguistic turbulence that might bring about the death of the Nandi language.
Measures to Preserve Indigenous Language and Culture in te Reo Kuki Airani (Cook Islands Māori Language)
Authors: Glasgow Ali
Published: February 2017

“Will the Māori language of the Cook Islands die?” (Tongia, in Crocombe & Crocombe, 2003, p. 105). Statistics show that the Cook Islands Māori language and its dialects are in decline and are considered endangered (Cook Island Statistics Office, 2006). This is not an issue that the Cook Islands face alone. Many indigenous nations worldwide are dealing with increasing use of the English language. Innovative ways to protect their languages and cultures from encroaching globalization are being explored. It is timely to move from the language of critique to that of transformation and hope (Hau'ofa, cited in Robie, 1992). To this end, this paper explores early-childhood educational initiatives which have been implemented, and examines the constraints to development of authentic educational practices and initiatives implemented in the last decade by the Cook Islands, particularly in early-childhood education programmes aiming to regain culture and language. Further initiatives are considered to strengthen authentic and traditional practices. The term “maroro Māori” (flying fish) has been coined to describe the interspersing of English and Māori in sentence structures (Crocombe & Crocombe, 2003). This phenomenon, known as code-mixing, is explored as an innovative practice in the process of language evolution.
Tau Kaleveleve Ne Tauhele Aki E Mauaga He Vagahau Mo E Aga Fakamotu Niue
Authors: Kalauni Rosa , Pocock Feofanaki , Otto Pennie , O'Halloran Tina , Lafu Betty , Drysdale Lima , Asekona Halo , Peika Koloti , Otto Phiaddra , Viliko Misiane
Published: February 2017

This discussion by the Vagahau Niue (Niue language) talanoa group pertains to the struggle against the loss of Vagahau Niue and culture in Aotearoa/New Zealand. We talk critically about ideas that will revive and maintain Vagahau Niue in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The talanoa group knows and understands that our language is at risk. This knowledge is strengthened by our use of existing figures available on Pacific Islands languages in Aotearoa/New Zealand, shared by the pulotu (knowledgeable), John McCaffery. These figures show that Vagahau Niue has a dangerously low number of users.
Indexing (in) Authenticity
Authors: Durand Carine Ayélé
Published: February 2017

Over the past three decades, ethnographic museums have increasingly collected and displayed contemporary artworks in order to challenge assumptions about the (in)authenticity of cultural minorities. Yet, this paper argues, by perpetuating ambiguities and contradictions in their collecting and display practices, they have often failed to fully acknowledge the complexities attached to the notion of cultural continuity. Drawing on examples from the Etnografiska Museet in Stockholm and the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (MAA) in Cambridge, it is suggested that the collecting of contemporary artworks in ethnographic museums might not be sufficient to make these institutions socially and politically relevant. As some of the Sámi and Māori artists involved have indicated, direct engagement between artists and museum staff, and with the public, is fundamental to conveying that their artworks are at once “traditional” and “contemporary”.
“I'm the Son of the Oliero”
Authors: Derlicki Jaroslaw
Published: February 2017

Almost every definition of “ethnic group” refers to homeland, locality or symbolic dimensions of the land. This article reflects the situation of the Yukaghir, a people of approximately 1,000 individuals in north-east Siberia. While land is particularly crucial for Yukaghir identity, the current situation of rights to land is highly dissatisfying for the Yukaghir. Traditional economic activities which are essential for their identity (hunting, fishing and/or reindeer breeding) are possible only on particular land. Taiga and tundra delimit the possibilities of what people might do for a living, their professions and careers. It also binds them to the world of their ancestors. I argue that in the Yukaghir case, culture and identity may survive only by virtue of living from the taiga and tundra.
Analysis of the Australian and Canadian Governments’ Aboriginal Policies
Authors: Muthu Yega , Grzeszczyk Gregor
Published: February 2017

The Australian and Canadian Aboriginal communities are strikingly similar vis-à-vis traditional lifestyles, social structures and histories of victimization during colonization (Morrisette, McKenzie, & Morrisette, 2010). A cultural context, then, means “an emphasis on historical reconstruction based on an understanding of colonialism to alter the stereotypes and false beliefs given to Aboriginal people, and on culture and traditions as restorative to an individual's identity and self-esteem” (Morrisette et al., 2010, p. 98). At present, both communities suffer similar problems of unemployment, alcoholism, drug abuse, sex abuse, mental illness, suicide and racism. In this paper we explore the contribution of Australian Government policies to the lack of progress in Australia.
Situation Report
Authors: G/Ao Hacky Kx'ami
Published: February 2017

Ju/'hoansi kokxui o dhari-a kaice n/a'ng te koh kokxui ka /'ae te /oa /ore ka /'ae, te //a'ke /ore ka /'ae, te cete tzin te ku kxui-a u ka /'ae. Ka //a'ke ku doq'm ka /'ae, khama ju te //a'ike !xoana doq'ma khoe, kota ?abace du !kom. Ka kokxui /'ae-asi xabe g/ae //hai tih ko barahsa ke he g/ae. Khama ka m /oa n?ai //koa ka /'ae ko kantor n!angsi, the koara g!a'amsisi.

The Ju/'hoansi language is a nice language, which was only spoken by the Ju/'hoan people themselves and was not written. Now that it has been written, it is slowly destructing itself. The language is now mixed up due to people of different ethnic groups living in the same places and to intermarriage. The language itself will suffer in the future. The language is not commonly used in the workplace as the medium of instruction.
The Blame Game
Authors: Penney Liane , Barnes Helen Moewaka , Mccreanor Tim
Published: February 2017

This paper draws on a qualitative action research investigation of the treatment of Māori with ischaemic heart disease, in the course of which interview data were gathered from individual patients and health care providers. Thematic analysis is used to describe clinicians’ discourses around uptake of medical advice by Māori patients. We contrast these views with the experiences of Māori users of health care to highlight differences in the ways the two groups approach the issues.

Clinicians widely described Māori patients as non-compliant in relation to their health. Explanations of non-compliance were diverse, ranging from Māori ignorance and poverty to attributions of wilfulness and self-destructive-ness. The experiences of Māori patients suggest engaged, proactive and mindful health-seeking—at odds with the predominant clinician discourses. The findings are discussed as a factor in the cultural competence of clinicians to work successfully with Māori, with implications for improved practice and better outcomes for Māori.
Developing a Kaupapa Māori Framework for Whānau Ora
Authors: Kara Erena , Gibbons Veronique , Kidd Jacquie , Blundell Rawiri , Turner Kingi , Johnstone Wayne
Published: February 2017

The use of whānau ora (healthy families) to represent individual health while also encompassing the collective of family means there is a need to address connectedness that goes beyond wider family structures to include health, education and social service providers. The views of kaumātua (Māori elders) were sought through a series of hui (meetings) to develop an understanding of the term “whānau ora” and its practical application. The hui highlighted that whānau ora has many interconnecting facets, including some tension around the notions of interdependent whānau and individual health care needs. Te Korowai has been developed from seven interconnecting themes raised by kaumātua. Te Korowai represents the concepts and practicalities of whānau ora.
Midwives, Women and their Families: A Māori Gaze
Authors: Kenney Christine M.
Published: February 2017

New Zealand health legislation requires mid-wives to affirm Māori as tangata whenua (people of the land) and actively honour the principles of partnership, protection and participation as an affirmation of the Treaty of Waitangi. Despite the introduction of some Māori values (Ngā Turanga Kaupapa) into performance criteria for professional competencies and standards of practice, there is no representation of any Māori world view within the partnership model; the foundation of midwifery practice. Non-acknowledgement of tikanga (cultural traditions) and mātauranga Māori (indigenous knowledge) within the underlying philosophies of practice potentially violates current health legislation and inherently contradicts professional competencies, ethics and practice standards. The mono-cultural model of partnership is arguably contextually inadequate and potentially detrimental to whānau ora (family health and wellbeing). An argument is presented that, subject to consultation, a bi-cultural model of partnership could provide a legal, ethical and contextually relevant framework for midwifery care provision in Aotearoa New Zealand.
The Treaty and “Treating” Māori Health
Authors: Whitinui Paul
Published: February 2017

This paper will argue that the Treaty of Waitangi, signed on 6 February 1840 by Māori and the Crown, has a made significant contribution to informing and advancing Māori health practices in Aotearoa New Zealand. A key focus of this paper relates to (re)validating the Treaty to improve Māori health outcomes and providing a strategy for evaluating the current health status of Māori. There is a growing concern among Māori that the health sector continues to perpetuate notions of “treating” Māori health more so than empowering Māori to control their own processes for being healthy. Moreover, a major shift constitutionally (that is, self-determining the right to be healthy) as well as institutionally (that is, developing approaches to greater access to health provision) is required to enable Māori to achieve better health outcomes moving forward. Finally, a number of important culturally innovative, responsive and inclusive perspectives are shared to enhance our engagement with the Treaty and Māori health from a socio-cultural perspective.
Māori Men and the Indirect Procurement and Sharing of Prescription Medications
Authors: Hodgetts Darrin , Nikora Linda W. , Rua Mohi
Published: February 2017

Māori men have higher rates of many diseases and lower life expectancy than other population groups in New Zealand. The general consensus is that these health inequalities are due to the inequitable distribution of the social determinants of health; for example, education, employment, income and housing, and were largely driven by colonization and the social and economic marginalization of Māori. Health care factors, including reluctance to consult doctors or late presentation, are part of this equation, but do not fully explain the disparities in health between Māori men and other population groups. As part of our ongoing work in this area, we draw on a focus group discussion with seven Māori community health workers to provide a preliminary analysis of how some Māori people access and use medications. Particular attention is given to the emergent practice of Māori women presenting to general practitioners (GPs) with proxy symptoms to obtain medications for their male partners. This practice exemplifies a range of strategies that some whānau (family) have developed to navigate the health system and overcome the reluctance of some men to engage with the medical profession. The practice raises issues relating to the nature of “primary” and “whānau” care, accessibility of medical services and medications, adherence to medication regimes and the dynamics of doctor–patient relations.
The Status of Literacy Education for the San of Botswana
Authors: Ketsitlile Lone Elizabeth
Published: February 2017

The San are Southern Africa's first indigenous peoples. They can be found in South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia. The San peoples in Botswana still face discrimination especially in the education sector as their indigenous literacy and way of life are largely ignored. Their languages are not part of the school curriculum in Botswana; English (the official language) and Setswana (the national language) are taught in schools. In theory, this should not be the case. It greatly disadvantages San children as they underperform and drop out of school. Hence, very few have made it to the University of Botswana and the colleges of education. In order for Botswana to reach its aim of an educated and informed nation by 2016, San peoples need to be catered for in the country's education system.
Mana Whenua Kaitiakitanga in Action: Restoring the Mauri of Lake Ōmāpere
Authors: Henwood Wendy , Henwood Remana
Published: February 2017

Mana whenua (people with customary authority over land) have been grappling with the environmental collapse of Lake Ōmāpere in the north of New Zealand. The situation is of immense significance to us and Ngāpuhi-nuitonu (Northland tribes and sub-tribes). Use of the lake resource is determined by the health of the lake; the health of the lake and the health of people are intertwined.

A restoration strategy was developed in 2005. This article provides some context for the key issues relating to the Lake Ōmāpere situation, discusses the community action approach taken and describes a climate of environmental mobilization where mana whenua knowledge and experiences are at the forefront of restoration. The account highlights the complex and multi-faceted nature of approaches to restore the ecological sustainability of these important waterways.
“Chattling the Indigenous Other”
Authors: Neeganagwedgin Erica
Published: February 2017

Many historians writing about Canadian history have failed to acknowledge, and some have even downright ignored, the history of chattel slavery that existed within Canada where Aboriginal people were bought and sold like commodities. Generally, when one thinks of chattel slavery, there are images of people of African ancestry being branded, whipped and labouring in cotton and tobacco fields or on sugar plantations. Yet, this is only part of a much more complex canvas of slavery in the “New World”. And while the history of chattel slavery as it pertains to people of African ancestry is relatively unknown and at times distorted, as is the case particularly in the educational system in Canada, it comes as even more of a surprise to most that Aboriginal peoples in Canada were also enslaved.

This analysis includes a review of particular accounts of Indigenous people as chattel slaves in Canada. As mentioned, this is a topic seldom discussed. I investigate the connection between colonialism, notions of racial superiority and chattel slavery, using an anti-colonial theoretical framework to contextualize this history of slavery, and examine chattel slavery and the enslavement of Aboriginal people.
Nudge! Normalizing the use of Minority Language Ict Interfaces
Authors: Keegan Te Taka , Evas Jeremy
Published: February 2017

This paper examines the take up and use of interfaces of computer applications in minority languages. Its main thesis is that according to much anecdotal and a small amount of quantative data, take up of these interfaces could be a lot higher. It analyses the reasons for non-take up of such interfaces and the possible reason for “L” (lower diglossic status) language speakers not wanting to avail themselves of opportunities to use technology in minority languages, placing this in the diglossic paradigm created by a homogenizing, monolithic nation state. The paper then proceeds to examine behavioural economic theory which may “nudge” people to avail themselves of the opportunities available, and subsequently that this “nudge concept” be re-applied to encourage the take up and use of “L” languages in ICT interfaces. While the context will be relevant to many diglossic situations, most of the examples are drawn from Welsh and Māori cases, which provide a good illustration of the issues and reflect the authors’ backgrounds and research.
Debwewin Journey
Authors: Gehl Lynn
Published: February 2017

This article discusses Debwewin Journey methodology that involves the “circle of heart” knowledge and the “circle of mind” knowledge working together. Rooted in “Anishinaabemowin” (the language of the “original peoples”), Anishinaabe (original man) traditional teachings, and Midewiwin scroll knowledge, this methodological approach predates European arrival on Turtle Island. While in my Debwewin Journey methodology I relied on particular methods to complete and connect the two circles of knowledge, other people will rely on different methods as they will be dependent on their gifts bestowed from the Creator and their research contexts, as well as in terms of what they want to achieve. In this way, Debwewin Journey is a fluid, personal, subjective and wholistic methodology that produces one's “debwewin”—a personal and wholistic truth that is rooted in one's heart.
The Key Actors of Waikato River Co-Governance
Authors: Muru-Lanning Marama
Published: February 2017

The Waikato River is an important New Zealand waterway with a long history of people making claims to it, including Treaty of Waitangi claims by Māori for guardianship and ownership rights. The claims process has most recently culminated in Waikato-Tainui and the Crown signing a 2009 Deed of Settlement for the river.1 The 2009 deed establishes a new co-governance structure for the river, with equal Māori and Crown representation. However, what has also transpired from the agreement is the emergence of a new guard of Māori decision-makers who have challenged and displaced the traditional Kīngitanga (King Movement) leaders as the main power-brokers of the Waikato River. Before Waikato-Tainui's most recent river negotiators there were a number of other Waikato ancestors who contributed to strengthening the relationship between Waikato Māori and the Waikato River. Prominent Kīngitanga leaders such as Princess Te Puea Herangi, Sir Robert Mahuta, Te Arikinui (paramount chief) Te Atairangikaahu and successive Māori kings are recognized as mediating the relationship between Waikato Māori and the Waikato River.
The Dialectics of Indigenous Knowledge
Authors: Andrae-Marobela Kerstin , Okatch Harriet , Masizana-Katongo Audrey , Ngwenya Barbara N. , Monyatsi Keitseng N.
Published: February 2017

Indigenous knowledge (IK) has become a popular subject in the last decade. IK has been recognized by global institutions as a valuable source for scientific innovation and significant in promoting development for poorer communities. However, little attention has been paid to how communities themselves particularly conceptualize IK and how they situate this knowledge in everyday life context. This paper summarizes perceptions of IK from 20 rural communities in the Ghanzi (4) and North-East (16) districts in Botswana. Our findings indicate that IK cannot be defined by contrasting it to other knowledge systems. Rather, IK is abstract and concrete, individual and collective, specific and holistic in a dialectical manner. This inherent “unity of opposites” promotes constant change of IK. Applied to the challenge of linking IK to development, community perceptions inform us that a dialectical process-oriented approach to IK is necessary to harness it for a sustainable development and meaningful education of indigenous people in Botswana.
What is a Real Indian?
Authors: Pack Sam
Published: February 2017

This article is less an attempt to answer the question of what it means to be a “real” Indian than an examination of the question itself. The complex process of separating the genuine from the spurious has been necessitated by the federal government's continued employment of a blood quantum to determine who is and who is not Indian, the increasing numbers of people who are claiming Indian descent because of the popularity of Indian culture and, more recently, the financially inspired racial awakenings of those hoping to partake in the massive wealth generated by casino revenue. After five centuries (and counting) of colonization, miscegenation and forced assimilation, the issue of cultural authenticity has become a hotly debated and polarizing matter for everybody involved—everybody that is, except Indians themselves for whom the notion of an authentic cultural identity has always been very clearly defined.
Teacher Education with Indigenous Ways of Knowing, Being and Doing as a Key Pillar
Authors: Maher Marguerite
Published: February 2017

This paper reports on a project known as the Growing Our Own Indigenous teacher education initiative. This project involves the provision of teacher education, in situ, to Indigenous assistant teachers in remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, Australia. First, factors leading to the development of the project are provided. Second, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks for the project are explained. Third, the collaborative self-study methodology for the study is justified. Fourth, perceived successes are described: these include community engagement, cultural responsiveness in the programme, improved attendance of children at school, and the value of collaboration for lecturers. Fifth, challenges of the project are explained and the strategies for addressing them are described. Challenges include those of a physical nature, students having English as an additional language, ensuring the development of culturally appropriate assessment, and the challenge for lecturers of standing in two worlds and for students to cross boundaries. In conclusion, the significance of the project is discussed.
From British Colonialism to Revolutionary Developmentalism
Authors: Baracco Luciano
Published: February 2017

This article discusses the emergence of demands for regional autonomy amongst the Miskitu inhabitants of Nicaragua's Caribbean Coast during the 1980s and concludes that the provenance of such demands should not be located in the historical precedents of the Kingdom of Mosquitia (1687–1860) and the Mosquito Reservation (1860–1894). Instead, its origins will be seen to lie in the impact of the developmentalist policies adopted by the Sandinista government that came to power in 1979 through a popular insurrection in Pacific Nicaragua. The article concludes that the contemporary autonomy process in Nicaragua's Caribbean Coast is an inherently modern phenomenon and remains inimitable to historical forms of localized government in the region.
Market Citizenship in Eastern Nicaraguan Indigenous Territories
Authors: Finley-Brook Mary
Published: February 2017

Drawing from critical assessments of market citizenship and neoliberal resource management, this article on eastern Nicaragua demonstrates that state policies threaten the subsistence rights of indigenous peoples in spite of recent advances in land titling. Case studies of three prominent disputes linked to protected areas and tourism demonstrate that where territorial recognition and land titling has not occurred, or the rights and responsibilities of outsiders and native occupants remain unclear, indigenous claims are threatened by both real estate sales and biodiversity conservation efforts. Ever-present contradictions in market-oriented definitions of indigenous rights and biodiversity values suggest outcomes remain uncertain due to racial prejudice, structural inequalities, and profit motives.
Mana Whenua and the Settlement of Treaty of Waitangi Claims in the Central North Island of New Zealand
Authors: Wiri Rāpata
Published: February 2017

This paper discusses the application of mana whenua or Māori custom law in a controversial Treaty of Waitangi settlement known as the “Treelords Deal.” First, I begin by defining the concept of mana whenua in both a traditional and contemporary context. Second, this paper examines the academic and legal definitions of mana whenua, exploring the debates around different customary practices of mana whenua. The third part of this paper looks at the Treelords Deal and the settlement of Treaty of Waitangi claims to the Central North Island forestry lands and how the concept of mana whenua is being deliberately misinterpreted by certain large iwi (tribes) for their own commercial gain whilst disenfranchising smaller but very significant landowning iwi in the Central North Island of New Zealand.
Reconciliation after Genocide in Canada: Towards a syncretic model of democracy
Authors: Macdonald David B.
Published: February 2017

Despite recent claims by Saul (2008) that Canada's federal and provincial systems of government, including its justice systems, have been strongly influenced by Aboriginal peoples, this article advances that any influence has been largely coincidental. A detailed critical appraisal of Saul's work reveals a romanticized glossing over of Aboriginal–settler history rather than a detailed engagement with it. Taking Saul's purported goals rather than his analysis as a starting point, this article seeks to examine ways in which provincial and federal government legislative institutions might better incorporate (some) Aboriginal conceptions of power, justice, and decision-making. In so doing it argues for a process of “syncretic democracy,” which includes symbols, ceremonies, guaranteed Aboriginal seats in existing institutions, potentially new institutions, and a much larger process of deliberation around how best to indigenize (and change) Canada's institutions.
A Whānau Ora Journey of Māori Men with Chronic Illness: A Te Korowai analysis
Authors: Kidd Jacquie , Gibbons Veronique , Kara Erena , Blundell Rawiri , Berryman Kay
Published: February 2017

The Oranga Tāne Māori research project explored the views of tāne Māori (Māori men) with a chronic disease or cancer, and their whānau (families), to discover how they experienced their health care in relation to whānau ora (healthy families). The first phase of developing this research involved developing a local whānau ora framework called Te Korowai. Interviews were undertaken with 47 tāne Māori with chronic disease or cancer and 15 support people. The men had received or were currently receiving care for one or more chronic diseases. Data were analysed using Te Korowai as a conceptual framework. Findings included the foundational importance of “being Māori” as an enabler for health decision-making and service engagement, and whakamā (shyness, embarrassment) as a barrier to effective service provision. Health professionals are urged to look to how they can re-engage individuals and whānau, and to prioritize relationship building and respectful engagement.
A Genealogy of Cultural Politics, Identity and Resistance: Reframing the Māori–Pākehā binary
Authors: Bidois Vaughan
Published: February 2017

Over the past four decades in Aotearoa New Zealand, anti-colonial and postcolonial theories have been engaged to analyse the historical and contemporary conditions of the Indigenous peoples of the land. As a result, dualist and oppositional comparisons of identity, knowledge and understanding have been utilized to frame the (post)colonial experience between Māori and Pākehā. This article applies a Foucauldian analysis of the colonial binary and the implications for Māori and Pākehā subjectivities, cultural identity and relations today. Foucault's genealogy analyses and uncovers the historical relationship between truth, knowledge and power, and so provides a critique of conventional thinking and practices that are positioned within a traditional “Self and Other” binary of power. This article explores the possibility of reframing traditional Māori and Pākehā oppositional cultural politics; a cultural frame that centres on the notion of the “ethical subject” and a conceptual space that seeks to operate beyond the Self–Other binary.
Respecting Aboriginal Knowing in the Academy
Authors: Hoffman Ross
Published: February 2017

Over the last decade, I have articulated what I have termed “A Conceptual Framework of Aboriginal Knowing.” The understanding that I bring to this originates out of my lived experience with traditional knowledge holders, and an examination of the literature pertaining to the ontology and epistemology of Aboriginal knowing, Aboriginal ethics or guiding principles, and the characteristics of Aboriginal knowledge transmission. This descriptive analysis gathers together a range of conceptualizations to build a comprehensive graphic for understanding how the literature describes Aboriginal knowledge. I believe this conceptual framework can be utilized to broaden our understanding of how we can develop and maintain respectful relationships and processes as we incorporate Aboriginal knowledge within our work in the academy.
Indigenous Methodologies: Traversing Indigenous and Western worldviews in research
Authors: Kurtz Donna L. M.
Published: February 2017

Using Indigenous methodologies to guide a doctoral study honouring cultural traditions and protocols was integral in working with the local community. Traditional talking circles were used to create a culturally safe environment for urban Aboriginal women to talk about their health care experiences and recommend strategies for change. The methodological research process was guided and shaped by Elders and community members sharing their knowledge and stories. This fluid non-linearity and unpredictability, common in Indigenous methodologies, challenged the researcher to stay true to the methodology while simultaneously respecting cultural protocols and traditions. The successes and challenges of embracing Indigenous methodologies in the midst of academia without losing sight of respect, commitment and accountability to Indigenous peoples and the institution are offered.
Developing a Kaupapa Māori Research Project to Help Reduce Health Disparities Experienced by Young Māori Women and Their Babies
Authors: Lawton Beverley , Cram Fiona , Makowharemahihi Charrissa , Ngata Tina , Robson Bridget , Brown Selina , Campbell Warahi
Published: February 2017

Young Māori mothers experience stigma and their babies experience poor health outcomes. Interventions to reduce these health disparities need to understand the lives of these young women. This paper describes consultation to seek agreement for research with young Māori mothers to be conducted in two regions. Consultation occurred with tribal authorities, Māori health providers, district health boards, and community stakeholders. Endorsement was gained for strength-based research with young pregnant Māori women and their babies. The research also includes service provider interviews, and analysis of policy. Project oversight is by three advisory groups: Māori elders, young Māori mothers, and an academic group. Community feedback occurs throughout the project. Consultation is an ongoing process conducted within a relationship context. It enhances the development, implementation and translation of research that seeks to represent the lives of those who are vulnerable, and eliminate health disparities.
Rum and Corn Pipes: The introduction of alcohol and tobacco into Aboriginal populations of the Hunter Region of central eastern New South Wales, Australia, in the first half of the 19th century
Authors: Blyton Greg
Published: February 2017

In this article it will be shown through archival sources that alcohol and tobacco were introduced by colonists into Aboriginal communities living in the Hunter Region of central eastern New South Wales in the first half of the 19th century. Colonists used alcohol and tobacco as a means of pacifying and coercing Aboriginal people to perform a variety of tasks and services, including carrying water, serving as guides, and supplying foods and labour. It will be argued that the introduction of these addictive substances was a colonial practice which not only created a physiological dependency, but also increased the vulnerability of Aboriginal people to disease by reducing immunity. This article suggests that historians review proposals that a lack of natural or acquired immunity to exotic disease was a major cause of Indigenous depopulation by acknowledging that other factors intertwine to weaken immunity. This article will nominate the introduction of alcohol and tobacco as a factor which extends beyond exotic disease theories that solely prescribe a lack of natural immunity as a reason Aboriginal people died from disease. According to contemporary medical expertise, the health and well-being of an individual or society is determined by social, physical and environmental factors which, if negative, produce a harmful effect. In contemporary Australia, alcohol and tobacco are two of the major contributors to a gap in life expectancy between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people.
The Lyrical Creation of Community: Song as a catalyst of social cohesion in Andean Peru
Authors: Pigott Charles M.
Published: February 2017

This article examines the performative role of waynu, a widespread song-genre in the Andes, in creating an “intersubjective community” among participants. The data-corpus comprises extracts from interviews which I conducted during a year's period of fieldwork (2010–2011) in Chiquián and Pomabamba, Ancash department, Peru. I couple my analysis of the extracts with congruent concepts in Quechua, the indigenous language, in order to show how indigenous philosophical orientations can provide as robust an analytical framework as concepts in formal scholarship. I conclude by suggesting that the application of an intersubjective analytical framework to the study of verbal art can constitute a productive agenda for future research on indigenous traditions.
Education and Perceptions of “Other”: Colonial Education of Batswana and formal Education of Indigenous San in Botswana
Authors: Mafela Lily
Published: February 2017

The indigenous San of Botswana have undergone far-reaching socio-cultural and economic transformations in a negative and alienating environment that renders them a marginalized and subjugated people. They are also subjected to a formal education that demeans and devalues their indigenous epistemologies, whilst privileging those of the hegemonic Batswana (people of Botswana). This has caused cultural disorientation and negative self-perception amongst the San. Interestingly, not so long ago the hegemonic Batswana were also assimilated into alienating colonial epistemologies, whilst their traditional forms of education and livelihoods were submerged, devalued and alienated. This resulted in far-reaching disruptive transformations that reverberate through post-colonial society. Using the notion of “othering”, this paper juxtaposes the colonial education of the hegemonic Batswana with that of the indigenous San as the basis for the formulation of effective empowering and enabling policies, programmes and strategies to ameliorate the educational challenges facing the San.
Dismantling the Patriarchal Altar from Within
Authors: Gaudet Janice Cindy
Published: February 2017

This article explores the relationship with identity, memory, and power, and how personal and collective relationship is negotiated within patriarchal and colonial ideology; it is a Métis woman's narrative. It calls attention to the dominant discourse, the patriarchy within, the subjugation of body and otherness, the perpetuation of trauma, and the process of healing. It is based within the tenets of Indigenous epistemology: prayer, relationship, movement of knowledge, self-inquiry, and fluidity. Despite polarization of Indigenous ways and Western ways of knowing, the process of self-inquiry maintains the connection to the web of life, vitality, and faith. While our grandmothers teach us that knowledge is made accessible through stories, the story becomes an invitation to inspire the process of producing knowledge in our respective and creative ways.
Embodying Decolonization: Methodologies and Indigenization
Authors: Ritenburg Heather , Leon Alannah Earl Young , Linds Warren , Nadeau Denise Marie , Goulet Linda M. , Kovach Margaret , Marshall Mary (Meri)
Published: February 2017

This article explores the role of the body in decolonizing and Indigenous methodologies through the experiences and perspectives of four researchers and research teams living and working in different contexts in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand. A methodological overview of these approaches is provided and stories are shared of working with theatre with Indigenous youth; of a pedagogy which affirms the centrality of the body in Indigenous teaching and learning; and an autoethnographic reflection on decolonization in relation to Māori birthing practice or traditions. The threads that are common to all these narratives are the commitment to centring the body in the process of decolonization and indigenization, and an affirmation of bodily wisdom and experience as a critical component of Indigenous methodologies.
“Our Tears Never Left this Ground”: An Appreciation of Tlingit Ritual Oratory
Authors: Thornton Thomas F. , Hope Ishmael
Published: February 2017

This paper offers an appreciative enquiry into contemporary oratory and orators among the Tlingit of Alaska through analysis of two speeches made by elder Clarence Jackson at memorial rituals. The first is a condolence speech delivered at a funerary memorial held for a prominent Tlingit leader of the (opposite) Raven moiety in May 2011. The second oration was delivered in response to condolence speeches made for the removal of grief at the memorial party (a.k.a. potlatch) for one of Clarence Jackson's Eagle moiety uncles in September 2012. Together the speeches comprise two important genres and reciprocating functions of Tlingit oratory: khaa toowú awlit'áa yoo xh'atánk (words of comfort) to console opposite clans in mourning and words to thank opposite clans for their condolences. Despite the decline of aboriginal languages on the Northwest Coast, these oratorical traditions remain vital among the Tlingit and other groups as a source of comfort, solidarity, inspiration, and transformation in memorial rituals and other settings. When deftly executed, oratory and wise words can heal and unite people, restoring balance, strength and integrity, and ensuring that ancestral lines continue to enliven and support a rich ground of being to sustain future generations.
Cultural Crisis in Postcolonial Pacific Theatre: John Kneubuhl's Mele Kanikau: A Pageant
Authors: Johansson Michelle
Published: February 2017

Afakasi (half-caste) American Samoan playwright John Kneubuhl (1920–1992) had a profound influence on Polynesian theatre throughout the Pacific. In his trilogy of plays, Think of a Garden, Mele Kanikau: A Pageant, and A Play: A Play, he presents cultures in crisis, at risk not only because of the ongoing and enormous impact of colonization, but also because of new dangers in the form of global commodification, the burgeoning demands of tourism, and the more critical, and much more subtle, threat from within: Polynesian people themselves. As a polycultural, pan-Pacific dramatist, in his work Kneubuhl engages with postcolonial discourses, power structures, and social and cultural hierarchies. A playwright also concerned with authenticity, Kneubuhl writes from both inside and outside these contesting dialectics of power and his unique dramatic voice fuses the best of modernist Western drama with the ancient Samoan performance tradition of Fale Aitu.
Accommodating Mestizaje on Nicaragua's Río Coco: Miskitu activism before the Sandinista Revolution
Authors: Meringer Eric Rodrigo
Published: February 2017

This article examines the Miskitu peoples’ efforts to gain equal rights in mid-20th-century Nicaragua through a discourse of citizenship within the larger ideological framework of Latin American mestizaje (interracial and intercultural mixing as the basis for Latin American identity in refutation of European and/or Anglo-American values). Specifically, it explores Miskitu recollections and reactions to Nicaraguan efforts to integrate them into the national identity through an indigenist programme known as the Río Coco Pilot Project for Basic Education. Acknowledging Miskitu accommodation and even embracement of this assimilationist project provides an alternative interpretation of 20th-century indigenous social activism and validates an earlier Miskitu generation's achievements in advancing the cause of Miskitu social and political equality in Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast region before the era of multicultural autonomy.
Beyond Epistemic Provincialism: De-provincializing Indigenous resistance
Authors: Ahenakew Cash , Andreotti Vanessa De Oliveira , Cooper Garrick , Hireme Hemi
Published: February 2017

This article is part of a transnational collaboration between Indigenous scholars concerned about the provincialization of Indigenous struggles within modern metaphysics. This can be seen at work in notions of land as property, tribe as (modern) nation, and sovereignty as anthropocentric agency grounded on rational choice. Drawing on critiques of modernity articulated by Latin American scholars, as well as Indigenous scholars exploring the limits of current forms of political resistance, we argue that this modern metaphysics generates a form of politics that neglects an important existential dimension of Indigenous heritages. We use Indigenous education as an example to affirm that epistemic provincialization has been both necessary and problematic in the current context. We argue that the limitations of strategies for recognition, representation and redistribution need to be complemented by existential insights that can revitalize possibilities of existence based on ancestral wisdom and on the urgency of considering our shared fate in a finite planet facing unprecedented challenges.
The Walking of Words: Third World feminism and the reimagining of resistance by indigenous communities
Authors: Natividad Nicholas D.
Published: February 2017

In 2008 the Association of Indigenous Councils of Northern Cauca (ACIN) sent a letter to U.S. president Barack Obama regarding the atrocities committed against the indigenous communities in Colombia. The letter addressed how rights have been stripped from the indigenous communities. However, the letter represented more than documented accounts of injustice. The letter represented the demystification of traditional political representations and processes. This article uses Third World feminism as a theoretical framework to explore how indigenous social movements are making visible “a right” and “collective rights” from an alternative source. It seeks to reconceptualize resistance and revolution outside universal ideologies of liberation by examining how indigenous uprisings represent a new form of resistance, one that is deeply embedded in historical consciousnesses of indigenous communities.