bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Modeling of Dog Rabies Transmission Dynamics Using Optimal Control Analysis
Authors: Hailemichael Demsis Dejene , Edessa Geremew Kenassa , Koya Purnachandra Rao
Published: March 2023

An ideal control method for the dynamics of dog rabies transmission is provided in this study. Given the nature of the disease and the fact that contact behavior varies, we divided the infected compartment into prodromal and furious compartments in the current updated model, which is an extension of the previous SEIR model. Vaccination and culling are two disease-controlling strategies used in the current model, and their effects are examined. It is possible to compute the basic reproduction number using the next-generation matrix. We study the stability, sensitivity analysis, endemic equilibrium, disease-free equilibrium, and stability of the optimal control model. According to the numerical simulation, which utilizes approximations for parameter values, the most efficient strategy to prevent the spread of rabies is a combination of vaccination and the culling of infected dogs. Using ode45 from MATLAB, this numerical simulation investigation was carried out. According to our research, the annual dog birth rate is a factor that influences the incidence of rabies. The state equations, adjoint equations, and the optimal condition that sets the controls in accordance with Pontryagin's Maximum/Minimum principle can all be used to construct the optimal control system. The body of the article contains the findings and discussions in an ordered manner.
Theoretical Aspects and Design of a Numerical Model for Friction Tapered Hydro-pillar Processing of Aisi4140 Steel
Authors: Zyl C van , Lombard H , Hattingh D
Published: March 2023

This paper considers the theoretical aspects required for the development of a coupled two-dimensional axi-symmetrical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and heat transfer model for the Friction Taper Hydro-Pillar Process (FTHPP). The model applies the plasticised material movement during welding as the laminar, viscous flow of a non-Newtonian fluid, while making use of a dynamic mesh to simulate the continuous deformation of plasticised material at the friction interface. The plastic material flows through a stationary discretized flow domain not requiring a moving mesh, resulting in the Eulerian CFD approach being effective - this CFD material flow model thus avoids the requirement for re-meshing. The material properties are entered via a viscosity function used to describe the flow stress, locally dependent on material strain rate and temperature. A non-linear multiphysics problem exists as the frictional and viscous heating act as heat sources. The simulation model applies an iterative approach for coupling the plastic deformation flow analysis with the thermal analysis. Strain rate and temperature distribution of the welding material mutually affect each other, as the flow stress is temperature-dependent and the plastic work (adiabatic shear) performed during the process generates heat, in addition to heat added by friction. Isotropic temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties are required and thus incorporated into the model. A successfully coupled simulation is presented with the thermal response analysis delivering the temperature distribution through the weld for which process temperature and subsequent hardness plots are drafted. Measurements obtained from experimental welds show favourable comparison, validating computed values. The presented work attempt to show how comprehensive numerical modelling, carried out through computer simulation, can assist in the analysis of the identified process characteristics during FTHPP
Comparison of the diagnostic utility of CHOKAI, STONE and STONE PLUS scores in predicting ureteral stones larger than 5mm
Authors: TATLIPARMAK Ali Cankut , YILMAZ Sarper , AK Rohat , HÖK Nihat Müjdat
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of CHOKAI, STONE and STONE plus scores in detecting ureteral stones larger than 5 mm. This comparative diagnostic accuracy study was performed in a tertiary care emergency department (ED) and included consecutive patients who presented to the ED with flank pain and underwent ultrasonography and CT over a 1-year period. The performance of these scoring scales in detecting >5 mm ureteral stones was determined by area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) comparison. Ureteral stones were detected in 270 (70.3%) of 384 patients included in the study. While 146 patients (54.1%) had <5mm ureteral stones, 124 patients (54.1%) had stones of 5mm or more in size. The performance of the CHOKAI score in predicting ureteral stones (AUROC 0.903 [95% CI 0.869-0.931]) was superior to the STONE PLUS score (AUROC 0. 879 [95% CI 0.842-0.910]) (p<0.001); STONE PLUS score was also superior to STONE score (AUROC 0.767 [95% CI 0.722-0.809]) (p<0.001). STONE score did not show a statistically significant difference between large and small stone groups (p=0.064). Analysis of the diagnostic value of CHOKAI score (AUROC 0.731 [95% CI 0.684-0.775]) and STONE PLUS scores (AUROC 0.725 [95% CI 0.678-0.769]) in predicting >5 mm stones showed no statistically significant difference (p=0.59). CHOKAI and STONE PLUS scores are useful in predicting >5 mm ureteral stones and have similar diagnostic utility to each other. STONE score does not provide accurate diagnostic information about ureteral stones larger than 5 millimeters.
“Nothing Beats Nature”: Park Visitor Preferences for Natural Turfgrass and Artificial Turf: A Case Study
Authors: Barnes Michael R. , Watkins Eric
Published: March 2023

Green spaces comprising natural turfgrass are ubiquitous in urban areas globally and allow for a variety of ecosystem services that benefit nature and people. However, traditional natural turfgrass is often critiqued for the number of inputs (e.g., fertilizer, water) required to maintain it. With those critiques in mind, some cities have turned to artificial turf as an alternative groundcover despite environmental and human health concerns (e.g., heavy metal leaching, volatile organic compounds). Research of artificial turf has been minimal compared with that of the growth of installations, especially related to social aspects of the surface. The current research used an in-person experiential case study of park visitors in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area of Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN, USA, to investigate how individuals perceived artificial turf compared with natural turfgrass as it relates to potential uses (e.g., resting/relaxing) and beliefs about sustainability (e.g., environmental impacts). Overall, participants preferred natural turfgrass across all uses but two (recreational and organized sports). The largest differences were observed for the use for picnic areas and the use for play areas for pets. Participants also perceived natural turfgrass as more sustainable than artificial turf, corresponding to the contribution to human health and well-being. In contrast, participants equally perceived the use of these surfaces in terms of natural resources. These findings have implications for public land managers, urban planners, city councils, and other stakeholders because they consider the adoption of artificial turf or other possible alternatives (e.g., low-input turfgrasses, bee lawns) to traditional turfgrass in the communities and their sustainability, maintenance, and cost-savings.
Influences of Early Life Experiences on the Generative Leadership Roles of Four Female Professors of Educational Leadership
Authors: Tonnsen Sandra , Alexander Ann E. , Topolka-Jorissen Kathleen , Jacobs Jacqueline E.
Published: March 2023

This study examined the influences of early life experiences on the development of leadership in four female professors of educational leadership. The findings of this naturalistic study suggest that early influences related to achievement, affiliation, and power are precursors of generativity on the part of these leaders. Understanding self as leader through reflection and critical examination can provide insight into those early experiences that can help girls and young women develop their leadership capacity. The authors conclude with a discussion of implications for leadership preparation and further research.
The Road Less Traveled: Career Trajectories of Six Women Presidents in Higher Education
Authors: Woollen Susan
Published: March 2023

Most research on the career pathways of women presidents has been dedicated to the traditional career path and the paucity of women in positions leading to a four-year college or university presidency. This leaves little research on women who achieved the position by following a nontraditional trajectory. This qualitative study explores the career trajectories of six women presidents who described their journeys to the highest leadership position as "nontraditional" or "unusual." Using Bateson's (1989) concepts of improvisation and adaption to examine their professional and personal experiences, the presidents unveil they were responsive to new opportunities, responsibilities, and challenges leading to their presidencies. Their backgrounds led them to develop an understanding and appreciation of institutional and organizational practices and cultures, community relations, campus relations, and a sensitivity to the importance of relationship building with an array of stakeholders. The study concludes by discussing the necessity of considering broader career frameworks to identify and increase the number of potential women candidates for the presidency. Keywords: women presidents, career trajectories, higher education, women's leadership
Understanding "Why" One University's Women's Leadership Development Strategies are So Effective
Authors: DeFrank-Cole Lisa , Latimer Melissa , Neidermeyer Presha , Wheatly Michele
Published: March 2023

One research university has brought formal training to campus to support women and provide the needed leadership training in a cost-effective manner. Based on a coaching method used at Harvard in their Women's Leadership Forum, our initiative has completed its fifth cycle and provides an on-campus leadership development and support program for women. This paper offers insights into the Women's Leadership Initiative provided by focus group participants and also highlights the overall impact and effectiveness using survey data. Keywords: Women, leadership, higher education, skill-development
The Influence of Motherhood on STEM Women Academics' Perceptions of Organizational Support, Mentoring and Networking
Authors: Howe-Walsh Liza , Turnbull Sarah , Papavasileiou Emmanouil , Bozionelos Nikos
Published: March 2023

The lack of women in senior positions in STEM within higher education is an ongoing concern. Identifying the barriers that STEM women face to progress their careers remains an important area of research. While previous studies have explored some of challenges associated with the gendered culture within higher education, less is known about the additional barriers faced by women with children. Using a survey of STEM women in the UK this study examines the influence motherhood has on women's perceptions of organisational support, mentoring and networking and identifies that STEM women with children are found to have less opportunity to engage with mentoring or to benefit from formal or informal networks within the institution. The findings have significant implications for the career progression of women with children and suggest that review of HR policy and practice to facilitate greater organisational support and in particular mentoring and networking requires the institution to take a far more proactive approach. Keywords: Women, STEM, networking, higher education.
Reproductive performance in some Minnesota dairy herds
Authors: Williamson Norman B.
Published: March 2023

It is a considerable time since a detailed report of reproductive performance in Minnesota dairy herds was published. Since that time, new products and technologies have been introduced which result in an increase in the options available for the herd manager who seeks to improve reproductive performance and control in dairy herds. New therapies which have become available for reproductive disease have been shown to be successful in controlled studies. It is therefore time that a new look is taken at reproductive performance in Minnesota herds to determine if improvements have occurred. Another and perhaps more important reason to determine current performance levels is to identify the areas in the reproductive management system where improvements can continue to be made. It is hoped that information presented in this paper may provide some basis for comparison when veterinarians are evaluating the reproductive performance of herds which they serve.
Effects of nutrition and management of the dry and fresh cow and fertility
Authors: Thatcher Craig D.
Published: March 2023

Today many veterinarians and nutritionists are pointing to feeding programs as the cause of breeding problems in dairy cows. Deficiencies of various trace minerals, inadequate vitamin intakes, energy-protein imbalances and excessive protein intakes are mentioned as contributing to infertility and poor reproductive performance. Data are available on the effects of severe deficiencies of a few nutrients. However, relatively little is known regarding the possible effects of long term marginal deficiencies, the interaction of many nutrients, especially trace minerals, and the effect of excessive intakes of some of these nutrients. These factors and others not identified may be of increasing importance as production per cow increases, feeding programs change, and dairy farming becomes more intensive. It, therefore, seems important that the effects of nutrition on reproduction should receive increasing emphasis.
Immune response of fasted calves to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.
Authors: D'Offay J. M. , Rosenquist B. D.
Published: March 2023

Seventeen calves (Angus, Hereford, and Angus-Hereford crosses) weighing 120-200 kg, were starved for 3 days and inoculated intranasally with a strain of IBR virus after 1 day or 3 days of food deprivation. Although clinical signs of disease were mild in all calves, the signs appeared more severe than those reported by others using the same strain of virus possibly due in part to the use of intranasal inoculation by aerosol vs instillation. Neutralizing antibody response after virus inoculation did not differ beween groups. Of the 17 calves, 16 developed significant increases (seroconversion of 4-fold increase in titre) in IBR serum antibodies. Serum neutralizing antibodies in 3 calves at inoculation did not prevent them from excreting substantial amounts of virus for ? 5 days after virus inoculation. Lymphocytes from fasted and nonfasted calves had similar (essentially negative) blast transformation responses, except 1 fasted seropositive calf (sensitised animal) that had a high stimulation index. Some dehydration was observed in fasted calves, indicated by significant increase in haematocrit. In only 1 group did serum cortisol levels rise significantly, mean values peaking at the end of fasting at the time of inoculation; thereafter, mean values tended to decline. Although the 3-day fast significantly affected some serum and blood components, it did not adversely affect the immune response of calves. One fasted calf developed a significant cell mediated immune response to inactivated IBR virus during infection. It is concluded that acute nutritional deprivation may not necessarily increase the susceptibility of calves to viral infections nor adversely affect their immune response after vaccination.

This report represents a portion of a dissertation submitted by the senior author to the graduate faculty of the University of Missouri in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree.

The authors thank Gary Krause and Mark Ellersieck for aid in statistical analysis and Gerald Buening for help in lymphocyte transformation tests.
Abomasal volvulus
Authors: Smith Donald F.
Published: March 2023

Abomasal volvulus is an acute disease with sudden onset, often progressing to severe illness and death with 2-4 days. It results from the rotation of a loop formed by the abomasum, omasum and the proximal part of the duodenum around an axis through the lesser omentum. Abomasal volvulus differs from simple right-side displacement of the abomasum (RDA) in that the organs not only are distended, but are twisted to form a closed loop obstruction. Proximally, the obstruction occurs at the reticulo-omasal junction, or less commonly at the omaso-abomasal junction. Distally, the site of obstruction is in the cranial part of the duodenum, midway between the pylorus and the sigmoid.
Preliminary report on a laminitis-like condition occurring in bulls under feeding trials
Authors: Greenough Paul R. , Gacek Zbigniew
Published: March 2023

Each year over three hundred bulls enter the Saskatoon Feed testing station and each year about forty percent of the group meet the standards set for food conversion, back fat thickness and testicular circumference. Of these successful bulls up to twenty five percent are rejected by “evaluators” on the basis of unsound conformation. In October of 1985 we were asked to evaluate the ‘’feet and legs” of bulls undergoing feeding trials.

Our assignment, therefore, was to define, in objective terms the reasons for the culling.

Because it had been suggested that poor limb and hoof conformation was likely to be an important consideration our initial efforts were directed towards developing a system for measuring the conformation of the bulls under trial.
Use of a food animal health resource management system for dairy herds
Authors: Mather E. C. , Bartlett P. C. , Gibson C. D. , Kaneene J. B. , Kirk J. H.
Published: March 2023

The objectives of this paper are to describe a farm record system used on a sample of Michigan dairy farms and to report on the incentive mechanism used to maintain the farmers interest in data collection from 1981-1985 while the program was developed. Associated with the above objectives, an animal health management system (FAHRMX) was developed to collect and utilize data on production, animal management, health, and economics. The system was designed to serve multi-veterinarian practices and their clients, and also for other agri-business support systems. Dairymen provided events data on a daily basis and veterinarians provided data on services to their clients as it occurred. DHIA production data were added at monthly intervals and epidemiologic data were added annually to the data base. A computer system was developed which represented a hierarchical-distributive network which placed processing capabilities, data storage, and retrieval functions at the appropriate level such that it supplied decision makers information on a cost-effective manner. Management aids and reports were generated for use by the veterinarian and dairyman upon demand, but were most often requested weekly. Herd health reports were generated monthly and contained management, health, and reproductive indicies. The evaluation of 2847 lactations and 21 herds revealed an average occurrence of 1.8 services per conception, 117 days open and a lactational disease incidence rate of 17.5% for reproductive tract infections, 15.1% for clinical mastitis, 12.5% for cystic ovaries, and 7.5% for retained placenta. Most striking was herd-to-herd variation in disease incidence. The value of the information to the user contributed to the quality of data input and was a motivation to the participants to maintain the program during its development.
Parenteral nutrition in cattle
Authors: Divers Thomas J. , Sweeney Raymond W. , Galligan David
Published: March 2023

The use of parenatal nutrition was studied in 32 calves suffering from calfhood diseases that required nutritional support. The most frequent clinical condition requiring parenteral nutrition was a chronic diarrhea and wasting syndrome seen in 20 of the calves. An amino acid-dextrose solution (Formula I) was administered to 27 calves and an amino acid-dextrose-lipid solution (Formula II) was administered to 5 calves. Enteral feeding was limited to less than one-half of the normal requirements for the sick calves. The combination of limited milk and parenteral nutrition using Formula I or II supplied more than 100 percent of the energy and protein requirements for a healthy calf.
New development in ruminant nutrition
Authors: McBride B. W.
Published: March 2023

In the past year, a research trial was conducted by Drs. Burton and Macleod at the University of Guelph to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rBST) for lactating dairy cows. The results of the trial indicate that rBST treatment of dairy cows increases milk production by an average of 17.2% This occurs concurrently with an increase milk output per unit of DM intake. The results also indicate that BST cows may require extra dietary protein to maintain a high milk protein percentage.
Developing technologies for prevention of bovine failure of passive transfer of antibody (FPTA)
Authors: Hunt Elaine , Van Camp Steven D. , Fleming Sherrill
Published: March 2023

This article summarizes information concerning available and emerging products for the prevention of FPTA with emphasis on cheese whey derivatives e.g. Colostrx® which is derived from ultrafiltration of cheese whey.
Utilization of the reticular groove contraction in adult cattle
Authors: Sholz H.
Published: March 2023

Investigations carried out on cattle suffering from diarrhea (n=36) and on dairy cows suffering from primary ketosis (n=23) showed that efficacy of oral treatment could be much improved by premedication with vasopressin (40 IU/per animal). Clinical parameters (e.g. feed intake, general appearance of feces, milk yield) as well as accessory clinical parameters (e.g. Na, K, pH, BE or [beta]-HBS respectively, NEFA, total bilirubin, ASAT) were found to improve much faster and more steadily than after usual treatment.
Tetanus in a crossbred steer
Authors: Beattie Sheri L.
Published: March 2023

While serving on a preceptorship in the fall of 1987, the author of this case review assisted a practitioner in southwestern Missouri in his mostly bovine medicine and surgery practice. This report is based on an observed case and will discuss history, clinical findings, differential diagnosis, therapy, and a summary.
Serological study of human herpesvirus simplex 1 and bovine herpesvirus 1, 2, and 4 in Kansas cattle
Authors: Phillips R. M. , Nassar R. F.
Published: March 2023

A total of 589 beef cattle and 466 dairy cattle were tested for antibodies to herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and bovine herpes virus-1, 2, and 4 (BHV) using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). In the beef cattle, prevalence of antibodies to HSV-1, BHV-1, 2, and 4 was 34.8%, 67.9%, 36.5% and 12.4% respectively, and in the dairy cattle prevalence of antibodies to these viruses was 35.4%, 45.3%, 38.2%, and 24.4%, respectively. There were no cross reactions between the four viruses using an IFAT with monospecific polyclonal antiserum to BHV-1, 2, and 4, and an IFAT with two separate monoclonal antibodies to HSV-1. Statistical analysis indicated that the presence of one or more viruses in an animal enhanced the chance of infection with other herpesviruses.
Pathogen studies of bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (weaver) of Brown Swiss cattle
Authors: Leipoid H. W. , El-Hamidi M. , Troyer D.
Published: March 2023

Results are given from further studies on the clinical signs and pathology of cattle affected with this disease. Clinical signs of bovine degenerative myeloencephalopathy ("weaver") in Brown Swiss cattle, appear when calves are 6 to 8 months old and progress during the next 12 to 18 months to recumbency. Four basic criteria for diagnosis are: 1. onset of bilateral hind leg weakness and ataxia between 5 and 8 months of age; 2. deficient proprioceptive reflexes, normal motor and sensory reflexes, and no other clinically detectable neurological abnormality; 3. absence of clinically significant skeletal or muscular abnormaltiy; and 4. adherence to familial relationship. There are no gross lesions typical for weavers, and primary microscopic lesions are confined to the central nervous system. Spinal cord lesions consisted of axonal degeneration including spheroid formation, loss of axons and myelin, and vacuolation of white matter due to large, empty intercellular spaces. Lesions were quantitatively similar at all spinal cord levels in the same funiculi. Cerebellar lesions were limited to selective degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells and occasional swelling of Purkinje cell axons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy is the single most important genetic disease of purebred Brown Swiss cattle and may be an inherited congenital metabolic defect of axon transport.
Evaluation of information obtained from a series of blood samples from stress-free roaming cattle taken with the aid of radio remote controlled small portable blood (or other body fluids) sampling devices
Authors: Stephan E. , Cybik M.
Published: March 2023

Blood samples were taken from 40 free-roaming pregnant cows before, during and after low altitude overflights of different types of jet and helicopter aircraft, using a device that can take and store samples by remote radio control. Laboratory analysis revealed that increases of blood plasma corticosteroid levels were dependent on both the type of aircraft and the individual animal.
Clinical observations and laboratory analysis of factors that affect the survival and performance of beef cattle
Authors: Olson D. P. , Duren E. P. , Bramwell K. A. , Henson S. R. , Panting R. R. , Ritter T. W. , Sharp D. W.
Published: March 2023

Clinical and laboratory trials on the survival and performance of beef calves were carried out during 1985-1987, in Idaho, USA. Maternal factors examined were: calving, lactation and mothering scores; body weight; calving intervals; udder conformation; age; colostrum quality (total immunoglobulin (TIG) concentration). Factors examined in calves were: rectal temperature and vigour scores; morbidity and mortality; age at first sucking; age of first observed illness; serum TIG concentration; use of protective shelters. Mortality was low. The majority of illness was enteric and occurred during the first 2 weeks of life. Morbidity was lower in 1986 and 1987, which may be explained by improved sanitation procedures, use of protective shelters and improvements in the passive immunity of the calves.
Oesophageal groove dysfunction as a complication of neonatal diarrhea in the calf
Authors: Dirksen G. , Dirr L.
Published: March 2023

In a study of 249 calves up to 2 weeks of age, with acute catarrhal enteritis, disturbance of the oesophageal groove contraction was demonstrated in 28 (11.2%) calves, 11 of which died, and was suspected in a further 29 (11.6%), 12 of which died. In 37 calves with oesophageal groove disturbance (30 with neonatal diarrhoea, 7 with other disorders), the acid status of the rumen was examined several times. The following types of fermentation were detected: (1) predominant butyric acid fermentation; (2) predominant lactic acid fermentation; (3) biphasic (type 1 changing to type 2, or vice versa). In milk fed calves with neonatal diarrhoea, oesophageal groove reflex dysfunction can be the cause of a fatal outcome and should be considered during clinical examination.
Reticulo, omasal, abomasal volvulus in dairy cows
Authors: Wallace C. E.
Published: March 2023

During a 12 year period the author examined and treated 171 cases of abomasal displacements in a university referral practice. Forty-nine (29%) of the cases involved right displacement of the abomasum with or without omasal and reticular involvement. Five (3%) of the cases were volvulus of the abomasum, omasum, and reticulum together. These 5 were all dairy cows but only 1 returned to the milking herd.
Efficacy of oxytocin versus fenprostalene for the prevention of retained placenta in the dairy cow
Authors: Studer Erich , Hirose Keischi , Holtan Arlin , McGinnis Lynda
Published: March 2023

Immediately after calving, purebred Holstein cows were injected with either oxytocin (2 ml, i/m) or fenprostalene (2 ml, s/c). Cows with retained placentas (not expelled by 24 h postpartum) were treated with 18 million units of procaine penicillin s/c daily until the placenta was expelled. At 21 days postpartum all cows were given prostoglandin (Lutalyse [dinoprost]) to prevent endometritis. No significant differences were found between the 2 treatments in the proportion of placentas retained, days to placenta shedding, days to first breeding, days to conception or the number of services per conception.
Safety of bovine somatotropin in the dairy cow
Authors: McClary David
Published: March 2023

While much has been written and said about bovine somatotropin it is important to remember that this product has not been approved for use in the dairy cow. Approval of any new drug requires stringent testing and proof that the product is effective and safe. The Food and Drug Administration is responsible for determining that the product meets these criteria. Effectiveness simply means that the product will meet manufacturer claims and safety indicating that the product is safe for the target animal, the food product produced by that animal is safe for human consumption, and the product presents no safety threats to the environment. In the case of BST the FDA has determined milk and meat from treated cows is safe for human consumption and that milk from BST research trial sites can be processed and utilized as any other milk. Determinations of efficacy and safety to the target animal and the environment are yet to be made by the FDA.
Relationship between treatment of North Dakota beef cows and calves with fenbendazole and weaning weight of calves
Authors: Wohlgemuth Kurt , Biondini Mario , Nash David , Myers Gilbert H.
Published: March 2023

Several reports indicate a positive relationship between weaning weights of beef calves and treatment of beef cows and/or calves with anthelmintics. This study was conducted to determine the effect on the weaning weight of calves when North Dakota beef cows and their calves were treated with fenbendazole. This study involved two calf crops in four different herds over a two-year period (1988-1989).
Microbial flora of the upper and lower respiratory tracts of feedlot calves with undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Allen J. W. , Bateman K. G. , Viel L. , Rosendal S. , Shewen P. E.
Published: March 2023

The upper and lower respiratory tracts of feedlot calves with (59 cases) and without (60 controls) signs of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease were sampled before and after antibiotic treatment (penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfadoxine) using nasopharyngeal swabs (NS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Samples were cultured for bacteria and mycoplasmas. Pathogens were present in the lungs of sick and control calves. Pasteurella multocida was associated with morbidity. At a group level NS cultures were reliable predictors of BAL culture. P. haemolytica isolated after treatment were frequently resistant to a combination of penicillin, ampicillin and tetracyclines. Bacteria but not mycoplasms were largely cleared from the lungs after therapy but later some recolonization occurred. Treatment failure was seldom associated with antimicrobial resistance.
Severe outbreaks of respiratory disease in dairy herds caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Elvander M. , Alenius S. , Jacobsson S. O.
Published: March 2023

Blood samples were collected from 6 herds, 408 cows/herd in the acute phase of respiratory disease and 3-4 weeks later during the convalescence period. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus was shown to be the cause of outbreaks of severe respiratory illness in dairy herds throughout Sweden during 1988-89. The diagnosis was made by comparison of paired acute and convalescent serum antibody titres. An ELISA, applying a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to bovine immunoglobulin IgG was used. To screen for the prevalence of the infection on a herd basis, the indirect ELISA- test was also used for bulk milk samples. 21 milk samples from clinically ill and 15 milk samples from apparently healthy herds were tested. The mean absorbance values for positive herds were 0.94 whereas it was 0.02, for negative herds. It was concluded that this test was a highly sensitive and rapid method to screen for the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection on a herd.
Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Description of the the Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (24th : 1991), officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Advances in Bovine Digital Diseases
Authors: Weaver A. David
Published: March 2023

A full week was devoted to discussion, sometimes heated, of bovine digital problems at a meeting organized by the British Cattle Veterinary Association in Liverpool, England, July 16-20, 1990. The first and last days, confined to members of the international study group on diseases of the ruminant digit (sixth meeting) involved twenty papers and considerable discussion on recent observations and studies. The three intervening days' program was a forum for an "Update in Cattle Lameness" (US $20 or £12 sterling post free from Dr. R. D. Murray, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Liverpool Field Station, "Leahurst", Neaton, S. Wirral, Cheshire L64 7TE, England) attended by over 200 veterinarians and others, including large, predominantly European and Japanese contingents. This study was conceived in response to NCA's resolution to encourage biological and pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide tissue reaction data on all animal health products and to encourage development of acceptable alternative routes of administration to the problematic IM method.
Rumenocentesis
Authors: Nordlund Kenneth V. , Garrett Edgar F.
Published: March 2023

The most definitive diagnostic test for subacute acidosis is pH determination of samples of rumen fluid from subgroups of cows at high risk for acidosis. This paper will discuss collection of rumen fluid by various methods, describe a collection technique by percutaneous needle aspiration or rumenocentesis, and will comment on interpretation of rumen pH results from a herd perspective.
Feed additives for beef cattle
Authors: Wagner John J.
Published: March 2023

New products have complicated cattle feeding and management. A multitude of feed additives are available to add to cattle rations. These compounds generally do not supply essential nutrients to the cattle. Instead, they are designed to increase growth rate and/or improve the efficiency .of growth through manipulating rumen fermentation or through controlling liver abscesses, digestive disorders, bloat, coccidiosis, and other conditions.

One point of confusion for many is at what point of inclusion does a nutritional supplement become a feed additive. Nutrient supplements are fed to supply essential nutrition. Once this level is grossly exceeded, the product is no longer a supplement and should be classified as an additive. Feeding levels of trace minerals or vitamins that exceed levels necessary to compensate for unavoidable low intakes is considered an extra label use by FDA. and is therefore illegal.

Feed additives can be generally divided into six broad categories: 1) ionophores, 2) antibiotics, 3) coccidiostats, 4) estrus suppressants, 5) buffers, and 6) others. Each feed additive has its own properties, recommended level offeeding, and label clearances. A thorough understanding of these characteristics is necessary to achieve optimum response and maximum cost effectiveness.

The objective of this paper is to provide a basis for understanding the use and limitations offeed additives. Nonnutritive additives as well as vitamins and minerals are discussed in this paper.
Probe for collection of ruminal fluid in juvenile cattle and cows
Authors: Geishauser Thomas
Published: March 2023

In order to avoid saliva contamination, forestomach fluid used for diagnostic purposes should be collected from the ventral sac of the rumen. For adult cattle, instruments are commercially available. In juvenile cattle there are no instruments available that are tested for these purposes. Tolgyesi and Goots used Kaltenbock's probe to collect ruminal fluid in adult cattle. This instrument was developed for the treatment of foamy bloat. It is obtainable in two different sizes for use in adult and juvenile cattle. We modified the model for juvenile cattle and tested it in juvenile cattle and cows for the collection of ruminal fluid.
Ulceration, dilatation and incarceration of the abomasum in calves
Authors: Dirksen G. U.
Published: March 2023

Abomasal ulcer: After a short report on clinical investigations on the diagnosis of clinically inapparent abomasal lesions, results of an evaluation of 118 calves with clinically apparent abomasal ulcerations are reported: anamnestic data, diagnosis of bleeding ulcers, types of perforating ulcers and consequences, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis, and conclusions. Incarceration of the abomasium in an umbilical hernia: Incidence, symptoms, haemuatological changes, diagnosis and treatment of the disease are described on the basis of the experiences obtained in several cases. Dilatation of the abomasum: the forms of abomasal dilatation without displacement are discussed.
Graphic short form for recording milking system analysis
Authors: Britt Jenks S.
Published: March 2023

The Machine Milking Committee of the National Mastitis Council has recommended a new protocol for evaluating milking machine performance which requires updating of current milking system analysis forms. Although several short forms are available for use it was felt desirable by Goodger and Buelow to have a form that would be a visual graphic diagram of the system being analyzed and provide areas for recording results. This form could be used by practitioners and also as a teaching tool for students. The idea for the visual form was first presented by Buelow in some visual aids developed for a scientific presentation.
Twenty-Seventh Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Description of the the Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (27th : 1994), officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Viral respiratory infections of cattle
Authors: Straub O. C.
Published: March 2023

The viruses isolated from respiratory diseases of cattle can be classified as to their virulence. One group consists of viruses that, after infection without any environmental influences, lead to severe clinical disease. Viruses of the other group act mostly as precursors for other agents, sometimes also viruses, the best example being parainfluenza 3 virus. A number of vaccines are available for prophylactic and emergency vaccinations against most of the severe and, to a lesser extent, for the other viruses.
Bovine respiratory disease complex
Authors: Lekeux Pierre
Published: March 2023

Respiratory disease is the principal cause of loss of young cattle worldwide. The syndrome arises from a number of factors, including those involving the animal, e.g., age, general condition and immune status; its environment, e.g., changes in food, temperature and humidity that lead to stress; and the presence of infectious agents, e.g., bacteria, viruses and mycoplasmas. The syndrome, in a method preferred by the author, can be classified into four grades; Grade 1, subclinical disease; Grade 2, compensated clinical disease (at this stage, the inflammatory reaction generated tends to limit the impact of the disease on the animal); Grade 3, noncompensated clinical disease (at this stage, the inflammatory reaction is excessive and must be controlled); and Grade 4, irreversible clinical disease (which threatens the animal's survival). The increase in frequency and economic impact of bovine respiratory disease complex can be correlated with the escalating industrialization of cattle production. In intensive operations, commingling of animals from multiple sources, exposure to many organisms, stress and management practices are all factors that can lead to disease. The predisposition of cattle, especially beef calves, to respiratory problems is related to their lack of functional pulmonary hardiness. Selection of breeds that demonstrate adequate pulmonary function and sufficient ventilatory reserve may help in the control of the bovine respiratory disease complex, hut this approach is difficult to implement and slow to produce results. Prophylactic measures, including vaccination programs and modifying management practices to reduce stress, also have a place in preventing the bovine respiratory disease complex. Unfortunately, these measures are not always easy to put into operation and cannot completely eradicate the problem. Therapeutic strategies to minimize the economic impact of the syndrome include use of appropriate antibacterial therapy, modulation of the pulmonary inflammatory reaction and correction of mechanical disorders.
Fine needle aspiration and liver cytology
Authors: Hoff Brent , Cote Jack , Steen Arvid
Published: March 2023

Fatty liver in cattle is quite common around parturition. Diagnosis is difficult and often time and resource consuming. Hepatic FNA is a useful, fast and inexpensive diagnostic tool. This article describes in detail a method of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver. The fatty change/degeneration of liver is classified on a scale of 0 (normal) to 5 (fig. 2-7). Fatty change grade 3 or below gives a good prognosis. Fatty change grade 4 gives a guarded to poor prognosis, especially if primary illness is the cause of poor appetite.
Effects of nutrition on reproduction (fertility and infertility) of dairy and beef cattle
Authors: Miettinen P. J.
Published: March 2023

A brief discussion is presented on how mismanagement of macronutrients, energy and protein in the diet can lead to reproductive disorders in dairy and beef cattle.
Microbiology and pharmacology of enrofloxacin in cattle
Authors: Stegemann Michael
Published: March 2023

Enrofloxacin is the first third-generation fluoroquinolone specifically developed for use in veterinary medicine. It is approved worldwide for use in dogs and cats and, for food animals outside the U.S. and Canada. Enrofloxacin has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, is rapidly bactericidal, is active at very low concentrations, and shows no plasmid-mediated resistance. In cattle enrofloxacin?s major pharmacokinetic characteristics are a high bioavailability after parenteral administration, a large volume of distribution and relatively high concentrations in body tissues. Antibacterial activities in serum and tissues, achieved after subcutaneous administration of a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, are substantially above the MIC90 for most important pathogens of the bovine respiratory and intestinal tracts.
Lameness of dairy cattle
Authors: Shearer J. K.
Published: March 2023

Feet and leg problems constitute a major health problem for many dairy herds. The causes and/or predisposing factors are many and include: nutrition and feeding, housing and environment, concurrent disease, management factors and genetic influences. The majority of lameness (<90%) involves the foot. Claw disease (sole ulcers and white line disease) are a primary cause of lameness in most herds and are predisposed by laminitis and confinement on concrete. Foot rot and digital dermatitis are diseases with an infectious component responsive to antibiotic treatment, particularly when identified early-on in the course of disease. Manure slurry, mud, and otherwise wet conditions seem to favor the occurrence of these diseases, however specific data to support these thoughts is limited.
Role of early pregnancy diagnosis by means of ultrasonography in improving reproductive efficiency in a dairy herd
Authors: Szenci O. , Varga J. , Bajcsy A. Cs.
Published: March 2023

Transrectal ultrasonography (7.5 MHz linear-array transducer) was used in a Hungarian Holstein-Friesian dairy herd to test the accuracy of finding a corpus luteum on day 20 or 21 or a conceptus on day 29 or 30 after mating, respectively. All of the cows with non-pregnancy diagnoses and having a corpus luteum were re-examined on day 33 or 34 after AI. The final ultrasonographic examination was between days 53 to 58 after mating. 20 non-pregnant cows were recognized by the absence of a corpus luteum at the first ultrasonographic examination on day 20 or 21 after AI and these cows might be treated at this early stage if needed. The 7 false negative ultrasound diagnoses made on day 29 or 30 after AI could be corrected on the basis of repeated ultrasonographic examinations 3 to 4 days later. With the exception of one cow, every non-pregnant cow was correctly diagnosed on day 29 or 30 after AI and these cows might be treated at this stage if needed. Three to 4 ultrasound examinations might be beneficial to the achievement of optimum calving to conception interval under field conditions.
Preliminary characterization of a Tritrichomonas foetus-like protozoan isolated from preputial smegma of virgin bulls
Authors: BonDurant R. H. , Gajadhar A. , Campero C. M. , Johnson E. , Lun Z-R. , Nordhausen R. W. , Van Hoosear K. A. , Villanueva M. R. , Walker R. L.
Published: March 2023

Trichomonad isolates from 14 virgin beef bulls in 3 California herds were submitted to the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for confirmation of a diagnosis of bovine trichomoniasis. Specimens were submitted in self-contained diagnostic pouches and produced cultures with a protozoan like Tritrichomonas foetus. Under bright-field microscopy, large numbers of single-celled motile organisms, approximately 12 μm x 9 μm, with multiple anterior flagellae, a posterior flagellum, axostyle, and a clearly visible undulating membrane were detected. Motility was jerky and rolling. Air-dried smears of cultures stained with Giemsa or Diff-Quick/iodine revealed an organism similar to T. foetus, although somewhat more rounded (less spindle-shaped). Several organisms appeared to have 4 flagellae, and there were numerous dark-staining bodies in the cytoplasm. Scanning electron micrographs (5000 X) clearly showed four anterior flagellae and an undulating membrane on most organisms, and an axostyle that was consistently longer than that seen in T. foetus. Specific primers for T. foetus were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. No amplification product was detected from any of the "virgin bull" isolates, while positive control isolates of T. foetus all yielded an amplicon of the expected size. On the basis of this partial morphological and molecular characterization, it was tentatively concluded that the isolated organism is not T. foetus, and speculate that it may be a commensal organism of the lower bowel. The recovery of non T. foetus trichomonads in a commercially available diagnostic system suggests that more specific methods may be needed for discrimination among trichomonads isolated from the preputial cavity of bulls.
Case report
Authors: Morgan Sandra , Niles Gene A. , Edwards W. C.
Published: March 2023

158 calves were fed maize containing aluminium phosphatide tablets added to it the previous day. 24 h later, 4 calves were found dead and 15-20 were sick. The only significant finding at PM examination were lung lesions caused by previously diagnosed pneumonia. A strong odour resembling garlic or rotten fish was noted in the rumen of all dead calves. The owners indicated that they noticed the same odour when they fed the maize. Toxic phosphine gas was detected in the rumen content of dead calves.