bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From ideology to strategic engagement
Authors: Lieberkind Jonas
Published: January 2022

Based on a secondary analysis of an international comparative quantitative study of civic and citizenship education (involving grade 8 students in 24 countries) (ICCS) and a qualitative study of more than 50 Danish grade 9 students, this chapter explores young people’s attitudes toward political engagement and participation. The chapter aims to study drivers for and barriers to civic engagement but also to challenge conventional understandings of political participation. Many studies have shown that inequality has a significant impact on young people’s political participation. However, this chapter argues that the young people’s engagement is a consequence of current discourses of post-politics rather than conventional ideological conflicts, distribution of material goods and values, and societal inequalities. The thesis in this chapter is that young people’s engagement in society is changing from ideological engagement to strategic engagement.
Young Italians and the crisis: emerging trends in activism and self-organisation
Authors: Pitti Ilaria , Luigi Nicola De
Published: January 2022

The chapter discusses young Italian’s political activation against the exacerbation of socio-economic and intergenerational inequalities fostered by the 2008 economic crisis and the austerity measures. The study contributes to the book and to the broader scholarship in youth studies and social movement studies by providing an in-depth analysis of young people’s collective reaction to inequalities through self-organisation and mutualism. The chapter is based on qualitative materials (interviews, focus groups and participant observations) collected on five experiences of youth activism in political squats (centri sociali). These materials are analysed in relation to three main research questions: how did the crisis transform activists’ practices of participation? How has this transformation changed the relationships between activists and the surrounding communities? And what about young activists’ relationships with institutions?
Meaningful, effective and sustainable? Challenges for children and young people’s participation
Authors: Kay E. , Tisdall M.
Published: January 2022

Children and young people’s participation activities continue to grow, galvanised by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. As the activities have proliferated, so has a list of common barriers and problems for children and young people’s participation in collective decision-making: from tokenism and lack of impact on decision-making, to some children and young people being over-consulted while others are marginalised. While this list is frustratingly familiar, certain activities seem to address all or most of these barriers and problems. These examples provide potential learning tools, to examine why they have apparently done so. One such example is youth-led research projects, which involve a core group of children and young people, over a set amount of time, with facilitating adults and organisations. This chapter considers how the young researchers and projects claim credibility and legitimacy, through processes of knowledge production. By emphasising expertise, these projects resist perennial critiques of children and young people’s participation being unrepresentative. But they create inequalities for those with less time, interest or commitment for in-depth involvement. The chapter concludes that such projects are not radical in challenging the norms of legitimacy and credibility but can be in positioning children and young people as knowledge producers.
On-chip silicon nano-slab photodetector integrated wavelength division de-multiplexer in the 850  nm band
Authors: Chatterjee Avijit , Selvaraja Shankar Kumar
Published: January 2022

We present an on-chip photodetector integrated wavelength filter on a SiN-on-silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform in the 850 nm wavelength window. The wavelength filter is designed using an echelle grating with a distributed Bragg reflector as the grating reflectors. We present the design and experimental realization of a six-channel wavelength filter with a channel spacing of 10 nm. Experimentally, we achieve an insertion loss of 4.3 dB and an adjacent channel cross talk of 22 dB. We demonstrate a silicon nano-slab waveguide integrated metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector with a maximum responsivity of 0.56 A/W and dark current of 217 nA. Furthermore, we demonstrate the integration of the echelle grating with the detector and show the feasibility of a CMOS compatible SiN-on-SOI platform for various applications, including short-reach communication and sensing applications.
Max Planck School of Photonics: Developing Curriculum and Outreach Measures for a Network of Excellence
Authors: Geiss Reinhard , Hengster Julia , Grimm Anna-Katharina , Kaiser Thomas , Leuchs Gerd , Tünnermann Andreas
Published: January 2022

The Max Planck School of Photonics is an interdisciplinary graduate school in Germany providing an integrated MSc and PhD program for international students. Aspects of curriculum development and outreach measures will be presented and discussed.
Undergraduate Program in Nanoscience and Nanoengineering: 5 Years after the NSF Grant
Authors: Lukishova Svetlana G.
Published: January 2022

41 students completed a multidisciplinary nanoscience/nanoengineering undergraduate education program at the University of Rochester, initially supported by NSF. It comprises a required Nanometrology Laboratory class, additional two classes and one semester research/design project on nanotechnology.
Freely Available Optics Lectures and a Proposal for Universal Free Online Education
Authors: Trebino Rick , Fourkas John
Published: January 2022

We describe several entire courses of PowerPoint lectures freely available that are colorful, rigorous, and complete. We propose a grand plan for their extension to other fields, ultimately potentially providing a crowd-sourced free online education.
Understanding Resolution with Galileo’s Telescopes
Authors: Marzoa Antonio , Vallmitjana Santiago
Published: January 2022

Using the context of Galileo Galilei´s pioneering observations of the Saturn’s rings, the students are driven to build an optical telescope in the laboratory and analyze and discuss the different solutions to improve its resolution.
Birefringence in transparent household films: Quantitative measurement and dazzling demonstrations
Authors: Slepkov Aaron D.
Published: January 2022

I describe a simple spectroscopic method for measuring birefringence in household films such as adhesive tape and kitchen film. Using an incandescent light source provides students direct appreciation for the wavelength-dependent nature of the phenomenon.
20/21 Central Event in Spain of the International Day of Light: Outreach and citizen engagement in time of pandemic
Authors: Pérez-Cabré Elisabet , Millán María S. , Armengol Jesús
Published: January 2022

The 3rd central IDL Event in Spain probably gathered the largest number of activities for the 16th May commemoration in 2021. Conferences, debates, workshops, exhibitions, light shows, and photo contests, adapted to severe constraints due to the pandemic, achieved the participation of a wide and diverse audience.
Project-Based Learning Case in Photonics Engineering Course: Implementation of a Spectrophotometer
Authors: Caño-García Manuel , Vergaz Ricardo , Esteban Óscar , Quintana Xabier
Published: January 2022

A project-based teaching course for postgraduate students in the field of Photonics Engineering is based on the implementation of a Spectrophotometer. Hard and soft skills are evaluated in the implementation with an auto-evaluation criteria.
Architectural Lighting Design Education: Teaching Science to Designers
Authors: Davis Wendy , Hu Wenye
Published: January 2022

Architectural lighting design education integrates educational practices from both design and science. These can be challenging to reconcile, particularly since intuition is valued in design and conceptual change is an important aspect of learning science.
Simple and low cost LED current-voltage curve tracer based on a general purpose microcontroller.
Authors: Vargas-Rodriguez Everardo , Guzman-Chavez Ana Dinora , Gaytan-Garcia Luis Antonio
Published: January 2022

A simple and low cost curve tracer which can build by students in their houses is presented. It is based on a microcontroller development board, a PC computer program, and a few generic electronic components.
Homemade Interferometer Based on a Non-Ideal Beam Splitter and a Home Mirror
Authors: Guzman-Chavez Ana Dinora , Vargas-Rodriguez Everardo , Ramirez-Ramirez Carlos Ruben
Published: January 2022

A homemade interferometer based on a non-ideal beam splitter and an only one home mirror is presented. Its interference pattern presented dark and bright rings when the mirror was tilted.
Exploring Network Communication in Classroom Using a Homemade Optical Fiber System
Authors: de Lima Magna C. , Rodrigues Chayenny S. , Pinto Sebastião S. , Araújo Thiago S. , de Oliveira Tâmara P.
Published: January 2022

We designed a device that converts sound into light through an optoelectronic circuit including a blue LED connected to a single optical fiber in order to discuss fast and long distance communication in classroom.
Spatial filtering of Structured Light
Authors: Klug Asher , Pinnell Jonathan , Forbes Andrew
Published: January 2022

We present an approach to filter amplitude noise from arbitrary beam profiles. This work forms a tutorial on Fourier optics by enhancing the textbook case of Gaussian beams to more interesting cases of structured light.
“Santander es Luz” International Day of Light in Spain
Authors: García Marta Seror
Published: January 2022

Last years’ International Day of Light activities in Spain were affected by the measures to avoid outbreaks of COVID-19. The city of Santander celebrated the date in October with an impressive lightpainting event.
Exploring Optics: A kit and curriculum for teaching eighth graders about light waves and their applications
Authors: Conry Jessica Patricia , Young Matthew
Published: January 2022

Created with support from an SPIE Outreach Grant, the “Exploring Optics” kit, curriculum, and teacher training was developed with the aim of increasing awareness of and interest in optics and photonics in Arkansas by targeting pre-high school students and science teachers.
Multifunctional Teaching Studios for Virtual Classrooms during the Pandemic and Beyond
Authors: Tassin Philippe , Isacsson Andreas
Published: January 2022

We will discuss the studios that we have built to livestream different learning activities for virtual classrooms. We will show how to optimize the experience for both students and instructors and bring back interactivity.
15 Years of Quantum Optics Educational Facility at the Institute of Optics, University of Rochester
Authors: Lukishova Svetlana G.
Published: January 2022

Educational laboratory facility on single and entangled photons located in three separate rooms of the Institute of Optics with total 587 sq. ft. was used for teaching several classes of diverse students during 15 years.
Open Source Experiments in Quantum Photonics: an Affordable Approach
Authors: Ritter Sebastian , Kretzschmar Johannes , Kaiser Thomas , Geiss Reinhard , Vogl Tobias , Eilenberger Falk
Published: January 2022

Advances in quantum technologies have made canonical experiments, such as the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometer, common in state-of-the-art optics labs. Here we demonstrate a path towards an open-source low-cost single-photon HBT-interferometer, targeted at the photonic maker-community.
Undergraduate Seminar Course on Physicists from Underrepresented Groups
Authors: Durst Michael E.
Published: January 2022

This seminar course covers pioneering physics research in optics, astron- omy, and nuclear physics, with an emphasis on discoveries by women physicists, African- American physicists, and other groups who are underrepresented in physics.
Communicating science worldwide with the International Day of Light
Authors: Dudley John M. , Niemela Joseph J.
Published: January 2022

The International Day of Light is an annual UNESCO observance to raise global awareness of the importance of light science for sustainable development. We review here our experiences since 2018 and discuss future plans.
Diamond: the Game - A board game promoting scientific careers and experiences via synchrotron science
Authors: Murray Claire , Basham Mark , Dunstan Matthew
Published: January 2022

Diamond: the Game has been played globally by >11,500 people during the pandemic. The game enables people to explore a broad variety of STEM careers, STEM subjects and life as a scientist.
Education and Training for Inter- and Multidisciplinary Applications: Methods and Techniques for Educational Outreach for Inspiring Photonics Careers
Authors: Al-Juboori Haider M.
Published: January 2022

The work tries to support middle school-age students in Ireland with the possibility of promoting technology careers in the future. The paper will explain the guide of suggested innovative digital storytelling and the detailed presentation which might help presenters and give them some techniques for engaging students and create an interactive environment.
Single-shot multiwavelength digital holography using Bragg diffraction of light by several ultrasound waves [Invited]
Authors: Polschikova Olga , Machikhin Alexander , Gorevoy Alexey , Stoykova Elena
Published: January 2022

We report on wavelength-multiplexed digital holographic imaging based on simultaneous Bragg diffraction of wideband light by several ultrasound waves of different frequencies in crystalline media. This technique is easy to implement, avoids spectral scanning, and is applicable in various digital holography schemes. It also enables single-shot acquisition of a few spectral fringe patterns by a single monochrome sensor and wavelength demultiplexing of the resulting interferogram. We have assembled a Mach–Zehnder interferometer with an acousto-optical tunable filter operating in the multifrequency mode and have validated the proposed technique by dual-, three-, and four-wavelength quantitative phase imaging of the test samples.
Tailoring the terahertz far-field radiation pattern based on asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized waves in metasurface tiles
Authors: Pavithra M. , Ravichandran K. , Subramanian V. , Ouyang Zhengbiao , Yogesh N.
Published: January 2022

Asymmetric transmission (AT) of linearly polarized electromagnetic (e-m) waves is a well-known phenomenon in metamaterial (MTM) structures, where transverse electric (TE) to transverse magnetic (TM) polarization conversion (and vice versa) is not the same for forward (FW)/backward (BW) excitations. In this work, we explore the linear AT phenomenon of a metasurface (MS) for controlling terahertz (THz) far-field radiation patterns. An MS formed by a bi-layered metal design exhibits strong linear AT with the magnitude of 0.5 in the frequency range of 4.4 THz to 5.1 THz, and a maximum AT of 0.67 is observed at 4.953 THz. Through full-wave e-m simulations and surface current analysis, the mechanism for the observed linear AT is validated for the proposed MS structure. Based on the linear AT, three different MS tiles are constructed for controlling THz far-field radiation patterns. It is found that the proposed tiles significantly alter the electric field pattern, 3 dB angular bandwidth, and sidelobe levels of THz far-fields for FW/BW excitations. We indicate that simultaneous controlling of the amplitude and polarization of far-field radiation patterns is essential for THz imaging, communication, and spectroscopic applications.
Circular-area-equivalence approach for determining propagation constants of a single-mode polygonal nanowire
Authors: Bao Qingyang , Wu Hao , Yang Liu , Wang Pan , Guo Xin , Tong Limin
Published: January 2022

One-dimensional crystalline nanowire structures have been widely used as nano-waveguides in nanophotonics. The propagation constant of a certain waveguiding mode in the nanowire is essential to its optical waveguiding properties. To estimate the propagation constant, commonly the cross section of such a nanowire is treated as a circle with a diameter equal to the longest diagonal of the cross section. However, experimentally, crystalline nanowires (e.g., semiconductor nanowires) are usually polygonal in cross section. The diagonal-circle approximation (DCA) is not accurate enough, especially for polygonal cross sections with fewer sides such as triangles, squares, and hexagons. Here, we propose a circular-area-equivalence (CAE) approach to accurately determine the propagation constants of single-mode polygonal nanowires, while maintaining its convenience and simplicity in practical use. Instead of the diagonal circle, here we use a circle with an area equal to that of a real polygonal cross section. Our results show that, compared with the DCA, the CAE approach can offer much higher accuracy for determining propagation constants of single-mode polygonal nanowires, e.g., a deviation of 20.0% of DCA versus 1.9% CAE for normalized effective index (a direct measure of the propagation constant) in a half-wavelength-diameter triangle nanowire. The effectiveness of the CAE approach for nanowires with material dispersion and supporting substrates is also analyzed and verified.
Combining glass cutting and edge shaping by using optical Airy beams
Authors: Sohr David , Thomas Jens Ulrich , Hoppe Bernd , Skupin Stefan
Published: January 2022

Using an optical Airy beam we created curved permanent modifications in
borosilicate glass and achieved separation of a 525 µm thick glass
sheet with a convex edge with a radius of curvature of 774 µm after
etching.
Machining of (100), (110) and (111) oriented Silicon and Germanium with ultrashort laser pulses
Authors: Neuenschwander B. , Gafner M. , Wildbolz Ch. , Remund S. M. , Chaja M. W.
Published: January 2022

(100), (110) and (111) oriented silicon shows different behavior when
it is machined with 10 ps pulses in the NIR. For the (100) orientation
the roughness increases to 2.8 µm when the peak fluence is raised to
1.6 J/cm2 then drops down to a value below 200 nm due to
melting effects for a fluence of 2 J/cm2 and stays below
300 nm for fluences up to 7.5 J/cm2. For the other
orientations a completely different behavior is observed. The
roughness constantly increases to 900 nm at 1.6 J/cm2 and
then further to about 8 µm for a peak fluence of 7.5
J/cm2
Femtosecond Laser Welding of Nd:YAG Crystals For High-Power Lasers Applications
Authors: Lipateva T. O. , Okhrimchuk A. G. , Lipatiev A. S. , Karateev I. V. , Lotarev S. V. , Fedotov S. S. , Shestakov A. V. , Sigaev V. N.
Published: January 2022

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the
femtosecond laser-assisted bonding between two Nd:YAG crystals is
presented by an amorphous nanoperiodic structure. The joint withstand
sharp heating up to 400°C degrees in an electric oven.
Second-harmonic microscopy in optically confining nanostructures
Authors: Amber Zeeshan H. , Kirbus Benjamin , Rüsing Michael , Eng Lukas M.
Published: January 2022

The influence of geometrical confinement in back-reflection Second-Harmonic microscopy is experimentally and theoretically investigated in the wedge-shaped model system lithium niobate. The co-propagating signal is found to be the dominating contribution.
All-optical Sampling for Adaptive On-Chip Picosecond Pulse-Shaping
Authors: Chemnitz Mario , Fischer Bennet , MacLellan Benjamin , Roztocki Piotr , Helsten Robin , Wetzel Benjamin , Little Brent , Chu Sai , Moss David , Azaña José , Morandotti Roberto
Published: January 2022

We present autonomous pulse-shaping based on on-chip temporal coherence synthesis empowered by passively detuned, nonlinear optical sampling. Our scheme enables robust, efficient and reconfigurable picosecond waveform shaping with low detection requirements and low computational power.
Distribution and simultaneous local control of the optical hysteresis shape
Authors: Maafa Mohamed , Al Graiti Saif A. , Pham Son Kim , Maywar Drew N.
Published: January 2022

We experimentally demonstrate the distribution of a bistable optical signal to two locations, and then independently and simultaneously control the hysteresis shape at each location using local sets of linear optical components.
Simultaneous Enhancement of Contrast and Peak Power of Femtosecond Lasers
Authors: Mironov Sergey , Starodubtsev Mikhail , Khazanov Efim
Published: January 2022

Power and temporal contrast are increased simultaneously by broadening the laser pulse spectrum via self-phase modulation in dielectrics and subsequent reflection from chirping mirrors with a dip in the reflection coefficient in the spectrum center.
Parametric Amplification of Spectrally Incoherent Signals
Authors: Dorrer C.
Published: January 2022

The parametric amplification of spectrally incoherent signals is analyzed with normalized propagation equations, demonstrating the significant impact of temporal walk-off between waves and pump depletion on the statistical properties of the amplified signal.
Giant Optical Nonlinearities via Infrared-Resonant Raman Scattering
Authors: Khalsa Guru , Benedek Nicole A. , Moses Jeffrey
Published: January 2022

An unconventional Raman scattering pathway via the nonlinear lattice polarizability can dominate the optical response of crystals driven resonantly with IR phonons, allowing giant optical nonlinearities and ultrafast dynamical control of material optical properties.
Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering on Solid State Systems
Authors: Hempel Franz , Reitzig Sven , Rüsing Michael , Eng Lukas M.
Published: January 2022

We apply broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, an imaging tech- nique mostly applied in biology, to the solid state system lithium niobate, where we show an enhanced full spectrum and a working signal transformation.
Generation of Dispersion-managed Soliton in the Er-doped Fiber Laser
Authors: Chen Beibei , Liu Xuanyi , Fu H. Y. , Li Qian
Published: January 2022

We experimentally and numerically demonstrate the dispersion-managed soliton generated in an Er-doped fiber laser mode-locked by nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE). A 367-fs ultrashort pulse with spectral width of 18 nm is obtained.
Vortex-beam Waveguide Lattices in Turbulent Kerr Media: Flat Bands, Anderson Localization of Light, and Topological Edge States
Authors: Marcucci Giulia , Danieli Carlo , Conti Claudio , Boyd Robert W.
Published: January 2022

We model waveguide lattices by vortex-beam arrays in turbulent Kerr media. We investigate localized probe states as flat bands, topological edge states, and Anderson localization. By four-wave mixing, we control the excitation and localization robustness.
Arbitrary Mixing of Frequency-Range Multimode Quantum States Using Nonlinear Waveguide Crystals Based on Dispersion Engineering
Authors: Yamagishi Yuta , Hosaka Aruto , Tanji Kazufumi , Kurimura Sunao , Kannari Fumihiko
Published: January 2022

As a method of quantum pulse gating in a quantum simulator, we experimentally demonstrate arbitrary mixing of multimode quantum states prepared in the frequency domain.
Measurement of the Nonlinear Refractive Index of ZnTe in the THz Domain
Authors: Azarm A. , Jones R. R.
Published: January 2022

We employ cross-phase modulation of a weak near-infrared pulse and an intense single-cycle terahertz field to extract the nonlinear refractive index of ZnTe near 1 THz (n2=4.36x10–14 cm2/W).
Intensity spiking and oscillation in frequency-upconverted field from four-wave mixing in rubidium vapor
Authors: Akulshin Alexander , Rahaman Nafia , Suslov Sergey , Budker Dmitry , McLean Russell
Published: January 2022

Spiking and oscillation in the intensity of frequency up-converted collimated blue emission in Rb vapor are attributed to temporal properties of emission on the population-inverted 5D5/2-6P3/2 transition and discussed in the context of cooperative effects.
High harmonics generation in liquid water using a flat-jet system
Authors: Yang Tianqi , Mizuno Tomoya , Kurihara Takayuki , Kanai Teruto , Harada Yoshihisa , Itatani Jiro
Published: January 2022

High harmonics generation driven by 3.3-µm MIR pulses is observed in a liquid water sheet using an impinging jets system. The 5th and 7th order harmonics and their perturbative scaling are confirmed.
Novel Method of Attosecond Pulse Measurement by using Carrier-Envelope-Phase Dependence
Authors: Ko Dong Hyuk , Brown Graham G. , Zhang Chunmei , Corkum Paul B.
Published: January 2022

We demonstrate a new measurement method for an isolated attosecond pulse by using the carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) dependence. Our method is useful for a broadband attosecond pulse since it is insensitive to the momentum-dependent electron trajectory.
High repetition rate extreme ultraviolet source driven by tunable OPCPA
Authors: Buss Jan-Heye , Petev Mihail , Golz Torsten , Deinert Jan-C. , Schulz Michael , Riedel Robert
Published: January 2022

A high repetition rate, optical-parametric chirped-pulse amplifier system and high-harmonic-generation source is presented for photoelectron spectroscopy experiments spanning an ultra-wide frequency range from Terahertz to the extreme-ultraviolet range between 21.7 and 50 eV.
Vector supercontinuum process in photonic waveguides
Authors: Chu Yongyuan , Liu Tuo , Guo Hairun
Published: January 2022

we report a vector supercontinuum dynamic in photonic nonlinear waveguides and demonstrate a complete wavelength dependent coupling response between the two fundamental x- and y-polarized modes.
Detection of Dark Matter in Space by Precise Optical Clock Transition Measurements using Co-propagating Solitons in Photonic Molecule
Authors: Battula Sandeep , Kumar MNVSS , Panda Santosh , K Pavan
Published: January 2022

It is widely accepted by the scientific community that the majority of the universe (~95%) is made of dark matter and is majorly contributes to the formation of galaxies in the universe. Since, the dark matter can’t absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation, the only possible way for the detection is to observe the gravitation interactions between it and the ordinary matter which requires huge laboratory space requirements and not suitable for space-based observations (in ISS Environments). As an alternative approach, the dark matter induces its effects on atomic/optical transitions in which optical clocks are locked into, and by measuring those changes in frequency transitions, the scalar dark matter can be detected. This can be measured precisely with mode locked frequency combs but are bulky in nature. Since ISS environment always opts for the low footprint devices, and here in this work, we are proposing Cascaded Silicon Nitride Microring resonators (Photonic Molecule) for generating easily accessible soliton states combined with the co-propagating distinct Kerr solitons to increase the sensitivity of the device and achieve faster acquisition speeds. The results of identifying the alterations of optical transitions can be calculated by taking the ratio of two different optical clocks (OAand OB) in Lumerical software using scripts as different clocks varies differently to the varying fine structure constant.
Nonlinear Optical Switches: from Molecules in Solution to Functionalized Surfaces and Solids – A Quantum Chemistry Perspective
Authors: Champagne Benoît
Published: January 2022

where it is shown how quantum chemistry methods can be developed and employed in order to design multi-functional multi-addressable multi-state nonlinear optical switches in view of applications in data storage, signal processing, and sensing.
Mid-infrared nonlinear optics in thin-film lithium niobate on sapphire
Authors: Mishra Jatadhari , McKenna Timothy P. , Ng Edwin , Stokowski Hubert S. , Jankowski Marc , Langrock Carsten , Heydari David , Mabuchi Hideo , Safavi-Naeini Amir H. , Fejer M. M.
Published: January 2022

We demonstrate frequency conversion in the mid-IR using periodically poled lithium niobate thin-film ridge waveguides on sapphire. These devices are characterized by measuring the transfer-functions, and the normalized conversion efficiencies for second- harmonic and difference-frequency generations.
Tunable optical nonlinearities in epsilon-near-zero Au/Al2O3 multilayer metamaterials
Authors: Genchi Domenico , Balasa Ionut Gabriel , Cesca Tiziana , Mattei Giovanni
Published: January 2022

We demonstrate the angle, polarization and intensity tunability of the optical Kerr effect in gold/alumina metamaterials investigated by the z-scan technique. We propose a model to predict their effective nonlinear refractive index and absorption coefficient.
Absorption and scattering in perfect thermal radiation absorber-emitter metasurfaces
Authors: Nishijima Yoshiaki , To Naoki , Balčytis Armandas , Juodkazis Saulius
Published: January 2022

Detailed spectral analysis of radiation absorption and scattering behaviors of metasurfaces was carried out via finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) photonic simulations. It revealed that, for typical metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanodisc metasurfaces, absorbance and scattering cross-sections exhibit a ratio of σabs/σsca = 1 at the absorption peak spectral position. This relationship was likewise found to limit the attainable photo-thermal conversion efficiency in experimental and application contexts. By increasing the absorption due to optical materials, such as Cr metal nano-films typically used as an adhesion layer, it is possible to control the total absorption efficiency η = σabs/σsca and to make it the dominant extinction mechanism. This guided the design of MIM metasurfaces tailored for near-perfect-absorption and emission of thermal radiation. We present the fabrication as well as the numerical and experimental spectral characterisation of such optical surfaces.
Optical frequency comb generation from a 1.65 µm single-section quantum well laser
Authors: Li Xiang , Sia Jia Xu Brian , Wang Jiawei , Qiao Zhongliang , Wang Wanjun , Guo Xin , Wang Hong , Liu Chongyang
Published: January 2022

Optical frequency combs (OFCs) in the 1.65 µm wavelength band are promising for methane sensing and extended high-capacity optical communications. In this work, a frequency-modulated (FM) OFC is generated from a 1.65 µm single-section quantum well laser. This is characterized by a 1 kHz-wide beatnote signal at ∼19.4 GHz. Typical FM optical spectra are shown and optical linewidth of the OFC narrows through the mutual injection locking process in the comb formation. No distinct pulse train is observed on oscilloscope, which conforms with the FM operation. Furthermore, to add further evidence that four-wave mixing (FWM) is the driving mechanism of the comb formation, FWM frequency conversion characterization is conducted on a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) fabricated together with the tested laser. An efficiency of ∼−30 dB confirms the capability of FM mode locking.
Automatic tube lens design from stock optics for microscope remote-refocusing systems
Authors: Hong Wenzhi , Dunsby Chris
Published: January 2022

The remote-refocusing approach of Botcherby et al. [Opt. Lett. 32, 2007 (2007)10.1364/OL.32.002007] has been applied widely to 2D and 3D fluorescence microscopes to enable rapid refocusing of the optical system without mechanically perturbing the sample. In order for this approach to operate correctly, it requires that the overall magnification of the first two microscope systems matches the ratio of the refractive indices in sample and intermedia image spaces. However, commercially available tube lenses are not always suitable to produce the desired overall magnification. Therefore, a practical approach to produce tube lenses with low expense and diffraction-limited performance is required. Tube lenses can be formed using a pair of stock achromatic doublets, however, selecting appropriate pairs of achromatic doublets from stock optics is a time-consuming process, as many combinations can be considered. In this paper, we present two software packages (Catalogue Generator and Doublet Selector) developed in MATLAB that use the application programming interface (ZOS-API) to the Zemax OpticStudio optical design software to realise an automatic search of stock achromatic doublets to produce microscope tube lenses with a specified focal length, entrance pupil diameter and maximum design field angle. An algorithm to optimise principal plane positions in versions of OpticStudio before 20.2 was also introduced to enable the use of older software versions. To evaluate the performance of Catalogue Generator and Doublet Selector, we used them to generate ten tube lens designs. All of the software-produced tube lenses have a better optical performance than those using manually selected pairs of stock doublets lenses.
Multi-functional high-efficiency light beam splitter based on metagrating
Authors: Xie Yutian , Quan Jiaqi , Shi Qiangshi , Cao Yanyan , Sun Baoyin , Xu Yadong
Published: January 2022

Inspired by the concept of phase-gradient metasurfaces (PGMs), we present a way to design a multi-functional PGM-based light beam splitter (LBS) operating in the optical regime by engineering the anomalous diffraction properties. As an example of a proof of concept, the designed LBS is a purely metallic slit array with gradient slit width, termed metagrating. It is shown that the designed LBS can simultaneously achieve high-efficiency light beam splitting on both energy and polarization, and it has broadband and wide-angle response. In addition, we also show that the Ohmic loss of metals plays an important role in determining the diffraction efficiency of each diffraction order, which is the physics for designing the LBS that can deliver the incident energy equally into the reflection and refraction sides. Our work enriches the existing methods of designing LBSs and particularly provides a route for the design of multi-functional LBSs with high performance.
Tunable radiation enhancement and suppression using a pair of photonically doped epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) slabs
Authors: Nahvi Ehsan , Mencagli Mario J. , Engheta Nader
Published: January 2022

Manipulation of the radiation efficiency and pattern of quantum emitters by engineering the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding medium is crucial for designing various light sources. Here, we theoretically demonstrate the possibility of designing a compact and tunable resonator using a pair of photonically doped epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) slabs that are separated by a deeply subwavelength air gap. Such resonators are shown to be capable of switching between completely transparent and opaque states, for a TM-polarized normally incident plane wave, by slightly changing the permittivity of the dielectric dopants. We exploit this behavior for tunable radiation enhancement and suppression for a quantum emitter placed inside the air gap.
Conformal frequency conversion for arbitrary vectorial structured light
Authors: Wu Hai-Jun , Yu Bing-Shi , Zhu Zhi-Han , Gao Wei , Ding Dong-Sheng , Zhou Zhi-Yuan , Hu Xiao-Peng , Rosales-Guzmán Carmelo , Shen Yijie , Shi Bao-Sen
Published: January 2022

Vectorial structured light with spatially varying amplitude, phase, and polarization is reshaping many areas of modern optics, including nonlinear optics, as diverse parametric processes can be used to explore interactions between such complex vector fields, extending the frontiers of optics to new physical phenomena. However, the most basic nonlinear application (i.e., frequency conversion), still remains challenging for vectorial structured light since parametric processes are polarization dependent, leading to a change in the spatial topological structure of signals. In this work, to break this fundamental limit, we propose a conformal frequency conversion scheme that allows the full spatial structure of vectorial structured light to be maintained in the conversion. We systematically examine its spatial polarization independence based on nondegenerate sum-frequency generation with type-0 phase matching. This proof-of-principle demonstration paves the way for a wide range of applications that require conformal frequency conversion, and, particularly, to implement frequency interfaces with multimodal communications channels, high-dimensional quantum states, and polarization-resolved upconversion imaging.
Not all Ising machines are created equal: choice of nonlinearity induces order-of-magnitude differences in computational performance
Authors: Böhm Fabian , Van Vaerenbergh Thomas , Verschaffelt Guy , Van der Sande Guy
Published: January 2022

Various nonlinear systems have been proposed for Ising machines, yet little insight exists into their suitability. We find the choice of nonlinearity to induce order-of-magnitude improvements in time-to-solution for saturable nonlinearities.
Cross-Layer Design to Optimize Optical Amplifier Placement in Metro Networks
Authors: Ibrahimi Memedhe , Ayoub Omran , Karandin Oleg , Musumeci Francesco , Castoldi Andrea , Pastorelli Rosanna , Tornatore Massimo
Published: January 2022

We discuss how to optimize deployment of optical amplifiers (inline, booster and pre-amplifiers), in realistic metro networks with the objective of minimizing their cost while ensuring the Quality-of-Transmission of all lightpaths.
The Dawn of Energy Efficient Computing: Optically Accelerating the Fast Fourier Transform Core
Authors: Kundu Iman , Cottle Edward , Michel Florent , Wilson Joseph , New Nick
Published: January 2022

We present a novel approach in optical processing by accelerating Fourier transform through integration of silicon photonics and free-space optics. We introduce Fourier transform based multiply and accumulate operations, that require less number of operations compared to the traditional multiply and accumulate operations used in computer architecture.
Demonstration of 10-port Integrated Optical Unitary Converter
Authors: Tang Rui , Tanomura Ryota , Tanemura Takuo , Nakano Yoshiaki
Published: January 2022

We report a 10-port optical unitary converter integrated on a silicon photonic chip. Reconfigurable unitary operations are demonstrated for both the transverse-electric (TE) and the transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization modes.
Kerr Logic Gates based on Counterpropagating Light in Microresonators
Authors: Moroney Niall , Bino Leonardo Del , Woodley Michael T. M. , Silver Jonathan , Ghalanos George N. , Svela Andreas , Zhang Shuangyou , Del’Haye Pascal
Published: January 2022

We achieve an all-optical, universal logic gate based on the Kerr-effect in whispering gallery mode resonators. Switching is achieved via direction-dependent and nonreciprocal Kerr interaction between counter-propagating light.
Soliton-assisted Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation in the Eigenvalue Domain
Authors: Maeda Takaya , Mishina Ken , Hisano Daisuke , Yoshida Yuki , Maruta Akihiro
Published: January 2022

We investigate characteristics of a soliton-assisted CFO estimation method in the optical eigenvalue domain by numerical simulations. The soliton-assisted method demonstrates a high estimation accuracy below 10 MHz with only 64 pilot soliton pulses.
Photonic spiking neuron with coupled degenerate optical parametric oscillators
Authors: Inagaki Takahiro , Inaba Kensuke , Leleu Timothée , Honjo Toshimori , Ikuta Takuya , Enbutsu Koji , Umeki Takeshi , Kasahara Ryoichi , Aihara Kazuyuki , Takesue Hiroki
Published: January 2022

We demonstrated a photonic spiking neuron that can represent the bio-realistic spiking modes of Class-I and Class-II neurons. In network experiments, we observed spontaneous modification of spiking mode depending on the synchronization of clustered neurons.
Nonlinear-response neurons using a quantum-dot network for neuromorphic computing
Authors: Shimomura Suguru , Nishimura Takahiro , Kozuka Jun , Tate Naoya , Sakai Shunichi , Ogura Yusuke , Tanida Jun
Published: January 2022

This paper describes a neuromorphic-computing architecture using a quantum dot network. In the experiment, we confirmed that the quantum dot network operates as an artificial neuron with a nonlinear response to light intensity.
Core Selective Switch and Its Application to Space Division Multiplexing Submarine Systems
Authors: Jinno Masahiko
Published: January 2022

This paper shows how a core selective switch (CSS) is implemented using free-space optics and discusses how a CSS revolutionizes the branching unit design toward flexible and reliable submarine spatial division multiplexing systems.
Simulation and experiment of low-loss optical coupling between polymer waveguide and single-mode fiber using 45 °mirror and self-formed lens
Authors: Su Qin , Hikima Daisuke , Kuwata Ryo , Oshima Hirotaka , Matsushima Yuichi , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Utaka Katsuyuki
Published: January 2022

The low-loss optical coupling between a polymer waveguide and a single-mode fiber using 45°mirror and self-formed lens was studied with the simulation for various optical fiber-tip structures, and the preliminary experiments verified its effectiveness.
Dynamic Routing and Spectrum Allocation Based on Actor- critic Learning for Multi-fiber Elastic Optical Networks
Authors: Wang Yang , Mori Yojiro , Hasegawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2022

We propose an RL-assisted RSA algorithm in elastic optical networks with multiple fibers per link. Numerical experiments show that the proposal can improve the performance of resource allocation in all topologies with different dimensions.
SDN Control Architectures for WDM over SDM (WDMoSDM) Networks
Authors: Muñoz R. , Yoshikane N. , Manso C. , Casellas R. , Vilalta R. , Martínez R. , Balasis F. , Wang C. , Tsuritani T. , Morita I.
Published: January 2022

We provide an overview of SDN control architectures for WDM over SDM (WDMoSDM) optical networks. We address dynamic management of end-to-end connec- tivity services and WDM virtual network topologies (VNTs) for partially disaggregated multi-domain WDMoSDM networks.
Self-Homodyne Coherent Transmission for High-Speed Radio Access Networks (RAN) Employing Automatically Controlled Carrier Extractor
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Goki Pantea Nadimi , Potì Luca , Cavaliere Fabio
Published: January 2022

We analyze cost and energy efficient self-homodyne coherent detection transmission system for short reach, high capacity 5G links. 28Gbaud DP-16QAM transmission is demonstrated employing coded spectral shaping at transmitter and carrier extractor at the receiver.
Auto-configuration of Programmable Photonic Circuits
Authors: Gutierrez Mikel , Pérez-López Daniel
Published: January 2022

Programmable photonic integrated circuits enable their reconfiguration through control electronics. In this paper we describe the key missing part of the ecosystem, the control algorithms that govern the circuit operation, focusing on arbitrary optical filters.
Clinical impact of vivax malaria: A collection review
Authors: Phyo Aung Pyae , Dahal Prabin , Mayxay Mayfong , Ashley Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2022

Background

Plasmodium vivaxinfects an estimated 7 million people every year. Previously, vivax malaria was perceived as a benign condition, particularly when compared to falciparum malaria. Reports of the severe clinical impacts of vivax malaria have been increasing over the last decade.

Methods and findings

We describe the main clinical impacts of vivax malaria, incorporating a rapid systematic review of severe disease with meta-analysis of data from studies with clearly defined denominators, stratified by hospitalization status. Severe anemia is a serious consequence of relapsing infections in children in endemic areas, in whom vivax malaria causes increased morbidity and mortality and impaired school performance.P.vivaxinfection in pregnancy is associated with maternal anemia, prematurity, fetal loss, and low birth weight. More than 11,658 patients with severe vivax malaria have been reported since 1929, with 15,954 manifestations of severe malaria, of which only 7,157 (45%) conformed to the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria. Out of 423 articles, 311 (74%) were published since 2010. In a random-effects meta-analysis of 85 studies, 68 of which were in hospitalized patients with vivax malaria, we estimated the proportion of patients with WHO-defined severe disease as 0.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19% to 2.57%] in all patients with vivax malaria and 7.11% [95% CI 4.30% to 11.55%] in hospitalized patients. We estimated the mortality from vivax malaria as 0.01% [95% CI 0.00% to 0.07%] in all patients and 0.56% [95% CI 0.35% to 0.92%] in hospital settings. WHO-defined cerebral, respiratory, and renal severe complications were generally estimated to occur in fewer than 0.5% patients in all included studies. Limitations of this review include the observational nature and small size of most of the studies of severe vivax malaria, high heterogeneity of included studies which were predominantly in hospitalized patients (who were therefore more likely to be severely unwell), and high risk of bias including small study effects.

Conclusions

Young children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to adverse clinical impacts of vivax malaria, and preventing infections and relapse in this groups is a priority. Substantial evidence of severe presentations of vivax malaria has accrued over the last 10 years, but reporting is inconsistent. There are major knowledge gaps, for example, limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and the reason for the heterogenous geographical distribution of reported complications. An adapted case definition of severe vivax malaria would facilitate surveillance and future research to better understand this condition.