bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions between nitrogen deposition, land cover conversion, and climate change determine the contemporary carbon balance of Europe
Authors: Churkina G. , Zaehle S. , Hughes J. , Viovy N. , Chen Y. , Jung M. , Heumann B. W. , Ramankutty N. , Heimann M. , Jones C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. European ecosystems are thought to take up large amounts of carbon, but neither the rate nor the contributions of the underlying processes are well known. In the second half of the 20th century, carbon dioxide concentrations have risen by more that 100 ppm, atmospheric nitrogen deposition has more than doubled, and European mean temperatures were increasing by 0.02 °C yr−1. The extents of forest and grasslands have increased with the respective rates of 5800 km2 yr−1 and 1100 km2 yr−1 as agricultural land has been abandoned at a rate of 7000 km2 yr−1. In this study, we analyze the responses of European land ecosystems to the aforementioned environmental changes using results from four process-based ecosystem models: BIOME-BGC, JULES, ORCHIDEE, and O-CN. The models suggest that European ecosystems sequester carbon at a rate of 56 TgC yr−1 (mean of four models for 1951–2000) with strong interannual variability (±88 TgC yr−1, average across models) and substantial inter-model uncertainty (±39 TgC yr−1). Decadal budgets suggest that there has been a continuous increase in the mean net carbon storage of ecosystems from 85 TgC yr−1 in 1980s to 108 TgC yr−1 in 1990s, and to 114 TgC yr−1 in 2000–2007. The physiological effect of rising CO2 in combination with nitrogen deposition and forest re-growth have been identified as the important explanatory factors for this net carbon storage. Changes in the growth of woody vegetation are suggested as an important contributor to the European carbon sink. Simulated ecosystem responses were more consistent for the two models accounting for terrestrial carbon-nitrogen dynamics than for the two models which only accounted for carbon cycling and the effects of land cover change. Studies of the interactions of carbon-nitrogen dynamics with land use changes are needed to further improve the quantitative understanding of the driving forces of the European land carbon balance.
Water supply project feasibilities in fringe areas of Kolkata, India
Authors: Dutta Roy K. , Thakur B. , Konar T. S. , Chakrabarty S. N.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Water supply management to the peri-urban areas of the developing world is a complex task due to migration, infrastructure, paucity of fund etc. A cost-benefit methodology particularly suitable for the peri-urban areas has been developed for the city of Kolkata, India. The costs are estimated based on a neural network estimate. The water quality of the area is estimated from samples and a water quality index has been prepared. A questionnaire survey in the area has been conducted for relevant information like income, awareness and willingness to pay for safe drinking water. A factor analysis has been conducted for distinguishing the important factors of the survey and subsequent multiple regressions have been conducted for finding the relationships for the willingness to pay. A system dynamics model has been conducted to estimate the trend of increase of willingness to pay with the urbanizations in the peri-urban areas. A cost benefit analysis with the impact of time value of money has been executed. The risk and uncertainty of the project is investigated by Monte Carlos simulation and tornado diagrams. It has been found that the projects that are normally rejected in standard cost benefit analysis would be accepted if the impacts of urbanizations in the peri-urban areas are considered.
Verification of the new ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis over France
Authors: Szczypta C. , Calvet J.-C. , Albergel C. , Balsamo G. , Boussetta S. , Carrer D. , Lafont S. , Meurey C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. An evaluation of the global ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis ERA-Interim (with a 0.5° grid) is performed over France, based on the high resolution (8 km) SAFRAN atmospheric reanalysis. The ERA-Interim precipitation, Incoming Solar Radiation (ISR), air temperature, air humidity, and wind speed, are compared with their SAFRAN counterparts. Also, interpolated in situ ISR observations are used in order to consolidate the evaluation of this variable. The daily precipitation estimates produced by ERA-Interim over France correlate very well with SAFRAN. However, the values are underestimated by 26%. A GPCP-corrected version of ERA-Interim is less biased (10–15%). The ERA-Interim estimates of ISR correlate very well with SAFRAN and with in situ observations on a daily basis. Whereas SAFRAN underestimates the ISR by 6–8 W m−2, ERA-Interim overestimates the ISR by 9–10 W m−2. In order to assess the impact of the ERA-Interim errors, simulations of the ISBA-A-gs land surface model are performed over the SMOSREX grassland site in southwestern France using ERA-Interim (with and without GPCP rescaling) and SAFRAN. Latent and sensible heat fluxes are simulated, together with carbon dioxide fluxes. The rescaled ERA-Interim performs better than the original ERA-Interim and permits to achieve flux scores similar to those obtained with SAFRAN.
Trends in coastal upwelling intensity during the late 20th century
Authors: Narayan N. , Paul A. , Mulitza S. , Schulz M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. This study presents linear trends of coastal upwelling intensity in the later part of the 20th century (1960–2001) employing various indices of upwelling, derived from meridional wind stress and sea surface temperature. The analysis was conducted in the four major coastal upwelling regions in the world, which are off North-West Africa, Lüderitz, California and Peru. The trends in meridional wind stress showed a steady increase of intensity from 1960–2001, which was also reflected in the SST index calculated for the same time period. The steady cooling observed in the instrumental records of SST off California substantiated this observation further. It was also noted that the trends in meridional wind stress obtained from different datasets differ substantially from each other. Correlation analysis showed that basin-scale oscillations like the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) could not be directly linked to the observed increase of upwelling intensity off NW Africa and California respectively. The relationship of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) with coastal upwelling off NW Africa turned out to be ambiguous due to a negative correlation between the NAO index and the meridional wind stress and a lack of correlation with the SST index. Our results give additional support to the hypothesis that the coastal upwelling intensity increases globally because of raising greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and an associated increase of the land-sea pressure gradient and meridional wind stress.
Ectopia and Partial Transposition of Mandibular Lateral Incisors in a Child Patient
Authors: de Paula Viviane Andrade Cancio , Giacomet Felipe , Bolognese Ana Maria , Maia Lucianne Cople
Published: September 2010

Dental ectopia is a rare clinical finding characterized by a change in the normal tooth eruption pathway. In more severe cases, nontreated ectopia may develop into either partial or total transposition. The early diagnosis is of crucial importance for establishing a treatment planning correctly. Therefore, the present paper is aimed at reporting an unusual case of a 11-year-old boy with ectopic eruption and partial transposition of mandibular permanent lateral incisors as well as the diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes involving such an anomaly.
Effects of dispersion and arrangement of clay on thermal diffusivity of polyimide‐clay nanocomposite film
Authors: Kakiage Masaki , Ando Shinji
Published: September 2010

Polymer‐clay nanocomposites are well‐known high‐performance materials with a superior tensile modulus. However, in the case of composites with polyimide (PI), additional functions require study because PI is a high‐performance material in itself. Significant enhancement of thermal conductivity, which is closely related to the state of clay dispersion, is expected for a polymer‐clay nanocomposite. In this study, variations in the thermal diffusivity of PI‐clay nanocomposite films prepared by different methods were investigated. The thermal diffusivity of PI‐clay nanocomposite film increased at low clay content only when unmodified clay was used, where the clay morphology was a layered structure dispersed on a nanometer scale. Moreover, the thermal diffusivity could be enhanced by controlling the tensile stress induced by spontaneous shrinkage of the film during thermal imidization. These results demonstrated that the thermal diffusivity of PI‐clay nanocomposite films is significantly affected by the dispersion and/or arrangement states of the clay. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of mono‐ and di‐d‐α‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate
Authors: Wang Jingyuan , Su Baogen , Xing Huabin , Yang Yiwen , Ren Qilong
Published: September 2010

Mono‐d‐α‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 (TPGS 1000) and di‐TPGS 1000 were prepared from the synthesized TPGS 1000 mixture. The key separation step was performed by a Simulating Moving Bed chromatographic process. The chemical structures and molecular weight distrubution were characterized by 1H‐NMR and MALDI‐TOF mass spectroscopy. NMR and MALDI‐TOF MS data confirmed the occurrence of di‐TPGS. Both NMR and MALDI‐TOF MS results showed the degree of polymerization of the two esters and the molecular mass. The melting temperatures of the two polymers were investigated by DSC and the thermal decomposition temperatures have been determined by TGA. The melting temperatures of the two esters were 33 and 15°C, separately. And the two separated TPGS esters exhibited different thermal decomposition courses. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and application of glycidyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid monomer mixture‐grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution
Authors: Arslan Metin
Published: September 2010

A novel fibrous adsorbent that grafts glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) monomer mixture onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers was used for removal of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solutions by a batch equilibration technique. The operation parameters investigated included, pH of solution, removal time, graft yield, dye concentration, and reaction temperature. The adsorption rate of MB is much higher on the MAA/GMA‐grafted PET fibers than on the ungrafted PET fibers. MB was removed 99% the initial dye concentration at 10 mg L−1 and 93% at 200 mg L−1 by monomers mixture‐grafted PET fibers. Pseudofirst order and pseudosecond order kinetic equations were used to examine the experimental data of different graft yield. It was found that the pseudosecond order kinetic equation described the data of dye adsorption on fibrous adsorbent very well. The experimental isotherms data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The data was that Freundlich isotherm model fits the data very well for the dyes on the fibers adsorbent. The dye adsorbed was easily desorbed by treating with acetic acid/methanol mixture (50% V/V) at room temperature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
ChemInform Abstract: On the (4 + 2)Cycloaddition Approach to Indolo(2,3‐a)carbazoles.
Authors: BARRY J. F. , WALLACE T. W. , WALSHE N. D. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalysed Elimination of Unactivated Sulfones.
Authors: GAI Y. , JIN L. , JULIA M. , VERPEAUX J.‐N.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Microwave Radiation in Organic Synthesis
Authors: TOMA S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Studies of the Taxane Diterpenes
Authors: SWINDELL C. S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Incorporation of Carbon into Palladium During Low‐Temperature Disproportionation of CO Over Pd/ZrO2 Prepared from Glassy Pd‐Zr Alloys.
Authors: MACIEJEWSKI M. , BAIKER A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Amberlyst‐15 in Ionic Liquid: An Efficient and Recyclable Reagent for Nucleophilic Substitution of Alcohols and Hydroamination of Alkenes
Authors: Qureshi Ziyauddin S. , Deshmukh Krishna M. , Tambade Pawan J. , Dhake Kishor P. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: September 2010

The nucleophilic substitution reaction of secondary alcohols and hydroamination of alkenes with amides, sulfonamides, carbamates, and amines using Amberlyst‐15 immobilized in [Bmim][BF4] (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) ionic liquid as an efficient recyclable reagent is described. The solvent effect is prominent in the reaction, and the desired substitution products are obtained in good to excellent yield. The protocol is advantageous due to the ease of handling of the reagents, the simple work‐up procedure, and the environmentally benign conditions that allow effective recyclability.
Schiff Bases from TRIS and Formylpyridines: Structure and Mechanistic Rationale Aided by DFT Calculations
Authors: Martínez R. Fernando , Ávalos Martín , Babiano Reyes , Cintas Pedro , Jiménez José L. , Light Mark E. , Palacios Juan C. , Pérez Esther M. S.
Published: September 2010

This paper describes the synthesis and structural elucidation of 1,3‐oxazolidines derived from tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) and pyridine‐based aldehydes. Divergent results were obtained with other formylpyridines, such aspyridoxal, in which intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding largely stabilizes the iminic structure. The oxazolidines may undergo ring‐opening under acetylating conditions to afford imines through different mechanistic pathways, which have also been evaluated by DFT calculations.
Venlafaxine versus methylphenidate in pediatric outpatients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double‐blind comparison trial
Authors: Zarinara Ali‐Reza , Mohammadi Mohammad‐Reza , Hazrati Nazanin , Tabrizi Mina , Rezazadeh Shams‐Ali , Rezaie Farzin , Akhondzadeh Shahin
Published: September 2010

Objective

The present report aimed to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine compared to methylphenidate in children and adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Methods

This was a 6‐week, parallel group, randomized clinical trial. Thirty‐eight patients (27 boys and 11 girls) with a DSM‐IV‐TR diagnosis of ADHD were the study population of this trial. All study subjects were randomly assigned to receive treatment using capsules of venlafaxine at doses of 50–75 mg/day depending on weight (50 mg/day for <30 kg and 75 mg/day for >30 kg (group 1) or methylphenidate at a dose of 20–30 mg/day depending on weight (group 2) for a 6‐week double blind, randomized clinical trial. The principal measure of outcome was the Teacher and Parent Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale‐IV.

Results

No significant differences were observed between the two groups on the Parent and Teacher Rating Scale scores (df = 1; F = 1.77; p = 0.19 and df = 1; F = 1.64; p = 0.20, respectively). Side effects of headaches and insomnia were observed more frequently in the methylphenidate group.

Conclusions

The results suggest that venlafaxine may be useful for the treatment of ADHD. In addition, a tolerable side‐effect profile is one of the advantages of venlafaxine in the treatment of ADHD. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporation of a ridge–furrow–ridge rainwater harvesting system with mulches in high‐value plant production
Authors: Gosar Borut , Baričevič Dea
Published: September 2010

A new ridge–furrow–ridge rainwater harvesting (RFRRH) system with mulches has been promoted in agricultural production to improve economic potential for high‐value plant production. In this system, plastic mulch covered two ridges and the furrow between them, which serves as the rainwater‐harvesting zone. To evaluate this system, a two‐year field study was conducted to determine the effect of the RFRRH system with impermeable and permeable polyethylene (PE) mulch on soil water content, crop yield and production cost effectiveness in purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea Moench.) production. The results of the study in 2007 and 2008 showed that the RFRRH system with impermeable and permeable PE mulch increases soil water content in dry periods at the beginning of plant growth, which can be one of the main reasons for higher yields in the mulch‐covered RFRRH system in comparison to the control (uncovered ridges). Moreover, higher yield and a reduction of labour improved production cost effectiveness in the RFRRH system with mulches in comparison to the control. The results confirm that the RFRRH system with mulches, in view of its rainwater‐collecting efficiency, simplicity and economic potential, can be applied in agricultural production. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpolation inequality of logarithmic type in abstract Besov spaces and an application to semilinear evolution equations
Authors: Matsumoto Toshitaka , Ogawa Takayoshi
Published: September 2010

An abstract version of Besov spaces is introduced by using the resolvent of nonnegative operators. Interpolation inequalities with respect to abstract Besov spaces and generalized Lorentz spaces are obtained. These inequalities provide a generalization of Sobolev inequalities of logarithmic type. Uniqueness problems to abstract semilinear evolution equations are also discussed (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Indentation creep of polymers. I. Experimental
Authors: Quadrini Fabrizio , Squeo Erica Anna , Guglielmotti Alessandro
Published: September 2010

An experimental setup is proposed to perform creep indentation tests on thermoplastics. An infrared (IR) lamp is used to locally heat the sample, and a flat punch made of tungsten carbide is loaded on the sample surface. In order to show the capability of this test in evaluating the creep properties, creep indentation tests were carried out on PA66 and HDPE sheets at different temperatures and creep loads. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) and uniaxial creep tests were also performed at different temperatures to have a comparison with the indentation test results. Master curves were built for all the test results, and time shift factors were extracted. In all cases, the logarithm values of the shift factor were linearly dependent on the temperature. Small differences were found in the shift factors of the DMA and uniaxial test results, whereas high differences were observed in the case of the indentation results due to the nonuniformity of the temperature in the sample. However, indentation creep compliance is strictly correlated with tensile creep compliance, and equivalent tensile creep properties can be extracted. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Application of evolutionary algorithms to the definition of the optimal twin‐screw extruder configuration for starch cationization
Authors: Teixeira Cristina , Covas José A. , Berzin Françoise , Vergnes Bruno , Gaspar‐Cunha António
Published: September 2010

The twin‐screw configuration problem (TSCP) involves defining the location of a set of predefined screw elements of a corotating twin‐screw extruder configuration to optimize different, often conflicting, objectives. A multiobjective optimization methodology based on Evolutionary Algorithms was developed and applied to solve the TSCP. This methodology is used in starch cationization case studies, involving different screw elements and screw lengths. The results obtained, taking into consideration various conflicting objectives, such as minimizing the specific mechanical energy and maximizing output and reaction efficiency, have physical meaning and thus validate the methodology. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
A fast and reliable procedure to determine the copolymer composition by GPC‐IR: Application to ethylene/propylene copolymers and comparison with 13C NMR
Authors: Suárez Inmaculada , Caballero Ma Joaquina , Coto Baudilio
Published: September 2010

Copolymer properties depend on several parameters and one of the most important is its composition. Typically, this composition is determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analysis, which requires a long acquisition time and a fine adjustment of parameters to obtain the desired resolution. In this article, a method to determine the comonomer content of polymers based on the analysis from gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with an infrared (IR) detector is described. This GPC‐IR method is faster than NMR and can be carried out routinely during the GPC analysis. Three sets of ethylene/propylene copolymers synthesized using metallocene and Ziegler–Natta catalyst over a wide composition range. Linear and second order polynomial equations were checked for the relation between the ethylene percent and the IR CH3/CH ratio. Average deviation between GPC‐IR and NMR composition values was about 1% and allow conclude that this technique can be considered to be a goodalternative. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Conformational analysis and design of cross‐strand disulfides in antiparallel β‐sheets
Authors: Indu S. , Kochat V. , Thakurela S. , Ramakrishnan C. , Varadarajan Raghavan
Published: September 2010

Cross‐strand disulfides bridge two cysteines in a registered pair of antiparallel β‐strands. A nonredundant data set comprising 5025 polypeptides containing 2311 disulfides was used to study cross‐strand disulfides. Seventy‐six cross‐strand disulfides were found of which 75 and 1 occurred at non‐hydrogen‐bonded (NHB) and hydrogen‐bonded (HB) registered pairs, respectively. Conformational analysis and modeling studies demonstrated that disulfide formation at HB pairs necessarily requires an extremely rare and positive χ1 value for at least one of the cysteine residues. Disulfides at HB positions also have more unfavorable steric repulsion with the main chain. Thirteen pairs of disulfides were introduced in NHB and HB pairs in four model proteins: leucine binding protein (LBP), leucine, isoleucine, valine binding protein (LIVBP), maltose binding protein (MBP), and Top7. All mutants LIVBP T247C V331C showed disulfide formation either on purification, or on treatment with oxidants. Protein stability in both oxidized and reduced states of all mutants was measured. Relative to wild type, LBP and MBP mutants were destabilized with respect to chemical denaturation, although the sole exposed NHB LBP mutant showed an increase of 3.1°C in T

m
. All Top7 mutants were characterized for stability through guanidinium thiocyanate chemical denaturation. Both exposed and two of the three buried NHB mutants were appreciably stabilized. All four HB Top7 mutants were destabilized (ΔΔG
0 = −3.3 to −6.7 kcal/mol). The data demonstrate that introduction of cross‐strand disulfides at exposed NHB pairs is a robust method of improving protein stability. All four exposed Top7 disulfide mutants showed mild redox activity. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational chemistry and molecular simulations of phosphoric acid
Authors: Li Shuo , Fried J. R. , Sauer Jeremy , Colebrook John , Dudis Douglas S.
Published: September 2010

Quantum mechanics (QM) calculations, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the condensed‐phase optimized molecular potentials for atomistic simulation studies (COMPASS) force field, and the atom‐centered density matrix propagation (ADMP) approach have been used to investigate properties of phosphoric acid (PA). QM using B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p) density functional theory were used to calculate gas‐phase proton affinities and interaction energies of PA and its derivatives. Detailed single coordinate driving, followed by quadratic synchronous transit optimization was used to determine energy barriers for different proton transfer (PT) pathways. Determined energy barrier heights in ascending order are (unit: kJ/mol): H3O+→H3PO4 (0); H4P2O7→H3PO4 (2.61); H3PO4→H2PO (5.31); H4PO→H3PO4 (∼7.33); H3PO4→H4P2O7/H3PO4→H3PO4 (15.99); H4P2O7→H2O (28.61); H3PO4→H2O (47.14). The COMPASS force field was used to study condensed‐phase properties of PA. Good agreement between experimental data and MD results including density, radial distribution functions, and self‐diffusion coefficient at different temperatures provides validation of the COMPASS force field for PA. Finally, preliminary ADMP studies on a cluster of three PA molecules shows that the ADMP approach can reasonably describe the PT and self‐dissociation processes in PA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Accurate mass measurement by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. II. Measurement of negative radical ions using porphyrin and fullerene standard reference materials
Authors: Shao Zhecheng , Wyatt Mark F. , Stein Bridget K. , Brenton A. Gareth
Published: September 2010

A method for the accurate mass measurement of negative radical ions by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) is described. This is an extension to our previously described method for the accurate mass measurement of positive radical ions (Griffiths NW, Wyatt MF, Kean SD, Graham AE, Stein BK, Brenton AG. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2010; 24: 1629). The porphyrin standard reference materials (SRMs) developed for positive mode measurements cannot be observed in negative ion mode, so fullerene and fluorinated porphyrin compounds were identified as effective SRMs. The method is of immediate practical use for the accurate mass measurement of functionalised fullerenes, for which negative ion MALDI‐TOFMS is the principal mass spectrometry characterisation technique. This was demonstrated by the accurate mass measurement of six functionalised C60 compounds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dansyl‐peptides matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric (MALDI‐MS) and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) features improve the liquid chromatography/MALDI‐MS/MS analysis of the proteome
Authors: Chiappetta Giovanni , NDiaye Sega , Demey Emmanuelle , Haddad Iman , Marino Gennaro , Amoresano Angela , Vinh Joëlle
Published: September 2010

Peptide tagging is a useful tool to improve matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometric (MALDI‐MS/MS) analysis. We present a new application of the use of the dansyl chloride (DNS‐Cl). DNS‐Cl is a specific primary amine reagent widely used in protein biochemistry. It adds a fluorescent dimethylaminonaphthalene moiety to the molecule. The evaluation of MALDI‐MS and MS/MS analyses of dansylated peptides shows that dansylation raises the ionization efficiency of the most hydrophilic species compared with the most hydrophobic ones. Consequently, higher Mascot scores and protein sequence coverage are obtained by combining MS and MS/MS data of native and tagged samples. The N‐terminal DNS‐Cl sulfonation improves the peptide fragmentation and promotes the generation of b‐fragments allowing better peptide sequencing. In addition, we set up a labeling protocol based on the microwave chemistry. Peptide dansylation proved to be a rapid and cheap method to improve the performance of liquid chromatography (LC)/MALDI‐MS/MS analysis at the proteomic scale in terms of peptide detection and sequence coverage. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for clustering massive graph streams
Authors: Aggarwal Charu C. , Zhao Yuchen , Yu Philip S.
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we examine the problem of clustering massive graph streams. Graph clustering poses significant challenges because of the complex structures which may be present in the underlying data. The massive size of the underlying graph makes explicit structural enumeration very difficult. Consequently, most techniques for clustering multidimensional data are difficult to generalize to the case of massive graphs. Recently, methods have been proposed for clustering graph data, though these methods are designed for static data, and are not applicable to the case of graph streams. Furthermore, these techniques are especially not effective for the case of massive graphs, since a huge number of distinct edges may need to be tracked simultaneously. This results in storage and computational challenges during the clustering process. In order to deal with the natural problems arising from the use of massive disk‐resident graphs, we propose a technique for creating hash‐compressed microclusters from graph streams. The compressed microclusters are designed by using a hash‐based compression of the edges onto a smaller domain space. We provide theoretical results which show that the hash‐based compression continues to maintain bounded accuracy in terms of distance computations. Since clustering is a data summarization technique, it can also be naturally extended to the problem of evolution analysis. We provide experimental results which illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the underlying method. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 399‐416, 2010
The analysis of very small samples of repeated measurements II: A modified Box correction
Authors: Skene Simon S. , Kenward Michael G.
Published: September 2010

There is a need for appropriate methods for the analysis of very small samples of continuous repeated measurements. A key feature of such analyses is the role played by the covariance matrix of the repeated observations. When subjects are few it can be difficult to assess the fit of parsimonious structures for this matrix, while the use of an unstructured form may lead to a serious lack of power. The Kenward–Roger adjustment is now widely adopted as a means of providing an appropriate inferences in small samples, but does not perform adequately in very small samples. Adjusted tests based on the empirical sandwich estimator can be constructed that have good nominal properties, but are seriously underpowered. Further, when such data are incomplete, or unbalanced, or non‐saturated mean models are used, exact distributional results do not exist that justify analyses with any sample size. In this paper, a modification of Box's correction applied to a linear model‐based F‐statistic is developed for such small sample settings and is shown to have both the required nominal properties and acceptable power across a range of settings for repeated measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The $C^{1}$ closing lemma for generic $C^{1}$ endomorphisms
Authors: Sambarino Martín , Rovella Alvaro
Published: September 2010

Given a compact

m

-dimensional manifold

M

and

1⩽r⩽\infty

, consider the space

C^{r}(M)

of self mappings of

M

. We prove here that for every map

f

in a residual subset of

C^{1}(M)

, the

C^{1}

closing lemma holds. In particular, it follows that the set of periodic points is dense in the nonwandering set of a generic

C^{1}

map. The proof is based on a geometric result asserting that for generic

C^{r}

maps the future orbit of every point in

M

visits the critical set at most

m

times.
Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Agents in Urological Surgery
Authors: Davis N.F. , McGuire B.B. , Flood H.D.
Published: September 2010

Introduction:

There are no published urological guidelines for the management of antithrombotic agents during the perioperative period.

Aims:

To demonstrate variations in urological perioperative protocols for the antithrombotic agents aspirin, clopidogrel and warfarin.

Materials and methods:

Consultant urologists from the BAUS registry completed an online questionnaire on perioperative management of antithrombotic agents in urological surgery. Urologists were requested to indicate whether they routinely discontinued aspirin, clopidogrel or warfarin during the perioperative period for 11 different urological procedures. Respondents that discontinued an antithrombotic agent were requested to indicate the number of days the agent was discontinued preoperatively and recommenced postoperatively.

Results:

Of the 400 urologists surveyed, 210 (52.5%) responded. The percentage of respondents that continued each antithrombotic agent varied widely in each of the 11 procedures assessed (aspirin: range 48–82%; clopidogrel: 1–50%; warfarin: 2–40%). Respondents were most likely to continue an antithrombotic agent prior to diagnostic ureteroscopy (aspirin 82%, clopidogrel 50%, warfarin 40%) and least likely to continue prior to TURP (aspirin 45%, clopidogrel 2%, warfarin 2%).

Conclusions:

This is the first study addressing urological procedure-specific perioperative management policies for aspirin, clopidogrel and warfarin. Our findings suggest that perioperative management policies for antithrombotic agents are highly variable and appear arbitrary. Standardised guidelines need to be developed to reduce variations in current urological surgical practice.
Current Imaging Techniques in Urological Cancer
Authors: Wilkinson Christopher T.L. , Weston Michael J.
Published: September 2010

Imaging plays a key role in the investigation, staging and surveillance of prostate, renal cell and urothelial carcinoma. In this review we discuss the role of established techniques, whilst also highlighting areas where new imaging modalities and recent advances in existing techniques have had a particular impact on the imaging pathway for these common urological malignancies.
SsrA (tmRNA) acts as an antisense RNA to regulate Staphylococcus aureus pigment synthesis by base pairing with crtMN mRNA
Authors: Liu Yu , Wu Na , Dong Jie , Gao Yaping , Zhang Xin , Shao Ningsheng , Yang Guang
Published: September 2010

SsrA RNA (small stable RNA A), also known as tmRNA and 10Sa RNA, functions both as tRNA and mRNA through its unique structure. The carotenoid pigment is the eponymous feature of human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we found that the pigment of the mutant strain with ssrA deletion was increased. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that ssrA could act as an antisense RNA aside from its well‐known biological function, and crtMN, encoding two essential enzymes for the pigment synthesis, was identified as target of ssrA. Further investigation showed ssrA could specifically base pair with the RBS (ribosomal binding site) region of the crtMN mRNA. Our results revealed a new mechanism by which ssrA regulated the biosynthesis of pigment in S. aureus.
The Dieter's Paradox
Authors: Chernev Alexander
Published: September 2010

Despite the vast public policy efforts to promote the consumption of healthy foods and the public's growing concern with weight management, the proportion of overweight individuals continues to increase. An important factor contributing to this obesity trend is the misguided belief about the relationship between a meal's healthiness and its impact on weight gain, whereby people erroneously believe that eating healthy foods in addition to unhealthy ones can decrease a meal's calorie count. This research documents this misperception, showing that it is stronger among individuals most concerned with managing their weight—a striking result given that these individuals are more motivated to monitor their calorie intake. This finding has important public policy implications, suggesting that in addition to encouraging the adoption of a healthier lifestyle among overweight individuals, promoting the consumption of healthy foods might end up facilitating calorie overconsumption, leading to weight gain rather than weight loss.
Information in short selling: Comparing Nasdaq and the NYSE
Authors: Blau Benjamin M. , Van Ness Bonnie F. , Van Ness Robert A.
Published: September 2010

This study directly compares the level and return predictability of short selling for NYSE stocks to a matched sample of Nasdaq stocks. When considering trading that executes on all exchanges, we document that the Nasdaq has greater levels of short selling, relative to total trading activity, than the NYSE. However, Nasdaq has less relative short activity than the NYSE when considering short selling that executes on the primary exchange. When comparing the contrarian trading behavior and the return predictability of short sellers, we show that Nasdaq short sellers are more contrarian in contemporaneous and past returns and better at predicting negative returns than NYSE short sellers. These results are robust in each trade‐size category.
The stages and duration of formation of gold mineralization at copper-skarn deposits (Altai–Sayan folded area)
Authors: Gaskov I.V. , Borisenko A.S. , Babich V.V. , Naumov E.A.
Published: September 2010

Gold mineralization at copper-skarn deposits (Tardanskoe, Murzinskoe, Sinyukhinskoe, Choiskoe) in the Altai–Sayan folded area is related to different hydrothermal-metasomatic formations. It was produced at 400–150 ºC in several stages spanning 5–6 Myr, which determined the diversity of its mineral assemblages. Gold mineralization associated with magnetite bodies is spatially correlated with magnesian and calcareous skarns, whereas gold mineralization in crushing zones and along fault sutures in moderate- and low-temperature hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks (propylites, beresites, serpentinites, and argillizites) is of postskarn formation. Different stages were manifested with different intensities at gold deposits. For example, the Sinyukhinskoe deposit abounds in early high-temperature mineral assemblages; the Choiskoe deposit, in low-temperature ones; and the Tardanskoe and Murzinskoe deposits are rich in both early and late gold minerals. Formation of commercial gold mineralization at different copper-skarn deposits is due to the combination of gold mineralization produced at different stages as a result of formation of intricate igneous complexes (Tannu-Ola, Ust’-Belaya, and Yugala) composed of differentiated rocks from gabbros to granites.
Linear non-normal energy amplification of harmonic and stochastic forcing in the turbulent channel flow
Authors: HWANG YONGYUN , COSSU CARLO
Published: September 2010

The linear response to stochastic and optimal harmonic forcing of small coherent perturbations to the turbulent channel mean flow is computed for Reynolds numbers ranging from Reτ = 500 to 20000. Even though the turbulent mean flow is linearly stable, it is nevertheless able to sustain large amplifications by the forcing. The most amplified structures consist of streamwise-elongated streaks that are optimally forced by streamwise-elongated vortices. For streamwise-elongated structures, the mean energy amplification of the stochastic forcing is found to be, to a first approximation, inversely proportional to the forced spanwise wavenumber while it is inversely proportional to its square for optimal harmonic forcing in an intermediate spanwise wavenumber range. This scaling can be explicitly derived from the linearized equations under the assumptions of geometric similarity of the coherent perturbations and of logarithmic base flow. Deviations from this approximate power-law regime are apparent in the pre-multiplied energy amplification curves that reveal a strong influence of two different peaks. The dominant peak scales in outer units with the most amplified spanwise wavelength of λz ≈ 3.5h, while the secondary peak scales in wall units with the most amplified λz+ ≈ 80. The associated optimal perturbations are almost independent of the Reynolds number when, respectively, scaled in outer and inner units. In the intermediate wavenumber range, the optimal perturbations are approximatively geometrically similar. Furthermore, the shape of the optimal perturbations issued from the initial value, the harmonic forcing and the stochastic forcing analyses are almost indistinguishable. The optimal streaks corresponding to the large-scale peak strongly penetrate into the inner layer, where their amplitude is proportional to the mean-flow profile. At the wavenumbers corresponding to the large-scale peak, the optimal amplifications of harmonic forcing are at least two orders of magnitude larger than the amplifications of the variance of stochastic forcing and both increase with the Reynolds number. This confirms the potential of the artificial forcing of optimal large-scale streaks for the flow control of wall-bounded turbulent flows.
Diet, exercise and gut mucosal immunity
Authors: Valdés-Ramos Roxana , Martínez-Carrillo Beatriz E. , Aranda-González Irma I. , Guadarrama Ana Laura , Pardo-Morales Rosa Virgen , Tlatempa Patricia , Jarillo-Luna Rosa A.
Published: September 2010

Diet and exercise are primary strategies recommended for the control of the obesity epidemic. Considerable attention is being paid to the effect of both on the immune system. However, little research has been done on the effect of diet, nutrients or exercise on the mucosal immune system. The gastrointestinal tract (gut) is not only responsible for the entry of nutrients into the organism, but also for triggering the primary immune response to orally ingested antigens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue contains a large amount of immune cells, disseminated all along the intestine in Peyer's patches and lamina propria. Specific nutrients or their combinations, as well as the microflora, are capable of modulating the immune system through cell activation, production of signalling molecules or gene expression. We have observed an increase in T-cells as well as a decrease in B-cells from Peyer's patches, induced by diets high in fats or carbohydrates in Balb/c mice. It has also been demonstrated that exercise modulates the immune system, where moderate levels may improve its function by increasing the proliferation of lymphocytes from various sites, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, whereas exhaustive acute exercise may cause immunosuppression. High-fat diets combined with exercise are able to induce an increase in CD3+ lymphocytes due to increased CD8+ cells and a decrease in B-cells. Explanations and consequences of the effects of diet and exercise on the gut mucosal immunity are still being explored.
Ethnic isolation and psychosis: re-examining the ethnic density effect
Authors: Schofield P. , Ashworth M. , Jones R.
Published: September 2010

Background

Elevated incidence of psychotic illness has been consistently shown among migrant populations. Ethnic density, the proportion of an ethnic group in a defined area, is cited as one factor with a reduced risk of psychosis where ethnicity is shared. However, UK studies have shown mixed results. We set out to re-examine the ethnic density effect at a greater level of geographic detail than previous studies.

Method

Using a large sample of patient records from general practitioners in South East London, we were able to assess neighbourhood factors at the detailed lower super output area level. This comprises, on average, 1500 people compared with around 6000 per ward, the measure used in previous studies. We compared black (Afro-Caribbean) and white psychosis incidence by neighbourhood ethnic density over a 10-year period.

Results

We found a clear negative association between ethnic density and psychosis incidence. In neighbourhoods where black people comprised more than 25% of the population, there was no longer a statistically significant ethnic difference in psychosis rates. However, where black people were less well represented, their relative risk increased nearly threefold [odds ratio (OR) 2.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89–4.39]. Furthermore, incidence rates for black people in the lowest density quintiles were over five times greater than in the most dense quintile (OR 5.24, 95% CI 1.95–14.07). However, at ward level this association was much weaker and no longer statistically significant.

Conclusions

Ethnic density is inversely related to psychosis incidence at a detailed local neighbourhood level.
Optical genetic mapping defines regions of chromosomal variation in serovars of S. enterica subsp. enterica of concern for human and animal health
Authors: SAUNDERS M. P. , WU G. , ABUOUN M. , PAN Z. , ANJUM M. , WOODWARD M. J.
Published: September 2010

Infections involving Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars have serious animal and human health implications; causing gastroenteritis in humans and clinical symptoms, such as diarrhoea and abortion, in livestock. In this study an optical genetic mapping technique was used to screen 20 field isolate strains from four serovars implicated in disease outbreaks. The technique was able to distinguish between the serovars and the available sequenced strains and group them in agreement with similar data from microarrays and PFGE. The optical maps revealed variation in genome maps associated with antimicrobial resistance and prophage content in S. Typhimurium, and separated the S. Newport strains into two clear geographical lineages defined by the presence of prophage sequences. The technique was also able to detect novel insertions that may have had effects on the central metabolism of some strains. Overall optical mapping allowed a greater level of differentiation of genomic content and spatial information than more traditional typing methods.
GOD OF METALS: TLATLAUHQUI TEZCATLIPOCA AND THE SACRED SYMBOLISM OF METALLURGY IN MICHOACAN, WEST MEXICO
Authors: Roskamp Hans
Published: September 2010

In recent years the development of metallurgy in West Mexico has received increasing attention in the field of archaeological and technology studies. Considering that the latter already include excellent descriptions and analysis of the ritual and sumptuary functions of metal artifacts, the present article focuses on the sacred symbolism of the metal resources and the metalworking process itself according to several indigenous cosmogonical narratives and other additional pictorial and alphabetical sources from sixteenth-century Michoacan and adjacent cultural areas. The available documentation clearly shows that a crucial role was attributed to the native god Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca.