bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current and Evolving Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Management of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Sykes Jennifer , Kaldany Alain , Jang Thomas L.
Published: December 2024

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among young adult men and has favorable outcomes, with survival rates approaching 99% and over 80% for those with early and advanced stage disease, respectively. Biomarkers play a critical role in the diagnosis, pre-treatment risk stratification, surveillance, and assessment of post-treatment disease response in these men. Traditional serum tumor markers (STMs), which include alpha fetoprotein (AFP), beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), are limited by low sensitivity (approximately 50%) during initial diagnosis; false-positive elevations as a result of other benign and malignant conditions; and negative levels in low-stage disease and in certain histologies such as teratoma and seminoma. As a result, novel biomarkers with potentially better performance characteristics, including microRNA (miRNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and circulating tumor cells (CTCs), are being investigated. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA involved in transcription and translation and regulate the expression of almost one-third of human genes that regulate the cell cycle, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In germ cell tumor (GCT) patients, miR371a-3p has been identified as a promising biomarker with sensitivity and specificity of approximately 90–92% and 84–86%, respectively. The use of this new biomarker could aid in several clinical scenarios, such as predicting the presence of micrometastases in chemotherapy-naïve patients with clinical stage I–II disease, thereby guiding decisions on treatment versus surveillance and predicting the presence of viable GCT in patients with residual disease post chemotherapy. Clinical trials are ongoing to validate the use of miRNA 371 as a biomarker and to define its performance characteristics. Though promising, miRNAs are limited by their inability to detect teratoma. ctDNA and CTCs are two other emerging biomarkers, though further studies are needed to clarify their role in managing patients with GCT.
Effect of Extreme Environments on Adhesive Joint Performance
Authors: Kadlec Martin , Cabrnoch Bohuslav , Hron Robin
Published: December 2024

The presented research on adhesives was conducted with the aim of supporting the design of composite repairs for composite aircraft structures that can withstand specific environmental conditions. Double-sided strap joint specimens of epoxy-based CFRP adherents and straps were bonded by two types of adhesives. Room-temperature curing epoxy adhesives EC-9323 and EA-9395 were used for bonding. The specimens’ shear strength and failure modes were evaluated under four different environmental conditions from −72 °C up to 70 °C unconditioned and at 70 °C after humidity conditioning. The results show that EC-9323 performed excellently at room temperature, but very poorly at elevated temperatures after hot–wet conditioning. Adhesive EA-9395 performed consistently well across all tested conditions. The failure mode analysis explained the performance trends and the effect of the environment on the fractured surface. This study will support proper repair design and verification of numerical simulations. The novelty of this article lies in its combined analysis of multiple environmental factors, providing a more realistic assessment of joint performance.
Comparative Evaluation of Mathematical Model and In Vivo Study of Calcium Phosphate Bone Grafts
Authors: Shlykov Mikhail A. , Smirnova Polina V. , Senotov Anatoliy S. , Teterina Anastasia Yu. , Minaychev Vladislav V. , Smirnov Igor V. , Novikov Roman A. , Marchenko Ekaterina I. , Salynkin Pavel S. , Komlev Vladimir S. , Fadeev Roman S. , Fadeeva Irina S.
Published: December 2024

One of the key factors of the interaction ‘osteoplastic material—organism’ is the state of the implant surface. Taking into account the fact that the equilibrium in regeneration conditions is reached only after the reparative histogenesis process is completed, the implant surface is constantly modified. This work is devoted to the numerical description of the dynamic bilateral material–medium interaction under close to physiological conditions, as well as to the assessment of the comparability of the model with in vitro and in vivo experimental results. The semi-empirical model obtained on the basis of chemical kinetics allows us to describe numerically the processes occurring in the in vitro systems and extrapolates well to assess the behavior of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) material under conditions of ectopic (subcutaneous) implantation in Wistar rats. It is shown that an experiment conducted using a perfusion–diffusion bioreactor in a cell culture medium with the addition of fetal bovine serum (FBS) allows for achieving morphologically and chemically identical changes in the surface of the material in comparison with the real organism. This fact opens up wide possibilities for the creation of an analog of a ‘laboratory-on-a-chip’ and the transition from classical in vivo models to more controlled and mathematically based in vitro systems.
Enhancing Welding Productivity and Mitigation of Distortion in Dissimilar Welding of Ferritic-Martensitic Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel Using Robotic A-TIG Welding Process
Authors: Sonar Tushar , Ivanov Mikhail , Shcherbakov Igor , Trofimov Evgeny , Khasanova Emiliya , Cheepu Muralimohan , Liu Kun
Published: December 2024

The P91 martensitic steel and 304L austenitic stainless steels are two mainly used structural steels in power plants. The major problem in conventional multipass tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of P91/304L steel is high heat input and joint distortion, increased cost and time associated with V groove preparation, filler rod requirement, preheating and welding in multiple passes, and labor efforts. Hence, in this study, a novel approach of robotically operated activated flux TIG (A-TIG) welding process and thin AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy (EHEA) sheet as the interlayer was used to weld 6.14 mm thick P91 and 304L steel plates with 02 passes in butt joint configuration. The joints were qualified using visual examination, macro-etching, X-ray radiography testing and angular distortion measurement. The angular distortion of the joints was measured using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) integrated with Samiso 7.5 software. The quality of the A-TIG welded joints was compared to the joints made employing multipass-TIG welding process and Inconel 82 filler rod in 07 passes. The A-TIG welded joints showed significant reduction in angular distortion and higher productivity. It showed a 55% reduction in angular distortion and 80% reduction in welding cost and time compared to the multipass-TIG welded joints.
Prescribed Performance-Based Formation Control for Multiple Autonomous Underwater Helicopters with Complex Dynamic Characteristics
Authors: Wu Zheyuan , Song Zilong , Huang Haocai
Published: December 2024

This research addresses the challenge of formation control among multiple homogeneous autonomous underwater helicopters (AUHs) in the presence of external disturbances and complex dynamic characteristics. The study introduces a novel approach by integrating both disturbance and state observers within the control law framework to manage external disturbances and the immeasurability of velocity, respectively. Concurrently, localized radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) of identical configurations are incorporated into the formation control law to assimilate model uncertainties. Building upon this integration, an experience-based formation control strategy is developed, leveraging accumulated knowledge to diminish computational demands while maintaining stipulated performance criteria. Furthermore, the incorporation of a finite-time prescribed performance control (FTPPC) technique enhances the learning process’s efficiency by expediting convergence. Numerical simulations are presented to validate the efficacy of the proposed methodology.
Interannual and Seasonal Variability of CO2 Parameters in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Bonou Frederic , Dossa A. Nathanael , Dahunsi Adeola M. , Sohou Zacharie
Published: December 2024

This study examined the carbon cycling dynamics in the tropical Atlantic Ocean from 1985 to 2023, focusing on factors influencing the surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), freshwater input, total alkalinity (ALK), total dissolved carbon (TCO2), and pH levels. The time series data revealed significant trends, with average pCO2 concentrations rising from approximately 350 μatm in the early 1990s to over 400 μatm by 2023. The TCO2 levels increased from about 2000 μmol/kg to 2200 μmol/kg, while ALK rose from approximately 2300 μmol/kg to 2500 μmol/kg. This increase highlights the ocean’s role as a carbon sink, particularly in areas with high biological productivity and upwelling where TCO2 also rose. This study employed Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) to identify variability modes and understand spatial patterns of pCO2. Freshwater dynamics significantly affect TCO2 concentrations, particularly in coastal regions, where pH can shift from 8.2 to 7.9, exacerbating acidification. Rising sea surface temperatures have been linked to elevated pCO2 values. These findings support the need for ongoing monitoring and effective management strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change and ensure the sustainability of marine resources. This study documented the long-term trends in tropical Atlantic CO2 parameters linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO).
Kowloon Walled City: A Case of Land Administration of a Disputed Territory
Authors: Lai Lawrence W. C.
Published: December 2024

Informed by hitherto unreported archival materials and the relevant literature, this short paper employs a case study of the post-war Hong Kong Government’s administration of the so-called Kowloon Walled City to elucidate two fundamental principles of land administration in the use of land: (a) certitude of land boundaries and (b) public health and safety. Land administration of this densely populated and growing habitat, being a territory under disputed colonial jurisdiction, was characterised by the meticulous enforcement of an officially adopted boundary and the implementation of a site and service approach for a high-rise settlement by the Colonial Hong Kong Government.
Reducing Cd and Pb Accumulation in Potatoes: The Role of Soil Passivators in Contaminated Mining Soils
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Zhou Hongyin , Yang Ke , Er Ze Ladu , Lu Zhengli , Li Yingmei , Mu Liyuan , Zhang Naiming
Published: December 2024

This work aimed to explore safe techniques for the utilization of farmland surrounding mining areas contaminated with heavy metals—specifically cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)—in order to achieve food security in agricultural production. A potato variety (Qingshu 9) with high Cd and Pb accumulation was used as the test crop, and seven treatments were set up: control (CK), special potato fertilizer (T1), humic acid (T2), special potato fertilizer + humic acid (T3), biochar (T4), calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (T5), and biochar + calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (T6). The remediation effect of the combined application of different passivators on the accumulation of cadmium and lead in potatoes in the contaminated soil of a mining area was studied. The results showed that, compared with CK, all passivator treatments improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil and reduced the available Cd and Pb content in the soil and in different parts of potatoes. The T6 treatment yielded the most significant reduction in the available Cd and Pb content in the soil, the Cd and Pb content in the potato pulp, and the enrichment factor (BCF) and transfer factor (TF) of the potatoes. Compared with T4 and T5, the content of available Cd in the soil decreased by 1.22% and 4.71%, respectively; the soil available Pb content decreased by 3.13% and 3.02%, respectively; the Cd content in the potato pulp decreased by 68.08% and 31.02%, respectively; and the Pb content decreased by 31.03% and 20.00%, respectively. The results showed that the application of biochar combined with calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer had a better effect in terms of reducing the available Cd and Pb content in the soil and the Cd and Pb content in the potato flesh compared to their individual application. Biochar and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer can synergistically increase the content of soil available nutrients and reduce the activity of heavy metals in the soil to prevent the transfer and accumulation of cadmium and lead to potatoes, as well as improve their yield and quality. The results of this study provide technical support for safe potato planting and agricultural soil management.
A Study on the Research Clusters in the Humanitarian Supply Chain Literature: A Systematic Review
Authors: Patil Anchal , Madaan Jitender
Published: December 2024

Background: The humanitarian supply chain (HSC) literature has observed significant growth in past years. The wide range of research areas and the interdisciplinary nature of humanitarian work have generated the need to examine and classify the literature. Previous reviews have examined particular research domains such as quality, data analytics, performance measurement, and dynamics capabilities. This article examines the HSC literature, tracing its evolution and proposing a systematic review and roadmap for future researchers. Method: We adopted bibliometric, network, and citation analyses to extract insights into the HSC literature. Results: The integrated approach helped map the previous literature and identified research keywords, clusters, authors’ collaborative network, and seven research fields. The literature classification and clustering were performed for the articles published before the literature surge during the COVID-19 pandemic to avoid potential biases that could arise from the significant increase in HSC research published during this period. Conclusions: Some of the original contributions to this article include the classification of research clusters and the identification of emerging research topics in the HSC domain. Our findings indicate research opportunities in the sustainability, performance measurement, and innovation aspects of the HSC. This study provides potential research roadmaps for future research in this field.
Cyclization Modes in Anilides of N-Protected 3-Oxo-4-phenylaminobutyric Acid Under Knorr Conditions
Authors: Angelov Plamen , Mollova-Sapundzhieva Yordanka
Published: December 2024

Anilides of 3-oxo-4-phenylaminobutyric acid with Troc or COOEt protection at the phenylamino group undergo competing cyclization processes in neat polyphosphoric acid at 80 °C. Depending on the protecting group and the duration of the process, three main products in different ratios are formed. Along with the quinolin-2-ones, resulting from the classic Knorr cyclization, an indole derivative and a spirocyclic product have also been obtained from the COOEt-protected substrate. It has been demonstrated that the obtained indole derivative is capable of further dearomative spirocyclization under the studied conditions.
Topology Optimization: A Review for Structural Designs Under Statics Problems
Authors: Tang Tianshu , Wang Leijia , Zhu Mingqiao , Zhang Huzhi , Dong Jiarui , Yue Wenhui , Xia Hui
Published: December 2024

Topology optimization is a powerful structural design method that determines the optimal configuration by distributing materials efficiently within a given design domain while satisfying specified load, performance, and volume constraints. Unlike size and shape optimization, topology optimization is independent of the initial design, offering a broader design space. This paper provides a systematic review of topology optimization methods, covering two theoretical frameworks: linear elasticity and nonlinear theory. Specifically, the review focuses on sensitivity analysis, optimization criteria, and topology solution smoothing within the context of linear elasticity. In the context of nonlinear theory, the review primarily addresses nonlinear phenomena arising from stress constraints, geometric, material, and contact nonlinearities. The paper concludes by summarizing the current state of the field, identifying limitations in existing methods, and suggesting directions for future research.
Achieving Strength and Toughness in Dual-Phase Mg-8Li Alloys Through Phase Structure Control and Composite Fracture
Authors: Zhao Lei , Wang Shuaipu , Wu Mingjian , Liu Chengxiang , Wu Zhilin
Published: December 2024

The rising industrial demand for ultra-lightweight materials with exceptional strength and toughness has intensified interest in dual-phase Mg-Li alloys due to their low density and high specific strength. While much of the research on Mg-Li alloys has concentrated on conventional strengthening methods, such as grain refinement and solid-solution strengthening, overcoming the challenge of plastic deformation compatibility between the α- and β-phases remains unresolved. This study focuses on Mg-8Li binary alloy, systematically investigating the impact of rolling deformation temperature and strain on the phase structures. A detailed analysis of fracture behavior reveals a novel brittle–tough composite fracture control strategy that enhances both strength and toughness simultaneously. This work advances the understanding of phase structure control and its role in strengthening and toughening mechanisms, offering critical insights for the development of next-generation dual-phase magnesium alloys.
The Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration on the 3D Printing Fabrication and Grinding Performance of Structured CBN Grinding Wheel
Authors: Wang Zixuan , Li Zhenshuai , Zhao Yang , Zhao Ji , Du Jiahui , Yu Tianbiao , Zhao Jun
Published: December 2024

The abrasives of traditional grinding wheels are usually randomly arranged on the substrate, reducing the number of effective abrasive grains involved in the machining during the grinding process. However, there are some problems such as uneven distribution of chip storage space, high grinding temperature, and easy surface burn. In trying to address this issue, an ultrasonic vibration 3D printing method is introduced to fabricate the structured CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride) grinding wheel. The effects of the fabricated process parameters, overlap rate, scanning path, and ultrasonic amplitude were analyzed. The effects of laser power, scanning speed, and powder disk rotation speed on the topography of the printing layer were analyzed by orthogonal tests. The obtained data were input into the GA-BP (Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation) neural network for training, and the trained model was utilized to derive the optimal process parameters. Then, the experiments were carried out to optimize the overlap rate and the scanning path. The effect of ultrasonic vibration amplitude on the surface topography and the microhardness of the printing layer was observed and investigated. The structured CBN grinding wheels were fabricated using the optimal parameters, and the performance of the grinding wheels was evaluated. The workpiece surface roughness ground by the grinding wheel fabricated with ultrasonic vibration was smaller than that without ultrasonic vibration, and a better workpiece surface quality was obtained.
Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Steel and PVA Fibers
Authors: Jacintho Ana Elisabete P. G. A. , Santos André M. dos , Santos Junior Gilvan B. , Krahl Pablo A. , Barbante Grazielle G. , Pimentel Lia L. , Forti Nádia C. S.
Published: December 2024

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has gained worldwide popularity due to its high mechanical performance. This research studied the influence of adding a mixture of two fibers (steel and PVA) on the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and flexural tensile strength of UHPC. The mixtures were prepared by adding steel fibers and PVA fibers using a standard procedure defined in the research, which is the time to mix the dry materials and the time to mix the admixture and water. The Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) methodology was used for the experimental design of the compressive strength and longitudinal deformation modulus tests. The results were analyzed using statistical software to investigate the influence of fibers on these two mechanical properties of UHPC. With this technique, an optimized design for the study of flexural tensile strength was arrived at. It was found that the standardized equations for the modulus of elasticity, directed to conventional concrete and high-strength concrete, are inadequate for estimating the modulus of UHPC in this research. Statistical analysis indicated that the range of fiber amounts analyzed did not significantly affect the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Regarding the optimized mixture, its flexural tensile strength indicated that the fiber content should be higher for UHPC to be suitable for structural use.
Optimization Design of Novel Consequent Pole Motor for Electric Power Steering System
Authors: Jo Sung-Jun , Baek Soo-Whang , Hwang Kyu-Yun
Published: December 2024

This paper proposes a novel consequent pole machine (CPM) to improve cogging torque, torque ripple, and torque per magnet volume compared to a conventional CPM. The proposed structure consists of a consequent pole rotor that reduces permanent magnet (PM) material. Different from conventional surface permanent magnet machines (SPMs) and conventional CPMs, the proposed CPM has an additional iron pole (AIP) extension under the magnet. This structure is suggested in order to increase the magnet pole angle while maintaining the magnet volume by partially substituting the magnet with iron. The design of the proposed machine was optimized to achieve higher torque and lower torque ripple. Comparisons of the proposed CPM with a conventional SPM and CPM were conducted to show the superiority of the proposed CPM utilizing AIP. The results showed that the proposed CPM exhibits 68% lower cogging torque, 75% lower torque ripple, and 16% higher torque per magnet volume with the same magnet volume compared with the conventional CPM.
Molecular Simulation of the Complexes Formed by Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin and Rifampicin with Different Solvents
Authors: Alvira Elena
Published: December 2024

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) is a derivatized cyclodextrin in which several H atoms on the hydroxyls of the glucose rings are substituted by 2-hydroxypropyl groups. The cyclic structure of HPβCD creates a cavity capable of totally or partially enclosing different molecules (inclusion complexes), and this capacity makes it useful in the pharmaceutical industry. Rifampicin is an antibiotic commonly used to treat tuberculosis; however, some of its properties such as its low solubility and variable bioavailability need to be improved by encapsulating it in systems such as HPβCD. The inclusion complexes formed by twelve structures of HPβCD and rifampicin with various polar and non-polar solvents are studied using molecular simulation. Diverse solvents are simulated using the zwitterionic or neutral configuration of rifampicin, and different values of relative permittivity in the electrostatic contribution to the total energy. The latter constant has little effect on the formation of inclusion complexes, whereas the type of rifampicin essentially determines the energies and configurations of the complexes. The zwitterion is located near the primary rim of HPβCD and the neutral form of rifampicin is near the secondary one. In both cases, the piperazine tail is incorporated into higher-energy complexes inside the host.
Semi-Implicit Numerical Integration of Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Galchenko Maksim , Fedoseev Petr , Andreev Valery , Kovács Endre , Butusov Denis
Published: December 2024

The numerical solution to boundary differential problems is a crucial task in modern applied mathematics. Usually, implicit integration methods are applied to solve this class of problems due to their high numerical stability and convergence. The known shortcoming of implicit algorithms is high computational costs, which can become unacceptable in the case of numerous right-hand side function calls, which are typical when solving boundary problems via the shooting method. Meanwhile, recently semi-implicit numerical integrators have gained major interest from scholars, providing an efficient trade-off between computational costs, stability, and precision. However, the application of semi-implicit methods to solving boundary problems has not been investigated in detail. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by constructing a semi-implicit boundary problem solver and comparing the performance of explicit, semi-implicit, semi-explicit, and implicit methods using a set of linear and nonlinear test boundary problems. The novel blinking solver concept is introduced to overcome the main shortcoming of the semi-implicit schemes, namely, the low convergence on exponential solutions. The numerical stability of the blinking semi-implicit solver is investigated and compared with existing methods by plotting the stability regions. The performance plots for investigated methods are obtained as a dependence between global truncation error and estimated computation time. The experimental results confirm the assumption that semi-implicit numerical methods can significantly outperform both explicit and implicit solvers while solving boundary problems, especially in the proposed blinking modification. The results of this study can be efficiently used to create software for solving boundary problems, including partial derivative equations. Constructing semi-implicit numerical methods of higher-accuracy orders is also of interest for further research.
Synthesis of Boundary Conditions in Polygonal Magnetic Domains Using Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Barmada Sami , Di Barba Paolo Di , Mognaschi Maria Evelina
Published: December 2024

In this paper, the authors approach the problem of boundary condition synthesis (also defined as field continuation) in a doubly connected domain by the use of a Neural Network-based approach. In this innovative method, given a field problem (magnetostatic, in the test case shown here), a set of Finite Element Method simulations is performed in order to define the training set (in terms of the potential over a domain) by solving the direct problem; subsequently, the Neural Network is trained to perform the boundary condition synthesis. The performances of different Neural Networks are compared, showing the accuracy and computational efficiency of the method. Moreover, domains externally bounded by two different kinds of polygonal contours (L-shaped and three-segments, respectively) are considered. As for the latter, the effect of the concavity/convexity of the boundary is deeply investigated. To sum up, a classical field continuation problem turns out to be revisited and solved with an innovative approach, based on deep learning.
New Sesterterpenes from the Antarctic Sponge Suberites sp.
Authors: Olsen Stine S. H. , Morrow Sydney K. , Szabo Julia L. , Teng Michael N. , Tran Kim C. , Amsler Charles D. , McClintock James B. , Baker Bill. J.
Published: December 2024

Chemical investigation of the Antarctic sponge Suberites sp. has previously led to the identification of new suberitane derivatives, some of which show bioactivity toward respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Our ongoing NMR-guided investigation of new specimens of the sponge resulted in the isolation of five new analogs (1–5), previously reported suberitenones A–D (6–9), and oxaspirosuberitenone (10). Suberitenone K (1) was characterized as the 8-keto derivative of 6, while three new phenols, suberitandiol (2), abeosuberitandiol (3), and furanosuberitandiol (4), and the degraded sesterterpene norsuberitenone B (5) were also found. Compound 3 displays a ring contraction while 4 has a new dihydrofuran ring. Structural characterization was achieved by a combination of NMR, HR-MS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Moderate activity towards RSV was reported for 9 and the new metabolite 1, with IC50 values of 15.0 μM and 39.8 μM, respectively.
Gynecological Insights into Lynch Syndrome—A Comprehensive Review of Cancer Screening and Prevention
Authors: Chitoran Elena , Bohiltea Roxana-Elena , Rotaru Vlad , Durdu Cristiana-Elena , Mitroiu Madalina-Nicoleta , Simion Laurentiu
Published: December 2024

Lynch syndrome, one of the most common genetic syndromes predisposing to cancer, is associated with a series of malignant conditions, among which the most frequent is colorectal cancer, but gynecologic cancers (especially endometrial) are also quite common. Despite the significant progress made in understanding this condition over time, there are still aspects in managing this condition that have not demonstrated clear benefits. This article aims to summarize the recommendations of international societies and present the latest developments in managing Lynch syndrome, focusing on gynecologic cancer screening and possible prevention strategies. Advances in genetic testing procedures and discoveries related to the association between oncological pathology frequency and the affected pathogenic variant type will probably lead to personalized medicine focused on the individual patient in the coming years. Although various screening methods for gynecological cancers in patients with Lynch syndrome have been used over time, they have not shown significant survival benefits. This highlights the need for studying and implementing new screening and diagnostic methods, which have been under investigation in recent years and are mentioned in this article.
Cathelicidin in Urinary Tract Diseases: Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential of an Evolutionary Conserved Antimicrobial Protein
Authors: Sorić Hosman Iva , Cvitković Roić Andrea , Vuković Brinar Ivana , Gulin Tonko , Ćorić Marijana , Rogić Dunja , Lončar Vrančić Ana , Lamot Lovro
Published: December 2024

Despite being one of the most common infectious diseases, urinary tract infections (UTIs) still represent a challenge for clinicians to diagnose and treat, especially in the era of growing antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic bacteria. Recent studies investigating the pathophysiology of UTIs have discovered the prominent role of antimicrobial peptides in the urinary tract defense system. Cathelicidin is an evolutionary conserved antimicrobial peptide encoded by one single gene in humans. Except for being stored in neutrophil cytoplasmic granules, cathelicidin is produced by uroepithelial cells rapidly upon contact with a uropathogen, even before leukocytes invade the urinary tract. In addition to its bactericidal effect, cathelicidin acts as a chemoattractant for multiple immune cells and a potent inductor of numerous cytokine synthesis. Such a crucial role in the initial pathogenesis of a UTI makes cathelicidin a potential biomarker for an early UTI diagnosis. Indeed, multiple studies over the last two decades have proved the potential clinical utility of cathelicidin as a UTI diagnostic biomarker. Furthermore, since patients after the resolution of a UTI have been found to express a lower urinary cathelicidin level than healthy controls, decreased cathelicidin levels have been suggested as a risk factor for developing UTI recurrence. Therefore, measuring cathelicidin levels in urine might help in distinguishing patients with a higher risk for a recurrent UTI. Interestingly, except in UTIs, cathelicidin has also been evaluated in other urinary tract diseases and proposed as a biomarker for diagnosing severe vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and for recognizing renal scar development in patients with VUR. Finally, a prominent role in UTI pathogenesis also makes cathelicidin an attractive therapeutic target for treating UTIs and, lately, different therapeutic agents up-regulating cathelicidin expression have been investigated in this matter. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize the current body of knowledge on the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential of cathelicidin in urinary tract diseases. For this purpose, three databases (Scopus, Medline and Web of Science) were extensively searched to cover all the published articles. This exhaustive review will update clinicians on the contemporary state of knowledge about the potential clinical utility of cathelicidin in urinary tract diseases and hopefully encourage further research, resulting in improvement in the current management of urinary tract diseases.
A Gravity-Driven Membrane Bioreactor in Treating Real Fruit Juice Wastewater: Response Relationship Between Filtration Behavior and Microbial Community Evolution
Authors: Song Dan , Du Haiyao , Chen Shichun , Han Xiaodie , Wang Lu , Li Yonggang , Liu Caihong , Zhang Wenjuan , Ma Jun
Published: December 2024

The issue of environmental pollution caused by wastewater discharge from fruit juice production has attracted increasing attention. However, the cost-effectiveness of conventional treatment technology remains insufficient. In this study, a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (GDMBR) was developed to treat real fruit juice wastewater from secondary sedimentation at pressures ranging from 0.01 to 0.04 MPa without requiring backwashing or chemical cleaning, with the aim of investigating flux development and contaminant removal under low-energy conditions. The results demonstrate an initial decrease in flux followed by stabilization during long-term filtration. Moreover, the stabilized flux level achieved with the GDMBR at pressures of 0.01 and 0.02 MPa was observed to surpass that obtained at 0.04 MPa, ranging from 4 to 4.5 L/m−2 h−1. The stability of flux was positively associated with the low membrane fouling resistance observed in the GDMBR system. Additionally, the GDMBR system provided remarkable efficiencies in removing the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia (NH4+-N), and total nitrogen (TN), with average removal rates of 82%, 80%, 83%, and 79%, respectively. The high biological activity and microbial community diversity within the sludge and biofilm are expected to enhance its biodegradation potential, thereby contributing to the efficient removal of contaminants. Notably, a portion of total phosphorus (TP) can be effectively retained in the reactor, which highlighted the promising application of the GDMBR process for actual fruit juice wastewater based on these findings.
Early Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections Using Serum Metabolomic Analysis
Authors: Han Shuang , Li Ruihua , Wang Hao , Wang Lin , Gao Yiming , Wen Yaolin , Gong Tianyang , Ruan Shiyu , Li Hui , Gao Peng
Published: December 2024

Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) pose a great challenge to treating patients, especially those with underlying diseases, such as immunodeficiency diseases. Early diagnosis helps to direct precise empirical antibiotic administration and proper clinical management. This study carried out a serum metabolomic analysis using blood specimens sampled from patients with a suspected infection whose routine culture results were later demonstrated to be positive. Methods: A liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis was carried out to profile the BSI serum samples. The serum metabolomics data could be used to successfully differentiate BSIs from non-BSIs. Results: The major classes of the isolated pathogens (e.g., Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) could be differentiated using our optimized statistical algorithms. In addition, by using different machine-learning algorithms, the isolated pathogens could also be classified at the species levels (e.g., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) or according to their specific antibiotic-resistant phenotypes (e.g., extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and non-producing phenotypes) if needed. Conclusions: This study provides an early diagnosis method that could be an alternative to the traditional time-consuming culture process to identify BSIs. Moreover, this metabolomics strategy was less affected by several risk factors (e.g., antibiotics administration) that could produce false culture results.
Advances in 2D Molybdenum Disulfide Transistors for Flexible and Wearable Electronics
Authors: Kwak Kyoungwon , Yoon Hyewon , Hong Seongin , Kang Byung Ha
Published: December 2024

As the trajectory of developing advanced electronics is shifting towards wearable electronics, various methods for implementing flexible and bendable devices capable of conforming to curvilinear surfaces have been widely investigated. In particular, achieving high-performance and stable flexible transistors remains a significant technical challenge, as transistors are fundamental components of electronics, playing a key role in overall performance. Among the wide range of candidates for flexible transistors, two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-based transistors have emerged as potential solutions to address these challenges. Unlike other 2D materials, the 2D MoS2 offers numerous advantages, such as high carrier mobility, a tunable bandgap, superior mechanical strength, and exceptional chemical stability. This review emphasizes the novel techniques of the fabrication process, structure, and material to achieve flexible MoS2 transistor-based applications. Furthermore, the distinctive feature of this review is its focus on studies published in high-impact journals over the past decade, emphasizing their methods for developing MoS2 transistors into various applications. Finally, the review addresses technical challenges and provides an outlook for flexible and wearable MoS2 transistors.
Evaluation of Length and Fiber Count Determinations for Natural and Synthetic Microfibers Using the OpTest Fiber Quality Analyzer
Authors: Santiago Cintron Michael , Fortier Chanel A. , Nam Sunghyun
Published: December 2024

Microfibers are small fiber particles that range from 1 µm to 5 mm in length, generated through the home laundering and daily wear of textile garments. Microfibers stemming from synthetic textiles are a global pollution problem marked by their slow biodegradation and steady environmental accumulation. Thus, the quantification and study of factors controlling their generation is of interest. The aim of the current study included exploring the use of a Fiber Quality Analyzer-360 (FQA) for examining fiber counts and lengths of microfibers derived from cotton, flax, ramie, hemp, acrylic, polyester, viscose, and polyamide, and to explore if additional preparation steps, such as sonication, would improve microfiber detection by the system. While probe sonication led to higher fiber counts for most microfiber types, average microfiber lengths were statistically similar for most samples, with only the hemp and ramie samples showing statistically shorter microfibers following sonication. FQA detection estimates for cotton, viscose, and ramie microfibers were high, at 99, 101, and 116% for viscose, flax, and cotton, respectively. In contrast, synthetic microfibers of acrylic, polyamide and polyester showed 77, 43, and 14% detection rates, respectively. The high detection rate for the cotton sample is partly due to the higher fineness value obtained from the gravimetric determination. A similar calculation using AFIS fineness showed 86% detection. These observations confirm the significance of properly suspending the samples to accurately quantify microfibers while using the FQA system. Furthermore, the reduced detection of the examined synthetic microfibers suggests the limitations of the FQA as a technique for the direct comparison of natural and synthetic microfiber counts.
Caledonian Sn Mineralization in the Yuechengling Granitic Batholith, South China: Geochronology, Geochemistry, Zircon Hf Isotopes, and Tourmaline Chemistry and B Isotopes of the Lijia Sn Deposit and Its Hosting Granites
Authors: Liu Yuhang , Wang Congcong , Feng Meng , Cui Yan , Fang Guicong , Feng Zuohai , Fu Wei , Zhao Chuan , Wang Chunzeng
Published: December 2024

The Lijia Sn deposit, located in northeastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of south China, occurs on the eastern margin of the Yuechengling granite batholith. The Sn deposit contains quartz vein type and greisen type ores and is spatially associated with the medium-coarse-grained biotite granite and the fine-grained tourmaline-bearing biotite granite. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating gave an emplacement age of 431.7 ± 2.5 Ma for the medium-coarse-grained biotite granite and of 430.2 ± 2.4 Ma for the fine-grained tourmaline-bearing biotite granite. LA-ICP-MS cassiterite U-Pb dating yielded Tera-Wasserburg lower intercept ages of 429.1 ± 3.4 Ma and 425.7 ± 3.3 Ma for the quartz vein type and greisen type ores, respectively. The ages demonstrate near coeval Caledonian granitic emplacement and Sn mineralization events that have been considered uncommon in south China. Both granites might be derived from partial melting of the Paleoproterozoic basement, as evidenced from zircon ɛHf(t) values of −3.13 to −10.31 and TDM2 from 1627 Ma to 2134 Ma. Three different types of tourmalines have been identified, including (1) tourmaline in quartz–tourmaline nodules in the fine-grained tourmaline-bearing biotite granite (Tur 1), (2) tourmaline in quartz veins (Tur 2a), and (3) tourmaline in greisen (Tur 2b). Most of the tourmalines belong to the alkali group and the schorl-dravite solid-solution series. The hydrothermal tourmalines of Tur 2a and Tur2b showed similar δ11B values to those of the Tur 1 tourmalines in the fine-grained tourmaline-bearing biotite granite, suggesting ore-forming materials derived from granitic magmas. The hydrothermal tourmalines of Tur 2b had slightly lower δ11B values than Tur 1 and Tur 2a tourmalines as a result of progressive 11B depletion during early tourmaline crystallization.
Isotope Geochemistry and Metallogenic Model of the Bailugou Vein-Type Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, Eastern Qinling Orogen, China
Authors: Yang Yan , Chen Hui , Guo Nana , Wu Donghao , Pang Zhenshan , Chen Yanjing
Published: December 2024

The large-scale vein-type Zn-Pb-Ag deposit in the Eastern Qinling Orogen (EQO) has sparked a long-standing debate over whether magmatism or metamorphism was the primary control or factor in its formation. Among the region’s vein-type deposits, the large-sized Bailugou deposit offers a unique opportunity to study this style of mineralization. Similar to other deposits in the area, the vein-type orebodies of the Bailugou deposit are hosted in dolomitic marbles (carbonate–shale–chert association, CSC) of the Mesoproterozoic Guandaokou Group. Faults control the distribution of the Bailugou deposit but do not show apparent spatial links to the regional Yanshanian granitic porphyry. This study conducted comprehensive H–O–C–S–Pb isotopic analyses to constrain the sources of the ore-forming metals and metal endowments of the Bailugou deposit. The δ34SCDT values of sulfides range from 1.1‰ to 9.1‰ with an average of 4.0‰, indicating that the sulfur generated from homogenization during the high-temperature source acted on host sediments. The Pb isotopic compositions obtained from 31 sulfide samples reveal that the lead originated from the host sediments rather than from the Mesozoic granitic intrusions. The results indicate that the metals for the Bailugou deposit were jointly sourced from host sediments of the Mid-Late Proterozoic Meiyaogou Fm. and the Nannihu Fm. of the Luanchuan Group and Guandaokou Group, as well as lower crust and mantle materials. The isotopic composition of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen collectively indicate that the metallogenic constituents of the Bailugou deposit were contributed by ore-bearing surrounding rocks, lower crust, and mantle materials. In summary, the study presents a composite geologic-metallogenic model suggesting that the Bailugou mineral system, along with other lead-zinc-silver deposits, porphyry-skarn molybdenum-tungsten deposits, and the small granitic intrusions in the Luanchuan area, are all products of contemporaneous hydrothermal diagenetic mineralization. This mineralization event transpired during a continental collision regime between the Yangtze and the North China Block (including syn- to post-collisional settings), particularly during the transition from collisional compression to extension around 140 Ma. The Bailugou lead-zinc-silver mineralization resembles an orogenic-type deposit formed by metamorphic fluid during the Yanshanian Orogeny.
Mineralogical Features of Ultramafic and Mafic Rocks of Syum-Keu Ophiolite (Polar Urals, Russia): Implications for Petrology and Paleogeodynamics
Authors: Shabutdinov Timur D. , Saveliev Dmitry E. , Gataullin Ruslan A. , Samigullin Aidar A.
Published: December 2024

The Syum-Keu massif is the northernmost ophiolite complex of the Ural mobile belt. It differs from other massifs of the Polar Urals due to the prominent distribution of lherzolites in the upper mantle section. This feature aligns it more closely to some massifs in the southern part of the belt (Kraka). Thus, a comparison of the ultramafic rock compositions in these massifs is highly relevant. Thus, comparing the compositions of ultramafic rocks from these massifs is highly relevant and is one of the primary objectives of this study. Our second objective is to study the microstructural features of ultramafic rocks from the upper mantle, as they can indicate modes of subsolidus processes that played a key role in the formation of this massif. Our study utilizes optical microscopy, assessments of bulk rock composition using X-ray fluorescence and ICP-MS, as well as mineralogical methods, such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscattered diffraction, for the microstructural analysis of peridotites. In addition to ultramafic rocks from the upper mantle section, the composition and mineralogy of mafic rocks from the crustal section were studied. The microstructural analysis of ultramafic rocks indicates their two-stage evolution. The first is associated with plastic flow under the upper mantle conditions dominated by the olivine slip along the {0kl}[100] system, while the second reflects formation in the lower crust, with lower-temperature deformation along the {110}[001] slip system. Comparing the mineralogy of the Syum-Keu peridotites to lherzolite massifs in the Southern Urals reveals a significant difference in accessory Cr-spinel composition; the former show elevated iron content (Fe trend), indicating intense crustal metamorphism. Similarly, amphiboles in Syum-Keu ultramafic rocks exhibit a significant crustal (metamorphic) component, while the same minerals in the Kraka massif suggest a mantle (magmatic) origin. Mafic rocks in the Syum-Keu massif also typically display a high degree of metamorphism. The obtained results generally corroborate prior findings on a longer evolution of the upper mantle ultramafic rocks of the Syum-Keu massif compared to those of the Kraka massif. Our results are also consistent with the suprasubduction nature of these ultramafic rocks. Our findings can be utilized in further studies of the microstructure and composition of ophiolites from the Polar Urals to provide a more detailed characterization of the partial melting conditions of the mantle source, the plastic flow of peridotites, and their interaction with melts and fluids.