bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Fe and Ni in Fe-Ni-O systems
Authors: Zhang Y. , Wei W. , Yang X. , Wei F.
Published: November 2012

A Cu-Co ore from Katinga Province, the Republic of Congo containing 1.5% Co
and 1.6% Cu was tested to determine the leachability of Cu and Co using
sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide mixtures at different conditions.
Without hydrogen peroxide, the maximum extraction of copper and cobalt were
found to be ~80% and ~15%, respectively when the acid concentration was
varied between 0.36 - 1.1M. When hydrogen peroxide was added (0.008-0.042M),
Cu recovery was enhanced to ~90%. Recoveries of ~90% of Co could be achieved
at 20?C, using leachants consisting of 0.36M sulphuric acid and 0.025M
hydrogen peroxide after 3 hours. The reaction time to reach 90% Co extraction
was reduced to less than 2 hours at 30?C. Stabcal modelling of the Eh-pH
diagrams shows the importance of hydrogen peroxide as a reductant. The
decrease of solution potential (300-350 mV) by adding hydrogen peroxide was
confirmed by Eh measurements during the tests. The leaching follows the
shrinking core model kinetics, where the rate constant is linearly dependent
on hydrogen peroxide concentration in the range 0-0.025M and proportional to
(1/r2) where r is the average radius of the mineral particles. The activation
energy for the leaching process is 72.3 kJ/mol.
Spectral recognition of graphs
Authors: Cvetkovic Dragos
Published: November 2012

At some time, in the childhood of spectral graph theory, it was conjectured
that non-isomorphic graphs have different spectra, i.e. that graphs are
characterized by their spectra. Very quickly this conjecture was refuted and
numerous examples and families of non-isomorphic graphs with the same
spectrum (cospectral graphs) were found. Still some graphs are characterized
by their spectra and several mathematical papers are devoted to this topic.
In applications to computer sciences, spectral graph theory is considered as
very strong. The benefit of using graph spectra in treating graphs is that
eigenvalues and eigenvectors of several graph matrices can be quickly
computed. Spectral graph parameters contain a lot of information on the graph
structure (both global and local) including some information on graph
parameters that, in general, are computed by exponential algorithms.
Moreover, in some applications in data mining, graph spectra are used to
encode graphs themselves. The Euclidean distance between the eigenvalue
sequences of two graphs on the same number of vertices is called the spectral
distance of graphs. Some other spectral distances (also based on various
graph matrices) have been considered as well. Two graphs are considered as
similar if their spectral distance is small. If two graphs are at zero
distance, they are cospectral. In this sense, cospectral graphs are similar.
Other spectrally based measures of similarity between networks (not
necessarily having the same number of vertices) have been used in Internet
topology analysis, and in other areas. The notion of spectral distance
enables the design of various meta-heuristic (e.g., tabu search, variable
neighbourhood search) algorithms for constructing graphs with a given
spectrum (spectral graph reconstruction). Several spectrally based pattern
recognition problems appear in many areas (e.g., image segmentation in
computer vision, alignment of protein-protein interaction networks in
bio-informatics, recognizing hard instances for combinatorial optimization
problems such as the travelling salesman problem). We give a survey of such
and other graph spectral recognition techniques used in computer sciences.
A Vygotskian Commentary on the Reggio Emilia Approach
Authors: Stone Jake E.
Published: November 2012

This article provides a commentary on the Reggio Emilia approach from a Vygotskian perspective. In particular, the article considers how Vygotskian rationalism and Vygotsky's theory of concept development cohere with the Reggio Emilia approach. The article argues that these aspects of Vygotskian theory are applicable to, and can strengthen the practices of, schools influenced by the Reggio Emilia approach.
Can a Childcare Practicum Encourage Degree Qualified Staff to Enter the Childcare Workforce?
Authors: Thorpe Karen , Millear Prudence , Petriwskyj Anne
Published: November 2012

Concern to ensure that all children have access to high-quality educational experiences in the early years of life has instigated policies to increase the qualifications of staff in the childcare workforce, and in particular, to increase the number of degree qualified teachers. However, existing data suggests that employment in childcare is viewed less favourably than alternatives in the education sector by those undertaking Early Childhood Education degrees. For most, childcare is not a preferred place of employment. This study asked whether a practicum in a childcare setting would improve attitudes towards childcare and willingness to work in childcare settings. In a study of a cohort of Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood) students, measures of attitudes to childcare and willingness to work in childcare were taken before and after practicum. Additionally, students provided accounts of their practicum experiences. Results indicate a trend in which there was a group increase in positive attitudes and willingness to consider work in childcare, but considerable individual differences influenced by the quality of the practicum experience. The relationship with, and model provided by, centre directors and group leaders in the practicum class was identified as a key influencing factor. Results are discussed in term of models of pedagogical leadership.
White Matter Alteration in Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Shimoji Keigo , Abe Osamu , Uka Takanori , Yasmin Hasina , Kamagata Koji , Asahi Kouichi , Hori Masaaki , Nakanishi Atsushi , Tamura Yoshifumi , Watada Hirotaka , Kawamori Ryuzo , Aoki Shigeki
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE

We explored the regional pattern of white matter alteration in subjects with metabolic syndrome. We also investigated whether white matter alteration was correlated with BMI.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Seven middle-aged men with metabolic syndrome and seven without metabolic syndrome underwent diffusion tensor imaging with a 3T magnetic resonance imaging imager. We analyzed the fractional anisotropy (FA) values by using a tract-based spatial statistics technique (whole-brain analysis). We subsequently focused on measuring the mean FA values of the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) of all subjects by tract-specific analysis (regional brain analysis). We used a Pearson correlation coefficient to evaluate the relationship between BMI and mean FA values of the right IFOF.

RESULTS

In the whole-brain analysis, subjects with metabolic syndrome had significantly lower FA values than control subjects in part of the right external capsule (part of the right IFOF), the entire corpus callosum, and part of the deep white matter of the right frontal lobe. In the regional brain analysis, the mean FA value of the right IFOF was 0.41 ± 0.03 for subjects with metabolic syndrome and 0.44 ± 0.05 for control subjects. A significant negative correlation was observed between BMI and FA values in the right IFOF (r = −0.56, P < 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that microstructural white matter changes occur in patients with metabolic syndrome. FA values may be useful indices of white matter alterations in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Homeostatic function of astrocytes: Ca2+ and Na+ signalling
Authors: Parpura Vladimir , Verkhratsky Alexei
Published: November 2012

The name astroglia unifies many non-excitable neural cells that act as primary homeostatic cells in the nervous system. Neuronal activity triggers multiple homeostatic responses of astroglia that include increase in metabolic activity and synthesis of neuronal preferred energy substrate lactate, clearance of neurotransmitters and buffering of extracellular K+ ions to name but a few. Many (if not all) of astroglial homeostatic responses are controlled by dynamic changes in the cytoplasmic concentration of two cations, Ca2+ and Na+. Intracellular concentration of these ions is tightly controlled by several transporters and can be rapidly affected by the activation of respective fluxes through ionic channels or ion exchangers. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of astroglial Ca2+ and Na+ signalling.
Cognitive deficits, obesity and disability in schizophrenia
Authors: Strassnig Martin , Caceda Ricardo , Newcomer John , Harvey Philip
Published: November 2012

Despite 50 years of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions schizophrenia remains one of the leading causes of disability. The inability to function in everyday settings includes deficits in performance of social, occupational, and independent living activities. Schizophrenia is also a life-shortening illness, caused mainly by poor physical health and its complications. Dysfunctional lifestyles including sedentary behavior and lack of physical activity prevail, while treatment with adipogenic antipsychotic medication interacts with poor performance in screening, monitoring, and intervention that result in shortening of life expectancies by 25–30 years. Disability interferes with self-care and medical care, further worsening physical health to produce a vicious cycle of disability. Further, the neurobiological impact of obesity on brain functioning is substantial and relevant to schizophrenia. Decision making deficits that lead to choices resulting in obesity themselves have neurobiological determinants. Simultaneous treatment of cognitive deficits and related deficits in functional skills, ubiquitous determinants of everyday functioning in schizophrenia, and targeted interventions aimed at poor physical health, especially obesity and associated comorbidities, may lead to additive or even interactive gains in everyday functioning in patients with schizophrenia not previously realized with other interventions.
Targeting Death Receptor TRAIL-R2 by Chalcones for TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells
Authors: Szliszka Ewelina , Jaworska Dagmara , Ksek Małgorzata , Czuba Zenon , Król Wojciech
Published: November 2012

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in cancer cells without toxicity to normal cells. TRAIL binds to death receptors, TRAIL-R1 (DR4) and TRAIL-R2 (DR5) expressed on cancer cell surface and activates apoptotic pathways. Endogenous TRAIL plays an important role in immune surveillance and defense against cancer cells. However, as more tumor cells are reported to be resistant to TRAIL mediated death, it is important to search for and develop new strategies to overcome this resistance. Chalcones can sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We examined the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of TRAIL in combination with four chalcones: chalcone, isobavachalcone, licochalcone A and xanthohumol on HeLa cancer cells. The cytotoxicity was measured by MTT and LDH assays. The apoptosis was detected using annexin V-FITC staining by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Death receptor expression was analyzed using flow cytometry. The decreased expression of death receptors in cancer cells may be the cause of TRAIL-resistance. Chalcones enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells through increased expression of TRAIL-R2. Our study has indicated that chalcones augment the antitumor activity of TRAIL and confirm their cancer chemopreventive properties.
Diethyl 4-(6-Chloroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-5-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate and Ethyl 4-(6-Chloroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-5-yl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
Authors: Morigi Rita , Locatelli Alessandra , Rambaldi Mirella , Consorti Alessandro , Leoni Alberto
Published: November 2012

Diethyl 4-(6-chloroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-5-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine- 3,5-dicarboxylate and ethyl 4-(6-chloroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-5-yl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate were obtained simultaneously by the Biginelli reaction using a green protocol and curtailing reaction time.
Chemical Constituents from Stem Bark and Roots of Clausena anisata
Authors: Songue Jules , Kouam  , Dongo Etienne , Mpondo Theophile , White Robert
Published: November 2012

Phytochemical investigations on the stem bark and roots of the tropical shrub Clausena anisata led to the isolation and characterization three carbazole alkaloids: girinimbine, murrayamine-A and ekeberginine; two peptide derivatives: aurantiamide acetate and N-benzoyl-l-phenylalaninyl-N-benzoyl-l-phenylalaninate; and a mixture of two phytosterols: sitosterol and stigmasterol. The structures of these compounds were established by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY) spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS).
Relationship between Aflatoxin Contamination and Physiological Responses of Corn Plants under Drought and Heat Stress
Authors: Kebede Hirut , Abbas Hamed , Fisher Daniel , Bellaloui Nacer
Published: November 2012

Increased aflatoxin contamination in corn by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is associated with frequent periods of drought and heat stress during the reproductive stages of the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between aflatoxin contamination and physiological responses of corn plants under drought and heat stress. The study was conducted in Stoneville, MS, USA under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Five commercial hybrids, P31G70, P33F87, P32B34, P31B13 and DKC63-42 and two inbred germplasm lines, PI 639055 and PI 489361, were evaluated. The plants were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus (K-54) at mid-silk stage, and aflatoxin contamination was determined on the kernels at harvest. Several physiological measurements which are indicators of stress response were determined. The results suggested that PI 639055, PI 489361 and hybrid DKC63-42 were more sensitive to drought and high temperature stress in the non-irrigated plots and P31G70 was the most tolerant among all the genotypes. Aflatoxin contamination was the highest in DKC63-42 and PI 489361 but significantly lower in P31G70. However, PI 639055, which is an aflatoxin resistant germplasm, had the lowest aflatoxin contamination, even though it was one of the most stressed genotypes. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. These results suggested that the physiological responses were associated with the level of aflatoxin contamination in all the genotypes, except PI 639055. These and other physiological responses related to stress may help examine differences among corn genotypes in aflatoxin contamination.
Embryonic Stem Cells Improve Cardiac Function in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy Mediated through Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Singla Dinender K. , Ahmed Aisha , Singla Reetu , Yan Binbin
Published: November 2012

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antineoplastic agent used for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Unfortunately, its use is limited as this drug induces cardiotoxicity and heart failure as a side effect. There is no report that describes whether transplanted embryonic stem (ES) cells or their conditioned medium (CM) in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC) can repair and regenerate myocardium. Therefore, we transplanted ES cells or CM in DIC to examine apoptosis, fibrosis, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and myofibrillar loss and their associated Akt and ERK pathway. Moreover, we also determined activation of endogenous c-kit+ve cardiac stem cells (CSCs), levels of HGF and IGF-1, growth factors required for c-kit cell activation, and their differentiation into cardiac myocytes, which also contributes in cardiac regeneration and improved heart function. We generated DIC in C57Bl/6 mice (cumulative dose of DOX 12 mg/kg body weight, IP), and animals were treated with ES cells, CM, or cell culture medium in controls. Two weeks post-DIC, ES cells or CM transplanted hearts showed a significant ( p < 0.05) decrease in cardiac apoptotic nuclei and their regulation with Akt and ERK pathway. Cardiac fibrosis observed in the ES cell or CM groups was significantly less compared with DOX and cell culture medium groups ( p < 0.05). Next, cytoplasmic vacuolization and myofibrillar loss was reduced ( p < 0.05) following treatment with ES cells or CM. Moreover, our data also demonstrated increased levels of c-kit+ve CSCs in ES cells or CM hearts and differentiated cardiac myocytes from these CSCs, suggesting endogenous cardiac regeneration. Importantly, the levels of HFG and IGF-1 were significantly increased in ES cells or CM transplanted hearts. In conclusion, we reported that transplanted ES cells or CM in DIC hearts significantly decreases various adverse pathological mechanisms as well as enhances cardiac regeneration that effectively contributes to improved heart function.
The Role of Environmental Attitude in a Nature-Based Festival: the Case of Boryeong Mud Festival
Authors: Choi Youngjoon , Buzinde Christine N. , Kerstetter Deborah , Graefe Alan
Published: November 2012

Drawing on consumer behavioral constructs, scholars have varying worked with festival organizers to maximize the success of promoted events and although their scholarship has augmented literature on festival management it has nonetheless tended to ignore other complementary constructs
such as environmental attitudes, particularly as relates to nature-based festivals. Thus, this study examines the role of environmental attitudes on visitors' perception of and satisfaction with a nature-based festival. It augments extant research on festivals vis-à-vis the incorporation
of environmental attributes to the established work on consumer behavioral constructs. Boryeong Mud Festival, a popular nature-based festival in South Korea, is the site at which the current study was undertaken. A questionnaire designed to measure visitors' evaluation of the festival and
to examine their environmental attitude was administered and the findings indicate that visitors' perception of the nature-based festival is related to their environmental attitudes.
Towards a High-Quality Religious Tourism Marketing: The Case of Hajj Service in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Eid Riyad
Published: November 2012

Hajj (Pilgrimage) is a unique, universal Islamic event, taking place annually, in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, accommodating around 3 million Muslims (Ministry of Hajj, 2010). Hajj consists of performing specific prayers at the sacred places and as it is obligatory as one of the five pillars
of Islam, it is imperative that the experience is a safe and pleasant one for the pilgrims. This article investigates the quality of Hajj service and the satisfaction level of the pilgrims as “customers.” It is distinguished from other work as it considers the importance of facilities
and services required for Hajj with respect to the actual pilgrims' perceptions (i.e., the demand side) rather than service providers' and/or planners' perceptions (i.e., the supply side). Using a sample of 934 pilgrims from five different countries and following Parasuraman's SERVQUAL model
we found that tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy are perceived as being important factors that make safe and pleasant Hajj. Furthermore, the article provides a detailed discussion of SERVQUAL as measurement tool to test the level of pilgrims' satisfaction of the
facilities and services provided during Hajj period.
Preparation of mixed trialkyl alkylcarbonate derivatives of etidronic acid via an unusual route
Authors: Turhanen Petri A , Weisell Janne , Vepsäläinen Jouko J
Published: November 2012

A method to prepare four (3a–d) trialkyl alkylcarbonate esters of etidronate from P,P'-dimethyl etidronate and alkyl chloroformate was developed by utilizing unexpected demethylation and decarboxylation reactions. The reaction with the sterically more hindered isobutyl chloroformate at a lower temperature (90 °C) produced the P,P'-diester (2) as a stable intermediate product. A possible reaction mechanism is discussed to explain these methyl substitutions. These unusual reactions also clarify why it is difficult to prepare alkylcarbonate prodrugs from bisphosphonates. The compounds prepared were analysed by spectroscopic techniques.
COMPARISON AND APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT ELASTO-PLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODELS IN FEM ANALYSIS OF AN EXCAVATED SOIL SLOPE
Authors: Zhang Kunyong , Ai Yingbo
Published: November 2012

A modified anisotropic elasto-plastic model is presented in this paper based on the frame work of Modified Cam-clay model and Original Sekiguchi-Ohta model by applying a new stress ratio parameter, through which the yield locus and hardening axis in the p-q plane were adjusted to give a more reasonable description of the practical excavation stress path from initial K0 state. Typical excavated soil slope was selected as the illustration example to carry out the finite element numerical analysis by applying four constitutive models (Original Cam-Clay, Modified Cam-Clay, Original Sekiguchi-Ohta and Modified Sekiguchi-Ohta). The calculated displacements of the slope with above different constitutive models were then compared with the measured infield data. It was found the field measured data agree better with the results calculated from modified model, which indicates that the modified anisotropic model is more suitable in the description of the stress path of excavated soils slope after K0 consolidation.
SSI AND SSSI EFFECTS IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF TWIN BUILDINGS: DISCRETE MODEL CONCEPT
Authors: Naserkhaki Sadegh , Pourmohammad Hassan
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a numerical study of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) effects on response of twin buildings during earthquake excitations. The buildings are modeled as shear buildings and the soil is simulated by a discrete model representing a visco-elastic half-space subjected to earthquake acceleration. Equation of motion of twin buildings with different conditions, fixed based (FB), SSI and SSSI, are developed via an analytical procedure and solved numerically. Buildings responses are evaluated for aforementioned three conditions considering various soil types and compared together. One must say that soil causes change in distribution of responses throughout the buildings while ignoring soil interaction may lead to detrimental effects on buildings. Anyway, interaction between twin buildings with SSSI condition slightly mitigates soil unfavorable effects compare to one building with SSI condition. In addition, it is found that influence of soil is very significant for soft to stiff soils whereas negligible for hard soils.
ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUCCESS VARIABLES OF CONSTRUCTION PARTNERING USING STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING: A CASE STUDY OF TAIWAN'S CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Authors: Chen Wei Tong , Chen Tung-Tsan , Lu Chun Sheng , Liu Shu-Shun
Published: November 2012

This study explored the success variables (SVs) in construction partnering and the relationships among the SVs using structural equation modeling (SEM). Research results show that four successful factors (collaborative team culture, long-term quality perspective, consistent objectives, and resource sharing) have a significant influence on the success of construction partnering. Of the four factors, collaborative team culture and consistent objectives have the highest correlation. Collaborative team culture and long-term quality perspective have the lowest correlation. Additionally, good cultural fit has the most influence on characterizing collaborative team culture, commitment to continuous improvement has the highest influence in characterizing long-term quality perspective, clear understanding has the highest influence in characterizing consistent objectives, and availability of resource has the highest influence in characterizing resource sharing. The proposed SEM framework provides information which enables the users to control individual SV by considering their relationships with other SVs.
L'Histoire des femmes aux États-Unis : Une histoire des droits humains
Authors: Kerber Linda K.
Published: November 2012

Résumé La quasi-totalité des questions traitées par des féministes depuis deux cents ans sont des questions de droits humains. La tradition juridique aux États-Unis est saturée par le concept de la « coverture », à savoir, des lois qui prétendent protéger les intérêts des femmes mais qui, en réalité, limitent l’autonomie des femmes ainsi que leur participation à la communauté politique. L’autorité des conjoints comprend des pouvoirs aussi extensifs qu’arbitraires sur les corps et les biens de leurs femmes. Par conséquent, le refus d’une gamme très large de droits humains aux femmes semble faire partie de l’ordre naturel. C’était donc aux femmes de nommer leurs griefs, d’élaborer les bases philosophiques de leurs demandes, d’entamer la lutte politique pour l’égalité. Les années 1960 et 1970 ont vu une évolution dans la manière dont le droit américain concevait les droits et les obligations des femmes. Des lois, auparavant perçues comme protectrices, sont dès lors interprétées comme discriminatoires, ce qui rend le droit américain plus conforme aux principes de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme. Pourtant, l’héritage de la « coverture » n’a jamais été complètement éradiqué, surtout en ce qui concerne la reproduction ainsi que les violences domestiques
Les maternités précoces aux États-Unis
Authors: Barbieri Magali
Published: November 2012

Résumé Avec un taux de 42 pour mille en 2005-2010, les États-Unis se positionnent en tête du classement des pays développés en matière de fécondité des adolescentes. Après avoir fourni quelques éléments quantitatifs pour situer les États-Unis par rapport aux autres pays développés, nous décrivons dans le détail le niveau et les tendances de la fécondité avant vingt ans dans ce pays à partir d’une analyse de données d’état-civil. Nous évaluons ensuite l’effet des variables intermédiaires (nuptialité, sexualité, utilisation de la contraception et recours à l’avortement) avant de discuter, dans une dernière partie, le rôle du contexte culturel, politique et socioéconomique. La France, dont la situation est représentative des pays dans lesquels la fécondité des adolescentes est particulièrement faible, est utilisée comme point de comparaison.
L’importation du marbre de Carrare à la cour de Louis XIV
Authors: Bresc-Bautier Geneviève
Published: November 2012

La difficulté d’approvisionnement en marbre statuaire a été un problème récurrent pour la sculpture, sauf évidemment en Italie, lieu d’exploitation de carrières, spécialement de celles de Carrare. La France a cherché à exploiter, difficilement, le marbre des Pyrénées, qui a mauvaise réputation auprès des sculpteurs. Les conditions d’extraction, de transport et de commerce du marbre de Carrare en France sous le règne personnel de Louis XIV seront présentées ici. Vers 1660-1662, une première période voit la concurrence entre deux équipes rivales, l’une, envoyée par Fouquet, est composée de Girardin et de Pierre Puget, et celle de Colbert est dirigée par le marchand toulonnais Jacques Beuf, avec son commis Delamer. Cette dernière équipe réussit à débaucher Puget et va, évidemment, l’emporter. Puis Colbert installe deux autres équipes, officielles celles-ci, qui font tirer du marbre par des sculpteurs français envoyés en mission : Antoine André pour le grand banquier Pierre Formont et Nicolas Ménard pour Jacques Beuf - le premier réussissant à évincer le second. Mais Formont, qui avait fait arrêter son sculpteur André et l’avait remplacé par des Flamands, est évincé en raison de sa religion et meurt peu avant la Révocation de l’édit de Nantes (1685). Parallèlement des artistes génois, le peintre Borzone puis les sculpteurs Solaro père et fils, parviennent à imposer des cargaisons de marbre, de même que Puget continue à se procurer directement du marbre à Carrare et même à en vendre.Louvois, prenant le contre-pied de la politique de Colbert, change le système. Il installe d’abord une seule compagnie des marbres officielle, puis lui retire sa charge pour en protéger une seconde, où se retrouvent les mêmes responsables, Haudiquer de Blancourt et André Lebrun. Cette compagnie s’arrête en 1687 devant les risques de la guerre.Un nouvel épisode se situe durant la période d’accalmie entre la paix de Ryswick et la guerre de Succession d’Espagne avec, en particulier, le transport des gros blocs pour les groupes de la Renommée du Roi de Coysevox, entre 1698 et 1701. Puis de nouveau, tout s’arrête jusqu'à ce que les préparatifs de la Paix permettent au sculpteur Jean Garavaque, en 1713, de visiter les carrières de Carrare et de préparer les derniers transports du règne en 1714-1715.On soulignera les incidences des conditions politiques sur l’approvisionnement, en particulier de la guerre sur mer. On verra aussi comment les dimensions des blocs disponibles conditionnent les compositions.
Dispersal of adult Colorado potato beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on plant models
Authors: Boiteau Gilles , MacKinley Pamela
Published: November 2012

Five artificial plant models mimicking potato plants, each having different and increasing numbers of structural components, were used to observe individual adult Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say); Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) over a period of 6 hours. The objective was to determine if plant architecture affected residency time, within plant dispersal, and distribution of the species. The number of transitions between sections, the time spent on each section, the residency time on each model, and the proportion of individuals walking off were recorded. Results showed a positive relationship between the proportion of beetles remaining after 6 hours and the number of connections on respective models. The unexpectedly long residency on all but the simplest model in spite of the absence of food indicates that architectural complexity had an impact on beetle retention. Dispersal activity and residency time were heavily skewed towards the top of models. Beetles exposed to positive light gradients of different intensities and a negative light gradient showed that a phototactic response could explain much of the dispersal pattern to the upper model sections. Results show that manipulation of plant structure remains an option for managing the beetle but will require further research on the contribution of heterogeneity and scale to residency time.
miR-451 Regulates Dendritic Cell Cytokine Responses to Influenza Infection
Authors: Rosenberger Carrie M. , Podyminogin Rebecca L. , Navarro Garnet , Zhao Guo-Wei , Askovich Peter S. , Weiss Mitchell J. , Aderem Alan
Published: November 2012

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important posttranscriptional regulators in immune cells, but how viral infection regulates miRNA expression to shape dendritic cell (DC) responses has not been well characterized. We identified 20 miRNAs that were differentially expressed in primary murine DCs in response to the dsRNA agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, a subset of which were modestly regulated by influenza infection. miR-451 was unique because it was induced more strongly in primary splenic and lung DCs by live viral infection than by purified agonists of pattern recognition receptors. We determined that miR-451 regulates a subset of proinflammatory cytokine responses. Three types of primary DCs treated with antisense RNA antagomirs directed against miR-451 secreted elevated levels of IL-6, TNF, CCL5/RANTES, and CCL3/MIP1α, and these results were confirmed using miR-451null cells. miR-451 negatively regulates YWHAZ/14-3-3ζ protein levels in various cell types, and we measured a similar inhibition of YWHAZ levels in DCs. It is known that YWHAZ can control the activity of two negative regulators of cytokine production: FOXO3, which is an inhibitory transcription factor, and ZFP36/Tristetraprolin, which binds to AU-rich elements within 3′-untranslated regions to destabilize cytokine mRNAs. Inhibition of miR-451 expression correlated with increased YWHAZ protein expression and decreased ZFP36 expression, providing a possible mechanism for the elevated secretion of IL-6, TNF, CCL5/RANTES, and CCL3/MIP1α. miR-451 levels are themselves increased by IL-6 and type I IFN, potentially forming a regulatory loop. These data suggest that viral infection specifically induces a miRNA that directs a negative regulatory cascade to tune DC cytokine production.
Aporcelaimidae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from the Kruger National Park
Authors: Botha Annelize , Heyns J.
Published: November 2012

This paper deals with Aporcelaimidae from the central part of the Kruger National Park. Five new species are described, viz.Aporcelaimus pseudospiralis n.sp., Aporcelaimellus adriaani n.sp., Aporcelaimellus micropunctatus n.sp., Aporcelaimellus parapapillatusn.sp. and Tubixaba minima n.sp. Two further species are recorded and their biometric data tabulated: Makatinus macropunctatus Heyns, 1967 and Tubixaba parva Pretorius, Kruger & Heyns 1987.
Veld management with specific reference to game ranching in the grassland and savanna areas of South Africa
Authors: Trollope W.S.W.
Published: November 2012

Veld management refers to the management of natural vegetation for specific objectives related to different forms of land use. In the wildlife context a wide spectrum of different forms of land use are practised ranging from pure nature conservation in large national parks through to smaller areas used for game farming. Consequently the products useable to society emanating from these areas vary greatly, and therefore the management of veld stocked with wildlife is extremely complex and must be adapted to the particular form of land use that is being practised. A generally accepted principle is that the smaller the area being used for wildlife the more intensively it must be managed, particularly game ranches. A prerequisite for the development of an effective veld management program is a comprehensive assessment of the condition of the veld upon which realistic veld management practices can be formulated. These practices will include stocking the veld with the appropriate species and numbers of animals, grazing and browsing management, veld burning and the provision of watering points. Finally a programme for monitoring veld condition over time is a prerequisite for sound veld management.
Die funksie en waarde van agtergrondstudie van die Nuwe Testament
Authors: Du Toit A.B.
Published: November 2012

Background study of the New Testament: its function and value To be able to understand any nonnal linguistic utterance, infonnation regarding the context within which it functions, is of decisive importance. For that reason every exegete of the New Testament has to develop a broad frame of reference regarding the Jewish and Graeco-ROInan world within which the New Testament documents originated. In spite of various obstacles, our knowledge of that world has increased immensely over the last century. The exegete should, however, also carefully distinguish between textual world, which is a construct of the author, and real world. As illustration of the value of background knowledge Romans 13:1-7 is discussed. It seems that both anti-ROInan tendencies in Palestine and dissatisfaction with the ROInan taxation system led to Paul's admonitions in this passage. It is also shown how several details of the text become transparent in the light of background infonnation. The danger inherent in accentuating background study at the cost of the text itself is also illustrated.
Perseverance in Hebrews
Authors: Kim D.
Published: November 2012

Perseverance in Hebrews 10:32-13:17. It is wrong to limit the call to perseverance in Hebrews to chapters 10:32- 39 and 12:1-13. The whole of Hebrews deals with this theme, but especially 10:32-13:17. This paper focuses on this last section and deals with each semantic unit successively, pointing out not only the prominence of the theme of perseverance throughout, but also the foundation and means of and the different forms of motivation for endurance.
'n Godsleer van Openbaring soos vervat in die himnes
Authors: Meyer E.
Published: November 2012

A Theology of Revelations as imbedded in the hymns. This anicle is based on a twofold hypothesis, namely that the author of Revelation not only wrote the hymns in this book,' he also used them specifically to express his theology. The narrator utilises the hymnes to lay words in the mouths of the characters in order to establish a complete theology as well as christology. These hymns can even be used today to offer mankind real hope by calling one and all to the centre and true reason for our existence: Worship God!
Deuteronomy and Human Rights
Authors: Braulik G.
Published: November 2012

If one compares the articles of the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" dated December 10th, 1948, with the regulations of the book of Deuteronomy, one detects a surprising abundance of correspondences, or at least of similar tendencies, between them. As the social theorists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the architects of the catalogue of Human Rights, knew the Scripture very well. References to Deuteronomy are historically well probable and factually hardly coincidental. Deuteronomy rightly boasts about its social laws (4:8) that are unique in the Ancient Near East. The paper orientates itself to the short formula of Human Rights and at the same time to the normative basic character of each human right, as it is formulated in the first article of the declaration: "liberty", "equality", "fraternity". Each of these basic categories are concretised in terms of several Deuteronomic regulations and prove themselves to be central matters of concern within the YHWH religion. Finally, it is outlined how the connection between Deuteronomy and modem expressions of human rights might be explained, and further it is shown what actually makes up the peculiarity of biblical thinking on human rights.
'n Nota oor die vertaling van Jeremia 2:37 ("Met jou hande op jou hoof")
Authors: Stander H.F.
Published: November 2012

A note on the translation of Jeremiah 2:37 ("With your hands on your head") In Jeremiah 2:37 God says to Israel: "You will leave that place (= Egypt) with your hands upon your head". In this article various Bible translations and commentaries are scrutinized to determine how modem exegetes interpret this phrase. Thereafter the author discusses Egyptian depictions of mourners in funeral processions with their hands on their heads. He shows how an exploration of Egyptian Art can contribute to a better understanding of Jeremiah 2:37. This study also shows that the two dynamic Afrikaans translations of the Bible ("Die Lewende Bybel" and "Die Nuwe Afrikaanse Vertaling") are wide off the mark in their interpretation of the phrase "with your hands on your head". The author also argues that exegetes should not only rely on written texts when they study the ancient world in which the Scriptures originated, but that they should also explore works of art.
Dékor of konteks? - Die verdiskontering van sosio-historiese gegewens in interpretasie van 'n Nuwe Testament-teks vir die prediking en pastoraat, geillustreer aan die hand van die 1 Petrus-brief
Authors: Janse van Rensburg F.
Published: November 2012

Decor or context? The utilisation of socio-historic data in the interpretation of a New Testament text for the preaching and pastorate, illustrated with First Peter The article proposes, from a reformed perspective, a method for the valid utilisation of the socio-historic data of a New Testament book in the process of interpretation. Firstly a synoptic indication of the difference between a "background" and a "context" approach is given, as well as of a socio-historic and the socio-scientific approach, and of an emic and an etic approach, in each case motivating the choice for a specific approach. The sources for the determination of the sociohistoric context of the New Testament are indicated, and the preference for literary sources motivated. The theological perspective from which the utilisation is done, is defined, specifically the relation between the Bible text and other sources, in the light of Articles 2-7 of the Belgic Confession. The preferred view of text and society is given, as well as the reasons for the preference in each case. All of this is done, using First Peter as illustration.
Life for the righteous, doom for the wicked: Reading Habakkuk from a wisdom perspective
Authors: Prinsloo G.T.M.
Published: November 2012

In many ways, the book of Habakkuk is unique in the Book of the Twelve Prophets. One of the reasons is that the Gattungen normally associated with prophetic literature are either absent or occur in unique forms. On the other hand, it has long since been recognised that wisdom motifs had a definite influence upon the book. This can be seen in the vocabulary, in many of the themes, in the dialogic character of the book, and even in the overall structure of the book. The purpose of this article is to illuminate the intertextual relations between Habakkuk and wisdom texts in the Old Testament, especially the so called sceptical wisdom. The importance of these motifs in determining the theological thrust of the book is discussed. It is shown that the recognition of these motifs has implications for the date of the book in its final form as well.
Reconciliation and economic justice in South Africa: The role of the Church and Theology
Authors: Dolamo R.T.H.
Published: November 2012

The Church as we understand it, is an alternative community to the State because it has been borne out of the single most important event of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead (Pannenberg 1972:87). The Church is therefore an institution that does its theology from the christological perspective without doing violence to the other two persons of the Trinity. One important concept that needs to be revisited by the Church through its theology is that of reconciliation with regard to economic justice in South Africa. We have achieved democracy in April 1994, but economic justice will remain an elusive goal, if reconciliation is not related to South Africa's historical socio-economic imbalances. The Church by its nature, must remain a beacon of hope for those who are struggling from the underside and margins of society.
No culture shock? Addressing the Achilles heel of modern Bible translations
Authors: Joubert S.J.
Published: November 2012

Modem Bible translations are often more sensitive to the needs of their intended readers than to the right of biblical texts to be heard on their own terms as religious artefacts from the ancient Mediterranean world. Since all biblical documents linguistically embody socio-religious meanings derived from ancient Mediterranean societies, they also need to be experienced as different, even alien, by modem readers. Without an initial culture shock in encountering a Bible translation modem people are held prisoners by Western translations of the Bible. Therefore, translations should instil a new sensitivity among modem readers to the socio-cultural distance between them and the original contexts of the Bible. In order to help facilitate this historical awareness, a new generation of "value added" translations must, in creative and responsible ways, begin to provide a minimum amount of cultural information to assist modem readers in assigning legitimate meanings to the linguistic signs encapsulated on the pages of the Bible.
'n Politieke tegnologie van die vroeê Christen se gepynigde liggaam
Authors: Vorster J.N.
Published: November 2012

The early Christian martyr is usually only seen in terms of testimony or witness. It is argued that a political technology of the body enables us to see the manner in which the pained body of the early Christian martyr functioned as a space upon which political strategies for the empowerment of interested parties were enacted.
Een ecclesiologie van de kleine gemeente
Authors: De Roest H P
Published: November 2012

The birth of the small congregation involves the calling of people, who are  touched and are taken up in a mystical way into a movement that follows Jesus. In this way, members are introduced to another dimension underlying day to day life. With regard to the postnatal development, the quantitative increase or decrease of the congregation is  considered. There are many reasons why people may join or sever themselves from a congregation but, in this regard, the relationship with God is fundamental. The qualitative development of a congregation relates to the interplay between context and calling on the one hand, and on  the  other, context  and Christian  tradition. Questions from own ranks as well as from outsiders may refer to the realization of the congregation’s calling and  the meaning of tradition in a particular context. These questions may lead to renewal. An ecclesiological meditation is incomplete if factors retarding the growing and learning  process  are  disregarded. Attention  to factors promoting such a process gives ground thereto. In this regard group dynamic analyses are helpful.
Teologie kroniek: Skrifverstaan en die Nuwe Hervorming1 Theology Chronicle: Understanding of Scripture and the “New Reformation”
Authors: Human D J
Published: November 2012

During the last decade a group of South African theologians have stirred a part of the Afrikaans ecclesiastical community with statements  and arguments on several faith issues, including the interpretation of the Bible. Adherents of the movement call themselves the New Reformation (“Nuwe Hervorming”). This theology chronicle is an attempt to touch on some hermeneutical challenges for understanding Scripture. To the Church the Bible is the norm and source of faith. Paradigm shifts have been caused by the Enlightenment and influenced the understanding of Scripture. Historical Criticism, for example, has brought multiple perspectives to the reading of biblical texts. More approaches to biblical understanding originated. For the ordinary Bible reader and believer these approaches sometimes seem to be confusing. This explanation is an attempt to create better understanding for Bible reading in our times. It concludes with a short assessment of the current role  the New Reformation movement plays in the hermeneutical debate.
Psalm 1 as liedteks – ‘n literêre en teologiese evaluering
Authors: Vos C J A
Published: November 2012

The publishing of the Liedboek (2001) emphasises the importance of the psalms for liturgy and hymnology. All 150 psalms in the Liedboek were versified by T T Cloete. In this article the structure and form of Psalm 1 is analysed. This leads to a literary and theological evaluation of its versification by Cloete.
Franciscus van Assisi: Sy teologie van barmhartige diens
Authors: Van Aarde R. B.
Published: November 2012

One of the most remarkable men in church history was Giovanni Bernardone (1182-1226), nicknamed Franciscus of Assisi. After his conversion he took Jesus’ instruction to his disciples in Mark 6:8 to hart and made poverty his “bride”. The historical background of church and society in the 13th century had a major impact on his theology. He objected against the negative effects of the crusades, economy of prosperity and growing humanism of the time. His bondage to God, mankind and nature later became the major characteristic of the mendicant order of the Franciscans. St. Franciscus’ theology of compassionate ministry was also a reaction to the scholasticism with its focus on reason. Scholasticism “believed in order to understand”. It was a theology (philosophy) of the intellectuals at the universities in Europe and focussed mainly on the mind/reason. In St. Franciscus’ theology the mistic (as a reaction against the scholasticism) and the mediaeval piety flowed into one. This mistical piety focussed on the emotions of man and touched lay people.