bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on Drug Repurposing: A Strategy to Treat Human Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Authors: Bhattacharya Neetu , Maurya Shashank Kumar , Senapati Sabyasachi , Bhattacharya Amit
Published: January 2021

Novel coronavirus pandemic has created a massive public health emergency causing around 1.85 million deaths world-wide till 5th January, 2021. New SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) coronavirus strain known as SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent which infected more than 84 million people across the globe. Current epicentre of the pandemic has shifted to Europe and United States and Indian subcontinent from its place of origin-Wuhan City, Hubei province in China. Due to limited availability of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 or its related β-coronavirus (SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV), mass immunization is currently not possible. Thus, use of curative therapies could be the only choice of intervention. Therefore, rapid treatment of millions of COVID-19 patients in limited time can only be achieved by repurposing pre-approved and existing drugs. Network-based high-throughput computational approach has also predicted several repurposable drugs. Cheaper, less toxic and well tolerated drugs such as antimalarial drugs: Chloroquine (CQ) & Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ); antiviral drugs: Remdesivir, Lopinavir and Ritonavir are among many others that have been proposed for the COVID-19 treatment. Presently limited controlled clinical trials are underway to assess the therapeutic outcome of these repurposed drugs along with novel candidate vaccines and medicines. Beside these, convalescent plasma therapy has also emerged as potential therapeutic approach being tested in several countries. This review focuses on few of the promising repurposed drugs and their outcomes that are presently under evaluation for their safety and efficacy against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Speech Fluency Disorders: A Review of Studies Conducted Over the Past Five Decades (1970-2020)
Authors: Qureshi Naseem Akhtar , Aldossari Ali Mubarak , Alhabeeb Abdulhameed Abdullah
Published: January 2021

Background: Speech fluency disorder(SFD), a common disorder is reported in all age groups of people but most commonly in children around the world.

Objective: This study aimed to review critically several aspects of SFD, specifically epidemiological parameters, etiological foundations, clinical and treatment perspectives.

Methods: Electronic searches of relevant data published (1970-2020) in PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases were made using the Boolean operators and keywords and following iterative process 194 papers selected for this review.

Results: Speech fluency disorder presents in a variety of forms including acquired neurogenic and psychogenic stuttering is a complex, challenging neurological disorder. SFD is determined by diverse biopsychosocial and cultural etiologies, commonly afflicts male children at age 2-3 years compared to their counterparts (4:1 ratio). SFD manifests a variety of signs and symptoms, and up to 85% children who stutter improves spontaneously with or without intervention. Childhood developmental stuttering (CDS) persists in 1-2% of adults and persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) is again male-gender condition. Persons who stutter (PWS) are managed by non-pharmacological especially speech therapy and pharmacological interventions in particular dopamine antagonists. Gender, early intervention, chronicity, severity, language skills, and comorbid conditions mainly determine the prognosis and outcome of stuttering.

Conclusion: Extensive data concerning different perspectives of SFD is published globally, and projected better understanding of most speech disfluencies. Nonetheless, research need to be conducted to develop and provide better quality services to all PWS and to reduce the discrimination against PWS around the world.
Dual Wavelength and First Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Estimation of Rivaroxaban and Aspirin in Synthetic Mixture
Authors: Zhdan Heba , Sarkis Nazira
Published: January 2021

Two simple, sensitive, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of binary mixture of Rivaroxaban and Aspirin in their pure form and synthetic mixture in difficult ratio 1:20(Rivaroxaban: Aspirin). The first method is the dual wavelength method, where 250 nm and 286.44 nm were selected as λ1 and λ2 for determination. And the two wave length for determination of Aspirin were 243.53 nm and 259.2 nm. The linearity range was studied over concentration ranges (2 – 12) μg/mL and (40-240) μg/mL for Rivaroxaban and Aspirin respectively in both methods, with correlation coefficients not less than 0.9996 and up to 0.9999 respectively in a row. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.24μg/mL and 0.82 μg/mL for Rivaroxaban and for Aspirin were7.03 μg/mL and 22.01 μg/mL respectively in the first method. The second method is First order derivative. The wavelengths 275.25 nm and 250 nm were selected as zero crossing point to determine Rivaroxaban and Aspirin in a row. The LOD and LOQ were 0.31 μg/mL and 0.95 μg/mL for Rivaroxaban; and for Aspirin was found to be7.13 μg/Ml and 21.60μg/mL respectively. The two methods were successfully validated as per ICH guidelines. Both methods were simple, sensitive and rapid.
Study of the Neonatal Resuscitation and Adaptation Score (NRAS) Compared to the Apgar Score in Neonatal Resuscitation
Authors: Elglil Aya Mohamed Abd , Ibrahim Ashraf Mohamed , Shihab Nihal Salah , Mashad Abd El Rahman Mohamed El
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The Neonatal Resuscitation and Adaptation Score (NRAS) was developed to address the concerns regarding how resuscitation impacts the Apgar score and how it can be accounted for in the scoring assessment.

Aims: The objective of this work was to compare between the Neonatal Resuscitation and Adaptation Score (NRAS) and the Apgar score, to determine the correlation between the two scoring systems, and their predictive ability for mortality and short-term morbidities.               

Methodology: This study was a prospective cohort study. It was carried out on 410 neonates in Tanta University Hospital. Both Apgar and NRAS scores were recorded for all cases at 1st and 5th minutes of life. The scores were divided into three categories: Low (0-3), Middle (4-6), High (7-10). All neonates were followed up for 48 hours. Correlation between both scores and neonatal outcome were recorded.

Results: There was a significant positive correlation between Apgar and NRAS scores at both 1st and 5th minutes. NRAS score was more précised in discriminating neonatal admissions, mortality, need for respiratory support and morbidities than Apgar score at both 1st and 5th minutes. The regression model revealed that Apgar 5th min and both of NRAS 1st and 5th minutes were significant predictors for neonatal mortality and morbidities. The most significant predictor was NRAS 1st min.

Conclusion: Both scores can be used in assessing the neonatal condition. The most significant predictor for neonatal mortality and morbidities was NRAS 1st min.
Improvement of Fiber Fines Retention and Mechanical Properties of Board Paper Using Corn and Tapioca Starch- A Handsheet Study
Authors: Doelle Klaus , Sonntag Jonas , Fischer Kai , Dominesey Tyler
Published: January 2021

Steadily increasing production cost in the paper industry require more efficient resource allocation and utilization of recycled materials and the use of renewable materials and additives to become more environmentally friendly. With this project, 100 g/m² TAPPI handsheets from industrial processed OCC fiber material were produced, without starch and starch in cooked and uncooked form, air-dried at 23°C and contact-dried at 120°C. Starch addition levels were 6.0, 18.0 and 24.0 kg/mt (12.0, 36.0, and 48.0 lbs./st) for pearl and cationic starch, and 2.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kg/mt (4.0, 12.0, and 16.0 lbs./st) for tapioca starch. Fines were measured with a Britt Jar devise having a 75 μm (200 mesh) screen. The highest tensile index improvement of 35.71% for uncooked tapioca starch at an addition rate of 16 lbs./st. The highest tear index improvement of 1.86% was for pearl starch at an addition rate of 12 lbs./st for the cooked & contact dried application. The highest burst index improvement of the produced handsheets was for uncooked & contact dried cationic starch at an addition rate of 12 lbs./st with an improvement of 21.49%. Application of pearl starch showed the largest difference in fines content at the 12 lbs./st and 48 lbs./st of fiber concentrations, reducing the fines content by 22.2% and 24.7% based on solids content respectively. Pearl starch outperformed cationic and tapioca starch products and showed the highest potential for fiber savings and net profit value.
Development of Proxy Models for Screening Water Flood and Gas Flood Candidates
Authors: Olanipekun Moyosore, , U. Akpabio, Julius , O. Isehunwa, Sunday
Published: January 2021

Fluid-flood and other improved oil recovery techniques are becoming prominent in global petroleum production because a large proportion of production is from mature oil fields. Although water flooding and gas injection are well established techniques in the industry, several of the screening criteria in literature are discipline which could sometimes be subjective. This work used experimental design techniques to develop proxy models for predicting oil recovery under water-flood and gas-flood conditions.

The objective of the study is to develop a quantitative screening method that would allow for candidates to be evaluated and ranked for water flood or gas injection. The model was applied to some field cases and compared with published models and the well-known Welge Analysis method. The coefficient constants for the oil formation volume factor for water flooding and gas injection was 0.0139 and 0.0434 respectively. Similarly, the coefficient constants for water injection and gas injection for the generated proxy model was -2.34* 10-8 and -6.1 *10-5 respectively. The results show that the proxy models developed are quite robust and can be used for first pass screening of water and gas flood candidates.
Effect of Annealing, Acid Hydrolysis and Branching Enzyme on Dioscorea schimperiana Starch Technological and Functional Properties
Authors: William Djeukeu Asongni , Fabien Dongho Dongmo Fabrice , Solange Leng Marlyse , Inocent Gouado
Published: January 2021

Aims: To assess its technological aptitude and functional properties, Dioscorea schimperiana starch was submitted to various treatment of technological importance and its properties was evaluated.

Methodology: For this aim, the starch extracted from Dioscorea schimperiana tubers and was submitted to annealing, acid hydrolysis and to a branching enzyme (1, 4-α-glucan branching enzyme). Afterward, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gelatinization profile, physicochemical and functional properties of the samples was recorded.

Results: FTIR spectra show the introduction and withdrawal of bond in modified samples. The thermal properties (DSC) of starch were not affected by annealing (AS) and enzymatic treatment (EBS). No peak temperature and gelatinization profile were observed for acid hydrolyzed samples (AHS) on Rapid Visco Analyzer. Annealing and enzyme treatment lead to an increase of the starch peak viscosity of while reducing its breakdown. The functional properties of the starch such as swelling capacity, least swelling concentration and water binding capacity were increased by annealing. Acid hydrolysis significantly increases in vitro digestibility of D. schimperiana starch while no significant change was observed after annealing and enzymatic modification, thus presenting it as particularly resistant to digestion.

Conclusion: This study suggests that annealing can be considered for the production of D. schimperiana modified starch with high technological and functional properties.
Rhodohalobacter
Authors: Xia Jun , Du Zong‐Jun
Published: January 2021

Rhodohalobacter
(Rho.do.ha.lo.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n.
rhodon
, the rose; Gr. masc. n.
hals, halos
, salt; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
, rod; N.L. masc. n.
Rhodohalobacter
, a red halophile.)

Balneolaeota / Balneolia / Balneolales / Balneolaceae / Rhodohalobacter

Rhodohalobacter
is a genus within the family
Balneolaceae
, order
Balneolales
, class
Balneolia
, and phylum
Balneolaeota
. It currently includes two species –
Rhodohalobacter halophilus
(type species) and
Rhodohalobacter barkolensis
. Cells of
Rhodohalobacter
are rod‐shaped, nonmotile, lack flagella, Gram‐stain‐negative, facultatively anaerobic or strictly aerobic, heterotrophic, catalase‐positive, and oxidase negative. Optimal growth is observed at 37 or 40°C, pH 7.5 or 7.5–8.5, and 2–3 or 8–10% (w/v) NaCl. No growth occurs in the absence of NaCl. Negative for nitrate reduction. The major cellular fatty acids comprise C
16:0
N
alcohol and C
16:1
ω11
c
, and the sole methyl naphthoquinone is MK‐7. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified glycolipids, unidentified phospholipids, and unidentified lipids. The current known habitats are a marine solar saltern and a saline lake.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 42.4–44.4 (Genome).

Type species
:
Rhodohalobacter halophilus
Xia et al. 2017
VP
.
Phosgene Gas Sensing of Ti2CT2 (T = F−, O−, OH−) MXenes
Authors: Thomas Siby , Asle Zaeem Mohsen
Published: January 2021

The phosgene gas sensing properties of experimentally produced 2D titanium carbide MXenes with surface terminations (Ti2CT2: T = F−, O−, OH−) are studied by first‐principles calculations. The effect of Ti and C vacancy defects, which are frequently created in synthesizing MXenes, on the structural, mechanical, electronic, and gas adsorption properties are studied to analyze the phosgene gas sensing performance of Ti2CT2 MXenes. Pristine and defective Ti2C, Ti2CF2, and Ti2C(OH)2 show metallicity, making them ideal for gas sensing. Ti (C) vacancy defects in Ti2CO2, Ti2CF2, and Ti2C(OH)2 cause an increase (decrease) in work function, resulting in enhanced interaction between the MXene surface and a gas molecule. When a phosgene gas molecule is exposed on the surface of MXenes, only Ti2C(OH)2 shows stable adsorption and charge transfer. An ultra‐low recovery time, the time between adsorption and desorption of a phosgene gas molecule, is achieved for both pristine and defective Ti2C(OH)2 with Ti vacancy. The results elucidate that a Ti2C(OH)2 based sensor has a high potential for efficient reversible phosgene detection.
The Effect of Mechanical Strain on Lithium Staging in Graphene
Authors: Pondick Joshua V. , Yazdani Sajad , Yarali Milad , Reed Serrae N. , Hynek David J. , Cha Judy J.
Published: January 2021

The development of next‐generation electrodes for metal‐ion batteries requires an understanding of intercalation dynamics in nanomaterials. Herein, it is shown that microscale mechanical strain significantly affects the formation of ordered lithium phases in graphene. In situ Raman spectroscopy of graphene microflakes mechanically constrained at the edge during lithium intercalation reveals a thickness‐dependent increase of up to 1.26 V in the electrochemical potential that induces lithium staging. While the induced mechanical strain energy increases with graphene thickness to the fourth power, its magnitude is small compared to the observed increase in electrochemical energy. It is hypothesized that the mechanical strain energy increases a nucleation barrier for lithium staging, greatly delaying the formation of ordered lithium phases. These results indicate that electrode assembly may critically impact lithium staging dynamics. The present work demonstrates strain engineering in two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials as an effective approach to manipulate phase transitions and chemical reactivity.
Hexagonal RuSe2 Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhao Yuanmeng , Cong Hengjiang , Li Peng , Wu Dean , Chen Shengli , Luo Wei
Published: January 2021

Layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanomaterials are promising alternatives to platinum (Pt) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the family of layered TMDs is mainly limited to Group IV–VII transition metals, while the synthesis of layered TMDs based on metals from other groups still remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate by atomic‐resolution transmission electron microscopy that hexagonal RuSe2 (h‐RuSe2) nanosheets with a mixture of 2H and 1T phases can be obtained by a facile bottom‐up colloidal synthetic approach. The obtained h‐RuSe2, which can be transformed into the thermodynamically favorable phase of cubic RuSe2 (c‐RuSe2) only after annealing at 600 °C, exhibits Pt‐like HER performance, with a fivefold turnover frequency enhancement compared to the c‐RuSe2 in alkaline media. Experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the enhanced adsorption free energies of H2O (ΔG
), optimized adsorption free energies of H (ΔGH*), and increased conductivity of h‐RuSe2 contribute to its superior HER activity.
Cryptic Sulfur Incorporation in Thioangucycline Biosynthesis
Authors: Cao Mingming , Zheng Chengjian , Yang Dong , Kalkreuter Edward , Adhikari Ajeeth , Liu Yu‐Chen , Rateb Mostafa E. , Shen Ben
Published: January 2021

Sulfur incorporation into natural products is a critical area of biosynthetic studies. Recently, a subset of sulfur‐containing angucyclines has been discovered, and yet, the sulfur incorporation step is poorly understood. In this work, a series of thioether‐bridged angucyclines were discovered, and a cryptic epoxide Michael acceptor intermediate was revealed en route to thioangucyclines (TACs) A and B. However, systematic gene deletion of the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) by CRISPR/Cas9 could not identify any gene responsible for the conversion of the epoxide intermediate to TACs. Instead, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments conclusively showed that the conversion is the result of two non‐enzymatic steps, possibly mediated by endogenous hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the TACs are proposed to derive from a detoxification process. These results are expected to contribute to the study of both angucyclines and the utilization of inorganic sulfur in natural product biosynthesis.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Nuclear Spin Optical Rotation
Authors: Zhu Yue , Hilty Christian , Savukov Igor
Published: January 2021

Nuclear spin optical rotation (NSOR) has been investigated as a magneto‐optical effect, which holds the potential for applications, including hybrid optical‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gradientless imaging. The intrinsic nature of NSOR renders its detection relatively insensitive, which has prevented it moving from a proof of concept to a method supporting chemical characterizations. In this work, the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization technique is introduced to provide nuclear spin polarization, increasing the signal‐to‐noise ratio by several thousand times. NSOR signals of 1H and 19F nuclei are observed in a single scan for diluted compounds, which has made this effect suitable for the determination of electronic transitions from a specific nucleus in a large molecule.
Bottlenose dolphins in the north‐western Adriatic Sea: Abundance and management implications
Authors: Bearzi Giovanni , Bonizzoni Silvia , Riley Melissa A. , Santostasi Nina Luisa
Published: January 2021

The Adriatic Sea is one of the Mediterranean areas most heavily impacted by fishing and other human stressors. The northern part of the basin has been certified as an Important Marine Mammal Area because of the regular occurrence of common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus.

Boat surveys, totalling 76 days at sea and 10,711 km of navigation, were conducted between April 2018 and October 2019 to assess cetacean abundance within a 3,000‐km2 area off Veneto, Italy. Bottlenose dolphins – the only marine mammal species observed – were encountered on 52 days and were tracked for 81 h and 26 min, resulting in 15,066 dorsal fin photographs of high quality and resolution.

Various capture–recapture models were applied on individual photo‐identification datasets. Model‐based estimates indicate that approximately 600 individuals occurred within the study area during the sampling period in both years. Abundance varied monthly: minimum estimates were obtained in May 2018 (291 individuals; 95% CI 134–630) and May 2019 (121; 95% CI 20–721), whereas maximum estimates were obtained in September 2018 (385; 95% CI 310–477) and October 2019 (494; 95% CI 378–645).

Evidence provided by this study can be used to complement and validate coarse ‘snapshot’ information from recent aerial surveys of the entire Adriatic Sea, and to enforce management action mandated by the European Community (EC) Habitats Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive, as well as guiding the EC’s Maritime Spatial Planning.
Anatomy in a Post‐Covid‐19 World: Tracing a New Trajectory
Authors: Jones David Gareth
Published: January 2021

In responding to Covid‐19 anatomists have succeeded in adapting their teaching to online delivery. However, long‐term reliance on this mode of teaching raises the prospect that transferring the whole of the learning environment to an impersonal digital world will lead to loss of anatomy’s humanistic side. In looking to a future increasingly dependent upon digital input to teaching, a number of roadblocks are identified. These are: the peril of abandoning the ethos of anatomy; for the workload of staff and especially for female academic staff; by a lack of adequate resources; to the research nature of departments, including the quality of research; to the position of anatomy in the biomedical sciences; and from pressures to retreat from a dissection‐based education. In tracing a future trajectory for anatomy, issues outlined are the inevitability of change, the need for anatomy to market itself to the world, and the opportunities presented for anatomy to view itself increasingly as a contributor to broad scholastic endeavors. Suggestions include exploring the possibilities presented by virtual anatomy museums, the use of online learning to reach those not normally in touch with anatomy teaching, and exploring the integrated courses with humanities disciplines. It is concluded that anatomy will flourish if there is a willingness to expand the traditional horizons and be prepared to integrate all that is best in the person‐to‐person and digital worlds.
Development of a Virtual Three‐Dimensional Assessment Scenario for Anatomical Education
Authors: Bogomolova Katerina , Sam Amir H. , Misky Adam T. , Gupte Chinmay M. , Strutton Paul H. , Hurkxkens Thomas J. , Hierck Beerend P.
Published: January 2021

In anatomical education three‐dimensional (3D) visualization technology allows for active and stereoscopic exploration of anatomy and can easily be adopted into medical curricula along with traditional 3D teaching methods. However, most often knowledge is still assessed with two‐dimensional (2D) paper‐and‐pencil tests. To address the growing misalignment between learning and assessment, this viewpoint commentary highlights the development of a virtual 3D assessment scenario and perspectives from students and teachers on the use of this assessment tool: a 10‐minute session of anatomical knowledge assessment with real‐time interaction between assessor and examinee, both wearing a HoloLens and sharing the same stereoscopic 3D augmented reality model. Additionally, recommendations for future directions, including implementation, validation, logistic challenges, and cost‐effectiveness, are provided. Continued collaboration between developers, researchers, teachers, and students is critical to advancing these processes.
Synthesis of Quaternary Spirooxindole 2H‐Azirines under Batch and Continuous Flow Condition and Metal Assisted Umpolung Reactivity for the Ring‐Opening Reaction
Authors: Bisht Girish Singh , Dunchu Tenzin Dolkar , Gnanaprakasam Boopathy
Published: January 2021

An efficient and new approach for the synthesis of spirooxindole 2H‐azirines via intramolecular oxidative cyclization of 3‐(amino(phenyl)methylene)‐indolin‐2‐one derivatives in the presence of I2 and Cs2CO3 under batch/continuous flow is described. This method is mild and facile to synthesize a variety of spirooxindole 2H‐azirines derivatives in gram‐scale. Furthermore, we have synthesized spiroaziridine derivatives from spirooxindole 2H‐azirines derivatives via addition of Grignard reagent. In addition, we discloses an metal assisted attack of Grignard nucleophile at N‐centre rather than C‐ of the spirooxindole 2H‐azirines, which concurrently underwent ring opening of transient aziridines to afford N‐substituted Z‐3‐(aminophenyl)indolin‐2‐one. A plausible mechanism for azirination and ring‐opening reaction is also presented.
Electrophoretic‐deposited Superhydrophobic Coatings
Authors: Saji Viswanathan S.
Published: January 2021

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is an excellent surface coating approach widely investigated for applications ranging from solar cells, batteries, electrochemical capacitors, solid oxide fuel cells, sensors, molecular sieves, corrosion‐resistant coatings, and biomedical materials. On the other hand, superhydrophobic (SHPC) surfaces have enticed substantial recent research interest owing to their superb surface properties. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of electrophoretic‐deposited SHPC coatings. Concise descriptions of EPD and superhydrophobicity are provided first, followed by a brief mentioning of works reported on electrophoretic‐deposited SHPC coatings by one‐step or two‐step processing (§2.1). The next section (§2.2) delivers a comprehensive description of these reports based on the micro/nanoparticles used. Works reported in specific applications such as anti‐corrosion, biomedical, and oil‐separation are described in §2.3. Future scopes of research also presented.
Exploiting Nature's Most Abundant Polymers: Developing New Pathways for the Conversion of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin and Chitin into Platform Molecules (and Beyond)
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , Pollard Brett , Liu Xin , Connal Luke A.
Published: January 2021

The four most prominent forms of biomass are cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and chitin. In efforts to develop sustainable sources of platform molecules there has been an increasing focus on examining how these biopolymers could be exploited as feedstocks that support the chemical supply chain, including in the production of fine chemicals. Many different approaches are possible and some of the ones being developed in the authors’ laboratories are emphasised.
Emerging Trends in Disinfection: Lessons From AWWA’s Disinfection Survey
Authors:   AWWA Disinfection Committee
Published: January 2021

Key Takeaways

Every 10 years, AWWA releases a survey of disinfection practices in the water sector; taken together, these surveys frame the evolution of potable water disinfection.

The most recent survey was conducted in 2017; the report, published in 2018, summarized trends, advantages, and challenges in using the numerous available disinfection technologies.

As common as chlorine is for disinfection, its use also comes with challenges. Thus, the 2017 survey examined utilities’ use of alternative disinfectants.
The Value Proposition for Likelihood‐of‐Failure Modeling
Authors: Kahn Christopher
Published: January 2021

Key Takeaways

A water agency used geographic information system (GIS) predictive modeling and likelihood‐of‐failure (LOF) analysis for prioritizing infrastructure replacement.

Robust GIS tools for modeling pipe failure prediction use kernel density and hotspot analysis but also require good data stewardship and sound practice.

A GIS‐based LOF model without using artificial intelligence/machine learning can improve decision reliability for water main replacement programs.
Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to vortioxetine: A case series
Authors: Shweiki Siham , Diav‐Citrin Orna
Published: January 2021

Background

The objective of this study was to collect outcome after vortioxetine exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy in a case series.

Methods

Callers who were counseled by the Israeli Teratology Information Service (TIS) regarding vortioxetine exposure during pregnancy were prospectively collected and followed‐up by telephone using a structured questionnaire. Outcomes were confirmed by a pediatrician with medical records in the neonatal period.

Results

Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 19 women were included in the TIS database after first trimester exposure to vortioxetine. Seventeen pregnancy follow‐ups were obtained, while two pregnancies were lost to follow‐up. Eleven pregnancies resulted in 12 live births with no malformations including one set of twins; there were three miscarriages, two terminations, and one stillbirth in week 22. One termination was performed due to prenatal diagnosis of acrania (the woman also took carbamazepine, folic acid and dipyrone), and the second due to fear of abnormalities after cystic hygroma was suspected at week 12 with nuchal translucency of 8.1 mm and no further cytogenetic testing. The twins were born in week 35. Two women continued using the medication until delivery; one of these women reported nursing her baby from birth to up to 1 year, while she continued taking vortioxetine.

Discussion

This case series provides preliminary outcome data on vortioxetine exposure in pregnancy. However, the small sample size calls for caution in the interpretation of results. Denominator‐based studies are needed before conclusions can be drawn.
Free speech case offers valuable reminders to other institutions
Authors: Rooksby Jacob H.
Published: January 2021

The notion that higher education is a marketplace of ideas is deeply rooted in case law and popular understanding of the campus climate. Increasingly, however, higher education has become subject to claims that the sector is ideologically driven in one direction, with conservative causes, speakers, and groups being marginalized by a pervasive liberal dogma on campuses across the country. Immigration reform, affirmative action, the Second Amendment, the #MeToo movement, support for President Trump, structural racism, the Black Lives Matter movement, and the confirmation of U.S. Supreme Court Justices Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett all serve as examples of current topics that have called into question the extent to which minority or dissenting viewpoints are permitted or supported in higher education.
Cabozantinib real‐world effectiveness in the first‐through fourth‐line settings for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Results from the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium
Authors: Gan Chun Loo , Dudani Shaan , Wells J. Connor , Donskov Frede , Pal Sumanta K. , Dizman Nazli , Rathi Nityam , Beuselinck Benoit , Yan Flora , Lalani Aly‐Khan A. , Hansen Aaron , Szabados Bernadett , de Velasco Guillermo , Tran Ben , Lee Jae Lyun , Vaishampayan Ulka N. , Bjarnason Georg A. , Subasri Mathushan , Choueiri Toni K. , Heng Daniel Y. C.
Published: January 2021

Background

Cabozantinib is approved for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) based on the METEOR and CABOSUN trials. However, real‐world effectiveness and dosing patterns of cabozantinib are not well characterized.

Methods

Patients with mRCC treated with cabozantinib between 2011 and 2019 were identified and stratified using the International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk groups. First‐ (1L), second‐ (2L), third‐ (3L), and fourth‐line (4L) overall response rate (ORR), time to treatment failure (TTF), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Dose reduction rates and their association with TTF and OS were determined.

Results

A total of 413 patients were identified. The ORRs across 1L to 4L were 32%, 26%, 25%, and 29%, respectively, and the median TTF rates were 8.3, 7.3, 7.0, and 8.0 months, respectively. The median OS (mOS) rates in 1L to 4L were 30.7, 17.8, 12.6, and 14.9 months, respectively. For patients treated with 1L PD(L)1 combination agent (n = 31), 2L cabozantinib had ORR of 22%, median TTF of 5.4 months, and mOS of 17.4 months. About 50% (129/258) of patients required dose reductions. The TTF and mOS were significantly longer for patients who required dose reduction vs. patients who did not, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.37 (95% CI 0.202–0.672, p < 0.01) and 0.46 (95% CI 0.215–0.980, p = 0.04), respectively. Limitations include the retrospective study design and the lack of central radiology review.

Conclusion

The ORR and TTF of cabozantinib were maintained from the 1L to 4L settings. Dose reductions due to toxicity were associated with improved TTF and OS. Cabozantinib has clinical activity after 1L Immuno‐oncology combination agents.
Directing Polymorphism in the Helical Nanofilament Phase
Authors: Park Wongi , Yang Minyong , Park Hyewon , Wolska Joanna M. , Ahn Hyungju , Shin Tae Joo , Pociecha Damian , Gorecka Ewa , Yoon Dong Ki
Published: January 2021

Herein, it is reported that the polymorphism in the helical nanofilament (HNF, B4) liquid‐crystalline phase depends on the fabrication methods, that is, UV‐driven formation and template‐assisted self‐assembly in the nanoconfined geometry. As a result, uniaxially oriented HNFs with different helical structures were obtained, in which generation of the twisted‐ribbon and cylindrical‐ribbon polymorphs showed that even the molecular lattice has a different orientation. The detailed structures were directly observed by SEM and grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation. The resultant polymorphs could be used in chiro‐optical applications due to the capability for fine control of the helical structures.
Effects of working conditions on the performance of an ammonia ejector used in an ocean thermal energy conversion system
Authors: Li Shizhen , Zhai Xiaoyu , Liu Yanjun , Liu Weimin , Wang Lei , Zhang Jingzhi
Published: January 2021

Ocean thermal energy has attracted much attention for its huge potential resources. It's proved that an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) cycle system using ammonia ejectors is beneficial to improve the cycle efficiency. Thus, the performance of an ammonia ejector is studied numerically in this paper. Effects of working conditions which occurred inside the ammonia ejector, like primary flow pressure (1.3‐2.1 MPa), secondary flow pressure (0.45‐0.65 MPa), and back pressure (0.5‐1.05 MPa), on the mixing process and flow phenomenon, are discussed in detail. The results demonstrate that the entrainment ratio of ammonia ejector ranging from 0.35‐0.65 increases with decreasing primary flow pressure at the critical working mode, while the reverse is true for the critical back pressure. Two small vortexes are formed near the ejector wall due to the boundary layer separation when the ejector works at the subcritical or critical mode. These vortexes reduce the effective area and flow rate of the secondary flow. The Ma contours are nearly the same in the nozzle and mixing zone for the critical and subcritical mode, but distributions of Ma vary dramatically in the diffuser corresponding to the variation of secondary series of oblique shock.
Preparation and Application of Keggin Polyoxometalate‐based 3D Coordination polymer Materials as Supercapacitors and Amperometric Sensors
Authors: Yang Mengle , Rong Shuang , Wang Xinming , Ma Huiyuan , Pang Haijun , Tan Lichao , Jiang Yanxia , Gao Keqing
Published: January 2021

The development of POM‐based coordination polymers (CPs) provides a promising chance to approach excellent bifunctional electrode materials. Herein, three new polyoxometalates (POMs)‐based three‐dimensional (3D) inorganic‐organic hybrid compounds, [HPMVI9MV3O40]CuI5[4‐atrz]6⋅XH2O [M=Mo(1) or W(2), X=1(1)], [H2SiMoVI9MoV3O40]CuI5[4‐atrz]6⋅H2O (3) have been synthesized via hydrothermal reaction and explored as pseudocapacitive and sensors electrode materials. These compounds possess a novel three‐dimensional sandwich structure formed from POMs and ring CuI‐4‐atrz complexes by using Cu1 as nodes. As capacitor electrode materials, compounds 1 and 3 with Mo‐containing POMs show much higher specific capacitance than 2, which is because that POMs with Mo as metal atoms have much higher oxidation capacity than those with W. When these compounds are used as sensors to detect NO2− and Cr2O72−, compound 3 shows the highest sensitivity, lowest detection limit and most excellent anti‐interference ability. These results indicate that combining POMs and CuI‐4‐atrz complexes to form POM‐based coordination polymers with unique microstructures greatly improve the electrochemical performance and stability of traditional POMs as electrode materials, which are attributed to excellent redox properties of POMs, and unique three‐dimensional structure formed due to introduction of Cu‐4‐atrz complex. This work provides a promising direction for exploring novel bifunctional electrode materials.
Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Generic Versus Branded Obeticholic Acid in a Chinese Population: Effects of Food and Sex
Authors: Li Xiaojiao , Zhang Hong , Li Cuiyun , Zheng Wenbo , Wang Meng , Wu Min , Yang Deming , Hu Yue , Huo Dandan , Xu Zhongnan , Ding Yanhua , Liu Li
Published: January 2021

The present study assessed the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of a single 10‐mg dose of a generic and the branded formulation (Ocaliva) of obeticholic acid (OCA) in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions. The possible effects of food and sex on the pharmacokinetics of OCA and its 2 active metabolites (glyco‐OCA and tauro‐OCA) were evaluated. Plasma concentrations of OCA and its 2 active metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The 90%CIs of the ratios of the test and reference formulations for Cmax, AUC0‐t, and AUC0‐∞ of OCA, glyco‐OCA, and tauro‐OCA were contained entirely within the 80% to 125% range required for bioequivalence under fasting and fed conditions. Plasma exposure of OCA was 30% to 36% higher under fed compared with fasting conditions. Plasma exposure of OCA, glyco‐OCA, and tauro‐OCA was 39% to 66%, 22% to 58%, and 37% to 84% higher, respectively, in women compared with men under fasting and fed conditions. In conclusion, OCA was well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions. The single 10‐mg dose of a generic OCA formulation was bioequivalent to Ocaliva. Food and sex impacted the pharmacokinetics of OCA and/or its 2 active metabolites. Further studies are required to determine if these effects are clinically relevant.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment in Adult and Pediatric Patients Following Administration of Ceftaroline Fosamil as a 5‐Minute Infusion
Authors: Riccobene Todd A. , Carrothers Timothy J. , Knebel William , Raber Susan , Chan Phylinda L.S.
Published: January 2021

The key pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) efficacy index for β‐lactam antibiotics is the percentage of time that free drug concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bacteria during each dosing interval (fT>MIC). Ceftaroline fosamil, the prodrug of the β‐lactam ceftaroline, was initially approved for administration as 60‐minute intravenous (IV) infusions. Population PK analyses comparing exposure and PK/PD target attainment for 5‐minute and 60‐minute IV infusions, described here, have supported ceftaroline fosamil labeling updates to include variable infusion durations of 5 to 60 minutes in adults and children aged ≥2 months. A 2‐compartment disposition PK model for ceftaroline fosamil and ceftaroline was used to predict steady‐state ceftaroline exposures (maximum plasma concentrations [Cmax,ss] and area under the plasma concentration–time curve over 24 hours [AUCss,0‐24]) and probability of target attainment in simulated adult and pediatric patients with various degrees of renal function receiving standard doses of ceftaroline fosamil as 5‐minute or 60‐minute IV infusions. Across age groups and renal function categories, median ceftaroline AUCss,0‐24 values were similar for 5‐minute and 60‐minute infusions, whereas Cmax,ss was up to 42% higher for 5‐minute infusions. Both infusion durations achieved >99% probability of target attainment based on PK/PD targets for Staphylococcus aureus (35% fT>MIC) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (44% fT>MIC) at European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing/Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute MIC breakpoints (1 mg/L and 0.25/0.5 mg/L, respectively). These findings support administration of standard ceftaroline fosamil doses over 5 to 60 minutes for adults and children aged ≥2 months, providing added flexibility to clinicians and patients.
An autonomic decision tree‐based and deadline‐constraint resource provisioning in cloud applications
Authors: Mazidi Arash , Mahdavi Mehregan , Roshanfar Fahimeh
Published: January 2021

Cloud computing provides a set of resources and services for customers on the Internet on demand and based on a pay as you go model. Cloud providers are looking to decrease costs and increase profits. Therefore, resource management and provisioning are very important for cloud providers. Automated scaling can be used to provide resources for user requests. Auto‐scaling can decrease the total operational costs for providers, although it does have its own cost and time overheads. In this paper, a new solution is presented for resource provisioning on multi‐layered cloud applications based on MAPE‐K loop. A weighted ensemble prediction model is proposed to estimate the resources utilization in each cloud layer. In addition, accuracy of the model and a regularization technique are used to regulate the weights of the models in the proposed hybrid prediction model. Furthermore, a decision tree‐based algorithm is presented to analyze status of the resources to make scaling decision. In addition, we propose a resource allocation algorithm that is based on Virtual Machine priority and request deadline in order to allocate requests on suitable resources. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has the best performance among its counterparts.
Inorganic Frustrated Lewis Pairs in Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Li Taozhu , Zhang Weining , Qin Hao , Lu Lei , Yan Shicheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: January 2021

Carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion and utilization is a potential means to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems in modern times. However, the energy conversion efficiency is still limited by the high barriers in CO2 activation and conversion. Due to their ability to capture CO2, frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have attracted much attention recently. In this Minireview, we first introduce the basic principles and challenges of photocatalytic CO2 reduction, including different CO2 reduction reaction pathways, product selectivity and water oxidation kinetics. Subsequently, research progress of FLPs on the activation of CO2/H2O molecules, charge separation and transfer and the product selectivity are discussed. Finally, the challenges in photocatalytic CO2 reduction are presented and future development directions are briefly described.
Confining Chainmail‐Bearing Ni Nanoparticles in N‐doped Carbon Nanotubes for Robust and Efficient Electroreduction of CO2
Authors: Niu Yongjian , Zhang Chunhua , Wang Yuanyuan , Fang Dong , Zhang Linlin , Wang Cheng
Published: January 2021

It still remains challenging to simultaneously achieve high stability, selectivity, and activity in CO2 reduction. Herein, a dual chainmail‐bearing nickel‐based catalyst (Ni@NC@NCNT) was fabricated via a solvothermal‐evaporation‐calcination approach. In situ encapsulated N‐doped carbon layers (NCs) and nanotubes (NCNTs) gave a dual protection to the metallic core. The confined space well maintained the local alkaline pH value and suppressed hydrogen evolution. Large surface area and abundant pyridinic N and Niδ+ sites ensured high CO2 adsorption capacity and strength. Benefitting from these, it delivered a CO faradaic efficiency of 94.1 % and current density of 48.0 mA cm−2 at −0.75 and −1.10 V, respectively. Moreover, the performance remained unchanged after continuous electrolysis for 43 h, far exceeding Ni@NC with single chainmail, Ni@NC/NCNT with Ni@NC sitting on the walls of NCNT, bare NCNT and most state‐of‐the‐art catalysts, demonstrating structural superiority of Ni@NC@NCNT. This work sheds light on designing unique architectures to improve electrochemical performances.
Regulation of the human NK cell compartment by pathogens and vaccines
Authors: Goodier Martin R , Riley Eleanor M
Published: January 2021

Natural killer cells constitute a phenotypically diverse population of innate lymphoid cells with a broad functional spectrum. Classically defined as cytotoxic lymphocytes with the capacity to eliminate cells lacking self‐MHC or expressing markers of stress or neoplastic transformation, critical roles for NK cells in immunity to infection in the regulation of immune responses and as vaccine‐induced effector cells have also emerged. A crucial feature of NK cell biology is their capacity to integrate signals from pathogen‐, tumor‐ or stress‐induced innate pathways and from antigen‐specific immune responses. The extent to which innate and acquired immune mediators influence NK cell effector function is influenced by the maturation and differentiation state of the NK cell compartment; moreover, NK cell differentiation is driven in part by exposure to infection. Pathogens can thus mould the NK cell response to maximise their own success and/or minimise the damage they cause. Here, we review recent evidence that pathogen‐ and vaccine‐derived signals influence the differentiation, adaptation and subsequent effector function of human NK cells.
Effectiveness of a brief form of group dialectical behavior therapy for binge‐eating disorder: Case series in a routine clinical setting
Authors: Adams Gillian , Turner Hannah , Hoskins Jessica , Robinson Alice , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2021

Objective

While there is evidence to support the use of group dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in the treatment of binge‐eating disorder (BED), treatment is relatively long compared with other evidence‐based treatments. This study explored the effectiveness of brief DBT groups for BED, delivered in a routine community setting.

Method

Eighty‐four adults with BED entered 10‐week DBT group treatment in a community eating disorders service. In total, 12 groups were conducted. Patients completed measures of eating disorder pathology, anxiety, depression, and emotional eating at the start and end of treatment, and at 1‐month follow‐up. Frequency of weekly binges was recorded.

Results

Outcomes were similar to those of longer versions of DBT, with an attrition rate of 26%, and significant reductions in eating disorder psychopathology and emotional eating by the end of treatment and at follow‐up. Over 50% of patients were abstinent from binge eating by Session 4.

Discussion

Group DBT delivered in a 10‐session format is clinically equivalent to longer versions of the same treatment. Future research is required to explore patterns of change and to demonstrate replicability under controlled conditions, but these findings are promising for the efficient delivery of effective treatment and reducing waiting times.
Novel Potentiometric Solid‐contact Electrode for the Determination of Fe2+ Ions via MWCNTs‐Gemifloxacin Composite
Authors: Abdallah Nehad A.
Published: January 2021

A novel electrode was fabricated for the quantitation of Fe2+ ion. It was based on the covalent attachment of the gemifloxacin molecule (the recognition element) to the surface of MWCNTs to be incorporated as an electroactive material. Linear response of Fe2+ ions was found in the concentration range of 1×10−2 mol L−1 to 1×10−8 mol L−1 with a Nernstian slope of 30.37 ±0.3 (mV/decade) and attained a stable response within 5 s. The sensor exhibited LOD value of 4.8×10−9 mol L−1. It was applied in the monitoring of Fe2+ concentration in multi‐vitamins tablets, tap water and milk samples with acceptable recovery ranged from 94.00 % to 102.00 %.