bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel robotic knee device with stance control and its kinematic weight optimization for rehabilitation
Authors: Pyo Sanghun , Yoon Junwon , Oh Min-Kyun
Published: June 2014

It is important to develop a robotic orthosis or exoskeleton that can provide back-drivable and good assistive performances with lightweight structures for overground gait rehabilitation of stroke patients. In this paper, we describe a robotic knee device with a five-bar linkage to allow low-impedance voluntary knee motion within a specified rotation range during the swing phase, and to assist knee extension during the stance phase. The device can provide free motion through the five-bar linkage with 2-degree-of-freedom (DOF) actuation via the patient's shank using a linear actuator, and can assist knee extension at any controlled knee angle while bearing weight via a geared five-bar linkage with 1 DOF actuation of the linear actuator. The kinematic transition between the two modes can be implemented by contact with a circular structure and a linear link, and the resultant range of motion can be determined by the linear actuator. The kinematic weight of the device was optimized using the simple genetic algorithm to reduce the mass. The optimization cost function was based on the sum of the total link lengths and the actuator power. The optimization results reduced the total link length and motor power by 47% and 43%, respectively, compared to the initial design. We expect that the device will facilitate rehabilitation of stroke patients by allowing safe and free overground walking while providing support for stumbling.
Duration of collision-free motion of unmanned vehicles in a confined area
Authors: Zhang Qian , Leng Gerard , Govindaraju Vengatesan
Published: June 2014

This paper provides a mathematical approach to study the duration of collision-free motion of multiple unmanned autonomous vehicles (UXVs) operating in confined areas. A simple geometric model of the UXVs is first proposed, and the dynamics of the model is shown. The expected time of first collision is then formulated using the concept of mean free path from molecular dynamics. Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to verify the theory developed. The expected time of first collision is a function of the number of UXVs, the UXV speed and the sensor field of view (FOV) for a given operational area and vehicle size. Furthermore, the critical number of UXVs, above which collision can be deemed to occur instantly, is obtained.
Caregivers provide more labeling responses to infants' pointing than to infants' object-directed vocalizations
Authors: WU ZHEN , GROS-LOUIS JULIE
Published: June 2014

Existing studies have observed a robust relationship between infants' pointing gestures and language outcomes. By contrast, infants' overall vocal production is not related to language outcomes. One possible explanation for the association between pointing and language is that pointing gestures, as compared to vocalizations, may elicit more verbal responses from social partners that are facilitative for language learning. To test this, we observed forty-seven infants aged 1;0 during free play with their mothers and fathers separately to compare parents' verbal responses to infants' pointing gestures and object-directed vocalizations. Results showed that, compared to object-directed vocalizations, infants' pointing elicited more verbal responses from parents, particularly object labels. Moreover, mothers were more likely than fathers to provide labels. These results may help explain why pointing is associated with indices of language acquisition, but the production of vocalizations is not.
Experimentation under Hierarchy in Local Conditions: Cases of Political Reform in Guangdong and Sichuan, China
Authors: Tsai Wen-Hsuan , Dean Nicola
Published: June 2014

Reforms carried out by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have long followed a traditional model of “experimentation under hierarchy.” This article will attempt to develop this model further by building a framework to illustrate the influence of both the political dynamics of hierarchical central–local relations and local economic circumstances in the introduction of large-scale political reforms. The initiation and expansion of “experimental points” are only permitted in those select few provinces with both favourable political and economic local conditions, allowing the CCP to minimize risk and make informed decisions regarding possibilities for nationwide reform. This article proposes that the hierarchical interaction of central and local political elites, and in particular provincial secretaries, can explain the extent of reforms, whereas the type of reform is linked to distinct provincial economic conditions and the provincial secretary's interpretation of provincial priorities. Put succinctly, the CCP's model of political reform can be specifically characterized as “experimentation under hierarchy in local conditions.” This article presents a detailed discussion of both the political and economic considerations inherent in this concept, and provides examples of reform programmes in Guangdong and Sichuan to illustrate the model in practice.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF THE SOUTH AEGEAN VOLCANIC ARC: KIMOLOS ISLAND (KIKLADES, GREECE)
Authors: Kougioumoutzis K. , Tiniakou A. , Georgiou O. , Georgiadis T.
Published: June 2014

The island of Kimolos, located in the western Kiklades in Greece, constitutes together with Milos, Polyaegos, Anafi and the Santorini island group the central part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. The flora of Kimolos consists of 443 taxa, 70 of which are under a statute of protection, 30 are Greek endemics and 225 are reported here for the first time. We show that Kimolos has the highest percentage of Greek endemics in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. The known distribution of the endemics Sedum eriocarpum subsp. eriocarpum and Anthemis rigida subsp. liguliflora is expanded, being reported for the first time for the phytogeographical region of the Kiklades. The floristic cross-correlation between Kimolos and other parts of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc by means of Sørensen’s index revealed that its phytogeographical affinities are somewhat stronger to Anafi than to neighbouring Milos.
A case–control study on red meat consumption and risk of stroke among a group of Iranian adults
Authors: Saneei Parvane , Saadatnia Mohammad , Shakeri Forough , Beykverdi Masumeh , Keshteli Ammar Hassanzadeh , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: June 2014

Objective

We aimed to examine the association between red meat consumption and stroke in a group of Iranian adults.

Design

A hospital-based case–control study.

Setting

The study included stroke patients and hospital-based controls. Usual dietary intakes of participants were assessed by means of a validated 168-item semi-quantitative FFQ. Total red meat consumption was calculated by summing up the consumption of red, processed and visceral meats.

Subjects

One hundred and ninety-five cases were stroke patients hospitalized in the neurology ward and 195 controls were recruited from patients hospitalized in other wards with no history of cerebrovascular diseases or neurological disorders.

Results

Participants with stroke were older, more likely to be male and less likely to be obese. Individuals in the highest tertile of red meat intake were 119 % more likely to have stroke (OR=2·19; 95 % CI 1·33, 3·60) compared with those in the lowest tertile. After controlling for age, sex and total energy intake, the association between red meat consumption and stroke was strengthened (OR=2·72; 95 % CI 1·53, 4·83). This association remained significant even after further controlling for physical activity and smoking as well as dietary intakes. Additional adjustments for BMI, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia did not influence the association significantly (OR=2·51; 95 % CI 1·19, 5·09).

Conclusions

Consumption of red meat was associated with greater odds of having stroke in a group of Iranian adults.
Presidents in business. Career and destiny of democratic leaders
Authors: Musella Fortunato
Published: June 2014

Deep changes regard the political careers of democratic leaders. Until recently, becoming president or prime minister was the last step before retirement or withdrawal to an undemanding seat on the back benches. On the contrary recent heads of government are enthusiastically seeking alternative ways to capitalize on their prestige and contacts portfolio, often ending up in the world of business or international finance. There are many examples of such a trend, from Blair to Mulroney, from Schröder to Barak. This article provides an empirical analysis of the phenomenon, by examining a dataset of 441 leaders in 78 different democratic countries over a period dating from 1989 to 2012. Attention will be focused on the political background of the prime ministers and presidents, how long they stay in power, the average age of heads of government, what professional pursuits they are involved in after their term in office and what career model they follow. The article concludes by proposing a post-presidential model which indicates some of the current trends and illustrates how former leaders are gaining decision-making power and visibility.
Substrate-perforated and compact ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN band rejection
Authors: Shareef Wessam Zayd , Ismail Alyani , Alhawari Adam R.H.
Published: June 2014

This paper presents a designed notched band ultra-wideband (UWB) printed antenna using coplanar waveguide-fed configuration. Simple technique of perforating the substrate and modifying the ground plane and radiator patch was used to achieve UWB for the designed antenna at smaller structure. Narrow arch-shaped slot was introduced to the patch of the proposed antenna to obtain the band rejection function around the 5.4 GHz frequency to avoid the interference with WLAN applications. The proposed antenna was fabricated and the measurement result is found in well agreement with the simulation result. In addition to the acquirable UWB bandwidth, the designed antenna is capable to exhibit high radiation efficiency and omni-directional pattern.
Notch pathway inhibition controls myeloma bone disease in the murine MOPC315.BM model
Authors: Schwarzer R , Nickel N , Godau J , Willie B M , Duda G N , Schwarzer R , Cirovic B , Leutz A , Manz R , Bogen B , Dörken B , Jundt F
Published: June 2014

Despite evidence that deregulated Notch signalling is a master regulator of multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis, its contribution to myeloma bone disease remains to be resolved. Notch promotes survival of human MM cells and triggers human osteoclast activity in vitro. Here, we show that inhibition of Notch through the γ-secretase inhibitor XII (GSI XII) induces apoptosis of murine MOPC315.BM myeloma cells with high Notch activity. GSI XII impairs murine osteoclast differentiation of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in vitro. In the murine MOPC315.BM myeloma model GSI XII has potent anti-MM activity and reduces osteolytic lesions as evidenced by diminished myeloma-specific monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)-A serum levels and quantitative assessment of bone structure changes via high-resolution microcomputed tomography scans. Thus, we suggest that Notch inhibition through GSI XII controls myeloma bone disease mainly by targeting Notch in MM cells and possibly in osteoclasts in their microenvironment. We conclude that Notch inhibition is a valid therapeutic strategy in MM.
A barcode of organellar genome polymorphisms identifies the geographic origin of Plasmodium falciparum strains
Authors: Preston Mark D. , Campino Susana , Assefa Samuel A. , Echeverry Diego F. , Ocholla Harold , Amambua-Ngwa Alfred , Stewart Lindsay B. , Conway David J. , Borrmann Steffen , Michon Pascal , Zongo Issaka , Ouédraogo Jean-Bosco , Djimde Abdoulaye A. , Doumbo Ogobara K. , Nosten Francois , Pain Arnab , Bousema Teun , Drakeley Chris J. , Fairhurst Rick M. , Sutherland Colin J. , Roper Cally , Clark Taane G.
Published: June 2014

Malaria is a major public health problem that is actively being addressed in a global eradication campaign. Increased population mobility through international air travel has elevated the risk of re-introducing parasites to elimination areas and dispersing drug-resistant parasites to new regions. A simple genetic marker that quickly and accurately identifies the geographic origin of infections would be a valuable public health tool for locating the source of imported outbreaks. Here we analyse the mitochondrion and apicoplast genomes of 711 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from 14 countries, and find evidence that they are non-recombining and co-inherited. The high degree of linkage produces a panel of relatively few single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that is geographically informative. We design a 23-SNP barcode that is highly predictive (~92%) and easily adapted to aid case management in the field and survey parasite migration worldwide.
Performance Enhancement of Capacitive-Coupling Dual-gate Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor in Ultra-Thin-Body
Authors: Jang Hyun-June , Cho Won-Ju
Published: June 2014

Recently, thin-film transistor based-ISFETs with the dual-gate (DG) structures have been proposed, in order to beat the Nernst response of the standard ISFET, utilizing diverse organic or inorganic materials. The immutable Nernst response can be dramatically transformed to an ultra-sensing margin, with the capacitive-coupling arisen from the DG structure. In order to advance this platform, we here embedded the ultra-thin body (UTB) into the DG ISFET. The UTB of 4.3 nm serves to not only increase its sensitivity, but also to strongly suppress the leakage components, leading to a better stability of the DG ISFET. In addition, we first provide a comprehensive analysis of the body thickness effects especially how the thick body can render the degradation in the device performance, such as sensitivity and stability. The UTB DG ISFET will allow the ISFET-based biosensor platform to continue enhancement into the next decade.
A method to identify and validate mitochondrial modulators using mammalian cells and the worm C. elegans
Authors: Andreux Pénélope A. , Mouchiroud Laurent , Wang Xu , Jovaisaite Virginija , Mottis Adrienne , Bichet Sabrina , Moullan Norman , Houtkooper Riekelt H. , Auwerx Johan
Published: June 2014

Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles regulated by a complex network of proteins that are vital for many cellular functions. Because mitochondrial modulators can impact many aspects of cellular homeostasis, their identification and validation has proven challenging. It requires the measurement of multiple parameters in parallel to understand the exact nature of the changes induced by such compounds. We developed a platform of assays scoring for mitochondrial function in two complementary models systems, mammalian cells and C. elegans. We first optimized cell culture conditions and established the mitochondrial signature of 1,200 FDA-approved drugs in liver cells. Using cell-based and C. elegans assays, we further defined the metabolic effects of two pharmacological classes that emerged from our hit list, i.e. imidazoles and statins. We found that these two drug classes affect respiration through different and cholesterol-independent mechanisms in both models. Our screening strategy enabled us to unequivocally identify compounds that have toxic or beneficial effects on mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, the cross-species approach provided novel mechanistic insight and allowed early validation of hits that act on mitochondrial function.
Monitoring UVR induced damage in single cells and isolated nuclei using SR-FTIR microspectroscopy and 3D confocal Raman imaging
Authors: Lipiec Ewelina , Bambery Keith R. , Heraud Philip , Kwiatek Wojciech M. , McNaughton Don , Tobin Mark J. , Vogel Christian , Wood Bayden R.
Published: June 2014

Melanocytes exposed to artificial sunlight and analysed with FTIR and Raman spectroscopy show changes in DNA bands and evidence of lipid accumulation.
A non-aggregation colorimetric method for trace lead(ii) ions based on the leaching of gold nanorods
Authors: Lan Yu-Jing , Lin Yang-Wei
Published: June 2014

A non-aggregation colorimetric sensing method for Pb(ii) ions using S2O32−/Au NR probes.
Measurement of NMDA receptor antagonist, CPP, in mouse plasma and brain tissue following systemic administration using ion-pair LC-MS/MS
Authors: Gemperline Erin , Laha Kurt , Scarlett Cameron O. , Pearce Robert A. , Li Lingjun
Published: June 2014

Ion pair liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry can be used to sensitively and accurately quantify CPP at concentrations relevant to biological research.
Quantification signalling via transition of solution inhomogeneity: determination of iron content in human serum by the naked eye
Authors: Kuo Chun-Ting , Lin Cheng-Han , Lii Yi-Ann , Gu Mong-Wen , Pao Chih-Wen , Lee Jyh-Fu , Chen Chun-hsien
Published: June 2014

Visual detection triggered by sensing events has been one of the central themes in contemporary chemistry.
Recent advances in zinc–air batteries
Authors: Li Yanguang , Dai Hongjie
Published: June 2014

In this review, the fundamentals, challenges and latest exciting advances related to zinc–air research are highlighted.
Advances in gold nanoparticle–liquid crystal composites
Authors: Choudhary Amit , Singh Gautam , Biradar Ashok M.
Published: June 2014

The review article discusses the impact of gold nanoparticle addition in to liquid crystals (LCs) and proposes its implementation for futuristic applications.
Facile and cost effective synthesis of mesoporous spinel NiCo2O4 as an anode for high lithium storage capacity
Authors: Jadhav Harsharaj S. , Kalubarme Ramchandra S. , Park Choong-Nyeon , Kim Jaekook , Park Chan-Jin
Published: June 2014

To fulfill the high power and high energy density demands for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), new anode materials need to be explored to replace conventional graphite.
A facile and versatile method for preparation of colored TiO2 with enhanced solar-driven photocatalytic activity
Authors: Tan Huaqiao , Zhao Zhao , Niu Mang , Mao Chengyu , Cao Dapeng , Cheng Daojian , Feng Pingyun , Sun Zaicheng
Published: June 2014

A simple and facile solid-state chemical reduction approach for a large-scale production of colored TiO2 with good photocatalytic properties was developed.
High quality sulfur-doped titanium dioxide nanocatalysts with visible light photocatalytic activity from non-hydrolytic thermolysis synthesis
Authors: Li Na , Zhang Xinyu , Zhou Weijia , Liu Zhengqing , Xie Gang , Wang Yaoyu , Du Yaping
Published: June 2014

A non-hydrolytic route for monodisperse S-doped TiO2 nanocatalysts with enhanced visible light activation is demonstrated.
Palladium-catalyzed, copper-mediated construction of benzene rings from the reactions of indoles with in situ generated enones
Authors: Guo Tenglong , Jiang Quanbin , Huang Fei , Chen Jiping , Yu Zhengkun
Published: June 2014

Construction of the benzene ring was efficiently realized through a palladium(ii)-catalyzed, copper(ii)-mediated domino dehydrochlorination/alkenylation/cycloaddition–oxidation sequence.
Improved cyclability of a lithium–sulfur battery using POP–Sulfur composite materials
Authors: Weng Wei , Yuan Shengwen , Azimi Nasim , Jiang Zhang , Liu Yuzi , Ren Yang , Abouimrane Ali , Zhang Zhengcheng
Published: June 2014

POP–sulfur composite as cathode material for lithium–sulfur battery.
Understanding the local environment of Sm3+ in doped SrZrO3 and energy transfer mechanism using time-resolved luminescence: a combined theoretical and experimental approach
Authors: Gupta Santosh K. , Ghosh P. S. , Pathak Nimai , Arya A. , Natarajan V.
Published: June 2014

A combined experimental and theoretical study on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of strontium zirconate (SZ) and Sm3+ doped SZ nanostructures is presented in this work.
Nanoconfining affinity materials for pH-mediated protein capture–release
Authors: Li Qianjin , Tu Xueying , Ye Jin , Bie Zijun , Bi Xiaodong , Liu Zhen
Published: June 2014

Based on the nanoconfinement effect, two new affinity materials that have a pH-responsive capture–release ability for proteins were developed.
Correlation between nanoparticle location and graphene nucleation in chemical vapour deposition of graphene
Authors: Fan Lili , Wang Kunlin , Wei Jinquan , Zhong Minlin , Wu Dehai , Zhu Hongwei
Published: June 2014

The location of nanoparticles is a straightforward reflection of the nucleation sites of graphene growth. The deposition of nanoparticles is consistent with the distribution of multilayer graphene.
Optimizing the charge transfer process by designing Co3O4@PPy@MnO2 ternary core–shell composite
Authors: Wang Bin , He Xinyi , Li Hongpeng , Liu Qi , Wang Jun , Yu Lei , Yan Huijun , Li Zhanshuang , Wang Peng
Published: June 2014

In this paper, the incorporation of a highly conductive material (polypyrrole) into a binary metal-oxide core–shell structured composite is adopted to optimize the charge transfer process to further improve electrochemical performance.
Novel composite polymer electrolytes containing poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted graphene oxide for all-solid-state lithium-ion battery applications
Authors: Shim Jimin , Kim Dong-Gyun , Kim Hee Joong , Lee Jin Hong , Baik Ji-Hoon , Lee Jong-Chan
Published: June 2014

A series of composite polymer electrolytes containing poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted graphene oxide fillers were prepared for all-solid-state lithium-ion battery applications.
Controlling templating effects at the organic/inorganic interface using (111) oriented copper iodide
Authors: Rochford L. A. , Keeble D. S. , Holmes O. J. , Clarkson G. J. , Jones T. S.
Published: June 2014

Structural templating of organic semiconductors affords control of out-of-plane film structure and molecular orientation with respect to solid surfaces.
A Clinical Model for Developing Executive Function Skills
Authors: Ward Sarah , Jacobsen Kristen
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this article is to describe a therapeutic program developed by our clinic that (a) considers the core features of executive control which must be understood in order to effectively implement an executive function treatment model, (b) how we included those features into a treatment program that successfully teaches students to develop independent executive function skills, and (c) demonstrates how the model has been applied across the developmental age span.
Dual‐threshold sleep mode control scheme for small cells
Authors: Yu Guanding , Chen Qimei , Yin Rui
Published: June 2014

Sleep mode control is essential to the energy efficiency of small cell networks. However, frequently switching on/off small cell base stations (SBSs) may cause the degradation to the quality‐of‐service of their users and the increase of network operational cost as well. In this study, the authors propose a novel dual‐threshold‐based sleep mode control strategy for small cell networks. The motivation of using dual‐thresholds to control the sleep mode is to minimise the network energy consumption while avoiding the frequent mode transitions of SBSs at the same time. They utilise the Markov chain method to analyse the performance of the proposed strategy. Optimisation problems are formulated to achieve the optimal dual‐thresholds for two different scenarios: the homogeneous threshold scenario in which uniform dual‐thresholds are applied to all SBSs and the heterogeneous threshold scenario where different dual‐thresholds are assigned to SBSs. For the homogeneous threshold scenario, they develop an optimal solution which is based on exhaustive searching. A reinforcement learning‐based algorithm and a heuristic algorithm are proposed for the heterogeneous threshold scenario, respectively. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the author's proposed algorithms.
Composite disturbance‐observer‐based output feedback control and passive control for Markovian jump systems with multiple disturbances
Authors: Yao Xiuming , Guo Lei
Published: June 2014

This study addresses the problems of the composite disturbance‐observer‐based (DOB) output feedback control and passive control for Markovian jump systems with non‐linearity and multiple disturbances. The multiple disturbances include two kinds: one is supposed to be a norm‐bounded vector; the other is described by an exogenous system with perturbations. The purpose of the problem addressed is to design a DOB output feedback controller such that (i) the resulting composite system is passive; and (ii) different types of the above disturbances can be attenuated and rejected, respectively. The characterisation of the gains of the desired disturbance observer and the matrices of the expected output feedback controller are derived based on the solution to a convex optimisation problem that can be easily solved by standard numerical software. Finally, a simulation example is employed to show the effectiveness of the composite control scheme proposed in this study.
Homogeneous polynomial Lyapunov functions for robust local synchronisation with time‐varying uncertainties
Authors: Han Dongkun , Chesi Graziano , Luk Chuen Kit
Published: June 2014

This study studies robust local synchronisation in multi‐agent systems with time‐varying parametric uncertainties constrained in a polytope. In contrast to the existing methods with non‐convex conditions via using quadratic Lyapunov function, a new criteria is proposed based on using homogeneous polynomial Lyapunov functions where the original system is suitably approximated by an uncertain polytopic system. Furthermore, the corresponding tractable conditions of linear matrix inequalities have been provided by exploiting the squares matrix representation. Then, the polytopic synchronisation margin problem is, for the first time, proposed and investigated via handling generalised eigenvalue problems. Lastly, numerical examples illustrate the usefulness of the proposed method.
Image object extraction with shape and edge‐driven Markov random field model
Authors: Wang Xili , Zhang Wei , Ji Qiang
Published: June 2014

For object extraction, the target object in images often cannot be extracted completely and accurately using only low‐level image features, especially from cluttered, occluded and noisy images. In practice, the shape of the target object is often known in advance, and edges can be extracted directly from image, which can contribute to the object extraction task. The authors introduce shape prior and edge to Markov random field (MRF) model, propose a shape and edge‐driven MRF classification model for image object extraction. To exploit the shape prior, the energy function is defined by both image features and the known shape template. Image edges are extracted and added to the energy function to permit slight shape deformation. The whole energy function is minimised by graph cuts. In addition, an alignment process is introduced to handle the affine variations between target object and shape template. The edge reduces the influence of inaccurate shape alignment because of shape deformation and makes the result smoother. The experiments show that shape and edge play irreplaceable roles for accurate object extraction.
Estimating the queue length at street intersections by using a movement feature space approach
Authors: Negri Pablo
Published: June 2014

This study aims to estimate the traffic load at street intersections obtaining the circulating vehicle number through image processing and pattern recognition. The algorithm detects moving objects in a street view by using level lines and generates a new feature space called movement feature space (MFS). The MFS generates primitives as segments and corners to match vehicle model generating hypotheses. The MFS is also grouped in a histogram configuration called histograms of oriented level lines (HO2 L). This work uses HO2 L features to validate vehicle hypotheses comparing the performance of different classifiers: linear support vector machine (SVM), non‐linear SVM, neural networks and boosting. On average, successful detection rate is of 86% with 10−1 false positives per image for highly occluded images.
Efficient 2‐fold contextual filtering approach for fingerprint enhancement
Authors: Ghafoor Mubeen , Taj Imtiaz A. , Ahmad Waqas , Jafri Noman M.
Published: June 2014

Automated personal authentication has become increasingly important in modern information driven society and in this regard fingerprint‐based personal identification is considered to be the most effective tool. In order to ensure reliable fingerprint identification and improve fingerprint ridge structure, a novel fingerprint enhancement approach is presented based on local adaptive contextual filtering. The proposed enhancement technique is 2‐fold as it involves processing both in frequency and spatial domain. The fingerprint image is first filtered in frequency domain and then local directional filtering in spatial domain is applied to obtain enhanced fingerprint. In order to determine the performance efficiency of the proposed enhancement technique, a comparative analysis of error rates on standard fingerprint databases has been presented with major contextual enhancement schemes. The results show the efficacy of the proposed scheme as compared with other contextual filtering techniques.
Méthodologie en recherche clinique : intérêt du site
beOrtho
Authors: Ruiz Martial , Thibult François
Published: June 2014

Les règles régissant la démarche méthodologique de l’« evidence-based » ont fortement
influencé la recherche clinique en orthodontie. Toutefois, la mise en œuvre d’études
cliniques nécessite de la rigueur, des connaissances méthodologiques et statistiques
importantes ainsi qu’un environnement fiable pour compiler et conserver les données issues
de la recherche. Pour répondre au hiatus entre notre volonté de conduire des recherches
cliniques et la rigueur méthodologique nous permettant d’espérer en exploiter les
résultats, nous avons développé le projet « beOrtho.com » (basé sur les évidences
orthodontiques). Le site beOrtho a été conçu pour répondre aux problèmes de recrutement
d’échantillon, de compilation et de conservation des données, ainsi que pour fournir une
aide à la conception méthodologique des études cliniques. Il permet la création et le
suivi d’études cliniques ainsi que la constitution de bases de données. Nous avons d’autre
part élaboré une grille d’évaluation des études cliniques qui permet également la
constitution de revues systématiques. En illustration de notre propos, nous avons testé un
protocole de recherche afin d’évaluer l’intérêt de la propulsion mandibulaire dans le
traitement de la classe II.
Repousser les limites de la dimension transversale. Asymétrie
faciale, volume du palais et posture linguale chez les enfants ayant une occlusion croisée
unilatérale postérieure : évaluation tridimensionnelle d’un traitement
précoce
Authors: Ovsenik Maja , Primožič Jasmina
Published: June 2014

Les occlusions croisées postérieures sont présentées comme les traits de malocclusions
les plus fréquentes en denture temporaire chez les enfants caucasiens. Non traitée,
l’asymétrie faciale due à une latérodéviation mandibulaire en denture temporaire peut
entraîner une croissance défavorable avec pour conséquence une asymétrie faciale
squelettique. Une fonction et/ou une posture linguale inadéquates sont souvent citées
comme des facteurs étiologiques importants. La mise en œuvre d’un traitement orthodontique
précoce semble bénéfique et souhaitable pour créer les conditions d’un développement
dentaire, fonctionnel et squelettique normal de la région orofaciale. Toutefois, le succès
du traitement de l’occlusion croisée unilatérale en denture temporaire peut être mis en
cause, dans la mesure où il est difficile d’évaluer objectivement la correction de
l’asymétrie faciale et la fonction et/ou la posture linguale inadéquate chez des enfants
en croissance. Bien que la photographie faciale soit un important outil diagnostique en
orthodontie, son principal inconvénient est qu’elle représente un objet tridimensionnel en
seulement deux dimensions. La fonction et la posture linguale sont difficiles à apprécier
de façon fiable lors d’un examen clinique. Des outils 3D modernes sont disponibles pour le
diagnostic de l’occlusion croisée unilatérale postérieure en permettant une évaluation non
invasive, valide et objective de la morphologie faciale, du volume du palais, de la
fonction et de la posture linguale. Ils peuvent dès lors représenter dans le futur une
partie importante du diagnostic morphologique et fonctionnel en orthodontie et orthopédie
dento-faciale avant, pendant et après le traitement.
Custom-Made Finger Guard to Prevent Wire-Stick Injury to the Operator's Finger while Performing Intermaxillary Fixation
Authors: Kumaresan Ramesh , Ponnusami Karthikeyan , Karthikeyan Priyadarshini
Published: June 2014

The treatment of maxillofacial fractures involves different methods from bandages and splinting to methods of open reduction and internal fixation and usually requires control of the dental occlusion with the help of intermaxillary fixation (IMF). Different wiring techniques have been used to aid in IMF including placement of custom-made arch bars, eyelet etc. However, these wiring techniques are with a constant danger of trauma to the surgeon's fingers by their sharp ends. Though there exist a variety of commercially available barrier products and customized techniques to prevent wire-stick injury, cost factor, touch sensitivity, and comfort aspect restrain their acquirement and exploit. This technical note describes the construction of a simple and economical finger guard made of soft thermoplastic material that provides an added protection to fingers from wire-stick type injuries, and its flexible nature permits a comfortable finger flexion movement and acceptable touch sensitivity. This is a simple, economical, reusable puncture, and cut-resistance figure guard by which we can avoid wire-stick type injury to the operator's fingers during wiring technique.
Versatile on-demand droplet generation for controlled encapsulation
Authors: Rhee Minsoung , Liu Peng , Meagher Robert J. , Light Yooli K. , Singh Anup K.
Published: June 2014

We present a droplet-based microfluidic system for performing bioassays requiring controlled analyte encapsulation by employing highly flexible on-demand droplet generation. On-demand droplet generation and encapsulation are achieved pneumatically using a microdispensing pump connected to a constant pressure source. The system generates single droplets to the collection route only when the pump is actuated with a designated pressure level and produces two-phase parallel flow to the waste route during the stand-by state. We analyzed the effect of actuation pressure on the stability and size of droplets and optimized conditions for generation of stable droplets over a wide pressure range. By increasing the duration of pump actuation, we could either trigger a short train of identical size droplets or generate a single larger droplet. We also investigated the methodology to control droplet contents by fine-tuning flow rates or implementing a resistance bridge between the pump and main channels. We demonstrated the integrated chip for on-demand mixing between two aqueous phases in droplets and on-demand encapsulation of Escherichia coli cells. Our unique on-demand feature for selective encapsulation is particularly appropriate for bioassays with extremely dilute samples, such as pathogens in a clinical sample, since it can significantly reduce the number of empty droplets that impede droplet collection and subsequent data analysis.
On the increase of the “non-uniform” scaling of the magnetic field variations before the Mw9.0 earthquake in Japan in 2011
Authors: Skordas E. S.
Published: June 2014

By applying Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) to the time series of the geomagnetic data recorded at three measuring stations in Japan, Rong et al. in 2012 recently reported that anomalous magnetic field variations were identified well before the occurrence of the disastrous Tohoku Mw9.0 earthquake that occurred on 11 March 2011 in Japan exhibiting increased “non-uniform” scaling behavior. Here, we provide an explanation for the appearance of this increase of “non-uniform” scaling on the following grounds: These magnetic field variations are the ones that accompany the electric field variations termed Seismic Electric Signals (SES) activity which have been repeatedly reported that precede major earthquakes. DFA as well as multifractal DFA reveal that the latter electric field variations exhibit scaling behavior as shown by analyzing SES activities observed before major earthquakes in Greece. Hence, when these variations are superimposed on a background of pseudosinusoidal trend, their long range correlation properties—quantified by DFA—are affected resulting in an increase of the “non-uniform” scaling behavior. The same is expected to hold for the former magnetic field variations. This explanation is strengthened by recent findings showing that the fluctuations of the order parameter of seismicity exhibited an unprecedented minimum almost two months before the Tohoku earthquake occurrence which is characteristic for an almost simultaneous emission of Seismic Electric Signals activity.
Two-state theory of binned photon statistics for a large class of waiting time distributions and its application to quantum dot blinking
Authors: Volkán-Kacsó Sándor
Published: June 2014

A theoretical method is proposed for the calculation of the photon counting probability distribution during a bin time. Two-state fluorescence and steady excitation are assumed. A key feature is a kinetic scheme that allows for an extensive class of stochastic waiting time distribution functions, including power laws, expanded as a sum of weighted decaying exponentials. The solution is analytic in certain conditions, and an exact and simple expression is found for the integral contribution of “bright” and “dark” states. As an application for power law kinetics, theoretical results are compared with experimental intensity histograms from a number of blinking CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. The histograms are consistent with distributions of intensity states around a “bright” and a “dark” maximum. A gap of states is also revealed in the more-or-less flat inter-peak region. The slope and to some extent the flatness of the inter-peak feature are found to be sensitive to the power-law exponents. Possible models consistent with these findings are discussed, such as the combination of multiple charging and fluctuating non-radiative channels or the multiple recombination center model. A fitting of the latter to experiment provides constraints on the interaction parameter between the recombination centers. Further extensions and applications of the photon counting theory are also discussed.
Magnetic signature of granular superconductivity in electrodeposited Pb nanowires
Authors: Riminucci Alberto , Schwarzacher Walther
Published: June 2014

Nanocrystalline freestanding Pb nanowires ∼200 nm in diameter were fabricated by electrodeposition into track etched polycarbonate membranes in order to study their superconducting properties. Their superconducting critical temperature, as determined by measuring the Meissner effect, was the same as for bulk Pb, but their critical field was greatly enhanced up to ∼3000 Oe. By assuming the wires consisted of spherical superconducting grains, an estimated grain size r = 60 ± 25 nm was obtained from the magnetization measured as a function of the applied magnetic field at a fixed temperature. An independent estimate for r = 47 ± 12 nm, in good agreement with the previous one, was obtained from the magnetization measured as a function of temperature at a fixed applied magnetic field. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize grain size at the wire edges, where a grain size in agreement with the magnetic studies was observed.
The influence of suspended drops on peristaltic pumping
Authors: Blanchette François
Published: June 2014

We present a numerical investigation of peristaltic pumping in the presence of suspended drops, the latter serving as a model for deformable obstructions. We impose a sinusoidal motion to an elastic tube thereby driving flow. Inertial and curvature effects are both accounted for, and we track streamlines and transport within the tube. It is found that drops of radius less than half that of the tube have little effect on the overall flow. Larger drops are found to become more easily trapped by the traveling wave and therefore to enhance transport. Inertial effects are seen to increase the size of the trapped region, but to limit the regime in which fluid may be trapped at all.
Numerical comparison between a gyrofluid and gyrokinetic model investigating collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: Zacharias O. , Comisso L. , Grasso D. , Kleiber R. , Borchardt M. , Hatzky R.
Published: June 2014

The first detailed comparison between gyrokinetic and gyrofluid simulations of collisionless magnetic reconnection has been carried out. Both the linear and nonlinear evolution of the collisionless tearing mode have been analyzed. In the linear regime, we have found a good agreement between the two approaches over the whole spectrum of linearly unstable wave numbers, both in the drift kinetic limit and for finite ion temperature. Nonlinearly, focusing on the small-Δ′ regime, with Δ′ indicating the standard tearing stability parameter, we have compared relevant observables such as the evolution and saturation of the island width, as well as the island oscillation frequency in the saturated phase. The results are basically the same, with small discrepancies only in the value of the saturated island width for moderately high values of Δ′. Therefore, in the regimes investigated here, the gyrofluid approach can describe the collisionless reconnection process as well as the more complete gyrokinetic model.
Diagnostics of a converging strong shock wave generated by underwater explosion of spherical wire array
Authors: Antonov O. , Efimov S. , Tz. Gurovich V. , Yanuka D. , Shafer D. , Krasik Ya. E.
Published: June 2014

The results of experimental studies of the convergence of shock waves (SWs) generated by the underwater electrical explosion of a spherical wire array supplied by a current pulse with an amplitude ∼300 kA and rise time ∼1.1 μs are reported. In the experiments, the power and spectrum of the light emission from an optical fiber, the explosion of a copper tube, and the time-dependent resistance of a resistor placed in the equatorial plane of the spherical wire array were measured. A comparison of the experimental data with the results of numerical simulations of SW convergence shows that the SW keeps its uniformity along the major part of the convergence towards the implosion origin.
Beam excited acoustic instability in semiconductor quantum plasmas
Authors: Rasheed A. , Jamil M. , Siddique M. , Huda F. , Jung Y.-D.
Published: June 2014

The instability of hole-Acoustic waves due to electron beam in semiconductor quantum plasmas is examined using the quantum hydrodynamic model. The quantum effects are considered including Bohm potential, Fermi degenerate pressure, and exchange potential of the semiconductor quantum plasma species. Our model is applied to nano-sized GaAs semiconductor plasmas. The variation of the growth rate of the unstable mode is obtained over a wide range of system parameters. It is found that the thermal effects of semiconductor species have significance over the hole-Acoustic waves.
Pulsed laser deposition of epitaxial BeO thin films on sapphire and SrTiO3
Authors: Peltier Thomas , Takahashi Ryota , Lippmaa Mikk
Published: June 2014

Epitaxial beryllia thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on Al2O3(001) and SrTiO3(111) substrates. Nearly relaxed epitaxial films were obtained on both substrates at growth temperatures of up to about 600 °C. Crystalline films with expanded lattice parameters were obtained even at room temperature. The maximum growth temperature was limited by a loss of beryllium from the film surface. The volatility of beryllium appeared to be caused by the slow oxidation kinetics at the film surface and the re-sputtering effect of high-energy Be and BeO species in the ablation plume. Time-of-flight plume composition analysis suggested that the target surface became Be metal rich at low oxygen pressures, reducing the growth rate of beryllia films.
The energy-band alignment at molybdenum disulphide and high-k dielectrics interfaces
Authors: Tao Junguang , Chai J. W. , Zhang Z. , Pan J. S. , Wang S. J.
Published: June 2014

Energy-band alignments for molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) films on high-k dielectric oxides have been studied using photoemission spectroscopy. The valence band offset (VBO) at monolayer MoS2/Al2O3 (ZrO2) interface was measured to be 3.31 eV (2.76 eV), while the conduction-band offset (CBO) was 3.56 eV (1.22 eV). For bulk MoS2/Al2O3 interface, both VBO and CBO increase by ∼0.3 eV, due to the upwards shift of Mo 4dz2 band. The symmetric change of VBO and CBO implies Fermi level pinning by interfacial states. Our finding ensures the practical application of both p-type and n-type MoS2 based complementary metal-oxide semiconductor and other transistor devices using Al2O3 and ZrO2 as gate materials.
Configural and Featural Discriminations Use the Same Spatial Frequencies: A Model Observer versus Human Observer Analysis
Authors: Collin Charles A , Rainville Stéphane , Watier Nicholas , Boutet Isabelle
Published: June 2014

Previous work has shown mixed results regarding the role of different spatial frequency (SF) ranges in featural and configural processing of faces. Some studies suggest no special role of any given band for either type of processing, while others suggest that low SFs principally support configural analysis. Here we attempt to put this issue on a more rigorous footing by comparing human performance when making featural and configural discriminations with that of a model observer algorithm carrying out the same task. The model uses a simple algorithm that calculates the dot product of a stimulus image with each available potential match image to find the maximally likely match. It thus provides a principled way of analyzing available image information. We find human accuracy peaks at around 10 cycles per face (cpf) regardless of whether featural or configural manipulations are being detected. We also find accuracy peaks in the same part of the spectrum regardless of which feature is manipulated (ie eyes, nose, or mouth). Conversely, model observer performance, measured in terms of white noise tolerance, peaks at approximately 5 cpf, and this value again remains roughly constant regardless of the type of manipulation and feature manipulated. The ratio of the model's noise tolerance to a derived equivalent noise tolerance value for humans peaks at around 10 cpf, similar to the accuracy data. These results provide evidence that the human performance maxima at 10 cpf are not due simply to the physical characteristics of face stimuli, but rather arise due to an interaction between the available information in face images and human perceptual processing.
Two-Dimensional Grouping Affects Perisaccadic Perception of Depth and Synchrony
Authors: Aruga Reiko , Saito Hideo , Ando Hideyuki , Watanabe Junji
Published: June 2014

There is considerable evidence that, when visual stimuli are presented around the time of a saccade, spatial and temporal perceptions of them are distorted. However, only a small number of previous studies have addressed the perception of a visual image induced by a saccade eye movement (visual image that is dynamically drawn on the retina during a saccade at the speed of the eye movement). Here we investigated three-dimensional and temporal perceptions of the saccade-induced images and found that perceptual grouping of objects has a significant effect on the perceived depth and timing of the images.