bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discussion of Ormond: Who Determines What Story is Told? Silenced Voices and Narratives of Marginalisation
Authors: Kēpa Mere
Published: May 2012

Development or transformation can be understood as an active process. The process has confronted and mobilised Maori people since our ancestors departed Hawai'iki to settle Aotearoa-New Zealand. In coming to understand the land the ancestors called ‘Aotearoa’, we changed. And as we changed, our internal and external symbionts and parasites also changed with us. Maori people have endured disease, climatic change, natural disasters, human made disasters, political disasters, economic disasters, educational disasters, and linguistic disasters for nearly two centuries. And as the indigenous people of Aotearoa we continue to be changed by and to change the prevailing assumptions on development (and sustainability) to become healthier and more imaginative people.
Discussion of Montiel and Belo: Nonviolent Democratic Transitions Within a Peace Psychology Framework
Authors: Christie Daniel J.
Published: May 2012

In addition to being the bloodiest century in human history, the 20th century was distinguished by many large-scale nonviolent movements that successfully toppled oppressive regimes, often in the face of overwhelming military power. Notable examples include: India, South Africa, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Philippines, Chile, and Serbia (cf. Ackerman & DuVall, 2000; Ackerman & Kruegler, 1994; Zunes, Kurtz, & Asher, 1999). Montiel and Belo's research is unique, identifying human cognitions, emotions, and values that accompanied East Timor's nonviolent transition to democracy. The current article places their work within the larger framework of peace psychology
Harmonising the City
Authors: Buckridge Patrick
Published: May 2012

Brisbane in the 1920s certainly had its tense moments, but what struck me most forcibly in browsing the local newspapers from the period was how successfully political and social conflicts were absorbed into the peaceful, civil and law-abiding fabric of Brisbane life. World-altering events like the Russian Revolution, the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles, the Irish Troubles and the rise of Mussolini were reported and discussed in the press and elsewhere, but matters seldom went further than that despite the real potential — given the presence of significant Russian, German, Irish and Italian minorities in the city’s population — for ‘imported’ tensions. Even the momentous political developments that occurred in Brisbane in the early 1920s, when the state government’s efforts to secure foreign loans were sabotaged by an opposition-funded delegation to London, and the Premier, EG (‘Red Ted’) Theodore, forced the parliamentary upper house to terminate its own existence, failed to polarise or fracture the community to any significant degree.
Magic Moments: Contextualising Cinema Advertising Slides from the Queensland Museum Collection
Authors: Gray Lara Cain
Published: May 2012

The Queensland Museum's eclectic State Collection holds an extensive range of photographic and moving image equipment, as well as a collection of slides and photographs that tells all manner of stories about the history of Queensland. This collection goes back to the earliest technologies, such as daguerreotypes and hand-drawn magic lantern slides, and extends through to a digital image repository. Included in this collection are two captivating series of cinema advertising slides used at the Wintergarden cinemas in Maryborough and Ipswich during the 1940s and 1950s. These slides simultaneously illuminate a history of entertainment and cinema-going, a history of image technologies and the histories of the advertised products and events pertinent to regional Queenslanders at this time.
The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS)
Authors: Anckarsäter Henrik , Lundström Sebastian , Kollberg Linnea , Kerekes Nora , Palm Camilla , Carlström Eva , Långström Niklas , Magnusson Patrik K. E. , Halldner Linda , Bölte Sven , Gillberg Christopher , Gumpert Clara , Råstam Maria , Lichtenstein Paul
Published: May 2012

The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) is an ongoing longitudinal twin study targeting all twins born in Sweden since July 1, 1992. Since 2004, parents of twins are interviewed regarding the children's somatic and mental health and social environment in connection with their 9th or 12th birthdays (CATSS-9/12). By January 2010, 8,610 parental interviews concerning 17,220 twins had been completed, with an overall response rate of 80%. At age 15 (CATSS-15) and 18 (CATSS-18), twins and parents complete questionnaires that, in addition to assessments of somatic and mental health, include measures of personality development and psychosocial adaptation. Twin pairs in CATSS-9/12 with one or both twins screening positive for autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tic disorders, developmental coordination disorder, learning disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and/or eating problems have been followed with in-depth questionnaires on family, social environment and personality, and subsequently by clinical assessments at age 15 together with randomly selected population controls, including 195 clinically assessed twin pairs from the first 2 year cohorts (CATSS-15/DOGSS). This article describes the cohorts and study groups, data collection, and measures used. Prevalences, distributions, heritability estimates, ages at onset, and sex differences of mental health problems in the CATSS-9/12, that were analyzed and found to be overall comparable to those of other clinical and epidemiological studies. The CATSS study has the potential of answering important questions on the etiology of childhood mental health problems and their role in the development of later adjustment problems.
The Relationship Between the Genetic and Environmental Influences on Common Externalizing Psychopathology and Mental Wellbeing
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Myers John M. , Keyes Corey L. M.
Published: May 2012

To determine the relationship between the genetic and environmental risk factors for externalizing psychopathology and mental wellbeing, we examined detailed measures of emotional, social and psychological wellbeing, and a history of alcohol-related problems and smoking behavior in the last year in 1,386 individual twins from same-sex pairs from the MIDUS national US sample assessed in 1995. Cholesky decomposition analyses were performed withthe Mx program. The best fit model contained one highly heritable common externalizing psychopathology factor for both substance use/abuse measures, and one strongly heritable common factor for the three wellbeing measures. Genetic and environmental risk factors for externalizing psychopathology were both negatively associated with levels of mental wellbeing and accounted for, respectively, 7% and 21% of its genetic and environmental influences. Adding internalizing psychopathology assessed in the last year to the model, genetic risk factors unique for externalizing psychopathology were nowpositivelyrelated to levels of mental wellbeing, although accounting for only 5% of the genetic variance. Environmental risk factors unique to externalizing psychopathology continued to be negatively associated with mental wellbeing, accounting for 26% of the environmental variance. When both internalizing psychopathology and externalizing psychopathology are associated with mental wellbeing, the strongest risk factors for low mental wellbeing are genetic factors that impact on both internalizing psychopathology and externalizing psychopathology, and environmental factors unique to externalizing psychopathology. In this model, genetic risk factors for externalizing psychopathology predict, albeit weakly, higher levels of mental wellbeing.
Shorter Adult Stature Increases the Impact of Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment: A Comparison of Two Nordic Twin Cohorts
Authors: Laitala Venla S. , Hjelmborg Jacob , Koskenvuo Markku , Räihä Ismo , Rinne Juha O. , Christensen Kaare , Kaprio Jaakko , Silventoinen Karri
Published: May 2012

We analyzed the association between mean height and old age cognition in two Nordic twin cohorts with different childhood living conditions. The cognitive performance of 4720 twin individuals from Denmark (mean age 81.6 years, SD = 4.59) and Finland (mean age 74.4 years, SD = 5.26) was measured using validated cognitive screens. Taller height was associated with better cognitive performance in Finland (β-estimates 0.18 SD/10cm, p value < .001, for men and 0.13 SD, p = .008, for women), but this association was not significant in Denmark (β-estimates 0.0093 SD, p value = .16, for men and 0.0075 SD, p value = .016, for women) when adjusted for age and education/social class. Among Finnish participants higher variability of cognitive performance within shorter height quintiles was observed. Analysis using gene-environment interaction models showed that environmental factors exerted a greater impact on cognitive performance in shorter participants, whereas in taller participants' it was explained mainly by genetic factors. Our results suggest that shorter participants with childhood adversity are more vulnerable to environmental risk factors for cognitive impairment.
Pregnancy Outcome of Monochorionic Twins: Does Amnionicity Matter?
Authors: Dias Thiran , Contro Elena , Thilaganathan Basky , Khan Hina , Zanardini Cristina , Mahsud-Dornan Samina , Bhide Amar
Published: May 2012

Objective: To compare the fetal loss rate of monochorionic (MC) twin pregnancies according to their amnionicity. Methods: A retrospective review of all MC pregnancy outcomes in a tertiary centre. Pregnancy outcomes were compared for monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) versus monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) pregnancies. Results: 29 MCMA and 117 MCDA twin pregnancies were identified. The overall fetal loss rate was significantly higher in MCMA (23/52, 44.2%) compared to MCDA pregnancies (28/233, 12%, Chi squared = 30.03, p < .001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that fetal survival rate in MCDA twins were significantly higher than in MCMA twins (Log-rank Chi-squared = 27.9, p < .0005). Early pregnancy ultrasound identified the causes for these fetal losses in some MCMA twins. After exclusion of identifiable causes, the difference in fetal survival was not significant in the two groups (Log-rank chi-squared = 0.373, p = .54). Conclusion: The loss rate for MCMA twins is high and occurs mainly due to discordant congenital abnormality, conjoint twins or twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence. Although the fetal loss rate in MCDA is lower than in MCMA pregnancies, the majority of fetal loss in MCDA pregnancies cannot be predicted at the first scan at presentation. The data of this study questions the widespread policy of a difference in the scheduling of elective delivery for MCMA and MCDA twins.
The Intersection of Behavioral Genetics and Political Science: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Hatemi Peter K.
Published: May 2012

The collection of papers in this special edition of Twin Research and Human Genetics represents a major land-mark at the intersection of behavioral genetics and political science. This issue is the fruit of 20 political scientists attending the Behavioral Genetics Association Methods Workshop in Boulder and a hands-on training practicum at the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, and includes results from the first wave of political science twin surveys.
Multiple Regression Analysis of Reading Performance Data from Twin
Pairs with Reading Difficulties and Nontwin Siblings: The Augmented Model
Authors: Wadsworth Sally J. , Olson Richard K. , Willcutt Erik G. , DeFries John C.
Published: May 2012

The augmented multiple regression model for the analysis of data from selected
twin pairs was extended to facilitate analyses of data from twin pairs and
nontwin siblings. Fitting this extended model to data from both selected twin
pairs and siblings yields direct estimates of heritability (h2) and
the difference between environmental influences shared by members of twin pairs
and those of sib or twin–sib pairs (i.e., c2(t)
– c2 (s)). When this model was fitted to reading
performance data from 293 monozygotic and 436 dizygotic pairs selected for
reading difficulties, and 291 of their nontwin siblings, h2 = .48
± .22, p = .03, and c2 (t) –
c2 (s) = .22 ± .12, p = .06. Although the test
for differential shared environmental influences is only marginally significant,
the results of this analysis suggest that environmental influences on reading
performance that are shared by members of twin pairs (.36) may be substantially
greater than those for less contemporaneous twin–sibling pairs
(.14).
Detection of a Novel Mutation in the CACNA1A gene
Authors: Stuart Shani , Roy Bishakha , Davies Gail , Maksemous Nevene , Smith Robert , Griffiths Lyn R.
Published: May 2012

Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura. It is divided into three subtypes FHM1, FHM2 and FHM3, which are caused by mutations in the CACNA1A, ATP1A2 and SCN1A genes respectively. As part of a regular diagnostic service, we investigated 168 patients with FHM symptoms. Samples were tested for mutations contained within the CACNA1A gene. Some tested samples (4.43%) showed an FHM1 mutation, with five of the mutations found in exon 5, one mutation in exon 16 and one in exon 17. Four polymorphisms were also detected, one of which occurred in a large percentage of samples (14.88%). The exon 16 2094G>A polymorphism, however, has been found to occur in healthy Caucasian control populations up to a frequency of 16% and is not considered to be significantly associated with FHM. A finding of significance, found in a single patient, was the detection of a novel mutation in exon 5 that results in a P225H change. The affected individual was an 8-year-old female. The exact phenotypic effect of this mutation is unknown, and further studies are needed to understand the pathophysiology of this mutation in FHM1. New information will allow for diagnostic procedures to be constantly updated, thus improving accuracy of diagnosis. It is possible that new information will also aid the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of FHM.
Reduced Solar Activity Favors Twin Maternities
Authors: Melnikov Vladimir N.
Published: May 2012

Mechanisms underlying effects of physical factors on twin births are unclear. The present work studied an association between monthly and yearly multiple birth rates (MBRs) in the Novosibirsk region, south-west Siberia, in relation to solar activity (sunspot numbers) and geomagnetic activity (Ap index) from 1957 to 2008. The difference was verified by comparing the yearly MBR observed in 3-year peaks (M = 7.36, SD = 0.33 per 1,000 births) and 3-year troughs (M = 8.10, SD = 0.31 per 1,000 births, p < .001) of an 11-year solar cycle. An inverse correlation (r = –.60, p < .001) was found between sunspot numbers and MBR for a lag of 1 year. Cross-spectral analysis of a 52-year time series established a common signal with the period of 10.5 years, as well as high coherence (K(2) = 0.87). The multiple regression analysis revealed a significant interaction of solar and geomagnetic effects upon the frequency of twin maternities. The results show that elevated solar activity within the 11-year cycle coinciding with the time of conception inhibits multiple births in a manner depending on geomagnetic activity. It is hypothesized that the likely mechanism underlying the association is early fetal loss induced by solar radiation/flux and its terrestrial mediators.
The Genetic Origins of the Relationship between Psychological Traits and Social Trust
Authors: Oskarsson Sven , Dawes Christopher , Johannesson Magnus , Magnusson Patrik K. E.
Published: May 2012

Recent studies have shown that trusting attitudes and behavior are biologically influenced. Focusing on the classic trust game, it has been demonstrated that oxytocin increases trust and that humans are endowed with genetic variation that influences their behavior in the game. Moreover, several studies have shown that a large share of the variation in survey responses to trust items is accounted for by an additive genetic component. Against this backdrop, this article makes two important contributions. First, utilizing a unique sample of more than 2,000 complete Swedish twin pairs, we provide further evidence of the heritability of social trust. Our estimates of the additive genetic component in social trust were consistent across the sexes – .33 for males and .39 for females – and are similar to the results reported in earlier studies. Secondly, we show that social trust is phenotypically related to three psychological traits – extraversion, personal control, and intelligence – and that genetic factors account for most of these correlations. Jointly, these psychological factors share around 30% of the genetic influence on social trust both for males and females. Future studies should further explore the possible causal pathways between genes and trust using panel data on both psychological traits and social trust.
The Genetic Basis of Political Sophistication
Authors: Arceneaux Kevin , Johnson Martine , Maes Hermine H.
Published: May 2012

Political sophistication is a concept that encompasses political reasoning, the coherence of people's issue attitudes, and their knowledge of political processes. To what extent is political sophistication affected by genes and environments? Do these distinct but related measures of sophistication share a common genetic structure? We analyze survey data collected from participants in the Minnesota Twin Registry to estimate influences of genes and environments on variables used to measure political sophistication. Additive genetic factors explain 48–76% of the variation in educational attainment, political interest, and political knowledge, while dominance genetics influence 28% of the variance of ideological consistency. Multivariate analyses show that, although these measures share common genetic and unique environmental factors to a modest extent, much of the variance is explained by specific genetic and unique environmental factors. Ideological consistency appears to be mostly distinct from the other measures, as it is strongly accounted for by unique environmental influences.
The Heritability and Genetic Correlates of Mobile Phone Use: A Twin Study of Consumer Behavior
Authors: Miller Geoffrey , Zhu Gu , Wright Margaret J. , Hansell Narelle K. , Martin Nicholas G.
Published: May 2012

There has been almost no overlap between behavior genetics and consumer behavior research, despite each field's importance in understanding society. In particular, both have neglected to study genetic influences on consumer adoption and usage of new technologies — even technologies as important as the mobile phone, now used by 5.8 out of 7.0 billion people on earth. To start filling this gap, we analyzed self-reported mobile phone use, intelligence, and personality traits in two samples of Australian teenaged twins (mean ages 14.2 and 15.6 years), totaling 1,036 individuals. ACE modeling using Mx software showed substantial heritabilities for how often teens make voice calls (.60 and .34 in samples 1 and 2, respectively) and for how often they send text messages (.53 and. 50). Shared family environment – including neighborhood, social class, parental education, and parental income (i.e., the generosity of calling plans that parents can afford for their teens) — had much weaker effects. Multivariate modeling based on cross-twin, cross-trait correlations showed negative genetic correlations between talking/texting frequency and intelligence (around –.17), and positive genetic correlations between talking/texting frequency and extraversion (about .20 to .40). Our results have implications for assessing the risks of mobile phone use such as radiofrequency field (RF) exposure and driving accidents, for studying adoption and use of other emerging technologies, for understanding the genetic architecture of the cognitive and personality traits that predict consumer behavior, and for challenging the common assumption that consumer behavior is shaped entirely by culture, media, and family environment.
The Potential Usefulness of Free Fetal DNA in Maternal Blood for Prenatal Fetal Gender Determination in Multiple Pregnancies
Authors: Picchiassi Elena , Di Renzo Gian Carlo , Tarquini Federica , Bini Vittorio , Centra Michela , Pennacchi Luana , Galeone Fabiana , Coata Giuliana
Published: May 2012

We applied a noninvasive prenatal test for the determination of fetal gender in multiple pregnancies by using free fetal DNA circulating in maternal blood in order to evaluate whether the quantification of male DNA could distinguish the fetal gender and the number of male and female fetuses in multiple pregnancies. We enrolled consecutively 44 women with twin pregnancies between 11–14 weeks of gestation. Peripheral maternal blood was collected, and genomic DNA was extracted from maternal plasma and analyzed for the multicopy DYS 14 sequence by using real-time PCR to quantify male DNA. Results showed that male DNA concentration was significantly higher in twin pregnancies with at least one male fetus, compared to twin pregnancies with only female fetuses. Comparing male DNA concentration in pregnancies with two male fetuses versus pregnancies with one female fetus and one male fetus, we did not obtain a significant difference between the two groups due to a slight overlapping of the range values. Therefore, our test correctly predicted fetal gender, distinguishing twin pregnancies with at least one male fetus from twin pregnancies with only female fetuses, with a diagnostic accuracy of 100%. For distinguishing pregnancies with two male fetuses from pregnancies with both female and male fetuses, a diagnostic accuracy of 76.1% was achieved.
Organ Donation: A Twin-Based Perspective / Research Reviews / Media Coverage
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: May 2012

Monozygotic cotwins are ideal organ donors for one another due to their genetic identity. The present report treats this topic differently, from the perspective of a monozygotic twin who donated her deceased twin sister's organs following her sister's untimely death. This discussion is followed by reviews of recent research concerning increased twinning rates in the United States, availability of informative kinship pedigrees, and twin discordance for physical activities. Noteworthy news items include ethical issues surrounding conjoined twin separation, a genomic discovery for diseased twins, China's One-Child Policy, a striking New Yorker Magazine cartoon, and twin delivery complications.
‘Frighteningly real’: Realism, social criticism and the psychological killer in the critical reception of the late 1940s horror-thriller
Authors: Jancovich Mark
Published: May 2012

The article explores the changing meanings of psychological themes in the 1940s. In the early 1940s, these themes were largely disparaged by film critics and associated with horror but, by the late 1940s, psychological themes became highly valued through their association with realism.
However, while this process increasingly distinguished the realist thriller from horror, the latter becoming largely associated with Gothic fantasy, critics also became disenchanted with the supposedly ‘realist’ thrillers of the late 1940s. If realism was valued in the extent to
which it was part of an analysis of social problems, and offered a form of constructive social criticism, film critics increasingly came to see the realism of many Hollywood thrillers as merely stylistic or aesthetic. Ironically, the one feature that they continued to celebrate were the psychologically
disturbed killers featured in many of these films, killers that were the point of continuity with the 1940s horror cycle of the early to mid-1940s.
Framing the American 1960s: A historiographical review
Authors: Hall Simon
Published: May 2012

Those writing on the American 1960s continue to do so in the shadow of the ‘rise-and-fall’, or declension narrative. This interpretative framework, which draws heavily on contemporary journalism and the accounts of movement veterans, emphasizes how the idealism and optimism
of the early decade eventually gave way to frustration and despair, as increasing numbers of activists came to embrace violence, and social movements disintegrated. By the end of the 1980s the declension thesis had become firmly established in the scholarly literature. Over the last couple
of decades, as a new generation of scholars have deepened and enriched our understanding of the Sixties, they have helped to undermine the orthodox interpretation’s once-hegemonic status. Indeed, at times they have specifically targeted it. This review article identifies and analyses
three alternative interpretative frameworks that have emerged in recent years to challenge the declension thesis: the ‘conservative 1960s’, the ‘global 1960s’ and the ‘long 1960s’. In charting a path through the voluminous historiography, it helps readers
make sense of what is an exciting and vibrant field.
REVIEWS
Authors: Bloom John , Clough Ed
Published: May 2012

THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO BASEBALL, LEONARD CASSUTO AND STEPHEN PARTRIDGE (EDS) (2011) Cambridge: CUP, 280 pp., ISBN-10: 0521145759, ISBN-13: 978-0521145756 (pbk), £17.99

DREAMING OF DIXIE: HOW THE SOUTH WAS CREATED IN AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE, KAREN L. COX (2011) Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 224 pp., ISBN-10: 0807834718, ISBN-13: 978-0807834718 (hbk), £30.50
Reviews Books
Authors: Collis Leo , Gedney Jonathan , Johnson Lance
Published: May 2012

History by Hollywood (Second Edition) Robert Brent Toplin, (2010) Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 280pp., ISBN: 9780252076893 (pbk), $25.00

Reel Power Matthew Alford, (2010) London: Pluto Press, 218pp., ISBN: 9780745329826 (pbk), $18.75

The Writer’s
Guide to Writing Your Screenplay: How to Write Great Screenplays for Movies and Television Cynthia Whitcomb, (2002) Waukesha, WI: Kalmbech Publishing, 190pp., ISBN: 0871161915 (pbk), $15.00
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Humphreys Peter , Phelan Sean , Rodriguez-Amat Joan Ramon
Published: May 2012

REINVENTING PUBLIC SERVICE COMMUNICATION: EUROPEAN BROADCASTERS AND BEYOND, PETROS IOSIFIDIS (ED.) (2010) Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 326 pp., ISBN: 978 0 230 22967 9 (hbk), £60

THE DISCOURSE OF POLITICS IN ACTION: POLITICS AS USUAL, RUTH WODAK (2009) Houndmills,
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 280 pp., ISBN: 978 0 230 30075 0 (pbk), £19.99

AFTER THE MEDIA. CULTURE AND IDENTITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY, PETER BENNETT, ALEX KENDALL AND JULIAN MCDOUGALL, (2011) London and New York: Routledge, 262 pp., ISBN: 978 0 415 58683 2 (pbk), £27.99
Assessing the British Public Value Test: Benefits, limitations and challenges ahead
Authors: Michalis Maria
Published: May 2012

This article provides a critical assessment of the practical implementation of the Public Value Test (PVT) in Britain, the first European country to introduce it in 2007. Britain therefore has substantial experience with this regulatory tool from which other countries could benefit.
The intention of the PVT has been to allow the BBC to assume new media activities only if their public value outweighs their potential adverse market impact. The article argues that the BBC’s experience with the PVT points to practical problems not originally foreseen. These problems
coupled with new challenges for the BBC call for a refinement of the process. Still, the evidence suggests that overall the PVT has worked well. It has allowed the expansion, though conditional, of the BBC into new media whilst the greater degree of economic and evidence-based regulation that
the BBC is now subject to has made it a credible scrutiny process in the eyes of industry stakeholders. The article maintains that the PVT has served primarily to articulate industry concerns rather than the public interest. Indeed, the emphasis on outcomes and impact together with the piecemeal
approach of the PVT present a threat to the PSB ethos. It is finally argued that the main advantage of the PVT has been enhanced regulatory certainty and the establishment of delineated spheres of activity for public and commercial media organizations.
To test or not to test: Comparing the development of ex ante public service media assessments in Flanders and Norway
Authors: Bulck Hilde Van den , Moe Hallvard
Published: May 2012

Taking the implementation and impact of emerging assessment methods for new public service media activities – the so-called ex ante tests – as a case in point, this article analyses evolving means of governance and accountability, and evaluates the thesis that claims the
locus of governance power shifts from government to commercial competitors. The article does so by way of a comparative analysis of Flanders and Norway, illustrating the path dependency in this process. Based on the overall context of the EU approach to public service broadcasting, and public
service broadcasting’s history and position in the two countries, the article compares the legal aspects of the ex ante evaluations, their main procedural aspects, the services subject to evaluation, the implementation of the mechanisms and the challenges that arise from these new instruments
of governance. It compares for a number of parameters including the actors involved (as initiators, executers and evaluators) and their leverage power, the procedures developed, the services targeted and the level of time, money and effort invested. The analysis serves as an illustration of
a more general trend towards an audit culture and towards a shifting locus of power from government to include other stakeholders, especially commercial competitors that have a growing power to determine policies regarding public-funded media institutions. At the same time, the analysis confirms
the path dependency thesis, showing how the organization of these processes still depends on historical, political, economic and cultural specifics. Such insight is important to assess the impact of the recent crisis of public service media. In closing, the article points to implications both
for media research and for practitioners.
Introduction: All or nothing? From public service broadcasting to public service media, to public service ‘anything’?
Authors: Donders Karen , Pauwels Caroline , Loisen Jan
Published: May 2012

This special issue brings together expert articles on the ways in which different European countries are tackling the difficulty of defining the role of public service broadcasting (PSB) and PSB institutions in the new media ecology. It contains a selection of articles that have a look
at the regulatory and policy answers to PSB’s changing role in society. The introduction to the special issue frames the articles within the broader choices and ideological frames on the future of PSB, elaborating on the possible strategies for PSB developed within social-democratic
and market failure perspectives.
Public service broadcasting put to test: Ex post control of online services
Authors: Just Natascha , Latzer Michael , Saurwein Florian
Published: May 2012

Online services of public service broadcasters (PSBs) in Europe are disputed because they directly compete with online activities of the private media. In recent regulatory responses, European countries have taken a path of proactive control comprising specific regulations as well as
formal and systematic procedures. Regulatory challenges do not end with the enactment of such rules, however. After rule-making, questions of how to ensure and control compliance with regulations move centre stage. While many EU countries have introduced ex ante tests to assess PSBs’
online offers, Switzerland controls compliance with regulations ex post. This article presents the results of an ex post analysis of the online offer of the Swiss public broadcaster, discusses regulatory implications of its findings and contributes to understanding the challenges facing rule
enforcement on the Internet.
Presynaptic Dystroglycan–Pikachurin Complex Regulates the Proper Synaptic Connection between Retinal Photoreceptor and Bipolar Cells
Authors: Omori Yoshihiro , Araki Fumiyuki , Chaya Taro , Kajimura Naoko , Irie Shoichi , Terada Koji , Muranishi Yuki , Tsujii Toshinori , Ueno Shinji , Koyasu Toshiyuki , Tamaki Yasuhiro , Kondo Mineo , Amano Shiro , Furukawa Takahisa
Published: May 2012

Dystroglycan (DG) is a key component of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex (DGC) at the neuromuscular junction postsynapse. In the mouse retina, the DGC is localized at the presynapse of photoreceptor cells, however, the function of presynaptic DGC is poorly understood. Here, we developed and analyzed retinal photoreceptor-specificDGconditional knock-out (DGCKO) mice. We found that theDGCKO retina showed a reduced amplitude and a prolonged implicit time of the ERG b-wave. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that bipolar dendrite invagination into the photoreceptor terminus is perturbed in theDGCKO retina. In theDGCKO retina, pikachurin, a DG ligand in the retina, is markedly decreased at photoreceptor synapses. Interestingly, in thePikachurin−/−retina, the DG signal at the ribbon synaptic terminus was severely reduced, suggesting that pikachurin is required for the presynaptic accumulation of DG at the photoreceptor synaptic terminus, and conversely DG is required for pikachurin accumulation. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of pikachurin induces formation and clustering of a DG–pikachurin complex on the cell surface. The Laminin G repeats of pikachurin, which are critical for its oligomerization and interaction with DG, were essential for the clustering of the DG–pikachurin complex as well. These results suggest that oligomerization of pikachurin and its interaction with DG causes DG assembly on the synapse surface of the photoreceptor synaptic terminals. Our results reveal that the presynaptic interaction of pikachurin with DG at photoreceptor terminals is essential for both the formation of proper photoreceptor ribbon synaptic structures and normal retinal electrophysiology.
Methods for Simultaneous EEG-fMRI: An Introductory Review
Authors: Huster René J. , Debener Stefan , Eichele Tom , Herrmann Christoph S.
Published: May 2012

The simultaneous recording and analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) and fMRI data in human systems, cognitive and clinical neurosciences is rapidly evolving and has received substantial attention. The significance of multimodal brain imaging is documented by a steadily increasing number of laboratories now using simultaneous EEG-fMRI aiming to achieve both high temporal and spatial resolution of human brain function. Due to recent developments in technical and algorithmic instrumentation, the rate-limiting step in multimodal studies has shifted from data acquisition to analytic aspects. Here, we introduce and compare different methods for data integration and identify the benefits that come with each approach, guiding the reader toward an understanding and informed selection of the integration approach most suitable for addressing a particular research question.
Expansion of Neurofilament Medium C Terminus Increases Axonal Diameter Independent of Increases in Conduction Velocity or Myelin Thickness
Authors: Barry Devin M. , Stevenson William , Bober Brian G. , Wiese Peter J. , Dale Jeffrey M. , Barry Garet S. , Byers Nathan S. , Strope Jonathan D. , Chang Rakwoo , Schulz David J. , Shah Sameer , Calcutt Nigel A. , Gebremichael Yeshitila , Garcia Michael L.
Published: May 2012

Maturation of the peripheral nervous system requires specification of axonal diameter, which, in turn, has a significant influence on nerve conduction velocity. Radial axonal growth initiates with myelination, and is dependent upon the C terminus of neurofilament medium (NF-M). Molecular phylogenetic analysis in mammals suggested that expanded NF-M C termini correlated with larger-diameter axons. We used gene targeting and computational modeling to test this new hypothesis. Increasing the length of NF-M C terminus in mice increased diameter of motor axons without altering neurofilament subunit stoichiometry. Computational modeling predicted that an expanded NF-M C terminus extended farther from the neurofilament core independent of lysine-serine-proline (KSP) phosphorylation. However, expansion of NF-M C terminus did not affect the distance between adjacent neurofilaments. Increased axonal diameter did not increase conduction velocity, possibly due to a failure to increase myelin thickness by the same proportion. Failure of myelin to compensate for larger axonal diameters suggested a lack of plasticity during the processes of myelination and radial axonal growth.
Stimulus Site and Modality Dependence of Functional Activity within the Human Spinal Cord
Authors: Brooks Jonathan C. W. , Kong Yazhuo , Lee Michael C. , Warnaby Catherine E. , Wanigasekera Vishvarani , Jenkinson Mark , Tracey Irene
Published: May 2012

Chronic pain is thought to arise because of maladaptive changes occurring within the peripheral nervous system and CNS. The transition from acute to chronic pain is known to involve the spinal cord (Woolf and Salter, 2000). Therefore, to investigate altered human spinal cord function and translate results obtained from other species, a noninvasive neuroimaging technique is desirable. We have investigated the functional response in the cervical spinal cord of 18 healthy human subjects (aged 22–40 years) to noxious thermal and non-noxious tactile stimulation of the left and right forearms. Physiological noise, which is a significant source of signal variability in the spinal cord, was accounted for in the general linear model. Group analysis, performed using a mixed-effects model, revealed distinct regions of activity that were dependent on both the side and the type of stimulation. In particular, thermal stimulation on the medial aspect of the wrist produced activity within the C6/C5 segment ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. Similar to data recorded in animals (Fitzgerald, 1982), painful thermal stimuli produced increased ipsilateral and decreased contralateral blood flow, which may reflect, respectively, excitatory and inhibitory processes. Nonpainful punctate stimulation of the thenar eminence provoked more diffuse activity but was still ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. These results present the first noninvasive evidence for a lateralized response to noxious and non-noxious stimuli in the human spinal cord. The development of these techniques opens the path to understanding, at a subject-specific level, central sensitization processes that contribute to chronic pain states.
Prior Pathology in the Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Predisposes to Inflammation-Induced Working Memory Deficits: Reconciling Inflammatory and Cholinergic Hypotheses of Delirium
Authors: Field Robert H. , Gossen Anna , Cunningham Colm
Published: May 2012

Delirium is a profound, acute confusional state that leads to long-term cognitive decline. Increased anticholinergic medications and prior dementia, in which basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration is a prominent feature, both predict delirium. Thus, cholinergic hypoactivity is thought to be important in cognitive dysfunction during delirium, and acute systemic inflammation is a major trigger for this dysfunction. Here, we hypothesize that decreased cholinergic function confers increased susceptibility to acute inflammation-induced cognitive deficits. We used the murine-p75-saporin immunotoxin (mu-p75-sap) to induce selective lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in mice, mimicking early dementia-associated cholinergic loss, and superimposed systemic inflammation using low-dose bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Intracerebroventricular injection of mu-p75-sap produced depletion of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and decreased innervation of the hippocampus, but left performance on hippocampal-dependent reference and working memory tasks relatively intact. However, systemic LPS (100 μg/kg) induced acute and transient working memory deficits in lesioned animals without effect in unlesioned controls. CNS inflammatory responses were similar in normal and lesioned animals and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil (1 mg/kg), protected against the acute cognitive deficits in this cholinergic-dependent task. Thus, cholinergic depletion predisposes to development of acute cognitive deficits upon subsequent systemic inflammatory insult. These data provide a useful model for examining interactions between acute systemic inflammation and chronic cholinergic hypofunction in delirium and have implications for the recent trial of rivastigmine in sepsis-associated delirium.
CREB-Dependent Transcriptional Control and Quantal Changes in Persistent Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Interneurons
Authors: Ran Israeli , Laplante Isabel , Lacaille Jean-Claude
Published: May 2012

Mounting evidence indicates an important role of long-term synaptic plasticity in hippocampal inhibitory interneurons in learning and memory. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie such persistent changes in synaptic function in interneurons remain, however, largely undetermined. A transcription- and translation-dependent form of long-term potentiation was uncovered at excitatory synapses onto hippocampal interneurons in oriens-alveus (OA-INs) which is induced by activation of type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (cL-LTPmGluR1). Here, we use (1) a combination of pharmacological siRNA knock-down and overexpression approaches to reveal the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional control via cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) during induction, and (2) quantal analysis to identify synaptic changes during maintenance of cL-LTPmGluR1in rat hippocampus. Induction stimulated CREB phosphorylation in OA-INs via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling. Also, CREB knockdown impaired cL-LTPmGluR1, whereas CREB overexpression facilitated the induction, demonstrating a necessary and permissive role of CREB via ERK signaling in transcriptional control in cL-LTPmGluR1. Quantal analysis of synaptic responses during cL-LTPmGluR1maintenance revealed an increased number of quanta released, corresponding to enhanced transmitter release and a larger quantal size, indicating enhanced responsiveness to individual quanta. Fluctuation analysis of synaptic currents uncovered an increase in conductance and number of functional postsynaptic receptors contributing to single quanta. Our findings indicate that CREB-dependent transcription is a necessary permissive switch for eliciting persistent presynaptic and postsynaptic quantal changes at excitatory synapses in inhibitory local circuits, uncovering cell type-specific coupling of induction and expression mechanisms during persistent synaptic plasticity which may contribute to hippocampal long-term memory processes.
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
Authors: Aubie Brandon , Sayegh Riziq , Faure Paul A.
Published: May 2012

Signal duration is important for identifying sound sources and determining signal meaning. Duration-tuned neurons (DTNs) respond preferentially to a range of stimulus durations and maximally to a best duration (BD). Duration-tuned neurons are found in the auditory midbrain of many vertebrates, although studied most extensively in bats. Studies of DTNs across vertebrates have identified cells with BDs and temporal response bandwidths that mirror the range of species-specific vocalizations. Neural tuning to stimulus duration appears to be universal among hearing vertebrates. Herein, we test the hypothesis that neural mechanisms underlying duration selectivity may be similar across vertebrates. We instantiated theoretical mechanisms of duration tuning in computational models to systematically explore the roles of excitatory and inhibitory receptor strengths, input latencies, and membrane time constant on duration tuning response profiles. We demonstrate that models of duration tuning with similar neural circuitry can be tuned with species-specific parameters to reproduce the responses ofin vivoDTNs from the auditory midbrain. To relate and validate model output toin vivoresponses, we collected electrophysiological data from the inferior colliculus of the awake big brown bat,Eptesicus fuscus, and present similarin vivodata from the published literature on DTNs in rats, mice, and frogs. Our results support the hypothesis that neural mechanisms of duration tuning may be shared across vertebrates despite species-specific differences in duration selectivity. Finally, we discuss how the underlying mechanisms of duration selectivity relate to other auditory feature detectors arising from the interaction of neural excitation and inhibition.
Unconscious Relational Inference Recruits the Hippocampus
Authors: Reber Thomas P. , Luechinger Roger , Boesiger Peter , Henke Katharina
Published: May 2012

Relational inference denotes the capacity to encode, flexibly retrieve, and integrate multiple memories to combine past experiences to update knowledge and improve decision-making in new situations. Although relational inference is thought to depend on the hippocampus and consciousness, we now show in young, healthy men that it may occur outside consciousness but still recruits the hippocampus. In temporally distinct and unique subliminal episodes, we presented word pairs that either overlapped (“winter–red”, “red–computer”) or not. Effects of unconscious relational inference emerged in reaction times recorded during unconscious encoding and in the outcome of decisions made 1 min later at test, when participants judged the semantic relatedness of two supraliminal words. These words were either episodically related through a common word (“winter–computer” related through “red”) or unrelated. Hippocampal activity increased during the unconscious encoding of overlapping versus nonoverlapping word pairs and during the unconscious retrieval of episodically related versus unrelated words. Furthermore, hippocampal activity during unconscious encoding predicted the outcome of decisions made at test. Hence, unconscious inference may influence decision-making in new situations.
Subunit-Selective Allosteric Inhibition of Glycine Binding to NMDA Receptors
Authors: Hansen Kasper B. , Ogden Kevin K. , Traynelis Stephen F.
Published: May 2012

NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the brain and are involved in numerous neuropathological conditions. NMDA receptors are activated upon simultaneous binding of coagonists glycine and glutamate to the GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, respectively. Subunit-selective modulation of NMDA receptor function by ligand binding to modulatory sites distinct from the agonist binding sites could allow pharmacological intervention with therapeutically beneficial mechanisms. Here, we show the mechanism of action for 3-chloro-4-fluoro-N-[(4-[(2-(phenylcarbonyl)hydrazino)carbonyl]phenyl)methyl]-benzenesulfonamide (TCN-201), a new GluN1/GluN2A-selective NMDA receptor antagonist whose inhibition can be surmounted by glycine. Electrophysiological recordings from chimeric and mutant rat NMDA receptors suggest that TCN-201 binds to a novel allosteric site located at the dimer interface between the GluN1 and GluN2 agonist binding domains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that occupancy of this site by TCN-201 inhibits NMDA receptor function by reducing glycine potency. TCN-201 is therefore a negative allosteric modulator of glycine binding.