bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New species of Eurycletodes Sars, 1909 and Odiliacletodes Soyer, 1964 from the deep Gulf of California (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Argestidae)
Authors: Gómez Samuel
Published: June 2018

To date, three species of the family Ancorabolidae, three species of the family Argestidae, and one species of the family Rhizothrichidae are known from the deep sea of the Gulf of California. The descriptions of two new species,Eurycletodesparaephippigersp. n.andOdiliacletodessecundussp. n.collected from the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin at 1440 m and 1642 m depths, respectively, are presented herein. The closest relatives of these two species,E.ephippigerPor, 1964 andO.gracilisSoyer, 1964 are known from the Mediterranean, but some relatives have been reported also from the southern Atlantic.Eurycletodesparaephippigersp. n.is undoubtedly related toE.ephippigerPor, 1964 known from Israel and Banyuls-sur-Mer (France). These two species can be separated by the armature complement of the basis of the maxillule, by the armature complement of the syncoxa of the maxilliped, and by the relative position of the anal operculum.Odiliacletodessecundussp. n.showed to be closely related toO.gracilisSoyer, 1964 known from Banyuls-sur-Mer only. The latter two species can be separated by the armature complement of the syncoxa of the maxilliped, by the structure of the antenna, and by the inner armature complement of the third exopodal segment of the fourth swimming leg.
A synopsis of the scorpion fauna of French Guiana, with description of four new species
Authors: Ythier Eric
Published: June 2018

A synopsis is provided for all scorpion species collected in French Guiana, including thorough diagnoses and additional distributional records for each documented species. Four new species are also described in this paper (oneAnanterisfrom northeastern Guiana, twoAuyantepuiafrom central and northeastern Guiana and oneHadrurochactasfrom western Guiana), raising the total number of species described from French Guiana to 30. Most of the species are illustrated, geographical distribution maps are presented, and a key to the species is proposed.
Penser dans la marge
Authors: Sklar Jonathan , Dupont Judith
Published: June 2018

Comment un individu humain revient-il des atteintes lointaines de certaines expériences terrifiantes ? D’avoir été dans les tranchées de la Somme, le ghetto de Varsovie, ou encore la destruction atomique, ou les bombardements aveugles qui ont lieu partout actuellement dans le monde, ou les préjugés concernant d’autres humains ? Walter Benjamin a soutenu qu’avant la Première Guerre mondiale, l’expérience était transmise aux générations suivantes sous forme de folklore et de contes. Avec la guerre, le fil rouge de l’expérience qui reliait les générations antérieures s’est trouvé supprimé. Le fragile corps humain qui a émergé des tranchées était muet, incapable de faire le récit du « champ de force des torrents et des explosions destructeurs » qui l’ont englouti. C’était comme si le bon terreau enrichissant de la fable était devenu la boue collante des tranchées, qui ne porterait pas de fruits mais ne ferait que réduire en poussière comme un cimetière. « Où entendez-vous des paroles des mourants qui perdurent et passent d’une génération à l’autre comme un précieux anneau ? » demande Benjamin.
Freud et le nationalisme
Authors: de Senarclens Pierre
Published: June 2018

La conception moderne de la nation comprend une revendication d’autonomie individuelle et de bonheur, associée à l’exigence d’égalité sociale. Elle est inspirée par les idéaux de progrès et de raison. Cependant, la loi de gravitation de l’imaginaire national consiste en l’exclusion des étrangers et des minorités. Elle entraîne en conséquence les excès du nationalisme. La construction des États-nations fut un processus complexe, suivant des trajectoires historiques hétérogènes, mais on retrouve dans les croyances en la nation des thèmes convergents liés à la problématique identitaire. Il existe un rapport fort entre cette idéologie et les espérances religieuses. En outre, le nationalisme n’a cessé d’entretenir des fantasmes régressifs qui se sont épanouis dans les mouvements de masse. Aujourd’hui comme par le passé, les populistes souverainistes manifestent une suspicion à l’égard des étrangers qui confine parfois au racisme. Ils attirent les individus qui craignaient la montée en puissance de gens dissemblables, ceux issus d’une autre culture et de « races » différentes. Leurs dirigeants ont un discours dépourvu de complexité, toujours manichéen. Ils séduisent leurs militants en légitimant leur rage. Dans un bon nombre de pays de l’hémisphère Sud, l’échec de l’État-nation a favorisé l’épanouissement des sectarismes ethno-nationalistes, généralement associés au fondamentalisme religieux. Freud a vécu dans une époque marquée par les délires du nationalisme, et c’est dans ces circonstances que la psychanalyse a vu le jour. Il ne s’est pas engagé dans l’étude du nationalisme, mais ses réflexions sur les idéaux culturels, ses travaux sur les processus de construction identitaire et le narcissisme, son interprétation des illusions religieuses et des rituels obsessionnels, son analyse de la dynamique des foules, des liens de solidarité et des rapports d’autorité, donnent néanmoins des clefs pour interpréter le nationalisme et ses excès. En outre, le spectacle désolant des guerres civiles contemporaines, des violences aveugles et suicidaires qu’elles comportent, ravive en nous des sentiments de désarroi analogues à ceux exprimés par Freud à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à savoir l’impression de vivre « un temps particulièrement curieux » et de découvrir avec surprise que « le progrès a conclu un pacte avec la barbarie ».
Saisir le Politique avec la psychanalyse ?
Authors: Franck Annie
Published: June 2018

L’exercice de la psychanalyse oblige à penser le lien crucial entre sujet et appartenance à l’humanité, entre individuel et collectif. Nulle tour d’ivoire : le Politique et l’Histoire sont présents. La tentation est grande de plaquer sur le collectif des concepts pourtant forgés à l’échelle individuelle, ou de les exporter à l’extérieur de la cure dans des analyses sauvages. Certains analystes ont néanmoins cherché à penser cette très délicate question. Ainsi, la recherche de Piera Aulagnier sur « l’aliénation » offre un éclairage sur ce phénomène si fréquent d’adhésion à une idéologie et de soumission à un gourou, dans la nécessité subjective de figer une Vérité définitive.
Freud, l’homme Moïse et l’invention démocratique
Authors: Dubruille Anne-Laure
Published: June 2018

La psychanalyse est née dans la période de transition vers les sociétés démocratiques modernes, marquées par la promotion de l’autonomie individuelle et l’émancipation apparente des structures d’hétéronomie traditionnelle. Dès l’origine, elle interrogerait les liens devenus plus incertains de l’individu au groupe. Ainsi, la clinique obsessionnelle pousse Freud à proposer des éléments de compréhension des principes générateurs de la loi et de l’autorité. Dans L’homme Moïse , Freud fait l’hypothèse que Moïse est un étranger qui amène la loi monothéiste mais est tué par le peuple juif, lequel intègre pourtant après coup les principes de la loi dans une longue élaboration de la culpabilité. Bruno Karsenti s’appuie sur le texte de Freud pour souligner le rôle du législateur Moïse dont l’extériorité permet qu’advienne le peuple juif, paradigme inconscient, selon lui, de nos formations politiques modernes. Mais peut-être peut-on davantage s’arrêter sur le moment du meurtre et y voir un acte d’émancipation démocratique ? En amont de la matrice théologico-politique, Freud montrerait l’enracinement pulsionnel originaire de la construction politique dans le conflit et développerait ainsi une véritable pensée de la démocratie.
Zones monétaires et développement : la zone franc, de la décolonisation à l’internationalisation
Authors: Duchaussoy Vincent
Published: June 2018

À travers le cas des accords de coopération monétaire unissant la France et quatorze pays d’Afrique subsaharienne dans le cadre de la zone franc, cet article se propose d’explorer le rôle de la monnaie dans la mise en œuvre des politiques de développement économique des anciennes colonies françaises en Afrique. De la décolonisation au transfert de souveraineté, de la crise de la dette publique à la tutelle des institutions multilatérales, la monnaie apparaît en effet comme un outil de gestion de la politique des États en faveur du développement.
Aux marges du Royaume
Authors: Puel Olivia , Ardouin Stéphane , Bouchez Isabelle , Bouvard Emma , Gerstenkorn Jacques
Published: June 2018

Le dossier relatif a la population juive qui s’installe à Lyon à la fin de l’époque moderne a été ouvert à l’occasion des opérations d’archéologie préventive menées a l’hôtel-Dieu, à l’emplacement présumé des cimetières communautaires. Il permet d’étudier l’émergence de cette diaspora urbaine, mais aussi la recherche et la gestion d’un lieu d’inhumation réservé a cette communauté confessionnelle.
Parfaits négociants, piètres pratiquants  ?
Authors: Lopez Olivier
Published: June 2018

L’article vise à comprendre les facteurs qui ont permis aux communautés étrangères noncatholiques présentes dans les États confessionnels de l’Europe du xixe siècle de célébrer l’enterrement de leurs membres. Pour analyser ces dynamiques, le cas retenu pour cette étude est le royaume des Deux-Siciles, considéré par l’opinion publique européenne de l’époque comme un espace de frontière, caractérisé par le conservatisme religieux. La période considérée, qui correspond aux décennies centrales du siècle, est aussi celle de la diffusion des nouveaux procédés pour l’embaumement, jugés plus simples et plus efficaces, qui permettent de déplacer les dépouilles avant qu’elles ne se décomposent. Il s’agit d’un phénomène d’ampleur initialement très limitée, mais néanmoins révélateur d’un changement dans les attitudes face à la mort.
Sépulture et rapatriement des corps des étrangers dans le royaume des Deux-Siciles (1816-1860)
Authors: Carnevale Diego
Published: June 2018

L’article vise à comprendre les facteurs qui ont permis aux communautés étrangères noncatholiques présentes dans les États confessionnels de l’Europe du xixe siècle de célébrer l’enterrement de leurs membres. Pour analyser ces dynamiques, le cas retenu pour cette étude est le royaume des Deux-Siciles, considéré par l’opinion publique européenne de l’époque comme un espace de frontière, caractérisé par le conservatisme religieux. La période considérée, qui correspond aux décennies centrales du siècle, est aussi celle de la diffusion des nouveaux procédés pour l’embaumement, jugés plus simples et plus efficaces, qui permettent de déplacer les dépouilles avant qu’elles ne se décomposent. Il s’agit d’un phénomène d’ampleur initialement très limitée, mais néanmoins révélateur d’un changement dans les attitudes face à la mort.
Imagines mortis dans l’immigration
Authors: Salvador Ottavia
Published: June 2018

C’est d’un point de vue sociologique et par une approche ethnographique que cet article explore la mort dans l’immigration comme fait social. Les axes de réflexion se sont développés à partir d’une enquête de terrain en cours, débutée en 2015 dans le contexte italien et construite à partir de trois angles de recherche : les différentes dimensions du deuil et l’absence relative à la mort dans l’émigration ; les pratiques propres au traitement social de la mort ; la dimension politique de celle-ci. Le fait de regarder la mort dans l’immigration dans le détail des processus de stratification sociale est le fil conducteur qui tente de lier les différents imagines mortis, cela par le biais d’un dialogue entre les vivants et les morts, avec les vivants qui parlent des morts et d’eux-mêmes à travers la mort, ouvrant plusieurs questions corrélées au thème traité ici.
Dans les premières années de vie active
Authors: Giret Jean-François
Published: June 2018

Cet article étudie le rôle du diplôme dans les premières années de vie active des jeunes. Se référant à l'économie du travail et de l'éducation, la première partie aborde la question des relations entre diplôme, filière de formation et insertion professionnelle des jeunes. La seconde partie présente ensuite les principaux résultats des travaux sur l'insertion professionnelle des diplômés en France, à partir d'une revue de la littérature et d'estimations économétriques sur l'insertion des diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur. Les résultats montrent que l'influence du diplôme et de la filière de formation sur le parcours d'insertion est souvent très complexe bien que les plus diplômés accèdent en général à des emplois plus stables et plus qualifiés.
Des diplômes et des diplômés insuffisamment professionnels ? L’insertion des jeunes débutants dans les PME de l’industrie
Authors: Campinos-Dubernet Myriam , Quenson Emmanuel
Published: June 2018

En dépit de la volonté manifestée par l'État depuis les années 1980 d'élever le niveau de formation des jeunes et de rapprocher le contenu des diplômes professionnels et techniques des demandes émanant du monde économique, les employeurs préfèrent recruter des adultes expérimentés et peu formés. Cet article traite de ce paradoxe observé sur le marché du travail français, en examinant successivement l'évolution des formations professionnelles initiales vers une logique de déprofessionnalisation correlative à une élévation des niveaux de formation et les points de vue des employeurs des P.M.E. de trois branches industrielles sur les formations professionnelles de jeunes débutants recrutés. Les pratiques développées en retour en matière de recrutement et d'insertion sont autant de tentatives visant à compléter les savoirs détenus par les jeunes.
Semantic Web-Based Agricultural Information Integration
Authors: Ramar Kaladevi , Gurunathan Geetha
Published: June 2018

A huge volume of information is available in the worldwide web. However, the demand is on relevant information rather than available information, which are often heterogeneous and distributed. Agriculture is one such domain, which includes information like soil, crops, weather, etc. under one roof. This information is in different representations and structures (e.g., weather). This scenario leads to a challenge of how to integrate the available and heterogeneous agricultural information to deliver better production. As the information on the web is syntactically structured, the need is to provide semantic linkage. The semantic web supports the existing web to easily process and interpret information. In this chapter, a semantic-based agricultural information system (AIS) is proposed that addresses heterogeneity issues among weather systems and integrates information like soil, weather, crop, and fertilizers. AIS helps the farmers regarding the type of crop/soil, crop/climate, fertilizer applications, diseases, and prevention methods using effective retrieval of information from integrated systems.
Processing and Visualizing Floating Car Data for Human-Centered Traffic and Environment Applications
Authors: Voland Patrick , Asche Hartmut
Published: June 2018

In the era of the internet of things and big data, modern cars have become mobile electronic systems or computers on wheels. Car sensors record a multitude of car- and traffic-related data as well as environmental parameters outside the vehicle. The data recorded are spatio-temporal by nature (floating car data) and can thus be classified as geodata. Their geospatial potential is, however, not fully exploited so far. In this chapter, the authors present an approach to collect, process, and visualize floating car data for traffic- and environment-related applications. It is demonstrated that cartographic visualization, in particular, is an effective means to make the enormous stocks of machine-recorded data available to human perception, exploration, and analysis.
Environmental Monitoring Based on the Wireless Sensor Networking Technology
Authors: Karapistoli Eirini , Mampentzidou Ioanna , Economides Anastasios A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter investigates real-life environmental monitoring applications based on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor networking is an emerging technology, which has been adopted by many scientific fields in order to accurately and effectively monitor climate phenomena such as air pollution, destruction phenomena, etc. It has also been widely used in agriculture as well as in horticulture for field monitoring. In this chapter, the authors provide a critical overview of the basic components existing WSN deployments use. They also categorize these deployments, 111 in total, into five different field categories in order to provide a general view of the technologies used, the conditions under which the deployments were conducted, and much more. Then, five easy-to-use guides are provided discussing basic considerations for deploying WSNs in each of these fields. In order to showcase the usefulness of consulting the resulted guides, the authors consider representative application scenarios for each of these field deployments.
Introducing Activity-Based Costing in Farm Management
Authors: Carli Giacomo , Canavari Maurizio , Grandi Alessandro
Published: June 2018

Recent research indicates that farm managers do not rely on adequate informative support in their decision-making processes. The authors propose a model of a farm management information system which integrates the activity-based costing approach. In describing the design and development of the “FarmBO” system, the authors provide a detailed functional requirement definition and the description of a working system prototype. The solution is designed to show the impact of general costs on the different crops, allocating them on the basis of the production cycle complexity. It includes a report section directly linked to the database which provides crop balance sheets and simulations in terms of what-if analyses. The system allows farm managers to 1) analyze deviations between budgeted and actual costs, 2) compare crop balance sheets across different years, and 3) perform sensitivity analyses. The authors account for prototype validation in two farms and discuss results and possible developments.
The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on the Economic Development of Mongolia
Authors: Mungunzul Erdenebat , Chang Taikoo
Published: June 2018

This article describes how foreign direct investment in Mongolia has reached 3.9 billion US$ mainly in the mining sector that amounted approximately 40% of the year's GDP. Even though FDI into Mongolia has been grown along with the country's economic development with trade openness to the world, a few studies have used regression analysis to analyze determinant factors of FDI. This article has estimated the determinants attracting FDI inflow into Mongolia by using two methods: applying single country (Mongolia) data using the determinants attracting FDI inflow into Mongolia from 1995-2014, and applying the determinants attracting FDI from the top investment countries using panel data, using random and fixed effects models from 2005-2013. The study results showed that GDP of Mongolia has a positive and significant effect on the FDI inflow. It was also revealed that the partner countries located either too far away from or too close to Mongolia pay little attention to and play a small investment role in Mongolian FDI.
‘By his word’? Creation, preservation and consummation in the book of Hebrews
Authors: Coetsee Albert J.
Published: June 2018

God’s speech is a prominent theme in the book of Hebrews. A fascinating phenomenon regarding God’s speech, and one that has in my opinion not been adequately explored, is that the writer possibly implies that God created by his word (Heb 11:3), preserves creation by his word (Heb 1:3) and will consummate creation by his word (Heb 12:26). This article examines whether the writer indeed had the conviction that God did, does and will do this by his word. This is done by doing grammatico-historical exegesis of Hebrews 11:3, 1:3 and 12:26 and integrating the findings. In so doing, this article contributes to the study of Hebrews’ theology of God’s word.
Case Report: Mucosal Leishmaniasis Presenting with Nasal Septum Perforation after Almost Thirty Years
Authors: Rojas-Jaimes Jesùs , Frischtak Helena L. , Arenas Jose , Lescano Andres G.
Published: June 2018

Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is associated with progressive tissue destruction and granuloma formation, often after a considerable period of latency from an initial cutaneous infection. We report a case of recurrent epistaxis of 3 years duration and nasopharyngeal obstruction in a woman with treated cutaneous leishmaniasis nearly 30 years before and with no further exposure to Leishmania. Computed tomography revealed nasal septal perforation and histopathology demonstrated chronic inflammation. Microscopy was negative for amastigotes, but molecular testing of nasal mucosa biopsy detected Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The patient underwent 28 days of treatment with IV sodium stibogluconate and her symptoms improved significantly. Sixteen months after treatment, she continues to have episodic epistaxis and detectable parasite load in her nasal lesion. Although ML is known to take years to decades to develop, there are few reported cases in the literature of such a long latency period. This report highlights the importance of considering ML in the differential diagnosis of chronic epistaxis in countries where leishmaniasis is endemic or in immigrants from these countries, even when presentation occurs decades after leaving an endemic region.
Snakebite: An Exploratory Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Adjunct Treatment Strategies
Authors: Herzel Benjamin J. , Samuel Stephen P. , Bulfone Tommaso C. , Raj C. Soundara , Lewin Matthew , Kahn James G.
Published: June 2018

The cost-effectiveness of the standard of care for snakebite treatment, antivenom, and supportive care has been established in various settings. In this study, based on data from South Indian private health-care providers, we address an additional question: “For what cost and effectiveness values would adding adjunct-based treatment strategies to the standard of care for venomous snakebites be cost-effective?” We modeled the cost and performance of potential interventions (e.g., pharmacologic or preventive) used adjunctively with antivenom and supportive care for the treatment of snakebite. Because these potential interventions are theoretical, we used a threshold cost-effectiveness approach to explore this forward-looking concept. We examined economic parameters at which these interventions could be cost-effective or even cost saving. A threshold analysis was used to examine the addition of new interventions to the standard of care. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were used to compare treatment strategies. One-way, scenario, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to analyze parameter uncertainty and define cost and effectiveness thresholds. Our results suggest that even a 3% reduction in severe cases due to an adjunct strategy is likely to reduce the cost of overall treatment and have the greatest impact on cost-effectiveness. In this model, for example, an investment of $10 of intervention that reduces the incidence of severe cases by 3%, even without changing antivenom usage patterns, creates cost savings of $75 per individual. These findings illustrate the striking degree to which an adjunct intervention could improve patient outcomes and be cost-effective or even cost saving.
Anopheles Salivary Biomarker as a Proxy for Estimating Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Exposure on the Thailand–Myanmar Border
Authors: Ya-Umphan Phubeth , Cerqueira Dominique , Cottrell Gilles , Parker Daniel M. , Fowkes Freya J. I. , Nosten Francois , Corbel Vincent
Published: June 2018

Timely identification and treatment of malaria transmission “hot spots” is essential to achieve malaria elimination. Here we investigate the relevance of using an Anopheles salivary biomarker to estimate Plasmodium falciparum malaria exposure risk along the Thailand–Myanmar border to guide malaria control. Between May 2013 and December 2014, > 9,000 blood samples collected in a cluster randomized control trial were screened with serological assays to measure the antibody responses to Anopheles salivary antigen (gSG6-P1) and P. falciparum malaria antigens (circumsporozoite protein, merozoite surface protein 119 [MSP-119]). Plasmodium falciparum infections were monitored through passive and active case detection. Seroprevalence to gSG6-P1, MSP-119, and CSP were 71.8% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 70.9, 72.7), 68.6% (95% CI: 67.7, 69.5), and 8.6% (95% CI: 8.0, 9.2), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that individuals with the highest Ab response to gSG6-P1 had six times the odds of being positive to CSP antigens (P < 0.001) and two times the odds of P. falciparum infection compared with low gSG6-P1 responders (P = 0.004). Spatial scan statistics revealed the presence of clusters of gSG6-P1 that partially overlapped P. falciparum infections. The gSG6-P1 salivary biomarker represents a good proxy for estimating P. falciparum malaria risk and could serve to implement hot spot–targeted vector control interventions to achieve malaria elimination.
Powassan Virus and Other Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Wildlife and Ticks in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Smith Kathryn , Oesterle Paul T. , Jardine Claire M. , Dibernardo Antonia , Huynh Chris , Lindsay Robbin , Pearl David L. , Bosco-Lauth Angela M. , Nemeth Nicole M.
Published: June 2018

Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne zoonosis maintained in natural enzootic cycles between ixodid ticks and wild mammals. Reported human cases have increased in recent years; these infections can be fatal or lead to long-term neurologic sequelae. However, both the geographic distribution and the role of common, potential mammalian hosts in POWV transmission are poorly understood, creating challenges to public health surveillance. We looked for evidence of POWV infection among candidate wildlife host species and ticks collected from mammals and birds in southern Ontario. Tissues (including blood) and ticks from trapped wild mammals were collected in the summers of 2015 and 2016. Ticks removed from dogs in 2015–2016 and wildlife diagnostic cases from 2011 to 2013 were also included. Tissue and tick (Ixodes spp.) homogenates were tested for POWV by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, sera from wild mammals were tested for antibodies to POWV, West Nile virus (WNV), and heartland virus (HRTV) by plaque reduction neutralization test. All 724 tissue samples were negative for POWV by RT-PCR. One of 53 pools of Ixodes cookei (among 98 total tick pools) was RT-PCR positive for deer tick virus (POWV) lineage. Antibodies to POWV and WNV were detected in 0.4% of 265 and 6.1% of 264 samples, respectively, and all of 219 serum samples tested negative for anti-HRTV antibodies. These results reveal low POWV detection rates in southern Ontario, while highlighting the challenges and need for continued efforts into understanding POWV epidemiology and targeted surveillance strategies.
Serological Evidence of Ebola Virus Infection in Rural Guinea before the 2014 West African Epidemic Outbreak
Authors: Keita Alpha K. , Butel Christelle , Thaurignac Guillaume , Diallo Aminata , Nioke Talla , Traoré Falaye , Koivogui Lamine , Peeters Martine , Delaporte Eric , Ayouba Ahidjo
Published: June 2018

Questions remain as to whether an unnoticed Ebola outbreak occurred in Guinea before the 2014–2016 epidemic. To address this, we used a highly sensitive and specific Luminex-based assay for Ebola virus (EBOV) antibody detection to screen blood samples collected in the framework of the Demographic Health Survey performed in 2012 in Guinea. One sample (GF069) of 1,483 tested was positive at very high immunoglobulin G titer to Zaire EBOV in Guinée Forestière. Thus, at least 2 years before the 2014 EVD outbreak in Guinea, Zaire EBOV was circulating in rural areas of this country.
Using Reference Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction to Assess the Clinical Performance of the Paracheck-Pf® Rapid Diagnostic Test in a Field Setting in Uganda
Authors: Mitran Catherine J. , Mbonye Anthony K. , Hawkes Michael , Yanow Stephanie K.
Published: June 2018

Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used in clinical and surveillance settings. However, the performance of most RDTs has not been characterized at parasite densities below detection by microscopy. We present findings from Uganda, where RDT results from 491 participants with suspected malaria were correlated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-defined parasitemia. Compared with qPCR, the sensitivity and specificity of the RDT for Plasmodium falciparum mono-infections were 76% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 68–83%) and 95% (95% CI: 92–97%), respectively. The sensitivity of the RDT at parasite densities between 0.2 and 200 parasites/μL was surprisingly high (87%, 95% CI: 74–94%). The high sensitivity of the RDT is likely because of histidine-rich protein 2 from submicroscopic infections, gametocytes, or sequestered parasites. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating different RDTs in field studies against qPCR reference testing to better define the sensitivity and specificity, particularly at low parasite densities.
Watch and Wait Approach for Inactive Echinococcal Cyst of the Liver: An Update
Authors: Lissandrin Raffaella , Tamarozzi Francesca , Mariconti Mara , Manciulli Tommaso , Brunetti Enrico , Vola Ambra
Published: June 2018

Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic, complex and neglected infection causing severe disease in humans. Hepatic CE cysts are detected and classified mainly by using ultrasound. Expert opinion and published data suggest that uncomplicated inactive liver cysts do not require treatment and only need to be monitored over time (“Watch and Wait”). Here we update our findings as published in 2014 on the “Watch and Wait” approach applied to inactive, asymptomatic cysts of the liver to keep the medical community informed. Clinical data of patients who accessed the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for CE at the University of Pavia-San Matteo Hospital Foundation from January 1991 to October 2017 were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were presence of one or more inactive uncomplicated cysts in the liver (CE4 or CE5), without any history of previous treatment, and an ultrasound-based follow-up of at least 24 months. Fifty-three patients with 66 inactive cysts fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 11 patients are newly described here; 37 were part of our previously described cohort and the follow-up for 17 of them was further extended; and five were excluded from the previously published analysis as their follow-up was too short, but could be included now. Without the need for treatment and without development of complications, 98.5% of cysts remained inactive over time. In only one patient (1.9% of patients), a reactivation of one cyst (1.5% of cysts) was observed.
Land cover and its transformation in the backward trajectory footprint region
of the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory
Authors: Pöhlker Christopher , Walter David , Paulsen Hauke , Könemann Tobias , Rodríguez-Caballero Emilio , Moran-Zuloaga Daniel , Brito Joel , Carbone Samara , Degrendele Céline , Després Viviane R. , Ditas Florian , Holanda Bruna A. , Kaiser Johannes W. , Lammel Gerhard , Lavrič Jošt V. , Ming Jing , Pickersgill Daniel , Pöhlker Mira L. , Praß Maria , Ruckteschler Nina , Saturno Jorge , Sörgel Matthias , Wang Qiaoqiao , Weber Bettina , Wolff Stefan , Artaxo Paulo , Pöschl Ulrich , Andreae Meinrat O.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The Amazon rain forest experiences the combined pressures from man-made deforestation and progressing climate change, causing severe and potentially disruptive perturbations of the ecosystem's integrity and stability. To intensify research on critical aspects of Amazonian biosphere-atmosphere exchange, the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) has been established in the central Amazon Basin. Here we present a multi-year analysis of backward trajectories to derive an effective footprint region of the observatory, which spans large parts of the particularly vulnerable eastern basin. Further, we characterize geospatial properties of the footprint regions, such as climatic conditions, distribution of ecoregions, land cover categories, deforestation dynamics, agricultural expansion, fire regimes, infrastructural development, protected areas, as well as future deforestation scenarios. This study is meant to be a resource and reference work, helping to embed the ATTO observations into the larger context of man-made transformations of Amazonia. We conclude that the chances to observe an unperturbed rain forest-atmosphere exchange will likely decrease in the future, whereas the atmospheric signals from man-made and climate change-related forest perturbations will likewise increase in frequency and intensity.
ROOOH: the Missing Piece of the Puzzle for OH measurements in low NO Environments
Authors: Fittschen Christa , Al Ajami Mohamad , Batut Sebastien , Ferracci Valerio , Archer-Nicholls Scott , Archibald Alexander T. , Schoemaecker Coralie
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Field campaigns have been carried out with the FAGE technique in remote biogenic environments in the last decade to quantify the in situ concentrations of OH, the main oxidant in the atmosphere. These data have revealed concentrations of OH radicals up to a factor of 10 higher than predicted by models, whereby the disagreement increases with decreasing NO concentration. This was interpreted as a major lack in our understanding of the chemistry of biogenic VOCs, particularly isoprene, which are dominant in remote pristine conditions. But interferences in these measurements of unknown origin have also been discovered for some FAGE instruments. We present in this paper convincing experimental and modeling evidence that the disagreement between model and measurement is due to interference by the unexpected decomposition of a new class of molecule, ROOOH, in the FAGE instruments. Including ROOOH reflects the missing piece of the puzzle in our understanding of OH in the atmosphere.
Aerosol water parameterization: long-term evaluation and importance
Authors: Metzger Swen , Abdelkader Mohamed , Steil Benedikt , Klingmüller Klaus
Published: June 2018

Abstract. We scrutinize the importance of aerosol water for the aerosol optical depth (AOD) calculations by a long-term evaluation of the EQuilibrium Simplified Aerosol Model V4 for climate modeling, which was introduced by Metzger et al. (2016a). EQSAM4clim is based on a sin-gle solute coefficient approach that efficiently parameterizes hygroscopic growth, account- ing for aerosol water uptake from the deliquescence relative humidity up to supersaturation. EQSAM4clim extends the single solute coefficient approach to treat water uptake of multi- component mixtures. The gas-aerosol partitioning and the mixed solution water uptake can be solved analytically, preventing the need for iterations, which is computationally efficient. EQSAM4clim has been implemented in the global chemistry climate model EMAC and com- pared to ISORROPIA II (Fountoukis and Nenes, 2007) at climate time-scales. Our global modeling results show that (I) our EMAC results of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) are comparable to independent results of Pozzer et al. (2015) for the period 2000–2010, (II) the results of various aerosol properties of EQSAM4clim and ISORROPIA II are similar and in agreement with AERONET and EMEP observations for the period 2000–2013, and (III) that the underlying assumptions on the aerosol water uptake limitations are important for derived AOD calculations. Sensitivity studies of different levels of chemical aging and associated water uptake show larger effects on AOD calculations for the year 2005 compared to the differences associated with the application of the two gas-liquid-solid partitioning schemes. Altogether, our study reveals the importance of the aerosol water for climate applications.
Connecting regional aerosol emissions reductions to local and remote precipitation responses
Authors: Westervelt Daniel M. , Conley Andrew J. , Fiore Arlene M. , Lamarque Jean-François , Shindell Drew T. , Previdi Michael , Mascioli Nora R. , Faluvegi Greg , Correa Gustavo , Horowitz Larry W.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The unintended climatic implications of aerosol and precursor emission reductions implemented to protect public health are poorly understood. We investigate the precipitation response to regional changes in aerosol emissions using three coupled chemistry-climate models: NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model 3 (GFDL-CM3), NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM1), and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE2 (GISS-E2). Our approach contrasts a long present-day control simulation from each model (up to 400 years with perpetual year 2000 or 2005 emissions) with fourteen individual aerosol emissions perturbation simulations (160–240 years each). We perturb emissions of sulfur dioxide and/or carbonaceous aerosol within six world regions and assess the significance of precipitation responses relative to internal variability determined by the control simulation and across the models. Global and regional precipitation mostly increases when we reduce regional aerosol emissions in the models, with the strongest responses occurring for sulfur dioxide emissions reductions from Europe and the United States. Precipitation responses to aerosol emissions reductions are largest in the tropics and project onto the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Regressing precipitation onto an Indo-Pacific zonal sea level pressure gradient index (a proxy for ENSO) indicates that the ENSO component of the precipitation response to regional aerosol removal can be as large as 20 % of the total simulated response. Precipitation increases in the Sahel in response to aerosol reductions in remote regions because an anomalous interhemispheric temperature gradient alters the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This mechanism holds across multiple aerosol reduction simulations and models.
Cloud liquid water path in the sub-Arctic region of Europe as derived from ground-based and space-borne remote observations
Authors: Kostsov Vladimir S. , Kniffka Anke , Ionov Dmitry V.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Tropospheric clouds are a very important component of the climate system and of the hydrological cycle in Arctic and sub-Arctic. Liquid water path (LWP) is one of the key parameters of clouds urgently needed for a variety of studies, including the snow cover and climate modelling at Northern latitudes. A joint analysis of the LWP values obtained from observations by the SEVIRI satellite instrument and from ground-based observations by the RPG‑HATPRO microwave radiometer near St.Petersburg, Russia (60N, 30E) has been made. The time period of selected datasets spans two years (December 2012–November 2014) excluding winter months, since the specific requirements to SEVIRI observations restrict measurements at Northern latitudes in winter when the solar zenith angle is too large. The radiometer measurement site is located very close to the shore of the Gulf of Finland, and the SEVIRI measurements have shown considerable differences between the LWP values over land and over water areas in the region under investigation. Therefore, special attention has been paid to the analysis of the LWP spatial distributions derived from SEVIRI observations at scales from 15 km to 150 km in the vicinity of St.Petersburg. A good agreement between the daily median LWP values obtained from the SEVIRI and the RPG-HATPRO observations has been shown: the RMS difference has been estimated as 0.016 kg m−2 for a warm season and 0.048 kg m−2 for a cold season. During seven months (February–May and August–October), the SEVIRI and the RPG-HATPRO instruments revealed similar diurnal variations of LWP, while considerable discrepancies between the diurnal variations obtained by the two instruments have been detected in June and July. The LWP diurnal cycles obtained from the RPG-HATPRO and the SEVIRI observations have been compared to the diurnal cycles derived from the reanalysis data.
Graphics Algorithm for Deriving Atmospheric Boundary Layer Heights from CALIPSO Data
Authors: Liu Boming , Ma Yingying , Liu Jiqiao , Gong Wei , Wang Wei , Zhang Ming
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The atmospheric boundary layer is an important atmospheric feature that affects environmental health and weather forecasting. In this study, we proposed a graphics algorithm for the derivation of atmospheric boundary layer height (BLH) from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) data. Owing to the differences in scattering intensity between molecular and aerosol particles, the total attenuated backscatter coefficient 532 and attenuated backscatter coefficient 1064 were used simultaneously for BLH detection. The proposed algorithm transformed the gradient solution into graphics distribution solution to overcome the effects of large noise and improve the horizontal resolution. This method was then tested with real signals under different horizontal smoothing numbers (1, 3, 15 and 30). The algorithm provided a reliable result when the horizontal smoothing number was greater than 5. Finally, the results of BLH obtained by CALIPSO data were compared with the results retrieved by the ground-based Lidar and radiosonde (RS) measurements. Under the horizontal smoothing number of 15, 9 and 3, the correlation coefficients between the BLH derived by the proposed algorithm and ground-based Lidar were 0.72, 0.72 and 0.14, respectively, and those between the BLH derived by the proposed algorithm and radiosonde measurements were 0.59, 0.59 and 0.07. When the horizontal smoothing number was 15 and 9, the CALIPSO BLH derived by the proposed method demonstrated a good correlation with ground-based Lidar and RS. This finding indicated that the proposed algorithm can be applied to the CALIPSO satellite data with 3 and 5 km horizontal resolution.
STAGE 2.0: Sensitivity Transfer Analysis of Greenhouse Emissions
Authors: Passenier Peter O.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. A simulation tool has been realized with which the sensitivity of the Earth climate system to human interference can be studied. The tool is intended to offer users of the software, e.g. students in higher education, support in gaining insight into critical aspects of the climate system and thus counteracting common misconceptions with regard to the functioning of this system. The conceptual design of the tool is based on the paradigm learning as experimenting, encouraging students to explore climate sensitivity in its various aspects in an active manner. The feasibility of the educational application is demonstrated by exploring possible long-term climate consequences and uncertainties of near-term greenhouse-gas mitigation actions, as an outcome of present-day world-wide negotiations under the UNFCCC umbrella.
An Analysis of Swell and Bimodality Around the South and South-west Coastline of England
Authors: Thompson Daniel A. , Karunarathna Harshinie , Reeve Dominic E.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. This paper presents an analysis of wave recordings with particular attention to assessing bimodality of the incident wave energy spectra and the occurrence of swell along the south and south-west coasts of the United Kingdom, (UK). A procedure is developed to perform an intensive analysis of a new and large dataset of measured wave spectra. A storm during February 2014 is analysed in detail, highlighting the observed wave conditions leading up to and during the collapse of the sea wall at Dawlish, UK. The analysis reveals the prevalence of trapped-fetch conditions and long-period swell during the February 2014 storm. Bimodality and the presence of swell are compared at three locations along the south coast of the UK. Results highlight the increase in bimodality during the 2013/2014 storm period, especially at Dawlish. The analysis also provides evidence of bimodality and swell waves occurring far along the English Channel. Observed wave conditions at Dawlish are compared to the parametric limits of empirical formulae to estimate wave overtopping. There were numerous instances of peak wave periods or wave heights outside the limits of the formulae, showing that existing design formulae do not yet adequately account for the range of conditions experienced in coastal waters.
Study on reservoir time-varying design flood of inflow based on Poisson process with time-dependent parameters
Authors: Li Jiqing , Huang Jing , Li Jianchang
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The time-varying design flood can make full use of the measured data, which
can provide the reservoir with the basis of both flood control and operation
scheduling. This paper adopts peak over threshold method for flood sampling
in unit periods and Poisson process with time-dependent parameters model for
simulation of reservoirs time-varying design flood. Considering the
relationship between the model parameters and hypothesis, this paper presents
the over-threshold intensity, the fitting degree of Poisson distribution and
the design flood parameters are the time-varying design flood unit period and
threshold discriminant basis, deduced Longyangxia reservoir time-varying
design flood process at 9 kinds of design frequencies. The time-varying
design flood of inflow is closer to the reservoir actual inflow conditions,
which can be used to adjust the operating water level in flood season and
make plans for resource utilization of flood in the basin.
Climate change impact on streamflow in large-scale river basins: projections and their uncertainties sourced from GCMs and RCP scenarios
Authors: Nasonova Olga N. , Gusev Yeugeniy M. , Kovalev Evgeny E. , Ayzel Georgy V.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Climate change impact on river runoff was investigated
within the framework of the second phase of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model
Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP2) using a physically-based land surface
model Soil Water – Atmosphere – Plants (SWAP) (developed in the Institute
of Water Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and meteorological
projections (for 2006–2099) simulated by five General Circulation Models
(GCMs) (including GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, and
NorESM1-M) for each of four Representative Concentration Pathway
(RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). Eleven large-scale
river basins were used in this study. First of all, SWAP was calibrated and
validated against monthly values of measured river runoff with making use of
forcing data from the WATCH data set and all GCMs' projections were
bias-corrected to the WATCH. Then, for each basin, 20 projections of
possible changes in river runoff during the 21st century were simulated
by SWAP. Analysis of the obtained hydrological projections allowed us to
estimate their uncertainties resulted from application of different GCMs and
RCP scenarios. On the average, the contribution of different GCMs to the
uncertainty of the projected river runoff is nearly twice larger than the
contribution of RCP scenarios. At the same time the contribution of GCMs
slightly decreases with time.
An assessment of temporal effect on extreme rainfall estimates
Authors: Das Samiran , Zhu Dehua , Chi-Han Cheng
Published: June 2018

Abstract. This study assesses the temporal behaviour in terms of inter-decadal
variability of extreme daily rainfall of stated return period relevant for
hydrologic risk analysis using a novel regional parametric approach. The
assessment is carried out based on annual maximum daily rainfall series of
180 meteorological stations of Yangtze River Basin over a 50-year period
(1961–2010). The outcomes of the analysis reveal that while there were
effects present indicating higher quantile values when estimated from data of
the 1990s, it is found not to be noteworthy to exclude the data of any decade
from the extreme rainfall estimation process for hydrologic risk analysis.