bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Membranes for Gas Processing at Offshore – A Case Study
Authors: Gupta Anil Kumar , Verma Abhijeet , Sukanandan J N , Kakkar Rajesh
Published: April 2020

The case study applies to an Indian offshore production field which consists of 4 unmanned well head platforms (A1, A2, A3 and AB) and a chartered hired FPSO connected via PLEM to the hub platform AB. The producing wells use gas lift supplied from gas compressors located on the FPSO. Liquid produced is evacuated by tankers and excess gas is exported to an adjacent field via a 16" × 46 km pipeline. New discoveries with total oil in-place volume of 75.55 MMt and associated gas with greater than 30% CO2 have posed a challenge to bring into production. The gas compressors on the FPSO were designed to for gas with maximum 12% of CO2 and as the FPSO is a leased asset, the increased CO2 in the feed was considered "a strict no-no". Also, excess gas is exported via and must have less than 6% CO2 to meet the export pipeline specification.

A concept study was done to identify a feasible method to produce the higher CO2 gas without major changes in FPSO handling facilities. In the technology selection: Solvent adsorption, Absorption beds and Membrane system were evaluated for their usage at an unmanned platform. The selection criteria included: required foot-print & weight, moving parts and minimum intervention. The study recommended a membrane system be used.

This project has many firsts for Offshore India such as: Membrane based CO2 removal, a low BTU hot flare for reject stream disposal and Micro-turbines for meeting basic power requirement. All this will be discussed with fabrication pictures and implementation details. Scheduled offshore platform commissioning is in January 2021.
Big Data is Here, Challenges of Converting Big Data for Use by the Human Brain
Authors: Wu Yin , Bourgeau Edward Kenneth , Aspin Jason Conrad
Published: April 2020

Modern offshore processes can now generate a large amount of high-resolution data, and this data is now being collected on various data collection systems. The traditional approach of process data is real time changes in operations (controllers or human operators taking action) or in the case of a failure, post-event scrutiny by experts. With the current data handling technology, the sheer volume of data actually deteriorates the effectiveness of post-event scrutiny. The promised insight to our process from access to "Big Data" has not yet been fully realized.

To simply implement effective post-event clarity and further, to really capitalize on this massive volume of data, industries need new technologies and approaches to "data." The studies in this paper fully embraced the data driven concept, and actions taken to integrate and interpret this data to drive faster and more accurate decisions.

There is real proof that managing and interpreting big data will lead to safely finding new resources, increasing recovery rates, reducing environmental impact and improving commercial efficiency.

This paper introduces strategies and specific examples of the utilization of Big Data analytics and how to use edge computing and cloud computing to reduce the cognitive burden of highly efficient operations. The infrastructure necessary to acquire data from existing digital machines, how to manage security risks associated with data collection, synchronizing data from multiple sources and how to benefit from this data now and in the long term.
Validation of a Transient Multiphase Flow Simulator for Offshore Transient Operations in a Gas-Condensate Pipeline
Authors: Jauseau Nicolas , Zakarian Erich , Morgan Julie E , Zambare Neeraj
Published: April 2020

The performance of a transient multiphase flow simulator was evaluated using high-quality field data measured in a large diameter gas-condensate offshore production system during different operating conditions (pigging, production shut-in and restart, production ramp-up, quasi steady state).

Production data included measurements recorded from more than 120 sensors (pressure, temperature, flow rate, monoethylene glycol (MEG) fraction, slug catcher volume) during a three-year production time span. After thorough data screening and analysis, 19 distinct subsets encompassing both steady state conditions and at least one pigging event per subset were selected as benchmarks for validating simulation results. For each subset, a simulation model was developed to account for ambient and operating conditions, fluid properties, bathymetry profiles, thermal insulation and pipe burial, and hydrate inhibitor tracking (MEG).

A comprehensive statistical analysis comparing predicted and measured pressure drop, pigged liquid volumes, outlet temperatures, and rich MEG mass fractions over the three-year time period demonstrated that the simulator predictions were in good agreement with the field data. The analysis included an uncertainty assessment of the measured production flow rates and volumes to better estimate the simulator accuracy. It was found that the simulator predicted both the cumulated rich MEG and condensate volumes received at the delivery point within the measurement uncertainty. The predicted rich MEG fractions at delivery were also in good agreement with the measurements, underlining the reliability of the inhibitor tracking module of the simulator. The pig travel time and the total liquid volume displaced by the pig during each pigging event were the main parameters considered to evaluate the accuracy of the simulator; both were predicted within a 10% error margin.

Multiphase flow simulators are often developed and tuned against experimental data recorded in small to medium diameter scale pilots. The opportunity to validate a transient multiphase flow simulator against measured operating conditions in large diameter pipelines over an unprecedented three-year time span is valuable, not only for quantifying the performance of the simulator, but also for assessing its scalability.
An Evaluation of the Effect that Motions at the Nacelle have on the Cost of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Taboada Miguel , Ortega Alvaro , Martín Rafael , Pombo Albino , Moreu Jaime
Published: April 2020

Offshore Floating Wind is finally emerging as a promising source of Renewable Energy, but the Industry still faces important challenges. Among these, the impact the floater's motions have on the product life-cycle performance still requires evaluation and validation. In this sense, the industry has struggled to define an approach that minimizes the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The reasons for this, among others, are that each floater typology induces different motions on the nacelle equipment, each metocean site conditions are different, and the wear at the nacelle depends on the turbine model and manufacturer. Hence, the industry recommendations have so far usually limited the maximum longitudinal accelerations at the nacelle to 0.3-0.4g, and the maximum roll-pitch combination is set below 10°.

The induced motions add dynamic loading, wear down the mechanical equipment, produce fatigue damage on the structural members and are a source of potential downtimes, due to machine failures or simply due to unacceptable accelerations at the nacelle. Therefore, the different components of the turbine should be reinforced, increasing the CAPEX; or the maintenance and repair activities with its associated costs should increase; being both a possible combination.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the different costs items associated with more or less conservative approaches with regards to the motions at the nacelle highlighting the combination of accelerations, operational weather windows, construction and maintenance strategies that can lead to the optimum LCOE.

Several response spectra of accelerations at the nacelle will be obtained for two different floaters, namely; a spar and barge preliminary sized for the DTU-10MW reference wind turbine. The effect of the turbine controller on the motions is not considered. For different acceleration cutoff values, the energy produced is estimated.
Leveraging Additive Manufacturing AM Technology to Enhance the Performance and Reliability of Gas Turbines for Offshore Oil and Gas Applications
Authors: Panfili Gianni , Balestrino Cristiano
Published: April 2020

With world-class experience and capability in metal additive manufacturing (AM), Siemens is introducing this game-changing technology throughout the entire gas turbine portfolio. Today Siemens Gas and Power has a dedicated organization to implement and adopt this technology, which enables engineers to design new components free of the barriers and constraints of conventional manufacturing methods.

A product like the SGT-A35 (Industrial RB211) gas turbine, which has earned a dependable reputation worldwide in offshore applications, has been enhanced in several ways by additive manufacturing. This paper will explore some of the AM development efforts for the SGT-A35, as well as the many benefits being realized. These benefits include improved reliability and performance, manufacturing and supply chain simplification, faster iterations and shortened development programs and opportunities for new repair and aftermarket solutions.
Water Intake Riser WIR – from Design to Installation, an Example of Complex Structure Requiring Multi-Disciplinary Approach
Authors: Minguez Matthieu , Clergue Simon , Van Kessel Jan , Bessière Lionel , Pattedoie Stephane , Renaud Maxime , Skledar Matthew , Lange Frank , Miller Edward , Masterton Stephen
Published: April 2020

In strong collaboration with the oil company consortium, contractor and their subcontractors successfully designed and installed a novel Water Intake Riser (WIR) on Prelude FLNG, the world's largest FLNG facility. The scope involved transforming a concept into reality by close collaboration between the contractor and client team at various offices and worksites from project start to offshore installation. Preparation for this operation included activities at various locations around the world such as Factory Acceptance Testing in Norway, USA, UK and France. The final Site Integration Testing was performed at the FLNG in South Korea before Prelude FLNG left the yard.

Designing a Water Intake Riser (WIR) at this scale capable of surviving 10,000 years cyclone with a design life of 25 years has raised a variety of engineering challenges including; riser head-loss, loadings under survival events, novel flying leads and umbilicals, fatigue of key element such as chains, spacer-frames and riser girth welds. Full-scale tests were performed on critical components of the WIR for example the rubber hose, chain, and connectors. In addition, the system was tested at scale in model scale basins.

Offshore execution in Australia involved the installation of large diameter steel pipe sections assembled with merlin connectors and the largest submersible pumps of their kind inside the FLNG Hull. Bespoke installation aids were used such as an over-the-side Riser Assembly Tower. Successful execution required maintaining Prelude FLNG at a favorable heading to minimize motions and achieve millimeter precision pipe assembly.
Floating Production Systems: What’s Next?
Authors: Turner William Judson
Published: April 2020

The drastic fall of oil prices in late 2014 forced a harsh but necessary overhaul to design philosophy in deepwater projects. Bigger was no longer better; the industry set to work on methods for commercial improvement like lean design and standardization. Throughout a slow recovery in commodity prices and steady persistence to innovate and implement improvements, the deepwater sector made significant strides in commercial and operational efficiency. This paper discusses some background and foundation providing insight on the commercial drivers post 2014 that significantly changed floating production system (FPS) design philosophy, with a particular focus on US Gulf of Mexico. The paper explores near-term outlook of design; looking more in depth at lean design and "hub-n-spoke" models. It also explores longer-term outlook of the next chapter in FPS design, touching on technology and automation that can relocate staff onshore, increasing safety, reducing capex, opex and increasing return on investment (ROI). The commercial analyses presented in this paper are indicative and subject to revision.

The paper is one that will set the stage for the 2020 OTC technical session: Floating Memories – Look Back to Leap Forward.
Pipeline Walking: Accurate Estimation of Mitigation Force for Axial Movements due to Global Seabed Slope and Steel Catenary Riser Tensions
Authors: Elendu Emmanuel Chigozie
Published: April 2020

Deep water pipelines operating under high pressures and temperatures are susceptible to gradual global axial movements over a number of heating and cooling cycles – A phenomenon known as axial walking. These cyclic axial movements that occur in high pressure-high temperature(HPHT) offshore pipelines are usually induced by four mechanisms: Seabed slopes along the pipeline routeRiser base tension induced by a steel catenary riser at the end of a pipelineThermal transients during startup/shutdown cyclesMultiphase flow behaviour like slug-induced flows, start up, shut down and ramp up operations

Several mitigation measures for pipeline walking as a results of these mechanisms have been developed and studied over the years with the most common being the use of hold-back anchors installed either at the middle or the end of a pipeline, the latter being the preferred method. Historically, estimation of the required anchor force to restrict pipeline axial movement has been premised on the amount of soil frictional resistance required to equal the driving force due to temperature and pressure. This methodology can lead to erroneously high estimates of the required anchor force for walking mitigation, leading to large-sized pipeline anchors with an attendant increase in capital expenditure associated with pipeline projects. This paper estimates, with a higher degree of accuracy, the required anchor force to mitigate axial walking due to seabed slope or steel catenary riser(SCR) tension.

The methodology described in this work involves the use of a mathematical proof to show that the magnitude of the walking mitigation force for a pipeline susceptible to walking is directly proportional to the pipeline submerged weight. The solution was also validated by a finite element analysis(FEA). The finite element analysis was carried out using the multipurpose industry FEA tool, Abaqus with the pipeline modelled using beam elements and the soil modelled using three dimensional analytically rigid elements. The coulomb friction model was used with frictional forces defined in the axial direction only.

Several cases were analysed in Abaqus using several pipeline sizes and soil friction coefficients in order to validate the analytical results. The analytical and FEA results agree quite well and show that the restraining force required to mitigate pipeline walking due to global seabed slope and SCR tension is solely dependent on the pipeline submerged weight and SCR tension respectively.

This paper proffers a cost-effective mitigation to seabed slope and SCR induced walking by showing that pipeline walking mitigation is not dependent on the magnitude of the axial friction resistance which usually requires large mitigation forces to counter the large frictional forces that may result particularly when we have a fairly long pipeline.
Delivering a Clean-Sheet Active Sealing Device for Deepwater MPD Operations: From Design to First Use
Authors: Johnson Austin , Sundaramoorthy Saravanan , Ameen Kareem , Nichols Jess , MacGregor Alex , Fraczek Justin
Published: April 2020

Objectives/Scope

This paper shares results from the successful first use of an active sealing device in a narrow margin deepwater well in the Black Sea. The active sealing device is a clean-sheet design approach which is purpose built for deepwater Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) operations. This paper shares highlights from design, testing, and first-use stages of the program.

Methods, Procedures, Process

This paper discusses the three key program phases from development to field operation. An overview of the detailed design phase introduces system elements and purposes. An overview of the fullscale prototype testing phase discusses design verification testing, system optimization testing, and systems integration testing measures taken prior to field deployment. Finally, an overview of the field deployment phase shares outcomes from the first deployment on a dynamically positioned deepwater rig drilling a narrow margin MPD well in the Black Sea.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

The paper shares conclusions from each of the active sealing device development program phases. Upscaling passive RCD technology for deepwater has had negative effects on performance. A nonrotating seal sleeve element design eliminates multiple high-wear RCD components. Elimination of bearings and rotary seals removes common system failure modes. Redundant, active seal elements ensure wellbore seal quality throughout the seal life. A lubrication system extends seal life and enables active seal condition monitoring. Active seal condition monitoring alerts the rig crew prior to failure to replace the seal assembly. Full-scale testing demonstrates the system under simulated drilling conditions. Seal life observed at over 200 rotating hours, outlasting most deepwater MPD hole sections. First active sealing device integrated into deepwater drillship. Multi-modal seal control system provides crew operational methods to reach the total depth. Consistent seal life enables rig crew to better plan and drill MPD sections with confidence. First deepwater MPD well drilled using the new active sealing device.

Novel/Additive Information

The project discusses other novel aspects such as drilling contractor ownership and integration of the MPD equipment. A design objective is to enable new models of MPD system fleet management to allow drilling contractors to share equipment between rigs. The integrated active wellbore sealing system allows communication between the rig drilling control system, subsea and topside equipment, and all 3rd party systems, while sharing commonality with other rigs in the fleet.
Tripping the Light Fantastic – When 3 Becomes 1
Authors: Murdoch Euan , Day Paul , Walduck Steven
Published: April 2020

This paper addresses the hurdles that have prevented the single-trip installation of upper and lower completions in the complex world of subsea and deepwater applications. It examines the processes, technologies, and risk mitigation steps that took a concept from pilot to successful deployment

This paper examines the current practice and rationales that had dictated a near 30-year industry standard methodology. This was not a case of tearing up the rule book, but of re-writing certain chapters. Our study examines the methods used to evaluate risks, mitigate same, test thought processes through to systems integration testing, and ultimately take what was a complete-the-well-on-paper exercise to a complete-the-well-in-practice outcome. The study will look at novel and not-so-novel technologies deployed; why were they chosen and how were they qualified.

Offshore and deepwater activity is returning; cost control, better project management and new technologies have provided a step-change in project economics. Typically, the completion of certain deepwater wells will necessitate the separate deployment of sand face, intermediate and upper completion. But what would result if this could be done in a single trip? In the simplest terms, completing in a single trip reduces the overall completion time by half and more. The case against is well founded; building the case for the change of long-established methods in our industry has never been an easy task. The steps taken to build this case will be examined, how fear of the new was overcome, and, having established proof-of-concept and beyond, taking the project to a fruitful outcome will be explored. However, what will be explored is no silver bullet, has no universal appeal and requires diligence, planning and contingency to drive success. But the prize is there, the risks can be mitigated, and when successful, will deliver an impact on project economics that very few technologies and techniques have delivered on such a scale.
Additive Manufactured Shapes used to Cure Total Lost Circulation Events
Authors: Hitchcock Graham
Published: April 2020

Lost circulation is a major cause of drilling non-productive time. Lost circulation events can range from seepage, partial, severe and total losses. An extensive range of Lost Circulation Materials (LCM) are available and commonly used to cure seepage and partial losses. However, severe and total losses are not curable using standard LCM solutions and alternative time consuming and expensive remedial solutions are required. A supplement to conventional LCM has been designed to extend standard LCM loss curing capability to cope with severe total loss circulation events.

Conventional LCM limitations are reported to be formation fracture widths up to 4-6 mm in size. Formation fractures greater than this limit will become problematic to cure using conventional LCM, the fractures are too large for LCM to collect, bridge and create an efficient pressure seal between the formation and well bore. When conventional Lost Circulation cure solutions prove ineffective, more costly solutions involving tripping and specific remedial treatments have to be utilized.

An Additive Manufactured shape used as a supplement to standard LCM has been designed and tested has be shown to increase the loss curing capabilities of the standard LCM to larger formation fractures typical of Total Lost Circulation events.

The Additive Manufactured Lost Circulation Shape when used with existing and readily available LCM product has been shown to extend the plugging range of a LCM from the typical 4mm - 6mm to larger total loss fractures of 20mm to 40mm. The Lost Circulation Supplement deployed with standard LCM will extend the loss curing capability of existing standard LCM's. By extending the curing capabilities of standard LCM costly and time-consuming tripping and alternative Lost Circulation remedial solutions can be avoided.
Autonomous Evolution Robotic Systems for Underwater Surveillance and Inspection
Authors: Jabari Rami , Cheng Tao
Published: April 2020

The oil and gas industry has been focusing on enhancing safety, reliability, and reducing costs associated with subsea surveillance and inspections. Emerging robotic and sensing systems, as enabling technologies, are being adopted and adapted by ExxonMobil in various applications. This paper presents multiple use cases where ExxonMobil has utilized these systems to address the challenges within our operations, more specifically, miniature remotely operated vehicles (mini-ROVs) and shallow-water autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), along with the learnings from these applications and proposed future systems.

Mini-ROVs equipped with optical and acoustic sensors are currently being used by ExxonMobil for the inspection of hulls, platforms, and mooring chains. After achieving favorable results with miniature systems that are remotely operated, there was a natural shift towards autonomy. Low-logistics shallow-water AUVs equipped with sidescan sonar, multibeam sonar, and optical cameras are now being utilized by ExxonMobil for pipeline inspections and environmental surveys. The successful experiences from both robotic systems have built a strong foundation for ExxonMobil as the industry's interest in subsea resident systems increases.

Successful pilot tests by ExxonMobil conducted in the past couple of years have demonstrated that a large support vessel and extensive human intervention can be eliminated. The utilization of emerging robotic and sensing systems for subsea surveillance and inspections has proven to enhance safety and reduce cost by an order of magnitude when compared to conventional techniques.
Paradigm Shift in Downhole Sand Control; The First Installation of Shape Memory Polymer as an Alternative to Gravel Packing at BS Field, Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Ismail Mohammad Sazwan , Yahia Zaidil , Rozlan M Rizwan , Bakar Mohd Farris , Amsidom Amirul Adha , Chaemchaeng Parvinee , Zhafrael Mohammad Rafael Mohammad
Published: April 2020

Controlling sand has been one of the most difficult challenges in oil production in Upstream Malaysia operations. Conventionally, Cased Hole Gravel Packs (CHGP) or Open Hole Gravel Packs (OHGP) are installed to prevent sand from being produced with the oil to the surface facilities. However, both methods require massive operations and high cost which impact the overall economics of the project.

This paper summarizes the technology evaluation of Shape Memory Polymer (SMP). This includes the working philosophies, candidate selection, risk identification and mitigation plan, and success criteria developed for this technology. Common gravel packing technique is accomplished by packing gravel in the annulus between the screen and formation sand face, where the gravel acts as a barrier preventing the migration of the formation sand. The new technology does exactly the same task by expanding SMP which conforms to the sand face. The only difference, in gravel packing, the contact medium with the sand face is the gravel whereas in this technology the contact medium is the SMP. The operational sequence is very similar to the installation of Open Hole Stand Alone Screens (OHSAS). From the evaluation, one well was identified by the team at BS field for piloting this technology. The well will be part of a development campaign executed in Q2 2020. Details of the well design and scope will be shared briefly, as well as a commercial comparison between conventional sand control methods and SMP.

The pilot test at BS field will be discussed including technology evaluation, candidate selection, well completion design, risk mitigation and others. Several case histories and current available field implementation are also taken into consideration to properly plan the pilot test. The success criteria outlined would help to oversee the performance and continuous monitoring of the system before it can be declared a success. Potential candidates for replication of this technology have also been identified within the Operator's company in the near future.

The possible pilot test for this technology is the result of strong and good collaboration between the Operator and Service Company. If it is a proven success, this technology will become a game changer for downhole sand control in the petroleum industry which will be able to maximize production and save operational expenditures, while ensuring the highest reliability.
Private Equity Financing and Third-Party Infrastructure: Future Enabler
Authors: Khurana Sandeep , Rostant Justin , Wilson Julie
Published: April 2020

This is one in a series of papers in the technical session, "Floating Memories – Look Back to Leap Forward." The paper focuses on the evolution of ownership and the financing model for upstream and midstream infrastructure in deepwater. It provides an historical perspective on the value chain, starting in the 1990s when offshore oil companies owned and operated entire infrastructures. As industry matured, pipeline companies and service providers began taking ownership positions in partnerships with the operators. Most recently, private equity has stepped up to invest in infrastructure, using creative financing models now in play.
Safe Landing of a Deviated Well with a Rig Source VSP Using RT Lookahead Seismic Technology
Authors: Kelsall Neil R , Euranie Ludivine C , Kocsis Gábor , Jørgensen Torsten , Adestal Victoria , Kallhovd Anders , Liman Tunc , Stoia Irina-Tulia , Rajan Digvijay
Published: April 2020

This paper demonstrates how an operator mitigated a hazardous pore pressure drilling risk using a technology that was new to the operator. The Seismic While Drilling (SWD) increased safety and efficiency at lower cost over commonly used alternatives. In 2019 MOL Norge AS drilled a deviated exploration well in the southern part of the Norwegian North Sea. The large 300 bar pore pressure uncertainty in the reservoir made it necessary to land the 9 7/8-in casing shoe as close as possible to the reservoir to maintain a safe kick tolerance. The pre-drill depth uncertainty of +/- 75m at the reservoir made it necessary to find a reliable technology to significantly decrease this depth uncertainty.

Borehole seismic technology enables measurement of seismic velocities, which is the main culprit in seismic depth uncertainty. Measuring the time taken for a seismic pulse from a surface airgun to reach a downhole sensor provides velocity information which can provide a significant reduction in depth uncertainty while drilling. The closer the seismic sensor is to the formation of interest then the more accurate the depth prediction of the formation top is. In addition, seismic reflections from the formation top can provide a lookahead capability extending to hundreds of meters. SWD technology coupled with 3D ray-trace modelling allowed a survey to be designed for this deviated well using rig deployed airguns rather than deployment from a costly additional vessel. The survey design included real time data during drilling to significantly reduce the depth uncertainty and also image the reservoir top.

The 12.25in hole section was drilled with a seismic logging while drilling (LWD) tool in the BHA, acquiring data during the drilling connections. Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) processing of the real time data allowed the drilling team to see seismic reflections from the reservoir top during the approach from over 600m away. The decision to stop drilling occurred when the lookahead image indicated the reservoir was at a depth of 3,426 m TVD (+/- 13m), 50m shallower than the predrill plan. The casing point was set at a depth of 3,402 m TVD, approximately twice the depth uncertainty above the lookahead prediction. The actual reservoir top was subsequently logged at 3,425.6m TVD, less than 1m from the predicted depth.
Optimizing The Drilling Process When Using MPD Techniques In Deep Water Applications
Authors: Lovorn Randy , McLennan Andrew , Grayson Brian , Poletzky Isabel
Published: April 2020

Deep water projects are presently complex, where more drilling challenges can be encountered and higher uncertainty increases the risk of problems during the well construction phase, especially due to the narrow pressure window environments. Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) is one of the technologies that is currently gaining acceptance since demonstrating that it helps control these problems, minimizes the risks, and optimizes the overall well construction process in deep water applications.

MPD is being used not only during the drilling phase, including techniques such as Constant Bottom Hole Pressure (CBHP) and Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling (PMCD), but also is being implemented because of the benefits of identifying and controlling formation influxes while drilling and/or during connections, controlling wellbore pressures during connections, and while tripping in and out of the hole. Continuous circulation systems (CCS) are also widely used in exploratory wells to enhance control of the wellbore pressure during connections and are being used either in conjunction or without MPD. Once the well has been drilled and the completion has been run in hole, the next step is cementing the casing or liner in place. Managed Pressure Cementing (MPC) can also be implemented and brings additional benefits during this phase such as more precise control of the pressures, allowing the use of lighter fluids, and better monitoring of the overall process.

Different case histories from several areas will be described in this paper to illustrate the drivers, implementation, and results of the various MPD techniques that can be used during the well construction phase including CBHP, PMCD, CCS, and MPC. The paper will also highlight the synergies among these different technologies and how they would further benefit deep water operations.
Back Analysis of Mooring Pile Capacity Based on Pile Driving Data
Authors: Gibson Fraser , Curtis Howard
Published: April 2020

Back analysis of foundation piles is an important aspect of a project, as it can allow for refinement of soil parameters, leading to pile holding capacity variations, and a more accurate fatigue life assessment. Back analysis of pile driving data to determine the capacity of an axially loaded pile, such as for a jacket structure, is a well-developed process, with the results of pile driving data directly applicable to axial foundation response. However, for mooring piles, where the loads are dominated by lateral forces, determining the capacity is more complex as the results of driving data are not directly relatable.

Offshore mooring piles are opened-ended steel tubular piles, with diameters typically ranging between 1 m to 2 m, with a padeye (mooring chain attachment point) located at some point along the pile, usually within the upper third. The piles are driven into the seabed with an underwater impact hammer, or vibratory hammer, and are used for mooring floating structures. This paper presents a methodology to carry out a back analysis of mooring pile capacity based on pile driving data. The process involves two stages, the first is to assess the self-weight penetration of the pile, which will allow clarification of the design shallow soil properties; the second stage is to compare the pile driving data, with the estimated soil resistance to driving, to gain an understanding of the deeper soil properties.

The procedure presented within this paper was applied to an assessment offshore South East Asia, a case where location-specific data were not available but were within 500 m of the mooring pile locations. The procedure was used to verify that the piles were suitably designed against the given loading conditions, as the soil data was not co-located with the mooring pile locations.

The process forms an important aspect when considering the future of offshore moorings, specifically looking ahead towards floating offshore wind, potentially offering refinement of design factors, verification of pile capacity, reducing offshore exposure time, and optimizing the fatigue life of piles following driving.
What the Design Codes Don't Tell You - How to Ensure a Leak-Free Joint
Authors: John Timothy Stephen , Cortez Oskar Bryan
Published: April 2020

The problem of structural integrity in flanged connections has largely been solved by existing codes and standards, which address parameters such as pressure, temperature, and material properties. There are, however, some conditions that if not considered, will undermine the long-term reliability of a flanged connection. By understanding these conditions, it will be possible to select the most suitable connection for a particular application.
Electrification and Other Measures to Minimize Carbon Emissions from the Johan Sverdrup Field
Authors: Birkeland Steinar , Veire Gunnar , Holm Christian , Samuelsen Hans Jørgen , Torgersen Jan Arne , Nordang Håkon Fonseca , Lossius Vibeke , Mjølnerød Nils
Published: April 2020

As part of the operator's efforts to combat climate change going forward, the operator intends to reduce annual emissions from its oil and gas operations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) by 40% within 2030, and to near zero by 2050. To achieve these emission reduction targets, the operator pursues energy efficiency measures, flaring elimination, electrification, floating offshore wind farms and other low-carbon solutions.

Johan Sverdrup coming on stream plays a key role in the operator's ability to deliver on its international climate commitments. With recoverable resources of 2.7 billion barrels and a field lifetime of more than 50 years, identifying solutions for the Johan Sverdrup field development that minimize emissions from production was key to the concept selection process.

The national regulatory and policy context in Norway also played a role. Norway was one of the first countries in the world to introduce a carbon tax, in 1991, and has been a member of the ‘cap and trade’ European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) since 2008, which in effect puts a relatively steep price on carbon emissions from the petroleum sector. In addition, Norway's international climate commitments, with a target to reduce green-house gas emissions by 30% in 2020 relative to 1990 levels, also set clear expectations (even requirements for phase II of the development) for minimizing emissions from the Johan Sverdrup field. The result is a field with one of the lowest carbon emissions from production worldwide, with less than 1kg CO2 per barrel of oil equivalent produced.

This paper starts by elaborating on the context and the strategic, regulatory and technical drivers for minimizing emissions from production from the Johan Sverdrup field. It then explores technologies and solutions chosen to minimize emissions – including, primarily, electrification by means of an HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) power-from-shore solution but also energy-efficiency measures to optimize the utilization of the available power. The paper concludes by attempting to summarize lessons-learned of relevance for other oil and gas fields, also outside of the regulatory context of the Norwegian continental shelf.
Development of Anchor Penetration Models for Cable Burial Risk Assessment
Authors: Gibson Fraser , Williams-Crew Robbie
Published: April 2020

An anchor penetration model is an important aspect of a cable burial risk assessment as the model is there to predict the depth a given anchor will penetrate to, once deployed. There are a number of variables that influence the penetration depth of anchor, which are as follows: Anchor size; Fluke length; Fluke angle; and Soil type. The anchor size is considered as the weight, in kg, of a given anchor required to stop a vessel of a given displacement tonnage. The fluke length and fluke angle vary depending on the type of anchor, manufacturer, and anchor size. Current industry guidance presents a number of example values with respect to fluke lengths, and vessel displacements; however, these are generic values and are not necessarily suitable for all cable scenarios.

This paper presents a methodology that can be used to develop a detailed anchor penetration model for a given region for input into a cable burial risk assessment. The process is applicable for any region, and for specific vessels in that region, thus reducing the conservatism in the overall required penetration depth. The above variables are presented along with a number of factors that can influence the overall penetration depth, and how these should be treated.

The model has been implemented on a number of projects, and compared against the limitations of current industry practice. The results indicate that for a given anchor penetration prediction, by using a more appropriate regional model, the predictions are less conservative, leading to a reduced burial depth requirement.

Cable burial and protection is a critical aspect for a given windfarm development; however, overconservative burial depths can increase the installation cost significantly, and increase the time required for installation, leading to greater exposure time for the cable and offshore personnel. More accurate predictions at the planning stage can remove these conservatisms, introducing a more efficient installation and operation phase.
Effects of morphology in controlling propagation of density currents in a reservoir using uncalibrated three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling
Authors: Zamani Behnam , Koch Manfred , Hodges Ben R.
Published: April 2020

In this study, effects of basin morphology are shown to affect density current hydrodynamics of a large reservoir using a three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model that is validated (but not calibrated) with in situ observational data. The AEM3D hydrodynamic model was applied for 5-month simulations during winter and spring flooding for the Maroon reservoir in southwest Iran, where available observations indicated that large-scale density currents had previously occurred. The model results were validated with near-bottom water temperature measurements that were previously collected at five locations in the reservoir. The Maroon reservoir consists of upper and lower basins that are connected by a deep and narrow canyon. Analyses of simulations show that the canyon strongly affects density current propagation and the resulting differing limnological characteristics of the two basins. The evolution of the Wedderburn Number, Lake Number, and Schmidt stability number are shown to be different in the two basins, and the difference is attributable to the morphological separation by the canyon. Investigation of the background potential energy (BPE) changes along the length of the canyon indicated that a density front passes through the upper section of the canyon but is smoothed into simple filling of the lower basin. The separable dynamics of the basins has implications for the complexity of models needed for representing both water quality and sedimentation.
Об одном классе целозначных функций
Authors: Yanchenko Aleksandr Yakovlevich , Podkopaeva Viktoriya Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2020

В работе исследован класс целых функций, которые растут не быстрее, чем
$\exp\{\gamma|z|^{6/5}(\ln|z|)^{-1}\}$, и которые вместе со своими
первыми производными принимают в точках двумерной решетки общего
вида значения из фиксированного поля алгебраических чисел (при этом
высоты значений растут не слишком быстро). Показано, что любая такая
функция является либо многочленом, либо представляется в виде
$e^{-m\alpha z}P(e^{\alpha z})$ (где $m$ - целое неотрицательное,
$P$ - многочлен, $\alpha$ - алгебраическое).
Библиография: 8 названий.
Chromobacterium violaceum bacteraemia: a new entity in Switzerland
Authors: Moretti Enrico , Menozzi Franca Baggi , Elzi Luigia , Lepori Mattia
Published: April 2020

We report the uncommon clinical case of our patient, an 83-year-old woman with Alzheimer disease, who acquired a potentially fatal tropical infection in an open-air swimming pool in the Alps. Chromobacterium violaceum is a rare gram-negative anaerobe bacillus, generally associated with serious waterborne infections in tropical and subtropical regions. The patient presented to our emergency department with a 2-day history of fever and a small non-necrotic wound on the right leg after a minor injury 9 days before. It turned out to be the first infection in Switzerland due to C. violaceum, a deadly bacterium typical of tropical regions. C. violaceum appeared for the first time in Europe in the 2011. This is now the third documented case in less than a year and the second autochthonous infection ever in our continent. A delay in adequate treatment of this emerging pathogen may be associated with high fatality rates.
AİLE YAŞAM DÖNGÜSÜ ÖLÇEĞİ GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI: EŞLERİN FARKLI DÖNGÜLERDEKİ TUTUM VE DAVRANIŞLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: SELMAN Adnan
Published: April 2020

Bu araştırma
ülkemizin sosyo-kültürel yapısı göz önüne alınarak, eşlerin farklı döngülerdeki
tutum ve davranışlarında meydana gelen değişimleri belirlemeye yönelik bir
‘Aile Yaşam Döngüsü Ölçeği’ geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda,
çalışmada örneklem grubuna uygulanan anket formundan elde edilen verilerden
hareketle, aile yaşam döngüsü ölçeğinin geçerliliği ve güvenirliliği ile ilgili
yapılan analiz ve değerlendirmelere yer verilmiş ve eşlerin aile yaşam döngüsü
süreçleri içindeki tutum düzeylerini yansıtan bulgular ortaya konmaya
çalışılmıştır. İki faktörlü (bağımsız değişken) olarak planlanan çalışmada
veriler yüzde, frekans dağılımı, 
aritmetik ortalama, t-testi, tek yönlü ve çift yönlü varyans analizi
(ANOVA), Lsd Post-hoc çoklu karşılaştırma testi teknikleri kullanılarak analiz
edilmiştir.
KIRSAL KALKINMA POLİTİKALARININ ETKİNLİĞİNDE DEMOGRAFİK YAPININ ETKİSİ: ŞARKÎKARAAĞAÇ ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: ÖZYÜCEL Mustafa
Published: April 2020

Ülkeler
çeşitli makro hedefleri iyi seviyeye getirerek büyüme yoluna doğru ilerleme
sağlarlar. Büyüme potansiyelinin gerçekleşmesinin ardından ülkeler kalkınma
faaliyeti içine girerler. Kalkınma sürecinde ülkeler çeşitli ekonomik
argümanları devreye sokarlar. Kalkınma hedeflerinin gerçeğe geçirebilmesi için
ülkeler tarafından çeşitli planlamalar yapılmaktadır. Yapılan bu planlar
çerçevesinde çeşitli ekonomik aktörler planlara dâhil olmaktadır. Planlarda yer
alan hedeflerin tutturulması için gerekli finans desteklerin üreticilere
sağlanması amaçlanmaktır. Ele alınan bu finansal desteklerin sağlanmasında merkezi
yönetimler maliye politikasından yararlanırlar. Maliye politikası ile birlikte üretime
katılanlara çeşitli destekler sağlamaktadır. Sağlanan bu desteklerin üretime dâhil
olması ile birlikte ülke genelinde üretimde artışlar görülebilmektedir. Yapılan
bu incelemede kırsal alandaki demografik yapının etkisi ele alınmıştır. Yapılan
çalışmada Isparta ili sınırları içinde bulunan Şarkikaraağaç ilçesi
incelenmiştir.
AİLE YAŞAM DÖNGÜSÜ SÜREÇLERİ İÇİNDE YER ALAN ERGEN ÇOCUKLU DÖNGÜ İÇİNDE BULUNAN EŞLERİN FARKLI OLGUSAL FAKTÖRLERE GÖRE TUTUMLARININ ANALİZİ
Authors: SELMAN Adnan
Published: April 2020

Ergenlik bireylerde
biyolojik, sosyal ve psikolojik açıdan gelişme ve olgunlaşmanın meydana geldiği
bir süreçtir ve ergen açısından bunalımlı bir yaşam kesitidir. Dolayısıyla, Ergen
Çocuklu Döngü ebeveynleri maddi-manevi oldukça zor durumda bırakan bir
süreçtir. Bu süreçte ebeveynler, daha önce yaşamadıkları sorunlarla
karşılaşırlar ve çözüm yolları ararlar. Bu araştırma Aile Yaşam Döngülerinden
biri olan Ergen Çocuklu Döngü içinde bulunmuş ve bulunmakta olan farklı
dindarlık düzeyine sahip bireylerin, cinsiyet, meslek, gelir durumu, çocuk
sayısı gibi olgusal faktörlerle birlikte döngü içindeki tutum düzeylerini
belirlemeyi ve bireylerin tutum ve davranışlarına etki eden faktörleri ortaya
çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, çalışma iki faktörlü (bağımsız değişken) olarak
hazırlanmış ve elde edilen veriler Çift Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA)
kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Aile Yaşam Döngüsü, Ergen Çocuklu
Döngü, Ergenlik, Tutum.
Learning Analytics Framework for Improving Performance to Students through Educational Virtual Worlds
Authors: Reis Rosa , Marques Bertil P. , Sampaio Isabel
Published: April 2020

This paper aims to demonstrate the ongoing work of developing a framework that will allows to improve performance to students. The framework combines use of the open source virtual worlds, the Sloodle module and a learning analytics tool, in order to facilitate the execution of the collaborative learning techniques and improved the performance to students through of analytics learning tool monitorization. This framework is still in the design phase and will later be tested in a classroom context. The target public will be students of the fifth year of basic education, with aim of improve the learning mathematics.
In a State of Fragility: The Compromised Dignity of Communities, Indignation, and the Incapacitation of Public Education
Authors: Krynski Agnes
Published: May 2020

The dominant framing of the work of public school districts in the United States prevents schools from contesting the indignities they themselves or their neighbors suffer. This incapacitates teachers and learning communities to work toward the attainment of inclusive democracy and the contestation of exclusionary practices and policies. An institutionally-grown advocacy of connection that nurtures intercommunity solidarity can help us redefine the work communities do as they learn to think of themselves as being in connection with other groups in a web of affiliation and care. I suggest that public education take on an informal function of ethical oversight rooted in a strong sense of collective institutional agency. Through such agency schools can recognize and respect and help us work through past and present civic grievances while addressing economic and social realities that give rise to feelings of indignation.