bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of State Air-Quality Management: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Lombard Emmett N.
Published: March 2007

During the 1990s, greater effort will be devoted to state implementation of federal environmental policies. At the present time, however, we still do not know a great deal about the conditions that promote or inhibit state environmental management. The following study assesses the influence of four categories of factors on state air-quality enforcement in the 1980s. It suggests that federal enforcement (though declining in influence relative to other factors) was the single most important factor shaping states' air-quality enforcement in the 1980s. What this means is that it may be important to continue the tradition of an active federal regulatory role to maintain the political viability of state environmental management agencies in the 1990s.
Strategic Public Planning: External Orientations and Strategic Planning Team Members
Authors: Bruton Garry D. , Hildreth W. Bartley
Published: March 2007

It is commonly argued that public strategic planning should be led by a small team of individuals committed to the process; however, little guidance is provided on how to construct such a team. Prior straegic management and public administration literature has examined the differentiation between internal and external managerial orientation. Building on that differentiation, this research found that those individuals who possess a greater external orientation are the most likely to be committed to planning. Therefore, externally oriented managers would be the most appropriate for building a strategic management team.
Toward a Broader Approach to Organization Development
Authors: Kobrak Peter
Published: March 2007

If organization development (OD) is to realize its full potential it needs a broader approach. Although in theory OD continues to be treated as an organizational ideal type and is posed as a dramatic departure from existing organizational forms, in practice, numerous public and private organizations are increasingly integrating a number of OD practices into their ongoing activities. This paper argues that we should devote less attention to OD as a full-fledged, alternative organizational form and more time examining the emerging literature that depicts how OD is being absorbed into a wide range of administrative arrangements. We should place more emphasis on learning how this purpose-driven change is occurring and on how both those external and internal environmental influences are leading to more subtle and more incremental shifts in organizational design and culture over time. Only in this fashion can OD gain the greater acceptance that it deserves.
To Politicize is not to Control: The Pathologies of Control in Federal Emergency Management
Authors: Wamsley Gary L. , Schroeder Aaron D. , Lane Larry M.
Published: March 2007

One of the most significant problems of bureaucracy in a democratic polity is how to achieve a tolerable coexistence between political and managerial control. When these aspects of control get out of balance, certain pathologies occur. This paper seeks to draw lessons from a study of the Federal Emergency Management Agency that show that the politicization of the administrative mechanisms of government, in the name of controlling bureaucracy and policy, has some effects that erode rather than enhance the capacity of democratic governance. These effects are in every way as serious as any threats posed to a democracy and the institutions of governance by a nonresponsive bureaucracy or a bureaucracy that plays more than a role of mere implementation of policy made by others.
Federalism and Environmental Policy
Authors: Weiland Paul , O'Leary Rosemary
Published: March 2007

This article examines current policy concerning the interstate transport of waste with particular reference to the relative role of different levels of government in shaping and implementing waste management policy in five key United States Supreme Court cases and two recent Court of Appeals cases. The intergovernmental tensions between the federal courts and state and local governments are highlighted, the clashes between law and policy are discussed, and the implications for public management are analyzed.
Local Government Administrators
Authors: Felts Arthur A. , Schuhmann Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Using qualitative data gathered from interviews with municipal department heads in a random sample of South Carolina municipalities, this article presents evidence that local administrators fail to characterize themselves as participants in political processes. When faced with political issues or conflicts, they preferred to fall back on professional standards or hierarchical deference. This contrasts with Barth's (1991, 1993) study of federal administrators that supported Rohr's (1986) "balance wheel" model of administrators. Local government administrators reflected more of a corporate than apolitical model, which, in turn, harks back to the ideology of Wilsonian, progressive reform literature. This suggests that local administrators practice in an environment significantly different from that of their federal and state counterparts, and different from that described in generic public administration literature. These findings warrant the attention of public administration researchers and teachers.
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Authors: Condrey Stephen E. , Brudney Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) has been heralded as the most comprehensive piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. To date, research on the ADA has been largely speculative and anecdotal. The present research helps to fill this gap by analyzing and reporting results from a survey of municipal governments encompassing all cities in the United States with a population of 50,000 or greater. The study assesses the state of implementation of the ADA across these larger municipal governments, with an emphasis on the personnel-related provisions of the act.
Clothed in the Public Interest: The Common Callings, Commerce, and Marketing
Authors: Kopp Steven W. , Landry Mike
Published: March 2007

This article examines an antediluvian justification for the regulation of marketing and other dimensions of commerce: the concept of the common calling. The authors trace the roots of the common calling to medieval times, outline its eventual evolution into the common carrier, and discuss how policy makers through the years have used it to grapple with the often contradictory interests of both private enterprise and the public welfare.
The Marketing of Wisdom: Resource-Advantage Theory
Authors: Hodgson Geoffrey M.
Published: March 2007

In A General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth , Shelby D. Hunt has made an important contribution to our understanding of the competitive process. Hunt rightly emphasizes that the equilibrium-based analysis of much of mainstream economics actually obliterates both the heterogeneity and dynamism that marks real-world industrial competition. Building on a wide variety of intellectual traditions in economics, Hunt lays the foundations of what he calls resource-advantage theory. It is argued here, however, that it is not yet a complete theory. It is over-general in its scope and fails to distinguish between different types of resources. Furthermore, some of the tests of the theory are not sufficiently convincing. Nevertheless, the work remains an important and worthwhile contribution.
What Constitutes Usable Knowledge in Macromarketing?
Authors: Monieson David D.
Published: March 2007

Marketing science studies are usable to the practitioner only by chance. That field has become too narrowly focused a discipline. To be usable, macromarketing studies must remain open to the poetics, the "art" of the field. A transcending mental construct is required, one that enhances, not destroys, our scientific heritage.
Marketers' Potential Contribution to Regulatory Reform
Authors: Hughes G. David
Published: March 2007

This article reviews recent and emerging regulatory reform efforts and identifies areas where marketers could make contributions to this reform. The review of the emerging reform efforts reveals that the most promising approaches-deregulation and innovative alternatives-are basically market-based techniques. Marketers should, therefore, be involved in developing these new approaches to regulation, although readers are cautioned that this high-risk research frequently cannot use market ing's most popular tools and theories.
Comparative Marketing: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Barksdale Hiram C. , Anderson L. McTier
Published: March 2007

Progress has been slow in developing explanations of how the marketing systems of different nations operate and interact to supply the goods and services that people consume. A review of the literature published over the past 25 years reveals that while progress has been achieved, we have not developed a generally accepted framework or paradigm to guide research. Comparative marketing literature concentrates on: (1) development of comparative marketing; (2) marketing institutions and activities; (3) environmental conditions; (4) consumer behavior; (5) methodological considerations; and (6) conceptual frameworks for comparative marketing.
State Economic Development Programs: The Orientation is Macro but the Strategy is Micro
Authors: Goeke Patricia E.
Published: March 2007

State economic development programs are macro in their orientation toward structural change to achieve goals of equity and efficiency. However, implementation of these programs requires a micromarketing strategy using micromarketing concepts. Recognition of these two aspects of state economic development programs suggests ways to improve their planning and evaluation.
Marketing Ethics: Factors Influencing Perceptions of Ethical Problems and Alternatives
Authors: Singhapakdi Anusorn , Vitell Scott J.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a partial test of the emerging descriptive theories in marketing ethics. The data were obtained from a mail survey of American Marketing Association members. The results tend to support the hypotheses that ethical policies of organizations and Machiavellianism influence many aspects of the marketer's ethical decision making.
Economic Development and Channel Structure: A Multinational Study
Authors: Olsen Janeen E. , Granzin Kent L.
Published: March 2007

Scholars have often conceptualized a relationship between economic development and channel structure, but the few empirical investigations have been severely limited in scope. This study conceptualizes a multidimensional relationship in terms of eight domains of development and three elements of channel structure. An empirical test of the conceptualization used secondary data on economic development and primary data on the structure of the channel for cereal grains from 53 countries. Based on 17 measures of development, the findings indicate all eight domains are related to at least one of these elements of channel structure: wholesaler size, retailer size, or channel length.
An Analysis of Patent Length: Encouraging Innovation by Shortening Patent Protection
Authors: Alpert Frank H.
Published: March 2007

Despite the fact that new products are a central concern of modern marketing theory, the marketing literature has had little to suggest about appropriate public policy for encouraging innovation. This article analyzes the issue of the appropriate length for patent protection. Recent research on pioneer brand advantage can provide a much-needed rationale for the length of time a product should be protected. This research suggests that the overall progress of innovation would benefit if legal protection were shorter than the current 17-year patent for certain types of products.
The Macromarketing Effects of the Taxation of Interstate Mail-Order Sales
Authors: Mittelstaedt Robert A. , Stassen Robert E.
Published: March 2007

In the United States, the taxation of retail sales is a state matter. The tax paid on any given mail-order transaction can vary from O% to more than 8%, depending on the domicile of both buyer and seller. An examination of the legal status of collecting use taxes on mail-order sales, including efforts to legislate a degree of uniformity in enforcement, shows that a high degree of variability in the actual rates applied will persist. Thus, unlike the alleged incidence of the general sales tax, the tax on mail-order sales is, and will remain, incompletely shifted to the ultimate consumer. The effects on the structure of aggregate consumption, the mail-order industry, and retailing in general are discussed.
Community Resources and Economic Development Marketing Strategy: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: McKee Daryl , Biswas Abhijit
Published: March 2007

This study examines whether a community's economic development marketing strategy is related to the "richness," or munificence, of its resources. This is tested using data from content analysis of economic development advertising and from secondary socioeconomic data on 177 U.S. communities. The results indicate that resource-constrained communities are likely to market themselves as locations for firms pursuing a cost-based strategy, while there is little evidence that resource-rich communities attempt to differentiate themselves.
Uneeda Biscuit: The First Consumer Package?
Authors: Twede Diana
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development of the Uneeda Biscuit package, created in 1899, and the claim that it was the first consumer package. The package represents an important change in the way products were sold. The technical and 7narketing innovation of this package demonstrates a major cultural shift to packaged consumer goods and shelf-stable food—the package was a necessary component in the self-service national distribution retail era that was to follow.

The claim that Uneeda Biscuit employed the first consumer package can be refuted on some specific grounds—glass bottles have been used as distinctive consumer unit packages since the 1700s; canned food dates from the mid 1800s; and consumer packages for toilet paper preceded the Uneeda box by 20 years. Nonetheless, Uneeda played an important role in the development of the paperboard box industry, which has been a necessary component of twentieth-century retailing.
The Complexity of Fine Motion Planning
Authors: Natarajan B.K.
Published: March 2007

This paper concerns the problem of motion planning for robots with uncertainty in sensing and control. Although this problem has been studied before, this is the first attempt at its inherent complexity. To compensate for the uncertainties in sensing and control, our robot model includes damping— a limited capacity for compliance. In this setting, we show that motion planning for point objects is PSPACE-hard by a direct reduction from polynomial-space bounded Turing machine computations. We also present a restricted version of the problem that is PSPACE-complete.
Position Tolerance Verification Using Simulated Gaging
Authors: Etesami Faryar
Published: March 2007

One of the routine manual tasks in dimensional inspection is the assembly verification of circular features by mechanical gaging. With the aid of coordinate measuring machines or vision systems, this task can be performed more efficiently through simulation or soft gaging. A for mulation is presented for interpretation of 2D position tol erance specifications. Simulated gages are constructed from datum features as a set of constraint relationships. The measure of perfect-form position-imperfection is determined as the distance between the measured and the nominal feature positions subject to datum constraint requirements. The derived formulation is applied to an example part with a hole-slot datum-priority frame. This formulation results in a three-variable optimization prob lem that is solved by an augmented Lagrange multipliers technique. The extension of the formulation to 3D is also discussed, but without reference to a specific representa tion.
Transfer Functions for a Single Flexible Link
Authors: Wang David , Vidyasagar M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines some issues in the transfer function modeling of a single flexible link. Using the assumed- modes approach to represent the elastic deformation, one can find the transfer function between the torque input and the net tip deflection. It is shown here that when the number of modes is increased for more accurate model ing, the relative degree of the transfer function becomes ill defined. This can greatly affect the performance of a controller designed using this model. It is then shown that this problem occurs regardless of the method used to rep resent the elastic deformation. An alternate modeling approach is proposed that uses the rigid body deforma tions minus the elastic deformations as the output. This solves this problem and results in a transfer function with a well-defined relative degree of two. Simulation results are presented that illustrate the advantages of using the proposed alternate transfer function.
Singularity-Consistent Behavior of Telerobots: Theory and Experiments
Authors: Nenchev D.N. , Tsumaki Y. , Uchiyama M.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the authors develop a method for singularity- consistent teleoperation of nonredundant slave arms under a Cartesian-space velocity control mode. The theoretical base is a parameterized autonomous system, which is obtained through a virtual instantaneous closure of the kinematic chain. The au thors discuss several implementation issues, among them the need of shared control at certain singularities. Results from an experi mental study are also provided.
Path Tracking Control Problem Formulation of an LHD Loader
Authors: Hemami Ahmad , Polotski Vladimir
Published: March 2007

Load-haul-dump units (LHD) are loader-type vehicles that arefre quently employed in the underground mines for transfer of ore from the loading point to ore pass. Because they have to travel in the relatively narrow and restricted underground galleries, they have less height and are narrower than the ordinary mechanical loaders that are used in construction work. Furthermore, they are articu lated in the middle in order to be able to better negotiate the curves. Automatic navigation of these units is among the essential tasks for the prospect of their fully automated operation. Path tracking prop erty of this class of vehicles is different than it is for conventional vehicles. The vehicle must move in both forward and backward di rections. Moreover, due to the vehicle's relatively slow speed, study of the kinematics of motion is sufficient for navigation purposes and design of motion controller. This article deals with formulating the equations governing the mechanics of motion and the control problem to be used for their path tracking control.
Learning Global Properties of Nonredundant Kinematic Mappings
Authors: DeMers David , Kreutz-Delgado Kenneth
Published: March 2007

The kinematic mapping x = f(θ) is generally many to one. For nonredundant manipulators, this means that there are a finite num ber of configurations (joint angles) that will place the end-effector at a target location in the workspace. These correspond to pos tures of the manipulator, and each configuration lies on a specific solution branch. It is shown that for certain classes of revolute joint regional manipulators (those with no joint limits and having almost everywhere a constant number of inverse solutions in the workspace), the input-output data can be analyzed by clustering methods in order to determine the number and location of the so lution branches. As a practical consequence, the inverse kinematic mapping can be directly approximated by applying neural network or other learning-based methods to each branch separately.
On Tendon-Driven Robotic Mechanisms with Redundant Tendons
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroaki , Hyodo Kazuhito , Ogane Daisuke
Published: March 2007

In this paper, several basic issues are discussed regarding tendon redundancy and joint stiffness adjustability for a robotic mechanism driven with redundant tendons. After briefly discussing tendon- controllability, the authors define local maximum sets of tendons that are redundant simultaneously (local maximum redundant tendon sets) and obtain an irreducible description of a redundant tendon in terms of the others. The authors obtain conditions under which the joint stiffness is adjustable using the tendons' nonlinear elasticity.
Attention to Elements of Music and Effect of Instruction in Vocabulary on Written Descriptions of Music by Children and Undergraduates
Authors: Flowers Patricia J.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were twofold: Experiment 1 was designed to assess which elements of music were described by third graders, fourth graders and undergraduate non-music majors in a listening task. Experiment 2 examined the effect of instruction in music vocabulary on children's subsequent descriptions of music. It was found that children differed significantly from undergraduates in overall pattern of descriptions of musical elements. Most children made reference to extramusical, timbre and tempo characteristics; undergraduates commonly referred to extramusical, tempo and pitch/ melody. Instruction in vocabulary produced a significant increase in attention to specified elements of music by thirdand fourth-grade children on a post-test. It was noted that children demonstrated a tendency to limit their responses in number of musical elements described.
Theory, Analysis and the Psychology of Music: A Critical Evaluation of Lerdahl, F. and Jackendoff, R., A Generative Theory of Tonal Music
Authors: Clarke Eric F.
Published: March 2007

Lerdahl and Jackendoff's recent book A Generative Theory of Tonal Music brings together a range of ideas that are of common interest to music theorists, music analysts and psychologists of music. For this reason, as well as for its specific theoretical contributions, the book is an important landmark. However, it is argued that not only are there shortcomings in the theory when viewed from each of these three perspectives, but that it also fails to pay sufficient attention to the different aims and conceptual frameworks of the three disciplines. This leads to certain difficulties in applying the theory and assessing the status of its constructs. If the three disciplines are to contribute significantly to one another, their method- ological and conceptual differences must be recognised and accommodated.
Bodily Intention in Children's Improvisation and Composition
Authors: Burnard Pamela
Published: March 2007

The study from which this report is derived explores children's experience of improvising and composing and seeks to discover how children participate and reflect on creating music. Participants were 18 self-selected 12-year-old children who engaged in 21 weekly music-making sessions over six months. Findings on children's experience of improvisation and composition as distinct modes of bodily intention were determined by the interplay between body movement, instrument and instrument preference. Distinction in bodily intention for improvising was characterised by an intersensory functioning of the "perceiving body" whereas composing engaged the "knowing body" for its kinaesthetic memory.
The Acquisition of the Pitch Element of Music Literacy Skills by 3-4-year-old Pre-school Children: A Comparison of Two Methods
Authors: Tommis Yvonne , Fazey Della M. A.
Published: March 2007

This study compared the acquisition of the pitch component of music literacy skills between three groups of pre-school children aged 3-4 years. The Control Group received no tuition at all, while the two teaching groups received 20 tenminute teaching sessions. The children in the StimEquiv Group were taught using a method based on stimulus equivalence whilst those in the Context Group were taught using a method based on spatial and contextual information processing. The children in both teaching groups learned up to five notes and were able to play simple, unlearned melodies made up of these notes 3-5 days after the end of the teaching period (post-test). Preto post-test gains in the accuracy of the playing of these melodies were significant (p < 0.001) for both groups. There was no significant difference found between the preand post-test scores of the Control Group. The children in the teaching groups were given a further test seven weeks after completion of the sessions. There was no significant difference for either group between post-test and re-test indicating that learning had occurred. As they had not been exposed to the intervention, the re-test (a measure of learming) was not given to the Control Group.
A Postcolonial Moment in Science Studies
Authors: Verran Helen
Published: March 2007

I juxtapose a story of Aboriginal landowners demonstrating their firing strategies with a story of environmental scientists elaborating their regimes of burning. The firings are profoundly different, and maintaining those differences is crucial for both Aborigines and scientists. Yet it is also important for both these groups to develop links between the forms of firing. I argue for understanding both firing regimes as expressions of collective memory which embed evaluative witness. This sameness enables modest yet sufficient connection. Acknowledging this translating form of ‘sameness’ would have scientists and Aborigines engaging an alternative form of generalizing, promoting a transformative moment in both knowledge traditions. This alternative form of generalizing embeds a politics different from the politics embedded in orthodox scientific and Yolngu forms of generalizing. I claim the tension made in articulating these alternative forms of generalizing as a ‘postcolonial moment’.
The Rise and Fall of Public Opposition in Specific Social Movements
Authors: Leahy Peter J. , Mazur Allan
Published: March 2007

This article reports a comparative study of four 'specific' social movements which involve aspects of technological controversy: Fluoridation, the ABM, Nuclear Power Plants, and Legalized Abortion. We suggest a theoretical model of the rise and fall of public opposition in these movements over time. Quantitative indicators are developed and applied to this historical model. Rise and fall of controversy follows a regular sequence: Activities of protest leaders increase during periods of great national concern over issues that are complementary to the movement; during these periods, social and economic resources are relatively available to the movement. As the activity of protest leaders increases, mass media coverage of their activities increases. As mass media coverage increases, opposition to the technology among the wider public increases. As the activity of the leaders wanes, mass media coverage declines, and so does opposition among the wider public. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of this perspective for making predictions about the future course of 'specific' social movements.
Parallels and Paradoxes in Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism: II — A Sociological Perspective on Parallelism
Authors: Restivo Sal
Published: March 2007

In this sequel to my paper on the nature and pitfalls of the argument that there are parallels between modern physics and ancient mysticism, I discuss parallelism as a strategy in intellectual conflict. I contrast parallelist and sociological perspective on mysticism, physics, and the relations between physics and mysticism, and sketch the societal and historical contexts of parallelist and antiparallelist arguments. Parallelists, I argue, use the ideas of physics and mysticism as cultural resources in their struggle to organize, preserve, or advance their interests. The paper concludes with a bibliographical essay on the major issues and problems involved in studying the complex relationships between physics and mysticism.
Discipline and the Material Form of Images: An Analysis of Scientific Visibility
Authors: Lynch Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper is about how natural objects are made visible and analyzable in scientific research. It is argued that the objects scientists actually work upon are highly artificial, in that their visibility depends upon complex instruments and careful preparatory procedures. Instruments and laboratory procedures do more than provide a window to the world; they lay the groundwork for specific analytic operations which utilize literary resources to represent phenomena graphically. Two specific cases from biology are discussed. The first is from a popular field manual, and is used to introduce themes for analyzing a more complex case, a neuroscience project using electron microscopy of brain tissue. The discussion of both cases concerns how specimens are modified into `docile objects' for purposes of investigation. These modifications are summarized under the headings of `marking', `constituting graphic space', and `normalizing observations'. Finally, it is claimed that these practices make up an `externalized retina' for scientific perception — a `retina' that depends upon disciplined conduct within the laboratory setting.
Representations of Nature Mediating Between Ecology and Science Policy: The Case of the International Biological Programme
Authors: Kwa Chunglin
Published: March 2007

This paper considers some aspects of the early history of the American contribution to the International Biological Programme (IBP), ecology's only venture into `Big Science'. It is argued that American ecologists were successful in obtaining generous funding for the IBP from the US Congress, thanks to a shared understanding of the way in which controlling nature was to be accomplished, expressed in the metaphor of the `cybernetic machine'. To support this argument, a literary analysis is performed on Congressional documents, on scientific and popular books and papers by ecologists, and on writings of the environmental movement. The paper explores how a dominant representation of nature, or mentalité, is brought about, and its political effects.
Coauthorship, Social Structure and Influence Within Specialties
Authors: Stokes T. D. , Hartley J. A.
Published: March 2007

Citation and co-citation of research articles can be used to produce bibliometric maps of the intellectual, but not necessarily the social, influences within scientific specialties. In the common situation where papers have multiple authors, author order is not a reliable guide to influence. By examining patterns of coauthorship, however, we are able to identify the significant figures within two sample specialties, and to show that the specialties exhibit a differentiated internal social structure. We confirm this `outsider' picture of the specialties by reference to `insider' viewpoints.
Contemporary Cosmological Beliefs
Authors: Lightman Alan P. , Miller Jon D.
Published: March 2007

We report the results of a new survey of the American public to explore cosmological beliefs and the reasons for those beliefs. We find that cosmological knowledge is associated with age, gender, education, and membership in a church or religious organization. The majority of people believe that the universe is static. In reaction to the idea of an expanding universe, some respondents expressed fear of unknown change and danger to earth. The identification of such factors may provide insight into the psychological and social environment in which science is done.
The Push for a Malaria Vaccine
Authors: Turnbull David
Published: March 2007

Why is there a push to develop a vaccine for malaria? A consideration of the Australian-Papua New Guinea collaboration in developing a malaria vaccine shows the seeming inevitability of the development of a successful vaccine to be the consequence of a complex of technical, social, economic and political factors. They include: the importance of a laboratory-based approach to dealing with malaria; the economic circumstance of vaccine production; the problems concerning the specificity and variability of malaria; and the significance of the socio-political situation in Papua New Guinea for medical research. The combination of these factors makes the development of a vaccine extremely problematic, and more likely to benefit tourists and the military than the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea.
Deconstructing Quarks
Authors: Roth Paul , Barrett Robert
Published: March 2007

To what considerations is it proper to appeal in explaining how scientific controversies are resolved? Sociologists of science such as Andrew Pickering, Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch disparage the view that internal scientific factors afford an answer to this question. Their strategy is to motivate, and then to offer, sociological explanations of cases of scientific enquiry that interest them. We question in turn both their motivating arguments and the sociologically based alternatives they advance. We identify the arguments common to these sociologists, argue that their shared strategy begs the question against epistemological explanation of scientific events, and show that their putative sociological explanations are incapable of accounting, even on their own terms, for the episodes in question. We conclude that distinctively sociological explanation of scientific development remains to be formulated.
Controversy and Closure: Sydney's Beaches in Crisis
Authors: Beder Sharon
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the controversy over sewage pollution on Sydney beaches and how it should be remedied is used to analyze the concept of `closure', and what it means for technological controversies. Various parties to this controversy attempted to resolve it in several ways: by redefining sewage pollution as an aesthetic problem; by negotiating a consensus at the decision-makers' level about water quality standards; by putting forward what appeared to be `sound arguments'; and by the use of rhetoric. The paper explores the difficulties in applying categories of `closure', and its usefulness as a framework for understanding the dynamics of a controversy, and the power relationships between those involved.
Seeing in Depth
Authors: Goodwin Charles
Published: March 2007

On oceanographic research vessels, scientists from different disciplines must work together to obtain samples from the sea beneath their ship. Such juxtaposition of not just theory, but actual laboratory practice, creates unique possibilities for synergy, as members of one discipline make use of the tools of another. Using videotapes of technicians deploying a probe in the mouth of the Amazon, this paper investigates how multiple kinds of space - including the sea under the ship, graphic representations, the work space of the lab, and embodied participation frameworks for the organization of tool-mediated human interaction - are constituted through a range of temporally unfolding, work-relevant, situated practices. Particular attention is paid to how three parties work together to precisely position the probe at a spot where a geochemist wants to take samples. Because each actor uses alternative tools to organize his or her perception in ways appropriate to complementary tasks required for the successful accomplishment of the sampling run, each sees the place they are looking at together in a very different way.
Changes on the `Borderlines' between Research and Industry following Economic Transformation in the Czech Republic
Authors: Müller Karel
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of comparative empirical research on the emergence of new institutional arrangements on what we might call the `borderlines between research and industry', in the context (especially) of radical economic liberalization in the Czech Republic. The research focused on creative links between academic and industrial research, the exploitation of research by industry, and the growth of new intermediary institutions between these two spheres. The paper analyzes the potential for such developments by looking at the institutional shaping of different sectors of the research system, in the environment of centralist regulatory practices before 1989, and their de-institutionalization following radical economic reform in the early 1990s. The latter process has had a mobilizing effect, prompting (among other things) a number of local `bottom-up' initiatives — which, in various ways, promise to enhance links between research and industry — in response to pressures on the research system. Three exemplary cases are described (from industrial, academy and university research respectively) in order to illustrate both the opportunities and the limits to such developments. It is argued in conclusion that additional, `top-down' efforts are required if this potential is to be fully realized.
Socio-Technical Networks: How a Technology Studies Approach May Help to Solve Problems Related to Technical Change
Authors: Elzen Boelie , Enserink Bert , Smit Wim A.
Published: March 2007

This paper is motivated by a desire to deal with the problematic aspects of technical development. To achieve this, we need a new approach to the analysis of socio-technical change. In this paper we develop such an approach, called the `Socio-Technical Networks' (STN) approach. The basic concepts of this approach, and its application, are illustrated in a case study of the development of the European Fighter Aircraft. In the final section, some suggestions are made as to how the STN approach can help to induce technological change in a direction that is considered desirable from a broader societal perspective, and how the approach should be further elaborated.
The Politics of Symmetry
Authors: Pels Dick
Published: March 2007

While symmetry and impartiality have become ruling principles in S&TS, defining its core ideal of a `value-free relativism', their philosophical anchorage has attracted much less discussion than the issue of how far their jurisdiction can be extended or generalized. This paper seeks to argue that symmetry and agnosticism unwarrantably present as generalizable procedure what are in fact contingent knowledge-political attempts to reposition various fields of controversy. They present a methodological version of what remains a rather exceptional case in a larger class of `third positions', which define various types of situated distance and various mixtures of detachment and involvement. An inspection of influential symmetrical `translations' of the dispute between Hobbes and Boyle, and of recent `epistemological chicken' and `capturing' debates, reveals some of the epistemological and political hazards which afflict S&TS's convulsive forward push of the `symmetry frontier'. Given such perils, a case is made for `weak asymmetry' with regard to the issues of truth vs error, science vs politics, and culture vs nature.
Scientific and Everyday Knowledge: Trust and the Politics of Environmental Initiatives
Authors: McDonell Gavan
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes social processes underlying relationships between technoscientific knowledge and governmental regulatory activities in the context of the recent case of an Australian hazardous waste initiative. It maps a nexus of the phenomenology of trust, the formation of technoscientific knowledge, and the political philosophy of regulation and the clarification of knowledge claims. It proposes that these processes depend upon elemental social and political components described by various writers in terms of `the constitution of scientific objects', `the construction of scientific types', `familiarity', the `taken-for-granted', `trust', `justice', and other concepts. It introduces the term `suspended doubt' to describe a previously undifferentiated situation in individual and social interaction. It concludes that democratization now increasingly extends, in the political handling of environmental initiatives and risk in the conditions of late twentieth-century capitalism, to the democratization and negotiation of knowledge claims. This produces problems for representative democracy and expressed needs for more adaptive political processes.
Controversy and the State:
Authors: Guice Jon
Published: March 2007

This is a study of a well-known controversy in computer science, between artificial intelligence and neural networks researchers. It examines claims made by participants in the field that the controversy was triggered, shaped and finally resolved in connection to activities of state research agencies, particularly the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). In contrast to these claims, this account concludes that, although ARPA's relations to the controversy among researchers were important, they were indirect. This study thus brings the analytical resources of studies of scientific controversy to bear on a domain which has so far gone largely unexamined in studies of 20th-century controversies - namely, state research policy and management. The account is based on contemporary documents, historical literature, and interviews with researchers and ARPA officials.
The Science Wars and the Past's Quiet Voices
Authors: MacKenzie Donald
Published: March 2007

The turn in the `science wars' controversy to detailed critiques of case studies is an encouraging one: such critiques are a vital check for error. Philip Sullivan's critique of this author's 1978 analysis of the controversy between Karl Pearson and G. Udny Yule over the measurement of association in contingency tables is thus entirely to be welcomed. It does not, in fact, undermine that analysis, and it helps clarify a key source of the heat of the `science wars': the misconception that case studies such as this in the historical sociology of science are criticism of science.
Psychotherapy Considerations For the Drug-Abuse-Offender Patient
Authors: Scott Edward M. , Scott Edward M.
Published: March 2007

A treatment philosophy is provided with an hypothetical orientation as well as clinical tactics and procedures for selected Drug- Abuse-Offender Patients.
Psychotherapy in Correctional Settings
Authors: Mathias Rudolf E. , Sindberg Ronald
Published: March 2007

This article addresses difficult and unique problems in psychotherapy within the framework of a correctional setting. An apparent lack of success in such endeavors is reviewed in some detail. Barriers to therapeutic efforts within the prison setting are enumerated and reference is made to obstacles in the therapeutic alliance between psychotherapist and prison inmate. Current research suggests the value of a treatment model based on differential diagnosis and the matching of therapist and prison inmate. The need for further research on overcoming identified barriers, developing and adapting therapeutic approaches, and effectively matching inmates to them is emphasized.
Angry Women Offenders: Case Study of a Group
Authors: Wilfley Denise E. , Rodon Carole J. , Anderson Wayne P.
Published: March 2007

This article explains the development and rationale for a therapeutic group with female offenders which provided a climate for exploring anger. A multi-faceted approach was utilized to assist women offenders in a maximum security prison learn to acknowledge, accept, and constructively release their anger. Outcomes included increased personal control, responsibility, and empathy. Other outcomes included an increased ability to generate and utilize alternatives which led to much more flexible, creative, and constructive responses when faced with anger provoking situations.
Juvenile Delinquency Structures and Forms of Dealing with it in Budapest and Hamburg
Authors: Walter Michael , Fischer Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

This article presents a comparative analysis of juvenile delinquency in two large European cities from different social systems (period of observation: 1974-1983). We selected for comparison, crime incidence and the manner in which crime was handled.

An examination of the crime rates confirmed the impression that higher rates and higher increases of criminality occur in Western cities. The examination of specific offences (excluding certain mass offences) leads to different results, yet there is some correspondence in quantitative terms (sexual offences or homicide). These findings were established with improved instruments of research. Although Budapest's detection rates are generally higher than Hamburg's, a striking correspondence among the detection rates were obtained. Thus indicating that similar policies regarding reporting and registration exist in both countries although the actual amount of offences registered differs considerably. However, the comparison of the different processes of selection reveals another striking similarity: whilst on the level of instituted proceedings great differentials are observed, the situation changes completely at the juridical level. Almost perfect congruency can be found regarding the number of convictions so that the amount of "net-criminality" (i.e. the actual number of imposed and executed sentences), thus the forensic expenditure of work are nearly identical on both countries.

Various interpretations for these findings are discussed and further reaching questions are developed.
Rational vs. Nonrational Shoplifting Types; The Implications for Loss Prevention Strategies
Authors: Schlueter Gregory R. , O'Neal Francis C. , Hickey JoAnn , Seiler Gloria L.
Published: March 2007

This article characterizes the shoplifting behavior of 132 adult middle class shoplifters as "rational, " "nonrational, " or "mixed, " depending on the extent to which the subject's theft was calculated to achieve a goal. The findings suggest that though there are certain demographicdifferences between the types, there appears to be little difference between groups in terms of the types of stores targeted, the type of items stolen, the value of the items stolen, or thefrequency ofshoplifting incidents. It is suggested, therefore, that contrary to earlier research, nonrational types pose a significant threat to store security since they do not consider the possibilities of apprehension and once apprehended the experience does not change their attitudes toward shoplifting. It is speculated that preventive approaches to loss prevention utilizing highly visible uniformed officers might help to deter nonrational offenders.
Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment at State-Operated Correctional Institutions
Authors: Sapp Allen D. , Vaughn Michael S.
Published: March 2007

Today's criminal justice system faces enormous challenges across a broad spectrum of issues. Sex offenses are one such issue posing unique problems to criminal justice practitioners. Research on adult sex offenders indicates offense patterns begin early in life, usually around preor postadolescence. This underscores the importance ofjuvenile sex offender rehabilitative intervention to curb individuals' offense histories before they escalate in severity and frequency. This nationwide study describes 30 juvenile sex offender treatment programs. Survey research identifies programs in state institutions treating incarcerated juveniles for sex crimes. The article details treatment modalities offered juveniles and describes biological, behavioral, and psychological regimens. The article also explores what rehabilitative strategies administrators would implement if unconstrained by financial andpolitical circumstances.
Life in a Societal No-Man's Land: Aboriginal Crime in Central Australia
Authors: Schneider Hans Joachim
Published: March 2007

In 1986/7, an empirical study of Aboriginal criminality in Central Australia was conducted. The high crime rate had often been attributed to reasons that disregard the conflict between the Aboriginal and white cultures. This conflict manifests itself in the difficulty in applying the white criminal justice system to the Aborigines. The merger of the two cultures and the implementation of tribal justice as a means of reconciliation and diversion of formal criminal proceedings are key issues to an improvement of the situation.