bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Exfiltration on the Hygrothermal Behaviour of a Residential Wall Assembly
Authors: Ojanen Tuomo , Kumaran Kumar
Published: March 2007

The hygrothermal behaviour of timber frame wall is analysed using a steady-state calculation method and a two-dimensional heat, air, and moisture transport computer model. The conditions associated with exfiltration of warm and humid indoor air are examined. The physical quantities investigated included the amount of moisture accumulated in the wall cavity during the heating season and the heat loss across the wall. Several interesting correlations between moisture accumula tion in a cavity and parameters such as leakage rate, vapour permeance characteristics of the exterior boundary, additional thermal resistance offered by an exterior sheath ing, and indoor humidity level emerge. These correlations show the advantage of us ing the analytical methods in deriving design guidelines for building components. The results from the analysis are used to identify and quantify various parameters that govern the performance of air barrier systems.
Feedback Service for Reducing Losses Due to Building Problems
Authors: Allen D.E.
Published: March 2007

To try to improve the feedback that currently exists in the building industry, an effort was made to set up a feedback service based on building problems in Canada. The concepts for an effective feedback service are described in this paper. A field trial of such a feedback service was carried out by the National Research Council and Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. The experience of the field trial shows that such a service has considerable potential, but that it must be carefully planned and designed in cooperation with all segments of the building industry.
Ron Carlson and James Bell Discuss the Challenges Facing Health Evaluators in the 1990s
Authors: Johnson Paul L.
Published: March 2007

Interviewees should be persons who are important stakeholders for evaluations and those with views of general interest to practicing evaluators. Interviewers and interviewees may be one person or several (i.e., one person may interview one individual or a panel of individuals, a panel of interviewers may interview one or more interviewees, and so on). Paul Johnson, of the U.S. Public Health Service, is coordinating this section. Suggestions for interviewees and interviewers should be sent to Paul at 740-G Humphrey Bldg., 200 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC 20201.
Types of Evaluation and Types of Evaluator
Authors: Scriven Michael
Published: March 2007

In response to the previous papers, Scriven defends the formative/ summative dichotomy as one reasonable way (of several possible ways) to classify evaluation activities. He argues that context ultimately ascribes to evaluation activities their formative or summative function, and clarifies areas of agreement and disagreement with authors Chen, Patton, and Wholey. The paper concludes with a definition of "evaluator" and a listing of competencies required for "entry into the club."
Toward Distinguishing Empowerment Evaluation and Placing It In A Larger Context
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn
Published: March 2007

Fostering self-determination is the defining focus of empowerment evaluation and the heart of its explicit political and social change agenda. However, empowerment evaluation overlaps participatory, collaborative, stakeholder-involving, and utilization-focused approaches to evaluation in its concern for such issues as ownership, relevance, understandability, access, involvement, improvement, and capacity-building. A critical question becomes how to distinguish empowerment evaluation from these other approaches. Making such distinctions has become critical as the field debates the Michael Quinn Patton boundaries and implications of empowerment evaluation.

Review essay about Empowerment Evaluation: Knowledge and Tools for Self-Assess ment & Accountability, edited by David M. Fetterman, Shakeh J. Kaftarian, and Abraham Wandersman. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996.
Does Community-Oriented Policing Help Build Stronger Communities?
Authors: Kerley Kent R. , Benson Michael L.
Published: March 2007

Advocates of community-oriented policing contend that it has great potential to reduce crime and fear because it strengthens community social organization and cohesion. Previous studies of community policing, however, fail to include community process variables as outcome measures and instead focus on outcome measures such as crime rates and fear of crime. Despite the recent focus by criminologists on community context in general studies of crime and delinquency, no direct attempt has been made to investigate the potential relationship between community policing and broader community processes such as community organization, cohesion, and cooperative security. Using data from a comprehensive community policing study conducted in Oakland, California, and Birmingham, Alabama, from 1987 to 1989, this article investigates whether community policing strategies have effects on community processes. Findings indicate that community policing tactics do not have strong effects on community processes. These results may help explain why community policing has so far had little measurable impact on crime and fear of crime, and may be instructive for the design and evaluation of future community policing studies.
Identifying Psychological Attributes of Community-Oriented, Problem-Solving Police Officers
Authors: Lord Vivian B. , Schoeps Nancy
Published: March 2007

As community-oriented, problem-solving policing (COPPS) has become the accepted philosophy for law enforcement departments, the selection of officers who are attracted to service and problem solving becomes important. An important component of this selection is the psychological evaluation. Traditionally, this process eliminates applicants based on their failure to meet minimum criteria or on exhibiting factors that cannot be tolerated. Although arguably psychologists have difficulties validating factors that reflect attributes and abilities necessary for effective performance, the need for officers who are capable of operating in the environment of COPPS requires a selection process that operates beyond minimum criteria. This study identifies 22 attributes considered critical by one large metropolitan police department for effective COPPS officers. These attributes emphasize problem solving; decision making; and the ability to gain new knowledge, technology, procedures, and laws. The ability of the psychological instruments used by the department to discriminate currently employed officers who were identified as successful based on the 22 attributes from officers who were terminated was then measured. Out of 24 psychological secondary subscales, only 8 are found to significantly discriminate between the two groups of officers.
Job Design, Community Policing, and Higher Education: a Tale of Two Cities
Authors: Sherwood Charles W.
Published: March 2007

This research applied the job characteristics model of job design to two urban police departments in the Northeast and examined enrichment of the police job as it relates to community policing and higher education. The overall motivating potential of the police job was found to be low. Generally, detectives reported higher scores for all job characteristics except task significance. Officers from the department that was observed to be more advanced in implementing community policing reported significantly higher scores for skill variety, task identity, task significance, and autonomy. Level of education did not make a significant difference in officers' responses.
Language, Communication and Betrayal
Authors: Dominijanni Ida
Published: March 2007

The centrality of language (as a site of formation of subjectivity, as a site of conflict, as a site both of oppression and of liberation) for feminist theory and practice is a widely shared tenet. So is the awareness of the difficulty of 'creating' a language in which to express a female subject who cannot have a voice in the given symbolic order. In the Italian context, and working on a daily newspaper (albeit a slightly eccentric one like il manifesto), how does one write about the feminist movement? And - which is more difficult - how does one write about feminist theory? The requirements of communication might seem to call for a simplified language, a sort of 'translation' of the terms of the theoretical debate. But where does communication end and betrayal begin?
Winners and Losers: Who Benefits Most from the MBA?
Authors: Simpson Ruth
Published: March 2007

This article sets out to consider the benefits of the MBA and the extent to which these benefits vary by gender and by organizational sector. To explain the differential career progress of men and women MBAs, it uses as analytical frameworks the sex difference approach, which emphasizes differences in individual attributes, and the organizational structure approach, which locates career disadvantage in structures and processes within the organization. Results from a UK-based research project into the MBA and career success are discussed. These results suggest that while women appear to benefit more from the MBA than men in terms of intrinsic career factors such as credibility and confidence, men have the advantage in terms of pay and status. At the same time, while little sectoral difference emerged for women in terms of career progress subsequent to the MBA, a wide gap existed for men, with private sector men the clear winners in terms of nearly all measures of career success. Structural and attitudinal barriers were found to be strong contributory factors to the different labour market position of women MBAs in general and of the differential career progress of private sector women and private sector men.
Stressed-Out Knowledge Workers in Performative Times: A Postmodern Take on Project-Based Learning
Authors: Garrick John , Clegg Stewart
Published: March 2007

The article takes as its topic recent developments in project-based learning. These are a major response to the changing articulation of the knowledge-based economy. Corresponding changes to the role of universities, whose mastery of knowledge is now being questioned, are a consequence-one often not anticipated as such. One response to the upsurge in interest in project-based learning for `knowledge work' has been to move the university further into the workplace by legitimizing work-based and more flexible approaches to learning. The article identifies how, from a critically postmodern perspective, some problems occur with this shift, including the performative stresses on `knowledge workers' who are now expected to reflect on their learning through work or project-based `curricula'. Critical theories are useful in so far as they go, in bringing workplaces as learning environments into sharper focus. However, it is our argument that they do not go far enough, as (ironically) there are too many uncritical assumptions undergirding critical theory. The focus then switches to a postmodern analysis of project-based learning. From this perspective, project-based learning may be seen as too wedded to instrumental desires for performativity. We argue that postmodern ideas about project-based learning can offer practical organizational options, although we do not assert they are the only good options!
Blockbusters or Bridge-Builders? The Role of Western Trainers in Developing New Entrepreneurialism in Eastern Europe
Authors: Hollinshead Graham , Michailova Snejina
Published: March 2007

Since the start of the transformation in Eastern Europe in late 1989, there has been a marked increase in training programmes and activities designed to modernize human capital in the region. Many of the initiatives are financed by the EU or other western sources and led by western training providers. This article deals with classroom training activities as a particular mechanism for developmental activity for post-socialist managers. Its empirical basis is a four-year training project that took place in Bulgaria from 1992 to 1996. The educators and trainers were from various EU countries while the trainees were Bulgarian middle and top-level managers from private and state-owned organizations. The article commences by considering why the western commitment to experiential learning appears to be compromised when trainers travel East, and relates this to broader issues of knowledge creation, ownership and transfer. As a prelude to describing the training programme itself we provide a brief insight into Bulgarian culture and then reveal trainee perceptions as to the value of the training initiative. We conclude by suggesting that if such training is to be meaningful to audiences in the post-command economies the principles of experiential learning need to be both reasserted and modified.
Individual and Organizational Learning at the Executive Level
Authors: Richter Ingrid
Published: March 2007

This article explores the need for further research on the linkages between individual and organizational learning and proposes that an in-depth examination of how learning occurs at the executive level may yield some important clues about the micro-level dynamics underlying organizational learning. It is argued that a major obstacle to research in this domain is the dominance of the idea that learning is an individualistic form of activity and that knowledge is embedded in the invisible cognitive world of individual players. It supports an alternative view that learning is a social practice and that knowledge grows out of the interplay between interpersonal relationships and everyday `sensemaking' activities in the workplace context. Four theoretical frameworks are reviewed with the suggestion that they might form a useful platform for more precise and practical organizational learning research.
Power/Knowledge and Psychosocial Dynamics in Mentoring
Authors: Beech Nic , Brockbank Anne
Published: March 2007

This article presents a case study of mentoring relations in a National Health Service Trust hospital. The hospital was undergoing a programme of change, which included a considerable investment in management development, supported by a mentoring programme. The research presented here included observations, interviews and research-focused discussions with managers and other participants in the mentoring programme, concentrating especially on the nature of the mentoring process and relationship. Contrasting interpretations and constructions of the meaning of the mentoring process are presented. It was found that the nature of mentoring relationships changed radically as mentees began to define themselves as being more competent and knowledgeable in management and that psychosocial functions in the mentoring relationships operated inversely to the direction of hierarchical authority present in these relationships.
Responding to New Roles
Authors: Ellinger Andrea D. , Watkins Karen E. , Barnas Carol M.
Published: March 2007

Organizations that aspire to become learning organizations must encourage managers to adopt new roles as coaches, trainers and educators if learning is to become distributed and continuous at multiple levels within the organization. This article presents the findings of a large scale educational change initiative in a Fortune 10 company in which managers adopted instructional roles in a cascaded delivery approach. Captured in this data are the perceptions of managers about serving as instructors and the resulting role fit tension between managers who do not perceive providing instruction as a managerial role, and those managers who clearly consider instructional activities to be an integral part of their jobs. The issues that these managers confront in assuming instructional roles are discussed as they implement this cascaded delivery process. Implications for future practice and areas for further research are provided.
Moving out of the `Armchair': Developing a Framework to Bridge the Gap between Feminist Theory and Practice
Authors: Meyerson Debra E. , Kolb Deborah M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes how a research team used feminist organization theory in its work with organizational change agents to further gender equity in their organizations. We describe the theoretical framing that initially informed this action-research project, what we learned in the early encounters inside the organization and the framework we ultimately developed to help bridge the gap between feminist theory and practice. The framework outlines four approaches to the `gender' problem in organizations and their respective implications for organizational change. We also describe our early attempts to translate this frame-work into knowledge that change agents could use.
Abstract Ethics, Embodied Ethics: The Strange Marriage of Foucault and Positivism in Labour Process Theory
Authors: Wray-Bliss Edward
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I draw jointly upon a Foucauldian ethical discourse and the example of the so-called `Manchester school' of Foucauldian labour process theory (LPT) to question the political/ethical aspirations and effects of critical management studies. Specifically, I question the ethics and effects of LPT researchers' relationships with those they/we research. I organize the discussion around four Foucauldian ethical themes or feelings. I thread these ethical themes throughout the paper to argue that, though Foucauldian LPT may be understood to abstractly resonate with these themes, its contribution is seriously undermined through the authors' lack of attention to ways of embodying this ethics in relations with the researched. By not embodying these commitments, the marriage between Foucault and LPT risks being read more as a marriage of convenience than commitment. And, further, a marriage that reproduces a politically problematic `modernist/positivist' self-other separation or divorce between researcher and researched.
The Political Economy of Privatization in Mexico, 1983-92
Authors: Ramirez Miguel D.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the economic, political and social effects associated with the unprecedented dismantling of Mexico's parastatal apparatus over the past decade. In so doing, it highlights the major economic and political arguments advanced by neoliberal enthusiasts for privatization in the region and subjects them to a critical analysis in light of the Mexican experience. The essay begins by reviewing and evaluating the highly uneven economic and social impact of the various stabilization programs implemented over the past decade. It advances the argument that the debt crisis and its aftermath became a valuable instrument for reducing the economic and political autonomy of the Mexican state, thus enabling powerful factions of the international financial and banking community to impose a growth strategy that further inserts the Mexican economy in a dependent and subordinate fashion into the global economy-a process that will be reinforced with the recent passage of NAFTA. The paper then discusses the evolution, rationale and impact of the country's privatization program: the most radical expression of the current neoliberal program. It shows, through a variety of concrete examples, how the state's withdrawal from key economic sectors has generated a massive loss of employment, compromised hard-won labor rights for all Mexican workers, generated an unprecedented concentration of economic power in key industries, such as banking and finance, attracted mostly speculative capital into the stock market and, perhaps most importantly, reduced the Mexican state's ability to foster policies that promote broad-based economic development.
The Problem of Reflexivity in Organizational Research: Towards a Postmodern Science of Organization
Authors: Chia Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that contemporary organizational research and theorizing are circumscribed by the ontological commitments of being-realism. Being-realism is a fundamental ontological posture which asserts the primacy of `things', `entities', `events', `generative mechanisms', etc., as making up our material and social world. It underwrites the dominant academic predisposition which treats relatively unproblematic notions such as `the organization', its `goals', `environment', `strategies', etc., as theoretically legitimate objects of analysis. It also underwrites the preoccupations of organizational `meta-theorists' who impute an objective existence to their self-generated typologies and paradigmatic schemas and then proceed to compare them as if the ontological status of their objects of analyses were unproblematic. More recent reflexive organization theorists who draw attention to the ideological character of theories of organization do much to undermine the epistemological status of representationalist epistemology. However, they fail to address the ontological character of the problem of reflexivity. It is argued here that one way out of this reflexivity quagmire is to recognize the primacy of a becoming-realism in which the processual becoming of things is given a fundamental role in the explanatory schema. Our attention is thereby redirected to an examination of the workings of primary organizing micro-practices which generate stabilized effects such as `truth', `knowledge', `individuals' and `organizations'. In this expanded realm of organization theory the study of such reality-constituting practices becomes a central focus.
Organization, Information and Computation
Authors: Jeffcutt Paul , Thomas Muffy
Published: March 2007

Organization Studies and Computing Science are heterogeneous fields of theory and practice with longstanding interconnections, significant mutualities and important differences. This paper addresses their mutual concerns of organization, information and computation by exploring common but problematic interests in the formation, development and control of shared representations. Over the course of the paper we critically examine these interests, arguing for the reorientation of these interlinked fields towards the development of more modest, situated and dynamic understandings of information. We conclude that an appreciation of the heterogeneity of these fields and the hybridity of their interconnections is essential for the development of forms of knowledge appropriate to the complexity of contemporary organized life.
The Organizational Structuring of Novelty
Authors: Chia Robert , King Ian W.
Published: March 2007

This paper sets out to examine the contributions of A.N. Whitehead and H. Bergson to our understanding of organization, not as a `thing' or social entity, but as the ongoing creative process of structuring and stabilizing social reality. The paper attempts to theorize the emergence, individuation and sustenance of natural and social phenomena from a truly processual perspective by articulating the underlying principles of the becoming, enduring and perishing of `event-clusters' in an almost inexorable creative advance towards ever more novel configurations of reality. We argue here that this process-inspired metaphysics is more adequate to the task of faithfully charting the intrinsically pre-carious and serendipitous nature of the creative evolution of social systems such as `individuals', `organizations' and `society'.
A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations
Authors: GUZZINI STEFANO
Published: March 2007

In order to avoid both theoretically eclectic and redundant approaches to constructivism, this article proposes one possible and coherent reconstruction of constructivism understood as a reflexive meta-theory. This reconstruction starts by taking seriously the double sociological and interpretivist turn of the social sciences. Based on `double hermeneutics', constructivism is perhaps best understood by distinguishing its position on the level of observation, the level of action proper, and the relationship between these two levels. On the basis of this distinction, the article argues that constructivism is epistemologically about the social construction of knowledge and ontologically about the construction of social reality. It furthermore asks us to combine a social theory of knowledge with an intersubjective, not an individualist, theory of action. Finally, the analysis of power is central to understanding the reflexive link between the two levels of observation and action. The argument is embedded in a contextualization where constructivism is seen as inspired by `reflexive modernity', as well as more directly by the end of the Cold War.
Constructivism and Identity:
Authors: ZEHFUSS MAJA
Published: March 2007

Constructivism is regarded as increasingly important in International Relations. More often than not the approach is related to the issue of identity. constructivism and identity are, however, in a dangerous liaison. This article argues that Alexander Wendt's constructivism needs identity as a central concept but that this very concept threatens to undermine the possibility of his constructivism. It is further suggested that this problem has some relevance to other constructivist approaches positioned in the middle ground between rationalist and reflectivist theorizing. The argument is illustrated with a consideration of the debates around the redefinition of the role of the Federal Republic of Germany to include the possibility of German military involvement abroad.
The Power Politics of Identity
Authors: MATTERN JANICE BIALLY
Published: March 2007

International Relations scholars often treat international order as a byproduct of threats of military violence. Recent scholarship, however, has focused attention on security communities — nonviolent international orders that develop as a by-product of interstate collective identity. Yet it is unclear how these regimes could work during crises when collective identity is disrupted. This article argues that during such periods member states can use representational force, a form of power exercised through language, to stabilize their collective identity. Through an analysis of the Anglo-American security community during the 1956 Suez Crisis I demonstrate how both states relied on nonphysical but forceful expressions of power to `fasten' their identity against the disintegrating effects of their dispute. One effect was to stabilize the security community and preserve nonviolent order. While this illuminates one process by which security communities can weather crises, it also highlights that getting beyond guns does not necessarily mean getting beyond force.
Why Engage? China and the Logic of Communicative Engagement
Authors: LYNCH MARC
Published: March 2007

With the breakdown of American relations with China after 1989 and the rapid growth of Chinese power in the 1990s, the American policy of engagement attempted to encourage China to become a moderate participant in the international status quo through the building of economic interdependence, participation in international institutions and strategic dialogues. The widespread belief in the failure of this policy has helped to drive the spiraling conflict between the two states. Drawing on Habermas's distinction between strategic and communicative action, this article argues that the unacknowledged rationalist theoretical foundations of the policy of engagement explain its empirical experience. Engagement rested on a strategic mode of action, in which the building of interdependencies and dialogues were instrumental policies to change the target state. Rationalist signaling models demonstrate effectively why engagement is likely to fail within such a strategic mode of action. The policy of engagement carries within it the potential for a communicative mode of action, however, in which states enter into public dialogues in order to more effectively communicate, discover and shape preferences, and arrive at mutually acceptable institutions. Communicative engagement, designed to allow for the free exchange of reasoned argument under conditions which minimize the direct application of power, provides a superior means to achieve the avowed goals of engagement. Through an analysis of an important potentially conflictual strategic relationship, this article advances the emerging dialogue between rationalist and critical theories by focusing on communication, uncertainty and the transformative potential of public discourse. It draws on a theory of communicative action rooted in Habermas to evaluate the empirical record of engagement in the 1990s, and to articulate theoretical foundations for a communicative engagement which more effectively communicates and shapes state preferences.
Nationalism and Internationalism in Post-Cold War Europe
Authors: GOLDMANN KJELL
Published: March 2007

When the Cold War ended, permanent peace based on close interdependence and strong institutions appeared within reach in Europe. What had been achieved by the mid-1990s fell short of this internationalist vision. The question raised in this article is to what extent the realization of the vision was inhibited by nationalist concerns often ascribed to governments and peoples alike. The conclusion is that nationalist concerns not only hindered but also helped to promote change in the direction advocated by internationalists. `Nationalist internationalism' may be as significant as `deliberate internationalism' in world politics.
Aporia:
Authors: DOTY ROXANNE LYNN
Published: March 2007

In this article I examine some significant problems found in current discussions of the `agent-structure' problem in international relations, suggesting that they result in serious gaps and silences. However, I also argue that important openings can be found that point to a more critical, if unsettling, way of conceptualizing agents and structures and the relations between them. Specifically, I interrogate the issues of practices, discourse, and contexts of meanings that are implicit in existing approaches and argue that taking seriously the indeterminancy and undecidability of practice has important implications for the agent-structure problem both in terms of ontological assumptions as well as concrete empirical research.
Security! What Do You Mean?
Authors: HUYSMANS JEF
Published: March 2007

This article starts from the following observation. Although the debate on expanding the security agenda to non-military sectors and non-state referent objects launched an interesting discussion about the security (studies) agenda, it has not really dealt with the meaning of security. It has concentrated on adding adjectives such as `societal', `environmental', `world', etc. to security but has largely neglected the meaning — or, more technically, the signifying work — of the noun `security' itself. This article wants to draw attention to the question of the meaning of security. First, it differentiates three ways of dealing with the meaning of the noun — a definition, a conceptual analysis and a thick signifier approach, which focuses on the wider order of meaning which `security' articulates. Two things are claimed — (a) an increasing degree of sophistication if one moves from the first to the third approach; and (b) a qualitative change in the security studies agenda if one uses a thick signifier approach. The second part of the article illustrates how this thick signifier approach contributes to a better and also different understanding of security. Here, the main argument is that security mediates the relation between life and death and that this articulates a double security problematic — a daily security and an ontological security problematic.
Can We Return to the Concept of Duty in a Culture of Rights? Implications for Morality and Identity
Authors: Bhatia Sunil
Published: March 2007

The conception of duty that is outlined by the Moghaddam, Slocum, Finkel, Mor and HarrÈ (2000) is primarily based on the language of rights. Arights-based code is put into service by many Americans to understand conceptions of duty. There is much to be gained by locating the ‘social psychology’ of duty- and rights-based discourses with present-day India. Currently in India, alongside the multiple duty-based traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, there also exists a discourse about western notions of liberal humanism and secular ideologies of human rights. The discussion suggests that both duty- and rights-based discourses need reexamination because they have implications for how we make meanings about issues of morality and selfhood across cultures.
The Dialogical Self: Toward a Theory of Personal and Cultural Positioning
Authors: Hermans Hubert J.M.
Published: March 2007

The dialogical self proposes a far-reaching decentralization of both the concept of self and the concept of culture. At the intersection between the psychology of the self in the tradition of William James and the dialogical school in the tradition of Mikhail Bakhtin, the proposed view challenges both the idea of a core, essential self and the idea of a core, essential culture. In apparent contradiction with such a view, the present viewpoint proposes to conceive self and culture as a multiplicity of positions among which dialogical relationships can be established. Particular attention is paid to collective voices, domination and asymmetry of social relations, and embodied forms of dialogue. Cultures and selves are seen as moving and mixing and as increasingly sensitive to travel and translocality. Three perspectives for future research of self and culture are briefly discussed: the shifting attention from core to contact zones; increasing complexity; and the experience of uncertainty.
Japanese Adolescent Boys’ Senses of Empathy (Omoiyari) and Carol Gilligan’s Perspectives on the Morality of Care: A Phenomenological Approach
Authors: Shimizu Hidetada
Published: March 2007

This study replicated the interview method of Carol Gilligan and her colleagues to examine the nature of the care perspective in Japanese adolescents’ real-life experiences of moral conflicts and decision making. Four emergent themes that contradicted Gilligan’s theoretical perspectives were identified: (1) both Japanese male and female adolescents showed what Gilligan would call a ‘female’ (i.e. ‘care-oriented’) concern; (2) the care orientation was expressed as a normative voice of a larger (Japanese) society, whereas Gilligan saw it as a subordinate (to justice) voice of male-oriented Western society; (3) caring and justice were linked in the thought and actions of Japanese adolescents, whereas Gilligan saw them as polar opposites; (4) Japanese adolescents saw caring as a communal responsibility, whereas Gilligan saw it as individual feelings. Implications for the applicability of Gilligan’s concept of the morality of care in crosscultural research are discussed.
Reading and Living Images of Masculinity: Comments on Parker's 'Wild Men'
Authors: Jovanovic Gordana
Published: March 2007

Hermeneutic impulses which continue the interpretative flows around the foci indicated in Parker's 'Masculinity and Cultural Change: Wild Men' (1995) do not just flow by themselves, but open new lines for discovery. As the 'Wild Man' is understood in Parker's text as sthe eruption into the body politic of a new version of psychoanalytic subjectivity', new meanings of Reichian and Habermasian forms of psychoanalytic knowledge are explored (stressing Reich's social understanding of psychoanalysis and warning that Habermas's universalistic claims, as the core of his point of view, cannot be preserved in a feminine interpretation of his communication discourse). It is also suggested that arguments delivered in developmental psychology by Piaget and Vygotsky should be taken into account in order to examine the relationship between the internal and external world and their qualities. In spite of different cultural patterns a promotion of a common patriarchal masculine pattern is recognized in the social context of the present author, not as men's writing, but as a nationalist ideology.
Angst
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: March 2007

The author examines the meaning, and the cultural history, of the German word Angst (roughly a cross between 'anxiety' and 'fear' but with a touch of mystery or existential insecurity), which is much more common, and culturally more salient, than the word Furcht (roughly 'fear'). She shows that from a German point of view 'Angst' seems a far more 'basic' emotion than 'fear', and she investigates the possible roots of the concept of 'Angst' in Luther's language, inner struggles and theology. The author seeks to demonstrate that by studying the semantic system of a language in a rigorous way and within a coherent methodological framework, one can both reveal and document the cultural underpinnings of emotions-even the most elusive and unfathomable ones such as Angst.
Social Consciousness and Its History
Authors: Moscovici Serge
Published: March 2007

The idea of collective representations, in wide currency in the 1920s, plays an essential role in the work of both Piaget and Vygotsky, making possible as it did the marriage of psychology and anthropology within a developmental framework. They and the other great thinkers of the 1920s were much concerned to give an account of the evolution from so called 'primitive' thought to scientific thought. It is argued that Levy-Bruhl's conception of collective representation and his then radical hypothesis that cultural forms of thought cannot be universalized were the catalyst for Piaget's and Vygotsky's early theorizing, which recast the idea of a 'primitve mentality' into a psychological, developmental framework treating the primitive (pre-logical) thought of the child. Each thinker pursued in his developmental framework key themes first set forth by Levy- Bruhl. Piaget's continuity hypothesis, however, shows the influence of Durkheim, whereas Vygotsky's discontinuity hypothesis is indebted to Lévy-Bruhl.
Forget Me Not: Some Comments on Self-Esteem among Alzheimer’s Sufferers
Authors: Thorngate Warren
Published: March 2007

The article by Sabat, Fath, Moghaddam and Harr¥e (1999) is found to include relevant information about ways in which the issue of self-esteem can be analyzed in real-life settings. Yet the article is shown not to have included full evidence for refutation of alternative episodes. The phenomenon of Alzheimer’s disease sufferers force psychologists to reconceptualize their methodology. Such renovation is long overdue.
Studying the Electoral Success of New Political Parties
Authors: Hug Simon
Published: March 2007

Studies of new political parties often attempt to explain their electoral success. Methodological problems linked to the notion of selection bias, however, considerably hamper the results of such studies. This note offers a discussion of these biases, which are due to the fact that new political parties are a `self-selected' sample. An empirical example studying the impact of rules regulating the access to ballots in national elections in 21 western democracies illustrates this problem. Taking into account the formation process when studying the success of new parties, however, allows for a correction. Similar solutions exist for other research designs employed to study the success of new parties.
Similar but Different?
Authors: Dietz Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Due to their grassroots orientation and their pan-European approach, green parties in Europe have been more sceptical towards EU integration than other European party families. As a result, their transnational party organization, the European Federation of Green Parties (EFGP), is not restricted to parties coming from EU member states. In this respect they differ from other important party families in Europe. On the other hand, the EFGP and its predecessor organization took on tasks related to the political system of the EU, such as the elaboration of platforms for the European elections or the incorporation of the green group in the European Parliament into a transnational party structure, as early as the mid-1980s. This makes the greens more similar to the other party families than has been previously supposed. Although major steps have been taken during the last 18 years with regard to transnational party cooperation, the greens have not yet managed to establish a real European party, however.
When Does Every Penny Count?
Authors: Samuels David
Published: March 2007

Scholars generally believe that as inter-party competition intensifies, candidates and parties will need to spend more money to win votes. Cox and Thies (1998) extended this claim and argued that in electoral systems that require intra- as well as inter-party competition we also ought to observe a positive relationship between the intensity of intra-party competition and the level of individual campaign spending. They demonstrated such an effect for pre-1993 Japan. However, the relationship between political competition and campaign spending may be a function of the size of the constituency. In larger districts, candidates face far more competitors - from within their party and from other parties - and thus receive poorer information about the quality of the competition. As a result they may lack a basis for deciding whether to spend more or less. In this paper I extend and re-test the Cox and Thies hypotheses using electoral and campaign spending data from Brazil, which has much larger district magnitudes than Japan. In contrast to Cox and Thies, I find no relationship between the quantity of either intra- or inter-party competition and spending, and no relationship between the quality of inter-party competition and spending in large constituencies. However, I do find that candidates continue to respond to the quality of intra-party competition. These results qualify Cox and Thies's findings: in larger-magnitude candidate-centric electoral systems, candidates respond less to the pressures of inter-party competition, but continue to react to the pressures of intra-party competition.
The Problem of Candidate Selection and Models of Party Democracy
Authors: Katz Richard S.
Published: March 2007

Candidate selection is vital to political parties but it also poses a dilemma, which is particularly acute in the cartel party, stemming from the position of MPs as both the base of the party in public office and the delegates of the party on the ground. One response is for leaders to democratize candidate selection in form, while centralizing control in practice. An inclusive but unorganized selectorate may give the appearance of democracy without the substance.
Democratizing Party Leadership Selection
Authors: LeDuc Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Because the task of choosing a candidate for a country's highest office is so important, political parties seek to devise more inclusive processes of selection, processes that are commensurate with the party's electoral goals. Often this has involved reforming an existing process in ways that open up the mechanisms of leadership choice to a wider `selectorate'. In such a process parties sometimes undergo changes well beyond what may have been anticipated when the reforms were first introduced.

This article examines the process of leadership selection in three political parties that have undertaken major reforms in the process of leadership selection in recent years - the Democratic Party in the United States, the Labour Party in Britain and the Progressive-Conservative Party in Canada. In each instance, it is possible to demonstrate that the method chosen has had significant consequences for the parties themselves and for the party system as a whole, in part because of variations in the inclusiveness of the selectorates created, and also through effects on candidate recruitment.
Candidates, Parties and Blocs
Authors: Arian Asher , Shamir Michal
Published: March 2007

The Israeli party system, its parties and its voters, have undergone tremendous change. From a stable dominant party system through a competitive two-bloc system, it finds itself in the 1990s in a state of dealignment, with weakening parties, loosening party ties, fragmentation, growing volatility and frequent turnover in government. The combination of electoral reform, which instituted direct elections of the Prime Minister, new voting groups, and international shifts exacerbated in Israel the processes which characterize all Western democracies. While the party system and the parties are in disarray, candidates, issues and the political blocs of left and right grow in importance.
UMNO Paramountcy
Authors: Case William
Published: March 2007

The governing party in Malaysia, the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), has operated a single-party-dominant regime since the country's independence in 1957. This type of regime lies between closed authoritarian systems on one side, and fully competitive, multi-party systems on the other. Using some insights offered by T. J. Pempel, this report documents the ways in which the UMNO has se national agendas, bargained with coalition partners, recreated followings and mobilized voters in order to perpetuate its dominance, even while respecting at least semi-democratic procedures. The report considers challenges to this political dominance, as well as the ways in which the UMNO has met them over time.
Does Center Equal Middle?
Authors: Hazan Reuven Y.
Published: March 2007

The concept of center parties has been stretched so far that it can no longer serve as a defining characteristic. The multiplication of center parties, and the migration of other parties towards the center, has left the academic literature without the proper methodological tools to identify, define and classify an increasing number of the parties in most party systems today. I propose a delineation of the concept, differentiating between ideological center parties and spatial middle parties. Related terms such as center label parties, median parties and pivotal parties are addressed in presenting a new conceptualization and classification of the center and center parties. Examples of each type are subsequently presented and elaborated in the context of the Italian and Dutch party systems. The new concepts are then analyzed and discussed within a comparative perspective of West European parties and party systems.
Cadre, Catch-all or Cartel?
Authors: Koole Ruud
Published: March 2007

The recently proposed (ideal) type of a modern political party, the `cartel party', evokes questions both about the conceptual clarity of the new type and about its empirical validity. The analysis of the relationship between civil society and the state, which constitutes a central element in Katz and Mair's concept of the cartel party, is considered to be too static to grasp the increased intervention by the state in society. The application of a term derived from the level of the party system (`cartel') to individual parties does not seem to be a happy choice, while the reality of western party systems does not show an effective cartel of parties. It is argued that, instead of trying to formulate (again) an alleged dominant party type for the present time, it seems more fruitful to develop a classification scheme of parties that allows for different types of parties to co-exist at the same time, without considering one of them as the most up to date.