bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor inhibition attenuates microgliosis and myelin loss but exacerbates neurodegeneration in the chronic cuprizone model
Authors: Wies Mancini Victoria S. B. , Di Pietro Anabella A. , de Olmos Soledad , Silva Pinto Pablo , Vence Marianela , Marder Mariel , Igaz Lionel M. , Marcora María S. , Pasquini Juana M. , Correale Jorge D. , Pasquini Laura A.
Published: December 2021

Multiple sclerosis (MS), especially in its progressive phase, involves early axonal and neuronal damage resulting from a combination of inflammatory mediators, demyelination, and loss of trophic support. During progressive disease stages, a microenvironment is created within the central nervous system (CNS) favoring the arrival and retention of inflammatory cells. Active demyelination and neurodegeneration have also been linked to microglia (MG) and astrocyte (AST)‐activation in early lesions. While reactive MG can damage tissue, exacerbate deleterious effects, and contribute to neurodegeneration, it should be noted that activated MG possess neuroprotective functions as well, including debris phagocytosis and growth factor secretion. The progressive form of MS can be modeled by the prolonged administration to cuprizone (CPZ) in adult mice, as CPZ induces highly reproducible demyelination of different brain regions through oligodendrocyte (OLG) apoptosis, accompanied by MG and AST activation and axonal damage. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the effects of a reduction in microglial activation through orally administered brain‐penetrant colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor (CSF‐1R) inhibitor BLZ945 (BLZ) on neurodegeneration and its correlation with demyelination, astroglial activation, and behavior in a chronic CPZ‐induced demyelination model. Our results show that BLZ treatment successfully reduced the microglial population and myelin loss. However, no correlation was found between myelin preservation and neurodegeneration, as axonal degeneration was more prominent upon BLZ treatment. Concomitantly, BLZ failed to significantly offset CPZ‐induced astroglial activation and behavioral alterations. These results should be taken into account when proposing the modulation of microglial activation in the design of therapies relevant for demyelinating diseases.

image

Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15394
Emerging topical drug delivery approaches for the treatment of Atopic dermatitis
Authors: Ghosalkar Shruti , Singh Prabha , Ravikumar Padmini
Published: December 2021

Background

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing skin inflammation disease that generally affects 20% of children and 1–3% of adults. It is characterized by pruritus, inflammatory skin lesions, and skin barrier defect. The pillar treatment is topical therapies that have shown great adherence and incredible results in alleviating symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors have shown improvement in the symptoms of atopic dermatitis but have certain side effects. There is need to develop new therapies or novel drug delivery approaches which can overcome drawbacks of the conventional formulation and increase the therapeutic efficacy.

Aim

The scope of this review is to describe the new topical therapies including phosphodiesterase inhibitors, Janus kinase inhibitors, and nano‐formulations such as nanoemulsion, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, vesicular system, and micelles.

Methods

The article reviews and discusses the published literature of the topical drug delivery approaches for treatment of Atopic dermatitis.

Results

The reported literature highlighted the benefits of novel topical formulations exhibiting targeted drug delivery, better penetration, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and overcome systemic side effects.

Conclusion

Literature indicated that the new therapies and novel drug delivery approaches found to be the therapeutically more effective in increasing the efficacy of drugs and reducing the side effects in comparison with the conventional treatments for Atopic dermatitis. This has provided a way to modify and develop more such formulations for dermal delivery.
‘The second mother’: How the baby food industry captures science, health professions and civil society in France
Authors: Cossez Emma , Baker Philip , Mialon Mélissa
Published: December 2021

Most babies in France are fed with infant formula and then commercial complementary foods, many of which are ultra‐processed and harmful to health. Internationally, there is opposition by the baby food industry to the introduction of public health policies that would limit the marketing and consumption of such products. Our aim was to identify the key baby food industry actors, describe their history and corporate political activity (CPA) in France. We sourced publicly available information, which we triangulated with data from 10 semi‐structured interviews. Qualitative thematic analysis was undertaken simultaneously to data collection, guided by an existing classification of the CPA of the food industry. The baby food industry in France has shaped the science on infant and young child nutrition and nurtured long‐established relationships with health professionals. This corporate science and these relationships helped baby food companies to portray themselves as experts on child‐related topics. The baby food industry has also engaged with a broad range of civil society organisations, particularly through the concept of the first 1000 days of life, and during the covid‐19 pandemic. We found evidence, although limited, that the baby food industry directly lobbied the French government. Since its early development in France in the 19th century, the baby food industry used its CPA to promote its products and protect and sustain its market. Our findings can be used to recognise, anticipate and address the CPA of this industry, and to minimise any negative influence it may have on babies' and mother's health.
SlFHY3 and SlHY5 act compliantly to enhance cold tolerance through the integration of myo‐inositol and light signaling in tomato
Authors: Wang Feng , Wang Xiujie , Zhang Ying , Yan Jiarong , Ahammed Golam Jalal , Bu Xin , Sun Xin , Liu Yufeng , Xu Tao , Qi Hongyan , Qi Mingfang , Li Tianlai
Published: December 2021

Plants have evolved sophisticated regulatory networks to cope with dynamically changing light and temperature environments during day–night and seasonal cycles. However, the integration mechanisms of light and low temperature remain largely unclear.

Here, we show that low red : far‐red ratio (LR : FR) induces FAR‐RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (SlFHY3) transcription under cold stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Reverse genetic approaches revealed that knocking out SlFHY3 decreases myo‐inositol accumulation and increases cold susceptibility, whereas overexpressing SlFHY3 induces myo‐inositol accumulation and enhances cold tolerance in tomato plants.

SlFHY3 physically interacts with ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (SlHY5) to promote the transcriptional activity of SlHY5 on MYO‐INOSITOL‐1‐PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 3 (SlMIPS3) and induce myo‐inositol accumulation in tomato plants under cold stress. Disruption of SlHY5 and SlMIPS3 largely suppresses the cold tolerance of SlFHY3‐overexpressing plants and myo‐inositol accumulation in tomato. Furthermore, silencing of SlMIPS3 drastically reduces myo‐inositol accumulation and compromises LR : FR‐induced cold tolerance in tomato.

Together, our results reveal a crucial role of SlFHY3 in LR : FR‐induced cold tolerance in tomato and unravel a novel regulatory mechanism whereby plants integrate dynamic environmental light signals and internal cues (inositol biosynthesis) to induce and control cold tolerance in tomato plants.
Failed Primary Surgery in Congenital Scoliosis Caused by a Single Hemivertebra: Reasons and Revision Strategies
Authors: Shi Ben‐long , Li Yang , Zhu Ze‐zhang , Liu Wan‐you , Liu Zhen , Sun Xu , Liu Dun , Qiu Yong
Published: December 2021

Objective

To analyze the factors causing failure of primary surgery in congenital scoliosis (CS) patients with single hemivertebra (SHV) undergoing posterior spinal fusion, and to elucidate the revision strategies.

Methods

In this retrospective study, a total of 32 CS patients secondary to SHV undergoing revision surgery from April 2010 to December 2017 due to failed primary surgery with more than 2 years follow‐up were reviewed. The reasons for failure of primary surgery and revision strategies were analyzed for each patient. The radiographic parameters including coronal Cobb angle, segmental kyphosis (SK), coronal balance (CB), and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) were compared between pre‐ and post‐revision. The complications during revision and follow‐up were recorded.

Results

The mean age at revision surgery of the 32 CS patients was 15.8 ± 9.7 years and the average duration between primary and revision surgery was 31.0 ± 35.4 months. The reasons for failed primary surgery were severe post‐operative curve progression of focal scoliosis in 14 cases (43.8%), implant failure in 17 (53.1%) and trunk imbalance in 12 (37.5%). The candidate revision strategies included thorough resection of residual hemivertebra and adjacent discs, extending fusion levels, complete pseudarthrosis resection, massive bone graft, replacement of broken rods, satellite rod fixation, horizontalization of upper/lower instrumented vertebrae and rigid fusion of structural compensatory curves were performed individually. After revision surgery, the coronal Cobb angle, SK, CB and SVA showed significant improvement (P < 0.05) with no significant correction loss during follow‐up (P > 0.05). The intra‐operative complications included alarming changes of neurologic monitoring in three (9.4%) patients and dual tear in two, while rod fracture re‐occurred was detected in one patient at 18 months after revision.

Conclusions

The common reasons for failed primary surgery in CS patients with SHV undergoing posterior spinal fusion were severe post‐operative curve progression of focal scoliosis, implant failure and trunk imbalance. The revision strategies including thorough resection of residual hemivertebra and adjacent discs, extended fusion levels to structural curvature, complete pseudarthrosis resection, massive bone graft, replacement of broken internal fixation and horizontalization of upper/lower instrumented vertebrae should be individualized based on the causes of failed primary surgery.
Uncovering heterogeneous associations of disaster‐related traumatic experiences with subsequent mental health problems: A machine learning approach
Authors: Shiba Koichiro , Daoud Adel , Kino Shiho , Nishi Daisuke , Kondo Katsunori , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: December 2021

Aim

Understanding the differential mental health effects of traumatic experiences is important to identify particularly vulnerable subpopulations. We examined the heterogeneous associations between disaster‐related traumatic experiences and postdisaster mental health, using a novel machine learning–based causal inference approach.

Methods

Data were from a prospective cohort study of Japanese older adults in an area severely affected by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. The baseline survey was conducted 7 months before the disaster and the 2 follow‐up surveys were conducted 2.5 and 5.5 years after (n = 1150 to n = 1644 depending on the exposure‐outcome combinations). As disaster‐related traumatic experiences, we assessed complete home loss and loss of loved ones. Using the generalized random forest algorithm, we estimated conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) of the disaster damages on postdisaster mental health outcomes to examine the heterogeneous associations by 51 predisaster characteristics of the individuals.

Results

We found that, even when there was no population average association between disaster‐related trauma and subsequent mental health outcomes, some subgroups experienced severe impacts. We also identified and compared characteristics of the most and least vulnerable groups (ie, top versus bottom deciles of the estimated CATEs). While there were some unique patterns specific to each exposure‐outcome combination, the most vulnerable group tended to be from lower socioeconomic backgrounds with preexisting depressive symptoms for many exposure‐outcome combinations.

Conclusions

We found considerable heterogeneity in the association between disaster‐related traumatic experiences and subsequent mental health problems.
Progressive nodular histiocytosis in a 9‐year‐old boy treated with cobimetinib
Authors: Buján María Marta , Sánchez La Rosa Cristian , Galluzzo Mutti María Laura , Braier Jorge , Diamond Eli L.
Published: December 2021

Progressive nodular histiocytosis is a rare variant of non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis that affects the skin and mucous membranes and displays a progressive clinical course and poor response to treatment. We describe a case of severe progressive nodular histiocytosis harboring a KRAS p.G12S mutation in a 9‐year‐old boy, refractory to chemotherapy, who was successfully treated with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib. This is the first report of the use of MEK inhibition for this histiocytosis subtype in a pediatric patient.
Parent report of sleep health and attention regulation in a cross‐sectional study of infants and preschool‐aged children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Zhou Nina Y. , Nili Amanda , Blackwell Courtney K. , Ogbuefi Nonye , Cummings Peter , Lai Jin‐Shei , Griffith James W. , Paller Amy S. , Wakschlag Lauren S. , Fishbein Anna B.
Published: December 2021

Background/Objectives

Older children with atopic dermatitis (AD) suffer from poor sleep and attention problems. However, until recently, the dearth of developmentally sensitive assessment tools impeded characterization in younger children. We aimed to characterize sleep and attention problems in young children with AD and identify modifiable factors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of children with AD aged 1–4 years was stratified by disease severity (Patient‐Oriented Eczema Measure), age, and racial/ethnic groups. Developmentally sensitive surveys assessed attention (Multidimensional Assessment Profile of Attention Regulation), sleep, and itch (Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System). Linear regression models identified predictors of sleep health and attention dysregulation.

Results

Parents (n = 60) of children aged 2.78 ± 0.98 years with severe (n = 25), moderate (n = 25), or mild (n = 10) AD were recruited across the United States. Significantly reduced sleep health (T‐score ≥ 60) was reported in 86% of children with moderate/severe disease (n = 43), and 50% had ≥5 nights of disturbed sleep per week. A suboptimal sleep environment was identified with 32% of children with too much light, noise, or electronic device usage. With regard to attention regulation, in children with severe AD, 80% had trouble sitting still and 72% of children had trouble paying attention no matter their surroundings. In fully adjusted models, AD severity was a significant predictor of poor sleep health (B = 0.79 [0.31–1.28], p < .01) and attention dysregulation (B = 1.22 [0.51–1.93], p < .01).

Conclusions

More severe AD correlates with poor sleep health and attention dysregulation. In addition to aggressive treatment of AD, clinicians should advise on modifiable sleep hygiene practices and consider screening for attention dysregulation in young children.
Violet‐blue 405‐nm Light‐based Photoinactivation for Pathogen Reduction of Human Plasma Provides Broad Antibacterial Efficacy Without Visible Degradation of Plasma Proteins
Authors: Stewart Caitlin F. , Tomb Rachael M. , Ralston Heather J. , Armstrong Jack , Anderson John G. , MacGregor Scott J. , Atreya Chintamani D. , Maclean Michelle
Published: December 2021

In transfusion medicine, bacterial contamination can occur in ex vivo stored blood plasma, and there are continued efforts to improve blood safety and reduce the risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections. Visible 405‐nm violet‐blue light has demonstrated potential for in situ pathogen reduction in ex vivo stored plasma and platelet concentrates. This study investigates the broad‐spectrum antibacterial efficacy and compatibility potential of 405‐nm light for treatment of blood plasma. Human plasma seeded with bacteria at a range of densities (101–103, 104–106, 107–108 CFU mL−1) was exposed to 360 J cm−2 405‐nm light (1 h at 0.1 W cm−2), with this fixed dose selected based on the initial analysis of inactivation kinetics. One‐dimensional protein mobility analysis and measurement of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) was conducted to evaluate compatibility of the antimicrobial dose with plasma proteins and, identify upper levels at which protein degradation can be detected. Broad‐spectrum antibacterial efficacy was observed with a fixed treatment of 360 J cm−2, with 98.9–100% inactivation achieved across all seeding densities for all organisms, except E. coli, which achieved 95.1–100% inactivation. At this dose (360 J cm−2), no signs of protein degradation occurred. Overall, 405‐nm light shows promise for broad‐spectrum bacterial inactivation in blood plasma, while preserving plasma protein integrity.
(Bio)Logics of The Family: Gender, Biological Relatedness, and Attitudes Toward Children’s Gender Nonconformity in a Vignette Experiment1
Authors: Stacey Lawrence
Published: December 2021

Family is one of the most influential institutions when it comes to the production and reproduction of gender. Yet despite the prevalence of families in which children are not biologically related to parents in the U.S. today, little research has explored the role of the biological connection in parents’ beliefs about children’s gender nonconformity. Using original data collected through an online survey experiment (N= 712), I examine the extent to which parents’ beliefs toward a biological child or stepchild’s, and son or daughter’s, gender nonconformity differ. After reading a short vignette about a child acting in a gender non‐normative way, respondents were asked a series of questions, ranging from whether they would be upset, supportive, and most importantly, feel accountable to others, that gauged beliefs about the child’s gender nonconformity. Results showed greater upset and heightened accountability for biological children (vs. stepchildren). Results revealed that parents overwhelmingly indicated greater upset, less support, and heightened accountability for sons (vs. daughters). These findings illustrate the mutability of accountability structures in the face of the biological connection and gender between parents and children.
Translates of homogeneous measures associated with observable subgroups on some homogeneous spaces
Authors: Zhang Runlin
Published: December 2021

In the present article, we study the following problem. Let $\boldsymbol {G}$ be a linear algebraic group over $\mathbb {Q}$, let $\Gamma$ be an arithmetic lattice, and let $\boldsymbol {H}$ be an observable $\mathbb {Q}$-subgroup. There is a $H$-invariant measure $\mu _H$ supported on the closed submanifold $H\Gamma /\Gamma$. Given a sequence $(g_n)$ in $G$, we study the limiting behavior of $(g_n)_*\mu _H$ under the weak-$*$ topology. In the non-divergent case, we give a rather complete classification. We further supplement this by giving a criterion of non-divergence and prove non-divergence for arbitrary sequence $(g_n)$ for certain large $\boldsymbol {H}$. We also discuss some examples and applications of our result. This work can be viewed as a natural extension of the work of Eskin–Mozes–Shah and Shapira–Zheng.
Platelet‐rich plasma affects gap junctional features in myofibroblasts in vitro via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A/VEGF receptor
Authors: Sassoli Chiara , Garella Rachele , Chellini Flaminia , Tani Alessia , Pavan Paola , Bambi Franco , Zecchi‐Orlandini Sandra , Squecco Roberta
Published: December 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

It is a challenge to discover effective therapies for fibrosis. Increasing evidence supports the antifibrotic potential of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) as a source of bioactive molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A. However, the effects and mechanisms of action of PRP need to be clarified.

What is the main finding and its importance?

This report clarifies the mechanisms mediating the antifibrotic action of PRP, strengthening the role of VEGF‐A/VEGF receptor, and identifies gap junction currents and connexin 43 as novel targets of this pathway in the fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast transition induced by the transforming growth factor‐β1.

Despite increasing experimental evidence, the antifibrotic potential of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) remains controversial, and its mechanisms of action are not fully clarified. This short report extends our previous research on the capability of PRP to prevent the in vitro differentiation of fibroblasts toward myofibroblasts, the key effectors of fibrosis, induced by the profibrotic agent transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1). In particular, we focused on the involvement of signalling mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) in the PRP‐induced fibroblast response, highlighting gap junction features. Electrophysiological and morphological analyses revealed that PRP hindered morphofunctional differentiation of both murine NIH/3T3 and human primary adult skin fibroblasts toward myofibroblasts as judged by the analysis of membrane phenomena, α‐smooth muscle actin and vinculin expression and cell morphology. Neutralization of VEGF‐A by blocking antibodies or pharmacological inhibition of VEGFR by KRN633 in TGF‐β1‐treated fibroblasts prevented the PRP‐promoted effects, such as the reduction of voltage‐dependent transjunctional currents in cell pairs and a decreased expression of connexin 43, the typical connexin isoform forming voltage‐dependent connexons. The role of VEGF‐A in inhibiting these events was confirmed by treating TGF‐β1‐stimulated fibroblasts with soluble VEGF‐A. The results obtained when cells were differentiated using KRN633 alone suggest an antagonistic cross‐talk between TGF‐β1 and VEGFR. In conclusion, this study identifies, for the first time, gap junction currents as crucial targets in the VEGF‐A/VEGFR‐mediated antifibrotic pathway and provides new insights into mechanisms behind the action of PRP in preventing differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts.
Assessment of the Potentiality to the Debris-Flow Occurrence from Physiographic and Morphometrics Parameters: a Case Study in Santo Antônio Basin (Caraguatatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil)
Authors: Corrêa Claudia Vanessa Santos , Vieira Reis Fábio Augusto Gomes , Giordano Lucilia Do Carmo , Cabral Victor Carvalho , Gramani Marcelo Fischer , Gabelini Beatriz Marques , Duz Beatriz Guzzo , Veloso Vinicius Queiroz
Published: December 2021

This work aims to evaluate the potential for the debris-flow triggering from Santo Antônio hydrographic basin, located in the Serra do Mar region on North Coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, based on physiographic attributes, rainfall data, and morphometric parameters. For this purpose, hydrographic basin techniques were applied, assessing the vulnerability to the debris flow from geomorphological, geological, climatic, and anthropic aspects, and morphometric parameters relevant to the triggering of these processes in watersheds were calculated. Seven physiographic units were identified, which supported the understanding of geological and geomorphological aspects of the basin: coastal plains; river plains; colluvium and talus ramps; escarpments of Serra do Mar; upland of Paraitinga; mountainous relief and hillocks domain. The sub-basins located in steep sections of the relief, with high slopes, valleys, and channels docked, high drainage densities present higher values in the morphometric parameters, indicating a greater potential for triggering and occurrence of debris-flow processes. The joint analysis of physiographic compartmentalization with the identification of relief features, slope, amplitude, valley, slope shapes and morphometric parameters, is extremely relevant to recognize hydrographic basins susceptible to debris flows, as it integrates, and correlates aspects of the physical environment considered to trigger in the occurrence of these processes.
Disrupting Family Group Conference practice in Aotearoa New Zealand: A learning project
Authors: Nordstrom Raewyn , Stanfield Deb
Published: December 2021

Participation in, or facilitation of, Family Group Conferences (FGCs) and hui-ā-whānau (family meetings) are key social work practice activities in Aotearoa New Zealand. Social work students are expected to graduate with the cultural competence necessary to work ethically with whānau Māori according to the bicultural practice principles of Te Tiriti ō Waitangi. This competence includes skills in the facilitation of joint decision making, shared responsibility and the use of Māori engagement principles, all of which are fundamental to the traditional and professional practice of hui (meetings).We argue that, for social work students to enter the profession with the ability to work effectively in a statutory setting, and with whānau Māori, learning must go beyond the processes of the FGC as set out in the Oranga Tamariki Act (1989)—originally the Children, Young Personsand Their Families Act, 1989—and embrace the historical and cultural intent of this practice. It must encourage students to be mindful of their cultural selves in the process and to reflect on the tensions arising from how the FGC sits within a statutory, managerial, and neoliberal policy framework. This article applies concepts of Māori and Western pedagogy to a learning strategy developed by the authors over a period of four years. The Reality FGC Project began as a way of assisting students to develop skills and apply theory to practice, and unexpectedly became an opportunity to reflexively and iteratively consider the role of social work education in re-thinking FGC practice in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Machine learning approach to thickness prediction fromin situspectroscopic ellipsometry data for atomic layer deposition processes
Authors: Arunachalam Ayush , Berriel S. Novia , Feit Corbin , Kumar Udit , Seal Sudipta , Basu Kanad , Banerjee Parag
Published: December 2021

A machine learning approach is applied to estimate film thickness from in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry data. Using the atomic layer deposition of ZnO as a model process, the ellipsometry spectra obtained contains polarization data (Ψ, Δ) as a function of wavelength. Within this dataset, 95% is used for training the machine learning algorithm, and 5% is used for thickness prediction. Five algorithms—logistic regression, support vector machine, decision tree, random forest, and k-nearest neighbors—are tested. Out of these, the k-nearest neighbor performs the best with an average thickness prediction accuracy of 88.7% to within ±1.5 nm. The prediction accuracy is found to be a function of ZnO thickness and degrades as the thickness increases. The average prediction accuracy to within ±1.5 nm remains remarkably robust even after 90% of the (Ψ, Δ) are randomly eliminated. Finally, by considering (Ψ, Δ) in a limited spectral range (271–741 nm), prediction accuracies approaching that obtained from the analysis of full spectra (271–1688 nm) can be realized. These results highlight the ability of machine learning algorithms, specifically the k-nearest neighbor, to successfully train and predict thickness from spectroscopic ellipsometry data.
Efficient plasma-surface interaction surrogate model for sputtering processes based on autoencoder neural networks
Authors: Gergs Tobias , Borislavov Borislav , Trieschmann Jan
Published: December 2021

Simulations of thin film sputter deposition require the separation of the plasma and material transport in the gas phase from the growth/sputtering processes at the bounding surfaces (e.g., substrate and target). Interface models based on analytic expressions or look-up tables inherently restrict this complex interaction to a bare minimum. A machine learning model has recently been shown to overcome this remedy for Ar ions bombarding a Ti-Al composite target. However, the chosen network structure (i.e., a multilayer perceptron, MLP) provides approximately 4×106 degrees of freedom, which bears the risk of overfitting the relevant dynamics and complicating the model to an unreliable extent. This work proposes a conceptually more sophisticated but parameterwise simplified regression artificial neural network for an extended scenario, considering a variable instead of a single fixed Ti-Al stoichiometry. A convolutional β-variational autoencoder is trained to reduce the high-dimensional energy-angular distribution of sputtered particles to a low-dimensional latent representation with only two components. In addition to a primary decoder that is trained to reconstruct the input energy-angular distribution, a secondary decoder is employed to reconstruct the mean energy of incident Ar ions as well as the present Ti-Al composition. The mutual latent space is hence conditioned on these quantities. The trained primary decoder of the variational autoencoder network is subsequently transferred to a regression network, for which only the mapping to the particular low-dimensional space has to be learned. While obtaining a competitive performance, the number of degrees of freedom is drastically reduced to 15 111 (0.378% of the MLP) and 486 (0.012% of the MLP) parameters for the primary decoder and the remaining regression network, respectively. The underlying methodology is very general and can easily be extended to more complex physical descriptions (e.g., taking into account dynamical surface properties) with a minimal amount of data required.
Kinesiology: Moving Toward Social Justice?
Authors: Gill Diane L.
Published: December 2021

The theme of the 2021 National Academy of Kinesiology meeting and this special issue, “Kinesiology’s Social Justice Imperative,” suggests we are moving toward social justice. In this paper, I look at kinesiology’s social justice movement over the nearly 100 years of the Academy. More specifically, I consider the representation of women and racial minorities (specifically Black/African Americans) in kinesiology and the Academy throughout our history and social factors related to the changes (or lack thereof) in representation. To move toward social justice, we must learn from that history, highlight the social, and connect with our communities and professionals.
Introgression from farmed escapees affects the full life cycle of wild Atlantic salmon
Authors: Bolstad Geir H. , Karlsson Sten , Hagen Ingerid J. , Fiske Peder , Urdal Kurt , Sægrov Harald , Florø-Larsen Bjørn , Sollien Vegard P. , Østborg Gunnel , Diserud Ola H. , Jensen Arne J. , Hindar Kjetil
Published: December 2021

Early and late life history and growth are affected by farmed salmon introgression across 105 wild populations of Atlantic salmon.
Cryo-EM structure of the autoinhibited state of myosin-2
Authors: Heissler Sarah M. , Arora Amandeep S. , Billington Neil , Sellers James R. , Chinthalapudi Krishna
Published: December 2021

10
S
structure explains myosin-2 regulation.
Methylome inheritance and enhancer dememorization reset an epigenetic gate safeguarding embryonic programs
Authors: Wu Xiaotong , Zhang Hongmei , Zhang Bingjie , Zhang Yu , Wang Qiuyan , Shen Weimin , Wu Xi , Li Lijia , Xia Weikun , Nakamura Ryohei , Liu Bofeng , Liu Feng , Takeda Hiroyuki , Meng Anming , Xie Wei
Published: December 2021

Enhancer dememorization resets developmental clock and may unify epigenetic reprogramming modes in mammals and nonmammals.
Unique Physiological and Genetic Features of Ofloxacin-Resistant
Streptomyces
Mutants
Authors: Hoshino Kanata , Hamauzu Ryoko , Nakagawa Hiroyuki , Kodani Shinya , Hosaka Takeshi
Published: December 2021

The abuse or overuse of antibacterial agents for therapy and animal husbandry has caused an increased population of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the environment. Consequently, fewer effective antimicrobials are now available.
Detection of the Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Patients with Occult Hepatitis B by Use of an Assay with Enhanced Sensitivity
Authors: Wong Danny Ka-Ho , Chen Claire , Mak Lung-Yi , Fung James , Seto Wai-Kay , Yuen Man-Fung
Published: December 2021

Patients with occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) have undetectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by conventional assays but detectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in blood/liver. We evaluated the key performance characteristics of a sensitive HBsAg assay (Architect HBsAg Next qualitative assay, referred to as NEXT) with respect to HBsAg detection.
Emerging Chikungunya Virus Variants at the E1-E1 Interglycoprotein Spike Interface Impact Virus Attachment and Inflammation
Authors: Rangel Margarita V. , McAllister Nicole , Dancel-Manning Kristen , Noval Maria G. , Silva Laurie A. , Stapleford Kenneth A.
Published: December 2021

Alphaviruses represent a growing threat to human health worldwide. The reemerging alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has rapidly spread to new geographic regions in the last several decades, causing overwhelming outbreaks of disease, yet there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics.
SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus Coinfections in Ferrets
Authors: Huang Ying , Skarlupka Amanda L. , Jang Hyesun , Blas-Machado Uriel , Holladay Nathan , Hogan R. Jeffrey , Ross Ted M.
Published: December 2021

Influenza A viruses cause severe morbidity and mortality during each influenza virus season. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human population offers the opportunity to potential coinfections of both viruses.
The Host Factor ANP32A Is Required for Influenza A Virus vRNA and cRNA Synthesis
Authors: Nilsson-Payant Benjamin E. , tenOever Benjamin R. , te Velthuis Aartjan J. W.
Published: December 2021

Zoonotic avian influenza A viruses pose a constant threat to global health, and they have the potential to cause pandemics. Species variations in host factor ANP32A play a key role in supporting the activity of avian influenza A virus RNA polymerases in mammalian hosts.
Loss-of-Function
ROX1
Mutations Suppress the Fluconazole Susceptibility of
upc2A
Δ Mutation in Candida glabrata, Implicating Additional Positive Regulators of Ergosterol Biosynthesis
Authors: Ollinger Tomye L. , Vu Bao , Murante Daniel , Parker Josie E. , Simonicova Lucia , Doorley Laura , Stamnes Mark A. , Kelly Steven L. , Rogers P. David , Moye-Rowley W. Scott , Krysan Damian J.
Published: December 2021

Candida glabrata
is one of the most important human fungal pathogens and has reduced susceptibility to azole-class inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis. Although ergosterol is the target of two of the three classes of antifungal drugs, relatively little is known about the regulation of this critical cellular pathway.
Characterizing Plasmids in Bacteria Species Relevant to Urinary Health
Authors: Montelongo Hernandez Cesar , Putonti Catherine , Wolfe Alan J.
Published: December 2021

The microbial community of the urinary tract (urobiota) has been associated with human health. Whole genome sequencing of bacteria permits examination of urobiota genomes, including plasmids.
Functional Genomics and Comparative Lineage-Specific Region Analyses Reveal Novel Insights into Race Divergence in Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Wang Dan , Zhang Dan-Dan , Usami Toshiyuki , Liu Lei , Yang Lin , Huang Jin-Qun , Song Jian , Li Ran , Kong Zhi-Qiang , Li Jun-Jiao , Wang Jun , Klosterman Steven J. , Subbarao Krishna V. , Dai Xiao-Feng , Chen Jie-Yin
Published: December 2021

Deciphering the gene-for-gene relationships during host-pathogen interactions is the basis of modern plant resistance breeding. In the
Verticillium dahliae
-tomato pathosystem, two races (races 1 and 2) and their corresponding avirulence (
Avr
) genes have been identified, but strains that lacked these two
Avr
genes exist in nature.
The Integrative and Conjugative Element ICECspPOL2 Contributes to the Outbreak of Multi-Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria forChryseobacteriumSpp. andElizabethkingiaSpp.
Authors: Fu Jiafang , Zhong Chuanqing , Zhou Yingping , Lu Mengru , Zong Gongli , Zhang Peipei , Cheng Moutai , Cao Guangxiang
Published: December 2021

Infections with multiple antibiotic-resistantChryseobacteriumandElizabethkingiain intensive care units have been increasing in recent years. In this study, the mobile integrative and conjugative element ICECspPOL2, which was associated with the transmission of a carbapenem resistance gene, was identified in the genome of the multi-antibiotic-resistant strainChryseobacteriumsp.
YLMY Tyrosine Residue within the Cytoplasmic Tail of Newcastle Disease Virus Fusion Protein Regulates Its Surface Expression to Modulate Viral Budding and Pathogenicity
Authors: Bu Yawen , Teng Qingyuan , Feng Delan , Sun Lu , Xue Jia , Zhang Guozhong
Published: December 2021

The amino-terminal cytoplasmic domains of paramyxovirus fusion glycoproteins include trafficking signals that influence protein processing and cell surface expression. This study clarified that tyrosine residues at different positions in the YLMY motif in the cytoplasmic region of the F protein regulate F protein transportation, thereby affecting viral replication and pathogenicity.
Contamination of Human Bocavirus Genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 in Environmental Waters in Thailand
Authors: Kumthip Kattareeya , Khamrin Pattara , Yodmeeklin Arpaporn , Ushijima Hiroshi , Maneekarn Niwat
Published: December 2021

Recently, we reported the detection of HBoV genotypes 1, 2, and 3 in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis, and the detection of HBoV1 and 2 in oysters in Thailand. In this study, we report the detection of HBoV1, 2, 3, and 4 contamination in environmental waters within the same geographic area.
Identity of Kaliningraders: influence of Social Beliefs on the Choice of Self-Identification
Authors: Vendina O. I. , Gritsenko A. A. , Zotova M. V. , Zinovyev A. S.
Published: December 2021

Abstract—

Research into the identity of residents of Kaliningrad Oblast is characterized by a combination of close attention to the ideologically significant factors of its formation and its deficit in personal belief and mindset issues. At best, researchers talk about stereotypes of public opinion and enduring mythologems. The authors seek to fill this gap by offering a look at identity as a reflective project supported by narratives and controlled by social practice. The purpose of the article is to show shifts in the understanding of the surrounding reality that took place in Kaliningrad society at the beginning of the 21st century and to the nature of their influence on the self-identification of Kaliningrad residents. The authors relied on a series of interviews conducted in the summer of 2020. The results of content analysis of text materials were compared with findings by other researchers and sociological survey data. The analysis showed that Kaliningrad society is characterized by opposing cultural phenomena: “Delays,” i.e., comprehension of ongoing changes in categories relevant to the previous era, and “getting ahead,” the use of narratives and practices characteristic of postmodernity. The authors suggest that the level of pluralism achieved by Kaliningrad society, based on a combination of modern and traditional values, provides the identity of the oblast’s residents with the necessary stability. However, the contradiction between identity retention policy within traditional statist ideas and the reflexivity of modern society, in which an individual is not bound by traditions and ascriptive relations, can upset the existing equilibrium.
Serum sickness reaction to obinutuzumab in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Elmanaseer Oday , Avelino Alzira R M , Azem Amin , Raval Mihir
Published: December 2021

Serum sickness (SS) is a known phenomenon; however, it is commonly missed due to vague symptoms, and is usually confounded by other aetiologies that present similarly. Obinutuzumab is a novel anti-CD20 antibody agent that has been approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) treatment. At the time of approval, it was not linked to SS; however, this phenomenon has been recognised with other anti-CD20 agents like rituximab. SS remains a rare entity, but it is important to be recognised accurately and quickly in the appropriate circumstances, so that effective treatment with corticosteroids can be initiated to alleviate inflammatory symptoms. Here we present a patient with CLL who developed maculopapular rash, fever and polyarthritis and elevated inflammatory markers consistent with serum sickness triggered by obinutuzumab and was effectively treated with corticosteroids.
Progression of myopia in teenagers and adults: a nationwide longitudinal study of a prevalent cohort
Authors: Ducloux Alexandre , Marillet Simon , Ingrand Pierre , Bullimore Mark A , Bourne Rupert R A , Leveziel Nicolas
Published: December 2021

Background

The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the progression of myopia in teenagers and adults in France.

Methods

This nationwide prospective study followed 630 487 myopic adults and teenagers (mean age 43.4 years±18.2, 59.8% of women) between January 2013 and January 2019. Myopia and high myopia were defined as a spherical equivalent less than or equal to –0.50 and –6.00 diopters (D), respectively. Demographic data were collected at first visit and refractive characteristics were collected at each visit. Analysis of short-term progression (first 12 to 26 months postbaseline) was modelled using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Progression of myopia was stratified according to age, gender and spherical equivalent at first visit.

Results

Higher proportions of progressors were observed in the youngest age groups: 14–15 (18.2 %) and 16–17 years old (13.9 %). In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for over age, spherical equivalent and gender, the mean short-term progression decreased from –0.36 D in the 14–15 years age group to –0.13 D in the 28–29 years age group. Young age and higher myopia at baseline together were strongly associated with the risk of developing high myopia, the 5-year cumulative risk being 76% for youngest teenager with higher myopia status at baseline.

Conclusion

In this large cohort of myopic teenagers and adults, myopia progression was reported in 18.2% and 13.9% of the 14–15 and 16–17 age groups, respectively. The risk to develop high myopia was higher for younger individuals with higher myopia at baseline examination.
Self-administered oral glucose tolerance test with capillary glucose measurements for the screening of diabetes mellitus in high-risk adults: a feasibility study
Authors: Tan Andrew Yen Siong , Tan Mui Suan , Wu Ashley , Seah Ai Choo , Chong Cecilia , Koh Eileen , Tan Ngiap Chuan
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Early diagnosis of prediabetes based on blood sampling for the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is crucial for intervention but multiple barriers hinder its uptake. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and precision of a self-administered capillary OGTT for type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in high-risk individuals.

Research design and methods

Participants with history of gestational diabetes or prediabetes were recruited in primary care. Due to their prediabetic status and previous diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus, a proportion of participants had previous experience doing OGTT. They self-administered the capillary OGTT and concurrently their venous glucose samples were obtained. They filled a questionnaire to collect their demographic information, views of their capillary OGTT, and their preferred site of the test.

Results

Among 30 participants enrolled in this feasibility study, 93.3% of them felt confident of performing the capillary OGTT themselves, and 70.0% preferred the test at home. Older, less educated participants found it less acceptable. Mean capillary glucose values were significantly higher than venous glucose values, with mean difference at 0.31 mmol/L (95% CI 0.13 to 0.49) at fasting, and 0.47 mmol/L (95% CI 0.12 to 0.92) 2 hours post-OGTT. Capillary and venous glucose measurements were correlated for fasting (r=0.95; p<0.001) and 2-hour-post-OGTT (r=0.95;p<0.001). The Fleiss-Kappa Score (0.79, p<0.0001) indicated fair agreement between the two methods. The capillary OGTT had excellent sensitivity (94.1%) and negative predictive value (NPV=91.7%) in identifying prediabetes or T2DM status, vis-a-vis to venous glucose samples.

Conclusion

Self-administered capillary OGTT is feasible and acceptable, especially among younger adults, with excellent sensitivity and NPV compared with plasma-based OGTT.
Social capital in the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases among migrants and refugees: a systematic review and meta-ethnography
Authors: Tan Sok Teng , Low Pei Ting Amanda , Howard Natasha , Yi Huso
Published: December 2021

Globally, the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) falls disproportionately on underserved populations. Migrants and refugees are particularly vulnerable due to economic instability and systemic poverty. Despite the myriad of health risks faced by migrants and refugees, access to appropriate healthcare is hindered by structural, cultural and socioeconomic barriers. We conducted a systematic review and meta-ethnography to obtain critical insight into how the interplay of social capital and structural factors (eg, state policies and socioeconomic disadvantage) influences the prevention and treatment of NCDs in migrant and refugee populations. We included 26 studies of 14 794 identified articles, which reported qualitative findings on the structure and functions of social capital in NCD prevention and management among migrants and refugees. We synthesised findings, using the process outlined by Noblit and Hare, which indicated that migrants and refugees experienced weakened social networks in postmigration settings. They faced multiple barriers in healthcare access and difficulty navigating healthcare systems perceived as complex. Family as the core of social capital appeared of mixed value in their NCD prevention and management, interacting with cultural dissonance and economic stress. Community organisations were integral in brokering healthcare access, especially for information diffusion and logistics. Healthcare providers, especially general practitioners, were important bridges providing service-user education and ensuring a full continuum of quality care. While social capital reduced immediate barriers in healthcare access for NCD prevention and management, it was insufficient to address structural barriers. System-level interventions appear necessary to achieve equitable healthcare access in host countries. PROSPERO registration number: CCRD42020167846.