bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A qualitative inquiry of character learning strategies by Chinese L2 beginners
Authors: Zahradnikova Michaela
Published: October 2016

Previous research in Chinese character learning strategies has shown that students tend to rely on the mechanical copying and mindless memorization of characters, especially before they acquire enough characters to allow them to use the knowledge of Chinese radicals effectively. The aim of this study is to describe actual mnemonic methods and learning strategies used by first-year Chinese language students. For a period of one semester, 50 Czech university students were asked to keep records of mnemonics used to memorize individual characters. Qualitative data analysis reveals the types of strategies they applied. Strategy content analysis has identified ten frequently-used basic strategies, including Story, Radical, Imagination, Component Comparison, Word, Similarity, Drawing, Emotion, Etymology, and Pronunciation. These strategies are used either independently to elaborate a single piece of information, or in combinations, interweaving two or more pieces of information into one. Strategies show the students’ tendency to analyze characters into components, name individual components, and focus on graphic and semantic information, while omitting the phonological information.
Killing two birds with one stone? Turning CFL learners into book writers
Authors: Zhang Shenglan
Published: October 2016

Two problems often emerge in the process of learning Chinese. First, learning to write at the beginning stage often focuses on forms, without an authentic purpose. As a result, learners do not have enough motivation to write. Second, while extensive reading benefits language learners, not many extensive reading materials are available to beginning and lower-intermediate level CFL learners. This empirical study examined the feasibility of incorporating a writing project into the curriculum, as well as the potential impact of such a project on learners’ reading and writing progress. A total of 89 learners participated in this study. The findings show that the participants who wrote books and those who read the books both enjoyed and benefited from the project.
Canny good, orquite canny?
Authors: Childs Claire
Published: October 2016

The wordcannyhas long been associated with the dialects of the North East of England, most typically in its adjectival sense. However, it has four distinct functions (adjective, adverb, intensifier and modifier in quantifying expressions), which this paper tracks in a diachronic speech corpus. Although the intensifier (e.g.it’s canny good) is documented in theSurvey of English Dialects(Upton, Parry and Widowson 1994), it appears in the corpus later than expected with the profile of an incoming form. Results from a judgement task corroborate the corpus trends and show that people’s intuitions about intensifiercannycorrelate with age as well as the semantics and position of the following adjective, in such a way that shows the intensifier is not fully delexicalised. The present research highlights the value of combining production and perception data in establishing how the origins of a linguistic item affect its distribution in its new function.
Irrealis and emphatic
Authors: Salmon William
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the first in-depth account of thebeecopula form found in Belizean Kriol, which appears to be a copular development not found in other Caribbean English Creoles. Based on approximately 500 tokens ofbeefromDi Nyoo Testiment(2012), we argue thatbeemust appear in irrealis contexts. It is frequently used to mark a potential change of state, though this is not a conventional aspect ofbee’s meaning. We also show that whilebeeseems to be emphatic, this aspect ofbee’s meaning is best understood as derived via Gricean (1975) reasoning.
The fate of linguistic innovations
Authors: Rosen Anna
Published: October 2016

Drawing on spoken corpus data, this study traces the emergence and development of Norman French-influenced innovations in the nativised L2 variety of Jersey English and compares them to features in the speech of French-speaking learners of English. The comparison shows that such innovations do not differ from errors in a learner variety on a formal linguistic level and that they arguably result from the same processes as are present in foreign language acquisition, such as transfer or simplification. The paper therefore argues that innovations can only be identified reliably in retrospect, once they are more widely accepted in the speech community. It also points to the social factors that are crucial in shaping the use and probable fates of former innovations in Jersey English and suggests a typology of innovations according to their developments.
The sociolinguistic situation in Guadeloupe
Authors: Managan Kathe
Published: October 2016

In the literature on Caribbean creoles two descriptive models have dominated to explain the structures of linguistic codes, the relationships between them, and their distribution: diglossia and the creole continuum. Most Anglophone linguists have argued that it is most accurate to describe the linguistic contexts of Martinique and Guadeloupe as stable diglossic situations in which two recognizable linguistic varieties with specific functional assignments are spoken. They contrast the French Antilles with the Caribbean islands where an English-lexifer creole is spoken, described as examples of creole continua. This paper reconsiders the applicability of the diglossia model for describing the linguistic varieties in Guadeloupe and the patterns of their use. I explain why most Antillean scholars describe the French Antilles as examples of diglossia, yet also acknowledge a creole continuum with intermediate varieties of both French and Kréyòl. As a further point, I consider whether or not Guadeloupe’s linguistic situation is best described as a stable one. In doing so, I counter the argument of Meyjes (1995) that language shift is occurring in favor of French monolingualism. My goal in this paper is to foster dialogue between Francophone and Anglophone creolists and to clarify some of our basic assumptions about Caribbean creoles.
Metaphor evolution and survival in Hungarian public discourse on the Trianon peace treaty
Authors: Putz Orsolya
Published: October 2016

The peace Treaty of Trianon, which was signed by the representatives of Hungary and the Allies in 1920, caused substantial economic, political and social changes in the life of the Hungarian nation. The paper explores how far these changes have been conceptualized by conceptual metaphors in Hungarian public discourse from 1920 to the present day. Specifically, it looks at whether there is a conventionalized metaphoric conceptual system concerning the treaty, which began (or was current) in 1920 and has been developing for almost a hundred years.

The paper applies a qualitative approach to a small corpus of written texts. The corpus contains twenty texts, which are taken from four different categories of public discourse (political, academic, informative and media) and four time periods (1920–1945, 1945–1990, 1990–2010, and 2010–2015).

The paper concludes that, within the public discourse on the consequences of the Trianon peace treaty, the same metaphors have fundamentally survived over nine decades. This conceptual history of metaphors suggests heavy conventionalization, which can play a crucial role in the survival of a certain mental image of the nation and in maintaining negative emotions about the treaty. It also suggests that the Trianon frame is still an essential part of Hungarian national identity.
Mostafa Houssien’s Satan’s Family
Authors: Abdel-Raheem Ahmed
Published: October 2016

After the 2013 coup d’état in Egypt, the Egyptian media launched strenuous campaigns against the Muslim Brotherhood and the West. In this paper, I present a cognitive analysis of a multimodal text of a cartoon with labels, with the goal of gauging its social/political impact. Crucially, the cartoon ‘frames’ its message so strongly that even if the viewer is not a speaker of Arabic and all verbal elements in the cartoon are to be erased, he or she (with certain ‘general’ background knowledge) will probably be able to read its moral message. For the analysis, I employ Fauconnier and Turner’s (1998) conceptual blending theory. The analysis shows that metaphoric blends do not just surface in public discourse. Rather, they can have a strong influence on how people perceive political issues.
“Cyclic” time in the history of Russian
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: October 2016

This article offers a diachronic analysis of the concept of “cyclic” time in Russian, more specifically of temporal adverbials such asutrom‘in the morning’ andvesnoj‘in the spring’ that refer to the diurnal and annual temporal cycles in nature. It is argued that evidence from diachrony bears on important theoretical questions: Is the sensitivity to “cyclic” time in language due to cultural factors? How does the external factor of culture interact with language internal factors in the formation of temporal concepts? The proposed analysis indicates that the linguistic development in Russian does not mirror changes in cultural practices and values. Instead, the main burden of explanation is placed on a language internal factor, namely the general drift towards more analytic constructions in Russian, which I argue paved the way for the concept of “cyclic” time as reflected in the grammar of the Russian language today.
Translate live to generate new knowledge
Authors: Zhong Yong
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses findings of an investigation into the real-life practice of Yuan Tianpeng, a new-generation translator whose work, based on Robert’s Rules of Order, involved translating live as well as publishing a translation. This investigation adopted a qualitative method and analyzed both first-hand and second-hand data, focusing on how Yuan delivered live translation, what strategies he used, and especially how he and his target audiences engaged in the co-production of new knowledge required to drive urgently needed social changes in China. The investigation found that Yuan’s practice constituted a distinct new mode of translation, which is called ‘live translation’ in this paper. In the light of recent development of translation theories, this new mode of translation constitutes an interesting case study for exploring the interface between cognitive and situational levels of translation.
Automatic Speech Recognition in the professional translation process
Authors: Ciobanu Dragoș
Published: October 2016

In a language services industry currently feeling the pressure of ever-faster translation turn-around times, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) offers a variety of advantages for professional translators, yet also presents challenges. Anecdotal evidence shared on translators’ community platforms support the former, but the latter has not received as much attention. This paper reports insights into professional translation practices with ASR, based upon a survey on the use of ASR as well as a study in a naturalistic setting. By examining which translation tasks professionals have been using ASR for, how successfully, and in which workflows, this article highlights some of the main advantages and disadvantages of ASR adoption in the professional translation world. The conclusion is that ASR has the potential to increase the productivity and creativity of the translation act, but the advantages can be overshadowed by a reduction in translation quality unless thorough revision processes are in place.
Kant’s deductions of morality and freedom
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: October 2016

It is commonly held that Kant ventured to derive morality from freedom inGroundworkIII. It is also believed that he reversed this strategy in the secondCritique, attempting to derive freedom from morality instead. In this paper, I set out to challenge these familiar assumptions: Kant’s argument inGroundworkIII rests on a moral conception of the intelligible world, one that plays a similar role as the ‘fact of reason’ in the secondCritique. Accordingly, I argue, there is no reversal in the proof-structure of Kant’s two works.
Preparation and performance enhancements of wear-resistant, transparent PU/SiO2 superhydrophobic coating
Authors: Luo G. , Jin Z. , Dong Y. , Huang J. , Zhang R. , Wang J. , Li M. , Shen Q. , Zhang L.
Published: October 2016

The wear resistance and transparency properties of superhydrophobicity are most important issue essential for the application of superhydrophobic materials in industry. In this paper, we successfully prepared good wear resistance PU/SiO2 (polyurethane/silica) composite superhydrophobic coating with the double-step sol–gel route. The PU and SiO2 coating occurs crosslinking reaction forming composite superhydrophobic coating. The superhydrophobic coating surface is characterised by environmental scanning electron microscope and other testing methods, the results show that the PU/SiO2 composite superhydrophobic coating surface has excellent superhydrophobic properties and the Sa value was 332.5 nm. We used the pressure of 5 KPa to verify the wear resistance which the PU/SiO2 composite superhydrophobic coating surface exhibits good wear resistance, the water contact angle (WCA) still remains 138.7° after the abrasion resistance test. The PU/SiO2 composite superhydrophobic coating has high transparency in the visible light. The largest WCA of PU/SiO2 composite superhydrophobic coating could reach 162.1°.
Use of Cover for Concealment Behavior by Rainbow Trout: Influences of Cover Structure and Area
Authors: Harvey Bret C. , White Jason L.
Published: October 2016

Concealment behavior by stream salmonids can benefit individuals and populations, but the availability of concealment habitat may be limited in many streams. Quantification of concealment habitat is likely to be a valuable process in the management of stream salmonids; it is a necessary step in the application of spatially explicit, individual-based models that incorporate concealment behavior. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments with Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to aid in the identification and quantification of concealment habitat. Overall, individual Rainbow Trout about 12 cm FL readily used low-ceiling spaces with one, two, or four openings for concealment. Structures analogous to weakly undercut banks were used less. Mean use of different cover types was less variable in an experiment in which groups of three fish were tested. Individuals in groups rarely shared cover spaces, even though in another experiment individual fish readily occupied spaces less than 25% of the area of the spaces they rarely shared. One cover structure that was not preferred in a simple choice experiment was used as much as the preferred structure when the former was the only cover available, indicating that habitat preference experiments provide limited information when the issue is whether fish are willing to use specific habitats.

Received February 16, 2016; accepted June 18, 2016 Published online October 14, 2016
Using Scenarios to Assess Possible Future Impacts of Invasive Species in the Laurentian Great Lakes
Authors: Lauber T. Bruce , Stedman Richard C. , Connelly Nancy A. , Rudstam Lars G. , Ready Richard C. , Poe Gregory L. , Bunnell David B. , Höök Tomas O. , Koops Marten A. , Ludsin Stuart A. , Rutherford Edward S.
Published: October 2016

The expected impacts of invasive species are key considerations in selecting policy responses to potential invasions. But predicting the impacts of invasive species is daunting, particularly in large systems threatened by multiple invasive species, such as North America's Laurentian Great Lakes. We developed and evaluated a scenario-building process that relied on an expert panel to assess possible future impacts of aquatic invasive species on recreational fishing in the Great Lakes. To maximize its usefulness to policy makers, this process was designed to be implemented relatively rapidly and considered a range of species. The expert panel developed plausible, internally consistent invasion scenarios for five aquatic invasive species, along with subjective probabilities of those scenarios. We describe these scenarios and evaluate this approach for assessing future invasive species impacts. The panel held diverse opinions about the likelihood of the scenarios, and only one scenario with impacts on sport fish species was considered likely by most of the experts. These outcomes are consistent with the literature on scenario building, which advocates for developing a range of plausible scenarios in decision-making because the uncertainty of future conditions makes the likelihood of any particular scenario low. We believe that this scenario-building approach could contribute to policy decisions about whether and how to address the possible impacts of invasive species. In this case, scenarios could allow policy makers to narrow the range of possible impacts on Great Lakes fisheries they consider and help set a research agenda for further refining invasive species predictions.

Received February 9, 2016; accepted July 4, 2016 Published online October 14, 2016
The Association Between Rate and Severity of Exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Application of a Joint Frailty-Logistic Model
Authors: Sadatsafavi Mohsen , Sin Don D. , Zafari Zafar , Criner Gerard , Connett John E. , Lazarus Stephen , Han Meilan , Martinez Fernando , Albert Richard
Published: October 2016

Exacerbations are a hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Evidence suggests the presence of substantial between-individual variability (heterogeneity) in exacerbation rates. The question of whether individuals vary in their tendency towards experiencing severe (versus mild) exacerbations, or whether there is an association between exacerbation rate and severity, has not yet been studied. We used data from the MACRO Study, a 1-year randomized trial of the use of azithromycin for prevention of COPD exacerbations (United States and Canada, 2006–2010; n = 1,107, mean age = 65.2 years, 59.1% male). A parametric frailty model was combined with a logistic regression model, with bivariate random effects capturing heterogeneity in rate and severity. The average rate of exacerbation was 1.53 episodes/year, with 95% of subjects having a model-estimated rate of 0.47–4.22 episodes/year. The overall ratio of severe exacerbations to total exacerbations was 0.22, with 95% of subjects having a model-estimated ratio of 0.04–0.60. We did not confirm an association between exacerbation rate and severity (P = 0.099). A unified model, implemented in standard software, could estimate joint heterogeneity in COPD exacerbation rate and severity and can have applications in similar contexts where inference on event time and intensity is considered. We provide SAS code (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina) and a simulated data set to facilitate further uses of this method.
Estimating the Prevalence of Ovarian Cancer Symptoms in Women Aged 50 Years or Older: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Sun Zhuoyu , Gilbert Lucy , Ciampi Antonio , Kaufman Jay S. , Basso Olga
Published: October 2016

Diagnostic testing is recommended in women with “ovarian cancer symptoms.” However, these symptoms are nonspecific. The ongoing Diagnosing Ovarian Cancer Early (DOVE) Study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, provides diagnostic testing to women aged 50 years or older with symptoms lasting for more than 2 weeks and less than 1 year. The prevalence of ovarian cancer in DOVE is 10 times that of large screening trials, prompting us to estimate the prevalence of these symptoms in this population. We sent a questionnaire to 3,000 randomly sampled women in 2014–2015. Overall, 833 women responded; 81.5% reported at least 1 symptom, and 59.7% reported at least 1 symptom within the duration window specified in DOVE. We explored whether such high prevalence resulted from low survey response by applying inverse probability weighting to correct the estimates. Older women and those from deprived areas were less likely to respond, but only age was associated with symptom reporting. Prevalence was similar in early and late responders. Inverse probability weighting had a minimal impact on estimates, suggesting little evidence of nonresponse bias. This is the first study investigating symptoms that have proven to identify a subset of women with a high prevalence of ovarian cancer. However, the high frequency of symptoms warrants further refinements before symptom-triggered diagnostic testing can be implemented.
Forecasted consequences of simulated FAD moratoria in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on catches and bycatches
Authors: Escalle Lauriane , Gaertner Daniel , Chavance Pierre , Delgado de Molina Alicia , Ariz Javier , Mérigot Bastien
Published: October 2016

Given the increasingly extensive use of drifting fish aggregation devices (FADs) by the purse-seine fisheries targeting tropical tunas, fishing effort restrictions have been introduced to manage tropical tuna stocks. However, these measures are focused on the protection of juvenile tunas and do not take account of the potential impact on bycatch or associated megafauna (whales and whale sharks). An iterative “fishing-day” Monte Carlo simulation model was developed to investigate the consequences on tropical tunas and bycatch of introducing extensive area 6-month moratoria on FAD activities. The model allowed for variability in a range of plausible values of the parameters characterizing the fishing operations conducted by European purse-seiners in the eastern tropical Atlantic and western Indian Oceans for the period 2005–2014. Monte Carlo simulations, using probabilities based on these fishery data, were carried out for the French and Spanish fishing fleets separately to account for differences in fishing strategies. The models predicted a decrease in FAD sets and an increase in free school sets. As a consequence, the catch of small tuna (<10 kg) decreased while the catch of large tuna (≥10 kg) increased, leading to an overall increase in tuna catch of 100–200 tons/year/vessel in the Atlantic Ocean, and a decrease of 400–1500 tons/year/vessel in the Indian Ocean. The bycatch decreased in the Indian Ocean, while in the Atlantic Ocean billfishes, turtles and chondrichthyans bycatch increased slightly and other bony fishes decreased. Because fishing practices were modified, whale and whale shark associated sets increased slightly in the Indian Ocean.
Dendritic cell analysis in primary immunodeficiency
Authors: Bigley Venetia , Barge Dawn , Collin Matthew
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review

Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells which link innate and adaptive immunity, through recognition and presentation of antigen to T cells. Although the importance of dendritic cells has been demonstrated in many animal models, their contribution to human immunity remains relatively unexplored in vivo.

Given their central role in infection, autoimmunity, and malignancy, dendritic cell deficiency or dysfunction would be expected to have clinical consequences.

Recent findings

Human dendritic cell deficiency disorders, related to GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) and interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) mutations, have highlighted the importance of dendritic cells and monocytes in primary immunodeficiency diseases and begun to shed light on their nonredundant roles in host defense and immune regulation in vivo. The contribution of dendritic cell and monocyte dysfunction to the pathogenesis of primary immunodeficiency disease phenotypes is becoming increasingly apparent. However, dendritic cell analysis is not yet a routine part of primary immunodeficiency disease workup.

Widespread uptake of dendritic cell/monocyte screening in clinical practice will facilitate the discovery of novel dendritic cell and monocyte disorders as well as advancing our understanding of human dendritic cell biology in health and disease.
Subjective and Objective Measurement of Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Workload
Authors: Dye Eva , Wells Nancy
Published: October 2016

Background:

Neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) workload is not well studied, and metrics specific to NNP practice are lacking. Factors such as changes in resident duty hours, increasing neonatal intensive care unit admissions, and a shortage of NNPs contribute to NNP workload. Increased workload has been shown to be detrimental to providers and can affect quality of care.

Purpose:

This study quantified NNP workload using a subjective workload metric, the NASA Task Load Index, and a newly developed objective workload metric specific to NNP practice.

Methods:

The NNP group at a level IV academic medical center was studied. The sample included 22 NNPs and 47 workload experiences.

Results:

A comparison of scores from the NASA Task Load Index and objective workload metric showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.503). Mental demand workload scores had the highest contribution to workload. Feelings of frustration also contributed to workload.

Implications for Practice:

The NASA Task Load Index can be utilized to measure the workload of NNPs. The objective workload metric has potential to quantify NNP workload pending further validation studies and is a simple, straightforward tool.

Implications for Research:

Additional research is needed regarding NNP workload and methods to quantify workload. Larger studies are needed to validate the objective workload metric.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Location of Articular Malreductions of the Tibial Plateau
Authors: Meulenkamp Brad , Martin Ryan , Desy Nicholas M. , Duffy Paul , Korley Rob , Puloski Shannon , Buckley Richard
Published: October 2016

Objectives:

To define the incidence, risk factors, and anatomic location of articular malreductions in operatively treated lateral tibial plateau fractures.

Design:

Prospective Cohort Study.

Setting:

Academic Level 1 Trauma Centre.

Patients/Participants:

Study subjects were patients entered into a prospective cohort study of tibial plateau fractures.

Interventions:

Surgical fixation of tibial plateau fractures and postoperative computed tomographies (CTs).

Main Outcome Measures:

The primary outcome was incidence of articular malreduction. Secondary outcomes included risk factors for malreduction and a descriptive analysis of malreduction location.

Results:

Sixty-five postoperative CTs were reviewed. Twenty-one reductions (32.3%) had a step or gap more than 2 mm. The frequency of malreductions in patients undergoing submeniscal arthrotomy or fluoroscopic-assisted reduction alone was 16.6% and 41.4%, respectively (P = 0.0021). Age, body mass index, OTA/AO fracture type, operative time, use of bone graft or bone graft substitute, and use of locking plates were not predictive of malreduction. Malreductions were heavily weighted to the posterior quadrants of the lateral tibial plateau.

Conclusions:

When examined using cross-sectional imaging the rate of articular malreductions was high at 32.3%. Fluoroscopic reduction alone was a predictor for articular malreduction. Most malreductions were located in the posterior quadrants of the lateral plateau.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Keratectasia After Presbyopia Treatment With INTRACOR
Authors: Lun Katherine , Ray Manotosh
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To report a case of keratectasis of a patient underwent INTRACOR presbyopic treatment 5 years ago.

Methods:

Case Report.

Results:

Fifty-eight-year-old gentleman had presented with deteriorating vision in his left eye. He reported undergoing INTRACOR presbyopic treatment in that eye 5 years ago. At presentation, his best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40. Slit-lamp examination of the left eye showed an ectatic cornea with concentric corneal scars. Corneal topography revealed marked keratectasia, with significant anterior and posterior elevations. The area of maximal corneal thinning coincided with the site of maximal elevation. Patient was fitted with hybrid contact lenses as a temporary treatment option and his best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/30.

Conclusions:

INTRACOR is one of the newer modalilities to correct presbyopia. One must be aware of the complication such as corneal ectasia after this presbyopic treatment.
Effects of Probiotics on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Children and Adolescents
Authors: Famouri Fatemeh , Shariat Zainab , Hashemipour Mahin , Keikha Mojtaba , Kelishadi Roya
Published: October 2016

Objectives:

This study aims to evaluate the effects of some probiotics on sonographic and biochemical nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Methods:

This randomized triple‐blind trial was conducted among 64 obese children with sonographic NAFLD. They were randomly allocated to receive probiotic capsule (containing Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC B3208, 3 × 109 colony forming units [CFU]; Bifidobacterium lactis DSMZ 32269, 6 × 109 CFU; Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC SD6576, 2 × 109 CFU; Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSMZ 21690, 2 × 109 CFU) or placebo for 12 weeks.

Results:

After intervention, in the probiotic group the mean levels of alanine aminotransferase decreased from 32.8 (19.6) to 23.1 (9.9) U/L (P = 0.02) and mean aspartate aminotransferase decreased from 32.2 (15.7) to 24.3 (7.7) U/L (P = 0.02). Likewise the mean cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐C, and triglycerides as well as waist circumference decreased in the intervention group, without significant change in weight, body mass index, and body mass index z score. After the trial, normal liver sonography was reported in 17 (53.1%) and 5 (16.5%) of patients in the intervention and placebo groups, respectively.

Conclusions:

The present findings suggest that a course of the abovementioned probiotic compound can be effective in improving pediatric NAFLD.
Liver Transplantation for Children With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Jossen Jacqueline , Annunziato Rachel , Kim Hee‐Sung , Chu Jaime , Arnon Ronen
Published: October 2016

Objectives:

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are progressive immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases that may require liver transplant (LT). Outcomes in children undergoing LT for these diseases are poorly studied in the pediatric end‐stage liver disease era. We aimed to characterize the outcome of LT in children with AIH and PSC.

Methods:

Children 18 years or younger with PSC or AIH who had a first, isolated LT from 2002 to 2012 were identified from the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Graft and patient outcomes were studied.

Results:

A total of 174 children with AIH and 113 with PSC were transplanted in the study period. One‐year patient survival was 95.4% for AIH and 97.3% for PSC. Five‐year patient survival was 91.4% for AIH and 92.9% for PSC. Patient survival was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Forty‐four (25.2%) children with AIH were listed as status 1 for transplant (fulminant hepatic failure at presentation or acute‐on‐chronic disease). Patients transplanted as status 1 had significantly lower patient survival compared with patients transplanted with AIH and end‐stage liver disease. The one‐ and five‐year graft survival rates were not significantly different between patients with AIH and PSC.

Conclusion:

Children with AIH transplanted as status 1 had significantly lower patient survival rates but similar graft survival rates to children with chronic AIH. Children transplanted for AIH versus PSC showed no significant differences in patient or graft survival at both 1 and 5 years.
Hemifacial Spasm From Lyme Disease: Antibiotic Treatment Points to the Cause
Authors: LeWitt Tessa M.
Published: October 2016

A wide range of etiologies can cause hemifacial spasm (HFS), including infection. In this case report, a 44-year-old woman developed HFS and was explored surgically 7 years later. No abnormalities were found. Afterward, treatment of a surgical wound infection with an oral cephalosporin resulted in a temporary HFS remission that had never occurred previously. This antibiotic experience prompted further workup for an underlying infection, which ultimately led to diagnosis of Lyme disease. Presentation of HFS due to Lyme disease has not been reported. Because its diagnosis can be occult and antibiotic therapy can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, Lyme disease should be a consideration for cases of HFS.
Linking gene expression to unilateral pollen-pistil reproductive barriers
Authors: Broz Amanda K. , Guerrero Rafael F. , Randle April M. , Baek You Soon , Hahn Matthew W. , Bedinger Patricia A.
Published: October 2016

Unilateral incompatibility (UI) is an asymmetric reproductive barrier that unidirectionally prevents gene flow between species and/or populations. UI is characterized by a compatible interaction between partners in one direction, but in the reciprocal cross fertilization fails, generally due to pollen tube rejection by the pistil. Although UI has long been observed in crosses between different species, the underlying molecular mechanisms are only beginning to be characterized. The wild tomato relativeSolanum habrochaitesprovides a unique study system to investigate the molecular basis of this reproductive barrier, as populations within the species exhibit both interspecific and interpopulation UI. Here we used a transcriptomic approach to identify genes in both pollen and pistil tissues that may be probable key players in UI. We confirmed UI at the pollen-pistil level between a self-incompatible population and a self-compatible population ofS. habrochaites. A comparison of gene expression between pollinated styles exhibiting the incompatibility response and unpollinated controls revealed only a small number of differentially expressed transcripts. Many more differences in transcript profiles were identified between UI-competent versus UI-compromised reproductive tissues. A number of intriguing candidate genes were highly differentially expressed, including a putative pollen arabinogalactan protein, a stylar Kunitz family protease inhibitor, and a stylar peptide hormone Rapid Alkalinization Factor. Our data also provide transcriptomic evidence that fundamental processes including reactive oxygen species signaling are likely key in UI pollen-pistil interactions between both populations and species. Our transcriptomic analysis highlighted specific genes, including those in ROS signaling pathways that warrant further study in investigations of UI. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify candidate genes involved in unilateral barriers between populations of the same species.
A simple modification of library length for highly divergent gene capture
Authors: Chen Xing , Ni Gang , He Kai , Ding Zhao-Li , Li Gui-Mei , Adeola Adeniyi C. , Murphy Robert W. , Wang Wen-Zhi , Zhang Ya-Ping
Published: October 2016

Hybridization capture is considered very cost- and time-effective method for enriching a massive amount of target loci distributed separately in a whole genome. However, divergent loci are difficult to enrich for the sequence mismatch between probes and target DNA. After analysis the distributional pattern of divergent loci in mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), we notice that the relatively variable regions are intercept by the relatively conservative regions. We propose to extend the length of library to overcome the problem. By using a home-made probe set to bait amphibian mitogeneomes DNA, we demonstrate that using 2 kb DNA libraries generate high sequence coverage in the highly variable regions than using 400 bp DNA libraries. These suggest that longer fragments in the library generally contain both relatively variable regions and relatively conservative regions. The divergent part DNA along with conservative part DNA is captured during hybridization. We present a protocol that allows users to overcome the gap problem for highly divergent gene capture.
Chironomus riparius(Diptera) genome sequencing reveals the impact of minisatellite transposable elements on population divergence
Authors: Oppold Ann-Marie , Schmidt Hanno , Rose Marcel , Hellmann Sören Lukas , Dolze Florian , Ripp Fabian , Weich Bettina , Schmidt-Ott Urs , Schmidt Erwin , Kofler Robert , Hankeln Thomas , Pfenninger Markus
Published: October 2016

Active transposable elements (TEs) may result in divergent genomic insertion and abundance patterns among conspecific populations. Upon secondary contact, such divergent genetic backgrounds can theoretically give rise to classical Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (DMI), a way how TEs can contribute to the evolution of endogenous genetic barriers and eventually population divergence. We investigated whether differential TE activity created endogenous selection pressures among conspecific populations of the non-biting midgeChironomus riparius,focussing on aChironomus-specific TE, the minisatellite-likeCla-element, whose activity is associated with speciation in the genus. Using an improved and annotated draft genome for a genomic study with five naturalC. ripariuspopulations, we found highly population-specific TE insertion patterns with many private insertions. A highly significant correlation of pairwise population FSTfrom genome-wide SNPs with the FSTestimated from TEs suggests drift as the major force driving TE population differentiation. However, the significantly higherCla-elementFSTlevel due to a high proportion of differentially fixedCla-elementinsertions indicates that segregating, i.e. heterozygous insertions are selected against. With reciprocal crossing experiments and fluorescent in-situ hybridisation ofCla-elementsto polytene chromosomes, we documented phenotypic effects on female fertility and chromosomal mispairings that might be linked to DMI in hybrids. We propose that the inferred negative selection on heterozygousCla-elementinsertions causes endogenous genetic barriers and therefore acts as DMI amongC. ripariuspopulations. The intrinsic genomic turnover exerted by TEs, thus, may have a direct impact on population divergence that is operationally different from drift and local adaptation.
Integrated Genomic Analysis of Mitochondrial RNA Processing in Human Cancers
Authors: Idaghdour Youssef , Hodgkinson Alan
Published: October 2016

Alterations to mitochondrial function and mutations in mitochondrial genes have been reported for a wide variety of cancers, however the mitochondrial transcriptome remains largely unexplored in cancer despite an emerging appreciation of the role that post-transcriptional regulation plays in the etiology of these diseases. Here, we quantify and assess changes to mitochondrial RNA processing in human cancers using integrated genomic analysis of RNA Sequencing and genotyping data from 1226 samples across 12 different cancer types. We find significant changes to m1A and m1G post-transcriptional methylation rates at functionally important positions in mitochondrial tRNAs in tumor tissues across all cancers. Pathways of RNA processing are strongly associated with methylation rates in normal tissues (P=2.85×10-27), yet these associations are lost in tumors. Furthermore, we report 18 gene-by-disease-state interactions where altered methylation rates occur under cancer status conditional on genotype, implicating genes associated with mitochondrial function or cancer (e.g.CACNA2D2, LMO2andFLT3) and suggesting that nuclear genetic variation can potentially modulate an individual’s ability to maintain unaltered rates of mitochondrial RNA processing under cancer status. Finally, we report a significant association between the magnitude of methylation rate changes in tumors and patient survival outcomes. These results highlight mitochondrial post-transcriptional events as a clinically relevant mechanism and as a theme for the further investigation of cancer processes, biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
Benzene-1,2-diaminium bis(hydrogen phosphonate)
Authors: Zahid Md. , Akilan R. , Ganesh T. , Kumar R. Mohan , Chakkaravarthi G.
Published: October 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title molecular salt, C6H10N2
2+·2H2PO3
−, contains half of a benzene-1,2-diaminium cation and a phosphite anion, the complete cation being generated by a crystallographic mirror plane. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds generate R
2
2(9) and R
2
2(8) ring motifs and O—H...O hydrogen bonds generate an R
2
2(8) ring motif. Overall, these generate a three-dimensional framework. The crystal structure also features π–π interactions [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.8642 (7) Å].
Automation of acquisition record and routine in the university library, Newcastle Upon Tyne
Authors: Line Maurice B.
Published: October 2016

An automated order routine for the University Library in Newcastle is currently in its trial period. On April 29th the complete batch of orders for the week was punched on to tape, and it is hoped that the old system will be superseded by the end of July. Meanwhile the two systems will run concurrently.
Computer processing of library of congress book numbers
Authors: Boyd A.H.
Published: October 2016

On‐line computer control of book circulation is being developed at the Queen's University of Belfast. The desire for ease of integration with the existing system and flexibility for future automation of the ordering and cataloguing routines has led to the adoption of a manual typing form of input and the retention of the existing book numbers. This paper discusses the computer processing necessary before book numbers can be sorted to obtain alphabetically and numerically, ordered, lists as computer output suitable for librarian or reader use.
University of Liverpool finding list of scientific medical and technical periodicals
Authors: Cheesman B.
Published: October 2016

This Finding list records the holdings of twenty‐eight libraries in Liverpool, chiefly in departments of the University. It contains 7,600 entries and is printed in octavo format by offset lithography from plates photo‐reduced from computer print‐out. It is now being sold by the University Library for 5/‐, and is proving very popular.
Computerized U.D.C. subject index in the City University library
Authors: Cowburn L.M. , Enright B.J.
Published: October 2016

The City University Library has now extended its automation programme to include the subject index to the classified catalogue, the authority files and the press‐cuttings subject index.
A Comparison of the Production Costs of Different Physical Forms of Catalogue Output
Authors: Tucker C.J.
Published: October 2016

The paper is based on a study carried out for the British Library. The 10 production methods compared (5 for printed and 5 for microform catalogues) are: 1. line printer on 3‐part stationery; 2. line printer to offset/litho master; 3. COM master to offset/litho; 4. graphic arts quality COM to offset/litho; 5. phototypesetting to offset/litho; 6. microfiche; 7. microfilm; 8. graphic arts quality microfiche; 9. graphic arts quality microfilm; 10. PCMI ultrafiche. Tables show the approximate costs of producing different numbers of copies of different sizes and with varying cumulation frequencies (ranging from weekly to annual). Over a wide range of catalogue size and number of copies, some form of microform output is usually cheapest.
The use of information technology in special libraries in the UK
Authors: Furness Karen L. , Margaret E
Published: October 2016

A survey undertaken during August and September 1994 examined the use of IT in 170 libraries and information units in the corporate, government and medical sectors. Ninety‐five per cent of the organisations surveyed use computerisation for some aspect of their library or information service, either for library housekeeping operations or for access to databases in a variety of electronic formats. This paper gives the results of the survey, reporting the current state‐of‐the‐art as well as giving an indication of future computerisation plans in special libraries.
Devolution in England—Is the Genie out of the Lamp?
Authors: Cox Ed
Published: October 2016

This article explores the extent to which devolution within England can address the general malaise that is often described as ‘the English Question’. It considers how far the devolution genie might be considered out of the lamp. It takes as its basis three broad arguments for devolution—an economic case, a case concerning public service reform and a democratic argument for the decentralisation of power—and for each of these three it explores the theoretical underpinnings for the argument, how things are currently playing out in the current political context and what we might expect to see in the future. The article concludes with some suggestions as to how debates about the English Question might play out in the years ahead.
Consumer Acceptability of Fresh‐Market Muscadine Grapes
Authors: Brown Kelly , Sims Charles , Odabasi Asli , Bartoshuk Linda , Conner Patrick , Gray Dennis
Published: October 2016

The objective of this research was to investigate the acceptability of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) genotypes (cultivars and selections) and to correlate overall liking to other quality measurements to determine the main drivers of liking. Twenty‐two genotypes grown at the Univ. of Georgia–Tifton Campus were evaluated. Four retail commercial grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera and “Concord”) were also evaluated for comparison. Panelists familiar with muscadine grapes used the hedonic general labeled magnitude scale (HgLMS, –100 = strongest disliking of any kind ever experienced, +100 = strongest liking of any kind ever experienced) to rate overall liking and the liking of appearance, flavor, pulp texture, and skin texture. Puncture testing was done to assess grape berry texture, and compositional attributes soluble solids and pH were also measured. The sensory results indicated that the grapes were variable with overall liking scores from 12.2 to 39.6. The factors highly correlated with overall liking scores were muscadine flavor, pulp and skin liking, while a significant negative correlation was found between skin liking and skin texture and mechanical texture measures. The muscadine grapes with the highest overall liking scores were Ga. 5‐1‐34 and Ga. 2‐8‐21. Principal component analysis confirmed that grapes with a thinner skin and a higher pH tended to group around overall liking and flavor points. These results indicate that even among panelists familiar with muscadine grapes, skin thickness is a negative characteristic. Breeding for thinner skins may be a positive step in muscadines gaining a more widespread appeal in the fresh fruit market.
The Nitrite‐Scavenging Properties of Catechol, Resorcinol, and Hydroquinone: A Comparative Study on Their Nitration and Nitrosation Reactions
Authors: Lu Yunhao , Dong Yanzuo , Li Xueli , He Qiang
Published: October 2016

The nitration and nitrosation reactions of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone (0.05 mmol/L) with sodium nitrite (0.05 mmol/L) at pH 3 and 37 °C were studied by using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) and atom charge analysis, which was aimed to provide chemical insight into the nitrite‐scavenging behavior of polyphenols. The 3 benzenediols showed different mechanisms to scavenge nitrite due to their differences in hydroxyl position. Catechol was nitrated with 1 NO2 group at the hydroxyl oxygen, and resorcinol was nitrosated with 2 NO groups at the C2 and C4 (or C6) positions of the benzene ring. Hydroquinone could scavenge nitrite through both nitration and nitrosation mechanisms. The nitrated hydroquinone had 1 NO2 group at the hydroxyl oxygen in the molecule, while the nitrosated 1 containing 2 NO groups at the benzene ring might have 3 structure probabilities. The results may provide a structure‐activity understanding on the nitrite‐scavenging property of polyphenols, so as to promote their application in the food industry for the removal of possibly toxic nitrites found in many vegetables and often in processed meat products.