bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Tests of English Vocabulary Learning Proficiency: Guessing From Context and Knowledge of Word Parts
Authors:   , Sasao Yosuke
Published: November 2021

This thesis looked at the creation and validation of two tests that measure how efficiently English words are learned. Previous studies have created and validated a number of tests that measure the size (how many words are known) and the depth (how well a word is known) of vocabulary knowledge; however, existing vocabulary tests do not indicate how learners can become proficient in vocabulary learning. This research was one of the first attempts to create such tests. A guessing-from-context test (GCT) and a word part test (WPT) were created, because the skill of guessing from context and word part knowledge are teachable and are the most frequently used strategies for dealing with unknown words.  The GCT consisted of the following three sections: identifying the part of speech of an unknown word, finding the contextual clue that helps guess its meaning, and deriving the unknown word’s meaning. Each of these three sections was designed to measure each of the important steps in guessing from context that was identified by previous studies. The test was validated using Rasch analysis through data from 428 Japanese learners of English. The results indicated that the GCT is a highly valid and reliable measure of the skill of guessing from context in terms of eight aspects of construct validity (content, substantial, structural, generalizability, external, consequential, responsiveness, and interpretability). Based on the results, two new equivalent forms were created in order to allow a pre- and post-test design where researchers and teachers can investigate learners’ development of the skill of guessing from context.  The WPT measured 118 word parts that were selected based on frequency data in the British National Corpus. It consisted of the following three sections: form (recognition of written word parts), meaning (knowledge of their meanings), and use (knowledge of their syntactic properties). These three sections were designed to measure the important aspects of word part knowledge that were identified by previous studies. The WPT was validated using Rasch analysis through data from 440 Japanese learners of English and 1,348 people with various native languages. The results indicated that the WPT is a highly valid and reliable measure of word part knowledge in terms of the eight aspects of construct validity mentioned above. As with the GCT, two new equivalent forms were created in order to allow a pre- and post-test design. For more practical use of the test, the Word Part Levels Test (WPLT) was created by classifying the 118 word parts into three different levels of difficulty. This may allow teachers to quickly examine whether their students need to work on easy or difficult word parts and which aspects of word part knowledge need to be learned. Taken as a whole, the GCT and the WPT are useful measures both for research and practical purposes.
Exposition, Societal Responsitivity and the Aesthetics of Impermanence: Temporal Findings from the 1970 World Exhibition
Authors:   , Moleta Tane Jachob
Published: November 2021

The architecture of the world expositions maintains an historically unique position within the built environment. Raised specifically for the hosting of these temporary events, the architecture and design of the exposition grounds have been viewed in this thesis as a means to present the aspirations of a country. Expositions were also physical manifestations of the development of new tools, materials, techniques, or aesthetics, ushering in notions of change and progress. However, exhibition architecture can similarly be interpreted as a vehicle responding to the changing pressures within a society.  Both historical and contemporary reports locate the world expositions as highly anticipated for education, communication, enjoyment and even competition. Parallel to this, the international expositions have existed as an area of well resourced critical research. With over 150 years of exposition, the historical, political, social, urban and architectural aspects of these events have been increasingly explored as locations to identify and define avantgarde and progressive explorations in the moderation of space. In contrast to this, the world exposition of 1970 exists as a comparatively unexplored area of`study in the West. Expo’70, located in Osaka, Japan, was poorly received and heavily criticised in Western media sources. Academics, architects and critics slated the event as bizarre, ridiculous, and excessive, and one source even noted that Expo’70 had “brought about the end of the world fairs”. While perhaps some of these comments can be attributed to remoteness, and vastly unknown sensory experiences that many non-Japanese visitors would be exposed too, a difficulty in accessing first hand accounts from the Japanese themselves may also account for a lack of understanding within Western architectural discourse.  However, Expo’70 was, and still is, an important phenomenon in its native land. A search using Japanese language through any Japanese university library will return a vast collection of titles covering areas such as social science, politics, technology, and architecture. In response to these findings, this thesis locates the importance of the event to the Japanese as a whole. I propose that Expo’70 manifested a number of qualities or conditions that the Japanese society could locate within their existing aesthetic vocabularies, which are discussed and displayed in this thesis through both drawing and text. Within this context the drawn material operates an important strategy as both a mechanism of display and a means to explore the shifting and transitory spatial qualities that are discussed within the text. Rather than a turning point, the thesis argues that, Expo’70 existed as a form of vantage for Japanese society to observe the unfolding changes within their society, both material and immaterial.
Towards the Synthesis of Hybrid Peloruside A and Laulimalide Analogues
Authors:   , Tho Febly
Published: November 2021

(+)-Peloruside A is a novel cytotoxic marine natural product isolated from the New Zealand sponge Mycale hentscheli(42). Peloruside A is a potential anticancer agent that has a similar mode of action to that of the successful drug paclitaxel. Biological analysis indicated that (+)-peloruside A promotes tubulin hyperassembly and cellular microtubule stabilisation which lead to mitosis blockage in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and consequent cell apoptosis(43),(47). (-)-Laulimalide is also a cytotoxic natural product with microtubule stabilising bioactivity, and is a potential anticancer agent(47). Biological analysis showed that (+)-peloruside A and (-)-laulimalide are competitive, suggesting that they bind to the same active site(47). (+)-Peloruside A and (-)-laulimalide also display synergy with taxoids(47). Due to the structural complexity of peloruside A, our research has focused on developing an analogue 151 for ease of synthesis. Thus, the simplified C5-C9 dihydropyran moiety of (-)-laulimalide, with fewer stereocentres than that of (+)-peloruside A, has been incorporated into analogue 151 whilst retaining the 16- membered ring backbone of (+)-peloruside A. The proposed synthesis of 151 involves a Yamaguchi macrolactonization, a 1,5-anti-aldol coupling, and a ring closing metathesis as key reactions. This thesis reports on the synthesis of key fragments of analogue 151 and the crucial 1,5-anti-aldol coupling reaction for the assembly of the carbon backbone.
Spelling in the Context of Writing: An Investigation of the Knowledge and Strategies Used by Average and Below Average Writers after Three Years at School
Authors:   , Pentecost Helen
Published: November 2021

After three years of schooling, some primary students are behind the expected levels for spelling achievement. This qualitative case study sought an insider view from 12 Year 4 students on the strategies they used to spell words within the context of classroom writing programmes. The students in the study attended three primary schools. Half the students had been identified by their teachers as achieving below the expected level in spelling for their year group and half at the expected level. Data were collected through a series of semi-structured interviews with groups of students and individual interviews with teachers from their schools. Data were also gathered from analysis of the students' writing samples. A comparison was made between the data gathered from the two groups of students, searching for similarities and differences in their strategies and understandings about spelling. Data from the students were also compared to the teachers' views about how students learn to spell. The average-achieving students viewed new words as problems that can be solved through using a combined repertoire of strategies. These included drawing on visual memory, using phoneme-grapheme relationships and morphological strategies to spell challenging words. In contrast, the below average achievers had a more limited range of strategies, tending to use only one strategy at a time and did not readily making links to their prior knowledge. If teachers are aware of these strategies and how successful spellers combine appropriate strategies, they can assist students to improve their spelling by giving specific instruction and feedback on their use.
China and New Regionalism in Africa - Conflict or Coherence?
Authors:   , Griffiths Adam
Published: November 2021

What is Africa's best hope for advancing its development initiatives? Should each state seek to compete independently on the world stage? Should they seek to forge relationships with external partners and the power players in the world economy on a one-to-one basis? Or should they work together in conjunction with the economic giants of the globalised economy? Of these three possible approaches this article seeks to investigate the third. Can the African states use a regional approach to economic development whilst still engaging and benefitting from external benefactors? Or will the traditional and developing powerhouses in the world economy simply use Africa's efforts at regional integration as a way to garner favour and preferential access to African markets and resources? In the post colonial and post independence period, many African states sought to work with the former colonialists overlords in an attempt to develop their economies through a regional approach. Many of these attempts created little real benefit to the African peoples themselves. In the wake of these failed attempts at development via the perceived benefits of regional integration, new movements developed. A new approach to regionalism has appeared in the last three decades, whose hallmarks are quite different to the old approaches to regionalism. It is the intent of this article to make an empirical investigation into the progress of these new approaches to regional integration or 'the new regionalism' as it is often dubbed. I also wish to add a further element to this investigation. The 'old regionalism' traditionally featured African states seeking trade policy rationalisation/integration/development under the tutelage and patronage of the western states. However, one of key characteristics of the 'new regionalism' is that new partnerships between developing economies and the African states are emerging. These partnerships have the ability to either greatly help the African states in the path to development through regional integration, or they may hinder and derail these attempts.  To this end I wish to investigate the greatest 'developing' economy in the world and its impact on Africa's regionalisation projects. I am referring here to China. China has shown interest in Africa as a continent that has huge potential and as one that can provide great benefit to China's rapid economic growth and expansion. To this end it seems particularly relevant to investigate how China seeks to expand its ties and increase its presence in the area. As both Africa and China can be seen as 'developing', albeit both at very different levels, it should be particularly interesting to see how these two geographical and demographic juggernauts work together in the pursuit of their own developments ...
DUPLICATE DO NOT PUBLISH - The Prevalance of Depression amongst People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Long Term Oxygen Therapy
Authors:   , Mold Emma
Published: November 2021

Aim:To determine the prevalence of depression amongst people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and examine the differences and relationships between depressed and not depressed patients to inform clinical practice.

Methods:In September 2009 a cross-sectional point prevalence study of the total District Health Board (DHB) population of COPD patients on LTOT oxygen in a large urban area in New Zealand (NZ) was conducted. Depression was assessed using the self-completed Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Additional clinical and demographic characteristics were obtained from hospital records and a self-completed questionnaire.

Results:Sixty three patients (36 females, mean age 72) from the total population of 73 with severe COPD (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] 37% predicted) completed the survey. PHQ-9 results indicate the total prevalence of depression was 54%; 95% CI 41.71-65.87. Twenty five percent of patients had mild depression and 29% had moderate to severe depression. One in six patients of those who screened positively was being treated for depression. No significant correlations or differences were found between the depressions scores and the demographic (age, gender, lives alone) or clinical (portable oxygen, time on oxygen, hospital admissions, pulmonary rehabilitation and FEV1) characteristics.

Conclusion:This study provides new evidence regarding the prevalence of depression in NZ COPD LTOT populations. Depression symptoms and depression are highly prevalent in this patient population and there is evidence depression is undertreated. The PHQ-9 is a simple and effective tool community nurses can use for the initial screening of depression, which could improve the recognition and possible uptake of effective interventions to lessen the impact of depression in this population. The PHQ-9 is validated screening tool that should be used in further depression prevalence research with NZ COPD and other long-term condition populations to determine homogeneity across studies.
The Voices of Tokelau Youth in New Zealand: Na mafialeo ona Tupulaga Tokelau i Nui Hila
Authors:   , Kele-Faiva Paula
Published: November 2021

Tokelau is a minority group within New Zealand's larger Pacific community. New Zealand has a special relationship with the three small and very isolated atolls groups which make up Tokelau. The Tokelauan population in New Zealand is nearly five times that of the homelands. As a contribution to the global 'Youth Choices Youth Voices' study of youth acculturation, this research also contributes to the experiences of Pacific youth in New Zealand. The focus of this study is on Tokelauan youth and explores the perceptions of a group of Wellington based Tokelauan youth on their identity, sense of belonging, connectedness and hopes for the future. Also, the views of a group of Tokelauan elders are presented to set the background for the youth voices to be understood. The aim of this qualitative study was to capture the unheard voice of the Tokelauan youth, to explore their stories and experiences so that the information provided will inform policy and programme planning for Tokelauan youth, as well as Pacific and other minority groups in New Zealand.

Using talanoa methodology, a combination of group maopoopoga and individual in depth interviews, valuable knowledge was shared giving insights into the experiences, needs and future aspirations of Tokelauan youth in New Zealand. Feelings of how Tokelauan youth construct their identity and sense of belonging in this new homeland were also explored. The findings were that while youth each have their own experiences, shaped by their own environment in New Zealand, all strongly identified themselves as Tokelauan revealing a strong physical, emotional and spiritual connection to the homeland. The shared stories of their families journeying to New Zealand in search of better life for their children and for Tokelau, strongly influence their sense of identity and belonging. Regarded by the elders as 'the lucky generation' and 'future of Tokelau' they felt a sense of responsibility to pass on the fakaTokelau to the next generation. The main agencies these youth connected with were the family (the core group), the Kaiga Tokelau Porirua (community group) and the Mafutaga Tupulaga (youth) sports groups, church and schooling. They expressed a real passion for cultural engagement, but raised questions about the lack of youth participation in decision making, and how this might influence future cultural security. Education was important to these youth andfor the future of Tokelau. Their lack of connection to schooling and education was of most concern to them and they strongly emphasised their desire and need for more family and community support in their education. Finally, all involved in the talanoa saw the need to engage in further studies.
Unfair Terms in Standard Form Consumer Contracts
Authors:   , Iorns Stephen
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the amendments to the Fair trading Act 1986 introducing provisions preventing the use of unfair terms in standard form consumer contracts. The amendments are drafted in close line with Australian federal and state legislation addressing unfair terms. This paper outlines the provisions, identifies two key differences between the Australian and New Zealand legislation, and argues that as a result of those differences the protection will not be effective. The ultimate conclusion reached is that consumers in New Zealand are now protected from unfair terms within standard form contracts in form but not substance
Integrating Passive Thermal Comfort Features with Seismic Retrofitting Techniques for Nonengineered Housing in India
Authors:   , Bhattacharya Yasmin
Published: November 2021

The lack of seismic provisions for non‐engineered buildings in developing countries is corroborated by the high fatality rates during earthquakes and is a source of major concern. As a means for promoting seismic retrofitting among the low‐income population in India, this study investigates the integration of passive thermal comfort features with retrofitting techniques in order to provide day‐to‐day benefits in addition to the structural safety required for earthquakes.  Three separate regions in India with the same level of seismic risk and differing climatic conditions are addressed in this study in order to consider the varying thermal comfort requirements within the same required level of seismic resistance. These are: Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, and Sikkim, which are typical of hot‐dry, composite and cold climates respectively, and are located in areas with high seismicity (Seismic zone IV by Indian seismic code standards).  The development of suitable integrative techniques is not solely a structural challenge. A thorough understanding of the population and their needs, the climate and geographical landscape, and most importantly, of the previous research regarding thermal comfort and seismic retrofitting for developing countries is essential. This has been achieved through a literature review, which provides the theoretical framework and identifies which seismic and thermal comfort strategies are appropriate for which type of constructions and climates respectively. Following this, a research‐by‐design methodology is employed to formulate possible integrative solutions.  The study finds that the possibilities of integrating passive thermal comfort features with seismic retrofitting for non‐engineered houses are limited. However, the few proposed integrative solutions do have the potential to improve thermal comfort inside the houses in an energy efficient manner if developed further. They are expected to be beneficial for many regions of the developing world which have similar seismic and climatic characteristics.
Crystal Forensics of Historical Lava Flows from Mt Ngauruhoe
Authors:   , Barton Sophie Jan
Published: November 2021

Mt Ngauruhoe is a 900 m high andesitic cone constructed over the last 2500 yr, and is the youngest cone of the Tongariro Massif. It was previously one of the most continuously active volcanoes in New Zealand, with ash eruptions having occurred every few years since written records for the volcano began in 1839. However, it has now been more than 30 yr since the last eruption. Eruptions in 1870, 1949, 1954 and 1974-1975 were accompanied by lava and block-and-ash flows. Detailed sampling of these historical lava and block-and-ash flows was conducted, including sampling from seven different lava flows erupted over the period June-September 1954 to investigate changes in magma geochemistry and crystal populations over short timescales, and to enable observed changes to be related back to known eruption dates. Mineral major and trace element chemistry highlights the importance of mixing between distinct basaltic and dacitic melts to generate the basaltic andesite whole rock compositions erupted. The basaltic end member can be identified from the presence of olivine crystals with Mg# 75-87, clinopyroxene cores with Mg# 82-92, and plagioclase cores of An80-90. The dacitic melt is identified by SiO2-rich clinopyroxene melt inclusions, clinopyroxene zoning with Mg# 68-76 and plagioclase rims of An60-70. Textural evidence from complex mineral zoning and large variability in the widths of reaction rims on olivine crystals suggests that mafic recharge of the more evolved system is frequent, and modelling of Fe-Mg inter-diffusion applied to the outermost rims of the clinopyroxene crystal population indicates that such recharge events have occurred weeks to months or even shorter prior to each of the historical eruptions, and thus likely trigger the eruptions.
"Re-collecting" Caravan: an Architecturalisation of the New Zealand Cultural Relic
Authors:   , Clement Shelly
Published: November 2021

“Re-collecting” Caravan re-interprets caravaning as the basis of a 21st century New Zealand vernacular architecture. Two themes run through this thesis: the caravan as an article of nostalgia, and the caravan in architecture as marginal. The final design outcome is a new typology of holidaying vessels within New Zealand’s camping grounds. This thesis begins with the specific history of the caravan within New Zealand and the facts that surround the reality of caravaning in today’s society: the caravan has become a celebrated cultural relic of our recent past of which is now continually used as a symbol or icon of New Zealand. A fear for the loss of the caravan as a living holiday reality sparked a cultural nostalgia and the foundations for this research. To prevent the loss of the adored functional domestic vessel, the caravan was next analysed for its compositional and phenomenal attributes of which could later help inform an architectural response. It was the ‘retro’ aesthetic combined with the fact that ephemeral cultural artefacts (such as the caravan) do not typically ‘belong’ in the architectural realm that bought about the second theme. Kitsch as a by-product of a re-interpreted retro artefact is addressed before moving on to the design process and final design.

Although orientated specifically toward the caravan, this thesis addresses the wider issues of celebrating and liberating the architectural influences of the margins. It deals with kitsch, lifestyles, nostalgia, miniature, popular culture, media, tourism, mobility, and iconism.
Edge of the Grid: Defining Wellington’s Edge through Intensification
Authors:   , Aitken Robin
Published: November 2021

The concept of growth limits is reoccurring within city theory. If city growth is constrained, then denser development patterns must be used. Contemporary theory on city form is centred on arguments for more sustainable cities, so methods of densification must be sustainable. Very little work in the field of architecture or urban design has been done to investigate the potential of defining the edge to the city through built form. None has been found that translates the edge of a green-belted city into a built form.

Therefore, this thesis suggests that in some cases, defining the edge of a green-belted city through built form is a logical step to take in the evolution of these cities. The greenbelt is a widely used tool in cities around the world and has been implemented in various ways. In order to produce a site-specific response to the edge condition created by greenbelt and city, the design is located in Wellington. Wellington is highlighted as an unusual case for the relationship between city and greenbelt for two reasons.

The first is that the Wellington Outer Green Belt, formally established in 2004, has grown from a public desire to have a continuous network of recreational tracks running the length of the western edge of the city and protecting the highly valued visual amenity of ridgelines and hilltops. This is opposed to cities which have implemented greenbelts primarily to constrict growth. The second, closely connected to the first, is that the greenbelt boundary has largely been influenced by topographical constraints on settlement patterns and is not an arbitrary planning gesture.

Wellington is also unusual because of the inclusion of a town belt in the original colonial layout of the city in 1841. The belt has survived largely intact, and can provide insight into the nature of city growth up against a green edge. This thesis aims to draw together two aspects of city form; the relationship between greenbelt and city and the understanding that denser, intensified settlement patterns provide a more ecological form and therefore poses the hypothesis that defining the edge of the city through intensification can contribute to an ecological city form.
The Role of Eye Gaze in Subjective Decision Making
Authors:   , Bird Gary D
Published: November 2021

Shimojo, Simion, Shimojo and Scheier (2003) provided preliminary evidence that eye movements have an active role in preference formation. In their study, subjects were presented with two faces and chose which was more attractive. By manipulating how long subjects were able to look at each face after an eye movement, Shimojo et al. (2003) showed that faces presented for a longer duration were more likely to be chosen as more attractive. However, a recent study from Nittono and Wada (2009) showed that an eye movement may not be necessary for this effect, as novel graphic patterns presented in the centre of the screen (thus requiring no eye movements) for longer durations were also more likely to be preferred. The purpose of the current study was to further investigate whether eye movements do have an active role in preference formation. The present study used the same paradigm as Shimojo et al.’s (2003) study. Subjects in Experiment 1 were presented with images of two real faces, alternatively (one for 900ms, one for 300ms) for six repetitions. There were 3 independent experimental conditions. One group were required to make eye movements to laterally presented faces and judge attractiveness (lateral attractiveness condition), a second were not required to make eye movements to centrally presented faces and judge attractiveness (central attractiveness condition). The third were required to make eye movements to laterally presented faces and judge roundness (lateral roundness condition). The findings indicated that subjects were more likely to choose the longer presented faces in the lateral attractiveness and central attractiveness conditions, but not the lateral roundness conditions. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 with the exception of the type of stimuli, which consisted of computer generated faces (CGFs). Subjects were more likely to choose the longer presented CGF in the lateral attractiveness, central attractiveness and lateral roundness conditions. The findings of the present study were not in line with Shimojo et al.’s (2003) previous findings, who found that faces presented for a longer duration were only preferred in the lateral attractiveness condition of their study. It is possible that the faces that are presented for the longer duration in the current paradigm are preferred due to the increase in exposure duration irrespective of an eye movement (as per the findings from Nittono and Wada, 2009). As it is unclear as to whether eye movements play an active role in preference formation, the findings of the present study have not been able to contribute to computational models of decision making.
Word Form Retrieval in Spoken Word Production
Authors:   , Singh Sunita Balbir
Published: November 2021

In the auditory picture-word interference task, participants name pictures whilst ignoring auditory distractor words. Previous studies have reported faster naming latencies when distractors are phonologically related to the target (e.g., tiger-typist) than when they are unrelated. By varying the position of overlap of the shared phonemes and the onset of the distractor, this task may provide valuable insights into the time course of phonological encoding. In the current study, participants named pictures while hearing distractor words that were: begin-related (e.g., letter-lesson); end-related (e.g., letter-otter); or unrelated to the target (e.g., letter-cabin). Distractor onsets varied from -200ms (before target) to +400ms (after target). The study was carried out in two phases: in the first phase, the task was administered to a group of 24 young control participants; in the second phase, it was administered to an individual with aphasia, NP, and a group of six older controls. Phonological facilitation effects of begin-related distractors displayed a fairly consistent pattern across the four distractor onsets for all participant groups. In almost all instances, these effects were significant but were noticeably stronger at early onsets especially around the onset of the target presentation, consistent with previous findings in the literature. Only NP showed strong begin-related facilitation effects at the latest onset. The end-related distractors however, produced somewhat different facilitation effects across the different groups. For the young controls and NP, these effects were stronger and significant at later onsets. The older controls only displayed marginally significant effects at 200ms after the target. Findings from the current study provide support for serial pattern of phoneme retrieval in multisyllabic words, in which a word‟s first syllable becomes available before later syllable(s).
What is the Relationship between Science and Spatial Conflict in Aquaculture? A New Zealand Case Study in Environmental Controversy
Authors:   , Collins Meghan
Published: November 2021

Aquaculture development in New Zealand (NZ) is a politically controversial topic that is reliant on science for decision-making. Aquaculture causes conflict over use of marine space because the ecosystem is rich with overlapping values and uses, such as recreation, fishing and biodiversity. Science helps decision-makers understand aquaculture's effects on other stakeholders and the environment. This case study investigates the role that science and scientists have in addressing spatial conflict in NZ aquaculture. This is approached from three angles: policy frameworks, scientific knowledge, and the challenges to utilising scientific knowledge in policy frameworks. Data were drawn from documentary analysis and fifty-two semi-structured interviews with members of the aquaculture policy community, marine scientists, and stakeholders in the marine ecosystem.

The results of this case study are as follows. First, the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) framework employs science to make normative planning decisions. Where there is controversy over planning decisions, science represents different interests in debates over spatial allocation. Second, regarding scientific knowledge, beliefs and policy goals for aquaculture science appear to be oriented towards commercial, civic and Māori epistemologies. Commercial science is the narrowest of the three for considering the full range of values in the debate over aquaculture. Third, when science is used in policy debates, interviewees perceive it to be politicized, revealing the assumption that science should be neutral and objective. Misinformation and mistrust of scientists are barriers to using science effectively to address spatial conflict.

This research suggests that science politicization of science may be a natural part of aquaculture development, which implies that the links between science and values must be made transparent to allow debate. It is necessary to ensure appropriate and adequate opportunity for deliberation about the principles and values for use and non-use of space. This removes the focus from employing 'right' and 'wrong' scientific facts to influence the political process. This type of debate is supported by civic-oriented science.
Shared Living, Shared Strength: Housing and Single Parenthood
Authors:   , Tam Wo Kwan
Published: November 2021

The number of single parent families in New Zealand is increasing. This household type is forecasted to represent twenty percent of all families in the country by 2021. Despite the growing concern over these families, the majority of New Zealand’s existing housing stock fails to address their housing needs.

Single parent families often hold the following housing needs as important – affordability, accessibility to services, a sense of community, safety and security, and a positive image. The research investigates how housing in New Zealand can be designed to fit more closely to these needs.

A review of architectural literature and leading practice is conducted to find the relevant architectural ideas that can help to address these needs. Ideas include alternative housing strategies (i.e. work-live arrangements, cohousing, mixed-use and integrated living), concepts for the creation of social space, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), guidelines for designing safer homes for children, methods of creating barrier-free design and approaches to reducing operating costs in housing.Through a reinterpretation of these ideas, a new housing exemplar is designed within the context of Wellington City. The research acknowledges that the design in this thesis is only supported in theory. An actual construction of a design with similar parameters is required in order to test and consolidate the ideas further. Nevertheless this thesis demonstrates how housing design can begin to service single parent families in New Zealand.
Heaven, Earth and Humans: Concept and Processes of Urban Vertical Regeneration
Authors:   , Tze Wei Loh
Published: November 2021

Rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, and capitalist developments have changed human values to be driven by materialistic developments instead of ecological developments. This has caused ecological and social crises visible in the urban fabric. There is an urgent need for us to address the question of how can we develop lifestyles that are truly holistic and able to regenerate well-being of humans and it's environments without external helps.

This thesis explores the interrelationships of feng shui and regenerative development. It attempts to show the recognition of feng shui as an integral to regenerative development that can regenerate urban environment and achieves humans' well-being and harmony with nature. The thesis believes it will need to first remedy urban areas in order to regenerate the rest of the earth. It will explore the process of regeneration from micro to macro levels using feng shui and regenerative development, where it seeks to regenerate the city holistically as a whole.

I propose that feng shui becomes an intrinsic model for regenerative development. This discipline is able to solve ecology degradation issues, to provide awareness and realisations of the intrinsic values of cities, and act as a paradigm shift towards achieving regenerative development. This thesis also propose that medium-rises compact city model, which integrate regenerative development and feng shui principles, as a better solution to solve densification of urbanisation compared to building high-rises and skyscrapers.
Using Georges Bataille in Art History: Informe, Figuration and Politics
Authors:   , Jackson Shane
Published: November 2021

The theories of the French intellectual Georges Bataille have had a significant influence on much recent arts practice and criticism. Bataille’s later work (c.1937–1962), however, is often overlooked in cultural practice and theory. In this later period his thought becomes richer; no less transgressive, no less excessive, and indubitably more philosophical. This thesis will argue the importance of using the chronological range of Bataille’s writing. In particular, it will redress the critical neglect in art history of his later work. The selective use of Bataille’s early work, especially the informe, in the American art history of Rosalind Krauss will be critiqued. The thesis will deploy concepts developed extensively in two late works, Inner Experience and The Accursed Share, to discuss the practice of two visual artists that do not figure in the type of methodology that Krauss adopts; the Anglo-Irish painter Francis Bacon and the Swiss installation artist Thomas Hirschhorn. Inner Experience, a work revolving around the theme of ‘limit-experience’, will be the catalyst in an analysis of the works of Francis Bacon. This thesis will demonstrate that although Bacon was an avowed atheist, he ventures to capture a sacred and impossible moment in his painting that parallels the “movement of contestation” in “inner experience.” The conception of economy developed in The Accursed Share derives from the germ of Bataille’s economic theory, first outlined in the 1933 essay “The Notion of Expenditure.” Thomas Hirschhorn’s practice and his desire to “work politically” will be examined from the perspective of Bataillean expenditure and the notion of general economy.
[Api]tecture: An Ecomimetic Design in Wellington City
Authors:   , Henden Bryce
Published: November 2021

By engaging with ecomimicry concepts, it is hypothesized that an architecture of mutual inhabitation, of bees and humans, can provide a model for a sustainable city. The research reviews current architectural literature within the field of ecomimicry and adapts key theories to inform an urban bee/human building in Wellington City. These theories inform seven design characteristics that the building preforms as a ‘living structure’ to accommodate bees, at the same time accommodating humans.

The research follows these seven design characteristics throughout the design process and applies them to an existing earthquake building within central Wellington City. The outcome of this research is a scenario where the relationship between humans and bees is synergistic and provides a model for an ecomimetic, sustainable architecture. The findings from this research suggest bees can co-inhabit with humans in an architecture that extracts aesthetic and sustainable principles that, in turn, can enrich the city.
Solar Photovoltaics in Pacific Island Nations: An Analysis of Rural Household Electrification Strategies in the RMI and Vanuatu
Authors:   , Ungaro Juliana
Published: November 2021

Rural electrification of Pacific Island Countries (PICs) through renewable energy is necessary for poverty alleviation, energy security, improved health, and to mitigate the effects of climate change, with solar PV being the preferred technological solution. However, electrification projects in PICs have had a high rate of failure, which has led to the adoption of various electrification strategies. This research has analysed the essential criteria for creating effective and enduring electrification models for rural household-scale electrification in PICs. A case study on self-initiated solar PV home systems (SHSs) demonstrated rural end-users‘ ability and desire to maintain SHSs of their own accord, while at the same time liberating their community of reliance on kerosene. The results suggested that market solutions that pay sufficient attention to social dimensions of project design and implementation are more likely to be successful in meeting end-users needs and providing enduring results. Such approaches have fewer organizational layers, allow for end-user participation and education, and encourage self-initiative. The need for such social solutions is well documented in the development literature, yet many of the electrification programs in PICs did not allocate sufficient funds to understanding and incorporating these social aspects. This research concludes that a proper balance in the overarching program design between the technical and social focus of projects is required, as each are equally important for project effectiveness and durability.
Geoengineering : ocean iron fertilisation and the law of the sea
Authors:   , Radcliffe Saadi
Published: November 2021

Climate change mitigation is one the greatest challenges facing humankind. Recent attempts at reducing carbon emissions have stalled. Various proposals have been made that aim to reduce the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide through geoengineering. One such technique is ocean iron fertilisation. This paper examines the current state of international law surrounding geoengineering practices involving the sea, with a predominant focus on ocean iron fertilisation, to evaluate the law’s appropriateness and effectiveness at regulating this conduct. This paper concludes that the current law lacks certainty and clarity. It proposes that the law would be more effective through a legally binding amendment to the London Convention and Protocol, stronger domestic legislation and the removal of economic incentives.
The Human Capital of Scandinavia?: Citizenship Dilemmas in the Cross-Border Øresund Region
Authors:   , Grace Toni Lucia
Published: November 2021

The Øresund Region of Eastern Denmark and Southern Sweden is an ambitious cross-border integration project, aiming to make the region “The Human Capital of Scandinavia”. Integration has deepened to include cross-border social rights, with regional proponents heralding the emergence of “Øresund citizens”. Yet the two welfare states, despite their common attributes, have developed dissimilar attitudes towards the rise of a multicultural society in recent years, establishing divergent national citizenship policies in response. This thesis uses the Øresund region as a critical case study, which contributes to wider European debates about the tension between regional freedom of movement and national determination over citizenship. To explore this regional integration — national citizenship nexus, this thesis asks; to what extent do divergent national citizenship models inhibit deeper cross-border integration and prospects for regional citizenship? Drawing on a range of primary and secondary information sources, including interviews with regional political actors, this thesis reveals how divergent national citizenship policies rouse political debate about belonging and entitlement of foreigners in the cross-border region. Discordant national citizenship policies have reinforced organisation and conceptual borders along national lines, revealing that the cultural proximity of these Nordic neighbours is no guarantee of seamless cross-border movement and integration. This thesis demonstrates that citizenship policies not only have a domestic impact but can also become a point of tension between member states, with implications for regional integration and citizenship.
Characterisation of the Mitochondrial Genome and the Population Genetics of Polyprion Oxygeneios (Hapuku) from Around New Zealand
Authors:   , Lane Henry Somerset
Published: November 2021

Polyprion oxygeneios (hapuku) is an important commercial and recreational fishery species within New Zealand. Moreover, P. oxygeneios are currently being developed as a high-value New Zealand aquaculture species. There have been no previous studies on New Zealand’s P. oxygeneios that have been able to detect genetic differences among samples, which may be of use to either broodstock or fisheries managers. An understanding of the genetic structure of commercially harvested species maximises the potential for sustainable harvesting through effective management schemes. The primary goal of this thesis was to investigate the population genetic structure of P. oxygeneios using molecular markers to analyse samples collected from sites within New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

The DNA sequence of the whole mitochondrial genome of P. oxygeneios was determined and it showed a similar structure and gene organisation to that of other species across a wide range of taxa. A set of species-specific control region primers was developed for P. oxygeneios and Polyprion americanus, and additional primers were designed for the 16S and ND6 genes of P. oxygeneios. A ~488 bp portion of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence from 274 individuals, and genotypes from 259 individuals using nine polymorphic microsatellite loci, were used to investigate the phylogeography and population genetic structure of P. oxygeneios. The mitochondrial DNA data failed to detect any significant differentiation between sample sites. However, the microsatellite DNA analyses showed that individuals sampled from the west coast of the South Island (Hokitika) were genetically distinct from individuals sampled at all other New Zealand sites. These two groups might be representative of two discrete populations of P. oxygeneios within New Zealand’s EEZ. These results suggest that the west coast South Island P. oxygeneios fishery should continue to be managed as a separate stock, with some possible revision of the Cook Strait fishery required. Analyses of the mtDNA and microsatellite DNA data of P. oxygeneios broodstock held at NIWA’s Bream Bay Aquaculture Park showed that they were not significantly differentiated from the wild populations (excluding Hokitika). Simulations also described the appropriate sampling efforts required to capture an appropriate level of genetic diversity when either establishing a new broodstock or supplementing an existing broodstock with new individuals. Continued management of the broodstock will be required to maintain the high levels of genetic diversity that have been captured in the founding broodstock in future generations.
Is there any other way? : port State jurisdiction as an alternative to the mandatory reflagging of deep water fishing vessels in New Zealand's EEZ
Authors:   , Curtis Henry
Published: November 2021

This paper examines the recent changes in New Zealand to require fishing vessels operating in New Zealand waters to be exclusively New Zealand flagged ships, rather than foreign charter vessels as has been practiced to date. Drawing on scholarship regarding the increase in States using measures of port State jurisdiction to regulate foreign vessels throughout zones both in and outside their jurisdiction, the paper asks the question; can a State regulate foreign fishing vessels in its EEZ in a manner consistent with its ability to regulate its own vessels? After establishing the scope of jurisdiction a State holds over vessels in its respective maritime zones (including its ports), this paper goes on to examine the cases of abuse, substandard vessel conditions, and underpayment of workers highlighted on foreign fishing vessels in New Zealand and their possible regulation. The paper ultimately concludes that the application of port State jurisdiction is limited in its ability to regulate foreign EEZ fishing vessels. While some aspects of foreign vessel operation in the EEZ can be regulated to the same extent as domestic vessels, the nature of some offences on board foreign fishing vessels leaves them beyond the jurisdiction of the coastal State.