bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Another method of using dynamic tribo-electrification mechanisms for measuring gas flowrate
Authors: Chang Y-P , Chou H-M , Horng R-F , Chu H-M
Published: June 2007

Another method of applying the dynamic tribo-electrification mechanisms in a gas flow sensor was studied experimentally in this paper. The gas used was nitrogen (N2) and the tribo-electrification mechanisms were from the incompatible pair (Pb/Fe) and the partially compatible pair (Cu/Fe) in dry severe wear condition. Generally, flow sensors using the dynamic tribo-electrification mechanisms will be sensitive for material pairs with high thermal eletromotive force, low specific heat, and thermal conductivity. For the incompatible pairs, results from this study revealed that the method was adequate for measuring small flowrate and only a small amount of masses was transferred from the soft metals to the iron, forming a very thin layer with a friction coefficient of less than 0.3. Moreover, variations of the tribo-electrification and friction coefficient with sliding time appeared to be very stable, indicate that the effect of N2 flowrate on tribo-electrification was significant. This effect of N2 flowrate and the average interface temperature rise were particularly pronounced at a N2 flowrate of less than 1001/min. Finally, a model to represent the tribo-electrification mechanisms of various soft metals sliding on iron in N2 gas flow was proposed.
Immunosuppression in rabbits: skin and kidney allografts
Authors: Green C. J.
Published: June 2007

Both skin and kidney allografts were at least partially protected from rejection by daily treatment with 1·0 mg/kg of prednisolone acetate. Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, antilymphocytic serum, and attempts to produce a tolerant state with prior grafting of specific donor antigen, all failed to alter the course of rejection.
An eye infection in laboratory mice associated with Pasteurella pneumotropica
Authors: Needham J. R. , Cooper J. E.
Published: June 2007

Pasteurella pneumotropica was isolated from cases of clinical conjunctivitis in mice. No isolates were obtained from normal mice.
Neuroleptanalgesic drug combinations in the anaesthetic management of small laboratory animals
Authors: Green C. J.
Published: June 2007

Trials of different drug combinations for use in rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats, hamsters and mice are described in detail and experience over a 5-year period evaluated. Combinations of fentanyl citrate, fluanisone and diazepam provided exceptionally good anaesthesia in each species and were considered superior to other injectable agents.
An epizootic outbreak of ringworm in a guinea-pig colony caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Authors: Pombier E. C. , Kim J. C. S.
Published: June 2007

The disease was characterized by loss of hair, initially occurring at the tip of the nose and spreading throughout the body. Lesions appeared as circular, scaley alopecia with occasional scarring. Although spread of the infection in the colony was random, the most severe infection occurred in an inbred line with light coat colour. The unusually high temperature and humidity, and the open type of outdoor management, appear to have contributed to the high incidence and severity of infection. Electron microscopic observation indicated that the organism multiplied in the keratin layer of the skin. The hyphae as well as chlamydospores were readily demonstrable by electron microscopy.
A survey of naturally occurring diseases of the Syrian hamster
Authors: Renshaw Harland W. , Van Hoosier G. L. , Amend Norine K.
Published: June 2007

Questionnaires on research activities, mortality rates observed in various age groups, extent of examination of dead hamsters, and natural disease conditions and their relative importance were returned by 24 of 43 organisations surveyed in the United States. The average preweaning mortality rate due to all causes was 11·9%. Comparative data from 6 organisations that raised 87880 hamsters in the calendar year 1971 indicated that 97·5% of total preweaning mortality was due to cannibalism. 13·7% of all animals died before use for experiments. 'Wet-tail' was the most frequently recognized disease (71%), and it was also listed as the most important. Pneumonia was recognized by 43% of the respondents and was most commonly listed as second in importance. A selective review of the literature is presented on those diseases recognized by more than one survey respondent.
Diet, mucosal architecture and epithelial cell production in the small intestine of specified-pathogen-free and conventional rats
Authors: Clarke Rufus M.
Published: June 2007

Upper jejunum and terminal ileum were examined in specified-pathogen-free (SPF), conventional and conventional after SPF rearing (ex-SPF) rats. The effect of 2 different diets on the last 2 groups was examined.

Ex-SPF rats had taller villi and deeper crypts than SPF rats, but similar crypt to villus ratios and cell production rates. Ex-SPF rats had similar crypt depth and jejunal villus height to conventional rats on the same diet, but taller ileal villi and a lower cell production rate. Even after 6-8 weeks in a conventional environment, ex-SPF rat intestine was still not identical with conventional rat intestine.

Diet had a significant effect on mucosal architecture, and a smaller effect on cell production rate.

It is concluded that diet, microbiological status of colony of origin, and environment after weaning, can all affect mucosal architecture and epithelial cell production, and should be properly controlled in experimental studies.
A review of 105 necropsies in captive baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Kim J. C. S. , Kalter S. S.
Published: June 2007

In contrast to the findings in newly caught baboons in Africa, the leading cause of death in captivity in America was a pneumonia and enteritis complex. Bacterial species such as Proteus morgani, Proteus mirabilis, Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas paracolon, pathogenic Escherichia coli and cocci have been isolated in association with a pneumoenteric syndrome of 35 newborn baboons, including neonates. The majority of these animals died with pulmonary factors such as anoxia and pneumonia.
The response of growing rats to a diet supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin
Authors: King J. O. L.
Published: June 2007

Ampicillin was included (25 mg/litre) in the drinking water supplied to growing rats over periods of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 weeks. 32 rats were used in each experimental period, half being given the antibiotic and half being left as controls. The antibiotic increased the liveweight gain in each period, the results being significant after the 2- and 4-week feeding periods. Significant decreases were observed in the average percentage weights of the spleens of the rats given the antibiotic at the end of all the feeding periods except one. The few other significant changes in the percentage weights of other organs were, with one exception, noted at or before the end of the 4th week.
The effects of captivity stress on the blood chemical values of the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Steyn D. G.
Published: June 2007

Baboons were trapped and transported to the colony within 3 days of being captured. Blood was collected on Tuesdays and Fridays for blood chemical determinations. The changes in albumin and globulin resulted in marked changes in the albumin: globulin ratio. Cholesterol values showed a sudden and marked drop and the values were still below normal at the end of 9 weeks. Blood sugar values increased to significantly elevated levels and marked changes occurred in the enzyme activity and plasma corticosteroid activity. Male and female animals differed in their response with regards to the values found in some parameters. A period of adaptation or conditioning of 8 weeks was found to be required for an animal to reach stability in its blood chemical values.
Lactobacillus sp. isolates from mouse livers: saprophyte or potential pathogen?
Authors: Green C. J. , Needham J. R. , Cooper J. E.
Published: June 2007

Over a 3-year sampling period Lactobacillus sp. has been isolated from the livers of barrier-maintained and conventional mice. Serology has failed to detect presence of mouse hepatitis virus antibodies in any of these mice. Histopathological examination revealed only mild fatty change and small monocytic infiltrates.
The effect of sampling technique on some blood parameters in the rat
Authors: Upton P. K. , Morgan D. J.
Published: June 2007

When used to restrain rats while obtaining cardiac blood, there was little difference between the effects of ether, pentobarbitone sodium, and fentanyl plus droperidol on acid-base balance, haemoglobin, haematocrit, plasma protein, calcium and magnesium. The use of manual restraint increased blood acidity, plasma protein, calcium and magnesium, but decreased blood glucose. Haemoglobin and haematocrit values were higher for tail blood than for blood removed from the heart or abdominal aorta.
Thymectomy in the neonatal rat
Authors: Hard Gordon C.
Published: June 2007

A method for removal of the thymus in the newborn rat employing measures aimed at reducing the mortality incurred by the surgical procedure, cannibalism and infection is described in detail. Tranquilisation of the dam, sterile technique, magnification of the operative site for thymus aspiration, warming to 37°C during the recovery phase, and application of pheromones to the offspring prior to their reunion with the dam, all proved important in increasing the survival rate.
The effect of sampling technique on acid-base balance and other blood parameters in the sheep
Authors: Morgan D. J. , Upton P. K.
Published: June 2007

The effect of 4 sampling routines-venipuncture, intravenous cannula, intravenous cannula following the administration of a tranquiliser (xylidino dihydrothiazine hydrochloride), intravenous cannula following exercise-were compared. Blood pH and base excess values were similar after venipuncture and cannula sampling, but higher ( P<0·05) after the administration of the tranquiliser and lower ( P<0·05) following exercise. Blood haemoglobin, haematocrit and lactate levels followed this pattern, while plasma protein levels were similar for all treatments except after exercise, where they were higher ( P<0·05). The recovery of various blood parameters to normal values after a period of exercise was also studied: acidbase balance had returned to near normal within 60 min, while haemoglobin and haematocrit levels had returned to normal within 10 min.
Management of marmosets for biomedical research
Authors: Hearn J. P. , Lunn S. F. , Burden F. J. , Pilcher M. M.
Published: June 2007

The management of a successful breeding colony of common marmosets, Catlithrix jacchus, is described, including details of treatment during the conditioning period after arrival from the wild. Methods are described for the collection of blood, urine, and vaginal washings. Suggestions are made for improving the conditions of importation of these animals from South America.
Topical application of a chlordane-containing ectoparasiticide: effect on the plasma half-life of warfarin in dogs
Authors: Bachmann K. A. , Burkman A. M.
Published: June 2007

Brief exposure of dogs to topical chlordane solutions resulted in a significant and long-lasting decrease in the biological half-life of orally administered warfarin. The effect is presumed to be an expression of chlordane's well-documented inductive effect on hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes and its long-term storage in fat depots. The facility with which chlordane is absorbed through the intact skin of dogs may render casually-treated animals unsuitable for subsequent pharmacologic study for long periods of time.
Enterotoxaemia in chinchillas
Authors: Moore R. W. , Greenlee H. H.
Published: June 2007

Clostridium perfringens (type D) toxin was identified as the cause of sudden deaths in chinchillas. The highest incidence was at 2-4 months of age. Only a few were observed with clinical signs before death occurred. A vaccination program was highly effective.
The origins of some hitherto undescribed inbred mouse strains
Authors: Hall W. H. , Simpson L. O.
Published: June 2007

The origins of 7 inbred mouse strains (OUBW, OUCW, OUGW, OUYW, OUBCr, OUF and OUW) are reported. 6 of these strains have been in existence for a number of years, and 4 of them have not been mentioned in the literature. 2 of the strains have been referred to in published work, but because of incorrect designation may have caused some confusion. The remaining strain (OUBCr), which has considerable research potential, has been developed from a mutation in an NZB subline.
The microbiological and parasitological colonisation of specified-pathogen-free mice maintained in a conventional animal house
Authors: Taylor R. J. , Doy T. G.
Published: June 2007

2 groups of 44 specified-pathogen-free (SPF) mice, caged in groups of 4, were housed at weaning either in isolation in a building housing conventionally-reared animals, or in contact with those animals. 4 mice from each group were examined for microbiological flora and 4 for parasites at intervals for up to 90 days after transfer. Proscribed bacteria were isolated from the 'in contact' group after 42 days and endoparasites were observed by 16 days and thereafter. No proscribed bacteria were isolated from the other group, although some endoparasites were observed by 16 days. Proscribed bacteria were shown to be present in the conventionally-reared animals at weaning and ecto- and endoparasites by day 16 and thereafter.

It is suggested that it may be possible to maintain SPF animals outside a SPF Unit for short periods of time, and that with great care the animals remain free of proscribed microflora.
Clinical use of CT1341 anaesthetic ('Saffan') in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Phillips I. R. , Grist Sue M.
Published: June 2007

An intramuscular dose of 18 mg/kg bodyweight of this steroid anaesthetic produced surgical anaesthesia with rapid induction, safe, efficient maintenance and rapid recovery without side effects.
Diagnosis of pregnancy in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Mitchell Sandra J. , Jones S. M.
Published: June 2007

3 techniques for studying reproductive function in the marmoset are described. Abdominal palpation was found to be the most successful method for diagnosis of pregnancy. Vaginal cytology and urinary immunoassays met with limited success and were of supportive value only.
Growth of Nosema cuniculi in established cell lines
Authors: Waller T.
Published: June 2007

Growth patterns of Nosema cuniculi ( Encephalitozoon cuniculi) in cell cultures of bovine kidney, canine kidney, feline lung, and rabbit kidney were studied. All cell cultures used were easy to manage and the last 3 are commercially-available established cell lines. The dog kidney cells were the most suitable for large-scale production of Nosema. When grown in plastic flasks with a bottom area of 75 cm2, the weekly yield from Nosema-infected canine kidney cells during the 10th to 17th week after inoculation was between 4·1 x 107 and 9·9 x 107 spores per flask. An equilibrium was obtained between the Nosema infection and the kidney cells during this time.

A simple method for estimating the numbel of harvested spores is also described.
Effect of litter size on milk yield in the rat
Authors: Morag M. , Popliker F. , Yagil R.
Published: June 2007

The amount of milk removed from rats during 1 hour's suckling after a separation period of 8 hours was estimated by weighing their pups. In the 1st experiment litters of 9 pups were suckled by all rats. At test sucklings held daily on days 6-15 of lactation, pups were reallocated to give 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 pups per dam. The largest amount of milk was removed at suckling by groups of 12 pups.

In a 2nd experiment, rats were constantly sucked by litters of either 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 pups from birth to slaughter at 15 days post partum. Rats with 12 and 15 pups yielded the most milk, nearly twice as much as those suckling only 6 or 9 pups. Litters of 3 pups consumed less than 1/3 of the amount consumed by litters of 6 or 9 pups.
Some pathogenic aspects of murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) in rats
Authors: Perk K. , Sims H.
Published: June 2007

The oncogenic effect of the murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) was tested in rats. Host-age and virus-dose dependent variations in the pathogenic spectrum were found. Four tumour 'stages' were described: progressively lethal; lethal after long stationary period; complete tumour regression; tumour reoccurrence after complete regression. Virus recovery was highest from the progressively growing tumours and in the reoccurred neoplasms, while no virus was found in stationary tumours or in those sites where regression had occurred. Tumour onset and death was more rapid and frequent when inoculation of the virus was in muscle-rich tissues. When inoculation was into different visceral organs or intravenously, tumour development still occurred primarily in muscle tissue.
Comparative haematology, haemochemistry and electrocardiography of the slender loris and bonnet monkey
Authors: Rahaman Hafeezur , Srihari K. , Krishnamoorthy R. V.
Published: June 2007

The female loris had a higher erythrocyte count than the male whereas in the bonnet monkey the converse occurred. Sex differences were seen in the neutrophil and leucocyte counts, but not in the eosinophils and monocytes. The loris exhibited high potassium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate levels, while the bonnet monkey showed a relatively high level of sugar and haemoglobin. The loris showed higher percentages of blood cholesterol and urea. There were species-dependent variations in the plasma proteins independent of the sex. The electrocardiographic patterns did not reveal sex differences in either animal. However the conventional II lead revealed species specific differences in the duration and the component wave form amplitudes of these animals. The haematological and electrocardiographic differences have been correlated with differences in physiology and physical activity patterns of these animals. The present data suggests that a gradual reduction in the number of lymphocytes and an increase in the number of neutrophils occurred during the course of the evolution of primates.
Differences in blood values depending on age in laboratory-bred european hamsters (Cricetus cricetus L.)
Authors: Emminger Adelheid , Reznik G. , Reznik-Schüller Hildegard , Mohr U.
Published: June 2007

No significant differences in blood parameters were found between males and females aged 13-900 days. A comparison of the various age groups showed significant differences in the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes and in the diameter of red blood cells. The number of erythrocytes and leucocytes was lowest, and the erythrocytes had the largest diameters in young animals. The number of thrombocytes was lowest in older animals.
Breeding nude (nu/nu) mice
Authors: Hetherington C. M. , Hegan Moira A.
Published: June 2007

By using as sires homozygous nude males bearing thymus glands from their normal siblings, heterozygous females yield 50% nu/nu offspring under conventional conditions. Most nu/nu females are fertile, but in our experience only 20% of them rear nude litters to weaning age.
Biochemical parameters in the patas monkey
Authors: Paterson Michael
Published: June 2007

Various difficulties are encountered when applying certain routine clinical chemistry procedures to biological material from patas monkeys. The wide range of results found in the immature monkey, together with findings which in the human subject would be grossly abnormal, are described.
When high achievers and low achievers work in the same group: The roles of group heterogeneity and processes in project‐based learning
Authors: Wing‐yi Cheng Rebecca. , Lam Shui‐fong. , Chung‐yan Chan Joanne.
Published: June 2007

Background. There has been an ongoing debate about the inconsistent effects of heterogeneous ability grouping on students in small group work such as project‐based learning.

Aim. The present research investigated the roles of group heterogeneity and processes in project‐based learning. At the student level, we examined the interaction effect between students' within‐group achievement and group processes on their self‐ and collective efficacy. At the group level, we examined how group heterogeneity was associated with the average self‐ and collective efficacy reported by the groups.

Sample. The participants were 1,921 Hong Kong secondary students in 367 project‐based learning groups.

Method. Student achievement was determined by school examination marks. Group processes, self‐efficacy and collective efficacy were measured by a student‐report questionnaire. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to analyse the nested data.

Results. When individual students in each group were taken as the unit of analysis, results indicated an interaction effect of group processes and students' within‐group achievement on the discrepancy between collective‐ and self‐efficacy. When compared with low achievers, high achievers reported lower collective efficacy than self‐efficacy when group processes were of low quality. However, both low and high achievers reported higher collective efficacy than self‐efficacy when group processes were of high quality. With 367 groups taken as the unit of analysis, the results showed that group heterogeneity, group gender composition and group size were not related to the discrepancy between collective‐ and self‐efficacy reported by the students.

Conclusions. Group heterogeneity was not a determinant factor in students' learning efficacy. Instead, the quality of group processes played a pivotal role because both high and low achievers were able to benefit when group processes were of high quality.
Medical and Economic Long-term Effects of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Testing in Patients with Acute Dyspnea
Authors: Breidthardt Tobias , Laule Kirsten , Strohmeyer Anne-Henny , Schindler Christian , Meier Sophie , Fischer Michael , Scholer André , Noveanu Markus , Christ Michael , Perruchoud André P , Mueller Christian
Published: June 2007

Background: The objective of this prospective study was to assess the medical and economic long-term effects of using B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations in the management of patients with acute dyspnea.

Methods: We performed follow-up analysis of the B-Type Natriuretic Peptide for Acute Shortness of Breath Evaluation, a randomized study including 452 patients who presented to the emergency department with acute dyspnea. Participants were randomly assigned to a diagnostic strategy involving the rapid measurement of BNP concentrations (n = 225) or standard assessment (n = 227). Mortality was assessed at 720 days, morbidity and economic data at 360 days.

Results: BNP testing induced several important changes in initial patient management, including a reduction in the initial hospital admission rate, the use of intensive care, and initial time to discharge. At 720 days, 172 deaths had occurred. Cumulative all-cause 720-day mortality was not different between the BNP group (37%) and the control group (36%, P = 0.6). Morbidity as reflected by days spent in-hospital at 360 days was significantly lower in the BNP group [median 12 days ([interquartile range 2–28 days)] compared with the control group [median 16 (7–32)] days, P = 0.025]. Functional status was similar in both groups. Economic outcome as quantified by total treatment cost at 360 days was significantly improved in the BNP group (mean $10 144 vs $12 748 in the control group, P = 0.008).

Conclusions: Rapid BNP testing in patients with acute dyspnea has no effect on long-term mortality. However, morbidity as quantified by days spent in-hospital and economic outcome are still improved at 360 days.
Experimental Hyperhomocysteinemia Reduces Bone Quality in Rats
Authors: Herrmann Markus , Wildemann Britt , Claes Lutz , Klohs Stefan , Ohnmacht Michael , Taban-Shomal Omid , Hübner Ulrich , Pexa Anette , Umanskaya Natalia , Herrmann Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

Background: Recently, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) has been suggested as a new risk factor for osteoporosis. This study investigated if HHCY is a causal osteoporotic factor in vivo.

Methods: We used 3 groups of rats: a control group (n = 20), a moderate HHCY group (induced by a 2.4% methionine-enriched diet, n = 10), and an intermediate HHCY group (induced by a 2% homocystine-enriched diet, n = 10). We measured bone fragility [maximum force of an axial compression test (Fmax)], bone area as percentage of total area (BAr/TAr, histomorphometry), and biochemical bone turnover markers [osteocalcin (OC) and collagen I C-terminal crosslaps (CTx)].

Results: Compared with controls, 3 months of moderate or intermediate HHCY increased mean (SD) bone fragility at the femoral neck by 18% (6%) in methionine-fed (P = 0.001) and 36% (13%) in homocystine-fed rats (P <0.001). Mean (SD) BAr/TAr at the distal femur in methionine and homocystine groups was decreased by 45% (21%; P = 0.001) and 93% (9%; P = 0.001), respectively. At the femoral neck, BAr/TAr was decreased by 19% (11%; P <0.001) and 55% (19%; P <0.001). At the lumbar spine, the reduction of BAr/TAr was 17% (23%; P = 0.099) and 44% (19%; P <0.001). Plasma OC (bone formation marker) was decreased by 23% (20%; P = 0.006) and 34% (21%; P <0.001). Plasma CTx (bone resorption marker) did not differ between groups.

Conclusion: Bone quality is consistently decreased in the presence of increased circulating homocysteine. The results provide evidence that HHCY is a causal osteoporotic factor.
Development of a Sensitive Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay with an Internal Control to Detect and Quantify Chikungunya Virus
Authors: Laurent Philippe , Le Roux Karin , Grivard Philippe , Bertil Gérard , Naze Florence , Picard Miguel , Staikowsky Frédérik , Barau Georges , Schuffenecker Isabelle , Michault Alain
Published: June 2007

Background: The chikungunya virus (CHIKV; Alphavirus, Togaviridae) has emerged in the south Western Indian Ocean since early 2005. A major outbreak of CHIKV infection occurred in Réunion Island, where the virus is transmitted by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Facing an outbreak of unprecedented magnitude, we developed a rapid, sensitive, and reliable assay for the detection and quantification of CHIKV in plasma samples.

Methods: A dual-color TaqMan 1-step reverse transcriptase PCR assay was developed in a LightCycler 2.0 system. A coextracted and coamplified chimerical RNA sequence was used as an internal control (IC) to eliminate false-negative results. The CHIKV-specific and IC probes were labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (530 nm) and the wide span dye DYXL (705 nm), respectively, eliminating the need for color compensation. A synthetic RNA was used as an external calibrator for CHIKV absolute quantification.

Results: The detection limit was 350 copies/mL (3 copies/capillary). A further improvement to ∼40 copies/mL was obtained by use of a larger volume of plasma. The assay specificity was confirmed in vitro and in silico. CHIKV in 343 patients was present at viral loads >108 copies/mL, mainly in newborns and seniors >60 years old. Long viremic phases of up to 12 days were seen in 6 patients.

Conclusions: The assay is rapid, CHIKV-specific, and highly sensitive, and it includes an IC. It proved useful to detect and quantify CHIKV during the Réunion Island epidemic. The assay might be applicable to other CHIKV epidemics, especially in the Indian subcontinent, where an extensive outbreak is ongoing.
Assessing Quality and Functionality of DNA from Fresh and Archival Dried Blood Spots and Recommendations for Quality Control Guidelines
Authors: Sjöholm Malin Ida Linnea , Dillner Joakim , Carlson Joyce
Published: June 2007

Background: Dried blood spots (DBS) are a convenient and inexpensive method for biobanking. Although many countries have established population-based DBS biobanks from neonatal screening programs, the quality and usefulness of DNA from DBS have not been extensively assessed.

Methods: We compared 4 common DNA extraction methods (Qiagen, EZNA, Chelex 100, and alkaline lysis) in a pilot study using fresh DBS with known lymphocyte count. We assessed suitability for multiple displacement amplification (MDA) and subsequent single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses. We selected the EZNA method for DNA extraction from archival samples up to 27 years old, stored at room temperature or −20 °C, and SNP analyses were performed after MDA.

Results: Extraction using alkaline lysis failed in most tests, and Chelex 100 was unsuccessful in real-time PCR, whereas the EZNA and Qiagen methods were successful by all evaluated quality indices. DNA extraction by EZNA, MDA, and SNP analyses were successful for the archival samples stored at −20 °C.

Conclusion: Routine protocols for evaluation of the quality and functional integrity of DNA based on DNA yield, DNA size, and quantification of amplifiable DNA allow use of sufficient template for MDA and successful SNP analyses from both primary DBS extract and MDA product. A single 3-mm disc can yield sufficient DNA for several thousand SNP analyses. DNA from DBS is thus suitable for genetic epidemiology studies.
Editorial
Authors: Spranger Tade M
Published: June 2007

Not only the Korean “stem cell scandal” showed that particularly sensitive questions are connected to oocyte donation: A couple of months ago, the British Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority has decided that women will be allowed to donate their egg cells to research, both as an altruistic donor or in conjunction with their own IVF treatment; given that the medical risks of donating for research purposes are no higher than for treatment, it should be the woman's choice of how her donated eggs should be used. In addition to that, as
New Spanish legislation for biomedical research
Authors: Terribas Núria
Published: June 2007

The Spanish legislation on new technologies and their application to human reproduction and research has been significantly modified during the last few years. Spain is nowadays one of the most advanced and permissive European countries on human transplants, assisted human reproduction and embryo research.
Deviation / Red vs. Blue: The Blood Gulch Chronicles
Authors: Chien Irene
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Machinima are computer-animated films shot within video games that expose possibilities and pitfalls in the increasing convergence of cinema and video games. By satirically dramatizing the inner lives of video game characters, machinima works Deviation and Red vs. Blue undermine the cycle of combat and death that drives first-person shooters.
“What is your favorite word?” Myth and Method Inside the Actors Studio
Authors: Esch Kevin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The cable television show Inside the Actors Studio struggles to preserve a mythology of film acting as it negotiates the consumerism of the Hollywood industry. This negotiation happens both through the show's orientation to the talk-show genre and the function and impact of its polarizing host James Lipton.
Small-Scale System for the Mass Production of Rotifers Using Algal Paste
Authors: Pfeiffer Timothy J , Ludwig Gerald M
Published: June 2007

Rotifers are a dominant zooplankton that are a preferred prey for some larval fish and are used by culturists during larval fish culture. The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is a brackish-water species suited for mass culture because it is prolific and can tolerate a wide variety of environmental conditions. Although the culture of this rotifer has been well documented, little information is available regarding the use of concentrated algal paste for the production of B. plicatilis. Thus, we investigated algal paste for rotifer production. Rotifers were cultured in four translucent, low-density polyethylene tanks with a culture volume of 45 L of artificial seawater. The feed solution was a mixture of commercially available Nannochloropsis algal paste and artificial seawater. During a 21-d culture period, the rotifer population in each of four tanks was maintained between 500 and 1,500 rotifers/mL. A volume of 15 L was harvested when the rotifer count was 1,500 rotifers/mL or more. The results indicated that the simple and inexpensive use of a concentrated algal paste as a food source is suitable for the production of rotifers.
The Use of Black Fly Larvae as a Food Source for Hatchery-Reared Lake Sturgeon
Authors: Klassen Cheryl N , Peake Stephan J
Published: June 2007

Live and frozen black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) were incorporated into the diets of larval lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in 2002 and 2005 for a 6-week period to determine whether fish would accept this invertebrate diet more readily than conventional bloodworm (Diptera: Chironomidae) diets. In 2002, daily feedings of live black fly larvae within an 8-h period resulted in a mean survival rate of 37%. Adjusting the diet regime in 2005 (i.e., initial diet of brine shrimp Artemia spp., two daily feedings within a 14-h period, and diet transition periods of 3, 5, and 7 d) resulted in overall mean survival rates greater than 80%. Survival of lake sturgeon transitioned to black fly larvae was significantly better than that of control groups transitioned to bloodworms over 3 d and statistically similar to that of bloodworm-fed groups transitioned over 5 and 7 d. Fewer feedings and lower daily rations of black fly larvae in comparison with bloodworms did not result in differences between the final mean mass of fish in 2005. We conclude that frozen black fly larvae can reduce the effort required to transition lake sturgeon from an initial diet of brine shrimp without compromising current survival and growth standards achieved with bloodworm diets.
Effects of Dietary Protein Concentration and l-Carnitine on Growth, Processing Yield, and Body Composition of Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish F1 Hybrids
Authors: Li Menghe H , Robinson Edwin H , Bosworth Brian G
Published: June 2007

A study was conducted in earthen ponds to evaluate effects of dietary protein concentration and l-carnitine supplementation on feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), processing yield, and body composition of hybrid catfish (female channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × male blue catfish I. furcatus). Hybrid catfish fingerlings with a mean initial weight of 66 g/fish were stocked into twenty 0.04-ha earthen ponds at a density of 17,290 fish/ha. Five ponds were randomly allotted to each dietary treatment in a complete randomized design. Fish were fed one of three practical diets containing 28, 32, or 36% crude protein without l-carnitine and a 28% protein diet containing l-carnitine at 500 mg/kg once daily to apparent satiation for a 151-d growing season. Dietary protein levels ranging from 28% to 36% did not affect feed consumption, weight gain, or FCR of catfish hybrids fed to apparent satiation. Fish fed the 36% protein diet had a higher fillet yield than fish fed the 28% protein diet, whereas fish fed the 32% protein diet had intermediate fillet yield and fillet fat, which were not different from those of fish fed the 28% and 36% protein diets. The fillet fat concentration was lower in fish fed the 36% protein diet than in those fed lower-protein diets. Supplementation of l-carnitine at 500 mg/kg in the diet did not affect feed consumption, weight gain, FCR, or processing yield, but there was a trend toward a reduction in fillet fat level. Results from this study indicate that body fatness of channel catfish × blue catfish hybrids was reduced by feeding them a high-protein (36%) diet and that l-carnitine had a mild effect on fat reduction in hybrid catfish fed a 28% protein diet.
Markers and Methods for Cell Sorting of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cell Populations
Authors: Pruszak Jan , Sonntag Kai-Christian , Aung Moe Hein , Sanchez-Pernaute Rosario , Isacson Ole
Published: June 2007

Neural cells differentiated in vitro from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) exhibit broad cellular heterogeneity with respect to developmental stage and lineage specification. Here, we describe standard conditions for the use and discovery of markers for analysis and cell selection of hESC undergoing neuronal differentiation. To generate better-defined cell populations, we established a working protocol for sorting heterogeneous hESC-derived neural cell populations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Using genetically labeled synapsin-green fluorescent protein-positive hESC-derived neurons as a proof of principle, we enriched viable differentiated neurons by FACS. Cell sorting methodology using surface markers was developed, and a comprehensive profiling of surface antigens was obtained for immature embryonic stem cell types (such as stage-specific embryonic antigen [SSEA]-3, -4, TRA-1-81, TRA-1-60), neural stem and precursor cells (such as CD133, SSEA-1 [CD15], A2B5, forebrain surface embryonic antigen-1, CD29, CD146, p75 [CD271]), and differentiated neurons (such as CD24 or neural cell adhesion molecule [NCAM; CD56]). At later stages of neural differentiation, NCAM (CD56) was used to isolate hESC-derived neurons by FACS. Such FACS-sorted hESC-derived neurons survived in vivo after transplantation into rodent brain. These results and concepts provide (a) a feasible approach for experimental cell sorting of differentiated neurons, (b) an initial survey of surface antigens present during neural differentiation of hESC, and (c) a framework for developing cell selection strategies for neural cell-based therapies.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Clonal Multipotency of Skeletal Muscle-Derived Stem Cells Between Mesodermal and Ectodermal Lineage
Authors: Tamaki Tetsuro , Okada Yoshinori , Uchiyama Yoshiyasu , Tono Kayoko , Masuda Maki , Wada Mika , Hoshi Akio , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Akatsuka Akira
Published: June 2007

The differentiation potential of skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) after in vitro culture and in vivo transplantation has been extensively studied. However, the clonal multipotency of MDSCs has yet to be fully determined. Here, we show that single skeletal muscle-derived CD34−/CD45− (skeletal muscle-derived double negative [Sk-DN]) cells exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, vasculogenic, and neural cell lineages after in vivo single cell-derived single sphere implantation and in vitro clonal single cell culture. Muscles from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice were enzymatically dissociated and sorted based on CD34 and CD45. Sk-DN cells were clone-sorted into a 96-well plate and were cultured in collagen-based medium with basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor for 14 days. Individual colony-forming units (CFUs) were then transplanted directly into severely damaged muscle together with 1 × 105 competitive carrier Sk-DN cells obtained from wild-type mice muscle expanded for 5 days under the same culture conditions using 35-mm culture dishes. Four weeks after transplantation, implanted GFP+ cells demonstrated differentiation into endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and neural cell (Schwann cell) lineages. This multipotency was also confirmed by expression of mRNA markers for myogenic (MyoD, myf5), neural (Musashi-1, Nestin, neural cell adhesion molecule-1, peripheral myelin protein-22, Nucleostemin), and vascular (α-smooth muscle actin, smoothelin, vascular endothelial-cadherin, tyrosine kinase-endothelial) stem cells by clonal (single-cell derived) single-sphere reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Approximately 70% of clonal CFUs exhibited expression of all three cell lineages. These findings support the notion that Sk-DN cells are a useful tool for damaged muscle-related tissue reconstitution by synchronized vasculogenesis, myogenesis, and neurogenesis.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Engineering children's physical activity: making active choices easy
Authors: Nelson N. M. , Woods C. B.
Published: June 2007

Regular participation in physical activity provides physical, social and mental benefits to young peoples' health and well-being; however, there is increasing concern that large numbers of children and adolescents are doing insufficient physical activity to obtain health benefits. The physical environment is a major factor in providing opportunities to be physically active. In order to plan, design and manage cities that make children happy and safe, it is paramount to consider how children experience their environment, and which specific features of the physical environment are related to their physical activity and consequently their health. This review proposes that physical activity has been engineered out of the daily lives of children through transportation systems, land-use patterns and neighbourhood designs that inhibit play and walking or cycling to school. Research suggests that changing the built environment is a promising strategy in fighting youth inactivity. This will be best achieved through the identification of features of the engineered environment that support or inhibit physical activity. Intervention is required through environmental, policy and legislative changes to make active choices easy.
Inclusive design: planning public urban spaces for children
Authors: Haider J.
Published: June 2007

This paper critically examines questions of inclusive design and planning to encourage children's spatial mobility in public spaces. This perspective is based on three interrelated premises: first, public space must be inclusive for children and youth, and their spatial mobility in civic events, activities and gatherings must be encouraged via planning and design. Second, an intergenerational perspective is indispensable to the task of rejuvenating lost public space for the young. Third, a participatory approach to the planning and design of the public realm is central to the creation of an inclusive environment. The paper identifies design attributes of public spaces that encourage children's mobility and emphasises the need for children's active participation in decision making.
Creating child friendly cities: the case of Denver, USA
Authors: Kingston B. , Wridt P. , Chawla L. , van Vliet W. , Brink L.
Published: June 2007

Referencing the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as the basis to make cities more supportive of children's needs, this paper discusses the emergence and characteristics of child friendly cities. It then reviews the development of an initiative in Denver, Colorado, to become the number one child friendly city in the USA, and describes Learning Landscapes and Safe Routes to School as examples of community-based efforts currently underway. The conclusion draws lessons from the experience so far.
Production-Data Analysis of Single-Phase (Gas) Coalbed-Methane Wells
Authors: Clarkson C. R. , Bustin R. M. , Seidle J. P.
Published: June 2007

Coalbed-methane (CBM) reservoirs commonly exhibit two-phase-flow (gas plus water) characteristics; however, commercial CBM production is possible from single-phase (gas) coal reservoirs, as demonstrated by the recent development of the Horseshoe Canyon coals of western Canada. Commercial single-phase CBM production also occurs in some areas of the low-productivity Fruitland Coal, south-southwest of the high-productivity Fruitland Coal Fairway in the San Juan basin, and in other CBM-producing basins of the continental United States. Production data of single-phase coal reservoirs may be analyzed with techniques commonly applied to conventional reservoirs. Complicating application, however, is the unique nature of CBM reservoirs; coal gas-storage and -transport mechanisms differ substantially from conventional reservoirs. Single-phase CBM reservoirs may also display complex reservoir behavior such as multilayer characteristics, dual-porosity effects, and permeability anisotropy.

The current work illustrates how single-well production-data-analysis (PDA) techniques, such as type curve, flowing material balance (FMB), and pressure-transient (PT) analysis, may be altered to analyze single-phase CBM wells. Examples of how reservoir inputs to the PDA techniques and subsequent calculations are modified to account for CBM-reservoir behavior are given. This paper demonstrates, by simulated and field examples, that reasonable reservoir and stimulation estimates can be obtained from PDA of CBM reservoirs only if appropriate reservoir inputs (i.e., desorption compressibility, fracture porosity) are used in the analysis. As the field examples demonstrate, type-curve, FMB, and PT analysis methods for PDA are not used in isolation for reservoir-property estimation, but rather as a starting point for single-well and multiwell reservoir simulation, which is then used to history match and forecast CBM-well production (e.g., for reserves assignment).

CBM reservoirs have the potential for permeability anisotropy because of their naturally fractured nature, which may complicate PDA. To study the effects of permeability anisotropy upon production, a 2D, single-phase, numerical CBM-reservoir simulator was constructed to simulate single-well production assuming various permeability-anisotropy ratios. Only large permeability ratios (>16:1) appear to have a significant effect upon single-well production characteristics.

Multilayer reservoir characteristics may also be observed with CBM reservoirs because of vertical heterogeneity, or in cases where the coals are commingled with conventional (sandstone) reservoirs. In these cases, the type-curve, FMB, and PT analysis techniques are difficult to apply with confidence. Methods and tools for analyzing multilayer CBM (plus sand) reservoirs are presented. Using simulated and field examples, it is demonstrated that unique reservoir properties may be assigned to individual layers from commingled (multilayer) production in the simple two-layer case.
Development of Dope-Free Premium Connections For Casing and Tubing
Authors: Leech Andrew , Roberts Alun
Published: June 2007

Removing API dope from the makeup process of threaded premium connections during casing and tubing operations not only reduces the risk of contamination of the local environment but also provides a cleaner and safer working area. Conversely, the removal of the antigalling property inherent in API dope greatly increases the risk of galling damage to connections during power-tight makeup.

This paper describes various tests carried out to evaluate manufacturers' claims of having successfully improved the galling resistance of premium connections by electro-depositing a white bronze (45%Cu-55%Sn) alloy onto couplings manufactured from high-chrome materials. Galling resistance was measured by subjecting several test coupons plated with copper and various alloy compositions to a series of tests designed to generate high stresses to threaded surfaces. The paper also shows through experimentation how the correct amount of preload was achieved in a premium connection's gas-tight seal by applying a thin lubricating layer (also referred to as a protective film) to both pin and box threads.