bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making assessment work: A synthesis and future directions
Authors: Roger Sell G.
Published: October 2006

While some guidelines and caveats can be garnered from the theory and practice of others, each institution is faced with resolving some key issues that will help shape the future of assessment in higher education.
Interinstitutional comparisons for decision making
Authors: Glover Robert H. , Mills Michael R.
Published: October 2006

Colleges and universities are effective to varying degrees in managing the boundary relationships between institutions and their environments on terms that are favorable for continued survival, growth, and improvement.
Communication across the boundaries
Authors: Gratz Robert D. , Salem Philip J.
Published: October 2006

Colleges and universities can span boundaries effectively only if they plan for communication, and yet this central activity is often oversimplified or regarded as unmanageable.
Strategies for the 1990s
Authors: Chaffee Ellen Earle
Published: October 2006

Higher education needs planning strategies that will increase quality and productivity and decrease cost in the 1990s.
A president's view of the 1990s
Authors: Mortimer Kenneth P. , Edwards Sheila R.
Published: October 2006

The authors discuss trends in higher education in the 1990s and the planning implications for college and university presidents.
Adapting faculty personnel policies
Authors: Pence James L.
Published: October 2006

Adapting faculty personnel policies through creation or revision of a faculty handbook may respond constructively to change or, more important, may serve as a catalyst for change that extends to programs, administrative organization, and even the campus culture.
The demographic imperative: Changing to serve America's expanding minority population
Authors: Rainsford George N.
Published: October 2006

Lynchburg College's Program for Institutional Change offers one model for the adaptations that higher education must make in order to reply to the fact that by the year 2020 one of every three Americans will be a member of a minority group.
Planning for career improvement
Authors: McDade Sharon A.
Published: October 2006

Professional development activities are a key way to improve job performance and career potential.
Emerging needs for consultants in higher education
Authors: Pilon Daniel H.
Published: October 2006

Consultants and higher education clients have worked together for many years. The rapidly changing landscape of American higher education has produced continuing evolution in consulting practice as well as in the areas consultants serve.
Do you really need a consultant?
Authors: Wergin Jon F.
Published: October 2006

Before committing to the expense of a consultancy, the college administrator needs to consider several basic questions related to purpose, risk, and cost.
Managing change creatively
Authors: Toft Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Substantive institutional change can only be accomplished by faculty and staff who, themselves, have changed.
Simplification of need analysis and aid delivery: Imperatives and opportunities
Authors: Fitzgerald Brian K.
Published: October 2006

Complexity of the current application and aid delivery system is helping to motivate efforts to simplify the process that culminates in the awarding of student aid.
Joint big decision committees and university governance
Authors: Yamada Myrtle M.
Published: October 2006

Joint big decision committees may have the potential to improve campus management, but so far they are neither as common nor as effective as their advocates claim.
The higher education doctorate as a passport to higher education administration
Authors: Townsend Barbara K. , Wiese Michael D.
Published: October 2006

Entry and success in administrative careers in postsecondary education is enhanced by professional study, although this credential is not universally accepted.
New pathways in leadership and professional development
Authors: McDade Sharon A.
Published: October 2006

A vast array of professional development programs offer training to administrative leaders.
Campus environmental audits: The UCLA experience
Authors: Smith April A. , Gottlieb Robert
Published: October 2006

Documentation of the full range of campus environmental impacts is a vital first step, but hard data do not ensure that change will be forthcoming in campus policy and practice.
Environmental literacy and action at Tufts University
Authors: Creighton Sarah Hammond , Cortese Anthony D.
Published: October 2006

In 1990, the president of Tufts University became the first leader of a major university to establish environmental education and protection as institutional priorities.
Information literacy and accreditation: A middle states association perspective
Authors: Simmons Howard L.
Published: October 2006

The Middle States Association believes that programs to improve the teaching and learning process should include an appropriate emphasis on information literacy and other resource‐based learning strategies.
An Academician's journey into information literacy
Authors: Stanford Lois M.
Published: October 2006

In the development of information literacy, the teacher's role is to help students learn how to evaluate the information that they find.
Information literacy at universities: Challenges and solutions
Authors: Wiggins Marvin E.
Published: October 2006

If it is important to help students achieve information literacy in small colleges, can large universities afford to do otherwise?
Expository writing and information literacy: A pilot project
Authors: Gaunt Marianne I. , Nash Stan
Published: October 2006

The ultimate goal is to have faculty fully incorporate an information literacy component into the curriculum.
The electronic library and literacy
Authors: Olsen Jan Kennedy
Published: October 2006

Our current notion of literacy, including the skills that we associate with it, has evolvedfrom the technology of the quill pen, paper, movable type, and mechanically powered rotary press to the new electronic technology.
To those who teach at Christian colleges
Authors: Sandin Robert T.
Published: October 2006

A viable future for Christian colleges depends on the faculty having a powerful sense of vocation concerning an educational and scholarly ministry aimed at bringing the life of learning into a vital relationship with the central values of Christian faith.
Church‐related campus culture
Authors: Thomas D. Terry
Published: October 2006

Student development professionals at church‐related colleges must evaluate the programs that they design and implement and be innovative in structuring and offering new approaches that reflect institutional purposes and are responsive to changes in campus cultures.
Church‐related colleges and universities: An agenda for the 1990s and beyond
Authors: Noftzger Richard L.
Published: October 2006

The agenda for church‐related colleges must include wrestling with foundational questions, experimentation with creative educational models, commitment to effective planning, and the courage to forge unique identities that reflect clarity of denominational relationships.
General education: The insiders' view
Authors: Twombly Susan B.
Published: October 2006

When asked about their perceptions of general education, undergraduate students reveal their lack of understanding, clarity, and purpose relative to their general education courses.
Hampshire college
Authors: Birney Robert C.
Published: October 2006

The curriculum of Hampshire College relies minimally on course‐work, instead employing seminars, field study, contract study, and other approaches to inquiry through which students prepare for comprehensive examinations at three stages to qualify for a degree.
University of California, Santa Cruz
Authors: McHenry Dean E.
Published: October 2006

Curricula at the University of California, Santa Cruz, combine universitywide courses offered by boards of studies with core courses, seminars, and other studies offered in each residential college.
The freedom to teach
Authors: Pendleton William W.
Published: October 2006

Speech codes and assessment mandates diminish academic freedom and, thereby, the quality of teaching and learning.
Academic freedom and regional accreditation: Guarantors of quality in the academy
Authors: Elman Sandra E.
Published: October 2006

Institutional self‐evaluation and quality assurance through accreditation depend on and support academic freedom.
Responding to campus rape: A practical guide for college administrators
Authors: Fossey Richard , Smith Michael Clay
Published: October 2006

Campus leaders need to consider both prevention and appropriate response.
The liability of colleges and universities for fraud, waste, and abuse in federally funded grants and projects
Authors: Gordon Steven D.
Published: October 2006

Vigilant institutional oversight can prevent or circumscribe infractions.
Educating students to write effectively
Authors: Click Benjamin A. L.
Published: October 2006

The essential writing skills important to employers and faculty must be related to the various approaches to teaching writing.
Using technology to enhance students' skills
Authors: Deden Ann , Carter Vicki K.
Published: October 2006

This chapter discusses how to make technology investments that pay off for colleges and universities in terms of program quality, faculty renewal, and graduate employability.
The view from the legislature
Authors: Graham Robert
Published: October 2006

The legislature should take the lead in providing for evaluation of statewide boards of higher education.
Perspectives of a one‐time coordinator
Authors: Holderman James B.
Published: October 2006

To be effective, the statewide coordinating board must of necessity be in the middle between state government and higher education institutions.
State coordinating boards and statewide governing boards
Authors: Millett John D.
Published: October 2006

Coordinating boards are necessarily oriented toward state government, while statewide governing boards are oriented toward institutions. These two different types of boards must have correspondingly different characteristics.
Statewide coordination: The private ingredient
Authors: Carlson Edgar M.
Published: October 2006

If coordination is to be comprehensive and statewide it must include the private sector. Minnesota may be succeeding in achieving coordination while respecting differences.
Where do we go from here?
Authors: Berdahl Robert O.
Published: October 2006

How ideas in this volume relate to other evaluation efforts, and how they can best be implemented.
Coordination and planning despite competition and confusion
Authors: Glenny Lyman A.
Published: October 2006

Competing state agencies and the introduction of new federal programs have confused and dissipated planning and coordination efforts. Recent surveys of coordinating agencies and individual institutions provide new insights for correcting these problems.
Predicting the response of graduate education to no growth
Authors: Breneman David W.
Published: October 2006

The conceptual problems in predicting how graduate education will adjust to a time of no growth are formidable.
Vocationalism: College major as job training
Authors: Warnath Charles F.
Published: October 2006

Increasing the emphasis on vocational preparation in higher education raises fundamental issues regarding the relationship of people and work in our society.
The match between higher education and occupations
Authors: Warren Jonathan R.
Published: October 2006

Data on parallels and divergences between the occupational structure and the distribution of college degrees across fields of study raise questions about the current emphasis on higher education as occupational preparation.
Meeting the needs of special groups
Authors: Spees Edith C.
Published: October 2006

Emotional reactions to the subgroups seeking equality in education and business obscure both facts and trends. Attention to perceptual definitions and process analysis can clarify these issues.
The many dimensions of productivity
Authors: Wallhaus Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Productivity, as the term implies, depend on perceptions of the value of higher education's products and services.
Some concluding remarks
Authors: Miller Richard I.
Published: October 2006

The needs for careful research and study in institutional evaluation are manifold, but it is as important that educators monitor and guide the political and developmental aspects of this area. There will be pressure to adopt overly simple solutions to complex and sensitive problems. The best defense is a good offense—better ideas and approaches.
Public policy in an uncertain future
Authors: Kirschling Wayne R.
Published: October 2006

Faculty employment is dependent not only on demographic developments and institutional actions but also on the direction of public policy and the actions of the faculty.
What if the faculty member to be laid off is the governor's brother?
Authors: Dolan‐Greene Colleen
Published: October 2006

An institution facing faculty retrenchment often overlooks political considerations that may greatly affect the retrenchment process.
Assessing management and planning systems
Authors: Poulton Nick L.
Published: October 2006

Several guidelines are available to help both the executive officer and the practitioner assess the evolution of management and planning systems.
The Wisconsin evaluation project
Authors: Hogan Thomas P.
Published: October 2006

How does action research really work? Here is a practical example from a statewide project to evaluate a set of nontraditional programs in higher education, with some tentative conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of the action‐research approach.
Multiple perspectives, multiple channels
Authors: Palola Ernest G.
Published: October 2006

One person's research channeled to one institutional leader, even the president, is less likely to get used than many perspectives flowing through various committees, offices, and individuals.
The institutional researcher as change agent
Authors: Terrass Stuart , Pomrenke Velma
Published: October 2006

If institutional researchers really want to get their studies used, they must become “change agents”—skillful catalysts and facilitators of data‐based decisions and follow‐through.
Changes in higher education: Forces and impacts
Authors: Christenson Donald D.
Published: October 2006

Each university must analyze its own situation, the forces of change in motion within its own environment, and the special implications of the changes.
Planned change in institutions of higher learning
Authors: Winstead Philip C.
Published: October 2006

The situation today demands that change be approached in a positive way, or institutions of higher education run the risk of becoming victims rather than effective managers of change.
Contributions of anthropology and sociology to qualitative research methods
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: October 2006

In the social sciences, thin descriptions abound and find their expression in correlation coefficients, path diagrams, F‐ratios, dummy variables, structural equations, tests of significance, and social indicators.
Contributions of political science and public administration to qualitative research methods
Authors: Northrop Alana , Kraemer Kenneth L.
Published: October 2006

A new trend in methods is appearing in both political science and public administration, especially when the results of research are aimed at both practitioners and academics.
Improving institutional decisions through qualitative research on students
Authors: Alfred Richard L.
Published: October 2006

Naturalistic inquiry on students can follow the flow through stages of pre‐entry, entry, intervening experience, and exit, as well as being concerned with outcomes.
Qualitative research in academic decision making
Authors: Levine Arthur
Published: October 2006

Qualitative research offers the academic decision maker a rich array of benefits. The unfortunate reality is that institutional researchers are not inclined to use it.
Longer‐ term alternatives suggested by information technology
Authors: Kochen Manfred
Published: October 2006

Even if we maintain a healthy skepticism about predictions for the future, information technology is sure to change our colleges and universities radically. WISDOM—a “Worldwide Information System for Omniscience in Man”—is a possibility.
Resistance to innovations in information technology in higher education: A social psychological perspective
Authors: Evans Richard I.
Published: October 2006

We need strategies for introducing and nurturing innovative practices in universities. A first step is understanding the nature of resistance.
Designing retention interventions and verifying their effectiveness
Authors: Beal Philip , Pascarella Ernest T.
Published: October 2006

Existing programs designed to influence student retention are discussed, and a procedure for verifying their effects is presented.
Using the delphi technique in institutional planning
Authors: Uhl Norman P.
Published: October 2006

A technique for use in any phase of planning where convergence of opinion seems desirable is described, along with its limitations and the methodological problems that may arise with its use.
The scanning process: Getting started
Authors: Renfro William L. , Morrison James L.
Published: October 2006

Developing an environmental scanning system can identify important emerging issues that may constitute either threats or opportunities. This process helps institutions allocate their resources in a way that anticipates and responds to changes in the external environment.
Judgmental forecasting techniques and institutional planning: An example
Authors: Wagschall Peter H.
Published: October 2006

Attempting to forecast the most likely future for higher education may be an exercise in futility, but developing detailed descriptions of alternative futures can be useful for making desirable futures happen.
New directions in futures methodology
Authors: Enzer Selwyn
Published: October 2006

Understanding the link between futures research and strategic planning is crucial to effective long‐range policy planning and administration. So too is understanding current trends and the latest developments in the methodology of futures research. This chapter focuses on both subjects.
Selected bibliography
Authors: Boucher Wayne I.
Published: October 2006

This chapter contains a selection of twenty‐one works concerned with methods of futures research.
Assessing the quality of student services
Authors: Kauffman Joseph F.
Published: October 2006

Although it is difficult, we can and must assess the quality of student services, for they may be more crucial to the success and stability of our institutions than ever before.
Assessing the performance of the public relations office
Authors: Halstead Carol P.
Published: October 2006

Setting objectives and knowing how to evaluate results are particularly important tasks in public relations, because public relations people can easily get caught up in counting news releases rather than assessing whether the target audience has been reached.
The new strategies: Roots, context, and overview
Authors: Morgan Anthony W.
Published: October 2006

“New” strategies for resource allocation are, like their predecessors, based on certain root assumptions about decision making and on allocation models that flow from these assumptions.
Formula budgeting: The fourth decade
Authors: Brinkman Paul T.
Published: October 2006

Formula budgeting strategies continue to evolve in response to old weaknesses, changing conditions, and new priorities.
New approaches to incentive financing
Authors: Allen Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Several examples illustrate the ways in which incentives may be used in higher education finance.
Federal tax policy and higher education: Assessing recent developments
Authors: Robinson Dorothy K.
Published: October 2006

Many changes in federal tax policy during the past five years have and will continue to have a significant impact on institutions of higher education. Current tax policies as well as future developments and their implications for institutional planners are reviewed and assessed in this chapter.
Business and higher education: New partnerships for a new era
Authors: Magazine Alan H. , Usdan Michael D.
Published: October 2006

Retrenchment in both business and higher education has refueled an interest in business‐higher education partnerships. A review and assessment of the benefits of these partnerships is presented in this chapter.
Setting up a data‐sharing project
Authors: Dunn John A.
Published: October 2006

Setting up a successful data‐sharing project involves commonsense guidelines: Be clear what you want, take advantage of what already exists, use appropriate technology, staff adequately, recognize that each institution is different, and concentrate on achieving insight rather than precision.
Interinstitutional analysis at the system and state level
Authors: McCoy Marilyn
Published: October 2006

The importance of interinstitutional comparisons at the state and system level is described, and problems to be addressed and recommended strategies are discussed.
Data administration and management
Authors: McKinney Richard L. , Schott John S. , Teeter Deborah J. , Mannering Linda W.
Published: October 2006

In a decentralized data environment, a critical need exists for effective, efficient, and appropriate administration of institutional data.
Evaluating business affairs: Complexity demands multiple criteria and approaches
Authors: Seagren Alan T. , Miller Gary A.
Published: October 2006

Alternative approaches are required to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of business affairs in higher education.
Evaluating administrative services and programs: Making the process more useful
Authors: Wergin Jon F. , Braskamp Larry A.
Published: October 2006

A synthesis of the contributed chapters suggests a need for an eclectic approach to evaluation design and a greater emphasis on internal monitoring and use of results.
Collaborative roles in improving postsecondary teaching and learning
Authors: Green Patricia J. , Stark Joan S.
Published: October 2006

In addition to pursuing studies for which they are best qualified, institutional researchers could play a key role in linking basic, policy, and evaluation research to improve teaching and learning.
The organizational environment for student learning
Authors: Peterson Marvin W.
Published: October 2006

Institutional research that examines the influence of organizational and administrative factors on student learning may be critical in improving educational performance.
Perspectives on course and program planning
Authors: Stark Joan S. , Lowther Malcolm A.
Published: October 2006

Viewing curriculum as an academic plan permits development of parallel course and program planning models that are dynamic, conceptually related to student learning, and familiar to institutional planners.
Use of noncognitive measures in assessment
Authors: Lenning Oscar T.
Published: October 2006

Stating specific educational objectives reduces the complexity of deciding which of a bewildering array of potential noncognitive outcomes are worth the risks and costs associated with their administration.
Applying alumni research to fundraising
Authors: Melchiori Gerlinda S.
Published: October 2006

As development goals expand and the number of alumni grows, the need to use empirical research methods to segment markets, profile donors, and rank prospects will increase significantly.
A draft code of ethics for institutional research
Authors:   Committee on Standards and Ethics of The Association for Institutional Research
Published: October 2006

A draft code of ethics for institutional researchers and institutional research activities is presented.
The ethical analysis protocol
Authors: Rodríguez Raúl G.
Published: October 2006

The Ethical Analysis Protocol focuses on major ethical issues in institutional research, affording an opportunity to examine one's own practice and to nurture ethical dialogue among researchers.
Editors' notes
Authors: Mallette Bruce I. , Howard Richard D.
Published: October 2006

Intercollegiate athletics in the United States have been a part of college life for over 100 years. Athletics have become such a dominant force in higher education that, outside of academe, an institution's recognition is often a function of its athletic accomplishments. While their history is long and proud, college sports have also been the victim of scandal, mismanagement, and a will to win at any cost. The prestige that a successful athletics program brings to an institution, coupled with the financial incentives provided by television in the past decade, has led to allegations that ‘big‐time athletics have lost their bearings.’ As a result, the integrity of intercollegiate athletics, as well as higher education itself, is being questioned from governing bodies of local campuses to the U.S. Congress.
A journalist's view: Questions in need of answers
Authors: Lederman Douglas
Published: October 2006

Newspaper headlines and television lead news stories on intercollegiate athletics are common. This chapter discusses some of the questions in need of answers if the media are to report adequately on intercollegiate athletics.
Bringing a nursing program back to life
Authors: Baur Marian K.
Published: October 2006

Quality improvement principles and processes transform and revitalize an ailing nursing program through a systematic evaluation of teaching, advising, and admissions processes.
Measuring graduate student retention
Authors: Isaac Paul D.
Published: October 2006

The definitions, measures, data, and people needed to study retention of master's and doctoral students are outlined, and practical advice for the institutional researcher is offered.
Performance indicators: History, definitions, and methods
Authors: Borden Victor M. H. , Bottrill Karen V.
Published: October 2006

With a long tacit history in the United States and a shorter but more explicit history in Europe, performance indicators have now come to the forefront as a strategic method for evaluating colleges and universities.
Improving informational resources for academic deans and chairpersons
Authors: Creswell John W. , England Marijane E.
Published: October 2006

An introduction to the dean and chair literature is provided along with an information taxonomy for use with local assessments of the information needs of deans and department chairs.
Institutional researchers' roles in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Matier Michael W. , Clinton Sidle C. , Hurst Peter J.
Published: October 2006

Because of a fundamental shift in the way decisions are being made in colleges and universities, institutional researchers can no longer be content to merely collect, analyze, and disseminate information to support decision making. In addition, institutional researchers must also become information architects, change agents, and consultants of choice within their respective institutions.
College guidebooks: Background and development
Authors: Hunter Bruce
Published: October 2006

This overview of college guidebooks examines their origins, development, types, impact on both consumers and colleges, and current trends and future prospects.
Data‐sharing models
Authors: Shaman Susan M. , Shapiro Daniel
Published: October 2006

This chapter develops a typology of various data‐sharing models. Defining issues in the identification of data‐sharing models include organizational purpose and structure, the regularity of the report production schedule, and individual institutional participation criteria.
The research versus teaching debate: Untangling the relationships
Authors: Olsen Deborah , Simmons Ada
Published: October 2006

Evidence about the compatibility of the teaching and research roles remains inconclusive. In this chapter, the authors present data collected at a Research I institution on the relationship between research productivity and specific instructional practices and faculty‐student contact. The findings represent a stringent test of the Complementarity hypothesis.
Institutional and departmental cultures: The relationship between teaching and research
Authors: Austin Ann E.
Published: October 2006

The ways in which faculty work, including teaching and research, occur within a cultural context. The author suggests ways to analyze departmental and institutional cultures and offers suggestions for academic leaders interested in nurturing cultures that value both teaching and research.
Public trust, research activity, and the ideal of service to students as clients of teaching
Authors: Braxton John M. , Berger Joseph B.
Published: October 2006

The authors summarize points made in the volume and conclude that, with few exceptions, research activity does not hinder faculty from meeting the educational needs of students as clients of undergraduate college teaching. They also offer recommendations for practice and research.
Challenges in assessing outcomes in graduate and professional education
Authors: Bilder Anne E. , Conrad Clifton F.
Published: October 2006

The authors note the dearth of cross‐disciplinary and cross‐institutional studies of student learning outcomes in graduate and professional education and discuss some challenges for those involved in outcomes assessment, including managing the risks of identifying outcomes assessment results.
Rabbit lung after inhalation of lithium chloride
Authors: Johansson Anne , Camner Per , Curstedt Tore , Jarstrand Connie , Robertson Bengt , Urban Teresa
Published: October 2006

Rabbits were exposed to aerosols of lithium chloride in metal concentrations of 0.6 and 1.9 mg/m3 (mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1 μm) for 4–8 weeks, 5 days/week, 6 h/day. The lungs were studied by light and electron microscopy, with particular reference to inflammatory changes, structure of alveolar macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. Macrophages recovered by lung lavage were studied by light and electron microscopy and their oxidative metabolic activity was measured. The content of phospholipids was analysed in lung tissue. Exposure to lithium produced no significant effects. It thus seems that Li+ is less toxic to the lung than the other metals investigated with the same test system, e.g. Ni2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+ and Cr6+.
Synthèse de l'amino‐5 tétrazole 14C
Authors: Nam Nguyen Hoang , Xuong Nguyen Dat , Herbert M. , Pichat L.
Published: October 2006

L'action de la cyanamide 14C sur L'azothydrate de sodium, en solution aqueuse acide à 70‐75 °C, fournit L'amino‐5 tétrazole 14C. Après purification sur résine échangeuse Dowex 50‐ W‐12, le rendement radioactif est de 76% par rapport à Ba 14CO3. L'activité spécifique est de 21,8 mCi/mM. On récupère comme produit secondaire de L'urée 14C avec un rendement de 11% par rapport à Ba 14CO3.
A convenient procedure for the biosynthesis and isolation of 35S‐adenosylmethionine
Authors: Schlenk F. , Zydek C. R.
Published: October 2006

35S‐(5′‐Deoxyadenosine‐5′)‐L‐methionine (35S‐adenosylmethionine, C15H23N6O5S+) has been isolated in useful amounts from yeast cells which were cultivated in a medium containing 35SO—‐4. Procedures for purification and analysis are reported.
Tritiations by HTO‐promoted aluminium chloride. III1. Uracil, adenine, glycine, di‐ and triglycine
Authors: Mǎntescu C. , Genunche A. , Balaban A. T.
Published: October 2006

Tritiations by means of tritiated water in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 in dichloroethane were extended to products which are insoluble in the reaction medium. In the tritiation of uracil and adenine, the molar ratios substrate : HTO : AlCl3 were varied systematically. It appears that the highest specific activities are obtained with small amounts of AlCl3 (less than one mole per mole of substrate).
Preparation of L‐Djenkolic acid‐3H
Authors: Brody K. R. , Spencer R. P.
Published: October 2006

L‐djenkolic acid (a cystine analogue with an ‐S‐CH2‐S‐ linkage) was tritiated by the Wilzbach technique. Tritiation was accompanied by considerable degradation as revealed by discoloration and multiple chromatographic spots. Using a modification of a literature method for djenkolic acid synthesis, the crude material was reprocessed for purification. A 60% yield of the pure tritiated amino acid was obtained (purity checked by elemental analysis, lack of ‐SH groups and chromatographic behavior). The levo configuration was maintained as shown by the optical rotation. The tritiated compound was unstable. Cold and an inert atmosphere did not offer significant stabilization.
Isotopic exchange of active methyl hydrogens. IV(1). Preparation of 1,3‐di‐d3‐methylnaphthalene, d9‐mesitylene and d9‐mesitylene derivatives from 2,4,6‐tri‐d3‐methylpyrylium perchlorate
Authors: Barabas A. , Gǎrd Eugenia , Vasilescu Alice , Balaban A. T.
Published: October 2006

Starting from the easily available 2,4,6‐tri‐d3‐methylpyrylium perchlorate, the following methyl‐deuterated compounds were prepared : 1,3‐dimethylnaphthalene III, nitromesitylene IV, mesidine V, mesitylenediazonium hydrogen sulphate VI, mesitylene VII, mesitol VIII and I‐mesityleneazo‐2‐naphthol IX. Their infrared spectra and deuterium analyses show that some dedeuteration occurs during the reaction of pyrylium salts.

A new naphthalene synthesis from benzylmagnesium chloride and 1,3‐diketones is reported.
Synthese von N‐(Methyl‐14C)‐valin
Authors: Elias H. , Chang W. S.
Published: October 2006

N‐(Methyl‐14C)‐valin wurde durch Methylierung von N‐Tosyl‐valin mit Methyljodid‐14C dargestellt. Die chemische Ausbeute bzw. radiochemische Ausbeute lag bei 44% bzw. 23 %. Die spezifische Aktivität lag bei 0,125 mCi/mM. (=specifische Aktivität der verwendeten Methyljodids).
Synthesis and enzymatic resolution of DL‐2‐phenylglycine‐1‐14C
Authors: Billings Ruth , Sullivan Hugh R.
Published: October 2006

DL‐2‐Phenylglycine‐1‐14C was prepared in good yield employing a modified Strecker synthesis. The resolution of DL‐2‐phenylglycine into its pure enantiomorphs was accomplished by the stereoselective enzymatic hydrolysis of the N‐chloroacetyl derivative of the L‐optical isomer using hog kidney acylase.
Preparation of thymidine and deoxyuridine labelled with 14C in base
Authors: Filip Jiři , Zdeněkňejedlÿ
Published: October 2006

Deoxyribosides of thymine and uracil labelled with 14C of specific activity identical with that of the original radioactive base were prepared by single‐step enzymatic synthesis. When employing 2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐riboso‐l‐phosphate of dicyclohexylamine salt, the enzymatic preparation isolated from Escherichia coli B gives satisfactory yields in the synthesis of both deoxyribonucleosides. Studies were made of the time course of reactions, as well as of the effects of some components on the yields. It has been found that the enzymatic preparation from Escherichia coli B facilitates the transfer of the deoxyribosylase group between thymine and thymidine. The employed technique separation allows preparation of radioactive uracil and thymine deoxyribosides of a radiochemical purity exceeding 99 per cent.
Trans‐n‐deoxyribosylase activity in dairy cultures of lactobacillus helveticus
Authors: Nejedlý Z. , Ekl J. , FíLíp J.
Published: October 2006

An excellent communication dealing with the enzymatic preparation of deoxyribonu‐. cleosides labelled with 14C in the base, using a crude enzyme extract of Lactobacillus helveticus has been published in this Journal (1) quite recently by Cardinaud and Viswanthan. The most important result was a high degree of conversion of pyrimidine bases to the corresponding deoxyribosides.

In connection with this work we wish to present some observations from the same field made in our Laboratory (2). It was the purpose of our work to isolate the enzyme trans‐N‐deoxyribosylase from a Lactobacillus helveticus culture grown just in sterile milk without any additives, to test the enzymatic activity of the isolated enzyme and its suitability for rapid enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleosides labelled with radiocarbon 14C.
Automatic radio‐chromatographic separation and determination of chemically synthesized 1,2‐14C‐phosphorylethanolamine
Authors: Porcellati G. , di Jeso F.
Published: October 2006

An automatic radio‐chromatographic method for the purification, separation and quantitative determination of chemically synthesized 14C‐labelled phosphorylethanolamine is described. The chromatographic effluent from a cationic ion‐exchange resin is automatically radio‐determined by passage through a flow‐cell filled with anthracene crystals and fitted on an automatic liquid scintillation spectrometer. The principal features of the system, and the methods used for the determination of the radioactivity content are also described.

The yield of the radioactive product has been calculated to be about 75%, the rapidity of the whole process satisfactory. The processing which has been described may be applied also for the synthesis, purification and separation of other chemically synthesized 14C‐labelled “phospholipid phosphoric esters”.
Determination of the pattern of labelling of carbon atoms 1, 2, 3 and 6 of D‐[U‐14C] glucose by chemical methods
Authors: Turner J. C.
Published: October 2006

Uniformly labelled D‐[14C] glucose obtained from Canna Indica and from Chlorella was converted into several derivatives and degraded by chemical methods to yield products that separately contained carbon atoms 1, 2, 3 and 6. The specific activities of the various compounds were determined by liquid scintillation counting and from the results the pattern of labelling in carbon atoms 1, 2, 3 and 6 of the two glucose samples was obtained. The labelling was found to be uniform within the limits of experimental error.
Preparation of tritiated water, sulfuric acid and trifluoroacetic acid
Authors: Dugger H. A. , Schwarz H. J.
Published: October 2006

A safe, efficient and inexpensive method for preparing small quantities of tritiated water, sulfuric acid and trifluoroacetic acid is described. The preparation involves introducing the preassayed tritium sample into a carrier gas, 0.5% hydrogen in air, passing over a palladium catalyst heated to 800° C. The resulting tritiated water is gradually eluted from the catalyst and collected in suitable traps.
Synthesis of N‐(Mercaptomethyl)‐Phthalimide‐Carbonyl‐14C‐S‐(O,O‐Dimethylphosphorodithioate)
Authors: Leaffer M. A. , Skinner W. A. , Menn J. J. , McBain J. B. , Fancher L. W.
Published: October 2006

N‐ (mercaptomethyl) ‐phthalimide‐carbonyl‐14C‐S‐ (O,O‐Dimethylphosphorodithioate) has been synthesized. The starting material was carboxyl labelled o‐toluic acid which was oxidized to o‐phthalic acid. Phthalimide (carbonyl‐14C) was prepared from o‐phthalic acid by subliming the ammonium salt of the acid. When 14C phthalimide was reacted with aqueous formaldehyde, N‐hydroxymethyl phthalimide was formed. The final product was obtained when the N‐hydroxymethyl derivative was reacted with thionyl chloride, followed by reaction with sodium dimethyl phosphorodithioate.
Préparation de chlorure de deutérium de teneur isotopique élevée et contrǒle de sa pureté
Authors: Bengsch E.
Published: October 2006

Le chlorure de deutérium a été préparé à partir d'eau lourde et de chlorure de benzoyle avec un rendement de 90 % et une pureté isotopique pratiquement identique à celle de l'eau lourde de départ. Deux problèmes annexes sont traités : une relation est établie entre la teneur en poids de DCl dans la solution et la normalité de celle‐ci. Les conditions du dosage de traces d'acide benzoïque dans DCl ont été déterminées.
Preparation of [1‐13C], [3‐13C], [1‐D] and [3‐D] Enriched Cyclobutenes
Authors: Bak Børge , Led Jens Jørgen
Published: October 2006

Three isotopically enriched samples of cyclobutene have been prepared, namely, a mixture containing 20 % [1‐13C]cyclobutene, 20 % [3‐13C]cyclobutene and 60 % parent molecule; a second mixture of 75 % [1‐D]cyclobutene and 25 % parent molecule; and a third mixture of 50 % [3‐D]cyclobutene and 50 % parent molecule. Proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectra showed the samples to be of high purity (> 95 %). The preparations successfully have been used for high‐resolution microwave studies. The observed microwave line intensities also agreed with the percentage compositions given above.
The synthesis of bis (Tri‐N‐butyl)tin‐113 oxide
Authors: Tenny Kenneth S. , Tenny Alfred M.
Published: October 2006

Bis(tri‐n‐butyl)tin‐113 oxide was prepared from tetrabutyltin and tin‐113 tetrachloride by redistribution reaction between alkyl groups, with the formation of the intermediate tri‐n‐butyltin‐113 chloride, which was hydrolyzed to form the desired product. Purification of the reaction mixture by alumina column chromatography, followed by thin layer chromatography, revealed a pure sample. The sample was also distilled under vacuum as a further check on the efficiency of the purification methodology; radioactivity resided in the bis(tri‐n‐butyl)tin oxide fraction. Infra‐red analysis of similarly prepared non‐radioactive sample showed the SnOSn bond; the spectra agreed with published spectra, and with the spectra obtained in our laboratory from commercial samples.
Synthesis of tritium labelled metaraminol, α‐ methylnoradrenaline and their corresponding β‐ desoxyderivatives
Authors: Hallhagen G. , Waldeck B.
Published: October 2006

m‐hydroxy‐α‐oximinopropiophenone was hydrogenated by tritium gas in the presence of Pd on carbon catalyst. The crude product was chromatographed on a cation‐exchange column. Two major peaks were obtained. Subsequent radio‐paper chromatography revealed that these peaks were identical with metaraminol and α‐methyl‐m‐tyramine respectively. When 3,4‐dibenzyloxy‐α‐oximinopropiophenone was used as starting material both erythro and threo α‐methylnoradrenaline as well as α‐methyldopamine were obtained.
Synthèse simplifiée de L'Acide Trans‐Cinnamique 14C‐3
Authors: Herbert M. , Rochas G. , Pichat L.
Published: October 2006

L'acide benzoïque carboxyle 14C (5 mM) est réduit par LiAlH4 en alcool benzylique 14C‐7. L'oxydation de ce dernier par le tétracétate de plomb dans la pyridine donne le benzaldéhyde 14CO lequel, sans être isolé, est condensé avec l'acide malonique. L'acide cinnamique 14C‐3 obtenu avec un rendement global de 86%, purijié par sublimation est homogtke dans trois solvants de chromatographie sur papier. Activité spécifique 10 mCi/;mM.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled heterocyclic analogues of phenylalanine with pyrazole and furan rings
Authors: Tolman V. , Hanuš J. , Vereš K.
Published: October 2006

Diethyl acetamidomalonate‐2‐14C was alkylated by l‐chloromethylpyrazole and the reaction intermediate hydrolyzed to give DL‐3‐(1′‐pyrazolyl)‐alanine‐2‐14C. By the same method, but using 3‐chloromethylpyrazole instead of the 1‐isomer, DL‐3‐(3′‐pyrazolyl)‐alanine‐2‐14C was prepared. Condensation of furfural with hydantoin‐5‐14C gave 5‐(2′‐furylidene)‐hydantoin‐5‐14C, which was subsequently reduced to 5‐(2′‐furyl)‐hydantoin‐5‐14C and this compound was hydrolyzed to DL‐3‐(2′‐furyl)‐alanine‐2‐14C. Methods for isolation and purification of the final products on microscale are described.
Synthèse de l'Acide p‐chloromercuribenzoïque (Carboxyle 14C)
Authors: Herbfrt M. , Pichat L. , Fabignon Mlle C.
Published: October 2006

Carbonation of p‐bromophenylmagnesium chlorure with 14CO2 leads to p‐chlorobenzoic acid carboxyl 14C (1) with a 97 % yield. The latter, treated in a sealed tube by concentrated ammonia in presence of sodium iodide and cuprous chloride at 140° C provides p‐aminobenzoic acid caboxyl 14C (2) with a 67 % yield. The synthesis proceeds by diazotation in fluoboric acid in order to obtain p‐carboxy‐14C benzenediazonium fluoborate (3). This salt, treated in acetone, water solution, by a mixture of mercuric chloride and stannous chloride leads to the final compound (4). It is purified by extraction in D. M. F. and precipitation by water addition. Overall yield is 51 % based on (2) or 30–35 % based on Ba 14CO3. Specific activity: 10 mCi/mM. The radiochemical purity has been checked by paper radiochromatography.

La carbonatation par 14CO2 du chlorure de p‐bromophénylmagnésium donne l'acide p‐chlorobenzoïque (carboxyle 14C) (1) avec un rendement de 97 %. Ce dernier est ensuite traité en tube scellé par l'ammoniaque en présence d'iodure de sodium et de chlorure cuivreux à 140°C, ce qui fournit l'acide p‐aminobenzoïque (carboxyle 14C) (2) avec un rendement de 67 %. La synthèse se poursuit par la diazotation dans l'acide fluoborique pour obtenir le fluoborate de p‐carboxy‐14C benzènediazonium (3); ce sel, traité en solution dans l'acétone aqueuse, par le mélange chlorure mercurique, chlorure stanneux conduit au produit final (4) qui est purifié par extraction dans le D. M. F. et précipitation par l'eau. Le rendement global est de 51 %; par rapport à (2), soit 30–35 % par rapport à 14CO3Ba. Activité spécifique : 10mCi/mM. La pureté radiochimique a été contrǒlée par radiochromatographie sur papier.
Préparation de composés acétyléniques deutériés. III : Obtention d'aldéhydes α‐acétyléniques deutériés, sur la fonction aldéhydique
Authors: Vallet A. , Janin A. , Romanet R.
Published: October 2006

Les essais de préparation des aldéhydes α‐acétyléniques deutériés sur la fonction aldéhyde, ou alcyne‐2 al‐1(D‐1), par oxydation des alcools primaires α‐acétyléniques, par réduction des acides, des esters, des chlorures d'acides et des nitriles α‐acétyléniques n'ont pas donné le résultat cherché. Par contre l'échange indirect de l'hydrogène aldéhydique d'un alcyne‐2 al‐1, pris sous forme de son acétal, avec le deutérium de l'eau lourde a pu ětre réalisé par l'intermédiaire du dérivé de substitution en position 2 du dithiane‐1,3. Ce dérivé est obtenu par action de l'acétal sur le propanedithiol‐1,3.
Synthesis of glucose‐3 and ‐4‐14C of high specific activity and radiochemical purity
Authors: Sturani E.
Published: October 2006

A method for the enzymatic synthesis of hexoses‐3‐14C and hexoses‐4‐14C is presented. The procedure is based on the synthesis of 3‐phosphoglyceric acid‐1‐14C (3PGA) by the action of the ribulose diphosphate carboxylase in the presence of ribulose‐1,5 diphosphate and 14CO2, followed by the reversal of the glycolytic reactions leading from glucose to 3PGA. For the synthesis of hexoses‐3‐14C, dihydroxyacetonephosphate‐1‐14C and cold glyceraldehyde‐3‐P are condensed by the aldolase reaction, while for the synthesis of hexoses‐4‐14C cold dihydroxyacetonephosphate is condensed with glyceraldehyde‐3‐P‐1‐14C. The problems and the results of such syntheses are discussed.
Synthesis and 1H‐NMR spectra of 1,1‐dideutero‐ and 2,2‐dideutero‐4‐phenylbutane
Authors: Sneeden R. P. A. , Zeiss H. H.
Published: October 2006

The specifically deuterated bromides PhCH2CH2CD2CH2Br and PhCH2CH2CH2CD2Br have been prepared in good yields and high isotopic purity. The halides have been used to prepare the corresponding organomagnesium halides and then the solvated triorganochromium compounds. The NMR spectra and C‐D stretching frequencies of the deuterated alkyl halides and of all the intermediates involved in their syntheses are recorded.
Preparation of cholesterol‐25‐3H
Authors: Joly Raymond A. , Sauer Horst H. , Bonner James
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of cholesterol‐25‐3H (9) described here starts with the readily available 3β‐hydroxy‐δ5‐cholenic acid (1). The acetate of this acid was converted to the next higher homolog by the Arndt‐Eistert method. Grignard reaction with methyl iodide gave 25‐hydroxycholesterol (6), which was then brominated. Tritium was finally introduced by treating the 25‐bromocholesterol (8) with LiAl3H4.
Syntheses of l‐β‐cyanoalanine‐4‐14C, l‐asparagine‐4‐14C, and l‐aspartic acid‐4‐14C
Authors: Giza Y.‐H. , Ressler Charlotte
Published: October 2006

Syntheses are described from a common labeled intermediate of β‐cyanoalanine, asparagine, and aspartic acid, each of the l configuration and labeled with carbon‐14 in carbon‐four. Radiochemical purities were 96, 99.7, and 99 %. The common source of carbon‐14 was ethyl acetyl‐dl‐β‐cyanoalaninate‐4‐14C, which was prepared from commercially available potassium cyanide‐14C by an extension of the studies of Atkinson and Hellmann and Folz.