bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dutch Sea Transport in Transition: The German Hinterland as Catalyst, 1850-1914
Authors: Bläsing Jochen , Langenhuyzen Ton
Published: September 2018

This chapter follows the modernisation of Dutch sea transport through three strands - shipping, shipbuilding, and the port industry - in relation to the economic recovery of the Netherlands throughout the nineteenth century. It also explores the rapid industrialisation of Germany and the impact this had on the Netherlands. It concludes by asserting that both the modernisation of Dutch sea transport facilities, plus the shipment of goods to Germany, were the key factors that enabled Dutch economic expansion during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
The Global Communications Industry and Its Impact on International Shipping before 1914
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

Lars U. Scholl uses this chapter to examine the impact of wireless and telecommunication on the globalisation of the international shipping industry before 1914. The chapter discusses the history of wireless communication:- relaying messages; saving ships and lives; improving business efficiency; reducing the role of the shipmaster; and assisting imperialist infrastructures. It concludes by asserting that wireless communication drastically altered the maritime landscape on a global scale, a multifaceted tool that could be utilised to further business, imperialism, and conflict alike.
The Nineteenth-Century Roots of Globalization: Some Technological Considerations
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the significance of technological developments within the shipping industry, and how they enabled the internationalisation of the industry. Topics covered include refrigerated shipping, telegraphs, wireless communication, grain-handling facilities, and port-related developments (with particular focus on the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board of Liverpool.) The author concludes by asserting the cumulative nature of technological development pushed the industry forward and enabled economic growth.
International Trends and Greek Shipping: The Business Strategy of Demetrios Moraitis, 1893-1908
Authors: Kardasis Vassilis
Published: September 2018

This chapter studies the career of Demetrios Moraitis, a successful Greek shipowner who established the Transoceanic Greek Steam Navigation Company, and brought Greek shipping into the passenger shipping business in 1907 by emulating the passenger steamer technology and methodology of European neighbours. The chapter focuses his fundraising tactics, his risk-taking, and the obstacles present in his attempt order to bypass the traditional Greek shipowning business in favour of transatlantic trade, and concludes by asserting that his career had a strong effect on the direction of the Greek shipping industry
Globalization and International Competitiveness: The Experience of the Japanese Shipping Industry since the 1960s
Authors: Goto Shin
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the effect of globalisation and internationalisation on the Japanese shipping industry from the 1960s onwards. It discusses how the shipping industry was affected by the rapid economic growth of Japan during the 1960s; the slower growth of the late 1970s and early 1980s; the impact of the 1985 Plaza Accord on the yen; and the growth of international competition as a result of globalisation.
Containerization and the Globalization of Liner Shipping
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses the development of container shipping from the mid 1960s onwards. It seeks to answer what were the underlying reasons for, and the global impact of the rapid diffusion of containerisation in the liner shipping industry. It also considers the way containerisation altered the relationship between shipowners, other modes of transport, ports, port systems, and cargo-acquiring agencies. It concludes by suggesting the sheer scale of the impact of containerisation on the landscape, shape, and role of the shipping has moved the industry beyond national interests and into a global necessity.
Introduction
Authors: Steele Ian K.
Published: September 2018

Although these essays concentrate on merchant initiatives, they are themselves innovative perspectives on early modern economic life and previews of substantial scholarly work in progress. Most new European trading ventures of the early modern period were not spectacular initiatives to exotic peoples and places. These nine essays amply document how challenging things could be for those entering a trade within the relatively familiar bounds of the North Atlantic world. Free of the “North Atlantic triumphalism” that can affect the study of early modern world trade, these studies emphasize the opportunities, aspirations and methods of the mercantile intruder into established trades, and of the innovator attempting their reorganization....
The Gaigneur Clan in the Seventeenth-Century Canada Trade
Authors: Bosher J.F.
Published: September 2018

This essay follows the development of Franco-Canadian maritime trade over the course of the seventeenth century, by documenting the business history of the Gaigneur merchant family, headed by Pierre Gaigneur. The Gaigneurs trading firm sent more ships, goods, and people to Canada during the seventeenth century than any other firm of the era; this essay seeks to determine the reasons for their success. It considers the maritime community of La Rochelle; the Huguenot community; potential signs of religious compromise by the Roman Catholic Gaigneurs when faced with business pressure. The conclusion claims the dual support of both Church and State permitted the expansion of trade and the financial success of the Gaigneut family.
The Huguenot Diaspora and the Development of the Atlantic Economy: Huguenots and the Growth of the South Carolina Economy, 1680-1775
Authors: Nash R.C.
Published: September 2018

This paper provides an insight into the mercantile and trade activities of the South Carolina Huguenots. It presents two questions: the first, what effect did the South Carolina Huguenots have on the mercantile economy, especially in contrast to their impact on slave-plantation agriculture? The second, how much of their success is due to their connections to the European Huguenot mercantile circles? Major themes explored include migrant integration; mercantile nationalism; and familial allegiances. The conclusion contextualises the South Carolina Huguenot merchants in the wider history of Huguenots in British America.
Breaching the Mercantile Barriers of the Dutch Colonial Empire: North American Trade with Surinam during the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Postma Johannes
Published: September 2018

This essay studies the slave plantation of Surinam, South America, and the economic policies of the Dutch Republic in relation to it. The primary focus is the mercantilistic practices of the Dutch, the barring of all foreign merchants, except for North America, and the impact this had on trade. The essay asserts that the pursuit of trade led American merchants to challenge the ban persistently, and that initial resistance by the Dutch was eventually overturned, due to the financial benefit that an alliance between the merchant nations would provide.
Merchant Organization and Maritime Trade in the North Atlantic, 1660-1815: Some Reflections
Authors: Roseveare Henry G.
Published: September 2018

This final chapter closes the volume with a commentary on the collected papers. It commends the paper for offering a thoughtful and original study on merchant organisation and maritime trade in the North Atlantic and reinforces the issues outlined in the work.
Port Politics: Interest, Faction and Port Management in Mid-Victorian Liverpool
Authors: Milne Graeme J.
Published: September 2018

This essay discusses the development of the Port of Liverpool and the politics of port management that ensconced it during the mid-Victorian era. It is divided into the following topics concerning the port authority of Liverpool: growth and diversification; interests and influence; port authorities in relation to warehouse docks; political friction between the the Port of Birkenhead and Port of Liverpool; and the rise of steamship owners and the resulting impact on the port. It concludes by asserting that the advent of the steamship technology brought both a great deal of wealth and a great deal of instability to the port, and that maritime merchants; the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board; the council; Birkenhead landowners; and port labourers, were locked in a political battle over the optimal use of the port’s resources.
The Changing Functions of a Rural Port: Dumfries, 1700-1850
Authors: Hill Carol
Published: September 2018

This essay is a case study of the development of the Port of Dumfries, and the surrounding mercantile activity during the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth century. Author Carol Hill argues that despite its small size, the Port of Dumfries was significant to both local and national economies. Using Dumfries, the essay also explores the changing function of ports due to the industrialisation of the shipping industry. The conclusion considers Dumfries a successful port, due to a willingness to adapt to change, especially in light of its limited facilities.
Aspinall, Cornes and Company and the Early Development of the Port of Yokohama
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: September 2018

This essay considers the contributions of the British merchant firm Aspinall, Cornes and Company, on the development of the Japanese Port of Yokohama. Peter N. Davies examines the topography and history of Japan to provide context; coastal and international shipping relationships; the construction of the port and its early difficulties; and the growth of the silk trade, to present a thorough case study of the port.
Liverpool Merchants and the Cotton Trade 1820-1850
Authors: Scholl Lars U. , Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This essay builds on the well-documented significance of the cotton trade to Liverpool and the British economy, by exploring an overlooked element - the role of cotton merchants themselves. Williams examines merchant practices in Liverpool, and how they changed to accommodate the demands of cotton trade. He explores sources, including Customs Bills of Entry, to determine that specialising solely in cotton became a viable and wealthy business, and that between the period 1820 to 1850 the cotton import trade and its associated power was concentrated down to a small number of men. The appendix presents four tables numbering the leading importers of cotton in 1820, 1830, 1839, and 1950 respectively.
Henry Mayhew and the British Seaman
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This essay examines the lengthy study into the lives of London Labourers by Henry Mayhew, specifically the lives and working conditions of seamen. The study was conducted in a series of 10,000 word letters to the Morning Chronicle in 1850 to tremendous effect. Williams provides an account of Mayhew’s life, followed by an examination of the letters that seeks to answer the questions: why did Mayhew write them, and why seamen in particular? Why are the letters so valued by historians? What material do they cover? And, what issues raised within them deserve further scrutiny? Williams concludes that Mayhew’s work provides a rare insight into not just the conditions of working seamen, but their attitudes and emotions. He also provides insight into their lives on-shore, and their perceived role within British society as a whole, rather than keeping a narrow focus on their offshore activities. Williams concludes that the letters widen the perspective of historians, and allow them to place seafarers into a wider societal context.
Mid-Victorian Attitudes to Seamen and Maritime Reform: The Society for Improving the Condition of Merchant Seamen, 1867
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses the mid-nineteenth century attempts to improve the working conditions of merchant seamen in Britain, by focussing on the actions of the Society for Improving the Condition of Merchant Seamen - an extra-parliamentary committee founded to push for governmental reform. Williams notes that the committee was comprised of MPs, naval officers, medical men, and shipmasters, but no common seamen whatsoever. He suggests the society grew out of primarily middle-class humanitarian interests. The society published reports into health, accommodation, wages, and protection of life. Williams declares that their audience was the general public, those who value business freedom but are troubled by humanitarian concerns. He concludes by stating the Society was both instrumental and symptomatic in the shift in consciousness from improving maritime discipline, to improving maritime welfare.
The Quality, Skill and Supply of Maritime Labour: Causes of Concern in Britain, 1850-1914
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This final chapter is divided into three sections. The first concerns the skills of maritime labourers; the second addresses the alleged shortages of seamen; and the third is the contemporary perception of and responses to these concerns. Williams examines public concerns over perceived lack of maritime employment in relation to nostalgia, and a pervasive, romanticised view of sailing and sailing culture. Williams finds, and concludes, that nostalgia for traditional sailing, yearning for a glorified British Empire, and an emotional public mindset, made little impression on the economic progress made during the age of steam, expansion, and technological development.
Shipping, General and National Studies
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning General and National Shipping Studies, subdivided into the following eras:- Ancient and Medieval; 1492-1700; 1700-1815; 1815-1914; and the Twentieth century until 1990.
Shipping and Trade, Port and Regionally-Based Studies
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning the Shipping Industry, subdivided by specific region and port, as follows:- Britain:- London; North-East, Humberside, East Anglia; Cinque Ports; Southampton; Bristol and the South-West; Liverpool and Merseyside; Chester; Ireland; Scotland; Clydeside; Wales; General British port studies; Europe; Africa; Asia; and America.
Shipping and Trade, Cargo Trades
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning the Cargo Trade of Coal; Grain; Guano; Opium; Salt; Sugar; Tea; Timber; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits; Wool, and more.
Shipping and Trade, Area-Based Studies
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning English Trade with the rest of the world, with a particularly comprehensive subsection devoted to trade with India
Commercial Policy
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Britain’s Commercial Policy throughout Maritime History
Exploration, Cartography and Navigation
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Exploration, Cartography, and Navigation, subdivided by era spanning Ancient and Medieval up to 1990, and including Navigational Methodologies, Instruments, and Travel Writing
Technology of Shipping
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning the Technology of Shipping throughout history, with ship types categorised as either Ancient and Medieval or Modern.
Shipbuilding
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Shipbuilding throughout history, within Britain and overseas.
Maritime Labour
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Maritime Labour, subdivided by British and overseas studies, and further subdivided by role:- Merchant Seafarers; Dock Workers; and Organised Labour and Industrial Relations
Medical and Health Issues
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Medical and Health Issues relating to Maritime History, subdivided by illness.
Naval History
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Naval History, subdivided into the Royal Navy; Naval Administration; Procurement and Logistics; Vessels; Ordnance, Gunnery and Ballistics; Naval bases and yards; and a comprehensive breakdown of Naval History by Era, spanning Ancient and Modern through to 1990.
Piracy and Privateering
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Piracy and Privateering throughout Maritime History
Maritime Law
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Maritime Law, subdivided as follows:- General (the law of the sea); Vessels; Carriage of Goods; Maritime Activity in Wartime; Pollution and the Marine Environment; Maritime Boundaries and Rights of Passage; Exploitation of Natural Resources of the Sea; Fisheries; and Miscellaneous.
Fisheries
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning the Fisheries of Britain and overseas.
Literature and the Arts
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Linguistics, Literature, Poetry, and the Arts relating to Maritime History, including a number of texts devoted to the writings of Sir Walter Ralegh.
Maritime Economics - Modern Studies
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Maritime Economics, classified as Modern Studies and subdivided as follows:- Policy Studies; Contemporary Shipping and Applied Surveys; Shipping Economics; and other Maritime-related Economic Studies.
Marine Architecture and Engineering - Modern Studies
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Marine Architecture and Engineering, classified as Modern Studies and subdivided as follows:- Marine Architecture and Ship Design; Ship Propulsion; Ship Behaviour; Ship Operation and Engineering Aspects; and Miscellaneous.
“Une Petite Republique” in Southwestern Newfoundland: The Limits of Imperial Authority in a Remote Maritime Environment
Authors: Janzen Olaf Uwe
Published: September 2018

Olaf Janzen’s essay is the first in the volume’s initial section examining livelihoods dependant on the ocean; seamen, fishermen, and explores the origin and multiple disruptions of French fishing settlements in seventeenth and eighteenth century Newfoundland.
Death of a Merchant
Authors: Layton Ian G.
Published: September 2018

Ian G. Layton’s essay signifies the move into the second section of the text, which assesses maritime mercantile communities; merchants; shipowners and shipbrokers. It traces the prosperous life of Swedish maritime merchant Abraham Stenholm.
Captain John Deane: Mercenary, Diplomat and Spy
Authors: Warner Richard H.
Published: September 2018

This essay is the first in the final section of the text that examines maritime culture, encompassing the navy and the coastguard. Within it, Richard Warner traces the life of Captain John Deane, naval-man, diplomat, and Jacobean spy.
Her Majesty's Coastguard
Authors: Minchinton Walter
Published: September 2018

Walter Minchinton examines the development of coastguard technology to combat the smuggling of goods.
Coastal Life, “Nordic Culture” and Nation State: Reflections on the Formation of the Nation State and Maritime History
Authors: Holm Poul
Published: September 2018

Poul Holm speculates over the academic study of the role of seagoing in the development of regional and national cultures.
The Early Nineteenth-Century Port of London: Management and Labour in Three Dock Companies, 1800-1825
Authors: Henderson Anthony R. , Palmer Sarah
Published: September 2018

This essay addresses the impact of industrialisation on the experience of work during the early 1800s. It presents the idea that industrial relations focused less on trade unions and more on broad labour/management contact and gave a new emphasis to the significance of the labour process. Also featured is a map of The Port of London in the 1830s, which is used as an example for evidence of change within the pre-industrial pattern of management/labour relations.
Owners and Masters: Management and Managerial Skills in the Finnish Ocean-Going Merchant Fleet, c. 1840-1880
Authors: Kaukiainen Yijö
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the system of management in merchant shipping, notably the role and importance of a long-distance shipmaster, during the 1800s, and uses the Finnish merchant marine as a case study to examine the weakness in shipping management and to determine the usefulness of long-term strategic planning. Also presented in the essay is statistical data analysing the significance of language skills.
Management, Profitability and Finance in Twentieth-Century Spanish Merchant Shipping: The Compañia Maritima Del Nervion as a Case Study, 1899-1986
Authors: Valdaliso Jesús M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the success and demise of the Spanish shipping firm, The Compañía Marítima Del Nervion, and explores its evolution across almost a century. The essay discusses the business of merchant shipping within a changing technological, institutional and market environment.
Contractors' Bounties or Due Consideration?: Evidence on the Commercial Nature of The Royal Mail Steam Placket Company's Mail Contracts, 1842-1905
Authors: Arnold AJ. , Greenhill Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This essay discusses the negotiation of postal contracts between the government and the private sector, and asks whether the state provided private sector shipping companies with excess returns. The essay also describes the operation of Royal Mail’s mail contracts and the development of its non-contract revenues; its commercial and financial returns, and finally compares its results with financial returns in the second half of the 19th century.
Patterns of Ownership and Finance In the Greek Deep-Sea Steamship Fleet, 1880-1914
Authors: Harlaftis Gelina
Published: September 2018

This essay explores the rise and growth of the Greek merchant marine whilst addressing the operation of steamships and the significant role they played in 19th and 20th Century Greek shipping. The essay also focuses on the patterns of shipping ownership and finance that accompanied the acquisition of steam tonnage.
Financial Weakness and Industrial Conflict in Italian Shipbuilding Between the Two World Wars
Authors: Conti Giuseppe
Published: September 2018

This chapter seeks to examine factors that contributed to the financial distress of Italian shipbuilders during the interwar period. It analyses internal breakdowns within shipping companies, including weak links within a production chain or conflicts between managers, as well as investigating the role that banks had to play in the failure.
Responding to the Global Market in Boom and Recession: Japanese Shipping and Shipbuilding Industries, 1945-1980
Authors: Yamashita Yukio
Published: September 2018

This essay presents the Japanese Shipping and Shipbuilding sector’s response to post-war booms and recessions. It focuses on the reaction to the world economy collapse triggered by the third Mideast war and explores how the sector responded to the new environment of inflation and oversupplying. The analysis of the significant changes to Japanese shipping is also supported by statistical data, including numbers of exports and imports, and changing trade values of the Japanese export market.
Records deposited or presented under the Public Records Act, 1958
Authors: Read Gordon , Stammers Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter is split into two sections; Deposited Records, and Presented Records. Deposited Records consist of the following:- Liverpool Statutory Register of British Merchant Ships; the Wool Act Register; Plantation Registers; Certificate of Registry 1786-1823; Register Books spanning 1786-1942; Register Books of Non-Liverpool Registered Vessels; Transaction Books; Curve Books; Fishing Vessels Register; the Manchester Registry; and the Runcorn Registry. Presented Records consist of the remainder:- Board of Trade Crew Agreements 1857-onward; and the National Dock Labour Board.
Shipping and Trade Associations
Authors: Read Gordon , Stammers Michael
Published: September 2018

Specialist trades within the shipping industry rose to prominence in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The activities of the specialist Liverpool trade associations that sprang up as a result are housed in this collections. The records cover the following associations:- British Liner Committee; Canadian Atlantic Freight Secretariat; Liverpool Ship Owners’ Association; The Liverpool Steamship Owners’ Association; Shipping Federation, Liverpool and Mersey District; National Maritime Board; Employers’ Association of the Port of Liverpool; Marine Insurance Associations; Liverpool and London Steam Ship Protection and Indemnity Association; Liverpool and London War Risks Insurance Association; Liverpool Underwriters Association; Liverpool Cold Storage Association; The Liverpool Corn Trade Association; Liverpool Cotton Association; Liverpool Provision Trade Association; and The Sugar Association of Lancashire.
Shipowners
Authors: Read Gordon , Stammers Michael
Published: September 2018

This final chapter lists every known shipowning business that has operated in Merseyside. As many of these companies swallowed up others, or fragmented into others, some of the histories have proven difficult to trace. This section lists each shipowning business alphabetically, and provides a short, useful introduction of the history of each company listed, in order to make the catalogue as navigable as possible. Examples of listings include (but are by no means limited to):- the African Steamship Co.; Allan Line; Booth Line; Thomas and John Brockleback Ltd.; Canadian Pacific; Cunard Line (the University of Liverpool also hosts a large amount of Cunard archives); Nelson Line; the Royal Mail Steam Packet Co.; and the White Star Line.
Danish Maritime History, 1976-1992: A Review
Authors: Holm Poul
Published: September 2018

This essay endeavours to determine how close maritime history has come to answering central historical problems by exploring the wealth of literature and research relating to Denmark after the year 1500. The essay covers topics of Danish shipbuilding; Business Histories; Trading Histories; Ship operations; Home ports; Individual voyages; Wrecks; Rescue and Pilot services; Fishing and hunting; Exploitation of the seabed; Social history; Maritime communities; Maritime lifestyles; Maritime art; and International maritime history.
Establishment of the Aquaforte Whaling Station, 1902
Authors: Dickinson Anthony B. , Sanger Chesley W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter follows the early success of the whaling station in 1902, and the way in which the growing industry was integrated into the local community. It is particularly interested in the production of whale oil and statistics concerning whale catches over the course of the whaling season.
The 1903 Whaling Season
Authors: Dickinson Anthony B. , Sanger Chesley W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the 1903 decline of the local whale population in relation to expansion of whaling in Newfoundland, and the role of the Ellefsen family during this period and their contributions to the industry.
The Decline of Aquaforte, 1905-1908
Authors: Dickinson Anthony B. , Sanger Chesley W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the factors that led to the rapid decline of the whaling industry in Newfoundland, the disastrous 1905 whaling season, and the subsequent withdrawal from the enterprise by the Ellefsens in 1908.
The Seamen
Authors: Craig Robin
Published: September 2018

This section explores the link between a rise in competence and productivity within the shipping industry, and the dissemination of printed guides for master mariners during the nineteenth century, pamphlets which provided practical information and guides to their duties from ship owners and charterers, with relevant examples of such literature included. Craig demonstrates the solidity of this link, but concludes that the increase in efficiency remains unquantifiable. The section concludes with a short glossary of terms to assist the reader with specific maritime jargon.
Tramp-Shipping Regions
Authors: Craig Robin
Published: September 2018

This final section makes up the majority of the journal. Craig explores six individual regions and unique operations within the tramp-shipping industires. The first subsection is devoted to Wales, and considers the ports and shipping industry of Glamorgan between 1750 and 1914; the actions of the Radcliffe Company in South Wales between 1882-1921; the specifics of the 1860s shipping industry at Llanelli; the specifics of the 1840s shipping industry in Carmarthenshire; and the Hetty Ellen of Aberystwyth and Doctor Livingstone. The second considers the Northwest, examining the River Dee during the Eighteenth century and the shipbuilding and shipping industry of Chester during the Nineteenth. The third looks at the West Country, tracing the history of mercantile shipping in Devon between 1750 and 1920. The fourth looks at the Northeast and the shipbuilding William Gray and Company of Hartlepool. The fifth concerns the Southeast and the deep-sea shipping of Thanet in the mid-Eighteenth century. The final subsection considers the British Empire in Canada, studying the British and British North-American Shipbuilding industry in the early Nineteenth century, with particular focus on Prince Edward Island. Each section contains a thorough history, including timelines, tables, and maps, where relevant.
Gladstone Dock
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the creation of Gladstone Dock. The motivation of the MDHB was to create a dock that could accommodate ships of up to 1000 feet, a length which was inconceivable in 1901. It documents the construction of the dock, from the secrecy surrounding its reveal to the public, to engineering difficulties - particularly with regard to the dimensions of a graving dock, and the troubled relationship between the board and Cunard. It concludes by stating that though the dock was too large and too expensive, the Board managed to keep the project afloat by allowing it to adapt to suit the ever-evolving needs of the industry.
Engineering, Management and Decision-making
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This chapter continues to explore the history of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, addressing the modernisation attempts across the port, and their varied successes. Particular focus is given to interpreting the over-spending and delayed upgrades the Alfred Entrances of Birkenhead.
Making the Customers Happy
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board and the general public. It considers the factors that led to the public perception of the Board as ‘dedicated to its own interests’ rather than acting in the interest of port users. Jarvis attempts to discern whether or not the public’s perception was just or unreasonable.
Sand, Silt and Sewage: The Work of the Board’s Dredgers
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the necessity of dredging in the Port of Liverpool, and the development of dredging technology from the mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth century. It considers the effect dredging had on the port, the methods adopted by the Mersey Docks and Harbours Board, and concludes by stating that dredging was necessary in order to appease customers and keep the port navigable. Jarvis rounds out his analysis, however, by asserting that dredging did not take place during wartime and the port was not compromised as a result.
Conclusion
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Maritime History since Braudel
Authors: Harlaftis Gelina , Vassallo Carmel
Published: September 2018

This chapter recounts the progress made in the fields of maritime and mediterranean history since the publication of Fernand Braudel’s landmark La Méditerranée. The first half provides an overview of the development of maritime history as an academic discipline from the 1950s onwards, noting the major publications, historians, and universities associated with the field. The second half concerns maritime history specifically relating to the Mediterranean, and briefly contextualises the maritime environments of France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Malta, and North Africa, respectively, as an introduction to the collection of essays that follow in the subsequent chapters.
Maritime Historiography in Ancien Régime Mediterranean Spain
Authors: Mola Marina Alfonso , Shaw Carlos Martínez
Published: September 2018

This chapter documents the development of maritime historiography concerning Spain. It explores the academic approach to maritime trade; alternative forms of commerce; financing; shipbuilding; fishing; port infrastructures; social history; the merchant bourgeoisie; seafarers and ancillary trades; institutional history; legislation; institutions; and culture and mentalitiés as they relate to maritime Spain. It concludes with the assertion that Spanish maritime history has evolved over a forty-year period from one of exclusive military focus, to a diverse subject of university research.
Trade in the Mediterranean in the Early Modern Era: A Brief Review of the French Literature
Authors: Vincent Xavier Labat Saint
Published: September 2018

This chapter is a guide to the wide selection of French-language publications for those who wish to research four major topics of French maritime history: Marseilles and trade in the Mediterranean; corsairing and its effect on trade; trade relations with provinces of the Ottoman Empire; and the nature of the goods traded within France and the Mediterranean.
Maltese Maritime Historiography: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Chircop John
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a critical evaluation of the maritime historiography of Malta. It determines the two major interests are commercial and naval, at the expense of other sub-disciplines such as fishing. The author points to cultural hegemony and Western Eurocentric viewpoints as particular causes of bias within Maltese maritime history, then proceeds to details naval, shipping, trade, and harbour-related publications. The final part of the chapter is devoted to social history publications and the academic attempts to restore the numerous gaps in the history relating to areas such as fishing communities, maritime art, and ancient rites and rituals.
Migration and Maritime Networks in the Atlantic Economy: An Introduction
Authors: Hoste Stéphane , Fischer Lewis R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the factors that caused the acceleration of transatlantic migration in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Major contributing factors include the transition from sail to steam technology; the decrease in the price of a transatlantic tickets (due, in part, to fierce business competition); the growing presence of emigration agents and the campaigns to fill passenger lists; the increasing presence of government regulation; and the interpersonal ties of chain migration networks. It then outlines the aims of subsequent chapters and states the overall aim of the journal: to stimulate further academic research into the crossover between maritime and migrant networks.
The First Waves of Internationalization: A Comparison of Early Modern North Sea and Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Labour Migrations
Authors: van Lottum Jelle
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that prior to the mass migration and globalisation of the nineteenth century, an earlier era of mass migration can be identified in the North Sea region between 1600 and 1950. It offers a quantitative analysis of Northwest Europe’s first major waves of internationalisation. It provides and analyses emigration rates and mobility patterns throughout the period, and seeks to determine the causes of increased migration within the region spanning Scotland, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. It identifies two main waves of migration, occurring between 1550-1800 and 1850-1950 respectively. In exploring migration patterns, it defines four phases of movement: introductory, growth, saturation, and regression. Chain migration, industrialisation, the growth of urban populations, and the needs of the labour market are all considered, before concluding that the populace of the pre-industrialisation North Sea region was fairly mobile, linked to the supply of labour across the region, and statistically similar to the age of mass migration that followed later.
The Battle for the Migrants: The Evolution from Port to Company Competition, 1840-1914
Authors: Feys Torsten
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the role of Dutch and Belgian consular agencies in opening and sustaining the business of transatlantic steamship lines from Rotterdam and Antwerp to the United States. Via a case study of the Holland America Line it analyses the responsibility of shipping agencies to gather information on migrant opportunities in the United States and to maintain the reputation of European ports. It uses the Line’s correspondence with New York shipping agents and the Board of Directors to interpret business strategies and inter-firm relationships. Though little is known about the activities of shipping agents and shipping companies in influencing migration, it concludes that their advertising efforts and the effects of fierce company competition brought the prospects of the New World into the mindset of a great number of Europeans. It requests further scholarly research into the impact of agents on migration patterns
The Role of Foreign-born Agents in the Development of Mass Migrant Travel through Britain, 1851-1924
Authors: Evans Nicholas J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how Britain profited from the foreign component of the passenger trade through the employment of foreign-born agents in the development of British business ventures. It considers the role of commercial agents, translators, and lodging-house keepers on land, and merchant marines, Lascar seamen, and various maritime crew at sea, in effort to determine how pivotal foreign-born labour was to the British shipping industry. It argues that without the aid of foreign-born agents, British shipping companies would have lost their competitive international advantage fairly quickly. By analysing the British emigration market over the course of the nineteenth century; the activity of British ports; and actions of British shipping companies including Cunard and White Star, it concludes that foreign agents ensured that the revolution in transoceanic passenger shipping flowed through British companies, rectifying the historical assumption that foreign agents took advantage of the British market.
Transatlantic Emigration and Maritime Transport from Greece to the US, 1890-1912: A Major Area of European Steamship Company Competition for Migrant Traffic
Authors: Manitakis Nicolas
Published: September 2018

This essay outlines the evolution of the Greek migrant market during the boom years of transatlantic migration from the eastern Mediterranean, the 1890s to the 1920s. It aims to define the various approaches to competition amongst migrant firms operating in the Greek migrant market. It places the market both in regional and continental contexts; determines the opportunities for transatlantic migration from Greece; explores the importance of Greek emigrants to the French shipping industry; provides reasons for the establishment of an Austro-American shipping route; and discusses international and regional competition through fare increases, advertising campaigns, and economic patriotism. It concludes that competition amongst migrant shipping companies was both a key feature of the history of transatlantic migration, and a particularly antagonistic practice within the Greek migrant market.
Costs, Risks and Migration Networks between Europe and the United States, 1900-1914
Authors: Keeling Drew
Published: September 2018

This essays explores the peak period of voluntary mass migration between Europe and the United States - 1900 to 1914. It focuses on the four major networks that enabled migration in such high numbers: kinship and community; steamship agents; steamship conferences; and government regulatory bodies. It analyses the push and pull factors of mass migration; the business risks plaguing passenger cargo over freight cargo; the US political responses to mass migration; the cost of migration; and the approaches to risk management in migration networks. It concludes by claiming that the well-documented risk-mitigating networks during the ‘Great Migration’ offers insights into the migration networks of the early twenty-first century and provides possible solutions for coping with the contemporary risks of globalisation.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller Michael B.
Published: September 2018

This final chapter offers a conclusion to the overall findings of the journal. It summarises the core factors of mass migration: migration patterns and networks; the role of governments and immigration policy; the importance of steamship emigration agents; the business of migration; and the shifting role of ports and port infrastructures. It concludes by suggesting that maritime and migration historians can further their studies by expanding and exploring one another’s territories.
A Guide to the Emergence of Japan's Modern Shipping Industries
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: September 2018

This essay explores the development of Japanese shipping, which grew at a considerable rate to become the second largest fleet in the world as of the year 2000. Peter N. Davies considers the unique relationship between the Japanese government and Japanese shipowners, exploring the historical factors that developed this relationship and the way governmental policy provided comparative advantages for Japanese ship-owning companies. He also explores the benefits of the close relationship between shipowners and shipbuilders. Unlike Norway and Greece, Japan found great success with passenger liners. Davies concludes that skill and application gave Japan the competitive edge in the international shipping market, and that this success is likely to continue in the future.
1.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

This first chapter provides a close reading and synopsis of the exposition of Mrs. Dalloway and breaks down individual lines of the novel in order to produce a discussion of imagery, narrative style, and context. It details significant conventions that run throughout the novel, and refers to the use of Alexandrian poetry and Greek myth to reflect on Woolf’s choice of motif, language, and metaphor.
2.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

Chapter two offers a synopsis and analysis of the second section of Mrs. Dalloway. It focuses on the novel’s introduction to new characters and examines Woolf’s thinking behind her decision to use descriptions of appearance as a mode of characterisation. The chapter also provides a useful offering of context surrounding the First World War, royalty, and the city of London in the 1920s, as well as referencing various scholars, including Mary Shelley, William Shakespeare and Henri Poincaré.
3.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, Hoff uses allusions to many other works of literature to provide an almost line-by-line analysis of the third section of Mrs. Dalloway. The chapter discusses Woolf’s skilful use of subtlety, double meaning and parody, as well as the involvement of recurring motifs, imagery and metaphor.
6.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

Chapter six provides an interpretation of specific lines and words in the sixth section of Mrs. Dalloway. In this chapter, Hoff discusses the repeating themes present across the whole of Woolf’s literature, and refrains from limiting her discussion to the motifs only contained in Mrs. Dalloway. Also explored is the novel’s use of allegory, preformed language, rhetoric and irony, as well as Greek and Latin influence.
11.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

This penultimate chapter provides a critical reading of the eleventh section of Mrs. Dalloway. Its discussion covers the effect and significance of the novel’s use of metaphor and self-reference. The chapter also explores the value of repeating motifs, and in particular pays close attention to the motif of fire alongside the character of Clarissa. Throughout Hoff’s study, she provides a useful insight on British colloquialism and idiom, in order to best portray Woolf’s intended humour, meaning, and characterisation.
7.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

This chapter offers a synopsis and discussion of the events that take place in the seventh section of Mrs. Dalloway. Hoff explores the many layers within the section, paying close attention to the thematic links present throughout the novel, including birth imagery and references to the Underworld. The discussion also looks at the novel’s structure and literary devices used, whilst making reference to Greek and Latin elegy as well as renowned authors and philosophers.
Austronesian Mariners and Early Trans-Indian Ocean Crossings
Authors: Campbell Gwyn
Published: September 2018

This essay attempts to answer the question of whether the Austronesian people - referring to the Southeast Asian region connected by the Austronesian language family - were capable of making direct trans-Indian Ocean voyages, and if so, when these voyages began. Austronesian migration across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar frequently invites scholarly debate over the timing, route, and cause. By exploring the rise and development of shipbuilding and the navigational ability of Austronesians, the essay seeks answers through developments in maritime technology. It draws on boat-building practices, sail technology, and navigational strategies to assert that Austronesians did indeed possess the appropriate maritime skills to make such a voyage, and concludes that the first human activity on the island may indeed be Austronesian, though further research must still be undertaken to establish this as fact.
State Control and Regulation of Commerce on the Waterways and Coast of Senegambia, ca. 1500-1800
Authors: Traoré Ousmane
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the trade relationship between the Senegambian Wolof government and European maritime traders between 1500 and 1800. It analyses the separate approaches each side took during diplomatic relations over the rights to African waterways. It demonstrates that where European states considered Africa a ‘discovery’ and recognised it in terms of possession, monopolies, and exclusive rights over other European nations, Senegambian sovereigns considered the market free, and traded with Europe out of economic interest without willingness to give up dominion of their lands to maritime traders. In particular, it examines the reign of Lat-Sukaabe Faal, king of Kajoor-Bawol between 1696 and 1720, and how he undertook commercial relations with European maritime powers. By analysing how these two economically incompatible cultures interacted over trade, it determines that African leaders used military advantages to protect their interests, and that despite the Eurpoean ‘mastery of the sea’, African nations used their own maritime skills, especially navigation, to maintain control of their waterways and thereby control the terms of trade with Europe.