bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Project DIGIS: Building Interactive Applications by Direct Manipulation
Authors: Bos Jan van den , Laffra Chris
Published: October 2007

DIGIS is a design and implementation system for developers of general purpose interactive applications (IA). It is itself an interactive system that accomplishes its task by Direct Manipulation techniques, in principle without using a programming language. DIGIS is a generator in the form of a window‐based workbench. It has two input sources. One is a toolkit of predetined interaction tools consisting of prototypes and instances. The other is the set of predetined application procedures thai make up the application part of the IA. The application procedures do not handle user input but may handle textual or graphical screen output. The task of the developer is to build the user interface by selecting the appropriate interaction tools. tailor them to the interface, and tie them to application procedures. This includes the visual representations of interaction tools, their prompts, echoes and feedback. In the process he maps user input to parameter lists for the application procedures, and return parameters to interface output. DIGIS will also support the detinition of composite input (interaction patterns such as sequences). Unix and X are the initiat operating environment, adaption of the input sources to PCTE. OSF/Motif, and Open Look is feasible and anticipated.

The design of DIGIS is based on a hierarchical interaction model that is the second focus of this paper. The implementation will be done using PROCOL, a locally developed concurrent object‐oriented language. which offers protocols that support composite input. The language is a superset of C, and therefore fully compatible with existing C libraries.

ACM Categories and Subject Descriptors:

D.2.2 [Software Engineering]: Tools and Techniques ‐user interfaces, programmer workbench;

D.3.3 [Programming Language]: Language Constructs ‐input/output, programming structures;

H.1.2 [Models and Principles]: User/Machine Systems ‐human factors;

1.3.6 [Computer Graphics]: Methodology and Techniques ‐ interaction techniques, ergonomics, languages:
Factoring a Homogeneous Transformation for a more Efficient Graphics Pipeline
Authors: Abi‐Ezzi Salim S. , Wozny Michael J.
Published: October 2007

We identify an intermediate coordinate system situated between world coordinates and display coordinates, which exhibits unique features for lighting calculations and for clipping in homogeneous coordinates. Our key contribution is an algorithm for extracting such a coordinate system from a homogeneous viewing transformation that relates WC to DC. The algorithm is based on factoring the transformation into a product of a Euclidean factor and a sparse (computationally cheap) but non‐Euclidean factor.

A particularly strong application of the proposed technique is the graphical processing of curved surface primitives, such as what is needed in the PHIGS PLUS viewing pipeline. Furthermore, in PHIGS PLUS the graphical data is retained by the graphics system, therefore, it is possible to perform the factoring of the viewing transformation at creation time, and to take advantage of this factored form at traversal time.
3D Display: Synthetic Image Generation and Visual Effect Simulation
Authors: Theoharis T. A. , Travis A. R. L. , Wiseman N. E.
Published: October 2007

Two viewing models are presented for a promising type of three dimensional display: they are based on parallel oblique and perspective oblique projections respectively. A detailed simulation compares the quality of the images that will be produced by each projection type and points out potential problems. The time necessary to alter the image of the three dimensional display will be comparable to that of conventional displays by the use of a simple parallel processing scheme.
A Direct Manipulation Technique for Specifying 3D Object Transformations with a 2D Input Device
Authors: Van Emmerik Maarten J.G.M.
Published: October 2007

A mechanism is presented for direct manipulation of 3D objects with a conventional 2D input device, such as a mouse. The user can define and modify a model by graphical interaction on a 3D perspective or parallel projection. A gestural interface technique enables the specification of 3D transformations (translation, rotation and scaling) by 2D pick and drag operations. Interaction is not restricted to single objects but can be applied to compound objects as well. The method described in this paper is an easy‐to‐understand 3D input technique which does not require any special hardware and is compatible with the designer's mental model of object manipulation.
Bureaucratised Political Participation and its Consequence in Poland
Authors: Kolankiewicz George
Published: October 2007

‘The December events once again emphasised that the numerical growth of the Party is not always indicative of society's support for its policy nor of its links with the masses and that the strength of the Party is in no simple way dependent upon its size’ (XII Plenum PZPR, November 1971)
Politics and Correctness
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth
Published: October 2007

It is important that discussions of ‘political correctness’ within the discipline of political studies should not just replicate the crude conceptions of both ‘politics’ and ‘correctness’ that characterise the disputes that are gathered under that name. As a properly political phenomenon, ‘political correctness’ calls for careful and critical discussion by political scientists In this paper, the conceptualisations of ‘politics’ and ‘correctness’ in these disputes are examined In addition, the idea and practice of ‘cultural’ or ‘discursive’ politics is discussed, and the connection with disputes about the academic curriculum is examined.
Ferdinand Tönnies: A Candidate for the Canon?
Authors: Stafford William
Published: October 2007

Tönnies' classic work develops an account of contrasted models of society and associated personality types: a rational choice one and a communitarian one. There is a related philosophy of history, torn between nostalgia and modernity. He looks forward to a resolution of these oppositions which is socialist and loosely Marxist while rejecting the command economy and historical inevitability. These themes are saturated with ideas of gender, which are used to illuminate the human being, social relationships and history. His preferred socialist future is androgynous. All of this is richly elaborated, complex and relevant and eminently discussable.
Republicans in the South
Authors: McSweeney Dean
Published: October 2007

This article explains the failure of the Republican party to reproduce their dominance of the South in presidential elections at lower electoral levels. First, the foreign policy and social issues that have benefitted Republican presidential candidates have lower salience in state and congressional elections. Second, sustained Republican control of the White House has exposed the party to recurrent mid-term setbacks at lower electoral levels. Third, deficiencies of local party organization and a paucity of identifiers deprives the Republicans of candidates in sufficient quantity and quality to be competitive with Democrats.
Over the Top: Dutch Right-Wing Extremist Parties in the Elections of 1994
Authors: Mudde C.E. , van Holsteyn J.J.M.
Published: October 2007

In 1994 three elections were held in the Netherlands. For a time it seemed that the right-wing extremist parties were destined to break out of their marginal position. However, after these three elections, in terms of electoral support they ended up where they had started. The variation in electoral support for these parties can only in part be attributed to developments within the parties and the (negative) publicity these developments incited in the media. An alternative explanation based upon protest voting and the theory of first and second-order elections appears more promising.
Travelling Fast to Get Nowhere: Transport Policy in the European Union
Authors: Baker Susan
Published: October 2007

The Common Transport Policy of the EU is one of the three common policies mentioned in the Treaty of Rome. However, this policy area has seen few achievements It was not until the 1980's that any real attempt to develop a CTP began. The drive to complete the internal market has given this task a new urgency. However, the legacy of its past approach makes it difficult for the EU now to develop a successful transport policy. Varying explanations exist for this failing. Furthermore, the EU has failed to take account of the wider significance of transport policy, especially for regional development and for the environment.
Sharpening up Sabatier: Belief Systems and Public Policy
Authors: Hann Alison
Published: October 2007

What causes public policies to come into being and to change has been a matter of primary concern to political scientists for a very long time. This article examines very briefly a few approaches to this problem, and then focusses on one model in particular: that proposed by Paul Sabatier which looks at the relationship between beliefs and policy making. We then examine some of the problems associated with Sabatier's approach, and suggest some possible revisions which enable the model to be used more effectively.
Evaluating Thatcherism: Over the Moon or as Sick as a Parrot?
Authors: Marsh David , Rhodes R.A.W.
Published: October 2007

Despite Jeremy Moon's assertions we do not claim that there was no significant change in policy content or outcomes during the Thatcher period; or that the entire post-war period is marked by seamless continuity. We recognise that substantial change occurred. We examine Moon's sins of omission and commission before arguing that in order to establish the extent of and reasons for change in the Thatcher period, we need to undertake detailed, theoretically-informed empirical analysis rather than dealing, like Moon, in assertion.
Nationalism as Culturalism: A Critique
Authors: Pryke Sam
Published: October 2007

The essay assesses the currently fashionable notion that nationalism is cultural phenomenon through examination of the ‘Godfather’ of cultural nationalism, Johan Herder. It finds that nations only really arise with political nationalist movements and the building of nation-states in the 19th century.
The EC and its Associates: Changing Priorities
Authors: Dickson Anna K.
Published: October 2007

An important area in which the Single European Act (SEA) has failed to agree a common policy is in its approach towards the developing countries. This paper examines the changing nature of the relationship between the European Community (EC) and its developing country partners, in particular the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states, as the EC moves toward a more integrated community. It argues that as the EC attempts to incorporate the former Eastern bloc into free market liberalism with new policies of association, ACP interests are in danger of becoming marginalised.
Anti-Perfectionism and the Liberalism of Inoffensiveness
Authors: Evans Mark A.
Published: October 2007

Recent, influential theories of liberalism have attempted to maximise respect for the diversity in conceptions of the good life by trying to purge the justifications for their own political principles of any controversial ideal. This paper argues that this wel-meaning move ought to be resisted, as it undermines liberalism's ability to defend and promote itself.
An International Environmental Regime for Population?: From Bucharest to Cairo
Authors: Dodgson Richard , Gray Tim
Published: October 2007

The problem of over population has been the subject of much debate since Malthus's ‘Essay on the Principle of Population’ in 1798. This debate has taken on a new sense of urgency, however, during the last 25 years, as the global implications of rapid population growth have became apparent. Attempts by the international community to establish a regime to deal with the problem have led to the convening of three conferences, Bucharest (1974), Mexico City (1984) and Cairo (1994). But despite propitious signs of consensus during the run up periods to each of these conferences, no international regime has been created This article examines the reasons for both the initial consensus and the eventual dissensus in each case, and concludes that several pre-conditions must be met if a regime is to be established in the future.
The Politics of Energy Policy in the United Kingdom
Authors: Taylor Andrew
Published: October 2007

This article examines the evolution of energy policy in post-war Britain. It examines the decline of the politics of production associated with the nationalised energy industries and the rise of the politics of regulation under the impact of privatisation. The article concludes with an examination of energy policy in the context of the recent debates over governance and the hollowing-out of the state.
Public Management Reform: A Global Perspective
Authors: James Oliver , Manning Nick
Published: October 2007

This article summarises the results of a ‘broad brush’ global survey of ‘new forms’ of public management. The survey supports the view that the spread of the new forms cannot be seen as a global ‘paradigm shift’ in public management. However the new forms are increasingly found beyond the core set of OECD countries usually given as examples of reforming countries. The survey suggests that globalisation processes are increasing the amount of ‘lesson drawing’ between countries and contributing to the spread of new forms.
The Implications of Parekh's Cultural Pluralism
Authors: Tyler Colin
Published: October 2007

This paper assesses the special difficulties faced by a liberal democratic system which seeks to maintain its democratic credentials when governing a culturally diverse society. The argument focuses upon the analysis of cultural pluralism developed in two recent pieces of Bhikhu Parekh. After clarifying the nature of Parekh's culturally pluralistic society, the cultural specificity of liberal democracy is examined Finally, Parekh's attempt to reconcile the two through ‘operative public values’ is shown to be inadequate in such a manner that the ability of a liberal democratic system to ever bring lasting well-being in a situation of cultural diversity is thrown into doubt.
Britain and Europe: An Awkward Partner or an Awkward State?
Authors: Wilks Stuart
Published: October 2007

This article builds on the recent exchange between Jim Buller and Stephen George on the subject of British ‘awkwardness’ in relation to the European Union. While it engages with both authors, the article also seeks to bring the state back into the analysis. It makes a connection between the structure and organisation of the state and the behaviour of domestic political actors.
Historical Contextualism Revisited
Authors: King Preston
Published: October 2007

To deal with the methodological problems of historical contextualism, it is useful to distinguish between (1) Text, (2) Context, (3) History, (4) Contextualism and (5) Historicism.1 A text is by turn the outcome, and object, of all writing or research. A context is any perspective on a text, including the background data that one may append to it. History is a narrative, a story, which is focused upon a text or context - in as far as the two are the same, viewed as propositions. ‘Contextualism’ is a methodological claim that valid history is only secured or demonstrated via the reconstruction of ‘the context’ - especially where the latter is to do with a perspective on the background to a text. Historicism is disinclined either to extract present moral judgements from, or apply them to, the past; it resists more broadly any form of social generalisation over extended units of chronological time2; it thereby displays a liability to overrate the importance of the sometimes ‘spectacular differences’ (Popper 1960: p.101) between various historical periods. Historical contextualism may be construed as a new variety of historicism. The emphasis of the present account is more broadly upon the logical futility of historical contextualism in general, and less upon its specifically historicist character.
Elite Interviewing: Approaches and Pitfalls
Authors: Richards David
Published: October 2007

Interviews are one of the major tools in qualitative research, although there is a limited literature on the subject of interviewing generally and elite interviewing particularly. The aim of this article is to introduce some of the issues involved in elite interviewing to researchers new to the use of the technique. Emphasis is also placed on the need for the interviewer to know his/her subject thoroughly, and to be prepared to be flexible in an interview situation. The information is based on the author's own recent experience of interviewing a number of top civil servants, both serving and retired.
International Relations Theory and International Distributive Justice
Authors: Brown Chris
Published: October 2007

International Relations theory emerged in the 1930's with the triumph of realism over utopianism, a triumph that created a discourse that has been unable to make a substantial contribution to the literature on international distributive justice which has burgeoned since the mid-1970's. The emergence of neorealist and neoliberal International Relations theory in the 1970's and 1980's made little difference; However, this consensus is now crumbling and a new body of International Relations theory, focusing on bounded communities and the ethics of inclusion and exclusion is emerging. This new work is more in tune with the concerns of political theory – although major differences remain.
The Political Mobilisation of Women's Interest Issues: The Failure of Childcare
Authors: Marchbank Jennifer
Published: October 2007

The Women's Liberation Movement achieved political success with several issues – but not with childcare. This article addresses the reasons for the success and failure of various WII's, examining the nature of pressure politics, methods of organising, public and private debates before focusing on women's attitudes to the childcare issue. The conclusion drawn here is that the more successful feminist issues' do not challenge gender roles to the same extent as childcare does - which could explain the nonmobilisation of childcare as an issue.
Contemporary Conservatism, Human Nature, and Identity: The Philosophy of Roger Scruton
Authors: Wendelken David
Published: October 2007

In this article I examine the role that the concept of human nature plays within the conservative philosophy of Roger Scruton. I argue that it is of fundamental importance for his approach to conservatism, as well as showing the influence on his views of Hegel and Wittgenstein. However, such an approach can cause many problems for the conservative, and I argue that Scruton's use of a theory of human nature to justify particular social arrangements makes his approach resemble the methods of e.g socialism and liberalism, precisely those theories he wishes to attack for being based on abstract theories of human nature.
Richard Rorty and the Problem of the Person
Authors: Seglow Jonathan
Published: October 2007

In Richard Rorty's persuasive alternative to contemporary liberal theory he maintains that a contingent, rather than a universalist, liberalism can better engender human solidarity and that the ironic stance can better safeguard liberal freedom than any metaphysical buttress. In an internal critique I argue that irony is an aesthetic, rather than, as solidarity, a moral ideal. Moreover, Rorty's notion of agency is too voluntaristic to supply the necessary communitarian sentiments for solidarity to be achieved. Hence the twin ideals of irony and solidarity cannot both be situated in his decentered notion of selfhood.
Other People's Words: Creating a Market for Interview Material in Political Science
Authors: Bale Tim
Published: October 2007

Political scientists have long enjoyed computerised access to other people's data. But most of this data is quantitative rather than qualitative. Efforts to make interview transcripts, for example, as accessible as statistics have until very recently been uncoordinated and unusual due to a failure of supply and to a lack of demand. Both are rooted not merely in practical difficulties, but also in deeply held convictions about intellectual property and academic professionalism. Regulatory action is needed to find ways round these obstacles in order that political scientists as a community do not continue deny themselves rich research opportunities.
WHO GETS FORMAL HOUSING FINANCE IN JORDAN?
Authors: Struyk Raymond J. , Katsura Harold M. , Mark Katharine
Published: October 2007

The role of housing finance in actualizing housing demand is widely appreciated. Many developing nations have established special institutions in an attempt to assure that adequate volumes of financing are made available. Jordan offers an especially interesting case because the Jordan Housing Bank has the resources to serve almost any number of applicants at highly competitive rates. In addition, several other formal lenders make mortgage loans as do some government programs. This paper analyzes the determinants of the likelihood of recent home purchasers actually obtaining a loan from a formal finance institution. We find that purchasers in rural areas are much less likely to obtain such loans. In urban areas, the probability of using formal finance rises steadily with income. Also in urban areas, a household that purchases a unit that is an addition to an existing structure is much more likely to obtain formal financing than an otherwise similar household.
Development Banking Approach to the Development of Regions and Cities*
Authors: Mera Koichi
Published: October 2007

The selection of cities and regions for priority development should not be determined by technocrats in the central government as has been widely practised in the past, but instead, should be made on the basis of the wishes of the local units. A national system which encourages responsible local governments to undertake development projects without ordinary budget constraints but with responsibility should be developed to achieve this objective. The establishment of a local development bank meets this need. It will help local governments to become motivated in development efforts, to develop planning, implementation and management capabilities, and to learn the importance of cost recovery.
SHIFTING SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF METRO AREAS
Authors: Ben Abdallah Arbi , Leven Charles L.
Published: October 2007

This paper reviews traditional theoretic arguments for metro size distribution as an outcome of technical characteristics of production and the nature of demand for commodities and compares theoretical expectations with actual population growth experience in metro areas. Rigorous comparisons of actual with expected growth, however, are very difficult due to problems in making operational definitions of “place”, “intermediate size” and “metropolitan”. Despite these practical difficulties the actual record of growth by size class is reviewed for the U.S. since 1900 and for the countries of the European Community since 1950. The theoretical distribution is computed from the frequency distribution deduced by Losch which is calibrated to discrete size intervals according to Zipf and compared with actual distributions for U.S. counties, U.S. Standard Metropolitan Areas and EEC Functional Urban Regions. On the basis of these multiple comparisons it is concluded that somewhere perhaps as early as the 1940s and certainly by 1970 there was a strong shift in favor of intermediate size areas, but that by the early 1980s that this shift was weakening with indications of a lag in the adjustment in Europe compared with the U.S.
THE VERY RAPID INCREASE OF JAPANESE TOURISTS ABROAD AND THE ROLE OF NATIONAL WEALTH
Authors: Mera Koichi
Published: October 2007

The strong performance of the Japanese economy, rising stock and land prices in Japan, as well as the strong yen, have prompted Japanese to travel abroad in ever increasing numbers in recent years. Despite several obstacles against growth, such as limited vacation time for employees of Japanese corporations, relatively expensive airline tickets, capacity limitations of international airports in Japan, booming resort development in Japan itself, and imposed constraints on Japanese direct investment abroad, Japanese travelers abroad, the majority of whom are tourists, increased from less than five million in 1985 to almost 10 million in 1989. The traditional demand function based on income and price may not explain all of the growth of Japanese overseas tourism, since some of the increase in Japanese travelers may stem from increases in expected future income based on increased wealth. This wealth effect hypothesis is tested using a log‐linear regression model. It is found that wealth is a better predictor of overseas tourism levels than income. The effect of wealth increases on overseas tourism is also found to have a lag time of about one year. For this reason, it is proposed that the slowing in the Japanese economy this year will negatively impact Japanese overseas tourism next year.
REGIONAL JOB CREATION POLICIES: The Empirical Evidence for Illinois Enterprise Zones*
Authors: Esparza Adrian , Williams Martin
Published: October 2007

Federal, state, and local governments in the United States have established enterprise zone programs to promote economic development in depressed, localized economies. Although the program has been widely discussed during the last several years, analyses have been primarily descriptive or ideological. In this paper the enterprise zone program is examined within a more rigorous modeling framework. A theoretical profit maximizing model of the firm is developed to evaluate the impacts of local financial and development assistance within enterprise zones. The operational model uses 1988 data on forty Illinois enterprise zones. The results indicate that local financial and development assistance positively affect economic development, but in most cases the influences are not statistically significant. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify potential estimation bias resulting from the influence of specific enterprise zones. None of the five potentially influential zones affected the stability of parameter estimates.
RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY AND HOUSING TAX REFORMS: Some Empirical Evidence*
Authors: Heikkila Eric J.
Published: October 2007

The efficiency and equity implications of mortgage interest deductibility have been studied by a number of authors using models of housing demand that do not account for barriers to residential mobility. This paper examines how one's assessment of that proposed tax reform may differ based on models that do allow for such barriers, using data from Toronto, Canada. We find that earlier works tend to overstate the deadweight loss attributable to the introduction of mortgage interest deductibility, particularly in the short run.
THE FUTURE OF THE PANAMA CANAL IN A COMPETITIVE WORLD*
Authors: Iwabuchi Masakazu
Published: October 2007

With the termination of the Panama Canal Treaty, a new mode of canal operation can be expected. The treaty affects the transfer of the Panama Canal from the United States to the Government of Panama at the end of the year 1999. Whether or not the Panamanian Government will maintain the current price of canal passage is the major concern of this paper. This paper forecasts the future traffic in the canal, and examines possible changes in canal pricing along with possible actions of canal users, under the framework of a gaming situation. The feasibility of building a new canal is also examined.
THE SINO‐BRITISH JOINT DECLARATION, 1997, AND THE LAND MARKET OF HONG KONG*
Authors: Li Si‐Ming
Published: October 2007

In September, 1984, Britain and China concluded the Joint Declaration on the Future of Hong Kong. The Joint Declaration guarantees the continual practice of capitalism and a high degree of autonomy for Hong Kong for a period of 50 years after 1997. It helped to rebuild confidence and caused property prices to rise. However, Annex HI of the Joint Declaration places severe restraints on the present government, limiting its ability to respond to market trends and generate funds from land sales. This paper seeks to look at some of these effects. It is argued that there is very little room for the present government to maneouvre and that even now the constraints imposed by the Joint Declaration are affecting the land market in Hong Kong. Higher land prices, a slower rate of horizontal expansion of the city and a greater intensity of land use are likely consequences of the newly imposed contraints. The recent emphasis on inner city development and redevelopment vis‐a‐vis a new town development strategy is in part attributable to the Joint Declaration.
MARKET INDUCED AND GOVERNMENT MANDATED ENERGY CONSERVATION IN THE HOUSING MARKET: Econometric Evidence from the U.S.
Authors: Quigley John M.
Published: October 2007

This paper integrates and compares me results of two large‐scale econometric analyses of the effects of residential energy prices upon the U.S. housing market. A simple model of energy consumption in the housing market is developed, and the results of these studies are compared with the common model. The two studies, using very different bodies of data and very different econometric techniques, yield very similar implications in terms of household expenditures and patterns of consumption. In particular, both studies confirm the importance of “natural conservation” in the housing market. Higher energy prices lead to substantially lower consumption of residential energy, even in the absence of regulation. In particular, it is estimated that a doubling of energy prices leads to a reduction of residential energy consumption of about twenty‐five percent.
THE LOCATION OF NONMETROPOLITAN HIGH‐TECH INDUSTRIES: A Comparison of Regional Determinants
Authors: Keith John E. , Barkley David L.
Published: October 2007

A study of the location of three classifications of high‐tech industries in rural areas was undertaken using ordinary least squares, Tobit, and a two‐step estimation procedure suggested by Heckman (1976). The results indicate that the location decision for high tech firms is influenced primarily by the county population, adjacency to an SMSA, and the expenditures on public infrastructure (exclusive of education expenditures). However, location near interstate highways was generally not a significant factor. Results were similar between branch and unit (single ownership) plants. Some differences in signs of orders of magnitude occurred among the estimation procedures. Making a choice between Tobit and Heckman approaches depends upon the goal of the research.
BY ACCIDENT OR DESIGN: Some Lessons from Technology Led Local Economic Development Initiatives
Authors: Masser Ian
Published: October 2007

The experiences of the Japanese technopolis program and British science parks are evaluated with a view of identifying the extent to which the success of technology led local economic development initiatives is due to accident, in the form of largely unplanned factors, or design in the form of planned local initiatives. Reference is made not only to general studies of the two initiatives but also to detailed case study material relating to the Shinanogawa/Nagaoka technopolis in Japan and Cambridge Science Park in Britain. The findings of the studies support the view that technology led initiatives must be regarded as essentially facilitating mechanisms which, in the right circumstances, can play a useful role in promoting local economic development.
THE SIZE OF HOUSING SUBSIDIES IN CHINA*
Authors: Wang Yukun
Published: October 2007

Inexhaustible, strong demand for housing, which is generated from the current low rents and the work‐unit‐distribution housing system, has caused permanent housing shortages in China's urban sector. It is also one of the main sources of China's cost‐push inflation. The transition from public to private saving, which is included in current housing reform, is the only way to solve the housing problems facing the country. Calculation of the size of housing subsidies is the very foundation of any housing reform program. Based on my estimates, the annual housing subsidy per woker expanded 8.6 limes during the period from 1978 to 1988, increasing at an anual rate of 24.1%. Total housing subsidies expanded 12.4 times, rising at an annual rate of 28.6%. Relative to GNP, the housing subsidies grew from 1.3% to 4.2% during the period. The rapid expansion of housing subsidies has several significant policy implications for China's economy. These include the need for reappraising real worker income identifying the enlarged portion of revenue in kind, and recalculating housing consumption.
MIGRATION FROM THE NORTHEAST TO THE SOUTHEAST IN BRAZIL:* Do Migrants Succeed?
Authors: Tannen Michael B.
Published: October 2007

Confronted with poor prospects, many persons in the Brazilian Northeast migrate south in search of better opportunities. How successful they are is a matter of considerable interest to policymakers. Migration flows can be an important element in a country's economic development. The process also offers a potential market solution to the problem of regional poverty. Critics, however, maintainin actuality, migration merely serves to export poverty. In this paper 1980 Census microdata are used to evaluate the experiences of males who moved from the Northeast to the Southeast in the post‐“miraclc” period. Using regression analysis, migrant earnings are compared to those of persons who remain in the Northeast, to estimate the average earnings gain from relocating. These results are then disaggregated by education, age at migration, period of residence, and particular sending and receiving location, to provide more specific information on which groups benefit most. Wide variation in gains is observed, but substantial improvements in earnings are reported in most cases. The earnings of migrants are also related to the earnings distribution of all workers in the Southeast. Less than one‐fifth of the migrants fall into the category of relative poverty.
INTERACTION OF LAND POLICY AND LAND‐BASED TAX POLICY: THE VERMONT LAND GAINS TAX
Authors: Robinson Dennis , Chant Elizabeth M.
Published: October 2007

In 1973, the State of Vermont became the first jurisdiction in the United States to enact a land gains tax. The tax had two purposes: raising revenue and deterrring land speculation and subdivision, which were changing the rural, village character of the state's landscape. The land gains tax derived from many of the same forces as Act 250, Vermont's 1970 land use planning and environmental control legislation. Both measures had many positive effects during the 1970s and 1980s, but, following continued growth, land speculation and subdivision, and loss of farmland in the state in the mid‐1980s, both the land gains tax and land use planning and regulation were readdressed by the legislature in 1987 and 1988.
LAND MARKETS AND THE EFFECT OF REGULATION ON FORMAL‐SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN INDONESIA
Authors: Ferguson Bruce W. , Hoffman Michael L.
Published: October 2007

Until recently, urban land and housing markets in Indonesia seemed to function well. Informal‐sector development provided low‐income housing affordably. Through government programs, formal‐sector developers could build housing for all but the poor. Since 1989, however, daily conversation pictures land speculation as rampant and formal‐sector housing as rising beyond the means of the middle class. Newspapers carry stories of conflicts between small landowners and large developers with government officials in between. This article investigates this situation by addressing two related questions: are urban land prices rising “too fast?”; how do land regulations and development practices affect costs, and who pays these costs? The article includes quantitative estimates of urban land prices, changes in urban land supply, movement of land through the permitting process, and the effect of development regulations on costs. Data come from a literature survey and interviews of some of the largest formal‐sector developers in Indonesia. A principal finding concerns a development regulation called a “location permit” and the “social function” of land in Indonesian law. Although helpful as a means of assembling land in Indonesia's highly fragmented land markets, location permits allow formal‐sector developers to hold land off the market and pay low prices to small landowners. Ultimately, the “social function” of land under Indonesian law holds down the price formal‐sector developers pay for land, but not at the price at which they sell their product. The article concludes by proposing reforms to the regulatory process.
KAMPUNG IMPROVEMENT IN THE SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED CITIES OF CENTRAL JAVA
Authors: Milone Pauline D.
Published: October 2007

The analysis of data from the Kampong Improvement project in the small and medium sized cities of central Java demonstrates that house upgrading is no longer the only measure of improved welfare for Kampong residents. The privatizing of previously public essential services like water supply and those of MCK facilities (bath, laundry, toilet) currently provide evidence of improved living standards. Kampong residents in larger cities did not exhibit more responsible attitudes toward maintenance than smaller‐city residents. Kampong location in relation to the city center, the city's economy and the socio‐economic characteristics of the population were more influential factors.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Looney Robert E. , Winterford David
Published: October 2007

Despite considerable concern by the government, deep regional disparities remain a persistent and troubling feature of Pakistan's economy. Although stark inter‐provincial differences have received the most attention, both policy‐makers and research scholars also need to address profound intra‐provincial inequalities. Using factor analysis, this paper examines the relationship between investments in “hard” infrastructural development and inter‐provincial and intra‐provincial disparities in Pakistan. Overall, the paper argues that a very close association exists in Pakistan between regional infrastructure endowment and broad levels of socio‐economic development. Specifically, data indicate the striking importance of transport within and across regions. The analysis investigates the importance of differing types of transport infrastructure for regional development. The paper concludes with policy recommendations concerning levels, types and mix of hard infrastructural investments that might provide policy‐makers with the best opportunity for alleviating income disparities.
THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND REGIONAL SYSTEMS OF CHINA'S CITIES*
Authors: Chang Sen‐dou , Kim Won Bae
Published: October 2007

Employing cluster analysis of selected economic indicators, this paper classifies Chinese cities into various levels according to their total urban economic strength and per capita economic performance. Regional characteristics of China's urban system are identified and policy‐related measures for improving the economic efficiency of Chinese cities are suggested. In general, China''s urban economy appears to be undergoing a transition from a centrally planned economy into a market‐oriented one, particularly in cities along the coast and the lower reaches of the Yangzi valley.
ASPECTS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION WITHIN LOW‐INCOME HOUSING
Authors: Desai Vandana
Published: October 2007

This paper deals with the meaning and scope of community participation, the potential benefits for actors involved, practical obstacles, the shared responsibilities and related questions. It tries to explore the nature of participation in many contexts and attempts to analyze the concepts of “influence” and “power” in community participation. Various appropriate questions are asked, and a number of answers offered.
ORGANIZATIONAL OPTIONS FOR PROVIDING URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES: THE CASE OF INDONESIA
Authors: Cervero Robert
Published: October 2007

Rising incomes and rapid growth require better approaches to organizing and delivering solid waste management services in developing countries. This paper uses Indonesia as a case context for exploring organizational options to urban waste management, including provision by municipal agencies, semi‐commercial enterprises, private firms, and neighborhood organizations. Semi‐commercial enterprises were found to cover significantly higher shares of routine expenditures than municipal agencies. Few differences were found among different indicators of labor and equipment productivity among organizational types, however. The major difference is that non‐public organizations more vigorously seek out revenues. Promising ways to increase revenues and stop leakages are to link solid waste payment with payment of electricity bills and to negotiate revenue‐sharing schemes with neighborhood leaders.
TAIWANESE GUERILLA INVESTORS IN SOUTHERN CHINA
Authors: Hsing You‐tien
Published: October 2007

This paper argues that Taiwanese investment in southern China has presented a different type of foreign direct investment. The investors are mostly small and medium‐sized, independent manufacturing firms, and they have been dealing with local governments instead of the central government. Based on the author's interviews with Taiwanese shoe manufacturers and Chinese workers in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province, it was found that such investment has resulted in highly decentralized yet poorly coordinated processes of industrialization and urbanization in southern China.
GENDER, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Lavinas Lena , Magina Manoel
Published: October 2007

The authors analyze the impacts of Southern Latin America integration on Brazilian agriculture. The first part describes the creation of MERCOSUL and its consequences on Brazilian agriculture. Two types of effects are investigated: how MERCOSUL may have induced improvements in the level of competitiveness of the local production of wheat; and the strategies for productive reintegration developed by wheat producers and other economic agents. Some conclusions are presented discussing agricultural diversification as an alternative to economic integration in southern Latin America.
THE DYNAMICS OF REGIONAL POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT GROWTH
Authors: Mathur Vijay K. , Song Frank M.
Published: October 2007

The authors investigate what Muth labels as the “chicken and egg” or what others label it as “jobs follow people” versus “people follow jobs” debate by studying the dynamic relationships of changes in population and employment in the snowbelt, the sunbelt, and the nine census regions of the United States. The vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling method is used for the annual time series data (1955–1988) on population and employment. The Granger causality tests show that, in the snowbelt region, population tends to precede employment, while in the sunbelt region, the opposite is true. The impulse response functions generated for the forecasting decade suggest that “jobs follow people” in the snowbelt and “people follow jobs” in the sunbelt. Similar findings in general hold for the census regions belonging to the snowbelt and sunbelt. These findings raise doubts about the proposition of others that the growth process is either demand or supply‐driven in all phases of regional growth.
PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES IN PAKISTAN: PROSPECTS FOR REDUCING REGIONAL IMBALANCES*
Authors: Looney Robert E. , Frederiksen Peter C.
Published: October 2007

This paper tests the somewhat counterintuitive hypothesis that public firms are more efficient than their private sector counterparts. A factor analysis (9 industrial groups/34 industries) indicated that for all Pakistani provinces, public enterprises contributed relatively more value added which supports the findings of Naqvi and Kamal. The paper also concludes that a policy to reduce Pakistan's regional income disparities by privatizing public enterprises would likely be ineffective.
TRANSITION OF THE HOUSING SECTOR IN THE EAST CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Hegedüs JoAzsef , Tosics Iván , Mayo Stephen K.
Published: October 2007

The fall of socialism in 1989–1990 led to the end of the East European housing model, which was based on the limitation of property rights, extensive central planning and politically determined allocation of subsidies. This paper aims to present a clear picture of the current housing situation through a reliable information system. The major observation is that in the countries studied, the housing situation is relatively good; it is not housing shortage, but die inefficiency of the institutional system, affordability and deferred maintenance that are the main problems. Based on the idea of “enabling policies” ‐ policies that facilitate the activities of the key stakeholders in the sector while providing an essential element of the social safety net ‐ the paper establishes the goals and objectives that should guide the formulation of policy and institutional reforms within the sector, and defines priorities for actions to be taken by national and local governments and by international agencies in support of governments.
FULL OF EASTERN PROMISE ‐ UNDERSTANDING HOUSING PRIVATIZATION IN POST‐SOCIALIST COUNTRIES
Authors: Chapman Michael , Murie Alan
Published: October 2007

In a period of economic transition, many commentators have identified the inefficiencies, distortions and inequalities which exist in the housing system of post‐socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. These structural flaws are deemed to be incompatible with the adoption of free market principles and economic liberalization. For economic and political reasons the reform of the housing system has become a necessary and indispensable element of the market reform process. This paper contributes to the growing debate on the context in which housing reform and housing privatization programs have been adopted in Europe's post‐socialist economies. The paper goes on to argue that the introduction of housing privatization and the preoccupation with owner‐occupation has not been based on any overall assessment of what has occurred elsewhere in western Europe or on the experience of housing provision in other advanced western capitalist countries. The economically driven orthodox approach towards privatization and the way this has been translated into the housing system of post‐socialist countries raises important policy questions on the longer term viability of housing provision and the creation of a sustainable housing system.
HOUSING DEMAND IN A TRANSITIONAL MARKET: MOSCOW
Authors: Winterbottom Colin , Struyk Raymond J.
Published: October 2007

Before Russia began its transition toward the market, its housing sector was perhaps the most controlled in the world. This paper employs data from a 1994 survey of Moscow households to estimate housing demand functions to evaluate whether behavior is consistent with market principles. Statistically significant, robust income elasticities are found for families who have engaged in recent market housing transfers. Insignificant results are found for those renting state‐owned units. Families who have engaged in market housing transfers are smaller, younger and wealthier than other families in Moscow and end up living in less crowded conditions than state renters. The use of per capita living space as a proxy for market value, as has been done in previous studies of housing in Russia and the Soviet Union, is also evaluated.
THE DYNAMICS OF UK NATIONAL AND REGIONAL HOUSE PRICES
Authors: Munro Moira , Tu Yong
Published: October 2007

In this paper, the Johansen cointegration technique is applied to modeling the dynamics of national and regional house prices. It is concluded that household income, real mortgage rate and housing completions are significant factors influencing house price changes at the national level. The underlying structure of the national market is investigated, showing that while price trends in some regions of the UK are strongly related by causal processes, others are relatively independent