bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drama (Pharaonic Egypt)
Authors: Gillam Robyn
Published: June 2020

There is little agreement about the existence of drama in ancient Egypt. Although there are references to various types of performances in Egyptian and other classical sources, only four texts survive that are widely agreed to display dramatic form and content. To the Ramesseum Dramatic Papyrus, Shabaka Stone, and the Triumph of Horus, spanning the late Middle Kingdom to the Ptolemaic period, has been recently added a Ptolemaic “Demotic Drama.” All these texts present incidents in the conflict between Horus and Seth for kingship over Egypt, which lends itself to enactment, pointing to the existence of an Egyptian dramatic tradition.
Glass, Pharaonic
Authors: Nicholson Paul T.
Published: June 2020

This entry examines ancient Egyptian production and working of glass. It traces the origins of the material in Egypt and its importance within society. Technological developments are considered in relation to the working of stone and the production of faience. It is suggested that the making of glass may have been controlled by the state whilst its working into objects was less closely controlled.
Diana
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: June 2020

Diana (often Deana in inscriptions) was a Latin goddess who was assimilated early in Italian history with Artemis, a virgin nature goddess whose worship was widespread and important in Greece and in Magna Grecia.
Liberalia
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: June 2020

In Rome and Latium, the Liberalia festival on March 17 was probably a coming‐of‐age celebration appropriate for “free children” (
l̄ıberi l̄ıberi
).
Caligula
Authors: Barrett Anthony A.
Published: June 2020

Gaius Iulius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, known familiarly as Caligula (12–41
ce
), succeeded
TIBERIUS
as Roman emperor in 37
ce
.
Punic Wars
Authors: Hoyos Dexter
Published: June 2020

This article concerns the three Punic Wars of 264–241
bce
, 218–201
bce
, and 149–146
bce
.
Materfamilias
Authors: Hallett Judith P.
Published: June 2020

The Latin noun
materfamilias
literally means “mother” of a Roman “family,” that is, all persons subject to the control of one man, whether relations, freedmen, or slaves, organized into a household. Our earliest Roman sources use
materfamilias
for the wife of a paterfamilias, the male head of household, and the mistress of a household; and for a respectable married woman or matron.
Nonvolatile Electrically Reconfigurable Integrated Photonic Switch Enabled by a Silicon PIN Diode Heater
Authors: Zheng Jiajiu , Fang Zhuoran , Wu Changming , Zhu Shifeng , Xu Peipeng , Doylend Jonathan K. , Deshmukh Sanchit , Pop Eric , Dunham Scott , Li Mo , Majumdar Arka
Published: June 2020

Reconfigurability of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) has become increasingly important due to the growing demands for electronic–photonic systems on a chip driven by emerging applications, including neuromorphic computing, quantum information, and microwave photonics. Success in these fields usually requires highly scalable photonic switching units as essential building blocks. Current photonic switches, however, mainly rely on materials with weak, volatile thermo‐optic or electro‐optic modulation effects, resulting in large footprints and high energy consumption. As a promising alternative, chalcogenide phase‐change materials (PCMs) exhibit strong optical modulation in a static, self‐holding fashion, but the scalability of present PCM‐integrated photonic applications is still limited by the poor optical or electrical actuation approaches. Here, with phase transitions actuated by in situ silicon PIN diode heaters, scalable nonvolatile electrically reconfigurable photonic switches using PCM‐clad silicon waveguides and microring resonators are demonstrated. As a result, intrinsically compact and energy‐efficient switching units operated with low driving voltages, near‐zero additional loss, and reversible switching with high endurance are obtained in a complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible process. This work can potentially enable very large‐scale CMOS‐integrated programmable electronic–photonic systems such as optical neural networks and general‐purpose integrated photonic processors.
Highly Air‐Stable Single‐Crystalline β‐CsPbI3 Nanorods: A Platform for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Mahato Somnath , Ghorai Arup , Srivastava Sanjeev Kumar , Modak Mantu , Singh Sudarshan , Ray Samit K.
Published: June 2020

The synthesis of single‐crystalline β‐CsPbI3 perovskite nanorods (NRs) using a colloidal process is reported, exhibiting their improved photostability under 45–55% humidity. The crystal structure of CsPbI3 NRs films is investigated using Rietveld refined X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns to determine crystallographic parameters and the phase transformation from orthorhombic (γ‐CsPbI3) to tetragonal (β‐CsPbI3) on annealing at 150 °C. Atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy images are utilized to determine the probable atomic distribution of Cs, Pb, and I atoms in a single β‐phase CsPbI3 NR, in agreement with the XRD structure and selected area electron diffraction pattern, indicating the growth of single crystalline β‐CsPbI3 NR. The calculation of the electronic band structure of tetragonal β‐CsPbI3 using density functional theory (DFT) reveals a direct transition with a lower band gap and a higher absorption coefficient in the solar spectrum, as compared to its γ‐phase. An air‐stable (45–55% humidity) inverted perovskite solar cell, employing β‐CsPbI3 NRs without any encapsulation, yields an efficiency of 7.3% with 78% enhancement over the γ‐phase, showing its potential for future low cost photovoltaic devices.
A model for stress‐dependence of apparent permeability in nanopores of shale gas reservoirs
Authors: Hatami Mohammad , Bayless David , Sarvestani Alireza
Published: June 2020

Predicting long‐term production from gas shale reservoirs is a challenging task due to changes in effective stress and permeability during gas production. Unlike coal, the variation of sorbing gas permeability with pore pressure in shale does not always feature a biphasic trend under a constant confining pressure. The present contribution demonstrates that the biphasic dependence of permeability on pore pressure depends on a number of physical and geometrical factors, each with a distinct impact on gas permeability. This includes pore size, adsorption isotherm, and the variation of gas viscosity with pore pressure. A single‐capillary model is proposed for the apparent permeability of real gas in shale. Results indicate that the biphasic relation between apparent permeability and pore pressure is prevalent when the sorbing gas flows in sufficiently small pores. In addition, the effects of sorption isotherm and internal resistance of nonideal gas to flow cannot be ignored.
Inherently Political? Associations of Parent Ethnic–Racial Socialization and Sociopolitical Discussions with Latinx Youths’ Emergent Civic Engagement
Authors: Pinetta Bernardette J. , Blanco Martinez Saraí , Cross Fernanda Lima , Rivas‐Drake Deborah
Published: June 2020

The current study expands on ethnic–racial socialization (ERS) among Latinx families to include sociopolitical discussions as a way to better understand how these practices relate to adolescents’ developmental outcomes, including their ethnic–racial identity (ERI) and their sociopolitical development. More specifically, we examined whether there were direct links between parental ERS practices and sociopolitical discussions at home and adolescents’ emergent participatory citizenship via their ERI processes (i.e., exploration and resolution). These questions were examined using path analyses with 267 self‐identified Latinx early adolescents (Mage = 11.88, SD = 1.22; girls = 54.3%). Results revealed direct associations between sociopolitical discussions and cultural socialization at home with civic accountability. Thus, youth whose parents had engaged in more discussions with them about current political issues and who taught them about their ethnic heritage and history endorsed a greater sense of collective responsibility for helping community members in need. Additionally, preparation for bias and sociopolitical discussions at home were each uniquely associated with more ERI exploration, and each was also indirectly associated with expectations for future community involvement via youths’ ERI exploration. Our findings come at a critical juncture in time, providing insight into ways we can support the positive ERI development and build the civic capacity of Latinx adolescents.
Structural, defect, transport and dopant properties of AgNbO3
Authors: Kuganathan Navaratnarajah , Chroneos Alexander
Published: June 2020

Silver niobate (AgNbO3) is a candidate lead‐free piezoelectric materials with potential applications in electronic technology and catalysis. Atomistic simulation techniques are used to examine the defects, diffusion of Ag+and O2−ions, solution of dopants and electronic structures of pristine and doped configurations in AgNbO3. The Ag Frenkel is the most favourable intrinsic defect leading to the formation of Ag vacancies that can vehicle self‐diffusion of Ag+ions in this material. The calculated activation energy for the diffusion of O2−ions (1.07 eV) is significantly lower than that calculated for the diffusion of Ag+ions (2.44 eV). The prominent isovalent dopants on the Ag and the Nb sites are found to be Na+and Ta5+respectively. Doping of Ge on the Nb site can facilitate the formation of oxygen vacancies required for the oxygen diffusion. Additional Ag vacancies required for the self‐diffusion of silver can be introduced by doping of Ca on the Ag site. Electronic structures of non‐defective and defective AgNbO3are discussed using density functional theory calculations.
QT Interval Prolongation Under Hydroxychloroquine/Azithromycin Association for Inpatients With SARS‐CoV‐2 Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Authors: Bun Sok‐Sithikun , Taghji Philippe , Courjon Johan , Squara Fabien , Scarlatti Didier , Theodore Guillaume , Baudouy Delphine , Sartre Benjamin , Labbaoui Mohamed , Dellamonica Jean , Doyen Denis , Marquette Charles‐Hugo , Levraut Jacques , Esnault Vincent , Bun Sok‐Siya , Ferrari Emile
Published: June 2020

Association between Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and Azithromycin (AZT) is under evaluation for patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS‐CoV‐2). Both drugs have a known torsadogenic potential, but sparse data are available concerning QT prolongation induced by this association. Our objective was to assess for COVID‐19 LRTI variations of QT interval under HCQ/AZT in patients hospitalized, and to compare manual versus automated QT measurements. Before therapy initiation, a baseline 12 lead‐ECG was electronically sent to our cardiology department for automated and manual QT analysis (Bazett and Fridericia’s correction), repeated 2 days after initiation. According to our institutional protocol (Pasteur University Hospital), HCQ/AZT was initiated only if baseline QTc ≤ 480ms and potassium level> 4.0 mmol/L. From March 24th to April 20th 2020, 73 patients were included (mean age 62 ± 14 years, male 67%). Two patients out of 73 (2.7%) were not eligible for drug initiation (QTc ≥ 500 ms). Baseline average automated QTc was 415 ± 29 ms and lengthened to 438 ± 40 ms after 48 hours of combined therapy. The treatment had to be stopped because of significant QTc prolongation in two out of 71 patients (2.8%). No drug‐induced life‐threatening arrhythmia, nor death was observed. Automated QTc measurements revealed accurate in comparison with manual QTc measurements. In this specific population of inpatients with COVID‐19 LRTI, HCQ/AZT could not be initiated or had to be interrupted in less than 6% of the cases.
Potassium‐sulfur batteries: Status and perspectives
Authors: Zhao Xinyu , Lu Yan , Qian Zhengfang , Wang Renheng , Guo Zaiping
Published: June 2020

This review article aims to provide insight into the research status of the potassium‐sulfur (K‐S) system, feature the challenges facing this technology, and present possible research directions for the realization of its practical applications. We begin with an introduction to the fundamental electrochemistry of K‐S batteries and emphasize the distinctions between K‐S technology and the well‐established lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) system. Then, we focus on the development of the materials involved in K‐S batteries in terms of cathodes, K anodes, and various electrolyte systems. Finally, we provide several possible research directions to make the K‐S system a reality, with the emphasis, from our point of view, on the attempts to construct practical parameters for K‐S batteries by adopting the critical metrics of the current Li‐S system.

image
Experimental and computational synergy for modelling an advanced gas‐cooled reactor core under seismic excitation
Authors: Dihoru Luiza , Oddbjornsson Olafur , Cannell Ben , Crewe Adam J. , Horseman Tony , Dietz Matt , Taylor Colin A.
Published: June 2020

The advanced gas‐cooled reactors (AGRs) are the backbone of the United Kingdom's nuclear generation fleet, producing approximately 17% of the country's electricity. Their safety cases are supported by thorough inspection and monitoring of their graphite cores and extensive theoretical, analytical, and experimental studies. This paper presents a unique, highly innovative and technically challenging earthquake engineering project that has provided vital evidence to underpin the seismic safety assessments of the AGRs. Two modelling approaches, one experimental (a multilayer array physical model), and one numerical (a SOLFEC nonsmooth contact dynamics computational model) have been developed to investigate the seismic behaviour of an aged graphite core. The synergetic relationship between the two approaches is a product of insightful collaborative learning between the University of Bristol and Atkins, with the experiments providing material parameters and validation data and the computer simulations feeding array design and test schedule recommendations to the physical model. The predictive capabilities of the physical and the numerical models are tested by direct comparison and the good agreement between the results has increased the confidence in both. The model's versatility allows a variety of core scenarios to be tested that can explore in detail the AGR core behaviour in seismic conditions.
An Uncertainty Thermometer to Measure the Macroeconomic‐Financial Risk in South American Countries
Authors: Guachamín Marcela , Ramírez‐Cifuentes Diana , Delgado Olga
Published: June 2020

This paper aims to develop an uncertainty thermometer to identify and measure the macro‐social‐financial risk of 10 SA countries from 1978 to 2014. This thermometer is based on the early warning models to facilitate systemic risk monitoring. Contrary to other studies, we build a macroeconomic‐social‐financial vulnerability index composed of macroeconomic, social development, liquidity, solvency and market vulnerability sub‐indicators through the partial least squares structural equation model. We identify high (unmanageable, intolerable and unstable) and low (manageable, moderate, stable and strong) risk levels using machine learning methods. Our results are robust and consistent, because the macroeconomic‐social‐financial index captures periods of high uncertainty presented in the region. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacterial Sensing and Biofilm Monitoring for Infection Diagnostics
Authors: Parlak Onur , Richter‐Dahlfors Agneta
Published: June 2020

Recent insights into the rapidly emerging field of bacterial sensing and biofilm monitoring for infection diagnostics are discussed as well as recent key developments and emerging technologies in the field. Electrochemical sensing of bacteria and bacterial biofilm via synthetic, natural, and engineered recognition, as well as direct redox‐sensing approaches via algorithm‐based optical sensing, and tailor‐made optotracing technology are discussed. These technologies are highlighted to answer the very critical question: “how can fast and accurate bacterial sensing and biofilm monitoring be achieved? Following on from that: “how can these different sensing concepts be translated for use in infection diagnostics? A central obstacle to this transformation is the absence of direct and fast analysis methods that provide high‐throughput results and bio‐interfaces that can control and regulate the means of communication between biological and electronic systems. Here, the overall progress made to date in building such translational efforts at the level of an individual bacterial cell to a bacterial community is discussed.
Design Rationale for Stimuli‐Responsive, Semi‐interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels–A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Gupta Nupur , Liang Yen Nan , Lim Jacob Song Kiat , Hu Xiao
Published: June 2020

Stimuli‐responsive semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels form an important class of polymers for their tunable properties via molecular design. They are widely investigated for a diverse range of applications including drug delivery, sensors, actuators, and osmotic agents. However, in‐depth studies on some of the critical design principles affecting diffusion/leaching of linear polymer from semi‐IPN hydrogels are lacking. Herein, for the first time, by preparing a series of model semi‐IPN hydrogels based on thermally responsive poly (N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) network and linear poly(sodium acrylate) (PSA), a systematic and quantitative study concerning linear polymer chain retention and swelling/deswelling kinetics is reported. The study shows that PSA retention is significantly affected not only by PSA molecular weight and concentration, but also by polymerization temperature, which could be linked to homogeneity and internal morphology of the hydrogel. Surprisingly, there is no obvious influence of crosslinking density of PNIPAM network toward PSA retention, while faster swelling and deswelling at higher crosslinking density are observed in terms of swelling rate constant and deswelling activation energy. These findings offer new insights on the factors affecting structural and physicochemical properties of such semi‐IPN hydrogels, which should in turn serve as a general guideline for materials design.
FARP‐1 deletion is associated with lack of response to autism treatment by early start denver model in a multiplex family
Authors: Cucinotta Francesca , Ricciardello Arianna , Turriziani Laura , Calabrese Giorgia , Briguglio Marilena , Boncoddo Maria , Bellomo Fabiana , Tomaiuolo Pasquale , Martines Silvia , Bruschetta Marianna , La Fauci Belponer Francesca , Di Bella Tiziana , Colombi Costanza , Baccarin Marco , Picinelli Chiara , Castronovo Paola , Lintas Carla , Sacco Roberto , Biederer Thomas , Kellam Barbara , Scherer Stephen W. , Persico Antonio M.
Published: June 2020

Background

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display impressive clinical heterogeneity, also involving treatment response. Genetic variants can contribute to explain this large interindividual phenotypic variability.

Methods

Array‐CGH (a‐CGH) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed on a multiplex family with two small children diagnosed with ASD at 17 and 18 months of age. Both brothers received the same naturalistic intervention for one year according to the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), applied by the same therapists, yielding dramatically different treatment outcomes.

Results

The older sibling came out of the autism spectrum, while the younger sibling displayed very little, in any, improvement. This boy was subsequently treated applying a structured Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention paired with Augmentative Alternative Communication, which yielded a partial response within another year. The ESDM nonresponsive child carries a novel maternally inherited 65 Kb deletion at chr. 13q32.2 spanning FARP1. Farp1 is a synaptic scaffolding protein, which plays a significant role in neural plasticity.

Conclusion

These results represent a paradigmatic example of the heuristic potential of genetic markers in predicting treatment response and possibly in supporting the targeted prescription of specific early intervention approaches.
Lyapunov‐ and Hartman–Wintner‐type inequalities for a nonlinear fractional BVP with generalized ψ‐Hilfer derivative
Authors: Zohra Berrabah Fatima , Benaouda Hedia , Mokhtar Kirane
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we extend Lyapunov‐ and Hartman–Wintner‐type inequalities for fractional differential equation with Dirichlet‐type boundary conditions and generalized Hilfer fractional derivative. An upper bound of eigenvalues of the corresponding problem is obtained; finally, a Hartman–Wintner‐type inequality is presented.
The forced vibration of infinitely long cylinders reinforced by carbon nanotubes subjected to combined internal and ring‐shaped compressive pressures
Authors: Sofiyev Abdullah , Bayramov Razim Pasha oglu , Heydarov Shamil Hilal oglu
Published: June 2020

In this study, the forced vibration of cylinders reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under a moving load is estimated based on the theory of oscillations. The composite cylinders reinforced with CNTs of infinite length subjected to combined action of the internal pressure and ring‐shaped compressive pressure with constant velocity. Here, we consider uniform and nonuniform reinforcement distributions, with the mechanical properties varying linearly throughout the thickness and the effective material properties are estimated by employing the extended rule of mixture. Following the formulation of the problem, the basic equations are derived and then solved in order to determine the maximum static and dynamic deflections, dynamic factors, and critical velocity of composite cylinders reinforced with CNTs. After checking the reliability of the proposed formulation and the accuracy of the results in accordance with the available literature, a systematic study is aimed at checking the sensitivity of the dynamic response to the geometry, velocity, type of distribution, and volume fraction of CNTs.
Critical exponent for semi‐linear structurally damped wave equation of derivative type
Authors: Dao Tuan Anh , Fino Ahmad Z.
Published: June 2020

The main purpose of this paper is to study the following semi‐linear structurally damped wave equation with nonlinearity of derivative type:

with μ>0, n ≥ 1, σ∈(0,2], and p>1. In particular, we would like to prove the nonexistence of global weak solutions by using a new test function and suitable sign assumptions on the initial data in both the subcritical case and the critical case.
Improved PRF‐based MR thermometry using k‐space energy spectrum analysis
Authors: Zong Shenyan , Shen Guofeng , Mei Chang‐Sheng , Madore Bruno
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Proton resonance frequency (PRF) thermometry encodes information in the phase of MRI signals. A multiplicative factor converts phase changes into temperature changes, and this factor includes the TE. However, phase variations caused by B0 and/or B1 inhomogeneities can effectively change TE in ways that vary from pixel to pixel. This work presents how spatial phase variations affect temperature maps and how to correct for corresponding errors.

Methods

A method called “k‐space energy spectrum analysis” was used to map regions in the object domain to regions in the k‐space domain. Focused ultrasound heating experiments were performed in tissue‐mimicking gel phantoms under two scenarios: with and without proper shimming. The second scenario, with deliberately de‐adjusted shimming, was meant to emulate B0 inhomogeneities in a controlled manner. The TE errors were mapped and compensated for using k‐space energy spectrum analysis, and corrected results were compared with reference results. Furthermore, a volunteer was recruited to help evaluate the magnitude of the errors being corrected.

Results

The in vivo abdominal results showed that the TE and heating errors being corrected can readily exceed 10%. In phantom results, a linear regression between reference and corrected temperatures results provided a slope of 0.971 and R2 of 0.9964. Analysis based on the Bland‐Altman method provided a bias of −0.0977°C and 95% limits of agreement that were 0.75°C apart.

Conclusion

Spatially varying TE errors, such as caused by B0 and/or B1 inhomogeneities, can be detected and corrected using the k‐space energy spectrum analysis method, for increased accuracy in proton resonance frequency thermometry.
Social insurance participation and urban settlement intentions of China's floating population
Authors: Huang Ying , Liu Wenli , Zhuo Yue , Sun Xiaoyue
Published: June 2020

Since the expansion of social insurance to migrants and the abolition of unequal regulations and controls related to the rural–urban migrants in recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the determinants of migrants' settlement intentions. Using the 2016 National Floating Population Dynamics Monitoring Survey (NFPDMS), this study examines the associations between migrants' urban social welfare participation and their settlement intentions, including long‐term settlement intention and transfer of one'shukoustatus. Results from logistic regression show that participation in urban social welfare schemes increases migrants' intention to have a long‐term residence in the city and to convert to urbanhukou.Results also suggest that the impact of social insurance coverage on long‐term settlement intention as well as urbanhukouintention increases as migrants spend more time in the destination city. Our study highlights the salient role of urban welfare coverage as a strong determinant of migrant workers' settlement intentions in urban China.
Remarks on topological indices of carbon nanocones and nanotori
Authors: Ali Akbar
Published: June 2020

Among the 16 expressions derived in the recent paper [Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2020, 120(6), e26082] for calculating certain degree‐based topological indices of the molecular graphs of carbon nanocones and nanotori, 12 expressions contain some mistakes, and the remaining 4 follow from an already existing general expression. In this note, the correct versions of the aforementioned erroneous expressions are obtained.
Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: rare but not to be forgotten
Authors: Gul Fahad , Peterson Eric , Dejoy Robert , Eiger Glenn , Mora Carpio Andres , Gupta Ena
Published: June 2020

We report a case of a 59‐year‐old male with a one‐month history of pleuritic chest pain who was diagnosed with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO). TO is a rare benign condition characterized by protruding submucosal nodules into the tracheobronchial lumen. The disease is generally asymptomatic, with rare cases of progressive nodularity, cough, dyspnoea, and haemoptysis. Diagnosis can be made via bronchoscopic visualization of bony and cartilaginous nodules on tracheal walls. Although generally benign, the rarity of this condition makes diagnosis difficult even for trained pulmonologists and frequently predisposes patients to unnecessary invasive diagnostic testing and improper management of symptoms and contributing co‐morbid conditions. We present this case to increase physician and patient awareness about this disease to help improve diagnostic strategy and knowledge of disease manifestations and potential complications.
Surface chemical analysis of copper powder used in additive manufacturing
Authors: Bojestig Eric , Cao Yu , Nyborg Lars
Published: June 2020

Additive manufacturing (AM) has during years gained significant interest owing to its endless component design possibilities. One of the most popular AM techniques is laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), which selectively melts metal powder layer‐by‐layer in a chamber with protective argon atmosphere. This technique is attractive for realizing Cu‐based products in which the high electrical conductivity of Cu is combined with component design possibilities. The successful use of Cu powder not only poses challenges owing to the high reflectivity and thermal conductivity of Cu but also involves the important concern of controlling the powder surface chemistry since the powder surface constitutes the main source of oxygen. It is of crucial importance to control the oxygen level in order to maintain good electrical conductivity and brazing ability of the AM‐fabricated Cu‐part. In LPBF, fine spherical powder with size of 10–60 μm is used, providing significant specific surface area, and this powder is also usually recycled several times, and hence, the role of powder surface chemistry is evident. Two kinds of copper powder with purities 99.70 and 99.95 wt% were analysed in both virgin and in used conditions after numerous printing cycles using LPBF. The powder was analysed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A clear difference between the two powder grades in terms of surface chemistry was observed. The oxide thickness and bulk oxygen content increased for both powder grades after recycling. The surface oxides under different conditions are identified and the effect of powder purity on the oxide formed is discussed.
A paradigm of safety management in Industry 4.0
Authors: Liu Zimei , Xie Kefan , Li Ling , Chen Yong
Published: June 2020

Safety management determines and implements safety policy. It is closely intertwined with industrial development. As the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Industry 4.0 presents new challenges and opportunities for safety management. The paper identifies three stages, namely, Safety 1.0, Safety 2.0 and Safety 3.0, for the evolution of safety management by considering safety principles, technologies and modes. A theoretical framework that integrates Safety 3.0 and Industry 4.0 is presented. Furthermore, knowledge graphs are developed with Citespace to explore the status of cross‐topic research on safety management and Industry 4.0. Potential opportunities for integrating Safety 3.0 and Industry 4.0 are discussed.
Hand Bionic Score: a clinical follow-up study of severe hand injuries and development of a recommendation score to supply bionic prosthesis
Authors: Werner Dennis , Alawi Seyed Arash
Published: June 2020

Background

Severe hand injuries significantly limit function and esthetics of the affected hand due to massive trauma in skeletal and soft tissues. Surgical reconstruction is often unsatisfactory, so bionic prostheses are a consideration. However, assessment of functional outcomes and quality of life after surgical reconstruction to guide clinical decisions immediately after injury and in the course of treatment remain difficult.

Methods

We conducted a prospective follow-up analysis of patients with severe hand injuries during 2016–2018. We retrospectively evaluated initial trauma severity and examined current functional status, quality of life, general function, and satisfaction in everyday situations of the hand. We also developed a novel Hand Bionic Score to guide clinical recommendation for selective amputation and bionic prosthesis supply.

Results

We examined 30 patients with a mean age of 53.8 years and mean initial severity of hand injury (iHISS) of 138.4. Measures indicated moderate quality of life limitations, moderate to severe limitation of overall hand function, and slight to moderate limitation of actual hand strength and function. Mean time to follow-up examination was 3.67 years. Using the measured outcomes, we developed a Hand Bionic Score that showed good ability to differentiate patients based on outcome markers. Appropriate cutoff scores for all measured outcome markers were used to determine Hand Bionic Score classifications to guide clinical recommendation for elective amputation and bionic prosthetic supply: < 10 points, bionic hand supply not recommended; 10–14, bionic supply should be considered; or > 14, bionic supply is recommended.

Conclusions

While iHISS can guide early clinical decisions following severe hand injury, our novel Hand Bionic Score provides orientation for clinical decision-making regarding elective amputation and bionic prosthesis supply later during the course of treatment. The score not only considers hand function but also psychological outcomes and quality of life, which are important considerations for patients with severe hand injuries. However, future randomized multicenter studies are needed to validate Hand Bionic Score before further clinical application.

Level of evidence: Level III, risk/prognostic study.
Laparoscopic Liver Resection: A South American Experience with 2887 Cases
Authors: Pekolj J. , Clariá Sánchez R. , Salceda J. , Maurette R. J. , Schelotto P. B. , Pierini L. , Cánepa E. , Moro M. , Stork G. , Resio N. , Neffa J. , Mc Cormack L. , Quiñonez E. , Raffin G. , Obeide L. , Fernández D. , Pfaffen G. , Salas C. , Linzey M. , Schmidt G. , Ruiz S. , Alvarez F. , Buffaliza J. , Maroni R. , Campi O. , Bertona C. , de Santibañes M. , Mazza O. , Belotto de Oliveira M. , Diniz A. L. , Enne de Oliveira M. , Machado M. A. , Kalil A. N. , Pinto R. D. , Rezende A. P. , Ramos E. J. B. , Talvane T. Oliveira A. , Torres O. J. M. , Jarufe Cassis N. , Buckel E. , Quevedo Torres R. , Chapochnick J. , Sanhueza Garcia M. , Muñoz C. , Castro G. , Losada H. , Vergara Suárez F. , Guevara O. , Dávila D. , Palacios O. , Jimenez A. , Poggi L. , Torres V. , Fonseca G. M. , Kruger J. A. P. , Coelho F. F. , Russo L. , Herman P.
Published: June 2020

Background

Laparoscopic liver resections (LLR) have been increasingly performed in recent years. Most of the available evidence, however, comes from specialized centers in Asia, Europe and USA. Data from South America are limited and based on single‐center experiences. To date, no multicenter studies evaluated the results of LLR in South America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the experience and results with LLR in South American centers.

Methods

From February to November 2019, a survey about LLR was conducted in 61 hepatobiliary centers in South America, composed by 20 questions concerning demographic characteristics, surgical data, and perioperative results.

Results

Fifty‐one (83.6%) centers from seven different countries answered the survey. A total of 2887 LLR were performed, as follows: Argentina (928), Brazil (1326), Chile (322), Colombia (210), Paraguay (9), Peru (75), and Uruguay (8). The first program began in 1997; however, the majority (60.7%) started after 2010. The percentage of LLR over open resections was 28.4% (4.4–84%). Of the total, 76.5% were minor hepatectomies and 23.5% major, including 266 right hepatectomies and 343 left hepatectomies. The conversion rate was 9.7%, overall morbidity 13%, and mortality 0.7%.

Conclusions

This is the largest study assessing the dissemination and results of LLR in South America. It showed an increasing number of centers performing LLR with the promising perioperative results, aligned with other worldwide excellence centers.
Avowals and the project of inferentialism
Authors: Reichardt Bastian
Published: June 2020

Whether there are philosophically relevant connections between the expressive role of first-personal vocabulary and self-knowledge is an on-going debate in analytical philosophy. We will take a look at this debate by considering Ludwig Wittgenstein’s distinction between the two uses of ‘I’ as object and as subject and work out a further distinction within the subject-use of ‘I’. This relates to a problem that is inherent in Robert Brandom’s inferentialist program regarding the role of first-personal vocabulary. It can be shown that subject-related aspects of language are necessary elements of inferentially articulated discourses—and not, like Brandom assumes, merely contingent features.
Refining Value Sensitive Design: A (Capability-Based) Procedural Ethics Approach to Technological Design for Well-Being
Authors: Cenci Alessandra , Cawthorne Dylan
Published: June 2020

Fundamental questions in value sensitive design include whether and how high-tech products/artefacts could embody values and ethical ideals, and how plural and incommensurable values of ethical and social importance could be chosen rationally and objectively at a collective level. By using a humanitarian cargo drone study as a starting point, this paper tackles the challenges that VSD’s lack of commitment to a specific ethical theory generates in practical applications. Besides, it highlights how mainstream ethical approaches usually related to VSD are incapable of solving main ethical dilemmas raised bytechnological design for well-beingin democratic settings. Accordingly, it is argued that VSD’s ethical-democratic import would substantially be enhanced by the espousal of aprocedural ethicsstance and thedeliberativeapproach to value and welfare entailed by Amartya Sen’s capability approach. Differently from rival ethical–political theories, its normative and meta-ethical foundations better handle human diversity, value-goal pluralism, conflicting vested interests as well as the epistemic-moral disagreements typical of contemporary complex democracies. Particularly, Sen’s capability approach procedural-deliberative tenets result in an “objective-impartial” choice procedure selecting a “hierarchy” of plural incommensurable values and rational goals thus, suitable to validate an applied science such as welfare-oriented technological design in concrete social environments. Conclusions suggest that refining VSD with a capability-based procedural approach to ethics fosters the concern for democracy and social justice while preserving vital scientific-technical standards. Major advantages are at an applied level to delivering ethically and socially justified, but yet highly functional technologies and high-tech products/artefacts.
Insulin und sein Rezeptor – Spezifität durch Kombinatorik?
Authors: Gutmann Theresia , Coskun ünal
Published: June 2020

Glucose homeostasis and growth essentially depend on insulin engaging its receptor. Combining biochemistry, structural biology, and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrated how insulin binding stabilizes the insulin receptor in a T-shaped conformation with up to four bound ligands: two at receptor site 1 and - for the first time - two at site 2. These findings expand the current models of insulin binding to its receptor and potentially inform new approaches to structure-guided drug design.
Bakterien unter Stress - die stringent response
Authors: Steinchen Wieland , Bange Gert
Published: June 2020

The ability of microorganisms to cope with a large variety of environmental conditions is one of their most outstanding features. This review gives an overview over the metabolism and targets of ppGpp and pppGpp, the second messengers mediating resource allocation and adaptation to unfavourable conditions by triggering the ‘stringent response’.
Multiklonale Antikörper als Ersatz für Zweitantikörper aus Seren
Authors: Wenzel Esther Veronika , Russo Giulio , Dübel Stefan
Published: June 2020

Today, recombinant antibodies can replace animal-derived primary antibodies in almost all applications. Due to their monoclonal origin and always known sequence, they offer optimal reproducibility. In contrast, almost all secondary antibodies are still made from animal sera. Multiclonal antibodies made by animal-free recombinant methods here offer a higher quality replacement for serum-derived secondary antibodies.
Grundlagen und Mechanismen der Neocortex-Expansion
Authors: Heide Michael , Huttner Wieland B.
Published: June 2020

During primate, and notably human, evolution, the neocortex increased massively in size. This increase forms the basis of our higher cognitive abilities in comparison to other mammals. In recent years, major advances in understanding this evolutionary expansion have been achieved. Here, we would like to discuss the genetic foundation, principles and mechanisms underlying neocortical expansion.
Visualisierung von Mutationen auf Einzelzellebene
Authors: Täuber Sarah , Dormeyer Miriam , Commichau Fabian M. , Grünberger Alexander
Published: June 2020

Bacterial mutations have been investigated since many years, but they remain difficult to observe directly in single cells, which limits the analysis of the underlying molecular mechanism. However, for the investigation of mutations at the level of single cells, precise analytical tools are currently developed. This article describes a workflow for visualizing mutations in single cells and lays the foundation for the quantification of bacterial mutation rates in the future.
Sotos syndrome with a novel mutation in the NSD1 gene associated with congenital hypothyroidism
Authors: Verma Arushi , Salehi Parisa , Hing Anne , Roberts Alissa Jeanne Curda
Published: June 2020

Childhood overgrowth syndromes are relatively rare. A generalized overgrowth syndrome should be suspected when tall stature and macrocephaly are present, after ruling out nutritional excess and endocrinopathies. Sotos syndrome is a well-described overgrowth syndrome due to haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene. We present a case of an infant with permanent congenital hypothyroidism, who had tall stature and macrocephaly by 7 months of age. He was noted to have typical facial features, mild gross motor and speech delay, and scoliosis by 13 months of age. Gene sequencing revealed a heterozygous novel c6076_6087del12: p.Asn2026_Thr2029del variant in exon 20 of the NSD1 gene, pathogenic for Sotos syndrome. Congenital hypothyroidism with Sotos syndrome has been infrequently reported and may expand the spectrum of disease characteristics. Early diagnosis of overgrowth syndromes is important for developmental follow up and multidisciplinary care coordination.
Mass Harvesting, Ichthyofaunal Assemblages, and Ancestral Paiute Fishing in the North American Great Basin
Authors: Eiselt B. Sunday
Published: June 2020

Documenting variability in the archaeological record is critical to our understanding human fishing adaptations in the North American Great Basin over time. Unfortunately, in the absence of robust middle range techniques for interpreting fishbone assemblages, many studies have been limited in their capacity to engage in theoretical discussions of the role of fishing in forager subsistence regimes. The Northern Paiute in Oregon and Nevada exploited seasonally aggregated tui chub (Siphateles bicolor) through mass-harvesting techniques using nets and baskets. This article integrates experimental studies with ethnographic and archaeological data to infer the types of fishing gear that were used from the reconstructed sizes of tui chub remains. The mean size of fish assemblages is compared to the coefficient of variation to identify fishing techniques based on the size parameters of gear types, and a technology investment model is used to assess regional variations in commitments to fishing in open lake and marshland settings. Results are compared to tui chub assemblages from two protohistoric archaeological sites in eastern Oregon, revealing two distinctive fishing strategies with general implications for the organization of labor by hunter-gatherer fisherfolk.
How Musical Activity Shapes Memory
Authors: Hoffmann Martina , Ploner Christoph J. , Schmidt Alexander
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Musical activity has been found to drive plasticity in brain areas involved in the process of playing a musical instrument. The present article reviews how musical activity influences the brain structures involved in memory and how it impacts on memory functioning memory functioning. Musical activity appears to be associated with better memory capacity across the lifespan. Importantly, training-induced effects are not restricted to childhood, but can occur even in the elderly population. We conclude by outlining how musical activity, both on the receptive and active level, can be beneficial to patients suffering from memory disorders, inducing brain plasticity and memory improvement.
Musical Anhedonia
Authors: Holm Sara E. , Schmidt Alexander , Ploner Christoph J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Some people, although they are perfectly healthy and happy, cannot enjoy music. These individuals have musical anhedonia, a condition which can be congenital or may occur after focal brain damage. To date, only a few cases of acquired musical anhedonia have been reported in the literature with lesions of the temporo-parietal cortex being particularly important. Even less literature exists on congenital musical anhedonia, in which impaired connectivity of temporal brain regions with the Nucleus accumbens is implicated. Nonetheless, there is no precise information on the prevalence, causes or exact localization of both congenital and acquired musical anhedonia. However, the frequent involvement of temporo-parietal brain regions in neurological disorders such as stroke suggest the possibility of a high prevalence of this disorder, which leads to a considerable reduction in the quality of life.
Performance Anxiety Among Musicians
Authors: Mumm Jennifer , Fernholz Isabel , Ströhle Andreas , Plag Jens , Schmidt Alexander
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Musicians suffering from music performance anxiety (MPA) fear and/or avoid performing situations. While performing, they often experience physiological (like increased heart rate or sweating), cognitive (for example fear of control loss), behavioral (like making mistakes or avoiding performances) and emotional symptoms (mostly fear) leading to high distress. About a quarter of all professional musicians suffer from MPA. In studies, cognitive behavioral therapy and beta blockers were effective options for treating MPA. Other treatments and preventive methods are presented.
The Cycladic Blueschist Unit on Tinos, Greece: Cold NE Subduction and SW Directed Extrusion of the Cycladic Continental Margin Under the Tsiknias Ophiolite
Authors: Lamont Thomas N. , Searle Michael P. , Gopon Phillip , Roberts Nick M. W. , Wade Jon , Palin Richard M. , Waters David J.
Published: June 2020

High pressure‐low temperature (HP‐LT) metamorphic rocks structurally beneath the Tsiknias Ophiolite make up the interior of Tinos Island, Greece, but their relationship with the overlying ophiolite is poorly understood. Here, new field observations are integrated with petrological modeling of eclogite and blueschists to provide new insight into their tectonothermal evolution. Pseudomorphed lawsonite‐, garnet‐, and glaucophane‐bearing schists exposed at the highest structural levels of Tinos (Kionnia and Pyrgos Subunits) reached ~22–26 kbar and 490–520°C under water‐saturated conditions, whereas pseudomorphed lawsonite‐ and aegirine‐omphacite bearing eclogite reached ~20–23 kbar and 530–570°C. These rocks are separated from rocks at deeper structural levels (Sostis Subunit) by a top‐to‐SW thrust. The Sostis Subunit records P‐T conditions of ~18.5 kbar and 480–510°C and is overprinted by pervasive top‐to‐NE shearing that developed during exhumation from (M1) blueschist to (M2) greenschist facies conditions of ~7.3 ± 0.7 kbar and 536 ± 16°C. These P‐T‐D relationships suggest that the Cycladic Blueschist Unit represents a discrete series of tectonometamorphic subunits that each experienced different tectonic and thermal histories. These subunits were buried to variable depths and sequentially extruded toward the SW from a NE dipping subduction zone. The difference in age and P‐T conditions between the HP‐LT rocks and the overlying metamorphic sole of the Tsiknias Ophiolite suggests that this NE dipping subduction zone was active between circa 74 and 46 Ma and cooled at a minimum rate of ~1.2–1.5°C/km/Myr prior to continent‐continent collision between Eurasia and Adria/Cyclades.
Detecting Earth’s Natural Hazards High Up in the Sky
Authors: Astafyeva Elvira
Published: June 2020

Signals in the ionosphere contain information about the source and scale of natural hazards occurring on Earth’s surface that could be used for monitoring and mitigation.
Machine Learning Can Help Decode Alien Skies—Up to a Point
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: June 2020

Astronomers are testing the tools that might help them keep up with the upcoming storm of exoplanet atmosphere data.