bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bismarck et la Commune
Authors: Witzig Carole
Published: December 2008

L'effroi suscité par la Commune chez la plupart des gouvernements d'Europe est chose bien connue. Les circulaires de Jules Favre de mai et juin 1871, adressées aux ambassades françaises à l'étranger en vue de réaliser «un concert commun pour l'étude et la solution […] des problèmes redoutables que de sinistres événements viennent de poser» trouvèrent au sein des cabinets et des ministères un accueil empressé, en tout cas toujours compréhensif. Les réactions furent particulièrement chaleureuses à Vienne, Berlin, Saint-Pétersbourg, où l'initiative du ministre français des Affaires étrangères, J. Favre, promettait de donner un nouvel élan aux poursuites dirigées contre tout mouvement «socialiste», rouge. Les chefs des gouvernements des trois capitales, Bismarck, Gortchakov et Beust (auquel devait bientôt succéder Andrássy) mirent sur pied un plan d'action concertée: leurs négotiations à ce sujet étaient menées parallèlement à celles qui aboutirent à l'Entente des trois Empereurs de 1872–73, dont le but principal était, une fois encore, une alliance destinée à tenir la France dans un certain isolement.
La Proscription en Belgique (1871-1880)
Authors: Devreese Daisy E.
Published: December 2008

La Belgique de 1871 était le pays le plus industrialisé du continent. En 1830 la bourgeoisie, alliée aux catholiques, avait réussi à imposer au pays un régime parlementaire, qui, limitant à l'extrême le pouvoir du souverain, assurait l'exercice effectif de l'autorité à une faible minorité de bourgeois aisés et de grands propriétaires. Depuis ce moment, l'industrie s'était encore développée, augmentant la puissance de la bourgeoisie capitaliste qui avait gouverné le pays presque sans interruption de 1848 à 1870. Au moment où nous parlons ici, les divergences internes au sein de cette bourgeoisie avaient permis aux conservateurs catholiques de se hisser au pouvoir, où ils resteront jusqu'en 1878.
A Londres: quelques jalons
Authors: Molnar Miklos
Published: December 2008

On connaît mal la proscription anglaise. Le problème est d'abord de rassembler la documentation nécessaire, qui existe. Boris Nicolaevsky avait commencé la tâche. Les documents que nous publions ici proviennent – à l'exception de la seule lettre de Vaillant à Marx – des Nicolaevsky Papers conservés à la Hoover Institution de Stanford, Californie. Ils s'y trouvent en photocopies. Nous les avons consultéd du vivant de Boris Nicolaevsky, à New York en 1963, et une seconde fois à Stanford, grâce à l'obligeance de Mme Anna Bourguina, conservatrice de ces fonds. Ni feu Nicolaevsky ni Mme Bourguina ne purent nous renseigner sur les documents originaux dont étaient tirées ces photocopies, très anciennes en apparence. La brièveté de mes séjours ne m'a pas permis de déchiffrer tous les documents souvent peu lisibles, surtout la partie «correspondance», susceptible de fournir des précisions sur la provenance des fonds.
La Section de Langue Française de Londres
Authors: Rougerie Jacques
Published: December 2008

M. Molnar vient de nous dire quelles difficultés il y avait à étudier la proscription française à Londres, en Angleterre, combien peu de progrès – à notre connaissance – avaient été faits en ce sens, jusqu'à ce jour. Quel guêpier ici en effet! les témoignages de Marx, de Vermersch, qui pourtant ne s'aimaient guère, s'accordent sur ce point. II arrive quelquefois que la fortune se montre secourable à l'historien. Nous avons retrouvé égaré dans les Papiers Descaves de 1'I.I.S.G., un document qui ne nous semble pas de médiocre importance: la délégation donnée à B. Le Moussu par la «Section de Langue Française de Londres», pour la représenter au Congrès de La Haye. Nous le livrons au lecteur, et surtout au chercheur, sous sa forme brute avec le minimum de commentaires.
En Amerique latine
Authors: Segall Marcelo
Published: December 2008

Pour la France, la Commune est un grand moment socialiste. Pour l'Amérique latine, c'est un des points-clé du développement d'une société moderne. Il ne s'agit pas de rendre ici un hommage purement sentimental à ces hommes qui montèrent à «l'assaut du ciel»; il ne nous importe guère non plus de faire le compte des informations, ou des calomnies qu'on répandit sur la Commune dans le Nouveau Monde. Il nous semble en revanche qu'il vaut la peine de dire ce que fut l'impact politique et social de la Commune, et quelles orientations les Communards proscrits ont imprimées à notre histoire. Cet impact fait partie de tout un processus idéologique – l'introduction du socialisme, de l'anarchisme, du marxisme et de l'internationalisme – qui a donné son élan et ses doctrines au mouvement politique et à la lutte des classes en Amérique latine.
Leo Frankel
Authors: Jemnitz János
Published: December 2008

Après la chute de la Commune de Paris, Frankel se rapprocha de Marx et d'Engels sur le plan des relations personnelles comme sur celui des idées. Il s'opposa alors aux groupements anarchistes, bakouninistes, et se consacra avant tout à la réorganisation ou au renforcement des organisations ouvrières. Il attacha beaucoup d'importance à la lutte pour la conquête ou la défense de la démocratic politique, et à l'encontre du mouvement bakouniniste il pensait dès 1871–72 que les ouvriers devaient d'abord s'emparer du pouvoir politique et s'en servir ensuite pour atteindre leurs objectifs. Ces perspectives politiques étaient liées pour lui à une autre idée fondamentale de Marx: la nécessité de créer un parti politique autonome.
Albert Richard
Authors: Moissonnier Maurice
Published: December 2008

Au moment où s'écroulait l'Empire, Albert Richard n'avait pas encore vingt-cinq ans, mais il était déjà un internationaliste connu, en relations épistolaires avec Varlin, Eugène Dupont, Emile Aubry, André Bastelica, James Guillaume, Sentiñon et Bakounine. Délégué aux congrès de l'A.I.T. à Bruxelles (1868) et Bâle (1869), il avait joué un rôle important dans le développement de la section lyonnaise de l'Internationale. L'aisance de sa parole, la correction de son style avaient contribué à le mettre en vedette et peut-être est-ce là l'une des raisons des poursuites qui sont engagées contre lui en mai 1870. C'était pourtant la période où son rôle personnel – compte tenu de la naissance, en mars 1870, d'une Fédération ouvrière lyonnaise – commençait à décroître. Ce déclassé avait fait d'assez bonnes études chez les Frères des Ecoles Chrétiennes et à la Martinière; soucieux de se démarquer du monde ouvrier dont il est issu, il revendique hautement la qualité de publiciste et n'est pas encore débarrassé de l'inconstance de la jeunesse: des projets romantiques d'émigration aventureuse en Argentine qu'il nourrit avec son ami Bastelica en témoignent. Il porte à Proudhon une vive admiration, subit superficiellement l'influence des idées marxistes transmises par Dupont (certaines formulations, certains raisonnements contenus dans les lettres de ce dernier se retrouvent dans les articles et les discours du jeune leader lyonnais), il montre enfin, à l'égard des «coteries politiques» républicaines libérates ou radicales, une hostilité sans nuances et prône régulièrement l'abstention lors des consultations électorates de 1869–70.
Trade Union Policy and the 1852 Lock-Out in the British Engineering Industry
Authors: Burgess Keith
Published: December 2008

The task of this paper is to examine trade union policy and the 1852 lock-out in the British engineering industry. The focus of attention will be upon the development of worker militancy and how this led to the lock-out. Although a history of the British engineering worker has long been extant, the causes of the 1852 dispute remain controversial. In The Story of the Engineers, J. B. Jefferys emphasizes the opposition of workers to systematic overtime and piece-work. Henry Pelling, in a more recent work, attributes the dispute to the opposition of skilled men to the employment of unskilled labour. I hope this paper throws more light on the origins of the 1852 lock-out.
Some Labour Troubles of the 1790's in North East England
Authors: McCord Norman , Brewster David E.
Published: December 2008

The period of the great French Wars of 1793–1815 saw a crop of strikes and other disturbances in North East England. The end of the wars in 1815 was followed rapidly by the great seamen's strike of 1815, which turned fundamentally on a question of redundancy. The object of this paper is to consider a series of disputes just before the outbreak of war, and during the war's early years, disputes which turned fundamentally on the equally perennial question of the regulation of wages at a time of rising prices.
The Liberal and Labour Parties in North-East Politics 1900-14: The Struggle for Supremacy
Authors: Purdue A. W.
Published: December 2008

The related developments of the rise of the Labour Party and the decline of the Liberal Party have been subjected to considerable scrutiny by historians of modern Britain. Their work has, however, had the effect of stimulating new controversies rather than of establishing a consensus view as to the reasons for this fundamental change in British political life.
Raznochintsy in the University
Authors: Pushkin Michael
Published: December 2008

The change in the social background of university students in nineteenth-century Russia, and in particular the “arrival of the raznochinets”, to use Mikhailovskii's celebrated term, have long been considered a major turning-point in Russian social history and a watershed in the development of the revolutionary movement. Historians have often attributed to it the chief role in producing the evolution of ideological attitudes between the “Fathers” of the 1840's and the “Sons” of the 1860's and the upsurge in radical agitation in the universities on the eve of the Emancipation of the Serfs.
Between Polish Autarky and Russian Autocracy: The Jews, the propinacja, and the Rhetoric of Reform
Authors: Levine Hillel
Published: December 2008

The prominent position of Jews in various aspects of the production, distribution and vending of beer, vodka and other grain-based intoxicants in late-eighteenth-century Poland was noted by contemporaries and registers in the meager socio-demographic data available for the period. The Jewish innkeeper, particularly in the Eastern regions of Poland, was an important representative of the Dvorf Yid — the provincial Jew as recorded in memoirs, chronicles and travellers' accounts. In the middle of the eighteenth century, 20 to 30 percent of the Jewish population of Poland was estimated to be involved in some aspect of alcohol production and distribution — what came to be called the Propinacja.
Zur Datierung der Arbeit von Karl Marx am II. und III. Buch des Kapital
Authors: Otani Teinosuke
Published: December 2008

Die fortschreitende Publikation der neuen MEGA gibt der Marx-Engels-Forschung starke Anregungen. Die Bände der Zweiten Abteilung ermöglichen es uns, das Hauptwerk von Marx eingehender zu untersuchen und tiefer zu verstehen. Zugleich wird in vielen interessanten Abhandlungen, die von den Bearbeitern veröffentlicht werden, eine Reihe wichtiger Fragen sowohl der Entstehungsgeschichte als auch des theoretischen Gehalts des Kapital geklärt, wodurch unser Wissen darüber ebenfalls erweitert wird.
Marx-Gesamtausgabe — Dringendes Parteiinteresse oder dekorativer Zweck?
Authors: Langkau Götz
Published: December 2008

Ende 1910 machte man sich in Wien Gedanken darüber, wie sich die Sozialdemokratie auf den dreißigsten Todestag von Karl Marx vorbereiten solle. Gustav Eckstein berichtete Karl Kautsky am 27. Dezember:

Für Freitag Abend bin ich zu einer „Marxisten-Konferenz” geladen, bei der die Situation besprochen werden soll, die sich aus der Freigabe von Marx' Schriften ergeben wird. Braun teilte mir mit, daß geplant sei, entweder eine internationale Aktion oder wenigstens eine der deutschen Marxisten zur Neuherausgabe von Marx' Schriften einzuleiten: und da Hilferding und ich jetzt gerade hier sind, soll Freitag eine Konferenz darüber stattfinden, an der Goldendach, Renner, Max Adler, Braun, Bauer, Hilferding u. ich teilnehmen sollen. Natürlich erwähnte ich nichts von Dietz' Plan und werde davon auch ohne Ihre Einwilligung nichts erwähnen.
Aloysius Huber and May 15, 1848
Authors: Blaisdell Lowell L.
Published: December 2008

One of the memorable days in the French revolution of 1848 occurred on May 15. Several extraordinary events happened on that date. The first was the overrunning of the legislative chamber by an unruly crowd. Next, and most important, a person named Aloysius Huber, after several hours had elapsed, unilaterally declared the National Assembly dissolved. In the resultant confusion, the legislators and the crowd dispersed. Third, shortly afterwards, an attempt took place at the City Hall to set up a new revolutionary government. It failed completely. As the result of these happenings, a number of people thought to be, or actually, implicated in them were imprisoned on charges of sedition.
Die Wilhelm Weitling Papers
Authors: Marsiske Hans-Arthur
Published: December 2008

Anzuzeigen ist ein umfangreicher Quellenbestand der Manuscript Division der New York Public Library über Wilhelm Weitling (1808–71). Dessen Nachlaß galt in der deutschsprachigen Literatur bisher als verschollen; Hinweisen auf die Existenz dieses Nachlasses, die in der Biographie von Carl Wittke seit 1950 vorlagen, ist die Forschung bisher nicht nachgegangen. Die Bedeutung dieser neuen Dokumente für die Sozialismusforschung, die Historiographie zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, für die politische Theorie und Wissenschaftsgeschichte ergibt sich aus Weitlings historischer Stellung als Arbeiterkommunist und erster Theoretiker und Organisator der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung. Als Zeitgenosse von Karl Marx markiert Weitling einen Schnittpunkt in den Entwicklungslinien von „utopischem” und „wissenschaftlichem” Sozialismus.
Niels Lorents Petersen
Authors: Lahme Hans-Norbert
Published: December 2008

Die folgende Skizze des Lebens des dänischen Sozialisten Niels Lorents Petersen ist das vorläufige Ergebnis von mehrjährigen häufig unterbrochenen und wiederaufgenommenen Recherchen in europäischen Bibliotheken und Archiven. Als Zusammenfassung des bisher Erreichten erhebt die Skizze keinen Anspruch darauf, das Leben des Niels Lorents Petersen in der Arbeiterbewegung in allen Aspekten zu beleuchten. Das Ziel ist eher eine Würdigung. Der Entschluss, die Ergebnisse der bisherigen Nachforschungen zusammenzufassen, steht in Zusammenhang damit, dass es mir nach jahrelangen Bemiihungen gelungen ist, die Tagebücher des Dänen zu finden. Diese Tagebüucher, auf deren Existenz erstmals 1894 hingewiesen wurde, sind in Fachkreisen lange gesucht worden und galten zeitweilig als verschollen. Sie sind inzwischen am Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus in Moskau aufgetaucht, eine Kopie befmdet sich im Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus in Berlin. Das Berliner Institut war so freundlich, mir die Einsicht in diese Kopie zu gestatten. Obwohl dieses — bis auf wenige Eintragungen in deutscher Sprache geführte — Tagebuch nur Erinnerungsfetzen an die Arbeiterbewegung enthält, und in der Hauptsache Altersreflexionen wiedergibt (der Autor begann die Niederschrift erst an seinem 70.
Social Thought and Social Statatics in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Metz Karl H.
Published: December 2008

The numerical determination of the relationship between the sanitary conditions in which people live, and the risks to health and life this may involve is a relatively new method of understanding infectious disease. It came to be known as “sanitary statistics” in the early nineteenth century, when this kind of investigation reached the climax of its social importance. But its roots go back to the late seventeenth century, when England was again visited by the plague, shattering a country that had hardly recovered from two decades of civil unrest. The two basic motives of sanitary statistics, which later made it so potent a reformist tool, were already present then in a first outline, namely the attempt to rationalize the frightful phenomenon of the epidemic and the conviction that its causes were somehow bound up with the social organization of urban life. As long as people had seen in the great epidemics God's punishing hand, the flagellants' reaction made sense. Man could only bow to Him; the arm of flesh might at most seek to avoid His punishment by punishing itself in advance. But when in 1854 the Presbytery of Edinburgh suggested to the Home Secretary, Lord Palmerston, to call for a national fast against cholera, they received the cold reply that “the weal or woe of mankind
depends on the observance or neglect of those laws” which sanitary statistics had recently discovered. Divine reference was replaced by statistical reference, and the correlations thus revealed pointed to action by the “arm of flesh”.
The Schism within the World Federation of Trade Unions: Government and Trade-Union Diplomacy
Authors: Carew Anthony
Published: December 2008

The creation of the World Federation of Trade Unions in October 1945 was intended as a major step towards international trade-union unity. Less than four years later, in January 1949, the secession of its British, American and Dutch affiliates, soon to be followed by the bulk of Western trade union centres, left the international labour movement more divided than ever. Narrative accounts of the WFTU's brief life as a united body and of the developments leading to the schism have long been available and are not matters of contention. As to the cause of the split, however, there is less agreement. The ostensible reason for the secession was the failure of the WFTU to reach agreement with the International Trade Secretariats (ITSs) on their relationship with one another. Those who split away always contended that disagreements over trade-union matters led to the rupture. In recent years, however, with the opening up of national archives, attention has turned to the influence of governments in the field of international trade unionism. In particular the interventionist role of the US State Department acting through the American Federation of Labour has been chronicled. However, as yet no full account of the activities of the British Foreign Office in this area is available. Given the fact that the British Trades Union Congress was the instigator of the schism and the single most influential union centre to leave the WFTU, an examination of Foreign Office relations with it would seem to be warranted. Equally the relationships between the Foreign Office and the State Department and between the TUC and the American Congress of Industrial Organisations, the two principal Western centres in the WFTU, are matters of considerable interest.
“The Art of Good Management”
Authors: Whipp Richard
Published: December 2008

This paper is derived from a study of work and trade unionism in the British pottery industry in the first three decades of the twentieth century. It is an attempt to open up the history of pottery management's labour strategies for debate, given the relatively slight attention the subject has received in general or with regard to this important period. Ceramic historians, in common with labour and social history, have neglected the detailed study of management, while contemporary writers on the Potteries often lapsed into a “demonology” when dealing with pottery manufacturers. In contrast to the more famous volumes on social conditions in the Potteries by Shaw or Owen and Warburton's examination of trade unions, the early-twentieth-century pottery-owners have not been the subject of sustained analysis. Yet an orthodoxy of sorts has developed, which sees the industry's management as typically crude and unchanging in technique. Economists such as B. R. Williams or geographers like Yeaman have been unchallenged in their assertions that owners could almost dispense with labour-control strategies in the light of the workforce's passivity and the tranquility of industrial relations in the industry.
Protection Against Labor Troubles
Authors: Lebovics Herman
Published: December 2008

By introducing an economic cycle of a new sort in Europe the Great Depression of 1873–96 encouraged the alignment of iron and textile industrialists’ interests with those of the great growers and livestock raisers. The French version, perhaps best labelled the alliance of cotton and wheat, is the concern here, for since profits and sales for both agriculture and industry traced parallel curves, for the first time in French history, representatives of these interests could unite and press the new republican leadership for common relief against depression and intensifying foreign competition. They were also impelled to unite in the face of the growing militancy of the new working class emerging in the provinces. Their spokesmen of the Association de l'Industrie Française and the associated Société des Agriculteurs addressed themselves to the new incarnation of the social question by offering protective tariffs – and protected jobs and pay checks – to workers striking more frequently and organizing more solidly than ever before. Their slogan was “the protection of national labor”. Having no reforms to offer, the Opportunist republicans and their ex-monarchist allies offered the emergent industrial working class safe incomes and economic nationalism.
Axis Point of American Industrialism
Authors: Zerzan John
Published: December 2008

The 1820's constituted a watershed in United States life. By the end of that decade, about ten years after the last of the English Luddite risings had been suppressed, industrialism secured its decisive American victory; by the end of the 1830's all of its cardinal features were definitively present. The many overt threats to the coherence of emerging industrial capitalism, the ensemble of forms of resistance to its hegemony, were blunted at this time and forced into the current of that participation so vital to modern domination. In terms of technology, work, politics, sexuality, culture, and the whole fabric of ordinary life, the struggles of an earlier, relative autonomy, which threatened both old and new forms of authority, fell short, and a dialectic of domestication, so familiar to us today, broke through. The reactions engendered in the face of the new dynamic in this epoch of its arrival seem, by the way, to offer some implicit parallels to present trends as technological civilization likely enters its terminal crisis: the answers of progress, now anything but new or promising, encounter a renewed legitimation challenge that can be informed, even inspired, by understanding the past.
In Defence of Class
Authors: Kirk Neville
Published: December 2008

The view that class occupied a central place in the lives of nineteenth-century English workers has recently come under increasing criticism within the fields of labour and social history. Joyce (1980), Stedman Jones (1982 and 1983), Calhoun (1982) and Glen (1984) are prominent examples of scholars who have proclaimed, albeit to varying degrees and with different points of emphasis, that at various times during the nineteenth century workers were far less motivated by class than claimed by Edward and Dorothy Thompson, Hobsbawm and likeminded historians. Criticisms of this latter group of historians are, of course, not new. Nevertheless it may be suggested that the recent criticisms of class do possess two distinguishing characteristics. Firstly, they have surely gathered a momentum and a degree of influence within labour and social history which the criticisms of the 1960's (especially the positivist-based critiques of Edward Thompson's view of class) failed to achieve. (This change is, in part, related to the defeats and retreats suffered by the labour movement under Thatcherism, and the current intellectual and political re-assessment of the historical strength of class-consciousness within the British working class.) Secondly, the criticisms of the 1980's issue from a much wider range of theoretical perspectives than was the case during the 1960's.
Co-Operators and Politics – a Rejoinder
Authors: Adams Tony
Published: December 2008

Central to Professor Pollard's “Reflections on a Re-consideration” is the contention that in 1917 Britain's co-operators decided to enter electoral politics as a result of the acceleration of long-run economic and social change. This decision, it is argued, emerged naturally from the steady prewar growth in class-consciousness established by secular shifts in the fabric of Britain's economy and society. We can agree that there is some evidence of a slow growth of class-consciousness before 1914, but not that this should have as its “natural” outcome the establishment of a political party by the British co-operative movement. It remains my contention that this departure was principally the result of the post-1914 experience of British co-operators.
Hendrik de Man and the ideology of Planism
Authors: Pels Dick
Published: December 2008

On 26 December 1933 the front page of the socialist daily Vooruit (Forward) carries a lyrical description of the Christmas Congress of the Belgian Labour Party, already glorified by its old patron Emile Vandervelde as “the most wonderful socialist convention of the past 25 years”. In a long speech on the first day of session “comrade Rik de Man” has elaborated the Plan of Labour. When he leaves the rostrum he is embraced by Vandervelde and flooded by the acclamations of the delegates.
The “Rank and File” and the Social History of the Working Class
Authors: Cronin James E.
Published: December 2008

Labor history continues to progress. It continues, too, to transform itself from a field staffed by enthusiasts and partisans into a discipline peopled with scholars sympathetic to their subject but also highly conscious of the methods, theories and interpretive frameworks within which they work. The last few years in particular have witnessed a considerable intensification of scholarly controversy within labor history and a growing sophistication of debate. To some extent the discussion parallels the ongoing conversation among social historians about the boundaries of social history, the power of primarily social explanation and the role of language, culture and politics in social history. Unfortunately, however, the stepping up of debate in labor history coincides with a dip – temporary, one hopes, but perhaps more long-term – in the fortunes of labor movements themselves. This conjuncture seems to have produced a sense of pessimism and malaise as the sentimental accompaniment to many of the debates within labor history.
Conditions of Dependence
Authors: Warde Alan
Published: December 2008

This paper examines a town in northwest England and a particular set of conditions that inhibited the growth of working-class politics during the twentieth century. The paradox of class politics in Lancaster is that despite a proletarian population, the labour movement locally remained extremely weak. Ironically, it was only upon the deindustrialisation of the town in the later 1960s that labour showed any collective strength. Explanation of quiescence in terms of paternalism and deference is rejected. Rather an account is given in terms of powerlessness. Local structural conditions rendered Lancaster workers so highly dependent that resistance to political domination was precluded.
Reshaping the Gift Relationship
Authors: Roberts M. J. D.
Published: December 2008

As English urban society overhauled its systems of policing, poor relief and labour discipline in the early nineteenth century, one form of interaction between classes to become problematical was the act of giving to beggars. While economic ideology endorsed a more calculating approach to the relief of distress, social and religious ideology preached the necessity of expanded personal concern for the distressed. Among the commercial and professional middle classes a variety of volunteer activists attempted a solution to this dilemma by professionalizing relations between giver and receiver, thus anticipating the methods of later Victorian “charity organization” by a full half-century.
Social Differences in Mortality in the Eighteenth Century: An Analysis of Berlin Church Registers
Authors: Schultz Helga
Published: December 2008

This paper investigates social differences in mortality on the basis of information provided by the registers of two Berlin parishes. The life expectancy of the lower classes was half as long again as that of the upper classes. This gap is smaller than that documented by Perrenoud for Geneva in the seventeenth century, but larger than that documented for contemporary small towns and medium-size cities.

Particularly infants and small children were the victims of “social inequality before death”, adults were only marginally affected. Nor did the major epidemics and diseases contribute much to this inequality. Although neither the use of animal milk for feeding nor leaving children with wetnurses in the country were common in Berlin at this time, conditions in this early-industrial city contributed to extremely high levels of infant mortality for specific sections of the population.
Monocoryne colonialis sp. nov., a colonial candelabrid hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Candelabridae) from the North Pacific
Authors: Brinckmann-Voss Anita , Lindner Alberto
Published: December 2008

Monocoryne colonialis sp. nov. is described from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The new species is unusual among candelabrid hydroids in having a colonial growth form, differing from its congeners in the shape and size of hydranths, in having stolons that anastomose, and by having tentacles not fused or only partly fused into bract-like structures.
Hydroidomedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) symbiotic radiation
Authors: Puce Stefania , Cerrano Carlo , Di Camillo Cristina Gioia , Bavestrello Giorgio
Published: December 2008

Hydroids can establish symbiotic relationships with most marine phyla. Almost entire genera or even families are associated with specific groups (e.g. Hydractiniidae and Cytaeididae with gastropods and hermit crabs, Zancleidae with bryozoans,Dipurenawith sponges,Ralphariawith octocorals,Eugymnantheawith bivalves,ProboscidactylaandTeissierawith serpulids,Bythotiarawith tunicates). Generally, the symbiotic groups belong to the Anthomedusae that, due to the absence of theca, are more plastic in establishing trophic relationships with the hosts. Nevertheless a number of scattered species, mainly Leptomedusae, are strictly associated to algae or sea grasses: in these cases no evident morphological or behavioural adaptations were observed. In animal symbiosis several unrelated symbiotic species show polymorphic colonies or a strong reduction in number and/or size of the tentacles, which are sometimes completely lost. Moreover, these symbiotic species may lack perisarc even in the hydrorhiza.

In this paper we summarize the morphological and behavioural adaptations of symbiotic species suggesting that the described aptitude of hydroids to establish relationships with other organisms is not only the result but also the source of the evolutionary radiation of this group.
The hydranth ofSalacia tetracythara(Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) and its modified tentacles
Authors: Gravier-Bonnet Nicole
Published: December 2008

Study of living colonies ofSalacia tetracytharaLamouroux, 1816, led to an accurate description of the hydranths and adjoining tissues. A mantle is reported for the first time for this species, lining stem, hydrocladia and hydrotheca. An adcauline nematocyst clump located in the median part of the column, composed of large microbasic mastigophores, is also reported as a new structure for sertulariids. The hypothetical modified tentacles noted by Billard (1925) are confirmed and re-described. Among the 22–28 tentacles of the hydranth in a circlet, two exhibit nematocyst-bearing organs connected at base. These organs are massive, racket-shaped, refringent, and composed of large microbasic mastigophores. They do not affect the tentacles in respect of their general shape and behaviour. One nematocyst-bearing organ can sometimes be linked to more than one tentacle depending on its size. The abcauline position of the two modified tentacles imparts a strong bilateral symmetry to the hydranth. This location explains why only one modified tentacle was previously described from preserved material, the second being hidden by the first when hydranths are retracted inside the hydrotheca. The modified tentacles ofS. tetracytharaare compared with the nematodactyls of the genusNemalecium, with the ligula found in several sertulariid species, and with nematophores described in other thecate families. Beside remarks on species taxonomy and distribution, incitation is given to the study, with emphasis especially on hydranths.
Influences of temperature and salinity on asexual budding by hydromedusa Proboscidactyla ornata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Proboscidactylidae)
Authors: Kawamura Mariko , Kubota Shin
Published: December 2008

At the head of Tanabe Bay, on the Pacific coast of Japan, dense populations of Proboscidactyla ornata medusae were observed at 24°C, 34 psu from July 2001 to September 2002 (maximum 472.4 individuals m−3). In the laboratory, 288 immature medusae of P. ornata collected from Tanabe Bay in May–June 2006 were cultured individually and fed with asphyxiated Artemia nauplii under 12 experimental conditions (four different temperatures (17°C, 20°C, 23°C and 26°C) combined with three different salinities (28 psu, 31 psu and 34 psu)). For 30 days, 94% of the medusae survived at all conditions. The maximum number of clones produced was 0.32 clones medusa−1 day−1 at 20°C, 34 psu; the number of medusae increased 10.5 times in 30 days. The maturation percentage at 23°C (54.2–58.3%) was higher than at 17°C (12.5–25.0%) and was positively correlated with the number of nauplii ingested. Temperature-specificity of energy usage was observed: 20°C for asexual budding and 23°C for sexual reproduction. The direct relationship between budding and temperature is demonstrated among hydromedusae for the first time in this study. Additionally, the influence of salinity on budding suggests a hypothesis on an advantage of budding at offshore and high saline waters.
Detection of seminal fluid proteins in the bed bug,Cimex lectularius, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry
Authors: REINHARDT K. , WONG C. H. , GEORGIOU A. S.
Published: December 2008

The global increase of the human parasite, the common bed bugCimex lectularius, calls for specific pest control target sites. The bed bug is also a model species for sexual conflict theory which suggests that seminal fluids may be highly diverse. The species has a highly unusual sperm biology and seminal proteins may have unique functions. One-dimensional PAGE gels showed 40–50% band sharing betweenC. lectulariusand another cimicid species,Afrocimex constrictus. However, adult, sexually restedC. lectulariusmales were found to store 5–7 μg of seminal protein and with only 60 μg of protein we obtained informative 2-D PAGE gels. These showed 79% shared protein spots between 2 laboratory populations, and more than half of the shared protein spots were detected in the mated female. Further analysis using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry revealed that 26·5% of the proteins had matches among arthropods in databases and 14·5% matchedDrosophilaproteins. These included ubiquitous proteins but also those more closely associated with reproduction such asmoj 29, ubiquitin, the stress-related elongation factor EF-1alpha, a protein disulfide isomerase and an antioxidant, Peroxiredoxin 6.
The canonical Cartan bundle and connection in CR geometry
Authors: HERZLICH MARC
Published: December 2008

We give a simple differential geometric description of the canonical Cartan (or tractor) bundle and connection in CR geometry, thus offering an alternative definition to the usual abstract Lie algebraic approach.
Editorial
Authors: SCHROEDER DORIS
Published: December 2008

“Health and Human Rights,” edited by Doris Schroeder, welcomes contributions on all areas outlined below. Submitted papers are peer-reviewed (short discussion papers will be reviewed by at least one, full papers by at least two reviewers). To submit a paper or to discuss suitable topics, please e-mail Doris Schroeder at dschroeder@uclan.ac.uk.
Lettres d'Eugène Varlin à Albert Richard
Authors: Dolléans Édouard
Published: December 2008

These letters of Varlin addressed to Albert Richard show Eugène Varlin first and foremost as the precursor of French syndicalism.

Between the years 1868–1870 a great development took place in the French labour movement of which Varlin was the heart and soul as well the brains. He saw the great advantage of labour having its own organs for propaganda and founded a short-lived weekly le Travail; the Marseillaise, a daily paper for which he asked Richard's support took its place.

Notwithstanding the financial hardships entailed on the workers, he welcomed, in a sense, the numerous strikes, because they were a sure means of compelling the workers to organise. “We must be ready with our organisation against the day of the revolution. It is essential that we shall be able at once to replace existing institutions by a more perfect system of our own; it will fetch all the doubters.” He mentions the advisability of enlisting the bakers' union in the general strike movement. “For a general strike to be successful, it is imperative to have them with us.”
L'évolution du socialisme. Exposé de la théorie du socialisme reconstructeur
Authors: Deslinières Lucien
Published: December 2008

I. Le mouvement socialiste, très intense en France dans la première moitié du siècle dernier, cess de se manifester à la suite du coup d'État de décembre 1851. A peine commençait-il à relever la tête après la chute de l'empire lorsque la sanglante répression de la Commune lui porta un nouveau et terrible coup. Ce ne fut qu'après les élections républicaines d'octobre 1877 et après que le vote de l'amnistie eût permis aux exilés de rentrer en France qu'il put reprendre son activité. L'impulsion donnée en France fut suivie dans les autres pays et l'organisation socialiste devint vite internationale.
Liberman et le socialisme russe
Authors: Sapir Boris
Published: December 2008

Aaron Liberman was the first to try to create a socialist movement among the Jews in the seventies of the 19th century. In the history of the social movements he is rightly considered to be the founder of Jewish Socialism. Liberman's views and methods were strongly influenced by Russian Socialism, particularly through Peter Lavrov and his followers, who grouped themselves round the Vperiod (Forewords), the organ edited by Lavrov. Drawing on the archives of the former secretary, later on editor of the Vperiod, Valerian Smirnov, which archives are in the possession of the International Institute for Social History, the author investigates into the main period of Liberman's life, from the beginning of his emigration until his death.

The article comprises the following chapters: I. In Russia; II. First Stay in London (1. Growing sympathy with the Vperiod; 2. The Vperiod and Jewish Socialism; 3. The Jewish Socialist Society in London); III. The tiaemes and the Jewish socialist section in Berlin; IV. Tragic End.

The author endeavours to determine Liberman's contribution to the Vperiod and other European socialist organs, and deals with the role he played in the working-out of the rules and constitution of the Social Revolutionist Union of the Jews in Russia, and in the foundation of the Jewish Socialist Society in London, 1876. He comes to the conclusion that Lavrov played as prominent a part in the working-out of the rules and constitution as Liberman, and that the London Jewish Socialist Society is greatly indebted to Smirnov. The author further deals with Liberman's stay in Vienna, where he edited his organ Haemes, and with the so-called Nihilist-trial in Berlin, 1879. Finally he sketches Liberman's return to London in the beginning of 1880 and discusses the circumstances which ultimately led to Liberman's suicide.

An appendix contains eight letters from Liberman to Smirnov and five from Smirnov and others, bearing upon Liberman. The three most important letters from Liberman to Smirnov are cited in a French translation as well as in their Russian original.
Sylvain Maréchal, précurseur du calendrier révolutionnaire
Authors: Dommanget Maurice
Published: December 2008

The French republican calendar, dictated by the National Convention, has had its forerunners. The most important among them was Sylvain Maréchal, a highly original and remarkable figure.

In 1788 Sylvain Maréchal issued the Almanach des Honnêtes Gens, dated “Fan premier de la Raison” (the first year of Reason), in which the names of the days of the week, the Christian festivals and the table of Saints were omitted. It was this almanac, modified in accordance with the circumstances, that served as the prototype for the republican calendar. Maréchal was put into prison, and afterwards exiled from Paris. His calendar was impounded and burnt by order of the Parliament. Later on Maréchal issued other almanacs and fought in the press for the reform of the calendar. All this is dealt with in the present study, and the name of Marechal will forthwith be linked to those of Romme and Fabre d'Eglantine, the two members of the Convention to whom the republican calendar is due.
Letters of karl Marx to Karl Blind
Authors: Mayer Gustav
Published: December 2008

Marx met the then 22 years old Blind) for the first time in May 1848, when he and Engels made their appearance in the revolutionary state of Baden (Germany), after the Neue Rheinische Zeitung had been suspended. At that time they declared to the members of the republican committee at Karlsruhe (Landesa usschuss), that they considered the revolt in the South-West of Germany irretrievably doomed to failure, if no decisive moves in Hungary or another revolution in Paris should come to its rescue. The only members of the committee who supported this opinion were, as stated by Engels), Karl Blind and Amand Gögg. Soon afterwards Marx and Blind met again in Paris. On September 5 Marx gave Blind's address to Freiligrath as his own. Blind had been sent to France by the revolutionary governments of Baden and the Palatinate as one of the members of the legation, which these two shortlived republics intended to establish there. But Louis Napoleon's government ignored this legation, and consequently did not respect Blind's diplomatic immunity, when the latter, soon after his arrival, proved to be involved in the abortive coup of Ledru-Rollin of June 13. Blind was placed under arrest and expelled from France on the same day, on the ground that his presence was “such as to disturb public order and calm”.
A study in British Trade Union history. Attempts at ‘General Union’ 1829—1834
Authors: Cole G. D. H.
Published: December 2008

The best-known episode in the early history of Britsh Trade Unionism is the dramatic rise and fall of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1833—1834. Robert Owen's sudden emergence as the leader of a mass movement reported to number a million adherents, the trial and transportation of the unfortunate ‘Tolpuddle Martyrs’ for the crime of administering unlawful oaths, the presentation of the ‘document’ demanding renunciation of Trade Union membership by masters in many parts of the country, and the complete eclipse of the Grand National within a year of its first foundation, make a story which has been told many times with effect, and does not need telling over again. But though this particular story is well-known, there is a good deal that remains obscure in Trade Union history both during this critical year and, still more, during the few previous years when the idea of an all-embracing ‘General Union of Trades’ was taking hold of one section after another of the British working classes.
Application of an imaging HF riometer for the observation of scintillations of discrete cosmic sources
Authors: Bezrodny V. G. , Charkina O. V. , Galushko V. G. , Groves K. , Kashcheyev A. S. , Watkins B. J. , Yampolski Y. M. , Murayama Y.
Published: December 2008

Scintillations of discrete cosmic radio sources have been investigated theoretically and experimentally for radiation scattered from natural and artificial inhomogeneities in the auroral zone ionosphere. The observations were performed at a frequency of 38.2 MHz with the multibeam phased array antenna of the imaging riometer located at Poker Flat, Alaska. For quiet ionospheric conditions and weak scintillations, the spatial spectrum and transverse motion velocities of the Fresnel inhomogeneities have been recovered. A theoretically based approach has been developed to estimate the time coherence interval of the radiation for the case of saturated scintillations and strong ionospheric turbulence. Examples of scintillation records are analyzed for the case of scattering from artificial ionospheric irregularities induced by high‐power HF radiation from the high‐power auroral simulation (HIPAS) ionospheric modification facility. The effect of aspect‐sensitive scattering of the cosmic source radiation by artificial field‐aligned small‐scale irregularities has been predicted and detected. Prospects for routine observations of the effects of scintillations and aspect‐sensitive scattering are discussed for special operation modes of the ionospheric modification facility.
Effects of multicumulus convective ensemble on East Asian summer monsoon rainfall simulation
Authors: Lee Doo Young , Tam Chi‐Yung , Park Chung‐Kyu
Published: December 2008

Simulating the Asian summer monsoon is one of the most challenging tasks in climate modeling. In particular, monsoon simulations strongly depend on the cumulus parameterization scheme being used, as attested by many modeling studies. In this paper, the performances of a “unified multicumulus convective ensemble scheme” (or unified scheme), Kuo, simplified Arakawa‐Schubert, Zhang and McFarlane convective parameterization schemes and moist convective adjustment in simulating the East Asian summer monsoon in a coupled General Circulation Model (GCM) are assessed. In the unified scheme, the latter four individual parameterizations are run in parallel without any modification. Simple average of outputs from each parameterization is then incorporated to the atmospheric model at every time step. Simulations based on these convection schemes during the boreal summer season are compared with observations, focusing on the formation and seasonal evolution of the Meiyu‐Changma‐Baiu rainband. It is found that the East Asian summer monsoon evolution in the GCM is sensitive to the convective parameterization being used. While the Kuo scheme is able to capture a reasonably strong subtropical front, its mean onset time is about two to three pentads earlier than the observed. Simulations based on the simplified Arakawa‐Schubert scheme give a more realistic onset date. However, the model subtropical rainband tends to be confined over land near the coastal region of East Asia. The unified scheme is able to reproduce a prominent East Asian subtropical rainband. Moreover, the seasonal evolution of the rainband is also well captured in the unified scheme simulations. Further diagnostics are carried out to elucidate the role of various circulation elements in the Meiyu‐Changma‐Baiu front formation. In the western part of the front over land regions, there is robust precursor signal in incoming shortwave radiation before monsoon onset in observations as well as model simulations. Comparison between performances of different convective parameterizations suggests that sensitivity to low‐level vorticity can be crucial for the northward migration of the subtropical front and its extension into the open ocean east of southern Japan.