bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing a multidisciplinary Young Women's Blood Disorders Program: a single‐centre approach with guidance for other centres
Authors: Zia A. , Lau M. , Journeycake J. , Sarode R. , Marshall J. , De Simone N. , Wilson E. , Winborn A. , Kouides P.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Bleeding from the reproductive tract in women is a natural event, generally occurring with menstruation and childbirth. Women with an underlying bleeding disorder may experience heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and thereby, unacceptable blood loss. Up to 20% of US women with abnormal uterine bleeding and a normal gynaecological exam may have an underlying bleeding disorder corresponding to almost 2–3 million American women. These females face many obstacles in achieving optimum medical care for their problems. A haematologist may not evaluate these women as they are treated symptomatically. Recognition of an underlying bleeding disorder is not straightforward and many come to attention after serious bleeding events. Although mortality from HMB is uncommon, the true burden of HMB is its impact on health‐related quality of life. To address these issues, women with HMB require a comprehensive approach to their care.

Methods

These reasons compelled us to institute a multidisciplinary Young Women's Blood Disorders (YWBD) Program at our institution.

Results

Herein, we describe the process of developing this program involving paediatric haematology, adolescent medicine and paediatric/adolescent gynaecology, and the expertise of a laboratory coagulationist, a nutritionist and nursing professionals. We also describe our experience with patient selection, the role of each specialty in the program, our approach to testing, the coordination of care and overall management of this patient population. Lastly, we propose metrics that could be followed in justifying the support of such a program.

Conclusions

There is a growing need to offer comprehensive care to women with HMB and blood disorders. The YWBD program at our institution appears to be successful in delivering optimal care to young women affected with HMB.
Once‐weekly prophylactic treatment vs. on‐demand treatment with nonacog alfa in patients with moderately severe to severe haemophilia B
Authors: Kavakli K. , Smith L. , Kuliczkowski K. , Korth‐Bradley J. , You C. W. , Fuiman J. , Zupančić‐Šalek S. , Abdul Karim F. , Rendo P.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Limited data are available on optimal prophylaxis regimens of factor IX (FIX) replacements for patients with haemophilia B.

Aim

This multicentre, open‐label study evaluated the efficacy and safety of once‐weekly prophylaxis with nonacog alfa compared with on‐demand treatment in adolescent and adult patients.

Methods

Males aged 12–65 years with moderately severe to severe haemophilia B (FIX:C ≤ 2%) were eligible for enrolment. Patients received on‐demand treatment for 26 weeks, followed by once‐weekly prophylaxis of 100 IU kg−1 for 52 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was the annualized bleeding rate (ABR). Secondary end points included response to on‐demand treatment, the number of infusions used to treat bleeding events, and the incidence of less‐than‐expected therapeutic effect (LETE). FIX:C was measured on day 1 and at weeks 26 and 78.

Results

Mean (±SD) ABR was lower during prophylaxis vs. on‐demand treatment [3.6 (±4.6) vs. 32.9 (±17.4) events, respectively; P < 0.0001]. The majority (88.4%) of bleeding events had excellent or good responses upon the first infusion; 82.1% of events responded to the first infusion. No incident of LETE occurred. No thrombotic events or FIX inhibitors were reported. Eight of 17 FIX:C approximately 1 week after dosing were >2 IU dL−1 (min–max of 2.13–10.39 IU dL−1).

Conclusions

Once‐weekly prophylaxis of 100 IU kg−1 was associated with lower ABR compared with on‐demand treatment in adolescents and adults with moderately severe to severe haemophilia B. Once‐weekly prophylaxis was well tolerated, with a similar safety profile as that reported during the on‐demand treatment period. Residual FIX:C may be supportive of effectiveness.
Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic Resistance, A Continuing and Intractable Problem
Authors: Hu Yue , Zhang Meng , Lu Bin , Dai Jinfeng
Published: January 2016

Helicobacter pylori, a human pathogen with a high global prevalence, is the causative pathogen for multiple gastrointestinal diseases, especially chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric malignancies. Antibiotic therapies remain the mainstay for H. pylori eradication; however, this strategy is hampered by the emergence and spread of H. pylori antibiotic resistance. Exploring the mechanistic basis of this resistance is becoming one of the major research questions in contemporary biomedical research, as such knowledge could be exploited to devise novel rational avenues for counteracting the existing resistance and devising strategies to avoid the development of a novel anti‐H. pylori medication. Encouragingly, important progress in this field has been made recently. Here, we attempt to review the current state and progress with respect to the molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance for H. pylori. A picture is emerging in which mutations of various genes in H. pylori, resulting in decreased membrane permeability, altered oxidation–reduction potential, and a more efficient efflux pump system. The increased knowledge on these mechanisms produces hope that antibiotic resistance in H. pylori can ultimately be countered.
Nest survival is influenced by parental behaviour and heterospecifics in a mixed‐species colony
Authors: Brussee Brianne E. , Coates Peter S. , Hothem Roger L. , Howe Kristy B. , Casazza Michael L. , Eadie John M.
Published: January 2016

Studies of avian nest success often focus on examining influences of variation in environmental and seasonal factors. However, in‐depth evaluations can also incorporate variation in individual incubation behaviour to further advance our understanding of avian reproductive ecology. We examined these relationships in colonially nesting Black‐crowned Night‐Herons Nycticorax nycticorax using intensive video‐monitoring methods to quantify incubation behaviours. We modelled nest survival as a function of both extrinsic factors and incubation behaviours over a 3‐year period (2010–12) on Alcatraz Island, USA. Model‐averaged parameter estimates indicated that nest survival increased as a function of greater incubation constancy (% of time spent incubating eggs within a 24‐h period), and average daily precipitation throughout the nesting stage. Common Ravens Corvus corax are the only known nest predator of Night‐Herons on Alcatraz Island, as on many other coastal Pacific islands. We also investigated the effects of heterospecific nesting of California Gulls Larus californicus and Western Gulls Larus occidentalis in a mixed‐species colony with Night‐Herons, based on nesting proximity data collected over a 2‐year period (2011–12). This second analysis indicated that, in addition to incubation behaviours, nesting heterospecifics are an important factor for explaining variation in Night‐Heron nest survival. However, contrary to our original expectation, we found that Night‐Herons experienced increased nest survival with increasing distance from gull colony boundaries. These results may apply to other areas with multiple colonial nesting species and similar predator communities and climatic patterns.
Serotype and genetic diversity of human rhinovirus strains that circulated in Kenya in 2008
Authors: Milanoi Sylvia , Ongus Juliette R. , Gachara George , Coldren Rodney , Bulimo Wallace
Published: January 2016

Background

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a well‐established cause of the common cold and recent studies indicated that they may be associated with severe acute respiratory illnesses (SARIs) like pneumonia, asthma, and bronchiolitis. Despite global studies on the genetic diversity of the virus, the serotype diversity of these viruses across diverse geographic regions in Kenya has not been characterized.

Objectives

This study sought to characterize the serotype diversity of HRV strains that circulated in Kenya in 2008.

Methods

A total of 517 archived nasopharyngeal samples collected in a previous respiratory virus surveillance program across Kenya in 2008 were selected. Participants enrolled were outpatients who presented with influenza‐like (ILI) symptoms. Real‐time RT‐PCR was employed for preliminary HRV detection. HRV‐positive samples were amplified using RT‐PCR and thereafter the nucleotide sequences of the amplicons were determined followed by phylogenetic analysis.

Results

Twenty‐five percent of the samples tested positive for HRV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan HRVs clustered into three main species comprising HRV‐A (54%), HRV‐B (12%), and HRV‐C (35%). Overall, 20 different serotypes were identified. Intrastrain sequence homology among the Kenyan strains ranged from 58% to 100% at the nucleotide level and 55% to 100% at the amino acid level.

Conclusion

These results show that a wide range of HRV serotypes with different levels of nucleotide variation were present in Kenya. Furthermore, our data show that HRVs contributed substantially to influenza‐like illness in Kenya in 2008.
Developing Great Lakes Literacy and Stewardship through a Nonformal Science Education Camp
Authors: Dann Shari L. , Schroeder Brandon
Published: January 2016

Informal science education has received great attention nationally in recent years, however little has been included in the research or policy literature regarding camps as contexts for informal learning. This article first describes how a Great Lakes water resource education camp is based upon professional definitions of informal, nonformal and formal education. Next, we describe specific details of our long‐running Michigan 4‐H Great Lakes and Natural Resources Camp designed to foster teen leadership and watershed stewardship. The Camp utilizes research‐based best practices in nonformal science education, Place Based Education, Great Lakes Literacy education, and environmental education, as we demonstrate through detailed literature review. We also provide details of quantitative impact evaluation conducted between 1999 and 2012 and involving over 700 youth participants. Youth received pre‐Camp and immediate post‐Camp surveys. The Camp had a positive impact on teens' Great Lakes literacy, place attachment, and stewardship intentions. We conclude with recommendations for designing nonformal water literacy education, based on guidelines from the National Research Council and from our experiences, to enhance whole‐person development and deep learning through nonformal camp‐based programs.
Issues Associated with the Use of Untreated Roadside Springs as a Source of Drinking Water
Authors: Swistock Bryan , Clark James , Boser Susan , Oleson Diane , Galford Amy , Micsky Gary , Madden Mark
Published: January 2016

Roadside springs are prevalent across Pennsylvania, but little information has been available about their public use or their suitability as a drinking water source. Penn State Extension conducted research to document roadside spring use and drinking water quality between 2013 and 2015. A survey of over 1,000 Pennsylvania residents found that 30% have consumed water from a roadside spring and 12% consume water every year, mostly because they perceive the water as natural with a good taste. A synoptic survey of 37 springs in 2013–2014 found that more than 90% failed one or more health‐based drinking water standards. A more intensive follow‐up study in 2014–2015 on ten of the 37 roadside springs found that they consistently failed drinking water standards throughout the year, including some presence of both Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts. Total coliform bacteria were found to be a better indicator of the overall microbiological drinking water safety of these springs than Escherichia coli bacteria when only a single sample is collected. The frequent use of roadside springs along with poor drinking water quality represent a significant health risk that needs to be addressed in public health education programs.
Early Changes in QRS Frequency Following Cardiac Resynchronization Predict Hemodynamic Response in Left Bundle Branch Block Patients
Authors: NIEBAUER MARK J. , RICKARD JOHN , TCHOU PATRICK J. , VARMA NIRAJ
Published: January 2016

QRS Frequency and CRT

Introduction

QRS characteristics are the cornerstone of patient selection in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and the presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) and baseline QRS ≥150 milliseconds portends a good outcome. We previously showed that baseline QRS frequency analysis adds predictive value to LBBB alone and have hypothesized that a change in frequency characteristics following CRT may produce additional predictive value.

Methods

We examined the QRS frequency characteristics of 182 LBBB patients before and soon after CRT. Patients were assigned to responder and nonresponder groups. Responders were defined by a decrease in left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVESV) ≥15% following CRT. We analyzed the QRS in ECG leads I, AVF, and V3 before and soon after CRT using the discrete Fourier transform algorithm. The percentage of total QRS power within discrete frequency intervals before and after CRT was calculated. The reduction in lead V3 power <10 Hz was the best indicator of response.

Results

Baseline QRS width was similar between the responders and nonresponders (162.2 ± 17.2 milliseconds vs. 158 ± 22.1 milliseconds, respectively; P = 0.180). Responders exhibited a greater reduction in QRS power <10 Hz (–17.0 ± 11.9% vs. –6.6 ± 12.5%; P < 0.001) and a significant AUC (0.743; P < 0.001). A ≥8% decline in QRS power <10 Hz produced the best predictive values (PPV = 84%, NPV = 59%). Importantly, when patients with baseline QRS <150 milliseconds were compared, the AUC improved (0.892, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Successful CRT produces a significant reduction in QRS power below 10 Hz, particularly when baseline QRS <150 milliseconds. These results indicate that QRS frequency changes after CRT provide additional predictive value to QRS alone.
Hypertension and Other Determinants of White Matter Lesions in Stroke Patients
Authors: Muscari Antonio , Faccioli Luca , Ghinelli Marco , Napoli Chiara , Pirazzoli Enrico , Puddu Giovanni M. , Spinardi Luca , Trossello Marco Pastore , Zoli Marco
Published: January 2016

Hypertension is the main risk factor for both white matter lesions (WMLs) and stroke, but many stroke patients do not have WMLs. To find specific determinants of WMLs, the authors assessed 321 ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients who had undergone echocardiography. The patients with WMLs (n=160) were more often hypertensive and had a higher systolic blood pressure than the patients without WMLs. However, in a multivariate analysis, only the following variables remained associated with WMLs: (1) age: odds ratio [OR], 1.08 per year (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.11); (2) left ventricular relative wall thickness (RWT) ≥0.52: OR, 2.78 (95% CI, 1.59–4.88); (3) lacunar strokes: OR, 4.15 (95% CI, 1.83–9.44); (4) hemorrhagic strokes: OR, 5.36 (95% CI, 1.57–18.39); and (5) female: OR, 1.91 (95% CI, 1.12–3.27). Thus, the main modifiable risk factor for WMLs was RWT, which proved to be an even stronger risk factor than hypertension. This suggests that RWT might be a useful target in the treatment of hypertension to counteract the appearance of WMLs.
Antibody Detection and Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from Bobcats (Lynx rufus), Domestic Cats (Felis catus), and Wildlife from Minnesota, USA
Authors: Verma Shiv K. , Minicucci Larissa , Murphy Darby , Carstensen Michelle , Humpal Carolin , Wolf Paul , Calero‐Bernal Rafael , Cerqueira‐Cézar Camila K. , Kwok Oliver C.H. , Su Chunlei , Hill Dolores , Dubey Jitender P.
Published: January 2016

Little is known of the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Minnesota. Here, we evaluated Toxoplasma gondii infection in 50 wild bobcats (Lynx rufus) and 75 other animals on/near 10 cattle farms. Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed in serum samples or tissue fluids by the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut‐off 1:25). Twenty nine of 50 bobcats and 15 of 41 wildlife trapped on the vicinity of 10 farms and nine of 16 adult domestic cats (Felis catus) and six of 14 domestic dogs resident on farms were seropositive. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were not found in feces of any felid. Tissues of all seropositive wild animals trapped on the farm were bioassayed in mice and viable T. gondii was isolated from two badgers (Taxidea taxus), two raccoons (Procyon lotor), one coyote (Canis latrans), and one opossum (Didelphis virginiana). All six T. gondii isolates were further propagated in cell culture. Multi‐locus PCR‐RFLP genotyping using 10 markers (SAG1, SAG2 (5′‐3′SAG2, and alt.SAG2), SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22‐8, c29‐2, L358, PK1, and Apico), and DNA from cell culture derived tachyzoites revealed three genotypes; #5 ToxoDataBase (1 coyote, 1 raccoon), #1 (1 badger, 1 raccoon, 1 opossum), and #2 (1 badger). This is the first report of T. gondii prevalence in domestic cats and in bobcats from Minnesota, and the first isolation of viable T. gondii from badger.
Up‐and‐down shift in residence depth of slickheads (Alepocephalidae) revealed by otolith stable oxygen isotopic composition
Authors: Shiao J. C. , Liu E. Y. , Sui T. D.
Published: January 2016

Otolith δ18O profiles for four slickhead species (Alepocephalidae) suggested that Alepocephalus umbriceps, Talismania okinawensis and Rouleina watasei migrated hundreds of metres to shallower depths during the juvenile to young stages before returning to their original depth or even deeper waters. Xenodermichthys nodulosus gradually shifted residence depth from shallow to deeper water during their life. These migratory patterns indicated that the slickheads examined had allopatric residence depths at different life stages, which might enhance the pelagic survival and growth rates of the juvenile and young fishes.
Scale morphometry allows discrimination of European sardine Sardina pilchardus and round sardinella Sardinella aurita and among their local populations
Authors: Bräger Zs. , Moritz T. , Tsikliras A. C. , Gonzalvo J. , Radulović M. , Staszny Á.
Published: January 2016

Landmark‐based geometric morphometric analysis revealed differences in scale shape between European sardine Sardina pilchardus and round sardinella Sardinella aurita as well as among the local populations of each species. Fish scale measurements from four different areas in the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea showed that the mean scale shape of the two species using landmark data could be differentiated with high certainty. Populations of S. aurita from the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea could be separated reliably (P < 0·001) with an average discrimination rate of 91%, whereas the average discrimination of the S. pilchardus populations was lower (80%), albeit still high.
Assessing the Global Operational Footprint of Higher Education with Environmentally Extended Global Multiregional Input‐Output Models
Authors: Lang Tim , Kennedy Christopher
Published: January 2016

This study used two recently developed environmentally extended global multiregional input‐output models (EE GMRIOs)—WIOD and EXIOBASE—to assess the global operational footprint of higher education for five impact categories: energy, water, material, and land use, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results of our analysis showed that, in 2009, the global environmental impacts attributable to education as a fraction of total global environmental impacts were not more than 2.5% of energy use and CO2 emissions, and not more than 1.5% of material, water, and land use—the vast majority of impacts generated upstream. These fractions have increased moderately since 1995, potentially driven by increased tertiary enrollment as a fraction of overall enrollment. Analysis of data from the year 2000 showed that, at most, an additional 0.15% for each impact category was attributable to research and development specifically. Inter‐regional and sectoral dynamics were also explored. Europe and the Organization for Economic and Cooperative Development (OECD) had lower total impacts than the rest of world, but their intensities per student were greater. Europe and the OECD also disproportionately shift their impacts to the rest of world. Purchases from energy and utility sectors contribute most to education‐driven energy usage and CO2 emissions, whereas purchases from food, hospitality, and agriculture sectors contribute most to water and land usage. Materials usage is driven more evenly by all sectors. The study concludes that higher education should place emphasis on addressing upstream impacts and recognize the importance of its role in global sustainability beyond its operational footprint.
Explaining Industrial Symbiosis Emergence, Development, and Disruption: A Multilevel Analytical Framework
Authors: Yap Nonita Tumulak , Devlin John Fredrick
Published: January 2016

Industrial symbiosis (IS) is the process by which by‐products are revalorized and exchanged among distinct business entities. The literature suggests that IS can bring financial, social, and environmental benefits to firms and society. Analytical tools have been developed for uncovering IS arrangements and guidelines suggested for designing IS arrangements where they do not yet exist. Despite these suggested benefits and in spite of these tools, few planned IS arrangements have successfully materialized, with notable exceptions in East Asia. Understanding why IS networks emerge and expand or falter requires both macro‐ and micro‐level analysis. Some explanatory factors have been extensively covered in the IS literature, such as the important role of coordinating organizations. But the analysis of enterprise‐level actions and strategies as well as the conditions in the external environment that act on the enterprises and the network are not as well examined. The article outlines an analytical framework that draws upon insights from research on cleaner production, corporate social responsibility, diffusion of innovation, and the role of the state in development. The framework is consistent with the view that the evolution of IS networks is characterized by “equifinality.” Different networks may achieve IS as a result of quite different combinations of factors. No general theory of IS success or decline is offered because no such theory can be expected. IS emergence, development, and disruption is approached as a problem of sociohistorical analysis. For such phenomena, analytical frameworks provide a common explanatory starting point, but no predictive power.
Expression of the inactive ZmMEK1 induces salicylic acid accumulation and salicylic acid‐dependent leaf senescence
Authors: Li Yuan , Chang Ying , Zhao Chongchong , Yang Hailian , Ren Dongtao
Published: January 2016

Leaf senescence is the final leaf developmental process that is regulated by both intracellular factors and environmental conditions. The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades have been shown to play important roles in regulating leaf senescence; however, the component(s) downstream of the MAPK cascades in regulating leaf senescence are not fully understood. Here we showed that the transcriptions of ZmMEK1, ZmSIMK1, and ZmMPK3 were induced during dark‐induced maize leaf senescence. Furthermore, in‐gel kinase analysis revealed the 42 kDa MAPK was activated. ZmMEK1 interacted with ZmSIMK1 in yeast and maize mesophyll protoplasts and ZmSIMK1 was activated by ZmMEK1 in vitro. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of ZmMEK1 in Arabidopsis transgenic plants induced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and SA‐dependent leaf senescence. ZmMEK1 interacted with Arabidopsis MPK4 in yeast and activated MPK4 in vitro. SA treatment accelerated dark‐induced maize leaf senescence. Moreover, blockage of MAPK signaling increased endogenous SA accumulation in maize leaves. These findings suggest that ZmMEK1‐ZmSIMK1 cascade and its modulating SA levels play important roles in regulating leaf senescence.
Evaluating the MESSAGE Communication Strategies in Dementia training for use with community‐based aged care staff working with people with dementia: a controlled pretest–post‐test study
Authors: Conway Erin R , Chenery Helen J
Published: January 2016

Aims and Objectives

The study aims to evaluate the effects of a communication skills training programme on community aged care staff's knowledge of communication support in dementia and on staff's care experience.

Background

Dementia can lead to impairments in communication. Therefore, quality community‐based dementia care requires that staff be skilled communicators, equipped to facilitate interactions with people with dementia. The current investigation evaluated the effectiveness of the MESSAGE Communication Strategies in Dementia for Care Staff training programme with respect to knowledge of communication support and the staff/caregiver experience.

Design

A multi‐centre controlled pretest/post‐test design with randomised cohort allocation was used. Outcome measures were completed at baseline, immediately after training (training group only), and at three‐month follow‐up.

Methods

Thirty‐eight care staff working in community aged care participated and completed all outcome measures (training = 22; control = 16).Training and control groups completed the following outcome measures: knowledge of communication support strategies, self‐efficacy, preparedness to provide care, strain in nursing care and attitude to dementia care. Staff in the training group provided written feedback on the training.

Results

A significant improvement in knowledge scores from baseline was found for the training group both immediately after training and at three‐month follow‐up. There was also a significant training effect for self‐efficacy and preparedness to provide care. No significant difference was found for the control group for any measure. No significant training effects were found for measures of strain or attitudes to dementia care. Feedback from staff suggests that the training was well received.

Conclusions

The MESSAGE training was positively received by staff and had a significant effect on care staff knowledge, and confidence to provide care for people with dementia.

Relevance to clinical practice

The easily accessible multimedia training programme is well received by staff and has the potential to improve quality of care.
Transradial Coronary Angiography—Insights to the One‐Catheter Concept
Authors: Langer Christoph , Riehle Julia , Frey Norbert , Wiemer Marcus
Published: January 2016

Transradial coronary angiography (TRC) can be performed applying only one catheter fitting into the right and left coronary ostia (R/LCO). In this bicentric study (n = 2953), we analyzed the ostial performance of the Tiger_II_catheter widely used in TRC. Compared to Judkins catheters, the Tiger_II is frequently associated with ostial instability within the LCO but fits better into the RCO—irrespective of tube size. Judkins catheters generally need more peri‐procedural contrast and radiation exposure. TRC may be started using a 5F_Tiger_II on the right side in order to be switched to 5F Judkins in case of propable LCO instability. (J Interven Cardiol 2016;29:113–116)
The Index of Microcirculatory Resistance Postpercutaneous Coronary Intervention Predicts Left Ventricular Recovery in Patients With Thrombolyzed ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Palmer Sonny , Layland Jamie , Carrick David , Williams Paul D. , Judkins Christopher , Gong Fei Fei , Burns Andrew T. , Whitbourn Robert J. , MacIsaac Andrew I. , Wilson Andrew M.
Published: January 2016

Background

The index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), an invasive measure of microvascular function, has been shown to correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of IMR on left ventricular recovery in patients undergoing a pharmacoinvasive strategy for STEMI.

Methods

The index of microcirculatory resistance was assessed following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in 31 patients with STEMI who were initially managed with thrombolysis. Other markers of microvascular function such as coronary flow reserve (CFR), TIMI flow grade, corrected TIMI frame count (cTFC), and ST‐segment resolution were also recorded. All indices were evaluated against measures of left ventricular function and recovery 3 months postindex event.

Results

The IMR correlated with left ventricular function, as assessed by wall motion score and ejection fraction at 3‐month follow‐up (r = 0.652, P = 0.005; r = −0.452, P = 0.011, respectively). The traditional methods of assessing microvascular function, such as CFR, TIMI flow grade, cTFC, and ST‐segment resolution did not correlate with wall motion score and ejection fraction at 3 months. Post‐PCI IMR was significantly lower in those patients with left ventricular recovery at 3 months (18 U vs 39 U, P < 0.001). The optimal cut‐off value for post‐PCI IMR and left ventricular recovery was 32 U. In patients in whom the IMR was greater than 32 U, the percent change in ejection fraction was significantly lower than in those patients in whom the IMR was less than 32 U (2 ± 11 vs 12 ± 8, P = 0.012).

Conclusions

In patients presenting with STEMI initially managed with thrombolysis and subsequently undergoing PCI, IMR correlates with measures of left ventricular function and has the potential to predict left ventricular recovery at 3 months. (J Interven Cardiol 2016;29:146–154)
Researching Corporate Social Responsibility Communication: Themes, Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Crane Andrew , Glozer Sarah
Published: January 2016

Growing recognition that communication with stakeholders forms an essential element in the design, implementation and success of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has given rise to a burgeoning CSR communication literature. However this literature is scattered across various sub‐disciplines of management research and exhibits considerable heterogeneity in its core assumptions, approaches and goals. This article provides a thematically‐driven review of the extant literature across five core sub‐disciplines, identifying dominant views upon the audience of CSR communication (internal/external actors) and CSR communication purpose, as well as pervasive theoretical approaches and research paradigms manifested across these areas. The article then sets out a new conceptual framework – the 4Is of CSR communication research – that distinguishes between research on CSR Integration, CSR Interpretation, CSR Identity, and CSR Image. This typology of research streams organizes the central themes, opportunities and challenges for CSR communication theory development, and provides a heuristic against which future research can be located.
The Effect of the Canine ABCB1‐1Δ Mutation on Sedation after Intravenous Administration of Acepromazine
Authors: Deshpande D. , Hill K.E. , Mealey K.L. , Chambers J.P. , Gieseg M.A.
Published: January 2016

Background

Dog breeds with the ABCB1‐1Δ mutation have substantially truncated nonfunctional P‐glycoprotein. Dogs homozygous for this mutation (mut/mut) are susceptible to the toxic adverse effects of ivermectin, loperamide, and vincristine. Anecdotal reports suggested ABCB1 mut/mut dogs showed increased depth and duration of acepromazine sedation.

Hypothesis/Objectives

That ABCB1 mut/mut dogs have increased depth and duration of sedation after acepromazine IV compared to normal dogs (nor/nor).

Animals

Twenty‐nine rough‐coated collies were divided into 3 groups of dogs based on their ABCB1 genotype: 10 mut/mut, 10 mut/nor, and 9 nor/nor.

Methods

Dogs were given 0.04 mg/kg of acepromazine IV. Level of sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were recorded for 6 hours after acepromazine administration. Area under the curves (AUCs) of the normalized sedation score results were calculated and compared.

Results

The median sedation scores for ABCB1 mut/mut dogs were higher than nor/nor dogs at all time points and were higher in mut/nor dogs for the first 2 hours. These differences were not found to be significant for any individual time point (P > .05). The median sedation score AUC for mut/mut dogs was significantly higher than nor/nor dogs (P = .028), but the AUC for mut/nor dogs was not (P = .45). There were no significant differences between groups for heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure (P > .05).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In ABCB1 mut/mut dogs acepromazine dose rates should be reduced and careful monitoring performed during sedation.
Mobile genetic elements: in silico, in vitro, in vivo
Authors: Arkhipova Irina R. , Rice Phoebe A.
Published: January 2016

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), also called transposable elements (TEs), represent universal components of most genomes and are intimately involved in nearly all aspects of genome organization, function and evolution. However, there is currently a gap between the fast pace of TE discovery in silico, driven by the exponential growth of comparative genomic studies, and a limited number of experimental models amenable to more traditional in vitro and in vivo studies of structural, mechanistic and regulatory properties of diverse MGEs. Experimental and computational scientists came together to bridge this gap at a recent conference, ‘Mobile Genetic Elements: in silico, in vitro, in vivo’, held at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, MA, USA.
Origins of multicellular complexity: Volvox and the volvocine algae
Authors: Herron Matthew D.
Published: January 2016

The collection of evolutionary transformations known as the ‘major transitions’ or ‘transitions in individuality’ resulted in changes in the units of evolution and in the hierarchical structure of cellular life. Volvox and related algae have become an important model system for the major transition from unicellular to multicellular life, which touches on several fundamental questions in evolutionary biology. The Third International Volvox Conference was held at the University of Cambridge in August 2015 to discuss recent advances in the biology and evolution of this group of algae. Here, I highlight the benefits of integrating phylogenetic comparative methods and experimental evolution with detailed studies of developmental genetics in a model system with substantial genetic and genomic resources. I summarize recent research on Volvox and its relatives and comment on its implications for the genomic changes underlying major evolutionary transitions, evolution and development of complex traits, evolution of sex and sexes, evolution of cellular differentiation and the biophysics of motility. Finally, I outline challenges and suggest future directions for research into the biology and evolution of the volvocine algae.
Characterization of hepatic and cardiac iron deposition during standard treatment of anaemia in haemodialysis
Authors: Holman Richard , Olynyk John K. , Kulkarni Hemant , Ferrari Paolo
Published: January 2016

Background

Parenteral iron is integral in the treatment of anaemia of chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis (HD). However, increased liver iron concentration (LIC) can result from such treatment, and this correlates poorly with serum ferritin or transferrin saturation values. It is unclear whether increased cardiac iron concentration also occurs in this setting. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of intravenous iron supplementation to hepatic and cardiac iron deposition in chronic HD subjects.

Methods

A cohort of 10 patients on chronic HD for at least 1 year underwent MRI‐based quantitation of hepatic and cardiac iron content to evaluate the relationship between intravenous iron supplements and hepatic and cardiac iron deposition. The results were compared against the cumulative parenteral iron dose and serum iron markers.

Results

The median age was 61 years (95% confidence interval (CI) 50–71), HD time 2.5 years (95%CI 2.0–5.3) and cumulative iron dose 4300 mg (95%CI 2110–9045). Hepatic iron concentration was elevated in eight of 10 subjects (median 46 mmol/kg, range 31–76). Cardiac iron levels were within the reference range in all subjects. There was poor correlation between conventional haematinic values and either LIC or cardiac iron levels. None of the study subjects exhibited elevated cardiac iron concentration.

Conclusion

Whilst HD patients receiving standard parenteral iron therapy have elevated LICs, this is not associated with cardiac iron deposition. Transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels are poor markers of either liver or cardiac iron deposition in HD subjects.
Disruption of endosperm development is a major cause of hybrid seed inviability between Mimulus guttatus and Mimulus nudatus
Authors: Oneal Elen , Willis John H. , Franks Robert G.
Published: January 2016

Divergence of developmental mechanisms within populations could lead to hybrid developmental failure, and might be a factor driving speciation in angiosperms.

We investigate patterns of endosperm and embryo development in Mimulus guttatus and the closely related, serpentine endemic Mimulus nudatus, and compare them to those of reciprocal hybrid seed. We address whether disruption in hybrid seed development is the primary source of reproductive isolation between these sympatric taxa.

M. guttatus and M. nudatus differ in the pattern and timing of endosperm and embryo development. Some hybrid seeds exhibit early disruption of endosperm development and are completely inviable, while others develop relatively normally at first, but later exhibit impaired endosperm proliferation and low germination success. These developmental patterns are reflected in mature hybrid seeds, which are either small and flat (indicating little to no endosperm) or shriveled (indicating reduced endosperm volume). Hybrid seed inviability forms a potent reproductive barrier between M. guttatus and M. nudatus.

We shed light on the extent of developmental variation between closely related species within the M. guttatus species complex, an important ecological model system, and provide a partial mechanism for the hybrid barrier between M. guttatus and M. nudatus.
The importance of nutrition for health in patients with transfusion‐dependent thalassemia
Authors: Fung Ellen B.
Published: January 2016

Nutrition is increasingly being seen by care providers as important for patients with thalassemia. However, the definition of optimal nutritional support and the means to provide that support remain elusive. This review focuses on the relationships between nutritional status and three common comorbidities in patients with thalassemia: low bone mass, growth deficiency, and diabetes. The association between low bone mass and specific nutrient deficiencies (e.g., vitamin D, zinc) is clear, while the role of nutritional adequacy for young patients with growth deficiencies requires careful analysis to distinguish it from chronic anemia and endocrine insufficiency. Correction of isolated nutritional deficiencies in small cohorts of patients with thalassemia has shown some promise at improving both bone health and linear growth in the short term. However, the long‐term safety and acceptability of these practices need to be evaluated. On the whole, there are few well‐designed, adequately powered studies of the role of general dietary or specific micronutrients in the cause, treatment, or prevention of these commonly observed morbidities in thalassemia. Until these data are gathered, it is suggested that patients with thalassemia be monitored frequently and that their nutritional deficiencies be corrected when observed in order to advance their overall health and quality of life.
Telltale eyes: the lateral visual systems of Rhenish Lower Devonian eurypterids (Arthropoda, Chelicerata) and their palaeobiological implications
Authors: Poschmann Markus , Schoenemann Brigitte , McCoy Victoria E.
Published: January 2016

The compound eyes of three taxa of Rhenish Lower Devonian eurypterids are examined and compared with those known from other eurypterids and the extant horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus. The lateral eyes of the small species Rhenopterus diensti, a phylogenetically basal representative of the stylonurine clade, are characterized by a comparatively low number of lenses and high interommatidial angle Δφ (2.8°). The comparatively limited visual capacities of R. diensti are more similar to L. polyphemus than to its closer relatives of the eurypterine clade and perhaps this reflects a progression of lateral eye structure in the evolution of eurypterids as a whole. The number of eye facets in Adelophthalmus sievertsi is higher than that in the supposed ambush predator Acutiramus cummingsi, but lower than that in other ‘swimming’ eurypterids (Eurypterina). Due to poor preservation, no other eye parameters could be analysed in this species, but further morphological attributes and geographical distribution designate the mid‐sized A. sievertsi as an able swimmer. A low interommatidial angle Δφ of less than 1° confirms that the visual capacities of Jaekelopterus rhenaniae are in line with an interpretation of this giant species as an active high‐level predator. The inferred lifestyles of adult individuals of these three, co‐occurring Rhenish eurypterids indicate niche differentiation avoiding to some degree the competition for food in their marginal marine to delta plain transitional habitats.
First‐generation HapMap in Cajanus spp. reveals untapped variations in parental lines of mapping populations
Authors: Kumar Vinay , Khan Aamir W. , Saxena Rachit K. , Garg Vanika , Varshney Rajeev K.
Published: January 2016

Whole genome re‐sequencing (WGRS) was conducted on a panel of 20 Cajanus spp. accessions (crossing parentals of recombinant inbred lines, introgression lines, multiparent advanced generation intercross and nested association mapping population) comprising of two wild species and 18 cultivated species accessions. A total of 791.77 million paired‐end reads were generated with an effective mapping depth of ~12X per accession. Analysis of WGRS data provided 5 465 676 genome‐wide variations including 4 686 422 SNPs and 779 254 InDels across the accessions. Large structural variations in the form of copy number variations (2598) and presence and absence variations (970) were also identified. Additionally, 2 630 904 accession‐specific variations comprising of 2 278 571 SNPs (86.6%), 166 243 deletions (6.3%) and 186 090 insertions (7.1%) were also reported. Identified polymorphic sites in this study provide the first‐generation HapMap in Cajanus spp. which will be useful in mapping the genomic regions responsible for important traits.
Post‐traumatic growth of children affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and their attitudes to memorial services and media coverage
Authors: Yoshida Hirokazu , Kobayashi Natsuko , Honda Nami , Matsuoka Hiroo , Yamaguchi Takuhiro , Homma Hiroaki , Tomita Hiroaki
Published: January 2016

Aims

Post‐traumatic growth (PTG) refers to positive changes that result from coping with a major life crisis or a traumatic event. Factors influencing PTG in youth have not been well characterized but could have a great impact on overall maturation.

Methods

Fourth to ninth graders (n = 3337) attending elementary or junior high schools located in a district severely damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake completed a questionnaire, including the revised Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children (PTGI‐C‐R) along with the Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms for Children 15 items (PTSSC‐15), 31 months after the event. Experience of the disaster, prior traumatic experiences, and attitudes toward memories of the disaster (rumination) were scored by their caregivers and teachers, and effects of these factors on PTG were evaluated.

Results

There were no significant associations between PTGI‐C‐R and sex or experiences of the disaster. However, PTGI‐C‐R was negatively correlated with age (r = −0.132, P < 0.001). There was significant but very weak negative correlation between PTGI‐C‐R and PTSSC‐15 among the children (r = −0.096, P < 0.001). PTGI‐C‐R was significantly associated with positive attitudes to memorial services (P < 0.001) and media coverage (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Positive attitudes to deliberate rumination may facilitate PTG in children following natural disasters.
Social Media Use in Pediatric Dermatology
Authors: Fogel Alexander L. , Teng Joyce M. C.
Published: January 2016

Social media is predicted to become increasingly important in dermatology because of its potential to serve as a platform for public health campaigns, aid in participant recruitment for clinical trials, increase public engagement in health care, and facilitate scientific discourse. No study of social media use in pediatric dermatology has been performed, so we analyzed the use of the seven leading social media platforms in pediatric dermatology, with a focus on patient advocacy groups, professional societies, research journals, and research institutions. We observed that 89% of patient advocacy groups, 100% of professional societies, 62.5% of research journals, and 0% of academic pediatric dermatology departments maintained one or more social media accounts. Our observations suggest that all stakeholder groups, and in particular members of the research community, have the potential to further their engagement, connections, and communications through social media.
Increased C‐reactive protein and fever in Japanese infants with food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome
Authors: Kimura Mitsuaki , Ito Yasunori , Tokunaga Fumika , Meguro Takaaki , Shimomura Masaki , Morishita Hideaki , Seto Shiro
Published: January 2016

Background

Increased C‐reactive protein (CRP) and fever are observed in some infants with food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) in Japan, but the reproducibility of these findings has not yet been confirmed on oral food challenge (OFC).

Methods

Fourteen infants with FPIES induced by cow's milk (CM) formula were enrolled. OFC using CM formula was performed on each infant once or repeatedly (total 18 tests), with a stepwise incremental protocol in an infection‐controlled setting. CRP was measured 24 h after the last ingestion of the CM formula.

Results

Increased CRP was observed in 11 of the 18 OFC conducted (median, 2.60 mg/dL; range, 0.22–4.84 mg/dL). Fever was induced in six occasions during OFC. Serum CRP in the patients with fever increased to median 3.76 mg/dL (range, <0.7–4.84 mg/dL), which was significantly higher than that of the patients without fever (median <0.1 mg/dL; range, <0.1–2.6 mg/dL; P < 0.001). CRP during OFC significantly correlated with that at disease onset (rs = 0.62, P < 0.02). Three of the four patients with fever at disease onset also had fever during OFC.

Conclusions

Increased CRP and fever are reproducible during OFC in some infants with FPIES, suggesting that these are not accidental phenomena, but instead are associated with FPIES itself in Japanese patients.
Pathogenesis ofTaenia soliumtaeniasis and cysticercosis
Authors: Gonzales I. , Rivera J. T. , Garcia H. H. ,   for The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru
Published: January 2016

Taenia solium infections (taeniasis/cysticercosis) are a major scourge to most developing countries. Neurocysticercosis, the infection of the human nervous system by the cystic larvae of this parasite, has a protean array of clinical manifestations varying from entirely asymptomatic infections to aggressive, lethal courses. The diversity of clinical manifestations reflects a series of contributing factors which include the number, size and location of the invading parasites, and particularly the inflammatory response of the host. This manuscript reviews the different presentations of T. solium infections in the human host with a focus on the mechanisms or processes responsible for their clinical expression.