bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smart Home With Smart Control, Berbasis Bluetooth Mikrokontroller
Authors: Adi Barep , Herlina Amalia
Published: April 2021

Sistem rumah cerdas (Smart Home) adalah sistem aplikasi gabungan antara teknologi dan pelayanan yang dikhususkan pada lingkungan rumah dengan fungsi tertentu yang bertujuan meningkatkan efesiensi, kenyamanan dan keamanan penghuninya. Sistem rumah cerdas terdiri dari perangkat control dan otomatisasi beberapa perangkat atau peralatan rumah yang dapat diakses melalui sebuah komputer.Sistem dibangun dengan menggunakan mikrokontroller arduino dan dengan perangkat pendukung seperti relay, bluetooth, kabel jumper, lampu rumah, smartphone, komputer dan laptop. arduino dijadikan sebagai pengontrol (otak) yang menjalankan perintah yang digunakan untuk mengontrol lampu rumah. Pengontrolan dilakukan melalui aplikasi smartphone, yang terhubung dengan arduino melalui jaringan bluetooth. Relay berfungsi sebagai saklar untuk menyalakan dan memadamkan lampu rumah yang terhubung dengan arduino melalui pin-pin. Melalui pin-pin  perintah menyalakan dan memadamkan lampu yang diterima dari arduinol diteruskan ke relay dengan memberikan logika 1 (HIGH) yang berarti menyala dan logika 0 (LOW) yang berarti padam.Dari hasil pengujian dapat disimpulkan bahwa lampu dapat dinyalakan dan di padamkan melalui aplikasiyang berjalan di android pada arduino yang diakses melalui aplikasi pada smartphone, melalui jaringan bluetooth.
Rancang Bangun Smart Urinoir Untuk Mendeteksi Status Dehidrasi Berbasis Image Processing Dengan Metode Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Perceptron
Authors: Mudzaki Irfanuddin , Alfita Riza , Ulum Miftachul
Published: April 2021

Dehidrasi merupakan suatu kondisi dimana tubuh sedang kekurangan cairan .Dehidrasi sangatlah berbahaya bagi tubuh manusia. Dengan mengetahui status dehidrasi maka pencegahan terhadap berbagai penyakit juga dapat diketahui lebih awal. Rancang bangun smart urinoir ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status tingkat dehidrasi seseorang. Alat ini dirancang portable karena menggunakan rashberry pi untuk pengolahan sistem khususnya pada image processing. Dengan menggunakan sensor pir sebagai pendeteksi keberadaan seseorang maka kamera Logitech C270 akan mengambil sebuah gambar urin dan dapat diketahui nilai rata-rata HSV nya. Nilai rata – rata HSV yang didapatkan akan diatur pada sebuah program training melalui software Python untuk mendapatkan nilai W dan bias. Nilai W dan bias ini yang akan dimasukkan dalam sebuah metode jaringan syaraf tiruan pada software python di dalam sebuah rashberry pi untuk mencari nilai U dan Y sehingga diperoleh hasil klasifikasi tingkat dehidrasi berat, dehidrasi sedang atau dehidrasi ringan. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Elektronika dengan mengambil 25 sampel urin. Dari hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan 25 sampel uji diperoleh presentase tingkat keberhasilan sebesar 95 % dengan pembagian dehidrasi yakni 41 tidak dehidrasi, 15 dehidrasi ringan, 1 dehidrasi berat, dan 3 tidak sesuai.
Rancang Bangun Indikator Berat, Temperatur Dan Kadar Alkohol Pada Proses Fermentasi Singkong (Tape) Dengan Metode Fuzzy Berbasis Microcontroller Atmega 16
Authors: Isnainin Nurul , Ulum Miftachul , Joni Koko
Published: April 2021

Pada umumnya, dalam pembuatan tape para produsen tape masih menggunakan cara manual sehingga kualitas tape sering mengalami prubahan hal ini disebabkan karena ada beberapa faktor yaitu kondisi suhu, ragi yang dibutuhkan serta kadar alkohol yang terkandung dalam tape untuk menentukan tingkat kematangan tape. Permasalahan yang dialami produsen tape dapat dilakukan suatu pengendalian rancang bangun sistem dalam proses fermentasi dengan menggunakan 3 buah sensor. Metode yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode fuzzy tsukamoto. Penelitian skripsi ini  bertujuan proses fermentasi dapat di lakukan secara otomatis  dengan merancang bangun suatu sistem kendali pengontrol suhu, kadar alkohol  dan persbandingan ragi yang di gunakan. Pengontrolan sistem alat ini dilakukan oleh mikrokontroler ATMega 16 mempunyai 3 input berbentuk sensor DHT11, sensor MQ-3 dan input berbentuk sensor load cell, sensor  DHT11 ini akan mendeteksi suhu, sedangkan sensor load cell mendeteksi berat singkong  yang berada dalam inkubator dan ditampilkan pada LCD dan  untuk sensor MQ-3 dapat menentukan kematangan tape. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ragi yang baik untuk digunakan fermentasi adalah 4 gram persatu kilogram singkong. Hasil rancang bangun alat ini lebih efisien  58.29% dari pada fermentasi secara manual.
Redesain Speed Control Submerged Scraper Conveyor (Ssc) Bottom Ash Menggunakan Ac Drive
Authors: Reza Fahrizal , Imaduddin Ilmi Rizki
Published: April 2021

Sistem kontrol penggerak Submerged Scrapper Conveyor (SSC) mempunyai peran yang sangat vital dalam proses kerja transportasi material limbah abu berat (bottom-ash) yang merupakan sisa hasil pembakaran batubara di boiler. Sistem kontrol penggerak SSC bekerja secara kontinyu 24 jam untuk menjaga agar material bottom ash tidak menumpuk di boiler hopper . Sistem ini harus selalu dijaga kehandalannya, karena apabila bermasalah maka akan berdampak langsung pada keberlangsungan operasi boiler di pembangkit yaitu menyebabkan derating.Sistem kontrol penggerak eksisting pada SSC menggunakan speed variator. Speed variator bekerja secara mekanis untuk mengatur kecepatan dari SSC yaitu dengan sistem hidrolik transmisi. Kecepatan perlu diatur untuk mengendalikan laju material bottom ash akibat variasi beban pembangkit. Apabila beban tinggi, maka material bottom ash akan lebih banyak dibanding pada beban rendah. Sistem penggerak SSC di PLTU Paiton Unit 1 dan 2 dengan speed variator dewasa ini banyak mengalami permasalahan. Mulai dari overheating, kerusakan inner part, hingga spare part yang sudah tidak tersedia (obsolete), selain itu penurunan nilai kalori batubara yang dipakai pada boiler juga menambah beban pada SSC dikarenakan limbah bottom ash yang semakin banyak.Untuk memaksimalkan kehandalan SSC di PLTU Paiton, maka dilakukan redesain speed control SSC. Redesain ini dilakukan dengan mengganti sistem kontrol penggerak SSC yang lama, yaitu speed variator dengan VFD (variable frequency drive) atau motor drive AC (Alternating Current). Redesain tersebut terdiri dari beberapa tahap, antara lain: (i) melakukan  penggantian peralatan pada sistem kontrol penggerak SSC antara lain motor SSC serta mengganti speed variator dengan VFD, (ii) memodifikasi wiring  dan logic  pada PLC sistem untuk mengontrol kecepatan SSC, (iii) melakukan modifikasi panel kontrol sehingga operasi SSC dapat dimonitor di CCR Fly Ash HMI Human Machine Interface dan local control station baik secara auto atau lokal.
Kontrol Sistem Starter Sepeda Motor Berbasis Mikrokontroler Dengan Smartphone Android Menggunakan Voice Recognition
Authors: Rosyid Abdul , Budi Agus Setia , Susilo Purnomo Hadi
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk keamanan dan efektifitasan dalam pemakaian kendaraan roda dua atau sepeda motor yang menggunakan smarthphone. Dalam keamanan dan kemudahan pemakai dalam menggunakan kendaraan roda dua tanpa menggunakan kunci konvensional. Selama ini, karena maraknya kasus pencurian motor yang sering terjadi. Sehingga pemakaian merasa resah akan kasus tersebut. Maka penelitian ini dibuat untuk membantu pemakai kendaraan roda dua dalam keamanan kendaraan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa tanpa menggunakan kunci konvensional masih bias untuk menyala. Sistem kemanan ini berbasis relai dan akan dikendalikan melalui smartphone dengan sistem operasi Android. Sistem komunikasi dirancang dengan menggunakan modul bluetooth HC-06 yang dapat diintegrasikan dengan papan mikrokontroler Arduino Uno. Detail perancangan sistem dijelaskan pada skripsi ini. Hasil pengujian menunjukan jarak maksimal komunikasi bluetooth antara pengendali (smartphone) dengan sistem pada sepeda motor yaitu 10 M.
Expert System untuk Mendeteksi Penyakit Gigi Menggunakan Shell e2gLite dari Expertise2go
Authors: Gustaf Tuesday Saka , Santoso Joan , Setyati Endang
Published: April 2021

Jumlah tenaga kerja kesehatan gigi di kalangan masyarakat dinilai kurang seimbang.Tujuan utama penelitian ini untuk mendeteksi penyakit pada gigi seseorang dengan menyediakan solusi berupa sistem pakar . Tahapan proses pada penelitian ini meliputi: Pembelajaran literatur mengenai Forward Chaining ,Certainly Factor dan software expertise2Go yaitu E2glite dan Pemahaman penerapan metode Certainly Factor , Menentukan batasan-batasan permasalahan dari penelitian mengenai penyakit pada gigi serta merumuskan serangkaian solusi-solusi berupa informasi untuk mengatasi permasalahan penyakit pada gigi.Nilai akurasi dihitung dari tingkat keberhasilan sistem melakukan pelacakan dan pemberian informasi yang tepat tentang diagnosa penyakit gigi dengan tingkat nilai akurasi sebesar 70%. berdasarkan perbandingan data dan hasil kesimpulan sistem.
Rancang Bangun Pendeteksi Formalin Dan Rhodamin B Berbasis Arduino
Authors: Susanto Rizky . , Baskoro Farid .
Published: April 2021

Formalin dan rhodamin b merupakan bahan kimia berbahaya yang paling sering disalah gunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pangan sesuai dengan laporan BPOM 2017 yang menunjukkan penyalahgunaan rhodamin mencapai 36% sedangkan formalin mencapai 32% padahal hal ini sudah dilarang oleh pemerintah yang telah tertuang dalam SK maupun peraturan kemenkes. Alat ini bermanfaat untuk membantu masyarakat dalam mendeteksi formalin dan rhodamin b, dengan desain yang kecil dan memiliki sumber daya internal alat ini bisa dibawa ke berbagai tempat dengan mudah dan dioperasikan secara langsung tanpa mencari sumber daya PLN. Alat ini memanfaatkan sensor MQ-138 yang berupa sensor gas untuk mendeteksi formalin dan photodiode untuk mendeteksi rhodamin b dengan arduino nano sebagai pusat pengendali dan hasilnya ditampilkan melalui OLED( Organic Light-Emitting Diod). Pada pengujian formalin memiliki nilai error 7% - 17% pada bahan tahu, ikan, dan mie basah dengan konsentrasi formalin yang berbeda – beda pada tiap bahan dimana pada bahan tahu memiliki akurasi 86%-   92% sementara pada bahan ikan memilki nilai akurasi antara 88% - 93% dan pada bahan mie basah memiliki akurasi antara 83% - 90%. Pengujian rhodamin b menggunakan 3 larutan dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda – beda dengan hasil pengujian menunjukkan error antara 24% - 27% dari ketiga bahan tersebut. Pada alat ini menggunakan 1 buah rechargeable battery dengan kapasitas 3000mAh yang mampu bertahan selama 8 jam
Rancang Bangun Alat Pengaman Sepeda Motor Menggunakan Global Positioning System (GPS) Berbasis IoT
Authors: Abidin Zainal
Published: April 2021

The developments of technology have penetrated into various fields including motorcycle safety. The manufacturer’s standard of locking system is not enough to protect the motor vehicles from theft. Therefore, it requires a combination between software and hardware in creating additional security systems. The purpose of this study is to design a motorcycle safety device by using IoT-based GPS. The system is designed in order to control the motorcycle automatically turn the engine off, sound the horn, and detect the location of motorcycle by smartphone with Blynk application when the robbery happened. Optocoupler sensor is a tool that uses to send a notification to Blynk application when the motorcycle is stolen. It uses the Neo6mv2 GPS sensor as a coordinate sensor, NodeMCU V3 Microcontroller as a data processor and communication with a WiFi modem, Bolt brand WiFI modem as a link to the internet network and Relay as a button that is controlled by the Blynk application to turn on or turn off the engine, horn and turn signal. All of the components require a supply 5V voltage that generated by the motor ACCU 12V which is reduced to 5V by LM2596 module.
Technostalgia, Nationalism, and the Extended Mind inKrapp's Last Tape
Authors: Alba Ken
Published: April 2021

This article considers how Krapp's relationships with the various cognitive apparatuses he surrounds himself with prefigures what subjectivity looks like in the information age. The subjectivity that arises out of the complex interactions between the listener and their prosthetic memory can be characterised as what Olga Beloborodova has called ‘postcognitivist’. Considering Krapp's relationship with his tapes from this postcognitivist perspective suggests how the construction of an abiding subject in the information age simultaneously depends upon and is imperilled by the particular technologies that project the voice into the dark. With that in mind, this article also explores how some users on the contemporary counterparts to Krapp's tapes – online platforms like YouTube, Reddit, and 4chan – weaponise the mediated nostalgia that infects Krapp's relationship with his own past to construct a nationalist political identity built on the manufacture of collective counterfactual memory.
Drug‑induced hemolytic anemia
Authors: Ostroumova O. D. , Bliznyuk S. A. , Kochetkov A. I. , Komarova A. G.
Published: April 2021

One of the reasons for the development of hemolytic anemia (HA) can be drugs, including some antibacterial, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antihypertensive drugs. It was found that the most common drug-induced hemolytic anemia (DIHA) develops against the background of taking antibacterial drugs. The true prevalence of DIHA is not known and is approximately one case per 1.0–1.2 million patients. The mechanisms of the occurrence of DIHA are divided into immune and metabolic (non-immune). The first mechanism is associated with the formation of haptens, the second option – with the formation of immune complexes, the third option is mediated by the formation of true autoantibodies to red blood cells, the fourth option of the immune mechanism of the occurrence of DIHA is non-immunological protein absorption on the membranes of red blood cells. The risk factors for the development of DIHA are not fully established. The most common hereditary risk factor for DIHA is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The main method of diagnosing DIHA is a direct antiglobulin test (direct Coombs’ test). The temporal relationship between the use of the inducer drug and the development of HA symptoms is important. The treatment strategy of DIHA is determined by the severity of the disease. In all cases, treatment should be initiated with the identification and withdrawal of the drug that initiated the occurrence of HA. With the development of severe HA, hemodialysis may be required. Prevention of DIHA involves avoiding the use of drugs associated with a high risk of its development.
THE BACK SIDE OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS: A GENDER ISSUE
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation, TABARINTSEVA-ROMANOVA KSENIYA , SILKINA OLGA , IGNATENKO MAKSIM
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the issue of protecting women during armed conflicts and peacekeeping operations. At the beginning of the work, the authors briefly describe the main regulatory documents of the UN and the UN Security Council, which reflect and enshrine the fundamental rights of women and the measures taken to eliminate gender discrimination and inequality. However, the adopted documents and the proposed recommendations are clearly insufficient to ensure the protection of women of their rights and freedoms. Further, based on the analysis of armed conflicts and the participation of peacekeeping groups in them over the past 20 years, examples of crimes against women and children are given, and a conclusion is made about the violation of women's rights by the peacekeepers themselves. Particular attention is paid to studying the activities of specialized programs and private initiatives, such as Aids-free world and Code Blue for the protection of women and the fight against violence. In the conclusion, it is concluded that it is necessary to form a special independent judicial structure for the investigation and punishment of such crimes.
GENDER AND SUSTAINABILITY: EVOLUTION OF DISCOURSE AND FEMINIST CRITIQUE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Ural Humanitarian Institute, Ural Federal University named after First President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation, KOVALEV YURI
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this article is to analyze the stages of evolution of the UN social, environmental and gender policies and the peculiarities of their convergence into an integral concept of sustainable development, to assess the influence of feminist organizations on the direction and content of the concept of sustainable development, as well as criticism of «sustainability» and alternative development models proposed by feminist organizations and social movements, including the «Fridays for the Future» movement. The UN is the main international structure for shaping global social, environmental and gender policy. Over 75 years of the organization's activity, hundreds of documents have been adopted, dozens of conferences have been held in the field of eliminating social, gender and environmental inequalities. In 1992, the UN member states approved the «Agenda for the 21st century», in which social, gender and environmental aspects of development were combined into a holistic concept of sustainable development. Since that time, these political fields are considered in integrity and interconnection. International women's organizations have played a decisive role in integrating gender issues into the concept of sustainable development. Thanks to their activities, the legal aspects of enhancing gender equality are enshrined in the key UN documents on sustainable development - «Agenda 21» (1992), «Millennium Goals» (2000), «Implementation Plan» (2002), «The future we are want «(2012),» Sustainable Development Goals 2030 «(2015). At the same time, there are processes of the formation of an alternative gender discourse and feminist criticism of the official concept of sustainable development. International feminist movements and organizations have played a huge role in this. Currently, there are several feminist approaches to the study of the relationship between women and the environment: ecological-feminist, economic-ecological and post-structuralist. The most important area of activity for feminist organizations is the fight against global climate change. With the onset of the fourth wave of feminism in environmental protection, new trends and vivid leadership figures have emerged, and there has been a direct increase in women's presence in global climate policy. The most striking example of this trend is the climate movement «Fridays for the Future» (PRB), created by eco-activist G. Thunberg.
FEMINISM AS A GLOBAL COMMERCIAL TREND
Authors:   South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University (SUSHPU), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, BELOKRYLOVA MARIA , LAZAREV SERGEY
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the research. The article discusses the problem of transforming the social phenomenon of feminism into a global commercial trend, which results in a change in the essence of the movement itself as a desire of women and men to take up an equal position in society. The article analyzes the process of turning feminism into a fashion trend of the XXI century under the influence of global commercial firms using this movement to attract a wide audience, meet consumer demand and increase their popularity. Market participants, following the law of supply and demand, adopt radical manifestations of the women's movement to create more resonance for their advertising campaigns. Thus, the use of the ideology of feminism in its products becomes a factor in the successful development of firms in the market. The purpose of the study is to show how this fact influences the rethinking of the traditional postulates of the movement, what impact the mass popularization of the changed value orientations of feminism has on public consciousness. Result. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that interference with the social phenomenon of feminism of mass culture and propaganda has led to the substitution of movement’s values and the replacement of one standard with another. Thus, there has been a transition from the striving for mutual respect for men and women and the observance of rights and freedoms in gender relations to the destruction of everything patriarchal in society and the necessity to live according to the principles established by the new women's community. The authors conclude that such a rethinking of feminism threatens a radical change in society. Commercial structures, popular culture and other objects broadcasting the values of radical feminism affect people’s consciousness, which leads to increased aggressiveness of the movement itself and instability of the social system. In addition, the authors note the negative impact of the commercialization of feminism on its understanding in the Russian Federation. Today the movement in Russia is not widespread, because based on the image broadcast by commercial structures, it is assessed as a categorical and radical phenomenon, which is far from its original meaning.
HEURISTIC POTENTIAL OF GENDER THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation, MIKHAYLENKO VALERY
Published: April 2021

Gender research in international relations is a relatively young branch of scientific knowledge. In Russian science, the largest number of studies is aimed at studying gender balance, gender behavior in the social environment, the changing status of women in modern society. Among the few Russian works dealing with the topic of gender in international relations are the publications of T.V. Zonova. At the same time, gender approaches open up new opportunities for studying the influence of social relations on international relations. They do not replace the role of the main actor - State in international relations, but endow them with new characteristics from the sciences that study the behavioral forms and norms of social subjects. The proposed article sets the following tasks: to identify the features of gender theoretical approaches; determine the subject fields of international relations, where gender approaches can manifest their heuristic potential; give specific examples of the effective use of gender theories in the study of international relations. The article contains a brief analysis of the history of the formation of gender theories; the role of gender on the agenda of international institutions and the impact of the coronavirus epidemic on it; femininity and masculinity in politics; gender approaches to the issues of war and peace, state violence, construction of regions.
FIVE YEARS OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT: THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE GLOBAL CLIMATE TREATY
Authors:   Ural Humanitarian Institute of the Ural Federal University named after First President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation, KOVALEV YURI
Published: April 2021

The article presents an analysis of the main stages in the development of climate diplomacy on the eve of the Paris Agreement and the specifics of the negotiation process at the very summit in Paris in November-December 2015. The main provisions of the Paris Climate Agreement are described, its “strengths” and “weaknesses” are shown. The development of the negotiation process within the framework of the post-Paris climate policy at the Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh (2016), Bonn (2017), Katowice (2018) and Madrid (2019) was considered. The main decisions and conclusions of the Conference of the Parties on the further improvement of mechanisms for combating global climate change and adaptation to its consequences have been identified. An increasing tendency in many countries of the world towards the creation of a national carbon-neutral economy by 2050, their rejection of “dirty” technologies and the declaration of a deep ecological modernization of sectors of national economies are noted. The groupings of countries participating in the negotiation process under the UN climate change convention are analyzed. Shown are the vanguard countries of the negotiation process and the states blocking or “inhibiting” the negotiation process. The high dependence of the Russian economy on the extraction and export of fuel resources complicates the processes of environmental modernization. The country is dominated by a negative narrative about climate change. It sees the urgent ecological modernization of the country’s economy as a threat to the “key” sectors of the economy. Russia is one of the last countries in the world to ratify the Paris Agreement (October 2019) and to submit its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UN in the fight against global climate change (November 2020). In the conclusion, generalizations are made and prospects for the further development of climate diplomacy are presented.
FEMINISM IN EUROPE: FACING NEW CHALLENGES
Authors:   National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation, POTAPOVA DARIA , SHPAGIN SERGEY
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to topical issues of the development of the ideology of feminism in modern conditions. The purpose of the work is to identify the factors of the dynamics of the ideology of feminism at the beginning of the 21st century. The main versions of classical feminism are characterized: liberal, Marxist and radical. There is a close connection between the origins of feminism and Marxism, but even in the early period the interaction of these ideological and political movements was problematic. There is also an interaction of feminism with new social movements in the West in the 20th century. The contradictory consequences of the development of the women's movement for the ideology of feminism are noted: on the one hand, the actualization of the feminist agenda in Western countries created the conditions for significant successes in protecting women's rights and recognizing feminism as a real political force, on the other hand, these same successes reduced the relevance of the liberal version of feminism. Recent developments in Europe have a significant impact on the feminist agenda. Globalization and, in particular, the migration crisis of the 2010s are considered as one of the new factors in the ideological dynamics of feminism. The influx of migrants from Muslim countries not only places a burden on state budgets and reduces the level of security of life on the continent, but also erodes the civilizational identity of European society. Muslim migrants do not seek to integrate into European society, often ignore the fundamental values of European civilization, and above all, women's equality. This situation creates incentives not only to renew the political goals of feminists, but also to revise the ideological foundations of their ideology itself. In particular, it is possible to move away from the traditional reliance on left-wing political slogans and replace the popular Marxist phraseology among radical Islamists with values related to the protection of democratic gains of European society.
EXTERNAL TRIGGERS OF INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN CENTRAL ASIA
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation, MIKHAYLENKO VALERY , SUHROB RUSTAMI
Published: April 2021

The article examines the influence of external actors on the processes of integration and regionalization in Central Asia. The authors view Central Asia as a region undergoing reformatting. In their previously published articles, they analyzed intraregional processes that affect integration. In this article, I analyze the role of external actors, namely, global and major regional powers in the formation of the region. The authors note the increased competition from integration projects in the region, especially transport and logistics infrastructure projects. In this regard, the article raises the topic of pairing integration projects proposed by external actors. Using the example of the analysis of attempts to pair the Russian EAEU project and the Chinese one “Belt, One Road”, the authors point to the difficulties of achieving interaction between competing partners. The article notes that in spite of the available resources for using “soft power” in the region, Russia must take into account the growing rivalry on the part of external actors for influence in the region and respond flexibly to emerging challenges.
HEMŞİRELİK ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN KİŞİSEL SAĞLIK VERİLERİNİN KAYIT VE KORUNMASI KONUSUNDAKİ TUTUMLARI
Authors: MARAŞ Gülseren , CEYHAN Özlem
Published: April 2021

Araştırma bir devlet üniversitesinin hemşirelik bölümü öğrencilerinin kişisel sağlık verilerinin kayıt ve korunması konusundaki tutumlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla tanımlayıcı olarak yapılmıştır. Örnekleme üçüncü ve dördüncü sınıflardan 319 öğrenci alınmıştır. Veriler literatür taranarak oluşturulan "Kişisel Bilgi Formu" ve "Hemşirelik Öğrencileri İçin Kişisel Sağlık Verilerinin Kayıt ve Korunması Tutum Ölçeği" (KSVKKTÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin ölçek toplam puan ortalaması 3.94±0.42 olup tutumları olumlu olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Öğrenciler ölçeğin ‘Yasal veri paylaşımı’ alt boyutundan 4.24±0.57 ile en yüksek puanı almışlardır. Öğrencilerin sınıf düzeyi ve kişisel sağlık verileri ifadesini daha önce duyma durumlarının tutum düzeylerini etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Kişisel sağlık verileri ifadesini daha önce duyan ve duymayan öğrencilerin tutum puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olduğu saptanmıştır. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kişisel verilerin kaydı ve korunmasına ilişkin tutumlarının olumlu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu konuda öğrenci ve çalışan hemşirelerin dikkatini çekmeye yönelik eğitimlerin planlanması ve yasal sorumluluklarının paylaşılması önerilebilir.
Isobutanol Production by Autotrophic Acetogenic Bacteria
Authors: Weitz Sandra , Hermann Maria , Linder Sonja , Bengelsdorf Frank R. , Takors Ralf , Dürre Peter
Published: April 2021

Two different isobutanol synthesis pathways were cloned into and expressed in the two model acetogenic bacteria Acetobacterium woodii and Clostridium ljungdahlii. A. woodii is specialized on using CO2 + H2 gas mixtures for growth and depends on sodium ions for ATP generation by a respective ATPase and Rnf system. On the other hand, C. ljungdahlii grows well on syngas (CO + H2 + CO2 mixture) and depends on protons for energy conservation. The first pathway consisted of ketoisovalerate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (Kor) from Clostridium thermocellum and bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhE2) from C. acetobutylicum. Three different kor gene clusters are annotated in C. thermocellum and were all tested. Only in recombinant A. woodii strains, traces of isobutanol could be detected. Additional feeding of ketoisovalerate increased isobutanol production to 2.9 mM under heterotrophic conditions using kor3 and to 1.8 mM under autotrophic conditions using kor2. In C. ljungdahlii, isobutanol could only be detected upon additional ketoisovalerate feeding under autotrophic conditions. kor3 proved to be the best suited gene cluster. The second pathway consisted of ketoisovalerate decarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis and alcohol dehydrogenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum. For increasing the carbon flux to ketoisovalerate, genes encoding ketol-acid reductoisomerase, dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, and acetolactate synthase from C. ljungdahlii were subcloned downstream of adhA. Under heterotrophic conditions, A. woodii produced 0.2 mM isobutanol and 0.4 mM upon additional ketoisovalerate feeding. Under autotrophic conditions, no isobutanol formation could be detected. Only upon additional ketoisovalerate feeding, recombinant A. woodii produced 1.5 mM isobutanol. With C. ljungdahlii, no isobutanol was formed under heterotrophic conditions and only 0.1 mM under autotrophic conditions. Additional feeding of ketoisovalerate increased these values to 1.5 mM and 0.6 mM, respectively. A further increase to 2.4 mM and 1 mM, respectively, could be achieved upon inactivation of the ilvE gene in the recombinant C. ljungdahlii strain. Engineering the coenzyme specificity of IlvC of C. ljungdahlii from NADPH to NADH did not result in improved isobutanol production.
Classification and Milling Increase Fly Ash Pozzolanic Reactivity
Authors: Snellings Ruben , Kazemi-Kamyab Hadi , Nielsen Peter , Van den Abeele Liesbet
Published: April 2021

Upcycling and reclaiming of low quality or stored coal combustion fly ashes could enable to tap into a voluminous resource of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) for low-carbon blended cements. Low reactivity fly ashes are usually either too crystalline or too coarse. Beneficiation treatments for coarse fly ashes comprise size classification or milling processes to extract or produce fine size fractions of higher pozzolanic reactivity. This article compares the effect of size classification and milling treatments on the reactivity of a siliceous fly ash (FA). The intrinsic chemical reactivity is assessed using the R3 heat release test method. The results showed significant increases of 57 and 40% for fine classified and milled fly ash compared to the initial fly ash, respectively. In addition heat release and portlandite consumption were measured for blended cements with 30 wt.% Portland cement replacement by the fly ashes. Both test results are combined to calculate the degree of reaction of the fly ashes over time in blended cement. The results demonstrate a strong effect of particle size on fly ash reactivity and degree of reaction. It is shown that increasing the inherent reactivity of fly ashes is an effective way of both accelerating compressive strength gain and enhancing late age strength with fine classified fly ashes reaching equivalent strength as neat Portland cement by 28 days and attaining a strength activity index of 137% by 90 days.
Membrane-Interacting Antifungal Peptides
Authors: Struyfs Caroline , Cammue Bruno P. A. , Thevissen Karin
Published: April 2021

The incidence of invasive fungal infections is increasing worldwide, resulting in more than 1.6 million deaths every year. Due to growing antifungal drug resistance and the limited number of currently used antimycotics, there is a clear need for novel antifungal strategies. In this context, great potential is attributed to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are part of the innate immune system of organisms. These peptides are known for their broad-spectrum activity that can be directed toward bacteria, fungi, viruses, and/or even cancer cells. Some AMPs act via rapid physical disruption of microbial cell membranes at high concentrations causing cell leakage and cell death. However, more complex mechanisms are also observed, such as interaction with specific lipids, production of reactive oxygen species, programmed cell death, and autophagy. This review summarizes the structure and mode of action of antifungal AMPs, thereby focusing on their interaction with fungal membranes.
1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Impairs Neurite Outgrowth Through Inhibiting EPHA5 Signaling
Authors: Chen Chunhai , Ma Qinglong , Deng Ping , Lin Min , Gao Peng , He Mindi , Lu Yonghui , Pi Huifeng , He Zhixin , Zhou Chao , Zhang Yanwen , Yu Zhengping , Zhang Lei
Published: April 2021

The increasing intensity of environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) has increased public concern about its health effects. Of particular concern are the influences of RF-EMF exposure on the development of the brain. The mechanisms of how RF-EMF acts on the developing brain are not fully understood. Here, based on high-throughput RNA sequencing techniques, we revealed that transcripts related to neurite development were significantly influenced by 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure during neuronal differentiation. Exposure to RF-EMF remarkably decreased the total length of neurite and the number of branch points in neural stem cells-derived neurons and retinoic acid-induced Neuro-2A cells. The expression of Eph receptors 5 (EPHA5), which is required for neurite outgrowth, was inhibited remarkably after RF-EMF exposure. Enhancing EPHA5 signaling rescued the inhibitory effects of RF-EMF on neurite outgrowth. Besides, we identified that cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and RhoA were critical downstream factors of EPHA5 signaling in mediating the inhibitory effects of RF-EMF on neurite outgrowth. Together, our finding revealed that RF-EMF exposure impaired neurite outgrowth through EPHA5 signaling. This finding explored the effects and key mechanisms of how RF-EMF exposure impaired neurite outgrowth and also provided a new clue to understanding the influences of RF-EMF on brain development.
Role of MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Ghafouri-Fard Soudeh , Gholipour Mahdi , Taheri Mohammad
Published: April 2021

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main reason of cardiovascular mortalities worldwide. This condition is resulted from atherosclerotic occlusion of coronary arteries. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis of endothelial cells, induction of immune responses and different stages of plaque formation. Up-regulation of miR-92a-3p, miR-206, miR-216a, miR-574-5p, miR-23a, miR-499, miR-451, miR-21, miR-146a, and a number of other miRNAs has been reported in CAD patients. In contrast, miR-20, miR-107, miR-330, miR-383-3p, miR-939, miR-4306, miR-181a-5p, miR-218, miR-376a-3p, and miR-3614 are among down-regulated miRNAs in CAD. Differential expression of miRNAs in CAD patients has been exploited to design diagnostic or prognostic panels for evaluation of CAD patients. We appraise the recent knowledge about the role of miRNAs in the development of diverse clinical subtypes of CAD.
Sedimentary Responses to Climate Changes and Human Activities Over the Past 7400 Years in the Western Sunda Shelf
Authors: Wu Kaikai , Shi Xuefa , Lou Zhanghua , Wu Bin , Li Jingrui , Zhang Hui , Cao Peng , Rahim Mohamed Che Abd
Published: April 2021

High-resolution records of grain size, major and trace elements, and Sr-Nd isotopes of Core K17 from the western Sunda Shelf were investigated to evaluate the response of weathering and terrigenous input to climatic changes and human activities over the past 7400 years. Sr-Nd isotopic results indicate that the Kelantan River is the main source of sedimentary material in the study core since the mid-Holocene. Chemical weathering levels are represented by the chemical index of alteration (CIA), αAlNa, and K2O/Al2O3 ratios; and geochemical and grain size proxies (including TiO2/CaO, Rb/Sr ratios, and grain size end-member) were used to establish variations of terrigenous input into the study core since 7400 cal yr BP. Based on these records, the evolution of weathering and terrigenous input processes in the western Sunda Shelf can be divided into four stages. During stage 1 (7400–3700 cal yr BP), increasing precipitation and decreasing temperature jointly balanced the relatively stable weathering and terrigenous sediment supply. Dramatically decreasing weathering rates were consistent with less rainfall and lower temperatures during stage 2 (3700–2600 cal yr BP). Heavy rainfall played a more important role than low temperature in controlling weathering and erosion, leading to increasing terrigenous input in stage 3 (2700–1600 cal yr BP). Because of the decoupling between weathering, erosion, and climate in the late Holocene (stage 4, since 1600 cal yr BP), increasing agriculture and related human activities likely dominated weathering and erosion relative to climate changes. Furthermore, the initial time at which human activity overwhelmed natural processes in the southern South China Sea (SCS) is similar to that in the northern SCS. Our results highlight that human activities during the past 1600 years have gradually overwhelmed natural climatic controls on weathering and erosion processes in the western Sunda Shelf.
The Individual Inclination to an Occupation and its Neuronal Correlate
Authors: Gurres Stefan , Dillmann Klaus-Ulrich , Reith Wolfgang , Krick Christoph M.
Published: April 2021

Many young people decide their professional direction during adolescence. This often coincides with vulnerable phases of puberty-related maturation that is usually accompanied by difficulties in assessing one’s personal inclinations and competences. Several psychological tests have been established among teachers and career advisers serving as a tool for professional coaching the teenagers’ competences and preferences. Many tools are based on the “Theory of Vocational Personalities in Work Environment” developed by John L. Holland since the 1950s, comprising the “RIASEC” model. Today, this theory provides the basis for tests which are used and refined all over the world. Professor Stangl’s online assessable “Situational Interest Test” (SIT) is based on Holland’s theory. By means of 30 short assessments the SIT questionnaire assesses the participant’s personality traits: Realistic (“Doers”), Investigative (“Thinkers”), Artistic (“Creators”), Social (“Helpers”), Enterprising (“Persuaders”), and Conventional (“Organizers”). Modern Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is able to discriminate between the brain’s compartments as Gray and White Matter using Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM). This tool allows to reshape and to normalize human brains’ structure to statistically examining individual brains. Up to now findings from 20 years of functional MRI gave detailed insights in correlations between brain structures and mental functions. Hence, knowledge on structural base of cognitive or behavioral patterns is available as a brain’s map for assigning anatomical regions to their functions. The present study demonstrates that there are statistically relevant correlations between all dimensions of Holland’s RIASEC theory by assessing individual professional inclinations and the neuronal structures of the brain. Results show correspondence between the personality traits assigned by the RIASEC test and the functions of significant structural alterations in distinct brain areas well-known from literature.
Genome-Wide Identification of Sequence Variations and SSR Marker Development in the Munake Grape Cultivar
Authors: Zhong Haixia , Zhang Fuchun , Zhou Xiaoming , Pan Mingqi , Xu Juan , Hao Jingzhe , Han Shouan , Mei Chuang , Xian He , Wang Min , Ji Jiahui , Shi Wei , Wu Xinyu
Published: April 2021

The Munake grape cultivar produces uniquely flavored and high-quality fruits. Despite the numerous beneficial agronomic traits of Munake, there are few genetic resources available for this cultivar. To address this knowledge gap, the entire genome was sequenced using whole-genome sequencing approaches and compared with a Vitis vinifera L. reference genome. This study describes more than 3 million single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 300,000 insertion and deletion (InDel), 14,000 structural variation (SV), and 80,000 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (one SSR per 4.23 kb), as well as their primers. Among the SSRs, 44 SSR primer pairs were randomly selected and validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), allowing discrimination between the different Munake cultivar genotypes. The genetic data provided allow a deeper understanding of Munake cultivar genomic sequence and contribute to better knowledge of the genetic basis behind its key agronomic traits.
Gut Leakage of Fungal‐Related Products: Turning Up the Heat for HIV Infection
Authors: Isnard Stéphane , Lin John , Bu Simeng , Fombuena Brandon , Royston Léna , Routy Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2021

The intestinal epithelial layer serves as a physical and functional barrier between the microbiota in the lumen and immunologically active submucosa. Th17 T-cell function protects the gut epithelium from aggression from microbes and their by-products. Loss of barrier function has been associated with enhanced translocation of microbial products which act as endotoxins, leading to local and systemic immune activation. Whereas the inflammatory role of LPS produced by Gram-negative bacteria has been extensively studied, the role of fungal products such as β-D-glucan remains only partially understood. As HIV infection is characterized by impaired gut Th17 function and increased gut permeability, we critically review mechanisms of immune activation related to fungal translocation in this viral infection. Additionally, we discuss markers of fungal translocation for diagnosis and monitoring of experimental treatment responses. Targeting gut barrier dysfunction and reducing fungal translocation are emerging strategies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-associated inflammation and may prove useful in other inflammatory chronic diseases.
Did Tenascin-C Co-Evolve With the General Immune System of Vertebrates?
Authors: Orend Gertraud , Tucker Richard P.
Published: April 2021

Tenascin-C plays important roles in immunity. Toll-like receptor 4, integrin α9β1 and chemokines have already been identified as key players in executing the immune regulatory functions of tenascin-C. Tenascin-C is also found in reticular fibers in lymphoid tissues, which are major sites involved in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Did the “tool box” for reading and interpreting the immune-regulating instructions imposed by tenascins and tenascin-C co-evolve? Though the extracellular matrix is ancient, tenascins evolved relatively recently. Tenascin-like genes are first encountered in cephalochordates and urochordates, which are widely accepted as the early branching chordate lineages. Vertebrates lacking jaws like the lamprey have tenascins, but a tenascin gene that clusters in the tenascin-C clade first appears in cartilaginous fish. Adaptive immunity apparently evolved independently in jawless and jawed vertebrates, with the former using variable lymphocyte receptors for antigen recognition, and the latter using immunoglobulins. Thus, while tenascins predate the appearance of adaptive immunity, the first tenascin-C appears to have evolved in the first organisms with immunoglobulin-based adaptive immunity. While a C-X-C chemokine is present in the lamprey, C-C chemokines also appear in the first organisms with immunoglobulin-based adaptive immunity, as does the major histocompatibility complex, T-cell receptors, Toll-like receptor 4 and integrin α9β1. Given the importance of tenascin-C in inflammatory events, the co-evolution of tenascin-C and key elements of adaptive and innate immunity is suggestive of a fundamental role for this extracellular matrix glycoprotein in the immune response of jawed vertebrates.