bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authenticity and the Religious Identity
Authors: Brenner Philip S.
Published: July 2019

This chapter reports the findings of a study comparing the association of religious behavior with two identity-related concepts, testing their potential as a source of survey response bias in the self-reported measure of religious attendance. Religious identity prominence is defined as the value one places on one’s religious identity. Respondents with prominent religious identities interpret the religious attendance question in a way that allows them to report on their self-view as religious people rather than on their religious behavior. Religious authenticity is defined as the desire to be and be seen as who one “really is.” Respondents are motivated to demonstrate their authentic religious selves by reporting that they are the “kind of person” who attends. Results suggest that religious identity prominence, but not religious authenticity, positively influences reports of religious attendance. These findings shed light on the potential sources of error in survey measures of religious attendance and ways we might avoid them in the future.
The End of Resistance and the Triumph of the Common Law
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses the end of resistance and the acceptance of the common law in New York City in the 1670s, in the rest of the colony of New York in the 1680s and 1690s, and in Massachusetts and New England in the early eighteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine
Published: July 2019

Deception within sexual, marital, and familial relationships can cause severe—even life-altering—damage. But the law has shielded this persistent and pervasive source of harm, routinely denying deceived intimates access to the remedies that are available for deceit in other contexts. This book argues that the law has placed too much emphasis on protecting intimate deceivers and too little importance on helping the people they deceive. The law can and should do more to recognize, prevent, and redress the injuries that intimate deception can inflict, giving deceived intimates access to the same remedies they would have if equivalently deceived outside of intimacy, countering incentives to deceive, and thwarting duplicitous intimates from carrying out their plans. Entering an intimate relationship—or being duped into one—should not mean losing the law’s protection from deceit.
Simplicity and Complexity in the Nth Nuclear Era
Authors: Lehman Ron
Published: July 2019

Exploring cross-domain deterrence and nuclear deterrence in parallel can be useful. It can also be confusing. As we compare and contrast, we need to keep in mind several questions: What are the domains that matter? What organizations and strategies govern them? What capabilities does each bring to the deterrence calculus? How do they interact? And when and why would conflict in one domain be introduced into the other domains? Comparing, contrasting, and synthesizing these deterrence issues related to nuclear, conventional, unconventional, air and missile defense, electromagnetic, cyber, and space operations is an excellent exercise for promoting new thinking about deterrence in all its dimensions and coming to grips with the fundamental complexity of modern strategic affairs.
Conclusion
Authors: Lindsay Jon R. , Gartzke Erik
Published: July 2019

This concluding chapter provides an analytical summary of insights that emerge across the chapters, highlighting the ways in which the characteristics of different instruments of coercion examined in this book—nuclear weapons, operations on land, at sea, in the air, in space, and in cyberspace, and engineered migrations—can improve or undermine deterrence. By and large, the contributors to this book find that the notion of cross-domain deterrence is useful and can reveal novel insights that traditional deterrence theory obscures. Deterrence in history has often occurred across domains, combining land and naval power as well as force, diplomacy, and economic statecraft, but the logic of strategic choice has not been articulated. Deterrence theory as we know it may actually be a subset of cross-domain deterrence, an account of coercive bargaining that takes means as seriously as ends. Means matter because different tools and combinations of tools have different consequences for the costs, credibility, and consequences of deterrence. These insights opens up new research frontiers for international relations.
Richmond
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

Born in 1922 in Richmond, Virginia, Nell Blaine was a rebellious only child, a loner fussed over by her mother. Her early years were plagued by serious vision problems, finally corrected in her teens. She was active in extracurricular clubs in both high school and college, where she encountered avant-garde art for the first time. Although she had to drop out of college after two years for financial reasons, she took an evening class in painting that helped her connect with new ideas in art. Meanwhile, she worked at an advertising agency, gaining experience that would stand her in good stead years later when she needed to earn a living. At age twenty, she left for Manhattan, ignoring the pleas and threats of her mother.
New York
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

Her first stop in New York was the Hans Hofmann School of Art. His precepts and open-minded approach would guide her work from then on. An abandoned industrial loft served as her home and studio. In 1942, the war cast a pall on New York, but exhibitions enabled her to see work by exiled European painters that would have a major influence on her own work. Painter Leland Bell—whom she introduced to his future wife, painter Louisa Matthíasdóttir—convinced her to follow the austere style of Mondrian. Her marriage to a musician, Robert Bass, was an impulsive move that would end in divorce a few years later. In 1944, she became the youngest member of American Abstract Artists. While working at part-time jobs, she would paint all night and party with friends who shared her love for jazz; her painting Lester Leaps was a tribute to Lester Young.
Zinā (Adultery and Fornication)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

Beginning with the juridical meaning and attributes of zinā, this chapter proceeds with its proof by witnesses and confession, followed by issues over rape and the position of pregnancy as a proof. Then it expounds the definition of a muḥṣan (married) person, issues over stoning as a punishment of zinā, and a roundup of modern opinion on the validity of stoning. The chapter ends with a section on homosexuality, incest, and lesbianism.
The Ḥudūd Debate Continued
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

This chapter focus on subsequent developments, both political and legal. One of the main developments is a certain rapprochement between the federal government and the state government of Kelantan. The minister for Religious Affairs sets up a committee to study the possibility of amendments with a view that the federal government may consent and obtain parliament’s approval for an amended version of the Hudud Bill of Kelantan to be enforced.
Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republics of Mauritania and Maldives, and Islamic State of Yemen
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

The Mauritanian Criminal Code 1983 identified a number of ḥudūd crimes. In 1984, the code was amended to include the death penalty for apostates. In 2008, Maldives adopted a new constitution containing a clause that no law contrary to Islam can be enacted in the Maldives. A new Penal Code was introduced in 2014, yet with regard to ḥudūd, this code has only one section, which makes shariah punishments applicable in the country. The Islamic State of Yemen introduced its Law of Crimes and Punishments (No. 12/1994), as the first ever Penal Code in its history. This code divided crimes into two types: crimes punished with ḥudūd or qiṣāṣ, and crimes punished by the judge’s discretion (taʿzīr). The code then makes provisions for seven ḥudūd crimes.
Shariah Punishments in Libya, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

Libya introduced four laws between 1972 and 1974 that regulated ḥudūd crimes and other related offences. In 1994 another statute was introduced, which ordered the courts to follow the classical rules of retaliation and blood money in homicide cases. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Constitution 1971 states that “Islam is the official religion of the Union, and that Islamic shariah is the main source of its legislation.” This last phrase is understood to mean that, in addition to shariah, other sources may also be utilised for purposes of legislation. The formula thus provides for a mixed legal system. Qatar Penal Code 2004 incorporates the shariah ḥudūd punishments for various offenses. Article 1 of this law states that the provisions of Islamic law concerning qiṣāṣ and taʿzīr offences also apply if the defendant or victim is a Muslim.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

While bearing in mind the diversity of practices and developments concerning Islamic criminal laws in Muslim countries, as well as the strong currents of opinion that obtain on ḥudūd, the presentation in this chapter offers a number of reform proposals on each of the ḥudūd offences, qiṣāṣ, and taʿzīr. These proposals integrate a degree of flexibility and choice that envisage different possibilities for various countries and jurisdictions. These proposals do not preclude the suspension altogether of at least some ḥudūd penalties.
The (Lack of) Power of the Violent Few
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

Chapter 2 examines whether protesters’ motivations and the presence of the “violent few” can lead to violence in protest marches. The chapter first discusses how some protest groups, often dubbed the “black bloc,” are frequently viewed as motivated toward physical violence per se and are commonly assumed to be solely responsible for it. Yet the goals and influence of the violent few on violent clashes are often misinterpreted. A first section sheds light on who the violent few are. It shows that their key motivations, often associated with either anarchism or destruction for fun, in fact lie elsewhere and that their presence alone is not sufficient for clashes. Further sections discuss what the violent few want and whether they have the potential to stir up the crowd, as police and media often assume. A last section broadens the discussion to the overall impact of peoples’ motivations for the outbreak of violence.
In the Tunnel of Violence
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

Chapter 7 examines in detail the emotional dynamics created by the three situational paths to violence elaborated upon in Chapters 4 through 6. It discusses how these dynamics disrupt routine interactions and thereby raise tension and fear. The chapter examines how violence erupts after specific triggering moments and how violent situations end. Triggering moments include police–protester lines breaking up, people falling down, or being outnumbered. The chapter also focuses on the degree of violence used; in some protests, a specific temporal sequence of interactions leads to a forward panic and police using excessive force in so-called police riots. Detailed descriptions of protests in Germany and the United States from the 1960s until 2010 highlight that surprising outcomes occur when situational routines break down, chaos and confusion prevail, and actors are tense and afraid.
Fighting
Authors: Rotter Andrew J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the sensual response to violence in the first few years of empire in India and the Philippines. It outlines the history of how the British came to India in the mid-nineteenth century, and the Americans to the Philippines at the end of the century. It also shows how important a part violence and war played in the creation of these two empires. The chapter relates violence and rebellion to the senses of taste and sight. It examines the Great Rebellion in India (1857-58) and the American war in the Philippines (1898-1902), looking at their causes and consequences, and the first sensual sensory encounters in these places. The chapter also looks at how soundscapes can be changed by war.
Sanitizing
Authors: Rotter Andrew J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter looks at the sense of smell, which it argues was a very important sense in the encounters that the Britons and Americans had with the people of India and the Philippines. They talked of the smell of the people, the food, the drink, and the environment. As is true of all senses, there is a biological and a cultural basis for perceptions of odor. Most smells also have complicated meanings, which have shifted over time and depend on place. What emerges from the writings of Britons and Americans in Asia at the time, the chapter shows, was a sense of anxiety about their safety in a tropical environment. Strong odors frightened them perhaps most of all.
Touching, Feeling, and Healing
Authors: Rotter Andrew J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers touch in empire: it asks us to imagine how the body would feel being moved to a completely new environment. Hapticity, the chapter argues, is both the pauper and king of the senses. It is generally relegated to the realm of the lower senses, beneath even smell and taste. Conversely, touch can also be seen as the most powerful of the senses. It was of great importance in medieval Europe, for example. The metaphors used to describe empire were frequently haptic. The chapter also looks at how the Britons and Americans in India and the Philippines wanted to change the people they encountered. Health was a great motivator in this desire.
Secularity and Science
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. , Vaidyanathan Brandon , Matthews Kirstin R.W. , Lewis Steven W. , Thomson Robert A. , Di Di
Published: July 2019

In order to take an in-depth look at the relationship between science and religion around the world, the authors of this book completed the most comprehensive international study of scientists’ attitudes toward religion ever undertaken, surveying more than twenty thousand scientists and conducting in-depth interviews with over six hundred of them. From this wealth of data, the authors extract the real story of the relationship between science and religion in the lives of scientists around the world. Secularity and Science makes four big claims: There are more religious scientists than we might think. Religion and science sometimes overlap in scientific work. Scientists—even some atheist scientists—see spirituality in science. And finally, the idea that religion and science must conflict is an invention of the West. Throughout the chapters, the book couples nationally representative survey data with captivating stories of individual scientists, whose experiences highlight these important themes in the data. Secularity and Science leaves inaccurate assumptions about science and religion behind, and offers a new, more nuanced understanding of how science and religion interact and how they can be integrated for the common good.
Introduction
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

There are many different criteria by which one might judge a particular solution to the problem of hell to be adequate or inadequate. The author discusses a number of such possibilities, noting that the problem of hell is more or less difficult to solve depending on one’s standards, and that each must judge for him- or herself what kind of solution will count as adequate. Following this, the author discusses the two broad types of solution that might be developed to address the problem of hell—namely, theodicy and defense—and sets out to construct a theodicy of hell in the “weak” sense—that is, a solution that demonstrates that all of the accepted constraints are reconcilable under a certain model which is itself plausible.
The Problem of Justice, The Problem of Love
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

Traditionalism, which takes hell to be a state of eternal conscious suffering whose purpose is retributive punishment, faces a problem of justice. No matter how egregious an individual’s earthly sins might be, the infinite punishment of endless suffering will always be far out of proportion to the severity of the crimes committed, and thus never a punishment that fits. On the heels of this is a second difficulty for traditionalism: the problem of love. On retributivist accounts, the suffering of hell neither serves nor is intended to serve a reformative function: it is not aimed at the moral improvement—or more generally, the good—of the one punished. But a punishment inflicted with neither the intention nor the possibility of reform is unloving, even if it can be made to fall within some plausible account of justice.
Annihilationism
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

In general, annihilationism is the view that there are some persons who will not be saved, but instead will cease to exist at some point. There are a number of different ways that annihilationism can be developed, however, including both retributive and non-retributive versions. The chapter argues that the retributive versions face the same basic problems as traditionalism. The non-retributive versions come in two main forms: those that focus on the natural consequences of sin, and those that focus on human free will. According to the first, annihilation is the natural, albeit unintended consequence of persistence in sin and/or self-exclusion from the presence of God. According to the second, annihilation is that which follows—either with or without divine assistance—a certain intention on the part of the one who is damned to bring about his or her own nonexistence. The author argues that each view turns out to have unacceptable consequences.
The Choice Model
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

According to the choice model, damnation is, in some important sense, chosen by the damned: God is simply respecting human free will in consigning some to hell. The choice model is subdivided into two general forms, corresponding to the way that damnation can be chosen either directly or indirectly. The first form, which sees damnation as the explicit and direct object of choice of those who are finally lost, faces the challenge of explaining motive: why would anyone freely choose eternal damnation? The second form, in which damnation is the natural consequence of certain free choices but not that which is chosen directly, faces the challenge of explaining why God does not annihilate the damned, mercifully putting them out of their misery. The author argues that Kierkegaard’s The Sickness unto Death contains conceptual resources for addressing both of these challenges and thereby strengthening the choice model significantly; nevertheless, even this version faces difficulties that prevent it from being entirely satisfactory.
Conclusion
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: July 2019

In some brief concluding remarks, the author considers the degree to which his proposed model is successful, according to the criteria established in the book’s introduction, in addressing the problem of hell as a “weak” theodicy. He contends that the model should be judged a success when evaluated on these terms, while recognizing that this is not enough to demonstrate that its claims actually are true. In closing, the author considers whether the divine presence model, or the broader theological framework in which it is most naturally situated, supports any reasonable conjectures as to what lies beyond the Day of Judgment.
Saving the House of Islam
Authors: Biberman Yelena
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the alliances between the Pakistani state and nonstate actors during the 1971 counterinsurgency campaign in the country’s eastern wing. The Pakistani army enlisted the help of nonstate allies to tilt the local balance of power in its favor, but only when it was able to satisfy their varied interests. Thousands of Razakars (civilian “volunteers”) joined the counterinsurgency because of the patronage and protection the state was able to offer once it regained some footing in the region. The activists, notably the members of the Jamaat-e-Islami’s youth wing comprising the al-Badr Brigade, became allies only after the Pakistani army built robust links with Islamist organizations and made a credible commitment to the Islamist agenda. In September 1971, even though Pakistan was clearly losing the war to the insurgents (and India), the activists created a death squad targeting high-profile supporters and sympathizers of the secessionist movement.
Practical Postmoderns
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: July 2019

The concluding chapter summarizes the book’s findings on the religious, spiritual, and secular lives of American twentysomethings. It compares the findings from the National Study of American Twentysomethings with research on adolescent religiosity and analyses the role of spirituality in the lives of Christian and religiously unaffiliated Twentysomethings. Chapter 7 also includes multivariate analyses of the strength of association between religion, spirituality, and eight life statuses. Lastly, this chapter discusses the importance of the 20s to understanding the life course as well as thinking about what the future holds for America’s Christian traditions and the growing number of adults with no religious affiliation.
Which Options Have Their Deontic Statuses in Virtue of Their Own Goodness?
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: July 2019

The problem of act versions arises because one’s best option can be a version of a bad option. For instance, kissing passionately is a version of kissing. But it may be that although kissing passionately is one’s best option, kissing is a bad option. For it could be that, as a matter of fact, one would kiss nonpassionately if one were to kiss. This chapter argues that the best solution to this problem lies with adopting maximalism. On this view, the only options that have their deontic status in virtue of their own goodness are maximal options—options that are entailed only by evaluatively equivalent options (those being options that are identical in terms of whatever ultimately matters). According to maximalism, then, one ought to kiss even if one would, as a matter of fact, kiss nonpassionately. On this view, one ought to kiss, because one ought to kiss passionately, and kissing passionately entails kissing.
Introduction
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

Three theories of distributive justice are introduced: the maximin/leximin theory, egalitarianism, and utilitarianism (with or without a prioritarian amendment). A methodology for assessing their plausibility is adumbrated: applied ethics turned upside down. This means arranging with crucial thought experiments where we reach conflicting verdicts from the theories. We confront the verdicts with the content of our considered intuitions. Roughly speaking, an intuition is taken to be ‘considered’ if it has survived cognitive psychotherapy, where we have learnt all we can about its causal origin. The theory that provides the best explanation of the content of our considered intuition gains support from the experiment. A nice aspect of thought experiments, it is noted, is that we are all capable of repeating them for ourselves.
Egalitarianism
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

The idea that it is bad for a person when someone else is better off is presented. If taken seriously, this means that one should maximize not the sum total of happiness but a weighed sum where the weights for each person are given with reference to a position in relation to others with regard to happiness. This is egalitarianism. The egalitarian idea presupposes that interpersonal comparisons of happiness are possible and it takes for granted the distinction between persons. Yet, while it acknowledges that compensation within lives is morally unproblematic, and accepts some compensation between lives, the latter kind of compensation comes with a moral price whenever it means that increments fall on those who are better off rather on those who are worse off (comparatively speaking). Since compensation within lives is considered morally acceptable it is maintained that when we assess how badly off a person is, in relation to others, we focus on their entire lives rather than on time-slice of them.
Some Controversial Implications of the Three Theories
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

Utilitarianism, the maximin/leximin theory, egalitarianism, and prioritarianism all come with, on the face of it, plausible rationales. However, these theories are inconsistent with one another, so they cannot all be true. It is of note, also, that each of them comes with some problematic implications. In particular, according to utilitarianism there are fewer reasons to extend the life of an unhappy person than the life of a happy person. Hence it has been thought to discriminate against disability. On the maximin/leximin theory, on the other hand, those who are worst off may seem to have a morally legitimate claim on all the good things in life (they become what is here nicknamed as ‘utility thieves’). Egalitarianism implies that levelling down to a situation where everyone is on the same low level of happiness means, at least in one respect, an improvement. Moreover, egalitarianism is insensitive in relation to momentary suffering. Prioritarianism does take suffering seriously, but apart from this it shares the standard problems with utilitarianism, which is only to be expected, since it is here seen as a mere amendment to utilitarianism.
Ideal and Nonideal Theory
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

Time has come to apply the theories in the real world. We have seen that in the metaphysical laboratory, where we put them to crucial tests in our thought experiments, the theories conflict. Now time has come to investigate their implications in real life and to tease out their implications for priority-setting in health care. This task has to be accomplished in steps, however. It is important to distinguish between their implications for priority setting under the assumption of strict compliance (with one or another of the theories), and a realistic situation where it is expected that even people who accept one of the theories will, once their turn to carry the costs has come, try and bend the rules in their favour. Here a simplified notion of ideal and nonideal theory will be developed and put to use. And I will start by looking into the implications of the theories under the assumption of strict compliance (ideal theory), only later to turn to the problems associated with noncompliance (nonideal theory). All this prepares room for a discussion about the normative significance of noncompliance to be undertaken later in this book. The question then is whether the fact that noncompliance with the theories is to be expected spells problems for the theories as such. Does it count against their plausibility that people are not prepared to act in accordance with them?
Triage in Situations of Mass Casualty
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

In situations of mass casualty there is a need to tend to the medical supply side. We must contemplate whether, by saving one person rather than another, we affect the medical resources available to us. Should medical personnel be tended to first if this means that those who are saved first can go on to save other lives? When resources are scare, should younger patients be treated rather than old ones? The unexpectedly similar implications of the three theories of distributive justice in situations of mass casualty are presented. Here a discussion is also undertaken about equity and the idea that we should save as many lives as possible. Does it make sense to flip a coin when you decide about priority setting in a triage situation? Could saving as many lives as possible work as a proxy for utilitarian thinking? Both the equity view and the idea that one should save as many lives as possible are rejected. It is argued that we should rely on our favoured theories: utilitarianism (with or without a prioritarian amendment), the maximin/leximin theory, and egalitarianism.
The Last Waltz of the Law of Nations
Authors: de Rayneval Joseph-Mathias Gérard
Published: July 2019

This book is a translation of Rayneval’s 1803 classic Insitutions du droit de la nature and des gens. Having been translated into Spanish shortly after its appearance, les Institutions was the reference point for international law for much of the French- and Spanish-speaking world during the nineteenth century. As a result, arguably, les Institutions is the single most important text of international law to appear between the 1814 Congress of Vienna and the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. This book, the first ever English translation of Rayneval’s The Institutions of Natural Law and the Law of Nations, provides the English-language world with the last text conceived of, and written, during the era of bilateral European Law of Nations before the waltz into the Concert of Europe and the growth of multilateral diplomacy, with its end point in today’s United Nations.
Black Hagar
Authors: Junior Nyasha
Published: July 2019

Chapter 4 details connections between multiple Black Hagar traditions within scholarship in religious studies and biblical studies. In conversation with Delores Williams’s Sisters in the Wilderness: The Challenge of Womanist God-Talk, it addresses the linking of Hagar with African American women’s experiences and the notion of a tradition of African American appropriation of Hagar. This chapter highlights how some scholars within classics and biblical studies emphasize the African presence in biblical lands and peoples. Also, it analyzes contextual readings of Hagar that create analogies between her experiences and those of contemporary women. It considers the influence of womanist work within theology and other fields in contributing to the popularity of a Black Hagar figure.
Conduct, Habitus and Practice
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

In this chapter the context in social history is set out, with a particular consideration of the value of the insights of Pierre Bourdieu and how they might be applied to change in medieval society. The historiographical context of the emergence of the idea of Chivalry as a social change within an existing habitus follows from this, and the way the idea colonized the national historiographies of Europe after its first articulation in the Enlightenment. The chapter explains how it is that the Enlightenment and the present day are able to approach the contemporary medieval social mind because its aristocracy as much as its clerical elite was an educated and literate one, and quite how pervasive its use and appreciation of literate forms was.
The Preudomme
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

Gender expectations were a major part of the medieval social habitus, and they were conveyed by an idealized superior male (called in French a preudomme, in German the biderbe man), a concept applied across the social spectrum to laity and clergy alike and the subject of conduct manuals. The preudomme offers in fact a contemporary and widely accepted European medieval definition of masculinity, so far ignored by gender historians. He was very much crafted to assist success in courtly society. This chapter defines and analyses the concept and offers a new avenue into the study of medieval gender which to date has concentrated on data drawn from clerical sources.
The Preudefemme
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

Less prominent in conduct literature, but not invisible, was the female counterpart of the preudomme, the preudefemme (MHG biderbe wip). She operated in the same way in defining gender expectations within the habitus, though in a different way: she was more defensively crafted for women exposed to public life, where they could not themselves be careerists achieving reputation. Loss of reputation was the gender concern of women. The preudefemme likewise has not been to date used by gender historians, surprisingly in view of the considerable amount of twelfth- and thirteenth-century tracts by men attempting to define her, used here for the first time in most cases.
The Courtly Habitus
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

Courtly society acted most powerfully as a habitus in stigmatizing those who lacked the cultural capital acquired in the upbringing and education it offered in the hall. This was widespread across medieval European society down to the village level, where courtly norms were practised in the households of landowners and clergy. Courts of kings and princes were not therefore the source of cortoisie, though their standards and practices had a tidal effect on wider noble society. The courts of the sons of Henry II of England and Philip of Flanders can be seen acting this way, not least in sponsoring a lavish noble tourney culture. Another influence on the habitus was the universal courtly hero, of which the real-life Thomas Becket and the fictional Gawain were examples of teaching aids. Such courts were tainted with materialism, increasingly seen as the source of dysfunction in noble society, to which Chivalry was proposed as a solution.
The Enemy
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

In a society as competitive as that of the medieval European elite, defence from open and concealed enemies was a matter of survival. Self-control was paramount as it was proverbial that a man was his own worst enemy. As a result, mitigating the effects of anger, rather than indulging it, was predominant in medieval conduct literature, contrary to some analyses of the medieval mentality. It was the young male which medieval society most feared as likely to disrupt society by his lack of self-control. Most feared of all was the rival courtier whose pleasant and flattering demeanour concealed an implacable and covert enemy (the losenger) conspiring at a rival’s overthrow. When open hostility broke out, medieval societies structured animosity into a framework called mortal enmity, which allowed its worst effects to be mitigated and not spill over to blood feud.
Discrepant Solace
Authors: James David
Published: July 2019

Consolation has always played an uncomfortable part in the literary history of loss. But in recent decades its affective meanings and ethical implications have been recast by narratives that appear to foil solace altogether. Illuminating this striking archive, Discrepant Solace considers writers who engage with consolation not as an aesthetic salve but as an enduring problematic for late twentieth- and twenty-first-century fiction and memoir. Making close readings of emotion crucial to understanding literature’s work in the precarious present, David James examines writers who are rarely considered in conversation, including Sonali Deraniyagala, Colson Whitehead, Cormac McCarthy, W.G. Sebald, Doris Lessing, Joan Didion, J. M. Coetzee, Marilynne Robinson, Julian Barnes, Helen Macdonald, Ian McEwan, Colm Tóibín, Kazuo Ishiguro, Denise Riley, and David Grossman. These figures overturn critical suppositions about consolation’s kinship with ideological complaisance or dubious distraction, producing unsettling perceptions of solace that shape the formal and political contours of their writing.
Introduction
Authors: James David
Published: July 2019

The Introduction elucidates the central theoretical, literary-historical, and methodological arguments in the book. It explains how the coming chapters navigate the representation of consolation by examining both the formal and the thematic elements of contemporary narrative. The Introduction also situates the contribution Discrepant Solace makes to recent conversations in affect studies, the history of emotions, literary aesthetics, and ethical criticism. It explains the book’s rationale for selection and comparison, while summarizing each of the core chapter’s arguments and focal texts. As a way of offering preliminary examples of the book’s larger metacritical and literary-historical claims, the Introduction integrates close readings of Sonali Deraniyagala’s Wave (2013); Christina Crosby’s A Body, Undone (2016); and Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad (2016).
Feeling at one: Socio-affective distribution, vibe, and dance-music consciousness
Authors: Witek Maria A.G.
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, the embodied consciousness of clubbing and raving is considered through the theory of extended mind, according to which the mind is a distributed system where brain, body, and environment play equal parts. Building on the idea of music as affective atmosphere, a case is made for considering the vibe of a dance party as cognitively, socially, and affectively distributed. The chapter suggests that participating in the vibe affords primary musical consciousness—a kind of pre-reflexive state characterized by affective and bodily knowledge—and speculates about the neural correlates of clubbing and raving by means of an analogy with brain research on psychedelic states.
Word Order and Parameter Change in Romanian
Authors: Nicolae Alexandru
Published: July 2019

The book provides a comprehensive description and in-depth analysis of the major word order changes affecting the clausal and the nominal domains in the transition from old to modern Romanian. The Romanian data are set in a comparative Romance perspective, and the impact of the Balkan Sprachbund and the influence of Old Church Slavonic on the word order changes taking place in the transition from old to modern Romanian are also analysed. The book examines a large number of phenomena: some of them are found across Romance (e.g. scrambling, interpolation, discontinuous constituents, variation in the position and linearization of DP-internal adjectival modifiers), others are rare in Romance (e.g. a low pronominal cliticization site), and still others are specific to old or modern Romanian (e.g. the double, proclitic and enclitic, realization of the same pronominal clitic, the low definite article, the adjectival article construction).
Populations in transition and post-settlement: an infectious diseases and travel medicine perspective
Authors: Kanhutu Kudzai , Leder Karin , Biggs Beverley Ann
Published: July 2019

There is mounting evidence that the mass population movements associated with the current global refugee and asylum seeker crisis have profound infectious diseases consequences. Key contributory factors identified include disruption of health systems building blocks, malnutrition, inadequate housing, and poverty. A literature review informs the content of this chapter, using recent examples to illustrate principles such as the decline in vaccination rates among refugees and asylum seekers and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable illnesses; the observed increased risk of tuberculosis in RAS populations; clustering of emerging infectious diseases in conflict zones; and transportation of arthropod vectors leading to emergence of disease in new geographical zones. A final section covers communicable disease assessments after settlement, identifying key barriers and enablers of best-practice care.
Addressing the rights of women in conflict and humanitarian settings
Authors: Khosla Rajat , Krause Sandra , Tanabe Mihoko
Published: July 2019

The Sustainable Development Goals commit to an international development agenda based on the fundamental principle of leaving no one behind. However, the global convergence between conflict, crisis, migration, poverty, and young populations is driving serious health and human rights consequences for those living in humanitarian settings, especially for sexual and reproductive health and rights. Despite marked progress in the policy sphere over the past quarter-century, with high-level recognition of sexual and reproductive health risks as well as the need to address these concerns, gaps remain in availability, funding, equitable access to and quality of services, and realization of these rights. A common agenda is needed that promotes a rights-based, participatory, empowering approach; strengthens the evidence base for effective interventions; and promotes continued advocacy and leadership. A transformative leadership agenda is vital if women and girls everywhere are to realize their health and well-being.
Dual loyalty, medical ethics, and health care in offshore asylum-seeker detention
Authors: Zion Deborah
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the ethical issues related to the practice of health care in an environment where human rights are absent, specifically relating to the conditions for refugees and asylum seekers who arrive by sea in Australian territory. The ethical considerations of working within the offshore detention environment are discussed. Health-care workers in these harsh environments often have divided loyalties, when duties to their patients conflict with duties to their employer or to the state. The author draws on published accounts and interviews with health-care providers who have worked on Manus Island and Nauru and Christmas Island, the sites used by Australia for offshore detention of asylum seekers.
Controlling compassion: the media, refugees, and asylum seekers
Authors: Allotey Pascale , Mares Peter , Reidpath Daniel D.
Published: July 2019

This chapter explains the influence of the media in controlling the discourse about humanitarianism, refugees, migrants and asylum seekers. Changing responses to the arrival of several waves of refugees in Australia are used as an example. Media reporting has great power to shape public perceptions of these populations, and the result is often a populist policy response that also ultimately has an impact on access to care and services. In recent years the advent of social media such as Facebook and Twitter has also had a great impact, as exemplified by the almost instantaneous worldwide response to the image of a drowned Syrian child refugee in 2015.
Introduction: The Essence, Significance, and Problems of the Trans-Pacific Partnership
Authors: Kingsbury Benedict , Malone David M. , Mertenskötter Paul , Stewart Richard B. , Streinz Thomas , Sunami Atsushi
Published: July 2019

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is the first fully formed attempt at a new type of geopolitical and economic ordering project we call megaregulation. This introduction draws on the volume’s thirty further chapters to distill TPP’s essence and critically appraise its significance in the Asia-Pacific and beyond. TPP’s megaregulatory project uses the treaty-institutional form to open space for transnational business operations and prescribe liberal-type reforms of regulatory states and of their relations to markets. It also carries glimmers of a megaregionalism, but one largely lacking in imagination of a shared social or ecological future. TPP’s extensive coverage implicates, but TPP does not very much address, concerns over distribution, inequality, labor, environment, development, and national futures and nationalism which became more and more evident in national and international politics during and after the years of its negotiation. Drawing together themes from the book sheds some light on thinking about possible futures of economic ordering.
TPP and Environmental Regulation
Authors: Meidinger Errol
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the environment-related provisions of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) to assess how and how much they contribute to a larger megaregulatory program for the Asia-Pacific region. TPP calls for “high levels” of environmental protection and effective enforcement; incorporates duties from several multilateral environmental agreements; adds new provisions addressing several important environmental problems; mandates administrative best practices; promotes corporate social responsibility and the use of voluntary certification systems; and provides implementation mechanisms for most of these provisions ranging from Party negotiations to committee processes and binding arbitration. On the whole, it promotes a model of environmental regulation consistent with that of the most OECD countries. The resulting movement toward cross-border regulatory alignment is likely to make member state environmental programs increasingly legible and navigable for transnational business actors. Alignment dynamics are likely to contribute to increased economic and political integration through implementation of common administrative techniques, increasing levels of communication and idea-sharing among mandated committees and resulting networks of officials, and increased trade and regulatory interactions across member states. While these developments seem likely also to lead to modest strengthening of environmental regulation in some member states, they clearly leave the dominant role to markets and trade as the driving forces in megaregional integration. Finally, TPP’s environmental regulatory program is quite different from China’s current model, and seems likely to provide an important arena for engaging and countering Chinese policies. While TPP’s environmental provisions are likely to spur improved environmental regulation in some member countries, they do not pre-figure a governance system capable of controlling the environmental degradation wrought by continuingly intensifying production and trade.
Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation in TPP: The Missing Development Agenda
Authors: Eliason Antonia
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides a critique of customs administration and trade facilitation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), suggesting that, at best, trade facilitation was an afterthought to the negotiation process. While this is not in itself problematic, the drafting of the customs administration and trade facilitation chapter of TPP, which remains functionally intact in TPP11, was reflective not only of insouciance toward how trade facilitation might apply in this megaregional agreement, but also toward how trade facilitation has developed in a legal context, as it fails to acknowledge the developments enshrined in the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). In light of recent global criticism of trade liberalization, addressing development concerns in its text would have made TPP more attractive to non-members. Future megaregional agreements would benefit from including a strong development agenda in their negotiations.
Harmonization: Top Down, Bottom Up—and Now Sideways?
Authors: Cooper Dreyfuss Rochelle
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the impulse to include intellectual property within the scope of a megaregional trade agreement that is largely devoted to the promotion of a particular vision of economic ordering and to the adoption of a regional framework supportive of competition, investment, and regulatory coherence. Using the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) as an example, it argues that megaregional intellectual property agreements not only lead to changes in the law within member states, but can also have strong effects outside those states. The innovation sector within the region’s trading partners must adapt to the new regime if it wishes to continue to trade in the region. That can alter the intellectual property politics in these other countries. Furthermore, members of the epistemic community within the new regime influence those outside it. Finally, the law of the megaregion has an impact on the ability of the member states to negotiate future agreements with third countries and can also affect the way that existing agreements are interpreted. The last section of the chapter discusses the normative implications of megaregional spillover effects on third countries. While a megaregional exposes countries that had no role in the negotiation process to a changed legal landscape, it also creates a new way to harmonize intellectual property law, what I call “sideways” harmonization. Third countries can join at their own pace and in a manner that is responsive to their own creative sectors. These agreements also offer an opportunity to experiment with transnational trade rules, such as rules on in transit seizure, parallel importation, and cross-border enforcement.