bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Bimedial Leucotomy
Authors: Post Felix , Rees W. Linford , Schurr Peter H.
Published: August 2008

An attempt is reported here to evaluate the results of a modified form of leucotomy. Subjects of the investigation were 64 consecutively operated patients, for all of whom the same technique of bimedial leucotomy was employed. This operation is similar to the full division of white matter (as described by Poppen, 1948) through a superior frontal approach, but the cut is limited to the medial 2 cm. (Greenblatt and Solomon, 1952). The operation is carried out under direct vision through two 4 cm. trephine openings placed immediately anterior to the coronal suture on either side of the midline. The plane of the cut is found with a brain needle and extends from the middle of the trephine opening (2 cm. in front of the coronal suture) to the line of the sphenoidal ridge. The white matter is cut with a metal sucker for a width of about 2 cm. subjacent to grey matter medially and inferiorly. The incision skirts the front of the lateral ventricles and divides the thalamo-frontal bundle, thereby isolating the cortex of the frontal pole and also interfering with the fibres to the remaining anterior prefrontal areas which lie in the midcentral segment of white matter. This cut does not necessarily extend sufficiently far back to interfere with all the fibres related to area 13, but is free from the disadvantages of misplacement into the septal area.
Hypnosis and Desensitization for Phobias: A Controlled Prospective Trial
Authors: Marks I. M. , Gelder M. G. , Edwards Griffith
Published: August 2008

Although systematic desensitization has been used for a decade in the treatment of phobias, its mode of action is not yet fully understood. During treatment by desensitization patients are relaxed while they are asked to visualize situations which evoke progressively more fear. Desensitization is given in the context of routine psychiatric management, and it is obvious that many variables may contribute to the overall effect of treatment. Among those which it is important to examine are: exposure, i.e. visualization of the imagined phobic stimulus without relaxation; relaxation without presentation of phobic images; densensitization, i.e. the pairing of the graded imagined phobic stimuli with relaxation; repeated suggestion of improvement; the relationship to the therapist, and finally the many non-specific effects of routine hospital care.
The Treatment of “Nervous Diarrhoea” and Other Conditioned Autonomic Disorders by Desensitization
Authors: Cohen Samuel I. , Reed John L.
Published: August 2008

Disturbance of functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system may be due to changes in the emotional state, and are part of normal reactions to stress. Their general occurrence is reflected in phrases like “it makes me sick” and “to sweat with fear”. In some groups of people these autonomic disturbances are not confined to stressful situations but become more general and frequent and so more disabling. For instance, in patients with affective illnesses, symptoms of autonomic origin are common and are relieved by successful treatment of the underlying illness. Again, there is a group of patients who complain of these symptoms but who show little affective disorder. In these patients the autonomic symptoms are provoked by specific situations which are not particularly stressful to normal people, e.g. nausea occurs when eating in company or diarrhoea when travelling; outside these specific situations symptoms do not occur. Although these patients may complain of some anxiety, the physical symptom is the major complaint and the anxiety is often attributed to this.
A Comparative Investigation of Desipramine and Nortriptyline in the Treatment of Depression
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

Most of the investigators to date have been comparing desipramine with imipramine, and little work has been published on comparative studies of the demethylated compounds of imipramine and amitriptyline, i.e. desipramine and nortriptyline. Arieff (1966) conducted a clinical study, but did not find any difference between the two drugs, and stated “However, the improvement was never as striking or as rapid as when imipramine or amitriptyline was effective.” Steward and Mitchell (1966) in a double-blind controlled study also found no difference between the two drugs.
Some Psychological Features of Persons Who have Attempted Suicide
Authors: Philip Alistair E. , McCulloch J. W.
Published: August 2008

While the importance of psychological factors in attempted suicide has long been acknowledged, the use of standardized psychological techniques has been neglected. The paper by Vinoda (1966) is the first in Britain to describe the personality characteristics of attempted suicides using a battery of objective tests. She tested and compared a group of female attempted suicides, who had been admitted to the psychiatric ward of a general hospital, with a group of psychiatric patients and a group of non-psychiatric patients from the same hospital. Where differences on testing occurred it was usually the case that the attempted suicide and psychiatric groups were discriminated from the normal controls but not from each other.
A Phobia of Buying a New Car Treated by Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Morphew J. A.
Published: August 2008

Behaviour therapy is based on the principles of learning theory, and assumes that neurotic behaviour consists of learned maladaptive habits. Following the work of Pavlov (1927) with experimental neuroses, and that of Watson (1920) on the elimination of children's fears, Wolpe (1958) devised a method suitable for treating patients with phobias. This involves deconditioning with the aid of reciprocal inhibition. The patient is introduced to a graduated series of the relevant anxiety provoking stimuli, and at the same time the anxiety responses are inhibited by means of relaxation. The latter state may be induced by hypnosis, Jacobson's method (1938), or by drugs.
A Patients' Record Office in a Mental Hospital Occupational Programme
Authors: Ekdawi M. Y. , Rogers W. , Slaughter R. S. , Bennett D. H.
Published: August 2008

The rehabilitation of disabled mental hospital in-patients depends on changing the structure of the hospital itself. Remunerative and realistic employment plays an important part in this respect. Not only does it provide greater emotional satisfaction to the patients, it also enhances their status by changing their role from that of sick people to that of trainees in more normal habits of living and work. It is difficult to create an occupational programme which employs the large population of a hospital according to the patients' varying disabilities, inclinations and needs. It is unsatisfactory to provide occupation only for a small proportion of patients or for those who are easier to resettle. All patients (even those who do not appear disabled) need occupation designed to prevent incapacitating disabilities or to reduce their handicaps.
The Phenomenological Approach in Psychopathology
Authors: Jaspers Karl
Published: August 2008

In the examination of a psychiatric patient it is usual to distinguish between objective and subjective symptoms. Objective symptoms in clude all concrete events that can be perceived by the senses, e.g. reflexes, registrable move ments, an individual's physiognomy, his motor activity, verbal expression, written productions, actions and general conduct, etc.; all measur able performances, such as the patient's capacity to work, his ability to learn, the extent of his memory, and so forth, also belong here. It is also usual to include under objective symp toms such features as delusional ideas, falsifica tions of memory, etc., in other words the rational contents of what the patient tells us. These, it is true, are not perceived by the senses, but only understood; nevertheless, this “under standing“ is achieved through rational thought, without the help of any empathy into the patient's psyche.
“Atypical” Depression Following Childbirth
Authors: Pitt Brice
Published: August 2008

It is common knowledge that women often get depressed after childbirth. Yet there has been little evaluation of what this depression amounts to. Transitory tearfulness in the early puerperium, as observed in maternity wards, is commonplace; has been designated “the Blues”—3rd, 4th or 10th day, Maternity or Mother's—and is generally regarded as a normal phenomenon. It has been variously attributed to psychological difficulties and physical discomfort at the onset of lactation, “narcissistic loss before rediscovery of the child” (Sclare, 1955), perineal soreness and hormonal changes.
Nominal Aphasia in Dementia
Authors: Barker M. G. , Lawson J. S.
Published: August 2008

The clinical examination of nominal aphasia has hitherto involved relatively unstandardized procedures. Random objects are presented to patients and account taken of their success or failure in finding the correct name (Allison, 1962). Recent work by Newcombe, Oldfield and Wingfield (1965) and Rochford and Williams (1962–1965) has drawn attention to a number of important variables affecting the likelihood of a correct response occurring. Oldfield (1966) in particular has presented a model of the psychological processes involved in object naming which raises a number of important theoretical questions concerning the nature of the deficit in nominal aphasia.
Schizophrenia-Like Psychosis in Thyroid Crisis
Authors: Greer Steven , Parsons Victor
Published: August 2008

Very few cases of thyrotoxic psychoses have been reported during the last twenty years. Recent authoritative reviews on the management of thyrotoxicosis and its complications (Ingbar, 1966; Trotter, 1967) scarcely mention psychotic reactions. It seems that such conditions have become increasingly rare since the advent of modern anti-thyroid treatment. The present report attempts to summarize what is known about these disorders, and describes the clinical features, treatment and subsequent course of a schizophrenia-like psychosis which developed during thyroid crisis.
Aims of Teachers of Psychiatry in Five Medical Schools
Authors: Walton Henry
Published: August 2008

Educational objectives in medical school training used to be stated in global terms, seldom possible to implement and still more difficult to test (Objectives of Medical Education, 1953). The student's training hopefully was required to help him “to respect the rights and dignities of patients”, or towards “expecting to be a student all his life”. How to evaluate the presence or absence of these qualities after training was not conveyed either by the form or by the sometimes frankly inspirational language in which the objectives were stated.
Perceptual Phenomena and Personality in Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Leff J. P.
Published: August 2008

From time to time, normal human beings not suffering from any mental illness have reported experiences either akin to or identical with hallucinations (Byrd, 1938; Slocum, 1948; Ritter, 1954; Bombard, 1955). The common features in these reports have been the social isolation of the people involved and the physical hardships of their living conditions. They have usually been solitary mariners or polar explorers. Scientific interest was not aroused in these phenomena until directed to them by the experiences of prisoners of war in Korea who had undergone “brain-washing” techniques. At this time, Hebb and his colleagues began a series of experiments which opened up an era of widespread research into the field of Sensory Deprivation.
Reading Retardation, Dyslexia and Delinquency
Authors: Critchley E. M. R.
Published: August 2008

In 1932 Monroe wrote that “inability to read may be one of the prolonged school problems to which parents and agencies become adapted until the child drifts into truancy and incorrigibility”. This observation, if true, is highly pertinent to the problems of present day society, and, for this reason, a personal study was made of delinquent boys between the ages of 12 and 17 years referred by the courts for assessment at a London Remand Home and Classifying Centre.
The Depression-prone and the Depression-resistant Sibling: A Study of 650 Three-Sibling Families
Authors: Grosz Hanus J.
Published: August 2008

The relationship between ordinal position of birth and mental illness, and particularly schizophrenia, is a familiar issue to regular readers of this journal. Its significance rests mainly in the fact that on genetic grounds each ordinal position of birth in a sibship is equally vulnerable. Therefore conclusive evidence of a positive relationship between birth order and mental illness, while not excluding the importance of hereditary factors, offers a good indication of the operation of some, possibly early, familial environmental influences.
Y Chromosomes in Male Psychiatric Patients above 180 cm. Tall
Authors: Nielsen Johannes
Published: August 2008

All male patients above 180 cm. tall who were resident in the Århus State Hospital on 13 April, 1966, were registered: they numbered 42 out of the total of 440 resident males (8 · 1 per cent.). One patient, a 78-year-old man, died before chromosome analysis was made. Sex-chromatin analysis was made on Feulgenstained buccal smears and chromosome analysis was made on leucocyte cultures according to the method described by Moorhead et al. (1960), slightly modified. Not less than 25 metaphases were counted, at least 15 metaphases with the modal figure and all metaphases with a chromosome number deviating from the modal figures were analysed.
The “Able-Bodied” Rehabilitee
Authors: Gittleson N. L.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate those entrants to a Ministry of Labour Industrial Rehabilitation Unit whose entry documents categorized them as “no disability” or “able-bodied”.
The Natural History of Psychopathic Disorder
Authors: Craft Michael
Published: August 2008

As Mr. Justice Marshall said recently when making the appropriate hospital order: “The interests of the public are best served by curing the patient”, but with psychopathic disorder some still believe cure to be virtually impossible (Cleckley, 1953; Gould, 1959) and others doubt whether the condition can be treated at all. Genetic endowment (Heaton-Ward, 1963), damage to the developing foetus (Stott, 1962) and early adverse childhood experiences (Scott, 1963) have been thought to militate against later treatment success. Unfortunately all writers in this field are handicapped by the lack of long-term follow-up studies on the natural history of the condition.
Causal Explanations in Psychiatry: A Critique of Some Current Concepts
Authors: Dalén Per
Published: August 2008

The rules known as Koch's postulates have served as invaluable guides to the discovery of the specific causes of various infectious diseases. It may safely be assumed that their influence has also been great on the methods of study in the field of non-infectious diseases. For example, with slight modification Koch's postulates may be applied to the study of diseases caused by poisons. But can they be modified and applied with profit in psychiatric research? This is an important problem, and it cannot be discussed without reference, explicit or implicit, to philosophical assumptions. In this paper some consequences of the philosophy of science of Sir Karl Popper will be tentatively explored.
Psychiatric Morbidity in a Small Ethiopian Town
Authors: Giel R. , Van Luijk J. N.
Published: August 2008

Virtually nothing is known about the prevalence of mental illness in Ethiopia. The only two mental hospitals, one in Addis Ababa and one in Asmara, caring for about 800 in-patients from a population of 22 million perhaps reflect the type of severe psychotic illness occurring in this country (Pavicevic, 1966). A few authors (Leiris, 1958; Lord, Fuller Torrey, 1966; Messing, 1959; Giel, Gezahegn and van Luijk 1968a and b) mention the existence of psychoneurotic illness, indicating that local cults and native healers play a role in their management. However no epidemio logical survey has been conducted to provide more systematic information. Any attempt at such a survey is bound to meet with consider able difficulties. Hospital statistics regarding admission rates are influenced most of all by economic factors and by distance from hospital, especially during the rainy season when travelling is at times almost impossible.
The “Pink Spot” in Schizophrenics and its Absence in Homocystinurics
Authors: Welch J. Philip , Clower Courtney G. , Schimke R. Neil
Published: August 2008

In 1952 Osmond and Smythies, with Harley-Mason, suggested that schizophrenia might be due to an abnormality in the metabolism of epinephrine, by which a mescaline-like substance such as dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPE) might be produced by O-methylation at the third and fourth positions. It was felt then that DMPE might have “psychotomimetic properties” similar to mescaline.
Young Alcoholics
Authors: Rosenberg C. M.
Published: August 2008

The natural history of alcoholism has been described by Trice and Wahl (1958) and by Glatt (1967). The “average” alcoholic first begins drinking when aged 18, and by the time he is 26 he is drinking heavily and frequently becomes drunk. He begins to experience blackouts between the ages of 30 and 35, and a number of years later he is no longer able to control his intake of alcohol. He begins to lose contact with his family and friends and starts drinking alone. By the middle of the fifth decade he has reached his lowest point and seeks admission to hospital. In a proportion of cases∗ this process is markedly accelerated and patients aged 30 or less are admitted to hospital because of alcohol dependence.
Obsessionality and Self-Appraisal Questionnaires
Authors: Reed G. F.
Published: August 2008

In an authoritative paper, Sandler and Hazari (1960) examined the responses of 100 neurotic patients to a personality questionnaire. The latter was in fact the Tavistock Self-Assessment Inventory, which consists of 867 statements each of which the subject is required to mark as “True” or “False” in regard to himself. Sandler and Hazari extracted responses to forty of these statements which were regarded as having reference to obsessive/compulsive character traits and symptoms, and subjected the data to factor analysis. Two factors were identified, and the original items were then classified according to their projection on two reference vectors, A and B, obtained through rotation of the Centroid factor axes through 45°. The two groups of items represented “two tendencies which, in their appearance in this group of patients, appear to be more or less unrelated”.
Data for a Comparative Account of Toxic Psychoses of Various Aetiologies
Authors: Korolenko C. P. , Yevseyeva T. A. , Volkov P. P.
Published: August 2008

At the close of the last century there began to spread in the field of psychiatry the idea that every specific pathological agent and every individual toxin produced a picture of psychological disorder that was uniquely characteristic of the causative agent. This idea was extensively developed in the work of Kraepelin (1892) and supplanted the view expressed earlier by Morel, who denied the existence of any specificity in psychological disorders related to their aetiology.
Parental Age of Homosexuals
Authors: Abe K. , Moran P. A. P.
Published: August 2008

During the past two decades an increasing number of investigations have been made into the relationship between maternal age and incidence of disease. The following may be mentioned by way of illustration.
A Delusional Scale
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Hope K.
Published: August 2008

A psychotic v. neurotic scale has been presented in the manual of the Symptom-Sign Inventory (Foulds and Hope, 1968). This scale was constructed after comparing each of four female neurotic groups with each of four female psychotic groups and each of four male neurotic groups with each of four male psychotic groups. For an item to be included in the scale 14 of the 16 comparisons within each sex had to show differences significant at least at the 5 per cent. level. On 18 items the psychotic groups had frequencies in excess of the neurotic; on only one item was it the other way round. The scale score is the sum of these 18 items minus the one.
Some Experiences in the Use of Aversion Therapy in Male Homosexuality, Exhibitionism and Fetishism-Transvestism
Authors: Fookes B. H.
Published: August 2008

This paper summarizes the experiences of five years of treating sexual disorders with behavioural methods. The simplicity of the methods used made it easier to adhere to the principles of accurate timing than has appeared to be the case where a more complicated set-up has been used. The only elaboration of the basic method was its prolongation into a maintenance phase.
A Case of “Double Autoscopy”
Authors: Craske S. , Sacks B. I.
Published: August 2008

Disorders of body image are reported to be relatively common, and have been observed in some studies to occur in as many as 25 per cent. of psychiatric patients (Lukianowicz, 1967). Reduplication of the body image, however, is comparatively rare. Although classical literature is rich in descriptions of visual hallucinations of the self, it is only comparatively recently that this phenomenon has received medical attention. Coleman (1934) wrote at length on the possible psychological significance of the “double”, but it was left to Lhermitte (1951) to study such autoscopic experiences clinically and to draw attention to their medical importance.
Prokaletic Measures Derived from Psychoanalytic Technique
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to report on therapeutic measures which have been used on my Unit at the Maudsley Hospital for several years and have been gradually elaborated with the help of registrars who have learned to apply them under my general supervision. The measures are derived from the therapeutic technique Freud recommended. In 1913, when he reviewed the development of his technique, he said: “In the earliest days of analytic technique we took an intellectualist view of the situation. We set a high value on the patient's knowledge of what he had forgotten, and in this we made hardly any distinction between our knowledge of it and his…. We hastened to convey [it] to the patient in the certain expectation of thus bringing the neurosis and the treatment to a rapid end.
Who's Afraid of Sigmund Freud?
Authors: Millar T. P.
Published: August 2008

“But surely, in the third act when the father sends the son from his home, your intent is to probe the unresolved oedipal strivings of both men?” The man from the Sunday Review of the Creative Arts looked up from his note-pad, a faint air of well-bred surprise on his manicured face.
Mental Illness in Dublin—First Admissions
Authors: Walsh Dermot
Published: August 2008

This paper reports a study of first admissions to psychiatric facilities in Dublin. It forms part of a survey whose objects were to investigate the extent and characteristics of hospitalized psychiatric illness in Dublin, to make comparisons between mental illness in Dublin and in other cities, to observe the outcome of a first-admitted cohort of patients followed up for five years and to examine the differences, on admission and in outcome, between those receiving Local Authority and those receiving private care.
Community Psychiatry in London. A Three-Year Analysis
Authors: Oldham A. J.
Published: August 2008

The decade following the end of World War II saw a progressive rise in the admission rate to mental hospitals in this country. The population of mental hospitals rose to a peak of 152,000 in England and Wales in 1954, since when there has been a steady decline. These fluctuations have been analysed by such authors as Norton (1961) and Tooth and Brooke (1961). The latter attributed the more recent decline to increased efficiency of treatment and rehabilitation, and predicted a continued fall so reducing the mental hospital patients by about 1970 that they would be covered by an allocation of 1 · 8 beds per thousand population. Maclay (1963) believed this prediction to err if anything on the conservative side and the Ministry of Health (1962) based its plans for psychiatric beds upon this ratio. In these plans the Ministry accepted the thesis that short-stay psychiatric patients should preferably be treated in general hospital units near to their homes whilst patients needing a longer hospital stay should be catered for in specialized hospitals for that purpose. The prediction in the Ministry of Health's Hospital Plan (1962) that there would be a steadily declining mental hospital population has been severely criticized by Gore and Jones (1961) but supported by Orwin and Sim (1965) in their analysis of the effects of the provision of acute general hospital psychiatric units in the Birmingham area. The importance of accurately assessing the psychiatric hospital bed needs over the next twenty years, given a full range medical and ancillary services, is vital to future planning and has been much in the author's mind when writing this paper.
Differences Between Normals and Schizophrenics on Activation-induced Change in Two-flash Fusion Threshold
Authors: Hieatt D. J. , Tong J. E.
Published: August 2008

Research relating brain stem stimulation and cortical selectivity by Lindsley (1957) led Venables (1963) to utilize a score from a perceptual discrimination task (two-flash fusion threshold, T.F.T.) to examine hypotheses relating arousal level to perceptual dysfunction and schizophrenic symptoms. Other work failed to confirm the results (Hume and Claridge, 1965), possibly due to the unsuitable method of determining T.F.T., a method of constant stimuli. The following experiments were based on the proposition that perceptual functioning is related to arousal level, and also attempted to resolve confusions arising from earlier studies by control of possible sources of error in the experimental situation.
Suicide Behaviour in Twenty Adolescents
Authors: Leese Stephanie M.
Published: August 2008

Few studies of this type concentrating on young people have been published. Comparison of results is almost impossible, since different age ranges have been involved and in some cases the sex factor has been ignored. During the calendar year 1965, 20 patients were referred to our Child Psychiatric Unit having intentionally damaged themselves, and were seen by one or other of the four psychiatrists. This survey was made retrospectively from their notes because we were impressed by the number who had “broken homes”, or whose parents were chronically mentally or physically ill.
Staffing Level and Treatment Effectiveness
Authors: Becker Robert E.
Published: August 2008

Staffing patterns are a major concern in the planning and administration of psychiatric facilities. The cost of professional and sub-professional personnel are the largest expense on psychiatric institution operating budgets. Trained professionals are in short supply and for the foreseeable future will not be available in adequate numbers to staff existing and developing programmes. Such considerations make important the development of more efficient methods for deciding upon staffing levels. At present, clinical experience and uncontrolled comparison of differently staffed clinical programmes are the usual justifications for improved staffing. This study was undertaken to investigate whether a relationship existed between staff time spent in treatment of patients and outcome for a patient group.
The Physiology of Faith
Authors: Sargant William
Published: August 2008

‘As for the bodily temper of man and his Brain… a very little distemper of the brain… is enough to represent Spirits, Angels and Devils, Sights and Stories of Heaven and Hell to the Fancy… which sober kind of madnesses and delineation (is) little understood vulgarly’.
Psychological Aspects of the Stereotactic Treatment of Parkinsonism
Authors: Asso Doreen , Crown Sidney , Russell John A. , Logue Valentine
Published: August 2008

The beneficial clinical effects of stereotactic lesions in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus in the treatment of Parkinsonism are well established. Studies of the cognitive and personality changes, however, have given contradictory results. This may be due to the great variety of tests used, to lack of control groups and to the fact that some investigators have studied only unilateral operations, whereas others have included some patients operated on bilaterally. Changes, presumably permanent, have been reported in intelligence (Jurko and Andy, 1961; Lenshoek and Manem, 1960; Niehbuhr, 1962; Jurko and Andy, 1964); concept formation (Jurko and Andy, 1961); extraversion (Fortin, 1960; Jurko and Andy, 1961); and anxiety (Niehbuhr, 1962). Transient changes have been reported in intelligence (Riklan, 1961; Levita et al., 1964); human figure drawing (Riklan et al., 1962); integrity of personality (Fortin et al., 1961; Fortin, 1960; Riklan, 1961); and somatosensory status (Proctor et al., 1963). In other studies no change was found following the operation (Bravo and Cooper, 1959; Gillingham et al., 1960; Gillingham et al., 1964; Levita and Riklan, 1965; Muller and Yasargil, 1959; Riklan, 1962).
Transsexualism. Effect on Rate and Density-Pattern of Change of Residence
Authors: Åkesson Hans Olof , Wålinder Jan
Published: August 2008

A number of searching studies on transsexualism have been published during recent years (Roth and Ball, 1964; Benjamin, 1966; Wålinder, 1967). In the present paper we shall attempt to demonstrate that transsexualism has another direct social consequence besides the large risk of suicide which one of us has already demonstrated (Wålinder, 1967). Our study was prompted by our experience that transsexuals change their address unusually often in comparison with others.
Crying in Depression
Authors: Davis David , Lamberti Joseph , Ajans Zaki A.
Published: August 2008

In making a diagnosis between psychotic and neurotic depression, characteristic signs and symptoms are usually looked for. Although there is much controversy in the literature in respect to this difference, particularly since Lewis's work in 1934, nevertheless one commonly observes that when people are sad they cry. We would expect, therefore, that this would apply also in depressions. Yet, in our survey of the journal literature and such major textbooks as Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth's Clinical Psychiatry, Arieti's American Handbook of Psychiatry, and Freedman & Kaplan's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, the authors fail to include crying as a symptom of depression.
Birth Order Studies: Some Sources of Bias
Authors: Price J. S. , Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

“… they both felt, after the conclusion of their work, very doubtful as to the possibility of definitely proving the existence of a real differential incidence of any character in order of birth. The whole question seemed so open to fallacious possibility in different directions.”

[Report of comment by G. Udney Yule in the discussion following his joint paper with M. Greenwood at the Royal Statistical Society in 1914.]

Recently there has been an upsurge of interest in the association between behaviour, both normal and abnormal, and birth order. For instance, Barry (1967) has pointed out that in certain societies excessive parental demands are made on the first-born child, and “excessive parental demands could lead to superior achievement in a robust individual or to psychiatric illness in a child who was especially vulnerable …”; thus putting into modern language an interesting genotype-environment interaction which was summed up in the ancient Chinese proverb “fire burns wood but tempers iron”.
Ocular Pigmentation, Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Phenothiazine Dosage
Authors: Wheeler R. H. , Bhalerao V. R. , Gilkes M. J.
Published: August 2008

Oculo-cutaneous pigmentation has often been reported (Brit med. J., 1967) in patients receiving heavy doses of phenothiazines. This paper sets out to investigate, (a) the incidence of ocular pigmentation in such patients; (b) whether the measures suggested by Valentine and Jardine (1966) for minimizing this complication are effective; (c) the relationship of ocular pigmentation to extrapyramidal symptoms (and hence whether the pigmentation can be regarded as a sign of brain damage).
The Effect of Fluphenazine Enanthate on Chronic and Relapsing Schizophrenia
Authors: Lowther John
Published: August 2008

Since Delay and Deniker's (1) report on the efficacy of chlorpromazine, phenothiazines have become the cornerstone of treatment for schizophrenia. However, the unreliability of patients in taking oral drugs is a major disadvantage which the introduction of fluphenazine enanthate has helped to remedy.
An Evaluation of Depression as a Side Effect of Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Lewis Anne , Hoghughi Masud
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of depressive side effects in women of child-bearing age currently taking oral contraceptives. The incidence of depression has been variously reported as between 2 per cent. and 5 per cent. (Any Questions, 1965), but clinical impression has been that this is an underestimate. Rather alarmingly, also, there has been a tendency to explain away symptomatology on a “scapegoat effect” basis (Bakker and Dightman, 1966). By blaming the Pill the patient has been held to increase her own self-esteem and avoid responsibility for lethargy, irritability, etc. Nevertheless, alert physicians have consistently recommended caution (Kaye, 1963; Grant, 1965).
Pre-Senile Dementia Responding to Steroid Therapy
Authors: Chynoweth R. , Foley J.
Published: August 2008

The diagnosis of pre-senile dementia is a clinical one and implies a state of intellectual and/or emotional impairment due to organic cerebral change.
“Under-inclusion”—A Characteristic of Obsessional Personality Disorder: I
Authors: Reed G. F.
Published: August 2008

Although there is a voluminous psychiatric literature concerned with obsessional personality disorder, there are very few psychological studies of the condition. In particular, whilst thethinkingof anankasts has been classically and perceptively described by many psychiatric authorities, only a handful of psychological experiments exclusively concerned with anankastic cognition have been reported (cf. Skoog, 1964). It is suggested that this is largely because interest has centred on thecontentof obsessional behaviour at the expense of itsform.The present study is a brief report of one among several investigations suggested by consideration of the formal qualities of obsessional thought as opposed to its “dynamic” or symbolic features. The hypothesis (Reed, 1968) is that the formal characteristics of anankastic cognition are directly related to functional impairment in the spontaneous organization and integration of experience. It is postulated that this failure is expressed in the over-structuring of input and in the maladaptive over-defining of categories and boundaries. From this may be derived the prediction that, given a classificatory or conceptual task, the anankast will be over-specific in his interpretation of the given class and therefore too strict in his acceptance of appropriate class members and attributes.
Anorexia Nervosa: A Discriminant Function Analysis
Authors: Wright W. S. , Manwell M. K. C. , Merrett J. D.
Published: August 2008

The diagnosis of anorexia nervosa is not always straightforward. Bliss and Branch (1960) regard all non-organic conditions causing anorexia as anorexia nervosa. However, more recent authors like Dally and Sargant (1960), King (1963), Crisp (1965b) and Bruch (1965) limit the use of the diagnostic label anorexia nervosa to a highly specific entity. Many patients who present with loss of weight and/or loss of appetite fit easily into this classical anorexia nervosa category, whilst many others are equally easily excluded.
A Five- to Fifteen-Year Follow-up Study of Infantile Psychosis
Authors: Lockyer Linda , Rutter Michael
Published: August 2008

Surprisingly little is known about the course of intellectual development in children with infantile psychosis. Kanner (1943; Kanner and Lesser, 1958) has stated explicitly in several papers that “even though most of these children are initially considered feeble-minded, they are all unquestionably endowed with good cognitive potentialities, which are masked by the basic disorder” (original italics—Kanner and Lesser, 1958). The expectation would seem to be that the child's IQ, should fluctuate with the course of the psychosis, particularly the autistic aspects, but this has not been tested. It has been suggested (Anthony, 1958) that an intelligence test result in a young child with infantile psychosis is most unreliable and virtually meaningless if the child is without speech. Perhaps because most investigators have shared this view, neither of the two major follow-up studies of children with infantile psychosis, that of Kanner's cases (Eisenberg, 1956; Eisenberg and Kanner, 1956; Kanner, 1943 and 1949; Kanner and Eisenberg, 1955; Kanner and Lesser, 1958) and that of psychotic children seen by Creak (1962, 1963a and b) has included information on IQ changes.
Childhood Experience and Depression
Authors: Abrahams M. J. , Whitlock F. A.
Published: August 2008

The possibility of a relationship between early parental loss and mental illness, suicide, or delinquency in later life is a well-known, although by no means universally accepted, theory. In this investigation, we have attempted to compare patients with carefully matched controls and to investigate, when possible, the various categories of depression separately. Also, as we felt that a study concerned with childhood deprivation based solely on the physical absence of parents would tell us little of the daily emotional experiences of the child, we have attempted to take into account the quality of the family relationships present in childhood.
Observations on the Blood Concentration of Thyrotrophic Hormone (T.S.H.) in Schizophrenia and the Affective States
Authors: Dewhurst K. E. , El Kabir D. J. , Harris G. W. , Mandelbrote B. M.
Published: August 2008

In a recent review (Dewhurst, El Kabir, Harris and Mandelbrote, 1968) the evidence relating the effect of stress to thyroid function has been surveyed. In that account the comment was made that although it is impossible to assess or quantify the psychological trauma that any mentally ill patient is undergoing, it would seem reasonable to assume that if emotional stress is associated with abnormal thyroid activity, then a study of thyroid function in mentally ill patients would reveal such abnormal activity. In the present work a study has been made of the function of the pituitary–thyroid axis in control subjects and in patients suffering from schizophrenia and affective illnesses. Since there is strong evidence that emotional stress in many cases affects endocrine function through the mediation of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland, measurement of the blood concentration of thyrotrophic hormone (T.S.H.) has been used in the present investigation. A further reason for assaying the blood concentration of T.S.H. is that measurement of many of the more direct parameters of thyroid function are subject to variables which are difficult to control. Studies of the blood level of T.S.H. in psychiatric patients have not, so far as we know, been carried out previously.
A Study of Biochemical Correlates of the Affective Constitution Among Edinburgh Business Executives
Authors: Anumonye Amechi
Published: August 2008

Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth (1963) distinguish two ‘affective conditions’: affective Constitution and affective Disorders. The former comprises three personality types: (a) the hypomanic or hyperthymic, (b) the depressive or dysthymic and (c) the cyclothymic; the latter embodies the manic-depressive disorder of Kraepelin.
Alcoholics: Their Treatment and their Wives
Authors: Smith Charles G.
Published: August 2008

This report is based on a study carried out at the Unit for the Treatment of Alcoholism, Royal Edinburgh Hospital. The unit and its orientation has been described elsewhere (Walton, Ritson and Kennedy, 1966; Ritson and Smith, 1967). It is usual for patients to stay in hospital for six weeks rather than the three to four weeks that was the practice earlier (Walton et al., 1966).
A Short Diagnostic Self-rating Scale in the Pre-adult Remand Setting
Authors: Cockett R.
Published: August 2008

The ordinary process of specialist examination of individuals on remand involves among other things the making of judgments of several kinds. Among these judgments are those as to normality, subnormality, abnormality, and types of abnormality. For some, such as the establishment of subnormality, there are technical aids, e.g. standard tests of IQ. For others, available aids are often inadequately standardized, inordinately time-consuming, or subject to other critical objections, e.g. as to their appropriateness. This may leave the specialist clinical observer dependent solely on his clinical acumen over a considerable area. This may not matter as regards the outcome in final judgments made, but may make the process unduly burdensome and lengthy.
Social Class and Mental Illness in Dublin
Authors: Walsh Dermot
Published: August 2008

In the Republic of Ireland hospital services are available without charge to persons on the General Medical Services Register. Eligibility for registration is decided by an individual means test and is reserved for those ‘unable to provide by their own industry or other lawful means the medical or surgical treatment or medicines or medical or surgical appliances necessary for themselves or their dependants'. These amount to some 30 per cent of the total population.
Psychosis due to Acute Hypothyroidism during the Administration of Carbimazole
Authors: Brewer Colin
Published: August 2008

The association of mental disorders with reduced thyroid function has been recognized for many years, the thyroid disturbances concerned falling into two distinct categories. The first involves a gradual reduction in the output of thyroid hormone over a period of months, or years due, for example, to Hashimoto's disease. Clinically recognizable myxoedema may eventually appear, and in some cases—one-third of Jellinek's (1962) series—it is associated with mental disorders of almost any type and degree (Akelaitis, 1936; Asher, 1949). Two reports (Logothetis, 1963; Pomeranze and King, 1966) make it clear that major mental illness, often clinically indistinguishable from what might be called the normal run of schizophrenias, affective disorders and dementias, can be caused by hypothyroidism even before any clinical evidence of thyroid disorder appears.
Dependence on a Placebo: A Case Report
Authors: Vinar Oldrich
Published: August 2008

There is ample evidence that placebo can cause most, if not all, of the effects due to any active drug (Beecher, 1962; Honigfeld, 1964). A detailed case history of apparent dependence on a placebo can be added to these, in the form of the following clinical experience.
Chlormethiazole and Trifluoperazine in Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Madden J. S. , Jones D. , Frisch E. P.
Published: August 2008

Chlormethiazole (Heminevrin) is a sedative and anticonvulsant that has been reported by Glatt et al. (1965) to be more effective than placebo for the alcohol abstinence syndrome. The present study was designed to compare the substance with trifluoperazine (Stelazine).
Chromosomes and Mental Changes in Octogenarians Preliminary Findings
Authors: Jarvik Lissy F. , Kato Takashi
Published: August 2008

In conjunction with a longitudinal study of ageing twins (Jarvik, 1967) the opportunity arose to examine the postulated relationship between increasing aneuploidy and age (Jacobs et al., 1961, Hamerton et al. 1965, Court Brown et al., 1966). Chromosome analyses have been completed for 59 subjects, ranging in age from 77 to 93 years with a mean age of 84.5 years for the 23 men and 84.6 years for the 36 women.
Marital Patterns, Hostility and Personal Illness
Authors: Hall-Smith Patrick , Ryle Anthony
Published: August 2008

In an investigation of dermatological out-patient attenders, psychometric tests measuring marital patterns, hostility and personal illness were administered to 49 married patients aged under 60. Scores on these tests did not differ significantly between groups of cases classified according to the likelihood that psychosomatic factors were operative.
Amphetamine Taking among Young Offenders
Authors: Cockett R. , Marks V.
Published: August 2008

This study sampled the London area remand (under 21) population to try to ascertain the current incidence of amphetamine taking, for comparison with the earlier study by Scott and Willcox (1965) on a slightly younger group. In addition to laboratory analysis of urine samples collected during reception procedure at the Remand Centre, we also assembled some psychological test data, information as to current offence, and patients' reports as to their drug-taking habits, if any.
A Controlled Physiological, Clinical and Psychological Evaluation of Chlordiazepoxide
Authors: Kelly Desmond , Brown Clinton C. , Shaffer John W.
Published: August 2008

“Much doubt persists about the different benefits from, and indications for, all the many drugs proposed for the relief of anxiety” (Lancet, 1965). Chlordiazepoxide is one of the most popular minor tranquillizers used by psychiatrists, physicians and general practitioners. Its efficacy has been advocated in the “Today's Drugs” column of the British Medical Journal (1967, 1968a and b). Others, however, have been “impressed by the number of patients who claim great benefit but show little evidence of this” (Jenner, 1965).
On Flupentixol, an Antidepressant of a New Chemical Group
Authors: Reiter Paul J.
Published: August 2008

All hitherto applied antidepressant drugs, both the tricyclic compounds and the MAO inhibitors, present serious disadvantages, not only some more or less grave undesirable side-effects, but also a rather long latency time before the antidepressant effect itself strikes through.
Overdose of Tricyclic Anti-Depressants and Deductions Concerning their Cerebral Action
Authors: Lewis S. A. , Oswald Ian
Published: August 2008

The tricyclic antidepressant drugs are established therapeutic agents, yet their mode of action has remained obscure. The usual delay of some 10 or more days before they produce beneficial effects has never been satisfactorily explained. Many months are usually necessary for lasting cure, for often symptoms recur when the drugs are stopped. If they are then reinstated for several months, and then stopped, the patient commonly remains free of symptoms. There is thus uncertainty as to whether the drugs might simply be masking the depression in a manner comparable to anxiety-relieving agents, and uncertainty whether patients should be regarded as temporarily dependent upon tricyclic drugs. Slow brain processes have to be inferred, of a duration often met in psychiatry (Oswald, 1967). The observations we now report have features in common with many other slow brain recovery processes Oswald, 1969) and may cast light upon the mode of action of antidepressant drugs, as well as providing further insight into the chemical mechanisms of sleep. The latter are currently believed to be governed in part by cerebral mono-amines, which the tricyclic drugs are thought to affect.
Aversion Therapy of Homosexuality
Authors: Bancroft John
Published: August 2008

Until recently it was a widely held opinion that little could be done to alter the sexual orientation of homosexuals (Curran and Parr, 1957). Most therapists confined their efforts to helping the homosexual to adjust to his role. Now opinions are beginning to change. Bieberet al.(1962) with psychoanalysis and MacCulloch and Feldman (1967) with aversion therapy have reported a significant number of successes—where homosexual orientation has been lost and heterosexual orientation gained.