bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiographic Identification of Unknown Human Remains and Interpreter Experience Level
Authors: Hogge JP , Messmer JM , Doan QN
Published: August 2015

The use of radiographs as a means of identification of unknown remains is a well-established method as performed by radiologists, forensic anthropologists, or pathologists. We devised a test to determine whether the degree of radiographic and medical knowledge of a film interpreter correlates with the degree of accuracy in making comparisons of radiographic unknowns. Three groups considered to be distinctly different in their level of medical knowledge and radiographic interpretive skills were chosen to evaluate forensic identification cases. Although all three groups identified a majority of cases correctly, none were completely accurate. The group with training in radiographic interpretation performed significantly better. Our study supports the need for trained interpreters in cases of forensic identification.
A DNA-Based Approach to the Identification of Insect Species Used for Postmorten Interval Estimation
Authors: Sperling FAH , Anderson GS , Hickey DA
Published: August 2015

Insect larvae found on a corpse can be used for estimating postmortem intervals. Here, we describe a molecular method for rapid identification of these insects. Specific insect DNA fragments were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by direct DNA sequencing of the amplification products. We sequenced 2300 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA from each of three blowfly species: Phormia regina, Phaenicia sericata and Lucilia illustris. All three species are important in forensic entomology. We found 118 nucleotide differences between the L. illustris and P. sericata sequences, 186 between L. illustris and P. regina, and 192 between P. sericata and P. regina. Based on these abundant DNA sequence differences, we can unambiguously identify the immature larval stages of these insects. These DNA sequence differences were also used to predict species-specific, diagnostic restriction sites in the amplified DNA, and these predictions were verified by digestion with nine restriction enzymes. The DNA sequences reported here encode the mitochondrial COI, COII and tRNA-leucine genes.
3′,4′,5′-Trimethoxy-Substituted Analogs of Cocaine, Cis-/Trans-Cinnamoylcocaine and Tropacocaine: Characterization and Quantitation of New Alkaloids in Coca Leaf, Coca Paste and Refined Illicit Cocaine
Authors: Casale JF , Moore JM
Published: August 2015

Four new alkaloids have been detected in South American coca leaf, coca paste and refined illicit cocaine. The compounds 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxycocaine (TMC), 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxytropacocaine (TMT), 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-cis-cinnamoylcocaine (cTMCC) and 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-trans-cinnamoylcocaine (tTMCC) were isolated from the coca leaf matrix and other alkaloids by toluene extraction followed by trap and ion-pair column chromatography. The identity of each alkaloid was verified via comparison of its mass spectrum with a synthesized standard. All four alkaloids were quantitated in leaf, paste and refined samples at levels of less than 0.1% relative to cocaine via capillary gas chromatography—flame ionization detection (cGC-FID).
Postmortem Clomipramine: Therapeutic or Toxic Concentrations?
Authors: McIntyre IM , King CV , Cordner SM , Drummer OH
Published: August 2015

Postmortem blood and liver concentrations of clomipramine were determined in ten cases by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Blood concentrations ranged from 0.21 to 4.9 mg/L, and liver concentrations from 7.0 to 320 mg/kg. Two cases associated with clomipramine toxicity were clearly differentiated from other cases by the analysis of liver. The concentrations of clomipramine in these two cases were 3.3 and 1.8 mg/L in blood, and 280 and 320 mg/kg in liver. The liver concentrations were 10 to 30 fold greater in the deaths associated with drug toxicity compared with the other cases. One case, where cardiac blood was collected in place of femoral blood, showed a high blood concentration (4.9 mg/L), but an arguably therapeutic liver concentration (13 mg/kg). The analysis of femoral blood together with liver provides the best guide as to the significance of post-mortem clomipramine concentrations.
Impurity Profiling Analysis of Illicit Methamphetamine by Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Tanaka K , Ohmor T , Inoue T , Seta S
Published: August 2015

The characterizations of methamphetamine samples illegally marketed in Japan were examined by capillary gas chromatographic impurity profiles. The ethyl acetate-extract under basic condition showed the most characteristic and diagnostic gas chromatographic profiles. Most tested samples showed different impurity profiles, though expected similarities existed between some samples found at the same places and times. These profiles were not influenced by the storage of samples. The comparison of impurity profiles obtained by the reported procedure provides very useful information for determining the common and different origin of methamphetamine seizures.
The Use of Minisatellite Variant Repeat—Polymerase Chain Reaction (MVR-PCR) to Determine the Source of Saliva on a Used Postage Stamp
Authors: Hopkins B , Williams NJ , Webb MBT , Debenham PG , Jeffreys AJ
Published: August 2015

In this paper we report the identification of an individual using the MVR-PCR technique on DNA extracted from single and multiple discs (3 mm) punched from a licked stamp attached to an envelope. The individual's code was successfully and uniquely matched to one already present within a database of 500 MVR codes which had been generated in a separate laboratory. The exercise illustrates the suitability of MVR-PCR for forensic samples and demonstrates the power of this rapid and novel identification system.
The Identification of Gunshot Residue Particles from Lead-Free Sintox Ammunition
Authors: Gunaratnam L , Himberg K
Published: August 2015

Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) was used to identify the gunshot residue (GSR) particles discharged by lead-free Sintox ammunition. Sintox GSR particles are characterized by spheroidal particles mainly consisting of titanium (Ti) and zinc (Zn). The results obtained in this study are in agreement with the hypothesis that GSR particles are formed by rapid condensation and solidification of vaporized and molten primer and bullet materials as a result of sudden temperature quench. The surface morphology of Ti-Zn particles is an essential criterion for their identification as gunshot residue particles and for discrimination against Ti-Zn environmental particles.
Achalasia, The Valsalva Maneuver, and Sudden Death: A Case Report
Authors: Sperry K
Published: August 2015

A 48 year old woman with no significant prior medical history was found dead by her husband in their home. The autopsy disclosed no anatomic reason for her death; however, the length of the esophagus was found to be massively dilated, with stenosis of the cardiac sphincter, and contained swallowed food material. Her husband disclosed that she had experienced difficulty in swallowing for over 10 years, and had to “strain” to move food into the stomach, although she had never consulted a physician regarding the problem. No gross or microscopic anatomic cardiac abnormalities were identified. The death was ascribed to a cardiac arrhythmia arising from the Valsalva maneuver, which she used to move her ingested food across the stenotic gastroesophageal juncture. The Valsalva maneuver, which increases the intrathoracic pressure by forcing expiratory effort against a closed glottis, has been associated with cardiac arrhythmias and rarely, sudden death. Lethal cardiac arrhythmias should be considered when sudden deaths occur in individuals with esophageal motility disorders, as well as in other situations where the Valsalva maneuver may have been used, and where no other anatomic cause of death is identified.
SEM Analysis of Incinerated Teeth as an Aid to Positive Identification
Authors: Fairgrieve SI
Published: August 2015

Tooth crown and root fragments from a crime scene in which the remains were purposefully cremated, crushed and scattered were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to aid the identification process. The SEM was used to confirm the presence of parallel striations in tooth enamel and dentine as a means of determining past dental restoration. In the case presented, incinerated tooth fragments of determined type and position were subjected to SEM analysis, and ascertained to have had previous dental work that matched antemortem dental records of a missing person.
Prenatal Exclusion of Paternity by PCR-FLP Analysis of VNTR
Authors: Arroyo E , García-Sánchez F , Gómez-Reino F , Ruiz de la Cuesta JM , Vicario JL
Published: August 2015

A prenatal paternity test was requested by a 30-year-old woman. Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) systems were used for DNA analysis by means of amplification and electrophoresis followed by ethidium bromide staining or Southern blotting and oligonucleotide hybridization. Exclusion of paternity could be established on the basis of the great polymorphism and heterozygosity indexes of these genetic systems. This rapid method presents several advantages in contrast with other recombinant DNA techniques such as HLA class II oligotyping or RFLP.
Terminal Ballistics of the 9mm with Action Safety Bullet or Blitz-Action-Trauma (BAT) Ammunition
Authors: Lantz PE , Stone RS , Broudy D , Morgan TM
Published: August 2015

Specialty ammunition creating atypical gunshot wounds of entrance can create confusion and may be misinterpreted by pathologists unfamiliar with the terminal ballistics of these projectiles. The previously unreported wound ballistics caused by the 9mm with Action Safety bullet described in a homicide highlights the atypical entrance wound(s) and wounding capacity of this novel ammunition. Manufactured by Geco division of Dynamit Nobel, the bullet consists of a nonjacketed solid copper alloy bullet body without a conventional lead core. The large deformation well and part of the smaller central channel is filled with a hard plastic core and post that creates a round nose bullet. The internal ballistics and unique design allow the plastic nose cap and post to separate from the copper alloy base while still in the barrel. The radiolucent nose cap leaves the bullet's path but can still penetrate tissue giving the appearance of a separate but smaller entrance wound. The sharp leading edge of the deformation well and relative high velocity of the bullet body creates a punched out entrance wound with minimal marginal abrasion. When the plastic nose cap or fragments of the plastic post impact the subject, test firings may allow an inference to the muzzle-target distance even in the absence of soot deposition or stippling.
A Retrospective and Prospective Study of Cerebral Tissue Pulmonary Embolism in Severe Head Trauma
Authors: Collins KA , Davis GJ
Published: August 2015

In an attempt to determine the incidence of pulmonary embolization of cerebral tissue as the result of severe head trauma with and without dural penetration, we have collected the autopsy reports at our institution of all head injury victims over the past 3.5 years. The retrospective and prospective histologic examination of these cases revealed a total of 10% to have emboli of cerebral tissue within the pulmonary vasculature. Immunohistochemical staining of the emboli confirmed the neural origin of the tissue. The dura mater proved to be intact in 70% of the cases of cerebral embolization. We feel this provides evidence that embolization of cerebral tissue may occur without rupture of the dura and/or large venous sinuses. This observation is of clinical as well as forensic importance, as cerebral tissue emboli are a rich source of thromboplastin in the systemic and pulmonary vasculature and may contribute to the morbidity and mortality of head injuries.
Death Investigation Report Forms (DIRFs): Generic Forms for Investigators (IDIRFs) and Certifiers (CDIRFs)
Authors: Hanzlick R , Gibson Parrish R
Published: August 2015

On the basis of data collection procedures and forms used in various death investigation offices, we developed generic death investigation report forms (DIRFs). One form was designed for documenting information collected by the initial investigator of death, and another form was designed for documenting information collected by the medical examiner, pathologist, or other person who certifies the death or otherwise finalizes the investigation by determining the cause, manner, and circumstances of death. The benefits, problems, and criteria associated with designing the forms are discussed. Both the investigators DIRF (IDIRF) and the certifier's DIRF (CDIRF) are available in printed or electronic form for those who wish to use them or to modify them according to their specific needs. We hope that these DIRFs will be useful and promote uniformity in documenting death investigations.
Standard Language in Death Investigation Laws
Authors: Hanzlick R , Gibson Parrish R , Combs D
Published: August 2015

Death investigation statutes and practices vary among the 50 states. We reviewed the Model Postmortem Examinations Act, recommendations of the National Association of Medical Examiners, the College of American Pathologists' “criteria for autopsies,” and the death investigation statutes and practices in each state. By consolidating the terminology from these various information sources, we developed a list of death categories for which investigation by medical examiners or coroners in the United States is either mandated, commonly performed, or recommended. The list contains specific categories of death, which fall under these three more general areas: 1) unexpected and unexplained deaths, 2) deaths from intentional and unintentional external causes, and 3) deaths that fall under specialized categories related to the decedent's age, environment, or medical conditions, or to the method of bodily disposition. To promote greater uniformity in the death investigation practices among states, we recommend that the Model Postmortem Examinations Act be modified to explicitly recommend certain types of deaths for investigation and that states modify their death investigation statutes to conform to such provisions. Presently, in states where death investigation statutes lack specificity in detailing the types of deaths that should be reported for possible medico-legal investigation, our recommendations, if not in conflict with local statutes, might be used as practice guidelines for the reporting and investigation of certain types of deaths.
Fatal Injuries Caused by Guns Using Shotshell: Case Reports and Ballistic Studies
Authors: Rougé D , Telmon N , Alengrin D , Marril G , Bras P-M , Arbus L
Published: August 2015

The authors present six cases of homicide and suicide in which the weapon involved was a handgun using shotshell. The injuries caused are described and the ballistic characteristics of the weapons are studied. Such weapons, which are relatively easy to obtain, are not as innocuous as they may appear, since they may be modified either by changing the barrel or by removal of the device inside the barrel which is intended to prevent the firing of solid slugs.
Homicide Among Black Males in Jefferson County, Alabama 1978–1989
Authors: Fine PR , Roseman JM , Constandinou CM , Brissie RM , Glass JM , Wrigley JM
Published: August 2015

This study examined 1505 of 1573 (96%) homicides occurring in Jefferson County, Alabama, between 1978 and 1989, that were investigated by the Coroner/Medical Examiners' Office. During this 12 year period, Jefferson County's average annual homicide rate was 18.9 per 100,000 compared to an 11.3 per 100,000 State of Alabama's rate and a 9.3 per 100,000 US rate.

In Jefferson County, the average annual homicide rate among blacks (41.4) was almost six times the rate among whites (7.1). The highest average annual race-specific homicide rate was in black males (75.9), followed by black females (12.4), white males (10.4) and white females (4.1). Black males in the 25–34 year age group had the highest rate (159.7), followed by black males in the 35–44 year age group (151.7) and then by black males in the 15–24 year age group (96.2). These rates ranged from almost eight to over eleven times the rates of similarly aged, black females or white males and were over 33 times higher than the rates for white females of the same age.

Our results emphasize the high rates of black male on black male violence, the acquaintance of the black male victim and perpetrator, and the importance of arguments as an inciting event.

Moreover, we determined that while the raw numbers and rates for black homicides were and are staggering, the average annual homicide rate for black males was actually declining at a greater rate than for all other race-sex groups. Further, our results suggest that a number of hypothesized determinants commonly believed to be associated with the increase in the homicide rate among black males between 15 and 24 years of age, such as drug use, increased availability of firearms and increased child abuse were not, in fact, major determinants of the change in homicide rates.
Detection of the 4977 Base Pair Mitochondrial DNA Deletion in Paraffin-Embedded Heart Tissue Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction—A New Method to Probe Sudden Cardiac Death Molecular Mechanisms?
Authors: Fouret PJ , Nicolas G , Lecomte D
Published: August 2015

Detection of mitochondrial DNA deletions is performed in fresh or frozen material. At our institute, however, heart samples from subjects referred for autopsy are systematically processed for histologic examination (that is, paraffin-embedded). We were interested to know if mtDNA deletions can be detected in such material. Our data indicate that: 1) the most frequently observed deletion—the 4977 base pair deletion—can easily be detected in paraffin-embedded heart tissue; 2) this assay is sufficiently sensitive, since very low levels of the deletion can be found in normal heart tissue from young adults; and 3) buffered formalin appears to be the fixative of choice.

Recent literature shows that repeated episodes of ischemia result in the accumulation of mtDNA deletions in myocardial cells. Because ischemic heart disease is a major cause of sudden cardiac death, a sensitive method for the detection of mtDNA damage in myocardial cells will be an important tool to facilitate understanding of unexpected cardiac arrest mechanisms.
Forensic Characteristics of Colored Polyethylene Bags
Authors: Nir-El Y
Published: August 2015

The inorganic elemental profiles of colored polyethylene bags were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Homogeneity in single bags and reproducibility of bags in a batch were ascertained. The probability of an incorrect matching of two very similar yellow bag batches was found to be 10−9 to 10−8, while a bag is attributed to its batch with a relatively high probability of the order of 1. These characteristics can be applied in the forensic examination of the colored polyethylene bags often used in drug abuse. Similar properties are reported for transparent polyethylene (no pigment additives), where the concentration of zinc was 0.6 ± 0.1 ppm.
Estimation of Age at Death Using Cortical Histomorphometry of the Sternal End of the Fourth Rib
Authors: Stout SD , Dietze WH , Işcan MY , Loth SR
Published: August 2015

Given the often fragmentary nature of unidentified human remains, and the importance of using multiple criteria to estimate age at death, it is essential to have a variety of methods that use different anatomical sampling sites. In this study, osteon population densities (OPDs) were determined from transverse sections removed from an area immediately adjacent to the sternal ends of 60 autopsy rib samples. Regression analysis was performed using age at death as the dependent variable and OPD as the independent variable. The results of a “training set/test set” strategy to evaluate the performance of the histological age predicting model indicates that it provides reasonably reliable and accurate age estimates. A multiple regression model using both OPD and the mean age for a rib's morphological age according to the phase method of Işcan et al. [7,8] is also presented. This later age predicting model is recommended when both methods are applicable.
Discrimination of Ceramics—Study on the Microstructures of Ceramics
Authors: Hashimoto T , Deki S , Kanaji Y
Published: August 2015

A method for discrimination of alumina ceramics was developed based on the observation of the surface morphology of etched surfaces, density, X-ray diffraction line profiles and grain size distributions.

The experimental observations of the surface microstructure were made, using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), on several different alumina ceramics with high (>99%), middle (96 to 98%) and low (approximately 92%) alumina content in order to identify them. The samples were prepared with a sulfuric acid (4.5 mol/L) etching method performed at 150 ≈ 200°C for 2 h on low and middle purity alumina ceramics and for 4 h on high purity alumina ceramics.

The results indicate that the SEM observation coupled with computerized image analysis to determine grain size distribution is a powerful tool to discriminate among alumina ceramics that exhibit similar morphological characteristics.

The X-ray diffraction line profile study is suggested as an additional useful index for the determination of microcrystalline structure.
Forensic Limnology: The Use of Freshwater Algal Community Ecology to Link Suspects to an Aquatic Crime Scene in Southern New England
Authors: Siver PA , Lord WD , McCarthy DJ
Published: August 2015

During July, 1991, two young boys were brutally attacked by multiple teenaged assailants while fishing at a suburban Connecticut pond. After being accosted at knife point, the victims were bound with duct tape, beaten with a baseball bat and dragged into the pond to drown. One victim managed to free himself, rescue his colleague, and summon help from local residents. An exhaustive investigation led to the rapid apprehension of three suspects.

In an effort to link the suspects to the crime scene, sediment encrusted sneakers were seized from both assailants and victims, and analyzed for aquatic microorganisms. Numerous species of diatoms and scaled chrysophytes (planktonic algae) were recovered from the sneakers and from reference samples of pond sediment. The marked similarities in the algal communities present on the sneakers indicated exposure to a common freshwater habitat, most probably the crime scene pond. Additional analyses revealed that Mallomonas caudata was the dominant scaled chrysophyte species in each sample, and that there was no significant difference in the ratios of three species of the diatom Eunotia between all samples examined. These findings further supported the idea that all of the samples originated from a common, if not the same, locality. This case further exemplifies the applicability of aquatic community ecology to forensic investigations.
A Fatality Involving Clothiapine and Clomipramine
Authors: Romano G , Bono GD
Published: August 2015

A fatality resulting from the suicidal ingestion of clothiapine, clomipramine and biperiden is reported. Clomipramine, its metabolite N-desmethylclomipramine and clothiapine were quantified in blood, liver, kidney and gastric contents by HPLC and GC. Biperiden was detected only in the gastric content. Significant differences of drug levels were found in postmortem blood obtained from brain and from heart. Concentrations of clomipramine and N-desmethylclomipramine ranged from 0.48 to 1.61 mg/L and 0.26 to 1.32 mg/L, respectively, and clothiapine from 0.50 to 2.15 mg/L. This phenomenon may reflect a postmortem drug redistribution.
A Review of a Guide to Pathological Evidence for Lawyers and Police Officers, Third Edition
Authors: Ernst MF
Published: August 2015

This 240 page book contains 17 chapters relating to forensic pathology topics (that The Medicolegal Autopsy, Questions the Pathologist Tries to Answer, Traffic Fatali- ties, Stabs and Cuts, etc.), as well as a glossary of forensic terms and 174 references. publication is intended to provide lawyers and police officers with a basic under- standing and working knowledge of the capability and role of the forensic pathologist he determination of an individual's cause and manner of death. It is skillfully written lear and concise layman's terms.
A High Resolution Electronic Imaging System for Crime Scene Use
Authors: Jackson GR
Published: August 2015

A portable high resolution electronic imaging system has been designed and built for recording laser or ultraviolet excited fluorescent marks at serious crime scenes. A 2048 × 2048 pixel Peltier cooled CCD camera and PC-based image capture system contained in two flight cases forms the basis of the system. The captured images can be viewed at the scene to ensure recording quality and returned to the Laboratory stored on magneto optical disks for hardcopy production or digital image processing.
A New Approach to Automatic Comparison of Striation Marks
Authors: Geradts Z , Keijzer J , Keereweer I
Published: August 2015

A database for toolmarks (named TRAX) has been developed on a PC with Microsoft Windows. The database is filled with video-images and administrative data about the toolmarks (width, kind of toolmark, etc.). A comparison screen in TRAX makes it possible to compare images of toolmarks.

The system works with the Screen Machine multi media-board. A new algorithm for the automatic comparison of digitized striation patterns has been developed. The algorithm works well for deep and complete striation marks and will be implemented in TRAX.
Experiences with Zincon, A useful Reagent for the Determination of Firing Range with Respect to Leadfree Ammunition
Authors: Beijer R
Published: August 2015

In the Dutch Forensic Laboratory firing range is determined by means of a chemographical method. The applied method produces colors with the elements lead and barium in conventional ammunition. This method cannot be applied for the determination of the firing range of leadfree ammunition. Because of developments in the eighties and the increasing use of leadfree ammunition, a new method with another coloring reagent has been developed.

Elements present in the gunshot residues of, for example, 9 mm para Action-3 Sintox ammunition used by the Dutch police forces, are copper, zinc and titanium. Our contribution to the method for the determination of the firing range is a combination of the material cellophane film, the coloring reagent zincon and the design of a simple stretching device.

Dependent on weapon, ammunition and clothing a firing range up to about 1.5 m can be determined by means of this method. To conclude, a survey is given of the shoot-outs investigated in The Netherlands in which leadfree ammunition was used.
An Improved Technique to Enable 2-Dimensional Shoe Sole Impression Evidence to be Photographically Recorded “To Scale”
Authors: Hall BR , Nolan AM
Published: August 2015

An improved technique to photographically record 2-Dimensional shoe sole impressions “to scale” is described. This technique was developed as a result of continual attacks in court in relation to the question of precise SCALE.

Staff at our laboratory are routinely required to examine shoe sole impressions evidence that has been collected by our Scenes of Crime Officers. The Scenes of Crime Officers have been instructed in the appropriate photographic techniques which should be used to record 2-Dimensional shoe sole impressions, however, for one reason or another, including inexperience, this technique is not rigidly adhered to.

We have seventy-five (75) Scenes of Crime Officers throughout Queensland, and nearly all of the shoe sole interpretation work is done in the Brisbane Headquarters. It is the case that the Scenes of Crime Officers record the scene and other photographers record the Test Impression.

There are three problems that affect the quality of the scale photographs submitted.

1. The camera is not directly over the center of the subject.

2. The camera is not exactly parallel to the subject.

3. The designs of the camera lens.

These problems are highlighted when barristers compare the scale photos of the test impressions made in the laboratory, with the scale photos of the scene impressions. Barristers actually measure the distance between features and usually a discrepancy (albeit slight) is found. The GRID allows us to demonstrate to Lay persons and Lawyers the interrelationship of identification features, by reference to a particular GRID.
Paternity Identification in Twins with Different Fathers
Authors: Lu H-L , Wang C-X , Wu F-Q , Li J-J
Published: August 2015

If a female has sexual intercourse with two males at short intervals within the same ovulatory period, superfecundation may occur. This article reports two cases of paternity identification in twins. The results showed that each twin had come from a different father. Thus, great attention should be paid to such a situation when the twin paternity identification is asked for.
Isopropanol Interference with Breath Alcohol Analysis: A Case Report
Authors: Logan BK , Gullberg RG , Elenbaas JK
Published: August 2015

The presence of interfering substances, particularly acetone, has historically been a concern in the forensic measurement of ethanol in human breath. Although modern infrared instruments employ methods for distinguishing between ethanol and acetone, false-positive interferant results can arise from instrumental or procedural problems. The case described gives the analytical results of an individual arrested for driving while intoxicated and subsequently providing breath samples in two different BAC Verifier Datamaster infrared breath alcohol instruments. The instruments recorded ethanol results ranging from 0.09 to 0.17 g/210 L with corresponding interferant results of 0.02 to 0.06 g/210 L over approximately three hours. Breath and venous blood specimens collected later were analyzed by gas chromatography and revealed in the blood: isopropanol 0.023 g/100 mL, acetone 0.057 g/100 mL and ethanol 0.076g/100 mL. Qualitative analysis of the breath sample by GCMS also showed the presence of all three compounds. This individual had apparently consumed both ethanol and isopropanol with acetone resulting from the metabolism of isopropanol. An important observation is that the breath test instruments detected the interfering substances on each breath sample and yet they did not show tendencies to report false interferences when compared with statewide interferant data.
Wall Hangings, Hairs and The Holocaust
Authors: Brauner P , Zamir A , Gorski A , Granger-Taylor H , Sheffer A , Salmon I
Published: August 2015

Two wall hangings, from the time of the Second World War, were reportedly made from human hair. Laboratory examination of the hangings confirmed this fact. Fibers, holding the wall hangings together, and the weave of the hangings were also examined. Results and implications of the findings are discussed.
Proceedings of “Workshop on Guidelines for Scene Investigation of Sudden Unexplained Infant Deaths”—July 12–13, 1993
Authors: Iyasu S , Hanzlick R , Rowley D , Willinger M
Published: August 2015

The 1992 Senate Report #102-104 and House Report #102-121 recommended that the Interagency Panel on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) review and establish an updated standard death scene investigation protocol for scene investigation of unexplained infant deaths. As a result of the recommendation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Division of Reproductive Health (DRH), and the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) organized a workshop entitled “Workshop on Guidelines for Scene Investigation of Sudden Unexplained Infant Deaths,” which was held in Rockville, Maryland, on July 12–13, 1993. This article outlines the proceedings of the workshop. The goal of the workshop was to gather information and ideas that could be used to establish guidelines which could be useful in developing a model death scene investigation protocol. It was not a goal of this workshop to produce a specific protocol during the workshop. The workshop was successful in generating a variety of information and ideas concerning the desirable attributes of a protocol including essential items of data, identification of certain training needs, specification of procedures for data collection, reporting, and quality assurance, and proposed strategies for implementation. This information can now be considered by the HHS Interagency SIDS Panel to develop specific guidelines for developing a standard scene investigation protocol for sudden unexplained infant deaths.
Medico-Legal Investigations of the Airbus A320 Crash upon Mount Ste-Odile, France
Authors: Ludes B , Tracqui A , Pfitzinger H , Kintz P , Levy F , Disteldorf M , Hutt JM , Kaess B , Haag R , Memheld B , Kaempf C , Friederich F , Evenot E , Mangin P
Published: August 2015

The authors present the medico-legal investigations and identification after the aircrash of the Airbus A320 upon the Mount Sainte-Odile (France). The identification team comprising investigators from the gendarmerie, forensic pathologists, odontologists, and scientists of the Institute from Legal Medecine rapidly retrieved and identified 85 of the 87 victims, with 17 being identified through DNA typing, three through fingerprints and the remaining through dental records and specific physical or X-ray findings.

Full autopsies were performed on all fatalities to determine patterns of injury and cause of death.

Results lead us to point out the importance of a multidisciplinary team of forensic practitioners especially trained for managing medico-legal investigation in mass disaster and the ability of DNA technology to solve complex identification problems.
Inappropriate Use of .38 Special Ammunition in .30-30 Rifles
Authors: Ward ME , Conradi S , Lawrence CH , Nolte KB
Published: August 2015

Modern firearms are designed to fire ammunition of a specific caliber. We report two gunshot fatalities where .38 Special handgun ammunition was used inappropriately in .30-30 Winchester lever-action rifles. In both cases the recovered wad-cutter bullets were abnormally elongated and unusually striated. In one instance, the cartridge case was expanded and split. Ballistic tests using .38 Special ammunition in a .30-30 Winchester rifle created deformed bullets similar to those recovered from the body. The test fired cartridge cases expanded and jammed in the chamber. While the .30-30 rifle chamber configuration accepts .38 Special wadcutter ammunition, its narrower barrel squeezes larger caliber lead bullets out like toothpaste.

It behooves forensic pathologists to not make hasty determinations of the caliber and weapon type based on a casual inspection of the recovered bullet.
Extensive Fibrofatty Infiltration of the Left Ventricle in Two Cases of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Collett BA , Davis GJ , Rohr WB
Published: August 2015

Replacement of the myocardium by fibrous and adipose tissue is well documented in the right ventricle, but has been rarely described in the left ventricle. We present two cases of extensive fibrofatty infiltration of the left ventricle without significant right ventricular involvement in young men whose presenting symptom was sudden death.
Hazard Ratings of Vapors from Coatings and Adhesives
Authors: Hauser RL , McKeever RB , Krause-Singh J , Elverum JA
Published: August 2015

Many coatings and adhesives have components that are flammable and/or have toxic hazard. When such materials are associated with personal or property injury leading to litigation, there is often the question as to magnitude of hazard. How does the involved material compare to alternative materials suitable for the same task?

This paper presents methods for comparing such materials, using a number of commercial coatings and adhesives as examples for the comparison. The authors present a concept of Flammable Hazard Index whose numbers may range from zero to 20 billion among the population of commercial materials. Inhalation hazards are also compared using a toxic injury potential (TIP), which is the volume of air required to dilute the vapors to permissible exposure limits (PEL) suitable for 8-hour work-day exposure.
Evaluation of the AmpliType® PM DNA Test System on Forensic Case Samples
Authors: Herrin G , Fildes N , Reynolds R
Published: August 2015

Evidence material from sexual assault cases which had been submitted to the laboratory for routine processing were examined to determine the usefulness of the AmpliType® PM PCR Amplification and Typing Kit developed by Roche Molecular Systems for forensic evidence. In all cases in which a conclusive answer was reached for the AmpliType PM system, the results agreed with or surpassed results previously obtained with RFLP testing. The AmpliType PM DNA test system has promise as a quick and easy method for elimination or inclusion of suspects.
CompuTOD, A Computer Program to Estimate Time of Death of Deer
Authors: Cox RJ , Mitchell SL , Espinoza EO
Published: August 2015

A statistical program named CompuTOD has been written which calculates the time since death of white-tailed deer. The data used for the regression analysis (n = 378) was obtained from a controlled hunt in 1982. The results obtained compare favorably with previous studies but additionally gives upper and lower confidence limits for the calculated time interval since death.
Anomalous Migration of PCR Products Using Nondenaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: The Amelogenin Sex-Typing System
Authors: Eng B , Ainsworth P , Waye JS
Published: August 2015

Sex-typing of biological samples can be accomplished using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA sequences that are specific for the Y-chromosome. One such system is based on PCR amplification of the X-chromosome amelogenin gene and the amelogenin-like sequences located near the centromere of the Y-chromosome. The X and Y PCR products can be distinguished from each other on the basis of a 177 basepair (bp) insertion in the X relative to the Y. In this report, we demonstrate that the amelogenin PCR products migrate anomalously using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ND-PAGE) as opposed to agarose gel electrophoresis or denaturing PAGE. These results may be relevant to the choice of electrophoretic system used to analyze highly polymorphic loci for individual identification.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Polymerase Chain Reaction-HLA DQα Analysis of Casework Urine Specimens
Authors: Medintz I , Chiriboga L , McCurdy L , Kobilinsky L
Published: August 2015

DNA was isolated from casework urine samples previously submitted for toxicological analysis. The quality and quantity of DNA isolated was determined by spectrofluorometry and agarose yield gel electrophoresis. Hae III restricted samples were then resolved by analytical agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to a membrane by Southern blotting and hybridized with a chemiluminescently-labelled (D2S44) probe. The DNA fragment banding patterns were indistinguishable from the DNA banding patterns of blood specimens collected from the same donor. Only 5 of 20 samples yielded banding patterns and the banding intensity relative to background was low. Genomic DNA was also obtained from casework samples by Chelex extraction, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then genotyped for human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DQα. Of 20 specimens, 13 (65%) were typed correctly producing identical results for urine and blood specimens obtained from the same donor. Aging studies of casework samples and normal samples (from a non-drug using population) were also conducted with PCR-HLA DQα analysis. Results of these studies indicate that amplification by PCR was more likely to produce positive results. Based on these findings, we conclude that PCR-initiated analysis is more suitable than RFLP analysis for individualization of urine samples.
A Possible Approach to Soil Discrimination Using X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Hiraoka Y
Published: August 2015

Soil samples collected from 110 different sites in the Kyoto district, Japan, were analyzed quantitatively using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to predict unknown soil origins. More than 250 mg soil samples, ground to −100 + 200 mesh and pressed, were analyzed for Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Rb and Sr with good reproducibility. Analytical data were normalized to a standard rock sample (JG-1) and were subjected to multivariate analysis. Especially trace elements, such as Sr and Rb, as well as K and Fe were available to characterize soil samples, and these soils were classified into nine types that show good agreement with geological features. Probabilities of correct identity by comparing unknown soils with control data sets were about 71%, according to the systematic discrimination that was derived from multivariate analysis and a geochemical survey map of soils.
Detection and Determination of Pseudococaine in Coca Leaves and Illicit Cocaine Samples
Authors: Casale JF , Moore JM
Published: August 2015

Methodology is presented for the isolation, identification and determination of pseudococaine in coca leaves and illicit cocaine. Coca leaves, crude cocaine base (coca paste), refined cocaine base and refined cocaine hydrochloride, all derived from the same geographic location in Bolivia, were examined. Pseudococaine and other coca alkaloids were isolated from leaf samples using toluene extraction followed by acid/Celite trap and ion-pair column chromatography, and from crude and refined cocaine samples by acid/Celite column ion-pairing chromatography. Mass spectral analysis of coca leaf isolates confirmed the presence of pseudococaine. Pseudococaine was quantified by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection at levels of 0.0001–0.035% (relative to cocaine) in refined illicit cocaine and coca leaves.
Suicidal Cyanide Ingestion as Detailed in Final Exit
Authors: Cina SJ , Raso DS , Conradi SE
Published: August 2015

Final Exit is an “informational aid” advocating the practice of active euthanasia and describing the proper method for the foolproof commission of suicide. Although it has been directed toward assisting the terminally ill patient who desires to terminate suffering, it has been suggested that the widespread availability of this book may result in its abuse. Specifically, there is growing concern that “do-it-yourself suicide manuals” could bring about the fruition of suicidal ideations that are relatively common among mentally ill patients and impressionable adolescents. Described is the suicidal ingestion of cyanide by a physically healthy 30-year-old man. His diary, found next to the body, contains a recipe for suicide copied verbatim from Derek Humphry's Final Exit. Although the decedent's history, the scene investigation, and the external examination strongly suggest an underlying psychiatric disorder, postmortem examination disclosed minimal underlying physical disease. This case graphically illustrates the abuse potential of this literary genre. To our knowledge, this is the first case of its kind to appear in the literature. We recommend that forensic pathologists and medical investigators familiarize themselves with the methods of suicide described in Final Exit.
Fingerprint Imaging with a Confocal Scanning Laser Macroscope
Authors: Beesley KM , Damaskinos S , (Ted) Dixon AE
Published: August 2015

The scanning laser macroscope is a new scanning beam confocal imaging system that scans up to 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm in 5 seconds. One of its unique features is a telecentric f-theta lens that focuses the incoming beam from a low power laser to a 10 µm spot on the sample. The f-theta lens provides a linear scan, and has a flat focal plane. The macroscope is described in detail and its operation is discussed. Confocal reflected-light images of latent fingerprints were obtained on several different materials. Fluorescence images of Rhodamine-treated samples were also obtained. We also show a reflection image of a fingerprint recorded by scanning the finger in air. Other possible uses of the macroscope in forensics include time-resolved fluorescence, imaging of fluorescent gels used in DNA fingerprinting, IR fluorescence imaging of documents, detecting and recording fluorescence images of latent fingerprints excited with UV radiation, and entering file prints into the computer for storage.
Estimation of Stature from the Length of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Segments of the Spine in American Whites and Blacks
Authors: Jason DR , Taylor K
Published: August 2015

In order to estimate stature from the length of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, thoraco-lumbar (T-L) and cervico-thoracolumbar (C-T-L) segments of the spine, measurements were made on white and black Americans, both male and female, autopsied during 1977–1993. Sample sizes were as follows: white males = 167; white females = 58; black males = 43; black females = 31. Separate measurements were made of the vertebral segments along the anterior surface of the spine. Regression formulae were calculated for each segment in each of the four groups. Standard errors of estimate ranged from 2.60 to 7.11 cm. Comparison was made with previous work published for Japanese. The Japanese formulae could not predict stature of the American populations using our data. The method is useful for estimating the stature of severely burned or multilated bodies.
The Current Status of Research in Forensic Psychophysiology and Its Application in the Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
Authors: Yankee WJ
Published: August 2015

Since 1986 there have been unparalleled advances in the psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) processes and procedures. This paper traces the emergence of a new emphasis in PDD research; the development of forensic psychophysiology as an academic discipline; provides an overview of computerized polygraphs now in use for collecting physiological data; introduces statistical algorithms for analyzing physiological data; identifies new sensors and transducers currently under study; and describes a new instrument now under development.
Determinations of Dangerousness in Forensic Patients: An Archival Study
Authors: Rogers R , Sewell KW , Ross M , Ustad K , Williams A
Published: August 2015

The involvement of mental health professionals in determinations of dangerousness is both common and controversial. Among the various contexts for these evaluations, the release of potentially violent forensic patients from maximum security facilities evokes justified concern from involved experts and apprehension to outrage from the immediate community. We sought to examine how conclusions are reached on dangerousness at two sequential stages: clinical recommendations and Manifest Dangerousness Hearings decisions. In an archival study of 245 patients, we found that lack of progress in the institution and physical assaultiveness were the strongest correlates with dangerousness. In contrast, experts and review boards appeared to be relatively less influenced by diagnosis, types of treatment, and sociodemographic variables.
Sources of Error in Forensic Handwriting Evaluation
Authors: Beck J
Published: August 2015

Failure to follow certain basic principles underlying forensic handwriting evaluations is very likely to result in erroneous conclusions. While there are many potential sources of error, including methodological and psychological ones, this paper addresses just three specific ones that appear to have become more frequent in recent experience: (1) failure to give proper weight to differences; (2) failure to consider crucial writing movement characteristics; and (3) using self-serving exemplars. Illustrations show actual case examples.