bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leftists in Uniform
Authors: O'Mara Richard
Published: September 2018

The peddler assembled a pyramid of small, red envelopes on the grass at his feet. He was hawking a nostrum, which he declared would cure everything from impotence to corns to alcoholism. His curly black hair glistened in the milky Peruvian sun. His assistant, a young boy, was transfixed by an iguana, as the crowd was transfixed by the voluble huckster. Figuratively he held them in the palm of his hand while the boy literally held the iguana in his. He stared at it, as if waiting for it to change into something other than a lizard.

It was Saturday afternoon. In the center of town foreigners picked over Indian blankets and dickered inexpertly for ceramics, copper masks of Inca deities, and the handbags woven in bright colors that are all the rage these days in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires.
Color and Culture in Israel
Authors: Garcia Sandra A.
Published: September 2018

Before I went to Israel in 1973 as a fellow of the Ford Foundation I had heard many words used to describe Israel as a nation. Some of the most frequently used were “neocolonialist,” “expansionist,” “imperialist,” and “racist.” The Israelis were described as “arrogant,” “pushy,” “cold,” and “racist.”

Usually when these terms were tossed around I was in the middle of a heavy “rap” with those of my students who described themselves as of the New Left or with blacks who claimed lo be militant. Invariably my ears perked up, and became keenly attentive when I heard the word “racist.” For years this reaction had been as automatic to me as salivation at the smell of good food, a result of being black in America for over thirty years. As time went on, it became increasingly important for several reasons for me to look into alleged Israeli racism.
Rules for Multinationals: The Latin American Context
Authors: Wionczek Miguel S.
Published: September 2018

At the present moment there seems to be a worldwide agreement that conflicts between multinationals and host countries do exist, that they are bound to increase in intensity in the near future, and that something must be done about it. Speaking on U.S.-Latin American relations earlier this year the U.S. Secretary of State singled out multinational enterprises as one of the key hemispheric problems. A senior economist from the Brookings Institution said last fall that the likelihood of international conflict on the issue of multinational corporations is growing sharply, and the clash of the national interests involved could become in the near future a central problem of world economics and politics. In Latin America and elsewhere in the developing world similar preoccupations are expressed by an increasing number of policy-makers, policy advisors, and public opinion-molders.
Encountering the Authentic Marx
Authors: Harrington Michael
Published: September 2018

All I demand of the reader, James Joyce is supposed to have remarked of Finnegans Wake, is his lifetime. Fortunately and unfortunately, Karl Marx makes the same claim. Fortunately, because his work is so vast and rich that you can profitably spend a lifetime assimilating both its specific insights and a methodology that enables you to confront new and unprecedented realities. Unfortunately, because it is impossible to dabble in Marx. Such otherwise brilliant scholars as Karl Popper and Paul Samuelson have often written downright silly things about Marxism after acquiring a tourist's knowledge of it. There is probably a larger library of worthless writings on Marx than on any other major thinker in Western culture.
A Crusade Quickly Cancelled
Authors: Early Tracy
Published: September 2018

President Carter has packed away his human rights crusade, as the State Department implicitly confirmed in this year's survey of countryby- country violations and what the United States can do about them. Reduced to absurdity, the crusade now amounts to looking at 105 nations receiving American aid or buying American weapons and finally deciding it is safe to penalize Nicaragua. And who will deny that Nicaragua deserves a penalty?

No doubt we will continue to hear of human rights and occasionally see a bit of action, as we did of course before Carter appeared, but human rights as a crusade has been canceled. Carter in office quickly learned that his approach endangered too many American interests without visibly weakening tyrannies abroad.
Southern Africa: A Cataclysm Averted?
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: September 2018

In a time when idiocies such as the domino theory comprise a substantial part of American foreign policy one has to look hard for evidence that authentic national interest is anywhere being invoked as a rationale for external relations. That the Republic of South Africa seems to be a world power demonstrating innovation in diplomacy and putting shibboleths in their rightful place says something about the genera] bankruptcy of Western statecraft. While Ford and Kissinger flail about seeking justifications for American failures and misalliances, a moldy, outcast regime in Pretoria has embarked upon a path of diplomatic initiative which has effectively breached the wall of isolation that has surrounded it for two decades. The motives of the regime of John Vorster may be sinister and base, but there appears to be a far more sophisticated perception of long-term interests in Pretoria than in Washington.
A Trade Unionist View of Multinational Corporations
Authors: Sharman Ben
Published: September 2018

Of books and studies on multinational corporations there is, apparently, no end in sight. Nevertheless, little attention has been given to the various factors that cause employee-corporation relations to vary from country to country.

From my trade union experiences in the USA and parts of the developing world I have learned that employee relations are heavily influenced by factors such as the strength of the trade union movement, national labor legislation, the labor market, and conditions affecting job security. Because these factors differ from place to place, it is impossible to generalize about the employee relations of any single multinational corporation; we often find multinational corporations with good employee relations in one country and poor relations in another.
The Social Scientist as Political Activist: The Ethical Dilemmas
Authors: Russett Bruce M.
Published: September 2018

What are the political, social, and moral obligations of a social scientist? How sure, for example, must a peace researcher be before advocating a particular policy? When does he or she pass over the line from the faithful searcher after truth to the possibly erring committed citizen? Questions worth exploring.

The government official is at one extreme on a continuum running from social theory to social action. The official's responsibility is to act, and in a modern industrial society the acts of a senior official can have enormous impact on the lives, the liberties, and the happiness off citizens. The official knows this and the citizens know it.
Is the Holocaust Unique?
Authors: Eckardt A. Roy
Published: September 2018

Watersheds of human history are often given symbolic recognition through radical breaks in the way we date things. Thus in Christendom reference is made to B.C. and A.D.; some Jews and Christians have agreed on a mutual resort to BCE and C.E.; while in Islam H.A. stands for the alldecisive year of Mohammed's Hijra (Migration). Perhaps 1941 is to be identified as Year One of the Holocaust (basing it upon the “killing phase” of the program against the Jews). On this reckoning the present analysis is offered in the year 34 of the Holocaust. But the symbology A.H. would mean confusion with Muslim usage. An alternative, for English usage, is BFS, before the Final Solution, and F.S., in the year of the Final Solution. (Any symbology faces the criticism of being either arbitrary or contrived. A still further alternative is B.A. and A.A., before and after Auschwitz. There are substantive objections to singling out Auschwitz, and yet there is no doubt that this name has become the single most powerful symbol of the Holocaust.)
Freedom Does Not Exist in a Vacuum
Authors: Goulet Denis
Published: September 2018

Mr. Gastil's summary of the survey conducted by Freedom House commands assent on several points. Freedom is indeed a comparative word and exists in varying degrees. Freedom does not necessarily accompany, or result from, economic or organizational progress. And there is a close bond between civil and political liberties.

Mr. Gastil displays knowledge of a wide spectrum of political systems and writes in clear prose. Why, then, do his words leave this reader skeptical, with a sense of unreality, as though all that is written bears no relation to what he knows of Africa, the Mideast, Latin America, or Europe? I could not begin to take Gastil's essay seriously without first finding the key which explains these disquieting impressions.
Cyprus: The Drift to Disaster
Authors: Caradon Lord
Published: September 2018

Anything I write may be quickly overrun by new developments—in Cyprus, in Greece and Turkey, at the United Nations in New York and Geneva.

I started to write in a plane flying from New York to Geneva to see Prince Sadruddin, the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees; I went on in hurried interludes during a hectic general election in England; I finished on another plane to New York.
We Did Not Lose in Vietnam
Authors: Massengale Eugene W.
Published: September 2018

In the wake of what many see as an overwhelming American defeat in Indochina, East Asia is ihe scene of dramatic changes. There is unfolding a new geopolitical configuration that looks very much like an abdication to, and accommodation with, communism. There is, moreover, a pervasive consensus that the U.S. is suffering from a paralysis of power that will cause it to abandon its Asian allies in future crises. This consensus has grown in spite of the concerted efforts of the Ford Administration to convince the international community, including Communist powers, that America still has the will to abide by its obligations.

Was U.S. policy, and the withdrawal of American forces from Southeast Asia, responsible for the sudden collapse of the pro-Western governments of Indochina and the subsequent wave of reassessments and realignments that has swept over the area?
The Woes of Farmer Andropov
Authors: Mikheyev Dmitry
Published: September 2018

Soviet newspapers are filled with the most interesting stories—particularly on the first and second pages, which are devoted to the Soviet economy. Four subjects dominate these pages: food problems, discipline problems, and management and transportation problems.
The Arms Race
Authors: Marx Karl
Published: September 2018

It is unquestionably a rare opportunity that has been given me to comment on developments the world has undergone in almost a century since I was observing it with some regularity. For the sake of perspective I might point out that less than half a century elapsed between the French Revolution and my own university matriculation. I then kept a pretty close watch on the world, particularly the European part of it, for nearly another half-century. And now, suddenly, I am asked to render judgment on what has happened in a period of like duration.

So, despite the extraordinary opportunity that has been vouchsafed me (and it is, of course, quite flattering as well), I cannot pretend to be altogether comfortable with it. To be sure, I was not unfamiliar with the deadlines of either newspapers or creditors, but I think Engels and I were well known to (if not always well loved by) our nineteenth-century associates for the care and thoroughness with which we approached any subject we had to write or speak about.
The Unfinished State of Nigeria
Authors: Whitaker C. S.
Published: September 2018

Hailed at its birth in 1960 as democracy's best hope in Africa, Nigeria succumbed to yet another military takeover on December 31, 1983. Of particular anguish is the fact that the coup reverses the celebrated constitution of 1979, when Nigeria redeemed democracy from the ashes of violent political breakdown, military intervention, assassination, and civil war. Now events are bound to confirm the all too general impression that in Africa authoritarian rule is inevitable.
Henry Steele Commager on U.S. Foreign Policy in the '80s
Authors: Frost Jess V.
Published: September 2018

For over half a century Henry Steele Commager has been an historian and educator of rare insight and clarity, bringing to the study of U.S. policy and international affairs both a practical eye and strong moral concerns. His thinking has often contrasted sharply with the Establishment's; today that contrast appears more distinct than ever.

With George Santayana, Dr. Commager believes that “To be an American is of itself almost a moral condition, an education, and a career.” Few embody this definition as well as he. Dr. Commager has taught at Columbia, New York University, Cambridge, Oxford, and Amherst. Today he is Bullitt Professor of American History at the University of Washington in Seattle, where this interview was conducted.
Havana Diary
Authors: Woolfson Susan
Published: September 2018

March 30—The president of the Associated Church Press calls to invite me on a Church World Service/Cuban Ecumenical Council-sponsored religion journalists' tour of Cuba. “I've always wanted to go to Cuba,” I tell M. “You've always wanted to go everywhere,” he retorts
West Germany and the U.S.: What's Wrong With the Alliance?
Authors: Waterman Harvey
Published: September 2018

Some of NATO's faults are birth defects and others are accidents of history or the usual sort of problems that beset any human institution during a third of a century. Yet despite internal strains and external challenges, NATO watched over the political and economic reconstruction of Europe and has kept the peace. Today, new and multiple tensions strain the Alliance still further. Will the NATO that survives—and few actually contemplate its demise— be as successful?

The original deal was this: We would protect Western Europe from the Soviet Union and in return the nations of Western Europe would remain friendly to us and to Western ideas of government and international relations. West Germany also would be protected and, eventually, allowed to contribute to its own defense. We would not even ask the Germans to abandon hope for reunification or concern for their brethren to the east.
Afghanistan and Russian History
Authors: Solovyov Vladimir , Klepikova Elena
Published: September 2018

It is human nature to wish bad luck on one's enemy, and that seems to be the basis for the current suggestion that Afghanistan will become for Russia what Vietnam was for America. But a year after Russia's invasion it is time to realize that this has not happened— and will not happen It is not merely because, as Richard Pipes has pointed out, the Soviet Union has experience in putting down Moslem uprisings in Central Asia, and the Afghan rebels have received nothing like the massive aid that North Vietnam got from the USSR and China. Those are important reasons, but they are not the main ones. Even if the Soviet Union lacked such experience and even if Zbigniew Brzezinski's military mission to Pakistan had been successful and America had managed thereby to deliver to Afghanistan as many weapons as the Viet Cong received, the Soviet Union would not disengage Let us go even further and assume that the war will last for more than a decade and cost the Russians 55,000 lives (the sort of “body-count” familiar in the Vietnam war). Still the Soviet Union would not withdraw For the USSR, 55,000 lives are not what they are for America.
Warring on the Economy
Authors: Gerzon Mark
Published: September 2018

War and peace. Jimmy Carter's aides called it “the Tolstoi issue.” The incumbent hammered at it endlessly. The differences between the candidates were “stark,“ he said: Trigger-happy Ronald Reagan would lead America into war; he, the president, would be prudent and safeguard the peace.

The economy. Ronald Reagan blamed the Carter administration for rising unemployment and recordsetting inflation. The free-spending Democrats would lead us into a depression, Reagan warned; the thrifty Republicans would stop inflation and “put America back to work.”

Yet not once during the long campaign did either of the main candidates mention the link between the two. Not once did they discuss how the military budget affects the civilian economy. The American electorate was offered a choice between spending a little more on the arms race or spending a lot more. Carter and Reagan were as one, though, in assuming that military arms equal national security and that arms spending equals a strong economy. In fact, both assumptions are wrong.
Looking Back to '68
Authors: Finn James
Published: September 2018

There is in this land a certain restlessness, a questioning,” said President Lyndon Johnson when he delivered his State of the Union message at the beginning of 1968. How right he was. And to his own question of “why, why this restlessness?” he responded: “Because when a great ship cuts through the seas, the waters are stirred and troubled. And our ship is moving….“

What Lyndon Johnson overlooked in his neat metaphor was that a lot of passengers on that ship were stirred and troubled, fearing that they were on a new Titanic setting due course for a large iceberg that was highly visible to them but apparently not to Captain Johnson and his crew.
Faith and Disorder in Bangalore
Authors: Pannenberg Wolfhart
Published: September 2018

The Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches met for two weeks last August in Bangalore, India. Future historians may conclude that Bangalore marked the end of what is called secular ecumenism. But first, a little of what led up to these developments.

After the Commission's meeting in Montreal (1963) it seemed to many that the direct path to ecclesial unity had been blocked. The goal of the World Council of Churches (WCC), to bring about a greater unity among the churches, seemed to some no longer possible and to others no longer desirable. But the majority hoped that both unity and effective witness could be better advanced if the WCC took a detour, focusing on the urgent political and social problems facing all the churches.
Orality & Literacy
Authors: Becker John E.
Published: September 2018

Not long ago we were quite confident about how to go about thinking. If we wanted to think about some fundamental value—say, justice—we charted the course of our exploration over the broad and silent ocean of historical and philosophical knowledge accumulated in libraries. Within the last few decades, however, we have discovered, to our dismay, that knowledge has burst the boundaries of print to attack not only eyes, but ears, touch—the whole sensorium. Ease of travel and the wonders of electronics have launched us into an informational universe of too many dimensions. We can be almost anywhere. We can watch space lift-offs and half-an-hour later watch magnified human sperm travel into the womb and beyond. We can "see" the color-coded temperature of Jupiter and look back from beyond the Earth. We can see and hear war happen.
The Other China Hunger: Part II
Authors: London Miriam , London Ivan D.
Published: September 2018

It's nothing new in Chinese history to impress the foreigner for the sake of the country's face,” said a young escaper last year in Hong Kong, who by no means intended to denigrate his country. “When people from other countries came to the ancient capital of Ch'ang An in the Tang Dynasty, it was so gorgeously decorated, those foreigners were astounded….If the rulers today desire not to let foreigners see anyone wearing patched clothes, that can easily be arranged. And if they want to show foreigners trees in Peking with silk hanging from the branches, that is also possible.”

Visitors from afar viewing today what B. Michael Frolic describes as “the peaceful blues and grays and whites of Chinese cities” would certainly smile at the thought of brocades waving in the breeze.
Government By Islam
Authors: Metcalf Barbara D.
Published: September 2018

For most of its young political life, beginning with the partition of British India in 1947, Pakistan has been in some sense an ally of the United States, a signatory to military agreements, and a recipient of foreign aid. The government of General Zia ul Haq, established by a military coup against the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, has now been in power for a full seven years. Two developments have attracted U.S. attention to Pakistan during this period: first, the Soviet invasion and occupation of Pakistan's neighbor, Afghanistan, in 1979; and second, the call on the part of Zia's government for the establishment of an Islamic regime. Despite a certain unease with that ideological goal, Americans—particularly in the wake of Afghanistan—have seen their interests firmly tied to the stability of the current regime and are currently in the midst of providing it with one of their largest military and development packages, some $3.2 billion. Clearly, the policy of Islamicization has not been an obstacle to the relations of Pakistan and the United States. In what sense, however, can the policy be called Islamic?
Civil Defense: Listening to Chicken Little
Authors: Quertner Gary L.
Published: September 2018

The SALT II debate has revealed a growing acceptance among anti-SALT strategists that we must be prepared to fight a nuclear war. The "war fighters" advocate strategies and force levels that reflect the traditional belief that weapons exist to fight wars, not just deter them, and nuclear war is like any other in this respect. There is little recognition by this group that events leading up to a crossroads in human history— the firing of thousands of nuclear weapons— would be anything other than a neat, mechanical, step-by-step procession to confrontation, from which the two sides could easily disengage. Civil defense, programs are prescribed as an integral part of a credible war-fighting capability, and Protection in the Nuclear Age, the government's most recent public information film on the subject (produced for the Federal Emergency Management Agency), accepts this assumption.
The Brandt Report: An Uncertain Trumpet
Authors: Sen Sudhir
Published: September 2018

A psychologist has observed that when a man gets lost in a dense forest, he tends to run faster and faster. It seems this is what all of mankind is doing in today's crisis-ridden world. In recent years we have witnessed a great many commissions and conferences along with a flood of reports and documents, all purporting to solve the grave problems of our times. Yet it would be no exaggeration to say, borrowing a phrase from Churchill, they have been "less luminous than voluminous."
The Trilateral Era
Authors: Novak Jeremiah
Published: September 2018

For the past four years right-wing and left-wing organizations in the United States have been aware of a new foreign policy establishment known as the Trilateral Commission. This group, founded by David Rockefeller, is comprised largely of corporate executives from Western Europe, Japan, and the U.S. Jimmy Carter, Walter Mondale, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and Cyrus Vance, as well as seventeen other members and former members of the Carter administration, belonged to this group before they took office. Key political figures in the governments of Japan and Western Europe also belong, as do John Anderson, George Bush, and Henry Kissinger.
South Africa: Paradise Is Closing Down
Authors: Black Jan Knippers , Needler Martin C.
Published: September 2018

We went to two theatrical performances during our visit to South Africa in July, 1979. One was at a faintly sleazy nightclub in the stylish Hillbrow section of Johannesburg, whose familiar aspect was puzzling until we realized that it reminded us of the Kit-Kat Klub in Ccbaiet.
4 South Africa: Can U.S. Policies Influence Change?
Authors: Conway Robert
Published: September 2018

U.S. policies can play a major part in influencing change in South Africa, but before this can occur there is much faulty thinking to correct. Traditional academic commentary on the matter prescribes for the U.S. the role of honest broker; indeed, the State Department often categorizes its own role in such terms. This is a myth that must be exploded immediately. The United States has too much at stake in the area; it can't pretend to be neutral or play the role of a third party mediator. It is a major partner.
Rediscovering Democracy in Latin America
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

It is not unlikely that within the next two years nearly every country in Latin America will be governed by an elected civilian regime. This might surprise most Americans, accustomed as we are to thinking about the region in terms of coup-prone military governments and repressive oligarchies. We are surprised too at the recent embrace of democracy in Latin America by the Reagan administration. Some of its leading representatives went about touting the virtues of authoritarian government; but the administration has found that it is good politics to promote democracy and free elections in Central America and the Caribbean— and politically impossible to resume aid to regimes with bad human rights records. In fact, “Project Democracy” is the latest buzzword of Reagan's Latin American policy.
Contemplating Suicide: A Conversation With Jonas Jurasas
Authors: Syna Sy
Published: September 2018

lonas Jurasas, director of The Suicide now on Broadway, formerly headed the State Theatre of Kaunas in his native Lithuania. After his Moscow production of Macbeth was banned, he wrote an open letter to the Ministry of Culture in protest. He was immediately stripped of his position and, two years later, was permitted to emigrate together with his wife and son.
Hong Kong's Prospects, China's Promises
Authors: Omestad Thomas
Published: September 2018

As our train passed through the flat, grayish city of Nanking last December, a retired Chinese high school principal spoke about the uncertain future of his home, Hong Kong. What would happen to one of the world's great colonial anachronisms when Great Britain's ninety-nine-year lease ran out in 1997? After months of secretive negotiations between China and Great Britain, the former schoolmaster was optimistic: The Chinese Communists were too smart to risk undermining Hong Kong's stability by, say, moving in troops. They understood that to act precipitously toward always-anxious Hong Kong could mean chaos, and they appreciated the economic benefits of preserving Hong Kong as a window on the West for trade, technology, and capital.
True Objects: Camus and the American Peace Effort
Authors: Pickus Robert
Published: September 2018

We can count on injustice in human affairs; on privilege, exploitation, and violence. Violence, which in its ability to turn a human being into a thing, inflicts the final injustice.

But we can count, too, on men and social movements to challenge and so to limit this grim reality. In one era a revived religious or political tradition, in another a movement of the oppressed, but in every time some men will affirm dignity and brotherhood and the possibility of community across national, racial, and ideological barriers.

It is a tragic moment in history when such people lose their bearings; when the ideas and goals that inspired them fundamentally alter; when an accurate assessment of their spiritual health is Nietzsche's “1 have forgotten why ever I began.”
Not So Liberal Rumania
Authors: Kirk Donald
Published: September 2018

The stream begins in a park near the military school on the outskirts of the medieval Saxon-built town of Sibiu. It burbles through grassy meadows and pine forests as nearby roads turn to dirt tracks and dignified nineteenth-century homes yield to occasional thatched huts and sheds. On a sun-dappled Sunday afternoon families play in the park. From time to time lovers vanish down the path, escaping from prying eyes in the rows of gabled houses and shops within a double ring of huge stone walls that were thrown up seven centuries ago to ward off the Tatars. "People here are afraid," says the young woman, a schoolteacher. She is perched on a walkway atop one of the outer walls. Beneath us ancient churches and towers shadow the town's twisting streets. "You don't know our rules."
Ethiopia's Great Terror
Authors: Magstadt Thomas M.
Published: September 2018

Last fall the United States ambassador to the United Nations, Jeane Kirkpatrick, attempted to draw worldwide attention to the “savagery” of Ethiopia's Marxist regime. “It is estimated that some 30,000 persons in Ethiopia were summarily executed for political reasons between 1974 and 1978,” she told the U.N. General Assembly on October 2, 1981. “Twelve-year-old children were among those immersed in hot oil. sexually tortured, or flung out of windows and left to die in the street.”

At about the same time Ambassador Kirkpatrick was detailing the horrors of the Mengistu government, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service was busy preparing a review of the residency status of Ethiopians living in the United Stales.
The Politics of Pesticides
Authors: Roosevelt Edith Kermit
Published: September 2018

America's foreign policy establishment is bracing itself for a pesticide time bomb: the explosive revelations of how developing countries are being turned into dumping grounds for dangerous pesticides that are banned in the United States. A House subcommittee on international economic policy and trade, which is conducting hearings on a bill introduced by Representative Michael D. Barnes (D-Md.) to control the export of hazardous materials, has information from the World Health Organization that 500,000 people are poisoned each year in the Third World as a result of direct exposure to pesticides, about 5,000 fatally.

“The nations of the developing world are most vulnerable and often lack the capability to monitor and regulate dangerous imports,” says Jacob Scherr, staff attorney for the Washington-based Natural Resources Defense Council, a group that monitors global environmental matters. In his testimony to Congress Scherr warned of “the potential negative foreign policy consequences of the export of hazardous wastes to developing nations.”
The Education of Hafez al-Assad
Authors: Pope Sterett
Published: September 2018

This February Hafez al-Assad was elected to a third seven-year term as president of Syria. In the country that popularized the Middle Eastern coup d'état, Assad's rule is remarkable if only for its longevity. Successful dictators must both lead and follow the countries they rule, and Assad's career embodies well the strengths and failures of his countrymen. Coming to power in the wake of debacle and despair, Assad has tenaciously defended Syrian national interests. At home, the “Butcher of Hama” has not created political community or viable institutions, but he has stayed in power. Relying on increasingly brutal and minoritarian methods, Assad has brought a tenuous stability to Syria, but nothing more.
The Philippines: Prospects for Democracy
Authors: Manglapus Raul S.
Published: September 2018

The ill-again/well-again image of Ferdinand Marcos is attributed by doctors to a kidney ailment similar to the one that did not succeed in killing Anastasio Somoza of Nicaragua. Still, Marcos has already had a “piggy-back” kidney transplant (the donor reportedly one of his children) and may be in much more, danger of dying from the ailment than Somoza ever was—a prospect that has prodded some of the opposition to produce a new “fast-track” scenario to take effect upon his demise.

The heightened expectations of Marco's imminent death have reduced interest in an earlier scenario drawn up last April in Hong Kong by six opposition figures: former Senators Lorenzo Tanada, Jose Diokno, and Jovito Salonga, former President Diosdado Macapagal (represented by Abraham Sarmiento, Constitutional Convention vice-president in 1971), Agapito Aquino (brother of the martyred Senator Benigno Aquino), and this writer.
The Politics of Famine
Authors: Marcus Harold G.
Published: September 2018

In Addis Ababa's vast Revolution Square there are large pictures of Marx, Lenin, and Engels, and of Mengistu Haile Mariam, the head of the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia and leader of the newly organized Workers Party of Ethiopia. In the decade since a military committee, the dirgue, dethroned Haile Selassie and abolished the monarchy, these four have been proclaimed the saviors of Ethiopia. Today, however, many Ethiopians believe the dirgue's policies are responsible for inciting the nationalities to insurrection, reducing agricultural yields in the south, helping to cause the famine in the northeast, tying Ethiopia to the capital-poor Soviet Union and its allies, and unnecessarily alienating the capital-rich West. In their opinion, the government has failed the. revolution by being repressive and rigid. Mengistu and the ideology he represent should give way to new and more flexible leaders and politics.
The Age of Papandreou
Authors: Rousseas Stephen
Published: September 2018

Once upon a time there were two Papandreous—Papandreou plre and Papandreou fils—and one Caramanlis. Now there is only a Papandreou fils, Andreas.

The last of these to depart the political scene, President Constantine Caramanlis, was the man who Queen Frederica and the United States had chosen over many more senior heads of the conservative Right for the premiership of Greece in 1955. Then a mere forty-eight, he reigned over an ultraconservative government that was at times severely repressive and not above rigging elections or making use of political thugs. Forced out by Frederica in 1963 amidst the scandal of the Lambrakis case—the subject of the highly successful film Z—Caramanlis went into selfimposed exile in Paris.
Hungary Remembered: 1956-81
Authors: Matthews John P. C.
Published: September 2018

It was on October 23, twenty-five years ago, that Hungarian students first tobk to the streets of Budapest shouting slogans and addressing demands to the regime The unexpectedly harsh reaction to those demands touched off what is called the Hungarian Revolution of 1956—the two weeks of patriotic struggle, revolution, and heady freedom that came to an end with the brutal predawn drive of the Soviet military machine.

Actually, fierce fighting continued for another ten days and was carried on sporadically for weeks. “Free dom radios” transmitted regularly through November 9, and the last did not fall silent for many days beyond that Workers' and revolutionary councils, though out lawed by decree, functioned throughout much of the country until well into the next year. Compulsory Rus sian was abolished in the universities in late November (not to be reinstituted until February, 19S7) and a general strike paralyzed the country for months.
Nicaragua and the Press
Authors: Worthington Richard
Published: September 2018

Ever since the Sandinista Front for National Liberation (FSLN) toppled the fifty-year-old dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua in July, 1979, the United States press has paid consistent close attention to civil liberties issues, especially press freedom, in assessing the course of the revolution. On the heels of the FSLN victory, the Establishment media's attitude toward the newly reconstituted Central American state was one of suprised approval: This leftist regime had embarked on a unique form of reconstruction marked by a mixed economy and genuine respect for civil liberties. During the past two years, however, watchful anticipation has given way to stern judgment. Now, when reporting on the new government's human rights and civil liberties record, these press observers tend to picture a repressive, one-party state.
Machiavelli in the New World
Authors: Commager Henry Steele
Published: September 2018

The fundamental problems of politics, in the modern world as in the ancient one, have been and inevitably will be moral. To the ancients the maxim that no state could long flourish without virtue was clear. Equally clear was the conclusion that no state had ever conducted itself virtuously over a long span of years. We are all familiar with the philosophical and the practical debate over this problem, one that has perplexed statesmen and philosophers from the beginnings of history. We need only think of the New Testament account of Herod's massacre of the Innocents—an issue that conjured up, or seemed to conjure up, Reasons of State.
The Bipartisan Trap
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: September 2018

The Democratic party is like an estranged married couple that tries to make a go of it again. However great its resolve to play up the things held in common and to minimize those causing strife, it soon finds that the matters that tear at the relationship are of equal or greater importance than those that cement it. One might say that on many issues the Democratic party is divided between those who squeeze the toothpaste tube in the middle and those who roll it up from the end.

For openers, there are elements in the party who are distinctly uncomfortable with many of the constituencies that traditionally have lent it support. For another thing, the party itself is divided between vintage free-traders and born-again protectionists. Although Democrats want government to have more than the limited role Ronald Reagan would consign to it, many in the party fear that the voters are unsympathetic to its statist proclivities.
To Be Jewish in God's Own America
Authors: Ungar Andre
Published: September 2018

As Napoleon's armies were advancing into Eastern Europe, a Jew ran gleefully to his rabbi. “Master, the liberators are coming! At long last we shall be free and secure, treated like human beings, given dignity and….” But the sage shook his head. “Yes, we shall be rich and safe. And we shall forget all about God and His Law, break His commandments, run after worthless goals. I'd rather have us poor and oppressed as we are now, but faithful to our Judaism.”
The Bishop & South Africa: An Interview With Desmond Tutu
Authors: Suarez Rafael
Published: September 2018

Rafael Suarez: The subject most in the news lately concerning South Africa is the drafting of a new constitution. As many Americans know, the constitution includes the socalled coloured and Asian populations in the new political process, but not the blacks. What is your position on the new constitution?

Bishop Tutu: We have no doubt at all that it is something to be rejected out of hand because it is totally undemocratic, excluding as it does 70 per cent of the population.
Politician and Farm Hand: A Tale of Two Paraguayan Prisoners
Authors: Bridges Sydney
Published: September 2018

From February to July, 1978, no one would confirm to Gumercindo Britez's mother that he was a prisoner in the Department of Investigations, but she knew. She returned to Paraguay from northern Argentina as soon as she heard; every day she sat in the Investigations waiting room, hoping some policeman would finally tell her, or that some other prisoner's relatives might have seen or heard of her son.

In contrast, it took Rafaela Laino only a few hours to obtain confirmation that her husband was at Investigations. Like every other wife and mother whose family members have been arrested, she went from one police station to another with a package of clothing, hoping that somewhere a policeman would accept it and thus formally acknowledge her husband's detention. But Rafaela's quest was different: Diplomats from three countries were also inquiring after Domingo Laino, a leader of Paraguay's largest opposition party.
Christians Between Arabs and Jews
Authors: Lindbeck George
Published: September 2018

That theology is more interesting than politics is one impression gained in talking to Christians from abroad during a six-month stay in Jerusalem during the first part of 1979. Their political opinions, like those of other inhabitants of this city, are for the most part too passionately partisan and polarized to carry much weight. Pro-Israelis and pro-Palestinians tend to cancel each other, at least for someone like myself who has been trying to talk to both sides. One longs for other viewpoints that might restore balance and perspective. In Jerusalem masses of information are available, but there are few political ideas that transcend the present fronts.
An Intellectual Portrait of Pope John Paul II
Authors: Williams George Huntston
Published: September 2018

Appearing on the balcony of St. Peter's, his first words as supreme pontiff were: “May Jesus Christ be praised!” At the close of the installation eucharist John Paul II lifted high the papal crozier, redesigned by Pope Paul as a staff surmounted by the crucified Christ. In all his utterances to date the new pope has emphasized Christ as the hope of the world but has also lifted up the mankind Christ came to save. He has illuminated the variousness of this mankind, from the individual in all his loneliness, even his alienation, to persons in collectivities of family, class, race, and nation. He has described many Christians too as people often filled with doubt about their ultimate meaning to themselves or for others, both on the level of social relations of all kinds and in the redemptive community of the Church. John Paul closed his installation homily: “I appeal to all men—to every man (and with what veneration the apostle of Christ must utter this word, ‘man’)—pray for me.“

Some days later John Paul visited Santa Maria Sopra Minerva and declared that he dedicated his pontificate to the Dominican tertiary St. Catherine of Siena (d. 1380). This was one further gesture of his identification with the Italian people as their national primate, for St. Catherine and St. Francis of Assisi are the two patron saints of Italy. But he was also signaling his intention, in his choice of a lay woman, a reformer, a crusader, a mystic, and a doctor of the Church (so proclaimed in 1970), to assign high positions of decisionmaking to lay women and to female religious of all orders in recognition of the prominent role women have played in the past and of the much greater role, short of the priesthood, they would be playing under his pontificate.
From Partial Peace to Real Peace in the Mideast
Authors: Ball George W.
Published: September 2018

For America in the fall of 1979 the strategic center of the world is the Persian Gulf, and I shall discuss the effect of Middle Eastern developments on the security of that area. Certainly, nothing that has occurred within the past few months is reassuring. Iran is ruled by a regime—one can hardly call it a government—that practices an indigenous form of fascism with a medieval Islamic overlay. Its basic outlook is xenophobic; it opposes Western concepts of progress and, therefore, the West itself—and particularly the United States.
The Mideast: Impressive Achievements and Sober Hopes
Authors: Eilts Hermann Frederick
Published: September 2018

Twice in these past twelve months portentous change has shaken the Middle East. First, the demise of the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran and its replacement by a fundamentalist, theocratic regime; and second, on an entirely separate plane, the successful negotiation of a contractual peace between Egypt and Israel. These have truly been sensational changes in terms of their strategic significance. Though unrelated and dissimilar in their respective thrusts, each is revolutionary. Each in its own way has profoundly altered the balance of forces in that turbulent area. And not surprisingly, each has required American, European, Soviet, and other leaders to reassess some of the basic premises upon which their policies toward the Middle East have for years been predicated. Within the area, as well as outside it, each has evoked sharply mixed reactions—hope, concern, apprehension, and dissension, depending upon the point of view of the beholders.
The Sad Case of Argentina
Authors: O'Mara Richard
Published: September 2018

She's an airline hostess, with the conventional beauty of the type. Above an open and smiling face the copy reads: “Lindsay MacGowan's grandfather came from Glasgow. Her grandmother came from Dublin. She wants to fly you home with her to Argentina.”

Lindsay and two of her compatriots were featured in an advertising campaign for Aerolineas Argentinas late last year. Their purpose was to persuade American readers of Business Week that Argentina and its national airline are European, which presumably suggests efficiency and, as the ad puts it, customer treatment that is “Stylish and rather grand,” not South American, which suggests the opposite.
Volunteers of Conscience
Authors: Rhor Mónica
Published: September 2018

A group of New Yorkers meet in a spacious apartment off Central Park West to discuss the welfare of Paulus Kenop, an Indonesian arrested for raising a separatist flag outside a government building in his country. None of the thirteen people present has ever met Kenop and probably never will. None shares his political beliefs, yet all are willing to do their best to free him.

These educated, affluent professionals form one of Amnesty International's most effective New York "adoption groups"–Group 26. They are all volunteers who meet once a month to work on particular cases involving political prisoners.
Questions of Lebanon
Authors: Shlaim Avi
Published: September 2018

The second government formed by Menachem Begin, following the Likud party's narrow victory in the June, 1981, elections, represented a real change in Israeli foreign policy. Dominated by a group of hard-liners committed to the ideology of "Greater Israel" and powered by a drive for regional hegemony, this government led Israel along a nationalistic and militant course, culminating within one year in a full-scale invasion of Lebanon. The election results, which gave the Likud 48 seats in the new Knesset compared with the Labor party's 47, hardly provided an unequivocal mandate for the pursuit of Begin's far-reaching political program, a program that can be summed up in the two words Eretz Yisrael—the whole land of Israel. Nor could a coalition with the religious parties, which commanded a wafer-thin majority of 61 in the 120-member Knesset, be considered a natural vehicle for bringing about such a radical change in foreign policy.
Populations & Prosperity
Authors: Brown Lester R.
Published: September 2018

For most of humanity the third quarter of the century was a period of unprecedented prosperity. The world's output of goods and services, expanding 4 per cent or more annually, tripled in less than a generation. Growth seemed commonplace—and was soon built into consumer aspirations, corporate earnings projections, and government revenue expectations. Few stopped to calculate that if the 4 per cent rate of economic growth remained steady, there would be a fiftyfold expansion in just a century. And even fewer considered the pressure this would put on the earth's resources.