bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTEGRATION OF REMOTE SENSING DATA AND BASIC GEODATA AT DIFFERENT SCALE LEVELS FOR IMPROVED LAND USE ANALYSES
Authors: Waldhoff G. , Eichfuss S. , Bareth G.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The classification of remote sensing data is a standard method to retrieve up-to-date land use data at various scales. However, through the incorporation of additional data using geographical information systems (GIS) land use analyses can be enriched significantly. In this regard, the Multi-Data Approach (MDA) for the integration of remote sensing classifications and official basic geodata for a regional scale as well as the achievable results are summarised. On this methodological basis, we investigate the enhancement of land use analyses at a very high spatial resolution by combining WorldView-2 remote sensing data and official cadastral data for Germany (the Automated Real Estate Map, ALK). Our first results show that manifold thematic information and the improved geometric delineation of land use classes can be gained even at a high spatial resolution.
America Invents Act's Prior User Defense: Lessons from Global Patent Regimes and Legislative History
Authors: Khamin Aleksey
Published: August 2015

The America Invents Act (“AIA”) introduced a prior user defense into the U.S. patent system. Although this defense exists in most world patent systems, the AIA version—replete with ambiguities and exceptions—raises several interpretive problems. This Article provides a detailed analysis of this novel AIA provision in the context of legislative history and global experience, and argues for the clarification and expansive interpretation of several ambiguous terms designed to prevent the statute’s negative impact on individual inventors.
Prioritizing Demand Response: How Federal Legislation and Technological Innovation Changed the Electricity Supply Market and the Need to Revitalize FERC Order 745
Authors: McAllister Bradley J.
Published: August 2015

Traditional barriers to entry in the electricity supply marketplace are crumbling due to recent federal legislation and new technology. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)'s Order 745 prioritizes the use of demand response via a uniform pricing mechanism. Through it, demand response is able to provide the same benefit as traditional electricity generation - at a reduced cost - and improve service, reliability, and market development. Consequently, the increased use of demand response reduces prices for regional grid operators, as well as commercial, institutional, and residential consumers. This Note discusses the legal, economic, and policy reasons for upholding Order 745 in the face of transformative change in the electricity supply market and evaluates the history of smart grid legislation leading up to the issuance of Order 745 in 2011. Next, it analyzes how energy intelligence hardware and software allow new entrants into the wholesale electricity supply market in hopes of capitalizing on inefficiencies in regional power distribution and the revolutionary opportunities for residential consumers through new technologies. Most importantly, this Note argues for a reversal of the D.C. Circuit’s decision to vacate Order 745 in the case EPSA v. FERC, decided in May 2014. Such a reversal is necessary because Order 745 falls within FERC’s authority under the Federal Power Act and the loss of a uniform pricing mechanism for demand response resources sold at capacity auctions will harm electricity markets.
Embracing the Imminent: Proposed Legislation for Automated Cars in Pennsylvania
Authors: Sheinberg Katelyn
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Spring 2015 Table of Contents and Publication Information
Authors: Franklin Samuel
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Carta del Papa Francisco con motivo de la beatificación de Monseñor Oscar Arnulfo Romero
Authors: Francisco Papa
Published: August 2015

Carta del Papa Francisco con motivo de la beatificación de Monseñor Oscar Arnulfo Romero Galdámez, enviada al Excmo. Mons. José Luis Escobar Alas, arzobispo de San Salvador, Presidente de la Conferencia Episcopal de El Salvador.
Acercamiento al proceso de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reinserción (DDR) en Nicaragua después de 28 años de la firma de los acuerdos de Esquipulas II
Authors: Chamorro Soren
Published: August 2015

El presente trabajo pretende dar una mirada retrospectiva al proceso de desarme, desmovilización y reinserción de ex combatientes nicaragüenses a la vida civil, después del conflicto armado desarrollado entre los miembros de la Resistencia Nicaragüense y el Ejército Popular Sandinista en los años ochenta. Se hace un repaso general sobre aquellos elementos considerados como fallidos y como causas de los posteriores procesos de rearme, pero también, visualizaremos aquellos elementos que han permitido que en la actualidad Nicaragua siga viviendo en un estado de paz relativa. Asimismo, el artículo abordará alguna información sobre lo que ha ocurrido con las/los ex combatientes nicaragüenses hasta hoy y cuál es la situación del país en torno a la construcción o no de una memoria histórica que garantice la no repetición de un conflicto bélico entre los y las nicaragüenses.
Mensaje ocasional en el XV aniversario del martirio de Monseñor Oscar A. Romero
Authors: Torres Pérez José Miguel
Published: August 2015

El presente testimonio fue escrito por el teólogo ecuménico y pastor bautista nicaragüense José Miguel Torres h., en ocasión de la conmemoración del 15 aniversario del martirio de Monseñor Oscar Arnulfo Romero, describe a grandes trazos las vivencias con el Mártir y Santo en el año de 1977, cuando le tocó asumir el pastorado de la Iglesia Bautista “Emmanuel” de El Salvador y cuando ya en ambos países los pueblos se alzaban en rebelión contra los regímenes dictatoriales que los oprimían.
Los movimientos sociales ante la crisis
Authors: Arévalo Cuadra Gerardo Raúl , Arévalo Cuadra César Augusto
Published: August 2015

Este trabajo, en un primer momento, aborda, la problemática epistemológica, que conlleva la definición de” Movimientos Sociales”; las perspectivas de autores que han ahondado en la temática: su surgimiento, evolución histórica e interpretaciones que de diversos estudios han abordado, tanto en occidente como en los países subdesarrollados.Así mismo presenta una panorámica teórica, interpretativa de la escencia de la misma en diferentes épocas y latitudes y los elementos constitutivos de los Movimientos Sociales.Especial atención presto al desarrollo en América Latina de la acción colectiva desde los tiempos de la Colonia Española hasta nuestros días y la relación de los Movimientos Sociales con el devenir político.Finalmente, concluye con la realidad nicaragüense, sobre este fenómeno y su acción cotidiana, su hoy y su futuro.
Lacayo Deshon y el expresionismo abstracto
Authors: Martínez Sanz Hector
Published: August 2015

Semblanza de la obra del Maestro Ramiro Lacayo Deshon, autor de la portada de la revista Cultura de Paz.
"Mi barrio III"
Authors: Fuentes de Lacayo Claudia
Published: August 2015

“Mi nueva propuesta suma a los recuerdos enterrados de nuestras culturas prehispánicas y las murallas coloniales que se levantaron sobre ellos y que mis anteriores piezas muestran, los nuevos muros de la cultura popular, símbolos de lo efímero y lo desechable, en los que publicidad, espectáculos y figuras públicas se sobreponen a los sucios muros de la ciudad, así como sobre nuestra memoria histórica, que me hace pensar cómo la cerámica prehispánica fue un producto de la tierra, y toda vasija, olla, pote, frasco o incensario, no sólo era un objeto de uso cotidiano, sino también un objeto sagrado con el que fueron enterrados los gobernantes y sacerdotes, así como la gente del pueblo …”
"La espera", "Opresión", "La dulzura"
Authors: Ortiz Ascencio Tania Esmeralda
Published: August 2015

Es una artista joven emergente, que viene trabajando de manera constante desde hace siete años. Actualmente es miembro del grupo de grabadores “GLIFOS”, el tema de su obra es recurrente en el retrato, aquí se siente libre para expresar sus sentimiento, sus emociones, su amor y sus críticas a la sociedad por la soledad que sufren las personas mayores, como la esperanza que tienen los niños (as); también incursiona en otros temas. Esta joven es una de las promesas en el campo de las artes visuales nicaragüenses. Sus dibujos tienen fuerza expresiva y un mensaje directo del amor y desamor entre los seres.
"Viejita vivandera"
Authors: D´Amalia Bygocha
Published: August 2015

Homenaje a la mujer trabajadora de cualquier parte de este bello planeta.
Faxian’s Biography and His Contributions to Asian Buddhist Culture: Latest Textual Analysis
Authors: Li Xican
Published: August 2015

To provide more updated and accurate information on Faxian, an eminent monk of ancient China’s Jin Dynasty (266–421 CE), the present study conducts a literature survey to analyze his native region. It is found that Faxian was actually born in modern Linfen City in Shanxi Province, not Xiangyuan County as previously described. In his childhood, he became a novice monk and was compassionate toward the poor. To search out and collect Buddhist scriptures, Faxian undertook a westward pilgrimage to India from 399 to 412 CE. During this hard and dangerous pilgrimage, Faxian burst into tears three times. Finally, he succeeded in bringing a trove of Buddhist scriptures back to China from India. For the rest of his life, along with Buddhabhadra, he was engaged in translating Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. These translated scriptures were highly beneficial for Chinese Buddhism, especially the precepts (sila-vinaya) and Mahāyāna works. Faxian himself is demonstrated to have been a Mahāyāna Buddhist follower. His pilgrimage experience was recorded in his work “Record of Buddhist Kingdoms”, which provides important information about ancient Asian kingdoms. Faxian’s story promoted Asian tourism relevant to Buddhist culture. As a pioneer in the 4th century, Faxian started a new era of westbound pilgrimage to ancient India, including the similar pilgrimages of Xuanzang and Yijing in the 7th century. Even today, Faxian continues to strengthen friendship among Asian countries.
Algebra Aerobics
Authors: Barnes Julie , Jaqua Kathy
Published: August 2015

A kinesthetic approach to developing ideas of function transformations can get students physically and intellectually involved.
Corner Reflector Mathematics
Authors: Popelka Susan R.
Published: August 2015

Students investigate the geometrical properties used to design reflective safety garments and road signs.
The Amazing Mathematical Race
Authors: Noblitt Bethany A. , Buckley Brooke E.
Published: August 2015

Participants race across a university campus, completing challenging mathematical tasks that correspond to NCTM's Standards.
Media Clips: Traffic Accidents; Game Shows
Authors: Dickie Theodore
Published: August 2015

Students analyze items from the media to answer mathematical questions related to the article. In these two clips, the mathematics involves rates and probabilities, including expected value. Students have opportunities to do some research.
Delving Deeper: Pythagorean Triples: Avenues for Exploration
Authors: Cannon Lawrence O.
Published: August 2015

The article contains classroom enrichment suggestions related to Pythagorean triples. Topics discussed for student exploration can be adapted for any level from early algebra through early college.
The Back Page: My Favorite Lesson: Playing the River Crossing Game
Authors: Raines Joan M.
Published: August 2015

A favorite lesson is discussed. This one involves an MT article by Dan Canada and Dave Goering from May 2008 using probability in a game setting.
Enjeux éthiques potentiels liés aux partenariats patients en psychiatrie : état de situation à l’institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal
Authors: Lierville Anne-Lise , Grou Christine , Pelletier Jean-François
Published: August 2015

La participation des usagers des services au profit de l’amélioration de la qualité du système a été érigée en priorité par le Plan d’action en santé mentale de 2005. Dans ce cadre, l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal a développé des dispositifs innovants autour du principe de pleine citoyenneté, grâce aux patients partenaires et aux pairs aidants.

Cet article a pour objectif d’interroger, d’un point de vue éthique, à la fois ces pratiques en tant que telles mais également leurs encadrement et accompagnement institutionnels. Cette étude a été réalisée au moyen d’une revue de la documentation scientifique, d’un examen des dispositifs institutionnels associés et d’entretiens axés sur les conditions d’exercice de cette participation.

L’analyse a permis de mettre en lumière la pluralité de réalités que recouvre ce dispositif de participation des usagers. S’il y a consensus sur le potentiel offert par une participation des patients au système de santé, certains facteurs et zones de risque peuvent néanmoins être identifiés : isolement, fatigue émotionnelle, rechute possible, précarité, enjeux d’intégration. Pour éviter de tels écueils, l’étude a souligné la nécessité de préparer, d’accompagner et de soutenir les usagers dans leurs nouvelles fonctions, ainsi que l’importance d’une gouvernance globale de cet ensemble d’activités. Au terme de cette étude, certaines recommandations sont formulées, en particulier celle consistant à réactualiser les valeurs éthiques institutionnelles à la lumière des nouveaux paradigmes de partenariat patient.
Les dispositifs de délibération en santé mentale et la démocratisation des échanges entre les pairs : le cas de l’assemblée des usagers d’un centre d’attention psychosociale au Brésil
Authors: Ruelland Isabelle
Published: August 2015

Le réseau public de services de santé mentale de la ville de Campinas dans l’État de São Paulo au Brésil est constitué de divers dispositifs de délibération impliquant des personnes utilisatrices. L’assemblée des usagers dans les centres d’attention psychosociale (CAPS) constitue un exemple clé de ce genre d’innovation participative fondée sur des principes de démocratisation et de justice sociale. Est-ce que l’assemblée des usagers comme dispositif délibératif institué agit sur les inégalités sociales de pouvoir et le rétablissement des personnes ? Il s’agit ici de rendre compte de certains résultats d’une recherche qui a pour objectif de saisir si de tels dispositifs agissent sur la démocratisation des rapports sociaux du point de vue des personnes utilisatrices impliquées, et comment. À partir d’une ethnographie organisationnelle de près d’un an dans un CAPS du réseau public de santé mentale de Campinas, il a été constaté comment les échanges créés au sein et en dehors de l’assemblée des usagers participent à l’émergence d’une forme de pair-aidance spontanée et informelle. Ce constat permet de réfléchir sur le rapport entre cette pair-aidance implicite et la circulation des personnes dans une pluralité d’espaces collectifs ouverts dans lesquels celles-ci peuvent partager des affects et critiquer librement au sujet des services reçus.
Le parcours des parents et des enfants présentant un TSA
Authors: Poirier Nathalie , Vallée-Ouimet Jacinthe
Published: August 2015

Objectif : Cette recherche s’intéresse à l’expérience des parents (n = 41) concernant leur enfant ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) selon différents thèmes clés de son développement, soit le diagnostic, la santé, la famille, l’intervention, le milieu de garde éducatif, le milieu scolaire, l’âge adulte et la reconnaissance du trouble.

Méthode : Quarante et un parents de personne présentant un TSA ont été recrutés par la Fédération québécoise de l’autisme (FQA) et certains par échantillonnage de convenance afin d’assurer une variabilité quant à la sévérité du trouble. Ils ont ensuite répondu à un questionnaire de 192 questions, couvrant les données signalétiques du répondant, le diagnostic de l’enfant, l’état de santé, l’aspect familial, les services de répit, le milieu de garde éducatif, les interventions, le milieu scolaire fréquenté, la période de l’adolescence, l’âge adulte, les droits et la reconnaissance du trouble. Ce questionnaire a été lu et commenté par dix étudiantes de niveau doctoral en psychologie et par trois experts en TSA afin d’évaluer la pertinence, la justesse et l’étendue des questions. Le questionnaire a été passé à 10 parents dans le cadre d’une étude qualitative et les questions ont été ajustées pour concevoir le questionnaire de la présente étude.

Résultats : Les résultats indiquent que les premières inquiétudes des parents à ce qui a trait au développement de leur enfant concernent le langage, le contact visuel, l’isolement et la motricité. Les parents mentionnent éprouver des émotions positives comme la fierté et la joie ainsi que des émotions négatives telles que l’inquiétude relativement à l’avenir à leur enfant. Quelques familles profitent des services de répit et les parents estiment que les services d’intervention sont insuffisants. Près de la moitié des parents sont satisfaits des services reçus à l’école. La plupart des adultes ayant un TSA habitent toujours avec au moins un de leurs parents. Certains d’entre eux travaillent, mais la rémunération est minimale. Sur le plan de la reconnaissance, une majorité de parents indique qu’ils auraient préféré que leur enfant n’ait pas de TSA afin que la vie de ce dernier soit plus facile.

Conclusion : Les données recueillies permettent une compréhension de l’expérience des parents pouvant servir à l’adaptation des services aux familles d’enfant présentant un TSA. Une plus grande connaissance quant aux services éducatifs en milieu de garde, aux services d’interventions à prodiguer à leur enfant lors de la petite enfance ou en milieu scolaire ainsi qu’aux services pouvant être obtenus sur le plan des répits serait à favoriser afin d’aider les parents à mieux organiser les services de leur enfant.
Le Web 2.0 pour soutenir le réseautage en santé mentale au Québec
Authors: Michaud Dominique , Briand Catherine , Thibault Véronique , Charbonneau Karine
Published: August 2015

Pour soutenir l’accès et l’implantation des meilleures pratiques de réadaptation en santé mentale au Québec, le Centre d’études sur la réadaptation, le rétablissement et l’insertion sociale (www.cerrisweb.com) a mis sur pied une communauté de pratique et organisé des activités Web 2.0 accessibles à distance. Dans cet article, les auteures présentent cette communauté de pratique et les résultats d’une expérience de trois années (2010-2013) concernant l’appréciation de ses membres de deux activités Web 2.0 de dissémination et d’échange de connaissances : la conférence en ligne et le débat-blogue. L’utilisation d’outils Web 2.0 semble une avenue intéressante pour faciliter l’accès aux connaissances et favoriser les échanges entre acteurs du réseau de la santé mentale du Québec.
La investigación sobre la traducción entre catalán y español: estudios lingüísticos
Authors: García de Toro Cristina
Published: August 2015

Cet article présente les résultats d’une vaste étude consacrée aux travaux sur la traduction entre le catalan et l’espagnol, aussi bien ceux qui se basent sur l’approche traductologique que ceux qui se fondent sur la linguistique. En raison du détail et de la longueur de l’étude, les résultats seront présentés dans deux articles indépendants. Le premier : « La investigación sobre la traducción entre catalán y español : estudios lingüísticos », abordera les études qui se fondent sur la linguistique, et le deuxième : « La investigación sobre la traducción entre catalán y español : estudios traductológicos », qui apparaîtra bientôt dans ce journal, s’occupera de la recherche faite dans le domaine des études en traduction. Le but de ce premier article est d’offrir une première approximation à ce champ d’études selon l’approche linguistique. Les travaux se fondant sur la linguistique se sont notamment intéressés à l’interférence et ses implications sur l’établissement des normes orthographiques et grammaticales de la langue, surtout du catalan, et à la précision du lexique, lors de la normalisation linguistique. Conséquemment, l’article passe en revue les approches grammaticales et stylistiques, les approches basées sur la linguistique contrastive diachronique, sur la lexicographie, sur l’enseignement-apprentissage des langues et sur le contact des langues.
L’Ordre d’Olivar Asselin : étude sur un libéralisme de conservation canadien-français
Authors: Dalpé Samuel
Published: August 2015

Du printemps 1934 à l’hiver 1935, la bourgeoisie canadienne-française de Montréal est le lectorat ciblé de deux brèves entreprises journalistiques sous la direction d’Olivar Asselin. L’une d’elles, L’Ordre, fait sa spécialité de l’éditorial et du commentaire détaillé des actualités culturelles, politiques et économiques. Au coeur du brassage d’idées qu’amène la crise socioéconomique, Asselin et ses collaborateurs mettent en chantier un libéralisme de conservation, sous l’influence du conservatisme doctrinal et du libéralisme français.
The identity of Restio trisepalus Nees, the new combination Leptocarpus trisepalus and lectotypifications in Australian Restionaceae
Authors: Briggs Barbara Gillian
Published: August 2015

Restio trisepalus Nees is identified as an earlier name for the recently published Western Australian species Leptocarpus elegans B.G.Briggs. The new combination, Leptocarpus trisepalus (Nees) B.G.Briggs, is provided. Lectotypes are designated for Leptocarpus erianthus Benth., Leptocarpus thamnochortoides F.Muell., Lepyrodia paniculata F.Muell. and Lepyrodia muirii F.Muell.; only the last of these being a currently accepted name.
Primulina linglingensis var. fragrans, a new variety (Gesneriaceae) from Guangxi, China
Authors: Ge Yu-Zhen , Wen Fang , Pan Bo
Published: August 2015

Primulina linglingensis var. fragrans (Gesneriaceae) endemic to Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated here

as a new variety. The newly described variety is similar to P. linglingensis var. linglingensis but differs by having

leaf blade nearly symmetric to symmetric, inflorescence with cymes 2–8-flowered, peduncle densely hairy with

glandular and eglandular indumentum, bracts narrowly ovate, corolla usually bicolor, staminodes 2, ovary and

style densely hairy and glandular-hairy. Notes on habitat, distribution and conservation status are provided.
Two new species of Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) from the North West region of Western Australia
Authors: Jobson Richard W , Baleerio Paulo C
Published: August 2015

Two new species of Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) from the North West region of Western Australia. Utricularia

byrneana R.W.Jobson & Baleeiro and U. wannanii R.W.Jobson & Baleeiro are described as new and are considered

members of Utricularia subgen. Polypompholyx section Pleiochasia. The distribution and habitat preferences

of these species are discussed. Two individual taxonomic keys are provided representing the groups in which

the new species are most likely to be closely related. Specifically, Utricularia byrneana is compared with species

from Western Australia possessing hollow peduncles namely U. fistulosa P.Taylor and U. tubulata F. Muell.,

while U. wannanii is compared to species possessing connate bracts and bracteoles namely U. dunlopii P.Taylor,

U. georgei P.Tayor and U. kimberleyensis C.A.Gardener, as well as close relative U. uniflora R.Br.
Andrographis producta (Acanthaceae), an endemic species from the Western Ghats: its taxonomy, lectotypification and distribution
Authors: Gnanasekaran Gunadayalan , Murthy G.V.S.
Published: August 2015

The name Andrographis producta (C.B.Clarke) Gamble (basionym: A. neesiana Wight var. producta

C.B.Clarke) is lectotypified here. As well as a complete description, including the pollen and seed morphology,

the relationships, IUCN conservation status and distribution of this endemic species from the Western Ghats

in India are discussed in detail for the first time.
VII. Schriftlichkeit, Papier und Recht. Zum Wandel der Speichermedien in Moderne und Postmoderne – eine Skizze
Authors: Meder Stephan
Published: August 2015

Writing, Paper and Law. Concerning the Transition in Storage Media in the Modern and Postmodern Eras - a Sketch. At present, certain fields of law experience a media transformation, which is well underway. As at the threshold of the late Middle Ages and the Early Modern era, the transfer of money and payment plays a leading role. But what is, intrinsically, this media transition? Legal history proofs that principles of the written form had taken effect already in the ancient world rather than only in the Early Modern era. The invention of letterpress printing was neither cause nor trigger of the written form, while influencing the theory of the close of writing: The “demise of writing” is not to be expected, as the current transition does not concern the writing itself but rather the storage medium. New legal development stems from the emancipation of writing from paper. Today, the role of the printed book in the future, or whether there will still be bank notes, or bank statement printers, and how notaries will certify marriage contracts, or last wills, or company agreements, is uncertain. Surely, the “materiality” of paper has a wider time horizon than electronic storage media. Paper can be restored. It stays without continuous new formatting. As for literacy, the enhancement of the mobile phone on keyboards and screens (“the eye’s victory over the ear”) is also a victory of writing over the spoken word. Therefore we may expect paper to stay important, but within a diversification of information storage media.
X. Gesetzesbruch als Prinzip. Entwicklungslinien des weltanschaulichen Radikalismus in der Führerdiktatur
Authors: Doering-Manteuffel Anselm
Published: August 2015

Breaking the Law as a Norm: Contours of Ideological Radicalism within the Nazi Dictatorship. This article analyzes the relationship between Nazi legal experts’ efforts to create a canon of constitutional law for the Third Reich and the ideological radicalism characteristic of Hitler and the SS-state. The attempts of legal professionals to establish “völkisch” constitutional law emerged out of the staunch anti-liberalism that had spread throughout Germany since the end of World War I. However, this “völkisch” constitutional law bore no resemblance to rational European legal thought. It not only proved to be ineffective for this reason, but also because the ideological radicalism that reigned supreme in the Third Reich sought to break the law and let lawlessness rule.
Dass jemand des anderen solle sein: Unfreiheit im Sachsenspiegel
Authors: Seybold Steffen
Published: August 2015

That one should be someone else’s property. Bondage in the Sachsenspiegel. It is often assumed that the Sachsenspiegel (Saxon Mirror), a private medieval compilation of Saxon law, contradicted bondage fundamentally with its revolutionary demand for freedom. This article challenges the established view by explaining that the Sachsenspiegel’s author, Eike von Repgow, merely argued against the usurpation of another person’s freedom while accepting bondage by contract. This contractual approach at least implied a mitigation of bondage. Eike tried to refute common justifications of bondage derived from biblical narratives. Because he took these narratives as true stories, he brought forward arguments of historical analysis instead of dogmatic considerations. Nowadays, bondage within the Sachsenspiegel is often equated with serfdom, while Eike described the status of a bondsman rather like that of a slave.
VII. Utrum parvuli sint invitis parentibus baptizandi? Eine Spurensuche nach den Wurzeln des can. 868 § 2 CIC
Authors: Rehak Martin
Published: August 2015

Utrum parvuli sint invitis parentibus baptizandi? A quest for the roots of can. 868 § 2 CIC [Code of Canon Law]. The present contribution examines the theological and canonistic discussion on whether children are to be baptized contrary to their parents’ will. For that purpose, the opinions of famous authors of the 12th to the 18th century as well as the relevant decisions of roman dicasteries from the 17th to the 19th century are portrayed.
VIII. Das Inquisitionsverfahren beim Heiligen Offizium
Authors: Lorenz-Filograno Maria Pia
Published: August 2015

Inquisition procedure at the Holy Office - Legal Facets and Perspectives of analysis. The present essay examines institutional and normative aspects as well as the structure and the procedure of the Holy Office in condemning heresy, with a special focus on the 19th century. Beginning with a description of heresy and its relevance for criminal policy, the author considers the Inquisition not only as a tribunal with its own rules, but also as an institution that was integrated into a general legal system, which therefore cannot be understood as an impermeable and completely separated institution.
VIII. Curiales e cohortales in P.Gen. Lat. inv. 6.
Authors: Ammirati Serena , Fressura Marco , Mantovani Dario
Published: August 2015

Curiales and Cohortales in P.Gen. Lat. inv. 6. A new version of a Costitution of Honorius and Theodosius II of 423. A re-examination of P.Gen. inv. Lat. 6, a parchment fragment from Egypt now kept in the Geneva Library, allows to identify its content as a constitutio - in a textual form so far unknown - of Honorius and Theodosius II (partially transmitted in CTh. 8,4,28; 6,35,14; 12,1,184), perhaps included in a collection of imperial dispositions concerning curiales and cohortales, set up for private or professional use. A new edition of the text of the fragment, together with a commentary, has been provided within the framework of the ERC project “Redhis. Rediscovering the hidden structure. A new appreciation of Juristic texts and Patterns of thought in Late Antiquity” (University of Pavia), which aims to the edition of the writings of Roman jurists on papyri and parchments, dating from the 2nd to 6th cent. AD, in order to evaluate the persistence of classical legal thought in Late Antiquity.
X. Modelle objektiver Haftung im Deliktsrecht: Das schwerwiegende Erbe des römischen Rechts
Authors: Cursi Maria Floriana
Published: August 2015

Forms of strict liability in the law of delicts: The heavy legacy of Roman law. In Roman law there are two forms of delictual strict liability - i.e. liability for damages, regardless of the participation of the liable person to the harmful act. According to the first model, the pater familias / dominus is liable, because he is the only one in the family who can pay compensation. The second model is instead based on a reference to culpa in eligendo or in vigilando, and the strict liability is justified by the need to ensure an absolute protection of the injured person. The civilian tradition has built its theory of strict liability on this second model, speaking of culpa in vigilando or in eligendo even when - after the distinction between iniuria and culpa was introduced by Chr. Thomasius - strict liability was conceived as liability without fault. This has led to a gap, in the European civil codes, between the dogmatic construction of vicarious liability as subjective, because based on culpa, and its actual nature of objective liability, regardless of fault.
Zu den älteren Bauverträgen aus Epidauros
Authors: Thür Gerhard
Published: August 2015

About the older building contracts from Epidaurus. The article is dealing with the four earlier building inscriptions from the sanctuary of Asclepius in Epidaurus dated in the first half of the fourth century BCE (IG IV2 102, 103, 118 and 112) newly edited by Sebastian Prignitz in 2014. The author puts forward a new sight at concluding the contract and ensuring it through guarantors.
Fluxes and fate of dissolved methane released at the seafloor at the landward limit of the gas hydrate stability zone offshore western Svalbard
Authors: Graves Carolyn A. , Steinle Lea , Rehder Gregor , Niemann Helge , Connelly Douglas P. , Lowry David , Fisher Rebecca E. , Stott Andrew W. , Sahling Heiko , James Rachael H.
Published: August 2015

Widespread seepage of methane from seafloor sediments offshore Svalbard close to the landward limit of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) may, in part, be driven by hydrate destabilization due to bottom water warming. To assess whether this methane reaches the atmosphere where it may contribute to further warming, we have undertaken comprehensive surveys of methane in seawater and air on the upper slope and shelf region. Near the GHSZ limit at ∼400 m water depth, methane concentrations are highest close to the seabed, reaching 825 nM. A simple box model of dissolved methane removal from bottom waters by horizontal and vertical mixing and microbially mediated oxidation indicates that ∼60% of methane released at the seafloor is oxidized at depth before it mixes with overlying surface waters. Deep waters are therefore not a significant source of methane to intermediate and surface waters; rather, relatively high methane concentrations in these waters (up to 50 nM) are attributed to isopycnal turbulent mixing with shelf waters. On the shelf, extensive seafloor seepage at <100 m water depth produces methane concentrations of up to 615 nM. The diffusive flux of methane from sea to air in the vicinity of the landward limit of the GHSZ is ∼4–20 μmol m−2 d−1, which is small relative to other Arctic sources. In support of this, analyses of mole fractions and the carbon isotope signature of atmospheric methane above the seeps do not indicate a significant local contribution from the seafloor source.
Chemical compositions of solid particles present in the Greenland NEEM ice core over the last 110,000 years
Authors: Oyabu Ikumi , Iizuka Yoshinori , Fischer Hubertus , Schüpbach Simon , Gfeller Gideon , Svensson Anders , Fukui Manabu , Steffensen Jørgen Peder , Hansson Margareta
Published: August 2015

This study reports the chemical composition of particles present along Greenland's North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core, back to 110,000 years before present. Insoluble and soluble particles larger than 0.45 µm were extracted from the ice core by ice sublimation, and their chemical composition was analyzed using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. We show that the dominant insoluble components are silicates, whereas NaCl, Na2SO4, CaSO4, and CaCO3 represent major soluble salts. For the first time, particles of CaMg(CO3)2 and Ca(NO3)2•4H2O are identified in a Greenland ice core. The chemical speciation of salts varies with past climatic conditions. Whereas the fraction of Na salts (NaCl + Na2SO4) exceeds that of Ca salts (CaSO4 + CaCO3) during the Holocene (0.6–11.7 kyr B.P.), the two fractions are similar during the Bølling‐Allerød period (12.9–14.6 kyr B.P.). During cold climate such as over the Younger Dryas (12.0–12.6 kyr B.P.) and the Last Glacial Maximum (15.0–26.9 kyr B.P.), the fraction of Ca salts exceeds that of Na salts, showing that the most abundant ion generally controls the salt budget in each period. High‐resolution analyses reveal changing particle compositions: those in Holocene ice show seasonal changes, and those in LGM ice show a difference between cloudy bands and clear layers, which again can be largely explained by the availability of ionic components in the atmospheric aerosol body of air masses reaching Greenland.
Luba–Lunda states
Authors: Macola Giacomo
Published: August 2015

Centralized state systems have existed among the Luba and Lunda peoples of present‐day southern Democratic Republic of Congo since at least 1700. Over the course of the 18th century, both polities took on an imperial character, as the political, economic, and cultural networks that revolved around them came to overlay large expanses of the central African savannah. Luba and Lunda elites, however, proved ill‐equipped to deal with the growth of the trade in slaves and ivory in the closing decades of the 19th century. The collapse of the Luba and Lunda spheres of imperial control on the eve of European colonialism ushered in an era of widespread political turmoil and social violence.
China and treaty‐port imperialism
Authors: Ladds Catherine
Published: August 2015

Foreign imperialist powers extended their economic, political, and cultural influence in China through a series of “unequal treaties” (1842–1917), so called because they granted privileges to foreign nationals and foreign‐owned businesses while conceding China's sovereignty. The foreign powers used gunboat diplomacy to impose the treaty system, resulting in a series of conflicts on Chinese soil between 1839 and 1901. Foreign‐administered enclaves emerged in the towns opened to foreign trade and residence, which were known as “treaty ports,” thus compromising China's territorial rights. These treaty ports fostered a vibrant commercial and political culture. In the face of rising Chinese nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s, combined with the growing threat from Japan, Western powers gradually retreated from China, a process that culminated with the Chinese Communist Party's rise to power in 1949.
Decolonization
Authors: Collins Michael
Published: August 2015

The decolonization of the European overseas empires in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean came late, and was rapidly concluded. Each moment of independence was exemplary, and contributed cumulatively to the accelerating process of change, especially after 1957. Anti‐colonialists contributed greatly to this development, which was given institutional and legal meaning by way of independence as sovereign membership of the United Nations. But “flag independence” was not the end of decolonization as either a practical or intellectual problem: the legacies and consequences of decolonization remain very important. Formal independence was, though, indicative of a profound reshaping of the international system and its normative architecture after 1945. This may constitute the most significant aspect of decolonization as a process of historical change.
Gordonia
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Kumar Yashawant , Maldonado Luis A.
Published: August 2015

Gor.do'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.Gordonianamed after Ruth E. Gordon, a celebrated bacterial systematist.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Nocardiaceae / Gordonia

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive to Gram‐stain‐variable, nonspore‐forming actinomycetes that areusually partially acid–alcoholfast. Nonmotile, short rods and cocci(0.5–1.0 × 1.0–2.5 µm)occur singly, in pairs, in V‐shaped arrangements, or as short chains. Elementary branched hyphae which fragment into rod‐ and coccoid‐like elements are formed by some species.Colonial appearance ranges from convex, shiny and smooth to rough, matt and folded with irregular margins. Colonies may be cream, beige, light yellow, or tan through to apricot, orange, pink, or red. Chemo‐organotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism. Mycobactins are formed. Catalase‐positive, arylsulfatase‐negative, and sensitive to lysozyme. Most strains grow well between 20 and 37°C.

DNA G+C content (mol%):63–69 (HPLC,Tm).

Type species:Gordonia bronchialis(Tsukamura 1971) Stackebrandt, Smida and Collins 1988, 345VP.
Stackebrandtia
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: August 2015

Stack.e.brandt'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Stackebrandtia
named for Erko Stackebrandt, a German microbiologist who contributed significantly to the molecular systematics of prokaryotes, including actinobacteria.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Glycomycetales / Glycomycetaceae / Stackebrandtia

Aerobic. Gram‐stain‐positive, nonmotile actinomycetes.
Branched substrate mycelium
(
approximately 0
.
5
μ
m in diameter
)
and
,
on some media
,
aerial mycelia are produced
. Mycolic acids are absent. Catalase‐positive. Contain
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid.

Cell walls contain
N
‐glycolylmuramic acid

.
The whole‐cell sugar pattern consists of inositol and ribose
,
with traces of arabinose and mannose
.
The phospholipid pattern consists of diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
and two additional unknown phospholipids
.
The predominant menaquinones are MK‐10
(

H
4

),
MK‐10
(

H
6

),
MK‐11
(

H
4

),
and MK‐11
(

H
6

).
Fatty‐acid profile is rich in branched chain and saturated components including 10‐methyl branched heptadecanoic acid and iso‐branched 2‐hydroxy fatty acids
. Phylogenetically nearest to the genus
Glycomyces
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.4.

Type species
:
Stackebrandtia nassauensis
Labeda and Kroppenstedt 2005, 1690
VP
.
Brevibacterium
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: August 2015

Bre.v.i.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj.
brevis
short; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Brevibacterium
a short rodlet.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Brevibacteriaceae / Brevibacterium

Aerobic, catalase‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, asporogenous actinomycetes which have a rod–coccus cell cycle when grown on complex media
. Usually nonmotile, but some species show motility.
Both rod and coccoid forms are Gram‐stain‐positive, but some strains and older cultures decolorize readily
. Cells are variable in length but generally are 0.6–1.0 µm in diameter; those from older cultures (3–7 d) are composed mainly or entirely of coccoid cells or coccobacilli. On transfer to a suitable fresh medium, these forms grow out to give the irregular, slender rods characteristic of exponential phase cultures.
Many cells are arranged at an angle to give V‐forms. Primary branching may occur but not a true mycelium. Respiratory mode of metabolism
. Optimum growth temperature is 20–37°C depending on the species and strain. Grows well on peptone‐yeast extract agar at neutral pH. Little or no acid is produced from glucose or other carbohydrates in a peptone medium. Proteinases produced.

The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid and is of the A1

γ
type. Contains dihydrogenated menaquinones with eight isoprene units as the predominant isoprenologue and major proportions of branched cellular fatty acids, notably C

15
:
0

anteiso and C

17:
0

anteiso. Mycolic acids are absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 55–70.

Type species
:
Brevibacterium linens
(Wolff 1910) Breed 1953a, 13
AL
emend. Collins, Jones, Keddie and Sneath 1980, 7 (“
Bacterium linens
” Wolff 1910).
Tropheryma
Authors: Maiwald Matthias , Relman David A.
Published: August 2015

Tro.phe.ry'ma. Gr. n.
trophê
nourishment, food; Gr. neut. n.
eruma
fence, a defence against, barrier; N.L. fem. (
sic
) n.
Tropheryma
barrier to nourishment, so named because it causes malabsorption.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Cellulomonadaceae / Tropheryma

Straight,
regular,
small rods,
generally 0.2–0.25 × 1.0–2.5 µm. Forms chains or cords in co‐culture with human fibroblasts (La Scola et al., 2001; Maiwald et al., 2003b). Stains inconsistently Gram‐stain‐positive in infected human tissues (Dobbins, 1987) and Gram‐stain‐negative in culture (La Scola, Fenollar, Fournier, Altwegg, Mallet and Raoult, 2001). Ziehl–Neelsen stain (acid‐fastness) is negative. Periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) stain is positive (red color).
Does not grow in standard microbiological media
; growth in laboratory animals has not been described. Grows in tissue culture medium in co‐culture with human fibroblasts (La Scola, Fenollar, Fournier, Altwegg, Mallet and Raoult, 2001), as well as axenically in tissue culture medium supplemented with extra amino acids (Renesto, Crapoulet, Ogata, La Scola, Vestris, Claverie and Raoult, 2003). Intact cells in culture are observed in intra‐ and extracellular locations. Grows at
37
°
C
in a
5
%
carbon dioxide
atmosphere; anaerobic or completely aerobic growth unknown.
Nonmotile
. Extremely
slow growth
; estimated bacterial generation time in culture between 28 and 96 h. When viewed by electron microscopy in infected human tissues, bacterial cells are surrounded by an outer membrane with symmetrical leaflets (Silva, Macedo and Moura Nunes, 1985). Due to a lack of measurable biochemical characteristics, DNA sequence analysis is the most suitable technique for identification; commonly used genetic loci are 16S rRNA gene and 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer (accession no. X99636).
Tropheryma whipplei
, the etiologic agent of Whipple's disease, is the only species in the genus. The only naturally infected hosts are humans.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 46 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Tropheryma whipplei
La Scola, Fenollar, Fournier, Altwegg and Raoult 2001, 1478
VP
.
Brachybacterium
Authors: Buczolits Sandra , Busse Hans Jürgen
Published: August 2015

Bra.chy.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. adj.brachysshort; L. neut. dim. n.bacteriumrod; N.L. neut. n.Brachybacteriuma small rodlet.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Dermabacteraceae / Brachybacterium

Cells vary in shape from coccoid forms in the stationary phase, which occur in large agglomerations, to club‐shaped rods in the exponential phase, which occur predominantly in pairs or agglomerations. Cells are nonmotile, nonsporeforming, and stain Gram‐positive. Surface colonies are small, white to yellow, circular, convex, and smooth.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 68–73.

Type species:Brachybacterium faeciumCollins, Brown and Jones 1988, 46VP.
Dermatophilus
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

Der.ma.to.phi'lus. Gr. n.
derma ‐atos
skin; Gr. adj.
philos
loving; N.L. masc. n.
Dermatophilus
skin loving.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Dermatophilaceae / Dermatophilus

Aerial mycelium develops in atmospheres containing added CO
2
.
Substrate mycelium consists of long tapering filaments
,
branching laterally at right angles
;
septa formed in transverse and in horizontal and vertical longitudinal planes giving rise to up to eight parallel rows of coccoid cells
(
spores
),
each of which becomes motile by a tuft of flagella
. Gram‐stain‐positive. Not acid‐fast. Catalase‐positive.
Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic
. Nonfermentative, but acid is produced from certain carbohydrates. Growth reported only on complex media; minimum nutritional requirements unknown. Temperature optimum ∼37°C. Chondroitinase activity against chondroitin 4‐sulfate positive. No hyaluronidase or elastase activity. As determined for the type species,

peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

(
meso
‐A
2
pm); madurose is present in whole‐cell hydrolysates;
polar lipids include phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
and phosphatidylinositol
;
major fatty acids are straight chain unsaturated C

16
:
0

,
C

15
:
0

,
and C

14
:
0

. Chemoorganotrophic.
Parasitic on mammals
,
especially domestic herbivores
. Pathology is usually limited to exudative dermatitis which may, however, be severe and life‐threatening; on rare occasions causes subcutaneous abscesses and lymph node granulomas. Also found in skin lesions and abscesses in chelonids.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 57–59 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Dermatophilus congolensis
Van Saceghem 1915, 357 emend. mut. char. Gordon 1964, 521.
Jonesia
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

Jones'i.a. L. fem. n.
Jonesia
of Jones, honoring Dorothy Jones, a British microbiologist

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Jonesiaceae / Jonesia

Nonsporeforming rods (0.3 × 0.5 µm) showing branched Y‐ and club‐like forms. Irregular, branching rods may occur. Gram‐stain‐positive, but many cells, especially in older cultures, are readily decolorized. Filamentous and coccoid cells may also occur in older cultures. Colonies on nutrient agar are 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter (24–48 h), convex, smooth, grayish, and translucent to opaque, becoming yellowish in 10–20 d. Catalase‐positive; oxidase‐negative. Cell wall contains peptidoglycan of the
L
‐Lys–
L
‐Ser–
D
‐Glu type (A4α) and teichoic acid of the poly(ribitol phosphate) type (ribitol:galactose‐amine:galactose, 1:0.2:0.1) (Only
Jonesia denitrificans
was investigated.) No lipoteichoic acid. Predominant fatty acids are C
15:0
ante and C
16:0
; C
16:0
iso may occur. Polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol; diphosphatidylglycerol, unknown phosphoglycolipids and small amounts of unidentified phospholipids may occur. No mycolic acids. Major isoprenoid type is MK‐9. Members of the genus are phylogenetically remotely related to the genera
Dermabacter
and
Brachybacterium
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 56–58.

Type species
:
Jonesia denitrificans
(Prévot 1961) Rocourt, Wehmeyer and Stackebrandt 1987, 269
VP
(
Listeria denitrificans
Prévot 1961, 512.)