bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second International Congress on Catalysis
Authors: G.C.B.
Published: February 2024

The growing importance of catalysis in the chemical industry has been recognised by the organisation of a series of International Conferences, the first being held in Philadelphia in 1956. At the second Conference, arranged in Paris in July by the Societe” de Chimie Physique and the Institut Franqais du Petrole, over 600 representatives attended. This review deals with those of the papers describing work carried out with the platinum metals.
Rhodium-Platinum Alloys
Authors: Darling A. S.
Published: February 2024

In the second part of this article, concluded from the April issue of ‘Platinum Metals Review’, the author deals with the creep properties of the rhodium-platinum alloys, their resistance to oxidation and corrosion, and finally with their applications in industry.
Palladium Alloy Diffusion Cells
Authors: Connor H.
Published: February 2024

Previous articles in this journal have described the development of palladium alloy diffusion cells for the purification of hydrogen. A range of commercial cells has now been made available by Johnson Matthey to make possible the large-scale production of ultra-pure hydrogen from hydrogen less pure, or from a range of industrial gases containing hydrogen. The construction, operation, performance and applications of these cells are described here.
Thermal Conductivities and Electrical Resistivities of the Platinum Metals
Authors: Powell R. W. , Tye R. P. , Woodman Margaret J.
Published: February 2024

New values are presented and discussed for the thermal conductivities and electrical resistivities of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum over the approximate temperature range 80° to 500°K.
The Tensile Creep Behaviour of Rhodium-Platinum Alloys
Authors: Bourne A. A. , Darling A. S.
Published: February 2024

Although the 10 per cent rhodium-platinum alloy has been used extensively for high-temperature applications in the glass and chemical industries for many years, little precise information on its mechanical properties under suck conditions has hitherto been available. Experiments in specially designed high-temperature creep furnaces have provided accurate design data to ensure useful life at high temperature.
Extraction and Refining of the Platinum Metals
Authors: Gouldsmith A. F. S. , Wilson B.
Published: February 2024

A major development in the world’s platinum industry took place in the early nineteen twenties when large deposits of platinum bearing ore were discovered in the Transvaal in South Africa. This led to the formation in 1931 of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited to work these deposits, and this company remains to this day the only platinum producer in South Africa and the only major producer in the world whose prime activity is the extraction of the platinum metals.

From the outset Johnson Matthey has been associated with Rustenburg, first in developing methods for the extraction of the platinum metals from these ores, and thereafter as smelters and refiners of the output from the mines.

This article describes the complex and lengthy cycle of operations required to effect complete recovery of the six platinum metals and to yield at the same time electrolytically refined copper and nickel.

Today the joint activities of Rustenburg and Johnson Matthey constitute the world’s largest source of the platinum metals in all forms. Together they ensure to industry throughout the world adequate and continuing supplies of these metals.
Dispersion Strengthened Platinum
Authors: Darling A. S. , Selman G. L. , Bourne A. A.
Published: February 2024

Platinum containing small quantities of a dispersed carbide phase is stronger at high temperatures than many of the rhodium-platinum alloys produced by conventional techniques. It is stable under oxidising conditions and its valuable increments of strength are achieved without sacrificing any of the desirable characteristics traditionally associated with the use of platinum as a structural element. The physical and mechanical properties of this new material are described in this article and some possible applications briefly reviewed.
Platinum Metals from Nuclear Fission
Authors: Newman R. J. , Smith F. J.
Published: February 2024

Metals of the platinum group are being produced in appreciable and growing quantities as by-products of nuclear fission in atomic reactors. It has been suggested that rhodium, palladium and ruthenium might possibly be separated in the reprocessing of spent fuel and be used in industry but from calculations recently made it is now shown that their levels of radioactivity would be unacceptably high and their use would entail a risk of contamination of world stocks of all the platinum metals. The growth of mining operations is expected to provide ample supplies of all the platinum group metals and there is no prospect of exhausting mineral resources in the foreseeable future.
The Stability of Metal-sheathed Platinum Thermocouples
Authors: Selman G. L. , Rushforth R.
Published: February 2024

The instability sometimes encountered in metal-sheathed noble metal thermocouples used for long periods at temperatures above 1300°C is attributable to the presence within the sheath of mixed platinum and rhodium oxide vapours from which the pure platinum limb can take up rhodium. Such instability can be avoided by removing residual air from the sheath and substituting an inert gas before the assembly is hermetically sealed. Couples sheathed and sealed up in this way have thermoelectric stabilities comparable to those of the normal unsheathed thermocouple where natural convection prevents the accumulation of dangerous concentrations of rhodium oxide vapour. In the absence of oxygen, the deleterious effects of rhodium metal vapour migration upon the thermoelectric output of these devices can be reduced to negligible levels by suitably selecting the alloys from which the thermocouple and its sheath are constructed. This article is based upon a paper presented to the Fifth Symposium on Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, held last month in Washington, D.C.
Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Liquid Phase
Authors: Shutt E. , Winterbottom J. M.
Published: February 2024

The number of parameters affecting the rate and possibly the mechanism of a liquid phase, heterogeneously catalysed reaction is very much larger than that for the analogous gas phase reaction. The hydrogenation of two alkynes has been studied using a palladium oxide catalyst, in a number of solvents, in order to discover the effect of the latter upon the rates of reaction. It was hoped that results of general applicability to other liquid phase heterogeneously catalysed systems might be obtained. In this context, surface- and diffusion-controlled regimes have been identified, pronounced solvent effects were observed and attempts have been made to measure hydrogen concentrations in solution under reaction conditions.
Practical Aspects of Metallurgical Thermodynamics
Authors: Kubaschewski O.
Published: February 2024

Thermodynamic principles and data are very useful in the solution of industrial problems, particularly in assessing the feasibility and economics of a projected process. This article reviews the application of thermodynamics to the oxidation of platinum and to the life expectancy of platinum coatings on base metal substrates when operating at high temperatures, and describes the derivation of equilibrium diagrams of platinum alloys from the thermochemical properties of the constituent phases.
Platinum Metals in Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Hartley F. R.
Published: February 2024

At the Fifth International Conference on Organometallic Chemistry, held in Moscow in August 1971, no fewer than 463 papers were presented, of which 189 were actually delivered orally, together with 11 section lectures, in three parallel sessions. This review can therefore give only a brief account of such a conference and of the many contributions that concerned the platinum metals.
Pollution from Nitric Acid Plants
Authors: Searles R. A.
Published: February 2024

The tail gas stream from ammonia oxidation plants for the production of nitric acid contains nitrogen oxides, which present a pollution problem. These pollutants can be eliminated successfully by reduction with a fuel gas over Honeycat platinum on ceramic honeycomb catalyst, which has been developed and is produced by Matthey Bishop Inc. and Johnson Matthey Chemicals Limited. Such Honeycat installations in nitric acid plants are becoming numerous and widespread.
Dispersion Strengthened Platinum
Authors: Selman G. L. , Day J. G. , Bourne A. A.
Published: February 2024

Platinum can be strengthened very effectively for high temperature use by the addition of small quantities of a highly dispersed non-metallic phase, and recent work in the Johnson Matthey Research Laboratories has established processes which allow such a composite material to be produced consistently and reliably on an industrial scale. The new material, known commercially as ZGS platinum, is significantly stronger and more creep resistant than the conventional high temperature rhodium-platinum alloys, and yet retains the traditional characteristics which have given platinum its unique role in many industrial applications. This article describes the physical and mechanical properties of this dispersion strengthened product, highlights some of the areas in which it has been employed to advantage and discusses design factors in such uses.
Centenary of the Convention of the Metre
Authors: Swindells Basil
Published: February 2024

The inexorable progress of the metric system of weights and measures has resulted in a steady erosion of the traditional standards of measurement. The system, which had originated during the turmoil of the French revolution, received increasing international recognition, which became formalised one hundred years ago, and has been the basis for continuing cooperation. The first international standards, fabricated in iridium-platinum alloy, were largely produced by George Matthey.
Platinum Investment Casting Alloys
Authors: Ainsley G. , Bourne A. A. , Rushforth R. W. E.
Published: February 2024

The high melting point of platinum makes stringent demands on the other materials involved when it is investment cast. However, by careful selection of refractories, it has been possible to successfully cast small batches of platinum items for many years. In view of the renewed interest in platinum jewellery it has now become desirable to increase the efficiency of the process, and a number of new platinum alloys have been developed for this purpose. In some the alloying elements are those traditionally associated with platinum but in others more unusual additions are used to produce alloys with a significantly lower casting temperature.
Cisplatin in the Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Wiltshaw Eve
Published: February 2024

A platinum compound, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)—known as cisplatin—has recently received the approval of the governments of the United States of America and the United Kingdom for chemotherapy of specific cancers. This paper gives a brief account of the discovery of the physiological activity of certain platinum co-ordination complexes by Professor Barnett Rosenberg and his colleagues, and of the clinical development and testing that has now resulted in its acceptance. While work is continuing to develop superior drugs of this type, and to find a better understanding of their modes of action, it is anticipated that this first generation metal anti-cancer drug will be used for many years to come.
The Catalytic Engine
Authors: Thring R. H.
Published: February 2024

The concept of an internal combustion engine where the oxidation of the fuel is brought about with the aid of a catalyst offers the advantages of a stratified charge engine without the disadvantages. It should give good economy and low emissions of exhaust pollutants. Several such catalytic engines have been built and run, and test results are promising; in particular, one engine shows better fuel economy than the conventional petrol engine coupled with lower hydrocarbon emissions than either petrol or diesel engines.
The Resistance to Fatigue Crack Growth of the Platinum Metals
Authors: Speidel Markus O.
Published: February 2024

The effect of the cyclic stress intensity on the growth rates of fatigue cracks in the platinum metals in air can be predicted on the basis of established correlation equations. These suggest an inverse relationship between the growth rate of fatigue cracks in a material and its elastic modulus, and this has been experimentally confirmed for platinum and palladium and for a 30 per cent rhodium-platinum alloy. It may therefore be expected that ruthenium and rhodium have a higher resistance to fatigue crack growth than most other metals. Osmium and iridium may have absolutely the highest resistance to fatigue crack growth of all metallic materials. The effect of an evacuated test environment is also considered.
Towards the Absolute Zero
Authors: Rusby R. L.
Published: February 2024

The wide range of use of the platinum resistance thermometer, roughly 10 to 1000K, is by no means enough to satisfy all demands for temperature standards. Ten years ago thermometers modelled on the capsule-type platinum thermometer but using an alloy of rhodium with 0.5 per cent iron were developed at the National Physical Laboratory specifically to provide standards for lower temperatures, and these are now widely used down to 0.5 K. In a recent joint experiment between the U.S. National Bureau of Standards and N.P.L., rhodium-iron has been used down to 0.01 K by coupling a small sample of the alloy to a resistive squid. Such a device is capable of measuring accurately voltages of less than one nanovolt, and also of measuring the noise voltage in the resistor. Since the latter is dependent on the absolute temperature in a way that could be calculated, the device was able to provide its own calibration.
The Protection of Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Wing R. G. , McGill I. R.
Published: February 2024

Turbine blades in gas turbine engines operate at elevated temperatures and in highly oxidising atmospheres that can be contaminated with fuel residues and sea water salts. These components, which are expensive to produce, are subjected to high stresses during operation but must be totally reliable during their design life. An economic way to maintain blade properties is to coat the base metal superalloy with a protective layer capable of resisting both high temperature oxidation and hot corrosion. Conventional aluminide coatings are widely used for this purpose but platinum aluminides offer improved corrosion resistance. A collaborative exercise involving Rolls-Royce and Johnson Matthey has now resulted in the development of a platinum aluminide diffusion coating that offers some advantages over the commercial systems.
The Catalytic Etching of Platinum and Rhodium-Platinum Gauzes
Authors: Pielaszek J.
Published: February 2024

Surface morphological and X-ray examinations have been carried out on catalyst gauzes exposed to the conditions encountered during the oxidation of ammonia. A model, based upon observations of platinum and rhodium-platinum single crystals is proposed to explain the structural changes that occur on rhodium-platinum alloys during industrial use.
Platinum in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Galán A. , Moreno R.
Published: February 2024

It is generally accepted that the first description of “platina” to appear in Europe was by a young Spanish naval officer, Antonio de Ulloa, whose famous work “Relación del Viaje a la América Meridional” was published in 1748. Important though this was, of even greater significance was the fact that the primary metallurgy of platinum must have been established much earlier, enabling it to be extracted, purified and manufactured. These processes appear to have been kept secret from other European countries, and until recently their details had not been deduced. Now manuscripts discovered in the Colombian Archives enable known methods of purification to be linked to the description of the primitive manufacturing process.
Platinum Metals Catalytic Systems in Nitric Acid Production
Authors: Chernyshov V.I. , Kisil I.M.
Published: February 2024

The State Institute for the Nitrogen Industry is one of the oldest industrial branches of the research and engineering institutes in Russia and the former U.S.S.R., and in 1991 the Institute celebrated its sixtieth anniversary. This paper gives a brief overview of the main results of work carried out by GIAP alone and in co-operation with other organisations over the past 50 years on the optimisation of the production of non-concentrated nitric acid. In particular developments to reduce the amounts of platinum group metals used in ammonia oxidation and waste gas cleaing, and ways to reduce platinum group metal losses are discussed.
Sensors for Toxic Gas Detection
Authors: Lei Yuan-Jin
Published: February 2024

The utilisation of advanced sensing techniques for detecting, indicating and monitoring toxic gases in industry and the environment is very important for health and safety. In this paper, the application of electrochemical, semiconductor, catalytic Field effect and catalytic gas sensors for the detection of toxic gases, and the role of platinum group metals in these devices, is discussed.
Osmium Bipyridyl Redox Polymers Used in Enzyme Electrodes
Authors: Ohara T. J.
Published: February 2024

A review of the background of biosensors which utilise osmium complexes for monitoring the glucose levels in diabetic patients is presented. An electrochemical system, based on an osmium redox polymer, is described; the system is aimed at being a reliable, compact and miniature in vivo sensor for implantation into diabetic patients for continuous monitoring of their blood glucose levels. The sensor is about to begin trials on human volunteers.
Microstructure and Properties of Some Dispersion Strengthened Platinum Alloys
Authors: Zhang Qiaoxin , Zhang Dongming , Jia Shichong , Shong Wulin
Published: February 2024

The effect of adding very small amounts of yttrium and zirconium to platinum alloys has been investigated. The results indicate that a platinum alloy which contains bath elements has a higher recrystallisation temperature and superior mechanical properties than a platinum alloy containing only zirconium. In addition, the platinum alloy which contains both yttrium and zirconium has a stable structure in which regular second phases have been found both in the grains and on the grain boundaries.
HotSpot™ Fuel Processor
Authors: Golunski Stan
Published: February 2024

The number of road vehicles in the world is set to double in the next twenty years. Such rapid growth threatens to destroy the clean air in regions where air pollution has not been a problem up to now, and to reverse the improvements in air quality that have resulted from the use of catalytic converters to clean-up exhaust emissions in traffic congested areas. Thus, there is a compelling need to develop high efficiency passenger cars, free of emissions. One very promising option is the use of the fuel cell, which generates energy efficiently by converting hydrogen to steam. However, there are major drawbacks to carrying and using hydrogen on vehicles, including the complexities of re-fuelling and the absence of a so-called hydrogen economy. Hydrogen fuelling of fuel-cell powered cars must be the ultimate goal and the most practical near-term solution is to use an on-board fuel processor to generate hydrogen from a liquid fuel while driving, and such a processor, the Hotspot™, is described here.
Development of the Noble Metal/Oxide Coated Titanium Electrode
Authors: Hayfield P. C. S.
Published: February 2024

The titanium-based electrode was invented some forty years ago. Since then it has been incorporated into a wide variety of industrial processes on a huge scale, principally in the chlor-alkali industry. Deriving from industrial, as opposed to academic, work, the saga of its commercial exploitation has involved patenting and secrecy on a massive scale. Despite there being numerous contributors to the overall technology, just a few individuals are holders of the hundreds of patents that were taken out. It is not intended that this article should contain comprehensive details of patents and other published literature, but rather be an attempt to portray, as accurately as possible, the excitement generated as the technology unfolded. However, it is bound to be inevitable, bearing in mind the complexities and the scope of commercial involvement, that not all readers will be satisfied with every detail, so apologies are offered in advance to those who may inadvertently feel themselves slighted.
High Temperature Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Group Metals
Authors: Fischer Bernd , Behrends Andreas , Freund Dietmar , Lupton David F. , Merker Jiirgen
Published: February 2024

There is a constantly increasing need for metallic materials with melting points over 1700°C for use at very high temperatures. In contrast to the refractory metals: tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium, which also have very high melting points, the metals of the
platinum group, particularly platinum, rhodium and iridium, are characterised by outstanding chemical stability, oxidation resistance and resistance to many molten oxides. The platinum group metals are therefore ideal materials for using at high temperatures while undergoing simultaneous chemical
attack and mechanical loading. However, for optimum effective employment of these metals, it is necessary to know their strength and deformation behaviour at extremely high temperatures. Data have therefore been collected from comparative investigations of platinum, platinum alloys, dispersion
hardened platinum materials, rhodium and iridium, and the compilations are presented here.
Platinum Loss from Alloy Catalyst Gauzes in Nitric Acid Plants
Authors: Yuantao Ning , Zhengfen Yang
Published: February 2024

The loss of platinum from the catalyst gauzes used for the oxidation of ammonia in the manufacture of nitric acid has been studied for many years by catalyst producers and by users. In this paper, platinum losses from binary platinum-rhodium and ternary platinum-palladium-rhodium alloys,
as well as from catalyst gauzes made of these materials, have been studied under laboratory and industrial conditions in atmospheric and medium pressure units, which are commonly found in P. R. China, and the rates of platinum loss and weight losses have been established. Adding a palladium
component to the platinum-rhodium alloys or increasing the palladium content in platinum-palladium-rhodium alloys is clearly shown to decrease the rate of weight loss and the amount of platinum lost. This is attributed to the passive action of the palladium which accumulates on the surface
and enriches the surface layer of the alloys, affecting both the platinum oxidation and platinum oxide reduction.
Catalyst Enhanced Oxidation of VOCs and Methane in Cold-Plasma Reactors
Authors: Malik Muhammad Arif , Malik Salman Akbar
Published: February 2024

Volatile organic compounds, VOCs, are used in a number of industrial processes in a variety of roles, for instance as solvents, cleaners and liquid fuels. During these processes, some of the VOCs, which are known to be air toxins, inevitably escape into the surrounding air. It is the
release of this VOC-laden air into the atmosphere that is partly responsible for stratospheric ozone depletion, tropospheric ozone increase, global warming (the Greenhouse Effect) and some health problems. Here, we briefly review some applications of platinum metals catalysts in the abatement
of VOCs and in the conversion of methane using cold-plasma techniques. Some information on the abatement of acid gases, the generation and application of non-thermal plasmas is also presented.
The Chemistry of the Platinum Metals
Authors: Barnard C. F. J. , Weston W.
Published: February 2024

The latest in this well-established series of conferences on the chemistry of the platinum group metals, organised by the Dalton Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, was held at the University of Nottingham, U.K., from 25th to 30th July, 1999. Approximately 250 delegates from
around the world heard 46 plenary and invited lectures and viewed 120 posters illustrating a few of the many topics being researched in the platinum metals.
Side Effect Profile of Meningococcal B Vaccine in Children
Authors: TAPCİ Ayşe Esra , ÇUHACI ÇAKIR Bahar , DUYAN ÇAMURDAN Aysu
Published: February 2024

Objective: Invasive meningococcal infections have a clinical picture with a rapid onset and can lead to serious sequelae and death even in individuals who are treated early. The most common causes of related epidemics are serogroups A, B, C, W, Y, and X, and two different vaccines have been developed against serogroups A, C, W, and Y and serogroup B.
The serogroup B-containing MenB-4C vaccine (Bexsero®) was licensed in Turkey in 2018 and is still being administered. In this study, the side effects of this vaccine in infants and children followed up in a tertiary pediatric clinic were questioned.
Materials and Methods: In our study, the local and systemic side effects of the MenB-4C vaccine doses, which were administered between March 1, 2019, and March 1, 2022, at the Child Health Follow-up Outpatient Clinic of Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, were evaluated retrospectively. All infants and children aged 0-18 years who were vaccinated at this clinic on the specified dates (n = 102) were recruited, and a questionnaire was completed by calling their parents by telephone and questioning the side effects of the vaccine.
Results: It was determined that a total of 224 doses of the MenB-4C vaccine were administered to 102 children over the three-year study period, Of these vaccines, 21.6% were administered during the year before the pandemic and 78.4% during the two years after the pandemic. According to the total number of doses, the rate of local and systemic side effects was 30.8% (n= 69). It was found that among the 69 doses with side effects, 42 (60.8%) were systemic (fever), and 27 (39.1%) were local (stiffness, redness, and pain at the injection site). Side effects were observed in 41.3% of the patients after the first dose of the vaccine, 23.3% after the second dose, and 25.9% after the third dose.
Conclusion: In our study, no serious post-vaccine reactions, such as anaphylaxis and encephalopathy, were observed following vaccination with MenB-4C, and the most common side effects of this vaccine were fever and local pain, which were only transient and self-limiting, lasting only two to three days at most. Since the MenB-4C vaccine, which has been included in the vaccination schedule of most countries, is a strong tool to help prevent meningococcal infections, every parent presenting to a health institution should be informed by the physician about the necessity of this vaccine, and if possible, conjugated meningococcal vaccines containing not only serogroups A, C, W, and Y but also serogroup B should be added to the national vaccine scheme.
The Distribution of 3. pl. pres. ind. -(h)yn(t) and the Dating of Welsh Prophetic Poetry
Authors: Guy Ben
Published: February 2024

This article gathers together the evidence for the third-person plural present indicative verbal ending -(h)yn(t) and attempts to trace the history of its usage. The ending is attested primarily in prophetic poetry, though relevant forms are also found in Old Welsh and elsewhere
in the Hengerdd. It appears that the ending fell out of general use between the tenth and twelfth century. It lingered a little longer in prophetic poetry, with the latest dateable examples found in a stanza composed shortly after 1211/12. It is suggested that the ending was adopted
as a marker of prophetic poetry because it had already developed a specific association with future-time reference.
Chemical characterization of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis Jackqu) oil
Authors: Otache Monday Abel , Abogunrin-Olafisoye Oladunni Bola , Afitijagun Iyabo Priscilla , Afitijagun Iyabo , Ajiboluwa Akpomejevwe Justina
Published: February 2024

This study evaluates the Fatty Acids (FAs) components of Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). The fatty acids were obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of the PKO obtained through soxhlet extraction of the dry ground sample of the seeds using n-hexane. The fatty acids obtained were characterized and identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS results revealed the presence of Saturated Fatty Acids (SAFAs) and Unsaturated Fatty Acids (UFAs). The results show the presence of abundant lauric acid (42.21%) is vital in the application of the seed oil as an antibacterial agent with the ability to effectively combat acne. The average iodine value of 6.23 indicates that the highly saturated PKO will be less prone to oxidation resulting in better oxidation stability. Furthermore, the acid value of 12.22 as reported in this study unravels the state and edibility of the oil under consideration. This indicates that the PKO has a high possibility to undergo easy hydrolysis. However, its ability to melt at too low a temperature, prompting the need for hydrogenation is a gap in its application for most industrial production that requires thermally induced temperature.
Tau aggregation monitored by thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence in a plate reader v1
Authors: Yuste-Checa Patricia
Published: February 2024

This protocol details how to efficiently monitor Tau aggregation by thioflavin T fluorescence in a plate reader.
CXCR4 CXCR7 effects in melanoma & melanocytes v1
Authors: Elena de Bellard Maria
Published: February 2024

Chemokines are small signaling proteins released by cells in response to chemical stimuli in their environment. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1/CXCL12) plays a role in the growth and metastasis of multiple cancers, including melanoma. SDF1/CXCL12 has two known receptors: CXCR4 and CXCR7. CXCR4 receptor signaling influences many cell responses, including the migration of neural crest cells and the amount of receptor expression upregulation in melanoma. CXCR7 receptor signaling influences melanocyte migration and constrains melanoma tumor growth in vivo, while CXCR4 receptor signaling does not. It is not known, however, if CXCR7 directly affects melanocyte and melanoma cell migration. Here, CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptor signaling were directly studied in vitro in human primary melanocytes and mouse B16-F10 melanoma cell line for migration when both receptors, individually and in combination, were genetically silenced. The silencing of CXCR7 clearly resulted in statistically significant inhibition of migration of both melanocytes and B16-F10 melanoma cells while the effects of CXCR4 silencing of migration inhibition was less clear. These results suggest that the CXCR7 receptor is more relevant than the CXCR4 receptor for the migratory capabilities of melanocytes and B16-F10 melanoma cells. These findings support down regulation or inhibition of the CXCR7 receptor through targeted therapies may be beneficial in melanoma treatment.
SOP for Immune cells isolation mouse adult brain with CD45 beads v1
Authors: G Tansey Malu
Published: February 2024

SOP for Immune cells isolation mouse adult brain with CD45 beads
Procedure for Detection of Aflatoxin B1 and M1 in Urine by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. v1
Authors: not provided x.du
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this SOP is to describe how to determine the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine with pre-column derivatization by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector. Quantitation range: 0.5-15 ng/g (ppb). Note, sensitivity of the method greatly depends on sensitivity of the fluorescent detector. The method requires 2mL of urine. Quantitation is based on matrix-matched calibration curve. Analytes (AfB1 and AfM1) are extracted, derivatized, cleaned up using Octadecyl (C18) material, injected into HPLC, chromatographed on C18 column and quantitated using Fluorescence detector Validation data (in-house and via collaborative studies such as Blinded Method Tests) are available in the following two publications: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28985321/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36912688/
Depressive symptoms in pregnant women treated at the Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora
Authors: González-Gastélum César Dalí , Ávila-Gámez Luis Daniel , Briseño-Robles Claudia Iveth , Morales-García Norma Carolina , Becerra-Durand Ana Irais , Frías-Mendívil Mauricio
Published: February 2024

Introduction. Pregnancy, being a situation of vulnerability and with its inherent changes, places women at a great risk of depression. In Mexico, the prevalence of probable depression in pregnant women treated at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, was 17.8%, assessed using the Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale (EPDS). To date, there are no data regarding this issue in Sonora. Objective. To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in pregnant women treated at the Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora (México). Method. An observational, descriptive, transversal, and prospective study was conducted in 2021, applying the EPDS in 168 2nd/3rd trimester pregnant women, selected by non-probabilistic sampling by consecutive cases. Sociodemographic variables, pathological/non-pathological, gynecological, and obstetrical personal history were explored. The analysis was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables; for qualitative variables, frequency and percentage; χ2 test to assess differences in distribution of depressive symptomatology by age and the rest of variables. Results. A global prevalence of “probable depression” of 14.3% was determined. The majority, within 20-29 age group, with a partner and a planned/desired pregnancy. High school educational level, 50%. History of intimate partner violence, 54.2%. Almost 40%, primigravida. Substance use, denied. Overweight/obesity, in 70%. Discussion and conclusion. There is a high prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, going unnoticed for reasons such as insufficient knowledge (patient/health care providers), since there is no routine screening. It is imperative to work on prevention, detection and treatment, since it entails multiple consequences at a binomial, family, and social level.
Psychosocial profiles of women who legally terminated a pregnancy in Mexico City
Authors: Flores-Celis Karla , Cordero Oropeza Martha , Ramos-Lira Luciana Esther
Published: February 2024

Introduction. Reproductive autonomy enables a person to freely decide their life plan, including sexual and reproductive health. However, its exercise can be constrained by health determinants and other structural conditions. Knowing the background of women who undergo a Legal Interruption of Pregnancy (LIP) helps identify patterns of inequality and their impact on the exercise of reproductive autonomy. Objective. To analyze the profile of women who legally terminate a pregnancy in Mexico City. Method. Latent class analysis, with the participation of 274 women who terminated a first trimester pregnancy at a public facility. Results. Model of two latent classes: adult (68.34%) and young women (31.65%). Stigma was the predictor variable for class; the higher the score, the lower the probability of belonging to the adult group (p = .019). Adult women were characterized by having lower educational attainment, engaging in unpaid activities, having at least one child, and having had previous abortions, having experienced intimate partner violence in the past twelve months and reporting that their partners did not agree with the interruption of their pregnancy. Young women were students, partnered and reported that their partners had agreed with them to request an abortion. Discussion and conclusion. Despite the legal changes effected, stigma is still present in the abortion demand and access, particularly for women with certain characteristics. It would be useful to include interventions to reduce stigma in counseling, using an approach based on previous experience.
MODELLING OF FICTIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE CHARACTER IN THE DRAMATIC SCENE OF LESYA UKRAINKA “IPHIGENIA IN TAVRIDA”
Authors:   National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kyiv, Ukraine, Atamanchuk V. P.
Published: February 2024

The intellectual and aesthetic complexity of Lesya Ukrainka’s dramas forms multidimensional artistic spaces of her works, the appropriate means of interpretation of which are the methods of literary cognitive studies. The aim of the article is to outline the basic principles of modeling the fictional consciousness of the character in the dramatic scene “Iphigenia and Tavrida”, in particular to determine the internal and external dimensions of the construction of fictional consciousness of the heroine. The analysis of the scientific problem is carried out by using the methodology of cognitive literary criticism, according to which the study of works of art is carried out by updating cognitive phenomena and establishing their relationships with forms of artistic reflection. For example, T. Cave’s concept structures the main principles of the cognitive approach to literary analysis, which express the intratextual dimensions of works of fiction from a cognitive perspective. At the same time, scientists pay attention to the relevance of transgenre researches. M. Fludernik’s work “Towards “Natural” Narratology” is devoted to substantiating the expediency of studying drama with the help of narratological methodology. The researcher outlines various forms of narrative, but emphasizes the similarity of the reflection of the processes of consciousness in different types of verbal, theatrical, dramatic and cinematic art. The study of the problem mentioned in the title of the article is based on the definition of fictional consciousness: “The fictional consciousness of the personage appears in the form of the character’s constructed ability to realize internal and external realities in complexes and systems of their correlations, which determines the formation of a network of certain meanings that determines the character’s identification and actions within the fictional world”. Lesya Ukrainka models the fictional consciousness of the heroine by reflecting the deep contradictions in her perception of the reality in which she found herself. In the dramatic scene, Iphigenia perceives reality through the prism of the role of Artemis’ priestess, which she performs with the necessary external attributes, but with feelings of internal dissonance caused by sadness for the homeland.
“RELIGION OF MY PARENTS”: ETHNOMENTAL AURA “FOREST SONG” FOREST UKRAINIAN
Authors:   Lviv National Universitynamed after Ivan Franko, Lviv, Ukraine, Garasim Y. I.
Published: February 2024

The article analyzes the ethical and aesthetic sources and artistic specifics of the “Forest Song” through the prism of the national identity of the Ukrainian mentality. It is traced how as a result of artistic combination of “female” (R. Kirchiv) genre of Polissya “forest” song with folk tales about characters of poetic mythological world a syncretic model of Lesya Ukrainka’s dramatic work was created. and the intense dynamism of folk drama. It is noted that the author gave compositional harmony and ideological and ethical perfection to the chaos of mythological fragments assimilated since childhood, while preserving the ethno-aesthetic foundations of artistic modeling of reality. Emphasis is placed on the ethno-aesthetic intolerance of the ugly in Ukrainians, which thus became one of the reasons for the creation of a pervasive image of the drama extravaganza, its peculiar ideology – beauty. It is under the artistic influence of this ideological abstraction that the demonological images-characters of Perelesnyk, Kuts, Poterchat, Poverty, and Marishcha are aestheticized. An important artistic feature of the ethno-aesthetic genesis of the researched literary masterpiece of the poet is its pervasive cyclicity, roundness, crownlikeness, anti-extremity, which is manifested at the levels of genre, composition, image structure.
LESIA UKRAINKA AND TARAS SHEVCHENKO: PROMETHEISM OF THINKING
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Zlotnyk-Shagina О. O. , Slipushko O. M. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: February 2024

The article deals with the Prometheism thinking of both Taras Shevchenko and Lesya Ukrainka, as well as defines its character and features. The comparative analysis of Prometheism of Taras Shevchenko and Lesya Ukrainka is carried out, their common and distinctive features are emphasized. In the image of Prometheus, Taras Shevchenko embodies the idea of serving people, anthropocentrism, the native Ukrainian people and himself. Created by Lesya Ukrainka, the image of Prometheus is inspired by the romantic ideas and trends of contemporary Europe, the understanding of ancient myth and his own author’s vision of Prometheus’ mission in Ukraine. Prometheism is presented as an ancient and renaissance idea, the essence of which was determined by self-sacrifice and service to the individual and the people. Specifics of the perception of the Christian tradition by both artists are characterized, the emphasis is on the purely authorial approaches of Taras Shevchenko and Lesya Ukrainka to the figure of Jesus, which correlates with the figure of Prometheus as somewhat opposite given the realization of personality in society and vocation. An artistic interpretation of the idea of imperialism by Taras Shevchenko and Lesya Ukrainka is given. It is emphasized that both artists have dedicated their lives to serving Ukraine, its culture and language, and the images of Prometheus created by them are deeply autobiographical. Not being followers of traditional Christianity, they created their images in accordance with the traditions of antiquity, the Renaissance and national worldviews. They testified to the formation and establishment in the Ukrainian social and ideological traditions of the idea of the struggle for nationalism and confrontation with Russian imperialism.
Pharmacological neuroprotection in cerebrovascular insufficiency: Possible approaches
Authors: Novikov Vasiliy E. , Pozhilova Elena V.
Published: February 2024

This review analyzed the literature data and results of our research on the experimental and clinical studies of the possibilities of pharmacological neuroprotection in ischemic brain lesions. Neuroprotection is one of the strategic directions of specific pharmacotherapy for cerebrovascular insufficiency. Different approaches to pharmacological neuroprotection are possible, considering the main pathogenetic pathways of the ischemic cascade and physiological mechanisms of neuroprotection. Pharmacological neuroprotection can be achieved by blocking the pathogenetic links of the ischemic cascade (primarily glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidant stress) and inducing physiological processes associated with neuroplasticity and neurotrophy. The issues related to the use of various pharmacotherapeutic groups for primary and secondary neuroprotection are discussed. The optimal choice of pathogenetic and physiological targets for primary and secondary pharmacological neuroprotection is an important component in the development of pharmacotherapy strategies for ischemic brain lesions because it consistently increases the resistance of brain cells to ischemia/hypoxia and stimulates reparative recovery processes in the central nervous system. Rationally selected pathways and drugs for pharmacological neuroprotection determine their effectiveness in ischemic brain lesions.
Vascular Risk Factors and Their Influence on Migraine Phenotype in Older Adults
Authors: Ozge Aynur , Ghouri Reza , Uludüz Derya
Published: February 2024

This comprehensive review examines the impact of vascular risk factors on the phenotypic expression of migraine in the elderly population. Migraine, particularly migraine with aura, has been established as a risk factor for ischemic lesions of the brain, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. The association between migraine and specific vascular events, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris, underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between migraine and cardiovascular diseases. The challenges in differentiating migraine from vascular insults, especially in the elderly population, highlight the need for improved diagnostic and treatment strategies to address the complexities of managing migraine in this demographic. Patient education and treatment of modifiable risk factors may decrease future vascular events, emphasizing the importance of addressing vascular risk factors in migraine management. The potential impact of prevention and treatment of unfavorable arterial hemodynamics on neurocognitive outcomes underscores the broader implications of addressing vascular risk factors in migraine management. The clinical and public health relevance of understanding the modifiability of vascular risk factors in elderly migraine patients extends to addressing challenges in cancer survivorship, radiological emergency response, and rational person behavior, emphasizing the diverse applications of addressing vascular risk factors in healthcare and public health. Ultimately, the clinical and public health relevance of understanding the impact of vascular risk factors on the phenotypic expression of elderly migraine underscores the need for continued research and clinical vigilance in addressing the complex interplay between migraine and vascular risk factors in the elderly population.
Laparoscopic Colectomy Via Distance Mentoring: A Model to Develop Laparoscopic Surgery in Developing Caribbean Nations
Authors: Cawich Shamir
Published: February 2024

Although laparoscopic colectomy is the standard of care for colorectal carcinoma, the skill sets to complete colectomy laparoscopically is not universally available in developing nations such as those in the Caribbean. We encountered this situation in Jamaica, where with limited experience in laparoscopic colorectal resections completed a laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy via remote mentoring. This may be, in select cases, a method to increase the availability of laparoscopic colorectal operations in developing countries.
Use of the Naive Bayes Classifier Algorithm in Machine Learning for Student Performance Prediction
Authors:   Department of Information Systems and Modeling, Auezov University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan, Umarova Zhanat
Published: February 2024

This study focused on the development and analysis of a methodological platform grounded in machine learning principles for evaluating learning processes and enhancing student outcomes. The aim of this research was to develop and test a method for evaluating students’ academic performance based on the Naive Bayes classifier. Also, an objective of this study was to create an efficient tool capable of automating and optimize the assessment of educational performance using contemporary machine learning methods and technologies. The study employed the Naive Bayes analysis technique to predict student achievements, with the algorithm being implemented in Python. Despite an emphasis on the development of a software product, the research primarily focused on the development and analysis of the method. Our findings underscore the novelty of this approach, which can serve as a valuable tool for educational institutions and educators.