bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Methodology for Appropriate Testing When Data is Heterogeneous Using EXCEL
Authors: Khanh Nguyen , Lee Jimin , Reiser Susan , Parsons Donna , Russell Sara , Yearout Robert DeWitt
Published: March 2021

A Methodology for Appropriate Testing When Data is Heterogeneous was originally published and copy written in the mid-1990s in Turbo Pascal and a 16-bit operating system.  While working on an ergonomic dissertation (Yearout, 1987), the author determined that the perceptual lighting preference data was heterogeneous and not normal.  Drs. Milliken and Johnson, the authors of Analysis of Messy Data Volume I: Designed Experiments (1989), advised that Satterthwaite’s Approximation with Bonferroni’s Adjustment to correct for pairwise error be used to analyze the heterogeneous data. This technique of applying linear combinations with adjusted degrees of freedom allowed the use of t-Table criteria to make group comparisons without using standard nonparametric techniques.  Thus data with unequal variances and unequal sample sizes could be analyzed without losing valuable information.  Variances to the 4th power were so large that they could not be reentered into basic calculators.  The solution was to develop an original software package which was written in Turbo Pascal on a 7 ¼ inch disk 16-bit operating system.  Current operating systems of 32 and 64 bits and more efficient programming languages have made the software obsolete and unusable. Using the old system could result either in many returns being incorrect or the system terminating.  The purpose of this research was to develop a spreadsheet algorithm with multiple interactive EXCEL worksheets that will efficiently apply Satterthwaite’s Approximation with Bonferroni’s Adjustment to solve the messy data problem.  To ensure that the pedagogy is accurate, the resulting package was successfully tested in the classroom with academically diverse students.  A comparison between this technique and EXCEL’s Add-Ins Analysis ToolPak for a t-test Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances was conducted using several different data sets.  The results of this comparison were that the EXCEL Add-Ins returned incorrect significant differences.  Engineers, ergonomists, psychologists, and social scientists will find the developed program very useful. A major benefit is that spreadsheets will continue to be current regardless of evolving operating systems’ status.
Current Use of Management Systems and Quality Tools in Companies Located in the State of Puebla Province, Mexico and Surroundings
Authors: Gomez-Jaimes Luis , Cuautle-Gutierrez Luis
Published: March 2021

According to what Geert Hofstede stated in his study of cultural dimensions, the Mexican society it is characterized for having a relatively small desire to save for the future and wanting quick results; this type of disruption also occurs in most firms placed in Mexico. One way of effectively managing the companies and stopping them from falling into this kind of disorganization, is through the implementation of quality tools and quality management systems (QMS). Nonetheless, are the companies in the state of Puebla and its surroundings, using these methods to achieve a continuous improvement? Or are these methods being “implemented” to keep operating in the current market? The main objective of this paper is to show that the knowledge acquired during college by employees about QMS and QCT and their application in the industries located in the studied region, allows highlighting a contrast as indicated in the study of cultural dimensions.
Engineered Resilient System Life Cycle Costing Model
Authors: Blash Allen , Butler William , Clark Lindy , Fleming Kyle , Kasker LTC Jennifer
Published: March 2021

In order to make the best use of the defense spending budget, it is critical that the Department of Defense (DoD) accurately predict the Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E), Procurement, and Operation and Support (O&S) costs down to the third level of the Work Breakdown Structure for Major Defense Acquisition Project (MDAP) wheeled or tracked vehicles. This research utilizes historical data, extracted from government databases, to develop cost estimating relationships (CERs) that predict the life cycle cost of wheeled and tracked vehicles based on attributes. This research can also be leveraged for defense acquisition programs across the DoD portfolio. The model will be integrated into a tradespace analysis tool, ERS & CREATE-GV, which was developed by ERDC to predict the cost of each alternative created in the tradespace.
Developing an Exoskeleton Test Plan for the TALOS Program
Authors: Martinez Andres , Velazquez Alexander , Yoshizuka Aaron , Clark Ryan , Mittal Vikram
Published: March 2021

As America’s global adversaries increase their capabilities on the battlefield, US military forces must enhance warfighter’s survivability, lethality, and mobility. These needs can be met by augmenting warfighters with additional equipment. The increased use of equipment, however, creates an additional need for an exoskeleton that can support the added equipment, while also augmenting the warfighter’s mobility. Traditionally, exoskeletons have had acceptance issues related to poor operational mobility. USSOCOM is building the Tactical Assault Light Operator Suit (TALOS) as the next generation of these armored exoskeletons.  This paper explains the methodology for developing a test plan to ensure adequate mobility for the warfighter wearing the TALOS system. Operational missions were decomposed into tasks which were further broken down into individual movements.  Motion capture data was used to determine the angles and angular velocities imposed on relevant joints during these movements. This information was mapped to a set of exercises that were then compiled into a test plan, which can be used during the testing phase to ensure proper mobility for operators utilizing the system.
Site Selection for Joint Logistics over the Shore (JLOTS) Operations Using Multi- Objective Decision Analysis
Authors: Evans Mike , Lami Mike , Madarasz Brendan , Smith Benjamin , Green Chris
Published: March 2021

As the U.S. military faces an increasing need to deploy across a range of military operations and environments, the ability to establish and sustain logistics support remains a major challenge. The Engineer Research and Development Center is currently developing the Planning Logistics Analysis Network System (PLANS), a decision support tool, to facilitate strategic and operational logistics planning. This paper describes a site selection protocol for logistics operations occurring without a suitable port, commonly referred to as Logistics over-the Shore (LOTS) operations. The model uses multi- objective decision analysis techniques to weight different operational criteria to determine the best overall site for logistics over the shore operations. This tool will enhance the time and accuracy in determining an optimal site that meets the decision maker’s specific operational needs.
Integrating Open Source Intelligence into the Brigade Combat Team at Combat Training Centers
Authors: Binney Connor , Medina David , Silvers John , Steinhaus Nicholas , DuBois Patrick
Published: March 2021

Open source intelligence (OSINT) is a rapidly expanding intelligence discipline in the Intelligence Community (IC), both in scope and impact to national security. US Army organizations conduct pre-deployment training and validation at combat training centers (CTC) across the full spectrum of warfare. Military intelligence professionals are tested on their ability to collect and analyze data using each of the intelligence disciplines. However, OSINT is the only intelligence discipline that is not currently graded at CTCs. Although there are various reasons why OSINT is not being sufficiently evaluated, this project focuses on the lack of defined OSINT evaluation criteria and endeavors to develop defined task, conditions, standards, and evaluation criteria for the planning and execution of OSINT operations. This project is sponsored by the Army OSINT Office (AOO) who is the proponent and capability developer for Army OSINT.
Detecting and Creating a 2D Heatmap of Radiation Hot Spots via Unmanned Ground Vehicle
Authors: Hales Natalie , Lee Spencer , Londner Edward
Published: March 2021

The Army’s chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE) units respond to the any threat involving CBRNE elements. Their missions often involve the search and identification of radiation sources in a compromised facility. A major concern with this mission is the survivability of the Initial Entry Team, who is tasked with surveying the volatile indoor environment for data. The creation of a system to assist in, and expediate, the process of initial entry will greatly increase the health and welfare of the team. In order to localize and detect radiation in a pot-entially contaminated indoor environment, our team will develop the RADBOT, an unmanned, tethered robot that can de-tect and map radiation. This paper will summarize the research, design, testing, and results for the development of the RADBOT system.
The Influence of Gangs in Central America with Respect to Woman’s Wellbeing
Authors: Dixon Caneel , Krueger Christine
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to identify the influence of gangs in Central America on women and the communities that the gangs control. This examination incorporates system dynamics modeling techniques, which includes using Vensim software to show both Causal Loop and Stock and Flow Diagrams. This research evaluates the influence of a community’s power over its citizens through its ability to enforce anti-gang policies and the strength of local community organizations. Comparing five different Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua) allowed the model to provide data to create policy recommendations for the entire region in addition to each of the five countries. Our conclusions suggest that thorough increasing policies restricting gang activities and promoting women’s involvement in society (via higher levels of education, female employment, and female role models), communities will grow stronger and be less affected by the violence and influence of gangs.
Effectiveness of the Engagement Skills Trainer 2000
Authors: Schloo Rachael , Mittal Vikram
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this article and study is to analyze the effectiveness of the Engagement Skills Trainer 2000 (EST2000), which is the program of record for Army marksmanship training. The EST2000 has only been used for training with the actual marksmanship qualification being done on live ranges. However, the newest version of the rifle qualification course will include a component of shooting on the EST2000. Thus, this study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the EST2000 in capturing real-world performance. USMA cadets were recruited to complete the Basic Rifle Marksmanship (BRM) course on the EST2000, and these results were compared to the shooter’s performance on a live BRM course. A paired t-test was conducted to determine whether the EST2000 scores and the BRM scores were statistically different, and an R2 value was calculated to determine the relationship between the soldier’s performance on the EST2000 and real-world performance.
The Role of the Supervision and Observation Judge on Guidance for Inmates
Authors: Yafid Bunyamin Muhammad , Muzakkir Abd. Kahar
Published: March 2021

Judicial institutions, as law enforcement agencies in the Criminal Justice System, are a foundation of hopes for justice seekers, as based on Article 2 section (4) of Law No. 48 of 2009, regulates that “the Court is done simply, quickly, and at a low cost”. Therefore, this study aims to determine the implementation of the Supervision and Observation Judge's role and the obstacles that affect the Supervision and Observation Judge's performance in implementing Court Decisions in the Penitentiary. This study uses two types of research, namely normative legal research and empirical legal research. This research was conducted at the Makassar Class I Penitentiary and the Makassar Class IA District Court. The types of data used in this study include primary data and secondary data. The data that has been collected is then processed descriptively qualitatively. The results of the study concluded that the implementation of the role of the Supervision and Observation Judge in the implementation of the decision of the Makassar Class IA District Court at the Makassar Class I Penitentiary has not run optimally, because between The Supervision and Observation Judge and the Head of the Penitentiary rarely meet and discuss guidance issues for Inmates at the Penitentiary. The obstacles in implementing the role of the Supervision and Observation Judge at the Penitentiary include the problem of insufficient funds available for operational supervision and observation and the absence of special staff to assist the Supervision and Observation Judge in recording their Inmates. Therefore, more specific implementing regulations are needed to certify that the judgment is being properly executed and under the laws and regulations in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is a need for effective cooperation between the Supervision and Observation Judge and the Penitentiary Officers, who must always coordinate as one unit in an integrated Criminal Justice System.
Generalized Groups
Authors: Aldwoah Khaled
Published: March 2021

The aim of this paper is to generalize the concept of a group where the triple (G, E, ⋆) represents a generalized group if G is a nonempty set, E represents an equivalence relation defined on G and the operation ⋆ is a function of G×G satisfying some conditions. The paper also reveals some concepts and provides some examples related to generalized groups.
A probabilistic pragmatics for English singular some
Authors: Esposito Lewis , Potts Christopher
Published: March 2021

When English some combines with a singular NP, the resulting phrases reliably convey affective meanings not shared by variants with a(n) or plural NPs. Prior research has traced these effects to semantic properties of some that entail that the speaker cannot identify a unique referent for the phrase. In this paper, we present attested examples that conflict with this generalization. In addition, we argue that semantic accounts miss an important generalization: some is reliably affective only if a is available as an alternative. These facts suggest a pragmatic source for the relevant meanings. To capture them, we argue that a given context can make different modes of identification for entities relevant and that singular some signals a lack of engagement with these modes. We analyze the pragmatics of this signaling using the "lexical uncertainty" version of the Rational Speech Acts model and show how it can be used to characterize the observed affective meanings.
Unconcealed Questions
Authors: Fleisher Nicholas
Published: March 2021

Which price does John know? This sentence exemplifies what I call an unconcealed question (UQ): a sentence with a structure and meaning analogous to those of an ordinary concealed question (CQ), but where the sentence is interrogative in form and interpretation, with the relevant DP headed by which. Such examples are almost completely unstudied in the otherwise wide-ranging CQ literature. As I show, UQs exhibit a proper subset of the ambiguities that have been observed for ordinary CQs. In particular, UQs lack what is known as Reading B, where a relative clause (or other modifying adjunct) containing the relevant sort of predicate is interpreted in the scope of the higher CQ-selecting predicate (e.g. know). I survey the properties of UQs and evaluate the CQ theories currently on the market in light of the UQ data, concluding tentatively that the absence of Reading B is the result of syntactic factors whose description is straightforward but whose explanation remains murky.
Fake tense in Hausa counterfactuals: A novel argument for underspecified EXCL
Authors: Zimmermann Malte
Published: March 2021

The paper presents a novel argument from Hausa (Chadic) for the analysis of counterfactual fake tense in terms of a lexically underspecified EXCL-operator (Iatridou 2000). Evidence comes from the facts (i.) that Hausa has no obligatory inflectional tense marking on the verb; and (ii.) that temporal anteriority and counterfactuality in Hausa are both expressed by a left-peripheral operator element with the segmental shape daa, which is then tonally disambiguated to temporal dâa and counterfactual dàa, respectively. The analysis is cast in von Prince's (2019) modified branching-world model of counterfactuals.
The Projection Problem for Predicates of Taste
Authors: Ninan Dilip
Published: March 2021

Utterances of simple sentences containing taste predicates (e.g. "delicious", "fun", "frightening") typically imply that the speaker has had a particular sort of first-hand experience with the object of predication. For example, an utterance of "The carrot cake is delicious" would typically imply that the speaker had actually tasted the cake in question, and is not, for example, merely basing her judgment on the testimony of others. According to one approach, this 'acquaintance inference' is essentially an implicature, one generated by the Maxim of Quality together with a certain principle concerning the epistemology of taste (Ninan 2014). We first discuss some problems for this approach, problems that arise in connection with disjunction and generalized quantifiers. Then, after stating a conjecture concerning which operators 'obviate' the acquaintance inference and which do not, we build on Anand and Korotkova 2018 and Willer and Kennedy Forthcoming by developing a theory that treats the acquaintance requirement as a presupposition, albeit one that can be obviated by certain operators.
Complexity/informativeness trade-off in the domain of indefinite pronouns
Authors: Denić Milica , Steinert-Threlkeld Shane , Szymanik Jakub
Published: March 2021

The vocabulary of human languages has been argued to support efficient communication by optimizing the trade-off between complexity and informativeness (Kemp & Regier 2012). The argument has been based on cross-linguistic analyses of vocabulary in semantic domains of content words such as kinship, color, and number terms. The present work extends this analysis to a category of function words: indefinite pronouns (e.g. someone, anyone, no-one, cf. Haspelmath 2001). We build on previous work to establish the meaning space and featural make-up for indefinite pronouns, and show that indefinite pronoun systems across languages optimize the complexity/informativeness trade-off. This demonstrates that pressures for efficient communication shape both content and function word categories, thus tying in with the conclusions of recent work on quantifiers by Steinert-Threlkeld (2019). Furthermore, we argue that the trade-off may explain some of the universal properties of indefinite pronouns, thus reducing the explanatory load for linguistic theories.
Determiners are "conservative" because their meanings are not relations: evidence from verification
Authors: Knowlton Tyler Zarus , Pietroski Paul , Williams Alexander , Halberda Justin , Lidz Jeffrey
Published: March 2021

Quantificational determiners have meanings that are "conservative" in the following sense: in sentences, repeating a determiner's internal argument within its external argument is logically insignificant. Using a verification task to probe which sets (or properties) of entities are represented when participants evaluate sentences, we test the predictions of three potential explanations for the cross-linguistic yet substantive conservativity constraint. According to "lexical restriction" views, words like every express relations that are exhibited by pairs of sets, but only some of these relations can be expressed with determiners. An "interface filtering" view retains the relational conception of determiner meanings, while replacing appeal to lexical filters (on relations of the relevant type) with special rules for interpreting the combination of a quantificational expression (Det NP) with its syntactic context and a ban on meanings that lead to triviality. The contrasting idea of "ordered predication" is that determiners don't express genuine relations. Instead, the second argument provides the scope of a monadic quantifier, while the first argument selects the domain for that quantifier: the sequences with respect to which it is evaluated. On this view, a determiner's two arguments each have a different logical status, suggesting that they might have a different psychological status as well. We find evidence that this is the case: When evaluating sentences like every big circle is blue, participants mentally group the things specified by the determiner's first argument (e.g., the big circles) but not the things specified by the second argument (e.g., the blue things) or the intersection of both (e.g., the big blue circles). These results suggest that the phenomenon of conservativity is due to ordered predication.
An Epistemic Bridge for Presupposition Projection in Questions
Authors: Theiler Nadine
Published: March 2021

It is often assumed that presuppositions in wh-questions project universally. However, Schwarz & Simonenko (2018) note examples of such questions where universal projection is absent. I discuss their account and propose an alternative: by reasoning about the pragmatics of question-answer discourse, I arrive at a version of Stalnaker's bridge principle that is sensitive to what the speaker already knows about the true answer to the question. This Epistemic Bridge predicts universal projection for canonical information-seeking questions, but less than universal projection for certain non-canonical question uses such as quiz questions.
Cumulative readings of "every" and leaks
Authors: Chatain Keny
Published: March 2021

every surprisingly gives rise to cumulative readings (Schein 1993; Kratzer 2000). The distribution of these readings is governed by scope-related asymmetries (Champollion 2010; Haslinger & Schmitt 2018). In this work, I notice a third property of these readings: cumulative readings of every receive weaker "leaky" truth-conditions under negation, previously thought to be unattested (Bayer 2013). Exploiting this third property, I build an event semantics to deliver these "leaky readings" by default. Within this semantics, it becomes possible to account for cumulative readings of every and their properties, keeping to standard assumption about the denotation for every. I also show how the same analysis predict the scope-related asymmetries and their less studied interaction with overt movement.
Dynamic presupposition of want and polarity sensitivity
Authors: Goncharov Julie
Published: March 2021

In this paper, I argue that content of some presuppositions is determined dynamically. In particular, it is shown that the presupposition of want in control constructions depends on the interpretation of an action in the complement clause. Different presuppositional content of sentences with want is argued for using new and known observations about licensing of Polarity Sensitive Items. I propose to capture the dynamic nature of the presupposition of want using the AGM paradigm for belief revision (Alchourrán, Gärdenfors & Makinson 1985). Finally, I show that sensitivity to the interpretation of an action as intentional versus accidental is not specific to polarity system, but can be found across different domains of the grammar in many unrelated languages.
Degree modifiers and common ground operators: The case of at all
Authors: Mayer Erika
Published: March 2021

At all is among the most common negative polarity items in English. In this paper, I argue that at all has a dual use as a degree modifier and operator on the common ground. I first present an account of degree modifier at all based on Chierchia 2013 that captures its status as a minimizer as well as an NPI. I then show that a very similar account can be used for at all's common ground usage, departing from the usual quantification over worlds approach for common ground management. This degree-based account of common ground at all captures its status as an NPI and provides a possible shared semantic core between degree modifiers and common ground operators.
Represent an issue as open: Mandarin discourse particle ba
Authors: Yang Yu'an
Published: March 2021

The Mandarin sentence final particle ba has been described as expressing uncertainty or soliciting agreement in declaratives ("weakening" an assertion, Han 1995, Li 2006 a.o.). However, ba-interrogatives appear to be "strengthening" a question to a demand: "you must answer this question," similar to the cornering effects associated with or not questions (Biezma 2009 a.o.). To account for this "weak" and "strong" contrast, some have postulated a lexical ambiguity: ba1 in declaratives and ba2 in interrogatives (Chao 1968, Zhu 1999). In this paper, I discuss new data showing that ba-declaratives are not always less forceful and ba-interrogatives are not always more forceful than their unmarked counterparts, which challenges current theories. I propose that, uniformly, the use of ba represents an issue as open. The "weak" and "strong" effects are results of ba interacting with the discourse context.
Searching for a universal constraint on the possible denotations of clause-embedding predicates
Authors: Roelofsen Floris , Uegaki Wataru
Published: March 2021

We propose a new universal constraint on the relationship between the meaning of a clause-embedding predicate when it takes an interrogative complement and its meaning when it takes a declarative complement. According to this proposal, every clause-embedding predicate V satisfies a constraint that we refer to as P-to-Q Entailment. That is, for any exhaustivity-neutral interrogative complement Q, if there is an answer p to Q such that "x Vs p" is true, then it follows that "x Vs Q" is true as well. We discuss empirical advantages of this proposal over existing proposals and explore potential counterexamples to P-to-Q Entailment.
A new case of low modality: Goal PPs*
Authors: Martin Fabienne , Grant Margaret , Piñón Christopher , Schäfer Florian
Published: March 2021

This paper provides experimental evidence from German and English against the view that a goal to/zu-PP in combination with a motion verb designates a goal that is reached. We propose that to/zu have a modal meaning, responsible for the defeasibility of the inference that the goal is reached. We argue that the type of subjects (intentional agent vs. accidental agent or theme) determines the flavor of the (necessity) modal encoded by the preposition (teleological or circumstantial), which allows us to account for the observed variation in the strength of the inference with the type of subjects and the type of verbs.
A dynamic semantics of single-wh and multiple-wh questions
Authors: Dotlacil Jakub , Roelofsen Floris
Published: March 2021

We develop a uniform analysis of single-wh and multiple-wh questions couched in dynamic inquisitive semantics. The analysis captures the effects of number marking on which-phrases, and derives both mention-some and mention-all readings as well as an often neglected partial mention-some reading in multiple-wh questions.
Generalised Crossover
Authors: Elliott Patrick D. , Sudo Yasutada
Published: March 2021

Crossover (CO) is a constraint on anaphoric dependencies, according to which, quantifier scope can feed pronominal anaphora unless the anaphoric expression precedes the quantifier. We demonstrate that effects reminiscent of CO arise with presupposition as well, and propose to generalise CO as follows: Projective content (quantifier scope, presupposition projection, etc.) feeds semantic dependencies (pronominal anaphora, presupposition satisfaction), unless the semantically dependent expression precedes the trigger of the projective content. We call this generalisation, Generalised Crossover (GCO). Although we cannot offer a full explanation for GCO in this paper, we will discuss its implications for recent theories of CO.
Counterfactuals and Undefinedness: Homogeneity vs. Supervaluations
Authors: Marty Paul , Romoli Jacopo , Santorio Paolo
Published: March 2021

Theories of counterfactuals agree on appealing to a relation of comparative similarity, but disagree on the quantificational force of counterfactuals. We report on two experiments testing the predictions of three main approaches: universal theories, homogeneity theories, and single-world selection theories (plus supervaluations over selection functions). The critical cases in our experiment were constructed so as to discriminate between the three theories. Our results provide empirical support for the selectional theories, while challenging the other two approaches.
Causality and aspect in ability, actuality, and implicativity
Authors: Nadathur Prerna
Published: March 2021

Past-tense ability ascriptions (e.g., "was able") alternate between pure, potentially unrealized ability and an interpretation which actualizes the ability. The alternation extends to abilitative uses of possibility modals, with actualized readings strengthening to actuality entailments under perfective aspect in aspect-marking languages (Bhatt 1999). These interpretations resist explanation on accounts which seek to derive them in the composition of modality and aspect. I build on causal analyses of implicative inferences (from lexical implicatives like "manage" as well as 'variably-implicative' "enough" comparatives; Baglini & Francez 2016, Nadathur 2016, 2017) to propose a new approach to actuality inferences, grounded in a causal semantics for ability predicates. This account derives both pure ability and actuality readings, and explains parallels between implicative "manage" and actualized ability on the basis of shared (presuppositional) causal structure. "Manage" and ability differ in asserted content, but the difference is neutralized – producing actuality entailments – under a perfective operator which selects for eventive predicates, and combines with stative ability attributions only via aspectual coercion.
Shifty behavior: Investigating predicates of personal taste and perspectival anaphors
Authors: Kaiser Elsi
Published: March 2021

Many expressions in language are perspective-sensitive, including predicates of personal taste and some anaphoric forms. This paper reports experiments testing sentences like Nora told/heard from Amy about the frightening photograph of her/herself, with two perspective-sensitive elements, to see whether and how identification of the judge of predicates of personal taste relates to identification of the antecedent of pronouns and reflexives in picture-NPs. This allows to us test if they follow a shift-together constraint requiring them to be interpreted relative to the same perspectival center. Our results corroborate earlier findings on the source/perceiver biases of reflexives and pronouns, and reveal a strong preference to interpret the individual who is the source of information as the judge, but do not provide clear evidence for a shift-together constraint on the interpretation of PPTs and pronouns and reflexives in picture-NPs.
Positively polar plurals: Theory and predictions
Authors: Ahn Dorothy , Saha Ankana , Sauerland Uli
Published: March 2021

Several researchers have suggested that languages vary as to whether number marking on noun phrases is obligatory or optional. We develop an implementation of this idea within a theory that assumes that the plural is a semantically vacuous, unmarked number (Sauerland et al. 2015 and others). We then explore the semantic consequences of this proposal. One striking prediction of the proposal is that plural nouns should be ungrammatical in antitone environments in languages where number marking is optional, i.e. plurals should be positive polarity items in optional number languages. This prediction arises because the plural form is equivalent to the number neutral bare form in optional number languages. The Efficiency requirement of Meyer 2013 therefore predicts that plurals require local exhaustification in optional number languages since otherwise the bare form is more efficient. Because bare forms are impossible in obligatory number languages, plurals are not predicted to be positive polarity items in such languages. We conclude with an outlook on how to empirically verify the predictions of the theory we presented.
The role of focus marking in disjunctive questions: A QUD-based approach
Authors: Hoeks Morwenna
Published: March 2021

Disjunctive questions are ambiguous: they can either be interpreted as polar questions (PolQs), as open disjunctive questions (OpenQs), or as closed alternative questions (ClosedQ). The goal of this paper is to show that the difference in interpretation between these questions can be derived via effects of focus marking directly. In doing so, the proposal brings out the striking parallel between the prosody of questions with foci/contrastive topics on the one hand and that of alternative questions on the other. Unlike previous approaches, this proposal does not rely on structural differences between AltQs and PolQs derived via ellipsis or syntactic movement. To show how this works out, an account of focus and contrastive topic marking in questions is put forward in which f-marking in questions determines what constitutes a possible answer by signaling what the speaker's QUD is like. By imposing a congruence condition between f-marked questions and their answers that requires answers to resolve the question itself as well as its signaled QUD, we predict the right answerhood conditions for disjunctive questions.
Simplification is not Scalar Strengthening
Authors: Santorio Paolo
Published: March 2021

We show that Simplification of Disjunctive antecedents is not a scalar inference. The argument exploits information-sensitive modals, like epistemic "probably" and deliberative "ought". When items of this sort are the main modal of a conditional, we can have that: (i) If A or B, Mod C is true; (ii) the basic meaning computed via classical semantics for conditionals and disjunction is false. This combination is impossible on any scalar account of Simplification: scalar inferences are strengthenings, hence the output of scalar inferences must entail the basic meaning of a sentence. We suggest an account of Simplification based on alternative semantics, and show how this account can be made compatible with old and new counterexamples to Simplification.
Smart Navigation with Static Polygons and Dynamic Robots
Authors: Al-Furati Israa , Rashid Osama
Published: March 2021

Due to the last increase in data and information technology, the need to use robots in many life areas is increased. There is a great diversity in this field, depending on the type of task required, as the robot enters the parcels of air, land, and water. In this
paper, a robot's mission designed to move things is concentrated, relying on line-tracing technology that makes it easy to track its path safely, the RFID is distributed in its approach. When the robot reads the RFID tag, it stops until it raises the load from
above, the robot continues its path toward the target. When an obstacle obstructs the robot path, the robot deviates and returns after a while to its previous approach. All this technology is implemented using a new algorithm which is programmed using the
visual basic program. The robot designed to transfer the stored material is used according to a site known as an identifier that is identified by the RFID value, where the robot is programmed through a microcontroller and a unique store program that
determines the current location and the desired location, then is given the task for the robot to do it as required. The robot is controlled using an ATmega controller to control other parts connected to the electronic circuit, the particular infrared sensor, and ultrasound to avoid potential obstacles within the robot's path to reach the target safely. In addition to this, the robot is made up of an RFID sensor to give unique to each desired target site. Through the console, it is possible to know the link indicated by the target. The H-bridge is also used to obtain a particular command and guide the robot as needed to move freely in all directions and a DC motor which is unique for moving wheels at the desired speed, and Bluetooth for programmable and secure wireless transmission and reception with all these parts through a unique program that also uses application inventory.
The robot has proven to be a great success in performing the required task through several tests that have been practically performed.
Study of the regularity of the process of decomposition of apatite with sulfuricacid at the boilingpoint of the solution
Authors:   Kazan National Research Technological University, Sabirov Rauf F. , Makhotkin Alexey F. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Sakharov Yury N. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Makhotkin Igor A. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Sakharov Ilia Yu. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Durnik Roman V. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University
Published: March 2021

Experimental research of the kinetics of the decomposition process of Kovdorsky apatite with a size = 0.16 mm with sulfuric acid in a 1 dm3 batch reactor. Phosphoric acid with the concentration of 68.6 % wt and the sulfuric acid with the concentration of 12.3% wt in stoichiometric amount was introduces at the beginning of the process. The process was carried out at a ratio of liquid and solid phases 2.5:1 respectively at the boiling point of the mixture equal to 136 °C. The observing the progress was carried out according to the method of joint designation of sulfuric and phosphoric acids by titrimetric analysis. With methyl orange and then phenolphthalein 2 titration jumps were recorded, the first of which corresponded to the neutralization of sulfuric acid to Na2SO4 and phosphoric acid to NaH2PO4, the second to the neutralization of NaH2PO4 to Na2HPO4. The change in temperature of the reaction mixture was fixed during the process using a mercury thermometer. In the analysis of the derived experimental values of specified parameters that the boiling point decreases from 136 to 133.1 оС within 50 minutes during the process. A comparison of the reported values with the concentration values of sulfuric and phosphoric acids measured during the process shows that the change in boiling point of the reaction mixture is proportional to the change in the concentrations of sulfuric and phosphoric acids. This model is a closed system that provides thermal insulation and no loss of material balance. Thus, the kinetics of the decomposition of apatite with sulfuric acid at the boiling point can be monitored by the temperature change under specified conditions.
Research and modeling of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the modified valve
Authors:   Kazan National Research Technological University, Nurmukhametov Arthur I. , Nazarov Anton A. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Bicbulatov Arnold Sh. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University
Published: March 2021

A modification of the gate valve with the added throttle valve as a second stage of controlling the flow of water to install it at the mouth of the injection well. An experimental study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a gate valve with a butterfly valve at the mouth of an injection well at a cluster pumping station under various operating modes of the valve by replacing built-in fittings and inlet pressure has been carried out. The study showed the effectiveness of the added valve in the design of the valve, the valve will minimize unproductive injection of water into injection wells and reduce the water content of the oil produced, and consequently, reduce the cost of oil refining. In comparison with gate valves, in which the linear dependence of the flow rate on the inlet pressure can be traced, the gate valve under study with a valve will more stably maintain the flow rate and pressure at a set level with increasing pressure in the conduit. A study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the modified valve in the Fluent utility package Ansys with the help of the built models in Compass 3D was carried out. As a result of modeling the hydrodynamics of water in the channels of the valve under study, the calculated data of velocity fields and pressure distribution over the entire length of the models of valves with different input pressure were obtained. The dependences of the change in pressure and velocity along the length of the regulator, obtained by modeling the hydrodynamics of the flowing water in the valve, are confirmed by the obtained data in the experiment. The results of the calculation of the pressure change of the steady-state flow in the tube according to the Bernoulli equation for real liquids also coincide with the experimental data and data obtained in the simulation, which confirms the accuracy and reliability of all data. As a result of this work, a method was developed for calculating flow-differential characteristics of a fluid flow regulator based on modeling in the ANSYS program. On the basis of experimentally confirmed studies of the characteristics of the fluid flow regulator, the developed method was tested for calculation errors. Based on the calculations, the choice of the optimal central hole in the interchangeable choke is made and the spring is selected for the calculated range of pressure changes.
Composites of polyethylene and polyurethane blended with rice residues derived silica
Authors:   Kazan National Research Technological University, Nguyen Duy Hung
Published: March 2021

Rice husks and rice straw are potential residues of rice production. Their composition consist a large amount of silica with other compounds such as cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose. In the refinery of these residues the separation of silica from these residues can provide high economic efficiency, and also solves the problem of environmental pollution. The composition and dimensions of prepared silica dioxide, which were determined by modern analytical methods such as SEM, XRD and IR, showed that the purity of SiO2 was more than 90% and grain dimensions were about nanometers. In this study, the rice residues derived SiO2 was used as a 5% (w/w) blend for polyurethane and low pressure polyethylene. The choice of polyethylene for composites fabrication was based on its relatively plain structure and good technological properties. The polyurethane has choose as a polymer with good resistance to abrasive wear, high elasticity, and high resistance to weathering. Evaluation of the physic mechanical properties of composites showed that the strength of polyethylene based composite samples blended with 1% (w/w) silica dioxide increased up to 33%, in the case of polyurethane composites blended with 0.5% (w/w) silica dioxide the strength increased up to 21%. In comparison with same composites blended with classical aerosil in the equivalent dosage, the strength of polyethylene based composites was higher than about 9%, in the case of polyurethane based composites it was higher than about 16%. Considering the saving of natural resources and ecological expediency, the replacing of synthetic silica dioxide by rice residues derived silica dioxide of is of considerable interest.
Hybrid system «layered magnesium silicate – chlorin е6 13(1), 17(3)-N,N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)diamide 15(2)-methyl ester»
Authors:   Institute of Chemistry FRC «Komi Science Centre of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences», Loukhina Inna V. , Khudyaeva Irina S. ,   Institute of Chemistry FRC «Komi Science Centre of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences», Bugaeva Anna Yu. ,   Institute of Chemistry FRC «Komi Science Centre of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences», Belykh Dmitry V. ,   Institute of Chemistry FRC «Komi Science Centre of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences»
Published: March 2021

Hectorite type layered magnesium silicate have been synthesized by heat treatment of reaction mixture freshly prepared magnesium hydroxide suspension, silica sol, lithium fluoride solution. The starting Mg(OH)2 : SiO2 : LiF molar ratio was 1 : 1.51 : 0.25. Hybrid systems have been synthesized by heat treatment of synthetic layered magnesium silicate in water-ethanol solution of chlorin е6 13 (1), 17(3)-N,N'-(2-hydroxyethyl) diamide 15(2)-methyl ester. The systems contain of 0.85∙10-6 and 1.4∙10-6mol of the organic component per 1 g of layered magnesium silicate. The introduction of the chlorin e6 derivative into hectorite type layered magnesium silicate sol promotes the aggregation processes and growth particles of the hybrid samples (250±5 nm), as compared with the particles of magnesium silicate (133±1 nm). X-ray phase analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy and laser Doppler electrophoresis studies have been allowed to establish that non-aggregated molecules of the chlorin e6 derivative are located on the surface of magnesium silicate particles.UV-Vis spectroscopy study showed protonation of nitrogen atoms of the chlorine macrocycle of the chlorin e6 derivative molecules (Soret band 405-406 nm; Q-band 642-643 nm) by hydroxyl groups of the layered magnesium silicate. Chlorin е6 13 (1), 17(3)-N,N'-(2-hydroxyethyl) diamide 15(2)-methyl ester sorption on the surface of magnesium silicate particles occurs due to electrostatic interaction between protonated chlorine e6 derivative molecules and ionized hydroxyl groups of the magnesium silicate.
Preparation of isocyanates by carbamates thermolysis on the example of butyl isocyanate
Authors:   Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Dashkin Ratmir R. , Gordeev Dmitry A. ,   Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Gafurov Khusrav Kh. ,   Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Mantrov Sergey N. ,   Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
Published: March 2021

Butyl isocyanate is widely distributed as a precursor for the production of a number of biologically active substances: fungicides, preservatives, insecticides, personal care products, etc. Nowadays, there are a number of methods for the preparation of isocyanates, which can be divided into liquid phase and gas phase. One of the perspective methods for the production of isocyanates is the thermolysis of carbamate and/or the actions of various reaction activating agents, accompanied by the elimination of alcohol, but this process is reversible, which greatly complicates its use in industry. The paper presents the results of studies of non-catalytic thermal decomposition of N-alkylcarbamates with the formation of alkylisocyanates on the example of butylisocyanate in the gas phase, flow reactor in a wide temperature range (200 to 450 °C). In addition, a series of experiments was carried out using a catalyst, dibutyltin dilaurate, in order to reduce the thermolysis temperature and increase the yield of the final product. To implement the isocyanate production process, an experimental laboratory setup, consisting of a gas flow meter (argon) regulator, a packed column (for heating) and a sorption solution tank, was developed and tested. The thermolysis of N-n-butylcarbamate was carried out in two variations: the preparation of an individual n-butylisocyanate and the passage of reaction products through a sorption solution linking the n-butyl isocyanate to N-n-butyl-N '-(1-phenylethyl)urea, which allows to estimate the yield of the target n-butylisocyanate without additional losses. The analysis of the obtained substances was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector (target product) and a mass detector (analysis of by-products). According to the results of research, a modification of the laboratory facility was proposed, as well as n-butylisocyanate was obtained with a yield of 49% on the basis of a new technique.