bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study on Banana Drying Using a Combined Rejected Heat from Split-Type Air Conditioner and Solar Energy
Authors: Wessapan Teerapot , Theerapong Borirak
Published: October 2011

This paper presents an experimental study of the effectiveness of using a combined solar energy and heat rejected from a split-type air conditioner, for drying biomaterials. The experiments were carried out on biomaterial dryer using the combined solar energy and heat rejected from a split-type air conditioner. The effectiveness was evaluated based on the comparison of various drying methods, in terms of drying kinetics of the biomaterial being dried, under Thailand’s climate conditions. The banana was chosen as testing materials. The banana was dried by the dryer with using three drying methods: Heat rejected from an air conditioner; solar energy; and the combined solar energy and heat rejected from an air conditioner. The result shows that the combined solar energy and heat rejected for drying biomaterials were found to have a shorter drying time, higher energy efficiency, and more natural appearance of dried biomaterial compared to the conventional drying method.
A Method for Generating Electricity by Fast Moving Vehicles
Authors: Bharathi S. , Balaji G. , Saravanan V.A. , Suresh Sam
Published: October 2011

A method for generating electricity using high wind pressure generated by fast moving vehicles channeling the induced wind in the direction of the wind turbine; converting the energy of the wind into mechanical energy by using wind turbine; and converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy by using a generating device and can be used for applications.
Research on Injection-Production System’s Effectiveness of Completely Fractured Well Arrangement
Authors: Liu Hua Lin , Xiong Wei
Published: October 2011

For rapid production decline, difficult production stability ability in low permeability reservoirs, establishment of effective injection-production system between injection and production wells is proposed to curb production decline. The effectiveness of an injection-production system should contain two aspects, supplementing enough energy to layer on time and overcoming starting pressure gradient. Completely fractured injection-production well arrangement is simplified into an injection-production one-way flow model, and layer pressure calculation formula is derived by separating variables while single-phase flow. Formulas of determining terminal parameters and driving pressure gradient of an effective injection-production system are gained by demanding for time limits on layer pressure and letting production well’s B.H.P (bottom hole pressure) equal or a bit bigger than a minimum pressure. Results show that the efficiency of a completely fractured well arrangement is related to permeability, oil viscosity, reservoir thickness, well spacing, well draining, production rate, and maximum producing pressure drop. The bigger the production rate, the smaller well draining should adopt, and the driving pressure gradient will also become bigger. For a certain reservoir, several sets of effective injection-production systems are possible, and which effective injection-production system is the best should determine by the principle of cost-effective development.
PI Controller Based for Frequency Control in a Smart Grid with Solar Cell System
Authors: Shahrood Amir Jalali , Viky A. Houshmand , Tafreshi S.M. Moghaddas , Lahiji Azim Saliminiaie
Published: October 2011

In recent decades, appearance of micro grid and prodigious achievement of smart grid comparing with conventional power plants has been offered. In this paper a smart grid that consists of diesel engine generator, electrolyzer, ultra capacitor and solar cell, is offered and with some load disturbances and switching off in diesel generator is analyzed. The proposed smart grid has two produced energy; electrical energy and hydrogen gaseous. Using PI controllers as concrete controllers is suggested for frequency control. The implementations of frequency control in suggested smart grid are both a function that is called frequency deviation function and proportional and integral gains in controller.
The Development of Very Light Jet with Unconventional Arrangement
Authors: Md Dawal Siti Zawiah , Tmys Tuan Ya , Khairi Yusuf , bin Yusoff Nukman , Aznijar Ahmad Yazid
Published: October 2011

In order to be economically viable and competitive, the current trends in designing very light jet aircraft have shown that it is essential to improve the aircraft performance and operational flexibility goal, nevertheless have an efficient cost. The application of unconventional configuration has attracted the designer to achieve that goal. This paper discusses the prospective design of unconventional arrangement which will be applied for very light jet aircraft. The existing of a very light jet configurations is reviewed. New concepts of unconventional configuration for this type of aircraft are discussed. The three-surface configuration is then proposed for the design project. The configuration offers stability and unobstructed cabin. With the appropriate design, the additional weight and interference drag due to the extra surface can be reduced. The new design of aircraft configuration and cabin are discussed. High Speed Natural Laminar Flow airfoil is applied to obtain High Lift/Drag Wing design. The weight and aircraft performances are then estimated. The predicted aircraft performance has satisfied the design requirements and objectives. The design process covered by this paper is only concentrate on initial design. The data from this paper can be continuing in future for the next step of design.
An Exact Solution of Unsteady MHD Free Convection Flow of a Radiating Gas Past an Infinite Inclined Isothermal Plate
Authors: Marneni Narahari
Published: October 2011

The effect of thermal radiation on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow of an optically thin gray gas past an infinite inclined plate with constant temperature has been investigated. The governing coupled partial differential equations are solved analytically using the Laplace transform technique. The dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles are shown in graphs and the numerical values of the non-dimensional skin-friction and Nusselt number are presented in tables. The influence of the system parameters such asPrandtl number, inclination angle, magnetic field parameter, Grashof number, radiation parameter and time on flow fields have been discussed in detail. The results indicate that the inclination angle, magnetic field parameter and radiation parameter effects were to decrease the fluid velocity along an inclined plate.
Tribological Characteristics in Modified Magneto-Rheological Fluid
Authors: Lee Deuk Won , Choi Jae Young , Cho Myeong Woo , Lee Chul Hee , Cho Won Oh , Yun Hyuk Chae
Published: October 2011

In this study, Magneto-rheological (MR) fluid was modified by mixing and adding the additives. The researches on MR fluid have been active progress all around the worlds, especially for the application to many devices on the various fields. For the success of application, tribological characterisitcals are important to be satisfied. There are many progress mainly aimed to the methods to improve the stability and performance of MR fluid in application. In this study, the experiments on friction and wear with pin-on-disk tester as well as SRV tester are conducted in different operation and magnetic. From the results, tribological performance of modified MR fluid is analyzed.
Developing the Proper Form of Objective Function to Be Applied in Gradient Optimization Technique for Designing Continuous Radiation Ovens
Authors: Mehdipour R. , Aghanajafi C. , Ashrafizadeh A. , Baniamerian Z.
Published: October 2011

Providing a suitable thermal condition for the paint to be cured is of important parameters in achieving a desired cure. Continuous radiation ovens are of widely used apparatuses in paint cure and coating industries. Designing of these ovens for curing bodies of complex geometries have become a challenge for many years. In the present study a designing method is introduced and advised because of its acceptable capabilities. This method is based on cure window criterion and applies gradient optimization technique. The time consumed for designing is tried to be decreased through this model. A significant part of the time of designing procedure usually devotes to calculation of the physical model and to the iterations of optimization procedure. In this regard, defining a proper objective function efficiently reduces the designing time. Procedure of finding an appropriate objective function has been comprehensively discussed in the present article. Capability of the proposed methods is then evaluated for a simple two dimensional geometry of an automobile.
A Systematic Design of Tilting Pad Journal Bearing for a 1.2MW Turboblower
Authors: Jo Hyeonmin , Kim Chaesil , Cho Sooyong
Published: October 2011

Studies on bearing properties have been carried out to develop a rotor system with improved high-speed stability and high efficiency. However, there have been few presentations on systematic design of a tilting pad journal bearing with analysis of rotor vibration and fluid properties. Therefore, this paper presents a method to systematically design a tilting pad journal bearing, where stability of the rotor system is taken into consideration, using the general-purpose software, ARMD. This paper describes the bearing design process, which meets the conditions of 0.12mm-bearing clearance and metal temperature below 75°C.
Application of Homotopy Perturbation Method for Harmonically Forced Duffing Systems
Authors: Zhang Xiang Meng , Wang Ben Li , Kong Xian Ren , Xiao A Yang
Published: October 2011

In this paper, He’s homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is applied to solve harmonically forced Duffing systems. Non-resonance of an undamped Duffing system and the primary resonance of a damped Duffing system are studied. In the former case, the first-order analytical approximations to the system’s natural frequency and periodic solution are derived by HPM, which agree well with the numerical solutions. In the latter case, based on HPM, the first-order approximate solution and the frequency-amplitude curves of the system are acquired. The results reveal that HPM is an effective technique to the forced Duffing systems.
Facile Enrichment and Photocatalytical Degradation of Low Concentration MB in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zhang Liu Xue , Wang Xiu Lian
Published: October 2011

Fine particles of photoactive anatase-type TiO2, prepared by hydrolysis of tetrabutyl orthotitanate and crystallized under microwave (MV) irradiation, were loaded on adsorbent support attapulgite (ATP). The prepared hybrids TiO2-ATP were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoactivity properties were evaluated separately. The substrates of target were adsorbed on the adsorbent support, and then a high concentration environments of the substrate was formed around the loaded TiO2, resulting in an increase in the photodestruction rate. One of the most interesting features of the resulting catalysts with low titania contain (<30%) is their fast decantability in comparison with that of TiO2. This way one of the most important drawbacks of photocatalysis, the catalysts separation from the solution, was overcome by simple sedimentation and decantation. The low concentrations MB may be removed through enrichment and photodegradation using the prepared TiO2-ATP photocatalyst.
Design of Compliant Mechanisms of Distributed Compliance Using a Level-Set Based Topology Optimization Method
Authors: Wang Yu , Luo Zhen
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a level set-based structural shape and topology optimization for the design of compliant mechanisms. The design boundary of the compliant mechanism is implicitly represented as the zero level-set of a higher-dimensional level set surface. A quadratic energy functional is introduced to augment the objective function in order to control the structural geometric size of the resulting mechanism. The optimization is thus changed to a numerical process that describes the design as a sequence of motions by updating the implicit boundaries until the optimized structure is achieved under specified constraints. A semi-implicit scheme with an additive operator splitting (AOS) algorithm is used to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential equation (PDE) in the level set method. In doing so, it is expected that numerical difficulties in most conventional level set methods can be eliminated. The final mechanism is characterized with strip-like members able to generate distributed compliance, and so that to resolve the hinge problem long sought-after in the design of compliant mechanisms. Typical numerical case is used to evidence the effectiveness of this method in the design of monolithic compliant mechanisms.
Identification of Replica Modes in Integrally Bladed Rotor
Authors: Mubarak Rana Noman , Chang Jen Yuan
Published: October 2011

Effects on structure designs on free vibrations of integrated bladed rotor (IBR) have been conducted in this research through finite element simulations. Migration of natural frequencies is characterized through parameter studies considering changes of blade angle and blade thickness on an underlying uniform axis-symmetric rotor. Recurring coupled repeated doublet modes, defined as replica modes, has been observed in this study by characterizing blade’s vibrations in-phase or out-of-phase to disk’s vibrations. Veering and cluster of replica modes’ natural frequencies are observed with respect to the blade design parameters. Fourier content for low frequency replica component is found to be sensitive and tunable to blade angle design, which has implications on forced response of spinning IBR in engineering applications.
Comparison between Multiobjective Population-Based Algorithms in Mechanical Problem
Authors: Radhi H.E. , Barrans S.M.
Published: October 2011

The objective of this paper was to perform a comparative study among multiobjective optimization methods on practical problem by using modeFRONTIER optimization software, to determine the efficiency of each method. In order to measure the effectiveness and competence of each method, the lifting arm problem was chosen from the literature [1]. Two numerical performance metrics and one visual criterion were chosen for qualitative and quantitative comparisons:(1) the variance of solution distribution in the Pareto optimal regions, (2) the ratio between the number of resulting Pareto front members to total numbers fitness function calculations which is denoted by hit rate [2], and lastly (3) graphical representation of the Pareto fronts for discussion. These metrics were chosen to represent the quality, as well as speed of the algorithms by ensuring well extends solutions. The definition of the variance as the sum of the square difference between the distance of each Pareto solutions and the average distance between Pareto solutions, over the total number of Pareto solutions. Comparisons among the results obtained using different algorithms have been performed to verify their performance. The experiments carried out indicate that FMOGA-II obtains remarkable results regarding all metrics used.
Design and Traction Performance of the Track Device Circling Driving Wheel for Truck
Authors: Li Li Shun , Meng Xiang De , Zhan Juan Qing
Published: October 2011

To improve passing topography capacity of 2WD truck on soft soil, A track device circling driving wheel (TDCDW) is developed and tested. Tests are conducted on sandy loam to determine the traction performance of the TDCDW. The drawbar pull and the slip of the 2WD truck with TDCDW are measured by the dynamometer vehicle. The soil resistance of 2WD truck with TDCDW is got by pulling the wire rope fixed on truck with the winch and reading the load cell fixed on the wire rope. The main results of this study are: The load on the front wheel has no influences on the tractive effort of TDCDW on sandy loam. The slip of the vehicles with the TDCDW is not the simple assembled slip of wheel on TDCDW and TDCDW on sandy loam. When the load is the same, the maximum tractive effort of truck with TDCDW is equal to the maximum tractive effort of tracked vehicle with the same contact area on sandy loam.
Transverse Vibration of Non-Uniform Euler-Bernoulli Beam, Using Differential Transform Method (DTM)
Authors: Torabi K. , Afshari H. , Zafari E.
Published: October 2011

Analysis of transverse vibration of beams is presented in this paper. Unfortunately, complexities which appear in solving differential equation of transverse vibration of non-uniform beams, limit analytical solution to some special cases, so that the numerical method is presented. DTM is a numerical method for solving linear and some non-linear, ordinary and partial differential equations. In this paper, this technique has been applied for solving differential equation of transverse vibration of conical Euler-Bernoulli beam. Natural circular frequencies and mode shapes have been calculated. Comparing results with the cases which exact solution have been presented, shows that DTM is a strong method especially for solving quasi-linear differential equations.
Analysis of Sustainable Development of Inner Mongolia Wind Power
Authors: Zhai Hui Juan , Qiao Huan Huan , Wang Guan Qing
Published: October 2011

Inner Mongolia region is vast, and developable wind resource accounts for 50%. However, wind power grid has become the local wind development's main bottleneck. Therefore, studying the sustainability of wind power in this region has very important significance. This article from aspects of resource conditions, economic growth, wind power transmission, technical strength and policy environment analyzes the sustainability of Inner Mongolia wind power generation, then draws the conclusion that the bottleneck problem is expected to be solved and the sustainable development is expected to be realized.
Wide Input Voltage Range 2kW Flyback Resonant Converter Design for Wind Turbine
Authors: Thitayanuwat Watchara , Neammanee Bunlung
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a design of wide input voltage range 2 kW flyback resonant converter for the wind turbine system. The propose converter design for operated under zero voltage switch, it could increase the efficiency of system by reducing the turn on switching loss. The advantages of this converter can be operated in a wide input voltage range, isolation and used a few devices. From the simulation result with PSpice software and experimentation results are conform together which shows the designed circuit can be operated under zero voltage with high efficiency and wide input voltage range (90-240V), by the simulation results can be used for the specified rate of power semi-conductor devices.
Adaptive Decision Making Algorithm for Protection of Series Capacitor Compensated Line
Authors: Kumar Manish , Gupta H.O.
Published: October 2011

This paper presents an algorithm for protection of series capacitor compensated line, which is based on the behavior (oscillating and decaying waveform) of DC component of line current. Along with this, it supports the idea of installing the series capacitor at the far end substation from current relaying point. It reduces the complexity of algorithm without affecting the performance of the line. The presented algorithm has been extensively tested on a PSCAD model of a 230kV, 340km long transmission line.
Design and Construction of Pic-Based Excitation Control System for Generator
Authors: Ohn Mar Myaing , Thwe Mu Han
Published: October 2011

The main objective of this PIC-based excitation control system is to control the terminal voltage by adjusting the generator exciter voltage. Unlike the conventional control system, the PIC-based excitation control system is constructed to reduce the number of components and thus the amount of design work and wiring required for the system. As a consequence, this is constructed to be low cost and high performance. In this work, this design is based on the construction of switched mode power supply (SMPS). MOSFET IRF840 is used as switching element to control the field excitation through the field coil. PIC16F628 microcontroller is used as excitation controller and performs the modulator function in firmware. In this modulator function, Pulse Skipping Modulation (PSM) which generates train of pulses to turn IRF840 (switching device) on/off in order to reach the desired output voltage of the generator is used. In the PIC-based excitation control system, PIC microcontroller senses the feedback voltage and compares this voltage with reference voltage by using onboard reference and two comparators. In this control system, PIC microcontroller generates a train of pulses to turn MOSFET (IRF840) on/off to control the field excitation of the generator. This excitation control system provides 10% voltage regulation from no load and provides the continuous maximum current up to 8A at maximum rating of 32, 63, 125 and 250 Vdc.
CFD Simulating Research of Integrated Solar Building Skin
Authors: Yang Ying , Li Zhi Min
Published: October 2011

Through CFD, Computational Fluid Dynamics application to calculate the numerical simulation, this paper is to study natural wind velocity and temperature distribution of the internal and external room of BIPV with solar skin. The research provides the evidence of more effieicent ventilation mode for sloar energy-saving build skin.
Design and Manufacturing of Sun Motion Simulator Applied to Satellites Attitude Determination
Authors: Kermanshahi Farnaz , Mohajerani Mohammad Hossein , Babini Mohammad Hossein , Mortazavi Mehdi
Published: October 2011

Environmental simulation has an essential contribution in attitude determination and control verification tests of satellites. Specifically, real-time modeling of space environment can provide more precise and adapted simulation of real world in order to enable satellite attitude determination system by online outputs of sensors. Design and manufacturing of a moving mechanism which simulates the motion of real Sun relative to the satellite is proposed in this paper. Indeed, an artificial Sun carried by the mechanism will sensitize Sun Sensors mounted on a 3DOF model of satellite and finally the outputs of sensors are used to determine the attitude of the model satellite. The procedure of designing and manufacturing such a mechanism is described as follows. Firstly, the motion of Sun relative to the satellite on a specific orbit was ascertained. Next, considering the constraints such as laboratory space and its equipments, an appropriate mechanism was designed conceptually to satisfy the requirements. Then, the detailed characteristics of the mechanism were determined in the preliminary design phase and approved in the detailed design phase of the project. Finally, in order to verify the designed mechanism, a scaled down prototype was fabricated. Developmental tests on the prototype proved the ability of the model to simulate the Sun motion relative to the satellite properly.
Active Flow Control over the Car
Authors: Singh Deepesh Kumar , Bandyopadhyay Gautam
Published: October 2011

Active flow control methods are used to reduce the aerodynamic drag over a car model. Method of Boundary layer suction at the top rear and air injection at the back of the car are used as the active flow control tools to suppress the aerodynamic drag. The computational results obtained using the standard model for the car model are verified first against the practical results obtained by wind tunnel experimentation so as to obtain the range of turbulence. Then a parametric study on the effect of the drag and lift coefficient of the car with respect to the parameters governing the active flow control is done. The drag coefficient is reduced by 20.25% using this strategy with 19.4% increase in the lift coefficient.
Complete Powertrain Torsional Vibration Simulation and Correlation with Phisical Measurement
Authors: Naser Farooqui Mohammed , Wagle Chandrika S.
Published: October 2011

Man, as a mechanical system, is extremely complex and its mechanical properties readily undergo change. There is a very little reliable information on the magnitude of forces required to produce mechanical damage to the human body. As in the case for many other dynamic systems, the human body has been found to exhibit resonance when exposed to vibration stimuli such as ground transportation vehicles.
Empirical Modeling of Turning Parameters Using Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: Abhang Laxman B. , Hameedullah M.
Published: October 2011

- Optimization of multi-criteria problem is a great need of producers to produce precision parts with low costs. Many methods such as Taguchi and Response surface methodology have been employed for optimization of turning operation. However there are few researches involve the optimization of multi-response problem in turning process. The attempt of this paper is to optimize multi-performance characteristics of turning process using grey relational analysis based on factorial design with response surface methodology. The response table and response graph for each level of the machining parameters is obtained and optimal levels of turning parameters including cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut, tool nose radius and concentration of lubricants are found. The multiple performance characteristics including tool wear rate, cutting force and chip-tool interface temperature is considered.
Design of Experimental Platform to Simulate Spacecraft Dynamics
Authors: Thangavel M. , Dean Dean , Aravinth M. , Gouthamraj K.R.S. , Gopalakrishnan M. , Manikandan D.
Published: October 2011

In this paper an experimental setup to simulate spacecraft dynamics is presented. First, the dynamics of the spacecraft is briefly revised and a set of models to simulate spacecraft dynamics are described. Second, the various models are evaluated based on robustness, accuracy, easiness of measurement, rigidity and space requirement and Stewart platform is selected. Third, mechanical design of Stewart platform under static consideration is presented. Fourth, the layout of experimental platform is presented. Final section summarizes the research work and outlines the plan for future work.
Analysis of a Complex Shape Chain Plate Using Transmission Photoelasticity
Authors: Dasari N. , Ramesh K.
Published: October 2011

The stresses and its distribution in complex shape chain plate geometry play a critical role in the fatigue life performance of a chain assembly. However, it is difficult to identify the stress distribution and stress concentration zones precisely using only the conventional industrial friendly tools such as routine quality control test, breaking load test and numerical computations. In this context the transmission photoelastic technique has made it possible to identify the stress distribution, its concentration and also to quantify the stress and strain at any point in the chain plate. This paper explains how transmission photoelastic technique is used to estimate the stress distribution and its concentration zones in a complex chain plate when it is loaded.
Design Anemometer with Transistor
Authors: Sharifabad Hadi Kargar , Mirzaei Ommolbanin , Talebi Mohammad Hasan
Published: October 2011

To measurement Air speed, there are many methods, for example Hot Wire, Ultrasonic measurement and etc. This method use transistor for measurement. The hfe of transistor is variable in different Thermo. In flow of air, the hfe is not equal without flow.
Optimization of Non-Uniform Optical Waveguide in MOEMS Accelerometer
Authors: Shanbag Ganesh , Venkatesh Niharika , Varsha V. , Srinivas T.
Published: October 2011

Miniaturization is the rule of the day. This has even extended to optical domain where entire sensor arrays complete with laser or led source and pin photodiode are fabricated within a single chip. The device discussed and analyzed in this paper is a MOEMS accelerometer which consists of uniform micro cantilever on one arm of MZI structure. The refractive index is assumed to vary even along the direction of pulse propagation along with the frequently analyzed refractive index profile perpendicular to the light pulse path. The efficiency of device is increased by numerous optimization measures. A dual approach of optimal curved waveguide with increased difference is found to maximize power in waveguide core with minimal leakage to the cladding. This effectively translates to increased sensitivity as greater power is available for accurate detection process. The analysis is supported by appropriate simulations.
A Study of Springback in U-Bending Process Using the Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Approach
Authors: Elyasi Majid , Daiezadeh Vahid
Published: October 2011

It is found that springback is also sensitive to a range of material parameters, such as plastic anisotropy, evolution of elastic properties, yielding function and the Bauschinger effect particularly for loading/unloading operations. In this research, the effects of significant parameters on springback in U-die bending of CK67 anisotropic steel sheet are studied by numerical simulation and experiment. The results would compare springback of the die and eventually propose.
Effect of Ethanol-Air Equivalence Ratio on Performance of an Endoreversible Otto Engine
Authors: Ebrahim Rahim , Tadayon Mahmoud Reza , Gandomkari Farshad Tahmasebi , Mahbobian Kamyar
Published: October 2011

Today, the world community is looking for fuel efficient and environmentally viable alternatives for many of the traditional energy conversion approaches. This development has further worked to increase the technical focus on conventional cycles for making them more optimum in terms of performance. Hence, the objective of this paper is to study the effect of ethanol-air equivalence ratio on the power output and the indicated thermal efficiency of an air standard Otto cycle. Optimization of the cycle has been performed for power output as well as for thermal efficiency with respect to compression ratio. The results show that the maximum power output, the optimal compression ratio corresponding to maximum power output point, the optimal compression ratio corresponding to maximum thermal efficiency point and the working range of the cycle first increase and then decrease as the equivalence ratio increases. The result obtained herein provides a guide to the performance evaluation and improvement for practical Otto engines.
Dynamic Modeling of Energy Efficient Crab Walking of Hexapod Robot
Authors: Roy Shibendu Shekhar , Pratihar Dilip Kumar
Published: October 2011

Crab walking is the most general and very important one for omni-directional walking of a hexapod robot. This paper presents a dynamic model for determining energy consumption and energy efficiency of a hexapod robot during its locomotion over flat terrain with a constant crab angle. The model has been derived for statically stable crab-wave gaits by considering a minimization of dissipating energy for optimal foot force distribution. Two approaches, such as minimization of norm of feet forces and minimization of norm of joint torques have been developed. The variations of average power consumption and energy consumption per weight per traveled length with velocity or stroke have been compared for crab walking with tripod and tetrapod gait patterns. Tetrapod gaits are found to be more energy-efficient compared to the tripod gaits.
Real-Time Computer Simulation of Three Dimensional Elastostatics Using the Finite Point Method
Authors: Kirana Kumara P. , Ghosal Ashitava
Published: October 2011

Real-time simulation of deformable solids is essential for some applications such as biological organ simulations for surgical simulators. In this work, deformable solids are approximated to be linear elastic, and an easy and straight forward numerical technique, the Finite Point Method (FPM), is used to model three dimensional linear elastostatics. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is used to accelerate computations. Results show that the Finite Point Method, together with GPU, can compute three dimensional linear elastostatic responses of solids at rates suitable for real-time graphics, for solids represented by reasonable number of points.
Real Time Reliability Study of a Model with Increasing Failure Rates
Authors: Sharifi Mani , Hashemi Ehsan , Farahpour Peyman
Published: October 2011

This paper deals with a system with elements with one element is the main element and the other elements are the spare parts of the main element. If one element fails, one of the spare parts starts working immediately. The failure rate of non working elements are zero and the failure rate of working element is time dependent as and the failed elements are not repairable. The system works until all elements failed. In the second part of this paper the differential equations between the state of the system are established and by solving this equation the reliability function of the system () is calculated. In the third part, a numerical example solved to determine the parameters of the system. Nomenclature The notations used in this paper are as follows: : Number of elements, : Failure rate of each element at time, : Probability that the system is in state with spare element at time, : Probability that system works at time, : Mean time to failure of the system,
Numerical Analysis of Thermoelastic Instability in Disc Brake System
Authors: Jung Sung Pil , Song Hyun Seok , Park Tae Won , Chung Won Sun
Published: October 2011

Thermal energy generated by the friction between the disc and pad is transferred to both components and causes thermal expansion of material of each component, and futher affects the friction contact condition. This is the main factor of the thermoelastic instability (TEI) of a disc brake. In this study, TEI is analyzed using the finite element analysis technique. Three dimensional thermo-mechanical analysis model of the disc brake system is created. An intermediate processor based on the staggered approach is used to exchange analysis results: temperature, friction contact power, nodal displacement and deformation. Disc thickness variation (DTV) and temperature distribution of the disc are calculated, and the tendency and meaning of the results are discussed.
Finite Element Modeling of Natural Gas Pipeline Structure in Response to External Loads
Authors: Al-Obaid Y.Y.
Published: October 2011

Experimental and Theoretical studies on Pipeline all reveal important difficulties in data interpretation. This paper proposes 3-D dynamic finite element (3-DDFE) model based on the digital data set from the Natural Gas Pipeline section. The analysis was constructed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the 3-DDFE model as a potential Pipeline fracture investigatory technique. A three-dimensional mesh generation technique is developed in this paper. Problems arising due to interactive modeling are highlighted in relation to complex geometries. A preprocessor finite element grid generator. FEMGEN has been modified for mesh generation. The modified FEMGEN program is linked with a three dimensional finite element program. Pipe sample is chosen to describe the flexibility and capability of the modified FEMGEN program. The appendix I shows typical subroutines to support the computer program discussed in the paper. The 3-DDFE analysis of Natural Gas Pipeline would allow the assessment of the fractures effects of different impact conditions and enable the development of enhanced Pipeline fracture and protection criteria for Natural Gas Pipeline.
Influence of Background Color on Visual Inspector Performance in 3-Dimension Simulation Model
Authors: Watanapa Anucha , Kaewkuekool S. , Suksakulchai S.
Published: October 2011

This research is aimed to study the influence of the background color which affects efficiency in visual inspection. The visual search simulation program was set to test the search for the letters X and Y assigned to represent defects and mixed up with other background letters in 4 different colors: white, yellow, red and blue. The test were conducted with 48 samples who passed the selection standard by having normal eyesight, more than 50% accuracy in defect search while the average search time was less than 50%. The samples were separated into 4 groups for defect search with 4 colors background. The result was shown that the different background colors affect the average search time for defect search in each screen and the accuracy of the search for different defects. The white background provided the inspector the highest defect search efficiency with the level of statistical significance at .05.
Research on Self-Similarity Network Traffic Modeling
Authors: Zhang Yu , Yin Teng Fei
Published: October 2011

This paper introduces the phenomenon of self-similar network, and then it gives the mathematical definition of self-similar and analysis for the network performance. Based on this, this paper puts forward a new mapping model of ON / OFF and the chaotic mapping model based on the ideas. The model simplifies the chaotic mapping function mapping model by choosing a random variable with a linear piecewise function. The model length is subject to the state heavy-tailed. This model can capture network traffic self-similarity.
The Effects of Fuel Injection Angle and Injection Velocity on Propulsive Droplets Sizing in a Duct
Authors: Doustdar Mohammad Mahdi , Mojtahedpoor Mohammad
Published: October 2011

— The effects of fuel injection angles on the average diameter of fuel propulsive droplets sizing and efficient mass fraction in combustion chamber of a ramjet are numerically investigated in the present paper. We named the mass of fuel vapor inside the flammability limit as the efficient mass fraction. In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection angle on the mean diameter of fuel propulsive droplets sizing, there are conducted two sets of calculation. The fuel injection angle of part I is varied as 30°, 45°, and 60° in flow direction, also the fuel injection angle of part II is counter-flow and varied as 0°, 30°, 45° and 60° to examine its effects on the fuel droplets and fuel/air mixing phenomena, as well as we have increased the fuel injection velocity from 40 to 45, 50 and 55m/s respectively and we have inspected the needed data again. To fulfill the calculation we used a modified version of KIVA-3V.
The Selection, Designing and Analysis of Heavy Duty Tractor Gearbox (ITM8200)
Authors: Kamandar Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2011

In recent years, ITM 399 series tractor has been manufactured in Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company (ITM), which can be suitable for small farms operations. For big farms operations, minimizing energy consumption, decreasing the time losses and increasing work efficiency, a heavy duty tractor of ITM 8200 series was started to design in the same Company. The gearbox selection, design and analysis for this tractor with the engine power of 154 horse power is studied in this research. The mechanical gearbox equipped with mechanical-hydraulic dynashift system was used in ITM 8200 power transmission system. The dynashift system produces four cases (A, B, C and D) with 8 speeds that produced by main gearbox, which altogether produces 32 forward speeds and 32 reverse speeds for this new tractor. To design the gearbox, with recommended speeds, gearbox ratios and gears ratios was calculated. Then by using the engine torque and slip torque on tractor gearbox, the exerted loads on gears were calculated. After this, by using of American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) method and computer programming design, the gears have been designed. Finally one of the gears in ANSYS software analyzed. The results of this analysis show that: The gears have been designed for tractor gearbox can endure loading and transfer the power requirement of new tractor. The design safety factor of gears has been obtained by ANSYS software approximately equals with safety factor of AGMA methodology. In gear analysis, for applying load to one of gear tooth (unit contact ratio), stress distribution will produce in gear body and especially on neighboring teeth body. For tractor gearbox design, it would be necessary to include slip torque, which will decrease the gear width and gearbox volume.
A New Mathematical Model Toward Project Selection-A Case Study
Authors: Rafiei Hamed , Radmehr Farzad , Rabbani Masoud
Published: October 2011

This paper includes project selection problem. Indeed, decision maker wants to select some projects among a group of projects with considering the resource constraints or he/she wants to reach a sequence of projects for doing them. We consider an objective for selecting the projects: minimizing the deviations from optimum solution. We study our models and solution method by a case study from Iran. This solution method is based on goal programming. The results show the efficiency of model and solution method and a chart has been shown for analyzing the results and seeing the sequence of projects. Finally, we propose future researches and generation of problem.
Thermal Errors Modeling of a CNC Machine’s Axis Using Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Eskandari Sina , Arezoo Behrooz , Abdullah Amir
Published: October 2011

Thermal errors of CNC machines have significant effects on precision of a workpiece. One of the approaches to reduce these errors is modeling and on-line compensating them. In this study, thermal errors of an axis of the machine are modeled by means of artificial neural networks along with fuzzy logic. Models are created using experimental data. In neural networks modeling, MLP type which has 2 hidden layers is chosen and it is trained by backpropagation algorithm. Finally, the model is validated with the aid of calculating mean squared error and correlation coefficients between outputs of the model and a checking data set. On the other hand, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is utilized in fuzzy modeling which uses neural network to develop membership functions as fuzzifiers and defuzzifiers. This network is trained by hybrid algorithm. At the end, model validation is done by mean squared error like previous method. The results show that the errors of both modeling techniques are acceptable and models can predict thermal errors reliably.
Transient Radiative Heat Transfer Analysis of Turbid Tissues Subjected to Short-Pulsed Irradiations
Authors: Kim Kyunghan , Kim Jongsoo
Published: October 2011

Transient radiative heat transfer of turbid tissues with a focused short-pulsed laser is studied. To investigate radiation transfer phenomenon during ultra short time regime, transient radiative transfer equation is adopted and it is solved by TDOM (Transient Discrete Ordinate Method). The nonuniform grid system is considered to capture abrupt change of radiation energy absorption. The hyperbolic conduction model is considered to predict temperature increment of turbid tissues.
Analysis of Radiative Heat Flux for Nozzle Flow
Authors: Lee Sung Nam , Baek Seung Wook
Published: October 2011

— A finite volume method with non-gray gas model is applied to investigate radiative heat flux on the inside wall of nozzle. The radiative properties of non-gray gas are predicted by using weighted sum of gray gases model (WSGGM). Again, 4 gray gases and narrow band based WSGGM is used to predict total heat flux and spectral intensity on the nozzle wall. Finally, the hybrid use of 4 gray gases and narrow band based model is applied to reduce computational time preserving accuracy.
Educational Software for Stress Analysis of an Aircraft Fuselage
Authors: Ali J.S. Mohammed , Kamal Izyan Liyana Mustafa , Ismail Nurhuda
Published: October 2011

A stress analysis software based on MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI) has been developed. The developed software can be used to estimate internal loads on a fuselage and to compute the stresses at any point along the length of the fuselage of a given aircraft. The generalized formulation allows user to perform stress analysis even on tapered fuselages. The software is expected to be a useful tool for effective teaching learning process of courses on aircraft structures and aircraft structural design.
Modeling and Analysis of the Current Generated by Compensatory Anticathode in the Electric Fields Protection of Ship
Authors: Bian Qiang , Liu Yi , Zhang Min , Zhou Fang Jun
Published: October 2011

Based on model of point-electrode and theory of vector sum, analytical expressions of electric fields on the basis of mathematical model has been deduced to reduce the ship corrosion electric field. Optimal result of current of compensatory anticathode has been gotten by appling evolutionary programming arithmetic and contrasted with actual effect. The simulation and experiment show that the electric fields around ship are reduced obviously, and the validity of the calculation method based on evolutionary programming arithmetic are proved.
3D Model of the Planetary System
Authors: Shrivastava Akash
Published: October 2011

An effort is made to develop a computer programme by using C++ language to generate the orbits of the planets of the solar system in a three dimentional view. The programme presented makes the orbits and one can see the rotations. It is also possible to make the same programme in 2D.
Frequency Effect on SEU of D Flip-Flop
Authors: Dong Pan , Fan Long , Zheng Hong Chao , Yue Suge
Published: October 2011

At present, the research on the radiation-harden ability is the hot spot in the field of aerospace devices. In the paper, one commercial D flip-flop chain and one radiation-harden D flip-flop chain are chosen to be tested on the five conditions of different work frequency in the range of 100k~100M. The test would help us to study the frequency effect on SEE. The result shows that when the work frequency increases 103 times, the upset threshold of commercial D flip-flop chain is almost unchanged, but the saturation cross section of the single event upset (SEU) increases about 7.13 times. Compared with radiation-harden D flip-flop chain, the reinforced chain has higher upset threshold, lower upset saturation cross section, and the saturation cross section increases about 3.71 times when the work frequency increases 103 times.
Thermal Behavior of a Flow in a Pulsed Detonation Thermal Spraying Device
Authors: Alkam Mohammad K. , Butler P. Barry
Published: October 2011

In the present work, a numerical investigation has been performed to study the thermal behavior of a flow through a pulsed detonation thermal spray device that employs a hydrogen-air mixture. In this device, a detonation wave travels inside a detonation tube and eventually exits the tube and impinges against a substrate. Two types of substrates have been investigated, namely, a sphere and a flat-plate. The present model is based on solving the two dimensional, axisymetric Euler reactive flow equations with temperature-dependent specific heats. A global single step finite rate reaction has been considered. The present results demonstrate the effects of two main parameters on the thermal performance of the device under consideration. These parameters are: the size and shape of the substrate, and the stand off distance.
Study of Adsorption Properties of O2, CO2, NO2 and SO2 on Si-Doped Carbon Nanotube Using Density Functional Theory
Authors: Sonawane M. R. , Nagare B. J.
Published: October 2011

We report reactivity of silicon doped single walled carbon nanotube (Si-CNT) towards the small atmospheric gas molecules O2, CO2, SO2 and NO2 using density functional theory based on the numerical basis set method. The reactivity of these molecules is explained on the basis of electronic properties such as binding energy, charge density, charge transfer and density of states. The large change in binding energy and formation of sigma (σ) bonds between silicon and oxygen atoms shows the strong chemisorption of the molecules on Si-CNT. Further, the density of states analysis clearly illustrate the reduction in the band gap and creation of extra state near the Fermi level, which acts as a catalytic center for adsorption of the molecules. The Mulliken population analysis indicates the charge transfer from Si-CNT to the molecules due to their more electronegativity.