bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost‐efficient high throughput capture of museum arthropod specimen DNA using PCR‐generated baits
Authors: Knyshov Alexander , Gordon Eric R. L. , Weirauch Christiane
Published: February 2019

Gathering genetic data for rare species is one of the biggest remaining obstacles in modern phylogenetics, particularly for megadiverse groups such as arthropods. Next generation sequencing techniques allow for sequencing of short DNA fragments contained in preserved specimens >20 years old, but approaches such as whole‐genome sequencing are often too expensive for projects including many taxa. Several methods of reduced representation sequencing have been proposed that lower the cost of sequencing per specimen, but many remain costly because they involve synthesizing nucleotide probes and target hundreds of loci. These datasets are also frequently unique for each project and thus generally incompatible with other similar datasets.

Here, we explore utilization of in‐house generated DNA baits to capture commonly utilized mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA loci from insect museum specimens of various ages and preservation types without the a priori need to know the sequence of the target loci. Both within species and cross‐species capture are explored, on preserved specimens ranging in age from one to 54 years old.

We found most samples produced sufficient amounts of data to assemble the nuclear ribosomal rRNA genes and near complete mitochondrial genomes and produce well‐resolved phylogenies in line with expected results. The dataset obtained can be straightforwardly combined with the large cache of existing Sanger‐sequencing‐generated data built up over the past 30 years and targeted loci can be easily modified to those commonly used in different taxa. Furthermore, the protocol we describe allows for inexpensive data generation (as low as ~$35/sample), of at least 20 kilobases per specimen, for specimens at least as old as ~1965, and can be easily conducted in most laboratories.

If widely applied, this technique will accelerate the accurate resolution of the Tree of Life especially on non‐model organisms with limited existing genomic resources.
Genome‐wide association study identifies markers associated with meat ultimate pH in Duroc pigs
Authors: Davoli R. , Zappaterra M. , Zambonelli P.
Published: February 2019

In this study we aimed to identify genomic regions associated with muscle pH, meat colour and water‐holding capacity in a population of 280 Italian Duroc pigs genotyped by the Illumina PorcineSNP60 v2 Genotyping BeadChip. After quality control, the remaining 32 597 SNPs and 278 subjects were used to perform a genome‐wide association study with the genabel package, using a kinship matrix in a model with the effects of sex, age and slaughter day. Bonferroni correction was applied, and the significant markers and regions were then further investigated to identify the nearest genes and the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers. Four markers (ASGA0082344, ASGA0095635, DBWU0000985 and CASI0005117) were significantly associated with ultimate pH (pHu); no significant association was detected for the other traits. The four significant variants, located from 16.841 to 17.643 Mb on chromosome 3, were found within or close to the sequences of the sulfatase modifying factor 2 (SUMF2), lysine acetyltransferase 8 (KAT8), serine protease 8 (PRSS8) and phosphorylase kinase catalytic subunit gamma 2 (PHKG2) genes. The four associated markers lie in two LD blocks, suggesting that the observed effect is related to mutations located in two regions: the first one where SUMF2 is mapped and the second one where genes KAT8, PRSS8 and PHKG2 are located.
How to conduct meta‐analysis for studies with multiple intervention groups
Authors: Wu Qiong , Zhang Bo , Guo Xinyu
Published: February 2019

In this letter, we will introduce how to conduct a correct meta‐analysis for studies with multiple intervention groups.
Endophthalmitis in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Blom Kathrine , Jørstad Øystein Kalsnes , Bragadóttir Ragnheiður
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To study the incidence, aetiology, pathogenic causes, treatment and visual outcomes of endophthalmitis (EO) at the Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Norway.

Methods

Retrospective registry study. Medical records of all EO patients treated at OUS over a 2‐year period were reviewed.

Results

The study identified 46 EO eyes of 44 patients; 19 eyes had postcataract surgery EO (PCE), and 6 eyes had postinjection EO (PIE). Of 4778 primary cataract surgeries performed at OUS, there was one PCE (incidence 0.21 per 1000; 95% CI 0.04‐1.19 per 1000). Of 38 134 intravitreal injections performed at OUS, there were 3 PIE (incidence 0.08 per 1000; 95% CI 0.03–0.23 per 1000). Among 15 751 cataract surgeries performed at other ophthalmic centres in Oslo and Akershus County (OOC), there were 15 PCE (incidence 0.95 per 1000; 95% CI 0.58–1.57 per 1000). Of 3000 intravitreal injections performed at OOC, there was one PIE (incidence 0.33 per 1000; 95% CI 0.059–1.89 per 1000). For neither PCE nor PIE, there were significant differences in odds ratios between OUS and OOC. The odds ratio for PCE versus PIE was, however, 8.0 (95% CI 2.7–24.0; p < 0.001). Cultures were positive in 35 of 46 eyes (76%). The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Twenty‐two eyes (48%) achieved a clinically significant improvement in visual function (≥0.3 logMAR) following treatment.

Conclusion

The overall risk of PCE and PIE was low. It was, however, higher for PCE than PIE, probably reflecting the relative difference in invasiveness between the procedures.
Letter: put on your thinking cap – tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the prevention of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Vyas Ashish K. , Jindal Ankur
Published: February 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Wang et al and Pan papers. To view these
articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15064 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15167.
Letter: double‐dose intensification—a quick way to reverse antibody formation and loss of response in patients treated with adalimumab. Authors reply
Authors: Ungar Bella , Ben Horin Shomron , Roblin Xavier
Published: February 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Ungar et al and Echarri et al papers. To view
these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13862 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15139.
The ‘street politics’ of migrant il/legality: Navigating Malaysia's urban borderscape
Authors: Franck Anja K.
Published: February 2019

Immigration control constitutes a particular technique for regulating urban space and for controlling and disciplining migrant subjects within it. Unlike other manifestations of state power in exemplary urban settings, the architecture of urban immigration control is not recognisable through grand buildings or walls, but rather through its momentary presence and continuously shifting location: ad hoc identity controls in public spaces, roadblocks in neighbourhood streets or raids against workplaces. Building on fieldwork conducted in the Malaysian city of George Town, this article takes an interest in how migrants navigate this urban borderscape in order to avoid exploitation and encounters with the police. Read through Asef Bayat's notion of ‘street politics’, the article shows how migrants use the means (made) available to them in order to extend their room to manoeuvre. While such tactics are often driven by the force of necessity, they do nonetheless cumulatively encroach on the state's ability to produce migrants as (un)wanted or even (il)legal subjects in the city. Through this, migrants also challenge the very notion of what an exemplary urban space is as well as who is considered a legitimate part of it.
Ordering the exemplary urban spaces: A critical analysis of Hanoi's embellishment projects
Authors: Tran Hoai Anh
Published: February 2019

Vietnam has a long tradition of social engineering through which the ordering of urban space has effectively been used to enforce the state's vision of political and social order. With the country currently in transition from a centrally planned to a market‐oriented economy, the ordering of urban spaces is currently all the more important. This is prominently manifested in the numerous beautification projects that are being implemented in Vietnamese cities. This article explores recent ordering endeavours and considers the way they are legitimated and contested in Vietnam's new socio‐political context. Three beautification projects in Hanoi are examined using materials from policy documents, professional journals and media coverage. The article argues that state ordering actions and the ‘exemplary’ urban spaces they seek to create are embodiments of a complex system of orders of powers in transitional Vietnam, in which political visions of modernist socialism and the new market‐oriented agenda are sometimes in alignment and sometimes clash. Overall, the state's failure in sustaining these ‘exemplary’ urban spaces is emblematic of this hybrid system.
The untold flavour of street food: Social infrastructure as a means of everyday politics for street vendors in Bandung, Indonesia
Authors: Malasan Prananda Luffiansyah
Published: February 2019

The existing literature on street vendors has largely examined processes of marginalisation of informal enterprises amid rapid urban development. At the same time, the resistance methods of street vendors against the constraints of urban development have been extensively explored. However, these studies tend to focus on the binary position between informal and formal, as well as on the overt confrontation and conflicts between vendors and the state, which risks simplifying the heterogeneity of interests in the everyday practice of street vending. Delving into the daily work of street vendors in Bandung city, this article explores the everyday practice of traders in order to identify their subtle forms of resistance to removal and to the negative perceptions attached to them. By adopting the analytics of ‘people as infrastructure’ (Simone, 2004) and the idea of ‘building blocks of success’ for small enterprises (Turner, 2003), this article argues that social infrastructure is constituted and practiced through the construction of personal relationships and varied forms of informal economic exchange between vendors and their customers, informal organisers and neighbours, as well as through the adoption of new technology. Social infrastructures have become a means of building everyday politics for street vendors and a vital way of challenging the negative perception attached to street vending activities.
Length of lags in responses of milk yield and somatic cell score on test day to heat stress in Holsteins
Authors: Hagiya Koichi , Bamba Ikumi , Osawa Takefumi , Atagi Yamato , Takusari Naozumi , Itoh Fumiaki , Yamazaki Takeshi
Published: February 2019

We used daily records from provincial Japanese weather stations and monthly test‐day records of milk production to investigate the length of the lags in the responses of cows’ milk yield and somatic cell score (SCS) to heat stress (HS). We also investigated the HS thresholds in milk yield and SCS. Data were a total of 17,245,709 test‐day records for milk and SCS in Holstein cows that had calved for the first time between 2000 and 2015, along with weather records from 60 weather stations. Temperature–humidity index (THI) values were estimated by using average daily temperature and average daily relative humidity. Adjusted THI values were calculated by using temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. The model contained herd, calving year, month of test day, age group, days in milk, and THI as a fixed effect. THIs for each day from 14 days before the test day until the test day were used to represent the HS effects. The HS occurring 3 days, and between 8 and 10 days, before the test day had the greatest effect on the milk yield and SCS, respectively. The threshold THI values for the HS effect were about 60–65 for both traits.
Screen time and the development of emotion understanding from age 4 to age 8: A community study
Authors: Skalická Věra , Wold Hygen Beate , Stenseng Frode , Kårstad Silja Berg , Wichstrøm Lars
Published: February 2019

Recent increase in children's screen activities has raised concerns that screen time may replace face‐to‐face interaction, and hence impair children's development of emotion understanding. This longitudinal community study of 960 Norwegian 4‐year‐olds, followed up at ages 6 and 8, examined bidirectional relations between screen use and emotion understanding. Results revealed that more screen time at age 4 predicted lower levels of emotion understanding at age 6. In addition, television in children's bedroom at age 6 forecasted lower levels of emotion understanding at age 8. The effect of TV watching on emotion understanding was gender moderated, with stronger effects of TV watching observed among girls, but no significant effects detected among boys. In contrast, gaming forecasted lower level of emotion understanding in boys, not girls. Results are discussed in the light of the importance of face‐to‐face interaction to preserve the development of social‐emotional competence among young children.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

We know that children's screen activities correlate with poorer social competence and with decrease of the quantity and quality of interaction with parents and siblings.

The capacity to understand emotions in others is primarily learned through interaction with primary caregivers, but little is known how children's screen use influences development of emotion understanding.

What the present study adds?

We found that more TV watching among girls at age 4 predicted lower levels of emotion understanding at age 6.

Furthermore, TV in child's bedroom at age 6 forecasted lower levels of emotion understanding at age 8.
Computational insights into the interaction mechanisms of estrogen‐related receptor alpha with endogenous ligand cholesterol
Authors: Li Dongping , Cai Yingchun , Teng Dan , Li Weihua , Tang Yun , Liu Guixia
Published: February 2019

Estrogen‐related receptor alpha (ERRα) has attracted increasing concerns. ERRα, orphan nuclear receptor, plays important roles in energy metabolism. Therefore, small molecule agonists of ERRα could be a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Recently, Wei et al. identified cholesterol as the endogenous agonist of ERRα. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of cholesterol bound with ERRα remains ambiguous. Thus, in this study molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to characterize how cholesterol affects the behavior of ERRα. Based on the results, we found that a proven residue Phe232 and others including Leu228, Glu235, Arg276, and Phe399 were key residues to ligand binding. A hydrogen‐bonding interaction between cholesterol and Glu235 ensured the orientation of the ligand in the binding pocket, while hydrophobic interactions between cholesterol and the above‐mentioned residues promoted the stability of ERRα‐cholesterol complex. In the presence of the proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α), the cholesterol‐ERRα interaction became more stable. Interestingly, we observed that cholesterol facilitated the binding of ERRα with its coactivator PGC‐1α via stabilizing the conformation of helix 12 and the interaction surface of ERRα/PGC‐1α. Overall, these findings would be valuable for the future rational design of novel ERRα agonists.
The feasibility of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire for the assessment of child development in a community setting in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Merina , Strand Tor A. , Ulak Manjeswori , Chandyo Ram K. , Ranjitkar Suman , Hysing Mari , Shrestha Laxman , Kvestad Ingrid
Published: February 2019

Background

The Ages and Stages Questionnaire Third Edition (ASQ‐3) may be a feasible and cost‐effective tool to screen children's development in resource poor settings. We have assessed the feasibility of the ASQ‐3 “home procedure” when conducted by fieldworkers in a community‐based nutritional interventional trial on early child development in Nepal.

Method

Six hundred children aged 6–11 months at risk of stunting were assessed by trained fieldworkers in their homes by the ASQ‐3. Three fieldworkers performed standardization exercises and were double scored with a gold standard during the study period. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) were calculated to measure the interrater agreement. The internal consistency was expressed by standardized Cronbach's alphas. The association between total ASQ score and gestation, low birth weight, and stunted children is presented to give an estimate of the construct validity of the tool.

Result

Mean scores of the 600 Nepalese children were consistently lower than in the American norm sample. The ICCs from the standardization exercises were initially good to excellent but declined throughout the study period. The standardized alphas for the total score in the different age groups indicate good internal consistency but varied in the subscales. Children who were preterm, children with low birth weight, and children who were stunted scored substantially lower on the total ASQ score than those who were not.

Conclusion

Although the ASQ‐3 “home procedure” is low at cost and easily accessible in a Nepalese context, the tool requires rigorous and stringent training to achieve acceptable interrater agreement. Further adjustment is required to achieve satisfactory internal consistency.
Promoting Compliance in Children Referred to Child Protective Services: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Lind Teresa , Bernard Kristin , Yarger Heather A. , Dozier Mary
Published: February 2019

Early experiences of maltreatment have long‐term negative effects on children's compliance. This randomized clinical trial examined whether a brief preventative intervention (Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch‐up; ABC) was effective in enhancing compliance in children who had been referred to Child Protective Services. Participants included 101 parent–child dyads who received either ABC or a control intervention when children were infants (M = 9.4 months old, SD = 6.1). When children were approximately 36 months old (M = 38.5, SD = 3.0), ABC children demonstrated significantly better compliance than control children. Further, parent sensitivity, measured 1 month post intervention when children were, on average, 18.4 months old (SD = 6.9) partially mediated the effect of ABC on child compliance at 36 months old.
Childhood IQ predicts age‐38 oral disease experience and service‐use
Authors: Thomson William Murray , Broadbent Jonathan Mark , Caspi Avshalom , Poulton Richie , Moffitt Terrie E.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Given that people with higher intelligence have been shown to live longer, enjoy better health and have more favourable health behaviours, we investigated the association between childhood IQ and a range of important dental health and service‐use indicators at age 38.

Methods

Long‐standing prospective study of a complete birth cohort, with childhood IQ (assessed at ages 7, 9, 11 and 13 years) used to allocate participants (N = 818) to one of four ordinal categories of childhood IQ.

Results

There were distinct and consistent gradients by childhood IQ in almost all of the dental caries experience measures (with the exception of filled teeth) whereby each was most severe in the lowest child IQ category and least severe in the highest; the exception was the mean FT score, for which there was no discernible gradient. Indicators of self‐care and periodontal disease experience showed similar gradients, and multivariate modelling using the continuous IQ score confirmed the observed patterns.

Conclusions

Childhood cognitive function is a key determinant of oral health and dental service‐use by midlife, with those of lower cognitive capacity as children likely to have poorer oral health, less favourable oral health‐related beliefs, and more detrimental self‐care and dental visiting practices by age 38. There is a need to shape dental clinical services and public health interventions so that people with the poorest cognitive function do not continue to be disadvantaged.
Streptococcal superantigen-induced expansion of human tonsil T cells leads to altered T follicular helper cell phenotype, B cell death and reduced immunoglobulin release
Authors: Davies F J , Olme C , Lynskey N N , Turner C E , Sriskandan S
Published: February 2019

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (Spe) A expression is epidemiologically linked to streptococcal tonsillo-pharyngitis and outbreaks of scarlet fever, although the mechanisms by which superantigens confer advantage to Streptococcus pyogenes are unclear. S. pyogenes is an exclusively human pathogen. As the leucocyte profile of tonsil is unique, the impact of SpeA production on human tonsil cell function was investigated. Human tonsil cells from routine tonsillectomy were co-incubated with purified streptococcal superantigens or culture supernatants from isogenic streptococcal isolates, differing only in superantigen production. Tonsil cell proliferation was quantified by tritiated thymidine incorporation, and cell surface characteristics assessed by flow cytometry. Soluble mediators including immunoglobulin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tonsil T cells proliferated in response to SpeA and demonstrated typical release of proinflammatory cytokines. When cultured in the absence of superantigen, tonsil preparations released large quantities of immunoglobulin over 7 days. In contrast, marked B cell apoptosis and abrogation of total immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM, and IgG production occurred in the presence of SpeA and other superantigens. In SpeA-stimulated cultures, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells showed a reduction in C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR)5 (CD185) expression, but up-regulation of OX40 (CD134) and inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) (CD278) expression. The phenotypical change in the Tfh population was associated with impaired chemotactic response to CXCL13. SpeA and other superantigens cause dysregulated tonsil immune function, driving T cells from Tfh to a proliferating phenotype, with resultant loss of B cells and immunoglobulin production, providing superantigen-producing bacteria with a probable survival advantage.
“There's Nothing Holding Us Back”: The Enduring and Shifting Cultural Outlooks of Inner City Second–Generation Latinos
Authors: Rendón María G.
Published: February 2019

I advance knowledge on the cultural outlooks of inner city second–generation Latinos, specifically their views about getting ahead. I draw on a longitudinal study of 42 young men transitioning to adulthood from two neighborhoods in Los Angeles close to 150 interviews. Researchers have suggested urban contexts negatively impact the cultural outlooks of young men. I find urban conditions do not uniformly impinge on the outlooks of Latinos, but interact with their migrant histories and social capital. Specifically, Latinos’ segregation informs their beliefs in the American opportunity structure and their social support ties their faith in their ability to get ahead. Most respondents are “resolute optimists”: strong believers in the American Dream and optimistic about their chances to succeed. “Determined young men” lose faith in the American Dream but persevere, while “self–blamers” are harsh critics not of the American opportunity structure but their personal choices and behavior. Latinos’ outlooks vary and are fluid, shifting with structural conditions.
On osseointegration in relation to implant surfaces
Authors: Albrektsson Tomas , Wennerberg Ann
Published: February 2019

Background

The understanding of mechanisms of osseointegration as well as applied knowledge about oral implant surfaces are of paramount importance for successful clinical results.

Purpose

The aim of the present article is to present an overview of osseointegration mechanisms and an introduction to surface innovations with relevance for osseointegration that will be published in the same supplement of Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research.

Materials and Methods

The present article is a narrative review of some osseointegration and implant surface‐related details.

Results and Conclusions

Osseointegration has a changed definition since it is realized today that oral implants are but foreign bodies and that this fact explains osseointegration as a protection mechanism of the tissues. Given adequate stability, bone tissue is formed around titanium implants to shield them from the tissues. Oral implant surfaces may be characterized by microroughness and nanoroughness, by surface chemical composition and by physical and mechanical parameters. An isotropic, moderately rough implant surface such as seen on the TiUnite device has displayed improved clinical results compared to previously used minimally rough or rough surfaces. However, there is a lack of clinical evidence supporting any particular type of nanoroughness pattern that, at best, is documented with results from animal studies. It is possible, but as yet unproven, that clinical results may be supported by a certain chemical composition of the implant surface. The same can be said with respect to hydrophilicity of implant surfaces; positive animal data may suggest some promise, but there is a lack of clinical evidence that hydrophilic implants result in improved clinical outcome of more hydrophobic surfaces. With respect to mechanical properties, it seems obvious that those must be encompassing the loading of oral implants, but we need more research on the mechanically ideal implant surface from a clinical aspect.
The Arts of Gentrification: Creativity, Cultural Policy, and Public Space in Kamagasaki
Authors: Novak David
Published: February 2019

In contemporary Japanese cities, nonprofit and grassroots arts organizations are mobilized in threatened urban neighborhoods, where neoliberal forms of creativity are invoked to mitigate social and economic displacement. Gentrification is recognizable across contemporary urban societies, but its practices are contingent on representations of local cultural expression, which have particular ramifications in postindustrial centers of urban Japan. In this paper, I focus on a working‐class district of South Osaka known as Kamagasaki, infamous for its longstanding population of day laborers and homeless, in which gentrification has taken a complex route through various projects of cultural representation. Through an ethnographic history of the nonprofit arts space Cocoroom, I contribute to the anthropology of gentrification by focusing on entrepreneurial forms of creativity in local arts organizations, which reveal historical transformations of public space in Japanese urban policy, and highlight the symbolic performances of marginal communities. [Gentrification; Japan; Labor; Cultural Policy; Nonprofit Arts Organizations]
Bringing Buddha to the City: Metropolitan New Orleans and Vietnamese Buddhist Communities
Authors: Truitt Allison
Published: February 2019

In contrast to claims of the secular city, the cityscape of New Orleans has long been shaped by the power and visibility of its Catholic institutions. These institutions played an early role in resettling Vietnamese refugees after 1975, and even today, the most prominent Vietnamese institutions are Catholic churches. Not all Vietnamese in the metropolitan area, however, identify as Catholic. I focus on the efforts of one Buddhist association to build a worship hall in greater metropolitan New Orleans in order to understand how a minority group inscribes its place within the cityscape. Because the construction project requires more financial support than the congregants alone can provide, fundraising efforts must appeal to larger audiences. Through these appeals, I show how the construction of the worship hall involves not just Buddhist placemaking practices but Vietnamese diasporic ones, underscoring the transnational dynamics of religion in the global city. [Diaspora; Buddhism; Placemaking]
Using the past to contextualize anthropogenic impacts on the present and future distribution of an endemic Caribbean mammal
Authors: Gibson L.M. , Mychajliw A.M. , Leon Y. , Rupp E. , Hadly E.A.
Published: February 2019

Island species are difficult to conserve because they face the synergy of climate change, invasive species, deforestation, and increasing human population densities in areas where land mass is shrinking. The Caribbean island of Hispaniola presents particular challenges because of geopolitical complexities that span 2 countries and hinder coordinated management of species across the island. We employed species distribution modeling to evaluate the impacts of climatic change and anthropogenic activities on the distribution of an endemic mammal of conservation concern, the Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus). We aggregated occurrence points for this poorly known species for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present (1975–2016) based on museum collections, online biodiversity databases, and new field surveys. We quantified degree of overlap between periods and scenarios with Schoener's D. Through a conservation paleobiology lens, we found that over time humans played an increasing role in shaping the distribution of S. paradoxus, thus, providing a foundation for developing conservation strategies on appropriate spatiotemporal scales. Human population density was the single most important predictor of S. paradoxus occurrence. Densities >166 people/km2 corresponded to a near‐zero probability of occurrence. Models that accounted for climate but not anthropogenic variables falsely identified suitable habitat in Haiti, where on‐the‐ground surveys confirm habitat is unavailable. Climate‐only models also significantly overestimated the potential for habitat connectivity between isolated populations. Our work highlights that alternative fates for S. paradoxus in the Anthropocene exist across the political border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti due to the fundamentally different economic and political realities of each country. Relationships in the fossil record confirm that Hispaniola's sociopolitical boundary is not biologically significant but instead represents one imposed on the island's fauna in the past 500 years by colonial activity. Our approach reveals how a paleontological perspective can contribute to concrete management insights.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the infectious diseases community of practice of the American Society of Transplantation
Authors: Subramanian Aruna K. , Theodoropoulos Nicole M. ,   the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation
Published: February 2019

These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of tuberculosis in the pre‐ and post‐transplant period. The challenges of screening for both latent and active TB in the setting of transplantation are reviewed. The use of interferon gamma release assays for detection of latent tuberculosis is discussed and compared to tuberculin skin testing. Given the limitations of both testing modality, it is important to consider exposure history and chest imaging. The clinical manifestations of active tuberculosis in transplantation are covered. New recommendations for treatment of latent tuberculosis and active tuberculosis are included.
Size‐based ecological interactions drive food web responses to climate warming
Authors: Lindmark Max , Ohlberger Jan , Huss Magnus , Gårdmark Anna
Published: February 2019

Predicting climate change impacts on animal communities requires knowledge of how physiological effects are mediated by ecological interactions. Food‐dependent growth and within‐species size variation depend on temperature and affect community dynamics through feedbacks between individual performance and population size structure. Still, we know little about how warming affects these feedbacks. Using a dynamic stage‐structured biomass model with food‐, size‐ and temperature‐dependent life history processes, we analyse how temperature affects coexistence, stability and size structure in a tri‐trophic food chain, and find that warming effects on community stability depend on ecological interactions. Predator biomass densities generally decline with warming – gradually or through collapses – depending on which consumer life stage predators feed on. Collapses occur when warming induces alternative stable states via Allee effects. This suggests that predator persistence in warmer climates may be lower than previously acknowledged and that effects of warming on food web stability largely depend on species interactions.
Accounting for interspecific competition and age structure in demographic analyses of density dependence improves predictions of fluctuations in population size
Authors: Gamelon Marlène , Vriend Stefan J. G. , Engen Steinar , Adriaensen Frank , Dhondt André A. , Evans Simon R. , Matthysen Erik , Sheldon Ben C. , Sæther Bernt‐Erik
Published: February 2019

Understanding species coexistence has long been a major goal of ecology. Coexistence theory for two competing species posits that intraspecific density dependence should be stronger than interspecific density dependence. Great tits and blue tits are two bird species that compete for food resources and nesting cavities. On the basis of long‐term monitoring of these two competing species at sites across Europe, combining observational and manipulative approaches, we show that the strength of density regulation is similar for both species, and that individuals have contrasting abilities to compete depending on their age. For great tits, density regulation is driven mainly by intraspecific competition. In contrast, for blue tits, interspecific competition contributes as much as intraspecific competition, consistent with asymmetric competition between the two species. In addition, including age‐specific effects of intra‐ and interspecific competition in density‐dependence models improves predictions of fluctuations in population size by up to three times.
Transient use of a systemic adenosine kinase inhibitor attenuates epilepsy development in mice
Authors: Sandau Ursula S. , Yahya Mayadah , Bigej Ryan , Friedman Joseph L. , Saleumvong Bounmy , Boison Detlev
Published: February 2019

Objective

Over one‐third of all patients with epilepsy are refractory to treatment and there is an urgent need to develop new drugs that can prevent the development and progression of epilepsy. Epileptogenesis is characterized by distinct histopathologic and biochemical changes, which include astrogliosis and increased expression of the adenosine‐metabolizing enzyme adenosine kinase (ADK; EC 2.7.1.20). Increased expression of ADK contributes to epileptogenesis and is therefore a target for therapeutic intervention. We tested the prediction that the transient use of an ADK inhibitor administered during the latent phase of epileptogenesis can mitigate the development of epilepsy.

Methods

We used the intrahippocampal kainic acid (KA) mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy, which is characterized by ipsilateral hippocampal sclerosis with granule cell dispersion and the development of recurrent hippocampal paroxysmal discharges (HPDs). KA‐injected mice were treated with the ADK inhibitor 5‐iodotubercidin (5‐ITU, 1.6 mg/kg, b.i.d., i.p.) during the latent phase of epileptogenesis from day 3‐8 after injury; the period when gradual increases in hippocampal ADK expression begin to manifest. HPDs were assessed at 6 and 9 weeks after KA administration followed by epilepsy histopathology including assessment of granule cell dispersion, astrogliosis, and ADK expression.

Results

5‐ITU significantly reduced the percent time in seizures by at least 80% in 56% of mice at 6 weeks post‐KA. This reduction in seizure activity was maintained in 40% of 5‐ITU–treated mice at 9 weeks. 5‐ITU also suppressed granule cell dispersion and prevented maladaptive ADK increases in these protected mice.

Significance

Our results show that the transient use of a small‐molecule ADK inhibitor, given during the early stages of epileptogenesis, has antiepileptogenic disease‐modifying properties, which provides the rationale for further investigation into the development of a novel class of antiepileptogenic ADK inhibitors with increased efficacy for epilepsy prevention.
Crystal structure of a domain‐swapped photoactivatable sfGFP variant provides evidence for GFP folding pathway
Authors: Kesgin‐Schaefer Stephanie , Heidemann Johannes , Puchert Anke , Koelbel Knut , Yorke Briony A. , Huse Nils , Pearson Arwen R. , Uetrecht Charlotte , Tidow Henning
Published: February 2019

Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PA‐FPs) are a powerful non‐invasive tool in high‐resolution live‐cell imaging. They can be converted from an inactive to an active form by light, enabling the spatial and temporal trafficking of proteins and cell dynamics. PA‐FPs have been previously generated by mutating selected residues in the chromophore or in its close proximity. A new strategy to generate PA‐FPs is the genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) containing photocaged groups using unique suppressor tRNA/aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase pairs. We set out to develop a photoactivatable GFP variant suitable for time‐resolved structural studies. Here, we report the crystal structure of superfolder GFP (sfGFP) containing the UAA ortho‐nitrobenzyl‐tyrosine (ONBY) at position 66 and its spectroscopic characterization. Surprisingly, the crystal structure (to 2.7 Å resolution) reveals a dimeric domain‐swapped arrangement of sfGFP66ONBY with residues 1–142 of one molecule associating with residues 148–234 from another molecule. This unusual domain‐swapped structure supports a previously postulated GFP folding pathway that proceeds via an equilibrium intermediate.
Three‐dimensional architecture of common benign and precancerous prostate epithelial lesions
Authors: Verhoef Esther I , van Cappellen Wiggert A , Slotman Johan A , Kremers Gert‐Jan , Ewing‐Graham Patricia C , Houtsmuller Adriaan B , van Royen Martin E , van Leenders Geert J L H
Published: February 2019

Aims

Many glandular lesions can mimic prostate cancer microscopically, including atrophic glands, adenosis and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. While the characteristic histopathological and immunohistochemical features of these lesions have been well established, little is known about their three‐dimensional architecture. Our objective was to evaluate the three‐dimensional organisation of common prostate epithelial lesions.

Methods and results

500 μm‐thick punches (n = 42) were taken from radical prostatectomy specimens, and stained with antibodies targeting keratin 8–18 and keratin 5 for identification of luminal and basal cells, respectively. Tissue samples were optically cleared in benzyl alcohol:benzyl benzoate and imaged using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The three‐dimensional architecture of peripheral and transition zone glands was acinar, composed of interconnecting and blind‐ending saccular tubules. In simple atrophy, partial atrophy and post‐atrophic hyperplasia, the acinar structure was attenuated with branching blind‐ending tubules from parental tubular structures. Three‐dimensional imaging revealed a novel variant of prostate atrophy characterised by large Golgi‐like atrophic spaces parallel to the prostate surface, which were represented by thin, elongated tubular structures on haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides. Conversely, adenosis lacked acinar organisation, so that it closely mimicked low‐grade prostate cancer. High‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia displayed prominent papillary intraluminal protrusions but retained an acinar organisation, whereas intraductal carcinoma predominantly consisted of cribriform proliferations with either spheroid, ellipsoid or complex interconnecting lumens.

Conclusions

While various prostate epithelial lesions might mimic malignancy on H&E slides, their three‐dimensional architecture is acinar and clearly different from the tubular structure of prostate cancer, with adenosis as an exception.
Fiberglass dermatitis: clinical presentations, prevention, and treatment – a review of literatures
Authors: Camacho Isabella , Rajabi‐Estarabadi Ali , Eber Ariel E. , Griggs Jacob W. , Margaret Sanchez I. , Nouri Keyvan , Tosti Antonella
Published: February 2019

Fiberglass dermatitis is a common form of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Individuals experience a negative reaction to fiberglass fragments because of mechanical irritation. This review comprehensively analyzes the information in the existing literature on fiberglass dermatitis. Recognizing the different environmental risks factors for acquiring fiberglass dermatitis is necessary for better diagnosis and prevention. In addition to the identification of high‐risk populations exposed to fiberglass particles, the common clinical presentation and preventive measures that can reduce the risk of acquiring fiberglass dermatitis are thoroughly discussed.
Characteristic of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes in vitro digestion under salivary, simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions and fermentation by human gut microbiota
Authors: Su Anxiang , Ma Gaoxing , Xie Minhao , Ji Yang , Li Xiangfei , Zhao Liyan , Hu Qiuhui
Published: February 2019

In this study, in vitro digestion and fermentation of Flammulina velutipes ‐derived polysaccharides (FVP) were investigated. It was found that FVP mainly consisted of 48.45% glucose, 15.40% mannose, 14.60% xylose, 11.80% fucose and 9.90% galactose. The ‐human saliva, simulated gastric and small intestinal juices conditions did not break down the FVP. Based on in vitro fermentation tests, FVP modulated the composition of gut microbiota by elevating the amounts of Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroidaceae and reducing the numbers of genera Lachnospiraceae and Enterococcaceae. Meanwhile, FVP affected the synthesis of short‐chain fatty acids derived from gut microbiota.
Extended dual antiplatelet therapy for Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome: expert recommendations
Authors: Chen Walter W.C. , Law Kwan‐Kin , Li Shu‐Kin , Chan William C.K. , Cheong Adrian , Fong Ping‐Ching , Hung Yu‐Tak , Lai Steve W.K. , Leung Godwin T.C. , Wong Edmond M.L. , Wong Raymond W.K. , Yan Chun‐Ting , Yan Victor W.T. , Au Yeong Tony C.K.
Published: February 2019

Background

Recently, new evidence from large scale trials and updated guidelines have emerged on the risks and benefits of extended dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Aims

To discuss, clarify and advise on the application of the evidences and guidelines on individual patient selection for extended DAPT, with regard to balancing risk factors, particularly in Asian populations.

Methods

A total of 14 local cardiologists from Hong Kong with extensive experience in cardiology and cardiac interventions convened in a series of 3 advisory board meetings from October 2016 to September 2017, which included reviews of new evidence in the literature and discussions of the latest clinical trends, using an anonymous, electronic voting system for arriving at consensuses.

Results

Recommendations were produced for the following nine risk factors: old age (>65), chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus (DM), recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), multi‐vessel disease (MVD), multiple stents, bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) stent, left main stenting and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Strong ischaemic risk factors include DM, recurrent MI, MVD and/or >3 stents; less‐strong ischaemic factors include CKD, left main stenting, BVS stent and PAD. Old age can be an unclear risk factor due to variations in physical fitness even among patients of identical age.

Discussion

The strengths and limitations of the results were acknowledged.

Conclusion

ACS patients with ischaemic risk factors could be considered for extended DAPT beyond 12 months, while balancing the risk of bleeding.
Business Strategy and Labor Investment Efficiency*
Authors: Habib Ahsan , Hasan Mostafa M.
Published: February 2019

This paper examines the relation between business strategy and labor investment efficiency. Since business strategy affects both the agency problem and firm‐level uncertainty, as well as the overall shape of corporate behavior, we would expect the efficiency of labor investment to vary with the particular business strategy a firm pursues. Using a large sample of US data, we find that firms having a prospector‐type business strategy are associated with inefficient labor investment, while those having a defender‐type business strategy are associated with efficient labor investment. We provide evidence that uncertainty, rather than the agency problem, causes prospector‐type firms to exhibit inefficient labor investment. Finally, we document that inefficient labor investment by prospectors leads to relatively low profitability in subsequent periods. These findings are robust when subjected to a series of sensitivity tests.
Effects of mobile phone application combined with or without self‐monitoring of blood glucose on glycemic control in patients with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yu Yuan , Yan Qun , Li Huizhi , Li Hongmei , Wang Lin , Wang Hua , Zhang Yiyun , Xu Lei , Tang Zhaosheng , Yan Xinfeng , Chen Yinghua , He Huili , Chen Jie , Feng Bo
Published: February 2019

Aims/Introduction

There is potential for mobile applications to deliver new self‐management interventions for chronic disease, especially in diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a mobile phone application (MPA) combined with or without self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycemic control in patients with diabetes.

Materials and Methods

The study was a 24‐week period, four‐arm parallel group, non‐blinded, randomized trial. A total of 185 patients with mean age of 52 years were randomized to group A (no MPA and no SMBG), group B (SMBG only), group C (MPA only) and group D (both MPA and SMBG were used). Changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose and 1,5‐anhydroglucitol from baseline to week 24 were analyzed.

Results

At 24 weeks, the HbA1c levels in patients of all groups decreased significantly from baseline. There were significant differences in the proportions of patients that achieved HbA1c <7% between groups, especially in group C and group D, compared with group A at week 24 (60.4%, 62.2% vs 25.5%, all P < 0.05). 1,5‐Anhydroglucitol changes were obvious in group A and group C at week 24 from baseline (all P < 0.05 within groups). Factorial analysis of anova showed that MPA intervention was the main effective factor for HbA1c change (F = 4.59, P = 0.034), and there was no effect on HbA1c change for SMBG intervention (P = 0.975).

Conclusions

Implementation of the MPA, Diabetes‐Carer, is effective in improving the proportion of HbA1c <7% in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Silver, silk, atopic eczema and the CLOTHES trial – reply to a letter
Authors: Wollenberg A. , Srour J. , Smolik T. , Berg E. , Mahltig B.
Published: February 2019

Linked article: This article is commented on by D. Kopera, pp. e167–e168 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15399.