bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infiltrating characteristics and prognostic value of tertiary lymphoid structures in resected gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm patients
Authors: Cai Daming , Wang Xingzhou , Yu Heng , Bai Chunhua , Mao Yonghuan , Liang Mengjie , Xia Xuefeng , Liu Song , Wang Meng , Lu Xiaofeng , Du Junfeng , Shen Xiaofei , Guan Wenxian
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are lymphocyte aggregates that play an anti‐tumor role in most solid tumors. However, the functions of TLS in gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (GNENs) remain unknown. This study aimed to determine the characteristics and prognostic values of TLS in resected GNEN patients.

Methods

Haematoxylin–eosin, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and multiple fluorescent IHC staining were used to assess TLS to investigate the correlation between TLSs and clinicopathological characteristics and its prognostic value.

Results

Tertiary lymphoid structures were identified in 84.3% of patients with GNEN. They were located in the stromal area or outside the tumor tissue and mainly composed of B and T cells. A high density of TLSs promoted an anti‐tumor immune response in GNEN. CD15+ TANs and FOXP3+ Tregs in TLSs inhibited the formation of TLSs. High TLS density was significantly associated with prolonged recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) of GNENs. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that TLS density, tumor size, tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) stage and World Health Organisation (WHO) classification were independent prognostic factors for OS, whereas TLS density, tumor size and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors for RFS. Finally, OS and RFS nomograms were developed and validated, which were superior to the WHO classification and the TNM stage.

Conclusion

Tertiary lymphoid structures were mainly located in the stromal area or outside the tumor area, and high TLS density was significantly associated with the good prognosis of patients with GNEN. Incorporating TLS density into a nomogram may improve survival prediction in patients with resected GNEN.
Metabolic alterations of peripheral blood immune cells and heterogeneity of neutrophil in intracranial aneurysms patients
Authors: Ya Xiaolong , Ma Long , Liu Chenglong , Ge Peicong , Xu Yiqiao , Zheng Zhiyao , Mou Siqi , Wang Rong , Zhang Qian , Ye Xun , Zhang Dong , Zhang Yan , Wang Wenjing , Li Hao , Zhao Jizong
Published: February 2024

Background

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) represent a severe cerebrovascular disease that can potentially lead to subarachnoid haemorrhage. Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of peripheral immune cells in the formation and progression of IAs. Nevertheless, the impact of metabolic alterations in peripheral immune cells and changes in neutrophil heterogeneity on the occurrence and progression of IAs remains uncertain.

Methods

Single‐cell Cytometry by Time‐of‐Flight (CyTOF) technology was employed to profile the single‐cell atlas of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in 72 patients with IAs. In a matched cohort, metabolic shifts in PBMC subsets of IA patients were investigated by contrasting the expression levels of key metabolic enzymes with their respective counterparts in the healthy control group. Simultaneously, compositional differences in peripheral blood PMNs subsets between the two groups were analysed to explore the impact of altered heterogeneity in neutrophils on the initiation and progression of IAs. Furthermore, integrating immune features based on CyTOF analysis and clinical characteristics, we constructed an aneurysm occurrence model and an aneurysm growth model using the random forest method in conjunction with LASSO regression.

Results

Different subsets exhibited distinct metabolic characteristics. Overall, PBMCs from patients elevated CD98 expression and increased proliferation. Conversely, CD36 was up‐regulated in T cells, B cells and monocytes from the controls but down‐regulated in NK and NKT cells. The comparison also revealed differences in the metabolism and function of specific subsets between the two groups. In terms of PMNs, the neutrophil landscape within patients group revealed a pronounced shift towards heightened complexity. Various neutrophil subsets from the IA group generally exhibited lower expression levels of anti‐inflammatory functional molecules (IL‐4 and IL‐10). By integrating clinical and immune features, the constructed aneurysm occurrence model could precisely identify patients with IAs with high prediction accuracy (AUC = 0.987). Furthermore, the aneurysm growth model also exhibited superiority over ELAPSS scores in predicting aneurysm growth (lower prediction errors and out‐of‐bag errors).

Conclusion

These findings enhanced our understanding of peripheral immune cell participation in aneurysm formation and growth from the perspectives of immune metabolism and neutrophil heterogeneity. Moreover, the predictive model based on CyTOF features holds the potential to aid in diagnosing and monitoring the progression of human IAs.
On the design and analysis of a miniaturized ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna using quatrefoil‐shaped nonuniform meta‐surfaces for body‐centric communications
Authors: Pandi Ravichandran Venkatesh , Velayudham Narmadha , Velayudham Padmavathy
Published: February 2024

The paper discusses about the design and analysis of a unique circular printed antenna with quatrefoil‐shaped slots and meta‐surface for body centric communications. The antenna design is progressed with a slots in quatrefoil shape carved on the patch placed on Taconic_LX substrate whose thickness is 1 mm. The footprint of the antenna is 32 × 24 × 1 mm3. The antenna's bandwidth is improved using defected ground. The proposed design operates from 2 to 14 GHz of the ultra‐wideband (UWB) spectrum, thus providing 143% bandwidth. The antenna exhibits good gain values of 2.5 and 6 dB at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, respectively, with efficiency of 81% and 91%. At 2.45 GHz, the design proposed functions in on‐body mode, and at 5.8 GHz, it functions in off‐body mode. Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis was carried out whose results are within the safety range of health measures. Bending analysis was also done to enhance the antenna's applicability. Path loss, fidelity, and group delay analysis are done. The simulated results were validated by fabricating and testing the prototype. On‐body testing of the fabricated antenna was also done at various body locations. The measured results were found to be in good agreement with the simulated results.
Computation‐efficiency‐oriented resource optimization in NOMA‐assisted multi‐UAV‐enabled MEC networks
Authors: Liu Qingde , Tian Jie , Zhou Xiaotian , Yuan Dongfeng , Zhou You
Published: February 2024

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can serve as aerial mobile edge computing (MEC) servers to provide computing services to Internet of Things smart devices (ISDs) with insufficient computing capacity on the ground. However, how to provide energy‐efficient computing services by designing appropriate resource optimization strategy is still a challenge issue in UAV‐enabled MEC networks. To this end, this paper proposes a computation efficiency (CE)‐oriented partial offloading framework for UAV‐enabled MEC networks, where the ISDs' computation bits and energy consumption are taken into account simultaneously. Specifically, we firstly divide the ISDs into multiple clusters and determine the deployment of UAVs by k‐means method. Meanwhile, ISDs occupying the same subchannel in the same cluster can offload data through non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology. Then, the problem of maximizing the CE of the system is formulated by optimizing subchannel allocation, transmit power and computation resources of ISDs. To solve it, we propose a staged optimization approach by using matching theory, Dinkelbach and sequential convex programming (SCP) methods. Numerical results demonstrate the proposed scheme can achieve higher CE compared with other baseline schemes.
Influence of β‐catenin signaling on neurogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders: Anxiety and depression
Authors: El‐Kadi Rana A. , AbdelKader Noha F. , Zaki Hala F. , Kamel Ahmed S.
Published: February 2024

It has been proven that stress, mainly in the early years of life, can lead to anxiety and mood problems. Current treatments for psychiatric disorders are not enough, and some of them show intolerable side effects, emphasizing the urgent need for new treatment targets. Hence, a better understanding of the different brain networks, which are involved in the response to anxiety and depression, may evoke treatments with more specific targets. One of these targets is β‐catenin that regulates brain circuits. β‐Catenin has a dual response toward stress, which may influence coping or vulnerability to stress response. Indeed, β‐catenin signaling involves several processes such as inflammation‐directed brain repair, inflammation‐induced brain damage, and neurogenesis. Interestingly, β‐catenin reduction is accompanied by low neurogenesis, which leads to anxiety and depression. However, in another state, this reduction activates a compensatory mechanism that enhances neurogenesis to protect against depression but may precipitate anxiety. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of β‐catenin could enhance our knowledge about anxiety and depression's pathophysiology, potentially improving clinical results by targeting it. Herein, the different states of β‐catenin were discussed, shedding light on possible drugs that showed action on psychiatric disorders through β‐catenin.
Association of sodium–glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors and the risk of retinal vascular occlusion: A real‐world retrospective cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Yi , Kang Eugene Yu‐Chuan , Shao Shih‐Chieh , Lai Edward Chia‐Cheng , Wang Nan‐Kai , Garg Sunir J. , Chen Kuan‐Jen , Kang Je‐Ho , Wu Wei‐Chi , Lai Chi‐Chun , Hwang Yih‐Shiou
Published: February 2024

Aims

Sodium–glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are proposed to alleviate the development of inflammatory eye diseases. However, the association between SGLT2i and retinal vascular occlusion remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of SGLT2i on the incidence of retinal vascular occlusion.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective cohort study analysed electronic medical records data from the largest multi‐institutional database in Taiwan. Individuals who initiated SGLT2is and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4is) between 2016 and 2019 were included in our analysis. To conduct a homogenous comparison, inverse probability of treatment weighting with propensity scoring was employed. The primary outcome was retinal vascular occlusion, and the secondary outcomes were retinal vascular occlusion‐related complications (macular oedema, vitreous haemorrhage, and tractional retinal detachment) and conditions requiring vitreoretinal intervention (intravitreal injection, retinal laser therapy, and vitrectomy).

Results

In total, 12,074 SGLT2i users and 39,318 DPP4i users were included. The incidence rate of retinal vascular occlusion in the SGLT2i and DPP4i groups was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9–1.4) and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.3–1.8) events per 1000 person‐years, respectively, which yielded a subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.55–0.99). Similar risk reductions were observed in the retinal vascular occlusion‐related complications (SHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.69–0.84) and conditions requiring vitreoretinal intervention (SHR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77–0.94).

Conclusions

In this multi‐institutional study in Taiwan, SGLT2i use was associated with a reduced risk of retinal vascular occlusion. Further prospective studies are required to ascertain this association.
The dwarf neon rainbowfish Melanotaenia praecox, a small spiny‐rayed fish with potential as a new Acanthomorpha model fish: II. Establishment of a microinjection procedure for genetic engineering
Authors: Miyamoto Kazuhide , Abe Gembu , Kawakami Koichi , Tamura Koji , Ansai Satoshi
Published: February 2024

Background

Rainbowfish is a clade of colorful freshwater fish. Melanotaenia praecox is a small rainbowfish species with biological characteristics that make it potentially useful as an experimental model species. We anticipate that M. praecox could become a new model used in various fields, such as ecology, evolution, and developmental biology. However, few previous studies have described experimental set‐ups needed to understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms within this species.

Results

We describe detailed procedures for genetic engineering in the rainbowfish M. praecox. By using these procedures, we successfully demonstrated CRISPR/Cas‐mediated knockout and Tol2 transposon‐mediated transgenesis in this species. Regarding the CRISPR/Cas system, we disrupted the tyrosinase gene and then showed that injected embryos lacked pigmentation over much of their body. We also demonstrated that a Tol2 construct, including a GFP gene driven by a ubiquitous promoter, was efficiently integrated into the genome of M. praecox embryos.

Conclusions

The establishment of procedures for genetic engineering in M. praecox enables investigation of the genetic mechanisms behind a broad range of biological phenomena in this species. Thus, we suggest that M. praecox can be used as a new model species in various experimental biology fields.
Overvaluation of shape/weight at posttreatment predicts relapse at 12‐month follow‐up after successful behaviorally‐based treatment of binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Grilo Carlos M. , Ivezaj Valentina , Gueorguieva Ralitza
Published: February 2024

Objective

To test whether overvaluation of shape/weight at the end of treatment prospectively predicts relapse at 12‐month follow‐up in patients with binge‐eating disorder (BED).

Method

Participants were 129 patients with BED who achieved abstinence from binge eating after 6 months of behaviorally‐based weight‐loss treatments in a clinical trial. Independent assessments conducted at posttreatment and at 12‐month follow‐up included the Eating Disorder Examination interview, the Beck Depression Inventory, and weight measurements.

Results

Of the 129 participants who attained abstinence from binge‐eating at posttreatment, 46 (36%) were categorized with clinical overvaluation and 83 (64%) with subclinical overvaluation; 115 (89%) were re‐assessed at 12‐month follow‐up. Participants with overvaluation at posttreatment were significantly more likely than those without to relapse at 12‐months to non‐abstinence from binge eating (54% vs. 28%) and to diagnosis‐level binge‐eating frequency of once weekly or greater (31% vs. 13%). Overvaluation at posttreatment predicted significantly higher eating‐disorder psychopathology and depression scores at 12‐month follow‐up but were unrelated to weight and weight changes. Treatment groups did not have main or interaction effects; posttreatment overvaluation effects were observed regardless of treatment and of covarying for posttreatment value of dependent variables.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that overvaluation of shape/weight at the end of treatment predicts relapse and heightened eating‐disorder psychopathology and depression scores 1 year later in patients who achieved abstinence from binge eating with behaviorally‐based treatments.

Overvaluation of shape/weight has significant clinical implications and warrants consideration as a diagnostic specifier for BED as it provides important prospective prognostic information.

Public Significance

Although effective treatments are available for binge‐eating disorder, relapse following successful treatments is not uncommon. Almost nothing is known about what predicts relapse following treatments for binge‐eating disorder. Our study found that overvaluation of shape/weight (i.e., body image concerns that overly impact self‐worth) at posttreatment prospectively predicted relapse and higher eating‐disorder psychopathology and depression 1 year later in patients who achieved binge‐eating abstinence with behaviorally based treatments.

Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT00829283. (Treatment of obesity and binge eating: Behavioral weight loss vs. stepped care.)
Testing the role of associative learning in evidence‐based treatments for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Reilly Erin E. , Wierenga Christina E. , Le Grange Daniel
Published: February 2024

Treatments for anorexia nervosa (AN) remain ineffective for many patients. Processes that can account for differential treatment outcomes remain mostly unknown. We propose that the field test the role of associative learning in current psychological treatments. We hold that this line of research could yield actionable information for understanding non‐response and improving long‐term outcomes. To make this argument, we define associative learning and outline its proposed role in understanding psychiatric disorders and their treatment. We then briefly review data exploring associative learning in AN. We argue that associative learning processes are implicitly implicated in existing treatments; by this rationale, baseline differences in learning may interfere with treatment response. Finally, we outline future research to test our hypotheses. Altogether, future research aimed at better understanding how associative learning may contribute to AN symptom persistence has the potential to inform novel directions in intervention research.

Public Significance

There is a pressing need to improve outcomes in treatments for anorexia nervosa (AN). We propose that individual differences in associative learning—the ability to form and update associations between cues, contexts, behaviors, and outcomes—may account for differential response to existing treatments. Undertaking this research could provide an understanding of how current treatments work and inform new approaches for those who may be at risk of poor outcomes.
Temporal change in urban fish biodiversity—Gains, losses, and drivers of change
Authors: Lawson Lauren , Edge Christopher B. , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Jackson Donald A.
Published: February 2024

Our aim was to examine temporal change in alpha and beta diversity of freshwater fish communities in rivers that have urbanized over the same period to understand the influence of changes in land use and river connectivity on community change. We used biological (2001–2018), land use (2000–2015), and connectivity data (1987–2017) from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We used linear mixed effects models to determine the strength of upstream land use, connectivity, and their changes over time to explain temporal change in alpha and beta diversity indices. We examined beta diversity using the temporal beta diversity index (TBI) to assess site‐specific community change. The TBI was partitioned into gains and losses, and species‐specific changes in abundance were assessed using paired t‐tests. There were more gains than losses across the study sites as measured by TBI. We found little to no significant differences in species‐specific abundances at aggregated spatial scales (study region, watershed, stream order). We found different relationships between landscape and connectivity variables with the biodiversity indices tested; however, almost all estimated confidence intervals overlapped with zero and had low goodness‐of‐fit. More fish biodiversity gains than losses were found across the study region, as measured by TBI. We found TBI to be a useful indicator of change as it identifies key sites to further investigate. We found two high value TBI sites gained non‐native species, and one site shifted from a cool‐water to warm‐water species dominated community, both of which have management implications. Upstream catchment land use and connectivity had poor explanatory power for change in the measured biodiversity indices. Ultimately, such spatial–temporal datasets are invaluable and can reveal trends in biodiversity useful for environmental management when considering competing interests involved with urban sprawl in the ongoing “Decade on Restoration.”
Independent and synergistic effects of microplastics and endocrine‐disrupting chemicals on the reproductive social behavior of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Carter Grace , Ward Jessica
Published: February 2024

Microplastics (MPs) have become an environmental concern in recent years, with most research focused on the physiological effects of exposure. Comparatively little consideration has been given to the potential behavioral impacts of exposure, which may also have fitness consequences for individuals. Moreover, MPs can serve as vectors for endocrine‐disrupting chemicals and other locally co‐occurring contaminants known to impair behavioral responses. This project aimed to determine whether MPs alone or in association with a common environmental EDC (17‐alpha ethinyl estradiol; EE2) alter reproductive behavior and decision‐making in fish. Male and female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to MPs associated with either a low (10 ng/L; MPEE2 10) or high (50 ng/L, MPEE2 50) concentration of EE2, or MPs without EE2 (MPvirgin) for 30 days via a dietary feeding protocol. Behavioral trials were conducted on Day 31 to determine the effects of exposure on male–female social interactions. The expression of male sexually selected traits, including courtship, was unaffected by exposure. However, non‐exposed females in all treatment groups trended toward discrimination against exposed males, which reached statistical significance for the MPEE2 50 group. Female fish exposed to MPs, alone or in association with EE2, were equally likely to approach and associate with non‐exposed and exposed males. The results from this study suggest that MPs may alter social behavior in fishes and that the behavioral impacts of exposure may be more strongly pronounced in females than males. Such individual‐level changes in fitness have the potential to impact population size, with downstream effects on the broader aquatic community.
Potential impact of climatic factors on the distribution of Graphium sarpedon in China
Authors: Liao Wenkai , Zhuo Zhihang , Qian Qianqian , Hu Dan , Xu Danping
Published: February 2024

Graphium sarpedon is a significant foliar pest of Laurel plants in China. In this study, the MaxEnt model was used to investigate the distribution of G. sarpedon and predict its potential distribution areas in China in the future (2050s and 2090s) based on three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, and SSP5‐8.5), and key environmental variables affecting its distribution were identified. The results showed that under the current climatic conditions, the suitable distribution areas of G. sarpedon were 92.17°–134.96° E and 18.04°–33.61° N, including Yangtze Plain (Middle and Lower), Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and Lingnan areas. Under the future climate conditions, the total suitable distribution area of G. sarpedon decreased, but the area of medium suitable area increased. The study identified 11 key environmental variables affecting the distribution of G. sarpedon, the most critical of which was Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (bio18) and precipitation in April, May, June, and September (prec4, prec5, prec6, and prec9). This study is beneficial for monitoring and preventing the possible changes of G. sarpedon and provides theoretical references for its prevention and control.
Heterozygosity is low where rare color variants in wild carnivores prevail
Authors: Tensen Laura , Fischer Klaus
Published: February 2024

Coat color and pattern are a distinguished feature in mammalian carnivores, shaped by climatic cycles and habitat type. It can be expressed in various ways, such as gradients, polymorphisms, and rare color variants. Although natural selection explains much of the phenotypic variation found in the wild, genetic drift and heterozygote deficiency, as prominent in small and fragmented populations, may also affect phenotypic variability through the fixation of recessive alleles. The aim of this study was to test whether rare color variants in the wild could relate to a deficiency of heterozygotes, resulting from habitat fragmentation and small population size. We present an overview of all rare color variants in the order Carnivora, and compiled demographic and genetic data of the populations where they did and did not occur, to test for significant correlations. We also tested how phylogeny and body weight influenced the presence of color variants with phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models (PGLMMs). We found 40 color‐variable species and 59 rare color variants. In 17 variable phenotypic populations for which genetic diversity was available, the average AR was 4.18, HO = 0.59, and HE = 0.66, and FIS = 0.086. We found that variable populations displayed a significant reduction in heterozygosity and allelic richness compared to non‐variable populations across species. We also found a significant negative correlation between population size and inbreeding coefficients. Therefore, it is possible that small effective size had phenotypic consequences on the extant populations. The high frequency of the rare color variants (averaging 20%) also implies that genetic drift is locally overruling natural selection in small effective populations. As such, rare color variants could be added to the list of phenotypic consequences of inbreeding in the wild.
Effects of dispersal and temperature variability on phytoplankton realized temperature niches
Authors: Smith Alaina N. , Barton Andrew D.
Published: February 2024

Phytoplankton species exhibit fundamental temperature niches that drive observed species distributions linked to realized temperature niches. A recent analysis of field observations of Prochlorococcus showed that for all ecotypes, the realized niche was, on average, colder and wider than the fundamental niche. Using a simple trait‐based metacommunity model that resolves fundamental temperature niches for a range of competing phytoplankton, we ask how dispersal and local temperature variability influence species distributions and diversity, and whether these processes help explain the observed discrepancies between fundamental and realized niches for Prochlorococcus. We find that, independently, both dispersal and temperature variability increase realized temperature niche widths and local diversity. The combined effects result in high diversity and realized temperature niches that are consistently wider than fundamental temperature niches. These results have broad implications for understanding the drivers of phytoplankton biogeography as well as for refining species distribution models used to project how climate change impacts phytoplankton distributions.
Climate change and the biodiversity of alpine ponds: Challenges and perspectives
Authors: Lamouille‐Hébert Marie , Arthaud Florent , Datry Thibault
Published: February 2024

Inland waters are among the most threatened biodiversity hotspots. Ponds located in alpine areas are experiencing more rapid and dramatic water temperature increases than any other biome. Despite their prevalence, alpine ponds and their biodiversity responses to climate change have been poorly explored, reflecting their small size and difficult access. To understand the effects of climate change on alpine pond biodiversity, we performed a comprehensive literature review for papers published since 1955. Through analysis of their geographic distribution, environmental features, and biodiversity values, we identified which environmental factors related to climate change would have direct or indirect effects on alpine pond biodiversity. We then synthesized this information to produce a conceptual model of the effects of climate change on alpine pond biodiversity. Increased water temperature, reduced hydroperiod, and loss of connectivity between alpine ponds were the main drivers of biodiversity geographic distribution, leading to predictable changes in spatial patterns of biodiversity. We identified three major research gaps that, if addressed, can guide conservation and restoration strategies for alpine ponds biodiversity in an uncertain future.
Comparison of different macroinvertebrates bioassessment indices in a large near‐natural watershed under the context of metacommunity theory
Authors: Liu Guohao , Qi Xinxin , Lin Zongwei , Lv Yuanyuan , Khan Sangar , Qu Xiaodong , Jin Binsong , Wu Ming , Oduro Collins , Wu Naicheng
Published: February 2024

The metacommunity theory proposes that community structure and biodiversity are influenced by both local processes (such as environmental filtering) and regional processes (such as dispersal). Despite the extensive use of traditional bioassessments based on species‐environment relationships, the impact of dispersal processes on these assessments has been largely overlooked. This study aims to compare correlations between various bioassessment indices, including Shannon Weiner (H′), Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP), average score per taxon (ASPT), biotic index (BI), and EPT taxa index (EPT), based on macroinvertebrates collected from 147 sampling sites in a subtropical Chinese near‐natural catchment. Modified indices were calculated by removing species strongly influenced by dispersal processes to address the influence of dispersal processes. Their relationship with environmental factors was then compared to the original indices. The study employed random forest regression (RFR) to compare the explanatory power of environmental factors using the two sets of indices. The spearman rank correlation analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between indices and environmental factors. The river health assessment was performed based on both modified and original indices. The results reveal significant differences between original and modified indices (especially H′ and BI) providing a more accurate reflection of environmental conditions. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the different indices to various environmental factors varied, leading to differences in the bioassessment results between the modified and the original indices. Notably, original H′, BMWP, and ASPT overestimated the bioassessment results, whereas the original BI underestimated them. These findings offer valuable insights into bioassessment and river health assessment evaluation within the catchment and other interconnected freshwater ecosystems, such as lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands. Our study underscores the importance of assessing and mitigating the impact of dispersal processes on bioassessment to obtain a more precise representation of the status of freshwater ecosystems.
Strawberry varieties differ in pollinator‐relevant floral traits
Authors: Symington Hamish A. , Glover Beverley J.
Published: February 2024

A rising global population will need more food, increasing demand for insect pollination services. However, general insect declines conflict with this demand. One way to mitigate this conflict is to grow crop flowers that are easier for insects to find and more rewarding to those that visit them. This study quantifies variation in the pollinator‐relevant traits of nectar and pollen production, flower size and flower shape in commercial strawberry, finding significant variation between varieties in all traits. Bumblebees could learn to distinguish between the extremes of variation in flower shape, but this learning is very slow, indicating that this variation is at the limit of that which can be detected by bumblebees. Bee preferences for nectar of differing sugar concentrations at field‐realistic volumes were consistent with previous observations at larger volumes, suggesting that it is valid to translate lab findings to the field. This study builds on our knowledge of the range of pollinator reward present in a single cultivated species and of the impact of field‐realistic levels of variation in floral traits on bumblebee preferences.
The “Domino effect” in MASLD: The inflammatory cascade of steatohepatitis
Authors: Mladenić Karlo , Lenartić Maja , Marinović Sonja , Polić Bojan , Wensveen Felix M.
Published: February 2024

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an increasingly common complication of obesity, affecting over a quarter of the global adult population. A key event in the pathophysiology of MASLD is the development of metabolic‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which greatly increases the chances of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The underlying cause of MASH is multifactorial, but accumulating evidence indicates that the inflammatory process in the hepatic microenvironment typically follows a pattern that can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) Detection of hepatocyte stress by tissue‐resident immune cells including γδ T cells and CD4−CD8− double‐negative T cells, followed by their secretion of pro‐inflammatory mediators, most notably IL‐17A. (2) Recruitment of pro‐inflammatory cells, mostly of the myeloid lineage, and initiation of inflammation through secretion of effector‐type cytokines such as TNF, TGF‐β, and IL‐1β. (3) Escalation of the inflammatory response by recruitment of lymphocytes including Th17, CD8 T, and B cells leading to chronic inflammation, hepatic stellate cell activation, and fibrosis. Here we will discuss these three stages and how they are consecutively linked like falling domino tiles to the pathophysiology of MASH. Moreover, we will highlight the clinical potential of inflammation as a biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of MASLD.
Mechanistic Insights into Ru‐catalyzed Alkene Epoxidation with Nitrous Oxide as a Terminal Oxidant
Authors: Timokhin Vitaliy I. , David Grigg R. , Schomaker Jennifer M.
Published: February 2024

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas produced in the manufacture of 6,6‐nylon and nitric acid. While an attractive oxidant that releases only N2 as a by‐product, the kinetic stability of N2O typically requires high temperatures and pressures for activation. This work describes initial kinetics of oxygen transfer in the epoxidation of cholesteryl acetate with N2O catalysed by D4‐Ru(VI)(por)(O)2 complexes in efforts to provide a better mechanistic understanding of this chemistry. Insights include a need for low concentrations of the alkene to avoid competitive binding to the metal, possible saturation behavior at high N2O pressures, transfer of only one oxygen of RuVI(O)2 to substrate and a possible catalyst turnover involving disproportionation of RuIV(O) and RuIV(O)(N2O) to active RuVI(O)2, RuIV(O) and N2. These insights will be used in future designs of improved catalysts and reaction protocols that may operate efficiently at low pressures of N2O and ambident temperature.
Visible Light‐Induced Photoredox and Copper‐Catalyzed C−N Cross‐Coupling: A Mechanistic Perspective
Authors: Talekar Sanjana S. , Dutta Sayan , Mane Manoj V. , Maity Bholanath
Published: February 2024

The formation of C−N bonds is a vital technique in organic synthesis for creating nitrogen‐containing motifs, which has extensive uses in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and natural products. Significant progress has been made in constructing C−N bonds using transition metal catalysis. Nevertheless, utilizing alkyl substrates for the formation of Csp3−N bonds is a notable challenge. Synergistic photoredox and copper catalysis have proven to be a powerful tool to tackle this challenge. The development of this research domain is still in its early stages owing to the chemical and technical complexities of this catalytic process. This review attempts to summarize in‐depth mechanistic understanding of the photoredox/copper dual catalysed C−N coupling reactions taking into consideration of recently reported experimental and theoretical studies.
Orientation‐dependent mechanical responses in molybdenum‐rhenium alloys evaluated via micro‐pillars
Authors: Xu Hailong , Huang Li , Zhang Wen , Liang Jing , Gao Xuanqiao , Li Jianfeng
Published: February 2024

Textures in molybdenum‐rhenium (Mo‐Re) alloys are inevitable during thermal fabrication. [110] and [100] are common orientations in Mo‐Re alloys and effect mechanical responses. However, orientation dependence of mechanical responses in Mo‐Re alloys is not quite clear yet. To clarity this problem, micro‐pillar compression tests are conducted in grains with orientation [100] and [110] separately. Orientation‐dependent compressive properties are found in Mo‐14Re and Mo‐42Re (wt.%), but are not found in Mo and Mo‐5Re, which may be attributed to activated multi‐slip planes as increased Re. Solid solution effect of Re not only relies on orientations, but also on Re contents. Softening effect occurs in both [100] and [110] Mo‐5Re. while, strong strengthening effect happens in [110] Mo‐14Re and Mo‐42Re. Our research clarifies that Mo‐Re alloys with [110] orientation/texture could be preferred to obtain good strengthening effect.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus facilitates status epilepticus in adult rats: Seizure severity, neurodegeneration, and oxidative stress
Authors: Ramos‐Riera Karen Paola , Beltrán‐Parrazal Luis , Morgado‐Valle Consuelo , Pérez‐Severiano Francisca , Martínez‐Gopar Pablo Eliasib , López‐Meraz María Leonor
Published: February 2024

Objective

The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of DM type 2 (DM2) on SE severity, neurodegeneration, and brain oxidative stress (OS) secondary to seizures.

Methods

DM2 was induced in postnatal day (P) 3 male rat pups by injecting streptozocin (STZ) 100 mg/kg; control rats were injected with citrate buffer as vehicle. At P90, SE was induced by the lithium–pilocarpine administration and seizure latency, frequency, and severity were evaluated. Neurodegeneration was assessed 24 h after SE by Fluoro‐Jade B (F‐JB) staining, whereas OS was estimated by measuring lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Results

DM2 rats showed an increase in latency to the first generalized seizure and SE onset, had a higher number and a longer duration of seizures, and displayed a larger neurodegeneration in the hippocampus (CA3, CA1, dentate gyrus, and hilus), the piriform cortex, the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and the cortical amygdala. Our results also show that only SE, neither DM2 nor the combination of DM2 with SE, caused the increase in ROS and brain lipid peroxidation.

Significance

DM2 causes higher seizure severity and neurodegeneration but did not exacerbate SE‐induced OS under these conditions.

Plain Language Summary

Our research performed in animal models suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) may be a risk factor for causing higher seizure severity and seizure‐induced neuron cell death. However, even when long‐term seizures promote an imbalance between brain pro‐oxidants and antioxidants, DM2 does not exacerbate that disproportion.
Norwegian population‐based study of effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation in patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies
Authors: Kostov Konstantin H. , Kostov Hrisimir , Larsson Pål Gunnar , Henning Oliver , Aaberg Kari Modalsli , Egge Arild , Peltola Jukka , Lossius Morten Ingvar
Published: February 2024

Objective

Evaluate the long‐term efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) compared with epilepsy patients without intellectual disability (ID).

Methods

Long‐term outcomes from a Norwegian VNS quality registry are reported in 105 patients with DEEs (Lennox–Gastaut syndrome [LGS] n = 62; Dravet n = 16; Rett n = 9; other syndromes n = 18) were compared with 212 epilepsy patients without ID, with median follow‐up of 88 and 72 months, respectively. Total seizure reduction was evaluated at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 60 months. Effect on different seizure types was evaluated at baseline and last observation carried forward (LOCF).

Results

Median monthly seizure frequency at LOCF was reduced by 42.2% (p < 0.001) in patients with DEE and by 55.8% (p < 0.001) in patients without ID. In DEE patients, ≥50% seizure reduction at 6 and 24 months were 17.1% and 37.1%, respectively, and 33.5% and 48.6% for patients without ID. Seizure reduction ≥75% at 60 months occurred in 14.3% of DEE patients and 23.1% of patients without ID. Highest median reduction was for atonic seizures, most notably 64.6% for LGS patients. A better effect was seen at 2 years among DEE patients with unchanged medication compared with those with changed medication (54.5% vs. 35.6% responders, p = 0.078). More DEE patients were reported to have greater improvement in ictal or postictal severity (43.8% vs. 28.3%, p = 0.006) and alertness (62.9% vs. 31.6%, p < 0.001) than patients without ID. For both groups, use of the magnet reduced seizure severity. Hoarseness was the most common adverse effect in both groups. In addition, DEE patients were frequently reported to have sleep disturbance, general discomfort, or abdominal problems.

Significance

Our data indicate that VNS is very effective for atonic seizures. Patients without ID had best overall seizure reduction, however, patients with DEE had higher retention rates probably due to other positive effects.

Plain Language Summary

DEE refers to a group of patients with severe epilepsy and intellectual disability. Many of these patients have restricted lifestyles with frequent seizures. VNS is a treatment option for patients who do not respond well to medicines, either because of insufficient effect or serious adverse effects. Our study shows that VNS is well tolerated in this patient group and leads to a reduction in all seizure types, most notably for seizures leading to fall. Many patients experience other positive effects like shorter and milder seizures, as well as improvement in alertness.
The sol–gel property of a triple‐helix polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula‐judae and the protective effect on DSS‐induced ulcerative colitis
Authors: Gao Ziwei , Hu Na , Cao Peng , Cheng Jingjing , Qiu Wenxiu , Wang Qi , Chen Xinyan , Chang Cong , Cai Chao , Meng Yan , Xu Xiaojuan
Published: February 2024

The development of dietary fibers as safe and effective food additives or nutrients for preventing and alleviating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly important. β‐glucans, renowned prebiotics, have shown promise in alleviating IBD symptoms by modulating gut flora diversity and repairing the intestinal barrier. Auricularia auricula‐judae, an edible fungus, contains a β‐glucan with a triple‐helical structure polysaccharide from black fungus Auricularia auricula‐judae (BFP), which exhibits unique sol–gel properties. This study revealed that BFP forms weak gels or sols at increasing concentrations, enhancing swallow ability and extending intestinal transit time, beneficial for patients with dysphagia requiring targeted intestinal administration. The impact of BFP on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced ulcerative colitis was examined, showing that BFP sols maintain intestinal barrier integrity by up‐regulating MUC2, ZO‐1, Occludin, and Claudin expressions and reducing inflammatory factors. Furthermore, BFP sols augmented probiotics abundance, decreased harmful bacteria, and restored Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes balance. These findings suggest BFP sols’ potential as functional food or alternative IBD treatment.
Comparative analysis of sensory features, microbial diversity, and their correlations in light‐flavor Daqu from different regions
Authors: Xiang Fanshu , Cai Wenchao , Guo Zhuang , Shan Chunhui
Published: February 2024

This study performed a comparative analysis of the sensory and microbial profiles of light‐flavor Bijou (LFD) from Taiyuan (Shanxi Province) and Suizhou (Hubei Province) in China. The results of the electronic nose showed that the aromatic substances of the LFD from Taiyuan (TLFD) were significantly higher (p < .05), while alcohol and aldehyde substances were significantly lower (p < .05) compared with the LFD from Suizhou (SLFD). The average response values of sensors W1C (sensitive to aromatic hydrocarbons), W3C (sensitive to amine and aromatic components), W5C (sensitive to olefins, aromatics, and polar molecules), and W2S (sensitive to alcohol and aldehyde compounds) to TLFD were 0.26, 0.33, 0.34, and 7.72, whereas the response values to SLFD were 0.25, 0.32, 0.33, and 8.04, respectively. The electronic tongue results showed that the aftertaste A (bitter aftertaste) and aftertaste B (astringent aftertaste) of the TLFD were significantly higher (p < .05) and umami was significantly lower (p < .05) as compared to the SLFD. The relative intensities of the aftertaste A, aftertaste B, and umami indicators of TLFD were 0.10, −0.008, and −0.22, respectively, while those of SLFD were −0.23, −0.36, and 0.835, respectively. MiSeq high‐throughput sequencing results showed that TLFD exhibited lower fungal richness and diversity compared to SLFD. The dominant bacterial genera were mainly Bacillus (58.12%), Kroppenstedtia (10.11%), and Weissella (6.26%), and the dominant fungal genera were Saccharomycopsis (67.53%), Rasamsonia (9.90%), and Thermoascus (7.10%). Streptomyces and Staphylococcus were identified as the key characteristic microorganisms in TLFD, while Kroppenstedtia, Rasamsonia, and Thermoascus were the key characteristic microorganisms in SLFD. Correlation analysis indicated a stronger correlation between microorganisms and sensory characteristics in SLFD samples. This study provides valuable insights into the sensory and microbiological characteristics of LFD from different regions and offers a new perspective for understanding the production of differently flavored light‐flavor Baijiu.
Protective effects of carvacrol on lipid profiles, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction – A comprehensive review
Authors: Khazdair Mohammad Reza , Moshtagh Mozhgan , Anaeigoudari Akbar , Jafari Shima , Kazemi Toba
Published: February 2024

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a class of illnesses that affect the heart or blood vessels, leading to the most common causes of death worldwide. In 2017, CVD caused approximately 17.8 million deaths that were increased approximately to 20.5 million deaths in 2021, globally. Also, nearly 80% of worldwide CVD deaths occur in some countries. Some herbs and their constituents due to their several pharmacological activities have been used for medicinal purposes. Carvacrol is a phenolic mono‐terpenoid found in the oils of aromatic herbs with several biological properties. The possible therapeutic effects of carvacrol on lipid profiles, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction were summarized in the current study. The data from this review article were obtained by searching the terms including; “Carvacrol”, “Hypertension”, Hypotensive, “Cardiac dysfunction”, “Ischemia”, “Lipid profile”, and Oxidative stress in several web databases such as Web of Sciences, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar, until November 2023. The results of the reviewed studies revealed that carvacrol inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity and alters lipid profiles, reducing heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). Carvacrol also decreased the proinflammatory cytokine (IL‐1β), while increasing secretion of anti‐inflammatory cytokine (IL‐10). Moreover, carvacrol improved oxidative stress and mitigated the number of apoptotic cells. The pharmacological effects of carvacrol on CVD might be through its antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The mentioned therapeutic effects of carvacrol on lipid profile, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction indicate the possible remedy effect of carvacrol for the treatment of CVD.