bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Baccalaureate Nursing Students Regarding Oral Health Assessment
Authors: Clemmens Donna , Rodriguez Karla , Leef Betty
Published: August 2012

Good oral health is important to overall health. Oral and pharyngeal cancers account for 2% of all cancers, yet no significant improvement in mortality has been demonstrated over the past 30 years. Nurses are in a unique position to integrate and conduct oral health assessments across a wide range of practice settings. Although nursing programs include health assessment and promotion in their curricula, there is poor integration of oral health as a focus. This study aimed to identify the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of baccalaureate nursing students about oral health assessment. A convenience sample of 163 students in two undergraduate courses within a baccalaureate nursing education program was surveyed. Findings indicated that these nursing students felt that oral health was essential to their nursing practice; however, they did not have a full understanding of the key components of an oral health examination or about effective smoking cessation strategies.
Social Cognitive Theory, Metacognition, and Simulation Learning in Nursing Education
Authors: Burke Helen , Mancuso Lorraine
Published: August 2012

Simulation learning encompasses simple, introductory scenarios requiring response to patients’ needs during basic hygienic care and during situations demanding complex decision making. Simulation integrates principles of social cognitive theory (SCT) into an interactive approach to learning that encompasses the core principles of intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness. Effective simulation requires an environment conducive to learning and introduces activities that foster symbolic coding operations and mastery of new skills; debriefing builds self-efficacy and supports self-regulation of behavior. Tailoring the level of difficulty to students’ mastery level supports successful outcomes and motivation to set higher standards. Mindful selection of simulation complexity and structure matches course learning objectives and supports progressive development of metacognition. Theory-based facilitation of simulated learning optimizes efficacy of this learning method to foster maturation of cognitive processes of SCT, metacognition, and self-directedness. Examples of metacognition that are supported through mindful, theory-based implementation of simulation learning are provided.
Current Trends in Systematic Program Evaluation of Online Graduate Nursing Education: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Horne Eva M. , Sandmann Lorilee R.
Published: August 2012

Over the past decade, the Internet’s e3 ect has transformed nursing education, particularly at the graduate level. Schools of nursing have embraced Internet-based course delivery technology to broaden students’ access to academic degrees. However, the rush to stay competitive in online education raises questions. What is the quality of these online programs? To what extent are schools of nursing systematically evaluating the programs beyond the course level? What evaluation tools are used? What are the 3 ndings? How are the evaluation data used? By answering these questions, nurse educators can develop strategies for evaluating the quality and worth of online learning, thus improving instruction and learning outcomes. This integrative review of nursing and adult education literature identi3 es the current trends in program evaluation of online nursing education at the graduate level. Research articles were analyzed and perspectives were synthesized from a research agenda viewpoint. Recommendations and needs for future research are discussed.
OCT Findings in Birdshot Chorioretinitis: A Glimpse Into Retinal Disease Evolution
Authors: Papadia Marina , Jeannin Bruno , Herbort Carl P.
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Birdshot chorioretinitis is a rare disease independently involving the retina and the choroid. Retinal involvement has deleterious functional consequences. This study aimed to follow retinal profiles in early (< 1 year, untreated), intermediate (1 to 6 years, receiving therapy), and late (> 6 years) birdshot chorioretinitis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Optical coherence tomography images were retrospectively evaluated in 28 eyes and retinal thickness was calculated in the foveola, parafoveal nasal, and temporal area; nasal and temporal mid-peripheral macula; and nasal and temporal periphery of the macula.

RESULTS:

Retinal thickness was significantly elevated in early birdshot chorioretinitis because of diffuse exudative retinal vasculopathy. In late disease, retinal thickness was significantly thinned at all measured locations compared with early disease. Epiretinal membrane development was observed in 92% of eyes with late birdshot chorioretinitis.

CONCLUSION:

The retina is thickened and exudative in early birdshot chorioretinitis, thickness diminishes during intermediate birdshot chorioretinitis, and retinal thinning/atrophy with a high rate of epiretinal membrane is observed in late birdshot chorioretinitis.
Fcγ Receptors Inhibit Mouse and Human Basophil Activation
Authors: Cassard Lydie , Jönsson Friederike , Arnaud Ségolène , Daëron Marc
Published: August 2012

Besides high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI), human basophils express activating (FcγRIIA) and inhibitory (FcγRIIB) low-affinity IgG receptors. IgG receptors (FcγR) were also found on mouse basophils, but not identified. We investigated in this study FcγR and the biological consequences of their engagement in basophils of the two species. We found the following: 1) that mouse basophils also express activating (FcγRIIIA) and inhibitory (FcγRIIB) low-affinity FcγR; 2) that activating FcγR can activate both human and mouse basophils, albeit with different efficacies; 3) that negative signals triggered by inhibitory FcγR are dominant over positive signals triggered by activating FcγR, thus preventing both human and mouse basophils from being activated by IgG immune complexes; 4) that the coengagement of FcεRI with inhibitory and activating FcγR results in a FcγRIIB-dependent inhibition of IgE-induced responses of both human and mouse basophils; 5) that FcγRIIB has a similar dominant inhibitory effect in basophils from virtually all normal donors; and 6) that IL-3 upregulates the expression of both activating and inhibitory FcγR on human basophils from normal donors, but further enhances FcγRIIB-dependent inhibition. FcγR therefore function as a regulatory module, made of two subunits with antagonistic properties, that prevents IgG-induced and controls IgE-induced basophil activation in both mice and humans.
Autoantigen Recognition Is Required for Recruitment of IGRP206–214-Autoreactive CD8+ T Cells but Is Dispensable for Tolerance
Authors: Wang Jinguo , Tsai Sue , Han Bingye , Tailor Pankaj , Santamaria Pere
Published: August 2012

The progression of autoimmune responses is associated with an avidity maturation process driven by preferential expansion of high avidity clonotypes at the expense of their low avidity counterparts. Central and peripheral tolerance hinder the contribution of high-avidity clonotypes targeting residues 206–214 of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP206–214) during the earliest stages of autoimmune diabetes. In this study, we probe the molecular determinants and biochemical consequences of IGRP206–214/Kd recognition by high-, intermediate-, and low-avidity autoreactive CD8+ T cells, and we investigate the effects of genetic IGRP206–214 silencing on their developmental biology. We find that differences in avidity for IGRP206–214/Kd map to CDR1α and are associated with quantitative differences in CD3ε proline-rich sequence exposure and Nck recruitment. Unexpectedly, we find that tolerance of high-avidity CD8+ T cells, unlike their activation and recruitment into the pancreas, is dissociated from recognition of IGRP206–214, particularly in adult mice. This finding challenges the view that tolerance of pathogenic autoreactive T cells is invariably triggered by recognition of the peptide–MHC complex that drives their activation in the periphery, indicating the existence of mechanisms of tolerance that are capable of sensing the avidity, hence pathogenicity of autoreactive T cells without the need to rely on local autoantigen availability.
Sensitivity of Cortical Auditory Evoked Potential Detection for Hearing-Impaired Infants in Response to Short Speech Sounds
Authors: Van Dun Bram , Carter Lyndal , Dillon Harvey
Published: August 2012

Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) are an emerging tool for hearing aid fitting evaluation in young children who cannot provide reliable behavioral feedback. It is therefore useful to determine the relationship between the sensation level of speech sounds and the detection sensitivity of CAEPs, which is the ratio between the number of detections and the sum of detections and non-detections. Twenty-five sensorineurally hearing impaired infants with an age range of 8 to 30 months were tested once, 18 aided and 7 unaided. First, behavioral thresholds of speech stimuli /m/, /g/, and /t/ were determined using visual reinforcement orientation audiometry. Afterwards, the same speech stimuli were presented at 55, 65, and 75 dB sound pressure level, and CAEPs were recorded. An automatic statistical detection paradigm was used for CAEP detection. For sensation levels above 0, 10, and 20 dB respectively, detection sensitivities were equal to 72±10, 75±10, and 78±12%. In 79% of the cases, automatic detection P-values became smaller when the sensation level was increased by 10 dB. The results of this study suggest that the presence or absence of CAEPs can provide some indication of the audibility of a speech sound for infants with sensorineural hearing loss. The detection of a CAEP might provide confidence, to a degree commensurate with the detection probability, that the infant is detecting that sound at the level presented. When testing infants where the audibility of speech sounds has not been established behaviorally, the lack of a cortical response indicates the possibility, but by no means a certainty, that the sensation level is 10 dB or less.
Immersion freezing of ice nucleating active protein complexes
Authors: Hartmann S. , Augustin S. , Clauss T. , Voigtländer J. , Niedermeier D. , Wex H. , Stratmann F.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Biological particles, e.g. bacteria and their Ice Nucleating Active (INA) protein complexes, might play an important role for the ice formation in atmospheric mixed-phase clouds. Therefore, the immersion freezing behavior of INA protein complexes generated from a SnomaxTM solution/suspension was investigated as function of temperature in a range of −5 °C to −38 °C at the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS). The immersion freezing of droplets containing small numbers of INA protein complexes occurs in a temperature range of −7 °C and −10 °C. The experiments performed in the lower temperature range, where all droplets freeze which contain at least one INA protein complex, are used to determine the average number of INA protein complexes present, assuming that the INA protein complexes are Poisson distributed over the droplet ensemble. Knowing the average number of INA protein complexes, the heterogeneous ice nucleation rate and rate coefficient of a single INA protein complex is determined by using the newly-developed CHESS model (stoCHastic model of idEntical poiSSon distributed ice nuclei). Therefore, we assume the ice nucleation process to be of stochastic nature, and a parameterization of the INA protein complex's nucleation rate. Analyzing the results of immersion freezing experiments from literature (SnomaxTM and Pseudomonas syringae bacteria), to results gained in this study, demonstrates that first, a similar temperature dependence of the heterogeneous ice nucleation rate for a single INA protein complex was found in all experiments, second, the shift of the ice fraction curves to higher temperatures can be explained consistently by a higher average number of INA protein complexes being present in the droplet ensemble, and finally the heterogeneous ice nucleation rate of one single INA protein complex might be also applicable for intact Pseudomonas syringae bacteria cells. The results obtained in this study allow a new perspective on the interpretation of immersion freezing experiments considering INA protein complexes and the derived simple parameterization of the heterogeneous ice nucleation rate can be used in cloud resolving models for studying the effect of bacteria induced ice nucleation.
Impact of Gobi desert dust on aerosol chemistry of Xi'an, inland China during spring 2009: differences in composition and size distribution between the urban ground surface and the mountain atmosphere
Authors: Wang G. H. , Zhou B. H. , Cheng C. L. , Cao J. J. , Meng J. J. , Li J. J. , Tao J. , Zhang R. J. , Fu P. Q.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Composition and size distribution of atmospheric aerosols from Xi'an city (~400 m, altitude) in inland China during the spring of 2009 including a massive dust event on 24 April were measured and compared with a parallel measurement at the summit (2060 m, altitude) of Mt. Hua, an alpine site nearby Xi'an. EC, OC and major ions in the city were 2–22 times higher than those on the mountaintop during the whole sampling period. Sulfate was the highest species in the nonevent time in Xi'an and Mt. Hua, followed by nitrate, OC and NH4+. In contrast, OC was the most abundant in the event at both sites, followed by sulfate, nitrate and Ca2+. Compared to those on the urban ground surface aerosols in the elevated troposphere over Mt. Hua contain more sulfate and less nitrate, because HNO3 is formed faster than H2SO4 and thus long-range transport of HNO3 is less significant than that of H2SO4. An increased water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) was observed for the dust samples from Xi'an, indicating a significant deposition of anthropogenic WSON onto dust and/or an input of biogenic WSON from Gobi desert. As far as we know, it is for the first time to perform a simultaneous observation of aerosol chemistry between the ground surface and the free troposphere in inland East Asia. Our results showed that fine particles are more acidic on the mountaintop than on the urban ground surface in the nonevent, mainly due to continuous oxidation of SO2 to produce H2SO4 during the transport from lowland areas to the alpine atmosphere. However, we found the urban fine particles became more acidic in the event than in the nonevent, in contrast to the mountain atmosphere, where fine particles were less acidic when dust was present. The opposite changes in acidity of fine particles at both sites during the event are mostly caused by enhanced heterogeneous formation of nitrate onto dust in the urban air and decreased formation of nitrate in the mountain troposphere. In comparison to those during the nonevent Cl− and NO3− in the urban air during the event significantly shifted toward coarse particles. Such redistributions were further pronounced on the mountaintop when dust was present, resulting in both ions almost entirely staying in coarse particles. On the contrary, no significant spatial difference in size distribution of SO42− was found between the urban ground surface and the mountain atmosphere, dominating in the fine mode (<2.1 μm) during the nonevent and comparably distributing in the fine (<2.1 μm) and coarse (>2.1 μm) modes during the event.
Calibration of an all-sky camera for obtaining sky radiance at three wavelengths
Authors: Román R. , Antón M. , Cazorla A. , de Miguel A. , Olmo F. J. , Bilbao J. , Alados-Arboledas L.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This paper proposes a method to obtain spectral sky radiances, at three wavelengths (464, 534 and 626 nm), from hemispherical sky images. Images are registered with the All-Sky Imager installed at the Andalusian Center for Environmental Research (CEAMA) in Granada (Spain). The methodology followed in this work for the absolute calibration in radiance of this instrument is based on the comparison of its output measurements with modelled sky radiances derived from the LibRadtran/UVSPEC radiative transfer code under cloud-free conditions. Previously, in order to check the goodness of the simulated radiances, these are compared with experimental values recorded by a CIMEL sunphotometer. In general, modelled radiances are in agreement with experimental data, showing mean differences lower than 20% except for the pixels located next to the Sun position that show larger errors. The relationship between the output signal of the All-Sky Imager and the modelled sky radiances provides a calibration matrix for each image. The variability of the matrix coefficients is analyzed, showing no significant changes along a period of 5 months. Therefore, a unique calibration matrix per channel is obtained for all selected images (a total of 705 images per channel). Camera radiances are compared with CIMEL radiances, finding mean absolute differences between 2% and 15% except for pixels near to the Sun and high scattering angles. We apply these calibration matrices to three images in order to study the sky radiance distributions for three different sky conditions: cloudless, overcast and partially cloudy. Horizon brightening under cloudless conditions has been observed together with the enhancement effect of individual clouds on sky radiance.
Model sensitivity to North Atlantic freshwater forcing at 8.2 ka
Authors: Morrill C. , LeGrande A. N. , Renssen H. , Bakker P. , Otto-Bliesner B. L.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We compared four simulations of the 8.2 ka event to assess climate model sensitivity and skill in responding to North Atlantic freshwater perturbations. All of the simulations used the same freshwater forcing, 2.5 Sv for one year, applied to either the Hudson Bay or Labrador Sea. This freshwater pulse induced a decadal-mean slowdown of 10–25% in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) of the models and caused a large-scale pattern of climate anomalies that matched proxy evidence for cooling in the Northern Hemisphere and a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The multi-model ensemble generated temperature anomalies that were just half as large as those from quantitative proxy reconstructions, however. Also, the duration of AMOC and climate anomalies in three of the simulations was only several decades, significantly shorter than the duration of ~150 yr in the paleoclimate record. Possible reasons for these discrepancies include incorrect representation of the early Holocene climate and ocean state in the North Atlantic and uncertainties in the freshwater forcing estimates.
A framework for global river flood risk assessments
Authors: Winsemius H. C. , Van Beek L. P. H. , Jongman B. , Ward P. J. , Bouwman A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. There is an increasing need for strategic global assessments of flood risks in current and future conditions. In this paper, we propose a framework for global flood risk assessment for river floods, which can be applied in current conditions, as well as in future conditions due to climate and socio-economic changes. The framework's goal is to establish flood hazard and impact estimates at a high enough resolution to allow for their combination into a risk estimate. The framework estimates hazard at high resolution (~1 km2) using global forcing datasets of the current (or in scenario mode, future) climate, a global hydrological model, a global flood routing model, and importantly, a flood extent downscaling routine. The second component of the framework combines hazard with flood impact models at the same resolution (e.g. damage, affected GDP, and affected population) to establish indicators for flood risk (e.g. annual expected damage, affected GDP, and affected population). The framework has been applied using the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB, which includes an optional global flood routing model DynRout, combined with scenarios from the Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment (IMAGE). We performed downscaling of the hazard probability distributions to 1 km2 resolution with a new downscaling algorithm, applied on Bangladesh as a first case-study application area. We demonstrate the risk assessment approach in Bangladesh based on GDP per capita data, population, and land use maps for 2010 and 2050. Validation of the hazard and damage estimates has been performed using the Dartmouth Flood Observatory database and damage estimates from the EM-DAT database and World Bank sources. We discuss and show sensitivities of the estimated risks with regard to the use of different climate input sets, decisions made in the downscaling algorithm, and different approaches to establish impact models.
Organic carbon stocks in Mediterranean soil types under different land uses (Southern Spain)
Authors: Muñoz-Rojas M. , Jordán A. , Zavala L. M. , De la Rosa D. , Abd-Elmabod S. K. , Anaya-Romero M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Soil C sequestration through changes in land use and management is one of the sustainable and long-term strategies to mitigate climate change. This research explores and quantifies the role of soil and land use as determinants of the ability of soils to store C along Mediterranean systems. Detailed studies of soil organic C (SOC) dynamics are necessary in order to identify factors determining fluctuations and intensity of changes. In this study, SOC contents from different soil and land use types have been investigated in Andalusia (S Spain). We have used soil information from different databases, as well as land use digital maps, climate databases and digital elevation models. The average SOC content for each soil control section (0–25, 25–50 and 50–75 cm) was determined and SOC stocks were calculated for each combination of soil and land use type, using soil and land cover maps. The total organic C stock in soils of Andalusia is 415 Tg for the upper 75 cm, with average values ranging from 15.9 Mg C ha−1 (Solonchaks under "arable land") to 107.6 Mg C ha−1 (Fluvisols from "wetlands"). Up to 55% of SOC accumulates in the top 25 cm of soil (229.7 Tg). This research constitutes a preliminary assessment for modelling SOC stock under scenarios of land use and climate change.
Derechos Humanos y Seguridad Ciudadana en Centroamérica
Authors: Cuéllar Roberto
Published: August 2012

El Dr. Roberto Cuéllar expone dramáticamente los alcances de la violencia criminal en nuestra región, comparativamente más grave que la guerra de hace 20 años. Ubica a la educación en derechos humanos en el centro de las acciones preventivas para el resguardo de la niñez, la juventud y la democracia. Pero también, la generación de fuerzas policiales honestas y eficientes, fiscales decididos, jueves probos, recursos suficientes y pleno respaldo del Estado.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.756Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 2-4
Muere eminente pensador Adolfo Sánchez Vásquez
Authors: Torres Denis
Published: August 2012

Se informa sobre la muerte de Adolfo Sánchez Vásquez, uno de los más relevantes filósofos contemporáneos, señalándose la relación de amistad con Nicaragua y su pertenencia al Consejo de Colaboradores Internacionales de la Revista “Cultura de Paz”.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.757 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 5
A la Búsqueda de Alternativas ante la Crisis Mundial
Authors: Zaragoza Federico Mayor
Published: August 2012

Federico Mayor Zaragoza nos ofrece en este artículo, los rasgos principales que caracterizan la actual crisis mundial, determinada entre otros factores por la sustitución de la ONU y otros organismos internacionales por grupos plutocráticos de países, el impacto y hegemonía mundial del neoliberalismo. Reseña los principales desafíos y lo más importante, su contribución sobre posibles soluciones entre otras: un nuevo sistema de Naciones Unidas, un Consejo de Seguridad democratizado y con nuevas funciones: desarme nuclear, nuevas estrategias, nuevas armas, coordinación para reducir el impacto de las catástrofes naturales y provocados, capacidad de arbitrajes y resolución de conflictos, prevalencia de los derechos humanos y convivencia pacífica, un nuevo ECOSOC y un Consejo Medioambiental.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.758 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 6-13
Más igualdad y otros modelos de varón, para erradicar la violencia e género
Authors: Portolés Carmen Magallón
Published: August 2012

C. Magallón señala que sin restar su particular importancia, no basta la creación, aprobación e incluso, la aplicación de las leyes punitivas ante la violencia intrafamiliar, a la par de ello, se debe continuar indagando los factores que existen y explican – en el sustrato profundo de la cultura patriarcal – la violencia de género contra la mujer; la asunción del problema por toda la sociedad y sus instituciones; cuestionar los universos conceptuales que legitiman la violencia, “el desarrollo de un concepto de igualdad entre los sexos, que no se detenga en la tradición masculina sino que englobe y tenga en cuenta la experiencia histórica de las mujeres y la puesta en circulación de nuevos modelos para el varón,capaces de romper la identificación entre masculinidad y violencia”.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.759 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 14-21
El Derecho Humano a la Paz
Authors: Silva Erwin
Published: August 2012

Este artículo anota brevemente del concepto de paz y la evolución progresiva del derecho humano la paz, y comenta algunos de los elementos de la Declaración de Santiago de Compostela sobre el derecho humano a la paz y propone para el propio estado nicaragüense y otros actores nacionales e internacionales, el apoyo para la aprobación en la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) de la resolución que lo convertiría en un instrumento jurídico internacional para los Estados Miembros.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.760 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 22-26
Pintura Fresca
Authors: Torres Dolores G
Published: August 2012

Augusto SilvaRosa Carlota TünnermannBrenda SantosAlberty Reyes MendozaDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.761 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 27-30
Movimientos Sociales y Partidos Políticos
Authors: Núñez Orlando
Published: August 2012

El corazón de esta reflexión está en la afirmación de que “la existencia y participación de los movimientos sociales cuya identidad rebasa las reivindicaciones particulares (gremiales, sindicales, ecológicas, pacifistas, de generación o de género) garantiza el avance de las reivindicaciones estratégicas, es decir, garantiza, estando o no estando en el gobierno, la construcción de una nueva sociedad. Igualmente, la existencia de partidos políticos cuya forma de gobierno rebasa la administración de las instituciones, economías o sociedades existentes, garantiza que el movimiento socio-político y económico en su conjunto avance y se consolide.” DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.766 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 40-45
"En Pie de Paz" Federico Mayor Zaragoza: Prólogo
Authors: Saramago José
Published: August 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.767 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 46
La Universidad del Futuro
Authors: Silva Isidro Rodríguez
Published: August 2012

Isidro Rodríguez, reseña “La Universidad del Futuro”, la más reciente obra del “Maestro de la universidad latinoamericana”, Dr. Carlos Tünnermann Bernheim, centrándose en el primer capítulo, en tanto rector y articulador del resto de su reflexión científica sobre la educación superior. Señala los desafíos de la sociedad actual y la universidad, así como la visión y misión de la universidad del futuro en los nuevos contextos.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.771 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 54-55
Microsimuler l’avenir des retraites en France : l’exemple du modèle Destinie
Authors: Blanchet Didier
Published: August 2012

Le modèle Destinie est un modèle de microsimulation dynamique dont la construction avait débuté à l’INSEE dans les années 1990. Son champ d’application principal est la prospective des retraites. Il a été notamment mobilisé pour éclairer les effets des réformes intervenues en France depuis 1993. Cet article présente le contexte dans lequel sa première version a été construite, les principaux choix qui ont été retenus pour cette construction et les diverses applications qui en ont été faites. Il dresse un bilan de ces applications et présente les améliorations apportées par la nouvelle version du modèle, opérationnelle depuis 2011.
Des Remarques philosophiques aux Recherches philosophiques1
Authors: Stern David , Prado Neto Bento
Published: August 2012

La discussion sur le langage privé que l’on trouve dans les Recherchesphilosophiques a été écrite entre 1937 et 1945, après que les 190 premières remarques de la partie I du livre eurent presque atteint leur forme finale. Les textes post-1936 sur le langage privé constituent un nouveau départ, dans sa lettre et son esprit, par rapport au matériau d’avant 1936.

Néanmoins, entre 1929 et 1936, Wittgenstein s’est penché à plusieurs reprises sur l’idée d’un langage « que moi seul peux comprendre2 ». Un volet de cette question qui, lui, est abordé directement dans les Recherches, c’est l’idée que « si j’appliquais le mot “douleur” uniquement à ce que j’ai nommé jusqu’ici “ma douleur”, et les autres “la douleur de L.W.”, je ne ferais ainsi aucun tort aux autres, si toutefois l’on avait prévu une notation qui d’une façon ou d’une autre, permettrait de pallier l’absence du mot “douleur” dans d’autres combinaisons3 ». Cependant, la discussion de cette question dans les Recherches est beaucoup plus brève que dans les textes d’avant 1936. J’examine le rapport entre ce § 403 des Recherches d’un côté, et de l’autre côté les textes des cahiers de 1929 et les Remarques philosophiques (assemblées au printemps de 1930), en retraçant le développement initial de cette argumentation et en explorant les principales lignes de continuité et de discontinuité dans le traitement que Wittgenstein réserve à la question du langage privé.
Le programme philosophique sous-jacent aux Remarques philosophiques1
Authors: Gallerani Cuter João Vergílio , Prado Neto Bento
Published: August 2012

Les Remarques philosophiques sont la première tentative de mettre en oeuvre le programme qui découle de l’échec du projet du Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Le noyau de ce programme est donné par l’abandon de l’analyse des nombres avancée dans le Tractatus. Wittgenstein se rend compte que les nombres doivent se trouver à la base même du langage, dans la structure des propositions élémentaires. En même temps, il se rend compte qu’il est impossible de fournir la logique sousjacente au langage avant d’avoir procédé à l’analyse. Le projet d’une investigation logique des phénomènes s’imposait, donc, même après l’abandon de l’idée d’un langage phénoménologique.
Paisajes arqueológicos y territorialidad en la zona Centro Sur de Chile. Recuento actualizado de la historia prehispánica del área ubicada entre Tirúa y Valdivia
Authors: Navarro Ximena
Published: August 2012

Investigaciones arqueológicas recientes en el área de Tirúa a Valdivia entregan una historia prehispánica compleja desde el Holoceno temprano, 9500 A.P. hasta el tardío, 1300 D.C. Estas ocupaciones dan cuenta de paisajes arqueológicos espacialmente referenciados en: zona precordillerana lacustre; valle intermedio y costa. La periodificación de estos se establece mediante la adscripción a Complejos ya reconocidos del Arcaico Medio y del Alfarero para sitios arqueológicos relevantes. Ocupaciones humanas y estrategias adaptativas persistentes argumentan la idea de conformación de una temprana territorialidad en la zona.
Alkylpyridines and Miscellaneous Organic Nitrogen Compounds
Authors: Kennedy Gerald L.
Published: August 2012

This chapter covers additional aliphatic and aromatic compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms in their structures and follows those discussed in Chapter 59.

Pyridine and its many modified structures are described because they serve as a backbone for many industrial compounds.

Several pesticides and herbicides, as well as their precursors, are included: the pyridinethiones; the substituted uracil herbicides—bromacil, lenacil, and terbacil; the quaternary herbicides–paraquat, diquat, and difenzoquat; thes‐triazines—atrazine and propazine; and other triazine herbicides, such as ametryn, prometryne, and simazine.

Simple nitrogen compounds such as azides, nitrosamines, and hydrazines are described because of important toxicological effects they can produce.

Finally, two important industrial solvents, dimethylacetamide and dimethylformamide, are included because they have a long history of use and have been well studied in the occupational environment.

Other than the pyridine series of chemicals and the nitroso compounds, most of the chemicals reviewed here include significant new information since the last chapter review.
Noble Metals in Polyoxometalates
Authors: Izarova Natalya V. , Pope Michael T. , Kortz Ulrich
Published: August 2012

Polyoxometalates containing noble metal ions, such as ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, silver and gold, are a structurally diverse class of compounds. They include both classical heteropolyanions (vanadates, molybdates, tungstates) in which noble metals are present as heteroatoms, as well as the recently discovered class of polyoxometalates with noble metal “addenda” atoms. The focus of this Review is on complexes that should, in principle, exist as discrete molecular species in solution, and which are therefore of interest for their reactivity, their future synthetic utility and potential applications, for example, in catalysis or nanoscience.
Influence of a Change in Helical Twisting Power of Photoresponsive Chiral Dopants on Rotational Manipulation of Micro‐Objects on the Surface of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystalline Films
Authors: Thomas Reji , Yoshida Yohei , Akasaka Takehito , Tamaoki Nobuyuki
Published: August 2012

Herein we report a group of five planar chiral molecules as photon‐mode chiral switches for the reversible control of the self‐assembled superstructures of doped chiral nematic liquid crystals. The chiral switches are composed of an asymmetrically substituted aromatic moiety and a photoisomerizing azobenzene unit connected in a cyclic manner through methylene spacers of varying lengths. All the molecules show conformational restriction in the rotation of the asymmetrically substituted aromatic moiety in both theEandZstates of the azobenzene units resulting in planar chirality with separable enantiomers. Our newly synthesized compounds in pure enantiomeric form show high helical twisting power (HTP) in addition to an improved change in HTP between theEandZstates. The molecule with a diphenylnaphthalene unit shows the highest ever known initial helical twisting power among chiral dopants with planar chirality. In addition to the reversible tuning of reflection colors, we employed the enantiomers of these five compounds in combination with four nematic liquid crystalline hosts to study their properties as molecular machines; the change in HTP of the chiral dopant upon photoisomerization induces rotation of the texture of the liquid crystal surfaces. Importantly, this study has revealed a linear dependence of the ratio of the difference between HTPs before and after irradiation against the absolute value of the initial HTP, not the absolute value of the change in helical twisting power between two states, on the angle of rotation of micro‐objects on chiral nematic liquid crystalline films. This study has also revealed that a change in irradiation intensity does not affect the maximum angle of rotation, but it does affect the speed of rotational reorganization of the cholesteric helix.
Cardiac Structure and Function and Renal Insufficiency in the Oldest Old
Authors: Leibowitz David , Maaravi Yoram , Stessman‐Lande Irit , Jacobs Jeremy M. , Gilon Dan , Stessman Jochanan
Published: August 2012

Background:

People over the age of 85 years have a high incidence of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease.

Hypothesis:

There is an association between renal function and cardiac structure and function in subjects 85 years of age.

Methods:

Subjects born in the years 1920 and 1921 were recruited from the Jerusalem Longitudinal Cohort Study. Echocardiography was performed at the subject's home with assessment of cardiac structure and function. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was assessed by the Cockroft‐Gault formula, with abnormal GFR defined as ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Results:

There were 310 subjects who were enrolled. When GFR was examined as a continuous variable, linear regression showed a small although statistically significant relationship between GFR and left atrial volume (r = 0.15, P < 0.014), left ventricular mass index (r = 0.12, P < 0.04), and ejection fraction (r = 0.19, P < 0.03) but not with indices of diastolic function (r = 0.02, P < 0.72). However, using the accepted clinical cutoff of 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, there were no significant differences between subjects with normal and abnormal GFR in indices of cardiac structure. Ejection fraction (57.0 ± 10.4% vs 54.4 ± 10.3%; P = 0.08) and indices of diastolic function (E/e′ 12.4 ± 5.0 vs 12.3 ± 4.6; P = 0.89) were not significantly different between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:

A weak and clinically insignificant association was found between GFR as a continuous variable and indices of cardiac function. However, using the clinically accepted cutoff, no association between abnormal GFR and cardiac structure or function was observed.

David Leibowitz, MD, and Yoram Maaravi, MD, contributed equally to this report.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Posttraumatic regeneration involves differential expression of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons
Authors: Mashanov Vladimir S. , Zueva Olga R. , García‐Arrarás José E.
Published: August 2012

Background: Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that constitute a sizable proportion of eukaryote genomes. Although retroelements are known to play significant roles in embryogenesis, stress reactions, and disease progression, they have never been studied in the context of animal regeneration. Results: In this study, high‐throughput transcriptome analysis revealed unexpectedly large‐scale changes in transcriptional activity of retrotransposons in regenerating radial organs of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. In particular, we identified 36 long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelements, of which 20 showed significant changes in their expression during regeneration (11 up‐regulated, 8 down‐regulated, and one was initially up‐regulated, but later down‐regulated). We then studied in detail the most significantly up‐regulated element, Gypsy‐1_Hg. This transposon showed a drastic (>50‐fold) increase in expression in regeneration and started to return to the normal levels only after the anatomical organization of the injured tissues was restored. All cells expressing Gypsy‐1_Hg were located in the vicinity of the wound and included glia and neurons of the radial nerve. The retrotransposon‐expressing cells survived programmed cell death and contributed to regeneration. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate considerable changes in transcriptional activity of retrotransposons (both over‐expression and down‐regulation) associated with posttraumatic regeneration in an echinoderm. Developmental Dynamics 241:1625–1636, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Theoretical Investigation on the Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide by an Aqueous Molybdocene
Authors: Tílvez Elkin , Menéndez María I. , López Ramón
Published: August 2012

Density functional calculations have been performed to rationalize the oxidation of carbon monoxide by [Cp2Mo(OH)(OH2)]+ (Cp = η5‐C5H5) to give carbon dioxide and [Cp2MoH(CO)]+. Our results show that the intramolecular nucleophilic mechanism is the most favored both in the gas phase and in water solution, which is in good agreement with experimental results. The rearrangement that takes place during the nucleophilic hydroxide attack with a simultaneous hydrogen migration to the molybdenum center is the rate‐determining step in the gas phase with a Gibbs energy barrier of 48.7 kcal mol–1. In water medium, however, this combined process takes place separately and passes through a new [Cp2Mo(COOH)]+‐type intermediate. The inclusion of one explicit water molecule in the continuum solvent model computations plays a crucial role to make the nucleophilic hydroxide attack the rate‐determining step in the overall reactive process with a Gibbs energy barrier in solution of 21.2 kcal mol–1. Besides this, our results have allowed us to rationalize the relatively low conversion of [Cp2Mo(OH)(OH2)]+ that was experimentally found.
Improving the Stability and Ethanol Electro‐Oxidation Activity of Pt Catalysts by Selectively Anchoring Pt Particles on Carbon‐Nanotubes‐Supported‐SnO2
Authors: Li J. J. , Wang J. S. , Guo X. , Zhao J. H. , Song C. Y. , Wang L. C.
Published: August 2012

To improve the stability and activity of Pt catalysts for ethanol electro‐oxidation, Pt nanoparticles were selectively deposited on carbon‐nanotubes (CNTs)‐supported‐SnO2 to prepare Pt/SnO2/CNTs and Pt/CNTs was prepared by impregnation method for reference study. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the crystalline structures of Pt/SnO2/CNTs and Pt/CNTs. The stabilities of Pt/SnO2/CNTs and Pt/CNTs were compared by analyzing the Pt size increase amplitude using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images recorded before and after cyclic voltammetry (CV) sweeping. The results showed that the Pt size increase amplitude is evidently smaller for Pt/SnO2/CNTs, indicating the higher stability of Pt/SnO2/CNTs. Although both catalysts exhibit degradation of electrochemical active surface area (EAS) after CV sweeping, the EAS degradation for the former is lower, further confirming the higher stability of Pt/SnO2/CNTs. CV and potentiostatic current–time curves were recorded for ethanol electro‐oxidation on both catalysts before and after CV sweeping and the results showed that the mass specific activity of Pt/CNTs increases more than that of Pt/SnO2/CNTs, indicating that Pt/CNTs experiences more severe evolution and is less stable. The calculated area specific activity of Pt/SnO2/CNTs is larger than that of Pt/CNTs, indicating SnO2 can co‐catalyze Pt due to plenty of interfaces between SnO2 and Pt.
Toll‐like receptor activation reveals developmental reorganization and unmasks responder subsets of microglia
Authors: Scheffel Jörg , Regen Tommy , Van Rossum Denise , Seifert Stefanie , Ribes Sandra , Nau Roland , Parsa Roham , Harris Robert A. , Boddeke Hendrikus W. G. M. , Chuang Han‐Ning , Pukrop Tobias , Wessels Johannes T. , Jürgens Tanja , Merkler Doron , Brück Wolfgang , Schnaars Mareike , Simons Mikael , Kettenmann Helmut , Hanisch Uwe‐Karsten
Published: August 2012

The sentinel and immune functions of microglia require rapid and appropriate reactions to infection and damage. Their Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) sense both as threats. However, whether activated microglia mount uniform responses or whether subsets conduct selective tasks is unknown. We demonstrate that murine microglia reorganize their responses to TLR activations postnatally and that this process comes with a maturation of TLR4‐organized functions. Although induction of MHCI for antigen presentation remains as a pan‐populational feature, synthesis of TNFα becomes restricted to a subset, even within adult central nervous system regions. Response heterogeneity is evident ex vivo, in situ, and in vivo, but is not limited to TNFα production or to TLR‐triggered functions. Also, clearance activities for myelin under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, IFNγ‐enforced upregulation of MHCII, or challenged inductions of other proinflammatory factors reveal dissimilar microglial contributions. Notably, response heterogeneity is also confirmed in human brain tissue. Our findings suggest that microglia divide by constitutive and inducible capacities. Privileged production of inflammatory mediators assigns a master control to subsets. Sequestration of clearance of endogenous material versus antigen presentation in exclusive compartments can separate potentially interfering functions. Finally, subsets rather than a uniform population of microglia may assemble the reactive phenotypes in responses during infection, injury, and rebuilding, warranting consideration in experimental manipulation and therapeutic strategies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence and predictive role of p16 and epidermal growth factor receptor in surgically treated oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer
Authors: Chandarana Shamir P. , Lee Julia S. , Chanowski Eric J. P. , Sacco Assuntina G. , Bradford Carol R. , Wolf Gregory T. , Prince Mark E. , Moyer Jeffrey S. , Eisbruch Avraham , Worden Francis P. , Giordano Thomas J. , Kumar Bhavna , Cordell Katrina G. , Carey Thomas E. , Chepeha Douglas B.
Published: August 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship of p16 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression with survival in surgically treated patients who had oropharyngeal or oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Methods

Tissue from 36 patients with oropharyngeal SCC and 49 patients with oral cavity SCC treated between 1997 and 2001 was imbedded and immunostained using a tissue microarray.

Results

The p16 was positive in 57% and 13% of patients with oropharyngeal SCC and oral cavity SCC, respectively. EGFR was positive in 60% and 63% of patients with oropharyngeal SCC and oral cavity SCC, respectively. In patients with oropharyngeal SCC, p16 expression was associated with improved disease‐specific survival (DSS), overall survival (OS), and time to recurrence (TTR) (p < .01, < .01, and <.01, respectively). EGFR expression was associated with poorer DSS, OS, and TTR (p < .01, = .01, and < .01, respectively). For oropharyngeal SCC, when examining both p16 and EGFR expression as combined biomarkers, high p16 expression coupled with low EGFR expression was associated with improved DSS (p p16 = .01; p EGFR = .01). Patients with oral cavity SCC showed no association between biomarker and outcome.

Conclusions

For patients with oropharyngeal SCC, high p16 and low EGFR were associated with improved outcome, suggesting a predictive role in surgically treated patients. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Intrapericardial paraganglioma associated with succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C mutation syndrome
Authors: Tracy Jeremiah C. , Wein Richard O.
Published: August 2012

Background

Paragangliomas are benign neoplasms of neuroendocrine origin. It is estimated that from 20% to 50% of these tumors are familial. Mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) gene family have been found to be responsible for a significant percentage of familial paragangliomas.

Methods

A 33‐year‐old man who was found to have 3 synchronous primary tumors including a catecholamine‐secreting intrapericardial paraganglioma is presented.

Results

Genetic workup diagnosed this patient with an underlying germ‐line mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C (SDHC) gene; consistent with a diagnosis of hereditary paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma syndrome (PGL/PCC). Current knowledge regarding the clinical implications of an SDHC gene mutation is reviewed.

Conclusion

Modern molecular techniques have identified that a significantly greater proportion of paragangliomas are due to underlying hereditary conditions than was previously thought. Appropriate screening in these individuals and their immediate family members may allow for early tumor diagnosis and improved disease outcomes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013