bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entre les actes : investigation inductive des expressions et légitimations du goût pour le théâtre
Authors: Corriveau Louis-Simon
Published: May 2018

L’adoption d’une approche inductive implique la mobilisation des écrits et la prise de distance par rapport à ceux-ci. Mais ce rapport demeure toutefois problématique. L’entreprise de recherche dans laquelle s’ancre cet article suit trois principales stratégies afin d’aborder ce rapport trouble aux écrits. La première stratégie repose sur la valorisation de la connaissance empirique et la rupture avec les préconceptions, et contribue à la mise à l’épreuve de notions-clés, notamment le « théâtre » et l’« amateur ». La deuxième stratégie se décline en deux volets : la gloutonnerie livresque et le croisement de diverses perspectives épistémologiques. La troisième stratégie impose, quant à elle, une valorisation du discours des informatrices et informateurs qui prend forme à travers des entretiens narratifs où la conversation est mise de l’avant. Le présent article vise ainsi à documenter ces stratégies et à les inscrire dans le projet de recherche.
Les fonctions de la mobilisation des écrits scientifiques dans une approche inductive : analyse enracinée dans l’expérience d’une recherche doctorale
Authors: Horincq Detournay Rosine
Published: May 2018

Mobiliser les écrits scientifiques pose des questions méthodologiques et épistémologiques fondamentales. Dans les approches inductives, la mobilisation peut prendre diverses formes, dont celles d’offrir une perspective, de nourrir la sensibilité théorique, de proposer des concepts sensibilisateurs, de poursuivre la théorisation en émergence, de resituer dans le domaine, etc. Cet article présente une recherche doctorale dans un de ses aspects méthodologiques, celui des fonctions de cette mobilisation, à travers des exemples concrets et des cartes conceptuelles en émergence. C’est notamment le journal méthodologique analysé comme des données qui a éclairé ce qui est présenté dans cet article.
Analisis Perbandingan Biaya Langsung (Direct Cost) dan Biaya Tidak Langsung (Indirect Cost) pada Pasien Stroke Di Rumah Sakit
Authors: Aulia, SKM, MBA-HM, MEc, PhD Destanul , Ayu Sri Fajar , Nefonafratilova Nefonafratilova
Published: May 2018

Abstrak Stroke dibagi dalam dua kategori, yaitu stroke iskemik dan hemoragik. Setiap tahunnya terdapat 15 juta orang di seluruh dun­ia yang mengalami stroke. Pengobatan stroke memerlukan biaya yang tinggi. Beban akibat penyakit jantung dan stroke dari tahun 2012 hingga 2030 mencapai Rp. 1,7 triliun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan biaya langsung dan tidak langsung yang dikelarkan oleh pasien stroke di RSUD Kota X tahun 2017. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jum­lah pasien stroke iskemik lebih banyak dibandingkan pasien stroke hemoragik. Secara rata-rata, lama hari rawat untuk pasien stroke hemoragik lebih lama dibandingkan stroke iskemik. Namun demikian, total biaya pasien stroke jenis iskemik lebih be­sar dibandingkan total biaya pasien stroke hemoragik. Biaya rata-rata yang dikeluarkan pasien stroke hemoragik lebih besar Rp 3.763.750 dibandingkan biaya rata-rata pasien stroke iskemik. Total biaya langsung pasien stroke yaitu Rp. 527.895.000 (54,7%) dan total biaya tidak langsung yaitu Rp. 437.295.000 (45,3%). Disarankan agar masyarakat lebih teratur dalam me­mantau kesehatan, pergerakan tekanan darah dan kemungkinan gejala stroke.Abstract Stroke is divided into two categories, ischemic and hemorrhagic. Each year there are 15 million people around the world who suffer a stroke. Stroke treatment requires a high cost. The burden of heart disease and stroke from 2012 to 2030 reaches Rp. 1,7 trillion. This study aimed to analyze the comparison of direct and indirect costs of stroke patient in X hospital in 2017. The results showed that the number of ischemic stroke patients more than hemorrhagic stroke patients. The average cost of hemorrhagic stroke patients is greater at Rp 3,763,750 than the average cost of ischemic stroke patients. The total direct cost of stroke patients is Rp. 527,895,000 (54.7%) and the total indirect cost of Rp. 437,295,000 (45.3%). It is recommended that the public more actively to monitor health, blood pressure movements, and symptoms of stroke.
Presidential address: remembrance of science past
Authors: JORDANOVA LUDMILLA
Published: July 2002

Commemoration is a theme to which historians are paying increasing attention,
especially to its manifestations in the twentieth century and in relation to war. The formal
remembrance of science is an important historical phenomenon, which demands approaches that
take account of its distinctive and highly complex relationships with public life. Over the last four
hundred years, peer groups and specialized institutions have sought to celebrate selected
achievements and to bring those achievements to wider audiences. This address discusses some
of the devices and ideas by means of which innovations were turned into cultural items that could
be disseminated. Such items included portraits and monuments. As its main examples, the address
uses Edward Jenner and vaccination, and the marking of anniversaries.
Joseph Needham (1900–95)
Authors: Davies Mansel
Published: July 2002

With the death of Joseph Needham on 24 March 1995 the world of

learning lost one of

the greatest scholars in this or any country, of this or any century.

For more than thirty

years Needham had been the greatest sinologist in the West, having

previously achieved an

international status as a research biochemist and as a historian.

Intellectually a bridge-builder between science, religion and Marxist

socialism, and supremely so between East

and West, he has been called the Erasmus of the twentieth century. A sober
assessment

suggests that with the passage of time he will be recognized as a

greater figure than the scholar from Rotterdam.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS Does the history of science have a future?
Authors: BROOKE JOHN HEDLEY
Published: July 2002

It has been a singular privilege to preside over the BSHS as it celebrates its fiftieth anniversary. As we share our festivities with the British Association annual meeting at Leeds, I am doubly honoured to be giving this address. A fiftieth anniversary is a sentimental occasion. It is a moment when we can express our gratitude to our many friends and forebears who by their dedication have enabled the Society to grow and flourish. That so many of those friends should be with us to share in our celebration is a source of delight to us all. To our past presidents, former editors, officers and councillors, I extend the warmest welcome. And to our visitors and guests from overseas, I should like to say how much we value your presence and contribution to this conference.

Is there not, then, an incongruous note in my title – a hint of foreboding perhaps? If tempted to speculate on its source one might have wondered whether it is in those rumours we sometimes hear that the end of science is nigh. When we can almost clone humans and almost explain the moment of creation, what is there left? Might the end of science not spell the end of its history? A moment's reflection suggests that this cannot be. After all, the question why science should have come to an end when it did would still keep historians in business. And the more intriguing question of why the end of science has been proclaimed at the end of each of the last four centuries would keep us in business even longer!
Placing the onus back on the trial
Authors: Hare Ivan
Published: July 2002

GIVEN the importance of the case, it is unsurprising that the House of Lords should reach so rapid a decision in R. v. Director of Public Prosecutions, ex p. Kebilene [1999] 3 W.L.R. 972 (on appeal from the Divisional Court, noted at (1999) 58 C.L.J. 468). It will remembered that the Divisional Court granted a declaration that the D.P.P.'s decision to continue his consent to prosecutions under the reverse onus provisions of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1988 (P.T.A.) was unlawful. According to the lower court, these provisions were in irreconcilable conflict with Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights which provides that: “Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law”.
PROFESSOR DWORKIN, THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION AND A THIRD WAY
Authors: HARRIS IAN
Published: July 2002

Ronald Dworkin wishes to read the UNITED States' constitution in terms of political principles, treating it as a source of law deriving from these. But the terms of the constitution, where they are not institutional, are mostly prohibitions and as such do not prescribe rights. Indeed the constitution on the whole does not prescribe rights, but instead refers to or enumerates rights which it does not prescribe. There are exceptions in the fifth and sixth Amendments, but as these explicitly prescribe rights this implies that the other constitutional terms are not prescriptive in this way. The view presented in this article, however, does not endorse the original intention thesis.

There is a third way of reading the constitution. This is in terms of the most prominent though most neglected part of the text, the preamble. This approach provides a reading which is inconsistent with the original intention thesis in that the categories of the preamble are so general that they cannot be confined to purely eighteenth century meanings. The third way is also inconsistent with Dworkin's, because the constitution provides no prescriptive principles except in its preamble, and those do not correspond to the range of prescriptions Dworkin has in mind. The third way suggests we need to read the Articles and Amendments of the constitution in terms of the preamble, and to address specific issues in these terms. This reading embraces inter alia a far wider range of political concerns than Dworkin has addressed and implies a modification of the type of liberalism he has developed.
CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE AND KNOWING RECEIPT: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: FOX DAVID
Published: July 2002

This article attempts an economic analysis of the policy formulated in Manchester Trust v Furness that constructive notice should not be made the basis of liability arising out of commercial transactions. It concentrates on instances of equitable liability for ”knowing receipt“ where the defendant is required to give restitution of funds which it received in breach of fiduciary duty. The article investigates the social costs of imposing a duty of inquiry on a person receiving misappropriated money in a commercial transaction. It concludes that there are strong economic reasons why a commercial recipient of money should not owe the same rigorous duties of inquiry commonly imposed in conveyancing transactions. However, once the standard of inquiry is adjusted to take into the exigencies of commercial dealings, there are no compelling economic reasons why constructive notice should be rejected as a possible basis of liability in knowing receipt.
HOMICIDE: BY PRENATAL ASSAULT REVISITED
Authors: KEOWN JOHN
Published: July 2002

In Attorney-General's Reference (No. 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 W.L.R. 421, the House of Lords was faced with the question whether an assault on a pregnant woman, where the violence was directed at the woman or her unborn child, may result in liability for homicide should the assault cause the death of the child after live birth.
FACTORIZATION THEOREMS FOR MORPHISMS OF ORDERED GROUPOIDS AND INVERSE SEMIGROUPS
Authors: Steinberg Benjamin
Published: July 2002

Adapting the theory of the derived category to ordered groupoids, we prove that every ordered functor (and thus every inverse and regular semigroup homomorphism) factors as an enlargement followed by an ordered fibration. As an application, we obtain Lawson’s version of Ehresmann’s Maximum Enlargement Theorem, from which can be deduced the classical theory of idempotent-pure inverse semigroup homomorphisms and $E$-unitary inverse semigroups.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20M18; 20L05; 20M17
ABERRANT DATA IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Authors: DYKE G. V. , PEARCE S. C.
Published: July 2002

A field experiment will sometimes give data so unexpected that their correctness is doubted. It would be wrong to discard them because they go against the experimenter's preconceptions but sometimes enquiry will reveal why they are aberrant. Sometimes no reason can be found but they still raise doubts. The problem is approached using a published body of data.

The calculation of residuals and total residuals is commended as a means of enquiry. Exclusion of data is to be avoided if possible. It can have serious consequences and methods are given for assessing them. It is important to seek alternative approaches and one possibility is the use of covariance adjustments on fertility trends shown by study of the residuals. It is shown also that extreme values sometimes arise from unsuitable data and can be eliminated by a suitable transformation, but it must be meaningful and not just a statistical expedient to avoid difficulties.
CUPPA-TEA: A SIMULATION MODEL DESCRIBING SEASONAL YIELD VARIATION AND POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF TEA. 1. SHOOT DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION
Authors: MATTHEWS R. B. , STEPHENS W.
Published: July 2002

A simulation model describing the growth and yield of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is described. The model simulates the behaviour of a population of shoots which develop and extend independently at different rates to simulate the variation observed in natural conditions. The development of each shoot is divided into three phases corresponding to the resting, quiescent and bud-burst phases in temperate trees, with the rate of development in each phase being influenced by temperature, photoperiod and saturation deficit. Photoperiod also influences the onset and release of bud dormancy, and therefore the numbers of actively growing shoots at any one time. As shoots are generally harvested at a specific developmental state or size, the number of shoots plucked at each harvest is the main determinant of yield variation. Sensitivity analysis using annual yields as the output indicated that the model was most sensitive to the values of the two critical photoperiod parameters controlling bud dormancy and shoot development. Good agreement was found between model predictions and observed yields for an experiment in well-irrigated tea in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, but further testing is necessary before it can be used with confidence in a wider range of environments.
GROUNDWATER DYNAMICS AND QUALITY UNDER INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEMS
Authors: GUMTANG R. J. , PAMPOLINO M. F. , TUONG T. P. , BUCAO D.
Published: July 2002

A study was conducted from October 1994 to March 1996 to assess groundwater dynamics and quality in relation to landuse and farm input of nitrogen fertilizer in a highly diversified and intensive agricultural area at Magnuang, Batac, Ilocos Norte. Monthly groundwater depths, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), chloride (Cl−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), electrical conductivity (EC) and pH were determined in 19 agricultural and domestic wells. In the dry season, sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) had a higher irrigation requirement and caused more groundwater level decline than other crops. EC (700–3000 μmho cm−1) and HCO3− (90–500 ppm) in all wells exceeded the FAO threshold quality for irrigation but were not related to farm management practices. Eight wells showed near or above the World Health Organization NO3-N limit (10 ppm) for drinking water. High nitrogen fertilizer input increased the mean NO3-N (r2 = 0.45, p < 0.002). The percentage of the wells' service area under rice cultivation in the wet season accounted for 84% (p < 0.001) of the variation in NO3-N among the wells. The mean NO3-N declined as the percentage of service area under rice increased. This was related to the denitrification process in the flooded fields and the lower levels of nitrogen fertilizer for rice compared with other crops.
RECENT LITERATURE ON SOVIET HISTORY Redefining Russian society and polity. By Mary Buckley.
Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.
Pp. xviii+346. £13.50. ISBN 0-813-31580-8. A social history of twentieth-century Russia.
By Vladimir Andrle. London: Edward Arnold,
1994. Pp. xi+289. £14.99. ISBN 0-390-52510-0. An economic history of the USSR, 1917–1991.
By Alec Nove. New York: Penguin Books,
1993. £9.99 (paperback). ISBN 0-140-15774-3. A history of the peoples of Siberia: Russia's north Asian
colony,
1581–1990. By James Forsyth.
London: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. xx+455. £19.95. ISBN
0-521-47771-9. Stalin's Cold War: Soviet strategies in Europe, 1943 to 1956.

By Caroline Kennedy-Pipe.
Manchester; Manchester University Press, 1995. £40. ISBN 0-719-04202-X.
Authors: GRANVILLE JOHANNA
Published: July 2002

On 16 October 1997 at a forum at the Baker Institute for Public
Policy, Rice University
in Houston, Mikhail Gorbachev received the Enron Prize for Public Service.
Former
secretary of state James Baker credited Gorbachev for ‘setting the
USSR on the
irreversible path to freedom’. Because of Gorbachev's ‘tremendous

political courage’, Baker claimed, millions of people
enjoyed freer, more prosperous lives. But millions of
Russians do not approve of what Gorbachev did, would deny him the Enron
and Nobel
Prizes, and mark him a villain because he caused the unravelling of the
USSR and
Warsaw Pact and because their lives are less prosperous in today's
Russia.

To understand why a policy (like Gorbachev's glasnost) succeeded
or failed, one has
to look at its social impact. Rarely are policies carried out exactly as
the policymaker
envisioned. Although the five titles reviewed in this article vary in their
focus and
geographical scope, most tend to emphasize Soviet and Russian policy implementation,

as opposed to the initial decision-making process.
ROMANTIC REVOLUTIONARIES: DAVID IVON JONES, S. P. BUNTING AND THE

ORIGINS OF NON-RACIAL POLITICS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: CAMPBELL JAMES T.
Published: July 2002

The Delegate for Africa: David Ivon Jones, 1883–1924.
By
Baruch Hirson and Gwyn A. Williams. London: Core Publications, 1995. Pp.
x+272. £8.50,
paperback (ISBN 897640-02-1).

S. P. Bunting: A Political Biography, new edition. By Edward
Roux. Bellville:
Mayibuye Books. 1993. Pp. 200. No price given, paperback (ISBN 1-86808-162-1).

Outsiders looking at the recent history of South African politics are
apt to be
struck by two conundrums. How can a nation that pushed the logic of ‘race’
as far
as any society in history also have produced one of the world's most
enduring non-racial
political traditions? And how, in a period that has seen the crumbling
of the
Soviet Union and the discrediting of communist parties throughout the world,
has
the South African Communist Party (SACP) not only survived but risen to
power,
in coalition with the African National Congress and the Congress of South
African
Trade Unions?
Effect of a bacterial inoculant on rate of fermentation
and chemical composition of high dry matter grass silages
Authors: DRIEHUIS F. , van WIKSELAAR P. G. , van VUUREN A. M. , SPOELSTRA S. F.
Published: July 2002

Four experiments were carried out in Lelystad, The Netherlands in 1994,
in which perennial ryegrass
wilted to 421–568 g dry matter (DM) kg−1 was ensiled with
and without an inoculant containing
Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium strains in
1-litre capacity laboratory silos. Treated
silages showed a markedly increased rate of pH decline. The final pH of treated
silages was reached
20–30 days after ensiling, whereas acidification of control silages continued
during the full 180-day
ensilage period. After 180 days ensilage, treated silages showed significantly
(P<0·001) lower pH,
DM loss and ammonia-N concentrations and significantly (P<0·001)
higher lactic acid
concentrations than control silages in all experiments. Concentrations of
ethanol and acetic acid were
significantly (at least P<0·05) lower for the treated
silages, except for acetic acid in one experiment
and ethanol in another. Butyric acid was not found in any of the silages. One
of the control silages
(ensiled at 517 g DM kg−1) contained ethanol as the major
fermentation product indicating that
alcoholic fermentation had taken place, probably by yeasts. Treated and
untreated grasses used in the
first experiment (432 and 442 g DM kg−1, respectively) were
also used to produce silages in two 40-t
capacity clamp silos. Similar to the laboratory silos, the treated silage had
a higher lactic acid
concentration and lower pH and ethanol, acetic acid and ammonia-N concentrations
than the untreated silage.
Response of barley and pea crops to supplementary
UV-B radiation
Authors: STEPHEN J. , WOODFIN R. , CORLETT J. E. , PAUL N. D. , JONES H. G. , AYRES P. G.
Published: July 2002

Four cultivars of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and two cultivars of combining pea (Pisum
sativum L.) were grown in the field in the UK (52°N) and irradiated under banks of UV-B lamps in
1994/95 (barley) and 1996 (pea). Supplementary UV-B radiation was applied to treated plots as a
proportional addition to the UV-B dose received under a control plot. Treated plants received a UV-B enhancement simulating the consequence of a 15% reduction in the amount of stratospheric ozone.
No significant effect on yield and few significant effects on growth, pigment composition or
chlorophyll fluorescence variables were detected. However, interplot variability was such that yield
differences of <8·5% (pea) and <21·6% (barley) had less than a 95% probability of being detected
as significant at the 5% level. The results indicate that yields of pea, and probably barley, would not
be markedly affected by the increase in UV-B associated with a 15% reduction in stratospheric ozone.
However, given uncertainties, such as the possible interactions between the effects of UV-B and those
of other environmental factors, the possibility of significant crop responses to stratospheric ozone
depletion cannot be excluded.
The nature of quantitative variation in a large set of
early maturing sunflower test crosses
Authors: HUSSAIN T. , POONI H. S. , PHILLIMON-BANDA M. H. , TOMS E. M.
Published: July 2002

Changes in environmental conditions and the EU policy have put more emphasis on growing
alternative crops in the set aside farmlands of western Europe, and sunflowers are increasingly being
grown as a minor crop in the UK. However, long-term success of sunflowers as a commercial crop
depends largely on the availability of early maturing, high yielding, disease resistant varieties. The
present study was conducted to investigate the nature of genetic variation among the available
breeding stocks that may have to be exploited to produce such cultivars. Analysis of 182 test crosses,
produced by crossing 13 male sterile (CMS) lines with 14 restorer (SB) lines, has revealed that genetic
variability exists for many important traits, including maturity, vigour and seed yield. Genetic
differences were also detected within the male sterile and restorer groups of lines even though they
were classed as early maturing. All types of gene effects, additive, dominance and epistasis,
contributed to variation among the test crosses and dominance was largely unidirectional and partial.
CMS and SB lines also showed some allelic complementation and the CMS exerted a modest degree
of maternal control for flowering time. The test crosses were generally more vigorous and high
yielding compared to their inbred parents. But they also matured significantly late, indicating that all
crosses will not be suitable as potential hybrids for the UK conditions. Genotypic correlations
indicated that faster growth, early flowering, high seed number and seed weight can be combined
more readily in the F1 crosses.
The Transnational Turn: Rediscovering American Studies in a Wider World
Authors: GROSS ROBERT A.
Published: July 2002

Few American writers have been so rooted in a single place as Henry
David Thoreau. Born in Concord, Massachusetts, sixteen miles west of
Boston, Thoreau spent nearly all his short life, some forty-four years, in
the vicinity of his native town – “the most estimable place in all the
world” he deemed it – with only brief sojourns beyond New England.
Like many of his contemporaries, he did try out the big city, living close
to Manhattan in 1843, an aspiring writer, age twenty-six, with hopes of a
literary career. But he quickly recoiled from the urban scene. “I don't like
the city better, the more I see it, but worse,” he wrote Ralph Waldo
Emerson. “I am ashamed of my eyes that behold it. It is a thousand times
meaner than I could have imagined. … The pigs in the street are the most
respectable part of the population.” Homesick, he was back in Concord
within six months. Only once did he stray outside the United States, for
a week-long excursion to Montreal and Quebec. To this “Yankee in
Canada,” it was a disappointing jaunt. “What I got by going to Canada
was a cold.” Thoreau was simply happiest in his hometown, where he
“traveled a good deal,” exploring the ponds, woods, and fields, observing
and provoking the neighbors, and transforming his chosen ground, in
Walden and in his journals, into a sacred site on the American literary
landscape. Concord, he declared, is “my Rome, and its people … my
Romans.”
“Let us all be Kissing-Friends?”: Zora Neale Hurston
and Race Politics in Dixie
Authors: TREFZER ANNETTE
Published: July 2002

The conflicted racial identity politics of Zora Neale Hurston climaxed in
a statement printed in February 1943 in the New York Herald Telegram. In
the article, “When Negro Succeeds, South is Proud,” Hurston argued
that “the Jim Crow system works.” Hurston later retracted this
statement, claiming that it was taken out of context and grossly distorted. Hurston
said that her point was to show that “there was plenty of race prejudice
both north and south” but that the South “by opportunity of long
practice had worked out a system, while the North, caught between
declarations of no prejudice, and its actual feelings [ctdot ] was groping around
for the same thing, but with fine phrases.”
MASS MEDIA EXPOSURE AND ITS IMPACT ON FAMILY PLANNING IN BANGLADESH
Authors: MAZHARUL ISLAM M. , SAIDUL HASAN A. H. M.
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses mass media exposure and its effect on family planning in Bangladesh using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 1993–94. The findings indicate that radio and television are two important mass media for disseminating family planning information in Bangladesh. However, access to them and exposure to family planning through them are still limited. Slightly more than 40% (42·1%) of respondents reported that they had heard family planning messages via radio, while 17·2% said television, 8·4% said poster and 5·4% said billboard. Respondent’s place of residence, education, economic status, geographical region and number of living children appeared to be the most important variable determining mass media exposure to family planning. Multivariate analysis shows that both radio and TV exposure to family planning messages and ownership of a radio and TV have a significant effect on current use of family planning methods. These factors remain significant determinants of contraceptive use, even after controlling socioeconomic and demographic factors. The study reveals that both socioeconomic development policies and family planning programmes with a special emphasis on mass media, especially radio, may have a significant effect on contraceptive use in Bangladesh. The principal policy challenge is to design communications strategies that will reach the less privileged, rural and illiterate people who are by far the majority in Bangladesh.
Prolactin-stimulated polymerization of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in explants of mid-pregnant rat mammary gland
Authors: OBEN JULIUS E. , DILS RAYMOND R.
Published: July 2002

Prolactin significantly increased the rate of fatty acid synthesis in explants of mid-pregnant rat mammary gland cultured for 96 h with insulin plus corticosterone. Under these conditions, prolactin increased the specific activity of total acetyl-CoA carboxylase in nuclear-free homogenates of explants by 2·6, and increased the proportion of the enzyme in the active polymeric form from 0·44 to 0·89. Removal of prolactin after 48 h in culture decreased the specific activity of the total enzyme by about half, and decreased the proportion as polymer to 0·52. The results show that prolactin plays a major role in mid-pregnant rat mammary gland in the polymerization which accompanies increased activity of the total enzyme and increased rate of fatty acid synthesis.
Effect of β-lactoglobulin on plasma retinol and triglyceride concentrations, and fatty acid composition in calves
Authors: KUSHIBIKI SHIRO , HODATE KOICHI , KURISAKI JUNICHI , SHINGU HIROYUKI , UEDA YASUKO , WATANABE AKIRA , SHINODA MITSURU
Published: July 2002

β-Lactoglobulin (β-lg) is the main protein of ruminant milk whey. Although β-lg can bind in vitro to a variety of hydrophobic substrates, mainly retinol and long-chain fatty acids, its physiological function is still unknown. In Exp. 1, we investigated the effect of β-lg on the plasma retinol concentration in preruminant calves. Holstein male calves (n = 20) were fed Holstein whole milk at 40 g/kg body weight (BW) plus vitamin A acetate (500,000 i.u.) with or without β-lg (0·4 g/kg BW). The plasma retinol concentration of 10-d-old calves was greater (P<0·05) in the β-lg-fed group than in the control group during the period from 8 to 12 h and at 24 h after the feeding. The postprandial change of plasma retinol in 40-d-old calves fed milk with β-lg was higher (P<0·05) than that in the control calves only at 12 h after the feeding. In Exp. 2, Holstein male calves (n = 18) were used to investigate the effect of β-lg on plasma triglyceride concentration and fatty acid composition. Calves were fed Holstein whole milk at 40 g/kg BW plus milk fat prepared from whole milk at 2 g/kg BW with or without β-lg (0·4 g/kg BW). Plasma triglyceride concentration at age 10 d was higher (P<0·05) in the β-lg-fed group than in the controls during the periods from 1 to 2 h and from 7 to 11 h after the feeding. At age 40 d, plasma triglyceride in the β-lg-fed group was higher (P<0·05) than in the control group only at 9 h. Ratios of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids to total plasma lipids were higher (P<0·05) in the calves fed β-lg milk than in the control calves at age 10 d. These results suggest that β-lg enhances the intestinal uptake of retinol, triglyceride, and long-chain fatty acids in preruminant calves.
Bioactive peptide derived from in vitro proteolysis of bovine

β-lactoglobulin and its effect on smooth muscle
Authors: PIHLANTO-LEPPÄLÄ ANNE , PAAKKARI ILARI , RINTA-KOSKI MERJA , ANTILA PIRKKO
Published: July 2002

Milk proteins have largely been considered as providing
essential amino acids, but
oligopeptides derived from milk proteins have been shown to possess biological

functions. In vitro, opioid activity was first reported
in bovine β-casein hydrolysate
by Brantl et al. (1979). Precursors of biologically active
peptides have been
demonstrated in vivo after digestion of milk (Scanff
et al. 1992). Peptides that inhibit
platelet aggregation (Fiat et al. 1989), stimulate the
immune system (Migliore-Samour
et al. 1989), inhibit angiotensin I converting enzyme (Maruyama

& Suzuki, 1982) and
are involved in intestinal Ca solubilization and absorption (Sato
et al. 1986) have also
been isolated from bovine casein hydrolysates.

Bioactive peptides from whey proteins and their physiological effects
have
received less attention than those from casein. Peptides with opiate-like
activity
include the lactorphins, residues 50–53 in bovine and human
α-lactalbumin and 102–105 in bovine β-lactoglobulin (β-lg)

(Chiba & Yoshikawa, 1986; Yoshikawa et al.
1986; Antila et al. 1991). Yamauchi (1992) has reported
that a peptide derived from
β-lg induced contraction of guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle
in the absence of
electric stimulation and agonist. The fragment, containing residues
146–149 of β-lg
(His–Ile–Arg–Leu), was called β-lactotensin.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether β-lactotensin

was released
from bovine β-lg by in vitro proteolysis using
different proteolytic enzymes. The
pharmacological activity of this tetrapeptide was characterized in guinea
pig ileum
in vitro using a synthetic fragment.
Isolation of specific oligoclonal antibodies against bovine αs1-casein

by FPLC tandem immunoaffinity of the polyclonal antibodies
Authors: MOIO LUIGI , MARCHISANO CRISTINA , ADDEO FRANCESCO
Published: July 2002

Polyclonal antibodies specifically directed towards native casein
fractions have
been recently used to solve some analytical problems such as localization
of casein
antigenic sites (Otani et al. 1985; Ametani et al. 1987),

identification of casein
variants (Moio et al. 1989a; Chianese et al. 1992),
detection of bovine casein
adulterating goats', ewes' and water-buffalo milk and cheese
(Elbertzhagen &
Wenzel, 1982; Bernhauer et al. 1983; Aranda et al. 1988;

Moio et al. 1992; Rolland
et al. 1993, 1995; Addeo et al. 1995b),
evaluation of the efficiency of chromatographic
fractionation of casein (Addeo et al. 1992) and detection of casein
proteolysis in
cheese (Addeo et al. 1995a). However, the use of
polyclonal antibodies for immune
analysis is often limited owing to nonspecific binding. The use of monoclonal

antibodies may overcome this problem to some extent. Although the binding
affinity
of a hyperimmune serum is seldom attainable with a monoclonal antibody,
an
alternative approach consists of the isolation of specific antibodies by
affinity
chromatography (Johnstone & Thorpe, 1982). In a single step 1000–10000-fold

purification has been achieved.

In this paper a fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) tandem immunoaffinity

is used to enhance the specificity of bovine αs1-casein
(CN)
polyclonal antiserum. In the first column a caprine whole casein lacking

αs1-CN was bound to
a solid phase matrix and in the second column bovine αs1-CN
was bound. After
elution of macromolecular contaminants by a washing step, the two columns
were
detached and the purified bovine αs1-CN antibodies were
eluted from the second
column by a simple pH change.
‘Peace, Peace and Rumours of War’
Authors: WARD W. R.
Published: July 2002

Nationaler Protestantismus und Ökumenische Bewegung. Kirchliches Handeln im Kalten
Krieg (1945–1990). By Gerhard Besier, Armin Boyens and Gerhard
Lindemann (postscript by Horst-Klaus Hofmann). (Zeitgeschichtliche
Forschungen, 3.) Pp. vi+1074. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1999. DM 86.
3 428 10032 8; 1438 2326

This is indeed a formidable offering – three and a half books by
three and a half authors, all for the price of one and a half – and
it must be admitted to those whose stamina or German quail at the
prospect that some of the viewpoints and a little of the material by two
and a half of the contributors has been made available in English in
Gerhard Besier (ed.), The Churches, southern Africa and the political context
(London 1999) at £9.99. The soft option is, however, no substitute for the
real thing, which, like that other blockbuster, the late Eberhard Bethge's
Bonhoeffer, is a contribution both to scholarship and to a struggle inside the
German Churches. This, readers in the Anglo-Saxon world need to assess
as best they can. It is not often that attempts are made by both the World
Council of Churches and their principal paymasters in the German
Churches to stop the publication of a work of scholarship, to be foiled (in
best nineteenth-century style) by the liberalism of the German Ministry
of the Interior; but that has happened here. And the rest of the world has
the more reason to be grateful to the ministry for the authors have
exploited the archives of the Stasi and the KGB, access to the latter of
which has now been closed under pressure from the Russian Orthodox
Church, which appears to have more to hide than anyone.

The link between all this and Besier's inquiries in America is provided
by the sad fate of the Protestant Churches of the Ost-Block during the Cold
War.
Durham and Winchester Episcopal Estates and the Elizabethan
Settlement: A Reappraisal
Authors: USHER BRETT
Published: July 2002

In his brief account of James Pilkington, bishop of Durham, F.
O.
White created an enduring myth. Citing only two documents from
the state papers, he proposed the following scenario:

“Though Bishop Pilkington was a great iconoclast, he was a vigorous maintainer

of the rights and property of his see. Shortly after his consecration he
had received
a partial restitution of his temporalities, but the restitution of the
remainder was
long delayed, it being felt by the queen and her ministers that the spiritual
and
temporal power of the Bishops of Durham was excessive.

Pilkington appears to have so pertinaciously insisted on his rights,
and so
strenuously refused to allow the bishopric to be spoliated, that the queen
made
him a prisoner in his own house, for we find him, in a letter to Sir W.
Cecil,
written just before the warrant for the restitution of his temporalities
was issued
(May 23, 1566), stating that then he was ‘at liberty to
walk’, and ‘dared to go
abroad into gardens’. At last the matter was arranged, and on June
13, 1566, the
warrant was issued for the complete restitution of his temporalities, on
the
condition of his paying to the Crown £1000 a year during his life.”

This portrait of a Pilkington both combative and disgraced is entirely

absent from the biographical account of him which prefaces the Parker
Society edition of his Works. A few years later, however, the
Coopers
asserted that it was only ‘in consequence of his spirited remonstrances’

that his lands were fully restored. C. W. Sutton, writing a few years before

White, rehearsed Henry Machyn's account of a sermon during which,
in
March 1560, Pilkington had demanded ‘better living’ for the
bishops and
clergy and went on to observe that he was ‘a great stickler for the
rights
and emoluments of his see’.
On the growth of waves in boundary layers: a non-parallel correction
Authors: GASTER M.
Published: July 2002

The estimation of the growth of propagating instability waves in laminar boundary
layers is considered when the Reynolds number is sufficiently large for the mean
flow to deviate only slightly from a truly parallel flow. An approximate solution
for the linear perturbation is sought in the form of a scaled solution of the related
locally parallel flow problem. The amplitude scaling is chosen so as to satisfy the full
linearized perturbation equations as closely as possible by making the mean-square
deviation of the remainder a minimum. By re-arranging the terms in the equations so
that some of the small correction terms arising from the non-parallel mean flow are
contained in the ordinary differential equation (ODE) defining the quasi-parallel flow
solution, a useful simplification is obtained for the scaling function. Then a modified
Orr–Sommerfeld equation defines the base solution and the differential expression for
the scaling that can be integrated forms a simple conservation relation.
Topology of vortex breakdown bubbles in a cylinder with a rotating bottom and a free surface
Authors: BRØNS MORTEN , VOIGT LARS K. , SØRENSEN JENS N.
Published: July 2002

The flow patterns in the steady, viscous flow in a cylinder with a rotating bottom
and a free surface are investigated by a combination of topological and numerical
methods. Assuming the flow is axisymmetric, we derive a list of possible bifurcations
of streamline structures on varying two parameters, the Reynolds number and the
aspect ratio of the cylinder. Using this theory we systematically perform numerical
simulations to obtain the bifurcation diagram. The stability limit for steady flow is
found and established as a Hopf bifurcation. We compare with the experiments by
Spohn, Mory & Hopfinger (1993) and find both similarities and differences.
High-Reynolds-number gravity currents over a porous boundary: shallow-water solutions and box-model approximations
Authors: UNGARISH MARIUS , HUPPERT HERBERT E.
Published: July 2002

The behaviour of an inviscid, lock-released gravity current which propagates over a
horizontal porous boundary in either a rectangular or an axisymmetric geometry is
analysed by both shallow-water theory and ‘box-model’ approximations. It is shown
that the effect of the porous boundary can be incorporated by means of a parameter
λ which represents the ratio of the characteristic time of porous drainage, τ, to that
of horizontal spread, x0 =(g′h0)1/2,
where x0 and h0 are the length and height of the
fluid initially behind the lock and g′ is the reduced gravity. The value of τ is assumed
to be known for the fluid–boundary combination under simulation. The interesting
cases correspond to small values of λ; otherwise the current has drained before any
significant propagation can occur. Typical solutions are presented for various values of
the parameters, and differences to the classical current (over a non-porous boundary)
are pointed out. The results are consistent with the experiments in a rectangular
tank reported by Thomas, Marino & Linden (1998), but a detailed verification, in
particular for the axisymmetric geometry case, requires additional experimental data.
Weakly nonlinear stability of viscous flow past a flexible surface
Authors: SHANKAR V. , KUMARAN V.
Published: July 2002

The weakly nonlinear stability of viscous fluid flow past a flexible surface is analysed
in the limit of zero Reynolds number. The system consists of a Couette flow of a
Newtonian fluid past a viscoelastic medium of non-dimensional thickness H (the ratio
of wall thickness to the fluid thickness), and viscosity ratio μr (ratio of the viscosities
of wall and fluid media). The wall medium is bounded by the fluid at one surface
and two different types of boundary conditions are considered at the other surface of
the wall medium – for ‘grafted’ gels zero displacement conditions are applied while
for ‘adsorbed’ gels the displacement normal to the surface is zero but the surface is
permitted to move in the lateral direction. The linear stability analysis reveals that for
grafted gels the most unstable modes have α ∼ O(1), while for adsorbed gels the most
unstable modes have α → 0, where α is the wavenumber of the perturbations. The
results from the weakly nonlinear analysis indicate that the nature of the bifurcation
at the linear instability is qualitatively very different for grafted and absorbed gels.
The bifurcation is always subcritical for the case of flow past grafted gels. It is found,
however, that relatively weak but finite-amplitude disturbances do not significantly
reduce the critical velocity required to destabilize the flow from the critical velocity
predicted by the linear stability theory. For the case of adsorbed gels, it is found
that a supercritical equilibrium state could exist in the limit of small wavenumber
for a wide range of parameters μr and H, while the bifurcation becomes subcritical
at larger values of the wavenumber and there is a transition from supercritical to
subcritical bifurcation as the wavenumber is increased.
Oblique shock reflection from an axis of symmetry: shock dynamics and relation to the Guderley singularity
Authors: HORNUNG H. G. , SCHWENDEMAN D. W.
Published: July 2002

Oblique shock reflection from an axis of symmetry is studied using Whitham's theory
of geometrical shock dynamics, and the results are compared with previous numerical
simulations of the phenomenon by Hornung (2000). The shock shapes (for strong
and weak shocks), and the location of the shock-shock (for strong shocks), are in
good agreement with the numerical results, though the detail of the shock reflection
structure is, of course, not resolved by shock dynamics. A guess at a mathematical
form of the shock shape based on an analogy with the Guderley singularity in
cylindrical shock implosion, in the form of a generalized hyperbola, fits the shock
shape very well. The smooth variation of the exponent in this equation with initial
shock angle from the Guderley value at zero to 0.5 at 90° supports the analogy. Finally,
steady-flow shock reflection from a symmetry axis is related to the self-similar flow.
Statistical ensemble of large-eddy simulations
Authors: CARATI DANIELE , ROGERS MICHAEL M. , WRAY ALAN A.
Published: July 2002

A statistical ensemble of large-eddy simulations (LES) is run simultaneously for the
same flow. The information provided by the different large-scale velocity fields is used
in an ensemble-averaged version of the dynamic model. This produces local model
parameters that only depend on the statistical properties of the flow. An important
property of the ensemble-averaged dynamic procedure is that it does not require
any spatial averaging and can thus be used in fully inhomogeneous flows. Also,
the ensemble of LES provides statistics of the large-scale velocity that can be used
for building new models for the subgrid-scale stress tensor. The ensemble-averaged
dynamic procedure has been implemented with various models for three flows:
decaying isotropic turbulence, forced isotropic turbulence, and the time-developing
plane wake. It is found that the results are almost independent of the number of LES
in the statistical ensemble provided that the ensemble contains at least 16 realizations.
Mixing and reaction in curved liquid shear layers
Authors: KARASSO P. S. , MUNGAL M. G.
Published: July 2002

The concentration field of mixing layers subject to stabilizing
and

destabilizing

streamwise curvature was investigated at post-mixing-transition conditions.
A set of

operating conditions was implemented, identical to those at which straight
layers

were previously investigated in the same facility, in order to compare
the effects

of hydrodynamic instabilities upon scalar mixing. Quantitative imaging
of planar

laser-induced fluorescence was used for (i) passive scalar measurements,
and (ii)

chemical product measurements. Similar to the straight mixing layer, the
results

for the curved layers show that beyond the mixing transition the layer
continues

to evolve, and undergoes a small change in its scalar structure. At conditions
just

past the mixing transition both stable and unstable layers have average

mixed-fluid compositions

which are uniform across the layer, and average chemical product concentration

profiles which are symmetric. At more fully developed conditions, the scalar
field

evolved: the average mixed-fluid concentration developed a small lateral
variation,

while the chemical product concentration profiles became asymmetric. Similar
to the

straight layer, the mixture-fraction PDF is believed to be of the tilted
type for

the most fully developed layer examined, with the marching PDF being a
poor

representation. Consistent with previous investigations, the growth rate
of the

unstable layer was found to be higher than that of straight or stable layers.
The

most important result is that the measured mixing efficiency of all the
layers

(curved and straight) was found to

be the same: both the total mixed-fluid composition, and the volume fraction
of

mixed fluid were the same for all unstable, stable, and straight layers.
The amount

of mixed fluid (and of chemical product formed) was larger for the unstable
layer,

but always in a fixed proportion to the layer's thickness. The lack
of

increase in the mixing efficiency for the unstable layer is surprising,
given

that previous hydrodynamic measurements

had shown enhanced turbulent transport for the unstable case. Thus, for
all liquid

shear layers studied, the rate of scalar mixing appears to be directly
proportional

to the entrainment rate (which essentially determines the layer's
growth

rate), and not to any hydrodynamic measures.