bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible Organic Photovoltaic Cells with In Situ Nonthermal Photoreduction of Spin‐Coated Graphene Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Kymakis Emmanuel , Savva Kyriaki , Stylianakis Minas M. , Fotakis Costas , Stratakis Emmanuel
Published: January 2013

The first reduction methodology, compatible with flexible, temperature‐sensitive substrates, for the production of reduced spin‐coated graphene oxide (GO) electrodes is reported. It is based on the use of a laser beam for the in situ, non‐thermal, reduction of spin‐coated GO films on flexible substrates over a large area. The photoreduction process is one‐step, facile, and is rapidly carried out at room temperature in air without affecting the integrity of the graphene lattice or the flexibility of the underlying substrate. Conductive graphene films with a sheet resistance of as low as 700 Ω sq−1 and transmittance of 44% can be obtained, much higher than can be achieved for flexible layers reduced by chemical means. As a proof of concept of our technique, laser‐reduced GO (LrGO) films are utilized as transparent electrodes in flexible, bulk heterojunction, organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, replacing the traditional ITO. The devices displayed a power‐conversion efficiency of 1.1%, which is the highest reported so far for OPV device incorporating reduced GO as the transparent electrode. The in situ non‐thermal photoreduction of spin‐coated GO films creates a new way to produce flexible functional graphene electrodes for a variety of electronic applications in a process that carries substantial promise for industrial implementation.
Versatile Photochemical Surface Modification of Biopolyester Microfibrous Scaffolds with Photogenerated Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Versace Davy‐Louis , Ramier Julien , Grande Daniel , Andaloussi Samir Abbad , Dubot Pierre , Hobeika Nelly , Malval Jean‐Pierre , Lalevee Jacques , Renard Estelle , Langlois Valerie
Published: January 2013

A straightforward and versatile method for immobilizing macromolecules and silver nanoparticles on the surface of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBHV) electrospun fibers is developed with the objective of designing a new functional material having significant antibacterial activity. The approach relies on a two‐step procedure: UV photografting of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) on the surface of PHBHV fibers according to a “grafting from” method, and complexation of in situ photogenerated silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by carboxyl groups from tethered PMAA chains. The photografting process is conducted through a photoinduced free‐radical process employing a ketone‐based photoinitiator in aqueous medium. Under appropriate conditions, the photogenerated radicals abstract hydrogen atoms from the PHBHV backbone, thus initiating the UV‐mediated photopolymerization of MAA from the PHBHV microfibrous surface. The photochemical mechanism of the ketone photolysis is entirely described by the electron spin resonance/spin‐trapping technique, and the modified PHBHV microfibrous scaffold is extensively characterized by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy, water contact‐angle measurements, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. In a second step, the in situ synthesis of Ag NPs within the microfibrous scaffold is implemented by photoreduction reaction in the presence of both a silver precursor and a photosensitizer. The photoinduced formation of Ag NPs is confirmed by UV spectrophotometry and XPS analysis. SEM and TEM experiments confirm the formation and dispersion of Ag NPs on the surface of the modified fibers. Finally, a primary investigation is conducted to support the antibacterial activity of the new functionalized biomaterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Fast Halogenation of Some N‐Heterocycles by Means of N,N′‐Dihalo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin
Authors: Sandtorv Alexander H. , Bjørsvik Hans‐René
Published: January 2013

An instantaneous, selective and high‐yielding halogenation process is reported. The method operates with imidazoles, pyrazoles, and indoles under benign reaction conditions. The developed process involves the use of N,N′‐dihalo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoins (halo=chlorine, bromine, iodine) as halogenation reagents that are activated by catalytic quantities of a strong Brønsted acid. Moreover, the halogenation process is switchable to produce either the mono‐ or di‐halogenated products. Issues related to the reaction mechanism are investigated and a proposal for a reaction mechanism is disclosed.
Diastereoselective Povarov‐Like Reaction Involving O‐Pivaloylated D‐Galactosylimine
Authors: Wang Gang , Li Boyu , Lou Qinghua , Li Zhongjun , Meng Xiangbao
Published: January 2013

A diastereoselective Povarov‐like reaction using O‐pivaloylated β‐D‐galactosylamine as the chiral auxiliary is described. The three‐component reaction of chiral aldimines, cyclic enol ethers and nucleophiles afforded the desired products in good yields and high content of the main isomer. This procedure provides an efficient method to obtain multifunctional molecules carrying three contiguous chiral centers in high stereoselectivity.
Ethical Conduct in Chemical Research and Publishing
Authors: Noyori Ryoji , Richmond Joe P.
Published: January 2013

In recent years the incidence of scientific misconduct has increased. While the direct responsibility lies with the individual researcher, the educational role of mentors and research institutions needs rethinking and renewal. Researchers, principal investigators, departments, institutions, funding agencies, chemical societies, publishers, scientific journal editors, referees and editorial board members all have responsibilities in order to maintain the integrity of chemistry within the scientific community and to restore the confidence of the general public in chemistry as a responsible contributor to the solutions of the global problems facing mankind in this century.
Diurnal Variation in Nutrients and Chimpanzee Foraging Behavior
Authors: CARLSON BRYCE A. , ROTHMAN JESSICA M. , MITANI JOHN C.
Published: January 2013

Primate feeding behavior varies over long (e.g., weekly, seasonally, yearly) and short (e.g., hourly) scales of time due to changes in resource availability and the nutritional composition of foods. While the factors that affect long‐term changes in feeding behavior have received considerable attention, few data exist regarding what drives variability in feeding behavior over the course of a single day. To address this problem, we investigated diurnal variation in chimpanzee feeding on the leaves of two species of saplings, Pterygota mildbraedii and Celtis africana, at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Specifically, we related short‐term changes in chimpanzee feeding behavior on these leaves to diurnal variation in their nutritional composition. Results showed that chimpanzees fed on the leaves of both saplings more in the evening than they did in the morning. The nutritional quality of leaves also improved over the course of the day. Concentrations of cellulose and lignin were lower and total nonstructural carbohydrates (including sugars and starch) were higher in the evening for P. mildbraedii, and sugars were higher in the evening for C. africana. These data suggest that chimpanzees consume these resources when their quality is highest, and consequently, may track the nutrient composition of their foods over very short periods that span only a few hours. In the future, foods collected for analyses must control for time of sampling to ensure biologically meaningful assays of nutrient composition. Am. J. Primatol. 75:342‐349, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of origin and condition of host fish (Salmo trutta) on parasitic larvae of Margaritifera margaritifera
Authors: Österling Martin E. , Larsen Bjørn Mejdell
Published: January 2013

The highly threatened unionid mussels are obligate parasites on fish. This study investigated larval encapsulation of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) on its sympatric and three allopatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) strains.

Encystment abundance differed between the brown trout strains shortly after encapsulation. Encystment abundance then decreased at different rates and resulted in a changed relationship in encystment abundance between the brown trout strains when the experiment was terminated. One of the allopatric brown trout strains had higher encystment abundance than the other brown trout strains.

The larvae grew at different rates, and the allopatric brown trout strain with the highest encystment abundance had the largest larvae at the end of the experiment. There was a significant positive relationship between the mean condition factor and shell length of the brown trout strains.

The experiment showed that the potential numbers of juvenile mussels may be restricted at the parasitic life‐stage on sympatric brown trout strains. Innate differences in energy resources and immune defence between brown trout strains may be important for parasitic growth, because the condition factor of brown trout strains may be positively related to energy resources for the larvae, and negatively related to host fish immune defence.

The present experiment showed that it may be important to investigate and manage unionid mussels' parasitic larval stage on host fish. Infestation experiments, like the one presented here, may inform managers if the parasitic stage is functioning properly. They can also evaluate host fish strains used for introductions in streams where natural fish strains have disappeared, but mussels persist. Such experiments have applications in breeding programmes for mussels, as this is an increasing management measure in threatened mussel populations.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CYP450 1A2 and multiple UGT1A isoforms are responsible for jatrorrhizine metabolism in human liver microsomes
Authors: Zhou Hui , Shi Rong , Ma Bingliang , Ma Yueming , Wang Changhong , Wu Dazheng , Wang Xinhong , Cheng Nengneng
Published: January 2013

Jatrorrhizine, one of the protoberberine alkaloids derived from the plant Coptis chinensis, is expected to be developed as a new gastric prokinetic drug, but its metabolic characteristics in humans remain unknown. This study characterized the phase I and phase II metabolites, metabolic kinetics, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes responsible for the metabolism of jatrorrhizine in human liver microsomes (HLMs). Chemical inhibition in HLMs and metabolism by recombinant human CYP or UGT enzymes were employed to determine the key metabolic enzyme subtypes. In HLMs, demethyleneberberine (demethylated product) and jatrorrhizine glucuronide were identified as the phase I and phase II metabolites, respectively. The enzyme kinetics for both demethylation and glucuronidation were fitted to the Michaelis–Menten equation. Demethylation was inhibited significantly by furafylline and predominantly catalysed by recombinant CYP1A2, whereas glucuronidation was inhibited by silibinin, quercetin, as well as 1‐naphthol and catalysed by recombinant UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10. These results showed that jatrorrhizine is metabolized by human CYP1A2 and multiple UGT1A isoforms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous versus transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in faecal incontinence
Authors: George A T , Kalmar K , Sala S , Kopanakis K , Panarese A , Dudding T C , Hollingshead J R , Nicholls R J , Vaizey C J
Published: January 2013

Background

Percutaneous, transcutaneous and sham transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation was compared in a prospective blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Methods

Patients who had failed conservative treatment for faecal incontinence were randomized to one of three groups: group 1, percutaneous; group 2, transcutaneous; group 3, sham transcutaneous. Patients in groups 1 and 2 received 30-min sessions of posterior tibial nerve stimulation twice weekly for 6 weeks. In group 3, transcutaneous electrodes were placed in position but no stimulation was delivered. Symptoms were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks using a bowel habit diary and St Mark's continence score. Response to treatment was defined as a reduction of at least 50 per cent in weekly episodes of faecal incontinence compared with baseline.

Results

Thirty patients (28 women) were enrolled. Nine of 11 patients in group 1, five of 11 in group 2 and one of eight in group 3 had a reduction of at least 50 per cent in weekly episodes of faecal incontinence at the end of the 6-week study phase (P = 0·035). Patients undergoing percutaneous nerve stimulation had a greater reduction in the number of incontinence episodes and were able to defer defaecation for a longer interval than those undergoing transcutaneous and sham stimulation. These improvements were maintained over a 6-month follow-up period.

Conclusion

Posterior tibial nerve stimulation has short-term benefits in treating faecal incontinence. Percutaneous therapy appears to have superior efficacy to stimulation applied by the transcutaneous route. Registration number: NCT00530933 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
A Fluorescent “Allosteric Scorpionand” Complex Visualizes a Biological Recognition Event
Authors: Yu Mingfeng , Yu Qun , Rutledge Peter J. , Todd Matthew H.
Published: January 2013

We describe a new class of fluorescent reporter and its employment to visualize the biotin/avidin binding interaction. Derivatives of the azamacrocycle cyclam that contain a pendant naphthalimide dye are inherently fluorescent when zinc(II) is coordinated. Introducing a second pendant group—biotin—affords an unsymmetrical bis‐triazole‐scorpionand ligand that interacts specifically with avidin. This ligand has been assembled by using a one‐pot “double‐click” strategy and complexed with copper(II) and zinc(II). The zinc(II) complex is fluorescent, and its fluorescence output changes in the presence of avidin. Upon avidin binding, the fluorescence output is diminished by interaction with the protein, at [complex]/[avidin] ratios of up to 4:1. The observed change might arise from a specific quenching effect in the biotin binding pocket or from a binding‐induced change in the coordination geometry of the complex.
High‐Throughput T‐Jets Mixers: An Innovative Scale‐Up Concept
Authors: Sultan M. A. , Krupa K. , Fonte C. P. , Nunes M. I. , Dias M. M. , Lopes J. C. B. , Santos R. J.
Published: January 2013

The influence of geometrical and design parameters of T‐jets mixers on flow dynamics and mixing patterns is studied by means of two‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations, planar laser‐induced fluorescence, and test chemical reactions. The ratios between injector width and mixing chamber width and between width and depth of the mixing chamber were evaluated as parameters. These ratios determine the flow regime in T‐jets mixers: high values of injector/chamber width ratio favor mixing and high depth values also increase the flow dynamics and thus mixing. A strategy for scale‐up of T‐jets mixers is devised, based on increasing a noncritical dimension (depth) while keeping other dimensions small.
Novel Hollow Titania Spheres‐Chitosan Hybrid Membranes with High Isopropanol Dehydration Performance
Authors: Liu G. , Jiang Z. , Wang Y. , Yang D.
Published: January 2013

A new kind of hollow titania spheres‐chitosan (hTiO2‐CS) hybrid membranes was prepared by a physical blending method. hTiO2 spheres were found to disperse well in the as‐prepared hTiO2‐CS hybrid membranes. Their incorporation can reduce the chitosan crystallinity and enhance slightly its hydrophilicity and thermal stability. Subsequently, hTiO2‐CS/PAN composite membranes comprising of the hTiO2‐CS hybrid membrane as separation layer and a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane as support layer were fabricated. Compared to the CS/PAN membrane, all of them exhibit a much better flux and separation factor for a 90 wt % aqueous solution of isopropanol at 80 °C. This promising kind of composite membranes may find potential application in the dehydration of alcohols.
Prediction of Release Characteristics of Film‐Coated Urea from Structure Characterization Data of the Film
Authors: Lan R. , Wang G. , Yang L. , Wang T.‐J. , Kan C. , Jin Y.
Published: January 2013

An efficient method for the prediction of the release characteristics of film‐coated urea from its film structure is proposed. A model spray‐coating apparatus was built to prepare a plane film to directly measure the film permeability coefficients by simulating the characteristics of randomness, intermittence and multiple layers of the coating, and eliminating particle collision effects. From analysis, the spray‐coated film structure can be modeled as comprising a dense structure and a defect structure. Both structures contributed to the penetration flux and the apparent permeability coefficients of the film for water and urea diffusion. The permeability coefficients of the plane films were calculated from the film structure model, and were shown to be close to the measured values.
Setup and Energetic Considerations for Three Advanced Oxidation Reactors Treating Organic Compounds
Authors: Ureña de Vivanco M. , Rajab M. , Heim C. , Letzel T. , Helmreich B.
Published: January 2013

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are gaining attention in sewage treatment as a further cleaning step for the elimination of persistent organic substances. Three designed laboratory‐scale AOP reactors are presented and their energetic consumption when treating indigo carmine as a test organic compound is assessed. A photolytic (UV/H2O2) and a photo‐Fenton reactor with one ultraviolet and three fluorescent lamps, respectively, and an electrolytic system consisting of a boron‐doped diamond electrode were built. When considering total energy consumption, substantial differences arose due to the stirring devices.
Guest‐Triggered Supramolecular Isomerism in a Pillared‐Layer Structure with Unusual Isomers of Paddle‐Wheel Secondary Building Units by Reversible Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Transformation
Authors: Park In‐Hyeok , Lee Shim Sung , Vittal Jagadese J.
Published: January 2013

Solvothermal reaction of Zn(NO3)2⋅4 H2O, 1,4‐bis[2‐(4‐pyridyl)ethenyl]benzene (bpeb) and 4,4′‐oxybisbenzoic acid (H2obc) in the presence of dimethylacetamide (DMA) as one of the solvents yielded a threefold interpenetrated pillared‐layer porous coordination polymer with pcu topology, [Zn2(bpeb)(obc)2]⋅5 H2O (1), which comprised an unusual isomer of the well‐known paddle‐wheel building block and the trans–trans–trans isomer of the bpeb pillar ligand. When dimethylformamide (DMF) was used instead of DMA, a supramolecular isomer [Zn2(bpeb)(obc)2]⋅2 DMF⋅H2O (2), with the trans–cis–trans isomer of the bpeb ligand with a slightly different variation of the paddle‐wheel repeating unit, was isolated. In MeOH, single crystals of 2 were transformed by solvent exchange in a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) manner to yield [Zn2(bpeb)(obc)2]⋅2 H2O (3), which is a polymorph of 1. SCSC conversion of 3 to 2 was achieved by soaking 3 in DMF. Compounds 1 and 2 as well as 2 and 3 are supramolecular isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Confining Sulfur in Double‐Shelled Hollow Carbon Spheres for Lithium—Sulfur Batteries.
Authors: Zhang Chaofeng , Wu Hao Bin , Yuan Changzhou , Guo Zaiping , Lou Xiong Wen
Published: January 2013

New sulfur—carbon nanocomposites are prepared by confining sulfur in double‐shelled hollow carbon spheres, which are obtained from SnO2 hollow spheres dispersed in aqueous glucose solution (autoclave, 180 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Asymmetric Baeyer—Villinger Oxidation of Prochiral Cyclobutanones Using New Polymer‐Supported and Unsupported Chiral Co(salen) Complexes.
Authors: Sandaroos Reza , Goldani Mohammad Taghi , Damavandi Saman , Mohammadi Ali
Published: January 2013

Three homogeneous and two heterogeneous polymer‐supported chiral Co(salen) catalysts are synthesized and tested in the enantioselective asymmetric Baeyer—Villinger oxidation of prochiral 3‐arylcyclobutanones.
ChemInform Abstract: PEG‐400‐H2O as a Green and Recyclable Medium for Asymmetric Hydrogenations of Aromatic Ketones Catalyzed by RuCl2(TPPTS)2‐(S,S)‐DPENDS.
Authors: Qin Ruixiang , Wang Jinbo , Xiong Wei , Chen Hua , Feng Jian , Liu Derong
Published: January 2013

The catalyst, immobilized in PEG‐400/H2O can be recycled and used in at least four runs with only a slight loss in enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Enaminones as Building Blocks in Heterocyclic Preparations: Synthesis of Novel Pyrazoles, Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazines, Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines, Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines Linked to Imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazole System.
Authors: Gomha Sobhi M. , Abdel‐Aziz Hatem A.
Published: January 2013

The unreported enaminone (III) undergoes regioselective reactions with nitrilimines, hydrazine derivatives, hydroxylamine, hippuric acid and heterocyclic amines to furnish novel heterocyclic ring systems linked to an imidazothiazole system.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Alkenylzirconocenes with O‐Benzoylhydroxylamines: An Efficient Method for Synthesis of Enamines.
Authors: Yan Xiaoyu , Chen Chao , Zhou Yiqing , Xi Chanjuan
Published: January 2013

The double bond configuration is retained during the amination.
ChemInform Abstract: Water Mediated Heck and Ullmann Couplings by Supported Palladium Nanoparticles: Importance of Surface Polarity of the Carbon Spheres.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Srinivasulu Vunnam , Seshadri B. N. , Markandeya Nagula , Alarifi A. , Shankaraiah Nagula
Published: January 2013

The title nanoparticles catalyze the Heck coupling reactions of aryl halides with alkenes under phosphine‐free as well as aerobic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: CuII‐Exchanged Montmorillonite K10 Clay‐Catalyzed Direct Carboxylation of Terminal Alkynes with Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Aher Ravindra D. , Gade Adhuri H. , Reddy R. Santhosh , Sudalai Arumugam
Published: January 2013

The employed catalyst can be reused three times without any decrease in catalytic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Aldehydes with Amine Salts: Synthesis of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Amides.
Authors: Ghosh Subhas Chandra , Ngiam Joyce S. Y. , Seayad Abdul M. , Tuan Dang Thanh , Chai Christina L. L. , Chen Anqi
Published: January 2013

A mild and efficient method to prepare a wide range of amides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Bromoallenes via N‐Bromosuccinimide/CH3SCH3 for the Bromination of Propargyl Alcohols.
Authors: Jiang Wen Feng , Liu Xue Song , Du Xin , Wei Jian Wei , Bao Chun Yu
Published: January 2013

The reagent combination allows a regioselective preparation of the target compounds (10 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Importance of Bases on the Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynes to 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,3‐Diynes.
Authors: Niu Xinjiang , Li Chunju , Li Jian , Jia Xueshun
Published: January 2013

Terminal aliphatic and aromatic alkynes are successfully subjected to homocoupling in the absence of additives and solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium Lauryl Sulfate‐Catalyzed Oxidative Chlorination of Aromatic Compounds.
Authors: Mahajan Tanu , Kumar Lalit , Dwivedi K. , Agarwal D. D.
Published: January 2013

Compared to established methods, the advantages of the new method are higher yields, excellent purity, and shorter reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Green and Controllable Metal‐Free Nitrification and Nitration of Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Wang Shuai , Shu Chun Chun , Wang Tao , Yu Jin , Yan Guo Bing
Published: January 2013

The use of tert‐butyl nitrite under air offers an attractive alternative to traditional protocols.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Alkynylation, Propargyl—Allenyl Isomerization, 6π‐Electrocyclization of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts to Naphthalenes.
Authors: Lim Jin Woo , Kim Ko Hoon , Kim Se Hee , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: January 2013

The method renders possible an efficient synthesis of different naphthalene structures and related systems and can be conducted in one‐pot or in a stepwise manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented Directed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Sulfahydantoins with Aldehydes via a Radical Sulfonate—Sulfinate Conversion.
Authors: Aubin Yoann , Colacino Evelina , Bouchouk Djamel , Chataigner Isabelle , Sanchez Maria del Mar , Martinez Jean , Dewynter Georges
Published: January 2013

Reaction of activated N‐mesylsulfahydantoin (I) with aldehydes (II) and (IV) unexpectedly provides access towards β,β′‐disubstituted aspartate semialdehydes (III) and (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: An Eco‐Friendly Sequential Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Four‐Component Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel 1,4‐Pyranonaphthoquinones.
Authors: Bala Balasubramanian Devi , Rajesh Stephen Michael , Perumal Subbu
Published: January 2013

The highly functionalized pyranonaphthoquinones (V) are obtained stereoselectively by one‐pot sequential reactions of diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (I), anilines (II), naphthalenedione (III), and benzaldehydes (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Simple Method for Synthesis of 2,2‐Disubstituted‐2H‐chromenes by Condensation of a Phenol with a 1,1‐Disubstituted Propargyl Alcohol Using BF3·Et2O as the Catalyst.
Authors: Masabhushi Sridhar , Jillella Raveendra , Godala Kondal Reddy , Mallu Kishore Kumar Reddy , Beeram China Ramanaiah , Chinthala Narsaiah
Published: January 2013

A general preparation of chromenes becomes possible under optimized conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: Furo[3,4‐c]chromones, and Not Pyrano[3,4‐b]chromones, Are Obtained by the Reaction of 3‐Formylchromones with Isocyanides.
Authors: Neo Ana G. , Garrido Leda , Diaz Jesus , Marcaccini Stefano , Marcos Carlos F.
Published: January 2013

Reinvestigation concerning the reaction of 3‐formylchromones with isocyanides confirms formation of the title skeleton, present in various natural products.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Proline and Prolinol Ether Mediated 3‐Component Synthesis of 3‐ and 3,4‐Substituted Chromenone Derivatives.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Merino Estibaliz , Bolte Michael
Published: January 2013

Reaction of cyclic β‐diketones with aliphatic aldehydes provides an efficient access towards disubstituted chromenones, e.g. (III), (V) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of trans‐4,6‐Diaryl‐5‐nitropiperidin‐2‐ones via Four‐Component Reaction from Substituted Nitrostyrenes, Aromatic Aldehydes, Dimethyl Malonate, and Formamide.
Authors: Zhou Zhengquan , Liu Hui , Sun Qian , Li Yun , Yang Jing , Liu Juanjuan , Yan Peiyun , Wang Cunde
Published: January 2013

Highly substituted title compounds of type (IV)(23 examples) are prepared with complete diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Scope of the Palladium‐Catalyzed Aryl Borylation Utilizing Bis‐Boronic Acid.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Trice Sarah L. J. , Kennedy Steven M. , Dreher Spencer D. , Tudge Matthew T.
Published: January 2013

A greener and more economical method compatible with a wide range of substrates is presented for the title reaction by using bench stable and commercially available reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Level‐Structure and Magnetic Properties from One‐Electron Atoms to Clusters with Delocalized Electronic Orbitals: Shell Models for Alkali Trimers
Authors: Hauser Andreas W. , Callegari Carlo , Ernst Wolfgang E.
Published: January 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Utilization of Large Heat Capacity Substances for Improving the Stability of Superconducting Magnets
Authors: Keilin V. E. , Kovalev I. A. , Kruglov S. L. , Shikov A. K. , Shutova D. I. , Vorobjeva A. E. , Medvedev M. I. , Potanina L. V. , Salunin N. I.
Published: January 2013

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Azide‐ and Alkyne‐Derivatized α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Johansson Henrik , Pedersen Daniel Sejer
Published: January 2013

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Block Copolymers: Nanostructured Materials with Emerging Applications
Authors: Schacher Felix H. , Rupar Paul A. , Manners Ian
Published: January 2013

Review: 360 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Origins of Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP) and Reversible Addition—Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT)
Authors: Rizzardo Ezio , Solomon David H.
Published: January 2013

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Unnatural Amino Acids to the De Novo Design of Selective Antibiotic Peptides
Authors: Hicks Rickey P. , Russell Amanda L.
Published: January 2013

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Fluorinated Nucleobases in DNA and RNA
Authors: Gohlke Holger , Bozilovic Jelena , Engels Joachim W.
Published: January 2013

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Davis—Beirut Reaction: A Novel Entry into 2H‐Indazoles and Indazolones. Recent Biological Activity of Indazoles
Authors: Haddadin Makhluf J. , Conrad Wayne E. , Kurth Mark J.
Published: January 2013

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fantastic Voyage: Designing Self‐Powered Nanorobots
Authors: Sengupta Samudra , Ibele Michael E. , Sen Ayusman
Published: January 2013

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Dimensional Higher Quantum Correlation and Resolved Techniques for the Analyses of Complex 1H NMR Spectra of Scalar‐Coupled Spins
Authors: Suryaprakash N.
Published: January 2013

Review: 94 refs.
New Challenges in Project Management for Biopharmaceutical Production
Authors: Peuker Thorsten
Published: January 2013

Single‐use technologies continue to make inroads in the engineering of flexible production facilities to manufacture active pharmaceutical ingredients for clinical trials. Currently, nearly all large biopharmaceutical manufacturers are working on concepts to enable more efficient and flexible operation of such production facilities. In this article, we report on the special requirements we have compiled based on our projects in this field and the experiences we have gained so far in designing such systems.
A Simple and Efficient Copper(II) Complex as a Catalyst for N‐Arylation of Imidazoles
Authors: Jiao Yanli , Yan Nannan , Xie Jianwei , Ma Xiaowei , Liu Ping , Dai Bin
Published: January 2013

Four inexpensive and air‐/moisture‐stable pyrrolecarbaldiminato‐Cu complexes 1–4 were synthesized and evaluated to be a novel class of catalysts for the N‐arylation of imidazoles with aryl halides. A variety of aryl iodides, bromides and activated aryl chlorides underwent the coupling with imidazoles, promoted by the catalyst 4, in moderate to good yields without the protection by an inert gas.
Stokes‐Shift mit dem Zauber‐Stift … und der Lösungsmitteleinfluss auf die Fluoreszenz
Authors: Zajonc Stefan , Ducci Matthias
Published: January 2013

Die Stokes‐Verschiebung (englisch: Stokes‐Shift) gibt den Abstand zwischen der Wellenlänge an, bei der das Leuchten eines Farbstoffs am besten angeregt wird, und der Wellenlänge, bei der das meiste Licht abgestrahlt wird. Ein großer Stokes‐Shift ist z. B. bei der Fluoreszenzspektroskopie von Vorteil. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird dieses Phänomen am Beispiel des Pyranins aus Fasermalern demonstriert und anhand stark vereinfachter Modellvorstellungen auf schulisch relevantem Niveau diskutiert.
Foliar Applied Nickel on Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Induced Phenolic Compounds as Potential Antioxidants
Authors: Sytar Oksana , Cai Zhenzhen , Brestic Marian , Kumar Abhay , Prasad M. N. V. , Taran Nataliya , Smetanska Iryna
Published: January 2013

In this study, Fagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat) sprayed with nickel (Ni) (0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mM) for different duration has been investigated for Ni accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenolics, and phenolic acids. Ni accumulation significantly increased in dose‐dependent manner. Plants exposed for 72 h, showed visible damages as chlorosis and irreversible necrosis. The MDA and total phenolic contents increased at 24 h of Ni treatments. HPLC data revealed that phenolic acids are in good correlation with concentration and durations of treatments. After 24 and 48 h the contents of chlorogenic, p‐hydroxybenzoic, hesperetic, p‐anisic, and caffeic acids increased in Ni treated leaves. On the other hand, p‐hydroxybenzoic, hesperetic, p‐anisic, p‐coumaric, caffeic acids contents decreased after 72 h of Ni exposure. Vanillic and cinnamic acid followed same pattern and increased significantly at 3.0 and 5.0 mM after 48 h of Ni exposure. It may suggest that buckwheat can be possible hyperaccumulators of Ni, because of high Ni accumulation in tissues through foliar treatment. Furthermore, the analyzed phenolic acids have potential role as antioxidants, which provide tolerance to buckwheat against Ni treatment.
The Effect of Bacterial Signal Indole on the Electrical Properties of Lipid Membranes
Authors: Chimerel Catalin , Murray Andrew J. , Oldewurtel Enno R. , Summers David K. , Keyser Ulrich F.
Published: January 2013

Indole is an important biological signalling molecule produced by many Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species, including Escherichia coli. Here we study the effect of indole on the electrical properties of lipid membranes. Using electrophysiology, we show that two indole molecules act cooperatively to transport charge across the hydrophobic core of the lipid membrane. To enhance charge transport, induced by indole across the lipid membrane, we use an indole derivative, 4 fluoro‐indole. We demonstrate parallels between charge transport through artificial lipid membranes and the function of complex eukaryotic membrane systems by showing that physiological indole concentrations increase the rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Our data provide a biophysical explanation for how indole may link the metabolism of bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
Halogen Bonding: An Interim Discussion
Authors: Politzer Peter , Murray Jane S.
Published: January 2013

Halogen bonding is a noncovalent interaction that is receiving rapidly increasing attention because of its significance in biological systems and its importance in the design of new materials in a variety of areas, for example, electronics, nonlinear optical activity, and pharmaceuticals. The interactions can be understood in terms of electrostatics/polarization and dispersion; they involve a region of positive electrostatic potential on a covalently bonded halogen and a negative site, such as the lone pair of a Lewis base. The positive potential, labeled a σ hole, is on the extension of the covalent bond to the halogen, which accounts for the characteristic near‐linearity of halogen bonding. In many instances, the lateral sides of the halogen have negative electrostatic potentials, allowing it to also interact favorably with positive sites. In this discussion, after looking at some of the experimental observations of halogen bonding, we address the origins of σ holes, the factors that govern the magnitudes of their electrostatic potentials, and the properties of the resulting complexes with negative sites. The relationship of halogen and hydrogen bonding is examined. We also point out that σ‐hole interactions are not limited to halogens, but can also involve covalently bonded atoms of Groups IV–VI. Examples of applications in biological/medicinal chemistry and in crystal engineering are mentioned, taking note that halogen bonding can be “tuned” to fit various requirements, that is, strength of interaction, steric factors, and so forth.
Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Fuel Cells on H‐Decorated and B‐Substituted Graphene
Authors: Kong Xiangkai , Chen Qianwang , Sun Zhiyuan
Published: January 2013

In the light of recent experimental research on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with carbon materials doped with foreign atoms, we study the performance of graphene with different defects on this catalytic reaction. In addition to the reported N‐graphene, it is found that H‐decorated and B‐substituted graphene can also spontaneously promote this chemical reaction. The local high spin density plays the key role, facilitating the adsorption of oxygen and OOH, which is the start of ORR. The source of the high spin density for all of the doped graphene is attributed to unpaired single π electrons. Meanwhile, the newly formed CH covalent bond introduces a higher barrier to the p electron flow, leading to more localized and higher spin density for H‐decorated graphene. At the same time, larger structural distortion should be avoided, which could impair the induced spin density, such as for P‐substituted graphene.
Social Rank and Symptom Change in Eating Disorders: A 6‐month Longitudinal Study
Authors: Troop Nicholas A. , Andrews Leanne , Hiskey Syd , Treasure Janet L.
Published: January 2013

Background

Following previous cross‐sectional research adopting an evolutionary approach to social rank and eating disorders, the present study explored the predictive value of social rank for changes in eating disorder symptoms in a 6‐month longitudinal study.

Methods

Seventy‐three women and men with a history of eating disorders were followed up over 6 months. A broad range of measures of social rank were used to determine whether social rank at baseline predicted residual changes in eating disorder symptoms.

Results

Low social rank (in terms of perceived external entrapment and submissive behaviour) predicted an increase in symptoms of anorexia but not symptoms of bulimia. The predictive value of low social rank was not mediated by changes in depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

Perceived low rank predicts an increase in anorexic symptoms. However, further research is required to determine the precise nature of how social rank exerts its influence on the development of eating disorder symptoms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

Self‐perceived low social rank predicts an increase in anorexic symptoms but not bulimic symptoms.

The effect of low social rank on changes in anorexic symptoms was not mediated by changes in depressive symptoms.

Interventions for anorexia nervosa may need to incorporate techniques for increasing status and/or self‐compassion.
Interpretation of Ion Velocity Distributions Measured with a Grounded Retarding Field Energy Analyzer (RFEA) in an Inductively Coupled Helicon Plasma
Authors: Gulbrandsen N. , Miloch W. J. , Fredriksen Å.
Published: January 2013

A Retarding Field Energy Analyzer (RFEA) with a grounded surface in a plasma will be surrounded by a sheath. The ion distribution function (IDF) measured at the probe will be distorted as compared to the IDF in a plasma unaffected by the sheath.

In the present study we investigate whether a practical method can relate the measured distribution function to the undisturbed IDF, thus allowing for derivation of useful plasma parameters from the measured IDFs.

We study the IDF in the sheath by 3D numerical simulations of a spherical RFEA for parameters similar to the Njord helicon device at the University of Tromsø. By comparison with the numerical results, we critically assess the results from simple 1D models that are often used in the analysis of the RFEA signal. With the PIC simulations we also show that the acceptance angle of the probe has a significant effect on the low energy part of the measured IDF. This result is compared with real probe measurements from the Njord device (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Application of the Ball‐Pen Probe in Two Low‐Temperature Mag‐netised Plasma Devices and in Torsatron TJ‐K
Authors: Adámek J. , Peterka M. , Gyergyek T. , Kudrna P. , Ramisch M. , Stroth U. , Cavalier J. , Tichý M.
Published: January 2013

The ball‐pen probe is an innovative electric probe for direct measurements of plasma potential in magnetised hot plasma. This probe is based on the Katsumata probe concept. The ball‐pen probe can adjust the ratio I−sat I+sat of the electron and ion saturation currents to be equal to one causing the ball‐pen probe characteristics to become symmetric. If this is achieved, the floating potential of the ball‐pen probe is equal to the plasma potential. We show the application of a ball‐pen probe in two low‐temperature magnetised plasma devices and in torsatron TJ‐K (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of the Ion Beam Neutralization of Plasma Thrusters Using Collecting and Emissive Langmuir Probes
Authors: Roibás E. , Tierno S.P. , Criado E. , Doménech‐Garret J.L. , Donoso J.M. , Conde L.
Published: January 2013

In gridded electrostatic plasma thrusters, an ion current is extracted from a primary plasma and later accelerated to impart thrust. The operation modes are strongly influenced by the neutralization of the ion current which otherwise becomes space charge limited. This neutralization process is investigated in a small diameter ring cusp ion thruster by using both collecting and emissive Langmuir probes. The ion beam was neutralized by a DC current heated wire placed at the outer section of the thruster and the probes were located between 11 and 24 cm along the axial axis of symmetry. The outgoing ion current is determined by both the magnitude of the discharge current and the ion extraction and the acceleration potentials. The levels of thrust calculated from the emitted ion current are equivalent to similar devices but requiring lower electric power levels. The experimental results evidence that the electron neutralization current not only controls the space charge level of extracted ion currents, but it also affects the spatial properties of the emitted plasmas plumes. The electron temperature of the plasma decreases along the axial distance when the neutralization of the ion beam becomes more effective. On the contrary, higher neutralizer electron currents increase the outgoing plasma density. These experimental results suggest that subtle physical mechanisms are involved in the ion beam electron neutralization process (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transient Plasma Measured by Fixed Electric Probes in the Scrape‐Off Layer of Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advance Research (KSTAR)
Authors: Oh Y.‐S. , Bak J.‐G. , Woo H.‐J. , Park E.‐K. , Kim H.‐S. , Cho S.‐G. , Park S.‐J. , Lho T. , Chung K.‐S.
Published: January 2013

Transient plasma behavior in the scrape‐off layer(SOL) is analyzed based upon the ion saturation current data measured by ninety‐one fixed electric probes during the second and third campaigns of Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advance Research(KSTAR) operations (2010 ∼ 2011). Experiments are implemented under the following conditions: plasma current of 600 kA, line average density of 6.1× 1019m− 3, Neutral Beam Injection(NBI) power of 1.5 MW, and injection gas of D2. Probes are made of carbon fiber composite(CFC) with a dome shape structure, and extruded about 1 mm from the surface of the background graphite tiles, which are exposed to the strongly magnetized plasma with an incident angle of the particles impinging on the probe from zero to nine degrees. Probes are installed in the limiter and divertor area of the KSTAR device with a bias voltage of ‐315 V in order to measure ion saturation currents. The ion saturation currents from the probes could identify the edge localized mode (ELM) phenomena comparing with D‐alpha signals. In the distribution of the ion saturation currents measured by a probe array during a diverted plasma discharge process, it is found that two strike points move vertically upward and poloidally up and down at the inboard and central divertors, respectively. A comparative study of plasma behavior measured by electric probes is performed with the theoretical predictors of Equilibrium FITing code (EFIT) data (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurements of HF‐Plasma Oscilations by means of a Laser‐Heated Emissive Probe
Authors: Schrittwieser R. , Ionita C. , Rahbarnia K. , Gruenwald J. , Windisch T. , Stärz R. , Grulke O. , Klinger T.
Published: January 2013

Indirectly heated emissive probes have advantages compared to conventional emissive wire probes. We have developed a laser‐heated emissive probe consisting of a 1 mm diameter and 2 mm long pin of LaB6, heated by a focussed laser beam of 808 nm wavelength with a power up to 50 W. This probe is smaller and simpler than electrically heated emissive wire probes. Materials of low work function, high temperature stability and longer lifetime such as LaB6 can be used. There is no deformation in a magnetic field and no voltage drop along the probe wire. In this contribution we show the good time resolution of such a probe. Whereas emissive wire probes need two cables and an electric power supply or battery, for our probe one connection to an oscilloscope with high input impedance suffices. Therefore the probe system has a much lower stray capacitance than conventional emissive wire probes (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐throughput flow cytometry compatible biosensor based on fluorogen activating protein technology
Authors: Wu Yang , Tapia Phillip H. , Fisher Gregory W. , Waggoner Alan S. , Jarvik Jonathan , Sklar Larry A.
Published: January 2013

Monitoring the trafficking of multiple proteins simultaneously in live cells is of great interest because many receptor proteins are found to function together with others in the same cell. However, existing fluorescent labeling techniques have restricted the mechanistic study of functional receptor pairs. We have expanded a hybrid system combining fluorogen‐activating protein (FAP) technology and high‐throughput flow cytometry to a new type of biosensor that is robust, sensitive, and versatile. This provides the opportunity to study multiple trafficking proteins in the same cell. Human beta2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) fused with FAP AM2.2 and murine C‐C chemokines receptor type 5 fused with FAP MG13 was chosen for our model system. The function of the receptor and the binding between MG13 and fluorogen MG‐2p have been characterized by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy assays. The binding of fluorogen and the FAP pair is highly specific, while both FAP‐tagged fusion proteins function similarly to their wild‐type counterparts. The system has successfully served as a counter screen assay to eliminate false positive compounds identified in a screen against NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository targeting regulators of the human β2AR. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Commentary on ‘Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants’ with response from review authors
Authors: Kemper Alex R. , Shorter Damon , Hong Timothy , Osborn David A.
Published: January 2013

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shorter D, Hong T, Osborn DA. Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9 Art. No.: CD004595. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004595.pub2. Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Divergence in genital morphology may contribute to mechanical reproductive isolation in a millipede
Authors: Wojcieszek Janine M. , Simmons Leigh W.
Published: January 2013

Genitalia appear to evolve rapidly and divergently in taxa with internal fertilization. The current consensus is that intense directional sexual selection drives the rapid evolution of genitalia. Recent research on the millipedeAntichiropus variabilissuggests that the male genitalia are currently experiencing stabilizing selection – a pattern of selection expected for lock‐and‐key structures that enforce mate recognition and reproductive isolation. Here, we investigate how divergence in genital morphology affects reproductive compatibility among isolated populations ofA. variabilis. Females from a focal population were mated first to a male from their own population and, second, to a male from one of two populations with divergent genital morphology. We observed variation in mating behavior that might indicate the emergence of precopulatory reproductive barriers: males from one divergent population took significantly longer to recognize females and exhibited mechanical difficulty in genital insertion. Moreover, we observed very low paternity success for extra‐population males who were successful in copulating. Our data suggest that divergence in genital shape may be contributing to reproductive isolation, and incipient speciation among isolated populations ofA. variabilis.