bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding strategies that foster nurses to act as clinical leaders in hospitals: A realist review
Authors: Duprez Veerle , Dhont Laure , van der Cingel Margreet , Hafsteinsdóttir Thóra B. , Malfait Simon
Published: October 2023

Aim

To identify strategies that develop clinical nursing leadership competencies among staff nurses, and to explain the contextual elements and mechanisms that underpin the development of clinical nursing leadership competencies.

Design

Realist review according to the Realist and Meta‐narrative Evidence Syntheses—Evolving Standards (RAMESES).

Data Sources

PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, PsycInfo and ProQuest were searched from January 2000 until October 2022.

Review Methods

Three iterative phases: (1) development of initial programme theory, (2) structured searches for relevant published and grey literature and (3) data synthesis and interpretation by researchers and theory triangulation, and discussions within the research group.

Results

Multiple context–mechanism–outcome configurations were extracted from 10 reports that explain how, under what circumstances and why strategies can facilitate (or discourage) staff nurses to act as clinical leaders. Reports were both quantitative and qualitative in design, originating from English‐speaking countries only.

Conclusions

A logic model was developed and suggests four contexts and five mechanisms underlying the development of clinical nursing leadership. Growth in clinical nursing leadership was mainly experienced through experiential learning, which was enhanced by a supportive relationship with a coach or mentor, the use of reflective practices and modelling from other leaders. Furthermore, a supportive work environment triggers ownership, confidence and motivation, and thereby growth in clinical nursing leadership competencies.

Impact

Fostering competencies for clinical leadership among staff nurses requires multifaceted strategies. Strategies are successful if, and only if, they combine learning by doing, by knowing and by observing, and establish a responsive work environment. Hospital policy should ensure that staff nurses have access to reciprocal relationships with role models or a coach. In order to grow as clinical nurse leader, ownership and self‐reflection on own leadership behaviour need to be facilitated.

No Patient or Public Contribution

Prospero ID CRD42021292290.
miR‐6076 targets BCL6 in SH‐SY5Y cells to regulate amyloid‐β‐induced neuronal damage
Authors: Lin Yujian , Zhang Lei , Gao Mengyue , Tang Zixin , Cheng Xiang , Li Haoming , Qin Jianbing , Tian Meiling , Jin Guohua , Zhang Xinhua , Li Wen
Published: October 2023

Amyloid‐β1‐42 (Aβ1‐42) is strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study is to elucidate whether and how miR‐6076 participates in the modulation of amyloid‐β (Aβ)‐induced neuronal damage. To construct the neuronal damage model, SH‐SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ1‐42. By qRT‐PCR, we found that miR‐6076 is significantly upregulated in Aβ1‐42‐treated SH‐SY5Y cells. After miR‐6076 inhibition, p‐Tau and apoptosis levels were downregulated, and cell viability was increased. Through online bioinformatics analysis, we found that B‐cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) was a directly target of miR‐6076 via dual‐luciferase reporter assay. BCL6 overexpression mediated the decrease in elevated p‐Tau levels and increased viability in SH‐SY5Y cells following Aβ1‐42 treatment. Our results suggest that down‐regulation of miR‐6076 could attenuate Aβ1‐42‐induced neuronal damage by targeting BCL6, which provided a possible target to pursue for prevention and treatment of Aβ‐induced neuronal damage in AD.
Association between periodontal diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Evidence from sequential cross‐sectional and prospective cohort studies based on UK Biobank
Authors: Wang Dongyun , Dai Liang , Cui Zhengqian , Xing Weili , Huang Xiaoyan , Yang Hongyu , Shan Ying
Published: October 2023

Aim

To investigate the association between periodontal diseases, airflow limitation and incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a large‐scale prospective UK Biobank cohort.

Materials and Methods

Our approach comprised a cross‐sectional study and a prospective cohort. Periodontal diseases were determined based on the participants' self‐reported dental symptoms, including painful gums, bleeding gums and loose teeth. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association of periodontal diseases with airflow limitation and incident COPD in the cross‐sectional study and the prospective cohort, respectively.

Results

The cross‐sectional study involved 495,610 participants. Multivariable analysis found that periodontal diseases were significantly associated with airflow limitation (odds ratio = 1.036, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.015–1.059). The cohort study included 379,266 participants with a median follow‐up period of 12.68 years. An elevated risk of incident COPD was associated with the presence of periodontal diseases (hazard ratio: 1.248, 95% CI: 1.174–1.326). The effect was consistent among subgroups, including baseline age (≤65 or >65 years), sex, smoking status and diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions

Periodontal diseases are associated with airflow limitation and elevated COPD incidence. Maintaining good periodontal health in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema may help prevent the onset of COPD.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection correlates with male benign prostatic hyperplasia deterioration
Authors: Liu Alex Qinyang , Chiu Peter Ka‐Fung , Yee Samuel Chi‐Hang , Ng Chi‐Fai , Teoh Jeremy Yuen‐Chun
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) affects extra‐respiratory systems, with small‐scale studies showing worsened male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This study explores the correlation between SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and male benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) complications using large‐scale real world data.

Materials and methods

All male patients attending the public healthcare system in Hong Kong receiving alpha‐blocker monotherapy for LUTS from 2021 to 2022 were included in this study. Patients with and without positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for SARS‐CoV‐2 are selected as the exposure group and control group, respectively. Baseline characteristics are retrieved, with propensity score matching performed to ensure balance of covariates between the two groups. BPH complications were then compared and subgroup analyses were performed.

Results

After propensity score matching, 17,986 patients were included for analysis, among which half had PCR‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (n = 8993). When compared to controls, the SARS‐CoV‐2 group demonstrated statistically significant higher incidence of retention of urine (4.55% vs. 0.86%,p < 0.001), haematuria (1.36% vs. 0.41%,p < 0.001), clinical urinary tract infection (UTI) (4.31% vs. 1.49%,p < 0.001), culture‐proven bacteriuria (9.02% vs. 1.97%,p < 0.001) and addition of 5ARI (0.50% vs. 0.02%,p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis demonstrated similar differences across different age groups. There are no statistically significance differences in incidence of retention, haematuria, or addition of 5ARI across different COVID‐19 severities.

Conclusions

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is associated with increased incidence of urinary retention, haematuria, UTI and the addition of combination therapy in the short term, regardless of COVID‐19 severity. This is the largest study demonstrating the detrimental urological effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Oral melanoacanthoma: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of a case series and a scoping review
Authors: Tavares Thalita Soares , da Costa Adriana Aparecida Silva , da Mata Camargos Felipe , Gomez Ricardo Santiago , Nonaka Cassiano Francisco Weege , Alves Pollianna Muniz , Mendonça Elismauro Francisco , Sousa‐Neto Sebastião Silvério , Vasconcelos Ana Carolina Uchoa , Tarquínio Sandra Beatriz Chaves , Caldeira Patrícia Carlos
Published: October 2023

Background

This study presents a case series and scoping review of oral melanoacanthoma to examine its clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical characteristics.

Methods

Nine cases of oral melanoacanthoma were included in the case series. Clinical data were collected from biopsy charts. Hematoxylin–eosin and immunohistochemistry for TRP2, CD3, and CD20 were done. For the scoping review, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched.

Results

Case series: The mean age was 46.8 years (female‐to‐male ratio 2:1). Lesion's mean size was 11.0 mm (±9.3). Lesions were mainly macular (77.8%) with brown or black coloration (88.9%) and often affected multiple sites (44.4%). The evolution time ranged from 15 days to 96 months. Lesions commonly showed epithelial acanthosis (66.7%), spongiosis (55.6%), exocytosis (77.8%), melanin incontinence (88.9%), and inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria (77.8%), from which all showed lymphocytes. TRP2‐positive melanocytes were identified in the basal and spinous layer of all cases, and in the superficial layer of three cases. CD3‐positive cells predominate over the CD20‐positive. Scoping review: 85 cases of oral melanoacanthoma were retrieved from 55 studies. Patients were primarily female (female‐to‐male ratio 2.2:1), black‐skinned (64.1%), with a mean age of 36.13 (± 17.24). Lesions were flat (81.9%), often brown (62.4%). Buccal mucosa was the preferred site (32.9%), followed by multiple sites (28.2%).

Conclusion

Oral melanoacanthoma mainly affects women across a wide age range, with lesions commonly appearing as brown/black macules, particularly on the buccal mucosa. TRP2‐positive melanocytes and T‐lymphocytes were consistently found and could participate in oral melanoacanthoma pathogenesis.
Large T‐cell extradural lymphoma with concurrent marked cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia in a dog
Authors: Massie Anna M. , Skorupski Katherine , Vernau William , McLarty Ehren , Brady Rachel V. , Vernau Karen M.
Published: October 2023

A 3‐year‐old male pit bull terrier was presented for a 4‐day history of progressive tetraparesis and cervical pain. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed an extradural mass within the left lateral vertebral canal extending from caudal C5 to mid‐T2. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) demonstrated marked (90%) eosinophilic inflammation. A C6‐7 dorsal laminectomy and C7‐T2 left hemilaminectomy were done, with gross disease remaining. Histopathology revealed a large T cell lymphoma with marked eosinophilic infiltration. The dog underwent CHOP‐based chemotherapy with resolution of clinical signs, with a similar course of therapy performed at recurrence 37 months after initial presentation. The dog was euthanized 39 months after presentation for multiorgan failure secondary to neutropenic sepsis and aspiration pneumonia. This represents a positive long‐term response to multimodal treatment of extradural T‐cell lymphoma within the vertebral canal associated with a marked CSF eosinophilia.
Light noble gases in 11 achondrites: Cosmic ray exposure ages, gas retention ages, and preatmospheric sizes
Authors: Smith Thomas , He Huaiyu , Li Shijie , Su Fei
Published: October 2023

We report light noble gas (He, Ne, and Ar) concentrations and isotopic ratios in 11 achondrites, Tafassasset (unclassified primitive achondrite), Northwest Africa (NWA) 12934 (angrite), NWA 12573 (brachinite), Jiddat al Harasis (JaH) 809 (ureilite), NWA 11562 (ungrouped achondrite), four lodranites (NWA 11901, NWA 7474, NWA 6685, and NWA 6484), NWA 2871 (acapulcoite), and Sahara 02029 (winonaite), most of which have not been previously studied for noble gases. We discuss their noble gas isotopic composition, determine their cosmogenic nuclide content, and systematically calculate their cosmic ray exposure (CRE) and gas retention ages. In addition, we estimate their preatmospheric radii and preatmospheric masses based on the shielding parameter (22Ne/21Ne)cos. None of the studied meteorites shows evidence of contribution from solar cosmic rays (SCRs). JaH 809 and NWA 12934 show evidence of 3He diffusive losses of >90% and 40%, respectively. The winonaite Sahara 02029 has lost most of its noble gases, either during or before analysis. The average CRE age of Tafassasset of ~49 Ma is lower than that reported by Patzer et al. (2003), but is consistent with it within the uncertainties; this confirms that Tafassasset and CR chondrites are not source paired, CR chondrites having CRE ages from 1 to 25 Ma (Herzog & Caffee, 2014). The ureilite JaH 809 has a CRE age of ~5.4 Ma, which falls into the typical range of exposure ages for ureilites; the angrite NWA 12934 has a CRE age of ~49 Ma, which is within the main range of exposure ages reported for angrites (0.2–56 Ma). We calculate a CRE age of ~2.4 Ma for the brachinite NWA 12573, which falls into a possible “cluster” in the brachinite CRE age histogram around ~3 Ma. Three lodranites (NWA 11901, NWA 7474, and NWA 6685) have CRE ages higher than the average CRE ages of lodranites measured so far, NWA 11901 and NWA 6685 having CRE ages far higher than the CRE age already reported by Li et al. (2019) on NWA 8118. The measured 40K‐40Ar gas retention ages fit well into established systematics. The gas retention age of Tafassasset is consistent, within respective uncertainties, with that previously calculated by Patzer et al. (2003). Our study indicates that Tafassasset originates from a meteoroid with a preatmospheric radius of ~20 cm, however discordant with the radius of ~85 cm inferred in a previous study (Patzer et al., 2003).
The “Meteorite meter”: A handheld instrument for the combined measurement of magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity, with application to meteorite identification and classification
Authors: Uehara Minoru , Gattacceca Jérôme
Published: October 2023

We developed a simple, handheld, and user‐friendly magnetic susceptibility meter specialized for the identification of meteorites. The measurement is based on an LC resonance circuit. When provided with a rough estimate of the sample mass, the instrument displays directly the mass‐normalized magnetic susceptibility expressed in logχm (with χm in 10−9 m3 kg−1), a parameter that is widely used in the classification of meteorites. Moreover, the measurement of the impedance of the LC resonator provides a proxy of the electrical conductivity (C‐index) that can be helpful to distinguish metal‐bearing samples from magnetite‐bearing samples. This C‐index offers an additional diagnostic for the identification of meteorites. Our tests demonstrate that the precision and the accuracy of this instrument called “Meteorite meter” (MetMet) are sufficient to allow distinguishing most meteorites from most terrestrial rocks, for a minimum recommended sample mass of 5 g. The distinction of some meteorite groups is also possible, in particular the separation of the three ordinary chondrite groups. Meteorite hunters, collectors, and curators and non‐specialists, including children, can use this instrument as a guidance in the identification and classification of meteorites. This kind of instrument has an immense advantage over the widely used testing of meteorites with magnets, as it does not affect the paleomagnetic records of meteorites that are highly valuable for scientists.
Kinding memory: Commentary on Muhammad Ali Khalidi's Cognitive ontology
Authors: Robins Sarah K.
Published: October 2023

My commentary focuses on Khalidi's defense of episodic memory as a cognitive kind. His argument relies on merging two distinct accounts of episodic memory—the phenomenal and the etiological. I suggest that Khalidi's framework can be used to carve the contemporary memory literature differently. On this view, the phenomenal account supports constructive episodic simulation as a cognitive kind, the etiological account supports event memory as a cognitive kind, and episodic memory ceases to be. The question for Khalidi is, then, how to evaluate this alternative proposal—and more broadly how to adjudicate between competing and overlapping accounts of cognitive kinds.
Are infants conscious?
Authors: Passos‐Ferreira Claudia
Published: October 2023

I argue that newborn infants are conscious. I propose a methodology for investigating infant consciousness and I present two approaches for determining whether newborns are conscious. First, I consider behavioral and neurobiological markers of consciousness.Second, I investigate the major theories of consciousness, including both philosophical and scientific theories, and I discuss what they predict about infant consciousness.
Risk coupling analysis under accident scenario evolution: A methodological construct and application
Authors: Yao Jianting , Zhang Boling , Wang Dongdong , Lei Dachen , Tong Ruipeng
Published: October 2023

Dynamic processes in various fields exhibit risk coupling phenomena, but existing risk analysis studies tend to ignore the risk coupling effects of dynamic scenarios. Considering the principles of digitization, objective quantification, and the full process that should be adopted in the risk coupling analysis, an integrated risk coupling analysis framework is proposed. Specifically, the weighted Eclat algorithm is used to mine the risk association rules, then the key risk factors are extracted by social network analysis, and the stochastic Petri net is used to complete the construction, simulation, and evolution of accident scenarios. This universal framework can analyze the risk phenomena of accident scenario evolution in a process‐oriented manner and decouple risks based on key risk factors and disconnect the chain of the accident scenario evolution process. Finally, the proposed framework is applied to the coupled analysis of fire risk in Chinese urban communities to verify its feasibility and scientific validity.
Gender essentialism predicts prejudice against gender nonconformity in two cultural contexts
Authors: Fine Rachel D. , Olson Kristina R. , Gülgöz Selin , Horton Rachel , Gelman Susan A.
Published: October 2023

Gender‐nonconforming children face a substantial amount of prejudice, making it important to investigate potential contributing factors. In a correlational study of 253 U.S. Midwestern and Pacific Northwestern 6‐ to 10‐year‐old gender‐conforming children (Age M = 7.95, SD = 1.43; 54% girl, 46% boy; 77% White), we examined how gender essentialism (beliefs that gender is biological, discrete, informative, and immutable) and gender identity essentialism (beliefs that gender identity is immutable) relate to prejudice against gender‐nonconforming children. We also examined whether these associations varied by the child's cultural context (rural, non‐diverse, conservative vs. urban, more diverse, liberal). We found a positive correlation between gender essentialism and prejudice, in both cultural contexts. Additionally, children from the more rural context endorsed more essentialism and expressed more prejudice than did their counterparts from the more urban context. However, we found no differences in children's gender identity essentialism by cultural context and no association with prejudice.
Introduction to INFER special issue on “new aspects of economic and financial integration”
Authors: Afonso António , Badarau Cristina , Turcu Camélia
Published: October 2023

This Special Issue (SI) gathers 13 papers presented at the 23rd INFER Annual Conference which took place in Lisbon, 8–10 September 2021, at ISEG – Lisbon School of Economics and Management. The conference was organised by INFER (International Network for Economic Research), UECE (Research Unit on Complexity and Economics), and REM (Research in Economics and Mathematics). The papers of the SI focus on key topics in international macroeconomics, revisit the fiscal policy conduct within a globalised world, investigate how uncertainty and risk affect macroeconomic policies, and analyse the links between labor market outcomes, automation, and economic integration.
Stroke prevention strategies in Africa: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Umeonwuka Chuka Ifeanyi , Obiora Oluchukwu Loveth , Nstiea Veronica
Published: October 2023

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to map the existing strategies on methods and interventions for primary and secondary stroke prevention in Africa.

Introduction:

Stroke is among the leading causes of disability globally. African nations have higher stroke mortality and case fatality rates than the industrialized world, leading to significant social and financial costs, which necessitates efficient preventative methods. Despite the high prevalence of stroke in Africa, the scope of stroke-prevention strategies in Africa is unknown. Consequently, mapping diverse approaches to preventing stroke in Africa could provide direction for future research into stroke prevention in Africa.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will incorporate studies that report methods or strategies used for stroke prevention in Africa. All primary and gray literature will be considered for inclusion. No language or date restrictions will be applied.

Methods:

The JBI methodological framework for scoping reviews will be adopted for this scoping review. A 3-step search strategy consisting of an initial limited search, a full search, and a screening of the reference lists of all included articles will be undertaken. Databases such as CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed, PEDRo, DORIS, Global Health, Web of Science, and Open Access Thesis and Dissertations will be searched. All search results will be screened, and relevant data extracted by 2 independent reviewers. The findings will be presented in the final scoping review and illustrated in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram.

Review registration:

Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21679904.v1
From agenda to action: JBI Evidence Synthesis and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Jordan Zoe , Pilla Bianca
Published: October 2023

Objective:

This pilot study sought to map the alignment of publications in JBI Evidence Synthesis to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 (global health and well-being) and to understand JBI authors’ awareness of and engagement with the goals. This will contribute to a larger-scale analysis to assist the JBI Collaboration in engaging with and working toward achieving the SDGs.

Introduction:

In 2015, the United Nations agreed on 17 SDGs as the central framework for sustainable development worldwide. However, in the wake of the global pandemic, the 2030 SDG agenda is in jeopardy due to multiple cascading and intersecting crises. The Global Commission on Evidence has urged the evidence community to consider how it might more meaningfully contribute to the evidence architecture. As we pass the midway point to the SDG 2030 target date, it is timely to reflect on the contribution of those in the evidence synthesis community to achieving these important global objectives.

Methods:

A 2-phase study was conducted utilizing desktop audit methods. SDG 3 targets were mapped across systematic and scoping reviews published in JBI Evidence Synthesis using established key terms, followed by a brief author survey and thematic analysis.

Results:

The results of this pilot study indicate that 28.5% of syntheses published in JBI Evidence Synthesis address 11 of the 13 targets of SDG 3. SDGs are not currently a priority consideration for most JBI Evidence Synthesis authors, but there is a desire to learn more and integrate the goals into their prioritization processes.

Conclusions:

While this was only a small pilot study, it is indicative of a need to reset and recommit to mutual global agendas to transform the evidence ecosystem, and to maximize the limited resources available in order to truly have a global impact on health outcomes.
Diseño, validación e implementación de una intervención personalizada para mejorar la adherencia terapéutica en el adulto con hipertensión arterial
Authors: Esquivel Garzón Natalia , Cañon Montañez Wilson , Rodríguez Acelas Alba Luz
Published: October 2023

Objetivo: Describir el proceso de diseño, validación e implementación de una intervención de enfermería personalizada para mejorar la adherencia terapéutica en adultos con hipertensión arterial. Método: Estudio para el desarrollo de intervenciones según la propuesta de Sidani & Braden, que contempla el diseño de la intervención, la operacionalización en un manual de intervención y el estudio piloto. Resultados: La intervención sustentada en los postulados de la teoría salutogenica fue organizada en 4 sesiones, una semanal de 20 minutos de duración cada una, entregadas cara a cara y por teléfono. Los expertos (n=5) evaluaron la fidelidad teórica con una relevancia del 96%, viabilidad del 94% y claridad del 98%. Conclusión: Seguir las recomendaciones de Sidani & Braden permitió el diseño de una intervención, con adecuado rigor metodológico, fundamentada en el uso de una teoría y de la evidencia científica que demuestra la fidelidad teórica y viabilidad de la intervención para mejorar la adherencia terapéutica en adultos con hipertensión arterial.
Contrarrelatos de la pureza indígena: el IndianiRAP como una oportunidad de sentir, tensionar e intervenir desde las emociones
Authors: Santofimio Rojas German Andres
Published: October 2023

El acercarnos al rap de jóvenes indígenas colombianos ha sido una posibilidad de afectación por medio de sus ritmos, narrativas de vidas e historias; movilizando y resignificando comprensiones sobre lo indígena como apuestas en tensión en su desajuste conceptual propiamente. Para ello, se abordaron las políticas de autorrepresentaciones reflejadas en sus propuestas musicales, se identificaron las disputas que emergen desde el rap y la manera en que entran en contacto con estas desde las emociones. Como resultado y primera contribución se teoriza a manera de intervención el IndianiRAP como un proceso identitario que transgrede las concepciones binaristas y salvacionistas de los sujetos indígenas catalogados como seres puros e inamovibles.
Expresivos de odio institucionalizados en el discurso político colombiano. Un análisis de ‘guerrillero’, ‘castrochavista’, ‘vándalo’ y ‘gente de bien’
Authors: Rodríguez Ortiz Angélica María , Santamaría-Velasco Freddy
Published: October 2023

En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis sobre las formas en que el uso de slurs como “Guerrillo”, “Vándalo” y “Castrochavista”, así como el dogwhistles “Gente de bien”, transforma negativamente la realidad social. El uso intencional de estas expresiones conlleva a la institucionalización de prácticas de rechazo, discriminación y odio que movilizan a la colectividad en la toma de decisiones y a la realización de acciones políticas que terminan por atacar la dignidad humana y son una afrenta directa a la democracia. La institucionalización de estas prácticas discursivas da origen a una glotopolítica de orden negativo, lo que hace posible mostrar la intencionalidad de los hablantes y los compromisos pragmático-lingüísticos asumidos por la colectividad.
Historias de migrantes y sus razones para la emigración: guatemaltecos en movimiento
Authors: Spohn Monica
Published: October 2023

Este estudio instrumental de caso único está diseñado para conocer los motivos que tienen los migrantes para emigrar, en el marco de los desafíos y las oportunidades existentes en Guatemala, su país de procedencia. Se entrevistó a ocho emigrantes (dos mujeres y seis hombres) para comprender mejor sus experiencias personales y también para analizar el papel que tienen la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID, por sus siglas en inglés), el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Centroamérica (CAFTA, por sus siglas en inglés) y las condiciones internas de Guatemala en las decisiones que tomaron los participantes de emigrar a los EE.UU. El estudio estuvo guiado por las siguientes preguntas centrales: (1) ¿Cómo explican los emigrantes sus razones para salir de su país? (2) ¿De qué manera las condiciones internas de Guatemala motivan la emigración? (3) Y ¿de qué manera se relacionan estas razones con las políticas de los EE. UU., si están relacionadas? Los datos se obtuvieron de varias fuentes. Las publicaciones sobre la historia de Guatemala y las inversiones e impactos actuales del USAID ayudan a comprender el contexto que existe en Guatemala por el que ocurre la emigración, asimismo, las entrevistas con los emigrantes en los EE.UU. y Guatemala proporcionan datos sobre las experiencias personales en cuanto a la emigración. Los principales resultados obtenidos fueron que las grandes dificultades económicas y la falta de oportunidades fueron las razones por las que los emigrantes decidieron irse a los EE.UU. Ninguno de los participantes, salvo uno de ellos, recibió asistencia y esta no influyó en la decisión de emigrar de dicha persona. La mitad de los participantes indicó que no hubiese emigrado si los programas de desarrollo les hubieran ofrecido oportunidades educativas y laborales.
A Solution Verification Study for URANS Simulations of Flow Over a 5:1 Rectangular Cylinder Using Grid Convergence Index and Least Squares Procedures
Authors: Nandi Tarak N. , Yeo DongHun
Published: October 2023

A verification study was conducted for URANS (Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes) simulations of flow around a 5:1 rectangular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 56,700 (based on the cylinder depth) using the k–ω SST (shear stress transport) turbulence model and the γ−Reθ transition model for three types of grids (a fully structured grid and two hybrid grids generated using Delaunay and advancing front techniques). The grid convergence index (GCI) and least squares (LS) procedures were employed to estimate discretization error and associated uncertainties. The result indicates that the LS procedure provides the most reliable estimates of discretization error uncertainties for solution variables in the structured grid from the k–ω SST model. From the six solution variables of interest, the highest relative uncertainty was typically observed in the root-mean-square (rms) of lift coefficient, followed by time-averaged reattachment length and peak rms of pressure coefficient on the top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder. The solution variable with the lowest uncertainty was Strouhal number, followed by time-averaged drag coefficient. It is also noted that the GCI and LS procedures produce noticeably different uncertainty estimates, primarily due to inconsistences in their estimated observed orders of accuracy and safety factors. To successfully apply the procedures to practical problems, further research is required to reliably estimate uncertainties in solutions with “noisy” grid convergence behaviors and observed orders of accuracy.
Spatiotemporal Evolution of Toddlers' Regional Foot Pressure Distribution and Center of Pressure at Antero-Posterior Axis During Learning of Standing
Authors: Pourreza Elmira , Yaradanakul Naci B. , Cengiz Berat C. , Duyan Camurdan Aysu , Zinnuroglu Murat , Gurses Senih
Published: October 2023

We investigated quiet stance of newly standing toddlers every three months (trimesters) of their second year of life. Their anteroposterior center-of-pressure (CoPx) velocity and centroidal frequency (CFREQ: 2.36 ± 0.10 to 1.50 ± 0.11 Hz) decreased over time. Besides, mean pressures revealed a potential role-sharing of foot regions in learning and control aspects of standing, with hindfoot carrying the highest (23.89 ± 6.47 kPa) pressure while forefoot the lowest (10.26 ± 2.51 kPa). The highest CFREQ of pressure signal was at midfoot. Through regional CoPx, forefoot has manifested the highest CFREQ (2.10 ± 0.40 Hz) and 90% power frequency (90%PF), whereas hindfoot presented the lowest (CFREQ: 1.80 ± 0.33 Hz). CFREQ and 90%PF of pressure and regional CoPx significantly decreased throughout the trimesters.
Modeling Study on the Geometric Optimization of Thermoelectric Modules
Authors: Zhu Yuhao , Li Kewen , Linghu Jianshe , Yuan Pei , Zuo Sheng , Weng Zhenkun
Published: October 2023

The performance of thermoelectric power generators (TEGs) primarily depends on the properties of the thermoelectric materials employed. For conventional thermoelectric modules (TEM) utilizing the same material, the geometric parameters also play a significant role in determining TEM performance. As such, optimizing the geometry of TEM can lead to improved performance. In this study, TEM were modeled, designed, fabricated, and tested to investigate the effects of different geometric parameters on their performance. Numerical simulations were conducted under both constant temperature and constant flow boundary conditions, and the results were validated through experimental testing. The simulation results under constant flow boundary conditions exhibited good agreement with the experimental results. The effects of thickness, cross-sectional area, and filling ratio of thermoelectric legs on TEM performance were investigated through numerical simulations and compared with findings from previous studies. It was observed that increasing the cross-sectional area of the thermoelectric legs led to a decrease in the power output of TEM. Conversely, increasing the filling ratio effectively enhanced the TEM's performance. Furthermore, an optimal thermoelectric leg thickness was identified through the numerical simulations that could yield the maximum power output of TEM. The underlying mechanism behind this observation was explained, shedding light on why different reports have identified different optimal thicknesses. Optimizing the thermoelectric leg thickness can help maintain a high effective temperature difference and low internal resistance, which can vary based on the specific type of TEM and the thickness and thermal conductivity of the insulating substrates and copper sheets.
Self-assembly of promoter DNA and RNA Pol II machinery into transcriptionally active biomolecular condensates
Authors: Lewis Brian A. , Das Subhendu Kumar , Jha Rajiv Kumar , Levens David
Published: October 2023

Transcription in the nucleus occurs in a concentrated, dense environment, and no reasonable biochemical facsimile of this milieu exists. Such a biochemical environment would be important for further understanding transcriptional regulation. We describe here the formation of dense, transcriptionally active bodies in vitro with only nuclear extracts and promoter DNA. These biomolecular condensates (BMCs) are 0.5 to 1 μm in diameter, have a macromolecular density of approximately 100 mg/ml, and are a consequence of a phase transition between promoter DNA and nuclear extract proteins. BMCs are physically associated with transcription as any disruption of one compromised the other. The BMCs contain RNA polymerase II and elongation factors, as well as factors necessary for BMC formation in vivo. We suggest that BMCs are representative of the in vivo nuclear environment and a more physiologically relevant manifestation of the preinitiation complex/elongation machinery.
Backyard zoonoses: The roles of companion animals and peri-domestic wildlife
Authors: Gamble Amandine , Olarte-Castillo Ximena A. , Whittaker Gary R.
Published: October 2023

The spillover of human infectious diseases from animal reservoirs is now well appreciated. However, societal and climate-related changes are affecting the dynamics of such interfaces. In addition to the disruption of traditional wildlife habitats, in part because of climate change and human demographics and behavior, there is an increasing zoonotic disease risk from companion animals. This includes such factors as the awareness of animals kept as domestic pets and increasing populations of free-ranging animals in peri-domestic environments. This review presents background and commentary focusing on companion and peri-domestic animals as disease risk for humans, taking into account the human-animal interface and population dynamics between the animals themselves.
Zoonotic mosquito-borne arboviruses: Spillover, spillback, and realistic mitigation strategies
Authors: Campos Rafael K. , Rossi Shannan L. , Tesh Robert B. , Weaver Scott C.
Published: October 2023

Emerging zoonotic mosquito-borne viruses pose increasing health threats because of growing mosquito population, geographic expansions, and control challenges. We emphasize the need for global preparedness to effectively mitigate the health, societal, and economic impacts of spillover by these viruses through proactive measures of prediction, surveillance, prevention, and treatment.
Many potential pathways to future pandemic influenza
Authors: Morens David M. , Park Jaekeun , Taubenberger Jeffery K.
Published: October 2023

Although influenza A viruses have caused pandemics for centuries, future pandemics cannot be predicted with our current understanding and resources. Concern about an H5N1 avian influenza pandemic has caused alarm since 1997, but there are many other possible routes to pandemic influenza.
Trends in antifungal resistance in
Candida
from a multicenter study conducted in Madrid (CANDIMAD study): fluconazole-resistant
C. parapsilosis
spreading has gained traction in 2022
Authors: Díaz-García Judith , Machado Marina , Alcalá Luis , Reigadas Elena , Pérez-Ayala Ana , Gómez-García de la Pedrosa Elia , Gónzalez-Romo Fernando , Cuétara María Soledad , García-Esteban Coral , Quiles-Melero Inmaculada , Zurita Nelly Daniela , Muñoz-Algarra María , Durán-Valle María Teresa , Sánchez-García Aida , Muñoz Patricia , Escribano Pilar , Guinea Jesus ,   on behalf of the CANDIMAD study group, Díaz-García Judith , Mesquida Aina , Gómez Ana , Machado Marina , Alcalá Luis , Reigadas Elena , Sánchez-Carrillo Carlos , Muñoz Patricia , Escribano Pilar , Guinea Jesús , Pérez-Ayala Ana , Pérez-Muñoz Rosaura , Vera-González María del Carmen , Gómez-García De La Pedrosa Elia , González-Romo Fernando , Merino-Amador Paloma , Cuétara María Soledad , Sánchez-García Aída , García-Esteban Coral , Cuevas-Lobato Oscar , Bernal Guadalupe , Zurita Nelly Daniela , Gutiérrez-Cobos Ainhoa , Muñoz-Algarra María , Sánchez-Romero Isabel , Quiles-Melero Inmaculada , San Juan-Delgado Florinda , Durán-Valle María Teresa , Gil-Romero Yolanda , Fraile Torres Arturo Manuel
Published: October 2023

We previously conducted a multicenter surveillance study on
Candida
epidemiology and antifungal resistance in Madrid (CANDIMAD study; 2019–2021), detecting an increase in fluconazole-resistant
Candida parapsilosis
. We here present data on isolates collected in 2022. Furthermore, we report the epidemiology and antifungal resistance trends during the entire period, including an analysis per ward of admission.
Candida
spp. incident isolates from blood cultures and intra-abdominal samples from patients cared for at 16 hospitals in Madrid, Spain, were tested with the EUCAST E.Def 7.3.2 method against amphotericin B, azoles, micafungin, anidulafungin, and ibrexafungerp and were molecularly characterized. In 2022, we collected 766
Candida
sp. isolates (686 patients; blood cultures, 48.8%).
Candida albicans
was the most common species found, and
Candida auris
was undetected. No resistance to amphotericin B was found. Overall, resistance to echinocandins was low (0.7%), whereas fluconazole resistance was 12.0%, being higher in blood cultures (16.0%) mainly due to fluconazole-resistant
C. parapsilosis
clones harboring the Y132F-R398I ERG11p substitutions. Ibrexafungerp showed
in vitro
activity against the isolates tested. Whereas
C. albicans
was the dominant species in most hospital wards, we observed increasing
C. parapsilosis
proportions in blood. During the entire period, echinocandin resistance rates remained steadily low, while fluconazole resistance increased in blood from 6.8% (2019) to 16% (2022), mainly due to fluconazole-resistant
C. parapsilosis
(2.6% in 2019 to 36.6% in 2022). Up to 7 out of 16 hospitals were affected by fluconazole-resistant
C. parapsilosis
. In conclusion, rampant clonal spreading of
C. parapsilosis
fluconazole-resistant genotypes is taking place in Madrid.
Kinetics of severe dengue virus infection and development of gut pathology in mice
Authors: Pliego Zamora Adriana , Kim Jaehyeon , Vajjhala Parimala R. , Thygesen Sara J. , Watterson Daniel , Modhiran Naphak , Bielefeldt-Ohmann Helle , Stacey Katryn J.
Published: October 2023

Severe dengue virus (DENV) infection can cause hemorrhage and shock, with onset at a time when viremia is decreasing and fever has abated. The factors contributing to the sudden deterioration of patient condition are debated. Gastrointestinal symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are prevalent in severe diseases. The reported correlation of serum lipopolysaccharide levels with disease severity suggests that the gut barrier is compromised. We examined gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pathology in dengue infection, employing AG129 and
Ifnar1
−/−
mice, as models of primary or antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, respectively. DENV replication peaked early in the spleen, with infected cells appearing later in the GIT, followed by kidney and liver. On day 4 of infection, histological examination showed that DENV-mediated inflammation and tissue damage were severe in the GIT, with non-GIT tissues showing only limited pathology. The inflammatory pathology was found in focal areas, first in the small intestine and later in the proximal and distal colon. The main features included infiltration by neutrophils and monocytes, edema, villus blunting, exfoliation of enterocytes, crypt abscesses, lymphocyte depletion within Peyer’s patches, and mucus discharge from goblet cells. Loss and thinning of the mucus layer resulted in aberrant contact of luminal bacteria with the gut epithelial cells. We hypothesize that DENV-induced gut inflammation compromises the integrity of the gut barrier, subsequently promoting severe dengue disease.

IMPORTANCE

Dengue virus, an arbovirus, causes an estimated 100 million symptomatic infections annually and is an increasing threat as the mosquito range expands with climate change. Dengue epidemics are a substantial strain on local economies and health infrastructure, and an understanding of what drives severe disease may enable treatments to help reduce hospitalizations. Factors exacerbating dengue disease are debated, but gut-related symptoms are much more frequent in severe than mild cases. Using mouse models of dengue infection, we have shown that inflammation and damage are earlier and more severe in the gut than in other tissues. Additionally, we observed impairment of the gut mucus layer and propose that breakdown of the barrier function exacerbates inflammation and promotes severe dengue disease. This idea is supported by recent data from human patients showing elevated bacteria-derived molecules in dengue patient serum. Therapies aiming to maintain gut integrity may help to abrogate severe dengue disease.
A double-negative feedback loop between NtrBC and a small RNA rewires nitrogen metabolism in legume symbionts
Authors: García-Tomsig Natalia I. , García-Rodriguez Fernando M. , Guedes-García Sabina K. , Millán Vicenta , Becker Anke , Robledo Marta , Jiménez-Zurdo José I.
Published: October 2023

The nitrogen (N) status transduced
via
the NtrBC two-component system is a major signaling cue in the root nodule endosymbiosis of diazotrophic rhizobia with legumes. NtrBC is upregulated in the N-limiting rhizosphere environment at the onset of nodulation but silenced in nodules to favor the assimilation of the fixed N into plant biomass. We reported that the
trans
-acting sRNA NfeR1 (Nodule Formation Efficiency RNA) broadly influences the symbiotic performance of the α-rhizobium
Sinorhizobium meliloti
. Here, we show that NfeR1 is indeed an N-responsive sRNA that fine-tunes NtrBC output during the symbiotic transition. Biochemical and genetic approaches unveiled that NtrC and the LysR-type symbiotic regulator LsrB bind at distinct nearby sites in the NfeR1 promoter, acting antagonistically as repressor and activator of transcription, respectively. This complex transcriptional control specifies peak NfeR1 steady-state levels in N-starved and endosymbiotic bacteria. Furthermore, NfeR1 base pairs the translation initiation region of the histidine kinase coding mRNA
ntrB
, causing a decrease in both NtrB and NtrC abundance as assessed by double-plasmid genetic assays. In the context of endogenous regulation, NfeR1-mediated
ntrBC
silencing most likely amends the effective strength of the known operon autorepression exerted by NtrC. Accordingly, a lack of NfeR1 shifts the wild-type NtrBC output, restraining the fitness of free-living rhizobia under N stress and plant growth upon nodulation. The mixed NtrBC-NfeR1 double-negative feedback loop is thus an unprecedented adaptive network motif that helps α-rhizobia adjust N metabolism to the demands of an efficient symbiosis with legume plants.

IMPORTANCE

Root nodule endosymbioses between diazotrophic rhizobia and legumes provide the largest input of combined N to the biosphere, thus representing an alternative to harmful chemical fertilizers for sustainable crop production. Rhizobia have evolved intricate strategies to coordinate N assimilation for their own benefit with N
2
fixation to sustain plant growth. The rhizobial N status is transduced by the NtrBC two-component system, the seemingly ubiquitous form of N signal transduction in Proteobacteria. Here, we show that the regulatory sRNA NfeR1 (nodule formation efficiency RNA) of the alfalfa symbiont
Sinorhizobium meliloti
is transcribed from a complex promoter repressed by NtrC in a N-dependent manner and feedback silences
ntrBC
by complementary base-pairing. These findings unveil a more prominent role of NtrC as a transcriptional repressor than hitherto anticipated and a novel RNA-based mechanism for NtrBC regulation. The NtrBC-NfeR1 double-negative feedback loop accurately rewires symbiotic
S. meliloti
N metabolism and is likely conserved in α-rhizobia.