bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyber-Security and Risk Management in an Interoperable World
Authors: Quigley Kevin , Roy Jeffrey
Published: January 2011

The Internet facilitates a level of interoperability that generates considerable innovation and opportunity. Yet threats to governments, businesses, and individuals who use the Internet are increasing exponentially. This article deploys an anthropological understanding of risk in order to examine public sector action and capacity with respect to the multidimensional challenge of cyber-security. Our objectives are threefold: to gain a fuller appreciation of the interplay of political, technological, organizational, and social dimensions of cyber-security; to understand how this interplay is further shaped by clashing values and perceptions of risk; and to offer some prescriptive insight into the sorts of roles for government most likely to maximize systemic resilience and learning in an increasingly interdependent and virtual environment. Governments, the private sector, and civil society must engage in more shared responsibilities and collective learning in what is a highly fragile and dynamic cyberspace.
Egg dates sperm: a tale of a practice change and its stabilization
Authors: Gherardi Silvia , Perrotta Manuela
Published: January 2011

The aim of this article is to enlarge practice-based studies to the consideration of institutional environment and institutional work, opening a dialogue with neo-institutionalism and, in so doing, advance the growing field of sociology of practice. This study attempts to do this by answering the question: how does a change in a practice become stabilized and what does the new practice do, once stabilized? Within practice-based studies, most studies have considered mainly endogenous changes, emergent from the community of practitioners under study. By contrast, this study discusses an exogenous change (a recent Italian law limits medically assisted reproduction practices) and the emergent relations that stabilize a provisional new practice through negotiation within the institutional context. Stabilization of a new practice is achieved by limitation, by rhetorical closure and by anchoring in technology. The aim of the article is to show the unintended power effects that a new practice generates once stabilized.
The legitimacy of new modes of governance in the EU: Studying national stakeholders’ support
Authors: Borrás Susana , Ejrnæs Anders
Published: January 2011

The literature on new modes of governance suffers from a gap between the normative and the positive approaches to legitimacy. This article addresses this gap by studying the patterns of national stakeholders’ support for the Open Method of Coordination (OMC). The results of our survey demonstrate that the OMC receives greater support than previously assumed and that the support of national stakeholders is largely associated with their involvement in national procedures. These findings corroborate the assumptions of normative theories of participatory democracy about the importance of involvement. Furthermore, the study’s findings underline the pivotal role that national stakeholders play regarding matters of legitimacy in the EU’s multi-level system of governance.
c-Abl regulates Mcl-1 gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Allen John C. , Talab Fatima , Zuzel Mirko , Lin Ke , Slupsky Joseph R.
Published: January 2011

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy characterized by clonal expansion of mature B cells that are resistant to apoptosis. This resistance to apoptosis partly results from Mcl-1 expression because high levels of this protein in CLL cells correlate with poor disease prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, understanding the mechanism(s) regulating Mcl-1 expression in CLL cells may be useful in the development of new therapies for this incurable disease. In the present study, we show a strong relationship between c-Abl and Mcl-1 expression in CLL cells. We show that treatment of CLL cells with Abl-specific siRNA or with imatinib, to inhibit c-Abl activity, results in the down-regulation of Mcl-1 protein and mRNA. A major regulator of Mcl-1 gene expression is STAT3. Our data show that CLL cells expressing high levels of c-Abl also show elevated levels of phospho-STAT3, and that STAT3 phosphorylation in CLL cells is dependent on c-Abl activity. However, STAT3 phosphorylation by c-Abl requires activation of nuclear factor-κB, secretion of autocrine interleukin-6, and active protein kinase C. Taken together, our data demonstrate the mechanism involved in c-Abl regulation of Mcl-1 expression in CLL cells, and suggest that c-Abl inhibition has therapeutic application in the treatment of this disease.
Hyperphosphorylated paratarg-7: a new molecularly defined risk factor for monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance of the IgM type and Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Authors: Grass Sandra , Preuss Klaus-Dieter , Wikowicz Alexandra , Terpos Evangelos , Ziepert Marita , Nikolaus Diana , Yang Yin , Fadle Natalie , Regitz Evi , Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Treon Steven P. , Hunter Zachary R. , Pfreundschuh Michael
Published: January 2011

We recently described paratarg-7 (P-7), a protein of unknown function, as the target of 15% of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG paraproteins in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma. To determine the frequency of P-7 as a paraprotein target in IgM-MGUS and Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), sera from patients with IgM-MGUS/WM were tested for reactivity with recombinant P-7 by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. The specificity of the paraprotein-mediated reaction was shown by absorption studies and cloning of the respective B-cell receptor. The paraproteins of 18 (9 WM and 9 IgM-MGUS) of 161 patients (11%) reacted with P-7. Isoelectric focusing and phosphatase treatment showed that P-7 was hyperphosphorylated (pP-7) in all patients with an anti–P-7-specific IgM paraprotein tested. Because only 4 of 200 healthy controls (2%) were carriers of pP-7, pP-7 carrier state is associated with a significantly increased risk (odds ratio = 6.2; P = .001) for developing IgM-MGUS/MW. Family analyses showed that the pP-7 carrier state is inherited as a dominant trait. After IgA/IgG-MGUS and multiple myeloma, IgM-MGUS/WM is the second neoplasia associated with pP-7 carrier state. The dominant inheritance of pP-7 explains cases of familial IgM-MGUS/WM and enables the identification of family members at increased risk.
Interferometric velocity analysis using physical and nonphysical energy
Authors: King Simon , Curtis Andrew , Poole Travis L.
Published: January 2011

In controlled-source seismic interferometry, waves from a surrounding boundary of sources recorded at two receivers are crosscorrelated and summed to synthesize the interreceiver Green’s function. Deviations of physically realistic source and receiver geometries from those required by theory result in errors in the Green’s function estimate. These errors are manifested as apparent energy that could not have propagated between receiver locations — so-called nonphysical energy. We have developed a novel method of velocity analysis that uses both the physical and nonphysical wavefield energy in the crosscorrelated data generated between receiver pairs. This method is used to constrain the root-mean-square (rms) velocity and layer thickness of a locally 1D medium. These estimates are used to compute the piece-wise constant interval velocity. Instead of suppressing multiple energy as in conventional common midpoint velocity analysis, the method uses the multiply reflected wavefield to further constrain the rms velocity and layer-thickness estimates. In particular, we determined that the nonphysical energy contains useful physical information. By using the nonphysical energy associated with the truncation of the source boundary and the crosscorrelation of reflected waves, a better-defined estimate of the rms velocity and layer thickness is achieved. Because this energy is excited far from the receiver pair, the technique may be ideally suited to long-offset seismic reflection data. We found that interferometric velocity analysis works best to characterize the first few layers beneath a receiver array. We have considered an acquisition configuration that can be used in a marine seismic setting.
Eagle Ford shale prospecting with 3D seismic data within a tectonic and depositional system framework
Authors: Treadgold Galen , Campbell Bruce , McLain Bill , Sinclair Steven , Nicklin David
Published: January 2011

The south Texas Eagle Ford shale formation in is an important emerging shale play in the United States. More than 1510 wells have either been drilled or permitted in the play. What has emerged is a well-defined downdip gas play that transitions rapidly updip into less well-defined wet gas and oil fairways. With initial gas well rates exceeding 17 million cubic feet per day and initial oil well rates in excess of 1000 barrels of oil per day common in the expanding play, exploration companies are pursuing methods to optimize drilling plans. Limited well and core data describing the Eagle Ford require the use of 3D seismic to help characterize reservoir quality variations, avoid drilling hazards, and help predict sweet spots. Modern, long-offset, full-azimuth 3D is an essential tool for building a geophysical description of the shale between wells. Anisotropic time imaging, feeding both acoustic and elastic inversions, is helping operators gain better insight into the reser-voir's variability. The following discussion highlights components of an ongoing effort to extract value from seismic data in shale prospecting. Unfortunately, limited well data for calibration, as in many immature shale plays, remains the primary constraint on confident linkage between the actual reservoir quality and seismic measurements.
Calibration of prestack simultaneous impedance inversion using rock physics
Authors: Singleton Scott , Keirstead Rob
Published: January 2011

This paper represents the third installment in a sequence of reservoir characterization articles that follow a workflow whose ultimate goal is to understand and predict the rock properties of a reservoir away from well control. The first article (Singleton, 2008) described a method to detect anomalous seismic attenuation. This was important because seismic data at the well location have a steep falloff in amplitude caused by high attenuation in and above the reservoir interval. The second article (Singleton, 2009) dealt with the seismic gathers that were input into the inversion process. It is of the utmost importance that the quality of data input into a simultaneous prestack inversion be as high as possible. Errors in seismic gathers (low SNR, resolution loss from excessive NMO stretch, nonflat reflectors, offset amplitude problems, multiples, etc.) are broadcast straight into the inversion impedance volumes, so this is a critical step in geophysical reservoir characterization.
Phase III Comparison of Standard Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Versus Weekly Doxorubicin and Daily Oral Cyclophosphamide Plus Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor As Neoadjuvant Therapy for Inflammatory and Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: SWOG 0012
Authors: Ellis Georgiana K. , Barlow William E. , Gralow Julie R. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Russell Christy A. , Royce Melanie E. , Perez Edith A. , Lew Danika , Livingston Robert B.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) or locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) were randomly assigned to 21-day doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide administered for five cycles (standard arm) versus weekly doxorubicin and daily oral cyclophosphamide administered with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support for 15 weeks (continuous arm). All patients had subsequent weekly paclitaxel for 12 weeks before surgery.

Patients and Methods

Patients (n = 372) were randomly assigned to the standard arm (n = 186) or the continuous arm (n = 186) stratified by disease type (LABC, n = 256; IBC, n = 116). The primary outcome was microscopic pathologic complete response (pCR) at surgery. Secondary outcomes included disease-free survival, overall survival, and toxicity.

Results

More patients in the standard arm had grade 3 to 4 leukopenia and neutropenia, but there were more instances of stomatitis/pharyngitis and hand-foot skin reaction in the continuous arm. Assessed among 356 eligible patients, pCR was not different between the treatment groups stratified by disease type (P = .42). In subset analysis, higher pCR rates were observed in the continuous arm versus the standard arm only for stage IIIB disease (P = .0057) and in IBC (P = .06). Comparison of overall survival and disease-free survival showed no difference between treatment groups (P = .37 and P = .87, respectively).

Conclusion

No significant clinical benefit was seen for the investigational arm in this trial overall.
Colorectal Cancer Epigenetics: Complex Simplicity
Authors: van Engeland Manon , Derks Sarah , Smits Kim M. , Meijer Gerrit A. , Herman James G.
Published: January 2011

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has predominantly been considered a genetic disease, characterized by sequential accumulation of genetic alterations. Growing evidence indicates that epigenetic alterations add an additional layer of complexity to the pathogenesis of CRC, and characterize a subgroup of colorectal cancers with a distinct etiology and prognosis. Epigenetic dysregulation in colorectal cancer is organized at multiple levels, involving DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosomal occupancy and remodeling, chromatin looping, and noncoding RNAs. Interactions between these processes and complex associations with genetic alterations have recently been unraveled. It appears that CRC epigenetics will be the paradigm for multistep carcinogenesis, as CRC genetics has been for the past three decades. This review integrates recent data on epigenetic regulation of gene expression in CRC and describes how the understanding of these processes will alter the management of CRC.
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Molecular Pathophysiology, Essential Clinical Understanding, and Treatment Strategies
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew , Vainchenker William
Published: January 2011

To update oncologists on pathogenesis, contemporary diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment strategies in BCR-ABL1–negative myeloproliferative neoplasms, including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Recent literature was reviewed and interpreted in the context of the authors' own experience and expertise. Pathogenetic mechanisms in PV, ET, and PMF include stem cell–derived clonal myeloproliferation and secondary stromal changes in the bone marrow and spleen. Most patients carry an activating JAK2 or MPL mutation and a smaller subset also harbors LNK, CBL, TET2, ASXL1, IDH, IKZF1, or EZH2 mutations; the precise pathogenetic contribution of these mutations is under investigation. JAK2 mutation analysis is now a formal component of diagnostic criteria for PV, ET, and PMF, but its prognostic utility is limited. Life expectancy in the majority of patients with PV or ET is near-normal and disease complications are effectively (and safely) managed by treatment with low-dose aspirin, phlebotomy, or hydroxyurea. In PMF, survival and quality of life are significantly worse and current therapy is inadequate. In ET and PV, controlled studies are needed to show added value and justify the risk of unknown long-term health effects associated with nonconventional therapeutic approaches (eg, interferon-alfa). The unmet need for treatment in PMF dictates a different approach for assessing the therapeutic value of new drugs (eg, JAK inhibitors, pomalidomide) or allogeneic stem-cell transplantation.
Modern Strategies for Hairy Cell Leukemia
Authors: Grever Michael R. , Lozanski Gerard
Published: January 2011

Enormous progress in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia over the last five decades has emerged as a result of organized clinical investigations. Although interferon represented one of the initial major therapeutic advances in the management of this disease in 1984, the subsequent introduction of purine nucleoside analogs (pentostatin and cladribine) changed the natural history of this rare disease by achieving a high rate of complete and durable remissions. The disease-free survival after effective therapy has not reached a plateau, suggesting control but not cure of the disease. Identification of minimal residual disease in patients achieving a complete hematologic remission provides insight into the potential source for predicting eventual relapse. Modern strategies of targeted therapies directed against immunophenotypic markers on the leukemic cells provide hope that improved long-term control of the disease is possible. Combined chemoimmunotherapy may hold the highest promise for disease eradication, but the optimal strategy for using this approach is under active investigation. Despite the perception by hematologists that this disease has already been conquered, there are critically important unanswered questions that remain. Investigation of the bone marrow microenvironment and its impact on minimal residual disease may ultimately prevent relapse. Consideration of the median age of patients at diagnosis combined with a substantial relapse rate mandates continued pursuit of improved therapy. The ultimate goal will be to achieve cure rather than simple control of the disease.
Safety and Efficacy of TG101348, a Selective JAK2 Inhibitor, in Myelofibrosis
Authors: Pardanani Animesh , Gotlib Jason R. , Jamieson Catriona , Cortes Jorge E. , Talpaz Moshe , Stone Richard M. , Silverman Michael H. , Gilliland D. Gary , Shorr Jolene , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Myelofibrosis is a myeloid malignancy associated with anemia, splenomegaly, and constitutional symptoms. Patients frequently harbor JAK-STAT activating mutations that are sensitive to TG101348, a selective small-molecule Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor.

Patients and Methods

In a multicenter phase I trial, oral TG101348 was administered once a day to patients with high- or intermediate-risk primary or post–polycythemia vera/essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis.

Results

Fifty-nine patients were treated, including 28 in the dose-escalation phase. The maximum-tolerated dose was 680 mg/d, and dose-limiting toxicity was a reversible and asymptomatic increase in the serum amylase level. Forty-three patients (73%) continued treatment beyond six cycles; the median cumulative exposure to TG101348 was 380 days. Adverse events included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, and thrombocytopenia; corresponding grades 3 to 4 incidence rates were 3%, 3%, 10%, 35%, and 24%. TG101348 treatment had modest effect on serum cytokine levels, but greater than half of the patients with early satiety, night sweats, fatigue, pruritus, and cough achieved rapid and durable improvement in these symptoms. By six and 12 cycles of treatment, 39% and 47% of patients, respectively, had achieved a spleen response per International Working Group criteria. The majority of patients with leukocytosis or thrombocytosis at baseline (n = 28 and n = 10, respectively) achieved normalization of blood counts after six (57% and 90%, respectively) and 12 (56% and 88%, respectively) cycles. A significant decrease in JAK2 V617F allele burden was observed at 6 months in mutation-positive patients (n = 51; P = .04), particularly in the subgroup with allele burden greater than 20% (n = 23; P < .01); the decrease was durable at 12 months.

Conclusion

TG101348 is well tolerated and produces significant reduction in disease burden and durable clinical benefit in patients with myelofibrosis.
Identification of Dead and Sound Knots by near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Fujimoto Takaaki , Tsuchikawa Satoru
Published: January 2011

This paper examines the identification of dead and sound knots on the wood surface using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Fifty dead and sound knots samples were prepared and NIR diffuse-reflectance spectra were collected from these samples. The spectra of normal wood were also obtained from the neighbourhood of each knot. The wavenumber range from 6600 cm−1 to 5400 cm−1 (1515 nm to 1852 nm) was employed for the multivariate analysis after taking into consideration characteristics of the spectra. The soft independent modelling of class analogies (SIMCA) classification technique was conducted for classification of dead knots, sound knots and normal wood classes. Specific spectral features were found in dead and sound knots at the following absorption bands: 6130 cm−1, 5980 cm−1, 5800 cm−1 and 5700 cm−1, which were related to bark tissue and compression wood. The SIMCA model could identify the differences between dead and sound knots as well as the presence of knots. The loadings and discrimination powers were consistent with the spectral features, showing peaks due to bark tissue and compression wood. The bands provide useful information to determine the effective range of electromagnetic waves for image analysis.
Classification of Pernambuco (Caesalpinia Echinata Lam.) Wood Quality by near Infrared Spectroscopy and Linear Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Casale Monica , Schimleck Laurence R. , Espey Charles
Published: January 2011

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate data analysis, is proposed as a rapid and effective analytical method for evaluating the quality of pernambuco ( Caesalpina echinata Lam.) wood for making bows for stringed instruments. For this purpose, a set of 30 pernambuco sticks were ranked based on their suitability for making high-quality bows and they were assigned to one of the following categories: 0=very poor to poor, 1 = good to very good and 2 = excellent. Considering the low number of samples in the poor category, the classification study focused on the discrimination between samples of the two higher quality groups. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was applied to the NIR data as a classification technique and in order to ensure a more appropriate ratio between the number of objects (samples) and number of variables (absorbance at different wavenumbers), LDA was preceded by feature selection. Based on LDA, 100% of the samples were correctly classified and 92.6% of the samples were correctly predicted by the cross-validation procedure.
Chemical and Calorific Characterisation of Longleaf Pine Using near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: So Chi-Leung , Eberhardt Thomas L.
Published: January 2011

Gross calorific value (GCV) has been predicted by building models based on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis; however, to date, the impact of feedstock chemical composition on the models has not been directly assessed. In the present study, 20 longleaf pine trees were sampled at two positions (breast and mid-height) for calorimetric and spectroscopic analyses. The GCVs, which ranged from 20 MJ kg−1 to 24 MJ kg−1, showed a strong correlation with the wide-ranging values of acetone-soluble extractives content. After extraction of the samples with acetone, the range for the GCV was both lower and slightly narrower (19–21 MJ kg−1) and was poorly correlated to lignin content with its narrow range of values. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis was applied to the samples and provided a strong coefficient of determination ( R2) between the values predicted by NIR and those determined by calorimetry for the unextracted, but not the extracted, samples. Plotting the regression coefficients validated the results by showing very similar plots for GCV and extractives content, thereby indicating that the same molecular features are driving the models. NIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis can predict GCV for bioenergy feedstocks and also provide insight into chemical features with the greatest impact on fuel value.
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurement by Short-Wavelength near Infrared Spectroscopy in the Determination of the Glycaemic Index of Foods
Authors: Uwadaira Yasuhiro , Adachi Norihiko , Ikehata Akifumi , Kawano Sumio
Published: January 2011

Non-invasive techniques for the analysis of blood glucose are desirable not only for clinical use but also for the determination of the glycaemic index (GI) of foods. Factors that affect the accuracy of non-invasive blood glucose measurements by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were identified and examined to establish the optimal conditions for the analysis. Calibration models were obtained by means of partial least squares regression. Several experiments revealed that a good calibration model could be obtained using spectra (700–1100 nm) acquired from the palm of the hand with a large interactance probe fixed to a table provided that spectral acquisition and blood glucose analysis are performed simultaneously. The accuracy of the calibration model developed is clinically acceptable; the coefficient of multiple determination was 0.85 and the standard error of cross-validation was 9.7 mg dL−1. An analysis of a model solution confirmed that NIR spectroscopy in the short-wavelength region 700–1100 nm is capable of measuring glucose concentrations of the order of 0.01% (10 mg dL−1) in blood. The determination of the GI of foods by using the present method will be examined in the near future.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging for Prediction and Visualisation of Fat and Fatty Acid Content in Intact Raw Beef Cuts
Authors: Kobayashi Ken-Ichi , Matsui Yasunori , Maebuchi Yosuke , Toyota Toshihiro , Nakauchi Shigeki
Published: January 2011

The meat quality grade of a beef carcass is greatly affected by its visible fat content. In premium beef from Japanese Black (Wagyu) cattle, a high fat content is greatly valued. However, the fatty acid composition, which is linked to the properties of the fat, is not considered in grading. In this paper, we describe the feasibility of an evaluation method based on food composition and its distribution. An intact raw beef cut from Wagyu cattle was used as an evaluation target. A total of 90 samples from various parts of three Wagyu cattle were measured by near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging at wavelengths of 1000–2300 nm at a spatial resolution of 380 urn pixel−1 and were also analysed by conventional physical and chemical methods. The fat and fatty acid content were selected as the objective content, including the proportions of total saturated fatty acid (SFA), total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and the main fatty acids: myristic [C14:0, where C x: y indicates the number of carbon atoms ( x) and the number of double bonds ( y)], palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), myristoleic (C14:1), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2). The mean spectrum from an area extracted from the hyperspectral image to fit the area analysed by physical and chemical methods was used to develop partial least squares regression models for prediction of fat and fatty acid content. The prediction of total fat, SFA and UFA were satisfactory with r2, standard error of prediction ( SEP) and ratio of prediction to deviation ( RPD) values of 0.90, 0.87 and 0.89, 4.81%, 1.69% and 3.41% and 2.84, 2.43 and 2.84, respectively. For individual fatty acids, the r2 and RPD values ranged from 0.68 to 0.89 and 1.69 to 2.85, respectively. Prediction of fat content for each pixel of the hyperspectral image made using these prediction models yielded spatially distributed visualisations of the content. These results showed the feasibility of a beef evaluation method based on fat content evaluated by NIR hyperspectral imaging.
A Portable Method to Estimate Wood Basic Density from Increment Cores Using Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Galleguillos-Hart Cristóbal , Fernández M. Paulina , Guesalaga Andrés
Published: January 2011

The aim of this paper is to report the use of spectroscopic techniques for the measurement of basic wood density in Eucalyptus nitens, using samples in a state similar to that found in the field; so the current design can later be extended to a portable instrument that could eventually estimate the wood characteristics of a standing tree. Model calibration was carried out using wet samples taken from eight-year-old trees. Each sample was scanned to acquire two types of spectra: Raman and near infrared (NIR). Several pre-processing techniques were applied to the spectra in order to obtain the best possible prediction models for wood basic density using partial least squares (PLS) regression. The model selection criteria were based on maximising the coefficients of determination R2c and r2v and minimising the root mean square error ( RMSE). The potential of NIR for this purpose was demonstrated; r2v up to 0.87 and RMSEP down to 8.6 kg m−3 were obtained. Raman spectroscopy proved to be unfit for the application, yielding extremely low correlation values and models with low predictive capabilities.
Utilisation of near Infrared Spectroscopy in Pinus Taeda Progeny Tests Located in Southern Brazil
Authors: Schimleck Laurence R. , Higa Antonio R. , Matos Jorge L.M.
Published: January 2011

Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) is one of the most important commercial timber species in the world. While the species is native to south eastern USA, it has been widely planted in southern Brazil where it is the most commonly planted exotic species. Interest exists in improving the wood quality of Brazilian grown loblolly pine and utilising near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to assess wood properties. The successful application of NIR spectroscopy relies on the development of wood property calibrations with strong statistics which may be difficult when a population is of relatively young age and of limited genetic variation. In this study, the creation of calibrations for air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA) and stiffness, based on samples from an 11-year-old progeny test located in the Rio Negrinho municipality of Santa Catarina, Brazil was explored. Untreated and math treated (first and second derivative and standard normal variate) NIR spectra that had been collected in 10 mm increments from the radial surface of 80 pith-to-bark wood strips were used to build the calibrations. The strongest calibrations overall were obtained using first derivative spectra and had coefficients of determination ( R2) that ranged from 0.75 (density) to 0.92 (stiffness). Calibrations were tested on a separate test set and performed well with first derivative treated spectra giving the strongest predictions, r2 ranged from 0.73 (density) to 0.90 (stiffness). The strength of the predictions demonstrates that NIR can be utilised to estimate wood properties of loblolly pine progeny tests at a relatively young age.
The Accuracy of near Infrared Prediction of Hemicellulose Content Arising from Varying Introduced Errors
Authors: Yao Sheng , Xing Mian , Zhou Shuke , Wu Guofeng , Jiang Yifei , Pu Junwen
Published: January 2011

Reference method noise is one of the important factors which affects the accuracy and the precision of NIR predicted values. In this paper, noise was deliberately and artificially added to the reference data of hemicelluloses content of Acacia spp. in four different ways, namely adding absolute error, relative error, random absolute error or random relative error. The effect of the addition of different error to the reference data on NIR calibration models and their prediction results were studied. Although the results of calibration models were very poor when different errors were added to the reference data, using the resulting model to predict values for unknown samples to which errors were not added, resulted in predictions that were better than expected, especially for addition of random absolute error and random relative error condition. The results indicate that the NIR calibration models produce predicted values that are acceptable if the noise is not too large.
Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Applied to Mapping Chemical Composition in Wood Samples
Authors: Thumm Armin , Riddell Marc , Nanayakkara Bernadette , Harrington Jonathan , Meder Roger
Published: January 2011

This paper describes a method for the two-dimensional mapping of chemical composition on the transverse face of cross-sectional discs from trees. The method uses an imaging spectrograph coupled to a near infrared (NIR) camera (900–1700 nm) to obtain NIR hyperspectral data sets which are processed using partial least squares regression to visualise the distribution and variation of lignin, galactose and glucose in Pinus radiata discs with R2/standard error of performance values of 0.84/1.48 (lignin), 0.87/0.68 (galactose) and 0.87/0.95 (glucose). The hardware design and software control are described along with a method for calibration based on one dimension spatially resolved predictions of chemical composition from conventional NIR spectroscopy. The NIR imaging system was designed as a rapid and cost-effective means of mapping chemical composition over the entire disc at a spatial resolution of ∼4mm2/pixel. The resulting maps of chemical composition clearly indicate, at high spatial resolution, the extent of heterogeneity that occurs in logs.
A Multi-Site, Multi-Species near Infrared Calibration for the Prediction of Cellulose Content in Eucalypt Woodmeal
Authors: Downes Geoff , Meder Roger , Harwood Chris
Published: January 2011

Calibrations between spectra derived from near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemical analyses can be used to predict cellulose content in samples of ground eucalypt woodmeal. Past calibrations have used small sample sets (<100 samples) often representing a single stand or region and only one species, making their application to wider populations of samples problematic. A robust, nondestructive prediction capability for eucalypt wood cellulose that works across stands, regions and species would find many applications in tree breeding and resource assessment. Here, we describe the development and test the performance of a large (> 1000 samples) multi-site and species NIR calibration for predicting cellulose content of eucalypt woodmeal obtained from increment cores, wood chips and stem cross-sections. Most of the samples came from Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens. The calibration was tested against four independent sample sets and explained between 65% and 84% of the variance in each set. A higher proportion of variance was explained in those sample sets that had a wider range of cellulose content. Standard errors of prediction were between 0.5% and 1.5% cellulose for the four independent sample sets. The test samples were added to the large calibration and a new calibration with 1260 samples was constructed. Principal components analysis suggests additional wood samples with more diverse chemistries are required to enable the calibration to capture more fully the chemical variation present in the genus.
Identification of compounds that decrease the fidelity of start codon recognition by the eukaryotic translational machinery
Authors: Takacs Julie E. , Neary Timothy B. , Ingolia Nicholas T. , Saini Adesh K. , Martin-Marcos Pilar , Pelletier Jerry , Hinnebusch Alan G. , Lorsch Jon R.
Published: January 2011

Translation initiation in eukaryotes involves more than a dozen protein factors. Alterations in six factors have been found to reduce the fidelity of start codon recognition by the ribosomal preinitiation complex in yeast, a phenotype referred to as Sui−. No small molecules are known that affect the fidelity of start codon recognition. Such compounds would be useful tools for probing the molecular mechanics of translation initiation and its regulation. To find compounds with this effect, we set up a high-throughput screen using a dual luciferase assay in S. cerevisiae. Screening of over 55,000 compounds revealed two structurally related molecules that decrease the fidelity of start codon selection by approximately twofold in the dual luciferase assay. This effect was confirmed using additional in vivo assays that monitor translation from non-AUG start codons. Both compounds increase translation of a natural upstream open reading frame previously shown to initiate translation at a UUG. The compounds were also found to exacerbate increased use of UUG as a start codon (Sui− phenotype) conferred by haploinsufficiency of wild-type eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 1, or by mutation in eIF1. Furthermore, the effects of the compounds are suppressed by overexpressing eIF1, which is known to restore the fidelity of start codon selection in strains harboring Sui− mutations in various other initiation factors. Together, these data strongly suggest that the compounds affect the translational machinery itself to reduce the accuracy of selecting AUG as the start codon.
Los Gitanos (Gypsies) in La Corua, Spain: Neither socially included nor integrated?
Authors: Briggs Daniel
Published: January 2011

Historically throughout Spain, the gitano (Gypsy) culture has been met with racism, discrimination and persecution. In recent years, however, there have been increasing efforts to integrate gitanos into mainstream Spanish society. However, little attention has been paid
to the progress in La Corua in Galicia. While gitano numbers do not match those in other parts of Spain, in La Corua over the last 30 years, increasingly the gypsy population has been associated with illicit drug markets, crime and damaging drug use. In the face of protest from the
local non-gypsy community, the local council has adopted coercive measures to relocate the gitanos throughout different areas of the city centre in an effort to integrate them into mainstream Spanish society. However, there is still clear division between the local community and the
gitanos, and the level to which they are integrated in the local non-gypsy community is not clear. This article explores these issues in detail and offers some preliminary findings from ethnographic research that is being undertaken in La Corua.
Review
Authors: Cleminson Richard
Published: January 2011

Trafficking Knowledge in Early Twentieth-Century Spain. Centres of Exchange and Cultural Imaginaries, Alison Sinclair (2009) Woodbridge/Rochester, NY: Tamesis, ix + 223 pp., ISBN 978-1-85566-190-5 (hbk), 50
Revis(it)ing personal, theoretical and national histories: A critical review-essay of Encountering Modernity: Twentieth Century South African Cinemas with an interview with Keyan G. Tomaselli
Authors: de B'bri Boulou Ebanda , Audette-Longo Michael
Published: January 2011

Keyan G. Tomaselli's book Encountering Modernity: Twentieth Century South African Cinemas (Rozenberg UNISA Press, 2006) is an effective and incisive summary of the various theories, ideas and analytical frames that have characterized how Tomaselli has continued to approach the
study of South African cinemas throughout a period of 25 years. Not content to merely provide readers with a collection of previously published writings, Tomaselli has extensively revised and reworked the essays and book chapters contained in this collection as a means to (re)write South Africa
into modernity and provide South African cinema with a history, resulting in a theoretical undertaking that is part intellectual autobiography and part critical attempt to frame South African cinemas in African historical, narrative and theoretical terms. It is indeed within these lines blurring
the conceptual and epistemological tension between the concepts of historicity, modernity and autobiography if not subjectivity that we formulate our critical analysis of this review-essay. This review-essay includes two main sections. First, we critically look at the ways in which Tomaselli
writes and rewrites theoretical articulation making possible his analyses of South African cinema. Second, we engage in a short dialogue with him, asking him to clarify some of the conceptual tensions we found in his book.
Festival Reviews
Authors: Dockney Jonathan , Mhando Martin R , Nothling David , Meikle Adam , Brown Matthew H
Published: January 2011

Notes from the South: some thoughts on the African Film in the Digital Era Conference

The ZIFF 2010 Festival Review

Defining DIFF: Film Development Through Participation

The Nollywood DIFFerence: Finding Nigeria at the 31st Durban
International Film Festival
Sensing weight in movement
Authors: Ravn Susanne
Published: January 2011

From a phenomenological perspective this article aims at exploring how the weight of the body can be perceived from within when moving. The exploration begins with a diversity of dancers' experiences by looking into thirteen professional dancers' individualized eclectic techniques,
including, for example, ballet, different kinds of somatic practices and/or Butoh. The lived experiences of the dancers thereby present the empirical basis for a phenomenologically informed description of how the physical mass as weighted is present to the dancers' experiences. Across the
different qualia and content of the dancers' subjective experiences two dimensions of self-consciousness could be recognized. In one dimension the physical mass of the body is objectified and relates to a scrutinization of sensations. The other dimension verifies a pre-reflective and
performative dimension of experience and relates to an overall sensation of what the body feels like in movement. In both dimensions of self-consciousness the dancers' experiences exemplify different kinds of possible sensorial qualia and bring attention to the fact that sensing the
weight of the body from within also form part of situated and shared experiences.
Reflections and theoretical approaches to the study of spiritualities within the field of somatic movement dance education
Authors: Williamson Amanda
Published: January 2011

This article is about spiritualities and somatic movement dance education (SMDE). It is discursive, and reflective, drawing attention to areas of critical debate, such as secularized university dance curricula, the sacred-cum-secular nature of the field and the non-religious roots of
somatics. Through observation and scholarly theory, the article explores the visibility, status and possible classificatory types of spirituality in the field. Readers are introduced to the scholarly territory of contemporary spirituality, which aims to support new research trajectories and
theoretical purviews. The following areas are discussed as possible new theoretical vantage points: Progressive spirituality, New Age spirituality, Holistic spirituality and Postmodern spirituality. This article is a broad reflection on the field at large, aiming to be inclusive where possible,
and offering broad conceptual ideas that both undergraduates and postgraduates can follow, reject, apply or interrogate. However, the content of this article may have more resonance and academic usefulness for scholars and students exploring autogenic approaches, which utilize SMDE as a tool
for personal growth. The article also provides an extensive bibliography for undergraduate and postgraduate dance/somatics students venturing into spirituality as a new topic of research. The article responds discursively to postgraduate concerns about the academic status of spirituality within
the field of SMDE, and in places consciously acts as a definitional referential guide.
The voice of her body: Somatic practices as a basis for creative research methodology
Authors: Bacon Jane
Published: January 2011

Authentic Movement, Focusing, Jungian dreamwork and related somatic practices can create a safe place or container for women to discover the psyche's capacity for the symbolic or imaginal. I am regularly confronted with women of all ages who feel they do not have a voice and cannot
bring the creative self into their practice-led movement research. This feminist approach brings together symbolic material generated from individual women's experience in order to articulate somatic, psychological and creative and sociocultural experiences. The article seeks to more fully
explore and articulate the application of particular somatic practices as methodological imperative or praxis for arts research. This is a somatic approach to working in educational environments that recognizes the interdependence of many modes of being in the world that can both embrace and
move beyond the rational and cognitive.
Gay male pornography and the re/de/construction of postcolonial queer identity in Mexico
Authors: Subero Gustavo
Published: January 2011

Since colonial times, the figuration of the Latin(o) male homosexual has been highly exoticized and troped in western media accounts (Shohat and Stam 1994; Ramirez Berg 2002), as they are depicted as hypermasculine figures whose raw sexuality functions as an unquestionable sign of their inner primal machismo. This view on male (homo)sexuality has been further reinforced through the kind of images of Latin(o) men that have been presented in male gay pornography. Such stereotyped representations of male (homo)sexuality have permeated into a global, socio-sexual imaginary that persists in placing such men within a sexual and erotic order in which their bodies convey an extreme form of primal sexuality. As a result, the emergence of national gay pornographic industry(ies) in Mexico has resulted in a re-evaluation of the social and sexual notions commonly associated with male (homo)sexuality. The mestizo (mixed race) gay man is both deconstructed from his positions of sexual subordination (differently from submission) to a white subject (even when such coloured individuals take the active role during sex) and reconstructed in a new space of libidinal economy. This article offers an analysis of the role that national gay pornography has played in shaping Mexican gay men's perception of their own sexuality taking as a point of departure their own national and ethnic background. The research will focus on a number of films made by Mecos Films and Eros Digital in Mexico, and demonstrate that such films have challenged notions of gender and sexual universalism, and instead offer new alternatives for the production and execution of desire amongst coloured men.
Review
Authors: Strukov Vlad
Published: January 2011

Film Theory: An Introduction Through the Senses, Thomas Elsaesser and Malte Hagener (2010) New York, London: Routledge, ISBN: 0-415-80101-X, 223p (pbk), 16.99
Articulations of presence: The explosions and rubble of Philippe Aractingi's Sous les Bombes
Authors: Kotecki Kristine
Published: January 2011

Awarded both the Human Rights Film and the Alternative Vision awards at the 2007 Venice Film Festival, Philippe Aractingi's Sous les Bombes/Under the Bombs (2007) juxtaposes bomb footage from 2006 Lebanon with scenes of actress Nada Abou Fahrat acting alongside actual victims,
as her character Zeina searches for her fictional lost son. In this article, I discuss this blend of documentary and fictional modes. Through an analysis of the arrest and flows of the documentary, social and individual ways of knowing in Sous les Bombes, I read the film as a constellation
of these three modes, one that allows each of them space on the screen while holding their logics in tension. As such, the material and social conditions do not function as evidence for a clearly articulated political argument, nor do they function to generalize the character Zeina's personal
memory trail. Instead, the three intersect at various points and also contradict at others, but ultimately collide in the final scene where the material explosions and the metaphorically exploded social and personal experiences hold together at a standstill.