bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation of ignition sensitivity characteristics of non-stick coal dust explosions
Authors: Sha Di , Li Yucheng , Zhou Xihua , Li Ruiqing
Published: June 2020

The ignition and explosion of coal dust are significant hazards in coal mines. In this study, the minimum ignition temperature and energy of non-stick coal dust were investigated empirically at different working conditions to identify the key factors that influence the sensitivity and characteristics of coal dust explosions. The results showed that for a given particle size, the minimum ignition temperature of the coal dust layer was inversely related to the thickness of the coal dust layer. Meanwhile, when the layer thickness was kept constant, the minimum ignition temperature of the coal dust layer decreased with smaller coal dust particle sizes. Over the range of particle sizes tested (25–75 μm), the minimum ignition temperature of the coal dust cloud gradually increased when larger particles was used. At the same particle size, the minimum ignition temperature of the coal dust layer was much lower than that of the coal dust cloud. Furthermore, the curves of minimum ignition energy all exhibited a minimum value in response to changes to single independent variables of mass concentration, ignition delay time and powder injection pressure. The interactions of these three independent variables were also examined, and the experimental results were fitted to establish a mathematical model of the minimum ignition energy of coal dust. Empirical verification demonstrated the accuracy and practicability of the model. The results of this research can provide an experimental and theoretical basis for preventing dust explosions in coal mines to enhance the safety of production.
Smart contracts from the contract law perspective: outlining new regulative strategies
Authors: Filatova Nataliia
Published: June 2020

Smart contracts nowadays start being widely used in various areas of economic and social life. In most cases smart contracts are somehow related to legal contracts: the former may constitute part of a legal contract, an entire contract, or be used to automate a contract performance. Meanwhile, a question whether modern contract law is applicable to smart contracts is rather debatable, since smart contracts initially were designed to rely only on technical rules embedded in blockchain and considered as self-sufficient instruments capable of addressing various issues which may emerge in practice. However, practice has shown that technical regulation does not often cope with the problems one may face when using smart contracts, which confirms the need for legal regulation. Although smart contracts have many technical peculiarities, they do not make application of contract law provisions totally impossible. Thus, what the modern contract law needs is a set of special rules applicable to the practice of smart contracting.
A Phase 1, Open-Label Assessment of a Dengue Virus-1 Live Virus Human Challenge Strain
Authors: Endy Timothy P , Wang Dongliang , Polhemus Mark E , Jarman Richard G , Jasper Louis E , Gromowski Greg , Lin Leyi , De La Barra Rafael A , Friberg Heather , Currier Jeffrey R , Abbott Mark , Ware Lisa , Klick Michelle , Paolino Kristopher M , Blair Donald C , Eckels Kenneth , Rutvisuttinunt Wiriya , Thomas Stephen J
Published: June 2020

Background

Dengue human infection models (DHIM) have been used as a safe means to test the viability of prophylaxis and therapeutics.

Methods

A phase 1 study of 12 healthy adult volunteers using a challenge virus, DENV-1-LVHC strain 45AZ5, was performed. A dose escalating design was used to determine the safety and performance profile of the challenge virus. Subjects were evaluated extensively until 28 days and then out to 6 months.

Results

Twelve subjects received the challenge virus: 6 with 0.5 mL of 6.5 × 103 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL (low-dose group) and 6 with 0.5 mL of 6.5 × 104 PFU/mL (mid-dose group). All except 1 in the low-dose group developed detectable viremia. For all subjects the mean incubation period was 5.9 days (range 5–9 days) and mean time of viremia was 6.8 days (range 3–9 days). Mean peak for all subjects was 1.6 × 107 genome equivalents (GE)/mL (range 4.6 × 103 to 5 × 107 GE/mL). There were no serious adverse events or long-term safety signals noted.

Conclusions

We conclude that DENV-1-LVHC was well-tolerated, resulted in an uncomplicated dengue illness, and may be a suitable DHIM for therapeutic and prophylactic product testing.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT02372175.
A rapidly deployed, interactive, online visualization system to support fatality management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
Authors: Kaul Smiti , Coleman Cameron , Gotz David
Published: June 2020

Objective

To create an online visualization to support fatality management in North Carolina.

Materials and Methods

A web application aggregates online datasets for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection rates and morgue utilization. The data are visualized through an interactive, online dashboard.

Results

The web application was shared with state and local public health officials across North Carolina. Users could adjust interactive maps and other statistical charts to view live reports of metrics at multiple aggregation levels (eg, county or region). The application also provides access to detailed tabular data for individual facilities.

Discussion

Stakeholders found this tool helpful for providing situational awareness of capacity, hotspots, and utilization fluctuations. Timely reporting of facility and county data were key, and future work can help streamline the data collection process. There is potential to generalize the technology to other use cases.

Conclusions

This dashboard facilitates fatality management by visualizing county and regional aggregate statistics in North Carolina.
Interpreting Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation Profile Scores for Use by Clinicians, Burn Survivors, and Researchers
Authors: Slavin Mary D , Ryan Colleen M , Schneider Jeffrey C , Acton Amy , Amaya Flor , Saret Cayla , Ohrtman Emily , Wolfe Audrey , Ni Pengsheng , Kazis Lewis E
Published: June 2020

The Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation (LIBRE) Profile is a patient-reported outcome measure developed to assess social participation in adult burn survivors. This study identified numeric score cut-points that define different levels of social participation ability and described each level. An expert panel identified numeric score cut-points that distinguish different levels of social participation for the six LIBRE Profile domains. Methods employed an iterative, modified-Delphi approach, and bookmarking to review calibrated item banks. Analyses (using calibration sample data and repeated in a validation sample) examined means, SDs, and sample distributions for each level. Analyses of variance examined score differences between levels. The panel developed descriptions for each established level. Initial cut-points resulted in four levels for five domains (Social Activities, Social Interactions, Romantic Relationships, Sexual Relationships, and Work & Employment) and five levels for the sixth domain (Relationships with Family & Friends). Comparisons demonstrated significant differences between level mean scores for all domains (P < .05) except Relationships with Family & Friends. Based on follow-up surveys, Relationships with Family & Friends score cut-points were adjusted to identify four levels with significant score differences between all levels. Panelists reached consensus for level descriptions. Score cut-points and descriptions identify different levels of social participation, providing a relevant context for interpreting LIBRE Profile numeric scores. LIBRE Profile Social Participation levels will help clinicians and persons with burn injury interpret LIBRE Profile numeric scores and promote use of this important new assessment.
Management of Plant and Arthropod Pests by Deer Farmers in Florida
Authors: Harmon Laura E , Sayler Katherine A , Burkett-Cadena Nathan D , Wisely Samantha M , Weeks Emma N I
Published: June 2020

Deer farming is a growing livestock industry. As with established livestock farming, biting arthropod pest control is a challenge, but knowledge about pest control practices being utilized by deer farmers is limited. To fill this knowledge gap and to assess if recommended integrated pest management (IPM) programs were being used, we surveyed Florida deer farmers about their pest management programs via an online questionnaire. Of surveyed deer farmers in Florida, 94% reported using chemicals for plant and arthropod pest control. Deer farmers reported controlling biting midges, mosquitoes, horse flies, and deer flies as their target arthropods. The primary herbicide and arthropod-targeted pesticide reported were glyphosate and permethrin, respectively. Two thirds of deer farmers reported that they were concerned about pesticide resistance developing on their properties, and 72% reported utilizing resistance mitigation techniques such as alternating pesticides or using less pesticide at the start of a management routine. A majority, 66%, of deer farmers reported using a combination of control techniques. Future work should focus on best management practice development based on the study findings, as well as educational materials regarding IPM use for deer farmers. Together these tools should improve animal health and well-being on deer farms by facilitating safe and sustainable arthropod management.
The Meaning of Marriage to the Rohingya Refugees, and Their Survival in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin M Ala
Published: June 2020

This article offers an insight into how the ‘stateless’ Rohingya refugees try to manage their survival in their host country through interethnic marriage. In response to the relative absence of comprehensive study on citizenship and integration of the Rohingya, it offers a critical account of the marriage between the nationals of Myanmar and Bangladesh. The major research question of the study was how the Rohingya refugees reconstruct the images of marriage, which they associate with citizenship and survival in the host country Bangladesh. The empirics of the study reveals that in the absence of adequate food, shelter, and security in refugee camps, Rohingya women try to manage their survival marrying Bangladeshi men with the hope of obtaining citizenship and other basic rights. Notwithstanding such interethnic marriages are ‘illegal’ that often involve polygamy, child marriage, or abandonment, both sides find potential advantages from marriages between two nations.
ABL Kinase Domain Mutations in Iranian Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients with Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Shojaei Mahboobeh , Rezvani Hamid , Azarkeivan Azita , Poopak Behzad
Published: June 2020

Objective

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are considered standard first-line treatment in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Because ABL kinase domain mutations are the most common causes of treatment resistance, their prevalence and assessment during treatment may predict subsequent response to therapy.

Methods

The molecular response in Bcr-Abl1IS was tested via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We used the direct sequencing technique to discover the mutations in the ABL kinase domain. The IRIS trial established a standard baseline for measurement – (100% BCR-ABL1 on the ‘international scale’) and a major molecular response (good response to therapy) was defined as a 3-log reduction in the amount of BCR-ABL1 – 0.1% BCR-ABL1 on the international scale.

Results

We observed 11 different mutations in 13 patients, including E255K, which had the highest mutation rate. A lack of hematologic response was found in 22 patients, who showed a significantly higher incidence of mutations.

Conclusion

Detection of kinase domain mutations is a reliable method for choosing the best treatment strategy based on patients’ conditions, avoiding ineffective treatments, and running high-cost protocols in patients with acquired resistance to TKIs.
An Evaluation of Treatment Patterns and Associated Outcomes Among Adult Hospitalized Patients With Lower-Risk Community-Acquired Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: How Often Are Expert Guidelines Followed?
Authors: Lodise Thomas P , Izmailyan Sergey , Olesky Melanie , Lawrence Kenneth
Published: June 2020

Background

Expert guidelines discourage use of antipseudomonal β-lactams and fluoroquinolones in lower-risk patients with community-acquired complicated intra-abdominal infection (CA cIAI). Compliance with these recommendations across US hospitals is unclear. This study sought to determine treatment patterns and associated outcomes among adult hospitalized lower-risk patients with CA cIAI.

Methods

A study using data from the Premier Healthcare Database (10/2015–12/2017) was performed. Inclusion criteria: age ≥18 years; hospitalized; had a cIAI at admission; and received antibiotics within the first 4 hospital days. Patients were excluded if they were high risk, were transferred from another health care facility, had a recent hospital admission, or received dialysis within 30 days of admission. Empiric antibiotic treatment patterns and associated outcomes were quantified.

Results

Overall, 46 722 (66%) patients with cIAIs met the lower-risk CA IAI study criteria. Among lower-risk CA IAI patients, the mean (SD) age was 53.4 (18.2) years, and 71% had a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 0. The most common diagnosis was acute appendicitis with peritonitis (59.7%). Among lower-risk CA IAI patients, 54% received piperacillin/tazobactam, 20% received a fluoroquinolone (FQ), 11% received ceftriaxone, and 7% received ampicillin/sulbactam. Overall, the median hospital length of stay was 4 days and median costs were $12 345 USD. Nearly 90% of patients were discharged home, and <1% died. Outcomes were similar across all empiric treatments received.

Conclusions

Overuse of antipseudomonal β-lactams and fluoroquinolones was commonplace among lower-risk CA IAI patients. These findings can serve as the basis for an antimicrobial stewardship initiative in hospitals aspiring to reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Maternal Bacteremia Caused by Staphylococcus Aureus With a Focus on Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Morelli Morgan K , Veve Michael P , Shorman Mahmoud A
Published: June 2020

Background

Sepsis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the pregnant patient. Injection drug use in pregnant populations has led to increased cases of bacteremia and infective endocarditis (IE) due to Staphylococcus aureus. We describe all cases of S. aureus bacteremia and IE among admitted pregnant patients at our hospital over a 6-year period.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of pregnant patients hospitalized with S. aureus bacteremia between April 2013 and November 2019. Maternal in-hospital mortality and fetal in-hospital mortality were the primary outcomes measured; the secondary outcome was the rate of 6-month maternal readmission.

Results

Twenty-seven patients were included; 15 (56%) had IE. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 29 (25–33) years; 22 (82%) patients had methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Infection onset occurred at a median (IQR) of 29 (23–34) weeks’ gestation. Twenty-three (85%) mothers reported active injection drug use, and 21 (78%) were hepatitis C seropositive. Fifteen (56%) mothers required intensive care unit (ICU) care. Twenty-two (81%) patients delivered 23 babies; of the remaining 5 mothers, 3 (11%) were lost to follow-up and 2 (7%) terminated pregnancy. Sixteen (73%) babies required neonatal ICU care, and 4/25 (16%) infants/fetuses died during hospitalization. One (4%) mother died during hospitalization, and 7/26 (27%) mothers were readmitted to the hospital within 6 months for infectious complications.

Conclusions

Injection drug use is a modifiable risk factor for S. aureus bacteremia in pregnancy. Fetal outcomes were poor, and mothers were frequently readmitted secondary to infection. Future targeted interventions are needed to curtail injection drug use in this population.
MOVE
Authors: Evans Richard Kent
Published: June 2020

This book is a religious history of MOVE, a small, mostly African American religious group devoted to the religious teachings of John Africa that emerged in Philadelphia in the early 1970s. MOVE is perhaps best known for the MOVE Bombing. In 1985, the Philadelphia Police Department—working in concert with federal and state law enforcement—attacked a home that MOVE people shared in West Philadelphia, involving hundreds of police officers and firefighters and using tear gas, 10,000 rounds of ammunition, and improvised explosives. Most infamously, a police officer dropped a bomb containing C-4 explosives, which he had acquired from the FBI, from a helicopter onto the roof of the MOVE house. The bomb started a fire, which officials allowed to spread in hopes of burning MOVE people out of the house. Police officers fired upon MOVE people who tried to escape the flames. Eleven MOVE people died in the attack, including John Africa. Five of those who died were children. Based on never-before-seen law enforcement records and extensive archival and ethnographic research, MOVE: An American Religion reinterprets the history of MOVE from its origins in the late 1960s, its growth in the early 1970s, its conflicts with the United States government from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, and its presence today. It is the first full-length academic study of MOVE since 1994 and is the first book to consider MOVE as a religion.
Conversions
Authors: Evans Richard Kent
Published: June 2020

This chapter introduces readers to the social world of MOVE. It features a biography of John Africa, also known as Vincent Leaphart. Leaphart was born in Philadelphia in 1936. He served a tour of duty during the Korean War. The chapter introduces readers to some of the early converts to MOVE, including Delbert Orr Africa, Louise James Africa, Donald Glassey, Gail Africa, Muriel Austin Africa, Janet Hollaway Africa, and others. By 1974, there were around two dozen MOVE people, most with the surname Africa. Many, though not all, were Black. Many were biological relatives. They spent their days working on the house, tending the animals, and cooking communal meals. What united these early MOVE people was a shared identity, a sense of family under the headship of John Africa, and a veneration of a sacred text.
“Wired”
Authors: Jones Alisha Lola
Published: June 2020

Chapter 5 investigates a case study of Tonéx, a queer preacher-musician who embodies a combination of the most popular archetypes of African-American men’s worship—the preacher and the vocalist head musician—while wielding multifarious rhetorics during his musical performance. Tonéx’s case contests the portrayal of same-gender-loving men as down low, secretive, deceptive, and always withholding information about who they are from their loved ones. Chapter 5 investigates the queer Pentecostal performative strategies behind the creative process of worshipping in Spirit and in truth, as Tonéx grounds his performances in bodily experiences recorded on the Unspoken album. By vocalizing unspoken bodily experiences for gospel music audiences, Tonéx guides his fans through an exploration of what it means to be wired: that is, the occurrence of the embedded, transferred, bestowed, gifted, ridiculed, and surveilled aspects of being a queer masculine survivor of sexual assault in Pentecostal Christian communities.
Inventing the Old-Time Religion
Authors: Compton John W.
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the founding and rise to prominence of Christianity Today, the most important religious magazine of the 1960s and 1970s. It details the magazine’s founding by the revivalist Billy Graham and his father-in-law L. Nelson Bell, both of whom envisioned a periodical that would target ministers with a mix of theological content and conservative political commentary. With financial backing from J. Howard Pew and long list of conservative businessmen, the magazine soon outpaced its liberal rivals; and under the editorial guidance of Carl Henry, a noted theologian, it developed a novel critique of mainline religious authority that may well have exacerbated the divide between mainline elites and average churchgoers. Yet Henry’s insistence that evangelicals were obligated take notice of social problems such as racial discrimination ultimately created an inbridgable rift between the magazine’s editor and its financial backers, and in 1967 Henry was forced to relinquish his post.
With Liberty for Some
Authors: Nieman Donald G.
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines antislavery ideas and action sparked by the American Revolution as well as the compromises between northern and southern delegates at the Constitutional Convention. The convention created a document that recognized slavery and provided significant, albeit limited protection to it. By building political coalitions and appealing to northern racism, southerners won legislation such as the Fugitive Slave Act, administrative regulations such as exclusion of antislavery literature from the mail, and judicial interpretations of the Constitution such as Prigg v. Pennsylvania that strengthened protection for slavery between 1789 and the 1840s, transforming it into a proslavery document. State law further strengthened slavery by giving masters almost unquestioned authority over slaves and significantly restricting the rights of free blacks.
The National Commitment to Civil Equality, 1861–1870
Authors: Nieman Donald G.
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that the Constitution was transformed during the Civil War era, making it a charter of liberty and individual rights rather than a document concerned principally with federal relations, property rights, and protection of slavery. During the war, Republicans, abolitionists, and African American activists tied preservation of the Union to emancipation, culminating in adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment. During Reconstruction the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, Civil Rights Act of 1866, Reconstruction Acts, and Enforcement Acts gave substance to emancipation. Taken together, these measures established color-blind citizenship and guaranteed national protection for the fundamental rights of all citizens. African Americans eagerly grasped these rights and used them to assert their independence of whites. They eagerly participated in the political process, electing state and local officials who were responsive to their demands for equal rights and personal security.
Animosity at Bay
Authors: Raghavan Pallavi
Published: June 2020

In this groundbreaking book, Raghavan uses previously untapped archival sources to weave together new stories about the experiences of post-partition state-making in South Asia. Through meticulous research, it challenges the existing wisdom about the preponderance of animosity and the rhetoric of war.
The book shows how amity and a spirit of cordiality governed relations between the states of India and Pakistan in the first five years after partition. Arguing that a hitherto overlooked set of considerations have to be integrated more closely into the analysis of bilateral dialogue, this book analyses the developments leading to the No War correspondence between Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan, the signing of a ‘Minorities’ Pact between the two prime ministers, and the early stages of the Indus Waters negotiations, as well as exploring the calculations of Indian and Pakistani delegates at a series of interdominion conferences held in the years after partition.
This book will be of interest to specialists in histories of diplomatic practice as well as a general audience in search of narratives of peace in the South Asia region
Introduction
Authors: Shiner Larry
Published: June 2020

The first half of the introduction opens with a list of the many olfactory artworks shown internationally in 2017–2018, as well as uses of odors with theater, music, and design since the turn of the century. Then it notes the paradox of the low status and neglect of smell, yet its unacknowledged importance in everyday life. Then it turns to the “sensory revolution” in the sciences and humanities disciplines that is exploring the importance of the so-called lower senses of touch, taste, and smell. The second half of the introduction describes the format and content of the book chapter by chapter.
Smell, Emotion, and Aesthetics
Authors: Shiner Larry
Published: June 2020

This chapter refutes the emotion-versus-reason polarity at the basis of the claim that the strong emotional charge of the human sense of smell means it lacks cognitive power to make rationally informed aesthetic judgments. The first half of the chapter shows that the emotions themselves often have a cognitive component and that a robust cognition often requires an emotional aspect to operate effectively. The second half of the chapter shows that aesthetic experience and judgment also have an indispensable affective as well as cognitive aspect, so that smell’s strong emotional charge is not per se an impediment to its participation in reflective aesthetic experiences and judgments. The chapter closes with the account of a smell experience by Oliver Sacks.
Writing Smell
Authors: Shiner Larry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 7, “Writing Smell,” suggests that if we look at poetry and the novel in the West, it turns out that many Western writers have in fact been able to articulate smell experiences forcefully and convincingly. The discussion of poetry (Baudelaire and Heaney) focuses on synesthetic metaphors. A careful discussion of Baudelaire’s Correspondences shows his ability to give subtle and complex expression to the qualities of odors. The discussion of novelists considers not only their use of linguistic devices to bring smells to life, but their use of a variety of devices for expressing character and other issues through smells with attention to the work of Joyce, Woolf, and Faulkner. Particular attention is given to the crucial role that smell plays in delineating the character of Leopold Bloom in Joyce’s Ulysses.
Odor, Memory, and Proust
Authors: Shiner Larry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 8, “Odor, Memory, and Proust,” draws together the previous themes of emotion and language and relates them to memory. The chapter begins by examining some evidence from the psychology of autobiographical memory concerning voluntary and involuntary memory and its relation to age. The second part of the chapter discusses psychologists’ use and misuse of the Proustian type of involuntary memory, exploring the way Proust at the end of Remembrance of Things Past expounds his idea of sensory epiphanies, which are signs of transcendence and many of which involve smell. The chapter ends by contrasting the Proustian literary epiphanies with the directness of two Holocaust memoirs that bring horrendous smell experiences to expression with a vividness that shows one need not be a literary professional in order to express smell convincingly in language.
Beautiful Fragrances
Authors: Shiner Larry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 11 considers the claim that the best perfumes should be classified as part of the fine arts. The chapter argues that from the perspective of contemporary aesthetic definitions of fine art, perfumes have all it takes to be fine art since they have complex structures that develop over time that can be used to represent ideas and express emotions. Yet the second half of the chapter argues that from the perspective of contemporary contextual and historical definitions of art, perfumes are more like design art than fine art. The contextual case against fine art status is based on a model of art and design practices that involves roles, intentions, media, norms, and institutions. If we compare the creation of a commercial perfume designed by a perfumer with a “perfume” commissioned by an artist for an installation, commercial perfume looks like a design art. Chapter 11 ends in an impasse.
Ambient Scenting, Architecture, and the City
Authors: Shiner Larry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 14 argues that the ethos of the modern city in the developed world is marked by a conflict between an established tendency toward “deodorizing” and a minority of scent advocates who seek greater olfactory diversity. The chapter begins by discussing smellwalking, smell mapping, and related artworks, then moves on to the place of odors in urban design, noting that most city officials think of odors only as something to be controlled or eliminated. After a discussion of the role of smell in architecture, the chapter closes by considering the ethical issues surrounding ambient scenting in both the workplace and the marketplace, as well as the clash between claims made for aromatherapy and the demand for fragrance bans made by sufferers from multiple chemical sensitivity.
Music by Max Steiner
Authors: Smith Steven C.
Published: June 2020

During a seven-decade career that spanned from 19th-century Vienna to 1920s Broadway to the golden age of Hollywood, three-time Academy Award winner Max Steiner did more than any other composer to establish and codify the language of film music. Composers today like John Williams use the same techniques perfected by the classically trained Steiner, in his scores for such motion pictures as Casablanca, King Kong, Gone with the Wind, The Searchers, Now, Voyager, the Astaire-Rogers musicals, and more than two hundred other titles. Steiner’s private life was as tumultuous as the films he scored. Born into an Austrian theatrical dynasty, he became one of Hollywood’s highest-paid composers. But he was constantly in debt, due to financial mismanagement, four marriages, and the actions of his emotionally troubled son. Steiner ended his career in triumph: at age 71, although practically blind, he wrote what Billboard called the most successful instrumental single of the era: “Theme from A Summer Place.” Throughout his chaotic life, Steiner was buoyed by a quick wit and an instinctive gift for melody, as he met and worked with a Who’s Who of artists: Johann Strauss Jr., Richard Strauss, George Gershwin, Irving Berlin, Oscar Hammerstein, David O. Selznick, Frank Sinatra, Frank Capra, and many more. This first full biography of Steiner brings to life the previously untold story of a musical pioneer and master dramatist who helped create a vital new art form (and multimillion-dollar industry), while writing many of the greatest scores in cinema history.
Elegant Revolutions
Authors: Smith Steven C.
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the theatrical and musical dynasty into which Steiner was born. It begins by introducing his father, Gabor, a visionary entrepreneur honored by Emperor Franz Joseph. Gabor created one of Austria’s most popular attractions of the late 19th century: Venice in Vienna, an amusement emporium a third the size of Buckingham Palace. Its centerpiece, the Riesenrad (Ferris Wheel), remains one of Vienna’s most iconic attractions. Gabor’s father, Maximilian, was an influential theater manager who did much to launch the era of Viennese operetta. It was Maximilian who convinced Johann Strauss Jr. to write for the stage, leading to such enduring works as Die Fledermaus. In this chapter, we see how the Steiner family’s championing of both “high” and “low” culture profoundly shaped Max, who later combined symphonic forms with accessible melodies in his own musical language.
Monarch of Sound
Authors: Smith Steven C.
Published: June 2020

By 1935, all major Hollywood studios were emulating Steiner’s approach to film music, while recognizing Max as the industry’s foremost composer. His reputation soared even higher with the release of John Ford’s The Informer. A low-budget drama disdained by RKO executives, the movie received critical hosannas and earned Steiner his first Academy Award. But despite that success and other rewarding projects like the musical Top Hat, Steiner was frustrated. Heavy gambling, two alimonies, and weekly checks to family in Austria reduced his salary to a pittance. He also was angered to learn that ASCAP, the organization that collected royalties for songwriters, did not consider film music to be under its purview. For the next 25years, Steiner would fight to convince the group otherwise. He also felt underappreciated at RKO—which made news that David O. Selznick was forming his own independent studio all the more intriguing.
Battles Won and Lost
Authors: Smith Steven C.
Published: June 2020

This chapter begins with a concise history of Warner Bros.—its inception, its combative founders, and the key role that music played in the studio’s releases. Steiner’s first work at Warners, The Charge of the Light Brigade, would be another milestone—a grand action-adventure score foreshadowing contemporary film music. Despite a tight deadline, and high expectations from producer Hal Wallis, Steiner triumphed, which made his return to Selznick all the more crushing. David’s increasing micromanagement extended to music; and Max was devastated when the producer who had called himself Steiner’s “biggest fan” eviscerated his score for A Star Is Born, Selznick’s latest film. A proud (if often insecure) individual, Steiner resigned his post at Selznick but stressed to the producer his desire to remain friends. His motives were not solely personal. Max knew that Selznick was about to film the most successful novel of the decade: Gone with the Wind.
The Right Place to Be
Authors: Smith Steven C.
Published: June 2020

Days after leaving Selznick, Steiner became the highest-paid staff composer at Warner Bros. It was a deal he was quietly arranging before leaving Selznick, detailed here for the first time. Steiner would spend most of the next three decades at Warners. This chapter provides a detailed examination of the studio’s music department, and explains why its infrastructure, staff, and varied creative content were ideally suited to Steiner’s talents. The chapter describes his friendly if competitive relationship with Warner Bros.’ favorite freelance composer, Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Steiner works discussed include the Best Picture–winning Life of Emile Zola, the start of his long collaboration with Bette Davis, and his iconic Warner Bros. fanfare. The chapter also chronicles the unexpected death of Steiner’s mother in Vienna, and Max’s frantic—and ultimately successful—efforts to bring his father to America, after Hitler’s annexation of Austria.
Sucker
Authors: Smith Steven C.
Published: June 2020

Today, the performance of film music is a staple of symphony concert programming. In 1943, it was an anomaly. That year, Steiner was invited to conduct the New York Philharmonic for a potential audience of twenty thousand at Lewisohn Stadium. But for Max, the concert proved a humiliating disaster, due to the orchestra’s open hostility toward a “Hollywood” composer, and the addition to the program of 27-year-old Frank Sinatra. More teen idol than respected singer at the time, Sinatra inspired Beatles-like screaming from his fans throughout the concert, upstaging Steiner. A series of personal calamities followed: the death of Max’s beloved father, a health crisis of his own, and seemingly insurmountable debt. Again, music was Steiner’s salvation. The 1944 film Since You Went Away—his last collaboration with Selznick—earned Max a third Oscar. But shortly after its release, Steiner was devastated by news that Louise wanted a divorce.
Au Revoir and Bonjour
Authors: Smith Steven C.
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on transitions both personal and creative for Steiner. After his divorce from Louise, Max found happiness with a new companion, former singer Lee Blair. The end of World War II marked a change in Hollywood filmmaking styles, and Steiner responded to the darker, more mature movies being produced at Warner Bros. with a leaner, less Wagnerian style. Film noir titles like Howard Hawks’s The Big Sleep and Michael Curtiz’s Mildred Pierce benefited greatly from Max’s scoring, which added propulsive energy and extra layers of character illumination. But Steiner’s obsession with work, and his late-night gambling with friends like composer Victor Young, distracted Max from a growing problem at home: the erratic behavior of his emotionally troubled son, Ronald.
Coda
Authors: Smith Steven C.
Published: June 2020

Steiner was devastated by his son’s death. He was also now legally blind. But the ever-loyal Delmer Daves convinced Steiner to score his latest film—even though Max could not see it. The joy of composition revitalized Steiner, who would regain much of his sight via successful operations. More scoring projects followed; but by 1965, the 77-year-old was ailing and unable to find work. Steiner’s last years were ones of reluctant retirement, mentorship, and tribute—including a celebration of his work on the 1968 Academy Awards. This biography concludes with a summation of Steiner’s legacy. Not only is he the single most important figure in film music history, thanks to his pioneering development of the scoring process, his gift for intensifying emotion and character psychology through memorable themes, innovative orchestration, and other devices produced scores that remain essential components of many of the greatest films ever made.
Vascular Risk Factors and Their Relationship to Brain Aging
Authors: Alvin Ang Ting Fang , Joshi Prajakta , Au Rhoda
Published: June 2020

The Framingham Heart Study (FHS) was established in 1948 and is the longest, ongoing prospective cohort study studying cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Initially, the FHS was primarily focused on cardiovascular diseases; however, over recent decades data from the FHS have found that lifetime exposure to major cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arterial stiffness, and pressure pulsatility adversely impact neuropsychological functioning particularly in older individuals contributing to the onset of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease. Research from the FHS suggest that appropriate management of cardiovascular risk factors as well as healthy lifestyle practices that include regular blood pressure monitoring, not smoking, and eating a choline-rich diet appear to minimize neuropsychological decline as well as dementia onset.
Heterogeneity in Alzheimer’s/Vascular Spectrum Dementia
Authors: Emrani Sheina , Lamar Melissa , Price Catherine C. , Wasserman Victor , Matusz Emily , Swenson Rodney A. , Heilman Kenneth M. , Libon David J.
Published: June 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are considered to be the two most common types of dementia with each of these dementia syndromes believed to represent more or less independent entities. While mixed dementia syndromes are acknowledged, the prevailing point of view continues to suggest that AD and VaD represent disorders with different underlying etiology. This chapter will review some of the recent neuropathological and neuropsychological literature suggesting considerable heterogeneity between AD and VaD. It is our contention that the literature reviewed in this chapter supports the notion that neuropsychological syndromes seen in AD/VaD dementia, in addition to their underlying biological substrate, are best understood as existing along a clinical/pathological continuum or spectrum. This heterogeneity should be leveraged to construct a more sophisticated and heuristically meaningful way to classify patients with dementia.
Hemodynamics in Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Authors: Cambronero Francis , Jefferson Angela L.
Published: June 2020

Hemodynamic impairment is a prominent feature in aging, vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease, including patterned changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that can be detected prior to concomitant pathologies. These CBF abnormalities drive vascular dysfunction through a variety of biological pathways and ultimately contribute to cerebrovascular disease associated with cognitive impairment. Importantly, the co-existence of cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease is exceedingly common and worsens the progression of clinical symptoms, likely through accelerating neurotoxic protein deposition and the loss of cerebrovascular integrity. Emerging evidence further suggests that the brain may be more susceptible to subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction in aging adults, particularly since the accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors over the lifespan creates a more vulnerable vascular system. Although age-associated CBF dysregulation has varied and complex origins, it undoubtedly serves a critical role in the early progression of neurodegenerative disease and may help explain the considerable overlap between the most common clinical dementias.
Grassmann’s Concept Structuralism
Authors: Cantù Paola
Published: June 2020

After recalling some mathematical contributions that are relevant for the structuralist transformation of mathematics, such as abstract algebra, linear algebra, and number theory, this chapter reconstructs Grassmann’s philosophy of mathematics. It is claimed that he contributed to the development of methodological structuralism inasmuch as he clearly separated the study of the most general properties of connections from pure and applied mathematics, basing them on an understanding of generality as conceptual underdetermination, and on the preeminence of the notion of series over that of function. A brief comparison with contemporary philosophical structuralism will clarify Grassmann’s tendency toward a “concept structuralism” rather than an “object structuralism.”
Why Means MatterLegally Relevant Differences Between Direct and Indirect Interventions into Other Minds
Authors: Bublitz Jan Christoph
Published: June 2020

Whether there are intrinsic differences between different means to intervene into brains and minds is a key question of neuroethics, which any future legal regulation of mind-interventions has to face. This chapter affirms such differences by a twofold argument:. First, it present differences between direct (biological, physiological) and indirect (psychological) interventions that are not based on crude mind–brain dualisms or dubious properties such as naturalness of interventions. Second, it shows why these differences (should) matter for the law. In a nutshell, this chapter suggests that indirect interventions should be understood as stimuli that persons perceive through their external senses whereas direct interventions reach brains and minds on different, nonperceptual routes. Interventions primarily differ in virtue of their causal pathways. Because of them, persons have different kinds and amounts of control over interventions; direct interventions regularly bypass resistance and control of recipients. Direct interventions also differ from indirect ones because they misappropriate mechanisms of the brain. These differences bear normative relevance in light of the right to mental self-determination, which should be the guiding normative principle with respect to mind-interventions. As a consequence, the law should adopt by and large a normative—not ontological—dualism between interventions into other minds: nonconsensual direct interventions into other minds should be prohibited by law, with few exceptions. By contrast, indirect interventions should be prima facie permissible, primarily those that qualify as exercises of free speech. The chapter also addresses a range of recent objections, especially by Levy (in the previous chapter).
Neuroprosthetics, Behavior Control, and Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Glannon Walter
Published: June 2020

Arguments for moral and criminal responsibility generally assume that the control necessary for responsibility rules out all forms of brain manipulation. The agent’s mental states must be the direct causes of her actions. Yet when they operate effectively, neuroprosthetics do not undermine but restore control of motor and mental functions that have been lost from brain injury or impaired by neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural implants enable varying degree of voluntary agency by restoring varying degrees of the relevant functions. Whether or to what extent a person with a device implanted in her brain can be criminally responsible for an action, omission or consequence of an action or omission depends on the extent to which she can control the device and the thought and behavior it is designed to regulate. I present actual and hypothetical cases involving three different types of brain implants to explore how individuals with these devices implanted in their brains can control their mental states and actions. Brain implants that alter motor and mental functions should make us reconsider standard interpretations of psychological and physical criteria of criminal responsibility.
Diversion Courts, Traumatic Brain Injury, and American Vets
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray
Published: June 2020

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI) rates for prisoners are higher than for the general population. The impulsive and aggressive behaviors resulting from TBI also parallel incarceration rates. But how scientific communities understand the origins of behavior clashes with how our justice system does. Medicine, psychiatry, neuropsychology, and neurology all hold that deformities in the brain can influence or even determine a person’s thoughts, desires, impulses, and ability to control behavior. In contrast, U.S. law assumes that adults are rational beings who act for specific reasons and that, in each instance, an individual could have done otherwise. Yet, the American court system is beginning to differentiate returning combat vets with brain disorders from other offenders, creating diversion courts for veterans accused of a variety of crimes. These courts allow military offenders to enter a mental health treatment program instead of being jailed. Several questions arise from this practice. Should vets be treated differently than other noncombatant defendants with similar brain injuries? Should brain disorders affect how we assign or understand legal notions of punishment and responsibility? How do we connect data regarding neural interventions with punishment and remediation? And how do we distinguish “mad” from “bad”? This chapter attempts to answer these questions.
Judicious Use of Neuropsychiatric Evidence When Sentencing Offenders With Addictive Behaviors
Authors: Dawson Andrew , Chandler Jennifer , Gavaghan Colin , Hall Wayne , Carter Adrian
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines how courts in commonwealth jurisdictions have used neuropsychiatric evidence as a mitigating factor in sentencing, in cases involving (a) drug- and gambling-addicted offenders and (b) offenders prescribed dopaminergic medication for a movement disorder. The authors first examine how courts have approached criminal offending linked in some way to drug or behavioral addictions. Generally, commonwealth courts see drug- or gambling-addicted offenders as morally blameworthy agents deserving of imprisonment. Some courts have occasionally adopted a medical stance and allowed an individual’s drug or gambling addiction to mitigate their sentence. The justification for adopting a medical stance has arguably been the greater economic and public health benefits of a medical approach rather than a strong embrace of neuropsychiatric evidence. In contrast, in two recent cases in which criminal offences have been attributed to dopaminergic medication prescribed for movement disorders, courts have strongly relied upon neuropsychiatric evidence as a mitigating factor at sentencing. Reliance on this evidence was unnecessary in these cases, as the noncustodial sentences imposed on patients could have been justified on other grounds. This evidence was also misapplied. The authors conclude with an analysis of the implications of this misapplication for the use of neurointerventions to reduce addiction-related offending. This analysis is vital to ensuring that future courts determining an appropriate neurointervention for a movement-disordered offender unwilling to reduce their medication will not be hamstrung by a conflation of causality and compulsion.