bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POST‐COLLAPSE: THE RE‐EMERGENCE OF POLITY IN IRON AGE BOĞAZKÖY, CENTRAL ANATOLIA
Authors: KEALHOFER L. , GRAVE P. , GENZ H. , MARSH B.
Published: July 2009

How communities reorganize after collapse is drawing increasing attention across a wide spectrum of disciplines. Iron Age Boğazköy provides an archaeological case study of urban and political regeneration after the widespread collapse of eastern Mediterranean Late Bronze Age empires in the early twelfth century BC. Recent work at Boğazköy has significantly expanded our understanding of long‐term occupation in north central Anatolia. This work counters previous suggestions that Boğazköy was abandoned after the collapse of the Hittite Empire during the Early Iron Age. In this paper, we focus on the Iron Age occupations at the site to show how growth in the scale and complexity of ceramic production and trade during this period provides another line of evidence for economic and political re‐emergence. Based on the increasing diversity of non‐local ceramics and ceramic emulations during the Iron Age, we suggest that only in the Late Iron Age, 500–700 years after Hittite collapse, did Boğazköy re‐emerge as a significant polity in central Anatolia.
Changes in serum cytokine levels during plasmapheresis in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Yeh J.‐H. , Wang S.‐H. , Chien P.‐J. , Shih C.‐M. , Chiu H.‐C.
Published: July 2009

Background:  The effect of plasmapheresis on cytokine levels in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) has not been well established.

Methods:  Cytokine levels were measured in 19 patients with MG before and after treatment with one course of double‐filtration plasmapheresis (DFP). The control group comprised 6 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy volunteers.

Results:  At baseline, patients with MG had higher levels of IL‐10 than normal controls. The levels of IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, and tumor necrosis factor‐α were almost undetectable in MG patients. After a single session of DFP treatment, IL‐10 levels were significantly increased. After three sessions, IL‐10 levels were still higher than those at baseline. Elevated IL‐10 level was significantly associated with use of immunosuppressant drugs, thymectomy, and good response to DFP treatment.

Conclusions:  Interleukin‐10 might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of MG.
Boredom in the workplace: More than monotonous tasks
Authors: Loukidou Lia , Loan‐Clarke John , Daniels Kevin
Published: July 2009

Boredom is an emotional state that has a long history in organizational research. Despite recent changes in technology and the organization of work, boredom remains a part of the experience of work. The available evidence indicates that boredom is associated mainly with negative individual and organizational outcomes. The authors organize the review of the antecedents of boredom around four major themes in the literature: boredom in relation to jobs; individual differences; social context; and goals and coping. The authors conclude that the major challenge for researchers is to provide an integrative account of boredom which subsumes multiple areas of research, and that one most promising avenue for future research requires further attention to boredom in relation to coping processes, pursuit and attainment of personal goals.
Ultrastructure and relationships of spermatozoa of the freshwater crabs Potamon fluviatile and Potamon ibericum (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae)
Authors: Guinot D. , Jamieson B. G. M. , Tudge C. C.
Published: July 2009

The spermatozoa of Potamon fluviatile and P. ibericum are virtually indistinguishable and do not support separate subgeneric rank (Potamon and Pontipotamon, respectively). Synapomorphic with the spermatozoa of the South African freshwater crab Potamonautes perlatus Sidneyi are the elongation of the two centrioles and disposition of the centrioles almost parallel to each other, unknown elsewhere in the Brachyura, and reduction of the thickened ring (homoplasic with grapsids and gecarcinids). Other, probably synapomorphic, similarities of Potamon and Potamonautes include the wide inner acrosome zone, absence of a definite acrosome ray zone (homoplasic in other families) and the cleistospermial spermatophores. Further similarities, of questionable polarity, are the simple, not multilaminar, nuclear membrane and the tendency of the nuclear arms to wrap around the nucleus. Differences of Potamon from Potamonautes, which possibly support their present generic separation and give weak support to their former separate familial placement in the Potamidae and Potamonautidae respectively, are perforation of the operculum and the weak, rather than strong, development of a periopercular rim. Absence in Potamon and Potamonautes of an accessory opercular ring and a xanthid ring separates them from xanthids. No close affinities with other heterotreme families are seen but their assignment to the Helerotremata is not in doubt. Their spermatozoa lack two of the distinctive features of thoracotreme spermatozoa (apical button on the operculum and concentric lamellation of the outer acrosome zone). No clear correlates of spermatozoon structure with a freshwater existence are recognizable but reduction of the thickened ring possibly relates to peculiarities of the acrosome reaction. However, the production of spermatophores with single spermatozoa (cleistospermia) is possibly a device to prevent polyspermy and wastage of the small number of lecithotrophic eggs produced in potamids.
Effectiveness of traditional wild rabbit restocking in Spain
Authors: Calvete C. , Villafuerte R. , Lucientes J. , Osacar J. J.
Published: July 2009

Since myxomatosis, around half a million rabbits are restocked annually in France and the Iberian Peninsula. The effectiveness of this approach to restoration is still unknown. In this study, the efficacy of traditional restocking was evaluated by marking rabbits with radiocollars and reproducing the methodology usually employed in Spain. The estimated mean survival rate for the first 10 days after release was very low (<3%). Most of the tagged rabbits were dead within three months. Causes of mortality included injuries, disease, and predation (especially by red foxes, Vulpes vulpes). The deaths were mainly within the first week after release, a period that could be considered critical for the establishment of the animals. Male rabbits were more affected by diseases, whereas females were preyed upon more often. For both sexes, average dispersal distance was low (435 m from the release place). We suggest that survival of introduced rabbits could be increased (21%) by disturbing carnivores within the restocking area. A short period in captivity prior to release (2–3 weeks) increased rabbit survival rates (40%), by allowing us to remove diseased animals (mainly affected by myxomatosis). Assuming the existence of a ‘predator pit’ in some populations of rabbits, the traditional rabbit restocking is not an effective method of increasing the most important prey for the vertebrate ecosystem in the Iberian Peninsula, although some improvements could be made.
Diet of peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari) in a dry forest of Venezuela
Authors: Barreto G. R. , Hernandez O. E. , Ojasti J.
Published: July 2009

The diets of Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari were assessed by means of direct observations, stomach content, and faecal analyses. The study was conducted in a dry forest located in the central Llanos region, Venezuela, where both species coexist. Peccaries were observed during one week of every month from August 1986 to May 1987. Fruits and seeds of Pithecellobium saman and Guazuma ulmifolia and roots and stems of Cissus rhombifolia comprised most of the diet of both peccary species. Proportions of these items differed significantly between species. There was no Acacia macracantha in stomachs nor in faeces of T. tajacu, but it was one of the most important items found in stomachs of T. pecari. Leaves appeared in all stomachs but in very low proportions (<1%). Insect pupae and larvae were found in small quantities. Results suggest that peccaries behave as frugivores and seed predators as most seed remains appeared cracked. Differences in the diet and behavioural traits described elsewhere may allow these similar species to coexist in the tropical dry forest of central Venezuela.
Morphological, allozymic, and karyotypic distinctions between Neritina (Dostia) violacea and N. (D.) cornucopia (Gastropoda: Neritoidea)
Authors: Huang Qin
Published: July 2009

Two species of mangrove gastropod, Neritina (Dostia) violacea Gmelin, 1791 and N. (D.) cornucopia Benson, 1836, from Hong Kong have been compared morphologically, allozymically, and karyotypically. The two can be identified by differences in shell pigmentation patterns, ventral shell characters, and radular teeth characters. Allozymic variations at 15 presumptive gene loci were examined. Average heterozygosities were 0.058 in local populations of N. (D.) violacea and 0.138 in N. (D.) cornucopia. Six enzyme encoding loci were typically diagnostic for individuals of each species and no hybrid patterns have been recorded. Nei's standard genetic distance and genetic identity between the two species were estimated to be 0.814 and 0.443, respectively. Karyotypic investigations have revealed that both species are diplonts, with two X‐chromosomes in females and one in males. Diploid numbers are 2n = 20 + XX (or XO) for N. (D.) violacea and 2n = 26 + XX (or XO) for N. (D.) cornucopia.
Spatial genetic structuring in a vagile species, the European wood mouse
Authors: Booth W. , Montgomery W. I. , Prodöhl P. A.
Published: July 2009

We examined the genetic structure of natural populations of the European wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus at the microgeographic (<3 km) and macrogeographic (>30 km) scales. Ecological and behavioural studies indicate that this species exhibits considerable dispersal relative to its home‐range size. Thus, there is potential for high gene flow over larger geographic areas. As levels of population genetic structure are related to gene flow, we hypothesized that population genetic structuring at the microgeographic level should be negligible, increasing only with geographic distance. To test this, four sites were sampled within a microgeographic scale with two additional samples at the macrogeographic level. Individuals (n=415) were screened and analysed for seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Contrary to our hypothesis, significant levels of population structuring were detected at both scales. Comparing genetic differentiation with geographic distance suggests increasing genetic isolation with distance. However, this distance effect was non‐significant being confounded by surprisingly high levels of differentiation among microgeographic samples. We attribute this pattern of genetic differentiation to the effect of habitat fragmentation, splitting large populations into components with small effective population sizes resulting in enhanced genetic drift. Our results indicate that it is incorrect to assume genetic homogeneity among populations even where there is no evidence of physical barriers and dispersal can occur freely. In the case of A. sylvaticus, it is not clear whether dispersal does not occur across habitat barriers or behavioural dispersal occurs without consequent gene flow.
Variability and minimum detectable change for walking energy efficiency variables in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: THOMAS SUSAN SIENKO , BUCKON CATHLEEN E , SCHWARTZ MICHAEL H , RUSSMAN BARRY S , SUSSMAN MICHAEL D , AIONA MICHAEL D
Published: July 2009

For individuals with neuromuscular disorders, the assessment of walking energy efficiency is useful as a clinical outcome measure. Issues surrounding data collection methodology, normalization of the data, and variability and clinical utility of energy efficiency data preclude universal application. This study examined the variability and the clinical utility of velocity, energy efficiency index (EEI), gross cost, and net nondimensional cost (NNcost) in children and adolescents with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I to III. The energy efficiency of walking was evaluated in 23 children and adolescents (12 males, 11 females, mean age 11y 3mo [SD 3y 5mo]; range 7−17y). Day‐to‐day variability was similar for all energy efficiency variables, with no significant differences in magnitude of variability between GMFCS levels. Correlations between EEI and gross cost and EEI and NNcost were fairly good (r=0.65, p<0.001, and r=0.74, p<0.001 respectively). However, only gross cost and NNcost discriminated between GMFCS levels in children with CP. Gross cost required the greatest amount of change to be considered clinically significant, whereas NNcost and EEI required a similar amount of change. For cohorts of children with CP who are evaluated over time, NNcost is the best normalization method as it reduces the variability between participants of different ages, height, and weight while evaluating only the amount of energy used to ambulate.
Adult outcomes and lifespan issues for people with childhood‐onset physical disability
Authors: ROEBROECK MARIJ E , JAHNSEN REIDUN , CARONA CARLOS , KENT RUTH M , CHAMBERLAIN M ANNE
Published: July 2009

This paper aimed to discuss functioning, quality of life, (QoL) and lifespan care issues of adolescents and young adults with childhood‐onset physical disability from a clinical, scientific, and personal perspective. We present a résumé of results of recently performed studies in rehabilitation‐based samples of (young) adults with childhood‐onset conditions such as cerebral palsy (CP) and spina bifida (SB), and different models of transition and lifespan care. The studies showed that many young adults with a childhood‐onset disability experience health‐related problems such as functional deterioration, pain or fatigue, and an inactive lifestyle. A significant number are restricted in participation in work, housing, and intimate relationships. They perceive a lower health‐related and global QoL compared with a reference group. In some centres in the UK and the Netherlands specialized outpatient services are available or being developed. In conclusion, transition to adulthood is a critical phase for reaching autonomous participation in adult life. There is an international challenge to incorporate a lifespan perspective in paediatric, transition, and adult health care services for persons with a childhood‐onset disability.
Quality of life instruments for children and adolescents with neurodisabilities: how to choose the appropriate instrument
Authors: WATERS ELIZABETH , DAVIS ELISE , RONEN GABRIEL M , ROSENBAUM PETER , LIVINGSTON MICHAEL , SAIGAL SAROJ
Published: July 2009

Aim There are many misconceptions about what constitutes ‘quality of life’ (QoL). It is often difficult for researchers and clinicians to determine which instruments will be most appropriate to their purpose. The aim of the current paper is to describe QoL instruments for children and adolescents with neurodisabilities against criteria that we think are important when choosing or developing a QoL instrument.

Method QoL instruments for children and adolescents with neurodisabilities were reviewed and described based on their purpose, conceptual focus, origin of domains and items, opportunity for self report, clarity (lack of ambiguity), potential threat to self‐esteem, cognitive or emotional burden, number of items and time to complete, and psychometric properties.

Results Several generic and condition‐specific instruments were identified for administration to children and adolescents with neurodisabilities – cerebral palsy, epilepsy and spina bifida, and hydrocephalus. Many have parent‐proxy and self‐report versions and adequate reliability and validity. However, they were often developed with minimal involvement from families, focus on functioning rather than well‐being, and have items that may produce emotional upset.

Interpretation As well as ensuring that a QoL instrument has sound psychometric properties, researchers and clinicians should understand how an instrument’s theoretical focus will have influenced domains, items, and scoring.
Investigation of the possible use of probiotics in ice cream manufacture
Authors: TURGUT TAMER , CAKMAKCI SONGUL
Published: July 2009

This study attempted to investigate the possibility of using some types of probiotic bacteria in the production of ice cream and was aimed at making a contribution to the manufacture of new functional foods. For this purpose, different cream levels (5% and 10%) and different strains of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum and both) were used in ice cream production to determine their effects on the quality of the ice creams in each group. During storage of 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days, L. acidophilus, B. bifidum counts and sensory analyses were performed. The results obtained at the end of storage demonstrated that the counts of L. acidophilus and B. bifidum continued to decrease during the storage but all types of ice cream sample seemed to preserve their probiotic property even after 90 days. Higher counts of probiotic bacteria were observed in the samples with L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, and L. acidophilus and B. bifidum in double‐cultured samples respectively. In general, it appeared that the ice cream samples with 5% cream content were found to be more delectable. All ice cream samples have shown good results in preserving their probiotical properties for more than 3 months. Although sensory scores of probiotic ice cream samples reduced during this time, they rated as ‘tasty’ throughout the storage.
Characterization of the free fatty acids profile of Pategrás cheese during ripening
Authors: PEROTTI MARÍA C , MERCANTI DIEGO J , BERNAL SUSANA M , ZALAZAR CARLOS A
Published: July 2009

This work compares the free fatty acids (FFA) profiles of Pategrás cheeses manufactured on the pilot scale, with and without the addition of probiotics. Total and FFA in milks and cheeses, respectively, were similar, indicating a nonselective release during ripening. Lipolysis was lo for control cheeses, but somewhat higher for those made in summer, probably because of an elevated psychrotrophic bacterial development. Probiotic bacteria remained highly viable during ripening and had an influence on FFA profiles. A simple sensory profiling of the cheeses showed no differences in flavour and taste and little evidence of treatment effects was found using univariate analysis. Nevertheless, multivariate analysis showed clear differences between probiotic and control products.
The viability of three probiotic organisms grown with yoghurt starter cultures during storage for 21 days at 4°C
Authors: SACCARO DANIELA M , TAMIME ADNAN Y , PILLEGGI ANA LÚCIA O P S , OLIVEIRA MARICÊ N
Published: July 2009

This study investigated the viability of probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LBA and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL‐04) in milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB340 and Streptococcus thermophilus TAO (yoghurt – Y). Each probiotic strain was grown separately in co‐culture with Y and in blends of different combinations. Blends affected fermentation time(s), pH and firmness during storage at 4°C. The product made with Y plus B. animalis subsp. lactis and L. rhamnosus had counts of viable cells at the end of shelf life that met the minimum required to achieve probiotic effect. However, L. acidophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were inhibited.
Rheological properties of fermented milk produced by a single exopolysaccharide producing Streptococcus thermophilus strain in the presence of added calcium and sucrose
Authors: PURWANDARI UMI , VASILJEVIC TODOR
Published: July 2009

The effect of calcium supplementation, presence of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and sucrose on the texture of low‐fat fermented milk was examined. Reconstituted skim milk (14%) was acidified by 2% glucono‐δ‐lactone (GDL) or a single strain, EPS‐producing Streptococcus thermophilus, and incubated at 42°C. The levels of calcium and sucrose addition ranged from 0 to 9 mm and 0 to 45 mm respectively. Compared with acidified milk (GDL), fermented milk containing EPS showed different rheological properties in the presence of added calcium and sucrose. Calcium addition reduced gel characteristics: G′, K, and the second maximum of derivative of shear rate‐shear stress; while sucrose addition also increased them but subsequently reduced syneresis. Added calcium or sucrose increased gel hysteresis and reduced apparent yield stress.
A new method to estimate the heat treatment of milk and milk‐like systems
Authors: SUN LIPING , WANG DONGFENG
Published: July 2009

A new UV–Vis absorbance spectrum method was proposed to evaluate the heat treatment of milk and milk‐like systems. The method was based on the immediate UV absorbance development when heating amino‐sugar mixtures, and validated by correlating the absorbance values of milk‐like systems, processed at various temperatures and holding times, with furosine content determined using standardized HPLC analysis. The UV method correlated well with the furosine method under mild heating conditions with R2 = 0.9569 ( P < 0.001) and 0.9594 ( P < 0.01) respectively. This method allowed an efficient discrimination of commercial milk heat treatment. The paper offers the possibility to develop an easy, inexpensive and sensitive way to control the milk protein quality.
Properties of cholesterol‐reduced ice cream made with cross‐linked β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: HA HYUN‐JEE , AHN JOUNGJWA , MIN SANG‐GI , KWAK HAE‐SOO
Published: July 2009

This study examined the properties of cholesterol‐reduced ice cream stored at −12, −18 and −28°C. Over 90.0% cholesterol was removed, and ice crystal size decreased while viscosity increased as the freezing temperature decreased in the cholesterol‐reduced ice cream. The melting time was slightly shorter in the cholesterol‐reduced ice cream than in the control. A significant difference was found in the dull colour, and crumbly and unnatural flavour, especially when stored at −28°C, regardless of cross‐linked β‐cyclodextrin treatment. This study indicated that although some differences were observed, most of the properties of the cholesterol‐reduced ice cream were comparable to the control ice cream.
Use of whey and buttermilk based media to obtain biomass of thermophilic LAB
Authors: VIGLIENGO EMILIO , REINHEIMER JORGE
Published: July 2009

The growth of commercial strains of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was determined in reconstituted dried whey and buttermilk. Kinetic (μ, /h and g, h) and growth (N, cfu/mL; X, cell yield and IV , percentual variation) parameters were determined using Elliker (streptococci) and MRS (lactobacilli) broths, and a commercial medium as controls. Cheese whey was the least effective substrate for growing streptococci and lactobacilli strains. However, whey and buttermilk with added yeast extract gave the best performance. These media could be efficient and easily available alternatives for producing industrial biomass of thermophilic LAB.
Occurrence of coagulase‐positive Staphylococci, microbial indicators and physical–chemical characteristics of traditional semihard cheese produced in Brazil
Authors: VIANA FABIANA R. , OLIVEIRA AFONSO de L. , CARMO LUIZ S. , ROSA CARLOS A.
Published: July 2009

Coagulase‐positive Staphylococci and microbial indicators of the ‘Requeijão do Norte’, a traditional semihard cheese, were surveyed in Brazil. Coagulase‐positive Staphylococci were found in quantities of up to 9.4 log cfu/g. The coagulase gene was detected in isolates physiologically classified as coagulase‐negative. The SEB and TSST‐1 toxins were detected. Salmonella spp. were not detected. High levels of total and fecal coliforms (≥ 210 MPN/g) and moulds (≥ 6.48 log cfu/g) were found in most samples. The values of physical–chemical parameters and water activity showed the greatest variations. These results suggest a possible risk that this cheese may pose to consumers.
Shelf life of Turkish whey cheese (Lor) under modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: TEMİZ HASAN , AYKUT UMUT , HURŞİT ABDULKADİR K
Published: July 2009

In this study, the shelf life of Lor cheese stored under different atmosphere compositions was assessed and compared. Lor cheeses were held in four different atmospheres containing: vacuum packaging (VP), 40% CO2/60% N2, 60% CO2/40% N2 and 70% CO2/30% N2 (modified atmosphere packaging). Control cheeses were stored in air. All cheese samples were kept in the refrigerator at 4°C for 45 days and investigated for physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. The acidity index value was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in the control and vacuum packaged samples than in those stored for the same period under CO2. Microbiological results showed that modified atmosphere packaging delayed microbial growth compared with air and VP samples. Of the three modified atmospheres, gas mixtures 60% and 70% CO2 were the most effective for inhibition of growth of micro‐organisms. Sensory evaluation (odour and taste) results showed that Lor cheese packaged under modified atmosphere packaging (60% CO2/40% N2 and 70% CO2/30% N2 ) retained good characteristics for 45 days of storage, while vacuum and control samples were sensorily unacceptable after 10 days of storage.
Specific vulnerability of mouse spinal cord motoneurons to membrane depolarization
Authors: Gou‐Fabregas Myriam , Garcera Ana , Mincheva Stefka , Perez‐Garcia M. Jose , Comella Joan X. , Soler Rosa M.
Published: July 2009

Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration determines neuronal dependence on neurotrophic factors (NTFs) and susceptibility to cell death. Ca2+ overload induces neuronal death and the consequences are thought to be a probable cause of motoneuron (MN) degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we show that membrane depolarization with elevated extracellular potassium (K+) was toxic to cultured embryonic mouse spinal cord MNs even in the presence of NTFs. Membrane depolarization induced an intracellular Ca2+ increase. Depolarization‐induced toxicity and increased intracellular Ca2+ were blocked by treatment with antagonists to some of the voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), indicating that Ca2+ influx through these channels contributed to the toxic effect of depolarization. Ca2+ activates the calpains, cysteine proteases that degrade a variety of substrates, causing cell death. We investigated the functional involvement of calpain using a calpain inhibitor and calpain gene silencing. Pre‐treatment of MNs with calpeptin (a cell‐permeable calpain inhibitor) rescued MNs survival; calpain RNA interference had the same protective effect, indicating that endogenous calpain contributes to the cell death caused by membrane depolarization. These findings suggest that MNs are especially vulnerable to extracellular K+ concentration, which induces cell death by causing both intracellular Ca2+ increase and calpain activation.
A new formulation of garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer based on accumulation and statistical analysis of a large experimental data set
Authors: NAKAMURA D.
Published: July 2009

Published experimental data including garnet and clinopyroxene as run products were used to develop a new formulation of the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer based on 333 garnet–clinopyroxene pairs. Only experiments with graphite capsules were selected because of difficulty in estimating the Fe3+ content of clinopyroxene. For the calibration, a published subregular‐solution model was adopted to express the non‐ideality of garnet. The magnitude of the Fe–Mg excess interaction parameter for clinopyroxene (WFeMgCpx), and differences in enthalpy and entropy of the Fe–Mg exchange reaction were regressed from the accumulated experimental data set. As a result, a markedly negative value was obtained for the Fe–Mg excess interaction parameter of clinopyroxene (WFeMgCpx = − 3843 J mol−1). The pressure correction is simply treated as linear, and the difference in volume of the Fe–Mg exchange reaction was calculated from a published thermodynamic data set and fixed to be −120.72 (J kbar−1 mol−1). The regressed and obtained thermometer formulation is as follows:
image

where T = temperature, P = pressure (kbar), A = 0.5 Xgrs (Xprp − Xalm − Xsps), B = 0.5 Xgrs (Xprp − Xalm + Xsps), C = 0.5 (Xgrs + Xsps) (Xprp − Xalm), Xprp = Mg/(Fe2+ + Mn + Mg + Ca)Grt, Xalm = Fe/(Fe2+ + Mn + Mg + Ca)Grt, Xsps = Mn/(Fe2+ + Mn + Mg + Ca)Grt, Xgrs = Ca/(Fe2+ + Mn + Mg + Ca)Grt, XMgCpx = Mg/(Al + Fetotal + Mg)Cpx, XFeCpx = Fe2+/(Al + Fetotal + Mg)Cpx, KD = (Fe2+/Mg)Grt/(Fe2+/Mg)Cpx, Grt = garnet, Cpx = clinopyroxene. A test of this new formulation to the accumulated data gave results that are concordant with the experimental temperatures over the whole range of the experimental temperatures (800–1820 °C), with a standard deviation (1 sigma) of 74 °C. Previous formulations of the thermometer are inconsistent with the accumulated data set; they underestimate temperatures by about 100 °C at >1300 °C and overestimate by 100–200 °C at <1300 °C. In addition, they tend to overestimate temperatures for high‐Ca garnet (Xgrs ≈ 0.30–0.50). This new formulation has been tested against previous formulations of the thermometer by application to natural eclogites. This gave temperatures some 20–100 °C lower than previous formulations.
Application of the titanium‐in‐quartz thermometer to pelitic migmatites from the Adirondack Highlands, New York
Authors: STORM L. C. , SPEAR F. S.
Published: July 2009

The ‘TitaniQ’ (Ti‐in‐quartz) solubility thermometer was applied to migmatitic metapelites from the southern and western Adirondack Highlands, New York, to examine the effect of granulite facies metamorphism on the distribution of Ti in quartz. Both cathodoluminescence imaging and quantitative traverses revealed that individual grains of Adirondack quartz are highly zoned with respect to Ti, and that core‐to‐rim decreases of Ti are common. Large ranges in calculated temperature were observed within each sample. One sample, not considered to be saturated with respect to TiO2, gave maximum temperatures more than 100 °C lower than previously estimated peak temperatures. Rutile‐saturated southern and western Adirondack samples yielded peak estimates of ≥803 ± 11 °C and ∼860–870 °C, respectively, which are similar to previous estimates from major phase thermometry. Minimum Ti‐in‐quartz matrix temperatures from rutile‐saturated samples are 630 °C, which is interpreted as the closure temperature for Ti diffusion in quartz in these samples. This study demonstrates that Ti‐in‐quartz thermometry can yield details of rock evolution if the textural setting and reaction history of the quartz is clear, and can yield near‐peak metamorphic temperatures in some cases, if care is taken to test for post‐peak diffusional resetting.
Phlogopite and quartz lamellae in diamond‐bearing diopside from marbles of the Kokchetav massif, Kazakhstan: exsolution or replacement reaction?
Authors: DOBRZHINETSKAYA L. F. , WIRTH R. , RHEDE D. , LIU Z. , GREEN H. W.
Published: July 2009

Exsolution lamellae of pyroxene in garnet (grt), coesite in titanite and omphacite from UHPM terranes are widely accepted as products of decompression. However, interpretation of oriented lamellae of phyllosilicates, framework silicates and oxides as a product of decompression of pyroxene is very often under debate. Results are presented here of FIB‐TEM, FEG‐EMP and synchrotron‐assisted infrared (IR) spectroscopy studies of phlogopite (Phlog) and phlogopite + quartz (Qtz) lamellae in diamond‐bearing clinopyroxene (Cpx) from ultra‐high pressure (UHP) marble. These techniques allowed collection of three‐dimensional information from the grain boundaries of both the single (phlogopite), two‐phase lamellae (phlogopite + quartz), and fluid inclusions inside of diamond included in K‐rich Cpx and understanding their relationships and mechanisms of formation.

The Cpx grains contain in their cores lamellae‐I, which are represented by topotactically oriented extremely thin lamellae of phlogopite (that generally are two units cell wide but locally can be seen to be somewhat broader) and microdiamond. The core composition is: (Ca0.94K0.04Na0.02) (Al0.06Fe0.08Mg0.88) (Si1.98Al0.02)O6.00. Fluid inclusions rich in K and Si are recognized in the core of the Cpx, having no visible connections to the lamellae‐I. Lamellar‐II inclusions consist of micron‐size single laths of phlogopite and lens‐like quartz or slightly elongated phlogopite + quartz intergrowths; all are situated in the rim zone of the Cpx. The composition of the rim is (Ca0.95Fe0.03Na0.02) (Al0.05Fe0.05Mg0.90)Si2O6, and the rim contains more Ca, Mg then the core, with no K there. Such chemical tests support our microstructural observations and conclusion that the phlogopite lamellae‐I are exsolved from the K‐rich Cpx‐precursor during decompression. It is assumed that Cpx‐precursor was also enriched in H2O, because diamond included in the core of this Cpx contains fluid inclusions. The synchrotron IR spectra of such diamond record the presence of OH− stretching and H2O bending motion regions. Lamellar‐II inclusions are interpreted as forming partly because of modification of the lamellae‐I in the presence of fluid enriched in K, Fe and Si during deformation of the host diopside; the latter is probably related to the shallower stage of exhumation of the UHP marble. This study emphasizes that in each case to understand the mechanism of lamellar inclusion formation more detailed studies are needed combining both compositional, structural and three‐dimensional textural features of lamellar inclusions and their host.
Genetically engineered pig red blood cells for clinical transfusion: initial in vitro studies
Authors: Long Cassandra , Hara Hidetaka , Pawlikowski Zachary , Koike Naoko , D'Arville Thomas , Yeh Peter , Ezzelarab Mohamed , Ayares David , Yazer Mark , Cooper David K.C.
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND:Pigs are a potential source of red blood cells (RBCs) and could resolve the shortage of human blood for transfusion. This study investigated in vitro the compatibility of genetically engineered pig RBCs (pRBCs) with the human innate immune response.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Human volunteers of all ABO blood types were sources of sera and those of O blood type were sources of circulating monocytes/macrophages. RBCs from ABO‐compatible (ABO‐C) and ABO‐incompatible (ABO‐I) humans and wild‐type (WT) and α‐1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene‐knockout (GTKO) pigs were tested for hemagglutination, immunoglobulin (Ig)M/IgG antibody binding, and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) using human sera. Phagocytosis of RBCs by human monocyte–derived macrophages was measured by coculture in the absence or presence of pooled human O serum.

RESULTS:RBCs showed significant differences (p < 0.01) with regard to hemagglutination, IgM and IgG binding, and CDC (ABO‐C < GTKO < ABO‐I < WT). In the absence of pooled human O serum (antibodies), there was no phagocytosis of any RBCs; in the presence of serum (antibodies), phagocytosis of ABO‐I RBCs was greater than of WT (p < 0.01), which in turn was greater than of GTKO RBCs (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:GTKO RBCs were significantly more compatible than ABO‐I and WT RBCs, but were not comparable to ABO‐C combinations. In the presence of antibody, human monocyte–derived macrophages phagocytosed ABO‐I RBC/sera combinations more efficiently than pRBCs. These observations contribute to our ultimate goal of using genetically engineered pRBCs for clinical blood transfusion. However, pigs will require other modifications or manipulations if they are to become suitable for human transfusion.
Alloanti‐c/ce in a c+ceAR/Ce patient suggests that the rare RHCE*ceAR allele (ceAR) encodes a partial c antigen
Authors: Peyrard Thierry , Pham Bach‐Nga , Poupel Sylvie , Martin‐Blanc Stéphanie , Auxerre Carine , Kappler‐Gratias Sandrine , Bonin Philippe , Rouger Philippe , Le Pennec Pierre‐Yves
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: ceAR (RHCE*ceAR) is a rare RH allele encountered in people of African/Caribbean ancestry, known to encode a partial e antigen. The homozygous ceAR/ceAR genotype encodes the rare blood group Hr−. This study describes alloanti‐c/ce in a ceAR/Ce patient, suggesting that ceAR also encodes a partial c antigen.

CASE REPORT: A 21‐year‐old patient suffering from intermediate β‐thalassemia, with transfusion history, was hospitalized for severe anemia. Blood samples were referred to the National Reference Laboratory for suspicion of a mixture of alloantibodies or an alloantibody to a high‐prevalence antigen.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard hemagglutination methods were performed to investigate the patient's RBCs and serum. A molecular analysis of RHD and RHCE was carried out by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing.

RESULTS: Blood type performed by the referring laboratory was B, D+C+E−c+e+, K−. Several antibodies were identified: anti‐c/ce, anti‐Fyb, anti‐Jka, and anti‐S. Full serologic investigations showed that anti‐c/ce could be very likely considered as an alloantibody. The patient's genotype was ceAR/Ce. Anti‐c/ce reacted with ceAR/ceEK, ceEK/ceEK, and ceAR/ceBI but not with ceAR/ceAR, ceMO/ceMO, and ces(340)/ces(340) RBCs.

CONCLUSION: This is the first case of alloanti‐c/ce related to ceAR, suggesting that this rare RHCE allele encodes a partial c antigen. The presence of the C antigen in the patient allowed for the partial expression of the c antigen encoded by ceAR. The c antigen encoded by ceAR appeared to be different than that encoded by ceEK and ceBI and may share common lacking epitopes with the c antigens encoded by ceMO and ces(340).
Disproportionality and Disaster: Hurricane Katrina and the Mississippi River‐Gulf Outlet*
Authors: Freudenburg William R. , Gramling Robert , Laska Shirley , Erikson Kai T.
Published: July 2009

Objectives. Although many observers have interpreted Hurricane Katrina's damage to New Orleans as a case of nature striking humans, we draw on the sociological concept of the growth machine to show that much of the damage resulted instead from what humans had done to nature—in the name but not the reality of “economic development.”

Methods. We triangulate findings from multiple qualitative techniques, including first‐hand fieldwork, interviews, and analyses of historical records. We focus on a particularly telling illustration: the Mississippi River‐Gulf Outlet, a transportation canal.

Results. Although the canal was widely predicted to deliver prosperity, it mainly created environmental damage, destroying wetlands that had formerly protected New Orleans from hurricanes. Despite enthusiastic predictions about its economic importance—plus millions of dollars in ongoing federal investments—the “outlet” was used by only a dozen of the ships for which it was designed during the entire last year before Katrina hit.

Conclusions. This was clearly not a case of an “enduring conflict” between the environment and the economy; it was a case where economic benefits to a tiny number of beneficiaries created profound costs to the environment, and to humans in turn. Claims about supposed “economic benefits” from environmentally harmful projects need to be examined more closely in other contexts, as well.
Exploring the Academic Benefits of Friendship Ties for Latino Boys and Girls*
Authors: Riegle‐Crumb Catherine , Callahan Rebecca M.
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We examine how the racial/ethnic and generational status composition of Latino students' friendship groups is related to their academic achievement and whether there are differential effects by gender.

Methods. We use multivariate regression analyses to examine the effects of friends' characteristics on Latino students' end of high school grades, utilizing data from the Adolescent Health and Academic Achievement Study (AHAA), and its parent survey, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health).

Results. For Latina girls, there are positive effects of having more friendship ties to third‐plus‐generation Latino peers in contrast to dominant culture peers; yet Latino boys benefit academically from ties to all co‐ethnic peers. Having friends with higher parental education promotes achievement of both genders.

Conclusion. Our results counter notions of a pervasive negative peer influence of minority youth and suggest that co‐ethnic ties are an important source of social capital for Latino students' achievement.
Issue Voting and Crime in Gubernatorial Elections*
Authors: Cummins Jeff
Published: July 2009

Objective. Research on gubernatorial elections has focused extensively on the impact of the economy, ignoring other noneconomic issues that voters may consider when casting their ballots. This article examines the impact of one such noneconomic issue, crime, to determine whether voters hold governors accountable for crime rates and, if so, whether they incorporate national‐ or state‐level conditions. In addition, I investigate whether more educated segments of the electorate are likely to engage in issue voting.

Methods. I empirically analyze these propositions using aggregate‐level data on gubernatorial elections from 1986–2004.

Results. The data analysis reveals that crime significantly influences gubernatorial races, voters consider state‐ rather than national‐level conditions, and that crime rates have a larger impact in states with a more educated population.

Conclusion. Future inquiries should explore other noneconomic issues at the national and subnational levels to determine the breadth of issues that impact elections.
The Timing of Presidential Cinema*
Authors: Uscinski Joseph E.
Published: July 2009

Objective.Researchers have examined the social meaning of political cinema; however, little research places film into its contemporary political and economic context. Therefore, I examine the timing of the production and release of presidential cinema.

Methods.The data are comprised of major motion picture releases from the years 1953–2004 that include a U.S. president as a character. Regression analysis is used to determine how the temporal release of movies featuring a president corresponds to social realities.

Results.I find that the release of presidential cinema is correlated with the party that controls the actual White House and with the number of consecutive terms that the same party has been in the White House. More films with presidents are released during Democratic administrations than during Republican administrations and more films with presidents are released during first rather than second terms. This appears more acute during presidential election years. The state of the national economy affects the release of presidential cinema as well. Strong economies lead to the release of more films with presidents.

Conclusions.This suggests that popular film content is affected not only by filmmaker whim and creativity, but also by measurable contemporary political and economic conditions. Future studies investigating film content should account for how national trends affect popular entertainment.
Collateral Consequences of a Collateral Penalty: The Negative Effect of Felon Disenfranchisement Laws on the Political Participation of Nonfelons*
Authors: Bowers Melanie , Preuhs Robert R.
Published: July 2009

Objective. Felon disenfranchisement (FD) policies are said to not only prohibit (ex)felons from voting, but also reduce the political influence of particular groups that are most affected by FD laws. This study tests several hypotheses regarding the role of socialization on individual‐level political participation to examine the claims that nonfelons' probability of voting is reduced by strict FD laws.

Methods. The study uses multilevel modeling and two separate individual‐level data sets of those registered to vote to examine the effect of FD laws on the probability of voting.

Results. The findings demonstrate that strict FD laws reduce the probability of voting for blacks, but not whites, while the results are mixed for several other demographic groups.

Conclusions. Beyond the direct removal of ex‐felons from the voter pool, FD policy can undermine the mechanism of political socialization, leading to potentially greater biases in the electoral arena than previously thought.
Partisan Reinforcement and the Poor: The Impact of Context on Explanations for Poverty*
Authors: Hopkins Daniel J.
Published: July 2009

Objective.Past research has demonstrated that Americans view poverty in racial terms, and that they often blame the poor for their situation. This article's objective is to determine if local contexts can influence these views.

Methods.Synthesizing racial and political theories of contextual effects, I use two nationally representative surveys to explore Americans' explanations for poverty.

Results.People living in areas where the poor are mostly white are less likely to attribute poverty to the failings of the poor themselves, as theories of racial threat would predict. However, a second finding is stronger: the percentage of the county that voted Republican in the last election consistently predicts less structural and more individualistic explanations of poverty.

Conclusions.Local processes of partisan reinforcement play a key role in shaping explanations of poverty.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
Authors: FEFER PAUL , CHELVANATHAN ANJALA , DICK ALEXANDER J. , TEITELBAUM EARL J. , STRAUSS BRADLY H. , COHEN ERIC A.
Published: July 2009

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy often presents to the cardiac catheterization laboratory masquerading as acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Some of these patients present in shock secondary to dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. The typical patient is an elderly, hypertensive female with sigmoid deformity of the intraventricular septum. The management of hemodynamic instability in these patients is different from patients with STEMI. While hemodynamic instability in the setting of STEMI is usually treated with inotropic agents and intraaortic balloon counterpulsation, these therapies can increase LVOT pressure gradients in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy and lead to deepening of shock and worse outcomes. Thus accurate diagnosis and correct management are essential to prevent mortality in these patients, who will usually go on to have good long‐term outcomes. This case report and literature review addresses the clinical characteristics, outcome, and management of these patients.
Quantitative Coronary Angiography in the Current Era: Principles and Applications
Authors: GARRONE PAOLO , BIONDI‐ZOCCAI GIUSEPPE , SALVETTI ILARIA , SINA NOEMI , SHEIBAN IMAD , STELLA PETER R. , AGOSTONI PIERFRANCESCO
Published: July 2009

Coronary angiography, despite its inherent invasiveness and need for contrast media and radiographic exposure, is still routinely employed every year for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of millions of patients with or at risk for coronary artery disease. Whereas approximate visual estimation is the most common way to evaluate coronary angiography findings, since the late 1980s a number of investigators have developed and investigated methods of quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) analysis exploiting automated or semi‐automated edge detection. Despite the inherent drawback of QCA due to its focus on the contrast‐filled lumen of the vessel, QCA has offered and continues to offer important insights for clinical research and, in selected cases, clinical practice. This review aims thus to provide a comprehensive and updated viewpoint on the actual role of QCA.