bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ЧЕРВА С.М. ПАМЯТНИКИ КОНГРЕГАЦИИ СВЯТОГО ДОМИНИКА ОРДЕНА БРАТЬЕВ-ПРОПОВЕДНИКОВ В РАГУЗЕ. КНИГА ПЕРВАЯ / пер., вступит, ст., коммент. Ре лье Сеферовича. Загреб; Дубровник, 2017. 384 с, "Средние века"
Authors: Vorobyeva Irina
Published: July 2021

Рецензируемая книга о Конгрегации Ордена братьев-проповедников Дубровника (Рагуза) издана в 2017 г. к 800-летию образования доминиканского ордена в Европе. Том включает исследовательскую статью ведущего научного сотрудника Института исторических наук Хорватской академии наук и искусств в Дубровнике Релье Сеферовича и публикацию латинской рукописи «Памятники Конгрегации Святого Доминика Ордена братьев-проповедников в Рагузе», автором которой является Серафин Мариа Черва (1686-1759). Книга содержит важные свидетельства о религиозной жизни на Балканах в XIII-XIV вв. Российские медиевисты обнаруживают некоторые параллели в государственном устройстве Дубровника и русских городов, поэтому рецензируемая книга может пригодиться и в компаративистских исследованиях.
БОЛЬШЕ, ЧЕМ ПОСОБИЕ НИДЕРЛАНДСКИЕ ОБЛАСТИ ОТ БАТАВОВ И БЕЛТОВ ДО БЕЛЬГИЙСКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ 1830 г.: УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ / отв. ред. Г.А. Шатохина-Мордвинцева. М.: ГАУГН-Пресс, 2018. 252 с., илл., карты, "Средние века"
Authors: Уваров П.Ю.
Published: July 2021

Рецензируется учебное пособие, представляющее собой очерк истории стран Бенилюкса от доисторических времен до 1830 г. Написание истории данного региона по образцам, разработанным для национальных централизованных государств, по многим причинам весьма затруднительно. Однако уникальная сложность исторического развития этих во всех смыслах богатейших областей сама по себе может служить одним из ключей к секрету «европейского чуда».
ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ВОДОРОДА В ПРОЦЕССЕ ПЛАЗМЕННОЙ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ОТХОДОВ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Артемов А. В. , Переславцев А.В. , Вощинин С.А. , Тресвятский С.С. , Коробцев С.В.
Published: July 2021

Приведены данные о составе пирогаза Комплекса высокотемпературного плазменного конвертера (ВТПК) и показано, что при использовании отходов различного морфологического состава содержание водорода в пирогазе практически постоянно и составляет 90–100 кг/ч при производительности Комплекса 25 000 т в год. Проанализированы основные технико-экономические показатели работы Комплекса ВТПК и Комплекса ВТПК, сопряжённого с блоком алга-технологий (ВТПК + БАТ). Предложена технология выделения СО и Н из пирогаза. Предлагаемая технология позволяет при указанной производительности Комплекса по отходам выделять из пирогаза водород в количестве ~80 кг/ч и увеличивать прибыль на 400–500 млн руб./год.
ВОДОНАПОРНЫЕ БАШНИ ВЫБОРГА, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: БАЛОВА О.А.
Published: July 2021

Вопросы водоснабжения во все времена были значимыми в политике городского строительства, поэтому так важно знать, с чего начинали предыдущие поколения, как шло развитие водопроводных систем в различных городах нашей страны. Без воды жизнь на земле невозможна…
ИММУНИЗАЦИЯ ВАКЦИНОЙ БЦЖ ДЕТЕЙ – ПРОШЛОЕ И НАСТОЯЩЕЕ. К 100-ЛЕТИЮ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ВАКЦИНЫ БЦЖ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Ovsyankina E.S. , Юхименко Н.В. , Губкина М.Ф. , Панова Л.В. , Эргешов А.Э.
Published: July 2021

Обзор посвящен вопросам иммунизации вакциной БЦЖ. На основании данных истории и современной литературы обосновывается ее эффективность в отношении профилактики развития туберкулеза (ТБ) у детей, прежде всего наиболее опасных клинических форм заболевания. Представлена позиция ВОЗ по этому вопросу, по которой вакцинация против ТБ детей – один из основных компонентов Стратегии ВОЗ «Ликвидировать туберкулез».
Determination of the Petro-physical and Natural Radioactivity Properties of Nubian Sandstone Aquifer at the Area of Northwest El Ain Village, Sharq El-Oweinat Area, Southwestern Desert, Egypt
Authors: Twfiq Mohamed Z. , Zarif Fardous M. , Massoud A. , Al-Temamy Ayman M.
Published: July 2021

The Nubian sandstone aquifer's hydrogeophysical and natural radioactivity parameters at the Northwestern part of El Ain village, Sharq El Oweinat, Southwestern desert, Egypt are resolved using geophysical well logging and natural radioactivity techniques. The study aims to monitor the phenomenon of appearing an unusual high gamma-ray at a zone of high resistivity record. A nest of well logs is collected to assess how the phenomenon is widespread. Results of correlated well logs are clarified that this phenomenon at zone between 80 and 100 m and zone of 200 and 230m depth is noticed.  The petro-physical properties are estimated from the recorded well logs. The results showed that the percentage of the average of effective porosity % varies between 20 and 28.2%, while average vary from 2 to 12.5 %, which indicates that the aquifer of Nubian Sandstone is classified as a clean aquifer. The natural radioactivities of the studied area in the rock samples were evaluated using high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The results indicated that the average value of Th-232 is (51.32 ±4.92%) Bq/kg, Ra-226 is (29.03 ± 4.68%) Bq/kg while the radioactivity concentration of K-40 exists only in one sample with low concentration.
Morphological and Biochemical Effects of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf on Cobalt Chloride-Induced Cerebral Damage in Adult Wistar Rats
Authors: Ajibade A. J. , Okeleye A. E. , Ogunmola I. A.
Published: July 2021

Cobalt induces hypoxia in the brain which leads to oxygen deprivation resulting in cognitive disturbance and decreased motor control. This study evaluated the effect of Moringa oleifera extract on the cobalt chloride-induced cerebral cortex of adult male wistar rats.

 40 male wistar rats weighing (90 ± 120g) were used for the study and they were divided into 5 groups with each group containing 8 rats. Group A served as control which received distilled water, Group B was treated orally with Cobalt chloride at dose 45 mg/kg, Group C received cobalt chloride 45 mg/kg + low dose of Moringa oleifera extract 250 mg/kg for 52 days, Group D treated with cobalt chloride 45 mg/kg + high dose of Moringa oleifera extract 500 mg/kg and Group E treated with 500 mg/kg Moringa oleifera extract only and rats were sacrificed on the 53rd day by cervical dislocation. The brain of each rat was removed and weighed before half was fixed in formol calcium for histological analysis and the second half was used for oxidative stress parameters. The mean body weight of the wistar rats in group C and E increased significantly (P <0.05) while it decreased significantly (P <0.05) in group D. The biochemical analysis shows a significant increase (P<0.05) in the level of MDA in group B and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in group E. additionally, NO level shows a significant increase (P<0.05) in group B compared with control. SDH activity decreased significantly in group C, D, and E. Microscopic examination of the cerebral cortex in group B, C and D showed degenerative changes compared with normal histological features in A and E.

The study concluded that cobalt chloride induced cerebral cortical damage while administration of Moringa oleifera extract attenuated the toxic effect of cobalt chloride in wistar rats.
Health Impacts of Alcohol Consumption: Report on Focus Group Findings
Authors: Theingi M. M. , Sakthiavelan S. K. , Kirtisha R. , Jeswary R. , Gowsshalya R. , Praveen S. K.
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Alcohol is one of the most widely used drug substances in the world. Most people drink a small or moderate amount of alcohol to make them calm and enhance their social activities. Alcohol have become many individuals’ livelihood and that itself is a major catastrophe for some people. This study aims to obtain perspectives in regards to Alcohol consumption among participants of different age groups, education backgrounds, religions, races and social statuses.

Methods: A focus group discussion consists of 3 male and 3 female Malaysians with age range from 16 to 45 was conducted. It consists of a mix group of alcohol consumers and non-alcohol consumers, students and adults from different racial backgrounds, genders and age groups. The participants were approached through qualitative research where they were asked both open-ended and close-ended questions based on various themes regarding the subject matter.

Results: In this study, peer pressure is one of the root causes that made most of the participants to initially try alcohol. Family’s acceptance towards alcohol drinking becomes a confounding factor that gives the child to do as they wish. Those who are still in school or universities showed that they consumed more alcohol. The realization of the younger age group towards health implications of alcohol consumption is still poor compared to those of the older age group. Although participants were well aware of the social problems, it is limited to their experiences as well as social backgrounds.

Conclusion: Participants’ knowledge regarding alcohol consumption has to be improved. Further analysis on the alcohol drinking behaviour on a larger scale might be needed to alleviate all the problems caused by alcohol consumption.
Evaluation of the Organ Microscopy, Chemical Composition and Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Methanolic Leaf Extract and Fractions of Diaphananthe bidens
Authors: Umeyor Immaculeta C. , Umeyor Chukwuebuka E. , Ogbue Cyril O. , Onyegbule Felix A. , Okoye Festus B. C.
Published: July 2021

Aim: The study aims to investigate high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-based chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic leaf extract and fractions of D. bidens.

Study Design: The study is a laboratory-based research involving collection, identification and preparation, of plants, extraction, characterization and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of D. bidens.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria between January 2016 and June 2019.

Methodology: Powdered leaves of D. bidens was macerated in methanol and the obtained crude extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethylacetate, butanol, and water respectively. The acute toxicity profile of the extract was determined. Spectroscopic factors of the plant were assayed using HPLC-DAD and the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and its fractions were evaluated.

Results: Acute toxicity study showed that the crude extract has an LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of compounds including apigenin monoglycoside, quercetin 3-O-(6''O-acetyl) galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(6" O-malonyl) glucoside, genistein 8-C-glucoside, while anti-inflammatory study showed that the extract and fractions inhibited cellular activities of inflammatory mediators (86 – 97 %) in comparison with the diclofenac (53 %); thus, supporting its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of inflammation.

Conclusions: Methanolic extract of D. bidens has wide margin of safety. It has sufficient deposit of flavonoids which might be responsible for its strong anti-inflammatory activity that is comparable with diclofenac.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Dry Matter Accumulation and Nutrient Uptake by Maize (Variety-MS 2) under Poplar Agroforestry System
Authors: Sahoo Gyanaranjan , Wani Afaq Majid , Roul Pravat Kumar , Dash Asim Chandra
Published: July 2021

Aims: To evaluate the influence of farmyard manure, vermicompost, mustard oil cake, poultry manure, and inorganic fertilisers (N, P, K) on maize dry matter buildup and nutrient uptake by plants, as well as to demonstrate how maize may be produced in a poplar agroforestry system.

Study Design: Randomized block design.

Place and Duration of Study: Forest Nursery, College of Forestry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India, between July 2019 – October 2019 and  July 2020 – October 2020.

Methodology: The research was laid out in Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with twelve treatments viz., T1 (Control), T2 (100% Recommended dose of fertilizer), T3 (75%) RDF), T4 (50%) RDF), T5 (75%) RDF + (25%) RDF through FYM), T6 (50%) RDF + (50%) RDF through FYM), T7 (75%) RDF + (25%) RDF through Mustard Oilcake, T8 (50%) RDF + (50%) RDF through Mustard Oilcake and T9 (75%) RDF + (25%) RDF through Vermicompost, T10 (50%) RDF + (50%) RDF through Vermicompost, T11 (75%) RDF + (25%) RDF through poultry manure and T12 (50%) RDF + (50%) RDF through poultry manure. These treatment combinations were applied prior to sowing of maize. After harvesting of maize in October, the said observations i.e. dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake by maize plant were calculated.

Results: In the effect of twelve treatments, T9 (75% RDF + 25% N through Vermicompost) considerably influenced and recorded highest dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake by maize, followed by T11 during two consecutive years, while T1 (control), where no fertiliser or manure was applied under a poplar agroforestry system, recorded the lowest.

Conclusion: by application of vermicompost in combination with chemical fertiliser considerably improved growth characteristics and output. All of the treatments had a considerable impact on maize growth and yield. The optimum result was found to be 75 % RDF + 25 % Vermicompost (T9) in the current study. Our results indicated that, organic fertilizer can be a superior supplement of inorganic fertilizer to produce healthier growth and yield of maize.
Yield Improvement and Nutrient Uptake of Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense) for Agronomic Interventions
Authors: Himasree B. , Hemalatha S. , Sumathi V. , Sudhakar P. , Nagamadhuri K. V.
Published: July 2021

Field experiments were conducted during kharif, 2019 and kharif 2020 at S.V. Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati with three different times of sowing of little millet (second fortnight of June, first fortnight of July and second fortnight of July) in combination with three methods of establishment (Broadcasting, Sowing at 30 cm × 10 cm and transplanting 20 days old seedlings) and three nitrogen levels (20 kg N ha-1, 30 kg N ha-1 and 40 kg N ha-1). The results of the experiment revealed that among the three times of sowing, second fortnight of June sowings recorded higher grain yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake of little millet while lower values of these were obtained with July second fortnight sown crop during both the years of study. Transplanted little millet resulted in superior grain yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake compared to broadcasting and sowing at 30 cm × 10 cm. Maximum values of grain yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake were observed with application of 40 kg N ha-1 while minimum values of these parameters were obtained with application of 20 kg N ha-1. Transplanting little millet during second fortnight of June along with the application of 40 kg N ha-1 achieved higher grain and straw yield besides nutrient uptake by grain.
The effect of CPA Firms, Audit Fee and CPA Rotation on Earnings Quality (Case Study: IT Industry in China)
Authors: Hsiao Chih-Yi , Jiang Zi-Ruo
Published: July 2021

In recent years, there are many researches on the relationship between CPA firms and earnings quality. However, the manipulation of profit and loss by listed companies still exists. Different from previous studies, this paper selects all the information technology industry of Chinas listed companies in 2019 as the research object, and uses the fuzzy-set/ qualitative comparative analysis method (fs/QCA) to explore the impact of accounting firm size, audit fees and accounting rotation on earnings quality. The results show that regular rotation of accountants and separation of two rights are the key factors to improve earnings quality. On this basis, small-scale companies in the development stage need to pay more public audit fees to obtain professional advice, but they do not need to hire large-scale CPA firms; For large-scale companies with system, the public audit fee should not be too high, and whether to employ large-scale firms does not affect the earnings quality; For a company with poor financial structure, it is not necessary to employ large-scale CPA firms and the public audit fee should not be too high.
Determinants of Relative Efficiency in Indian Food Processing Sector
Authors: Smagh Akashdeep Singh , Dharni Khushdeep , Vashisht Pushpinder , Sharma Ramandeep Kumar
Published: July 2021

The present study was undertaken to measure and compare the relative efficiencies of selected Food Processing Companies in India. The relationship between firm performance and selected variables in food processing sector has also been studied. Set considered for analysis consisted of 20 food processing companies with period of analysis covering 8 years from 2005 to 2012. Efficiency status of the firm was regressed upon using capital to sales ratio, labor cost to sales ratio, raw material cost to sales ratio and energy cost to sales ratio as explanatory variable. Results indicate that except for labor cost to sales ratio all other variables were having significant negative impact on the efficiency of food processing companies.
Design of a Microcontroller Based Community Security System for Developing Nations
Authors: Akinwole O. O. , Adewale A. S. , Ojo A. J.
Published: July 2021

There can never be any time in the history of mankind that issue of community security secures the rapt attentions of all and sundries. It is believed in many security circles that the upsurge may not be unconnected from craves for materialism, ubiquitous social media technologies and a breakdown in citizen’s value systems. The design uses an AtMega328P based Microcontroller to develop the security system. It uses Photosensitive and Passive Infrared devices as sensors. Codes were written and compiled. Simulation was done using Proteus while implementation was achieved on breadboard. The system operates each time an intruder is sensed; with the presence of any burglar, a buzzer sounds an alarm and security lighting system switch on for five minutes. A 16 by 2 LCD unit displays the state of the machine.  It is believed undoubtedly that the loud noise from the buzzer will keep awake the domestic buildings’ occupants and other security conscious neighbours thereby scaring away the unwanted guests.
A Case Report on Reversible Toxic Optic Neuropathy on Long Term Treatment of Linezolid in Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patient
Authors: Kardani Sunil , Hadia Rajesh , Shah Ashish , Parmar Ghanshyam , Maheshwari Rajesh , Seth Avinash , Rathod Trupal , Joshi Dhaval
Published: July 2021

We describe a case of Linezolid-induced severe toxic optic neuropathy in a patient with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Linezolid produced severe toxic optic neuropathy in some who used it for a long time. To the best of our knowledge, the optic neuropathy was completely reversed after omitting Linezolid which is one of the effective drug regimens in his prescription, with significant improvements in eye vision.
Surgical Outcome of Hirschsprung’s Disease in Male Child: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Dhole Pallavi
Published: July 2021

Introduction: This disorder characterized by absence of particular nerve cells (ganglions) in a segment of the bowel in an infant. Ganglion cell absence allows the muscles of the intestines to lose their capacity to pass faeces across the peristalsis of the intestine. This condition affects the large intestine and causes problem with passing stool. The condition is congenital. In around 1 out of 5000 live births, Hirschsprung disease occurs and is three times more frequent in boys than girls. About 12% of cases are due to genetic disorders.

Patient history: A 2 years old male was admitted in A.V.B.R. Hospital in paediatric ward. His chief complaint was inability to pass stools on his own, fever, vomiting, constipation.

Paediatric history: This male child was born by Lower segment caesarean section. At the age of 17 months, the complaint started with inability to pass stool on his own. After that his parents approached A.V.B.R. Hospital and Doctor advised for further medical and surgical management.

Main symptoms and importance of clinical findings: The patient had undergone various investigations like blood tests, USG, Physical examination and. rectal biopsy and per abdominal x-ray.

Medical Management: Patient was treated with trans-anal endorectal pull through surgery under general anaesthesia

Nursing management: Administered fluid replacement i.e. DNS and RL, monitored all vital signs checked 8 hourly.

Conclusion: The 2 years old male was admitted in A.V.B.R. Hospital in paediatric ward. His chief complaint was inability to pass stools on his own, fever, vomiting, constipation etc. after undergoing investigation he was diagnosed as Hirschsprung’s disease.
Outcomes Assessment between Hand Sewn and Stapled Intestinal Anastomosis
Authors: Yousfani Zubair Ahmad , Das Khenpal , Atta Jabeen , Rind Ghullamullah , Zoya Moomal , Devi Shanti
Published: July 2021

Objective: This study was conducted at the Department of Surgery of Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan for comparing the effectiveness of both methods: hand sewn and stapled intestinal anastomosis and to find a better comparatively to be more efficient.

Methods: A total of 70 patients were encompassed who underwent intestinal anastomoses from proximal jejunum to 2/3rd of proximal distal rectum. All patients were assigned to two different groups A and B each encompassing of 35 cases. In group A, the single layer continuous and in group B single layer patients intervallic serosubmucosal anastomosis was made by implementing the stitches approximately 6 mm at a distance integrating around 5.5 mm of the gut in its stretched direction axis evading individual mucosa. The patients were observed post operatively for anastomotic fiasco such as leakage.

Results: Fourteen (14) out of 35 (2.5%) patients in group A developed anastomotic leakage . In group B, the interrupted serosubmucosal anastomoses were made in 26 patients in emergency and remaining were operated schedule wise. Five (7%) patients exhibited anastomotic leakage in group B. In group A, the continuous leakage in serousubmucosal anastomosis was 2.5% while in group B interrupted serousubmucosal anastomosis was 7%.

Conclusion: It has observed in past studies that single layer interrupted stitches leakage is higher as compared to continuous. It is clear that anastomotic failure in group A is greater than group B but it not considerably substantial and hence both are remarkably efficient.
The Importance of Early Management of Severe Biliary Infection: Current Concepts
Authors: Amillo-Zaragüeta Mireia , Nve Esther , Casanova Daniel , Garro Pau , Badia Josep M
Published: July 2021

Background

The incidence of biliary infections is rising worldwide and has become one of the main reasons for emergency admissions.

Methods

This is a narrative review of the literature emphasizing news concepts related to the early management of biliary diseases.

Results

The bacteriology is frequently polymicrobial, with a progressive increase of multidrug resistant bacteria. The form of presentation is variable, and the mortality rate may reach 20%. When cholecystitis or cholangitis is suspected, ultrasound is the gold standard imaging test. Depending on the severity of presentation, local resistances, and risk factors for multiresistant organisms, the most appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment must be initiated. In acute cholecystitis, cholecystectomy plays the main therapeutic role. In patients not suitable for surgery, percutaneous cholecystostomy is a valid alternative for source control. Treatment of severe cholangitis is based on the drainage of the bile duct and antibiotic therapy.

Conclusions

Biliary infections are serious conditions that can lead to sepsis and death. The introduction of new internationally accepted guidelines, based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging, provides a platform for their timely diagnosis and management. Early severity assessment, initiation of intravenous antibiotics, and source control are fundamental to improving morbidity and mortality.
Simultaneously Improving Strength and Ductility of Mg−3Li−8Gd−2Y−1.5Ag Alloy by Solution Treatment and Hot‐Rolling Process
Authors: Liu Meiduo , Zhang Zhen , Wu Ruizhi , Wang Yang
Published: July 2021

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg−3Li−8Gd−2Y−1.5Ag (wt%) alloy at as‐cast state, as‐solution state, and as‐rolled state (three rolling reductions of 30, 50, and 70%) are investigated. With the increase in solution time at 520 °C, the dissolution of Mg24(Gd,Y)5 phase along the grain boundaries and the coarsening of grain size occur. The solution parameters of 520 °C/4 h are chosen in combination with microstructural evolution, grain size, and microhardness. The dynamic precipitation of irregular spherical‐like β1, needle‐like β′, fine β, and twins is observed after 30% hot rolling at 450 °C. With increasing the reduction to 70%, the number of β1, β′, and twins increases and massive stacking faults (SFs) appear in the twins. The strength and ductility of Mg−3Li−8Gd−2Y−1.5Ag alloy are simultaneously improved by the combination of solution treatment and hot‐rolling process due to the precipitation strengthening of β1 and β′, the formation of twins and SFs, and the fragmentation of Mg24(Gd,Y)5 phase along the grain boundaries.
Compression Behavior of Carbon‐Bonded Alumina Spaghetti Filters at Room and High Temperatures
Authors: Wu Xian , Wetzig Tony , Aneziris Christos G. , Weidner Anja , Biermann Horst
Published: July 2021

The room and high temperature compression behavior of carbon‐bonded alumina spaghetti filters is investigated. The samples developed for high‐temperature steel melt filtration are produced by alginate‐based robo gel casting. In comparison with foam filters with hollow struts made by the replica technique, the spaghetti filters manufactured via the novel route exhibit full strut cross section. Brittle behavior of the samples is observed at room temperature and 800 °C, whereas at 1500 °C, the material shows ductile deformation. Moreover, the compressive strength at 1500 °C is higher than that at room temperature and 800 °C. In comparison with the previously studied carbon‐bonded alumina foam filters of similar bulk material composition and similar size produced by the replica method, the spaghetti filters exhibit significantly higher compression strength at high temperatures. The full struts and the relatively high bulk density of the spaghetti filters have positive influence on their mechanical strength.
Tumor Associated Macrophages and TAMs‐Based Anti‐Tumor Nanomedicines
Authors: Cheng Yuxi , Song Siyang , Wu Peiyao , Lyu Bochen , Qin Mengmeng , Sun Yanan , Sun Aning , Mu Limin , Xu Fei , Zhang Lu , Wang Jiancheng , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2021

As an important part of tumor microenvironment, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play a vital role in the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of many malignant tumors and can significantly promote the formation of tumor blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, hence TAMs are greatly associated with poor prognosis. The research on nanomedicine has achieved huge progress, and nano‐drugs have been widely utilized to treat various diseases through different mechanisms. Therefore, developing nano‐drugs that are based on TAMs‐associated anti‐tumor mechanisms to effectively suppress tumor growth is expected to be a promising research filed. This paper introduces relevant information about TAMs in terms of their origin, and their roles in tumor genesis, development and metastasis. Furthermore, TAMs‐related anti‐tumor nano‐drugs are summarized. Specifically, a wide range of nano‐drugs targeting at TAMs are introduced, and categorized according to their therapeutic mechanisms toward tumors. Additionally, various nano delivery platforms using TAMs as cell carriers which aim at inhibiting tumor growth are reviewed. These two parts elucidate that the exploration of nanomedicine is essential to the study on TAMs‐related anti‐tumor strategies. This review is also intended to provide novel ideas for in‐depth investigation on anti‐tumor molecular mechanisms and nano‐drug delivery systems based on TAMs.
Color‐Tunable All‐Fluorescent White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with a High External Quantum Efficiency Over 30% and Extended Device Lifetime
Authors: Zhang Chen , Zhang Dongdong , Bin Zhengyang , Liu Ziyang , Zhang Yuewei , Lee Hyuna , Kwon Jang Hyuk , Duan Lian
Published: July 2021

White organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with high efficiencies and tunable colors attracts considerable interest from the industry and academia. Thermally activated delayed‐fluorescence (TADF) emitters can revolutionize such WOLED devices; however, they still suffer from poor performances. In this study, an advanced double‐emissive‐layer device architecture capable of hole‐trapping TADF‐sensitized emissions is proposed to not only achieve a recombination zone shift for the tunable colors but also accelerate exciton emission dynamics for high efficiency and alleviated roll‐off. The proof‐of‐concept WOLEDs exhibit significant shifts in their Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates and correlated color temperatures from (0.40, 0.47) and 4088 K at 100 cd m−2 to (0.27, 0.33) and 9269 K at 5000 cd m−2. Additionally, the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) reaches 30.7% and remains >25% over a wide luminance range of 500–5000 cd m−2, along with an extended LT80 of over 20 000 h at an initial luminance of 100 cd m−2. This is the first time that all‐fluorescent WOLEDs have been used to realize an EQE exceeding 30%, thereby establishing a new benchmark in this field.
Highly Elastic Scaffolds Produced by Melt Electrowriting of Poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Sanchez Diaz Raquel , Park Jong‐Ryul , Rodrigues Leona L. , Dalton Paul D. , De‐Juan‐Pardo Elena M. , Dargaville Tim R.
Published: July 2021

A rapid and efficient system to adapt commercially available polymers for melt electrowriting (MEW) for the fabrication of micro‐fibrous scaffolds is introduced. Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) is currently the gold standard for MEW due to its low melt viscosity and its use in tissue regeneration. While several other polymers have been used for MEW, they involve small‐scale custom synthesis meaning beyond PCL there is a scarcity of commercial polymers suitable for MEW. Furthermore, PCL has a long degradation time and lacks the elasticity needed for many applications. Poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) (PLCL) is an elastic polymer with relatively fast degradation profile and is commercially available in high purity. Its high melt viscosity, however, makes it incompatible with MEW at normal operating temperatures. Rather than modifying the MEW machine, this study uses a simple pre‐treatment of PLCL to tailor the melt viscosity. This treatment involves heating PLCL at 150 °C for 24–48 h to enable MEW printing into scaffolds at 110 °C with fiber diameters 14–40 µm. Scaffolds maintained their elasticity after the thermal degradation process, becoming the first PLCL low‐temperature MEW scaffolds. Moreover, this approach can be readily adapted by any MEW user without manipulating the polymer beyond the thermal treatment in an oven.
Recent Advances in Cobalt‐Catalyzed, Directing‐Group‐Assisted C−H Bond Amidation Reactions
Authors: Sunny Sereena , Karvembu Ramasamy
Published: July 2021

C−N bond formation reactions have garnered a lot of interest in recent years due to the predominance of nitrogen‐containing compounds in most pharmacological medications. Since traditional approaches have several limitations, the transition metal‐catalyzed C−H amidation/amination process has arisen as a more atom‐friendly option. Because there are so many distinct kinds of C−H bonds in organic molecules, selective amidation of C−H bonds has always been a challenge. In this scenario, the directing‐group‐assisted C−H amidation has received considerable attention, especially with inexpensive metal cobalt, due to its unique properties and efficiency. We summarize recent developments in cobalt‐catalyzed directing‐group‐aided C−H bond amidation reactions in this review. We briefly discuss the evolution of directing group preferences and their function in the site selection.

magnified image
Phosphine‐Free Manganese(II)‐Catalyst Enables Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling of Alcohols with Indoles
Authors: Yadav Vinita , Balaraman Ekambaram , Mhaske Santosh B.
Published: July 2021

Herein, an air‐stable, molecularly defined NNN−Mn(II) pincer complex catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols with indoles is reported. A wide variety of symmetrical and unsymmetrical bis(indolyl)methane derivatives as well as some structurally important products such as Vibrindole A, Turbomycin B alkaloid, Antileukemic, and Anticancer agents were synthesized. Mechanistic studies illustrate the importance of the NH moiety in the complex and the crucial role of metal‐ligand cooperation during catalysis.

magnified image
Cascade Reaction of α, β‐Unsaturated Ketones and 2‐Aminoaryl Alcohols for the Synthesis of 3‐Acylquinolines by a Copper Nanocatalyst
Authors: Liu Yuan , Wang Chen , Tong Yixin , Ling Yong , Zhou Changjian , Xiong Biao
Published: July 2021

3‐Acylquinolines possess widespread applications in functional chemicals. However, the convenient and selective synthesis of such important substructures has to date remained a challenge. Herein, we report a method to access 3‐acylquinolines from α, β‐unsaturated ketones and 2‐aminoaryl alcohols in one pot with a copper nanocatalyst supported on nitrogen‐silica‐doped carbon (Cu/N−SiO2−C). Mechanistically, the construction of the product involves a cascade procedure including radical‐type oxidation of 2‐aminoaryl alcohols, aza‐Michael addition and annulation. This developed protocol proceeds with merits of mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, earth‐abundant and reusable copper catalyst, easily available stocks and O2 as the sole oxidant, which provides an alternative way for the sustainable synthesis of quinoline derivatives.

magnified image
C(sp3)−C(sp3) Bond Formation via Electrochemical Alkoxylation and Subsequent Lewis Acid Promoted Reactions
Authors: López Enol , van Melis Carlo , Martín Raúl , Petti Alessia , de la Hoz Antonio , Díaz‐Ortíz Ángel , Dobbs Adrian P. , Lam Kevin , Alcázar Jesús
Published: July 2021

A two‐step transition metal‐free methodology for the C(sp3)−C(sp3) functionalisation of saturated N‐heterocyclic systems is disclosed. First, aminal derivatives are generated through the anodic oxidation of readily accessible carboxylic acids. Then, in the presence of BF3 ⋅ OEt2, iminium ions are unmasked and rapidly alkylated by organozinc reagents under flow conditions. Secondary, tertiary and quaternary carbon centers have been successfully assembled using this methodology. Such an approach is especially relevant to drug discovery since it increases C(sp3)‐functionalities rapidly within a molecular framework. As proof of concept, our methodology was applied to derivatization of peptides and an API.

magnified image
Cyclodextrin‐Assisted Delivery of Azobenzene Photoswitches for Uniform and Long‐Term Restoration of Light Responses in Degenerated Retinas of Blind Mice
Authors: Cao Kevin J. , Lyons Elijah F. , Smith Benjamin E. , Denlinger Bristol L. , Ma Hong , Shirian Jonathan D. , Kramer Richard H.
Published: July 2021

Azobenzene photoswitches are promising drug candidates for bestowing light sensitivity onto retinal neurons after photoreceptors degenerate in blinding disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). A potent photoswitch, BENAQ, targets a subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), interacting with voltage‐gated ion channels to enable light‐triggered action potential firing. In mouse models of RP, injection of BENAQ into the vitreous of the eye photosensitizes RGCs to non‐damaging wavelengths and intensities of light. While the concentration required to elicit light responses is non‐toxic, effective drug delivery to the retina in vivo has remained a serious challenge. BENAQ aggregates near the injection site, causing non‐uniform photosensitization with a half‐life of 7 days, too transient for therapeutic vision restoration. Here, cyclodextrins are used to encapsulate BENAQ via host–guest chemistry to increase solubility and improve retinal delivery. SBE‐CD, a sulfobutylether β‐cyclodextrin, envelops the aromatic moieties of BENAQ to form a stable complex that dramatically enhances photosensitization, prolonging light responses to a half‐life of 31 days. SBE‐CD also ensures dispersal of BENAQ, resulting in uniform photosensitization across the retina. Hence the host–guest interaction between SBE‐CD and BENAQ overcomes limitations of intraocular delivery, guiding how photoswitches may be formulated as a possible treatment for human blindness.
Current and future agronomic perspectives on rainfed soybean production systems in South Africa
Authors: Haarhoff Stephanus J. , Swanepoel Pieter A.
Published: July 2021

Alternative crop and soil management practices can offer additional tools to address current soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield gaps in South Africa. Despite recent genetic advancements and the introduction of novel weed management strategies, soybean yield remained static. Inconsistent rainfall patterns, high temperatures, and soil compaction have been limiting soybean productivity. Uncertainty exists among farmers regarding optimal nitrogen fertilizer management due to inconsistent yield responses and likely due to a shortage of locally generated scientific information. The benefits provided by including soybean in a maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture production system has been identified, however, crop rotation effects on yield in combination with newly introduced agronomic practices such as no‐tillage and crop residue retention are inconsistent. Modern germplasm offers several opportunities to improve water use efficiency by limiting water‐stress conditions during the reproductive growth stages when yield components are highly sensitive. The introduction of less rigorous soil tillage practices alongside greater residue retention can lessen surface runoff and evaporation losses. Scientifically evaluated research is crucially needed to advance the understanding of current soybean yield gaps and to facilitate the development of tailored management practices to address farm‐specific challenges while beneficial soil and crop conditions are taken advantage of.
Single‐Cell Imaging of m6A Modified RNA Using m6A‐Specific In Situ Hybridization Mediated Proximity Ligation Assay (m6AISH‐PLA)
Authors: Ren Xiaojun , Deng Ruijie , Zhang Kaixiang , Sun Yupeng , Li Yue , Li Jinghong
Published: July 2021

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification—the most prevalent mammalian RNA internal modification—plays key regulatory roles in mRNA metabolism. Current approaches for m6A modified RNA analysis limit at bulk‐population level, resulting in a loss of spatiotemporal and cell‐to‐cell variability information. Here we proposed a m6A‐specific in situ hybridization mediated proximity ligation assay (m6AISH‐PLA) for cellular imaging of m6A RNA, allowing to identify m6A modification at specific location in RNAs and image m6A RNA with single‐cell and single‐molecule resolution. Using m6AISH‐PLA, we investigated the m6A level and subcellular location of HSP70 RNA103‐m6A in response to heat shock stress, and found an increased m6A modified ratio and an increased distribution ratio in cytoplasm under heat shock. m6AISH‐PLA can serve in the study of m6A RNA in single cells for deciphering epitranscriptomic mechanisms and assisting clinical diagnosis.
Synthesis of 1‐aminoalkyl‐2‐naphthols derivatives using an engineered copper‐based nanomagnetic catalyst (Fe3O4@CQD@Si (OEt)(CH2)3NH@CC@N3@phenylacetylene@Cu)
Authors: Akbarpour Tahereh , Khazaei Ardeshir , Yousefi Seyf Jaber , Sarmasti Negin
Published: July 2021

In the present study, a molecular level engineered‐based method was used to synthesis a copper‐based nanomagnetic catalyst (Fe3O4@CQD@Si (OEt)(CH2)3NH@CC@N3@phenylacetylene@Cu). The as‐synthesized catalyst was characterized using different techniques, including infrared (IR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and EDX elemental mapping, induced coupled plasma (ICP), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The Fe3O4 nanoparticles surface were protected using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) instead of conventional SiO2. The activity of the as‐synthesized catalyst was evaluated in the synthesis of 1‐aminoalkyl‐2‐naphthols derivatives. The solvent‐free condition with low reaction time and high reaction yield is the results of the prepared catalyst. How the reaction was triggered by the catalyst was determined by the IR. The as‐synthesized catalyst provides an 87.5% reaction yield after five cycles. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), EDX, TEM, TGA, and mapping analyses were taken to examine the stability of the recovered catalyst. All elements, especially Cu with 2.4 wt%, are present in the recovered catalyst. These findings provide strong evidence for the stability of the as‐synthesized novel copper‐based heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalyst. The effect of temperature and the amount of the catalyst (optimum reaction condition) were determined using a systematic approach, namely, the design of experiment (DOE).
Facile fabrication of porous magnetic covalent organic frameworks as robust platform for multicomponent reaction
Authors: Azizi Najmedin , Heidarzadeh Fatemeh , Farzaneh Fezeh
Published: July 2021

The design of cheap yet efficient nanoporous magnetic catalysts for the environmentally benign process's widespread application is an extremely attractive, challenging chemical research field. A novel porous magnetic covalent organic framework was prepared by the condensation reaction of melamine and terephthaladehyde on the surface of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles COF@Fe3O4 under hydrothermal conditions for the first time. The high surface area magnetic COF could exhibit superior catalytic activity for sustainable synthesis of trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted imidazoles and pyrroles in good to excellent yields in PEG as solvent under environmentally friendly, ambient conditions and making the overall process economical, efficient, and green. The retrievable catalyst in PEG is general and applicable to a broad substrate scope and functional group compatibility. The structure and morphology of the COF@Fe3O4 were characterized by FTIR, XRD, EDX, and SEM spectroscopy. The COF@Fe3O4 magnetic catalyst was recovered by an external magnet and used for several cycles without significant catalytic activity loss.
Regular monitoring and targeted removals can control lionfish in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas
Authors: Kleitou Periklis , Rees Sian , Cecconi Francesco , Kletou Demetris , Savva Ioannis , Cai Leda L. , Hall‐Spencer Jason M.
Published: July 2021

A lack of biosecurity in the Suez Canal has combined with global warming and other human pressures to cause abrupt changes in the Mediterranean Sea. Throughout this region an influx of species is influencing the outcome of efforts to protect and restore nature.

Despite calls for targeted removals of invasive species from protected areas, there is limited information about the effectiveness of this course of action from both an ecological and a socio‐economic perspective. In this study, coordinated removals of lionfish (Pterois miles) by volunteers/scuba divers at three marine protected sites in Cyprus were conducted.

The removal efficiency was monitored using visual‐census surveys and citizen science data. Removals significantly decreased lionfish numbers but long‐term suppression of lionfish would require monitoring and repetition of removals when necessary, since population recovery was sometimes rapid.

Citizen science yielded the data needed to understand lionfish population changes and guide the timing of removal events, but was characterized by large variation and potential outliers, highlighting the need for large sample sizes.

Questionnaire surveys were used to assess the social impact of participation in lionfish removals; these showed that involvement had a strong positive impact on knowledge about lionfish and motivation to support marine conservation activities – the divers were even willing to pay extra to remove lionfish.

Management reforms would be needed to capitalize on this societal motivation, and enable effective lionfish removals by scuba divers, coordinated by competent authorities. The EU aims to protect at least 30% of the marine waters by 2030. Removal events could help shield selected conservation sites from the adverse effects of lionfish and at the same time help establish links with local communities, strengthening the sustainable use of marine systems both at corporate and at societal levels.
Exploring the use of virtual laboratory simulations before, during, and postCOVID‐19 recovery phase: An Animal Biotechnology case study
Authors: Yap Wei Hsum , Teoh Ming Li , Tang Yin Quan , Goh Bey‐Hing
Published: July 2021

This study presents an evaluation of integrating virtual laboratory simulations in assessment design of a biotechnology course at Taylor's University in Malaysia before, during and post‐COVID recovery phases. The purpose was to investigate how virtual laboratory simulations were integrated as part of the assessments of a practical‐embedded course—the aim being to evaluate students' acceptance and perception of using virtual simulation. A total of 46 students, across three different study cohorts (August 2019, March 2020, and August 2020) were evaluated different educational aspects of using virtual laboratory cases in a 4‐week course within Animal Biotechnology. Overall, students regarded virtual laboratory simulation useful as part of their learning, and there is a significant increase in the level of acceptance before, during and post‐COVID recovery phases. The study showed that across the different study cohorts, students perceived their confidence level in laboratory skills have been enhanced and that they can apply the skills in real‐life situation. Interestingly, students (March and August 2020 cohort) who have not been exposed to the related laboratory session still perceived that the simulated activity provides clear explanation and realistic experience. Furthermore, it had been highlighted across the study cohorts that the quiz questions helped to enhance their understanding on the underlying principles of the laboratory techniques. The overall conclusion of this study was that structured simulation‐based activities which provide clear instructions and explanation would support significant improvements in students learning.