bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIMNOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. III. MAYFLY POPULATIONS IN RELATION TO NAVIGATION WATER‐LEVEL CONTROL1
Authors: Dorris Troy C. , Copeland B. J.
Published: March 2010

Naiad populations of the mayfly Hexagenia rigida were studied in an isolated channel of the Mississippi River. Egg‐laying by adult females was concentrated at the upper end of the channel. Numbers of naiads were greatest at the upstream end of the channel during most of each summer. The naiads moved downstream prior to emergence.

Following a winter in which the water level was drawn down about 4 ft for 6 weeks, the numbers of naiads were reduced at all stations. Populations near shore were reduced more than those in deeper water.
EFFECT OF AIR STABILITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF WIND WAVES ON LAKES1
Authors: Ragotzkie Robert A.
Published: March 2010

Two series of aerial and surface observations of lakes in Canada are presented in which wave formation depended on the stability of the air over the water. In the first set of observations a cold, deep lake remained mirror‐smooth under wind conditions that developed gravity waves 4–6 in. high on nearby warmer, shallow lakes. The second observation is of Dubawnt Lake, a large, cold, arctic lake, where wind waves developed only in the lee of the upwind shore and of islands and disappeared a mile or less downwind. Great stability of the air over the lakes leading to reduced surface stress results from warm air flowing over very cold water.
RESPONSE OF GAMMA SCINTILLATION DETECTORS FOR FIELD SURVEY USE
Authors: Proctor Charles M. , Lowrey Andrew R. , Papadopulos Emanuel , Penning John R.
Published: March 2010

Gamma scintillation spectra were obtained with several sizes of NaI (Tl) crystal, Pilot B plastic, and liquid detectors which were immersed in solutions of gamma‐emitting nuclides contained in a 2,300‐gal tank. The count rates for gamma photons in the Mev energy range were proportional to detector volumes. Integral count rates with plastic and liquid detectors were, respectively, 39% and 33% of the rate with NaI(Tl).

Factors in the selection of detectors for field use are discussed.
GAMMA SCINTILLATION PROBE FOR FIELD USE AND MEASUREMENTS OF RADIATION BACKGROUND IN PUGET SOUND
Authors: Proctor Charles M. , Papadopulos Emanuel , Firminhac Ralph H.
Published: March 2010

A probe containing a 5 × 4‐in. NaI(Tl) crystal was built for field survey work with a small ship and portable counting equipment. The gamma radiation background was measured to a depth of 80 m at 3 locations in the lower part of Puget Sound. The count rate decreased very rapidly and nonlinearly in the first few meters below the water surface. Precise control of detector depth is thus essential when measurements are being made near the surface. After background corrections have been made, the integrated gamma fluxes above 0.25 and 1.6 Mev follow published curves for cosmic ray attenuation quite closely.
PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN SARGASSO SEA AND NORTH EQUATORIAL CURRENT, FEBRUARY 19611
Authors: Hulburt Edward M.
Published: March 2010

In a 1,000‐mile section in the tropical Atlantic, flagellate species, with one exception, tended to be uniformly distributed, but diatoms, for the most part, were more numerous toward the southern end of the section. This change was associated with an intensification of stratification of the upper 100 m. The relative ability of flagellates and diatoms to react to varying growth conditions, in turn dependent on hydrography, is discussed.
NITRATE MEASUREMENTS IN THE PRESENCE OF HIGH NITRITE CONCENTRATIONS1
Authors: Vaccaro Ralph F. , Thunberg Jon C. , Ketchum Bostwick H.
Published: March 2010

Most accepted analytical procedures for nitrate in sea water become increasingly unreliable as tho nitrite concentration increases. We have developed an ozonation technique whereby nitrite is quantitatively oxidized to nitrate. In addition, we have formulated an equation to be used with the Mullin‐Riley (1955) reduction method when nitrite and nitrate are both present. This equation, unlike other recommended corrections, is based on demonstrated recoveries from known mixtures of nitrate and nitrite.

In the ozone method the amount of nitrate produced is compared with the initial amount of nitrite. The difference in nitrogen, as determined by the two analyses, provides a method for estimating the quantity of nitrate originally present.

Both the ozonation and numerical solutions appear particularly suited for studying nitrogen physiology of algal or bacterial cultures. Such studies often require analytical estimates for dissolved nitrate in the presence of high nitrite concentrations.
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION IN CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS1
Authors: Smith Stanford H.
Published: March 2010

Electrical conductivity has been widely used in freshwater research but usual methods employed by limnologists for converting measurements to conductance at a given temperature have not given uniformly accurate results. The temperature coefficient used to adjust conductivity of natural waters to a given temperature varies depending on the kinds and concentrations of electrolytes, the temperature at the time of measurement, and the temperature to which measurements are being adjusted. The temperature coefficient was found to differ for various lake and stream waters, and showed seasonal changes. High precision can be obtained only by determining temperature coefficients for each water studied. Mean temperature coefficients are given for various temperature ranges that may be used where less precision is required.
PRODUCTIVITY RELATIONS IN CARBOY MICROCOSMS1
Authors: McConnell William J.
Published: March 2010

Measurements of gross photosynthesis; respiration, rate of net oxygen diffusion, and organic storage are reported for 7 microcosms maintained over periods of 5 to 7 months. Average rates of gross photosynthesis ranged from 0.86 to 1.69 g O2/m2/day and were related to the amounts of inorganic nutrients added. Average final organic storage was equal to 35.6% of gross photosynthesis. Assumed photosynthetic quotients between 0.88 and 1.03 allowed the construction of oxygen budgets in which the total product of gross photosynthesis was accounted for. Some problems of establishing productive microcosms representing natural situations are also discussed.
SOME POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON FRESH‐WATER MICROCRUSTACEAN POPULATIONS1
Authors: Parker Richard A. , Hazelwood Donald H.
Published: March 2010

Among 10 trace elements considered, aluminum was shown to be positively correlated and phosphorus negatively correlated with the density of Daphnia schϕdleri in Kepple Lake, Washington; chromium and vanadium were positively correlated and iron and strontium were negatively correlated with the density of Diaptomus leptopus.
SUCCESSION OF TWO ACARTIA SPECIES IN ESTUARIES1
Authors: Jeffries Harry P.
Published: March 2010

In New England and Middle Atlantic estuaries Acartia clausi, a winter—spring copepod, and A. tonsa, a summer—fall form, alternate cycles of dominance. Succession from clausi to tonsa during spring starts near the head of an embayment and spreads seaward.

Concurrent observation in Narragansett Bay, Raritan Bay, and the York River plus an additional program in two Rhode Island lagoons indicated that this pattern of species replacement was not solely due to summer warming. Between 11 and 18°C, intermediate temperatures for reproduction of both species, tonsa was favored because it appeared less sensitive to brackish water than clausi.
PRINCIPAL DIATOMS OF MAJOR WATERWAYS OF THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Williams Louis G. , Scott Carol
Published: March 2010

Diatom populations in semimonthly plankton samples collected from 73 stations of major waterways of the United States were analyzed by proportional counts to show percentage species composition of the 4 most abundant species per sample. The species are given for each station to show their relative abundance and percentage frequency of occurrence.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOOD OF NEPHTYS
Authors: Clark R. B.
Published: March 2010

Analyses of gut contents of Nephtys cirrosa and N. hombergi show these species to be carnivores. The density of both intertidal and sublittoral populations of these and other species and the organic content of soils in which they occur, as well as other factors, are all consistent with the view that Nephtys is usually a carnivore and not a non‐selective detritus feeder. Those sublittoral populations of N. incisa on the American Atlantic coast, which have been shown to feed on detritus are exceptional for the species and the family.
ECOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL NOTES ON HYDROPHYLITA AQUIVALANS (MATH. AND CROSBY)
Authors: Davis Charles C.
Published: March 2010

Hydrophylita aquivalans was reared from the eggs of the damselfly, Ischnura verticalis; 92% of the eggs were parasitized. The behavior of the parasite is described within the host egg and during and after emergence.
INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING THE FORWARD SCATTERING COEFFICIENT OF SEA WATER1
Authors: Tyler John E. , Howerton Roger
Published: March 2010

The theory developed by Beuttel and Brewer for an instrument to measure the total scattering coefficient is re‐examined to determine its usefulness in sea water. It is found that, with a properly designed instrument, one can use this principle to measure the forward scattering coefficient with an accuracy better than 10% if the total attenuation coefficient of the water does not exceed 2.1/m. The errors that could be introduced by the size and shape of the source or of the beam of detection arc examined and discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN LOBSTER, HOMARUS AMERICANUS
Authors: Hughes John T. , Matthiessen George C.
Published: March 2010

American lobsters (Homarus americanus) have been hatched and reared at the Massachusetts State Lobster Hatchery, Oak Bluffs, Mass., since 1951. Individual lobsters have been held for as long as 10 years. Records have been maintained on seasonal occurrence of hatching, duration of the larval period, occurrence of molting with age and season, and rates of growth.

The peak in hatching intensity occurs in late June or early July when water temperatures approximate 20°C. Time required for larvae to attain the 4th stage appears to be inversely related to temperature above 18°C, with less evidence of temperature‐dependence below this level. Molting frequency declines with age; lobsters molt approximately 9 times during their first growing season but no more than once annually by their sixth growing season. Molting occurs most frequently in early summer and again in early fall. Growth rates indicate that a period of 5 years from date of hatching is required for a lobster to attain legal marketable size—3 3/16 in. carapace length—in Massachusetts. Percentage increase in length per molt declines with age.
INFLUENCE OF TURBIDITY CURRENTS UPON BASIN WATERS
Authors: Emery K. O. , Hülsemann Jobst , Rodolfo K. S.
Published: March 2010

Waters at the sill depths and near the bottoms of two basins off southern California were sampled in a grid pattern and analyzed for possible anomalies in temperature, salinity, and contents of oxygen, nutrients and suspended sediment due to turbidity currents. The only significantly anomalous patterns revealed were those of low salinity and high suspended sediment, atop a turbidity‐current apron opposite the mouths of two submarine canyons. This water was probably emplaced by turbidity currents, and its presence here indicates that areal variations of bottom‐water properties elsewhere warrant detailed studies.
FLOATING CORALS: A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF ERRONEOUS DISTRIBUTION DATA
Authors: Kornicker Louis S. , Squires Donald F.
Published: March 2010

Some reef corals are able to float after their cellular structure is filled with air. Experiments performed with corals collected on Texas’ barrier islands show that when corals capable of floating arc immersed in water they absorb water slowly and stay afloat for varying lengths of time; some float for more than 8 months. The possibility of floating corals being deposited far from where they originate is real and might lead to erroneous distribution data and wrong ecological interpretations.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN SHALLOW NEAR‐SHORE WATER AND ITS RELATION TO POSSIBLE BUBBLE FORMATION
Authors: Ramsey W. L.
Published: March 2010

The oxygen content of shallow water off Mission Beach, California, was found to vary widely in both depth and time. The highest values occurred at a subdepth in summer. Small bubbles which are always present in the sea associated with organic matter may grow in the presence of high oxygen saturations, aided by the change in pressure caused by internal waves. These accumulate as foam on the sea surface in slicks.
LIMNOLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION TOWERS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Authors: Deane Roger E.
Published: March 2010

Six limnological and meteorological single‐shaft towers of 4‐in. pipe were installed in 3 of the Great Lakes by the Great Lakes Institute, University of Toronto. The towers were of two types, a shallow‐water tower for depths of less than 60 ft where the base of the tower rested directly on the lake bottom, and a deep‐water tower supported by a buoyancy tank 25 ft below lake level. A platform on the towers, situated 8 to 12 ft above lake level, gave a stable base to house limnological and meteorological instruments and recorders. The platform and upper part of tower were designed for easy removal and reinstallation.
ISOLATION OF PYRITE SPHERULES FROM RECENT SEDIMENTS
Authors: Vallentyne J. R.
Published: March 2010

A microscopic examination of approximately 200 sediment samples, mostly freshwater in origin, revealed an abundance of pyrite spherules in virtually all fine‐grained deposits that contained organic matter and reduced sulfur compounds. A speciel study was made of the spherules in deep‐water sediments of Little Round Lake, Ontario. The spherules there numbered approximately 450,000 per gram of dry sediment, accounting for 0.6% of the inorganic matter in the sediment. They ranged in diameter from 2 to 100 µ, but 75% or more had a diameter less than 11 µ.

A method is described for the isolation of spherulitic pyrite from recent sediments based on heavy mineral centrifugation, flotation of pyrite spherules, and differential sedimentation of pyrite after rupturing the spherules into their component microcrystals. A sample of spherulitic pyrite isolated from the sediments of Little Round Lake was composed as follows: 53.16% sulfur, 46.59% iron, 0.13% silicon and 0.009% carbon, with only 0.11% of the weight unaccounted for. The silicon was thought to be partly due to contamination from other heavy minerals. Calculations based on the observed carbon content made it seem unlikely that the spherules could contain the organic microfossils that other workers have reported. The sulfur in the pyrite showed a 0.4% depletion in S34 as compared to sulfate‐sulfur in the surface water of the lake. Attempts to synthesize pyrite spherules in the laboratory were unsuccessful.
ZN65 UPTAKE BY BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE1
Authors: Gutknecht John
Published: March 2010

The effects of various environmental factors on Zn65 uptake and loss were investigated in benthic algae. Increasing the pH promoted Zn65 uptake and retarded Zn65 loss in Ulva lactuca, Porphyra umbilicalis, and Laminaria agardi. A similar pH dependency was displayed by killed algae of the same species which in all cases absorbed more Zn65 than the live seaweed. The addition of carrier zinc to natural sea‐water wash solutions had little effect on the rate of Zn65 loss from radioactive algae. Increasing the temperature of the wash resulted in a slight increase in the rate of Zn65 loss. Polarographic determinations of the natural zinc content of algae were made. Fucus had the highest zinc concentration, 829 mg/kg dry wt, while Porphyra showed the lowest, 123 mg/kg.

Exposure to light stimulated both the uptake and loss of Zn65. Uptake was retarded by two inhibitors, uranyl nitrate and phenylurethane. The biological half‐life of Zn65 in algae in the light and in the dark was estimated. Fucus showed a much higher retention of Zn65 than either Porphyra or Ulva. The effects of photosynthesis‐related pH changes on both metabolic and non‐metabolic uptake mechanisms are considered.
EXCRETION RATE OF ZN65 BY LITTORINA IRRORATA IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE AND BODY SIZE1
Authors: Mishima Jiro , Odum Eugene P.
Published: March 2010

Excretion of tracer amounts of Zn65 (in terms of biological half‐life) was followed in 3 sizes of Littorina irrorata at 3 constant temperatures in the laboratory and under field conditions in the natural habitat for a period of 39 days following the ingestion of a single dose. The general pattern of elimination could be resolved into 2 exponential phases, an early rapid loss phase for the first 10 days and a much less rapid loss phase thereafter. Biological half‐life of the “assimilated pool” of the second phase varied inversely with body size and directly with air temperature. Individuals in the field excreted the tracer more rapidly than those confined to glass bowls in the laboratory. Analysis of variance showed that both environmental conditions and body size had a highly significant effect on the excretion rate. Furthermore, trends in relation to temperature paralleled the expected rate of O2 consumption as calculated from data obtained in a previous study.

It is tentatively concluded that, after the non‐assimilated tracer has been eliminated in the early phase, Zn65 becomes sufficiently bound to the biomass so that the whole body rate of excretion reflects rate of activity of the individual. Since body retention of a gamma‐emitter can be easily determined in the field by periodic recapture and whole body counts, this technique may provide an index to the long‐term rate of metabolism which can not be measured directly in free‐living animals.
UPTAKE AND RETENTION OF Cs137 BY A BLUE‐GREEN ALGA IN CONTINUOUS FLOW AND BATCH CULTURE SYSTEMS1
Authors: Watts J. R. , Harvey R. S.
Published: March 2010

The uptake and retention patterns of the blue‐green alga, Plectonema purpureum, were determined by exposing laboratory cultures to various concentrations of Cs137 in both continuous flow and batch tests. A simplified laboratory apparatus was devised to provide a continuous flow of radioactive culture media through multiple flasks containing the filamentous algae, which were set up in parallel. In each type of test, the maximum uptakes of Cs137 by the algae were proportional to the concentrations of Cs137 in the media. However, algal uptakes were higher by a factor of 7 in the continuous flow tests than in batch tests. Only 10% of the Cs137 was retained by the algae three days after the algae were transferred into cesium‐free media.
EXCRETION OF PHOSPHATE AND SOLUBLE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS BY ZOOPLANKTON1
Authors: Pomeroy Lawrence R. , Mathews Henry M. , Min Hong Shik
Published: March 2010

Net plankton excretes daily an amount of phosphorus nearly equal to its total phosphorus content. Slightly more than half of the excreted phosphorus is phosphate and the remainder is in soluble organic compounds. Phosphorus excreted by zooplankton may constitute a significant fraction of that required for photosynthesis by the phytoplankton.
ORIGIN OF STRATIFICATION IN AN AFRICAN RIFT LAKE
Authors: Talling J. F.
Published: March 2010

Physical, chemical, and algal features of Lake Albert (East Africa) are described, chiefly from three longitudinal surveys in 1960–61. The major ionic composition of the water is largely determined by another lake (Lake Edward) higher in the drainage system, but abiogenic sources are possibly responsible for a great enrichment of phosphate and depletion of silica. Contrary to most earlier accounts, a well‐marked thermal and chemical stratification can develop in the lake. The thermal stratification is probably related to profile‐bound density currents of cooler water, which flow from shallow areas of the lake and have varying effects in deeper water. Their interpretation is supported by examples of chemical and algal stratification, particularly of dissolved oxygen, silica, and a species of the diatom Nitzschia.
ZOOPLANKTON COLLECTIONS FROM THE HIGH POLAR BASIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COPEPODA1
Authors: Johnson Martin W.
Published: March 2010

Analysis was made of 57 plankton tows taken to depths of 2,000 m from 81°14′ N, 85°16′ N during a portion of the 1957–58 drift of the ice flow Drift Station Alpha in the high Polar Basin. Thirty‐one species of calanoid and 3 species of cyclopoid copepods were identified. Some uncertain species are discussed and figured.

The most abundant species were Calanus glacialis, Calanus hyperboreus, and Metridia longa. These were most abundant above 100 to 200 m but were found sparsely distributed to depths of 1,000 to 2,000 m. There was an increased number of species with depth of sampling up to about 1,000 to 1,500 m. There appeared to be a rather wide period over which reproduction takes place in some species especially Pareuchaeta glacialis.

Although most copepods carried by water currents from the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea areas succumb before reaching the high Arctic, still a few expatriates were taken, notably Eucalanus bungii bungii and possibly Mimocalanus distinctocephalus.
PLANKTONIC FISH EGGS AND LARVAE OF NARRAGANSETT BAY1
Authors: Herman Sidney S.
Published: March 2010

Planktonic fish eggs and larvae were collected weekly at 4 stations in Narragansett Bay, over a period of one year from March 1957 to March 1958. Thirty‐six species of fish eggs and larvae were identified.

The peak in spawning activity occurred from late May through mid‐August. The peak of fish egg production occurred in June and July, and the period of low abundance occurred between September and February. Peaks of larval abundance were found in July and August and again in January and March. Deeper areas in the Bay contained greater concentrations and a greater variety of species than did the shallow areas.
PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEEDING HABIT AND THE STRUCTURE OF TIIE MOUTH‐PARTS OF MARINE COPEPODS1
Authors: Anraku Masateru , Omori Makoto
Published: March 2010

The feeding of 6 copepods (Calanus finmarchicus, Acartia tonsa, Centropages hamatus, C. typicus, Labidocera aestiva, and Tortanus discaudatus) was examined with 3 different foods—a) diatoms (Thalassiosira fluviatilis) alone, b) diatoms plus Artemia nauplii, and c) Artemia alone—and compared with the structure of their mouth‐parts.

Calanus finmarchicus is predominantly an herbivore, but in absence of plant food can definitely capture small motile animals. Acartiatonsa is a typical omnivore which can cat either plant or animal food efficiently. Centropages hamatus and C. typicus are also omnivorous, but both prefer an animal diet. Although Labidocera aestiva is predatory, some setae used for filtering food are found at the base of the second maxillae. Finally, Tortanus discaudatus is a typical predatory copepod.

There is close relationship between the structure of the mouth‐parts and the feeding habits of these species. In herbivorous species (Calanus finmarchicus), the 2nd antennae, mandibular palps, 1st maxillae, and maxillipeds are well developed to produce a pair of “feeding swirls.” The 2nd maxillae are also formed as efficient filtering nets. The cutting edges of the mandibles are provided with grinding teeth. In predatory species (Tortanus discaudatus), the mouth‐parts have few setae and are on the whole much simpler. The 1st maxillae, 2nd maxillae, and maxillipeds are modified as prehensile appendages. The cutting edges of the mandibles have very sharp teeth. In omnivores, these appendages generally have a structure intermediate between those of the two previous types; the 2nd maxillae are used partly for filtering and are partly prehensile. The teeth are heavier than those of the herbivores, but they are not as stout as for predators.
VARIATION OF SOLUBILITY WITH DEPTH IN THE OCEAN: A THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Klotz Irving M.
Published: March 2010

A thermodynamic equation can be obtained which gives the dependence of solubility on depth in terms of the partial specific volume of the solute. From published values of these volumes it is shown that the (equilibrium) solubility of nitrogen should decrease by 5–6% per 1,000 in depth whereas that of oxygen should change by less than 0.1%.
MINIMUM CYANOCOBALAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF SOME MARINE CENTRIC DIATOMS1
Authors: Guilllard Robert R. L. , Cassie Vivienne
Published: March 2010

The minimum amount of cyanocobalamin for production of one µ3 of cell was estimated for 7 clones of marine centric diatoms isolated from estuarine, neritic, and oceanic environments. The number of molecules of B12 per µ3 varied from 5 to 18.4; thus the diatoms have about the same requirement as do other organisms. The neritic species Skeletonema costatum became structurally abnormal in vitamin‐depleted cultures. The possibility is raised that B12 concentration is important at certain times in the diatom life cycle (e.g., spore formation); hence for a given species the time at which the vitamin is present in suitable concentration may be more significant than the total quantity available during the period of growth of a population.
FURTHER MEASUREMENTS OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION USING A LARGE‐VOLUME PLASTIC SPHERE
Authors: Antia N. J. , McAllister C. D. , Parsons T. R. , Stephens K. , Strickland J. D. H.
Published: March 2010

The experiment described by McAllister, et al. (1961), in which a phytoplankton bloom was induced to occur in a free‐floating 20‐ft diameter thin transparent plastic sphere has been repeated. Daily measurements were made of nutrients, particulate matter, and photosynthetic rates with less frequent assays for vitamins and dissolved organic matter. In situ light was recorded by a bolometer. The experiment was prolonged to 100 days to study phytoplankton decay, most of this period being in the dark.

The phytoplankton consisted mainly of 6 species of diatom and one large dinoflagellate. The mean composition of this crop at various stages of its development is reported by ratios involving chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon.

A detailed discussion is given of the findings of the experiment which, in general, confirmed those of the earlier work and yielded, in addition, valuable new information.

The plant cells excreted 35–40% of their organic matter during growth. The C14 method of measuring photosynthesis gave results agreeing well with the production of particulate carbon.

The growth kinetics of the bloom were dominated by the constancy of the mean cell division rates which were relatively independent of temperature and light. The rate of photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll was also remarkably constant and not proportional to light intensity, cells developing a highly efficient photosynthetic mechanism with respect to available radiant energy.

The mean chemical composition of a cell changed after depletion of nutrients from the surrounding water. The carbon, protein, chlorophyll a and phosphorus decreased. The silicon and lipid contents remained nearly constant and the carbohydrate increased.

During the decay period over half the particulate phosphorus was remineralized in 2 weeks. Silicon returned to solution more slowly but at a constant rate. There was no significant nitrification even after 75 days. The consumption of oxygen occurred mainly from the oxidation of “dissolved” organic matter and not from the interaction of oxygen with particulate material. The latter may have been important as a surface for bacteria. The evolution rate of carbon dioxide was constant with time but proceeded with a variable RQ, which was around 0.5 immediately after the bloom but increased to nearly 2 in the “old” water present at the beginning and end of the experiment.
STUDIES ON THE MASS CULTURE OF PHAEODACTYLUM. II. THE GROWTH OF PHAEODACTYLUM AND OTHER SPECIES IN OUTDOOR TANKS
Authors: Ansell A. D. , Raymont J. E. G. , Lander K. F. , Crowley E. , Shackley P.
Published: March 2010

Characteristics of the growth of Phaeodactylum in culture in fertilized sea water in 1,000‐L concrete tanks are described. Successful experiments showed a constant pattern of events as follows: 1) active growth of Phaeodactylum, 2) reduction in growth rate of Phaeodactylum, 3) period of constant cell density, or rapid decline, 4) regeneration period, and, 5) second period of active growth.

Growth of Phaeodactylum shows seasonal variation, but final population density reached is more or less constant. N and P utilization follow parallel courses, the mean ratio of N:P uptake during the 1st growth period being 6.5 ± 0.44:1. During growth, inorganic P is incorporated in the cells as particulate organic P. Following decline of Phaeodactylum dissolved organic P increases, and later, inorganic P is regenerated and may be reutilized during the 2nd growth phase. Decline of Phaeodactylum is normally associated with increase of the heterotroph Monas. There was a close relationship between peak numbers of Monas and the number of Phaeodactylum in the previous peak. The second growth phase consisted either of one or more chlorophycean flagellates, or of Phaeodactylum.

Estimates of production based on O2 bottle exposures, change in inorganic P, change in pH, and change in packed cell volume agree closely, although initial uptake of P may be excessive. Estimates from change in inorganic P indicate a seasonal variation in the rate of organic production of up to 2.2 gC/m2/24 hr in March, 4.9 gC/m2/24 hr in May–August, and 2.0 gC/m2/24 hr in October, November. For Tetraselmis production rates up to 5.2 gC/m2/24 hr were recorded.

The efficiency of utilization of solar energy for Phaeodactylum culture ranged from 3.0 to 4.4% with a mean for 5 estimates of 3.7%. For Tetraselmis values of 1.0–1.3% were obtained.
STUDIES ON THE MASS CULTURE OF PHAEODACTYYLUM. III. SMALL‐SCALE EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Ansell A. D. , Raymont J. E. G. , Lander K. F.
Published: March 2010

Experiments in the mass culture of Phaeodactylum using 15‐L cultures, with inorganic fertilizers or sewage effluent as a nutrient source, are described. Following inoculation, growth may start immediately or after a short lag. A logarithmic growth phase is followed by a period of constant population density or by an immediate decline. Growth rate in the logarithmic phase varied from 0.25 division/day in winter to >1 division/day in summer. Purified sewage effluent, with or without salinity adjustment, is at least as good as inorganic fertilizers as a source of nutrients for the growth of Phaeodactylum.
PONTELLID COPEPOD DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO SURFACE WATER TYPES IN THE CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC1
Authors: Sherman Kenneth
Published: March 2010

A study of the distribution of pontellid copepods collected from two central North Pacific water types, the North Pacific Central (NPC) and the North Pacific Equatorial (NPE), and from a zone of intermediate salinity between them, indicated that Labidocera acutifrons, immature Labidocera sp., and Labidocera detruncata were associated with the NPC water type, and may serve as useful indicators of the presence of this water during the summer months in the Hawaiian region. In winter L. acutifrons and L. detruncata were found to be more widely distributed than in summer in both the intermediate‐salinity water and the NPE water type, suggesting a seasonal variation, which was thought to be related to a seasonal shift in water type distribution. Both sampling time and depth were shown to be important considerations in the collection of pontellid copepods. A comparison between plankton collections made at 2100 at the surface and from 0–60 m showed that pontellids were more numerous in the surface waters (0–1 m) than in lower levels at this hour.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE FEEDING OF MARINE COPEPODS OF THE GENUS CALANUS1
Authors: Mullin Michael M.
Published: March 2010

The grazing rates of 4 species of Calanus were measured on several species of marine phytoplankton, both singly and in mixtures. Grazing rates varied inversely with phytoplankton concentration, the duration of the experiment, and the age of the phytoplankton cultures used.

Calanus spp. generally removed large cells at higher rates than small when feeding on a mixture of two species of phytoplankton. Because of this selectivity and the difference in volume between large and small cells, the large cells contributed by far the greater fraction of the total volume of food ingested by the copepods, even when considerably less abundant than the smaller cells. Comparison of the grazing rates of the copepodite stage V and adult female animals of C. finmarchicus, C. glacialis, and C. hgperboreus on a mixture of 7 species of diatoms demonstrated further the importance of large cells. Marked quantitative differences in rate of food intake were found between the different developmental stages of each species and between the different species of copepods, and some qualitative differences in selective feeding were also indicated.
EUTROPHICATION OF A TIDAL ESTUARY
Authors: Barlow John P. , Lorenzen Carl J. , Myren Richard T.
Published: March 2010

The effect of heavy fertilization of the estuary of the Forge River on growth and photosynthesis of the phytoplankton has been studied over a 2‐year period. Although there is distinct stratification in salinity, the nutrients added from the river are carried seaward by the circulation without significant tendency to accumulate in the deeper layer. Nearly all the large amounts of organic matter accumulated in the estuary can be accounted for as being produced locally by the dense populations of plankton algae both from the relation between chlorophyll a and organic matter, and from consideration of the rate of oxidation of allocthonous organic matter in the estuary. The region provides an unique environment for the growth of phytoplankton which is shown in the photosynthesis: respiration ratios, and in the rates of photosynthesis per unit of chlorophyll, or assimilation numbers, that have been observed.
DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES WITH RESPECT TO SALINITY BETWEEN THE COAST OF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND AND BERMUDA1
Authors: Hulburt Edward M. , Rodman Janet
Published: March 2010

The distribution of phytoplankton species throughout a range of salinities from 31.68‰ to 36.53‰ indicates that a considerable number are favored by lower and a smaller number by higher salinities. Most of the former are commonly considered neritic, many of the latter are thought of as oceanic. However, during blooms in the open ocean, neritic forms may become abundant. The appearance of these as related to nutrients as well as salinity is discussed.
EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLINS ON MARINE ALGAE IN MIXED CULTURES
Authors: Johnston R.
Published: March 2010

Growth response of eight marine phytoplankton organisms to gibberellins 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 (usually 10‒7 to 10‒9 g/ml) were tested in mixed cultures. The extent of the growth promotion where measurable was not large. Slight growth inhibition was more common. Gibberellin 1 was possibly contaminated with an inhibitor. It appeared that gibberellin 5 was the most effective particularly for Skeletonema and Peridinium, with possibly gibberellin 7 as the only other of the group promoting increased growth.
TRACER STUDY OF THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE IN SEA WATER
Authors: Watt W. D. , Hayes F. R.
Published: March 2010

When an aquatic biological system approaches a steady state the distribution of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), particulate phosphorus (PP), and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) may be dealt with as though it were the result of the equilibrium of a chemical exchange system. The standing stock and rate of exchange has been determined for coastal water collected during late summer from a site near Halifax, N. S.:

urn:x-wiley:00129658:media:lno1963820276:lno1963820276-math-0001

DOP is derived from dead and dying organisms in the water and is taken up and metabolized by bacteria which release DIP. There is no direct breakdown from DOP to DIP; filtered sea water showed no evidence of phosphatase activity. DOP labelled with P32 was resolved by paper chromatography into 6 components.
DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION DENSITIES OF YEAST SPECIES IN PACIFIC WATER, AIR, ANIMALS, AND KELP OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1
Authors: van Uden N. , Branco R. Castelo
Published: March 2010

Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula species were of common occurrence in water of the open sea and of a coastal zone. In a coastal water body, species of Metschnikowia were predominant. High counts of M. zobellii were obtained from fish guts (Atherinopis affinis littoralis and Trachurus symmetricus) and decomposing kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), while other yeast species occurred in low numbers if at all. These substrates apparently constitute a reservoir for marine occurring M. zobellii. The air over the area studied was yeast free. Free‐living California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus), cormorants (Phalacrocorux penicillatus), and sea urchins (species of Strongylocentratus) apparently do not constitute reservoirs of marine occurring yeasts, their gut contents being yeast free. The Western Gull (Larus occidentalis) had high intestinal counts for Torulopsis glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and C. krusei. The reported occurrence of these species in warm seawater bodies and their apparent absence from cold Pacific water suggest the importance of temperature for secondary marine growth of pollution yeasts.
ENUMERATION OF MARINE BACTERIA OF THE CHUKCHI SEA1
Authors: Boyd William L. , Boyd Josephine W.
Published: March 2010

Enumeration of marine bacteria was carried out at Point Barrow weekly during 4 months when the Chukchi Sea was covered with ice and on several occasions when there was no ice cover. Counts were low except for a brief period during the summer. Generally, the counts on a sample were the same on either fresh‐ or saltwater media, suggesting that many of the bacteria were of terrestrial origin.
DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN SEAWATER AS A SOURCE OF PARTICULATE FOOD1
Authors: Baylor E. R. , Sutcliffe W. H.
Published: March 2010

Particulate organic material produced by bubbling air through filtered seawater was fed to cultures of the brine shrimp Artemia salina Linnaeus.

Growth rate of Artemia fed on organic particles was slower than that of Artemia fed on dried yeast. Growth of starved animals was significantly less than particle‐fed animals; starved animals were dead by the fifth or eighth day after hatching.

The possible importance of organic particles produced by wave‐induced bubbles at sea is discussed.
ORGANIC AGGREGATES IN SEAWATER AND THE DYNAMICS OF THEIR FORMATION AND UTILIZATION
Authors: Riley Gordon A.
Published: March 2010

Much of the nonliving particulate organic matter in seawater consists of delicate, plate‐like aggregates ranging in size from about 5 µ to several mm in diameter. The aggregates are amorphous matrices containing both organic and inorganic materials, with inclusions of bacteria and phytoplankton. Descriptive information herein deals primarily with a two‐year series of observations in Long Island Sound. A consistent bimodal seasonal cycle has been found, with peaks in winter and early summer. These aggregates appear to be formed mainly by adsorption of dissolved organic matter on bubbles and other naturally occurring surfaces in the sea, a process readily duplicated under experimental conditions. Naturally occurring aggregates provide a substrate for bacterial growth and probably food for animals. They are present during certain seasons when phytoplankton is scarce and probably serve an important function as supplementary food for zooplankton under such circumstances. The presence of aggregates is an oceanic as well as a coastal phenomenon and is believed to have general ecological significance. A concept is developed that the reversible reaction between dissolved and particulate matter tends to stabilize the marine association, and there are suggestions of community adaptation in the development of this system.
ESTIMATES OF THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOME MARINE CRUSTACEANS
Authors: Enright J. T.
Published: March 2010

Direct measurement of the volume changes of planktonic euphausids and intertidal isopods, due to pressure changes of a few atmospheres, indicated specific compressibilities of the animal tissues from 15 to 40% lower than the compressibility of seawater. Similar measurements on an intertidal amphipod provide no support for the hypothesis that the sensory system by which these animals perceive small pressure changes is based on an ultrathin layer of gas.
MICROBIOLOGY OF DETRITUS OF LAKES
Authors: Rochna A. G.
Published: March 2010

Detritus in seven lakes in the vicinity of Lake Ladoga was investigated by microscopic study by both daylight and by ultraviolet light. The total numbers of microbes and the presence of various physiological groups were determined. The significance of detritus as food for Cladocera has been established experimentally.

Luminescent microscopy has shown that detritus of these lakes is heterogenous—composed chiefly of dying plankton. The detritus consists of a great variety of microscopic biotopes for bacteria, which differ from one another in their structure and chemical characteristics. The study has shown the distribution of bacteria on particles, where the formation of colonies is characteristic. Accumulations of bacteria are components of the detritus.

The numbers of microbes in detritus, billions per g, vary widely, depending on the predominance of various components and the stage of their decay.

The processes of decay of protoplasm of animal and vegetable tissues and the processes of oxidation and reduction are caused by different physiological groups of bacteria: putrefactive, fat and carbohydrate decomposers, amylolytic, pectinous, cellulose decomposers, denitrifying, nitrogen fixers, phosphate liberators, sulfur bacteria, and yeasts.
PROCESSES CONTRIBUTING TO THE NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION OFF THE COLUMBIA RIVER AND STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA1
Authors: Stefánsson Unnsteinn , Richards Francis A.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of salinity, dissolved oxygen, silicate, nitrate, and phosphate off the Washington and Oregon coasts, both inside and outside the Columbia River plume, were observed during 12 cruises of the RV Brown Bear between January 1961 and April 1962.

Nutrients are supplied to the surface waters off the Washington and Oregon coasts from rivers and from the deeper layers of the ocean. The deep water enters the surface layers by entrainment, especially in the estuarine‐like circulation in the Strait of Juan de Fuca; by upwelling, particularly off the Oregon coast in summer; and by upward mixing into the photic zone.

The most important river source of nutrients is the Columbia River, which supplies high concentrations of phosphate and nitrate to its “plume,” those waters appreciably diluted by its admixture.

In winter, the plume waters are approximately simple mixtures of Columbia River and surface seawater, and their silicate and nitrate concentrations can be predicted from the salinity. In the spring and summer, nutrients are also added by the admixture of upwelled deep water and removed by photosynthetic fixation. The amounts thus added or removed have been estimated as departures, or anomalies, from the composition of simple mixtures of river and surface seawaters. These anomalies are compared with each other, with the average composition of plankton material, and with other evidences of biological activity, both in terms of correlations with each other and of horizontal distributions in the upper 10 m.
ROLE OF THE ALGA CHLAMYDOMONAS MUNDANA IN ANAEROBIC WASTE STABILIZATION LAGOONS
Authors: Eppley Richard W. , MaciasR Frank M.
Published: March 2010

The alga Chlamydomonas mundana Gerloff appears in great numbers in waste stabilization lagoons of the Mojave Desert during periods of anaerobic operation. The alga perpetuates anaerobiosis, since its feeble photosynthetic oxygen production is not sufficient to compensate for its own oxygen consumption in the presence of acetate. Growth of Chlamydomonas mundana is encouraged by anaerobic conditions that favor acetate production by anaerobic bacteria. Most of the acetate used by the alga is directly assimilated by a photosynthetic mechanism involving photosynthetic production of ATP and reducing power. This process resembles that of photosynthetic bacteria more closely than that of common sewage algae, such as Chlorella and Scenedesmus, which rapidly assimilate carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

The possibility that the photometabolism of organic substrates by phytoplankton may be more widespread than the limited environment represented by an anaerobic lagoon is discussed.
EFFECT OF WIND ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHLOROPHYLL a IN CLEAR LAKE, IOWA1
Authors: Small Lawrence F.
Published: March 2010

Distribution of surface chlorophyll a in a shallow, eutrophic lake in north‐central Iowa was adequately predicted by an effective chlorophyll‐displacement index (EDI) and a displacement vector (DV), which were dependent upon velocity, duration, and directional stability of wind prior to chlorophyll collection dates. Four general wind conditions, determined by the magnitudes of EDI and DV, are considered, and four general conditions of chlorophyll movement are postulated as a direct result of the wind conditions.
THE SALINITY TOLERANCE OF SOME ESTUARINE PLANKTONIC COPEPODS
Authors: Lance Joan
Published: March 2010

The salinity tolerance of three species of Acartia was investigated in the laboratory by recording the survival of female copepods at various salinities. The salinity tolerance of A. tonsa, A. discaudata, and A. bifilosa captured during the autumn, winter, and spring, respectively, depended on the temperature. Thermal prehistory of copepods affected their survival in diluted seawater, all species being most tolerant when the experimental and environmental temperatures were close and least tolerant when the experimental and field temperatures differed markedly. The following order of salinity tolerance was established: A. tonsa > A. bifilosa > A. discaudata.

Reinvestigation of the temperatures at which copepods had shown poorest survival in diluted seawater demonstrated that temperature acclimation increased salinity tolerance. The results imply that cooling of the environment might not necessarily lower the tolerance of the autumn, warmwater species, A. tonsa, provided that the change was gradual and that slow warming might not cause a decline in the tolerance of the spring, cold‐water species, A. bifilosa. Salinity acclimation increased the salinity tolerance of A. bifilosa. The recovery of A. bifilosa in full‐strength seawater after short exposure to low salinities depended on the length of exposure.