bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novice Explanations Of Hurricane Formation Offer Insights Into Scientific Literacy And The Development Of Expert-Like Conceptions
Authors: Arthurs Leilani A. , Van Den Broeke Matthew S.
Published: June 2016

The ability to explain scientific phenomena is a key feature of scientific literacy, and engaging students’ prior knowledge, especially their alternate conceptions, is an effective strategy for enhancing scientific literacy and developing expertise.  The gap in knowledge about the alternate conceptions that novices have about many of Earth’s complex phenomena (National Research Council, 2012), however, makes this type of engagement in geoscience courses challenging.  This study helps to fill this gap by identifying and describing how novices to geoscience explain a complex scientific phenomenon, hurricane formation.  Using a pragmatism methodology, 326 students in introductory-level geoscience courses at two public universities in the United States of America, in Georgia (n=168) and Nebraska (n=158), were surveyed.  The questionnaire was designed to target and collect novices’ explanations of a single complex Earth phenomenon – hurricane formation.  Constant comparative analyses of textual content and diagrams revealed a variety of alternate conceptions.  The data suggess that novices seldom invoke scientific first principles, which students matriculating through the education system are expected to learn before college, in their explanations.  Two theoretical models synthesize the alternate conceptions and illustrate pathways of conceptual change along which students might move from more novice-like to more expert-like ways of scientific thinking.  Our findings provide a basis for the development of instructional activities that aid students in developing more expert-like conceptions of hurricane formation and other complex Earth phenomena.
Evolution And Persistence Of Students' Astronomy Career Interests: A Gender Study
Authors: Bergstrom Zoey , Sadler Philip , Sonnert Gerhard
Published: June 2016

This article uses U.S. survey data (N=15,847) to characterize the evolution of student interest in an astronomy career in the period between middle school and the beginning of college. We find that middle school students have a relatively high interest in astronomy, which sharply declines with every phase of their education. However, many of the students who leave astronomy - particularly male students - feed heavily into other STEM disciplines. Through statistical modeling, we find that students who spend extracurricular time observing stars, tinkering with mechanical or electrical devices, or reading/watching science or science fiction are significantly more likely than students who do not engage in these activities to hold an interest in pursuing an astronomy career at the end of high school. We also find that females who observe stars during extracurricular time show a greater improvement in their odds of pursuing astronomy than males do. Furthermore, we find that these outside-of-school time activities are better predictors of astronomy interest than commonly studied academic predictors. We discuss the implications of these findings on future extracurricular programming for students.
Evaluation of yield, fruit quality and photosynthesis of two trainining-trellis systems and canopy management practices for Carlos and noble muscadine grapes in Florida
Authors: Colova Violeta , Bordallo Patricia , Parker Lelam , Walters Tresia , Leong Stephen
Published: June 2016

Aims: The study was designed to evaluate and recommend most suitable training/trellis systems, canopy management practices and vine spacing for commercial muscadine grape varieties in Florida.

Methods and results: During 3rd growing season of 'Carlos' and 'Noble' muscadine grape cultivars biometrical data for “photosynthetic rate”, “vine balance”, “yield components”, “fruit composition” and “fruit ripening pattern ” were evaluated as a result of the vine spacing, and training/trellis system treatments. The mean values for the varieties indicated variation between “yield components”, “fruit ripening pattern” and “fruit composition” of single wire, double cordon (SWDC) and Munson T-cross arm, double cordon (MTDC) training/trellis systems. The training/trellis system and the leaf position had a statistically significant effect on photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and photosynthetic rate for 'Noble' variety. Leaves adjacent to the cluster on a single wire presented higher PAR and photosynthesis rate at 1% level of significance. Leaves immediately downward to the cluster had also a superior photosynthesis rate (p ² 0.01) in the T- trellis/training system compared with the same class of leaves in our SW system.

Conclusion: Carlos and Noble muscadine varieties demonstrated significant variation between the photosynthetic rate, yield components, fruit ripening pattern and fruit composition of single wire, double cordon (SWDC) and Munson T-cross arm, double cordon (MTDC) training/trellis systems, with better performance of the divided canopy.

Significance and impact of study: The ongoing research will provide essential information to some of the fundamental questions on the use of training/trellis system and canopy management practices for hot climate grapes and will improve the viability and competitiveness of commercial grape growing in Florida and southeastern states.
Response of ungrafted and grafted grapevine cultivans and rootstocks (Vitis sp.) to water stress
Authors: Toumi Imene , M'Sehli Wissal , Bourgou Soumaya , Jallouli Neila , Bensalem-Fnayou Asma , Ghorbel Abdelwahed , Mliki Ahmed
Published: June 2016

Aims: The responses of two Vitis vinifera cultivars (Cardinal and Superior Seedless) and two rootstocks (110R and SO4) to drought, the effect of grafting and the interactions of scion/rootstock were investigated.

Methods and results: The vines were subjected to a progressive water stress in greenhouse controlled conditions. At the end of the water stress treatments, physiological analyses were carried out (stem water potential, dry matter production, soluble sugars, proline as well as ions Na+ and K+). Drought was expressed by the drop of the stem water potential in the stressed vines as compared to their controls. Furthermore, tolerance and sensitivity were linked to the accumulation of soluble sugars and proline as well as the equilibrium of K+ and Na+ in the leaves.

Conclusion: When ungrafted, Cardinal was more tolerant to water stress than Superior Seedless. The grafted vines exhibited more vigour, moreover, the combination of Cardinal with SO4 and Superior Seedless with 110R revealed to be the advantageous associations under water stress.

Significance and impact of study: This work has been carried out to investigate the differential responses of grapevine cultivars to drought stress and the impact of grafting under water shortage conditions.
Assessment of plant hydraulics in grapevine on various "terroirs" in the Canton of Vaud (Switzerland)
Authors: Zufferey Vivian , Murisier François
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this paper is to study the relevance of different physiological indicators concerning vines hydraulic in relation to estimations of the soil water reservoir on various « terroirs » in Switzerland.

Methods and results: Different physiological indicators like leaf and stem water potentials, carbon isotope discrimination and a model of transpirable soil water were used. A close relationship was observed between pre-dawn leaf water potential and the soil water holding capacity (SWHC) from about thirty study sites over a period of three years.

Conclusion: The different assessments of plant hydraulics (leaf water potential, carbon isotope discrimination technique, model of transpirable soil water) were in good agreement with the soil water holding capacity.

Significance and impact of study:The results confirm the importance and the possibilities to estimate plant water ability in relation with soil water holding capacity and climatic factors.
Effects of cluster thinning on anthocyanin extractability and chromatic parameters of Syrah and Tempranillo grapes and wines
Authors: Gil-Muñoz Rocío , Vila-López Rosario , Fernández-Fernández José Ignacio , Martínez-Cutillas Adrián
Published: June 2016

Aims: The effects of cluster thinning on yield and extractability parameters of Syrah and Tempranillo grapes, as well as the chromatic characteristics of the wines obtained in three consecutive seasons.

Methods and results: Grapes of Vitis vinifera L. var. Tempranillo and Syrah were harvested from a commercial vineyard in Jumilla. Two treatments were evaluated: (a) cluster thinned, where in every shoot all the clusters, except the basal one, were removed just before veraison; (b) unthinned control. Yield, physicochemical and extractability parameters were studied in the grapes. Vinifications were made from these grapes, and chromatic parameters were studied at the end of alcoholic fermentation. Results showed that cluster-thinned vines performed better than control vines during the three consecutive years of the experiment, although the best results were obtained in the driest year (2005). The Syrah variety always provided better results than the Tempranillo variety. The cluster-thinning treatment also influenced the chromatic characteristics of the wines obtained.

Conclusions: The results showed that thinning successfully reduced yield and produced an earlier harvest in the two varieties studied. The grape quality improved and, in general, wines made from cluster-thinned vines of both Syrah and Tempranillo had significantly better chromatic characteristics than control wines.

Significance and impact of the study: This study demonstrate that the practice of cluster-thinning may be recommended depending on several factors, as the varieties and the climatic conditions play also a role in the extractability parameters of grapes, and therefore its use cannot be generalized.
Effects of cluster thinning and irrigation amount on water relations, growth, yield and fruit and wine composition of Tempranillo grapes in Extemadura (Spain)
Authors: Esperanza Valdés María , Moreno Daniel , Gamero Esther , Uriarte David , Del Henar Prieto María , Manzano Raquel , Picón Joaquín , Intrigliolo Diego Sebastiano
Published: June 2016

Aim: The effects of cluster thinning and irrigation regime on vine performance and grape and wine quality of Tempranillo grapevines were studied in a field experiment carried out in Extremadura in Spain.

Methods and results: Treatments were combinations of two irrigation doses (25% and 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration) and two crop levels (thinned and unthinned vines). Cluster thinning was performed just before veraison to retain five clusters per m2 of vine leaf area. Results showed that irrigation amount produced important differences in stem water potential, leaf area index and berry growth but cluster thinning did not significantly affect these parameters. However, cluster thinning independently of the irrigation amount, advanced by seven days grape maturity and largely affected the main grape quality parameters, increasing total soluble solids concentration, pH, total anthocyanins and phenolic content and reduced must yield. Wines made from grapes of the thinned treatments also had higher contents of anthocyanins, tanins and colour index. This increasing effect was more noticeable in the lower irrigation dose. Similarly, the higher irrigation amount reduced phenolic content of wines.

Conclusion: Both, lower irrigation rates and cluster thinning, despite decreased yield, improved wine composition. Overall thinning had a larger impact on grape and wine composition than irrigation.

Significance and impact of study: In the semi-arid environment of the Extremadura region of Spain, irrigation in Tempranillo is important to obtain economically sound yield. However, the irrigation dose to apply might vary depending on the desired wine style. Irrigation to replace potential evapotranspiration should be avoided for premium wine production and, in these cases; deficit irrigation is probably preferred as a tool to increase yields but minimizing the negative effects on fruit and wine quality. Cluster thinning, performed just before veraison, can be also applied to accelerate ripening improving the overall fruit phenolic composition.
Asynchronous dynamics of grapevine ("Vitis vinifera") maturation: experimental study for a modelling approach
Authors: García de Cortázar-Atauri Iñaki , Brisson Nadine , Ollat Nathalie , Jacquet Olivier , Payan Jean-Christophe
Published: June 2016

Aims: An analysis of the asynchrony and dynamics of dry matter accumulation and water content in the grape berries growth period (Vitis vinifera L.) was carried out on a macroscopic scale (berry population). Experimental studies suggest a framework to evaluate the asynchronous nature of grapevine maturation and to propose a simple model to simulate dry matter and water dynamics.

Methods and results:Amethodology based on the measurement of the density of the berries was used, providing information on the dry matter, water content and distribution of the berry populations during the veraison - harvest period. The main experiment was carried out in Rhone valley vineyards on the«Grenache N » and « Syrah » varieties. Additional information was gathered in Burgundy vineyards on « Pinot noir » and « Chardonnay » varieties. A relationship between the sugar content (°Brix) and water content of a berry was observed, which was robust and identical for all varieties. The asynchronous nature of berry growth was confirmed and densimetry allows quantifying the homogeneity of harvest. A model was proposed to modelling dry matter growth, based on thermal time and final potential dry weight. A single relationship was obtained for the two varieties studied which seemed to be independent of field conditions (soil and year). To model water content dynamics (or °Brix, using the relationship obtained between them), two components were defined, one of which is related to the berry phenological stage and the other depends on the water status of the plant.

Conclusion: The results provide a conceptual framework to better understand and represent the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and water content of a population of grape berries, and to evaluate the asynchronous nature of grapevine maturity.

Significance and impact of the study: The models and relationships proposed could be used as a tool to better identify and understand key factors and processes occurring in the field until the detailed processes of berry growth are better understood and can be incorporated into the model. This model could be incorporated into a crop model of vine growth.
Treatment of grapevines with prohexadione calcium as a growth regulator. The influence on production, winemaking and sensory characteristics of wines
Authors: Vaquero-Fernández Luis , Fernández-Zurbano Purificación , Sanz-Asensio Jesús , López-Alonso Miguel , Martínez-Soria María Teresa
Published: June 2016

Aims: The overall objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the growth regulator Prohexadione Calcium (ProCa) on the production of Tempranillo vines in La Rioja, the vinification and the sensory profile of wines obtained from treated grapes.

Methods and results: Prohexadione calcium was applied to Tempranillo vines from Rioja Baja at preblooming in years 2004 and 2005. A number of rows were not treated and they were used as controls. Vinification was carried out at an experimental winery. Oenological parameters were determined. A sensory analysis was performed on the obtained wines. The results showed that crop yield was reduced in treated vines. As regards the fermentation process, slight differences were observed in the case of the treated Tempranillo grapes in comparison to the control. The sensory analysis revealed different organoleptic characteristics in the wines obtained from treated grapes in comparison to those produced from the untreated ones.

Conclusion: The growth regulator Prohexadione calcium can be used as an alternative to bunch thinning. Improved sanitary conditions of grapes are observed. The treatment at preblooming produces a reduction in berry size and weight. An improvement in sensory characteristics and wine quality is observed, as a consequence of reduced production.

Significance and impact of study: ProCa as a growth regulator may be an option for a quality vitiviniculture. No previous studies have been published on applications of ProCa in grapevines in either Europe or in cv. Tempranillo. Additionally, studies with other varieties have not demonstrated sensory improvements in wines obtained from treated vines.
Keragaman Plankton dan Kondisi Perairan Tambak Intensif dan Tradisional di Probolinggo Jawa Timur
Authors: Utojo Utojo
Published: June 2016

This study aims to estimate the wealth and stability of traditional and intensive brackishwater pond waters through biological index calculation (diversity, uniformity and dominance of plankton) in traditional and intensive brackishwater pond waters of Probolinggo Regency, East Java Province. Sampling plankton and water from the site, considered to represent the diversity of plankton and water stability of traditional and intensive brackishwater pond. Plankton was collected using a plankton net no. 25, then preserved using 1% lugol solution. Measurement of water quality variables include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH, whereas the laboratory analyzes that Total Organic Matter (TOM), NO2, NO3, NH3, PO4, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Fe. Plankton identification using microscope and calculation with cell counting method. The results of analysis of plankton in intensive brackishwater pond waters are obtained as much as 23 genera consisting of 16 genera of phytoplankton were included into three classes, namely Bacillariophyceae as much as 5 genera, Cyanophyceae 3 genera, Dinophyceae and Chlorophyceae, each of the four genera, whereas zooplankton consisting of 7 genera are included into two classes, namely Crustaceae 6 genera and Rotatoria 1 genus. In traditional brackishwater pond earned as much as 13 genera consisting of 8 genera of phytoplankton were included into Bacillariophyceae 5 genera, Cyanophyceae 2 genera, and Dinophyceae 3 genera, whereas zooplankton consisting of three genera are included into class Crustaceae 2 genera and Rotatoria 1 genus. Plankton abundance in intensive brackishwater pond ranges 702 - 4269 ind./L, diversity index of 0.26 -2.38, uniformity index of 0.10 - 1.5, and dominance index of 0.02 - 0.68. In traditional brackishwater pond have an abundance of plankton range 134 - 776 ind./L, diversity index of 0.10 - 1.97, uniformity index of 0.08 - 1.0, and dominance index of 0.01 - 0.75. Traditional and intensive brackishwater pond waters condition still within the limits that can be tolerated by the culture organism. Based on the index value of biological, diversity of genus in the intensive brackishwater pond is relatively higher than traditional brackishwater pond and the community stability moderate, whereas traditional brackishwater pond unstable. On average, the uniformity of the genus in both  brackishwater ponds are relatively evenly and genus of plankton to dominate the others genus.
Distribusi Phyllanthus emblica L. di Sumatera Utara Bagian Selatan
Authors: Khoiriyah Ummi , Pasaribu Nursahara , Hannum Saleha
Published: June 2016

The Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) distribution has been studied in the southern part of North Sumatera, which is in the South Labuhanbatu district, North Padanglawas, Padanglawas, SouthTapanuli, Padangsidempuan city and Mandailing Natal district. The aims ofthis study was to determine the distribution area of balakka based on rainfall, lands cover and soil type. The data were collectedby observation. Distribution data are presented in the  form of map using ArcView 3.3 Software. The results of the analysis showed that the common balakka was distributed in the rainfall region of 2000 – 2500 mm/year in dryland farming and the humic acrisols soil.
Meeting Me at Horizon: In Search of Life through Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha
Authors: Rai Dr. Indrani Singh
Published: June 2016

There is an unending flow of life which enters and exists at its predetermined time. Very few may have tried to apprehend the purpose of life, endeavor to explore its existence in cosmos, attain tranquility and celestial bliss. In the luxurious peripheral phase, people may be busy with desire and aspiration but a shift from exterior to interior is indispensible to know the mystery of the universe. A voyage must be embarked on to arrive at the center to realize the true essence of life. This paper, through Hermann Hesse’s stunning novel Siddhartha, tries to explore the quintessential existence of human being, the reason of this puppet show, ultimate goal of the journey and the path through which Nirvana can be attained. It’s an endeavor to show how beautifully a German writer ignites the intellect and helps to know how the Transcendental Bliss be attained.
Introduction to the ACTA IMEKO issue dedicated to selected papers presented in the 18th IMEKO TC4 Symposium
Authors: Ramos Pedro Miguel
Published: June 2016

This manuscript is a brief introduction to the ACTA IMEKO issue dedicated to selected papers presented in the 18th IMEKO TC4 Symposium which took place in Natal, Brazil in September 2011 together with IX Semetro.
Statistical Techniques Applied to the Automatic Diagnosis of Dermoscopic Images
Authors: De Vita Valerio , Di Leo Giuseppe Di Leo , Fabbrocini Gabriella , Liguori Consolatina , Paolillo Alfredo , Sommella Paolo
Published: June 2016

An image based system implementing a well-known diagnostic method is disclosed for the automatic detection of melanomas as support to clinicians. The software procedure is able to recognize automatically the skin lesion within the digital image, measure morphological and chromatic feature, carry out a suitable classification for the detection of structural dermoscopic criteria provided by the 7-Point Check. Statistical techniques are introduced and adopted for border detection, feature extraction and classification as well as the resulting diagnostic score are described with reference to a large image set of pigmented lesions.
New demands on inspection planning and quality testing for micro- and nanostructured components
Authors: Weissensee Karina
Published: June 2016

The development and control of more and more complex and extensive technical systems yields to measurement-technology requirements in an increasing degree. These requirements can not be met with the exclusive operation mode of a single-sensor measuring instrument because in most instances multifarious and multistructured measuring quantities are existing on one device under test.
The aim of this paper is to discuss new problems of inspection planning arising from the improvement in measurement technology. Essential demands, ideas and conceptual approaches to multistructured quality inspections will be presented.
Development of 1.6 GPa pressure-measuring multipliers
Authors: Sabuga Wladimir , Haines Rob
Published: June 2016

Two 1.6 GPa pressure-measuring multipliers were developed and built. Feasibility analysis of their operation up to 1.6 GPa, parameter optimisation and prediction of their behaviour were performed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Their performance and metrological properties were determined experimentally at pressures up to 500 MPa. The experimental and theoretical results are in reasonable agreement. With the results obtained so far, the relative standard uncertainty of the pressure measurement up to 1.6 GPa is expected to be not greater than 2·10-4. With this new development the range of the pressure calibration service in Europe can be extended up to 1.5 GPa.
Contactless high frequency inductive position sensor with DSP read out electronics utilizing band-pass sampling
Authors: Aschenbrenner Bernhard , Zagar Bernhard G.
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a precise, reliable, low cost and contactless inductive absolute position measurement system for rough industrial environments. It offers a high inherent resolution (0.04 % of antenna length), and measures absolute position over a relative wide measurement range. The main property for this kind of sensor is its good immunity to external noise and target misalignment off the measurement axis. The measurement range and the precision are extended by adding additional and finer pitched receive coils. This sensor works on similar principles as resolvers but consists of a rectangular antenna PCB, a small moveable passive LC resonant circuit and a signal processing unit. Furthermore, the used read out electronics utilizes under-sampling to demodulate the sensor output signals and the corresponding position is estimated from a lookup table (LUT) implemented on a digital signal processor (DSP) to avoid singularities in the inverse tangent and cotangent calculation. Moreover, the mechanical transducer arrangement, the signal condition electronics design and measurement results of the transmitter to receiver signal coupling and relative position error will be presented.
A method for assessing multivariate measurement systems
Authors: Scagliarini Michele
Published: June 2016

Multivariate measurement systems analysis is usually performed by designing suitable gauge R&R experiments ignoring available data generated by the measurement system while used for inspection or process control. This article proposes an approach that, using the data that are routinely available from the regular activity of the instrument, offers the possibility of assessing multivariate measurement systems without the necessity of performing a multivariate gauge study. It can be carried out more frequently than a multivariate gauge R&R experiment, since can be implemented at almost no additional cost. Therefore the synergic use of the proposed approach and the traditional multivariate gauge R&R studies can be a useful strategy for improving the overall quality of multivariate measurement systems and is effective for reducing the costs of a multivariate MSA performed with a certain frequency.
Stator Winding Fault Diagnosis in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators Based on Short-Circuited Turns Identification Using Extended Kalman Filter
Authors: Aubert Brice , Régnier Jérémi , Caux Stéphane , Alejo Dominique
Published: June 2016

This paper deals with an Extended Kalman Filter based fault detection for inter-turn short-circuit in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. Inter-turn short-circuits are among the most critical faults in the PMSG. Indeed, due to permanent magnets, the short-circuit current is maintained as long as the machine is rotating. Thus, a specific faulty model in d-q frame is developed to estimate the number of short-circuited turns which are used to build a fault indicator. Simulation results demonstrate the sensitivity and the robustness of the proposed fault indicator against various operation points on an electrical network even for a few number of short-circuited turns.
Method of integral nonlinearity testing and correction of multi-range ADC by direct measurement of output voltages of multi-resistors divider
Authors: Zhengbing Hu , Kochan Roman , Kochan Orest , Jun Su , Klym Halyna
Published: June 2016

A method of testing points generation for the identification and correction of the integral nonlinearity of high performance ADCâ€™s is presented. The proposed method is based on averaging all voltages of the multi-resistor voltage divider. The influence of the resistors errors and random errors of the ADC on the residual error of the integral nonlinearity correction for method based on multi-resistor divider is investigated.
Hybrid time synchronization for Underwater Sensor Networks
Authors: Pallares Valls Oriol , Bouvet Pierre-Jean , Del Rí­o Joaquí­n
Published: June 2016

Time synchronization is a critical part of distributed applications over a sensor network. In this work we investigate time synchronization problems over UWSN deployed in shallow water, taking into account all main communication challenges of the water channel and observing its behavior in simulation and real tests. A hybrid frame was proposed based on time synchronization using both LFM and OFDM communication with channel impulse response equalization. Simulation results show how Hybrid synchronization outperforms existing synchronization protocols and how these results are affected in real underwater tests.
Metrological traceability for the analysis of environmental pollutants in the atmosphere
Authors: Rolle Francesca , Pessana Enrica , Sega Michela
Published: June 2016

The importance of carrying out accurate and reliable measurements is a fundamental topic in many different fields, in particular for the safeguard of the environment and the climatic conditions of the planet. This is the basis for the planning of correct actions to prevent environmental damages and potential harmful effects for the health of the human beings. The application of metrology to chemical monitoring can assure the reliability of measurement results.

At the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), the Italian Metrology Institute, different activities are carried out for the analysis of gaseous and organic pollutants in the atmosphere. This paper deals with some examples of such activities.

For gaseous pollutants primary gravimetric mixtures are produced for the calibration of the instrumentation devoted to the analysis of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), with the aim of assuring traceability to the measurements of CO2 at ambient level and at the vehicles emission level, and of NOx at ambient level. On the other hand, research is carried out in the field of organic micropollutants, in particular regarding the establishment of metrological traceability for the atmospheric concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on particulate matter (PM).
Using vibrations to detect high wear rates in rolling contact fatigue tests
Authors: Lancini Matteo , Bodini Ileana , Vetturi David , Pasinetti Simone , Mazzù Angelo , Solazzi Luigi , Petrogalli Candida , Faccoli Michela
Published: June 2016

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) plays a critical role in railway components, and the characterization of materials used, in terms of RCF life, is still an open task, made complex by the interactions of different phenomena. The contact surface has a direct impact on the pressure exerted and can change during the test, due to wear. The procedure proposed consists in using vibrations of a test bench during RCF?life tests to identify when wear increases and causes a quick flattening of the specimen’s surface, and when this process is complete. The procedure is applied to two case studies regarding wheel and rail steels. In the tests, a wheel steel specimen rotates against a rail steel specimen, while pressed against each other by a constant force. At regular intervals weight loss and surface analysis are performed, while vibrations and torque are monitored continuously. Destructive tests are carried out at the end of each test. Results from non?destructive measurements were used to provide input data to a numerical simulation, used to determine the cyclic plasticity properties of the material. The methodology proposed shows the potential application of vibration measurements for detecting wear rates thus allowing supporting or partially supplanting destructive testing.
Variations of phenolic compounds and sensory properties of virgin olive oils from the variety 'Istrska belica'
Authors: Bucar-Miklavcic Milena , Golob Terezija , Valencic Vasilij , Bester Erika , Butinar Bojan , Miklavcic Visnjevec Ana
Published: June 2016

The olive variety 'Istrska belica' is well known for its numerous positive properties, such as resistance to low temperature and high oil content. The aim was to determine the variations in the levels of phenolic compounds and sensory properties during storage of 'Istrska belica' virgin olive oil. The profile of the phenolic compounds and sensory properties of 'Istrska belica' olive oil were further compared with those for other varieties, including 'Leccino' and 'Maurino'. The content of phenolic compounds of the olive oils decreased after 1 year and 2 years of storage. After 2 years of storage, the levels of oleuropein and the ligstroside derivates significantly decreased, while the end-stage compounds tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol increased. These data show that after 1 year of storage, the 'Istrska belica' olive oil preserves similar intensities for bitterness and pungency, and similar oleuropein and ligstroside derivates levels. In contrast to the other oils analysed, the intensities of bitterness and pungency of 'Istrska belica' olive oil decreased greatly only after 2 years of storage. Moreover, the phenolic compounds content, and oleuropein and ligstroside derivates levels, and the intensities of bitterness and pungency were the highest in fresh 'Istrska belica' olive oil, compared to the other olive oils analysed. Overall, 'Istrska belica' olive oil has important advantages over olive oil from other varieties that are grown in the Istria region.
Factors Influencing Early Childhood Development Teachers’ Motivation in Thika District, Kenya
Authors: Ndani Mary N. , Kimani Elishiba N
Published: June 2016

Early Childhood Development (ECD) centres comprise one of the immediate social and physical environments influencing children’s development, that Bronfenbrenner (1986, 1989) terms Microsystems. The Microsystems are made up of personal qualities of the people therein (particularly teachers) and the physical environments. In order for ECD centres to provide the necessary conditions for children’s holistic development, teachers should be well motivated and physical facilities conducive for working and learning.  The sample of the study was comprised of 40 ECD centres and 46 ECD teachers. Preschool Teachers’ Motivation Questionnaire and an observation checklist were used to collect the primary data. Secondary data were obtained from various records in the ECD centres. Among the key findings was the revelation that the motivation levels of more than 50% of the teachers were below average. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education and communities work together to improve ECD teachers’ terms and conditions of service as well as the learning/teaching environment.
COMPUTERISATION OF RURAL SCHOOLS IN ZIMBABWE:CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (THE CASE OF CHIPINGE DISTRICT)
Authors: Konyana Shoorai , Konyana Elias
Published: June 2016

In this paper we seek to explain the relevance of introducing Computer Studies in Zimbabwean rural schools as a means to reduce the access to Information Communication Technology (ICT) gap between rural and urban schools. We first acknowledge the efforts of various stakeholders in education in introducing the Information Communication Technology curriculum in rural schools in the last ten or so years as a commitment to bringing Science and Technology to the rural pupil. In addition, we further explore the progress that has been made by rural schools that received computers from the Head of State and Government over the years. In the process, however, we observe that most rural schools have not fully embraced the ICT curriculum owing to a number of challenges. Thus, we contend in this paper that most rural schools that received donated computers in Zimbabwe had not been capacitated to fully utilise the new technology for the benefit of pupils, teachers and the community. As a result, most of the gadgets have been lying idle in classrooms due to lack of either proper infrastructural facilities such as computer laboratories and electricity as well as lack of trained ICT teachers. In the final submission, we implore stakeholders in education to facilitate ICT development in rural schools in Zimbabwe so as to increase access, quality and equity in education for sustainable rural development in Southern Africa.
Atlantic Slavery: Lost in Trans-lation
Authors: Stabler Scott L , Owusu Mary
Published: June 2016

“Who benefited more from the Transatlantic Slave Trade: Ghanaians or Europeans?” Ghana Ministry of Education and Sports:2008, 17). That’s the test question on the official government syllabus/standards for Ghanaian schools. The syllabus also lists the benefits of colonization and that list far outweighs the detriments. The lack of a broader understanding about the devastation brought on by the Transatlantic Slave Trade (TAST) is not exclusive to Ghana, but proves similar in the United States and likely throughout the world. Generally, the TAST appears lost in Trans-lation in secondary schools. The Transatlantic Slave Trade forms the most transnational exchange surrounding Africa and the African Diaspora. The TAST to the Americas relocated millions of people, killed untold more, treated them as property based on their melanin, caused many wars and affects the world today. To broaden our understanding of the pedagogies of the TAST, Ghanaian secondary teachers were interviewed, textbooks and the national standards were reviewed along with Ghana's role at the heart of the TAST with Cape Coast as a central embarking point. We discovered a lack of instruction about the transnational and contemporary impacts of the TAST at the secondary level. Through our study of the TAST’s instruction in Ghana’s secondary schools a need to expand how teachers inform students about the breadth of the TAST was discovered. This article will focus primarily on Ghana’s lack of transnational reach at the secondary school level due to the limits of standardized testing, the Ghana Educational Service’s syllabus, the textbooks utilized, assessments, poverty, teacher awareness and neocolonialism. This study also examines why transnational exchange in teaching the TAST proves essential in the secondary school classroom in Ghana and beyond.Ghana Ministry of Education. (2008). Teaching Syllabus for Social Studies Senior High School. Accra: Ghana Ministry of Education and Sports.[i]Teaching Syllabus for Social Studies, Senior High School, Ghana Ministry of Education and Sports, 2008, 17.
USABILITY OF COMPUTERS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING AT TERTIARY-LEVEL INSTITUTIONS IN UGANDA
Authors: Neema-Abooki Peter Akampa , Rukia Nakintu
Published: June 2016

Since a computer-enriched learning environment is positively correlated with users’ attitudes towards computers in general, the rationale of this study was to investigate the extent to which computers were applied in the teaching and learning at tertiary-level institutions; specifically at the Core Primary Teachers’ Colleges (PTCs). The study accordingly set out to examine this duo-fold ideal at Shimoni and Kibuli Core PTCs; both in Kampala District in Uganda. The specific objectives were to find out the level to which computers have been integrated in teaching and leaning at PTCs and to determine the competency of both the tutors and the students in the use of information and communication technology (ICT). Both categories served as respondents to whom a questionnaire was subjected. Findings indicated that although computers were generally being integrated in the teaching process, there was need for more guidance and support in order to ensure expertise of both tutors and students in the use of ICT. This article is cognisant that integration of technology requires a move from the traditional model of teacher presentation to a learning model whereby students draw information relevant to their future profession.
O que acontece além do oceano? Direito e literatura na Europa
Authors: Mittica M. Paola
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é delinear o quadro atual dos estudos de “Direito e Literatura”, entendidos como uma metodologia que reflete sobre a interdisciplinaridade como via necessária para elaborar uma observação complexa dos fatos relativos ao homem e às suas relações. Mas pode se tornar também um movimento no horizonte do esforço cívico e político, se à cultura da interdisciplinaridade se conjugar àquela da alteridade e da responsabilidade. Ao resumir suas linhas essenciais, a experiência europeia será colocada em confronto com a estadunidense para evidenciar a necessidade de um resgate crítico da identidade cultural europeia, avançando de modo mais construtivo e original para a evolução da prospectiva. Com referência especial ao “renascimento” italiano dos estudos de Direito e Literatura do último vintênio, serão delineadas algumas distinções de campo, úteis para individualizar entre os diversos flancos de Law and Humanities aqueles que marcam o âmbito específico do Direito e Literatura, a fim de traçar algumas diretrizes de pesquisa interdisciplinariamente compartilhadas.
Material truth in law and fiction in literature
Authors: Ceccagno Douglas
Published: June 2016

In transdisciplinary intersection between Law and Literature, there is the need to approximate concepts, so that the theories that support one area are, to some extent, applicable to the other. This study aims at trying an application of the concept of material truth, which comes from legal studies, to the study of Literature, through its relation to the concepts of mimesis, realism and verisimilitude, used by literary criticism. This study assumes that no one of them is able to fulfil the needs of literary expression, so that an attempt to locate a material truth in Literature will fail too. The article discusses the realistic style in Literature based on different writers’ views on realism and discusses the concept of mimesis and the concepts of internal and external verisimilitude through Roland Barthes’s questioning of truth as understood by literary criticism. In addition, a brief analysis of the novel Leite derramado (Spilt milk), by Chico Buarque, demonstrates how, despite subverting several criteria that assure the verisimilitude, the narrative is able to ensure its credibility as fictional discourse and make the reader accept the fiction that it expresses.
“Literary woman” versus “economic man”: o antagonismo entre a análise legal feminista e o direito e economia
Authors: Pinto Catarina Araújo Silveira Woyames
Published: June 2016

O Direito e Literatura é uma oponente da análise redutivista do direito econômico: law and economics. Nesse mesmo contexto, há ainda uma nova perspectiva: o feminist legal analysis, que trata de reflexões indispensáveis para acentuar alguns aspectos relativos às especificidades do direito das mulheres. Em vez de tentar descobrir a realidade ou discordar do modo como outros juristas entendem a realidade, os estudos feministas – com outra intenção – tentaram mudar a realidade, transformando a maneira como os acadêmicos jurídicos a entendiam. No desenvolvimento de uma perspectiva feminista da lei e da jurisprudência, no entanto, as estudiosas feministas utilizam o quadro do modernismo legal para questionar as práticas dominantes e os métodos tradicionais empregados para a leitura e compreensão de lei.
Quais interesses se devem defender?
Authors: Molina Ochoa Andrés
Published: June 2016

O artigo introduz dois problemas da ética profissional dos operadores do direito: a titularidade dos direitos que os advogados devem representar e os objetivos que devem ser protegidos no litígio. A discussão concentra-se na representação, oferecida por vários filmes, do papel do advogado nos processos e de suas obrigações éticas e jurídicas para com seus clientes.
Poroelasticity During Fluid Injection in Confined Geological Reservoirs: Incorporating Effects of Seal-Rock Stiffness
Authors: Monfared K. Atefi , Rothenburg L..
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a new poroelastic solution to describe the time-dependent response of a confined geological reservoir to fluid injection through a fully penetrating vertical well treated as a point source. Unlike previous studies, vertical-confinement effects of seal rocks are incorporated in the solution. To facilitate analytical description of a fully coupled poroelastic behavior within the reservoir, the stiffness of surrounding rocks is described by the Winkler model, simplifying the response of seal rocks in the direction perpendicular to the reservoir plane. Analytical expressions are obtained for axisymmetric stress and strain components in the reservoir and for the vertical reaction stress. The latter is essential for evaluation of integrity of seal rocks during injection. Solutions are also obtained for the magnitude and location of the maximum-induced radial displacement as a function of time during injection.

The effects of poroelastic coupling are articulated through the equivalent diffusion constant of the reservoir-seal rocks system. The latter is expressed through traditional poroelastic parameters as well as the relative stiffness of reservoir and seal rocks. The Winkler modulus of seal rocks, which is involved in all analytical relationships presented in this paper, is empirically linked to elastic characteristics of surrounding strata by comparing their response with the same pressure change in the reservoir according to the ideally elastic and Winkler models.

The derived solutions are compared with previous studies, and verified against fully coupled numerical simulations. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the effects of the stiffness of the confining strata on the response of a uniform reservoir to injection. The vertical component of stress and the radial and vertical displacements are found to be substantially sensitive to the magnitude of the vertical restraint. The findings note the significance of incorporating seal-rock characteristics to attain a realistic assessment of the geomechanics of injection, specifically in formations with lower elastic moduli.
Pore-Scale Investigations on the Dynamics of Gravity-Driven Steam-Displacement Process for Heavy-Oil Recovery and Development of Residual Oil Saturation: A 2D Visual Analysis
Authors: Argüelles-Vivas Francisco J. , Babadagli Tayfun
Published: June 2016

The dynamics of a gravity-driven injection process for heavy-oil recovery at the pore scale and the mechanisms leading to the formation of residual oil saturation (ROS) were investigated. The 10 × 15-cm and 5 × 5-cm 2D visual sandpack models (a single layer of sintered microscale glass beads) were prepared and placed into a transparent vacuum chamber to prevent heat loss. The processes were recorded with a high-speed camera to obtain visual data at the pore scale. This process represents the lateral spreading of the steam chamber (half symmetric chamber growth) during steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) for heavy-oil recovery.

Oil-trapping mechanisms yielding to the formation of ROS were described and analyzed because of (1) lateral expansion, (2) simultaneous vertical and lateral expansion, (3) pore and particle size, (4) heterogeneities (pore- and particle-size distribution), and (5) wettability. Attention was also given to the ceiling region of the steam chamber and its interaction with the mobilized region at the lateral boundaries of the chamber.
Row Width Influences Wheat Yield, But Has Little Effect on Wheat Quality
Authors: Lindsey Laura E. , Lentz Edwin , Baik Byung‐Kee
Published: June 2016

Growers are interested in wide‐row wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production due to reductions in equipment inventory (lack of grain drill) and to allow intercropping of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] into wheat. A trial was established during the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons in Wayne County and Wood County, Ohio, to evaluate the effect of row width and cultivar on soft red winter wheat grain yield and quality. Treatments included two row widths (7.5‐ and 15‐inch) and four wheat cultivars (Rupp 935, Rupp 972, Syngenta SY483, and Syngenta W1104). Wheat grain yield was reduced when grown in 15‐inch row width compared with 7.5‐inch row width in three out of four site‐years by 2 to 15% depending on location, year, and wheat cultivar. A row width × cultivar interaction occurred at only one out of four site‐years, indicating that yield reductions associated with row width tended to be similar among the four wheat cultivars evaluated in this study. Row width slightly altered test weight, flour yield, flour softness, and flour protein; however, the effect was quite small and likely insignificant to the baking industry.