bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel mechanism of sustained platelet αIIbβ3 activation via PEAR1
Authors: Kauskot Alexandre , Di Michele Michela , Loyen Serena , Freson Kathleen , Verhamme Peter , Hoylaerts Marc F.
Published: February 2012

Because single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in platelet endothelial aggregation receptor 1 (PEAR1) are associated with differential functional platelet responses in healthy subjects, we studied the function of PEAR1 in human platelets. During platelet aggregation by various agonists, the membrane expression of PEAR1 and its tyrosine phosphorylation increased. The recombinant PEAR1 EMI domain (GST-EMI) competitively reduced platelet adhesion to surface-coated PEAR1, diminished platelet aggregation, and eliminated PEAR1 phosphorylation. Polyclonal antibodies against the extracellular PEAR1 domain triggered PEAR1 phosphorylation in a src family kinase (SFK)–dependent manner. Such resulted in downstream signaling, culminating in extensive platelet degranulation and irreversible aggregation reactions interrupted by excess monovalent anti–GST-EMI F(ab) fragments. In resting platelets, the cytoplasmic tail of PEAR1 was found complexed to c-Src and Fyn, but on its phosphorylation, phospho-PEAR1 recruited p85 PI3K, resulting in persistent activation of PI3K and Akt. Thus, αIIbβ3 activation was amplified, hence stabilizing platelet aggregates, a signaling cascade fully interrupted by the SFK inhibitor PP1 and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. This study is the first demonstration of a functional role for PEAR1 in platelet activation, underpinning the observed association between PEAR1 and platelet function in genome-wide association studies.
Association between Ghrelin gene (GHRL) polymorphisms and clinical response to atypical antipsychotic drugs in Han Chinese schizophrenia patients
Authors: Yang Yongfeng , Li Wenqiang , Zhao Jingyuan , Zhang Hongxing , Song Xueqin , Xiao Bo , Yang Ge , Jiang Chengdi , Zhang Dai , Yue Weihua , Lv Luxian
Published: February 2012

Background

Ghrelin (GHRL) is a pivotal peptide regulator of food intake, energy balance, and body mass. Weight gain (WG) is a common side effect of the atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) used to treat schizophrenia (SZ). Ghrelin polymorphisms have been associated with pathogenic variations in plasma lipid concentrations, blood pressure, plasma glucose, and body mass index (BMI). However, it is unclear whether GHRL polymorphisms are associated with WG due to AAPs. Furthermore, there is no evidence of an association between GHRL polymorphisms and SZ or the therapeutic response to AAPs. We explored these potential associations by genotyping GHRL alleles in SZ patients and controls. We also examined the relation between these SNPs and changes in metabolic indices during AAP treatment in SZ subgroups distinguished by high or low therapeutic response.

Methods

Four SNPs (Leu72Met, -501A/C, -604 G/A, and -1062 G > C) were genotyped in 634 schizophrenia patients and 606 control subjects.

Results

There were no significant differences in allele frequencies, genotype distributions, or the distributions of two SNP haplotypes between SZ patients and healthy controls (P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in symptom reduction between genotypes after 8 weeks of AAP treatment as measured by positive and negative symptom scale scores (PANSS). However, the -604 G/A polymorphism was associated with a greater BMI increase in response to AAP administration in both APP responders and non-responders as distinguished by PANSS score reduction (P < 0.001). There were also significant differences in WG when the responder group was further subdivided according to the specific AAP prescribed (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

These four GHRL gene SNPs were not associated with SZ in this Chinese Han population. The -604 G/A polymorphism was associated with significant BW and BMI increases during AAP treatment. Patients exhibiting higher WG showed greater improvements in positive and negative symptoms than patients exhibiting lower weight gain or weight loss.
Point specificity in acupuncture
Authors: Choi Emma M , Jiang Fang , Longhurst John C
Published: February 2012

The existence of point specificity in acupuncture is controversial, because many acupuncture studies using this principle to select control points have found that sham acupoints have similar effects to those of verum acupoints. Furthermore, the results of pain-related studies based on visual analogue scales have not supported the concept of point specificity. In contrast, hemodynamic, functional magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological studies evaluating the responses to stimulation of multiple points on the body surface have shown that point-specific actions are present. This review article focuses on clinical and laboratory studies supporting the existence of point specificity in acupuncture and also addresses studies that do not support this concept. Further research is needed to elucidate the point-specific actions of acupuncture.
Glutamine and glutamate supplementation raise milk glutamine concentrations in lactating gilts
Authors: Manso Helena Emilia CCC , Filho Helio C Manso , de Carvalho Luiz E , Kutschenko Marianne , Nogueira Eduardo T , Watford Malcolm
Published: February 2012

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in milk, and lactation is associated with increased glutamine utilization both for milk synthesis and as a fuel for the enlarged small intestine. A number of recent studies have indicated that lactation is accompanied by a mild catabolic state in which skeletal muscle proteins are degraded to provide amino acids that are used to synthesize additional glutamine. In this study we tested the hypothesis that supplemental L-glutamine or the commercially available glutamine supplement Aminogut (2.5% by weight mixed into daily feed) provided to gilts from 30 days prior to parturition until 21 days post-parturition would prevent a decrease in skeletal muscle glutamine while increasing the glutamine content of the milk. Muscle glutamine content decreased (P < 0.05) in control animals during lactation but this was prevented by supplementation with either L-glutamine or Aminogut. In this study, neither lactation nor supplementation had any effect on plasma glutamine or glutamate content. Free glutamine, and the total glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from the control and the Aminogut group rose (P < 0.05) during the first 7 days of lactation, with milk concentrations in the L-glutamine supplemented group showing a similar trend (P = 0.053). Milk glutamate remained constant between day 7 and 21 of lactation in the control and L-glutamine supplemented groups, but by day 21 of lactation the free glutamine, glutamate, and glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from Aminogut-treated gilts were higher than those of control gilts. Thus dietary glutamine supplementation can alleviate the fall in intramuscular glutamine content during lactation in gilts, and may alleviate some of the catabolic effects of lactation. Furthermore, the increased milk glutamine content in the supplemented gilts may provide optimum nutrition for piglet development.
Four butyrolactones and diverse bioactive secondary metabolites from terrestrial Aspergillus flavipes MM2: isolation and structure determination
Authors: Nagia Mohamed MS , El-Metwally Mohammad Magdy , Shaaban Mohamed , El-Zalabani Soheir M , Hanna Atef G
Published: March 2012

The chemical constituents and biological activities of the terrestrial Aspergillus flavipes MM2 isolated from Egyptian rice hulls are reported. Seven bioactive compounds were obtained, of which one sterol: ergosterol (1), four butyrolactones: butyrolactone I (2), aspulvinone H (3), butyrolactone-V (6) and 4,4'-diydroxypulvinone (7), along with 6-methylsalicylic acid (4) and the cyclopentenone analogue; terrien (5). Structures of the isolated compounds were deduced by intensive studies of their 1D & 2D NMR, MS data and comparison with related structures. The strain extract and the isolated compounds (1-7) were biologically studied against number of microbial strains, and brine shrimp for cytotoxicity. In this article, the taxonomical characterization of A. flavipes MM2 along with its upscale fermentation, isolation and structural assignment of the obtained bioactive metabolites, and evaluate their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities were described.
Dementia in schizophrenia
Authors: Radhakrishnan Raghavakurup , Butler Robert , Head Laura
Published: March 2012

A growing body of evidence suggests that the most common type of dementia in schizophrenia differs from Alzheimer's disease in its clinical features, natural course, neuropathology, neuroanatomical substrates and prognosis. Furthermore, there is some evidence that the risk of developing cognitive impairment and its progression in early-onset schizophrenia differ compared with late- or very-late-onset schizophrenia. The diagnosis and management of dementia in schizophrenia is challenging for both general adult and old age psychiatrists. This article reviews the evidence base regarding dementia in schizophrenia. It discusses the diagnosis of dementia in schizophrenia, its management and prognosis, and identifies some future research opportunities.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of carbon monoxide poisoning: diagnosis and management
Authors: Ho Roger Chun Man , Cheng Wendy , Chua Anna Nyap Cheng , Mak Anselm
Published: March 2012

Charcoal-burning has become a common method of attempted suicide in Asia and survivors are often intoxicated with carbon monoxide (CO). Reports of the neuropsychiatric aspects of CO poisoning date back to 1914. This article outlines the neuropsychiatric sequelae that have been described secondary to CO poisoning. The underlying pathophysiology and management strategies, including acute management and cognitive rehabilitation, are discussed as these topics are of relevance to psychiatrists.
Assessing whether psychiatric trainees feel safe in the workplace
Authors: Acosta Catia , Warner James , Kopelman Michael , Nilforooshan Ramin
Published: March 2012

Aims and method

Previous studies have shown that 17 to 60% of psychiatric trainees have been physically or verbally assaulted. To measure the frequency of assaults and the trainees' reactions, we conducted a retrospective self-reported survey of attendees at MRCPsych teaching courses in south London and at an annual meeting of psychiatric trainees.

Results

Overall, 64% of the questionnaires distributed were returned completed. Of the trainees who responded, 41% had been physically assaulted at least once and 89% had been verbally assaulted. As a result of the assault, 34% of trainees were subsequently more risk aware and 11% were now hesitant to assess patients with a history of violence. There was no association between the level of training or attendance at a breakaway training course and having been subject to physical assault.

Clinical implications

Our study showed unacceptable levels of physical and verbal assault on psychiatric trainees and an important effect of those incidents on clinical practice.
In-patient psychiatric rehabilitation services: survey of service users in three metropolitan boroughs
Authors: Cowan Colin , Meaden Alan , Commander Martin , Edwards Tom
Published: March 2012

Aims and method

To examine care pathways and characteristics of service users across a range of in-patient rehabilitation settings: community, long-term complex care and high-dependency rehabilitation.

Results

Significant differences were found for service users in the different units with respect to duration of stay, length of history, number of admissions, community team, physical health, social functioning, history of aggression and perceived risk if discharged.

Clinical implications

Community service provision may not adequately meet the needs of the most disabled and access to appropriate move-on facilities for rehabilitation in-patients is insufficient. Remedying this requires collaboration between policy makers, commissioners and clinicians to ensure access to a comprehensive range of services.
Vandetanib Versus Placebo in Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer After Prior Therapy With an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor: A Randomized, Double-Blind Phase III Trial (ZEPHYR)
Authors: Lee Jin Soo , Hirsh Vera , Park Keunchil , Qin Shukui , Blajman Cesar R. , Perng Reury-Perng , Chen Yuh-Min , Emerson Laura , Langmuir Peter , Manegold Christian
Published: February 2012

Purpose

Vandetanib is a once-daily oral inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and RET signaling. This placebo-controlled trial assessed whether vandetanib conferred an overall survival benefit in patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after prior treatment with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor and one or two chemotherapy regimens.

Patients and Methods

Eligible patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive vandetanib 300 mg/d or placebo until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary objective was to compare the outcomes between the two arms with respect to overall survival.

Results

Overall, 924 patients received vandetanib (n = 617) or placebo (n = 307). No significant increase in overall survival was detected in the vandetanib cohort compared with placebo (hazard ratio = 0.95; 95.2% CI, 0.81 to 1.11; P = .527); median overall survival was 8.5 months versus 7.8 months for vandetanib and placebo patients, respectively. Statistically significant advantages favoring vandetanib were observed for progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 0.63; P < .001) and objective response rate (2.6% v 0.7%; P = .028). Postprogression therapy was balanced across the cohorts in both number and type. Adverse events were generally consistent with previous NSCLC studies of vandetanib 300 mg; common events occurring with a greater frequency in the vandetanib arm versus placebo included diarrhea (46% v 11%), rash (42% v 11%), and hypertension (26% v 3%).

Conclusion

The study did not demonstrate an overall survival benefit for vandetanib versus placebo. There was a higher incidence of some adverse events with vandetanib.
The Arab Awakening and the Israeli-Palestinian Connection
Authors: Klug Tony
Published: March 2012

The Arab Spring has opened new possibilities for peace in Israel/Palestine—possibilities that the Israeli leadership has yet to fully understand.
Analysis of pneumatization and neurovascular structures of the sphenoid sinus using cone-beam tomography (CBT)
Authors: Güldner Christian , Pistorius Sarah M , Diogo Isabell , Bien Siegfried , Sesterhenn Andreas , Werner Jochen A
Published: March 2012

Background

The sphenoid sinus is a frequent target of paranasal sinus surgery. Because of the high risk of injuring the surrounding structures (e.g. internal carotid artery, optical nerve) a preoperative imaging is absolutely necessary.

Purpose

To analyze the possibilities of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), which is especially quite a new technique in ENT, in the evaluation of the sphenoid sinus, its surrounding structures, and the corresponding anatomical variations.

Material and Methods

This was a retrospective, single-centre study of 580 patients (1160 sides = cases). The Accu-I-Tomo-F17 was used. Pneumatization of sphenoid sinus, course of internal artery, course of optical nerve, and dehiscence of the bony canals were evaluated.

Results

In the case of pneumatization a type I (completely missing or minimal sphenoid sinus) was found in two patients (0.3%), type II (posterior wall of sphenoid sinus is in front of the anterior wall of the sella) in 38 patients (6.6%), type III (posterior wall is between anterior and posterior wall of sella) in 332 patients (57,2%), type IVa (posterior wall is behind the posterior wall of sella without air dorsal the sella) in 104 patients (17.9%), and type IVb (similar to type IVa but with air dorsal the sella) in 104 patients (17.9%). In 1025 cases (89.5%) a smooth course of the internal carotid artery was found whereas a free course could be detected in 120 cases (10.5%). Defects of the bony canal of the optical nerve were found in 16.7% and of the internal carotid artery in 2.7% of the cases. The optical nerve showed a free course through the sphenoid in 151 cases (13.7%) and a smooth course in 1007 cases (87.0%).

Conclusion

CBCT could evaluate all relevant anatomic structures and answer the questions of different anatomical variants. A modified classification of the pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus could be described. Frequencies of anatomical variations are in accordance with the current literature of CT research.
Telehealth in cystic fibrosis: a systematic review
Authors: Cox Narelle S , Alison Jennifer A , Rasekaba Tshepo , Holland Anne E
Published: March 2012

We conducted a systematic review of the use of telehealth in people with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). The studies reviewed were of adults and children with CF, and incorporated telehealth for monitoring symptoms, assessing adherence to prescribed therapies or providing a therapeutic intervention. Searches of four electronic databases returned 293 references. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Variability in study design and outcome measures precluded meta-analysis. Seven studies assessed telemonitoring feasibility for patient usability and acceptance, or for physiological monitoring. Two studies were randomised controlled trials, although only one showed differences in outcome between the intervention and usual care with improved spirometry stability and significantly increased antibiotic use in the intervention group. In four studies participants were asked to transmit data on spirometry (FEV1) or symptoms. Participant non-compliance with data reporting ranged from 43–63%. Generally, participants reported being able to use the required technology. There is insufficient evidence to reach a firm conclusion about the benefits of telehealth in people with CF, but it remains a promising area for future investigation.
Organizational factors associated with the use of telehospice
Authors: Baldwin Paula K , McAuley William J , Van Nostrand Joan
Published: March 2012

We investigated organizational factors associated with the use of telehospice (defined as the use of video technology by hospices). The investigation was based on the 2007 National Home and Hospice Care Survey. There were 695 hospice agencies, of which 6% used telehospice. Logistic regression was used to examine the relation between use of hospice and a number of organizational factors. The dependent variable was the use/non-use of video technology in patient monitoring or consultations with professionals. Most of the variables that were significantly associated with the use of telehospice were related to characteristics of the agency director. If the director had at least a Masters degree or had a longer tenure as director of the agency, there was a higher likelihood that the agency used telehospice. If the director was a nurse, the likelihood that telehospice was used was considerably lower. Organizations with inter-agency contracts were less likely to use telehospice. Providing financial, training and organizational support to agencies that recognize the potential benefits of telehospice would probably assist in its future introduction.
Skype: a tool for functional assessment in orthopaedic research
Authors: Good Daniel W , Lui Darren F , Leonard Michael , Morris Seamus , McElwain John P
Published: March 2012

Skype is a free program which enables PC users to make video calls to other users with Internet access. We carried out a prospective review of all acromioclavicular joint hook plates for lateral-third clavicle fractures over a five-year period. Functional assessment with Oxford and Constant shoulder scores were carried out using Skype and compared to outpatient review using the Bland-Altman method. Of 36 patients (mean age 36 years), 33 had a computer with a video camera, all 33 had Internet access and 22 were already users of Skype. In total 29 patients were happy to take part in Skype assessment (83%). In comparison with outpatient review, there was a mean difference in the Oxford score of −0.48 (95% confidence interval −0.84, −0.12); the mean difference for the Constant score was −0.68 (95% confidence interval −1.08, −0.29). These differences were not clinically significant, confirming that Skype can be used as an alternative to goniometry in this clinical setting. A survey showed that 93% of 29 patients surveyed preferred the use of Skype for follow-up, mainly due to the convenience and cost-saving involved. The study demonstrates the potential for this new technique in providing patients with more options for follow-up.
Health-related quality of life in Cystic Fibrosis patients infected with transmissible Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains: cohort study
Authors: Ashish Abdul , Shaw Matthew , Mcshane James , Ledson Martin J , Walshaw Martin J
Published: February 2012

Objectives

To assess the impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients of chronic infection with the Liverpool Epidemic Strain (LES) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Psa).

Design

Cohort study.

Participants

Adult CF patients attending a single CF centre.

Setting

Outpatient clinic.

Main outcome measures

HRQoL measures of adult CF patients chronically infected with LES and Psa strains measured by CFQ-UK.

Results

Patients infected by transmissible Psa strains had worse physical functioning, respiratory symptoms, treatment burden, vitality, role, health perception and emotion than those with unique Psa strains ( P < 0.01), and significantly poorer physical functioning, respiratory symptoms, treatment burden, body image, weight, role, and emotion than those without any Psa infection ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, in a matched cohort of 39 patients, those with LES infection reported significantly worse physical functioning, treatment burden, respiratory symptoms and health perception than those with unique Psa infection (P < 0.02).

Conclusion

Chronic infection with transmissible Psa strains, particularly LES, confers a worse quality of life in adult CF patients. Coupled with the established poorer clinical outcome, this reinforces the need to prevent the spread of such strains in CF community.
MISO Unlocks Billions in Savings Through the Application of Operations Research for Energy and Ancillary Services Markets
Authors: Carlson Brian , Chen Yonghong , Hong Mingguo , Jones Roy , Larson Kevin , Ma Xingwang , Nieuwesteeg Peter , Song Haili , Sperry Kimberly , Tackett Matthew , Taylor Doug , Wan Jie , Zak Eugene
Published: February 2012

Over the past few years, the Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator, Inc. (MISO) has transformed the electric utility industry in 13 Midwestern US states through the development and implementation of energy and ancillary services markets. MISO uses mixed-integer programming to determine when each power plant should be on or off. Operations research methods set energy output levels and establish the prices at which energy trades. These new markets increased the efficiency of the existing electric infrastructure (power plants and transmission lines) in the Midwest, improved the reliability of the grid, and reduced the need for future infrastructure investments. These advances enabled the MISO region to realize between $2.1 billion and $3.0 billion in cumulative savings from 2007 through 2010. We expect additional savings of $6.1 billion to $8.1 billion through 2020.
Planar Cell Polarity Protein Localization in the Secretory Ameloblasts of Rat Incisors
Authors: Nishikawa Sumio , Kawamoto Tadafumi
Published: March 2012

The localization of the planar cell polarity proteins Vang12, frizzled-3, Vang11, and Celsr1 in the rat incisors was examined using immunocytochemistry. The results showed that Vang12 was localized at two regions of the Tomes’ processes of inner enamel–secretory ameloblasts in rat incisors: a proximal and a distal region. In contrast, frizzled-3 was localized at adherens junctions of the proximal and distal areas of inner enamel– and outer enamel–secretory ameloblasts, where N-cadherin and β-catenin were localized. frizzled-3 was also localized in differentiating inner enamel epithelial cells. Vang11 was localized sparsely in differentiating preameloblasts and extensively at the cell boundary of stratum intermedium. Celsr1 was not localized in ameloblasts but localized in odontoblasts extensively. These results suggest the involvement of planar cell polarity proteins in odontogenesis.
Functional Expansion of Sensorimotor Representation and Structural Reorganization of Callosal Connections in Lower Limb Amputees
Authors: Simões Elington L. , Bramati Ivanei , Rodrigues Erika , Franzoi Ana , Moll Jorge , Lent Roberto , Tovar-Moll Fernanda
Published: March 2012

Previous studies have indicated that amputation or deafferentation of a limb induces functional changes in sensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices, related to phantom limb pain. However, the extent of cortical reorganization after lower limb amputation in patients with nonpainful phantom phenomena remains uncertain. In this study, we combined functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate the existence and extent of cortical and callosal plasticity in these subjects. Nine “painless” patients with lower limb amputation and nine control subjects (sex- and age-matched) underwent a 3-T MRI protocol, including fMRI with somatosensory stimulation. In amputees, we observed an expansion of activation maps of the stump in S1 and M1 of the deafferented hemisphere, spreading to neighboring regions that represent the trunk and upper limbs. We also observed that tactile stimulation of the intact foot in amputees induced a greater activation of ipsilateral S1, when compared with controls. These results demonstrate a functional remapping of S1 in lower limb amputees. However, in contrast to previous studies, these neuroplastic changes do not appear to be dependent on phantom pain but do also occur in those who reported only the presence of phantom sensation without pain. In addition, our findings indicate that amputation of a limb also induces changes in the cortical representation of the intact limb. Finally, DTI analysis showed structural changes in the corpus callosum of amputees, compatible with the hypothesis that phantom sensations may depend on inhibitory release in the sensorimotor cortex.
P2X4Receptors Influence Inflammasome Activation after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: de Rivero Vaccari Juan Pablo , Bastien Dominic , Yurcisin Geoffrey , Pineau Isabelle , Dietrich W. Dalton , De Koninck Yves , Keane Robert W. , Lacroix Steve
Published: March 2012

P2X4and P2X7are the predominant purinergic P2X receptor subtypes expressed on immune and neural cells. These receptor subtypes traffic between intracellular compartments and the plasma membrane and form protein interactions with each other to regulate ATP-dependent signaling. Our recent studies have shown that P2X7receptors in neurons and astrocytes activate NLRP1 inflammasomes, but whether P2X4receptors regulate inflammasome signaling is essentially unknown. Here, we demonstrate that P2X4receptors are expressed in neurons of the spinal cord. We provide direct evidence that spinal cord injury (SCI) induces an innate inflammatory response that leads to increased caspase-l cleavage and production of IL-1β but not IL-18. Consistent with these findings, P2X4knock-out mice showed impaired inflammasome signaling in the cord, resulting in decreased levels of IL-1β and reduced infiltration of neutrophils and monocyte-derived M1 macrophages, resulting in significant tissue sparing and improvement in functional outcomes. These results indicate that P2X4receptors influence inflammasome signaling involving caspase-1 activation and IL-1β processing in neurons after SCI. P2X4might thus represent a potential therapeutic target to limit inflammatory responses associated with SCI and neurodegenerative disorders.
Mitral Cells in the Olfactory Bulb Are Mainly Excited through a Multistep Signaling Path
Authors: Gire David H. , Franks Kevin M. , Zak Joseph D. , Tanaka Kenji F. , Whitesell Jennifer D. , Mulligan Abigail A. , Hen René , Schoppa Nathan E.
Published: March 2012

Within the olfactory system, information flow from the periphery onto output mitral cells (MCs) of the olfactory bulb (OB) has been thought to be mediated by direct synaptic inputs from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Here, we performed patch-clamp measurements in rat and mouse OB slices to investigate mechanisms of OSN signaling onto MCs, including the assumption of a direct path, using electrical and optogenetic stimulation methods that selectively activated OSNs. We found that MCs are in fact not typically activated by direct OSN inputs and instead require a multistep, diffuse mechanism involving another glutamatergic cell type, the tufted cells. The preference for a multistep mechanism reflects the fact that signals arising from direct OSN inputs are drastically shunted by connexin 36-mediated gap junctions on MCs, but not tufted cells. An OB circuit with tufted cells intermediate between OSNs and MCs suggests that considerable processing of olfactory information occurs before its reaching MCs.
The Oxygen Free Radicals Originating from Mitochondrial Complex I Contribute to Oxidative Brain Injury Following Hypoxia–Ischemia in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Niatsetskaya Zoya V. , Sosunov Sergei A. , Matsiukevich Dzmitry , Utkina-Sosunova Irina V. , Ratner Veniamin I. , Starkov Anatoly A. , Ten Vadim S.
Published: March 2012

Oxidative stress and Ca2+toxicity are mechanisms of hypoxic–ischemic (HI) brain injury. This work investigates if partial inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain protects HI brain by limiting a generation of oxidative radicals during reperfusion. HI insult was produced in p10 mice treated with complex I (C-I) inhibitor, pyridaben, or vehicle. Administration of P significantly decreased the extent of HI injury. Mitochondria isolated from the ischemic hemisphere in pyridaben-treated animals showed reduced H2O2emission, less oxidative damage to the mitochondrial matrix, and increased tolerance to the Ca2+-triggered opening of the permeability transition pore. A protective effect of pyridaben administration was also observed when the reperfusion-driven oxidative stress was augmented by the exposure to 100% O2which exacerbated brain injury only in vehicle-treated mice.In vitro, intact brain mitochondria dramatically increased H2O2emission in response to hyperoxia, resulting in substantial loss of Ca2+buffering capacity. However, in the presence of the C-I inhibitor, rotenone, or the antioxidant, catalase, these effects of hyperoxia were abolished.

Our data suggest that the reperfusion-driven recovery of C-I-dependent mitochondrial respiration contributes not only to the cellular survival, but also causes oxidative damage to the mitochondria, potentiating a loss of Ca2+buffering capacity. This highlights a novel neuroprotective strategy against HI brain injury where the major therapeutic principle is a pharmacological attenuation, rather than an enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism during early reperfusion.
Heme Oxygenase Biology (During the Perinatal Period): Part 1: Prenatal Considerations
Authors: Schulz Stephanie , Zhao Hui , Wong Ronald J. , Stevenson David K.
Published: March 2012

Heme oxygenase (HO), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, and its byproducts have antioxidative, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. The expression of the inducible isoform, HO-1, in various tissues is increased in newborns, decreases toward adulthood, and may be of pivotal importance during the perinatal period. During pregnancy, it may mediate the regulation of maternal blood pressure, placental development, and vascularization, and, therefore, the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Pregnancy disorders, such as intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia, contribute significantly to preterm births as well as to perinatal morbidity and mortality and manifest even into adulthood. They stem from placental defects mediated by fetal genetic defects, maternal factors, or both. HO-1 has been shown to play a role in the maintenance of maternal inflammatory homeostasis and normal placental vasculature development by regulating angiogenesis and matrix remodeling in early pregnancy. Therefore, a genetic deficiency in HO-1 gene expression may be an underlying cause of pregnancy disorders, in particular, those attributed to placental dysfunction.
Proton-Conducting Cross-Linked Sulfonated Aromatic Polymers for Fuel Cells Application
Authors: Maranesi B. , Pasquini L. , Khadhraoui M. , Knauth P. , Di Vona M.L.
Published: March 2012

Thermal stability, hydration and mechanical properties of thermally cross-linked Sulfonated Aromatic Polymers (SAP) with high ionic exchange capacity (IEC) were measured and compared to untreated samples. The formation of cross-linking greatly stabilizes SAP in terms of thermal, mechanical, and hydrolytic degradation: they can resist in water even at a temperature of 145 °C with improved mechanical properties. Acid-base titration and FTIR spectra consistently indicate that SAP microstructure stabilization is related to cross-linking of the polymer chains by SO2 bridges, which is promoted by temperature.
Faith and Protection: The Construction of Hope by Parents of Children with Leukemia and Their Oncologists
Authors: Salmon Peter , Hill Jonathan , Ward Joanne , Gravenhorst Katja , Eden Tim , Young Bridget
Published: February 2012

Background.

Oncologists are criticized for fostering unrealistic hope in patients and families, but criticisms reflect a perspective that is oversimplified and “expert” guidance that is ambiguous or impractical. Our aim was to understand how pediatric oncologists manage parents' hope in practice and to evaluate how they address parents' needs.

Methods.

Participants were 53 parents and 12 oncologists whom they consulted across six U.K. centers. We audio recorded consultations approximately 1–2, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis. Parents were interviewed after each consultation to elicit their perspectives on the consultation and clinical relationship. Transcripts of consultations and interviews were analyzed qualitatively.

Results.

Parents needed hope in order to function effectively in the face of despair, and all wanted the oncologists to help them be hopeful. Most parents focused hope on the short term. They therefore needed oncologists to be authoritative in taking responsibility for the child's long-term survival while cushioning parents from information about longer-term uncertainties and being positive in providing information about short-term progress. A few parents who could not fully trust their oncologist were unable to hope.

Conclusion.

Oncologists' pivotal role in sustaining hope was one that parents gave them. Most parents' “faith” in the oncologist allowed them to set aside, rather than deny, their fears about survival while investing their hopes in short-term milestones. Oncologists' behavior generally matched parents' needs, contradicting common criticisms of oncologists. Nevertheless, oncologists need to identify and address the difficulty that some parents have in fully trusting the oncologist and, consequently, being hopeful.
Anthracycline Regimen Adherence in Older Patients with Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Barcenas Carlos H. , Zhang Ning , Zhao Hui , Duan Zhigang , Buchholz Thomas A. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Giordano Sharon H.
Published: February 2012

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:Describe rates of adherence to anthracycline-based chemotherapy in elderly patients with early breast cancer, using a population-based database.Identify a subset of early breast cancer patients with a higher likelihood of non-adherence to the course of chemotherapy treatment.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.

Rates of anthracycline adherence in breast cancer (BC) patients are unknown, but noncompletion of chemotherapy is associated with worse outcomes.

Methods.

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, we obtained demographics, comorbidities, tumor characteristics, and treatment and hospitalization data from stage I–III BC patients diagnosed at age ≥66 years in 1996–2005 treated with surgery who had anthracycline claims. We compared variables between patients with claims for less than four cycles, considered nonadherent cases, and those with claims for four or more cycles using logistic regression analyses.

Results.

The sample included 7,399 patients, of whom 1,222 (16.5%) were nonadherent cases. Two hundred forty-three (3.3%) patients had one claim, 298 (4.0%) had two claims, and 681 (9.2%) had three claims. The multivariate regression model showed statistically significant associations between nonadherence and older age, black race, unmarried status, diagnosis before the year 2001, and hospitalizations.

Conclusions.

Eighty-three percent of older patients with early-stage BC completed at least four cycles of an anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimen. We identified a subset of patients with a higher likelihood of not adhering to the course of treatment. Further research is warranted to develop interventions to enhance adherence.
Phylogenetic and functional alpha and beta diversity in temperate and tropical tree communities
Authors: Swenson Nathan G. , Erickson David L. , Mi Xiangcheng , Bourg Norman A. , Forero-Montaña Jimena , Ge Xuejun , Howe Robert , Lake Jeffrey K. , Liu Xiaojuan , Ma Keping , Pei Nancai , Thompson Jill , Uriarte María , Wolf Amy , Wright S. Joseph , Ye Wanhui , Zhang Jinlong , Zimmerman Jess K. , Kress W. John
Published: February 2012

The study of biodiversity has tended to focus primarily on relatively information‐poor measures of species diversity. Recently, many studies of local diversity (alpha diversity) have begun to use measures of functional and phylogenetic alpha diversity. Investigations into the phylogenetic and functional dissimilarity (beta diversity) of communities have been far less numerous, but these dissimilarity measures have the potential to infer the mechanisms underlying community assembly and dynamics. Here, we relate levels of phylogenetic and functional alpha diversity to levels of phylogenetic and functional beta diversity to infer the mechanism or mechanisms responsible for the assembly of tree communities in six forests located in tropical and temperate latitudes. The results show that abiotic filtering plays a role in structuring local assemblages and governing spatial turnover in community composition and that phylogenetic measures of alpha and beta diversity are not strong predictors of functional alpha and beta diversity in the forests studied.
EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON VOCAL STEREOTYPY IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Authors: Lanovaz Marc J. , Sladeczek Ingrid E. , Rapp John T.
Published: March 2012

We examined the effects of manipulating the intensity (i.e., volume) of music on engagement in vocal stereotypy in 2 children with autism. Noncontingent access to music decreased immediate engagement in vocal stereotypy for each participant, but it produced only marginal effects on subsequent engagement in the behavior (i.e., after withdrawal). Manipulating the intensity of music did not produce differential effects on immediate engagement in vocal stereotypy. The implications of the results and applications for future research are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF PROMPTING AND REINFORCEMENT ON SAFE BEHAVIOR OF BICYCLE AND MOTORCYCLE RIDERS
Authors: Okinaka Takeru , Shimazaki Tsuneo
Published: March 2012

A reversal design was used to evaluate the effects of vocal and written prompts as well as reinforcement on safe behavior (dismounting and walking bicycles or motorcycles on a sidewalk) on a university campus. Results indicated that an intervention that consisted of vocal and written prompts and reinforcement delivered by security guards was effective at increasing safe behavior exhibited by bicycle and motorcycle riders. No differences were observed between vehicle type or gender with regard to engagement in safe behavior.
An Attempt at Large Eddy Simulation for Combustor Modeling
Authors: Jiang Leiyong , Campbell Ian
Published: March 2012

Large eddy simulation (LES) is a promising method for numerical simulation in combustion systems. A LES
attempt in a model combustor has been made, and a few important issues related to grid size, inflow condition, wall
boundary conditions, physical sub-models and data sampling are discussed. Some of the numerical results are presented
and compared with a comprehensive experimental database, which indicates that LES can provide reasonable predictions
for the mean axial velocity and temperature distributions inside the combustion chamber. However, in order to make LES
a valuable and cost-effective tool in the development of advanced combustion systems, some fundamental questions
remain to be addressed and more validation efforts are required. Moreover significant computing power is required for
LES to capture both the high and low frequencies of interest in the present turbulent reacting flow.
An Overview of the Management of Flexor Tendon Injuries
Authors: Griffin M , Hindocha S , Jordan D , Saleh M , Khan W
Published: February 2012

Flexor tendon injuries still remain a challenging condition to manage to ensure optimal outcome for the patient. Since the first flexor tendon repair was described by Kirchmayr in 1917, several approaches to flexor tendon injury have enabled successful repairs rates of 70-90%. Primary surgical repair results in better functional outcome compared to secondary repair or tendon graft surgery. Flexor tendon injury repair has been extensively researched and the literature demonstrates successful repair requires minimal gapping at the repair site or interference with tendon vascularity, secure suture knots, smooth junction of tendon end and having sufficient strength for healing. However, the exact surgical approach to achieve success being currently used among surgeons is still controversial. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the results of studies demonstrating the current knowledge regarding the optimal approach for flexor tendon repair. Post-operative rehabilitation for flexor tendon surgery is another area, which has caused extensive debate in hand surgery. The trend to more active mobilisation protocols seems to be favoured but further study in this area is needed to find the protocol, which achieves function and gliding but avoids rupture of the tendons. Lastly despite success following surgery complications commonly still occur post surgery, including adhesion formation, tendon rupture and stiffness of the joints. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the appropriate management of these difficulties post surgery. New techniques in management of flexor tendon will also be discussed including external laser devices, addition of growth factors and cytokines.
The Use of the S-Quattro Dynamic External Fixator for the Treatment of Intra-Articular Phalangeal Fractures: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Bhamra J.S , Khan W.S , Pastides P
Published: February 2012

Intra-articular phalangeal fractures are a common injury. If left untreated, these injuries can lead to poor functional outcome with severe dehabilitating consequences, especially in younger patients.

The S-Quattro external fixator device (Surgicraft®, UK) can be used to treat such injuries. Its use has been widely documented and has shown many advantages in comparison to other conventional treatments. Advantages include reduced operative time, rigid fixation and early range of motion.

We present a review of the current literature and use of the S-Quattro serpentine system in the management of intraarticular phalangeal fractures.
Recent Advances and Developments in Neural Repair and Regeneration for Hand Surgery
Authors: Chimutengwende-Gordon Mukai , Khan Wasim
Published: February 2012

End-to-end suture of nerves and autologous nerve grafts are the ‘gold standard’ for repair and reconstruction of peripheral nerves. However, techniques such as sutureless nerve repair with tissue glues, end-to-side nerve repair and allografts exist as alternatives. Biological and synthetic nerve conduits have had some success in early clinical studies on reconstruction of nerve defects in the hand. The effectiveness of nerve regeneration could potentially be increased by using these nerve conduits as scaffolds for delivery of Schwann cells, stem cells, neurotrophic and neurotropic factors or extracellular matrix proteins. There has been extensivein vitroandin vivoresearch conducted on these techniques. The clinical applicability and efficacy of these techniques needs to be investigated fully.
Implications between approximate convexity properties and approximate Hermite-Hadamard inequalities
Authors: Makó Judit , Páles Zsolt
Published: February 2012

The connection between the functional inequalities
$$f\left( {\frac{{x + y}}
{2}} \right) \leqslant \frac{{f\left( x \right) + f\left( y \right)}}
{2} + \alpha _J \left( {x - y} \right), x,y \in D,$$
and
$$\int_0^1 {f\left( {tx + \left( {1 - t} \right)y} \right)\rho \left( t \right)dt \leqslant \lambda f\left( x \right) + \left( {1 - \lambda } \right)f\left( y \right) + \alpha _{\rm H} \left( {x - y} \right),} x,y \in D,$$
is investigated, where D is a convex subset of a linear space, f: D → ℝ, α
H;α
J: D-D → ℝ are even functions, λ ∈ [0; 1], and ρ: [0; 1] →ℝ+ is an integrable nonnegative function with ∫01
ρ(t) dt = 1.
An analogue of the Duistermaat-van der Kallen theorem for group algebras
Authors: Zhao Wenhua , Willems Roel
Published: February 2012

Let G be a group, R an integral domain, and V
G the R-subspace of the group algebra R[G] consisting of all the elements of R[G] whose coefficient of the identity element 1G of G is equal to zero. Motivated by the Mathieu conjecture [Mathieu O., Some conjectures about invariant theory and their applications, In: Algèbre non Commutative, Groupes Quantiques et Invariants, Reims, June 26–30, 1995, Sémin. Congr., 2, Société Mathématique de France, Paris, 1997, 263–279], the Duistermaat-van der Kallen theorem [Duistermaat J.J., van der Kallen W., Constant terms in powers of a Laurent polynomial, Indag. Math., 1998, 9(2), 221–231], and also by recent studies on the notion of Mathieu subspaces, we show that for finite groups G, V
G also forms a Mathieu subspace of the group algebra R[G] when certain conditions on the base ring R are met. We also show that for the free abelian groups G = ℤn, n ≥ 1, and any integral domain R of positive characteristic, V
G fails to be a Mathieu subspace of R[G], which is equivalent to saying that the Duistermaat-van der Kallen theorem cannot be generalized to any field or integral domain of positive characteristic.
Bayoumi quasi-differential is not different from Fréchet-differential
Authors: Albiac Fernando , Ansorena José
Published: February 2012

Unlike for Banach spaces, the differentiability of functions between infinite-dimensional nonlocally convex spaces has not yet been properly studied or understood. In a paper published in this Journal in 2006, Bayoumi claimed to have discovered a new notion of derivative that was more suitable for all F-spaces including the locally convex ones with a wider potential in analysis and applied mathematics than the Fréchet derivative. The aim of this short note is to dispel this misconception, since it could hinder making headway in this already hard enough subject. To that end we show that Bayoumi quasi-differentiability, when properly defined, is the same as Fréchet differentiability, and that some of his alleged applications are wrong.