bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Delayed Two Photon Processes: I. One Dimensional Model Approach
Authors: Cribb Peter H. , Brickmann Jürgen
Published: July 2012

Time delayed two photon processes via a non stationary intermediate state are studied within a one dimensional model approach involving only harmonic potentials. The transition probabilities are calculated as a function of different potential parameters as well as the second photon arrival time distribution. The special maximum is observed to shift with delay time and to depend on the wavepacket momentum. The influence of the arrival time distribution on the spectrum is washed out by the rapid speading of the intermediate state.
Superstructures on the Polar Faces of Indium Antimonide
Authors: Benz Volker W. , Weil Konrad G.
Published: July 2012

A scanning high energy electron diffraction system, working at glancing incidence, was used to investigate the polar (111) In and (&1macr;&1macr;&1macr;)Sb faces of indium antimonide. On the (111) face, argon ion bombardment with subsequent annealing lead to the appearance of a 2×2 superstructure. This superstructure disappears after oxygen admission. The sticking coefficient for oxygen can be estimated to be < 5 · 10−6. The logarithmic intensities of the base lattice reflexes, the superstructure reflexes, and the 1 × 1 reflexes on the oxygen covered surface decrease linearly with temperature leading to the following values for Debye temperatures: θbase latt. = 128 ± 7 K, θsuperstr. = 105 ± 6 K, and θOX = 157 ± 7 K, the latter value being close to that of the bulk lattice (θbulk = 159 K [2]).

The (&1macr;&1macr;&1macr;)Sb face shows a more complicated behaviour: removal of approximately 1 monolayer by argon ion bombardment and subsequent annealing below 560 K leads to a 2 × 2 superstructure. Under further annealing above 560 K this transforms into a 3 × 3 superstructure. The 3×3 structure appears immediately, when the argon ion bombardment is more intense and when the annealing temperature is above 630 K. Still stronger ion bombardment leads to the formation of additional reflexes which could be attributed to epitaxially oriented indium precipitates.

The base lattice reflexes on the (&1macr;&1macr;&1macr;) surface show normal temperature dependence, resulting in a Debye temperature of 111 ± 5 K. The superstructure reflexes show a linear In I vs T behaviour only below 400 K. In the temperature interval 420 K < T < 520 K. these reflexes completely disappear showing reversible behaviour. This behaviour indicates an order‐disorder‐transition in an adsorbed overlayer.
Pulsed Laser‐Induced Thermal Desorption of Xenon
Authors: Hussla I. , Coufal H. , Trager F. , Chuang T. J.
Published: July 2012

A 28 nm thick copper film with a temperature of 20 K, covered with approximately 100 monolayers of xenon is excited with a pulse from a XeCl laser. Time‐of‐flight signals of laser‐induced desorbed xenon are recorded with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Simultaneously surface temperatures of the.copper film are measured with a pyroelectric calorimeter which serves as substrate for the copper film. The calorimetric temperatures are compared with translational temperatures derived from time‐of‐flight data. In the absence of any rotational or vibrational deexcitation channel, the maximum surface temperatures of the copper film are higher than the translational temperatures of desorbed xenon. In addition, non‐equilibrium desorption is reflected by a non‐Maxwellian line shape of the velocity distribution of desorbing xenon.
Molecular Dynamics of Fluids: The Gaussian Overlap Model II
Authors: Kabadi Vinayak N.
Published: July 2012

Molecular dynamics computer simulation results are reported for a model Gaussian overlap potential with the orientation dependence of the well depth adjusted so as to mimic a multiple‐centered 12–6 site‐site potential. At low anisotropy (length to breadth ratios less than 1.55), the thermodynamics of this potential agree well with those for the site‐site diatomic potential when the same length to breadth ratios are used for both. At higher anisotropies, the equivalence is not as good. We have also obtained the parameters for an oblate Gaussian overlap potential (k = 0.50) which yields properties that agree with the thermodynamic data for liquid benzene. In all cases the structure of the Gaussian overlap fluid differs from site‐site and from real fluids, especially with respect to the probabilities of configurations in the T‐shaped orientation. The implications of this finding in relation to the properties of quadrupolar fluids are discussed.
Interactions of Hydrophobic Layer Silicates with Alcohol‐Benzene Mixtures II. Structure and Composition of the Adsorption Layer
Authors: Dékány I. , Szántó F. , Weiss Armin , Lagaly G.
Published: July 2012

Adsorption of methanol and benzene on alkylammonium montmorillonite, a hydrophobic layer silicate, changes the orientation of the alkylatnmonium ions at the internal and external surfaces. The hydrophobic chains are pushed off from the surface and assume upright orientations. The methanol molecules are adsorbed preferentially on the silicate surface not covered by alkyl chains, the benzene molecules “solvate” the alkyl chains.—The volume of the adsorbed phase as calculated from the adsorption excess isotherms is smaller than the total interlayer volume occupied by the methanol and benzene molecules. Thus, only a fraction of the liquid between the silicate surfaces is subdued to the adsorption forces. The remaining liquid is considered bulk‐like. The uptake of the bulk‐like liquid in addition to the adsorption phase is apparantly imperative for the process of swelling.
In Situ Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Electrochemically Grown PbO2 Films. Optical Constants from Photoacoustic Interference Signals
Authors: Dohrmann Jürgen K. , Sander Ulrich
Published: July 2012

Photoacoustic (PA) signals have been measured in situ in the 300–750 nm range during constant‐current growth of β‐PbO2 films on a platinum electrode in aqueous Pb(ClO4)2/HClO4 solution. The structure seen in the PA signals at constant wavelength arises from optical interference. An analysis of the PA signals in terms of reflectivity of the electrode/solution interface is presented, from which the optical constants of the β‐PbO2 film (index of refraction and absorption constant) have been obtained in the 300–750 nm region.
The Effect of Ionic Strength and Pressure on the Complex Formation Kinetics of the Aquated Iron(III)‐Thiocyanate System
Authors: Martinez P. , Mohr R. , Eldik R. Van
Published: July 2012

The kinetics of the complex formation and reverse aquation reactions in the aquated iron(III)‐thiocyanate system were studied as a function of ionic strength (0.1 to 1.5 M) and pressure (up to 120 MPa) using a high‐pressure temperature‐jump technique. Volumes of activation for the various reaction steps were estimated from a combination of the kinetic data with the ionic strength and pressure dependencies of the overall equilibrium and acid dissociation constants determined before. The volume of activation for complexation of Fe(H2O)5OH2+ by SCN− exhibits a significant ionic strength dependence and possible explanations are offered. The results are compared and discussed in reference to earlier reported data, and mechanistic conclusions are drawn.
Reduced Representation of Second Virial Coefficients by Straight Lines
Authors: Kerl K.
Published: July 2012

The possibility of reduced representation of second virial coefficients B(T) by different straight lines Y = C ‐ DX (Y ≡ B/Vc, X ≡ (Tc/T)2) in the temperature ranges 1 (Tc), 2(TCTB) and 3 (TBT) is proposed (Tc, Vc = critical constants, TB = Boyle temperature). This concept is checked for 33 very different substances including the noble gases, dipole and quadrupolar gases, metal vapours (K, Na, Cs, Hg) and hydrocarbons with different bonding types.
Dielectric Study of Fractal Clusters Formed by Aqueous Nanodroplets in Apolar Media
Authors: Eicke Hans‐Friedrich , Geiger Simon , Sauer Friedrich A. , Thomas Harry
Published: July 2012

Dielectric investigations of fractal cluster formation near the percolation threshold were carried out on water‐in‐oil microemulsions consisting of water, Aerosol OT, and isooctane. Temperature‐dependent dielectric relaxation measurements in the frequency range 100 kHz to 1 GHz reveal the formation of fractal clusters as the percolation threshold is approached. The degree of ramification of the fractal clusters is phenomenologically characterized by a swelling factor. A repeated application of Bruggeman's unsymmetrical effective‐medium theory yields an internally consistent first‐order approximation which describes satisfactorily the characteristic features of the experimental results.
From Micellar Solutions to Microemulsions—A Kinetic Study
Authors: Hoffmann H. , Platz G. , Ulbricht W.
Published: July 2012

The influence of various additives like alcohols and hydrocarbons on the dynamic and structural properties of surfactant solutions with rodlike micelles was studied. It was observed that short chain alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons transform the rodlike micelles to globular aggregates while aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons and long chain alcohols have little effect on the size of the rods. Short chain alcohols accelerate very much the reequilibration processes in the micellar solutions and the chemical relaxation time can become shorter than the correlation time which is measured by the dynamic light scattering method. Solubilization of aliphatic hydrocarbons in such systems leads to longer chemical relaxation times. As a consequence the chemical relaxation time in these four component systems which can be called microemulsions is found to be longer than the correlation time.
Mechanisms of By‐Product Formation in the Dehydrochlorination of 1,2‐Dichloroethane
Authors: Schneider M. , Wolfrum J.
Published: July 2012

The decomposition of 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) to vinyl chloride (VC) was studied in the temperature range 620–750 K at DCE partial pressures of 50–450 Torr. Initiation of the radical chain reaction by a XeCl laser allowed controlled degree of conversion which had a strong influence on the formation of the major by‐products acetylene and 2‐chlorobutadiene. Both compounds are formed via abstraction of olefinic hydrogen from vinyl chloride by Cl atoms. Analysis of the product distribution combined with calculations yielded kinetic data of these side reactions. The mechanism was confirmed by adding HCl and vinyl chloride to the substrate. Formation of other byproducts by homogeneous processes and the photolysis of vinyl chloride are discussed.
Solvent Influence on (Perylene…Ag+)* Exciplex Fluorescence
Authors: Läufer Albrecht G. E. , Dreeskamp Herbert
Published: July 2012

Quenching of perylene fluorescence by AgClO4 and concomitant perylene…Ag+*) exciplex formation was studied in 15 organic solvents ranging in dielectric constants from 6 to 65 and in mixed aqueous organic solvent systems. In almost all of these solvents perylene fluorescence quenching and exciplex fluorescence occurred.—The maximum of the exciplex emission spectrum lay at 490 ± 5 nm independent of the solvent employed. Distinct variations of the extent of fluorescence quenching and of exciplex formation with nature of solvent were found. They are interpreted in terms of (i) solvent viscosity (ii) coordination between solvent and Ag+ ion and (iii) solvent structure due to the Ag+ ion solvation.
On the Mechanism of the Cathodic Reduction of Anthraquinone to Anthrone
Authors: Beck F. , Heydecke Gabriele
Published: July 2012

The cathodic reduction of anthraquinone in 85% H2SO4 at cathodes of glassy carbon or mercury has been investigated. Voltammetric curves exhibit two steps at +0.23 and +0.10 V vs. SHE. The limiting current densities show a ratio between 4:0 via 1:1 to 1:3, depending on the experimental conditions. Experiments at the RRDE indicate two reoxidizable intermediates.—We derive a mechanism from our Findings, involving the electrochemical formation of these intermediates, anthrasemiquinone AQH2 and anthrahydroquinone AQH·. Both are subject to a bimolecular follow up reaction (disproportionation) to yield AQH2 and anthrone. The rate constants are estimated to be 2 · 103 and 3 · 104 1 mol−1 s−1, respectively. Anthrone is the only reduction product which could be isolated.
Thermodynamic investigations on cuprous selenide
Authors: Mostafa S. N. , Selim S. R. , Soliman S. A. , El‐Lakwah F. A.
Published: July 2012

The thermodynamic properties of electrons in cuprous selenide was studied with the help of coulometric titrations, using the solid state galvanic cell. ‐ Pt/Cu/CuBr/Cu2‐δSe/graphite, in the temperature region between 350 and 450°. The electromotive force (emf) of this cell was measured as a function of the stoichiometry of the selenide compound and the temperature. Analysis of the experimental data shows that the semiconducting properties of cuprous selenide and the change of the thermodynamic quantities with composition are only given by a change of the respective quantities of the defect electrons or of the quasifree electrons. From the electrochemical measurements besides of other quantities —the band gap energy can be calculated and is of about 0.39 eV.
An Experimental Setup for X‐ray Investigations on Higher Ordered Liquid Crystals
Authors: Klämke W. , Fan Z. X. , Haase W. , Müller H. J. , Gallardo H.
Published: July 2012

X‐ray studies on microdomains of liquid crystals with higher ordered smectic phases require a technique providing a relative high resolution of the X‐ray reflexes. A diffractometer technique for such X‐ray investigations on liquid crystals and also a special oven, containing permanent magnets for getting aligned microdomains, is described. Some examples for the application of this technique on bulk samples and free standing films are discussed.
Options‐based HRM, intellectual capital, and exploratory and exploitative learning in law firms' practice groups
Authors: Kang Sung‐Choon , Snell Scott A. , Swart Juani
Published: July 2012

The current study intends to uncover the strategic contribution of human resource management by introducing a unique construct of options‐based (vis‐à‐vis project‐based) HRM and examining its links to intellectual capital and exploratory and exploitative learning in the context of law firms' practice groups. Empirical results show that options‐based HRM is positively related to the practice group's explorative and exploitative learning. The intellectual capital mediates the relationships between options‐based HRM and the practice group's learning for exploration and exploitation. This study makes a valuable contribution to the HRM literature by establishing the mechanisms by which HRM enables organizational learning and extending the scope of HRM research to professional service firms. Our findings also provide valuable implications for the literature of organizational learning. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reverse mentoring at work: Fostering cross‐generational learning and developing millennial leaders
Authors: Marcinkus Murphy Wendy
Published: July 2012

Reverse mentoring is an innovative way to encourage learning and facilitate cross‐generational relationships. It involves the pairing of a younger, junior employee acting as mentor to share expertise with an older, senior colleague as mentee. The purpose is knowledge sharing, with the mentee focused on learning from the mentor's updated subject or technological expertise and generational perspective. In addition, there is an emphasis on the leadership development of the mentors. Reverse mentoring is situated in the mentoring literature as an alternative form of mentoring, with unique characteristics and support functions exchanged that distinguish it from other developmental relationships. A model is developed that focuses on key variables to consider and how reverse mentoring may benefit individuals and organizations. Generational differences are also presented, and the ways in which reverse mentoring capitalizes on millennial capabilities and preferences are highlighted throughout. Finally, theoretical and practical contributions are discussed, including essential components for creating a reverse mentoring program. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The valence and Rydberg excited states of CH2: A theoretical exploration
Authors: Li Bu‐Tong , Wei Zi‐Zhang , Wu Hai‐Shun
Published: July 2012

Using the completed active space second‐order perturbation (CASPT2) method, valence and Rydberg excited states of CH2 molecule are probed with the large atomic natural orbital (ANO‐L) basis set. Five states are optimized and the geometric parameters are in good agreement with the available data in literatures, furthermore, the state of 21B1 is obtained for the first time. Valence and Rydberg excited states of CH2 are also calculated for the vertical transitions with the ANO‐L+ basis set that is constructed by adding a set of 1s1p1d Rydberg orbitals into the ANO‐L basis set. Two Rydberg states of the p̃3A2 and r̃3B1 at 9.88 and 10.50 eV are obtained for the first time, and the 3a1 → 3dyz nature of the state p̃3A2 and the 3a1 → dx2−y2 nature of the state r̃3B1 are confirmed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systemic mastocytosis associated with t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia in a child: Detection of the D816A mutation of KIT
Authors: Yabe Miharu , Masukawa Atsuko , Kato Shunichi , Yabe Hiromasa , Nakamura Naoya , Matsushita Hiromichi
Published: July 2012

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) associated with t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is very rare, and the D816 mutation of the KIT gene has previously been detected only in adult patients. We herein report the case of a 5‐year‐old female presenting with AML harboring t(8;21)(q22;q22). Her AML was refractory to chemotherapy, and bone marrow mastocytosis developed simultaneously at the initial diagnosis and during chemotherapy. The D816A mutation of KIT was detected. SM associated with t(8;21) AML, accompanied by a KIT mutation in children may result in a poor prognosis, despite the fact that t(8;21) AML are generally considered to have a favorable risk. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1313–1316. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Still out in the cold? Russia’s place in a globalizing world
Authors: Rutland Peter
Published: July 2012

This article examines some of the implications of current debates in international relations for Russian foreign policy. The focus is on Russian foreign policy analysis and not the international relations debates per se. The article begins by discussing the way Russian policy is fractured along the dimensions of security, economics and cultural identity – each corresponding to a different geopolitical vector. The second half discusses how recent developments in international security impact on Russian foreign policy debates.
‘TRAVELLING WHILE SITTING DOWN’: MOBILE PHONES, MOBILITY AND THE COMMUNICATION LANDSCAPE IN INHAMBANE, MOZAMBIQUE
Authors: Archambault Julie Soleil
Published: July 2012

This article examines the ways in which young men in the city of Inhambane, southern Mozambique, harness communication to express and address experiences of constrained physical and social mobility. It starts with an analysis of a highly valued form of oral communication –bater papo– that youth, especially young men, engage in on a daily basis before turning to mobile phone use. Tying these different forms of communication together is a profound desire to claim membership of, and to participate in, a world that remains elusive for most. However, if mobile phone communication builds on pre-existent forms of communication, it takes on particular aesthetic qualities that speak of, rather than resolve, exclusion. The article argues that, while helping bridge distances in significant ways, mobile phone communication nonetheless, and somewhat ironically, also betrays young men's immobility.
‘EVERY NAME HAS ITS PATH’: IMAGINING AND ACHIEVING FULBE ENTANGLEMENT IN A MOOSE COMMUNITY
Authors: Breusers Mark
Published: July 2012

Given the observed agro-pastoralization of livelihoods of both Moose ‘farmers’ and Fulbe ‘herdsmen’, interactions between both groups living in Burkina Faso's north-central region are usually interpreted in terms of vanishing symbiosis and increasing tension along ethnic lines. There is, however, a remainder to this equation, namely the cattle Moose entrust to Fulbe. This article looks into Fulbe involvement in solving Moose fecundity problems to elucidate the nature of the relationships in which cattle entrustment is embedded. It is argued that Moose ideas about the other world and its intervention in procreation and constituting personhood allow imagining an extension of Moose societal relations beyond conventional community boundaries, that is, including Fulbe. This extension can be subsequently – but not necessarily – effectuated through the establishment and performance of spiritual kinship in which cattle owned by Moose can be embedded. The divergent extent to which sustained Moose–Fulbe relations result is explained in terms of social controversy regarding agro-pastoralization of livelihoods accompanied by differential cattle accumulation.
Seals in the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Vaughan R. William
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

About 10% of the British grey seal population and 20% of the British common seal population breed around the Inner Hebrides. Grey seals occur on the more exposed coasts whereas common seals inhabit the more sheltered waters and the inner reaches of sea lochs. There is some evidence of an increase in grey seal numbers, but there are insufficient data to assess the exact status of the common seal.
Ecology and phytogeographical affinities of the bryophytes in the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Corley M. F. V.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Of just under 1000 species of bryophyte known in the British Isles, 597 are recorded in the Inner Hebrides. This diversity of species is due to several factors: the suitability of the climate for bryophyte growth, the rich variety of bryophyte habitats and the presence of several phytogeographical elements in the islands.

Bryophyte species occur in varying numbers in almost all habitats from the spray zone at high water mark to the tops of mountains. Compared with the Outer Hebrides and the adjacent mainland, certain bryophytes are absent from the islands. This is largely due to the scarcity of dune slacks in the Inner Hebrides, and the poorer development of high mountain habitats.

Examples are given of a number of typical Inner Hebridean habitats together with their characteristic bryophyte species.

Naturally the Inner Hebrides are rich in species with an oceanic distribution in the British Isles. These are analysed into groups based on their world distributions. A number of species with strongly disjunctive distributions are thought to be Tertiary relicts in the British flora.

A list of the bryophytes recorded in the Inner Hebrides is appended giving presence or absence in each island or group of islands.
Wildfowl of the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Ogilvie M. A. , Atkinson-Willes G. L.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Wildfowl habitat in the Inner Hebrides. Excluding Islay, consists mainly of sheltered bays and sealoches, while fertile freshwater lochs are uncommon, the best being on Tiree. The known breeding distribution and winter concentrations of species are described and an indication is given of overall status and histroical background. There are very few records from many of the smaller islands, and even those from Skye, Tiree and Mull are restricted to between one and four winters.

Eider and red-breasted merganser are probably the two commonest wintering speices, but there are no good estimates of total numbers. Flocks of 500–600 eider occur round Skye, and summer moulting concentrations of 1.400–1.700 merganser in the Sound of Gigha indicate a high pouplation. Between 2.400–2.600 barnacle geese Branta leucopsis spend the winter on many small. Uninhabited islands throughtout the region. Wigcon. Teal, mallard and tufted duck occur in flocks in several places, with maxima between 150 abd 350.

Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus, Greenland white-fronted goose Anser albifrons flavirostris, shelduck, shoveler, pochard, goldeneye Bucephala clangula, long-tailed duck Clangula hymelis and goosander all winter regularly, though rarely in flocks of more than 100.
Ingroup Identification and Evaluations of Confessions from Ingroup and Outgroup Members
Authors: Viki G. Tendayi , Abrams Dominic , Winchester Laura
Published: July 2012

We examined the role of ingroup identification in people’s responses to confessions by ingroup versus outgroup members. Across two studies, participants were exposed to ingroup or outgroup members who confessed to an offence against the ingroup or outgroup. The targets made their confessions either with remorse or with no remorse. Participants’ levels of ingroup identification were also assessed. Across our studies, we found that participants felt more favorable toward an individual who confessed with remorse versus no remorse. We also found that participants felt more favorable toward an outgroup confessor compared to an ingroup one. Finally, we found that high identifiers were more willing to forgive an outgroup perpetrator who confessed to an offence against their own group with no remorse. Our results indicate that people’s responses to ingroup versus outgroup confessions are partly influenced by their group membership and levels of identification.
Repetitive sub-gigawatt rf source based on gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line
Authors: Romanchenko Ilya V. , Rostov Vladislav V. , Gubanov Vladimir P. , Stepchenko Alexey S. , Gunin Alexander V. , Kurkan Ivan K.
Published: July 2012

We demonstrate a high power repetitive rf source using gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line to produce rf oscillations. Saturated NiZn ferrites act as active nonlinear medium first sharpening the pumping high voltage nanosecond pulse and then radiating at central frequency of about 1 GHz: shock rise time excites gyromagnetic precession in ferrites forming damping rf oscillations. The optimal length of nonlinear transmission line was found to be of about 1 m. SINUS-200 high voltage driver with Tesla transformer incorporated into pulse forming line has been designed and fabricated to produce bursts of 1000 pulses with 200 Hz repetition rate. A band-pass filter and mode-converter have been designed to extract rf pulse from low-frequency component and to form TE11 mode of circular waveguide with linear polarization. A wide-band horn antenna has been fabricated to form Gaussian distribution of radiation pattern. The peak value of electric field strength of a radiated pulse at the distance of 3.5 m away from antenna is measured to be 160 kV/m. The corresponding rf peak power of 260 MW was achieved.
Vascular pathology
Authors: Carton James
Published: July 2012

Atherosclerosis 28

Shock 30

Hypertension 31

Chronic lower limb ischaemia 32

Acute lower limb ischaemia 33

Aortic dissection 34

Abdominal aortic aneurysm 35

Varicose veins 36

Deep vein thrombosis 37

• An inflammatory disease of large- and medium-sized
systemic arteries characterized by the formation of lipid-rich plaques in the
vessel wall....
Respiratory pathology
Authors: Carton James
Published: July 2012

Respiratory tract malformations 58

Benign sinonasal diseases 59

Sinonasal malignancies 60

Nasopharyngeal diseases 61

Laryngeal diseases 62

Respiratory failure 63

Acute respiratory distress syndrome 64

Bronchiectasis 65

Cystic fibrosis 66

Pulmonary thromboembolism 67

Pulmonary hypertension 68

Asthma 69

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 70

Bacterial pneumonia ...
Gynaecological pathology
Authors: Carton James
Published: July 2012

Vulval skin diseases 186

Benign vulval tumours 187

Vulval carcinoma 188

Vaginal infections 190

Vaginal tumours 191

Cervical carcinoma 192

Cervical screening 194

Endometriosis 195

Endometrial carcinoma 196

Uterine leiomyomas 198

Functional ovarian cysts 200

Polycystic ovarian syndrome 202

Benign ovarian tumours 204

Ovarian carcinomas ...
Endocrine pathology
Authors: Carton James
Published: July 2012

Diabetes mellitus 232

Hashimoto's thyroiditis 234

Graves’ disease 235

Nodular goitre 236

Follicular adenoma 237

Thyroid carcinomas 238

Parathyroid hyperplasia 240

Parathyroid adenoma 241

Parathyroid carcinoma 242

Addison's disease 243

Adrenal cortical adenoma 244

Adrenal cortical carcinoma 246

Phaeochromocytoma 248

Neuroblastoma 250

Pituitary adenoma 252...
Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis
Authors: Wilson John W. , Estes Lynn L.
Published: July 2012

The guidelines for the prevention of infective endocarditis (IE) issued by the American Heart Association underwent a major revision in 2007. Key changes include the following:

• Dental procedures have been found to be associated with a small number of cases of IE. Thus, even if prophylaxis was 100% effective, it would prevent only an extremely small number of cases....
Gastrointestinal Infections
Authors: Wilson John W. , Estes Lynn L.
Published: July 2012

•Ludwig angina: Acute soft tissue infection usually of dental origin; spreads rapidly and is bilateral; involves submandibular and sublingual spaces and can spread to the neck; may include respiratory obstruction from edema

•Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (eg, Vincent angina, trench mouth): Mixed bacterial infection with gingival ulcerations and gingival breakdown, usually due to poor dental hygiene...
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Wilson John W. , Estes Lynn L.
Published: July 2012

• Abrupt-onset, purulent urethral discharge and dysuria are more common with Neisseria gonorrhoeae than with Chlamydia trachomatis and other nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) pathogens

• Mucopurulent or purulent urethral discharge and dysuria, which can occur with any pathogen, often impede clinical distinction

• Gram stain of urethral discharge shows >5 leukocytes per high-power field (HPF)...
Tuberculosis
Authors: Wilson John W. , Estes Lynn L.
Published: July 2012

• Group of mycobacteria causing tuberculosis (TB) in mammals

• Composed of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M bovis, M africanum, M microti, M canetti, and M mungi; producing similar clinical TB in mammals

•M tuberculosis causes TB in humans, whereas other species predominantly cause disease in animals...
Fungal Infections
Authors: Wilson John W. , Estes Lynn L.
Published: July 2012

•Candida

•Cryptococcus neoformans and C gattii

• Other: Saccharomyces, Trichosporon, etc

Two different growth forms: Outside the body (25°C), they grow as a mold, producing hyphae and having asexual reproduction of spores; inside the body (37°C), they grow in a yeast form...
Travel Medicine/Prophylaxis
Authors: Wilson John W. , Estes Lynn L.
Published: July 2012

• Insect bite precautions are essential.

•DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) or picaridin-containing insect repellents

• Concentration: A DEET concentration of 20–50% is safe for both adults and children >2 months of age. A DEET concentration of >50% is NOT recommended because it affords no additional benefit....
The four faces of organizational culture
Authors: Fortado Bruce , Fadil Paul
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast four different views of organizational culture. Specifically, it will compare the human relations view of culture with three more “modern” perspectives to determine whether the meaning and the research methods associated with this phenomenon has shifted over time.

Design/methodology/approach

Each face of organizational culture research (human relations; software of the mind; process consultation; and appreciative inquiry) are described and critiqued. Methods utilized by researchers in their respective eras are compared and contrasted.

Findings

In comparing the human relations approach to defining and researching organizational culture with the three more modern faces, one thing has become apparent: the meaning of culture, over time, has changed. It has become less a permanent, manifested phenomena, and more of a manipulable asset. It is assumed that cultures can be molded quickly and easily into whatever the organizations need. Additionally, the methods for researching organizational culture today are much shallower, as surveys continue to replace in‐depth interviews and long‐term observations. The multidimensional levels of culture require researchers to explore this phenomenon's varying depths, not just at the shallowest plane.

Research limitations/implications

The main research contribution of this article is that it is a true historical account of organizational culture thought going all the way back to the Hawthorne studies. It also highlights the research methods in this important area and calls for attention to historical rigor.

Originality/value

This paper fulfills the need to compare and contrast organizational culture paradigms and formally critique the current research methodology in the organizational culture field.
A dual‐band voltage‐controlled oscillator in 0.13 μm CMOS technology
Authors: Maisurah Mohd Hassan Siti , Azmi Ismail Mohd , Emran Farid Nazif , Fadhil Idham Muhammad Norman , Ismat Abdul Rahim Ahmad
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to design and implement a fully integrated low‐phase noise and large tuning range dual‐band LC voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) in 0.13 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology.

Design/methodology/approach

Two parallel‐connected single‐band VCOs are designed to implement the proposed VCO. Adopting a simple and straight‐forward architecture, the dual‐band VCO is configured to operate at two frequency bands, which are from 1.48 GHz to 1.78 GHz and from 2.08 GHz to 2.45 GHz. A band selection circuit is designed to perform band selection process based on the controlling input signal.

Findings

The proposed VCO features phase noise of −104.7 dBc/Hz and −108.8 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency for both low corner and high corner end of the low‐band operation. For high‐band operation, phase‐noise performance of −101.1 dBc/Hz and −110.4 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency are achieved. The measured output power of the dual‐band VCO ranges from −8.4 dBm to −5.8 dBm and from −9.6 dBm to −8.0 dBm for low‐band and high‐band operation, respectively. It was also observed that the power differences between the fundamental spectrum and the nearby spurious tone range from −67.5 dBc to −47.7 dBc.

Originality/value

The paper is useful to both the academic and industrial fields since it promotes the concept of multi‐band or multi‐standard system which is currently in demand in the telecommunication industry.
Integrating research‐based and practice‐based knowledge through workplace reflection
Authors: Nilsen Per , Nordström Gunilla , Ellström Per‐Erik
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This paper seeks to present a theoretical framework with the aim of contributing to improved understanding of how reflection can provide a mechanism to integrate research‐based knowledge with the pre‐existing practice‐based knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper begins with an explanation of important concepts: research‐based and practice‐based knowledge, four levels of action and two modes of learning. Two mini cases concerning managers in the public sector in Sweden then provide an illustration of how research‐based knowledge can be utilized to challenge practice‐based knowledge. The concluding discussion addresses some of the challenges involved in achieving reflection in the workplace that utilizes research‐based knowledge.

Findings

The reflection programmes had several characteristics that facilitated their implementation: they achieved a balance between the workplace demands on the participating managers and time required for the reflection; the participants were specifically recruited, had full management support and were highly motivated to be part of the reflection groups; the facilitators played key roles in structuring the managers' discussions and linking their experiences to relevant research‐based knowledge.

Research limitations/implications

Methodological limitations of the cases constrain the conclusions to be drawn from these studies. However, it should be emphasized that the case studies were intended primarily as illustrations of how workplace reflection can be used to integrate research‐based and practice‐based knowledge. Obviously, there is a risk of social desirability bias because the interviewer was also involved in developing and implementing the reflection programmes. She also participated as a supervisor in mini case 2.

Originality/value

The literature on reflection has largely focused on reflection in the context of education, training and preparing for work or a profession. The role of workplace reflection and learning for practitioners and managers in work has received far less attention. The emergence of the evidence‐based practice (EBP) agenda has further highlighted the importance of workplace learning and reflection, as practitioners are increasingly expected to critically appraise research studies and integrate new findings into their practice. A more EBP requires reflecting practitioners who are able to synthesize research‐based knowledge with their own practice‐based knowledge acquired through experience. However, the process of integrating research‐based and practice‐based knowledge has not been the focus of much study.
Perceived guarantees, investor protection and bailout
Authors: Trutwein Patrick , Schiereck Dirk , Thomas Matthias
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This paper investigates the link between equity and credit markets for the government‐sponsored mortgage institutions, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, during the period from January 2007 until December 2008. Before the financial crisis, investors perceived these real estate finance institutions as quasi state guaranteed.

Design/methodology/approach

By examining Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac during 2007 and 2008, this study extends existing research on the link between equity and credit markets. The authors employ univariate time series regression and vector autoregressive models to analyze the comovements over time and the lead‐lag relationship for equity returns, CDS spread changes, and bond spread changes.

Findings

The results provide evidence for equity returns and credit spreads of CDS and bonds being inversely related and adjusting simultaneously. The relationship between equity and credit markets intensifies during periods of heightened risks. The link between equity returns and bond spread changes is more robust in an environment of slightly elevated risk, while the relationship between equity and CDS markets intensifies during times of extreme stress. It was also found that the link between equity and credit markets completely breaks down as government intervention in the form of regulatory changes and ultimately, conservatorship, materializes.

Practical implications

Investors active in equity and credit markets need to be aware of the relevance of the prevailing capital market regime and the role of external effects such as government support and bailout.

Originality/value

There is a growing body of empirical research employing event studies and regression analyses on the firm level to examine the link between equity and credit default swaps. Yet, to the authors' knowledge this relationship has not been explored specifically for quasi guaranteed institutions. However, given the growing number of at least partly state owned real estate finance institutions, this specific focus is important to understand future expected risk compensation of equity and credit investors. The paper ask what lessons are to be learnt from the current financial crisis about investor protection in quasi guaranteed financial institutions.
Measuring the perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility in financial services: a narrative‐inductive approach
Authors: Obalola Musa , Adelopo Ismail
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to reflect the argument that the impetus to engage in socially responsible actions is ultimately reinforced by the perceived belief that doing so will be beneficial to the corporation in the long run.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses a narrative‐inductive approach to make important contributions to the corporate social responsibility‐organizational effectiveness literature. Data were collected through a semi‐structured interview, and analyzed using qualitative analysis strategies.

Findings

The study reports a profound perceived usefulness of ethics and social responsibility for business in the insurance industry in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study presents evidence that indicates that consciousness about the role of ethics and social responsibility in organizational effectiveness in this context is low, but, nevertheless suggests a positive posture towards the constructs. This positive posture seems to have been driven by the negative image of the industry and the need to remedy the situation. It suggests that this can be achieved through a show of genuine concern for the needs of the consumers, and the need to reinforce their trust and confidence in insurance as a loss mitigating mechanism.

Practical implications

While shareholders' value maximization was shown as one of the considerations for ethical and social responsible behavior compromise, findings from the study also suggest that stakeholders' value maximization would be an effective consideration for the industry to improve the present low market penetration. The paper draws out the need to amend short‐term goals for long‐term goals by sacrificing short‐term profits for long‐term profits and survival.

Originality/value

Although the strategic importance of ethics and social responsibility has been investigated using the deductive approach in other industries, this work provides an alternative to this existing bulk of positivist investigations by using an inductive approach with subjects drawn from the insurance industry. The study also seems to the authors' knowledge, the first to investigate the strategic importance of this construct in a developing and apathetic market such as Nigeria.
Molecular data and ecological niche modelling reveal a highly dynamic evolutionary history of the East Asian Tertiary relict Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
Authors: Qi Xin‐Shuai , Chen Chen , Comes Hans Peter , Sakaguchi Shota , Liu Yi‐Hui , Tanaka Nobuyuki , Sakio Hitoshi , Qiu Ying‐Xiong
Published: July 2012

See also the Commentary by Mao and Liu
Couple’s Relationship With Diabetes: Means and Meanings for Management Success
Authors: Houston‐Barrett Ruth A. , Wilson Colwick M.
Published: July 2012

Diabetes is a serious chronic illness that involves individuals, couples, and families in complex reciprocal interactions with the illness and other life dimensions. A major issue in diabetes management is how well the patient is able to follow the established medical regimen of selfcare. Situated within personal, physical, and social contexts, the meaning that a couple creates and the emotions they feel in their adaptation to living with diabetes and its demanding regimen can be viewed as the couple’s relationship with diabetes.
Leak Localization in Pipelines via Computational Pipeline
Monitoring
Authors: Moustafa Kamal A. F. , Haik Yousef , Aldajah Saud , Omar Farag
Published: July 2012

Leaks in pipelines are unintentional releases of quantities of products from pipelines into the environment. Leaks contribute to the environmental pollution, promote corrosion and equipment failures, and produce instabilities in the pipeline operation and control. Pipeline leaks are commonly associated with third party damage, corrosion, equipment failures, and errors in pipeline design and operation. Being able to accurately detect the location of leaks is imperative. One objective of this paper is to develop a mathematical model that accounts for the behavior of pressure and flow-rate profiles in leaky pipeline systems. Such a mathematical model is needed to better understand the dynamic behavior of the pipeline and its characteristics and for the detection the leaks. The paper also involves computer simulation of pipeline conditions using the developed mathematical model and Kalman filtering technique. Leak localization is accomplished by scanning the pipeline from the inlet node to the outlet one to find the node at which the minimum residuals are obtained. Simulation results are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed leak localization scheme.
Stresses in a Long Cylindrical Conductor Moving Axially Through a Pair of Electrode Plates Under Stationary Conditions
Authors: Westerling L. , Lundberg B.
Published: July 2012

In a conductor carrying electric current, the Lorentz force gives rise to mechanical stresses. Here, we study a long elastic cylindrical conductor that moves axially with constant velocity through two electrode plates. The aims are to explore how the stresses in the conductor depend on the velocity in the stationary case of constant current and to assess the validity of the analytic method used. The diffusion equation for the magnetic flux density is solved by use of Fourier transform, and the current density is determined. The stresses, due to the Lorentz force, are found by use of an analytic method combining the solutions of a quasi-static radial problem of plane deformation and a dynamic axial problem of uniaxial stress. They are also determined through FE analysis. Radial field profiles between the plates indicate a velocity skin effect signifying that the current and the magnetic field are concentrated near the cylindrical surface up-stream and are more uniformly distributed downstream. The radial and hoop stresses are compressive, while the axial stress is tensile. The von Mises effective stress increases towards the symmetry axis, in the downstream direction, and with velocity. There are circumstances under which a large current can produce an effective stress in a copper conductor of the order of the yield stress without causing a significant temperature rise. The stresses obtained with the two methods agree well, even relatively near the electrode plates. The analytical method should be useful in similar cases as well as for the provision of test cases for more general simulation tools.
Improving IMRT‐plan quality with MLC leaf position refinement post plan optimization
Authors: Niu Ying , Zhang Guowei , Berman Barry L. , Parke William C. , Yi Byongyong , Yu Cedric X.
Published: July 2012

Purpose:

In intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning, reducing the pencil‐beam size may lead to a significant improvement in dose conformity, but also increase the time needed for the dose calculation and plan optimization. The authors develop and evaluate a postoptimization refinement (POpR) method, which makes fine adjustments to the multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf positions after plan optimization, enhancing the spatial precision and improving the plan quality without a significant impact on the computational burden.

Methods:

The authors’ POpR method is implemented using a commercial treatment planning system based on direct aperture optimization. After an IMRT plan is optimized using pencil beams with regular pencil‐beam step size, a greedy search is conducted by looping through all of the involved MLC leaves to see if moving the MLC leaf in or out by half of a pencil‐beam step size will improve the objective function value. The half‐sized pencil beams, which are used for updating dose distribution in the greedy search, are derived from the existing full‐sized pencil beams without need for further pencil‐beam dose calculations. A benchmark phantom case and a head‐and‐neck (HN) case are studied for testing the authors’ POpR method.

Results:

Using a benchmark phantom and a HN case, the authors have verified that their POpR method can be an efficient technique in the IMRT planning process. Effectiveness of POpR is confirmed by noting significant improvements in objective function values. Dosimetric benefits of POpR are comparable to those of using a finer pencil‐beam size from the optimization start, but with far less computation and time.

Conclusions:

The POpR is a feasible and practical method to significantly improve IMRT‐plan quality without compromising the planning efficiency.