bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pheno4D: A spatio-temporal dataset of maize and tomato plant point clouds for phenotyping and advanced plant analysis
Authors: Schunck David , Magistri Federico , Rosu Radu Alexandru , Cornelißen André , Chebrolu Nived , Paulus Stefan , Léon Jens , Behnke Sven , Stachniss Cyrill , Kuhlmann Heiner , Klingbeil Lasse
Published: August 2021

Understanding the growth and development of individual plants is of central importance in modern agriculture, crop breeding, and crop science. To this end, using 3D data for plant analysis has gained attention over the last years. High-resolution point clouds offer the potential to derive a variety of plant traits, such as plant height, biomass, as well as the number and size of relevant plant organs. Periodically scanning the plants even allows for performing spatio-temporal growth analysis. However, highly accurate 3D point clouds from plants recorded at different growth stages are rare, and acquiring this kind of data is costly. Besides, advanced plant analysis methods from machine learning require annotated training data and thus generate intense manual labor before being able to perform an analysis. To address these issues, we present with this dataset paper a multi-temporal dataset featuring high-resolution registered point clouds of maize and tomato plants, which we manually labeled for computer vision tasks, such as for instance segmentation and 3D reconstruction, providing approximately 260 million labeled 3D points. To highlight the usability of the data and to provide baselines for other researchers, we show a variety of applications ranging from point cloud segmentation to non-rigid registration and surface reconstruction. We believe that our dataset will help to develop new algorithms to advance the research for plant phenotyping, 3D reconstruction, non-rigid registration, and deep learning on raw point clouds. The dataset is freely accessible athttps://www.ipb.uni-bonn.de/data/pheno4d/.
Managing school interaction networks during the COVID-19 pandemic: Agent-based modeling for evaluating possible scenarios when students go back to classrooms
Authors: Hernández-Hernández Ana María , Huerta-Quintanilla Rodrigo
Published: August 2021

The most unexpected and toughest phenomenon that has occurred in recent times is the global COVID-19 pandemic. One of the first measures to prevent the spread of the disease was to close educational institutions. The students were forced to start a learning process through social networks and web platforms. In some countries, a return to face-to-face classes was established. However, weeks later, some of them had to return to virtual activities due to an upswing in the COVID-19 cases. In Mexico, classes have been held virtually, with face-to-face activities only re-established in two of the 32 states. In our state, Yucatan, scholarly activities are still virtual. In this work, the dispersion of COVID-19 at different academic establishments in Yucatan was simulated. Networks of Friendship, noncordial treatment, family ties and study groups were considered. Based on these networks, we evaluated the possibility of returning to school without inducing a rebound in the COVID-19 cases in the state. Agent-based simulations were used, with each student as an agent. Interaction rules were established based on international research regarding good practices in times of COVID-19. We used seven networks from different academic institutions, ranging from primary through college level. As a result, possible contagion curves were obtained for different scenarios, which leads to a discussion about the measures that would be relevant once a return to face-to-face classes is overseen. Simulations show that isolating students and reducing the number of students in the same classroom are good strategies and substantially reduce the possible contagiousness.
A small step or a giant leap: Accounting for settlement delay and dispersal in restoration planning
Authors: Rodriguez-Perez Ana , James Mark A. , Sanderson William G.
Published: August 2021

Understanding larval duration and hence dispersal potential of the European oyster Ostrea edulis is crucial to inform restoration strategies. Laval duration has an obligatory period of maturity to pediveliger (when larvae are ready to settle), but also an unknown period until metamorphosis is triggered by a settlement cue. The extent to which larvae can prolong the pediveliger period and delay metamorphosis has not been studied. Here we show that O. edulis larvae can delay metamorphosis for a period of 11 days, while retaining the capability to settle in high proportions when presented with a suitable settlement cue. O. edulis larvae are likely to be able to delay metamorphosis even further, since 80% of larvae in the control treatment were still alive when the experiment was terminated at day 14. The results indicate the ability of O. edulis larvae to more than double pelagic duration and probably further delay metamorphosis. We discuss these findings in the context of larval mortality, and the importance of O. edulis’ larval settlement requirements for dispersal potential, recruitment success and connectivity of restoration sites.
Transovarial transmission of a core virome in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Brito Tarcísio Fontenele de , Coelho Vitor Lima , Cardoso Maira Arruda , Brito Ingrid Alexandre de Abreu , Berni Mateus Antonio , Zenk Fides Lea , Iovino Nicola , Pane Attilio
Published: August 2021

Triatomine assassin bugs comprise hematophagous insect vectors ofTrypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Although the microbiome of these species has been investigated to some extent, only one virus infectingTriatoma infestanshas been identified to date. Here, we describe for the first time seven (+) single-strand RNA viruses (RpV1-7) infectingRhodnius prolixus, a primary vector of Chagas disease in Central and South America. We show that the RpVs belong to theIflaviridae,PermutotetraviridaeandSolemoviridaeand are vertically transmitted from the mothers to the progeny via transovarial transmission. Consistent with this, all the RpVs, except RpV2 that is related to the entomopathogenic Slow bee paralysis virus, established persistent infections in ourR.prolixuscolony. Furthermore, we show thatR.prolixusovaries express 22-nucleotide viral siRNAs (vsiRNAs), but not viral piRNAs, that originate from the processing of dsRNA intermediates during viral replication of the RpVs. Interestingly, the permutotetraviruses and sobemoviruses display shared pools of vsiRNAs that might provide the basis for a cross-immunity system. The vsiRNAs are maternally deposited in the eggs, where they likely contribute to reduce the viral load and protect the developing embryos. Our results unveil for the first time a complex core virome inR.prolixusand begin to shed light on the RNAi-based antiviral defenses in triatomines.
Detoxification of methylglyoxal by the glyoxalase system is required for glutathione availability and virulence activation in Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Anaya-Sanchez Andrea , Feng Ying , Berude John C. , Portnoy Daniel A.
Published: August 2021

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, food-borne pathogen that lives a biphasic lifestyle, cycling between the environment and as a facultative intracellular pathogen of mammals. Upon entry into host cells, L. monocytogenes upregulates expression of glutathione synthase (GshF) and its product, glutathione (GSH), which is an allosteric activator of the master virulence regulator PrfA. Although gshF mutants are highly attenuated for virulence in mice and form very small plaques in host cell monolayers, these virulence defects can be fully rescued by mutations that lock PrfA in its active conformation, referred to as PrfA*. While PrfA activation can be recapitulated in vitro by the addition of reducing agents, the precise biological cue(s) experienced by L. monocytogenes that lead to PrfA activation are not known. Here we performed a genetic screen to identify additional small-plaque mutants that were rescued by PrfA* and identified gloA, which encodes glyoxalase A, a component of a GSH-dependent methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification system. MG is a toxic byproduct of metabolism produced by both the host and pathogen, which if accumulated, causes DNA damage and protein glycation. As a facultative intracellular pathogen, L. monocytogenes must protect itself from MG produced by its own metabolic processes and that of its host. We report that gloA mutants grow normally in broth, are sensitive to exogenous MG and severely attenuated upon IV infection in mice, but are fully rescued for virulence in a PrfA* background. We demonstrate that transcriptional activation of gshF increased upon MG challenge in vitro, and while this resulted in higher levels of GSH for wild-type L. monocytogenes, the glyoxalase mutants had decreased levels of GSH, presumably due to the accumulation of the GSH-MG hemithioacetal adduct. These data suggest that MG acts as a host cue that leads to GSH production and activation of PrfA.
CONCEPÇÕES INFANTIS SOBRE A PALAVRA DURANTE O PROCESSO DE ALFABETIZAÇÃO
Authors: Ferreira Carmen Regina Gonçalves
Published: August 2021

No presente artigo, dados de segmentação vocabular, produzidos durante a alfabetização, foram descritos e analisados com vistas à discussão concernente a aspectos relevantes para a constituição da noção de palavra durante o período inicial de desenvolvimento da escrita. Objetiva-se verificar quais são as hipóteses de escrita infantil no que diz respeito aos limites gráficos entre as palavras para analisar como a criança em fase de alfabetização evolui até chegar à demarcação de fronteiras vocabulares conforme a norma, bem como ao entendimento do que constitui uma palavra. Os dados apresentados são referentes a duas crianças pertencentes ao 3º ano de alfabetização de uma escola pública, coletados por meio de entrevistas que visaram indagar sobre o que a criança entendia ser uma palavra (CARRAHER, 1989). A interpretação das respostas teve o suporte da teoria dos constituintes prosódicos (NESPOR; VOGEL, 1986). Os resultados da análise mostraram que, de modo geral, a criança pode oscilar ou manter as concepções iniciais sobre o que seja uma palavra como o entendimento que cada sílaba constitui uma palavra.  No entanto, para a inteligibilidade do que está escrito, a segmentação vocabular parece assumir importância para a leitura segundo as explicações infantis. Evidenciando, assim, o quanto a trajetória da criança em direção à palavra escrita não é linear e apresenta multiplicidade de acepções.
Immunomodulatory Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil in Wistar Rats Infected with Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Widianingrum Desy Cahya , Salasia Siti Isrina Oktavia
Published: August 2021

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) contains bioactive that induce immunity against infectious diseases. This study aim to determine the immunomodulatory effects of VCO based on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lymphocyte proliferation, and histopathological examination in liver and kidney of rats infected with Staphylococcus aureus. The VCO was given intragastrically to rats with a dose of 250 µL for one week. The rats were infected with S. aureus at 5x102 bacterial cells intraperitoneally. Twenty (20) female Wistar rats of one month old were divided into four groups. The negative control group (C-): without treatment, AV group: infected with S. aureus followed by VCO treatment; VA group: pretreated with VCO followed by S. aureus infection, and positive control group (C+): were infected with S. aureus without VCO. All rats were euthanized and necropsied based on the animal ethic standard. Plasma samples were taken to evaluate SOD activity, and lymphocytes were isolated from the spleen to determine their proliferative ability. Livers and kidneys were collected for a histopathology examination. Results showed that the VA group had the highest SOD activity on the 4th week (41.50 ± 3.56 %) and lymphocyte proliferation (0.3018) compared to all treatments, indicating immunomodulatory effects of VCO. Liver of treatments group showed leucocytes infiltration, no hemorrhages (VA); the hepatocytes with normal cells (VA). Kidney of treatments group showed leucocytes infiltration (AV); normal epithelial glomerulus and tubulus cells, still found hemorrhage (VA). These studies indicated that VCO has a potential role as an immunomodulator, hepatoprotectant, and nephroprotectant.
Metabolism Energy and Performance of Several Local Cattle Breeds Fed Rice Straw and Concentrate
Authors: Utami Efrilia Tri Wahyu , Bata Muhamad , Rahayu Sri
Published: August 2021

This study was conducted to examine the effect of different local cattle breeds on energy metabolism and performance fed on rice straw basal diet. Fourty local male cattle (2.5 years;  initial BW 300.30±0.68) of Madura cattle (M), Sumba Ongole cattle (SO), Bali cattle (B), and Bali Timor cattle (BT) were used in this study, where types of local breed were used as treatments (10 animals/treatment). The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with cattle's initial body weight as a group. The cattle were fed on rice straw ad libitum and concentrate 2.5% BW (DM 86.53%). The variables measured were energy intake (EI), digestible energy intake (DEI), metaboloizable energy intake (MEI), energy retention (RE), RE to EI ratio, RE to DEI ratio, C2/C3 ratio, the efficiency of hexose conversion to VFA (ECH) and the average daily body weight gain (ADG). The results showed that the different breeds of local cattle had a significant effect (P<0.05) on EI, DEI, MEI, RE, RE to EI ratio, RE to DEI ratio, C2/C3 ratio, and ECH, but had no significant effect on ADG (P>0.05). M has the highest EI, DEI, MEI, and RE 139.52 MJ/day, 99.69 MJ/day, 65.84 MJ/day, and 98.45 MJ/day, respectively, but the highest RE to EI ratio at B, while for the best RE to DE ratio, C2/C3 ratio, ECH, and ADG, at SO were 99.24%, 28.85, 74.97%, and 1.24 kg, respectively. It can be concluded that the best local cattle in terms of performance and feed energy efficiency are Sumba Ongole cattle.
De-evolution of expectations for evidence-based practices in public education in the United States
Authors: Brady Michael P. , Hazelkorn Michael
Published: August 2021

Public education in the United States has been undergoing a shift from an empirical tradition in which practices and policies are derived from research, practice, reflection, and implementation. In this empirical tradition, professionals embrace a culture and commitment to evidence-based practices (EBPs) and expect that practices and policies in the field are supported by rational, data-driven models. In this paper, we present an argument and three cases that illustrate how educators have been undergoing a gradual shift away from empiricism toward a de-evolution of EBP. We propose that this gradual shift is based on a political-social context, in which practices and policies are implemented using the language of an accountability model of reform, in which national and state regulations, and accreditation bodies, establish expectations often devoid of an empirical basis for the practices they mandate.
IDENTIFIKASI POTENSI OBJEK DAYA TARIK WISATA ALAM DI HULU DAS BENGKULU DESA RINDU HATI KECAMATAN TABA PENANJUNG BENGKULU TENGAH
Authors: Nugroho Mohammad Nur Dita , Siswahyono Siswahyono , Anggoro Ari , Supadi Supadi , Sumartono Eko
Published: August 2021

Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Bengkulu merupakan suatu bentuk bentang alam yang memiliki peran penting bagi masyarakat di Kota Bengkulu dan Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah. Salah satu hulu DAS Bengkulu berada di Sub-DAS Rindu Hati yang berada di Desa Rindu Hati Kecamatan Taba Penanjung, Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah yang memiliki bentang alam yang masih alami dan asri. Tawaran pengembangan wisata berbasis alam di Desa Rindu Hati dengan ekowisata sebagai salah satu kegiatan konservasi yang dapat menjadi usaha berkelanjutan dan bernilai secara ekonomi bagi masyarakat yang tinggal di dalam dan di sekitar kawasan konservasi. Identifikasi potensi daya tarik wisata yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk memahami dan mendeskripsikan keberadaan berbagai jenis potensi lingkungan alam dengan segala karakteristiknya untuk dijadikan sebagai daya tarik wisata. Metode yang digunakan dalam studi identifikasi ini ialah deskriptif berdasarkan Pedoman Analisis Daerah Operasi Obyek dan Daya Tarik Wisata alam (ADO ODTWA) Dirjen PHKA tahun 2003 yang telah dimodifikasi. Data yang disajikan dalam bentuk deskripsi tentang jenis dan karakteristik potensi daya tarik wisata alam yang diperoleh melalui pengamatan lapangan, kuesioner, studi pustaka, dan instrumen penilaian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai sedang, cukup potensial. Sebagai langkah awal, Desa Rindu Hati memiliki potensi yang cukup besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai desa wisata berbasis alam.
Persuasión moral en el marco del posconflicto en Colombia: un estudio sobre la calidad de los argumentos y la experticia de la fuente
Authors: Carmona Díaz Gino Marttelo , Villada Zapata Johny , Piñeres Juan David , Jiménez Leal William
Published: August 2021

En el presente estudio se analiza el impacto de la calidad de los argumentos y la experticia de la fuente en la persuasión moral, así como el cambio de un juicio moral en función de un mensaje persuasivo. La investigación sobre el efecto de la calidad de los argumentos y la experticia de la fuente en la persuasión moral es escasa, a pesar de que las teorías del intuicionismo social, del proceso dual y de las convicciones morales sugieren algunos apuntes al respecto. En este trabajo, para estudiar el impacto de estos dos factores en la persuasión moral, se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental con un diseño factorial 2 (experticia de la fuente) × 2 (calidad del argumento), con la participación de 433 personas. Específicamente, para evaluar el juicio moral y su eventual cambio, se construyó un dilema moral que contrapone los fundamentos morales de daño-cuidado y justicia-reciprocidad en el marco del posconflicto en Colombia. Los resultados muestran que si bien la mayoría de los participantes presentaron resistencia a la persuasión, tanto la calidad del argumento como la experticia de la fuente facilitan la persuasión, pero de forma independiente. Los resultados permiten varias reflexiones sobre las teorías del proceso dual de la persuasión y las teorías del juicio moral.
Psychometric properties of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale-Second Edition in Peruvian students.
Authors: Boluarte Carbajal Alicia , Grillo Delgado Frank Antony , Castellanos-Huerta Karla Alejandra , Tafur-Mendoza Arnold Alejandro
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition (RCMAS-2) among Peruvian students. The sample consisted of 472 participants aged between 7 and 18 years, of whom 250 were female (53%). Likewise, 191 were enrolled from third to sixth grade of primary school (40.5%), and 281 were registered from first to fifth grade of secondary school (59.5%). The results of the study indicated that the RCMAS-2 scores had adequate levels of reliability for all its dimensions (ordinal alpha > .70). On the other hand, a four-factor structure (Physiological anxiety, Worry/Social anxiety, Defensiveness I, and Defensiveness II) was found to be invariant to gender and schooling level. Also, convergent and discriminant validity evidence was provided. Finally, a moderate difference in Defensiveness II according to the schooling level through the latent mean structure analysis was found. Taking into account the results, it was concluded that the RCMAS-2 scores have evidence of reliability, validity, and equity for its use in Peruvian regular elementary school students.
Modelo sociocultural del dominio moral en adolescentes mexicanos.
Authors: Miranda Rodríguez Rubén Andrés , García Méndez Mirna
Published: August 2021

Para favorecer el desarrollo de la adolescencia es fundamental fomentar un dominio moral que tenga en cuenta las características de la cultura y la dinámica familiar, pues ambas permiten comprender los principios que conforman el juicio moral. Teniendo esto en cuenta, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar si el colectivismo, las premisas histórico-sociales-culturales y el funcionamiento familiar predicen el dominio moral en adolescentes mexicanos. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 459 adolescentes que participaron de manera voluntaria en la aplicación de la Escala de Dominio Moral para Adolescentes, una adaptación de la Escala de Premisas Histórico-Socioculturales, y la Escala de Individualismo y Colectivismo, en secundarias o preparatorias públicas de Ciudad de México y municipios del Estado de México. El análisis de los resultados se realizó con ecuaciones estructurales, tras lo cual se obtuvo un modelo en el que el colectivismo, las normas tradicionales de la cultura mexicana y el funcionamiento familiar predicen el dominio de una moral prescriptiva y restrictiva en adolescentes mexicanos (χ2 = 0.496, gl = 1, p = .481, χ2/gl = 0.496, agfi = .992, srmr = .006, rmsea < .001). En conclusión, la evidencia obtenida demuestra que una parte importante de las variaciones del dominio moral en adolescentes se debe a factores culturales y de socialización en el entorno familiar.
Validación de la estructura psicométrica de las escalas Grit-O y Grit-S en el contexto colombiano y su relación con el éxito académico
Authors: Collantes-Tique Natalia , Pineda-Parra Julieth Andrea , Ortiz-Otálora Cristian David , Ramírez Castañeda Santiago , Jiménez-Pachón Catalina , Quintero-Ovalle Christopher , Riveros Munévar Fernando , Uribe Moreno Miguel E.
Published: August 2021

Dentro de los constructos que se han estudiado en los últimos años como predictores del desempeño académico se encuentra el factor grit. En la presente investigación se realizaron dos estudios con el objetivo de adaptar y validar la escala Grit-O a un contexto colombiano, así como determinar la validez de criterio de la escala Grit-S por medio del desempeño académico en estudiantes universitarios. En el primer estudio (n = 500) se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio a través de un método de extracción de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados y un análisis factorial confirmatorio a través de un método de extracción de máxima verosimilitud. Los análisis arrojaron adecuados índices de validez y confiabilidad para las dos escalas (Grit-O y Grit-S) —siendo Grit-S la que presentó mejores índices de ajuste—, y la distribución de ítems por factor de la escala coincidió con la validación original. Sin embargo, los dos factores —perseverancia en el esfuerzo y consistencia en el interés— no se agruparon bajo el constructo grit. En el segundo estudio (n = 89) se observó la relación existente entre la puntuación obtenida en la escala Grit-S y diferentes indicadores de desempeño académico —promedio, número de materias perdidas, entre otros—. Para esto, se realizó un análisis de correlación y de regresión lineal múltiple, tras lo cual se encontraron correlaciones moderadas entre el puntaje total de la escala Grit-S y sus dos componentes con las medidas de desempeño académico. En el análisis de regresión se encontró que el puntaje total de la escala es mejor predictor del desempeño académico (.016**) que el puntaje de cada uno de los componentes de la escala por separado. Al final, en la discusión se comparan los hallazgos con validaciones realizadas en otros países y se dan algunas recomendaciones respecto al uso de la escala.
Besov-type spaces for the κ-Hankel wavelet transform on the real line
Authors: Pathak Ashish , Pandey Shrish
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we shall introduce functions spaces as subspaces of Lp

κ (ℝ) that we call Besov-κ-Hankel spaces and extend the concept of κ-Hankel wavelet transform in Lp

κ(ℝ) space. Subsequently we will characterize the Besov-κ-Hankel space by using κ-Hankel wavelet coefficients.
Der webbasierte Bundestagswahlkampf 2021
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jasmin , Jöst Paula
Published: August 2021

Die Parteien begegnen dem digitalen Wahlkampf unterschiedlich: so gut wie alle setzen innerparteiliche demokratische Verfahren webbasiert um. Die Bereitstellung von Materialen für Unterstützer*innen reicht von Logos und Vorlagen zum Download für alle oder nur für Parteimitglieder bis hin zu Offlineformaten. Manche Parteien unterhalten eigene Kampagnenseiten, andere bauen die etablierten Parteiseiten aus. Die Einbindung von Bürger*innen in den Programmentstehungsprozess reicht von digitalisierten Beteiligungsformaten bis zur bloßen Präsentation des Programms. Mit Blick auf den verbleibenden Wahlkampf sollte das Augenmerk auf die digitale Einbindung von Unterstützer*innen gerichtet werden, aber auch die Personalisierung der Wahlkämpfe der Parteien ist interessant: Gelingt es die Spitzen- bzw. Kanzlerkandidat*innen auch im digitalisierten Distanzwahlkampf als eigene Marke zu etablieren?
Multiple functions of the inclusive: examining synchronic variation in light of diachronic shift in South-Central Trans-Himalayan
Authors: Ozerov Pavel , Konnerth Linda
Published: August 2021

A few languages of the South-Central branch of Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman/Sino-Tibetan) display diachronic shifts of the inclusive to become innovative markers of 1sgor 2sg. Such shifts are rarely reported in the cross-linguistic literature. In conjunction with phylogenetic-comparative evidence on cases of actual diachronic shift, we offer a synchronic usage-based analysis of the inclusive in one particular language, Anal Naga. In this language, usage frequencies suggest that a shift of the inclusive is underway: apart from the frequent generic usage, the inclusive now commonly has a humbling, empathy-seeking first person (1sg/excl) reference. In contrast, forms that combine inclusive and plural marking pattern more like a prototypical inclusive, i.e., with regular reference to the local speech act participants of speaker and addressee(s). The optional plural marking is the most important factor to determine the reference pattern of the inclusive. Other factors (irrealis setting; lexeme semantics) only play a marginal role; person form (bound indexes or free pronouns) and syntactic role are not indicative.
Bat species of a karstic region in the Brazilian savanna and extension of the Hsunycteris thomasi (Phyllostomidae: Lonchophyllinae) distribution
Authors: Da Silva Liriann Chrisley N. , Vieira Thiago Bernardi , Oliveira Andressa S. Q. A. , Mendes Poliana , Peixoto Franciele P. , Oprea Monik , Aguiar Ludmilla Moura de Souza
Published: August 2021

We do not have a complete knowledge of the bat species presence in West Central Brazil domain and still do not understand how bats respond to the ecosystems rapid vanishing. We quantified bat diversity in the Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca (PETER), a Cerrado protected area. Additionally, we report an extension of the Hsunycteris thomasi distribution known only in the Amazon and the western portion of Brazil. Over 1.440 m2 h of mist netting and five nights of automatic recording, we recorded five families and 38 species, while the Jackknife first-order estimator predicted the occurrence of 25 species. Besides the register of species for the area, the novelty is the increase in the potential distribution area of H. thomasi in Norwest’s and north of the Midwest of Brazil. We also report the presence of at least one Lonchophylla dekeyseri population, an endemic to Cerrado. The lack of bat captures within the cotton plantation suggests the impoverishment of the bat assemblages due to the extensive loss of native habitats.
Relative use of xeric boreal habitats by shrews (Sorexspp.)
Authors: Jung Thomas S. , Slough Brian G.
Published: August 2021

Few studies have explicitly examined habitat use by shrews (Sorexspp.) in the boreal forest of western North America. We conducted pitfall trapping in six common xeric habitat types in Yukon, Canada, to determine their relative use by shrews. The overall capture rate was 0.47 shrews per 100 trap nights (TN), with a total sampling effort of 3652 TN. Cinereus shrews (Sorex cinereus; 0.25 per 100 TN) were the most common species, followed by dusky shrews (Sorex monticolus; 0.14 per 100 TN) and American pygmy shrews (Sorex hoyi; 0.08 per 100 TN). Shrew capture rates and species richness was low in all habitat types sampled. Cinereus shrews were captured in similar numbers in boreal mixedwood forest and alpine shrub habitats, and rarely in other lowland forest habitat types. Dusky shrews were captured largely in alpine shrub habitats, while pygmy shrews were captured only in lowland forest habitat types. The relative use of alpine shrub habitat by cinereus shrews and dusky shrews was not expected. Our data was limited by low captures; however, we provide a first approximation of the relative use of common forest types and subalpine shrub habitat in the boreal forest of northwestern Canada.
Long term heating effects at 1173 K and 1273 K on microstructural rejuvenation in various modified alloys based on GTD-111
Authors: Vacharatanon Vara , Kiatwisarnkij Napat , Lothongkum Gobboon , Nuttayasakul Nuthaporn , Qin Jiaqian , Wangyao Panyawat
Published: August 2021

This research work studied and evaluated the effects of reheat treatment conditions, which consisted of solution treatment at a temperature of 1448 K for 14.4 ks, followed by air cooling and precipitate aging at a temperature of 1118 K for 86.4 ks, on the microstructural rejuvenation or refurbishment of various modified alloys based on the cast nickel base superalloy, GTD-111 with aluminum, nickel and/or cobalt additions after long term heating at temperatures of 1173 K and 1273 K for 1440 ks. From the results obtained, it was found that the reheat treatment conditions applied are more suitable for microstructures after long term heating at a temperature of 1173 K. However, such reheat treatment conditions could not fully return reheat treated microstructures to microstructures similar to those of previous research work. It seems that the selected solutioning temperatures and/or times were not sufficient to completely dissolve all coarse gamma prime particles after long term heating for all samples with alloying additions. Typical size and area fractions of the gamma prime particles of the reheat treated microstructures are very similar to those of the original alloyed ones but with lower values, especially those related to the size of the gamma prime particles.
Vibration damping capacity of deep cryogenic treated AISI 4140 steel shaft supported by rolling element bearings
Authors: Kam Menderes , Saruhan Hamit
Published: August 2021

The main objective of the present study is to experimentally investigate and figure out the effect of deep cryogenic treatment in improving dynamic behaviors in terms of damping of a rotating shaft supported by rolling element bearings. An AISI 4140 steel for rotating shafts was selected for the experiments because it is the most widely used material in most industries for a wide range of applications such as machinery components, crankshafts, motor shafts, axle shafts, and railway locomotive traction motor shafts. Untreated, conventionally heat treated, deep cryogenic treated, and deep cryogenic treated and tempered shafts were used for the experiments to observe damping behavior changes of the shafts. Deep cryogenic treated and deep cryogenic treated and tempered shafts were cooled from pre-tempering temperature to -140 °C and held for tempering hold times of 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours. So, ten sets of shafts were employed for the experiment. The vibration data was captured for each of the shafts for five different shaft running speeds 600, 1200, 1800, 2400 and 3000 rpm. The results showed that damping ability of the deep cryogenic treated shaft at a hold time of 36 hours was superior to that of the others shafts.
Fatigue Life and Stress Analysis of the Crankshaft of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine under Variable Forces and Speeds
Authors: Bulut Mehmet , Cihan Ömer , Temizer İlker
Published: August 2021

In this paper, a single cylinder crankshaft manufactured with C45 steel was used to investigate variation in stress, deformation, and fatigue life and safety factor at critical locations of the crankshaft. For this purpose, numerical analyses using ANSYS/Workbench software were performed under different operating conditions. Additionally, low cycle fatigue analyses were conducted experimentally for the validation of the numerical results in terms of the failure characteristics of the crankshaft. It was concluded that chamfers at sharp corners of the crankshaft on the flywheel side showed critical regions, indicating that the experimental and numerical results were consistent. These results suggested that critical regions of the crankshaft could be optimized for the improvement of sustainability in long life service.
Evaluation of chilled casting and extrusion-shear forming technology based on numerical simulation and experiments
Authors: Hu H. J. , Gan S. L. , Tian Y. , Zhang D. F. , Feng J. K. , Ou Z. W.
Published: August 2021

Magnesium alloys on the surface of billets might be refined by chilled casting process, but the grains of the center of billets are coarse, and there are a lot of void defects in the center of billets. These defects can be eliminated by hot extrusion, while fibrous microstructures and strong basal textures might be formed. This paper presents a new short process technology which includes chilled casting and extrusion-shear (CCES). It is crucial to understand the effects of die structures on the deformation behaviors, strain distribution and load requirements. Three selections of processes and die structures were done by simulations and experiments which include CCES process with 4 times consecutive shearings plastic deformation, CCES process by lateral extrusion with 90° shearing angle, and combined CCES process mode. The research results show the third selection is recommended. Three-dimensional (3D) geometric models with different channel angles (30°, 45°) for the third selection CCES dies were designed. The heterogeneities of plastic deformation by CCES dies with different channel angles were analyzed from the simulation results. The simulation results show strains decrease with rising of channel angles. The lower channel angles improve the deformation heterogeneity of magnesium alloy billets. Smaller channel angles obtain higher strains and produce tinier sub-grains. The forces of the CCES process decrease with rising of channel angles. The analysis results showed that finer and uniform microstructures can be obtained if channel angles in the CCES dies are appropriate.
Transmissive nonlocal multilayer thin film optical filter for image differentiation
Authors: Jin Chunqi , Yang Yuanmu
Published: August 2021

It is well-known that a Fourier optical system can be used to perform specific computing tasks, such as image differentiation, with a superior speed and power consumption in comparison with digital computers, despite bulky optical components that are often required. Recently, there has been a surge in the interest to design much more compact nanophotonic structures, such as dielectric and metallic thin films, photonic crystals, and metasurfaces with a tailored angle-dependent (nonlocal) optical response, to directly perform image differentiation without additional lenses for Fourier transformation. Here, we present a straightforward platform, a multilayer dielectric thin film optical filter, fabricated using mature wafer-scale thin film deposition technique, with an optimized nonlocal optical response, for isotropic image differentiation in transmission mode for arbitrary input polarization. The proposed thin film filter may be conveniently coated at various transparent surfaces and inserted in machine vision or microscopy systems for enhanced, real-time image processing.
Bedeutung und Weltwissen in der Konstruktionsgrammatik. Holistik oder Modularität?
Authors: Welke Klaus
Published: August 2021

Empirical and theoretical arguments are presented against a framesemantic grounding of construction grammar and thus against a holistic unification of meaning and world knowledge. A modular conception is the basis of the interplay between construction and projection in Goldberg (1995). Goldberg’s attempt to include frame semantics is at odds with this foundation and must be considered a failure. The same is true for the continuation by Boas (2003). The argumentation is supplemented, among other things, by the reference to the contrast of a perceptual system and a linguistic system of cognition in cognitive psychology and by the necessity to take a modular concept as a basis in the area of syntactic-semantic ambiguity of sentences.
Sounds of Etruria: aural characteristics of the Tomba dell'Orco, Tarquinia
Authors: Ortoleva Jacqueline K.
Published: August 2021

This article presents the results of an archaeoacoustic analysis conducted inside the three chambers of the fourth-century BC Etruscan painted tomb of Tomba dell'Orco at Tarquinia. Using digital sound samples and an acoustic recording protocol, the study demonstrates how, in some areas of the tomb, low-frequency sounds, such as drumming and chanting, produce lengthy reverberation times. These effects may have been associated with the natural rumble of thunder, which played a significant role in Etruscan society, as indicated in secondary literary sources and material culture. The study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the Etruscan tomb space, while identifying new avenues of research in pre-Roman and other ancient Mediterranean funerary contexts.
CREATIVITY AND SPONTANEITY IN THE THEORY OF THE COMMUNITY POWER LEARNING PROCESS
Authors: Leppänen Tuovi
Published: August 2021

In this article, the study of community power learning process is introduced. The aim of the study was to build a conception and a substantive theory of adult learners’ group learning. The theory has a dialogue with three perspectives: andragogy, sociometry and neuroscience. The community power learning process builds a close connection with Morenian approaches of using sociometry, peer support and spontaneity and creativity in a group learning process. Spontaneity and creativity are seen as an essential part of adult group learning. Four main categories were found: participation, communality, creativity, and tutoring. The core category was identified as the community power learning process. This study has been carried out using grounded theory research methodology.
CARTOGRAFIA DA ALEGRIA: ENCONTROS ENTRE PALHAÇARIA E PSICODRAMA
Authors: Bruhn Marília Meneghetti
Published: August 2021

This writing proposes to share joyful encounters between the art of clowning and the sociopsychodramatic approach. The methodology adopted was cartography to accompany the process experienced in the Group of Studies and Practices in Psychology, Clowning, and Psychodrama (GEP). During the years 2017 and 2018, the GEP held monthly meetings for twelve months in which they studied and experienced the principles of these two approaches inspired by the performing arts. In the field diary reports produced with GEP, the morenian concept of spontaneity-creativity and the logic of joy present in the art of clowning stood out. Finally, the conclusion is that clowning and psychodrama are approaches that offer tools to achieve common existential goals.
Accelerated weathering of polyvinyl chloride-based wood-plastic composites: Effect of plant species
Authors: Qi Ruige , He Chunxia , Jin Qiang
Published: August 2021

The effect of plant species on the accelerated weathering behaviors of polyvinyl chloride-based wood-plastic composites (WPCs) was studied. The selected plant species were eucalyptus, rice husk, and bamboo. The color and chemical compositional changes that occurred due to accelerated weathering were monitored using colorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The lignin and carbonyl contents of the WPCs were altered with exposure. The color change and lightness of the weathered WPCs increased with exposure time, and the degree of increase depended on the plant species. The water absorption and swelling ratio of the WPCs increased with an increase in exposure. The eucalyptus-based composite was the highest ranked in terms of mechanical properties, and the microstructure of the impact section showed that the interfacial bonding performance deteriorated after exposure. In conclusion, the selection of plant fibers is critical to the service performance of WPCs.
Classification of softwoods using wood extract information and near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Park Se-Yeong , Kim Jong-Hwa , Kim Jong-Chan , Yang Sang-Yun , Yeo Hwanmyeong , Choi In-Gyu
Published: August 2021

Three kinds of softwoods (Douglas fir, radiata pine, and Sugi) were used to test the possibility of their classification via near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. In a previous study, the authors presented that the content of Korean softwood extractives (larix, red pine, Korean pine, cedar, and cypress) influenced wood classification. For expanding the extent of wood species to be considered in the analysis, three foreign wood species were newly introduced. Prior to comparing the NIR spectra obtained from the three softwoods, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to evaluate the possibility of discriminating the three foreign softwoods. The three species were also divided into three groups based on PCA, and a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) test improved the reliability of NIR-based wood classification via extractive contents. A similar pattern was obtained for alcohol-benzene eluted extractive compounds between same wood species.
Xylanase pretreatment of mechanically destructured chips of Eucalyptus tereticornis and its effect on kraft pulping
Authors: Pandey Laxman Kumar , Kumar Amit , Singh Surendra Pal , Dutt Dharm
Published: August 2021

Mechanical pulping of raw wood material is a highly energy intensive and pollution generating step in the papermaking process. This study focused on combined mechanical and xylanase treatment prior to the kraft pulping of E. tereticornis. A screened pulp yield of 49.1% (on oven-dry wood basis) with a Kappa number of 24.9 was obtained at the optimum cooking temperature of 160 °C without any pretreatment of the wood chips. After mechanical treatment (destructuring), a slightly higher screened pulp yield (49.4%) was obtained with a Kappa number of 24.2 at the cooking temperature of 145 °C with the same active alkali charge (15%). The optimum cooking temperature was further reduced to 140 °C for the destructured xylanase-treated wood chips. The xylanase treatment resulted in a 2% reduction in screened pulp yield due to hydrolysis of xylan. However, the Kappa number was reduced to 18.2 after xylanase pretreatment of the mechanically destructured wood chips. The combined pretreatment (destructured and xylanase treatment) of wood chips resulted in a reduction in cooking temperature by 20°C compared to untreated wood chips. Such a reduction in cooking temperature can effectively reduce steam consumption. The combined pretreatment improved the pulp brightness by 2.0 (ISO points) and physical strength properties, which included the tensile index, tear index, and burst index by 11.06%, 21.72%, and 21.79%, respectively, compared to the control.
Development of a Linguistic Approach to the Problem of the Computer Electrocardiogram’s Classifications
Authors:   International Research and Training Centre of Information Technologies and Systems of the NAS and MES of Ukraine, Fainzilberg Leonid S. , Dykach Julya R. ,   The National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»
Published: August 2021

Introduction. The linguistic approach, based on the transition from the observed cyclic signal to a sequence of symbols (codeword), which characterize the dynamics of indicators from cycle to cycle, makes it possible to use the procedures of mathematical linguistics to increase the reliability of decisions. The purpose of the article is to expand the diagnostic capabilities of the linguistic approach to the analysis and interpretation of electrocardiograms (ECG). Methods. Each ECG cycle is encoded with one of four symbols characterizing changes in two indicators: traditional (cycle duration) and original (symmetry of the repolarization area). Results. Based on the processing of real clinical data of verified patients and healthy volunteers, standards of patients with chronic coronary artery disease (СAD) and healthy patients. The standards are developed using computational procedures of mathematical linguistics – the Levenshtein distance, which is the minimum number of editing operations (insertion, deletion and replacement of a character), ensuring the transition from one word to another and the frequency of occurrence of substrings in the analyzed word. On the basis of these procedures, decision rules that have been developed allow making diagnostic decisions based on the Levenshtein distance to the standards and the frequency of occurrence of one-, two- and three-symbol patterns in code words. It was found that the combination of these two methods expands the diagnostic capabilities of the linguistic approach to the analysis and interpretation of the ECG. Conclusions. It has been shown that using of the developed decision rules makes it possible to increase the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostics even in cases when the ECG does not show traditional electrocardiological signs of myocardial ischemia.