bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers an overview of the end of the Petersburg siege and the subsequent Appomattox Campaign in the winter and spring of 1865.
Grant Finally Takes Command
Authors: Bergen William W.
Published: January 2019

William Bergen argues that such a turn-around occurred only once Grant was able to institute his own aggressive brand of warfare with the armies of the James and Potomac – once he finally, and completely, took command. But such was not an easy task. Unlike Lee who had command of a single army – and had led that army for two years by the time of the Overland Campaign – as general in chief, Grant commanded all the Union forces while accompanying an unfamiliar army in an unfamiliar region. He would first need to get to know his various armies and commanders, and equally important, break the culture of caution that had developed in the Union’s largest and most visible army, the Army of the Potomac. Finally freed from political constraints after the presidential election in November 1864, Grant appointed army and corps commanders who matched his style and temperament thus enabling him to shape the Union forces that would succeed in one final campaign.
Many Valuable Records and Documents Were Lost to History
Authors: Bohannon Keith
Published: January 2019

During the last year of the war, Confederate record keeping had become haphazard and incomplete at best with company and regimental record books in a disorderly state. But such disarray did not begin to compare to the destruction of both Confederate governmental and army records during the first week of April 1865. In this essay Bohannon surveys the destruction and search for Confederate records at the end of the war, and he reminds us that the paucity of official military correspondence and reports make it extremely difficult to fully recover the story of those final days of Lee’s command.
Early Years
Authors: Quintero Saravia Gonzalo M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter is about Bernardo de Gálvez as a boy, growing up in the small Spanish village of Macharaviaya. The pages introduce the most relevant members of his family, specially his uncle José de Gálvez, who would rise to important positions in the Spanish colonial administration (he would be Minister for the Indies between 1776 and his death in 1787). Bernardo de Gálvez started his military career as an officer in the French Army during the Seven Years’ War, yet scarcely saw any action during the Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal in 1762.
His Finest Hour
Authors: Quintero Saravia Gonzalo M.
Published: January 2019

On October 16, 1780, Bernardo de Gálvez’s forces sailed from Cuba to Pensacola. Two days later, a hurricane sank several ships, damaged most of the remaining ones, and scattered them off course. At his arrival to Havana, Gálvez faced the island’s high command who not only demanded his replacement but the cancellation of the attack against Pensacola. After several months of discussions and with the crucial assistance of Francisco de Saavedra, José de Gálvez special appointee to Cuba, Gálvez was able to reassert his authority and foster preparations for a second attempt to capture Pensacola. On February 28, 1781, “the expedition for the relief of Mobile and the conquest of Pensacola” set sail from Havana. Once in Pensacola, the navy officers refused to continue inside the bay since it was reputed too shallow for the ships’ draft. To prove them wrong, Gálvez embarked on the Galvezton, a small ship under his command as Louisiana’s governor and safely entered the bay. The fleet commanders had no choice but to follow. The siege works started shortly afterwards. However, reinforcements and supplies were needed for the operation to succeed. The first to arrive were from Mobile and New Orleans (March 22, 1781), but those from Havana, including French naval and army forces, did not reach Pensacola until April 19. On May 8, 1781, an anticipated long siege was abruptly ended when a shot from the Spanish batteries impacted the Queen’s Redoubt’s magazine, producing a big explosion. Two days later, Pensacola surrendered.
Viceroy of New Spain
Authors: Quintero Saravia Gonzalo M.
Published: January 2019

On May 25, 1785, Bernardo de Gálvez arrived in New Spain as acting viceroy, and was confirmed shortly afterwards. Upon his arrival Gálvez adopted a new style of governance which made him very popular with the commoners while raising eyebrows among the elites.Gálvez implemented, or started to implement, a vast array of reforms. The theatre designed as an instrument of popular education. The military was strengthened and re-organized. Mexico city’s urban infrastructure was improved. Plans for the reconstruction of the vice royal palace at Chapultepec were drawn. Education was promoted through the inauguration of the Royal Academy of San Carlos. A new Indian policy was also adopted and implemented in order to pacify the Northern Frontier of the viceroyalty that included a new model for the Spanish Crown’s relationship with the Apache nation. Shortly after Gálvez’s arrival, a severe famine broke out in New Spain. Using the resources of the colonial administration and the collaboration of the Church, public policy measures were put into place; information was collected; indirect taxes were suspended; public health measures were inplemented; a tight price control was adopted; and profiteers were severely prosecuted. After a short illness, Bernardo de Gálvez died on November 30, 1786, after turning forty.
Afterword
Authors: Quintero Saravia Gonzalo M.
Published: January 2019

The oldest reference to Bernardo de Gálvez’s “black legend” is by Alexander von Humboldt. In his Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, first published in Paris in 1811, he says he heard during his travels in Mexico in 1803 that “Count Bernardo de Galvez [was] accused of having conceived the project of rendering New Spain independent from the peninsula.”...
Introduction
Authors: Hartog Hendrik
Published: January 2019

The introduction sketches the history of the case of Force v. Haines. It also challenges the conventional neo-abolitionism that has shaped much of the historiography of gradual emancipation. Finally, it situates the case as a problem in contract doctrine, as exemplifying issues in the law of consideration
Afterword
Authors: Balachandran Orihuela Sharada
Published: January 2019

The conclusion considers the importance of acts of piracy, terrorism, and narcotrafficking in helping to consolidate and expand the reach of U.S. state power in a post 9/11 world. The U.S. state has grown and been strengthened by framing certain behaviors as requiring extralegal measures to suppress acts of “inexplicable villainy.” Indeed, perhaps this is why piracy continues to matter. Debates around the existence of Guantanamo Bay and drone strikes point to the capaciousness of the language of terrorism, which has been borrowed from the language of piracy in legitimizing extrajudicial expressions of state power. Indeed, the existence of extrajudicial spaces and expressions of state power, which run counter to the protections guaranteed by the state, have made apparent the need to sustain and perpetuate the language of piracy. It would seem that piracy’s significance has not diminished in the years since the Civil War’s conclusion.
Herself
Authors: Stowe Steven M.
Published: January 2019

As southern women of the slave-owning class wrote in their diaries about the excitement and destruction of the Civil War—about war’s violence, men, slaves, and the odd act of diary-keeping itself—they also wrote about themselves. What sort of person am I? It was a question diarists rarely asked head-on, but it was something they wrote about in other ways. As the war transformed everything in their lives, diarists reflected on what had held their lives together, including faith in God and faith itself, femininity as a timeless quality with a “natural” force, and the strangeness of human emotions. Doing this, women also wrote about keeping a diary. They wrote about how a diary does not so much hold the past, but ghosts of the past. They wrote of words’ fleeting but irreplaceable power, and how a diary hands over a mind’s life, always and forever in first draft.
Deploying Amazons
Authors: Martino Gina M.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 explores the relationship between women’s war making in the northeastern borderlands and propaganda. It argues that political and religious leaders used accounts of women’s martial activities to improve morale and influence policy at local, colonial, and imperial levels. Images of Amazons and other mythical and historical women warriors often appeared in this propaganda, establishing a precedent for women’s actions in North America and adding excitement and familiar literary figures that resonated with readers. In New France, Jesuit missionaries used the figure of the Amazon to positively portray Native female combatants as well as brave nuns who traveled to Canada. They also used their published reports, the Jesuit Relations, to urge wealthy French women to be brave like Canada’s Amazon-nuns and donate to the mission. In New England, officials held up women who made war (such as Hannah Dustan) as positive, Christian role models when morale was low, and writers such as the Rev. Cotton Mather sent accounts of women’s war making to England in attempts to shape imperial policy.
Islam without Europe
Authors: Dallal Ahmad S.
Published: January 2019

Replete with a cast of giants in Islamic thought and philosophy, Ahmad S. Dallal’s pathbreaking intellectual history of the eighteenth-century Muslim world challenges stale views of this period as one of decline, stagnation, and the engendering of a widespread fundamentalism. Far from being moribund, Dallal argues, the eighteenth century--prior to systematic European encounters--was one of the most fertile eras in Islamic thought. Across vast Islamic territories, Dallal charts in rich detail not only how intellectuals rethought and reorganized religious knowledge but also the reception and impact of their ideas. From the banks of the Ganges to the shores of the Atlantic, commoners and elites alike embraced the appeals of Muslim thinkers who, while preserving classical styles of learning, advocated for general participation by Muslims in the definition of Islam. Dallal also uncovers the regional origins of most reform projects, showing how ideologies were forged in particular sociopolitical contexts. Reformists’ ventures were in large part successful--up until the beginnings of European colonization of the Muslim world. By the nineteenth century, the encounter with Europe changed Islamic discursive culture in significant ways into one that was largely articulated in reaction to the radical challenges of colonialism.
The Strength of This Country
Authors: Quintana Ryan A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the several ways that black Carolinians helped transform South Carolina into a modern independent state during the American Revolution and in the years immediately following its conclusion. Beyond looking closely at slaves’ wartime labor, the chapter further examines the important discursive role that enslaved men and women played in the early production of the state. It also interrogates the role of black Carolinians’ rebellious activities, and how such acts directly shaped early statecraft and challenged the state’s claims to authority.
Ice nucleating particles in the marine boundary layer in the Canadian Arctic during summer 2014
Authors: Irish Victoria E. , Hanna Sarah J. , Willis Megan D. , China Swarup , Thomas Jennie L. , Wentzell Jeremy J. B. , Cirisan Ana , Si Meng , Leaitch W. Richard , Murphy Jennifer G. , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Laskin Alexander , Girard Eric , Bertram Allan K.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the Arctic can influence climate
and precipitation in the region; yet our understanding of the concentrations and sources
of INPs in this region remain uncertain. In the following, we (1) measured concentrations
of INPs in the immersion mode in the Canadian Arctic marine boundary layer during
summer 2014 on board the CCGS Amundsen, (2) determined ratios of surface areas
of mineral dust aerosol to sea spray aerosol, and (3) investigated the source region of
the INPs using particle dispersion modelling. Average concentrations of INPs at −15,
−20, and −25 ∘C were 0.005, 0.044, and 0.154 L−1,
respectively. These concentrations fall within the range of INP concentrations measured
in other marine environments. For the samples investigated the ratio of mineral dust
surface area to sea spray surface area ranged from 0.03 to 0.09. Based on these ratios
and the ice active surface site densities of mineral dust and sea spray aerosol
determined in previous laboratory studies, our results suggest that mineral dust is a
more important contributor to the INP population than sea spray aerosol for the samples
analysed. Based on particle dispersion modelling, the highest concentrations of INPs were
often associated with lower-latitude source regions such as the Hudson Bay area, eastern
Greenland, or north-western continental Canada. On the other hand, the lowest
concentrations were often associated with regions further north of the sampling sites and
over Baffin Bay. A weak correlation was observed between INP concentrations and the time
the air mass spent over bare land, and a weak negative correlation was observed between
INP concentrations and the time the air mass spent over ice and open water. These
combined results suggest that mineral dust from local sources is an important contributor
to the INP population in the Canadian Arctic marine boundary layer during summer 2014.
On the diurnal, weekly, and seasonal cycles and annual trends in atmospheric CO2 at Mount Zugspitze, Germany, during 1981–2016
Authors: Yuan Ye , Ries Ludwig , Petermeier Hannes , Trickl Thomas , Leuchner Michael , Couret Cédric , Sohmer Ralf , Meinhardt Frank , Menzel Annette
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A continuous, 36-year measurement composite of atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2) at three measurement locations on Mount Zugspitze, Germany, was
studied. For a comprehensive site characterization of Mount Zugspitze,
analyses of CO2 weekly periodicity and diurnal cycle were performed to
provide evidence for local sources and sinks, showing clear weekday to
weekend differences, with dominantly higher CO2 levels during the daytime
on weekdays. A case study of atmospheric trace gases (CO and NO) and the
passenger numbers to the summit indicate that CO2 sources close by did
not result from tourist activities but instead obviously from anthropogenic pollution
in the near vicinity. Such analysis of local effects is an indispensable
requirement for selecting representative data at orographic complex
measurement sites. The CO2 trend and seasonality were then analyzed by
background data selection and decomposition of the long-term time series into
trend and seasonal components. The mean CO2 annual growth rate over the
36-year period at Zugspitze is 1.8±0.4 ppm yr−1, which is in
good agreement with Mauna Loa station and global means. The peak-to-trough
amplitude of the mean CO2 seasonal cycle is 12.4±0.6 ppm at
Mount Zugspitze (after data selection: 10.5±0.5 ppm), which is much
lower than at nearby measurement sites at Mount Wank (15.9±1.5 ppm)
and Schauinsland (15.9±1.0 ppm), but following a similar seasonal
pattern.
Seasonal and intra-diurnal variability of small-scale gravity waves in OH airglow at two Alpine stations
Authors: Hannawald Patrick , Schmidt Carsten , Sedlak René , Wüst Sabine , Bittner Michael
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Between December 2013 and August 2017 the instrument FAIM (Fast Airglow
IMager) observed the OH airglow emission at two Alpine stations. A year of
measurements was performed at Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany (48.09∘ N,
11.28∘ E) and 2 years at Sonnblick, Austria (47.05∘ N,
12.96∘ E). Both stations are part of the network for the detection
of mesospheric change (NDMC). The temporal resolution is two frames per
second and the field-of-view is 55 km × 60 km and
75 km × 90 km at the OH layer altitude of 87 km with a spatial
resolution of 200 and 280 m per pixel, respectively. This resulted in two
dense data sets allowing precise derivation of horizontal gravity wave
parameters. The analysis is based on a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform
with fully automatic peak extraction. By combining the information of
consecutive images, time-dependent parameters such as the horizontal phase
speed are extracted. The instrument is mainly sensitive to high-frequency
small- and medium-scale gravity waves. A clear seasonal dependency concerning
the meridional propagation direction is found for these waves in summer in
the direction to the summer pole. The zonal direction of propagation is
eastwards in summer and westwards in winter. Investigations of the data set
revealed an intra-diurnal variability, which may be related to tides. The
observed horizontal phase speed and the number of wave events per
observation hour are higher in summer than in winter.
Uncertainty in Satellite estimate of Global Mean Sea Level changes, trend and acceleration
Authors: Ablain Michaël , Meyssignac Benoit , Zawadzki Lionel , Jugier Rémi , Ribes Aurélien , Cazenave Anny , Picot Nicolas
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Satellite altimetry missions now provide more than 25 years of accurate, continuous and quasi-global measurements of sea level along the reference ground track of TOPEX/Poseidon. These measurements are used by different groups to build the Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) record, an essential climate change indicator. Estimating a realistic uncertainty of the GMSL record is of crucial importance for climate studies such as estimating precisely the current rate and acceleration of sea level, analyzing the closure of the sea level budget, understanding the causes of sea level rise, detecting and attributing the response of sea level to anthropogenic activity, or estimating the Earth energy imbalance. (Ablain et al., 2015) estimated the uncertainty of the GMSL trend over the period 1993–2014 by thoroughly analyzing the error budget of the satellite altimeters and showed that it amounts to ±0.5 mm/yr (90 % confidence level). In this study, we extend (Ablain et al., 2015) analysis by providing a comprehensive description of the uncertainties in the satellite GMSL record. We analyse 25 years of satellite altimetry data and estimate for the first time the error variance-covariance matrix for the GMSL record with a time resolution of 10 days. Three types of errors are modelled (drifts, biases, noise) and combined together to derive a realistic estimate of the GMSL error variance-covariance matrix. From the error variance-covariance matrix we derive a 90 % confidence envelop of the GMSL record on a 10-day basis. Then we use a least square approach and the error variance-covariance matrix to estimate the GMSL trend and acceleration uncertainties over any time periods of 5 years and longer in between October 1992 and December 2017. Over 1993–2017 we find a GMSL trend of 3.35 ± 0.4 mm/yr within a 90 % Confidence Level (CL) and a GMSL acceleration of 0.12 ± 0.07 mm/yr2 (90 % CL). This is in agreement (within error bars) with previous studies. The full GMSL error variance-covariance matrix is freely available online: https://doi.org/10.17882/58344 (Ablain et al., 2018).
A high-resolution biogeochemical model (ROMS 3.4 + bio_Fennel) of the East Australian Current system
Authors: Rocha Carlos , Edwards Christopher A. , Roughan Moninya , Cetina-Heredia Paulina , Kerry Colette
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Understanding phytoplankton dynamics is critical across a range
of topics, spanning from fishery management to climate change mitigation. It is
particularly interesting in the East Australian Current (EAC) system, as the region's
eddy field strongly conditions nutrient availability and therefore phytoplankton growth.
Numerical models provide unparalleled insight into these biogeochemical dynamics. Yet, to
date, modelling efforts off southeastern Australia have either targeted case studies
(small spatial and temporal scales) or encompassed the whole EAC system but focused on
climate change effects at the mesoscale (with a spatial resolution of 1/10∘).
Here we couple a model of the pelagic nitrogen cycle (bio_Fennel) to a 10-year
high-resolution (2.5–5 km horizontal) three-dimensional ocean model (ROMS) to resolve
both regional and finer-scale biogeochemical processes occurring in the EAC system. We
use several statistical metrics to compare the simulated surface chlorophyll to an ocean
colour dataset (Copernicus-GlobColour) for the 2003–2011 period and show that the model
can reproduce the observed phytoplankton surface patterns with a domain-wide RMSE of
approximately 0.2 mg Chl a m−3 and a correlation coefficient of 0.76.
This coupled configuration will provide a much-needed framework to examine phytoplankton
variability in the EAC system providing insight into important ecosystem dynamics such as
regional nutrient supply mechanisms and biogeochemical cycling occurring in EAC eddies.
Statistical approaches for identification of low-flow drivers: temporal aspects
Authors: Fangmann Anne , Haberlandt Uwe
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The characteristics of low-flow periods, especially regarding their low
temporal dynamics, suggest that the dimensions of the metrics related to
these periods may be easily related to their meteorological drivers using
simplified statistical model approaches. In this study, linear statistical
models based on multiple linear regressions (MLRs) are proposed. The study
area chosen is the German federal state of Lower Saxony with 28 available
gauges used for analysis. A number of regression approaches are evaluated. An
approach using principal components of local meteorological indices as input
appeared to show the best performance. In a second analysis it was assessed
whether the formulated models may be eligible for application in climate
change impact analysis. The models were therefore applied to a climate model
ensemble based on the RCP8.5 scenario. Analyses in the baseline period
revealed that some of the meteorological indices needed for model input could
not be fully reproduced by the climate models. The predictions for the future
show an overall increase in the lowest average 7-day flow (NM7Q), projected
by the majority of ensemble members and for the majority of stations.
Integrating multiple satellite observations into a coherent dataset to monitor the full water cycle – application to the Mediterranean region
Authors: Pellet Victor , Aires Filipe , Munier Simon , Fernández Prieto Diego , Jordá Gabriel , Dorigo Wouter Arnoud , Polcher Jan , Brocca Luca
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The Mediterranean region is one of the climate hotspots where the climate
change impacts are both pronounced and documented. The HyMeX
(Hydrometeorological Mediterranean eXperiment) aims to improve our
understanding of the water cycle from the meteorological to climate scales.
However, monitoring the water cycle with Earth observations (EO) is still a
challenge: EO products are multiple, and their utility is degraded by large
uncertainties and incoherences among the products. Over the Mediterranean
region, these difficulties are exacerbated by the coastal/mountainous regions
and the small size of the hydrological basins. Therefore, merging/integration
techniques have been developed to reduce these issues. We introduce here an
improved methodology that closes not only the terrestrial but also the
atmospheric and ocean budgets. The new scheme allows us to impose a spatial
and temporal multi-scale budget closure constraint. A new approach is also
proposed to downscale the results from the basin to pixel scales (at the
resolution of 0.25∘). The provided Mediterranean WC budget is, for
the first time, based mostly on observations such as the GRACE water storage
or the netflow at the Gibraltar Strait. The integrated dataset is in better
agreement with in situ measurements, and we are now able to estimate the
Bosporus Strait annual mean netflow.
The selection of directional sectors for the analysis of extreme wind speed
Authors: Folgueras Pedro , Solari Sebastián , Losada Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2019

Abstract. This paper presents a rational method for the selection of the most suitable
directional sectors in the analysis of extreme wind loads on structures. It
takes into consideration the main sources of uncertainty stemming from sector
selection and leads to the definition of independent and statistically
homogeneous directional sectors. This method is applied to the selection of directional sectors for the
calculation of the design wind speed of a structure located at the mouth of
the Río de la Plata. The results in the estimated reliability and costs
were compared to those obtained with conventional engineering methods,
revealing significant differences. It was found that the proposed method is a
simple and objective tool for the selection of directional sectors, which
comply with the working hypothesis of the directional models, and offers
better guarantees for dimensioning than the use of more traditional
engineering approaches for sectorial division.
Integration of geoscientific uncertainty into geophysical inversion by means of local gradient regularization
Authors: Giraud Jeremie , Lindsay Mark , Ogarko Vitaliy , Jessell Mark , Martin Roland , Pakyuz-Charrier Evren
Published: January 2019

Abstract. We introduce a workflow integrating geological modelling
uncertainty information to constrain gravity inversions. We test and apply
this approach to the Yerrida Basin (Western Australia), where we focus on
prospective greenstone belts beneath sedimentary cover. Geological
uncertainty information is extracted from the results of a probabilistic
geological modelling process using geological field data and their inferred
accuracy as inputs. The uncertainty information is utilized to locally
adjust the weights of a minimum-structure gradient-based regularization
function constraining geophysical inversion. Our results demonstrate that
this technique allows geophysical inversion to update the model
preferentially in geologically less certain areas. It also indicates that
inverted models are consistent with both the probabilistic geological model
and geophysical data of the area, reducing interpretation uncertainty. The
interpretation of inverted models reveals that the recovered greenstone
belts may be shallower and thinner than previously thought.
Brief communication: Rapid machine-learning-based extraction and measurement of ice wedge polygons in high-resolution digital elevation models
Authors: Abolt Charles J. , Young Michael H. , Atchley Adam L. , Wilson Cathy J.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. We present a workflow for the rapid delineation and microtopographic
characterization of ice wedge polygons within high-resolution digital
elevation models. At the core of the workflow is a convolutional neural
network used to detect pixels representing polygon boundaries. A watershed
transformation is subsequently used to segment imagery into discrete
polygons. Fast training times (<5 min) permit an iterative approach to
improving skill as the routine is applied across broad landscapes. Results
from study sites near Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow) and Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, demonstrate robust
performance in diverse tundra settings, with manual validations demonstrating
70–96 % accuracy by area at the kilometer scale. The methodology permits
precise, spatially extensive measurements of polygonal microtopography and
trough network geometry.
Estimation of turbulent heat flux over leads using satellite thermal images
Authors: Qu Meng , Pang Xiaoping , Zhao Xi , Zhang Jinlun , Ji Qing , Fan Pei
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Sea ice leads are an important feature in pack ice in the Arctic. Even covered by thin ice, leads can still serve as the prime window for heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean, especially in winter seasons. Lead geometry and distribution in the Arctic have been studied in previous studies using optical or microwave remote sensing data. But turbulent heat flux over lead area has only been measured on site during a few special expeditions. In this study, we derive turbulent 10 heat flux through leads at different scale using a combination of lead distribution from remote sensing images and meteorological parameters from a reanalysis dataset. Firstly, ice surface temperature was calculated from Landsat-8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) and MODIS thermal images using split-window algorithm at 30 m and 1 km scales, respectively, then lead pixels are segmented from colder ice. Heat flux over lead area is calculated using two empirical models, including bulk aerodynamic formulae and a fetch-limited model with lead width from Landsat-8. Results show that, even though lead area 15 from MODIS is generally a little higher, the length of leads is underestimated by 72.9 % in MODIS data compared to that from TIRS due to the inability to resolve small leads. Heat flux estimated from Landsat-8 TIRS data using bulk formulae is 42.33 % larger than that from MODIS data. When fetch-limited model was applied, turbulent heat flux calculated from TIRS data is 31.87 % higher than that from bulk formulae. In both cases, small leads account for more than a quarter of total heat flux over lead, mainly due to its large area, though the heat flux estimated using fetch-limited model is 42.26 % larger. More contribution 20 from small leads can be expected at larger air-ocean temperature difference and stronger winds.
Freedom of Information Applications and the Confidentiality of University Research and Research Review Processes
Authors: Wyburn Mary
Published: January 2019

There have been a number of disputed freedom of information (FOI) applications concerning research conducted at Australian universities. This article explores how FOI legislative principles favouring disclosure and the legislative exemptions operate where the content, methodologies, funding and ethics processes of university research are being questioned. It examines several decisions, identifying the types of research related information being sought by FOI applicants and the main grounds relied upon to refuse disclosure. It focuses on the balancing of the disclosure required under FOI legislation and the confidentiality that many argue is an essential element of the university research environment.
Family Law Property Settlements: A Liberal Theoretical Framework for Law Reform
Authors: Turnbull Christopher
Published: January 2019

This article sets out a law reform framework for family property settlements, drawn expressly from a theoretical foundation. It applies Rawls’ theory of justice, which falls under a liberal philosophical umbrella. It explains the choice of a liberal theory for use in family property settlements and constituent elements of Rawls' theory of justice. Drawn from Rawls' theory, four foundation principles emerge. These are the rule of law (including transparency, consistency, and clear purpose), non-discrimination between spouses, recognition of financial disadvantage, and priority to the economic interests of children. From those principles, this article constructs the elements of a potential alternative property settlement law combining a rule of equal division while retaining judicial discretion for specific purposes.
Embedding Knowledge Management Theory in Learning and Teaching Approach
Authors: Ibrahim Fahmi , Salleh Noor Maya
Published: January 2019

The article focuses on the role of management of knowledge can have on organisations and looks at practical knowledge management (KM) practices from industry that can be employed by educational institutions. There is a view that KM is primarily business concept that can provide competitive advantage for commercial organisations. However, the KM processes such as knowledge creation, capture, sharing and use are not exclusive to business; good KM practices can bring benefits to all organisations. While KM is a growing field in almost last 20 years, very little has been written about it in the educational context. This is surprising, considering that education is about the creation and application of knowledge.  Given that higher education institution’s (HEI) priority of developing and creating knowledge, an integrated approach that prioritise KM can be used to underpin university’s organisational processes particularly its learning and teaching approach. This article illustrates how attention to two main perspectives exists in KM field; objectivist perspective and practice-based perspective, can inform the learning and teaching approach; surface and deep approach. The approach of this paper is basically conceptual and descriptive. Drawing from empirical research in UK car manufacturing industry, the article is to address the way in which KM practices are being implemented and elaborates on the need the KM in teaching-learning process. This suggests an integrated approach to provide for a balanced strategy in terms of KM implementation that can be applied in HEI. It is important for educators in HEI to understand how certain KM perspective and influence can lead to different to different learning and teaching strategy. Thus, HEI can realise the potential of KM in order to enhance the learning of students.
Using Learning Strategy of English for Young Learners to Create the Textbook of Gorontalo Language for Elementary School as an Effort to Maintain Gorontalo Cultures
Authors: Husain Nurlaila , Bay Indri Wirahmi , Mamu Rahmawaty , Kadir Herson
Published: January 2019

Teaching Gorontalo language is one of the Gorontalo government efforts to maintain Gorontalo culture. It has been being taught in elementary schools for years and continuously becomes the government concern. In the previous research (Husain, Bay and Mamu, 2017), the result of questionnaire generally indicated that the textbook used in teaching Gorontalo language was not colorful and attractive and the content was too monotonous. Additionally, certain teachers did not even use any textbook to teach and just tried to browse material on the internet. This research intends to create a textbook that will be used for teaching Gorontalo language in elementary schools based on the syllabus produced in the first year of research. Syllabus and textbook are created by adapting English for Young Learners (EYL) learning strategy. The content focuses on traditional musical instruments, traditional songs, traditional games and traditional dances and is introduced simply and nicely to the students as in EYL learning strategy. The students will have two benefits; they can learn Gorontalo language and its cultures at the same time. The research applies the Research and Development Method (Sugiyono, 2014, p. 297) to create the textbook of Gorontalo language with five main steps namely (1) creating the textbook; (2) validating the textbook; (3) textbook trial in elementary school; (4) Evaluating the textbook; (5) producing the textbook. Textbook as the research output is expected to provide a new sight of Gorontalo language learning for both teachers and students by adjusting EYL learning strategy to sustain Gorontalo culture.
The Establishment Clause and Public Schools
Authors: Fisher Clifford , Hicks Ethan
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this report is to explore and elucidate the application of the Establishment Clause to the activities of U.S. public schools, primarily through an examination of relevant case law. It is intended to facilitate an understanding of the fundamental principles and nuances of this legal issue throughout its history. The first sections offer a glimpse of the history of the Establishment Clause itself, including a discussion of the historic Supreme Court cases that laid the foundation off of which many of the decisions to be examined are built. Subsequent sections, organized by specific issue, analyze Establishment Clause cases that involve public schools, and have two primary objectives: to determine established precedents, and to discover trends and inconsistencies. Specific issues addressed include evolution and creationism in curricula, released time programs, prayer in class, and recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.
Supplement 1
Authors: - - -
Published: January 2019

The 25th Norwegian conference on Epidemiology
Rummaging through the Attic of New England
Authors: Berry Brieanne , Bonnet Jennifer , Isenhour Cindy
Published: January 2019

The concept of the circular economy has taken off, gaining momentum along with concerns about resource depletion, waste, and the impending ‘end of cheap nature’ (Moore 2014). Environmentalists and industrialists alike have promoted the benefits of reuse as a means toward improved efficiency and reduced resource pressure. Some have called for a new ‘culture of reuse’ (Botsman and Rogers 2010; Stokes et al. 2014). It is in this context that we explore repair, resale, and reuse as practices with deep historical precedent and contemporary continuity. Are there lessons to be learned from places that are already home to circular economies and strong cultures of reuse? And are there dangers inherent in a stronger, more formalized reuse sector? This paper draws on an historical and ethnographic analysis of vibrant reuse practices in the rural northeastern state of Maine. While there is a popular tendency to explain Maine’s persistent reuse practices as a response to economic and geographic marginality, our empirical observations suggest that these explanations do not adequately capture the complexity of reuse markets, discount the power of human agency and sense of place, and preclude important lessons for reuse policy in other contexts. Insights from Maine suggest that any effort to promote reuse would benefit from looking beyond purely economic rationales to attend to matters of place, sociality, and market relationality.
Habitando incertezas: reflexões sobre deficiência e práticas de cuidado na luta moradias assistida
Authors: Fietz Helena Moura
Published: January 2019

O tema das moradias assistidas é recente tanto nos debates públicos quanto na legislação brasileira. Com um trabalho etnográfico realizado na cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, junto a mães de adultos com deficiência cognitiva que se organizaram enquanto um movimento que luta pela causa das moradias assistidas, proponho, neste trabalho, uma reflexão sobre deficiência e práticas de cuidado que parta de suas práticas e discursos. Ao buscar arranjos outros que não junto ao seio familiar, essas mulheres trazem à tona julgamentos que muito dizem sobre a experiência da deficiência. Foco, portanto, minha análise nas tensões, controvérsias e acusações morais que permeiam este pleito para, com isto, chamar atenção para os modos como suas trajetórias são perpassadas por regimes em que tanto a deficiência quanto os trabalhos do cuidado são desvalorizados. Argumento, por fim, que discussões que versam sobre a promoção de direitos, autonomia e independência das pessoas com deficiência devem vir acompanhadas de uma reflexão acerca da experiência das cuidadoras, em especial das mães. Uma experiência que permite uma melhor compreensão sobre os modos pelos quais a deficiência cognitiva é percebida e abordada em nossa sociedade.
A Pragma-Stylistic Study of Some Selected Fantasy Novels
Authors: I'jam Dunya Muhammed Miqdad , Al-Mamouri Zahraa Kareem Ghannam Farhan
Published: January 2019

The present study tries to investigate the field of pragma-stylistics in literary text in general, and fantasy novels in particular. Therefore, it tries to attest how pragmatic theories are employed stylistically to achieve the aims of the literary writers and to reflect their perceptions. The present study tries to achieve the following aims: Specifying the most dominant categories of speech acts used by characters and the narrator in the two novels to achieve some stylistic effects. Showing how the non-observance of the maxim yield effects on the two levels of interaction, and presenting the most dominant non-observed maxim in the selected fantasy novels. Clarifying the way the difference in the writing period of each novel can affect the readers pragmatically and stylistically through finding out what is the most dominant figure of speech at the character-character level as well as the narrator-reader level of interaction and whether they are employed stylistically or not. The present study is limited to two theories of pragmatics: speech act theory and Grice maxims. And the data of the analysis is limited to the children’s fantasy novels, one is written in the 1950’s, the other in 2000’s. After analysing the data, it is concluded that the most dominant SA that is used is the representative SA. Flouting the maxims yield effects on the two levels of interaction, generating conversational implicature. Finally, the difference in the writing period of each novel affect the readers pragmatically and stylistically through finding out the most dominant figure of speech, which is irony, at the character-character and the narrator-reader level of interaction.
CRM Implementation in Lebanese SMEs: Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Saleh Lena , Saheli Laura El
Published: January 2019

SMEs and entrepreneurship are the foundational drivers for the creation of economic value, source of innovation, employment and wealth generation across the globe (Inventis, 2014). The beauty service industry is one of the most flourishing industries in contemporary Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, as versatile demands from men and women have catered to this uplifting growth. A national scandal, however, lead to the suspension of several beauty centers, and conveyed a challenge for competitive small-medium enterprises (SME) to sustain relationships with customers over the long-run. The aim of this study was to discover the extent to which CRM is implemented in SMEs, using the case of beauty centers in Beirut, Lebanon. The study employed a quantitative approach where data was collected by means of a questionnaire, from a sample of 103 customers. Four variables, as components of CRM, were measured in this study. Results of the statistical analysis found that SMEs in Lebanon implement CRM strategy to a good extent. This research provides recommendations for strategically improving relationship-oriented practices in Lebanese SMEs, particularly in the beauty sector.
The Long Road Toward Tracking the Trackers and De-biasing: A Consensus on Shaking the Black Box and Freeing From Bias
Authors: Bouchagiar George
Published: January 2019

Automated decision making is both promising and threatening. Processing the biggest data possible may lead to societal advances but also violate human rights. There is, then, an acute need to protect individuals without impeding major benefits. Non-human agents may be biased; and they may not lend themselves to easy explanations. Instead of focusing on interpreting models, there seems to be a shift toward a concept of risk assessments. Opaque systems are aimed at predicting, or forecasting, future situations. This challenges human values and ethical principles. Even though incorporating ethics in machines is an old subject of legal discussion, consensus has not yet been reached; for theories and values may be controversial. This paper examines whether there could be an agreement on fundamental principles. A commonly understood basis could allow for fair and proportionate mechanisms to address crucial aspects of partiality and opacity in automated decision making. It could trigger a shift toward a concept of ‘tracking the trackers’ and a discussion on a ‘right to an unbiased decision maker’.
Given a New Era
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Walter Camp is born into an era of dramatic technological advance and social change, which bring him game and competition opportunities. The game of rugby had developed at Rugby School in England, with the first known written rules for football being prepared by Rugby students in 1845, just fourteen years before Camp is born. Camp is a New Englander with seven generations of Connecticut ancestors, beginning with Plymouth Rock–era English immigrants. His immediate family mixes both academic and business aptitudes and interests. From boyhood on, Camp is physically active, spending time on the water every summer (he grew up three blocks from the New Haven harbor), exercising to build up his body, wrestling, practicing, and competing in athletic games. He attends Hopkins Grammar School, a New Haven college-preparatory school, and helps establish athletic teams representing the school in competition.
Birth Year
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

A point system of scoring is enacted at a late 1882 (November or December) rules convention. Safeties are penalized by the award of a point to the opponents. Rules are overhauled and reduced from sixty-four to thirty-eight and a constitution written for the Intercollegiate Football Association. Camp leads the changes, and the cover of the 1883 rule book (published for the first time by Wright and Ditson, a Boston sporting-goods business) states the rules have been “Revised by Walter Camp.” Camp writes a tribute in the Yale News, praising American football and its improved science and order, including “machinelike” team play and a “quarterback” position, which Camp says is the “key to the whole game.”
Failure Achieved
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

The ruptured Harvard-Yale relations of chapter 33 come in the midst of a series of unpleasant experiences for Camp in addition to his mother’s death: In March 1894, NHCC borrows heavily, and the company’s board votes to place the company in the hands of a receiver if the borrowed funds are exhausted. In June 1894, Camp angrily writes Caspar Whitney about allegedly inadequate payments from Harper’s Weekly; further angry exchanges follow before Whitney agrees to pay an added 50 percent. In late spring 1895, while Camp is trying to obtain peace between Harvard and Yale to allow the rules committee to meet, the Yale football captain under pressure from Yale graduates sends an inflammatory letter to Harvard that dooms Camp’s efforts. Camp immediately resigns from the Yale athletic advisory committee and in October leaves for California and a month of rest, “for his health,” with coaching at Stanford. Meanwhile, the rules committee splits, with Cornell added to Harvard and Pennsylvania in one group, while Princeton and Yale remain in the IFA group; the two groups produce two different sets of rules.
“I Will Give It Up”
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

In 1914 Camp resigns as “athletics director” at Yale, ending his primary official connection with Yale athletics and football. About the same time, he announces he will retire from the football rules committee, but allows himself to be persuaded to continue and remains committee secretary. After being sent on a visit to the 1914 NCAA convention, Camp recommends Yale join, which they do in 1915, last of the Big Three to do so. Despite resigning as athletics director, Camp serves on a graduate advisory committee on football. In 1916 he resigns from that committee but ends up more involved in Yale football than he has been for several years, attending almost every practice during the season and meeting daily with the professional coach. Yale defeats Harvard after four years of losses and has an 8-1 season.