bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Study of the Risk Factors of Health Care - Associated Infections in Patients' Care with Invasive Devices
Authors: Platace Diana , Klava Ilze , Antonevica Lilija , Reinis Aigars , Kuznecova Valentina , Kroica Juta , Millere Inga
Published: August 2010

The Study of the Risk Factors of Health Care - Associated Infections in Patients' Care with Invasive Devices

Introduction. Health care-associated infections (HAIs) are a major threat to patient safety. The spread of HAIs cases in intensive care units (ICUs) and in surgical units is influenced by the severity of the patients' condition, as well as the number of invasive procedures and the environment of the units. The immune systems of critically ill patients are in a severe state which increases the probability of beneficial conditions for a colonisation by pathogenic microorganisms due to invasive procedures. Furthermore, the action of inserting an invasive device (urinary catheter, peripheral vein catheter) disrupts the natural defence mechanisms by itself. Aim of the study. To determine risk factors of HAIs during invasive procedures: peripheral vein catheter and urinary catheter insertion and care at the time. Materials and methods. The research was performed in the ICUs and in the surgical units of Latvia's regional multi-profile hospitals (n=3), using the quantitative research method: questionnaire (n=188), and qualitative research methods: clinically structured empiric research (n=45) and microbiological tests (n=86): a) with a Count-Tact applicator and a special culture medium, b) with a swab, and c) with catheter sedimentation method. Results. The study results showed that surgical nurses take care of 18 to 40 patients per day, while intensive care nurses take care of 2 to 3 patients per day. A common problem identified in ICUs and in surgical units related to the lack of unified nursing protocols on performing invasive procedures in all cases (100%; 45/45). Microbiological investigations showed a high level of bio-contamination during invasive procedures: the amount of microorganisms on the nurses' hands considerably exceeded the acceptable levels in all cases (100%; 4/4), and medium to high levels of bio-contamination were discovered on patient's changed bed sheets (100%; 2/2) as well as in nurses' hair (85.7%; 48/56) and their work wear (78.5%; 44/56). In 25% of the observed cases Staphylococcus aureus was discovered in the sterile zone of the peripheral vein catheter 72 hours and 96 hours after the catheter's insertion. 72 hours after the catheter's insertion, as well as 7 days after the insertion of a urinary catheter, 100% of the cases revealed the presence of at least one and in some cases several of the following pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli , β haemolytic Streptococcus and fungi, such as Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Conclusions. The main risk factors of HAIs in patients' care using invasive devices are: the lack of unified nursing protocols, aseptic and antiseptic mistakes and excessive workload, as well as a high level of bio-contamination in the ICUs and in surgical units.
Evaluation of Oral Health Status and the Need of Surgical and Therapeutical Preprosthodontic measures in the Elderly Living in Old People's Homes in Latvia
Authors: Vidzis Aldis , Krasta Ingrida , Brinkmane Anda , Cema Ingrida
Published: August 2010

Evaluation of Oral Health Status and the Need of Surgical and Therapeutical Preprosthodontic measures in the Elderly Living in Old People's Homes in Latvia

Introduction. Demographic evolution indicates enlargement of the older people proportion and increased life expectancy. The oral health is strongly associated with quality of life. In 1992 the main part of Latvian dental care was excluded from the list of the government paid health service. The rules N. 254 (2006) of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia establish that customers from social old people's homes have to pay for dental care by themselves and the government will prepay only teeth extractions in cases of acute pain. Thereby, there appeared necessity to conduct comparative evaluation of clinical situation among populations of Latvia and other countries. Aim of the study. The aim of the study was to establish necessary types and ranges of surgical and therapeutical measures before prosthodontical teeth replacement among people who live in old people's homes; to conduct comparative analysis of clinical situation with corresponding groups of age in Latvian population. Materials and methods. There were examined 212 elderly people living in old people's homes of Kurzeme region of Latvia (randomly chosen). The indices of bad odour were established by HALIMETER. Caries incidence was assessed with DMFT index (D-decayed, M-missing, F-filling). This study was done in period from November of 2007 to February of 2009. Results. Out of all examined elderly people living in old people's homes 32.3% of men and 57.3% of women had complete teeth loss. Caries incidence ratio was 28.7 and 28.8, respectively. Untreated dental caries and filling rate were low (4.5; 2.6 and 0.6; 0.7) while the number of lost teeth was high (23.1 and 25.8). Out of the examined elderly 85.7% of men and 76.5% of women needed emergency surgical treatment (extraction of destroyed teeth). In 45.2% and 57.8% of cases were observed oral mucosal lesions, in 2.4% and 1.6% of cases were found oral precancerous conditions. In 14.3% and 18.8% of cases was noted pain in temporomandibular joints. 97.6% and 87.5% of old people's homes inhabitants needed prosthodontical teeth replacement. Conclusions. Oral health care measures for the elderly in old people's homes is insufficient, the ratio of decayed and missing teeth is high, oral hygiene mostly is unsatisfactory and many of them have halitosis. The elderly from old people's homes need vast surgical and therapeutical treatment prior to prosthetics and teeth replacement. The prevalent type of prosthodontics is complete removable dentures. There is need to develop the oral health care conception for the elderly living in old people's homes in Latvia.
Central Auditory Processing Disorders: Effects of Age and Hearing Loss to Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses
Authors: Raumane Diana , Kise Ligija , Logina Inara
Published: August 2010

Central Auditory Processing Disorders: Effects of Age and Hearing Loss to Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses

Introduction. Central auditory processing involve normal sound perception, speech recognition, ability of cognition and memory. Accordingly speech recognition difficulties may manifest due to changes at any segment of auditory processing. Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) and behavioral measures provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying speech recognition. These disorders are observed both in young and elderly population. Aim of the study. To evaluate central auditory processing for subjects of different age and hearing level through the presentation of noise using CAEPs and behavioral measures of speech discrimination. However due to complicated connectivity in auditory pathway it is difficult to identify the central auditory processing damage. Behavioral tests in conjunction with electrophysiological examination will reveal more complicated information for differenciation between peripheral and central auditory processing disorders. Materials and methods. Three groups of subjects participated: young normal hearing, young hearing-impaired and elderly hearing-impaired subjects. To minimaze subject variables, the CAEPs (wave peaks P1, N1, P2, N2, P3, N3 in miliseconds) was investigated using passive listening paradigme. The CAEPs were elicited by 1,1s change in frequency 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz in pure tones presented at 65, 70 and 75 dB SPL. Sentence recognition tests in quite and noise, Digit Pairs (DP) and Word Pairs (WP) were developed in Latvian language prior to investigation. They were presented to all subjects. Results. The most prominent finding was the increased latency of P3, N3 in elderly and also in younger hearing impaired adults groups and highly differed within groups. More prolonged latencies were find of N1, P2 in elderly hearing impaired group than in younger hearing impaired group adults. Conclusions. During this investigation the CAEPs are performed for the first time in our clinic therefore the main standarts are determined for our laboratory. The speech recognition tests (Sentence recognition test, DD, DW) are developed in Latvian. The present findings suggest patterns of CAEP are variable within individuals however shows that auditory perception and cognitive function is not only a result of aging and must be associated with a general slowing of neuronal processing or decreased neuronal synchrony within the central auditory nervous system. Determination of central auditory processing capacity level is of crucial significance to prognose and evaluate the hearing result after hearing prosthetics and to appraise indications for hearing prosthetics, cochlear and middle ear implantation including.
Excessive Bleeding After Cardiac Surgery in Adults: Reasons and Management
Authors: Ozolina Agnese , Strike Eva , Harlamovs Vladimirs , Porite Nora
Published: August 2010

Excessive Bleeding After Cardiac Surgery in Adults: Reasons and Management

Postoperative bleeding is a concern for all patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In patients exposed to cardiopulmonary bypass, bleeding following surgery is excessive in up to twelve percent of patients in whom subsequent re-exploration is required. Several studies have evaluated main reasons, prevention of excessive postoperative bleeding and impact of patients outcomes. This article contains a literature review on excessive bleeding and re-exploration following cardiac surgery, main surgical and medical sources, prevention and management of bleeding.
Biliary Cystic Tumours with Mesenchymal Stroma
Authors: Vanags Andrejs , Pavars Maris , Prieditis Peteris , Strumfa Ilze , Irmejs Arvids , Gardovskis Janis
Published: August 2010

Biliary Cystic Tumours with Mesenchymal Stroma

Biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma are rare cystic liver tumours arising from the bile ducts proximal to the hilum of the liver. The tumours have unique structure with ovarian-type mesenchymal stroma, leading to challenging considerations about their pathogenesis. The differential diagnosis is wide and further complicated by the lack of awareness about these neoplastic processes due to the rarity of the disease. Radical surgical treatment can be recommended whenever possible as it can result in prolonged survival.
Factors Associated With Calf Muscle Endurance Recovery 1 Year After Achilles Tendon Rupture Repair
Authors: Bostick Geoff P. , Jomha Nadr M. , Suchak Amar A. , Beaupré Lauren A.
Published: August 2010

Study Design

Cohort study.

Objectives

To describe calf muscle endurance recovery and to explore factors predictive of poor calf muscle endurance recovery 1 year after surgical repair of an Achilles tendon rupture (ATR).

Background

ATR is a common sports-related injury and is often managed with open surgical repair. After ATR repair most patients return to usual activities 6 months after surgery. However, calf endurance impairment can persist up to 6 years, possibly impacting performance of daily activities and sport.

Methods

A secondary analysis of a 73-patient cohort from a randomized controlled trial assessing the effects of early weight bearing after surgical repair of an ATR was performed. Calf muscle endurance recovery was measured by single-heel raises using a customized counting device at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Descriptive statistics were used to outline recovery of calf muscle endurance. Physical and patient-reported outcomes were examined for their association with calf-muscle endurance recovery. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore variables associated with recovery of calf endurance 1 year postoperatively.

Results

Mean recovery of calf muscle endurance was 76% at 1 year. Multivariate regression analysis showed an association of being female, reporting no resting pain at 3 months, and physical functioning and calf endurance at 6 months, with better recovery of calf endurance at 1 year.

Conclusions

Calf muscle endurance at 1 year remained impaired in a considerable portion of the sample. Pain, gender, and physical functioning are likely important factors in determining recovery of calf muscle endurance.

Level of Evidence

Prognosis, level 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(6):345–351. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3204
A Progressive 5-Week Exercise Therapy Program Leads to Significant Improvement in Knee Function Early After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Eitzen Ingrid , Moksnes Håvard , Snyder-Mackler Lynn , Risberg May Arna
Published: August 2010

Study Design

Prospective cohort study without a control group.

Objectives

Firstly, to present our 5-week progressive exercise therapy program in the early stage after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Secondly, to evaluate changes in knee function after completion of the program for patients with ACL injury in general and also when classified as potential copers or noncopers, and, finally, to examine potential adverse events.

Background

Few studies concerning early-stage ACL rehabilitation protocols exist. Consequently, little is known about the tolerance for, and outcomes from, short-term exercise therapy programs in the early stage after injury.

Methods

One-hundred patients were included in a 5-week progressive exercise therapy program, within 3 months after injury. Knee function before and after completion of the program was evaluated from isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings muscle strength tests, 4 single-leg hop tests, 2 different self-assessment questionnaires, and a global rating of knee function. A 2-way mixed-model analysis of variance was conducted to evaluate changes from pretest to posttest for the limb symmetry index for muscle strength and single-leg hop tests, and the change in scores for the patient-reported questionnaires. In addition, absolute values and the standardized response mean for muscle strength and single-leg hop tests were calculated at pretest and posttest for the injured and uninjured limb. Adverse events during the 5-week period were recorded.

Results

The progressive 5-week exercise therapy program led to significant improvements (P<.05) in knee function from pretest to posttest both for patients classified as potential copers and noncopers. Standardized response mean values for changes in muscle strength and single-leg hop performance from pretest to posttest for the injured limb were moderate to strong (0.49–0.84), indicating the observed improvements to be clinically relevant. Adverse events occurred in 3.9% of the patients.

Conclusion

Short-term progressive exercise therapy programs are well tolerated and should be incorporated in early-stage ACL rehabilitation, either to improve knee function before ACL reconstruction or as a first step in further nonoperative management.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(11):705–721. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3345
Diffusion tensor MRI of the kidney at 3.0 and 1.5 Tesla
Authors: Kido Aki , Kataoka Masako , Yamamoto Akira , Nakamoto Yuji , Umeoka Shigeaki , Koyama Takashi , Maetani Yoji , Isoda Hiroyuki , Tamai Ken , Morisawa Nobuko , Saga Tsuneo , Mori Susumu , Togashi Kaori
Published: August 2010

Background: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at 3 T provides information on the microstructure and pathophysiology of tissues that is not available from conventional imaging with an advantage of high signal to noise ratio (SNR).

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of DTI of the normal kidney at 3.0 T compared to results obtained at 1.5 T.

Material and Methods: DTI of the normal kidney of 15 healthy volunteers obtained with 3.0 and 1.5 T scanners using respiration-triggered acquisition was examined. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of both the renal cortex and the medulla and SNRs were measured (b-values 0 and 400 s/mm2, diffusion direction of 6). The image quality of FA and ADC maps was also compared subjectively.

Results: The FA values of the renal cortex were 0.15 ± 0.03 at 3.0 T and 0.14± 0.03 at 1.5 T on average. This difference was not significant. The FA values of the renal medulla were 0.49 ±0.04 at 3.0 T and 0.42 ± 0.05 at 1.5 T. ADC values of the renal cortex were 2.46 × 10−3± 0.09 mm2/s at 3.0 T and 2.20 ×10−3±0.11 mm2/s at 1.5 T. The ADC values of the renal medulla were 2.08 × 10−3 ± 0.08 mm2/s at 3.0 T and 1.90 × 10−3± 0.11 mm2/s at 1.5 T. These FA and ADC values were consistent with previous publications. The difference was significant for the FA value of the medulla ( P< 0.01) and ADC values in both cortex and medulla ( P < 0.01). The subjective image quality of the FA map with the 3.0 T scanner was significantly superior to that with the 1.5 T scanner ( P< 0.01), but not significant for the ADC map ( P = 0.18). There was a significant difference in SNR between 3.0 T (48.8 ± 6.6) and 1.5 T images (32.8 ± 5.0).

Conclusion: The feasibility of renal DTI with a 3.0 T magnet resulting in improved SNR was demonstrated.
CHR Forum
Authors: Sager Eric W. , Baskerville Peter Allan
Published: August 2010

Abstract:

In this article we explore what the exploding world of humanities and social science research infrastructures might mean for teaching and research in the discipline of history. We focus closely on one example, that of the Canadian Century Research Infrastructure Project (ccri). This interdisciplinary and multi-university project has constructed an infrastructure composed of microdata from the nominal-level Canadian censuses from 1911 through 1951. In addition to compiling information on approximately 2 million individuals, the ccri created a database of contextual data and a gis database. The combination of these three levels makes this infrastructure unique in the world. The ccri can be used in conjunction with Canadian census databases now being constructed or already completed for Canada from 1851 to 2001. As well, the ccri has been constructed in ways that will facilitate cross-national explorations with the United States, the United Kingdom, and several other North Atlantic countries. We suggest that the ccri can best be appreciated when situated within the current proliferation of research infrastructures across the humanities and the social sciences. We argue that these infrastructures are liberating for historians and, collectively, represent new horizons for professional activity. It would be a disservice to themselves, their students, and their profession if historians ignored these expanding horizons.
Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Pavement Preservation Activities
Authors: Hajj Elie Y. , Loria Luis , Sebaaly Peter E.
Published: August 2010

A 2-year research project was sponsored by the Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) and conducted by University of Nevada at Reno researchers to evaluate the long-term performance of asphalt pavement preservation activities that NDOT has implemented for the past 15 years. During this research project, 11 preservation activities were identified after several meetings with NDOT maintenance personnel. This study evaluated 847 field sections. The performance of the selected field sections was assessed on the basis of the pavement condition before and after treatment application. The analysis evaluated the likelihood of enhancing the pavement performance as well as the anticipated performance period for the various treatments. Benefit–cost ratios for the various treatments were also evaluated, given the pretreatment pavement condition, traffic level, and environmental conditions. A set of guidelines is provided to help select the most cost-effective preservation activities on the basis of the most favorable conditions with regard to environment, traffic, and conditions of the existing pavement (e.g., present serviceability index, international roughness index, rut depth, fatigue cracking, transverse cracking, and block cracking).
Costs and Benefits of Thin Surface Treatments on Bituminous Pavements in Kansas
Authors: Liu Litao , Hossain Mustaque , Miller Richard W.
Published: August 2010

This study investigated the benefits and costs of commonly used thin surface treatments for maintenance of bituminous pavements in Kansas. Cost and performance data were collected from the Kansas Pavement Management Information System for all treatments applied from 1992 to 2006. Results show that seal coats have a short average service life on Interstate highways. The average life on non-Interstate highways is about 4 years. This life is slightly lower than that for other thin surface treatments, including hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlays. Seal coats also have a significantly lower equivalent uniform annual cost than do all other thin surface treatments in Kansas. A comparison of pavement benefit values before and after application showed that seal coat could not mitigate distresses better than other methods, especially thin HMA overlays. However, its performance is quite similar to that of the modified slurry seal.
Pavement Preservation Funding and Performance in Washington State
Authors: Mahoney Joe P. , Uhlmeyer Jeff , Morin Pat , Luhr David , Willoughby Kim , Muench Stephen T. , Baker Thomas
Published: August 2010

The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) maintains more than 18,000 lane miles of state highway pavement, consisting of three pavement surface types: hot-mix asphalt, bituminous surface treatment (or chip seal), and portland cement concrete pavement. WSDOT has by legislative direction in state law maintained a specific budget item within the agency's capital budget for pavement preservation. Although these funds have not kept pace with inflation and are subject to other transportation spending priorities, such as maintenance, traffic operations, safety, congestion relief, and environmental retrofit, the end result is encouraging. But challenges loom. That point is illustrated by examination of what funds were spent by biennium and pavement type. This is followed by an overview of the current condition and performance of the state-managed pavements and where there are growing needs. A combined view of expenditures and performance suggests that the WSDOT process works reasonably well.
Parameters Influencing Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Systems in Concrete
Authors: Maghraby Yosra El , Haroun Medhat A. , Abou-Zeid Mohamed Nagib
Published: August 2010

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been increasingly used in concrete repair and retrofitting works. The systems involve the use of FRP composites and adequate adhesives to secure load transfer. While many studies have been conducted on the mechanical properties, durability, and economic aspects of FRP, little information is available on the effect of parameters, such as the thickness of epoxy adhesive, concrete compressive strength, concrete surface roughness, and concrete temperature on the overall performance of the system. An attempt was made to address the influence of these parameters on the FRP systems through studying the flexural failure loads, deflection, and modes of failure for carbon fiber–reinforced polymers (CFRP) applied to concrete beams. Specimens were tested with three surface roughness conditions and three epoxy adhesive thicknesses. Concrete compressive strength and the effect of exposure to 100°C for 2 h were also studied. Results of this work reveal that the surface roughness condition and adhesive thickness have a significant impact on the performance of CFRP systems. Less impact was encountered for the variation in concrete strength and increasing ambient temperature to 100°C. CFRP reinforcement enhanced the toughness of moderate-strength concrete more than for high-strength concrete. Recommendations are provided for applicators as well as for future research.
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Pile Repair Incorporating Cathodic Protection
Authors: Aguilar Julio , Winters Danny , Sen Rajan , Mullins Gray , Stokes Mike
Published: August 2010

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are increasingly being used for corrosion repair. As barrier elements, FRPs can only slow down corrosion. Cathodic protection (CP) is the only proven method for stopping electrochemical corrosion of steel. But a new method repairs corrosion damage: a sacrificial CP system is incorporated within an FRP repair. The system was implemented in a demonstration project in which corroding piles supporting the Friendship Trail Bridge, Tampa Bay, Florida, were repaired. The repaired piles were instrumented so that performance of the CP system could be assessed. Results indicate that the CP system is effective in protecting the reinforcing steel. It also shows that corrosion rates are lower in FRP-wrapped piles. This lower rate can increase the life of anodes used by the CP system by more than 20%.
Determining Knowledge and Behaviour Change: After Nutrition Screening Among Older Adults
Authors: Southgate Katherine M. , Keller Heather H. , Reimer Holly D.
Published: August 2010

Two education interventions involving personalized messages after nutrition screening in older adults were compared to determine changes in nutrition knowledge and risk behaviour. Of 150 older adults randomly selected from a local seniors’ centre, 61 completed baseline screening and a demographic and nutrition knowledge questionnaire and were randomized to one of two groups. Group A received personalized letters plus an educational booklet, and Group B received personalized letters only. All materials were sent through the mail. Forty-four participants completed post-test questionnaires to determine change in knowledge and risk behaviour. Both groups had reduced nutrition risk scores and increased knowledge scores at post-test. After the intervention, a significant difference was observed in knowledge change by treatment group. Group A participants experienced greater gains in knowledge, with a mean gain of 5.43 points, than did those in Group B, who had a mean gain of 1.36 points (p=0.018). Screening and education with print materials have the potential to change risk behaviour and nutrition knowledge in older adults. A specially designed booklet on older adults’ nutrition risk factors plus a personalized letter provide an effective education strategy for older adults after screening.
Food, Cooking Skills, and Health: A Literature Review
Authors: Engler-Stringer Rachel
Published: August 2010

Over the past century, a major shift in North American food practices has been taking place. However, the literature on this topic is lacking in several areas. Some available research on food and cooking practices in the current context is presented, with a focus on how these are affecting health and how they might be contributing to health inequalities within the population. First, cooking and cooking skills are examined, along with the ambiguities related to terms associated with cooking in the research literature. Food choice, cooking, and health are described, particularly in relation to economic factors that may lead to health inequalities within the population. The importance of developing an understanding of factors within the wider food system as part of food choice and cooking skills is presented, and gaps in the research literature are examined and areas for future research are presented. Cooking practices are not well studied but are important to an understanding of human nutritional health as it relates to cultural, environmental, and economic factors.
Dice, Golf Balls, and CDs: Assumptions About Portion Size Measurement Aids
Authors: Ball Geoff D. C. , Friedman Alinda
Published: August 2010

Purpose: Portion size measurement aids (PSMAs) are used extensively by dietitians. In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, we explored the degree of consistency and concordance between measured and putative volumes of selected household and sport-related PSMAs that are commonly used for nutrition education and dietary assessment.

Methods: An online search of portion size resources yielded several governmental and academic descriptions of household PMSAs (e.g., a compact disc, a nine-volt battery) and sportrelated PMSAs (e.g., a golf ball) and their purported dimensions. The spherical items were purchased locally and measured using electronic digital calipers; measurements were then converted to volumes, in millilitres.

Results: Overall, we observed a high degree of heterogeneity in how different educational resources related sport-related PSMAs to portion sizes of food. The mean percentage of error between the measured and putative volumes of PSMAs varied considerably.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the inaccurate use of PSMAs can lead to systematic bias in nutrition education and misreporting of dietary intake during dietary assessment. Dietitians should exercise caution when using PSMAs because these may not reflect the true portion size they are meant to represent.
Coming Full Circle: Reflections on a Career as a Dietitian
Authors: Swanson Eleanor
Published: August 2010

The connections between people, careers, events, and decisions provide the focus for this lecture, which traces the story of a 38-year career as a dietitian, spanning the country from east to west, through the centre, and back again. The lecture emphasizes the importance of taking inspiration from family and events, developing and maintaining lifelong friendships, and commitments. Finding opportunity in the midst of adversity is also a theme. The author's career begins with a clinical and administrative experience and moves into the community when she becomes a public health nutritionist. While the budget restrictions of the 1990s were challenging, the author recounts opportunities with key issues such as folic acid, prenatal nutrition, and heart health. A provincial food and nutrition plan was created, including a focus on food security and its connection to poverty. This is linked to the roots of the dietetic profession with the Lillian Massey School of Household Science and Art established in the 1890s. As the author recounts her journey, dietitians are reminded that working with partners and other disciplines provides the foundation for success and will be needed as we address the current issue of obesity.
‘Dying Irish’: eulogising the Irish in Scotland in Glasgow Observer obituaries
Authors: Catháin Máirtín Ó
Published: August 2010

The Glasgow Observer newspaper, founded in 1885 by and for the Irish community in Scotland regularly published both lengthy and brief funereal and elegiac obituaries of the Irish in Scotland in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They marshal an impressive, emotive and oftentimes contradictory body of evidence and anecdote of immigrant lives of the kind utilised, and as often passed over, by historians of the Irish in Britain. They contain, however, a unique perspective on the march of a migrant people bespoke of their experiences and, perhaps more importantly, the perception of their experiences in passage, in the host society and ultimately in death. Moreover, the changing sense of Victorian sensibilities over the solemnity, purpose and ritual of death into the Edwardian era finds a moot reflection in the key staples of Irish immigrant obsequies with their stress on thrift, endeavour, piety, charity and gratitude.

This article explores Glasgow Observer obituaries from the 1880s to the 1920s to see what they say about the immigrants, their lives, work and culture, the Scots, migration itself, the wider relations between Britain and Ireland, and the place where Irish and British attitudes to death meet in this period. It does so by drawing upon recent sociological perspectives on obituaries and their relationship with the formation and articulation of collective memory.
Abraham Fleming's Eclogues
Authors: Cummings Robert
Published: August 2010

Abraham Fleming's two trial translations of Virgil's Eclogues (1575 and 1589) are little esteemed. This essay attempts to explain how they came to exhibit the rebarbative features that they do. Arguing against previous disparagement of Fleming as a pedestrian and schoolmasterly moralist, it discerns an experimental and aestheticizing tendency in his two versions (initial and revised) of Virgil's Eclogues, designed to complement the earlier Phaer-Twyne attempt on the Aeneid and drawing on the philological and rhetorical emphases of contemporary Ramist Cambridge.
Anna Jameson in Germany: ‘A.W.’ and Women's Translation
Authors: Johns Alessa
Published: August 2010

The German translator of Anna Jameson's Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada (1838) was not Adolph Wagner but Amalie Winter. This prompts reflection on networking within English-German translating activity of this era, and underscores the significance of female translators within it.
New Trends in Reaction and Resistance to Fire of Fire-retardant Epoxies
Authors: Gérard Caroline , Fontaine Gaëlle , Bourbigot Serge
Published: August 2010

This paper focuses on current trends in the flame retardancy of epoxy-based thermosets. This review examines the incorporation of additives in these polymers, including synergism effects. Reactive flame-retardants—which are incorporated in the polymer backbone—are reported and the use of fire-retardant epoxy coatings for materials protection is also considered.
High Molecular Weight Glucan of the Culinary Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus bisporus is an α-Glucan that Forms Complexes with Low Molecular Weight Galactan
Authors: Smiderle Fhernanda R. , Sassaki Guilherme L. , Arkel Jeroen van , Iacomini Marcello , Wichers Harry J. , Griensven Leo J.L.D. Van
Published: August 2010

An a-glucan was isolated from the culinary medicinal mushroom A. bisporus by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The resulting material showed a single HMW peak excluded from a Sephadex G50 column that could completely be degraded by α-amylase treatment. After heating in 1% SDS a small additional peak of low MW eluted from the G50 column. The monosaccharide composition of the main peak was evaluated by HPLC, and was found to consist of a majority of glucose (97.6%), and a minor proportion of galactose (2.4%). Methylation analysis and degradation by a-amylase indicated the presence of an a-glucan with a main chain consisting of (1®4)-linked units, substituted at O-6 by α-D-glucopyranose single-units in the relation 1:8. Mono- (13C-, 1H-NMR) and bidimensional [1H (obs.),13C-HSQC] spectroscopy analysis confirmed the a-configuration of the Glcp residues by low frequency resonances of C-1 at d 100.6, 100.2, and 98.8 ppm and H-1 high field ones at d 5.06, 5.11, and 4.74 ppm. The DEPT-13C-NMR allowed assigning the non-substituted and O-substituted –CH2 signals at d 60.3/60.8 and 66.2 ppm, respectively. Other assignments were attributed to C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5 and C-6 of the non-reducing ends at d 71.8; 72.8; 70.0; 71.3 and 60.3/60.8 ppm, respectively. The minor proportion of galactose that was demonstrated was probably derived from a complex between the a-glucan and a low molecular weight galactan.
Le « père de l'Europe »
Authors: Cohen Antonin
Published: August 2010

Résumé Par quelle construction sociale d’un récit des origines, la déclaration du 9 mai 1950 apparaît-elle comme l’acte fondateur de la construction européenne, et de Jean Monnet le « père de l’Europe » ? En restituant les différentes activités et les multiples transactions qui, à l’intersection des champs politique, bureaucratique, journalistique et académique, ont simultanément contribué à la production et à la reproduction de ce récit, cet article entend ainsi rendre compte des médiations concrètes par lesquelles cet événement est entré dans la geste politique de l’Union européenne. Un tel retour à l’histoire permet d’expliquer les fonctions symboliques de ce récit des origines, qu’enregistre une « journée de l’Europe » désormais célébrée le 9 mai de chaque année, et érigée à l’article I-8 du projet de Constitution européenne au rang des « symboles » de l’Union.
La « société civile » dans la « gouvernance européenne »
Authors: Michel Hélène
Published: August 2010

Résumé Parmi les nombreuses publications sur la « société civile » au niveau européen, peu s’interrogent sur les processus ayant contribué à la genèse et à la réalisation de cette catégorie. Dans une telle perspective, cette note de recherche accorde une place privilégiée à la sociologie politique des différents agents qui, au sein des institutions européennes et de différents collectifs militants, ont investi la catégorie, moins selon une ligne stratégique qu’en fonction des moyens dont ils disposent et des opportunités d’action qu’ils ont pu saisir. Les usages différenciés qu’ils font de la « société civile » donnent à voir comment se traduisent, dans la lutte pour la définition des contours de « société civile » et de ses relations avec les institutions européennes, les enjeux relatifs à l’accès au champ politique européen et à la redéfinition constante de ses règles de fonctionnement.
Une élite d'intermédiaires
Authors: Vauchez Antoine
Published: August 2010

Résumé Plutôt que de supposer a priori l’existence d’une « raison juridique européenne », improbable dans des espaces communautaires largement dominés par des logiques politiques et des allégeances nationales, cet article montre que l’émergence d’une autorité juridique transnationale incarnée par un petit groupe de « juristes européens » ne se joue pas sans le « politique » ou le « national » mais au travers de divers jeux sociaux (politiques, administratifs, professionnels, économiques, académiques) constitutifs de cette première phase de construction. L’analyse des conditions de formation d’un premier capital juridique européen au cours de la période 1950 – 1970 permet d’appréhender le rôle d’intermédiaires que jouent collectivement les juristes dans la politique communautaire.
De la défense de l'environnement au développement durable
Authors: Dezalay Yves
Published: August 2010

Résumé La courte histoire des institutions et des politiques d’environnement en Europe est marquée par la réorientation radicale de ces politiques, dont les promoteurs s’étaient inspirés initialement du modèle classique de l’État-gendarme. À partir des années 1990, ces dispositifs de contrôle administratifs sont de plus en plus critiqués de nouvelles coalitions d’experts, proches des grandes entreprises, qui prônent désormais une régulation négociée sur la base d’incitations financières. C’est en analysant la genèse et les recompositions de cet espace d’expertises qui se construit autour de Bruxelles dans la concurrence entre des modèles d’intervention politique, inscrits dans des histoires nationales, que l’on peut saisir les raisons, tant internes qu’externes, de ce revirement. En effet, les renversements d’alliance sont facilités par l’hétéronomie de cet espace-carrefour, où se retrouvent des agents nationaux qui, de surcroît, sont issus de milieux aussi opposés que le militantisme radical, le monde académique, la bureaucratie ou les entreprises multinationales.
L'Europe du savoir contre l'Europe des banques ?
Authors: Garcia Sandrine
Published: August 2010

Résumé Cet article montre comment la construction de l’espace européen de l’enseignement supérieur a permis aux institutions « décisionnelles » européennes (Conseil de l’Union, Conseil de l’Europe, Commission européenne) de s’approprier une autorité politique en matière d’enseignement supérieur qu’elles ne possèdent pas officiellement. Pour les membres de ces institutions, ce domaine s’intègre dans une politique économique plus globale – formalisée à travers les « objectifs de Lisbonne » – qui fait de la souveraineté des États en matière d’éducation supérieure un obstacle à contourner. Mais ce processus (dit « de Bologne ») a aussi limité l’autonomie professionnelle des universitaires grâce aux divisions internes du monde académique et aux intérêts d’une partie des universitaires à construire une hiérarchie favorable à leurs propres investissements professionnels.
L'impossible « modèle social européen »
Authors: Robert Cécile
Published: August 2010

Résumé Revenant sur la marginalisation et le manque de légitimité des enjeux sociaux dans le contexte de l’élargissement, cet article suggère de les mettre en relation avec la position occupée, au sein de la Commission, et plus généralement dans l’espace politique européen, par les services de l’administration communautaire en charge des affaires sociales. À partir d’une enquête conduite auprès de ces agents pendant la préparation des négociations d’adhésion, il observe comment la situation de domination relative de ces services sur les plans institutionnels, matériels et symboliques est perçue et incorporée par leur personnel et oriente leurs modes de mobilisation. Conformisme institutionnel, logiques d’autocensure, ou encore relecture à la baisse des ambitions originelles de l’UE dans ce domaine vont faire obstacle à la défense d’un modèle social européen opposable aux pays candidats. À travers leur intériorisation de l’illégitimité de l’Europe sociale, ils contribuent ainsi à son non avènement.
« En être ou pas »
Authors: Baisnée Olivier
Published: August 2010

Résumé Le modèle d’excellence professionnelle qui a longtemps prévalu au sein des correspondants de presse relatant les activités de l’Union européenne valorise très fortement leur capital social. Les réseaux sociaux des journalistes les plus anciens de ce groupe leur ont historiquement permis d’incarner « le » correspondant à Bruxelles. Cette situation tient en effet beaucoup à l’histoire du corps de presse et aux trajectoires des premiers correspondants qui, pour quelques-uns, sont encore en activité. Le contexte historique dans lequel ils firent leur apprentissage du poste rendait possible et nécessaire une telle proximité sociale et intellectuelle. Cette dimension de « l’entre-soi » communautaire, qui va bien au-delà du seul exemple des journalistes, doit aussi beaucoup au contexte urbain dans lequel il s’inscrit. L’installation des institutions européennes a en effet recomposé la ville de Bruxelles, favorisant simultanément le renforcement des clivages socio-économiques et un accroissement de la polarisation spatiale. Aussi le « Bruxelles » des correspondants et, plus largement, de l’élite communautaire qui y vit, est circonscrit à quelques espaces restreints dans lesquels ces agents travaillent et résident. Outre la proximité sociale, ce recouvrement des sphères privée et professionnelle entre correspondants et personnel politique et administratif de l’Union européenne vient nourrir et conforter la communauté de leurs représentations.
Le Non français au traité constitutionnel européen (mai 2005)
Authors: Lehingue Patrick
Published: August 2010

Résumé Les interprétations d’un scrutin sont toujours « partie prenante » d’un processus électoral qui ne se clôt pas avec la fermeture des bureaux de vote. Le référendum de 2005 sur le traité constitutionnel européen peut être décrypté au moyen de deux grilles d’analyse. La lecture dite « politique » tend à ne connaître les agents sociaux qu’en leur qualité d’électeurs, dotés d’une compétence politique minimale, d’attachements partisans et exprimant des convictions politiques ancrées. La lecture dite « sociale », dans la limite des instruments disponibles, cherche à tester la prédictibilité (donc l’influence persistante) des attributs sociaux caractérisant, au quotidien, des individus furtivement érigés, le temps d’un vote, en citoyens arbitres. La ventilation partisane des distributions de vote entre le Oui et le Non suggère une certaine prégnance de l’offre partisane, à condition de replacer ces distributions dans les configurations sociales locales. La même opération appliquée aux variables d’identification sociale révèle des écarts élevés, socialement ordonnés, et croissants depuis le précédent référendum européen de 1992. Ce sont probablement les propriétés singulières de la campagne électorale qui expliquent qu’exceptionnellement, les lectures « sociales » et « politiques » sont ici complémentaires.
Devenir clarinettiste
Authors: Ravet Hyacinthe
Published: August 2010

Résumé À partir d’une enquête sur les musiciens et musiciennes d’orchestre mobilisant notamment les récits biographiques de 24 femmes clarinettistes, cet article montre comment naît et s’épanouit une vocation féminine en milieu masculin. Instrument traditionnellement considéré comme « masculin », la clarinette voit au cours de la deuxième moitié du XX e siècle sa pratique se féminiser et les représentations associées à l’instrument et aux instrumentistes se transformer. L’émergence de vocations improbables participe de ces mutations et se réalise à la faveur de celles plus générales des prérogatives accordées aux femmes, mais aussi grâce à des facteurs familiaux et environnementaux spécifiques. Choix de l’instrument, socialisation familiale et institutionnelle, exercice du métier de musicien… À chacune de ces étapes, une vocation se construit, se transforme et se consolide dans un contexte social plus ou moins favorable. Les vocations « abouties » permettent ainsi l’accès progressif des femmes à une pratique professionnelle auparavant fermée, sans qu’ait totalement disparu l’ensemble des attributs masculins associés à l’instrument et au métier, notamment ceux qui touchent au pouvoir.
Les petites voies de la chanson de variétés
Authors: Morinière Thomas
Published: August 2010

Résumé L’enquête porte sur une population d’aspirant(e)s aux carrières dans la chanson de variétés, réunie à l’occasion d’un casting local. La comparaison avec les trajectoires de ceux qui deviennent effectivement interprètes professionnels souligne l’écart avec la définition légitime de l’apprentissage artistique. Les aspirations à la professionnalisation se fondent sur le sentiment d’un don accrédité par l’entourage familial et amical. Cette propriété est analysée comme un charisme, en associant à la définition de Weber les théories de Mauss et de Bourdieu sur la production collective de la croyance et ses effets performatifs. L’attention aux indices de la possession d’un don est rapportée à un souci de singularisation et de réhabilitation d’une lignée, dans le mouvement de démocratisation des aspirations artistiques.
Jorge Luis Borges, histoire sociale d'un « écrivain-né »
Authors: Miceli Sergio
Published: August 2010

Résumé L’article essaie de reconstruire les contraintes familiales, culturelles et sociales qui ont permis au jeune Borges de devenir l’héritier des espoirs déçus des cercles criollos en déclin auxquels il appartenait par le biais de sa vocation intellectuelle et de se trouver à la tête de l’avant-garde argentine dans les années 1920, s’exprimant tantôt comme poète nostalgique, tantôt comme idéologue de sa classe d’origine. Les trois parties du texte mettent en relief tout d’abord l’univers familial criollo et son cercle littéraire ainsi que les rapports contradictoires avec son père, puis le modèle masculin excentrique de l’écrivain Macedonio Fernandez, enfin les expériences de cet univers qui nourrissent son premier recueil poétique.