bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Repair With a Novel Population of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Resident in the Human Heart
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Sivakumaran Priyadharshini , Newcomb Andrew E. , Hernandez Damián , Harris Nicole , Khanabdali Ramin , Liu Guei-Sheung , Kelly Darren J. , Pébay Alice , Hewitt Alex W. , Boyle Andrew , Harvey Richard , Morrison Wayne A. , Elliott David A. , Dusting Gregory J. , Lim Shiang Y.
Published: July 2015

Cardiac resident stem cells (CRSCs) hold much promise to treat heart disease but this remains a controversial field. Here, we describe a novel population of CRSCs, which are positive for W8B2 antigen and were obtained from adult human atrial appendages. W8B2+ CRSCs exhibit a spindle-shaped morphology, are clonogenic and capable of self-renewal. W8B2+ CRSCs show high expression of mesenchymal but not hematopoietic nor endothelial markers. W8B2+ CRSCs expressed GATA4, HAND2, and TBX5, but not C-KIT, SCA-1, NKX2.5, PDGFRα, ISL1, or WT1. W8B2+ CRSCs can differentiate into cardiovascular lineages and secrete a range of cytokines implicated in angiogenesis, chemotaxis, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, cell growth, and survival. In vitro, conditioned medium collected from W8B2+ CRSCs displayed prosurvival, proangiogenic, and promigratory effects on endothelial cells, superior to that of other adult stem cells tested, and additionally promoted survival and proliferation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Intramyocardial transplantation of human W8B2+ CRSCs into immunocompromised rats 1 week after myocardial infarction markedly improved cardiac function (∼40% improvement in ejection fraction) and reduced fibrotic scar tissue 4 weeks after infarction. Hearts treated with W8B2+ CRSCs showed less adverse remodeling of the left ventricle, a greater number of proliferating cardiomyocytes (Ki67+cTnT+ cells) in the remote region, higher myocardial vascular density, and greater infiltration of CD163+ cells (a marker for M2 macrophages) into the border zone and scar regions. In summary, W8B2+ CRSCs are distinct from currently known CRSCs found in human hearts, and as such may be an ideal cell source to repair myocardial damage after infarction. Stem Cells  2015;33:3100–3113
Syntheses, Structures, and Catalytic Properties of Two 2D Manganese(II) Coordination Polymers Containing Flexible Bis(benzimidazole) Ligands
Authors: Huan Dian Heng , Yu Ya Mei , Wang Sheng Chun , Dong Gui Ying
Published: July 2015

Two MnII coordination polymers based on the flexible bis(benzimidazole) and dicarboxylic acids, namely, [Mn(L1)(bpdc)(H2O)0.5]n (1) and [Mn(L2)(Htbi)2]n (2) [L1 = 1,4‐bis(5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene, H2bpdc = 4,4′‐biphenyldicarboxylic acid, L2 = 1,4‐bis(5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazole)butane, H2tbi = 5‐tert‐butyl isophthalic acid] were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both of the complexes crystallize in the triclinic P$\bar{1}$ space group and present distorted octahedral configurations. Complex 1 possesses a 2D binodal (3,5)‐connected 3,5L2 network with the point symbol of (42.67.8)(42.6), whereas 2 features a 2D uninodal 3‐connected hcb topology and the Schläfli symbol is (63). Complexes 1 and 2 ultimately are extended into 3D supramolecular framework via π–π stacking and O–H···O hydrogen bonding interaction, respectively. Moreover, both of the complexes manifest excellent catalytic activities for the degradation of Congo red.
Building the continuum of competency-based medical education
Authors: Iobst William F. , Holmboe Eric S.
Published: July 2015

None
Fostering informed empathy through patient-centred education about persons with disabilities
Authors: Miller Sonya R.
Published: July 2015

Introduction Having a disability can negatively affect provider-patient communication. Persons with disabilities report the need for better communication with their health care providers and argue that education regarding disabilities is lacking for health care professionals. We sought to determine if a patient-centred curriculum focused on individuals with disabilities could foster the development of informed empathy.

Methods An educational module to enhance health care students’ capacity for informed empathy was developed. To assess the development of informed empathy, a qualitative analysis of the post-module question, ‘How has your understanding, awareness or perception of individuals with disabilities changed?’ was performed.

Results Themes of the qualitative analysis were (a) becoming familiar with the daily life of individuals with disabilities, (b) changing notions of normalcy, (c) seeing discrimination against individuals with disabilities as an issue that impacted them, (d) recognition that disability is not only an issue of the physical body.

Conclusions Informed empathy can be effectively taught through a patient-centred curriculum focused on persons with disabilities. Health care providers are effective advocates when they understand the physical, emotional, social, and communication issues of persons with disabilities.
Are Elite Female Soccer Athletes at Risk for Disordered Eating Attitudes, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Stress Fractures?
Authors: Prather Heidi , Hunt Devyani , McKeon Kathryn , Simpson Scott , Meyer E. Blair , Yemm Ted , Brophy Robert
Published: July 2015

Objective

To determine the prevalence of stress fractures, menstrual dysfunction and disordered eating attitudes in elite female soccer athletes.

Design

Cross‐sectional descriptive study.

Setting

Female soccer athletes were recruited from a national level youth soccer club, an NCAA Division I university team, and a women's professional team.

Participants

Two hundred twenty female soccer athletes with a mean age of 16.4 ± 4 years and BMI of 20.8 ± 2 kg/m2 completed the study, representing all athletes from the included teams.

Methods

One‐time surveys completed by the athletes.

Main Outcome Measurements

Height and weight were recorded, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each athlete. Athletes reported age of menarche, history of missing 3 or more menses within a 12‐month period and stress fracture. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT‐26) was used to assess the athlete's body perception and attitudes toward eating.

Results

Of the 220 soccer athletes, 3 athletes (1.6%) had a low BMI for their age, and 19 (8.6%) reported stress fractures of the lower extremity. Among athletes who had reached menarche, the average onset was 13 + 1 year; menstrual dysfunction were present in 21 (19.3%). On the EAT‐26, 1 player scored in the high risk range (>20) and 17 (7.7%) scored in the intermediate risk range (10‐19) for eating disorders. Athletes with an EAT‐26 score ≥ 10 points had a significantly higher prevalence of menstrual dysfunction in the past year compared to athletes with an EAT‐26 score of less than 10 (P = .02).

Conclusions

Elite female soccer athletes are susceptible to stress fractures and menstrual dysfunction and have delayed onset of menarche despite normal BMI and appropriate body perception and attitudes towards eating. Further studies are needed to better understand stress fracture risk in female soccer athletes and in other team sports to determine how these findings relate to long‐term bone health in this population.
Fascism or ustashism? Ukrainian integral nationalism of the 1920s–1930s in comparative perspective
Authors: Zaitsev Oleksandr
Published: July 2015

Although considering Ukrainian integral nationalism as a variety of fascism is not without foundation (especially within the framework of the history of ideas), the fascist model has a limited heuristic value for the Ukrainian case. The proper designation for the ideology and practice of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and similar movements in stateless nations is not fascism, but rather ustashism (from the Croatian Ustaša), which can be defined as revolutionary integral nationalism developing under conditions of perceived foreign oppression and using violence for the purpose of national liberation and the creation of an independent authoritarian state.
The ideology and development of the Social-National Party of Ukraine, and its transformation into the All-Ukrainian Union “Freedom,” in 1990–2004
Authors: Iovenko Artem
Published: July 2015

In this article the author examines the political development and activities, ideological and political positions, networks and relationships of the Social-National Party of Ukraine (SNPU) since 1990 to 2004. The party’s successor, the All-Ukrainian Union “Svoboda” (VO Svoboda), joined the Ukrainian parliament since 2012 to 2014. VO Svoboda was part of the opposition to the Party of Regions and former pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych. The SNPU has ethnocentric and nationalist positions that are expressed in political statements and documents published by the leadership and functionaries of the party. Much attention is paid to the party’s ideology and the way it positions itself. The official and disparate ideological views of SNPU functionaries will also be illustrated. These views became consolidated due to the changes within the party leadership, and the party finally changed its name and image, in order to appeal to the wider masses.
Stakeholder Influences and Organization Responses: A Case Study of Corporate Social Responsibility Suspension
Authors: Liu Yuhuan , Feng Tianli , Li Suichuan
Published: July 2015

In this study, we use the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR) suspension and provide a case study from China to show how conditions allowed shareholders to seize power and alter a firm's mission. We show that managers reacted to a change in shareholder power by changing their priorities to correlate with shareholder influences. Our dynamic model first highlights the importance of precipitating events that allowed shareholders to seize power. In response, managers rebalanced their priorities, paid more attention to the shareholders who demanded higher profits, and suspended ethical and discretionary responsibilities as a result. We further present evidence that CSR suspension subsequently harms relationships between stakeholders and threatens firm survival. We contribute to stakeholder theory by providing a dynamic model for interpreting stakeholder influences and managers’ subsequent responses. We add to corporate social responsibility studies by providing a more nuanced understanding of CSR suspension.
Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation in a five-month-old child with Usher syndrome
Authors: Alsanosi A A
Published: July 2015

Objective:

To report a rare case of simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation in a five-month-old child with Usher syndrome.

Method:

Case report.

Results:

A five-month-old boy with Usher syndrome and congenital profound bilateral deafness underwent simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation. The decision to perform implantation in such a young child was based on his having a supportive family and the desire to foster his audiological development before his vision deteriorated. The subject experienced easily resolvable intra- and post-operative adverse events, and was first fitted with an externally worn audio processor four weeks after implantation. At 14 months of age, his audiological development was age-appropriate.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation is possible, and even advisable, in children as young as five months old when performed by an experienced implantation team.
INCAS AND ALIENS: THE TRUTH IN TELIC EGALITARIANISM
Authors: Segall Shlomi
Published: July 2015

The paper seeks to defend Telic Egalitarianism (TE) by distinguishing two distinct categories into which typical objections to it fall. According to one category of objections (for example, levelling down) TE isgroundless. That is, there is simply no good reason to think that inequality as such is bad. The other type of objections to TE focuses on itscounterintuitiveimplications: it is forced to condemn inequalities between ourselves and long-dead Inca peasants, or between us and worse-off aliens from other planets. The paper shows that once we unpack these two types of objections to TE they become much less persuasive.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ON CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING, 2000–2014
Authors: Lahue Betsy J. , Baginska Eva , Li Sophia S. , Parisi Monika
Published: July 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to conduct a review of health technology assessments (HTAs) in cervical cancer screening to highlight the most common metrics HTA agencies use to evaluate and recommend cervical cancer screening technologies.

Methods: The Center for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD), MedLine, and national HTA agency databases were searched using keywords (“cervical cancer screening” OR “cervical cancer” OR “cervical screening”) and “HTA” from January 2000 to October 2014. Non-English language reports without English summaries, non-HTA reports, HTAs unrelated to a screening intervention and HTAs without sufficient summaries available online were excluded. We used various National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) methods to extract key assessment criteria and to determine whether a change in screening practice was recommended.

Results: One hundred and ten unique HTA reports were identified; forty-four HTAs from seventeen countries met inclusion criteria. All reports evaluated technologies for use among women. Ten cervical screening technologies were identified either as an intervention or a comparator. The most common outcome metric evaluated was diagnostic accuracy, followed by economic effectiveness. Additional outcome metrics such as the use of adjunct testing, screening intervals, and age-specific testing were commonly evaluated. Nearly one-third (fifteen of forty-four) of HTAs recommended a change in practice.

Conclusions: This review highlights popular metrics used in HTAs for cervical cancer screening. Clinical and economic effectiveness metrics have been consistently assessed in HTAs, while the use of adjunct testing, screening intervals, and age-specific screening became increasingly prevalent from after 2007. Moreover, we observed an increase in optimized recommendations after 2007.
BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS INFLUENCING ETHICAL EVALUATION IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Assasi Nazila , Schwartz Lisa , Tarride Jean-Eric , O’Reilly Daria , Goeree Ron
Published: July 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore barriers and facilitators influencing the integration of ethical considerations in health technology assessment (HTA).

Methods: The study consisted of two complementary approaches: (a) a systematic review of the literature; and (b) an eighteen-item online survey that was distributed to fifty-six HTA agencies affiliated with the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment.

Results: The review identified twenty-six relevant articles. The most often cited barriers in the literature were: scarcity, heterogeneity and complexity of ethical analysis methods; challenges in translating ethical analysis results into knowledge that is useful for decision makers; and lack of organizational support in terms of required expertise, time and financial resources. The most frequently cited facilitators included: usage of value-based appraisal methods, stakeholder and public engagement, enhancement of practice guidelines, ethical expertise, and educational interventions.

Representatives of twenty-six (46.5 percent) agencies from nineteen countries completed the survey. A median of 10 percent (interquartile range, 5 percent to 50 percent) of the HTA products produced by the agencies was reported to include an assessment of ethical aspects. The most commonly perceived barriers were: limited ethical knowledge and expertise, insufficient time and resources, and difficulties in finding ethical evidence or using ethical guidelines. Educational interventions, demand by policy makers, and involvement of ethicists in HTA were the most commonly perceived facilitators.

Conclusions: Our results emphasize the importance of simplification of ethics methodology and development of good practice guidelines in HTA, as well as capacity building for engaging HTA practitioners in ethical analyses.
SOME NEW RESULTS ON THE LARGEST ORDER STATISTICS FROM MULTIPLE-OUTLIER GAMMA MODELS
Authors: Zhao Peng , Hu Yanni , Zhang Yiying
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we carry out stochastic comparisons of the largest order statistics arising from multiple-outlier gamma models with different both shape and scale parameters in the sense of various stochastic orderings including the likelihood ratio order, star order and dispersive order. It is proved, among others, that the weak majorization order between the scale parameter vectors along with the majorization order between the shape parameter vectors imply the likelihood ratio order between the largest order statistics. A quite general sufficient condition for the star order is presented. The new results established here strengthen and generalize some of the results known in the literature. Numerical examples and applications are also provided to explicate the theoretical results.
A problem of overlap
Authors: TOOTELL ROGER B. , ECHAVARRIA CESAR , NASR SHAHIN
Published: July 2015

Here we propose that earlier-demonstrated details in the primate visual cortical map may account for an otherwise puzzling (and problematic) finding in the current human fMRI literature. Specifically, the well-known regions LO and MT(+) reportedly overlap in the human cortical visual map, when those two regions are localized using standard stimulus comparisons in conventional fMRI experiments. Here we describe evidence supporting the idea that the apparent functional overlap between LO and MT arises from a third area (the MT crescent: “MTc”), which is well known to surround posterior MT based on earlier histological, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological studies in nonhuman primates. If we assume that MTc also exists in human visual cortex, and that it has a location and functional properties intermediate to those in LO and MT, simplistic modeling confirmed that this arrangement could produce apparent overlap between localizers for LO and MT in conventional fMRI maps in human visual cortex.
Identification of a new mutant allele,Grm6nob7, for complete congenital stationary night blindness
Authors: QIAN HAOHUA , JI RUI , GREGG RONALD G. , PEACHEY NEAL S.
Published: July 2015

Electroretinogram (ERG) studies identified a new mouse line with a normal a-wave but lacking the b-wave component. The ERG phenotype of this new allele,nob7, matched closely that of mouse mutants forGrm6,Lrit3,Trpm1, andNyx, which encode for proteins expressed in depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs). To identify the underlying mutation, we first crossednob7mice withGrm6nob3mutants and measured the ERGs in offspring. All the offspring lacked the b-wave, indicating thatnob7is a new allele forGrm6:Grm6nob7. Sequence analyses ofGrm6nob7cDNAs identified a 28 base pair insertion between exons 8 and 9, which would result in a frameshift mutation in the open reading frame that encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (Grm6). Sequencing both the cDNA and genomic DNA from exon 8 and intron 8, respectively, from theGrm6nob7mouse revealed a G to A transition at the last position in exon 8. This mutation disrupts splicing and the normal exon 8 is extended by 28 base pairs, because splicing occurs 28 base pairs downstream at a cryptic splice donor. Consistent with the impact of the resulting frameshift mutation, there is a loss of mGluR6 protein (encoded byGrm6) from the dendritic tips of DBCs in theGrm6nob7retina. These results indicate thatGrm6nob7is a new model of the complete form of congenital stationary night blindness, a human condition that has been linked to mutations ofGRM6.
Specificity of brain reactions to second-order visual stimuli
Authors: BABENKO VITALY V. , ERMAKOV PAVEL N.
Published: July 2015

The second-order visual mechanisms perform the operation of integrating the
spatially distributed local visual information. Their organization is
traditionally considered within the framework of the filter-rectify-filter
model. These are the second-order filters that provide the ability to detect
texture gradients. However, the question of the mechanisms' selectivity to the
modulation dimension remains open. The aim of this investigation is to answer
the above question by using visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Stimuli were
textures consisting of staggered Gabor patches. The base texture was
nonmodulated (NM). Three other textures represented the base texture which was
sinusoidally modulated in different dimensions: contrast, orientation, or
spatial frequency. EEG was recorded with 20 electrodes. VEPs of 500 ms duration
were obtained for each of the four textures. After that, VEP to the NM texture
was subtracted from VEP to each modulated texture. As a result, three different
waves (d-waves) were obtained for each electrode site. Each d-wave was then
averaged across all the 48 observers. The revealed d-waves have a latency of
about 200 ms and, in our opinion, reflect the second-order filters reactivation
through the feedback connection. The d-waves for different modulation dimensions
were compared with each other in time, amplitude, topography, and localization
of the sources of activity that causes the d-wave (with sLORETA). We proceeded
from the assumption that the d-wave (its first component) represents functioning
of the second-order visual mechanisms and activity changes at the following
processing stages. It was found that the d-waves for different modulation
dimensions significantly differ in all parameters. The obtained results indicate
that the spatial modulations of different texture parameters caused specific
changes in the brain activity, which could be evidence supporting the
specificity of the second-order visual mechanisms to modulation dimension.
Straining flow of a weakly interacting polymer–surfactant solution
Authors: BREWARD C. J. W. , GRIFFITHS I. M. , HOWELL P. D. , MORGAN C. E.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we consider the straining flow of a weakly interacting polymer–surfactant solution below a free surface, with the bulk surfactant concentration above the critical micelle concentration. We formulate a set of coupled differential equations describing the concentration of monomers, micelles, polymer, and polymer–micelle aggregates in the flow. We analyse the model in several asymptotic limits, and make predictions about the distribution of each of the species. In particular, in the large-reaction-rate limit we find that the model predicts a region near the free surface where no micelles or aggregates are present, and beneath this a region where the concentration of surfactant is constant, across which the concentration of aggregates increases until all the free polymer is consumed. For certain parameter regimes, a maximum in the concentration of the polymer–micelle complex occurs within the bulk fluid. In the finite-reaction-rate limit, micelles, and aggregates are present right up to the free surface, and the plateau in the concentration of surfactant in the bulk is no longer present. Results from the asymptotic theory compare favorably with full numerical solutions.
The Paediatric Cardiology Hall of Fame – Donald Nixon Ross
Authors: Somerville Jane
Published: July 2015

Donald Nixon Ross, FRCS (4 October 1922 to 7 July 2014) was a South African-born British cardiothoracic surgeon, who developed the pulmonary autograft, known as the Ross procedure, for the treatment of aortic valve disease, and also performed the first heart transplant in the United Kingdom in 1968. This paper, written by Jane Somerville, Professor of Cardiology [Retired], Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, provides the personal recollections about Donald Ross from Jane Somerville, and thus provides a unique snapshot of cardiac surgical history.
Medication Administration in Critical Care Transport of Adult Patients with Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
Authors: Wilcox Susan R. , Saia Mark S. , Waden Heather , McGahn Susan J. , Frakes Michael , Wedel Suzanne K. , Richards Jeremy B.
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Critical care transport (CCT) teams must manage a wide array of medications before and during transport. Appreciating the medications required for transport impacts formulary development as well as staff education and training.

Problem

As there are few data describing the patterns of medication administration, this study quantifies medication administrations and patterns in a series of adult CCTs.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of medication administration during CCTs of patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure from October 2009 through December 2012 from referring hospitals to three tertiary care hospitals.

Results

Two hundred thirty-nine charts were identified for review. Medications were administered by the CCT team to 98.7% of these patients, with only three patients not receiving any medications from the team. Fifty-nine medications were administered in total with 996 instances of administration. Fifteen drugs were each administered to only one patient. The mean number of medications per patient was 4.2 (SD=1.8) with a mean of 1.9 (SD=1.1) drug infusions per patient.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that, even within a relatively homogeneous population of patients transferred with hypoxemic respiratory failure, a wide range of medications were administered. The CCT teams frequently initiated, titrated, and discontinued continuous infusions, in addition to providing numerous doses of bolused medications.

WilcoxSR, SaiaMS, WadenH, McGahnSJ, FrakesM, WedelSK, RichardsJB. Medication administration in critical care transport of adult patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(4):1-5.
PORTRAYING PRESENCE: THOMAS CARLYLE, PORTRAITURE, AND BIOGRAPHY
Authors: North Julian
Published: July 2015

This essay looks at Carlyle's interestin visual and literary portraiture, as the basis for a reassessment of his practice as a biographer in relation to the wider biographical culture of Victorian Britain. Carlyle's fascination with portraits manifested itself in a number of ways. Despite his professed reluctance as a sitter, his face was one of the most visible of his day – painted, sketched, sculpted, photographed, and reproduced for public circulation in engravings andcartes de visite. He collected portraits of his family, friends, and heroes, and was a public champion of the art, most famously through his influential role in the founding of the English National Portrait Gallery. He was also valued by his contemporaries as a portraitist in words, a writer whose graphic style included a striking ability to picture people. Yet only partial answers have been offered to the question of how these activities related to each other and what their significance might be in terms of his career. Paul Barlow has explored Carlyle's concept of the authentic, historical portrait in relation to his proposals for a National Portrait Gallery (“Facing the Past” and “The Imagined Hero”), and John Rosenberg has discussed his pictorial style as a means by which he sought to make history into a secular scripture by “endowing the past with extraordinary ‘presence’” (24). Richard Salmon has given some consideration to Carlyle's engagement with contemporary “portrait gallery” publications as part of his discussion of his ambivalent response to idolatry and literary “lionism” (Salmon 2002). I am indebted to these discussions but I differ from them in arguing that we need to see Carlyle's interest in portraiture, both visual and verbal, as integral to his conception and practice of biography. The fact that he, famously, enmeshes history and biography, in theory and practice, does not invalidate this point. It is with biography and the biographical basis of historical narrative, that he associates the portrait and portraiture. This distinction matters because it shifts us away from the emphasis on Carlyle as an historian that has sometimes occluded his links with his contemporary biographical culture. By restoring these links we can understand more fully the significance both of the portrait within his work, and of his innovative contribution to a broader climate of experimentation with the conjunction of visual and verbal portraiture in life writing at the period.
BEYOND EMPIRE: GLOBALIZING THE VICTORIANS
Authors: Assael Brenda
Published: July 2015

In her influential work,Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830-1867(2002), Catherine Hall argued that “a focus on national histories as constructed, rather than given, on the imagined community of the nation as created, rather than simply there, on national identities as brought into being through particular discursive work, requires transnational thinking” (9). Similarly, Antoinette Burton made a provocative case for de-centering Britain even in the narratives of its own history, arguing in her edited collection,After the Imperial Turn: Thinking with and through the Nation(2003), that “we need to pay more attention to the question of who needs [the nation], who manufactures the ‘need’ for it, and whose interests it serves” (6). In the last two decades, those who have sought to reposition a study of nineteenth-century Britain in such a transnational framework have focused their attention on Britain's relationship to its imperial possessions. While some historians remain skeptical about the significance of empire in British culture, there is now a rich and authoritative historical literature that reveals the myriad ways in which metropole and empire were not only entangled, but also mutually constitutive. Literary scholars of the nineteenth-century have also been alert to the often covert traces of empire in the works of nineteenth-century writers, extending from pioneering discussions of the shadowy presence of slavery in the novels of Jane Austen to Jane Bownas's attempts to reclaim an imperial motif in the works of Thomas Hardy.
Theory and New Applications ofEx SituLift Out
Authors: Giannuzzi Lucille A. , Yu Zhiyang , Yin Denise , Harmer Martin P. , Xu Qiang , Smith Noel S. , Chan Lisa , Hiller Jon , Hess Dustin , Clark Trevor
Published: July 2015

Theex situlift out (EXLO) adhesion forces are reviewed and new applications of EXLO for focused ion beam (FIB)-prepared specimens are described. EXLO is used to manipulate electron transparent specimens on microelectromechanical systems carrier devices designed forin situelectron microscope analysis. A new patented grid design without a support film is described for EXLO. This new slotted grid design provides a surface for holding the specimen in place and also allows for post lift out processing. Specimens may be easily manipulated into a backside orientation to reduce FIB curtaining artifacts with this slotted grid. Large EXLO specimens can be manipulated from Xe+plasma FIB prepared specimens. Finally, applications of EXLO and manipulation of FIB specimens using a vacuum probe lift out method are shown. The vacuum probe provides more control for placing specimens on the new slotted grids and also allows for easy manipulation into a backside configuration.
INTEGRAL MEANS AND DIRICHLET INTEGRAL FOR CERTAIN CLASSES OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: ALI MD FIROZ , VASUDEVARAO A.
Published: July 2015

For a normalized analytic function$f(z)=z+\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }a_{n}z^{n}$in the unit disk$\mathbb{D}:=\{z\in \mathbb{C}:|z|<1\}$, the estimate of the integral means$$\begin{eqnarray}L_{1}(r,f):=\frac{r^{2}}{2{\it\pi}}\int _{-{\it\pi}}^{{\it\pi}}\frac{d{\it\theta}}{|f(re^{i{\it\theta}})|^{2}}\end{eqnarray}$$is an important quantity for certain problems in fluid dynamics, especially when the functions$f(z)$are nonvanishing in the punctured unit disk$\mathbb{D}\setminus \{0\}$. Let${\rm\Delta}(r,f)$denote the area of the image of the subdisk$\mathbb{D}_{r}:=\{z\in \mathbb{C}:|z|<r\}$under$f$, where$0<r\leq 1$. In this paper, we solve two extremal problems of finding the maximum value of$L_{1}(r,f)$and${\rm\Delta}(r,z/f)$as a function of$r$when$f$belongs to the class of$m$-fold symmetric starlike functions of complex order defined by a subordination relation. One of the particular cases of the latter problem includes the solution to a conjecture of Yamashita, which was settled recently by Obradovićet al.[‘A proof of Yamashita’s conjecture on area integral’,Comput. Methods Funct. Theory13(2013), 479–492].
ABSTRACTIONIST CATEGORIES OF CATEGORIES
Authors: LOGAN SHAY ALLEN
Published: July 2015

If${\cal C}$is a category whose objects are themselves categories, and${\cal C}$has a rich enough structure, it is known that we can recover the internal structure of thecategoriesin${\cal C}$entirely in terms of thearrowsin${\cal C}$. In this sense, the internal structure of the categories in a rich enough category of categories is visible in the structure of the category of categories itself.

In this paper, we demonstrate that this result follows as a matter of logic – given one starts from the right definitions. This is demonstrated by first producing an abstraction principle whose abstracts are functors, and then actually recovering the internal structure of the individual categories that intuitively stand at the sources and targets of these functors by examining the way these functors interact. The technique used in this construction will be useful elsewhere, and involves providing an abstract corresponding not to everyobjectof some given family, but to all the relevantmappingsof some family of objects.

This construction should settle, in particular, questions about whether categories of categories qualify asautonomousmathematical objects – categories of categories are perfectly acceptable autonomous objects and thus, in particular, suitable for foundational purposes.
First record of brachyuran crab Heteropanope glabra Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pilumnidae) from India
Authors: Trivedi Jigneshkumar N. , Soni Gunjan M. , Vachhrajani Kauresh D.
Published: July 2015

Heteropanope glabraStimpson, 1858 belonging to family Pilumnidae is reported for the first time from the mangrove mudflats of India. The identification of the species is difficult because the species shares similar morphological characters with other closely related species likeBenthopanope indica(De Man, 1887). Studies in the past have reported the presence ofH. glabrafrom coastal areas of Burma to Japan. The present study reports the presence ofH. glabraon the western coast of India, which lies outside the old distribution range of the species.
Temporal Variation in Rates of Multiple Maternities in Denmark, 1850–2012
Authors: Fellman Johan
Published: July 2015

In this study, the temporal trends in the rates of multiple maternities in Denmark were analyzed and an association between the rates of multiple maternities and the socioeconomic variations in Denmark was obtained. The findings are compared with the results obtained in studies of Swedish rates. Obtained temporal differences in the twinning rates (TWRs) were similar to the results presented by Fellman and Eriksson (2014). Temporal variation in rates of multiple maternities in Sweden (1751–2000). JP Journal of Biostatistics, 11, 2, 143–156.
Long-Traveled Spacecraft Buzzes Pluto in Close Flyby
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2015

Successful flyby of Pluto completes the first era of planetary reconnaissance, NASA Administrator Charles Bolden says.
Shear stress regulates endothelial cell autophagy via redox regulation and Sirt1 expression
Authors: Liu J , Bi X , Chen T , Zhang Q , Wang S-X , Chiu J-J , Liu G-S , Zhang Y , Bu P , Jiang F
Published: July 2015

Disturbed cell autophagy is found in various cardiovascular disease conditions. Biomechanical stimuli induced by laminar blood flow have important protective actions against the development of various vascular diseases. However, the impacts and underlying mechanisms of shear stress on the autophagic process in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are not entirely understood. Here we investigated the impacts of shear stress on autophagy in human vascular ECs. We found that shear stress induced by laminar flow, but not that by oscillatory or low-magnitude flow, promoted autophagy. Time-course analysis and flow cessation experiments confirmed that this effect was not a transient adaptive stress response but appeared to be a sustained physiological action. Flow had no effect on the mammalian target of rapamycin-ULK pathway, whereas it significantly upregulated Sirt1 expression. Inhibition of Sirt1 blunted shear stress-induced autophagy. Overexpression of wild-type Sirt1, but not the deacetylase-dead mutant, was sufficient to induce autophagy in ECs. Using both of gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we showed that Sirt1-dependent activation of FoxO1 was critical in mediating shear stress-induced autophagy. Shear stress also induced deacetylation of Atg5 and Atg7. Moreover, shear stress-induced Sirt1 expression and autophagy were redox dependent, whereas Sirt1 might act as a redox-sensitive transducer mediating reactive oxygen species-elicited autophagy. Functionally, we demonstrated that flow-conditioned cells are more resistant to oxidant-induced cell injury, and this cytoprotective effect was abolished after inhibition of autophagy. In summary, these results suggest that Sirt1-mediated autophagy in ECs may be a novel mechanism by which laminar flow produces its vascular-protective actions.
Interneuron- and GABAA receptor-specific inhibitory synaptic plasticity in cerebellar Purkinje cells
Authors: He Qionger , Duguid Ian , Clark Beverley , Panzanelli Patrizia , Patel Bijal , Thomas Philip , Fritschy Jean-Marc , Smart Trevor G.
Published: July 2015

Inhibitory synaptic plasticity is important for shaping both neuronal excitability and network activity. Here we investigate the input and GABAA receptor subunit specificity of inhibitory synaptic plasticity by studying cerebellar interneuron–Purkinje cell (PC) synapses. Depolarizing PCs initiated a long-lasting increase in GABA-mediated synaptic currents. By stimulating individual interneurons, this plasticity was observed at somatodendritic basket cell synapses, but not at distal dendritic stellate cell synapses. Basket cell synapses predominantly express β2-subunit-containing GABAA receptors; deletion of the β2-subunit ablates this plasticity, demonstrating its reliance on GABAA receptor subunit composition. The increase in synaptic currents is dependent upon an increase in newly synthesized cell surface synaptic GABAA receptors and is abolished by preventing CaMKII phosphorylation of GABAA receptors. Our results reveal a novel GABAA receptor subunit- and input-specific form of inhibitory synaptic plasticity that regulates the temporal firing pattern of the principal output cells of the cerebellum.
Deactivation of excitatory neurons in the prelimbic cortex via Cdk5 promotes pain sensation and anxiety
Authors: Wang Guo-Qiang , Cen Cheng , Li Chong , Cao Shuai , Wang Ning , Zhou Zheng , Liu Xue-Mei , Xu Yu , Tian Na-Xi , Zhang Ying , Wang Jun , Wang Li-Ping , Wang Yun
Published: July 2015

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is implicated in processing sensory-discriminative and affective pain. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a role for excitatory neurons in the prelimbic cortex (PL), a sub-region of mPFC, in the regulation of pain sensation and anxiety-like behaviours. Using a chronic inflammatory pain model, we show that lesion of the PL contralateral but not ipsilateral to the inflamed paw attenuates hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behaviours in rats. Optogenetic activation of contralateral PL excitatory neurons exerts analgesic and anxiolytic effects in mice subjected to chronic pain, whereas inhibition is anxiogenic in naive mice. The intrinsic excitability of contralateral PL excitatory neurons is decreased in chronic pain rats; knocking down cyclin-dependent kinase 5 reverses this deactivation and alleviates behavioural impairments. Together, our findings provide novel insights into the role of PL excitatory neurons in the regulation of sensory and affective pain.
Determination of band alignment in the single-layer MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction
Authors: Chiu Ming-Hui , Zhang Chendong , Shiu Hung-Wei , Chuu Chih-Piao , Chen Chang-Hsiao , Chang Chih-Yuan S. , Chen Chia-Hao , Chou Mei-Yin , Shih Chih-Kang , Li Lain-Jong
Published: July 2015

The emergence of two-dimensional electronic materials has stimulated proposals of novel electronic and photonic devices based on the heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides. Here we report the determination of band offsets in the heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides by using microbeam X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy/spectroscopy. We determine a type-II alignment between MoS2 and WSe2 with a valence band offset value of 0.83 eV and a conduction band offset of 0.76 eV. First-principles calculations show that in this heterostructure with dissimilar chalcogen atoms, the electronic structures of WSe2 and MoS2 are well retained in their respective layers due to a weak interlayer coupling. Moreover, a valence band offset of 0.94 eV is obtained from density functional theory, consistent with the experimental determination.
Parallel circuits control temperature preference in Drosophila during ageing
Authors: Shih Hsiang-Wen , Wu Chia-Lin , Chang Sue-Wei , Liu Tsung-Ho , Sih-Yu Lai Jason , Fu Tsai-Feng , Fu Chien-Chung , Chiang Ann-Shyn
Published: July 2015

The detection of environmental temperature and regulation of body temperature are integral determinants of behaviour for all animals. These functions become less efficient in aged animals, particularly during exposure to cold environments, yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we identify an age-related change in the temperature preference of adult fruit flies that results from a shift in the relative contributions of two parallel mushroom body (MB) circuits—the β′- and β-systems. The β′-circuit primarily controls cold avoidance through dopamine signalling in young flies, whereas the β-circuit increasingly contributes to cold avoidance as adult flies age. Elevating dopamine levels in β′-afferent neurons of aged flies restores cold sensitivity, suggesting that the alteration of cold avoidance behaviour with ageing is functionally reversible. These results provide a framework for investigating how molecules and individual neural circuits modulate homeostatic alterations during the course of senescence.
Towards tailored and targeted adherence assessment to optimise asthma management
Authors: van Boven Job FM , Trappenburg Jaap CA , van der Molen Thys , Chavannes Niels H
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we aim to emphasise the need for a more comprehensive and tailored approach to manage the broad nature of non-adherence, to personalise current asthma management. Although currently several methods are available to measure the extent of asthma patients’ adherence, the vast majority do not incorporate confirmation of the actual inhalation, dose and inhalation technique. Moreover, most current measures lack detailed information on the individual consequences of non-adherence and on when and how to take action if non-adherence is identified. Notably, one has to realise there are several forms of non-adherence (erratic non-adherence, intelligent non-adherence and unwitting non-adherence), each requiring a different approach. To improve asthma management, more accurate methods are needed that integrate measures of non-adherence, asthma disease control and patient preferences. Integrating information from the latest inhaler devices and patient-reported outcomes using mobile monitoring- and feedback systems (‘mHealth’) is considered a promising strategy, but requires careful implementation. Key issues to be considered before large-scale implementation include patient preferences, large heterogeneity in patient and disease characteristics, economic consequences, and long-term persistence with new digital technologies.
Prevalence of asthma–COPD overlap syndrome among primary care asthmatics with a smoking history: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Kiljander Toni , Helin Timo , Venho Kari , Jaakkola Antero , Lehtimäki Lauri
Published: July 2015

Background:

The overlap between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important clinical phenomenon. However, the prevalence of asthma–COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) is not known.

Aims:

To investigate the prevalence of ACOS among asthmatic patients with a smoking history, and evaluate the factors predicting ACOS in this patient group.

Methods:

We investigated 190 primary care asthma patients with no previous diagnosis of COPD, but who were either current or ex-smokers, with a smoking history of at least 10 pack-years. Spirometry was performed on all the patients while they were taking their normal asthma medication. Patients were considered to have ACOS if their postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity was <0.70.

Results:

Fifty-two (27.4%) of the patients were found to have ACOS. Age ⩾60 years and smoking for ⩾20 pack-years were the best predictors of ACOS. If both of these criteria were met, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for ACOS was 6.08 (2.11–17.49), compared with the situation where neither of these criteria were fulfilled.

Conclusions:

There is a high prevalence of ACOS among primary health care asthmatics with a positive smoking history but no previous diagnosis of COPD. In this population, age over 60 years and a smoking history of more than 20 pack-years were the best predictors of ACOS.
The mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 1 gene GhmMDH1 is involved in plant and root growth under phosphorus deficiency conditions in cotton
Authors: Wang Zhi-An , Li Qing , Ge Xiao-Yang , Yang Chun-Lin , Luo Xiao-Li , Zhang An-Hong , Xiao Juan-Li , Tian Ying-Chuan , Xia Gui-Xian , Chen Xiao-Ying , Li Fu-Guang , Wu Jia-He
Published: July 2015

Cotton, an important commercial crop, is cultivated for its natural fibers and requires an adequate supply of soil nutrients, including phosphorus, for its growth. Soil phosporus exists primarily in insoluble forms. We isolated a mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH) gene, designated as GhmMDH1, from Gossypium hirsutum L. to assess its effect in enhancing P availability and absorption. An enzyme kinetic assay showed that the recombinant GhmMDH1 possesses the capacity to catalyze the interconversion of oxaloacetate and malate. The malate contents in the roots, leaves and root exudates was significantly higher in GhmMDH1-overexpressing plants and lower in knockdown plants compared with the wild-type control. Knockdown of GhmMDH1 gene resulted in increased respiration rate and reduced biomass whilst overexpression of GhmMDH1 gave rise to decreased respiration rate and higher biomass in the transgenic plants. When cultured in medium containing only insoluble phosphorus, Al-phosphorus, Fe-phosphorus, or Ca-phosphorus, GhmMDH1-overexpressing plants produced significantly longer roots and had a higher biomass and P content than WT plants, however, knockdown plants showed the opposite results for these traits. Collectively, our results show that GhmMDH1 is involved in plant and root growth under phosphorus deficiency conditions in cotton, owing to its functions in leaf respiration and P acquisition.