bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Positive associations with native shrubs are intense and important for an exotic invader but not the native annual community across an aridity gradient
Authors: Lucero Jacob E. , Seifan Merav , Callaway Ragan M. , Lortie Christopher J.
Published: June 2020

Aim and Location

Positive interactions influence the assembly of plant communities globally, particularly in stressful environments such as deserts. However, few studies have measured the intensity and relative importance of positive interactions involving native and invasive species along aridity gradients. These measures are essential for predicting how dryland communities will respond to biological invasions and environmental change. Here, we measured the intensity and importance of positive associations formed between native shrubs and the annual plant community, which included highly invasive Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (“B. rubens”) and native neighbours, along an aridity gradient across the Mojave and San Joaquin Deserts.

Methods

Along the gradient, we sampled metrics of abundance and performance for invasive B. rubens, native annual species (pooled), exotic annual species (pooled) and all annual species (pooled) during peak flowering at 120 pairs of shrub and open microsites.

Results

Across the gradient, B. rubens occurred at far greater abundance, cover, biomass and fitness near shrubs than away from shrubs. When Larrea tridentata was the focal shrub, positive effects on B. rubens abundance and cover were least intense at the most arid sites under the shortest shrubs. The native annual community occurred at greater abundance, cover and species richness away from shrubs, regardless of relative aridity or shrub traits. Community‐level species richness was greatest away from shrubs, but exotic species richness was similar in shrub and open microsites.

Main conclusions

Across two deserts, B. rubens formed intense and important positive associations with native shrubs that consistently improved its abundance, cover, biomass and fitness, and for abundance and cover, the intensity of B. rubens–L. tridentata associations depended upon relative aridity and shrub height. By strongly facilitating a dominant invader but not native‐ or community‐level biodiversity, native shrubs provided the wrong kind of help to the annual plant community.
The Effect of Exporting on Creative Destruction and a Plant's Average Product Characteristics in Japan and Korea
Authors: Hahn Chin Hee , Ito Keiko
Published: June 2020

This paper examines whether exporting activity contributes to the promotion of creative destruction and the upgrading of a plant's product portfolio. We first present evidence that exporters tend to produce, on average, products with higher attributes than non‐exporters. Next, we find evidence that exporting improves a plant's average product attributes, utilizing the propensity score difference‐in‐difference matching technique. Further examination of the mechanism reveals that the positive effect of exporting on a plant's average product attributes is more likely to be realized through its effect of adding higher‐attribute products, a key feature of creative destruction within a firm, rather than through share changes among continuously produced products. The results suggest that exporting might have contributed to the sustained economic growth of Japan and Korea by promoting creative destruction
Revisiting the history of ideas: A forgotten resource for historians of geography
Authors: Bruinsma Mette
Published: June 2020

In this paper I revisit the mid‐twentieth century body of literature founding the field of the history of ideas, emphasising the work of Arthur Lovejoy (1873–1962). This branch of intellectual history is often overshadowed by both the history of knowledge and the history of science. I will argue that the history of ideas is valuable to any historian of geography, even though some of its key arguments are justly criticised and rejected. Subsequently, I will reflect on recent examples of how histories of geography have been written and the role of geographers within a “spatial turn” taken by intellectual history. These elements will then be connected to the history of ideas, explaining why this field might be valuable to disciplinary historians, and brief reference will be made to the most explicit borrowing from this field by “idealist human geography.” The central argument is that a Lovejoyian history of ideas has contributed to the inclusion of and emphasis on certain non‐elitist voices in academia and the crossing of boundaries between disciplines, language areas and countries. Although certain epistemological aspects of this field might not withstand criticism, other aspects of what it has achieved might still be worth revisiting.
Long‐term safety and efficacy results from the phase 3b, open‐label, multicentre Continuation study of rurioctocog alfa pegol for prophylaxis in previously treated patients with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Chowdary Pratima , Mullins Eric S. , Konkle Barbara A. , McGuinn Catherine , Park Young Shil , Stasyshyn Oleksandra , Zulfikar Bülent , Engl Werner , Tangada Srilatha
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Previous studies reported the efficacy and safety profile of extended half‐life PEGylated recombinant factor VIII (FVIII) rurioctocog alfa pegol (TAK‐660, SHP660, BAX 855) in preventing bleeding in haemophilia A patients.

Aim

This study evaluated long‐term safety and efficacy of rurioctocog alfa pegol for prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding in previously treated children and adults.

Methods

In this phase 3b, prospective, open‐label, multicentre study (NCT01945593), eligible patients ≤ 75 years with severe haemophilia A (FVIII < 1%) received prophylactic rurioctocog alfa pegol in a fixed dose (FD, twice‐weekly or less frequent) or pharmacokinetic (PK)‐tailored dose regimen. Co‐primary endpoints were incidence of confirmed FVIII inhibitory antibody development and spontaneous annualized bleed rate (ABR), analysed using a generalised linear model. Secondary endpoints included overall haemostatic efficacy, occurrence of adverse events and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).

Results

Overall, 216 patients were included; mean (SD) age at enrolment was 22.8 (15.7) years. No patients developed confirmed FVIII inhibitors. The point estimate (95% CI) of mean spontaneous ABR was 1.20 (0.92‐1.56) among 186 patients receiving twice‐weekly FD prophylaxis and 0.96 (0.54‐1.71) among 25 patients receiving PK‐tailored prophylaxis. Overall haemostatic efficacy was rated good or excellent in 88.6% of all bleeds. No new safety signals were observed. Patients reported improvements in HRQoL measures of pain, and physical and mental well‐being.

Conclusion

These results highlight the long‐term safety and efficacy of rurioctocog alfa pegol prophylaxis in previously treated children and adults with severe haemophilia A, with a safety profile similar to previous studies and continuing ABR reduction.
Factors affecting infant toy preferences: Age, gender, experience, motor development, and parental attitude
Authors: Liu Liquan , Escudero Paola , Quattropani Christina , Robbins Rachel A.
Published: June 2020

In contrast to the anecdotal claim that “male infants like cars and female infants like dolls,” previous studies have reported mixed findings for gender‐related toy preferences in infancy. In Experiment 1, we explored the emergence of gender‐related preferences using face–car pairs (Experiment 1a, n = 51, 6–20 months) or face–stove pairs (Experiment 1b, n = 54, 6–20 months). In Experiment 2 (n = 42, 14–16 months), we explore the effect of toy properties, infants' past toy exposure, activity levels, and parental attitudes on such preferences using a wider range of toys. For both studies, infants demonstrated a general preference for faced stimuli over other objects, except for male infants who showed no preference between dolls and cars at around 15 months. Infants' prior experience participating in motor‐intensive activities, with wheeled toys and parental attitudes appeared to relate to female infants' preferences for dynamic toys. These results indicate a range of factors influence gendered toy preferences and suggest that nurture plays an important role.
On the relative importance of ecology and geographic isolation as drivers for differentiation of call types of red crossbill Loxia curvirostra in the Palearctic
Authors: Martin Ralph , Rochefort Julien , Mundry Roger , Segelbacher Gernot
Published: June 2020

Efforts to understand the process of speciation have been central to the research of biologists since the origin of evolutionary biology as a discipline. While it is well established that geographic isolation has played a key role in many speciation events, particularly in birds, there is ongoing debate about how frequent speciation is in the partial or complete absence of geographical isolation. In the red crossbill Loxia curvirostra, good arguments do exist for sympatric speciation processes. In this species, several classes of calls are clustered in distinct groups, so‐called ‘call types', which mate assortatively. Often, several call types can be found at a single site, breeding and feeding next to each other. It has been hypothesized that red crossbill call types evolved by specialising in extracting seeds from cones of different conifer species. Alternatively, call types might have evolved in temporal geographic isolation. Within Europe, little is known about the distribution of the various call types and preferences for distinct food resources. In this study, we analysed the temporal and spatial occurrence of red crossbill call types in the Palearctic, investigated potential reasons for call‐type composition at a site, and compared the occurrence of call types with the fructification of conifers. Call‐type composition changed with site and season but hardly with conifer species. With our data, we could localise range areas of twelve different call types, which cannot be explained by conifer species occurrence. Therefore, we suggest that call types evolved in parapatry in most of the northern Palearctic region, and, although contradictory results exist from Iberia, we argue that differentiation might be driven by the same drivers there as well. Additionally, we discuss the potential influence of anthropogenic changes of forest composition and distribution on call types, which offers a unique possibility for future studies.
Salvianic acid A alleviates chronic alcoholic liver disease by inhibiting HMGB1 translocation via down‐regulating BRD4
Authors: Lan Yanwen , Yan Ran , Shan Wen , Chu Junyi , Sun Ruimin , Wang Ruiwen , Zhao Yan , Wang Zhanyu , Zhang Ning , Yao Jihong
Published: June 2020

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the major cause of chronic liver disease and a global health concern. ALD pathogenesis is initiated with liver steatosis, and ALD can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Salvianic acid A (SAA) is a phenolic acid component of Danshen, a Chinese herbal medicine with possible hepatoprotective properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SAA on chronic alcoholic liver injury and its molecular mechanism. We found that SAA significantly inhibited alcohol‐induced liver injury and ameliorated ethanol‐induced hepatic inflammation. These protective effects of SAA were likely carried out through its suppression of the BRD4/HMGB1 signalling pathway, because SAA treatment largely diminished alcohol‐induced BRD4 expression and HMGB1 nuclear translocation and release. Importantly, BRD4 knockdown prevented ethanol‐induced HMGB1 release and inflammatory cytokine production in AML‐12 cells. Similarly, alcohol‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines were blocked by HMGB1 siRNA. Collectively, our results reveal that activation of the BRD4/HMGB1 pathway is involved in ALD pathogenesis. Therefore, manipulation of the BRD4/HMGB1 pathway through strategies such as SAA treatment holds great therapeutic potential for chronic alcoholic liver disease therapy.
Expression of PD‐1 and Tim‐3 is increased in skin of patients with bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Ernst N. , Friedrich M. , Bieber K. , Kasperkiewicz M. , Gross N. , Sadik C.D. , Zillikens D. , Schmidt E. , Ludwig R.J. , Hartmann K.
Published: June 2020

Background

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) are common autoimmune bullous dermatoses (AIBD) characterized by blisters and erosions. Treatment options are limited and often insufficient. Immune checkpoint receptors play critical roles in immune homoeostasis and self‐ tolerance. Targeting checkpoint receptors is highly efficient in treatment of various cancers, but often also associated with autoimmune side effects.

Objectives

We therefore aimed to investigate the expression of immune checkpoint receptors in patients with BP and PV.

Methods

We analysed expression of the checkpoint receptors programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1), T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim‐3) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (Lag‐3) in lesional skin of patients with BP and PV compared to healthy control skin as well as the expression patterns of PD‐1 and Tim‐3 on various infiltrating immune cells in skin sections of AIBD by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. We also measured serum levels of soluble PD‐1, Tim‐3 and Lag‐3 in AIBD patients by ELISA.

Results

We report on increased expression of PD‐1 and Tim‐3, but not Lag‐3, in lesional skin of patients with BP and PV. Investigating the expression pattern of PD‐1 and Tim‐3 on different cutaneous immune cells, we observed significant upregulation of PD‐1 predominantly on infiltrating CD8 T cells and upregulation of Tim‐3 on CD8 T cells as well as macrophages.

Conclusions

Our results suggest exploring immune checkpoint receptors as novel therapeutic targets using an agonistic approach in autoimmune bullous diseases.
Effects of gingival margin asymmetries on the smile esthetic perception of dental professionals and lay people
Authors: Koseoglu Merve , Bayindir Funda
Published: June 2020

Objective

To determine the effects of different gingival margin asymmetries of anterior tooth on the smile esthetic perceptions of dentists, prosthodontists, periodontists and lay people.

Materials and methods

A frontal close‐up smile photo of a woman was used in this study. Image was digitally altered in order to create gingival margin asymmetries in left maxillary central, lateral incisors, and canines. Four stages of alterations were made in 0.5 mm increments. The final images were randomly assessed by 240 evaluators: 60 dentists, 60 prosthodontists, 60 periodontists, and 60 lay people. Questionnaire was carried out by a single researcher and each rater was asked to evaluate the attractiveness of the smile images by using the visual analog scale. Collected data were analyzed by using one‐way ANOVA test with post hoc Scheffé test.

Results

Smiles with 0.5 mm gingival margin asymmetries were found to be more esthetic, while 2 mm gingival asymmetries were less esthetic (P ˂ .001). Lay people's esthetic scores were higher than other groups in all degrees of asymmetries (P ˂ .001). Esthetic scores of canine teeth were higher than, lateral, and central teeth (P ˂ .001).

Conclusions

As the amount of asymmetries increased, esthetic scores decreased in all groups. Gingival margin asymmetries were less perceptible laterally.

Clinical significance

This study may help dental professionals to understand which gingival asymmetries are found by patients as esthetic or unesthetic and guides them in their dental treatment, especially in the aesthetic zone.
Flood hazard analysis in small catchments: Comparison of hydrological and hydrodynamic approaches by the use of direct rainfall
Authors: David Amrei , Schmalz Britta
Published: June 2020

The classical ‘decoupled’ approach for fluvial flooding makes use of hydrographs as input boundary conditions. The catchment hydrology is determined by empirical semi‐distributed rainfall–runoff models, the flood processes by the use of hydrodynamic models. However, for urban floods, the distributed rainfall is set directly as input (‘direct rainfall modelling’ – DRM) to the elements of the 2D model. This ‘integrated approach’ aims to include hydrological and hydraulic processes in one single model. In this study, both modelling approaches are applied and evaluated for their suitability to determine flood hazards in small, rural catchments. The resulting flood maps and flow hydrographs are compared for selected rainfall–runoff events in a catchment located in Central Germany. In the first approach, the hydrological model (HEC‐HMS) from the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) is used to generate the inflow boundary hydrographs for the 2D model (HEC‐RAS), which is then used to simulate the flow variables for the river network and its floodplains. For the second approach, the DRM is applied over the whole catchment by the use of HEC‐RAS. Special focus is given for the integrated approach to the difficulties occurring during the model optimisation and calibration. The comparison of the results and modelling processes of both approaches give insights into the advantages, disadvantages and difficulties or limitations of each presented approach.
Early chronotype with advanced activity rhythms and dim light melatonin onset in a rural population
Authors: Ruiz Francieli S. , Beijamini Felipe , Beale Andrew D. , Gonçalves Bruno da Silva B. , Vartanian Daniel , Taporoski Tâmara P. , Middleton Benita , Krieger José E. , Vallada Homero , Arendt Josephine , Pereira Alexandre C. , Knutson Kristen L. , Pedrazzoli Mario , von Schantz Malcolm
Published: June 2020

Studying communities at different stages of urbanisation and industrialisation can teach us how timing and intensity of light affect the circadian clock under real‐life conditions. We have previously described a strong tendency towards morningness in the Baependi Heart Study, located in a small rural town in Brazil. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this morningness tendency is associated with early circadian phase based on objective measurements (as determined by dim light melatonin onset, DLMO, and activity) and light exposure. We also analysed how well the previously collected chronotype questionnaire data were able to predict these DLMO values. The average DLMO observed in 73 participants (40 female) was 20:03 ± 01:21, SD, with an earlier average onset in men (19:38 ± 01:16) than in women (20:24 ± 01:21; P ≤ .01). However, men presented larger phase angle between DLMO and sleep onset time as measured by actigraphy (4.11 hours vs 3.16 hours; P ≤ .01). Correlational analysis indicated associations between light exposure, activity rhythms and DLMO, such that early DLMO was observed in participants with higher exposure to light, higher activity and earlier light exposure. The strongest significant predictor of DLMO was morningness‐eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) (beta=−0.35, P ≤ .05), followed by age (beta = −0.47, P ≤ .01). Sex, light exposure and variables derived from the Munich chronotype questionnaire were not significant predictors. Our observations demonstrate that both early sleep patterns and earlier circadian phase have been retained in this small rural town in spite of availability of electrification, in contrast to metropolitan postindustrial areas.
A sibling's narrative of recovery from addiction trauma and loss in the family
Authors:   Wounded Healer,   Mythology Reader
Published: June 2020

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Addiction has a devastating impact in the lives of millions of people worldwide. Siblings constitute a hidden population.

Siblings' attitudes to addiction in the family vary widely from overinvolvement to disengagement among different individuals and across time‐line points during the long history of addiction. Female siblings report more negative feelings and attitudes towards drugs and alcohol.

Previous research has described the process of a sibling's substance abuse through the eyes of a co‐sibling but did not focus on how co‐siblings are affected personally.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Addiction can have a damaging traumatic impact on female siblings which is enhanced by social and self‐stigmatizing processes related to the “code of silence.” The anxiety provoking secret may devour the ability to communicate and connect with other members of their family and community if selective revelation proves to be unsuccessful.

Ambiguous loss can occur when one's sibling abuses substances, as the sibling may be physically present yet be psychologically absent in terms of the co‐sibling (and the family). Ambiguous loss is connected to the lack of understanding of the real impact of addiction on a sibling's personal development.

Addiction constitutes a family trauma which may severely shake the siblings' beliefs and values and undermine their self‐esteem, security and trust in life and the future. Lack of focus on a sibling's feelings during addiction may severely impact on his/her psychological health and identity development.

Implications for practice

Understanding the experience of siblings may help health and social care professionals to develop compassion, patience and empathy towards family members of persons with addictions. Mental health nurses need to be aware of the devastating impact of addiction on all family members in order to validate their experiences and support them in recovering from trauma and loss in the family.

Due to the current context of addiction services i.e. individualized approaches and limited resources, organizations should consider the need to provide effective clinical supervision to young mental health professionals at an individual, group or multidisciplinary level.
Pathways to enhanced lake integrity: A Framework to assess the effectiveness of local lake associations
Authors: Fitchett Leah L. , Sorice Michael G. , Cobourn Kelly M. , Boyle Kevin J. , Klug Jennifer L. , Weathers Kathleen C.
Published: June 2020

The promise of collaborative governance is to implement policies that address uncertain and multi‐scale environmental problems while also allowing local social systems to successfully adapt. The success of such efforts is contingent on the capacity of community‐based institutions such as lake associations to effect change. These organizations encapsulate the values communities hold for lakes and their catchments and can play a central role in managing the integrity of lakes’ freshwater resources. To this end, we develop a framework to delineate the pathways lake associations can take to contribute to the management of lakes and their catchments. We suggest the cornerstones of effective engagement in collaborative governance are the goals the organization sets for itself (mission), the capital that can be mobilized by the organization (capacity) and the activities the organization undertakes (actions). We propose measurable indicators for each component and suggest how the framework can be used to assess contributions of lake associations to multi‐scale governance. Finally, we suggest how this framework can be integrated with ecological monitoring frameworks as part of a long term social‐ecological research and monitoring program.
Patristic and Early Christian Biblical Exegesis: A New Tool for Historians, Theologians, and Philosophers
Authors: Pomeroy Samuel
Published: June 2020

The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Biblical Interpretation (2019) should be viewed as a definitive new tool for understanding the contextual concerns, literary genres, and shifting ideological principles that generated Early Christian biblical exegesis. This review essay explains why the new Handbook is distinct among tools of its kind, and highlights some of its major benefits for encountering and engaging the ancient resources of Christian theologies on their own terms. This collection of essays may be fruitfully used to nuance and expand contemporary trends in hermeneutical and analytic theology (This research is made possible by Research Foundation – Flanders [F.W.O.]).
Clonal integration enhances performance of an invasive grass
Authors: Estrada James A. , Wilson Chris H. , Flory S. Luke
Published: June 2020

While many clonal plants are highly successful invaders, the contribution of clonal integration (i.e. the translocation of resources among ramets) to invasion is often unknown. We used model simulations to ask if clonal integration would facilitate photosynthate translocation, if the performance of daughter ramets might be enhanced by clonal integration, and if shaded ramets benefited relatively more from transferred photosynthate. Then, to test if photosynthate translocation augmented performance of emerging daughter ramets for a globally invasive grass (Imperata cylindrica), we combined a 13CO2 pulse‐chase experiment with a greenhouse experiment manipulating light levels and rhizome attachment. We found that acropetal photosynthate transfer occurred between all sampled parent–daughter ramet pairs and that this resource sharing led to higher biomass and tiller production when rhizomes between parent and daughter ramets were intact. We also found that the benefits of integration to recipient clones outweighed the costs to donors, since there was no reduction in parent plant performance due to sharing. Additionally, our data analyses show that photosynthate transfer was likely of greater benefit in overcoming growth constraints in shade than in full sun (posterior probability ~96.5%), a result that is further supported by our numerical simulations from a basic growth model. Thus, resource sharing among clonal plants may be a critical but underappreciated trait of invasive species. More generally, photosynthate transfer is a probable mechanism that explains why clonal integration can be particularly beneficial in heterogeneous resource environments.
Selective disappearance of frail juveniles: consequences for understanding social dominance in adult male elephant seals
Authors: Lloyd Kyle J. , Oosthuizen W. Chris , Fay Rémi , Bester Marthán N. , Nico de Bruyn P. J.
Published: June 2020

Individual heterogeneity is variation in trait expression observed among individuals of a population. Individual heterogeneity in the pre‐breeder stage of development is of importance given its eventual contribution to the breeding population's overall reproductive performance. Yet most studies do not consider the role of individual heterogeneity in pre‐breeders when investigating population processes. We investigated individual heterogeneity in the survival and recruitment probabilities of pre‐breeding male southern elephant sealsMirounga leoninausing 34 years of data collected at Marion Island. Elephant seals are highly polygynous capital breeders, with few male offspring surviving to compete in breeding events and even fewer breeding successfully. Specifically, we fitted finite‐mixture models with two hidden groups that represented ‘robust’ and ‘frail’ individuals and compared the demographic rates of these groups to that of the population. Survival and recruitment as first‐time subordinate breeders could be distinguished between groups. Survival of both robust and frail pre‐breeders decreased from age 2, whilst differences between groups were maintained (ontogeny processes). Frail pre‐breeders had a much lower survival than the population average, suggesting that frail individuals were preferentially removed from the population (selective disappearance). Differences in recruitment probabilities were apparent from age 5 (earliest recorded age) and increased until age 7, with most recruits comprising robust pre‐breeders. Male pre‐breeders were more likely to be robust at age 2 when born in years with few conspecifics, suggesting that individual heterogeneity was determined, in part, by density‐dependent effects. A population projection model revealed that male breeders of every age class never consisted of more than 5% of frail recruits. Rather, the breeding population increasingly consisted of robust recruits that obtained social dominance with age. We demonstrated that individual heterogeneity in male pre‐breeder demographic rates was present and persistent throughout much of development and determined the proportion of adult males that obtained social dominance.
Promoting dietary awareness: Home‐dwelling older adults’ perspectives on using a nutrition application
Authors: Aure Caroline Farsjø , Kluge Anders , Moen Anne
Published: June 2020

Aims and objectives

This study investigated older adults’ experiences of using the Appetitus app with support from healthcare professionals.

Background

Good nutrition status is important for good health when ageing. However, as undernutrition remains a prevalent and persistent problem among older adults, the study explored whether technology affords innovative support for nutritional self‐care among older adults.

Design

The study was explorative and qualitative in approach.

Methods

Appetitus was developed as a tablet‐based application to prevent and alleviate undernutrition among older adults. Eighteen home‐dwelling older adults used the app for 8 weeks. Older adults received home care, and local healthcare professionals introduced the app and gave support during the study.

Results

Appetitus served as a source of inspiration and a reminder of available, relevant food options. Appetitus encouraged some participants to eat or drink more by the end of the day while others became more aware of selecting food options to ensure sufficient protein, energy and fluids. However, some participants made no active effort to change their diet despite feedback from the app that suggested they did not eat or drink enough. Technical support from healthcare professionals facilitated participants’ use of the app and tablet. Some participants also received more specific nutritional follow‐up that helped to make their experience of using the app more meaningful.

Conclusion

Older adults’ awareness about the importance of keeping a diet that helps prevent undernutrition was reinforced through the use of Appetitus and discussing nutrition with healthcare professionals.

Implication for practice

The findings affirm feasibility of using technology in nutritional interventions enhancing self‐care among older adults.
Expanding the phenotypes of congenital hemangiomas
Authors: Boix‐Vilanova Julian , Baselga Eulalia , Vera Angel , Gonzalez‐Hermosa Maria del Rosario , Azaña Jose Manuel , Martin‐Santiago Ana
Published: June 2020

Congenital hemangiomas (CH) are benign vascular tumors that are present at birth and do not stain for the marker Glut‐1. Herein, we describe five cases of CH with atypical presentations: 3 with late growth, 1 with slow involution, and 1 that partially involuted rapidly then manifested late growth.
Low genetic diversity and strong geographic structure in introduced populations of the Eucalyptus foliar pathogen Teratosphaeria destructans
Authors: Havenga Minette , Wingfield Brenda D. , Wingfield Michael J. , Dreyer Léanne L. , Roets Francois , Chen ShuaiFei , Aylward Janneke
Published: June 2020

The aggressive Eucalyptus leaf pathogen, Teratosphaeria destructans, causes widespread damage in tropical and subtropical Eucalyptus‐growing regions of Indonesia, China, Thailand, East Timor, Vietnam, Lao, and South Africa. Little is known regarding the origin, pathways of dispersal, or reproductive biology of this pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic structure of a global collection of T. destructans isolates. This was achieved by developing and using polymorphic microsatellite markers. Low genotypic diversity and a limited number of private alleles were found in all investigated populations, with the highest maximum diversity of 10.7% in isolates from South Sumatra. This supports the hypothesis that T. destructans was introduced to these regions. High levels of clonality were common in all populations, especially in isolates sampled from the recent disease outbreak in South Africa, which were all identical. The global collection of isolates grouped into three distinct clusters, corresponding largely to their sampled regions. Low levels of genotypic diversity, high levels of clonality, and strong geographic structure suggest independent introductions into all the sampled areas from an unknown source. The results imply that strict biosecurity measures are needed to avoid introductions of additional genotypes in these areas.
State anxiety reduces working memory capacity but does not impact filtering cost for neutral distracters
Authors: Ward Richard T. , Lotfi Salahadin , Sallmann Hannah , Lee Han‐Joo , Larson Christine L.
Published: June 2020

Current theories propose that anxiety adversely impacts working memory (WM) by restricting WM capacity and interfering with efficient filtering of task‐irrelevant information. The current study investigated the effect of shock‐induced state anxiety on WM capacity and the ability to filter task‐irrelevant neutral stimuli. We measured the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an event‐related potential that indexes the number of items maintained in WM, while participants completed a lateralized change detection task. The task included low and high WM loads, as well as a low load plus distracter condition. This design was used to assess WM capacity for low and high loads and investigate an individual's ability to filter neutral task‐irrelevant stimuli. Participants completed the task under two conditions, threat of shock and safe. We observed a reduced CDA in the threat compared to the safe condition that was specific for high memory load. However, we did not find any differences in CDA filtering cost between threat and safe conditions. In addition, we did not find any differences in behavioral performance between the threat and safe conditions. These findings suggest that being in an anxious state reduces the neural representation for large amounts of information in WM, but have little effect on the filtering of neutral distracters.
Sovereign Spaces: Mise‐en‐page and the Politics of English Royal Correspondence in the Sixteenth Century*
Authors: Sowerby Tracey A.
Published: June 2020

The layout of inter‐princely correspondence is an important, but overlooked, aspect of how early modern princes communicated and contested their relative status. While recent scholarship on material letters has illuminated social relations within European polities, the ways in which the mise‐en‐page of royal letters can be used to explore the relationships between rulers has been neglected. Focusing primarily on letters written to or by English monarchs of the sixteenth century, this article analyses the space on the page in order to demonstrate the way in which epistolary etiquette expressed hierarchies and could be used to claim status.
Do conscientious athletes value world peace? Personality traits and value preferences of young athletes and non‐athletes
Authors: Łubianka Beata , Filipiak Sara
Published: June 2020

The preferred values and personality traits of young athletes allow to predict their decisions in the sports context. Of 120 primary and junior high school students that were surveyed, including 60 students following an extended sports curriculum and 60 students following a standard curriculum. The athletes practiced soccer, basketball and swimming. The Picture‐Based Value Survey for Children based on Schwartz's theory of universal values and the Picture‐Based Personality Survey for Children predicated on the Big Five model of personality were used in this study. Regression analysis with an interaction effect of type of school program on relationships between values and personality traits was carried out. Effects were observed between the type of program and preference for Universalism and Conscientiousness and preference for Hedonism and Agreeableness. In athletes, Conscientiousness correlated positively with preference for Universalism. In non‐athletes, a positive correlation was found between Agreeableness and preference for Hedonism.
Depression and cognitive sequelae registered within the first year among young Danish TBI survivors
Authors: Ryttersgaard Trine Okkerstrøm , Riis Jens Østergaard , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Mogensen Poul Henning , Bjarkam Carsten Reidies
Published: June 2020

The aim of the study was to determine the proportion of depression and cognitive sequelae among young (15‐30 years) Danish TBI survivors referred to interdisciplinary evaluation through a nationwide government‐initiated health initiative. The cross‐sectional study is based on data from the “Danish register for young adults with acquired brain injury” on TBI survivors included from October 2013 to December 2016. The main measures were Major depression inventory, Trail making test A and B, Fluency, Word learning with selective reminding, Matrix reasoning, Coding and Glasgow outcome scale ‐ extended (GOS‐E). During the study period, 131 young TBI survivors were referred to one of five national outpatient clinics. Ninety‐six had complete data and of these 14.6% fulfilled the ICD‐10 diagnostic criteria for depression and 34.4% had cognitive sequelae. An association was found between depression and cognitive sequelae (p = 0.004). Patients with both depression and cognitive sequelae (n = 10) had a significantly lower mean score on GOS‐E (p = 0.0001). Depression and cognitive sequelae were frequent and associated with a poorer global functional outcome among young TBI survivors referred within a year after trauma. This finding and the notion that only 20% of the expected TBI population was referred to this nationwide health initiative indicate an unacknowledged need for interdisciplinary follow‐up.
Muscle contractile properties of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: Assessment of feasibility and exercise effects
Authors: Buffart Laurien M. , Sweegers Maike G. , de Ruijter Cornelis J. , Konings Inge R. , Verheul Henk M.W. , van Zweeden Annette A. , Grootscholten Cecile , Chinapaw Mai J. , Altenburg Teatske M.
Published: June 2020

Background

This pilot trial explores the feasibility of measuring muscle contractile properties in patients with cancer, effects of exercise during chemotherapy on muscle contractile properties and the association between changes in contractile muscle properties and perceived fatigue.

Method

Patients who received (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy for breast or colon cancer were randomized to a 9‐12 week exercise intervention or a waitlist‐control group. At baseline and follow‐up, we measured knee extensor strength using maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), contractile muscle properties of the quadriceps muscle using electrical stimulation, and perceived fatigue using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. Feasibility was assessed by the proportion of patients who successfully completed measurements of contractile muscle properties. Exercise effects on muscle contractile properties were explored using linear regression analyses. Between‐group differences >10% were considered potentially relevant. Pearson correlation (rp) of changes in contractile muscle properties and changes in perceived fatigue was calculated.

Results

Twenty two of 30 patients completed baseline and follow‐up assessments. Measurements of contractile properties were feasible except for muscle fatigability. We found a potentially relevant between‐group difference in the rate of force development favoring the intervention group (1192 N/s, 95% CI = −335; 2739). Change in rate of force development was negatively correlated with change in perceived general (rp = −0.54, P = .04) and physical (rp = −0.59, P = .02) fatigue.

Conclusion

Chemotherapy induces a decrease in the rate of force development, which may reflect a larger loss in type II muscle fibers. This may be attenuated with (resistance) exercise. The increase in the rate of force development was related to a decrease in perceived fatigue.
Treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in a 60‐year‐old kidney transplant recipient. The use of phage therapy
Authors: Rostkowska Olga Maria , Międzybrodzki Ryszard , Miszewska‐Szyszkowska Dorota , Górski Andrzej , Durlik Magdalena
Published: June 2020

We would like to demonstrate the difficulty of treatment in a patient after kidney transplantation (KTX) who developed chronic urinary tract infection (UTI) with a multi‐drug resistant ESBL‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. The patient underwent several treatment interventions including supportive therapy with bacteriophages. This article presents a case of a 60‐year‐old patient after KTX repeatedly admitted to the hospital with recurrent UTIs caused by ESBL‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae showing variable susceptibility to carbapenems and full susceptibility to colistin only. KTX was performed due to renal insufficiency caused by polycystic kidney disease. The patient experienced 12 severe episodes of UTI due to K pneumoniae within 15 months since transplantation. In an attempt to curb the ongoing infections, phage therapy (PT) was applied on the experimental basis, coordinated by the Phage Therapy Unit of the Hirszfeld Institute in Wroclaw, Poland. Eventually, the patient fully recovered following nephrectomy of his own left kidney where cysts were the suspected reservoir of bacteria. The patient completed 29 days of PT. PT caused no reported side effects in the described case of the KTX recipient, although its role in controlling chronic UTI caused by K pneumoniae is unclear. More studies are needed in the population of kidney transplant recipients.
Cataloguing the response by emergency veterinary hospitals during the COVID‐19 pandemic via weekly surveys
Authors: Wayne Annie S , Rozanski Elizabeth A
Published: June 2020

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic has presented veterinary emergency hospitals with unique challenges. Rapid online surveys represent an efficient way of collating responses to rapidly shifting circumstances.

Methods

Fifty, 24‐h small animal emergency veterinary hospital representatives were recruited to participate in weekly surveys in April 2020 to catalog changes due to COVID‐19 pandemic.

Key findings

The majority of emergency veterinary hospitals surveyed reported significant changes to day‐to‐day operations as a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Significance

Reporting of weekly survey results provides useful information on how emergency veterinary hospitals with similar challenges are responding to the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Dollarization in Sierra Leone: Evidence and Some Policy Options
Authors: TARAWALIE Abu Bakarr , JALLOH Amadu
Published: June 2020

This study aims to empirically investigate the determinants of dollarization in Sierra. It uses quarterly data from 1992Q1 to 2017Q4 and autoregressive distributed lag Bound Testing technique. Both the long and short run results revealed that inflation, exchange rate depreciation, financial deepening and war dummy were the main determinants of dollarization in Sierra Leone during the study period. The error correction term depicts that 53 percent of any disequilibrium in dollarization will be corrected within a year. A key policy recommendation is that policy makers should implement prudent policies that will ensure broader macroeconomic stability (including price stability and exchange rate stability) as a recipe for de-dollarization in Sierra Leone.
Continuidad en la atención del servicio urgencias. El caso del Hospital Regional Suroriental, Chinácota, Colombia
Authors: Jiménez Barbosa Wilson Giovanni , Galindo Buitrago José Israel , Puerta Restrepo Juliana , Ortega Suárez Deisy Yurley , Ortega Torres Sandra Johana , Buitrago Rojas Elizeth Katherine , Ascanio Meza Karina Andrea
Published: June 2020

Objetivo: determinar la continuidad en el servicio de urgencias de la Empresa Social del Estado (ESE) Hospital Regional Suroriental entre el 01 de junio de 2016 al 31 de junio del 2017. Métodos: investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, de corte transversal; población de 16.801 pacientes. Se usó variable dependiente la continuidad de la atención en el servicio de urgencias, con variables independientes como edad, genero, régimen de afiliación, mes de consulta, triaje y tiempo de estancia. Resultados: respecto al sexo, la mayor parte de consultantes al servicio eran hombres; respecto al grupo etario, niños entre 0-9 años; por afiliación al sistema de salud, pertenecían al régimen subsidiado; por clasificación de prioridad en la atención, triaje III. Respecto al egreso, la mayoría fueron dados de alta; los tiempos de permanencia fueron prolongados, con alta dispersión de los datos. Discusión: la continuidad de la atención en el servicio de urgencias se encuentra afectada por largos tiempos de estancia en el servicio, independientemente del triaje. Lo anterior denota posibles fallas en la calidad de la atención y pone en riesgo el bienestar y la vida de los usuarios.
Conhecimento de profissionais acerca da saúde oral na gestação: revisão integrativa
Authors: Rodrigues Bandeira Mirelle Varela , Macedo do Vale Tainá , Pinheiro Francimat Lílian , Bezerra dos Anjos Saiwori de Jesus Silva , Rodrigues Ferreira Júnio Antonio
Published: June 2020

Objetivo: Descrever o conhecimento de profissionais envolvidos com a realização do pré-natal de risco habitual (médico, enfermeiro e dentista) acerca da saúde oral na gestação. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura. A pesquisa bibliográfica ocorreu por meio da busca na Medline, Lilacs e SciELO no período de fevereiro e março de 2019. Utilizou-se a técnica PICO para formulação da questão norteadora e o checklist Prisma com vistas a extração e organização dos estudos, de forma que a seleção foi realizada independentemente por dois autores. A revisão foi direcionada para artigos originais que abordassem o conhecimento dos profissionais responsáveis pelo pré-natal acerca da saúde oral na gestação. Resultados: A busca resultou em doze artigos selecionados, que abrangeram diferentes categorias profissionais envolvidas no cuidado pré-natal. A categorização possibilitou a construção de três grandes áreas temáticas que subsidiaram a análise dos conhecimentos descritos: saúde oral na perspectiva da inclusão do acompanhamento odontológico no pré-natal; letramento em saúde oral e resultados adversos da gravidez; e fragilidades percebidas e soluções potenciais. Conclusão: Constataram-se limitações no conhecimento dos provedores do pré-natal quanto à relação entre saúde oral e gestação, o que reflete a necessidade de estudos, discussões e formação profissional sobre esta temática para o fortalecimento da interdisciplinaridade no cuidado pré-natal.
Parametric Analysis and Optimization of Leaning Angle in Torque Converters
Authors: Liu Cheng , Guo Meng , Yan Qingdong , Wei Wei , Wood Houston G.
Published: June 2020

Torque converters are durable fluid couplings that can provide output torque multiplication. Blade leaning angle represents the angular position of a blade chord with respect to its radial reference line, and it is an important blade variable regarding both hydrodynamic performance and manufacturability of a torque converter. In traditional design processes, blade leaning angles are often determined based on experiences of engineers; hence, this study proposed a design approach using the combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and optimization. Two CFD models were developed to design blade leaning angles. A steady-state periodic CFD model was employed for the parameter study and the optimization, and a transient full three-dimensional (3D) model was performed to study the flow mechanism and evaluate the performance with higher accuracy. Design of experiment (DOE) technique was employed to investigate the relationship between blade leaning angles and hydrodynamic performance, and a reduced cubic model was derived from the results. It was found that blade leaning angles had profound effects on torque converter performance; a large blade leaning angle intensified the flow blockage effect, thus resulting in a lower mass flowrate and torque capacity. Seven torque converters with different blade leaning angles were tested to validate the obtained numerical results, and the test data were found to be in good agreement with the CFD predictions. Finally, the hydrodynamic performance of the base model torque converter was optimized by a multi-objective genetic algorithm.