bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching our kids
Authors: Frank Toya Jones
Published: May 2018

Purpose

This study aims to highlight the perspectives of one black male middle-school mathematics teacher, Chris Andrews, about developing black students’ positive mathematics identities during his first year of teaching middle-school mathematics in a predominately black school. The author’s and Chris Andrews’ shared experiences as black Americans opened the door to candid conversations regarding the racialized mathematical experiences of “our” children, as he referred to them during the interviews.

Design/methodology/approach

The author used case study methodology (Yin, 2009) to illuminate Chris’s salient academic and personal experiences, approaches to teaching mathematics and ways that he attended to mathematics identity in practice. The author used sociopolitical and intersectional theoretical framings to interpret the data.

Findings

Chris’s perspective on teaching mathematics and developing mathematics identity aligned with taking a sociopolitical stance for teaching and learning mathematics. He understood how oppression influenced his black students’ opportunities to learn. Chris believed teaching mathematics to black children was his moral and communal responsibility. However, Chris’s case is one of tensions, as he often espoused deficit perspectives about his students’ lack of motivation and mathematical achievement. Chris’s case illustrates that even when black teachers and black students share cultural referents; black teachers are not immune to the pervasive deficit-oriented theories regarding black students’ mathematics achievement.

Research limitations/implications

The findings of this work warrant the need to take intersectional approaches to understanding the ways of knowing that black male teachers bring to their practice, as Chris’s identity as a black person was an interplay between his black identity and other salient identities related to ability and social class.

Practical implications

Chris, even while navigating deficit-oriented perceptions of his students, provides an example of bringing a sociopolitical consciousness to teaching mathematics and to support novice black male teachers in their content, pedagogical, and dispositional development.

Originality/value

This work adds to the limited body of literature that highlights the experiences of black teachers in a subject-specific context, particularly in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subject areas that have historically marginalized the participation of black people.
Voter initiatives and their impact on states budget balance
Authors: Qiao Yuhua
Published: May 2018

This paper examines how voters' initiatives used in 24 states affect state budget balance. The author first uses a qualitative approach to investigate the extent to which ballot initiatives are used and identifies the initiatives that have had significant impacts on state revenues and expenditures. The review shows that the impact of initiatives differs from a state to state. The heavy initiative user states have experienced substantial impact on their budgets. Second, as their impact on state budget is particularly significant during economic downturn, a linear regression analysis is performed to examine the relationship between the use of initiatives and state budget balance measured in terms of the state budget gap as percentage of FY 2010 general fund. The regression analysis shows that the number of expenditure-induced initiatives have a statistically significant effect on state budget gap, while revenue-restrained measures (e.g. number of tax-limiting measures and the use of super majority or popular vote to approve tax increase) only marginally affect the FY 2010 budget gap.
Intergovernmental transfers between 1940 and 2010 and distinct policy regimes: An empirical study
Authors: Doamekpor Francois K. , Beckett Julia
Published: May 2018

This study examines five national public policy areas where states and local governments received grants-in-aid from the federal government; these grants approximate a fifth of their yearly revenue budgets. Knowing the historical trends and concentrations can minimize expectation errors of practitioners and policy makers and facilitate future revenue planning. The grants examined between 1940 and 2010 include income security, health, education and training, economic and regional development, and transportation. The study uses agency theory to rationalize relationships among the governments, and applies statistical modeling, multiple means comparisons and discriminant analyses to test whether there are distinct policy concentrations and differences among policy regimes. Our findings show transfers were continuous, physically important and unaffected significantly by adjustments due to size and prices. The study found concentrations and differences among policy regimes.
Local sales tax adoption in U.S. counties: Internal and external forces
Authors: Shon Jongmin , Hou Yilin
Published: May 2018

This study aims to explore the underlying patterns in tax innovation. Prior studies of local sales taxes still leave a gap in the literature and render the results inconclusive because the studies cover either state level or localities within a single state for a short period. To cover the gap, we assemble a dataset of counties in all states for FY1970-2006 but focus on 12 states not threatened by intra-jurisdictional competition. Our empirical analyses yield evidence that a county adopts local sales tax for political and economic rationale rather than fiscal condition. Accordingly, regional diffusion has positive effects on local sales tax adoption in a county. These findings contribute substantively to sales tax literature while confirming policy diffusion.
Does money matter for infrastructure outcomes? The effects of public infrastructure finance on state infrastructure quality
Authors: Chen Can
Published: May 2018

Given the significant amount of public infrastructure spending and the widely expressed concern about the declining quality of the American public infrastructure system, research about the effectiveness of public infrastructure investment is especially timely and crucial. The study extends public service production theory and public choice theory to the public infrastructure field, and develops a realistic and full theoretical model of public highway production by taking state highway efficiency differences into account. The panel fixed-effects method is used to examine the effects of state highway finance on state highway infrastructure quality. This study finds that state highway maintenance spending plays a crucial role in improving state road and bridge quality. Moreover, highway efficiency elements matter for state highway infrastructure quality.
Towards enhancing tax abatement transparency: Reviewing the promises and limitations of GASB 77
Authors: Propheter Geoffrey
Published: May 2018

In August 2015, the Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) adopted Statement 77, requiring government disclosure in audited financial reports of a particular type of tax expenditure, tax abatements. GASB's reporting standards move tax abatements from a budgetary environment to an accounting environment. This paper evaluates GASB 77's provisions to encourage an early and on-going dialogue about the Statement's prospects for achieving greater transparency compared to existing tax expenditure reporting efforts. We conclude that GASB 77 will be most beneficial to consumers of financial information in medium and large jurisdictions where there is no alternative tax abatement disclosure platform, or where the alternative offers less transparency than what can be achieved through financial reporting.
Enhanced enforcement outcomes through a responsive regulation approach to sales tax enforcement
Authors: Christian Cary
Published: May 2018

In this study, targeted interventions were applied in a natural quasi-experimental setting to taxpayers engaged in sales tax theft and evasion to gauge both the direct and indirect impacts of a responsive regulation approach to compliance enforcement. The approach adopted included substantial engagement with targeted businesses and deferral of more punishing forms of deterrence based on the target's level of cooperation and effort to return to and maintain compliance. Results were was found to be 2.17:1. Additionally, the impact of the targeted responsive regulation interventions greatly exceeded the results obtained in deterrence-only control groups in terms of tax assessments compared to multiple control groups to determine the indirect impact of the interventions and to compare the responsive regulation approach to traditional deterrence-only enforcement results. The indirect versus direct impact of the targeted responsive regulation enforcement regimen overall and assessment per dollar of cost ($322.19 vs. $5.21).
Nonprofit lobby expense reporting
Authors: Harris Erica E. , Leece Ryan D. , Neely Daniel G.
Published: May 2018

We investigate the determinants and consequences of nonprofit lobbying activity by analyzing 501(c)(3) nonprofit lobbying choices as reported on the primary tax form, Form 990. Under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), nonprofits may lose their tax exempt status if they engage in a substantial amount of lobbying. We examine lobbying choices across three dimensions: (1) the test used to determine whether lobbying activities are substantial (i.e., making an H-election) (2) whether lobbying activities are directly related to the mission of the nonprofit (i.e., program related) (3) whether an affiliate nonprofit lobbies on behalf of a nonprofit. Results indicate lobbying choices are associated with the amount of lobbying reported and the amount of contributions received. Additionally, our results provide some evidence that nonprofit lobbying choices allowed under the IRC are underutilized.
Understanding a better future: antecedents of market performance
Authors: Haryanto Jony Oktavian , Moutinho Luiz , Aldas-Manzano Joaquin , Hadiansah Ihsan
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the influence of future anticipation toward the development of brand relationship which finally creates brand loyalty. Brand loyalty has fascinated a number of researchers to conduct studies for so many years; however, its relationship with future anticipation has remained untouched by academia.

Design/methodology/approach

This study proved the proposed conceptual model using structural equation modeling. The empirical approximated for the main-effects model and model goodness of fit indexes. The results signified a good fit of the data to our conceptual model in both samples.

Findings

The research shows that the influence of future anticipation is very essential in creating a brand relationship, autobiographical memory or even market performance and all in Asia; also Europe has similar significance with regard to this matter. Thus, it is important for companies to emphasize the importance of future anticipation and also delivers or informs it well to customers to create a positive perception in customers’ mind.

Originality/value

Future anticipation concept is anchored in philosophy theory and psychology. With respect to the study objectives, the focus is on the perspective of time which refers to thought and attitude toward past, present and future. In exploring what kind of behavior is related with future, the authors views are based on the futurology, a concept from sociology that studies generalizations about the nature of prediction. Blending these two theories, the authors elaborate a conceptual framework for the study of future anticipation and brand loyalty.
Interplay between P-O fit, transformational leadership and organizational social capital
Authors: Raja Usman , Bouckenooghe Dave , Syed Fauzia , Naseer Saima
Published: May 2018

Purpose

Using social identity theory, the authors hypothesize that transformational leadership (TL) leads to better person-organization fit (P-O fit), which in turn contributes to the emergence of organizational social capital (i.e. OSC). Furthermore, the authors suggest that the relationship between P-O fit and OSC is contingent upon the level of TL. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Field study data were used to test the hypotheses. In total, 336 employees from eight different service sector organizations in Pakistan participated in this study. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the data.

Findings

In support of the hypotheses, the authors found that TL was positively related to both P-O fit and OSC. Also, P-O fit mediated the TL-OSC relationship. Finally, TL moderated the relationship between P-O fit and OSC.

Research limitations/implications

Cross-sectional data were collected through self-reports, which raises concerns of reporting bias.

Practical implications

Managers can benefit from the study by focusing on TL as a vehicle for not only achieving change, but also for creating an environment that facilitates better P-O fit and enhanced OSC.

Social implications

This study provided a rare opportunity to examine the proposed relationships in a developing country. This enhances our insight into the efficacy of theories that have been mainly developed and tested in developed countries.

Originality/value

Previous research hypothesized P-O fit as a mediator between leadership and performance, yet failed to receive support. The current study is unique by demonstrating that TL, as a relational leadership style, contributes to building an important resource (OSC) through the mediating effect of P-O fit.
External growth strategies and organizational performance in emerging markets
Authors: Alaaraj Saad , Mohamed Zainal Abidin , Ahmad Bustamam Ummi Salwa
Published: May 2018

Purpose

Inter-organizational trust has a vital role in any external trade relationship. However, there are not many studies relating to growth strategies and inter-organizational trust in firms in emerging markets. The purpose of this paper is to identify and compare the effect of external growth strategies on the organizational performance of companies and to examine the mediating role of inter-organizational trust between growth strategies and organizational performance.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 240 senior managers from public listed companies (PLCs) in Malaysia and were analyzed using analysis of a moment structures.

Findings

The findings indicate that growth strategies have a significant effect on organizational performance. Strategic alliances and acquisitions also have significant effects on organizational performance. Moreover, inter-organizational trust fully mediates the effect of growth strategies on organizational performance.

Research limitations/implications

As purposive sampling was used, selecting only managers with experience of the issues concerned, any common findings are likely to be generalizable to managers in similar situations.

Practical implications

Building inter-organizational trust among companies and relying on strategic alliance and acquisition, rather than merger, will sharpen their competitiveness and enable them to survive and thrive.

Social implications

The increase in organizational performance of PLCs will have a significant effect on employment and on gross domestic product (GDP), which will have a beneficial effect on citizens.

Originality/value

Studies that are related to these variables in emerging economies are still in their infancy. This study compared the effect of external growth strategies and contributed to the literature in the area of trust and external growth strategies.
The value of food safety culture to the hospitality industry
Authors: Manning Louise
Published: May 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to review existing literature in the discipline of food hospitality with specific emphasis on the interaction between food safety management, food safety management systems (FSMS) and food safety culture. It is the first paper in a theme issue of Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, discussing the importance of measuring food safety and quality culture.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper examines academic literature on FSMS and food safety culture and emerging tools and methods being used to determine their efficacy.

Findings

FSMS provide a framework for determining the resources required and the procedures and protocols, monitoring and verification necessary to deliver safe food. However, a performance gap has been identified in the literature between intended and actual food safety practice. The factors, rituals and behaviours that mediate this divide have been termed by many as “food safety culture”. It has been shown that food safety knowledge does not necessarily lead to behaviour that promotes food safety. Thus, the knowledge–experience–attitude–behaviour dynamic of food safety culture is of crucial importance and worthy of further empirical study in the hospitality industry.

Originality/value

The paper will be of value to practitioners, researchers and other stakeholders involved in the hospitality industry.
Food safety culture – the food inspectors’ perspective
Authors: Nayak Rounaq , Taylor Joanne Zaida
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges for food inspectors when attempting to assess the food safety culture of a business. It is the eighth article in this issue of Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, discussing the importance of measuring food safety and quality culture.

Design/methodology/approach

As part of a larger research project, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the current challenges faced by food inspectors in assessing food safety and the future prospects of measuring food safety culture in the UK food system.

Findings

Food inspectors face increasing challenges in their role of assessing not just the visible level of legal compliance but also potential risk within a food business; while aware of the importance of food safety culture, they are unsure how to formally assess it. The UK Food Standards Agency developed a toolkit to assist inspectors in assessing the food safety culture of a business; however, this has been found to be onerous and difficult to implement in practice.

Originality/value

This paper will be of value to practitioners, researchers and other stakeholders involved in the hospitality industry.
Integrating culture and management control: is it oil and water or salad dressing?
Authors: Kane Kevin , Taylor Joanne Zaida
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the significance of the notion of food safety and quality culture as an important element in the practice of food safety management. It is the concluding article in a special themed edition of the Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, discussing the importance of measuring food safety and quality culture.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper provides a review and discussion of the findings outlined throughout the papers in this special themed journal edition.

Findings

Food safety and quality culture are important yet intangible; measurement tools are available and can add value to organisations in assessing and improving their culture.

Originality/value

This paper brings together literature, research, case studies and viewpoints to examine the significance of food safety and quality culture. It will be of value to food safety and quality practitioners, trainers, auditors and other stakeholders involved in the food industry.
Comparison of ultrasonographic findings of schwannomas and angioleiomyomas
Authors: Ogata Dai , Takeji Masaaki , Murakami Takuo , Yanagisawa Hiroto , Kuramochi Akira , Tsuchida Tetsuya
Published: May 2018

A subcutaneous tumor accompanied by tenderness has a myriad of differential diagnoses. Indeed, using physical findings alone to achieve a diagnosis is often challenging. In this study, we focused on schwannomas and angioleiomyomas, which usually develop as hard subcutaneous tumors and are often associated with tenderness. We aimed to determine significant differentiating features between the tumor types, using ultrasonography. We compared clinical findings and ultrasonographic imaging and calculated the statistical significance for each item. In total, we analyzed 11 schwannomas and 13 angioleiomyomas of the extremities, trunk and head. There was no significant difference in patient characteristics or clinical findings. Meanwhile, the mean maximum diameter (P = 0.002), localization (P = 0.04) and entering or exiting nerves (P = 0.01) were significantly different according to ultrasonography findings. Thus, ultrasonography provides excellent information for the initial assessment of a slow‐growing, painful, subcutaneous soft tissue mass. According to our study, it is difficult to identify a single, differentiating feature between angioleiomyoma and schwannoma on ultrasonography, but including multiple findings during the work‐up can facilitate differential diagnosis.
How Interspersion Affects Class Relations
Authors: Garrido Marco
Published: May 2018

Scholars have identified a new configuration of spatial inequality in several of the largest cities in the developing world. This configuration, which I label interspersion, is characterized by the general proximity of classed spaces, particularly ‘slums’ and ‘enclaves’. There is disagreement about how interspersion affects class relations. One side argues that it worsens class relations by foreclosing substantive class interaction; the other side maintains that it improves class relations by enabling greater class interaction. I argue that it is not the extent but the form of class interaction that matters. Interspersion worsens class relations by promoting categorically unequal interaction. It provides regular opportunities for the imposition of spatial boundaries on slum residents. Regular experiences of boundary imposition deepen their sense of discrimination. This argument is based on an ethnographic study of the relations between slum and enclave residents in Metro Manila.
Utilization of X‐ray Computed Tomography for the Exclusion of a Specific Caliber and Bullet Type in a Living Shooting Victim
Authors: Marais Adriaan A. S. , Dicks Herman J.
Published: May 2018

A bystander claimed to have been shot by a police officer, and CT scans were used to match qualitative and quantitative aspects of the unremoved bullet with police issued 9 mm Luger ammunition. CT scan methodology proved a valid approach for the measurement of bullets based on calculated measurement capability and correlation with “gold standard” physical measurement by vernier caliper. Measurements regarding length and base diameter, as well as length/diameter ratio, were insufficient to unambiguously identify a specific caliber, or a bullet of specific mass within a caliber class. It was, however, possible to exclude a bullet of specific design and mass with well‐characterized precision and accuracy values under selected CT scan conditions. A 9 mm Luger bullet (115 gr FMJ RN) was excluded from involvement in a shooting based on qualitative bullet shape combined with length, base, and ratio measurements of the bullet in‐situ for the victim.
Z‐Transform Method for Pairwise Osteometric Pair‐matching,
Authors: Warnke‐Sommer Julia D. , Lynch Jeffrey James , Pawaskar Sachin S. , Damann Franklin E.
Published: May 2018

A new pairwise osteometric pair‐matching approach based on the Z‐transform method is presented. In contrast to previous methods that perform a global t‐test on the summed skeletal element pair measurement distances, this approach performs t‐tests on each individual distance, facilitating the capture of measurement‐specific variation. This new approach is compared to published pairwise sorting methods using a standard reference dataset of postcranial remains maintained by the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicates significantly improved performance for the clavicle and radius over all previous methods (p < 0.01). The z‐transform method weighted by the effect size outperformed the t‐test (Byrd and Adams) and the mean t‐test (Lynch) for all elements (p < 0.01). The method performed better than the absolute value t‐test (Lynch) for five elements (p < 0.01) and performed at least as well for the remainder. To facilitate usability all methods are available at: https://github.com/spawaskar-cora/z-transform-method.
Effects of Human Electro‐Muscular Incapacitation (HEMI) Devices on Cardiovascular Changes in Anesthetized Swine as Measured by Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)
Authors: Werner Jacob R. , Murray W. Bosseau , Kennett Mary J. , Jenkins David M. , Liszka Edward , Hughes Edward L.
Published: May 2018

The abundance of, and reliance upon, human electro‐muscular incapacitation (HEMI) devices, especially in law enforcement, has generated scrutiny and examination of these technologies. The purpose of this study was to examine cardiovascular effects resulting from typical (5 sec) and longer activation (20 sec) HEMI applications studying myocardial function and peripheral vascular system using a combination of invasive cardiovascular catheters and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Six healthy swine (Sus scrofa) 3–5 months in age and weighing between 60 and 86 kg were anesthetized and exposed to the TASER Model X26 waveform while transesophageal echocardiography was performed. Stroke volume was shown to statistically decrease during HEMI application indicating an increase in systemic vascular resistance, but HEMI application did not result in myocardial dysfunction (“cardiac stunning”).
Emergency Department Discharge of Pulmonary Embolus Patients
Authors: Frank Peacock W. , Coleman Craig I. , Diercks Deborah B. , Francis Samuel , Kabrhel Christopher , Keay Catherine , Kline Jeffrey A. , Manteuffel Jacob , Wildgoose Peter , Xiang Jim , Singer Adam J.
Published: May 2018

Background

Hospitalization for low‐risk pulmonary embolism (PE) is common, expensive, and of questionable benefit.

Objective

The objective was to determine if low‐risk PE patients discharged from the emergency department (ED) on rivaroxaban require fewer hospital days compared to standard of care (SOC).

Methods

Multicenter, open‐label randomized trial in low‐risk PE defined by Hestia criteria. Adult subjects were randomized to early ED discharge on rivaroxaban or SOC. Primary outcome was total number of initial hospital hours, plus hours of hospitalization for bleeding or venous thromboembolism (VTE), 30 days after randomization. A 90‐day composite safety endpoint was defined as major bleeding, clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding, and mortality.

Results

Of 114 randomized subjects, 51 were early discharge and 63 were SOC. Of 112 (98.2%) receiving at least one dose of study drug, 99 (86.8%) completed the study. Initial hospital LOS was 4.8 hours versus 33.6 hours, with a mean difference of –28.8 hours (95% confidence interval [CI] = –42.55 to –15.12 hours) for early discharge versus SOC, respectively. At 90 days, mean total hospital days (for any reason) were less for early discharge than SOC, 19.2 hours versus 43.2 hours, with a mean difference of 26.4 hours (95% CI = –46.97 to –3.34 hours). At 90 days, there were no bleeding events, recurrent VTE, or deaths. The composite safety endpoint was similar in both groups, with a difference in proportions of 0.005 (95% CI = –0.18 to 0.19). Total costs were $1,496 for early discharge and $4,234 for SOC, with a median difference of $2,496 (95% CI = –$2,999 to –$2,151).

Conclusions

Low‐risk ED PE patients receiving early discharge on rivaroxaban have similar outcomes to SOC, but fewer total hospital days and lower costs over 30 days.
pH changes in radicular dentine associated with calcium hydroxide and corticosteroid/antibiotic pastes
Authors: Cai Michael , Abbott Paul , Castro Salgado Jacqueline
Published: May 2018

The aim was to compare hydroxyl ion diffusion through dentine following placement of calcium hydroxide and Ledermix paste. Thirty‐six teeth were divided into one control (n = 6) and three experimental (n = 10) groups – (i) Pulpdent paste; (ii) Pulpdent/Ledermix pastes; (iii) Ledermix paste and (iv) Saline. pH was measured in inner and outer dentine cavities over 12 months. Inner dentine time to maximum pH (Tmax) was 1 week for Pulpdent and 2 weeks for Pulpdent/Ledermix. Pulpdent's outer dentine Tmax was 4 weeks and Pulpdent/Ledermix was 10 weeks. After day 1, Pulpdent pH was higher and this continued for 12 months. Pulpdent's outer dentine pH was higher than Ledermix and controls, but not significantly different from Pulpdent/Ledermix. Pulpdent/Ledermix had significantly higher pH than controls and Ledermix from day 5 until 10 months when Pulpdent/Ledermix outer dentine pH decreased and became similar. In all groups, pH reduced after 3 months.
Amelioration ofEscherichia coli‐induced endometritis with ascorbic acid in non‐pregnant mouse models
Authors: Bafor Enitome Evi , Onwukpa Ikechukwu , Itemire Anne Oghenekevwe , Omoruyi Osemelomen , Eferoba‐Idio Ejiroghene , Odega Kevin , Eghianruwa Osas Jim
Published: May 2018

Problem

Infection‐induced endometritis is associated with infertility. The outcome with oral antibiotics remains poor. This study therefore investigates the role of ascorbic acid in resolving endometritis.

Method of Study

Animals with established oestrus cycles were inoculated withEscherichia coli. Two days post‐inoculation, the animals were administered ascorbic acid (10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg) and amoxicillin (500 mg/kg) for 5 days. Other groups included water only andE. coliinoculated with no treatment. Body temperatures, weights and vaginal cytology were examined. On the sixth day, after anaesthesia, blood samples were obtained for haematological analysis. Uterine organs were weighed, ex‐vivo functionality analysed and histopathological analysis performed.

Results

Ascorbic acid (AA) (100 and 1000 mg/kg) regularized the cycle of the endometritic animals comparable to amoxicillin.AA(1000 mg/kg) and amoxicillin, significantly decreased (P < .05) the endometritis‐induced increase in uterine weights, restored the endometrial architecture and significantly (P < .05) normalized uterine contractions to control values. Improved haematological profiles were additionally observed on treatment with ascorbic acid (100 and 1000 mg/kg).

Conclusion

AAcompared favourably with amoxicillin in endometritis management, suggesting thatAAcan be used in the management of infection‐induced endometritis, normal cycling and normal uterine function.
Current management of adhesive small bowel obstruction
Authors: Köstenbauer Jakob , Truskett Philip G.
Published: May 2018

Small bowel obstruction is a common and significant surgical presentation. Approximately 30% of presentations will require surgery during admission. The great challenge of adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) management is the early detection of silent intestinal ischaemia in patients initially deemed suitable for conservative therapy. Recent literature emphasizes the effectiveness of computed tomography enterography and water‐soluble contrast studies in the management of ASBO. Low‐volume undiluted water‐soluble contrast has been shown to have both triage and therapeutic value in the management of ASBO. Their use has been demonstrated to reduce the need for surgery to below 20%. There has also been growing interest in clinicoradiological algorithms which aim to predict ischaemia early in the course of presentation. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest evidence and clarify previous uncertainties, specifically regarding the duration of conservative treatment, timing of contrast studies and the reliability of predictive algorithms. Based on this latest evidence, we have formulated a management protocol which aims to integrate these latest developments and formalize a strategy for best management in ASBO.
Severe white matter astrocytopathy in CADASIL
Authors: Hase Yoshiki , Chen Aiqing , Bates Letitia L. , Craggs Lucinda J.L. , Yamamoto Yumi , Gemmell Elizabeth , Oakley Arthur E. , Korolchuk Viktor I. , Kalaria Raj N.
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is characterized by strategic white matter (WM) hyperintensities on MRI. Pathological features include WM degeneration, arteriolosclerosis, lacunar infarcts, and the deposition of granular osmiophilic material. Based on the hypothesis that the gliovascular unit is compromised, we assessed the nature of astrocyte damage in the deep WM of CADASIL subjects.

Methods

We evaluated post‐mortem brains from CADASIL, cerebral small vessel disease, similar age cognitively normal and older control subjects. Standard immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent, and unbiased stereological methods were used to evaluate the distribution of astrocytes, microvessels, and autophagy markers in five different brain regions.

Results

Compared to the controls, the deep WM of CADASIL subjects overall showed increased numbers of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive clasmatodendritic astrocytes (P=0.037) and a decrease in the percentage of normal appearing astrocytes (P=0.025). In accord with confluent WM hyperintensities, the anterior temporal pole contained abundant clasmatodendritic astrocytes with displaced aquaporin 4 immunoreactivity. Remarkably, we also found strong evidence for the immunolocalization of autophagy markers including microtubule‐associated protein 1, light chain 3 (LC3), and sequestosome 1/p62 and Caspase‐3 in GFAP‐positive clasmatodendritic cells, particularly within perivascular regions of the deep WM. LC3 was co‐localized in more than 90% of the GFAP‐positive clasmatodendrocytes.

Conclusions

Our novel findings show astrocytes undergo autophagy‐like cell death in CADASIL, with the anterior temporal pole being highly vulnerable. We propose astrocytes transform from normal appearing type A to hypertrophic type B and eventually to clasmatodendritic type C cells. These observations also suggest the gliovascular unit of the deep WM is severely impaired in CADASIL.
Trajectories and predictors of risk for mental health problems throughout childhood
Authors: Vella Stewart A. , Gardner Lauren A. , Swann Christian , Allen Mark S.
Published: May 2018

Background

Children fluctuate in their risk for mental health‐related problems. While children have demonstrated consistent trajectories for various types of mental health problems, the existence of developmental trajectories of overall risk of mental health problems has not been explored. This study aimed to identify distinct trajectories of overall mental health risk among children from ages 4–12 years. A secondary objective was to identify predictors of the mental health risk trajectories.

Method

Data from the first five waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) were used to assess mental health risk and potential predictors. The primary parent (n = 3717) completed questionnaires, time‐use diaries, and face‐to‐face interviews over the five waves. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct latent trajectories of mental health risk. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of the trajectories.

Results

Six distinct trajectories of mental health risk were identified: Low Difficulty (72.9%), Improvers (9.7%), Decliners (7.9%), Early Decliners/Late Improvers (4.7%), Early Improvers/Late Decliners (2.7%), and High Difficulty (2.2%). Child sex, sociability, parental warmth, sports participation, and household income were identified as significant predictors of mental health trajectories.

Conclusions

There are distinct trajectories of overall risk for mental health problems during childhood. Research should focus on the High Difficulties group and the Early Improvers/Late Decliners group to address the predictors and improve access to early mental health services.
Genetic profiles of transcriptomic clusters of childhood asthma determine specific severe subtype
Authors: Yeh Y.‐L. , Su M.‐W. , Chiang B.‐L. , Yang Y.‐H. , Tsai C.‐H. , Lee Y. L.
Published: May 2018

Background

Previous studies have defined transcriptomic subtypes of adult asthma using samples of induced sputum and bronchial epithelium; however, those procedures are not readily applicable in the clinic, especially for childhood asthma.

Objective

We aim to dissect the transcriptomic clusters of childhood asthma using highly variably expressed genes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) among patients.

Methods

Gene expression of PBMC from 133 asthmatic children and 11 healthy controls was measured with Illumina microarrays. We applied the k‐means clustering algorithm of 2048 genes to assign asthmatic children into clusters. Genes with differential expression between asthma clusters and healthy controls were used to investigate whether they could identify severe asthma of children and adults.

Results

We identified 3 asthma clusters with distinct inflammatory profiles in peripheral blood. Cluster 1 had the highest eosinophil count. Cluster 2 showed lower counts of both eosinophils and neutrophils. Cluster 3 had the highest neutrophil count and the poorest treatment control. Compared with other patients, Cluster 3 exhibited a unique gene expression pattern which was associated with changes in the glucocorticoid signalling and activation of the T helper 1/T helper 17 (TH1/TH17) immune pathways. In the validation studies, an 84‐gene signature could identify severe asthma in children on leucocytes, as well as severe asthma in adults on CD8+ T cells.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Gene expression profiling of PBMC is useful for the identification of TH1/TH17‐mediated asthma with poor treatment control. PBMC and CD8+ T cells could be important targets for the investigation and identification of severe asthma.
Factors associated with ATXN2 CAG/CAA repeat intergenerational instability in Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2
Authors: Almaguer‐Mederos L.E. , Mesa J.M.L. , González‐Zaldívar Y. , Almaguer‐Gotay D. , Cuello‐Almarales D. , Aguilera‐Rodríguez R. , Falcón N.S. , Gispert S. , Auburger G. , Velázquez‐Pérez L.
Published: May 2018

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the unstable expansion of a cytosine‐adenine‐guanine (CAG)/cytosine‐adenine‐adenine (CAA) repeat in the ATXN2 gene, which normally encodes 22 glutamines (Q22). A large study was conducted to characterize the CAG/CAA repeat intergenerational instability in SCA2 families. Large normal alleles (Q24‐31) were significantly more unstable upon maternal transmissions. In contrast, expanded alleles (Q32‐750) were significantly more unstable during paternal transmissions, in correlation with repeat length. Significant correlations were found between the instability and the age at conception in paternal transmissions. In conclusion, intergenerational instability at ATXN2 locus is influenced by the sex, repeat length and age at conception of the transmitting parent. These results have profound implications for genetic counseling services.
The growing role of machine learning and artificial intelligence in developmental medicine
Authors: Reynolds Robert J , Day Steven M
Published: May 2018

This commentary is on the original article by Cravedi et al. on pages 942–950 of this issue.
Myocardial multilayer strain does not provide additional value for detection of myocardial viability assessed by SPECT imaging over and beyond standard strain
Authors: Orloff Elisabeth , Fournier Pauline , Bouisset Frédéric , Moine Thomas , Cournot Maxime , Elbaz Meyer , Carrié Didier , Galinier Michel , Lairez Olivier , Cognet Thomas
Published: May 2018

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of multilayer strain analysis to the assessment of myocardial viability (MV) through the comparison of both speckle tracking echocardiography and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. We also intended to determine which segmental longitudinal strain (LS) cutoff value would be optimal to discriminate viable myocardium.

Methods

We included 47 patients (average age: 61 ± 11 years) referred to our cardiac imaging center for MV evaluation. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography with measures of LS, SPECT, and coronary angiography.

Results

In all, 799 segments were analyzed. We correlated myocardial tracer uptake by SPECT with sub‐endocardial, sub‐epicardial, and mid‐segmental LS values with r = .514 P < .0001, r = .501 P < .0001, and r = .520 P < .0001, respectively. The measurements of each layer strain (sub‐endocardial, sub‐epicardial, and mid) had the same performance to predict MV viability as defined by SPECT with areas under curve of 0.819 [0.778–0.861, P < .0001], 0.809 [0.764–0.854, P < .0001], and 0.817 [0.773–0.860, P < .0001], respectively. The receiver‐operating characteristic analysis yielded a cutoff value of −6.5% for mid‐segmental LS with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 76% to predict segmental MV as defined by SPECT.

Conclusions

Multilayer strain analysis does not evaluate MV with more accuracy than standard segmental LS analysis.
The relationship between pulmonary artery wedge pressure and pulmonary blood volume derived from contrast echocardiography: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Monahan Ken , Lenihan Daniel , Brittain Evan L. , Saliba Linda , Piana Robert N. , Robison Leslie L. , Hudson Melissa M. , Armstrong Gregory T.
Published: May 2018

Background

Pulmonary transit time (PTT) obtained from contrast echocardiography is a marker of global cardiopulmonary function. Pulmonary blood volume (PBV), derived from PTT, may be a noninvasive surrogate for left‐sided filling pressures, such as pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). We sought to assess the relationship between PBV obtained from contrast echocardiography and PAWP.

Methods

Participants were adult survivors of childhood cancer that had contrast echocardiography performed nearly simultaneously with right‐heart catheterization. PTT was derived from time‐intensity curves of contrast passage through the right ventricle (RV) and left atrium (LA). PBV relative to overall stroke volume (rPBV) was estimated from the product of PTT and heart rate during RV‐LA transit. PAWP was obtained during standard right‐heart catheterization. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between rPBV and PAWP.

Results

The study population consisted of 7 individuals who had contrast echocardiography and right‐heart catheterization within 3 hours of each other. There was a wide range of right atrial (1–17 mm Hg), mean pulmonary artery (18–42 mm Hg), and PAW pressures (4–26 mm Hg) as well as pulmonary vascular resistance (<1–6 Wood Units). We observed a statistically significant correlation between rPBV and PAWP (r = .85; P = .02).

Conclusion

Relative PBV derived from contrast echocardiography correlates with PAWP. If validated in larger studies, rPBV could potentially be used as an alternative to invasively determine left‐sided filling pressure.
A patient with an unusual cyst of the inter‐atrial septum and atrial sepal defect
Authors: Dong Daye , Zhu Tongwei , Yang Xingan , Zhu Jia
Published: May 2018

Hepatic and renal cysts are relatively common among healthy people, but there are few published reports of primary cysts of the atrial septum. Here, we report a case of an unusual cyst of the atrial septum accompanied by atrial septal defect (ASD) in a 42‐year‐old woman. Microscopic examination showed the deposition of calcium salts within the tissue mass and an organized thrombus surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The case was discussed with reference to the relevant published literature and compared to other documented types of atrial septal cysts. The final diagnostic conclusion was a primary atrial septal cyst.
NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils: Role of the phosphorylation of its subunits
Authors: Belambri Sahra A. , Rolas Loïc , Raad Houssam , Hurtado‐Nedelec Margarita , Dang Pham My‐Chan , El‐Benna Jamel
Published: May 2018

Neutrophils are key cells of innate immunity and during inflammation. Upon activation, they produce large amounts of superoxide anion (O2−.) and ensuing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill phagocytized microbes. The enzyme responsible for O2−. production is called the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. This is a multicomponent enzyme system that becomes active after assembly of four cytosolic proteins (p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and Rac2) with the transmembrane proteins (p22phox and gp91phox, which form the cytochrome b558). gp91phox represents the catalytic subunit of the NADPH oxidase and is also called NOX2. NADPH oxidase‐derived ROS are essential for microbial killing and innate immunity; however, excessive ROS production induces tissue injury and prolonged inflammatory reactions that contribute to inflammatory diseases. Thus, NADPH oxidase activation must be tightly regulated in time and space to limit ROS production. NADPH oxidase activation is regulated by several processes such as phosphorylation of its components, exchange of GDP/GTP on Rac2 and binding of p47phox and p40phox to phospholipids. This review aims to provide new insights into the role of the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase components, that is gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox and p40phox, in the activation of this enzyme.
Time well spent in recanalizing complex cerebrovascular occlusions
Authors: Lindsberg Perttu J.
Published: May 2018

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this volume.
Locally invasive melanoma in the internal laminae of the hoof of a bay mule
Authors: Kay G. , McNeil P. , Knottenbelt D. , Tligui N.
Published: May 2018

An 8‐year‐old bay mule was presented with moderate right forelimb lameness and dark discolouration of the white line. Histopathology of the dark material indicated a melanoma. Extensive resection and debridement were not curative and the mule was subjected to euthanasia 70 days after presentation.
Successful outcome of a Standardbred filly after conservative treatment for a Salter–Harris typeIIIfracture of the distal femoral condyle
Authors: Valk N. , Schumacher J.
Published: May 2018

A 10‐day‐old Standardbred filly sustained a complex Salter–Harris typeIIIfracture of the right, lateral, distal femoral condyle. The lateral condyle was fractured in transverse, sagittal and frontal planes. The filly was treated by restricting it and its dam to a small, level paddock until lameness was no longer apparent. The filly, when weaned at 7 months of age, was turned out to pasture with three other weanlings. The filly entered race training as a 2‐year‐old, qualified to race as a trotter, was placed second in its first start and won its third race. Conservative treatment should be considered as an option for a young horse with a minimally displaced, Salter–Harris typeIIIfracture of the distal lateral femoral condyle.