bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invasion by red imported fire ants depletes soil microarthropod communities in agricultural systems
Authors: Zhang Saichao , Qiao Zhihong , Yao Haifeng , Li Zhipeng , Yan Qibao , Potapov Anton , Sun Xin
Published: August 2024

Biological invasion is one of the major challenges to changing ecosystems worldwide. Red fire ants are a prime example of invasive soil animals. However, the impacts of their invasion on the native soil animal communities are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated how the biomass and diversity of soil microarthropods (incl., Collembola and Acari) vary between areas affected by red fire ants at different degrees (i.e., OA, occurrence area, 0–20 m from the nest; PCA, prevention and control area, 20–50 m; POA, potential occurrence area, 50–100 m). We also tested whether the potential effects of ant invasion on other animals are associated with changes in soil properties in the invaded areas. Our results showed a decline of 64% in species richness, 74% in density, and 72% in biomass of microarthropods in OA in comparison with POA. This reduction was mainly driven by the decrease of Acari, while no reduction in Collembola biomass was observed. Despite soil properties being significantly different between ant‐impacted areas, structural equation models indicated that the direct association of invasion with microarthropod communities is stronger than the indirect association mediated by soil properties. Therefore, we consider that direct biological interaction is more likely the major mechanism behind the observed changes in microarthropod communities. The effects of red fire ants were different among taxonomic and functional groups, with litter‐dwelling Collembola, Oribatida, and Mesostigmata (Acari) affected more negatively than soil‐dwelling and surface‐dwelling Collembola. Further, red fire ants affected the turnover component of beta‐diversity (i.e., replacement of species) for both Collembola and Acari. However, the impact on the nestedness component, which is related to species local extinction and population decline, was only detected for Acari. Our study shows that red fire ant invasion is associated with the depletion of soil microarthropod community, and especially highlights that Acari are more vulnerable to this invasion compared to Collembola. The divergent response between different taxonomic and functional groups of microarthropods and the consequent shift in microarthropod communities may have important significance to soil ecological functioning in the impacted areas.
Limits to discretion and automated risk assessments in EU border control: Recognising the political in the technical
Authors: Musco Eklund Amanda
Published: August 2024

This article analyses how the automation of border control challenges the rule of law requirement on sufficient limits to discretion by using the idea expressed by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) non‐delegation doctrine that it is possible to make a clear distinction between technically complex assessments and political discretion. To illustrate these challenges, the article uses the examples of the European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) and the conferral of discretionary powers to EU agency Frontex to establish pre‐determined risk criteria. The article argues that not recognising the inherent political aspects of exercising technical powers leads to insufficient limits to discretionary powers in the context of automated risk assessments. Beyond raising serious rule of law concerns of arbitrary exercise of power, the idea that technical assessments and policy choices can be clearly separated enables ‘algorithmic discretion’ as a new form of administrative discretion.
Decoding Frontex's fragmented accountability mosaic and introducing systemic accountability ‐ System Reset
Authors: Gkliati Mariana
Published: August 2024

In response to widespread human rights violations involving the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), multiple accountability mechanisms were activated, leading to the resignation of the agency's executive director. Does this mean the current framework can ensure Frontex's overall accountability? Playing with IT metaphors, this article scrutinises Frontex's accountability framework as a whole. It explores a holistic understanding of accountability, which includes judicial and non‐judicial (administrative, democratic, social) accountability mechanisms that can together safeguard the Rule of Law. The article highlights the fragmented and ineffective current accountability framework. It challenges traditional accountability notions and suggests a ‘system reset’, introducing the concept of systemic accountability. Systemic accountability addresses systemic issues underlying consistent rights violations through focused structural solutions. As an accountability model, it can be applied further than Frontex operations to the complex realities of shared administration at external borders, where multiple actors and obscured accountabilities lead to systemic violations.
Datafication of the hotspots in the blind spot of supervisory authorities
Authors: Tas Sarah
Published: August 2024

The hotspot approach used to contain asylum seekers at the borders of Europe has been heavily criticized for deplorable conditions and multiple fundamental rights violations. This article dives into an underexplored issue in the hotspots, namely its datafication. It explores the question of the protection of personal data, and analyses whether the supervisory arrangements in place are sufficient to ensure the protection of personal data of individuals at the borders, or whether, as the current European Data Protection Supervisor states it, data protection is too often suspended at European Union borders. While supervision is in place to monitor the hotspots, this contribution shows that it remains limited and that many blind spots exist that fully escape any supervision. These emerge, for example by reasons of the complex legal framework of the hotspots, or of the informal nature of the exchanges of data.
On the notch sensitivity of as‐built Laser Beam Powder Bed–Fused AlSi10Mg specimens subjected to Very High Cycle Fatigue tests at ultrasonic frequency up to 109 cycles
Authors: Tridello Andrea , Boursier Niutta Carlo , Benelli Alessandro , Pagnoncelli Ana Paula , Rossetto Massimo , Berto Filippo , Paolino Davide Salvatore
Published: August 2024

The notch effect significantly influences the fatigue response of components and is particularly relevant for parts produced with additive manufacturing (AM) processes, characterized by complex geometries and possible geometric discontinuities inducing local and critical peak stresses. Moreover, the low surface quality, as well as manufacturing defects and residual stresses, interacts with the local peak stress induced by geometric discontinuities, complicating the assessment of the notch effect for AM parts and requiring extensive experimental fatigue investigations. In the present paper, the notch sensitivity of as‐built AlSi10Mg specimens produced with the laser beam powder bed fusion in the Very High Cycle Fatigue regime is investigated. Ultrasonic fatigue tests up to 109 cycles have been carried out on rectangular bars and rectangular bars with a central through‐thickness hole. The notch effect has been found to significantly affect the fatigue response of the investigated AlSi10Mg specimens, with surface defects having a main role and pointing out the influence of the surface quality on the crack formation.
Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying and angiogenesis‐related polymorphism rs3025020 among older community‐dwelling individuals
Authors: Shimizu Yuji , Kawashiri Shin‐Ya , Noguchi Yuko , Sasaki Nagisa , Nakamichi Seiko , Arima Kazuhiko , Nagata Yasuhiro , Maeda Takahiro
Published: August 2024

Aim

To clarify the association between genetic factors related to angiogenesis and feeling of incomplete bladder emptying among older community‐dwelling individuals.

Method

A cross‐sectional study of 1762 (607 men and 1155 women) older Japanese individuals aged 60–79 years with data on rs3025020 was conducted, because vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which contributes to the progression of angiogenesis, has been reported to be positively associated with the minor allele (T) of polymorphism rs3025020.

Results

In the study population, 155 (103 men and 52 women) had feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. With rs3025020 (C/C) as the reference group, rs3025020 (T/T) was associated with a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. The adjusted ORs and 95% confidence intervals were 3.01(1.53, 5.93) in men and 2.48 (1.09, 5.66) in women, respectively.

Conclusion

VEGF polymorphism rs3025020 was associated with feeling of incomplete bladder emptying among older community‐dwelling individuals. Development of angiogenesis could be associated with feeling of incomplete bladder emptying in older individuals. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; ••: ••–••.
Identifying Facilitators and Inhibitors of Shared Understanding: An Ethnography of Diagnosis Communication in Acute Medical Settings
Authors: Cox Caitríona , Hatfield Thea , Willars Janet , Fritz Zoë
Published: August 2024

Background and Aims

Communication is important in determining how patients understand the diagnostic process. Empirical studies involving direct observation of communication within diagnostic processes are relatively limited. This ethnographic study aimed to identify communicative practices facilitating or inhibiting shared understanding between patients and doctors in UK acute secondary care settings.

Methods

Data were collected in acute medical sectors of three English hospitals. Researchers observed doctors as they assessed patients; semistructured interviews were undertaken with doctors and patients directly afterwards. Patients were also interviewed 2–4 weeks later. Case studies of individual encounters (consisting of these interviews and observational notes) were created, and were cross‐examined by an interdisciplinary team to identify divergence and convergence between doctors' and patients' narratives. These data were analysed thematically.

Results

We conducted 228 h of observation, 24 doctor interviews, 32 patient interviews and 15 patient follow‐up interviews. Doctors varied in their communication. Patient diagnostic understanding was sometimes misaligned with that of their doctors; interviews revealed that they often made incorrect assumptions to make sense of the fragmented information received. Thematic analysis identified communicative practices that seemed to facilitate, or inhibit, shared diagnostic understanding between patient and doctor, revealing three themes: (1) communicating what has been understood from the medical record, (2) sharing the thought process and diagnostic reasoning and (3) closing the loop and discharge communication. Shared understanding was best fostered by clear communication about the diagnostic process, what had already been done and what was achievable in acute settings. Written information presents an underutilised tool in such communication.

Conclusions

In UK acute secondary settings, the provision of more information about the diagnostic process often fostered shared understanding between doctor and patient, helping to minimise the confusion and dissatisfaction that can result from misaligned expectations or conclusions about the diagnosis, and the uncertainty therein.

Patient/Public Contribution

A patient and public involvement group (of a range of ages and backgrounds) was consulted. They contributed to the design of the protocol, including the timing of interviews, the acceptability of a follow‐up telephone interview, the development of the interview guides and the participant information sheets.
The facilitating role of English as a foreign language teachers’ positive psychological capital and cognitive flexibility in their professional success
Authors: Zhang Jing , Li Lipei , Liao Qiaoyun
Published: August 2024

English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ professional success has been claimed to depend on numerous factors in the literature. However, the interactive influence of psycho‐affective and cognitive factors on this construct has been neglected. To address this gap, this quantitative study used three scales to test an associational model of positive psychological capital (PPC), cognitive flexibility, and professional success. It also tried to uncover if PPC and cognitive flexibility could predict EFL teachers’ professional success. To do so, 533 Chinese EFL teachers took part in a survey. The results of structural equation modeling, correlation analysis, and multiple regression showed a strong and positive link among teachers’ PPC, cognitive flexibility, and professional success. Furthermore, it was revealed that PPC and cognitive flexibility could collectively predict about 53% of the variations in Chinese EFL teachers’ professional success. The study discusses the results and presents some implications for teachers, teacher trainers, and authorities, who can work on the psycho‐affective and cognitive aspects of teacher professionalism and success.
The impact of bridging education programs on internationally educated nurses becoming registered nurses in high‐income countries: A mixed‐methods systematic review
Authors: Cubelo Floro , Parviainen Anndra , Kohanová Dominika
Published: August 2024

Aim

To synthesize the current literature on the impact of bridging education programs for internationally educated nurses (IENs) from low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) seeking to become registered nurses (RNs) in high‐income countries (HICs).

Background

The issue of qualification pathways for IENs through bridging programs has garnered significant attention in contemporary discourse. The growing population of IENs in HICs has made it imperative to streamline the qualification process to facilitate their integration into the healthcare system.

Methods

Utilizing a structured review method, we sourced data between January 2023 and April 2024 from the CINAHL, Scopus, and MEDLINE databases with no year limitations. Out of 817 studies, eight were included. The mixed‐methods systematic review was carried out by two authors who adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. We employed a qualitative content analysis from a feminist standpoint to assess the impact of bridging programs on the transition of IENs to become RNs.

Results

Eight studies were included (mixed methods = 1, quantitative = 3, qualitative = 4). Three themes revealed important key findings. Language proficiency emerged as a critical factor influencing success in bridging programs, with IENs needing to attain a certain level of proficiency in the local language required for licensure. Enhancing nursing competence highlighted skepticism and the need for tailored educational approaches. Transitioning into the workplace emphasized cultural challenges, highlighting the importance of targeted support for continuous integration.

Conclusion

Our findings revealed that despite previous higher education attainment in nursing and nursing experience in the home countries from LMICs, bridging programs aided IENs in transitioning and assimilating into the host country's healthcare employment sector.

Implication for nursing policy and practice

It is essential for policymakers in the education sector to integrate language instruction, cultural sensitivity training, and adapted educational approaches into bridging programs to enhance IENs' readiness for efficient healthcare delivery.
Microwave dielectric properties, vibrational spectrum, and antenna design of a novel melilite‐type Ba2CoSi2O7 ceramic
Authors: Liu Zi‐Yang , Wang Wei , Xu Di‐Ming , Du Chao , Wang Xin , He Guo‐Qiang , Hussain Fayaz , Zhou Tao , Jin Biao‐Bing , Zhou Ke‐Hong , Li Jun , Liang Chao , Zhou Di
Published: August 2024

Low‐εr (the low dielectric constant) microwave dielectric ceramics play an important role in sub‐6 GHz band communication by virtue of their small signal delay. In this paper, Ba2CoSi2O7 ceramics were synthesized by the solid‐phase reaction method, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that they belong to a new melilite structure, with C2/c (No.15) space group, and the ceramics have good microwave dielectric properties with an εr ∼ 7.37, a Q×f (Q = 1/dielectric loss, f = resonant frequency) ∼ 26,320 GHz and a TCF (the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency) ∼ −55 ppm/°C after being sintered at 1150°C, and the theoretical dielectric constants derived from the Clausius–Mosotti as well as the porosity equation, respectively, are also used to further demonstrate the low‐εr properties. Based on the group theory, the one‐dimensional integrable representations of Γacoustic (the phonon modes) and Γoptical (optical modes) of Ba2CoSi2O7 are obtained, and the internal vibrational modes of Ba2CoSi2O7 are deconstructed and the main modes of influence of the electronic polarization are analyzed in conjunction with the results of the validly fitted peaks of the 17 Raman and 25 IR tests. A microstrip Yagi antenna is also designed based on the ceramic properties, which can achieve a gain of 9.65 dBi at the center tuning frequency of 5.47 GHz, with a S11 (return loss) close to −60 dBi. Based on the above results, the Ba2CoSi2O7 ceramic is a low‐εr microwave dielectric ceramic with significant potential for communication application.
Rituximab carries high risks of hepatitis B virus reactivation in hematologic and rheumatic patients with chronic or resolved hepatitis B
Authors: Hou Kuan‐Chu , Su Tung‐Hung , Kao Chien‐Neng , Cheng Huei‐Ru , Tseng Tai‐Chung , Liu Chun‐Jen , Hsieh Song‐Chou , Kao Jia‐Horng
Published: August 2024

Background and Aim

Rituximab therapy is associated with a high risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation. We aimed to assess whether the risk of reactivation differed among various underlying diseases and between hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers and patients with resolved HBV infection.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed patients with chronic or resolved HBV infection who received rituximab without prophylactic anti‐HBV therapy at a tertiary medical center. The risks of HBV reactivation, hepatitis, and hepatic decompensation were compared between the patients with hematologic and rheumatic diseases.

Results

There were 78 patients with hematologic diseases and 39 patients with rheumatic diseases included. Among them, 43 (59%) HBsAg‐positive patients and 24 (55%) patients with resolved HBV infection experienced HBV reactivation at a median of 14.6 months after rituximab therapy. After rituximab treatment, the 1‐year HBV reactivation rate among patients with hematologic and rheumatic diseases was 29% and 45% in HBsAg‐positive patients, respectively, while the rates were 38% and 17% in patients with resolved HBV infection. The reactivation risk continued to increase even 2 years after rituximab therapy and was comparable between hematologic and rheumatic patients. A higher baseline HBV DNA level (≥20 IU/mL vs <20 IU/mL) was an independent predictor for HBV reactivation (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 10.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–107) and HBV‐associated hepatitis (aHR: 14.8, 95% CI: 1.4–158).

Conclusions

Rituximab therapy is associated with a 50–64% risk of HBV reactivation regardless of underlying diseases and HBsAg status. HBV DNA levels should be assessed before initiating rituximab.
Bailout Stigma
Authors: CHE YEON‐KOO , CHOE CHONGWOO , RHEE KEEYOUNG
Published: August 2024

We develop a model of bailout stigma in which accepting a bailout signals a firm's balance‐sheet weakness and reduces its funding prospects. To avoid stigma, high‐quality firms withdraw from subsequent financing after receiving bailouts or refuse bailouts altogether to send a favorable signal. The former leads to a short‐lived stimulation followed by a market freeze even worse than if there were no bailout. The latter revives the funding market, albeit with delay, to the level achievable without any stigma and implements a constrained optimal outcome. A menu of multiple bailout programs compounds bailout stigma and exacerbates the market freeze.
Study on the difference of gut microbiota in DLY and Diqing Tibetan pigs induce by high fiber diet
Authors: Yang Lijie , Yao Bingqian , Zhang Shimin , Yang Yuting , Pan Hongbin , Zeng Xiangfang , Qiao Shiyan
Published: August 2024

In order to investigate the regularity of fecal microorganisms changes in Landrace × Large White × Duroc (DLY) and Diqing Tibetan pigs (TP) induced by dietary fiber, and further explore the buffering effect of different intestinal flora structures on dietary stress. DLY (n = 15) and TP (n = 15) were divided into two treatments. Then, diet with 20% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was supplemented for 9 days. Our results showed that the feed conversion efficiency of TP was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of DLY. The fecal microorganisms shared by the two groups gradually increased with the feeding cycle. In addition, the dispersion of Shannon, Simpson, ACE and Chao of TP decreased. Also, we found that the fecal microorganisms of TP (R2 = 0.2089, p < 0.01) and DLY (R2 = 0.3982, p < 0.01) showed significant differences in different feeding cycles. With the prolongation of feeding cycle, the similarity of fecal microbial composition between DLY and TP increased. Our study strongly suggests that the complex environment and diet structure have shaped the unique gut microbiota of TP, which plays a vital role in the buffering effect of high‐fiber diets.
The content and quality of soil carbon and nitrogen as well as enzymatic activity in soils with diverse texture following different land use and management practices
Authors: Dębska Bożena , Długosz Jacek , Piotrowska‐Długosz Anna
Published: August 2024

A detailed knowledge concerning the responses of different carbon pools and the activity of soil enzymes to various land uses is critical for maintaining soil health and quality. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of different soil uses and management practices on the contents of total, dissolved and microbial biomass C and N as well as the fractional composition of humus and the set of enzyme activities. This study was conducted to compare the status of soil properties in the surface horizons of 24 soils with diverse textures, following the different land uses. Thus, arable lands, short‐term cultivation, vineyards, orchards, hop plantations and grasslands were compared. The contents of total and dissolved carbon and nitrogen, the fractional composition of humus, the content of microbial biomass C and N and the enzymatic activity were assessed. The application of various land uses affects the C and N content of the soils and their humus fractions as well as their enzymatic activities differently. Generally, both grass‐based systems (grasslands and orchards) revealed the most positive effects in most of the studied properties as compared to other land use systems. By contrast, long‐term tillage and/or the lack of permanent plant cover (cereals, grapevine and hop cultivation) adversely affects the studied properties of the soils. No clear pattern of changes was detected in terms of the fractional composition of the SOM. The enzymatic activity changed because of their different functions in SOM transformation and because of the differences in the complexities of the enzymatic substrates occurring in the soil. Most of the studied properties were significantly higher in soils with a loamy texture as compared to the sandy loam and loamy sand soils. Differently managed soils presented a distinctive response in terms of organic matter content and quality as well as extracellular enzyme activity as a function of the tillage regime applied and different cultivated plants. In general terms, both land uses which were based on permanent grass cultivation revealed that the most positive effects occurred on these studied properties as compared to other land use systems. Therefore, we may conclude that permanent grasslands play a special role in the status of soil organic matter, microbial content and enzymatic activity.
Focus on meaning and form for advancing proficiency: The case of a multimedia online German course
Authors: Vyatkina Nina
Published: August 2024

This praxis‐oriented article reports on the design, implementation, and evaluation of an upper‐level online German course aimed at advancing the second language (L2) proficiency of US university students. Drawing on the noticing hypothesis and empirical L2 acquisition research, the study underscores the necessity of combining attention to linguistic form and meaning to optimize learning. The course design leveraged the multiliteracies approach and a multimodal guided reading framework to address the challenge of integrating multiple linguistic levels and literacy dimensions, prioritizing reading and development of the vocabulary knowledge and utilizing technology to present materials in various formats conducive to multimedia learning. The study presents both an affordance‐based and evidence‐based evaluation of the course. Findings indicate significant improvements in vocabulary size, high engagement levels, and positive learner perceptions toward the course materials and assignments. These outcomes suggest that the complex interplay of the focus on meaning and form within a multimodal online learning environment can effectively enhance L2 proficiency. The article concludes with recommendations for educators looking to implement similar courses, offering a model that can be adapted to various upper‐level university contexts.
Disinformation Unveiled: Tracking Media Hoaxes to Build Public Literacy for Indonesia’s 2024 Elections
Authors: Heryanto Gun Gun , Zamroni Mohammad , Astuti Yanti Dwi
Published: August 2024

This research aims to describe the phenomenon of information disruption through hoax news related to the 2019 Election in the media, and to use this understanding as a foundation for enhancing media literacy among the public for the 2024 Election. The emergence of various hoax news content across both digital and conventional media has disturbed the public and has the potential to trigger national divisions. This study employs a descriptive qualitative textual analysis method with item analysis units. Data were collected from political hoax content related to the 2019 Election, and analysis was conducted using a coding sheet for units of analysis. The research findings reveal: firstly, the phenomenon of information disruption is reinforced by the spread of hoax content related to political news about the 2019 Election, as evidenced by the analysis of the top 10 news items; secondly, the forms and types of hoax content concerning political news about the 2019 Election are predominantly classified into 7 categories of hoaxes according to the First Draft; thirdly, there is a need for media-savvy strategies ahead of the 2024 Election, which includes mastering digital literacy.
From Core Business to By-product Why German Media Companies Still Invest in Journalism
Authors: Hofer Jan , Leicher Darian
Published: August 2024

The emergence of digital technologies over the past two decades has brought about changes that threaten the very existence of german media companies. The journalistic business model is losing sales, and the decline in print circulations is making it successively difficult to earn money with journalistic products. Therefore, german media companies have been investing in business models that have no relation to journalism to generate growth for years – with success. Considering this development, it is astonishing from a purely economic perspective that media groups, which are increasingly developing into technology companies, are still clinging to the ailing journalistic business model at all. To examine their motives to do so, this study poses the following research question: "Why do media companies still invest in journalistic products today?" To answer it, the researcher conducted interviews with highlevel employees from media companies as part of a qualitative study. Analysis of the data revealed that media companies continue to invest in journalism mainly because they benefit economically from the brands their journalistic products represent. Other reasons like serving as a pillar of the democratic constitution or to help shape public discourse seem to be less important.
The Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the Quality of Media Content
Authors: Aleessawi Najm Abed Khalaf , Alzubi Solafah Farouq
Published: August 2024

The article aimed to identify the repercussions of artificial intelligence (AI) on the quality of creating media content. The research employed the qualitative analytical method, conducting semi-structured interviews with seven Jordanian journalists who work in various media institutions in Jordan. The results revealed that the fields in which AI is employed are design and graphics, dealing with big data, and reformulating content and written texts and that the media content topics in which AI is employed are “technological,” “educational,” and “economic.” The most used AI applications and websites in journalism and media production were ChatGTP, Google Assistant, Designs.ai, Art Flow, QuillBot, Grammarly, Deepfake, Word.ai, Chatbots, AI-Writer, Siri, Blockchain, Otter.ai, and others. The results also revealed that AI has had crucial impacts on the quality of media content through the accuracy of data analysis, the acceleration of the editing process, and the enhancement of the (human) journalist’s skill in editing and drafting. The authors recommended conducting more studies on AI in preparing fake news stories on social media platforms.
Homotopy properties of the complex of frames of a unitary space
Authors: Piterman Kevin I. , Welker Volkmar
Published: August 2024

Let be a finite‐dimensional vector space equipped with a nondegenerate Hermitian form over a field . Let be the graph with vertex set the one‐dimensional nondegenerate subspaces of and adjacency relation given by orthogonality. We give a complete description of when is connected in terms of the dimension of and the size of the ground field . Furthermore, we prove that if , then the clique complex of is simply connected. For finite fields , we also compute the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of . Then, by Garland's method, we conclude that for all , where is a field of characteristic 0, provided that . Under these assumptions, we deduce that the barycentric subdivision of deformation retracts to the order complex of the certain rank selection of that is Cohen–Macaulay over . Finally, we apply our results to the Quillen poset of elementary abelian ‐subgroups of a finite group and to the study of geometric properties of the poset of nondegenerate subspaces of and the poset of orthogonal decompositions of .
Heat and Mass Transfer Study of a High-Pressure Membrane Dehumidifier Under Nonisothermal and Humid Sweep Psychrometric Conditions
Authors: Hollon Danielle D. , Wanstall C. Taber , Román Abdeel J. , Johnson Douglas J.
Published: August 2024

High-pressure membrane dehumidification is of interest for aircraft environmental control system (ECS) applications. Typically, membrane dehumidifier (MD) modules are characterized by manufacturers over a range of mass flow rates, temperatures, and pressures at saturation conditions. However, to evaluate the suitability of high-pressure membrane dehumidification for aircraft applications, the performance must be characterized over the broader range of psychrometric conditions that could be encountered. Moreover, the practical integration of an MD into an environmental control system necessitates reconsideration of the traditional product sweep approach, where some of the dry air produced is removed and supplied to the other side of the membrane to enhance mass transfer. In an environmental control system, using product sweep would require excessive bleed air from the engine and cause unbalanced flow in the turbomachinery. To avoid this, alternate sources of sweep must be considered, and their effects on dehumidification must be evaluated. This work conducts an experimental investigation of an MD module using product sweep under a range of psychrometric conditions, then compares product and humid sweep modes to understand the effects of sweep conditions on dehumidification performance. Concurrently, a numerical model of an MD is implemented and validated—first against the module specification sheet, then against the empirical results that represent moderate altitude aircraft conditions. Ultimately, the feasibility of a hot and humid sweep source to maintain sufficient dehumidification performance under realistic altitude conditions is demonstrated.
Photoelectric Nature of Nanocomposite ZnO/CuO Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Saraeva I. N. , Zayarny D. A. , Nastulyavichus A. A. , Tolordava E. R. , Ulturgasheva E. V. , Krikunova P. V. , Kudryashov S. I.
Published: August 2024

We present the study of the antibacterial properties of ZnO/CuO films, activated by LED lamp light with an emission spectrum close to that of natural sunlight, on an example of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus bacterial culture. The antibacterial properties of films with photoinduced electroporation lead to the emergence of a potential difference between semiconductor n-type ZnO and p-type CuO nanoparticles with a local increase in field intensity to a value $$ \sim {\kern 1pt} 1 \times {{10}^{4}}$$ V/cm, sufficient for irreversible electroporation to occur. Exposure leads to a decrease in bacterial contamination from the value $$8 \times {{10}^{8}}$$ CFU/mL to 0. Raman spectra before and after exposure were analyzed by calculating spectral peak parameters corresponding to molecular vibrations in nucleic acids, cell membranes, and proteins. The disappearance or degradation of peaks illustrating vibrations of A, G in nucleic acids, disruption of the secondary structure of proteins and the appearance of disordered forms of amide I were detected, as well as the emerging disorder of lipid chains in the membrane and the destruction of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, which are part of the gram-positive microorganisms’ cell membrane, therefore indicating the destruction of the cell wall and irreversible destruction of the internal structure of the cells.
Hong–Ou–Mandel Interference in Quantum Optics, Monogamy of Entanglement, Nonorthogonality, and Untrusted Nodes
Authors: Kulik S. P. , Molotkov S. N.
Published: August 2024

Quantum key distribution systems with an untrusted intermediate node described by the so-called measurement device independent (MDI) protocol have been actively studied in the last decade. In early works, it was only argued why such a quantum key distribution system ensures the security of distributed keys mentioning that the security proof of the MDI protocol, which was not presented, is similar to that for the basic Bennett‒Brassard 84 (BB84) protocol. For this reason, despite the existing experimental implementations of the MDI quantum key distribution system, physical reasons for the protocol security are still questionable. Such quantum key distribution systems provide a common key between two network nodes connected through the intermediate untrusted node, which does not require protection of the equipment on it, and an eavesdropper sees the entire operation of the equipment, including the results of the operation of photodetectors. In this work, the MDI protocol has been analyzed. It has been shown that the physical reasons for the protocol security are based on fundamental properties such as the interference of photons from different sources, monogamy of entanglement, and nonorthogonality of states. A simple and explicit derivation is given showing the equivalence of the MDI and BB84 protocols and physical reasons for the identity of the corresponding expressions for the length of the final key.
Balancing act: the complex role of artificial intelligence in addressing burnout and healthcare workforce dynamics
Authors: Pavuluri Suresh , Sangal Rohit , Sather John , Taylor R Andrew
Published: August 2024

Burnout and workforce attrition present pressing global challenges in healthcare, severely impacting the quality of patient care and the sustainability of health systems worldwide. Artificial intelligence (AI) has immense potential to reduce the administrative and cognitive burdens that contribute to burnout through innovative solutions such as digital scribes, automated billing and advanced data management systems. However, these innovations also carry significant risks, including potential job displacement, increased complexity of medical information and cases, and the danger of diminishing clinical skills. To fully leverage AI’s potential in healthcare, it is essential to prioritise AI technologies that align with stakeholder values and emphasise efforts to re-humanise medical practice. By doing so, AI can contribute to restoring a sense of purpose, fulfilment and efficacy among healthcare workers, reinforcing their essential role as caregivers, rather than distancing them from these core professional attributes.
Target mechanisms of mindfulness-based programmes and practices: a scoping review
Authors: Maloney Shannon , Kock Merle , Slaghekke Yasmijn , Radley Lucy , Lopez-Montoyo Alba , Montero-Marin Jesus , Kuyken Willem
Published: August 2024

Question

Mindfulness-based programmes (MBPs) and practices have demonstrated effects in mental health and well-being, yet questions regarding the target mechanisms that drive change across the population remain unresolved.

Study selection and analysis

Five databases were searched for randomised controlled trials that evaluate the indirect effects (IEs) of an MBP or mindfulness practice in relation to mental health and well-being outcomes through psychological mechanisms.

Findings

27 eligible studies were identified, with only four exploring mechanisms in the context of specific mindfulness practices. Significant IEs were reported for mindfulness skills, decentering and attitudes of mindfulness (eg, self-compassion) across different outcomes, population samples, mental health strategies and active comparators. Evidence gap maps and requirements for testing and reporting IEs are provided to help guide future work.

Conclusions

Mindfulness skills, decentering and attitudes of mindfulness may be key intervention targets for addressing the mental health of whole populations. However, future work needs to address significant knowledge gaps regarding the evidence for alternative mechanisms (eg, attention and awareness) in relation to unique outcomes (eg, well-being), mental health strategies (ie, promotion) and active comparators. High-quality trials, with powered multivariate mediation analyses that meet key requirements, will be needed to advance this area of work.

Trial registration number

10.17605/OSF.IO/NY2AH.
Professional perspectives on facilitators and barriers for high quality provision of health, education and social care services to disabled children in England during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study
Authors: Merrick Hannah , Driver Helen , Main Chloe , Potts Lily , Russell Siân , Exley Catherine , Allard Amanda , Morris Christopher , Parr Jeremy R , Pennington Lindsay
Published: August 2024

Objectives

To understand how health, education and social care services for disabled children changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, what did or did not work well and what the impacts of service changes were on both professionals and families.

Design

Qualitative study using semistructured interviews.

Setting

Telephone and video call interviews and focus groups with professionals working in one of five local authority areas in England.

Participants

78 health, education and social care professionals working with children in one of five local authority areas in England.

Results

There was a significant disruption to services and reduced contact with families during the early stages of the pandemic; nevertheless, professionals were able to reflect on innovative ways they interacted with and sought to support and maintain health, education and social care provision to disabled children and their families. As waitlists have substantially increased, this and the longevity of the pandemic were perceived to have had negative consequences for staff health and well-being, the health and psychosocial outcomes of children and young people, and their parent carers.

Conclusions

Key learning from this study for service recovery and planning for future emergencies is the need to be able to identify disabled children, classify their level of need and risk, assess the impact of loss of services and maintain clear communication across services to meet the needs of disabled children. Finally, services need to work collaboratively with families to develop child-centred care to strengthen resilience during service disruption.
Case for improving respectful care: results from a cross-sectional survey of person-centred maternity care in rural South Africa
Authors: Doherty Tanya , Horwood Christiane , Mapumulo Sphindile , Haskins Lyn , Manda Samuel , Penn-Kekana Loveday , Luthuli Silondile , Filippi Veronique
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Despite a supportive policy environment, little attention has been paid to how to operationalise respectful maternity care in South Africa. This research provides a quantitative, baseline measure of women’s perceptions of person-centred maternity care (PCMC) to identify areas of focus for a participatory intervention with maternity teams.

Methods

A facility-based cross-sectional survey of postpartum women within 9 weeks postdelivery in two rural districts of KwaZulu-Natal. 908 postpartum women were recruited from postnatal clinics and neonatal units in the district hospitals. The primary outcome was PCMC measured on 30 items with a 4-point Likert scale (0–3). Mixed-effects linear regression analysis was used to identify predictor variables that were significantly associated with PCMC.

Results

The mean PCMC score was 55.5 (SD 13.6) out of 90 and was significantly higher for women who had caesarean deliveries compared with vaginal births (58.0 (SD 12.8) and 54.5 (SD 13.7), respectively). Around one-fifth of women reported verbal abuse at least once. Over half of women felt that their health information would be kept confidential all of the time, less than 15% of women were allowed to have a companion with them during labour or delivery and less than half of women felt they could completely trust their providers all of the time. Attending eight or more antenatal visits, having a caesarean delivery, being in the age group 30–45 and being in the middle wealth quintile were independently associated with a higher PCMC score while delivering at night was associated with a lower score.

Conclusion

Women attending rural health facilities experience disrespect and lack of trust in an environment where they have little involvement in decisions about their care and feel unable to ask questions of their providers. These findings support the need for interventions addressing organisational cultures that allow disrespect within maternity units.
Climate change and sexual and reproductive health and rights research in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review
Authors: Arunda Malachi Ochieng , Sorcher Rachael , Canabarro Ana Paula Finatto , Svallfors Signe , Endler Margit , Gemzell-Danielsson Kristina , Kågesten Anna , Ali Moazzam , Bahamondes Luis , Barreix María , Chou Doris , Gonsalves Lianne , Johnston Heidi Bart , Kiarie James , Kim Caron Rahn , Narasimhan Manjulaa , Pallitto Christina , Shah Mehr Gul , Say Lale , Thorson Anna , Ekström Anna Mia , Larsson Elin C , Brizuela Vanessa
Published: August 2024

Introduction

This study aimed to provide an overview of the research landscape and to identify research gaps linking climate change events and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the negative impacts of climate change are most severe.

Methods

We conducted a scoping review to map research studies that link climate change events or factors and SRHR aspects in LMICs. We performed a structured literature search across six databases to identify relevant peer-reviewed publications between January 1994 and 6 September 2023. The literature search yielded 14 674 peer-reviewed articles. After screening, 75 articles were included, spanning 99 countries across the globe.

Results

Climate change events such as extreme temperatures, drought, rainfall shocks, cyclones and floods were found to be associated with negative maternal and newborn health outcomes ranging from reduced or low birth weight, preterm births and low Apgar scores, to lack of pregnancy care, pregnancy complications, stillbirths, and newborn and maternal deaths. Associations were also found between climate-related events and increased gender-based violence and HIV prevalence, as well as fertility decisions and harmful practices such as female genital mutilations and early and forced marriages. About two-thirds (48/75) of the articles were from the African or Western Pacific regions. The main research gaps on climate change-related events and SRHR included abortion, reproductive cancers and contraception use.

Conclusion

Complementing existing evidence with targeted research to fill these knowledge gaps could enhance mitigation programmes and policies.
Informing creation of the FEEDS Toolkit to support parent-delivered interventions for eating, drinking and swallowing difficulties in young children with neurodisability: intervention use by neurodevelopmental diagnosis and healthcare professional role
Authors: Shaw Emogene , Pennington Lindsay , Andrew Morag , Taylor Helen , Cadwgan Jill , Sellers Diane , Morris Christopher , Garland Deborah , Parr Jeremy
Published: August 2024

Background

The FEEDS (Focus on Early Eating, Drinking and Swallowing) study focused on interventions used to improve feeding for children with neurodisability and eating, drinking and swallowing difficulties (EDSD), and the outcomes viewed as important by healthcare professionals (HPs) and parent carers. The FEEDS Toolkit was created subsequently as an intervention decision aid to be used collaboratively by parent carers and HPs. This study aimed to inform on current intervention practices and influence toolkit design by ascertaining whether specific intervention use varied by a child’s main diagnosis and by specific HP role.

Methods

FEEDS survey data were grouped by child’s main diagnosis and HP role. Main diagnoses included autism spectrum disorder (ASD) n=183; Down syndrome (DS) n=69; cerebral palsy (CP) n=30). HPs included were speech and language therapists (SLT) n=131; occupational therapists (OT) n=63; physiotherapists (PT) n=57; paediatricians n=50; dieticians n=40; nurses n=32 and health visitors n=14.

Results

Most interventions were used commonly across diagnoses. However, some interventions were used more commonly with specific conditions, for example, positioning (CP 85%, DS 70%, ASD 23%, strategies/programmes aimed at changing behaviour at mealtimes (ASD 52%, CP 8%, DS 11%); visual supports (ASD 58%, CP 0%, DS 21%). HPs reported using a broad range of interventions, SLTs (mean=13.9), dieticians (12.3), OTs (12.7) and paediatricians (11.1). There was overlap between intervention use and HP role, for example, positioning (100% PT, 97% SLT, 94% OT, 73% paediatricians and 69% nurses).

Conclusions

Interdisciplinary working is common when managing EDSD, with all HP types using multiple interventions. A child’s main diagnosis does not substantially influence intervention use, and the individual context of each child requires consideration in intervention selection. Study findings have supported development of the FEEDS Toolkit for use in feeding services.