bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Robotic System to Scan and Reproduce Object
Authors: Rossi Cesare , Savino Sergio
Published: February 2012

An application of a robotic system integrated with a vision system is presented. The robot is a 3-axis revolute prototype, while the vision system essentially consists in a laser scanner made up of a camera and a linear laser projector. Both the robotic and the video system were designed and built at DIME (Department of Mechanical Engineering for Energetics), University of Naples Federico II. The presented application essentially consists of a laser scanner that is installed on the robot arm; the scanner scans a 3D surface, and the data are converted in a cloud of points in the robot’s workspace. Then, starting from those points, the end-effector trajectories adopted to replicate the scanned surface are calculated; so, the same robot, by using a tool, can reproduce the scanned object. The software was developed also at the DIME. The adopted tool was a high-speed drill, installed on the last link of the robot arm, with a spherical milling cutter in order to obtain enough accurate surfaces by the data represented by the cloud of points. An algorithm to interpolate the paths and to plan the trajectories was also developed and successfully tested.
Elevated Serum C-Reactive Protein Relates to Increased Cerebral Myoinositol Levels in Middle-Aged Adults
Authors: Eagan Danielle E. , Gonzales Mitzi M. , Tarumi Takashi , Tanaka Hirofumi , Stautberg Sandra , Haley Andreana P.
Published: February 2012

C-reactive protein (CRP), a systemic marker of inflammation, is a risk factor for late life cognitive impairment and dementia, yet the mechanisms that link elevated CRP to cognitive decline are not fully understood. In this study we examined the relationship between CRP and markers of neuronal integrity and cerebral metabolism in middle-aged adults with intact cognitive function, using proton magnetic resonance spectrocospy. We hypothesized that increased levels of circulating CRP would correlate with changes in brain metabolites indicative of early brain vulnerability. Thirty-six individuals, aged 40 to 60, underwent neuropsychological assessment, a blood draw for CRP quantification, and1H MRS examining N-acetyl-aspartate, myo-inositol, creatine, choline, and glutamate concentrations in occipito-parietal grey matter. Independent of age, sex and education, serum CRP was significantly related to higher cerebral myo-inositol/creatine ratio (F(4,31)=4.74,  P=0.004), a relationship which remained unchanged after adjustment for cardiovascular risk (F(5,30)=4.356, CRP β = 0.322,P=0.045). Because these biomarkers are detectable in midlife they may serve as useful indicators of brain vulnerability during the preclinical period when mitigating intervention is still possible.
Innate Immune Activation and Subversion of Mammalian Functions byLeishmaniaLipophosphoglycan
Authors: Franco Luis H. , Beverley Stephen M. , Zamboni Dario S.
Published: February 2012

Leishmaniapromastigotes express several prominent glycoconjugates, either secreted or anchored to the parasite surface. Of these lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the most abundant, and along with other phosphoglycan-bearing molecules, plays important roles in parasite infectivity and pathogenesis in both the sand fly and the mammalian host. Besides its contribution for parasite survival in the sand fly vector, LPG is important for modulation the host immune responses to favor the establishment of mammalian infection. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of LPG inLeishmaniainfectivity, focusing on the interaction of LPG and innate immune cells and in the subversion of mammalian functions by this molecule.
Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Sweat: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sears Margaret E. , Kerr Kathleen J. , Bray Riina I.
Published: February 2012

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury exposures are ubiquitous. These toxic elements have no physiological benefits, engendering interest in minimizing body burden. The physiological process of sweating has long been regarded as “cleansing” and of low risk. Reports of toxicant levels in sweat were sought in Medline, Embase, Toxline, Biosis, and AMED as well as reference lists and grey literature, from inception to March 22, 2011. Of 122 records identified, 24 were included in evidence synthesis. Populations, and sweat collection methods and concentrations varied widely. In individuals with higher exposure or body burden, sweat generally exceeded plasma or urine concentrations, and dermal could match or surpass urinary daily excretion. Arsenic dermal excretion was severalfold higher in arsenic-exposed individuals than in unexposed controls. Cadmium was more concentrated in sweat than in blood plasma. Sweat lead was associated with high-molecular-weight molecules, and in an interventional study, levels were higher with endurance compared with intensive exercise. Mercury levels normalized with repeated saunas in a case report. Sweating deserves consideration for toxic element detoxification. Research including appropriately sized trials is needed to establish safe, effective therapeutic protocols.
What Behaviors Are Important for Successful Weight Maintenance?
Authors: Nakade Makiko , Aiba Naomi , Morita Akemi , Miyachi Motohiko , Sasaki Satoshi , Watanabe Shaw
Published: February 2012

Purpose. To examine behavioral factors related to successful weight maintenance.Methods. Subjects were 90 middle-aged participants who attended a weight loss program and were followed for one year. The subjects were classified into either successful weight maintainers (maintained a weight loss of 5% or more from their initial weight for one year) (SWM) or unsuccessful weight maintainers (USWM), and weight control practice, stress, obstacles, support, and self-efficacy during the program and follow-up period were compared.Results. SWM had mean loss of 12% from their initial weight during the program. They showed a greater improvement in their regularity of eating, walked more, and felt less stress regarding their increased physical activity than the USWM. During the follow-up period, significantly more SWM participants had self-efficacy (for measuring weight, practicing dietary objective, and assessing the practice and keeping records), actually kept records and measured weight more than the USWM participants. In contrast, more USWM participants felt stress about measuring weight.Conclusion. In addition to a substantial initial weight loss due to an increased amount of physical activity, having a higher self-efficacy and consistently keeping records of one's activities, as well as regularly weighing themselves, may be important for successful weight maintenance.
Influence of Initial Stress and Gravity Field on Propagation of Rayleigh and Stoneley Waves in a Thermoelastic Orthotropic Granular Medium
Authors: Ahmed S. M. , Abo-Dahab S. M.
Published: February 2012

The propagation of Rayleigh and Stoneley waves in a thermoelastic orthotropic granular half‐space supporting a different layer under the influence of initial stress and gravity field is studied. The frequency equation of Rayleigh waves in the form of twelfth‐order determinantal expression and the frequency equation of Stoneley waves in the form of eighth‐order determinantal expression are obtained. The standard equation of dispersion is discussed to obtain Rayleigh and Stoneley waves that have complex roots; the real part gives the velocity of Rayleigh or Stoneley waves but the imaginary part gives the attenuation coefficient. Finally, the numerical results have been given and illustrated graphically, and their physical meaning has been explained.
-SSS/Lipiodol: Development of a Potential Treatment for HCC from Bench to Bedside
Authors: Lepareur Nicolas , Ardisson Valérie , Noiret Nicolas , Garin Etienne
Published: February 2012

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 5th most common tumour worldwide and has a dark prognosis. For nonoperable cases, metabolic radiotherapy with Lipiodol labelled with β-emitters is a promising therapeutic option. The Comprehensive Cancer Centre Eugène Marquis and the National Graduate School of Chemistry of Rennes (ENSCR) have jointly developed a stable and efficient labelling of Lipiodol with rhenium-188 ( MeV) for the treatment of HCC. The major “milestones” of this development, from the first syntheses to the recent first injection in man, are described.
Studying Interactions by Molecular Dynamics Simulations at High Concentration
Authors: Fogolari Federico , Corazza Alessandra , Toppo Stefano , Tosatto Silvio C. E. , Viglino Paolo , Ursini Fulvio , Esposito Gennaro
Published: February 2012

Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study molecular encounters and recognition. In recent works, simulations using high concentration of interacting molecules have been performed. In this paper, we consider the practical problems for setting up the simulation and to analyse the results of the simulation. The simulation of beta 2-microglobulin association and the simulation of the binding of hydrogen peroxide by glutathione peroxidase are provided as examples.
Relation between Small Functions with Differential Polynomials Generated by Solutions of Linear Differential Equations
Authors: Huang Zhigang
Published: February 2012

This paper is devoted to studying the growth of solutions of second‐order nonhomogeneous linear differential equation with meromorphic coefficients. We also discuss the relationship between small functions and differential polynomials L(f) = d2f″+d1f′ + d0f generated by solutions of the above equation, where d0(z), d1(z), and d2(z) are entire functions that are not all equal to zero.
Inequalities between Power Means and Convex Combinations of the Harmonic and Logarithmic Means
Authors: Qian Wei-Mao , Shen Zhong-Hua
Published: February 2012

We prove that αH(a, b)+(1 − α)L(a, b) > M(1−4α)/3(a, b) for α ∈ (0, 1) and all a, b > 0 with a ≠ b if and only if α ∈ [1/4, 1) and αH(a, b)+(1 − α)L(a, b) < M(1−4α)/3(a, b) if and only if , and the parameter (1 − 4α)/3 is the best possible in either case. Here, H(a, b) = 2ab/(a + b), L(a, b) = (a − b)/(log a − log b), and Mp(a, b) = ((ap + bp)/2) 1/p (p ≠ 0)
and are the harmonic, logarithmic, and pth power means of a and b, respectively.
Consecutive Daily Measurements of Luminal Concentrations of Lactate in the Rectum in Septic Shock Patients
Authors: Ibsen Michael , Wiis Jørgen , Waldau Tina , Perner Anders
Published: February 2012

In a recent study we found no difference in the concentrations of luminal lactate in the rectum between nonsurvivors and survivors in early septic shock (<24 h). This study was initiated to investigate if there are any changes in the concentrations of luminal lactate in the rectum during the first 3 days of septic shock and possible differences between nonsurvivors and survivors.Methods. We studied 22 patients with septic shock in this observational study. Six to 24 h after the onset of septic shock the concentration of lactate in the rectal lumen was estimated by 4 h equilibrium dialysis (day 1). The rectal dialysis was repeated on day 2 and day 3.Results. The concentration of lactate in the rectal lumen did not change over the 3 days in neither nonsurvivors nor survivors. Rectal luminal and arterial lactate concentrations were not different.Conclusion. There was no change in the concentration of lactate in the rectal lumen over time in patients with septic shock. Also, there was no difference between nonsurvivors and survivors.
Predictive Value of the Model of End-Stage Liver Disease in Cirrhotic Patients with and without Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Authors: Kraja Bledar , Sina Marsela , Mone Iris , Pupuleku Fatjona , Babameto Adriana , Prifti Skerdi , Burazeri Genc
Published: February 2012

Objective. We aimed to assess the predictive value of the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with and without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and fatal outcome.Methods. A cross-sectional study included 256 consecutive patients (199 men and 57 women) diagnosed with cirrhosis and ascites who were hospitalized at the University Hospital Center in Tirana from January 2008 to December 2009. SBP was defined as a neutrophil count of ≥250 cells/mm3in ascitic fluid. MELD score was based on laboratory parameters determined by UNOS Internet site MELD calculator.Results. In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, diabetes, and etiology, there was evidence of a positive association of SBP with MELD score: the odds ratio (OR) for SBP for one unit increment of MELD score was 1.06 (95% Cl = 1.021.09). MELD score was significantly higher in fatal cases than nonfatal patients (mean age-adjusted score was 32.7 versus 18.4 overall; 34.8 versus 18.0 in SBP patients, and 32.0 versus 18.5 in non-SBP patients; allP<0.001).Conclusions. In this Albanian sample of hospitalized cirrhotic patients, MELD score was confirmed as a significant predictor of both SBP and fatal outcome.
Association of Mitral Annulus Calcification with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, Which Is a Marker of Inflammation
Authors: Kurtoğlu Ertuğrul , Korkmaz Hasan , Aktürk Erdal , Yılmaz Mücahid , Altaş Yakup , Uçkan Ahmet
Published: February 2012

Objectives. There are limited clinical data revealing the relationship between mitral annular calcification (MAC) and systemic inflammation. The goal of the present study was to compare high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in patients with and without MAC and investigate the relationship between MAC and hs-CRP.Methods. One hundred patients with MAC who underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and 100 age-matched controls without MAC who underwent TTE were included in our study. Hs-CRP levels were compared between groups.Results. Prevalence of female gender, hypertension, and coronary artery disease were significantly higher in the MAC group than in the control group (64% versus 45%,P=0.007, 42% versus 28%,P=0.03and 37% versus 18%,P=0.003, resp.). On multivariate analysis, age, gender, and coronary artery disease were the only independent predictors of MAC. The levels of hs-CRP were higher in the MAC group than in the control group (2.02±0.35versus1.43±0.47 mg/dl,P<0.001). This increase in hs-CRP levels in the MAC group persisted in patients without hypertension, coronary artery disease, and in male patients when compared to the control group.Conclusions. Our study demonstrated that hs-CRP, which is a sensitive marker of systemic inflammation, increased in patients with MAC.
Physical Activity and Health Beliefs among Saudi Women
Authors: Al-Eisa Einas S. , Al-Sobayel Hana I.
Published: February 2012

Background. Physical activity (PA) is associated with health benefits and disease prevention and is often prescribed in managing many health conditions. Understanding the cultural influences is relevant in order to effectively promote PA. The objective of this study was to assess the level of PA among Saudi women, measured by daily step count, and the association between PA and health beliefs.Methods. A total of 161 eligible participants were asked to complete two questionnaires to assess health beliefs: Health Locus of Control (HLC) and Self-Efficacy Assessment Scale. Each participant was given a pedometer and a diary to record their daily PA for two weeks.Results. One hundred and five participants completed the two weeks pedometer data (mean age26.3±7.1years, BMI25±4.2 kg/m2). The average pedometer score over two weeks was5114±2213steps. Step count had strong correlation with self-efficacy (rs=0.75), mild correlation with internal HLC (rs=0.42), and mild negative correlation with external HLC (rs=−0.35).Conclusion. The study demonstrates high level of inactivity among Saudi females in reference to the international recommendation for minimum activity. The data also reveal an association between PA and health beliefs. Ultimately, such information can be used to design gender- and culture-sensitive interventions that could enhance adherence to PA.
Biological Significance of HCV in Various Kinds of Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Kondo Yasuteru , Ueno Yoshiyuki , Shimosegawa Tooru
Published: February 2012

It has been reported that HCV can infect not only hepatocytes but also various kinds of lymphoid cells. Although many reports have described the biological significance of lymphotropic HCV, the issue remains controversial since the target lymphoid cells might have various kinds of functions in the immune system. One of the important roles of lymphoid cells in HCV replication is being a reservoir of HCV. Several groups described the detection of HCV-RNA in lymphoid cells after HCV eradication in plasma. Another important role of lymphotropic HCV is that it acts as a carcinogenic agent and induces immune dysfunction. In this paper, we summarize the reports regarding the biological significance of lymphotropic HCV in representative lymphoid cells.
Dignity and Deferral Narratives as Strategies in Facilitated Technology-Based Support Groups for People with Advanced Cancer
Authors: Street Annette F. , Wakelin Kate , Hordern Amanda , Bruce Nicola , Horey Dell
Published: February 2012

This paper examines the value of facilitated telephone and online support groups for palliative care. Telephone interviews were conducted with twenty people living with advanced cancer who had participated in either a telephone or online support group facilitated by the Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. Two dominant participant narratives emerged: a focus on dying with dignity or an interest in deferring discussion of death and dying to focus on the present. Despite the different approaches, participants found the technology-based support groups to be accessible and safe environments in which to discuss difficult topics in privacy. Technology-based strategies provide opportunities for health professionals to provide social and emotional care to more people by moving beyond individualised care and facilitate peer-to-peer support at the end of life, especially to those with specific needs. Such options are feasible for palliative care services to set up and acceptable to a group of clients, especially for younger clients or those socially or geographically isolated.
Univalent Logharmonic Mappings in the Plane
Authors: Abdulhadi Zayid , Ali Rosihan M.
Published: February 2012

This paper surveys recent advances on univalent logharmonic mappings defined on a simply or multiply connected domain. Topics discussed include mapping theorems, logharmonic automorphisms, univalent logharmonic extensions onto the unit disc or the annulus, univalent logharmonic exterior mappings, and univalent logharmonic ring mappings. Logharmonic polynomials are also discussed, along with several important subclasses of logharmonic mappings.
Assessment of the Ionospheric and Tropospheric Effects in Location Errors of Data Collection Platforms in Equatorial Region during High and Low Solar Activity Periods
Authors: da Silva Áurea Aparecida , Yamaguti Wilson , Kuga Hélio Koiti , Celestino Cláudia Celeste
Published: February 2012

The geographical locations of data collection platforms (DCP) in the Brazilian Environmental Data Collection System are obtained by processing Doppler shift measurements between satellites and DCP. When the signals travel from a DCP to a satellite crossing the terrestrial atmosphere, they are affected by the atmosphere layers, which generate a delay in the signal propagation, and cause errors in its final location coordinates computation. The signal propagation delay due to the atmospheric effects consists, essentially, of the ionospheric and tropospheric effects. This work provides an assessment of ionospheric effects using IRI and IONEX models and tropospheric delay compensation using climatic data provided by National Climatic Data Center. Two selected DCPs were used in this study in conjunction with SCD‐2 satellite during high and low solar activity periods. Results show that the ionospheric effects on transmission delays are significant (about hundreds of meters) in equatorial region and should be considered to reduce DCP location errors, mainly in high solar activity periods, while in those due to tropospheric effects the zenith errors are about threemeters. Therefore it is shown that the platform location errors can be reduced when the ionospheric and tropospheric effects are properly considered.
Widespread Oceanospirillaceae Bacteria inPoritesspp.
Authors: Speck Mark D. , Donachie Stuart P.
Published: February 2012

We present evidence that a clade of bacteria in the Oceanospirillaceae is widely distributed inPoritesspp. and other hermatypic corals.Bacteria16S rDNA clone libraries were prepared from community genomic DNA extracted fromPorites compressaandPorites lobatasurface mucus and adjacent seawater collected along a line transect off Maui. Phylogenetic affiliations of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) defined at the 97% level of nucleotide identity varied within and between the respectivePoritesspp. along the transect and differed from those in the seawater. One OTU (C7-A01), however, occurred in all mucus samples from bothPoritesspecies. C7-A01c affiliates with a clade of uncultivatedOceanospirillum-like bacteria; the nearest neighbors of this OTU have been reported only in the surface mucus layer ofPoritesspp. and other stony corals, in reef-dwelling invertebrates, and the corallivorous six-banded angelfish,Pomacanthus sexstriatus.
A Review of Luting Agents
Authors: Pameijer Cornelis H.
Published: February 2012

Due to the availability of a large number of luting agents (dental cements) proper selection can be a daunting task and is usually based on a practitioner’s reliance on experience and preference and less on in depth knowledge of materials that are used for the restoration and luting agent properties. This review aims at presenting an overview of current cements and discusses physical properties, biocompatibility and other properties that make a particular cement the preferred choice depending on the clinical indication. Tables are provided that outline the different properties of the generic classification of cements. It should be noted that no recommendations are made to use a particular commercial cement for a hypothetical clinical situation. The choice is solely the responsibility of the practitioner. The appendix is intended as a guide for the practitioner towards a recommended choice under commonly encountered clinical scenarios. Again, no commercial brands are recommended although the author recognizes that some have better properties than others. Please note that this flowchart strictly presents the author’s opinion and is based on research, clinical experience and the literature.
Synthesis of Photochromic AgCl-Urethane Resin Composite Films
Authors: Miyazaki Hidetoshi , Shimoguchi Hirochi , Suzuki Hisao , Ota Toshitaka
Published: February 2012

AgCl-resin photochromic composite films were prepared using AgNO3, HCl-EtOH, CuCl2solution, and a liquid-state urethane resin as starting materials. The obtained composite films showed a photochromic property. The rate of darkening of the composite film increased after mixing with CuCl2. The AgCl particle size in the film without heat treatment was 6–20 nm, and that of the heat-treated film was 25–80 nm; these results were confirmed using TEM observations. The fading rate of the film without heat treatment was higher than that of the heat-treated films.
Deficiency in Mammalian Histone H2B Ubiquitin Ligase Bre1 (Rnf20/Rnf40) Leads to Replication Stress and Chromosomal Instability
Authors: Chernikova Sophia B. , Razorenova Olga V. , Higgins John P. , Sishc Brock J. , Nicolau Monica , Dorth Jennifer A. , Chernikova Diana A. , Kwok Shirley , Brooks James D. , Bailey Susan M. , Game John C. , Brown J. Martin
Published: February 2012

Mammalian Bre1 complexes (BRE1A/B (RNF20/40) in humans and Bre1a/b (Rnf20/40) in mice) function similarly to their yeast homolog Bre1 as ubiquitin ligases in monoubiquitination of histone H2B. This ubiquitination facilitates methylation of histone H3 at K4 and K79, and accounts for the roles of Bre1 and its homologs in transcriptional regulation. Recent studies by others suggested that Bre1 acts as a tumor suppressor, augmenting expression of select tumor suppressor genes and suppressing select oncogenes. In this study, we present an additional mechanism of tumor suppression by Bre1 through maintenance of genomic stability. We track the evolution of genomic instability in Bre1-deficient cells from replication-associated double-strand breaks (DSB) to specific genomic rearrangements that explain a rapid increase in DNA content and trigger breakage–fusion–bridge cycles. We show that aberrant RNA–DNA structures (R-loops) constitute a significant source of DSBs in Bre1-deficient cells. Combined with a previously reported defect in homologous recombination, generation of R-loops is a likely initiator of replication stress and genomic instability in Bre1-deficient cells. We propose that genomic instability triggered by Bre1 deficiency may be an important early step that precedes acquisition of an invasive phenotype, as we find decreased levels of BRE1A/B and dimethylated H3K79 in testicular seminoma and in the premalignant lesion in situ carcinoma. Cancer Res; 72(8); 2111–9. ©2012 AACR.
Second-Line Therapies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Emergence of Resistance to Sorafenib
Authors: Villanueva Augusto , Llovet Josep M.
Published: February 2012

Second-line therapies are needed for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who progress after sorafenib. Positive signals seen with brivanib in phase II studies, reported herein, have yet to be confirmed in phase III trials. Identification of the molecular mechanisms driving sorafenib resistance should guide drug development strategies in this setting. Clin Cancer Res; 18(7); 1824–6. ©2012 AACR.
Two-Year Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Black Currant Anthocyanins on Visual Field in Glaucoma
Authors: Ohguro Hiroshi , Ohguro Ikuyo , Katai Maki , Tanaka Sachie
Published: February 2012

Aim: To examine the influence of the black currant anthocyanins (BCACs) on the disease progression of open-angle glaucoma (OAG), a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial was made in 38 patients with OAG treated by antiglaucoma drops. Methods: BCACs (50 mg/day, n = 19) or their placebos (n = 19) were orally administered once daily for a 24-month period. Systemic blood pressure, pulse rates, intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular blood circulation by laser-speckle flowgraphy, and Humphrey visual field mean deviation (MD) were measured during the 24-month period. Results: As a main outcome measurement, we evaluated the difference between the groups in MD deterioration in the eye with a better MD from the trial’s baseline through 24 months. A statistically significant difference was observed between the treatment groups in mean change from baseline in MD 24 months after therapy (p = 0.039, unpaired t test). Upon administration of BCACs, the ocular blood flows during the 24-month observational period increased in comparison with placebo-treated patients. However, no significant changes were observed in systemic and ocular conditions including IOP during the 24-month period. Conclusions: Our results suggest that oral administration of BCACs may be a safe and promising supplement for patients with OAG in addition to antiglaucoma medication.
Acute Obstructive Hydrocephalus due to a Large Posterior Third Ventricle Choroid Plexus Cyst
Authors: Eboli Paula , Danielpour Moise
Published: February 2012

We present the case of a child in whom acute hydrocephalus developed secondary to obstruction of the foramen of Monro by a choroid plexus cyst. The patient was seen in the emergency department with fevers, acute onset of headaches, and lethargy. Computed tomography demonstrated dilated lateral and third ventricles with a relatively normal-sized fourth ventricle. An external ventricular drain was placed. Despite decompression of the lateral ventricles, follow-up magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a dilated third ventricle with a possible thin-walled mass extending from the foramen of Monro into the posterior portion of the third ventricle. The patient subsequently underwent endoscopic fenestration of the cyst with endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Although two other cases of symptomatic choroid plexus cysts of the third ventricle have been previously reported in children, our paper highlights the possibility of endoscopic cyst fenestration together with a third ventriculostomy as a treatment option in cases where the cyst extends into the posterior third ventricle. Despite adequate decompression, we were concerned that due to CSF pulsations the remnant cyst wall could result in acute aqueduct obstruction and subsequent hydrocephalus.
Geographic Disparities in the Incidence and Outcomes of Hospitalized Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Yeh Robert W. , Normand Sharon-Lise T. , Wang Yun , Barr Christopher D. , Dominici Francesca
Published: February 2012

Background—

Improvements in prevention have led to declines in incidence and mortality of myocardial infarction (MI) in selected populations. However, no studies have examined regional differences in recent trends in MI incidence, and few have examined whether known regional disparities in MI care have narrowed over time.

Methods and Results—

We compared trends in incidence rates of MI, associated procedures and mortality for all US Census Divisions (regions) in Medicare fee-for-service patients between 2000–2008 (292 773 151 patient-years). Two-stage hierarchical models were used to account for patient characteristics and state-level random effects. To assess trends in geographic disparities, we calculated changes in between-state variance for outcomes over time. Although the incidence of MI declined in all regions (
P
<0.001 for trend for each) between 2000–2008, adjusted rates of decline varied by region (annual declines ranging from 2.9–6.1%). Widening geographic disparities, as measured by percent change of between-state variance from 2000–2008, were observed for MI incidence (37.6% increase,
P
=0.03) and percutaneous coronary intervention rates (31.4% increase,
P
=0.06). Significant declines in risk-adjusted 30-day mortality were observed in all regions, with the fastest declines observed in states with higher baseline mortality rates.

Conclusions—

In a large contemporary analysis of geographic trends in MI epidemiology, the incidence of MI and associated mortality declined significantly in all US Census Divisions between 2000–2008. Although geographic disparities in MI incidence may have increased, regional differences in MI-associated mortality have narrowed.
Effect of Aspirin Versus Clopidogrel on Walking Exercise Performance in Intermittent Claudication—A Double‐Blind Randomized Multicenter Trial
Authors: Singer Elisabeth , Imfeld Stephan , Staub Daniel , Hoffmann Ulrich , Buschmann Ivo , Labs Karl‐Heinz , Jaeger Kurt A. ,   on behalf of the Arteriogenesis Competence Network Trialists' Group
Published: February 2012

Background

This study sought to determine possible effects of different antiplatelet therapies on walking exercise performance in intermittent claudication. Aspirin, in contrast to clopidogrel, interferes with processes that increase collateral conductance in an ischemic animal model.

Methods and Results

Patients with stable intermittent claudication were recruited from 21 centers in Switzerland and Germany and randomized to either aspirin or clopidogrel treatment. They participated in a 3‐month rehabilitation program (electronically monitored, home‐based, 1‐hour daily walking sessions at a speed of approximately 120 steps/min). Walking distance was assessed by treadmill tests (3.2 km/h; 12% grade) at baseline and after 12 weeks. A total of 229 of 259 patients with a mean age of 66.2±7.7 years completed the study according to the protocol. A total of 24.5% were females, 20.1% diabetics, and 85.6% were active/ex‐smokers. The baseline characteristics were a median (interquartile range) ankle/brachial index of 0.69 (0.57±0.8), an initial claudication distance (ICD) of 98 m (70 to 151 m), and an absolute claudication distance (ACD) of 162 m (113 to 302 m). Training resulted in a median increase of initial claudication distance by 33.5 m (33.3%) in the clopidogrel group and 29 m (33.9%) in the aspirin group. The values for absolute claudication distance were 60.5 m (34.9%) and 75 m (35.3%), respectively (p
ICD
=0.42 and p
ACD
=0.66).

Conclusions

Treatment with aspirin did not show a difference in initial claudication distance or absolute claudication distance improvements compared with clopidogrel after a 3‐month walking rehabilitation program.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00189618, URL:
http://EudraCT.ema.europa.eu
, Unique identifier: 2004‐005041‐35
A Global Approach to Assess the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Stream Water Temperatures and Related In-Stream First-Order Decay Rates
Authors: Punzet Manuel , Voß Frank , Voß Anja , Kynast Ellen , Bärlund Ilona
Published: February 2012

Stream water temperature is an important factor used in water quality modeling. To estimate monthly stream temperature on a global scale, a simple nonlinear regression model was developed. It was applied to stream temperatures recorded over a 36-yr period (1965–2001) at 1659 globally distributed gauging stations. Representative monthly air temperatures were obtained from the nearest grid cell included in the new global meteorological forcing dataset—the Water and Global Change (WATCH) Forcing Data. The regression model reproduced monthly stream temperatures with an efficiency of fit of 0.87. In addition, the regression model was applied for different climate zones (polar, snow, warm temperate arid, and equatorial climates) based on the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. For snow, warm temperate, and arid climates the efficiency of fit was larger than 0.82 including more than 1504 stations (90% of all records used). Analyses of heat-storage effects (seasonal hysteresis) did not show noticeable differences between the warming/cooling and global regression curves, respectively. The maximum difference between both limbs of the hysteresis curves was 1.6°C and thus neglected in the further analysis of the study. For validation purposes time series of stream temperatures for five individual river basins were computed applying the global regression equation. The accuracy of the global regression equation could be confirmed. About 77% of the predicted values differed by 3°C or less from measured stream temperatures. To examine the impact of climate change on stream water temperatures, gridded global monthly stream temperatures for the climate normal period (1961–90) were calculated as well as stream temperatures for the A2 and B1 climate change emission scenarios for the 2050s (2041–70). On average, there will be an increase of 1°–4°C in monthly stream temperature under the two climate scenarios. It was also found that in the months December, January, and February a noticeable warming predominantly occurs along the equatorial zone, while during the months June, July, and August large-scale or large increases can be observed in the northern and southern temperate zones. Consequently, projections of decay rates show a similar seasonal and spatial pattern as the corresponding stream temperatures. A regional increase up to ~25% could be observed. Thus, to ensure sufficient water quality for human purposes, but also for freshwater ecosystems, sustainable management strategies are required.
Rising to the human rights challenge in compulsory treatment – new approaches to mental health law in Australia
Authors: Callaghan Sascha , Ryan Christopher J
Published: February 2012

Objective:

To analyse, and explain to Australasian psychiatrists, recent proposed changes to the terms of coercive treatment for mental illness in Tasmania and Victoria and to place the proposals in the context of a broader human rights framework that is likely to impact the future shape of mental health legislation more generally.

Methods:

The Australian law reform proposals are reviewed against the requirements of numerous human rights instruments, including the recently ratified United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Ethical and legal arguments are made to support the proposed changes and to introduce others, taking into account academic commentary on mental health law and recent empirical work on the ability to usefully categorise patients by their likelihood of harm to self and others.

Results:

The Victorian and Tasmanian draft mental health bills propose a new basis for compulsory psychiatric treatment in Australasia. If they become law, coercive psychiatric treatment could only be applied to patients who lack decision-making capacity. The Tasmanian draft bill also sets a new benchmark for timely independent review of compulsory treatment. However both jurisdictions propose to retain an ‘additional harm’ test which must be satisfied before patients may be treated without consent. This differs from non-psychiatric cases, where if patients are unable to consent to medical treatment for themselves, they will be entitled to receive coercive treatment if it is in their best interests.

Conclusions:

The proposed changes under the Tasmanian and Victorian draft mental health bills will ensure that, in line with local and international human rights obligations, only patients who lack decision-making capacity may be coercively treated for mental illness. However the continuing ‘additional harm’ criteria may breach human rights obligations by imposing a discriminatory threshold for care on patients who are unable to consent to treatment for themselves. This could be avoided by replacing the ‘additional harm’ test with a ‘best interests’ test.
Changing Hopes: The Theological Virtue of Hope in Thomas Aquinas, John of the Cross, and Karl Rahner
Authors: Doyle Dominic
Published: February 2012

This article examines some of the key variations in content and genre between three major Catholic accounts of the theological virtue of hope. The successive transpositions of Thomas Aquinas’s scholastic and speculative presentation of this pivotal virtue are traced in John of the Cross’s mystical and poetic account and Karl Rahner’s apologetic essay, each of which takes up and adapts the Thomistic formulation under pressure from the needs of a different context. The examination of these adaptations shows theological creativity at work and captures the development of tradition with reference to a central Christian virtue that is much studied in contemporary theology.
Drilling analysis of woven glass fiber-reinforced/epoxy composites
Authors: Khashaba UA , El-Sonbaty IA , Selmy AI , Megahed AA
Published: February 2012

This article deals with the effect of drilling parameters (feed, speed, and drill pre-wear) on the machinability parameters (thrust force, torque, peel-up and push-out delaminations, surface roughness, and bearing strength) in drilling woven glass fiber-reinforced. The results show that at high feeds (0.45 mm/rev), the drill point acts as a punch that pierces the laminate with approximately constant push-out delamination size irrespective to the value of the thrust force. Surface roughness increases with the increase of drill pre-wear due to the generated heat that assisted by the low thermal properties of polymeric composites. Drilling at high feeds reduces the stiffness of the specimens and its ultimate bearing loads. Artificial neural network and multivariable regression models were developed for predicting the bearing strength of drilled holes.
Twin and Sibling Attachment in a Nationally Representative Sample
Authors: Fraley R. Chris , Tancredy Caroline M.
Published: February 2012

The objective of this research was to evaluate the hypothesis that twin relationships are attachments, using data from a nationally representative sample. The results indicated that twin siblings were more likely than nontwin siblings to be attached to their siblings. Moreover, analyses indicated that both attachment theoretical and inclusive fitness perspectives are necessary for explaining these findings. Namely, twins were more likely to be attached than nontwin siblings, as expected from an attachment perspective. But identical twins were more likely than fraternal twins to be attached to one another, as might be expected from an inclusive fitness perspective. Cross-sectional analyses indicated that older people are less likely than younger people to use their sibling as an attachment figure compared to younger people and that married adults are less likely to use their sibling as an attachment figure than nonmarried people.
The Impact of Education on Intergroup Attitudes
Authors: Wodtke Geoffrey T.
Published: February 2012

How does education affect racial attitudes? Past studies focus almost exclusively on whites’ attitudes toward blacks, neglecting important minority populations. This study extends previous research by analyzing the effects of education on beliefs about racial stereotypes, discrimination, and affirmative action policies among whites, Asians, Hispanics, and blacks. Results indicate that whites, Hispanics, and blacks with higher levels of education are more likely to reject negative stereotypes, but these effects are less consistent among Asians. And, although education has consistent positive effects on awareness of discrimination against minorities, a more advanced education is not associated with greater support for racial preferences among any respondent group. Education is, however, related to more favorable attitudes toward race-targeted job training. These results are partly consistent with a revised group conflict perspective positing that education unevenly promotes different elements of the dominant racial ideology among nonwhite minorities, depending on their position in the racial hierarchy.
Creativity: The hub of real achievement
Authors: Forster Jill
Published: February 2012

The aim of this article is to encourage a greater emphasis on creativity across and between varied fields of endeavour. It has been written to underline the interdisciplinary significance of creativity and the role of creativity in truly enhancing achievement. There is a reinvigorated awareness of the need for ‘big thinking’, a global concern that the Australian Government (April 2008) profiled in its 2020 Summit. Essentially, ‘big thinking’ involves being a connection-maker together with being a creative problem-finder and problem-solver. It is imagination and originality valued within a social context. While welcoming and exploring the powerful vision of the 2020 summit, the article also aims to encourage its application to daily life. While creativity is included as one of the ‘General Capabilities’ in the new National Curriculum for Australia (ACARA, 2010), it needs to be kept in focus to ensure that creativity is pervasive throughout the curriculum, and not just an ‘add-on’ activity.
Indocyanine green clearance after cardiac surgery: the impact of cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Möhnle P , Kilger E , Adnan L , Beiras-Fernandez A , Vicol C , Weis F
Published: February 2012

Plasma clearance of indocyanine green has recently been established as a tool to monitor hepatic function and perfusion non-invasively. Reduced indocyanine green clearance has been associated with adverse outcome in cardiac surgery patients, and cardiopulmonary bypass has been hypothesized to be one important triggering factor. We performed a prospective observational study comparing the influence of off-pump and on-pump coronary surgery on perioperative indocyanine green clearance. Twenty-five consecutive adult patients without known pre-existing hepatic diseases scheduled for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were evaluated for hepatic dysfunction pre- and postoperatively with serial measurements of indocyanine green plasma clearance, specific laboratory values and liver function scores. Twenty-five matched patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in the same period served as controls. Parameters of postoperative hepatic function, including measurements of indocyanine green plasma clearance and specific laboratory values and scores, did not differ significantly between patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with extracorporeal circulation. In patients without pre-existing hepatic diseases, a significant influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on perioperative indocyanine green plasma clearance as well as on liver specific laboratory parameters and scores cannot be proven.
Culturally Different and Yet Alike— Introduction to the Special Issue “Early Adolescent Health in Cross-National Perspective”
Authors: Kuntsche Emmanuel
Published: February 2012

This introductory editorial highlights the importance of cross-cultural comparative studies for research, policy making, and prevention efforts in order to improve the lives of young people. It reviews the paucity of large-scale cross-cultural studies that investigate young people’s health. These concern in particular challenges in establishing not only collaborations but also the application of sophisticated quantitative methods that can address the nested characteristics of cross-cultural data. Interestingly, findings from the five articles included in this special issue reveal far more cultural similarities than differences. For instance, the impact and relationship that parents and peers exert on young adolescents appears consistent across countries. In line with two invited commentaries, recommendations for prevention and policy making are provided.
Cross-National Perspectives on Early Adolescence
Authors: Swahn Monica H.
Published: February 2012

The current special issue brings together intriguing and important cross-country comparisons of issues pertinent to early adolescence that can inform the design and implementation of broader and relevant public health prevention strategies. The findings illustrate the importance of cross-country analyses for better understanding a range of health-related factors, including risk behaviors, mental health concerns, life satisfaction, and parent–child communication and relationships. The findings also underscore the convergence across countries and cultures of risk and protective factors as well as their associations with adverse health outcomes. Taken as a whole, the findings demonstrate that there are different unmet needs among girls and boys. As such, the findings stress the importance of providing youth with targeted prevention approaches and also, where feasible, sex-specific prevention and intervention strategies to direct scarce resources where they are most urgently needed.
Improving the mechanical properties of natural fibre fabric reinforced epoxy composites by alkali treatment
Authors: Yan Libo , Chouw Nawawi , Yuan Xiaowen
Published: February 2012

In this article, three bio-composites, i.e. flax, linen and bamboo fabric reinforced epoxy resin, were manufactured using a vacuum bagging technique. The influence of alkali treatment (with 5 wt% NaOH solution for 30 min) on tensile properties of flax, linen and bamboo single-strand yarns, surface morphology and mechanical properties (with respect to tensile and flexural properties) of the composites were investigated. It was found that the failure mechanism of single-strand fibres under tension consists of fibre breakage and slippage simultaneously. The alkali treatment had a negative effect on the tensile strength and modulus of the flax, linen and bamboo single-strand yarns. However, after the treatment, the tensile and flexural properties of all the composites increased, e.g. the tensile and flexural strength of the treated flax/epoxy composite increased 21.9% and 16.1%, compared to the untreated one. After the treatment in all the composites, the tensile fractured surfaces exhibited an improvement of fibre/epoxy interfacial adhesion.