bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drying grain using solid fuel
Authors: Golubkovich A. V , Pavlov S. A , Marin R. A , Dadyko A. N
Published: April 2022

The use of alternative sources of liquid (gaseous) fuel to produce a coolant, including for grain drying, has been studied in contrast to burning conventional fuels, which hinders their use. A characteristic feature of the use of combustion units for burning plant waste is a sufficiently long ignition and preheating, preceding the drying. At the same time, a large amount of heat is accumulated in the furnace casing, which can be partially used for batch drying for the next batch of grain and completely for the latter, which will increase the efficiency of the process. Drying is one of the main operations in post-harvest grain processing, the fate of the crop depends largely on the quality of drying. Both flow and periodic drying are common in farms. Periodic drying, as a rule, uses the same dryers as for flow or specialized. The technology of this drying in dryers equipped with liquid or gas furnaces is well developed and does not cause difficulties - kindle the furnace, cyclically dry the grain to the conditioned moisture, cut off the fuel supply, cyclically cool and unload the dryer. The pause between the drying of adjacent lots without ignition and heating of the furnace is determined by the cooling time of the masonry to the temperature of stable ignition and burning of volatiles plus 150-200 °С, depending on the moisture content of solid particles of plant waste. The duration of ignition is a function of the mass of the furnace chamber, its heat capacity, the temperature of the flue gases and the heat transfer coefficient. At ignition of liquid fuel its duration is not less than 20 min. To dry the last batch of grain, the mass of the burnt chamber must be at least 0.7 times the mass of the grain in the dryer. The duration of heating the furnace is completed by stabilizing the temperature of the flue gases at the outlet of the exhaust fan, but not less than 1 hour.
Method for determining the displacement parameters of an agricultural mobile machine
Authors: Pavlyuk A. S , Baranov A. S
Published: April 2022

Technologies of precision agriculture, actively used in developed countries at the present time, lead to a significant economic effect and increase the environmental friendliness of agricultural production. The basis of high-precision agriculture is the use of satellite radio navigation systems. Satellite navigation systems provide the ability to obtain data on the characteristics of the movement of an agricultural mobile machine. Satellite navigation systems provide the ability to obtain data on the characteristics of the movement of an agricultural mobile machine. However, these data without the use of base stations do not have the accuracy sufficient to perform a number of works in agricultural production. At the same time, increasing accuracy leads to an incomparable increase in costs. The authors developed a method for determining the position of a mobile machine, which can be used for agricultural land processing. The technology provides an increase in the accuracy of determining the position of the object on the ground, as well as a reduction in the cost of equipment used for these purposes. The method is realized by means of installation on the edges of the moving sector of the agricultural mobile machine of two corner reflectors. Reflectors are equipped with individual radiation filters. The light pulse transmitter and the first type sensor are mounted on an agricultural mobile machine. The transmitter emits light in the direction of the corner reflectors. The reflected light pulse enters the receiving device and is detected by a second type sensor. After recording the reflected pulses, the time between the appearance of the primary pulse and the appearance of reflected pulses is determined. At known values of the time of appearance of pulses, the distance from the agricultural mobile machine to the angle reflectors and, accordingly, the coordinates of the machine on the plane are found. The increase in the accuracy of the data obtained is associated with a decrease in the distance traveled by pulses of electromagnetic radiation. Thus, this method is recommended to be used to improve the efficiency of seeding, inter-row crop processing, fertilization and harvesting.
Modeling the operation of a screw L-shaped knife of a tiller
Authors: Dranyaev S. B , Chatkin M. N , Koryavin S. M
Published: April 2022

During the operation, standard L-shaped knives are exposed to various loads. The shape of the L-shaped knife blades does not meet the requirement of performing sliding cutting, which leads to an increase in the energy intensity of milling the soil. To ensure optimal cutting conditions without weed-covering and knife blocking, it is necessary that in any section of the blade (in the plane of rotation) the angle of its setting у (cutting) is constant. Therefore, the blade of the knife should be made on a screw line, which will ensure its smooth entry and sliding cutting when moving in the soil. The purpose of the study is to improve the quality and reduce the energy consumption of soil cultivation by selecting a rational angle for installing the blade and optimizing the parameters of the screwed L-shaped cutter blades. To study the work and the loading process of the screw L-shaped cutter knife, the finite element method was used from the APM FEM application library of the KOMPAS-3D system. The design of the knife was broken into elements to show their movements and deformations through the displacements of the boundary points (knots) of the element, then the nodal displacements, deformations and stresses were determined. In the course of the study, the dependence of the values of linear displacements and stress values was studied depending on the angle of installation of the knife blade (у = 35° ... 60°). The results of the study showed that as the angle of the blade was increased to у = 60 °, the total linear displacements decreased by 18 % reaching 0,6978 mm, compared to у = 35 ° (0,8455 mm) at a maximum load of 2000 N. The knife with an installation angle у = 60° has safety factor values higher than a knife with у = 35° for all load stages (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 N). The screw knife with a large installation angle is most suitable for milling soil with slip, which is typical for sod processing. As a result of the research it was proposed to use knives with a screw working surface for milling the soil with high quality.
The rationale for the curvilinear shape of the working body for layered subsurface tillage
Authors: Parkhomenko G. G , Bozhko I. V , Gromakov A. V
Published: April 2022

The larger the cross-sectional area of the formation can be processed in a single pass, the less energy is needed to carry out the process. The cross-sectional area of the treated formation is determined by the perimeter of the working body. The circle of all figures of equal perimeter has the largest area. It is advisable to make the working organ ring-shaped. When designing a ring on the plane of the smallest cutting force, an ellipse is formed. From the point of view of physical mathematics, the ellipse is the best curve possessing the minimum property. The optimal shape of the working body is an elliptical ring. The parameter of the ellipse corresponds to the angle of soil displacement in the longitudinal-vertical plane. The elliptical working body carries out the crumbling and separation of the layer with the removal of more solid macroaggregates of soil on the surface and the erosion-hazardous particles that remain inside the formation in the gap between them. Stresses on the working body are determined by interaction with the soil. On the base of the ellipse, the normal stress caused by the backing of the soil layer acts, and the pressure of the cutting edges of the working body affects the cylindrical surfaces. The intensity of stresses arising on the surface of the cylinder is determined on the internal crack of an elliptical shape located in a solid body under the action of a load. The greatest intensity of stresses is localized at the ends of the minor axis of the ellipse, and the smallest at the ends of the major axis. As the cracking angle increases, the stress intensity increases, and then decreases. With an elliptical shape of the working element, the stress intensity zone is wider than that of the circular cutting edge, while deformation of stretching and bending is created in the zone of lateral rounding, which is absent in the plane, and the traction resistance is reduced by 0,5 ... 1,3 kN. The degree of crumbling of elliptical working organs is 87,1 ... 98,5 % of fractions up to 50 mm, combing 1 ... 2 cm, reduction of erosion-hazardous particles 15...22 %.
Mathematical model of the caterpillar tractor side drive during plowing
Authors: Pozin B. M , Troyanovskaya I. P , Noskov N. K
Published: April 2022

The questions of the course stability of the movement of the agricultural tractor aggregate acquire the greatest urgency in the plowing, since an additional unfolding moment arises on the plow (due to the geometry of its working surfaces), which can lead the tractor aside from rectilinear motion. The tractor driver often has to correct the movement of the tractor, which contributes to its quick fatigue and, as a result, a decrease in the productivity of the work. The development of a mathematical model of the tractor's motion under the influence of an external eccentric load on the hook will allow to determine the limiting value of the shearing force. The withdrawal of the tractor under the influence of external forces (without participation from the tractor driver) is a passive turn, which currently is not paid enough attention in the theory of the curvilinear motion of the caterpillar tractor, since the theory of rotation is usually directed to the studies of active movement (under the control action of the tractor operator). The drift is a set of controlled rectilinear motion and uncontrolled shear under the action of the lateral component of force on the hook. Considering the low operating speeds of the tractor, it is possible to compile a quasistatic model of curvilinear motion during withdrawal, which consists of differential equations of motion and equilibrium conditions of external forces in the event of limiting friction. As a result of solving the system of presented equations, trajectories of the tractor's motion are obtained under different load on the hook. The developed mathematical model allows: to study the trajectory of motion on various soil backgrounds; find the optimal ratio of the weight of the tractor and the drag force on the hook; to study the influence of the parameters of the working element (the attachment point of the plow and the angle of inclination of the plow surface) on the characteristics of motion.
Running gear of machine-tractor units and their influence on the quality of performed operations
Authors: Kambulov S. I , Rykov V. B , Bozhko I. V , Kolesnik V. V
Published: April 2022

The machine-tractor unit is a key element in an implementation of technological operations in the cropping. Running gears with wheeled and caterpillar propulsion device are used in the modern tractors. During an interaction of the ground with tractor propulsion devices, the ground is pulverized on one side and it is compacted on the other side during the slipping. Besides, the wheeled movers have the slipping several times higher than caterpillar movers. The aim of the research is an analysis of running gears of machine-tractor units and their influence on the quality of performed technological operations. The paper discusses an analysis of parameters of wheeled and replaceable caterpillar movers to the tractor K-701, which have the same dimensions. One of the main external influences on the unit is the surface profile of the field. The main source of tractor oscillations are the unevennesses of the way. At the same time, characteristic areas for the operation of machine-tractor units are very various, the most characteristic of them are a stubble field, a plowed field, a prepared field, a field road and others. The analysis of spectral densities of the surface profile of the field on which the tractor operates shows that with increasing speed, the spectral density decreases rapidly, and the maximum of the spectral density shifts toward higher values of the frequencies. It has been established that the frequency range, which has the greatest effect on the machine-tractor unit on the basis of the tractor K-701 on the replacement caterpillar mover 1...4 sec-1, on the wheel mover - 1...7 sec-1. The replaceable caterpillar mover for a 5 сlass tractor has significant advantages over a wheeled mover, since it filters (smoothes) 2,1...2,8 times more irregularities, which improves working conditions, smooth of running and other indicators of the machine-tractor unit.
Determination of gas concentration in the lubricant of transmissions of energy-saturated agricultural tractors
Authors: Shukhanov S. N
Published: April 2022

Ensuring the trouble-free operation of the transmission during the operation of energy-saturated tractors is an important task. The reliability of its operation largely depends on the presence of gas in the lubrication system. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for determining the quantitative content of gas in a gas-oil mixture. In the tractor transmissions, the composition of the gas-oil mixture can have different values, which are determined mainly by the geometric dimensions of the elements of the assembly units, the speed mode of operation, the temperature and the grade of the lubricant. The influence of these parameters can be determined by recording the composition of the gas-oil mixture during tests, both assembly units and transmissions in general, when mounted on a test bench or on a tractor. The choice of the method for recording the composition of a gas-oil mixture was carried out on the basis of an analysis of a number of studies in which various techniques for analyzing the composition of two-phase mixtures are given. Demonstrating the requirement of universality of the method, consisting in a uniform method of its application, both in bench and in object conditions, the most interesting is the method associated with sample sludge. The most successful points of the transmission lubrication system are suggested, from which it is most convenient to take samples, as well as those characterized by the largest content of gas in the oil. Also the most simple and informative method for determining the volumetric gas content in the mixture is proposed. Calculated dependences are derived, allowing to take into account the change in the volumetric ratio of oil to gas during the sampling time. The developed method allows to make an assessment of the required capacity of bilge pumps of forced lubrication systems. The technique can be used both for bench and for road tests.
Development of methods and means for determining traction-dynamic and fuel-economic parameters of the tractor under operating conditions
Authors: Arzhenovskiy A. G
Published: April 2022

One of the most important ways to improve the efficiency of agricultural production is to improve methods and means of determining the main indicators of tractors. Their performance directly affects the efficiency, economy and environmental safety of machine and tractor units. To assess the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic indicators of the tractor in various modes and soil backgrounds, its traction tests are performed. However, traction tests require expensive equipment, as well as a significant cost of funds and time to prepare and conduct it, which determines their performance only in conditions of machine testing stations. In this regard, the improvement of methods and means for determining the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic indicators of tractors that are acceptable not only for machine testing stations, but also for specific farms, is a very pressing problem and is of considerable interest. The aim of the work is to improve the methods and means for determining the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic indicators of tractors, by justifying and developing a technique for determining the reduced mass of the tractor, which makes it possible to reduce the laboriousness of measurements under operating conditions. As the object of research in this paper, the process of determining the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic parameters of tractors in operating conditions was chosen. The subject of the study in this paper was the establishment of regularities inherent in this process. The proposed method for determining the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic indicators of tractors and the measuring and computing complex that implements it, make it possible to obtain a traction characteristic (the dependence of speed, slippage, traction, hour and specific fuel consumption on the load on different transmissions on a given soil background) in operational conditions, ensuring a reduction in time and cost.
The substantiation of parameters of sowing machine with adaptive dosing elements for seeding of corn
Authors: Dubina K. P , Nesmiyan A. Yu , Dolzhikov V. V , Ashitko A. A
Published: April 2022

For sowing of corn precision seeders are used, one of the most complex and responsible details of which is a sowing machine. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the rational design and parameters of the dosing elements and the «superfluous» seeds seeder of the vacuum sowing device, which ensure an even increase in the supply of corn seeds to the furrow. A vacuum sowing machine is proposed for use in production, in which elongated suction holes are made on the sowing disk in such a way that their long axes are oriented to a radial direction at α angle. In addition, in the design of the sowing apparatus, the thickness of the first three projections of seeder for «superfluous» seeds is proposed to be made stepwise. Experiments carried out on the matrix of the orthogonal plan of the second order showed that the following parameters and tuning regimes of such a machine are rational for sowing corn seeds: width of suction holes tдэ = 3 mm; the smallest slot width in the vacuum chamber liner t = 3,0...3,5 mm; exhaustion in the vacuum chamber H = 5 kPa; thickness of the input edge of the working part of the “superfluous” seeds seeder h = 1,5 mm; angle of deviation of the longitudinal axes of the suction holes of the sowing disc from the radial direction α = 12...15 deg. Under laboratory conditions the machine provided the frequency of single seed feeds p1 = 99,0...99,5 %, which is close to the technological optimum. At the same time, the quality of seed dosing remained stable even with a significant increase in the angular velocity of the sowing disk.
The power unit of universal tractors of traction class 1,4 with an integrated starter generator
Authors: Bekeev A. Kh , Aliev A. Ya , Aliev S. A
Published: April 2022

The technical development of tractor designs is characterized by an increase in the power of consumers, the use of electric drive units. The load on the electric system of a modern tractor is constantly growing and exposes the existing 12-volt systems to excessive loading. To date, with the relatively low efficiency of traditional generators it is impossible to meet the growing needs of tractors and its systems. The solution of the problem of increasing the power simultaneously with increasing the efficiency (up to 85...90 %) could become an integrated starter-generator. Possessing sufficient power in the propulsion mode (up to 8 kW), the starter generator makes it possible to improve the starting and energy characteristics of the internal combustion engines of the tractor. The proposed design of electrical machines is located between the engine cylinder assembly and the tractor clutch. The adopted configuration allows to transfer considerable power in both directions, improves the starting qualities of diesel engines of tractors, and also realize the functions of damping the torsional oscillations of the crankshaft, which significantly reduces the noise and vibration of the engine. Based on the results of the study, the choice of a starter-generator device based on a valve motor is justified in connection with diesel engines of universal tractors of traction class 1,4 and a scheme for its placement in the clutch housing without changing its basic design has been developed. The advantage of the proposed design is the use of electric machines to start the engine, which in this case is switched to the electric motor mode and switches to the generator mode during operation, providing power to the on-board network. In addition, combining the starter and generator in a single unit simplifies the design, reduces the cost of manufacturing and assembly, which is an advantage in terms of production costs, replacing the starter and generator and on some tractors the starting piston engine.
Mathematical modeling of dynamics of movement of the compound piston in the cylinder of the internal combustion engine
Authors: Smirnov S. V , Makarov A. R , Abu-Nidzhim R. Kh
Published: April 2022

Cylinder piston group is the main part of friction in the engine, where usually mechanical losses appear, that is why its work and design should be considered from the point of view of tribology. The task of designing a cylinder - piston group as a friction unit is to select the basic geometric dimensions, the profile of the guide part in the longitudinal and transverse planes, the diametric gap, the coordinates of the piston pin arrangement and the center of mass. The solution of these problems is directly dependent on the possibility of studying the complex plane-parallel motion of the piston within the piston-cylinder liner clearance in the lubricant layer. At present, compound pistons are gaining traction from forced diesel engines with increased loads on the cylinder-piston group. The study of the movement of the compound pis-ton must include the solution of interrelated tasks: the investigation of the motion of the piston crown with a set of piston rings and the study of the motion of the piston skirt, taking into account the effect of the rocking motion of the connecting rod on it. The derivation of the equations of motion of all components of the piston and connecting rod is given in the article. Their combined solution and the resulting equations allow us to investigate the transverse motion of the crown of the composite piston and to evaluate the operation of the piston rings, and also taking into account the hydrodynamic lubrication of the skirt, to carry out a comprehensive study of the state of the skirt of the compound piston and, first and foremost, to investigate the influence of its basic design parameters on the conditions of the hydrodynamic grease. The developed mathematical model will allow on the basis of complex research the influence of the above parameters to develop a composite piston design that provides high technical and economic parameters of the engine.
Indication of the working process of the tractor diesel working on natural gas and alcohols
Authors: Lihanov V. A , Lopatin O. P
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the use of natural gas and alcohol-fuel emulsions as an alternative fuel for tractor diesel. A distinctive feature of the processes of mixture formation and combustion in a diesel operating on natural gas with a burning portion of diesel fuel, and alcohol-fuel emulsions, will be compared with the diesel process heterogeneity of the fuel mixture in terms of cylinder volume, there is a completely different fuel evaporation and no coincidence in time of the processes of formation of fuel-air mixture and its combustion. Consequently, the use of alternative fuels with different chemical composition and local conditions leads to distinctive indicators of the combustion process. Therefore, for the scientific representation of the actual picture of the combustion process of diesel running on natural gas and alcohol-fuel emulsions, the indexing of its working process and a detailed description of the combustion process is carried out. At the same time, for the indexing of the diesel working process, the composition of alternative fuel was used when working on natural gas: gas-80 %, the ignition portion of diesel fuel-20 %; when working on alcohol-fuel emulsions: alcohol (methanol or ethanol) - 25 %, detergent-dispersing additive succinimide C-5A - 0,5 %, water - 7 %, diesel fuel - 67,5 %. As a result of the experimental studies, the dependences of the influence of the 4F 11,0/12,5 diesel modes on natural gas, natural gas with different degrees of exhaust gas recirculation (used to reduce the content of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases), methanol and ethanol fuel emulsions on the combustion process were established. The optimal values of the combustion process parameters during the operation of the diesel engine on alternative fuels of these compositions are determined.
Study of traction dynamics of a caterpillar tractor wagon
Authors: Voynash S. A , Voynash A. S
Published: April 2022

Existing caterpillar dump trucks, including foreign ones, with relatively small amounts of work carried out seasonally, for example, when building roads in logging areas, are not effective enough. It is proposed to use trail equipment available for logging needs for road construction. LLC «Plant of Caterpillar Machines» developed a schematic solution for a caterpillar tractor wagon obtained by equipping the serial rubber trail tractor TGL-4.04 with a large-capacity dump truck and using bulldozer equipment with a turning blade. In order to assist the customer using the caterpillar dump truck based on the trail tractor TGL-4.04 in determining the loading parameters corresponding to the modes of the most efficient use of the machine under specific operating conditions, the tasks of developing fairly simple nomograms graphically linking the main load parameters of a caterpillar tractor wagon characteristics with typical operating conditions. The technique of calculation of dynamic characteristics of a caterpillar tractor wagon is stated. Variants of a dynamic passport are proposed, including a nomogram of the regular-route load. Each version of the dynamic passport contains two quadrants: in the right quadrant, the dynamic characteristic «on the engine»; in the left quadrant, the dependences of the dynamic factor on the elevation angle of the terrain and the drag coefficients for medium and heavy conditions are presented (dynamic characteristic «according to traffic conditions»). Examples of the analysis of the nature of the movement of a caterpillar tractor wagon at a given speed under given conditions are given. The proposed improved version of the dynamic passport with the nomogram of the regular-route load makes it possible to formulate practical recommendations on the values of the regular-route loads and the speeds of the caterpillar tractor wagon when transporting goods under specific operating conditions.
Research of high-speed operation modes of a tractor diesel on alcohol-fuel emulsions
Authors: Lihanov V. A , Lopatin O. P
Published: April 2022

The necessity of using alcohol-fuel emulsions as ecological energy carriers for tractor diesel engines is proved in the work. At the same time, such renewable environmental energy sources as methyl and ethyl alcohols were investigated. With the aim of developing, determining and optimizing the composition of the alcohol-fuel emulsion for tractor diesel engine 4F 11,0/12,5 conducted its tests when working on diesel fuel, methanol - and ethanol-fuel emulsions. Experimental studies have established that for use in a 4F 11,0/12,5 tractor diesel engine environmental energy based on mixtures with alcohols were used emulsions of the following composition: alcohol (methanol CH3OH or ethanol C2H5OH) is 25 %, detergent-dispersant additive succinimide C-5A - 0,5 %, water - 7 %, diesel fuel - 67,5 %. The results of experimental studies of power and economic parameters, indicators of toxicity and smoke content of the exhaust gases of the diesel operating on the ecological mixture of the above composition are presented. The transformation of the investigated diesel from petroleum diesel fuel to environmental energy allowed while maintaining the power factors to reduce the content in the exhaust gases when working on methanol-fuel emulsion - carbon black by 6,9 times, nitrogen oxides by 41,3 %, carbon dioxide by 6,7 %, carbon monoxide by 45,0 %; when operating on ethanol-fuel emulsion - carbon black by 5,2 times, nitrogen oxides by 50,2 %, carbon dioxide by 23,8 %, carbon monoxide by 25,0 %. The conclusion is made about the prospects of using such ecological energy carriers as ethyl and methyl alcohols in tractor diesel engines.
Formation the driving force of wheeled and caterpillar machine-tractor units
Authors: Makhmutov M. M , Khismatullina Yu. R
Published: April 2022

On the basis of existing dependencies describing the traction-coupling properties of wheeled and caterpillar machine-tractor units, theoretical and experimental investigations, a model of the formation of the driving traction force of units depending on the weight of the tractor, coupling properties of the propulsion unit, load distribution and propulsion slipping is obtained. The analysis of calculated coefficients shows a considerable variation of values, which causes difficulties in using in the calculations. Therefore it’s necessary to know their values at each interaction of the tractor propulsion unit with the soil. The same values of slipping can be obtained with different values of the coefficients. The task is simplified if data of this dependence have the same coefficient. During field investigations an active experiment was developed i.e. the levels of factors variation changed purposefully depending on the conditions of conducting each experiment. Composite B-plans (Box-design) of the second order were realized. The following parameters were chosen as the variable factors: the coefficient of the using coupling weight, the coefficient of traction and the weight of the tractor. The works were conducted according to the plan of the three-factor experiment matrix. As the agricultural field were a freshly plowed field, a stubble field and a wet meadow, with the coefficients of traction of 0,50, 0,65 and 0,80 respectively. The value of resistance to movement was fixed by a dynamometer during towing tractors MTZ-82, MTZ-2022 and MTZ-3022 DC.1 in neutral on the various agricultural fields. Efforts on the hook were changed by shifting gears in the gearbox of a towed tractor whose engine operated in the compressor mode. The coefficient of traction was determined with completely braked wheels of the tractor and towing it with a towing vehicle during simultaneously measuring the force on the coupling with the help of a dynamometer. The obtained model of driving force formation for wheeled and tracked machine-tractor units takes into account the weight of the tractor, coupling properties of propulsion units, load distribution, slipping and has a minimum number of experimental coefficients, which makes it more accessible and easily used for engineering calculations.
Influence of the speed of the floating conveyor on the separating ability of the bottom of the inclined chamber
Authors: Ozherel'ev V. N , Nikitin V. V , Komogorcev V. F
Published: April 2022

The results of a laboratory experiment confirming the possibility of preliminary separation of free grain from a combed grain heap prior to its entry into the threshing chamber of a combine harvester are presented. In particular, it is proposed to provide the inclined chamber with a special perforated trellised bottom having elongated holes of a rectangular shape. All research was carried out on the wheat of the variety called Moscow 56. The moisture content of the grain was about 12 %. The speed of the floating conveyor had six levels of variation within the range of 0,5 ... 3 m/s. The angle of inclination of the experimental setup to the horizon was assumed equal to 45 °. The feeding of the combed grain heap was about 10 kg / s with the content of 80% of free grain in it. So according to the results of scientific research it is established that as the speed of the floating conveyor increases, the amount of free grain of the grating bottom that has passed through the holes decreases, and the amount of grain that has descended from it, on the contrary, increases. In this case, the maximum free grain (31,3 %) corresponds to the maximum speed of the floating conveyor (3 m/s). This is due to the fact that during the series of experiments, the length of the separation grid was insufficient. For this purpose, the nature of the process of preliminary separation of free grain from the tow grain heap along the length of the lattice bottom is considered. Extrapolation of this process shows that the length of the lattice bottom, which ensures the complete liberation of free grain from the tow grain heap, should be not less than 1,17 m. The practical implementation of such a technical solution in the construction of a modern combine harvester will increase its productivity when combing plants on the root, while at the same time excluding the possibility of crushing free grain by the working bodies of the threshing device.
Classification and synthesis of three-loop planetary gearboxes
Authors: Salamandra K. B
Published: April 2022

In the transmissions of trucks, agricultural vehicles and tractors, gear boxes with a planetary divider and/or an additional reductor unit which is depending on the traffic conditions of the machine, reduces the speed of rotation or operates on a direct drive are used. The divider and the additional reductor unit are intended for a stepwise changing of the range of the main 3-speed or 4-speed gearbox, consisting of gears with fixed axles, which makes it possible to increase the number of stages realized 4 times. If the planetary train will work in the differential mode, this will allow additionally increase the number of stages in the combined planetary gearboxes and, accordingly, the number of operating modes of the tractor. Consequently, the main gearbox consists of gears with fixed axes of gears can work either separately in a single-flow mode of operation of the planetary train (reductor or in the direct drive mode) or in a two-flow mode - in parallel with other ordinary gears when the planetary train as a differential. When using two planetary trains operating in the differential mode, the number of parallel power flows increases to three, which makes it possible to further improve the functional and power capabilities of multi-flow gearboxes. The purpose of the study is to analyze gearbox schemes consisting of three sets of gears with fixed gearwheel axes and two differential mechanisms forming three parallel power transmission flows. Classification of possible structural schemes of three-flow transmissions is given, a general expression for calculating the number of stages of a three-flow gearbox is obtained. A technique for the synthesis of kinematic schemes of three-flow planetary gearboxes is described, with the using of which new gearbox schemes are obtained for each possible structure, which are characterized by using simple mechanisms, high efficiency and a small number of control elements.
Vibration analysis of diesel turbocharger for agricultural use
Authors: Kaminsky R. V , Kovaltsov I. V , Kostyukov E. A , Sibiryakov S. V , Filippov A. S
Published: April 2022

Environmental, efficiency and economic requirements for diesel engines are being constantly toughened, thus requiring engine modernization. Increasing the degree of diesel boosting is one of the ways to meet these requirements. However, this leads to an increase of the load on various parts and components of the diesel engine. The turbocharger, as one of the most important engine units, undergoes a high vibration load due to the high rotor speed. As it is known from the practice of the manufacturer, this is one of the most common causes of failure of turbochargers. So the evaluation of the vibration load of the plain bearings in modern turbo-charging units requires careful research, which is the purpose of this work. To measure vibrations in the turbocharger, there was used a three-axis vibration transducer AR81, which was mounted on the turbocharger in such a way that the sensor axes coincided with the axes of the turbocharger. This is necessary to determine both the magnitude of the vibrations, and their direction. According to the measured values of vibration acceleration, it can be concluded that the turbocharger is technically in order, predicted a possible failure and, consequently, taken a decision on the required set of measures or make changes to the design documentation in the case of significant deviations. The study was undertaken in two stages: on a specialized balancing machine and on a gas-dynamic non-motorized bench. During the tests there were detected harmonic and non-harmonic components, resonances associated with an increase in the rotor speed. The values of vibration acceleration along the rotor axis of the turbocharger have been measured, perpendicular to the rotor axis in the horizontal plane, perpendicular to the rotor axis in the vertical plane. According to the results of the experimental data, there have been drawn the conclusions that allow to note the following: to reduce the vibrational loads on the running part of the turbocharger, it is necessary to design the compressor stage in such a way that in all modes of engine operation there would be a substantial margin up to the surging limit; the radial load is significantly higher than the axial load, so the radial bearing must have a significant margin of safety to increase the reliability of the turbocharger.
Analysis of the influence of the main factors on the characteristics of the elastic properties of elastic wheels of tractors
Authors: Zolotarevskaya D. I
Published: April 2022

The work is devoted to the theoretical study of the elastic properties of tractor wheels and the analysis of the effect of air pressure in the tires and vertical loads on the wheel axles. According to the developed computer program, which allows to implement the method of calculating the characteristics of the elastic properties of tractor wheels with pneumatic tires proposed in this work, one-factor and complete factor computer experiments of two types were carried out. In computer experiments of the first type, the dependences of the elasticity coefficients of a number of elastic wheels were investigated when operating on the practically non-deformable basis of tractors MTZ-82 and MTZ-142 from the air pressure in the tires at different values of the vertical dynamic loads on the axes of the corresponding wheels of tractors. In computer experiments of the second type, the dependences of the elasticity coefficients and the normal deflection of the wheels with tires of different sizes from the air pressure in the tires at constant values of the vertical dynamic loads on the wheel axles were investigated. In computer experiments of both types, the deviations of the elastic properties of elastic wheels found by calculation are within the limits of the accuracy of measurements of the experimental data. Based on the results of computer experiments of the first type, regression equations were obtained reflecting the dependence of the elasticity coefficients of the elastic wheels studied on the air pressure in the tire for various values of the vertical dynamic loads on the wheel axes. According to the results of computer experiments of the second type, equations of regression of the coefficients of elasticity and normal deflection of wheels with tires of different sizes from air pressure in tires at constant values of vertical dynamic loads on the wheel axle are obtained. The high correlation values for these regression equations indicate the high importance of the relationships in the found correlation dependencies. The application of the proposed calculation method makes it possible to simplify and shorten the work on the choice of tires of optimum sizes to different tractors, taking into account the specific conditions of their operation. It was calculated that wheels with tires 18.4R38 are optimal on the rear axle of the MTZ-82 tractor.
Method and results of the evaluation of the influence of the energy of grain recovery, contacting in the head with header fairing on its parameters and quality of work
Authors: Bur’yanov A. I , Bur’yanov M. A , Chervyakov I. V
Published: April 2022

When harvesting grain crops with combine with combining fairing, the process of contact of plants with its fairing includes the impact of the head of the plant on the surface of the fairing, and movement along its surface. The greatest probability of loss of those head grains that contact through the scales covering them with the fairing of the header was analyzed. The type of impact of these grains depends on the shape of the fairing and the angle of inclination of the plant. At the direct impact of the speed before and after impact are proportional to the recovery factor and can be sent in the forward or reverse direction. If the impact is oblique and the deviation of the velocity vector is within the angle of friction the velocity after impact is determined on the basis of Newton's dry friction hypothesis. In grain crops, a stalk is of low stiffness, and, according to our data, compensates for the damping properties of the grain covering the scales. When the head strikes, the grains acquire the kinetic energy expended on the deformation of the contacting surfaces (the lost energy) and the energy of recovery. The loss of grain will occur if the energy of grain recovery is greater than the energy required for its separation. The purpose of the research, the determination of the energy released during the restoration of the head grains, contacting through the scales covering them with the header fairing. The method was tested by comparing the renewal energy of the grain of winter wheat, which is insensitive to the contact of the head with the surface of the fairing made of steel and high-strength polymers. It is established that on the eighth day of harvesting, with a breadmaking humidity of 9-11 %, the work required to separate one grain from the head is reduced to 0,0015 J. Under these conditions, the harvesting unit equipped with a combing header with a fairing made of steel can work without loss of grain in the first phase of interaction with it at speeds up to 2,3 m/s, and with a header, the fairing of which is made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, at speeds up to 3,5 m/s.
Prospects for the development of undercarriage systems of modern mobile energy devices for agricultural purposes
Authors: Godzhaev Z. A , Pogozhina A. M
Published: April 2022

The final stage of the cultivation of crops is harvesting. The quality of the operation depends on the annual result of the effectiveness of all previous work. It is important not only to harvest well, but to preserve the fertility of the soil and avoid soil compaction. The problem of compression is becoming more acute due to the massive use of heavy wheeled tractors and combines. The degree of soil compaction depends on the type of propulsion unit, the weight of the tractor and the number of passes of the units across the field. The negative impact of undercarriage systems on the soil should be considered when creating new machines based on new layout schemes, to reduce the structural weight, taking into account the dynamics and distribution of the center of mass of the variation in hook load. To reduce pressure and evenly distribute it is possible through the creation of more advanced propulsion and suspension systems. The purpose of this article is to analyze the most promising designs of the mobile agricultural machinery undercarriage systems, which can reduce the specific pressure on the ground, improve the throughput of agricultural machinery and provide a more comfortable planting and harvesting. At the moment, the following main directions of development of agricultural machinery undercarriage systems can be distinguished: pneumatic tracks, twin wheels, half-track, installation of rubber-reinforced tracks (RRT) and torsion as an elastic suspension element. The tests carried out confirmed that the installation of a changeable tracked propulsion unit can reduce the degree of soil compaction by 17-46 %, and the use of twin wheels showed an increase in pulling force by 20 % and a decrease in gauge depth by 40 %. The use of pneumatic trackers allows to increase the permeability of the transport vehicle on soils with a weak bearing capacity and at the same time minimize the damage that it can cause to the supporting base. Recently it is popular to operate the agricultural machinery, which uses rubber-reinforced caterpillar. Its caterpillar operational cycle if higher of 4-5 times comparing to those from metal. In addition, it allows to reduce vibration load and do the work at wet soil conditions. RRT is put both in the all-track version, and in the form of a wheel-caterpillar. This propulsion unit has a triangular shape of rubber tracks is mounted instead of wheels. Currently, individual torsion hangers of track rollers are widely used on tracked tractors. The advantages of the new torsion-balance suspension made it possible to increase the reliability and durability of tracked tractors undercarriage systems.
Method of determining the rational composition of arable unit
Authors: Bojkov V. M , Starcev S. V , Pavlov A. V , Nesterov E. S , Lavrent'ev A. V
Published: April 2022

Using the technical characteristics of the PBS-10P trailed single-furrow plow and the results of tractor tests made by the Nebraska Tractor Test US laboratory, the value of towing tension of Case Magnum 340 (239 kW), New Holland Т9020 (213 kW), Challenger MT 835 (271 kW), John Deer 9120 (182 kW), Versatile 375 (226 kW), Versatile 400 (247 kW), New Holland Т9030 (310 kW) tractors and traction resistance of the PBS-10P plow at appropriate speeds were determined. The analytical dependencies of the traction force of the tractors and the traction resistance of the plow on the speed of movement are determined. The method of determining the rational composition of the arable unit is described, including: experimental determination of the plow traction at different tillage depth and speed; determination of the tractor force at the maximum traction power of the tractor; approximation of the obtained results in the form of empirical formulas; building graphical dependencies by empirical formulas and determining the optimal speed of the arable unit, which is used to calculate the productivity of the arable unit.
On the concept of creating the three-dimensional systems of frame-panel constructions for Kharkov Tractor Plant tractor line
Authors: Dzotsenidze T D , Kozlovskaya M A , Ilyin V M
Published: April 2022

The new art-design look of frame-panel cab system for serial and prospective «Kharkov tractor plant» production is designed.
Formation of quantitative and age composition of tractor fleet in conditions of unprofitable agricultural production
Authors: Shevtsov V G , Lavrov A V
Published: April 2022

A method of determination of optimal quantitative and age composition of the tractor fleet in conditions of development of system with limited resources is presented.
Review of baler market
Authors: Yeliseyev A G
Published: April 2022

Results of analysis of baler market in Russian Federation are presented. The number of serviceable balers is determined, their readiness to forage harvesting is shown.
Traction calculation of the traction-power tractor
Authors: Kutkov G M , Sidorov M V
Published: April 2022

A method of computer traction calculation of traction-power tractor is stated. Its traction performance without ballast, with ballast and with third driving (paddock) axle are calculated and constructed.
The SI system: units of measurement of dispersibility
Authors: Veretennikov Yu M , Ostrovskiy V G , Antonyuk P N , Paremskiy I Ya , Ovsyankina A V
Published: April 2022

On the basis of the classic formula of ball volume a practical system of measurement units for dispersion index was developed instead of optional dispersion so-called «average diameter». It is proposed to include it in the SI «International System of Units».