bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flora of fieId plantings and parks and its origin
Authors: Hołdyński Czesław , Fenyk Mieczysława A.
Published: December 2013

The object of the studies presented in this paper was the flora of field plantings of different origin. The vascular flora ofthe plantings examined comprises 254 taxons, including 53 trees and shrubs, and 201 herbaceous vascular plants. The flora is rich and diverse. In 26,8% of taxons it is presents in all types of plantings. More than half of the registered species occurs once or twice only in all 23 planting groups studied. A detailed analysis of the flora examined shows that field plantings in agricultural landscapes may, in a small number of cases, constitute a source of weeds diaspores propagating in fields.
Structure of the extrafloral nectaries of Vicia (L.) Fabaceae
Authors: Stpiczyńska Małgorzata
Published: December 2013

Extrafloral nectaries on the abaxial surface of stipules were investigated in the Vicia angustifolia, Vicia sativa, Vicia sepium and Vicia grandiflora. In V. angustifolia nectaries were also located on the calyx surface. Nectaries were consisted of secretory hairs and 2-31ayers of subepidermal cells. Secretory hair was built of four cells of head, one stalk cell and basal cell. Head cells showed character of transfer cells because of walls ingrowths and dense cytoplasm with numerous mitochondria.
The effect of growth retardants on growth and flowering of dwarf alstroemeria
Authors: Pobudkiewicz Anna , Nowak Joanna , Podwyszyńska Małgorzata , Przybyła Andrzej
Published: December 2013

The experiment was conducted to inhibit the growth of dwarf alstroemeria cultivars 'Rosalina' and 'Dorotea' using flurprimidol and daminozide. Additionally, the effect of these retardants on days to anthesis, flowering shoots number, diameter and longevity of florets was evaluated. In vitro propagated plants, grown in 12 cm pots were treated with single sprays of flurprimidol (7,5, 15, 22,5 mg l-1) and daminozide (2500, 3500, 4500 mg 1-1) following second pruning, when shoots were 9-12 cm long. Well retarded plants of both dwarf alstroemeria cultivars were obtained when plants were sprayed with flurprimidol at 22.5 mg 1-1. Plants treated with daminozide at all tested concentrations were to tall to be grown in 12 cm pots. Flurprimidol significantly reduced the canopy diameter, number of flowering shoots of alstroemeria cultivars 'Rosalina' and 'Dorotea' and floret size of cultivar 'Rosalina'. Daminozide had no effect on the number of days to flower but flurprimidol delayed flowering of tested cultivars only at concentration of22.5 mg 1-1. Intensified green leaf colour was observed on flurprimidol treated plants. The chemical names used: a-(1-methylethyl)-a-[4-(trifluoromethyloxy)-phenyl]-5-pyrimidine-methanol (flurprimidol), butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the control od root-knot disease complex in tomato: the effects of different inoculum levels of Meloidogyne javanica and Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Ehteshamul-Haque S. , Shaukat S. S.
Published: December 2013

The potential impact of Pseudomons aeruginosa strain IE-6 as a biological control agent against Meloidogyne javanica at four inoculum densities (0, 250, 500 and 1000 eggs/plant) and Rhizoctonia solani at three inoeulum levels (0, 1 and 3 ml culture suspension/kg of soil) was examined on tomato in the greenhouse experiments. The biocontrol bacterium suppressed root infection caused by R. solani and M. javanica on tomato in both sterilized and non-sterilized soils. Root-rot infection increased with the increase in pathogen(s) concentration. P. aeruginosa showed better biocontrol effects at low population levels of M.javanica and R. solani than at higher population densities of the pathogen(s). Root-rot disease severity was more pronounced in sterilized soil compared to the non-sterilized one. Soil infested with high population densities ofR. solani (3 ml /kg of soil) and M. javanica (2000 eggs/pot) resulted in complete mortality of tomato seedlings in sterilized soil, whereas some plants were found to survive in non-stenlized soil. There seems to be a correlation between population density of M. javanica and root colonization by R. solani. Root colonization by other three root-infecting fungi including Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani was also lower in the presence of P. aeruginosa in non-sterilized soil. P. aeruginosa enhanced plant growth in both types of soil.
Study on usability of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.f.sp. tulipae Apt. metabolites for screening for basal rot resistance in tulip
Authors: Podwyszyńska Małgorzata , Skrzypczak Czesław , Fatel Krzysztof , Michalczuk Lech
Published: December 2013

The usefulness of fungus culture filtrates and fusaric acid as selecting agents for Fusarium resistance breeding in tulip was examined on in vitro cultures of shoots and embryonic calli of seven tulip genotypes differing in resistance to Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. tulipae Apt. (F.o.t.) and four virulent F.o.t. isolates. Fusaric acid influenced the shoot growth of all cultivars tested in a similar way, irrespectively of their greenhouse resistance to basal rot. Also, the sensitivity of calli of the cultivars studied to fusaric acid did not correspond with their resistance to F.o.t. evaluated in the greenhouse screening. The phytotoxity of F.o.t. culture filtrates did not depend on their fusaric acid contents. There was a negative correlation between cultivar's resistance to F.o.t in greenhouse tests and the sensitivity of their shoots to fungus culture filtrates in in vitro tests. This indicates that defence mechanism against F.o.t. in tulip tissue may have a nature of hypersensitive response. Considering the results of our study, it may be concluded that the use of fusaric acid or fungus culture filtrates for the in vitro selection of somaclones resistant to F.o.t. in tulip is not feasible.
The occurrence of Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.)Sacc., Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and Fusarium crookwellense Burgess, Nelson & Toussoun on oats lines (Avena sativa L.)
Authors: Kiecana Irena , Mielniczuk Elżbieta
Published: December 2013

Investigations were carried out in 1996-1998 in the experimental fields in Zamość region. The following ten lines of oats were tested: CHD 894, CHD 1095, CHD 1236, CHD 1607, CHD 1653, CHD 1692, STH 2293, STH 2393, STH 2494, STH 2694. The seedlings which showed symptoms of either root and sheath nectosis, or rotting stems ranged form 9-36 ad 9-70% of all seedlings tested, respectively. Results of mycological analysis of seedlings showed that F.avenaceum and F.culmorum were most frequently represented on infected parts (43% ad 42% of all Fusarium spp. isolates respectively), and also they were the most frequently obtained from stems with necrotic stripes (24% and 46% of all Fusarium spp., respectively). Apart from F.avenaceum and F.culmorum there was some F.crookwellense found every year on lower internodes.
Spergulo-Chrysanthemetum segeti (Br.-Bl. et Leeuw 1936) R. Tx. 1937 - the new field weeds association on the Olsztyn Lake District
Authors: Błocki Konrad
Published: December 2013

This paper reports new stands of subatlantic Spergulo-Chrysanthemetium segeti associalion, found on the Olsztyn Lake District area. This association is very seldom described from Poland. It occurs in spring crops and root crops cultivations. The most important attributes of this association are: a mass occurrence of Chrysanthemum segetum, a numerous occurrence of Spergula arvensis, a big contribution of Centauretalia cyani species and habitat's humidity, indicated in the presence of numerous hygrophytes. Communities of this assciation found on Olsztyn Lake District are similaI to the other Spergulo-Chrysanthemetum segeti phytocoenoses, described from the other regions of Poland. However, they show a little differences too. The most important of them are: very small paIticipation of Eu-Polygono- Chenopodion species and the absence of Panico-Semrion species, general floristic scantiness and small participation of Chrysanthemum segetum and Spergula arvensis in the most of records. Spergulo-Chrysanthemetum segeti communities occur very seldom in the central part of the Olsztyn Lake District and they are probably the farthest advanced to the east, known stands of this association in Poland.
Use of tetrazolium (TTC), Germ's and greenhouse plant emergences methods for testing seed vigour of selected ornamental plant species
Authors: Hołubowicz Roman , Wang Xian , Siutaj Wiesław
Published: December 2013

In the years 1996-1997 the experiments were carried out on methods to investigate seed vigour of tassel flower (Amaranthus caudatus L.), sand pink (Dianthus chinensis L.), babies' breath (Gypsophila elegans M.B.), sweet pea (Lathyrus odorathus L.), African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jasq.). The main goals of this research were to specify conditions for accelerated ageing (AA) of the seeds of a few selected ornamental plant species and to choose the most appropriate methods for their seed vigour evaluation in the laboratory and greenhouse conditions. All used in the experiments seeds came from the commercial seed lots from Polish seed company. Evaluation was carried out on the seed samples with high and low vigour. The latter ones were received through subjecting the seed samples to AA, i.e. by placing them in 100% relative humidity (RH) at 44°C, except African marigold-at 42°C, in the darkness and keeping them for 144, 88, 100, 48, 72 and 72 hours, respectively. The tested seed vigour estimated methods included the Germ's method, the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazoilum chloride (TTC) method and the test of plant emergences in the greenhouse. The high vigour seeds samples were used as a check. The Germ's method was found to be useful to evaluate sand pink, babies' breath and African marigold seed vigour, whereas the TTC method was found to be suitable for vigour evaluation of sand pink, babies' breath and zinnia. At present stage of our knowledge about seed vigour, the plant emergences in the greenhouse method was found to be the best for evaluation of seed vigour of tassel flower, sand pink, babies' breath, sweet pea and zinnia. It is reasonable to combine a few methods of seed vigour evaluation for ornamental plant species.
Flavonoids in white and yellow perianths and yellow anthers of tulips (Tulipa gesneriana L.)
Authors: Horbowicz Marcin , Saniewski Marian
Published: December 2013

The content of flavonoids in white and yellow perianths and yellow anthers of a few tulip cultivars were determined at the stage of full flowering. To analyses of flavonols a HPLC method was used. In anthers (yellow) of all analyzed cultivars (Oscar, Pax, Profesor Wóycicki, Biała Dama, White Virgin, Calypso, Diana) high content of quercetin (2,35 - 6,01 mg·g-1 F.W.), kaempferol (1,09 - 9,47 mg·g-1 F.W.) and apigenin (1,34 - 8,24 mg·g-1 F.W.) was found. In analyzed white perianth of cvs. Oscar and White Virgin also high content of quercetin (1,3 - 1,80 mg·g-1 F.W.) and kaempferol (1,90 mg·g-1 F.W.) was documented and only traces of apigenin was found. In the yellow perianth of cv. Profesor Wóycicki the level of quercetin and kaempferol was much lower than in perianth of cvs. Oscar and White Virgin, and apigenin was absent. Thus, yellow anthers and white and yellow perianth of tulip cultivars are a rich source of flavonols.
The effect of irrigation frequency on growth, flowering and stomatal conductance of osteospermum 'Denebola' and New Guinea impatiens 'Timor' grown on ebb·and-flow benches
Authors: Treder Jadwiga , Nowak Joanna
Published: December 2013

The response of osteospermum 'Denebola' and New Guinea impatiens 'Timor' grown on ebb-and-flow benches to different water potential of growing medium applied during whole growing period was investigated by measuring plant growth parameters and stomatal conductance (gS). After cutting establishment, four different irrigation treatments based on soil water potential were applied to osteospermum: at -0,5 , -3,0 , -10,0 , -20 kPa. In the case of impatiens the last water treatment was omitted. Plants were evaluated when they reach one ofthe three growth stages: lateral shoots development, visible flower buds (osteospermum) or beginning of flowering (impatiens) and at flowering. All plants produced with a moderate water deficit (irrigation at -3 and -10 kPa) were more compact than plants irrigated at -0,5 kPa but their flowering were not affected. Strong decrease in pIant growth and flowering was observed when plants were irrigated at the lowest water potential (-20 kPa). However, for impatiens the highest irrigation frequency was also not favorable. As a result of water stress the decrease in stomatal conductance (g~) in both plants was observed. Osteospermum was more resistant to water stress than impatiens.
The interaction of calcium with ethylene and abscisic acid in the pathogenesis of wheat seedlings caused by Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Zielińska Marlena , Zieliński Paweł , Michniewicz Marian
Published: December 2013

The influence of ethylene and abscisic acid on the infection of wheat seedlings by Fusarium culmorum depending on the content of calcium in the medium was investigated. It has been established that when this element does not occur in the medium ABA stimulates, whereas ethylene inhibits the development of a disease. Adding calcium to the medium decreases considerably the stimulating influence of ABA, whereas it increases the inhibiting action of ethylene in this process. The influence of ethylene and abscisic acid on the growth and development of Fusarium culmorum depending on the content of calcium in the medium, was also investigated. Basing on the above results it can be concluded that calcium in media enhances the inhibitory effect of ethylene and reduces the stimulatory effect of abscisic acid on the growth and development of Fusarium culmorum and also on the infection of the seedlings with that pathogen.
New form of China aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees). Structure and biology of ray florets with open tubular corollas (type RO)
Authors: Wosińska Alicja
Published: December 2013

A radiomutant of China aster with a new type of head and new type of ray florets was described. All florets in the head were bisexual and tubular although dimorphic - they varied in size and colour. The place of ray florets in the head was taken by bisexual open tubular florets which were often crowned with irregular teeth. Disc florets were short and parchment-like. In both types of florets the following were compared: number and size of stamens, vitality of pollen and floret fertility. A number of teeth (lobes) in the corolIas of disc florets was also determined. Attention was also paid to the frequently observed anomalies and in particular to stamen displation. The problem is discussed of whether the obtained form resulted from mutation of disc florets with the simultaneous mutation of factors determining the so far unknown in China aster the head type without the whorl ofray florets or whether it was a mutation of ray flowers (corolla type and androecium formation). The author presents the opinion that the form resulted from the mutation ligulate of ray florets to the type of florets described above.
A new locality of Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. in corn-growing on Olsztyn Lake District
Authors: Błocki Konrad
Published: December 2013

This article reports the first record of a Mediterranean species Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. in corn-growing on Olsztyn Lake District. It grows on five stands only, near Naterki village, in the central part of the region. On most localities Anthoxanthum aristatum attains big cover and decidedly dominate over the other species. Anthoxanthum aristatum occurs in seldom Arnoserido-Scleranthetum [(Chouard 1925) Tx.1937] association. This species hasn't been observed in the association on Olsztyn Lake District so far. Amass occurrence of Anthoxanthum aristatum has a degenerating effect on the Arnoserido-Scleranthetum association. This is very expansive species and it is possible to find the new field stands of Anthoxanthum aristatum on Olsztyn Lake District in the foreseeable future. It causes necessity of further studies on the expansion and distribution of this species in North-Eastern Poland.
Analysis of anthraquinone pigments of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs
Authors: Kachlicki Piotr , Wakuliński Wojciech
Published: December 2013

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, anamorph Drechslera tritici-repentis, strains used in this study represented three phenotypic classes of this fungus: the wild type, strains unable to produce melanins - mel(-), and intermediate strains. Using an HPLC system with a reversed phase C18 column synthesis of anthraquinone pigments by strains belonging to all three classes could be detected. According to the 1H NMR spectra analysis the major compounds produced by P.tritici-repentis are catenarin, helminthosporin, islandicin, emodin, ω-hydroxy-islandicin, ω-hydroxy-catenarin and ω-hydroxy-helminthosporin. However, amounts of these compounds produced by the wild type were up to 350 times lower than those observed for the mel(-) forms. Some differences in profiles of these compounds produced by different strains were also observed.
Fungi colonizing various organs of thyme Thymus vulgaris L. cultivated in the region of Lublin
Authors: Machowicz-Stefaniak Zofia , Zimowska Beata , Zalewska Ewa
Published: December 2013

In 1998-2001, the healthiness of thyme cultivated in the region of Lublin was examined. Surveys were made on the one-year-old plantations of thyme at a stage of 6-week-old seedlings and just before the first harvest of the crop, as well as on the two-year-old plantations in spring and before the last harvest. The percentage of the plants showing fungal disease symptoms and the index of infection with fungi were determined. The fungi were isolated from superficially disinfected plant fragments namely from roots, bases of stem and leaves, separately, using mineral culture medium. PDA and SNA media were used to culture Fusarium spp., malt-agar and Czapek-Dox ones to culture Penicillium spp. and malt-agar, oat-agar and cherry-agar ones to culture Phoma spp. The percentage of plant infected with the fungi ranged within 12.18 and 23.05, in case of the one-year-old plantations, and within 29.91 and 43.65 in the two-year-old ones, whereas values of the index of infection ranged within 11.56 and 24.69 and within 20.75 and 43,28, respectively. Necroses were observed on roots and base of stems on one-year-old and two-year-old plantations, but in the last period of vegetation of thyme close to harvest. very often stems and leaves showed symptoms of a complete necrosis. It was found that base of stems and roots of thyme in the first and the second year of cultivation were colonized by a complex of pathogenic fungi:Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola were obtained from the major part of diseased plants. Among the Fusarium species colonizing bases of stems F.culmorum, F.avenaceum, F.equiseti and F.oxysporum dominated, but from roots of thyme most often F.oxysporum, F.equiseti and F.culmorum were isolated. From stems, and particularly from leaves of thyme showing dark spots, commonly Alternaria alternata was obtained. On the other hand, shoots and leaves, but rarely roots of thyme, were colonized by various species of Phoma, particularly by Phoma exigua var. exigua. Colletotrichum gleosporioides occurred rarely on thyme in the area surveyed.
The health condition of spring oilseed crops in relation to the fungi colonising their seeds
Authors: Majchrzak Barbara , Kurowski Tomasz P. , Karpińska Zofia
Published: December 2013

The research was conduced in the years 1999-2000. The aim of the research was to determine the health condition of overground parts and seeds of the following spring oilseed crops: crambe (Crambe abbysinica Hoechst.) cv. B o r o w s k i, false flax (Camelina sativa L.) cv. B o r o w s k a, spring rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera L.) cv. M a r g o and oleiferous radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus L.) cv. P e g l e t t a. In all the years of the research alternaria blight was found on the leaves and siliques of spring rape and oleiferous radish and on the leaves and stems of crambe. False flax proved to be weakly infected by pathogens. On its leaves gray mould (Botrytis cinerea) was found in all the years of the research. The disease was found on the siliques only in 1999. In 2000 powdery mildew was found on spring rape and false flax (respectively, Erysiphe crucifearum and E.cichoracearum). The weather conditions affected the intensity of the diseases on the studied spring oilseed crops. Alernaria genus, especially A.alternata was most commonly isolated from the seeds of examined plants. It constituted from 37% (in crambe) to 63,3% (in spring rape) of all the isolates. Of the remaining pathogenic species, numerous fungi of the Fusarium genus (F.avenaceum, F.culmorum, F.equiseti and F.oxysporum) were isolated. They constituted from 1,0% (false flax) to 17,3% (crambe) of the isolates.
Occurrence of R-growth type of Tapesia yallundae fungus and its sensitivity to some fungicides
Authors: Maliński Zbigniew T. , Burgieł Zbigniew J.
Published: December 2013

From winter wheat and winter triticale stems with distinct disease lesions 123 isolates of eyespot agent - Tapesia yallundae fungus were obtained. Stems were collected in 1999-2001, from no-treatment and protected with fungicides fields, which were situated in three provinces of Poland (małopolskie, mazowieckie, śląskie). Obtained isolates were classified on the basis of morphology on PDA, sporulation on water agar and sensitivity to carbendazim and prochloraz 51 isolates (i.e. 41,5% of all) represent R- growth type of fungus. To this type belong 28% and 71% strains obtained from wheat and triticale stems, respectively. Only seven isolates ofR-type fungus (i.e. 13,7%) were resistant to carbendazim. These strains originated from two protected with carbendazim winter wheat fields and two no-protected winter triticale crops. All isolates of R-type were sensitive to prochloraz. This compounds appears in vitro more effective than flusilazole, propiconazole and azoxystrobin.
Pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum isolates to tulip leaves assessed on leaf disks
Authors: Piwoni Agnieszka
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of 14 Fusarium avenaceum (Giberella avenacea) isolates, obtained from tulip plantations located in Puławy region, to leaves of tulip cv. Apeldoorn. Mycelial plugs 3 mm in diameter from the margins of the colonies growing on PDA and SNA were placed on 20 mm disks cut from tulip leaves. The disks were placed abaxial surface up, in Petri dishes on top of filter paper soaked with 100 mg/l gibberellic acid to retard leaf senescence. There were 5 replications for each isolate. Leaves in each Petń dish were inoculated with one isolate. Plates were incubated at 20°C and lesion diameters were measured after 4 days. The pathogenicity of investigated isolates was compared by measuring lesion development on tulip leaves. All of isolates colonized leaves disks succesfull - causing after 4 days necrotic lesions and sporulating after 14 days what indicated that an infection had occurred. There were significant differences in lesions size among isolates. Isolates: 27, 1, 2, 48 and 3 caused largest lesions at mean size from 150 mm2 to 163 mm2 what indicates their high pathogenicity. Less pathogenic were isolates: 28, 42, 7 and 72 caused lesions at mean size from 46 mm2 to 97 mm~2. On average, mycelial plugs taken from PDA medium colonized leaf disks more efficient in comparison to them taken from SNA, that caused smaller lesions.
From the investigations on Armillaria root rot occurrence in young Scots pine stands in Zielonka Forest District
Authors: Szewczyk Wojciech , Mańka Małgorzata
Published: December 2013

Armillaria root rot, one of the most dangerous diseases in our forests, is caused in Poland mainly by Armillaria ostoyae, especially severe in young Scots pine stands, established after broadleaved stands or with participation of broadleaved species. In Forest District Zielonka young stands are severly affected by Armillaria root rot. Only one species, A.ostoyae, was found in the young (8-14 yrs) Scots pine stands, despite the presence of other Armillaria species in the district. The pathogen's frequent occurrence may be due, inter alia, to favouring environmental factors.
Molecular characterisation of phytoplasmas infecting roses in Poland
Authors: Śliwa Hanna , Malinowski Tadeusz , Kamińska Maria
Published: December 2013

Symptoms of shoot dieback and leaf yellowing followed by leaf chlorosis were observed in naturally infected roses 'Frisco' and 'Suela', cultivated in a commercial greenhouse in Poland. The presence of phytoplasma was demonstrated in affected plants by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with R16Fl/RO and Pl/P7 primer pairs in the first round followed by a second one with R16F2n/R2, fA/rA, Pc399/P1694, R16(I)Fl/Rl and Pl/fArev primer pairs. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR products (primed with primers R16F2n/R2) was done using enzymes AluI, MseI, RsaI and HpaII. Restriction profiles obtained with these enzymes were identical to those of reference strain AY1 belonging to aster yellows phytoplasma group, subgroup I-B (16SrI-B). Nested PCR products from roses 'Frisco' and 'Suela' were sequenced. Analysis of sequences confirmed that the phytoplasma infecting those roses could be classified to aster yellows phytoplasma group, subgroup B.
Some topics in tan spot epidemiology - characteristic and significance the sources of primary infection
Authors: Wakuliński Wojciwch , Zamorski Czesław , Nowicki Bogdan , Schollenberger Małgorzata , Kachlicki Piotr
Published: December 2013

The aim of this studies was characteristic of the sources of primary infection for tan spot. During the period 1998-1991 the development of ascomata and conidimata of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis on naturally infected wheat and triticale straws was monitored. The process of pseudothecia formation was extending over the time. It started immediately after harvest and protothecia of the fungus was commonly occurred each year already in the fall. The first fruit bodies with maturated typically pigmented ascospores were observed in January 2001 and in February 1998 and 1999. The percentage of pseudothecia with maturate ascospores successively increased richening maximum in April when the massive liberation of spores from asci occurred. After the total ascospore release on surface of empty ascomata aroused conidiophores with conidia which may also act as inoculum source. Moreover this type of sporulation was observed directly on over wintered cereals stems especially after prolonged period of rains. The present studies indicated also on infected by P.tritici-repentis wheat and triticale seeds as a source of inoculum for tan spot.
Possibility of cereals protection against rusts by resistant breeding method
Authors: Zamorski Czesław , Nowicki Bogdan , Schollenberger Małgorzata , Wakulski Wojciech
Published: December 2013

In the years 1999-2001 field trials were run on susceptibility of wheat and triticale genotypes to infection by three rust fungi (Puccinia recondita, Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striiformis). The results of the observation of the infection level in following years have been similar. Among genotypes of winter wheat, breeding lines susceptible to Puccinia striiformis infection were rare, but among spring wheat 50% of genotypes were susceptible to yellow rust infection. A much higher level of sensitivity than in the case of winter wheat has been found in winter triticale genotypes. Wheat genotypes were distinguished by the high sensitivity to Puccinia graminis infection, only a few breeding lines were resistant to stem rust. The susceptibility of wheat to brown rust (Puccinia recondita) was a common feature. Triticale genotypes compared to wheat were affected significantly less and majority of them exhibited high level of resistant to brown rust. The use of the breeding method has justification in control yellow rust of winter wheat. Recommended cultivars are almost all fully resistant to Puccinia striiformis infection. The application of this method in selection of spring wheat and triticale is in large past limited. Some of the registered cultivars of spring wheat and triticale are very susceptible to yellow rust. Using the breeding method to protect wheat from stem rust and brown rust is of little practical benefit in our county at this moment. But it can be effecive to control stem and brown rusts of triticale.
Formation of the phenotypic structure of Phytophthora infestans population in Poland during 1987-2001
Authors: Zarzycka Hanna , Sobkowiak Sylwester , Lebecka Renata , Tatarowska Beata
Published: December 2013

The formation of phenotypic structure of P.infestans population in Poland was determined by analyzing 1603 isolates collected from 1987 to 2001. The race complexity, low at the beginning of experiment, has been increasing from year to year and reached in 2001 a high level 7,2 virulence factors per isolate. The single and less composed races dominating firstly in the population were replaced gradually by more composed races. The virulence factors 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 11 occurred most frequently, but factors 5 and 8 were noted sporadically. The A2 mating type was detected in 1988 at first and since that time its occurrence has been noted in Polish population each year. The oospores were formed in potato tissues. Race diversity, low at the beginning of the investigation, reached a peak in 1996-2001 . During 1987-1990 weakly and middly aggressive phenotypes dominated in Polish population. In the later period very aggressive isolates were more frequent. Phenotypic race similarity of P.infestans populations in 1987 and 2001 was very low. The race structure of 1987 population was totally different from the race structure of populations of the next years. It was probably due to migration of new pathotypes. On the other hand the variation in complexity, diversity and similarity of races, as well as in aggressiveness observed in later years of investigation can be caused by the presence of both mating types and sexual recombination.
Selected element contents formation in linseed plants (Linum usitatissimum L.) depending on the phase of development and plant part
Authors: Zając Tadeusz , Antonkiewicz Jacek , Witkowicz Robert
Published: December 2013

A single factor (variety) strict field experiment was carried out in 1999-2000 at the experimental station of the Department of Plant Production, Agricultural University of Krakow located at Prusy near Cracow to study the changes in selected macro-and microelement concentrations in the top parts of linseed and the uptake of these elements during vegetation at the characteristic phases of development, including also the plant parts, i.e. leaves, stems, seeds and straw. On the basis of obtained results it was demonstrated that microelement contents in the linseed top parts changed considerably with the plant growth. The levels of Cr, Zn,Cd, Fe and Mn were highest at budding, while Cr, Pb, Fe and Mn levels were lowest at full maturity phase. Linseed grown in the area unpolluted with trace elements did not reveal the ability to accumulate excessive amounts of Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe and Mn, undesired from the usefulness for consumption point of view. Cadmium, irrespective of the examined stage of plant development, revealed high capacity for an excessive accumulation in the top parts. The contents and reciprocal ratios of macroelements in plants changed variously with their growth. The highest Na and K contents were noticed at budding phase, Ca at vegetative stage (arborescent) and Mg at the initial budding. The widest Ca:P ratio and K:(Ca+Mg) ratio occurred at budding, whereas K:Na ratio at full maturity phase. Linseed accumulated macro- and microele ments in the yield at various rates. Among the analysed elements Cd, Zn and Ni were taken up proportionally to increasing yields of linseed top part biomass.
Similarities and differences between segetal flora of Siedlce and arable lands of the Siedlce Upland
Authors: Skrzyczyńska Janina , Marcinik Jolanta
Published: December 2013

Attempt of comparative analysis of the segetal flora of Siedlce City with similar flora of areas of arable lands of the Siedlce Upland is presented in the paper. Received results show the larger value for urban flora of apophitysm coefficient - 63,3% (61% for Upland), flora modernization - 0,52 (0,42 for Upland) and flora lability - 19 (15 for Upland). On the other hand segetal flora of the Siedlce Upland is characterised by larger synanthropization coefficient - 104 (93 for the city). As to other differences, considerable larger participation of perennial species in the flora of the city (45,5% Siedlce; 37,1% Upland) is noteworthy. Moreover the occurrence of juvenile forms of arborescent species and plants running wild from gardens and parks, e.g.: Mathiola incana, Aesculus hippocastanus, Sedum reflexum, Nigella damascena, Helianthus tuberosus among species weeding urban cultivation is clearly noticeable.
Nectar secretion in the flowers of comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) and nectar chemistry
Authors: Stpiczyńska Małgorzata
Published: December 2013

Nectar secretion and nectar chemistry in the flowers of comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) were examined in the four stages of anthesis: large buds, before pollen exposure: II - freshy opened flowers with the beginning of anther dehiscence: III- completely opened flowers in the maximum of pollen exposure: lV- flowers at the final stage of anthesis, without pollen in the anthers. Individual flower stays fresh 2,5-3 days, on average. Disc-shaped nectaries of S.officinale are located at the base of the four-lobbed ovary. Nectar is released through the modified stomata. Start of nectar secretion was noted at the bud stage. Nectar volume, mass of nectar and sugars differed in the examined stages of anthesis and the biggest values were noted at the final stages. Dominant sugar in nectar was sucrose with smaller amounts of fructose and glucose. The presence of amino acids was also recorded.
Relation between tipburn appearance of Chinese cabbage and calcium content and location
Authors: Borkowski Jan , Kowalczyk Waldemar
Published: December 2013

In 2000-2001 investigations were carried out on the dependence between the tipburn appearance on Chinese cabbage and the content of calcium and its distribution in leaves. It was found that the highest concentration of calcium (to 4,4%) occurred in outside leaves and the lowest was found in leaves inside the head (to 1,0 %). The marginal part in every outside leaf contained more calcium than midrib of leaf. This dependence weakly appeared in leaves wrapping the head and was absent inside the head, where often the calcium concentration was higher in the midrib part of leaf than in the margin part. Distinct differences in the calcium content in leaves of four culti vars of F1, Chinese cabbage: ´Bilko', ´Parkin', 'Kasumi' and 'Yamiko' were not found. These cultivars differed clearly in the susceptibility to the tipburn incidence which appearance depended also on the temperature stress.
The influence of heterostyly, pollination method and hormonization on eggplant's (Solanum melongena L.) flowering and fruiting
Authors: Kowalska Grażyna
Published: December 2013

The experiment was carried out in a three unheated plastic tunnels in 1998-2000. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of flower's heterostyly and two methods of flower pollination (self-pollination and using bumble-bee) as well as flower hormonization on the flowering and fruiting of three varieties of aubergine - 'Black Beauty', 'Solara F1 and Epic F1' The analysis of results showed that the eggplants formed more flowers in object with self-pollination and flower hormonization than those pollinated by bumble-bee. Regardless of the pollination way and flower hormonization, eggplants formed the highest number of flowers with long pistil and much less - with medium and short pistil. It was shown that the tendency to formation the flowers with particular type of pistil is the variety trait of eggplants. The highest number of flowers with long pistil was observed in varieties 'Solara F1' and 'Epic F1' and those with medium pistil - in 'Black Beauty' variety. Heterostyly phenomenon occurring in eggplant's flowers affected the plant's fruiting. The most fruits were set from flowers with long pistils than from those with medium and short ones. Fruits formed from long pistil flowers were characterized with significantly greater mean weight and size, than those formed from medium and short pistil ones. No significant influence of pollination method on eggplant fruit quality was found in three years of study. Fruits achieved due to three pollination methods were characterized with similar mean weight and diameter. Fruits with significantly larger mean length were achieved from flowers pollinated by bumble-bees than from self - pollinated ones.
Investigations on root and stem rot diseases of oat (Avena sativa L.) with a special regard to temperature and rainfalls
Authors: Kiecana Irena , Mielniczuk Elżbieta , Cegiełko Małgorzata , Pszczółkowski Piotr
Published: December 2013

Investigations were carried out in 1996-2000 in the Experimental Station of Cultivars Evaluation in Uhnin. Disease symptoms were recorded twice - in the seedling stage (18 in the Tottman's scale) and in milk ripe stage (77 in the Tottman's scale) of oat. The seedlings with root and sheath necrosis or plants with diseased stem base were obtained every year. The percentage of diseased seedlings ranged from 6,0 to 39,5. and percentage of older plants with necrotic stripes on lower internodes ranged from 11,5 to 5O,0.Results of mycological analysis of diseased plants showed that Fusarium spp., especially F.avenaceum and F.culmorum were isolated the most frequently, F.avenaceum was obtained in the seasons with different weather conditions. This indicates great tolerance of this fungus to temperature and humidity. In the seasons with high temperature F.culmorum was predominant. This species also can be tolerant to changing weather conditions. Warm and wet weather was favourable for oat infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana. Rhizoctonia solani was isolated from plants in milk ripe stage in each vegetation seasons. and from seedlings in years 1998 and 1999.
Influence of leaf pubescence on the behavior of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi)
Authors: Warabieda Wojciech , Solomon Mike
Published: December 2013

Movement behavior of two mite species: two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) on leaves of some apple cultivars (´Greensleeves´, ´Spartan' and SA 455-2 selection) with different density of pubescence was analysed. Assessment of the leaf pubescence density was performed using an originally developed quick method based on digital pubescence mage analysis. For P.ulmi, both stop time and average speed did not depend on kind of leaf. In contrary. T.urticae revealed higher movement activity on slight pubescent leaves compared to leaves with high leaf hair density.
Influence of the date of cut of rootstocks to the stub on growth of maider sour cherry trees cv. 'Łutówka'
Authors: Wociór Stanisław , Kapłan Magdalena , Palonka Salwina , Wójcik Irena
Published: December 2013

Over a three-year period (1997-1999) investigations were conducted on the effect of 6 date of cut to the stub on tree trunk diameter, height and branching of sour cherry maidens in the nursery.On the Prunus mahaleb seedling rootstock were found no significant influen ce of the date between January, 15 - March, 30 of cut to the stub on growth of sour cherry maidens cv. ´Łutówka' (tree trunk diameter and branching) and efficiency of nursery. The date of cutting in 15 April decreased trunk diameter and percent of the first quality trees.
Weed infestation of onion in soil reduced cultivation system
Authors: Błażej-Woźniak Marzena
Published: December 2013

Field experiment was conducted in the years 1998-2000 in GD Felin. The influence of no-tillage cultivation and conventional tillage with spring ploughing on weed infestation of onion was compared. In experiment four cover crop mulches (Sinapis alba L., Vicia sativa L., Phacelia tanacetifolia B., Avena sativa L.) were applied. From annual weeds in weed infestation of onion in great number Matricaria chamomilla L., and Senecio vulgaris L. stepped out. and from perennial - Agropyron repens (L.)P.B. Reduced soil cultivation system (no-tillage) caused the significant growth of primary weed infestation of onion in comparison with conventional tillage. In all years of investigations the executed pre-sowing ploughing limited significantly the annual weeds' number in primary weed infestation. The applied mulches from cover plants limited in considerable degree the number of primary weed infestation. In all years of investigations the most weeds stepped out on control object. Among investigated cover crop mulches Vicia sativa L. and Avena sativa L. had a profitable effect on decrease of onion`s primary weed infestation. Soil cultivation system and cover crop mulches had no signi ficant residual influence on the secondary weed infestation of onion.
Regeneration of Pelargonium in vitro
Authors: Wojtania Agnieszka , Szafrański Wiesław
Published: December 2013

Pelargonium sp. has been a subject of numerous studies to deterimine the effec tiveness of in vitro techniques to produce a large number of pathogen-free plants. Regeneration of pelargonium plants from the different initial explants as well via organogenesis as via somatic embryogenesis has been obtained. The most effective adventitious shoot formation has been achieved from shoot tips and axillary buds using cytokinin or cytokinin/auxin combinations. Leaf explants, whose general have lower organogenic potency, regenerate better in the presence of thidiazuron. This growth regulator stimulate the somatic embryos production from hypocotyl and cotyledone explants too. The main problem in tissue culture propagation of Pelargonium has been the high tendency to formation of vigorously growing callus with low organogenic potency and rapid senescence of cultures. Moreover, the significant differen ces in requirements to the medium composition (minerals, organic compounds and growth regulators) between Pelargonium cultivars has been observed. This makes difficult to develop an universaI method of Pelargonium micropropagation.
The influence of heterostyly on the fructification of two Chaenomeles species
Authors: Denisow Bożena
Published: December 2013

The fructification of Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. and Ch. x superba grown in the Botanical Garden in Lublin was investigated in 1999 and 2002-2003. The influence of heterostyly on the degree of fruit setting and considerable morphological differences between fruits were examined. The three form heterostyly influenced the fruit to flowers ratio and fruit weight. Long-styled flowers set significantly more fruit (approx. 70%) and of higher weight (approx. 26g) in comparison to fruit from midstyled flowers - 50% and 20g, respectively. The higher yield was obtained from Chaenomeles japonica ~ 1-2kg. The average yield of Ch. x superba was ~0.9kg. While planting Chaenomeles shrubs for fruit production, attention should be paid to the participation of flower types with the view to eliminating shrubs with the domination of short-styled flowers with degenerated ovary.
Health of leaves and ears of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated after different forecrops
Authors: Majchrzak Barbara , Kurowski Tomasz P. , Okorski Adam
Published: December 2013

The research was conduced in the years 2000-2002. The aim of the research was to determinate the health of leaves and ears of spring wheat cultivated after spring cruciferae plants such as: spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleiferus Metz.), chiiiese mustard (Brassica juncea L.), white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), ole iferous radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus L.), false flax (Camelina sativa L.), crambe (Crambe abbysinica Hoechst.), as well as after oat (Avena sativa L.) as con trol. Spring wheat cv. Torka was sown after: pIoughed stubble cultivated on this field, ploughed stubble and straw, ploughed stubble with straw and 30 kg nitrogen per hectare. During all the years of studies on leaves and ears of spring wheat septo ria of leaf blotch and glume blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola, Phaeosphaeria nodorum) were found. Brown rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) was seen on leaves of wheat only during years 2001-2002. Besides on ears fusarium ear blight (Fusarimn sp.) was present in 2002 and sooty mould (Cladosporium sp., Alternaria sp.) in 2001. According to health of overground parts of plants the good forecrops to spring wheat were oat, chinese mustard, oleiferous radish. The biggest impact on presence of diseases of leaves and ears had the weather during years of studies. The use of after harvest rests didn't have significant influence on health of leaves and ears of spring wheat.
The segetal flora of the Central Poland
Authors: Warcholińska Aurelia U.
Published: December 2013

In the paper a state and general characteristic of segetal flora of Central Poland is given. The segetal flora of the researched area consists 587 taxa. 127 (21,6%) of them are on the list of threatened segetal plants. The studied flora was characterized by a high percentage of short-living plants (341 species - 58,1 %). Species of nature origin (apophytes) constitute the dominant group (341 species - 58,1 %). Species of the archaeophytes group were frequently recorded (143 species - 24,4%). The most threatened species in the area of Central Poland are: Vaccaria hispanica (CR), Adonis flammea (CR), Coringia orientalis (CR), Thymelaea passerina (CR), Lythrum hyssopifolia (CR), Bupleurum rotundifolium (CR), Kickxia elatine (CR), Isolepis setacea (CR), Bromus arvensis (CR), Lolium temulentum (CR), L. remotum (CR).
Melampsoridium hiratsukanum – invasive rust species in Lithuania, and its co-occurrence with eriophylid mite
Authors: Markovskaja Svetlana
Published: December 2013

An invasive East Asian rust fungus Melampsoridium hiratsukanum, obligate biotroph belonging to Pucciniastraceae, Pucciniales (Basidiomycota) is found widely spread on leaves of Alnus incana in eastern, central and southern parts of Lithuania. On Alnus glutinosa this fungus is rare, sometimes occurring with an alder leaf pest, a microscopic eriophyid gall mite Acalitus brevitarsus. Information on the distribution patterns, ecological and morphological characters of this neomycete is given.
Sistotrema luteoviride sp. nov. (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) from Finland
Authors: Kotiranta Heikki , Larsson Karl-Henrik
Published: December 2013

A new Sistotrema species from Northern Finland, S. luteoviride is described and illustrated. The two hitherto known collections derive from Finnish Lapland and both grew on corticated Juniperus communis. The spores are very similar to those of S. citriforme, which however is a simple septate species and differs clearly by its ITS sequence.
Biomass, abundance and sensitivity to antibiotics and antimycotics of the fungi in the Vistula River with its main tributaries
Authors: Pietryczuk Anna , Górniak Andrzej S. , Więcko Adam , Cudowski Adam
Published: December 2013

Mycoplankton of Vistula River and its main tributaries biomass as well as the number and morphotype diversity was studied in summer and autumn 2011. Summer mycoplankton biomass was within the range of 0.2 – 0.5 μg/l, while in the autumn it was two times wider range (0.1 – 1.3μg/l). The number of fungi in river water most often did not exceed 1000 – 2000 CFU/ml. Fungi colonies isolated from rivers water were sensitive to the commonly used amphotericine B (10 μg) and gentamicin (10 μg). It seems to be plausible that aquatic fungi can acquire immunity to drugs as a result of horizontal transfer of a gene responsible for drug resistance or as an effect of antibiotics and antimycotics getting into the aquatic ecosystems from wastewaters.