bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reporting in the Global South
Authors: Nakkazi Esther
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Ugandan health and science reporter Esther Nakkazi discusses the promise, perils, and challenges of doing reporting on science in less economically developed countries. Nakkazi points aspiring science journalists in the Global South to training and mentoring resources that can help them sharpen fundamental skills and hone their reporter’s intuition. Nakkazi also shares tips for finding and vetting local science experts; discusses pitfalls of the “philanthrojournalism” model and how to avoid them; and argues for the important role of solutions journalism in the Global South. As Nakkazi writes, homegrown journalism that links science to people’s everyday lives is becoming increasingly important in Africa, South Asia, and other parts of the Global South. And a diverse new generation of journalists and publications is answering the call.
Epilogue
Authors: Zeller Tom
Published: September 2022

Journalists operate under a raft of noble obligations: fairness, skepticism, impartiality, and detachment. An appreciation for these is important, former New York Times writer and Undark editor Tom Zeller Jr. notes in this chapter—but so is the recognition that those ideals will constantly be tested, and even brought into question, in the day-to-day scrum of journalism. Being open to moments of confusion, frustration, moral ambiguity, and wrenching self-doubt—and staying attuned to the competing values and interests at play in the stories reported and among the sources consulted—is an important quality, Zeller argues, for anyone hoping to make a career in journalism.
The Question of Dōgen as Poet
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2022

The second chapter examines is Dōgen’s overall view of language and expressivity as essential tools for disclosing Buddhist teachings, in addition to a detailed analysis of a few representative poems. Traditionally Dōgen’s poetry has been overlooked or neglected because he expressed a few sayings that indicate literary pursuit is a distraction from meditation and the role of versification is generally associated with the rival Rinzai sect rather than Dōgen’s own Sōtō sect. However, modern Japanese scholarship has recently shown that these stereotypes are misleading so that an appreciation of Dōgen’s poetry in both Chinese and Japanese styles is very useful and important for understanding the rhetoric in his major prose writings, including the Treasury of the True Dharma Eye, the first eight volumes of the Extensive Record, and Dōgen’s Monastic Rules.
Fight in the Air
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: September 2022

Even during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, Britain was sending bombers over Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe to destroy strategic and military targets. This chapter describes how, after Pearl Harbor, the United States joined the bombing campaign, dividing their duties between daylight raids (Americans) and nighttime raids (British). The development of airborne radar by British and American scientists gave both nations the ability to “see” targets through clouds and overcast, and even at night, which greatly improved bombing effectiveness. The chapter then describes the joint effort to develop a series of countermeasures, notably chaff, to fool the German radar systems. Another parallel development in this chapter concerns the P-51 Mustang fighter, built to British specifications in America for the RAF. The US Army Air Forces did not initially want it after it entered RAF service in 1942, but when the fighter was fitted with a British Rolls-Royce Merlin engine (which at the time was also being built in Detroit), it became the Allies’ most capable escort fighter, which allowed strategic bombing to extend to Berlin, hastening the end of the war.
Fight on the Seas and Oceans
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: September 2022

The Battle of the Atlantic against Nazi U-boats was the longest campaign of the entire war. This chapter describes how various elements, which began in Britain and were taken over by the United States, came together to defeat the U-boat threat. It begins by detailing how the convoy system became the centerpiece of the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) strategy. It then explains how the Liberty ship, based on a British design, became the icon of American industrial output. It then covers scientific advancements in mathematics and cryptology that were shared across the Atlantic to break German codes and analyze the best means for attacking U-boats. It explores radio intercepts (HF/DF or Huff-Duff) that pinpointed the submarines, new weapons like Hedgehog that were more accurate than depth charges, and the RDX explosive that gave these weapons a heavier punch. It details how all these elements came together in one particular set of ASW engagements in March 1943 that marked the turn of the tide for Allied forces.
Fight on the Beaches
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: September 2022

The Allies knew they would have to conduct a massive amphibious assault in France, in order to retake Europe from the Nazis and defeat them. The ships and equipment to conduct such an assault had to be invented even while planning for the invasion occurred. This chapter describes the transatlantic development and production of three key elements that allowed the Allies to invade Europe: the Landing Ship, Tank (LST), the pontoon bridge, and the Duplex Drive (DD) tank. Through a series of experiments and trials by combat, these elements were made ready for the D-Day invasion in June 1944.
Engagement
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

The chapter defines what engagement is for the arts. It follows the scholarly usage of the term as a means for interaction between organizations and audiences of the arts. The discussion begins by exploring the broad usage of the term in both perspective and concept, the latter specifically tied to engagement as a means for market connections. The exploration includes historical understandings, including psychological effects of engagement as well as aesthetic applications of engagement. The chapter uses these historical understandings to underpin the notion of arts as civic engagement and audience development. The chapter concludes with a concise argument as to how these scholarly approaches allow for a reshaping of the traditional marketing mix into the engagement edge.
Contrasting Frameworks
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on definitions for the terms place, as intended within McCarthy’s marketing mix, and environment, as the term is generally used today. It explores the different facets of each term and finds distinction and commonalities for both. Though both these terms have a generic definition having to do with location, there is much greater depth to the authors’ understanding of both the terms. Though human interaction with environments may not seem the perfect match for the nonprofit arts, the definitions make it far more logical to apply environment as part of the engagement edge than McCarthy’s place. The chapter includes examples of human-designed environments created for aesthetic purposes.
Contrasting Frameworks
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter defines the term price, as meant in the marketing mix. The concept of price is a collection of pricing strategies. The chapter describes many of the most common pricing strategies corporations use to increase profits. Pricing is loosely understood in the arts, and few of the pricing strategies that arts organizations do use function well for nonprofit arts organizations. The chapter also explores the concept of ease of access by describing common perceptions around the words ease and access. It establishes an overview of the framework of McCarthy’s price and base definitions used to create ease of access.
A Plural Unity
Authors: Errington Joseph
Published: September 2022

Sociolinguistic dynamics in Kupang and Pontianak are examples of Indonesian’s plural unity in the nation at large. Here they can be considered together with other locales, where Indonesian is perceived as a threat to native languages, to locate those nonstandard varieties in a broader condition of linguistic plurality. Then they can be considered as grounds for Indonesians’ broader senses of national belonging with ideas about print-imaged languages discussed by Benedict Anderson, and about cultural intimacy discussed by Michael Herzfeld. Next the lexicons of modernity sketched earlier serve to characterize English as a lingua franca which is comparable with Indonesian, and for that reason an object of both desire and anxiety. Finally, an alternate success story about Indonesian’s internally plural character can be juxtaposed with accounts of sociolinguistic change in western Europe, including the kinds of linguistic superdiversity being attributed to dynamics of globalization.
Fiscal Semantics in the Long Second Century
Authors: Eberle Lisa Pilar
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the relationship between Roman citizenship and fiscality in the long second century. It takes as its point of departure the seemingly contradictory relation of citizens to taxation: there were taxes from which all citizens were exempt, but there were also taxes that only they paid. At the chapter’s core lies the contention that we can only understand this situation and its history if we take into account the competing meanings of taxation that existed within the empire. Taxes could signify constitutional, imperial, and social difference, but they could also constitute community and belonging. Tracing these meanings and their history allows us to understand Roman citizens’ relationship to the poll tax, from which they were exempt, and to the inheritance tax, which only they paid, and it allows us to get to the bottom of Italy’s long-lasting immunity from tributum. The chapter starts with a case against the existence of a fiscal meaning of citizenship, which scholars sometimes assume, and it concludes with an argument about what might have been the most far-reaching consequence of fiscal semantics in the empire: the possibility that what the chapter terms “Severan fiscal thought,” the demonstrably unique way in which Septimius Severus and Caracalla approached taxation, also underpinned the Constitutio Antoniniana.
Philip Spencer
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

The intertwined stories of Philip Spencer and the brig Somers, the stage on which the final, dramatic acts of his brief life would play out, are introduced. The smallness of this new ship of the U.S. Navy is emphasized. Spencer’s childhood and his parents, who played a significant and detrimental role in his life, especially his prominent, politically connected father, and the longer history of his family’s troubled men are revealed, as is the physical ailment that also defines young Spencer, strabismus, which has a negative psychological impact on his life as much as if not more than his father’s sternness and his mother’s coddling. His childhood troubles, difficult academic career, his love of games, make-believe, secrets, and pirates—all of which will play out in deadly fashion on Somers—as well as his misadventures and near-dismissal from the U.S. Navy set the stage by introducing Philip Spencer as a very troubled young man who has no business being on board a naval vessel.
Teaching Public Health Writing
Authors: Beard Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Teaching Public Health Writing argues that public health schools and programs need to make writing practice and mentoring central to the curriculum. Writing is a process that demands patience, humility, and deliberate practice. Write, revise, submit, receive feedback, revise again. All writers develop their confidence, patience, and voice over the course of their lives. Public health students are learning to understand and translate technical content from a wide array of disciplines into clear, concise, engaging documents for vastly different audiences and purposes. It’s a time-consuming, anxiety-inducing, and painstaking process. Yet, many public health professors expect their students to arrive in their graduate and upper-level undergraduate classes already knowing how to write engaging and informative policy briefs, literature reviews, research proposals, and many other types of technical documents. This is an unrealistic expectation that undermines both students and their professors. The author blends composition theory with a multilevel social determinants analysis, the life course, harm reduction, and other public health approaches to offer a new way to think about the place of writing in public health education. This call to action offers recommendations for mentoring student writers, supporting professors, and fostering writing community and dialogue at the institutional level.
Successful Consolidation
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James
Published: September 2022

Debt problems get all the attention, but not all borrowing ends in tears. There have also been instances when high debts were successfully reduced. This chapter describes three of the largest debt consolidations in history: Britain after the Napoleonic Wars, the United States after its Civil War, and France after the Franco-Prussian War. These nineteenth-century debt consolidations were achieved mainly by running substantial budget surpluses over extended periods. This was made possible by the politics of the era; in all three countries, creditors had disproportionate political sway. The resulting political configuration meant that inflation and debt repudiation were beyond the pale.
Conclusion
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James
Published: September 2022

The book concludes by distilling lessons from the history of public debt. Over the centuries, governments have borrowed to meet political and economic emergencies and provide essential public goods and services. Public debt has also been integral to financial development and economic growth. At the same time, the ability to borrow can tempt politicians to put off difficult decisions. In these circumstances, heavy debts can become a burden on the economy and jeopardize financial stability. Two global crises within twelve years (2008 and 2020) serve as reminders of the importance of maintaining and now restoring the capacity of governments to borrow.
Mission Impossible
Authors: Rosén Frederik
Published: September 2022

May the protection of cultural property be reasonably weighed against the protection of human lives? Could it be considered morally acceptable to impose risk upon or even sacrifice human lives to save cultural property? Such questions arise repeatedly when discussing the military challenges posed by protection of cultural property in armed conflict. Thus, there is an emerging, yet still embryonic debate about “saving lives or saving stones.” This chapter contributes to this debate by scrutinizing the conceptual framework for casting this apparent ethical dilemma, which remains surprisingly underexamined in the academic literature. It does so by charting a series of preliminary problems one must consider before setting out a moral framework around harm to cultural property in armed conflict. As the decision to accept and apply the dilemma of “saving lives or saving stones” remains a moral one, also from the perspective of the Law of Armed Conflict, the chapter will draw its framework from the just war theory literature. The chapter argues that the more we speculate on the constitution of value and moral quality of cultural property in the context of the ethics of war discussions, the clearer it becomes that formulating general ethical principles to guide our view on this dilemma appears to be a mission impossible.
The International Criminal Court and Cultural Property
Authors: Drumbl Mark A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter unpacks the war crime of intentional attacks on cultural property. It does so through the lens of the work of the International Criminal Court (ICC). This is a fruitful lens for a number of reasons. The ICC’s third conviction, that of Al Mahdi (Timbuktu, Mali), was solely on this charge. Al Mahdi pled guilty and received a nine-year sentence. The ICC also has awarded reparations for the destruction of the shrines for which Al Mahdi had been convicted. The Al Mahdi case, moreover, forms part of a broader effort by the ICC Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) to address cultural property crimes as detailed by policy papers and cooperation agreements between the OTP and UNESCO. This chapter, addressing each of these aspects, sets out details of the crime. It then assumes an interrogatory tone: What role, exactly, can international criminal law play in the protection of cultural property, in the definition of what is “culture,” and the scope (and beneficiaries) of “protection”? What is the interplay between criminalizing the destruction of cultural property, on the one hand, and transitional justice, on the other, predicated as it may be on resistance to cultures of oppression and impunity?
Nazi Looting and Internal and External Colonial Plundering
Authors: van Beurden Jos
Published: September 2022

If cultural heritage embodies a universal value immune to political agendas, a certain neutrality in the politics of return should be expected. Yet historically viewed, this is far from the case, something which exposes another layer of values vested in the ethics of cultural heritage. This chapter plunges into this issue by comparing the ways countries and claimants are dealing with Nazi-looted artworks and with loot resulting from either internal or external colonialism. There is a certain global agreement about how to deal with Nazi-looted art and with loot resulting from internal colonialism in settler colonies, much less so about war booty and other displaced objects from external colonial contexts. For dealings with Nazi-looted art works, general principles have been formulated that receive broad international support. In the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, laws and programs have been developed for dealing with claims from indigenous groups. Recently, some European countries have opened their doors for a new dealing with objects resulting from external colonialism, while former colonies have come up with new, more specified claims. This chapter discusses some differences and similarities between the ways of dealing with claims for lost heritage and what values underpin them. It also studies the possible impact of the one on the other. The conclusion investigates whether general principles for dealing with Nazi-looted artworks can be adapted for dealing with colonial loot.
Sonification
Authors: Carlson Licia
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces the book’s main argument: that shared musical experience has both epistemological and ethical significance. It begins with three personal vignettes, and then explains why bringing music, philosophy, and disability together is original and important for philosophies of music and of disability. It goes on to define and discuss three central concepts—sonification, music, and disability—and examine parallels between music and disability. Before concluding with an overview of the chapters, it makes a number of clarifications regarding the approach: the argument is not intended to overly romanticize the significance of musical experience; second, the focus deliberately moves away from a therapeutic model of music and disability; and finally, that though disability is a central theme, the book’s arguments speak to the value of musical encounters more generally.
How Soon Is Now?
Authors: Kahn Leonard
Published: September 2022

Though a mere decade ago commercially available autonomous vehicles seemed a distant possibility, today they appear to be all but inevitable. How well is our thinking keeping pace with these developments? In comparison to literature on the “trolley problem,” little work has been addressed to the question of the timing and conditions under which society should allow the widespread use of autonomous vehicles on public roads. In this paper, the author offers a schematic answer to this question, while also touching on the vexed matter of liability for crashes caused by autonomous vehicles. In the process, he develops a way of thinking about the relative safety of autonomous and nonautonomous vehicles that can add value to discussions of transportation ethics both by philosophers and by public policy experts. The author also addresses the matter of who should be liable in cases of crashes caused by autonomous vehicles.
Supply Chains, Work Alternatives, and Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Golemon Luke , Allhoff Fritz , Broy T. J.
Published: September 2022

Automated vehicles promise much in the way of both economic boons and increased personal safety. For better or worse, the effects of automating personal vehicles will not be felt for some time. In contrast, the effects of automated work vehicles, like semi-trucks, will be felt much sooner—within the next decade. The costs and benefits of automation will not be distributed evenly; while most of us will be positively affected by the lower prices overall, those losing their livelihoods to the automated semi-trucks and other similar work vehicles will be much worse off. This sets up a classic distributive justice problem: how do we balance the harms and benefits of automation? In this paper, the authors recommend work alternatives: policies that the government would enact in order to ensure that each person could live a decent life even if one could not work, especially for reasons like having one’s job automated. After arguing for this position, we propose some policy guidelines.
The Autonomous Vehicle in Asian Cities
Authors: Chan Jeffrey K. H. , Shim Jiwon
Published: September 2022

Despite the fact that many Asian cities have integrated the autonomous vehicle (AV) into their urban and transportation planning, very few studies have examined the impacts of the AV in the context of Asian cities. This chapter discusses the social and ethical impacts of the AV in Seoul and Singapore. Through glimpses offered by urban vignettes of the AV constructed for each of these cities, this chapter examines how the AV can bring to the surface issues of gender inequity and prejudice in Seoul and challenge convivial urban relations in Singapore. This chapter argues that socio-ethical issues are deeply intertwined with the safety concerns of the AV, and it suggests that attending to these issues can advance both the moral quality of the AV and standards of public safety.
Ideological Fixation
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: September 2022

After theorists around 1960 proclaimed the “death of ideology”, ideological divides and clashes have re-emerged with renewed intensity throughout the world. In the United States they have become particularly venomous. Each side in America’s escalating ideological civil war charges the other with concocting “fake news” and “alternative facts”. The other side is widely viewed as malicious, irrational, or downright stupid, and, often, as barely legitimate. People are deaf to claims about reality that come from the opposite camp, no matter how valid they might be. The zeal of the opposing sides is often scarcely less than that which characterized the religious ideologies of old. Indeed, historical religious ideologies have largely been replaced by “secular religions” or “religion substitutes”. Ideology consists of normative prescriptions regarding how society should be shaped, together with an interpretive roadmap indicating how this normative vision can be implemented in reality. Ideological fixation is the result of tensions and conflicts between these two elements. The book focuses on ideologies’ factual claims about the world, typically subordinate to, and often distorted by, their normative commitment. In exploring this phenomenon, the book combines insights from evolutionary psychology regarding the nature of some of our deepest proclivities with a broad sweep through history. It proceeds from the Stone Age to the rise of civilization, the great religions, and modernity, to a critique of fundamental factual premises that underlie some of the major debates dominating today’s liberal democracies, not least the United States.
What Is Right?
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: September 2022

Morality is the second element of ideology that needs prior attention. Do our moral percepts resonate in some way with the deep structure of the universe, or are “true” or “objective” in any other sense? Or are they pure projections of our inner attitudes, feelings, and emotions onto the world, and are therefore “subjective” or even “relative” to the individuals or societies that hold them? In recent decades, philosophers have failed to recognize the major contribution that the Darwinian revolution has made to the understanding of major questions for which there were previously no satisfactory answers: how morality came into being, what sustains it, and perhaps also, to some degree, what can be expected of people morally. The insistence by most present-day philosophers on defining moral norms as objective, instead of allowing for a more flexible understanding of this evolved phenomenon, which would transcend the traditional objective-subjective dichotomy, has outlived its usefulness.
Can Anything Be Done?
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: September 2022

This chapter briefly visits some of the major ideological and political issues and concerns that currently divide the United States and other countries of the West. The tentative ruminations offered in it are put forward as an exercise in how intellectual openness and an effort to avoid ideological fixations in the assessment of facts might look like. Here, as throughout, the book focuses on the factual element of ideologies, on the validity of their claims about the world, not on their normative-value element. Nor is it suggested that all sides to an ideological dispute are equally right, that the truth necessarily lies in the middle. At the same time, it is submitted that there might be some important truths in the arguments of the other side—which deserve serious attention, consideration, and, possibly, adjustments to our own views.
Precision Medicine
Authors: Fleck Leonard M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses many cancer types, multiple genetic features of those cancers, and the drugs (more than 150) designed to target those features and control that cancer. Recent research aims to use several of these drugs in combination or in sequence to prolong survival, though at substantially increased cost with substantial gains in life expectancy still confined to a minority of patients. Researchers are now seeking biomarkers to identify patients most likely to benefit substantially. Would it be just to use these biomarkers to identify patients likely to achieve only small gains in life expectancy and deny them these drugs at social expense? Cost-effectiveness might warrant an affirmative answer, but health care justice might warrant a different answer, at least in some cases. The same would likely be true regarding the European notion of solidarity.
Precision Medicine, Diffuse Wickedness
Authors: Fleck Leonard M.
Published: September 2022

Many of the health care justice issues raised by precision medicine have a “wicked” quality. That means the problems are inherently complex, lacking in complete knowledge, reflecting conflicting social values, and marked by social disagreement regarding the criteria that should be used to assess potential resolutions. The problems are wicked because of the inherent uncertainty and complexity of precision medicine, the fragmented structure of health care financing in the United States, and conflicts regarding various theories of health care justice. Ibrutinib, a targeted cancer drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, is used as an illustrative case study of several wicked problems of health care justice. A dominant wicked problem is referred to as “ragged edges.” No bright line exists in nature or in medicine or in ethics that affirms the just claims of some patients to a targeted therapy and denies that therapy to others.
Precision Medicine, Imprecise Health Care Justice
Authors: Fleck Leonard M.
Published: September 2022

Should all of these targeted therapies be included in a health care benefit package guaranteed to everyone in our society, no matter the cost, no matter how marginal the benefit? Does health care justice require that? Several things make answering these questions very difficult, including the heterogeneity of health care needs, the complexity of therapeutic options for meeting those needs, the uncertain effectiveness of those therapies, and their socially unsustainable costs. Cancer is only one source of life-threatening health needs. Competing theories of justice add to the complexity. Given what John Rawls refers to as the “burdens of judgment,” neither sufficientarian, utilitarian, moderate egalitarian, strict egalitarian, prioritarian, luck egalitarian, nor libertarian theories of health care justice can adequately address the wicked problems engendered by precision medicine. Ultimately, a fair and inclusive process of rational democratic deliberation will be needed to achieve at least rough justice regarding our wicked problems.
Public Reason, Precision Medicine
Authors: Fleck Leonard M.
Published: September 2022

Precision medicine represents science at its most elegant. However, precision medicine is generating wicked problems of health care justice made worse by the fragmented nature of health care financing in the United States. Abstract theories of health care justice cannot adequately resolve those wicked problems. Instead, fair and inclusive processes of rational democratic deliberation will be necessary to determine just limits to health care resources. At the core of that deliberative process must be public reason, free of ideological taint, as required by a liberal, pluralistic society. The virtue of the deliberative process is that it avoids invisible rationing and encourages instead the shared, explicit, autonomous social acceptance of just rationing protocols. Protecting the integrating of that deliberative process is one of the essential responsibilities of contemporary philosophers.
The Knowledge of God in Descartes’ Letters
Authors: Scribano Emanuela
Published: September 2022

The proof of the existence of God proposed by Descartes in the Fifth Meditation has often been interpreted as an intuition. This chapter instead argues that what Descartes offers is a genuine a priori proof—quite the opposite of an intuition. The structure of the a priori proof theorized by Aristotle confirms this thesis. Thomas Aquinas’ and Suárez’s discussion of the possibility of using the a priori proof to prove the existence of God clarifies the implications of Descartes’ choice, first of all as regards the knowledge of the essence of God through a concept. Two letters from the summer of 1641 suggest that it was the supernatural or immediate knowledge of God that Descartes sought to avoid through his detailed reference to the genuinely demonstrative character of the Fifth Meditation’s proof.
What God Cannot Do
Authors: Scribano Emanuela
Published: September 2022

God’s infinite power and the impossibility of knowing his ends are frequently and emphatically asserted by Descartes. However, the Sixth Meditation sets certain limits on divine power and at the same time supposes that the end pursued by God through the union of mind and body can be known by the human mind, in an attempt to exonerate God for those cases in which it is impossible to correct errors induced by the senses. The theses developed by Thomas Aquinas to justify the union of mind and body offer some elements to explain why Descartes envisaged two exceptions to two cornerstones of his theology.
The Return of Campanella
Authors: Scribano Emanuela
Published: September 2022

The physician Louis de La Forge built his entire work upon the promotion, defense, and completion of Descartes’ thought. In the course of this endeavor, he sought to refute the notion that knowledge of the mechanisms of the living body is the necessary condition for producing such mechanisms. Around the same time, Arnold Geulincx formulated the principle Quod nescis quomodo fiat id non facis, according to which an effect can be produced only by someone who knows how it is produced. Geulincx developed this principle within a Cartesian framework, and it soon became a cornerstone of arguments supporting Occasionalism from a Cartesian perspective. La Forge instead upheld the opposite thesis, yet still on the basis of ideas drawn from Cartesian philosophy. In doing so, La Forge intended to defend Descartes’ physiology against a form of vitalism which was fueling the opposition to Cartesian science in Parisian philosophical and scientific circles, and which found a prominent champion in the physician Cureau de La Chambre.
Localized Insurgency Para-States and Peripheries
Authors: Ucko David H.
Published: September 2022

Insurgents are struggling to defeat the state militarily as they once did with some frequency. One alternative approach relies on localizing the struggle, or limiting it to the subnational level, so as not to compel the state to respond. By eschewing ambitious goals of regime change and focusing instead on peripheral territories or populations for which the state is less likely to fight, the group can find space to operate, even thrive. Over time, this approach may even lead to an awkward accommodation with the state that routinizes the coexistence of ostensible adversaries. This chapter explains the nature of localized insurgency, distinguishing it from the traditional form of insurgency and from secessionist struggles. It weaves theory with case studies to illustrate how this approach works, both in urban and in rural environments. The chapter concludes by commenting on the dangers of localized insurgency, which over time hollows out the state, leading to state fragility--even failure. Given their foundation in informal balances of power, between the state and the challenger, localized struggles also risk inviting outsiders--both states and other--who seek to exploit the fragmentation to serve their own ends.
Shays’ Rebellion and the Collapse of Discourse
Authors: Zug Charles U.
Published: September 2022

The American founders formed their ideas about demagoguery not solely through critical dialogue with the classical political philosophers. They also looked to contemporary experiences as sources of insight, one of which was the so-called Shays’ Rebellion of 1786–1787. In that event, founders like Madison and Hamilton discerned the destructive consequences not of a vicious demagogue who had manipulated a foolish public for his own ends but of a political regime that had tried to cement its authority through a system of repressive and retrograde political institutions that founders like Hamilton and Madison had come to reject.
Constitutional Design
Authors: Zug Charles U.
Published: September 2022

Officeholders and the public they represent must understand both the ends that their political institutions were meant to realize, and what it means for those institutions to operate in a healthy manner, in order to hold the occupants of those institutions to account and, more broadly, to diagnose the relative health of the system of which those institutions are a part. This chapter is an attempt to perform such a diagnosis in reference to rhetorical leadership in the American constitutional order. The Constitution establishes institutions not for their own sake but in order to realize substantive goals. Demagoguery is permissible in American politics, and can even contribute to genuine constitutional statesmanship, when more deliberative modes of institutional behavior significantly hinder the Constitution’s ability to achieve its own ends.
Demagogues on the Supreme Court
Authors: Zug Charles U.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines historical demagogues on the Supreme Court and uses these cases as examples of good and bad cases of demagoguery in the American political system. The chapter also discusses the particular rhetorical responsibilities that Supreme Court justices have. Justice Samuel Chase (1741–1811) responded to an attempt by Congressional Jeffersonians to dismantle the newly established Circuit Court System with demagogic outbursts intended to delegitimate that effort; he was impeached by the House and nearly removed from office by the Senate for his rhetorical outbursts. Justice Antonin Scalia (1936–2016) authored demagogic Court opinions to highlight what he regarded as a corruption of the federal judiciary by left-wing ideologies.
Demagogues in Congress
Authors: Zug Charles U.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines historical demagogues in Congress and uses these cases as examples of good and bad uses of demagoguery in the American political system. The chapter discusses the particular rhetorical responsibilities that members of Congress have with reference to three case studies. Joseph McCarthy leveraged his position on a Senate committee to advance baseless claims about “communists in government,” claiming that his committee assignment gave him access to privileged information that could not be externally verified. Huey Long entered the Senate prepared to indulge his demagogic proclivities to their fullest extent but developed a more sophisticated and deliberative mode of argumentation in response to the counterarguments of other Senators. Finally, Adam Clayton Powell used Congressional speeches to describe the societal incentives that prevent white Americans from taking civil rights seriously.
Mind
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at the brain and the less obviously physical mental abilities that we associate most with human use of digital technology: memory, reasoning, creativity. Yet these all arise from a grey sludge of 10 billion interconnected neurons, within a bone shell the size of a child’s toy ball. Different kinds of memory and thinking are encoded in the physical, electrical, and chemical activity of the brain and scanning technology allows us to chart the relationship between the two as blood surges to areas of highest activity. We have different kinds of intelligence tuned to our physical and social life as well as more classically cognitive functions, and these are connected both internally through language and imagination and also externally in our interactions in the world. Crucially, human creativity typically depends on this fluid movement between internal and external representations and reasoning.
Interacting with Physical Objects
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins by revisiting affordances: the way that our perceptions are tuned to be able to instantly and instinctively understand the action potential of objects around us: what we can do with them. However, in the constructed environment we have to design objects deliberately so that they create the right impressions: from doors that look as though they can be pushed or pulled to knobs that feel as if they turn in the appropriate direction. Happily, humans are natural affordance seekers, actively finding ways to engage with the world around us and learning cultural conventions and device idiosyncrasies. This seeking includes epistemic action: things we do to learn about the world, blurring the distinction between action and perception. The very softness and pliability of our bodies help us act, a fact that can be used to design robots, create better tools for people, and even help fold a bed sheet.
Prototyping and Tool Support
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses some of the ways in which the physicality of our interactions with the world affects, drives, and is exploited in the design process, and in particular how this is embodied in various physical toolkits, design applications, and notations. It looks at how user experience of devices and applications is mediated by their physicality which means that the physical forms used in design prototypes may subtly affect the behaviour of users. There are many tools and techniques available, so that it is possible to explore designs at different levels of physical fidelity. These range from early stage tools such as storyboards and state-transition network representations of interaction, through off-the-shelf products such as video, office applications, and digital toys, to specially designed physical computing kits, and electronics tools that enable bespoke working prototypes. Together, these tools can return physicality to the development process of computer-embedded products.
Computational Modelling and Implementation
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina
Published: September 2022

The physical devices and interactions that we design and prototype also need to be coded and engineered, made into resilient, functional and usable products. This chapter looks at some of the special issues that arise when developing the computational side of physical–digital products. The chapter starts by looking at models which address some of these issues, in particular the continuity in time and space of physical phenomena and the way in which in many sensor-rich systems the impact on, and hopefully benefit to, people may be separated from the actions that were originally sensed. It then moves on to consider the development of physical systems, which are often distributed on small devices across space and involve raw electronics. Crucially developers need to deal with issues that are absent or less common in more purely digital systems, including dealing with detailed timing and delays and often grubby, pragmatic considerations.
Towards the Humanization of European Union Politics?
Authors: Gattermann Katjana
Published: September 2022

Chapter 7 investigates the effects of personalized EU news on attitudes and political awareness. The first analysis is an aggregate-level study on the relationship between personalized news coverage and trust in of the European Commission and the European Parliament, respectively, between 1999 and 2019, using the media data from Chapter 4 and Eurobarometer data for seven countries. The second study represents a cross-country comparative survey experiment that tests the effects of individualized news versus non-personalized news from the European Parliament on external political efficacy, that is, the belief that EU politics is responsive to citizen concerns, and information recognition. Overall, the results provide only limited support to the initial argument that personalization could make EU politics more accessible.
Voter Preferences for Personalized Political News in the European Union
Authors: Gattermann Katjana
Published: September 2022

To provide a different test of the personalization thesis, Chapter 8 examines the extent to which voters prefer personalized news over non-personalized news during European Parliament election campaigns. Through a conjoint experiment with German voters in May 2019 it finds that respondents have a distaste for privatized news and most often prefer news that involve institutions. Individualized news is equally preferred to news that focus on political parties. The chapter also contends that the potential for individual politicians to serve as information shortcuts in EU politics likely increases once additional heuristics are provided. Overall, voters appear to prefer high-quality over low-quality information; and news that involves the polity or policies compared to politics, which underlines that attention to individual politicians in their official function must not come at the expense of substantive issues.
Consequences and Implications of (De-)Personalized Politics in the European Union
Authors: Gattermann Katjana
Published: September 2022

Chapter 9 summarizes the main findings of the book and discusses their implications for the relationship between media and politics on the one hand, and the relationship between media citizens in the EU on the other. Against the backdrop of the mixed findings of the book, it also provides a short discussion on why any assertion of a conceivable personalization deficit in EU politics is unwarranted. This concluding chapter ends with an outlook for the future of personalized EU politics, highlighting that a possible renaissance of the Spitzenkandidaten procedure would require that media and politics engage with the procedure far ahead of the next European Parliament elections, so that voters have sufficient time and opportunity to formulate opinions about the candidates.
The Federal Contract
Authors: Tierney Stephen
Published: September 2022

Federalism is a very familiar form of government, deployed by constitution-makers to manage diverse polities at various key stages in the history of the modern state. Despite its pervasiveness in practice, federalism has been strangely neglected by constitutional theory, tending to be subsumed within one default account of modern constitutionalism or treated as an exotic outlier—a sui generis model of the state rather than a form of constitutional ordering for the state. This neglect is both unsatisfactory in conceptual terms and problematic for constitutional practitioners, obscuring the core meaning, purpose, and applicability of federalism as a specific model of constitutionalism with which to organise territorially pluralised and demotically complex states. In fact, the federal contract represents a highly distinctive order of rule which requires a particular, ‘territorialised’ approach to core constitutional concepts: constituent power, the nature of sovereignty, subjecthood and citizenship, the relationship between institutions and constitutional authority, patterns of constitutional change, and ultimately the legitimacy link between constitutionalism and democracy. In rethinking the idea and practice of federalism, this book adopts a root and branch recalibration of the federal contract. It does so by analysing federalism through the conceptual categories which characterise the nature of modern constitutionalism: Foundations, Authority, Subjecthood, Purpose, Design, and Dynamics. This approach seeks to explain and in so doing revitalise federalism as a discrete, capacious, and adaptable concept of rule that can be deployed imaginatively to facilitate the deep territorial variety of so many states in the twenty-first century.