bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incorporation Rules
Authors: Ayal Adi , Rotem Yaad
Published: February 2014

Following Calabresi and Melamed, legal theory has employed the property rule/liability rule distinction in order to hone our understanding of existing norms, as well as suggest new ones. This paper suggests an addition to the pantheon in the form of a protocol that we call an “Incorporation Rule”. It is a novel mechanism allowing private parties and courts to combine property rule and liability rule protection where both apply to the same entitlement. Incorporation Rules allow for separating the effects of intertwined property and liability rules, focusing on ex-ante voluntary determination of levels of protection usually adjudicated ex-post. Under the protocol, the entitlement is transferred to a special-purpose corporate vehicle, which then issues tailor-made securities to the owner of the entitlement and to the potential buyer or rivalrous user. In this manner, the entitlement is split along the contours of three basic corporate instruments – heterogeneous capital structure, separation of ownership and control, and an independent legal personality. By relying on these known-and-tested corporate mechanisms, risk and transaction costs are minimized, enforcement is improved, and heterogeneous preferences of individuals can be accommodated. The Incorporation Rule protocol thus allows for flexibility in protecting entitlements while facilitating efficient exchange.
Media and Democracy: An Investigation on the Role of Journalist as Mediator
Authors: Gingras Anne-Marie
Published: February 2014

This paper aims to assess the socio-political role of journalists through a conceptual approach linking media and democracy and through an analysis of data from an investigation of journalists’ commitment to democracy that was conducted from the summer of 2008 to the spring of 2010. Our study is founded on the dichotomy between an active role for the media and an instrumental one in the face of the political system, and this dichotomy is applied to journalists. We believe that the media and journalists function as “mediators” in liberal societies, that is, as individual or collective agents through whom explicit or implicit messages pass. These agents add a layer of meaning by various methods, which include the selection of news, the ordering of issues and the framing of individuals or events.
Reference-tracking: description and explanation
Authors: Comrie Bernard
Published: February 2014

Various typologically recurrent properties of reference-tracking systems can be given a coherent explanatory account in terms of functional, rather than formal criteria. Two principles in particular are proposed, namely that coreference is more likely to be marked than non-coreference in local domains (e.g. the arguments of a single predicate), whereas non-coreference is more likely to be marked than coreference in extended domains (e.g. across clause boundaries). For the former principle a cognitive explanation is proposed, while it is suggested that the latter principle has a discourse basis.
Einsatz des Ultraschalls zur Untersuchung artikulatorischer Zungenbewegungen am Beispiel des spanischen Multivibranten [rr]
Authors: Neuschaefer Ch. , Matern G. , Ballerò Flores V. , Fehrmann G.
Published: February 2014

Am Beispiel eines Muttersprachlers wird demonstriert, daß der Ultraschall geeignet ist, den Bewegungsumfang, die Bewegungsfrequenz und den Ablauf der Schwingungsbewegung der Zunge bei der Bildung des komplexen spanischen Multivibranten [rr] in verschiedenen phonotaktischen Kontexten in Echtzeit darzustellen. Hierzu wurden ein Sektorschallkopf während der Lautbildung submental positioniert und die Zungenbewegungen im sogenannten M-Mode videodokumentiert. Die Analyse der Lexeme des Corpus erfolgte sowohl einzelwort- als auch satzbezogen. Die Untersuchung ergab, daß der Multivibrant durch 3 bis 6 Zungenschwingungen bei einer Frequenz von 24-34 Hz ausgeführt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine statistisch signifikant größere Gesamtdauer und Anzahl der Zungenschwingungen bei Anlauten im Gegensatz zu Inlauten, wohingegen sich die Schwingungsfrequenzen statistisch nicht unterschieden.
Deterioration and recovery of electrical conductivity during fatigue testing of stretchable wires printed onto fabrics using Ag-loaded electrically conductive pastes
Authors: Inoue Masahiro , Tada Yasunori , Itabashi Yosuke , Tokumaru Tomohiro
Published: February 2014

Stretchable wires were printed on fabrics using an acrylic-based paste loaded with Ag flakes, and their fatigue properties examined. The electrical conductivity of the wires significantly decreased during a cyclic tensile test, because of a decrease in their elastic moduli (Mullins softening) as well as fatigue cracking. Because the electrical resistance and elastic moduli of the damaged samples were partially recovered by annealing at 100 °C, fatigue damage introduced to the wires was divided into reversible and irreversible components, where cracking is the irreversible damage. Although crack bridging by fibrils could occur during the fatigue test, no crack healing was observed during annealing. In contrast, fatigue damage from Mullins softening of the wires could be recovered during annealing. The recovery of electrical conductivity occurs mostly in the initial stage of rearrangement of polymer structure during annealing.
Atopic dermatitis and vitamin D: facts and controversies
Authors: Mesquita Kleyton de Carvalho , Igreja Ana Carolina de Souza Machado , Costa Izelda Maria Carvalho
Published: February 2014

Patients with atopic dermatitis have genetically determined risk factors that affect the barrier function of the skin and immune responses that interact with environmental factors. Clinically, this results in an intensely pruriginous and inflamed skin that allows the penetration of irritants and allergens and predisposes patients to colonization and infection by microorganisms. Among the various etiological factors responsible for the increased prevalence of atopic diseases over the past few decades, the role of vitamin D has been emphasized. As the pathogenesis of AD involves a complex interplay of epidermal barrier dysfunction and dysregulated immune response, and vitamin D is involved in both processes, it is reasonable to expect that vitamin D's status could be associated with atopic dermatitis' risk or severity. Such association is suggested by epidemiological and experimental data. In this review, we will discuss the evidence for and against this controversial relationship, emphasizing the possible etiopathogenic mechanisms involved.
Applicability of the "An Object and Action Naming Battery" in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Spezzano Luisa Carmen , Mansur Leticia Lessa , Radanovic Marcia
Published: February 2014

PURPOSE: To verify the performance of a sample of Brazilian subjects in the "An Object and Action Naming Battery" (OANB), according to schooling; and to describe the main error types in nouns and verbs naming. METHODS: The OANB was applied in 100 healthy subjects, divided in two groups (GI: four to eight years of schooling; and GII: above nine years). RESULTS: There were correct answers for 97.6% for nouns and 98.0% for verbs. There were statistically significant differences between the groups in the number of correct answers for nouns and verbs (p<0.0001) and in the proportion of semantic errors for verbs (p=0.0160), with less educated subjects performing poorer than higher educated ones. CONCLUSION: The OANB may be used in adult Brazilian Portuguese native speakers. The group with higher education had higher scores; both groups had a higher proportion of "semantic errors" for verbs and nouns.
Risk factors identification in children with speech disorders: pilot study
Authors: Silva Gabriela Martins Duarte , Couto Maria Ines Vieira , Molini-Avejonas Daniela Regina
Published: February 2014

PURPOSE: To identify the main risk factors related to children and their parents, associated with speech and language disorders. METHODS: A prospective descriptive study conducted with 170 children and their parents assisted at a school clinic in the period between March 2010 and July 2012. A protocol was developed for this study in order to identify risk factors for language and speech disorders. Data were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics by the Χ2 and Student' s t-test . RESULTS: The demographic profile is composed of male children aged between 4 and 5 years old, ethnicity declared by parents as being white, residents of the western region of the city of São Paulo, and whose parents had completed high school. The factors related to family and considered as risks for language impairment were being an only child and having a family history of speech and language disorders. As for the children' s health, prematurity, hospitalization for a long period, and the presence of deleterious oral habits were also considered as risk factors. CONCLUSION: The protocol allows establishing the main risk factors related to children with speech and language disorders. It is suggested that children who present with one or more of the aforementioned risk factors should be regularly monitored for speech and language development and, if necessary, referred for early intervention.
Nasalance and nasality of tracheoesophageal speech in total laryngectomee
Authors: Iqueda Adriana Pereira Defina , Ricz Hilton , Takeshita Telma Kioko , Reis Nathalia dos , Aguiar-Ricz Lilian
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the rates of nasalance for total laryngectomized users of a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis and correlate them with the findings of auditory-perceptual assessment of nasality. METHODS: In this study, 25 total laryngectomized users, including 20 men and five women, with a mean age of 63 years old participated. All the participants had a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis and underwent treatment for the rehabilitation of tracheoesophageal communication. These patients were submitted to nasalance assessment using nasometry and auditory-perceptual evaluation of nasality and were rated by trained speech therapists. RESULTS: The nasalance values obtained for nasal (59.92%) and oral (18.64%) sentences were within the normal limits for laryngeal speakers of Brazilian Portuguese language. It was possible to observe the presence of nasality in nasal sentences and its absence in oral sentences among most speakers. Specificity was found to be 100% for nasal sentences and sensitivity was 100% for oral sentences. It was not possible to calculate these values for the oral sentences. CONCLUSIONS: Total laryngectomized patients with tracheoesophageal voice prostheses have adequate vocal nasality compatible with nasometry rates.
Accent and television journalism: evidence for the practice of speech language pathologists and audiologists
Authors: Lopes Leonardo Wanderley , Lima Ivonaldo Leidson Barbosa , Silva Eveline Goncalves , Almeida Larissa Nadjara Alves de , Almeida Anna Alice Figueiredo de
Published: February 2014

PURPOSE: To analyze the preferences and attitudes of listeners in relation to regional (RA) and softened accents (SA) in television journalism. METHODS: Three television news presenters recorded carrier phrases and a standard text using RA and SA. The recordings were presented to 105 judges who listened to the word pairs and answered whether they perceived differences between the RA and SA, and the type of pronunciation that they preferred in the speech of television news presenters. Afterwards, they listened to the sentences and judged seven attributes in the contexts of RA and SA using a semantic differential scale. RESULTS: The listeners perceived the difference between the regional and softened pronunciation (p<0.0001). They preferred the SA in the presenters' speech in all variants studied (p<0.0001). There was an association between linguistic variants and the judgment of attitudes (p=0.002). The listeners regarded the presence of SA in the presenters' speech as positive in all variants studied (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The listeners prefer and assign positive values to the SA in the speech of television journalists in all linguistic variants studied.
High Temperature Thermomechanical Properties of Titanium-Rhodium-based Alloys Containing Scandium
Authors: Kudriavtsev Yurii V. , Semenova Elena L.
Published: February 2014

At high temperatures, the equiatomic binary compounds formed by Groups 4 and 8 transition metals are known to undergo martensitic transformation, which may be accompanied by a shape memory effect. Among these compounds, titanium-rhodium (TiRh) is of special interest not only because it undergoes two martensitic transformations at high temperature, for one of which the shape memory effect has been observed, but also because it demonstrates unusual shape recovery behaviour at temperatures higher than 400°C. The present work focuses upon the thermomechanical and mechanical properties of 50 at% rhodium-scandium-titanium ternary alloys where Ti is substituted by Sc. These alloys were investigated for the first time using electrical resistance, dilatometry and three-point bending techniques in the temperature range 20°C to 850°C. It was found that the sample with 0.1 at% Sc exhibited full shape restoration in the ranges of both martensitic transformations at ~340°C and ~750°C. Two-way shape recovery was also observed. A small temperature hysteresis, desirableforalloysused inactuator applications, is present in TiRh and Rh-Sc-Ti alloys. Both TiRh and Sc-containing alloys exhibit continuity of the deformation process on cooling and shape restoration on heating in a wide range of temperatures. This feature of both TiRh and Rh-Sc-Ti alloys implies the possibility of their application in different heat-regulating elements at temperature ranges from room temperature to 850°C.
Geotechnical control of tunnel works in Hong Kong
Authors: Pang Pui Loi Richard
Published: February 2014

Hilly topography, intense urbanisation and infrastructure development, combined with limited land availability and a growing awareness of environmental issues, have driven Hong Kong's need to develop its underground space. By the end of 2012, about 460 km of tunnels had been constructed in Hong Kong. While private projects involving tunnel works have been subjected to statutory control to protect public safety for many years, geotechnical control of government tunnel works was only introduced through a government works policy instruction in 2005. This was one of the outcomes of a government review on the project implementation issues of a deep sewage tunnel project which encountered major construction problems due to adverse geology. The geotechnical control regime which was introduced took account of the development of geotechnical risk management internationally and notable tunnel failures both in Hong Kong and elsewhere. To facilitate geotechnical control, the Geotechnical Engineering Office of the Civil Engineering and Development Department has prepared technical references and guidance documents, including a catalogue of notable tunnel failure case histories. This paper traces the development of geotechnical control of tunnel works in Hong Kong, with a view to help in minimising the risk to life and property posed by construction of tunnel works.
An analytical method for calculating the natural frequency of reinforced retaining walls with soil–structure interaction effect
Authors: Abbasi O. , Ghanbari A. , Hosseini S.A.A.
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT: Natural frequency is one of the most important parameters in the seismic behaviour of structures, including retaining walls. In this study the theory of beams on elastic foundations and the energy method were used to obtain a precise analytical formulation for the natural frequency of the fundamental mode of geosynthetic-reinforced soil-retaining walls. The assumed retaining wall was reinforced with full-height rigid concrete facing (GRS-FHR walls). Moreover, use of the suggested formula facilitates the consideration of soil and wall interaction in calculating natural frequency. The backfill and foundation soil of the retaining wall were modelled using translational springs. The result obtained from the suggested formula was compared with the result of numerical analysis using ANSYS software, and a good agreement was found.
Creep behaviour of sand–geomembrane interfaces
Authors: Liu H. , Martinez J.
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT: Creep behavior is among the critical properties of soil–geomembrane interfaces. However, there have been very limited studies in this area. In this study, one smooth and one textured high density polyethylene geomembrane were tested for their frictional characteristics with slightly dense Nevada sand. Normal pressures employed in the tests were 25, 50 and 75 kPa. The sustained loadings lasted 240 min, and under each constant normal stress, creep occurred at three levels of shear stress at room temperature. Two loading speeds, 1 and 5 mm/min, were employed in the direct shear tests before and after creep. The study found that the post-creep frictional resistance appeared to be approximately the same as that obtained from a direct shear test without creep. The shear creep behaviour of sand–geomembrane interfaces followed the typical pattern of material creep, and under relatively small normal pressures that did not result in considerable damage of geomembrane surfaces, textured geomembrane interface with sand might exhibit larger shear creep displacement than smooth ones.
Effects of the EMDR Protocol for Recent Traumatic Events on Acute Stress Disorder: A Case Series
Authors: Buydens Sarah L. , Wilensky Marshall , Hensley Barbara J.
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for recent traumatic events in the treatment of acute stress disorder. Within weeks of being exposed to an isolated traumatic event, 7 adults diagnosed with acute stress disorder were provided with multiple sessions of the EMDR protocol for recent traumatic events, an extended version of the EMDR therapy standard protocol. In each case, an individual’s subjective distress caused by the traumatic events was measured using the Impact of Events Scale-Revised and the goal of alleviating symptoms was accomplished. The positive results suggest the EMDR protocol for recent traumatic events may be an effective means of providing early treatment to victims of trauma, potentially preventing the development of the more severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Treating Tongue-Tie: Assessing the Relationship Between Frenotomy and Breastfeeding Symptoms
Authors: Ochi James W.
Published: February 2014

Objective: Ankyloglossia (or “tongue-tie”) may increase the risk for newborn breastfeeding symptoms. Lingual frenotomy is the standard treatment for ankyloglossia, but its efficacy at improving the quality of infant breastfeeding has received little formal study.
We developed an original 10-question survey of mother and newborn breastfeeding symptoms that are typically observed with ankyloglossia. Possible survey scores ranged from 10 (minimal breastfeeding symptoms) to a maximum of 50 (extreme symptoms). We predicted that survey scores should decrease after lingual frenotomy.

Method: The survey was administered to mothers of 20 newborns with ankyloglossia, before lingual frenotomy, and about 2 weeks after. The control group consisted of 15 breastfeeding dyads recruited from a breastfeeding support group who filled out the survey twice at 2-week intervals. A 2 × 2 mixed-methods ANOVA was conducted to test for an interaction between group and time.

Results: Post hoc analysis of simple effects provided evidence that (a) the frenotomy group had higher survey scores than the control group before intervention and (b) the frenotomy-group survey scores decreased after the intervention. No significant score differences were observed between the frenotomy and control groups after the intervention, and the control group scores did not show a statistically significant decrease over time.

Conclusions: The study provides preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of lingual frenotomy for reducing breastfeeding symptoms associated with ankyloglossia. Furthermore, the study suggests that the use of surveys, such as the one in this study, may help with assessment for ankyloglossia.
Does Lanolin Use Increase the Risk for Infection in Breastfeeding Women?
Authors: Sasaki Bethany Certa , Pinkerton Katrina , Leipelt Angelia
Published: February 2014

Background: Use of lanolin has become a breastfeeding cultural norm, although the evidence is conflicting on its safety and efficacy. Little to no evidence is available on the relationship between lanolin and infection.

Methods: This is a feasibility study, using case-control,
retrospective chart review, examining lanolin use and the development signs and symptoms of nipple or breast infection in breastfeeding mothers with nipple pain. Fungal infection versus bacterial infection was suspected according to the corresponding effective treatment.

Results:
Lanolin users were suspected to have a 62% infection rate, as compared to non-lanolin users at 18%, odds ratio = 7.5 (95% CI = 2.4–23.4). Although not significant, fungal infection may be more frequent than bacterial infection based on effective corresponding treatment.

Conclusion:
A randomized controlled trial is called for to determine if frequent lanolin use increases the risk of nipple or breast infection.
Mother’s Milk, Mother’s Tears: Breastfeeding With Postpartum Depression
Authors: Olson Tonia , Holtslander Lorraine , Bowen Angela
Published: February 2014

Recent literature suggests that when breastfeeding goes well, it may protect mothers from the deleterious effects of postpartum depression. Using a phenomenological approach, the objective of this research was to provide insight into the lived experience of breastfeeding in mothers
with postpartum depression. Two major themes emerged from the participants’ perceptions of breastfeeding with postpartum depression: (a) Breastfeeding in the Dark: Despite difficulties associated with establishing and maintaining the breastfeeding relationship, breastfeeding through depression
meant bonding with baby and maintaining a semblance of control; (b) Breastfeeding Under Wraps: Mothers perceived a lack of support to breastfeed their babies and delayed seeking support for their symptoms of depression out of fear of being stigmatized. This study underscores the need for heightened
awareness regarding perinatal and postnatal screening for depression. The early identification of women at risk for postpartum depression will offer healthcare professionals the capacity to engage women and their families in a participatory manner to work through natural challenges associated
with establishing and maintaining the breastfeeding relationship.
The Importance of Vaccination Against HPV
Authors: Mohammad Tasneem F. , Burkhart Craig G.
Published: February 2014

The human papillomavirus is a DNA virus that is involved in the pathogenesis of several benign and malignant
lesions. Although numerous types of HPV exist, vaccines currently target HPV’s 6, 11, 16, and 18, which are the most
commonly implicated in verrucae and oral-genital neoplasms. Although the HPV vaccine has been recommended as part
of the vaccination schedule in adolescents for several years, widespread inoculation has not yet become common practice.
It is imperative that vaccination be more broadly instituted to decrease the incidence of HPV related lesions in both males
and females
The Moderating Effect of Prior Sales Changes on Asymmetric Cost Behavior
Authors: Banker Rajiv D. , Byzalov Dmitri , Ciftci Mustafa , Mashruwala Raj
Published: February 2014

Recent research documents the empirical phenomenon of “sticky costs” and attributes it to a theory of deliberate managerial decisions in the presence of adjustment costs. We refine this theoretical explanation and show that it gives rise to a more complex pattern of asymmetric cost behavior that combines two opposing processes: cost stickiness conditional on a prior sales increase, and cost anti-stickiness conditional on a prior sales decrease. These predictions reflect the structure of optimal decisions with adjustment costs and the impact of prior sales changes on managers' expectations about future sales changes. Empirical estimates for Compustat data support our hypotheses. We further verify our predictions using additional proxies for managers' expectations, and show that our model offers important new insights.

JEL Classifications: D24; M41.
Forgiveness and Vengeance: The Mediating Role of Gratitude
Authors: Satici Seydi Ahmet , Uysal Recep , Akin Ahmet
Published: February 2014

This study examined the mediating role of gratitude on the relationship between forgiveness and vengeance. Participants were 331 university students (185 women, 146 men; ages 17 to 24 years), who completed a questionnaire package that includes the Vengeance Scale, the Trait Forgiveness Scale, and the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that gratitude partially mediated the relationship between forgiveness and vengeance. The significance and limitations of the results were discussed.
Hockey Concussion Education Project, Part 2. Microstructural white matter alterations in acutely concussed ice hockey players: a longitudinal free-water MRI study
Authors: Pasternak Ofer , Koerte Inga K. , Bouix Sylvain , Fredman Eli , Sasaki Takeshi , Mayinger Michael , Helmer Karl G. , Johnson Andrew M. , Holmes Jeffrey D. , Forwell Lorie A. , Skopelja Elaine N. , Shenton Martha E. , Echlin Paul S.
Published: February 2014

Object

Concussion is a common injury in ice hockey and a health problem for the general population. Traumatic axonal injury has been associated with concussions (also referred to as mild traumatic brain injuries), yet the pathological course that leads from injury to recovery or to long-term sequelae is still not known. This study investigated the longitudinal course of concussion by comparing diffusion MRI (dMRI) scans of the brains of ice hockey players before and after a concussion.

Methods

The 2011–2012 Hockey Concussion Education Project followed 45 university-level ice hockey players (both male and female) during a single Canadian Interuniversity Sports season. Of these, 38 players had usable dMRI scans obtained in the preseason. During the season, 11 players suffered a concussion, and 7 of these 11 players had usable dMRI scans that were taken within 72 hours of injury. To analyze the data, the authors performed free-water imaging, which reflects an increase in specificity over other dMRI analysis methods by identifying alterations that occur in the extracellular space compared with those that occur in proximity to cellular tissue in the white matter. They used an individualized approach to identify alterations that are spatially heterogeneous, as is expected in concussions.

Results

Paired comparison of the concussed players before and after injury revealed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) common pattern of reduced free-water volume and reduced axial diffusivity and fractional anisotropy following elimination of freewater. These free-water–corrected measures are less affected by partial volumes containing extracellular water and are therefore more specific to processes that occur within the brain tissue. Fractional anisotropy was significantly increased, but this change was no longer significant following the free-water elimination.

Conclusions

Concussion during ice hockey games results in microstructural alterations that are detectable using dMRI. The alterations that the authors found suggest decreased extracellular space and decreased diffusivities in white matter tissue. This finding might be explained by axonal injury and/or by increased cellularity of glia cells. Even though these findings in and of themselves cannot determine whether the observed microstructural alterations are related to long-term pathology or persistent symptoms, they are important nonetheless because they establish a clearer picture of how the brain responds to concussion.
Growing Tourism in a Hostile Environment: A Case of Iran
Authors: Bahaee Mahmood , Saremi Mahmoud
Published: February 2014

This article is concerned with international tourism performance in Iran. Iran's share of global tourism receipts and arrivals in the last few decades compared to similar countries in the region has been abysmal despite its wealth of tourism attractions related to its history, culture, and natural environment. Given the current economic hardships in Iran due to imposition of several economic sanctions by the United Nations, the US, and the European Union, it is argued that international tourism has the potential to bring significant economic benefits to the country. We review Iran's tourism performance with comparative countries in the Middle East region, then discuss the driving forces for the growth of global tourism within the context of Iran, and provide general recommendations for policy makers to more fully exploit the economic benefits of this industry.
Previsitation and Posttour Awareness and Ratings of Tourism Attractions of Yankari and Cross River National Parks
Authors: Ngoka Paulinus Chukwuemeka , Ngoka Glory Mba-Abasi
Published: February 2014

Tourism visits to national parks tend to be motivated by certain attractions or expectations, often conceived in a hierarchical order, which inform tourism to the particular destination. Meeting such expectations is critical to visitor satisfaction. Sometimes, however, tourists might
experience a shift of interest from the key attractions that informed the tour to new or underrated features in the course of the tour—a situation that might lead to reordering of attractions after the tour. The present study sought to find out the attractions that inform tourism to
Yankari National Park (YNP) and Cross River National Park (CRNP) and their ratings before and after visitation by tourists. The populations for the study comprised 720 tourists in YNP and 130 in CRNP. Samples of 90 tourists in YNP and 60 in CRNP were used. Wildlife and rainforest experience,
respectively, were the key attractions to the parks. Reordering in ratings of attractions by tourists occurred in YNP after visitation, but was not so pronounced in CRNP. Difficulty in sighting key wildlife that informed travel to YNP was thought to account for this occurrence. Tourists knew
of the existence of the upper limit of three attractions in each park prior to visitation, but came to discover an additional 7 out of 10 attractions eventually enjoyed in YNP, and 9 out of 12 in CRNP while touring. Low awareness of the attractions by potential tourists was implied. Publicity
of the tourism attractions of the parks was recommended for optimizing tourism use of the destinations.
Climate Change and Sustainable Tourism: Carbon Mitigation by Environmentally Certified Tourism Enterprises
Authors: Zeppel Heather , Beaumont Narelle
Published: February 2014

Tourism is susceptible to the impacts of climate change on destinations and businesses, but also contributes to the causes of climate change via greenhouse gas emissions from travel. This article reports on carbon mitigation actions by environmentally certified tourism enterprises in Queensland, Australia. The survey results profile attitudes to climate change, emissions auditing, carbon mitigation actions, and motives for emissions reduction. The study revealed that most operators believed climate change was an important issue for tourism and had implemented a range of carbon mitigation actions in energy, water, and waste reduction. The most popular actions were energy efficiency and reducing energy use, while less popular measures were adopting renewable energy and carbon offsetting. Tourism operators preferred lower cost actions that were easy to implement and would provide cost savings. The key motives for tourism operators implementing these carbon actions related to ecological responsibility and business competitiveness via cost savings and differentiating their business as “climate friendly.” These motivations align with general business principles driving the implementation of socially and environmentally responsible practices by companies. The findings suggest that environmentally certified tourism enterprises now consider emissions reduction measures to be an integral part of sustainable tourism development.
Critical Ecotourism Factors Applicable to National Parks: A Visitor Perspective
Authors: De Witt Leonie , Van Der Merwe Peet , Saayman Melville
Published: February 2014

South Africa boasts 21 national parks managed by South African National Parks (SANParks), which is the leading conservation organization and also the largest provider of ecotourism experiences in South Africa. Because SANParks depends heavily on tourist spending, it is important to
successfully develop and manage its tourism products and services. A key aspect of the successful development and management of ecotourism products is to have an understanding of how tourists perceive ecotourism. An insight to tourists' perceptions will assist in developing ecotourism guidelines,
which will minimize negative impacts and at the same time add value to the tourist experience. The aim of this article is to determine critical ecotourism factors (CEFs) applicable to national parks from a visitor's perspective. A web survey was conducted via the SANParks' website. A factor
analysis was performed and six factors were extracted. The factors include product development, local community involvement, environmentally friendly practices, food and activities, ethical behavior, and policies. It was the first time research of this nature had been conducted in South Africa.
The results adhere to ecotourism characteristics. Key findings include: the high value respondents place on ethics and the importance of educational programs, staff training, visitor management, and environmentally friendly practices.
Tourism to the Battlefield Memorials in Fromelles
Authors: Winter Caroline
Published: February 2014

The Battle of Fromelles, fought in northern France in 1916, was virtually forgotten until recent years, when the activities of a small group of people brought it to light. The discovery of a mass grave of Australian and British soldiers and their subsequent burial in a new Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in the village of Fromelles has been widely reported in the media. As a result, many people have begun to visit the village and the cemeteries. The village presents an issue that is common in the tourism literature, whereby a very small destination without large-scale visitor facilities is experiencing sudden increases in tourists. This study involved a sample of committed, older, and retired Australian and British tourists who were visiting the village. Differences in the travel patterns of tour-based and free independent travelers, as well as between British and Australians, were identified. Some of these differences were perhaps a result of the time and financial costs involved for Australians to visit the battlefields. The study found support for the war-distorted destination life cycle model, which argues that a major war can provide long-term positive benefits for a destination.
The evolution of sex ratio differences and inflorescence architectures in Begonia (Begoniaceae)
Authors: Twyford Alex D. , Ennos Richard A. , White Chris D. , Ali Mobina Shaukat , Kidner Catherine A.
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: A major benefit conferred by monoecy is the ability to alter floral sex ratio in response to selection. In monoecious species that produce flowers of a given sex at set positions on the inflorescence, floral sex ratio may be related to inflorescence architecture. We studied the loci underlying differences in inflorescence architecture between two monoecious Begonia species and related this to floral sex ratios.

• Methods: We performed trait comparisons and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in a segregating backcross population between Central American Begonia plebeja and B. conchifolia. We focused on traits related to inflorescence architecture, sex ratios, and other reproductive traits.

• Key results: The inflorescence branching pattern of B. conchifolia was more asymmetric than B. plebeja, which in turn affects the floral sex ratio. Colocalizing QTLs of moderate effect influenced both the number of male flowers and the fate decisions of axillary meristems, demonstrating the close link between inflorescence architecture and sex ratio. Additional QTLs were found for stamen number (30% variance explained, VE) and pollen sterility (12.3% VE).

• Conclusions: One way in which Begonia species develop different floral sex ratios is through modifications of their inflorescence architecture. The potential pleiotropic action of QTL on inflorescence branching and floral sex ratios may have major implications for trait evolution and responses to selection. The presence of a single QTL of large effect on stamen number may allow rapid divergence for this key floral trait. We propose candidate loci for stamen number and inflorescence branching for future characterization.
Mature beech trees (Fagus grandifolia; Fagaceae) are persistently clonal in coves and beech gaps in the Great Smoky Mountains
Authors: Morris Ashley B. , Millsaps Nicole K. , Mason Kelsi Q. , Howell Jacquelyn S. , Speer James H.
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: Angiosperms frequently have mixed sexual and asexual reproductive strategies, which can have significant consequences for population and community structure. Many tree species respond to disturbance by vegetative sprouting over sexual reproduction, but the ability to do so varies within and among species and is poorly studied. We tested the hypothesis that root sprouting in Fagus grandifolia is more important in high‐elevation beech forests (extreme environmental conditions), relative to lower‐elevation cove hardwood forests (optimal environmental conditions), in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

• Methods: Four cove hardwood and two high‐elevation beech gap forests were sampled. Fagus grandifolia trees were tagged, mapped, and genotyped at each site using six nuclear microsatellite loci. A subset of trees was cored to determine minimum ages of identified clonal lineages. Relationships between measures of clonal richness, diameter, forest type, and elevation were compared by nonparametric analyses.

• Key results: Five of six sites were highly dependent on sprouting; one site was entirely dependent on reproduction by seed. Clonal richness did not differ significantly by forest type or elevation, but differed significantly from previously published work. Tree diameter was significant by elevation and significant between the present study and previously published work.

• Conclusions: The results of this study in the context of previously published work suggest that relatively recent recruits may be more likely to reflect both sexual and asexual strategies, whereas mature F. grandifolia may be more likely to be the result of persistent clonal lineages.
Organocatalytic asymmetric fluorination of α-chloroaldehydes involving kinetic resolution
Authors: Shibatomi Kazutaka , Okimi Takuya , Abe Yoshiyuki , Narayama Akira , Nakamura Nami , Iwasa Seiji
Published: February 2014

In a previous study it was shown that the enantioselective α-fluorination of racemic α-chloroaldehydes with a chiral organocatalyst yielded the corresponding α-chloro-α-fluoroaldehydes with high enantioselectivity. It was also revealed that kinetic resolution of the starting aldehydes was involved in this asymmetric fluorination. This paper describes the determination of the absolute stereochemistry of a resulting α-chloro-α-fluoroaldehyde. Some information about the substrate scope and a possible reaction mechanism are also described which shed more light on the nature of this asymmetric fluorination reaction.
Evidence for the continued presence in New Zealand of Homotrysis macleayi (Borchmann, 1909) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Alleculinae)
Authors: Thorpe Stephen
Published: February 2014

The first detailed specimen records are presented for the Australian beetle Homotrysis macleayi (Borchmann, 1909) in New Zealand. Evaluation of this evidence clearly indicates that the species is fully established in the wild in New Zealand. It is therefore recommended that the species be added to the New Zealand Organisms Register (NZOR), as exotic and present in the wild. Some general comments are offered on the importance of data and evidence in faunistics.
De la distinction à la diversité culturelle. Éclectismes qualitatifs, reconnaissance culturelle et jugement d'amateur
Authors: Glevarec Hervé , Pinet Michel
Published: February 2014

Depuis les années 1960, le développement du champ culturel et les changements de la signification des pratiques culturelles ont affaibli la légitimité culturelle de la haute culture et produit un éclectisme culturel, notamment des catégories diplômées, en direction des genres contemporains. Dans le prolongement d’une modélisation dite de la « tablature », cet article se propose de mettre à l’épreuve le lien ainsi tissé entre catégories diplômées ou supérieures – les plus éclectiques – et champ des pratiques couvertes. Il s’appuie sur une exploitation raisonnée de l’enquête Pratiques culturelles des Français de 2008 en recourant à une classification hiérarchique portant sur la population des personnes éclectiques sur le plan culturel. L’analyse statistique montre la diversité qualitative des formes d’éclectismes. Ainsi permet-elle d’engager une discussion sur les liens entre structure positionnelle et portefeuille de goûts et entre légitimité sociale et légitimité culturelle. Nous prônons un changement de modèle, de la distinction à la diversité culturelle, au nom de la différenciation des éclectismes, de l’argument de reconnaissance culturelle des genres artistiques et d’un régime de consommation ni ascétique, ni méprisant.
Une grande stèle funéraire hellénistique recomposée de Kymè d'Éolide (Turquie)
Authors: Pace Rossella
Published: February 2014

Au cours de sondages effectués en 2007 par la Mission archéologique italienne de Kymè d’Éolide dans la nécropole sud-est, une stèle funéraire, lacunaire dans sa partie gauche, a été découverte. Une étude attentive a permis d’identifier la partie manquante, un fragment de stèle figurée trouvé sur le site dans les années 1950-1960. Recomposé, le relief funéraire s’avère être un des plus grands et complexes de l’Asie Mineure pour l’époque hellénistique. Son originalité vient du nombre élevé de personnages qu’elle comporte (une femme, deux hommes et cinq serviteurs) et de la profusion d’éléments iconographiques liés à la représentation de leur statut et à la sphère funéraire.
Ouvrir la peau, ouvrir les corps : quelle politique des scarifications ?
Authors: Cascarino Adrien
Published: February 2014

À partir de trois pratiques paradigmatiques des entailles de la peau que sont les marquages corporels dans les sociétés traditionnelles, les performances des body-artistes et les scarifications privées, l’auteur commence par décoder certaines composantes essentielles des scarifications au travers du prisme du politique. Puis, en s’appuyant sur l’inquiétante étrangeté provoquée par les scarifications, l’auteur propose l’existence d’un fantasme originaire d’automutilation que révèleraient ces pratiques.
Le corps politique pris de panique. Penser les liens civils depuis le transfert
Authors: Nioche Claire
Published: February 2014

Cet article se propose, à la frontière de la psychanalyse et du politique, de questionner la métaphore du « corps politique ». Désidéaliser le corps politique permet de dégager l’espace d’une pratique dans le transfert qui se maintienne dans une distance avec les enjeux de la souveraineté et du pouvoir. Cette distance est l’affaire du psychanalyste : c’est une affaire éthique et politique. L’expérience singulière d’un atelier d’écriture dans un hôpital psychiatrique parisien illustre la possibilité de créer du lien autre et multiple, à l’intérieur même d’un dispositif institutionnel fermé.
Les itep , des croisades à nos jours...
Authors: Favereau Sylvain
Published: February 2014

Les populations dérangeantes ont souvent fait l’objet de rejet, de stigmatisation, voire pire. Les troubles du comportement sont désormais pris en compte en tant que signes de difficultés psychologiques. Les modalités d’accompagnement et la réglementation évoluent et permettent une meilleure prise en compte du processus handicapant dans lequel ces enfants, adolescents et jeunes adultes sont engagés.
Depuis la guerre 1939-1945, des lieux pour enfants perdus
Authors: Capul Maurice
Published: February 2014

Lors de la débâcle de mai-juin 1940, de nombreux enfants et adolescents, séparés de leurs familles, sont « égarés ». De nouvelles structures d’accueil, souvent d’initiative privée, voient le jour. Tels les centres d’observation. Effort qui se poursuivra durant l’immédiat après-guerre et les deux décennies suivantes. Dans la plupart de ces internats, l’accent est mis sur une pédagogie de groupe vue comme moyen de socialisation. Un autre courant, très minoritaire, apparaît au début des années 1950 : essayant de combiner les approches de l’éducation nouvelle, de la psychanalyse et de la psychologie de groupe. Les itep sont-ils les lointains héritiers de ces divers mouvements ?
L'avenir d'une désillusion
Authors: Bensidoun Bernard
Published: February 2014

Les problématiques narcissiques induisent des difficultés spécifiques en institution ( itep ) : agirs, urgence des situations, abolition des processus de pensée, système paradoxal. La place tierce de l’analyste permet de décrypter ces inductions mortifères, assignant ce dernier à une nouvelle place au sein de l’institution.
Quelques questions autour de la scène de la violence en itep
Authors: Blanchard Guy
Published: February 2014

Les actions éducatives, pédagogiques et de soin en itep ne paraissent-elles pas quelquefois participer plutôt d’une superposition de prestations en recherche permanente de convergence que d’une synergie stratégique ? Les établissements du social et du médicosocial ne devraient-ils pas intégrer au concept général de management participatif le besoin spécifique de constitution d’un pacte institutionnel ? Cette fondation instituante n’est-elle pas, au-delà de son lien à un dispositif de la République, ce qui pourrait faire justement institution aux yeux de l’usager de l’ itep  ?
Objets mésinscrits, sujets mésinscrits
Authors: Henri Alain-Noël , Grimaud Lin
Published: February 2014

Le concept de mésinscription peut contribuer à l’élaboration des pratiques en itep en mettant en cause des évidences reçues à l’égard des objets de ces pratiques, qui tendent à occulter leur réalité de sujets. Et ce de deux façons au moins : en contribuant à rappeler que les « pathologies » qu’on tend à n’imputer qu’à des processus intrapsychiques s’organisent dans un système de liens où l’échec de l’affiliation, en particulier, ne laisse plus au sujet d’autre issue que l’acte (Lin Grimaud) ; et en rappelant aux praticiens que l’apparente objectivité du regard sur les objets de soin recouvre un trouble, voire une terreur à leur égard, qui est le véritable moteur du processus social qui les a fait basculer dans un « traitement » spécialisé, et dont aucun acteur de terrain n’est indemne sans un difficile travail d’élaboration (Alain-Noël Henri).
La psychothérapie et la pédagogie institutionnelles avec les adolescents d' itep sont-elles toujours d'actualité ?
Authors: John Catherine
Published: February 2014

Les lois changent, les publics d’ itep changent, mais certaines références de travail perdurent, car elles restent nécessaires ; la psychothérapie institutionnelle en est, plus que jamais d’actualité face au défi de réussir l’adaptation de l’accueil institutionnel et de résister à la destructivité majeure des jeunes accueillis. Pour faire vivre cette approche du soin en itep , de nouvelles réponses sont à inventer, à faire vivre, pour exemple, les groupes de parole, mais aussi leurs prolongements en classe à pédagogie institutionnelle, autant d’outils pour penser le soin en institution.