bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Thorn in the Flesh of the GOP
Authors: Wright Rigueur Leah
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at how the enactment of the civil rights acts of the mid-1960s, coupled with white Republican's rejection of segregationist appeals and embrace of “colorblind” outreach, gave some black Republicans the latitude to support candidates and leaders that they would not support earlier. Yet for others, including the militant leaders of the National Negro Republican Assembly (NNRA), this evolution was impossible, particularly since many white Republicans continued to equivocate over race, even as they championed the significance of the black vote. Jackie Robinson, for example, changed his affiliation to independent in August 1968 and disavowed the Republican Party, arguing that a few gestures and overtures did not demonstrate a genuine concern for African American needs.
No Room at the Inn
Authors: Wright Rigueur Leah
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter explores how the fundamental ideological rift illustrated by Elaine Jenkins' and Clarence Thomas' philosophies spoke to an evolution of the thoughts and actions that black Republicans had advanced since 1936. In that year, about one hundred African American party members from New York gathered to discuss the party's responsibilities in times of crisis; for them, Republicanism symbolized government that was “by the people,” that spoke to matters of social justice. And though they rejected the New Deal, disparaging social welfare as “handouts,” they nevertheless insisted that the party had to offer something to address racial inequality and the economic needs of the American public in a viable and empathetic way.
Image and Economy in the Ancient World
Authors: Wengrow David
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines what led Mikhail Rostovtzeff, an ancient historian, almost a century ago to compare distributions of composite figures from China to Scandinavia. Rostovtzeff is known for his controversial view that the true architects of classical civilization were not those tied to the land, whether as peasant laborers or feudal aristocracy, but rather the middling professional classes of merchants, industrialists, and bankers whose social aspirations were most closely in tune with the civic values of an expanding urban society. Rostovtzeff was also embroiled in debates over the chronological position and cultural affiliations of Bronze Age metal hoards, unearthed along the shores of the Caspian and Black Seas. The chapter considers Rostovtzeff's approach to the interpretation of imagery, and his particular attraction to the imaginary creatures of nomadic art. It might be argued that the movements of monsters offered a kind of visual counterpart to Rostovtzeff's story of an ever-expanding Bronze Age civilization.
Modes of Image Transfer
Authors: Wengrow David
Published: November 2017

This chapter proposes some distinct patterns of transmission that are attested across multiple chronological periods and regional settings, shedding further light on the institutional contexts of image transfer in the Bronze and Iron Ages. The distribution of composite figures in the visual record raises a number of intriguing problems for the study of cultural transmission. Their impressive transmission across cultural boundaries is consistent with the expectations of an “epidemiological” approach to the spread of culture, which would accord them a special kind of cognitive catchiness. This chapter considers the institutional role of externally derived images within centralized (or centralizing) societies and suggests that the macro-distribution of composites follows two distinct but regular modes of transmission and reception: the “transformative” mode and the “integrative” mode. It also introduces a third mode of transmission, termed “protective” mode.
The Eastern Ports
Authors: Erikson Emily
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the English Company was most successful in ports with a large local merchant class already adept at overseas trade. The captains were able to engage in trade because of preexisting financial and commercial networks that were willing and able to accommodate a large influx of small-scale commercial actors (factors, captains, officers, and seamen), as well as the larger interests of the Company itself. Overviews of foreign trade institutions, regulations, and practices at eight different ports of call—Batticaloa, Madras, New Guinea, Madagascar, Bantam (Banten), Whampoa (Huangpu, port of Guangzhou), Goa, and Batavia (Jakarta)—demonstrate this point. Each presents a window into the complex social and political structures of eighteenth-century Asian trading ports.
Knowing the Adversary
Authors: Yarhi-Milo Keren
Published: November 2017

States are more likely to engage in risky and destabilizing actions such as military build-ups and preemptive strikes if they believe their adversaries pose a tangible threat. Yet despite the crucial importance of this issue, we don’t know enough about how states and their leaders draw inferences about their adversaries’ long-term intentions. This book draws on a wealth of historical archival evidence to shed new light on how world leaders and intelligence organizations actually make these intentions assessments. The book examines three cases: Britain’s assessments of Nazi Germany’s intentions in the 1930s, America’s assessments of the Soviet Union’s intentions during the Carter administration, and the Reagan administration’s assessments of Soviet intentions near the end of the Cold War. The book advances a new theoretical framework—called selective attention—that emphasizes organizational dynamics, personal diplomatic interactions, and cognitive and affective factors. It finds that decision makers don’t pay as much attention to those aspects of state behavior that major theories of international politics claim they do. Instead, they tend to determine the intentions of adversaries on the basis of preexisting beliefs, theories, and personal impressions. The book also shows how intelligence organizations rely on very different indicators than decision makers, focusing more on changes in the military capabilities of adversaries. The book provides a clearer picture of the historical validity of existing theories, and broadens our understanding of the important role that diplomacy plays in international security.
British Decision Makers’ Perceptions of Nazi Germany’s Intentions
Authors: Yarhi-Milo Keren
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the evolution of the views held by Britain’s key decision makers, including Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, about Nazi Germany’s intentions, the indicators they used to make inferences about the nature and scope of Adolf Hitler’s intentions, and the policies they advocated that reflected their assessments. Drawing on documents in the British National Archives, the chapter provides evidence that strongly supports the selective attention thesis along with the vividness and subjective credibility hypotheses, adequately supports the behavior thesis’ current actions hypotheses, and only weakly supports the capabilities and strategic military doctrine theses. While Hitler’s costly actions played a relatively important role in the intentions assessments of some decision makers, indicators associated with the capabilities thesis or strategic military doctrine thesis and Germany’s past actions were less central to the process of inferring Hitler’s political intentions.
Genealogy of the Tragic
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: November 2017

Why did Greek tragedy and “the tragic” come to be seen as essential to conceptions of modernity? And how has this belief affected modern understandings of Greek drama? This book answers these and related questions by tracing the emergence of the modern theory of the tragic, which was first developed around 1800 by thinkers associated with German Idealism. The book argues that the idea of the tragic arose in response to a new consciousness of history in the late eighteenth century, which spurred theorists to see Greek tragedy as both a unique, historically remote form and a timeless literary genre full of meaning for the present. The book offers a new interpretation of the theories of Schiller, Schelling, Hegel, Hölderlin, and others, as mediations between these historicizing and universalizing impulses, and shows the roots of their approaches in earlier discussions of Greek tragedy in Germany, France, and England. By examining eighteenth-century readings of tragedy and the interactions between idealist thinkers in detail, the book offers the most comprehensive historical account of the tragic to date, as well as the fullest explanation of why and how the idea was used to make sense of modernity. It argues that idealist theories remain fundamental to contemporary interpretations of Greek tragedy, and calls for a renewed engagement with philosophical questions in criticism of tragedy.
Tragic Theologies
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces the nexus of religion, philosophy, politics, and tragedy, concentrating on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Hölderlin in their years after the Stift. The Tübingen Stift was both a religious and a political institution, ensuring clerical orthodoxy while binding educated citizens to the rulers—an especially important role in an age of changing ideas of authority. Both Hegel and Hölderlin understand Greek tragedy through the lens of theology, and see Sophocles' works as the representation of a moment of transition within Greek religion. In broad terms, their theories differ from Schelling's and Schiller's in seeing Greek tragedy as a historical and progressive art form: tragedy does not just exist within temporality, but is itself a historical force, which reflects and contributes to changes in ancient Greek theology. Moreover, both conceive religion as a central element of social existence, and not as a sphere separated from political life.
On (non-)local connectivity of some Julia sets
Authors: Dezotti Alexandre , Roesch Pascale
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the question of local connectivity of the Julia set of polynomials and rational maps. It discusses when the Julia set of a rational map is considered connected but not locally connected. The question of the local connectivity of the Julia set has been studied extensively for quadratic polynomials, but there is still no complete characterization of when a quadratic polynomial has a connected and locally connected Julia set. This chapter thus proposes some conjectures and develops a model of non-locally connected Julia sets in the case of infinitely renormalizable quadratic polynomials. This model presents the structure of what the post-critical set in that setting should be.
Index theorems for meromorphic self-maps of the projective space
Authors: Abate Marco
Published: November 2017

This chapter uses techniques from the theory of local dynamics of holomorphic germs tangent to the identity to prove three index theorems for global meromorphic maps of projective space. More precisely, the chapter seeks to prove a particular index theorem: Let f : ℙⁿ ⇢ ℙⁿ be a meromorphic self-map of degree ν‎ + 1 ≥ 2 of the complex n-dimensional projective space. Let Σ‎(f) = Fix(f) ∪ I(f) be the union of the indeterminacy set I(f) of f and the fixed points set Fix(f) of f. Let Σ‎(f) = ⊔subscript Greek Small Letter AlphaΣ‎subscript Greek Small Letter Alpha be the decomposition of Σ‎ in connected components, and denote by N the tautological line bundle of ℙⁿ. After laying out the statements under this theorem, the chapter discusses the proofs.
Mil nor's problem on the growth of groups and its consequences
Authors: Grigorchuk Rostislav
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a survey of results related to John Milnor's problem on group growth. The notion of group growth first appeared in 1955 in a paper of A. S. Schwarz, but it remained virtually unnoticed for over a decade. The situation changed after Milnor's papers from 1968, which sparked significant interest in this area. Particularly influential were two problems raised in these papers: the characterization of groups of polynomial growth and the question of the existence of groups of intermediate growth. The chapter discusses the cases of polynomial growth and exponential but not uniformly exponential growth; the main part of this chapter is devoted to the intermediate (between polynomial and exponential) growth case. A number of related topics (growth of manifolds, amenability, asymptotic behavior of random walks) are considered, and a number of open problems are suggested.
Equal Recognition
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the question of under what conditions, if any, are there reasons for thinking that people have a complaint based on justice about the decline of the minority culture? More specifically: under what conditions can people justifiably make such a complaint while adopting a broadly liberal account of what justice is? It examines the implications of neutrality of treatment for the justification of minority cultural rights. It distinguishes between procedural and nonprocedural accounts of cultural justice and, within the former category, between “basic” and “full” liberal proceduralism. The major argument is that neutrality of treatment mandates the latter form of proceduralism, which incorporates a concern for what referred to as “equal recognition.” The second half of the chapter considers and responds to several objections to this defense of cultural rights.
The Proper Scope of State Power: Construing the “Police Power”
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the propriety of state laws under what is known as the “police powers” of the states. Unlike the enumerated powers of Congress, the powers of states are unwritten. This makes determining their proper limits one of the most challenging and vexatious issues in constitutional theory. The chapter first considers the need to construe the propriety of state laws before discussing the police power of the states. It shows that these “police powers” are not inconsistent with the rights retained by the people. To the contrary, the protection of individual rights is at the core of a state's police power. A state may also justify its laws by showing that it is merely regulating liberty in a way that protects the rights of others. The chapter also cites the Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas, which found the states' exercise of police power to be improper.
Showing Necessity: Judicial Doctrines and Application to Cases
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines judicial doctrines to assess necessity. The Presumption of Liberty places the burden of establishing the propriety of laws on the government. Taking the First Amendment as a model, when law is used to accomplish a proper purpose by restricting the liberties of the people, the Presumption of Liberty imposes a burden on those defending the necessity of these restrictions to show two things. First, the government must prove that there is a sufficient “fit” between the liberty-restricting means it chose and the proper purposes it was seeking to attain. Second, the government must demonstrate that there were no less restrictive alternatives to the liberty-restricting means that were chosen. The chapter applies the Presumption of Liberty to particular cases, such as unenumerated rights and the right to keep and bear arms.
What I Have Learned Since the First Edition
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

In this afterword, the author reflects on the lessons that he has learned since the publication of the book's first edition in 2004 from the realms of both constitutional scholarship and constitutional law. He highlights some areas where his thinking has developed since the book's original publication in ways that should be of interest to readers. These include individual popular sovereignty and presumed consent, whether the Constitution protected economic liberty, how judges can protect the rights retained by the people without identifying them, the empirical nature of the new originalism, the gravitational force of originalism, and the so-called “Constitution in Exile movement.” The author concludes by rejecting the notion that this book offers a “libertarian” interpretation of the Constitution.
Speech as a Form of Participation: Floor Time and Perceived Influence
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

This chapter asks whether critics are correct that women participate less than men during deliberation and thus have less perceived influence in it. Advocates and critics of deliberative democracy posit equal meaningful participation as a necessary requirement of deliberation. Results show how far actual discussion deviates from that ideal standard, where women speak substantially less than men in most mixed-gender combinations. Further, speech is a crucial form of participation that meaningfully shapes perceptions of authority. As critics of deliberation contend, deliberation can produce inequalities of participation that affect deliberators' influence. Even if men and women enter deliberation with the same preferences and equal formal rights, the disproportionate exercise of these rights by men erodes the political and civic standing of women, a group not yet equal in society.
Rank and File
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

This chapter delves directly into the lives of young Islamists. Who are the Islamist rank and file? To tackle this initial question, it hones in on the experiences of young people, not because they are anomalous, but because they are decidedly average. These lives are windows into the shared experiences of ordinary young people and an increasingly blurred Islamist base. In this way, they serve as introductions, as springboards, to the stories of citizens, colleagues, peers, confidantes, brothers, and sisters—all seemingly inconspicuous young people of various ages, professions, and backgrounds. To place them in national and regional contexts, the chapter also draws on survey data, census data, and voting results. But it is only from up-close that we can begin to discover critical details that are lost or distorted from afar.
Unheard Voices of Dissent
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how young Islamists relate to the authority of the state. The dawn of the twenty-first century brought new opportunities for Islamist activists, especially ones from illegal movements, to resist authority and to flourish. To begin with, their funding sources cannot easily be cut off. In addition, their overall ability to communicate is less easily disrupted. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, combating the dissemination of propaganda and publicity is nowhere near as straightforward as it once was. Authorities can outlaw the publication of materials or even confiscate books or clamp down on frightened booksellers, but banned movements can simply print more—and elsewhere.
Every Recruiter is a Reinterpreter
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers how young Islamist activists construct religious authority. To engage these questions, the author asked and allowed activists to construct for themselves what authority meant to them, with some even drawing an evolving organizational chart of their movements. The author observed signs of ambiguity, multiplicity, and even inconsistency. Some activists sought to go out of their way to illustrate that they were not under the control of any kind of religious authority, even conceiving something called “religion” as very much distinct from their work. Others blurred these categories, preferring to place their activism under the domain of some kind of religious authority, both explaining and attempting to show how it is part and parcel of their everyday existence. Some failed to mention religion as important to their work at all. Others spoke solely of it.
Introduction
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter discusses how religion shapes a community or a nation. Using the state of Texas as the backdrop of this book, the chapter argues American religion cannot be understood apart from considering its reciprocal relationship with race. The familiar observation that white and black churches evolved as, and largely continue to be, separate institutions does not go far enough. It also mattered that this institutional separation bred misunderstanding and indeed fear as well as inequality. American religion was profoundly shaped as well by the frontier experience, the westward movement grounded in the nation's sense of manifest destiny, and the dangers involved. National encounters and immigration have repeatedly altered the contours of American religion. These are the local and regional influences that require closer scrutiny.
In Rough Country
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on a turbulent period in the late nineteenth century, as Texas was in the midst of one of the most important and hotly contested elections in its history. In compliance with an act of the U.S. Congress and by proclamation of President Ulysses S. Grant, the election ran from November 30 through December 3, 1869. It was held to determine whether the state would ratify a new constitution that complied with the Reconstruction laws of Congress and thus be reincorporated into the United States as a state in good standing. The situation was complicated by the murder of a well-respected businessman named B. W. Loveland. A witness claimed to have seen a black man in the vicinity of the store with what appeared to be bloodstains on his pants. Other witnesses claimed they had heard and seen nothing. Religion's place would be well illustrated both in the election itself and in the outcome of the Loveland murder investigation. Two members of the clergy in particular, one a white Methodist preacher and the other a black Baptist pastor, would quietly show the complex results that could occur when race and religion mingled with politics.
Moving onto the National Stage
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Texas's growing presence in national affairs. It explains the economic, demographic, and political contexts in which religion emerged from World War II and contributed to the further shaping of race relations, faith convictions, and power. Churches benefited from the population growth driven by the postwar baby boom as well as from prosperous economic conditions. In many ways, the late 1940s and 1950s were a time of calm serenity in which religious leaders could focus on church growth and family formation. That was certainly an image that made sense to later observers who viewed the period from the perspective of the more turbulent civil rights era that followed. And yet these were years of remarkable developments in religion, politics, and business—years of inequality, discrimination, and conflict. These as well as new discussions about the separation of church and state set the stage for the civil rights movement and shaped the response to it.
Against Parsimony
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes up several critiques on the early nineteenth-century social and economic order—capitalism—and their interrelations. First, the chapter shows the close relationship and direct contradiction between an early argument in favor of market society and a subsequent principal critique of capitalism. Next, the chapter points to the contradictions between this critique and another diagnosis of the ills from which much of modern capitalist society is said to suffer. And finally the tables are turned on this second critique by yet another set of ideas. In all three cases, the chapter reveals an almost total lack of communication between the conflicting theses.
Afterword
Authors: Rothschild Emma , Sen Amartya
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter examines the enduring legacy of Hirschman's works. One reason for this is that his “world-view” is a skeptical optimism; another is a series of ideas, including explanatory arguments, that are themselves simple enough: exit and voice, or passions and interests, or obstacles and development. There is very little sense, in Hirschman's writing, of complexity or involution as a condition that is creditable in itself. He was an inspiring critic of successive varieties of economic thought, but his ideas cannot be mapped in any straightforward way on to a dichotomy of the “orthodox” versus the “heterodox,” the “rational” versus the “fully empirical,” or the “thin” versus the “thickly descriptive.” He aspired to both, and he embraced the conflict between them.
Bringing Practice, Law, and Values Together
Authors: Skrentny John D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter suggests several possible principles for reform that could guide attempts to bring law and practice closer together in a way that accepts at least some racial realism but is also in line with American values. Racial realism has after all become deeply embedded in American society, penetrating not only national discourse but also workplace practices. Ultimately, the chapter sets out, not to banish the specter of racial thinking from the workplace, but to emphasize efforts to keep jobs open to all, encouraging employers and the government to have awareness of and take responsibility for the negative impacts of racial-realist management strategies, and efforts to shape the regulatory incentive structure so as to encourage movement toward these goals.
Good-Bye Hegemony!
Authors: Reich Simon , Lebow Richard Ned
Published: November 2017

Many policymakers, journalists, and scholars insist that U.S. hegemony is essential for warding off global chaos. This book argues that hegemony is a fiction propagated to support a large defense establishment, justifying American claims to world leadership, and buttressing the self-esteem of voters. It is also contrary to American interests and the global order. This book argues that hegemony should instead find expression in agenda setting, economic custodianship, and the sponsorship of global initiatives. Today, these functions are diffused through the system, with European countries, China, and lesser powers making important contributions. In contrast, the United States has often been a source of political and economic instability. Rejecting the focus on power common to American realists and liberals, the book offers a novel analysis of influence. In the process, they differentiate influence from power and power from material resources. Their analysis shows why the United States, the greatest power the world has ever seen, is increasingly incapable of translating its power into influence. The book's analysis formulates a more realistic place for America in world affairs.
China and Custodial Economic Management
Authors: Reich Simon , Lebow Richard Ned
Published: November 2017

This chapter documents the embryonic shift in custodial economic functions from the United States to Asia. Whether measured in terms of the purchasing of government and private debt, or the provision of foreign direct investment and overseas aid, the United States plays a diminishing role in sustaining global capitalism. Asian countries—most notably China, and to a lesser extent, Japan—have increasingly assumed this role because their leaders see it in their national interest. As holders of trillions of dollars of U.S. debt, these countries arguably provide more stability to the global system than Washington does. The United States is the largest debtor in the world, and contrary to any claims of hegemony, is now a great source of economic instability.
The Future of International Relations
Authors: Reich Simon , Lebow Richard Ned
Published: November 2017

This chapter revisits the concept of hegemony, elaborating some of the most important connections among them and assessing their implications for both U.S. foreign policy and international relations theory. Drawing on empirical findings laid out in the previous chapters, this chapter contends that hegemony is no longer applicable to international affairs, as its constituent functions are widely shared and exercised more by negotiation than fiat. This constellation requires a new conceptualization of influence. The chapter points to a new research agenda for the present century based on the recognition that we now live in a multipowered world—where actors combine social and material power to gain influence in varying ways—and not a unipolar world.
Chow Rings, Decomposition of the Diagonal, and the Topology of Families (AM-187)
Authors: Voisin Claire
Published: November 2017

This book provides an introduction to algebraic cycles on complex algebraic varieties, to the major conjectures relating them to cohomology, and even more precisely to Hodge structures on cohomology. The book is intended for both students and researchers, and not only presents a survey of the geometric methods developed in the last thirty years to understand the famous Bloch-Beilinson conjectures, but also examines recent work by the author. It focuses on two central objects: the diagonal of a variety—and the partial Bloch-Srinivas type decompositions it may have depending on the size of Chow groups—as well as its small diagonal, which is the right object to consider in order to understand the ring structure on Chow groups and cohomology. An exploration of a sampling of recent works by the author looks at the relation, conjectured in general by Bloch and Beilinson, between the coniveau of general complete intersections and their Chow groups and a very particular property satisfied by the Chow ring of K3 surfaces and conjecturally by hyper-Kähler manifolds. In particular, the book delves into arguments originating in Nori's work that have been further developed by others.
Introduction
Authors: Voisin Claire
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses some crucial notions to the interplay between cohomology and Chow groups, and also to the consequences, for the topology of a family of smooth projective varieties, of statements concerning Chow groups of the general or very general fiber. It surveys the main ideas and results presented throughout this volume. First, the chapter discusses the decomposition of the diagonal and spread. It then explains the generalized Bloch conjecture, the converse to the generalized decomposition of the diagonal. Next, the chapter turns to the decomposition of the small diagonal and its application to the topology of families. Finally, the chapter discusses integral coefficients and birational invariants before providing a brief overview of the following chapters.
On the Chow ring of K3 surfaces and hyper-Kahler manifolds
Authors: Voisin Claire
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers varieties whose Chow ring has special properties. This includes abelian varieties, K3 surfaces, and Calabi–Yau hypersurfaces in projective space. For K3 surfaces S, it was discovered that they have a canonical 0-cycle o of degree 1 with the property that the product of two divisors of S is a multiple of o in CH₀(S). This result would later be extended to Calabi–Yau hypersurfaces in projective space. The chapter also considers a decomposition in CH(X × X × X)ℚ of the small diagonal Δ‎ ⊂ X × X × X that was established for K3 surfaces, and is partially extended to Calabi–Yau hypersurfaces. Finally, the chapter uses this decomposition and the spreading principle to show that for families π‎ : X → B of smooth projective K3 surfaces, there is a decomposition isomorphism that is multiplicative over a nonempty Zariski dense open set of B.
Integral coefficients
Authors: Voisin Claire
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to a number of birational invariants that can be defined using Z-coefficients. It is devoted in part to the study of the groups Z²ⁱ(X) measuring the failure of the Hodge conjecture with integral coefficients. Some vanishing and nonvanishing results are presented, together with a comparison of the group Z⁴(X) with the so-called unramified cohomology of X with torsion coefficients. This chapter also considers various forms of the existence of an integral cohomological decomposition of the diagonal of a threefold X with trivial CH₀ group. It shows that an affirmative answer to this question is equivalent to the vanishing of numerous birational invariants of X.
Americanization of the Grimms’ Folk and Fairy Tales: Twists and Turns of History
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter concentrates on two key features of the Americanization of the Grimms' tales: the English and American translations and adaptations of the Grimms' tales from 1823 to the present, and the filmic adaptation of the Grimms' tales in the age of globalization. It also briefly discusses three significant essays and an anthology of European folk and fairy tales that provide important information and analyses of the Americanization of the Grimms' tales: “The Tales of the Brothers Grimm in the United States” (1963) by Wayland Hand; “The Americanization of the Brothers Grimm” (1998) by Simon Bronner; and Cinderella in America: A Book of Folk and Fairy Tales (2007), edited and compiled by William Bernard McCarthy. The chapter then analyzes the literary translations and the cinematic adaptations of the Grimms' tales.
Language, Meaning, and Information
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter is a case study of the process by which the attempt to solve philosophical problems sometimes leads to the birth of new domains of scientific inquiry. It traces how advances in logic and the philosophy of mathematics, starting with Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell, provided the foundations for what became a rigorous and scientific study of language, meaning, and information. After sketching the early stages of the story, it explains the importance of modal logic and “possible worlds semantics” in providing the foundation for the last half century of work in linguistic semantics and the philosophy of language. It argues that this foundation is insufficient to support the most urgently needed further advances. It proposes a new conception of truth-evaluable information as inherently representational cognitive acts of certain kinds. The chapter concludes by explaining how this conception of propositions can be used to illuminate the notion of truth; vindicate the connection between truth and meaning; and fulfill a central, but so far unkept, promise of possible worlds semantics.
David Lewis’s Place in Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter is devoted to one of the most fascinating figures of the twentieth century, David Lewis. The key to understanding this author of so many works in so many areas of philosophy is to see how his views are related to those of his colleague Saul Kripke as well as to those of his teacher W. V. O. Quine. Like Kripke, Lewis embraced the modalities (necessity and a priority) that Quine rejected. Also like Kripke, Lewis had no sympathy for Quine’s early verificationism or his flights from intension and intention, and he was straightforwardly a realist about science in general. However, despite these similarities with Kripke, Lewis’s analysis of necessity could not be more different from Kripke’s. Quine taught that vindicating naturalism and extensionalism required eliminating intensional facts and rejecting intensional constructions, his student Lewis, however, tried to show that intensional facts are just a species of extensional facts, and that intensional constructions in language are no threat to the integrity of an austere, naturalistic vision of reality.
Deferentialism
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins by articulating the principles underlying the two key dimensions of a new, deferentialist, theory of legal interpretation—the identification of original asserted or stipulated content, and the nature of the deference required when new circumstances demand that judges make new law. These principles are then applied to the interpretation of the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. It sketches one avowedly nondeferentialist conception of judicial responsibility, one straightforwardly deferentialist conception, and one conception that is a hybrid of the two. Taken as competing accounts of the existing norms governing legal interpretation by legally authorized actors (typically the judiciary), it is argued that the real dispute is between the deferentialist and the hybrid view.
The Mixing Problem: Purification and Conjectures
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: November 2017

Economic theory stresses that a proposed mechanism for solving a coordination problem assuming self-regarding agents is plausible only if it is incentive compatible: each agent should find it in his interest to behave as required by the mechanism. However, a strictly mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium σ‎* = (σ‎*1, ... σ‎*n) fails to be incentive compatible, because a self-regarding agent i is indifferent to any mixed strategy in the support of σ‎*i . This chapter deals with the solution to this problem. It concludes that, while ingenious justifications of the incentive compatibility of mixed-strategy Nash equilibria have been offered, they fail in a large majority of cases. It suggests that the solution lies in recognizing the power both of social norms and of a human other-regarding psychological predisposition to conform to social norms even when it is costly to do so.
Introduction
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This book defends John Locke's account of personal identity, first published in 1694, against claims that it is blatantly circular and inconsistent. Joseph Butler and Thomas Reid were the main representatives of the circularity and inconsistency objections, and their influence has been such that few since then have had a chance to read what Locke wrote without prejudice. The extent of the misreading of Locke is remarkable, which is difficult to comprehend considering that he makes his central point extremely plain over and over again. The book argues that Locke's notions of person, consciousness, and concernment are partly responsible for the misunderstanding.
“Consciousness … is inseparable from thinking”
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines John Locke's statement that consciousness is “inseparable from thinking, and, as it seems to me, essential to it: it being impossible for any one to perceive without perceiving that he does perceive.” It suggests that Locke, as well as the most sensible of philosophers, doesn't think that we spend our whole lives having—and indeed principally occupied with—explicitly second-order thoughts or experiences. It also considers Locke's argument that “when we see, hear, smell, taste, feel, meditate, or will anything, we know that we do so,” something that we ordinarily take to be straightforwardly true, but we don't for a moment think (obviously falsely) that all these things necessarily involve some sort of explicit or express or reflective or “full” self-consciousness. The chapter asserts that Locke in this case is simply talking about the “immediate givenness” of experience.
Transition (Butler Dismissed)
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines John Locke's theory of personal identity, which he has defined in terms of the reach of consciousness in beings who qualify as persons (being in particular fully self-conscious, able to think of past and future, and “capable of a law”). It starts with the notion that a person is an object of a certain sort, and must exemplify a certain sort of temporal continuity, if it is to continue to exist. Locke assumes that any candidate person has such continuity. The chapter also considers which parts of a subject of experience's continuous past are features or aspects or parts of the person that it now is before concluding with an analysis of Joseph Butler's incorrect identification of consciousness with memory in his objection to Locke's argument that a person can survive a change in its thinking substance even if its thinking substance is immaterial.
Circularity?
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the charge of circularity or question-begging that has been leveled against John Locke's notion of personal identity. It first considers Locke's assumption, in raising the question of personal identity, that there exists a diachronically continuous subject of experience that qualifies as a person by virtue of possessing the capacities characteristic of personhood. It then discusses the concept of a person (Person), described as something that has a certain personality or moral-characteral coherence in addition to being a cognitively sophisticated “sensible creature.” It also suggests that Locke never endorsed the radical theory of personal identity and concludes by interpreting the claim that “consciousness makes personal identity” as simply the claim that “the actions that you'll be responsible for on the Day of Judgment, as a human subject of experience, will be all.”
Conclusion
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines another reason why the idea of a person's overall moral identity or nature may be useful in a Lockean framework. It first considers the difficulty that arises when materialists or mortalists address the troublesome question of what guarantees personal identity between death and resurrection before discussing John Locke's reply to the same question in terms of consciousness. It then explores Locke's position regarding the idea that God may give each of us a brand-new body on the Day of Judgment, which won't matter so long as our personality and memory information and mental capacities and consciousness are somehow preserved. It argues that this kind of preservation of personal identity is no worse than its preservation through sleep or change of material particles. The chapter also analyzes the link between consciousness and concernment and concludes by commenting on punishment and reward.
The Portable Polis
Authors: Garland Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies the portable polis. It is easily overlooked that the polis was inherently portable, since literary sources emphasize the predilection for permanence and continuity. However, permanence and stability were not invariably the norm. The portability of the polis is indicated by the fact that those seeking to relocate continued to identify themselves as citizens of their original polis until they had succeeded in establishing new roots elsewhere, at which point they would usually assume a new name. In other words, a polis remained intact so long as there were citizens to identify themselves with it, irrespective of whether it existed in a fixed location. This practice—which might be called sense of ownership—tells much about the nature of Greek citizenship and Greek identity.
The Deportee
Authors: Garland Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on deportation. Deportation in the archaic and classical Greek world commonly took the form of the forced removal either of a large group by their political opponents or of the entirety of the population by a foreign enemy or tyrant—a phenomenon not unlike that of ethnic cleansing today. A frequent cause was factional squabbling between supporters of democracy and those of an oligarchic persuasion. Mass deportation, albeit cruel and inhuman, functioned as a valuable safety valve in that it relieved political pressure. Ultimately, deportation is a severe test of endurance, both physical and psychological, aggravated by the fact that in many cases the deportees are forced to leave all their possessions behind them.
Repatriation
Authors: Garland Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses repatriation. L'esprit de retour certainly consumed the Greeks, as numerous passages in their literature indicate, even though relatively few migrants would have returned to their place of birth, compared with the large number who return eventually today. In many cases, however, returnees represented a serious threat to their city-state, since it was likely that their return would reignite the stasis that had initially provoked their expulsion. No less problematically, the return of exiles also created legal battles, notably when their property had been acquired by new owners. Though the circumstances under which exiles returned to their former polis are rarely recounted, the state probably authorized a general distribution of all the land that was vacant.
Conclusions
Authors: Garland Robert
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter argues that the brilliance of Greek civilization was predicated in part upon the shiftlessness of its population. Being Greek meant facing the prospect of being displaced at some point in one's life without any certainty of return. When compelled to do so, the Greeks were fully capable of putting their roofs on their backs and moving an entire population elsewhere. It was also the case that the mobility of the Greeks, and the spirit of adaptability that this bred inside them, encouraged the construction of panhellenic institutions and fostered cultural homogeneity. Greece, in sum, was a civilization of displaced persons.
A Crash Course in Bayesian Inference
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides a self-contained review of Bayesian inference and decision making. It begins with a discussion of Bayesian inference for a simple autoregressive (AR) model, which takes the form of a Gaussian linear regression. For this model, the posterior distribution can be characterized analytically and closed-form expressions for its moments are readily available. The chapter also examines how to turn posterior distributions into point estimates, interval estimates, forecasts, and how to solve general decision problems. The chapter shows how in a Bayesian setting, the calculus of probability is used to characterize and update an individual's state of knowledge or degree of beliefs with respect to quantities such as model parameters or future observations.
Particle Filters
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains how the key difficulty that arises when the Bayesian estimation of DSGE models is extended from linear to nonlinear models is the evaluation of the likelihood function, and focuses on the use of particle filters to accomplish this task. The basic bootstrap particle filtering algorithm is remarkably straightforward, but may perform quite poorly in practice. Thus, much of the literature about particle filters focuses on refinements of the bootstrap filter that increases the efficiency of the algorithm. The accuracy of the particle filter can be improved by choosing other proposal distributions. While the tailoring (or adaption) of the proposal distributions tends to require additional computations, the number of particles can often be reduced drastically, which leads to an improvement in efficiency.
Introduction
Authors: Berghahn Volker R.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter briefly discusses the three interrelated problems this book tackles. It first considers the meaning and significance of “Americanization” and the resistance and adaptation to its impact by nations that came under its spell. The chapter next examines the notion of the “special relationship” that America is said to have had with Britain during the period covered by this study. America's “special relationship” with Germany—that is, the one with Germany and in particular with its business community during more or less exactly the same period—is also discussed. To conclude, this chapter lays out the sources drawn together for this study, before providing some considerations on transatlantic history and its global dimensions, as well as the trials and tribulations of venturing into a foreign economy.