bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development of Sugar-Based Anti-Melanogenic Agents
Authors: Bin Bum-Ho , Kim Sung , Bhin Jinhyuk , Lee Tae , Cho Eun-Gyung
Published: April 2016

The regulation of melanin production is important for managing skin darkness and hyperpigmentary disorders. Numerous anti-melanogenic agents that target tyrosinase activity/stability, melanosome maturation/transfer, or melanogenesis-related signaling pathways have been developed. As a rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis, tyrosinase has been the most attractive target, but tyrosinase-targeted treatments still pose serious potential risks, indicating the necessity of developing lower-risk anti-melanogenic agents. Sugars are ubiquitous natural compounds found in humans and other organisms. Here, we review the recent advances in research on the roles of sugars and sugar-related agents in melanogenesis and in the development of sugar-based anti-melanogenic agents. The proposed mechanisms of action of these agents include: (a) (natural sugars) disturbing proper melanosome maturation by inducing osmotic stress and inhibiting the PI3 kinase pathway and (b) (sugar derivatives) inhibiting tyrosinase maturation by blocking N-glycosylation. Finally, we propose an alternative strategy for developing anti-melanogenic sugars that theoretically reduce melanosomal pH by inhibiting a sucrose transporter and reduce tyrosinase activity by inhibiting copper incorporation into an active site. These studies provide evidence of the utility of sugar-based anti-melanogenic agents in managing skin darkness and curing pigmentary disorders and suggest a future direction for the development of physiologically favorable anti-melanogenic agents.
Silver-Doped Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements with Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Rau J. , Fosca M. , Graziani V. , Egorov A. , Zobkov Yu. , Fedotov A. , Ortenzi M. , Caminiti R. , Baranchikov A. , Komlev V.
Published: April 2016

Calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) with antibacterial properties are demanded for clinical applications. In this study, we demonstrated the use of a relatively simple processing route based on preparation of silver-doped CPCs (CPCs-Ag) through the preparation of solid dispersed active powder phase. Real-time monitoring of structural transformations and kinetics of several CPCs-Ag formulations (Ag = 0 wt %, 0.6 wt % and 1.0 wt %) was performed by the Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction technique. The partial conversion of β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) phase into the dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) took place in all the investigated cement systems. In the pristine cement powders, Ag in its metallic form was found, whereas for CPC-Ag 0.6 wt % and CPC-Ag 1.0 wt % cements, CaAg(PO3)3 was detected and Ag (met.) was no longer present. The CPC-Ag 0 wt % cement exhibited a compressive strength of 6.5 ± 1.0 MPa, whereas for the doped cements (CPC-Ag 0.6 wt % and CPC-Ag 1.0 wt %) the reduced values of the compressive strength 4.0 ± 1.0 and 1.5 ± 1.0 MPa, respectively, were detected. Silver-ion release from CPC-Ag 0.6 wt % and CPC-Ag 1.0 wt % cements, measured by the Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, corresponds to the average values of 25 µg/L and 43 µg/L, respectively, rising a plateau after 15 days. The results of the antibacterial test proved the inhibitory effect towards pathogenic Escherichia coli for both CPC-Ag 0.6 wt % and CPC-Ag 1.0 wt % cements, better performances being observed for the cement with a higher Ag-content.
Resonance Rayleigh Scattering Spectra of an Ion-Association Complex of Naphthol Green B–Chitosan System and Its Application in the Highly Sensitive Determination of Chitosan
Authors: Zhang Weiai , Ma Caijuan , Su Zhengquan , Bai Yan
Published: April 2016

This work describes a highly-sensitive and accurate approach for the determination of chitosan (CTS) using Naphthol Green B (NGB) as a probe in the Resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) method. The interaction between CTS and NGB leads to notable enhancement of RRS, and the enhancement is proportional to the concentration of CTS over a certain range. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve of ΔI against CTS concentration was ΔI = 1860.5c + 86.125 (c, µg/mL), R2 = 0.9999, and the linear range and detection limit (DL) were 0.01–5.5 µg/mL and 8.87 ng/mL. Moreover, the effect of the molecular weight of CTS on the accurate quantification of CTS was studied. The experimental data were analyzed through linear regression analysis using SPSS20.0, and the molecular weight was found to have no statistical significance. This method has been applied to assay two CTS samples and obtained good recovery and reproducibility.
Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes from a Deep Marine-Derived Fungus, Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2, Cultivated in the Presence of Epigenetic Modifying Agents
Authors: Wang Liyan , Li Mengjie , Tang Jianqiang , Li Xiaofan
Published: April 2016

Chemical epigenetic manipulation was applied to a deep marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2, resulting in significant changes of the secondary metabolites. Three new eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes, dihydrobipolaroxin B (2), dihydrobipolaroxin C (3), and dihydrobipolaroxin D (4), along with one known analogue, dihydrobipolaroxin (1), were isolated from the culture treated with a combination of histone deacetylase inhibitor (suberohydroxamic acid) and DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-azacytidine). 1–4 were not produced in the untreated cultures. 2 and 3 might be artificial because 1 could form 2 and 3 spontaneously in water by intracellular acetalization reaction. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were assigned based on ECD spectroscopy combined with time-dependent density functional theory calculations. All four compounds exhibited moderate nitric oxide inhibitory activities without cytotoxic effects.
Non-Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Beerepoot Mariëlle , Geerlings Suzanne
Published: April 2016

Increasing antimicrobial resistance has stimulated interest in non-antibiotic prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Well-known steps in the pathogenesis of UTIs are urogenital colonization and adherence of uropathogens to uroepithelial cell receptors. To prevent colonization in postmenopausal women, vaginal, but not oral, estrogens have been shown to restore the vagina lactobacilli flora, reduce vaginal colonization with Enterobacteriaceae, and reduce the number of UTIs compared to placebo. Different lactobacilli strains show different results in the prevention of recurrent UTIs. Intravaginal suppositories with Lactobacillus crispatus in premenopausal women and oral capsules with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 in postmenopausal women are promising. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) cannot be recommended for the prevention of UTIs. Cranberries are thought to contain proanthocyanidins that can inhibit adherence of P-fimbriated E. coli to the uroepithelial cell receptors. Cranberry products decreased UTI recurrences about 30%–40% in premenopausal women with recurrent UTIs, but are less effective than low-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis. However, the optimal dose of cranberry product has still to be determined. Initially OM-89, a vaccine with 18 heat-killed E. coli extracts, seemed promising, but this was not confirmed in a recently randomized trial.
A Procedure to Transform Recycling Behavior for Source Separation of Household Waste
Authors: Rousta Kamran , Bolton Kim , Dahlén Lisa
Published: April 2016

Household waste separation at the source is a central part of waste management systems in Sweden. Resource recovery of materials and energy increased substantially after separate collection was implemented in the 1990s. A procedure to transform recycling behavior for the sorting of household waste—called the recycling behavior transition (RBT) procedure—was designed and implemented in a waste management system in Sweden. Repeated use of this procedure, which will assist in the continual improvement of household sorting, consists of the following four consecutive steps: (i) evaluating the current sorting behavior; (ii) identifying appropriate interventions; (iii) implementing the interventions, and; (iv) assessing the quantitative effect of the interventions. This procedure follows action research methodology and it is the first time that such a procedure has been developed and implemented for the sorting of household waste. The procedure can easily be adapted to any source separation system (which may have different local situations) and, by improving the source separation, will increase the resource recovery in the waste management system. The RBT procedure, together with its strengths and weaknesses, is discussed in this paper, and its implementation is exemplified by a pilot study done in Sweden.
Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Railway Point Machines by Sound Analysis
Authors: Lee Jonguk , Choi Heesu , Park Daihee , Chung Yongwha , Kim Hee-Young , Yoon Sukhan
Published: April 2016

Railway point devices act as actuators that provide different routes to trains by driving switchblades from the current position to the opposite one. Point failure can significantly affect railway operations, with potentially disastrous consequences. Therefore, early detection of anomalies is critical for monitoring and managing the condition of rail infrastructure. We present a data mining solution that utilizes audio data to efficiently detect and diagnose faults in railway condition monitoring systems. The system enables extracting mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) from audio data with reduced feature dimensions using attribute subset selection, and employs support vector machines (SVMs) for early detection and classification of anomalies. Experimental results show that the system enables cost-effective detection and diagnosis of faults using a cheap microphone, with accuracy exceeding 94.1% whether used alone or in combination with other known methods.
Polymer-Particle Pressure-Sensitive Paint with High Photostability
Authors: Matsuda Yu , Uchida Kenta , Egami Yasuhiro , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Niimi Tomohide
Published: April 2016

We propose a novel fast-responding and paintable pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) based on polymer particles, i.e. polymer-particle (pp-)PSP. As a fast-responding PSP, polymer-ceramic (PC-)PSP is widely studied. Since PC-PSP generally consists of titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) particles, a large reduction in the luminescent intensity will occur due to the photocatalytic action of TiO2. We propose the usage of polymer particles instead of TiO2 particles to prevent the reduction in the luminescent intensity. Here, we fabricate pp-PSP based on the polystyrene particle with a diameter of 1 μm, and investigate the pressure- and temperature-sensitives, the response time, and the photostability. The performances of pp-PSP are compared with those of PC-PSP, indicating the high photostability with the other characteristics comparable to PC-PSP.
Compact Reconfigurable Antenna with an Omnidirectional Pattern and Four Directional Patterns for Wireless Sensor Systems
Authors: Wang Ren , Wang Bing-Zhong , Huang Wei-Ying , Ding Xiao
Published: April 2016

A compact reconfigurable antenna with an omnidirectional mode and four directional modes is proposed. The antenna has a main radiator and four parasitic elements printed on a dielectric substrate. By changing the status of diodes soldered on the parasitic elements, the proposed antenna can generate four directional radiation patterns and one omnidirectional radiation pattern. The main beam directions of the four directional modes are almost orthogonal and the four directional beams can jointly cover a 360° range in the horizontal plane, i.e., the main radiation plane of omnidirectional mode. The whole volume of the antenna and the control network is approximately 0.70 λ × 0.53 λ × 0.02 λ, where λ is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency. The proposed antenna has a simple structure and small dimensions under the requirement that the directional radiation patterns can jointly cover the main radiation plane of the omnidirectional mode, therefore, it can be used in smart wireless sensor systems for different application scenarios.
An Anisotropic Model for Magnetostriction and Magnetization Computing for Noise Generation in Electric Devices
Authors: Mbengue Serigne , Buiron Nicolas , Lanfranchi Vincent
Published: April 2016

During the manufacturing process and use of ferromagnetic sheets, operations such as rolling, cutting, and tightening induce anisotropy that changes the material’s behavior. Consequently for more accuracy in magnetization and magnetostriction calculations in electric devices such as transformers, anisotropic effects should be considered. In the following sections, we give an overview of a macroscopic model which takes into account the magnetic and magnetoelastic anisotropy of the material for both magnetization and magnetostriction computing. Firstly, a comparison between the model results and measurements from a Single Sheet Tester (SST) and values will be shown. Secondly, the model is integrated in a finite elements code to predict magnetostrictive deformation of an in-house test bench which is a stack of 40 sheets glued together by the Vacuum-Pressure Impregnation (VPI) method. Measurements on the test bench and Finite Elements results are presented.
Error Analysis of Clay-Rock Water Content Estimation with Broadband High-Frequency Electromagnetic Sensors—Air Gap Effect
Authors: Bore Thierry , Wagner Norman , Delepine Lesoille Sylvie , Taillade Frederic , Six Gonzague , Daout Franck , Placko Dominique
Published: April 2016

Broadband electromagnetic frequency or time domain sensor techniques present high potential for quantitative water content monitoring in porous media. Prior to in situ application, the impact of the relationship between the broadband electromagnetic properties of the porous material (clay-rock) and the water content on the frequency or time domain sensor response is required. For this purpose, dielectric properties of intact clay rock samples experimental determined in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 10 GHz were used as input data in 3-D numerical frequency domain finite element field calculations to model the one port broadband frequency or time domain transfer function for a three rods based sensor embedded in the clay-rock. The sensor response in terms of the reflection factor was analyzed in time domain with classical travel time analysis in combination with an empirical model according to Topp equation, as well as the theoretical Lichtenecker and Rother model (LRM) to estimate the volumetric water content. The mixture equation considering the appropriate porosity of the investigated material provide a practical and efficient approach for water content estimation based on classical travel time analysis with the onset-method. The inflection method is not recommended for water content estimation in electrical dispersive and absorptive material. Moreover, the results clearly indicate that effects due to coupling of the sensor to the material cannot be neglected. Coupling problems caused by an air gap lead to dramatic effects on water content estimation, even for submillimeter gaps. Thus, the quantitative determination of the in situ water content requires careful sensor installation in order to reach a perfect probe clay rock coupling.
The Impact of Urbanization on Energy Intensity in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Belloumi Mounir , Alshehry Atef
Published: April 2016

This paper investigates the long-term and causal relationship between energy intensity, real GDP per capita, urbanization and industrialization in Saudi Arabia over the period 1971–2012 using the breakpoint unit root tests developed by Perron (1989) and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model bounds testing to cointegration proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001) and employing a modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). Additionally, to test the robustness of the results, the fully modified ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, the dynamic OLS regression, and the Hansen test are used. Our results show that the variables are cointegrated when energy intensity is the dependent variable. It is also found that urbanization positively affects energy intensity in both the short term and the long term. Causality tests indicate that urbanization causes economic output that causes energy intensity in the long term. Our results do not support the urban compaction hypothesis where urban cities benefit from basic public services and economies of scale for public infrastructure. Therefore, measures that slow down the rapid urbanization process should be taken to reduce energy intensity in Saudi Arabia. In addition, reducing energy inefficiency in energy consumption should be a strategy to attain sustainable development in the near future in Saudi Arabia.
Sensitivity Analysis on the Impact Factors of the GSHP System Considering Energy Generation and Environmental Impact Using LCA
Authors: Hong Taehoon , Kim Jimin , Chae Myeongsoo , Park Joonho , Jeong Jaemin , Lee Minhyun
Published: April 2016

The world is facing a crisis due to energy depletion and environmental pollution. The ground source heat pump (GSHP) system, the most efficient new/renewable energy (NRE) system that can reduce the load of heating/cooling equipment in a building, can be used to address this crisis. Designers and contractors have implemented such systems depending on their experience, although there are many factors that affect the performance of the GSHP system. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a sensitivity analysis on the impact factors in terms of energy generation and environmental impact. This study was conducted as follows: (i) collecting the impact factors that affect the GSHP system’s performance; (ii) establishing the GSHP system’s scenarios with the impact factors; (iii) determining the methodology and calculation tool to be used for conducting sensitivity analysis; and (iv) conducting sensitivity analysis on the impact factors of the GSHP system in terms of energy generation and environmental impact using life cycle assessment. The results of this study can be used: (i) to establish the optimal design strategy for different application fields and different seasons; and (ii) to conduct a feasibility study on energy generation and environmental impact at the level of the life cycle.
A Study on Location-Based Priority of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation
Authors: Li Chia-Nung , Lo Chien-Wen , Su Wei-Chiang , Lai Tsung-Yu , Hsieh Tsu-Kuang
Published: April 2016

Under the circumstances of limited government funds, the future pollution remediation policies and practical implementation may need contemplation from the perspective of maximized efficacy, in order to pursue the most effective resource allocation. In fact, different pollution sources and types affect the value of surrounding properties differently in significance and scope. Therefore, benefits from the remediation may vary depending on the polluted locations. Currently, however, decision-making on the location-based priority of pollution remediation still seems to be in need of a clear index system to evaluate the post-remediation benefits. Therefore, this article discusses the use of the fuzzy Delphi method to determine factors of the location-based priority of soil and groundwater pollution remediation and an analytic network process to determine the weights of each factor. The empirical results show that the top 3 priority indicators are resident population, land value and natural resources. Hopefully, this finding can be used in future decision-making on the priority of pollution remediation to maximize the effect of limited funds.
Comments on Janocha et al. Lie Symmetry Analysis of the Hopf Functional-Differential Equation. Symmetry 2015, 7, 1536–1566
Authors: Frewer Michael , Khujadze George
Published: April 2016

The recent systematic study by Janocha et al. [1] to determine all possible Lie-point symmetries for the functional Hopf–Burgers equation is re-examined. From a more consistent theoretical framework, however, some of the proposed symmetry transformations of the considered Hopf–Burgers equation are in fact rejected. Three out of eight proposed symmetry transformations are invalidated, while two of them should be replaced by their correct intermediate formulations, but which ultimately violate internal consistency constraints of the governing equation. It is concluded that the recently proposed symmetry analysis method for functional integro-differential equations should not be adopted when aiming at a consistent and complete approach.
Reply to Frewer et al. Comments on Janocha et al. Lie Symmetry Analysis of the Hopf Functional-Differential Equation. Symmetry 2015, 7, 1536–1566
Authors: Wacławczyk Marta , Janocha Daniel , Oberlack Martin
Published: April 2016

We reply to the comment by Frewer and Khujadze regarding our contribution “Lie Symmetry Analysis of the Hopf Functional-Differential Equation” (Symmetry 2015, 7(3), 1536). The method developed by the present authors considered the Lie group analysis of the Hopf equations with functional derivatives in the equation, not the integro-differential equations in general. It was based on previous contributions (Oberlack and Wacławczyk, Arch. Mech. 2006, 58; Wacławczyk and Oberlack, J. Math. Phys. 2013, 54). In fact, three of the symmetries calculated in (Symmetry 2015, 7(3), 1536) break due to internal consistency constrains and conditions imposed on test functions, the same concerns the corresponding symmetries derived by Frewer and Khujadze and another, spurious symmetry, which was not discussed by Frewer and Khujadze. As a result, the same set of symmetries is obtained with both approaches.
ESCRT Requirements for Murine Leukemia Virus Release
Authors: Bartusch Christina , Prange Reinhild
Published: April 2016

The Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) is a gammaretrovirus that hijack host components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) for budding. To determine the minimal requirements for ESCRT factors in MLV viral and viral-like particles (VLP) release, an siRNA knockdown screen of ESCRT(-associated) proteins was performed in MLV-producing human cells. We found that MLV VLPs and virions primarily engage the ESCRT-I factor Tsg101 and marginally the ESCRT-associated adaptors Nedd4-1 and Alix to enter the ESCRT pathway. Conversely, the inactivation of ESCRT-II had no impact on VLP and virion egress. By analyzing the effects of individual ESCRT-III knockdowns, VLP and virion release was profoundly inhibited in CHMP2A- and CHMP4B-knockdown cells. In contrast, neither the CHMP2B and CHMP4A isoforms nor CHMP3, CHMP5, and CHMP6 were found to be essential. In case of CHMP1, we unexpectedly observed that the CHMP1A isoform was specifically required for virus budding, but dispensable for VLP release. Hence, MLV utilizes only a subset of ESCRT factors, and viral and viral-like particles differ in ESCRT-III factor requirements.
La protection de l'environnement dans les Terres australes et antarctiques françaises : le projet de création d'une réserve naturelle des terres australes
Authors: Sombetzki-Lengagne Delphine
Published: April 2016

The isolation in the midst of a little clément océan confers on Southern Earth.

and French Antarctica (TAAF) an exceptional value but makes them so particularly sensitive to the outside disturbances. Texts relative to the environmental protection on the southern islands exist and the actions applied on the ground are real. However, the current division into zones to limited or prohibited access retums the complex, badly known and, thus, little respected System. The objective is to build the most effective and adapted legal framework to the threats which press on the environment. The creation of a nature reserve ofsouthern Earth may be a solution. Effective legal instrument for the management of the environment, the nature reserve fits both the institutional character of the Territory and the specificities of the French southern islands. However, the particular fragility of the environment according to sites makes necessary a management differentiated and adapted of the reserve. The geographic situation of French Southern Earth does not allow to dismiss the threats on the environment, the legal instrument of the nature reserve is a flexible and adaptable mean to their very particular situation. The scientific interest and the legal framework exist, the own unknown factor remains the political intention...
Santé et environnement en France : deux siècles de « symbiose » juridique (1802-2002)
Authors: Drouet Stéphane
Published: April 2016

Entre la création du Conseil de salubrité de la Seine en 1802 et la promulgation de la loi du 4 mars 2002 sur la modernisation de la santé, il s'est écoulé deux cents ans au cours desquels le droit français a étroitement mêlé des dispositions sur la santé publique et la protection du milieu naturel. Le centenaire de la loi du 15 février 1902, grande charte sanitaire, a été l'occasion de rappeler ce phénomène de « symbiose » juridique.

Avec le recul du temps, il apparaît en effet que le droit de l'hygiène et de la salubrité publiques a servi de « matrice » à un droit de l'environnement qui ne naîtra que dans les années soixante et soixante-dix. Grâce à l'avancée des préoccupations écologistes depuis, celui-ci a permis de consolider durablement les bases du droit de la santé.

A l'aube du troisième millénaire, les juristes devront continuer à repenser l'organisation des soins autour des valeurs de l'écologie, et imaginer en quelque sorte un « écosystème de santé ».
Le terrorisme écologique au regard des nouveaux droits de l'homme
Authors: Staffolani Sandrine
Published: April 2016

L'incrimination de terrorisme écologique insérée dans le Code pénal français en 1994 exprime la valeur attachée à la protection de l'environnement dans notre société. A travers les éléments constitutifs de cette infraction, il est possible de déceler la formulation d'un droit de l'homme à l'environnement. Cependant, si la protection des droits de l'homme peut ainsi se trouver enrichie, il convient de remarquer que le terrorisme écologique peut malheureusement être un moyen de dévoyer un autre droit de l'homme : le droit au travail.
THE JCMT GOULD BELT SURVEY: DENSE CORE CLUSTERS IN ORION B
Authors: Kirk H. , Johnstone D. , Francesco J. Di , Lane J. , Buckle J. , Berry D. S. , Broekhoven-Fiene H. , Currie M. J. , Fich M. , Hatchell J. , Jenness T. , Mottram J. C. , Nutter D. , Pattle K. , Pineda J. E. , Quinn C. , Salji C. , Tisi S. , Hogerheijde M. R. , Ward-Thompson D. ,   The JCMT Gould Belt Survey team
Published: April 2016

The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Gould Belt Legacy Survey obtained SCUBA-2 observations of dense cores within three sub-regions of Orion B: LDN 1622, NGC 2023/2024, and NGC 2068/2071, all of which contain clusters of cores. We present an analysis of the clustering properties of these cores, including the two-point correlation function and Cartwright’s Q parameter. We identify individual clusters of dense cores across all three regions using a minimal spanning tree technique, and find that in each cluster, the most massive cores tend to be centrally located. We also apply the independent M–Σ technique and find a strong correlation between core mass and the local surface density of cores. These two lines of evidence jointly suggest that some amount of mass segregation in clusters has happened already at the dense core stage.
BEFORE THE BAR: KINEMATIC DETECTION OF A SPHEROIDAL METAL-POOR BULGE COMPONENT
Authors: Kunder Andrea , Rich R. M. , Koch A. , Storm J. , Nataf D. M. , Propris R. De , Walker A. R. , Bono G. , Johnson C. I. , Shen Juntai , Li Z.-Y.
Published: April 2016

We present 947 radial velocities of RR Lyrae variable stars in four fields located toward the Galactic bulge, observed within the data from the ongoing Bulge RR Lyrae Radial Velocity Assay (BRAVA-RR). We show that these RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) exhibit hot kinematics and null or negligible rotation and are therefore members of a separate population from the bar/pseudobulge that currently dominates the mass and luminosity of the inner Galaxy. Our RRLs predate these structures and have metallicities, kinematics, and spatial distribution that are consistent with a “classical” bulge, although we cannot yet completely rule out the possibility that they are the metal-poor tail of a more metal-rich (

[
Fe

/

H
]
∼
−
1

dex) halo–bulge population. The complete catalog of radial velocities for the BRAVA-RR stars is also published electronically.
Two new species of Erythromelana Townsend, 1919 (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica
Authors: Fleming AJ , Wood D. Monty , Smith M. Alex , Hallwachs Winnie , Janzen Daniel , Dapkey Tanya
Published: April 2016

We describe two new species in the genus Erythromelana Townsend, 1919 from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. Both species were reared from wild-caughtcaterpillars of Eois spp. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). We provide a concise description of each species using morphology, life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation.

Erythromelana jimmychevezi Fleming & Wood sp. nov.

Erythromelana glenriverai Fleming & Wood sp. nov.
Rediscovery and redescription of Centrodora damoni (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Australia, an egg parasitoid of Gonipterus spp (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), after nearly a century
Authors: Ward Samantha , Valente Carlos , Gonçalves Catarina , Polaszek Andrew
Published: April 2016

Centrodora is a relatively common and widespread genus of morphologically diverse species, and is the most polyphagous genus known within the Aphelinidae, attacking eggs of insects in addition to pupae of Diptera and Hymenoptera, and nymphs of Hemiptera (Polaszek 1991). There are currently about 60 valid species in the genus, but given its morphological and biological diversity, some elevation of species-groups and subgenera to genus-level might be useful in future. Centrodora is represented in Australia by twelve species (Noyes 2015).

Centrodora damoni (Girault) is redescribed and diagnosed from recently collected specimens reared from the eucalyptus weevil Gonipterus sp. near scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Tasmania, Australia. A lectotype is designated from a syntype specimen.
Hidrogeología del Karst de Pico Frentes (Cordillera Ibérica, España)
Authors: Rosas P. , Sanz E. , Menéndez-Pidal I.
Published: April 2016

El sistema kárstico de Pico Frentes se ha desarrollado a favor de un conjunto calcáreo del Cretácico Superior cuya geometría plegada muy bien definida ha condicionado que los acuíferos se sitúen principalmente en tres sinclinales hidráulicamente conectados, con una capacidad de reservas subterráneas de entre 5 y 7 hm3 . La recarga en este acuífero libre y en penillanura es autógena y difusa. El flujo subterráneo va dirigido a gran escala por el fondo de los sinclinales y a pequeña escala mediante corrientes subterráneas hacia los manantiales de Fuentetoba (210 l/s) y nacimiento del rio Mazos (50 l/s), surgiendo en aguas altas otras descargas menores. El análisis de los hidrogramas de estos manantiales indica un sistema de régimen muy variable y poco poder de regulación natural, característica de un acuífero típicamente kárstico, con gran capacidad de renovación y poco tiempo de residencia.
Gracias a la simulación de los hidrogramas de estas surgencias mediante un modelo matemático de precipitación –escorrentía, se ha cuantificado de manera detallada el balance hidráulico medio para una serie de 20 años: aportación pluviométrica 16,86 hm3 (100%), recarga natural 8,35 hm3 (49,53%), EVT 8,50 hm3 (50,41%), bombeo de agua subterránea 0,01hm3 (0,06%), escorrentía superficial 0 hm3 , transferencias subterráneas a otros acuíferos 0 hm3 .
Petrophysical characterization of the Dolomitic Member of the Boñar Formation (Upper Cretaceous; Duero Basin, Spain) as a potential CO2 reservoir
Authors: Suárez-González A. , Kovács T. , Herrero-Hernández A. , Gómez-Fernández F.
Published: April 2016

Boñar Formation (Upper Cretaceous) is a mainly carbonate succession, which outcrops in the North of Duero Basin (Spain). According to the existing data, the Dolomitic Member of this formation appears to be the most suitable for geological storage of CO2.
The main objective of this study is to find evidence to support, clarify and specify –at an initial level– the potential of the Dolomitic Member of the Boñar Formation as a geological reservoir.
The study covers density, porosity and permeability tests on samples obtained from the outcrop of the succession near the village of Boñar (León). According to the analysis and interpretation of the mentioned petrophysical properties, the porosity of the Dolomitic Member is within the acceptable range for CO2 geological storage, but the permeability values are far too low. This minimizes the possibilities of the Dolomitic Member –and probably of the whole Boñar Formation– to become an appropriate CO2 reservoir.
Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central
Authors: Labarca R. , Alberdi M. T. , Prado J. L. , Mansilla P. , Mourgues F. A.
Published: April 2016

El presente trabajo contextualiza, describe, y asigna taxonómicamente los materiales craneales y dentales de Gomphotheriidae provenientes del sitio El Trebal 1, Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central. A partir de variables métricas y morfológicas los fósiles son incluidos en Stegomastodon platensisStegomastodon platensis. Se discuten las implicancias taxonómicas de este hallazgo así como algunos antecedentes paleoambientales regionales.
Natural mortality of three commercial penaeid shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei, L. stylirostris and Farfantepenaeus californiensis) of the Gulf of California using gnomonic time divisions
Authors: Aranceta-Garza Fernando , Arreguín-Sánchez Francisco , Ponce-Díaz Germán , Seijo Juan Carlos
Published: April 2016

The estimation of natural mortality (M) is critical for stock assessment and fisheries management. The shrimp fishery is the most valuable one in Mexico and along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, and exploitation primarily targets three species: white (Litopenaeus vannamei), blue (L. stylirostris), and brown (Farfantepenaeus californiensis). It is a sequential fishery, so an appropriate estimate of M for different life stages is required for management purposes. Typically, M is estimated from the exploited stock, which is usually composed of adults, assuming a constant value for M, and this estimate is used for studies of population dynamics, stock assessments and determinations of the status of a fishery. In this study, we estimate M-at-age (i.e. life stage) for each species using the gnomonic time division model. The gnomonic intervals correspond to the actual life stages reported in the literature, whose duration was used for model fitting. The gnomonic model showed that M declines sharply in early life stages but declines to an asymptotic value after reaching maturity, and the model provided biologically consistent estimates of M at each life stage for the three shrimp species. Such estimates may be used with confidence to model the dynamics of sequential shrimp fisheries.
Evidence of coastal dune mobility increases over the last half century in response to historical human intervention
Authors: Navarro-Pons Marina , Muñoz-Pérez Juan J. , Román-Sierra Jorge , García Santiago
Published: April 2016

Given the risk of two roads being buried by the sand of two highly mobile coastal dunes (Valdevaqueros and Bolonia, SW Spain), several measures have been taken over the last half century in order to stabilize them or at least slow their progress: installation of several rows of 1-m-high concrete structures, planting of species such as Pinus pinea, Retama monosperma and Ammophila arenaria, wicker and wooden fencing, and sand mining (only performed on the Valdevaqueros dunefield). The evolution of the two dunes was investigated through the interpretation of intensive topographical monitoring and aerial photography. Average migration rates of approximately 10 m yr–1 were detected and the burial of anthropic structures has eventually occurred. This process has caused a serious regional problem, making dune management of these areas a difficult challenge. The comparison of the evolution of these two dunes has been of great importance in assessing the effect of historical human intervention and has provided a new perspective for future dune management strategies. The results obtained show that management measures based on sand removal have been proven to be unsustainable. Moreover, the monitoring methodology presented herein has proven very useful in predicting dune advance rates. For instance, the Bolonia dune could reach the nearest road in approximately 12 years.
Non-muscle invasive high grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Which factors can influence understaging at the time of radical cystectomy?
Authors: Minardi Daniele , Milanese Giulio , Parri Gianni , Lacetera Vito , Muzzonigro Giovanni
Published: April 2016

Objective: To evaluate the main factors which influence understaging in patients with T1G3 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Materials and methods: 109 patients with T1/G3 underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and then radical cystectomy (RC) with pelvic lymph nodes dissection. A number of variables were considered when evaluating the detection of understaging. We considered the patients age and gender, as well as the size, number, location and morphology of their tumor. We also considered coexistence of bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS), microscopic vascular invasion and deep lamina propria invasion. The level of experience of the surgeon was also analyzed. Results: in RC samples muscle invasion, that is understaging, was detected in 74 (67.9%) patients, while 35 (32.1%) patients were appropriately staged. In these cohort of patients with high grade tumors, understaging was associated with deep lamina propria and microscopic vascular invasion, multiple tumors, tumor size > 6 cm, tumor location (trigone and dome), presence of residual tumor; age, gender, tumor morphology, CIS associated, and experience of urological surgeon were not associated with clinical understaging. Conclusions: in our study, evaluating patients with high grade NMIBC at first TURBT, we identified some risk factors that need to be considered and that are able to increase the risk of understaging: deep lamina propria and microscopic vascular invasion, multiple tumors, tumor size > 6 cm, tumor location (trigone and dome), presence of residual tumor. When these risk factors are present, performing an early cystectomy, and not a re-TURBT, could lower the risk of worse pathological finding due to rapid disease progression of the high grade tumors, and can prolong survival.
Diagnosis and treatment in primary bladder small cell carcinoma: Literature review
Authors: Celik Orcun , Ekin Gokhan , Ipekci Tumay , Budak Salih , Ilbey Yusuf Ozlem
Published: April 2016

Small cell bladder carcinoma is a rare and frequently fatal disease. It can be distinguished from classical urothelial carcinoma microscopically and immunohistochemically. Small cell bladder carcinoma has histologically similar properties with other small cell carcinomas in other organs. It has a worse prognosis when compared to urothelial bladder cancer. Multimodal treatments are recommended although there is no widely accepted consensus regarding to the treatment algorithm because of its rarity. In this review, clinical properties and diagnosis of small cell bladder carcinoma, its histopathological and immunohistochemical properties and treatment modalities are examined.
Reply to: Clarification to provide further understanding of the conduct and design of TROPIC: A Phase 3 trial of cabazitaxel versus mitoxantrone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Perletti Gianpaolo
Published: April 2016

Not available.
A Unified Frequency Domain Model to Study the Effect of Demyelination on Axonal Conduction
Authors: Chaubey Saurabh , Goodwin Shikha J.
Published: April 2016

Multiple sclerosis is a disease caused by demyelination of nerve fibers. In order to determine the loss of signal with the percentage of demyelination, we need to develop models that can simulate this effect. Existing time-based models does not provide a method to determine the influences of demyelination based on simulation results. Our goal is to develop a system identification approach to generate a transfer function in the frequency domain. The idea is to create a unified modeling approach for neural action potential propagation along the length of an axon containing number of Nodes of Ranvier (N). A system identification approach has been used to identify a transfer function of the classical Hodgkin-Huxley equations for membrane voltage potential. Using this approach, we model cable properties and signal propagation along the length of the axon with N node myelination. MATLAB/ Simulink platform is used to analyze an N node-myelinated neuronal axon. The ability to transfer function in the frequency domain will help reduce effort and will give a much more realistic feel when compared to the classical time-based approach. Once a transfer function is identified, the conduction as a cascade of each linear time invariant system-based transfer function can be modeled. Using this approach, future studies can model the loss of myelin in various parts of nervous system.
Теория гомотопий в торической топологии
Authors: Grbic Jelena , Theriault Stephen
Published: April 2016

В торической топологии каждому симплициальному комплексу $K$ на $m$ вершинах ставятся в соответствие два ключевых объекта: пространство Дэвиса-Янушкевича $DJ_K$ и момент-угол-комплекс $\mathscr{Z}_{K}$, которые входят в гомотопическое расслоение $\mathscr{Z}_{K}\xrightarrow{\widetilde{w}}DJ_K\to \displaystyle\prod_{i=1}^{m}\mathbb{C}P^{\infty}$. Получено большое количество результатов, описывающих свойства пространств $DJ_K$ и $\mathscr{Z}_{K}$, а также их обобщений - полиэдральных произведений. Эти результаты находят многочисленные приложения в алгебре, комбинаторике и геометрии. В главе 1 настоящей работы мы даем обзор основных результатов гомотопической теории полиэдральных произведений. Глава 2 посвящена новому аспекту этой теории - изучению отображения $\widetilde{w}$. Мы показываем, что для некоторого семейства симплициальных комплексов $K$ отображение $\widetilde{w}$ представляет собой сумму высших и итерированных произведений Уайтхеда.
Библиография: 49 названий.
Полиномиальные законы сохранения для газа Лоренца и газа Больцмана-Гиббса
Authors: Kozlov Valery Vasil'evich
Published: April 2016

Рассматривается задача об условиях существования полиномиальных по импульсам (скоростям) первых интегралов многомерных биллиардных систем, играющих важную роль в неравновесной статистической механике. Это газ Лоренца - частица в евклидовом пространстве с областями-рассеивателями (не обязательно выпуклыми) и газ Больцмана-Гиббса - набор маленьких одинаковых шариков в прямоугольном ящике, которые упруго сталкиваются между собой и со стенками ящика. Эргодические свойства таких систем частично изучены, некоторые проблемы еще ждут решения, а в ряде случаев (например, когда рассеиватели не выпуклые) эргодичности заведомо нет. В работе развит подход, позволяющий доказывать отсутствие нетривиальных полиномиальных первых интегралов с непрерывно дифференцируемыми коэффициентами. В интегрируемых задачах динамики известные первые интегралы являются, как правило, полиномами по импульсам (либо функциями от полиномов). Особый интерес представляет изучение многомерных биллиардов с некомпактным конфигурационным пространством, когда не приходится говорить об их эргодическом поведении. Обсуждается применение общих результатов об отсутствии нетривиальных полиномиальных интегралов к задачам статистической механики.
Библиография: 62 названия.
Эндоморфизмы пространств виртуальных векторов, неподвижных под действием дискретной группы
Authors: Radulescu Florin
Published: April 2016

Рассматривается унитарное представление $\pi$ дискретной группы $G$, которое, будучи ограничено на почти нормальную подгруппу $\Gamma\subseteq G$, является представлением типа II. Изучается ассоциированное унитарное представление $\overline{\pi}^{ p}$ группы $G$ на гильбертовом пространстве "виртуальных" \linebreak $\Gamma_0$-инвариантных векторов, где $\Gamma_0$ пробегает подходящий класс подгрупп конечного индекса группы $\Gamma$. Унитарное представление $\overline{\pi}^{ p}$ группы $G$ однозначно определяется требованием, что операторы Гекке для всех $\Gamma_0$ являются "клеточно-матричными коэффициентами" представления $\overline{\pi}^{ p}$. Если $\pi|^ _\Gamma$ - целое кратное регулярного представления, то существует подпространство $L$ гильбертова пространства представления $\pi$, играющее роль фундаментальной области для $\Gamma$. В этом случае пространство $\Gamma$-инвариантных векторов отождествляется с $L$. Когда $\pi|^ _\Gamma$ не является целым кратным регулярного представления (например, если $G=\operatorname{PGL}(2,\mathbb Z[1/p])$, $\Gamma$ - модулярная группа, $\pi$ принадлежит дискретной серии представлений группы $\operatorname{PSL}(2,\mathbb R)$, а $\Gamma$-инвариантные векторы являются каспидальными формами), мы считаем, что $\pi$ есть ограничение на подпространство $H_0$ большего унитарного представления, имеющего подпространство $L$ как выше. Операторный угол между проекцией $P_L$ на $L$ (обычно являющейся характеристической функцией фундаментальной области) и проекцией $P_0$ на подпространство $H_0$ (обычно являющейся проекцией Бергмана на пространство аналитических функций) служит аналогом пространства $\Gamma$-инвариантных векторов. Доказано, что характер унитарного представления $\overline{\pi}^{ p}$ однозначно определяется характером представления $\pi$.
Библиография: 53 названия.
Improving the fatty acid profile in egg yolk through the use of hempseed (Cannabis sativa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) in the diet of Hy-Line White Leghorns
Authors: Raza Tausif , Chand Naila , Khan Rifat Ullah , Shahid Muhammad Suhaib , Abudabos Alaeldein M.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. A study was performed to examine the outcome of utilizing hempseed, ginger, and turmeric in the diet of Hy-Line White Leghorn on the fatty acid profile of egg yolk. Four experimental rations were offered to 60 laying hens: control (standard diet); 25 % hempseed (T1); 25 % hempseed and 2 % turmeric (T2); 25 % hempseed and 2 % ginger (T3). Thirty eggs per group were analysed on day 0, 15, and 30 after storage at room temperature. Individual and total fatty acids decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the experimental groups by day 0, 15, and 30 compared to the control. By day 0, 15, and 30, total monounsaturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in T3. In fresh eggs, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly in T2 and T3 and were lower in the control and T1 by day 15 and 30. The same trend was also found in linoleic, eicosadienoic, and arachidonic acid. Linolenic acid increased significantly (P < 0.05) in T2 and T3 by day 15 and 30. However, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid increased significantly (P < 0.05) in all treated groups compared to the control by day 15 and 30. By day 15 and 30, total ω-3 increased significantly in treated groups. In contrast to ω-3, ω-6 increased significantly in T2 and T3 by day 15 and 30, while their ratio decreased significantly in treated groups. From the results of the present study, it was concluded that the addition of hempseed at the level of 25 % combined with 2 % turmeric and ginger in the diet of Hy-Line White Leghorn layers improved the fatty acid profile of n-3 PUFA, ω-3, and ω-6 in egg yolk.